bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SEROPREVALENCE OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII AMONG CANCER PATIENTS IN AL-AMAL CENTER FOR TREATMENT OF CANCER PATIENTS IN TAIZ CITY, YEMEN
Authors: Al-Taj Mohammed Abdo , Alkobati Hekma Ali Hassan 
Published: October 2024

The current study was done in Taiz city during the period from March 2019 to march 2020, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among cancer patients and to determine the association of T. gondii seropositivity in cancer patients with gender, age and number of chemical doses in Al-Amal Center for Treatment of Cancer Patients in Taiz governorate, Yemen, using serological test by rapid devise Toxo-kits method. A total of 368 blood samples from cancer patients were collected and examined for anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM antibodies. The overall T. gondii seroprevalence, including both Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and Immunoglobulin M (IgM) positive individuals was 42.12% (155/368). The seroprevalence rate of IgG and IgM antibodies was 41.58% (153/368) and 14.13% (52/368), respectively. Regarding sex, no statistically significant difference was found, with 65 seropositive out of 148 (43.92%) in males and 90 out of 220 (40.91%) in females (P>0.05). The seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was high in all age groups, especially in younger and older cancer patients (aged from 1-10 and >80 years old), (50.00%) in each; while the lower seroprevalence (25.81%) was detected in cancer patients aged 21 to 30 years old, but the differences were not significant (P> 0.05). Moreover, the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis was higher in individuals treated with chemotherapy (43.07%) than those not used chemotherapy (39.60%), with no significant difference (P>0.05). T. gondii infection remains a major threat to cancer patients, and it needs proper screening, diagnosis and treatment.
HACIA UNA SOCIEDAD INCLUSIVA
Authors: Sotomayor Celi María Soledad , Blacio Aguirre Phd Galo Stalin 
Published: October 2024

La creación de una sociedad inclusiva implica reconocer y promover los derechos fundamentales de todas las personas, independientemente de sus capacidades. En este contexto, resulta imperativo abordar de manera específica el derecho al trabajo de las personas con discapacidad. En el presente artículo se analiza el derecho al trabajo de las personas con discapacidad en el Ecuador, como un derecho fundamental inherente a la dignidad del ser humano, ya que su reconocimiento involucra un sinnúmero de toma de decisiones y políticas públicas por parte del Estado ecuatoriano encaminadas a eliminar barreras y adaptar el entorno social que permita lograr una efectiva inserción al trabajo de este grupo de personas de atención prioritaria. El objetivo central es identificar las barreras que enfrentan en el ámbito laboral las personas con discapacidad así como las mejores prácticas y políticas que han demostrado ser efectivas en diversos contextos, con el fin de promover un entorno laboral inclusivo y equitativo.
Para ello, se ha aplicado un análisis comparativo, que permita contrastar las políticas y prácticas de inclusión laboral ejecutadas dentro de nuestro país, identificando los factores clave que contribuyen al éxito de dichas iniciativas.
GESTÃO DOS RECURSOS PREVIDENCIÁRIOS DO REGIME PRÓPRIO DE PREVIDÊNCIA SOCIAL DO MUNICÍPIO DE GENERAL SAMPAIO DOS ANOS DE 2013 A 2023
Authors: Luz João Vianey Santos , Chagas Milton Jarbas Rodrigues 
Published: October 2024

O presente trabalho teve o intuito de compreender o processo de gestão e distribuição das contribuições do Regime Próprio de Previdência Social no município de General Sampaio, respeitando a Constituição Federal Brasileira e a lei orgânica municipal, com o enfoque de analisar a sustentabilidade financeira presente e futura, comparando dados da gestão anterior com a gestão atual. Sendo assim, indagou-se a seguinte questão problema: Quais os impactos positivos e negativos do RPPS do município de General Sampaio gerido pelo GSPREV, administrativamente do ano de 2013 a 2023, e a segurança financeira para a concessão de benefícios previdenciários futuros? Para dar fundamentação à questão problema, os dados apresentados fazem uma comparação entre duas gestões diferentes, analisando o superávit ou déficit financeiro em cada período, do qual se utilizou as pesquisas bibliográficas e documentais para embasamento dos dados. Sendo assim, os dados sugerem que a primeira gestão (2013-2016) teve um desempenho financeiro superior à segunda gestão (2017-2023), apresentando um superávit consideravelmente maior e mais consistente ao longo do período. A segunda gestão, por sua vez, enfrentou dificuldades financeiras em diversos anos, resultando em um déficit acumulado significativo, como, identificação de fragilidades na gestão financeira, necessidade de ajustes na política previdenciária, impactos positivos na concessão de benefícios, etc. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a necessidade de uma gestão mais eficiente dos recursos previdenciários, a importância da atualização periódica da legislação previdenciária, a necessidade de garantir a sustentabilidade financeira do sistema a longo prazo.
Examining the Influence of Respiratory Disorders on Some Hematobiochemical Parameters in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar Libyan Sheep
Authors: Abrayk Salah Eldein S. , Abd ALati Mohammd M. , Abubaker Zaid , Hammad Nagat A, , Akraiem Almahdi M. , AL-Zail Nura I. 
Published: October 2024

The aim of this study was evaluate some the Changes in blood indicators and selected biochemical variables in the serum of infected sheep Respiratory diseases are indistinguishable in terms of cause. This study was carried out on 60 native sheep in Elgabal Alakhdar province in Libya; Divided into tow group (group1)- 20 clinically healthy sheep,second groups including 40 animals( Experimental group ) the animals showed symptoms of respiratory disease, including a higher than normal temperature, an increase in pulse and respiratory rate , and the presence of nasal discharge. The animals were aged more the six month and weighed from 35-60 kg.Two blood samples were collected: whole blood samples for hematological picture, while serum samples for biochemical analysis which included, glucose Total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Serum concentrations of sodium (Na), potassium (K) and chloride. Significant changes between diseased animals and healthy animals were observed in values of hemogram and biochemical parameters including, WBCs ,RBCs ,HG and show significant change in biochemical parameter glucose,AST ,ALT ,Total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), and Serum concentrations of sodium (Na), potassium (K) and chloride.
Comparison between Green and Chemical Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Characterization and Antibacterial Activit
Authors: Ibrahim Dalal M. , Idris Hamad M , Mohammed Hind M. 
Published: October 2024

Using chemical reduction and green technology, two different approaches are used in the current work to synthesize silver nanoparticles. Pomegranate peel extract has been utilized in green technology applications. Furthermore, In the chemical approach, polyvinylpyrrolidine and ascorbic acid were utilized as reducing agents, and the optical, structural, and antibacterial characteristics of the two versions were investigated. In comparison to the chemical reduction variant (30.38 nm), the particle sizes in the green technique (19.5 nm) were smaller. Comparing green silver nanoparticles to chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles, SEM pictures showed that the former had formed a distinct crystalline shape and were evenly distributed on the surface. Granules constituted the shape of the particles. Additionally, it spreads topically. Whereas the greenly synthesized variant's absorption band was at 280 nm, the chemically synthesized variant's absorption band was at 300 nm. It was demonstrated by spectroscopic data of green silver nanoparticles that they have the capacity to produce and stabilize silver nanoparticles. Chemically produced green silver nanoparticles were also exposed to FTIR analysis to identify active functional groups. Silver particles can also be stabilized by chemically produced silver nanoparticles. To assess the antibacterial activity, the nanoparticle agar diffusion method was employed. The bacteria detected in the medium were Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In the green form, the bacterial growth inhibition zone was larger and was produced with varying concentrations of 25 ml, 50 ml, 75 ml, and 100 ml, or 13 ml, 10 ml, 9 ml, and 8 ml for Staphylococcus aureus and 15 ml, 12 ml, 10 ml, and 7 ml for E. coli, respectively. Green-produced transcripts exhibited higher antibacterial responses, which were likely caused by the faster rate of nanoparticle stabilization mechanism by organic compounds found in pomegranate fruit peel extract.
A study On Quasi- Hadamard Product of A class of Analytic Functions Defined by Sălăgean Operator
Authors: Hussain A. A. , Aouf M. K. , Mostafa A. O. 
Published: October 2024

The purpose of this paper is to study some known properties for certain class of uniformly functions defined in the open unite disk Especially, is to obtain quasi-Hadamard products for certain class of univalent functions which are defined by means of the Sălăgean operator. Relevant connections of the results presented here with those obtained in earlier works are also pointed out.
Effect of Cold Stratitication and Gibberellic Acid Treatment on Seed Germination and Seedlings Growth of Quince (Cydonia oblonga)
Authors: Saleh Abaidalah A. , Mazik Khalid M, 
Published: October 2024

أجريت الدراسة بهدف تحديد تأثير طول فترت التنضيد البارد، الغمر في حمض الجبريليك والتداخل بينهما على خصائص الإنبات ونمو شتلات السفرجل، تتميز بذور السفرجل بجود سكون الجنين الراجع الي وجود مثبطات الانبات في أغلفة البذرة. حيث عرضت البذور لثلاث فترات تنضيد (30، 60، 90 يوم) وعوملت بحمض الجبريليك بتركيزات (0، 250، 500، 1000 جزء في المليون)، استخدم تصميم القطاعات الكاملة العشوائية في تنفيذ هذه الدراسة واحتوت كل معاملة على 40 بذرة. أظهرت النتائج أن فترات التنضيد أثرت معنوياً على خواص الإنبات والنمو حيث اعطت فترة التنضيد 90 يوم اعلي نسبة وسرعة للإنبات، اطول شتلة أكبر مساحة ورقة ونسبة من المادة الجافة بمتوسط (87%, 1,88، 37.35 سم، 31سم2 و55%، كما ادى استخدام تركيز (500 جزء في المليون) إلى الحصول على أفضل نسبة وسرعة لانبات البذور، في حين التركيز (1000جزء في المليون) اعطى اطول طول للشتلة وأكبر مساحة للورقة ونسبة من المادة الجافة. أظهر التداخل بين فترات التنضيد وتراكيز حمض الجبريليك تأثيراً معنوياً على خصائص الإنبات والنمو، حيث أعطت البذور المنضدة لفترة 60 يوماً والمعاملة بتركيز (500 جزء في مليون) من حمض الجبريليك أعلى نسبة إنبات (94%) والفترة 90 يوم مع التركيز 1000 جزء بالمليون سجلت أكبر مساحة ورقة وأعلى نسبة من المادة الجافة (34.40سم2 و57,54%) على التوالي. بينما اعطت البذور غير المعاملة بحمض الجبريليك والمنضدة لمدة 60 يوماً اعلى قيمة لقطر للشتلات بمتوسط (2،89 ملم). ومن ذلك نستنتج ان المعاملة بحمض الجبريليك مع التنضيد البارد ذات اهمية اقتصادية لدورها الفعالة في كسر سكون البذور.
Evaluation of Stability constant of Binary complex of Tannic Acid with Fe(II) in Aqueous Solution: Potentiometric Study
Authors: Shnin Nouria A. , Haiwdi Aziza K. , Zidan Mohamed , Alabbsi Aisha A. 
Published: October 2024

In this study, the protonation equilibria of the tannic acid was determined and used for determining the stability constants of the binary complexes formed with iron (II) ions in the aqueous medium under the experimental conditions by potentiometric method using Irving and Rossotti equation, where Stability constant was 3.205 for Fe(II)–tannic acid complex, while Fe(II) was formed complexes with tannic acid of various stoichiometries, which in the 1:1 molar ratio at pH = 11.24. Furthermore, the ionic strength and the influence of temperature on the stability of the complexes is investigated, where stability constant in presence 0.1 M NaCl (ionic strength) of binary iron-Tan complex equal 3.254, and at different temperatures were log K1= 3.156 at 298.15 K, log K1 = 3.205 at 310.15 K, and log K1 = 3.256 at 313.15 K.
Identification of Insect Pests in Stored Pulses within Tripoli, Libya
Authors: Abuelnnor Nagat A. 
Published: October 2024

أجريت هذه الدراسة للبحث في أنواع الآفات الحشرية المتواجدة بخمسة أنواع من الحبوب البقولية وهي: الحمص، الفول، الفاصوليا البيضاء، البازلاء والعدس الأحمر. تم الحصول على عينات هذه البقوليات عشوائيا من أسواق محلية مختلفة بمدينة طرابلس كما يلي: سوق الجمعة، تاجوراء، عين زارة، طرابلس المركز، أبو سليم، حي الأندلس وجنزور. أظهرت النتائج أن 39.05 % من العينات كانت مصابة بنوع أو أكثر من الحشرات. من خلال النتائج المتحصل عليها كانت النسب المئوية للعينات المصابة كالتالي: الفول 52.38 %، البازلاء 42.86%، العدس الأحمر 38.11 %، الفاصوليا البيضاء 33.33% والحمص 28.57%. بينت النتائج أيضاً وجود ثماني أنواع من الآفات الحشرية في العينات المدروسة. وهي: سوسة اللوبيا Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)، خنفساء الفول الصينية Callosobruchus chinensis L.، خنفساء الفاصوليا Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say)، خنفساء الفول الصغيرة Bruchidius incarnatus Boheman، سوسة الحبوب Sitophilus granarius (L.)، ثاقبة الحبوب الصغرى Rhizopertha dominica (F.) ، خنفساء الدقيق الحمراء Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) و خنفساء الحبوب المنشارية Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.). من خلال النتائج المتحصل عليها كانت أكثر أنواع الخنافس وجوداً هي سوسة اللوبيا C. maculatus بنسبة مئوية 18.10 %، خنفساء الفاصوليا A. obtectus 14.29 % وثاقبة الحبوب الصغرى R. dominica بنسبة مئوية بلغت 8.57 %.
The causes of Clinical and Subclinical Pathogenic Mastitis and anti-bacterial Resistance in Milk of Dairy Cows in and around Shahat, Libya
Authors: Altalhy Ahmad , Othman Hamzah 
Published: October 2024

: من إجمالي 200 عينة حليب جمعت في الفترة ما بين يناير 2018 إلى مارس 2020 تم عزل 126 عينة مصابة بالتهاب بكتيري بنسبة (63٪. (مقسمة كالتالي: كأكبر عامل مسبب لالتهاب الضرع السريري وهي:
Escherichia coli 46 (36.5%), Streptococcus pyogens 31 (24. 6%), and positive staphylococcus aureus 19 (15 %). بينما Streptococcus dysgalactiae(15.079. 21%) كانت المسبب الأكبر في التهاب الضرع الإكلينيكي. مع ذلك، وفي كلا النوعين من التهاب الضرع، تم أيضًا عزل 4 حالة إيجابية من عوامل بكتيرية أخرى والتي كانت بنسبة منخفضه، وبالتالي لا يمكن اعتبارها مهمة مثل Klebsiella spp أو غير معدية مثل Corynebacterium spp.وكانت مقاومة البكتريا للمضادات الميكروبية معتدلة في إجمالي العينات إلا penicillin وكذلك tetracycline في Streptococci وفي Staphylococci النسبة وإن كانت ليست عالية إلا أنها تهدد الصحة العامة ويرجع أهمية هذه المضادات الحيوية إنها تستخدم في علاج البشر بالإضافة إلى أنه يجب التنويه إلى أن المعلومات حول مشكلة التهاب الضرع في ليبيا ضعيفة.
تقدير معدل الجرعة المحفزة من سماد كبريتات الأمونيوم لتثبيت النيتروجين حيوياً بواسطة Rhizobium Bacteria في نبات الفول تحت الظروف المحلية
Authors: الحديدي هدى أحمد , بن عامر فاطمة أبراهيم 
Published: October 2024

أجريت الدراسة لتحديد الجرعة المحفزة من سماد كبريتات الأمونيوم وذلك بإضافة المعدلات [0 – 20 – 25 – 50 – 100] كجم ن/هـ مع صنفين من نبات الفول المتداول محليا [ الصنف المغربي، والصنف المصري] ، وقد تفاوتت استجابة الصنفين عند إضافة لقاح Rhizobium المعزول والمعدّ محليا مع المعدلات المحددة من النيتروجين، وكان التجانس في النتائج ملحوظا في[النسبة المئوية للنيتروجين في النبات، وزن العقد البكتيرية، عدد العقد البكتيرية، وزن الجذور] والذي كان متفقا مع نتائج العديد من الدراسات السابقة سواء في النبات المعامل وغير المعامل، مع وجود فروق معنوية عند مستوى معنوية 0.01 في النبات المعامل بلقاح Rhizobium المعدّ محليا في هذه الدراسة تحت مسمى [F2k22]، وقد أوضحت النتائج المتحصل عليها من التجربة قيد الدراسة لموسميين متتالين أن أنسب معدل محفز وأفضل معاملة لكل العوامل المدروسة هي إضافة [25 كجم ن/هـ] في وجود لقاح Rhizobium، وهذا يؤكد أن معدل الجرعة المتعارف عليها 20 كجم ن/هـ غير كافية وغير فعالة لتثبيت النيتروجين حيوياً تحت الظروف المحلية.
Formulas and Rainbows
Authors: Duncombe Stephen 
Published: October 2024

The book concludes with a consideration of what is at stake with artistic activism. Without some sort of method of evaluation, artistic activism will be, at best, a blind gesture toward social change and, at worst, an empty farce. In response, a (somewhat farcical) formula is suggested as a sort of shorthand for thinking about the essentials of assessment. Artistic activism is also full of surprises. It is forever producing affects and effects that we did not predict or even desire; one could even argue that this is its strength. In the end, we may never know definitively whether artistic activism works, yet evaluation—by demanding rigorous reflection on artistic aims and activist goals, audiences, ethics, and impact—will make it work better.
Efektivitas Pembelajaran Kitab Taisirul Kholaq Dalam Meningkatkan Akhlak Siswa
Authors: Annisa Erisa Veriany Nur , Jumari Jumari 
Published: October 2024

Juvenile delinquency is an act of violating norms and rules committed during adolescence or the transition from childhood to adulthood. Teenagers are an asset that every country has. This research aims to find out; 1) Local Content Learning of Kitab Taisirul Kholaq at An-Nur Al Anwar Junior High School Bululawang Malang, 2) Student morals at An-Nur Al Anwar Junior High School Bululawang Malang, 3) The Effect of Local Content Learning of Kitab Taisirul Kholaq on Student Morals at An-Nur Al Anwar Junior High School Bululawang Malang. This research was conducted with a quantitative approach using the type of correlation research, used to determine the correlation or relationship of local content learning Kitab Taisirul Kholaq on student morals. The sample used in this study was 15% of the population with a purposive sampling technique of 54 students. Data collection techniques using observation, questionnaires, and documentation. The results showed 1) it is known that the minimum value of the local content variable is 36, the maximum value is 62, the mean is 44.13, Std Deviation is 4.434, Variance is 19.662 from 54 respondents. 2) The minimum value of the student morals variable is 46, the maximum value is 83, the mean is 62.07, Std Deviation is 6.375, Variance is 40.636 from 54 respondents. 3) There is an influence of local content learning of the book of Taisirul Kholaq on student morals at An-Nur Al Anwar Junior High School with a moderate level of strength.
Atonement in the Old Testament
Authors: Spackman T. Benjamin 
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses several prominent atonement themes of the Old Testament as represented by key terms. These are the verbal, nominative, and derivative forms of (1) atone, (2) save, and (3) redeem. These terms—and their expanded usage in uniquely LDS scripture— are examined briefly through the lenses of diachronic/semantic shift, translation, and transformation/adaptation (through the King James Version) among Latter-day Saints. How and why did Latter-day Saint understanding or application of the ideas represented by these terms diverge from Israelite understandings?
Contingency across Higher Education
Authors: Doe Sue , Shulman Steven 
Published: October 2024

This chapter provides new evidence about trends and explanations for contingent faculty hiring across different types of colleges and universities. Cross-tabulations use federal data on higher education from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), the major federal database on higher education. This data is supplemented with reporting on the experiences of contingency across institutional types as described in the published literature and on-the-ground eyewitness sources. This combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches demonstrates the differences between claimed and real costs of contingency. Budgetary necessity, the most common reason given for contingent hiring, is assessed alongside the costs asserted by people experiencing contingency. Findings suggest that while contingency varies across institutional type, the challenging working conditions faced by contingent faculty generally do not.
VIÊM PHỔI DO PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII TRÊN NGƯỜI BỆNH GHÉP THẬN: CA LÂM SÀNG VÀ TỔNG QUAN Y VĂN
Authors: Huỳnh Ngọc Phương Thảo , Trần Minh Hoàng , Bùi Thị Hạnh Duyên 
Published: October 2024

Viêm phổi do Pneumocystis Jirovecii (PJP) là tình trạng nhiễm trùng cơ hội có thể gặp trên người bệnh (NB) ghép thận, nhất là trong giai đoạn 6 tháng đầu sau ghép. Đây là nguyên nhân quan trọng gây tử vong ở NB ghép thận. Chúng tôi báo cáo hai trường hợp PJP trên NB ghép thận được điều trị tại Bệnh viện Đại học Y Dược Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh (BV ĐHYD TPHCM). Trường hợp thứ nhất, NB được ghép thận tại BV ĐHYD TPHCM, đây là ca đầu tiên ghi nhận biến chứng PJP tại trung tâm của chúng tôi. Trường hợp này, PJP xảy ra sau ghép khoảng 2,5 tháng, với các triệu chứng lâm sàng không rõ ràng và tổn thương phổi khá nặng trên phim X-quang. Trường hợp thứ hai, NB ghép thận tại một trung tâm khác, PJP xảy ra tương đối trễ, sau ghép thận 4 năm. Trong trường hợp này, triệu chứng lo ngại đầu tiên không phải là triệu chứng hô hấp mà là sụt cân không rõ nguyên nhân. Cả hai trường hợp PJP đều nặng, NB có giai đoạn phải chuyển theo dõi tại Khoa Hồi sức tích cực, suy hô hấp nặng phải thông khí hỗ trợ. Mặc dù vậy, cả hai trường hợp đều đáp ứng tốt với điều trị và xuất viện với tình trạng hô hấp hồi phục hoàn toàn.
An Introduction to Jean Bodel
Authors: Ramey Lynn T. 
Published: October 2024

This book explores the life and works of Jean Bodel, an influential author who lived in twelfth-century Arras, France. A versatile poet, playwright, and epic writer who established new genres such as fabliaux and the mystery play, Bodel remains relatively unknown to Anglophone audiences. Lynn Ramey offers translations and summaries of works never published before in English while delving into Bodel’s historical and cultural context. After a brief introduction to the poet, Ramey highlights the stimulating and cosmopolitan environment of Arras, considering the influence of the Crusades and social movements in shaping Bodel’s works. Next, Ramey provides an extensive survey of all of Bodel’s known writing across his prolific career by genre, from his most well-known work, The Play of Saint Nicholas (Le Jeu de saint Nicolas), to his final piece, Farewell (Les Congés), which offers important insight into his diagnosis of leprosy toward the end of his life. Ramey translates several pieces including pastourelles, fabliaux, and selections from the Song of the Saxons (Chanson des Saisnes). The book also includes information on Bodel’s sources, a chronology, and a glossary. With much of the existing scholarship on Bodel only available in French, this book bridges a gap in knowledge of the poet and serves as a useful resource for both students and specialists. An Introduction to Jean Bodel allows a broader audience to engage with the writer’s wide-ranging work and contributions to literary history.
Space Policy for the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Whitman Cobb Wendy N. , Frazier Derrick V. 
Published: October 2024

This book provides readers with the first comprehensive overview of major space policies in the United States and a framework through which to analyze them. It examines all facets of space policy—civilian, military, and commercial—and presents this material accessibly for use by readers at multiple levels, from undergraduate courses to government practitioners making and implementing policy. The first section offers a history of space exploration, focusing on the US within a global context. The second section looks at the actors and institutions involved in setting space policy in a government based on the separation of powers, including the president, Congress, NASA, and the Department of Defense. The book concludes with chapters on the different sectors of space policy, as well as questions this field will face in the future. As policymakers and business leaders become increasingly aware of the everyday systems that depend on space technologies, such as communications, mapping, and weather monitoring, and as space becomes a more visible arena for commercial competition, potential humanitarian gain, and military threats, Space Policy for the Twenty-First Century helps students and professionals navigate the complexity of space as a policy area.