bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are stroke survivors with delirium at higher risk of post‐stroke dementia? Current evidence and future directions
Authors: Ojagbemi Akin , Ffytche Dominic H. 
Published: July 2016

ObjectivesThe idea that delirium is a risk factor for dementia, broadly defined, is derived from heterogeneous patient samples. We reviewed available evidence as to whether stroke survivors who developed delirium during the acute phase of treatment are at a higher prospective risk of incident post‐stroke cognitive impairment or dementia.DesignWe searched 8721 records in the Cochrane database for reviews or protocols dealing with the study objective, Medline, EMBASE, PsycInfo and CINAHL for observational studies in the general adult population and PubMed for in‐process articles. Additional searches of the reference lists of retrieved articles were also undertaken. Qualitative syntheses and meta‐analysis were conducted according to conventional guidelines.ResultsTwelve relevant articles were fully appraised. Four out of these studies, comprising 743 stroke survivors, including 199 with delirium, met criteria for qualitative syntheses. Overall, the studies presented low to moderate level evidence suggesting an association between post‐stroke delirium and dementia.ConclusionsThere is a need for further studies to investigate the association of post‐stroke delirium and dementia using well‐defined cohorts of patients and controlling for factors such as pre‐stroke cognition, stroke severity and location and the presence of persistent delirium. Such studies will help understand the place of delirium identification and prevention in reducing the risk of dementia after stroke. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
The effects of feeding resistant starch on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility, faecal characteristics and faecal fermentative end-products in healthy adult dogs
Authors: Beloshapka Alison N. , Alexander Lucille G. , Buff Preston R. , Swanson Kelly S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe benefits of whole grain consumption have been studied in human subjects, but little research exists on their effects in dogs. The objective of the present study was to test the effects of resistant starch (RS) in the diet of healthy adult dogs. Twelve adult Miniature Schnauzer dogs (eight males, four females; mean age: 3·3 (1·6) years; mean body weight: 8·4 (1·2) kg; mean body condition score: D/ideal) were randomly allotted to one of three treatment groups, which consisted of different amounts of RS supplied in a biscuit format. Dogs received either 0, 10 or 20 g biscuits per d (estimated to be 0, 2·5 or 5 g RS per d) that were fed within their daily energetic allowance. A balanced Latin square design was used, with each treatment period lasting 21 d (days 0–17 adaptation; days 18–21 fresh and total faecal collection). All dogs were fed the same diet to maintain body weight throughout the study. Dogs fed 5 g RS per d had lower (P = 0·03) fat digestibility than dogs fed 0 gRS per d, but DM, organic matter and crude protein digestibilities were not affected. Faecal fermentative end-products, including SCFA and branched-chain fatty acids, ammonia, phenols and indoles, and microbial populations were not affected. The minor changes observed in the present study suggest the RS doses provided to the dogs were too low. Further work is required to assess the dose of RS required to affect gut health.
New Radiocarbon Dates for the Kura-Araxes Occupation at Aradetis Orgora, Georgia
Authors: Passerini Annapaola , Regev Lior , Rova Elena , Boaretto Elisabetta 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe absolute chronology of the Kura-Araxes (KA) culture in the Southern Caucasus still represents a challenge due to the fragmentation and inadequacy of the radiocarbon record, as well as the inconsistencies in material typologies in the region. Recent archaeological fieldwork at the site of Aradetis Orgora in the Shida Kartli region of Georgia revealed four occupation levels dating to the KA II phase according to the local relative chronology.14C samples were collected from reliable contexts and further selected according to reliability criteria, taking into account both archaeological issues and lab procedures. FTIR was applied in order to determine the preservation of charcoals and to monitor the efficiency of lab treatments on all the samples. Only accurate14C measurements were selected for Bayesian analysis incorporating stratigraphic information. Two models were run, the second of which simulated intervals corresponding to unexcavated stratigraphy or due to a lack of samples. In this article, the available14C dates for the KA occupation at Aradetis are presented for the first time and analyzed using Bayesian principles. The results of Bayesian modeling suggest that the occupation of the excavated KA II levels cover the period between 3040–2810 BC (simple model) or 3090–2720 BC (interval model).
Pregnancy as a Stressful Life Event
Authors: Geller Pamela A. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTPregnancy and childbirth typically are associated with positive emotions and with motherhood, but the reality is that this is not the case for all women or for all pregnancies. This review addresses a different aspect of these reproductive events, focusing on stressful circumstances surrounding pregnancy, as well as times when the pregnancy itself becomes a stressful life event. Pregnancy-related topics that tend to receive less attention will be emphasized. These include issues related to infertility; unplanned pregnancy; stress associated with testing and diagnosis of common medical complications; peripartum cardiomyopathy; fear of childbirth; and pregnancy foss as a risk factor for psychopathology. Epidemiologie information wiu be presented, as will relevant psychosocial factors related to each phenomenon. Healtitcare providers should be sensitive to the distress and anxiety experienced by many women and their families as a consequence of these adverse events and the stressful challenge of any consequential decisionmaking, as well as stressors in their broader life context that can further exacerbate their distress, and make mental health referrals as appropriate.
Football clubs and financial crimes in Greece
Authors: Manoli Argyro Elisavet , Antonopoulos Georgios A. , Levi Michael 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
The purpose of the current article is to provide an account of the financial crimes that are committed within the football clubs in Greece.

Design/methodology/approach
First, ethnographic research with two football clubs in Greece was conducted. Additional information on the issues at stake was obtained through interviews with informed actors from the realm of Greek football. Moreover, the telephone conversations that were available as the result of wiretapping by the Greek National Intelligence Agency, in relation to the latest football match-fixing scandal (2011) were used. Finally, published media sources were used. These provided information not only on the process behind financial crimes within football clubs but also on the key actors involved.

Findings
A number of financial (and finance-related) crimes committed within football clubs were identified in the study. These include: ticket “tricks”, fake tax certificates, crimes related to the players’ salary payments, owing money, money laundering and match-fixing. Issues around financial crimes within football clubs must be located within the overall football-related context in the country, which is, of course, an extension of the general financial, entrepreneurial and political landscape in the country.

Originality/value
This is the first article on football clubs and financial crimes in Greece. Although this is a case study from Greece, it constitutes a potential template for research on an international level. By using the case of football and football clubs in Greece, this article adds to understandings of the complexity of the broader motivational context of financial crime.
Spatial scale and specialization affect how biogeography and functional traits predict long‐term patterns of community turnover
Authors: Auffret Alistair G. , Aggemyr Elsa , Plue Jan , Cousins Sara A. O. 
Published: July 2016

Summary

Immigration, extirpation and persistence of individual populations of species are key processes determining community responses to environmental change. However, they are difficult to study over long time periods without corresponding historical and modern‐day species occurrences.

We used historical and present‐day plant species occurrence data from two different spatial scales (resolutions) to investigate the plant community turnover during the 20th century in a Baltic Sea archipelago. Patterns of turnover were analysed in relation to plant functional traits relating to dispersal and competition/persistence, as well as biogeographical variables.

Turnover was largely driven by interactions between functional traits and measures of area, connectivity and distance to mainland. However, the combinations of traits and biogeographical variables that were most important for predicting immigration and extirpation differed between data sets, and between species associated with grassland management and the entire species pool.

Taller plants were more likely to persist regardless of scale and biogeography, reflecting the grazing abandonment that occurred in the study area. Interactions between dispersal traits and biogeography were related to immigrations when the entire species pool was considered. However, increased dispersal potential, a smaller island size and increasing distance to mainland combined to promote extirpations in management‐associated species. A perennial life span and seed banking contributed to species persistence. At the larger spatial scale, trait‐driven turnover was not mediated by the biogeographical context.

We showed that it is important to consider functional traits, biogeographical variables and their interactions when analysing community turnover over time. Furthermore, we found that the understanding of how combinations of traits and biogeography predict turnover depends on the source and spatial scale of the available data, and the species pool analysed.
Optimal Conservatism with Earnings Manipulation
Authors: Bertomeu Jeremy , Darrough Masako , Xue Wenjie 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper examines the role of conservatism when an agent can manipulate upcoming earnings before all uncertainty is resolved. An increase in conservatism, by reducing the likelihood of favorable earnings, requires steeper performance pay to maintain the same level of incentives, which in turn increases the equilibrium earnings manipulation. Trade‐offs between inducing effort and curbing manipulation predict an interior level of conservatism as optimal. The optimal level of conservatism is positively associated with enforcement, economic profitability and earnings quality, and negatively associated with agency frictions. In particular, we show that more economically profitable firms choose to be more conservative. We also establish that the association between performance pay and manipulation identifies whether conservatism is optimally chosen or exogenously imposed. In an application to debt contracting, we show that optimal conservatism is negatively associated with borrowers’ bargaining power.
Concentration–Response Relationship of Hearing Impairment Caused by Quinine and Salicylate: Pharmacological Similarities but Different Molecular Mechanisms
Authors: Alvan Gunnar , Berninger Erik , Gustafsson Lars L. , Karlsson Kjell K. , Paintaud Gilles , Wakelkamp Monique 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis review has the purpose to summarize concentration–effect studies made with quinine and to compare the effects on hearing between quinine and salicylate. Quinine and salicylate have roles in experimental hearing research and may induce pronounced and reversible hearing impairment when administered in sizeable doses. The quinine‐induced increase in hearing threshold and its recovery can be analysed according to ‘the psychophysical power function’. The power function is a special case of the Hill equation when the stimulus (e.g. a drug concentration) is exceedingly small compared with the concentration that would elicit a half‐maximum response. Quinine and salicylate induce sensorineural hearing impairment and tinnitus when given in higher dose ranges in man. The drugs influence the presence, magnitude, and quality of audiological responses, such as spontaneous and evoked otoacoustic emissions. Quinine reversibly reduces frequency selectivity and hearing sensitivity, whereas the self‐attained most comfortable speech level and the acoustic stapedius reflex are not affected, that is the dynamic range of hearing is reversibly reduced. This observation supports the view that quinine acts on the outer hair cell of the cochlea. Both drugs share a protective effect against the permanent hearing damages caused by gentamicin. This action is interpreted as a request for functioning mechanoelectric transducer (MET) channels to elicit the ill effect of aminoglycosides. Both drugs may interfere with the cochlear amplifier through blocking MET channels and the motor protein prestin. This review finds considerable overlap between type and extent of pharmacological actions of quinine and salicylate, supposedly caused by partly shared mechanisms of action but performed with different molecular mechanisms.
Tumor Dormancy and Frailty Models: A Novel Approach
Authors: Rancoita Paola M. V. , Valberg Morten , Demicheli Romano , Biganzoli Elia , Di Serio Clelia 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY
Frailty models are here proposed in the tumor dormancy framework, in order to account for possible unobservable dependence mechanisms in cancer studies where a non-negligible proportion of cancer patients relapses years or decades after surgical removal of the primary tumor. Relapses do not seem to follow a memory-less process, since their timing distribution leads to multimodal hazards. From a biomedical perspective, this behavior may be explained by tumor dormancy, i.e., for some patients microscopic tumor foci may remain asymptomatic for a prolonged time interval and, when they escape from dormancy, micrometastatic growth results in a clinical disease appearance. The activation of the growth phase at different metastatic states would explain the occurrence of metastatic recurrences and mortality at different times (multimodal hazard). We propose a new frailty model which includes in the risk function a random source of heterogeneity (frailty variable) affecting the components of the hazard function. Thus, the individual hazard rate results as the product of a random frailty variable and the sum of basic hazard rates. In tumor dormancy, the basic hazard rates correspond to micrometastatic developments starting from different initial states. The frailty variable represents the heterogeneity among patients with respect to relapse, which might be related to unknown mechanisms that regulate tumor dormancy. We use our model to estimate the overall survival in a large breast cancer dataset, showing how this improves the understanding of the underlying biological process.
Are migraine and non‐migrainous headache risk factors for stroke in the elderly? Findings from a 12‐year cohort follow‐up
Authors: Norton J. , Portet F. , Gabelle A. , Debette S. , Ritchie K. , Touchon J. , Berr C. 
Published: July 2016

Background and purposeThere is evidence that migraine is a risk factor for stroke but little is known about this association in elderly people. Furthermore, non‐migrainous headache (NMH) has received little attention despite being the most frequently reported type of headache. Late‐life migraine and NMH were examined as candidate risk factors for stroke in a community‐dwelling elderly sample over a 12‐year follow‐up.MethodsOne thousand nine hundred and nineteen non‐institutionalized subjects aged 65+, without dementia (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, DSM‐IV criteria) and with no stroke history at baseline, were drawn from the Three‐City Montpellier cohort (recruitment 1999–2001) for longitudinal analysis. Ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke was reported at baseline and at each of the five follow‐ups, with cases validated by a panel of experts, according to ICD‐10 criteria (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision). Migraine and NMH were determined at baseline during a neurological interview and examination using 1988 International Headache Society criteria.ResultsA total of 110 (5.4%) cases of migraine and 179 (8.9%) cases of NMH were identified at baseline. During the median 8.8‐year follow‐up, incident stroke was observed in 1.9% of baseline migrainers, 6.2% of NMH and 3.6% of those with no lifetime history of headache. Cox proportional hazard models indicated that migraine was not a risk factor for stroke; however, NMH sufferers were twice as likely to have a stroke (hazard ratio 2.00, 95% confidence interval 1.00–3.93, P = 0.049).ConclusionsThis study is one of the first to suggest that late‐life NMH rather than migraine could be an independent risk factor for stroke and a warning sign. The incidence of stroke in elderly migrainers, seldom reported, is particularly low.
Rare Complications of Migraine With Aura
Authors: Plato Brian M. 
Published: July 2016

PurposeTo provide a review of the diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology, and potential treatments of the complications of migraine as identified by the International Classification of Headache Disorders 3β, with the exception of status migrainosus.MethodMigraine with aura may be associated with the onset of rare, but significantly disabling neurological symptoms. This review provides an overview of the associated complications that may arise from migraine with aura.ConclusionThe complications of migraine that arise from migraine aura are infrequently encountered in clinical practice; however, they can be severely disabling for patients. As these conditions are encountered, thorough diagnostic evaluation is necessary. In some cases, it may be difficult to find a consistently reliable therapeutic option for these patients; however, as more cases enter the literature, a greater understanding of these conditions and how to treat them may arise.
Inconsistencies and time delays in site‐specific research approvals hinder collaborative clinical research in Australia
Authors: White V. M. , Bibby H. , Green M. , Anazodo A. , Nicholls W. , Pinkerton R. , Phillips M. , Harrup R. , Osborn M. , Orme L. M. , Conyers R. , Thompson K. , Coory M. 
Published: July 2016

Background/AimThe aim of this study was to describe the time and documentation needed to gain ethics and governance approvals in Australian states with and without a centralised ethical review system.MethodsThis is a prospective descriptive study undertaken between February 2012 and March 2015. Paediatric and adult hospitals (n = 67) in Australian states were approached to allow the review of their medical records. Participants included 15‐ to 24‐year‐olds diagnosed with cancer between 2008 and 2012. The main outcomes measures were time (weeks) to approval for ethics and governance and the number and type of documents submitted.ResultsCentralised ethics approval processes were used in five states, with approval taking between 2 and 18 weeks. One state did not use a centralised process, with ethics approval taking a median of 4.5 weeks (range: 0–15) per site. In four states using a centralised ethics process, 33 governance applications were submitted, with 20 requiring a site clinician listed as an investigator. Governance applications required the submission of 11 documents on average, including a Site‐Specific Assessment form. Thirty‐two governance applications required original signatures from a median of 3.5 (range: 1–10) non‐research persons, which took a median of 5 weeks (range: 0–15) to obtain. Governance approval took a median of 6 weeks (range: 1–45). Twelve research study agreements were needed, each taking a median of 7.5 weeks (range: 1–20) to finalise.ConclusionThe benefits of centralised ethics review systems have not been realised due to duplicative, inflexible governance processes. A system that allowed the recognition of prior ethical approval and low‐risk applications was more efficient than a central ethics and site‐specific governance process.
A qualitative national focus group study of the experience of living with lymphoedema and accessing local multiprofessional lymphoedema clinics
Authors: Watts Tessa E. , Davies Ruth E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to explore people's experiences of living with lymphoedema and to assess the impact of access to local lymphoedema clinics on their condition and thus their lives.BackgroundA chronic condition caused by reduced lymphatic function, lymphoedema leads to swelling, pain and mobility problems and can adversely affect quality‐of‐life. It is of international concern as its prevalence is rising. Yet lymphoedema awareness is limited, diagnostic delay common and access to specialist treatment restricted. The concept of local lymphoedema clinics is gaining support and in 2011 the All Wales Lymphoedema Service was founded. However, empirical investigation of local lymphoedema services remains limited.DesignA qualitative exploratory study consisting of focus group interviews in every Welsh lymphoedema clinic (n = 8).MethodsA convenience sample of adults living with lymphoedema in Wales was recruited. Data were collected in digitally recorded focus groups during July and August 2013. Interviews were fully transcribed and analysed using a qualitative content approach.FindingsFifty‐nine people participated in eight focus groups. Analysis revealed three themes: Living with lymphoedema is a battle; delays in obtaining a correct diagnosis and the positive impact of lymphoedema clinics on participants’ lives. Locally accessible clinics made meaningful differences to peoples’ lymphoedema, engendered positive outcomes and improved engagement with and adherence to lymphoedema self‐management.ConclusionsLocal specialist lymphoedema clinics can make a positive difference. They may be cost‐effective and further investigation, including economic evaluation is necessary.