bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Behavioral Consequences and Recovery Patterns of Largemouth Bass Exposed to MS‐222 or Electrosedation
Authors: Prystay Tanya S. , Elvidge Chris K. , Twardek William M. , Logan James M. , Reid Connor H. , Clarke Shannon H. , Foster Jordann G. , Cooke Emma L. L. , Cooke Steven J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractFish are commonly sedated to render them immobile and thus easier to handle for research, veterinary, and aquaculture practices. Since sedation itself imposes a significant challenge on the targeted fish, the selection of sedation methods that minimize physiological and behavioral disturbance and recovery time is essential. Two popular sedation methods include the chemical tricaine methanesulfonate (MS‐222) and electrosedation. Although many studies have already investigated the physiological consequences of these methods, there is limited research examining the latent behavioral effects on fish. Using Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides as a model species, we compared the postsedation behaviors of fish that were sedated with either MS‐222 or electrosedation to those of a control group exposed to the same handling protocol. Immediately after sedation, fish exposed to either treatment demonstrated lower reflex scores than the control group. Time to resume regular ventilation did not differ between chemically sedated and electrosedated fish; however, electrosedated fish regained equilibrium faster (mean ± SE = 154 ± 20 s) than fish that were exposed to MS‐222 (264 ± 30 s). Locomotor activity and swimming performance were assessed at 5‐, 30‐, or 60‐min intervals, beginning after individuals had recovered from sedation sufficiently to regain equilibrium. For all postsedation intervals, locomotor activity was two times greater in the electrosedated group than in the control and MS‐222 groups. Other behavioral measures (refuge emergence time, activity level, and flight initiation distance) and swimming performance did not differ at 5, 30, or 60 min postrecovery for any of the treatment groups. Our results indicate that while both chemical and electrical sedation methods result in impairment (i.e., sedation) immediately after treatment, these behavioral effects do not persist beyond 5 min postrecovery, and the two methods have similar impacts on Largemouth Bass. However, we caution that these results cannot be extrapolated to other fish species without further study.Received September 27, 2016; accepted January 17, 2017 Published online April 3, 2017
Vertical Movements of Juvenile Sablefish in Coastal Southeast Alaska
Authors: Coutré Karson M. , Beaudreau Anne H. , Courtney Dean , Mueter Franz J. , Malecha Patrick W. , Rutecki Tom L. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Diel vertical migration is commonly associated with pelagic fish species, but demersal fishes may also undertake vertical movements while managing foraging tradeoffs during their vulnerable juvenile stage. We examined fine-scale vertical movements of age-0 juvenile Sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria to better understand behavioral patterns that may affect their survival in nearshore habitats. Thirteen juvenile Sablefish (mean FL = 241.9 mm) were implanted with acoustic transmitters and were monitored by use of two acoustic receivers from October 5 to November 14, 2003, within St. John Baptist Bay, Baranof Island, Alaska. The six fish that remained within range of the receivers spent the majority of their time near the bottom but made periodic vertical excursions. Generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to determine the relationships between excursion frequency and the tidal stage and diel period. For all Sablefish, variation in excursion frequency was related to date and diel period, with the highest excursion frequency observed during dawn and day periods and the lowest frequency observed at night. Over the 40-d period, excursion frequency increased to a peak on day 33 (i.e., early November). Generalized linear models for each individual fish supported the finding that the excursion behavior was primarily related to date and diel period; however, tidal stage also explained variation in excursion frequency for three of the six individuals that remained within receiver range. This study is the first to describe vertical migration of juvenile Sablefish in the wild and reveals that environmental conditions have the potential to influence the fine-scale movements of juvenile Sablefish within nearshore habitats.
MicroRNA-mediated dynamic control of mucosal immunity
Authors: Park Eun Jeong , Shimaoka Motomu , Kiyono Hiroshi 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a complex and important physiological and immunological organ embodying the first line of defense by which mucosal immunity regulates the immense number and diversity of naturally encountered antigens and commensal microflora. Effective microRNA (miRNA) control of transcription factors or mediators in mucosal immunity is essential to host defense and homeostasis in both physiologic and pathologic states. MiRNA biology has advanced our understanding of the immune regulatory system network at the level of post-transcriptional gene modification. Increasing knowledge on circulating miRNAs could potentially enhance diagnostic techniques in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Furthermore, recent findings on the dynamic role of exosomes vis-à-vis the intercellular transportation of miRNAs may provide insights on the use of miRNA as a target for treating IBD.
The impact of home care nurses’ numeracy and graph literacy on comprehension of visual display information: implications for dashboard design
Authors: Dowding Dawn , Merrill Jacqueline A , Onorato Nicole , Barrón Yolanda , Rosati Robert J , Russell David 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Objective
To explore home care nurses’ numeracy and graph literacy and their relationship to comprehension of visualized data.

Materials and Methods
A multifactorial experimental design using online survey software. Nurses were recruited from 2 Medicare-certified home health agencies. Numeracy and graph literacy were measured using validated scales. Nurses were randomized to 1 of 4 experimental conditions. Each condition displayed data for 1 of 4 quality indicators, in 1 of 4 different visualized formats (bar graph, line graph, spider graph, table). A mixed linear model measured the impact of numeracy, graph literacy, and display format on data understanding.

Results
In all, 195 nurses took part in the study. They were slightly more numerate and graph literate than the general population. Overall, nurses understood information presented in bar graphs most easily (88% correct), followed by tables (81% correct), line graphs (77% correct), and spider graphs (41% correct). Individuals with low numeracy and low graph literacy had poorer comprehension of information displayed across all formats. High graph literacy appeared to enhance comprehension of data regardless of numeracy capabilities.

Discussion and Conclusion
Clinical dashboards are increasingly used to provide information to clinicians in visualized format, under the assumption that visual display reduces cognitive workload. Results of this study suggest that nurses’ comprehension of visualized information is influenced by their numeracy, graph literacy, and the display format of the data. Individual differences in numeracy and graph literacy skills need to be taken into account when designing dashboard technology.
FR II radio galaxies at low frequencies – II. Spectral ageing and source dynamics
Authors: Harwood Jeremy J. , Hardcastle Martin J. , Morganti Raffaella , Croston Judith H. , Brüggen Marcus , Brunetti Gianfranco , Röttgering Huub J. A. , Shulevski Aleksander , White Glenn J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIn this paper, the second in a series investigating Fanaroff–Riley type II (FR II) radio galaxies at low frequencies, we use LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) and Very Large Array (VLA) observations between 117 and 456 MHz, in addition to archival data, to determine the dynamics and energetics of two radio galaxies, 3C 452 and 3C 223, by fitting spectral ageing models on small spatial scales. We provide improved measurements for the physical extent of the two sources, including a previously unknown low surface brightness extension to the northern lobe of 3C 223, and revised energetics based on these values. We find spectral ages of $77.05^{+9.22}_{-8.74}$ and $84.96^{+15.02}_{-13.83}$ Myr for 3C 452 and 3C 223, respectively, suggesting a characteristic advance speed for the lobes of around 1 per cent of the speed of light. For 3C 452, we show that, even for a magnetic field strength not assumed to be in equipartition, a disparity of a factor of approximately 2 exists between the spectral age and that determined from a dynamical standpoint. We confirm that the injection index of both sources (as derived from the lobe emission) remains steeper than classically assumed values, even when considered on well-resolved scales at low frequencies. However, we find an unexpected sharp discontinuity between the spectrum of the hotspots and the surrounding lobe emission. We suggest that this discrepancy is a result of the absorption of hotspot emission and/or non-homogeneous and additional acceleration mechanisms; as such, hotspots should not be used in the determination of the underlying initial electron energy distribution.
Use of biologics in severe food allergies
Authors: Fiocchi Alessandro , Pecora Valentina , Valluzzi Rocco L. , Fierro Vincenzo , Mennini Maurizio 
Published: April 2017

Purpose of review
Severe cases of food allergy account for the majority of the burden in terms of risks, quality of life, and resource expenditure. The traditional approach to these forms has been strict avoidance. More recently, Oral ImmunoTherapy (OIT) has gained a role in their management. However, in severe food allergies OIT is often infeasible.

Recent findings
Case reports, observational, and prospective studies have recently proposed different approaches to severe food allergy. The majority of them include the use of biologics. Omalizumab has been the most studied drug for severe food allergies, and its role as adjuvant treatment to OIT is well established. Interest has been raised on other biologics, as dupilumab, reslizumab, and mepolizumab. Toll-like receptor agonists, and gene therapy using adeno-associated virus coding for Omalizumab are promising alternatives.

Summary
The recent studies are deeply influencing the clinical practice. We review the modifications of the clinical approach to severe food allergies so far available. We indicate the possible evolutions of treatment with biologics in severe food allergies.
When Knowledge and Experience Do Not Help: A Study of Nonfatal Drug Overdoses
Authors: Najman Jake M. , McIlwraith Fairlie , Kemp Robert , Smirnov Andrew 
Published: April 2017

With recent increases in overdose deaths in Australia, there is renewed interest in understanding the factors that contribute to overdose. We examine the experiences of persons who report a nonfatal drug overdose. Fifty people who inject drugs (PWID) and who had accidently overdosed in the past 12 months were recruited and interviewed at 1 of 4 Needle and Syringe Program sites during September and October 2013.
Participants were typically male, middle-aged, with long injecting histories. Half of the participants reported mainly injecting pharmaceutical opioids. Most overdoses occurred at home with others present. An ambulance was called for only 38% of cases and 26% were admitted to a hospital emergency department. Police were seldom involved, and there were no complaints about the involvement of police at the time of the overdose.
Participants commonly had a history of overdosing, and most were on prescription medications for physical and/or mental health problems. Poly drug use was common for those reporting an accidental overdose. Benzodiazepines (eg, Xanax or Valium) were implicated in just over half of the overdoses.
Most of those reporting a recent overdose also report a past history of previous overdoses. Most of those reporting a previous overdose continue to use substances in ways they are aware contribute to the risk of an overdose.
Intraoperative Neurological Monitoring With Evoked Potentials During Carotid Endarterectomy Versus Cooperative Patients Under General Anesthesia Technique: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Marinò Valeria , Aloj Fulvio , Vargas Maria , Spinelli Gianmario , Pompeo Francesco , Chiacchiari Luigi , Servillo Giuseppe , Franco Elio 
Published: April 2017

Introduction:
The best technique to evaluate contralateral carotid flow during carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is still debated; an accurate detection of efficient contralateral blood flow can avoid unnecessary shunt placement and its complications. The aim of this retrospective observational study was to evaluate and compare the safety and efficacy of general anesthesia with motor-evoked potential and somatosensory-evoked potentials (mSSEP and tcMEP) versus cooperative patients under general anesthesia (CPGA) technique for CEA. Primary outcome was the rate of technical failure. The procedural time and shunt incidence between the 2 neuromonitoring strategies were also analyzed.

Patients and Methods:
A total of 331 patients who consecutively underwent CEA were included (100 patients in the CPGA group and 231 in the mSSEP+tcMEP group). The anesthesia technique was customized according to the cerebral monitoring needs. Comparison between groups was performed along with risk analysis.

Results:
Electrophysiological monitoring seems to be a safe and effective strategy of neuromonitoring during CEA. Compared with the CPGA technique, it ensures fewer technical failures, reduces surgical and anesthesiological time and, moreover, it may reduce shunt risk/incidence. The incidence of shunt between the CPGA group and mSSEP+tcMEP was statistically different (CPGA 12%, mSSEP+tcMEP 5.2%; P=0.02), and the relative risk reduction in the mSSEP+tcMEP group, compared with the CPGA group, was 0.57.

Conclusions:
mSSEP and tcMEP neuromonitoring was associated with less technical failure and procedural time than asleep-awake-asleep strategy. The evoked potential neuromonitoring may be an alternative technique to awake clinical assessment during CEA.
Can You Hear What I Think? Theory of Mind in Young Children With Moderate Hearing Loss
Authors: Netten Anouk P. , Rieffe Carolien , Soede Wim , Dirks Evelien , Korver Anna M. H. , Konings Saskia , Briaire Jeroen J. , Oudesluys-Murphy Anne Marie , Dekker Friedo W. , Frijns Johan H. M. 
Published: April 2017

Objectives:
The first aim of this study was to examine various aspects of Theory of Mind (ToM) development in young children with moderate hearing loss (MHL) compared with hearing peers. The second aim was to examine the relation between language abilities and ToM in both groups. The third aim was to compare the sequence of ToM development between children with MHL and hearing peers.

Design:
Forty-four children between 3 and 5 years old with MHL (35 to 70 dB HL) who preferred to use spoken language were identified from a nationwide study on hearing loss in young children. These children were compared with 101 hearing peers. Children were observed during several tasks to measure intention understanding, the acknowledgement of the other’s desires, and belief understanding. Parents completed two scales of the child development inventory to assess expressive language and language comprehension in all participants. Objective language test scores were available from the medical files of children with MHL.

Results:
Children with MHL showed comparable levels of intention understanding but lower levels of both desire and belief understanding than hearing peers. Parents reported lower language abilities in children with MHL compared with hearing peers. Yet, the language levels of children with MHL were within the average range compared with test normative samples. A stronger relation between language and ToM was found in the hearing children than in children with MHL. The expected developmental sequence of ToM skills was divergent in approximately one-fourth of children with MHL, when compared with hearing children.

Conclusion:
Children with MHL have more difficulty in their ToM reasoning than hearing peers, despite the fact that their language abilities lie within the average range compared with test normative samples.
Chikungunya virus and autoimmunity
Authors: Tanay Amir 
Published: April 2017

Purpose of review
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus. Fever, rash and severe arthralgia are the hallmarks of chikungunya fever (CHIKF), the disease caused by this virus. The acute course of the disease usually lasts few weeks to months. Chronic, relapsing or persistent arthralgia and arthritis have been described mimicking rheumatoid arthritis (RA), requiring immunosuppressive drugs.
The purpose of this review is to characterize both the chronic clinical course of CHIKF-associated arthritis and the immunological pathogenic mechanisms involved.

Recent findings
The effect of postepidemic chronic persistent rheumatic course on the functional status of affected individuals, affecting large populations, has been studied. One-third of affected individuals had persistent pain months to years postepidemic and the identified risk factors for functional disability were identified.
Inflammatory biomarkers associated with disease severity of RA such as interleukin 6 (IL6), and relevant chemokines have been found to correlate with the severity of postepidemic chronic disease. There are conflicting reports on antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) as well as rheumatoid factor and anti-citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA) sero-positivity during infections.
According to a recent study, eight out of 10 infected individuals developed chronic persistent rheumatic course and met classification criteria for seronegative RA.
In a flow cytology analyses, these eight patients, similar to a group of RA patients, had a greater percentage of activated and effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells than healthy controls.

Summary
Patients with CHKV infections may have a chronic persistent course of musculoskeletal disease, overlapping clinical and immunologic features with RA patients. In the appropriate setting and awareness, CHIKV infection should be considered when a patient is evaluated with a new symmetric polyarthritis.
The question to be raised: Is it possible that in genetic prone individuals and in a particular environmental and infectious setting, such as CHIKF outbreak, an autoimmune disease will emerge?
Mechanisms, impact and prevention of pathological bone regeneration in spondyloarthritis
Authors: Neerinckx Barbara , Lories Rik 
Published: April 2017

Purpose of reviewTo discuss different aspects of new bone formation in patients with spondyloarthritis based on emerging data from clinical trials, prospective cohort studies and translational laboratory investigations.Recent findingsNew bone formation potentially leading to ankylosis of the spine and sacroiliac joints remains an important concern for patients with axial spondyloarthritis. New therapeutic strategies, in particular targeting of interleukin-17, have emerged in addition to the antitumor necrosis factor drugs, but we still fail to fully understand the mechanisms of structural disease progression. A new paradigm is developing in which sustained and effective suppression of inflammation likely inhibits this structural disease progression. Biomechanical factors, in particular changes in bone microarchitecture in the vertebrae, and the need for core stability could provide a new framework to understand the relationship between bone remodeling and inflammation and to develop long-term strategies.SummaryNew bone formation leading to ankylosis remains a hallmark of axial spondyloarthritis and should be further investigated. The clinical data that progressively become available support the concept that effective and sustained therapy will be beneficial for the patients not only in short-term, but also in long-term outcomes.
Prevalence and Predictors of Pressure Injuries From Spine Surgery in the Prone Position
Authors: Lin Shuxun , Hey Hwee Weng Dennis , Lau Eugene Tze Chun , Tan Kimberly-Anne , Thambiah Joseph Shantakumar , Lau Leok-Lim , Kumar Naresh , Liu Ka-Po Gabriel , Wong Hee-Kit 
Published: April 2017

Study Design.
Review of data and prospective study.

Objective.
To investigate the prevalence and predictive factors of pressure injuries in spine surgery performed in the prone position, and to determine whether morphological changes and truncal shifts occurring during deformity correction predispose to this complication.

Summary of Background Data.
Spine surgery performed in the prone position presents the risk of developing pressure injuries. This risk is potentially increased in deformity correction, because it tends to involve more extensive procedures, with associated longer operating times.

Methods.
Cases of pressure injuries after spine surgery in the prone position were reviewed to ascertain prevalence and determine risk factors. Data including patient factors (age, sex, height, weight, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists grade, comorbidities, Braden scale, neurological status, spinal pathology) and surgical factors (approach, procedure type, number of screws, operated levels, operative time) were collected. Independent risk factors were identified via multivariate analysis. A subsequent prospective analysis of all patients undergoing spinal deformity correction was conducted by performing intraoperative measurements of body morphological changes and shifts in truncal positions. Statistical correlation was performed to determine whether positional shifts cause pressure injuries.

Results.
The prevalence of pressure injuries was 23.0%. Previous skin problems (P = 0.034), myelopathy (P = 0.013), operative time >300 minutes (P = 0.005), and more than four operated levels (P = 0.006) were independent predictors of pressure injuries. Being a spinal deformity patient was also an independent risk factor for developing pressure injuries (odds ratio 3.31, P = 0.010). Significant changes in body measurements during deformity correction were predictive of pressure injuries.

Conclusion.
Pressure injuries are prevalent in patients undergoing spine surgery while prone. Future studies should investigate strategies to prevent this complication based on the multiple risk factors identified in the present study. Patients undergoing spinal deformity correction surgery are particularly at risk due to intraoperative body morphological changes. Improved padding methods should be trialed in future studies.

Level of Evidence: 3