bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms underlying the endogenous dopaminergic inhibition of spinal locomotor circuit function in Xenopus tadpoles
Authors: Picton Laurence D. , Sillar Keith T. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDopamine plays important roles in the development and modulation of motor control circuits. Here we show that dopamine exerts potent effects on the central pattern generator circuit controlling locomotory swimming in post-embryonic Xenopus tadpoles. Dopamine (0.5–100 μM) reduced fictive swim bout occurrence and caused both spontaneous and evoked episodes to become shorter, slower and weaker. The D2-like receptor agonist quinpirole mimicked this repertoire of inhibitory effects on swimming, whilst the D4 receptor antagonist, L745,870, had the opposite effects. The dopamine reuptake inhibitor bupropion potently inhibited fictive swimming, demonstrating that dopamine constitutes an endogenous modulatory system. Both dopamine and quinpirole also inhibited swimming in spinalised preparations, suggesting spinally located dopamine receptors. Dopamine and quinpirole hyperpolarised identified rhythmically active spinal neurons, increased rheobase and reduced spike probability both during swimming and in response to current injection. The hyperpolarisation was TTX-resistant and was accompanied by decreased input resistance, suggesting that dopamine opens a K+ channel. The K+ channel blocker barium chloride (but not TEA, glybenclamide or tertiapin-Q) significantly occluded the hyperpolarisation. Overall, we show that endogenously released dopamine acts upon spinally located D2-like receptors, leading to a rapid inhibitory modulation of swimming via the opening of a K+ channel.
Metabolomic Responses of Arabidopsis Suspension Cells to Bicarbonate under Light and Dark Conditions
Authors: Misra Biswapriya B. , Yin Zepeng , Geng Sisi , de Armas Evaldo , Chen Sixue 
Published: October 2016

AbstractGlobal CO2level presently recorded at 400 ppm is expected to reach 550 ppm in 2050, an increment likely to impact plant growth and productivity. Using targeted LC-MS and GC-MS platforms we quantified 229 and 29 metabolites, respectively in a time-course study to reveal short-term responses to different concentrations (1, 3, and 10 mM) of bicarbonate (HCO3−) under light and dark conditions. Results indicate that HCO3−treatment responsive metabolomic changes depend on the HCO3−concentration, time of treatment, and light/dark. Interestingly, 3 mM HCO3−concentration treatment induced more significantly changed metabolites than either lower or higher concentrations used. Flavonoid biosynthesis and glutathione metabolism were common to both light and dark-mediated responses in addition to showing concentration-dependent changes. Our metabolomics results provide insights into short-term plant cellular responses to elevated HCO3−concentrations as a result of ambient increases in CO2under light and dark.
Internet Competency Predicts Practical Hearing Aid Knowledge and Skills in First-Time Hearing Aid Users
Authors: Maidment David , Brassington William , Wharrad Heather , Ferguson Melanie 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
The purpose of the study was to assess whether Internet competency predicted practical hearing aid knowledge and handling skills in first-time hearing aid users.

Method
The design was a prospective, randomized controlled trial of a multimedia educational intervention consisting of interactive video tutorials (or reusable learning objects [RLOs]). RLOs were delivered through DVD for TV or PC, and online. Internet competency was measured at the hearing aid fitting appointment, whereas hearing aid knowledge and practical handling skills were assessed 6 weeks postfitting.

Results
Internet competency predicted practical hearing aid knowledge and handling skills, controlling for age, hearing sensitivity, educational status, and gender for the group that received the RLOs. Internet competency was inversely related to the number of times the RLOs were watched.

Conclusion
Associations between Internet competency and practical hearing aid knowledge, handling skills, and watching the RLOs fewer times may have arisen because of improved self-efficacy. Therefore, first-time hearing aid users who are more competent Internet users may be better equipped to apply newly learned information to effectively manage their hearing loss.
Material Eucharist
Authors: Grumett David 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This book interprets the Eucharist through its material elements of bread and wine. Drawing upon a rich variety of biblical, patristic, medieval, and modern texts and traditions, it brings together theological reflection and liturgical action and shows their mutual dependence. Perspectives from philosophy, archaeology, and cultural theory are also employed. For both theologians and liturgists, a central concern is the matter out of which the created order has been made, from which issues of community and social justice are inseparable. The ingredients of bread and wine anticipate, in their harvesting and manufacture, the formal church liturgy, which is extended back into the world by the transformative priestly action of laypeople. Indeed, the transforming presence of Christ in the Eucharist as flesh and substance is theologically grounded in his transformative presence in the wider created order, as expressed in eucharistic giving and exchange between churches and their wider communities. Rooting the Eucharist in materiality suggests its primary context to be the death and resurrection of Christ in the power of the Spirit, in which its recipients may share. The many aspects of theology and liturgy with which the book deals have large implications for how the Eucharist is understood in a range of academic disciplines, and for how it is celebrated in churches today.
Focus and givenness in flexible accent languages
Authors: Büring Daniel 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIllustrative examples of focussing, its flip side, backgrounding, and the use of accent omission (‘deaccenting’) for signaling contextual givenness show the relations and differences between them, and eventually lead to a first taxonomy of focussing/backgrounding cases. The fundamental theoretical concept of focus alternatives allows for a first formal modeling of the meaning of (this kind of) intonation; more precisely, focussing and deaccenting reflect and sometimes highlight properties of the discourse context, including what has been agreed upon, and what is under discussion. Some important empirical and terminological distinctions are introduced and clarified, to pave the way for clear and unambiguous further discussion. The irreducibly relational nature of focussing, and its modeling in terms of ‘focus domains’ is of fundamental importance here. The semi-formal characterizations used in this chapter do not reflect any particular theory of intonational meaning, but represent the common core of virtually all existing approaches.
Prosodic structure
Authors: Büring Daniel 
Published: October 2016

AbstractProsodic structure features prominently in work on metrical stress, in intonational phonology and prosodic phonology (where it provides the domain for segmental and supra-segmental processes), but specifics vary widely in the literature. Following Truckenbrodt, a simple version of the prosodic hierarchy, using phonological phrases, intermediate phrases, and intonational phrases above the word level is used, related to syntax by a small set of ranked, violable constraints; a prosodic constituent’s metrically strongest element, its head, may serve as an anchoring point for pitch accents, subject to a single ‘stress-to-accent’ constraint. Sometimes a more articulated structure is called for, involving a limited kind of recursion in prosodic categories, or perhaps even label-less recursion of a single unspecific category. The rules of syntax-to-prosody mapping actually predict when these more complex structures arise. Generalizations introduced earlier—integration, nuclear accent placement, optional accenting—find their proper place in this prosodically more elaborate setting.
Variation and corpora
Authors: Durand Jacques , Laks Bernard , Lyche Chantal 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis chapter shows how the issue of variation, traditionally neglected in theoretical linguistics, has come again to the fore thanks to the rise of sociolinguistics and corpus linguistics. First, the chapter offers an historical perspective on the study of variation, starting with nineteenth-century historical linguistics and spanning modern schools of linguistics from structuralism onwards. It argues that to study variation we need to clarify such notions as speech community and shared and standard norms and types of variation (e.g. diaphasic, diastratic, diatopic, diachronic, inherent). Second, it shows how close study of corpora inevitably entails an approach to linguistic structure, allowing for a better understanding of zones of stability and zones of variation within linguistic systems. The chapter also stresses that new computational tools have allowed for new insights into linguistic structure and briefly mentions some major corpus projects.
Beyond orality
Authors: Mondada Lorenza , Traverso Véronique 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis chapter presents the discipline of interactional linguistics. Interactional linguistics is a paradigm dealing with the study of different types of linguistic resources (from phonetics and prosody to lexis and syntax), and of embodied co-verbal resources (such as gesture, gaze, and body postures) as they are situatedly mobilized by speakers in the sequential organization of talk-in-interaction. The chapter describes talk-in-interaction by taking into account a wide range of linguistic and embodied resources. It offers a synthetic sketch of the main issues, theoretical groundings, and methodological bases.
French in Paris (Île-de-France)
Authors: Hansen Anita Berit 
Published: October 2016

AbstractHistorically, the higher circles of Paris have dictated the bon usage in French pronunciation, and have contributed to the present day Reference French; at the same time, howevr, Paris has preserved some local phonetic features, especially in lower social classes. The young man studied in this chapter is a PhD student, born to Parisian parents and raised in the 14th arrondissement. In the extract, his French is characterized by words from the familiar register (frigo, truc, sympa, clope) and by syntactic structures frequent in spontaneous spoken French (dislocations, clefts, ne-omission, etc.). On the phonetic level, he presents several features of Reference French (a reduced nasal vowel system, loss of /ɑ/, some tendencies towards the reduction of contrasts in mid vowels, three distinct high oral vowels, and an interconsonantal schwa which follows long-established rules). However, his palatalized /k/’s, and his prepausal schwa-tagging makes him sound specifically Parisian.
French in Bas-Rhin (Alsace)
Authors: Nouveau Dominique , Riegel Martin 
Published: October 2016

AbstractUntil recently, bilingualism has had a major impact on the use of French in Alsace. The 47-year-old teacher studied in this chapter belongs to a generation of speakers who acquired the Alsatian dialect at home and learned French as a first language as soon as they went to school, which explains some speech features, such as a more standardized oral expression and specific regional transfers in pronunciation. In the extract examined in this chapter, the speaker’s French includes numerous characteristics of spoken French from familiar conversation (incomplete sentences, reformulations, ne-omissions, frequent use of ça, etc.). At the phonetic level, he presents several features diverging from Reference French (variants of /R/, vowel length distinctions, a nasal vowel system maintaining the contrast between [ɛ̃] and [œ̃], initial word stress, and systematic realizations of schwa in initial syllables).
French in Auvergne (Centre)
Authors: Chabanal Damien , Durand Jacques , Ratier Corinne 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis chapter provides a study of a young female speaker (MM, 22 years old) from Clermont-Ferrand in Auvergne on the basis of an informal conversation between MM and her mother. MM is particularly interesting from a phonological point of view. Many French speakers who listen to MM initially identify her as a Parisian speaker. On closer examination, her vocalic system is typical of southern speakers, whereas her patterns of schwa presence/absence are in line with Parisian usage. MM therefore exemplifies a transitional system between north and south. On the other hand, her vocabulary and grammatical systems seem to be representative of usage among young students in contemporary France without any indication of geographical origin. Many features, which some would classify as populaire, in her speech are in fact characteristic of colloquial or informal usage among educated speakers.
French in Switzerland
Authors: Racine Isabelle , Andreassen Helene N. , Benetti Laurence 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe chapter analyses a short discussion between three close friends living in Neuchâtel, a small town situated in the French-speaking part of Switzerland. The discussion centres on the temporary loss of a mobile phone, called natel in Switzerland. The analysis of the excerpt reveals the presence of some lexical regionalisms, but does not show any syntactic regional features. As far as phonetics and phonology are concerned, our speaker exhibits typical features of the region: an opposition between /e/–/ɛ/ and /o/–/ɔ/ in word-final open syllables, contrastive vowel length in word final open and closed syllables, extensive use of diaeresis, consonants from the Germanic adstratum, or revealing a dialectal substratum, and /R/ realized with a high degree of friction.
French in Alberta
Authors: Walker Douglas C. , Canac-Marquis Réjean 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe Peace River region in northwest Alberta is home to the largest concentration of francophones in a province where the nineteenth-century francophone majority has now been reduced to less than 2 per cent of the province’s population. Nonetheless, French remains the langue du foyer for many families in this close-knit set of agricultural communities, despite continual assimilatory pressures from English. PFC fieldwork for a phonologically oriented study of the area has serendipitously resulted in data allowing an analysis of typical phonological, morphological, syntactic, and lexical properties of this vernacular—a vernacular closely linked to its earlier Quebec sources. This structural information, coupled with demographic data, illustrates the ecological status of a variety of Canadian French in a perilous minority situation.
French in interaction
Authors: Mondada Lorenza , Traverso Veronique 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis chapter presents the main characteristics of spoken French in interaction through the analysis of a video excerpt of a professional meeting held in Paris. It shows not only the types of resources that are mobilized by the participants (linguistic resources such as lexis and syntax, as well as embodied resources such as gesture, gaze, manipulations of objects), but it pays particular attention to the detailed organization of these resources in specific sequential environments.
Approaching variation in PFC
Authors: Nguyen Noël 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCurrent studies in phonological and phonetic variation make an ever-increasing use of large oral corpora. This has fostered the development of powerful techniques for the processing and analysis of speech data, which include tools for the automatic segmentation, phonetic labelling, and extraction of phonetic parameters from speech recordings, as well as a wide variety of probabilistic data analysis methods. Perceptual experiments have also been conducted to better characterize how phonological/phonetic variation is dealt with in large groups of listeners by means of experimental designs that allow the results to be generalized to yet larger populations. This chapter gives a brief overview of these tools and methods, using as the primary example cross-disciplinary work recently carried out on the distribution and phonetic realization of mid vowels in different varieties of French.
Variation in the capital city of France
Authors: Hansen Anita Berit , Østby Kathrine Asla 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis papers deals with the inherent variation in Parisian French, and its relation to ongoing phonetic change. The studied data come mainly from recordings with eight Parisian speakers—all in their 20s—of whom four are from the higher strata of society (haute bourgeoisie), and four from the middle class. Two young upper-working class speakers and two upper-class speakers in their 60s have been added to the analysis, in order to explore potentially social or diachronic divergences from the main speakers. The results show that Parisian speakers indeed exhibit variation, both according to class and age. Social variation is apparent for the palatalization of /k/ (almost exclusively used by middle- and working-class speakers), whereas all speakers seem to engage in the changes concerning schwa-tagging, loss of liaison after c’est, reductions in mid- and low oral vowels, and in nasal vowels. However, the haute-bourgeoisie speakers exhibit important delays for certain variables.
The Effects of Music on Pain: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Lee Jin Hyung 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Background:
Numerous meta-analyses have been conducted on the topic of music and pain, with the latest comprehensive study published in 2006. Since that time, more than 70 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been published, necessitating a new and comprehensive review.

Objective:
The aim of this meta-analysis was to examine published RCT studies investigating the effect of music on pain.

Methods:
The present study included RCTs published between 1995 and 2014. Studies were obtained by searching 12 databases and hand-searching related journals and reference lists. Main outcomes were pain intensity, emotional distress from pain, vital signs, and amount of analgesic intake. Study quality was evaluated according to the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines.

Results:
Analysis of the 97 included studies revealed that music interventions had statistically significant effects in decreasing pain on 0–10 pain scales (MD = –1.13), other pain scales (SMD = –0.39), emotional distress from pain (MD = –10.83), anesthetic use (SMD = –0.56), opioid intake (SMD = –0.24), non-opioid intake (SMD = –0.54), heart rate (MD = –4.25), systolic blood pressure (MD = –3.34), diastolic blood pressure (MD = –1.18), and respiration rate (MD = –1.46). Subgroup and moderator analyses yielded additional clinically informative outcomes.

Conclusions:
Considering all the possible benefits, music interventions may provide an effective complementary approach for the relief of acute, procedural, and cancer/chronic pain in the medical setting.
Marginal prescription equivalent to the isocenter prescription in lung stereotactic body radiotherapy: preliminary study for Japan Clinical Oncology Group trial (JCOG1408)
Authors: Kawahara Daisuke , Ozawa Shuichi , Kimura Tomoki , Saito Akito , Nishio Teiji , Nakashima Takeo , Ohno Yoshimi , Murakami Yuji , Nagata Yasushi 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
A new randomized Phase III trial, the Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG) 1408, which compares two dose fractionations (JCOG 0403 and JCOG 0702) for medically inoperable Stage IA NSCLC or small lung lesions clinically diagnosed as primary lung cancer, involves the introduction of a prescribed dose to the D95% of the planning target volume (PTV) using a superposition/convolution algorithm. Therefore, we must determine the prescribed dose in the D95% prescribing method to begin JCOG1408. JCOG 0702 uses density correction and the D95% prescribing method. However, JCOG 0403 uses no density correction and isocenter- prescribing method. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prescribed dose to the D95% of the PTV equivalent to a dose of 48 Gy to the isocenter (JCOG 0403) using a superposition algorithm. The peripheral isodose line, which has the highest conformity index, and the D95% of the PTV were analyzed by considering the weighting factor, i.e. the inverse of the difference between the doses obtained using the superposition and Clarkson algorithms. The average dose at the isodose line of the highest conformity index and the D95% of the PTV were 41.5 ± 0.3 and 42.0 ± 0.3 Gy, respectively. The D95% of the PTV had a small correlation with the target volume (r2 = 0.0022) and with the distance between the scatterer and tumor volumes (r2 = 0.19). Thus, the prescribed dose of 48 Gy using the Clarkson algorithm (JCOG0403) was found to be equivalent to the prescribed dose of 42 Gy to the D95% of the PTV using the superposition algorithm.
Smartphone-Based Hearing Screening at Primary Health Care Clinics
Authors: Louw Christine , Swanepoel De Wet , Eikelboom Robert H. , Myburgh Hermanus C. 
Published: October 2016

Objective:
To evaluate the performance of smartphone-based hearing screening with the hearScreen™ application in terms of sensitivity, specificity, referral rates, and time efficiency at two primary health care clinics.

Design:
Nonprobability purposive sampling was used at both clinics. A total of 1236 participants (mean age: 37.8 ± SD 17.9 and range 3 to 97 years; 71.3% female) were included in the final analysis. Participants were screened using the hearScreen™ application following a two-step screening protocol and diagnostic pure-tone audiometry to confirm hearing status.

Results:
Sensitivity and specificity for smartphone screening was 81.7 and 83.1%, respectively, with a positive and negative predictive value of 87.6 and 75.6%, respectively. Sex [χ
2(1, N = 126) = 0.304, p > 0.05] and race [χ
2(1, N = 126) = 0.169, p > 0.05)] had no significant effect on screening outcome for children while for adults age (p < 0.01; β = 0.04) and sex (p = 0.02; β = −0.53) had a significant effect on screening outcomes with males more likely to fail. Overall referral rate across clinics was 17.5%. Initial screening test times were less than a minute (48.8 seconds ± 20.8 SD) for adults and slightly more than a minute for children (73.9 seconds ± 44.5 SD).

Conclusions:
The hearScreen™ smartphone application provides time-efficient identification of hearing loss with adequate sensitivity and specificity for accurate testing at primary health care settings.