bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Wave Finite Element Method Applied to a One-Dimensional Linear Elastodynamic Problem With Unilateral Constraints
Authors: Yoong Carlos , Thorin Anders , Legrand Mathias 
Published: January 2016

The Wave Finite Element Method (WFEM) is implemented to accurately capture travelling waves propagating at a finite speed within a bouncing rod system and induced by unilateral contact collisions with a rigid foundation; friction is not accounted for. As opposed to the traditional Finite Element Method (FEM) within a time-stepping framework, potential discontinuous deformation, stress and velocity wave fronts are accurately described, which is critical for the problem of interest.
A one-dimensional benchmark with an analytical solution is investigated. The WFEM is compared to two time-stepping solution methods formulated on a FEM semi-discretization in space: (1) an explicit technique involving Lagrange multipliers and (2) a non-smooth approach implemented in the Siconos package. Attention is paid to the Gibb’s phenomenon generated during and after contact occurrences together with the time evolution of the total energy of the system.
It is numerically found that the WFEM outperforms the FEM and Siconos solution methods because it does not induce any spurious oscillations or dispersion and diffusion of the shock wave. Furthermore, energy is not dissipated over time. More importantly, the WFEM does not require any impact law to close the system of governing equations.
Synthesizing Functional Mechanisms From a Link Soup
Authors: Tavousi Pouya , Kazerounian Kazem , Ilies Horea 
Published: January 2016

The synthesis of functional molecular linkages is constrained by difficulties in fabricating nano-links of arbitrary shapes and sizes. However, the classical mechanism synthesis methods, which assume the ability to manufacture any designed links, do not provide a systematic synthesis process for molecular linkages.
We propose a new approach to build functional mechanisms with prescribed mobility by only using elements from a predefined link soup. First, we enumerate an exhaustive set of topologies, while employing divide-and-conquer algorithms to control the generation and elimination of redundant topologies. Then, we construct the linkage arrangements for each valid topology. Finally, we output a set of feasible geometries through a positional analysis step that minimizes the error associated with closure of the loops in the linkage while avoiding geometric interference. The proposed systematic approach outputs the ATLAS of candidate mechanisms, which can be further processed for downstream applications. The resulting synthesis procedure is the first of its kind that is capable of synthesizing functional linkages with prescribed mobility constructed from a soup of primitive entities.
Development of a Cutting Force Model for Generating Gear Grinding
Authors: Hübner Florian , Klocke Fritz , Brecher Christian , Löpenhaus Christoph 
Published: January 2016

One key component of powertrains is gears which are used in a continuously increasing quantity with improving quality. A productive process for finishing gears is the generating gear grinding process. The process is used mainly for large-batch production of small or mid-size gears after case hardening, especially in the automotive sector.
Currently, the knowledge regarding the generating grinding process is limited and research is based mostly on empirical studies. The reasons for this are complex contacting conditions as well as the undetermined interactions between various process parameters.
This paper focusses on current questions about generating gear grinding such as new approaches for a simulation based process design in consideration of cutting forces as well as the changing contact conditions.
Design Methodologies for Soft-Material Robots Through Additive Manufacturing, From Prototyping to Locomotion
Authors: Cohen Eliad , Vikas Vishesh , Trimmer Barry , McCarthy Stephen 
Published: January 2016

Soft material robots have gained interest in recent years due to the mechanical potential of non-rigid materials and technological development in the additive manufacturing (3D printing) techniques. The incorporation of soft materials provides robots with potential for locomotion in unstructured environments due to the conformability and deformability properties of the structure. Current additive manufacturing techniques allow multimaterial printing which can be utilized to build soft bodied robots with rigid-material inclusions/features in a single process, single batch (low manufacturing volumes) thus saving on both design prototype time and need for complex tools to allow multimaterial manufacturing. However, design and manufacturing of such deformable robots needs to be analyzed and formalized using state of the art tools.
This work conceptualizes methodology for motor-tendon actuated soft-bodied robots capable of locomotion. The methodology relies on additive manufacturing as both a prototyping tool and a primary manufacturing tool and is categorized into body design & development, actuation and control design. This methodology is applied to design a soft caterpillar-like biomimetic robot with soft deformable body, motor-tendon actuators which utilizes finite contact points to effect locomotion. The versatility of additive manufacturing is evident in the complex designs that are possible when implementing unique actuation techniques contained in a soft body robot (Modulus discrepancy); For the given motor-tendon actuation, the hard tendons are embedded inside the soft material body which acts as both a structure and an actuator. Furthermore, the modular design of soft/hard component coupling is only possible due to this manufacturing technique and often eliminates the need for joining and fasteners. The multi-materials are also used effectively to manipulate friction by utilizing soft/hard material frictional interaction disparity.
Energy Harvesting Using the Rattleback: Theoretical Analysis and Simulations of Spin Resonance
Authors: Nanda Aditya , Karami M. Amin , Singla Puneet 
Published: January 2016

This paper investigates the spin resonance of a rattleback subjected to base oscillations. The phenomenon of Spin resonance can transduce vibrations to rotations. The rattleback is an ellipsoidal top with a preferred direction of spin. If rotated anti to it, longitudinal vibrations are set up and spin direction is reversed.
Simulations and results are presented which show that the rattleback has a mono-peak spin resonance with respect to base vibrations. Two frequencies that appear in the response are identified — the Coupled and Uncoupled frequencies. Spin resonance, it is deduced, occurs when the base frequency is twice the coupled frequency of the rattleback. A linearized model is developed and a closed form expression for the Resonant frequency in terms of the inertia parameters of the rattleback is derived.
Novel ideas for applications in Energy harvesting and Vibration sensing that utilize the phenomenon of spin resonance are also included.
Cumulative Antimicrobial Susceptibility Data from Intensive Care Units at One Institution: Should Data Be Combined?
Authors: Campigotto Aaron , Muller Matthew P. , Taggart Linda R. , Haj Reem , Leung Elizabeth , Nadarajah Jeya , Matukas Larissa M. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT

Cumulative susceptibility test data (CSTD) are used to guide empirical antimicrobial therapy and to track trends in antibiotic resistance. The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute recommends reporting CSTD at least annually and sets the minimum number of isolates per reported organism at 30. To comply, many hospitals combine data from multiple intensive care units (ICUs); however, this may not be appropriate to guide empirical therapy because of variations in patient populations. In this study, susceptibility data for two different ICUs at a tertiary care hospital in Toronto, Canada, were used to create a traditional CSTD report, which combined data from different ICUs, and a rolling-average CSTD report, which pooled 2 years of data for each ICU separately. For simplicity, data for only the most common Gram-negative organisms (
Escherichia coli
,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
) and the most relevant antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, piperacillin-tazobactam) were examined. With the rolling-average method, significant differences in susceptibility were seen between the ICUs in 50% of the organism-antimicrobial combinations. Furthermore, the 3% median year-over-year difference in susceptibilities seen for the 16 organism-antibiotic combinations by using the traditional method was lower than the 14% median difference seen for the 20 between-ICU within-year comparisons obtained using the rolling-average method. Changes in our selection of empirical antibiotics resulted from this revised approach, and our results suggest that pooling data from ICUs with different patient populations may not be appropriate. A rolling-average method may be an appropriate strategy for the creation of individual-unit CSTD reports.
Is clinician refusal to treat an emerging problem in injury compensation systems?
Authors: Brijnath Bianca , Mazza Danielle , Kosny Agnieszka , Bunzli Samantha , Singh Nabita , Ruseckaite Rasa , Collie Alex 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveThe reasons that doctors may refuse or be reluctant to treat have not been widely explored in the medical literature. To understand the ethical implications of reluctance to treat there is a need to recognise the constraints of doctors working in complex systems and to consider how these constraints may influence reluctance. The aim of this paper is to illustrate these constraints using the case of compensable injury in the Australian context.DesignBetween September and December 2012, a qualitative investigation involving face-to-face semistructured interviews examined the knowledge, attitudes and practices of general practitioners (GPs) facilitating return to work in people with compensable injuries.SettingCompensable injury management in general practice in Melbourne, Australia.Participants25 GPs who were treating, or had treated a patient with compensable injury.ResultsThe practice of clinicians refusing treatment was described by all participants. While most GPs reported refusal to treat among their colleagues in primary and specialist care, many participants also described their own reluctance to treat people with compensable injuries. Reasons offered included time and financial burdens, in addition to the clinical complexities involved in compensable injury management.ConclusionsIn the case of compensable injury management, reluctance and refusal to treat is likely to have a domino effect by increasing the time and financial burden of clinically complex patients on the remaining clinicians. This may present a significant challenge to an effective, sustainable compensation system. Urgent research is needed to understand the extent and implications of reluctance and refusal to treat and to identify strategies to engage clinicians in treating people with compensable injuries.
Predicting admissions and time spent in hospital over a decade in a population-based record linkage study: the EPIC-Norfolk cohort
Authors: Luben Robert , Hayat Shabina , Wareham Nicolas , Khaw K T 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveTo quantify hospital use in a general population over 10 years follow-up and to examine related factors in a general population-based cohort.DesignA prospective population-based study of men and women.SettingNorfolk, UK.Participants11 228 men and 13 786 women aged 40–79 years in 1993–1997 followed between 1999 and 2009.Main outcomes measuresNumber of hospital admissions and total bed days for individuals over a 10-year follow-up period identified using record linkage; five categories for admissions (from zero to highest ≥7) and hospital bed days (from zero to highest ≥20 nights).ResultsOver a period of 10 years, 18 179 (72.7%) study participants had at least one admission to hospital, 13.8% with 7 or more admissions and 19.9% with 20 or more nights in hospital. In logistic regression models with outcome ≥7 admissions, low education level OR 1.14 (1.05 to 1.24), age OR per 10-year increase 1.75 (1.67 to 1.82), male sex OR 1.32 (1.22 to 1.42), manual social class 1.22 (1.13 to 1.32), current cigarette smoker OR 1.53 (1.37 to 1.71) and body mass index >30 kg/m² OR 1.41 (1.28 to 1.56) all independently predicted the outcome with p<0.0001. Results were similar for those with ≥20 hospital bed days. A risk score constructed using male sex, manual social class, no educational qualifications; current smoker and body mass index >30 kg/m², estimated percentages of the cohort in the categories of admission numbers and hospital bed days in stratified age bands with twofold to threefold differences in future hospital use between those with high-risk and low-risk scores.ConclusionsThe future probability of cumulative hospital admissions and bed days appears independently related to a range of simple demographic and behavioural indicators. The strongest of these is increasing age with high body mass index and smoking having similar magnitudes for predicting risk of future hospital usage.
How well are national guidelines relating to the general sales of aspirin and paracetamol, adhered to by retail stores: a mystery shopper study
Authors: Molloy Phillip , Chambers Ruth , Cork Tania 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveTo determine whether non-pharmaceutical retail outlets are aboding to the current Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) national guidelines for over-the-counter (OTC) sales of aspirin and paracetamol.MethodsStages 1 and 2 of the study deployed eight and four medical students, respectively, to undertake a mystery shopper style investigation. Stage 1: eight medical students attempted to buy ≥96 tablets/capsules aspirin or paracetamol in one transaction in 62 shops. Stage 2: four medical students attempted to purchase 32 paracetamol 500 mg along with a ‘flu remedy preparation also containing paracetamol, in 54 shops.ResultsStage 1 data revealed that 58% and 57% retailers sold more than the MHRA guidelines recommended for paracetamol and aspirin, respectively. We observed that 23% and 28% retailers were willing to sell ≥96 tablets of paracetamol or aspirin with no questions asked. Stage 2 results showed that 57% retailers sold 32×500 mg paracetamol in conjunction with a paracetamol-containing ‘flu preparation; while 98% shops sold 16×paracetamol 500 mg along with a paracetamol-containing ‘flu remedy, with no questions asked of the shopper or advice given.DiscussionMHRA national guidelines for OTC medicines sales appear to be poorly adhered to in non-pharmacy shops. Sales of aspirin and paracetamol OTC must be better regulated in the UK to ultimately reduce morbidity and mortality rates of deliberate and accidental overdoses.
Evidence of glacial activity during the Oldest Dryas in the mountains of Spain
Authors: Palacios David , de Andrés Nuria , Gómez-Ortiz Antonio , García-Ruiz José M. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
In this review, recently published results of cosmogenic dating of moraine boulders, rock glaciers and glacially-polished surfaces in various mountain massifs (the Sierra Nevada, the Central Range, the Pyrenees and the Northwestern Mountains) of the Iberian Peninsula were analysed to assess the importance of the glacial advance and subsequent retreat that occurred during the Oldest Dryas, between 17.5 and 14.5 ka. The glaciers, which had almost disappeared at the beginning of this period (approximately 17.5 ka), returned to fill the valley floors at approximately 16.8–16.5 ka, depositing moraines close to the moraines generated during the Last Glacial Maximum advance. Following this intense and short advance, the glaciers began to retreat, although this was frequently interrupted by glacial readvance episodes, with the last occurring at approximately 15.5 ka. Subsequently, the retreat was generalized, so that 1 ka later the glaciers were restricted to the cirque areas, and never again advanced. During this recession, the activity of many of the deglaciated cirque walls triggered frequent rockfalls, transforming the retreating degraded glaciers into rock glaciers; their fronts had become inactive by approximately 14 ka, although in many cases their roots conserved the internal ice until well into the Holocene. The glacial fluctuations, and the landforms and deposits consequently derived from them, are very similar to those described for other Mediterranean and European mountain ranges, especially the Alps. We conclude that the climate changes associated with the Oldest Dryas, had important impacts on mountain landscapes throughout the continent.
Pleistocene plateau ice fields in the High Atlas, Morocco
Authors: Hannah George , Hughes Philip D. , Gibbard Philip L. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Large ice fields (>25 km
2
) formed over the Tazaghart and Iouzagner plateaus of the High Atlas, Morocco during the Late Pleistocene. The plateau ice fields were drained by large valley glaciers forming a series of moraine assemblages. Four moraine units have been mapped and subdivided on the basis of their morphostratigraphy and the degree of soil weathering. Soil profile development index values indicate that the moraine units are widely separated in time; the oldest moraines are deeply weathered and degraded, whereas soils are absent on the youngest moraines. The highest moraine unit was formed by a small niche glacier that was present as recently as the mid-twentieth century. The Pleistocene glaciers are likely to have been associated with wetter conditions than today and colder air temperatures. Combined with ice in neighbouring areas, such as the Toubkal massif, the SW High Atlas supported some of the largest glaciers in Africa during the Pleistocene. The extent of glaciation, with ice exploiting and breaching drainage divides, has major implications for landscape development. The evolution of the High Atlas has been strongly shaped by glaciation that was closely intertwined with tectonic, fluvial and slope processes.
The Majority of Expedited Investigational New Drug Safety Reports Are Uninformative
Authors: Jarow Jonathan P. , Casak Sandra , Chuk Meredith , Ehrlich Lori A. , Khozin Sean 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Sponsors of human drug and biologic products subject to an investigational new drug (IND) application are required to distribute expedited safety reports of serious and unexpected suspected adverse reactions to participating investigators and the FDA to assure the protection of human subjects participating in clinical trials. On September 29, 2010, the FDA issued a final rule amending its regulations governing expedited IND safety reporting requirements that revised the definitions used for reporting and clarified when to submit relevant and useful information to reduce the number of uninformative reports distributed by sponsors. From January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2014, the FDA's Office of Hematology and Oncology Products received an average of 17,686 expedited safety reports per year. An analysis of FDA submissions by commercial sponsors covering this time period suggested a slight increase in the number of expedited safety reports per IND per year after publication of the final rule. An audit of 160 randomly selected expedited safety reports submitted to the FDA's Office of Hematology and Oncology Products in 2015 revealed that only 22 (14%) were informative. The submission of uninformative expedited safety reports by commercial sponsors of INDs continues to be a significant problem that can compromise detection of valid safety signals. Clin Cancer Res; 22(9); 2111–3. ©2016 AACR.
Inflammatory Marker Testing Identifies CD74 Expression in Melanoma Tumor Cells, and Its Expression Associates with Favorable Survival for Stage III Melanoma
Authors: Ekmekcioglu Suhendan , Davies Michael A. , Tanese Keiji , Roszik Jason , Shin-Sim Myung , Bassett Roland L. , Milton Denái R. , Woodman Scott E. , Prieto Victor G. , Gershenwald Jeffrey E. , Morton Donald L. , Hoon Dave S. , Grimm Elizabeth A. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Purpose: Inflammatory marker expression in stage III melanoma tumors was evaluated for association with outcome, using two independent cohorts of stage III melanoma patients' tumor tissues.
Experimental Design: Fifteen markers of interest were selected for analysis, and their expression in melanoma tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry. Proteins associating with either overall survival (OS) or recurrence-free survival (RFS) in the retrospective discovery tissue microarray (TMA; n = 158) were subsequently evaluated in an independent validation TMA (n = 114). Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the association between survival parameters and covariates, the Kaplan–Meier method to estimate the distribution of survival, and the log-rank test to compare distributions.
Results: Expression of CD74 on melanoma cells was unique, and in the discovery TMA, it associated with favorable patient outcome (OS: HR, 0.53; P = 0.01 and RFS: HR, 0.56; P = 0.01). The validation data set confirmed the CD74 prognostic significance and revealed that the absence of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was also associated with poor survival parameters. Consistent with the protein observation, tumor CD74 mRNA expression also correlated positively (P = 0.003) with OS in the melanoma TCGA data set.
Conclusions: Our data validate CD74 as a useful prognostic tumor cell protein marker associated with favorable RFS and OS in stage III melanoma. Low or negative expression of MIF in both TMAs and of iNOS in the validation set also provided useful prognostic data. A disease-specific investigation of CD74's functional significance is warranted, and other markers appear intriguing to pursue. Clin Cancer Res; 22(12); 3016–24. ©2016 AACR.
Os livros didáticos de 1976 a 1988: “Seus” autores literários, gêneros e dispositivos
Authors: Santana Marilene Alves 
Published: January 2016

<p>Entre os resultados de uma pesquisa de Mestrado, que objetivou analisar a seleção e apresentação dos textos literários nos livros didáticos de língua portuguesa, verificaram-se os autores e gêneros mais referenciados no período de 1976 a 1988, bem como a padronização dos dispositivos tipográficos (CHARTIER, 1996) inseridos nos manuais considerados representativos desse período. Sobre tais resultados é que se discorre no presente artig.</p><p> </p>