bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSXII-23 Effect of dietary straw withdrawal in high-concentrate diets on animal behavior in dairy beef crossbred bulls housed with straw bedding
Authors: Llonch Lourdes , Marti Sonia , Verdú Marçal , Riera Joan , Medinya Carles , Cucurull Jordi , Devant Maria 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary straw withdrawal in high-concentrate diets on animal behavior in dairy beef crossbred bulls housed with straw bedding. Bulls [n = 93; body weight (BW) = 335 ± 9.0 kg, and 218 ± 4.0 d of age) were group-housed in a partially opened barn with 6 pens straw-bedded cleaned every 2 wk. Animals were assigned to one of 3 different feed programs: 1) CTR (n = 32), concentrate (13.1% crude protein (CP), 5.9% fat content, 16.1% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 40.8% starch content) and straw ad libitum fed in two separate feeders; 2) TSW (n = 32), like CTR; however, dietary straw withdrawal took place the first 84 study days; and 3) NSS (n = 29), concentrate with a lower starch content (12.2% CP, 4.6% fat content, 22.0% NDF, 39.6% starch content) without a dietary straw for the whole study. The study lasted 155 d divided into eleven 14-d periods. General activities and postures were recorded through scan sampling every 5 min, and social behavior was recorded during 5 min of continuous sampling in two rounds of 15 min. Social behaviors were transformed to a log scale to achieve a normal distribution. Data were analyzed with a mixed-effects model. The first period was an adaptation where a dietary straw bale per pen was offered in all treatments; thereafter, only in CTR, and in TSW after period 6. Percentage of bulls eating at the concentrate feeder was greater (P = 0.05) in NSS than in CTR and TRW (5.87 vs. 4.64 and 4.82 ± 0.038 %, respectively). The percentages of bulls ruminating at the beginning of the study were greater (P &lt; 0.01) in CTR compared with TSW and NSS, but after dietary straw was offered in TSW, the percentages of bulls ruminating increased in TSW and were greater in CTR and TSW than in NSS. At the beginning of the study, during the dietary straw withdrawal in TSW bulls, the number of oral behaviors and stereotypies were greater (P &lt; 0.01) in TSW than in CTR, but after straw offer in TSW oral behaviors and stereotypies were only greater in NSS than in CTR and TSW. In conclusion, short- and long-term dietary straw withdrawal increased behaviors indicative of poor animal welfare regardless of the starch content in the concentrate in dairy beef crossbred bulls fed high-concentrate diet housed with straw bedding.
PSXII-25 Impacts of crude protein level and urea source on finishing performance of Nellore bulls
Authors: de Paula Renato L , Rezende Gabriela D , Mucida Antônio X , Huang Letícia K , Lino Rayane A , Souza Júlia M C , Martín-Tereso Javier , Batista Erick D 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The interactions between two different crude protein levels [CP, 11 vs 14% of dry matter, DM] and two urea sources [US, feed-grade (FGU) vs. post-ruminal release (PRU)] on finishing performance of Nellore bulls were evaluated. Nellore bulls [n = 84; initial body weight (BW) = 448 ± 40.5 kg] were stratified from light to heavy and allocated to 7 groups of 4 replicate pens (28 pens in total, with three bulls per pen). The following treatments were assigned: 1) 11% CP with UC; 2) 11% CP with PRU; 3) 14% CP with UC; 4) 14% CP with PRU. At the beginning of the study, 7 bulls were slaughtered to determine initial carcass dressing (452 ± 62.6 kg; 52.8%). Diets consisted of sorghum silage, ground corn, rehydrated and ensiled corn, vitamin-mineral mix, soyhulls (11% CP diets) and soybean meal (14% CP diets). Kaolin was incorporated in diets for reach 100%. The PRU source (Trouw Nutrition, Netherlands) contained 82% urea on DM basis. In an in vitro assay, 27% of this urea was released into the rumen. The total mixed rations were manually mixed and offered ad libitum twice a day (0800 and 1600 h). Daily feed intake was recorded. The experimental period lasted 90 d. The bulls were weighed individually after 16 h of feed restriction on d 0 and d 90 of the experimental period. The statistical model included the fixed effects of CP, US, and the CP × US interaction, as well as the random effect of pen nested within treatment. Effects of CP × US were not detected (P ≥ 0.39) for any feedlot growth performance variable. Bulls fed 14% CP presented greater BW, carcass weight, and ADG at d 90 (P &lt; 0.04) than those fed 11% CP (608 vs. 594 kg, 339 vs. 329 kg, and 1.93 vs. 2.14 kg/d, respectively; Table). Diets with 14% CP diets tended to increase feed efficiency (F:G) in 6% CP compared with diets with 11% CP (P = 0.10; 178.6 vs. 189.7 g/kg, respectively). Although there was not effect of urea source on growth performance, bulls fed PRU presented greater F:G and carcass gain efficiency when compared with those eaten diets with FGU (P ≤ 0.06; 190 vs. 178 g/kg, 118 vs. 109 g/kg, respectively). Diets with 11% CP for finishing bulls negatively affected DM intake, animal performance, and carcass weight. The PRU inclusion in the finishing diets increases feed efficiency for carcass gain.
PSXIII-29 How does the combination of 3-nitrooxypropanol with feed additives affect the performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of feedlot young Nellore bulls?
Authors: De Souza William L L , Perdigão Alexandre , Carvalho Victor , Acedo Tiago S S , Niehues Maria B , da Silva Isabella , Ribeiro Maryana , Tamassia Luis F M , Kindermann Maik , Cardoso Abmael S , Reis Ricardo A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The objective was to assess the impact of combining 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP; Bovaer) with different feed additives on performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality. Young Nellore bulls (n = 164), aged 16 ± 1 mo with body weight (BW) = 410 ± 3 kg, were randomly allocated to 24 pens. There were three treatments, each with 8 replications (pens) per treatment and 7 animals per pen. The animals were fed a high-concentrate feedlot diet (R:C, 10:90) for 102 d, according with the following three treatments: 1) Control: Sodium Monensin [26 mg/kg dry matter (DM)]; 2) BOV: Control + 3-NOP (Bovaer; 100 mg/kg DM); 3) BOVPERF (Bovaer Performance pack): Control + 3-NOP (100 mg/kg DM) + Essential oils (Crina Ruminants, 100 mg/kg DM) + 25-OH-Vitamin D3 (Hy-D, 0.10 mg/kg DM) + carbo-amino-phospho-chelate of chromium and zinc (0.40 and 60 mg/kg of DM, respectively). The BW of yearling bulls were recorded at the beginning, the end of the adaptation period (28 d), and the conclusion of the experiment after a 16-h feed withholding period to facilitate the recording of shrunk BW. Based on these BW, it was possible to conduct analyses of the performance during the periods of 28 and 102 d of the experiment. Additionally, carcass characteristics were evaluated, along with assessments of the meat quality of these animals subjected to different treatments. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using the PROC MIXED of SAS 9.4 and means and contrast comparison evaluated by Tukey test at P &lt; 0.05. Feeding BOVPERF increased DM intake during the adaptation period (P &lt; 0.01) compared with control and BOV. However, the control group showed a greater conversion ratio (P &lt; 0.01) and feed efficiency (P &lt; 0.01) compared with BOV and BOVPERF at 102 d of the feedlot. There was a greater increase in hot carcass weight (HCW) with a difference of (+12 kg, P &gt; 0.01), greater carcass ADG (+113 g/d, P &lt; 0.01), followed by a greater dressing percentage (P &lt; 0.01), greater carcass gain yield (P &lt; 0.01), and better biological efficiency (- 9 kg diet in DM kg/15 kg of HCW, P = 0.02) for BOVPERF compared with control and BOV. Additionally, when analyzing meat quality characteristics, a significant difference (P &lt; 0.01) in pH values was observed for BOVPERF compared with control and BOV. In conclusion, the combination of 3-NOP with essential oils, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3, and minerals such as chromium and zinc demonstrated positive effects on various aspects, including increased performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality
PSXIII-27 Effects of long-term dietary supplementation of nitrate on enteric methane production and performance of Hanwoo steers
Authors: Bharanidharan Rajaraman , Tomple Byamungu Mayange , Lee Jaesung , Ibidhi Ridha , Oh Joonpyo , Hong Woohyeong , Huh Sujoung , Kim Kyoung Hoon 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Nitrate (NO3-) has been recognized as an effective dietary additive to reduce enteric methane (CH4) production in ruminants. Two experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of long-term supplementation and method of supplementing calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) on enteric CH4 production in Hanwoo steers. In Exp. 1, Hanwoo steers [n = 20; body weight (BW) = 348 ± 18 kg] were divided into two groups of 10, and were assigned to one of the two diets 1) CON, 500 g/kg timothy hay and 500 g/kg commercial concentrate, or 2) CAN, basal diet top-dressed with 2.5% CAN [1.578% NO3- in the dietary dry matter (DM)] for 115 d in a completely randomized design. Measurement of CH4 was performed for 3 d starting from d 21, d 51, d 80 and d 112 using whole body respiratory chambers (RC). Rumen fluid and blood samples were collected on d 25 and d 26 of the feeding trial, respectively. In Exp. 2, the animals were re-grouped (476 ± 21 kg) and fed the same basal diet supplemented with 2.0% CAN (1.262% NO3- in the dietary DM) incorporated in the concentrate pellet (P-CAN). Methane was measured on d 19 and d 45 for 3 d. In Exp. 1, CAN supplementation decreased (P &lt; 0.05) DM intake (DMI) of the steers both in the barn and RC. However, no negative effects on average daily gain or feed conversion ratio were observed. Also, no potential toxicity of NO3- was observed based on blood methemoglobin concentrations (all samples &lt; 2.5% of total hemoglobin). A decrease (P &lt; 0.05) in CH4 production (g/d) caused by decreased DMI was noted in CAN throughout the feeding trial. However, CH4 yield (g/kg DMI) decreased (P &lt; 0.05) only in the beginning phase (d 21) and did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) thereafter. Ruminal pH, ammonia and total volatile fatty acid concentration did not differ between treatments (P &gt; 0.05), but CAN increased and decreased (P &lt; 0.0001) acetate and butyrate proportions, respectively. Steers fed CAN had greater ruminal abundance of Ruminococcus sp. (P &lt; 0.05), Succiniclasticum (P = 0.066), and Selenomonas ruminantium (P = 0.073), but a reduced (P &lt; 0.05) abundance of Methanobrevibacter ruminantium (P = 0.073). In Exp. 2, P-CAN did not exert any effects on DMI, CH4 production, CH4 yield and other production parameters. Overall, CAN can be used as a feed additive for beef cattle in the long-term without NO3- intoxication or any negative effects on growth performance. However, lack of persistent decrease in CH4 yield suggested the need of further evaluation of CAN under different dietary conditions. Furthermore, incorporating CAN in the concentrate pellet can be a suitable approach, since top-dressing may alter the organoleptic properties of diets that may reduce DMI of the steers.
PSXIII-21 Fiber digestibility and phosphorus absorption by crossbred heifers receiving different phosphates
Authors: de Paula Leonel Fernando P , Braga Bruna C , Resende Maria Eduarda L , Leitão Guilherme C 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The objective was to compare the potential of different phosphates in promoting improvement in fiber digestibility and phosphorus absorption by heifers. Crossbred weaned heifers [n = 5; body weight (BW) = 150 ± 14 kg] were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design and offered diets harvested from processed forage seeds for 21-d periods (14-d adaptation and 7-d data collection). The treatments were 1) negative control (NC) without supplementary phosphorus; 2) dicalcium phosphate from igneous rock with sulfuric acidulation, neutralization with limestone, and the show physical form of micro granules (DPIRSALNG); 3) Dicalcium phosphate from igneous rock with sulfuric acidulation, neutralization with hydrated lime, and powder physical form (DPIRSAHLiNP); 4) Dicalcium phosphate from sedimentary rock with hydrochloric acidulation, neutralization with limestone, and the micro granulated show physical form (DPSRHCALNG); and 5) Dicalcium phosphate from the monocalcium phosphate and hydrated lime reaction with phosphorus concentration adjusted with phosphoric acid, and powder physical form (DPfMP+HLPAP). In each sample collection period two dry matter intake measurements, and two total feces collections were carried out for 24 h. Thus, the digestibility of dry matter (DMd), and the apparent absorption (aA) were calculated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (P &lt; 0.05), and when significant, a multiple comparison test was performed (SNK test). No treatment x animal x period interactions were observed (P ≥ 0.05) for either of the two variables under study. The greatest neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibilities were in the diets with DPIRSALNG and DPSRHCALNG, followed by DPIRSAHLiNP and DPfMP+HLPAP, which did not differ from each other, and the least was in NC, respectively 430, 390, 310, and 270 g/kg of DM (Table 1). Phosphorus apparent absorption (PaA) was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in heifers that received DPIRSALNG (0.65) followed by DPSRHCALNG (0.61). DPIRSAHLiNP (0.52) and DPfMP+HLPAP (0.48) did not differ from each other (P &gt; 0.05) and were greater (P &lt; 0.05) than NC (0.21). Phosphorus supplementation resulted in greater NDF digestibility and greater phosphorus absorption regardless of phosphate sources. The sources DPIRSALNG and DPSRHCALNG were more efficient in terms of DMd and absorption.
PSX-28 Management of lameness in meat goat herds: A survey of producers in the southeastern US
Authors: Leite-Browning Maria L , Alghamdi Ahmad , Browning, Jr. Richard 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Lameness is a persistent animal health concern in the meat goat industry. A survey was developed to describe lameness in commercial meat goat herds in the southeastern US. The survey included 35 multiple-choice questions about general herd attributes, various management practices, and specific herd lameness characteristics. A photo guide of goat hoof lesions was included in the survey package. The survey was sent by postal mail to 629 farms in Tennessee and bordering states with 183 completed surveys returned. The majority of herds managed Kiko (32%), Boer (22%), and Myotonic (19%) goat breeds. Reasons for raising goats included seed stock or breeding stock (78.1%), commercial, market, or slaughter purposes (62.3%), hobby, pets, or show (48.6%), and for brush, vegetation, or weed control (25.7%). Most respondents (90.7%) acquired goats from breeder farms, whereas only 2.7% of respondents purchased goats from sale barns. Most respondents quarantine new animals before adding them to the herd (78.1%), while 19.7% did not quarantine new animals and 1.1% were unfamiliar with the practice. The average monthly lameness rate was estimated to be at 6% with seasonal occurrences identified by respondents as 6% in the fall, 31.4% in the winter, 25.1% in the spring, and 50.5% in the summer. Some respondents indicated no seasonal variation (24.0%) or did not know (3.3%) if seasonal variation existed. Primary causes of lameness identified by respondents were overgrown hooves (50%), foot scald (19%), and foot rot (14%). Other lesions were identified at less than 8%. Sources of lameness treatment information for respondents were other producers (34.9%), veterinarians (30.6%), books (22.4%), online chat groups (19.1%), magazines (8.7%), and the extension service (8.2%). When lame goats were identified, more respondents (56.8%) did not isolate lame goats than those that practiced lame goat isolation (24.0%). Most respondents indicated that they treated lame goats (76.5%), a few did not treat lame goats (4.9%), and notable proportion (19.6%) did not respond to the question. Management approaches to treating lameness identified most frequently by respondents included hoof trimming (85%), topical hoof applications (40%), injectable antibiotics (32%), and footbaths (17%); 4% of respondents noted other methods. As a form of general hoof care management, most producers conducted hoof trimmings two or three times a year (51.9%), compared with trimming hooves once a year (9.8%), monthly (14.2%), or only trim hooves when goats became lame (6.6%). As a culling criterion, 29.5% responded lameness was a cull factor, 45.4% indicated it was not a cull factor, and 25.1% of respondents either did not know or did not response. Survey results showed that lameness is an issue in meat goat herds of the southeastern U.S. and a diversity of management approaches are used by producers to address the concern.
PSX-30 Drinking preferences of natural sources of brackish groundwater by yearling goats and sheep
Authors: Hirut Yirga Y , Patra Amlan K , Puchala Ryszard , Tadesse Dereje T , Dawson Lionel J , Goetsch Arthur L 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The nature and amounts of total dissolved solids (TDS) in brackish groundwater (BGW) sources vary widely, which may have influence on drinking preferences in small ruminants. A study was conducted to evaluate the water intake preferences of different brackish groundwater (BGW) sources in yearling Alpine [initial body weight (BW) = 36.0 ± 4.92 kg] and Spanish (22.0 ± 1.62 kg initial BW) goats and Katahdin (48.7 ± 1.42 kg initial BW) sheep. After a control phase offering tap water only for 7 d, a pairwise preference test was performed by providing one bucket with fresh tap water (FRW) and another with BGW for 3 d followed by 1 d of FRW only for each BGW testing. Thereafter, a free-choice preference test was conducted for 21 d during which five buckets were simultaneously offered with one FRW and four BGW sources. Four brackish water sources from Oklahoma, were United States Geological Survey (USGS) group 2 (GR-2; calcium sulfate dominant), 3 (GR-3; sodium chloride dominant), and two unclassified groups with sodium chloride and sulfate dominant (GR-U1) and sodium sulfate (GR-U2). The concentration of total dissolved solids in these water types were 494, 7,455, 3,048, 5,459, and 2,650 mg/kg for FRW, GR-2, GR-3, GR-U1, and GR-U2, respectively. In the pairwise test, Alpine and Spanish goats consumed (P &lt; 0.05) GR-U1 lesser amounts (water intake of 23.9 versus 44.6 for Alpine, 43.4 versus 32.5 for Katahdin, and 13.5 versus 44.3 g/kg BW for Spanish; SE = 8.00); whereas Katahdin sheep consumed (P &lt; 0.05) GR-2 lesser amounts than FRW (24.0 versus 28.1 for Alpine, 6.27 versus 50.4 for Katahdin, and 15.4 versus 32.1 g/kg BW for Spanish; SE = 7.21). There were no significant differences (P &gt;0.05) among the animals for GR-3 and GR-U2 preferences compared with FRW. In the free-choice test, there was a significant (P = 0.001) interaction effect between water source and animal type. Alpine goats preferred GR-3 more (P &lt; 0.05) than FRW, GR-U1, and GR-U2 (9.41, 10.4, 14.4, 24.3, and 6.92 g/kg BW), Katahdin consumed GR-U1 most (P &lt; 0.05) followed by GR-3 than other sources (5.95, 36.0, 1.01, 15.8, and 6.53 g/kg BW), and Spanish consumed GR-U1 more (P &lt; 0.05) than GR-2 (10.0, 20.3, 3.66, 12.7, and 3.91 g/kg BW for FRW, BRL, GR-2, GR-3, and GR-U, respectively; SE = 3.83). This study suggests that drinking water preferences vary among different USGS groups of BGW and small ruminant breeds, indicating taste differences of these BGW sources among the breeds.
PSX-24 Effects of dietary protein level and gastrointestinal nematode parasite infection on carcass and non-carcass yield and meat composition of goats
Authors: Yousuf Adnan B 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate carcass and non carcass yield of parasite challenged goats, parasitized (INF) or non parasitized (NIF) with gastrointestinal nematode parasite Haemonchus contortus. Goats were fed either high protein (HP) diet containing 24% CP or low protein (LP) diet containing 20% CP. Sixteen growing, intact male meat goats were divided into two main groups of INF and NIF goats and were further divided into two groups of four goats and fed either a high (24% CP) or low (20% CP) containing diet. At the end of the study, empty (fasted) body weights were recorded after an overnight fast and animals transported to a commercial abattoir, and harvested. The weights of the hot carcass, blood and non-carcass pool, which included head, hide and visceral organs (intestine, lung, liver, kidney and spleen), and blood were recorded. Carcass yield was evaluated as dressing percentage (hot carcass weight/empty body weight). There was no difference (P &gt; 0.05) in carcass yield (%), (HP diet=53.77 and LP diet=54.70; INF=53.85 and NIF=54.62); blood (gm) (HP diet=1029.52 and LP diet=1146.47) and INF = 1142.45 and NIF = 1032.54), head and hide (gm) (HP diet = 5645.32 and LP diet = 970.54; INF = 6221.32 and NIF = 5394.54); visceral organs (gm) (HP diet = 4151.66 and LP diet = 4740.92; INF = 4728.35 and NIF = 4164.23). The results of this study showed that supplementation of high dietary protein level above animals need may not be beneficial in improving the variables monitored against Haemonchosis.