bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Certain Mathematical Instruments for Graphically Indicating the Direction of Refracted and Reflected Light Rays
Authors: Milne J.R. 
Published: June 2016

The refraction equation sin i == μ sin r, though simple in itself, is apt to give rise, in problems connected with refraction, to formulæ too involved for arithmetical computation. In such cases it may be necessary to trace the course through the optical system in question of a certain number of arbitrarily chosen rays, and thence to find the course of the other rays by interpolation. Thelinkage about to be described affords a rapid and accurate means of determining the paths of the rays through any optical system.
XXIV.—Adrenaline and the Œstrous Cycle in the Mouse
Authors: Robson J. M. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe injection of adrenaline hydrochloride into mature female mice is able to inhibit the occurrence of oestrus.The injection of adrenaline hydrochloride into immature female mice prevents the onset of sexual maturity.Adrenaline does not interfere with the action of α-hormone (œstrin) on the uterus and vagina; it has an inhibitory effect on the action of gonadotropic hormones (prepared from pregnancy urine) on the ovary.I should like to thank Mr P. G. Marshall for the supply of gonadotropic preparation from pregnancy urine used in these experiments.
The Design and Interpretation of Experiments based on a Four-fold Table : the Statistical Assessment of the Effect of Treatment
Authors: Kermack W. O. , McKendrick A. G. 
Published: June 2016

Summary1. Formulæ are given in a convenient form for calculating the numbers of animals likely to be required in a controlled experiment for testing the effect of a treatment, when a rough knowledge of the possible maximum efficiency of the treatment is available, and the level of mortality amongst the controls is approximately known. For most purposes formula (8) is sufficiently accurate.2. A formula (11) is deduced for calculating the limits between which the real advantage of the treated over the control is likely to lie.3. The method has been extended to the case where various treatments are compared amongst themselves. A formula (15) is deduced for the calculation of the limits within which the real superiority (or inferiority) of any one treatment over the aggregate of all the treatments is likely to lie.
III.—Double Binary Forms
Authors: Turnbull H. W. 
Published: June 2016

In the Quarterly Journal, No. 162, 1910, Professor A. R. Forsyth considered some of the problems arising from a homographic transformation of plane curves whose equations could be written in the formwhere F is a rational integral function of z and z′, and where z = x + iy, z′ = x − iy determine the rectangular Cartesian coordinates of the plane. It was suggested that the theory could be developed algebraically by using the symbolic methods of the German school which proved so powerful in furthering the theory of binary forms.
Notes on the Effect of Electric Oscillations (co-directional and transverse) on the Magnetic Properties of Iron
Authors: Russell James 
Published: June 2016

In the present communication I propose (1) to give some account of preliminary experiments in which the effects of codirectional and transverse oscillations upon the magnetic properties of iron are directly compared with each other and with the normal curves without oscillations.Numerous experiments have been made with co-directional oscillations alternately assisting and opposing the field; also with oscillatory currents in iron wires longitudinally magnetised, giving rise to transverse oscillatory effects.
IX.—The Influence of Gelatin on the Stability of a Colloidal Solution of Cholesterol, and on the Charge on the Particles
Authors: Kermack William Ogilvy , MacCallum Peter 
Published: June 2016

Summary1. The properties of a colloidal sol of cholesterol have been investigated, more particularly in relation to the effect of pH in the presence of protein (gelatin) of various concentrations.2. The cataphoretic P.D. between the particles of the sol and the medium has been determined in the presence of gelatin at various concentrations and at various pH values.3. The effect of the presence of gelatin in preventing the precipitation of a cholesterol sol by sodium chloride at various pH values has been investigated. It has been shown that the amount of gelatin required to protect is approximately that required to cover the particles with a layer of gelatin from one to two atoms thick.4. The mechanisms of precipitation and protection are discussed in the light of these results.
XLI.—On Sommerfeld's Form of Fourier's Repeated Integrals
Authors: Young W. H. 
Published: June 2016

§ 1. In his treatise on Fourier Series and Integrals Carslaw quotes without proof Sommerfeld's theorem thatwhen the limit on the right-hand side exists. In applied mathematics, he remarks, it is this limit, rather than the corresponding Fourier repeated integral which occurs.In the present paper I propose to extend this result in various ways. After proving Sommerfeld's result on the general hypothesis, not considered by him, that the integral is a Lebesgue integral, I show that the limit in question is whenever the origin is a point at which f(u) is the differential coefficient of its integral, and I obtain the corresponding results for In all their generality these statements are only true when the interval (0, p) is a finite one. I then show how, under a variety of hypotheses with respect to the nature of f(x) at infinity, they can be extended so as to be still true when p = + ∞ . These hypotheses correspond precisely to those which have been proved f to be sufficient for the corresponding statements as to the Fourier sine and cosine repeated integrals in their usual forms.
5. Dynamical Theory of Heat, Part VI. continued. A Mechanical Theory of Thermo-electric Currents in Crystalline Solids.
Authors: Thomson W. 
Published: June 2016

In this paper the Mechanical Theory of Thermo-electric Currents in linear conductors of non-crystalline substance, first communicated to the Royal Society December 15, 1851, is extended to solids of any form and of crystalilne substance.It is first proved, that if a solid be such that bars cut from it in different directions have different thermo-electric powers relatively to one another, or to other linear conductors, forming part of a circuit, there must, for every bar cut from it, except in certain particular directions (principal thermo-electric axes), be a new thermo-electric quality, of a kind quite distinct from any hitherto known; giving rise to a reciprocal thermo-dynamic action, which consists ofa difference in temperature at the sides of the bar causing a current to flow longitudinally, when the two ends, being at the same temperature, are connected by a uniformly heated conductor; and a current through the bar causing an absorption and evolution of heat at its two sides, when these are kept at the same temperature.
7. On the Structure of Diatomacea.
Authors: Dallas E. W. 
Published: June 2016

The author directed attention to the following list of species, which, although imperfect, exhibits great variety in the forms, shewing the Medway to be very fertile in these organisms.Some of the species in this list have been described as new to Britain by Mr Roper, in a late paper published in the Microscopical Journal. The Coscinodiscus, not named, seems from the description to be the same with that found at the mouth of the Thames, and is an exceedingly beautiful disc. The four species of Actinoptychus are those described by Ehrenberg, and are new British species. They exhibit the strong siliceous cellular tissue underneath the moniliform structure of the surface, as in Actinocyclus.
1. On the Urinary Secretion of Fishes, with some remarks on this secretion in other classes of animals.
Authors: Davy John 
Published: June 2016

The urinary secretion of fishes, the author believes, has hitherto received so little attention owing to certain difficulties attending its investigation. He brings forward the few and imperfect observations he has made, with the hope of inducing others more favourably situated to prosecute the inquiry.The fishes he has examined in quest of their urinary secretion have been fifteen; of those with a urinary bladder he found a fluid only in three, the Perch, Ling, and Ray; and in those without this organ, only in two, in their ureters—those of the Pike and Turbot.
4. On a Compound formed by the addition of Bromacetic Acid to Sulphide of Methyl, and on some of its Derivatives
Authors: Brown Crum , Letts E. A. 
Published: June 2016

The sulphine compounds discovered by v. Oefele, indicate that, notwithstanding the difference of atomicity, there exists an analogy between sulphur and nitrogen, these compounds corresponding to the salts of the ammonium bases, not only in chemical properties but also in physiological action.The research, the results of which are communicated in this paper, was undertaken with the view of examining this analogy in some other directions.It seemed reasonable to suppose that, as the nitrile bases, such as trimethylamine and strychnia unite with chloracetic acid to form compounds such as hydrochlorate of betaine and of glycolyl-strychnia, the sulphides of the alcohol radicals should act in a similar way. Experiments show that this is the case—bromacetic acid acting readily on sulphide of methyl to form a beautifully crystallised compound to which the authors give the name of hydrobromate of methyl-thetine. Analyses proved this substance to have the composition corresponding to the formula C4H9SBrO2 which is that of the sulphur analogue of the hydrobromate of betaine.
XXI.—On the Deviation of the Torsional Oscillations of Metallic Wires from Isochronism
Authors: Peddie W. 
Published: June 2016

Summary1. The oscillations of a viscous wire exhibiting set are simple harmonic with regard to the position of set throughout the whole range of the in-motion and a considerable part of the out-motion. In the remainder of the out-motion the deviation from the simple harmonic condition is great.2. The period of in-motion to the zero is distinctly greater than that of the out-motion from it.3. A theoretical deduction of these results, and of the law of loss of energy per oscillation, can be founded on the assumption that that loss is due to the rupture of strained molecular (which may be finite crystalline) groups.4. A sudden change in the oscillation parameters when the decreasing maxima pass through a definite magnitude is explainable by the existence of a dominant type of groups which cease to rupture when the decreasing strain reaches a definite value; and the known peculiar temperature and stress effects are explainable as depending on well-recognised conditions of structural changes.
1. Chapters on the Mineralogy of Scotland. Chapter I.—On the Rhombohedral Carbonates
Authors: Heddle  
Published: June 2016

Professor Heddle read a paper on the “Rhombohedral Carbonates occurring in Scotland,” the first of a series of Chapters intended to embrace the analytical results of an investigation of all unknown or insufficiently determined Scottish species.In this paper many analyses of the carbonates were submitted; and the pseudomorphic changes taking place in these were referred to in a special manner.
1. On the Disruptive Discharge of Electricity
Authors: Macfarlane Alexander , Playfair P. M. 
Published: June 2016

During the months of May and June of this session, we have endeavoured to investigate certain questions suggested by our experience of the discharge of electricity through the gases and through oil of turpentine.Ordinary paraffin-oil, when used as a dielectric, exhibits the same phenomena as oil of turpentine. Gas is liberated by the passage of the spark, and at the same time carbon is deposited. Once produced, the gas bubbles make the passage of the spark more easy through bringing the electrified surfaces nearer to one another; hence, in taking a series of observations, it is necessary to get rid of the bubbles after the passage of each spark. They were attracted generally to the positive surface, but sometimes to the negative. The attraction was more marked when no jars were attached to the Holtz; it was not so powerful as in oil of turpentine, and was generally in the opposite direction.
2. On the Structure and Functions of the Branchial Sac of the Simple Ascidiæ
Authors: Murray Andrew 
Published: June 2016

The chief portion of this paper is occupied with an inquiry into the truth of Milne Edwards' theory, that the branchial sac of the Ascidians is perforated throughout by apertures, or what he called branchial stigmata.Some experiments and observations made by Mr Murray last season had induced him to regard this view with doubt. In considering the question, he first examined the evidence that was recorded in support of it. Putting aside those writers who had taken M. Edwards' theory on trust, he could only find four observers who seem to have critically tested it, viz.,—Dr Lister, with whom the idea originated: who, while stating that the walls of the sac appeared to be traversed by open spaces, yet states that at times he thought he saw something like a veil stretching across them, and that the particles in suspension in the water were observed to course past these spaces without entering; which would appear to be inconsistent with the idea of the water entering, for the course of the water, and of the particles floating in it, must necessarily be the same.
1. On the Capture of Whales with the aid of Poison
Authors: Christison  
Published: June 2016

This paper was an account of a plan proposed and tried many years ago for poisoning whales, by introducing hydrocyanic acid into their bodies when struck with the harpoon.In 1831, the author was consulted on the subject by the late Messrs G. and W. Young of Leith, at that time concerned in the northern whale-fishery. It appeared to the author that the idea was feasible; that it was sufficient to paralyse the animal, so that the boats could speedily come up with it; and that a quantity of concentrated hydrocyanic acid, adequate to produce that effect at least, could be introduced by means of two glass tubes, one on each side of the shank of the harpoon, where they would be protected by the barbs of the blade.
2. On Zinc-Methyl
Authors: Wanklyn J. A. 
Published: June 2016

Considerable difficulties attend the preparation of zinc-methyl. Frankland, who discovered the body, obtained it by heating pure iodide of methyl and zinc enclosed in small glass tubes. Owing to the high temperature at which reaction takes place, much gas is formed; hence the operation must be confined to very small quantities of materials.No determination of the boiling-point, specific gravity, nor yet of the vapour density of zinc-methyl, was made by its discoverer; from which fact may be inferred how small was the product available for investigation.
2. On the Acrid Fluid of the Toad (Bufo vulgaris)
Authors: Davy John 
Published: June 2016

The author first adverts to the conflicting opinions respecting the nature of this fluid, and especially to one of the latest, that entertained by MM. Gratiolet and S. Cloez, that it is an active poison.He next describes some experiments he has made for the purpose of testing their conclusion, the results of which are in opposition to theirs, and confirmatory of certain ones of his own, showing that the fluid is a simple acrid irritant, and as such well adapted to protect an animal otherwise defenceless, and, from its sluggish habits, peculiarly exposed to danger.
1. On the Pressure Cavities in Topaz, Beryl, and Diamond, and their bearing on Geological Theories
Authors: Brewster David 
Published: June 2016

In this paper the author gave a brief account of the various phenomena of fluid and gaseous cavities which he had discovered in diamond, topaz, beryl, and other minerals. He described—1. Cavities with two immiscible fluids, the most expansible of which has received the name of Brewstolyne, and the most dense that of Cryptolyne, from the American and French mineralogists.2. Cavities containing only one of these fluids.3. Cavities containing the two fluids, and also crystals of various primitive forms, some of which melt by heat and recrystallise in cooling.4. Cavities containing gas and vapour.
3. Notice of two Ores of Copper, one of them a new Mineral.
Authors: Connell  
Published: June 2016

The first of the two ores here described, found in Cornwall, is a new combination of chloride of copper, sulphate of copper, and water. It occurs in beautiful small deep blue acicular crystals, of high lustre, grouped in bundles. The quantity was too small for a quantitative analysis.The other is essentially a double carbonate of zinc and copper. It is from Matlock. It is pale-green, with a laminated structure and pearly lustre. In the qualitative examination of it, the author observed indications of one, or even of more than one, metallic oxide, which he could not identify satisfactorily with any known substance. This oxide was found to adhere to the copper, when that metal was precipitated by sulphuretted hydrogen. When the sulphuret was dissolved in aqua regia, and precipitated at a boiling heat by potash, the new oxide remained dissolved in the alkali, and the solution yielded on evaporation a small quantity of a soluble salt of a beautiful orange-yellow colour.
2. On the Volcanic Formations of the Alban Hills, near Rome.
Authors: Forbes J. D. 
Published: June 2016

The author thus sums up the general results of his memoir:—“In the first place, it appears that the Alban volcano (for it is essentially one) has acted throughout a great period of time; for not only has it evidently repeatedly changed its form and materials of eruption, but it is surrounded by knolls of basaltic formations which seem to indicate very ancient and very repeated ejections, without taking the regular form of craters. Such are probably Monte Algido, Civita Lavinia, Monte Giove (Corioli), the Capuccini of Albano, Rocca Priore, Colonna, and perhaps even Capo di Bove, and several open craters, such as one a little below Albano, the Lago Cornufelle near Frascati, the Lake of Gabii, and one near Colonna which, on the authority of Ponzi, appear to have ejected peperino. The horse-shoe form of the old crater of the Alban Mount, which, whether formed by the elevation process or not, appears to be composed of beds of basalt, lapilli, tuff, or peperino, and here and there of the lava called Sperone, gave way, like that of Somma, on the western or seaward side, and I cannot but think it in no small degree probable, that the vast lava beds which lie under Nemi and Genzano, and which dip at a small angle under Monte Cavo, are part of the dislocated walls of the ancient crater displaced by the convulsion which rent it on the western side, and which was accompanied by a prodigious fluid discharge of peperino, which then formed the strata of La Riccia and Albano, and which, overwhelming the broken-down wall of the ancient crater, formed at the same time the Monte Gentile, and the peperino beds above Nemi.
1. On the Gamboge Tree of Siam.
Authors: Christison  
Published: June 2016

Although Gamboge has been known in European commerce for nearly two centuries and a half, and its applications in the arts have been extended in recent times, the tree which produces it is still unknown to botanists.The late Dr Graham, in 1836, was the first to describe accurately a species of Garcinia, which inhabits Ceylon, and which is well known there to produce a sort of Gamboge, not, however, known in the commerce of Europe. Resting on a peculiarity in the structure of the anthers, which are circumscissile, or open transversely by the separation of a lid on the summit, he constituted a new genus for this plant, and called itHebradendron cambogioides. At the same period the Author examined the properties of this Gamboge, and found that it possesses the purgative action of the commercial drug in full intensity, and that the two kinds agree closely also, though not absolutely, in chemical constitution.
1. Analysis of Coprolites from the Limestone of Burdie-House
Authors: Connell Arthur 
Published: June 2016

These coprolites, as well as the limestone where they are found, contain a trace of animal matter, as ammonia is disengaged at a red heat.Muriatic acid dissolves the greater part with slight effervescence. Ammonia throws down from the solution a copious gelatinous precipitate of phosphate of lime; and in the remaining fluid, oxalate o ammonia throws down oxalate of lime. The matter left undissolved by the muriatic acid is inflammable, leaving a small siliceous residue, and appears to be bituminous matter derived from the matrix. There is no magnesia, sulphur, nor fluorine.
2. Notice of a New Compound of Sulphur, which is probably a Sulphuret of Nitrogen
Authors: Gregory  
Published: June 2016

This substance, obtained among the products of the reaction of chloride of sulphur on a solution of ammonia, is a solid, colourless, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, crystallizing in cubes. It is characterized by producing a fine, but fugitive purple colour, when brought into contact with potash and alcohol.Dr Gregory obtained from it between 92 and 93 per cent. of sulphur, and from 6 to 7 per cent. of nitrogen.
2. A brief notice relative to an Aërolite which was seen to fall near Juvinas, in the Department of the Ardêche in France, on the 15th June 1821
Authors: Forbes  
Published: June 2016

“When visiting the ancient volanoes of the Haut Vivarais, the author was led to make some inquiries relative to the fall of this remarkable meteor, which took place in broad day-light, almost in the midst of the scattered hamlet of Libounez, near Juvinas, and which was witnessed by many persons, some of whom still survive, and gave the account which the author presented.“The stone fell on the 15th June 1821, at 4½ P. M.; sky clear, and wind north. A long roll was heard, then an explosion like that of a cannon, five minutes before the stone fell. It touched the ground within a few feet of several men who were digging potatoes within a small enclosure.
2. On the Optical Properties of Greenockite, by Sir David Brewster, in a letter to Lord Greenock
Authors: Brewster David 
Published: June 2016

Greenockite has the form of a regular six-sided prism, with pyramidal summits, the faces of the pyramid being inclined 36° 20′ to their base. The pyramids are sometimes truncated on their summit.The crystallization is often composite.The index of refraction of Greenockite is 2.6882, corresponding to the middle of the green space, and to the ordinary ray. Hence Greenockite exceeds the Diamond in refractive power, and also chromate of lead, which I had found to surpass the diamond in this respect.The double refraction of Greenockite is comparatively small, which is not usual in substances of a high refractive power. It is so small, indeed, that owing to its great dispersive power it is exceedingly difficult to separate the two images.
2. Additional Observations as to the Poisonous Properties of Œnanthe crocata
Authors: Christison  
Published: June 2016

In this paper the Author added a few supplementary observations to those made on the alleged poisonous properties of the Œnanthe crocata, in his paper on the poisonous Umbelliferœ, read on the 4th December last.He stated that he had met with other cases of poisoning with this plant, recorded by Continental authors, shewing that death may take place in an hour,—that so small a quantity as a single tuber, no bigger than the finger, has proved fatal,—that the roots are poisonous in some countries, from the beginning of January till the middle of October at all events, and probably throughout the whole year; and that Spain may be added to the countries formerly mentioned, where fatal effects have been produced by the plant.