bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating non‐indigenous species establishment and their impact on biodiversity, using the Relative Suitability Richness model
Authors: Leung Brian , Bradie Johanna 
Published: January 2017

Summary

Key questions in invasion biology include where will a non‐indigenous species (NIS) establish, and how will it affect biodiversity? Scientists have addressed the first question, largely through correlating species’ distributions with environmental factors (i.e. species distribution models, SDM). Conceptually, SDMs reflect a species’ abiotic constraints, but in reality, they measure the realized rather than fundamental niche. This is a limitation of SDMs, but analysed correctly, it may also be a strength since SDMs already incorporate the outcome of species interactions.

We postulate that we can use the relative predicted probabilities of occurrences in each location from SDMs to predict the outcome of interactions between species. Based on this idea, we develop the Relative Suitability Richness (RSR) model, and generate two protocols to (i) assess theoretically whether we can predict the probability of establishment, and (ii) by conducting counterfactual analyses, the extent to which we can infer the impact of NIS on biodiversity.

Species distribution models based solely on abiotic factors have the potential to predict species establishment well, even when biotic interactions are strong. However, predictions improved with inclusion of biotic data, even with only partial information. Even with weak environmental predictors and no community data, macro‐scale predictions could still be strong and one can estimate loss of native populations, as long as the fitting environment was representative of the prediction environment. If environmental conditions change, predictions were still possible so long as either good environmental predictors and/or biotic information was available.

Policy implications. Risk analyses are often recommended to guide management practices; they depend upon forecasting the likelihood and severity of an invasion. The Relative Suitability Richness protocols developed here predict non‐indigenous species occurrences and impact, using even partial biotic data on native species occurrences, to provide key information needed to estimate invasion risk, prioritize management effort and advance invasive species policy.
Would behavioral thermoregulation enable pregnant viviparous tropical lizards to cope with a warmer world?
Authors: LÓPEZ‐ALCAIDE Saúl , NAKAMURA Miguel , SMITH Eric N. , MARTÍNEZ‐MEYER Enrique 
Published: January 2017

AbstractSceloporus lizards depend on external heat to achieve their preferred temperature (Tsel) for performing physiological processes. Evidence both in the field and laboratory indicates that pregnant females of this Genus select body temperatures (Tb) lower than 34 °C as higher temperatures may be lethal to embryos. Therefore, thermoregulation is crucial for successful embryo development. Given the increase in global air temperature, it is expected that the first compensatory response of species that inhabit tropical climates will be behavioral thermoregulation. We tested whether viviparous Sceloporus formosus group lizards in the wild exhibited differences in thermoregulatory behavior to achieve the known Tsel for developing embryos regardless of local thermal conditions. We quantified field active body temperature, thermoregulatory behavior mechanisms (time of sighting, microhabitat used and basking time) and available microhabitat thermal conditions (i.e. operative temperature) for 10 lizard species during gestation, distributed along an altitudinal gradient. We applied both conventional and phylogenic analyses to explore whether Tb or behavioral thermoregulation could be regulated in response to different thermal conditions. These species showed no significant differences in field Tb during gestation regardless of local thermal conditions. In contrast, they exhibited significant differences in their behavioral thermoregulation associated with local environmental conditions. Based on these observations, the differences in thermoregulatory behavior identified are interpreted as compensatory adjustments to local thermal conditions. We conclude that these species may deal with higher temperatures predicted for the tropics by modulating their thermoregulatory behavior.
Alcohol‐Impaired Driving and Perceived Risks of Legal Consequences
Authors: Sloan Frank A. , McCutchan Sabrina A. , Eldred Lindsey M. 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundDriving while impaired (DWI) is a threat to public health. Codified legal sanctions are a widely implemented strategy to reduce DWI. However, it is unclear that sanctioning affects individual risk perceptions so as to deter alcohol‐impaired driving.MethodsUsing survey data collected from individual drivers, police, and defense attorneys specializing in DWI in 8 U.S. cities, we investigated whether risk perceptions about legal consequences for alcohol‐impaired driving, both the risk of being stopped if driving while alcohol‐impaired and receiving specific penalties following a DWI, deter alcohol‐impaired driving. First, we analyzed how different drivers' risk perceptions about being pulled over and facing criminal sanctions related to their self‐reported alcohol‐impaired driving in the year following the interview at which risk perceptions were elicited. Second, using data from an experimental module in which individual's risk perceptions were randomly updated by the interview, we analyzed how each driver's beliefs about his or her own future alcohol‐impaired driving responded to randomly generated increases in the apprehension probability and sanction magnitude.ResultsHigher probabilities as estimated by the individuals of being pulled over corresponded to less alcohol‐impaired driving in both analyses. Conversely, there was no statistical relationship between perceptions of criminal sanctions for DWI and alcohol‐impaired driving with 1 exception—a small significant negative relationship between duration of jail time following a DWI conviction and alcohol‐impaired driving.ConclusionsPerceptions regarding the threat of being apprehended for alcohol‐impaired driving were related to actual self‐reported driving, while perceived sanctions following a DWI conviction for DWI generally were unrelated to either actual self‐reported alcohol‐impaired driving or the person's estimate of probability that he or she would drive while alcohol‐impaired in the following year. Increasing certainty of apprehension by increasing police staffing and/or conducting sobriety checks is a more effective strategy for reducing alcohol‐impaired driving than legislating increased penalties for DWI.
Acid‐suppression medications and bacterial gastroenteritis: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Wei Li , Ratnayake Lasantha , Phillips Gabby , McGuigan Chris C. , Morant Steve V. , Flynn Robert W. , Mackenzie Isla S. , MacDonald Thomas M. 
Published: January 2017

AimsTo investigate whether acid‐suppression medicines (ASMs) increase the risk of bacterial gastroenteritis.MethodsA population‐based, propensity‐score matched cohort study using a record‐linkage database in Tayside, UK. The study consisted of 188 323 exposed to ASMs (proton‐pump inhibitors and histamine‐2 receptor antagonists) and 376 646 controls (a propensity‐score matched cohort from the rest of population who were not exposed to ASMs) between 1999 and 2013. The main outcome measure was a positive stool test for Clostridium difficile, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella or Escherichia coli O157. The association between ASMs and risk of bacterial gastroenteritis was assessed by a Cox regression model.ResultsThere were 22 705 positive test results (15 273 C. difficile [toxin positive], 6590 Campylobacter, 852 Salmonella, 129 Shigella and 193 E. coli O157, not mutually exclusive) with a total of 5 729 743 person‐years follow up time in Tayside, 1999–2013. The adjusted hazard ratios for culture positive diarrhoea for the proton‐pump inhibitors and histamine‐2 receptor antagonists exposed vs. unexposed cohort were 2.72 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.33, 3.17) during follow–up time for samples submitted from the community and 1.28 (95% CI 1.08, 1.52) for samples submitted from hospitals. Compared with the unexposed cohort, patients in the exposed group had increased risks of C. difficile and Campylobacter [adjusted hazard ratios of 1.70 (95% CI 1.28, 2.25), 3.71 (95% CI 3.04, 4.53) for community samples, and 1.42 (95% CI 1.17, 1.71), 4.53 (95% CI 1.75, 11.8) for hospital samples, respectively].ConclusionsThe results suggest that community prescribed ASMs were associated with increased rates of C. difficile and Campylobacter positive gastroenteritis in both the community and hospital settings.
Evaluation of DNA Damage in HepG2 Cells and Mutagenicity of Garcinielliptone FC, A Bioactive Benzophenone
Authors: da Silva Prado Lismare , da Silva Juliana , Garcia Ana Letícia Hilario , Boaretto Fernanda Brião Menezes , Grivicich Ivana , Conter Lucas Umpierre , de Oliveira Salvi Aguisson , Reginatto Flávio Henrique , Vencato Suele Bierhals , de Barros Falcão Ferraz Alexandre , Picada Jaqueline Nascimento 
Published: January 2017

AbstractGarcinielliptone FC (GFC) is a polyprenylated benzophenone isolated from the hexanic extract of Platonia insignis seeds with potential pharmacological effects on the central nervous system. In a pre‐clinical study, this compound showed anticonvulsant action, becoming a candidate to treat epilepsy disorders. However, genotoxicological aspects of GFC should be known to ensure its safe use. This study investigated the cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic effects of GFC. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the colorimetric assay of MTT (3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) in human hepatoma cells (HepG2) (2–100 μg/mL) for 3, 6 and 24 hr. The genotoxic and mutagenic potentials were analysed using the alkaline version of the comet assay, the cytokinesis‐block micronucleus cytome assay in HepG2 cells, and the Salmonella/microsome assay with the strains TA98, TA97a, TA100, TA102 and TA1535, with and without metabolic activation. GFC concentrations above 50 μg/mL were cytotoxic at all experimental times. Viability of HepG2 cells was higher than 70% after exposure to GFC 2–30 μg/mL for 3 hr in the MTT test. No GFC concentration was mutagenic or genotoxic in the Salmonella/microsome and comet assays. Nuclear division index decreased, indicating the cytotoxic effect of the compound, while micronucleus and nuclear bud frequencies rose after treatment with the highest GFC concentration tested (30 μg/mL). Nucleoplasmatic bridges were not observed. The results indicate that GFC is cytotoxic and mutagenic to mammalian cells, pointing to the need for further studies to clarify the toxicological potentials of this benzophenone before proceeding to clinical studies.
Nature meets nurture in religious and spiritual development
Authors: Granqvist Pehr , Nkara Frances 
Published: January 2017

We consider nurture's (including culture's) sculpting influences on the evolved psychological predispositions that are expressed in religious and spiritual (R&S) development. An integrated understanding of R&S development requires a move away from the largely one‐sided (nature‐or‐nurture) and additive (nature + nurture) accounts provided in the extant literature. R&S development has been understood as an expression of evolved cognitive modules (nature) on the one hand, and of socialization and social learning (nurture) on the other, or in similar albeit additive terms (e.g., nature produces the brain/mind, culture fills in the details). We argue that humans’ evolved psychological predispositions are substantially co‐shaped by environmental/cultural input, such as relational experiences and modelling at the microlevel through belief and value systems at the macrolevel. Nurture's sculpting of nature is, then, expressed in R&S development. Finally, for heuristic purposes, we illustrate a fully integrated nature–nurture model with attachment theory and its application to R&S development.Statement of contributionWhat is already known on this subject?Development unfolds as a function of nature–nurture interaction.R&S development has mostly been understood from the point of view of separate nature or nurture models.What does this study add?A collected consideration of the intricate interactions between nature and nurture in development.A sketch, examples, and a conceptual toolbox of how nature and nurture interact in R&S development.
Results of a phase I‐II study of fenretinide and rituximab for patients with indolent B‐cell lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: Cowan Andrew J. , Stevenson Phillip A. , Gooley Ted A. , Frayo Shani L. , Oliveira George R. , Smith Stephen D. , Green Damian J. , Roden Jennifer E. , Pagel John M. , Wood Brent L. , Press Oliver W. , Gopal Ajay K. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractFenretinide, a synthetic retinoid, induces apoptotic cell death in B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (B‐NHL) and acts synergistically with rituximab in preclinical models. We report results from a phase I‐II study of fenretinide with rituximab for B‐NHLs. Eligible diagnoses included indolent B‐NHL or mantle cell lymphoma. The phase I design de‐escalated from fenretinide at 900 mg/m2 PO BID for days 1–5 of a 7‐day cycle. The phase II portion added 375 mg/m2 IV rituximab weekly on weeks 5–9 then every 3 months. Fenretinide was continued until progression or intolerance. Thirty‐two patients were treated: 7 in phase I, and 25 in phase II of the trial. No dose‐limiting toxicities were observed. The phase II component utilized fenretinide 900 mg/m2 twice daily with rituximab. The most common treatment‐related adverse events of grade 3 or higher were rash (n = 3) and neutropenia (n = 3). Responses were seen in 6 (24%) patients on the phase II study, with a median duration of response of 47 months (95% confidence interval, 2–56). The combination of fenretinide and rituximab was well tolerated, yielded a modest overall response rate, but with prolonged remission durations. Further study should focus on identifying the responsive subset of B‐NHL.
Impact of interleukin 13 (IL13) genetic polymorphism Arg130Gln on total serum immunoglobulin (IgE) levels and interferon (IFN)-γ gene expression
Authors: Smolkova B , Tulinska J , Palkovicova Murinova L , Buocikova V , Liskova A , Rausova K , Kuricova M , Patayova H , Sustrova M , Neubauerova Svorcova E , Ilavska S , Szabova M , Nemessanyi T , Jahnova E , Dusinska M , Ciznar P , Fuortes L 
Published: January 2017

SummaryThis cross-sectional study was designed to investigate the extent of genetic susceptibility by targeting variants in interleukin (IL)−4/IL-13 signalling pathways leading to atopic disease in early childhood. We evaluated involvement of five single nucleotide polymorphisms IL4 C-590T, IL13 C-1055T, IL13 Arg130Gln, IL4RA Ile50Val and IL4RA Gln576Arg, in the control of serum total and antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E levels. Furthermore, we analysed their association with changes in gene expression of five cytokines having key roles in inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune response [IL-4, IL-13, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-8 and IL-10]. Total and antigen-specific IgE levels in serum and gene expression of selected cytokines in peripheral blood were measured in 386 children aged 1–8 years. TaqMan allelic discrimination, amplification refractory mutation system–polymerase chain reaction (ARMS–PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) methods validated by sequencing were used for genotyping. All genotypes for children with total and antigen-specific IgE levels in the normal range were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Gene expression analyses were carried out using TaqMan gene expression assays. We found elevated total IgE levels in carriers of IL13 Arg130Gln variant allele [odds ratio (OR) = 1·84; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1·16-2·93]. This effect was more apparent for boys (OR = 2·31; 95% CI = 1·25-4·28). However, no significant association was observed for the other four variants examined. We found up-regulation of IFN-γ in children with elevated serum total IgE levels carrying the Arg130 allele (P = 0·005). No differences were found for IL4, IL8 or IL10, while IL13 gene expression was under the detection limit. IL13 Arg130Gln genotypes can play a role in genetic susceptibility to allergy via regulation of serum total IgE levels and affecting IFN-γ gene expression.
Comparison between two antimicrobial protocols with or without guided bone regeneration in the treatment of peri‐implantitis. A histomorphometric study in dogs
Authors: Ramos Umberto Demoner , Suaid Flavia Adelino , Wikesjö Ulf M. E. , Susin Cristiano , Taba Mario , Novaes Arthur Belém 
Published: January 2017

AbstractObjectivesThis study used a dog model to evaluate two antimicrobial protocols with or without guided bone regeneration (GBR) in the surgical reconstruction of peri‐implantitis defects.Material and methodsEight beagle dogs subject to ligature‐induced peri‐implantitis were used. The animals either received antimicrobial photodynamic therapy or topical tetracycline hydrochloride combined with GBR or as stand‐alone surgical interventions. Block biopsies of the defect sites for histological analysis were obtained at euthanasia, 12 weeks postsurgery. The primary outcome of the study was re‐osseointegration; secondary outcomes included alveolar bone gain and remaining defect characteristics. The effects of the implant site, early exposure, and type of antimicrobial protocol on bone regeneration were also evaluated.ResultsNo significant differences were observed between the two antimicrobial protocols, and the adjunctive use of GBR failed to significantly improve re‐osseointegration or bone gain using either protocol. Buccal sites and implant early exposure negatively affected bone regeneration.ConclusionBoth antimicrobial therapies stand‐alone or combined with GBR allowed similar and limited bone gain.
The crystal structure of PknI from Mycobacterium tuberculosis shows an inactive, pseudokinase‐like conformation
Authors: Lisa María‐Natalia , Wagner Tristan , Alexandre Matthieu , Barilone Nathalie , Raynal Bertrand , Alzari Pedro M. , Bellinzoni Marco 
Published: January 2017

Eukaryotic‐like Ser/Thr protein kinases (ePKs) have been identified in many bacterial species, where they are known to mediate signalling mechanisms that share several features with their eukaryotic counterparts. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, PknI is one of the 11 predicted ePKs and it has been related to bacterial virulence. In order to better understand the molecular basis of its role in mycobacterial signalling, we solved the crystal structure of the PknI cytoplasmic domain. We found that even though PknI possesses most conserved elements characteristic of Hanks‐type kinases, it is degraded in several motifs that are essential for the ePKs catalytic activity. Most notably, PknI presents a remarkably short activation segment lacking a peptide–substrate binding site. Consistent with this observation and similar to earlier findings for eukaryotic pseudokinases, no kinase activity was detected for the catalytic domain of PknI, against different substrates and in various experimental conditions. Based on these results, we conclude that PknI may rely on unconventional mechanism(s) for kinase activity and/or it could play alternative role(s) in mycobacterial signalling.DatabaseAtomic coordinates and structure factors for the catalytic domain of M. tuberculosis PknI are in the Protein Data Bank under the accession codes 5M06 (wild‐type PknI + ADP), 5M07 (PknI_C20A), 5M08 (PknI_C20A_R136A) and 5M09 (PknI_C20A_R136N).
Experimental fatigue crack growth analysis and modelling in part‐through circumferentially pre‐cracked pipes under pure bending load
Authors: Sahu V K , Ray P K , Verma B B 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn the present work, an attempt has been made to study the fatigue crack growth in a part‐through circumferentially notched pipe specimen. It has been observed that under four‐point bend cyclic load, the crack propagates in a transverse plane in the radial direction initially followed by propagation in the circumferential direction. The crack extension in the circumferential direction resulted crack growth retardation in the radial direction. This behaviour of the fatigue crack growth has been modelled, and a fatigue life prediction methodology based on an exponential model has been applied for prediction of fatigue crack growth.
Can We Rule Out Meningitis from Negative Jolt Accentuation? A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Sato Ryota , Kuriyama Akira , Luthe Sarah Kyuragi 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundJolt accentuation has been considered to be the most sensitive physical finding to predict meningitis. However, there are only a few studies assessing the diagnostic accuracy of jolt accentuation. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of jolt accentuation and investigate whether it can be extended to patients with mild altered mental status.MethodsWe performed a single center, retrospective observational study on patients who presented to the emergency department in a Japanese tertiary care center from January 1, 2010 to March 31, 2016. Jolt accentuation evaluated in patients with fever, headache, and mild altered mental status with Glasgow Coma Scale no lower than E2 or M4 was defined as “jolt accentuation in the broad sense.” Jolt accentuation evaluated in patients with fever, headache, and no altered mental status was defined as “jolt accentuation in the narrow sense.” We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity in both groups.ResultsAmong 118 patients, the sensitivity and specificity of jolt accentuation in the broad sense were 70.7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 58.0%‐80.8%) and 36.7% (95% CI: 25.6%‐49.3%). The positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio were 1.12 (95% CI: 0.87‐1.44) and 0.80 (95% CI: 0.48‐1.34), respectively. Among 108 patients, the sensitivity and specificity of jot accentuation in the narrow sense were 75.0% (95% CI: 61.8%‐84.8%) and 35.1% (95% CI: 24.0%‐48.0%). The positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio were 1.16 (95% CI: 0.90‐1.48) and 0.71 (95% CI: 0.40‐1.28), respectively.ConclusionsJolt accentuation itself has a limited value in the diagnosis of meningitis regardless of altered mental status. Therefore, meningitis should not be ruled out by negative jolt accentuation.