bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ernst Simmel, Paul Federn, Sigmund Freud et les masses révolutionnaires
Authors: Tréhel Gilles 
Published: September 2017

À l’issue du premier conflit mondial les pays austro-allemands subissent une lourde défaite. À la guerre succède la révolution impliquant ses mouvements de masse. Pour proposer une compréhension des phénomènes en jeu, Ernst Simmel rédige « Psychanalyse des masses », Paul Federn « Vers la psychologie de la Révolution : la société sans père », enfin Freud « Psychologie des masses et analyse du moi ». Les travaux écrits par ces médecins psychanalystes sont publiés entre 1919 et 1921. Après avoir présenté le contexte révolutionnaire et le contenu de ces publications, nous développerons les points de jonction entre les conceptions de leurs auteurs.
Les types de climats annuels au Brésil : une application de la classification de Köppen de 1961 à 2015
Authors: Dubreuil Vincent , Pechutti Fante Karime , Planchon Olivier , Neto João Lima Sant'anna 
Published: September 2017

Cet article propose d'utiliser la classification de Köppen pour définir des « Types de Climats Annuels » (TCA) pour un ensemble de 208 stations, représentatives de la diversité climatique du Brésil. Les données moyennes mensuelles de températures et de précipitations pour la période 1961-2015 ont permis d'établir la fréquence des TCA pour chacune des stations. Le traitement statistique et cartographique de ces informations précise les limites des climats du Brésil : on applique ici les concepts de « noyaux forts », définis comme les régions où les TCA sont systématiquement ou majoritairement les mêmes, et « d'aires de transition », c'est-à-dire les régions où on trouve une grande diversité des TCA. Cette approche permet d'envisager une étude fine des transitions entre les types de climats tropicaux (essentiellement Aw, Am et Af) et ceux du sud, subtropicaux et tempérés (Cwa et Cfa notamment) et de discuter ces limites climatiques.
L’origine des rats de laboratoire, contribution à sa connaissance
Authors: Bazin Hervé 
Published: September 2017

The origin of laboratory rats, contribution to its knowledge
Laboratory rats form a significant percentage of animals used in scientific researches. Their origin is poorly known. A rat colony was already established in the Museum d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris, in 1858, to feed animals of the vivarium. Very probably, they were employed in the first published experiment of physiology using rodents. Descendants of these animals can still exist. Their phenotype is identical to the description given by the small article of the middle of the 19th century and their genome is different of the presently known rat strains.
Rôle de l’industrie des aliments pour les animaux de compagnie dans l’amélioration de l’hygiène bucco-dentaire
Authors: Kulker Catherine 
Published: September 2017

Rôle of pet food industry in improving oral health
Oral health is a subject of concern not only for vets and pet owners but also for the pet-food companies. They try to reduce the incidence of oral diseases by developing products with proof of scientific efficacy. The main steps of research and development of a dry dental food are : first define the characteristics of the food, then measure the quality and at the end, measure its efficacy on plaque and tartar accretion over a defined period. Some examples of products with dental claims developed by pet-food companies are presented.
La vaccination périfocale contre la Fièvre Aphteuse
Authors: Toma Bernard , Moutou François , Dufour Barbara , Durand Benoît 
Published: September 2017

Ring vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease
The study of the available information, notably after the epizootic of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) which raged in Western Europe in 2001, shows that, in the current conditions of the international sanitary rules relative to this disease, in a FMD free country of Western Europe accidentally infected, ring vaccination is a solution which, with regard to preventive slaughter, contains more inconveniences (notably economic) than advantages. The appeal to ring vaccination would be interesting only as far as the international sanitary rules would be modified by taking into account the results expected from the coordinated use of highly purified vaccines and differential research kits (vaccine-linked versus infection-linked antibodies). Propositions are this way made.
Carbon and nutrient export regimes from headwater catchments to downstream reaches
Authors: Dupas Rémi , Musolff Andreas , Jawitz James W. , Rao P. Suresh C. , Jäger Christoph G. , Fleckenstein Jan H. , Rode Michael , Borchardt Dietrich 
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Excessive amounts of nutrients and dissolved organic matter in freshwater bodies affect aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the spatial and temporal variability in nitrate (NO3−), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) was analyzed in the Selke (Germany) river continuum from three headwaters draining 1–3 km2 catchments to two downstream reaches representing spatially integrated signals from 184–456 km2 catchments. Three headwater catchments were selected as archetypes of the main landscape units (land use  ×  lithology) present in the Selke catchment. Export regimes in headwater catchments were interpreted in terms of NO3−, DOC and SRP land-to-stream transfer processes. Headwater signals were subtracted from downstream signals, with the differences interpreted in terms of in-stream processes and contributions from point sources. The seasonal dynamics for NO3− were opposite those of DOC and SRP in all three headwater catchments, and spatial differences also showed NO3− contrasting with DOC and SRP. These dynamics were interpreted as the result of the interplay of hydrological and biogeochemical processes, for which riparian zones were hypothesized to play a determining role. In the two downstream reaches, NO3− was transported almost conservatively, whereas DOC was consumed and produced in the upper and lower river sections, respectively. The natural export regime of SRP in the three headwater catchments mimicked a point-source signal (high SRP during summer low flow), which may lead to overestimation of domestic contributions in the downstream reaches. Monitoring the river continuum from headwaters to downstream reaches proved effective to jointly investigate land-to-stream and in-stream transport, and transformation processes.
Does silvoagropecuary landscape fragmentation affect the genetic diversity of the sigmodontine rodentOligoryzomys longicaudatus?
Authors: Lazo-Cancino Daniela , Musleh Selim S. , Hernandez Cristian E. , Palma Eduardo , Rodriguez-Serrano Enrique 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundFragmentation of native forests is a highly visible result of human land-use throughout the world. In this study, we evaluated the effects of landscape fragmentation and matrix features on the genetic diversity and structure ofOligoryzomys longicaudatus,the natural reservoir of Hantavirus in southern South America. We focused our work in the Valdivian Rainforest where human activities have produced strong change of natural habitats, with an important number of human cases of Hantavirus.MethodsWe sampled specimens ofO. longicaudatusfrom five native forest patches surrounded by silvoagropecuary matrix from Panguipulli, Los Rios Region, Chile. Using the hypervariable domain I (mtDNA), we characterized the genetic diversity and evaluated the effect of fragmentation and landscape matrix on the genetic structure ofO. longicaudatus. For the latter, we used three approaches: (i) Isolation by Distance (IBD) as null model, (ii) Least-cost Path (LCP) where genetic distances between patch pairs increase with cost-weighted distances, and (iii) Isolation by Resistance (IBR) where the resistance distance is the average number of steps that is needed to commute between the patches during a random walk.ResultsWe found low values of nucleotide diversity (π) for the five patches surveyed, ranging from 0.012 to 0.015, revealing that the 73 sampled specimens of this study belong to two populations but with low values of genetic distance (γST) ranging from 0.022 to 0.099. Likewise, we found that there are no significant associations between genetic distance and geographic distance for IBD and IBR. However, we found for the LCP approach, a significant positive relationship (r = 0.737,p = 0.05), with shortest least-cost paths traced through native forest and arborescent shrublands.DiscussionIn this work we found that, at this reduced geographical scale, Oligoryzomys longicaudatusshows genetic signs of fragmentation. In addition, we found that connectivity between full growth native forest remnants is mediated by the presence of dense shrublands and native forest corridors. In this sense, our results are important because they show how native forest patches and associated routes act as source of vector species in silvoagropecuary landscape, increasing the infection risk on human population. This study is the first approach to understand the epidemiological spatial context of silvoagropecuary risk of Hantavirus emergence. Further studies are needed to elucidate the effects of landscape fragmentation in order to generate new predictive models based on vector intrinsic attributes and landscape features.
Avaliação da força muscular manual em indivíduos frequentadores de um grupo de convivência
Authors: Pestana Manuella Castro Silva , Oliveira Juliana Leal de , Mendes Carlos Maurício Cardeal 
Published: September 2017

<p><strong>Introdução: </strong>a avaliação da força de preensão manual vem sendo descrita como um marcador do estado de saúde geral do indivíduo além de ser uma ferramenta simples e de baixo custo. <strong>Objetivos: </strong>avaliar a força muscular manual em indivíduos frequentadores de um grupo de convivência e identificar a correlação entre a força muscular manual e medidas antropométricas como: circunferência abdominal e IMC. <strong>Métodos: </strong>trata-se de um estudo seccional, em indivíduos de ambos os sexos, com idade até 60 anos, frequentadores de um grupo de convivência, por amostra não probabilística. Foram coletados o peso e a altura para obtenção da medida do índice de massa corpórea (IMC). A medida da circunferência abdominal (CA) foi coletada com uma fita métrica inelástica e, finalmente, avaliada a força de preensão manual na mão direita e esquerda utilizando o dinamômetro. <strong>Resultados:</strong> foram avaliados 23 indivíduos, sendo a maioria deles do sexo feminino 14/9 (60,9%), de meia-idade, sobrepeso e CA alterada, com média (DP) da força muscular da mão direita e esquerda, respectivamente, 26,5 (5,8) Kjf e 22,9 (6,9) Kjf. Na presença de CA alterada, houve média (DP) de força muscular manual direita, 24,6 (4,6) Kjf e, esquerda, 20,6 (4,9) Kjf mais reduzida do que CA normal. A medida da diferença das médias padronizadas (DMP) foi de 1,22 em relação à força de preensão manual à direita e circunferência abdominal e, à esquerda, foi de 1,29. Pouca diferença foi observada na força muscular à direita, 26,6 (6,3) Kjf, e à esquerda, 22,3 (7,3) Kjf, quando o IMC esteve alterado ao ser comparado à IMC normal. A DMP foi de 0,14 em relação à força de preensão manual à direita e ao IMC, e, para o lado esquerdo, foi de 0,24. <strong>C</strong><strong>onclusão</strong><strong>: </strong>a dinamometria apresenta-se como um importante instrumento de avaliação do estado geral de saúde e, além disso, quando aplicada em conjunto com o IMC e a CA, pode sugerir comprometimento do sistema musculoesquelético e cardiovascular. <strong></strong></p>
Whistler Mode Waves Below Lower Hybrid Resonance Frequency: Generation and Spectral Features
Authors: Shklyar D. R. , Balikhin M. A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractEquatorial noise in the frequency range below the lower hybrid resonance frequency, whose structure is shaped by high proton cyclotron harmonics, has been observed by the Cluster spacecraft. We develop a model of this wave phenomenon which assumes (as, in general, has been suggested long ago) that the observed spectrum is excited due to loss cone instability of energetic ions in the equatorial region of the magnetosphere. The wavefield is represented as a sum of constant frequency wave packets which cross a number of cyclotron resonances while propagating in a highly oblique mode along quite specific trajectories. The growth (damping) rate of these wave packets varies both in sign and magnitude along the raypath, making the wave net amplification, but not the growth rate, the main characteristic of the wave generation process. The growth rates and the wave amplitudes along the ray paths, determined by the equations of geometrical optics, have been calculated for a 3‐D set of wave packets with various frequencies, initial L shells, and initial wave normal angles at the equator. It is shown that the dynamical spectrum resulting from the proposed model qualitatively matches observations.
Swarm Observation of Field‐Aligned Currents Associated With Multiple Auroral Arc Systems
Authors: Wu J. , Knudsen D. J. , Gillies D. M. , Donovan E. F. , Burchill J. K. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAuroral arcs occur in regions of upward field‐aligned currents (FACs); however, the relation is not one to one, since kinetic energy of the current‐carrying electrons is also important in the production of auroral luminosity. Multiple auroral arc systems provide an opportunity to study the relation between FACs and auroral brightness in detail. In this study, we have identified two types of FAC configurations in multiple parallel arc systems using ground‐based optical data from the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms all‐sky imagers, magnetometers and electric field instruments on board the Swarm satellites. In “unipolar FAC” events, each arc is an intensification within a broad, unipolar current sheet and downward return currents occur outside of this broad sheet. In “multipolar FAC” events, multiple arc systems represent a collection of multiple up/down current pairs. By collecting 17 events with unipolar FAC and 12 events with multipolar FACs, we find that (1) unipolar FAC events occur most frequently between 20 and 21 magnetic local time and multipolar FAC events tend to occur around local midnight and within 1 h after substorm onset. (2) Arcs in unipolar FAC systems have a typical width of 10–20 km and a spacing of 25–50 km. Arcs in multipolar FAC systems are wider and more separated. (3) Upward currents with more arcs embedded have larger intensities and widths. (4) Electric fields are strong and highly structured on the edges of multiple arc system with unipolar FAC. The fact that arcs with unipolar FAC are much more highly structured than the associated currents suggests that arc multiplicity is indicative not of a structured generator deep in the magnetosphere, but rather of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling process.
Decadal Polar Motion of the Earth Excited by the Convective Outer Core From Geodynamo Simulations
Authors: Kuang W. , Chao B. F. , Chen J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractLong time geodetic observation records show that the orientation of the Earth's rotation axis with respect to the terrestrial reference frame, or polar motion, changes on a broad range of timescales. Apart from external torques from the luni‐solar tides, these changes are excited by interactions among different components of the Earth system. The convective fluid outer core has long been conjectured a likely contributor to the observed polar motion on timescales upward of decades, such as the ∼30 year Markowitz wobble. We investigated the electromagnetic coupling scenario across the core‐mantle boundary via numerical geodynamo simulation for different geodynamo parameters (Rayleigh numbers and magnetic Rossby numbers). Our simulated polar motion varies strongly with the dynamo parameters, while its excitation on decadal timescales appear to converge asymptotically within the adopted range of numerical Rossby numbers. Three strongest asymptotic modes emerge from numerical results, with periods around 30, 40, and 60 years for the prograde excitation and around 24, 30, and 60 years for the retrograde excitation. Their amplitudes are all larger than 5 × 10−8, or approximately 10 milliseconds of arc. The results suggest that the electromagnetic core‐mantle coupling could explain a substantial portion, if not all, of the observed decadal polar motion. In particular, the predicted 60 year polar motion deserves special attention for future observations and studies.
A Multialgorithm Approach to Land Surface Modeling of Suspended Sediment in the Colorado Front Range
Authors: Stewart J. R. , Livneh B. , Kasprzyk J. R. , Rajagopalan B. , Minear J. T. , Raseman W. J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA new paradigm of simulating suspended sediment load (SSL) with a Land Surface Model (LSM) is presented here. Five erosion and SSL algorithms were applied within a common LSM framework to quantify uncertainties and evaluate predictability in two steep, forested catchments (>1,000 km2). The algorithms were chosen from among widely used sediment models, including empirically based: monovariate rating curve (MRC) and the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE); stochastically based: the Load Estimator (LOADEST); conceptually based: the Hydrologic Simulation Program—Fortran (HSPF); and physically based: the Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM). The algorithms were driven by the hydrologic fluxes and meteorological inputs generated from the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) LSM. A multiobjective calibration was applied to each algorithm and optimized parameter sets were validated over an excluded period, as well as in a transfer experiment to a nearby catchment to explore parameter robustness. Algorithm performance showed consistent decreases when parameter sets were applied to periods with greatly differing SSL variability relative to the calibration period. Of interest was a joint calibration of all sediment algorithm and streamflow parameters simultaneously, from which trade‐offs between streamflow performance and partitioning of runoff and base flow to optimize SSL timing were noted, decreasing the flexibility and robustness of the streamflow to adapt to different time periods. Parameter transferability to another catchment was most successful in more process‐oriented algorithms, the HSPF and the DHSVM. This first‐of‐its‐kind multialgorithm sediment scheme offers a unique capability to portray acute episodic loading while quantifying trade‐offs and uncertainties across a range of algorithm structures.
Calibration, Issues in
Authors: Bzik Thomas J. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Calibration establishes and standardizes common units of measurement for commerce and scientific study. Through calibration, the measured item or sample is related to items or samples with known properties, the standards. Statistical methods are typically used to identify and quantify the form of the relationship between sample measurements and one or more standards. They are also used to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the current and alternative measurement methods. Statistical tools are also used to determine the optimal frequency of recalibration and the frequency with which calibration should be checked. Calibration models can take the form of linear relationships or a nonlinear relationship. Two‐variable calibration models are often monotonic in their form. While many calibration models often involve only two variables, they can be multivariate in nature. Keeping bias out of calibration models requires not only selecting the correct model form but also ensuring that the model is fit, using an appropriate optimization criteria. Calibration models typically provide very high explanatory powers as compared to other typical scientific modeling applications such as plant or process optimization studies. Calibration models also typically yield extremely good levels of statistical significance. Current common statistical toolsets used in calibration studies are often not well structured for handling the actual, and sometimes complex, error structures that occur in routine application of calibration.
Leukemia Clusters
Authors: Bithell John F. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe nature of leukemia clusters is explored, and the evidence is reviewed. There are a small number of isolated clusters that may point to an environmental etiology, but the evidence is not clear‐cut. More widespread clustering appears to be a real, if rather weak, phenomenon. It could be attributable to environmental or genetic variation in risk, though it may also be indicative of an infective mechanism or a mechanism affecting the immunity of particular groups.
Binomial Confidence Interval
Authors: Agresti Alan , Lunneborg Clifford E. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The binomial parameter , the proportion of successes in a population, has as its maximum likelihood point estimator the proportion of successes, , observed in a random sample from that population. Standard confidence intervals (CIs) for are based on inverting results of corresponding significance tests about . For example, 95% CIs contain all null hypothesis values for for which the ‐value in the test exceeds 0.05. The methods include small‐sample “exact” CIs that are conservative (have actual confidence level bounded below by the nominal level) and large‐sample CIs based on the approximate normality of . A good small‐sample method is based on the binomial test using the mid‐‐value. A good large‐sample method is based on the score test. The simple CI that adds and subtracts from a ‐multiple of the estimated standard error is based on the Wald test and has poor performance. That method is adequate for all if one first adds two successes and two failures before implementing it.
Differential Item Functioning
Authors: Rogers H. Jane 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDifferential item functioning (DIF) occurs when individuals at the same level on the trait(s) or construct(s) being assessed but from different subpopulations have unequal probabilities of attaining a given score on the item. Methods for investigating DIF have been developed for both dichotomously and polytomously scored items. These methods may be classified by whether they condition on an unobserved or observed variable. Item response theory, logistic regression, Mantel–Haenszel (MH), and SIBTEST procedures for dichotomously scored responses and their extensions to polytomous responses are currently the most widely used methods for detecting DIF in practice. Current research interest focuses on sophisticated latent variable models that may facilitate a better understanding of the causes of DIF.
Structural Equation Modeling: An Overview
Authors: Schumacker Randall E. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractStructural equation modeling (SEM) software programs test theoretical models using a sample variance–covariance matrix, although a correlation matrix with means and standard deviations for the observed variables can be input because these values can be used to create a variance–covariance matrix. A LISREL‐SIMPLIS program is given to illustrate how the sample data and theoretical model are specified in a SEM program.