bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calculation of Corrective Values for the Measurement of the Degree of Ventilation of a Cigarette / Zur Berechnung der Korrekturfaktoren für die Messung des Ventilationsgrades
Authors: Meyer-Abich K.M. , Dölberg U. , Lipp G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe present paper shows how the result obtained by experimental measurement of the degree of ventilation of a cigarette clamped on both sides can correctively be adjusted by calculation to the accurate and actually existing degree of ventilation of the ''free'' cigarette clamped on the side of the cigarette tip only. This correction is necessary if the degree of ventilation is determined by means of the apparatus presented by Lipp and van Nooy (1) which, owing to the bilateral clamping of the cigarette, restricts the ventilation stream to a part (50 mm) of the paper wrapping. The corrective values listed in Table 3 of the paper take the place of the values indicated by Lipp and van Nooy in the mentioned article.
A New Method for the Determination of the Nitrogen Content of Tobacco. Application of the "Coleman" Nitrogen Analyser / Eine neue Methode zur Stickstoff-Bestimmung im Tabak: Die Anwendung des „Coleman“ Stickstoff-Analysators
Authors: Artho A.J. , Cossy A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe present paper gives an account of tests carried out with the automatic ''Coleman'' apparatus to determine the nitrogen content of tobacco. Preliminary experiments made with different tobacco types led to the determination of optimum operating conditions which give exact and reproducible results. The values obtained by this procedure are the same as, or slightly superior to, those obtained by using the Kjeldahl method associated with the use of an efficient catalyst.
Gas Chromatographic Analyses of Cigarette Smoke. Part 4: Mass Spectrometric Analyses / Zur Gaschromatographie des Cigarettenrauches. 4. Teil: ldentifikationen mit Hilfe des Massenspektrometers
Authors: Grob K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn a recent investigation of the direct combination of open tubular gas chromatographic columns with a mass spectrometer the efficiency of the combined apparatus has been tested by analysing the vapour phase of cigarette smoke. The present paper deals with the problems and results of specific interest for smoke analysts that are not treated in the foregoing publication
Inhalation Experiments with Cigarette Smoke / Inhalationsexperimente mit Cigarettenrauch
Authors: Dontenwill W. , Reckzeh G. , Stadler L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe experimental results of the present paper and the knowledge gained by former inhalation experiments reveal that only those experimental procedures are suitable that make animals inhale high concentrations of smoke during a long period of time. The present results let appear how inhalation experiments are most favourably arranged. It has to be guaranteed that the animals are not endangered and that considerable quantities of smoke are inhaled. The distance between cigarette and animal should be as small as possible. Intervallic smoking seems to be advisable. The well-developed filtration capacity of the upper respiratory tract of animals usually breathing through their nose does not exclude the possibility of making fruitful inhalation experiments with rodents. The value of such experiments does decisively depend on the animal species
The Determination of Formaldehyde in Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Spincer D. , Chard B.C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA specific, sensitive method for the determination of formaldehyde in cigarette smoke is described employing the spectrophotometric detection of the product formed by reaction of formaldehyde with p-rosaniline and sulphur dioxide. The procedure is applicable to the analysis of smoke from cigarettes manufactured from flue-cured, Burley and fermented tobaccos. Smoking parameters and the use of Cambridge filters have been found to affect delivery markedly. The effect of several commercial filters on formaldehyde delivery has been examined.
The Possible Occurrence of Nitrosamines in Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Kadar R. , Devik O. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAttempts were made to demonstrate the presence of N-nitrosamines in tobacco smoke with and without the addition of dimethyl-N-nitrosamine (DMNA) to the smoke stream. In recovery experiments, DMNA, in aqueous solution added to the smoke stream, was recovered to 80 % down to 20 µg, in the presence of the smoke constituents of 50 cigarettes. Extensive Iosses were encountered when organic solvents were used. Up to 500 cigarettes were smoked in one run. In no case could the presence of coloured acyl derivatives corresponding to known nitrosamines be demonstrated. However, in these cases, presence of coloured compounds of non-nitrosamine origin interfered with the estimation of DMNA. It is concluded that nitrosamines do not occur in cigarette smoke in amounts higher than 50 ng per cigarette, and that the actual amounts are probably even lower corresponding to previous reports. The stability of nitrosamines in different solvents will be investigated in some future experiments.
Pesticide Residues in Rhodesian Tobacco Attributable to Recommended Pest Control Practices
Authors: Shaw M.J.P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe use of pesticides on tobacco in Rhodesia is controlled by legislation that prevents the sale of tobacco treated with unscheduled pesticides. Residues attributable to seedbed treatments have not been studied in detaiI; the scheduled pesticides that can be applied to the soil and the leaf in the field have been considered more fully. Although no longer permitted for use, aldrin and dieldrin soil residues from previous treatments are more persistent in tropical sandy soils than in soils of the temperate regions and small amounts of background dieldrin are taken up by tobacco grown in these soils. Uptake of DDT is negligible and very little disulfoton or menazon applied to the soil is found in cured leaf. The pesticides that are permitted for application to the leaf result in residues of Iess than 1 ppm except menazon which results in a residue of up to 5 ppm.
Comparison of the Performances of Different Types of Smoking Machines/Vergleich der Messgenauigkeit von Rauchmaschinen
Authors: Riedwyl H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe performances of smoking machines of different types cannot be compared directly if different numbers of cigarettes are smoked into one trap, because the respective variabilities are depending on the number of cigarettes smoked into one trap. For the comparison of means, the t-test can therefore not be used directly. It is demonstrated that a generalized t-test can notwithstanding be applied to this problem in most cases, in particular when the standard deviations per cigarette are of the same order of magnitude
Decrease of the Carbon Retention Capacity in Cigarette Filters/Aktivitätsverlust der Kohle in Cigarettenfiltern
Authors: Ceschini P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe activated carbon in a hollow, triple filter shows, under normal storage conditions, i. e. at a temperature of 21°C and 60 % relative air humidity, a decrease in the capacity for retention connected with the changed water content of the carbon. This loss of activity occurs during the first two weeks and subsequently remains practically constant even if storage lasts 6 months
The Forchheim Method for the Determination of Dithiocarbamate Residues on Tobacco/Die Forchheimer Methode zur Bestimmung von Dithiocarbamat-Rückständen bei Tabak
Authors: Schmid K. , Rastetter A. , Burkart F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn analytical method for the determination of dithiocarbamate residues on green as well as dry tobacco is described. The procedure enables reproducible values to be obtained with absence of oxygenous perturbative reactions in a relatively short period of time
A Mechanistic Study on the Formation of the Non-Volatile Degradation Products of p,p’-DDT and p,p’-TDE in p,p’-DDT- and p,p’-TDE-Treated Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Chopra N.M. , Thekkekandam J.T. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTobacco samples containing 20 ppm p,p’-DDT, 200 ppm p,p’-DDT, 20 ppm p,p’-TDE and 200 ppm p,p’-TDE were smoked and their smoke condensates analysed for the p,p’-DDT and p,p’-TDE degradation products such as p,p’-DDT, p,p’-TDE, p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDM, trans-dichlorostilbene, bis-(p-chlorophenyl)methane, and p,p’-dichlorobenzophenone. The degradation patterns and the amounts in which these degradation products were present in smoke condensates showed that 1. during the smoking process the more volatile compound has a better chance of not being destroyed; 2. the higher the amount of pesticide present in tobacco, the greater is the percentage loss of pesticide on smoking; 3. smoking being a pyrolytic reaction of a very short duration, “primary”, “secondary”, and “tertiary” reactions take place in the order given; 4. reactions, which have lesser energy requirements, occur more readily than those which have a higher requirement; 5. in the case of p,p’-TDE-treated tobacco smoke, some p,p’-DDE is also formed by the dehydrogenation of p,p’-TDE.
Method for One Step DDT Extraction and Cleanup in Tobacco for Monitoring Purposes
Authors: Toet L. , Toet M.J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA simplified extraction and purification method is described for preparing tobacco samples for monitoring organochloride pesticides by GLC. For DDT, only one 8 hrs Soxhlet extraction in a paper thimble is necessary. Further extractions can be made for other pesticides such as dieldrin and endosulphan sulphate. No additional column chromatography purification is required before GLC analysis. The method gives at least as accurate and reproducible results as the other methods used for comparison, as well as having the following advantages:1. Less chemicals are used and the cost per sample is reduced to one fifth of the cost of the old method.2. The time required for each sample is greatly reduced including ancillary operations such as preparing and cleaning glassware. Thirty or more samples can be done per day including calculations.3. Because fewer stages are involved in the new method less pesticide is lost from the samples during extraction and reproducibility and accuracy are improved.
Studies on the Pyrogenesis of Tobacco Smoke Constituents (A Review)
Authors: Chortyk O.T. , Schlotzhauer W.S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractRecent studies on the pyrogenesis of tobacco smoke constituents have been reviewed. Where appropriate, representative studies on pyrolyses of compounds reportedly present in tobacco leaf have been included. Various experimental conditions such as temperature, gaseous environment, and thermal stability of precursor were considered in light of current understanding of the smoking process. Attempts to alter the chemical constituents of smoke by use of additives have been discussed. Finally, various smoke constituents have been correlated with pyrolyses of leaf constituents in further hopes of better understanding the complex processes that produce tobacco smoke
Pending Legislative Restrictions on the Use of Agricultural Chemicals on Tobacco
Authors: Guthrie F.E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMuch progress has been made toward decreasing residue levels of a number of pesticides on tobacco in recent years. However, important problems have not been resolved. Foremost among these are necessary changes in pending tolerance legislation. coresta and other tobacco interests in Europe and North America have responsibly defined the problem areas for the officials charged with legislative action. With but five growing seasons remaining in which to make necessary changes in pest controI procedures, there is still some question about the Ievels of tolerances and exemptions to tolerances. If the internationaI trade of tobacco is to continue, it seems appropriate that by early 1973, there should be provided a list of tolerances which wilI accurately reflect requirements for the 1978 course of action so that growers can take appropriate action. Consumer protection from proven hazards is a necessary goal in the crowded, environmentally conscious world of today, but restrictions on use of pesticides should not be prohibitively stringent where proper evidence does not justify such action
The Influence of the Tobacco Tax Increase of September 1st, 1972, in the Federal Republic of Germany on the Butt Lengths Left by Smokers/Die Auswirkung der Tabaksteuererhöhung vom 1. 9. 1972 auf die Länge der Cigarettenstummel in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Authors: Schulz W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe author investigated the effect upon the length of cigarette butts left by the smokers, brought about by the increase in tobacco tax of the first of September, 1972, in the Federal Republic of Germany. From the year 1959 to the month of August of 1972, the lengths of the butts of filter cigarettes have been found to continuously increase from 22.1 mm to 33.8 mm. This trend has been interrupted by price augmentations by about 20 % resulting from the said tax increase. On the average, since September 1972, the length of the butts of filter cigarettes has decreased by 0.6 mm and the length of the butts of plain cigarettes slightly by 0.2 mm
Determination of Transition Metals in Cigarette Smoke Condensate by Solvent Extraction and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Morie G.P. , Morrisett P.E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA method for the determination of trace transition metals in cigarette smoke is described. The smoke particulate matter is digested in nitric acid, the acid is neutralized, and metal ions are complexed with ammonium 1-pyrrolidinecarbodithioate and extracted with methyl isobutyl ketone. The metals are then determined in the organic solvent by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The sensitivity of the method is enhanced by the use of the methyl isobutyl ketone extraction. The method was evaluated for the determination of manganese, copper, iron, and zinc in the total particulate matter of smoke from University of Kentucky reference cigarettes and from commercial cigarettes. The amounts of these metals found in the smoke of a typical commercial filter cigarette are: 0.04 µg Mn, 0.10 µg Cu, 0.8 µg Fe, and 0.6 µg Zn. The method was used to show that cellulose acetate cigarette filters remove about the same percentage of metals as total particulate matter from smoke
Some Agronomic Factors Affecting N-Dimethyl-nitrosamine Content in Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Tso T. C. , Sims J. L. , Tohnson D. E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractExperimentaI cigarettes from tobaccos varying in genotype, nitrogen nutrition, stalk position, suckering practice, and curing methods were used to examine the Ievels of N-dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) in smoke. Measurable amounts of DMN were found in all experimental samples, ranging from 1.7 to 115 ng per gram of tobacco burned. DMN content in smoke generally increased as rate of N fertilization increased. However, there were wide seasonal, cultural, and varietal effects. Burley-type tobacco produced a much higher level of DMN than the bright-type tobacco. DMN content in smoke was significantly and positively related to Ieaf total N, totaI alkaloids, nicotine, nornicotine, total volatile bases and nitrate N, but negatively related to reducing sugars. Reconstituted sheet tobaccos made with homogenized-leaf-curing samples produced much lower amounts of DMN than conventionally cured leaf. Additional information is needed to elucidate the primary leaf constituents that serve as precursors of DMN.
Material Balance Studies on Cigarettes Containing 3-Phenyl-5-methyl-1,2,4oxadiazole
Authors: Marmor R.S. , Minnemeyer H.J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMaterial balance studies were performed on 85 mm machine-made cigarettes containing 1.5 % unlabelled PMO [3-phenyl-5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole], which were smoked under standard conditions to a 23 mm butt length. Using standard analytical techniques, relative distributions of PMO of approximately 28 % for mainstream, 22 % for sidestream, and 27 % for butt were obtained, with an overall recovery of unchanged PMO of 75-80 %. Radiocarbon labeled PMO [5-14C] cigarettes were prepared manually (70 mm, 2 % PMO) and smoked under standard conditions to a 20 mm butt length. Four smoking runs gave statistically valid data accounting for 95.99 ± 0.58 % of the original label. Measurements of the radioactivity were made by liquid scintillation counting of the various fractions. The mainstream smoke passing through a Cambridge filter pad contained less than one percent of the label as carbon dioxide, and no volatile organic compounds. The PMO undergoing decomposition gave rise to products found almost entirely in the sidestream.
Formation of the Porous Structure of Cigarette Filters
Authors: Coq F. , Vidal S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn originaI method based on permeability measurement is applied to studying the formation of the porous interstitial structure of cigarette filters. Using this method, it is shown that the porous structure of a filter is formed in the course of the filling process which is accomplished by compression of the filter material without significantly modifying the specific structure of this material. In the filling process, the elements of the filter material are assembled in the filter by imbrication. A given filter materiaI is characterised by the specific volume that it takes up when its elements are assembled at the compression Iimit without any crushing. A filter material is, moreover, characterised by the mode of assembling of its elements in the formation of the porous interstitial structure of a filter. The permeametric method allows us to define this characteristic. The results can be applied to the choice of filter material and to the determination of the optimum filling rate permitting the rapid development of a cigarette filter with fixed characteristics.
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons of Tobacco Smoke: Isolation and Identification
Authors: Snook M. E. , Severson R. F. , Higman H. C. , Arrendale R. F. , Chortyk O.T. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA neutral fraction of cigarette smoke condensate, which had shown biological activity and was known to contain polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), was fractionated by analytical gel filtration chromatography. These gel fractions were subjected to gas chromatographic separation and their components were identified by relative GC retention times, UV spectra, and mass spectral data. More than 300 PAH, ranging from indene to the dimethylbenzopyrenes, were characterized. This method of isolation has yielded fractions which were more amenable to definitive identifications. The criteria used for identification are tabulated for all the identified PAH compounds.
The Effect of Bruising on Starch Degradation in Virginia Tobacco Leaves
Authors: Comber R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe effect of bruising Virginia-type tobacco leaves on starch degradation during yellowing has been investigated. Bruising suppressed starch degradation in greenhouse-grown leaves completely and by about half in field-grown leaves. The increase in sugar levels which normally occurs during yellowing was also suppressed by bruising; in the greenhouse-grown leaves this suppression was complete but in the field-grown leaves it was only partial. As the greenhouse-grown plants ripened, the rate of starch degradation in unbruised leaves held in yellowing conditions decreased substantially. Bruising also suppressed the chlorophyll degradation which normally occurs during yellowing. However, in this case bruising produced a greater degree of suppression in the field-grown than in the greenhouse-grown Ieaves. As the greenhouse-grown plants ripened, the rate of chlorophyll degradation in unbruised leaves held in yellowing conditions increased substantially, in marked contrast with the behaviour of starch. Nicotine levels increased in the greenhouse-grown leaves as they ripened, but the levels were not affected consistently by bruising
Convective Heat Transfer Measurements in Cigarettes
Authors: Sandusky H. , Ohlemiller T.J. , Summerfield M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn unsteady-state technique has been used to measure convective heat transfer coefficients in the tobacco rods of American and British cigarettes. The coefficients measured in dry cigarettes near room temperature at flow rates from 7.6 to 28 cm
Determination of Particle-Size Distribution and Concentration of Cigarette Smoke by a Light-Scattering Method
Authors: Okada T. , Ishizu Y. , Matsunuma K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA new method for determining particle-size distribution of cigarette smoke particles was developed by simultaneous measurement of scattered light at three angles for a fixed wavelength. A theoretical chart useful for this purpose, which was made of the relative intensities of scattered light at the angles 45° and 135° to that at the angle 90°, was calculated on the basis of the Mie theory. The number concentration was determined from the Rayleigh ratio using the working standard method. The measurements were rapidly performed, without change of particle size during measuring time, with a device for dilution. The geometric mean diameter, the logarithmic standard deviation and the number concentration of mainstream smoke were found to be about 0.18 um, 0.4 and 3 X 10
Pesticide-treated vs. “Pesticide-free” Tobacco
Authors: Tso T.C. , Chaplin J.F. , LeLacheur K.E. , Sheets T.J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA special study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the effects of pesticide treatment on tobacco in comparison with tobacco not treated with any pesticide. For the purpose of growing these tobaccos, experimental plots were selected on Prince Edward Island, Canada, where contamination of air, soil and water was at a minimum. The tobacco leaf was analyzed for 35 components and 28 pesticide residues. These samples are to be used for smoke analysis and bioassay. The results will be reported in a later publication.
Mathematical Treatment of Ventilation Parameters - Mathematische Behandlung von Ventilationsparametern
Authors: Reif H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe equality of the two main methods employed to measure ventilation - measuring volume or measuring draw resistance - was demonstrated by various collaborative experiments. In the present paper, on the strength of the draw resistance method formulae were derived to estimate the influence which changes of various parameters have on the degree of ventilation. As cigarette papers with the same permeability can have a very varied effect on the degree of ventilation of the finished product (for this also depends on the draw resistance of the tobacco rod), an attempt was also made to derive formulae which define the contribution every component makes to the degree of ventilation of the finished product. After that, a correlation with the permeability measured was also established. With the help of the formulae, it is also possible to estimate the variations of the results of measurements that occur when ventilation is measured by the volume method with apparatus with high internal resistance. Distribution of the diluting air along the tobacco rod is discussed, both for the unlit and lit cigarette. The increase in the number of draws dependent on ventilation is calculated. The results provide a possibility of explaining the varying reduction of smoke components by ventilation.