bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychological Outcomes of Labiaplasty: A Prospective Study
Authors: Sharp Gemma , Tiggemann Marika , Mattiske Julie 
Published: November 2016

Background:
Although the demand for labiaplasty has increased rapidly over the past decade, little is known about the psychological outcomes of this procedure. In particular, there is a lack of prospective controlled studies to assess the effects of labiaplasty on women’s psychological well-being and intimate relationship quality. Nor has research investigated whether preoperative patient characteristics predict satisfaction with surgery.

Methods:
The current study used a prospective controlled design. Participants were 29 adult Australian women who underwent labia minora reduction and 22 comparison women who did not. Both groups completed a baseline questionnaire (preoperatively for the labiaplasty group) and a follow-up questionnaire 6 months later. The questionnaires contained standardized measures of genital appearance satisfaction, relationship satisfaction, sexual confidence, psychological distress, self-esteem, and life satisfaction.

Results:
Of the 29 women who underwent labiaplasty, the vast majority reported that they were “moderately” or “extremely” satisfied with the aesthetic (82.8 percent), functional (86.2 percent), and overall (82.8 percent) outcomes. For the standardized measures, the only significant change from baseline to follow-up for the labiaplasty group relative to the comparison group was a reduction in genital appearance dissatisfaction with large effect size (p < 0.001, d = 3.26). Higher levels of psychological distress (p = 0.001) and having a romantic partner (p = 0.016) preoperatively were significantly related to lower satisfaction with surgical outcomes.

Conclusions:
Labiaplasty appears to have a positive effect on women’s genital appearance satisfaction, but not their general psychological well-being or intimate relationship quality. Medical professionals should be mindful of patients with greater psychological distress, as this may compromise satisfaction with surgical outcomes.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, II.
Abdominal Contouring: Can the American Society of Anesthesiologists Classification System Help Determine When to Say No?
Authors: Familusi Olatomide T. , Doscher Matthew , Manrique Oscar J. , Shin Joseph , Benacquista Teresa 
Published: November 2016

Background:
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification system could be used preoperatively to identify patients at high risk for complications after abdominal contouring.

Methods:
Using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database from 2007 to 2012, patients undergoing abdominal contouring procedures were identified and stratified by American Society of Anesthesiologists class. The primary outcome was any complication within 30 days. Secondary outcomes included minor wound, major surgical, and medical complication. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated using logistic regression.

Results:
A total of 3637 patients were analyzed; 14.6 percent of patients were class I, 59.1 percent were class II, 23.4 percent were class III, and 2.9 percent were class IV. Overall complication and mortality rates were 12 percent and 0.2 percent, respectively. There was a significant trend of increasing odds of any complication with increasing class (class I, OR, 1.0; class II, OR, 1.5; class III, OR, 2.5; class IV, OR, 5.6; p-trend < 0.001). This trend was seen consistently for minor wound complications, medical complications, and major surgical complications (p = 0.007, p = 0.005, and p = 0.001, respectively).

Conclusions:
The American Society of Anesthesiologists classification system, which is simple and universally applicable, appears to predict significant complications and can be used to rapidly screen patients before abdominal contouring. Furthermore, the authors’ results can be used to inform patient-physician discussion about the risks incurred when undergoing these procedures based on their individual class. Together with optimization of high-risk patients, patient selection using American Society of Anesthesiologists classification may prevent complications and improve outcomes.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Risk, II.
Alveolar Bone Grafting and Cleft Lip and Palate: A Review
Authors: Weissler E. Hope , Paine Kaitlyn M. , Ahmed Mairaj K. , Taub Peter J. 
Published: November 2016

Summary:
Alveolar bone grafting in the mixed dentition stage is an accepted step in the management of cleft alveoli, providing maxillary arch support for dentition and mastication. Points of contention regarding best practices remain, including specific timing, perioperative orthodontic management, bone harvest and substitutes, pain management, and outcomes evaluations. SCOPUS and MEDLINE were searched for articles about alveolar bone grafting, which were read independently by two authors and selected for inclusion on the basis of relevance and merit. Articles on which recommendations were based were rated using the methodological index for non-randomized studies criteria. Three hundred thirty-three distinct articles were found, of which 64 were found to be suitable and relevant for inclusion. The average methodological index for non-randomized studies score was 10.39, with an interrater weighted kappa of 0.7301. Prospective comparative studies about alveolar bone grafting are rare, but available evidence suggests grafting before canine eruption with targeted preoperative orthopedic interventions, the continued use of iliac crest corticocancellous autologous graft, and adjunctive pain control methods. Greater consensus must be reached about valuable outcome measures for research, including use of imaging and indications for regrafting following graft failure.
Comparison of Endothelial Differentiation Capacities of Human and Rat Adipose-Derived Stem Cells
Authors: Orbay Hakan , Devi Kamaljit , Williams Priscilla A. , Dehghani Tima , Silva Eduardo A. , Sahar David E. 
Published: November 2016

Background:
The authors compared the endothelial differentiation capacities of human and rat adipose-derived stem cells to determine whether human adipose-derived stem cells can be a source of endothelial cells clinically.

Methods:
Human and rat adipose-derived stem cells were harvested and characterized with flow cytometry and trilineage differentiation. Cells from passages III through V were fed with endothelial cell differentiation medium for up to 3 weeks. Cells were harvested after 1, 2, and 3 weeks, and endothelial differentiation was evaluated with quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and angiogenic sprouting assays.

Results:
Both human and rat adipose-derived stem cells were CD90+, CD44+, and CD31− before differentiation. The cells were successfully differentiated into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. Expression of endothelial cell–specific genes peaked at the second week of differentiation in both human and rat cells. The fold changes in expression of CD31, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1, nitric oxide synthase, and von Willebrand factor genes at week 2 were 0.4 ± 0.1, 34.7 ± 0.3, 2.03 ± 0.25, and 12.5 ± 0.3 respectively, in human adipose-derived stem cells; and 1.5 ± 1.01, 21.6 ± 1.7, 17.9 ± 0.6, and 11.2 ± 1.3, respectively, in rat cells. The percentages of CD31+ cells were 0.2, 0.64, and 1.6 in human cell populations and 0.5, 5.91, and 11.5 in rat cell populations at weeks 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Rat adipose-derived stem cell–derived endothelial cells displayed enhanced sprouting capability compared with the human cells.

Conclusions:
Human adipose-derived stem cells responded less strongly to EGM-2MV endothelial differentiation medium than did the rat cells. Still, the human cells have the potential to become a clinical source of endothelial cells with modifications in the differentiation conditions.
Timing of Presentation of Pediatric Compartment Syndrome and Its Microsurgical Implication: A Retrospective Review
Authors: Ziolkowski Natalia I. , Zive Leanne , Ho Emily S. , Zuker Ronald M. 
Published: November 2016

Background:
Pediatric forearm compartment syndrome can lead to severe functional disability. Although it is known that earlier presentation with decompression leads to better outcomes, it is not known when presentation after injury leads to significant loss of function requiring microsurgical intervention. The authors describe the rate of microsurgical reconstruction after pediatric forearm compartment syndrome as related to timing of presentation.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review was conducted of pediatric patients with forearm compartment syndrome between January 1, 2000, and March 22, 2013, after a traumatic upper extremity injury. Demographic information, cause, time to decompression, complications, and functional outcome were recorded.

Results:
Thirty-five patients aged between 2 and 16 years (8.97 ± 4.12 years) met inclusion criteria. The majority (74 percent) were boys. The right upper extremity was predominantly involved (54 percent), with a predilection for ulnar fractures (66 percent). Fasciotomies were completed for 32 patients (91 percent). Two patients had no decompression (6 percent) because of late presentation. The average time to fasciotomy was less than 12 hours after injury in 16 patients (46 percent), 12 to 48 hours in 15 patients (43 percent), and greater than 48 hours in four patients (11 percent). Complications (63 percent) included nerve injury (40 percent), skin graft (37 percent), scar revision (11 percent), and long flexor tightness requiring serial casting (17 percent). Forearm muscle necrosis requiring microsurgical reconstructive surgery with a gracilis muscle flap occurred in two patients (6 percent). Increased time to decompression was statistically associated with long flexor tightness and gracilis reconstructive surgery.

Conclusion:
Presentation after 48 hours resulted in significant functional deficits requiring reconstructive surgery (gracilis muscle flap reconstruction) or long-term conservative management (serial casting).
Orthognathic Surgery with Simultaneous Autologous Fat Transfer for Correction of Facial Asymmetry
Authors: Wang Yu-Ching , Wallace Christopher Glenn , Pai Betty Chien-Jung , Chen Hui-Ling , Lee Yueh-Tse , Hsiao Yen-Chang , Chang Chun-Shin , Liao Yu-Fang , Chen Philip Kuo-Ting , Chen Yu-Ray 
Published: November 2016

Background:
Most patients treated with orthognathic surgery for facial asymmetry would value improvement in residual soft-tissue asymmetry. Autologous fat transfer is widely used to augment facial soft tissue. The authors assessed the effect of combining orthognathic surgery with autologous fat transfer for treating patients with facial asymmetry.

Methods:
In this retrospective study, 15 consecutive adults underwent combined orthognathic surgery and autologous fat transfer between January of 2013 and December of 2015. Lower facial profile symmetry was assessed using postoperative standard frontal photographs.

Results:
Lower facial symmetry was much improved by combining orthognathic surgery and autologous fat injection.

Conclusion:
The combined use of orthognathic surgery and autologous fat transfer is a promising technique for improving facial symmetry in patients with facial asymmetry.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
The Evolution of Photography and Three-Dimensional Imaging in Plastic Surgery
Authors: Weissler Jason M. , Stern Carrie S. , Schreiber Jillian E. , Amirlak Bardia , Tepper Oren M. 
Published: November 2016

Summary:
Throughout history, the technological advancements of conventional clinical photography in plastic surgery have not only refined the methods available to the plastic surgeon, but have invigorated the profession through technology. The technology of the once traditional two-dimensional photograph has since been revolutionized and refashioned to incorporate novel applications, which have since become the standard in clinical photography. Contrary to traditional standardized two-dimensional photographs, three-dimensional photography provides the surgeon with an invaluable volumetric and morphologic analysis by demonstrating true surface dimensions both preoperatively and postoperatively. Clinical photography has served as one of the fundamental objective means by which plastic surgeons review outcomes; however, the newer three-dimensional technology has been primarily used to enhance the preoperative consultation with surgical simulations. The authors intend to familiarize readers with the notion that three-dimensional photography extends well beyond its marketing application during surgical consultation. For the cosmetic surgeon, as the application of three-dimensional photography continues to mature in facial plastic surgery, it will continue to bypass the dated conventional photographic methods plastic surgeons once relied on. This article reviews a paradigm shift and provides a historical review of the fascinating evolution of photography in plastic surgery by highlighting the clinical utility of three-dimensional photography as an adjunct to plastic and reconstructive surgery practices. As three-dimensional photographic technology continues to evolve, its application in facial plastic surgery will provide an opportunity for a new objective standard in plastic surgery.
Absence of miR-182 Augments Cardiac Allograft Survival
Authors: Wei Liang , Kaul Vandana , Qu Xiumei , Xiong Xiaoxing , Lau Audrey H. , Iwai Naoharu , Martinez Olivia M. , Krams Sheri M. 
Published: November 2016

Background
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules that regulate the posttranscriptional expression of target genes and are important regulators in immune responses. Previous studies demonstrated that the miRNA, miR-182 was significantly increased during allograft rejection. Further, the transcription factor Forkhead box (FOX) protein 1, (FOXO1) was shown to be a target of miR-182. The aim of this study is to further examine the role of miR-182 in alloimmune responses.

Methods
Transplantation of BALB/c cardiac allografts was performed in C57BL/6, miR-182−/−, B6.129S-H2dlAb1-Ea (MHC II− and CD4+ T cell-deficient) and B6.129S2-Tap1tm1Arp (MHC I− and CD8+ T cell-deficient) mice, with or without CTLA-4Ig administration. T cell phenotype, FOXO1 protein levels and graft infiltrating lymphocytes were determined in C57BL/6 or miR-182−/− mice by flow cytometric analysis, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry, respectively.

Results
We now show that T cells, mainly CD4+ are the main cellular source of miR-182 during allograft rejection. In the absence of miR-182, CTLA-4Ig treatment significantly increased allograft survival (31.5 days C57BL/6 vs 60 days miR-182−/−; P < 0.01). Further, CTLA4-Ig treatment inhibits miR-182 expression, increases FOXO1 levels, and reduces the percentage of CD4+CD44hi T cells after transplantation. Fewer T cells infiltrate the cardiac allografts, and memory T cells are significantly decreased in allograft recipients deficient in miR-182 with CTLA4-Ig treatment (P < 0.01).

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that miR-182 contributes to the T-cell responses to alloantigen especially under costimulation blockade. Therapeutics that target specific miRNAs may prove beneficial in transplantation.
The Association Between Broad Antigen HLA Mismatches, Eplet HLA Mismatches and Acute Rejection After Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Do Nguyen Hung Thanh , Wong Germaine , Chapman Jeremy R. , McDonald Stephen P. , Coates Patrick T. , Watson Narelle , Russ Graeme R. , D'Orsogna Lloyd , Lim Wai Hon 
Published: November 2016

Background
Epitope matching, which evaluates mismatched amino acids within antigen-antibody interaction sites (eplets), may better predict acute rejection than broad antigen matching alone. We aimed to determine the association between eplet mismatches and acute rejection in kidney transplant recipients.

Methods
The association between eplet mismatches, broad antigen mismatches and acute rejection was assessed using adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression. Model discrimination for acute rejection was evaluated using the area under receiver operating characteristic curves.

Results
Of the 3,499 kidney transplant recipients from 2006 to 2011, the average (SD) number of broad antigen and eplet mismatches were 3.4 (1.7) and 22.8 (12.2), respectively. Compared with 0 to 2 eplet mismatches, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for acute rejection among those with 20 or greater eplet mismatches was 2.16 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33-3.52; P = 0.001). The adjusted area under the curve for broad antigen mismatches was 0.58 (95% CI, 0.56-0.61), similar to that for eplet mismatches (HR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.56-0.61; P = 0.365). In recipients who were considered as low immunological risk (0-2 broad antigen HLA-ABDR mismatch), those with 20 or greater eplet mismatches experienced an increased risk of rejection compared to those with less than 20 mismatches (adjusted HR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.11-3.08; P = 0.019).

Conclusions
Increasing number of eplet mismatches is associated with acute rejection in kidney transplant recipients. Consideration of eplet HLA mismatches may improve risk stratification for acute rejection in a selected group of kidney transplant candidates.
Ancient coding sequences underpin the spatial patterning of gene expression in C4leaves
Authors: Reyna-Llorens Ivan , Burgess Steven J. , Williams Ben P. , Stanley Susan , Boursnell Chris , Hibberd Julian M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPhotosynthesis is compromised in most plants because an enzymatic side-reaction fixes O2instead of CO2. The energetic cost of oxygenation led to the evolution of C4photosynthesis. In almost all C4leaves compartmentation of photosynthesis between cells reduces oxygenation and so increases photosynthetic efficiency. Here we report that spatial expression of most C4genes is controlled by intrageniccis-elements rather than promoter sequence. Two DNA motifs that cooperatively specify the patterning of genes required for C4photosynthesis are identified. They are conserved in plants and algae that use the ancestral C3pathway. As these motifs are located in exons they represent duons determining both gene expression and amino acid sequence. Our findings provide functional evidence for the importance of transcription factors recognising coding sequence as previously defined by genome-wide binding studies. Furthermore, they indicate that C4evolution is based on ancient DNA motifs found in exonic sequence.
SINCERITIES: Inferring gene regulatory networks from time-stamped single cell transcriptional expression profiles
Authors: Papili Gao Nan , Ud-Dean S.M. Minhaz , Gunawan Rudiyanto 
Published: November 2016

AbstractRecent advances in single cell transcriptional profiling open up a new avenue in studying the functional role of cell-to-cell variability in physiological processes such as stem cell differentiation. In this work, we developed a novel algorithm called SINCERITIES (SINgle CEll Regularized Inference using TIme-stamped Expression profileS), for the inference of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) from single cell transcriptional expression data. In particular, we focused on time-stamped cross-sectional expression data, a common type of dataset generated from transcriptional profiling of single cells collected at multiple time points after cell stimulation. SINCERITIES recovers the regulatory (causal) relationships among genes by employing regularized linear regression, particularly ridge regression, using temporal changes in the distributions of gene expressions. Meanwhile, the modes of the gene regulations (activation and repression) come from partial correlation analyses between pairs of genes. We demonstrated the efficacy of SINCERITIES in inferring GRNs using simulated time-stampedin silicosingle cell expression data and single transcriptional profiling of THP-1 monocytic human leukemia cell differentiation. The case studies showed that SINCERITIES could provide accurate GRN predictions, significantly better than other GRN inference algorithms such as TSNI, GENIE3 and JUMP3. Meanwhile, SINCERITIES has a low computational complexity and is amenable to problems of extremely large dimensionality.
Probing cytoskeletal modulation of passive and active intracellular dynamics using nanobody-functionalized quantum dots
Authors: Katrukha Eugene A. , Mikhaylova Marina , van Brakel Hugo X. , van Bergen en Henegouwen Paul M. , Akhmanova Anna , Hoogenraad Casper C. , Kapitein Lukas C. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe cytoplasm is a highly complex and heterogeneous medium that is structured by the cytoskeleton. Cytoskeletal organization and dynamics are known to modulate cytoplasmic transport processes, but how local transport dynamics depends on the highly heterogeneous intracellular organization of F-actin and microtubules is poorly understood. Here we use a novel delivery and functionalization strategy to utilize quantum dots (QDs) as probes for transport dynamics in different sub-cellular environments. Rapid imaging of non-functionalized QDs revealed two populations with a 100-fold difference in diffusion constant. Depolymerization of actin increased the fast diffusing fraction, suggesting that slow QDs are trapped inside the actin network. When nanobody-functionalized QDs were targeted to different kinesin motor proteins and moved over microtubules, they did not experience strong actin-induced transverse displacements, as suggested previously. Only kinesin-1 bound QDs displayed subtle directional fluctuations, because the specific subset of stable microtubules used by this motor underwent prominent undulations. Using actin-targeting agents we found that the actin network suppresses most microtubule shape remodeling, rather than promoting them. These results demonstrate how the spatial and structural heterogeneity of the cytoskeleton imposes large variations in non-equilibrium intracellular dynamics.