bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Genomics of Chrysochromulina Ericina Virus and Other Microalga-Infecting Large DNA Viruses Highlights Their Intricate Evolutionary Relationship with the Established Mimiviridae Family
Authors: Gallot-Lavallée Lucie , Blanc Guillaume , Claverie Jean-Michel 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTChrysochromulina ericina virus CeV-01B (CeV) was isolated from Norwegian coastal waters in 1998. Its icosahedral particle is 160 nm in diameter and encloses a 474-kb double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome. This virus, although infecting a microalga (the haptophyceaeHaptolina ericina, formerlyChrysochromulina ericina), is phylogenetically related to members of theMimiviridaefamily, initially established with the acanthamoeba-infecting mimivirus and megavirus as prototypes. This family was later split into two genera (MimivirusandCafeteriavirus) following the characterization of a virus infecting the heterotrophic stramenopileCafeteria roenbergensis(CroV). CeV, as well as two of its close relatives, which infect the unicellular photosynthetic eukaryotesPhaeocystis globosa(Phaeocystis globosa virus [PgV]) andAureococcus anophagefferens(Aureococcus anophagefferens virus [AaV]), are currently unclassified by the International Committee on Viral Taxonomy (ICTV). The detailed comparative analysis of the CeV genome presented here confirms the phylogenetic affinity of this emerging group of microalga-infecting viruses with theMimiviridaebut argues in favor of their classification inside a distinct clade within the family. Although CeV, PgV, and AaV share more common features among them than with the largerMimiviridae, they also exhibit a large complement of unique genes, attesting to their complex evolutionary history. We identified several gene fusion events and cases of convergent evolution involving independent lateral gene acquisitions. Finally, CeV possesses an unusual number of inteins, some of which are closely related despite being inserted in nonhomologous genes. This appears to contradict the paradigm of allele-specific inteins and suggests that theMimiviridaeare especially efficient in spreading inteins while enlarging their repertoire of homing genes.IMPORTANCEAlthough it infects the microalgaChrysochromulina ericina, CeV is more closely related to acanthamoeba-infecting viruses of theMimiviridaefamily than to any member of thePhycodnaviridae, the ICTV-approved family historically including all alga-infecting large dsDNA viruses. CeV, as well as its relatives that infect the microalgaePhaeocystic globosa(PgV) andAureococcus anophagefferens(AaV), remains officially unclassified and a source of confusion in the literature. Our comparative analysis of the CeV genome in the context of this emerging group of alga-infecting viruses suggests that they belong to a distinct clade within the establishedMimiviridaefamily. The presence of a large number of unique genes as well as specific gene fusion events, evolutionary convergences, and inteins integrated at unusual locations document the complex evolutionary history of the CeV lineage.
Cellular Cholesterol Facilitates the Postentry Replication Cycle of Herpes Simplex Virus 1
Authors: Wudiri George A. , Nicola Anthony V. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT

Cholesterol is an essential component of cell membranes and is required for herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) entry (1–3). Treatment of HSV-1-infected Vero cells with methyl beta-cyclodextrin from 2 to 9 h postentry reduced plaque numbers. Transport of incoming viral capsids to the nuclear periphery was unaffected by the cholesterol reduction, suggesting that cell cholesterol is important for the HSV-1 replicative cycle at a stage(s) beyond entry, after the arrival of capsids at the nucleus. The synthesis and release of infectious HSV-1 and cell-to-cell spread of infection were all impaired in cholesterol-reduced cells. Propagation of HSV-1 on DHCR24
−/−
fibroblasts, which lack the desmosterol-to-cholesterol conversion enzyme, resulted in the generation of infectious extracellular virions (HSV
des
) that lack cholesterol and likely contain desmosterol. The specific infectivities (PFU per viral genome) of HSV
chol
and HSV
des
were similar, suggesting cholesterol and desmosterol in the HSV envelope support similar levels of infectivity. However, infected DHCR24
−/−
fibroblasts released ∼1 log less infectious HSV
des
and ∼1.5 log fewer particles than release of cholesterol-containing particles (HSV
chol
) from parental fibroblasts, suggesting that the hydrocarbon tail of cholesterol facilitates viral synthesis. Together, the results suggest multiple roles for cholesterol in the HSV-1 replicative cycle.

IMPORTANCE
HSV-1 infections are associated with a wide range of clinical manifestations that are of public health importance. Cholesterol is a key player in the complex interaction between viral and cellular factors that allows HSV-1 to enter host cells and establish infection. Previous reports have demonstrated a role for cellular cholesterol in the entry of HSV-1 into target cells. Here, we employed both chemical treatment and cells that were genetically defined to synthesize only desmosterol to demonstrate that cholesterol is important at stages following the initial entry and transport of viral capsids to the nucleus. Viral protein expression, encapsidation of the viral genome, and the release of mature virions were impacted by the reduction of cellular cholesterol. Cholesterol was also critical for cell-to-cell spread of infection. These findings provide new insights into the cholesterol dependence of HSV-1 replication.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen: Replicating and Shielding Viral DNA during Viral Persistence
Authors: Weidner-Glunde Magdalena , Mariggiò Giuseppe , Schulz Thomas F. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT
Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) establishes lifelong latency. The viral latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) promotes viral persistence by tethering the viral genome to cellular chromosomes and by participating in latent DNA replication. Recently, the structure of the LANA C-terminal DNA binding domain was solved and new cytoplasmic variants of LANA were discovered. We discuss how these findings contribute to our current view of LANA structure and assembly and of its role during viral persistence.
A pseudotumour of the thigh: tensor fasciae latae muscle hypertrophy due to an underlying abductor tendon tear
Authors: Meijer Ruben Petrus Johannes , Jasper Jorrit , Snoeker Barbara , Jansen Joris 
Published: April 2017

We present a patient with an asymptomatic unilateral swelling of the anterolateral thigh. MRI showed hypertrophy of the tensor fasciae latae muscle due to an underlying gluteus minimus tendon tear.Abductor tendon tears can present with swelling of the thigh due to secondary tensor fasciae latae muscle hypertrophy.
Epidemiology of injuries in judo: a cross-sectional survey of severe injuries based on time loss and reduction in sporting level
Authors: Akoto Ralph , Lambert Christophe , Balke Maurice , Bouillon Bertil , Frosch Karl-Heinz , Höher Jürgen 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundSport injury severity can be detected by duration of time loss and reduction of sporting performance.AimTo detect injury type-specific time loss duration and sporting performance reduction in judo.MethodsAn online survey of active and former judo athletes was conducted (exclusion criterion: incomplete questionnaire). Only injuries causing more than 3 weeks’ time loss were recorded. Athletes classified themselves into performance classes. Injury type-specific frequencies were recorded according to gender, age and performance level. Injury severity was assessed by time loss duration and performance reduction.ResultsThe study included 4659 athletes (65% male, 38% competitive sports). The most commonly injured body regions were the upper extremity (41%) and the lower extremity (39%). Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures were the most severe injury type (time loss: 4% of cases 3–6 weeks, 6% 6–12 weeks, 26% 3–6 months, 32% 6–9 months, 18% 9–12 months, 14%>12 months; performance reduction: 32% same level, 39% slightly reduced, 24% strongly reduced, 5% stopped judo). The second most severe type of injury was a vertebral disc prolapse (time loss: 26% 3–6 weeks, 31% 6–12 weeks, 20% 3–6 months, 7% 6–9 months, 3% 9–12 months 13%>12 months; reduction of sporting performance: 39% same level, 34% slightly reduced, 20% strongly reduced, 8% stopped judo).ConclusionAcross genders and performance levels, ACL ruptures and vertebral disc prolapses were the most severe injuries with respect to time loss and sporting performance reduction.
Improving opioid safety practices in primary care: protocol for the development and evaluation of a multifaceted, theory-informed pilot intervention for healthcare providers
Authors: Leece Pamela , Buchman Daniel Z , Hamilton Michael , Timmings Caitlyn , Shantharam Yalnee , Moore Julia , Furlan Andrea D 
Published: April 2017

IntroductionIn North America, drug overdose deaths are reaching unprecedented levels, largely driven by increasing prescription opioid-related deaths. Despite the development of several opioid guidelines, prescribing behaviours still contribute to poor patient outcomes and societal harm. Factors at the provider and system level may hinder or facilitate the application of evidence-based guidelines; interventions designed to address such factors are needed.Methods and analysisUsing implementation science and behaviour change theory, we have planned the development and evaluation of a comprehensive Opioid Self-Assessment Package, designed to increase adherence to the Canadian Opioid Guideline among family physicians. The intervention uses practical educational and self-assessment tools to provide prescribers with feedback on their current knowledge and practices, and resources to improve their practice. The evaluation approach uses a pretest and post-test design and includes both quantitative and qualitative methods at baseline and 6 months. We will recruit a purposive sample of approximately 10 family physicians in Ontario from diverse practice settings, who currently treat patients with long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain. Quantitative data will be analysed using basic descriptive statistics, and qualitative data will be analysed using the Framework Method.Ethics and disseminationThe University Health Network Research Ethics Board approved this study. Dissemination plan includes publications, conference presentations and brief stakeholder reports. This evidence-informed, theory-driven intervention has implications for national application of opioid quality improvement tools in primary care settings. We are engaging experts and end users in advisory and stakeholder roles throughout our project to increase its national relevance, application and sustainability. The performance measures could be used as the basis for health system quality improvement indicators to monitor opioid prescribing. Additionally, the methods and approach used in this study could be adapted for other opioid guidelines, or applied to other areas of preventive healthcare and clinical guideline implementation processes.
Effectiveness of befriending interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Siette Joyce , Cassidy Megan , Priebe Stefan 
Published: April 2017

ObjectiveBefriending is an emotional supportive relationship in which one-to-one companionship is provided on a regular basis by a volunteer. It is commonly and increasingly offered by the voluntary sector for individuals with distressing physical and mental conditions. However, the effectiveness of this intervention on health outcomes is largely unknown. We aim to conduct a systematic review of the benefits of befriending.DesignSystematic review.MethodsA systematic search of electronic databases was conducted to identify randomised controlled trials and quasi-experimental trials of befriending for a range of physical and mental health indications including depression, anxiety, mental illness, cancer, physical illness and dementia. Main outcomes included patient-relevant and disease-specific outcomes, such as depression, loneliness, quality of life, self-esteem, social support and well-being.ResultsA total of 14 trials (2411 participants) were included; 7 were judged at low risk of bias. Most trials showed improvement in symptoms associated with befriending but these associations did not reach statistical significance in all trials. Befriending was significantly associated with better patient-reported outcomes across primary measures (standardised mean difference 0.18 (95% CI, −0.002 to 0.36, I2=26%, seven trials)). However, there was no significant benefit on single outcomes, including depression, quality of life, loneliness ratings, self-esteem measures, social support structures and well-being.ConclusionsThere was moderate quality evidence to support the use of befriending for the treatment of individuals with different physical and mental health conditions. This evidence refers to an overall improvement benefit in patient-reported primary outcomes, although with a rather small effect size. The current evidence base does not allow for firm conclusions on more specific outcomes. Future trials should hypothesise a model for the precise effects of befriending and use specified inclusion and outcome criteria.
Misinterpretation of the Borg’s Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale by patients with panic disorder during ergospirometry challenge
Authors: Muotri Ricardo William , Bernik Marcio Antonini , Neto Francisco Lotufo 
Published: April 2017

IntroductionThe most widely used instrument to measure perceived exertion or exercise intensity is the Borg’s Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Scale. Panic attacks are aversive experiences that may be triggered by bodily sensations such as palpitations, breathlessness or dizziness due to increasing autonomic distress, prior sensitisation to panic and fear conditioning. The consequence is catastrophic interpretation of bodily sensations of arousal in general, which can lead to misinterpretation of exertion or exercise intensity.PurposeTo verify the effectiveness of the Borg’s RPE Scale as a measure of perceived effort in panic disorder subjects.MethodsThe study enrolled 72 subjects: the control group (C, healthy sedentary subjects, n=30) and patients with panic disorder (PD, n=42). All subjects were submitted to an ergospirometry challenge. Perceived exertion RPE scores and heart rate at 90% VO2max were compared between groups.ResultsPatients with PD showed lower levels of maximal oxygen consumption, when compared with C group [VO2max (mL/kg/min): PD=29.42±6.50xC=34.51±5.35; Student's t-test=−3.51; p <0.05]. Furthermore, among PD subjects, the maximum heart rate during ergospirometry challenge was lower than expected [predict max HR (bpm)=200.85±6.33xheart rate test (bpm)=178.86±7.28; Z=−5.64; p<0.05]. Perceived exertion, as measured by RPE, was also overestimated in relation to heart rate at 90% of maximum oxygen consumption compared with controls (RPE90%VO2max: PD=18.93±0.55xC=16.67±0.60; U=8.00; Z=7.42; p<0.05).ConclusionsThe present study findings suggest that the Borg’s RPE Scale may not be an appropriate measure of subjective exertion among subjects with panic disorder performing a cardiopulmonary exercise test.
The Casper carotid artery stent: a unique all metal micromesh stent designed to prevent embolic release
Authors: Diaz Orlando , Lopez Gloria , Roehm John O F , De la Rosa Ginna , Orozco Fernando , Almeida Rafael 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundStroke due to the release of embolic debris during the placement of a stent to correct carotid artery stenosis is a constant procedural and peri-procedural threat. The new all metal Casper stent has been created with two layers of nitinol, the inner layer of which has pores diminutive enough to prevent embolic release.ObjectiveTo evaluate the safety, effectiveness, and utility of the double layer nitinol Casper carotid artery stent in the treatment of patients with severe carotid artery stenosis.Methods19 patients with severe internal carotid artery stenosis, 14 symptomatic and 5 asymptomatic, were treated with the Casper stent. After stent placement, angiographic and cone beam CT images were recorded in all patients.ResultsThe unique low profile delivery system allowed for easy stent placement, re-sheathing, and repositioning of the stent. The large cell external layer produced excellent apposition to the artery wall. The inner layer prevented prolapse of atherosclerotic debris through the device. Plaque coverage was achieved; residual stenosis ranged from 0% to 20%. Long term angiographic follow-up in 5 patients showed wall apposition of the device covering the lesion and no restenosis. There were no procedure related complications. Two patients experienced a delayed ischemic stroke, likely related to inconsistent medical management.ConclusionsThe Casper has been an excellent stent for the treatment of internal carotid artery stenosis and its internal micromesh layer has been effective in preventing plaque prolapse. It provides the flexibility of large cell stents and the inner layer provides maximum protection against plaque prolapse.
(In)dependence of 𝜃 in the Higgs regime without axions
Authors: Shifman Mikhail , Vainshtein Arkady 
Published: April 2017

We revisit the issue of the vacuum angle [Formula: see text] dependence in weakly coupled (Higgsed) Yang–Mills theories. Two most popular mechanisms for eliminating physical [Formula: see text] dependence are massless quarks and axions. Anselm and Johansen noted that the vacuum angle [Formula: see text], associated with the electroweak SU(2) in the Glashow–Weinberg–Salam model (Standard Model, SM), is unobservable although all fermion fields obtain masses through Higgsing and there is no axion. We generalize this idea to a broad class of Higgsed Yang–Mills theories. In the second part, we consider the consequences of Grand Unification. We start from a unifying group, e.g. SU(5), at a high ultraviolet scale and evolve the theory down within the Wilson procedure. If on the way to infrared the unifying group is broken down into a few factors, all factor groups inherit one and the same [Formula: see text] angle — that of the unifying group. We show that embedding the SM in SU(5) drastically changes the Anselm–Johansen conclusion: the electroweak vacuum angle [Formula: see text], equal to [Formula: see text] becomes in principle observable in [Formula: see text] processes. We also note in passing that if the axion mechanism is set up above the unification scale, we have one and the same axion in the electroweak theory and QCD, and their impacts are interdependent.
Effect of composition on the tensile properties and fracture toughness of A7N01S-T5 aluminum alloys welded joints
Authors: Liu Yali , Gou Guoqing , Chen Jia , Chen Hui , Wang Wanjng , Li Xiaodong , Che Xiaoli , Wang Yirong 
Published: April 2017

In this paper, welded joints of four types of A7N01S-T5 aluminum alloy with different chemical compositions were investigated. The welding process was under 70% environmental humidity conditions at 10[Formula: see text]C with single-pulse GMAW welding technology. The strength and fracture toughness of the four types of samples were tested, and the microstructures were investigated by micro-X-ray fluorescence (SR-LXRF) technology and backscattered electron diffraction (EBSD) technology. The results showed that the #2 alloy that is composed of Zn: 4.59 wt.%, Mg: 1.56 wt.% Mn: 0.22 wt.%, Cr: 0.14 wt.%, Zr: 0.01 wt.% and Ti: 0.027 wt.% had the best combination of tensile strength and elongation, with the values of 302.35 MPa and 3.74%, respectively. The better result for the combination of the strength and elongation was mainly determined by the volume fraction and size. The fine grain size and compositions played important roles to obtain high fracture toughness.
Influence of sintering process on electrical properties and PTCR effect of laminated Ba1.005(Ti1−xNbx)O3 ceramics fired in a reducing atmosphere
Authors: Cheng Xuxin , Li Xiaoxia , Chen Xiaoming , Cui Haining 
Published: April 2017

This study investigates the influence of dopant content and firing conditions on electrical properties and positive temperature coefficient of resistance (PTCR) effect of Ba[Formula: see text](Ti[Formula: see text]Nb[Formula: see text]O3 (BTN) ceramics sintered at different temperatures from 1070[Formula: see text]C to 1220[Formula: see text]C for 2 h in a reducing atmosphere and reoxidized within the temperature range of 600[Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]750[Formula: see text]C for 0.5[Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]8 h. The results indicate that the room-temperature (RT) resistance of the laminated BTN specimens initially decreased and then increased as a function of the dopant concentration. Moreover, the resistance jump exhibited a contrasting tendency. Furthermore, the RT resistance of the BTN samples rapidly decreased at first and then gradually decreased with increasing sintering temperature. Meanwhile, the resistance jump of the samples increased first and then decreased. In addition, the influence of reoxidation times on the PTCR characteristics of ceramics was investigated.
Impaired popliteal artery flow-mediated dilation caused by reduced daily physical activity is prevented by increased shear stress
Authors: Teixeira André L. , Padilla Jaume , Vianna Lauro C. 
Published: April 2017

We recently showed that 5 days of reduced daily physical activity impair popliteal artery, but not brachial artery, flow-mediated dilation (FMD). However, the mechanisms by which physical inactivity causes leg vascular dysfunction are unclear. We reason that a reduction in leg blood flow-induced shear stress is a primary underlying mechanism by which reduced daily physical activity impairs popliteal artery FMD. Thus the purpose of this study was to determine whether increased leg blood flow and shear stress during inactivity prevent the reduction in popliteal artery FMD. Bilateral popliteal artery FMD measures were performed at baseline and after 5 days of a transition from high (>10,000 steps/day) to low levels (<5,000 steps/day) of physical activity in 13 healthy and physically active men [20 ± 2 (SD) yr]. During the inactive period, one foot was submerged in ~42°C water (i.e., heated leg) three times a day for 30 min each period, to increase blood flow and thus shear stress, whereas the contralateral leg remained dry and served as internal control (i.e., nonheated leg). During heating, popliteal artery mean shear rate was increased in the heated leg (change of 119.3 ± 26.4%, P < 0.01) but slightly decreased in the nonheated leg (change of −21.8 ± 7.5%, P = 0.03). Popliteal artery FMD was impaired after 5 days of reduced daily physical activity in the control nonheated leg ( P < 0.01) but was unchanged in the heated leg ( P = 0.34). These results support the hypothesis that reduced leg blood flow-induced shear stress during physical inactivity is a key underlying mechanism mediating leg vascular dysfunction. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We found that the impairment in popliteal artery flow-mediated dilation caused by physical inactivity can be prevented by increased shear stress. These findings indicate that reduced leg blood flow-induced shear stress during physical inactivity may be a key underlying mechanism mediating the detrimental leg vascular effects of physical inactivity. Heating the foot area may be used as a nonpharmacological therapy to combat inactivity-induced leg vascular dysfunction, especially in people who are unable or unwilling to be active.