bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Ziprasidone and Risperidone in the Long-Term Treatment of Schizophrenia: A 44-Week, Double-Blind, Continuation Study
Authors: Addington Donald E , Labelle Alain , Kulkarni Jayashri , Johnson Gordon , Loebel Antony , Mandel Francine S 
Published: January 2017

Objective: This randomized, double-blind, multicentre extension study compared the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of ziprasidone and risperidone for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Methods: Patients who had responded to treatment for an acute exacerbation of illness in an 8–week study received ziprasidone, 80 to 160 mg/day ( n = 62), or risperidone, 6 to 10 mg/day ( n = 77), for up to 44 additional weeks. Primary efficacy variables included changes in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score and Clinical Global Impression Severity (CGI-S) score. Tolerability and safety assessments included movement disorders, adverse events, study discontinuation rates, and weight and metabolic parameters. Results: Both the ziprasidone and risperidone groups showed statistical improvement from baseline in PANSS and CGI-S scores at study end point with no significant differences between treatment groups. More risperidone-treated patients completed the study (41.6%) than ziprasidone-treated patients (33.9%), but the difference was not statistically significant. Ziprasidone-treated patients who completed the study showed greater improvement in depressive symptoms assessed by Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale than risperidone-treated patients ( P < 0.05). Ziprasidone was associated with a more favourable effect on extrapyramidal symptom (EPS) measures and prolactin as well as less weight gain than risperidone. Median dosages were ziprasidone 120 mg/day and risperidone 8 mg/day. Conclusions: Ziprasidone and risperidone demonstrated similar efficacy during long-term treatment of patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. While more subjects on risperidone completed the extension study, ziprasidone was associated with fewer adverse effects on weight, EPS measures, and prolactin than risperidone.
Immediate and Sustained Effects of Parenting on Physical Aggression in Canadian Children Aged 6 Years and Younger
Authors: Benzies Karen , Keown Leslie-Anne , Magill-Evans Joyce 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To determine whether the effects of factors associated with the development of childhood (aged 6 years or younger) physical aggression were immediate (cross-sectional), sustained (longitudinal), or both. Methods: A longitudinal subsample ( n = 975) of children born between December 1994 and April 1995 was drawn from the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth and followed from birth to 6 years of age. Using random- and fixed-effects logistic panel regression models, child (sex and preterm birth), maternal (education, employment, and positive or hostile/ineffective parenting), and family (lone-parent, older and younger siblings, and income) indicators were regressed on childhood physical aggression. Results: Hostile/ineffective parenting contributed significantly to explaining the variance in aggression. At each measurement time point (birth, 2, 4, and 6 years of age), a change in hostile/ineffective parenting had an effect on aggression, and this effect carried forward across time up to 6 years. Being a boy, having a mother with less education, and living in a lone-parent family with siblings also contributed significantly to aggression. Preterm birth, maternal employment, depressive symptoms, positive interaction, and income failed to contribute significantly to aggression. Conclusions: These results support the hypothesis that hostile/ineffective parenting has an immediate effect on aggression. Contrary to predictions that it would have an immediate effect only at the time it was occurring, hostile/ineffective parenting had a sustained effect on aggression that carried forward in time up to 6 years of age. The results suggest that hostile/ineffective parenting has an effect on aggression prior to any evidence of aggressive behaviour in the child.
A Case-Control Study of Bipolar Depression, Compared with Unipolar Depression, in a Regional Hospital in Hong Kong
Authors: Sze-Man Wong , Lai-Wah Dunn , Wai-Nang Tang , Wah-Fat Chan , Shiu-Yin Chong 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To determine the characteristics of diagnostic conversion from unipolar depression to bipolar depression in psychiatric outpatients, and to compare the profiles of the 2 groups of patients. Method: This is a case–control study in which outpatients newly diagnosed with unipolar depression were reviewed. Outpatients who had polarity conversion to bipolar depression were recruited as subjects and control subjects were matched. The diagnostic validity was enhanced by clinical interview, review of case records by an independent specialist psychiatrist, and administration of the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Axis I Disorders. Multivariate conditional logistic regression was carried out to identify the predictors of bipolar switch. Results: Eighty-eight subjects among those who maintained regular outpatient clinic follow-up ( n = 823) showed bipolar switch during the period under study. The incidence of polarity conversion was 10.7%. Bipolar switch was associated with family history of bipolar affective disorder, use of 3 or more different types of antidepressants in the first 5 years after presentation, an earlier age at presentation of depressive symptoms of less than 37 years, and males. Conclusions: Change in diagnostic polarity is not uncommon in Chinese psychiatric outpatients initially presenting with unipolar depression. They share some common risk factors as identified in Western studies. These can be helpful to clinicians as guidance for identification of patients with depression at high risk for a bipolar course.
Marital Status, Partner Satisfaction, and Depressive Symptoms in Older Men and Women
Authors: St John Philip Donald , Montgomery Patrick Roy 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: To determine if marital status is associated with depressive symptoms in men and women, and to determine if partner satisfaction is associated with depressive symptoms. Methods: Community-dwelling adults ( n = 1751) aged 65 years and older were sampled from a representative population-based registry. Age, sex, education, and marital status were self-reported. Satisfaction with living partner was assessed with an item from the terrible-delightful scale. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression was used to assess depressive symptoms, with a score of 15 or more indicating depressive symptoms. Results: Only 3% of the sample were dissatisfied with their living partner, and those who were dissatisfied with their living partner had higher levels of depressive symptoms. Proportions of men with depressive symptoms were: 20.6% for never married; 19.2% for separated or divorced; 17.3% for widowed; 7.3% for married (satisfied); and 38.1% for married (dissatisfied) (χ2 = 32.98, df = 4, P < 0.001). In women, the results were different: 11.8% for never married; 23.1% for separated or divorced; 15.4% for widowed; 14.4% for married (satisfied); and 41.9% for married (dissatisfied) (χ2 = 18.33, df = 4, P < 0.001). In logistic regression models, a significant interaction term was seen for Marital status x Sex. In stratified models, adjusting for age and education, an effect of marital status was seen in men, but not in women. Conclusions: The effects of marriage on depressive symptoms in men and women may be different, with lower levels of depressive symptoms in married men, compared with unmarried men, but similar rates in married women, compared with unmarried women. Dissatisfaction with their partner was uncommon, but highly associated with depressive symptoms.
Fetal Sex, Social Support, and Postpartum Depression
Authors: Xie Ri-Hua , He Guoping , Koszycki Diana , Walker Mark , Wen Shi Wu 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To examine the impact of prenatal and postnatal social support on the association between fetal sex and postpartum depression (PPD). Method: We conducted a prospective cohort study in Changsha, China, between February and September 2007. We first compared the sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics, and the prenatal and postnatal social support between women who gave birth to a female infant and those who gave birth to a male infant. We then examined the association between fetal sex and PPD by following logistic regression models: fetal sex as the independent variable; with adjustment for sociodemographic and obstetric factors; with adjustment for sociodemographic, obstetric factors, and prenatal social support; and with adjustment for sociodemographic, obstetric factors, and postnatal social support. Results: Postnatal social support scores were much lower in women who gave birth to a female infant than in those who gave birth to a male infant. The odds ratio of PPD for women who gave birth to a female infant, as compared with those who gave birth to a male infant, was 3.67 (95% CI 2.31 to 5.84). The increased risk of PPD for women who gave birth to a female infant remained after adjustment for sociodemographic and obstetric factors and prenatal social support, but disappeared after adjustment for postnatal social support score. Conclusion: We conclude that increased risk of PPD in Chinese women who give birth to a female infant is caused by lack of social support after childbirth.
Negative Attitudes toward Help Seeking for Mental Illness in 2 Population—Based Surveys from the United States and Canada
Authors: Jagdeo Amit , Cox Brian J , Stein Murray B , Sareen Jitender 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: To determine the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of negative attitudes toward help seeking for mental illness among the general population in the United States and Ontario. Methods: Two contemporaneous population-based surveys (aged 15 to 54 years) were analyzed: the US National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) ( n = 5877) and the Ontario Health Survey (OHS) ( n = 6902). Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to examine the correlates of a derived negative attitudes composite variable obtained from questions assessing probability, comfort, and embarrassment related to help seeking for mental illness. Results: Negative attitudes toward help seeking for mental illness were prevalent in both countries. Fifteen percent of OHS and 20% of NCS respondents stated they probably or definitely would not seek treatment if they had serious emotional problems. Almost one-half of recipients in both surveys stated they would be embarrassed if their friends knew about their use of mental health services. Negative attitudes toward help seeking were highest among sociœconomically challenged young, single, lesser-educated men in Ontario and the United States. In both countries, substance abuse or dependence and antisocial personality disorder were associated with greater negative attitudes, as was not having sought treatment in the past. Conclusions: Negative attitudes toward mental health service use are prevalent in Ontario and the United States. They are most common in young adults, especially those with lower education and sociœconomic resources, and those with substance abuse or dependence problems. This information can be used to target educational efforts aimed at improving willingness to seek care for mental health problems.
Recurrence Rates in Ontario Physicians Monitored for Major Depression and Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Albuquerque Joy , Deshauer Dorian , Fergusson Dean , Doucette Steve , MacWilliam Cynthia , Kaufmann I Michael 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Physicians with recurrent conditions that may affect job performance are sometimes referred for monitoring to help ensure compliance with treatment, ongoing remission of illness, and patient safety. Little is known about recurrence rates among doctors monitored for mood disorders. Our primary objective was to describe recurrence rates among Ontario physicians monitored for recurrent unipolar depression and bipolar disorder (BD). Our secondary objective was to explore predictors of recurrence. Method: We used a retrospective cohort design to describe the time to recurrence, defined as either stopping work owing to symptoms or any re-emergence of symptoms meeting a pre-established clinical threshold. Our exploratory analysis of recurrence predictors included age, sex, psychiatric diagnosis, psychiatric comorbidity, medical comorbidity, number of past episodes, past hospitalizations, and family history of psychiatric disorder. Results: During a median observation of 24 months, 36% (18 of 50) of physicians stopped work owing to recurrence of symptoms, with the median time to stopping work being 11 months. As well, 52% (26 of 50) had a re-emergence of clinical symptoms, with the median time to any level of symptom re-emergence being 13 months. Physicians with psychiatric comorbidity stopped work sooner (hazard ratio [HR] 3.53; 95% CI 1.24 to 10.03, P = 0.01) and had more rapid symptom re-emergence (HR 2.96; 95% CI 1.34 to 6.52, P = 0.004) than those without comorbidity. The most common psychiatric comorbidity was a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, anxiety disorder. Conclusion: Recurrence rates are high among Ontario physicians referred for formal monitoring of recurrent unipolar depression and BD, and are markedly hastened by the presence of psychiatric comorbidity.
Regional and Individual Influences on Use of Mental Health Services in Canada
Authors: Diaz-Granados Natalia , Georgiades Katholiki , Boyle Michael H 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Knowledge is lacking on the extent to which area-level characteristics contribute to variations observed in the use of mental health services. This study examined the influence of area- and individual-level characteristics on the use of mental health services. Methods: Data from a nationally representative, population-based, cross-sectional survey, the Canadian Community Health Survey—Mental Health and Well-Being, consisting of adults aged 15 years or older ( n = 36 984), were linked to Canadian 2001 Census profiles according to health region boundaries ( n = 97). Multilevel multivariable logistic regression modelling was used to: estimate variation in 12-month self-reported use of health services for mental health reasons between health regions; and, estimate the effects of individual- and area-level need, health resources, and sociodemographic factors on self-reported 12-month use of medical services for mental health reasons. Results: There was a 2.1% and 3.5% regional variation for general practitioner-family physician (GP-FP) and psychiatric health service use during 12 months, respectively. Most of the regional variation observed was explained by number of physicians per health region and regional and individual need factors. Adults who were middle-aged, had a post-secondary education, low-income, were separated, widowed, or divorced, and Canadian-born were significantly more likely to use GP-FP and psychiatry services for mental health reasons at the individual level, even after adjusting for area- and individual-level need factors. Conclusions: Most area-level variation was explained by the availability of health region resources and individual-level need factors. After accounting for need, numerous sociodemographic factors retained their association with use of mental health services. Additional efforts are needed at the area and individual level to reduce inequities through appropriate targeted care.
The Relation between Types and Frequency of Gambling Activities and Problem Gambling among Women in Canada
Authors: Afifi Tracie O , Cox Brian J , Martens Patricia J , Sareen Jitender , Enns Murray W 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Canada experienced large-scale growth of the gambling industry during the 1990s. Clinical data have indicated that substantial proportions of people seeking help for gambling problems in Canada are women. A population health model was used to understand the relation between types and frequency of gambling activities and problem gambling among women in Canada. Method: Data used for the analysis were from the nationally representative Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Well-Being (CCHS 1.2; n = 10 056, women aged 15 years and older; data collected in 2002). Results: The types of gambling associated with the highest odds of problem gambling among women in Canada were video lottery terminals (VLTs) outside the casino (OR 2.37 to 53.73; P < 0.01), VLTs inside the casino (OR 2.84 to 36.19; P < 0.001), and other casino games (OR 4.01 to 24.15; P < 0.001). Conclusions: These observations further our understanding of problem gambling among women in Canada and confirm that problem gambling among women is an important public health concern. Frequent VLT gambling, both outside and inside casinos, and other casino games are associated with the largest odds of problem gambling, which highlights an area of gambling in Canada that needs to be reassessed if problem gambling is to be prevented or reduced. Evidence-based research is necessary to inform healthy public policies on gambling in Canada. Findings from the current research have important research and policy implications.
Does Clozapine Promote Employability and Reduce Offending among Mentally Disordered Offenders?
Authors: Balbuena Lloyd , Mela Mansfield , Wong Stephen , Gu Deqiang , Adelugba Olajide , Tempier Raymond 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To compare employment pay, count of infractions, and clinical symptoms in psychiatric inmates treated with clozapine or other antipsychotics after 6 months of treatment. Methods: Clinical charts and institutional offence records of psychiatric inmates ( n = 98), comprised of those on clozapine ( n = 65) and on other antipsychotics ( n = 33), were reviewed at baseline and after 6 months of treatment. The outcome measures used were Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) scores, employment pay, medication compliance, and the frequency of institutional offences. A binary logistic regression model was used to analyze a categorical change in pay variable, while a negative binomial model was used to analyze the frequency of infractions. Results: Treatment with clozapine was associated with greater odds of a pay increase (OR = 3.13; 95% CI 1.3 to 7.53, P= 0.01). However, patients on other antipsychotics had a more favourable improvement in BPRS ( F= 5.44, df = 1,57, P= 0.02). Patients on other antipsychotics also had a higher count of posttreatment offences (Incidence Rate Ratio = 2.22; 95% CI 1.11 to 4.41, P = 0.02). Conclusion: Clozapine probably has a favourable effect on inmate behaviour and institutional adjustment. This effect can last up to 36 months after the initial dose.
Psychometric Properties of a Pictorial Instrument for Assessing Psychopathology in Youth Aged 12 to 15 Years: The Dominic Interactive for Adolescents
Authors: Bergeron Lise , Smolla Nicole , Valla Jean-Pierre , St-Georges Marie , Berthiaume Claude , Piché Geneviève , Barbe Catherine 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: Over the last 15 years, adequate psychometric properties of the different versions of the Dominic led to the development of the Dominic Interactive for Adolescents (DIA). The DIA is a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), Fourth Edition, Text Revision-based self-administered computerized pictorial instrument for assessing the most frequent mental disorders in adolescents aged 12 to 15 years. Our study aims to verify the internal consistency, the test-retest estimate of reliability, and the criterion-related validity of this instrument. Method: The total sample included 607 adolescents living in the Montreal urban area recruited from the community (465 French-speaking) and the clinical population (142 French-speaking). Internal consistency was evaluated by Cronbach's alpha coefficients and test-retest estimate of reliability by the kappas and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Two criteria are indicative of criterion-related validity of the DIA: clinical judgment on the presence or absence of symptoms (scored independently by 3 judges) and the adolescents' referrals to outpatient psychiatric clinics. Results: For most symptom scales of the DIA, Cronbach's alpha coefficients varied from 0.69 to 0.89, test-retest kappas were 0.50 or greater, and ICCs ranged from 0.78 to 0.87. The criterion-related validity was demonstrated for symptoms, symptom scales, and the categories based on the symptom scale cut-off points. Conclusion: As no informant can be considered the criterion standard of psychopathology, the interview with adolescents regarding their own symptoms is necessary. Findings from our study reasonably support adequate psychometric properties of the DIA in adolescents aged 12 to 15 years.
Inequalities in Suicide Rates in the European Union's Elderly: Trends and Impact of Macro-Socioeconomic Factors between 1980 and 2006
Authors: Innamorati Marco , Tamburello Antonino , Lester David , Amore Mario , Girardi Paolo , Tatarelli Roberto , Pompili Maurizio 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To study suicide rates in elderly people in the former European Community, known as the European Union (EU) since late 1993, to identify differences between early members (admitted to the EU before 2004) and new members (admitted after 2004), and to evaluate the association between macro-socioeconomic variables and suicide rates. Method: We explored temporal trends in age-adjusted suicide rates for people aged 65 years and older residing in the EU from 1980 to 2006. Results: In the years examined in the study, there has been a general decrease in suicide rates in new and early members of the EU, although more slowly for elderly men than for women. The decrease in suicide rates of citizens aged 65 years and older was associated with a small but significant difference between new and early members of the EU (RR = 1.04, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.05; z = 11.95, P < 0.001). The macro-socioeconomic indices were strongly associated with age-adjusted suicide rates in EU senior citizens, except unemployment rates. Conclusions: Deaths by suicide in elderly people are declining in all EU nations, but inequalities in the suicide rates of men and women remain, especially in new EU members.