bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From scratch: developing a hepatic resection service for metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: Wylie Neil , Hider Phillip , Armstrong Delwyn , Rajkomar Kheman , Srinivasa Sanket , Rodgers Michael , Brown Anna , Koea Jonathan 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundWaitemata District Health Board has New Zealand's largest catchment and busiest colorectal unit. The upper gastrointestinal unit was established in 2005, in part to provide a hepatic resection service for patients with colorectal carcinoma metastatic to the liver. The aim of this investigation was to report on quality indicators for the hepatic resection of colorectal carcinoma in the development of a regional resection service.MethodsProspectively collected data on patients undergoing hepatic resection for colorectal carcinoma between 2005 and 2014 was reviewed and correlated with costing data and national hepatic resection rates.ResultsA total of 123 patients underwent 138 hepatic resections for metastatic colorectal cancer with a median hospital stay of 8 days (range 4–37 days), a zero 30‐day mortality and a median cost of NZ$21 374 for minor hepatectomy and NZ$43 133 for major hepatectomy. Actuarial 5‐year disease‐free survival was 44%, with 28 patients alive and disease free at 5 years post‐resection. Median overall survival was not reached. Review of national hepatic resection rates indicate that Waitemata District Health Board performs one sixth of all hepatic resections in New Zealand and that this treatment modality may be underutilized in the management of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.ConclusionA regional hepatic resection centre for colorectal metastases can be established in areas of population need and can provide a high‐quality, cost‐effective service.
Frequency and cost of acute surgical admissions in over‐anticoagulated patients: over‐anticoagulation in the community
Authors: Nimmo Moea , Armstrong Delwyn , Koea Jonathan B. 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundAnticoagulation treatment in the community is common. This investigation was undertaken to determine the frequency of patient surgical admission with conditions associated with over‐anticoagulation in the community and the surgical resource required to effectively and safely manage these patients acutely.MethodsHospital discharge data on individual patients admitted to Waitemata District Health Board hospitals between December 2014 and November 2015 inclusive were reviewed. Data were extracted on individual patients with relevant ICD‐10 codes (D683, Y442, Y443). Individual records for patients admitted to general surgery were then reviewed and costing information related to admissions extracted.ResultsA total of 551 patients were admitted in a 12‐month period (4.8 admissions/1000 warfarin users and 2.4 admissions/1000 dabigatran users) for conditions associated with over‐anticoagulation, with 35 admitted to the general surgery service, of whom 29 were taking warfarin and six taking dabigatran. A total of 21 patients were admitted with haemorrhagic conditions, and 14 over‐anticoagulated patients were admitted with general surgical conditions requiring treatment. All patients were managed by withholding anticoagulant medication, 12 required formal reversal, three required red cell transfusion and four haemostatic procedures. The average hospital stay was 4 days, with inpatient costs of NZ$3500.ConclusionManagement of patients admitted with over‐anticoagulation in the community is a significant surgical workload; however, acute management is usually straightforward.
Pastoralism and Land‐Tenure Change in Kenya: The Failure of Customary Institutions
Authors: Greiner Clemens 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTUntil recently, the Pokot in the highlands of the Baringo area in Kenya have practised semi‐nomadic pastoralism. Today they are rapidly sedentarizing and in many areas suitable for farming, they are adopting rain‐fed agriculture. As a result of these dynamics, claims to individual property on de facto communal rangelands have arisen, and to such an extent that they seriously threaten the peace of the community. This article explores the conflicts that emerge in the transition from common property to private tenure. Using locally prominent land disputes as exemplary cases, it focuses on the role of traditional gerontocratic authorities in the attempt to resolve a growing number of land disputes; on the emerging power of patrilineal clans and local elites in the enforcement of access to land; and on the incompetence of government agencies to intervene. The failure of customary institutions to ensure land tenure security leads to a situation in which women and marginalized actors in particular are threatened with displacement, and in which most local actors want the state to intervene and establish formal property rights.
Persons and Properties: A Sartrean Perspective on Love's Object
Authors: Foster Gary 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIt is often said that to love someone we must love her for her own sake. But what does this mean? Various answers have been offered up by philosophers. Alan Soble's ‘aggregate’ view of identity focuses on properties of the beloved as key to understanding love's basis and, in a less direct way, its object. This view does not give us a clear distinction between persons and properties. David Velleman's view makes this distinction more clearly but creates a gap between properties and personhood. Jean‐Paul Sartre's view which emphasizes embodiment, addresses the main deficiencies of both of these former views.
An alternative explanation for global trends in thermal tolerance
Authors: Payne Nicholas L. , Smith James A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractEctotherms from higher latitudes can generally perform over broader temperature ranges than tropical ectotherms. This pattern is thought to reflect trends in temperature variability: tropical ectotherms evolve to be ‘thermal specialists’ because their environment is thermally stable. However, the tropics are also hotter, and most physiological rates increase exponentially with temperature. Using a dataset spanning diverse ectotherms, we show that the temperature ranges ectotherms tolerate (the difference between lower and upper critical temperatures, and between optimum and upper critical temperatures) generally represents the same range of equivalent biological rates (e.g. metabolism) for cool‐ and warm‐adapted species, and independent of latitude or elevation. This suggests that geographical trends in temperature variability may not be the ultimate mechanism underlying latitudinal and elevational trends in thermal tolerance. Rather, we propose that tropical ectotherms can perform over a narrower range of temperatures than species from higher latitudes because the tropics are hotter.
Identifying applicants suitable to a career in nursing: a value‐based approach to undergraduate selection
Authors: Traynor Marian , Galanouli Despina , Roberts Martin , Leonard Lawrence , Gale Thomas 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimsThe aim of this study was to complement existing evidence on the suitability of Multiple Mini Interviews as a potential tool for the selection of nursing candidates on to a BSc (Hons) nursing programme.BackgroundThis study aimed to trial the Multiple Mini Interview approach to recruitment with a group of first year nursing students (already selected using traditional interviews).DesignCross‐sectional validation study. This paper reports on the evaluation of the participants’ detailed scores from the Multiple Mini Interview stations; their original interview scores and their end of year results.MethodsThis study took place in March 2015. Scores from the seven Multiple Mini Interview stations were analysed to show the internal structure, reliability and generalizability of the stations. Original selection scores from interviews and in‐course assessment were correlated with the MMI scores and variation by students’ age, gender and disability status was explored.ResultsReliability of the Multiple Mini Interview score was moderate (G = 0·52). The Multiple Mini Interview score provided better differentiation between more able students than did the original interview score but neither score was correlated with the module results. Multiple Mini Interview scores were positively associated with students’ age but not their gender or disability status.ConclusionThe Multiple Mini Interview reported in this study offers a selection process that is based on the values and personal attributes regarded as desirable for a career in nursing and does not necessarily predict academic success. Its moderate reliability indicates the need for further improvement but it is capable of discriminating between candidates and shows little evidence of bias.
Negotiated safety – components, context and use: an integrative literature review
Authors: Leblanc Natalie M. , Mitchell Jason W. , De Santis Joseph P. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to examine the components and use of negotiated safety in the context of HIV prevention and to identify reported factors associated with the concept.BackgroundThere is an emerging interest in dyadic approaches to address HIV transmission. Although there are theoretical foundations for how interpersonal relationships influence individual behaviour, how these dyadic processes influence on health is still not wholly understood.DesignIntegrative review of empirical and theoretical literature.Data sourcesThe Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) MEDLINE and PsychINFO electronic databases were accessed.Review methodsArticles were read to gain a historical context of the term and identify varying interpretations of the concept. Factors warranting consideration in association with NS were identified and clinical and public health implications were noted.ResultsForty‐eight studies were reviewed. Negotiated safety included the following components: (i) HIV sero‐negative concordant men within a primary relationship; (ii) joint HIV screening and mutual disclosure of their HIV status; (iii) explicit relationship boundaries which establish either nonexclusively that allows for the dispensing of condoms within the primary relationship and consistent condom use for extra‐dyadic sex; or dispensing of condoms within a primary partnership and exclusivity; and (iv) a breach clause that allows communication to re‐establish the agreement if needed.ConclusionNegotiated safety is a prescriptive approach to HIV risk reduction among couples. Researchers and practitioners could benefit from promoting this approach to HIV prevention.
Let's Be Clear(er) about Substitution: A Reporting Framework to Account for Product Displacement in Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Vadenbo Carl , Hellweg Stefanie , Astrup Thomas Fruergaard 
Published: December 2016

SummaryThe multifunctional character of resource recovery in waste management systems is commonly addressed through system expansion/substitution in life cycle assessment (LCA). Avoided burdens credited based on expected displacement of other product systems can dominate the overall results, making the underlying assumptions particularly important for the interpretation and recommendations. Substitution modeling, however, is often poorly motivated or inadequately described, which limits the utility and comparability of such LCA studies. The aim of this study is therefore to provide a structure for the systematic reporting of information and assumptions expected to contribute to the substitution potential in order to make substitution modeling and the results thereof more transparent and interpretable. We propose a reporting framework that can also support the systematic estimation of substitution potentials related to resource recovery. Key components of the framework include waste‐specific (physical) resource potential, recovery efficiency, and displacement rate. End‐use–specific displacement rates can be derived as the product of the relative functionality (substitutability) of the recovered resources compared to potentially displaced products and the expected change in consumption of competing products. Substitutability can be determined based on technical functionality and can include additional constraints. The case of anaerobic digestion of organic household waste illustrates its application. The proposed framework enables well‐motivated substitution potentials to be accounted for, regardless of the chosen approach, and improves the reproducibility of comparative LCA studies of resource recovery.
Hepatitis C virus genotype 4: Genotype 1's little brother
Authors: Llaneras J. , Riveiro‐Barciela M. , Buti M. , Esteban R. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryTreatment for hepatitis C virus genotype 4 infection has undergone a major advance over the past 5 years with the emergence of direct‐acting antiviral agents. Previously, genotype 4 treatment had been limited to the combination of pegylated interferon and ribavirin, with low rates of sustained virological response. The combinations of new direct‐acting agents have resulted in a radical improvement in hepatitis C therapy. Much of the currently available efficacy and safety information in the treatment of genotype 4 has been extrapolated through the results of genotype 1. In this report, we review the efficacy and safety data obtained in recent studies focusing on genotype 4 patients, including special populations, such as those with decompensated cirrhosis.
Unparalleled replacement of native mitochondrial genes by foreign homologs in a holoparasitic plant
Authors: Sanchez‐Puerta M. Virginia , García Laura E. , Wohlfeiler Josefina , Ceriotti Luis F. 
Published: December 2016

Summary

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) among flowering plant mitochondria occurs frequently and, in most cases, leads to nonfunctional transgenes in the recipient genome. Parasitic plants are particularly prone to this phenomenon, but their mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) have been largely unexplored.

We undertook a large‐scale mitochondrial genomic study of the holoparasitic plant Lophophytum mirabile (Balanophoraceae). Comprehensive phylogenetic analyses were performed to address the frequency, origin, and impact of HGT.

The sequencing of the complete mtDNA of L. mirabile revealed the unprecedented acquisition of host‐derived mitochondrial genes, representing 80% of the protein‐coding gene content. All but two of these foreign genes replaced the native homologs and are probably functional in energy metabolism. The genome consists of 54 circular‐mapping chromosomes, 25 of which carry no intact genes.

The likely functional replacement of up to 26 genes in L. mirabile represents a stunning example of the potential effect of rampant HGT on plant mitochondria. The use of host‐derived genes may have a positive effect on the host–parasite relationship, but could also be the result of nonadaptive forces.
Improving Vegetable Oil Fueled CI Engine Characteristics Through Diethyl Ether Blending
Authors: Vedharaj S. , Vallinayagam R. , Sarathy S. Mani , Dibble Robert W. 
Published: December 2016

In this research, the flow and ignition properties of vegetable oil (VO) are improved by blending it with diethyl ether (DEE). DEE, synthesized from ethanol, has lower viscosity than diesel and VO. When DEE is blended with VO, the resultant DEEVO mixtures have favorable properties for compression ignition (CI) engine operation. As such, DEEVO20 (20% DEE + 80% VO) and DEEVO40 (40% DEE + 60% VO) were initially considered in the current study. The viscosity of VO is 32.4*10−6 m2/s; the viscosity is reduced with the increase of DEE in VO. In this study, our blends were limited to a maximum of 40% DEE in VO. The viscosity of DEEVO40 is 2.1*10−6 m2/s, which is comparable to that of diesel (2.3*10−6 m2/s). The lower boiling point and flash point of DEE improves the fuel spray and evaporation for DEEVO mixtures. In addition to the improvement in physical properties, the ignition quality of DEEVO mixtures is also improved, as DEE is a high cetane fuel (DCN = 139). The ignition characteristics of DEEVO mixtures were studied in an ignition quality tester (IQT). There is an evident reduction in ignition delay time (IDT) for DEEVO mixtures compared to VO. The IDT of VO (4.5 ms), DEEVO20 (3.2 ms) and DEEVO40 (2.7 ms) was measured in IQT. Accordingly, the derived cetane number (DCN) of DEEVO mixtures increased with the increase in proportion of DEE.
The reported mixtures were also tested in a single cylinder CI engine. The start of combustion (SOC) was advanced for DEEVO20 and DEEVO40 compared to diesel, which is attributed to the high DCN of DEEVO mixtures. On the other hand, the peak heat release rate decreased for DEEVO mixtures compared to diesel. Gaseous emissions such as nitrogen oxide (NOX), total hydrocarbon (THC) and smoke were reduced for DEEVO mixtures compared to diesel. The physical and ignition properties of VO are improved by the addition of DEE, and thus, the need for the trans-esterification process is averted. Furthermore, this blending strategy is simpler and enables operation of straight run oils and fats in CI engine, replacing diesel completely.
Variable Intake Valve Train to Optimize the Performance of a Large Bore Gas Engine
Authors: Zelenka Jan , Hoff Claudio , Wimmer Andreas , Berger Roland , Thalhauser Josef 
Published: December 2016

The present paper describes the investigations made using the electro-hydraulic intake valve timing system VCM® on a large bore gas engine. The first section explains what challenges have to be faced when developing concepts for present and future applications of large bore gas engines. Following an introduction to the VCM® system, an outline is presented of expected opportunities for using variable intake valve timing in combination with modern turbocharging concepts.
The second section describes 0D/1D engine cycle simulations that were carried out to assess the influence of variable valve timing on the intake side compared to a fixed intake valve profile, which is the current standard for large bore gas engines. As a result, first predictions can be made about the gain in engine efficiency achieved with different operating strategies.
In order to assess the performance potentials of the variable valve train, extensive experimental investigations were carried out on a single cylinder research engine based on GE’s Type 6 gas engine. The investigations consisted of varying engine parameters including varying the geometric compression ratio as well as the engine boundary conditions. It will be shown how intake valve timing can be used to optimize engine efficiency by improving gas exchange. Furthermore, variable intake valve timing affects the overall system behavior, e.g. distances to the engine’s operating limits. Special attention was paid to analyzing combustion itself, which is necessary due to the strong influence that intake valve timing has on the thermodynamic states of the cylinder charge.
Effects of Gas Composition on Combustion, Emission and Knocking Characteristics of Marine Lean Burn Gas Engine
Authors: Ichikawa Yasuhisa , Sekiguchi Hidenori , Oleksiy Bondarenko , Yoo Dong-Hoon , Hirata Koichi 
Published: December 2016

The present study has experimentally investigated the effect of fuel gas composition on the combustion, emission and knocking characteristics of a marine lean burn gas engine. The experiments was carried out using the lean burn gas engine, which has the rated power output of 400 kW with spark ignition pre-chamber system. The various compositions of the base fuel gas (Japanese city gas) changed by supplying propane-based LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), butane-based LPG and hydrogen.
This paper reports in detail the experimental results on the combustion and emission characteristics of the lean burn gas engine affected by the fuel gas composition.
The experimental results showed that the composition of fuel gas mixed with P-LPG and B-LPG has a small effect on the combustion characteristics, and the operation of the engine is hardly affected. However, the addition of hydrogen causes the rise of the maximum combustion pressure and the attention should be paid on the ratio of hydrogen in the fuel gas.
With regard to the emission characteristics, the NOx emission increased with increasing the ratio of P-LPG, B-LPG and hydrogen in the base fuel gas. The CO emission increased with increasing the ratio of P-LPG and B-LPG and decreased with increasing the ratio of hydrogen in the base fuel gas. It is expected that such the tendencies depended on the carbon quantity in the fuel gas. In addition, it was found that the knocking characteristics are associated with the methane number of fuel gas.
A Comparative Study of Alternative and Conventional Diesel Combustion Modes in a Single Cylinder Engine With a Single Injection Event
Authors: Cowart Jim , Hamilton Len , Luning Prak Dianne 
Published: December 2016

A broadly ranging single injection event was used in a Waukesha diesel CFR engine in order to explore various conventional and alternative combustion modes at light load (2 bar GMEP) using n-heptane fuel. Start of injection (SOI) was varied from the start of the intake valve open (IVO) event all the way past TDC at the end of the compression stroke. Emissions, including detailed particulate, were collected at all of the operating points. Additionally, further experiments were performed with port fuel injection in order to create a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion mode as well as partially premixed combustion (PPC) using both port and direct fuel injection.
HCCI and PPC combustion modes were achieved with the characteristic rise in carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions with however, a corresponding decrease in NOx emissions as compared to conventional direct (into cylinder) injection combustion modes. For conventional diesel operation with progressive advancement of SOI it was seen that start of combustion (SOC) advanced and then retarded slightly before stabilizing. This was associated with a general lengthening of ignition delay (IGD) with progressive SOI advancement. Even with very early intake valve open (IVO) injection events, the emissions behavior did not approach HCCI or PPC, suggesting that the charge mixture homogeneity of companion port injection could not be achieved in this engine using direct injection alone.
High speed optical natural light filming of the combustion events through a large quartz window showed conventional diesel combustion with strong diffusion flames, reducing in intensity with PPC operation, and then no visible combustion with HCCI.