bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Just Farming? Neoliberal Subjectivities and Agricultural Livelihoods among Educated Youth in Kenya
Authors: Mwaura Grace Muthoni 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTGiven the precariousness of graduate employment in most African countries, coupled with intersecting challenges of food insecurity, urbanization and population growth, educated youth are increasingly being encouraged to seek alternative livelihood opportunities in agriculture — a sector traditionally associated with the uneducated rural poor but which has received considerable developmental attention. This article examines how and with what impacts educated youth in Kenya construct and perform new identities as farmers, distinct from the stigmatized smallholder farmers and in keeping with their status as elite, urbanized, social change makers. By developing the concepts of neoliberal youth subjectivities and opportunity space, and examining their life and work histories, the article analyses how educated young farmers construct themselves as productive and socially respectable through different and locally understood neoliberal subjectivities. The author argues that the performances of educated youth who identify themselves as diversified selves, as members of the elite, and as social change makers challenge the normative notions of protracted youth‐hood and, instead, illuminate the neoliberal lives of these young people, facilitated by a liberalized economy and their social positioning in society.
The OECD and the Reconfiguration of the State in Emerging Economies: Manufacturing ‘Regulatory Capacity’
Authors: Jarvis Darryl S.L. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTThis article explores attempts to construct ‘regulatory capacity’ in developing countries, focusing on the work of the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) and its role as an international standard‐setting institution in regulatory governance. The article explores how the construction of specific forms of regulatory capacity, and attempts to orchestrate the adoption of regulatory reform agendas in emerging economies, reflect broader processes of political‐policy transfer that impact state capacity and the ability of developing states to manage economic development. By analysing the OECD's engagement practices with third party organizations such as APEC (Asia‐Pacific Economic Cooperation organization) and ASEAN (the Association of Southeast Asian Nations) and its specific engagement with emerging economies through country ‘reviews’ and ‘audits’, the author explores the implications for state capacity in terms of the adoption of regulatory systems of governance.
Re‐examination of Oostenbroek et al. (2016): evidence for neonatal imitation of tongue protrusion
Authors: Meltzoff Andrew N. , Murray Lynne , Simpson Elizabeth , Heimann Mikael , Nagy Emese , Nadel Jacqueline , Pedersen Eric J. , Brooks Rechele , Messinger Daniel S. , Pascalis Leonardo De , Subiaul Francys , Paukner Annika , Ferrari Pier F. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe meaning, mechanism, and function of imitation in early infancy have been actively discussed since Meltzoff and Moore's (1977) report of facial and manual imitation by human neonates. Oostenbroek et al. (2016) claim to challenge the existence of early imitation and to counter all interpretations so far offered. Such claims, if true, would have implications for theories of social‐cognitive development. Here we identify 11 flaws in Oostenbroek et al.'s experimental design that biased the results toward null effects. We requested and obtained the authors’ raw data. Contrary to the authors’ conclusions, new analyses reveal significant tongue‐protrusion imitation at all four ages tested (1, 3, 6, and 9 weeks old). We explain how the authors missed this pattern and offer five recommendations for designing future experiments. Infant imitation raises fundamental issues about action representation, social learning, and brain–behavior relations. The debate about the origins and development of imitation reflects its importance to theories of developmental science.
Children show limited movement repertoire when learning a novel motor skill
Authors: Lee Mei‐Hua , Farshchiansadegh Ali , Ranganathan Rajiv 
Published: September 2017

AbstractExamining age differences in motor learning using real‐world tasks is often problematic due to task novelty and biomechanical confounds. Here, we investigated how children and adults acquire a novel motor skill in a virtual environment. Participants of three different age groups (9‐year‐olds, 12‐year‐olds, and adults) learned to use their upper body movements to control a cursor on a computer screen. Results showed that 9‐year‐old and 12‐year‐old children showed poorer ability to control the cursor at the end of practice. Critically, when we investigated the movement coordination, we found that the lower task performance of children was associated with limited exploration of their movement repertoire. These results reveal the critical role of motor exploration in understanding developmental differences in motor learning.
Linear decline of corrected platelet count increment within 24 hours after platelet transfusion in haematological patients: A prospective observational study
Authors: Benediktsson Sigurdur , Lazarevic Vladimir , Nilsson Lars , Kjeldsen‐Kragh Jens , Schött Ulf , Kander Thomas 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to prospectively explore the detailed longitudinal development of platelet increments in patients with chemotherapy‐induced bone marrow aplasia during the first 24 hours after platelet transfusion.MethodsPatients admitted to the Haematology department during 7 months, and fulfilled inclusion criteria were divided into 4 groups: Group 1, patients with acute leukaemia; Group 2, patients after autologous stem cell transplantation (SCT); Group 3, patients after allogeneic SCT; and Group 4, patients given platelet transfusion prior to intervention. We used frequent blood sampling within 24 hours after platelet transfusion to investigate the kinetics of platelet counts following transfusion.Results and ConclusionsFifty‐four platelet transfusion occasions in patients with chemotherapy‐induced bone marrow aplasia were included. The decrease in corrected count increment (CCI) 1‐24 hours after platelet transfusions in all groups could be described as linear functions. For patients in the aggregated Groups 1‐3, the decline was 2.0% ± 0.6% (mean ± standard deviation) per hour. For patients in Group 4, the decline of CCI was 2.8% ± 1.2% per hour. We found no differences between the groups, either in the rate of platelet elimination from the bloodstream or in the mean CCI, in the first 24 hours post‐transfusion.
Ice ages leave genetic diversity ‘hotspots’ in Europe but not in Eastern North America
Authors: Lumibao Candice Y. , Hoban Sean M. , McLachlan Jason 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAfter the last glacial cycle, temperate European trees migrated northward, experiencing genetic bottlenecks and founder effects, which left high haplotype endemism in southern populations and clines in genetic diversity northward. These patterns are thought to be ubiquitous across temperate forests, and are therefore used to anticipate the potential genetic consequences of future warming. We compared existing and new phylogeographic data sets (chloroplast DNA) from 14 woody taxa in Eastern North America (ENA) to data sets from 21 ecologically similar European species to test for common impacts of Quaternary climate swings on genetic diversity across diverse taxa and between continents. Unlike their European counterparts, ENA taxa do not share common southern centres of haplotype endemism and they generally maintain high genetic diversity even at their northern range limits. Differences between the genetic impacts of Quaternary climate cycles across continents suggest refined lessons for managing genetic diversity in today's warming world.
Taxonomic revision of the genus Stauropoctonus Brauns, 1889 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae) in Japan
Authors: Shimizu So , Lima Alessandro Rodrigues 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe Japanese species of the ichneumonid genus Stauropoctonus Brauns, are revised. As a result, three species are recognized. Stauropoctonus infuscus (Uchida, ) stat. rev., previously synonymized with S. bombycivorus (Gravenhorst, ), is recognized as a valid species and re‐described. Stauropoctonus bombycivorus, which has already been recorded in Japan, is also recognized and re‐described based on Japanese specimens. Stauropoctonus aurantiacus sp. nov. is described based on a single male specimen from Yakushima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. Stauropoctonus nigrithorax Lee & Kim, syn. nov. is newly synonymized with S. bombycivorus. Additionally, a key to the Stauropoctonus species and discussions on their phenology and collection methods are provided.
A randomized prospective pilot trial of Web‐delivered epilepsy stigma reduction communications in young adults
Authors: Sajatovic Martha , Herrmann Lynn K. , Van Doren Jamie R. , Tatsuoka Curtis , Welter Elisabeth , Perzynski Adam T. , Bukach Ashley , Needham Kelley , Liu Hongyan , Berg Anne T. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryObjectiveEpilepsy is a common neurological condition that is often associated with stigmatizing attitudes and negative stereotypes among the general public. This randomized controlled trial (RCT) tested two new communication approaches targeting epilepsy stigma versus an education‐alone approach.MethodsTwo brief stigma‐reduction videos were developed, informed by community stakeholder input; one highlighted role competency in people with epilepsy; the other highlighted social inclusion of people with epilepsy. A control video was also developed. A Web‐based survey using a prospective RCT design compared effects of experimental videos and control on acceptability, perceived impact, epilepsy knowledge, and epilepsy stigma. Epilepsy knowledge and stigma were measured with the Epilepsy Knowledge Questionnaire (EKQ) and Attitudes and Beliefs about Living with Epilepsy (ABLE), respectively.ResultsA total of 295 participants completed the study. Mean age was 23.1 (standard deviation = 3.27) years; 59.0% were male, and 71.4% were white. Overall, respondents felt videos impacted their epilepsy attitudes. EKQ scores were similar across videos, with a trend for higher knowledge in experimental videos versus control (p = 0.06). The role competency and control videos were associated with slightly better perceived impact on attitudes. There were no differences between videos on ABLE scores (p = 0.568). There were subgroup differences suggesting that men, younger individuals, whites, and those with personal epilepsy experience had more stigmatizing attitudes.SignificanceThis RCT tested communication strategies to improve knowledge and attitudes about epilepsy. Although this initial effort will require follow‐up, we have demonstrated the acceptability, feasibility, and potential of novel communication strategies to target epilepsy stigma, and a Web‐based approach for assessing them.
Fatigue and ratcheting assessment of AISI H11 at 500°C using constitutive theory coupled with damage rule
Authors: Ma L. , Luo Y. , Wang Y. , Du W. , Song Z. , Zhang J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractHot extrusion is one of the most commonly used manufacturing methods for metal plastic deformation, and the consumption of extrusion tooling is considerably high due to its fatigue damage under cyclic serving condition. Hot‐work tool steel AISI H11 is one of these typical materials employed in extrusion tooling. This work is dedicated to calculating the stress/strain state of AISI H11 and predicting its lifetime at high temperature 500°C by building a unified constitutive model coupled with Lemaitre's damage law. Tensile tests and strain/stress reversed cycling tests have been conducted at 500°C to investigate mechanical properties and damage evolution. A unified constitutive model with Armstrong‐Fredrick/Ohno‐Wang kinematic hardening rule and a new proposed isotropic hardening rule is built; Lemaitre's damage law is employed as well. Parameters are determined based on tests and are temperature dependent. Finite element simulation of the deformation behaviour and fatigue lifetime is implemented into commercial software ABAQUS Standard v6.14‐2 with user material subroutine to validate the proposed method. The comparison shows good agreement with experimental results, and this part of work is essential and crucial to subsequent structure analysis.
Antimicrobial effectiveness of combinations of oxidant and chelating agents in infected dentine: an ex vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy study
Authors: Giardino L. , Del Fabbro M. , Cesario F. , Fernandes F. S. , Andrade F. B. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAimTo evaluate the intratubular antimicrobial activity of several oxidant and chelating agents associated with or without surfactants in experimentally infected root canals, using confocal laser scanning microscopy.MethodologyTwenty‐four dentine blocks from bovine incisors were contaminated for 5 days with Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC‐ 29212). Ten contaminated dentine specimens were irrigated for 5 min with 5.25% NaOCl followed by 17% EDTA for 2 min, and the other 10 with Hypoclean for 5 min followed by Tetraclean NA for 2 min. The remaining four specimens were used as positive and negative controls (two samples each). Then, dentine blocks were stained with Live/Dead BacLight for analysis of the remaining live or dead bacteria using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Comparison between and within groups was performed using the Mann–Whitney test for independent samples and the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test, respectively.ResultsAfter exposure to irrigants, the positive control group had a median of 67.41% of viable bacteria (95% CI: 48.15, 78.9), whilst the NaOCl+EDTA group and Hypoclean+Tetraclean NA group had 3.77% (1.28, 15.92) and 0.87% (−0.42, 4.30) of viable bacteria, respectively. These results were significantly different from each other, both overall and distinct by region (cervical and medium third), or depth (superficial and deep layer) (P < 0.01 in all cases).ConclusionsThe use of adjunctive agents reducing the surface tension associated with oxidant and chelating agents improved the antimicrobial activity of irrigating solutions and intratubular decontamination against Enterococcus faecalis, possibly due to better removal of the smear layer and deeper penetration into dentinal tubules.
Dealing with Migrants in the Central Mediterranean Route: A Legal Analysis of Recent Bilateral Agreements Between Italy and Libya
Authors: de Guttry Andrea , Capone Francesca , Sommario Emanuele 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDealing with the current flow of migrants flocking to the shores of southern European countries remains high on the international agenda. At the end of 2016, 276,957 migrants were waiting in Libya to cross the sea. Many of them were subject to human rights violations and abuses such as arbitrary detention, torture, unlawful killings, sexual exploitation and even slavery (IOM, 2017). The international response has been, so far, insufficient and new ideas and practices are urgently needed. After providing an overview of the legal framework and of the efforts carried out by the relevant international and regional organizations, this article focuses on recent treaties concluded between Italy and Libya, and argues that the new bilateral agreements represent an example of how States are responding to this challenge in an attempt to strike a balance between the need to strengthen the protection of migrants’ rights and the necessity to guarantee the security of national borders.
Estimated rates of influenza‐associated outpatient visits during 2001‐2010 in 6 US integrated healthcare delivery organizations
Authors: Zhou Hong , Thompson William W. , Belongia Edward A. , Fowlkes Ashley , Baxter Roger , Jacobsen Steven J. , Jackson Michael L. , Glanz Jason M. , Naleway Allison L. , Ford Derek C. , Weintraub Eric , Shay David K. 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundPopulation‐based estimates of influenza‐associated outpatient visits including both pandemic and interpandemic seasons are uncommon. Comparisons of such estimates with laboratory‐confirmed rates of outpatient influenza are rare.ObjectiveTo estimate influenza‐associated outpatient visits in 6 US integrated healthcare delivery organizations enrolling ~7.7 million persons.MethodsUsing negative binomial regression methods, we modeled rates of influenza‐associated visits with ICD‐9‐CM‐coded pneumonia or acute respiratory outpatient visits during 2001‐10. These estimated counts were added to visits coded specifically for influenza to derive estimated rates. We compared these rates with those observed in 2 contemporaneous studies recording RT‐PCR‐confirmed influenza outpatient visits.ResultsOutpatient rates estimated with pneumonia visits were 39 (95% confidence interval [CI], 30‐70) and 203 (95% CI, 180‐240) per 10 000 person‐years, respectively, for interpandemic and pandemic seasons. Corresponding rates estimated with respiratory visits were 185 (95% CI, 161‐255) and 542 (95% CI, 441‐823) per 10 000 person‐years. During the pandemic, children aged 2‐17 years had the largest increase in rates (when estimated with pneumonia visits, from 64 [95% CI, 50‐121] to 381 [95% CI, 366‐481]). Rates estimated with pneumonia visits were consistent with rates of RT‐PCR‐confirmed influenza visits during 4 of 5 seasons in 1 comparison study. In another, rates estimated with pneumonia visits during the pandemic for children and adults were consistent in timing, peak, and magnitude.ConclusionsEstimated rates of influenza‐associated outpatient visits were higher in children than adults during pre‐pandemic and pandemic seasons. Rates estimated with pneumonia visits plus influenza‐coded visits were similar to rates from studies using RT‐PCR‐confirmed influenza.
Reconstruction of the late Miocene biogeographical history of tits and chickadees (Aves: Passeriformes: Paridae): A comparison between discrete area analyses and probabilistic diffusion approach
Authors: Johansson Ulf S. , Nylinder Stephan , Ohlson Jan I. , Tietze Dieter Thomas 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAimTo infer the biogeographical history of the avian clade Paridae (tits and chickadees) using methods based on discrete, a priori defined, geographical areas and a method that uses actual species distributions and a relaxed random walk in a Bayesian context. We compared their relative performances and how different area codings influenced the outcome in the discrete analyses.LocationHolarctic, Indomalaya, Afrotropics.MethodsThe phylogeny was reconstructed using Bayesian inference and time‐calibrated using published substitution rates and a fossil calibration point. The discrete analyses were performed in BioGeoBEARS. For the probabilistic diffusion analysis, the extant distribution of each species was shaped as polygons in Google Earth and analysed together with the posterior distribution of time‐calibrated trees inbeast. The diffusion process was modelled as a relaxed random walk.ResultsThe earliest divergences occurred between 10 and 15 Ma and the probabilistic diffusion analysis, and one of the discrete analyses indicated that the parids originated in the mountains of East Asia (Sino‐Himalayas). Due to a different categorization of the geographical areas, a partly overlapping but conceptually different region was indicated in the second discrete analysis. Between 8 and 5 Ma parids started to spread from the Sino‐Himalayas and became established in North America and Africa before 5 Ma. However, the inferred dispersal patterns differed between the analyses.Main conclusionOverall, the analyses were congruent and together with the divergence time analysis provided a solid biogeographical history for the parids. However, some discrepancies were evident and the diffusion analysis often indicated a more stationary pattern in the Sino‐Himalayas in contrast to the more widespread ancestors indicated by the discrete analyses. The discrete analyses were influenced both by the biogeographical model and delimitation of the a priori areas.
Tocotrienol‐rich fraction attenuates UV‐induced inflammaging: A bench to bedside study
Authors: Yap Wei Ney 
Published: September 2017

SummaryBackgroundUV radiation from the sun is the most common environmental stressor to damage the skin. It is now well established that photodamaged skin manifests signs of mild but chronic inflammation, termed as “inflammaging.” Thus, there is an urgent need for anti‐inflammatory regimes that can limit the damage caused by inflammation.ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the possible palliative effects of a new topical nanoemulsion formulation containing tocotrienol‐rich fraction (TRF) on UV‐induced inflammation (erythema) of human skin.MethodsAn in vitro model was used to demonstrate the ability of TRF to alleviate photodamage via attenuation of UV‐induced oxidative stress and inflammation. Two ex vivo models (skin antioxidative potential and radical sun protection factor) were used to determine the efficacy of different formulations of TRF on the skin. A UV‐induced erythema protection test in 20 subjects was conducted.ResultsIn vitro studies involving HaCaT keratinocytes revealed that TRF possesses marked anti‐inflammatory properties, as indicated by the attenuation of UV‐induced upregulation of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. A 1% TRF formulation was found to be more effective in enhancing the endogenous antioxidative protection of skin compared to 1% TRF in medium chain triglycerides because of its higher penetration kinetic profile. The clinical study showed that formulated TRF was effective in reducing skin redness after UV irradiation as early as after 6 hours of application. A significant depigmentation was also observed in TRF treatment subjects.ConclusionTRF may serve as an anti‐inflammatory compound that is safe to be applied daily to protect the skin from UV‐induced inflammaging.
Sonographic assessment of volaemia: development and validation of a new method in dogs
Authors: Cambournac M. , Goy‐Thollot I. , Violé A. , Boisvineau C. , Pouzot‐Nevoret C. , Barthélemy A. 
Published: September 2017

ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to describe a method for the sonographic assessment of volaemia, to determinate inter‐ and intra‐operator variability and to assess the ability to detect blood loss after blood donation in healthy dogs.Materials and MethodsThe left kidney was identified in a spleno‐renal view, and transverse views of the caudal vena cava and aorta were obtained in 12 dogs. Vessel diameters were measured in B‐mode, in duplicate by two operators, and the caudal vena cava:aorta ratio was calculated. Intra‐ and inter‐operator variabilities were assessed using a Bland–Altman method by plotting the differences between the repeated measurements obtained from the same subject by the same operator and by the two operators against their means. Before and after blood donation measurements were compared using paired t‐tests or one‐sample t‐tests, if appropriate.ResultsIntra‐ and inter‐operator variability was within the limit of agreement for the vast majority of measurements. After a blood donation of 9·8 ±2·2 mL/kg, the mean aorta measurements were not significantly different from those obtained before blood donation (1·11 versus 1·10, P=0·28), whereas the mean caudal vena cava measurements and caudal vena cava:aorta ratios were significantly lower (1·28 versus 1·01, P<0·0001; 1·17 versus 1·01, P=0·0001, respectively).Clinical SignificanceThe low intra‐ and inter‐operator variabilities in the caudal vena cava, aorta and caudal vena cava:aorta ratio measurements support their reliability and operator independency. The sonographic assessment of volaemia appears to be a promising non‐invasive, repeatable point‐of‐care ultrasound protocol for assessment and monitoring of blood loss. Further studies are needed to assess the sonographic assessment of volaemia protocol in spontaneously bleeding dogs.