bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences in plasma concentration of acylethanolanydes and acylglycerols in paired samples of bipolar patients and first- and second-degree relatives
Authors: Romero-Sanchiz P. , Guzman-Parra J. , Mayoral-Cleríes F. , Rivas-Guerrero F. , Araos-Gómez P. , Pedraz-Fernández M. , Serrano-Criado A. , Pavón-Morón F.J. , De la Torre-Fornell R. , Pastor-Bosch A. , Rodríguez de Fonseca F. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionEndocannabinoid System (ECS) has been highlighted as one of the most relevant research topics by neurobiologists, pharmacists, basic scientists and clinicians (Skaper and Di Marzo, 2012). Recent work has associated major depressive disorder with the ECS (Ashton and Moore, 2011). Despite the close relationship between depression and bipolar disorders, as far as we know, there is no characterization of ECS and congeners in a sample of patients with bipolar disorders.Aims and objectivesThe objective of this work is to characterize the plasma levels of endocannabinoids and congeners in a sample of patients with bipolar disorders.MethodThe clinical group was composed by 19 patients with a diagnosis of bipolar disorders using SCID-IV (First et al., 1999). The control group was formed by 18 relatives of first- or second-degree of the patients.The following endocannabinoids and congeners were quantified: N-palmitoleoylethanolamide (POEA), N-palmitolylethanolamide (PEA), N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA), N-stearoylethanolamide (SEA), N-arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA), N-dihomo-γ-linolenoylethanolamide (DGLEA), N-docosatetraenoylethanolamide (DEA), N-linoleoylethanolamide (LEA), N-docosahexaenoylethanolamide (DHEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), 2-linoleoylglycerol (2-LG), and 2-oleoylglycerol (2-OG).ResultsThe result showed statistically significant lower levels of AEA, DEA and DHEA in clinical sample. Previous research also identified lower levels of AEA in depressed women (Hill et al., 2008, 2009). Until date, it is unknown if DEA and DHEA have some effect on EC receptors, and whether they have some direct effects on endocannabinoids.ConclusionsIt would be necessary to carry our other research with a larger sample, which could allow the control of potential confounding variables.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Learning disorders and ADHD
Authors: Cortázar Alonso E. , Guillén Rodrigo H. , Alonso Diaz R. 
Published: May 2016

The term learning disorders alludes to problems in reading, calculate, writing and spelling. The prevalence of these disorders ranges from 5 to 15 percent of all the children in school age. As for sex distribution, men tend to have these problems often than women.This summary is about a 9-year-old male with multiple eye tics and suspected of having ADHD. He was referred by her general pediatrician. The patient did not have a history of mental illness, although he had a diagnosis of migraines.J. is an only child, who lives with his parents in a district of the city of Huelva, where he was born. His psychomotor and social developments are within normal limits. His parents define him as an introverted child, sensitive, with low self-esteem and very attached to his mother.The patient has a history of underperforming at school since he was in third grade, without being associated with external factors. He is going to support classes since then. He was evaluated by the guidance team from his school and they decided to do a curricular adaptation for him. Currently, he is repeating 4th year and he is going to educational support.The patient's assessment consisted in clinical interviews with the patient and their parents and the implementation of additional tests like WISC-IV, D2, CDI, TALE, SNAP IV and a review of his clinical report.The results showed us a specific development disorder comorbid with a deficit of attention so we decided to start with the psychopharmacological treatment and psychotherapy.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Affective symptoms and emerging psychotic disorder in adolescents
Authors: Benarous X. 
Published: May 2016

Depressive symptoms are frequently reported during the period preceding the onset of schizophrenia in adolescents when such symptoms can be mistaken for those of mood disorder. However, it is unclear which emotional symptoms should be considered predictive of schizophrenia onset.The types of emotional disturbances that may precede schizophrenic disorder were sought through a review of historical descriptive studies and seminal works using a phenomenological approach. Five main types of emotional disturbances have been found as prodromal symptoms of a schizophrenic disorder: (1) increased sensitivity to stress, (2) poor or incomplete expression of emotions, (3) reduced emotion sharing, (4) emotional detachment, and (5) disconnection between the perception and expression of emotions. Studies based on phenomenological views of schizophrenic disorders stressed the chronological sequence of these symptoms in the same person. For example, the term “delusional mood” (Wahnstimmung) coined to describe changes in the perceived atmosphere encompass mood disturbances from subtle emotional overreactivity to more severe symptoms that could evoke athymhormia.Analysis of recent studies among subjects at high-risk for psychotic transition showed that the presence of mood symptoms at a very early stage of the disorder is common. While these symptoms predict a lower level of general functioning, they were not associated with a higher risk of developing a schizophrenic disorder at follow-up.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome with psychotic symptoms in a severe case of anorexia nervosa: A case report
Authors: Brigadeiro D. , Ferreira C. , Magalhães J. , Nunes J. , Santos P. , Santos E. , Pissarra A. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionThe Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome comprises a complex of symptoms including Wernicke's encephalopathy and the Korsakoff's syndrome. While the former is characterized by a classic clinical triad of ataxia, ophtalmoplegia and a global confusional state; the Korsakoff's syndrome is characterized by memory impairment and confabulation. These two entities are now considered as a clinical spectrum of a same disease caused by deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1).ObjectiveTo describe a case of Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome with psychotic symptoms in a 13-year-old female patient with anorexia nervosa.MethodThe patient and family were interviewed. Literature relevant to the case was reviewed.ResultsA 13-year-old Caucasian female was admitted to the emergency department with bradycardia (38 bpm) and a two-month history of weight loss totaling 6 kg. This loss of weight was a result of dietary restriction and over-exercise because she “felt too fat”. On admission she has a body mass index of 12.17. She was diagnosed with anorexia nervosa and was hospitalized. On day 11 after hospitalization, patient initiated alteration in behavior, fluctuating mental state with periods of lucidity and periods of confusion, memory impairment and psychotic symptoms, with paranoid delusions and auditory hallucinations. The classic triad of Wernicke's encephalopathy was not present. The treatment with thiamine was initiated and the symptoms including psychotic symptoms improved.ConclusionWernicke-Korsakoff syndrome should be considered in cases of anorexia nervosa with a confusional state and memory impairment even if the classic symptoms are not present.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Psychiatric antiepileptics side effects: A case report
Authors: Moreira C.A. , Soares A.R. , Maia G. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionPsychiatric disorders in epilepsy have a multifactorial etiology, being pharmacotherapy only one of many risk factors, which can be both biological and psychosocial. The adverse effects of antiepileptics (AEDs) embrace all categories of psychiatric symptomatology, including disturbances of consciousness, psychotic state, neurotic state, behaviour and character disorder. In fact, Psychotropic effects of AEDs require further research because many relevant parameters related to pathological mechanisms, frequency, psychopathology, and prognosis are not well understood.ObjectivesThe authors aim to present a case of an adolescent with epilepsy who has developed secondary psychiatric symptoms.AimsTo understand and deal with the most common Psychiatric side effects of AEDs.MethodsA non-systematic review of English scientific literature was conducted using keywords “Epilepsy” and “antiepileptic side effects”.DiscussionA 14-year-old female adolescent with history of seven years of Epilepsy (usual medication: carabamazepine 45 mg/kg/day, Lamotrigine 8 mg/kg/day; pregabaline 8 mg/kg/day) was admitted in the paediatric ward due to behaviour disorder characterized by agitation, anxiety and seizures-like symptoms. A therapeutic adjust was made (Fenetoíne and Levetiracetam). After this medication change, the adolescent presented psychotic symptoms namely auditory and tactile hallucinations. A complete clinical investigation was performed and the hypothesis of drugs side effects was considered. After AEDs reduction, a total remission of the symptoms was obtained.ConclusionPsychiatric disorders in epilepsy have a multifactorial etiology and are not yet well understood. Behavioural side-effect profiles of AEDs (both negative and positive effects) should be considered in the choice of the optimal drug for each patient.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Anxiety and loss experiences during pregnancy and postpartum and anxious children
Authors: Güerre M.J. , Santesteban O. , Hernandez L. , Rentero D. 
Published: May 2016

Anxiety disorders in children are very prevalent in youth. They are associated with poor psychosocial functioning and predict later psychopathology in individuals. Environmental and genetic factors and their interaction are involved in the genesis of anxiety disorders.Stress, depression or anxiety during pregnancy are considered risk factors for development of psychopathology in children. We aimed to know its relationship whit anxiety disorders in young people.Patients recruited for this study were the participants of our CBT group based in the coping cat model of treatment. All of them were children between 8 and 13 years old and meet criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Separation Anxiety Disorder or Social Phobia. Children and their parents assessed different anxiety and socio-demographic questionnaires. For this study we only analyzed the risk factors of pregnancy, delivery and breastfeeding of the socio-demographic interview. SPSS v-21 was the statistical instrument.We found out that mothers of our patients had reported anxiety symptoms, loss experiences or stress during pregnancy or postpartum period more than we expected.Stress, anxiety or depression during pregnancy is related with anxiety disorders in children. Helping mothers to cope with stressors during pregnancy and postpartum period will contribute to a better mental health in their children. The findings of this study match with previous researches.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Symbolic development in TD, DS and ASD
Authors: Szabó M. Kékes 
Published: May 2016

This study is about symbolic processes in atypical populations, which is presumed to lead to a deeper understanding of the ontogenesis of normal symbolic development. Exactly, we aimed to explore the emergence of symbolic play in children with Down syndrome (DS) and in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A typically developing (TD) control group was also involved in the study. Fundamentally, we applied the qualitative method and focused on the replica play of the children that could be observed during their dyadic interaction with their parents. The activity of the individuals was recorded on video. The data were analysed with Noldus Observer XT 8.0 program software. The results confirmed atypical patterns of replica play in DS and ASD. Although both of these children groups demonstrated impairments in representational abilities, the autistic children seemed to have a basic cognitive defect. While children with DS were more often able to demonstrate coherent play activity, children with ASD could not use replica toys in the appropriate context verifying impairments in the social-communicative system. However, further studies are needed to cover the characterizations of psychopathological-specific disorders, to plan new diagnostic tools and more effective interventions.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
The possible role of mothers’ thrombophilic predisposition as a risk factor mental and motor delay in toddlers
Authors: Baranov D. , Lvova O. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionInherited thrombophilia is described as a risk factor for burdened obstetrical history. But the relashionships between mothers’ thrombophilic predisposion (MTP) and mental status in their children is not investigated thoroughly.ObjectivesTo investigate the mental and motor neonates’ status, born from MTP.MethodsCase-control study. Thirty-seven children born from MTP were assessed at 1, 3, 6 and 12-month (1st group). MTP carried more than 5 thrombophilic single nucleotide polymorphisms and had burdened obstetrical history; 47 neonates with clear mothers’ obstetrical history and 2 and less SNPs (2nd group); informed consent form. The quantity of term and preterm neonates were equal in groups.ResultsWe found the neonates from both group were comparable under the 6-month age (table). But in year-old children mental and/or motor delays were more frequent in 1st group despite on comparable level of paresis and brain ultrasound data. There were no thrombotic episodes in children in 1st group.ConclusionsThere were no direct link between MTP and neurological outcomes in children: paresis and ischemic lesions in brain were not differ in groups. Confirmed MTP can cause mental and motor delays to year-old period, milestones must be supervised thoroughly until 3 y.o.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Autism-plus spectrum disorders: Interfaces with psychosis
Authors: Peixoto I. , Velasco Rodrigues R. , Marques C. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionDespite categorical differentiation, autistic and psychotic disorders are historically related diagnostic entities and there is still much controversy regarding their limits and developmental course. Particularly in children, the presence of idiosyncratic fears, difficulties in the social sphere and thought disorder are important factors in the differential diagnosis. There are some research-derived clinical constructs that operationalize symptomatology aiming to highlight the interfaces and the overlap between such disorders. Their clinical implications can be extremely relevant in the face of the limits of current nosology.ObjetivesTo phenomenologically describe differentiating parameters and high-risk clinical profiles for the development of psychosis in children with autism spectrum disorder.MethodsSelective review of the literature in PubMed (MEDLINE). Illustration with a clinical case vignette.ResultsThe clinical case reflects well the difficulties posed in the differential diagnosis due to the multiple interfaces between autism and psychosis. Constructs such as “multiple complex developmental disorder” or “multidimensionally impaired syndrome” allow a clearer and more practice-friendly characterization of such individuals.ConclusionThe constelation of symptoms identified in these criteria may become useful through the definition of subgroups of autism spectrum disorder individuals with complex psychopathology. Studies in this regard are still scarce, but the validation and reproduction of the positive results observed in the near future can help optimize the clinical approaches in these children.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Emotion regulation strategies in adolescents with mitral valve prolapse
Authors: Pervichko E. , Zinchenko Y. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionTwo thirds of adolescents with mitral valve prolapse (MVP) show signs of anxiety disorders. They display difficulty in emotion regulation (Van Der Ham et al., 2003; Scordo, 2007).ObjectiveTo investigate into emotion regulation strategies in MVP adolescents.MethodsA projective study of emotion regulation was undertaken with our modified version of Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Test (Zinchenko, Pervichko, 2014). Thirty-six adolescents with MVP (mean age was 17.1 ± 0.8 years) and 40 healthy adolescents (mean age was 16.7 ± 0.6 years) took part in the study.ResultsMVP adolescents significantly more frequently (P < 0.001) would mark Rosenzweig's situations as potentially traumatizing. Ego-defence (E-D) and extrapunitive (E) reactions appear to be significantly (P < 0.05) more frequent among MVP adolescents. MVP adolescents are more than healthy subjects prone to avoid open verbal revelations of their thoughts and feelings that emerge in the situation of frustration. Content analysis of responses conditioned by cognitive control (when the task was to taper off arbitrarily the traumatizing effect of the situation) revealed that suppression of emotions was displayed by MVP adolescents in 52% of answers, and for healthy participants - 29% of answers (P < 0.001). Cognitive reappraisal strategy was displayed by MVP adolescents in 27% of answers, and for healthy participants – 38% of answers (P < 0.05). Twenty-one percent of answers of MVP adolescents and 33% of answers of healthy participants suggested cognitive transformation of emotional experience and actualization of new meanings in traumatic situations (P < 0.05).ConclusionsMVP adolescents appear to be more sensitive of frustrations and differ from healthy peers in more frequent use of the strategy of suppression of emotions.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
ADHD complex correction in children
Authors: Pityk O. , Pityk M. , Kuzhda I. 
Published: May 2016

About a third of children are described as overactive by their parents, and up to a fifth of schoolchildren are described in this way by their teachers. Diagnosis of ADHD can be exhibited in 3–7% of children reached school age. It is not surprising that in children with ADHD as a result of such symptoms develop low self-esteem and emotional problems, often observed a variety of neurotic symptoms and behavioral disorders. The aim of our work was to investigate effectiveness of GABA-ergic medications in complex correction of ADHD children. It is investigated and treated 69 children with ADHD in age from 6 to 12 years. All the children were assigned GABA-ergic medications in doses that depended on the age of the child within three months. Besides medication, parents with their children carried out psychological adjustment, first of all it was a psychological training of parents based on system model of psychotherapy and appropriate recommendations for changes in behavioral strategies in relation to children. After treatment 100% of parents noted improvement of children's state. However, symptoms significantly smoothed in 51 children, children were more attentive, calmer, and more reflective. It was made significant changes in the relationships of parents with children that manifested itself in improving mutual understanding, increased positive reinforcement, reducing cases of different methods of punishment and expression of dissatisfaction with the behavior of children. Therefore, GABA-ergic medications can be successfully used in complex correction in children with ADHD.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Methylone consumption characterized through samples handled by users
Authors: Sadurní L. Martínez , Grifell M. , Galindo L. , Ezquiaga I. , Quintana P. , Ventura M. , Fornís I. , Palma Á. , Angelats M. , Ribera E. , Torrens M. , Farré M. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionIn recent years, the increasing use tendency of NPS has motivated both awareness and concern about their identification and potential harmfulness. Synthetic cathinones represent a significant proportion of the NPS available and methylone is one of the most frequently found in Europe.ObjectivesThe aim of the present study is to determine methylone presence and characteristics from the samples analyzed by Energy Control between the years 2009 and 2015 in Spain.MethodsFrom all 21,198 samples analyzed from august 2009 to august 2015, only those in which methylone was found are studied (n = 140). The samples have been analyzed by Energy Control, a spanish harm-reduction NGO that offers to users the possibility of analyzing the substances they intend to consume. The analysis is done by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.ResultsFrom the 140 samples containing methylone, 87 were handled as methylone, 20 as MDMA, 8 as other synthetic cathinones and 25 as other substances. The peak of consume was registered in 2011 with 41 samples then the number decreased until 10 samples in 2015.ConclusionsResults suggest that methylone is most frequently handled as methylone or as MDMA and that its consumption could be decreasing. Further pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, clinical and epidemiological studies should be conducted to enhance the knowledge not only about methylone consumption, but also about synthetic cathinones in general in order to assess their potential risk and study the complications and its management.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Ganser syndrome: Review and case report
Authors: Faria R. , Brandão D. , Novo T. , Quintela L. , Fonte A. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionFirst described by Sigbert Ganser in 1987, Ganser syndrome consists in a rare condition, characterized by the following four clinical features: approximate answers, dulling of consciousness, conversion symptoms and hallucinations.ObjectivesTo present a case suggestive of Ganser Syndrome and to review the literature with particular regard to the aetiology of this condition.MethodsLiterature review, using computerized databases (MEDLINE®, Medscape®). Articles were selected based on the content of their abstract and their relevance.ResultsA 58-year-old woman was admitted to a Psychiatric Unit of a General Hospital for presenting behavioural abnormalities of acute onset. During hospitalization, the patient displayed indifference, incoherent speech with approximate answers, motor abnormalities and auditory psedudohallucinations. The patient was evaluated by a neurologist and various exams were performed (blood tests, CT, MRI, EEG) that showed no significant abnormalities. Pharmacological treatment consisted of antidepressant and antipsychotic medications. During the follow-up, there was a slow but gradual improvement of symptoms. Six months after hospitalization the patient decide to end up the follow-up.ConclusionsLittle is still known about Ganser Syndrome. The four aetiological perspectives consider: hysterical origin, malingering or factitious disorder, psychotic origin and organic origin. The lack of reports and information about Ganser syndrome made it worthwhile reporting this case.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.