bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Design of Fluid Power Systems Using Analogue Computers
Authors: Burrows C. R. , Webb C. R. 
Published: November 2015

Two important areas in design are formulation and solution of the mathematical model; this paper deals mainly with the latter problem and is primarily concerned with the application of analogue computers to the design of fluid power systems, although much of the work is applicable to general engineering design problems. Before reviewing some typical applications it is first necessary to consider the benefits to be obtained from the use of computers.
Traffic Signal Control in Glasgow by Computer
Authors: Woolcock M. W. G. 
Published: November 2015

The Road Research Laboratory is using a Marconi Myriad digital computer to control 81 traffic signals in the centre of Glasgow. This paper is concerned to pass on experience of operations programming for the benefit of workers with computer systems software. It is not a comprehensive account of the Glasgow Experiment. The executive program “Monitor” was developed specifically for this particular application and a general description of it is given. Brief descriptions of some of the types of operations carried out by other routines are also given. All programs were written in symbolic assembly language. The paper describes some of the methods used to test the program, including hardware devices which have proved useful. Some general comments on the advantages and disadvantages of the methods adopted are given.
Panel Instrumentation and Control Modules of the Future
Authors: Yates J. Eric 
Published: November 2015

The interface problems between Process, Plant Engineers and Operators are briefly examined and alternative means of achieving high density displays for digital and analog systems are described. Reductions in displayed information are forecast with a high degree of Automatic Data Logging. ‘High Level’ plain language programs are predicted in much simpler forms with translation into ‘Machine Language’ effected by built-in compilers. Essential programs will be hard wired into systems.
Non-Linear Control of a Neutralisation Process
Authors: Roberts P D 
Published: November 2015

The paper describes a digital simulation study of the application of a non-linear controller to the regulation of a single stage neutralisation process. In the controller, the proportional gain increases with amplitude of controller error signal. The performance of the non-linear controller is compared with that of a conventional linear controller and with the performance obtained by employing a linear controller with a linearisation network designed to compensate for the non-linear characteristic of the neutralisation curve. Although the performance of the non-linear controller is inferior to that obtained by employing a perfect linearisation network, its performance is still considerably superior to that obtained by using a conventional linear controller when operating at a symmetrical point on the neutralisation curve. In contrast to the linearisation network technique, the non-linear controller contains only one extra parameter and can be readily tuned on-line without prior knowledge of the neutralisation curve. Hence, it can be considered as an attractive alternative for the control of neutralisation processes.
Hydrastep: A ‘Fail Operative’ Gauge System to Replace Visual Boiler Water Level Gauges
Authors: Hasler E F , Martin R E 
Published: November 2015

Some major disadvantages of traditional drum water level gauges for high pressure boilers are considered, and features are presented of a new type of gauge—the ‘Hydrastep’—based on a series of independent electrical resistance measurements made concurrently to determine the presence of water or of steam at discrete levels in a side-arm vessel. The thermal considerations are described which result in a density error for Hydrastep systems of only one-sixth of the error of conventional visual gauges, and evidence is presented of the validity of resistance measurements for discrimination between water and steam at temperatures up to at least 360° C. Philosophies of redundancy, as well as of the use of parallel binary information collection and transmission, are incorporated in the basic gauge to give both ‘fail-safe’ and ‘fail-operative’ characteristics. The application of these philosophies is described to systems using a number of Hydrastep gauges on one boiler, whereby enhanced security of measurement may be achieved. Reference is made to the field trials to which a number of single Hydrastep gauges have been subjected on boilers operating at both 110 and 183 bar (1600 and 2650 lb. f/in2, 318 and 358° C respectively), and to the electronic reliability and electrode survival times achieved. Both indication and alarm facilities were provided, and the possibility is mentioned of extending the use of the equipment to provide signals for automatic control purposes, without endangering security of indication. A guide to the costs is included. Hydrastep has been approved by H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories as a legally acceptable alternative to the visual sight glass (Factories Act, 1961: Part II Section 32). The system is protected by U.K. and Foreign patents.
A Multi-Colour Lamp Indicator
Authors: Hasler E F 
Published: November 2015

Designs are presented of miniature indicators using either filament lamps or light emitting diodes of different colours showing at a common viewing window. Emphasis is placed on low thermal dissipation, efficiency of light output, long-range wide-angle visibility, compactness, longevity and the need for colour change indication. A two-colour indicator module developed for the Hydrastep display is explained, and is extended to multi-colour module designs Outlines are given for some applications of such indicators to a variety of problems of display and information transfer.
Control Systems for Strip Rolling Mills
Authors: Leigh J. R. 
Published: November 2015

The paper considers the need for control systems in the hot and cold rolling of steel strip. It is not intended for steel specialists, but is a broad case study designed to illustrate two important points of general interest to control engineers. (i) Every control loop is present in order to correct for some deviation from ideal behaviour in the plant or the plant inputs. This is a useful and systematic initial approach to the problem of designing the overall control system configuration for a particular process. (ii) The need for each type of control implied in (i) can be minimised or eliminated by proper design of the plant or by proper choice of operational procedures. This is a quite general statement and it leads to the view: Control systems engineers should be involved in the planning and design of new plant, so that an economically wise choice can be made between expenditure on improved design and expenditure on improved control. Three units of plant, which together constitute a closely linked production complex, are considered together and an analysis made of their potential for improvement by the application of control systems. Possible economic benefits are first listed and then reasons for deviation from ideal behaviour are discussed. Each deviation from ideal behaviour can be corrected either by changes in plant design or operation or by the application of improved control. An outline is given of the types of control system required to correct deviations in this configuration. In particular, the problem of control of strip flatness is discussed since this is the most innovative part of the work.
Application of Micro-Computer Technologies in the Food and Allied Industries
Authors: Bown G. 
Published: November 2015

CFPRA has identified several areas within the food industry where the use of modern micro-computer technology is likely to improve product quality and process efficiency. The use of real-time computation and computer logic enables mathematical modelling techniques to be used for process control, thus parameters may now be controlled although they may not be measured directly. This paper deals with the application of a micro-computer based control system to the problem of retort control via FO value and describes the capabilities of the system, plant interfacing, instrumentation and the implications of ‘derived-value control’.
Evaluation of Analytical Methods for Fluorine in Biological and Related Materials
Authors: Venkateswarlu P. 
Published: November 2015

During the past two decades, some major pitfalls in fluorine analysis have been recognized and overcome. Therefore, it is important that facts be separated from fallacies in published literature on levels and forms of fluorine (ionic, bound, covalent, etc.) in biological materials, in order that correct perceptions of physiological, biochemical, and loxicological aspects of inorganic as well as organic fluorine compounds can be formed. Trace amounts of inorganic fluoride in biological samples can now be accurately determined with the fluoride electrode either directly or following diffusion, adsorption, or reverse extraction of fluoride (when necessary). The aluminum monofluoride molecular absorption technique provides an excellent rapid method for determination of trace amounts of inorganic fluoride (in the absence of organic fluorine). Fluorine in most organic fluorine compounds is not available for distillation, diffusion, or reverse-extraction. The sample needs to be ashed (open ashing) or combusted (oxygen flask, oxygen bomb, pyrohydrolysis) for covalently bound fluorine to be converted to fluoride ions. This can now be readily accomplished at room temperature by the reductive cleavage of the C-F bond with the sodium biphenyl reagent. Some recommendations for future research have been made.
The Community as a Therapeutic Milieu
Authors: Kiley Daniel F. , Huberty David J. 
Published: November 2015

In drug treatment in the past 15 years, the phrase “therapeutic community” referred to small communal groups of recovering addicts who had banded together for the purpose of helping each other stay drug-free and learn responsible living. The concept of the “other therapeutic community” is the city - its agencies, businesses, courts, and people … all those significant in the addict's life. When necessary parts of the community are coordinated they are structured into a therapeutic milieu. This paper presents a workable theoretical framework for developing the other therapeutic community and illustrates how the authors, over a period of three years' work with addicts, integrated a large midwest community into a treatment system for addict rehabilitation.
Public Intoxication and Criminal Justice
Authors: Clarke S. George 
Published: November 2015

Since the mid 1930's there has been an accelerating growth in understanding the nature and scope of alcohol abuse, and a modest increase in resources to combat it. Although, as early as 1869, a significant court decision held that alcoholism could be viewed as an illness, It was not until the second half of the 1960s that the next such findings, this time by Federal courts, set the course of continuing action to take alcoholism out of the criminal justice system and place it under the aegis of health care. The status of alcoholism legislation in thirty-eight states is examined, based on their resonse to a survey questionnaire and other data provided by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alternate treatment systems, developed and tested by the Ontario Addictions Foundation, provide background to the treatment systems which have emerged in most states which have decriminalized public intoxication.
Oregon Marijuana Decriminalization the Moral Question
Authors: Titus Herbert W. 
Published: November 2015

Not so long ago, while still Oregon's Governor, Tom McCall spent time travelling across the United States telling folks the “Oregon Story.” Featured in his many messages was Oregon's enlightened approach to the problem of roadside litter, the now-famous “Oregon bottle bill.” Following close on his heels, Lane County prosecutor, district attorney J. Pat Horton, has broadcast another bit of modern Oregana, the equally famous “Oregon marijuana bill.” Although some natives have expressed misgivings about any national advertisement of Oregon virtue, most have welcomed these contributions. And whatever position one takes on these matters, no Oregonian will deny that Oregon's place in America is made unique by its bottle and marijuana laws. Where, but in Oregon, is it possible to threaten a supermarket store manager with a $1,000 fine and a year in jail if he dares sell even one bottle of beer without that bottle having a refund value of at least two cents but, at the same time, to threaten a hippie hitchhiker with only a $100 fine if he carries his “pot” in small amounts. In this article I sketch the origin of both of these laws in past Oregon legislatures and then I note the present impact that each law has had in the state. In a final section, I present the moral questions linking the future of the Oregon bottle and marijuana laws.
Alcoholism Programs in Unionized Work Settings: Problems and Prospects in Union-Management Cooperation
Authors: Trice Harrison M. , Hunt Richard E. , Beyer Janice M. 
Published: November 2015

This paper explores the vital role of unions in job-based alcoholism programs, pointing out the inevitable involvement of unions where they are duly authorized as legitimate representatives of employees. Consequently it is essential that unions be realistically involved in job-based policies and programs. This, however, has typically not been the case. On the other hand, this state of affairs is rapidly changing, and the present paper examines the problems and payoffs involved in union-management cooperation and joint effort. Specific attention is paid to the concern of labor unions about the strategy of constructive confrontation, indicating how this strategy must be adapted to the legitimate concerns of unions. In addition union initiated and collectively bargained programs are examined, and the role of arbitration and the labor arbitrator is analyzed, pointing out the possibility that the psychodynamics of alcoholism may lead to the employee playing his grievance rights against management. In this connection some of the concerns of numerous members of the labor movement about the “broadbrush” pro grams are listed; and the relationship between unions and the treatment community is described. Finally a review of extant data about the involvement of labor unions is presented, pointing out its scarcity.
Drug Politics Theory: Analysis and Critique
Authors: Himmelstein Jerome L. 
Published: November 2015

The last decade has seen the flourishing of drug politics theory. Rooted existentially in the political and cultural radicalism of the late 1960s and theoretically in the societal reaction perspective on deviance, it took off from the specific controversy over marihuana to pose the general question of what conditions determine the legal and moral statuses of the use of various psychoactive drugs. True to its theoretical lineage, it has concluded that how a society reacts to drug use has less to do with the drug itself than the factors of class, status, and power in the social context in which use occurs. Put more simply, it has asserted that drug controls are largely efforts by powerful social groups to oppress powerless social groups. In the last few years, drug politics theory has developed progressively more sophisticated specifications of this basic assertion. It is about time, therefore, to evaluate how well it has done. Surveying the literature, we can conclude the following: First, drug politics theory is far more promising than any other approach to the question of the legal/moral statuses of drug use. Second, despite this, there are many kinds of drug controls that it simply cannot explain. It may be relevant only to certain moralistic responses to drug use. Third, historically, powerful groups have just as often tried to promote drug use among powerless groups as to control it, which is difficult for drug politics theory to explain. Fourth, drug politics theory has yielded a vast ensemble of often conflicting assertions, rather than a coherent body of ideas. There is disagreement on where in the control process politics intrudes, what social groups are responsible for controls, and what the functions of the control process are. These differences, furthermore, are often not recognized by the theorists themselves.
The Making of the Rolleston Report, 1908–1926
Authors: Berridge Virginia 
Published: November 2015

British narcotic policy and its medical approach has long been of interest to those concerned with narcotic policy in America. This paper examines the influences which went to form the medical approach in the period 1908–1926. The Hague Convention of 1912 committed Britain to a more extensive system of domestic control than the professional regulation of sale established in the nineteenth century. Yet pre-war discussions of further legislation were limited in their scope. It was the effect of an apparent war time “emergency” in 1916 which brought stricter regulation and more active state intervention. The early 1920s saw a Home Office attempt to extend this penal approach and to exclude the medical profession from the position it occupied over narcotics. Home Office regulations and government legislation emphasised the non-professional attitude. But the profession, addiction specialists in particular, defended its role; the Home Office found it impossible to operate its policy without medical validation. The 1926 Rolleston Report marked a compromise between two influential elites and a further stage in the incorporation of professional influence in the machinery of government.
Supervisor Referrals to Employee Assistance Programs: A Social Learning Perspective
Authors: Capece Michael , Akers Ronald 
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this study is to locate the important variables in the decisions by supervisors to refer employees troubled by alcohol, drug or emotional problems to “employee assistance programs.” A self-administered questionnaire was given to a sample of 90 supervisors in two general hospitals in the southeast. Social learning theory guided the research. Data were analyzed by discriminant function analysis. The discriminant function analysis was performed to determine if variables derived from social learning theory could explain why some supervisors refer employees with drug, alcohol or emotional problems to the employee assistance program and others do not. The social learning variables explained 42% of the variance in the dependent variable, (referring and non-referring behavior of the supervisors). Also, the discriminant function with the social learning variables was able to successfully classify 78% of the cases into the referring and non-referring groups.
Nature of Fiber Loss in Combing
Authors: Owalekar R. G. 
Published: November 2015

Fiber-length distribution of comber sliver was compared with that of the comber lap to find out the amount of fiber loss obtained in various length groups. Such an analysis of the fiber loss was found to be useful in understanding the mechanism of fiber removal and fiber breakage in combing. Effect of important factors, such as step gauge, top comb action, and lap preparation, was studied. Distribution of fiber loss vs fiber length was found to be bimodal with Drawing-Super lap preparation. This was due to the fact that the actual probability of fiber removal decreases while that of fiber breakage increases with increased fiber length. As the pieces of broken long fibers contribute to the middle-length groups, the fiber loss was found to be minimum in this group. Use of wider step gauges, use of top comb, and presence of prominent trailing hooks were found to give a general increase in the fiber loss in all length groups. Long staple cottons were found to give relatively more fiber breakage, while use of extra drawing frame in the lap preparation was found to give much less fiber breakage.
Sector Computerized Tomography of Temporal Bone and Base of Skull
Authors: Kinney Sam E. , Modic Michael T. , Weinstein Meredith , Duchesneau Paul M. 
Published: November 2015

The field of computerized tomography (CT) scanning has been one of the great medical advances of the 20th century. The field is developing rapidly with new hardware and software becoming available on a monthly basis. At the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, patients have been studied by using a sector computerized tomography scanner that has the capability of not only improved spatial resolution but also software programs, with the ability to reconstruct data using different algorithms. This versatility in reconstructing the raw data has resulted in a remarkable improvement in the ability to study the temporal bone and the base of the skull.This paper will present technical data in reference to this new generation of scanner and also show examples of the type of data that are becoming available to the otolaryngologist studying lesions of the base of skull and temporal bone.
Giant Lymphoid Hyperplasia Presenting as a Highly Vascularized Parapharyngeal Mass
Authors: Lanier Brent J. , Cummings Charles W. 
Published: November 2015

Giant lymph node hyperplasia is a rare, benign tumor infrequently occurring in the head and neck. A 31‐year‐old woman with this disorder, present as a large submucosal parapharyngeal mass, is presented and the literature reviewed.Radiographic evidence of the extreme vascularity of this lesion was remarkable, emphasizing the value of arteriographic evaluation of masses located in this region. Preoperative embolization facilitated its complete resection, and follow‐up examination has shown no evidence of recurrence, which is commonly the course of the disease elsewhere in the body. Consideration of this rare entity is warranted in the work‐up of parapharyngeal masses.
Retrolabyrinthine Vestibular Neurectomy
Authors: Silverstein Herbert , Norrell Horace 
Published: November 2015

Vestibular neurectomy performed through the middle fossa or retrolabyrinthine approach is an effective method of denervating the labyrinth while preserving residual hearing. In the authors’ opinion, the retrolabyrinthine approach is easier to perform, takes less time, and places the facial nerve in less jeopardy than the middle fossa procedure. The results of 26 cases of retrolabyrinthine vestibular neurectomy followed from six to 26 months indicate an 85% (22/26) cure rate of vertigo and a 79% (21/26) rate of hearing unchanged or improved.
Evoked Electromyography and Idiopathic Facial Paralysis
Authors: May Mark , Klein Susan R. , Blumenthal Frank 
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this study was to standardize and evaluate the results of evoked electromyography (EEMG) in normal patients and in patients with acute idiopathic facial paralysis. A comparison of the amplitude of response to EEMG from one side of the face to the other in 288 normal patients yielded a great variability in results. The amplitude difference was not greater than 50%, and therefore a difference of less than 50% was considered normal. Test‐retest variability of the percentage difference in amplitude in 10 subjects showed a 10% variation in seven patients and up to a 20% variation in the remaining three patients. Fifty patients with acute idiopathic facial paralysis were seen within 14 days of onset. A favorable prognosis was based on an EEMG amplitude of more than 25% of the normal side. With this criterion EEMG was accurate in predicting complete recovery in 36 (92%) of 39 patients. When EEMG was 25% of normal or less, incomplete recovery occurred in 9 (82%) of 11 patients. The response was 0% to 10% in six patients; four had a poor recovery and the remaining two had a fair recovery. The technique, interpretation of results, avoidance of pitfalls, and shortcomings of this test are discussed.