bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
139 Metabolic regulation of intramuscular adipose tissue development
Authors: Smith Stephen B 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Acetate arguably is the most important substrate for de novo fatty acid biosynthesis in bovine adipose tissue. However, including glucose in incubation media in vitro strongly stimulates fatty synthesis from acetate; additionally, glucose carbon is essential for triacylglycerol synthesis from acetate. Our laboratory is unique in that we utilize bovine intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) adipose tissue explants dissected from beef longissimus muscle immediately post-exsanguination to study bovine adipose tissue metabolism. Four decades ago, using this experimental technique, we established that glucose is a primary substrate for fatty acid biosynthesis in i.m. adipose tissue. Recent research in our laboratory has addressed the hypothesis that acetate and/or long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) differentially affect lipid filling of i.m. and s.c. adipose tissue. We had previously demonstrated that, whereas s.c. adipose tissue is highly responsive to isoproterenol (a non-selective ß-adrenergic agonist), i.m. adipose tissue is relatively refractory to isoproterenol. This subsequently was confirmed in our laboratory utilizing primary cultures of bovine s.c. and i.m. adipocytes. We currently are focusing on the G-coupled protein receptors-43 (GPR43) and GPR120. Several previous studies from our laboratory have documented GPR43 expression in i.m. and s.c. adipose tissue, and we more recently demonstrated GPR120 expression in bovine adipose tissues. Acetate is a ligand for GPR43, whereas LCFA are ligands for GPR120. The binding of ß-adrenergic agonists to ß-adrenergic receptors increases the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), whereas binding of acetate and LCFA to GPR43 and GPR120, respectively, decreases cAMP production. Thus, binding of circulating acetate and LCFA to their respective GPR receptors putatively should lead to increase lipid filling of bovine adipose tissues. A current study from our laboratory demonstrated that acetate had no effect on forskolin-stimulated cAMP production in i.m. or s.c. adipose tissue explants unless the culture medium also included oleic acid (18:1n-9). A subsequent study confirmed that oleic acid and palmitic acid (16:0), but not acetate, strongly depressed forskolin-stimulated cAMP production in s.c. adipose tissue explants; oleic and palmitic acid were much less effective in depressing cAMP production in i.m. adipose tissue explants. Unusually, GPR43 expression was detected in neither s.c. adipose tissue nor i.m. adipose tissue in our most recent study, whereas GPR120 expression was readily detected in both adipose tissue types. We conclude the following from these recent studies: LCFA binding to GPR120 is more effective than acetate binding to GPR43 in promoting lipid filling in bovine adipose tissue; and LCFA binding to GPR120 putatively would promote greater lipid filling in s.c. adipose tissue than in i.m. adipose tissue.
241 Impact of benzoic acid supplementation in low-protein diets for starter pigs
Authors: Azevedo Paulo , Urzua Jose Rodrigo Wever , Crosby Mary A , Outlaw Alex , Kim Haejin , Rudar Marko 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Utilizing low crude protein (CP) diets represents a potential avenue for reducing both feed costs and nitrogen excretion in swine production. However, dietary non-essential amino acid content must be considered in addition to essential amino acid content in the context of low CP diet formulations. Dietary glycine content may become limiting in such diets because this glycine in corn and soybean meal is low relative to glycine utilization in the pig. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding benzoic acid, which is excreted in urine as its glycine conjugate hippuric acid, to low CP diets on growth performance of starter pigs. At 28 d age, pigs were weaned and divided into nursery room pens according to body weight (BW) and sex 5 mixed-sex pigs per pen). Pigs were fed a commercial nursery diet for 4 d; at 32 d age, pigs were weighed, and pens were assigned to one of three dietary treatments: 1) high crude protein (HCP; n = 12 pens); 2) low crude protein (LCP; n = 11 pens) and 3) low crude protein + benzoic acid (LCP+BA; n = 12 pens). Pigs were fed for 4 wk and pig BW and feed disappearance were measured weekly to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency (FE; gain-to-feed ratio). At d 0, 14 and 28, blood was collected from one pig/pen by jugular venipuncture. Serum was analyzed for amino acid concentrations with HPLC. The ADG of HCP group (0.58 ± 0.01 kg/d) was greater than LCP (0.54 ± 0.01 kg/d) and LCP+BA (0.51 ± 0.01 kg/d; P &lt; 0.05); ADG of LCP was also greater than LCP+BA (P &lt; 0.05). There was no difference in ADFI among groups (P &gt; 0.05). However, FE of LCP+BA was less than both HCP (0.536 vs 0.579 ± 0.006 kg/kg; P &lt; 0.05) and LCP (0.536 vs 0.576 ± 0.006 kg/kg; P &lt; 0.05); there was no difference in FE between HCP and LCP (P &gt; 0.10). Glycine concentration of LCP+BA (513 ± 32 µmol/L) was less than LCP (630 ± 32 µmol/L; P &lt; 0.05), whereas glycine concentration of HCP (578 ± 32 µmol/L) was intermediate. Lysine concentrations were least in HCP (105 ± 9 µmol/L), intermediate in LCP (138 ± 9 µmol/L), and greatest in LCP+BA (167 ± 9 µmol/L; P &lt; 0.01). The observed reduction in growth performance with benzoic acid exceeds that achieved by feeding low CP diets alone. Greater lysine concentrations in pigs supplemented benzoic acid suggests that lysine was used less efficiently for growth. These findings also caution against supplementing low CP diets with benzoic acid without supplementing additional protein.
240 Feed preference of weanling pigs fed diets containing extruded corn ground to different particle sizes
Authors: Marshall Caleb M , Lee Su A , Stein Hans H 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The objective was to test the null hypothesis that there were no effects of reducing particle size of extruded corn on feed preference by weanling pigs. Three corn-based diets containing extruded corn ground to 700, 500, or 300 μm were prepared. An 8-d feed preference test was conducted with all possible combinations of the three diets. Each pair of diets constituted a treatment group (i.e., 700 vs. 500 μm; 700 vs. 300 μm; 500 vs. 300 μm). A total of 48 growing pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 12.1 ± 1.34 kg] were allotted to the three preference test combinations using a randomized complete block design with initial BW group as the blocking factor, resulting in eight replicate pens per treatment group. Two pigs were housed in each pen. Pigs had ad libitum access to feed and water. For each preference test, each pen contained two feeders with two of the three diets. Feeder positions within each pen were switched daily to minimize positional preference. Feed allotments and feed disappearances were recorded daily. Feed preference (%) was calculated by dividing the amount of feed disappeared for each diet by the total amount of two diets consumed by pigs. Three statistical models for each preference test included particle size of corn as fixed effect and block as random effect. Results indicated that pigs had greater (P &lt; 0.05) daily feed disappearance and preference for corn with 700 µm on d 1, 4, 5, 7, and 8 when pigs had a choice between 700 µm vs. 500 µm (Table 1). For the other two preference tests, which were 700 µm vs. 300 µm and 500 µm vs. 300 µm, pigs had a greater (P &lt; 0.05) preference for the larger particle size corn (700 and 500 µm, respectively) for d 3 to 8. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that pigs have a preference for larger particle sizes of extruded corn when given the choice. This may be a result of better texture of feed, a satisfying chewing experience, and the perception of greater bulkiness provided by greater particle sizes. However, further research with longer-term feeding trials is needed because pigs may have already adapted to consuming diets with 700 µm particle size prior to the experiment, which is similar to commercial diets.
235 Impact of yeast cell wall and probiotics on gut microbiota, immunity, and growth in weaned piglets
Authors: Souza Fernando Augusto , Bonato Melina A , Huamán Soimer Omar Baldera , Dias Cleandro A , Callegari Marco Antonio , Carvalho Rafael Humberto , Silva Caio Abercio 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This study investigates the effect of yeast cell wall (YCW) supplementation and multispecies probiotics as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) on the gut microbiota, immune function, and growth performance in weaned piglets. We utilized a randomized complete block design involving 160 piglets across four treatments during the nursery phase. The treatments administered throughout the experimental period were as follows: CONT+ = basal diet with Halquinol (AGP); YCW = basal diet with Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cell wall at 1 kg/MT; SIM+ = basal diet with YCW at 0.5 kg/MT + multispecies probiotic (Bacillus subtilis 2.0 x 10^9 CFU/g, Bacillus coagulans 5.0 x 10^8 CFU/g, Clostridium butyricum 5.0 x 10^7 CFU/g, and Bacillus licheniformis 2.0 x 10^9 CFU/g) at 0.6 kg/MT; SIM- = basal diet with YCW at 0.5 kg/MT + multispecies probiotic at 0.3 kg/MT. Methodologies include daily feed intake, body weight gain measurement, feed conversion ratio (FCR), diarrhea scoring, serum cytokine and chemokine concentration, and microbiome analysis. Throughout the study period (21 to 63 d), only FCR showed differences (P = 0.0076). CONT+ and YCW demonstrated better FCRs, at 1.543 and 1.585 respectively, without significant variation between them, while SIM- lagged with the least favorable outcome at 1.654 (Table 1). At 35 d, IL-10 concentrations were greatest in the SIM- group, showing a 271.25% increase compared with other treatments (Figure 2). At 49 d, IL-8 was least in the YCW group, with a 247% reduction compared with CONT+, while SIM+ and SIM- showed no significant differences compared with other treatments (Figure 1). The Firmicutes/Bacteroidota (F/B) ratio shows that the CONT+ treatment was inferior compared with the YCW, SIM+, and SIM- treatments (Figure 3). The Lactobacillaceae family differed between CONT+ and the YCW, SIM+, and SIM- treatments, with the greatest abundance in the SIM+ treatment, followed by SIM- and YCW (Figure 4). The genera Lactobacillus differed between the CONT+ treatment compared with the YCW, SIM+, and SIM- treatments. Prebiotics, whether used alone or combined with probiotics, serve as effective substitutes for AGPs, boosting the health and performance of piglets throughout the nursery phase.
238 Boosting post-weaning performance of piglets and uniformity with yeast extract supplementation
Authors: Souza Fernando Augusto , Bonato Melina A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The yeast extract, derived from 100% natural and pure Saccharomyces cerevisiae, boasts a high digestibility coefficient (&gt; 95%). It is an excellent source of vitamins, minerals, and amino acids, particularly aspartic and glutamic acids, and is noted for its exceptional palatability (Figure 1). This study aimed to assess the impact of dietary yeast extract supplementation on the performance of nursery-phase piglets. Mixed-sex piglets (n = 1,360) were allocated across 18 pens, with 75 animals per pen, and subjected to two treatments (9 replicates each) on a commercial farm in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The treatment groups included a positive control (PC) group, receiving a phase-specific standard diet, and a yeast extract (YE) group, supplemented with 1% yeast extract on top. Initially, all piglets were fed a commercial diet for the first 7 d (from 21 to 27 d old), followed by a farm-specific diet (PC and YE). The YE was administered as a liquid via an oil-injection system at the feed mill. Performance metrics evaluated included body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR), with feed intake (FI) being constant due to automated feeding. Data analysis employed ANOVA at a 90% confidence level, with mean differences assessed using the F-test. Piglets in the YE group demonstrated significantly greater BWG from wk 1 post-supplementation, maintaining statistical differences throughout the study (Table 1). The final BWG difference favored the YE group by 1.560 kg (PC = 15.106 kg; YE = 16.666 kg; P-value = 0.05). Notably, animal uniformity within each treatment was superior in the YE group, exhibiting a 49% reduction in variance across the study period compared with the PC group (Figure 2). This improvement in BWG was accompanied by enhanced batch uniformity relative to the PC group. FCR differences were statistically significant from wk 1 of supplementation, concluding with a final FCR of 1.49 for the PC group and 1.39 for the YE group (P-value = 0.02; Table 2). Given the fixed FI across phases, this FCR improvement primarily reflects the observed weight gain differences. These findings indicate that YE supplementation can enhance performance parameters and piglet uniformity in the nursery phase, offering nutritional benefits throughout this critical growth stage.
376 Effects of multi-carbohydrase and protease supplementation on ileal digestibility of amino acids in expeller-pressed canola meal fed to growing pigs
Authors: Lee Jinyoung , Olivo Alicia , Patterson Rob , Nyachoti C Martin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Expeller-pressed canola meal (ECM) is a co-product obtained from expeller-pressing canola seeds to obtain canola oil, and it has potential as a cost-effective feedstuff in swine diets. Also, ECM may be a superior protein source compared with solvent-extracted canola meal due to its greater digestible amino acid (AA) contents. However, limited information is available on the effects of enzyme supplementation on AA digestibility in ECM for pigs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of multi-carbohydrase (MC) and protease supplementation on the apparent (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in ECM when fed to growing pigs. A total of 12 barrows (65.9 ± 5.0 kg initial body weight), each fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum, were allocated for 2 studies: the current study (4 treatments) and another study with 8 treatments. Pigs were arranged in a 12 × 6 incomplete Latin square design with 12 diets and 6 periods, resulting in 6 observations per dietary treatment. Four dietary treatments were: 1) basal ECM diet; 2) ECM diet with MC supplementation (1 kg/tonne); 3) ECM diet with protease supplementation (250 g/tonne); and 4) ECM diet with both MC and protease supplementation. A casein diet was fed to all 12 pigs for 1 wk after feeding experimental treatments to quantify endogenous losses of AA. All diets contained 0.3% titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. Pigs were fed 1 of the 4 diets during each of the 7-d periods, and ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 from 0800 to 1700 h. Pigs were fed the diets at 2.8 times maintenance energy requirement based on their body weight at the beginning of each period. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS. The statistical model included MC, protease, and their interaction as fixed effects, and replication, animal within replication, and period within replication as random effects. Protease supplementation did not affect AID or SID of AA in ECM. Similarly, no significant differences were observed in MC supplementation on AID and SID of AA, except for a significant increase (P &lt; 0.05) in the AID of Gly with MC supplementation compared with the non-supplemented diet. No interactive effects were found between MC and protease supplementation on the AID and SID of AA in growing pigs. In conclusion, the digestibility of AA in ECM fed to growing pigs with and without enzyme supplementation did not differ, and no interactive effects were observed. Future studies will aim to investigate the dose-effect to accurately determine whether the absence of an effect was attributable to improper enzyme-to-substrate ratio.
375 The effects of protease supplementation on weaned piglet performance and intestinal function fed greater amounts of lower digestible protein sources
Authors: Tactacan Glenmer B , Babatunde Olufemi O , Lahaye Ludovic 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The present study investigated the impact of dietary protease supplementation on the growth performance and intestinal function of weaned piglets when fed a diet comprising high levels of low digestible protein sources, in comparison with a standard commercially representative piglet diet. A total of 180 weaned piglets, 21 d old, of Duroc × Large White × Landrace crossbreeds, with an initial body weight (BW) of 6.27 ± 0.45 kg, were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments: 1) a standard commercial positive control (PC) diet comprising 22.2% soy protein, 5% whey protein, and 3% fish meal, 2) a negative control (NC) diet comprising 30.1% soy protein without whey protein and fish meal, and 3) a NC diet supplemented with 0.02% protease (NC + PROT). The diets were formulated to be iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric and were pelleted at conditions of 0.4 MPa and 75°C. The experimental design employed a completely randomized design with 6 replicate pens per treatment, each pen containing 10 piglets. Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA, with differences between means assessed using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (P &lt; 0.05). In terms of piglet performance, feeding the NC diet, containing high levels of low digestible protein sources, resulted in a significant decrease (P &lt; 0.05) in final BW, average daily gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (ADFI) by 3.1%, 8.2%, and 5.2%, respectively, compared with piglets fed the PC diet. Conversely, the NC diet significantly increased (P &lt; 0.05) the feed-to-gain ratio and incidence of diarrhea by 3.4% and 88.3%, respectively, relative to PC. However, the supplementation of protease in the NC + PROT diet restored final BW, feed-to-gain ratio, and incidence of diarrhea to the same level as PC, while ADG and ADFI were increased (P &lt; 0.05) by 4.6% and 4.3%, respectively. Regarding intestinal function, relative to PC, piglets fed the NC diet exhibited significantly less (P &lt; 0.05) duodenal villus height, crude protein digestibility, and gene expressions of duodenal peptide transporter PepT1 and jejunal amino acid transporter b0,+AT, while blood urea nitrogen and diamine oxidase concentrations were greater (P &lt; 0.05). However, the addition of protease in the NC diet reinstated measures of intestinal function, as NC + PROT-fed piglets showed similar duodenal villus height, crude protein digestibility, gene expressions of duodenal peptide transporter PepT1 and jejunal amino acid transporter b0,+AT, as well as blood urea nitrogen and diamine oxidase concentrations to PC. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of protease in weaned piglets fed higher levels of lower digestible protein sources mitigated losses in growth performance and intestinal functionality by enhancing intestinal development, protein digestibility, nutrient transport efficiency, and overall health status of piglets.
384 Synthesis of glycine from trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline by placentae but not endometria of gestating gilts
Authors: Connolly Erin D , He Wenliang , Lopez Arianna , Olivarez Maddison , Cain Joseph , Lefevre Carli , Ross Alex , Johnson Gregory , Bazer Fuller , Wu Guoyao 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (Hyp) is an abundant amino acid in the collagen of pigs. The turnover of this protein releases a large amount of Hyp, traditionally considered a metabolic waste. However, results of recent studies documented the conversion of Hyp into glycine in young pigs. Because pregnant gilts are typically fed a soybean meal-based diet that contains insufficient glycine and provides only 35% of the total glycine needed by pregnant gilts, it is possible that the conceptus can form glycine from Hyp. This hypothesis was tested in the present study. Gilts were fed a 1.8-kg corn- and soybean meal-based diet containing 14% crude protein. On d 90 of gestation, gilts (n = 5) were hysterectomized after euthanasia. Slices (~ 100 mg) of placentae or endometria were incubated at 37 °C for 2 h in oxygenated (95% O2/5% CO2) Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4, with 5 mM D-glucose) containing 0 or 2 mM Hyp. After a period of 2 h incubation, 200 μL of 1.5 M HClO4 was added into the incubation medium to stop the reaction. The tissues were homogenized and rinsed with 1 mL water, followed by the addition of 100 μL of 2 M K2CO3. The neutralized extract was analyzed for amino acids using HPLC involving derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde. Tissues that received no incubation time were determined as well. Data were analyzed by the paired t-test. Results indicated that glycine was produced from 2 mM Hyp by the placenta (Table 1). Glycine was subsequently converted into serine by the placenta. The formation of glycine and serine from Hyp was not due to protein breakdown because there were no differences (P &gt; 0.05) in concentrations of tyrosine (an amino acid that is neither synthesized nor degraded by porcine placentae) in the incubation medium plus tissue at the end of a 2-h incubation period. In contrast to placentae, endometria did not form glycine or serine from Hyp. These findings indicate an important role for Hyp in the provision of both glycine and serine in the conceptus, which may be nutritionally and physiologically significant to compensate for a deficiency of glycine in maternal diets for gestating gilts. (Supported by a USDA/NIFA grant # 2022-67015-36376 and USDA multistate Hatch project #7752: S1081)