bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coevolution of Brachiopod Paleobiogeography and Tectonopaleogeography during the Early–Middle Permian
Authors: Chengwen WANG , Yongqin MAO , Ning LI , Pu ZONG 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA comprehensive compilation and systematic analysis of known early and middle Permian brachiopod faunas shows that the early Permian brachiopod faunas comprise three realms, six regions, and eleven provinces, while those of the middle Permian comprise three realms, four regions, and eight provinces. A comparison and analysis of brachiopod faunal patterns reveal a coevolution between global brachiopod paleobiogeography and tectonopaleogeography during the early–middle Permian. Although temperature/latitude is the main factor controlling the formation of three realms, tectonopaleogeographic factors determine the temperature/latitude in which the continents were located. The ‘continental barrier’ of Pangea, as a ‘central axis’ continent, divided the three realms into six regions, which indicates that the formation of biogeographic regions was controlled mainly by the tectonopaleogeographic factors. The evolution of tectonopaleogeography was sometimes a long–term process, so that the biogeographic regions (or provinces) controlled by tectonopaleogeography displayed relative stability. Shifts in the nature of biogeographic provinces (e.g., from cool water to warm water, and vice versa), extensions or narrowing of geographical ranges, and recombinations of some provinces were all related to regional tectonic evolution. The study of the coevolution between brachiopod paleobiogeography and tectonopaleogeography not only accounts for the formation mechanisms of brachiopod paleobiogeographic patterns during the early–middle Permian, but also provides evidences for the locations and configurations of oceans and plates (blocks) during this period.
Characterization of Galena and Vein Paragenesis in the Penjom Gold Mine, Malaysia: Trace Elements, Lead Isotope Study and Relationship to Gold Mineralization Episodes
Authors: Zakaria ENDUT , Tham Fatt NG , Jasmi Hafiz ABDUL AZIZ , Sebastien MEFFRE , Charles MAKOUNDI 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe Penjom Gold Mine is located 30 km from the Bentong‐Raub Suture at the western boundary of the Central Belt in Peninsular Malaysia. Gold mineralization hosted within the vein system is associated with pyrite, arsenopyrite, and minor base metals including galena. Trace element and lead isotope analysis was undertaken on nine samples that represent two stages of galena formed during two tectonic events. Both the Pb isotopes and the trace elements show that the first stage galena within the mineralized areas at the footwall has different geochemical characteristics compared with galena in non mineralized areas in the hanging wall, suggesting that galena crystallized from two different ore fluids and probably at two different times. Higher Te, Se and Bi in the galena from the mineralized area may indicate hydrothermal fluids that migrate through the structural conduit and leached out the metal along the pathway that consist of dominant carbonaceous unit. The Pb isotopic ratio composition are transitional between the bulk crustal growth and an upper crustal growth curve, indicating that derivation was from arc rocks associated with continental crust or a crustal source that includes arc volcanic and old continental sedimentary rocks.
Zircon U‐Pb Geochronology and Geochemical Characteristics of the Volcanic Host Rocks from the Tongyu VHMS Copper Deposit in the Western North Qinling Orogen and Their Geological Significance
Authors: Xiao XIONG , Laimin ZHU , Ben LI , Guowei ZHANG , Hujun GONG , Jun ZHENG , Hang JIANG 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPrecise in situ zircon U‐Pb dating and Lu–Hf isotopic measurement using an LA‐ICP‐MS system, whole‐rock major and trace element geochemistry and Sr–Nd isotope geochemistry were conducted on the volcanic host rocks of the Tongyu copper deposit on the basis of further understanding of its geological characteristics. Three zircon samples from the volcanic host rocks yielded 206Pb/238U weighted average ages ranging from 436±4 Ma to 440±5 Ma, which are statistically indistinguishable and coeval with the ca. 440 Ma northward subduction event of the Paleo‐Qinling oceanic slab. The volcanic host rocks were products of magmatic differentiation that evolved from basalt to andesite to dacite to rhyolite, forming an integrated tholeiitic island arc volcanic rock suite. The primitive mantle‐normalized trace element patterns for most samples show characteristics of island arc volcanic rocks, such as relative enrichment of LILE (e.g. Th, U, Pb and La) and depletion of HFSE (e.g. Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr and Hi). Discrimination diagrams of Ta/Yb vs Th/Yb, Ta vs Th, Yb vs Th/Ta, Ta/Hf vs Th/Hf, Hf/3 vs Th vs Nb/16, La vs La/Nb and Nb vs Nb/Th all suggest that both the volcanic host rocks from the Tongyu copper deposit and the volcanic rocks from the regional Xieyuguan Group were formed in an island arc environment related to subduction of an oceanic slab. Values of ISr (0.703457 to 0.708218) and ∊Nd(t) (–2 to 5.8) indicate that the source materials of volcanic rocks from the Tongyu copper deposit and the Xieyuguan Group originated from the metasomatised mantle wedge with possible crustal material assimilation. Most of the volcanic rock samples show good agreement with the values of typical island arc volcanic rocks in the ISr–∊Nd(t) diagram. The involvement of crustal‐derived material in the magma of the volcanic rocks from the Tongyu copper deposit was also reflected in the zircon ∊Hf(t) values, which range from –3.08 to 10.7, and the existence of inherited ancient xenocrystic zircon cores (2616±39 Ma and 1297±22 Ma). The mineralization of the Tongyu copper deposit shows syn‐volcanic characteristics such as layered orebodies interbedded with the volcanic rock strata, thus, the zircon U–Pb age of the volcanic host rocks can approximately represent the mineralization age of the Tongyu copper deposit. Both the Meigou pluton and the volcanic host rocks were formed during the ca. 440 Ma northward subduction of the Paleo‐Qinling Ocean when high oxygen fugacity aqueous hydrothermal fluid released by dehydration of the slab and the overlying sediments fluxed into the mantle wedge, triggered partial melting of the mantle wedge, and activated and extracted Cu and other ore‐forming elements. The magma and ore‐bearing fluid upwelled and erupted, and consequently formed the island arc volcanic rock suite and the Tongyu VHMS‐type copper deposit.
Outline of Metallogenic Regularity of Bauxite Deposits in China
Authors: Lan GAO , Jihong LI , Denghong WANG , Xiaoyun XIONG , Chengwei YI , Meizhi HAN 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAmong the abundant aluminum ore resources in China, bauxite is dominated, which is mainly distributed in 19 provinces and regions, including Shanxi, Henan, Guizhou and Guangxi. The major deposit type of bauxite is paleo‐weathering crust sedimentary type, and the other one is the accumulation type. The main metallogenic period is the late Paleozoic Era followed by the Cenozoic Era. The metallogenic tectonic background is characterized by a cratonic environment. This paper summarizes the bauxite metallogenic regularity based on the characteristics of bauxite resources, bauxite deposit type, bauxite metallogenic belt and metallogenic series in China, and 15 bauxite metallogenic belts, 8 bauxite metallogenic series and 7 bauxite ore concentrated areas were identified in the study. This paper also provides a theoretical basis for the evaluation of the potential of bauxite resources.
CMV seropositivity and T‐cell senescence predict increased cardiovascular mortality in octogenarians: results from the Newcastle 85+ study
Authors: Spyridopoulos Ioakim , Martin‐Ruiz Carmen , Hilkens Catharien , Yadegarfar Mohammad E. , Isaacs John , Jagger Carol , Kirkwood Tom , von Zglinicki Thomas 
Published: December 2015

SummaryAlthough chronic infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) is known to drive T lymphocytes toward a senescent phenotype, it remains controversial whether and how CMV can cause coronary heart disease (CHD). To explore whether CMV seropositivity or T‐cell populations associated with immunosenescence were informative for adverse cardiovascular outcome in the very old, we prospectively analyzed peripheral blood samples from 751 octogenarians (38% males) from the Newcastle 85+ study for their power to predict survival during a 65‐month follow‐up (47.3% survival rate). CMV‐seropositive participants showed a higher prevalence of CHD (37.7% vs. 26.7%, P = 0.030) compared to CMV‐seronegative participants together with lower CD4/CD8 ratio (1.7 vs. 4.1, P < 0.0001) and higher frequencies of senescence‐like CD4 memory cells (41.1% vs. 4.5%, P < 0.001) and senescence‐like CD8 memory cells (TEMRA, 28.1% vs. 6.7%, P < 0.001). CMV seropositivity was also associated with increased six‐year cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.75 [1.09–2.82], P = 0.021) or death from myocardial infarction and stroke (HR 1.89 [107–3.36], P = 0.029). Gender‐adjusted multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that low percentages of senescence‐like CD4 T cells (HR 0.48 [0.32–0.72], P < 0.001) and near‐senescent (CD27 negative) CD8 T cells (HR 0.60 [0.41–0.88], P = 0.029) reduced the risk of cardiovascular death. For senescence‐like CD4, but not near‐senescent CD8 T cells, these associations remained robust after additional adjustment for CMV status, comorbidities, and inflammation markers. We conclude that CMV seropositivity is linked to a higher incidence of CHD in octogenarians and that senescence in both the CD4 and CD8 T‐cell compartments is a predictor of overall cardiovascular mortality as well as death from myocardial infarction and stroke.
Cheater or mutualist? Novel florivory interaction between nectar‐rich Crotalaria cunninghamii and small mammals
Authors: Popic Tony J. , Davila Yvonne C. , Wardle Glenda M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAnimals visit flowers to access resources and by moving pollen to conspecific individuals act as pollinators. While biotic pollinators can increase the seed set of plants, other flower visitors can reduce seed set directly by damaging vital reproductive organs and indirectly by affecting the way the plant interacts with subsequent flower visitors. It is, therefore, vital to understand the varied effects of all visitors and not only pollinators on plant fitness, including those visitors that are temporally or spatially rare. We document the first known case of flower visitation by small mammals to Crotalaria cunninghamii (Fabaceae), a plant species morphologically suited to bird pollination. During a rain‐driven resource pulse in the Simpson Desert in 2011, the rodents Mus musculus (Muridae) and Pseudomys hermannsburgensis (Muridae) visited flowers to remove nectar by puncturing the calyx. We investigated the effects of this novel interaction on the reproductive output of C. cunninghamii. Compared with another recent resource pulse in 2007, plants flowering during mammal visitation had five times as many inflorescences per plant, 90% more flowers per inflorescence, and two to three times more nectar per flower, but this nectar was 30% less sugar rich. Concurrently, rodent plagues were up to three times larger during this rain‐driven resource pulse than during a previous pulse in 2007. Up to 75% of flowers had evidence of small mammal florivory, but this was not necessarily destructive, as up to 90% of fruit had the remains of florivory. Through a series of exclusion experiments, we found that small mammal florivory did not directly reduce seed set. We conclude that rain‐driven resource pulses led to a unique combination of events that facilitated the novel florivory interaction. Our findings emphasize the dynamic nature of biotic interactions and the importance of testing the role of all visitors to pollination services.
Health resource use after robot‐assisted surgery vs open and conventional laparoscopic techniques in oncology: analysis of English secondary care data for radical prostatectomy and partial nephrectomy
Authors: Hughes David , Camp Charlotte , O'Hara Jamie , Adshead Jim 
Published: December 2015

ObjectivesTo evaluate postoperative health resource utilisation and secondary care costs for radical prostatectomy and partial nephrectomy in National Health Service (NHS) hospitals in England, via a comparison of robot‐assisted, conventional laparoscopic and open surgical approaches.Patients and MethodsWe retrospectively analysed the secondary care records of 23 735 patients who underwent robot‐assisted (RARP, n = 8 016), laparoscopic (LRP, n = 6 776) or open radical prostatectomy (ORP, n = 8 943). We further analysed 2 173 patients who underwent robot‐assisted (RAPN, n = 365), laparoscopic (LPN, n = 792) or open partial nephrectomy (OPN, n = 1 016). Postoperative inpatient admissions, hospital bed‐days, excess bed‐days and outpatient appointments at 360 and 1 080 days after surgery were reviewed.ResultsPatients in the RARP group required significantly fewer inpatient admissions, hospital bed‐days and excess bed‐days at 360 and 1 080 days than patients undergoing ORP. Patients undergoing ORP had a significantly higher number of outpatient appointments at 1 080 days. The corresponding total costs were significantly lower for patients in the RARP group at 360 days (£1679 vs £2031 for ORP; P < 0.001) and at 1 080 days (£3461 vs £4208 for ORP; P < 0.001). In partial nephrectomy, Patients in the RAPN group required significantly fewer inpatient admissions and hospital bed‐days at 360 days compared with those in the OPN group; no significant differences were observed in outcomes at 1 080 days. The corresponding total costs were lower for patients in the RAPN group at 360 days (£779 vs £1242 for OPN, P = 0.843) and at 1 080 days (£2122 vs £2889 for ORP; P = 0.570). For both procedure types, resource utilisation and costs for laparoscopic surgeries lay at the approximate midpoint of those for robot‐assisted and open surgeries.ConclusionOur analysis provides compelling evidence to suggest that RARP leads to reduced long‐term health resource utilisation and downstream cost savings compared with traditional open and laparoscopic approaches. Furthermore, despite the limitations that arise from the inclusion of a small sample, these results also suggest that robot‐assisted surgery may represent a cost‐saving alternative to existing surgical options in partial nephrectomy. Further exploration of clinical cost drivers, as well as an extension of the analysis into subsequent years, could lend support to the wider commissioning of robot‐assisted surgery within the NHS.
Expression of visfatin in the diabetic rat retina
Authors: Qu Shen , Mo Lijuan , Niu Yunli , Sun Xiaoting , Li Houshuo , Wang Zhen , Xu Wei , Rong Ao 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundVisfatin has been found in adipose tissue, liver and kidney of healthy and diabetic people, with its expression being increased in the aforementioned tissues in diabetes. Based on the former researches, visfatin may exist in the retina and affect the development of diabetic retinopathy. The expression of visfatin in Sprague–Dawley rats' retina, which may carve a path to study the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, was investigated by this study.MethodsThe mRNA and protein expression of visfatin in Sprague–Dawley rats' retina were detected by the reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and western blot. Immunohistochemical staining was applied to detect the expression location of visfatin in the rats' retinas.ResultsThe mRNA and visfatin protein expressions in both normal and streptozocin‐induced diabetic rats' retina increased significantly in 2 to 8 weeks of diabetes mellitus (DM). Compared with the normal control groups, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The histological examination showed that the retinal thickness decreased gradually over the course of DM and the decrease in the outer nuclear layer was the most obvious. At 4 and 8 weeks, the decrease in the retinal thickness was significant (P < 0.01). Visfatin was expressed in the retinal nerve fibre layer, inner plexiform layer and outer plexiform layer, and with the progression of DM, its expression was increased.ConclusionsVisfatin was expressed in the rats' retinas, mainly in the retinal nerve fibre layer, inner plexiform layer and outer plexiform layer. As the development of DM course, its expression was gradually increased.
Embedding Evidence on Conservation Interventions Within a Context of Multilevel Governance
Authors: Ekroos Johan , Leventon Julia , Fischer Joern , Newig Jens , Smith Henrik G. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe outline a conceptual strategy for implementing conservation interventions in a multiscale, multiactor, and multilevel governance world. Using farmland as an example, we argue that conservation interventions should be implemented within a multiscale framework of guiding ecological principles. In this context, findings from multilevel governance research can inform a nuanced understanding of the role of evidence in conservation governance and decision‐making. We propose that principles of evidence‐based conservation can be used to refine guiding ecological principles across scales, thereby creating a comprehensive evidence base that underpins decision‐making. This evolving evidence base, in turn, should be operationalized by considering the fit of ecologically relevant scales to governance levels, paying explicit attention to issues such as democratic legitimacy and interplay with existing governance structures. We outline two specific steps for meeting this challenge. Drawing on a strategic combination of conservation interventions, guiding ecological principles, and insights from multilevel governance research promises to improve both the effectiveness and legitimacy of conservation action.
Comparative histopathologic analysis of cutaneous extranodal natural killer/T‐cell lymphomas according to their clinical morphology
Authors: Lee Woo Jin , Lee Mi Hye , Won Chong Hyun , Chang Sung Eun , Choi Jee Ho , Moon Kee Chan , Park Chan‐Sik , Lee Mi Woo 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundFew studies have evaluated the histopathologic features of cutaneous extranodal natural killer (NK)/T‐cell lymphoma (ENKTL), and the histopathologic spectrum of this disease according to its clinical morphology remains unclear.ObjectiveThis study investigated the differences in pathologic findings of cutaneous ENKTL depending on clinical morphology.MethodsA total of 41 cases of cutaneous ENKTL were included. Skin lesions were classified according to clinical morphology as: (i) nodular lesions, (ii) cellulitis or abscess‐like swellings and (iii) erythematous to purpuric patches. Histopathologic variables were compared between groups.ResultsPerivascular infiltration of tumor cells and vasculopathy in the dermis and subcutaneous layer were common microscopic findings irrespective of clinical morphology. Erythematous to purpuric patches were mainly composed of small‐sized tumor cells, whereas medium‐ to large‐tumor cells were predominant in lesions of other clinical morphologies. The density of tumor cell infiltration was significantly higher in cellulitis or abscess‐like lesions or nodular lesions compared with erythematous to purpuric patches. A panniculitis‐like pattern and angiocentricity were less common in patch lesions than in cellulitis‐like swelling and nodular lesions.ConclusionThere is a histopathologic spectrum of cutaneous ENKTL that is dependent on the clinical morphology.
Optimal Fee Structures of Crowdsourcing Platforms
Authors: Wen Zhong , Lin Lihui 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTCrowdsourcing platforms specialize in hosting open contests and usually charge a percentage of the prizes as service fees. While prior research has studied the design of contests and the behavior of contestants, the strategy of a crowdsourcing platform has remained largely unexplored. We develop a game‐theoretic model of crowdsourcing services and find the optimal fee structure of a platform. We prove for the case of a single contest that the service fees should be an increasing concave function of task prizes and show that this also holds true for the case of multiple contests. We further find that for a platform with many users and tasks, there is an optimal ratio of the number of contestants and contests. Our research is one of the first to focus on the strategies of crowdsourcing platforms and our results have interesting managerial implications. We show that the linear fee schedule widely used in practice is not optimal and that a platform is better off lowering the fee rate for contests with high prizes. It is also in the best interests of a platform to develop both sides of the crowdsourcing market proportionally and keep the ratio of contestants and contests at the optimal level.
Autumn food restriction reduces smoltification rate, but not over‐winter survival, in juvenile brown trout Salmo trutta
Authors: Näslund Joacim , Sundström L. Fredrik , Johnsson Jörgen I. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe winter is often considered as a survival bottleneck for stream‐living fish. Juvenile salmonids generally become less active during this period, and while food intake continues to some extent, growth rates are typically low. Here we present the results of an over‐winter field experiment where energy levels were manipulated in late autumn. Three groups of juvenile (age 1+) brown trout, from an anadromous population, were monitored with respect to over‐winter growth rate and survival (as indicated by recapture rates). Two groups were fed either high (HR), or low (LR) food rations in the laboratory for a month (October); the third group remained in the stream (STR). Over‐winter growth rates were relatively low in all groups, and no growth compensation could be detected. Compared to HR and LR, STR fish had higher recapture rates after winter, indicating that laboratory housing may have affected the subsequent stream survival negatively. Comparing the two laboratory‐housed groups, the LR group reached similar condition as the HR group in early spring, without indications of differences in survival. However, the initiation rate of body silvering (indicating initiation of smoltification) was lower in the LR group. Thus, it appears that food restriction during late autumn affect the onset of smoltification in juvenile brown trout. The results support previous laboratory studies indicating that salmonids modify their over‐winter foraging behaviour to avoid too low energy levels at the end of winter. This modification appears to delay smoltification, but may not necessarily be costly in terms of over‐winter mortality.