bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient volumetric error compensation technique for additive manufacturing machines
Authors: Cajal Carlos , Santolaria Jorge , Samper David , Velazquez Jesus 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– This paper aims to present a methodology for volumetric error compensation. This technique is applied to an Objet Eden350V 3D printer and involves a custom measurement strategy.

Design/methodology/approach
– The kinematic model of the printer is explained, and its error model is simplified to 18 independent error functions. Each error function is defined by a cubic Legendre polynomial. The coefficients of the polynomials are obtained through a Levenberg–Marquardt optimization process. This optimization process compares, in an iterative algorithm, nominal coordinates with actual values of the cloud of points. The points are built in the faces of a gauge artefact as conical sockets defining one unique point for each socket. These points are measured by a coordinate measuring machine self-centring measurement process.

Findings
– Most of the errors of the 3D printer are systematic. It is possible to obtain an improvement of 70 per cent in terms of global mean error reduction in single points within a volume of 120 × 120 × 40 mm. The forecast of the final error compensation fully matches the actual final error.

Practical implications
– This methodology can be used for accuracy improvement in additive manufacturing machines.

Originality/value
– Unlike the calculation of geometric errors, the proposed parametric determination through optimization of the error model allows global error reduction, which decreases all sort of systematic errors concurrently. The proposed measurement strategy allows high reliability, high speed and operator independence in the measurement process, which increases efficiency and reduces the cost. The proposed methodology is easily translated to other rapid prototyping machines and allows scalability when replicating artefacts covering any working volume.
Fabrication of conductive paths on a fused deposition modeling substrate using inkjet deposition
Authors: Zhou Wenchao , List Frederick A , Duty Chad E , Babu Sudarsanam S 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore the possibility of integrating inkjet printed circuitry with fused deposition modeling (FDM) structures to produce embedded electronics and smart structures. Several of the challenges of combining these technologies are identified, and potential solutions are developed.

Design/methodology/approach
– An experimental approach is taken to investigate some of the relevant physical processes for integrating FDM and inkjet deposition, including the printing, drying and sintering processes. Experimental data are collected to assist understanding of the problems, and engineering solutions are proposed and implemented based on the gained understanding of the problems.

Findings
– Three challenges have been identified, including the discontinuity of the printed lines resulting from the irregular surface of the FDM substrate, the non-conductivity of the printed lines due to the particle segregation during the droplet drying process and the slow drying process caused by the “skinning effect”. Two engineering solutions are developed for the discontinuity problem. The non-conductivity issue and the slow drying process are attributed to the motion of the nanoparticles caused by the evaporation flow. The thermally activated drying process for the Cabot ink suggests that the proposed solution is effective. Timescale analysis and experimental data show that the printing conditions do not have a clear influence on the conductivity of the printed lines, and drying and sintering processes are more important.

Research limitations/implications
– No quantitative model has yet been developed for simulating the printing, drying and sintering processes associated with inkjet printing on FDM substrates. Quantitative models can be extremely valuable for improvement in understanding the problems, optimizing the proposed solutions and coming up with better solutions.

Practical implications
– The research findings in this work have great implications in implementing a hybrid FDM-inkjet deposition machine for fabricating embedded electronics and smart structures. All the proposed engineering solutions for the identified problems can be potentially integrated into one machine.

Social implications
– The success of the integration of the FDM and inkjet deposition process will enable the design of compact electro-mechanical structures to replace the large heavy electro-mechanical systems.

Originality/value
– This work represents one of the first attempts for integrating inkjet deposition of silver nanoparticle inks with the FDM process for making compact electro-mechanical structures. Three critical challenges are identified, and corresponding engineering solutions are proposed and implemented based on analysis of the relevant physical processes, including the printing, drying and sintering processes, which has laid the foundation for integrating the FDM and inkjet deposition processes.
Porosity content control of CoCrMo and titanium parts by Taguchi method applied to selective laser melting process parameter
Authors: Joguet David , Costil Sophie , Liao Hanlin , Danlos Yoann 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper consists in the optimization and understanding of the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) manufacturing process of biomaterials, such as T40 and CoCrMo, as scaffolds. Moreover, process optimization is also challenging, with regards to the huge number of parameters and their influence on the finished product.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper opted for an exploratory study using Taguchi analysis method to precisely identify the most relevant parameters and justify the energy estimation.

Findings
– The study showed that SLM fits perfectly with the T40 and CoCrMo part manufacturing. This method allowed to have a complete overview of all the potential applications of SLM for implant manufacturing.

Originality/value
– With this research approach, the results may be generalized to other material and showed a good theoretical approach.
Herbivore release drives parallel patterns of evolutionary divergence in invasive plant phenotypes
Authors: Uesugi Akane , Kessler André 
Published: January 2016

Summary

Herbivory can drive rapid evolution of plant chemical traits mediating defensive and competitive ability. At a geographic scale, plant populations that escape selection from their ancestral herbivores may evolve decreased defence and increased competitiveness. While contrasts between native and invasive populations of plants lend support to this hypothesis, such experiments cannot establish causal links between herbivory and evolved invasive phenotypes.

Here, we conducted geographic contrasts, and coupled these with long‐term selection experiments that directly test for evolutionary responses to herbivore exclusion. In common gardens, we contrasted Solidago altissima genotypes that were historically exposed or protected from herbivory across two experimental time‐scales: (i) a natural experiment where plant populations evolved either with native herbivory (in Minnesota and New York) or evolved relatively free from herbivory for ˜100 years in Japan, and (ii) a 12‐year manipulative experiment where plants were either exposed to ambient herbivory or treated with insecticide.

In both experiments, plant populations responded to herbivore release by evolving increased production of root allelochemicals and interspecific competitive ability against Poa pratensis. While plant resistance to a beetle herbivore did not diverge between plant origins, we still observed parallel evolutionary shifts in leaf secondary metabolite and protease inhibitor production, which may confer resistance to diverse herbivore species.

Synthesis. Observed evolutionary convergence for multiple plant traits, between the natural and manipulative experiments, emphasizes the role of insect herbivores as key drivers of plant adaptation and geographic differentiation.
Disentangling the effect of competition, CO2 and climate on intrinsic water‐use efficiency and tree growth
Authors: Fernández‐de‐Uña Laura , McDowell Nate G. , Cañellas Isabel , Gea‐Izquierdo Guillermo 
Published: January 2016

Summary

Climate change scenarios forecast rising temperatures for the Mediterranean region, which could enhance the vulnerability to drought stress in forest ecosystems. The long‐term effects of climate forcing on tree performance can be, however, modulated by other environmental factors, such as competition and rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations.

We assessed the concomitant effect of competition, climate and CO2 concentrations on the tree‐ring δ13C‐derived intrinsic water‐use efficiency (iWUE) and basal area increments (BAI) of species with different drought tolerance: two Mediterranean deciduous species (Quercus faginea Lam. and Quercus pyrenaica Willd.) and one conifer (Pinus sylvestris L.). Additionally, given that competition may be managed to mitigate the effect of increasing drought stress, we further examined the influence of this variable on iWUE and growth using data compiled from the literature, providing the first review on the response of iWUE to competition.

Competition had no significant effect on iWUE in any of the three species studied, whereas, as expected, growth rates were significantly higher under low‐competition levels. This was consistent with the literature review, which showed that shifts in iWUE with competition changes are rare; supporting the hypothesis that leaf‐level gas exchange tends to be a homeostatic trait. In the long term, the three species exhibited a significant increasing trend in iWUE due to the combined effect of increased CO2 concentration, climate and age. Growth, however, was mostly affected by competition and climate and in most cases was not enhanced as a result of the increase in iWUE.

Synthesis. Regardless of their functional response to drought, trees respond to reduced competition through the structural shifts such as increased radial growth rather than leaf‐level gas exchange adjustments. CO2 and climate are, therefore, the main drivers of iWUE variability, rather than competition. Thus, if temperature‐induced drought becomes limiting, reducing competition for resources may not offset the detrimental effect of increasing drought stress on tree physiology and growth decline may occur without a CO2 fertilization effect.
Analysis of Front‐of‐Pack labelling systems on packaged non‐alcoholic beverages for Australian consumer guidance
Authors: Yang Chun‐Shun , Liu Xiaoman , Ford Pauline , Leishman Shaneen , Schubert Lisa 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimNumerous Front‐of‐Pack nutrition labelling systems have been proposed in recent years to assist consumers in making healthier food choices, including reducing sugar intake. Packaged beverages represent one product category that has undergone significant diversification and has emerging new subcategories. The present study examined the implications of applying three different currently used or proposed Front‐of Pack nutrition labels to a range of pre‐packaged beverage products to descriptively assess their potential utility.MethodsThe Traffic Light System, % Daily Intake label and the Health Star Rating system were applied in accordance with established criteria and standards on 31 non‐alcoholic pre‐packaged beverages representing eight subcategories.ResultsThere were often considerable differences between labelling system ratings for the same products. The Traffic Light System had similar labelling when comparing soft drinks and fruit juice and sodium content was marked as low for all tested products. Percentage Daily Intake reflected similar results for regular soft drinks and fruit juices; however, in terms of energy, liquid breakfast ranked highest followed by energy drinks, fruit juice and soft drinks. The Health Star Rating showed the fruit juice category to be healthier than other beverages, including water. Diet products scored 0.5–1 stars more than regular products.ConclusionsThe Health Star Rating system was concluded to be more suitable to label beverages based on better utility, applicability and ease of identifying healthier beverage choices; however, this system would benefit from further refinement. Labelling simplicity, health representativeness, marketplace utility and consumer comprehensiveness are important considerations for future labelling development.
Prevalence and Characteristics of Enterotoxin B‐Producing Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Food Sources: A Particular Cluster of ST188 Strains was Identified
Authors: Song Qifa , Zhu Zhenhua , Chang Yanzi , Shen Xuanyi , Gao Hong , Yang Yuanbin 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) producing Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated from food sources. A total of 412 S. aureus isolates were recovered from 1970 milk and dairy samples (n = 236) and 2450 meat samples (n = 176) in China from 2009 to 2014. Of the 412 isolates, 124 isolates were tested positive for 1 or more classical staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes using PCR, and 31 isolates were positive for seb gene and further proved to be SEB‐producing. Four SE profiles were observed among 31 SEB‐producing isolates when investigated using ELISA kit, that is, SEB (16 isolates), SEA+SEB (6 isolates), SEB+SEC (6 isolates), and SEB+SED (3 isolates). Thirteen sequence types (STs) were identified in the 31 SEB‐producing S. aureus isolates using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The 3 most detected STs were ST1 (7 isolates), ST188 (6 isolates), ST59 (3 isolates). Two distinct clusters were identified by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), each of which showed excellent consistency with ST188 and ST1 achieved by MLST, respectively.In summary, this study reveals that various SE profiles are observed in SEB‐producing S. aureus isolates and the great part of SEB‐producing S. aureus isolates are showed as clusters. Especially, a particular cluster of ST188 strains was observed in SEB‐producing S. aureus isolates which was associated with outbreaks of SFP and needs further attention.
Detection of Different DNA Animal Species in Commercial Candy Products
Authors: Muñoz‐Colmenero Marta , Martínez Jose Luis , Roca Agustín , Garcia‐Vazquez Eva 
Published: January 2016

AbstractCandy products are consumed all across the world, but there is not much information about their composition. In this study we have used a DNA‐based approach for determining the animal species occurring in 40 commercial candies of different types. We extracted DNA and performed PCR amplification, cloning and sequencing for obtaining species‐informative DNA sequences. Eight species were identified including fish (hake and anchovy) in 22% of the products analyzed. Bovine and porcine were the most abundant appearing in 27 samples each one. Most products contained a mixture of species. Marshmallows (7), jelly‐types, and gummies (20) contained a significantly higher number of species than hard candies (9). We demonstrated the presence of DNA animal species in candy product which allow consumers to make choices and prevent allergic reaction.
Echolocation detections and digital video surveys provide reliable estimates of the relative density of harbour porpoises
Authors: Williamson Laura D. , Brookes Kate L. , Scott Beth E. , Graham Isla M. , Bradbury Gareth , Hammond Philip S. , Thompson Paul M. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryRobust estimates of the density or abundance of cetaceans are required to support a wide range of ecological studies and inform management decisions. Considerable effort has been put into the development of line‐transect sampling techniques to obtain estimates of absolute density from aerial‐ and boat‐based visual surveys. Surveys of cetaceans using acoustic loggers or digital cameras provide alternative methods to estimate relative density that have the potential to reduce cost and provide a verifiable record of all detections. However, the ability of these methods to provide reliable estimates of relative density has yet to be established.These methodologies were compared by conducting aerial visual line‐transect surveys (n = 10 days) and digital video strip‐transect surveys (n = 4 days) in the Moray Firth, Scotland. Simultaneous acoustic data were collected from moored echolocation detectors (C‐PODs) at 58 locations across the study site. Density surface modelling (DSM) of visual survey data was used to estimate spatial variation in relative harbour porpoise density on a 4 × 4 km grid.DSMwas also performed on the digital survey data, and the resulting model output compared to that from visual survey data. Estimates of relative density from visual surveys around acoustic monitoring sites were compared with several metrics previously used to characterise variation in acoustic detections of echolocation clicks.There was a strong correlation between estimates of relative density from visual surveys and digital video surveys (Spearman's ρ = 0·85). A correction to account for animals missed on the transect line [previously calculated for visual aerial surveys of harbour porpoise in the North Sea was used to convert relative density from the visual surveys to absolute density. This allowed calculation of the first estimate of a proxy for detection probability in digital video surveys, suggesting that 61% (CV = 0·53) of harbour porpoises were detected. There was also a strong correlation between acoustic detections and density with Spearman's ρ = 0·73 for detection positive hours.These results provide confidence in the emerging use of digital video and acoustic surveys for studying the density of small cetaceans and their responses to environmental and anthropogenic change.
An experimental comparison of three towed underwater video systems using species metrics, benthic impact and performance
Authors: Sheehan Emma V. , Vaz Sandrine , Pettifer Erin , Foster Nicola L. , Nancollas Sarah J. , Cousens Sophie , Holmes Luke , Facq Jean‐Valery , Germain Gregory , Attrill Martin J. 
Published: January 2016

Summary

Managing ecological systems, which operate over large spatial scales, is inherently difficult and often requires sourcing data from different countries and organizations. The assumption might be made that data collected using similar methodologies are comparable, but this is rarely tested. Here, benthic video data recorded using different towed underwater video systems (TUVSs) were experimentally compared.

Three technically different TUVSs were compared on different seabed types (rocky, mixed ground and sandy) in Kingmere Marine Conservation Zone, off the south coast of England. For each TUVS, species metrics (forward facing camera), seabed impact (backward facing camera) and operational performance (strengths and limitations of equipment and video footage) were compared with the aim of providing recommendations on their future use and comparability of data between different systems.

Statistically significant differences between species richness, density, cover and assemblage composition were detected amongst devices and were believed to be mostly due to their optical specifications. As a result of their high image definition and large field of vision both the benthic contacting heavy and benthic tending TUVS provided good quality footage and ecological measurements. However, the heaviest TUVS proved difficult to operate on irregular ground and was found to cause the most impact to the seabed. The lightest TUVS (benthic contacting light) struggled to maintain contact with the seabed. The benthic tending TUVS was able to fly over variable seabed relief and was comparably the least destructive.

Results from this study highlight that particular care should be given to sled and optic specifications when developing a medium‐ or long‐term marine protected area monitoring programme. Furthermore, when using data gathered from multiple sources to test ecological questions, different equipment specifications may confound observed ecological differences.

A benthic tending TUVS is recommended for benthic surveys over variable habitat types, particularly in sensitive areas, such as marine protected areas.
A Novel Tool for Evaluation of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Patients in the Emergency Department: Does Robotic Assessment of Neuromotor Performance Following Injury Predict the Presence of Postconcussion Symptoms at Follow‐up?
Authors: Subbian Vignesh , Ratcliff Jonathan J. , Korfhagen Joseph J. , Hart Kimberly W. , Meunier Jason M. , Shaw George J. , Lindsell Christopher J. , Beyette Fred R. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectivesPostconcussion symptoms (PCS) are a common complication of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Currently, there is no validated clinically available method to reliably predict at the time of injury who will subsequently develop PCS. The purpose of this study was to determine if PCS following mild TBI can be predicted during the initial presentation to an emergency department (ED) using a novel robotic‐assisted assessment of neurologic function.MethodsAll patients presenting to an urban ED with a chief complaint of head injury within the preceding 24 hours were screened for inclusion from March 2013 to April 2014. The enrollment criteria were as follows: 1) age of 18 years or greater, 2) ability and willingness to provide written informed consent, 3) blunt head trauma and clinical diagnosis of isolated mild TBI by the treating physician, and 4) blood alcohol level of <100 mg/dL. Eligible mild TBI patients were enrolled and their neuromotor function was assessed in the ED using a battery of five tests that cover a range of proprioceptive, visuomotor, visuospatial, and executive function performance metrics. At 3 weeks postinjury, participants were contacted via telephone to complete the Rivermead Post‐Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire to assess the presence of significant PCS.ResultsA total of 66 mild TBI patients were enrolled in the study with 42 of them completing both the ED assessment and the follow‐up; 40 patients were included in the analyses. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the entire test battery was 0.72 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.54 to 0.90). The AUC for tests that primarily measure visuomotor and proprioceptive performance were 0.80 (95% CI = 0.65 to 0.95) and 0.71 (95% CI = 0.53 to 0.89), respectively.ConclusionsThe robotic‐assisted test battery has the ability to discriminate between subjects who developed PCS and those who did not. Additionally, poor visuomotor and proprioceptive performance were most strongly associated with subsequent PCS.