bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The unusual 28 December 2014 dike‐fed paroxysm at Mount Etna: Timing and mechanism from a multidisciplinary perspective
Authors: Gambino Salvatore , Cannata Andrea , Cannavò Flavio , La Spina Alessandro , Palano Mimmo , Sciotto Mariangela , Spampinato Letizia , Barberi Graziella 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBetween 2011 and 2013, there were 43 lava fountain episodes from Mount Etna's New South‐East summit crater (NSEC). In 2014, this intense activity was supplanted by sporadic Strombolian explosions and the opening of an eruptive fissure between July and August. The only lava fountaining episode of the year occurred on 28 December; this was characterized by the emplacement of a shallow dike that, at the surface, fed two distinct lava flows from an ENE‐WSW trending eruptive fissure. Here we provide a detailed picture of the onset of the dike emplacement, as well as the mechanism driving its migration, using a multidisciplinary data set based on seismic, geodetic, geochemical, and volcanological observations. The dike emplacement was preceded by a pressurization of the magmatic plumbing system recorded from August 2014 on. This pressurization has been modeled as a vertically elongated magmatic source located beneath the summit craters at ~4.5 km below sea level. From September to October, magma rising was also detected by seismic and geochemical data that highlighted pressurization of the shallower portion of the plumbing system. We suggest that the 28 December 2014 dike emplacement resulted from a modification of the preexisting NSEC shallow plumbing system, largely due to drainage of the main shallow conduit during the July–August 2014 eruptive fissure activity. Such a structural modification might have created the conditions for magma emplacement as a dike‐like structure.
Improved meteorology from an updated WRF/CMAQ modeling system with MODIS vegetation and albedo
Authors: Ran Limei , Pleim Jonathan , Gilliam Robert , Binkowski Francis S. , Hogrefe Christian , Band Larry 
Published: February 2016

AbstractRealistic vegetation characteristics and phenology from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products improve the simulation for the meteorology and air quality modeling system WRF/CMAQ (Weather Research and Forecasting model and Community Multiscale Air Quality model) that employs the Pleim‐Xiu land surface model (PX LSM). Recently, PX LSM WRF/CMAQ has been updated in vegetation, soil, and boundary layer processes resulting in improved 2 m temperature (T) and mixing ratio (Q), 10 m wind speed, and surface ozone simulations across the domain compared to the previous version for a period around August 2006. Yearlong meteorology simulations with the updated system demonstrate that MODIS input helps reduce bias of the 2 m Q estimation during the growing season from April to September. Improvements follow the green‐up in the southeast from April and move toward the west and north through August. From October to March, MODIS input does not have much influence on the system because vegetation is not as active. The greatest effects of MODIS input include more accurate phenology, better representation of leaf area index (LAI) for various forest ecosystems and agricultural areas, and realistically sparse vegetation coverage in the western drylands. Despite the improved meteorology, MODIS input causes higher bias for the surface O3 simulation in April, August, and October in areas where MODIS LAI is much less than the base LAI. Thus, improvements may be needed in the CMAQ dry deposition model for low LAI areas where deposition on the soil surface becomes important.
Plasma clouds and snowplows: Bulk plasma escape from Mars observed by MAVEN
Authors: Halekas J. S. , Brain D. A. , Ruhunusiri S. , McFadden J. P. , Mitchell D. L. , Mazelle C. , Connerney J. E. P. , Harada Y. , Hara T. , Espley J. R. , DiBraccio G.A. , Jakosky B. M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe present initial Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) observations and preliminary interpretation of bulk plasma loss from Mars. MAVEN particle and field measurements show that planetary heavy ions derived from the Martian atmosphere can escape in the form of discrete coherent structures or “clouds.” The ions in these clouds are unmagnetized or weakly magnetized, have velocities well above the escape speed, and lie directly downstream from magnetic field amplifications, suggesting a “snowplow” effect. This postulated escape process, similar to that successfully used to explain the dynamics of active gas releases in the solar wind and terrestrial magnetosheath, relies on momentum transfer from the shocked solar wind protons to the planetary heavy ions, with the electrons and magnetic field acting as intermediaries. Fluxes of planetary ions on the order of 107 cm−2 s−1 can escape by this process, and if it operates regularly, it could contribute 10–20% of the current ion escape from Mars.
A method for independent validation of surface fluxes from atmospheric inversion: Application to CO2
Authors: Liu Junjie , Bowman Kevin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractValidating fluxes from an atmospheric inversion is a challenging problem because there are often no direct flux measurements at comparable spatiotemporal scales whereas there are often relevant independent observables, e.g., trace gas concentrations. In this paper, we propose a method that validates posterior fluxes by projecting the errors between posterior and prior observable model states and independent data to the spatiotemporal differences between posterior and prior fluxes with an atmospheric transport adjoint model. We prove theoretically the conditions for which observed error reductions lead to error reductions in fluxes. We apply this approach to the atmospheric CO2 inversion problem using the NASA Carbon Monitoring System Flux project with an Observing System Simulation Experiment. We show that the posterior fluxes are more accurate than the prior over the region that significantly contributes to the reduction of CO2 errors, which is consistent with the theory.
Spatiotemporal patterns and trends of Indian monsoonal rainfall extremes
Authors: Malik Nishant , Bookhagen Bodo , Mucha Peter J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn this study, we provide a comprehensive analysis of trends in the extremes during the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) months (June to September) at different temporal and spatial scales. Our goal is to identify and quantify spatiotemporal patterns and trends that have emerged during the recent decades and may be associated with changing climatic conditions. Our analysis primarily relies on quantile regression that avoids making any subjective choices on spatial, temporal, or intensity pattern of extreme rainfall events. Our analysis divides the Indian monsoon region into climatic compartments that show different and partly opposing trends. These include strong trends toward intensified droughts in Northwest India, parts of Peninsular India, and Myanmar; in contrast, parts of Pakistan, Northwest Himalaya, and Central India show increased extreme daily rain intensity leading to higher flood vulnerability. Our analysis helps explain previously contradicting results of trends in average ISM rainfall.
Integrative Data Analysis for Research in Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Mun Eun‐Young , Jiao Yang , Xie Minge 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Researchers from many disciplines have increasingly called for changes in research practices to be more transparent and rigorous. One of the changes prominently discussed is the utilization of quantitative research synthesis from multiple single studies, which we broadly refer to as integrative data analysis (IDA). The present chapter discusses how IDA can be particularly helpful for research in developmental psychopathology. We provide a broad overview of evidence‐based quantitative approaches, covering different types of data, different analytical models, and complex research synthesis methods. We highlight the promise of utilizing individual participant‐level data from multiple single studies or networks of single studies for analyzing multiple related parameters (or multiple end points) within the framework of quantitative research synthesis. We provide several data examples to illustrate some of these methods. Through the use of innovative strategies for IDA, we can strengthen our research practices and expand our knowledge base cumulatively.
Association of Serum Uric Acid and Disease Duration With Frequent Gout Attacks: A Case–Control Study
Authors: Abhishek Abhishek , Valdes Ana M. , Zhang Weiya , Doherty Michael 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveTo ascertain whether readily available disease and demographic factors associate with frequent acute attacks of gout, and to find out whether they can identify patients especially at risk of recurrent gout attacks.MethodsData from 3 previous studies at Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, UK, were used. Patients taking urate lowering treatment (ULT) were excluded, as it influences gout flare frequency. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between age, sex, body mass index (BMI), disease duration, cardiovascular comorbidities, tophi, serum uric acid (SUA), and >2 acute attacks of gout in the previous 12 months. Receiver operating curves were plotted to examine their ability in identifying patients with recurrent gout attacks.ResultsA total of 468 gout patients (88.5% men, mean ± SD age 62.2 ± 11.3 years, BMI 29.8 ± 5.0 kg/m2) were included. Disease duration and SUA associated independently with >2 acute attacks of gout in the previous 12 months (adjusted odds ratio 1.36 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.08–1.72] and 1.27 [95% CI 1.10–1.46], respectively). However, these factors performed poorly in identifying patients with frequent gout attacks, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.61, and there was an insignificant increase in AUC on adding other variables (AUC 0.64).ConclusionHigher SUA and longer disease duration associate independently with frequent gout attacks, presumably because of greater crystal load. This association supports early consideration of ULT for gout patients with higher SUA. However, as readily available disease and demographic factors perform poorly in identifying patients with frequent gout attacks, further research is required to ascertain the reasons underlying interpersonal variations in frequency of gout attacks.
Rheumatology Research Foundation Clinician Scholar Educator Award: Fifteen Years Promoting Rheumatology Educators and Education
Authors: Berman Jessica R. , O'Rourke Kenneth S. , Kolasinski Sharon L. , Aizer Juliet , Wheatley Mary J. , Battistone Michael J. , Siaton Bernadette C. , Criscione‐Schreiber Lisa , Pillinger Michael H. , Lazaro Deana M. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveThe Rheumatology Research Foundation's Clinician Scholar Educator (CSE) award is a 3‐year career development award supporting medical education research while providing opportunities for mentorship and collaboration. Our objective was to document the individual and institutional impact of the award since its inception, as well as its promise to strengthen the subspecialty of rheumatology.MethodsAll 60 CSE Award recipients were surveyed periodically. Fifty‐six of those 60 awardees (90%) responded to requests for survey information that included post‐award activities, promotions, and further funding. Data were also collected from yearly written progress reports for each grant.ResultsOf the total CSE recipients to date, 48 of 60 (80%) are adult rheumatologists, 11 of 60 (18%) are pediatric rheumatologists, and 1 is an adult and pediatric rheumatologist. Two‐thirds of survey respondents spend up to 30% of their total time in educational activities, and one‐third spend greater than 30%. Thirty‐one of the 60 CSE recipients (52%) have published a total of 86 medical education papers. Twenty‐six of 52 (50%) had received an academic promotion following the award. Eleven awardees earned advanced degrees.ConclusionWe describe the creation and evolution of a grant program from a medical subspecialty society foundation and the impact on producing education research, individual identity formation, and ongoing support for educators. This community of rheumatology scholar educators now serves as an important resource at the national level for the American College of Rheumatology and its membership. We believe that this grant may serve as a model for other medical societies that want to promote education scholarship and leadership within their specialties.
Association of Anticentromere Antibodies With More Severe Exocrine Glandular Dysfunction in Sjögren's Syndrome: Analysis of the Sjögren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance Cohort
Authors: Baer Alan N. , Medrano Leah , McAdams‐DeMarco Mara , Gniadek Thomas J. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveAnticentromere antibodies (ACAs) define a subset of primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) with a unique phenotype, including features of limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis and a lower frequency of anti‐SSA/SSB antibodies. We sought to determine whether ACAs are associated with more severe exocrine glandular dysfunction in a large cohort of primary SS subjects.MethodsWe performed a cross‐sectional analysis of 1,361 subjects with primary SS from the Sjögren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance Registry, stratified by the presence or absence of ACAs. ACAs were assayed by immunofluorescence staining on HEp‐2 cells.ResultsACAs were present in 82 of the 1,361 SS subjects (6%) and were associated with older age, female sex, and lower frequencies of anti‐SSA/SSB, rheumatoid factor, and hyperglobulinemia. Among ACA‐positive versus ACA‐negative subjects, there was a higher frequency of a focus score ≥2 (71% versus 53%; P = 0.002), a higher median focus score (2.8 versus 2.5; P = 0.0440), and greater exocrine gland dysfunction: Schirmer's test value: median 4 versus 5 mm/5 minutes; P = 0.0003, and unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) flow rate: median 0.08 versus 0.37 ml/5 minutes; P < 0.0001. ACA‐positive subjects had an increased risk of UWS <0.1 ml/minute (odds ratio [OR] 12.24 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 4.91–41.02]) and Schirmer's test value <5 mm/5 minutes (OR 2.52 [95% CI 1.50–4.36]) after correcting for age, sex, anti‐SSA/SSB, and focus score. Labial gland fibrosis was not different between the 2 groups.ConclusionIn a large international registry of SS, ACA had an independent association with more severe exocrine glandular dysfunction. This dysfunction was associated with more pronounced labial salivary glandular inflammation but not fibrosis.
Green and Rapid Access to Benzocoumarins via Direct Benzene Construction through Base‐Mediated Formal [4+2] Reaction and Air Oxidation
Authors: Mou Chengli , Zhu Tingshun , Zheng Pengcheng , Yang Song , Song Bao‐An , Chi Yonggui Robin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBenzocoumarin is an important structural motif widely found in natural products and synthetic molecules. Traditional methods for the synthesis of benzocoumarins and their derivatives require multiple steps, typically with an intramolecular ester forming reaction to make the lactone ring as the last step. Another major method involves transition metal‐catalyzed coupling or carbon‐hydrogen bond activation reactions starting with pre‐existing aryl frameworks in the substrates. Here we report a new strategy for the green and rapid access to benzocoumarins and their derivatives. Our method uses readily available unsaturated aldehydes and coumarins as the substrates and air as the green oxidant. The overall reaction proceeds through a formal [4+2] process to construct a new benzene ring and thus to afford benzocoumarins in essentially a single step. No metal catalysts were used; no toxic or expensive reagents were involved. The power of our new approach is further demonstrated in a concise formal total synthesis of cannabinol, a bioactive natural product.magnified image
Solid‐Phase Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydroquinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones via the Cyclative Cleavage of N‐Arylated Carboxamides
Authors: Carbain Benoit , Schütznerová Eva , Přibylka Adam , Krchňák Viktor 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe describe a practical (time‐efficient, with commercially available building blocks, user friendly reaction conditions, high purity of products) synthesis of pharmacologically relevant quinoxalinones with three points of diversification that takes advantage of solid‐phase synthesis and cyclative cleavage. Resin‐bound (S)‐2‐(N‐alkyl‐2‐nitrophenyl)sulfonamide‐3‐alkyl‐N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)propanamides, which are accessible from Fmoc‐protected α‐amino acids, 2‐nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride and alcohols, underwent base‐mediated N‐arylation. The reduction of the nitro group produced acyclic intermediates that were subjected to acid‐mediated cyclative cleavage to yield 3,4‐dihydroquinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones.magnified image
Synthesis of Highly Substituted 4‐Iodopyrazole N‐oxides and Pyrazoles from Propargylamines
Authors: Unnava Ramanjaneyulu , Deka Manash J. , Saikia Anil K. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPropargylamines were efficiently converted into 4‐iodopyrazole N‐oxides in good yields by reaction with sodium nitrite in acetic acid mediated by iodine. The pyrazole N‐oxides were converted into pyrazoles by treatment with phosphorous trichloride in refluxing chloroform. The obtained 4‐Iodopyrazole N‐oxides were used for cross coupling reactions.
Tetrathia[7]helicene Phosphorus Derivatives: Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of Electronic Properties, and Preliminary Applications as Organocatalysts
Authors: Dova Davide , Viglianti Lucia , Mussini Patrizia R. , Prager Stefan , Dreuw Andreas , Voituriez Arnaud , Licandro Emanuela , Cauteruccio Silvia 
Published: February 2016

AbstractCombined experimental and theoretical study on the electronic characteristics of tetrathiahelicene (7‐TH) alkyl and aryl phosphorus derivatives, including phosphanes, phosphine–borane complexes, phosphine oxides, and phosphine–selenides, is described. The collected data give useful information on the σ‐donor ability of the phosphorus atoms, which mainly depends on the aryl or alkyl nature of the substituents at the phosphorus atom. Electrochemical investigations provide the relationships between the electronic and structural properties, and quantum chemical calculations show a clear dominance of the 7‐TH scaffold on the electronic properties of all investigated molecules. Finally, different electronic and steric properties of 7‐TH phosphanes strongly influenced their catalytic behavior, for example, as Lewis base organocatalysts in typical [3+2] annulation reactions.
The Total Synthesis of (±)‐Naupliolide: A Tetracyclic Sesquiterpene Lactone
Authors: Abe Hideki , Morishita Tomoyuki , Yoshie Toshihiro , Long Kérya , Kobayashi Toyoharu , Ito Hisanaka 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe first total synthesis of (±)‐naupliolide has been achieved. The synthetic method includes a Simmons–Smith cyclopropanation of an allyl alcohol, diastereoselective cleavage of a benzylidene acetal group, radical cyclization of an aldehyde with a cyclopropane ring, and construction of an eight‐membered ring by ring‐closing metathesis.
Antibacterial efficacy of functionalized silk fabrics by radical copolymerization with quaternary ammonium salts
Authors: Liu Ying , Xiao Cheng , Li Xiaolin , Li Lin , Ren Xuehong , Liang Jie , Huang Tung-Shi 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTQuaternary ammonium salts Quats‐C8, Quats‐C12, and Quats‐C18 with different alkyl chain lengths have been successfully synthesized, and used for modifying silk fabrics. The optimum reaction conditions of initiator concentration, curing temperature, curing time, and monomer concentration have been studied. The modified fabrics of silk‐g‐C8, silk‐g‐C12, and silk‐g‐C18 were characterized by FTIR spectra. Antibacterial test showed that the modified silk fabrics possessed potent antibacterial activity against both Gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram‐negative Escherichia coli. The carbon number in the alkyl chain of monomers Quats‐C8, Quats‐C12, and Quats‐C18 can affect the antibacterial efficacy. With longer alkyl chain, the antibacterial efficacy increased. The quaternary ammonium salts‐modified silk fabrics have small change on the tensile strength and wrinkle recovery angle, and have shown potential practical application. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43450.
Comparison of the Morphology and Histomorphometry of Spermatogenic Cyst of Three Sharks Species With Diametric Testes
Authors: Gomes do Rêgo Mariana , Fitzpatrick John L. , Hissa V. Hazin Fabio , Araujo Maria Lucia. G. , Barros Maria Edna Gomes , Evêncio Neto Joaquim 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTCharacterization of the reproductive anatomy of elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, rays, and sawfish) offers unique insights into the evolution of reproductive traits in animals due to their phylogenetic position at the base of the vertebrate tree of life. Yet, despite advances in our understanding of male elasmobranch reproductive physiology and testes histology, very little is known about how testes histomorphometrics varies with male maturation. In this study, we characterize and contrast testes morphology and histomorphology of males at different maturation stages in three shark species with diametric testes development: Prionaceglauca, Rhizoprionodon lalandii, and Mustelus canis. All stages of spermatogenesis were observed in P. glauca and R. lalandii, while for M. canis, only males at early stages of maturation were examined and therefore all the spermatogenesis cells lineage were not present. The number of Sertoli cells increased with cell development by six times in R. lalandii and roughly four times in P. glauca, and were statistically different among stages of spermatogenesis cysts in both species. Statistical differences in cyst diameter and Sertoli cell numbers were observed between P. glauca and R. lalandii. The increase of spermatocyte II cell diameter described for R. Lalandii in this study was not usual to elasmobranch species as compared, for example, to P. glauca. This information proves the importance of studying the testicular development and the process of spermatogenesis is necessary for understanding the reproductive biology of the species, including life cycles and history, variation of reproductive morphology. Anat Rec, 299:759–768, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Multiple Model Tracking Algorithm Based on an Adaptive Particle Filter
Authors: Chen Zhimin , Qu Yuanxin , Xi Zhengdong , Bo Yuming , Liu Bing , Kang Deyong 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe interacting multiple model based on a particle filter fails to meet the requirements of real‐time performance when manoeuvring target tracking by radar due to deficiencies in its high calculation complexity. An improved particle filter based on landscape adaptive particle swarm optimization is proposed. This filter adopts the method of updating inertia weight, using not only local information and global information, but also preventing algorithm trapping in a local optimum, so the filter can find the optimal solution with less iteration. Additionally, an improved tracking model is presented. With the help of systematic resampling, the model can figure out the model index of particles. The experimental results prove that the new tracking algorithm not only improves manoeuvring target tracking accuracy, but also decreases computing complexity.