bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigations on the explosivity of steam‐driven eruptions: A case study of Solfatara volcano (Campi Flegrei)
Authors: Montanaro Cristian , Scheu Bettina , Mayer Klaus , Orsi Giovanni , Moretti Roberto , Isaia Roberto , Dingwell Donald B. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSteam‐driven eruptions, both phreatic and hydrothermal, expel exclusively fragments of non‐juvenile rocks disintegrated by the expansion of water as liquid or gas phase. As their violence is related to the magnitude of the decompression work that can be performed by fluid expansion, these eruptions may occur with variable degrees of explosivity. In this study we investigate the influence of liquid fraction and rock petrophysical properties on the steam‐driven explosive energy. A series of fine‐grained heterogeneous tuffs from the Campi Flegrei caldera were investigated for their petrophysical properties. The rapid depressurization of various amounts of liquid water within the rock pore space can yield highly variable fragmentation and ejection behaviors for the investigated tuffs. Our results suggest that the pore liquid fraction controls the stored explosive energy with an increasing liquid fraction within the pore space increasing the explosive energy. Overall, the energy released by steam flashing can be estimated to be 1 order of magnitude higher than for simple (Argon) gas expansion and may produce a higher amount of fine material even under partially saturated conditions. The energy surplus in the presence of steam flashing leads to a faster fragmentation with respect to gas expansion and to higher ejection velocities imparted to the fragmented particles. Moreover, weak and low permeability rocks yield a maximum fine fraction. Using experiments to unravel the energetics of steam‐driven eruptions has yielded estimates for several parameters controlling their explosivity. These findings should be considered for both modeling and evaluation of the hazards associated with steam‐driven eruptions.
Alternative Processing: Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase
Authors: Steer Brent M , Marsden Philip A 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe human neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene is expressed from multiple promoters and is subject to alternate messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) processing. These complex molecular mechanisms contribute to regulating gene expression and function in multiple tissues and cell types. In the case of nNOS, these distinct promoters give rise to mRNA transcripts with untranslated leader sequences that have differing lengths, nucleotide composition and three‐dimensional structure. These distinct leader sequences have robust effects on translational efficiency. In disease settings, these have functional relevance. For example, in settings of low oxygen content, a unique promoter becomes transcriptionally active. In contrast to basally expressed transcripts, this hypoxia‐induced mRNA is very efficiently translated. To accommodate diverse biological roles, multiple mechanisms have evolved to produce a diverse range of nNOS mRNA transcripts from a single genetic locus.Key ConceptsMammalian genes can have more than one promoter.Having more than one promoter implies that the gene has more than one version of exon 1.Initiation of transcription in different regions of genomic DNA imparts different nucleotide sequences to the leader regions of messenger ribonucleic acid transcripts, also known as the 5′‐untranslated region (5′‐UTR).Different leader sequences may, or may not, affect protein structure depending on whether the initiator AUG codon for translation of the protein lies in exon 1 or downstream.If multiple versions of exon 1 all have their own initiator AUG codon, then the encoded protein will exist in different forms, each with a uniqueN‐terminal peptide sequence.Different 5′‐UTRs of messenger ribonucleic acid transcripts can have functional effects on expression of the encoded protein.The 5′‐UTRs of messenger ribonucleic acid transcripts can affect translational efficiency.The 5′‐UTRs of messenger ribonucleic acid transcripts can affect subcellular messenger ribonucleic acid transcript localisation.The 5′‐UTRs of messenger ribonucleic acid transcripts can affect messenger ribonucleic acid transcript stability.Factors that regulate chromatin and transcription complexes can impact the splicing process.
Genetics as Explanation: Limits to the Human Genome Project
Authors: Cohen Irun R , Atlan Henri , Efroni Sol 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Living organisms are composed of cells and all living cells contain a genome, the organism's stock of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The role of the genome has been likened to a computer program that encodes the organism's development and its subsequent response to the environment. Thus, the organism and its fate can be explained by genetics, the plans written into the sequence of genomic DNA; the Human Genome Project was devised to decipher this program. However, it is now clear that the genome does not directly program the organism; the computer program metaphor has misled us. The genome is only one class of vital information that serves the organism. Indeed, we now know that the healthy individual human is an ecosystem that lives in symbiosis with hundreds of different species of bacteria – the microbiota. Metaphorically, the genome can be likened to a toolbox for accomplishing specific tasks.

Key Concepts

The genome does not function as a master plan or computer program for controlling the organism; the genome is the organism's servant, not its master.

The genome is a reservoir of DNA sequence information and a vehicle for transmitting this information; the meaning of DNA emerges from the cellular processing of this raw information into proteins and other functional molecules.

Complex organisms like humans live in symbiosis with a microbiota of many hundreds of micro‐organisms. The microbiota are essential to human health and the phenotype of the individual is greatly influenced by interactions with the microbiota. The body houses manyfold more DNA of microbial origin than it does the genomic DNA inherited from the parents. The individual is thus an ecosystem of diverse cellular origins.

DNA is only one class of vital information that serves the organism; the organism epigenetically uses, manipulates, regulates and, in the case of the immune system, creates genes.

The effects of a gene vary with the organism's environment; the interactions between genes and environment are not linear and, in most cases, not additive. Therefore, one cannot compute with certainty the relative contributions of genes and environment to an organism's observed features – its phenotype.

Metaphorically, we can think of the genome as akin to a list of words, a vocabulary, which can be used to build and express a meaningful language; like a vocabulary, a genome by itself has no functional meaning.

The genome is thus akin to a toolbox of DNA sequences that provide molecular tools as requested by the internal state of the organism and the state of the environment.

One's genes cannot explain one's being: an organism is the expression of a dynamic and ongoing interaction between the state of its environment and its internal state, which includes its past history and its toolbox of DNA sequences.
Transposon‐Based Cellular Reprogramming to Induced Pluripotency
Authors: Kues Wilfried A 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are a seminal discovery in the field of stem cells. iPS cells can be employed as patient‐specific pluripotent stem cells in disease modelling, drug screens and potentially for autologous cell therapy, without the ethical concerns associated with human embryonic stem (ES) cells. Initially, iPS cells were generated by viral transduction of fibroblasts with core reprogramming genes, such as Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c‐Myc. However, integrating viruses may cause insertional mutagenesis and may increase the risk of tumour formation. Therefore, alternative gene transfer approaches which avoid these safety concerns are required. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) transposons are nonviral genetic elements, which can be designed as efficient vectors for gene transfer. DNA transposons are distinguished by their large cargo capacity, their relatively simple design and the availability of transposase variants. Transposon‐based reprogramming broadens the toolbox for the generation of iPS cell lines and will advance the development of safe, nonviral methods.

Key Concepts

During mammalian ontogenesis, cellular potency is gradually lost.

Mammalian ontogenesis is a one‐way process from pluripotent to somatic cells.

Experimentally, somatic cells can be reprogrammed to a state of induced pluripotency by the transduction of core reprogramming factors.

DNA transposons are a promising nonviral approach for reprogramming.

DNA transposon‐derived iPS cells can be triggered to differentiate
in vitro
and
in vivo
.
Consumer Perceptions of and Willingness to Use Remotely Delivered Service Models For Exercise Management of Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis: A Cross‐Sectional Survey
Authors: Lawford Belinda J. , Bennell Kim L. , Hinman Rana S. 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveTo investigate the perceptions of people with hip and/or knee osteoarthritis (OA) about the remote delivery of exercise therapy by a physical therapist.MethodsA survey of people age ≥45 years with a clinical diagnosis of hip and/or knee OA was conducted. The survey comprised 3 sections, including 1) demographic information, 2) statements about receiving exercise via the telephone, and 3) statements about receiving exercise via video over the internet. Data were analyzed by calculating response proportions and evaluating levels of agreement with each statement. Exploratory binomial regression analyses were performed to determine whether participant characteristics influenced perceptions of tele‐rehabilitation.ResultsA total of 330 people spanning metropolitan, regional, and rural Australia completed the survey. Respondents were in majority (≥50%) agreement with 13 of 17 statements, with most agreement about tele‐rehabilitation saving time (telephone versus video: 78% versus 81%), being easy to use (79% versus 78%), and maintaining privacy (86% versus 82%). There was no consensus agreement with liking the lack of physical contact (telephone versus video: 20% agreement versus 22%), willingness to pay (32% versus 46%), belief that telephone‐delivered exercise would be effective (45%), and belief that a physical therapist could adequately monitor OA over the telephone (42%).ConclusionPeople with knee and/or hip OA hold mostly positive perceptions about tele‐rehabilitation, delivered via the telephone or by video over the internet, for provision of physical therapist–prescribed exercise services. There was concern about the lack of physical contact with the therapist when using tele‐rehabilitation.
Palladium(II) Acetate‐Catalyzed Dual C–H Functionalization and C–C Bond Formation: A Domino Reaction for the Synthesis of Functionalized (E)‐Bisindole‐2‐ones from Diarylbut‐2‐ynediamides
Authors: Li Guangchen , Zhou Guangshuai , Zhang‐Negrerie Daisy , Du Yunfei , Huang Jianhui , Zhao Kang 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA domino reaction of palladium(II)‐catalyzed dual C–H functionalization with subsequent intramolecular annulation is presented. This method provides a convenient synthesis of a range of symmetrical and unsymmetrical biologically important (E)‐bisindole‐2‐ones under extremely mild reaction conditions – room temperature, green oxidant and no additive. The reaction mechanism is elucidated in light of the yield values as well as additional control experiment results.magnified image
Energy‐related influences on variation in breastfeeding duration among indigenous Maya women from Guatemala
Authors: McKerracher Luseadra J. , Collard Mark , Altman Rachel M. , Sellen Daniel , Nepomnaschy Pablo A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe causes of variation in breastfeeding duration in humans are poorly understood, but life history factors related to maternal energetics drive much of the variation in lactation duration in nonhuman animals. With this in mind, we investigated whether four energy‐related factors influence variation in breastfeeding duration in a non‐industrial human population: (1) mortality risk during mother's development (assessed via mother's adult height), (2) reliance on nutrient‐dense weaning foods, (3) access to and need for help with infant feeding and care (“allomaternal care”), and (4) maternal tradeoffs between current and future reproduction (measured via child's birth order).Materials and methodsThe data pertain to 51 Kakchiquel‐speaking Maya mothers and 283 children from a village in rural Guatemala. We developed a linear mixed model to evaluate the relationships between breastfeeding duration and the energy‐related factors.ResultsDuration of breastfeeding was associated with two of the energy‐related factors in the ways we predicted but not with the other two. Contrary to predictions, taller mothers breastfed for shorter periods and we found no evidence that weanling diet quality impacts breastfeeding duration. As predicted, women who had more help with infants breastfed for shorter periods, and later‐born infants breastfed longer than earlier‐born ones.DiscussionThe results regarding allomaternal care suggest that help reduces mothers' lactation demands. The energy saved may be redirected to increasing fecundity or investment in other children. The birth order result suggests that children born to mothers nearing reproductive senescence receive higher levels of investment, which likely impacts children's fitness.
Epistaxis grading in Osler's disease: comparison of comprehensive scores with detailed bleeding diaries
Authors: Parzefall Thomas , Wolf Axel , Frei Klemens , Kaider Alexandra , Riss Dominik 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundUse of reliable grading scores to measure epistaxis severity in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is essential in clinical routine and for scientific purposes. For practical reasons, visual analog scale (VAS) scoring and the Epistaxis Severity Score (ESS) are widely used. VAS scores are purely subjective, and a potential shortcoming of the ESS is that it is based on self‐reported anamnestic bleeding data. The aim of this study was to validate the level of correlation between VAS scores, the ESS, and actual bleeding events, based on detailed epistaxis diaries of patients.MethodsRecords from daily epistaxis diaries maintained by 16 HHT patients over 112 consecutive days were compared with the monthly ESS and daily VAS scores in the corresponding time period. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient, analysis of variance models, and multiple R2 measures were used for statistical analysis.ResultsAlthough the ESS and VAS scores generally showed a high degree of correlation with actual bleeding events, mild events were underrepresented in both scores.ConclusionsOur results highlight the usefulness of the ESS as a standard epistaxis score in cohorts with moderate to severe degrees of epistaxis. The use of detailed epistaxis diaries should be considered when monitoring patients and cohorts with mild forms of HHT.
Pump spectral linewidth influence on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and self‐termination behavior of SRS in liquids
Authors: He Guang S. , Kuzmin Andrey , Prasad Paras N. 
Published: November 2016

The threshold, temporal behavior, and conversion efficiency of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SBS) in three liquids (benzene, hexane, and dimethyl sulfoxide) and two crystals (calcite and barium nitrate) have been investigated under three largely different spectral linewidth conditions. Pumped with 532‐nm and nanosecond duration laser pulses of ≤ 0.01 cm−1 linewidth, only SBS can be generated in all tested liquids with a high nonlinear reflectivity. However when the pump spectral linewidth is ∼0.07 cm−1 or ∼0.8 cm−1, both SBS and SRS can be observed in benzene while only SRS can be generated in dimethyl sulfoxide; in all these cases SRS is the dominant contribution to the stimulated scattering but the efficiency values are drastically decreased due to the self‐termination behavior of SRS in liquids, which arises from the thermal self‐defocusing of both pump beam and SRS beam owing to Stokes‐shift related opto‐heating effect. In contrast, for SRS process in the two crystals, the thermal self‐defocusing influence is negligible benefitting from their much greater thermal conductivity, and a higher conversion efficiency of SRS generation can be retained under all three pump conditions.image
Initial Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation during the Early Stages of the Methanol‐to‐Olefin Process Proven by Zeolite‐Trapped Acetate and Methyl Acetate
Authors: Chowdhury Abhishek Dutta , Houben Klaartje , Whiting Gareth T. , Mokhtar Mohamed , Asiri Abdullah M. , Al‐Thabaiti Shaeel A. , Basahel Suliman N. , Baldus Marc , Weckhuysen Bert M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMethanol‐to‐olefin (MTO) catalysis is a very active field of research because there is a wide variety of sometimes conflicting mechanistic proposals. An example is the ongoing discussion on the initial C−C bond formation from methanol during the induction period of the MTO process. By employing a combination of solid‐state NMR spectroscopy with UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry on an active H‐SAPO‐34 catalyst, we provide spectroscopic evidence for the formation of surface acetate and methyl acetate, as well as dimethoxymethane during the MTO process. As a consequence, new insights in the formation of the first C−C bond are provided, suggesting a direct mechanism may be operative, at least in the early stages of the MTO reaction.
Gas‐separation properties of amine‐crosslinked polyimide membranes modified by amine vapor
Authors: Yoshioka Tetsuro , Kojima Kenta , Shindo Ryohei , Nagai Kazukiyo 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTThe modification of a polyimide (PI) membrane by aromatic amine vapor was performed in this work to increase the crosslinking of the membrane and to study the effect on gas permeability and the corresponding selectivity. The single‐gas permeability of the membranes at 35 °C was probed for H2, O2, N2, CO2, and CH4. From the relationship between the combinations of gases and ideal permselectivities, this study showed that amine‐crosslinked PI membranes tended to increase gas permselectivities exponentially with the increasing difference in gas kinetic diameter. Moreover, this study illustrated that the permeability of the membranes was influenced by the formation rate of amine‐crosslinked networks or chemical structures after the reaction. The membranes had the highest level of permselectivities among crosslinked PI membranes for O2/N2, and the H2/CH4 permselectivity increased 26 times after vapor modification. Furthermore, the modification method that used aromatic amine vapor produced thin and strongly modified layers. These findings indicate that modification is an advantageous technique for improving gas‐separation performance, even considering thinning. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44569.
Existence and Controllability Results for a New Class of Impulsive Stochastic Partial Integro‐Differential Inclusions with State‐Dependent Delay
Authors: Yan Zuomao , Jia Xiumei 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we study a new class of impulsive stochastic partial integro‐differential inclusions with state‐dependent delay in separable Hilbert spaces. Firstly, by using stochastic analysis theory, analytic resolvent operators, fractional powers of closed operators and suitable fixed point theorems, we prove the existence of mild and extremal mild solutions for these systems in the α‐norm. Secondly, we establish the controllability of the controlled stochastic partial integro‐differential inclusions with not instantaneous impulses. The results are obtained under the mixed Lipschitz and Carathéodory conditions. Finally, an example is provided to show the application of our results.
Scheibenbemessung der Pressenkraftdurchleitung bei TVM‐Vortrieben
Authors: Behnen Gereon , Fischer Oliver , Schmidt‐Thrö Gerald 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDie Scheibenbeanspruchung von Tübbingfertigteilen (Tübbings) infolge der Durchleitung konzentrierter Pressenkräfte aus der Tunnelvortriebsmaschine (TVM) ist ein in der Literatur bisher kaum behandeltes Thema. Das liegt vor allem daran, dass es sich dabei um eine im Bauzustand und meist nur kurzzeitig, an einzelnen lokalen Stellen wirkende Beanspruchung handelt, die häufig durch die in Deutschland übliche bzw. durch die Regelwerke vorgegebene Mindestbewehrung (weitgehend) abgedeckt ist. Dabei wird oft verkannt, dass die Scheibenbeanspruchung neben der unmittelbaren Lasteinleitung (Nachweis Teilflächenpressungen) den für die Tübbingbemessung maßgebenden Lastfall darstellt und nach den Erfahrungen der Verfasser die häufigste Schadensursache an Tübbings darstellt. Insofern sollten die entsprechenden Nachweise sorgfältig geführt werden, insbesondere dann, wenn aus Gründen der Wirtschaftlichkeit die Mindestbewehrung abgemindert werden soll, oder wenn andere Bewehrungsformen (z. B. Stahlfasern) zum Einsatz kommen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Tafelwerke als übersichtliche Hilfsmittel zur Verfügung gestellt, die ohne EDV‐Berechnungen sowohl eine schnelle Optimierung der Tübbingteilung und der Pressenanordnung ermöglichen, als auch als Grundlage für die Bemessung herangezogen werden können. Zudem werden zur komplexen Modellbildung der rechnerischen Berücksichtigung von unvermeidlichen Toleranzen entsprechende Hinweise gegeben. Es wird dann auf unterschiedliche Bemessungsformate, insbesondere zur Begrenzung der Rissbreiten, näher eingegangen und vor dem Spannungsfeld der divergierenden Anforderungen an Wirtschaftlichkeit, Robustheit und dem Erkennen der relevanten Einflüsse diskutiert. Abschließend werden Vorschläge für eine ingenieurmäßige Nachweisstrategie gegeben.
Structure and function of the N‐terminal domain of Ralstonia eutropha polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase, and the proposed structure and mechanisms of the whole enzyme
Authors: Kim Yeo‐Jin , Choi So Young , Kim Jieun , Jin Kyeong Sik , Lee Sang Yup , Kim Kyung‐Jin 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are natural polyesters synthesized by numerous microorganisms as energy and reducing power storage materials, and have attracted much attention as substitutes for petroleum‐based plastics. In an accompanying paper, the authors reported the crystal structure of the C‐terminal domain of Ralstonia eutropha PHA synthase (PhaC1). Here, the authors report the 3D reconstructed model of full‐length of R. eutropha PhaC1 (RePhaC1F) by small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) analysis. The catalytic C‐terminal domain of RePhaC1 (RePhaC1CD) dimer is located at the center of RePhaC1F, and the N‐terminal domain of RePhaC1 (RePhaC1ND) is located opposite the dimerization subdomain of RePhaC1CD, indicating that RePhaC1ND is not directly involved in the enzyme catalysis. The localization studies using RePhaC1F, RePhaC1ND and RePhaC1CD revealed that RePhaC1ND plays important roles in PHA polymerization by localizing the enzyme to the PHA granules and stabilizing the growing PHA polymer near the active site of RePhaC1CD. The serial truncation study on RePhaC1ND suggested that the predicted five α‐helices (N‐α3 to N‐α7) are required for proper folding and granule binding function of RePhaC1ND. In addition, the authors also report the SAXS 3D reconstructed model of the RePhaC1F/RePhaMΔC complex (RePhaMΔC, PAKKA motif‐truncated version of RePhaM). RePhaM forms a complex with RePhaC1 by interacting with RePhaC1ND and activates RePhaC1 by providing a more extensive surface area for interaction with the growing PHA polymer.