bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study of an Inp Quantum Dot Laser and A GAxIN(1-X)P Quantum Well Laser
Authors: Manz Y. M. , Schmidt O. G. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA comparative study between a red-light emitting quantum dot (QD) and quantum well (QW) laser, grown in the same solid-source molcular beam epitaxy (SSMBE) machine under the same conditions, is presented. The QD laser consists of a threefold stack of 3.5 ML InP dots and the QW laser of a 4.5 nm thick compressively strained Ga30In70P layer, both embedded in a Ga52In48P waveguide. The threshold current density of the QD laser is jthr = 1.8 kA/cm2 at 300 K and more than twice as large for the QW laser. Moreover, temperature dependent analysis of spontaneous emission spectra reveals that the threshold current density of the QD device is less temperature dependent than that of the QW laser, although the linewidth of the QD samples is larger.
Time Resolved Studies of Proton Irradiated Quantum Dots
Authors: Marcinkevičius Saulius , Leon Rosa , Lobo Charlene , Magness Brian , Taylor William 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe effects of proton irradiation on carrier dynamics were measured by time-resolved photoluminescence on InGaAs/GaAs quantum dot structures with different dot density and substrate orientation, as well as on InAlAs/AlGaAs quantum dots. Results were compared to irradiation effects on carrier dynamics in thin InGaAs quantum wells. We find that carrier lifetimes in QDs are much less affected by proton irradiation than in quantum wells, which can be attributed to the three-dimensional carrier confinement in quantum dots.
Bowing Parameter of AlxGa1-xN
Authors: Yun Feng , Reshchikov Michael A. , He Lei , King Thomas , Iqbal M. Zafar , Morkoç Hadis , Novak Steve W. , Wei Luncun 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAlxGa1-xN samples covering the entire range of alloy compositions, 0≤x≤1, were grown by plasma-assisted MBE on c-plane sapphire substrates. The aluminum mole fraction was determined, by three different techniques, namely, x-ray diffraction, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. The energy bandgaps of the alloys were obtained from low temperature reflectance spectra. The data lead to a bowing parameter of b=1.0 eV in relating the bandgap of the AlxGa1-xN alloy to its chemical composition. A discussion of bowing parameter determination is presented along with possible causes for the large dispersion in previously reported bowing parameter values.
Luminescence energy and carrier lifetime as a function of applied biaxial strain in InGaN/GaN quantum-well structures
Authors: Shapiro Noad A. , Feick Henning , Hong William , Gardner Nathan F. , Goetz Werner K. , Yang J.W. , Weber Eicke R. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPhotoluminescence (PL) and Time-resolved PL (TR-PL) are used to measure the luminescence energy and carrier lifetime of InGaN/GaN quantum well (QW) structures as a function of biaxial strain and excitation density. A blueshift of the transition energy and a decrease in the carrier lifetime reveal a field-dependent spatial electron-hole (e-h) wavefunction separation. This behavior is observed both under the application of tensile, biaxial strain, which directly affects the piezo-related field, and under increased excitation density, which effectively screens the electric field. Our results show an increased carrier separation with increasing QW thickness.
Investigation of Green Emitting Monolithic II-VI Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser
Authors: Kruse C. , Alexe G. , Kröger R. , Klude M. , Heinke H. , Hommel D. , Ulrich S. , Michler P. , Gutowski J. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn this paper, we are investigating the growth of a ZnSe based vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL). Undoped and p-type doped distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) with reflectivities exceeding 99% have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) using Zn(S)Se layers for the high refractive index material and ZnSe/MgS superlattices (SLs) for the low index material. An undoped monolithic VCSEL structure containing a ZnCdSSe quantum well (QW) emitting in the blue-green reaches a quality factor (Q-factor) of 100, which is the best value reported so far. Temperature dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements show that the emission of the QW is effectively guided by the cavity resonance.
Structural and Optical Properties of Strained Gallium Nitride Nanowires
Authors: Seo Hee Won , Bae Seung Yong , Park Jeunghee , Yang Hyunik , Park Kwang Soo , Kim Sangsig 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBulk-quantity single crystalline wurtzite gallium nitride nanowires with a mean diameter of 25 nm were synthesized on silicon substrate using a catalyst-assisted reaction of gallium and gallium nitride mixture with ammonia. They exhibit a strong and broad photoluminescence in the energy range of 2.9-3.6 eV with no yellow band. X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering data suggest that the nanowires would experience biaxial compressive stresses in the inward radial direction and the induced tensile uniaxial stresses in the wire axis. The blue photoluminescence would originate from the recombination of the bound excitons under the compressive and tensile stresses.
Transmission Electron Microscopy Studies of Electrical Active GaAs/GaN Interface Obtained by Wafer Bonding
Authors: Jasinski J. , Liliental-Weber Z. , Estrada S. , Hu E. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractTransmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) studies of GaAs/GaN interfaces, obtained by direct wafer bonding, are presented. TEM observations show that most of the interface area was well bonded. A thin oxide layer, confirmed by EDX, was present at the interface in the well-bonded regions. Plan-view TEM studies showed the presence of two dislocation networks in such regions. They formed to accommodate: (1) tilt between bonded crystals and (2) strain, which appeared during sample cooling due to mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients. Asymmetrical, often elongated, cavities, formed on the GaAs side, were present at the interface between the well-bonded regions. It was shown by EDX that the walls of these cavities are covered with native oxide.
Layer-by-Layer Growth of GaN on Sapphire by Low Temperature Cyclic Pulsed Laser Deposition / Nitrogen RF Plasma
Authors: Sanguino P. , Niehus M. , Koynov S. , Schwarz R. , Alves H. , Meyer B. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractRecently we have proposed a new layer-by-layer method for deposition of group-III nitrides from elemental precursors (Ga, N2) [1,2]. This technique is based on a two-step cyclic process, which alternates Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD), of a liquid gallium target and nitrogen plasma treatment. In this work, we proceed on the development of this flexible cyclic deposition technique and study the influence of the power and time duration of the 1 mbar nitrogen RF plasma on the GaN thin films. The layers are deposited on pre-nitridated sapphire (0001) substrates at low deposition temperature (600° C) to minimise reevaporation. The cyclic GaN thin films thus obtained are compared in terms of crystal alignment and nitrogen incorporation. X-ray diffraction and optical transmission spectra are the selected tools used to characterise and compare the deposited films.
Tuning of 2-D Silicon Photonic Crystals
Authors: Driel H. M. van , Leonard S.W. , Schilling J. , Wehrspohn R.B. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe demonstrate two ways in which the optical band-gap of a 2-D macroporous silicon photonic crystal can be tuned. In the first method the temperature dependence of the refractive index of an infiltrated nematic liquid crystal is used to tune the high frequency edge of the photonic band gap by up to 70 nm as the temperature is increased from 35 to 59°C. In a second technique we have optically pumped the silicon backbone using 150 fs, 800 nm pulses, injecting high density electron hole pairs. Through the induced changes to the dielectric constant via the Drude contribution we have observed shifts up to 30 nm of the high frequency edge of a band-gap.
Antireflective MgF2 Coating on Polycarbonate
Authors: Hori Takanobu , Tokomoto Isao , Uetani Kazuo , Fukinbara Masashi , Kato Akira , Kajiyama Hiroshi 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe deposited MgF2 thin films using the ion-plating method that features RF and DC biasing to the substrate holder. We investigated the effects of RF powers, substrate temperatures (Ts) and DC bias voltages on optical absorption and abrasion resistance of the films. The optical absorption deteriorated by increasing RF power and Ts. In particular, the deterioration was quite serious when the Ts were above 423 K. The abrasion resistance increased by increasing the Ts. We found that the abrasion resistance could be improved also by increasing a DC bias voltage. The same abrasion resistance as the film deposited by a conventional heat resistance deposition at 573 K was obtained by applying the DC bias voltage of -500 V and the Ts of 300 K.
Photonic Crystals Based on Two-Layer Opaline Heterostructures
Authors: Romanov S. G. , Maka T. , Solovyev V. G. , Ferrand P. , Torres C. M. Sotomayor , Griesebock B. , Egen M. , Müller M. , Zentel R. , Gaponik N. , Eychmüller A. , Rogach A. L. , Manzanares-Martinez J. , Cassagne D. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractOptical properties of several heterostructures representing two-layer opaline photonic crystals have been examined. Two separate stop-bands have been observed both in transmission and emission spectra. The effect of the interface disorder on the optical spectra was not observed, probably, due to the insufficient degree of order of the opaline layers.
Die Bedeutung der Erhaltung vom Aussterben bedrohter Nutztierrassen am Beispiel der Arche Warder
Authors: Jandowsky Anabell , Frölich Kai 
Published: January 2017

ZusammenfassungDie heutigen Haustiere gehen aus einer Vielzahl von Wildtierarten (Stammformen) hervor. So wurde z. B. aus dem Wolf der Hund (15 000 v. Chr.), aus der Bezoarziege die Hausziege (10 000 v. Chr.), aus dem asiatischen Mufflon das Hausschaf (10 000 v. Chr.), aus dem Wildschwein das Hausschwein (8000 v. Chr.) und aus dem Auerochsen das Hausrind (7000 v. Chr.) domestiziert. Die Domestikation hat die kulturelle Entwicklung des Menschen entscheidend verände rt und im Lauf der Jahrtausende entstand eine große Diversität an Nutztierrassen. Diese einzigartige kulturhistorische Errungenschaft muss für zukünftige Generationen bewahrt werden. Der Tierpark Arche Warder ist Europas größtes Zentrum für seltene und vom Aussterben bedrohte Haus- und Nutztierrassen. Arche Warder stellt mehr dar als nur einen Tierpark; es ist ein Landschaftspark und Erhaltungsprojekt für genetische Ressourcen und darüber hinaus auch ein Forschungsprojekt. Die Arche Warder verfolgt bei ihrem Einsatz zur Erhaltung der biologischen Vielfalt fünf Ziele: 1. Schutz durch Erhaltungszucht. Zuchtprogramme verbessern die Qualität der genetischen Ressourcen. 2. Schutz durch Eta blierung von Satellitenstationen. Auf diese Weise wird der Schutz vor Seuchenzügen gewährleistet und es bietet sich die Möglichkeit zur Vergrößerung des Genpools. 3. Schutz durch anspruchsvolle Bildungsarbeit. 4. Schutz durch Vernetzung mit nationalen und internationalen Institutionen. 5. Schutz durch Forschung. Die Arche Warder kooperiert eng mit diversen Universitäten und anderen wissenschaftlichen Einrichtungen. Schwerpunkte der wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten sind Untersuchungen, die die biologischen Besonderheiten alter Rassen darstellen.
Deprivation of Liberty and Human Dignity in the Case-Law of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Spano Robert 
Published: January 2017

In its landmark 2013 judgment of Vinter and Others v. the United Kingdom, the European Court of Human Rights held that a life sentence which is not de jure and de facto reducible amounts to a breach of the prohibition of inhuman and degrading punishment, as enshrined in Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The author, a judge of the Strasbourg Court, analyses the Vinter judgment both as it stands alone as well as how it fits into and, now, influences the Court’s case-law on Article 3 and 5 of the Convention, before reviewing the procedural requirements laid down by the Court for a ‘Vinter review’ of life sentences. In doing so, the author examines the underlying tensions between the conception of penal policy as falling within the exclusive domain of domestic decision-making and the individualistic and dignitarian notion of human rights in which the Convention system is firmly grounded. The article is based on the 2016 Bergen Lecture on Criminal Law and Criminal Justice which the author gave on 26 October 2016 at the Faculty of Law, University of Bergen.
Expulsion or Imprisonment? Criminal Law Sanctions for Breaching an Entry Ban in the Light of Crimmigration Law
Authors: Waasdorp Jim , Pahladsingh Aniel 
Published: January 2017

At EU-level, the use of substantive criminal law as a response to illegal migration is materialised by both the EU legislator and the Member States individually. EU involvement in criminalizing illegal migration takes place in a twofold manner: directly, through harmonization of national legislations, and indirectly, through the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). An example of the latter is the case law of the CJEU regarding criminal law sanctions for breaching an entry ban. In 2008 the EU adopted the Return Directive. This directive aims at establishing common standards and procedures to be applied in Member States for returning illegally staying third-country nationals. To actually effectuate their return, the Return Directive provides for several instruments, inter alia, entry bans. In this article, we will analyse six judgments of the CJEU in the light of crimmigration law and make a distinction between the Member Statesʼ power to classify a breach of an entry ban as an offence and to lay down criminal law sanctions in national legislation, and their power to impose such sanctions.Key notes: Return Directive, entry ban, illegal migrant, criminal law sanctions, crimmigration, expulsion
Notas sobre algunos hongos mexicanos
Authors: Welden A. L. , Lemke P. A. 
Published: January 2017

En este trabajo se enumeran noventa y nueve especies de hongos y myxomycetes colectados por los autores, através de los dos viajes que realizaron sobre México. El primer viaje, hecho por Welden en los meses de julio y agosto de 1960, abarcó localidades de las regiones de los Estados de Puebla y Veracruz y del Distrito Federal. El segundo viaje fué llevado a cabo por Lemke en septiembre de 1960 y comprendió la zona de Monterrey, N. L. y sus vecindades. Las colectas fueron limitadas únicamente a los Tremellales y Polyporales; sin embargo, algunos Ascomycetes, Agaricáceos, Gasteromycetes y Myxomycetes fueron colectados.
Algunos métodos automáticos para la elaboración de etiquetas de herbario
Authors: Scheinvar Léia , Gómez-Pompa Arturo 
Published: January 2017

En el presente trabajo se examinan 4 métodos automáticos de elaboración de etiquetas de herbario que han sido estudiados como una utilidad lateral del sistema de recuperación de información que se viene utilizando en el Herbario Nacional de la UNAM (MEXU). El equipo discutido en los 4 métodos es: l. La computadora electrónica Bendix CDCG-20. 2. La máquina flexowriter Friden. 3. El Teletipo. 4. La listadora o tabuladora IBM 447. Se examinan las ventajas y desventajas de cada uno de los métodos, de acuerdo con los recursos materiales y económicos disponibles. Se describe el proceso que se está usando en el Herbario Nacional de la UNAM, que es el uso de la tabuladora IBM 447 con la ventaja de que se pueden aprovechar las mismas tarjetas como entrada para el sistema de recuperación de información.
La germinación de Panicum hirsutum Swartz: una arvense de cultivos de zonas inundables
Authors: Orozco-Segovia Alma D. L. , Vázquez-Yanes Carlos 
Published: January 2017

Panicum hirsutum es una gramínea arvense frecuente en zonas perturbadas y campos de cultivo inundables de Tabasco, México. En particular es abundante en las zonas en que se practica el sistema de cultivo tradicional denominado "marceño". En este trabajo se estudia la respuesta germinativa de las semillas de la especie frente a diversos tratamientos, como son: tiempo de remojo y almacenamiento, temperatura, termoperiodo, luz, y ácido giberélico. Los resultados demuestran cómo las características de la latencia de esta especie le permiten sobrevivir las condiciones ambientales fluctuantes de los ciclos anuales de inundación y cultivo, e invadir eficientemente estos últimos.
How Near Will You Hear? A Response to Benadon, "Near-unisons in Afro-Cuban Ensemble Drumming"
Authors: Martens Peter 
Published: January 2017

Fernando Benadon (2016) shines a strong objective light onto slight but noticeable timing perturbations in Afro-Cuban drumming practice, coining the term near-unisons to describe non-simultaneous attacks that are perceived as such, but that are also perceived to correspond to the same point on an abstract isochronous grid. I speculate that these data uncover an aspect of the music that will most likely be perceived qualitatively rather than quantitatively—an element of style rather than one of structure—but that the quantitative approach taken here is a crucial first step toward the stylistic analysis of genre-specific microtiming that is generally painted over with the broad brushes of participatory discrepancy or groove.
Preventing the Tragedy of Suicide Among Indigenous People in Canada: Physician Advocacy Through the Training Pipeline and Beyond
Authors: Deschner Max , Glanz Emilie 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTFor decades, Canada’s Indigenous populations have experienced high rates of suicide relative to the general population. This com­mentary suggests that suicide among Indigenous people cannot be explained solely through the causal effects of downstream de­terminants of health; upstream health determinants such as Canada’s colonial past and cultural continuity are equally, if not more, instructive in understanding the tragedy that is taking place in many Indigenous communities across Canada. Medical trainees and physicians can contribute to improvements in Indigenous health by advocating for culturally safe healthcare access and research, as well as Indigenous-oriented medical training. RÉSUMÉPendant des décennies, les populations autochtones au Canada ont connu des taux élevés de suicide comparativement à la popula­tion générale. Ce commentaire suggère que le suicide chez les personnes autochtones ne peut être expliqué uniquement par les effets causaux des déterminants de la santé « en aval » ; les déterminants de la santé « en amont », tels le passé colonial du Canada et la continuité culturelle, sont tout aussi, sinon plus importants pour comprendre la tragédie se déroulant dans plusieurs communautés autochtones à travers le Canada. Les médecins et étudiants en médecine peuvent contribuer à l’amélioration de la santé autochtone en plaidant pour de la recherche et un accès aux soins de santé qui sont culturellement sécuritaires, et pour des formations médicales axées sur la santé autochtone.
Narrative Exposure Therapy: An Innovative Short-Term Treatment for Refugees with PTSD – Interview with Dr. Morton Beiser
Authors: DCruz Jennifer T , Joseph Joanne 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTDr. Morton Beiser is a Professor of Distinction in Psychology at Ryerson University, as well as Founding Director and Senior Scientist at the Centre of Excellence for Research on Immigration and Settlement (CERIS) in Toronto. After obtaining his medical degree from the University of British Columbia in 1960, he interned at the Montreal General Hospital, completed residency in Psychiatry at Duke Uni­versity Medical Centre and pursued post-doctoral training in Psychiatric Epidemiology at Cornell University. Dr. Beiser was appointed as Associate Professor of Behavioural Sciences at the Harvard School of Public Health from 1967 to 1975, before returning to Toronto to assume a David Crombie Professorship of Cultural Pluralism and Health, and professorship in Psychiatry. Given his extensive research experience on immigration and resettlement work, we interviewed Dr. Beiser to gain further insight into how Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) can be an innovative short-term option to treat refugee patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PSTD). Dr. Beiser is currently conducting a randomized trial to assess the effectiveness of NET among refugee children and youth in Toronto. RÉSUMÉDr Morton Beiser est un professeur distingué en psychologie à l’Université Ryerson, ainsi que directeur fondateur et scientifique prin­cipal au Centre d’excellence pour la recherche en immigration et en intégration (CEREI) de Toronto. Après avoir obtenu son doctorat en médecine à l’Université de la Colombie-Britannique en 1960, il a fait son internat à l’Hôpital général de Montréal, a complété sa résidence en psychiatrie au centre médical de l’Université Duke et a suivi une formation postdoctorale en épidémiologie psychiatrique à l’Université Cornell. Dr Beiser a été nommé professeur agrégé en sciences du comportement à l’École de santé publique de Harvard de 1967 à 1975, avant de retourner à Toronto pour occuper la Chaire David Crombie sur le pluralisme culturel et la santé, et la chaire de psychiatrie. Compte tenu de sa vaste expérience en recherche sur l’immigration et la réinstallation, nous avons interviewé Dr Beiser pour mieux comprendre comment la thérapie d’exposition descriptive (TED) est une option novatrice à court terme pour traiter les patients réfugiés atteints de trouble de stress post-traumatique. À l’heure actuelle, Dr Beiser mène un essai randomisé pour évaluer l’efficacité de TED chez les enfants et jeunes réfugiés de Toronto.
Interim Federal Health Program for Refugees: Looking Back and Moving Forward
Authors: Abdihalim Hamid Yusuf 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTRefugee health continues to be an important topic in domestic and foreign affairs. In Canada, the interim federal health program (IFHP) is what provides refugees with healthcare insurance. Since 2012, there have been a series of changes to the IFHP. Due to the precari­ous status of the IFHP over the past few years, there have been a number of challenges associated with it. This commentary provides a review of the IFHP’s history, outlines specific challenges that remain within the program, and puts forward potential solutions to those challenges. RÉSUMÉLa santé des réfugiés continue d’être un sujet important dans les affaires domestiques et étrangères. Au Canada, le programme fédéral de santé intérimaire (PFSI) est responsable de fournir l’assurance maladie aux réfugiés. Depuis 2012, il y a eu une série de change­ments au PFSI. Étant donné l’état précaire du PFSI au cours des dernières années, il existe un certain nombre de défis qui y sont as­sociés. Ce commentaire fournit un aperçu de l’histoire du PFSI, souligne les défis précis qui persistent dans le programme, et propose des solutions potentielles à ces défis.