bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term no‐till and stover retention each decrease the global warming potential of irrigated continuous corn
Authors: Jin Virginia L. , Schmer Marty R. , Stewart Catherine E. , Sindelar Aaron J. , Varvel Gary E. , Wienhold Brian J. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractOver the last 50 years, the most increase in cultivated land area globally has been due to a doubling of irrigated land. Long‐term agronomic management impacts on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and global warming potential (GWP) in irrigated systems, however, remain relatively unknown. Here, residue and tillage management effects were quantified by measuring soil nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) fluxes and SOC changes (ΔSOC) at a long‐term, irrigated continuous corn (Zea mays L.) system in eastern Nebraska, United States. Management treatments began in 2002, and measured treatments included no or high stover removal (0 or 6.8 Mg DM ha−1 yr−1, respectively) under no‐till (NT) or conventional disk tillage (CT) with full irrigation (n = 4). Soil N2O and CH4 fluxes were measured for five crop‐years (2011–2015), and ΔSOC was determined on an equivalent mass basis to ~30 cm soil depth. Both area‐ and yield‐scaled soil N2O emissions were greater with stover retention compared to removal and for CT compared to NT, with no interaction between stover and tillage practices. Methane comprised <1% of total emissions, with NT being CH4 neutral and CT a CH4 source. Surface SOC decreased with stover removal and with CT after 14 years of management. When ΔSOC, soil GHG emissions, and agronomic energy usage were used to calculate system GWP, all management systems were net GHG sources. Conservation practices (NT, stover retention) each decreased system GWP compared to conventional practices (CT, stover removal), but pairing conservation practices conferred no additional mitigation benefit. Although cropping system, management equipment/timing/history, soil type, location, weather, and the depth to which ΔSOC is measured affect the GWP outcomes of irrigated systems at large, this long‐term irrigated study provides valuable empirical evidence of how management decisions can impact soil GHG emissions and surface SOC stocks.
Expanding the scope of studentification studies
Authors: Nakazawa Takashi 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe term “studentification” refers to multifaceted urban transformations resulting from increases in and concentrations of student populations. Notably, this concept has been investigated with frequent reference to gentrification studies from both spatial and temporal perspectives. In this regard, spatial perspectives focus on the common urban spatial processes that studentification and gentrification share, whereas temporal perspectives assume students as candidates to become gentrifiers. This essay reorganizes the literature consistently with these two perspectives and aims to extend the limits of studentification studies beyond the epistemological constraints of gentrification.
Application of biochemical markers for the assessment of drought tolerance in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars
Authors: Maghsoodi Malek , Razmjoo Jamshid , Gheysari Mahdi 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAlfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars respond differently to drought stress levels and oxidative injury. This may provide us with an important tool to identify the chemical mechanisms operative in drought tolerant genotypes. The present experiment was conducted to determine catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POX) activities; malondialdehyde (MDA) content; herbage yield; stress susceptibility index (SSI); and drought tolerance index (DTI) of 10 alfalfa cultivars under four irrigation regimes (55, 65, 75 and 85% depletion of available soil water). Drought stress was observed to reduce herbage yield but increase CAT, APX and POX activities as well as MDA content; however, such alterations were cultivar‐drought level‐specific. With a few exceptions, Baghdadi had the highest CAT, POX and APX activities and lowest MDA content, lowest reduction in herbage yield and the lowest SSI and the highest DTI under all irrigation regimes suggesting that it was the most adapted and drought‐tolerant cultivar. Herbage yield had a significant and positive correlation with POX and a significant and negative correlation with MDA under all irrigation regimes indicating that they could be used as markers for selecting more drought‐tolerant cultivars in alfalfa. Catalase and APX also had a significant and positive correlation with herbage yield, thus they could be used as markers for selection of more drought‐tolerant cultivars. The results suggested that a wide variation in drought tolerance exists within alfalfa cultivars, thus selection for more drought tolerance is possible. In addition, chemical markers such as POX, CAT and APX activities and MDA content may be used to assist in selection for more drought tolerance cultivar in this species.
Effects of 24‐epibrassinolide application on cool‐season turfgrass growth and quality under salt stress
Authors: Sever Mutlu Songül , Atesoglu Hakan , Selim Ceren , Tokgöz Serkan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBrassinosteroids are steroidal phytohormones with a significant role in the amelioration of various stresses. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of foliar application of 24‐epibrassinolide (EBL) on growth and quality of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb.) grown under salt stress. The plants were grown under non saline or saline conditions (6 dS m−1), and were sprayed with 0.00 and 0.15 mg L−1 EBL. Salt stress significantly reduced the shoot growth and turfgrass quality. However, EBL alleviated detrimental effects of the salt stress by enhancing turfgrass quality (7–26%), and increasing shoot growth and clipping yield. The EBL application under salt stress alleviated loss in clipping yield by 35 and 12%; and reduced leaf firing, through weeks 2–6 post‐application, by 75–40 and 50–20% for perennial ryegrass and tall fescue, respectively. The EBL may find additional use in stress management of turfgrass areas.
Relationship between sward height and herbage mass for integrated crop‐livestock systems with trees
Authors: Pontes Laíse da S. , Carpinelli Sandoval , Stafin Giliardi , Porfírio‐da‐Silva Vanderley , Santos Betina R. C. dos 
Published: January 2017

AbstractSward height (SH) is an important management variable for both continuous and intermittent stocking, since it is easily measured and highly correlated to herbage mass (HM). However, in systems with trees, tree shading can alter the relationship between SH and HM by changes in the sward structure. Understanding these relationships under shading could help identify and design management practices for swards in association with trees. The aim of this study was to investigate the SH and HM relationship for a continuously stocked mixed black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) + annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture in two systems, i.e. with and without trees, with two levels of nitrogen (N) (90 vs. 180 kg N ha−1), three replicates and over 2 years (2014/2015). Comparison of regression lines was performed between SH (x‐variable) and HM (y‐variable), showing mainly a system effect. Shading altered the relationship between SH and HM in order of magnitude (i.e. different intercepts), but not in the rate of change (i.e. equal slopes). Regardless the SH, oat + ryegrass mixture under trees produced 698 kg of dry matter (DM) ha−1 less than those without trees. Therefore, a target SH used at full sun systems as an index for management (e.g. 20 cm) might not apply under trees with >50% shade, since HM may be limiting to ensure intake of grazing animals (e.g. <1200 kg DM ha−1). The shade level must be controlled to optimize the yield of these forage species and to maintain the necessary HM to ensure the sustainability of no‐till silvopastoral systems.
Lanthanum deposition from oral lanthanum carbonate in the upper gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Hoda Raza S , Sanyal Soma , Abraham Jerrold L , Everett Jamie M , Hundemer Gregory L , Yee Eric , Lauwers Gregory Y , Tolkoff‐Rubin Nina , Misdraji Joseph 
Published: January 2017

AimsLanthanum carbonate is used as an alternative to calcium‐based phosphate binders to manage hyperphosphataemia in patients with renal failure. The deposition of lanthanum within gastroduodenal mucosa of patients treated with the medication has been described, but given the relative novelty of this entity, the histiocytic deposits in the gastroduodenal mucosa can be confused with a variety of other processes, including infections and other drug‐induced forms of injury.Methods and resultsWe describe five cases of lanthanum phosphate deposition in upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract biopsies. Three cases were confirmed with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, including one unique patient, status post‐renal transplant for polycystic kidney disease, who had last taken lanthanum 7 years prior to biopsy.ConclusionLanthanum deposition in the upper GI tract is a mimic of other drug‐related forms of GI injury, including iron pill‐related gastropathy. The key to making this diagnosis is a thorough drug history and awareness of the histological features.
Attitudes to dental care, Sweden 2003‐2013, and clinical correlates of oral health‐related quality of life in 2013
Authors: Edman K , Holmlund A , Nordström B , Öhrn K 
Published: January 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate attitudes to dental care, and to assess possible associations with socio‐economic and clinical variables over a period of ten years, and to investigate the association between OHRQoL assessed by oral impact on daily performance (OIDP), and socio‐economic, dental care habits, smoking and oral status.Materials and methodsCross‐sectional studies performed in the county of Dalarna, Sweden, in 2003, 2008 and 2013. Random samples of 1,107‐1,115 dentate individuals, aged 30‐85 years, who answered a questionnaire and who were radiographically and clinically examined were included.ResultsThe importance of preventive treatment, regular recalls and meeting the same caregiver as on previous visits became less important. In individuals with alveolar bone loss, meeting the same caregiver as on previous visits was important (P<.05). In individuals with manifest caries, information on treatment cost was important, while prevention became less important (P<.05). OIDP was reported by 31% of the individuals in the study, and frequent impact was reported by 10%. Individuals with manifest caries lesions, less than 20 remaining teeth, and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) reported OIDP to a significantly higher degree, compared to orally healthy individuals.ConclusionAttitudes important in maintaining and improving good oral health, such as preventive care and regular recalls to dentistry, became less important during this period of 10 years. Oral impact was found to be associated with irregular dental visits and limited economy for dental care, individuals with less than 20 remaining teeth, TMD and manifest caries.
Effect of two different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite on postoperative pain following single‐visit root canal treatment: a triple‐blind randomized clinical trial
Authors: Farzaneh S. , Parirokh M. , Nakhaee N. , Abbott P. V. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAimTo compare the effects of two different concentrations of NaOCl solution on postoperative pain following single‐visit root canal treatment in mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis.MethodologyA total of 122 patients who had mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis were treated. The patients were randomly divided into two groups according to the concentration of NaOCl used during root canal instrumentation – either 2.5% or 5.25%. RaCe rotary instruments were used for root canal preparation, and all root canals were filled in one visit. Postoperative pain was evaluated using the visual analogue scale. Data were analysed by independent t‐test, chi‐square and Mann–Whitney tests.ResultsTwelve patients were excluded for various reasons. Pain reported by 110 patients who were eligible to be included in the study was analysed. No significant differences were found in the age and gender of the patients between the two groups (P = 0.50, P = 0.51, respectively). The patients who had 5.25% NaOCl reported significantly lower postoperative pain compared to those who had 2.5% NaOCl during the first 72 h following treatment (P = 0.021); however, there was no significant difference in pain felt by the patients during the rest of the study period, that is 4–7 days following treatment (P = 0.185) when the four‐level pain categorization method was used. When the two‐level pain categorization method was used, the results revealed that patients who had 5.25% NaOCl reported significantly less pain for the first 3 days after treatment (P = 0.026). The number of analgesics taken by patients who had 2.5% NaOCl was significantly higher than that taken by patients who had 5.25% NaOCl (P = 0.001).Conclusion5.25% NaOCl was associated with significantly lower postoperative pain compared to 2.5% NaOCl during the first 72 h following one‐visit root canal treatment of mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis.
Antibody gene transfer with adeno‐associated viral vectors as a method for HIV prevention
Authors: Brady Jacqueline M. , Baltimore David , Balazs Alejandro B. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryBroadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) show great promise in HIV prevention as they are capable of potently neutralizing a considerable breadth of genetically diverse strains. Passive transfer of monoclonal bNAb proteins can confer protection in animal models of HIV infection at modest concentrations, inspiring efforts to develop an HIV vaccine capable of eliciting bNAb responses. However, these antibodies demonstrate high degrees of somatic mutation and other unique characteristics that may hinder the ability of conventional approaches to consistently and effectively produce bNAb analogs. As an alternative strategy, we and others have proposed vector‐mediated gene transfer to generate long‐term, systemic production of bNAbs in the absence of immunization. Herein, we review the use of adeno‐associated virus (AAV) vectors for delivery of HIV bNAbs and antibody‐like proteins and summarize both the advantages and disadvantages of this strategy as a method for HIV prevention.
Germline‐targeting immunogens
Authors: Stamatatos Leonidas , Pancera Marie , McGuire Andrew T. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryIn 2009, Dimitrov's group reported that the inferred germline (iGL) forms of several HIV‐1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) did not display measurable binding to a recombinant gp140 Env protein (derived from the dual‐tropic 89.6 virus), which was efficiently recognized by the mature (somatically mutated) antibodies. At that time, a small number of bNAbs were available, but in the following years, the implementation of high‐throughput B‐cell isolation and sequencing assays and of screening methodologies facilitated the isolation of greater numbers of bNAbs from infected subjects. Using these newest bNAbs, and a wide range of diverse recombinant Envs, we and others confirmed the observations made by Dimitrov's group. The results from these studies created a paradigm shift in our collective thinking as to why recombinant Envs are ineffective in eliciting bNAbs and has led to the “germline‐targeting” immunization approach. Here we discuss this approach in detail: what has been done so far, the advantages and limitations of the current germline‐targeting immunogens and of the animal models used to test them, and we conclude with a few thoughts about future directions in this area of research.
Ontogeny‐based immunogens for the induction of V2‐directed HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies
Authors: Moore Penny L. , Gorman Jason , Doria‐Rose Nicole A. , Morris Lynn 
Published: January 2017

SummaryThe development of a preventative HIV vaccine able to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) remains a major challenge. Antibodies that recognize the V2 region at the apex of the HIV envelope trimer are among the most common bNAb specificities during chronic infection and many exhibit remarkable breadth and potency. Understanding the developmental pathway of these antibodies has provided insights into their precursors, and the viral strains that engage them, as well as defined how such antibodies mature to acquire breadth. V2‐apex bNAbs are derived from rare precursors with long anionic CDR H3s that are often deleted in the B cell repertoire. However, longitudinal studies suggest that once engaged, these precursors contain many of the structural elements required for neutralization, and can rapidly acquire breadth through moderate levels of somatic hypermutation in response to emerging viral variants. These commonalities in the precursors and mechanism of neutralization have enabled the identification of viral strains that show enhanced reactivity for V2 precursors from multiple donors, and may form the basis of germline targeting approaches. In parallel, new structural insights into the HIV trimer, the target of these quaternary antibodies, has created invaluable new opportunities for ontogeny‐based immunogens designed to select for rare V2‐bNAb precursors, and drive them toward breadth.
Immunologic characteristics of HIV‐infected individuals who make broadly neutralizing antibodies
Authors: Borrow Persephone , Moody M. Anthony 
Published: January 2017

SummaryInduction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) capable of inhibiting infection with diverse variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) is a key, as‐yet‐unachieved goal of prophylactic HIV‐1 vaccine strategies. However, some HIV‐infected individuals develop bnAbs after approximately 2‐4 years of infection, enabling analysis of features of these antibodies and the immunological environment that enables their induction. Distinct subsets of CD4+ T cells play opposing roles in the regulation of humoral responses: T follicular helper (Tfh) cells support germinal center formation and provide help for affinity maturation and the development of memory B cells and plasma cells, while regulatory CD4+ (Treg) cells including T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells inhibit the germinal center reaction to limit autoantibody production. BnAbs exhibit high somatic mutation frequencies, long third heavy‐chain complementarity determining regions, and/or autoreactivity, suggesting that bnAb generation is likely to be highly dependent on the activity of CD4+ Tfh cells, and may be constrained by host tolerance controls. This review discusses what is known about the immunological environment during HIV‐1 infection, in particular alterations in CD4+ Tfh, Treg, and Tfr populations and autoantibody generation, and how this is related to bnAb development, and considers the implications for HIV‐1 vaccine design.
Human Ig knockin mice to study the development and regulation of HIV‐1 broadly neutralizing antibodies
Authors: Verkoczy Laurent , Alt Frederick W. , Tian Ming 
Published: January 2017

SummaryA major challenge for HIV‐1 vaccine research is developing a successful immunization approach for inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). A key shortcoming in meeting this challenge has been the lack of animal models capable of identifying impediments limiting bnAb induction and ranking vaccine strategies for their ability to promote bnAb development. Since 2010, immunoglobulin knockin (KI) technology, involving inserting functional rearranged human variable exons into the mouse IgH and IgL loci has been used to express bnAbs in mice. This approach has allowed immune tolerance mechanisms limiting bnAb production to be elucidated and strategies to overcome such limitations to be evaluated. From these studies, along with the wealth of knowledge afforded by analyses of recombinant Ig‐based bnAb structures, it became apparent that key functional features of bnAbs often are problematic for their elicitation in mice by classic vaccine paradigms, necessitating more iterative testing of new vaccine concepts. In this regard, bnAb KI models expressing deduced precursor V(D)J rearrangements of mature bnAbs or unrearranged germline V, D, J segments (that can be assembled into variable region exons that encode bnAb precursors), have been engineered to evaluate novel immunogens/regimens for effectiveness in driving bnAb responses. One promising approach emerging from such studies is the ability of sequentially administered, modified immunogens (designed to bind progressively more mature bnAb precursors) to initiate affinity maturation. Here, we review insights gained from bnAb KI studies regarding the regulation and induction of bnAbs, and discuss new Ig KI methodologies to manipulate the production and/or expression of bnAbs in vivo, to further facilitate vaccine‐guided bnAb induction studies.
HIV antibodies for treatment of HIV infection
Authors: Margolis David M. , Koup Richard A. , Ferrari Guido 
Published: January 2017

SummaryThe bar is high to improve on current combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), now highly effective, safe, and simple. However, antibodies that bind the HIV envelope are able to uniquely target the virus as it seeks to enter new target cells, or as it is expressed from previously infected cells. Furthermore, the use of antibodies against HIV as a therapeutic may offer advantages. Antibodies can have long half‐lives, and are being considered as partners for long‐acting antiretrovirals for use in therapy or prevention of HIV infection. Early studies in animal models and in clinical trials suggest that such antibodies can have antiviral activity but, as with small‐molecule antiretrovirals, the issues of viral escape and resistance will have to be addressed. Most promising, however, are the unique properties of anti‐HIV antibodies: the potential ability to opsonize viral particles, to direct antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against actively infected cells, and ultimately the ability to direct the clearance of HIV‐infected cells by effector cells of the immune system. These distinctive activities suggest that HIV antibodies and their derivatives may play an important role in the next frontier of HIV therapeutics, the effort to develop treatments that could lead to an HIV cure.
Polyvalent vaccine approaches to combat HIV‐1 diversity
Authors: Korber Bette , Hraber Peter , Wagh Kshitij , Hahn Beatrice H. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryA key unresolved challenge for developing an effective HIV‐1 vaccine is the discovery of strategies to elicit immune responses that are able to cross‐protect against a significant fraction of the diverse viruses that are circulating worldwide. Here, we summarize some of the immunological implications of HIV‐1 diversity, and outline the rationale behind several polyvalent vaccine design strategies that are currently under evaluation. Vaccine‐elicited T‐cell responses, which contribute to the control of HIV‐1 in natural infections, are currently being considered in both prevention and treatment settings. Approaches now in preclinical and human trials include full proteins in novel vectors, concatenated conserved protein regions, and polyvalent strategies that improve coverage of epitope diversity and enhance the cross‐reactivity of responses. While many barriers to vaccine induction of broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) responses remain, epitope diversification has emerged as both a challenge and an opportunity. Recent longitudinal studies have traced the emergence of bNAbs in HIV‐1 infection, inspiring novel approaches to recapitulate and accelerate the events that give rise to potent bNAb in vivo. In this review, we have selected two such lineage‐based design strategies to illustrate how such in‐depth analysis can offer conceptual improvements that may bring us closer to an effective vaccine.