bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combating Grade Inflation in Nephrology Clinical Rotation Evaluations Using Faculty Education and a 5-Point Centered Rating Scale
Authors: Yuan Christina M , Nee Robert , Abbott Kevin C , Oliver James D 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

From 2010 to 2011, more than 70% of the clinical rotation competency evaluations for nephrology fellows in our program were rated “superior” using a 9-point Likert scale, suggesting some degree of “grade inflation.”Background

We sought to assess the efficacy of a 5-point centered rotation evaluation in reducing grade inflation.Objective

This retrospective cohort study of the impact of faculty education and a 5-point rotation evaluation on grade inflation was measured by superior item rating frequency and proportion of evaluations without superior ratings. The 5-point evaluation centered performance at the level expected for stage of training. Faculty education began in 2011–2012. The 5-point centered evaluation was introduced in 2012–2013 and used exclusively thereafter. A total of 68 evaluations, using the 9-point Likert scale, and 63 evaluations, using the 5-point centered scale, were performed after first-year fellow clinical rotations. Nine to 12 faculty members participated yearly.Methods

Faculty education alone was associated with fewer superior ratings from 2010–2011 to 2011–2012 (70.5% versus 48.3%, P = .001), declining further with 5-point centered scale introduction (2012–2013; 48.3% versus 35.6%; P = .012). Superior ratings declined with 5-point centered versus 9-point Likert scales (37.3% versus 59.3%, P = .001), specifically for medical knowledge, patient care, practice-based learning and improvement, and professionalism. On logistic regression, evaluations without superior scores were more likely for 5-point centered versus 9-point Likert scales (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 8.26; 95% CI 1.53–44.64; P = .014) and associated with faculty identifier (aOR= 1.18; 95% CI 1.03–1.35; P = .013), but not fellow identifier or training year quarter.Results

Conclusions
Grade inflation was reduced with faculty education and the 5-point centered evaluation scale.
Mixing layer height and its implications for air pollution over Beijing, China
Authors: Tang Guiqian , Zhang Jinqiang , Zhu Xiaowan , Song Tao , Münkel Christoph , Hu Bo , Schäfer Klaus , Liu Zirui , Zhang Junke , Wang Lili , Xin Jinyuan , Suppan Peter , Wang Yuesi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The mixing layer is an important meteorological factor that affects air pollution. In this study, the atmospheric mixing layer height (MLH) was observed in Beijing from July 2009 to December 2012 using a ceilometer. By comparison with radiosonde data, we found that the ceilometer underestimates the MLH under conditions of neutral stratification caused by strong winds, whereas it overestimates the MLH when sand-dust is crossing. Using meteorological, PM2.5, and PM10 observational data, we screened the observed MLH automatically; the ceilometer observations were fairly consistent with the radiosondes, with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.9. Further analysis indicated that the MLH is low in autumn and winter and high in spring and summer in Beijing. There is a significant correlation between the sensible heat flux and MLH, and the diurnal cycle of the MLH in summer is also affected by the circulation of mountainous plain winds. Using visibility as an index to classify the degree of air pollution, we found that the variation in the sensible heat and buoyancy term in turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) is insignificant when visibility decreases from 10 to 5 km, but the reduction of shear term in TKE is near 70 %. When visibility decreases from 5 to 1 km, the variation of the shear term in TKE is insignificant, but the decrease in the sensible heat and buoyancy term in TKE is approximately 60 %. Although the correlation between the daily variation of the MLH and visibility is very poor, the correlation between them is significantly enhanced when the relative humidity increases beyond 80 %. This indicates that humidity-related physicochemical processes is the primary source of atmospheric particles under heavy pollution and that the dissipation of atmospheric particles mainly depends on the MLH. The presented results of the atmospheric mixing layer provide useful empirical information for improving meteorological and atmospheric chemistry models and the forecasting and warning of air pollution.
From pixels to patches: a cloud classification method based on a bag of micro-structures
Authors: Li Qingyong , Zhang Zhen , Lu Weitao , Yang Jun , Ma Ying , Yao Wen 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Automatic cloud classification has attracted more and more attention with the increasing development of whole sky imagers, but it is still in progress for ground-based cloud observation. This paper proposes a new cloud classification method, named bag of micro-structures (BoMS). This method treats an all-sky image as a collection of micro-structures mapped from image patches, rather than a collection of pixels. It represents the image with a weighted histogram of micro-structures. Based on this representation, BoMS recognizes the cloud class of the image by a support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Five classes of sky condition are identified: cirriform, cumuliform, stratiform, clear sky, and mixed cloudiness. BoMS is evaluated on a large data set, which contains 5000 all-sky images captured by a total-sky cloud imager located in Tibet (29.25° N, 88.88° E). BoMS achieves an accuracy of 90.9 % for 10-fold cross-validation, and it outperforms state-of-the-art methods with an increase of 19 %. Furthermore, influence of key parameters in BoMS is investigated to verify their robustness.
Impacts of climate and humans on the vegetation in northwestern Turkey: palynological insights from Lake Iznik since the Last Glacial
Authors: Miebach Andrea , Niestrath Phoebe , Roeser Patricia , Litt Thomas 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The Marmara region in northwestern Turkey provides a unique opportunity for studying the vegetation history in response to climate changes and anthropogenic impacts because of its location between different climate and vegetation zones and its long settlement history. Geochemical and mineralogical investigations of the largest lake in the region, Lake Iznik, already registered climate-related changes of the lake level and the lake mixing. However, a palynological investigation encompassing the Late Pleistocene to Middle Holocene was still missing. Here, we present the first pollen record of the last ca. 31 ka cal BP (calibrated kilo years before 1950) inferred from Lake Iznik sediments as an independent proxy for paleoecological reconstructions. Our study reveals that the vegetation in the Iznik area changed generally between (a) steppe during glacials and stadials indicating dry and cold climatic conditions, (b) forest-steppe during interstadials indicating milder and moister climatic conditions, and (c) oak-dominated mesic forest during interglacials indicating warm and moist climatic conditions. Moreover, a pronounced succession of pioneer trees, cold temperate, warm temperate, and Mediterranean trees appeared since the Lateglacial. Rapid climate changes, which are reflected by vegetation changes, can be correlated with Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) events such as DO-4, DO-3, and DO-1, the Younger Dryas, and probably also the 8.2 event. Since the mid-Holocene, the vegetation was influenced by anthropogenic activities. During early settlement phases, the distinction between climate-induced and human-induced changes of the vegetation is challenging. Still, evidence for human activities consolidates since the Early Bronze Age (ca. 4.8 ka cal BP): cultivated trees, crops, and secondary human indicator taxa appeared, and forests were cleared. Subsequent fluctuations between extensive agricultural uses and regenerations of the natural vegetation become apparent.
Representativeness errors in comparing chemistry transport and chemistry climate models with satellite UV–Vis tropospheric column retrievals
Authors: Boersma K. F. , Vinken G. C. M. , Eskes H. J. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) satellite retrievals of trace gas columns of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and formaldehyde (HCHO) are useful to test and improve models of atmospheric composition, for data assimilation, air quality hindcasting and forecasting, and to provide top-down constraints on emissions. However, because models and satellite measurements do not represent the exact same geophysical quantities, the process of confronting model fields with satellite measurements is complicated by representativeness errors, which degrade the quality of the comparison beyond contributions from modelling and measurement errors alone. Here we discuss three types of representativeness errors that arise from the act of carrying out a model–satellite comparison: (1) horizontal representativeness errors due to imperfect collocation of the model grid cell and an ensemble of satellite pixels called superobservation, (2) temporal representativeness errors originating mostly from differences in cloud cover between the modelled and observed state, and (3) vertical representativeness errors because of reduced satellite sensitivity towards the surface accompanied with necessary retrieval assumptions on the state of the atmosphere. To minimize the impact of these representativeness errors, we recommend that models and satellite measurements be sampled as consistently as possible, and our paper provides a number of recipes to do so. A practical confrontation of tropospheric NO2 columns simulated by the TM5 chemistry transport model (CTM) with Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) tropospheric NO2 retrievals suggests that horizontal representativeness errors, while unavoidable, are limited to within 5–10 % in most cases and of random nature. These errors should be included along with the individual retrieval errors in the overall superobservation error. Temporal sampling errors from mismatches in cloud cover, and, consequently, in photolysis rates, are of the order of 10 % for NO2 and HCHO, and systematic, but partly avoidable. In the case of air pollution applications where sensitivity down to the ground is required, we recommend that models should be sampled on the same mostly cloud-free days as the satellite retrievals. The most relevant representativeness error is associated with the vertical sensitivity of UV–Vis satellite retrievals. Simple vertical integration of modelled profiles leads to systematically different model columns compared to application of the appropriate averaging kernel. In comparing OMI NO2 to GEOS-Chem NO2 simulations, these systematic differences are as large as 15–20 % in summer, but, again, avoidable.
МОНГОЛ ДАХЬ ОРОС СУДЛАЛ
Authors: Алтай Д 
Published: March 2016

ШУА-ийн Олон Улс Судлалын Хүрээлэнд /цаашид ОУСХ/ Орос судлал бие даасан салбарын хувьд 2000 оноос төлөвшин хөгжиж байна. Энэ салбарыг шинжлэх ухааны доктор, Төрийн соёрхолт О.Батсайхан тэргүүлдэг ба энд нийт 9 судлаач ажилладаг. Орос судлалын салбарын онцлог нь Орос орны түүх, өнөөдрийн байдлыг бодитоор судлахдаа орон судлалын чиглэлтэй хослуулах, гадаад бодлого болон олон улсын харилцаанд ОХУ-ын үзүүлэх нөлөөг цогц байдлаар судалдагт оршдог. Судалгааны үндсэн чиглэлд ОХУ ын дотоод, гадаад бодлогын тулгамдсан асуудлууд, Монгол-Оросын харилцаа, түүний түүх, өнөөгийн байдал, ирээдүйн хандлага, даяаршилын эрин үе дэх Орос орны хөгжлийн стратегийн асуудлууд ордог.
МОНГОЛ УЛС, БНХАУ-ЫН НАЙРСАГ ХАРИЛЦАА, ХАМТЫН АЖИЛЛАГААНЫ ТУХАЙ ГЭРЭЭНИЙ УЛС ТӨР, ЭРХ ЗҮЙН АЧ ХОЛБОГДОЛ
Authors: Шүрхүү Д 
Published: March 2016

Эдүгээгээс яг 20 жилийн өмнө Монгол Улсын Ерөнхий сайд П.Жасрайн урилгаар БНХАУ-ын Төрийн Зөвлөлийн Ерөнхий сайд Ли Пэн Монгол Улсад албан ёсоор айлчлал хийх үеэр хоёр орны Ерөнхий сайд нар “Монгол Улс, БНХАУ-ын найрсаг харилцаа, хамтын ажиллагааны тухай гэрээ”-нд гарын үсэг зурсан билээ. Өнөөгийн өндөрлөгөөс эргэн харахад бүх зүйл жам ёсоор болсон мэт санагдаж магадгүй. Гэвч архивын баримт, гэрээ байгуулах бэлтгэл ажлыг гардан хийж байсан ахмад дипломатуудын дурсамжаас үзэхэд нөхцөл байдал амаргүй байжээ. Гэрээний гол “зохиогч”-дын нэг Ц.Гомбосүрэн сайд гэрээ байгуулсан түүхийн тухай тодорхой өгүүллээ.
Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment for Older Patients: A National Survey of Osteopathic Physicians
Authors: King Channell Millicent , Wang Yvette , McLaughlin Matthew H. , Ciesielski Janice , Pomerantz Sherry C. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Context: The mission of the American Academy of Osteopathy (AAO) emphasizes “the integration of osteopathic principles, practices and manipulative treatment in patient care.” Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) can be used to address serious conditions affecting older persons (≥65 years). However, the percentage of osteopathic physicians who use OMT in older patients, the differences in conditions for which OMT is used, and the OMT techniques used in older patients compared with younger patients are unknown.

Objective: To determine the use of OMT by osteopathic physicians in older patients compared with younger patients.

Methods: Members of the AAO were invited, via 3 e-mail messages sent over the course of a 4-month period, to participate in an anonymous online survey. The survey asked physicians to report the percentage of patients by age group (<65 years, 65-79 years, and ≥80 years) to whom they provided OMT, the types of musculoskeletal and system-based conditions for which OMT was used, and the specific OMT techniques used.

Results: A total of 197 of 629 AAO members (31.3%) responded to the survey. Respondents indicated that OMT was used at approximately the same rate in all patients in the 3 age groups. Osteopathic manipulative treatment was frequently used to manage a variety of musculoskeletal conditions, with the exception of osteoporosis, in all patients in the 3 age groups. The system-based conditions most often managed with OMT were respiratory and neurologic conditions. Various OMT techniques were used to treat patients in the 3 age groups; however, high-velocity, low-amplitude (HVLA) was usually avoided in patients aged 65 years or older.

Conclusion: Osteopathic physicians who used OMT in their practice administered OMT for a variety of musculoskeletal and system-based conditions in patients of all ages. Various OMT techniques were used by these physicians for patients of all ages, with the exception of HVLA, which was mainly used in patients younger than 65 years.
New bridge-circuit-type detector to measure precise resistance change of strain gauge at low temperature and magnetic field
Authors: Ohashi Masashi , Kishii Nobuya , Tateno Shota 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We report a new highly accurate and versatile bridge-circuit-type detector that has a simple structure and demonstrates a low degree of error for measurements of thermal expansion and magnetostriction by the strain gauge method. As an example, a commercial physical property measurement system (PPMS) is combined with a compact bridge-circuit box. Thermal expansion and magnetostriction are calculated from the resistance of the bridge and bridge voltage, measured by the operation of a standard PPMS resistivity option. The performance of the new detector is demonstrated by measuring the temperature and magnetic field dependences of the strain to obtain the thermal expansion coefficient and magnetostriction of the single crystals of rare-earth compounds RAl2 (R = Dy, Tb).
Analysis of GaN high electron mobility transistor switching characteristics for high-power applications with HiSIM-GaN compact model
Authors: Mizoguchi Takeshi , Naka Toshiyuki , Tanimoto Yuta , Okada Yasuhiro , Saito Wataru , Miura-Mattausch Mitiko , Mattausch Hans Jürgen 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This paper presents a newly developed compact model HiSIM-GaN [Hiroshima University STARC IGFET Model for GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs)]. The developed model includes two specific features of GaN-HEMT to reproduce the power efficiency accurately. One is the two-dimensional electron gas induced at the heterojunction, which is modeled by considering the potential distribution across the junction including the trap density contribution. The second feature is the field plate, which is introduced to delocalize the electric-field peak that occurs at the electrode edge. Using HiSIM-GaN, device characteristics have been simulated. It is demonstrated that measured DC/AC characteristics are well reproduced with the developed model. The model has also been applied to analyze circuit characteristics of a boost converter. It is shown that the waveform is well reproduced by considering one half of the trap density extracted with measured DC characteristics due to the time constant of trap events. Furthermore, it is verified that the power efficiency as a function of the load current is predicted within an accuracy of 1%. Influence of the trap density and the field plate on circuit performances is also discussed.
High-quality, 2-inch-diameter m-plane GaN substrates grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy on acidic ammonothermal seeds
Authors: Tsukada Yusuke , Enatsu Yuuki , Kubo Shuichi , Ikeda Hirotaka , Kurihara Kaori , Matsumoto Hajime , Nagao Satoru , Mikawa Yutaka , Fujito Kenji 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In this paper, we discusse the origin of basal-plane stacking faults (BSFs) generated in the homoepitaxial hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) growth of m-plane gallium nitride (GaN). We investigated the effects of seed quality, especially dislocation density, on BSF generation during homoepitaxy. The results clearly identify basal-plane dislocation in the seed as a cause of BSF generation. We realized high-quality m-plane GaN substrates with a 2-in. diameter using HVPE on low-dislocation-density m-plane seeds.
Study of radiation detection properties of GaN pn diode
Authors: Sugiura Mutsuhito , Kushimoto Maki , Mitsunari Tadashi , Yamashita Kohei , Honda Yoshio , Amano Hiroshi , Inoue Yoku , Mimura Hidenori , Aoki Toru , Nakano Takayuki 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Recently, GaN, which has remarkable properties as a material for optical devices and high-power electron devices, has also attracted attention as a material for radiation detectors. We previously suggested the use of BGaN as a neutron detector material. However, the radiation detection characteristics of GaN itself are not yet adequately understood. For realizing a BGaN neutron detector, the understanding of the radiation detection characteristics of GaN, which is a base material of the neutron detector, is important. In this study, we evaluated the radiation detection characteristics of GaN. We performed I–V and energy spectrum measurements under alpha ray, gamma ray, and thermal neutron irradiations to characterize the radiation detection characteristics of a GaN diode. The obtained results indicate that GaN is an effective material for our proposed new BGaN-based neutron detector.
The (mis)measurement of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen: exploitation at the core of the scale
Authors: Kajonius Petri J. , Persson Björn N. , Rosenberg Patricia , Garcia Danilo 
Published: March 2016

Background.The dark side of human character has been conceptualized in the Dark Triad Model: Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism. These three dark traits are often measured using single long instruments for each one of the traits. Nevertheless, there is a necessity of short and valid personality measures in psychological research. As an independent research group, we replicated the factor structure, convergent validity and item response for one of the most recent and widely used short measures to operationalize these malevolent traits, namely, Jonason’s Dark Triad Dirty Dozen. We aimed to expand the understanding of what the Dirty Dozen really captures because the mixed results on construct validity in previous research.Method. We used the largest sample to date to respond to the Dirty Dozen (N= 3,698). We firstly investigated the factor structure using Confirmatory Factor Analysis and an exploratory distribution analysis of the items in the Dirty Dozen. Secondly, using a sub-sample (n= 500) and correlation analyses, we investigated the Dirty Dozen dark traits convergent validity to Machiavellianism measured by the Mach-IV, psychopathy measured by Eysenck’s Personality Questionnaire Revised, narcissism using the Narcissism Personality Inventory, and both neuroticism and extraversion from the Eysenck’s questionnaire. Finally, besides these Classic Test Theory analyses, we analyzed the responses for each Dirty Dozen item using Item Response Theory (IRT).Results.The results confirmed previous findings of a bi-factor model fit: one latent core dark trait and three dark traits. All three Dirty Dozen traits had a striking bi-modal distribution, which might indicate unconcealed social undesirability with the items. The three Dirty Dozen traits did converge too, although not strongly, with the contiguous single Dark Triad scales (rbetween .41 and .49). The probabilities of filling out steps on the Dirty Dozen narcissism-items were much higher than on the Dirty Dozen items for Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Overall, the Dirty Dozen instrument delivered the most predictive value with persons with average and high Dark Triad traits (theta> −0.5). Moreover, the Dirty Dozen scale was better conceptualized as a combined Machiavellianism-psychopathy factor, not narcissism, and is well captured with item 4: ‘I tend to exploit others towards my own end.’Conclusion.The Dirty Dozen showed a consistent factor structure, a relatively convergent validity similar to that found in earlier studies. Narcissism measured using the Dirty Dozen, however, did not contribute with information to the core of the Dirty Dozen construct. More importantly, the results imply that the core of the Dirty Dozen scale, a manipulative and anti-social trait, can be measured by a Single Item Dirty Dark Dyad (SIDDD).
Deployment Plan of Wireless Distribution System of ASIST Intranet Network Infrastructure
Authors: Guidang Excel Philip B. 
Published: March 2016

Corporate giants have long recognized the importance of intranet in doing business. It is often implemented using conventional structured cabling. It increases productivity and produces higher Return on Investment (ROI). The study was conducted to develop Abra State Institute of Sciences and Technology (ASIST) Intranet Network Plan. It employed the descriptive and applied methods of research. A pre-validated research survey questionnaire adopted from the E-Government Fund Management Office Survey Questionnaire for Existing ICT Infrastructure Inventory (2014) was used. This paper defines how Wireless Distribution System (WDS) was configured to deploy an intranet in ASIST Lagangilang Campus, Lagangilang, Abra, Philippines. Several simulation processes on network test were performed to validate the connectivity. Testing provided an understanding and confidence before deployment. Wireless Distribution System is effective in sharing Internet connectivity where physical connectivity is impossible. The use of the Digitized School map has helped a lot in providing a clear view on the vegetation in the vicinity in between buildings. Moreover, it provided assistance in decision making to which type of 802.11 wireless is appropriate in distributing the internet signal over long distances. Finally, Squid proxy server is effective in restricting accessible websites.