bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The HD(CP)2 Observational Prototype Experiment (HOPE) – an overview
Authors: Macke Andreas , Seifert Patric , Baars Holger , Barthlott Christian , Beekmans Christoph , Behrendt Andreas , Bohn Birger , Brueck Matthias , Bühl Johannes , Crewell Susanne , Damian Thomas , Deneke Hartwig , Düsing Sebastian , Foth Andreas , Di Girolamo Paolo , Hammann Eva , Heinze Rieke , Hirsikko Anne , Kalisch John , Kalthoff Norbert , Kinne Stefan , Kohler Martin , Löhnert Ulrich , Madhavan Bomidi Lakshmi , Maurer Vera , Muppa Shravan Kumar , Schween Jan , Serikov Ilya , Siebert Holger , Simmer Clemens , Späth Florian , Steinke Sandra , Träumner Katja , Trömel Silke , Wehner Birgit , Wieser Andreas , Wulfmeyer Volker , Xie Xinxin 
Published: April 2017

Abstract. The HD(CP)2 Observational Prototype Experiment (HOPE) was performed as a major 2-month field experiment in Jülich, Germany, in April and May 2013, followed by a smaller campaign in Melpitz, Germany, in September 2013. HOPE has been designed to provide an observational dataset for a critical evaluation of the new German community atmospheric icosahedral non-hydrostatic (ICON) model at the scale of the model simulations and further to provide information on land-surface–atmospheric boundary layer exchange, cloud and precipitation processes, as well as sub-grid variability and microphysical properties that are subject to parameterizations. HOPE focuses on the onset of clouds and precipitation in the convective atmospheric boundary layer. This paper summarizes the instrument set-ups, the intensive observation periods, and example results from both campaigns. HOPE-Jülich instrumentation included a radio sounding station, 4 Doppler lidars, 4 Raman lidars (3 of them provide temperature, 3 of them water vapour, and all of them particle backscatter data), 1 water vapour differential absorption lidar, 3 cloud radars, 5 microwave radiometers, 3 rain radars, 6 sky imagers, 99 pyranometers, and 5 sun photometers operated at different sites, some of them in synergy. The HOPE-Melpitz campaign combined ground-based remote sensing of aerosols and clouds with helicopter- and balloon-based in situ observations in the atmospheric column and at the surface. HOPE provided an unprecedented collection of atmospheric dynamical, thermodynamical, and micro- and macrophysical properties of aerosols, clouds, and precipitation with high spatial and temporal resolution within a cube of approximately 10  ×  10  ×  10 km3. HOPE data will significantly contribute to our understanding of boundary layer dynamics and the formation of clouds and precipitation. The datasets have been made available through a dedicated data portal. First applications of HOPE data for model evaluation have shown a general agreement between observed and modelled boundary layer height, turbulence characteristics, and cloud coverage, but they also point to significant differences that deserve further investigations from both the observational and the modelling perspective.
Statistical analysis of hydrological response in urbanising catchments based on adaptive sampling using inter-amount times
Authors: ten Veldhuis Marie-Claire , Schleiss Marc 
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Urban catchments are typically characterised by a more flashy nature of the hydrological response compared to natural catchments. Predicting flow changes associated with urbanisation is not straightforward, as they are influenced by interactions between impervious cover, basin size, drainage connectivity and stormwater management infrastructure. In this study, we present an alternative approach to statistical analysis of hydrological response variability and basin flashiness, based on the distribution of inter-amount times. We analyse inter-amount time distributions of high-resolution streamflow time series for 17 (semi-)urbanised basins in North Carolina, USA, ranging from 13 to 238 km2 in size. We show that in the inter-amount-time framework, sampling frequency is tuned to the local variability of the flow pattern, resulting in a different representation and weighting of high and low flow periods in the statistical distribution. This leads to important differences in the way the distribution quantiles, mean, coefficient of variation and skewness vary across scales and results in lower mean intermittency and improved scaling. Moreover, we show that inter-amount-time distributions can be used to detect regulation effects on flow patterns, identify critical sampling scales and characterise flashiness of hydrological response. The possibility to use both the classical approach and the inter-amount-time framework to identify minimum observable scales and analyse flow data opens up interesting areas for future research.
The Liminal Space: Suburbs as a Demonic Domain in Classical Literature
Authors: Doroszewska Julia 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTThis article explores the potential significance of the suburbs as a liminal space in both ancient Greek and Roman literature, focusing on literature from the imperial period. It will be demonstrated that in these texts the suburbs recur as a setting of preternatural stories, such as those found in The Life of Apollonius of Tyana by Philostratus, in Lucian's Philopseudes, and in Petronius's Satyricon, as well as in many other loci. In all of them, the “demonic” in various forms operates on the outskirts of town. Such a setting is no coincidence. The suburbs comprise a specific area that both literally and figuratively constitutes the limen of the city, and demons are commonly regarded as liminal beings; hence, by virtue of this symbolic connection, the urban periphery appears as an ideal location for the demonic.
Why Sea Monsters Surround the Northern Lands: Olaus Magnus's Conception of Water
Authors: Starkey Lindsay J. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT
Olaus Magnus (1490–1557), archbishop of Uppsala from 1544, created a 1539 map, the Carta marina, and wrote two map explanatory keys and a 1555 text, Description of the Northern Peoples. All featured depictions and discussions of sea monsters in the water surrounding northern Europe. Analyzing these works, this article argues that Olaus conceptualized both sea monsters and the water that contained them as wonders or marvels. It extends the insights of modern scholarship on wonder and wonders to the topic of water. In doing so, it also claims that these findings suggest that scholars should analyze sixteenth-century European conceptions of water more broadly. If Olaus's contemporaries viewed the water through which they traveled as a wonder, then this conception of water could have drawn Europeans to investigate and dominate the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, even as they wondered at the locations, objects, animals, and peoples to which they led.
OXIDATIVE EPOXIDATION OF OLEOX AND VEGETABLE OILS
Authors: Chursin Vyacheslav I. 
Published: April 2017

We have studied the oxidative epoxidation product of ethoxylated oleic acid (oleox) and tonnage vegetable oils: sunflower, corn, rapeseed and flax. The oxidation was carried out using hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid and performic, which were obtained in situ using the appropriate acids and concentrated aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide. The kinetics of oxidation was evaluated on the accumulation of the peroxide compounds, the iodine value and the number of refractive index. The final oxidation products were examined for the content of epoxy and aldehyde groups. It was shown that at the epoxidation of oleox with superoxide acids the intermediates of formic acid formed and loss faster than similar products of acetic acid. It is reflected on the character of changes in the values of iodine and peroxide value at the initial step of the process. As a result of the decomposition of the hydroperoxide derivatives the oleox aldehydes and epoxides are formed. The total content of oxidation products is changed from 3.71 to 3.84 %. It was experimentally shown that the oleox oxidation at temperatures of 55 and 65 °C did not substantially affect the dynamics of change in the number of iodine. The content of aldehyde groups in the oxidation products obtained at these temperatures is reduced. It was concluded that the oleox oxidation necessary to carry out at temperatures above 45-50 °C. It allows to obtaine the maximum content of reactive groups in the modified product. At vegetable oils oxidation study, it was found that the linseed oil has the highest oxidation rate, which contains the greatest amount of linolenic acid (46%), that probably initiates the oxidation processes. The degree of epoxidation of vegetable oils is much lower than that of oleox, probably due to a high degree of oxidation of unsaturated bonds in oils containing large amounts of polyunsaturated acids, which are the "catalysts" of the oxidation process. Relatively high levels of aldehyde and epoxy groups in sunflower oil oxidation products allows us to speak about the prospects of getting on its base materials for tanning fat.Forcitation:Chursin V.I. Oxidative epoxidation of oleox and vegetable oils. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 3. P. 83-89.
Rates of morphological evolution in Captorhinidae: an adaptive radiation of Permian herbivores
Authors: Brocklehurst Neil 
Published: April 2017

The evolution of herbivory in early tetrapods was crucial in the establishment of terrestrial ecosystems, although it is so far unclear what effect this innovation had on the macro-evolutionary patterns observed within this clade. The clades that entered this under-filled region of ecospace might be expected to have experienced an “adaptive radiation”: an increase in rates of morphological evolution and speciation driven by the evolution of a key innovation. However such inferences are often circumstantial, being based on the coincidence of a rate shift with the origin of an evolutionary novelty. The conclusion of an adaptive radiation may be made more robust by examining the pattern of the evolutionary shift; if the evolutionary innovation coincides not only with a shift in rates of morphological evolution, but specifically in the morphological characteristics relevant to the ecological shift of interest, then one may more plausibly infer a causal relationship between the two.Here I examine the impact of diet evolution on rates of morphological change in one of the earliest tetrapod clades to evolve high-fibre herbivory: Captorhinidae. Using a method of calculating heterogeneity in rates of discrete character change across a phylogeny, it is shown that a significant increase in rates of evolution coincides with the transition to herbivory in captorhinids. The herbivorous captorhinids also exhibit greater morphological disparity than their faunivorous relatives, indicating more rapid exploration of new regions of morphospace. As well as an increase in rates of evolution, there is a shift in the regions of the skeleton undergoing the most change; the character changes in the herbivorous lineages are concentrated in the mandible and dentition. The fact that the increase in rates of evolution coincides with increased change in characters relating to food acquisition provides stronger evidence for a causal relationship between the herbivorous diet and the radiation event.
Comparison of Diagnostic Accuracy for the Low‐Type Imperforate Anus Between Prone Cross‐Table Radiography and Sonography
Authors: Hosokawa Takahiro , Hosokawa Mayumi , Tanami Yutaka , Hattori Shinya , Sato Yumiko , Tanaka Yujiro , Kawashima Hiroshi , Oguma Eiji , Yamada Yoshitake 
Published: April 2017

ObjectivesTo compare the diagnostic accuracy for the low‐type imperforate anus between prone cross‐table radiography and sonography.MethodsWe included 20 neonates with imperforate anus: 13 with a surgically proven low type and 7 with an intermediate or high type. The distance between the distal rectal pouch and the perineum (pouch‐perineum distance) was measured by both sonography and prone cross‐table radiography. A previously established pouch‐perineum distance of 10 mm was used as the cutoff for diagnosis of a low‐type imperforate anus. The fistula location was also determined with sonography. We then compared the diagnostic accuracy of the imaging methods for a low‐type imperforate anus using the cutoff value of the pouch‐perineum distance alone and both the cutoff value of the pouch‐perineum distance and fistula location. The McNemar test was used for statistical analysis.ResultsWith the use of only the pouch‐perineum distance, the diagnostic accuracy for the low‐type imperforate anus based on sonographic measurements was comparable with the accuracy achieved by prone cross‐table radiographic measurements (60.0% [12 of 20] versus 45.0% [9 of 20]; P = .625). With the use of the pouch‐perineum distance and fistula location, the diagnostic accuracy of sonography was significantly better than the accuracy of prone cross‐table radiography (90.0% [18 of 20] versus 45% [9 of 20]; P = .012).ConclusionsThe diagnostic accuracy of sonography for the low‐type imperforate anus based on both the pouch‐perineum distance and fistula location is better than that of prone cross‐table radiography. If the pouch‐perineum distance on prone cross‐table radiography is greater than 10 mm, a sonographic examination to determine the fistula location could be recommended.
Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging for Assessing Liver Fibrosis Preoperatively in Infants With Biliary Atresia: Comparison With Liver Fibrosis Biopsy Pathology
Authors: Gao Fen , Chen Ya‐Qing , Fang Jing , Gu Sheng‐Li , Li Luan , Wang Xiao‐Ying 
Published: April 2017

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate the diagnostic performance of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) in assessing liver fibrosis preoperatively in infants with biliary atresia (BA).MethodsA total of 50 consecutive infants with BA and 50 healthy infants who underwent ARFI examination were recruited. Siemens Acuson S2000 in Virtual Touch Quantification mode (Siemens Medical Solutions, Mountain View, CA) was used to measure shear wave speeds (SWSs). All infants with BA underwent a liver biopsy within 3 days after ARFI imaging. The liver fibrosis stages of specimens were defined according to the Batts‐Ludwig scoring system. The correlation analysis was performed between SWSs and pathological findings. Cut‐off values were determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.ResultsThe mean SWS in the BA group was significantly higher than controls (mean ± standard deviation): 1.89 ± 0.45 versus 1.12 ± 0.06 m/s; P < .001). A significant correlation was found between the SWSs and fibrosis stages (r = 0.719, P < .001). The cut‐off value for predicting significant fibrosis (F ≥ 2), severe fibrosis (F ≥ 3), and cirrhosis (F = 4) was 1.53, 1.80 and 2.16 m/s, respectively, and the area under the ROC curve was 0.823, 0.884 and 0.917, respectively.ConclusionsAcoustic radiation force impulse imaging showed significant correlation with the severity of liver fibrosis by comparing it with liver fibrosis biopsy pathology. It may be an effective method for liver fibrosis assessment, prognosis prediction, and clinical management in infants with BA.
Recurrence of Thrombin‐Injected Pseudoaneurysms Under Ultrasound Guidance: A 10‐Year Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Esterson Yonah B. , Pellerito John S. 
Published: April 2017

ObjectivesUltrasound‐guided thrombin injection has become standard treatment for extremity pseudoaneurysms. Our specific aims were to determine the procedural success rate, the procedural complication rate, and the factors associated with pseudoaneurysm recurrence.MethodsA total of 262 consecutive cases of ultrasound‐guided thrombin repair of pseudoaneurysms were identified between January 1, 2006, and March 20, 2016. The procedural and follow‐up ultrasound studies were reviewed. Outcomes of interest included procedural success (defined as complete thrombosis at the time of injection and on a follow‐up examination), incomplete pseudoaneurysm thrombosis, and postprocedural recurrence. Postprocedural pseudoaneurysm recurrences were compared to procedural successes with regard to patient demographics, pseudoaneurysm characteristics, amount of thrombin injected, and periprocedural laboratory values.ResultsProcedural success occurred in 85.7% of cases. Complications occurred in 3.0% of cases. The mean patient age ± SD was 72.3 ± 11.3 years. The median amount of thrombin injected was 500 U (interquartile range, 400 U). The median follow‐up time was 1 day (interquartile range, 0 days). A pseudoaneurysm size of 2 cm or larger and thrombocytopenia were significant independent predictors of pseudoaneurysm recurrence (P = .003 and .03, respectively). The odds ratios for pseudoaneurysm recurrence were 2.29 for pseudoaneurysm size of 2 cm or larger (P = .03) and 1.04 for thrombocytopenia (P = .04).ConclusionsThrombin injection of pseudoaneurysms is an off‐label procedure with few complications and a high success rate. Follow‐up imaging is recommended in all pseudoaneurysms that are 2 cm or larger and in patients with thrombocytopenia.
Far‐field connectivity of the UK's four largest marine protected areas: Four of a kind?
Authors: Robinson J. , New A. L. , Popova E. E. , Srokosz M. A. , Yool A. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractMarine Protected Areas (MPAs) are established to conserve important ecosystems and protect marine species threatened in the wider ocean. However, even MPAs in remote areas are not wholly isolated from anthropogenic impacts. “Upstream” activities, possibly thousands of kilometers away, can influence MPAs through ocean currents that determine their connectivity. Persistent pollutants, such as plastics, can be transported from neighboring shelf regions to MPAs, or an ecosystem may be affected if larval dispersal is reduced from a seemingly remote upstream area. Thus, improved understanding of exactly where upstream is, and on what timescale it is connected, is important for protecting and monitoring MPAs. Here, we use a high‐resolution (1/12°) ocean general circulation model and Lagrangian particle tracking to diagnose the connectivity of four of the UK's largest MPAs: Pitcairn; South Georgia and Sandwich Islands; Ascension; and the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). We introduce the idea of a circulation “connectivity footprint”, by which MPAs are connected to upstream areas. Annual connectivity footprints were calculated for the four MPAs, taking into account seasonal and inter‐annual variability. These footprints showed that, on annual timescales, Pitcairn was not connected with land, whereas there was increasing connectivity for waters reaching South Georgia, Ascension, and, especially, BIOT. BIOT also had a high degree of both seasonal and inter‐annual variability, which drastically changed its footprint, year‐to‐year. We advocate that such connectivity footprints are an inherent property of all MPAs, and need to be considered when MPAs are first proposed or their viability as refuges evaluated.
A comprehensive overview of the climatological composition of the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone based on 10 years of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder measurements
Authors: Santee M. L. , Manney G. L. , Livesey N. J. , Schwartz M. J. , Neu J. L. , Read W. G. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIntense deep convection associated with the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) lofts surface pollutants to the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS), where strong winds and long chemical lifetimes allow intercontinental transport, affecting atmospheric composition around the globe. The Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), launched in 2004, makes simultaneous colocated measurements of trace gases and cloud ice water content (a proxy for deep convection) in the UTLS on a daily basis. Here we exploit the dense spatial and temporal coverage, long‐term data record, extensive measurement suite, and insensitivity to aerosol and most clouds of Aura MLS to characterize the climatological (2005–2014) composition of the ASM anticyclone throughout its annual life cycle. We use version 4 MLS data to quantify spatial and temporal variations in both tropospheric (H2O, CO, CH3Cl, CH3CN, CH3OH) and stratospheric (O3, HNO3, HCl) tracers on four potential temperature surfaces (350–410 K). Inside the mature anticyclone, all species exhibit substantial changes, not only from their premonsoon distributions in the ASM region but also from their summertime distributions in the rest of the hemisphere. Different tracers exhibit dissimilar seasonal evolution, and the exact location and timing of their extreme values vary. Although individual aspects of the anticyclone have been described previously, we present a uniquely comprehensive overview of the climatological seasonal evolution of the ASM and its impact on UTLS composition. This work provides valuable context for planned in situ measurements as well as a benchmark for model evaluation and future investigations of interannual variability and long‐term changes in monsoon processes.
The climatic significance of Late Ordovician‐early Silurian black shales
Authors: Pohl A. , Donnadieu Y. , Le Hir G. , Ferreira D. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe Ordovician‐Silurian transition (∼455–430 Ma) is characterized by repeated climatic perturbations, concomitant with major changes in the global oceanic redox state best exemplified by the periodic deposition of black shales. The relationship between the climatic evolution and the oceanic redox cycles, however, remains largely debated. Here using an ocean‐atmosphere general circulation model accounting for ocean biogeochemistry (MITgcm), we investigate the mechanisms responsible for the burial of organic carbon immediately before, during, and right after the latest Ordovician Hirnantian (445–444 Ma) glacial peak. Our results are compared with recent sedimentological and geochemical data. We show that the late Katian time slice (∼445 Ma), typified by the deposition of black shales at tropical latitudes, represents an unperturbed oceanic state, with regional organic carbon burial driven by the surface primary productivity. During the Hirnantian, our experiments predict a global oxygenation event, in agreement with the disappearance of the black shales in the sedimentary record. This suggests that deep‐water burial of organic matter may not be a tenable triggering factor for the positive carbon excursion reported at that time. Our simulations indicate that the perturbation of the ocean circulation induced by the release of freshwater, in the context of the post‐Hirnantian deglaciation, does not sustain over sufficiently long geological periods to cause the Rhuddanian (∼444 Ma) oceanic anoxic event. Input of nutrients to the ocean, through increased continental weathering and the leaching of newly exposed glaciogenic sediments, may instead constitute the dominant control on the spread of anoxia in the early Silurian.