bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shifts in diversity and function of lake bacterial communities upon glacier retreat
Authors: Peter Hannes , Sommaruga Ruben 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Global climate change is causing a wastage of glaciers and threatening biodiversity in glacier-fed ecosystems. The high turbidity typically found in those ecosystems, which is caused by inorganic particles and result of the erosive activity of glaciers is a key environmental factor influencing temperature and light availability, as well as other factors in the water column. Once these lakes loose hydrological connectivity to glaciers and turn clear, the accompanying environmental changes could represent a potential bottleneck for the established local diversity with yet unknown functional consequences. Here, we study three lakes situated along a turbidity gradient as well as one clear unconnected lake and evaluate seasonal changes in their bacterial community composition and diversity. Further, we assess potential consequences for community functioning. Glacier runoff represented a diverse source community for the lakes and several taxa were able to colonize downstream turbid habitats, although they were not found in the clear lake. Operational taxonomic unit-based alpha diversity and phylogenetic diversity decreased along the turbidity gradient, but metabolic functional diversity was negatively related to turbidity. No evidence for multifunctional redundancy, which may allow communities to maintain functioning upon alterations in diversity, was found. Our study gives a first view on how glacier-fed lake bacterial communities are affected by the melting of glaciers and indicates that diversity and community composition significantly change when hydrological connectivity to the glacier is lost and lakes turn clear.
Peat: home to novel syntrophic species that feed acetate- and hydrogen-scavenging methanogens
Authors: Schmidt Oliver , Hink Linda , Horn Marcus A , Drake Harold L 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Syntrophic bacteria drive the anaerobic degradation of certain fermentation products (e.g., butyrate, ethanol, propionate) to intermediary substrates (e.g., H2, formate, acetate) that yield methane at the ecosystem level. However, little is known about the in situ activities and identities of these syntrophs in peatlands, ecosystems that produce significant quantities of methane. The consumption of butyrate, ethanol or propionate by anoxic peat slurries at 5 and 15 °C yielded methane and CO2 as the sole accumulating products, indicating that the intermediates H2, formate and acetate were scavenged effectively by syntrophic methanogenic consortia. 16S rRNA stable isotope probing identified novel species/strains of Pelobacter and Syntrophomonas that syntrophically oxidized ethanol and butyrate, respectively. Propionate was syntrophically oxidized by novel species of Syntrophobacter and Smithella, genera that use different propionate-oxidizing pathways. Taxa not known for a syntrophic metabolism may have been involved in the oxidation of butyrate (Telmatospirillum-related) and propionate (unclassified Bacteroidetes and unclassified Fibrobacteres). Gibbs free energies (ΔGs) for syntrophic oxidations of ethanol and butyrate were more favorable than ΔGs for syntrophic oxidation of propionate. As a result of the thermodynamic constraints, acetate transiently accumulated in ethanol and butyrate treatments but not in propionate treatments. Aceticlastic methanogens (Methanosarcina, Methanosaeta) appeared to outnumber hydrogenotrophic methanogens (Methanocella, Methanoregula), reinforcing the likely importance of aceticlastic methanogenesis to the overall production of methane. ΔGs for acetogenesis from H2 to CO2 approximated to −20 kJ mol−1 when acetate concentrations were low, indicating that acetogens may have contributed to the flow of carbon and reductant towards methane.
Geographic patterns of co-occurrence network topological features for soil microbiota at continental scale in eastern China
Authors: Ma Bin , Wang Haizhen , Dsouza Melissa , Lou Jun , He Yan , Dai Zhongmin , Brookes Philip C , Xu Jianming , Gilbert Jack A 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Soil microbiota play a critical role in soil biogeochemical processes and have a profound effect on soil functions. Recent studies have revealed microbial co-occurrence patterns in soil microbial communities, yet the geographic pattern of topological features in soil microbial co-occurrence networks at the continental scale are largely unknown. Here, we investigated the shifts of topological features in co-occurrence networks inferred from soil microbiota along a continental scale in eastern China. Integrating archaeal, bacterial and fungal community datasets, we inferred a meta-community co-occurrence network and analyzed node-level and network-level topological shifts associated with five climatic regions. Both node-level and network-level topological features revealed geographic patterns wherein microorganisms in the northern regions had closer relationships but had a lower interaction influence than those in the southern regions. We further identified topological differences associated with taxonomic groups and demonstrated that co-occurrence patterns were random for archaea and non-random for bacteria and fungi. Given that microbial interactions may contribute to soil functions more than species diversity, this geographic shift of topological features provides new insight into studying microbial biogeographic patterns, their organization and impacts on soil-associated function.
Enzymatic changes in myosin regulatory proteins may explain vasoplegia in terminally ill patients with sepsis
Authors: Zheng Wentao , Kou Yong , Gao Feng-lan , Ouyang Xiu-he 
Published: January 2016

The current study was conducted with the hypothesis that failure of maintenance of the vascular tone may be central to failure of the peripheral circulation and spiralling down of blood pressure in sepsis. Namely, we examined the balance between expression of myosin light chain (MLC) phosphatase and kinase, enzymes that regulate MLCs dephosphorylation and phosphorylation with a direct effect on pharmacomechanical coupling for smooth muscle relaxation and contraction respectively. Mechanical recordings and enzyme immunoassays of vascular smooth muscle lysates were used as the major methods to examine arterial biopsy samples from terminally ill sepsis patients. The results of the present study provide evidence that genomic alteration of expression of key regulatory proteins in vascular smooth muscles may be responsible for the relentless downhill course in sepsis. Down-regulation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and up-regulation of MLCK may explain the loss of tone and failure to mount contractile response in vivo during circulation. The mechanical studies demonstrated the inability of the arteries to develop tone when stimulated by phenylephrine in vitro. The results of our study provide indirect hint that control of inflammation is a major therapeutic approach in sepsis, and may facilitate to ameliorate the progressive cardiovascular collapse.
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid analogue mitigates kidney injury in a rat model of radiation nephropathy
Authors: Khan Md. Abdul Hye , Fish Brian , Wahl Geneva , Sharma Amit , Falck John R. , Paudyal Mahesh P. , Moulder John E. , Imig John D. , Cohen Eric P. 
Published: January 2016

Arachidonic acid is metabolized to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) by CYP epoxygenases, and EETs are kidney protective in multiple pathologies. We determined the ability of an EET analogue, EET-A, to mitigate experimental radiation nephropathy. The kidney expression of the EET producing enzyme CYP2C11 was lower in rats that received total body irradiation (TBI rat) compared with non-irradiated control. At 12 weeks after TBI, the rats had higher systolic blood pressure and impaired renal afferent arteriolar function compared with control, and EET-A or captopril mitigated these abnormalities. The TBI rats had 3-fold higher blood urea nitrogen (BUN) compared with control, and EET-A or captopril decreased BUN by 40–60%. The urine albumin/creatinine ratio was increased 94-fold in TBI rats, and EET-A or captopril attenuated that increase by 60–90%. In TBI rats, nephrinuria was elevated 30-fold and EET-A or captopril decreased it by 50–90%. Renal interstitial fibrosis, tubular and glomerular injury were present in the TBI rats, and each was decreased by EET-A or captopril. We further demonstrated elevated renal parenchymal apoptosis in TBI rats, which was mitigated by EET-A or captopril. Additional studies revealed that captopril or EET-A mitigated renal apoptosis by acting on the p53/Fas/FasL (Fas ligand) apoptotic pathway. The present study demonstrates a novel EET analogue-based strategy for mitigation of experimental radiation nephropathy by improving renal afferent arteriolar function and by decreasing renal apoptosis.
Workfare Revisited
Authors: Paz-Fuchs Amir , Eleveld Anja 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
This paper explores and problematizes the exclusion of workfare participants from the scope of employment legislation, offering an opportunity to revisit the scope of the labour protection. As the UK and the Netherlands have been at the forefront of the European activation turn that catalysed the introduction of workfare programmes in European welfare states, the first part of the paper maps the employment protection of workfare participants in these two countries. In the second part of the paper we critically assess the reasons why employment status or, at least, employment protection regardless of status, is not granted to workfare participants and to other persons who are fulfilling financial non-rewarding (at least for the worker herself) ‘work’, such as volunteer workers or persons who have been found guilty of an offence and are sentenced to community service. On the basis of our analysis we suggest to expand labour protection to workfare participants, with or without granting them worker status.
Cosmic flows and the expansion of the local Universe from non-linear phase–space reconstructions
Authors: Heß Steffen , Kitaura Francisco-Shu 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn this work, we investigate the impact of cosmic flows and density perturbations on Hubble constant H0 measurements using non-linear phase–space reconstructions of the Local Universe (LU). In particular, we rely on a set of 25 precise constrained N-body simulations based on Bayesian initial conditions reconstructions of the LU using the Two-Micron Redshift Survey galaxy sample within distances of about 90  h−1 Mpc. These have been randomly extended up to volumes enclosing distances of 360  h−1 Mpc with augmented Lagrangian perturbation theory (750 simulations in total), accounting in this way for gravitational mode coupling from larger scales, correcting for periodic boundary effects, and estimating systematics of missing attractors (σlarge = 134  s−1 km). We report on Local Group (LG) speed reconstructions, which for the first time are compatible with those derived from cosmic microwave background-dipole measurements: |vLG| = 685 ± 137  s−1 km. The direction (l, b) = (260$_{.}^{\circ}$5 ± 13$_{.}^{\circ}$3, 39$_{.}^{\circ}$1 ± 10$_{.}^{\circ}$4) is found to be compatible with the observations after considering the variance of large scales. Considering this effect of large scales, our local bulk flow estimations assuming a Λ cold dark matter model are compatible with the most recent estimates based on velocity data derived from the Tully–Fisher relation. We focus on low-redshift supernova measurements out to 0.01 &lt; z &lt; 0.025, which have been found to disagree with probes at larger distances. Our analysis indicates that there are two effects related to cosmic variance contributing to this tension. The first one is caused by the anisotropic distribution of supernovae, which aligns with the velocity dipole and hence induces a systematic boost in H0. The second one is due to the inhomogeneous matter fluctuations in the LU. In particular, a divergent region surrounding the Virgo Supercluster is responsible for an additional positive bias in H0. Taking these effects into account yields a correction of ΔH0 = -1.76 ± 0.21  s− 1 km Mpc− 1, thereby reducing the tension between local probes and more distant probes. Effectively H0 is lower by about 2 per cent.
CO(J = 3–2) on-the-fly mapping of the nearby spiral galaxies NGC 628 and NGC 7793: Spatially resolved CO(J = 3–2) star-formation law
Authors: Muraoka Kazuyuki , Takeda Miho , Yanagitani Kazuki , Kaneko Hiroyuki , Nakanishi Kouichiro , Kuno Nario , Sorai Kazuo , Tosaki Tomoka , Kohno Kotaro 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
We present the results of CO(J = 3–2) on-the-fly mappings of two nearby non-barred spiral galaxies, NGC 628 and NGC 7793, with the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment at an effective angular resolution of 25″. We successfully obtained global distributions of CO(J = 3–2) emission over the entire disks at a sub-kpc resolution for both galaxies. We examined the spatially resolved (sub-kpc) relationship between CO(J = 3–2) luminosities ($L^{\prime }_{\rm CO(3-2)}$) and infrared (IR) luminosities (LIR) for NGC 628, NGC 7793, and M 83, and compared it with global luminosities of a JCMT (James Clerk Maxwell Telescope) Nearby Galaxy Legacy Survey sample. We found a striking linear $L^{\prime }_{\rm CO(3-2)}$–LIR correlation over the four orders of magnitude, and the correlation is consistent even with that for ultraluminous IR galaxies and submillimeter-selected galaxies. In addition, we examined the spatially resolved relationship between CO(J = 3–2) intensities (ICO(3–2)) and extinction-corrected star formation rates (SFRs) for NGC 628, NGC 7793, and M 83, and compared it with that for Giant Molecular Clouds in M 33 and 14 nearby galaxy centers. We found a linear ICO(3–2)–SFR correlation with ∼1 dex scatter. We conclude that the CO(J = 3–2) star-formation law (i.e., linear $L^{\prime }_{\rm CO(3-2)}$–LIR and ICO(3–2)–SFR correlations) is universally applicable to various types and spatial scales of galaxies; from spatially resolved nearby galaxy disks to distant IR-luminous galaxies, within ∼1 dex scatter.
Inferior Vena Cava Ultrasonography before General Anesthesia Can Predict Hypotension after Induction
Authors: Zhang Jie , Critchley Lester Augustus Hall 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAbstract
The authors have shown that preoperative ultrasound of the inferior vena cava can be used to predict significant hypotension after anesthetic induction. The findings expand the potential clinical utility of ultrasound in the perioperative period.

Background
Hypotension is a common side effect of general anesthesia induction, and when severe, it is related to adverse outcomes. Ultrasonography of inferior vena cava (IVC) is a reliable indicator of intravascular volume status. This study investigated whether preoperative ultrasound IVC measurements could predict hypotension after induction of anesthesia.

Methods
One hundred four adult patients, conforming to American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I to III, scheduled for elective surgery after general anesthesia were recruited. Maximum IVC diameter (dIVCmax) and collapsibility index (CI) were measured preoperatively. Before induction, mean blood pressure (MBP) was recorded. After induction, MBP was recorded for 10 min after intubation. Hypotension was defined as greater than 30% decrease in MBP from baseline or MBP less than 60 mmHg. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis with gray zone approach and regression analyses were used.

Results
IVC scanning was unsuccessful in 13.5% of patients. Data from 90 patients were analyzed. After induction, 42 patients developed hypotension. Areas (95% confidence interval) under the curves were 0.90 (0.82 to 0.95) for CI and 0.76 (0.66 to 0.84) for dIVCmax. The optimal cutoff values were 43% for CI and 1.8 cm for dIVCmax. The gray zone for CI was 38 to 43% and included 12% of patients and that for dIVCmax was 1.5 to 2.1 cm and included 59% of patients. After adjusting for other factors, it was found that CI was an independent predictor of hypotension with the odds ratio of 1.17 (1.09 to 1.26). CI was also positively associated with a percentage decrease in MBP (regression coefficient = 0.27).

Conclusions
Preoperative ultrasound IVC CI measurement was a reliable predictor of hypotension after induction of general anesthesia, wherein CI greater than 43% was the threshold.
Anesthetic Care for Orthopedic Patients
Authors: Memtsoudis Stavros G. , Poeran Jashvant , Zubizarreta Nicole , Rasul Rehana , Opperer Mathias , Mazumdar Madhu 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAbstract
In a review of more than 1 million hip and knee arthroplasty procedures in the Premier Perspective database, use of neuraxial anesthesia was considerably less (odds ratio [OR], 0.35) in teaching versus nonteaching hospitals and moderately less for black patients (OR, 0.88), those on Medicaid (OR, 0.78), and those without insurance (OR, 0.89).

Background
Differences in health care represent a major health policy issue. Despite increasing evidence on the mediating role of anesthesia type used for surgery on perioperative outcome, there is a lack of data on potential care differences in this field. The authors aimed to determine whether anesthesia practice (use of neuraxial anesthesia [NA] or peripheral nerve block [PNB]) differs by patient and hospital factors.

Methods
The authors extracted data on n = 1,062,152 hip and knee arthroplasty procedures from the Premier Perspective database (2006 to 2013). Multilevel multivariable logistic regression models measured associations (odds ratios [ORs] and 95% CIs) between patient/hospital factors and NA or PNB use.

Results
Of all patients, 22.2% (n = 236,083) received NA and 17.9% (n = 189,732) received PNB. Lower adjusted odds for receiving NA were seen for black patients (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.86 to 0.91) and those on Medicaid (OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.74 to 0.82) or without insurance (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.81 to 0.98). Furthermore, teaching hospitals (compared with nonteaching hospitals) had lower adjusted odds for NA utilization (OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.89). Although generally similar patterns were seen for PNB utilization, the main difference was that particularly Hispanic patients were less likely to receive PNB compared with white patients (OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.65). Sensitivity analyses generally validated our results.

Conclusions
Significant differences exist in the provision of regional anesthetic care with factors such as race and insurance type being important determinants of anesthetic practice. Further and in-depth research is needed to fully assess the background of these differences.
Aggressive Extraocular Sebaceous Carcinoma of the Scalp Involving the Brain in a Patient With Muir–Torre Syndrome
Authors: Hadravsky Ladislav , Kazakov Dmitry V. , Stehlik Jan , Michal Michal , Curik Romuald , Krupa Petr , Skalova Alena , Kacerovska Denisa 
Published: January 2016

Abstract:
This article reports an unusual case of aggressive extraocular sebaceous carcinoma located on the scalp with subsequent usurpation of the bone and penetrating through the bone and meninges to the brain in a 56-year-old man affected by Muir–Torre syndrome. Microscopically, the sebaceous neoplasm was located in the middle to deep dermis without any connection to the epidermis and showed a multinodular growth with neoplastic nodules with a central comedo-type necrosis separated from each other by fibrovascular stroma. The nodules were composed of varying proportions of mature sebaceous cells and atypical basaloid cells with high degree of atypia, including high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear pleomorphism, macronucleoli, atypical mitoses, and necrosis. The neoplasm was totally removed. Histopathological examinations of the recurrent lesion showed identical morphological features and, in addition, signs of the tumors growing through the periosteum were noted. In the final excision specimen, both the dura mater and the brain tissue were infiltrated by the sebaceous carcinoma. The diagnosis of Muir–Torre syndrome was confirmed by molecular genetic investigation that revealed an identical germline mutation in MSH2 gene in several family members, some of whom had colorectal tumors.
Neuropathic pain: an updated grading system for research and clinical practice
Authors: Finnerup Nanna B. , Haroutounian Simon , Kamerman Peter , Baron Ralf , Bennett David L.H. , Bouhassira Didier , Cruccu Giorgio , Freeman Roy , Hansson Per , Nurmikko Turo , Raja Srinivasa N. , Rice Andrew S.C. , Serra Jordi , Smith Blair H. , Treede Rolf-Detlef , Jensen Troels S. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The redefinition of neuropathic pain as “pain arising as a direct consequence of a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system,” which was suggested by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) Special Interest Group on Neuropathic Pain (NeuPSIG) in 2008, has been widely accepted. In contrast, the proposed grading system of possible, probable, and definite neuropathic pain from 2008 has been used to a lesser extent. Here, we report a citation analysis of the original NeuPSIG grading paper of 2008, followed by an analysis of its use by an expert panel and recommendations for an improved grading system. As of February, 2015, 608 eligible articles in Scopus cited the paper, 414 of which cited the neuropathic pain definition. Of 220 clinical studies citing the paper, 56 had used the grading system. The percentage using the grading system increased from 5% in 2009 to 30% in 2014. Obstacles to a wider use of the grading system were identified, including (1) questions about the relative significance of confirmatory tests, (2) the role of screening tools, and (3) uncertainties about what is considered a neuroanatomically plausible pain distribution. Here, we present a revised grading system with an adjusted order, better reflecting clinical practice, improvements in the specifications, and a word of caution that even the “definite” level of neuropathic pain does not always indicate causality. In addition, we add a table illustrating the area of pain and sensory abnormalities in common neuropathic pain conditions and propose areas for further research.