bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of the Temperature of Waste Biomass Py-Rolysis on the Quality of the Obtained Biochar
Authors: Marczak Marta , Karczewski Mateusz , Makowska Dorota , Burmistrz Piotr 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Combustion and co-combustion of biomass from different sources is one of the most popular technologies applied in Poland. It allows management of numerous industrial, communal and agricultural waste. Organic waste constitutes one of the richest sources of cheap biomass solid fuels since they are very popular. The paper includes an assessment of practical use of biomass waste: hazelnut shell and pistachio nut shell. The impact of pyrolysis temperature (300, 450 and 550°C) of the investigated biomass on the quality of the obtained biochar was determined and the optimal temperature of this process was defined. The quality of the investigated biomass was analysed on account of its use for energy purposes. Numerous advantageous properties of the obtained materials were found out, for instance: low content of ash and a noticeable increase of the calorific value with an increase of the pyrolysis temperature.
Assessment of the Logistic System of Fuel Life Cycle Using the LCA Method
Authors: Marek Aleksander , Kardasz Piotr , Karpinski Mikolaj , Pohrebennyk Volodymyr 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This paper presents the logistic system of fuel life cycle, covering diesel oil and the mixture of rapeseed oil and butanol (2:3 ratio), using the Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) method. This method is a technique in the field of management processes with a view to assessing the potential environmental hazards. Our intention was to compare the energy consumption needed to produce each of the test fuels and emissions of selected substances generated during ithe production process. The study involved 10,000 liters of diesel and the same amount of rapeseed oil and butanol mixture (2:3 ratio). On the basis of measurements the following results were obtained. To produce a functional unit of diesel oil (i.e. 10,000 liters) it is necessary to extract 58.8 m3 of crude oil. The entire life cycle covering the consumption of 10,000 liters of diesel consumes 475.668 GJ of energy and causes the emission to air of the following substances: 235.376 kg of COx, 944.921 kg of NOx, 83.287 kg of SOx. In the ease of a functional unit, to produce a mixture of rapeseed oil and butanol (2:3 ratio) 10,000 kg of rapeseed and 20,350 kg of straw should be used. The entire life cycle of 10,000 liters of a mixture of rapeseed oil and butyl alcohol (2:3 ratio) absorbs 370.616 GJ of energy, while emitting the following air pollutants: 105.14832 kg of COx, 920.03124 kg of NOx, 0.162 kg of SOx. Analysis of the results leads to the conclusion that it is oil refining which is the most energy-intensive and polluting process in the life cycle of diesel. The process consumes 41.4 GJ of energy, and causes a significant emission of sulfur oxides (50 kg). In the production of fuel that is a mixture of rapeseed oil and butyl alcohol (2:3 ratio), rape production is the most energy-intensive manufacturing process is (absorbs 53.856 GJ of energy). This is due to the long operation time of the farm tractor and combine harvester. The operation of these machines leads also to the emission of a significant amount of pollution in the form of COx (2.664 kg) and NOx (23.31 kg).
An Experimental Study Of The Compression Properties Of Polyurethane-Based Warp-Knitted Spacer Fabric Composites
Authors: Chen Si , Zhang Xue-pei , Chen Hong-xia , Gao Xiao-ping 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The present work has reported the compression properties of polyurethane-based warp-knitted spacer fabric composites (PWSF). In order to investigate the effect of structural parameters of fabric on the compression performance of composites, a series of warp-knitted spacer fabrics (WSF) with different structural parameters including spacer yarn inclination angle, thickness, fineness of spacer yarns, and outer layer structure have been involved. The produced composites have been characterized for compression properties. The energy-absorption performance during the compression process has been determined as a function of the efficiency and the compression stress obtained from compression tests. The results show that the composites based on spacer fabrics having smaller spacer yarns inclination angle, higher fabric thickness, finer spacer yarn, and larger mesh in outer layers perform better with respect to energy-absorption properties at lower stress level, whereas at higher stress level, the best energy-absorption abilities are obtained in case of spacer fabrics constructed of larger spacer yarn inclination angle, lower fabric thickness, coarser spacer yarn, and smaller mesh in surface layers.
Patient’s Cross-border Mobility Directive: Application, Performance and Perceptions Two Years after Transposition
Authors: Riedel Rafał 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This paper seeks to analyse the directive on the application of patients’ rights in cross-border healthcare. Two years after the transposition, it is time for first evaluations of its application, performance and perception. The analysis consists of three major elements: reconstruction of the legal scope and subject matter of the new legislation, conclusions of the evaluative reports monitoring its implementation and performance as well as the public opinion polls revealing the EU citizens’ perception of its details. These three components combined together deliver a picture of the state of play about the pan-European cross-border patients’ mobility. The bottomline conclusions negatively verify the supposition present in some earlier literature on patients’ cross-border mobility that the directive has a transformative potential leading towards the creation of truly competitive pan-European medical market. After two years of its operation, there is still no increased patients’ mobility across EU internal borders observed. As regards the speculations for the future, there are only some weak symptoms identified and they may result in intensified cross-border mobility for healthcare.
A Structural and Grammatical Analysis of the Estonian Constitution
Authors: Rull Addi , Tamme Tõnu , Võhandu Leo 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe authors propose a novel quantitative method to analyse the structure of legal texts. The method enables to determine grammatical similarity between legal texts. The authors use the external theory of fundamental rights to separate the text of fundamental rights of the Estonian Constitution into two categories of norms: constitutional rights and restrictions. Grammatical similarity between constitutional rights, restrictions and selected legal acts and case law is measured. The layer of special norms renders the best grammatical similarity with the text of fundamental rights. The same grammatical similarity tests can be replicated to cover other jurisdictions in the future. The research is experimental, but the authors believe that the method can be utilised in fields of computational linguistics and legal text mining, but also in research where legal text structures are analysed for various purposes.
Location Determinants of Portuguese FDI in Poland
Authors: Aleksandruk Patrycja , Forte Rosa 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In recent years, Poland has become one of the most attractive locations for foreign investment and has strengthened its position in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and throughout Europe. The aim of this paper is to analyse what makes Poland an attractive market for foreign investors, to offer a better understanding of reasons why Poland is a more attractive location compared to its neighbours in the CEE. After surveying Portuguese investors in Poland, our results indicate that the most significant factor determining locating a business in Poland is its large domestic market. Poland’s location is also appreciated by Portuguese investors while deciding on FDI. As indicated by Portuguese investors, the most important obstacles to investment in Poland are language barriers, cultural differences and bureaucracy. These results are relevant for companies who wish to invest in Poland and can also assist policymakers in designing policies to attract FDI.
Matrix metalloproteinases: an emerging role in regulation of actin microfilament system
Authors: Bildyug Natalya 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMatrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are implicated in many physiological and pathological processes, including contraction, migration, differentiation, and proliferation. These processes all involve cell phenotype changes, known to be accompanied by reorganization of actin cytoskeleton. Growing evidence indicates a correlation between MMP activity and the dynamics of actin system, suggesting their mutual regulation. Here, data on the influence of MMPs on the actin microfilament system, on the one hand, and the dependence of MMP expression and activation on the organization of actin structures, on the other hand, are reviewed. The different mechanisms of putative actin-MMP regulation are discussed.
A New Localization Algorithm Based on Taylor Series Expansion for NLOS Environment
Authors: Ren Jin , Chen Jingxing , Bai Wenle 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In Non-Line-Of-Sight (NLOS) environment, location accuracy of Taylorseries expansion location algorithm degrades greatly. A new Taylor-series expansion location algorithm based on self-adaptive Radial-Basis-Function (RBF) neural network is proposed in this paper, which can reduce the impact on the positioning accuracy of NLOS effectively on the basis of the measurement error correction. RBF neural network has a faster learning characteristic and the ability of approximate arbitrary nonlinear mapping. In the process of studying, RBF neural network adjusts to the quantity of the nodes according to corresponding additive strategy and removing strategy. The newly-formed network has a simple structure with high accuracy and better adaptive ability. After correcting the error, reuse Taylor series expansion location algorithm for positioning. The simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm has high location accuracy, the performance is better than RBF-Taylor algorithm, LS-Taylor algorithm, Chan algorithm and LS algorithm in NLOS environment.
Joint Timing Synchronization and Channel Estimation Using Perfect Sequence in Uplink Time Domain Synchronous OFDMA
Authors: Lakshmanan M. , Mallick P.S. , Nithyanandan L. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractTime Domain Synchronous Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (TDS-OFDMA) is used in mobile broadband wireless access scheme in uplink transmission. This leads to multiple user interference due to timing offset and frequency offset. In this paper, the effect of timing offset and channel estimation in mobile broadband system is analysed. Time-space two dimensional structure is used in TDS-OFDMA and perfect sequence is used for guard interval to achieve perfect timing synchronization and channel estimation for each user. Simulations are performed for timing synchronization and channel estimation using perfect sequence under Urban channel, Indoor Office B channel and HIPER LAN-A channel. Simulation results show that the timing synchronization is achieved and channel estimation performance using perfect sequence is better than CAZAC and PN Sequences.
Analysis and Design of Colpitts Oscillator for Short-range WSN
Authors: Yousefi Mousa 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In this paper, analysis and design of colpitts oscillator with ability to transmit data at low output power with application in short-range wireless sensor networks such as MICS is described. Reducing the area required to implement the transmitter, on-chip implementation and appropriate energy efficiency are the advantages of this structure that makes it suitable for the design of short-range transmitter in biomedical applications. The proposed OOK transmitter works at 405 MHz with 10 Mbps data rate. Output power and total power consumption are 25 µW and 726 µW, respectively. Energy efficiency is 72.6 pJ/bit. The transmitter has been designed and simulated in 0.18 µm CMOS technology.
Heart-rate Monitoring System Design and Analysis Using a Nios II Soft-core Processor
Authors: Keat Lim Chun , Jambek Asral Bahari , Hashim Uda 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The heart rate of a person is able to tell whether they are healthy. A heart-rate monitoring device is able to measure or record the heart rate of a person in real time, whether it is an electrocardiogram (ECG) or a photoplethysmogram (PPG). In this work, a microprocessor system loaded with a heart-rate monitoring algorithm is implemented. The microprocessor system is the Nios II processor system, which interfaces with an analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) and a pulse sensor. A beat-finding algorithm is used in the microprocessor system for heart rate measurement. An experiment is carried out to analyse the functionality of the microprocessor system loaded with the algorithm. The results show that the detected heart rate is in the range of the average human being’s heart rate. The signal flow within the microprocessor system is observed and analysed using SignalTap II from Quartus’ software. Based on a power analysis report, the proposed microprocessor system has a total power dissipation of around 218.26 mW.
TFC polyamide NF membrane: characterization, application and evaluation of MTPs and MTC for simultaneous removal of hexavalent chromium and fluoride
Authors: Gaikwad Mahendra S. , Balomajumder Chandrajit 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The aim of the present work was check the feasibility of thin film composite (TFC) polyamide NF500 nanofiltration (NF) membrane for simultaneous removal of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] and fluoride from a synthetically prepared binary solution. The characterizations of the membrane were made with techniques like Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The study of simultaneous removal of Cr(VI) and fluoride ions at different parameters such as feed concentration, pressure and pH. Evaluation of mass transfer coefficient (MTC) and membrane transport parameters (MTPs) using the combined film theory-Spiegler-Kedem (CFSK) model. The estimated parameters are used to predict membrane performance for simultaneous removal of Cr(VI) and fluoride. Experimental results and model predicted results that show good correlations.
Questions de style à propos des romans arthuriens en vers des xiie et xiie siècles
Authors: James-Raoul Danièle 
Published: October 2016

Résumé:
Indépendamment de son objet fuyant, qui, par nature, se dérobe et se métamorphose sans cesse, ne fait pas consensus, le style a été pensé pendant longtemps comme un impossible sujet d’étude dans la littérature médiévale, un anachronisme. Certes, la question du style de l’œuvre médiévale demeure sans doute, aujourd’hui encore, épineuse, mais elle mérite d’être reconsidérée de près: comme l’ont montré de récents travaux, entre pratique et théorie, le style s’affirme comme une référence parfaitement pertinente pour approcher la littérature du Moyen Âge, l’apprécier et l’évaluer, aussi pour accéder à la transformation qui réalise un texte en œuvre et au style d’auteur. S’y intéresser dans les romans arthuriens en vers des xii
e et xiii
e siècles relève de la gageure quand le corpus, immense, est déterminé par trois caractéristiques elles-mêmes problématiques: la première, le vers, s’impose pour d’évidentes raisons d’écriture et de gestion d’un corpus à restreindre un tant soit peu, mais on manque cruellement de données d’études sur lui; les deux autres, mieux étudiées, sont sujettes à caution: la matière, organisée autour du roi Arthur, est une notion dont on sait à quel point elle suscite, depuis peu, d’interrogations quant à sa circonscription, voire sa validité; quant au genre romanesque, il est par excellence tentaculaire et englobant, et son existence à l’époque médiévale ne fait pas l’unanimité, même pour les médiévistes. Je soulèverai peut-être plus de questions que je ne donnerai de réponses dans cette étude, soulignant par là que des recherches sont encore à mener. Après avoir dressé une sorte de constat sur ce qui appelle de ses vœux l’étude du style des œuvres médiévales aux xii
e et xiii
e siècles, je verrai comment opérer, c’est-à-dire comment évaluer méthodologiquement le style pour dégager ensuite, non pas une sorte de patron de l’œuvre médiévale en vers d’alors, mais plutôt des tendances globales de l’écriture permettant d’envisager, pour finir, la délicate question de la particularisation du style des romans arthuriens en vers à cette époque.
The Joy of Love in Béroul’s
Tristan
and Chrétien’s
Chevalier de la Charrette
Authors: Paradisi Gioia , Fuksas Anatole Pierre 
Published: October 2016

Abstract:
The connection between the joie d’amor and the bleeding wound defines a proper Pathosformel, an iconic set based on the predetermined connection between a pleasurable emotion and a painful bodily state, that summarizes the dialectic of love on which both Béroul’s Tristan and Chrétien’s Charrette are based.
L’influence des
Métamorphoses
d’Ovide sur la visite de Perceval au château du Roi Pêcheur
Authors: Péron Goulven 
Published: October 2016

Résumé:
La quête moderne des origines du Graal a suscité ces dernières décennies des hypothèses nombreuses et variées qui ont contribué à rendre le sujet fortement complexe. Nous présentons dans cet article une nouvelle théorie explicative basée sur la simple supposition que la visite de Perceval au château du Roi Pêcheur, telle que Chrétien de Troyes nous la décrit dans son célèbre Conte du Graal, est un emprunt à un passage des Métamorphoses d’Ovide. Dans son ouvrage, l’auteur latin nous raconte en effet comment le héros Thésée, bloqué par un fleuve, est invité dans son palais par un personnage souffrant d’une mutilation: le dieu-fleuve Achelous en personne. Au cours du somptueux repas qui est servi, une nymphe entre dans la pièce portant dans ses mains la mythique corne d’abondance. Puis Thésée quitte abruptement le palais et reprend sa route sans plus se soucier du fleuve. Le schéma général de la visite au palais d’Achelous offre des similitudes frappantes avec la première apparition du Graal au château du Roi Pêcheur dans le roman de Chrétien de Troyes, mais le passage des Métamorphoses propose aussi à travers ses textes enchâssés riches en paradoxes – en particulier l’histoire d’Erysichton et de Mnestra telle que contée par Achelous lors de la visite de Thésée –, des éléments qui semblent pouvoir nous éclairer sur plusieurs autres détails du Conte du Graal, notamment sur le qualificatif de «pêcheur» attribué par Chrétien de Troyes au roi gardien de l’objet mythique, et d’émettre des hypothèses sur l’invention de la lance qui saigne et sur l’état du père du roi, uniquement nourri par le Graal depuis de nombreuses années sans que Chrétien n’en donne jamais la raison.
Clinical chorioamnionitis at term VII: the amniotic fluid cellular immune response
Authors: Martinez-Varea Alicia , Romero Roberto , Xu Yi , Miller Derek , Ahmed Ahmed I. , Chaemsaithong Piya , Chaiyasit Noppadol , Yeo Lami , Shaman Majid , Lannaman Kia , Cher Benjamin , Hassan Sonia S. , Gomez-Lopez Nardhy 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjectives:1) To characterize the cellular composition of the amniotic fluid of patients diagnosed with clinical chorioamnionitis at term, as a function of the presence or absence of microorganisms determined by cultivation techniques, and 2) to characterize the cytokine production by white blood cells present in the amniotic fluid using flow cytometry-based techniques.Materials and methods:Amniotic fluid samples from 20 women who had the diagnosis of clinical chorioamnionitis at term were analyzed using cultivation techniques (for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria as well as genital Mycoplasmas). Amniotic fluid IL-6 concentrations were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Amniotic fluid leukocytes were visualized by using hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunofluorescence. Immunophenotyping of surface markers and cytokines was performed in amniotic fluid leukocytes using flow cytometry.Results:1) Neutrophils (CD45+CD15+ cells) were the most common leukocyte subset found in the amniotic fluid, followed by monocytes (CD45+CD14+ cells); other white blood cells (such as lymphocytes and natural killer cells) were scarce in the amniotic fluid; 2) the absolute counts of neutrophils and monocytes were significantly higher in patients with microorganisms found in the amniotic fluid than in those without detectable microorganisms, using cultivation techniques; 3) there was a significant correlation between the absolute counts of neutrophils and monocytes determined by flow cytometry (Spearman’s correlation=0.97; P<0.001); 4) there was a significant correlation between the absolute white blood cell count determined with a hemocytometer chamber and by flow cytometric analysis (Spearman’s correlation=0.88; P<0.001); and 5) the profile of cytokine expression differed between monocytes and neutrophils; while neutrophils predominantly produced TNF-α and MIP-1β, monocytes expressed higher levels of IL-1β and IL-1α.Conclusion:Flow cytometry analysis of the amniotic fluid of patients with intra-amniotic infection and clinical chorioamnionitis at term demonstrated that neutrophils and monocytes are the most common cells participating in the inflammatory process. We have characterized, for the first time, the differential cytokine expression by these cells in this important complication of pregnancy.
The crystal structure of 1,3-bis(2,6-diiso-propylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene)-dibromido-(1-methyl-1H-imidazole-κ1N)palladium(II) – ethyl acetate – water (1/1/1), C31H42Br2N4Pd
Authors: Yin Shun-Chao , Zhou Yong-Fang , Li Ye , Qian Peng-Cheng 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
C31H42Br2N4Pd, monoclinic, P21/c, a = 12.3093(14)Å, b = 15.2805(18) Å, c = 20.3205(17) Å, β = 112.213(5)°, V = 3538.5(7) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0540, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1528, T = 298(2)K.
Crystal structure of cis-bis(2,2′-bipyrimidine-κ2N,N′)bis(thiocyanato-κN)nickel(II), C18H12N10NiS2
Authors: Ha Kwang 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
C18H12N10NiS2, tetragonal, I41/a (no. 88), a = 12.1303(5) Å, c = 28.7471(12) Å, V = 4230.0(4) Å3, Z = 8, R
gt(F) = 0.0329, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0854, T = 223(2) K.
Upconversion nanoparticles for bioimaging
Authors: Song Chenxi , Zhang Shubiao , Zhou Quan , Hai Hua , Zhao Defeng , Hui Yunze 
Published: October 2016

AbstractFluorescent labeling is a widely used indispensable tool in biology. Conventional downconversion fluorescence labels with ultraviolet or short-wavelength excitation suffer from autofluorescence, low signal-to-noise ratio, and incident photo damage to living organisms. However, upconverting fluorescent nanoparticles emit detectable photons of higher energy in the near-infrared (NIR) or visible range upon irradiation with a NIR light in a process termed upconversion. They overcome some of the disadvantages faced by conventional downconversion labels with the advantages including very low autofluorescence, absence of photo damage to living organisms, high detection sensitivity, and high depth of light penetration, thus making them an ideal fluorescent label for bioimaging. The present review focuses on the features of upconversion nanoparticles, the applications of upconversion nanoparticles in bioimaging, and the bioimaging equipments and methods and discusses the obstacles and development trend of upconversion nanoparticles in bioimaging; we hope this work will provide insights into the study of relevant fields. Upconversion nanoparticles have special photoluminescent properties. Substantial advancements have been made in the field of upconversion nanoparticles for bioimaging. A large number of modifications of upconversion nanoparticles are studied to make them more hydrophilic and biocompatible. At the same time, the safety and toxicity of nanoparticles have caused wide public concern.