bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptive sliding mode control for a class of Caputo type fractional‐order interval systems with perturbation
Authors: Guo Yuxiang , Ma Baoli , Chen Liping , Wu Ranchao 
Published: September 2016

This study is concerned with the stabilisation problem for a class of Caputo type fractional‐order interval systems with perturbation. Employing Riemann–Liouville fractional integral sliding surface, a novel robust sliding mode control law is established to drive the dynamics of the system to the manifold s =0 in finite time. Based on linear matrix inequality criterions and stability theorems, the closed‐loop system will asymptotically converge to the origin as time progresses. Meanwhile, the unknown perturbation is well adjusted on‐line by the designed adaptive law. Furthermore, a new reaching law is introduced to reduce the chattering which is caused by the discontinuity of the switching function, and to improve the robustness and the stability of system. Besides, some results about the control and stabilisation of fractional‐order interval systems are illustrated in this study; several comparisons with the related works are given to reveal the potential advantages of the proposed controller over the previous results. Finally, an example with numerical simulations is provided to show the validity and feasibility of the proposed method.
Green and blue water demand from large-scale land acquisitions in Africa
Authors: Johansson Emma Li , Fader Marianela , Seaquist Jonathan W. , Nicholas Kimberly A. 
Published: September 2016

Significance
Freshwater appropriation can have vast impacts, depending on management and scale of water use. Since 2000, foreign investors have contracted an area the size of the United Kingdom in Africa, leading to increased pressure on water resources. Here we couple site-specific water demand for the crops planted there to the efficiency of different irrigation systems, while relating these estimates to local water availability. This approach enables us to identify “hotspot” areas of freshwater use where crops demand more water from irrigation than can be supplied by soil moisture, where the potential water demands from large-scale land acquisitions pose a risk for increased competition over water resources. Of these land acquisitions, 18% would be hotspots even with the most efficient irrigation system implemented.
Laquinimod arrests experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor
Authors: Kaye Joel , Piryatinsky Victor , Birnberg Tal , Hingaly Tal , Raymond Emanuel , Kashi Rina , Amit-Romach Einat , Caballero Ignacio S. , Towfic Fadi , Ator Mark A. , Rubinstein Efrat , Laifenfeld Daphna , Orbach Aric , Shinar Doron , Marantz Yael , Grossman Iris , Knappertz Volker , Hayden Michael R. , Laufer Ralph 
Published: September 2016

Significance
Laquinimod is an oral drug currently being evaluated for the treatment of relapsing, remitting, and primary progressive multiple sclerosis as well as Huntington’s disease. It is thought that laquinimod has a primary effect on the peripheral innate immune system and also acts directly on resident cells within the CNS. However, the exact mechanism of action of laquinimod has not been fully elucidated. We investigated gene expression in laquinimod-treated mice and show induction of genes downstream to activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). In this paper, we examine the role of the AhR in laquinimod treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and demonstrate that AhR is the molecular target of laquinimod in this model.
Testosterone causes both prosocial and antisocial status-enhancing behaviors in human males
Authors: Dreher Jean-Claude , Dunne Simon , Pazderska Agnieszka , Frodl Thomas , Nolan John J. , O’Doherty John P. 
Published: September 2016

SignificanceAlthough in several species of bird and animal, testosterone increases male–male aggression, in human males, it has been suggested to instead promote both aggressive and nonaggressive behaviors that enhance social status. However, causal evidence distinguishing these accounts is lacking. Here, we tested between these hypotheses in men injected with testosterone or placebo in a double-blind, randomized design. Participants played a modified Ultimatum Game, which included the opportunity to punish or reward the other player. Administration of testosterone caused increased punishment of the other player but also, increased reward of larger offers. These findings show that testosterone can cause prosocial behavior in males and provide causal evidence for the social status hypothesis in men.
Statecraft and expansionary dynamics: A Virú outpost at Huaca Prieta, Chicama Valley, Peru
Authors: Millaire Jean-François , Prieto Gabriel , Surette Flannery , Redmond Elsa M. , Spencer Charles S. 
Published: September 2016

SignificanceCross-cultural analyses of early statecraft suggest that territorial expansion was an integral part of the process of primary state formation, closely associated with the delegation of authority to subordinate administrators and the construction of core outposts of the state in foreign territories. Understood as instruments of territorial expansion that were closely tied to historical processes, such outposts offer important viewpoints on the evolutionary trajectories of specific early states and also on the nature and extent of the foreign policy of archaic states in general.
The communicative relevance of auditory nuisance
Authors: Pongrácz Péter , Czinege Nikolett , Haynes Thaissa Menezes Pavan , Tokumaru Rosana Suemi , Miklósi Ádám , Faragó Tamás 
Published: September 2016

AbstractExcessive dog barking is among the leading sources of noise pollution world-wide; however, the reasons for the annoyance of barking to people remained uninvestigated. Our questions were: is the annoyance rating affected by the acoustic parameters of barks; does the attributed inner state of the dog and the nuisance caused by its barks correlate; does the gender and country of origin affect the subjects’ sensitivity to barking. Participants from Hungary (N = 100) and Brazil (N = 60) were tested with sets of 27 artificial bark sequences. Subjects rated each bark according to the inner state of the dog and the annoyance caused by the particular bark. Subjects from both countries found high-pitched barks the most annoying: however, harsh, fast-pulsing, low-pitched barks were also unpleasant. Men found high-pitched barks more annoying than the women did. Annoyance ratings showed positive correlation with assumed negative inner states of the dog, positive emotional ratings showed negative correlation with the annoyance level. This is the first indication that acoustic features that were selected for effective vocal signalling may be annoying for human listeners. Among the explanations for this effect the role of affective communication and similar bioacoustics of particular animal vocalizations and baby cries are discussed.
Voice features of telephone operators predict auditory preferences of consumers
Authors: André Vanessa , Petr Christine , André Nicolas , Hausberger Martine , Lemasson Alban 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
What makes a human voice agreeable is a matter of scientific discussion. Whereas prosody was shown to play a role regarding “male-female” attraction, the impact of frequency modulations in “non-sexual”, notably commercial, contexts has attracted little attention. Another point unaddressed in the literature is auditory sensitivity to short-term frequency modulations as current studies focus more on sentence. Thirty French female operators were recorded over the phone. All “bonjour” greeting words were classified in terms of frequency modulation linearity and orientation at the syllable and word levels. Then, the different voices were played back to students and seniors who had to rate each voice according to their degree of agreeableness. Listeners preferred non-monotonous voices. Differences between age-classes were greater than between sex-classes. Results suggest that short-term frequency changes are important for auditory evaluation of voice agreeableness. This study opens new research perspectives concerning the importance of prosody during consumer-seller interactions.
Language-at all times
Authors: Nomikou Iris , Schilling Malte , Heller Vivien , Rohlfing Katharina. J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis article discusses the importance of social interaction for the development of the representations for symbolic communication. We suggest that there is no need to distinguish between different representational systems emerging at different stages of development. Instead, we propose that representations are rich right from the beginning of a child’s life, and that they are driven mainly by acting and interacting in the physical and social world. The more variety in a child’s interactional experience (i.e., synchrony, sequentiality, and prediction), the more enriched and abstracted the representations become. We review literature providing evidence for the ways in which infants’ development toward symbolic communication benefits from repeated social (inter)action and consider some implications for computational approaches.
RNA silencing approaches for identifying pathogenicity and virulence elements towards engineering crop resistance to plant pathogenic fungi.
Authors: Vinay Panwar Vinay Panwar , McCallum B. , Jordan M. , Loewen M. , Fobert P. , McCartney C. , Bakkeren G. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Over the past several years, RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a powerful genetic tool that is being exploited not only in fundamental research for the assessment of gene functions, but also in various fields of applied research in medicine and agriculture. In plants, RNAi strategies have the potential to allow manipulation of various aspects of food quality and nutritional content, but also for plant protection. In the study of plant-fungus interactions, a comprehensive understanding of pathogenic mechanisms based on information from genome sequences demands advanced genomics tools and infrastructure. In order to make use of the plethora of information yielded by the rapidly increasing fungal pathogen genome sequencing studies, there is a growing need to achieve gene function assessment amenable to high-throughput techniques. Targeted gene disruption is effective but may not be feasible in certain fungi because of lack of transformation protocols or their life styles. RNAi techniques offer an alternative but, in contrast to other biological systems, only few studies have reported the use of RNAi to explore gene function in plant pathogenic fungi. In this review, we summarize a variety of options using RNAi techniques that have become available to study gene function for high-throughput phenotypic screening of virulence and pathogenicity factors in plant fungi. The identification of such genes can be exploited for the protection of crops against fungal pathogens.
Abundance Estimate for and Habitat Use by Early Juvenile Atlantic Sturgeon within the Delaware River Estuary
Authors: Hale Edward A. , Park Ian A. , Fisher Matthew T. , Wong Richard A. , Stangl Michael J. , Clark John H. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe Atlantic Sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus historically supported a significant commercial fishery along the eastern coast of North America. However, overfishing led to substantial population declines with contributions from other anthropogenic impacts, including vessel strikes and contaminants that continue to impede recovery. Our work is the first to estimate the abundance of early juvenile (age 0–1), resident Atlantic Sturgeon in the Delaware River estuary. Using the Schumacher and Eschmeyer mark–recapture estimator for multiple censuses, we estimated 3,656 (95% CI = 1,935–33,041) individuals used the Delaware River estuary as a nursery in 2014. We found no significant change in mean length during the course of our study (November–December), and lengths of age 0–1 Atlantic Sturgeon ranged from 220 to 515 mm TL. Further, using a passive acoustic receiver array, we identified significant habitat areas where age‐0–1 juveniles spend considerable amounts of time; this included the Marcus Hook area and some habitat use downriver and upriver of Marcus Hook at Cherry Island and the Chester Range. Our results support the idea that a spawning population of Atlantic Sturgeon exists in the Delaware River and that some level of early juvenile recruitment is continuing to persist despite current depressed population levels. Understanding trends in abundance, habitat use, and other population metrics for natal river Atlantic Sturgeon will allow for better conservation and management of the species.Received March 24, 2016; accepted July 10, 2016Published online September 26, 2016
A new NAD+-dependent glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase obtained by rational design of l-lactaldehyde dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli
Authors: Wu Xing , Xu Lin , Yan Ming 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
NAD + -dependent glyceraldehyde dehydrogenases usually had lower activity in the nonphosphorylated Entner–Doudoroff (nED) pathway. In the present study, a new NAD + -dependent glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase was engineered from l-lactaldehyde dehydrogenase of E. coli (EC: 1.2.1.22). Through comparison of the sequence alignment and the active center model, we found that a residue N286 of l-lactaldehyde dehydrogenase contributed an important structure role to substrate identification. By free energy calculation, three mutations (N286E, N286H, N286T) were chosen to investigate the change of substrate specificity of the enzyme. All mutants were able to oxidate glyceraldehyde. Especially, N286T showed the highest activity of 1.1U/mg, which was 5-fold higher than the reported NAD + -dependent glyceraldehyde dehydrogenases, and 70% activity was retained at 55 °C after an hour. Compared to l-lactaldehyde, N286T had a one-third lower Km value to glyceraldehyde.
The effects on plasma L-arginine levels of combined oral L-citrulline and L-arginine supplementation in healthy males
Authors: Suzuki Takashi , Morita Masahiko , Hayashi Toshio , Kamimura Ayako 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
We investigated the effects of combining 1 g of l-citrulline and 1 g of l-arginine as oral supplementation on plasma l-arginine levels in healthy males. Oral l-citrulline plus l-arginine supplementation more efficiently increased plasma l-arginine levels than 2 g of l-citrulline or l-arginine, suggesting that oral l-citrulline and l-arginine increase plasma l-arginine levels more effectively in humans when combined.
Micro turbine engines for drones propulsion
Authors: Dutczak J 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Development of micro turbine engines began from attempts of application of that propulsion source by group of enthusiasts of aviation model making. Nowadays, the domain of micro turbojet engines is treated on a par with “full size” aviation constructions. The dynamic development of these engines is caused not only by aviation modellers, but also by use of micro turbojet engines by army to propulsion of contemporary drones, i.e. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) or Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). On the base of selected examples the state of art in the mentioned group of engines has been presented in the article.
The Competition Law and Institutions of the European Union
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This chapter sketches the history and functions of the EU and its institutions in order to set the EU competition rules in context. It then discusses the competition provisions themselves and explains the way in which those rules are applied and enforced, including the ‘modernisation’ of enforcement by Regulation 1/2003 and how mergers are controlled. It discusses the position and powers of the European Commission, particularly the role of the Competition Directorate General (DG Comp); the powers of the EU Courts; the significance of fundamental rights and the general principles of EU law in competiton cases; the application of competition rules to special sectors; and the application of the EU rules to the EEA.
Introduction to Article 102 TFEU
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Article 102 TFEU deals with the unilateral conduct of undertakings with substantial market power and prohibits one or more undertakings which hold a dominant position in the internal market or a substantial part of it abusing that position insofar as it may affect inter-Member State trade. This chapter discusses the role of Article 102, the controversy attending its application, and the elements which must be established before the prohibition applies. The chapter examines the meaning of ‘one of more undertakings’, including the concept of collective dominance; the meaning of ‘within the internal market or a substantial part of it’; and the meaning of ‘affect trade between Member States’ including its application to situations where the structure of competition within the EU is threatened. The chapter also discusses the Commission’s review of Article 102 and the publication of its Guidance Paper on enforcement priorities, and the relationship between Article 102 and Article 101. The detailed examination of ‘dominant position’ and ‘abuse’ is left to Chapters 6 and 7 respectively.
Cartels and Oligopoly
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines how EU competition law applies both to undertakings operating cartels and to undertakings that tacitly coordinate their behaviour on an oligopolistic market. It starts by looking at the difference between ‘explicit’ and ‘tacit’ collusion in the light of the theory of games and the ‘prisoners’ dilemma’. The chapter then deals with cartels and other agreements that may be used to bolster cartels, or which may facilitate explicit or tacit collusion on a market. Next, it considers the problem of tacit collusion and whether, in particular, Articles 101 and 102 operate as effective mechanisms for dealing with the oligopoly problem. The chapter also considers other options that EU competition law might offer to deal with tacit collusion, either ex ante or ex post, such as the use of the concept of collective dominance and sector enquiries under Regulation 1/2003, art 17.
Vertical Agreements
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This chapter, which discusses EU competition policy towards vertical agreements, begins by outlining the choices available to a supplier when deciding how best to market and sell its products or services to customers, and the impact that the competition rules may have on a supplier's choice, including the treatment of agency agreements. It then discusses the EU approach to vertical agreements, in the light of the Commission’s Verticals Guidelines of 2010, including exclusive dealing, single branding, franchising andselective distribution agreements. It considers the importance in EU law of parallel trade between Member States and how this has influenced policy towards vertical restraints. It analyses the application of Article 101(1) and Article 101(3) to vertical agreements, including the Verticals block exemption of 2010; sub-contracting agreements; and the possible application of Article 102 to distribution agreements.
International Aspects
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines the issue of jurisdictional problems in competition law, at the ‘internationalization’ of competition law and the efforts to deal with competition issues at a global level to match the global operations of undertakings on world markets. It looks first at the question of extraterritoriality in public interntional law, particularly the concept of objective territoriality. It considers the distinction between prescriptive jurisdiction and enforcement jurisdiction and how these might apply to competition law. It then looks at the development of the effects doctrine in US law and the concept of comity, and at the position of foreign plaintiffs in US courts. It considers how the EU takes jurisdiction by the application of the single economic entity doctrine and by the development of the implementation doctrine and the qualified effects doctrine. The chapter concludes by examining how international cooperation seeks to help solve jurisdictional problems. It looks at the bilateral agreements into which the EU has entered, and the multilateral cooperation to which the EU is party, including cooperation within UNCTAD, the OECD, the WTO and the International Competition Network (ICN).
Rational design and synthesis of noble-metal nanoframes for catalytic and photonic applications
Authors: Wang Xue , Ruditskiy Aleksey , Xia Younan 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Nanoframes are unique for their 3D, highly open architecture. When made of noble metals, they are attractive for use as heterogeneous catalysts because of their large specific surface areas, high densities of catalytically active sites and low vulnerability toward sintering. They promise to enhance the catalytic activity and durability while reducing the material loading and cost. For nanoframes composed of Au and/or Ag, they also exhibit highly tunable plasmonic properties similar to those of nanorods. This article presents a brief account of recent progress in the design, synthesis and utilization of noble-metal nanoframes. We start with a discussion of the synthetic strategies, including those involving site-selected deposition and etching, as well as dealloying of both hollow and solid nanocrystals. We then highlight some of the applications enabled by noble-metal nanoframes. Finally, we discuss the challenges and trends with regard to future development.
Infant Skin Care Products
Authors: Kuller Joanne McManus 
Published: September 2016

Background:
Infant skin is susceptible to dryness and irritation from external factors, including topical skin care products not formulated for the infant's skin. This may increase the risk of contact dermatitis. Parents frequently express concern regarding potential harm from ingredients in skin care products and seek information. This is complicated by several skin care myths.

Purpose:
The purpose of this literature review was to provide evidence-based information to educate parents on the use of products for preterm and term infants.

Search Strategy:
Multiple searches using PubMed were conducted including the search terms “infant skin care,” “infant products,” “infant bath,” “emollients,” “diaper skin care,” and “diaper wipes.” Reference lists of comprehensive reviews were also scanned. Google searches were used to assess consumer information, product information, and regulatory guidelines.

Findings:
There is little scientific evidence to support safety of natural/organic products on infant skin. Raw materials originate from different sources, complicating testing and comparisons of ingredients. Research shows that cleansers formulated for infant skin do not weaken the skin barrier the way harsher soaps and detergents can. Oils with the lowest oleic acid content provide a lower risk of irritant contact dermatitis.

Implications for Practice:
Nurses must be informed about natural and organic products, preservatives, and fragrances and know the definition of commonly used marketing terms.

Implications for Research:
Decisions regarding the use of infant products in preterm and term infants should be evidence based. More research is needed to support claims regarding the safety of products used on infant skin.