bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate composites with bioactive glass as second phase: State of the art and current applications
Authors: Bellucci Devis , Sola Antonella , Cannillo Valeria 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCalcium phosphates are among the most common biomaterials employed in orthopaedic and dental surgery. The efficacy of such systems as bone substitutes and bioactive coatings on metallic prostheses has been proved by several clinical studies. Among these materials, hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) play a prominent role in medical practice since the ‘80s. In the last years, numerous attempts to combine HA or TCP with bioactive glasses have been made. There are two main motivations for sintering calcium phosphates with a glassy phase: on the one hand, it is possible to tune the dissolution of the final system and to enhance its biological response through the synergistic combination of two bioactive phases; on the other hand, the glass acts as a sintering aid with the aim to increase the densification of the composite and thus its mechanical strength. In this sense, TCP and HA are penalized by their relatively poor fracture toughness and tensile strength compared to natural bone, which makes it impossible to use them in load‐bearing applications. Moreover, the bioactivity index of pure calcium phosphates is typically lower with respect to that of many bioactive glasses. In this review, the state of the art and current applications of composites, based on HA or TCP with bioactive glass as second phase, are presented and discussed. A special emphasis is given to the processing and mechanical behaviour of these systems, together with their biological implications, as a function of the composition of the glass employed as second phase. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 1030–1056, 2016.
What Facilitates Cultural Entrepreneurship? – A Study of Indian Cultural Entrepreneurs
Authors: Sardana Deepak 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe importance of a ‘cultural industry’ to a national economy and the development of a “creative society” has grown increasingly. However, research on cultural entrepreneurship is in its early stages and is yet to catch the attention of mainstream entrepreneurship and creativity scholars. In this article the objective is to enhance our knowledge and understanding of the key aspects that cultural entrepreneurs find facilitating their entrepreneurship. Studying Indian cultural entrepreneurs and applying a qualitative method, this paper identifies seven such aspects: cultural value creation, intrinsic motivation and external recognition, minimized risk, contextual understanding, innovation and learning, perseverance and ethical pursuit of cultural activity, and social networks.
Styrene Butadiene Rubber/Carbon Filler‐Based Vapor Sensors
Authors: Tabačiarová Jana , Krajči Juraj , Pionteck Jürgen , Reuter Uta , Omastová Mária , Mičušík Matej 
Published: December 2015

The elastomeric composites using styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) as the polymeric matrix with two types of carbon nanofillers, carbon black and carbon nanotubes, are prepared by melt mixing with the aim to use them as sensors of organic gases for monitoring industrial environments. The prepared composites contain various amounts of conducting nanofillers and are cross‐linked before examination for gas sensing. The electrical conductivity of the prepared composites is measured and the percolation threshold is calculated for both types of composites. The first aim is to determine compositions slightly above the percolation threshold for later testing of the sensing properties. Swelling/deswelling experiments have also been performed. The dispersion of conducting fillers in SBR matrix is studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques, and the mechanical properties of the pure matrix and all prepared composites are determined by tensile testing. Three organic gases, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, and n‐hexane, in various mixtures with air are used to examine the ability of the prepared composites to react in their presence by changing the electrical properties. Cyclability of the sensing performance of the composites is also examined. Sensing results reveal the suitability of the prepared SBR‐based materials as sensors for harmful solvents and gases widely used in industry.
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Investigation of an Abnormal α Polymorph Formation in Miscible PVDF Nanocomposite Blend Using Kinetics of Crystallization
Authors: Abolhasani Mohammad Mahdi , Ashjari Mohsen , Azimi Sara , Fashandi Hossein 
Published: December 2015

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/acrylic rubber (ACM)/Nanoclay miscible nanocomposite blends are prepared using melt‐mixing method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is employed to investigate the real‐time conformational changes of PVDF chain segments during crystallization of corresponding nanocomposite blends under isothermal condition. This analysis demonstrates the formation of α polymorph in nanocomposite blends, which is quite abnormal compared to polymorphism of PVDF nanocomposite. Differential scanning calorimetry technique is also conducted to study the isothermal crystallization kinetic of the mentioned system. Furthermore, Avrami equation is employed to evaluate the overall crystallization rate. It is shown that addition of nanoclay to PVDF/ACM miscible blends slightly affects Avrami parameters. According to Lauritzen–Hoffman theory, the presence of crystals is observed at regime II of crystallization. Free energy of folding of miscible nanocomposite blends is comparable with that of miscible blends, suggesting the fact that PVDF molecules interact with ACM chains within nanocomposite blends, whereas nanoclay particles are wrapped by ACM molecules. De Gennes’ theory is used to explain the emergence of a different polymorph in miscible nanocomposite blends compared to that in PVDF nanocomposites.
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Erprobungsmethodik für zyklisch überelastisch beanspruchte Bauteile unter Torsion – Bauschinger‐Kenngrößen für 54SiCr6
Authors: Thomisch M. , Kletzin U. , Kley M. , Beyer P. 
Published: December 2015

In Antriebsträngen kommen viele torsionsbelastete Bauteile zum Einsatz. Insbesondere Wellen und Federn sind hier zu nennen. Speziell bei klassischen Schraubenfedern, wird der Werkstoff hauptsächlich auf Torsion beansprucht. Normalerweise erfährt eine Feder im Betrieb lediglich elastische Beanspruchungen. Wird die Elastizitätsgrenze überschritten, verformt sich die Geometrie der Feder bleibend. Die plastische Formänderung bei einmaligem Überschreiten der Elastizitätsgrenze lässt sich relativ einfach unter Zuhilfenahme der Fließgrenze bestimmen. Überschreiten allerdings mehrere wechselnde Lastzyklen die elastische Grenze, ist eine Bestimmung des Verformungs‐ und Spannungszustands nicht mehr ohne weiteres möglich. Insbesondere die Ver‐ und Entfestigungsmechanismen spielen für das plastische Materialverhalten eine entscheidende Rolle. Nach heutigem Stand ist dieses Verhalten für hochfeste Federstähle noch nicht ausreichend untersucht. Vorliegender Artikel zeigt die Ermittlung verschiedener Bauschinger‐Parameter bzw. Kenngrößen für plastische Torsionsbelastung am Werkstoff 54SiCr6.Es kann gezeigt werden, dass für den Werkstoff 54SiCr6 unter Torsionsbelastung zum einen der Bauschingereffekt nachgewiesen werden kann und zum anderen die notwendigen Bauschinger‐Parameter mit der dargestellten Versuchsmethodik ermittelt werden können. Durch die gewonnen Daten ist eine Berechnung des Spannungs‐ und Verformungszustands, sei es analytisch oder numerisch, nach zyklischer plastischer Torsionsbelastung möglich.Aus den Messungen lassen sich sowohl der Anstieg der Schubtangente als auch die plastische Rückschiebung jeweils in Abhängigkeit von der plastischen Schiebung ableiten. Generell kann festgestellt werden:– Der Anstieg der Schubtangente sinkt mit zunehmender plastischer Schiebung.– Der Anstieg der Schubtangente hat ab einer gewissen plastischen Schiebung und darüber hinaus einen bleibenden Wert.– Die plastische Rückschiebung nimmt mit steigender plastischer Dehnung zu.
Weak Consistency for Ensuring Priority Vectors Reliability
Authors: Cavallo Bice , D'Apuzzo Livia , Basile Luciano 
Published: December 2015

AbstractConsistency and transitivity are important and leading research topics in the study of decision‐making in terms of pairwise comparison matrices. In this paper, we search for conditions that, in case of inconsistency, guarantee ordinal compatibility between ordinal ranking (actual ranking) derived from a transitive matrix and cardinal rankings provided by the most usual priority vectors proposed in the scientific literature. We provide the notion of weak consistency; it is a condition weaker than consistency and stronger than transitivity and ensures that vectors associated with a matrix, by means of a strictly increasing synthesis functional, provide a preference order, on the related set of decision elements, equal to the actual ranking. This notion extends, to the case in which the decision‐maker can be indifferent between two or more alternatives/criteria, weak consistency introduced in previous papers under constraint of no indifference. Finally, we introduce an order relation on the rows of the matrix, that is, a simple order if and only if weak consistency is satisfied; this simple order allows us to easily determine the actual ranking on the set of decision elements. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of the benefits of the Chinese Public Weather Service
Authors: Yuan Huiling , Sun Min , Wang Yuan 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThe present study aims to understand the public opinion on the Chinese Public Weather Service and evaluate its benefits. Statistics based on a nationwide survey conducted in China in 2006 show that the receipt and perception of weather information vary across different ages and groups. People obtain weather information from various sources (television ranks first); younger generations favour new media. There is a high demand for information services related to severe weather and short‐range weather, which have the largest impact on daily lives and professional needs. The respondents' satisfaction with the current weather service and forecast accuracy are very high, although the accuracy of weather forecasts requires improvements. The benefits of the Chinese Public Weather Service and cost–benefit ratios are evaluated via direct, indirect and reverse willingness‐to‐pay evaluation models. For the entire country, the benefit of the Chinese Public Weather Service is estimated to be at least 46.482 billion Chinese Yuan (CNY), which accounted for 0.22% of the Chinese gross domestic product (GDP) in 2006; the national cost–benefit ratio is 1:26. The regional cost–benefit ratios of the Chinese Public Weather Service exhibit a wide range from 1:2 to 1:81 over different provincial‐level regions. The cost–benefit ratios are much higher in economically developed areas (Central and East China) than in economically underdeveloped areas (Northwest China). The social development level, especially certain aspects of primary industry and transportation, is closely related to the cost–benefit ratio of the Chinese Public Weather Service. These findings can assist the China Meteorological Administration and its supervised meteorological bureaus in providing a weather service that meets the public needs effectively.
Observed regional climatic changes over Ontario, Canada, in response to global warming
Authors: Wang Xiuquan , Huang Guohe , Liu Jinliang 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTHuman‐induced climatic changes are not expected to be uniform across the globe due to the regional variations in topography, land cover/land use, economic development and so on. Investigating the regional effects of climate change is thus of great concern for decision makers and resource managers to develop scientifically informed policies and strategies against the changing climate. In the present study, regional climatology over Ontario, Canada, and its temporal trends in the past century are analysed based on the historical observations at the gauged stations, aiming to investigate how the local climate has been affected by human‐induced global warming. The analysis shows that the annual mean temperature over Ontario varies mainly between 1.6 and 7 °C with a median of 3.8 °C, while its annual total precipitation usually ranges between 836 and 1004 mm with a median of 896 mm. Further correlation analysis suggests that no or negligible correlations between total precipitation and mean temperature are found at the vast majority of stations (accounting for over 80% of the total), except for summer when significant negative correlations (with a correlation co‐efficient varying between −0.7 and −0.2) are reported at over 54% stations. As for the temporal trends, significant warming trends are detected throughout the province and the overall trend in annual mean temperature varies largely between 0.01 and 0.02 °C year–1. Increasing trends in annual rainfall (by 1–3 mm year–1) and total precipitation (by 1–4 mm year–1) are detected at the vast majority of gauged stations, but no significant trends in annual snowfall are identified at most of the stations. The results of this study can help better understand the regional climate of Ontario and provide important references for developing future climate scenarios that can be used for impact studies.
Wie Bakterien uns mit Naturstoffen krank machen
Authors: Prothiwa Michaela , Szamosvari David , Böttcher Thomas 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEntscheidend dafür, ob Bakterien Menschen krank machen, ist ihre Virulenz, also ihre Infektionskraft. Dabei spielen nicht nur Enzyme eine Rolle, sondern auch kleine organische Moleküle: darunter Siderophore, die Eisen komplexieren, und Signalstoffe, die den Angriff auf den Wirt steuern.
Chemie für den russischen Forst
Authors: Wienhaus Otto 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDie St. Petersburger Staatliche Forsttechnische Akademie hat eine über zweihundertjährige Geschichte. Ab Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts waren es Chemiker, welche die Forschungsrichtung der Akademie maßgeblich bestimmten. Bis heute sind Lehre und Forschung an der Akademie stark chemisch orientiert.
Managing Public Sector Decentralization in Developing Countries: Moving Beyond Conventional Recipes
Authors: Smoke Paul 
Published: December 2015

SummaryDecentralization has become a nearly universal feature of public sector reform in developing countries, but it has unevenly met the often considerable and diverse expectations placed on it. This paper contends that the popular reform has been framed and assessed in standardized—yet disjointed and incomplete—ways that do not offer a suitably robust basis for its effective application. Decentralization is a complex process that is pursued in variable environments, and superficial commonalities that suggest routine remedies are often overwhelmed by great heterogeneity in how it is perceived and unfolds in context. The drivers of diversity—the country setting, national and local political and bureaucratic dynamics, available resources and capacities, and in some cases the role of aid agencies, among others—shape what is intended and what is feasible relative to normative goals. Deeper attention to these factors can inform possibilities for more appropriate design and implementation. This paper discusses basic elements of the persistent decentralization challenge and outlines a preliminary approach to broaden contextual analysis and to define pragmatic ways to tap its potential more productively. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of a spiritual legacy intervention in patients with brain cancers and other neurologic illnesses and their support persons
Authors: Piderman Katherine M. , Radecki Breitkopf Carmen , Jenkins Sarah M. , Lapid Maria I. , Kwete Gracia M. , Sytsma Terin T. , Lovejoy Laura A. , Yoder Timothy J. , Jatoi Aminah 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe objectives were to assess the feasibility of using a novel, comprehensive chaplain‐led spiritual life review interview to develop a personal Spiritual Legacy Document (SLD) for persons with brain tumors and other neurodegenerative diseases and to describe spiritual well‐being (SWB), spiritual coping, and quality of life (QOL) of patients and their support persons (SP) before and after receipt of the SLD.MethodsPatient‐SP pairs were enrolled over a 2‐year period. Assessments included the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy‐Spiritual Expanded Version, Brief Religious Coping Scale, Brief COPE Inventory, and QOL Linear Analog Scale. Baseline assessments were completed prior to an audio‐recorded spiritual life review interview with a chaplain.ResultsThirty‐two patient/SP pairs were enrolled; 27 completed baseline assessments and the interview. Twenty‐four reviewed their SLD and were eligible for follow‐up. A total of 15 patients and 12 SPs completed the 1‐month follow‐up; 10 patients and seven SPs completed the 3‐month follow‐up. Patients endorsed high levels of SWB and spiritual coping at baseline. Both patients and SPs evidenced improvement on several aspects of SWB, spiritual coping, and QOL at 1 month, but patients' decreased financial well‐being was also observed. Patients and SPs demonstrated favorable changes in peacefulness and positive religious coping at both time points.ConclusionsA chaplain‐led spiritual life review is a feasible intervention for patients with neurodegenerative disease and results in beneficial effects on patients and SPs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconstructing Periglacial Geomorphology: The Contribution of J. Ross Mackay
Authors: Church Michael 
Published: December 2015

AbstractRoss Mackay's contributions to periglacial geomorphology are commonly regarded as the fruit of solo inspiration. In fact, his work is an exemplary product of its time. At the outset of his career, geomorphology was entering a radical transformation from interpretive study of landscape history towards quantitative study of landscape‐forming processes. Early periglacial geomorphology was concerned mainly with attempting to infer historical environmental conditions on the periphery of the great Pleistocene ice sheets and Mackay's earliest works are historically oriented accounts of regional geography. From 1960, however, his work, following the new perspective, was based on quantitative measurement of landforms and land‐forming processes, both in the field and on maps, and application of physical theory to interpret his observations. He focused attention on individual periglacial landforms that had hitherto been only superficially described. Outstanding aspects of Mackay's contributions are his genius for making critical field observations and his ability to use them to test geophysical theory. He was one of a very small number of pioneers who reconstructed periglacial geomorphology. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural and biophysical investigation of the interaction of a mutant Grb2 SH2 domain (W121G) with its cognate phosphopeptide
Authors: Papaioannou Danai , Geibel Sebastian , Kunze Micha B. A. , Kay Christopher W. M. , Waksman Gabriel 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe adaptor protein Grb2 is a key element of mitogenetically important signaling pathways. With its SH2 domain it binds to upstream targets while its SH3 domains bind to downstream proteins thereby relaying signals from the cell membranes to the nucleus. The Grb2 SH2 domain binds to its targets by recognizing a phosphotyrosine (pY) in a pYxNx peptide motif, requiring an Asn at the +2 position C‐terminal to the pY with the residue either side of this Asn being hydrophobic. Structural analysis of the Grb2 SH2 domain in complex with its cognate peptide has shown that the peptide adopts a unique β‐turn conformation, unlike the extended conformation that phosphopeptides adopt when bound to other SH2 domains. TrpEF1 (W121) is believed to force the peptide into this unusual conformation conferring this unique specificity to the Grb2 SH2 domain. Using X‐ray crystallography, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we describe here a series of experiments that explore the role of TrpEF1 in determining the specificity of the Grb2 SH2 domain. Our results demonstrate that the ligand does not adopt a pre‐organized structure before binding to the SH2 domain, rather it is the interaction between the two that imposes the hairpin loop to the peptide. Furthermore, we find that the peptide adopts a similar structure when bound to both the wild‐type Grb2 SH2 domain and a TrpEF1Gly mutant. This suggests that TrpEF1 is not the determining factor for the conformation of the phosphopeptide.
Accounting for Skill Shortages? Migration and the Australian Labour Market
Authors: Weller Sally A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAlthough recent circumstances have rekindled interest in matching skilled migrant intakes to domestic labour needs, the factors contributing to migrant employment outcomes remain poorly understood. Contemporary research tends to focus on the best and worst of skilled migrant outcomes – either integration into elite transnational labour markets or relegation to relatively menial work. By approaching the issue from a perspective attuned to differentiated labour markets and their multiple segmentations, this paper argues that skilled migrant outcomes are best examined at the scale of occupations, with analysis oriented to understanding mobility across groups of related occupations. Using the example of the ‘in demand’ occupation of accountants migrating to Australia in the years 2005 to 2010, the paper's analysis of data from theContinuous Survey of Australia's Migrantsreveals that migrant accountants trickled across and trickled down to a wide range of accounting‐related occupations. Individual migrant's positions were conditioned by the intertwined effects of region of origin, gender, and migration pathway. The paper concludes with a discussion of policy implications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Links between recognition and degradation of cytoplasmic viral RNA in innate immune response
Authors: Oshiumi Hiroyuki , Mifsud Edin J. , Daito Takuji 
Published: December 2015

SummaryRecognition and degradation of viral RNA are essential for antiviral innate immune responses. Cytoplasmic viral RNA is recognized by retinoic acid‐inducible gene I (RIG‐I)‐like receptors, which trigger type I interferon (IFN) production. Secreted type I IFN activates ubiquitously expressed type I IFN receptor and induces IFN‐stimulated genes (ISGs). To suppress viral replication, several nucleases degrade viral RNA. RNase L is an ISG with endonuclease activity that degrades viral RNA, producing small RNA that activates RIG‐I, resulting in the amplification of type I IFN production. Moreover, recent studies have elucidated novel links between viral RNA recognition and degradation. The RNA exosome is a protein complex that includes nucleases and is essential for host and viral RNA decay. Although the small RNAs produced by the RNA exosome do not activate RIG‐I, several accessory factors of the RNA exosome promote RIG‐I activation. Zinc‐finger antiviral protein (ZAP) is an accessory factor that recognizes viral RNA and promotes viral RNA degradation via the RNA exosome. ZAPS is an alternative splicing form of ZAP and promotes RIG‐I oligomerization and ATPase activity, resulting in RIG‐I activation. DDX60 is another cofactor involved in the viral RNA degradation via the RNA exosome. The DDX60 protein promotes RIG‐I signaling in a cell‐type specific manner. These observations imply that viral RNA degradation and recognition are linked to each other. In this review, I discuss the links between recognition and degradation of viral RNA. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.