bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Slow‐Speed Two‐Stroke Engines
Authors: Kyrtatos Nikolaos P. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
A slow‐speed two‐stroke crosshead diesel engine directly driving a large slow‐turning propeller is today the preferred propulsion arrangement for most merchant ships because of its simplicity, reliability, and lower fuel consumption. The design and construction of modern slow‐speed engines is presented, detailing the various components and assemblies, as well as considering the issues of lubrication, cooling materials, and combustion. The requirements for large merchant ship propulsion and their implications on engine design are introduced, highlighting the issue of engine rating. The concept of engine designer companies and several engine building licensees is outlined, describing the established practices of such arrangements. The recent developments in the design of large slow‐speed marine engines are summarized, briefly expanding on each of three general targets, namely improved fuel consumption, reduced emissions, and increased reliability.
Fluid–Structure Interactions in Marine Engineering
Authors: Ma Qingwei , Sriram Venkatachalam , Yan Shiqiang 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Fluid–structure interaction (FSI) must be dealt with in marine engineering in order to design and construct safe and functional marine structures. This article aims to give some basic ideas about the FSI in the following aspects: (i) what FSI is and how to model it and (ii) what are the major issues and how they are tackled.
Nondestructive Testing Methods
Authors: Wright Martyn 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
NDT (nondestructive testing) is a family of specialized technical inspection methods that provide information about the condition of materials and components without destroying them. NDT examines actual production pieces and reveals the presence of flaws that can be evaluated against accept/reject criteria.
It is one of the major tools of quality control and is firmly entrenched in quality programs of industries such as aerospace, automotive, defense, pipeline, power generation, preventative maintenance, refinery, and the marine industries.
It is a mature technology concept within all of the above industries and is supported by continued research and development.
There are several established NDT methods currently in industrial use. New methods are being constantly researched and developed, and many of the established methods have their effectiveness and efficiency enhanced by conversion to electronic, computerized, or robotic operations.
The subject of NDT ranges from simple techniques such as visual examination of surfaces, through the well‐established methods of radiography, ultrasonic testing, magnetic particle crack detection, to new and much specialized methods.
The main methods in common use are as follows: (i) visual inspection, (ii) liquid penetrant inspection, (iii) magnetic particle inspection, (iv) eddy current inspection, (v) radiographic inspection, and (vi) ultrasonic inspection.
Gas Turbines for Marine Applications
Authors: Sayma Abdulnaser I. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractGas turbines have been established as the main power plant for all medium to large aircraft propulsions due to their superior power‐to‐weight ratio. They also have a significant and growing share in the power‐generation sector as a result of the relatively low initial cost, short installation time, high efficiency when operated in combined cycle configurations, and low emissions compared to other fossil fuel power plants. However, their share in the marine propulsion sector is very small because of the more economically viable well‐established diesel engine systems. Gas turbines have lower efficiency and poor part load performance. They are however favored when space and weight are at a premium or when high speed is required. It is conceivable that their use may increase, as emission restrictions get tougher. This article aims at giving an overview of gas turbine technology aimed at ship propulsion. Future prospects of carbon neutral zero emissions gas turbine systems are also explored.
Lubrication Requirements for Two‐ and Four‐Stroke Marine Reciprocating Engines
Authors: Aabo Kjeld , Rohbogner Christoph 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Providing coverage of the lubrication requirements for two‐ and four‐stroke marine reciprocating engines, this article deals with topics such as lubrication systems for the piston/cylinder liner and the crankcase for two‐stroke engines, fuel types, and lubrication for four‐stroke engines and the criteria and considerations for engine lubrication, including contamination risks.
Submarine Design
Authors: Andrews David 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article introduces the main issues relevant to the design of military submarines, whether conventionally (diesel electric) or nuclear powered. The general design and acquisition procedures are taken to be essentially common with other naval vessels, and these issues have been covered in the associated article on warship design. Issues of propulsion machinery and specific details on combat systems likely to be fitted on such submarines are also covered in other articles. This article summarizes the technical features of a submarine that makes their design highly constrained by the physics of operating such large fast vessels at depth in the oceans.Taking the “tear drop” shaped external configuration of modern submarines as read, the choices the designer has in regard to overall form, internal arrangement, and configuration of the pressure hull and external features are addressed. The dominant constraints of static control of a neutrally buoyant form, which is highly sensitive to longitudinal weight distribution changes, are explained and include the basis of the trim polygon. Resistance and propulsion issues are seen as strongly interacting with the machinery choices. The principal structural collapse modes of the pressure hull are outlined. The issue of dynamic control of submarines is addressed but like discussion of structural behavior is done without recourse to advanced mathematical treatment. The key references for further in depth study are provided.
Safety of Compliant or Floating Platforms
Authors: Bryant Jeffrey S. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The exploitation of deepwater oil and gas reservoirs has required that flexible or “compliant” structural designs be used to mitigate the impact of hurricane forces of wind, waves, and currents at water depths exceeding about 1000 ft. Compliant structures include compliant towers, tension leg platforms, spars, semisubmersibles, and FPSOs (floating production, storage, and offloading). These compliant structures tend to be large, are located in deepwater far from shore, and can have a large contingent of personnel on board. These attributes and the movement associated with compliant offshore structures can increase the risk associated with many major accident hazards. Being located far from shore, it is important to bring a hazardous situation under control quickly since it may require hours for assistance to arrive. This article identifies where risks are likely to increase with a compliant design and discusses approaches to mitigating these risks.
FPSO
Authors: Newport Andrew 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Floating production storage and offloading systems (FPSOs) are ship‐shaped oil and gas production units, which can operate in a large range of water depths and environmental conditions. FPSOs typically receive unprocessed fluids from subsea wells; separate and treat the oil, water, and gas; and store the oil in the vessels' cargo tanks for offloading to shuttle tankers. The water is either cleaned and discharged overboard or reinjected into the reservoir. Similarly, the gas is conditioned and compressed, and either exported via a pipeline or reinjected into the reservoir.
This article describes the three principal components of an FPSO; the vessel, the topsides and the mooring system. The alternatives of converted tanker and purpose‐built hull are discussed, and alternative mooring systems and offloading options are presented.
The relocation of FPSOs is also briefly discussed.
Semisubmersibles
Authors: Mansour Alaa M. , Greiner Bill , Wu Chunfa , Simon Nithin , Srabian Garabed , Bagaria Ashish 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSemisubmersible platforms are one of the widely used floaters in the offshore and marine industry. They can support the operating topside well above the mean sea level through a number of vertical columns. They gain their buoyancy mainly from pontoon structures at the lower end of the columns well below the water surface. Columns also contribute to the buoyancy of the platform. Semisubmersible platforms are recognized for their high stability provided by widely separated columns and their buoyant cross‐sectional area. This high stability enables semisubmersible floaters to support topsides at high elevations away from direct wave impact.Compared to ship‐shaped floaters, semisubmersibles offer much lower motion response in harsh wave environments. The improved response is driven by the longer system natural periods and the lower hydrodynamic loads on the pontoon due to their position deep below the water surface away from the wave action.In this article, a description of the semisubmersibles and their key applications as related to the offshore and marine fields are presented. This article also provides an overview of the fabrication, transportation, and installation operations of semisubmersibles. Elaborations on the design considerations of semisubmersibles including hull sizing, stability, weight control, global performance, hull structure, and hull system are included. Overview of the riser systems that can be hosted on semisubmersible is also presented. This article concludes with a high level summary of the new trend and next‐generation semisubmersibles.
Inspection Strategies
Authors: Gibbs Brian 
Published: April 2017

AbstractInspection Strategy focuses on the management processes required to develop the critical in‐service inspection plan for offshore fixed structures. In this context, inspection is the physical activity of observing, measuring, or testing that is performed intermittently to allow an assessment of the integrity of the structure at progressive points in time. To optimize the benefits of these activities the types of inspections and the frequency of inspection need to be determined strategically, taking into account safety of people and the environment, key physical aspects of the platform, it's age, past and future intended use, and regulatory compliance. The strategy needs to be kept evergreen by periodically reviewing key performance indicators along with other critical factors including changes in industry standards and regulations. A separate but related method of obtaining data for integrity assessment is through monitoring, which is the continual observation or measurement of key aspects using a variety of electronic tools.
The Impact of Geology on Offshore Development
Authors: Sears Stephen O. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe geology of offshore oil and gas fields varies widely, but imposes constraints and opportunities for developing offshore hydrocarbons. This becomes evident during the E&P Life Cycle (Find‐Develop‐Produce) as the field geology influences locating and testing exploration prospects with seismic and wildcat drilling, optimizing the number and location of development wells and production facilities, and the field's production rates and ultimate recovery. To reduce geologic uncertainty, a stepwise approach to acquiring information is usually employed, as shown by two examples. The Tahoe Field in the Deepwater Gulf of Mexico and the Lula Field in the Brazil Offshore Subsalt both utilized a similar approach to offshore development, which allowed for increasing understanding of the field geology while reducing uncertainty.
Overview of Petroleum Reservoir Engineering Concepts
Authors: Hughes Richard G. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAn overview of reservoir engineering concepts for conventional resources is presented in this article. Various reservoir fluid types and their phase behavior are described and its relevance for the reserves estimates is established. Understanding of the flow in reservoir and wellbore flow rates is crucial for economical production. For multiple wells in a large field, the simulation tools can provide guidance for the reservoir management to maximize the production and the asset value.
Hybrids
Authors: Thomas David P. , Fatica Giulio , Palladini Roberto , Hidajat Realino 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This article provides an introduction to the hybrid riser system, which combines both rigid and flexible riser technologies. Hybrid riser systems are developed as an alternative to address potential issues related to the use of flexible risers and steel catenary risers in deep water (around 1000 m and deeper), namely the high pressure and high temperature that the risers are subjected to, the high hang‐off load at the vessel, and the riser response to the extreme and fatigue environmental conditions. Particular focus is put on the freestanding vertical rigid pipe (single‐line hybrid riser), or bundle of pipes (bundled hybrid riser or hybrid riser tower), tensioned by an external buoyancy can connected at the top, and a flexible jumper that connects the rigid riser section to the host vessel. The components that make up a typical hybrid riser are discussed, followed by high level analysis and design guidelines.
Riser Fatigue
Authors: Chappell John , Brownlee Kirk 
Published: April 2017

AbstractFatigue is a function of loading, geometry, and material parameters. Numerous articles have been written on accumulation of fatigue damage in risers and their associated components. Today, metallurgists gave a good understanding about cracking and fatigue mechanisms in materials, which has allowed fit for service materials. Statistical databases have improved allowing better characterization of the long‐term seastate environment. Fracture mechanics and inspection methods have enabled better estimates of inspection intervals and life cycles. However, as with all technologies, engineers and designers must be aware of the limitations of the tools with which they are working, and therefore, use accordingly. This article discusses, on a high level, fatigue of risers used to connect subsea wells to floating production systems with regards to cracking mechanisms; cyclic loading due to wind, wave, and current; and applicability, assumptions, and limitations of S–N fatigue and fracture mechanics fatigue.
Hydroelastic Response of Very Large Floating Structures
Authors: Iijima Kazuhiro 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article outlines methods for hydroelastic response evaluation required for the design of a VLFS (very large floating structure). Since the hydroelasticity is a problem of interference between fluid actions and structural deformation, the methods need modeling both in fluid and structural domains. Further, they need to combine techniques to enhance the computational efficiency as the analysis domain of the VLFS, or the number of unknowns to be solved, is large. On the other hand, a modeling with an appropriate complexity is necessary depending on which design stage you are at and what type of output is anticipated. Various typical methods proposed so far are reviewed after the theoretical backgrounds are given. The characteristics of the hydroelastic response are also explained by using an analytical solution to a simple VLFS model. The hydroelastic response is characterized by the response to a wave whose wavelength is equal to the characteristic length defined by a few parameters for the VLFS model and the resonant response with respect to the flexible modes.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Authors: Hauerhof Elena 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe ocean has vast resources that could contribute to solving planet energy needs. One of them is a hydrothermal energy which exploitation from the seabed has the greatest short‐ and long‐term potential. This article explores the technological challenges in exploiting the seabed as a source of energy and suggests possible future applications for power generation from the seabed.The novel approach for collecting power from the hydrothermal vent fields implements thermoelectric generators. The number of energy extraction concepts including preliminary design options, either tapping a temperature gradient directly from the plumes of a hydrothermal vent or using high pressure thermosyphons installed in a well on the hydrothermal mounds, are also covered. These alternatives can provide clean and reliable power with less environmental impact on the surrounding ecosystem. In addition, three technology progress‐based scenarios are proposed as possible applications of the hydrothermal energy, extracted from the seabed.
Physical Modeling of Foundation Systems
Authors: Gaudin Christophe , O'Loughlin Conleth 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article presents the fundamental principles associated with the physical modeling of geotechnical problems, with an emphasis on the performance and design of offshore foundations systems. The similitude principles necessary for reduced scale modeling of an offshore foundation to exhibit an identical behavior to the full‐scale structure it represents are discussed. The necessity of achieving an identical stress state between the model and the prototype is demonstrated, leading to the development of centrifuge modeling. Centrifuge technology, including model preparation, instrumentation, data acquisition, and motion control, is presented, and an example application related to pipeline soil interaction during laying is discussed.
Port Equipment and Technology
Authors: Negenborn Rudy R. , Schott Dingena L. , Corman Francesco 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe economic relevance of ports is related to the flows of goods they can handle and move, and it is strongly related to economic development. Due to trends in increasing port size, the effect of port size on economies of scale, and the tendency to bundle demand and operations into very large ports, port equipment and its management is becoming crucial for a port's efficiency.This article reviews the equipment and technology used at ports, with a major focus on containerized and dry bulk transport. An outlook over the future of port equipment points out their efficient management, with a clear trend for increasing support from information–communication technology and automation. This happens at the level of individual machines, as well as at the level of stakeholders (community systems). Via the intelligent interaction of technology and equipment in a coherent integrated system, efficient inter‐ and intraterminal operations can be achieved.
War and Battle in the Roman World, 700BC–AD235
Authors: Erdkamp Paul 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe major developments in early Rome were the evolution of a state army and an increase in the scale and tempo of warfare. Initially, Roman warfare was fought against neighboring states. Following Rome's acquisition of the Italian peninsula in the mid‐republic, attention first turned to the conquest of Rome's Hellenistic neighbors and then in the late republic to Gaul. Afterward, Rome continued to expand the boundaries of its empire intermittently under the emperors. The Roman army of the mid‐republic consisted of heavy infantry (triarii,hastati,principes) arranged in maniples supported by light infantry (velites). Though military duty was originally a requirement of all able‐bodied male citizens, the late republic saw the rise of professional armies. The maniple, which distinguished soldiers by age and class, was replaced by the more flexible cohort as the main tactical unit within the legion. Light infantry and cavalry were supplied by allied states, while the heavy infantry were drawn from Italy. In the Augustan period, armies were stationed for longer periods in the same location and legions became permanent fixtures. Roman tactics generally favored the deployment of heavy infantry in the center with lightly armed troops on the wings and rear, usingballistaefor sieges and to scatter enemy formations. The army had an established system for acquiring and distributing supplies, using water and land routes and strategically placed depots. Through the abilities of experienced generals, an efficient army structure, and well‐organized logistics, the Roman army became an essential tool in empire‐building.
The Lamian War, 323–322BC
Authors: Sprawski Sławomir 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAlexander the Great's death prompted many Greek states to respond to an Athenian appeal to unite in overthrowing Macedonian domination. The availability of substantial finances and discharged mercenaries aided the Greek cause, while the Macedonian world was still in turmoil. Antipater, regent in Macedon, was besieged in Lamia and the Thessalian cavalry defeated Macedonian forces coming to his relief. At sea, however, the Athenian navy proved no match for the might of new Macedonian fleets, while on land the fragmenting Greek alliance was eventually defeated by Antipater. Athens capitulated, being forced to accept the replacement of its democracy.
Dynastic Wars, 260–145
BC
Authors: McKechnie Paul 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Division of the post‐Alexander world did not lead to a cessation of hostilities. Competition for influence in the Aegean Greek world led to several substantial naval engagements, while competing claims to Palestine and Syria resulted in a series of “Syrian” wars between Ptolemies and Seleucids. One result of these protracted conflicts, which diminished Macedonian resources and forced the successor kingdoms to rely increasingly on non‐Greek forces, was the emergence of other powers: the Parthians on the Iranian plateau and Pergamum in western Asia Minor, where Gallic migrants had been threatening the safety of Greek cities.
The Goths and the Romans, 376–378
Authors: Lee Doug 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
In the late 360 s the Roman frontier along the Danube, which had been quiet for a generation, came under severe pressure as tribal groups led by Gothic elites attempted to cross the river to escape the approaching threat of Hunnic domination. Roman attempts to manage the process failed, with the result that substantial and desperate groups of tribesmen roamed south of the Danube, eventually ravaging the Thracian plain south of the Haemus mountains. Emperor Valens confronted them near Adrianople but the ensuing battle resulted in the destruction of the Roman army and his own death.
Justinian and Persia, 527–562
Authors: Whitby Michael 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The truce on Rome's eastern frontier lasted until 527, when religious allegiances and frontier control provoked new hostilities. After five years of fluctuating war in which the Romans were commanded by the young Belisarius, an Endless Peace was concluded in 532, but fighting resumed in 540. Khusro overran much of Syria, capturing Antioch and reaching the Mediterranean, but he could not sustain such successes: Dara and Edessa resisted, and by mutual agreement warfare became confined to Lazica, where the Romans eventually managed to stabilize their authority by recapturing the key city of Petra. Peace was signed for 50 years in 562.