bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investors’ reactions to companies’ stakeholder management: the crucial role of assumed costs and perceived sustainability
Authors: Schwarzmüller Tanja , Brosi Prisca , Stelkens Vera , Spörrle Matthias , Welpe Isabell M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCompanies regularly have to address opposing interests from their shareholding and non-shareholding stakeholder groups. Consequently, a wealth of previous research has focused on how CEOs decide which stakeholder management activities to pursue and prioritize. In contrast, however, surprisingly little research has considered how (potential) investors react to a company’s management of shareholding and non-shareholding stakeholders and what factors drive their reactions in such contexts. We seek to fill this gap in the literature by conducting an experimental scenario study (N = 997) in which investment behavior is analyzed in situations in which management has to make a trade-off between shareholders’ and non-shareholding stakeholders’ interests. Our results show that (potential) investors consider the assumed costs of fulfilling non-shareholding stakeholders’ interests and the perceived sustainability of doing so for corporate success when making investment decisions in such contexts. In cases of low costs or high sustainability, participants were more willing to invest in a company that favored non-shareholding over shareholding stakeholders (thereby deciding against their immediate financial interests), while the opposite was true in cases of high costs or low sustainability. With these results, our paper broadens stakeholder theory’s focus by taking individual investors’ reactions to corporate stakeholder management into account. Moreover, it both provides evidence for and extends the “Enlightened Stakeholder Theory”, which proposes that organizations should fulfill stakeholders’ interests if doing so contributes to long-term firm value enhancement, but has so far not considered the role of the costs necessary for fulfilling stakeholders’ claims in such decisions.
Electrode selection for hearing preservation in cochlear implantation: A review of the evidence
Authors: Brant Jason A. , Ruckenstein Michael J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo review and assess the ideal length of electrode in cochlear implant patients for hearing preservation.MethodsThe English language literature was reviewed for studies including hearing preservation and speech understanding for electrodes of different lengths.ResultsOne prospective trial was found, and there were no studies that randomized patients into different length electrodes with an intent to preserve hearing. Eight studies total included multiple length electrodes and contained data regarding hearing preservation.ConclusionsAlthough there is some evidence that indicates that shorter electrodes may improve both short and long‐term hearing preservation rates in cochlear implant patients, no study has directly compared implant length on hearing preservation in a similar patient population. A randomized trial of short and standard length electrodes for hearing preservation is warranted. In the interim, utilization of current electrodes measuring 20–25 mm could seem to be a prudent approach when seeking to preserve residual hearing without unduly compromising cochlear coverage.
Large-scale motions in turbulent boundary layers subjected to adverse pressure gradients
Authors: Lee Jae Hwa 
Published: November 2016

It is known that large-scale streamwise velocity-fluctuating structures ($u^{\prime }$) are frequently observed in the log region of a zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer, and that these motions significantly influence near-wall small-scale $u^{\prime }$-structures by modulating the amplitude (Hutchins & Marusic, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 579, 2007, pp. 1–28; Mathis et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 628, 2009, pp. 311–337). In the present study, we provide evidence that the spatial organization of large-scale structures in the log region is significantly influenced by the strength of adverse pressure gradients in turbulent boundary layers based on a direct numerical simulation dataset. For a mild adverse pressure gradient boundary layer flow, groups of hairpin vortices are coherently aligned in the streamwise direction to form hairpin vortex packets, and streamwise merging events of the induced large-scale $u^{\prime }$-structures create a larger streamwise length scale of structures than that for a zero pressure gradient boundary layer flow. As the pressure gradient strength increases further, however, the formation of hairpin packets is continuously suppressed, and large-scale motions are consequently not concatenated to create a longer motion, resulting in a significant reduction of the streamwise coherence of large-scale structures in the log layer. Although energy spectrum maps for $u^{\prime }$-structures show that the large-scale energy is continuously intensified above the log layer with an increase in the pressure gradient, amplitude modulation of the near-wall small-scale motions is dominantly induced by log region large-scale structures for adverse pressure gradient flows. Conditional averaged flow fields with large-scale Q2 and Q4 events indicate that large-scale counter-rotating roll modes play an important role in organizing the flows under the pressure gradients, and the large-scale roll modes associated with Q4 events are more enhanced in the outer layer than those associated with Q2 events, reducing the streamwise coherence of the vortices in a packet.
Experimental particle paths and drift velocity in steep waves at finite water depth
Authors: Grue John , Kolaas Jostein 
Published: November 2016

The Lagrangian paths, horizontal Lagrangian drift velocity, $U_{L}$, and the Lagrangian excess period, $T_{L}-T_{0}$, where $T_{L}$ is the Lagrangian period and $T_{0}$ the Eulerian linear period, are obtained by particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) in non-breaking periodic laboratory waves at a finite water depth of $h=0.2~\text{m}$, wave height of $H=0.49h$ and wavenumber of $k=0.785/h$. Both $U_{L}$ and $T_{L}-T_{0}$ are functions of the average vertical position of the paths, $\bar{Y}$, where $-1<\bar{Y}/h<0$. The functional relationships $U_{L}(\bar{Y})$ and $T_{L}-T_{0}=f(\bar{Y})$ are very similar. Comparisons to calculations by the inviscid strongly nonlinear Fenton method and the second-order theory show that the streaming velocities in the boundary layers below the wave surface and above the fluid bottom contribute to a strongly enhanced forward drift velocity and excess period. The experimental drift velocity shear becomes more than twice that obtained by the Fenton method, which again is approximately twice that of the second-order theory close to the surface. There is no mass flux of the periodic experimental waves and no pressure gradient. The results from a total number of 80 000 experimental particle paths in the different phases and vertical positions of the waves show a strong collapse. The particle paths are closed at the two vertical positions where $U_{L}=0$.
An 11-year record of mass balance of Brewster Glacier, New Zealand, determined using a geostatistical approach
Authors: CULLEN NICOLAS J. , ANDERSON BRIAN , SIRGUEY PASCAL , STUMM DOROTHEA , MACKINTOSH ANDREW , CONWAY JONATHAN P. , HORGAN HUW J. , DADIC RUZICA , FITZSIMONS SEAN J. , LORREY ANDREW 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTRecognising the scarcity of glacier mass-balance data in the Southern Hemisphere, a mass-balance measurement programme was started at Brewster Glacier in the Southern Alps of New Zealand in 2004. Evolution of the measurement regime over the 11 years of data recorded means there are differences in the spatial density of data obtained. To ensure the temporal integrity of the dataset a new geostatistical approach is developed to calculate mass balance. Spatial co-variance between elevation and snow depth allows a digital elevation model to be used in a co-kriging approach to develop a snow depth index (SDI). By capturing the observed spatial variability in snow depth, the SDI is a more reliable predictor than elevation and is used to adjust each year of measurements consistently despite variability in sampling spatial density. The SDI also resolves the spatial structure of summer balance better than elevation. Co-kriging is used again to spatially interpolate a derived mean summer balance index using SDI as a co-variate, which yields a spatial predictor for summer balance. The average glacier-wide surface winter, summer and annual balances over the period 2005–15 are 2484, −2586 and −102 mm w.e., respectively, with changes in summer balance explaining most of the variability in annual balance.
Gastrointestinal helminth fauna of rodents from Cambodia: emphasizing the community ecology of host–parasite associations
Authors: Chaisiri K. , Chou M. , Siew C.C. , Morand S. , Ribas A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractExtensive field surveys of rodents were conducted in Cambodia from 2008 to 2014 to study the diversity and ecology of helminth infection in wild rodent populations. Gastrointestinal helminths were isolated from 14 species of rodents (569 individuals) trapped from different habitats (forest, dry land, rain-fed land and human settlements) in four provinces of Cambodia (Krong Preah Sihanouk, Mondolkiri, Pursat and Steung Treng). The average prevalence of parasitic infection was 58.5% (range, 16.0–64.7%), and 19 helminth taxa were identified in total. Trichostrongylid nematodes were the most prevalent (25.8%), followed byRaillietinasp. (14.1%),Gongylonema neoplasticum(10.7%),Syphacia muris(9.8%) andHymenolepis diminuta(9.6%). Potential rodent-borne zoonotic helminths were also identified, and the risks of helminthiasis were discussed. The status of helminth infection and species diversity in rodents from settlements were significantly lower than in rodents from forest and peri-domesticated habitats, which indicates that habitat alteration might affect helminth infection and diversity in rodent hosts. Generalized linear models revealed that host attributes (host species and maturity) and environmental factors (habitat and geographical location) were explanatory variables for helminth infection in these rodents. Using network analyses, we showed that the oriental house rat,Rattus tanezumi, was the most central host in the rodent–helminth assemblage, based on the number of helminth taxa it shared with other rodent species. Therefore,R. tanezumicould play an important role in rodent–helminth interactions and helminth transmission to other rodent hosts.
From neurocognition to community participation in serious mental illness: the intermediary role of dysfunctional attitudes and motivation
Authors: Thomas E. C. , Luther L. , Zullo L. , Beck A. T. , Grant P. M. 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundEvidence for a relationship between neurocognition and functional outcome in important areas of community living is robust in serious mental illness research. Dysfunctional attitudes (defeatist performance beliefs and asocial beliefs) have been identified as intervening variables in this causal chain. This study seeks to expand upon previous research by longitudinally testing the link between neurocognition and community participation (i.e. time in community-based activity) through dysfunctional attitudes and motivation.MethodAdult outpatients with serious mental illness (N = 175) participated, completing follow-up assessments approximately 6 months after initial assessment. Path analysis tested relationships between baseline neurocognition, emotion perception, functional skills, dysfunctional attitudes, motivation, and outcome (i.e. community participation) at baseline and follow-up.ResultsPath models demonstrated two pathways to community participation. The first linked neurocognition and community participation through functional skills, defeatist performance beliefs, and motivation. A second pathway linked asocial beliefs and community participation, via a direct path passing through motivation. Model fit was excellent for models predicting overall community participation at baseline and, importantly, at follow-up.ConclusionsThe existence of multiple pathways to community participation in a longitudinal model supports the utility of multi-modal interventions for serious mental illness (i.e. treatment packages that build upon individuals’ strengths while addressing the array of obstacles to recovery) that feature dysfunctional attitudes and motivation as treatment targets.
Public Perception of Emergency Medical Services in the United States
Authors: Crowe Remle P. , Levine Roger , Rodriguez Severo , Larrimore Ashley D. , Pirrallo Ronald G. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess the public’s experience, expectations, and perceptions related to Emergency Medical Services (EMS).MethodsA population-based telephone interview of adults in the United States was conducted. The survey instrument consisted of 112 items. Demographic variables including age, race, political beliefs, and household income were collected. Data collection was performed by trained interviewers from Kent State University’s (Kent, Ohio USA)Social Research Laboratory. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Comparative analyses were conducted between those who used EMS at least once in the past five years and those who did not use EMS using χ2andttests.ResultsA total of 2,443 phone calls were made and 1,348 individuals agreed to complete the survey (55.2%). There were 297 individuals who requested to drop out of the survey during the phone interview, leaving a total of 1,051 (43.0%) full responses. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 94 years with an average age of 57.5 years. Most were Caucasian or white (83.0%), married (62.8%), and held conservative political beliefs (54.8%). Three-fourths of all respondents believed that at least 40% of patients survive cardiac arrest when EMS services are received. Over half (56.7%) believed that Emergency Medical Technician (EMT)-Basics and EMT-Paramedics provide the same level of care. The estimated median hours of training required for EMT-Basics was 100 hours (IQR: 40-200 hours), while the vast majority of respondents estimated that EMT-Paramedics are required to take fewer than 1,000 clock hours of training (99.3%). The majority believed EMS professionals should be screened for illegal drug use (97.0%), criminal background (95.9%), mental health (95.2%), and physical fitness (91.3%). Over one-third (37.6%) had used EMS within the past five years. Of these individuals, over two-thirds (69.6%) rated their most recent experience as “excellent.” More of those who used EMS at least once in the past five years reported a willingness to consent to participate in EMS research compared with those who had not used EMS (69.9% vs. 61.4%,P=.005).ConclusionsMost respondents who had used EMS services rated their experience as excellent. Nevertheless, expectations related to survival after cardiac arrest in the out-of-hospital setting were not realistic. Furthermore, much of the public was unaware of the differences in training hour requirements and level of care provided by EMT-Basics and EMT-Paramedics.CroweRP,LevineR,RodriguezS,LarrimoreAD,PirralloRG.Public perception of Emergency Medical Services in the United States.Prehosp Disaster Med.2016;31(Suppl.1):s112–s117.
Sensitivity of GBM cells to cAMP agonist-mediated apoptosis correlates with CD44 expression and agonist resistance with MAPK signaling
Authors: Daniel Paul M , Filiz Gulay , Mantamadiotis Theo 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn some cell types, activation of the second messenger cAMP leads to increased expression of proapoptotic Bim and subsequent cell death. We demonstrate that suppression of the cAMP pathway is a common event across many cancers and that pharmacological activation of cAMP in glioblastoma (GBM) cells leads to enhanced BIM expression and apoptosis in specific GBM cell types. We identified the MAPK signaling axis as the determinant of cAMP agonist sensitivity in GBM cells, with high MAPK activity corresponding to cAMP resistance and low activity corresponding to sensitization to cAMP-induced apoptosis. Sensitive cells were efficiently killed by cAMP agonists alone, while targeting both the cAMP and MAPK pathways in resistant GBM cells resulted in efficient apoptosis. We also show that CD44 is differentially expressed in cAMP agonist-sensitive and -resistant cells. We thus propose that CD44 may be a useful biomarker for distinguishing tumors that may be sensitive to cAMP agonists alone or cAMP agonists in combination with other pathway inhibitors. This suggests that using existing chemotherapeutic compounds in combination with existing FDA-approved cAMP agonists may fast track trials toward improved therapies for difficult-to-treat cancers, such as GBM.
Work extraction from quantum systems with bounded fluctuations in work
Authors: Richens Jonathan G. , Masanes Lluis 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn the standard framework of thermodynamics, work is a random variable whose average is bounded by the change in free energy of the system. This average work is calculated without regard for the size of its fluctuations. Here we show that for some processes, such as reversible cooling, the fluctuations in work diverge. Realistic thermal machines may be unable to cope with arbitrarily large fluctuations. Hence, it is important to understand how thermodynamic efficiency rates are modified by bounding fluctuations. We quantify the work content and work of formation of arbitrary finite dimensional quantum states when the fluctuations in work are bounded by a given amount c. By varying c we interpolate between the standard and minimum free energies. We derive fundamental trade-offs between the magnitude of work and its fluctuations. As one application of these results, we derive the corrected Carnot efficiency of a qubit heat engine with bounded fluctuations.
Generation of single photons with highly tunable wave shape from a cold atomic ensemble
Authors: Farrera Pau , Heinze Georg , Albrecht Boris , Ho Melvyn , Chávez Matías , Teo Colin , Sangouard Nicolas , de Riedmatten Hugues 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe generation of ultra-narrowband, pure and storable single photons with widely tunable wave shape is an enabling step toward hybrid quantum networks requiring interconnection of remote disparate quantum systems. It allows interaction of quantum light with several material systems, including photonic quantum memories, single trapped ions and opto-mechanical systems. Previous approaches have offered a limited tuning range of the photon duration of at most one order of magnitude. Here we report on a heralded single photon source with controllable emission time based on a cold atomic ensemble, which can generate photons with temporal durations varying over three orders of magnitude up to 10 μs without a significant change of the readout efficiency. We prove the nonclassicality of the emitted photons, show that they are emitted in a pure state, and demonstrate that ultra-long photons with nonstandard wave shape can be generated, which are ideally suited for several quantum information tasks.
The deubiquitinase USP21 maintains the stemness of mouse embryonic stem cells via stabilization of Nanog
Authors: Jin Jiali , Liu Jian , Chen Cong , Liu Zhenping , Jiang Cong , Chu Hongshang , Pan Weijuan , Wang Xinbo , Zhang Lingqiang , Li Bin , Jiang Cizhong , Ge Xin , Xie Xin , Wang Ping 
Published: November 2016

AbstractNanog is a master pluripotency factor of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Stable expression of Nanog is essential to maintain the stemness of ESCs. However, Nanog is a short-lived protein and quickly degraded by the ubiquitin-dependent proteasome system. Here we report that the deubiquitinase USP21 interacts with, deubiquitinates and stabilizes Nanog, and therefore maintains the protein level of Nanog in mouse ESCs (mESCs). Loss of USP21 results in Nanog degradation, mESCs differentiation and reduces somatic cell reprogramming efficiency. USP21 is a transcriptional target of the LIF/STAT3 pathway and is downregulated upon differentiation. Moreover, differentiation cues promote ERK-mediated phosphorylation and dissociation of USP21 from Nanog, thus leading to Nanog degradation. In addition, USP21 is recruited to gene promoters by Nanog to deubiquitinate histone H2A at K119 and thus facilitates Nanog-mediated gene expression. Together, our findings provide a regulatory mechanism by which extrinsic signals regulate mESC fate via deubiquitinating Nanog.
A redox mechanism underlying nucleolar stress sensing by nucleophosmin
Authors: Yang Kai , Wang Ming , Zhao Yuzheng , Sun Xuxu , Yang Yi , Li Xie , Zhou Aiwu , Chu Huilin , Zhou Hu , Xu Jianrong , Wu Mian , Yang Jie , Yi Jing 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe nucleolus has been recently described as a stress sensor. The nucleoplasmic translocation of nucleolar protein nucleophosmin (NPM1) is a hallmark of nucleolar stress; however, the causes of this translocation and its connection to p53 activation are unclear. Using single live-cell imaging and the redox biosensors, we demonstrate that nucleolar oxidation is a general response to various cellular stresses. During nucleolar oxidation, NPM1 undergoes S-glutathionylation on cysteine 275, which triggers the dissociation of NPM1 from nucleolar nucleic acids. The C275S mutant NPM1, unable to be glutathionylated, remains in the nucleolus under nucleolar stress. Compared with wild-type NPM1 that can disrupt the p53–HDM2 interaction, the C275S mutant greatly compromises the activation of p53, highlighting that nucleoplasmic translocation of NPM1 is a prerequisite for stress-induced activation of p53. This study elucidates a redox mechanism for the nucleolar stress sensing and may help the development of therapeutic strategies.
Demonstration of a chip-based optical isolator with parametric amplification
Authors: Hua Shiyue , Wen Jianming , Jiang Xiaoshun , Hua Qian , Jiang Liang , Xiao Min 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDespite being fundamentally challenging in integrated (nano)photonics, achieving chip-based light non-reciprocity becomes increasingly urgent in signal processing and optical communications. Because of material incompatibilities in conventional approaches based on the Faraday effect, alternative solutions have resorted to nonlinear processes to obtain one-way transmission. However, dynamic reciprocity in a recent theoretical analysis has pinned down the functionalities of these nonlinear isolators. To bypass such dynamic reciprocity, we here demonstrate an optical isolator on a silicon chip enforced by phase-matched parametric amplification in four-wave mixing. Using a high-Q microtoroid resonator, we realize highly non-reciprocal transport at the 1,550 nm wavelength when waves are injected from both directions in two different operating configurations. Our design, compatible with current complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) techniques, yields convincing isolation performance with sufficiently low insertion loss for a wide range of input power levels. Moreover, our work demonstrates the possibility of designing chip-based magnetic-free optical isolators for information processing and laser protection.