bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global MHD simulations of Neptune's magnetosphere
Authors: Mejnertsen L. , Eastwood J. P. , Chittenden J. P. , Masters A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation has been performed in order to investigate the outer boundaries of Neptune's magnetosphere at the time of Voyager 2's flyby in 1989 and to better understand the dynamics of magnetospheres formed by highly inclined planetary dipoles. Using the MHD code Gorgon, we have implemented a precessing dipole to mimic Neptune's tilted magnetic field and rotation axes. By using the solar wind parameters measured by Voyager 2, the simulation is verified by finding good agreement with Voyager 2 magnetometer observations. Overall, there is a large‐scale reconfiguration of magnetic topology and plasma distribution. During the “pole‐on” magnetospheric configuration, there only exists one tail current sheet, contained between a rarefied lobe region which extends outward from the dayside cusp, and a lobe region attached to the nightside cusp. It is found that the tail current always closes to the magnetopause current system, rather than closing in on itself, as suggested by other models. The bow shock position and shape is found to be dependent on Neptune's daily rotation, with maximum standoff being during the pole‐on case. Reconnection is found on the magnetopause but is highly modulated by the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and time of day, turning “off” and “on” when the magnetic shear between the IMF and planetary fields is large enough. The simulation shows that the most likely location for reconnection to occur during Voyager 2's flyby was far from the spacecraft trajectory, which may explain the relative lack of associated signatures in the observations.
Variation of the topside ionosphere during the last solar minimum period studied with multisatellite measurements of electron density and temperature
Authors: Ryu Kwangsun , Kwak Youngsil , Kim Yong Ha , Park Jaeheung , Lee Junchan , Min Kyoungwook 
Published: July 2016

AbstractUsing the ionospheric measurements of CHAMP, DEMETER, and DMSP F15, the seasonal and spatial variations of the topside ionosphere during the last solar minimum period were investigated and compared with ionospheric models. In all the satellite measurements, equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) shows clearly longitudinal asymmetry with wave number −3 or −4 patterns. Anomalous increases of Ne in the nighttime surpassing daytime Ne, known as the Weddell Sea anomaly (WSA) or midlatitude summer nighttime anomaly (MSNA), were also observed in the global Ne distribution with differences in detailed geometry of the geomagnetic field according to the altitude. In the nighttime ionosphere, the reduced Te in the equatorial region at the DMSP altitude, identified as the equatorial plasma temperature anomaly (EPTA), was ascribed to the leftover of the prereversal enhancement of the upward plasma drift. Though the EIA, WSA, MSNA, and EPTA are all associated with the upward plasma movement, the difference in the thermal evolution is ascribable to the geometry of drift in which the plasma moves across the geomagnetic field line for the EIA and the EPTA, while along the field line for the WSA and the MSNA.
Progress on upwelling studies in the China seas
Authors: Hu Jianyu , Wang Xiao Hua 
Published: July 2016

AbstractEast Asian marginal seas surrounding China exhibit rich ocean upwelling, mostly in response to the southwesterly summer monsoon. Upwelling in the China seas, namely, the South China Sea, the Taiwan Strait, the East China Sea, the Yellow Sea, and the Bohai Sea, has become increasingly important because the potential changes in the upwelling may have dramatic ecosystem, socioeconomic, and climate impacts. This paper reviews the progress of upwelling studies in the China seas since the year 2000, by presenting the principal characteristics and new understanding of 12 major upwelling regions in the China seas. Upwelling exhibits long‐term variability at intraseasonal to multidecadal scales as well as short‐term variability frequently caused by tropical cyclones. It is also associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, local environmental variation, and biogeochemical factors. The coastal upwelling around Hainan Island and the upwelling or cold dome northeast of Taiwan Island are specifically highlighted because they have attracted great interest for decades. This paper summarizes upwelling mechanisms in terms of wind, topography, tide, stratification, and background flow, with applications mostly to the China seas. Finally, we propose some topics for future upwelling research, i.e., potential intensification of coastal upwelling under global climate change, downwelling, intrusion of upwelling into coastal embayments, and the influence of upwelling on fishery and biogeochemical processes.
Enhanced accumulation and storage of mercury on subtropical evergreen forest floor: Implications on mercury budget in global forest ecosystems
Authors: Wang Xun , Lin Che‐Jen , Lu Zhiyun , Zhang Hui , Zhang Yiping , Feng Xinbin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractForest ecosystems play an important role in the global cycling of mercury (Hg). In this study, we characterized the Hg cycling at a remote evergreen broadleaf (EB) forest site in southwest China (Mount Ailao). The annual Hg input via litterfall is estimated to be 75.0 ± 24.2 µg m−2 yr−1 at Mount Ailao. Such a quantity is up to 1 order of magnitude greater than those observed at remote temperate/boreal (T/B) forest sites. Production of litter biomass is found to be the most influential factor causing the high Hg input to the EB forest. Given their large areal coverage, Hg deposition through litterfall in EB forests is appropriately 9 ± 5 Mg yr−1 in China and 1086 ± 775 Mg yr−1 globally. The observed wet Hg deposition at Mount Ailao is 4.9 ± 4.5 µg m−2 yr−1, falling in the lower range of those observed at 49 T/B forest sites in North America and Europe. Given the data, the Hg deposition flux through litterfall is approximately 15 times higher than the wet Hg deposition at Mount Ailao. Steady Hg accumulation in decomposing litter biomass and Hg uptake from the environment were observed during 25 months of litter decomposition. The size of the Hg pool in the organic horizon of EB forest floors is estimated to be up to 2–10 times the typical pool size in T/B forests. This study highlights the importance of EB forest ecosystems in global Hg cycling, which requires further assessment when more data become available in tropical forests.
College Campus Community Readiness to Address Intimate Partner Violence Among LGBTQ+ Young Adults: A Conceptual and Empirical Examination
Authors: Edwards Katie M. , Littleton Heather L. , Sylaska Kateryna M. , Crossman Annie L. , Craig Meghan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper provides an overview of a conceptual model that integrates theories of social ecology, minority stress, and community readiness to better understand risk for and outcomes of intimate partner violence (IPV) among LGBTQ+ college students. Additionally, online survey data was collected from a sample of 202 LGBTQ+ students enrolled in 119 colleges across the United States to provide preliminary data on some aspects of the proposed model. Results suggested that students generally thought their campuses were low in readiness to address IPV; that is, students felt that their campuses could do more to address IPV and provide IPV services specific to LGBTQ+ college students. Perceptions of greater campus readiness to address IPV among LGBTQ+ college students was significantly and positively related to a more favorable LGBTQ+ campus climate and a greater sense of campus community. Additionally, IPV victims were more likely to perceive higher levels of campus community readiness than non‐IPV victims. There was no association between IPV perpetration and perceptions of campus community readiness. Greater sense of community was marginally and inversely related to IPV victimization and perpetration. Sense of community and LGBTQ+ campus climate also varied to some extent as a function of region of the country and type of institution. Implications for further development and refinement of the conceptual model, as well as future research applying this model to better understand IPV among sexual minority students are discussed.
Enol and Ynol Surrogates: Promising Substrates for Hypervalent Iodine Chemistry
Authors: Lauriers Antoine Jobin‐Des , Legault Claude Y. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn numerous iodine(III)‐mediated methodologies that involve ketone compounds, the enol tautomer is expected to be the reactive species. In this context, the exploration of enol and ynol surrogates as substrates is of great interest. Activated π‐systems have been shown to exhibit interesting and highly exploitable behavior toward hypervalent iodine reagents. This has led to the development of numerous useful oxidative transformations. Enamines, enamides, enol derivatives, haloalkenes, and haloalkynes are all enol or ynol surrogates that are reactive towards the most popular iodanes and iodonium salts. This Focus Review will describe past and on‐going research involving these substrates to gain insight into the similarities and disparities observed in their reactivity profiles.
Synthesis of 1 α‐ and 1 β‐amino‐25‐hydroxyvitamin D3
Authors: Akagi Yusuke , Usuda Kosuke , Tanami Tomoe , Yasui Koji , Asano Lisa , Uesugi Motonari , Nagasawa Kazuo 
Published: July 2016

Abstract1α‐Amino‐25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 is of interest because of its low calcemic effect in vivo compared to 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its characteristic inhibitory activity towards sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP), a regulator of lipogenesis. Here we describe the construction of a novel A‐ring synthon bearing an allylic amine, in which the key reaction is an Ichikawa rearrangement of allyl cyanate generated from an allylic alcohol, which was derived from l‐malic acid. The diastereomers were separated by silica‐gel chromatography, and a palladium‐catalyzed coupling reaction of each diastereomer with the CD‐ring synthon afforded 1α‐amino‐25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1β‐amino‐25‐hydroxyvitamin D3, respectively.
Magnetic Cobalt Ferrite Nanocrystals For an Energy Storage Concentration Cell
Authors: Dai Qilin , Patel Ketan , Donatelli Greg , Ren Shenqiang 
Published: July 2016

AbstractEnergy‐storage concentration cells are based on the concentration gradient of redox‐active reactants; the increased entropy is transformed into electric energy as the concentration gradient reaches equilibrium between two half cells. A recyclable and flow‐controlled magnetic electrolyte concentration cell is now presented. The hybrid inorganic–organic nanocrystal‐based electrolyte, consisting of molecular redox‐active ligands adsorbed on the surface of magnetic nanocrystals, leads to a magnetic‐field‐driven concentration gradient of redox molecules. The energy storage performance of concentration cells is dictated by magnetic characteristics of cobalt ferrite nanocrystal carriers. The enhanced conductivity and kinetics of redox‐active electrolytes could further induce a sharp concentration gradient to improve the energy density and voltage switching of magnetic electrolyte concentration cells.
Wide Band‐Gap Bismuth‐based p‐Dopants for Opto‐Electronic Applications
Authors: Pecqueur Sébastien , Maltenberger Anna , Petrukhina Marina A. , Halik Marcus , Jaeger Arndt , Pentlehner Dominik , Schmid Günter 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTen new efficient p‐dopants for conductivity doping of organic semiconductors for OLEDs are identified. The key advantage of the electrophilic tris(carboxylato) bismuth(III) compounds is the unique low absorption of the resulting doped layers which promotes the efficiency of OLED devices. The combination of these features with their low fabrication cost, volatility, and stability, make these materials very attractive as dopants in organic electronics.
Pathological nociceptors in two patients with erythromelalgia‐like symptoms and rare genetic Nav 1.9 variants
Authors: Kleggetveit Inge P. , Schmidt Roland , Namer Barbara , Salter Hugh , Helås Tormod , Schmelz Martin , Jørum Ellen 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroductionThe sodium channel Nav 1.9 is expressed in peripheral nociceptors and has recently been linked to human pain conditions, but the exact role of Nav 1.9 for human nociceptor excitability is still unclear.MethodsC‐nociceptors from two patients with late onset of erythromelalgia‐like pain, signs of small fiber neuropathy, and rare genetic variants of Nav 1.9 (N1169S, I1293V) were assessed by microneurography.ResultsCompared with patients with comparable pain phenotypes (erythromelalgia‐like pain without Nav‐mutations and painful polyneuropathy), there was a tendency toward more activity‐dependent slowing of conduction velocity in mechanoinsensitive C‐nociceptors. Hyperexcitability to heating and electrical stimulation were seen in some nociceptors, and other unspecific signs of increased excitability, including spontaneous activity and mechanical sensitization, were also observed.ConclusionsAlthough the functional roles of these genetic variants are still unknown, the microneurography findings may be compatible with increased C‐nociceptor excitability based on increased Nav 1.9 function.
Novel (−)‐β‐Pinene‐Derived Triazolium Salts: Synthesis and Application in the Asymmetric Stetter Reaction
Authors: Rafiński Zbigniew 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA series of novel chiral triazolium salts derived from (−)‐β‐pinene were synthesized and found to be highly efficient precatalysts for the enantioselective intramolecular Stetter reaction. The triazolium salts prepared from a single precursor, (−)‐β‐pinene, react with antipodal enantiofacial selectivity in the Stetter reaction to afford mono‐, di‐, and trisubstituted chromanones in excellent yields with excellent stereoselectivity.
Base‐free Transfer Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes Catalyzed by Micro‐mesoporous Iron Oxide
Authors: Datta Kasibhatta J. , Rathi Anuj K. , Gawande Manoj B. , Ranc Vaclav , Zoppellaro Giorgio , Varma Rajender S. , Zboril Radek 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe front cover artwork for Issue 14/2016 is provided by Dr. Gawande and Prof. Zboril, from the Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacky University, Olomouc (Czech Republic). The image shows an efficient protocol for the transfer hydrogenation of nitroarenes using flower‐shaped micro‐mesoporous iron oxide nanocatalysts with formic acid as the reducing agent to obtain good to excellent yields of the respective amines. See the Full Paper itself at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201600296.
Kinetic Studies on an Algal Biofilm Reactor for Raw Sewage Water Treatment
Authors: Gera Gayatri S. , Yewalkar Swati N. , Nene Sanjay , Kulkarni Bhaskar D. , Kamble Sanjay 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA packed‐bed algae biofilm reactor was developed using porous and nonporous dual packings. The biofilm was cultivated on reticulated polyurethane foam cubes. The nonporous glass Raschig rings were taken as bed support that helps to remove generated gas from the system. The effect of variables such as column length‐to‐diameter ratio, catalyst cube dimension, and feed flow rate on the treatment of sewage water was studied. The reaction kinetics indicates that the nutrients uptake rate is dependent on both pore and film diffusion. The kinetics of uptake of nutrients follows a pseudo first‐order reaction. From the pseudo reaction rate constant, Thiele modulus and effectiveness factor were calculated and a kinetic model equation for fractional nutrient uptake was developed in terms of operating variables. The model can predict the reaction rate with low deviation. The results obtained may be valuable for large‐scale treatment of sewage water.
The Role of Biosorbents in the Removal of Arsenic from Water
Authors: Sahmoune Mohamed Nasser 
Published: July 2016

AbstractArsenic contamination in water causes many diseases. Therefore, various biosorbent materials have been tested for their ability to remove the two inorganic arsenic species commonly found in water, namely, arsenite As(III) and arsenate As(V). The arsenic biosorption is influenced by the pH value of the aqueous phase, arsenic concentration, presence of competing ions, and arsenic speciation. The biosorption kinetics of As(III) and As(V) has been reported to be rapid, with more than 80 % biosorption occurring during the first hour, followed by a second step which may take up to several hours. The pseudo‐second‐order model provided the best fit, which corresponds to a chemisorption process. The Langmuir model indicated that most arsenic ions are adsorbed in monolayer form and removal is better for As(III) than for As(V).
Transferring Electrochemical CO2 Reduction from Semi‐Batch into Continuous Operation Mode Using Gas Diffusion Electrodes
Authors: Kopljar Dennis , Wagner Norbert , Klemm Elias 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe electrochemical reduction of CO2 is a promising method for its conversion which still suffers from important challenges that have to be solved before industrial realization becomes attractive. The optimization of gas diffusion electrodes is described with respect to catalyst dispersion and mass transport limitations allowing solubility issues to be circumvented and current densities to be increased to industrially relevant values. The transfer of the promising results from semi‐batch experiments into continuous mode of operation is demonstrated, and it is indicated how the energetic efficiency can be significantly improved by the choice of electrolyte, in terms of concentration and type. Thereby ohmic losses can be decreased and the intrinsic activity be improved.
Catalytic Methane Combustion on a Pt Gauze: Laser‐Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Species Profiles, and Simulations
Authors: Schwarz Heiner , Dong Ying , Horn Raimund 
Published: July 2016

AbstractProfile measurements in a catalytic gauze reactor are conducted for catalytically assisted methane combustion over platinum. The reactor combines a capillary sampling technique with a novel fiber‐optic laser‐induced fluorescence spectroscopy method for the detection and quantification of gas phase OH• radicals serving as indicator species for gas phase reactions. Experimental profiles are compared with three‐dimensional numerical reactor simulations including flow, mass transport, heat transport, and microkinetic models for both surface and gas phase chemistry. The results provide insights into the interaction of chemistry and transport upstream of, at, and downstream of the catalytic gauze, and the interaction of surface and gas phase reactions by exchange of heat and radicals released from the catalyst surface.
Effects of Functionalized Electrodes and Gold Nanoparticle Carrier Signal Amplification on an Electrochemical DNA Sensing Strategy
Authors: Zhang Yi , Qian Chen , Zeng Guang Ming , Tang Lin , Zhang Chang , Zhu Yuan , Feng Chong Ling , Liu Yuan Yuan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn electrochemical DNA sensing experiment based on four kinds of functionalized electrodes and a gold nanoparticle (nanoAu) carrier signal amplification strategy is designed to investigate the effects on the current response (I) by square wave voltammetry. Four kinds of electrodes and a methyl blue labeled DNA signal probe with or without the nanoAu carrier amplification strategy are involved in this work. In comparison with the effect of the signal amplification strategy, the capacity of electronic conduction (EC) of the functionalized electrodes are dominant in changes to I in the sensing system. The improvement in EC of the sensing unit has a decisive impact on increasing I and, under similar EC conditions, the specific surface area of the sensing unit plays an important role, as also illustrated by the derivation mechanism.
Quantitative Resolution of Monomer‐Dimer Populations by Inversion Modulated DEER EPR Spectroscopy
Authors: Schmidt Thomas , Ghirlando Rodolfo , Baber James , Clore G. Marius 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA simple method, based on inversion modulated double electron–electron resonance electron paramagnetic resonance (DEER EPR) spectroscopy, is presented for determining populations of monomer and dimer in proteins (as well as any other biological macromolecules). The method is based on analysis of modulation depth versus electron double resonance (ELDOR) pulse flip angle. High accuracy is achieved by complete deuteration, extensive sampling of a large number of ELDOR pulse flip angle values, and combined analysis of differently labeled spin samples. We demonstrate the method using two different proteins: an obligate monomer exemplified by the small immunoglobulin binding B domain of protein A, and the p66 subunit of HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase which exists as an equilibrium mixture of monomer and dimer species whose relative populations are affected by glycerol content. This information is crucial for quantitative analysis of distance distributions involving proteins that may exist as mixtures of monomer, dimer and high order multimers under the conditions of the DEER EPR experiment.
A Chitosan Derivative Containing Both Carboxylic Acid and Quaternary Ammonium Moieties for the Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates
Authors: Besse Vincent , Illy Nicolas , David Ghislain , Caillol Sylvain , Boutevin Bernard 
Published: July 2016

AbstractChitosan, a renewable feedstock, is modified and used as a catalytic support in the presence of potassium iodide. The system is highly efficient towards the incorporation of carbon dioxide (CO2) into epoxides. It demonstrates very good thermal stability and is recyclable more than five times without loss of activity. The optimal reaction conditions were determined using allylglycidyl ether as a model and extended to a wide range of other epoxides. Cyclic carbonates were obtained with very high yield in a few hours under mild conditions (2–7 bar≈0.2–0.7 MPa, 80 °C) and no solvent.