bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role and Influence of Non-governmental Organisations in the Universal Periodic Review—International Context and Australian Case Study
Authors: McGaughey Fiona 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) play an important, albeit limited, role in the United Nations most recent human rights monitoring mechanism, the Universal Periodic Review (UPR). Drawing on empirical data from an Australian case study and interviews with international stakeholders, the study explores the NGO role and influence in this state-centric, peer review mechanism. Case study findings indicate that recommendations made by NGOs, in particular a coalition of domestic NGOs, correlate closely with many UPR recommendations but that United Nations sources are more influential. This suggests that other United Nation human rights mechanisms complement the UPR, so that NGOs should continue to engage with both these and the UPR.
How to deal with the EU landing obligation: lessons from an English discard ban sea trial
Authors: Catchpole Thomas L , Elliott Sam , Peach Dave , Mangi Stephen C , Gray Tim S 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
A new EU Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) came into force on 1 January 2014. Article 15 of the new CFP basic regulation introduced a discard ban or landing obligation (LO) in EU fisheries whereby the discarding of quota species is prohibited. There is an urgent need to understand the impact of this new regulation on the UK fishing industry and fishing industries elsewhere in Europe. This study conducted a discard ban trial to provide an opportunity for the fishing industry to demonstrate what a LO would mean for them. The results are mostly illustrative and qualitative, designed to inform policy decisions and identify areas of future work to assist in the implementation of the discard ban. Five recommendations are made, which if adopted, would significantly improve the prospects of a smooth transition to a largely discard-free EU fishery.
Propofol Affects Neurodegeneration and Neurogenesis by Regulation of Autophagy via Effects on Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis
Authors: Qiao Hui , Li Yun , Xu Zhendong , Li Wenxian , Fu Zhijian , Wang Yuezhi , King Alexander , Wei Huafeng 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Background
In human cortical neural progenitor cells, we investigated the effects of propofol on calcium homeostasis in both the ryanodine and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate calcium release channels. We also studied propofol-mediated effects on autophagy, cell survival, and neuro- and gliogenesis.

Methods
The dose–response relationship between propofol concentration and duration was studied in neural progenitor cells. Cell viability was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase release assays. The effects of propofol on cytosolic calcium concentration were evaluated using Fura-2, and autophagy activity was determined by LC3II expression levels with Western blot. Proliferation and differentiation were evaluated by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and immunostaining with neuronal and glial markers.

Results
Propofol dose- and time-dependently induced cell damage and elevated LC3II expression, most robustly at 200 µM for 24 h (67 ± 11% of control, n = 12 to 19) and 6 h (2.4 ± 0.5 compared with 0.6 ± 0.1 of control, n = 7), respectively. Treatment with 200 μM propofol also increased cytosolic calcium concentration (346 ± 71% of control, n = 22 to 34). Propofol at 10 µM stimulated neural progenitor cell proliferation and promoted neuronal cell fate, whereas propofol at 200 µM impaired neuronal proliferation and promoted glial cell fate (n = 12 to 20). Cotreatment with ryanodine and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor antagonists and inhibitors, cytosolic Ca2+ chelators, or autophagy inhibitors mostly mitigated the propofol-mediated effects on survival, proliferation, and differentiation.

Conclusions
These results suggest that propofol-mediated cell survival or neurogenesis is closely associated with propofol’s effects on autophagy by activation of ryanodine and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors.
Association between Exposure of Young Children to Procedures Requiring General Anesthesia and Learning and Behavioral Outcomes in a Population-based Birth Cohort
Authors: Hu Danqing , Flick Randall P. , Zaccariello Michael J. , Colligan Robert C. , Katusic Slavica K. , Schroeder Darrell R. , Hanson Andrew C. , Buenvenida Shonie L. , Gleich Stephen J. , Wilder Robert T. , Sprung Juraj , Warner David O. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Background
Exposure of young animals to general anesthesia causes neurodegeneration and lasting behavioral abnormalities; whether these findings translate to children remains unclear. This study used a population-based birth cohort to test the hypothesis that multiple, but not single, exposures to procedures requiring general anesthesia before age 3 yr are associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Methods
A retrospective study cohort was assembled from children born in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1996 to 2000 (inclusive). Propensity matching selected children exposed and not exposed to general anesthesia before age 3 yr. Outcomes ascertained via medical and school records included learning disabilities, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and group-administered ability and achievement tests. Analysis methods included proportional hazard regression models and mixed linear models.

Results
For the 116 multiply exposed, 457 singly exposed, and 463 unexposed children analyzed, multiple, but not single, exposures were associated with an increased frequency of both learning disabilities and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (hazard ratio for learning disabilities = 2.17 [95% CI, 1.32 to 3.59], unexposed as reference). Multiple exposures were associated with decreases in both cognitive ability and academic achievement. Single exposures were associated with modest decreases in reading and language achievement but not cognitive ability.

Conclusions
These findings in children anesthetized with modern techniques largely confirm those found in an older birth cohort and provide additional evidence that children with multiple exposures are more likely to develop adverse outcomes related to learning and attention. Although a robust association was observed, these data do not determine whether anesthesia per se is causal.
Histopathologic Findings of Cutaneous Hyperpigmentation in Addison Disease and Immunostain of the Melanocytic Population
Authors: Fernandez-Flores Angel , Cassarino David S. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract:
The histopathological features of cutaneous hyperpigmentation in Addison disease have very occasionally been reported, and they include acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, focal parakeratosis, spongiosis, superficial perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate, basal melanin hyperpigmentation, and superficial dermal melanophages. We present a study on 2 biopsies from the arm and the thigh in a 77-year-old woman with a long clinical history of Addison disease as well as senile purpura and alopecia of female pattern. The patient presented diffuse hyperpigmentation of the skin, more pronounced on her face, and left upper forehead. The skin biopsies showed no remarkable dermal inflammatory infiltrate with melanocytic hyperpigmentation of the basal layer of the epidermis as well as a mild amount of melanophages in the papillary dermis. In addition, we found lipofuscin in the luminal pole of the secretory epithelium of the eccrine glands. In the perieccrine areas, there was Perls-positive pigment in the cytoplasm of macrophages most likely related to the senile purpura. An immunohistochemical study with Melan-A showed a melanocyte/keratinocyte ratio of 1:20 (5%) in the arm and of less than 1:50 (only 2 melanocytes in the whole section; <2%) in the thigh.
Cytokine profiles in osteoporosis suggest a proresorptive bias
Authors: Azizieh Fawaz , Raghupathy Raj , Shehab Diaa , Al-Jarallah Khaled , Gupta Renu 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Objective:
As the immune system is suggested to contribute to the pathophysiology of osteoporosis in menopause, we compared the levels of proresorptive and antiresorptive cytokines produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from postmenopausal women with normal and low bone mineral density (BMD).

Methods:
Seventy-one postmenopausal women were studied; 25 had normal BMD and 46 had low BMD. Participants were categorized as normal (n = 25), osteopenic (n = 31), and osteoporotic (n = 15) based on T-scores. Levels of 10 cytokines produced by mitogen-stimulated PBMCs were measured by Multiplex ELISA.

Results:
PBMCs from women with low BMD produced higher levels of the proresorptive cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, and IL-17 (P = 0.014, 0.012, 0.011, and 0.049), and lower levels of the antiresorptive cytokines IL-4, IL-10, and IL-23 (P = 0.003, 0.018, and 0.025) compared with women with normal BMD. Proresorptive cytokines were similar in osteopenic and osteoporotic women, but both had higher levels than women with normal BMD. Osteoporotic women produced lower levels of the antiresorptive cytokines IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-23 compared with the normal BMD group (P = 0.001, 0.05, 0.05, and 0.026), and lower levels of IL-4 as compared with osteopenic women (P = 0.05). Osteopenic women produced lower levels of IL-4 and IL-10 compared with the normal BMD group (P = 0.025 and 0.038). Ratios of proresorptive to antiresorptive cytokines suggest a stronger proresorptive cytokine bias in women with low BMD. Most of the ratios are lowest in the normal BMD group, modest in osteopenic women, and highest in the osteoporotic group.

Conclusions:
Women with low BMD have a proresorptive cytokine bias.
Prevalence, severity, and associated factors of menopausal symptoms in middle-aged Chinese women: a community-based cross-sectional study in southeast China
Authors: Lan Yibing , Huang Yizhou , Song Yang , Ma Linjuan , Chen Peiqiong , Ying Qian , Li Wei , Cai Yuqun , Zhou Jianhong 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Objective:
The aim of the study was to specify the prevalence and severity of menopausal symptoms, and to investigate associated factors in Chinese middle-aged women.

Methods:
A cross-sectional, community-based study was carried out involving 1,054 participants aged 40 to 60 years in Gongshu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China. The presence and severity of symptoms were evaluated by having the participants complete a modified Kupperman Menopausal Index questionnaire. Serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol were measured. Physical and sociodemographic characteristics including height, weight, education, occupation, and income were collected. Statistical analysis was performed to identify factors associated with the occurrence of the menopausal syndrome according to the modified Kupperman Menopausal Index score rank.

Results:
The mean (SD) age of all participants was 50.85 (5.55) years. Overall, 32.6% of the participants were premenopausal, 20.2% were perimenopausal, and 47.1% were postmenopausal. The three most prevalent symptoms suffered by all participants were muscle/joint pain (54.5%), sexual problems (48.7%), and fatigue (46.1%). The prevalence of sexual problems and muscle/joint pain increased from the premenopausal stage to the postmenopausal stage (P < 0.001 for both). Compared with premenopausal women, perimenopausal and postmenopausal women have a significantly increased risk of menopausal syndrome (P < 0.001 for both). The logistic regression model revealed that the place of residence and level of education were significantly associated with the occurrence of menopausal syndrome (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:
Perimenopausal women are prone to the highest prevalence and severity of menopausal symptoms. Sexual problems and muscle/joint pain are noticeable symptoms in postmenopausal women. Further studies are required to verify the influences of level of education, place of residence, and other factors on menopausal symptoms in Chinese women.
miR-34c-5p functions as pronociceptive microRNA in cancer pain by targeting Cav2.3 containing calcium channels
Authors: Gandla Jagadeesh , Lomada Santosh Kumar , Lu Jianning , Kuner Rohini , Bali Kiran Kumar 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying pain associated with cancer are poorly understood. microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs with emerging functional importance in chronic pain. In a genome-wide screen for miRNAs regulated in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons in a mouse model of bone metastatic pain, we identified miR-34c-5p as a functionally important pronociceptive miRNA. Despite these functional insights and therapeutic potential for miR-34c-5p, its molecular mechanism of action in peripheral sensory neurons remains unknown. Here, we report the identification and validation of key target transcripts of miRNA-34c-5p. In-depth bioinformatics analyses revealed Cav2.3, P2rx6, Oprd1, and Oprm1 as high confidence putative targets for miRNA-34c-5p. Of these, canonical and reciprocal regulation of miR-34c-5p and Cav2.3 was observed in cultured sensory neurons as well as in DRG in vivo in mice with cancer pain. Coexpression of miR-34c-5p and Cav2.3 was observed in peptidergic and nonpeptidergic nociceptors, and luciferase reporter assays confirmed functional binding of miR-34c-5p to the 3′ UTR of Cav2.3 transcripts. Importantly, knocking down the expression of Cav2.3 specifically in DRG neurons led to hypersensitivity in mice. In summary, these results show that Cav2.3 is a novel mechanistic target for a key pronociceptive miRNA, miR-34c-5p, in the context of cancer pain and indicate an antinociceptive role for Cav2.3 in peripheral sensory neurons. The current study facilitates a deeper understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying cancer pain and suggests a potential for novel therapeutic strategies targeting miR-34c-5p and Cav2.3 in cancer pain.
Translational pain assessment: could natural animal models be the missing link?
Authors: Klinck Mary P. , Mogil Jeffrey S. , Moreau Maxim , Lascelles B. Duncan X. , Flecknell Paul A. , Poitte Thierry , Troncy Eric 
Published: June 2017

AbstractFailure of analgesic drugs in clinical development is common. Along with the current “reproducibility crisis” in pain research, this has led some to question the use of animal models. Experimental models tend to comprise genetically homogeneous groups of young, male rodents in restricted and unvarying environments, and pain-producing assays that may not closely mimic the natural condition of interest. In addition, typical experimental outcome measures using thresholds or latencies for withdrawal may not adequately reflect clinical pain phenomena pertinent to human patients. It has been suggested that naturally occurring disease in veterinary patients may provide more valid models for the study of painful disease. Many painful conditions in animals resemble those in people. Like humans, veterinary patients are genetically diverse, often live to old age, and enjoy a complex environment, often the same as their owners. There is increasing interest in the development and validation of outcome measures for detecting pain in veterinary patients; these include objective (eg, locomotor activity monitoring, kinetic evaluation, quantitative sensory testing, and bioimaging) and subjective (eg, pain scales and quality of life scales) measures. Veterinary subject diversity, pathophysiological similarities to humans, and diverse outcome measures could yield better generalizability of findings and improved translation potential, potentially benefiting both humans and animals. The Comparative Oncology Trial Consortium in dogs has pawed the way for translational research, surmounting the challenges inherent in veterinary clinical trials. This review describes numerous conditions similarly applicable to pain research, with potential mutual benefits for human and veterinary clinicians, and their respective patients.
Suprameatal Cochlear Implantation in a CHARGE Patient With a Novel CHD7 Variant and KALLMANN Syndrome Phenotype: A Case Report
Authors: Ganaha Akira , Tono Tetsuya , Kaname Tadashi , Yanagi Kumiko , Higa Teruyuki , Kondo Shunsuke , Maeda Hiroyuki , Suzuki Mikio 
Published: June 2017

Objective:
We present the clinical findings, technique of the suprameatal cochlear implantation, postoperative auditory results, and genetic analysis of the CHD7 gene.

Patient:
A 19-year-old Japanese woman was referred because of progressive hearing loss since early childhood. She had used verbal language for the main mode of communication until the age of 17. Examination revealed coloboma, heart defect, choanal atresia, genital hypoplasia, and deafness, which was diagnosed as CHARGE syndrome. Examination also revealed features of Kallmann syndrome.

Interventions:
Cochlear implantation was performed in the left ear at age 20. Targeted resequencing of the CHD7 gene was performed by next-generation sequencing.

Results:
Cochlear implantation was performed using a suprameatal approach (SMA) with cartilage protection because of a venous malformation of the temporal bone. The electrode introduced into the scala tympani through the cochleostomy could be fully inserted. The electrode was covered with cartilage to avoid contact with the skin of the external auditory canal. No intra- or postoperative complications have occurred up to 4 years postoperatively, and the patient uses verbal language again as the main mode of communication. A novel variant c.6405_6406delAG,p.(Ala2137Argfs∗2) in CHD7 was identified by next-generation and Sanger sequencing analyses, resulting in a 2137-amino-acid truncated polypeptide. Parental genetic screening confirmed the sporadic origin of the mutation.

Conclusion:
Cochlear implantation surgery using the SMA with cartilage protection technique appears to be a feasible and effective option for patients with ear anomalies that obstruct the usual approach. A novel frameshift variant c.6405_6406delAG,p.(Ala2137Argfs∗2) in CHD7 was also identified in this patient.
The value of dynamic preload variables during spontaneous ventilation
Authors: Perel Azriel 
Published: June 2017

Purpose of review
To discuss the physiological significance and clinical value of dynamic preload variables in spontaneously breathing patients.

Recent findings
Dynamic preload variables reflect the response of the cardiac output to a modification of preload and can therefore be used to assess fluid responsiveness. Continuous dynamic parameters that are calculated from the variations in the arterial and plethysmographic waveforms following a mechanical breath have been shown to predict fluid responsiveness much better than static preload parameters. These parameters are displayed on many patient monitors though their use is limited to mechanically ventilated patients. However, spontaneous breathing may also induce significant hemodynamic changes because of the repetitive negative swings in the pleural pressure. By better understanding the physiological basis of these changes, the same ‘dynamic parameters’ can be used to gain unique physiological insights during spontaneous breathing. These include the ability to identify and/or monitor respiratory rate, respiratory effort (e.g., patient–ventilator asynchrony), fluid responsiveness (to some degree), pulsus paradoxus (e.g. asthma, cardiac tamponade), and, importantly, upper airway obstruction.

Summary
Although originally intended to be used only during mechanical ventilation, ‘dynamic parameters’ may offer valuable clinical information in spontaneously breathing patients.
Role of Octreotide in Pediatric Gastrointestinal Bleeding Secondary to Angiodysplasia in Children With Right Heart Failure
Authors: Puri Kanika , Caldwell Randall L. , Molleston Jean P. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTObjectives:Angiodysplasia (AD) is a relatively uncommon cause of gastrointestinal bleeding in children and may be seen in right heart failure. Octreotide has been used successfully in adult patients with gastrointestinal bleeding due to ADs.Methods:We describe 2 patients who had congenital heart disease with right heart failure and gastrointestinal bleeding from AD.Results:AD lesions were documented on traditional endoscopy and capsule endoscopy. Bleeding resolved after initiation of IV octreotide and did not recur on subcutaneous octreotide during the 2‐year follow‐up period.Conclusions:Based on the successful outcomes in the 2 patients, a trial of octreotide may be considered in pediatric patients who present with gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to AD.
Comorbid PTSD and Social Anxiety Disorder
Authors: McMillan Katherine A. , Asmundson Gordon J.G. , Sareen Jitender 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD) frequently co-occur. Preliminary data from treatment-seeking and veteran samples suggest that the impact of PTSD-SAD comorbidity may be additive, conferring distress and impairment beyond that of either disorder alone. The current study sought to clarify and extend existent research using wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions, an epidemiological sample of American adults. Individuals who met criteria for comorbid PTSD-SAD were compared to those with either disorder alone on measures of lifetime suicide attempts or quality of life as measured by the Medical Outcomes Study Questionnaire. Relative to those with either PTSD or SAD, individuals with comorbid PTSD-SAD demonstrated an elevated risk of lifetime suicide attempts and substantially lower levels of physical and mental quality of life. The psychosocial consequences of PTSD-SAD comorbidity are substantial. Patients may benefit from early interventions to remediate social distress and improve support networks before more intensive psychotherapeutic interventions.
Effect of Povidone Iodine 5% on the Cornea, Vision, and Subjective Comfort
Authors: Ridder William H. , Oquindo Caren , Dhamdhere Kavita , Burke James 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To determine the effects of povidone iodine 5% (Betadine 5%) applied to the eye on visual function, corneal integrity, and subjective complaints.

Methods
Ten subjects were chosen to participate in this study (average age 40.6 ± 19.6; age range 22–68). LogMAR acuity, contrast sensitivity, corneal fluorescein staining, and subjective complaints were measured before and after 60 μl of Betadine 5% or saline were applied to one eye (eligibility visit, baseline, 5, 30, and 60 minutes and 4 and 24 hours post-application). Contrast sensitivity at 14 cpd was determined with a spatial two-alternative, forced choice procedure (Beethoven software). The National Eye Institute (NEI) grid pattern was used to grade corneal staining with sodium fluorescein. To avoid the detrimental effects of sodium fluorescein administration on functional vision, the corneal staining baseline was measured at the eligibility visit. Subjective complaints were monitored using the Schein dry eye questionnaire.

Results
The data were analyzed with an ANOVA. Saline administration did not alter logMAR acuity, contrast sensitivity, corneal fluorescein staining, or subjective complaints at any visit. Betadine administration significantly reduced the logMAR acuity, compared to baseline and the saline data, at the 30- and 60-minute visits (all P values <.05). The contrast sensitivity was significantly reduced compared to the baseline and the saline results at 5, 30, and 60 minutes after Betadine application (all P values <.05). The Betadine significantly increased the Schein questionnaire score, compared both to baseline and the saline data, at the 1- and 4-hour visits (all P values <.05). Total corneal staining and the maximum NEI sector staining were significantly different from baseline and from the saline results at every visit (all P values <.05).

Conclusions
Betadine 5% application significantly decreases epithelial integrity of the cornea, decreases functional vision, and increases subjective complaints.