bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling Powder X-ray Diffraction Patterns of the Clay Minerals Society Kaolinite Standards: KGa-1, KGa-1b, and KGa-2
Authors: Sakharov B. A. , Drits V. A. , McCarty D. K. , Walker G. M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThree kaolinite reference samples identified as KGa-1, KGa-1b, and KGa-2 from the Source Clays Repository of The Clay Mineral Society (CMS) are used widely in diverse fields, but the defect structures have still not been determined with certainty. To solve this problem, powder diffraction patterns of the KGa-1, KGa-1b, and KGa-2 samples were modeled. In a kaolinite layer among three symmetrically independent octahedral sites named as A, B, and C and separated from each other by b/3 along the b parameter, the A and B sites are occupied by Al cations, whereas, the C sites located along the long diagonal of the oblique kaolinite unit cell are vacant. The layer displacement vectors t1 and t2 are related by a pseudo-mirror plane from defect-free 1Tc kaolinite enantiomorphs, whereas, the random interstratification within individual kaolinite crystallites creates right-hand and left-hand layer sub-sequences producing structural disorder. A third layer displacement vector, t0, located along the long diagonal of the oblique layer unit cell that contains the vacant octahedral site and coincides with the layer pseudo-mirror plane may exist. Thus, a structural model should be defined by the probability of t1, t2, and t0 layer displacement translations Wt1, Wt2, and Wt0, respectively, determined by simulated experimental X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. X-ray diffraction patterns were calculated for structures with a given content of randomly interstratified displacement vectors, and other XRD patterns were calculated for a physical mixture of crystallites having contrasting structural order with only C-vacant layers. The samples differ from each other by the content of high- and low-ordered phases referred to as HOK and LOK. The HOK phase has an almost defect-free structure in which 97% of the layer pairs are related by just the layer displacement vector t1 and only 3% of the layer pairs form the enantiomorphic fragments. In contrast, the LOK phases in the KGa-1, KGa-1b, and KGa-2 samples differ from HOK phases by the occurrence probabilities for the t1, t2, and t0 layer displacements. In addition, the LOK phases contain stacking faults that displace adjacent layers in arbitrary lengths and directions. Low XRD profile factors (Rp = 8-11%) support the defect structure models. Additional structural defects and previously published models are discussed.
Competitive Removal of Malachite Green and Rhodamine B Using Clinoptilolite in a Two-dye System
Authors: Baran Evrim , Acemioğlu Bilal 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSurface and groundwaters become contaminated with dyes due to discharge into the environment, which increases the risk of a number of human diseases. Many methods of dye removal from discharge waters at the source have been developed, but few are effective and the most effective method (activated carbon) is very expensive. The purpose of the present study was to test a natural zeolite (clinoptilolite type) as a potentially effective and inexpensive method to remediate dye discharge into the environment. In the removal experiments, malachite green (MG) and rhodamine B (RB) cationic dyes were used. The effects of various experimental conditions such as initial dye concentration, pH, and temperature on dye removal were investigated in a single-dye system. The degree of removal of MG and RB increased with increasing initial concentration and temperature of the dye in a single-dye system. An increase in pH decreased RB removal, but increased MG removal. In a two-dye system, MG and RB adsorption decreased by ~41.74 and 21.51%, respectively, due to competitive adsorption of the two dyes. Adsorption reflected a pseudo-second order kinetics model with high correlation coefficients (r2 = 0.996–1.000) in single-dye and two-dye systems. Adsorption was most consistent with the Langmuir-1 and the Redlich-Peterson isotherm models with high correlation coefficients (r2 = 0.987–0.999) in both systems. The Langmuir-1 adsorption capacities were determined as 43.86 and 44.25 mg/g for the removal of MG and RB in single-dye systems, respectively. In a two-dye system, the Langmuir-1 capacities were 20.62 and 31.54 mg/g for the removal of MG and RB, respectively.
A Socially Responsible Design to Rebuild Cultural Self-Confidence: A Case Study on the Design of a Village Revitalization Project
Authors: Xu Fang , Mo Fujian , Chen Yuanyuan 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This article presents a socially responsible design approach, through a remote mountain village’s revitalization project in Tongguan, Liping county in Guizhou province. The Village Revitalization Program (VRP) was initiated by the central government in response to many constraints that have resulted from China’s modernization over the past decades. Its objective was to protect these remote villages through maintaining their physical artefacts, sustaining their cultural essence and historical memories. Although various types of projects have been completed, the majority of them have brushed past the complicated byproducts of urbanization such as young generations leaving villages, children being left behind, rural hollowing out, etc., which have developed into a cycle threatening the sustainability of the community. This study diagnoses the critical issues neglected by previous revitalization approaches and initiates a new practice of socially responsible design to end the vicious cycle, achieved through rebuilding the cultural self-confidence of the villagers. From an operational perspective, this practice provides a three-step process: diagnosis, formulation and implementation. The new approach challenges the end-product-oriented method, questions the top-down approach and highlights the significance of direct involvement by end-users. From a theoretical perspective, this practice examines the various forms of socially responsible design and redefines the multiple dimensions that village revitalization projects should address. Following two years of effort by volunteers and villagers, the project was realized in the form of a Villagers’ Center in Tongguan. This product not only satisfies the interests of its current end-users in both the short and long term, but also provides an innovative, functional example of revitalizing values from within the village itself in order to rebuild the cultural self-confidence of villagers.
Fiskars Village: Exploring Possibilities for Collaboration in a Design-Oriented Community
Authors: Tamminen Pia 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This case study investigates the possibilities that drive the development of collaboration in the design-oriented organizations in Fiskars Village through the lens of affordances. This study focuses on affordances, perceived opportunities for action, which build a common ground for collaboration of organizations, and views them at community and individual levels. The study addresses the question of what enables and supports affordances related to collaboration in the design-oriented community. The aim is to raise awareness of the potential that exists in the environment of a heterogeneous group of design-oriented people. The findings build a methodological bridge between the collaborative activities and affordances and provide new insights into the themes that support perception of affordances in the design-oriented community. The theoretical contribution of the article provides suggestions on how the existence of affordances could be emphasized and developed further to support creativity and collaboration. This study highlights the key elements that are needed when building long-term collaboration in a design-oriented community.
Bridging the Gap between Marketing Strategy and Design Teams: A Method to Facilitate Strategic Styling Decision-Making within a Company
Authors: Blijlevens Janneke , Ranscombe Charlie 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In order for styling (creation of a distinct visual identity for a new product) to be successful in the market, design decisions need to be aligned with marketing strategy decisions. Previous research has suggested a styling strategy model that focuses on the goals of styling (attention drawing, recognition, symbolic meanings) by considering the degree and direction of differentiation from the products in a current portfolio, the succession of product generations, and product competitors. Using these strategies may guide product designers in their styling decisions so that they are aligned with marketing strategy goals. However, research has shown that, while product designers and marketers work towards the same goals, the difference in the way they justify styling decisions can cause difficulties in communication, rationalization and subsequent dismissal of ideas by the other party. Marketers believe that knowledge upon which styling decisions are based should be measurable and generated from competitive analysis and consumer insights, while product designers rely on intuition, experience and observations. In this research we aim to bridge this gap between marketers and product designers to improve the strategic styling decision-making process. Through a case study with Crown Lager beer bottles we developed a method that measures changes in styling compared to previous product designs within the succession of product generations, as well as the differences in styling compared to that of current competitors. This numerical information is then mapped to market data (e.g., revenue and changes in market share). We show how the combination of these data sets aids in identifying previous styling strategy in terms of degree and direction of styling changes, and how this can be used by the design team to justify a styling strategy to marketers using the knowledge and truths that align with what marketers are used to. We contend that this method will facilitate improved shared understanding between design and marketing teams, thereby aiding successful styling decision-making in a company.
22 km from Texas to Pustatina
Authors: Grgic Ana 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The globalized any-place, no-place atmosphere, underscored by monochrome cinematography and bare settings, allows the story to function as an allegory of the contemporary world. The satirical attitude subverts the dominant discourse and questions common beliefs through witty exchanges, while the punchline ending offers a form of liberation and psychic release.
Struggling with dogmatism
Authors: Kuzma Konstanty 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The T-Shirt suffers from a redemptive optimism that risks undercutting its humanistic appeal. By outsourcing the problem of intolerance to American conservatives, rather than confronting the viewer with it, Fazeli lets us live in the illusion that all is well as long as we don’t happen to stumble upon fundamentalists.
The Beach, exposed
Authors: Hole Kristin Lené 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
I analyse The Beach through the concept of exposure – both its overexposed aesthetic and the exposure among the characters as the film unravels. Gendering the idea of ex-peau-sition (Jean-Luc Nancy), I posit a form of feminine writing both through the skin (peau) of the film and the skin of Anne.
Echoes of The 400 Blows: Ambiguous closure in art cinema
Authors: Bohlinger Vincent 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This article compares the ending of The Beach with that of The 400 Blows in order to demonstrate how ambiguity arises from the interrelationship between style and narrative in art cinema. Ambiguity requires audience interpretation, which in The Beach leads to poignant reflection on the nature of domestic violence.
The dark power of belonging: The T-Shirt
Authors: Burgoyne Robert 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In The T-Shirt, disagreement overflows into brutal confrontation, as the two characters provoke each other to act out roles preordained by the power of symbols. What Freud called the ‘narcissism of minor differences’ is rendered here as social pathology, dramatized in miniature in the violent encounter of two ordinary people.
Extending Demographic Windows of Opportunity: Evidence from Asia
Authors: Fong Joelle H. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Population aging and a shrinking workforce creates a significant drag on opportunities for economic growth. Specifically, many economies in Asia will see their demographic windows of economic opportunity close within the next two decades or so. One widely explored policy response among governments has been to encourage longer working lives or delay retirement. This paper traces developments in retirement age policies for rapidly aging Asian economies, and investigates the effect of recent reforms in old-age employment practices on their demographic windows. We find that increases in retirement age based on current policy prescriptions can help these aging economies extend their demographic windows by another two to seven years. Nonetheless, further extensions to working lives are needed to help sustain economic expansion and to provide support for growing elderly populations. Our study also demonstrates that the extent of the time gains from retirement age increases vary depending on how the age structures in each economy is expected to evolve over time. Accordingly, the timing and quantum of future retirement age increases should be suitably calibrated so as to sufficiently offset declines in the working-age population.
An experimental study of shear-dependent human platelet adhesion and underlying protein-binding mechanisms in a cylindrical Couette system
Authors: Tran Linda , Mottaghy Khosrow , Arlt-Körfer Sabine , Waluga Christian , Behbahani Mehdi 
Published: October 2016

AbstractUndesirable thrombotic reactions count among the most frequent and serious complications for patients who rely on the use of medical devices. To improve the design of medical devices, it is essential to develop a more precise understanding of platelet reactions. Clinical studies and experiments have shown a strong dependence of platelet deposition behavior on the flow. However, today the influence of hemodynamic parameters such as the shear rate on thrombotic reactions is not well understood. For the study of the shear-dependent mechanisms leading to the activation, adhesion and aggregation of platelets, a Couette flow system was used to investigate thrombocyte behavior with regard to well-defined flow conditions at shear-rate values between
Fabrication of multifunctional CaP-TC composite coatings and the corrosion protection they provide for magnesium alloys
Authors: Tan Cui , Zhang Xiaoxu , Li Qing 
Published: October 2016

AbstractTwo major problems with magnesium (Mg) alloy biomaterials are the poor corrosion resistance and infection associated with implantation. In this study, a novel calcium phosphate (CaP)/tetracycline (TC) composite coating for Mg implants that can both improve the corrosion resistance of Mg and release a drug in a durable way is reported. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that TC additives make the CaP coating more compact and uniform. Electrochemical tests indicated CaP/TC coatings can provide excellent corrosion protection for Mg alloy substrates. Besides, TC additives can also provide effective prevention of bone infection and inflammation due to its broad-spectrum antibacterial properties. The one-step hydrothermal process reported here greatly simplified the multi-step fabrication of smart coatings reported previously.
Progress and impact of enzyme measurement standardization
Authors: Infusino Ilenia , Frusciante Erika , Braga Federica , Panteghini Mauro 
Published: October 2016

AbstractInternational Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) has established reference measurement procedures (RMPs) for the most popular enzymes. Manufacturers should assign values to commercial calibrators traceable to these RMPs to achieve equivalent results in clinical samples, independent of reagent kits, instruments, and laboratory where the measurement is carried out. The situation is, however, far from acceptable. Some manufacturers continue to market assays giving results that are not traceable to internationally accepted RMPs. Meanwhile, end-users often do not abandon assays with demonstrated insufficient quality. Of the enzyme measurements, creatine kinase (CK) is satisfactorily standardized and a substantial improvement in performance of marketed γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) assays has been demonstrated. Conversely, aminotransferase measurements often exceed the desirable analytical performance because of the lack of pyridoxal-5-phosphate addition in the commercial reagents. Measurements of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and α-amylase (AMY) still show major disagreement, suggesting the need for improvement in implementing traceability to higher-order references. This is mainly the result of using assays with different analytical selectivities for these enzymes. The definition by laboratory professionals of the clinically acceptable measurement uncertainty for each enzyme together with the adoption by EQAS of commutable materials and use of an evaluation approach based on trueness represent the way forward for reaching standardization in clinical enzymology.
Choosing between zero and pronominal subject: modeling subject expression in the 1st person singular in Finnish conversation
Authors: Helasvuo Marja-Liisa , Kyröläinen Aki-Juhani 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe variability of subject expression has been extensively investigated across languages. We present a large-scale multivariate statistical analysis of the choice of subject expression in the 1st person singular in spontaneous Finnish conversation, with a focus on the choice between pronominal and zero subject. Spoken Finnish represents an interesting case, as the dominant type of subject expression is double marking, i. e. the combination of a pronominal subject marker (subject pronoun) and a verbal subject marker (person marking). Siewierska (1999, From anaphoric pronoun to grammatical agreement marker: Why objects don’t make it.
Improvement of the chemical inhibition phenotyping assay by cross-reactivity correction
Authors: Njuguna Nicholas M. , Umehara Ken-ichi , Huth Felix , Schiller Hilmar , Chibale Kelly , Camenisch Gian 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Background:
The fraction of an absorbed drug metabolized by the different hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, relative to total hepatic CYP metabolism (fm
CYP), can be estimated by measuring the inhibitory effects of presumably selective CYP inhibitors on the intrinsic metabolic clearance of a drug using human liver microsomes. However, the chemical inhibition data are often affected by cross-reactivities of the chemical inhibitors used in this assay.

Methods:
To overcome this drawback, the cross-reactivities exhibited by six chemical inhibitors (furafylline, montelukast, sulfaphenazole, ticlopidine, quinidine and ketoconazole) were quantified using specific CYP enzyme marker reactions. The determined cross-reactivities were used to correct the in vitro
fm
CYPs of nine marketed drugs. The corrected values were compared with reference data obtained by physiologically based pharmacokinetics simulation using the software SimCYP.

Results:
Uncorrected in vitro
fm
CYPs of the nine drugs showed poor linear correlation with their reference data (R
2=0.443). Correction by factoring in inhibitor cross-reactivities significantly improved the correlation (R
2=0.736).

Conclusions:
Correcting in vitro chemical inhibition results for cross-reactivities appear to offer a straightforward and easily adoptable approach to provide improved fm
CYP data for a drug.
Modification of pristine nanoclay and its application in wood-plastic composite
Authors: Yadav Sumit Manohar , Yusoh Kamal Bin 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The modification of pristine nanoclay and its application in wood plastic composite (WPC) have been investigated in this paper. Pristine nanoclay was modified using transition metal ion (TMI) which was copper (II) chloride to achieve good dispersion and to improve properties of WPC. The morphology, composition, structure, and thermal stability of TMI-modified nanoclay were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis. The pristine (WPC/MMT) and TMI-modified (WPC/MMT Cu) nanoclay based WPC were made from polypropylene (PP), wood flour (WF), and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) coupling agent. Pristine and modified nanoclay with different concentration (1 wt%, 2.5 wt%, 4 wt% and 5 wt%) were used as a reinforcing filler for WPC. Mechanical, physical, morphological, and thermal properties of the prepared composites were evaluated. Result exhibit that at 1 wt% nanoclay content, the tensile, flexural, and impact strength of WPC/MMT improved by approximately 6%, 4%, and 8%, respectively, compared to WPC without nanoclay. For the WPC/MMT Cu, the improvements in these properties were about 2.6, 2.1 and 3 times higher than the WPC/MMT. The physical and thermal properties also improved by incorporating modified nanoclay in WPC.
Microstructure of chemically modified wood using X-ray computed tomography in relation to wetting properties
Authors: Sedighi Moghaddam Maziar , Van den Bulcke Jan , Wålinder Magnus E.P. , Claesson Per M. , Van Acker Joris , Swerin Agne 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
X-ray computed tomography (XCT) was utilized to visualize and quantify the 2D and 3D microstructure of acetylated southern yellow pine (pine) and maple, as well as furfurylated pine samples. The total porosity and the porosity of different cell types, as well as cell wall thickness and maximum opening of tracheid lumens were evaluated. The wetting properties (swelling and capillary uptake) were related to these microstructural characteristics. The data show significant changes in the wood structure for furfurylated pine sapwood samples, including a change in tracheid shape and filling of tracheids by furan polymer. In contrast, no such changes were noted for the acetylated pine samples at the high resolution of 0.8 μm. The XCT images obtained for the furfurylated maple samples demonstrated that all ray cells and some vessel elements were filled with furan polymer while the fibers largely remained unchanged. Furfurylation significantly decreased the total porosity of both the maple and pine samples. Furthermore, this was observed in both earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) regions in the pine samples. In contrast, the total porosity of pine samples was hardly affected by acetylation. These findings are in line with wetting results demonstrating that furfurylation reduces both swelling and capillary uptake in contrast to acetylation which reduces mostly swelling. Furfurylation significantly increased the cell wall thickness of both the maple and pine samples, especially at higher levels of furfurylation.
Effect of Plate Thickness on Tensile Property of Ti–6Al–4V Alloy Joint Friction Stir Welded Below β-Transus Temperature
Authors: Ji Shude , Wang Yue , Li Zhengwei , Ma Lin , Zhang Liguo , Yue Yumei 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDefect-free joint of Ti–6Al–4V alloy was successfully friction stir welded below β-transus temperature and then tensile tests were performed. Microstructure, macrostructure, tensile properties and fracture position are mainly discussed in order to investigate how surface indentation and plate thickness influence the tensile property. Weld zone (WZ) attained below β-transus temperature that owns better tensile strength limit than base metal (BM). During the tensile test, the elongation is decided by whether BM yields. Compared with friction stir welding joint using 2.5 mm thick plate, it is very difficult for joint using 2 mm thick plates to get bigger elongation due to surface indentation. Due to the higher tensile property of the WZ, the joint without surface indentation fractures at BM, reaching the 58.46 % elongation of BM.