bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of UK domestic water services sizing methods with each other and with empirical data
Authors: Tindall Jess , Pendle Jamie 
Published: July 2017

Evidence suggests that domestic cold water service sizing methods in many countries around the world tend to overestimate the actual peak water volume flow rate. Oversizing domestic water service systems does waste materials and money, but it also increases the length of time that it takes for water to pass through the system which can increase water temperatures with the associated risks that presents. This paper compares the three commonly used UK domestic cold water service sizing methods and reveals variance in the methods, the design flow rates calculated and the amount of diversity applied by each method. BS EN 806 returns the lowest design flow rates of the three methods and also applies significantly greater diversity. Empirical domestic cold water service volume flow rate data from two case study buildings revealed that all three UK sizing methods significantly overestimated the peak water volume flow rates but that BS EN 806 was the closest. Additional empirical data from seven more buildings have been used to validate the data from this study and add confidence to the findings. This research provides useful evidence to help engineers select the most appropriate UK domestic cold water service sizing method and to anticipate the likely range and fluctuation of domestic cold water service flow rates. Practical application: Engineers tend to be conservative by nature and generally err on the side of caution to ensure that there is never any cause for customer complaint about their designs. This is understandable but there can be negative consequences if the full implications of such decisions are not fully understood. This paper reveals significant oversizing compared to empirical data from each of the three UK domestic water service sizing methods and highlights the reasons for this. The practical application of this paper lies in the presented results data and analysis which will help engineers make this important choice between the available sizing methods.
Accumulation of the p53 Tumor‐Suppressor Gene Product in Oral Leukoplakia
Authors: Wood Mark W. , Medina Jesus E. , Thompson Glenn C. , Houck John R. , Min Kyung‐Whan 
Published: July 2017

OBJECTIVES:(1) To determine whether the protein of the suppressor gene p53 accumulates in leukoplakia of the oral cavity in individuals who use snuff; and (2) to determine whether a correlation exists between the accumulation of p53 protein and the degree of epithelial dysplasia present in oral leukoplakia.DESIGN:Retrospective analysis of archival tissue specimens.SETTING:The University Hospital, a tertiary referral hospital affiliated with the Oklahoma University Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.PATIENTS:In the first part of the study, biopsy specimens of leukoplakia from 12 persons who used snuff were compared with specimens from uninvolved oral mucosa of the same persons and with biopsy specimens from 12 nontobacco‐using persons. In the second part of the study, accumulation of p53 protein was determined in 42 archival paraffin‐embedded specimens from oral leukoplakia and correlated with the degree of epithelial dysplasia.METHODS:Accumulation of p53 protein was assessed by immunoperoxidase staining with four different primary antibodies. Positive cells were counted in five consecutive high‐power fields.RESULTS:In part one, the average number of positive cells in the leukoplakia of snuff‐users (21.89 ± 4.33; mean ± SE) was higher than that of normal‐appearing mucosa (4.00 ± 1.0; p < 0.05) and that of nontobacco‐using controls (7.00 ± 5.04). In part two, the average number of positive cells was higher in the moderately dysplastic (140.36 ± 30.03) and severely dysplastic lesions (232.86 ± 26.85) than in the mildly dysplastic lesions (14.53 ± 3.33; p < 0.05). The correlation between the degree of epithelial dysplasia and the number of cells positive is strong (Spearman's correlation coefficient = 0.853).CONCLUSIONS:The accumulation of p53 protein in leukoplakia of snuff‐users is higher than in normal‐appearing oral mucosa from both snuff‐users and nontobacco‐using controls. A strong correlation exists between the degree of epithelial dysplasia present in oral leukoplakia and the number of cells staining positive for p53. The accumulation of p53 protein holds potential as an intermediate end point in studies of chemoprevention of oral cancer.
Breath-hold black-blood T1rho mapping improves liver T1rho quantification in healthy volunteers
Authors: Wáng Yì Xiáng J , Deng Min , Lo Gladys G , Liang Dong , Yuan Jing , Chen Weitian 
Published: July 2017

Background Recent researches suggest that T1rho may be a non-invasive and quantitative technique for detecting and grading liver fibrosis. Purpose To compare a multi-breath-hold bright-blood fast gradient echo (GRE) imaging and a single breath-hold single-shot fast spin echo (FSE) imaging with black-blood effect for liver parenchyma T1rho measurement and to study liver physiological T1rho value in healthy volunteers. Material and Methods The institutional Ethics Committee approved this study. 28 healthy participants (18 men, 10 women; age = 29.6 ± 5.1 years) underwent GRE liver T1rho imaging, and 20 healthy participants (10 men, 10 women; age = 36.9 ± 10.3 years) underwent novel black-blood FSE liver T1rho imaging, both at 3T with spin-lock frequency of 500 Hz. The FSE technique allows simultaneous acquisition of four spin lock times (TSLs; 1 ms, 10 ms, 30 ms, 50msec) in 10 s. Results For FSE technique the intra-scan repeatability intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.98; while the inter-scan reproducibility ICC was 0.82 which is better than GRE technique’s 0.76. Liver T1rho value in women tended to have a higher value than T1rho values in men (FSE: 42.28 ± 4.06 ms for women and 39.13 ± 2.12 ms for men; GRE: 44.44 ± 1.62 ms for women and 42.36 ± 2.00 ms for men) and FSE technique showed liver T1rho value decreased slightly as age increased. Conclusion Single breath-hold black-blood FSE sequence has better scan–rescan reproducibility than multi-breath-hold bright-blood GRE sequence. Gender and age dependence of liver T1rho in healthy participants is observed, with young women tending to have a higher T1rho measurement.
Multiparametric MRI in men with clinical suspicion of prostate cancer undergoing repeat biopsy: a prospective comparison with clinical findings and histopathology
Authors: Boesen Lars , Nørgaard Nis , Løgager Vibeke , Balslev Ingegerd , Thomsen Henrik S 
Published: July 2017

Background Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) can improve detection of clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa). Purpose To compare mpMRI score subgroups to systematic transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsies (TRUSbx) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based findings for detection of csPCa in men undergoing repeat biopsies. Material and Methods MpMRI was performed prior to re-biopsy in 289 prospectively enrolled patients. All underwent repeat TRUSbx followed by targeted biopsies (MRITB) of any mpMRI-identified lesion. MpMRI suspicion grade, PSA level, and density (PSAd) were compared with biopsy results and further matched to the radical prostatectomy (RP) specimen if available. Results PCa was detected in 128/289 (44%) patients with median age, PSA, and prior negative TRUSbx of 64 (interquartile range [IQR] = 59–67), 12.0 ng/mL (IQR = 8.3–19.1), and 2 (IQR = 1–3), respectively. TRUSbx detected PCa in 108/289 (37%) patients, of which 49 (45%) had insignificant cancer. MRITB was performed in 271/289 (94%) patients and detected PCa in 96 (35%) with 78 (81%) having csPCa. MpMRI scores showed a high association between suspicion level and biopsy results on both lesion and patient level ( P < 0.001). MpMRI was better than PSA and PSAd ( P < 0.001) to identify patients with missed csPCa. In total, 64/128 (50%) patients underwent RP; 60/64 had csPCa. MpMRI was significantly better in predicting csPCa on RP compared with TRUSbx ( P = 0.019) as MRITB and TRUSbx correctly identified 47/60 (78%) and 35/60 (58%) patients, respectively. Conclusion MpMRI improves detection of missed csPCa and suspicion scores correlate well with biopsy and RP results on both patient and lesion level.
Altered brain network centrality in patients with adult comitant exotropia strabismus: A resting-state fMRI study
Authors: Tan Gang , Dan Zeng-Renqing , Zhang Ying , Huang Xin , Zhong Yu-Lin , Ye Lin-Hong , Rong Rong , Ye Lei , Zhou Qiong , Shao Yi 
Published: July 2017

Objective To investigate the underlying functional network brain-activity changes in patients with adult comitant exotropia strabismus (CES) and the relationship with clinical features using the voxel-wise degree centrality (DC) method. Methods A total of 30 patients with CES (17 men, 13 women), and 30 healthy controls (HCs; 17 men, 13 women) matched in age, sex, and education level participated in the study. DC was used to evaluate spontaneous brain activity. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to distinguish CESs from HCs. The relationship between mean DC values in various brain regions and behavioral performance was examined with correlation analysis. Results Compared with HCs, CES patients exhibited decreased DC values in the right cerebellum posterior lobe, right inferior frontal gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus and right superior parietal lobule/primary somatosensory cortex (S1), and increased DC values in the right superior temporal gyrus, bilateral anterior cingulate, right superior temporal gyrus, and left inferior parietal lobule. However, there was no correlation between mean DC values and behavioral performance in any brain regions. Conclusions Adult comitant exotropia strabismus is associated with abnormal brain network activity in various brain regions, possibly reflecting the pathological mechanisms of ocular motility disorders in CES.
The pathophysiology of episodic cluster headache: Insights from recent neuroimaging research
Authors: Yang Fu-Chi , Chou Kun-Hsien , Kuo Chen-Yuan , Lin Yung-Yang , Lin Ching-Po , Wang Shuu-Jiun 
Published: July 2017

Background Cluster headache is a disorder characterized by intermittent, severe unilateral head pain accompanied by cranial autonomic symptoms. Most cases of CH are episodic, manifesting as “in-bout” periods of frequent headache separated by month-to-year-long “out-of-bout” periods of remission. Previous imaging studies have implicated the hypothalamus and pain matrix in the pathogenesis of episodic CH. However, the pathophysiology driving the transition between in- and out-of-bout periods remains unclear. Methods The present study provides a narrative review of previous neuroimaging studies on the pathophysiology of episodic CH, addressing alterations in brain structures, metabolism, and structural and functional connectivity occurring between bout periods. Results Although the precise brain structures responsible for episodic CH are unknown, major roles are indicated for the posterior hypothalamus (especially in acute attacks), the pain neuromatrix with an emphasis on central descending pain modulation, and non-traditional pain processing networks including the occipital, cerebellar, and salience networks. These areas are potentially related to dynamic transitioning between in- and out-of-bout periods. Conclusion Recent progress in magnetic resonance imaging of episodic CH has provided additional insights into dynamic bout-associated structural and functional connectivity changes in the brain, especially in non-traditional pain processing network areas. These areas warrant future investigations as targets for neuromodulation in patients with CH.
Headache in pediatric and adolescent patients with chronic kidney disease, with and without hemodialysis: A comparative cohort study
Authors: Davidovits Miriam , Eidlitz Markus Tal 
Published: July 2017

Background Several studies have reported dialysis-related headache in adults. We investigated headache and its characteristics in pediatric and adolescent patients with chronic kidney disease and patients treated with dialysis, and compared characteristics of patients with and without headache in the entire cohort and separately among dialysis and among chronic kidney disease patients. Methods Patients and their parents who attended a nephrology clinic and hemodialysis unit were interviewed regarding the existence of headache and its characteristics. We reviewed hospital files for medical history, blood test results, and pharmacologic treatment. Headache was defined according to International Headache Society criteria. Results The cohort comprised 60 patients: 39 with chronic kidney disease without hemodialysis and 21 treated with hemodialysis; 39 were males, mean age 11.9 ± 5.3 years. Twenty-six (43.3%) reported experiencing headaches. The hemodialysis group had a higher rate of headache than the chronic kidney disease patients, at 76.2% vs. 25.5%, p < 0.001. In the hemodialysis group, 15 out of 16 reported dialysis-related headache; 14 (87.5%) of these had migraine characteristics. For the entire cohort, headache was associated with hemodialysis, chronic kidney disease grade, lower glomerular filtration rate anemia and a higher parathyroid hormone level. In logistic regression analysis, glomerular filtration rate was significantly associated with headache, odds ratio 2.74 (95% CI 1.56–4.82, p < 0.001). Conclusions A high rate of headache, mostly migraine type, was reported by hemodialysis patients. Hemodialysis, anemia, higher parathyroid hormone levels, phosphate, and lower glomerular filtration rate are strongly associated with headache among chronic kidney disease pediatric and adolescent patients.
Role of adipocytokines in the pathophysiology of migraine: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Domínguez Clara , Vieites-Prado Alba , Pérez-Mato María , Sobrino Tomás , Rodríguez-Osorio Xiana , López Ana , Campos Francisco , Martínez Francisco , Castillo José , Leira Rogelio 
Published: July 2017

Background Obesity is a risk factor for migraine and headache chronification. Adipocytokines may be involved in this correlation. Objective To relate serum adipocytokine levels to clinical and biochemical parameters associated with migraine. Methods We measured levels of leptin, adiponectin and other inflammatory (interleukin 6, interleukin 10, tumor necrosis factor α, high sensitivity C-reactive protein) and endothelial (pentraxin 3, soluble TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis) molecules potentially related to migraine pathophysiology in a group of migraine patients (IHS 2013) and healthy controls. Results One hundred and eleven patients (mean age 39.7 years, 93% female) and 24 healthy controls (mean age 35.9 years, 90% female) were included. Fifty-six patients were diagnosed with episodic migraine (mean age 35.1 years, 98.2% female) and 55 patients with chronic migraine (mean age 44.4 years, 89.5% female). Leptin serum levels (15.2 ng/mL, SD = 10.5 vs . 3.1 ng/mL, SD = 0.9; p < 0.001) and adiponectin serum levels (72.3 µg/mL, SD = 38.5 vs . 37.7 µg/mL, SD = 16.9; p < 0.001) were significantly increased in migraine patients. Leptin serum levels (15.5 ng/mL, SD = 9.7 vs . 10.8 ng/mL, SD = 6.0; p < 0.001) and adiponectin serum levels (65.8 µg/mL, SD = 42.9 vs . 33.2 µg/mL, SD = 31.0; p < 0.001) were significantly higher in chronic compared to episodic migraine patients. We found a positive correlation between leptin levels and inflammatory biomarkers: IL6 (r = 0.498; p < 0.001), TNF-α (r = 0.389; p < 0.001), and hs-CRP (r = 0.422; p < 0.001). Conclusions Leptin and adiponectin are increased in migraineurs. There is a correlation between adipocytokine levels and other inflammation-related molecules. This suggests a potential role of adipocytokines in migraine pathophysiology and chronification.
Determination of Temperature Variable Properties of Composite Materials: Methodology and Experimental Results
Authors: Bailleul J. -L. , Delaunay D. , Jarny Y. 
Published: July 2017

In the present article we discuss a method for the determination of temperature variable properties of composite materials. The method involves thermophysical properties (specific heat and thermal conductivity) and rate of cure. The method is general and based on the combined analysis of heat transfer in thin and thick pieces of material. A simulation model is then developed to predict the cure response and heat transfer that occur in composite material during fabrication. It is validated by experimental results obtained with an epoxy resin/glass fiber composite.
The Influence of Interlaminar Stresses on Fatigue Behaviour of Notched Composite Laminates
Authors: Barboni Renato , Carbonaro Rolando , Scarponi Claudio 
Published: July 2017

The influence of the interlaminar stresses on the fatigue behaviour of composite laminates is studied. The present paper is comprised of experimental results and comparison with theoretical results on the delamination onset and propagation. Numerical results are obtained by a specialized computer code which has shown the points where the high intensity of the interlaminar stress tensor components can produce a delamination. Several tension-tension fatigue tests have been performed on angle-ply and cross-ply centrally holed composite specimens which present the major sensitivity to the interlaminar stresses in order to verify the onset and the propagation of delaminations in the same points revealed by the static analysis. For the identification of the presence of delaminations an ultrasonic NDI equipment in the form of reflection has been utilized; this system provides a 3D positioning of the delaminations inside the laminates. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical previsions for both the stacking sequences.
The Use of Evanescent Wave Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Control of the Liquid Molding Process
Authors: Woerdeman Dara L. , Flynn Kathleen M. , Dunkers Joy P. , Parnas Richard S. 
Published: July 2017

Fluorescence has been demonstrated to be an accurate measurement of resin cure and is measured using an evanescent wave fiber-optic sensor. An economical optical fiber sensor has been developed with a refractive index in excess of 1.6, permitting evanescent wave monitoring of epoxy resins. In this work, the fluorescence wavelength-shift, which has been correlated with monomer conversion, is monitored during the liquid molding process. A hierarchical control strategy is being developed for liquid molding processes that will use the cure measurement provided by the evanescent wave fluorescence sensor. Single input/single output control loops are implemented at the base level to regulate the mold temperature, the vacuum pressure in the mold, either the inlet flow or pressure during injection, and the final mold pressure. A model-based feedback controller is implemented to control the chemical cure and manipulates the setpoint of the temperature controller to achieve cure control. A general high-level controller is under development to optimize the process under a wide range of operating conditions.
Verification of a Simulation Model for Resin Film Infusion of Complex Shaped Composite Structures
Authors: Caba A. C. , Rattazzi D. , Batra R. , Loos A. C. 
Published: July 2017

Resin film infusion (RFI) has been found to be a cost-effective technique for the fabrication of complex shaped composite parts for primary structural applications. Dry textile preforms are infiltrated, consolidated, and cured in a single step, eliminating the labor to lay-up prepreg tape. The large number of processing variables and the complex material behavior during infiltration and cure make experimental optimization of the RFI process extremely inefficient. The objective of this work was to develop and verify a three-dimensional model to simulate the RFI process. For a specified pressure and temperature cure cycle the code can predict resin pressure, viscosity and degree of cure, flow front progression, and temperature distribution in the preform and tooling components. The model was divided into submodels which describe resin flow, heat transfer, and resin kinetics. A finite element/control volume approach was used to model the flow of the resin through the preform. Boundary conditions include specified pressure, specified flow rate, and vents. A finite element formulation of the transient heat conduction equation was used to model the heat transfer. Thermal boundary conditions include either specified temperature or convection. The code was designed to be modular so the flow problem could be solved alone, or coupled with the thermal problem. The problems are solved sequentially in a quasi-steady state fashion. Non-isothermal experiments with a reactive resin were conducted to verify the thermal module and the resin model. A two blade stiffened panel, fitted with sensors, was manufactured using the RFI process. Thermocouples were used to measure the temperatures, and FDEM (dielectric) sensors and pressure transducers were used to monitor the flow front progression. Model predictions and experimental results were found to be in close agreement for the temperatures and flow front progression. The predicted and measured infiltration times matched to within 12%, and the temperatures to within 5%.
Oncologists’ and Intensivists’ Attitudes Toward the Care of Critically Ill Patients with Cancer
Authors: Nassar Antonio Paulo , Dettino Aldo Lourenço Abadde , Amendola Cristina Prata , dos Santos Rodrigo Alves , Forte Daniel Neves , Caruso Pedro 
Published: July 2017

Background: Patients with cancer represent an important proportion of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions. Oncologists and intensivists have distinct knowledge backgrounds, and conflicts about the appropriate management of these patients may emerge. Methods: We surveyed oncologists and intensivists at 2 academic cancer centers regarding their management of 2 hypothetical patients with different cancer types (metastatic pancreatic cancer and metastatic breast cancer with positive receptors for estrogen, progesterone, and HER-2) who develop septic shock and multiple organ failure. Results: Sixty intensivists and 46 oncologists responded to the survey. Oncologists and intensivists similarly favored withdrawal of life support measures for the patient with pancreatic cancer (33/46 [72%] vs 48/60 [80%], P = .45). On the other hand, intensivists favored more withdrawal of life support measures for the patient with breast cancer compared to oncologists (32/59 [54%] vs 9/44 [21%], P < .001). In the multinomial logistic regression, the oncology specialists were more likely to advocate for a full-code status for the patient with breast cancer (OR = 5.931; CI 95%, 1.762-19.956; P = .004). Conclusions: Oncologists and intensivists share different views regarding life support measures in critically ill patients with cancer. Oncologists tend to focus on the cancer characteristics, whereas intensivists focus on multiple organ failure when weighing in on the same decisions. Regular meetings between oncologists and intensivists may reduce possible conflicts regarding the critical care of patients with cancer.