bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Auxiliary Selection
Authors: Ackema Peter , Sorace Antonella 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe chapter provides an overview of auxiliary selection in the perfect tense. While in some languages there is only one perfect tense auxiliary, a number of languages show a split between perfects in which the equivalent ofto haveoccurs as auxiliary and perfects in which the equivalent ofto beoccurs as such. The first part of the chapter provides an overview of the relevant synchronic and diachronic data, mainly from Germanic and Romance languages. The second part discusses the various analyses that have been put forward in accounts of the occurrence of auxiliary splits.
Long‐Distance Anaphora: Syntax and Discourse
Authors: Charnavel Isabelle , James Huang C.‐T. , Cole Peter , Hermon Gabriella 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCross‐linguistically, long‐distance reflexives do not form a unitary phenomenon but come in a variety of subtypes: as long‐distance bound anaphors, as pronominals, or as entities of an intermediate category. This chapter focuses on the first subtype and on Chinese and some other Asian languages: it describes the prominent syntactic and interpretive properties of long‐distance reflexives and addresses theoretical questions about their analysis and typological features and about the role of discourse. The interpretive properties of long‐distance reflexives bear remarkable similarities to those of logophoric pronouns. We clarify the notion of logophoricity as used in African linguistics and in formal semantics and situate a grammatical account of bound‐anaphor long‐distance reflexives that interfaces with notions of logophoricity, attitudes de se, consciousness and perspectivity. The distribution and reference of long‐distance reflexives are subject to syntactic and discourse/pragmatic restrictions that can be quite complex. It is argued, however, that the core patterns observed can be explained through an analysis according to which the property of long‐distance antecedence is only apparent, since both the movement of the long‐distance reflexive to the edge of its local domain and the predication relation between the edge position and the ultimate antecedent are local. We consider some well‐known properties of long‐distance reflexives in Chinese (monomorphemicity, subject orientation, and blocking effects) and explore the way they may follow from grammatical or discourse‐pragmatic principles. We also provide a detailed discussion of the various proposals for the interpretation of long‐distance reflexives, capitalizing on three approaches that make crucial use of a silent operator position on the left edge of the long‐distance reflexive's local domain (a notion along the lines of the traditional governing category). We compare two versions of covert movement (head movement and XP‐movement) in detail, in addition to the alternative of a base‐merged operator position.
Serial Verb Constructions
Authors: Veenstra Tonjes , Muysken Pieter 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSerial verb constructions are sequences of verbs that act together as a single predicate, without any overt marker of coordination, subordination, or syntactic dependency of any other sort. One key question that these constructions pose for grammatical theory is how their lexical and syntactic properties interact. On the one hand, they appear to be lexically determined. On the other hand, the individual verbs are clearly separate verbs assigning cases and thematic roles to intervening arguments. Here, we focus on the canonical cases of serial verbs, taking the Suriname creole language Saramaccan as our prime example, and their grammatical properties. Other languages discussed include Mauritian Creole, Haitian Creole, Sranantongo, and Ijo.. We give a first inventory of these constructions and of the analytical problems that they raise, as well as discuss some of the analyses proposed so far, such as subordination, adjunction, and coordination. Further themes of discussion are the problem of argument sharing – two verbs in a serial chain having the same argument, expressed only once – and the typological correlates of serial verb constructions. Possibilities we discuss are word order, non‐distinctiveness of verbs and prepositions, and the absence of verbal morphology and separation of verbs from INFL (inflectional). The latter option is the most plausible, we argue.
Comparative Deletion and Comparative Subdeletion
Authors: Lechner Winfried , Corver Norbert 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter discusses the syntax of the Comparative Deletion (CD) construction and the Comparative Subdeletion (CSD) construction. It starts with a presentation of some central basic concepts about comparatives, including a brief background in scalar semantics, the interpretation of the comparative morpheme, and the transparent mapping operations from logical forms to semantics. Special attention is paid to the organization of the comparative complement and the structural relation among the degree morpheme, the gradable AP, and thethan‐phrase. The chapter further provides an overview of different analytic strategies toward CD and CSD. This overview includes a summary of arguments from the literature for the existence of gaps in CSD constructions. It also examines the nature of the relationship between the comparative complement and the matrix clause, addressing the question of whether the nexus is best characterized in terms of syntactic subordination or coordination. The chapter finishes with some remarks about multiple comparatives and reviews two influential current trends in research on comparatives that expand to cross‐linguistic variation.
Locative Inversion
Authors: Diercks Michael 
Published: November 2017

AbstractLocative inversion patterns are instances of a non‐canonical word order where a locative phrase (in a canonically SVO language) moves to preverbal position, leaving the thematic subject postverbally. There are a wide variety of morphosyntactic variations in this basic inversion pattern cross‐linguistically (and even within individual languages), and the evidence suggests that different syntactic mechanisms are used in different instances to generate the same surface word orders, both in English and in various Bantu languages. Analyses and diagnostic evidence are presented for all of these languages showing that, despite the range of variation, similar syntactic mechanisms appear to be at play across languages. The non‐canonical patterns that occur in locative inversion constructions raise important questions for theoretical assumptions about Case licensing, agreement, and locality in particular, and the theoretical work in those areas is addressed as well.
Case: Oblique, Inherent, Semantic, Quirky
Authors: Andrews Avery D. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn the last several decades, a variety of terminology has been developed for describing case‐marking patterns and uses of case marking. Here I will review the related concepts of semantic, oblique, and quirky/inherent case, discussing their development, and how they have been applied to describe case systems in various languages, with the sorts of problems that arise when trying to discriminate them from other kinds of case phenomena.
Unexpected Wide‐Scope Phenomena
Authors: Ruys Eddy G. , Spector Benjamin 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
It has long been known that quantificational expressions in natural language do not all have the same scope properties. While the scope of some expressions is closely related to their observable, “surface” position in syntactic structure, other expressions display a remarkable degree of freedom with respect to the relative scope that may obtain between them and other expressions in the structure. In generative syntax, the operation known as “quantifier raising” (QR) is responsible for cases where the scope of an operator does not correspond to its surface position. Because QR is itself subject to locality conditions, this approach predicts that departure from surface scope cannot exceed a certain syntactic distance. However, indefinites are able to take scope outside of the locality domain for QR (so‐called “scope island”). In order to preserve the advantages of a QR‐based theory of scope while at the same time accounting for the exceptional behavior of indefinites, a natural strategy has been either (i) to explain away the phenomenon of exceptional scope by showing it to be illusory, or (ii) to rely on an independent scopal mechanism in order to assign scope to the relevant indefinites, at least in certain configurations. Sophisticated approaches have been developed in syntax and formal semantics along such lines. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the current theoretical landscape regarding the scope of indefinites.
Neuropathology of childhood‐onset basal ganglia degeneration caused by mutation of VAC14
Authors: Stutterd Chloe , Diakumis Peter , Bahlo Melanie , Fanjul Fernandez Miriam , Leventer Richard J. , Delatycki Martin , Amor David , Chow Chung W. , Stephenson Sarah , Meisler Miriam H. , Mclean Catriona , Lockhart Paul J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo characterize the clinical features and neuropathology associated with recessive VAC14 mutations.MethodsWhole‐exome sequencing was used to identify the genetic etiology of a rapidly progressive neurological disease presenting in early childhood in two deceased siblings with distinct neuropathological features on post mortem examination.ResultsWe identified compound heterozygous variants in VAC14 in two deceased siblings with early childhood onset of severe, progressive dystonia, and neurodegeneration. Their clinical phenotype is consistent with the VAC14–related childhood‐onset, striatonigral degeneration recently described in two unrelated children. Post mortem examination demonstrated prominent vacuolation associated with degenerating neurons in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus, similar to previously reported ex vivo vacuoles seen in the late‐endosome/lysosome of VAC14‐deficient neurons. We identified upregulation of ubiquitinated granules within the cell cytoplasm and lysosomal‐associated membrane protein (LAMP2) around the vacuole edge to suggest a process of vacuolation of lysosomal structures associated with active autophagocytic‐associated neuronal degeneration.InterpretationOur findings reveal a distinct clinicopathological phenotype associated with recessive VAC14 mutations.
Relationships between grip strength, myotonia, and CTG expansion in myotonic dystrophy type 1
Authors: Hogrel Jean‐Yves , Ollivier Gwenn , Ledoux Isabelle , Hébert Luc J. , Eymard Bruno , Puymirat Jack , Bassez Guillaume 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn myotonic dystrophy type 1, several studies have suggested causal relationships between CTG repeat length and the severity of symptoms, such as weakness or myotonia. We aimed to explore these relationships in a large population of 144 DM1 patients. All patients underwent clinical and functional assessments using a standardized test for grip strength and myotonia assessment. Myotonia was assessed using a fully automatic software based on mathematical modeling of relaxation force curve. CTG repeat length was statistically correlated with both myotonia and grip strength, which are two major primary neuromuscular symptoms of DM1 patients. However, these relationships are not clinically meaningful and not predictive at the individual level.
Spatially Configuring Wrinkle Pattern and Multiscale Surface Evolution with Structural Confinement
Authors: Wang Ding , Cheewaruangroj Nontawit , Li Yifan , McHale Glen , Jiang Yinzhu , Wood David , Biggins John Simeon , Xu Ben Bin 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSurface elastic instabilities, such as wrinkling and creasing, can enable a convenient strategy to impart reversible patterned topography to a surface. Here the classic system of a stiff layer on a soft substrate is focused, which famously produces parallel harmonic wrinkles at modest uniaxial compression that period‐double repeatedly at higher compressions and ultimately evolve into deep folds and creases. By introducing micrometer‐scale planar Bravais lattice holes to spatially pattern the substrate, these instabilities are guided into a wide variety of different patterns, including wrinkling in parallel bands and star shape bands, and radically reduce the threshold compression. The experimental patterns and thresholds are enabled to understand by considering a simple plane‐strain model for the patterned substrate‐deformation, decorated by wrinkling on the stiff surface layer. The experiments also show localized wrinkle‐crease transitions at modest compression, yielding a hierarchical surface with different generations of instability mixed together. By varying the geometrical inputs, control over the stepwise evolution of surface morphologies is demonstrated. These results demonstrate considerable control over both the patterns and threshold of the surface elastic instabilities, and have relevance to many emerging applications of morphing surfaces, including in wearable/flexible electronics, biomedical systems, and optical devices.
Non‐Equilibrium Self‐Assembly of Monocomponent and Multicomponent Tubular Structures in Rotating Fluids
Authors: Lee Taehoon , Gizynski Konrad , Grzybowski Bartosz A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWhen suspended in a denser rotating fluid, lighter particles experience a cylindrically symmetric confining potential that drives their crystallization into either monocomponent or unprecedented binary tubular packing. These assemblies form around the fluid's axis of rotation, can be dynamically interconverted (upon accelerating or decelerating the fluid), can exhibit preferred chirality, and can be made permanent by solidifying the fluid. The assembly can be extended to fluids forming multiple concentric interfaces or to systems of bubbles forming both ordered and “gradient” structures within curable polymers.
Macroporous Catalytic Carbon Nanotemplates for Sodium Metal Anodes
Authors: Yoon Hyeon Ji , Kim Na Rae , Jin Hyoung‐Joon , Yun Young Soo 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBecause of its remarkably high theoretical capacity and favorable redox voltage (−2.71 V vs the standard hydrogen electrode), Na is a promising anode material for Na ion batteries. In this study, macroporous catalytic carbon nanotemplates (MC‐CNTs) based on nanoweb‐structured carbon nanofibers with various carbon microstructures are prepared from microbe‐derived cellulose via simple heating at 800 or 2400 °C. MC‐CNTs prepared at 800 °C have amorphous carbon structures with numerous topological defects, and exhibit a lower voltage overpotential of ≈8 mV in galvanostatic charge/discharge testing. In addition, MC‐CNT‐800s exhibit high Coulombic efficiencies of 99.4–99.9% during consecutive cycling at current densities ranging from 0.2 to 4 mA cm−2. However, the carbon structures of MC‐CNTs prepared at 800 °C are gradually damaged by cycling. This results in significant capacity losses after about 200 cycles. In contrast, MC‐CNTs prepared at 2400 °C exhibit well‐developed graphitic structures, and maintain predominantly stable cycling behaviors over 1000 cycles with Coulombic efficiencies of ≈99.9%. This study demonstrates the superiority of catalytic carbon nanotemplates with well‐defined pore structures and graphitic microstructures for use in Na metal anodes.
High Performance Thermoelectric Materials: Progress and Their Applications
Authors: Yang Lei , Chen Zhi‐Gang , Dargusch Matthew S. , Zou Jin 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThermoelectric (TE) materials have the capability of converting heat into electricity, which can improve fuel efficiency, as well as providing robust alternative energy supply in multiple applications by collecting wasted heat, and therefore, assisting in finding new energy solutions. In order to construct high performance TE devices, superior TE materials have to be targeted via various strategies. The development of high performance TE devices can broaden the market of TE application and eventually boost the enthusiasm of TE material research. This review focuses on major novel strategies to achieve high‐performance TE materials and their applications. Manipulating the carrier concentration and band structures of materials are effective in optimizing the electrical transport properties, while nanostructure engineering and defect engineering can greatly reduce the thermal conductivity approaching the amorphous limit. Currently, TE devices are utilized to generate power in remote missions, solar–thermal systems, implantable or/wearable devices, the automotive industry, and many other fields; they are also serving as temperature sensors and controllers or even gas sensors. The future tendency is to synergistically optimize and integrate all the effective factors to further improve the TE performance, so that highly efficient TE materials and devices can be more beneficial to daily lives.
Hairy cell leukemia 2018: Update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification, and treatment
Authors: Troussard Xavier , Cornet Edouard 
Published: November 2017

AbstractDisease overviewHairy cell leukemia (HCL) and HCL‐like disorders, including HCL variant (HCL‐V) and splenic diffuse red pulp lymphoma (SDRPL), are a very heterogeneous group of mature lymphoid B‐cell disorders, characterized by the identification of hairy cells, a specific genetic profile, a different clinical course and the need for appropriate treatment.DiagnosisDiagnosis of HCL is based on morphological evidence of hairy cells, an HCL immunologic score of 3 or 4 based on the CD11C, CD103, CD123, and CD25 expression, the trephine biopsy which makes it possible to specify the degree of tumoral medullary infiltration and the presence of BRAF V600E somatic mutation.Risk stratificationProgression of patients with HCL is based on a large splenomegaly, leukocytosis, a high number of hairy cells in the peripheral blood and the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene mutational status. VH4‐34 positive HCL cases are associated with poor prognosisRisk adapted therapyPurine analogs (PNA) are indicated in symptomatic first line HCL patients. The use of PNA followed by rituximab represents an alternative option.Management of progressive or refractory diseaseIt is based on the use of BRAF inhibitors associated or not with MEK inhibitors, recombinant immunoconjugates targeting CD22 or BCR inhibitors.
N‐Heterocyclic‐Carbene‐Catalyzed Reactions of Nitroalkenes: Synthesizing Important Building Blocks
Authors: Maji Biswajit 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe recent developments of N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐catalyzed acyl anion equivalent (Stetter reaction), homoenolate, and enolate reactions with reactive nitroalkenes as Michael acceptors are described. The unique strategies for NHC‐catalyzed C−C bond‐forming reactions using nitroalkenes for the synthesis of synthetic building blocks, in particular asymmetric approaches, are systematically presented. Advances in the single‐electron‐transfer reaction combined with the use of NHCs as organocatalysts are also discussed, with nitroalkenes acting as important coupling partners. This Focus Review brings together both the accomplishments and the future work needed in this important area.
Stability of Residual Oxides in Oxide‐Derived Copper Catalysts for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Investigated with 18O Labeling
Authors: Lum Yanwei , Ager Joel W. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractOxide‐derived (OD) Cu catalysts have high selectivity towards the formation of multi‐carbon products (C2/C3) for aqueous electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2R). It has been proposed that a large fraction of the initial oxide can be surprisingly resistant to reduction, and these residual oxides play a crucial catalytic role. The stability of residual oxides was investigated by synthesizing 18O‐enriched OD Cu catalysts and testing them for CO2R. These catalysts maintain a high selectivity towards C2/C3 products (ca. 60 %) for up to 5 h in 0.1 m KHCO3 at −1.0 V vs. RHE. However, secondary‐ion mass spectrometry measurements show that only a small fraction (<1 %) of the original 18O content remains, showing that residual oxides are not present in significant amounts during CO2R. Furthermore, we show that OD Cu can reoxidize rapidly, which could compromise the accuracy of ex situ methods for determining the true oxygen content.
Dynamic delayed controllers for recycling systems with internal delays and complex poles
Authors: Vazquez‐Guerra R. J. , Marquez‐Rubio J. F. , Hernández‐Pérez M. A. , del Muro‐Cuéllar B. , Sánchez‐García J. C. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractRecycling systems are a challenging problem from the control viewpoint due to their detrimental effects. This paper proposes a simple way to stabilize and control a class of high‐order recycling systems with time delays, internal instability, and possible complex conjugate poles. The strategy proposes P/PI/PD/PID‐like delayed controllers. Conditions to guarantee the stability of the controlled closed‐loop system are stated. The performance of the proposed delayed controllers is illustrated via numerical simulations of a high‐order unstable recycling system and an industrial chemical process.
Loading rate sensitivity of liquid nitrogen conditioned glass fiber reinforced polymeric composites: An emphasis on tensile and thermal responses
Authors: Mahato Kishore Kumar , Dutta Krishna , Ray Bankim Chandra 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTGlass fiber reinforced polymeric (GFRP) composites are being accepted as potential materials for ultra‐low temperature applications. The current investigation is to evaluate effect of liquid nitrogen (LN2) conditioning (for different intervals of time) on the loading rate sensitivity of tensile response of GFRP composites. In order to assess this, tensile tests of the unconditioned and conditioned specimens were carried out at different crosshead speeds viz. 1, 10, 100, 500, and 1000 mm/min. At 1 mm/min crosshead speed, an improvement of 3.33% and 7.3% ultimate tensile strength (UTS) value was observed in case of 0.25 and 1 h conditioned GFRP composites, respectively, as compared to unconditioned GFRP composites. Similarly, the specimens tested at 1000 mm/min show an improvement of 11.39% and 12.02% UTS for 0.25 and 1 h LN2 conditioned GFRP composites, respectively, as compared to unconditioned GFRP composites. Effect of LN2 conditioning on crosshead speed sensitivity of modulus and strain at break are also reported. The in‐service temperature of the GFRP composite was measured using temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry. Furthermore, dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer was used in the temperature range (40–200 °C) to correlate the mechanical and thermomechanical response of the GFRP composites. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45856.