bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermo-mixed lubrication analysis of coated compression rings with worn cylinder profiles
Authors: Zavos Anastasios , Nikolakopoulos Pantelis 
Published: January 2017

Purpose
Compression rings are the main sources of frictional losses in internal combustion engines. The present paper aims to present a thermo-mixed hydrodynamic analysis for coated top compression rings. To understand the coating effects, the main tribological parameters are investigated into a ring-cylinder conjunction in a motorbike engine. Furthermore, flow simulations have been carried out on how different worn profiles on the cylinder inner liner affects friction, lubricant film and localized contact deformation of the coated compression rings.

Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, the basic geometrical dimensions of the top compression ring-cylinder system are obtained from a real motorbike engine. A 2D axisymmetric CFD/FLOTRAN model is created for coated compression rings. Flow simulations are performed by solving the Navier-Stokes and the energy equations. The load capacity of the asperities is also taken into account by Greenwood and Tripp contact model. Realistic boundary conditions are imposed to simulate the in-plane ring motion. The simulation model is validated with analytical and experimental data from the literature. Under thermal considerations, the contribution of worn cylinder profiles in conjunction with different coated compression rings is presented.

Findings
This research shows that because of thermal effects, the boundary friction is higher at reversals and the viscous friction is lower because of reduced oil viscosity. As regards to the isothermal case, the viscous friction is greater because of a higher lubricant viscosity. In the case of chromium-plated ring, boundary friction was 16 per cent lower than a grey cast iron ring taking into account thermal effects. Regarding the localized contact deformation, the coated compression rings showed lower values under different worn cylinder shapes. In particular, hard wear-resistant (Ni-Cr-Mo) coating showed the slighter local deformation. Therefore, the worn cylinder profiles promote boundary/mixed lubrication regime, whereas the lobed profile of cylinder inner liner becomes more wavy.

Originality/value
The solution of the thermo-mixed lubrication model, concerning the piston ring and worn cylinder tribo pair by taking into account the coating of the top compression ring.
Improvement of wear behaviour of titanium by boriding
Authors: Kara Gökhan , Purcek Gencaga , Yanar Harun 
Published: January 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to achieve a hard and protective borided layer on commercially pure Ti (grade-2) by applying boriding, and to investigate the changes in its microstructure, hardness, friction and wear behaviors.

Design/methodology/approach
Pack boriding technique was used to form a hard boron diffusion layer on titanium substrate. A powder mixture of amorphous boron and anhydrous borax was used as a solid-state boriding media, and then the boriding was carried out under inert atmosphere.

Findings
A thick dual boride layer consisting of a monolithic titanium diboride (TiB2) on the top and titanium monoboride (TiB) whiskers beneath that layer formed at relatively low diffusion temperature under pressured inert argon atmosphere in a boriding media containing boron source and activator. With boriding at specified conditions, very hard (4100 Hv0.01) and thick monolithic TiB2 layer formed on the top-most layer which is required for improved tribological applications. Hardness decreased gradually through the TiB whisker layer and finally reached to the hardness of base material.

Originality/value
This paper investigates the effects of components of boriding mixture and conditions of thermal treatment on the formation of borided layer and its properties. In previous studies, boriding mixtures containing a boron source, an activator and a filler material was generally used at high temperatures around or above 1,050°C to achieve a thick monolithic layer on the top of the surface of titanium. In the present study, no filler material was used to accelerate the boron diffusion because filler materials may inhibit the diffusion of boron atom through the surface of substrate of titanium. Also, diffusion treatment was carried out under pressurized argon atmosphere at relatively low diffusion temperature to achieve boride layer with the improved hardness and durability.
Military spending, armed conflict and economic growth in developing countries in the post-Cold War era
Authors: Aziz Nusrate , Asadullah M. Niaz 
Published: January 2017

PurposeWhile the relationship between military expenditure and economic growth during the Cold War period is well-researched, relatively less is known on the issue for the post-Cold War era. Equally how the relationship varies with respect to exposure to conflict is also not fully examined. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the causal impact of military expenditure on growth in the presence of internal and external threats for the period 1990-2013 using data from 70 developing countries.Design/methodology/approachThe main estimates are based on the generalized method of moments (GMM) regression model. But for comparison purposes, the authors also report estimates using fixed and random effects as well as pooled cross-section regressions. The regression specification accounts for non-linear effect of military expenditure allowing for interaction with conflict variable (where distinction is made between external and internal conflict).FindingsThe analysis indicates that methods as well as model specification matter in studying the effect of military spending on growth. Full sample estimates based on GMM, fixed, and random effects models suggest a negative and statistically significant effect of military expenditure. However, fixed effects estimate becomes insignificant for low-income countries. The effect of military spending is also insignificant in the cross-sectional OLS model if conflict is not considered. When the regression model additionally controls for conflict, the effect of military spending conditional upon (internal) conflict exposure is significant and positive. No such effect is present conditional upon external threat.Research limitations/implicationsOne important limitation of the analysis is the small sample size – the authors had to restrict analysis to 70 low and middle-income countries for which the authors could construct post-Cold War panel data on military expenditure along with information on armed conflict exposure (the later from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program, 2015).Originality/valueTo the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first paper to examine the joint impact of military expenditure and conflict on economic growth in post-Cold War period in a sample of developing countries. Moreover, an attempt is made to review and revisit the large Cold War literature where studies vary considerably in terms findings. A key reason for this is the somewhat ad hoc choice of econometric methods – most rely on cross-section data and rarely conduct sensitivity analysis. The authors instead rely on panel data estimates but also report results based on naïve models for comparison purposes.
Relative institutional quality and FDI inflows in ASEAN countries
Authors: Masron Tajul Ariffin 
Published: January 2017

PurposeForeign direct investment (FDI) inflows into any country, especially ASEAN countries, is affected by any improvement in the institutional quality (IQ) of competitors such as China. As generally investors make decisions by comparing two countries’ IQ, the ratio of two countries’ IQ matters more than a single country’s IQ. The purpose of this paper is to re-examine the role of IQ on FDI inflows in ASEAN countries for the period 1996-2013.Design/methodology/approachWith limited information on IQ, this study pools eight ASEAN countries as the sample for analysis from 1996 until 2013. A panel dynamic approach – namely, dynamic ordinary least square and fully modified ordinary least square – is utilized.FindingsThis study confirmed that relative IQ significantly affects FDI inflows into ASEAN countries. The low effect is more reflective of the small portion of world FDI inflows into the ASEAN region.Research limitations/implicationsThis study observes the crucial relationship between IQ and FDI – that the relative effectiveness of IQ in attracting FDI inflows depends heavily on the changes in both countries’ IQ. Hence, the effort of ASEAN countries to improve IQ and use it as a means to lure FDI inflows should go beyond a mere improvement. Focus should be on significant improvement of IQ so that multinational corporations will comfortably remain or inject new FDI into the country.Practical implicationsEvery ASEAN country should double their efforts toward improving their IQ in order to attract future FDI.Originality/valueSeveral studies have confirmed the role of IQ on FDI inflows. However, the majority of these studies have investigated the effect of IQ exclusively for a specific country even though some of them have used a panel of several countries’ data. On the other hand, investors normally evaluate their decision on whether or not to invest based on the relative terms, comparing several potential locations of investment at once. This study can be considered the first to explore the potential effect of IQ after taking into account the possibility of each ASEAN country’s IQ being easily offset by changes in the IQ of China.
Stock market development and income inequality
Authors: Tsagkanos Athanasios 
Published: January 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper, in contrast to other studies, is to examine an indirect relationship in terms of the effect of income inequality with stock market development in countries South of the Euro-zone during the period 2002-2013.

Design/methodology/approach
The author adopts a new econometric method, the Improved Augmented Regression Method, to obtain bias-reduced and stationary-corrected estimators.

Findings
The results reveal a negative relationship that puts into doubt the recovery of growth.

Originality/value
The new econometric methodology leads to a novel suggested policy on the need for reforms adopting a low-income tax rate system and reinforcement of export-oriented productivity. This conclusion is strengthened by the respective relationship in USA.
Ethical team leadership and trainee auditors’ likelihood of reporting client’s irregularities
Authors: Liu Guangyou , Ren Hong 
Published: January 2017

Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the impacts of audit engagement team’s ethical leadership, trainee auditors’ reporting intent and other selected factors on their likelihood of reporting client’s irregularities.

Design/methodology/approach
The present investigation is based on 150 effective questionnaire responses provided by a group of trainee auditors working for certified public accounting (CPA) firms. The questionnaire items relating to trainee auditors’ likelihood of reporting client’s irregularities are based on Crawford and Weirich’s (2011) classification of common forms of fraudulent financial reporting. The authors’ measurement of the audit engagement team leaders’ ethicality is based on the ethical leadership scale developed in Newstrom and Ruch (1975) and Kantor and Weisberg (2002). Regression models are used to testify the authors’ hypotheses on the correlations of the trainee auditors’ likelihood of reporting client’s irregularities with audit engagement team’s ethical leadership, trainee auditor’ reporting intents and other selected factors.

Findings
The major conclusion of this study is that there is a significantly positive correlation between trainee auditors’ likelihood of reporting client’s irregularities and their perception of audit engagement team leader’s ethicality. This paper also points out that trainee auditors’ higher evaluation of stable firm–client relationship reduces their likelihood of reporting client’s irregularities, whereas their concerns with future career development increase the likelihood of reporting. In addition, this paper documents the fact that male trainee auditors more easily perceive the ethicality of their team leader than females, and that trainee auditors with less academic achievements (lower GPA) tend to perceive more easily the ethicality of their team leader than those with better academic achievements (higher GPA).

Research limitations/implications
Two business ethics variables constructed and used in this study, i.e. trainee auditors’ likelihood of reporting client’s irregularities and engagement team leader’s ethicality, can be applied in future research on whistleblowing in the audit profession.

Practical implications
Practical implications can also be drawn from the findings to enhance the ethical management at both engagement and firm levels.

Originality/value
This paper contributes to the audit research literature by providing evidence on the significant positive impacts of team leader’s ethicality on the entry-level audit professional’s likelihood of reporting client’s irregularities.
An analysis of the Australian illicit tobacco market
Authors: Lauchs Mark , Keane Rebecca 
Published: January 2017

Purpose
This paper aims to provide an overview of the illicit tobacco market in Australia. It attempts to build a picture of the sources of demand, size of the market and methods of supply.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper is based on collation of disparate government reports, industry research, media and court documents. It is a preliminary paper in the absence of better source data.

Findings
The market is driven by the extremely high tax on tobacco in Australia. Australia’s geography emphasises on large shipments from overseas rather than small-scale smuggling. The likely market is for migrant communities with much higher smoker rates than in the mainstream community.

Research limitations/implications
It is not yet possible to conduct a well-focused research because of limited official documentation.

Practical implications
Few government agencies focus on tobacco smuggling, and there are no publications providing a strategic picture of the illicit market. This paper fills this gap by collating multiple sources to produce a market profile.

Social implications
The Australian Government loses $1bn per year in tobacco tax because of smuggling. The illicit supply also means that the social goal of the tax, namely, dissuading tobacco consumption, is undermined.

Originality/value
There are no academic or government publications describing the Australian illicit tobacco market. The only publications are based on research funded by the tobacco industry, which has a vested interest in overstating the size of the illicit market.
Procedural changes in Switzerland: the lawyer goes into the interrogation room
Authors: Courvoisier Julie 
Published: January 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to highlight how police officers, lawyers and prosecutors experienced the implementation of the mandatory presence of a lawyer during police interrogation since 2011 in Switzerland.

Design/methodology/approach
This research is based on semi-structured interviews conducted with these practitioners in order to expose their points of view regarding this novelty.

Findings
The presence of a lawyer during interrogation allows for a proper protection of the defendant’s rights. Even if this new collaboration between police and lawyers goes better than expected, some issues still remain. Lawyers can be helpful in some cases, but they also can be considered as an obstacle, especially for psychological aspects and the building of a relationship between police officers and suspects. The issue of videotaped interrogations seems to be currently important in Switzerland and most of these practitioners see this practice as potentially beneficial.

Practical implications
Police interrogation and the question of the defendant’s rights is often mediated, in particular by addressing the issue of false confessions. Knowing the advantages and drawbacks of having a lawyer during interrogation and how everyone experiences the practice can allow to adjust and to improve this new collaboration.

Originality/value
The case of Switzerland with the presence of a lawyer during police interrogations is quite special. Understanding how it works and also compared to videotaping is highly relevant not only for practitioners in criminal justice system.
Non-destructive methods for the measurement of moisture contents – a review
Authors: Nath K. Divya , Ramanathan Prabhu 
Published: January 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the moisture measurement techniques presently available, as accurate determination of the moisture content (MC) of grains or any food items at right time is very important for its processing, marketing and storing.

Design/methodology/approach
There are basically two types of MC measurement techniques – destructive method and non-destructive method. In the time-consuming destructive method, cleaning of the food items is done and shells of food items like peanuts are removed for which man power is required and so the technique becomes costly. A literature review of the existing non-destructive methods has been done, and the methodology of each approach is explained with the figure. The less time-consuming non-destructive technique used to measure MC require less man power, as grains or food items can be directly used without any process like cleaning or crushing so that the technique become economic.

Findings
Most of the techniques used magnetic or electric properties to measure the MC indirectly. The problem with existing non-destructive technique is that measurement of MC uses only few numbers or grams of grains or food items at a time.

Research limitations/implications
The farmers’ produce large quantity of grains. The small quantity of grains cannot be the representative sample for whole grains produced by the farmers. Most of the techniques use only small quantity of grains or food items at a time to measure the MC which is not accurate and representative of the produce. Also, the techniques are not simple and easily available. The cost of the techniques or arrangement to measure the MC is not reasonable.

Social implications
Most of the farmers in the developing countries are financially backward. To store the agricultural produce, MC of the commodities is a key factor influencing the quality of the storage. Measurement of the MC of the seeds is thus very important for the farmers.

Originality/value
This paper is a review of the previous research that happened in this area, and it would help the researcher to know the techniques already been used. To the knowledge of the authors, the review of the existing moisture measurement of seeds/agricultural commodities is available in the literature.
A new method for the design of pressure sensor in hyperbaric environment
Authors: Niu Zhe , Liu Kui , Wang Hongbo 
Published: January 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new method for the design of a pressure sensor in the hyperbaric environment.

Design/methodology/approach
The new method focuses on two vital parameters that are closely related to the output and sensitivity of the sensor. The rectangular diaphragm structure is adopted, and the piezoresistors are planted on the surface accordingly. To verify the effect of the method, a contrastive sensor chip is fabricated in a conventional way, and two types of sensor chips are tested at the same time.

Findings
The new method for the design of a pressure sensor is advisable and favorable. The sensor fabricated by the method possesses outstanding high sensitivity and a wide measurement range.

Originality/value
This paper provides a new idea for increasing the measurement range of the pressure sensor with an acceptable sacrifice of sensitivity.
The volatile emission of a specialist herbivore alters patterns of plant defence, growth and flower production in a field population of goldenrod
Authors: Yip Eric C. , De Moraes Consuelo M. , Mescher Mark C. , Tooker John F. 
Published: January 2017

Summary

Plants frequently employ induced, rather than constitutive, defences against herbivores and pathogens, presumably as an adaptive response to the unpredictability of attack by particular antagonists. Plants may further accelerate defence deployment by ‘priming’ appropriate defences in response to environmental cues that reliably predict impending attack. However, the population‐ and community‐level ecological consequences of such priming remain relatively unexplored.

We recently discovered that the volatile emissions of male Eurosta solidaginis prime the antiherbivore defences of its host plant, tall goldenrod (Solidago altissima). This co‐evolved system provides a unique opportunity to study the ecological consequences of priming in a natural system.

We explored effects of the priming cue on neighbouring ramets at varying distances from the emission source by quantifying subsequent levels of foliar herbivory, as well as plant growth and flower production (which might reveal trade‐offs between investment in growth or reproduction and defence).

We observed a linear increase in leaf damage with distance from the emission source (up to our maximal distance of 1 m), consistent with the hypothesis that the intensity of priming corresponds to the intensity of exposure to the fly emission.

Unexpectedly, ramets nearest the emission source also exhibited a short‐term increase in growth‐rate; however, this effect did not persist to the end of the season or increase flower production. Instead, ramet's mid‐distance from the emission source exhibited reduced growth and flower production compared to those nearer or farther away.

Synthesis. The responsiveness of Solidago altissima ramets to herbivore‐associated cues across a distance of 1 m or more is highly relevant in this system, where individual ramets frequently grow within a few cm of one another. Furthermore, the resulting mosaic of ramets primed to varying degrees might influence herbivore (and consequently predator) distributions. The unexpected decline in flower production by mid‐distance ramets suggests that the effects of plant priming on ecological interactions among plants and other organisms (such as tritrophic interactions and competition) may feed back onto plant fitness in complex, and as yet unexplored, ways.

A lay summary is available for this article.