bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetically driven switching and memory phenomena at the interface between a proton-conductive electrolyte and a titanium electrode
Authors: Hibino Takashi , Kobayashi Kazuyo , Nagao Masahiro 
Published: August 2016

AbstractNumerous studies have examined the switching properties of semi- or ion-conductors and isolators; however, most of these have focused on the ohmic resistance characteristics. Here, we report a new type of polarity-dependent switching phenomenon obtained for electrical devices with the configuration: metal working electrode│Si0.97Al0.03H0.03P2O7-polytetrafluoroethylene composite electrolyte│Pt/C counter electrode. The counter electrode is reversibly active for the water vapor oxidation and evolution reactions. The composite electrolyte exhibits high withstanding voltage capability in the bias voltage range of ±7 V. When titanium was employed as the working electrode, the anodic polarization resistance was approximately two orders of magnitude greater than the cathodic polarization resistance. The ohmic resistance of the device was almost unchanged, regardless of the bias voltage polarity. Moreover, kinetically induced high-resistance/low-resistance states could be cyclically switched through positive/negative bias voltage pulses and these states were also confirmed to be memorized at open circuit.
Premature changes in neuronal excitability account for hippocampal network impairment and autistic-like behavior in neonatal BTBR T+tf/J mice
Authors: Cellot Giada , Maggi Laura , Di Castro Maria Amalia , Catalano Myriam , Migliore Rosanna , Migliore Michele , Scattoni Maria Luisa , Calamandrei Gemma , Cherubini Enrico 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCoherent network oscillations (GDPs), generated in the immature hippocampus by the synergistic action of GABA and glutamate, both depolarizing and excitatory, play a key role in the construction of neuronal circuits. In particular, GDPs-associated calcium transients act as coincident detectors for enhancing synaptic efficacy at emerging GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses. Here, we show that, immediately after birth, in the CA3 hippocampal region of the BTBR T+tf/J mouse, an animal model of idiopathic autism, GDPs are severely impaired. This effect was associated with an increased GABAergic neurotransmission and a reduced neuronal excitability. In spite its depolarizing action on CA3 pyramidal cells (in single channel experiments EGABA was positive to Em), GABA exerted at the network level an inhibitory effect as demonstrated by isoguvacine-induced reduction of neuronal firing. We implemented a computational model in which experimental findings could be interpreted as the result of two competing effects: a reduction of the intrinsic excitability of CA3 principal cells and a reduction of the shunting activity in GABAergic interneurons projecting to principal cells. It is therefore likely that premature changes in neuronal excitability within selective hippocampal circuits of BTBR mice lead to GDPs dysfunction and behavioral deficits reminiscent of those found in autistic patients.
Impact of defect occupation on conduction in amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5
Authors: Kaes Matthias , Salinga Martin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractStorage concepts employing the resistance of phase-change memory (PRAM) have matured in recent years. Attempts to model the conduction in the amorphous state of phase-change materials dominating the resistance of PRAM devices commonly invoke a connection to the electronic density-of-states (DoS) of the active material in form of a “distance between trap states s”. Here, we point out that s depends on the occupation of defects and hence on temperature. To verify this, we numerically study how the occupation in the DoS of Ge2Sb2Te5 is affected by changes of temperature and illumination. Employing a charge-transport model based on the Poole-Frenkel effect, we correlate these changes to the field- and temperature-dependent current-voltage characteristics of lateral devices of amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5, measured in darkness and under illumination. In agreement with our calculations, we find a pronounced temperature-dependence of s. As the device-current depends exponentially on the value of s, accounting for its temperature-dependence has profound impact on device modeling.
Molecular evolution of Wcor15 gene enhanced our understanding of the origin of A, B and D genomes in Triticum aestivum
Authors: Liu Fangfang , Si Hongqi , Wang Chengcheng , Sun Genlou , Zhou Erting , Chen Can , Ma Chuanxi 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe allohexaploid bread wheat originally derived from three closely related species with A, B and D genome. Although numerous studies were performed to elucidate its origin and phylogeny, no consensus conclusion has reached. In this study, we cloned and sequenced the genesWcor15-2A, Wcor15-2BandWcor15-2Din 23 diploid, 10 tetraploid and 106 hexaploid wheat varieties and analyzed their molecular evolution to reveal the origin of the A, B and D genome inTriticum aestivum. Comparative analyses of sequences in diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheats suggest thatT. urartu, Ae. speltoidesandAe. tauschiisubsp.strangulataare most likely the donors of theWcor15-2A, Wcor15-2BandWcor15-2Dlocus in common wheat, respectively. TheWcor15genes from subgenomes A and D were very conservative without insertion and deletion of bases during evolution of diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid. Non-coding region ofWcor15-2Bgene from B genome might mutate during the first polyploidization fromAe. speltoidesto tetraploid wheat, however, no change has occurred for this gene during the second allopolyploidization from tetraploid to hexaploid. Comparison of theWcor15gene shed light on understanding of the origin of the A, B and D genome of common wheat.
Altered brain arginine metabolism in schizophrenia
Authors: Liu P , Jing Y , Collie N D , Dean B , Bilkey D K , Zhang H 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPrevious research implicates altered metabolism of l-arginine, a versatile amino acid with a number of bioactive metabolites, in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The present study, for we believe the first time, systematically compared the metabolic profile of l-arginine in the frontal cortex (Brodmann’s area 8) obtained post-mortem from schizophrenic individuals and age- and gender-matched non-psychiatric controls (n=20 per group). The enzyme assays revealed no change in total nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, but significantly increased arginase activity in the schizophrenia group. Western blot showed reduced endothelial NOS protein expression and increased arginase II protein level in the disease group. High-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric assays confirmed significantly reduced levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), but increased agmatine concentration and glutamate/GABA ratio in the schizophrenia cases. Regression analysis indicated positive correlations between arginase activity and the age of disease onset and between l-ornithine level and the duration of illness. Moreover, cluster analyses revealed that l-arginine and its main metabolites l-citrulline, l-ornithine and agmatine formed distinct groups, which were altered in the schizophrenia group. The present study provides further evidence of altered brain arginine metabolism in schizophrenia, which enhances our understanding of the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and may lead to the future development of novel preventions and/or therapeutics for the disease.
Experimental testing and model validation of a decoupled‐phase on‐load tap‐changer transformer in an active network
Authors: Zecchino Antonio , Hu Junjie , Coppo Massimiliano , Marinelli Mattia 
Published: August 2016

Owing to the increasing penetration of single‐phase small generation units and electric vehicles connected to distribution grids, system operators are facing challenges related to local unbalanced voltage rise or drop issues, which may lead to a violation of the allowed voltage band. To address this problem, distribution transformers with on‐load tapping capability are under development. This study presents model and experimental validation of a 35 kVA three‐phase power distribution transformer with independent on‐load tap‐changer control capability on each phase. With the purpose of investigating and evaluating its effectiveness under different operative conditions, appropriate scenarios are defined and tested considering both balanced and unbalanced situations, also in case of reverse power flow. The experimental setup is built starting from an analysis of a Danish distribution network, in order to reproduce the main feature of an unbalanced grid. The experimental activities are recreated in by carrying out dynamics simulation studies, aiming at validating the implemented models of both the transformer as well as the other grid components. Phase–neutral voltages’ deviations are limited, proving the effectiveness of the phase‐independent tap operations. Furthermore, minor deviations of the results from simulations and experiments confirm that all the system components have been properly modelled.
Hedonism and the choice of everyday activities
Authors: Taquet Maxime , Quoidbach Jordi , de Montjoye Yves-Alexandre , Desseilles Martin , Gross James J. 
Published: August 2016

Significance
Decisions we make every day about how to invest our time have crucial personal and societal consequences. Most theories of motivation propose that our daily choices of activities aim to maximize positive affective states but fail to explain when people decide to engage in unpleasant yet necessary activities. We tracked the activities and moods of over 28,000 people in real time and demonstrated that people seek mood-enhancing activities when they feel bad and unpleasant activities when they feel good. These findings clarify how emotions shape behavior and may explain how humans trade off short-term happiness for long-term welfare. Overcoming such trade-offs might be critical for our personal well-being and our survival as a species.
Peripheral and central CB1 cannabinoid receptors control stress-induced impairment of memory consolidation
Authors: Busquets-Garcia Arnau , Gomis-González Maria , Srivastava Raj Kamal , Cutando Laura , Ortega-Alvaro Antonio , Ruehle Sabine , Remmers Floortje , Bindila Laura , Bellocchio Luigi , Marsicano Giovanni , Lutz Beat , Maldonado Rafael , Ozaita Andrés 
Published: August 2016

SignificanceThis study discloses specific central and peripheral mechanisms involving cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptors in impairing the effect of acute stress on the consolidation of nonemotional memory in rodents. Both hippocampal and peripheral CB1 receptors in dopamine β-hydroxylase–expressing cells (i.e., in adrenergic/noradrenergic cells) are identified as necessary and sufficient for stress-induced memory impairment. Our study provides the foundation for the development of novel potential approaches to tackle cognitive alterations in stress-related disorders.
Link of a ubiquitous human coronavirus to dromedary camels
Authors: Corman Victor M. , Eckerle Isabella , Memish Ziad A. , Liljander Anne M. , Dijkman Ronald , Jonsdottir Hulda , Juma Ngeiywa Kisi J. Z. , Kamau Esther , Younan Mario , Al Masri Malakita , Assiri Abdullah , Gluecks Ilona , Musa Bakri E. , Meyer Benjamin , Müller Marcel A. , Hilali Mosaad , Bornstein Set , Wernery Ulrich , Thiel Volker , Jores Joerg , Drexler Jan Felix , Drosten Christian 
Published: August 2016

Significance
Our results raise a scenario for the natural history of a ubiquitous respiratory coronavirus (CoV) that has established itself in humans after it was likely acquired from camels. This scenario reminds us of the pandemic potential of the Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV, an agent that is thought to be acquired from camels without presently causing sustained human-to-human transmission.
Nature of ground and electronic excited states of higher acenes
Authors: Yang Yang , Davidson Ernest R. , Yang Weitao 
Published: August 2016

Significance
Higher acenes are promising organic semiconductors with versatile electronic properties. A better understanding of their ground- and electronic excited states will benefit further molecular design and future applications. However, their instability and multireference character have impeded experimental and theoretical studies. Here, we use the recently developed particle–particle random-phase approximation in combination with a diradical analysis to unveil the nature of their ground- and electronic excited states. The excitation energies are presented, along with a detailed description of the bonding nature, which switches from regular molecules to full diradicals, and then even to polyradicals. The likelihood of singlet fission is briefly discussed from an energetic perspective.
Amplification of RNA by an RNA polymerase ribozyme
Authors: Horning David P. , Joyce Gerald F. 
Published: August 2016

Significance
Darwinian life requires the ability to replicate genotypes and express phenotypes. Although all extant life relies on protein enzymes to accomplish these tasks, life in the ancestral RNA world would have used only RNA enzymes. Here, we report the in vitro evolution of an improved RNA polymerase ribozyme that is able to synthesize structured functional RNAs, including aptamers and ribozymes, and replicate short RNA sequences in a protein-free form of the PCR. Thus, the replication of RNA and the expression of functional RNA can be accomplished with RNA alone. Combining and improving these activities may enable the self-sustained evolution of RNA and offers a potential route to a synthetic form of RNA life.
Mortality, Transmitter Retention, Growth, and Wound Healing in Juvenile Salmon Injected with Micro Acoustic Transmitters
Authors: Liss Stephanie A. , Brown Richard S. , Deters Katherine A. , Walker Ricardo W. , Deng Z. Daniel , Eppard M. Brad , Townsend Richard L. , Seaburg Adam G. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA cylindrical micro acoustic transmitter (AT; weight in air = 0.2 g) has been developed for injection into the peritoneal cavity of fish. Laboratory studies can provide tagging guidelines to minimize the effects of implantation techniques and transmitter burden (transmitter weight expressed as a proportion of fish weight) before use of the AT in field studies. To establish guidelines for minimizing tagging effects, we examined response variables (mortality, transmitter expulsion, growth, and wound healing) for micro AT‐injected juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha over a wide range of sizes (65–104 mm FL). The overarching goal was to determine a minimum size threshold at which the adverse effects of micro AT injection on fish are minimized. Juveniles (n = 700) were separated into four treatments: (1) AT injection, (2) injection of an AT and a PIT tag (AT+PIT), (3) injection of visible implant elastomer (marked control), and (4) unmarked (true) control. Fish were evaluated once per week for 4 weeks and at the end of the study (60 d posttagging). The AT‐ and AT+PIT‐injected fish experienced greater mortality than marked controls and grew (FL and weight gain) significantly less than marked controls, although no minimum size thresholds were detected. By 60 d posttagging, the transmitter expulsion rate was 44% for AT‐injected fish and 20% for AT+PIT‐injected fish. However, among the 90‐mm and larger fish in the AT treatment, none died or expelled a transmitter. Initial FL significantly affected wound healing for both injection treatments. A size threshold (85.1 mm FL) was identified for AT+PIT‐injected fish at 7 d posttagging, indicating that wound areas in fish smaller than 85.1 mm were larger than the wound areas in fish exceeding 85.1 mm. Our results suggest that AT or AT+PIT injection had a greater effect on smaller juvenile Chinook Salmon than on larger fish.Received January 25, 2016; accepted April 7, 2016 Published online August 16, 2016
Mental causation, compatibilism and counterfactuals
Authors: Moore Dwayne 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAccording to proponents of the causal exclusion problem, there cannot be a sufficient physical cause and a distinct mental cause of the same piece of behaviour. Increasingly, the causal exclusion problem is circumvented via this compatibilist reasoning: a sufficient physical cause of the behavioural effect necessitates the mental cause of the behavioural effect, so the effect has a sufficient physical cause and a mental cause as well. In this paper, I argue that this compatibilist reply fails to resolve the causal exclusion problem.
Philosophical reflections on the mission of the European College of Sport Science: Challenges and opportunities
Authors: Loland S. , McNamee Mike 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe European College of Sport Science (ECSS) was established in part to promote the integrated study of sports and related phenomena from multi‐ and interdisciplinary perspectives. There are significant and enduring philosophical, epistemological and professional challenges and opportunities that arise from this integrationist perspective. In this article, we reflect upon the challenges that have arisen in the development of sport sciences in the attempt to realize the ECSS mission. We identify three paradigmatic approaches to sports science: (1) the mechanistic; (2) the hermeneutic and (3) the critical. We critically evaluate these paradigms and their potential within the broad framework of integrationist ambitions for sports science as a scientific field.
Microtearing turbulence limiting the JET-ILW pedestal
Authors: Hatch D.R. , Kotschenreuther M. , Mahajan S. , Valanju P. , Jenko F. , Told D. , Görler T. , Saarelma S. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The first nonlinear gyrokinetic turbulence simulations that quantitatively reproduce experimental transport levels in an H-mode pedestal are reported. In the JET-ILW (ITER-like wall) pedestal, the bulk of the transport in the steep gradient region is caused by the turbulence driven by the microtearing mode (MTM). Kinetic ballooning modes are found to be in a second-stability regime. With contributions from the neoclassical and electron temperature gradient driven transport, the MTM mechanism reproduces, quantitatively, the experimental power balance across most of the pedestal.
Localized electron heating during magnetic reconnection in MAST
Authors: Yamada T. , Tanabe H. , Watanabe T.G. , Hayashi Y. , Imazawa R. , Inomoto M. , Ono Y. , Gryaznevich M. , Scannell R. , Michael C. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Significant increase in the plasma temperature above 1 keV was measured during the kilogauss magnetic field reconnection of two merging toroidal plasmas under the high-guide field and collision-less conditions. The electron temperature was observed to peak significantly at the X-point inside the current sheet, indicating Joule heating caused by the toroidal electric field along the X-line. This peaked temperature increases significantly with the guide field, in agreement with the electron mean-free path calculation. The slow electron heating in the downstream suggests energy conversion from ions to electrons through ion-electron collisions in the bulk plasma as the second electron heating mechanism in the bulk plasma. The electron density profile clearly reveals the electron density pile-up / fast shock structures in the downstream of reconnection, suggesting energy conversion from ion flow energy to ion thermal energy as well as significant ion heating by reconnection outflow.
Free surface stability of liquid metal plasma facing components
Authors: Fiflis P. , Christenson M. , Szott M. , Kalathiparambil K. , Ruzic D.N. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
An outstanding concern raised over the implementation of liquid metal plasma facing components in fusion reactors is the potential for ejection of liquid metal into the fusion plasma. The influences of Rayleigh–Taylor-like and Kelvin–Helmholtz-like instabilities were experimentally observed and quantified on the thermoelectric-driven liquid-metal plasma-facing structures (TELS) chamber at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. To probe the stability boundary, plasma currents and velocities were first characterized with a flush probe array. Subsequent observations of lithium ejection under exposure in the TELS chamber exhibited a departure from previous theory based on linear perturbation analysis. The stability boundary is mapped experimentally over the range of plasma impulses of which TELS is capable to deliver, and a new theory based on a modified set of the shallow water equations is presented which accurately predicts the stability of the lithium surface under plasma exposure.
Excitation of the beta-induced Alfvén eigenmode by a plasma flow around the magnetic island
Authors: Marchenko V.S. , Panwar A. , Reznik S.N. , Ryu C.M. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
It is well known that the rotation of a magnetic island in the reference frame of plasma guiding centers generates parallel electron current outside the island, which is induced by the geodesic curvature of a magnetic field (Smolyakov et al 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 055002). It is shown in the present work that the surface part of this current located at the island separatrix can drive a pair of counter-propagating, tearing-parity, beta-induced Alfvén eigenmodes, which have the same helicity as that of the magnetic island and form a standing wave in the island frame. These Alfvénic modes can accompany tearing activity in tokamak discharges without energetic particles.
Validation of conducting wall models using magnetic measurements
Authors: Hanson J.M. , Bialek J. , Turco F. , King J. , Navratil G.A. , Strait E.J. , Turnbull A. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The impact of conducting wall eddy currents on perturbed magnetic field measurements is a key issue for understanding the measurement and control of long-wavelength MHD stability in tokamak devices. As plasma response models have growth in sophistication, the need to understand and resolve small changes in these measurements has become more important, motivating increased fidelity in simulations of externally applied fields and the wall eddy current response. In this manuscript, we describe thorough validation studies of the wall models in the mars-f and valen stability codes, using coil–sensor vacuum coupling measurements from the DIII-D tokamak (Luxon et al 2005 Fusion Sci. Technol. 48 807). The valen formulation treats conducting structures with arbitrary three-dimensional geometries, while mars-f uses an axisymmetric wall model and a spectral decomposition of the problem geometry with a fixed toroidal harmonic n. The vacuum coupling measurements have a strong sensitivity to wall eddy currents induced by time-changing coil currents, owing to the close proximities of both the sensors and coils to the wall. Measurements from individual coil and sensor channels are directly compared with valen predictions. It is found that straightforward improvements to the valen model, such as refining the wall mesh and simulating the vertical extent of the DIII-D poloidal field sensors, lead to good agreement with the experimental measurements. In addition, couplings to multi-coil, n  =  1 toroidal mode perturbations are calculated from the measurements and compared with predictions from both codes. The toroidal mode comparisons favor the fully three-dimensional simulation approach, likely because this approach naturally treats n  >  1 sidebands generated by the coils and wall eddy currents, as well as the n  =  1 fundamental.