bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fungal bone and joint infections
Authors: Mack Damien , Warren Simon , Palanivel Shara , Conlon Christopher P. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Although fungal infections of bones and joints are rare, the increasing incidence of invasive fungal disease, along with an increased population of immunosuppressed patients and individuals with multiple comorbidities, means that these infections are also increasing. The most common organisms are Candida and Aspergillus species, although the endemic dimorphic fungi are responsible for significant numbers of cases in some parts of the world. Most infections occur following haematogenous spread, but invasion from contiguous infection occurs, as does direct inoculation after trauma or surgery. Clinical presentations differ somewhat between children and adults, with the latter more likely to have vertebral osteomyelitis. Clinical presentations may be subtle, often without fever or raised inflammatory markers, and diagnosis may be delayed as a consequence. Diagnosis rests on clinical suspicion coupled with the need to obtain tissue for culture and for histology. Appropriate antifungal therapy usually needs to be prolonged and combined with surgical debridement.
Fungal diseases of the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Schelenz Silke 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Fungal diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can occur because of an overgrowth of yeast in the gut, exposure to contaminated food and water, or as part of disseminated invasive fungal infections from other sites. The extent of the disease depends on the underlying risk factors, such as diabetes or immunosuppression, and ranges from colonization, localized infection, or fungaemia, to aggressive life-threatening GI tract infections. Candida spp. are the commonest cause of mucosal infection, although mould infections are increasingly reported. Serious invasive mould infections are difficult to diagnose as symptoms are often non-specific. Early recognition, prompt antifungal treatment, and surgical intervention can be lifesaving.
Fungal infections of the kidney and those associated with renal failure, dialysis, and renal transplantation
Authors: Maziarz Eileen K. , Perfect John R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Fungal infections involving the kidney are often a manifestation of disseminated fungal infection, although primary renal fungal infections do occur, usually from a lower urinary tract source or in the setting of renal transplantation. Candida spp. cause the vast majority of these infections and are the representative pathogen for understanding the pathogenesis of these types of infections. The risk factors and mycology of acute renal candidiasis reflect those of invasive candidiasis. Unique risk factors are observed in chronic renal candidiasis, which manifests differently and requires distinct management approaches. This chapter discusses the spectrum of invasive mycoses involving the kidney, as well as those associated with chronic renal failure, dialysis, and renal transplantation.
Fungal infections in neonates
Authors: Warris Adilia 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Fungal infections in the neonatal population are caused predominantly by Candida species and invasive fungal disease mainly affects extremely low birth weight infants. The vast majority of Candida infections are due to C. albicans and C. parapsilosis, while the more fluconazole-resistant Candida species are only sporadically observed. Invasive candidiasis typically occurs during the first month of life and presents with non-specific signs of sepsis. Despite antifungal treatment, 20% of neonates developing invasive candidiasis die and neurodevelopmental impairment occurs in nearly 60% of survivors. Antifungal prophylaxis reduces the incidence in neonatal intensive care units with high rates of invasive candidiasis (&gt;10%). Amphotericin B, fluconazole, micafungin, and caspofungin can be used to treat neonatal candidiasis, although optimal dosing for fluconazole and the two echinocandins has not yet been established.
Histopathology of fungal disease
Authors: Lucas Sebastian B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Histopathology has a critical role in the diagnosis of fungal infections. Often it is the first or only sample of a lesion. A rapid, confident diagnosis can significantly affect patient management. However, the morphologies of yeast and hyphae are not necessarily diagnostic at the genus or species level, and the experience of histopathologists is variable. A primary decision is whether the lesion is fungal or another infection or not infectious at all, and the next is whether the fungus is a yeast or a hyphal (mould) infection. Further histopathological genus and species discrimination can be made in many cases, but not all. Increasingly, molecular diagnostic DNA technology works effectively on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsy/autopsy material, and such information can be added to the multidisciplinary input for an optimal diagnosis.
Molecular diagnosis of fungal disease
Authors: White P. Lewis , Barnes Rosemary A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Molecular techniques to aid in the diagnosis of fungal disease have been in use for over two decades. However, for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to gain widespread acceptance outside of specialist centres, methodology must be standardized and in line with general microbiological molecular diagnostics assays, yet for infections other than fungal disease. Apart from Aspergillus PCR, standardized methodology is lacking. It is also essential to identify the optimal role for an assay. Whether this is to confirm a specific disease in symptomatic patients or to exclude disease and prevent the unnecessary use of antifungals will, in part, be determined by prevalence, but will also, along with the disease manifestation, dictate specimen choice and subsequent methodological procedure. This chapter will focus on disease processes determining optimal sample types, before concentrating on the clinical validation of molecular tests for the diagnosis of the main causes of invasive fungal disease, concluding with recent developments. The clinical utility of molecular approaches and potential future benefits that can address emerging issues, such as azole resistance, will also be discussed.
Stigma and Its Implications for Health: Introduction and Overview
Authors: Major Brenda , Dovidio John F. , Link Bruce G. , Calabrese Sarah K. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
There is growing recognition that stigma plays an important role in producing health disparities between members of socially advantaged and disadvantaged (marginalized) groups. This chapter defines stigma, describes differences among stigmatized marks, and discusses the functions that stigma may serve for individuals, groups, and societies. It also provides a conceptual model of the pathways by which stigma relates to health. This model posits that socially conferred marks that are devalued in society are the basis for four key stigma processes: enacted stigma, felt stigma, internalized stigma, and anticipated stigma. These stigma processes lead to stress and accompanying individual-level affective, cognitive, behavioral, and physiological responses, as well as to social and community-level exclusion from important domains of life that collectively have downstream negative consequences for health. This chapter provides an integrative overview of the chapters in the current volume and concludes with suggestions for future research on stigma and health.
Affective Reactions as Mediators of the Relationship Between Stigma and Health
Authors: Mendes Wendy Berry , Muscatell Keely A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of how emotions can contribute to poorer health among stigmatized populations. First, it describes some of the primary affective responses that stigmatized individuals might experience, including externalizing emotions, uncertainty, and anxious affect. These affective responses can occur as a result of interacting with individuals who display subtle or overt signs of bias or perceiving a system as unfair, or they can occur from expectations based on prior experiences that shape perception. Second, this chapter reviews how these affective states may alter underlying biological processes to directly influence health. Finally, it examines indirect pathways whereby emotion processes potentiate health-damaging behaviors, such as poor eating habits, restless sleep, excessive alcohol and drug abuse, and risky behavior. Overall, research in this area suggests that affective experiences resulting from stigmatization can change biology and behavior in ways that can ultimately lead to poor health.
Social Stigma and Health: An Identity-Based Motivation Perspective
Authors: Oyserman Daphna , Fisher Oliver 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
American culture highlights the power of individuals to steer their own course and be masters of their own destiny. In American cultural context, low place in social hierarchy due to low socioeconomic status is taken to imply some deficiency in the persons who occupy this place. This association seems bidirectional: Low place is stigmatizing, and membership in a negatively marked group implies low place in social hierarchy. Low place in social hierarchy limits individuals’ choice and experienced control, influencing identity-based motivational processes. Identity-based motivation theory and its three components: dynamic construction of identity, action-readiness, and procedural-readiness, are used to articulate the health consequences of this interplay. The identities that come to mind and what these identities imply for health is a function of momentary and chronic context. Accessible identities can elicit health-promoting or health-undermining behaviors and interpretations of experienced difficulty. This has implications for intervention.
Structural Stigma and Health
Authors: Hatzenbuehler Mark L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter introduces readers to the relatively new area of research on structural stigma through addressing four issues. First, it defines structural stigma and describes how this construct differs from stigma at individual and interpersonal levels. Second, the chapter discusses various measurement and methodological approaches that have been employed to study structural stigma. Third, it evaluates emerging research on the consequences of structural stigma for the health of stigmatized groups. In particular, it discusses illustrative research from several stigmatized statuses and reviews numerous health outcomes associated with structural stigma. Fourth, the chapter describes several promising areas for future research on structural stigma and health. The chapter concludes by arguing that accumulating evidence indicates that structural stigma has robust health consequences for stigmatized groups across the life course and thus represents an underrecognized mechanism underlying health inequalities between members of stigmatized and nonstigmatized groups.
Public Health and Social Justice: An Argument Against Stigma as a Tool of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
Authors: Blacksher Erika 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter argues against the use of stigma-inducing measures as tools of public health on grounds of social justice. The value of social justice in public health includes both a distributive demand for a fair share of health and the social determinants thereof and a recognitional demand to be treated as a peer in public life. The use of stigma-inducing measures violates the first demand by thwarting people’s access to important intra- and interpersonal, communal, and institutional resources that confer a health advantage; it violates the second by denying people’s shared humanity and ignoring complex non-dominant identities. The position taken in this chapter does not preclude public health measures that regulate and ban health-harming substances or try to move people toward healthier behaviors. It does require that public health partner with people to identify their communities’ health challenges and opportunities and to treat people as resourceful agents of change.
Public Health with a Punch: Fear, Stigma, and Hard-Hitting Media Campaigns
Authors: Fairchild Amy L. , Bayer Ron 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The conventional perspective that fear is a bad motivator for behavioral change, so critical to public health, is both an empirical observation and a moral judgment. This chapter challenges the belief that fear cannot work and is, indeed, counterproductive. The chapter then turns to the ethical debate, which for years was shaped by bioethics. The chapter concludes by arguing that the perspective of bioethics, so centrally concerned with the individual, provides an inadequate moral frame for thinking about fear-based campaigns. Instead, the chapter proposes the notion of public health ethics, which has as its grounding principle the enhancement of population well-being. Fear-based campaigns may be morally legitimate once the population benefits are clearly articulated and the potential social costs carefully evaluated in a process that is open, transparent, and engages the populations toward whom fear-based campaigns will be directed.
Stigma as a Fundamental Cause of Health Inequality
Authors: Link Bruce G. , Phelan Jo C. , Hatzenbuehler Mark L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows that stigma has health-harming consequences that build health disparities between those who are stigmatized and those who are not. However, most research has considered one stigmatized status at a time as it affects (generally) one outcome at a time. Moving from this singular focus to consider all forms of stigma as they affect multiple outcomes suggests a large and pervasive effect of stigma on life chances. This chapter considers whether stigma should be classified as a “fundamental cause”—an especially pernicious social factor that remains persistently associated with health inequalities over time. The chapter concludes by observing that if the stigma-as-a-fundamental-cause idea is supported, it follows that reductive efforts to address disparities via biomedical interventions will fail. Stigma stands as a factor that needs to be addressed in its own right if health inequalities are to be addressed and population health improved.
Racial Discrimination and Racial Disparities in Health
Authors: Priest Naomi , Williams David R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter provides a review and critique of empirical research on perceived discrimination and health. The patterns of racial disparities in health suggest that there are multiple ways by which racism can affect health. Perceived discrimination is one such pathway, and this chapter reviews the published research on discrimination and health. This recent research continues to document an inverse association between discrimination and health. This pattern is now evident in a wider range of contexts and for a broader array of outcomes. Advancing our understanding of the relationship between perceived discrimination and health will require more attention to situating discrimination within the context of other health-relevant aspects of racism, measuring it comprehensively and accurately, assessing its stressful dimensions, and identifying the mechanisms that link discrimination to health.
Authoritarian Regimes
Authors: Schlumberger Oliver 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This article first discusses the term “authoritarian regimes” and makes a claim for studying such regimes. An overview of the young but burgeoning research on authoritarian regimes structures the field in eight thematic clusters: (1) typological efforts and regime characteristics such as coalition formation and origins, (2) institutionalist approaches, (3) state-society relations beyond formal institutions, (4) repression, (5) political economy approaches, (6) international dimensions, (7) performance, and (8) linking the concepts of regimes and states. Although this wave of research has been extremely prolific, it still remains unsystematic and disparate in various regards. It is therefore necessary for this field of research to consolidate and thereby to contribute to genuine knowledge accumulation.
Active Learning Strategies to Enhance Nursing Students’ Knowledge of Pharmacology
Authors: Morales Kathleen A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This article presents the author’s experience using gaming and social media to enhance undergraduate nursing students' pharmacology knowledge. Although gaming may help with rote learning, active participation in gaming was not associated with higher exam or final course grades. Active participation in social media, on the other hand, was associated with higher exam and final course grades.
An Innovative and Successful Simulation Day
Authors: Bowling Ann M. , Eismann Michelle 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This article discusses the development of a creative and innovative plan to incorporate independent activities, including skill reviews and scenarios, into a single eight-hour day, using small student groups to enhance the learning process for pediatric nursing students. The simulation day consists of skills activities and pediatric simulation scenarios using the human patient simulator. Using small student groups in simulation captures the students’ attention and enhances motivation to learn. The simulation day is a work in progress; appropriate changes are continually being made to improve the simulation experience for students.
Impact of a Simulated Clinical Day With Peer Coaching and Deliberate Practice: Promoting a Culture of Safety
Authors: Badowski Donna M. , Oosterhouse Kimberly J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Nursing education is challenged to shift from task-based proficiencies to higher level competencies with patient safety as a priority. Using a quasi-experimental pretest/posttest design, a simulation-based, peer-coached, deliberate practice clinical substitution was implemented to compare nursing students' knowledge, skills, and attitudes for promoting safety. Our findings demonstrated improved knowledge and skill acquisition in the intervention and control groups. The former trended toward improved team communication attitudes and enteral medication skill performance. Additional research with larger samples is needed to further investigate this innovative strategy.
Determining Hinge Abduction in Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease: Can We Reliably Make the Diagnosis?
Authors: Shore Benjamin J. , Miller Patricia E. , Zaltz Ira , Schoenecker Perry L. , Sankar Wudbhav N. 
Published: December 2017

Background:
Although hinge abduction is recognized as an important finding in children with Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, variable diagnostic criteria exist. The purpose of this study was (1) to test the interobserver and intraobserver agreement of the current definition of hinge abduction and (2) to develop consensus regarding key diagnostic features that could be used to improve our diagnostic criteria.

Methods:
Four orthopaedic surgeons with subspecialty pediatric hip interest independently assessed 30 randomly ordered cases of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Each case included 2 fluoroscopic images of hip arthrograms (anteroposterior and abduction views). Surgeons graded the cases in a binary manner (hinge/no-hinge) on 2 separate occasions separated by a 4-week interval. Following reliability testing and comprehensive review of the literature, consensus-building sessions were conducted to identify key diagnostic features. Surgeons then regraded a new series of cases. Interobserver and intraobserver agreement between first/second and third/fourth readings were assessed using the Fleiss κ.

Results:
Interobserver κ for hinge abduction between the first and second surveys was 0.52 (with 0.41 to 0.60 considered moderate agreement), compared with 0.56 for the third and fourth surveys. First and second reading intraobserver agreement ranged from 0.59 to 0.83 compared with 0.75 to 1.00 for third and fourth reading. Consensus sessions identified several key diagnostic factors including: adequate visualization of the labral contour and ability of the lateral epiphysis to slip below the chondrolabral complex in abduction. Medial dye pooling, often due to asphericity of the femoral head, was not found to be a useful diagnostic criterion.

Conclusions:
Despite a combined experience of over 70 years among the reviewers, we found just slightly better than 50:50 agreement in what constitutes hinge abduction. Consensus discussions did improve our agreement but these modest changes emphasize how difficult it is to develop reliable diagnostic criteria for hinge abduction. As a result, we caution against using hinge abduction as an inclusion criteria or outcome measure for research purposes, as the diagnostic agreement can be inconsistent.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—diagnostic study.
Reconstruction of the Scapula in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients After Total Scapulectomy. A Report of 10 Patients Treated by Extracorporeal Irradiation and Reimplantation of the Scapula
Authors: El Ghoneimy Ahmed M. , Zaghloul Mohamed S. , Zaky Iman , Taha Hala , Elgammal Ahmed , El Sherbiny Magdy , Kamal Nehal 
Published: December 2017

Background:
Ewing sarcoma of the scapula is uncommon. Restoration of shoulder function after total scapulectomy is challenging. Extracorporeal irradiation and reimplantation is a well-known method of biological reconstruction in orthopaedic oncology; yet very few reports in the literature describe its specific use in tumors of the scapula.

Patients and Methods:
Ten patients with the diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma of the scapula were surgically treated by total scapulectomy and extracorporeal irradiation and reimplantation of the scapula. The mean age at presentation was 10 years (3 to 15 y). Six patients were male individuals and 4 were female individuals. An extracorporeal single dose of 5000 cGy was applied to each graft. At reimplantation, internal fixation was used in the first 2 cases, whereas, in the following 8 patients, stabilization was carried out by resuturing of the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joint capsules without internal fixation. An ipsilateral Latissimus Dorsi muscle flap was used in all patients to cover the irradiated scapula.

Results:
The mean follow-up duration was 29.2 months (13 to 50 m). At the latest follow-up, 8 patients were continuously disease free and 2 patients had systemic relapse. No patient had local recurrence. The mean musculoskeletal tumor society functional score was 87% (66.6% to 100%). Eight of the 10 patients (80%) could actively elevate the upper limb up to and beyond 90 degrees in both the forward and scapular planes. Complications included wound gaping in 2 patients (20%), dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint in 3 patients (30%), and partial resorption of the scapular graft in 5 patients (50%). No patient showed any progressive deterioration of his or her shoulder function throughout the follow-up period.

Conclusions:
The irradiated scapular graft provides a stable biological fulcrum for the reattached muscles of the shoulder joint after total scapulectomy, thereby providing an adequate postoperative range of shoulder elevation. A longer follow-up study is needed to evaluate the progression and effect of graft resorption on the functional outcome.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.