bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intellectual Disabilities Among Prisoners: Prevalence and Mental and Physical Health Comorbidities
Authors: Hellenbach Mike , Karatzias Thanos , Brown Michael 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundLimited evidence suggests that people with ID (ID) are overrepresented in prisons although prevalence rates of ID among prisoners vary significantly across studies, making it difficult to identify prevalence and assess existing need.MethodA systematic review of relevant literature was conducted, and results were organized and compared in relation to study aims, design, measures used to screen for ID, sample, limitations and key findings.ResultsExisting international data suggest a prevalence of prisoners with ID between 7 and 10%. Most frequent coexisting health issues among this population are hearing and vision impairments, obesity, diabetes and a range of mental health disorders, notably anxiety and personality and conduct disorders.ConclusionMore research is required on prevalence rates and associated comorbidities of ID within prison settings, taking into account the heterogeneity of the population with ID.
Stock Recommendations for Politically Connected Firms
Authors: Alfonso Elio 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSocial network connections of corporations can significantly affect operating performance and firm valuation. Political connections are one form of social networking which often manifests into improved firm profitability as a result of political favors granted by politicians. However, analysts often have greater difficulty forecasting the earnings of politically connected firms than those of non‐connected firms. This is because politicians often grant political favors to firms in an unpredictable manner making it difficult for market participants to time precisely when political benefits will translate into higher firm profitability. I examine how political connections affect analysts’ stock recommendations using a unique dataset of political contributions in the US over the period 1993–2012. I show that analysts’ recommendations are less profitable for firms with high connectedness than for firms with low (or no) connectedness. I also find that analysts are less effective in translating earnings forecasts into profitable recommendations for highly connected firms. Overall, the findings suggest that analysts do not impound all of the information concerning corporate political connections efficiently into their primary research outputs.
Noninvasive Estimation of Epicardial Dominant High‐Frequency Regions During Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: PEDRÓN‐TORRECILLA JORGE , RODRIGO MIGUEL , CLIMENT ANDREU M. , LIBEROS ALEJANDRO , PÉREZ‐DAVID ESTHER , BERMEJO JAVIER , ARENAL ÁNGEL , MILLET JOSÉ , FERNÁNDEZ‐AVILÉS FRANCISCO , BERENFELD OMER , ATIENZA FELIPE , GUILLEM MARÍA S. 
Published: January 2016

Noninvasive Estimation of Fibrillation FrequenciesIntroductionAblation of high dominant frequency (DF) sources in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) is an effective treatment option for paroxysmal AF. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of noninvasive estimation of DF and electrical patterns determination by solving the inverse problem of the electrocardiography.MethodsFour representative AF patients with left‐to‐right and right‐to‐left atrial DF patterns were included in the study. For each patient, intracardiac electrograms from both atria were recorded simultaneously together with 67‐lead body surface recordings. In addition to clinical recordings, realistic mathematical models of atria and torso anatomy with different DF patterns of AF were used. For both mathematical models and clinical recordings, inverse‐computed electrograms were compared to intracardiac electrograms in terms of voltage, phase, and frequency spectrum relative errors.ResultsComparison between intracardiac and inverse computed electrograms for AF patients showed 8.8 ± 4.4% errors for DF, 32 ± 4% for voltage, and 65 ± 4% for phase determination. These results were corroborated by mathematical simulations showing that the inverse problem solution was able to reconstruct the frequency spectrum and the DF maps with relative errors of 5.5 ± 4.1%, whereas the reconstruction of the electrograms or the instantaneous phase presented larger relative errors (i.e., 38 ± 15% and 48 ± 14 % respectively, P < 0.01).ConclusionsNoninvasive reconstruction of atrial frequency maps can be achieved by solving the inverse problem of electrocardiography with a higher accuracy than temporal distribution patterns.
Low‐dose, continuous enzyme replacement therapy ameliorates brain pathology in the neurodegenerative lysosomal disorder mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA
Authors: King Barbara , Hassiotis Sofia , Rozaklis Tina , Beard Helen , Trim Paul J. , Snel Marten F. , Hopwood John J. , Hemsley Kim M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractRepeated replacement of sulphamidase via cerebrospinal fluid injection is an effective treatment for pathological changes in the brain in mice and dogs with the lysosomal storage disorder, mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA (MPS IIIA). Investigational trials of this approach are underway in children with this condition, however, infusions require attendance at a specialist medical facility. We sought to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of sustained‐release (osmotic pump‐delivered) enzyme replacement therapy in murine MPS IIIA as this method, if applied to humans, would require only subcutaneous administration of enzyme once the pump was installed. Six‐week‐old MPS IIIA and unaffected mice were implanted with subcutaneous mini‐osmotic pumps connected to an infusion cannula directed at the right lateral ventricle. Either recombinant human sulphamidase or vehicle were infused over the course of 7 weeks, with pumps replaced part‐way through the experimental period. We observed near‐normalisation of primarily stored substrate (heparan sulphate) in both hemispheres of the MPS IIIA brain and cervical spinal cord, as determined using tandem mass spectrometry. Immunohistochemistry indicated a reduction in secondarily stored GM3 ganglioside and neuroinflammatory markers. A bias towards the infusion side was seen in some, but not all outcomes. The recombinant enzyme appears stable under pump‐like conditions for at least 1 month. Given that infusion pumps are in clinical use in other nervous system disorders, e.g. for treatment of spasticity or brain tumours, this treatment method warrants consideration for testing in large animal models of MPS IIIA and other lysosomal storage disorders that affect the brain.
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Clinical trials of repeated injection of replacement enzyme into CSF are underway in patients with the inherited neurodegenerative disorder mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA. In this pre‐clinical study, we examined an alternative approach – slow, continual infusion of enzyme using pumps. We observed significant reductions in substrate accumulation and other disease‐based lesions in treated mouse brain. Thus, the strategy warrants consideration for testing in large animal models of MPS IIIA and also in other neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders.
Student participation in clinical handover–an integrative review
Authors: Malone Linda , Anderson Judith , Manning Jennifer 
Published: January 2016

Aim and objectivesTo examine the literature exploring the current understanding of student nurse participation in clinical handover whilst they are enrolled in an undergraduate preregistration course.BackgroundThe importance of handing over the care of a patient to ensure continuity and safety of care is well‐recognised. Effective preparation of student nurses to competently perform this critical task requires the use of appropriate teaching strategies to support this learning, within undergraduate preregistration nursing programs.DesignAn integrative literature review.MethodAn integrative literature review was conducted to establish what is known about student nurse participation in relation to clinical handover. This resulted in 18 articles for inclusion in the literature review. An analysis was then undertaken of these 18 articles to extract key themes.ResultsLearning and teaching strategies need to address a variety of methods of the clinical handover process including verbal and written handovers. Participating in clinical handover prior to being given the responsibility of patient care prepares students for the workplace. Key themes identified within the literature included: learning strategies, limitations and challenges involved in putting theory into practice, handover structure and issues regarding confidentiality.ConclusionSimulation and clinical practice are commonly used to prepare students for this role during their undergraduate education. The use of simulation and structured handover techniques prior to clinical placement increases student confidence to engage in clinical handovers during their clinical placements.Relevance to clinical practiceThis article raises the awareness of both clinical staff and educators as to the need for student nurses to develop their skills in clinical handover practice and suggests strategies to prepare student nurses to conduct clinical handover competently in the clinical setting.
An examination of the prevalence of acute pain for hospitalised adult patients: a systematic review
Authors: Gregory Julie , McGowan Linda 
Published: January 2016

Aims and objectiveAims of the review were to establish the prevalence of acute pain for adults in hospital, to identify the amount of severe or unacceptable pain reported and to examine the prevalence of acute pain within medical units.BackgroundAcute Pain Services have been established in the United Kingdom (UK) to improve pain management within surgical settings. Acute pain is a common symptom across all hospital settings. However, medical settings have traditionally been considered low risk for acute pain and have therefore not always been included in the provision provided by APS. As a result 82% of APS surveyed in the UK felt that pain management was suboptimal on medical units.Design and methodThis review follows the process of a systematic review.ResultsHospital‐wide pain prevalence obtained ranged from 37·7–84%, severe pain prevalence ranged from 9–36%. The papers reviewed were of variable quality and heterogeneous resulting in the wide range of pain prevalence. Higher prevalence of pain was found for surgical patients compared to medical patients, although up to 55% of medical patients’ reported pain.ConclusionIt is difficult to determine a definite prevalence of pain for adults in hospital due to the variability of the studies examined. However, pain does remain a significant symptom with up to 35% of patients reporting severe pain and approximately 50% of medical patient reported pain.Relevance to clinical practiceAwareness of the extent of pain as a problem for patients is the first step to improving practice. This review has demonstrated that there is a need for similar Acute Pain Teams and services for the staff and patients admitted to all areas of the hospital, including medical units to help clinicians assess and treat pain in all areas of a hospital setting.
Global, Local, or Regional? The Locus of MNE Strategies
Authors: Verbeke Alain , Asmussen Christian Geisler 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis paper provides an overview of the main insights arising from the ‘regional strategy’ literature. It also develops the contours of a new, rich research agenda for future international strategy scholarship, whereby the region should be introduced as an explicit, third geographic level of analysis, in addition to the country‐level and the global level. Regional strategy analysis requires a fundamental rethink of mainstream theories in the international strategy sphere. This rethink involves, inter alia, internalization theory, with its resource‐based view and transaction cost economics components, as well as the integration (I) – national responsiveness (NR) framework.
TGFβ1‐Smad3‐Jagged1‐Notch1–Slug signaling pathway takes part in tumorigenesis and progress of tongue squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Tonghan , Liang Lizhong , Liu Xiaoling , Wu Ji‐nan , Chen Jueyao , Su Kui , Zheng Qiaoyi , Huang Hongzhang , Liao Gui‐qing 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundTGFβ1 and Smad3 play an important role in the process of EMT. TGFβ1 regulates the expression of Jagged1 by modulating Notch signaling. Jagged1 is related to tumor invasion, metastasis, chemotherapy resistance, and tumor immune escape. The aims of this study are to examine deregulation of TGFβ1‐Smad3‐Jagged1‐Notch1‐Slug signaling in TSCC and to investigate its roles in TSCC progression.Materials and MethodsNotch1, Smad3, Jagged1 and Slug proteins and mRNA expression were detected in specimens from 89 cases of patients. We analyzed the correlation between their expressions and histological grade, clinical stage and lymph node metastasis.ResultsNotch1, Smad3, Jagged1 and Slug mRNA expressions in TSCC were higher than normal tissue (P <0.05). The protein expression of Notch1 and Smad3 in TSCC were higher (χ2 =7.30, P <0.01 and χ2 = 5.84, P <0.05). Notch1 and Smad3 expressions were correlated with clinical stage (χ2 =18.81, P<0.01; χ2 =22.29, P<0.01), but not Jagged1 (χ2 =0.53, P>0.05). The Slug protein expression was correlated with clinical stage. The positive rate of Notch1 was higher in lymph node metastases positive cases (χ2=7.30, P<0.01). Moreover, higher expression of Jagged1 was found in lymph node positive cases (χ2 =10.82, P<0.01).ConclusionsThe key protein expression in TGFβ1‐Smad3‐Jagged1‐Notch1‐Slug signaling pathway significantly correlated with the clinicopathological features of TSCC patients. It's potential as a biomarker and a novel therapeutic target for TSCC patients at risk of metastasis. It may play an irreplaceable role in TSCC progression which may attribute to promoting EMT which enhances cell migration, invasion and metastasis.
The Role of Physical Education Lessons and Recesses in School Lifestyle of Adolescents
Authors: Frömel Karel , Svozil Zbyněk , Chmelík František , Jakubec Lukáš , Groffik Dorota 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThis study investigates school lifestyle among adolescents in terms of physical activity (PA) structure: (1) adolescents participating in a physical education lesson (PEL) versus (2) aggregate recess time exceeding 60 minutes.METHODSThe research was conducted in 24 secondary schools in the Czech Republic (boys N = 208, girls N = 433). For the whole day (1‐3 days) participants wore the ActiTrainer accelerometer, which monitored PA, and heart rate. A total of 1122 school days were recorded.RESULTSBoth boys and girls participating in a PEL reported significantly better results compared with nonparticipating individuals regarding all indicators of volume and intensity of school PA (SPA). In most SPA indicators, longer aggregate recess time (>60 minutes) had a statistically significant effect, particularly on the volume of SPA. The recommended 500 steps/hours for SPA was achieved by 83% of boys participating in PEL and 69% of girls. In contrast just 32% of nonparticipating boys and 31% of girls reached this level. With longer recess time the recommendation was met by 43% of boys (42% of girls) compared with 26% of boys (23% of girls) with shorter recess time.CONCLUSIONSAn increase in SPA and an improved lifestyle in adolescents on school days are significantly supported more by PELs than by longer recess time.
Gymnoxanthella radiolariae gen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a dinoflagellate symbiont from solitary polycystine radiolarians
Authors: Yuasa Tomoko , Horiguchi Takeo , Mayama Shigeki , Takahashi Osamu 
Published: January 2016

The symbiotic dinoflagellate Gymnoxanthella radiolariae T. Yuasa et T. Horiguchi gen. et sp. nov. isolated from polycystine radiolarians is described herein based on light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as molecular phylogenetic analyses of SSU and LSU rDNA sequences. Motile cells of G. radiolariae were obtained in culture, and appeared to be unarmored. The cells were 9.1–11.4 μm long and 5.7–9.4 μm wide, and oval to elongate oval in the ventral view. They possessed an counterclockwise horseshoe‐shaped apical groove, a nuclear envelope with vesicular chambers, cingulum displacement with one cingulum width, and the nuclear fibrous connective; all of these are characteristics of Gymnodinium sensu stricto (Gymnodinium s.s.). Molecular phylogenetic analyses also indicated that G. radiolariae belongs to the clade of Gymnodinium s.s. However, in our molecular phylogenetic trees, G. radiolariae was distantly related to Gymnodinium fuscum, the type species of Gymnodinium. Based on the consistent morphological, genetic, and ecological divergence of our species with the other genera and species of Gymnodinium s.s., we considered it justified to erect a new, separate genus and species G. radiolariae gen. et sp. nov. As for the peridinioid symbiont of radiolarians, Brandtodinium has been erected as a new genus instead of Zooxanthella, but the name Zooxanthella is still valid. Brandtodinium is a junior synonym of Zooxanthella. Our results suggest that at least two dinoflagellate symbiont species, peridinioid Zooxanthella nutricula and gymnodinioid G. radiolariae, exist in radiolarians, and that they may have been mixed and reported as “Z. nutricula” since the 19th century.
Effects of MK‐467 on the antinociceptive and sedative actions and pharmacokinetics of medetomidine in dogs
Authors: Bennett R. C. , Salla K. M. , Raekallio M. R. , Hänninen L. , Rinne V. M. , Scheinin M. , Vainio O. M. 
Published: January 2016

We investigated the influence of the peripherally acting α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist MK‐467 on the sedative and antinociceptive actions and plasma drug concentrations of medetomidine, an α2‐adrenoceptor agonist that is used in veterinary medicine as a sedative and analgesic agent. Eight healthy beagle dogs received intravenous medetomidine (10 μg/kg) or medetomidine with MK‐467 (250 μg/kg) in a randomized crossover design. A standardized nociceptive pressure stimulus was applied to a nail bed of a hindlimb. Times for withdrawal of the limb and for head lift were measured, and sedation was scored. EEG data were collected prior to and after stimulation. Plasma drug concentrations were measured. Co‐administration of MK‐467 significantly attenuated medetomidine analgesia, as assessed with limb withdrawal, and also shortened the duration of sedation. The apparent plasma clearance of both enantiomers of medetomidine, dexmedetomidine and levomedetomidine, was more than doubled in the presence of MK‐467. Antagonism by MK‐467 of medetomidine‐evoked vasoconstriction is seen as the mechanism behind this pharmacokinetic drug interaction. Thus, MK‐467 attenuated the antinociceptive and sedative effects of medetomidine. This can probably be explained by increased clearance and decreased concentrations of dexmedetomidine in plasma after co‐administration of MK‐467 with racemic medetomidine.
Romanticism after the Anarchist Turn
Authors: McGeough Jared 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis essay serves as an introduction to a collection of essays on the topic of “Romantic Anarchism.” Along with providing a summary of the main points of each essay, the introduction undertakes a critical and historical analysis of the master narratives through which romanticism and anarchism have been historically linked, usually in order to be dismissed, such as the charge that both are theoretically confused, unscientific, too contradictory, too “aesthetic,” practically unworkable, as well as politically and emotionally immature. Looking to the dramatic resurgence of cultural and academic interest in anarchist ideas in recent years, which some critics have called an “anarchist turn” across the disciplines, the essay explores how these master narratives have begun to break down. In so doing, the essay argues that the recent anarchist turn necessitates the subsequent re‐turn of and to its roots in romantic‐era literature. The introduction then poses a series of questions in order to frame the issue's overall scope and concerns: What would it mean to locate, or generate, an anarchist turn in romanticism, and a corresponding return of romanticism for anarchism? What developments in the fields of anarchist studies and romantic literary criticism make it possible to think these two disciplines together today? And in what ways does the idea of anarchy, more broadly construed as a figure for the deconstitution of disciplinary archē, raise questions about the very identity and nature of a critical field? How might anarchism provide useful coordinates for romantic studies to navigate a post‐Marxist critical landscape?
In a rural area of Bangladesh, traditional birth attendant training improved early infant feeding practices: a pragmatic cluster randomized trial
Authors: Talukder Shamim , Farhana Dina , Vitta Bineti , Greiner Ted 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn rural Bangladesh, most births take place at home. There is little evidence regarding the influence of traditional birth attendants (TBAs) or community volunteers (CVs) on early infant feeding practices. We conducted a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial in Panchagarh District to examine the effects of training and post‐training supervision of TBAs/CVs on early breastfeeding practices. Nine unions were randomized into three groups of three unions. We compared outcomes between mothers in a control group (CG), those living in unions where TBAs/CVs had received a 5‐day training in early feeding practices (TG) and those living in unions where TBAs/CVs were both trained and supervised (SG). A total of 1182 mothers of infants aged 0–6 months were interviewed at baseline. After 6 months of intervention, an endline survey was conducted on a different sample of 1148 mothers of infants aged 0–6 months in the same areas. In both intervention areas, TBAs/CVs made regular home visits and attended births whenever possible. Rates of early initiation of breastfeeding, avoidance of prelacteal feeds and exclusive breastfeeding were compared between groups using cluster‐controlled mixed model logistic regression. At endline, both intervention groups had significantly higher proportions of mothers who reported early initiation of breastfeeding (CG: 88%, TG: 96%, SG: 96%) and avoidance of prelacteal feeds (CG: 48%, TG: 80%, SG: 88%) compared with the control group; there were no significant differences between the two intervention groups. The endline rates of reported exclusive breastfeeding were not significantly different among groups (CG: 67%, TG: 76%, SG: 83%).