bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Turkey's Position on IDP Properties: Lessons (Not) Learned
Authors: Sert Deniz 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThree issues: security, economics and justice, are the keys to comprehending the essence of problems of property and IDP return in conflict settings. The case of Turkey presents an interesting framework for analysing issues related to IDP property, both in the context of the Kurdish issue in the Southeast of the country, and in Cyprus. Comparing the position of Turkey in these two settings, the article argues that, while it utilizes domestic mechanisms to avoid international pressures very well, especially by exhausting the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights to reinforce legitimacy of its policies, Turkey's position on the return of and/or compensation for IDP properties lacks transparency, disregarding principles of justice without respect for human rights.
Peaceful Returns: Reversing Ethnic Cleansing after the Bosnian War
Authors: Stefanovic Djordje , Loizides Neophytos 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis article questions the conventional wisdom which claims forced migration is irreversible following massive ethnic cleansing campaigns, by investigating durable returns to pre‐conflict home communities in Bosnia‐Herzegovina. We formulate a set of novel hypotheses on the demographic determinants of return as well as on the role of social capital, nationalist ideology, integration, and war victimization. We use a 2013 Bosnian representative sample with 1,007 respondents to test our hypotheses. The findings support the expectation that gender and age have a major impact on return. Net of other factors, women and those experiencing wartime victimization are less likely to return. Older Bosnians with positive memories of pre‐conflict interethnic relations are more likely to return than younger persons or those with negative memories. Finally, ethnic Bosniacs are more likely to return than ethnic Croats or Serbs. More nationalistic internally displaced persons (IDPs) are less likely to return.
HYPOGLYCÆMIC SULPHONAMIDES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: DOWNIE EWEN , BORNSTEIN JOSEPH , HUDSON BRYAN 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYA brief review is given of recent claims that certain sulphonylurea compounds possess hypoglycMmic action. The results of clinical trials in the Diabetic and Metabolic Unit of the Alfred Hospital are presented. Clinical trials were undertaken on a selected group of 26 patients (18 females and eight males) and a satisfactory therapeutic response was obtained in 19 patients (13 females and six males). In the remaining patients treatment was regarded as a failure.The possible mode of action of sulphonylurea drugs is considered, and evidence is presented which suggests interference with transaminase systems in the liver. The conclusion is reached that these drugs do not act as substitutes for insulin, and that in view of side effects and the uncertain sequelM which may follow their prolonged administration, further work is necessary before they are made available for general use.
THE HISTOLOGY OF GENERALIZED PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA
Authors: McLEAN K. H. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYThe histological appearances of structural changes in air passages in the early lesions of generalized pulmonary emphysema are presented. The earliest lesions were found in respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts near the middle of secondary lobules ; one form was an acute lesion associated with bronchiolar obstruction proximally, whereas the other was “ chronic “, with no evidence of recent change or obstruction.The chronic form evolved either towards diffuse emphysema or towards macroscopically visible focal emphysema in which sharply localized dilated air spaces occupy the middle of the lobule.An hypothesis of origin of these early subclinical lesions is presented. It rests on two propositions : first, that distending forces exist in patent air passages beyond an obstruction (particularly in those just distal to such an obstruction) and that these forces have a disruptive effect ; second, that obliteration of bronchioles, due to past inflammation, occurs diffusely and extensively in emphysema, even in these early examples. Both phenomena have been shown to be closely related to acute bronchiolitis (McLean, 1956b, 1957) so that the disease is regarded as a sequel of repeated incidents of acute bronchiolitis, progressing more rapidly when such incidents are severe or prolonged.This hypothesis is consistent not only with pathological observations on the emphysematous lung but also with morphological, clinical and physiological observations concerning the broader subject of the evolution of inflammatory disease of the bronchioles.Concurrently, the nature of the black pigment of the lung and its relation to focal emphysema were examined. It was concluded that, in most cases, part of this pigment is endogenous hæmosiderin derived largely from the hemoglobin of cells found in the exudate in acutely inflamed respiratory bronchioles and branches. Evidence that part is carbon rests on less conclusive evidence, although it is not denied that inhaled carbon can contribute to this pigmentation. Excessive retention of carbon or hæemosiderin in the peripheral passages was considered to result in accentuation of the focal form of emphysema.
TOXOPLASMOSIS : THE DIAGNOSIS OF CLINICAL AND LATENT INFECTION IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: GARVEN ALISON 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYA summary of the clinical features of toxoplasmosis is given and the use of diagnostic tests is described. The disease presents most commonly as a congenital infection, which is transmitted to a fetus from a mother who is suffering from an acute asymptomatic infection. The infants suffer most commonly from hydrocephalus, convulsions, chorio‐retinitis and cerebral calcification. In the acquired form it may present as a typhus‐like illness with fever, maculo‐papular rash and symptoms of encephalitis and pneumonia. An antibody survey of a sample of the Australian population is presented and the nature of the dye test outlined. It was found that 35% of the adult population had cytoplasm‐modifying antibodies in their serum. The interpretation of these findings is discussed.
THE LEAD CONTENT OF BONE IN CHRONIC BRIGHT'S DISEASE
Authors: HENDERSON D. A. , INGLIS J. A. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYSome cases of chronic Bright's disease in the twenty to forty‐nine years age group in Queensland can be ascribed by clinico‐pathological study to known cases, such as glomerulonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis and essential hypertension. By far the larger proportion, amounting to 63% in the present series, cannot be so allotted. The bone lead content of persons in those cases of known ætiology is the same as those of persons who died without chronic Bright's disease. The bone lead content of the persons in the group of unknown ætiology is significantly higher than in these two groups. The available evidence suggests that this high lead content is due, with few exceptions, to excessive absorption during childhood. Bone lead content can be used in cases of chronic Bright's disease as a valid indication of excessive lead absorption. Its estimation may provide a clue to the ætiology of some cases of chronic Bright's disease.
HISTOCHEMICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN REGENERATING AND NEOPLASTIC RAT LIVER
Authors: Louise C. J. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYFluorescent sera obtained by conjugating fluorescein isocyanate with the globulin fraction of serum obtained from rabbits previously injected with homogenates of normal rat liver have an affinity for rat liver and regenerating rat liver but not for rat hepatoma. There is a close correlation between these staining reactions and alterations occurring in cellular proteins during carcinogenesis ; these may be demonstrated electrophoretically. The phenomenon is an expression of an essential difference between neoplastic and normal tissue and is not an indication merely of cellular activity.
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN TREATED HYPERTENSION
Authors: HAY D. R. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYThe electrocardiograms of 143 patients treated with hypotensive drugs for two to six years have been analysed.Improvement has occurred in 47% of cases ; 35% of patients have remained unchanged, and 18% have deteriorated. The number of improved electrocardiograms was slightly higher in those treated for two to three years. Improvement was usually apparent within a year of treatment, but was not confined to this period.In 17 cases the electrocardiogram was normal before treatment, and in 28 cases it was normal after treatment.There was a small but significant reduction in the QRS voltage in leads reflecting left ventricular potentials.In 74 cases depression of the S‐T segment was seen before treatment. The degree of this was reduced in 54 cases after treatment.Of 76 patients with inversion of the T waves in leads reflecting left ventricular potentials, 20 showed considerable improvement after treatment, the T waves becoming flattened or normal in all leads.Follow‐up of a 1953 series of 75 cases revealed that 24 patients have since died, of whom 14 had previously shown electrocardiographic improvement.
ACUTE HÆMORRHAGIC LEUCO‐ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: LANDER H. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryTwenty‐three cases of acute hæmorrhagic leuco‐encephalitis have been described in the literature under this title. The clinical and pathological features of these cases have been reviewed.The condition is characterized by the sudden onset of speech disturbances, motor paralyses and urinary incontinence. Rapid progression to coma and death has occurred in all cases.The illness generally follows a respiratory infection after a short latent interval. It may also arise spontaneously, or follow the administration of certain drugs or chemical agents.At autopsy, the lesions in the cerebral hemispheres are almost entirely confined to the white matter. Elsewhere in the central nervous system, this predilection is not obvious. The lesions consist of areas of hæmorrhage, perivascular exudate, fibrinoid degeneration of blood vessels, especially of small veins, together with focal and perivascular areas of demyelination and microglial proliferation.Present evidence suggests that the condition may result from hypersensitivity—a cerebral Arthus phenomenon, and that this state may be induced by different allergens. Auto‐sensitization may be involved.The relationship of this condition to various types of “hæmorrhagic encephalitis”, and to acute disseminated encephalo‐myelitis is discussed. It would appear that what is known as acute hæmorrhagic leuco‐encephalitis in Australia, the United Kingdom and certain parts of Europe, is called acute necrotizing hæmorrhagic encephalopathy in the United States.The use of cerebral biopsy in an attempt to obtain a definitive diagnosis during life is advocated.The early administration of cortisone in the diagnosed case is suggested.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELATION BETWEEN BODY FLUID VOLUME AND URINE FLOW IN MAN
Authors: LOWE T. E. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe factors governing the partition of fluid between the various body compartments are discussed and related to the previously expressed concept of the mechanism of control of body fluid volume.Further data are presented concerning the relationship between daily urine flow and body weight.It is concluded that within the limits of the technique used the daily urine flow is linearly related to body fluid volume, but that the relationship may be modified or obscured by changes in the partition of fluid between compartments. Changes in the non‐fluid part of body weight may likewise obscure this relationship when body weight is taken to represent body fluid volume.This discussion also indicates that control of body fluid volume can be upset in at least three ways : first, a change in the ability to excrete fluid ; secondly, a change in the partition of fluid within the body ; thirdly, a sequestration of fluid outside the influence of the control mechanism.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PRESENCE IN HUMAN SERUM OF COMPLEMENT‐FIXING ANTIBODIES TO HUMAN TISSUE ANTIGENS
Authors: MACKAY IAN R. , LARKIN LOIS 
Published: September 2017

SummaryCertain human sera exhibit complement fixation with human tissue antigens, particularly liver and kidney, the reaction being designated auto‐immune complement fixation (AICF) ; the serum factor responsible is considered to be a type of autoantibody.Positive reactions were frequently associated with an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, a positive response to the cephalin flocculation test and an elevated serum gamma globulin level, but other serological reactions were mostly negative.About 3% of normal sera reacted in low titre. Positive reactions were obtained in 22 of 28 cases of disseminated lupus erythematosus, in 16 of 99 cases of chronic liver disease, and in Wassermann‐positive cases of syphilis and leprosy. Dermatomyositis, rheumatic disease and nephritis yielded largely negative results. Positive reactions also occurred in cases of fungating carcinoma (in low titre), of aplastic anaemia requiring frequent transfusion, of macroglobulinnmia (two out of 14 cases), and of active Hashimoto's thyroiditis (two cases).Explanations considered for AICF reactivity of serum were : (a) abnormal antigenic stimulation, as a result of excess tissue autolysis (hepatitis, carcinoma), repeated blood transfusion (aplastic anemia) and liberation of "unfamiliar" antigens such as thryoglobulin (Hashimoto's disease) ; (b) a disease or disorder (possibly a mutation) in the antibody‐forming tissues causing abnormal antibody production (lymphoma, macroglobulinamia.) Consistently elevated AICF titres in disseminated lupus erythematosus suggest that this condition may be basically a disease of the antibody‐producing tissues.
CRYPTOCOCCOSIS (TORULOSIS) : A REPORT OF NINE CASES
Authors: WILSON L. L. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryFive cases of cryptococcosis occurred in South Australia during 1957. Only four other cases (also described here) were recognized in the previous ten years. In four cases in this series the patient had a preceding respiratory infection followed by pulmonary cryptococcosis, and three of these developed central nervous system involvement. Isolated pulmonary lesions, cerebral granuloma and spinal cord involvement are rare forms of cryptococcosis which also occurred in this series.No treatment has proved effective; “Amphotericin B” and “Fungizone”, now under trial, were unsuccessful in two cases here. Surgical removal of isolated brain and lung lesions may help, but earlier diagnosis, perhaps by the development of immunological tests, is highly desirable. Because of its varied manifestations, cryptococcal meningitis is difficult to diagnose until late in the course of the disease.The cause of human infection is unknown, but it must be related in some way to the resistance of the host, as well as to variations in virulence or type of the fungus. The significance of contact with pigeons is discussed.
RENAL LESIONS IN SCLERODERMA : CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES
Authors: TANGE J. D. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYThe significant renal lesion in scleroderma is a mucoid or loose fibrous swelling of the walls of the intralobular arteries involving the entire wall or the intima alone without inflammatory cell reaction ; the lumen is substantially narrowed or obliterated. Interference with cortical blood flow leads to necrosis and thrombosis of the afferent arterioles and focal infarcts of the cortex. Clinically, these changes are mirrored by rapidly progressive renal failure or by severe hypertension or both. Duration of the illness is short. Lesions in other organs are infrequent and relatively mild. The clinical features and the renal lesions closely resemble those described in malignant or rapidly progressive hypertension. Cortico‐steroids accelerate the progress of the hypertension or may even determine its appearance. Thickening of the basement membranes of the glomerular capillaries is found independently of these arterial lesions. The histories of patients showing this glomerular change suggest that it is probably related clinically to the occurrence of a trace of albumin in the urine, and that the appearance of albuminuria does not necessarily presage the onset of severe hypertension and renal failure.
EARLY NEPHRON CHANGES : A MICRODISSECTION STUDY
Authors: BAXTER THELMA J. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYA kidney, which appeared to be macroscopically normal, obtained from a patient showing no clinical signs of renal disease, was examined by microdissection and showed considerable morphological change. Differences in glomeruli, particularly of shape, and variations in size of proximal convoluted tubules with small diverticula were found ; these changes were not recognized histologically. There were also a few small cysts.These are amongst the earliest stages in the development of well‐known phenomena in the granular kidney demonstrable with our present techniques. A familiarity with gross structural changes, of which these are the rudimentary steps, is essential for the appreciation and prospective study of detailed functional alterations in the component units of the organ.
A FATAL CASE OF ACUTE PHOSPHORUS POISONING
Authors: CRANE C. W. , EBELING P. , BENTLEY A. B. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYA typical, fatal case of phosphorus poisoning is described. Examination of the urine over the final three days showed a progressive fall in the total nitrogen excretion, with grossly elevated values for a‐amino nitrogen. Plasma and urinary aminoacid chromatograms suggest that tubular damage was a factor in the production of the aminoaciduria. The urinary aminoacid patterns differed in several respects from those reported in other conditions causing hepatic coma. Cystine and taurine concentrations were low, while arginine and beta‐aminoisobutyric acid could not be detected. Arginine was detected only after hydrolysis of the urine.
THE CALCIUM INFUSION TEST : A DISCUSSION OF THE PATTERNS FOUND IN VARIOUS DISORDERS
Authors: MCRAE JAMES , CROWE PATRICIA J. , DALE NANCY E. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYThe calcium infusion test was designed to assess calcium and phosphorus homæostasis and to measure bone metabolism. It was introduced as a diagnostic aid in parathyroid disease. The success of the test in these directions is reviewed, and the results of 60 infusions in patients with a wide variety of disorders are outlined and discussed. Most significant are the findings in hyperparathyroidism, in which varying patterns of response occur when impaired renal function and severe bone disease are present. The complete retention of calcium in severe renal disease is confirmed.
THE ROLE OF BODY FLUID VOLUME AND PLASMA “ACTIVE” OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE CONTROL OF URINE FLOW AND FLUID INTAKE IN MANS
Authors: LOWE T. E. , SHEATH JUNE 
Published: September 2017

SummaryObservations of body weight, plasma osmotic pressure, daily urine flow and daily fluid intake in a patient recovering from an œdematous state indicate that changes in both plasma osmotic pressure and body fluid volume have an influence on the volume of urine formed, and possibly on the volume of fluid drunk.The control system acts in such a way that a rise of plasma osmotic pressure produces a fall in urine flow and a rise in body fluid volume produces an increase in urine flow.A method is described which enables plasma freezing point to be determined on one millilitre of plasma.
ESSENTIAL CRYOGLOBULINÆMIA AND ACQUIRED HÆMOLYTIC ANÆMIA DUE TO COLD AGGLUTININS
Authors: FIRKIN B. G. , BLACKWELL J. B. , JOHNSTON G. A. W. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryA case of hæmolytic anæmia associated with a cold agglutinin and essential cryoglobulinæmia is described. The patient did not respond to steroid therapy, but his condition was greatly improved by protection against the cold. Immunological and electrophoretic studies showed that two abnormal proteins were present. One was a cold agglutinin immunologically identical with gamma globulin, and the other was a cryoglobulin which was unrelated immunologically to any normal serum protein.
STUDIES IN FAT ABSORPTION: III. THE RADIOTRIOLEIN AND RADIO‐OLEIC ACID ABSORPTION TESTS
Authors: PLAYOUST M. R. , WYATT V. , BLACKBURN C. R. B. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryRadiotriolein absorption and chemical frecal fat determinations have been performed simultaneously on 50 patients, 12 of whom had proved steatorrhœa. A standardized technique was used, in which radiotriolein was incorporated as an emulsion into milk and was given to each subject after a normal breakfast containing 5o grammes of fat. It was found that emulsification of the radiotriolein and the use of a relatively large fat load were both necessary for consistent results. Measurement of the level of unabsorbed radioactivity in the stools (collected for 48 hours after the radio‐fat administration) gave reliable results, which correlated well with the chemically determined faecal fat content, a figure in excess of 3% of the administered radioactivity indicating definite malabsorption. In addition, the radiotriolein test appeared capable of detecting minor degrees of fat malabsorption, the result being abnormal in two post‐gastrectomy subjects and in two with ulcerative colitis, all four of whom had normal chemically determined fæcal fat excretion. Evidence is presented that the blood level of radioactivity five hours after ingestion of the test dose is a reliable test for malabsorption in most cases, a level of less than 5% of the administered dose being abnormal ; however, misleadingly high levels may occur, particularly in post‐gastrectomy subjects, and in these instances measurement of fæcal radioactivity is mandatory. Determination of the maximum, rather than of the five‐hour, level of blood radioactivity was found to be unnecessary, since the former result was no more significant. It was considered that the measurement of the activity of whole blood rather than of a trichloracetic acid precipitate was a justifiable simplification of the procedure. Finally, radio‐oleic acid was of value in the letiological diagnosis of the malabsorption syndrome, since this substance was normally absorbed in subjects with pancreatic disease, but not in subjects with malabsorption of intestinal origin.
ACUTE INTERMITTENT PORPHYRIA
Authors: CURNOW D. H. , MORGAN E. H. , SARFATY G. A. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryA family in which 11 cases of acute intermittent porphyria were found in three consecutive generations has been studied. Evidence is presented that inheritance was by an autosomal dominant gene.The usefulness of the Watson and Schwartz test in such a study and in the diagnosis of acute cases is discussed. It is suggested that it be applied to all relatives of known acute porphyrics.The disease as seen in this family is identical clinically, genetically and biochemically with that found in Sweden, and quite distinct from porphyria cutanea tarda.
ACUTE NECROTIZING GLOMERULITIS
Authors: BIALESTOCK DORA , TANGE J. D. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryNine cases of necrotizing glomerulitis have been studied. The lesion was found in association with pulmonary hæmorrhage, or in middle‐aged males with anuria. There were characteristically a low incidence of hypertension and œdema, an insidious onset, a rapid course and a uniformly fatal outcome, usually in urœmia. No causal factors were discovered. The renal lesion consists of necrosis and disintegration of the structure of the glomerular tuft. Cellular proliferation is variable in amount and disorderly. The glomeruli may be replaced by collections of inflammatory and spindle cells or of fibrous tissue. The tubules are spared. The interstitial tissue is œdematous, and may be infiltrated by inflammatory cells. Rarely, renal arteries or arterioles show fibrinoid change without any surrounding inflammatory reaction. Except for pulmonary hœmorrhage in some cases, there are no lesions in other organs. It is concluded that the process shows affinities to both proliferative glomerulonephritis and polyarteritis nodosa, but its exact nature remains to be determined.