bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes excited by energetic electrons in EAST low-density ohmic plasmas
Authors: Zhu Xiang , Qiu Zhiyong , Bao Jian , Zhang Tao , Liu Haiqing , Luo Chenxi , Tang Tian , Shi Tonghui , Chen Dalong , Qian Jinping , Lin Xiaodong , Gao Xiang , Gong Xianzu , Lin Shiyao , Zeng Long 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Operation in the quiescent regime with abundant trapped energetic electrons (EEs) has been achieved during the current flattop in EAST low-density Ohmic plasmas. This was facilitated by increasing the electron density to a specified level and subsequently reducing it slowly, resulting in the accumulation of a sufficient number of trapped EEs within the energy range of 150–250 keV. During the phase of decreasing electron density, toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes (TAEs) were observed to be excited by these EEs, with frequencies falling within the range of about 100–300 kHz. The experimental parameters were carefully set to satisfy the resonance conditions for TAE excitation by EEs, aligning well with predictions from ideal MHD theory. Statistical analysis indicated different density dependencies between the frequencies of TAEs and the Alfvén frequencies, due to their different radial excitation positions. The radial positions of the TAEs were found to be influenced by the energy distribution and the evolution of trapped EEs, which in turn were affected by the decay rate of electron density and loop voltage. Measurements of Hard x-rays confirmed an energy distribution characterized by a ‘bump-on-tail’ shape, with the TAEs observed near the energy bump. Theoretical considerations also demonstrate the possibility that the e-TAE can be driven unstable under this experiment condition even if the mode does not rotate in the electron-diamagnetic drift direction.
Reduction of neoclassical bulk-ion transport to avoid helium-ash retention in stellarator reactors
Authors: Beidler C.D. , Drevlak M. , Geiger J. , Helander P. , Smith H.M. , Turkin Y. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The reduction of neoclassical energy transport in stellarators has traditionally focussed on optimizing magnetic fields for small values of ‘effective helical ripple’ —

ϵ

eff

, the geometric factor associated with electron

1

/

ν

transport—and relying on the radial electric field,

E

r

, needed to maintain ambipolarity in the plasma, to simultaneously diminish ion energy losses to a tolerable level. As one must generally expect

E

r

<
0

, such a strategy has a drawback for reactor operation, however, as negative values of

E

r

tend to hinder the exhaust of helium ash, and this will become intolerable if it results in excessive fuel dilution. Theoretically, one can show that the neoclassical transport of low-Z impurities depends critically on the ratio

L

11

e

/

L

11

i

, where the

L

11

σ

are the neoclassical particle diffusion coefficients of the bulk-plasma electrons (

σ
=
e

) and ions (

σ
=
i

). Increasing the value of this ratio is shown here to counteract impurity retention, but maintaining good confinement of the bulk species requires this to be achieved by decreasing

L

11

i

rather than increasing

L

11

e

, implying the need for more than just minimization of

ϵ

eff

in reactor design. To assess the prospects of such an endeavor, a predictive 1-D transport code is used here to determine the range of

L

11

e

/

L

11

i

values which arises in simulations of conventionally optimized reactor candidates. This range is found to be considerable, and includes examples with

L

11

e

/

L

11

i

values large enough to provide neoclassical temperature screening of the helium ash and even to flip the sign of the neoclassical convective velocity from inward- to outward-directed. More intriguingly, the strong reduction of

L

11

i

in such cases can also lead to the appearance of

E

r

>
0

(a so-called ‘electron root’) within the core of plasmas having central densities as large as

2
×

10

20

m−3. Having

E

r

>
0

in the plasma core produces the ideal situation in which all thermodynamic forces aid in the exhaust of helium ash, although this benefit is tempered by the small values of

L

11

z

which accompany an electron root (where

σ
=
z

denotes helium ash). Means are discussed for improving the results presented here, so that avoiding helium-ash retention can be explicitly targeted in future reactor optimizations.
Precise analytical approximations of the eigenvalues of the decatic anharmonic potential
Authors: Veliz M. T. , Martín P. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Precise analytical approximations have been determined for the eigenvalues of the ground state of the decatic anharmonic potential x
2 + λx
10 in the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation. The results have been found using the technique multipoint quasi-rational approximation (MPQA). With the new method, power and asymptotic expansions have been determined. The analytic function here obtained is derived connecting both expansions. The maximum relative error of the best analytical approximation here determined is 0.04. However, most of the relative errors for other values of λ, are smaller than 1% (less than 0.01).
Numerical analysis of the Vlasov equation preliminary results
Authors: Angel Nicolás , Calderón Francisco A. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
We numerically solve a Vlasov equation in two dimensions using the semi-Lagrangian method with a bi-linear interpolation before each advection. We apply this method to a particular case of systems with long-range interactions and two-stream instability. We use the initial conditions as a Maxwellian distribution with perturbations to explore the evolution through the quasi-stationary states to the stability. We analyze this evolution through the electron density, potential, and electric field, where we find the damped oscillations of the two-stream instability. We also explore the behavior of the mainstream affected by the perturbation stream by using the phase space added to the distribution function graphic.
Nonlinear Vlasov and Fokker-Planck Dynamics in Confined Systems with Drag: A Numerical Study
Authors: Atenas Boris , Curilef Sergio , Plastino Angel R. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
We explore numerically the behavior of a one-dimensional many-body system consisting of particles that interact through short range repulsive forces, and are also under the effects of drag forces, and of an external confining potential. The statistical dynamics of systems of this kind exhibits interesting links with the thermostatistical formalism based on the Sq
non-additive entropies. In the regime of overdamped motion, these systems admit an effective description in terms of a non-linear Fokker-Planck equation. When the overdamped condition is relaxed, and inertial effects are explicitly taken into account, the system can be described by a Vlasov-like effective mean field dynamics. The Vlasov-like description of this type of systems has been recently investigated in the literature from an analytical point of view. In the present contribution we explore the behaviour of these system numerically, through direct molecular dynamics simulations. We consider examples of systems with four different short range repulsive forces, with a dependence on distance given by exponential, Heaviside, Lorentzian, and Bessel functions. The results of our numerical simulations are fully consistent with the predictions derived from the Vlasov-like mean field description. In particular, we verify that, in the asymptotic limit of large times, the system evolves towards a state exhibiting a spatial distribution of particles that coincides with the stationary solution of an appropriate nonlinear Fokker-Planck equation. This limit spatial distribution has the form of a q-Gaussian.
On the Formation of a Quasi-stationary Non-Traveling cluster in the Attractive Hamiltonian Mean-Field Model
Authors: Rivera Danilo M. , Navarro Roberto E. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Long-range interacting systems usually exhibit quasi-stationary states that deviate from thermal equilibrium over extended periods of time. In particular, in the attractive Hamiltonian mean-field (HMF) model, one of these states is characterized by traveling clusters of particles in the phase-space, generated by the resonance with two counter-propagating density waves. Here, we report the existence of a third, non-traveling cluster, and we explain its formation by the existence of a stationary wave in the system which is generated as a product of a linear superposition of the other two counter-propagating waves.
Filling phenomena in microfluidics and front microrheology of biological fluids
Authors: Pinto-Pino Agatha , Trejo-Soto Claudia 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In this work we present a method, based on the functioning of microrheometry, which is capable to determine the viscosity of a fluid using the fluid-air interface dynamics driven by hydrostatic pressure, inside a rectangular microchannel. First, we worked at a constant velocity regime, where the viscosity of four Newtonian fluids were characterised: water, ethylene-glycol, 50% glycerol and blood plasma. Then, we applied this method to blood samples of 45% and 35% haematocrit, at the same velocity regime and we were capable to calculate the viscosity of these samples. Moreover the method was able to distinguish blood concentrations with different haematocrits.
Geometric analysis and design of circular form tools
Authors: Bodzás Sándor , Szanyi Gyöngyi 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Supposing serial or quantity production of cylindrical workpieces having complex geometry the application of circular form tool is applicable. This type of cutting tool has complex geometry as a consequence the geometric and the manufacturing design take a lot of time and cost but it is economical since the cutting process is quite fast. In addition, the tool usage is feasible on conventional or CNC controlled machines and the process is independent from the workers’ facility. The tool profile is the conjugated pair of the workpiece profile. This tool geometry has high resharpening area that is advantageous comparing other form tools. The goal of this study is the manufacturing analysis and the geometric design of those tools. The geometric design process will be determined detailedly in constructional and mathematical way. After them a concrete tool generation process including CAD design will be shown.
Manufacturing design of plain milling technology of spline shaft by formed disc-type milling cutter
Authors: Bodzás Sándor 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The spline fittings are widely used in different mechanical constructions where high load transmission is required from a shaft to a spline plate or a tooth gear or other internal cylindrical element. In many cases a key joint connection can not bear the load that we want to transform. In this case the application of double key could give solution. But sometimes it does not give solution due to the high load that is why spline fitting should be used. This publication focuses for the manufacturing of the spline shaft with plain milling technology. The type of the tool is a formed disc type milling cutter. Since more splines are around the perimeter of the shaft the repetition of the milling process is needed in the function of the number of the splines. All of the manufacturing parameters will be determined that are needed for a complex technological analysis such as cutting forces, machining times, speeds, etc. The chip volume will be approximated by volume constancy since the separated chip volume is a quite complex geometric body. I will prescribe initial technological parameters and define existing shaft geometries for which I will determine the technological parameters to show and analyze the correlations between the technological parameters and the variable for each shaft.
Improvement of the energy resolution and non-proportional light response of CsI:Tl to gamma radiation using dynamic integration times
Authors: Mianowska Z. , Mianowski S. , Syntfeld-Każuch A. , Gektin A.V. , Alberts R. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The analysis of the light response of thallium-doped cesium
iodide to gamma radiation was performed on single scintillation
waveforms recorded using a digital oscilloscope. As an alternative
to classical pulse processing procedures, the use of dynamic
integration times instead of fixed shaping/integration times was
demonstrated. The dynamic integration time, changeable with the
amplitudes of the CsI:Tl scintillation pulses, allowed to optimise
the light collection with simultaneous minimization of a noise
contribution. It was shown that for low-energy γ-rays
(22 keV–60 keV), the scintillation pulses should be integrated
using shorter integration times (approximately
7 μs–14 μs), whereas for higher energies
(662 keV–835 keV), the best energy resolution was achieved with
integration times of about 28 μs–30 μs. The approach
also allowed for the registration of more proportional CsI:Tl light
responses to deposited X and gamma radiation in the energy range of
22 keV–835 keV.
High loading and sustained-release system of doxorubicin-carbon dots as nanocarriers for cancer therapeutics
Authors: Prasad Aswathy , Sekar Ram Prasad , Razana C A Mariyam , Sudhamani Smitha Devi , Das Anagha , Athipettah Jayakrishnan , Ngashangva Lightson 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Nanocarriers for drugs have been investigated for decades, yet it is still challenging to achieve sustained release from nanomaterials due to drug loading inefficiency and burst release. In this study, we developed novel functional carbon dots (CDs) and investigated the therapeutic efficacy by studying the loading efficiency and release behavior of the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). CDs were successfully synthesized using a one-step pyrolysis method with varying concentrations of citric acid (CA) and thiourea (TU). Functional groups, morphology, particle size, and zeta potential of synthesized CT-CDs and DOX loaded CT-CDs were investigated by UV–visible, Fluorescence, dynamic light scattering, Zeta Potential measurements, FTIR, and transmission electron microscopy. The zeta potential data revealed DOX loading onto CT-CDs by charge difference, i.e. −24.6 ± 0.44 mV (CT-CDs) and 20.57 ± 0.55 mV (DOX-CT-CDs). DOX was loaded on CDs with a loading efficiency of 88.67 ± 0.36%. In vitro drug release studies confirmed pH-dependent biphasic drug release, with an initial burst effect and sustained release of DOX was found to be 21.42 ± 0.28% (pH 5), 13.30 ± 0.03% (pH 7.4), and 13.95 ± 0.18% (pH 9) even after 144 h at 37 °C. The CT-CDs were non-toxic and biocompatible with L929 Fibroblasts cells. The cytotoxic effect of DOX-CT-CDs showed a concentration-dependent effect after 48 h with Glioblastoma U251 cells. Flow cytometry was used to examine the cellular uptake of CT-CDs and DOX-CT-CDs in L929 and U251 cells. It was observed that the maximum CT-CDs uptake was around 75% at the end of 24 h. This study showed that the synthesized fluorescent CT-CDs demonstrated a high drug loading capacity, pH-dependent sustained release of DOX, and high cellular uptake by mammalian cells. We believe this work provides practical and biocompatible CDs for chemotherapeutic drug delivery that can be applied to other drugs for certain therapeutic aims.
Do working forest easements work for conservation?
Authors: Thompson Jonathan R , Kalinin Alexey , Lee Lucy G , Pasquarella Valerie J , Plisinski Joshua , Sims Katharine R E 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Conservation easements are voluntary legal agreements designed to constrain land-use activities on private land to achieve conservation goals. Extensive public and private funding has been used to establish ‘working forest’ conservation easements (WFCE) that aim to protect conservation values while maintaining commercial timber production. We use variation in the timing and location of easements to estimate the impacts of WFCEs in Maine from a 33-year time-series of forest loss and harvesting. We find that WFCEs had negligible impacts on an already low rate of forest loss. Compared to matched control areas, easements decreased forest loss by 0.0004% yr−1 (95% CI: −0.0008, to −0.00003%) the equivalent of 3.17 ha yr−1 (95% C.I.: 1.6, to 6.7 ha yr−1) when scaled to the 839 142 ha of total conserved area. In contrast, WFCEs increased the rate of harvesting by 0.37% yr−1 (95% CI: 0.11%–0.63%), or 3,105 ha yr−1 (95% C.I.: 923–5,287 ha yr−1) when scaled to the conserved area. However, more recently established easements contained stricter restrictions on harvest practices and stricter easements reduced harvest by 0.66% yr−1 (95% CI: −1.03, −0.29). Our results suggest that future easements could be more effective if they were targeted to higher risk of loss areas and included additional provisions for harvest restrictions and monitoring.
Salinity challenges and adaptive strategies in salinization-affected coastal Bangladesh: Implications for agricultural sustainability and water resource management
Authors: Hossain Md Lokman , Li Jianfeng 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Salinization has become a rising global concern due to its notable effects on agriculture and freshwater resources. Coastal region of Bangladesh has been struggling with elevated levels of soil and water salinity, exacerbated by storm surges and rising sea levels. We assessed nutrient and salinity contents in agricultural and homestead lands, and the level of salinity in pond and canal water in six sub-districts in coastal Bangladesh. Finally, using household (HH) survey, focus group discussion (FGD) and key informant interview (KII), we explored the adaptive practices and challenges of salinity issues in agriculture and drinking water management. Soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents exhibited significant variations across the sub-districts, which reflect the diversity of agricultural practices and soil management strategies. However, there was no notable difference in soil salinity across the sub-districts, which underscores the commonality of soil salinity as a pressing concern. Shyamnagar (13.99 dS m−1) recorded the highest level of pond water salinity, followed by Assasuni (13.96 dS m−1), Dacope (13.91 dS m−1), Koyra (13.58 dS m−1), Morrelganj (13.33 dS m−1), and Mongla (13.19 dS m−1) sub-districts, which highlights that water salinity decreased from exposed coast to the landward areas. Respondents in HH surveys, FGDs and KIIs identified salinity as a major challenge in agriculture and drinking water. Furthermore, climate-related stresses were recognized as significant challenges impacting crop productivity. The research highlights the feasibility of rainwater harvesting, with 89%–100% of HHs harvest rainwater in HH tanks, as an effective adaptive practice for managing drinking water. The study emphasizes the positive impact of vermicompost in reducing soil salinity levels, which is demonstrated by the 43%–88% of HHs using this practice, indicating its potential as a nature-based solution to address soil salinization. The findings underscore the need for resilient agricultural systems and sustainable water management approaches to tackle these challenges.
A century of variability of heatwave-driven streamflow in melt-driven basins and implications under climate change
Authors: Anderson Sam , Chartrand Shawn 
Published: September 2024

AbstractMeltwater runoff from snow and glaciers in high mountain regions supports the water needs of hundreds of millions of people, but extreme events such as heatwaves modify the timing and magnitude of water available for downstream communities and ecosystems. The streamflow response to heatwaves depends strongly on heatwave timing and temperature, and the amount of snow and glacier ice available to melt. However, as ongoing climate change continues to alter both seasonal melt patterns and the frequency and intensity of heatwaves, it is not well understood how such streamflow responses will evolve relative to the seasonal cycle of streamflow. We address this knowledge gap by using long-term meteorological and hydrological datasets to characterize spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the streamflow sensitivity to heatwaves at six basins with >80 years of observations in Western Canada. We use years with earlier freshets and less snowfall as proxies of anticipated climate change, and apply a metric to describe how the streamflow sensitivity to heatwaves varies across years with different hydro-climatological characteristics. We find that in future proxy years relative to baseline years, nival streamflow is more sensitive to early spring heatwaves but less sensitive to late spring and summer heatwaves. Relative to baseline years, late spring heatwaves in future proxy years generate a smaller fraction of peak streamflow that is diminished as the freshet progresses. Our findings imply that future heatwave-driven peak flows in spring may be lessened by the diminished streamflow sensitivity to heatwaves in late spring, but this may be partially offset by excess melt during future heatwaves that are longer and hotter.
Climate change mitigation policy for planetary health equity? An automated content analysis of countries’ nationally determined contribution reports
Authors: Arthur Megan , Frank Nicholas , Chakma Anurug , Friel Sharon 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This study examines the extent to which national governments discuss the social determinants of planetary health equity (SDPHE) within their Nationally Determined Contribution reports (NDCs) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. This is assessed relative to the frequency of discussion of economic factors and health outcomes, and how this varies between countries based on political, economic, and environmental factors. Using natural language processing, a dictionary-based automated content analysis was conducted of the frequency of terms within these reports. Correlation analyses examined the relationship between the frequency of dictionary categories and political, economic, and environmental variables to ascertain the role of contextual factors. Overall, NDCs were found to feature a greater proportion of economic language compared to health outcome and SDPHE terms. Among the SDPHE, equity- and gender-related terms occurred most frequently. Correlations were identified primarily among high-income countries, that suggest moderate positive associations between levels of CO2 emissions per capita and per dollar of gross domestic product and the use of economic terms, and a negative association of economic language with levels of democracy. Democracy was also positively associated with language related to social norms such as equity and justice, indicating potential scope for impact through democratic pressures. The relatively frequent use of economic frames in NDCs suggests that economic issues may receive more attention compared to the SDPHE. This analysis identifies potential enabling and constraining country-level factors for greater attention to the SDPHE in NDCs and more progressive climate change mitigation policymaking.