bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MRI and clinical resolution of a suspected intracranial toxoplasma granuloma with medical treatment in a domestic short hair cat
Authors: Crawford Abbe Harper , Drees Randi , Beltran Elsa 
Published: July 2017

A two‐year‐old cat was presented with a left paradoxical vestibular syndrome. MRI of the brain revealed an extra‐axial homogenously contrast enhancing mass in the region of the left caudal cerebellar peduncle. Toxoplasma serology was consistent with active infection and the lesion was suspected to be a toxoplasma granuloma. Following eight weeks of tapering oral prednisolone and 11 weeks of oral clindamycin treatment, repeat MRI revealed resolution of the lesion. Eighteen months after initial diagnosis, the cat remained neurologically normal. Differential diagnoses for a solitary, extra‐axial, contrast enhancing mass lesion in the feline brain should include toxoplasma granuloma, which can undergo MRI and clinical resolution with medical treatment.
Folic acid ingestion improves skeletal muscle blood flow during graded handgrip and plantar flexion exercise in aged humans
Authors: Romero Steven A. , Gagnon Daniel , Adams Amy N. , Moralez Gilbert , Kouda Ken , Jaffery Manall F. , Cramer Matthew N. , Crandall Craig G. 
Published: July 2017

Skeletal muscle blood flow is attenuated in aged humans performing dynamic exercise, which is due, in part, to impaired local vasodilatory mechanisms. Recent evidence suggests that folic acid improves cutaneous vasodilation during localized and whole body heating through nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms. However, it is unclear whether folic acid improves vasodilation in other vascular beds during conditions of increased metabolism (i.e., exercise). The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that folic acid ingestion improves skeletal muscle blood flow in aged adults performing graded handgrip and plantar flexion exercise via increased vascular conductance. Nine healthy, aged adults (two men and seven women; age: 68 ± 5 yr) performed graded handgrip and plantar flexion exercise before (control), 2 h after (acute, 5 mg), and after 6 wk (chronic, 5 mg/day) folic acid ingestion. Forearm (brachial artery) and leg (superficial femoral artery) blood velocity and diameter were measured via Duplex ultrasonography and used to calculate blood flow. Acute and chronic folic acid ingestion increased serum folate (both P < 0.05 vs. control). During handgrip exercise, acute and chronic folic acid ingestion increased forearm blood flow (both conditions P < 0.05 vs. control) and vascular conductance (both P < 0.05 vs. control). During plantar flexion exercise, acute and chronic folic acid ingestion increased leg blood flow (both P < 0.05 vs. control), but only acute folic acid ingestion increased vascular conductance ( P < 0.05 vs. control). Taken together, folic acid ingestion increases blood flow to active skeletal muscle primarily via improved local vasodilation in aged adults.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our findings demonstrate that folic acid ingestion improves blood flow via enhanced vascular conductance in the exercising skeletal muscle of aged humans. These findings provide evidence for the therapeutic use of folic acid to improve skeletal muscle blood flow, and perhaps exercise and functional capacity, in human primary aging.Listen to this article’s corresponding podcast at http://ajpheart.podbean.com/e/folic-acid-and-exercise-hyperemia-in-aging/ .
Identification of Interacting Stromal Axes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Saleh Sadiq M.I. , Bertos Nicholas , Gruosso Tina , Gigoux Mathieu , Souleimanova Margarita , Zhao Hong , Omeroglu Atilla , Hallett Michael T. , Park Morag 
Published: June 2017

AbstractTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a molecularly heterogeneous cancer that is difficult to treat. Despite the role it may play in tumor progression and response to therapy, microenvironmental (stromal) heterogeneity in TNBC has not been well characterized. To address this challenge, we investigated the transcriptome of tumor-associated stroma isolated from TNBC (n = 57). We identified four stromal axes enriched for T cells (T), B cells (B), epithelial markers (E), or desmoplasia (D). Our analysis method (STROMA4) assigns a score along each stromal axis for each patient and then combined the axis scores to subtype patients. Analysis of these subtypes revealed that prognostic capacity of the B, T, and E scores was governed by the D score. When compared with a previously published TNBC subtyping scheme, the STROMA4 method better captured tumor heterogeneity and predicted patient benefit from therapy with increased sensitivity. This approach produces a simple ontology that captures TNBC heterogeneity and informs how tumor-associated properties interact to affect prognosis. Cancer Res; 77(17); 4673–83. ©2017 AACR.
AXL-Driven EMT State as a Targetable Conduit in Cancer
Authors: Antony Jane , Huang Ruby Yun-Ju 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) AXL has been intrinsically linked to epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promoting cell survival, anoikis resistance, invasion, and metastasis in several cancers. AXL signaling has been shown to directly affect the mesenchymal state and confer it with aggressive phenotype and drug resistance. Recently, the EMT gradient has also been shown to rewire the kinase signaling nodes that facilitate AXL–RTK cross-talk, protracted signaling, converging on ERK, and PI3K axes. The molecular mechanisms underplaying the regulation between the kinome and EMT require further elucidation to define targetable conduits. Therapeutically, as AXL inhibition has shown EMT reversal and resensitization to other tyrosine kinase inhibitors, mitotic inhibitors, and platinum-based therapy, there is a need to stratify patients based on AXL dependence. This review elucidates the role of AXL in EMT-mediated oncogenesis and highlights the reciprocal control between AXL signaling and the EMT state. In addition, we review the potential in inhibiting AXL for the development of different therapeutic strategies and inhibitors. Cancer Res; 77(14); 3725–32. ©2017 AACR.
RNA Editing in Pathogenesis of Cancer
Authors: Baysal Bora E. , Sharma Shraddha , Hashemikhabir Seyedsasan , Janga Sarath Chandra 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Several adenosine or cytidine deaminase enzymes deaminate transcript sequences in a cell type or environment-dependent manner by a programmed process called RNA editing. RNA editing enzymes catalyze A&gt;I or C&gt;U transcript alterations and have the potential to change protein coding sequences. In this brief review, we highlight some recent work that shows aberrant patterns of RNA editing in cancer. Transcriptome sequencing studies reveal increased or decreased global RNA editing levels depending on the tumor type. Altered RNA editing in cancer cells may provide a selective advantage for tumor growth and resistance to apoptosis. RNA editing may promote cancer by dynamically recoding oncogenic genes, regulating oncogenic gene expression by noncoding RNA and miRNA editing, or by transcriptome scale changes in RNA editing levels that may affect innate immune signaling. Although RNA editing markedly increases complexity of the cancer cell transcriptomes, cancer-specific recoding RNA editing events have yet to be discovered. Epitranscriptomic changes by RNA editing in cancer represent a novel mechanism contributing to sequence diversity independently of DNA mutations. Therefore, RNA editing studies should complement genome sequence data to understand the full impact of nucleic acid sequence alterations in cancer. Cancer Res; 77(14); 3733–9. ©2017 AACR.
PHASES Score for the Management of Intracranial Aneurysm
Authors: Bijlenga Philippe , Gondar Renato , Schilling Sabine , Morel Sandrine , Hirsch Sven , Cuony Johanna , Corniola Marco-Vincenzo , Perren Fabienne , Rüfenacht Daniel , Schaller Karl 
Published: July 2017

Background and Purpose—
The aim of this study is to assess whether the PHASES score allows to (1) match decisions taken by multidisciplinary team whether to observe or intervene, (2) classify patients being diagnosed with a ruptured versus unruptured intracranial aneurysm (UIA), and (3) discriminate patients at low risk of rupture from the population of patients diagnosed with intracranial aneurysm.

Methods—
Population-based prospective and consecutive data were collected between 2006 and 2014. Patients (n=841) were stratified into 4 groups: stable UIA; growing observed UIA; immediately treated UIA; and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). All patients initially observed were pooled in a follow-up UIA group; patients from growing observed UIA, immediately treated UIA, and aSAH were pooled in a high risk of rupture group. Results are expressed as median [quartile 1, quartile 3].

Results—
PHASES scores of immediately treated UIA patients were significantly higher than follow-up UIA group (5 [3, 7] versus 2 [1, 4]). Patients diagnosed with UIA and PHASES score of >3 were more likely to be treated, and the score ≤3 was predictive for observation (areas under these curves=0.74). Odds of being diagnosed with an aSAH were associated with PHASES score of >3 (UIA, 4 [2, 6]; aSAH, 5 [4, 8]; areas under these curves=0.66). Scores of stable UIA patients were significantly lower than high risk of rupture group (2 [1, 4] versus 5 [4, 7]; stable UIA outcome prediction by PHASES score of ≤3: areas under these curves=0.76).

Conclusions—
There is a progression of PHASES score between stable UIA, growing observed UIA, immediately treated UIA, and aSAH groups. PHASES score of ≤3 is associated with a low but not negligible likelihood of aneurysm rupture, and specificity of the classifier is low.
Differential Tuning of Ventral and Dorsal Streams during the Generation of Common and Uncommon Tool Uses
Authors: Matheson Heath E. , Buxbaum Laurel J. , Thompson-Schill Sharon L. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Our use of tools is situated in different contexts. Prior evidence suggests that diverse regions within the ventral and dorsal streams represent information supporting common tool use. However, given the flexibility of object concepts, these regions may be tuned to different types of information when generating novel or uncommon uses of tools. To investigate this, we collected fMRI data from participants who reported common or uncommon tool uses in response to visually presented familiar objects. We performed a pattern dissimilarity analysis in which we correlated cortical patterns with behavioral measures of visual, action, and category information. The results showed that evoked cortical patterns within the dorsal tool use network reflected action and visual information to a greater extent in the uncommon use group, whereas evoked neural patterns within the ventral tool use network reflected categorical information more strongly in the common use group. These results reveal the flexibility of cortical representations of tool use and the situated nature of cortical representations more generally.
Description and Perception of Frequency Breaks (Voice Breaks) in Adolescent Female Speakers
Authors: Duffy Robert J. 
Published: July 2017

A phonellescopic investigation of the pitch characteristics of 11-, 13-, and 15-year-old females was made. Data descriptive of the incidence, extent, and upper and lower limits of phenomena known as frequency breaks (voice breaks) are presented. These data are discussed and compared with similar data from other studies of males and females of various ages. A second phase of the study indicated that frequency breaks are not perceived as a pitch phenomenon as has been assumed, but may be associated with the perception of "rough" vocal quality. These results are discussed in relation to vocal fry and harshness.
Phonetic Symbolism in Adult Native Speakers of English: Three Studies
Authors: Tarte Robert D. , Barritt Loren S. 
Published: July 2017

Three studies using adult native speakers of English are reported. Each study asked subjects to label elliptical or triangular figures of different size with a CVC trigram. It was the purpose of these studies to obtain evidence in support of the " phonetic symbolism " hypothesis. Subjects agreed about the relationship between vowel sounds and the size of figure regardless of shape. The sound /a/ was more often chosen for large figures while /i/ was more often chosen for small. A less striking but discernible trend was observed for the labelling of figures with vowel sounds. It was tentatively concluded that, for English speakers, there do exist unrecognized yet consistent bases for relating sounds and visual stimuli.
Choosing from a Moral Point of View
Authors: Frohlich Norman , Oppenheimer oe 
Published: July 2017

The notion of a moral point of view has a distinguished pedigree. But it has been integrated neither into economic modeling nor political philosophy. We make a preliminary attempt to do this. Specifically, we ask: “What is meant, in general, by a moral point of view? What elements are common to all notions of morality?” In asking these questions we do not seek agreement as to the content, and status of morality. Rather, we are interested in squaring the notion of moral points of view with the decision theoretic models at the base of rationality theory. Further, we are concerned to identify those elements which generate the substantive implications of adopting a moral point of view so that one can eventually analyze which aspects of a moral point of view are required by a modem democracy. We sketch a few of the consequences for social decisions if individuals, either unorganized or within a society, chose from such a point of view rather than some other” “How could you possibly have done that?” says Sheila to her friend Betsy, “You really did the wrong thing.” “I don’t really know,” comes the answer. “I guess I just wasn’t thinking about it clearly; I didn’t have the right perspective on it.” Sheila is obviously talking about some bad choice made by Betsy, but it is hard to conclude much more from those few lines. She could be talking about Betsy’s purchase of a hair dryer without some essential feature, or a decision to take Sheila’s car without permission. In either case, it would not be surprising were Sheila to continue advising her friend as follows “You should have considered your decision from a different point of view! Think about …” Economists assume that an individual making a choice has a unique set of values, but recent evidence does not bear this out (Tversky and Kahneman, 1981 & 1986; as well as Shafir and Tversky, 1994; but also see Sen, 1977 and Margolis, 1982 who were early dissenters from the classic economic point of view). Indeed, Betsy’s response indicates that the (offending) choice was made on the basis of a ‘perspective’ or ‘point of view’ which led her to the wrong decision. The implication: a different perspective might have led to the right choice.
The Future of Money as it Affects Payment Systems
Authors: Potts Chris , Browning Ralph , Vizio Tony de 
Published: July 2017

The concept of electronic money is no longer a hypothesis but a realisation. Advanced smart card technology and the ability to replace physical cash with an electronic alternative is a reality with mass market utilisation being a matter of time, rather than just supposition. Mondex is an “electronic cash” smartcard, which is being introduced as an alternative to physical notes and coins for use in the high street and as a future payment mechanism in a wide variety of areas such as the Internet and multimedia services. It is also the pre-eminent product of its kind for it fully re-combines the existing features of physical money with additional utility; and it has been this type of behaviour which improves an existing paradigm that has advanced payment systems over the ages. Fundamental to any system will be its reliance on security, thereby imposing confidence among its scheme participants and ensuring the scheme’s success. The Mondex chip is virtually impossible—and almost certainly uneconomic—to crack. Therefore, within the features of Mondex—improved flexibility, acceptance, convenience, control, etc.—there exists the assets of security, scaleability and economy. In addition, the Mondex proposition will provide a foundation upon which entirely new business, social and economical activity could occur.
The Pituitary Adrenocortical Response in Rats Exposed to Fluctuating Infrasound
Authors: Yamasumi Y. , Shiraishi T. , Miyashita K. , Kuroda M. , Luo W. , Taniuchi T. , Takeda S. 
Published: July 2017

In order to study the effects of fluctuating infrasound, rats were exposed to traffic noise. Responses of the pituitary adrenocortical system were evaluated by the plasma ACTH and corticosterone concentration. The plasma ACTH concentration increased significantly in rats exposed to fluctuating infrasound at 100 dB and 110 dB (Leq) as compared with the controls. No significant increase of the plasma ACTH concentration was found in rats exposed to 110 dB steady-state infrasound. According to these results, the effect of fluctuating infrasound is greater than that of steady-state infrasound.
A Hepatogenous Photosensitivity Disease of Cattle: II. Histopathology and Pathogenesis of the Hepatic Lesions
Authors: Glenn B. L. , Panciera R. J. , Monlux A. W. 
Published: July 2017

The progressive development of the hepatic lesions which occurred in an alfalfa hay-induced photosensitivity disease of cattle was studied by means of multiple liver biopsies from 20 animals and by necropsy of 7 animals killed at different stages of the disease. Lesions of visceral organs were confined to the liver and biliary system. The hepatic lesions were characterized by a diffuse, acutely developing cholangitis and pericholangitis leading to occlusion of the small ducts. The chief sites of involvement were interlobular ducts of small and medium size. Subsequent proliferation of bile ducts and connective tissue in the portal tracts occurred in proportion to the intensity and duration of the cholangitis, but was never extreme. The toxin causing these lesions is unknown, but since they are confined almost exclusively to the biliary tract it can be speculated that it is concentrated and excreted via biliary secretion without being adequately detoxified in the liver. The hepatic lesions of the alfalfa hay-induced disease in catle are strikingly similar to those observed in “facial eczema” of sheep. There is little similarity of the lesions to those observed in the other major hepatogenous photosensitivity diseases.
Durch chemische Agentien erzeugte Granulome
Authors: Messow C. 
Published: July 2017

The author reviews granulomas caused by chemical agents. Since there is insufficient knowledge with which to classify them fundamentally, they are classified practically as inflammation caused by endogenous and exogenous chemicals. Deposits of urate crystals, cutaneous calcinosis and cholesterin granulomas are endogenous. Exogenous inflammations in human medicine are the occupational diseases of the skin and lungs; however, these are of little significance in domestic animals. Pneumoconioses in animals are rare because of their reduced opportunity for exposure, more efficient nasal filtering system, and increased pulmonary reactivity; the latter is more likely to lead to acute pneumonia than to chronic granulomatous response. Granulomas caused by pharmaceutical agents are of importance in animals, e.g. the cutaneous granuloma caused by aluminum hydroxide in the adjuvant of foot and mouth disease vaccine. Drugs suspended in oil, turpentine, and paraffin have also produced granulomas in the subcutaneous tissue and muscles. Peritoneal inflammation occurs as a reaction to talcum or antibiotic powder following surgery and is of importance in human medicine; cases have also been reported in domestic animals, but much more rarely. Granulomas were experimentally produced with talcum powder in a number of laboratory and domestic animals, reptiles and amphibia. Such experiments provide an approach to the study of the comparative pathology of inflammation. The differences in the reactions of nine species of animals with experimental talcum granulomas are tabulated.
Die virusbedingte Hepatosplenitis infectiosa strigorum
Authors: Burtscher H. 
Published: July 2017

The gross and histopathology of a viral disease of owls is described on the basis of birds which were autopsied in Vienna over an eight year period. The disease is called hepatosplenitis infectiosa strigorum, the latter word indicating the zoological order (Strigiformes) of birds which are affected; four genera of owls are represented in this report. The clinical illness is not characteristic, and the birds are usually sick but a short time—two to five days. At autopsy, there are numerous necrotic foci in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow representing the essential lesions; frequently, there are also accompanying lesions: stomatitis, laryngitis, esophagitis, proventriculitis and diphtheretic enteritis. Histologically, the organs mentioned have necrotic lesions, consisting of a basophilic central zone of debris surrounded by an eosinophilic ring of necrotic cells. Adjacent to these lesions, intranuclear inclusion bodies of the Cowdry type A are demonstrable, particularly in the liver. The viral etiology (reported elsewhere) has been demonstrated by isolation of an agent from affected owls (in chicken eggs) which is capable of producing the disease in healthy owls. The disease thus appears identical to one reported in the United States 30 years ago. The differential diagnosis from other diseases of owls, both viral and bacterial, is considered in detail. Hepatosplenitis emerges as the major cause of death among the owls submitted for autopsy to the author's institute.
Details and Dynamics: Mental Models of Complex Systems in Game-Based Learning
Authors: Wasserman Joe A. , Banks Jaime 
Published: June 2017

Background. Although the effectiveness of game-based learning (GBL) is well-supported, much less is known about the process underlying it. Nevertheless, developing a mental model that matches the game system, which in turn models a real-world system, is a promising proposed process. Aim. This article explores the first steps in model matching: identifying the entities and (complex) relations in a game system. Method. Participants ( N = 30) played the analog game DOMINION and completed a multi-step mental model mapping exercise. Categories of entities in mental model maps were inductively identified with grounded theory coding, while complex relations in mental model maps were identified via content analysis. Results. Participants described formal game entities, player actions, sociality, learning processes, and subjective experience in their mental model maps. Participants identified very few complex relations—and no feedback loops—in their mental model maps. Conclusions. Games—and analog games specifically—provide a breadth of resources for model matching and GBL. Through gameplay, learners come to affix conceptual meanings to material objects, a process dubbed lamination.