bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Species distributions represent intraspecific genetic diversity of freshwater fish in conservation assessments
Authors: Hermoso Virgilio , Kennard Mark J. , Schmidt Daniel J. , Bond Nick , Huey Joel A. , Mondol Rashedul K. , Jamandre Brian W. , Hughes Jane M. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryAccounting for genetic diversity and evolutionary processes has long been recognised as an important goal in conservation planning. However, because genetic data are often lacking, surrogate approaches are widely used. Few studies have, however, assessed the capacity of surrogate data, such as higher taxonomic levels (e.g. species distributions) to portray intraspecific genetic diversity.Here, we contrast conservation plans based on traditional species distribution data, with those derived from intraspecific genetic data for a smaller subset of species, both using freshwater fish in northern Australia. We modelled the spatial distribution of 46 species and intraspecific genetic diversity within four common species. We then identified priority areas for conservation using both data sets and evaluated the extent to which solutions obtained from species distribution data portrayed genetic diversity.We found that genetic diversity could be adequately represented within priority areas identified using species distribution data, even at low conservation targets and for species with complex genetic structure. However, this was only true when using the entire fish community (i.e. all 46 species). In contrast, a substantial component of the genetic structure would not be represented in conservation priority areas when using a subset of species.Our results have important implications for the use of surrogates for genetic diversity in conservation planning. Sufficient genetic diversity might be represented in conservation priority areas by including a broad range of species with distributions ranging from common to rare elements in the community in the prioritisation analyses. We recommend focusing on improving accuracy of data on species distributions to reduce uncertainties in conservation recommendations derived from commission and omission errors, to avoid misuse of limited conservation funds and potential failure of conservation practice.
Optimization of fixation methods for image analysis of the hepatopancreas in whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei (Boone)
Authors: Cervellione F , McGurk C , Silva P , Owen M A G , Van den Broeck W 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPathology in penaeid shrimps relies on histology, which is subjective, time‐consuming and difficult to grade in a reproducible manner. Automated image analysis is faster, objective and suitable for routine screening; however, it requires standardized protocols. The first critical step is proper fixation of the target tissue. Bell & Lightner's (A Handbook of Normal Penaeid Shrimp Histology, 1988, The World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge) fixation protocol, widely used for routine histology of paraffin sections, is not optimized for image analysis, and no protocol for frozen sections is described in the available literature. Therefore, the aim of this study was to optimize fixation of the hepatopancreas (HP) from whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) for both paraffin and frozen sections using a semiquantitative scoring system. For paraffin sections, four injection volumes and three injection methods were compared, for frozen sections, four freezing methods and four fixation methods. For paraffin sections, optimal fixation was achieved by increasing threefold the fixative volume recommended by Bell and Lightner, from 10% to 30% of the shrimp body weight, combined with single injection into the HP. Optimal fixation for frozen sections was achieved by freezing the cephalothorax with liquid nitrogen, followed by fixation of the section with 60% isopropanol. These optimized methods enable the future use of image analysis and improve classical histology.
Characterization of mesostasis regions in lunar basalts: Understanding late‐stage melt evolution and its influence on apatite formation
Authors: Potts Nicola J. , Tartèse Romain , Anand Mahesh , van Westrenen Wim , Griffiths Alexandra A. , Barrett Thomas J. , Franchi Ian A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractRecent studies geared toward understanding the volatile abundances of the lunar interior have focused on the volatile‐bearing accessory mineral apatite. Translating measurements of volatile abundances in lunar apatite into the volatile inventory of the silicate melts from which they crystallized, and ultimately of the mantle source regions of lunar magmas, however, has proved more difficult than initially thought. In this contribution, we report a detailed characterization of mesostasis regions in four Apollo mare basalts (10044, 12064, 15058, and 70035) in order to ascertain the compositions of the melts from which apatite crystallized. The texture, modal mineralogy, and reconstructed bulk composition of these mesostasis regions vary greatly within and between samples. There is no clear relationship between bulk‐rock basaltic composition and that of bulk‐mesostasis regions, indicating that bulk‐rock composition may have little influence on mesostasis compositions. The development of individual melt pockets, combined with the occurrence of silicate liquid immiscibility, exerts greater control on the composition and texture of mesostasis regions. In general, the reconstructed late‐stage lunar melts have roughly andesitic to dacitic compositions with low alkali contents, displaying much higher SiO2 abundances than the bulk compositions of their host magmatic rocks. Relevant partition coefficients for apatite‐melt volatile partitioning under lunar conditions should, therefore, be derived from experiments conducted using intermediate compositions instead of compositions representing mare basalts.
The impact of skin colour on human photobiological responses
Authors: Fajuyigbe Damilola , Young Antony R. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryTerrestrial solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exerts both beneficial and adverse effects on human skin. Epidemiological studies show a lower incidence of skin cancer in people with pigmented skins compared to fair skins. This is attributed to photoprotection by epidermal melanin, as is the poorer vitamin D status of those with darker skins. We summarize a wide range of photobiological responses across different skin colours including DNA damage and immunosuppression. Some studies show the generally modest photoprotective properties of melanin, but others show little or no effect. DNA photodamage initiates non‐melanoma skin cancer and is reduced by a factor of about 3 in pigmented skin compared with white skin. This suggests that if such a modest reduction in DNA damage can result in the significantly lower skin cancer incidence in black skin, the use of sunscreen protection might be extremely beneficial for susceptible population. Many contradictory results may be explained by protocol differences, including differences in UVR spectra and exposure protocols. We recommend that skin type comparisons be done with solar‐simulated radiation and standard erythema doses or physical doses (J/m2) rather than those based solely on clinical endpoints such as minimal erythema dose (MED).
Assessment of children with vascular ring
Authors: Tola Hasan , Ozturk Erkut , Yildiz Okan , Erek Ersin , Haydin Sertac , Turkvatan Aysel , Ergul Yakup , Guzeltas Alper , Bakir Ihsan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundVascular rings may cause pressure on the trachea and/or esophagus of varying degree, resulting in symptoms. This study assessed the presentation symptoms, diagnostic methods and treatment results after surgery in children with vascular ring.MethodsSymptomatic vascular ring patients undergoing surgery between January 2010 and August 2014 at Mehmet Akif Ersoy Cardiovascular Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, were retrospectively assessed. The presentation symptoms, demographic characteristics, and diagnostic tests were evaluated. Operative data and postoperative follow up, complications and problems were also examined in detail.ResultsTwenty‐one patients underwent surgery, 13 (63%) of whom were male. Median age was 12 months (range, 1 month–8 years). Among these patients, 62% (n = 13) had double aortic arch, 24% (n = 5) had right‐sided aortic arch + ligamentum arteriosum, 10% (n = 2) had left‐sided aortic arch + aberrant right subclavian artery, and 4% (n = 1) had pulmonary sling abnormality. Computed tomography (CT) angiography was performed in 17/21 patients. All the patients were successfully operated on. In the early postoperative period, two patients had chylothorax and one had nerve paralysis of nervus laryngeus recurrens. One patient died in the early period, and two patients had ongoing stridor on follow up.ConclusionsCT angiography is effective for the differential diagnosis and visualization of vascular ring abnormality. In such cases, full recovery can be assured with early diagnosis and surgery.
Discovering Collaborative Advantage: The Contributions of Goal Categories and Visual Strategy Mapping
Authors: Bryson John M. , Ackermann Fran , Eden Colin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCollaboration can make sense when there is some sort of “collaborative advantage” to be gained, meaning organizations can achieve something together that they cannot easily achieve by themselves. However, the literature is essentially silent on how to identify collaborative advantage. This article addresses this shortcoming in the theory of collaborative advantage for public purposes by proposing a set of goal categories that may be used to help articulate collaborative advantage and introducing the use of visual strategy mapping as part of a facilitated group process to figure out what the collaborative advantage might be. Collaborative advantage, as it is normally understood, consists of shared core goals. Collaborative advantage for public purposes should take into account public values beyond shared core goals.
Genetic and environmental influences on the association between performance‐based self‐esteem and exhaustion: A study of the self‐worth notion of burnout
Authors: Svedberg Pia , Hallsten Lennart , Narusyte Jurgita , Bodin Lennart , Blom Victoria 
Published: July 2016

In the self‐worth model, burnout is considered to be a syndrome of performance‐based self‐esteem (PBSE) and experiences of exhaustion. Studies have shown that PBSE and burnout indices such as Pines’ Burnout Measure (BM) are associated. Whether these variables have overlapping etiologies has however not been studied before. Genetic and environmental components of covariation between PBSE and exhaustion measured with Pines’ BM were examined in a bivariate Cholesky model using data from 14,875 monozygotic and dizygotic Swedish twins. Fifty‐two per cent of the phenotypic correlation (r = 0.41) between PBSE and Pines’ BM was explained by genetics and 48% by environmental factors. The findings of the present study strengthen the assumption that PBSE should be considered in the burnout process as proposed by the self‐worth conception of burnout. The present results extend our understanding of the link between this contingent self‐esteem construct and exhaustion and provide additional information about the underlying mechanisms in terms of genetics and environment. This finding corroborates the assumed syndrome view on burnout, while it also suggests an altered view of how the syndrome emerges and how it can be alleviated.
Reporting quality of randomised controlled trial abstracts among high-impact general medical journals: a review and analysis
Authors: Hays Meredith , Andrews Mary , Wilson Ramey , Callender David , O'Malley Patrick G , Douglas Kevin 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess adherence to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) for Abstracts by five high-impact general medical journals and to assess whether the quality of reporting was homogeneous across these journals.DesignThis is a descriptive, cross-sectional study.SettingRandomised controlled trial (RCT) abstracts in five high-impact general medical journals.ParticipantsWe used up to 100 RCT abstracts published between 2011 and 2014 from each of the following journals:The New England Journal of Medicine(NEJM),the Annals of Internal Medicine(Annals IM),The Lancet,the British Medical Journal(The BMJ) andthe Journal of the American Medical Association(JAMA).Main outcomeThe primary outcome was per cent overall adherence to the 19-item CONSORT for Abstracts checklist. Secondary outcomes included per cent adherence in checklist subcategories and assessing homogeneity of reporting quality across the individual journals.ResultsSearch results yielded 466 abstracts, 3 of which were later excluded as they were not RCTs. Analysis was performed on 463 abstracts (97 fromNEJM, 66 fromAnnals IM, 100 fromThe Lancet, 100 fromThe BMJ, 100 fromJAMA). Analysis of all scored items showed an overall adherence of 67% (95% CI 66% to 68%) to the CONSORT for Abstracts checklist.The Lancethad the highest overall adherence rate (78%; 95% CI 76% to 80%), whereasNEJMhad the lowest (55%; 95% CI 53% to 57%). Adherence rates to 8 of the checklist items differed by >25% between journals.ConclusionsAmong the five highest impact general medical journals, there is variable and incomplete adherence to the CONSORT for Abstracts reporting checklist of randomised trials, with substantial differences between individual journals. Lack of adherence to the CONSORT for Abstracts reporting checklist by high-impact medical journals impedes critical appraisal of important studies. We recommend diligent assessment of adherence to reporting guidelines by authors, reviewers and editors to promote transparency and unbiased reporting of abstracts.
Whirlpool
Authors: Mukkara Anurag , Beckmann Nathan , Sanchez Daniel 
Published: July 2016

Cache hierarchies are increasingly non-uniform and difficult to manage. Several techniques, such as scratchpads or reuse hints, use static information about how programs access data to manage the memory hierarchy. Static techniques are effective on regular programs, but because they set fixed policies, they are vulnerable to changes in program behavior or available cache space. Instead, most systems rely on dynamic caching policies that adapt to observed program behavior. Unfortunately, dynamic policies spend significant resources trying to learn how programs use memory, and yet they often perform worse than a static policy. We present Whirlpool, a novel approach that combines static information with dynamic policies to reap the benefits of each. Whirlpool statically classifies data into pools based on how the program uses memory. Whirlpool then uses dynamic policies to tune the cache to each pool. Hence, rather than setting policies statically, Whirlpool uses static analysis to guide dynamic policies. We present both an API that lets programmers specify pools manually and a profiling tool that discovers pools automatically in unmodified binaries.
We evaluate Whirlpool on a state-of-the-art NUCA cache. Whirlpool significantly outperforms prior approaches: on sequential programs, Whirlpool improves performance by up to 38% and reduces data movement energy by up to 53%; on parallel programs, Whirlpool improves performance by up to 67% and reduces data movement energy by up to 2.6x.
High Performance Packet Processing with FlexNIC
Authors: Kaufmann Antoine , Peter SImon , Sharma Naveen Kr. , Anderson Thomas , Krishnamurthy Arvind 
Published: July 2016

The recent surge of network I/O performance has put enormous pressure on memory and software I/O processing sub systems. We argue that the primary reason for high memory and processing overheads is the inefficient use of these resources by current commodity network interface cards (NICs). We propose FlexNIC, a flexible network DMA interface that can be used by operating systems and applications alike to reduce packet processing overheads. FlexNIC allows services to install packet processing rules into the NIC, which then executes simple operations on packets while exchanging them with host memory. Thus, our proposal moves some of the packet processing traditionally done in software to the NIC, where it can be done flexibly and at high speed.
We quantify the potential benefits of FlexNIC by emulating the proposed FlexNIC functionality with existing hardware or in software. We show that significant gains in application performance are possible, in terms of both latency and throughput, for several widely used applications, including a key-value store, a stream processing system, and an intrusion detection system.
Taurus
Authors: Maas Martin , Asanović Krste , Harris Tim , Kubiatowicz John 
Published: July 2016

Many distributed workloads in today's data centers are written in managed languages such as Java or Ruby. Examples include big data frameworks such as Hadoop, data stores such as Cassandra or applications such as the SOLR search engine. These workloads typically run across many independent language runtime systems on different nodes. This setup represents a source of inefficiency, as these language runtime systems are unaware of each other. For example, they may perform Garbage Collection at times that are locally reasonable but not in a distributed setting.
We address these problems by introducing the concept of a Holistic Runtime System that makes runtime-level decisions for the entire distributed application rather than locally. We then present Taurus, a Holistic Runtime System prototype. Taurus is a JVM drop-in replacement, requires almost no configuration and can run unmodified off-the-shelf Java applications. Taurus enforces user-defined coordination policies and provides a DSL for writing these policies.
By applying Taurus to Garbage Collection, we demonstrate the potential of such a system and use it to explore coordination strategies for the runtime systems of real-world distributed applications, to improve application performance and address tail-latencies in latency-sensitive workloads.
Obesity and Subtypes of Incident Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Ndumele Chiadi E. , Matsushita Kunihiro , Lazo Mariana , Bello Natalie , Blumenthal Roger S. , Gerstenblith Gary , Nambi Vijay , Ballantyne Christie M. , Solomon Scott D. , Selvin Elizabeth , Folsom Aaron R. , Coresh Josef 
Published: July 2016

Background

Obesity is a risk factor for various subtypes of cardiovascular disease (
CVD
), including coronary heart disease (
CHD
), heart failure (
HF
), and stroke. Nevertheless, there are limited comparisons of the associations of obesity with each of these
CVD
subtypes, particularly regarding the extent to which they are unexplained by traditional
CVD
mediators.

Methods and Results

We followed 13 730 participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study who had a body mass index ≥18.5 and no
CVD
at baseline (visit 1, 1987–1989). We compared the association of higher body mass index with incident
HF
,
CHD
, and stroke before and after adjusting for traditional
CVD
mediators (including systolic blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, and lipid measures). Over a median follow‐up of 23 years, there were 2235
HF
events, 1653
CHD
events, and 986 strokes. After adjustment for demographics, smoking, physical activity, and alcohol intake, higher body mass index had the strongest association with incident
HF
among
CVD
subtypes, with hazard ratios for severe obesity (body mass index ≥35 versus normal weight) of 3.74 (95%
CI
3.24–4.31) for
HF
, 2.00 (95%
CI
1.67–2.40) for
CHD
, and 1.75 (95%
CI
1.40–2.20) for stroke (
P
<0.0001 for comparisons of
HF
versus
CHD
or stroke). Further adjustment for traditional mediators fully explained the association of higher body mass index with
CHD
and stroke but not with
HF
(hazard ratio 2.27, 95%
CI
1.94–2.64).

Conclusions

The link between obesity and
HF
was stronger than those for other
CVD
subtypes and was uniquely unexplained by traditional risk factors. Weight management is likely critical for optimal
HF
prevention, and nontraditional pathways linking obesity to
HF
need to be elucidated.
Ambient Air Pollution Is Associated With the Severity of Coronary Atherosclerosis and Incident Myocardial Infarction in Patients Undergoing Elective Cardiac Evaluation
Authors: Hartiala Jaana , Breton Carrie V. , Tang W. H. Wilson , Lurmann Frederick , Hazen Stanley L. , Gilliland Frank D. , Allayee Hooman 
Published: July 2016

Background
The effect of air pollution exposure on atherosclerosis severity or incident clinical events in patients with coronary artery disease is not known.

Methods and Results

We conducted a prospective longitudinal cohort study of 6575 Ohio residents undergoing elective diagnostic coronary angiography. Multinomial regression and Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the relationship between exposure to fine particulate matter <2.5 μm in diameter (
PM
2.5
) and nitrogen dioxide on coronary artery disease severity at baseline and risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, or all‐cause mortality over 3 years of follow‐up. Among participants with coronary artery disease, exposure to
PM
2.5
levels was associated with increased likelihood of having coronary atherosclerosis that was mild (odds ratio 1.43, 95%
CI
1.11–1.83,
P
=0.005) and severe (odds ratio 1.63, 95%
CI
1.26–2.11,
P
<0.0001), with the effect on severe coronary artery disease being significantly increased compared with mild disease (
P
trend
=0.03). Exposure to higher
PM
2.5
levels was also significantly associated with increased risk of incident myocardial infarction (hazard ratio 1.33, 95%
CI
1.02–1.73,
P
=0.03) but not stroke or all‐cause mortality. The association of
PM
2.5
with incident myocardial infarction was not affected after adjustment for Framingham Adult Treatment Panel III (
ATP
III) risk score or statin therapy. In comparison, there were no significant associations between nitrogen dioxide levels and all‐cause mortality or risk of stroke after adjustment for Framingham
ATP III
risk score.

Conclusions

Exposure to
PM
2.5
increased the likelihood of having severe coronary artery disease and the risk of incident myocardial infarction among patients undergoing elective cardiac evaluation. These results suggest that ambient air pollution exposure may be a modifiable risk factor for risk of myocardial infarction in a highly susceptible patient population.