bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managing individual nests promotes population recovery of a top predator
Authors: Cruz Jennyffer , Windels Steve K. , Thogmartin Wayne E. , Crimmins Shawn M. , Grim Leland H. , Zuckerberg Benjamin 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Threatened species are managed using diverse conservation tactics implemented at multiple scales ranging from protecting individuals, to populations, to entire species. Individual protection strives to promote recovery at the population‐ or species‐level, although this is seldom evaluated.

After decades of widespread declines, bald eagles, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, are recovering throughout their range due to legal protection and pesticide bans. However, like other raptors, their recovery remains threatened by human activities. Bald eagle nests are commonly managed using buffer zones to minimize human disturbance, but the benefits of this practice remain unquantified.

Within Voyageurs National Park (VNP), Minnesota, USA, managers have monitored bald eagle populations for over 40 years, and since 1991, have protected at‐risk nests from human disturbance using buffer zones (200 and 400 m radius). We aimed to (1) quantify the recovery of bald eagles in VNP (1973–2016), and (2) provide a first‐ever evaluation of the individual‐ and population‐level effects of managing individual nests. To do so, we developed Bayesian Integrated Population Models combining observations of nest occupancy and reproductive output (metrics commonly collected for raptors) to estimate nest‐level probabilities of occupancy, nest success, and high productivity (producing ≥2 nestlings), as well as population‐level estimates of abundance and growth.

The breeding population of bald eagles at VNP increased steadily from <10 pairs in the late 1970s to 48 pairs by 2016. At the nest‐level, management significantly improved occupancy and success. At the population‐level, management led to 8% and 13% increases in nest success and productivity rates, respectively, resulting in a 37% increase in breeding pair abundance.

Synthesis and applications. There is a clear need to evaluate how management approaches at multiple scales assist in species recovery. Our study uses an Integrated Population Model to reveal the population‐level benefits of a widely used, individual‐based management action (protecting nests using buffer zones) on a recovering raptor.
Catabolite repression in Campylobacter jejuni correlates with intracellular succinate levels
Authors: van der Stel Anne‐Xander , van de Lest Chris H. A. , Huynh Steven , Parker Craig T. , van Putten Jos P. M. , Wösten Marc M. S. M. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryBacteria have evolved different mechanisms to catabolize carbon sources from nutrient mixtures. They first consume their preferred carbon source, before others are used. Regulatory mechanisms adapt the metabolism accordingly to maximize growth and to outcompete other organisms. The human pathogen Campylobacter jejuni is an asaccharolytic Gram‐negative bacterium that catabolizes amino acids and organic acids for growth. It prefers serine and aspartate as carbon sources, however it lacks all regulators known to be involved in regulating carbon source utilization in other organisms. In which manner C. jejuni adapts its metabolism towards the presence or absence of preferred carbon sources is unknown. In this study, we show with transcriptomic analysis and enzyme assays how C. jejuni adapts its metabolism in response to its preferred carbon sources. In the presence of serine as well as lactate and pyruvate C. jejuni inhibits the utilization of other carbon sources, by repressing the expression of a number of central metabolic enzymes. The regulatory proteins RacR, Cj1000 and CsrA play a role in the regulation of these metabolic enzymes. This metabolism dependent transcriptional repression correlates with an accumulation of intracellular succinate. Hence, we propose a demand‐based catabolite repression mechanism in C. jejuni, depended on intracellular succinate levels.
Anti‐elite parties and political inequality: How challenges to the political mainstream reduce income gaps in internal efficacy
Authors: MARX PAUL , NGUYEN CHRISTOPH 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThere is growing interest in political inequality across income groups. This article contributes to this debate with two arguments about political involvement: poverty depresses internal political efficacy by undermining cognitive and emotional resources; and dissent in the party system reduces the efficacy gap to higher incomes. Specifically, conflict is to be expected between anti‐elite and mainstream parties to simplify political decisions and stimulate political attention among poor voters. These arguments are supported with comparative and experimental analyses. Comparative survey data shows that the income gap in efficacy varies with a novel measure of the anti‐elite salience in the party system. The causal impact of anti‐elite rhetoric is established though a representative survey experiment. Finally, the article investigates how these mechanisms affect both electoral and other forms of political participation.
Extracellular Water Excess and Increased Self‐Reported Fatigue in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Tangvoraphonkchai Kamonwan , Davenport Andrew 
Published: January 2018

AbstractHemodialysis patients (HD) commonly report fatigue. Muscle wasting (sarcopenia) and extracellular water (ECW) excess have been reported to be associated with fatigue in other conditions. We wished to determine whether muscle loss and ECW excess were associated with fatigue in HD patients. Patients completed the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI), Beck Depression Inventory‐II (BDI‐II), Patient Health Questionnaires (PHQ‐9) and recorded their post‐dialysis recovery time. Sessional dialysis data were recorded along with pre‐ and post‐dialysis multi‐frequency bioimpedance assessments (MFBIA). One hundred and ten patients, median age 64 (52–79) years, 67% male, 35% diabetic completed questionnaires and had pre‐ and post‐HD MFBIAs. Median total MFI score was 60 (48–72), with the physical domain having the highest score. Modal (30.8%) recovery time post‐dialysis was 1–4 h. Of the participants, 35% and 34% had increased BDI‐II and PHQ‐9 scores, respectively. Total MFI score was associated with increased BDI‐II (>16) (standardized (Std) β 0.54, P < 0.001), PHQ‐9 (>10) scores (Std β 0.49, P < 0.001, past history of depression (Std β 0.28, P = 0.003), post‐HD ECW/total body water ratio (Std β 0.25, P = 0.002), recovery time > 8 h (Std β 0.26, P = 0.001), post dialysis mean arterial pressure (MAP) (Std β −0.19, P = 0.02), and muscle wasting (Std β −0.15, P = 0.05). Self‐reported fatigue in HD patients is associated with self‐reported depression, but also dialysis‐related factors including increased ECW post HD, low MAP, and longer recovery times. Patients with reduced muscle mass were less likely to report fatigue, possibly accepting physical limitations. As such, interventions to reduce fluid overload and improve dialysis experience may help improve fatigue.
Involvement of p38MAPK in Impaired Neutrophil Bactericidal Activity of Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Kamikawa Yasutaka , Sakai Norihiko , Miyake Taito , Sagara Akihiro , Shinozaki Yasuyuki , Kitajima Shinji , Toyama Tadashi , Hara Akinori , Iwata Yasunori , Shimizu Miho , Furuichi Kengo , Imamura Ryu , Suda Takashi , Kaneko Shuichi , Wada Takashi 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMortality from infections has been reported to be higher in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Although dysfunction of neutrophils against bacterial infection was reported in HD patients, the precise mechanism remains to be clarified. We therefore examined the impacts of neutrophil inflammatory signaling on bactericidal activity in HD patients. Comprehensive analyses of intracellular signalings were performed in whole blood of HD patients and control using a microarray system. To confirm the contribution of the signaling to bactericidal activity in neutrophils, we examined the phosphorylation, bacterial killing function, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) release in neutrophils against Staphylococcus aureus. RNA microarray analysis showed the suppression of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in HD patients. Neutrophils in HD patients showed the impairment of bactericidal activity against S. aureus compared to healthy subjects. Phosphorylation rate of p38MAPK of neutrophils in response to S. aureus was lower in HD patients than healthy subjects. The levels of ROS produced by neutrophils after co‐culture with S. aureus were lower in HD patients, on the other hand, there was no difference of MPO release between HD patients and healthy subjects. A selective pharmacological inhibitor of p38MAPK suppressed bacterial killing function as well as ROS production in neutrophils of healthy subjects. Impairment of p38MAPK signaling pathway might contribute to the suppression of neutrophil bactericidal activity in HD patients through less production of ROS.
Efficacy of automatic bolus calculator with automatic speech recognition in patients with type 1 diabetes: A randomized cross‐over trial
Authors: Foltynski Piotr , Ladyzynski Piotr , Pankowska Ewa , Mazurczak Karolina 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackgroundPatients using an insulin pump as part of their diabetes treatment need to calculate insulin bolus doses to compensate for a meal. Some patients do not modify their meal boluses according to changes in the amount and composition of food products in a meal. The lack of correct meal boluses leads to unstable, and therefore harmful, blood glucose levels. The aim of the present study was to test a system supporting bolus determination based on a voice description of a meal.MethodsThe bolus calculator developed (VoiceDiab) consists of a smartphone application and three remote servers for automatic speech recognition, text analysis, and insulin dosage calculation. Forty‐four people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion finished the randomized cross‐over study. Patients were randomly allocated to the group in which the VoiceDiab system supported bolus calculation or to an unsupported group, in which patients or their caregivers calculated boluses. After a 14‐day washout period, patients from the supported group were switched to the unsupported group, whereas those in the unsupported group were switched to the supported group.ResultsThere was a significant difference between the supported and unsupported groups in the percentage of patients with 2‐h postprandial glycemia within the 70–180 mg/dL range (58.6% vs 46.6%, respectively; P = 0.031).ConclusionsThe VoiceDiab system improves postprandial glucose control without increasing the time in hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. Therefore, it may be useful in the treatment of patients with diabetes on intensive insulin therapy.
RETRACTED: Manganese‐12 acetate suppresses the migration, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by inhibiting Wnt/β‐catenin and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in breast cancer cells
Authors: Ju Hongping , Li Yongxia , Xing Xiqian , Miao Xisong , Feng Yunping , Ren Yunhui , Qin Jing , Liu Dian , Chen Zihao , Yang Zhaoyu 
Published: January 2018

BackgroundBreast cancer is the leading cause of cancer‐related death in the world, and it is of great value to reveal the molecular mechanisms of breast cancer progression and develop new therapeutic targets.MethodsTranswell assay is used to analyze the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. Real‐time PCR and western blotting assay are applied to detect the expression levels of epithelial–mesenchymal transition markers and the key members of Wnt/β‐catenin and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways.ResultsManganese‐12 acetate (Mn12Ac) significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of MCF7 and MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells. Western blotting assay further showed that Mn12Ac significantly upregulated E‐cadherin, and downregulated N‐cadherin and vimentin. We further found that Mn12Ac reduced the mRNA expressions of epithelial–mesenchymal transition‐associated transcription factors snail, slug, twist1, and ZEB1 using real‐time PCR assay. Importantly, we further found that Mn12Ac significantly reduced the Wnt1 and β‐catenin protein expressions, and suppressed the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT in MCF7 and MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells. Very interestingly, we also showed that Mn12Ac decreased the mRNA and protein expressions of programmed cell death ligand 1.ConclusionTaken together, our results suggested that Mn12Ac inhibited the migration, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by regulating Wnt/β‐catenin and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in breast cancer.
Primary mediastinal yolk sac tumor treated with platinum‐based chemotherapy and extended resection: Report of seven cases
Authors: Liu Bing , Lin Gang , Liu Jingwei , Liu Haibo , Shang Xueqian , Li Jian 
Published: January 2018

BackgroundPrimary mediastinal yolk sac tumor, which is also known as endodermal sinus tumor, is a rare but lethal neoplasm, and it is a kind of mediastinal non‐seminomatous germ cell tumor. The current standard treatment in mediastinal non‐seminomatous germ cell tumors is chemotherapy combined with postchemotherapy residual mass resection. We report on seven cases of primary mediastinal yolk sac tumor treated with platinum‐based chemotherapy and extended resection.MethodsWe experienced seven cases of primary mediastinal yolk sac tumor between August 2014 and August 2017. All cases had markedly raised α‐fetoprotein and normal β‐human chorion gonadotropin. Computed tomography scan revealed an anterior mediastinal tumor in all cases. Five patients underwent needle core biopsy, which showed a mediastinal yolk sac tumor. They received preoperative platinum‐based chemotherapy and then underwent extended resection, and four of them received postoperative platinum‐based chemotherapy. Two other patients did not receive preoperative biopsy, and they underwent surgical extended resection and then received postoperative platinum‐based chemotherapy.ResultsTwo patients (29%) experienced a postoperative complication, including one pneumonia and one atelectasis. There were no operative deaths. R0 resection was achieved in six patients (86%), and R2 resection was achieved in the other patient. Three patients experienced pulmonary metastases within one year, and two of them soon died. Four other patients were alive without recurrence at the time of writing.ConclusionPrimary mediastinal yolk sac tumor is rare, and the prognosis is poor. A multimodality aggressive approach including adjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgical resection is the optimal treatment and may lead to long‐term survival.
Subjectivity in Professionals' Incentive Systems: Differences between Promotion‐ and Performance‐Based Assessments
Authors: Bol Jasmijn C. , Leiby Justin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe examine how managers assess performance and promotion prospects—that is, the ex ante likelihood of promotion—and the conditions under which these assessments diverge. We argue that managers apply different cognitive schemas when they make different assessments. To the extent that a signal provides different information about future versus current contributions, assessed performance and promotion prospects are likely to diverge. In two experiments, we manipulate professionals' promotion eligibility and level of consultative decision making. We find that experienced managers assess performance and promotion prospects differently, but only when professionals are promotion eligible. Specifically, more (as opposed to less) consultative decision making decreases promotion prospects while not affecting assessed performance (Experiment 1) or even improving it (Experiment 2). By contrast, more consultative decision making improves both assessments when professionals are not eligible for promotion. We shed light on the relations between subjective assessments, including that promotion is not necessarily the consequence of superior assessed performance.
Estimating animal utilization densities using continuous‐time Markov chain models
Authors: Wilson Kenady , Hanks Ephraim , Johnson Devin 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

A long‐standing goal in ecology is to describe an animal's home range or utilization density (UD) without complete knowledge of the animal's movement. There are a number of methods available to calculate a UD from telemetry data, but the most common methods limit the UD to cover areas where the animal was observed during tracking, and do not account for preferential use of different habitats (resource selection).

The limiting distribution of a continuous‐time Markov chain (CTMC) matches the intuitive understanding of a UD for an animal following a CTMC movement model. By modelling continuous‐time movement through discrete‐gridded space we can infer environmental effects on animal movement and then predict a UD over the desired spatial area that captures preferential use of space.

The r packages crawl and ctmcmove allow ecologists to use telemetry data to predict the UD of an animal using the limiting distribution of a CTMC movement model.

We used data collected from Steller sea lions in Alaska to illustrate use of this method for investigating range‐wide space use. Our findings show how these packages, and this method, can aid our understanding of space‐use by predicting use outside the areas where animals were observed, avoiding barriers to movement, including environmental covariates and removing the release effect of telemetry studies. These results will be important for both conservation and management, particularly when determining critical habitat designation.
Implementation and effectiveness of a video‐based debriefing programme for neonatal resuscitation
Authors: Skåre C. , Calisch T. E. , Sæter E. , Rajka T. , Boldingh A. M. , Nakstad B. , Niles D. E. , Kramer‐Johansen J. , Olasveengen T. M. 
Published: January 2018

BackgroundApproximately 5%–10% of newly born babies need intervention to assist transition from intra‐ to extrauterine life. All providers in the delivery ward are trained in neonatal resuscitation, but without clinical experience or exposure, training competency is transient with a decline in skills within a few months. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether neonatal resuscitations skills and team performance would improve after implementation of video‐assisted, performance‐focused debriefings.MethodsWe installed motion‐activated video cameras in every resuscitation bay capturing consecutive compromised neonates. The videos were used in debriefings led by two experienced facilitators, focusing on guideline adherence and non‐technical skills. A modification of Neonatal Resuscitation Performance Evaluation (NRPE) was used to score team performance and procedural skills during a 7 month study period (2.5, 2.5 and 2 months pre‐, peri‐ and post‐implementation) (median score with 95% confidence interval).ResultsWe compared 74 resuscitation events pre‐implementation to 45 events post‐implementation. NRPE‐score improved from 77% (75, 81) to 89% (86, 93), P < 0.001. Specifically, the sub‐categories “group function/communication”, “preparation and initial steps”, and “positive pressure ventilation” improved (P < 0.005). Adequate positive pressure ventilation improved from 43% to 64% (P = 0.03), and pauses during initial ventilation decreased from 20% to 0% (P = 0.02). Proportion of infants with heart rate > 100 bpm at 2 min improved from 71% pre‐ vs. 82% (P = 0.22) post‐implementation.ConclusionImplementation of video‐assisted, performance‐focused debriefings improved adherence to best practice guidelines for neonatal resuscitation skill and team performance.
When do trauma patients lose temperature? – a prospective observational study
Authors: Eidstuen S. C. , Uleberg O. , Vangberg G. , Skogvoll E. 
Published: January 2018

BackgroundThe prevalence of hypothermia in trauma patients is high and rapid recognition is important to prevent further heat loss. Hypothermia is associated with poor patient outcomes and is an independent predictor of increased mortality. The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in core body temperature of trauma patients during different treatment phases in the pre‐hospital and early in‐hospital settings.MethodsA prospective observational cohort study in severely injured patients. Continuous core temperature monitoring using an epitympanic sensor in the auditory canal was initiated at the scene of injury and continued for 3 h. The degree of patient insulation was photo‐documented throughout, and graded on a binary scale. The outcome variable was temperature change in each treatment phase.ResultsTwenty‐two patients were included with a median injury severity score (ISS) of 21 (IQR 14–29). Most patients (N = 16, 73%) were already hypothermic (< 36°C) on scene at their first measurement. Twenty patients (91%) became colder at the scene of injury; on average, the decline was −1.7°C/h. Full clothing reduced this value to −1.1°C/h. Temperature remained essentially stable during ambulance and emergency department phases.ConclusionTrauma patients are at risk for hypothermia already at the scene of injury. Lay persons and professionals should focus on early prevention of heat loss. An active, individually tailored approach to counter hypothermia in trauma should begin immediately at the scene of injury and continue during transportation to hospital. Active rewarming during evacuation should be considered.
Patients’ opinions on outcomes following critical illness
Authors: Nedergaard H. K. , Haberlandt T. , Reichmann P. D. , Toft P. , Jensen H. I. 
Published: January 2018

BackgroundOur aim was to explore which outcomes are most important to patients following ICU‐discharge, and to explore whether intensive care unit (ICU)‐nurses and anesthesiologists are aware of patients’ priorities.MethodsFirst, interviews with adult ICU‐survivors were conducted until data saturation was achieved (10 interviews), and six areas with 36 items were identified. Second, interviews with another eight ICU‐survivors were conducted, narrowing the list to 20. Finally, patients (inclusion criteria: consecutive adults, medical and surgical, ICU‐admission > 5 days, 2–8 months post‐ICU discharge) rated the items, as did ICU‐nurses and anesthesiologists.ResultsA total of 32 patients participated (44% women, medians: age 70.5, time since discharge 179 days, length of stay in ICU 9 days, APACHEII 19.5). The three most important outcomes defined by patients were: lack of physical strength, fatigue, and decreased walking distance. The top three for ICU‐nurses (54 participants) were: fatigue, difficulties concentrating, sadness/depression, and for anesthesiologists (17 participants): fatigue, difficulties in activities of daily living, and lack of physical strength.ConclusionPatients chose lack of physical strength, fatigue, and decreased walking distance as the three most important outcomes following critical illness. Physicians had a higher focus on these physical impairments than ICU‐nurses.