bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The case for evidence‐based policy to support stress‐resilient cropping systems
Authors: Gilliham Matthew , Chapman Scott , Martin Lisa , Jose Sarah , Bastow Ruth 
Published: March 2017

AbstractResearch and the dissemination of evidence‐based guidelines for best practice in crop production are fundamental for the protection of our crop yields against biotic and abiotic threats, and for meeting ambitious food production targets by 2050. The advances in knowledge required for sustaining crop productivity targets will be gained through three research tracks: (1) basic strategic research in the field, for example, crop breeding, agronomy, and advanced phenotyping; (2) translational research involving the application of advances in fundamental science; and (3) pure fundamental research to fuel future translational research. We propose that policy and funding structures need to be improved to facilitate and encourage more interactions between scientists involved in all three research tracks, and also between researchers and farmers, to improve the effectiveness of delivering improvements in crop stress resilience. History illustrates that it is challenging for public researchers to “stretch across” all of these research tracks, with effective farm‐level solutions being more likely when end‐users and industry are directly engaged in the research pipeline. As research proceeds from fundamental through to applied research, the demand for experimental rigor and a wider understanding of appropriate methods and outcomes is paramount, that is, demonstrating value in yield at the field level requires the input of experienced practitioners from each research track. The development of evidence‐based policies to support all funding structures and the engagement of producers with both the development of research, and with the findings of such research, will form an important capability in meeting food security targets. This commentary, concentrating on the development of policies to support research and its dissemination, is based on discussions held at the Stress Resilience Symposium organized by the Global Plant Council and Society of Experimental Biology in October 2015.
The epithelial barrier and beyond: Claudins as amplifiers of physiological organ functions
Authors: Markov Alexander G. , Aschenbach Jörg R. , Amasheh Salah 
Published: March 2017

AbstractEpithelial cell layers are interconnected by a meshwork of tight junction (TJ) protein strands, which are localized within apicolateral membranes. The proteins that form TJs are regarded to provide a static barrier, determining epithelial properties. However, recent findings in the field of barriology suggest that TJs contribute to more physiological aspects than indicated by the sum of the qualities of the single TJ proteins. Generally, TJs exhibit four major functions: (i) a “gate function,” defining transepithelial permeability (i.e., barrier) properties, (ii) a “fence function” determining epithelial cell polarity, (iii) a “signaling function,” affecting regulatory pathways, and (iv) a “stabilizing function,” maintaining the integrity of the epithelium. This review presents a critical view on how the efficacy of physiological processes in epithelia and thus organ function might be improved by changes in the expression of claudins, the latter representing the largest and most variable family of TJ proteins. Major focus is set on (i) the coordinated regulation of transport and barrier in the intestine, (ii) the role of TJs in defining the route for antigen uptake and presentation in intestinal Peyer's patches, and (iii) the TJ function in mammary glands in response to milk accumulation, which represent impressive examples to highlight the amplification of epithelial functions by TJ proteins. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(5):290–296, 2017
Nature of the Ru−NO Coordination Bond: Kohn–Sham Molecular Orbital and Energy Decomposition Analysis
Authors: Orenha Renato P. , Rocha Marcus V. J. , Poater Jordi , Galembeck Sérgio E. , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe have analyzed structure, stability, and Ru−NO bonding of thetrans‐[RuCl(NO)(NH3)4]2+complex by using relativistic density functional theory. First, we focus on the bond dissociation energies associated with the three canonical dissociation modes leading to [RuCl(NH3)4]++NO+, [RuCl(NH3)4]2++NO, and [RuCl(NH3)4]3++NO−. The main objective is to understand the Ru−NO+bonding mechanism in the conceptual framework of Kohn–Sham molecular orbital theory in combination with a quantitative energy decomposition analysis. In our analyses, we have addressed the importance of the synergism between Ru−NO+σ‐donation and π‐backdonation as well as the so‐called negativetransinfluence of the Cl−ligand on the Ru−NO bond. For completeness, the Ru−NO+bonding mechanism is compared with that of the corresponding Ru−CO bond.
Expatriate as a ‘Good’ Migrant: Thinking Through Skilled International Migrant Categories
Authors: Cranston Sophie 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn this paper, I explore how British migrants in Singapore utilise the term ‘expatriate’ to denote themselves as being a different kind of migrant. The way in which a migrant is distinguished from an expatriate is the question of return – the migrant is expected to stay, while an expatriate is expected to return to their home country. Yet the term ‘expatriate’ often becomes one that is axiomatically applied to Western migrants living abroad. This paper argues that we should not see the term ‘expatriate’ as axiomatic in describing this type of mobility, as we need to pay attention to the political context in which the term is enmeshed. The paper therefore argues that we need to understand how expatriation is not only understood as an identity in relation to the place of stay abroad, but also in comparison to migration as a whole. To do this, the paper looks first at how British migrants in Singapore draw upon racialised understandings of immigration debates to portray expatriates as being ‘good’ migrants. Second, it considers how the term expatriate is deployed in social sciences literature itself. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behaviour of verification measures for deterministic binary forecasts with respect to random changes and thresholding
Authors: Manzato Agostino , Jolliffe Ian 
Published: March 2017

There are many possible verification measures when deterministic binary forecasts are made. In deciding which to use, various properties of the measures are of interest. One type of property explores what happens when certain types of change are made to the forecasts. In this article, two types of change and their effects on various verification measures are examined. Underlying some desirable properties of measures, such as propriety, equitability and consistency, is the desire that it should be impossible to improve the value, or expected value, of a measure by changing the original forecast from the forecaster's ‘true belief’. This behaviour is often called ‘hedging’. Among the types of change that ought not to lead to improved forecasts are random changes of subsets of the true binary forecasts. The effect of such changes is discussed here.A second type of change examined here arises when a continuous forecast is thresholded to produce the binary forecast. When this type of ‘thresholding’ is practiced a posteriori, it can be seen as a fine‐tuning of the forecasting system, in order to improve its verification performance. In the thresholding framework, one can optimize some verification performance measures with respect to others. In particular, this article discusses the optimization of bias and of the Peirce skill score.
Heightened Pelvic Floor Muscle Tone and Altered Contractility in Women with Provoked Vestibulodynia
Authors: Morin Mélanie , Binik Yitzchak M. , Bourbonnais Daniel , Khalifé Samir , Ouellet Stéphane , Bergeron Sophie 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Background
Pelvic floor muscle (PFM) dysfunctions are reported to be involved in provoked vestibulodynia (PVD). Although heightened PFM tone has been suggested, the relative contribution of active and passive components of tone remains misunderstood. Likewise, alterations in PFM contractility have been scarcely studied.

Aims
To compare PFM tone, including the relative contribution of its active and passive components, and muscular contractility in women with PVD and asymptomatic controls.

Methods
Fifty-six asymptomatic women and 56 women with PVD participated in the study. The PVD diagnosis was confirmed by a gynecologist based on a standardized examination.

Outcomes
PFM function was evaluated using a dynamometric speculum combined with surface electromyography (EMG). PFM general tone was evaluated in static conditions at different vaginal apertures and during repeated dynamic cyclic stretching. The active contribution of tone was characterized using the ratio between EMG in a static position and during stretching and the proportion of women presenting PFM activation during stretching. Contribution of the passive component was evaluated using resting forces, stiffness, and hysteresis in women sustaining a negligible EMG signal during stretching. PFM contractility, such as strength, speed of contraction, coordination, and endurance, also was assessed during voluntary isometric efforts.

Results
Greater PFM resting forces and stiffness were found in women with PVD compared with controls, indicating an increased general tone. An increased active component also was found in women with PVD because they presented a superior EMG ratio, and a larger proportion of them presented PFM activation during stretching. Higher passive properties also were found in women with PVD. Women with PVD also showed decreased strength, speed of contraction, coordination, and endurance compared with controls.

Clinical Implications
Findings provide further evidence of the contribution of PFM alterations in the etiology of PVD. These alterations should be assessed to provide patient-centered targeted treatment options.

Strengths and Limitations
The use of a validated tool investigating PFM alterations constitutes a strength of this study. However, the study design does not allow the determination of the sequence of events in which these muscle alterations occurred—before or after the onset of PVD.

Conclusion
Findings support the involvement of active and passive components of PFM tone and an altered PFM contractility in women with PVD.
Factors Associated with Condom Use Among Sexually Active US Adults, National Survey of Family Growth, 2006–2010 and 2011–2013
Authors: Nasrullah Muazzam , Oraka Emeka , Chavez Pollyanna R. , Johnson Christopher H. , DiNenno Elizabeth 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Background
Condom-less sex can increase the risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV.

Aim
To characterize the prevalence of condom use at the most recent sex act and identify factors associated with use of a condom at the most recent sex act in adults in the United States.

Methods
Data from the cross-sectional National Survey of Family Growth from cycles 2006 through 2010 and 2011 through 2013 were analyzed for sexually active men and women 18 to 44 years old who reported having sex (vaginal, anal, or oral) with an opposite-sex partner in the past 12 months. HIV-related sexual risk behaviors (SRBs) in the past 12 months included sex with at least four opposite-sex partners; exchanging sex for money or drugs; sex with an injection drug user; sex with an HIV-positive person; sex with a man who previously had sex with a man (women only); sex with a man (men only); or sex with a partner who had sex with other partners.

Outcomes
The outcome for this analysis was condom use at the most recent anal or vaginal sex act.

Results
Overall prevalence of condom use was 24.8%; only 33.8% of adults with at least one SRB reported the use of a condom. Only 46.4% of unmarried or single men (vs 14.7% married or cohabitating men) and 32.3% unmarried or single women (vs 14.1% married or cohabitating women) with SRBs reported using a condom at the most recent sexual encounter and were less likely to use a condom at the most recent sexual encounter compared with those who did not report SRBs. We did not find a significant relation between using a condom and SRBs in married or cohabitating men and women.

Strengths and Limitations
Our analysis adds to the literature on how condom use varies by marital status. We measured the use of condoms at the most recent sexual act, which might not reflect an individual's previous behavior of condom use. Nonetheless, condom use at the most recent sexual act has been documented in previous studies as a valid proxy of condom use over time.

Conclusion
Continued efforts are needed to promote condom use in heterosexual adults in the United States, particularly those at high risk for HIV, namely individuals engaging in anal sexual acts and with multiple sex partners.
Investigation of self-deploying high-lift effectors applied to membrane wings
Authors: Osterberg N. , Albertani R. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTFlow separation followed by aerodynamic stall limits the operation of aircraft. Expanding the flight envelope of aircraft has been a goal of aerodynamicists for decades. This work presents findings from tests in the Oregon State University wind tunnel investigating the effectiveness of a passively actuated suction-surface flap on membrane wings. Experiments were conducted on a rigid plate and membrane wings with and without a pop-up flap. All wings had an aspect ratio of 2, while membrane pre-strain and Reynolds number were varied. An increase in lift at stall was observed for all testing conditions with flap deployment. The observed average increase in maximum lift varied from 5% to 15% for different test conditions. The variation in flap effectiveness is compared to membrane pre-strain, Reynolds number, and wing camber. A quadratic relationship between modelled camber and flap effectiveness is observed, and an optimal level of membrane camber is found to maximise flap effectiveness.
Spin-down in a rapidly rotating cylinder container with mixed rigid and stress-free boundary conditions
Authors: Oruba L. , Soward A. M. , Dormy E. 
Published: March 2017

A comprehensive study of the classical linear spin-down of a constant-density viscous fluid (kinematic viscosity $\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}$) rotating rapidly (angular velocity $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}$) inside an axisymmetric cylindrical container (radius $L$, height $H$) with rigid boundaries, which follows the instantaneous small change in the boundary angular velocity at small Ekman number $E=\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}/H^{2}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}\ll 1$, was provided by Greenspan & Howard (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 17, 1963, pp. 385–404). For that problem $E^{1/2}$ Ekman layers form quickly, triggering inertial waves together with the dominant spin-down of the quasi-geostrophic (QG) interior flow on the $O(E^{-1/2}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}^{-1})$ time scale. On the longer lateral viscous diffusion time scale $O(L^{2}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D708})$, the QG flow responds to the $E^{1/3}$ sidewall shear layers. In our variant, the sidewall and top boundaries are stress-free, a set-up motivated by the study of isolated atmospheric structures such as tropical cyclones or tornadoes. Relative to the unbounded plane layer case, spin-down is reduced (enhanced) by the presence of a slippery (rigid) sidewall. This is evidenced by the QG angular velocity, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}^{\star }$, evolution on the $O(L^{2}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D708})$ time scale: spatially, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}^{\star }$ increases (decreases) outwards from the axis for a slippery (rigid) sidewall; temporally, the long-time $(\gg L^{2}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D708})$ behaviour is dominated by an eigensolution with a decay rate slightly slower (faster) than that for an unbounded layer. In our slippery sidewall case, the $E^{1/2}\times E^{1/2}$ corner region that forms at the sidewall intersection with the rigid base is responsible for a $\ln E$ singularity within the $E^{1/3}$ layer, causing our asymptotics to apply only at values of $E$ far smaller than can be reached by our direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the linear equations governing the entire spin-down process. Instead, we solve the $E^{1/3}$ boundary layer equations for given $E$ numerically. Our hybrid asymptotic–numerical approach yields results in excellent agreement with our DNS.
Flexible and Agile Working in Law Firms
Authors: Jones Dawn 
Published: March 2017

AbstractDawn Jones discusses the findings from an in-house project looking at how agile and flexible working can be successfully adopted by legal and business professionals. It is based on information gained from speaking to those with agile and flexible working already entrenched in their businesses, external consultants who advise on this change of working habits and internal teams and individuals who are already exercising agile and flexible working (albeit in a non-formal way). It is a high level guide to start thought processes around the differences between agile and flexible working, the people, the offices and the finances.
NOTES ON BOUNDED INDUCTION FOR THE COMPOSITIONAL TRUTH PREDICATE
Authors: WCISŁO BARTOSZ , ŁEŁYK MATEUSZ 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe prove that the theory of the extensional compositional truth predicate for the language of arithmetic with Δ0-induction scheme for the truth predicate and the full arithmetical induction scheme is not conservative over Peano Arithmetic. In addition, we show that a slightly modified theory of truth actually proves the global reflection principle over the base theory.
Impacts of particulate matter (PM2.5) on the behavior of freshwater snail Parafossarulus striatulus
Authors: Hartono Danny , Lioe Billion , Zhang Yixin , Li Bailiang , Yu Jianzhen 
Published: March 2017

AbstractFine particulate (PM2.5) is a severe problem of air pollution in the world. Although many studies were performed on examining effects of PM2.5 on human health, the understanding of PM2.5 influence on aquatic organisms is limited. Due to wet deposition, the pollutants ﻿in PM2.5 can enter aquatic ecosystems and affect aquatic organisms. This study tested the hypothesis that PM2.5 will negatively affect the behavior of freshwater snail Parafossarulus striatulus (Benson, 1842). Along with PM2.5, a number of components (Al, Pb, and Zn) that are commonly present in PM2.5 were also tested for their effects on the snail's behavior. The snail behavior was scored using the Behavioral State Score (BSS), ranging from 0 (no movement) to 5 (active locomotion and fully extended body). The result shows that high PM2.5 concentration dose (7.75 mg/L) induced a significant decrease in snails’ movement behavior, and such reduced movement. The ﻿﻿same﻿ behavior was also observed for treatments with chemical components related to PM2.5, including aluminum and acidity (pH 5.0). In contrast, a low concentration of PM2.5 (3.88 mg/L), lead, and zinc did not significantly affect snails’ behavior. The results suggest that high PM2.5 deposition in water bodies, associated with acidification and some metals, can have an adverse effect on aquatic organisms.
Dynamic Control of Topological Defects in Artificial Colloidal Ice
Authors: Libál A. , Nisoli C. , Reichhardt C. , Reichhardt C. J. Olson 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe demonstrate the use of an external field to stabilize and control defect lines connecting topological monopoles in spin ice. For definiteness we perform Brownian dynamics simulations with realistic units mimicking experimentally realized artificial colloidal spin ice systems, and show how defect lines can grow, shrink or move under the action of direct and alternating fields. Asymmetric alternating biasing forces can cause the defect line to ratchet in either direction, making it possible to precisely position the line at a desired location. Such manipulation could be employed to achieve mobile information storage in these metamaterials.
Longitudinal data analysis for rare variants detection with penalized quadratic inference function
Authors: Cao Hongyan , Li Zhi , Yang Haitao , Cui Yuehua , Zhang Yanbo 
Published: March 2017

AbstractLongitudinal genetic data provide more information regarding genetic effects over time compared with cross-sectional data. Coupled with next-generation sequencing technologies, it becomes reality to identify important genes containing both rare and common variants in a longitudinal design. In this work, we adopted a weighted sum statistic (WSS) to collapse multiple variants in a gene region to form a gene score. When multiple genes in a pathway were considered together, a penalized longitudinal model under the quadratic inference function (QIF) framework was applied for efficient gene selection. We evaluated the estimation accuracy and model selection performance under different model settings, then applied the method to a real dataset from the Genetic Analysis Workshop 18 (GAW18). Compared with the unpenalized QIF method, the penalized QIF (pQIF) method achieved better estimation accuracy and higher selection efficiency. The pQIF remained optimal even when the working correlation structure was mis-specified. The real data analysis identified one important gene, angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AGTR1), in the Ca2+/AT-IIR/α-AR signaling pathway. The estimated effect implied that AGTR1 may have a protective effect for hypertension. Our pQIF method provides a general tool for longitudinal sequencing studies involving large numbers of genetic variants.
Fixation of carbon dioxide into dimethyl carbonate over titanium-based zeolitic thiophene-benzimidazolate framework
Authors: Verma Sanny , Baig R. B. Nasir , Nadagouda Mallikarjuna N. , Varma Rajender S. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA titanium-based zeolitic thiophene-benzimidazolate framework has been designed for the direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from methanol and carbon dioxide. The developed catalyst activates carbon dioxide and delivers over 16% yield of DMC without the use of any dehydrating agent or requirement for azeotropic distillation.
A new tyrannosaur with evidence for anagenesis and crocodile-like facial sensory system
Authors: Carr Thomas D. , Varricchio David J. , Sedlmayr Jayc C. , Roberts Eric M. , Moore Jason R. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA new species of tyrannosaurid from the upper Two Medicine Formation of Montana supports the presence of a Laramidian anagenetic (ancestor-descendant) lineage of Late Cretaceous tyrannosaurids. In concert with other anagenetic lineages of dinosaurs from the same time and place, this suggests that anagenesis could have been a widespread mechanism generating species diversity amongst dinosaurs, and perhaps beyond. We studied the excellent fossil record of the tyrannosaurid to test that hypothesis. Phylogenetic analysis places this new taxon as the sister species to Daspletosaurus torosus. However, given their close phylogenetic relationship, geographic proximity, and temporal succession, where D. torosus (~76.7–75.2 Ma) precedes the younger new species (~75.1–74.4 Ma), we argue that the two forms most likely represent a single anagenetic lineage. Daspletosaurus was an important apex predator in the late Campanian dinosaur faunas of Laramidia; its absence from later units indicates it was extinct before Tyrannosaurus rex dispersed into Laramidia from Asia. In addition to its evolutionary implications, the texture of the facial bones of the new taxon, and other derived tyrannosauroids, indicates a scaly integument with high tactile sensitivity. Most significantly, the lower jaw shows evidence for neurovasculature that is also seen in birds.