bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consumption of dairy foods in relation to impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Maastricht Study
Authors: Eussen Simone J. P. M. , van Dongen Martien C. J. M. , Wijckmans Nicole , den Biggelaar Louise , Oude Elferink Stefanie J. W. H. , Singh-Povel Cécile M. , Schram Miranda T. , Sep Simone J. S. , van der Kallen Carla J. , Koster Annemarie , Schaper Nicolaas , Henry Ronald M. A. , Stehouwer Coen D. A. , Dagnelie Pieter C. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObservational studies suggest an inverse association between total dairy product intake and diabetes risk. However, there is a lack of information on the relationship of specific dairy products with impaired glucose metabolism (IGM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Individuals aged 40–75 years were recruited for the Maastricht Study. All the participants filled out a 253-food item FFQ, covering fifty specific dairy items that captured differences between full-fat, semi-skimmed and skimmed products, as well as fermented and non-fermented products. Glucose metabolism status was assessed by an oral glucose tolerance test, and participants were informed on their glucose metabolism status after returning the FFQ. Data of 2391 individuals were available to estimate OR (95 % CI) for IGM (n 470) and newly diagnosed (ND) T2DM (n 125), with adjustment for age, sex, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, education, energy intake and intakes of vegetables, fruits, meat and fish. For IGM, fully adjusted analyses revealed inverse associations, with OR comparing the highest with the lowest tertile of intake of 0·73 (95 % CI 0·55, 0·96) for skimmed products and 0·74 (95 % CI 0·54, 0·99) for fermented products. These dairy products were not associated with ND T2DM. In contrast, full-fat products were positively associated with ND T2DM (OR 2·01; 95 % CI 1·16, 3·47), whereas total dairy product intake was inversely associated with ND T2DM (OR 0·50; 95 % CI 0·26, 0·93). In conclusion, individuals with a high consumption of skimmed and fermented products had lower odds of having IGM, and individuals with a high consumption of total dairy products had lower odds of having ND T2DM. High intake of full-fat products was not related to IGM but was positively related to ND T2DM.
Is Momentum an Echo?
Authors: Goyal Amit , Wahal Sunil 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn the United States, momentum portfolios formed from 12 to 7 months prior to the current month deliver higher future returns than momentum portfolios formed from 6 to 2 months prior, suggesting an “echo” in returns. In 37 countries excluding the United States, there is no robust evidence of such an echo. In portfolios that combine securities in developed and emerging markets, or across three major geographic regions (Americas excluding United States, Asia, and Europe), there is also no evidence of an echo. Any echo in the United States appears to be driven largely by a carryover of short-term reversals from month − 2.
The Sense of National Identity among the Marian Exiles (1553–1558)
Authors: Loades David M. 
Published: February 2016

Dr Cox and others with him came to Frankfort out of England, who began to break that order that was agreed upon; first in answering aloud after the minister, contrary to the church’s determination; and being admonished thereof by the Seniors of the congregation, he, with the rest that came with him made answer, That they would do as they had done in England; and that they would have the face of an English church….Thanks to the Brieff Discours, a partisan account published for polemical purposes almost twenty years later, the ‘Troubles’ which began with this gesture form one of the best-known aspects of the Marian exile. However, because of the context within which the compilers of that work were operating, it is usually seen simply as a liturgical conflict between the protagonists of the 1552 Prayer Book, and those of the Geneva rite, which had been printed in English as far back as 1550. In fact, the issues which it raised were far wider, embracing the whole conduct of ecclesiastical affairs, and the nature of the English church.
John Wesley and the Community of Goods
Authors: Walsh John 
Published: February 2016

And all that believed were together, and had all things common. And sold their possessions and goods, and parted them to all men, as every man had need. And they continuing daily with one accord in the temple, and breaking bread from house to house, did eat their meat with gladness and singleness of heart.Acts 2. 44–5.Among the strangest of the rumours circulating about early Methodism was the charge that it promoted the notion of Christian communism—‘the community of goods’. In the early summer of 1739 Lord Egmonc, one of the Georgia Trustees, got wind of the story and after hearing Whiteficld preach at Blackheath pressed him whether, among other eccentricities, he held that ‘all things should be in common’. The same year two anti-Methodist pamphlets raised the same issue, and in 1740 it surfaced again in the papers when another former Oxford Methodist, Benjamin Ingham, was accused by his local vicar of helping to foment a violent riot of Dewsbury cloth workers by ‘preaching up … a community of goods, as was practised by the Primitive Christians’. Ingham was said to urge a sharing of wealth so drastic that his brother had remarked in disgust, ‘if I mind our Ben, he would preach me out of all I have’.
Determination of an experimental geoid at Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica
Authors: Jigena Bismarck , Berrocoso Manuel , Torrecillas Cristina , Vidal Juan , Barbero Ignacio , Fernandez-Ros Alberto 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDeception Island is an active volcano located in Bransfield Strait. Its volcanic activity is linked to the presence of gravity anomalies that influence the definition of the geoid. In this paper, a precise undulation geoid model (GeoiDEC14) has been computed from GPS, gravimetric and levelling measurements. GeoiDEC14 highlights local anomalies of the island that match with hot spots, such as the minimum values shown in Fumarole Bay and Whalers Bay (fumarole areas), or the maximum values found in the remains of lava at Colatinas, Black Glacier and Murature Point. Comparison of GeoiDEC14 with global models always shows negative values due to an average of 18.80 m for our model compared to 19.80–20.60 m for models such as ITSG-Grace2014s, EGM08, AIUG-Grace03s or EGM96. This difference is due to the lack of resolution of global models and to the volcanic activity on the island. To confirm the results, the same measurements were taken on nearby Livingston Island. The values of geoid undulation on this island reaffirm the lack of detail in the global geoid in the area, presenting an average of 18.90 m, similar to the average value of GeoiDEC14.
The impact and efficacy of routine pulse oximetry screening for CHD in a local hospital
Authors: Jones Andrew J. , Howarth Claire , Nicholl Richard , Mat-Ali Ezam , Knowles Rachel 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe objective of this study was to evaluate the impact and efficacy of pulse oximetry screening for CHD in a level-two neonatal unit without on-site access to paediatric echocardiography.MethodsAll neonatal unit admissions between 1 September, 2011 and 31 August, 2013 were reviewed to determine the outcomes of newborns identified by pulse oximetry screening. Record linkage with the National Congenital Heart Disease Audit allowed follow-up of newborns with a negative screening result.ResultsThere were 11,233 live births during the study period, with 973 neonatal unit admissions unrelated to pulse oximetry screening. From the remaining screening population of 10,260 newborns, 23 were admitted on the basis of a screen-positive result; three of the 23 patients went on to have urgent echocardiograms, and two were found to have critical CHD. In the 21 newborns without critical CHD, an alternative diagnosis was made in 16 cases. Record linkage with the National Congenital Heart Disease Audit indicated that no newborns born in the hospital during the study period received surgery for critical CHD following negative screening. The estimated sensitivity of screening was 100% (95% confidence interval 15.81–100%) and specificity was 99.80% (95% confidence interval 99.69–99.87%), with a false-positive rate of 0.20% (95% confidence interval 0.13–0.31%).ConclusionThe introduction of pulse oximetry screening to a hospital where paediatric echocardiography services are not available is practical, results in very few referrals to the regional paediatric cardiology centre, and detects cases of CHD that would otherwise go undiagnosed. Record linkage with a national CHD database provides a straightforward method for tracking cases of CHD that may have been missed by screening.
Italian Bipolar II vs I patients have better individual functioning, in spite of overall similar illness severity
Authors: Dell’Osso Bernardo , Dobrea Cristina , Cremaschi Laura , Buoli Massimiliano , Miller Shefali , Ketter Terence A. , Altamura A. Carlo 
Published: February 2016

IntroductionBipolar disorders (BDs) comprise different variants of chronic, comorbid, and disabling conditions, with relevant suicide and suicide attempt rates. The hypothesis that BD types I (BDI) and II (BDII) represent more and less severe forms of illness, respectively, has been increasingly questioned over recent years, justifying additional investigation to better characterize related sociodemographic and clinical profiles.MethodsA sample of 217 outpatients withDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)–described BD (141 BDI, 76 BDII), without a current syndromal mood episode, was recruited, and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of BDI and II patients were compared.ResultsBDII patients had significantly more favorable sociodemographics, in relation to occupational stability, cohabitation, and marital status. However, BDII compared with BDI patients had significantly longer duration of untreated illness, more frequent lifetime anxiety disorders comorbidity, longer most recent episode duration, higher rate of depressive first/most recent episode, and more current antidepressant use. In contrast, BDI compared with BDII patients had significantly more severe illness in terms of earlier age at onset; higher rate of elevated first/most recent episode, lifetime hospitalizations, and involuntary commitments; lower Global Assessment of Functioning score; and more current antipsychotic use. BDI and II patients had similar duration of illness, psychiatric family history, lifetime number of suicide attempts, current subthreshold symptoms, history of stressful life events, and overall psychiatric/medical comorbidity.ConclusionBDII compared with BDI patients had more favorable sociodemographic features, but a mixture of specific unfavorable illness characteristics, confirming that BDII is not just a milder form of BD and requires further investigation in the field.
Prevalence of grade 1, 2 and 3 thinness is associated with lower socio-economic status in children in Shanghai, China
Authors: Chen Chang , Jin Zhijuan , Yang You , Jiang Fan , Jin Xingming , Huang Hong , Liu Shijian 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the prevalence of grade 1, 2 and 3 thinness among Chinese children and to explore their associations with socio-economic status (SES).DesignA population, school-based cross-sectional study using multistage, stratified cluster random sampling. Grade 1, 2 and 3 thinness, overweight, obesity and severe obesity were defined by the International Obesity Task Force BMI cut-offs.SettingSeven districts of Shanghai, China.SubjectsChinese children aged 3–12 years (n 84 075).ResultsIn boys and girls, respectively, the prevalence of grade 1 thinness was 8·89 % and 11·78 %, of grade 2 thinness was 2·80 % and 3·74 %, and of grade 3 thinness was 2·23 % and 2·93 %. Compared with urban children, suburban children had higher prevalence of thinness. Children whose parent had low education had higher prevalence of grade 1, 2 and 3 thinness than those whose parent had high education. The prevalence of grade 2 and 3 thinness, obesity and severe obesity in low-SES children was higher than that in high-SES children, and the prevalence of grade 1 thinness was lower than that in high-SES children. Particular patterns of prevalence of grade 1, 2 and 3 thinness appeared in low-, middle- and high-SES children.ConclusionsThe study describes associations of SES with grade 1, 2 and 3 thinness, overweight, obesity and severe obesity in Shanghai children. The patterns of thinness and obesity in Shanghai provide further insights into BMI patterns in mega-cities in developing countries.
Prevalence and trends in the childhood dual burden of malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries, 1990–2012
Authors: Tzioumis Emma , Kay Melissa C , Bentley Margaret E , Adair Linda S 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo describe trends in country- and individual-level dual burden of malnutrition in children <5 years, and age-stratified (<2 years, ≥2 years) country-level trends, in thirty-six low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).DesignUsing repeated cross-sectional nationally representative data, we calculated the prevalence of malnutrition (stunting, wasting, overweight) at each survey wave, annualized rates of prevalence change for each country over time, and trends before and after 2000, for all children <5 years and separately for those </≥2 years. We examined country- (ratio of stunting to overweight) and individual-level (coexistence of stunting and overweight) dual burden in children <5 years.SettingDemographic and Health Surveys from thirty-six LMIC between 1990 and 2012.SubjectsChildren <5 years.ResultsOverall malnutrition prevalence decreased in children <5 years, driven by stunting decreases. Stunting rates decreased in 78 % of countries, wasting rates decreased in 58 % of countries and overweight rates increased in 36 % of countries. Rates of change differed for children </≥2 years, with children <2 years experiencing decreases in stunting in fewer countries yet increases in overweight in more countries. Countries with nearly equal prevalences of stunting and overweight in children <5 years increased from 2000 to the final year. Within a country, 0·3–10·9 % of children <5 years were stunted and overweight, and 0·6–37·8 % of stunted children <5 years were overweight.ConclusionsThe dual burden exists in children <5 years on both country and individual levels, indicating a shift is needed in policies and programmes to address both sides of malnutrition. Children <2 years should be identified as a high-risk demographic.
The TPP and Good Regulatory Practices: An Opportunity for Regulatory Coherence to Promote Regulatory Autonomy?
Authors: SHEARGOLD ELIZABETH , MITCHELL ANDREW D. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractChapters relating to regulatory coherence or cooperation are likely to be significant features of new preferential trade agreements, including the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). While the potential for harmonization of standards or institutional cooperation to impact on the regulatory autonomy of treaty parties has been well considered, this article focuses on those elements of regulatory coherence that relate to domestic processes for the development of regulations. It examines whether the adoption of ‘good regulatory practices’ in accordance with the TPP will help to ensure that measures states enact to protect non-economic interests (such as the environment or public health) are consistent with other key obligations of international trade and investment law. Although many elements of good regulatory practice mirror the criteria used to distinguish legitimate regulatory measures from disguised protectionism, there is no guarantee that a tribunal will come to the same conclusions as those reached during a domestic impact assessment.
Cost-effectiveness thresholds in health care: a bookshelf guide to their meaning and use
Authors: Culyer Anthony J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThere is misunderstanding about both the meaning and the role of cost-effectiveness thresholds in policy decision making. This article dissects the main issues by use of a bookshelf metaphor. Its main conclusions are as follows: it must be possible to compare interventions in terms of their impact on a common measure of health; mere effectiveness is not a persuasive case for inclusion in public insurance plans; public health advocates need to address issues of relative effectiveness; a ‘first best’ benchmark or threshold ratio of health gain to expenditure identifies the least effective intervention that should be included in a public insurance plan; the reciprocal of this ratio – the ‘first best’ cost-effectiveness threshold – will rise or fall as the health budget rises or falls (ceteris paribus); setting thresholds too high or too low costs lives; failure to set any cost-effectiveness threshold at all also involves avertable deaths and morbidity; the threshold cannot be set independently of the health budget; the threshold can be approached from either the demand side or the supply side – the two are equivalent only in a health-maximising equilibrium; the supply-side approach generates an estimate of a ‘second best’ cost-effectiveness threshold that is higher than the ‘first best’; the second best threshold is the one generally to be preferred in decisions about adding or subtracting interventions in an established public insurance package; multiple thresholds are implied by systems having distinct and separable health budgets; disinvestment involves eliminatingeffectivetechnologies from the insured bundle; differential weighting of beneficiaries’ health gains may affect the threshold; anonymity and identity are factors that may affect the interpretation of the threshold; the true opportunity cost of health care in a community, where the effectiveness of interventions is determined by their impact on health, is not to be measured in money – but in health itself.
Religion and Secularism among American Party Activists
Authors: Layman Geoffrey C. , Weaver Christopher L. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPrior work has shown party activists and religious divisions to be two of the leading causes of party polarization in American politics. Using the Convention Delegate Studies, we examine the interaction between these two culprits and their impact on party polarization. We leverage a novel measure of secularism in the latest wave of the Convention Delegate Studies to demonstrate that active secularism is distinct both conceptually and statistically from low religiosity. Furthermore, we show that both religiosity and secularism drive party activists to take more extreme policy positions, to identify themselves as more ideologically extreme, and to exhibit less support for compromise. As the Democratic and Republican Parties have become more secular and religious, respectively, these results suggest religious polarization may compound existing divisions between the two parties and exacerbate the partisan divide in American politics.
Super-crystals in composite ferroelectrics
Authors: Pierangeli D. , Ferraro M. , Di Mei F. , Di Domenico G. , de Oliveira C. E. M. , Agranat A. J. , DelRe E. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAs atoms and molecules condense to form solids, a crystalline state can emerge with its highly ordered geometry and subnanometric lattice constant. In some physical systems, such as ferroelectric perovskites, a perfect crystalline structure forms even when the condensing substances are non-stoichiometric. The resulting solids have compositional disorder and complex macroscopic properties, such as giant susceptibilities and non-ergodicity. Here, we observe the spontaneous formation of a cubic structure in composite ferroelectric potassium–lithium–tantalate–niobate with micrometric lattice constant, 104 times larger than that of the underlying perovskite lattice. The 3D effect is observed in specifically designed samples in which the substitutional mixture varies periodically along one specific crystal axis. Laser propagation indicates a coherent polarization super-crystal that produces an optical X-ray diffractometry, an ordered mesoscopic state of matter with important implications for critical phenomena and applications in miniaturized 3D optical technologies.
Multiscale deformations lead to high toughness and circularly polarized emission in helical nacre-like fibres
Authors: Zhang Jia , Feng Wenchun , Zhang Huangxi , Wang Zhenlong , Calcaterra Heather A. , Yeom Bongjun , Hu Ping An , Kotov Nicholas A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractNacre-like composites have been investigated typically in the form of coatings or free-standing sheets. They demonstrated remarkable mechanical properties and are used as ultrastrong materials but macroscale fibres with nacre-like organization can improve mechanical properties even further. The fiber form or nacre can, simplify manufacturing and offer new functional properties unknown yet for other forms of biomimetic materials. Here we demonstrate that nacre-like fibres can be produced by shear-induced self-assembly of nanoplatelets. The synergy between two structural motifs—nanoscale brick-and-mortar stacking of platelets and microscale twisting of the fibres—gives rise to high stretchability (>400%) and gravimetric toughness (640 J g−1). These unique mechanical properties originate from the multiscale deformation regime involving solid-state self-organization processes that lead to efficient energy dissipation. Incorporating luminescent CdTe nanowires into these fibres imparts the new property of mechanically tunable circularly polarized luminescence. The nacre-like fibres open a novel technological space for optomechanics of biomimetic composites, while their continuous spinning methodology makes scalable production realistic.
Creating single-atom Pt-ceria catalysts by surface step decoration
Authors: Dvořák Filip , Farnesi Camellone Matteo , Tovt Andrii , Tran Nguyen-Dung , Negreiros Fabio R. , Vorokhta Mykhailo , Skála Tomáš , Matolínová Iva , Mysliveček Josef , Matolín Vladimír , Fabris Stefano 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSingle-atom catalysts maximize the utilization of supported precious metals by exposing every single metal atom to reactants. To avoid sintering and deactivation at realistic reaction conditions, single metal atoms are stabilized by specific adsorption sites on catalyst substrates. Here we show by combining photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning tunnelling microscopy and density functional theory calculations that Pt single atoms on ceria are stabilized by the most ubiquitous defects on solid surfaces—monoatomic step edges. Pt segregation at steps leads to stable dispersions of single Pt2+ ions in planar PtO4 moieties incorporating excess O atoms and contributing to oxygen storage capacity of ceria. We experimentally control the step density on our samples, to maximize the coverage of monodispersed Pt2+ and demonstrate that step engineering and step decoration represent effective strategies for understanding and design of new single-atom catalysts.