bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Speech changes induced by deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson disease: involvement of the dentatorubrothalamic tract
Authors: Fenoy Albert J. , McHenry Monica A. , Schiess Mya C. 
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVEPatients with Parkinson disease (PD) who undergo subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) often develop a deterioration in speech performance, but there is no clear consensus on the specific effects seen or the mechanism involved and little description of the impact of DBS on conversational speech. Furthermore, there has been no fiber tract connectivity analysis to identify the structures potentially modulated by DBS to cause such deficits. The main objective of this study was to quantify spontaneous speech performance and identify potential involvement of the dentatorubrothalamic tract (DRTt) in patients who underwent STN DBS, because this tract has been implicated in speech deterioration.METHODSSpontaneous speech samples were obtained with STN DBS in both on and off modes in 35 patients with PD and assessed across multiple domains. Diffusion tensor imaging tractography seeded from the therapeutic DBS contacts was performed to identify the fiber tracts involved and, specifically, the DRTt. The position of active electrode contacts was assessed relative to that of the STN.RESULTSFifteen patients with akinetic-rigid (AR) PD and 20 with tremor-dominant (TD) PD subtypes were identified. In the AR-PD subgroup of patients, in whom there was DRTt involvement, 71% demonstrated much better overall speech and largely improved or unchanged fluency in the DBS-off condition. In patients with TD PD with DRTt involvement, 50% demonstrated better overall speech in the off condition, and equivocal results regarding improved or worsened fluency were found. When there was minimal DRTt involvement, 75% of patients with AR PD had better overall speech in the DBS-on condition and better or minimal fluency changes. Similarly, 83% of patients with TD PD with minimal DRTt involvement had better or minimal overall speech and fluency changes in the on condition. More medially placed left electrode contacts were associated with more DRTt involvement in 77% of patients (10 of 13).CONCLUSIONSTo the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to have investigated a specific fiber tract involved in STN DBS in different subtypes of PD relative to its impact on spontaneous speech. At optimal therapeutic programming of STN DBS, overall spontaneous speech and fluency were affected more negatively in patients with AR PD than in those with TD PD when there was DRTt involvement. After fiber tract analysis and modeling, it was found that medially positioned left electrode contacts more often involved fibers of the DRTt. If possible, avoidance of the DRTt by using active electrode contacts that are positioned less medially, specifically in patients with AR PD, might result in less speech deterioration.
OBSERVATIONAL CONSTRAINTS ON PLANET NINE: ASTROMETRY OF PLUTO AND OTHER TRANS-NEPTUNIAN OBJECTS
Authors: Holman Matthew J. , Payne Matthew J. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
We use astrometry of Pluto and other trans-neptunian objects to constrain the sky location, distance, and mass of the possible additional planet (Planet Nine) hypothesized by Batygin & Brown. We find that over broad regions of the sky, the inclusion of a massive, distant planet degrades the fits to the observations. However, in other regions, the fits are significantly improved by the addition of such a planet. Our best fits suggest a planet that is either more massive or closer than argued for by Batygin & Brown based on the orbital distribution of distant trans-neptunian objects (or by Fienga et al. based on range measured to the Cassini spacecraft). The trend to favor larger and closer perturbing planets is driven by the residuals to the astrometry of Pluto, remeasured from photographic plates using modern stellar catalogs, which show a clear trend in decl. over the course of two decades, that drive a preference for large perturbations. Although this trend may be the result of systematic errors of unknown origin in the observations, a possible resolution is that the decl. trend may be due to perturbations from a body, in addition to Planet Nine, that is closer to Pluto but less massive than Planet Nine.
OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE OF PARTICLE ACCELERATION ASSOCIATED WITH PLASMOID MOTIONS
Authors: Takasao Shinsuke , Asai Ayumi , Isobe Hiroaki , Shibata Kazunari 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
We report a strong association between the particle acceleration and plasma motions found in the 2010 August 18 solar flare. The plasma motions are tracked in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) images taken by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory and the Extreme UltraViolet Imager (EUVI) on the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory spacecraft Ahead, and the signature of particle acceleration was investigated by using Nobeyama Radioheliograph data. In our previous paper, we reported that in EUV images many plasma blobs appeared in the current sheet above the flare arcade. They were ejected bidirectionally along the current sheet, and the blobs that were ejected sunward collided with the flare arcade. Some of them collided or merged with each other before they were ejected from the current sheet. We discovered impulsive radio bursts associated with such plasma motions (ejection, coalescence, and collision with the post flare loops). The radio bursts are considered to be the gyrosynchrotron radiation by nonthermal high energy electrons. In addition, the stereoscopic observation by AIA and EUVI suggests that plasma blobs had a three-dimensionally elongated structure. We consider that the plasma blobs were three-dimensional plasmoids (i.e., flux ropes) moving in a current sheet. We believe that our observation provides clear evidence of particle acceleration associated with the plasmoid motions. We discuss possible acceleration mechanisms on the basis of our results.
RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD BARRIER AND SOLAR WIND SPEED IN ICME-ASSOCIATED FORBUSH DECREASES
Authors: Bhaskar Ankush , Subramanian Prasad , Vichare Geeta 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
We study 50 cosmic-ray Forbush decreases (FDs) from the Oulu neutron monitor data during 1997–2005 that were associated with Earth-directed interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs). Such events are generally thought to arise due to the shielding of cosmic rays by a propagating diffusive barrier. The main processes at work are the diffusion of cosmic rays across the large-scale magnetic fields carried by the ICME and their advection by the solar wind. In an attempt to better understand the relative importance of these effects, we analyze the relationship between the FD profiles and those of the interplanetary magnetic field (B) and the solar wind speed (V
sw). Over the entire duration of a given FD, we find that the FD profile is generally (anti)correlated with the B and V
sw profiles. This trend holds separately for the FD main and recovery phases too. For the recovery phases, however, the FD profile is highly anti-correlated with the V
sw profile, but not with the B profile. While the total duration of the FD profile is similar to that of the V
sw profile, it is significantly longer than that of the B profile. Using the convection–diffusion model, a significant contribution of advection by solar wind is found during the recovery phases of the FD.
Santé publique, participation communautaire et mobilisation politique en Éthiopie : la Women’s Development Army
Authors: Villanucci Alessia , Fantini Emanuele , Périer Miriam 
Published: September 2016

L’étude des stratégies de soins de santé ruraux permet d’appréhender le projet biopolitique du gouvernement éthiopien, qui mêle mobilisation politique et offre de services, mode de gouvernement hiérarchique et participation populaire. Cet article s’intéresse aux processus de subjectivation des « femmes soldats du développement » qui agissent à l’interface du gouvernement local et de la société, en examinant comment l’État développementaliste se déploie au quotidien en étant dilué, au double sens d’incarnation et d’adaptation suivant une pluralité de logiques et de dynamiques (sociales, politiques, religieuses).
Qui gouverne (réellement) l’Algérie ?
Authors: Hachemaoui Mohammed 
Published: September 2016

La détérioration manifeste de l’état de santé d’Abdelaziz Bouteflika depuis 2013 et la vacance de la présidence de la République qui s’est ensuivie depuis ramènent à la surface la question déterminante de savoir qui gouverne (réellement) l’Algérie. Un récit hégémonique prétend que l’avènement de Bouteflika IV et le départ à la retraite du célèbre général Mohamed Mediene traduisent la « perte du leadership du DRS », la puissante police politique algérienne. Cet article démontre à l’inverse que la narration hégémonique procède d’un storytelling dont la rationalité se décline comme suit : projeter le simulacre de la déstructuration de la police secrète pour éviter d’endosser la responsabilité du quatrième quinquennat ; façonner l’après-Bouteflika. En usant de la pseudopolitique, l’ establishment de l’État profond parvient à imposer son ordre narratif : rendre invisible le régime institutionnel que la police secrète a forgé durant un quart de siècle.
Calais : une étape dans l’exil
Authors: Briké Xavier 
Published: September 2016

Dans le campement auto-établi de Calais se pensent des stratégies de résistance et de survie, des ruses inédites et des méthodes constamment réétudiées. Les identités se transforment, les représentations se réévaluent, les traditions se réinterprètent subtilement. Les personnes se doivent de repenser « du collectif » par une reproduction de comportements qui produisent des « règles ». Les actions comme les cadres auto-institués s’inscrivent incontestablement dans les champs du politique. À l’intérieur, de par les logiques de gestion qui s’y jouent, à l’extérieur de par les inquiétudes que crée l’existence de ces hors-lieux, et ce à tous niveaux de pouvoir.
Long-term nutrient fertilization and the carbon balance of permanent
grassland: any evidence for sustainable intensification?
Authors: Fornara Dario A. , Wasson Elizabeth-Anne , Christie Peter , Watson Catherine J. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Sustainable grassland intensification aims to increase plant yields while maintaining the ability of soil to act as a sink rather than sources of atmospheric CO2. High biomass yields from managed grasslands, however, can be only maintained through long-term nutrient fertilization, which can significantly affect soil carbon (C) storage and cycling. Key questions remain about (1) how long-term inorganic vs. organic fertilization influences soil C stocks, and (2) how soil C gains (or losses) contribute to the long-term C balance of managed grasslands. Using 43 years of data from a permanent grassland experiment, we show that soils not only act as significant C sinks but have not yet reached C saturation. Even unfertilized control soils showed C sequestration rates of 0.35 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 (i.e. 35 g C m−2 yr−1; 0–15 cm depth) between 1970 and 2013. High application rates of liquid manure (i.e. cattle slurry) further increased soil C sequestration to 0.86 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 (i.e. 86 g C m−2 yr−1) and a key cause of this C accrual was greater C inputs from cattle slurry. However, average coefficients of slurry-C retention in soils suggest that 85 % of C added yearly through liquid manure is lost possibly via CO2 fluxes and organic C leaching. Inorganically fertilized soils (i.e. NPK) had the lowest C-gain efficiency (i.e. unit of C gained per unit of N added) and lowest C sequestration (similar to control soils). Soils receiving cattle slurry showed higher C-gain and N-retention efficiencies compared to soils receiving NPK or pig slurry. We estimate that net rates of CO2-sequestration in the top 15 cm of the soil can offset 9–25 % of GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions from intensive management. However, because of multiple GHG sources associated with livestock farming, the net C balance of these grasslands remains positive (9–12 Mg CO2-equivalent ha−1 yr−1), thus contributing to climate change. Further C-gain efficiencies (e.g. reduced enteric fermentation and use of feed concentrates, better nutrient management) are required to make grassland intensification more sustainable.
Rapid Wastage of the Hazen Plateau Ice Caps, Northeastern Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada
Authors: Serreze Mark C. , Raup Bruce , Braun Carsten , Hardy Douglas R. , Bradley Raymond S. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Two pairs of small stagnant ice bodies on the Hazen Plateau of northeastern Ellesmere Island, the St. Patrick Bay ice caps and the Murray and Simmons ice caps, are rapidly shrinking, and the remnants of the St. Patrick Bay ice caps are likely to disappear entirely within the next five years. Vertical aerial photographs of these Little Ice Age relics taken during August of 1959 show that the larger of the St. Patrick Bay ice caps had an area of 7.48 km2, and the smaller one 2.93 km2. The Murray and Simmons ice caps covered 4.37 km2 and 7.45 km2 respectively. Outlines determined from ASTER satellite data for July 2016 show that, compared to 1959, the larger and the smaller of the St. Patrick Bay ice caps had both been reduced to only 5 % of their former area, with the Murray and Simmons ice caps faring better at 39 % and 25 %, likely reflecting their higher elevation. ASTER imagery in conjunction with past GPS surveys documents a strikingly rapid wastage of the St. Patrick Bay ice caps over the last 15 years. These two ice caps shrank noticeably even between 2014 and 2015, apparently in direct response to the especially warm summer of 2015 over northeastern Ellesmere Island. The well-documented recession patterns of the Hazen Plateau ice caps over the last 55+ years offer an opportunity to examine the processes of plant recolonization of polar landscapes.
A Cognitive Approach to Interdiscursivity: A Case of a Literary Discourse
Authors: Algublan Badriah Khalid 
Published: September 2016

<p>The research aims at investigating the mechanisms which lie behind <em>interdiscursivity </em>, the force that prompts language users to choose it in communication and the effects it can achieve on the basis of Sperber &amp; Wilson 's Relevance Theory.</p><p>This is an attempt to show the situational, social, and mental dimensions of the role of <em>nterdiscursivity </em>using a number of Relevance Theory concepts, including ostensive behaviour,cognitive environments and implicatures treating <em>interdiscursivity </em> as an ostensive or marked form of communication.</p>
Modern Reproductive Technologies to Improve Cattle Production
Authors: Youngs Curtis R. 
Published: September 2016

Cattle contribute significantly to the global supply of animal-derived proteins which are an important part of a well-balanced human diet. With the human population increasing by 1 billion people every 13 years, there will be an estimated 9.6 billion people on planet Earth by the year 2050. To attain global food security the amount of available food will need to double between now and then. Enhancing reproductive efficiency is a prerequisite for boosting production of meat and milk from cattle, and, fortunately, an arsenal of modern reproductive technologies is available to assist with that effort. The objective of this manuscript is to provide an overview of reproductive biotechnologies that can bolster the efficient production of meat and milk from cattle. Protocols for synchronization of estrus and synchronization of ovulation facilitate more efficient artificial insemination using conventional or sex-sorted semen. In vivo and in vitro production of preimplantation embryos from genetically superior females enable creation of multiple offspring with high production potential. Biochemical and ultrasonographic methods for pregnancy testing identify non-pregnant females that can be re-mated or sold to prevent wastage of valuable feed resources. Somatic cell nuclear transfer is used to create copies of highly productive animals, and genome editing of zygotes provides a novel opportunity to selectively enhance the genetic makeup of cattle for the benefit of animal and human health. Wise use of these reproductive technologies will increase food production from cattle and will help alleviate world hunger.
Las teorías de la organización: ¿Funcionan para explicar de manera integral a las organizaciones?
Authors: Cárdenas Salazar Pascuala Josefina 
Published: September 2016

En el mundo administrativo han surgido teorías que intentan de dar respuesta a los problemas organizacionales, mismas que con diferentes enfoques que tratan de entender y describir los fenómenos que las afectan y como predecir futuros eventos, sin embargo, sus postulados podrían estar dejando de lado factores que inciden en el funcionamiento de una organización y tal vez no cumplan el objetivo para el que fueron creadas. En este ensayo se analizan brevemente los postulados de las distintas teorías de la organización se inicia el análisis con la teoría de la administración científica, luego se habla de la teoría clásica, posterior la teoría de las relaciones humanas, luego, la teoría de la burocracia, posteriormente se mencionará la teoría del comportamiento, se incluye la teoría de los sistemas cooperativos, después la de sistemas y finalmente la teoría de la contingencia. Se concluye que ninguna teoría contempla de manera integral las variables que explican su funcionamiento y se propone un estudio que de manera holística contemple todas las variables que inciden en el diseño de la organización, considerando también de manera integral todos los aspectos del hombre, considerando las distintas disciplinas del conocimiento.
Het belang van grootouders in hedendaagse gezinnen en het recht op omgang met kleinkinderen
Authors: Geurts T. 
Published: September 2016

The importance of grandparents in modern families and the right of access to grandchildren
Within the context of a recent call for the strengthening of the legal position of grandparents with regards to visitation rights, this article presents a brief review of major conceptual notions and empirical findings within the literature on grandparent-grandchild relationships. Three major topics for understanding the intergenerational relationship are addressed: the historical context, the importance of the relationship, and changes over individual time.
Relation entre le biais d’autoévaluation de compétence des élèves en orthographe grammaticale et leur performance
Authors: Boyer Priscilla , Bouffard Thérèse , Lebrun Monique 
Published: September 2016

L’objectif de l’étude était d’examiner, chez des élèves de première secondaire (n = 295), la relation entre leurs biais d’autoévaluation de compétence relatifs à l’orthographe grammaticale et leur performance, en tenant compte de leur sexe. Nous avons administré une dictée permettant d’obtenir des scores de performance en orthographe grammaticale, un questionnaire d'autoévaluation de sa compétence dans ce domaine et un test mesurant les habiletés scolaires (Otis-Lennon). Le résidu de la régression de la perception de compétence sur le score d’habiletés scolaires correspond au biais d’autoévaluation. Les résultats montrent que le biais d’autoévaluation et le sexe de l’élève expliquent 18,3 % (variableaccord) et 7,8 % (variableinfinitif) de la performance en orthographe. Ces résultats renforcent l’idée selon laquelle l’apprentissage de l’orthographe ne relève pas uniquement du système cognitif, mais plutôt d’une interdépendance entre ce dernier et le système affectif et motivationnel de l’apprenant.
The Fractured Right to Vote: Democracy, Discretion, and Designing Electoral Districts
Authors: Pal Michael 
Published: September 2016

Electoral boundary commissions and Parliament have recently transformed Canada’s federal electoral map. The 2015 federal election was contested on a new map of 338 ridings, after 30 seats were added to the House of Commons by the Fair Representation Act and commissions set the boundaries of each district. The introduction of independent, non-partisan commissions in 1964 to draw the maps has achieved great success in eliminating the previously entrenched practice of gerrymandering. The extensive discretion granted to commissions to set boundaries, however, generates a new series of potential problems that can undermine the fairness of the electoral map.
This article takes the new map as an opportune time to analyze the Canadian experience with electoral boundary commissions and, particularly, their exercise of discretionary authority. It demonstrates that the ten provincial commissions have adopted divergent approaches to their common task of establishing electoral boundaries. The commissions are at times in direct conflict with one another on the meaning and scope of fundamental principles of redistricting, such as representation by population, community of interest, and minority representation. These conflicting approaches have gone beyond reasonable disagreements over the specific content of the relevant legislative and constitutional principles. The exercise of the discretion held by the commissions in these competing ways has frustrated the principle of the political equality of all citizens. This article argues that the discretion granted to Canadian electoral boundary commissions should be restructured in order to better achieve a common realization of the right to vote.
Les lois spéciales de retour au travail : enjeux institutionnels et constitutionnels
Authors: Drouin Renée-Claude , Trudeau Gilles 
Published: September 2016

L’adoption de lois spéciales de retour au travail est devenue un phénomène courant dans l’ensemble du Canada. Malgré leur récurrence, ces actes législatifs visant à mettre fin à un arrêt de travail en cours et à obliger le retour au travail des grévistes ou encore à empêcher le déclenchement d’un arrêt de travail imminent et forcer le maintien de la prestation de travail, dans les deux cas sous peine de sanctions, demeurent exceptionnels. En effet, ils dérogent au régime général des relations de travail, puisqu’en les adoptant, le législateur intervient de façon réactive et ponctuelle afin de suspendre les règles légales encadrant la négociation collective dans le cas d’un conflit de travail spécifique.
L’ampleur du phénomène conduit à s’interroger sur la place que les lois spéciales de retour au travail occupent à l’heure actuelle dans l’encadrement juridique des rapports collectifs de travail. Dans un premier temps, cet article présente un portrait des lois de retour au travail adoptées au niveau fédéral et dans deux provinces canadiennes — le Québec et l’Ontario — au cours des vingt-cinq dernières années (1990–2015) et propose une réflexion sur les enjeux institutionnels qu’elles soulèvent. Dans un deuxième temps, les lois de retour au travail sont analysées à l’aune des droits fondamentaux des travailleurs. L’article propose ainsi une analyse des lois de retour au travail au regard des obligations assumées par le Canada en matière de droit international du travail et s’interroge sur leur constitutionnalité en fonction de la liberté d’association protégée par l’alinéa 2(d) de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés.