bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new interleaved bidirectional dc/dc converter with zero voltage switching and high voltage gain: analyses, design and simulation
Authors: Babaei Ebrahim , Saadatizadeh Zahra 
Published: May 2017

SummaryIn this paper, a new interleaved non‐isolated bidirectional dc–dc converter with capability of zero voltage switching and high voltage gain is proposed. In the proposed converter by using two coupled inductors and one capacitor, the voltage gain is extended. Moreover, by using only an auxiliary circuit that includes an inductor and two capacitors, the zero voltage switching (ZVS) of two used switches in the first phase of converter can be achieved. The ZVS operation of two used switches in the second phase is always obtained without using any extra auxiliary circuit. This converter similar to other interleaved converters has low input current ripple and low current stress on switches. In this paper, the proposed converter is analyzed in all operating modes, and also the voltage gain, required conditions for ZVS operation of switches, voltage and current stresses of all switches, and the value of input current ripple in both boost and buck operations are obtained. Finally, the accuracy performance of the proposed converter is verified through simulation results in EMTDC/PSCAD software. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sex‐biased oviposition by a nursery pollinator on a gynodioecious host plant: Implications for breeding system evolution and evolution of mutualism
Authors: Doubleday Laura A. D. , Adler Lynn S. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractDioecy, a breeding system where individual plants are exclusively male or female, has evolved repeatedly. Extensive theory describes when dioecy should arise from hermaphroditism, frequently through gynodioecy, where females and hermaphrodites coexist, and when gynodioecy should be stable. Both pollinators and herbivores often prefer the pollen‐bearing sex, with sex‐specific fitness effects that can affect breeding system evolution. Nursery pollination, where adult insects pollinate flowers but their larvae feed on plant reproductive tissues, is a model for understanding mutualism evolution but could also yield insights into plant breeding system evolution. We studied a recently established nursery pollination interaction between native Hadena ectypa moths and introduced gynodioecious Silene vulgaris plants in North America to assess whether oviposition was biased toward females or hermaphrodites, which traits were associated with oviposition, and the effect of oviposition on host plant fitness. Oviposition was hermaphrodite‐biased and associated with deeper flowers and more stems. Sexual dimorphism in flower depth, a trait also associated with oviposition on the native host plant (Silene stellata), explained the hermaphrodite bias. Egg‐receiving plants experienced more fruit predation than plants that received no eggs, but relatively few fruits were lost, and egg receipt did not significantly alter total fruit production at the plant level. Oviposition did not enhance pollination; egg‐receiving flowers usually failed to expand and produce seeds. Together, our results suggest that H. ectypa oviposition does not exert a large fitness cost on host plants, sex‐biased interactions can emerge from preferences developed on a hermaphroditic host species, and new nursery pollination interactions can arise as negative or neutral rather than as mutualistic for the plant.
Present but invisible: Physical obscurity fosters social disconnection
Authors: Knowles Megan L. , Dean Kristy K. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractResearch suggests that we feel invisible and disconnected when others avoid our gaze. In three studies, we examine whether similar feelings may arise when others are unable to meet our gaze—when they are unaware of our presence altogether. We posit that feelings of loneliness and disconnection can arise when others are unable to sense one's physical presence. To test whether invisibility engenders loneliness, we primed participants with the invisibility construct (Studies 1 and 2) and manipulated actual visibility (Study 3) prior to assessing feelings of loneliness and isolation. Results revealed that being present, but unseen, is sufficient to induce loneliness. Findings are related to the ostracism and intersectional invisibility literatures, and the social costs of physical obscurity are discussed.
Implicit self and the right hemisphere: Increasing implicit self‐esteem and implicit positive affect by left hand contractions
Authors: Quirin Markus , Fröhlich Stephanie , Kuhl Julius 
Published: May 2017

AbstractUnilateral hand contraction typically activates the contralateral hemisphere and has led to changes in psychological states and performances in previous research. Based on a right hemisphere model of the implicit self, we hypothesized and found that left hand contraction increases momentary levels of implicit self‐esteem (Studies 1 and 2) and implicit positive affect (Study 3). The findings are discussed with respect to potential differences between the hemispheres in implicit and explicit affective processing and how they can be integrated in the existing literature on hemisphere asymmetries.
From segregation to intergroup contact and back: Using experiments and simulation to understand the bidirectional link
Authors: Schlueter Elmar , Ullrich Johannes , Glenz Andreas , Schmidt Peter 
Published: May 2017

AbstractResearch on intergroup contact has mostly viewed desegregation as a necessary condition for contact to unfold its power to reduce prejudice. Through residential and school choices, however, prejudice also contributes to segregation. To shed light on this bidirectional link, we conducted two survey‐based experiments with stratified quota samples of German adults. In Study 1, respondents with less contact and more prejudice indicated a lower likelihood of renting an apartment in a neighborhood with a larger proportion of minority members, although housing quality and crime rate were held constant. In Study 2, similar results were obtained for the likelihood of enrolling their child at a school with a larger proportion of minority students. Building on these results in a computer simulation, we find that because contact only reduces prejudice, but does not produce pro‐minority preferences, spontaneous desegregation is unlikely to occur even under the most favorable structural and economic conditions.
When identity hurts: How positive intragroup experiences can yield negative mental health implications for ethnic and sexual minorities
Authors: Begeny Christopher T. , Huo Yuen J. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractTwo studies (longitudinal, N = 510; cross‐sectional; N = 249) explain how feeling valued in one's ethnic/sexual minority group has benefits for mental health but also certain costs through the way it shapes minorities' identity. Drawing from the intragroup status and health (ISAH) model, we posit that when individuals feel valued in their minority group it bolsters group identification; with greater identity‐centrality, individuals tend to view daily social interactions through the “lens” of their minority group and ultimately perceive more discrimination. Discrimination, in turn, negatively shapes health. Thus, feeling valued in one's minority group has benefits for health but also indirect costs, perhaps counterintuitively by strengthening minority group identity. Results of both studies supported these predictions. Study 2 also supported an adapted ISAH model for use in the context of concealable stigmatized identities (sexual minorities). Overall, the ISAH model explains why feeling valued and having strong social identities are not always beneficial, yielding certain costs for stigmatized individuals' health.
Ethnic identification, discrimination, and mental and physical health among Syrian refugees: The moderating role of identity needs
Authors: Çelebi Elif , Verkuyten Maykel , Bagci Sabahat Cigdem 
Published: May 2017

AbstractUsing a risk and resilience framework and motivated identity construction theory, we investigated the moderating role of identity needs in the association between social identification and perceived discrimination with mental and physical health among a sample of Syrian refugees (N = 361) in Turkey. Results showed that there were two clusters of interrelated identity needs, namely, belonging (belonging, continuity, and esteem) and efficacy (efficacy, meaningfulness, and distinctiveness). Higher perceived ethnic discrimination was found to be associated with poorer mental and physical health but not for respondents who derived a sense of efficacy from their Syrian identity. Higher Syrian identification was associated with lower depression and anxiety but more strongly for refugees who derived a sense of belonging and continuity from their Syrian identity. The findings indicate that investigating the motivational aspects of identity formation is important for understanding when discrimination and group identification undermine or rather contribute to the well‐being and health of refugees. These findings are discussed in relation to the growing research on social identities and health.
The visual influence of ostracism
Authors: Golubickis Marius , Sahraie Arash , Hunt Amelia R. , Visokomogilski Aleksandar , Topalidis Pavlos , Neil Macrae C. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractReflecting the fundamental human need to establish and maintain positive connections with others, it has been suggested that an Ostracism Detection System is sensitized to targets by which one has been ostracized. Evidence supporting the operation of this system has yet to be provided, however. Accordingly, using binocular rivalry to explore attentional processing, here, we considered the extent to which targets previously associated with ostracism dominate visual awareness. Participants initially performed a virtual ball‐tossing game (i.e., Cyberball) in which they were “ostracized” or “included” by the other players. Afterwards, the faces of these players were presented together with houses in a binocular rivalry task. The results revealed that targets associated with ostracism (vs. inclusion) dominated longest in visual awareness.
Stigma consciousness modulates cortisol reactivity to social stress in women
Authors: Doyle David Matthew , Molix Lisa 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe aim of the current study was to examine whether stigma consciousness shapes cortisol responses to social stress among women in the laboratory. Undergraduate women (N = 45) completed background measures and then participated in a public speaking task, with assessments of cortisol prior to the stressor as well as 20 and 40 minutes post stressor onset. Results from multilevel models revealed that women higher in stigma consciousness evidenced blunted cortisol reactivity following social stress across the study session compared to women lower in stigma consciousness. This interaction was robust to adjustment for a number of covariates, including demographic (e.g., age), physiological (e.g., menstrual cycle), and psychological (e.g., depressive symptomatology) factors. Potential explanations for observed cortisol patterns are discussed, including hyporeactivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and elevated anticipatory stress. In conclusion, implications for health disparities research are considered.
Tunneling‐Assisted Trapping as one of the Possible Mechanisms for the Origin of Hysteresis in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Almosni Samy , Cojocaru Ludmila , Li Debin , Uchida Satoshi , Kubo Takaya , Segawa Hiroshi 
Published: May 2017

AbstractPerovskite solar cells (PSCs) are among the promising candidates to reach the highest efficiency among single‐junction solar cells due to their band gap around 1.55 eV, strong absorption, and long charge carrier diffusion length. However, the anomalous hysteresis observed in its current–voltage (I–V) curves that creates confusion about the true efficiency has been a serious drawback for further improvement of its stable power output. Hence, understanding the origin of the I–V hysteresis is important and has been discussed widely in recent publications. Herein, the hysteresis in the I–V curves of PSCs has been studied by using a two‐dimensional model employing the Silvaco Atlas software. The study was performed using planar structure cells made of fluorine‐doped tin oxide glass substrate (FTO), a compact‐titanium‐oxide (c‐TiO2) electron‐transport layer, methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) layer, 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis‐(N,N‐di‐4‐methoxyphenylamine)‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene (spiro‐OMeTAD) hole‐transport layer and gold back contact. The effect of trap‐assisted charge accumulation in c‐TiO2 and recombination at the c‐TiO2/MAPbI3 interface on the I–V curves is assessed. The study shows that these two processes can reproduce the hysteresis behavior as a function of the scan rate and voltage preset in PSCs. Also, this study suggests that decreasing charge trapping and recombination at the c‐TiO2/MAPbI3 interface could be important to reduce hysteresis and improve the PSC efficiency.
Improvement of the flame retardancy of plasticized poly(lactic acid) by means of phosphorus‐based flame retardant fillers
Authors: Yemisci Fatma , Yesil Sertan , Aytac Ayse 
Published: May 2017

SummaryThe aim of this study is to improve the flame resistance and toughness of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with the addition of low amount of flame retardant fillers and plasticizer simultaneously. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was used as plasticizer for PLA. Ammonium polyphosphate, boron phosphate, and tri‐phenyl phosphate (TPP) were used as flame retardant additives. Among these flame retardant additives, boron phosphate was synthesized from its raw materials by using microwave heating technique. Characterization of PLA/PEG‐based flame retardant composites was performed by conducting tensile, impact, differential scanning calorimeter, thermal gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope, limiting oxygen index, and UL‐94 vertical burning tests. Mechanical tests showed that the highest tensile strength, impact strength, and elongation at break values were obtained with the addition of ammonium polyphosphate and TPP into PLA/PEG matrix, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the composites exhibited that the more homogeneous filler distribution in the matrix was observed for TPP containing composite. The best flame retardancy performance was also provided by TPP when compared with the other flame retardant additives in the plasticized PLA‐based composites.
A review of nanofluid preparation, stability, and thermo‐physical properties
Authors: Dey Debashis , Kumar Pankaj , Samantaray Sikata 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis paper represents a comprehensive review on the preparation and stability of nanofluid, the convective heat transfer coefficient and different thermo‐physical properties such as thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, viscosity, and so on. Here, for each thermo‐physical property, measurement methods, enhancement mechanisms, and criticisms of different studies are also presented. However, based on the available literature, it is concluded that a nanofluid has, in general, better thermo‐physical properties even at a very low particle concentration (typically 1% or less) than conventional heat transfer fluids. The only drawback is high viscosity which leads to a higher pressure drop. At a very low particle concentration, this drawback can be minimized. Three tables are provided for three thermo‐physical properties namely thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, and viscosity, which can be used as a ready reference for calculating the nanofluid properties.
The Glendhu experimental catchment study, upland east Otago, New Zealand: 34 years of hydrological observations on the afforestation of tussock grasslands
Authors: Fahey Barry , Payne John 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis paper presents results from 34 years of the Glendhu Experimental Catchment Study, established in 1979 by the former New Zealand Forest Service in upland east Otago in New Zealand's South Island to determine the hydrological consequences of converting indigenous tussock grassland to plantation forestry. A traditional paired catchment approach was adopted; after a 2.5‐year pretreatment period, one catchment (GH2, 310 ha) was planted over two thirds of its area in Pinus radiata, and an adjacent catchment (GH1, 216 ha) was left in tussock as a control. The average annual reduction in water yield from the planted catchment between canopy closure in 1991 and 2013, compared with that in tussock, was 273 mm (33%). Annual water yields from the planted catchment continued to decline relative to the tussock catchment until 2010. Since then, the difference in annual water yields between the two catchments has narrowed. Ripping before planting caused some redistribution of the total streamflow from stormflow to baseflow. Following canopy closure, afforestation has reduced the low flow (Q95) by an average of 26% compared with the tussock catchment. Average peak flows for small events (2–5 L/s/ha) were reduced by 78%, but only by 37% for larger, less frequent storms (>15 L/s/ha), suggesting that peak flows during high magnitude storms are less dependent on the prevailing land cover.
Variability of dissolved organic carbon in precipitation during storms at the Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory
Authors: Iavorivska Lidiia , Boyer Elizabeth W. , Grimm Jeffrey W. , Miller Matthew P. , DeWalle David R. , Davis Kenneth J. , Kaye Margot W. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractOrganic compounds are removed from the atmosphere and deposited to the Earth's surface via precipitation. In this study, we quantified variations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in precipitation during storm events at the Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory, a forested watershed in central Pennsylvania (USA). Precipitation samples were collected consecutively throughout the storm during 13 events, which spanned a range of seasons and synoptic meteorological conditions, including a hurricane. Further, we explored factors that affect the temporal variability by considering relationships of DOC in precipitation with atmospheric and storm characteristics. Concentrations and chemical composition of DOC changed considerably during storms, with the magnitude of change within individual events being comparable or higher than the range of variation in average event composition among events. Although some previous studies observed that concentrations of other elements in precipitation typically decrease over the course of individual storm events, results of this study show that DOC concentrations in precipitation are highly variable. During most storm events, concentrations decreased over time, possibly as a result of washing out of the below‐cloud atmosphere. However, increasing concentrations that were observed in the later stages of some storm events highlight that DOC removal with precipitation is not merely a dilution response. Increases in DOC during events could result from advection of air masses, local emissions during breaks in precipitation, or chemical transformations in the atmosphere that enhance solubility of organic carbon compounds. This work advances understanding of processes occurring during storms that are relevant to studies of atmospheric chemistry, carbon cycling, and ecosystem responses.
Increase of cells expressing PD‐1 and PD‐L1 and enhancement of IFN‐γ production via PD‐1/PD‐L1 blockade in bovine mycoplasmosis
Authors: Goto Shinya , Konnai Satoru , Okagawa Tomohiro , Nishimori Asami , Maekawa Naoya , Gondaira Satoshi , Higuchi Hidetoshi , Koiwa Masateru , Tajima Motoshi , Kohara Junko , Ogasawara Satoshi , Kato Yukinari , Suzuki Yasuhiko , Murata Shiro , Ohashi Kazuhiko 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIntroductionBovine mycoplasma, chiefly Mycoplasma bovis, is a pathogen that causes pneumonia, mastitis, arthritis, and otitis media in cattle. This pathogen exerts immunosuppressive effects, such as the inhibition of interferon production. However, the mechanisms involved in bovine mycoplasmosis have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the role of the programmed death‐1 (PD‐1)/programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) pathway in immunosuppression in bovine mycoplasmosis.MethodsIn the initial experiments, we used enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay to measure interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from cattle with mycoplasmosis.ResultsExpectedly, IFN‐γ production significantly decreased in cattle with mycoplasmosis compared with that in clinically healthy cattle. Concomitantly, flow cytometric analysis revealed that the proportions of PD‐1+CD4+ and PD‐L1+CD14+ cells significantly increased in peripheral blood of the infected cattle. Interestingly, the number of PD‐1+CD4+ and PD‐1+CD8+ T cells were negatively correlated with IFN‐γ production from PBMCs in bovine mycoplasmosis. Additionally, blockade of the PD‐1/PD‐L1 pathway in vitro by anti‐bovine PD‐1‐ and anti‐bovine PD‐L1 antibodies significantly upregulated the production of IFN‐γ from anti‐mycoplasma‐specific cells.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the PD‐1/PD‐L1 pathway could be involved in immune exhaustion of bovine mycoplasma‐specific T cells. In conclusion, our study opens up a new perspective in the therapeutic strategy for bovine mycoplasmosis by targeting the immunoinhibitory receptor pathways.
Non‐animal assessment of skin sensitization hazard: Is an integrated testing strategy needed, and if so what should be integrated?
Authors: Roberts David W. , Patlewicz Grace 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThere is an expectation that to meet regulatory requirements, and avoid or minimize animal testing, integrated approaches to testing and assessment will be needed that rely on assays representing key events (KEs) in the skin sensitization adverse outcome pathway. Three non‐animal assays have been formally validated and regulatory adopted: the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA), the KeratinoSens™ assay and the human cell line activation test (h‐CLAT). There have been many efforts to develop integrated approaches to testing and assessment with the “two out of three” approach attracting much attention. Here a set of 271 chemicals with mouse, human and non‐animal sensitization test data was evaluated to compare the predictive performances of the three individual non‐animal assays, their binary combinations and the “two out of three” approach in predicting skin sensitization potential. The most predictive approach was to use both the DPRA and h‐CLAT as follows: (1) perform DPRA – if positive, classify as sensitizing, and (2) if negative, perform h‐CLAT – a positive outcome denotes a sensitizer, a negative, a non‐sensitizer. With this approach, 85% (local lymph node assay) and 93% (human) of non‐sensitizer predictions were correct, whereas the “two out of three” approach had 69% (local lymph node assay) and 79% (human) of non‐sensitizer predictions correct. The findings are consistent with the argument, supported by published quantitative mechanistic models that only the first KE needs to be modeled. All three assays model this KE to an extent. The value of using more than one assay depends on how the different assays compensate for each other's technical limitations. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.