bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pro‐inflammatory cytokines, IL‐1β and TNF‐α, produce persistent compromise in tonic immobility defensive behaviour in endotoxemia guinea‐pigs
Authors: Ribeiro A. B. , de Barcellos‐Filho P. C. G. , Franci C. R. , Menescal‐de‐Oliveira L. , Saia R. S. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimSepsis has been associated with acute behavioural changes in humans and rodents, which consists of a motivational state and an adaptive response that improve survival. However, the involvement of peripheral cytokines synthesized during systemic inflammation as modulators of the tonic immobility (TI) defensive behaviour remains a literature gap. Our purposes were to characterize the TI defensive behaviour in endotoxemia guinea‐pigs at acute phase and after recovery from the initial inflammatory challenge. Furthermore, we investigated whether peri‐aqueductal grey matter (PAG) exists as a brain structure related to this behaviour and also pro‐inflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interleukin (IL)‐1β, act at this mesencephalic nucleus.MethodsEndotoxemia was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration in guinea‐pigs. The parameters evaluated included TI defensive behaviour, survival, cytokines production, as well as neuronal activation and apoptosis in the PAG.ResultsEndotoxemia guinea‐pigs exhibited a reduction in the duration of TI episodes, starting at 2 h after LPS administration and persisting throughout the experimental period evaluated over 7 days. Moreover, endotoxemia increased the c‐FOS immunoreactivity of neurones in the ventrolateral PAG (vlPAG), as well as the caspase‐3 expression. The LPS microinjection into vlPAG reproduces the same compromise, that is a decrease in the duration of TI defensive behaviour, observed after the peripheral administration. The immunoneutralization against IL‐1β and TNF‐α into vlPAG reverts all the effects produced by peripheral LPS administration.ConclusionOur findings confirm that vlPAG is an important brain structure involved in the behavioural alterations induced by endotoxemia, possibly changing the neuronal activity caused by pro‐inflammatory cytokines produced peripherally.
Is there a significant interaction effect between apolipoprotein E rs405509 T/T and ε4 genotypes on cognitive impairment and gray matter volume?
Authors: Ma C. , Zhang Y. , Li X. , Zhang J. , Chen K. , Liang Y. , Chen Y. , Liu Z. , Zhang Z. 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundEvidence demonstrates that the T allele of the single‐nucleotide polymorphism rs405509 in the apolipoprotein E (APOE) promoter is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. However, it is unknown whether rs405509 T allele synergizes with the APOE ε4 allele in influencing cognition and brain structure.MethodsWe analyzed the interaction effect of the rs405509 T allele and the APOE ε4 allele on cognitive ability and brain gray matter volume among elderly people. The subjects were grouped into four groups according to APOE and rs405509 genotypes.ResultsSignificant interaction effects were found between rs405509 and APOE on general mental status, memory and attention. Analysis of the whole brain gray matter showed a significantly positive interaction effect between rs405509and APOE on the right inferior temporal gyrus and right fusiform gyrus (alphasim correction P < 0.001). In addition, there was a significant relationship between cognitive ability and gray matter volume.ConclusionsThe data indicate that the APOE rs405509 T homozygote modulates the effect of APOE ε4 on both cognitive performance and brain gray matter structure.
Genetic structure reveals a history of multiple independent origins followed by admixture in the allopolyploid weed Salsola ryanii
Authors: Welles Shana R. , Ellstrand Norman C. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIt has recently become clear that many invasive species have evolved in situ via hybridization or polyploidy from progenitors which themselves are introduced species. For species formed by hybridization or polyploidy, genetic diversity within the newly formed species is influenced by the number of independent evolutionary origins of the species. For recently formed species, an analysis of genetic structure can provide insight into the number of independent origin events involved in the formation of the species. For a putative invasive allopolyploid species, the number of origins involved in the species formation, the genetic diversity present within these origins, and the level of gene flow between independent origins determines the genetic composition of the neospecies. Here we analyze the genetic structure of the newly formed allopolyploid species, Salsola ryanii, a tumbleweed which evolved within the last 20–100 years in California. We utilize the genetic structure analysis to determine that this new species is the result of at least three independent allopolyplodization events followed by gene flow between the descendants of independent origins.
Molecular basis of retinol anti‐ageing properties in naturally aged human skin in vivo
Authors: Shao Y. , He T. , Fisher G. J. , Voorhees J. J. , Quan T. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectiveRetinoic acid has been shown to improve the aged‐appearing skin. However, less is known about the anti‐ageing effects of retinol (ROL, vitamin A), a precursor of retinoic acid, in aged human skin in vivo. This study aimed to investigate the molecular basis of ROL anti‐ageing properties in naturally aged human skin in vivo.MethodsSun‐protected buttock skin (76 ± 6 years old, n = 12) was topically treated with 0.4% ROL and its vehicle for 7 days. The effects of topical ROL on skin epidermis and dermis were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, Northern analysis, real‐time RT‐PCR and Western analysis. Collagen fibrils nanoscale structure and surface topology were analysed by atomic force microscopy.ResultsTopical ROL shows remarkable anti‐ageing effects through three major types of skin cells: epidermal keratinocytes, dermal endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Topical ROL significantly increased epidermal thickness by stimulating keratinocytes proliferation and upregulation of c‐Jun transcription factor. In addition to epidermal changes, topical ROL significantly improved dermal extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment; increasing dermal vascularity by stimulating endothelial cells proliferation and ECM production (type I collagen, fibronectin and elastin) by activating dermal fibroblasts. Topical ROL also stimulates TGF‐β/CTGF pathway, the major regulator of ECM homeostasis, and thus enriched the deposition of ECM in aged human skin in vivo. 0.4% topical ROL achieved similar results as seen with topical retinoic acid, the biologically active form of ROL, without causing noticeable signs of retinoid side effects.Conclusion0.4% topical ROL shows remarkable anti‐ageing effects through improvement of the homeostasis of epidermis and dermis by stimulating the proliferation of keratinocytes and endothelial cells, and activating dermal fibroblasts. These data provide evidence that 0.4% topical ROL is a promising and safe treatment to improve the naturally aged human skin.
Pattern of skin cancer among Saudi patients attending a tertiary care center in Dhahran, Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. A 20‐year retrospective study
Authors: Al‐Dawsari Najla A. , Amra Nasir 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSkin cancer is the ninth most common malignancy in Saudi Arabia. It represented 3.2% of all newly diagnosed cancer cases in the year 2010. The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiology of skin cancer in relation to age, sex, and anatomic location among Saudi patients attending the Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare center in Dhahran, Eastern province of Saudi Arabia. We retrospectively reviewed the surgical pathology records of Saudi nationals from 1995 to 2014 at the Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare center, which directly provides for the healthcare needs of Saudi Aramco company employees and dependents in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Tumor metastases to skin, skin involvement by primary breast carcinoma, and B‐cell leukemia/lymphoma with secondary involvement by skin were excluded. The total number of primary skin tumors was 204. The commonest cutaneous malignancies were basal cell carcinoma (36%) followed by squamous cell carcinoma (23%), with the head and neck being the commonest location for both tumors. Mycosis fungoides (MF) was the third most common malignancy (11%). Malignant melanoma was the fourth commonest skin malignancy (7%) with the lower extremities being the commonest location. The four most common skin cancers in our tertiary center in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia were squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, MF, and malignant melanoma. Other regions of Saudi Arabia report a similar pattern of skin cancers as our center, with MF having a higher frequency at our center.
Discrimination of amygdala response predicts future separation anxiety in youth with early deprivation
Authors: Green Shulamite A. , Goff Bonnie , Gee Dylan G. , Gabard‐Durnam Laurel , Flannery Jessica , Telzer Eva H. , Humphreys Kathryn L. , Louie Jennifer , Tottenham Nim 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundSignificant disruption in caregiving is associated with increased internalizing symptoms, most notably heightened separation anxiety symptoms during childhood. It is also associated with altered functional development of the amygdala, a neurobiological correlate of anxious behavior. However, much less is known about how functional alterations of amygdala predict individual differences in anxiety. Here, we probed amygdala function following institutional caregiving using very subtle social‐affective stimuli (trustworthy and untrustworthy faces), which typically result in large differences in amygdala signal, and change in separation anxiety behaviors over a 2‐year period. We hypothesized that the degree of differentiation of amygdala signal to trustworthy versus untrustworthy face stimuli would predict separation anxiety symptoms.MethodsSeventy‐four youths mean (SD) age = 9.7 years (2.64) with and without previous institutional care, who were all living in families at the time of testing, participated in an fMRI task designed to examine differential amygdala response to trustworthy versus untrustworthy faces. Parents reported on their children's separation anxiety symptoms at the time of scan and again 2 years later.ResultsPrevious institutional care was associated with diminished amygdala signal differences and behavioral differences to the contrast of untrustworthy and trustworthy faces. Diminished differentiation of these stimuli types predicted more severe separation anxiety symptoms 2 years later. Older age at adoption was associated with diminished differentiation of amygdala responses.ConclusionsA history of institutional care is associated with reduced differential amygdala responses to social‐affective cues of trustworthiness that are typically exhibited by comparison samples. Individual differences in the degree of amygdala differential responding to these cues predict the severity of separation anxiety symptoms over a 2‐year period. These findings provide a biological mechanism to explain the associations between early caregiving adversity and individual differences in internalizing symptomology during development, thereby contributing to individualized predictions of future clinical outcomes.
Immunohistochemical differentiation of eosinophilic esophageal myositis from eosinophilic esophagitis
Authors: Sato Hiroki , Nakajima Nao , Hasegawa Go , Kawata Yuzo , Sato Yuichi , Suzuki Kenji , Honma Terasu , Terai Shuji 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackground and AimEosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a Th2‐mediated allergic disease of the esophageal epithelium, associated with antigen. We previously reported a case series for eosinophilic esophageal myositis (EoEM)—a novel eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorder defined as eosinophilic infiltration localized in the esophageal muscle layer—and diagnosed it by peroral endoscopic muscle biopsy. Here, we investigated the immunopathology of EoEM to differentiate it from EoE.MethodsHistological analysis was performed for three cases of EoEM and EoE, respectively. The results were compared with those of two control samples (non‐eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorder full‐layer esophagus). Using immunofluorescence, we analyzed the expression of the chemokine receptor CCR3 and its ligands eotaxin‐1 and eotaxin‐3 to investigate the eosinophilic reaction. Additionally, we determined the expression patterns of desmoglein‐1 in the esophageal epithelium, which shows dysregulated expression in EoE.ResultsEosinophil infiltration was observed in the muscle layer (maximum number, 30, 36, 73/high‐power field) and the epithelium (50, 44, 40/high‐power field) for EoEM and EoE, respectively. In EoE esophageal epithelium, the number of eotaxin‐3‐positive epithelial cells was significantly increased together with CCR3‐positive infiltrating cells. However, in EoEM, a number of eotaxin‐1‐positive and eotaxin‐3‐positive myocytes and vascular endothelial cells were increased in the esophageal muscle layer. A significant loss of desmoglein‐1 expression was only observed in EoE, not in EoEM.ConclusionsEotaxin‐1 and eotaxin‐3 expression on the smooth muscle and vessels plays a role in the pathogenesis of EoEM, while EoE shows an epithelial eotaxin‐3‐dominant immunoreaction. Thus, the EoEM immunological pattern displays clear differences from that of EoE.
Host‐Parasite Relationships in Root‐Knot Disease Caused by Meloidogyne inornata in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Authors: Dadazio Tais Santo , da Silva Santino Aleandro , Dorigo Orazilia França , Wilcken Silvia Renata Siciliano , Machado Andressa Cristina Zamboni 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBean crops have their productivity limited by biotic factors, as the phytonematodes. Several species have been reported causing damage to the crop, especially those from the Meloidogyne genus. Recently, a new species was reported parasitizing bean plants in Paraná State, Brazil, Meloidogyne inornata. The present work was aimed in order to study the pathosystem bean and M. inornata, through the evaluation of host reaction of 32 bean cultivars to the nematode, the potential damage of this pathogen to the crop, and the biology and parasitism of M. inornata on bean, under different temperatures, comparing with M. incognita. The host reaction was accessed under greenhouse conditions, with an initial population density of 2000 eggs of each nematode species per plant. Fifty days after inoculation, it was found that all tested cultivars were susceptible to M. inornata, however with varying extent. Pathogenicity of M. inornata on bean cv. Tuiuiú was also evaluated under greenhouse conditions, with the following initial population densities: 0 (check); 0.0625; 0.125; 0.25; 0.5; 1; 2; 4; 16; 32; and 64 eggs per cm3 of soil. Tolerance limit obtained to this cultivar was 9.9 nematodes per cm3. In relation to the comparative biology between M. inornata and M. incognita, under growth chamber and three different temperatures, 18, 25 and 32°C, results showed that under 18°C, both species have their life cycles retarded, while under 32°C, the cycle is accelerated.
Genetic variability, local selection and demographic history: genomic evidence of evolving towards allopatric speciation in Asian seabass
Authors: Wang Le , Wan Zi Yi , Lim Huan Sein , Yue Gen Hua 
Published: June 2016

AbstractGenomewide analysis of genetic divergence is critically important in understanding the genetic processes of allopatric speciation. We sequenced RAD tags of 131 Asian seabass individuals of six populations from South‐East Asia and Australia/Papua New Guinea. Using 32 433 SNPs, we examined the genetic diversity and patterns of population differentiation across all the populations. We found significant evidence of genetic heterogeneity between South‐East Asian and Australian/Papua New Guinean populations. The Australian/Papua New Guinean populations showed a rather lower level of genetic diversity. FST and principal components analysis revealed striking divergence between South‐East Asian and Australian/Papua New Guinean populations. Interestingly, no evidence of contemporary gene flow was observed. The demographic history was further tested based on the folded joint site frequency spectrum. The scenario of ancient migration with historical population size changes was suggested to be the best fit model to explain the genetic divergence of Asian seabass between South‐East Asia and Australia/Papua New Guinea. This scenario also revealed that Australian/Papua New Guinean populations were founded by ancestors from South‐East Asia during mid‐Pleistocene and were completely isolated from the ancestral population after the last glacial retreat. We also detected footprints of local selection, which might be related to differential ecological adaptation. The ancient gene flow was examined and deemed likely insufficient to counteract the genetic differentiation caused by genetic drift. The observed genomic pattern of divergence conflicted with the ‘genomic islands’ scenario. Altogether, Asian seabass have likely been evolving towards allopatric speciation since the split from the ancestral population during mid‐Pleistocene.
Reduction of epithelial secretion in male rat distal colonic mucosa by bile acid receptor TGR5 agonist, INT‐777: role of submucosal neurons
Authors: Duboc H. , Tolstanova G. , Yuan P.‐Q. , Wu V. S. , Kaji I. , Biraud M. , Akiba Y. , Kaunitz J. D. , Million M. , Tache Y. , Larauche M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundRecent evidence from rat neuron‐free mucosa study suggests that the membrane bile acid receptor TGR5 decreases colonic secretion under basal and stimulated conditions. As submucosal neurons are key players in secretory processes and highly express TGR5, we investigated their role in TGR5 agonist‐induced inhibition of secretion and the pathways recruited.MethodsTGR5 expression and localization were assessed in rat proximal (pC) and distal (dC) colon by qPCR and immunohistochemistry with double labeling for cholinergic neurons in whole‐mount preparations. The influence of a selective (INT‐777) or weak (ursodeoxycholic acid, UDCA) TGR5 agonist on colonic secretion was assessed in Ussing chambers, in dC preparation removing seromuscular ± submucosal tissues, in the presence of different inhibitors of secretion pathways.Key ResultsTGR5 mRNA is expressed in full thickness dC and pC and immunoreactivity is located in colonocytes and pChAT‐positive neurons. Addition of INT‐777, and less potently UDCA, decreased colonic secretion in seromuscular stripped dC by −58.17± 2.6%. INT‐777 effect on basal secretion was reduced in neuron‐free and TTX‐treated mucosal‐submucosal preparations. Atropine, hexamethonium, indomethacin, and L‐NAME all reduced significantly INT‐777's inhibitory effect while the 5‐HT4 antagonist, RS‐39604, and lidocaine abolished it. INT‐777 inhibited stimulated colonic secretion induced by nicotine, but not cisapride, carbachol or PGE2.Conclusions & InferencesTGR5 activation inhibits basal and stimulated distal colonic secretion in rats by acting directly on epithelial cells and also inhibiting submucosal neurons. This could represent a counter‐regulatory mechanism, at the submucosal level, of the known prosecretory effect of bile acids in the colon.
A method for in situ monitoring of the isotope composition of tree xylem water using laser spectroscopy
Authors: Volkmann Till H. M. , Kühnhammer Kathrin , Herbstritt Barbara , Gessler Arthur , Weiler Markus 
Published: June 2016

AbstractField studies analyzing the stable isotope composition of xylem water are providing important information on ecosystem water relations. However, the capacity of stable isotopes to characterize the functioning of plants in their environment has not been fully explored because of methodological constraints on the extent and resolution at which samples could be collected and analysed. Here, we introduce an in situ method offering the potential to continuously monitor the stable isotope composition of tree xylem water via its vapour phase using a commercial laser‐based isotope analyser and compact microporous probes installed into the xylem. Our technique enables efficient high‐frequency measurement with intervals of only a few minutes per sample while eliminating the need for costly and cumbersome destructive collection of plant material and laboratory‐based processing. We present field observations of xylem water hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions obtained over several days including a labelled irrigation event and compare them against results from concurrent destructive sampling with cryogenic distillation and mass spectrometric analysis. The data demonstrate that temporal changes as well as spatial patterns of integration in xylem water isotope composition can be resolved through direct measurement. The new technique can therefore present a valuable tool to study the hydraulic architecture and water utilization of trees.
Reflectance confocal microscopy in the diagnosis of vesicobullous disorders: case series with pathologic and cytologic correlation and literature review
Authors: Lacarrubba F. , Verzì A. E. , Pippione M. , Micali G. 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundVesicobullous disorders are characterized by intraepidermal or subepidermal blistering resulting from different pathogenetic mechanisms. The diagnosis is generally based on clinical examination and semi‐invasive/invasive procedures such as cytology and histopathology. In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a non‐invasive technique for real‐time, en face imaging of the epidermis and upper dermis with high resolution close to conventional histopathology.PurposeTo evaluate RCM features of different vesicobullous diseases and correlate with cytologic and histopathologic examination.MethodsTen patients (6M/4F, age range: 9–81 years) affected by blistering diseases, such as herpes simplex, herpes zoster, Kaposi's varicelliform eruption, pemphigus vulgaris, Hailey–Hailey disease, bullous pemphigoid, and porphyria cutanea tarda were evaluated using a handheld RCM device.ResultsIn our study, a clear correlation between RCM and Tzanck's test and/or histopathology was observed. RCM allowed in all cases an easy identification of the blister spaces and of the split levels, and in some cases specific features were detected, such as giant keratinocytes in herpes infections and acantholytic cells in pemphigus vulgaris and Hailey–Hailey disease.ConclusionReflectance confocal microscopy may support the clinical diagnosis of vesicobullous disorders and indicate to the physician the appropriate patient management and/or the need for further investigation.