bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Mozart study: a relation between dynamic hyperinflation and physical activity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Authors: van Leuteren R. W. , Dijkhuis S. , de Jongh F. H. C. , van der Valk P. D. L. P. M. , Tabak M. , Brusse‐Keizer M. G. J. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryBackgroundMany patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) experience dyspnoea during exercise, resulting in a reduction of physical activity (PA). Dynamic hyperinflation (DH) is seen as a major cause of dyspnoea in COPD.ObjectiveThe objective of the current study was to investigate the relationship between DH, in terms of the amount of DH and the development and recovery rate of DH in patients with COPD, and PA.MethodsThirty‐five patients with stable COPD were included from an outpatient clinic (14 GOLD II and 21 GOLD III, median age 65). PA was assessed using an accelerometer. Subjects underwent metronome‐paced tachypnoea (MPT) to induce DH. To quantify the amount of DH during MPT, a decrease in inspiratory capacity (IC) or a change in IC as percentage of total lung capacity was used.ResultsNo significant correlations were found between the parameters describing DH and PA. Secondary correlation analyses showed a negative correlation between static hyperinflation (SH) and PA (r = −0·39; P = 0·02). The pattern of breathing during MPT and the test itself showed high interpatient variability.ConclusionsThe absence of a significant correlation between DH and PA is contrary to previous studies. SH did show a correlation with PA. The variety in results and the technical difficulties in execution of the measurements ask for a new, more reliable, method to detect DH and investigate its relation with PA in patients with COPD.
Endoscopic gastric mucosal atrophy distinguishes the characteristics of superficial esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma
Authors: Uedo Noriya , Yoshio Toshiyuki , Yoshinaga Shigetaka , Takeuchi Manabu , Hatta Waku , Yano Tomonori , Tanuma Tokuma , Goto Osamu , Takahashi Akiko , Tong Daniel , Lee Yeong Yeh , Nakayama Yoshiko , Ichihara Shin , Gotoda Takuji 
Published: April 2017

Background and AimWestern studies have suggested two distinct etiologies of esophagogastric junction (EGJ) cancer: Helicobacter pylori‐associated atrophic gastritis and non‐atrophic gastric mucosa resembling esophageal adenocarcinoma. The present study investigated whether endoscopic gastric mucosal atrophy can distinguish between these two types of EGJ adenocarcinoma.MethodsData were collected from patients with Siewert type II, T1 EGJ adenocarcinoma who underwent endoscopic or surgical resection at eight Japanese institutions in 2010–2015. Clinicopathological characteristics of EGJ cancers with and without endoscopic gastric mucosal atrophy were compared. EGJ was defined as the lower end of the palisade vein and/or the top of the gastric folds.ResultsOf the 229 patients identified, 161 had endoscopic gastric mucosal atrophy and 68 did not. The latter group was younger (64 vs 70 years, P = 0.000); had a higher proportion of patients negative for H. pylori (90% vs 47%, P < 0.0001); and had higher rates of gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms (43% vs 12%, P = 0.017), mucosal breaks (25% vs 15%, P = 0.009), Barrett's esophagus (BE, 78% vs 42%, P < 0.0001), and tumors above the EGJ (81% vs 19%, P < 0.0001) and on the upper‐right side (74% vs 38%, P < 0.0001) than the former group. Multivariate analysis showed that H. pylori positivity (odds ratio [OR] = 13.0, P < 0.001), long‐segment BE (OR = 0.025, P = 0.033), and longitudinal (OR = 8.6, P = 0.001) and circumferential (OR = 4.7, P = 0.006) tumor locations were independently associated with gastric mucosal atrophy.ConclusionTwo distinct types of EGJ cancer were identified, with and without endoscopic gastric mucosal atrophy. These types were associated with different tumor locations.
Efficacy of hybrid endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) as a rescue treatment in difficult colorectal ESD cases
Authors: Okamoto Koichi , Muguruma Naoki , Kagemoto Kaizo , Mitsui Yasuhiro , Fujimoto Daisaku , Kitamura Shinji , Kimura Tetsuo , Sogabe Masahiro , Miyamoto Hiroshi , Takayama Tetsuji 
Published: April 2017

Background and AimEndoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), which provides a higher en bloc resection rate than conventional endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), is considered to be a useful treatment option for large colorectal tumors. However, colorectal ESD is not widely used because of its technical difficulty, risk of complications and time required. To overcome these drawbacks, a simpler modified technique, ESD with snaring (hybrid ESD), has been developed. The aim of the present study was to retrospectively compare the safety and efficacy of hybrid ESD and conventional ESD for colorectal tumors.MethodsBetween September 2008 and June 2016, ESD was carried out on 137 lesions and hybrid ESD on 27 lesions. All hybrid ESD cases were carried out as a rescue treatment in difficult ESD cases. We retrospectively investigated procedure time, and the rates of en bloc resection, perforation, bleeding, and local recurrence.ResultsIn the hybrid ESD group, procedure time was shorter compared with the ESD group (108 ± 59.5 min vs 122 ± 72.2 min), but the en bloc resection rate was lower (66.7% vs 94.2%). However, there were no significant differences in procedure time, or in rates of en bloc resection, perforation and bleeding between the two groups. Local recurrence did not develop in any of our cases.ConclusionsHybrid ESD as a rescue treatment in difficult ESD cases may be less effective for en bloc resection of large colorectal tumors. Indication for hybrid ESD may be limited to scheduled treatment from the outset and emergency cases with patients who present unstable vital signs during ESD.
Shortages and the informal economy in the Soviet republics, 1965–89
Authors: Kim Byung‐Yeon , Shida Yoshisada 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis study measures the informal economy and shortages of consumer goods in the Soviet republics from 1965 to 1989 to estimate the relationships between these two variables. Using estimation methods, including a fixed‐effect model and the instrumental variable approach, we find that the informal economy and shortages reinforced each other. Results indicate that the Soviet central planning system was difficult to sustain. Substantial heterogeneities across the Soviet republics exist not only in the extent of the informal economy and shortages, but also in the associations between the two variables.
The market turn: from social democracy to market liberalism
Authors: Offer Avner 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSocial democracy and market liberalism provide different solutions to the same problem: how to provide for life‐cycle dependency. Social democracy makes lateral transfers from producers to dependents by means of progressive taxation. Market liberalism uses financial markets to transfer financial entitlement over time. Social democracy came up against the upper limits of public expenditure in the 1970s. The ‘market turn’ from social democracy to market liberalism was enabled by liberalized credit in the 1980s. Much of this was absorbed into homeownership, which attracted majorities of households (and voters) in the developed world. Early movers did well, but eventually easy credit drove house prices beyond the reach of younger cohorts. Debt service diminished effective demand, which instigated financial instability. Both social democracy and market liberalism are currently in crisis.
‘Pain Always Asks for a Cause’: Nietzsche and Explanation
Authors: Bennett Matthew 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThose who have emphasised Nietzsche's naturalism have often claimed that he emulates natural scientific methods by offering causal explanations of psychological, social, and moral phenomena. In order to render Nietzsche's method consistent with his methodology, such readers of Nietzsche have also claimed that his objections to the use of causal explanations are based on a limited scepticism concerning the veracity of causal explanations. My contention is that proponents of this reading are wrong about both Nietzsche's methodology and his method. I argue for this by: first, showing that Nietzsche was suspicious of causal explanations not only on sceptical grounds but also for reasons provided by his psychological analysis of our tendency to look for causes; and second, arguing for a non‐causal interpretation of Nietzsche's approach to psychological explanation.
Camus on Authenticity in Political Violence
Authors: Neiman Paul George 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPolitically motivated attacks against civilians are typically evaluated by focusing on objective factors, such as the loss of innocent life, the justness of a rebel organization's political vision, and whether the attacks are successful in advancing that vision. Albert Camus' philosophy on rebellion provides an alternative approach that focuses on subject experience of the rebel. The rebel experiences a genuine moral dilemma created by the passionate desire to fight injustice and the feeling of universal solidarity that encompasses even those who the rebel believes it is necessary to kill. From this standpoint, any action the rebel takes is immoral. Camus thus makes authenticity the focus of his analysis. Authentic rebels continue to value solidarity, which creates a limit on how violence can be used in rebellion. Drawing from The Rebel and The Just Assassins, this paper develops several criteria for immoral but authentic acts of political violence, which are then applied to suicide bomb attacks directed against civilians.
Quantitative and spectroscopic investigations of the co‐sorption of myo‐inositol hexakisphosphate and cadmium(II) on to haematite
Authors: Wan B. , Yan Y. P. , Zhu M. Q. , Wang X. M. , Liu F. , Tan W. F. , Feng X. H. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryThe interactions between phosphates, both inorganic and organic ones, and heavy metals on mineral surfaces affect their environmental fate and transport. In this research, we investigated the co‐sorption of myo‐inositol hexakisphosphate (IHP) and cadmium (Cd(II)) on to haematite at various pHs in batch experiments, zeta (ζ) potential measurement and in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy. In the haematite–IHP binary system, IHP formed inner‐sphere complexes on haematite in which some phosphate groups of the IHP molecule bonded with the haematite surface, and other dissociated phosphate groups were ionized. In the haematite–IHP–Cd ternary system, the presence of aqueous Cd(II) increases IHP sorption and the ζ potential of haematite relative to that in the haematite–IHP binary system. The enhancement is more obvious at higher pHs, reversing the initial pH dependence of IHP sorption in the binary system. Similarly, the coexisting IHP promotes the retention of Cd(II) on haematite. The ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy indicates the formation of two structurally distinct ternary surface complexes (the Hm–IHP–Cd surface complex and the Hm–Cd–IHP–Cd surface complex). Our results suggest that simultaneous sorption not only increases the sorption density of IHP and Cd(II), but also changes the surface complex configuration of IHP and Cd(II) on haematite.Highlights
The interactions between IHP and Cd(II) on haematite were investigated.
The presence of Cd(II) increases IHP sorption and vice versa.
IHP and Cd(II) co‐sorption is enhanced as pH increases.
Two structurally distinct ternary surface complexes form on haematite surfaces.
In‐plane and out‐of‐plane constraint for single edge notched bending specimen and cruciform specimen under uniaxial and biaxial loading
Authors: Miao X. ‐T. , Zhou C. ‐Y. , He X. –. H. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractConsidering fracture constraint is an efficient way to describe stress–strain field and fracture toughness more accurately, so it is necessary to realise the relationship with in‐plane and out‐of‐plane constraint for different standard specimens. In this paper, three‐dimensional finite element method is applied to study the in‐plane and out‐of‐plane constraint for both cruciform specimen and single edge notched bending specimen made from commercial pure titanium. Crack length and in‐plane loading as the factors affecting in‐plane constraint, and thickness as the factor affecting the out‐of‐plane constraint are used to study the effect on both in‐plane and out‐of‐plane constraint in this paper. From the results, in‐plane and out‐of‐plane constraint are both related to specimen geometries and loading styles. And there exist relationships with in‐plane and out‐of‐plane constraint because of factors for different specimens. Depending on crack length, out‐of‐plane constraint increases with in‐plane constraint. While depending on transverse loading, out‐of‐plane constraint decreases with in‐plane constraint. In addition, when the in‐plane constraint of a specimen is higher, in‐plane constraint increases with out‐of‐plane constraint (thickness). When the in‐plane constraint is lower, in‐plane constraint almost remains unchanged with out‐of‐plane constraint.
Retracted: Fracture investigation of U‐notch made of tungsten–copper functionally graded materials by means of strain energy density
Authors: Mohammadi H. , Salavati H. , Alizadeh Y. , Abdullah A. , Berto F. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe averaged strain energy density over a well‐defined control volume was employed to assess the fracture of U‐notched specimens made of tungsten–copper functionally graded materials under prevalent mode II loading. The boundary of control volume was evaluated by using a numerical method. Power law function was employed to describe the mechanical properties (elasticity modulus, Poisson's ratio, fracture toughness and ultimate tensile stress) through the specimen width. The effect of notch tip radius and notch depth on notch stress intensity factors and mode mixity parameter χ were assessed. In addition, a comparison based on fracture load between functionally graded and homogeneous W–Cu was made. Furthermore, in this research, it was shown that the mean value of the strain energy density over the control volume can be accurately determined using coarse meshes for functionally graded materials.
Status and prospects for renewable energy using wood pellets from the southeastern United States
Authors: Dale Virginia H. , Kline Keith L. , Parish Esther S. , Cowie Annette L. , Emory Robert , Malmsheimer Robert W. , Slade Raphael , SMITH Charles Tattersall (Tat) , Wigley Thomas Bently (BEN) , Bentsen Niclas S. , Berndes Göran , Bernier Pierre , Brandão Miguel , Chum Helena L. , Diaz‐Chavez Rocio , Egnell Gustaf , Gustavsson Leif , Schweinle Jörg , Stupak Inge , Trianosky Paul , Walter Arnaldo , Whittaker Carly , Brown Mark , Chescheir George , Dimitriou Ioannis , Donnison Caspar , Goss Eng Alison , Hoyt Kevin P. , Jenkins Jennifer C. , Johnson Kristen , Levesque Charles A. , Lockhart Victoria , Negri Maria Cristina , Nettles Jami E. , Wellisch Maria 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe ongoing debate about costs and benefits of wood‐pellet based bioenergy production in the southeastern United States (SE USA) requires an understanding of the science and context influencing market decisions associated with its sustainability. Production of pellets has garnered much attention asUSexports have grown from negligible amounts in the early 2000s to 4.6 million metric tonnes in 2015. Currently, 98% of these pellet exports are shipped to Europe to displace coal in power plants. We ask, ‘How is the production of wood pellets in theSE USAaffecting forest systems and the ecosystem services they provide?’ To address this question, we review current forest conditions and the status of the wood products industry, how pellet production affects ecosystem services and biodiversity, and what methods are in place to monitor changes and protect vulnerable systems. Scientific studies provide evidence that wood pellets in theSE USAare a fraction of total forestry operations and can be produced while maintaining or improving forest ecosystem services. Ecosystem services are protected by the requirement to utilize loggers trained to apply scientifically based best management practices in planning and implementing harvest for the export market. Bioenergy markets supplement incomes to private rural landholders and provide an incentive for forest management practices that simultaneously benefit water quality and wildlife and reduce risk of fire and insect outbreaks. Bioenergy also increases the value of forest land to landowners, thereby decreasing likelihood of conversion to nonforest uses. Monitoring and evaluation are essential to verify that regulations and good practices are achieving goals and to enable timely responses if problems arise. Conducting rigorous research to understand how conditions change in response to management choices requires baseline data, monitoring, and appropriate reference scenarios. Long‐term monitoring data on forest conditions should be publicly accessible and utilized to inform adaptive management.
Inactivation of ferric uptake regulator (Fur) attenuates Helicobacter pylori J99 motility by disturbing the flagellar motor switch and autoinducer‐2 production
Authors: Lee Ai‐Yun , Kao Cheng‐Yen , Wang Yao‐Kuan , Lin Ssu‐Yuan , Lai Tze‐Ying , Sheu Bor‐Shyang , Lo Chien‐Jung , Wu Jiunn‐Jong 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundFlagellar motility of Helicobacter pylori has been shown to be important for the bacteria to establish initial colonization. The ferric uptake regulator (Fur) is a global regulator that has been identified in H. pylori which is involved in the processes of iron uptake and establishing colonization. However, the role of Fur in H. pylori motility is still unclear.Materials and MethodsMotility of the wild‐type, fur mutant, and fur revertant J99 were determined by a soft‐agar motility assay and direct video observation. The bacterial shape and flagellar structure were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Single bacterial motility and flagellar switching were observed by phase‐contrast microscopy. Autoinducer‐2 (AI‐2) production in bacterial culture supernatant was analyzed by a bioluminescence assay.ResultsThe fur mutant showed impaired motility in the soft‐agar assay compared with the wild‐type J99 and fur revertant. The numbers and lengths of flagellar filaments on the fur mutant cells were similar to those of the wild‐type and revertant cells. Phenotypic characterization showed similar swimming speed but reduction in switching rate in the fur mutant. The AI‐2 production of the fur mutant was dramatically reduced compared with wild‐type J99 in log‐phase culture medium.ConclusionsThese results indicate that Fur positively modulates H. pylori J99 motility through interfering with bacterial flagellar switching.
Guideline‐based intervention to reduce telemetry rates in a large tertiary centre
Authors: Ramkumar Satish , Tsoi Edward H. , Raghunath Ajay , Dias Floyd F. , Li Wai Suen Christopher , Tsoi Andrew H. , Mansfield Darren R. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundInappropriate cardiac telemetry use is associated with reduced patient flow and increased healthcare costs.AimTo evaluate the outcomes of guideline‐based application of cardiac telemetry.MethodsPhase I involved a prospective audit (March to August 2011) of telemetry use at a tertiary hospital. Data were collected on indication for telemetry and clinical outcomes. Phase II prospectively included patients more than 18 years under general medicine requiring ward‐based telemetry. As phase II occurred at a time remotely from phase I, an audit similar to phase I (phase II – baseline) was completed prior to a 3‐month intervention (May to August 2015). The intervention consisted of a daily telemetry ward round and an admission form based on the American Heart Association guidelines (class I, telemetry indicated; class II, telemetry maybe indicated; class III, telemetry not indicated). Patient demographics, telemetry data, and clinical outcomes were studied. Primary endpoint was the percentage reduction of class III indications, while secondary endpoint included telemetry duration.ResultsIn phase I (n = 200), 38% were admitted with a class III indication resulting in no change in clinical management. A total of 74 patients was included in phase II baseline (mean ± standard deviation (SD) age 73 years ± 14.9, 57% male), whilst 65 patients were included in the intervention (mean ± SD age 71 years ± 18.4, 35% male). Both groups had similar baseline characteristics. There was a reduction in class III admissions post‐intervention from 38% to 11%, P < 0.001. Intervention was associated with a reduction in median telemetry duration (1.8 ± 1.8 vs 2.4 ± 2.5 days, P = 0.047); however, length of stay was similar in both groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionGuideline‐based telemetry admissions and a regular telemetry ward round are associated with a reduction in inappropriate telemetry use.
Application of ischemic postconditioning's algorithms in tissues protection: response to methodological gaps in preclinical and clinical studies
Authors: Feyzizadeh Saeid , Badalzadeh Reza 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIschaemic postconditioning (IPostC) was introduced for the first time by Zhao et al. as a feasible method for reduction of myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion (IR) injury. The cardioprotection by this protocol has been extensively evaluated in various species. Then, further research revealed that IPostC is a safe and convenient approach in limiting IR injury of non‐myocardial tissues such as lung, liver, kidney, intestine, skeletal muscle, brain and spinal cord. IPostC has been conducted with different algorithms, resulting in diverse effects. The possible important factors leading to these differences are the difference in activation levels of signalling pathways and protective mediators by any algorithm, presence or absence of IPostC effectors in each tissue, or intrinsic characteristics of the tissues as well as the methodological biases. Also, the conflicting results have been shown with the application of the same algorithm of IPostC in certain tissues or animal species. The effectiveness of IPostC may depend upon various parameters including the species and the tissues characteristics. For example, different heart rates and metabolic rates of the species and unequal amounts of perfusion and blood flow of the tissues should be considered as the important determinants of IPostC effectiveness and should be thought about in designing IPostC algorithms for future studies. Due to these discrepancies, there is still no optimal single IPostC algorithm applicable to any tissue or any species. This issue is the main topic of the present article.