bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceived Organizational Support As A Predictor Of Organizational Commitment And Role Stress
Authors: Luxmi Dr. , Yadav Vibhuti 
Published: November 2015

The paper aims at exploring employee perceptions in the form of perceived organizational support and studying its impact on organizational commitment and role stress. The paper is driven theoretically by the social exchange theory, the concept of perceived organizational support, which is the commitment of the organization towards the employee, the norm of reciprocity as well as the other relevant literature in the human resource management and organizational behaviour research. With increasing competition managing and retaining employees has become a critical issue for the present day organizations. Medical profession requires doctors to be committed and stress free for efficient performance. A major factor that affects job behaviour is the perceptions about the place of work. Thus, the study aims at exploring the role of building positive organizational perceptions in order to achieve most efficient work performance. The paper is based on an empirical study conducted on a sample of 332 doctors from a leading hospital in Chandigarh. The results indicate that perceptions of organizational support have a significant impact on both the commitment and role stress level of doctors. This paper contributes to the limited body of knowledge about the psychological processes underlying the formation of organizational commitment and reducing role stress through the perspectives of the social exchange theory and the organizational support theory.
Refinement And Validation Of New Environmental Paradigm (Nep) In India: A Cfa Approach
Authors: Khan Anna , Khan Dr. Mohammed Naved , Adil Mohd. 
Published: November 2015

The human race today is facing a plethora of problems regarding the environment. This has lead us to question our future as a race. It has therefore become important to know the human psychology, their attitude towards environment. Dunlap and Van Liere proposed NEP scale to measure environmental attitude of individuals in US. However, researchers raised concerns regarding its applicability in different cultures as also the dimensions framed in the scale are those which are fit for the western audience. Thus, a need was felt to refine the original scale and make it fit for Indian customers. Data was collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire from 429 individuals working in offices at Delhi and Mumbai. The cities were chosen because of their rank as no. 1 and 3 among most polluted metropolitan cities of India. Test of reliability and dimensionality of the original NEP scale were carried out through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with the help of SPSS 18.0. It was found that the original scale lacked uni-dimensionality. Against three dimensions of the original NEP scale, four dimensions emerged in case of Indian context. Three items were dropped from original NEP, reducing it to a nine item scale. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was also used to re-check the fitness of measurement model.
Marketing Opportunities in the Developing World: An Indian Experience
Authors: Chaturvedi Mukesh 
Published: November 2015

In a developing country, marketing is the prime mover in the drive to sell more goods. Yet the professionals who work in this hardheaded world readily set aside some of their time, skill and money to promote the public good - without thought of profit. This paper attempts to evolve a model of opportunity analysis for (social) marketing in a developing country through various illustrations in the development context.
Jawaharlal Nehru: Panchsheel and India's Constitutional Vision of International Order
Authors: Verma D.P. 
Published: November 2015

The law of nations was not concocted by ‘bookworms’, ‘jurists’ or ‘professors’, but was created and elaborated by the deeds of statesmen, diplomats, generals, and admirals.1 This statement of the celebrated English jurist, Professor Holland, appears very much true, when attention is given to the achievements of the first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru. Being a world statesman, he projected India's constitutional vision of international order, which reflects in the doctrine of Panchsheel, as five principles of peace. The aim of this paper is to study, in general, Nehru's contribution to the maintenance of peace, good neighbourliness and the idea of moral conduct in international relations. To keep this paper within limits, it is addressed to two objectives: First, a survey of the Constituent Assembly debates in order to provide an account of the thoughts of the framers of the Indian Constitution and to find out how far Nehru's ideas influenced the drafting of articles relating to India's international relations; and Second, an evaluation of the concept of Panchsheel that characterizes the development of International Law in Asia. It is also felt useful to take this opportunity to note Nehru's idea of peace and the Asian phase of his political thought. It will be concluded that Nehru's Panchsheel message reflected India's constitutional vision of world order, and it will be further submitted in respect of the doctrine that the contribution has, at least, at the normative level, strengthened the regime of the principles of International Law and peace. The paper is divided into four parts. The first part deals with Nehru's constitutional vision; the second discusses his idea of peace and the third analyses the doctrine. Finally, the fourth part is the conclusion.
African Socialism Re-Examined
Authors: Kagalkar Pratibha C. 
Published: November 2015

Socialism has collapsed. The ideology is in utter chaos in eastern Europe. The Soviet Union is in none too happy condition either. Sharp edges of the ideological conflict between the two global systems have been blunted. Disarray was a gradual process which culminated in the events of 1989 in East Europe. Many have argued that there is no room any more for socialist thrust as the system had failed to deliver the goods. The bipolarisation of the world appears to be gradually fading. Meanwhile the market forces demonstrated their world wide application. President Gorbachev's thought process embodied in the concepts like ‘glasnost’ and ‘perestroika’ unleased a revolutionary wave whose ripples reached far and wide. The declining Socialist surge had in turn led to increasing boost to the ideals like political pluralism. The pertinent point is whether the euphoria generated in the west by the sudden and unexpected turn of events in the eastern block of countries is really suggestive of the collapse of socialist thought and all that went with it. However, this writer believes that all is not over; what has happened is that only a particular variant of socialism has lost its luster. May be socialism in its extreme form has run amuck. It was the failure of its rapid ideological phase, its totalitarian and bureaucratic bungling. At initial stages of Socialism in Russia and China and Eastern Europe it was a triumphant march. It eliminated feudalism, created more equal society and a basic industrial structure next only to United States. But it encountered situations that Marx and Lenin did not forsee. Any ideology that moves away from its central moorings can be counter-productive.
Towards a Theory of Timbre for Music Analysis
Authors: Tsang Lee 
Published: November 2015

In this article, I explore ways of facilitating discourse about the timbral structures of musical pieces. I address three areas of timbral study: (1) dimensions, (2) auditory streaming and pitch, and (3) change rate and attentional focus. In (1) I draw upon psychoacoustical approaches to timbre, suggesting that dimensions may be divided into “analytical” and “holistic” types. In (2), I draw upon Parncutt'S pitch salience algorithm (1992) and Huron'S perceptual voice-leading Principles (2001) for stream salience estimations; and in (3), I offer notational and analytical preference rules for a theoretical model of timbral change. In order to illustrate the usefulness of modes of inquiry (2) and (3), the article includes sample analyses, principally of bars 1–11 of Schoenberg'S Opus 16, No. 3 ( Farben). Although listeners generally have difficulty perceiving the canonic structure of Farben, application of Parncutt'S algorithm reveals that if Schoenberg had intended the moving canonic voices to be perceptually salient, his choice of pitches for the five-voice chords was well judged. I suggest that the divergence between listeners' perceptions and the Parncutt results may be attributed to various factors highlighted in Huron'S voice-leading Principles, and to the timbral change rate. A theory of timbre must draw upon analytical techniques that are adaptable to many different contexts. The eclectic tool-set that I have offered here is based on perception. Application of the proposed perceptual tools provides insight into specific hearings and, perhaps more importantly, may enable listeners to hear in new ways.
The Macroform in Post-Tonalmusic. Listening and Analysis
Authors: Baroni Mario 
Published: November 2015

Form in classical music is fundamentally a question of organising musical time in order to facilitate a listening corresponding to author's expectations. In the past this was obtained by coordinating different parameters towards a single goal. In twentieth century music, the more detached relationship between the composer and the listener meant that less importance was given to the idea of “correct” listening and to the coordination of parameters. This article is devoted to one of the extreme points in this process: A quartet by Bruno Maderna composed in 1956 under the influence of the ideologies of Darmstadt. The quartet was examined by three different groups of analysts. The first group examined the score of the quartet, while the third group only had a recorded performance at its disposal; the second group analyzed both the score and the performance. The three groups had to describe the form of the piece in terms of three hierarchical levels: Its microform {i.e. the organisation of minimal units not divisible into smaller parts); its macroform (i.e. its division into the minimum possible number of parts); the medium form {i.e. a collection of minimal units that could also be interpreted as an acceptable division of the parts at a macroformal level). Two basic criteria were used: Segmentation (local parametric discontinuity between two adjacent parts) and similarity (coherence between the parameters within each part). The results of the three analyses were somewhat diverse, thus demonstrating the tendency to relax the sense of form in such a quartet, as well as the presence of different procedures used when listening to a performance and analysing a score.
Realization of “The Dream”
Authors: Bostwick Alice , Burney Virginia , Karpicke Susan 
Published: November 2015

Janice had been reading since she was 3 years old. Her preschool teacher told her mother that Janice didn't want to participate in many of the class activities; she just sat by herself “pretending” to read books. Since she was “slow to develop,” her teacher suggested that she delay entrance into kindergarten another year. Instead, Janie spent the next year in kindergarten at a preschool for gifted children. Janie thrived there, but where would she go for first grade? The Smiths had visited several schools before making a decision about the best program for their bright children. One public school magnet program seemed to offer the greatest flexibility; but it was full with a waiting list. They tried a private school known for its nurturing staff, but there were so many “drill-type” activities that the children, who learned quickly, soon complained of boredom. Another school was said to offer individualization, but there was a lack of staff commitment to the concept. A friend of the family called to tell them a group was meeting to discuss the founding of a new school. Learning excited Matt, and he eagerly looked forward to the day he could start school. What a disappointment! For 2 years his parents watched his excitement and enthusiasm diminish. Matt was sick and unhappy, and he didn't care if he went to school. Eventually Matt was chosen to participate in the district's new pull-out program for the gifted, and his teacher made a world of difference. When Matt's family discovered his teacher was planning to go to a new school for gifted children, they decided he should follow her.
Analysis of the Impact of Organisational Factors in Managerial Hospitality Configurations
Authors: Navarro Mercedes Melchior , López Eduardo Parra , Domínguez Angel Ramos 
Published: November 2015

Tourist activity constitutes one of the signs of economic and socio-cultural development in the Canaries; it is considered the fundamental and strategic point of regional economic growth and the driving force behind the growth of other sectors. This paper attempts to define and provide a more in-depth study and awareness of these questions. For this reason, the prompt identification and appropriate response to these structural changes and new demands will aid the hospitality sector in achieving suitable competitive advantages. The aim of the paper is to analyse various organisational factors affecting hotel units located in different tourism destinations in the Canary Islands and to study distinctive organisational populations, with their own contextual and structural answers.
Visual Efficiency in Coloured Light
Authors: Dunbar C. 
Published: November 2015

The visual efficiencies of observers in a street scene which was illuminated in turn with sodium, mercury, and white light have been compared. The scene was a brightness replica of a selected street-lighting installation reproduced on a screen by means of a cinematograph film. The street lamps were introduced into the picture from behind the screen. Two films were used for the tests. In the first film, objects in the street scene were suddenly presented to the observer, while in the second, the objects were allowed gradually to attain the contrast which they presented in the actual installation. The number of objects detected by each observer was noted and the time taken to detect each object was automatically recorded. The comparison of visual efficiency was carried out at three brightness levels, and for each comparison the street scene had the same distribution of photometric brightness whatever the illuminant, i.e., the comparison was based on sources of the same lumen output. The results obtained at the three brightness levels, and with both methods of object presentation, show no significant differences in the number of objects detected with the three illuminants. An analysis of the detection times has also failed to reveal grounds for attributing a superiority to any one of the three illuminants. The investigation gives no support to the claim that the visibility of objects in a street lighting installation will be improved by using sources which emit light of a particular spectral quality.
The Physical Realisation of the C.I.E. Average Eye
Authors: Winch G. T. , MacHin C. F. 
Published: November 2015

After a brief historical survey of attempts at the realisation of a physical eye of defined spectral sensitivity, the earlier methods and technique employed are appraised. Subsequently, the problem is stated, both from the theoretical and practical aspects. The main treatment of the paper deals with the description of the multi-purpose apparatus which the authors have developed and which is suitable for use as an “average eye,” as defined by the Commission Internationale d'Eclairage. It can be adapted for use as a physical colorimeter indicating directly the C.I.E. trichromatic coefficients of coloured light and as an instrument for measuring spectral luminosity distribution in terms of the proportion of the total luminosity in each of 8 defined spectral bands. Finally, the possible general application to commercial photometry, colorimetry and colour rendering measurements, is discussed.
Tolerances and Their Effect on Physical Measurements
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2015

The tolerances that may be admitted in manufacturing processes have always been an important matter in works practice, but they have tended in the past not to be considered as a subject for deep study, but rather as a nuisance which would not arise in a perfect world. Recent developments in theoretical physics have very much altered this view, and have shown that the subject of errors and tolerances is not only interesting in itself, but is important in the foundations of physics. A series of examples is given showing some interesting points in considering tolerances. It starts with the large numbers concerned in accident rates, and then takes a simple manufacturing process. Next, examples from acoustics and optics are considered, and then the “Uncertainty Principle” of the quantum theory, which lies at the basis of all physical measurement. Finally, it is shown that even pure mathematics is essentially based on the idea of tolerances.
Lighting in Coal Mines
Authors: Graham J. Ivon 
Published: November 2015

The paper opens with a general review of the problems involved in mine lighting and steps which have been taken to improve conditions in the mines by providing better lighting. Attempts to improve illumination at the coal face over that possible by portable lamps have so far not shown any benefit in increased output but there appears to be evidence of a reduction in accidents. The merits of electric hand lamps and cap lamps are discussed, and suggestions for possible future improvements are made. Alternative methods of providing adequate illumination at the coal face by means of transportable self-contained battery lamps and by mains lighting are discussed at some length and mention is made of the application of mains lighting to mines in other countries. A description is given of the pneumatic-electric lamp which provides a means of greatly increasing the illumination at the coal face in those pits where, for various reasons, mains lighting cannot be used. The paper deals with the subject of glare and discusses methods for ensuring the maximum reflectivity at the working face.
Visual Aids for Landing in Bad Visibility with Particular Reference to the Transition from Instrument to Visual Flight
Authors: Calvert E. S. 
Published: November 2015

It has been known for many years that in bad visibility the transition from instrument to visual flight is difficult, and may be highly dangerous if the pilot is suffering from fatigue, but it is only in the last five years or so that the problem of finding patterns for the visual aids which would make the transition easy and safe has been systematically studied. This paper describes some of the illusions which occur at transition and shows that they can be largely prevented by using bars of lights running transversely across the approach zone. A brief account is given of the results which have been obtained on the Crossbar System of Approach Lighting under operational conditions. A new theory of visual judgment, known as the “parafoveal streamer” theory is described, and from this the characteristics which are desirable in the visual aids are deduced. The crossbar and slopeline systems of approach lighting are compared in the light of this theory, and it is concluded that the ordinary run of pilots will find the crossbar system easier to use because the mental processes necessary for its interpretation are those which the pilot has built up in good weather flying. It is emphasised that in the absence of any coherent theory of how visual judgments are made, it is almost impossible to evaluate the various systems in a reasonable time, and that if international standardisation is to be achieved, some theory must eventually become generally accepted.
Brightness Patterns and Visual Fields
Authors: Lay S. D. 
Published: November 2015

Brightness Patterns and Visual Fields S. D. Lay In Fig. 2 of the above paper, which was published in issue No. 7 of the Transactions this year, certain figures were omitted from the diagram. The diagram showed curves of equal contrast sensitivity. These curves, working from the centre of the diagram outwards, should have been marked as follows:-1. O, .95, .W,.8 6, .8 1, .76, .71, .67, .62, S7. It would be appreciated if readers would kindly amend the diagram which appears on p. 174 of issue No. 7. 1951. accordingly.
Lighting Design and Brightness Patterns—A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Bellchambers H. E. , Ackerman K. R. 
Published: November 2015

While almost every aspect of lighting design for the whole visual field has been studied and much data accumulated, no single comprehensive method of design making full use of this work has been evolved. The purpose of this paper is to describe an investigation made with the object of devising a method of lighting design in which the type, number and arrangement of fittings are determined from a consideration of the illumination and brightness patterns required at all surfaces in a lighted interior. The chief factors to be considered when designing a lighting installation are presented and an analysis made of the present state of knowledge and practice. Use of the sector flux method of direct illumination calculation for linear sources has been checked and extended, a method of measuring and expressing the ratio of the direct to total illumination at any point in a room is described, and the assessment of glare is considered. These factors, direct lighting calculation, the Building Research Station glare data, and an experimentally determined inter-reflection ratio are combined, leading to the proposition of a new design method which takes account of the brightness pattern on all surfaces affecting an interior lighting design.
The Lighting of Small and Medium-Sized Shops and Stores
Authors: Tate R. L. C. 
Published: November 2015

A shop lighting installation must be related not only to the size and shape of the shop but also to the class of merchandise displayed and the type of customer. Current techniques of window lighting are dealt with in some detail, and in particular the problems arising from the necessity of concealing the lamps, the use of dark or translucent louvres and the reduction of daylight window reflections. Where shop interiors are concerned one of the chief points at issue is the choice between general and localised lighting. Recommendations are made of suitable colours of light sources and the importance of blending the light of filament and fluorescent lamps is emphasised. The current fashion for dark ceilings is discussed together with the importance of wall lighting to display the merchandise and relieve the gloomy effect otherwise created by this method of lighting. The paper gives a brief survey of after-hour lighting in some representative shopping centres made in 1949–50 and the spring of 1954. The paper closes with a brief résumé of some of the types of lamps and equipment now available for shop and shop window lighting.
The Maintenance of Lighting Installations
Authors: Robinson W. , Strange J. W. 
Published: November 2015

The paper considers lamp replacement and depreciation of lighting equipment as factors in lighting maintenance. Improved ageing characteristics and lighting service provide increased economic justification for group replacement of discharge and fluorescent lamps, and the economics and procedure are discussed. Recent investigations in this country and the United States into lighting fittings' depreciation have revealed, among other features, that ventilation of open fittings has a decisive self-cleaning effect which profoundly affects the economics of lighting maintenance and the performance of the lighting installation. A consideration of the various factors, economic and practical, involved in lighting depreciation leads to the conclusion that maintenance should be a primary factor both in lighting design and fitting design.