bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tertiary remnants and Holocene colonizers: Genetic structure and phylogeography of Scots pine reveal higher genetic diversity in young boreal than in relict Mediterranean populations and a dual colonization of Fennoscandia
Authors: Dering Monika , Kosiński Piotr , Wyka Tomasz P. , Pers–Kamczyc Emilia , Boratyński Adam , Boratyńska Krystyna , Reich Peter B. , Romo Angel , Zadworny Marcin , Żytkowiak Roma , Oleksyn Jacek 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAimScots pine is one of the dominant tree species in forest ecosystems of the temperate and boreal zones in Eurasia. Since the Tertiary, it has persisted also in the Mediterranean region, forming relict populations. In this study, we investigate range‐wide genetic diversity of Scots pine, aiming to provide comprehensive information on the phylogeography and genetic resources of the species.LocationEurope and Asia.MethodsThirteen paternally inherited chloroplast microsatellite (cpSSR) loci were used to investigate the genetic structure of 62 populations from Fennoscandia and 30 populations from the Mediterranean. We also surveyed variability of two maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regions and additionally included literature data from 156 populations (248 populations in total).ResultsScots pine retains an overall high genetic diversity in the chloroplast genome but, unexpectedly, the historically younger populations from Fennoscandia showed statistically higher mean intrapopulation diversity than the Mediterranean stands (0.807 and 0.750, respectively). The latter also contained a lower number of private cpSSR haplotypes. Population differentiation with respect to mtDNA was higher (GST = 0.628) than at cpSSR (GST = 0.015) indicating an efficient pollen‐mediated gene flow among refugial populations of the species. One novel haplotype mtDNA was found, increasing the number of known mitotypes for the species from 4 to 5. The geographic distribution of mitotypes was structured into four groups corresponding to the main refugial areas of the species.Main conclusionsGenetic impoverishment of the Mediterranean populations may enhance their vulnerability to future environmental changes. The spatial distribution of two mitotypes in Fennoscandia, featuring predominance of mitotype a in Norway and Sweden and mitotype b in Finland, gives strong support for dual colonization of that region from south‐eastern (Finland) and south‐western (Sweden) directions. These results thus provide new insights into both Holocene expansion of Scots pine and the present distribution of species' genetic resources.
Assessing and predicting shifts in mountain forest composition across 25 years of climate change
Authors: Scherrer Daniel , Massy Stéphanie , Meier Sylvain , Vittoz Pascal , Guisan Antoine 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAimSpatial predictions of future communities under climate change can be obtained by stacking species distribution models (S‐SDM), but proper evaluation of community S‐SDM predictions across time with fully independent data has rarely been carried out. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive abilities of S‐SDMs for whole forest communities across the last 25 years in a mountain region.LocationThe western Swiss Alps.MethodsWe used past vegetation surveys (2,984 plots) and environmental data from the 1990s to calibrate SDMs for 364 plant species and predict changes in forest composition under contemporary conditions. These projections were then evaluated by resurveying a random subset of 92 forest plots in summer 2014.ResultsSpecies distribution models showed the same accuracy in the past (calibration data) and present (evaluation data). The S‐SDMs correctly predicted the general trends in species richness and shift of ecological conditions (i.e., temperature, moisture) at the regional level. However, it proved more difficult to identify precisely which forest communities or areas are most or least affected by climate change.Main conclusionOur results show that, across a period of a few decades, S‐SDMs can usefully predict trends in macroecological properties such as richness or average ecological conditions, but fail to accurately predict changes in composition. This is likely due to the combined effects of the stochasticity of local colonization and extinction events, dispersal limitations, community assembly rules (e.g., competition), observer bias, model and location errors and interannual variation. Furthermore, these models cannot account for potential species adaptations leading to persistence in sites predicted unsuitable. This highlights the need for developing more accurate forest community predictions as support to help prioritizing conservation actions.
Traumatic dental injuries in children with special health care needs
Authors: Al‐Batayneh Ola B. , Owais Arwa I. , Al‐Saydali Majd O. , Waldman H. Barry 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackground/AimChildren with special healthcare needs (CSHCN) are at an increased risk for traumatic dental injuries (TDI) due to unique predisposing factors; moreover, their access to dental care is compromised. In Jordan, there is a need to study TDI among CSHCN to highlight their dental care needs. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence, types, possible risk factors associated with TDI, and treatment‐seeking behavior in CSHCN in Jordan.Material and MethodsChildren (n=959) were examined in schools/centers for CSHCN, and compared to a healthy age‐ and gender‐matched control group. Data concerning demographics, types of trauma, risk factors associated with TDI, and treatment‐seeking behavior were collected. Data were analyzed using SPSS for descriptive and bivariate analyzes. Significance level was set at P≤.05.ResultsPrevalence of TDI in the study group (age, 11.76±4.2 years) and control group (age 11.70±4.2 years) was (83 of 959, 8.7%) and (42 of 1010, 4.1%), respectively. TDI prevalence was highest in children with multiple disabilities (14.0%), followed by intellectual disabilities (13.1%), and cerebral palsy (12.2%). The most common type of TDI was an uncomplicated crown fracture (91.0%). Increased overjet and incompetent lips were significant risk factors associated with TDI. Reasons for not seeking treatment in the study vs control group included parental attitude and lack of dental awareness (68.1% vs 60%), difficulties getting an appointment and availability of dental clinics willing to see CSHCN (36.2% vs 0%), P≤.01, and financial reasons (31.9% vs 40%).ConclusionsPrevalence of TDI was higher in CSHCN, and associated with increased overjet and incompetent lips. Uncomplicated crown fracture was the most common injury. In both groups, the main reason for not seeking treatment was lack of dental awareness among parents/caregivers; however, difficulties in getting an appointment and availability of dental clinics willing to see children were more prominent in the CSHCN group.
Online and offline effects of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation on motor learning in healthy older adults: a randomized double‐blind sham‐controlled study
Authors: Samaei Afshin , Ehsani Fatemeh , Zoghi Maryam , Hafez Yosephi Mohaddese , Jaberzadeh Shapour 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe aim of this randomized double blinded sham‐controlled study was to determine the effect of cerebellar anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a‐tDCS) on online and offline motor learning in healthy older individuals. Thirty participants were randomly assigned in experimental (n = 15) or sham tDCS (n = 15) groups. Participants in experimental group received 2 mA cerebellar a‐tDCS for 20 min. However, the tDCS was turned off after 30 seconds in sham group. Response time (RT) and error rate (ER) in serial RT test were assessed before, during 35 minutes and 48 h after the intervention. Reduction of RT and ER following the intervention session was considered as short‐term (35 min post intervention) and long‐term offline learning (48 h post intervention), respectively. Online RT and ER reduction were similar in both groups (P > 0.05). RT was significantly reduced 48 hours post intervention in cerebellar a‐tDCS group (P = 0.03). Moreover, RT was significantly increased after 35 minutes and 48 hours in sham tDCS group (P = 0.03, P = 0.007), which indicates a lack of short‐term and long‐term offline learning in older adults. A‐tDCS on cerebellar region produced more short‐term and long‐term offline improvement in RT (P = 0.014, P = 0.01) compared to sham tDCS. In addition, online, short‐term and long‐term (48 h) offline error reduced in cerebellar a‐tDCS as compared to sham‐control group, although this reduction was not significant (P > 0.05). A deficit suggests that a direct comparison to a younger group was made. The findings suggested that cerebellar a‐tDCS might be useful for improvement of offline motor learning in older individuals.
Changes in health behaviors and the trajectory of body mass index among older Japanese: A 19‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Murayama Hiroshi , Liang Jersey , Shaw Benjamin A , Botoseneanu Anda , Kobayashi Erika , Fukaya Taro , Shinkai Shoji 
Published: March 2017

AimAlthough the modification of lifestyle factors might facilitate weight control, the effects of health behaviors on the trajectory of bodyweight among older adults have been understudied. We examined the effect of changes in smoking, alcohol use and physical activity on the long‐term trajectory of body mass index (BMI) among older Japanese adults.MethodsData came from a national sample of 4869 Japanese adults aged 60 years and older at baseline, with up to seven repeated observations over a period of 19 years (1987–2006). Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze the intrapersonal and interpersonal differences in BMI trajectory.ResultsThe average BMI among older Japanese adults was 22.3 at baseline, and decreased with an accelerating rate over time. Smoking was significantly associated with lower BMI over time, whereas smoking cessation was associated with higher BMI. Drinking and physical activity were not associated with BMI. We found significant interactions between age and smoking status, and between sex and physical activity, on BMI trajectory: the association between smoking and lower BMI was stronger in younger participants compared with older participants. The association between physical activity and higher BMI was more pronounced among men compared with women.ConclusionThe present findings yield important new information regarding the complex dynamics underlying the linkage between lifestyles factors and BMI trajectory among older Japanese, and suggest that there might be cross‐cultural differences in these linkages. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 2008–2016.
2. OF SOVEREIGNS, SACRED KINGS, AND POLEMICS
Authors: FANCY HUSSEIN 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTIn its emphasis on ritual and sacred kingship, Azfar Moin's The Millennial Sovereign bears the imprint of anthropological theory, but Moin addresses this inheritance only obliquely. This essay seeks to draw out that tradition and to place theories of sovereignty and sacred kingship in their intellectual and historical context. Ultimately, it questions the value of these theories to the study of political authority.
FORGERY AND THE SPECTER OF PHILOLOGY
Authors: Županov Ines G. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTForging the Past: Invented Histories in Counter‐Reformation Spain chronicles and unravels historiographical strands made of the complicated lives and afterlives of a set of manuscripts and printed books in defense of the Spanish church and its saints and martyrs against the Roman post‐Tridentine reform of Christian sacred history. Olds studies one particular Jesuit historian, Jerónimo Román de la Higuera (1538–1611) and his notorious “falsos cronicones,” in which he rewrote and invented historical archives in order to prove the antiquity of Spanish Christianity. Olds's enticing narrative and thorough research prove the point that forgery is also a “mode of historical writing,” and the only reproach one might level at this fine book is the narrow focus on Spain when it comes to discussing the reception of the Chronicles. Reading this book, however, inspires and raises larger questions, including the use of forgeries for patriotic (national) histories and the ethics of historical scholarship. By looking into recent statements by Sheldon Pollock, a philologist and intellectual historian of South Asia, and by Hayden White in his recent The Practical Past, this article argues that in spite of their different methodologies, they both converge in defining the task of a historian as doing something other than supporting national, patriotic, technocratic, and “market‐oriented” agendas.
Effect of photodynamic therapy in combination with various irrigation protocols on an endodontic multispecies biofilm ex vivo
Authors: Hoedke D. , Enseleit C. , Gruner D. , Dommisch H. , Schlafer S. , Dige I. , Bitter K. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAimTo analyse the antibacterial effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in combination with various irrigation protocols on a multispecies biofilm in root canals ex vivo.MethodologyA total of 160 extracted human single‐rooted teeth were divided into four groups (n = 40). In group G1, root canals were instrumented up to size 60 (control group), whereas in G2 to G4 canals were enlarged up to size 40. All root canals were inoculated with a multispecies biofilm (Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus oralis, Prevotella intermedia) for 5 days. In G2 to G4, instrumentation up to size 60 was performed using 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) (G2), 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (G3), 1% NaOCl and a final irrigation with 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) (G4), respectively. In all groups half of the specimens received adjunctive PDT using phenothiazine chloride as photosensitizer and a diode laser (wavelength 660 nm). Counts of colony‐forming units (CFUs) in each group were analysed separately for planktonic and dentine‐adherent bacteria immediately after therapy (T1) and after 5 days of further incubation (T2). Descriptive statistics and two‐way analysis of variance were carried out to analyse reduction of planktonic bacteria and nonparametric tests were used to analyse dentine‐adherent bacteria.ResultsCFU reduction in planktonic bacteria was significantly affected by the irrigation protocol at T1 and T2 (P < 0.0001), but PDT significantly reduced CFUs only at T2 (P = 0.01; anova). Irrigation using NaOCl, CHX and adjunctive PDT significantly reduced CFUs at T2 (P < 0.0001; Tukey HSD) compared to the control group. In 85.6% of all samples the same categories of CFU counts in both planktonic and dentine‐adherent bacteria were detected at T1 and T2.ConclusionsAdjunctive photodynamic therapy in combination with an irrigation protocol including NaOCl and CHX was an effective method for reduction of bacterial biofilm inside the root canals of extracted teeth.
A Collaborative Approach to Infant Research: Promoting Reproducibility, Best Practices, and Theory‐Building
Authors: Frank Michael C. , Bergelson Elika , Bergmann Christina , Cristia Alejandrina , Floccia Caroline , Gervain Judit , Hamlin J. Kiley , Hannon Erin E. , Kline Melissa , Levelt Claartje , Lew‐Williams Casey , Nazzi Thierry , Panneton Robin , Rabagliati Hugh , Soderstrom Melanie , Sullivan Jessica , Waxman Sandra , Yurovsky Daniel 
Published: March 2017

The ideal of scientific progress is that we accumulate measurements and integrate these into theory, but recent discussion of replicability issues has cast doubt on whether psychological research conforms to this model. Developmental research—especially with infant participants—also has discipline‐specific replicability challenges, including small samples and limited measurement methods. Inspired by collaborative replication efforts in cognitive and social psychology, we describe a proposal for assessing and promoting replicability in infancy research: large‐scale, multi‐laboratory replication efforts aiming for a more precise understanding of key developmental phenomena. The ManyBabies project, our instantiation of this proposal, will not only help us estimate how robust and replicable these phenomena are, but also gain new theoretical insights into how they vary across ages, linguistic communities, and measurement methods. This project has the potential for a variety of positive outcomes, including less‐biased estimates of theoretically important effects, estimates of variability that can be used for later study planning, and a series of best‐practices blueprints for future infancy research.
The ultrastructure of the integument and proventriculus in the raptorial rotifer Cupelopagis vorax (Monogononta: Collothecaceae: Atrochidae)
Authors: Hochberg Rick , Walsh Elizabeth J. , Wallace Robert L. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMembers of the sessile rotifer species Cupelopagis vorax are unusual ambush predators that live permanently attached to submerged freshwater plants. Previous light microscopical research has revealed several uncommon features in this species including a stellate‐patterned integument and an expansive foregut region called the proventriculus. In this study, we apply transmission electron microscopy to explore the ultrastructure of both the integument and foregut to determine how they differ from other rotifers. Our results reveal that the integument is covered by a thick glycocalyx and is patterned with tubercles that originate from the intracytoplasmic lamina (ICL) within the syncytial epidermis. The ICL forms an apical layer within the syncytium, is electron dense and mostly amorphous, and forms tubercles up to 2.3 μm; these tubercles probably account for the patterned appearance of the integument and are similar to what has been found in other gnesiotrochan rotifers. The basal cytoplasm is highly granular and contains two types of membrane‐bound vesicles: large ovoid vesicles (320–411 nm) with amorphous, opaque contents, and secretory bulbs (110–264 nm) with electron‐lucent cores and occasionally electron‐dense contents. Only the secretory bulbs were observed to form connections to the apical plasmalemma, and so are probably exocytotic. Internally, the proventriculus is a large distensible sack that connects the anterior pharyngeal tube to the posterior mastax. The proventricular epithelium is a thin syncytium mostly covered with a dense glycocalyx and a strong brush border of microvilli underlain by a thin terminal web. The cytoplasm contains few organelles and there is no evidence that it is either secretory or has features (e.g., ICL) that might aid in maceration. We hypothesize that the thick glycocalyx might serve a protective function against the movements of live prey and/or against enzymes released from the rotifer's gastric glands that become regurgitated during feeding.
‘Seeking authorization’: a grounded theory exploration of mentors’ experiences of assessing nursing students on the borderline of achievement of competence in clinical practice
Authors: Cassidy Simon , Coffey Michael , Murphy Fiona 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAimTo develop a substantive theoretical explanation of how mentors make sense of their experiences where nursing students are on the borderline of achievement of competence in clinical practice.BackgroundThe reluctance of Registered Nurse mentors to fail nursing students in clinical practice despite concerns about competence remains a contemporary issue in international healthcare education. Mentors’ assessment decisions have considerable impact for a variety of key stakeholders, not least for students in these circumstances.DesignGrounded theory qualitative study.MethodsPhase one involved 20 individual semi‐structured interviews with nurse mentors in one United Kingdom National Health Service Health Board (July–October 2009). Phase two included eight individual semi‐structured interviews and seven focus groups with mentors and practice educators (n = 38) in four further Health Boards (June 2011–February 2012). Data were analysed using open, axial and selective coding consistent with grounded theory method.FindingsThree categories ‘the conundrum of practice competence,’ ‘the intensity of nurturing hopefulness,’ and ‘managing assessment impasse,’ led to the study's substantive theoretical explanation – ‘Seeking authorization: Establishing collective accountability for mentorship.’ This demonstrates how mentors are dependent on key sources of support and feedback to validate their assessment decision‐making, notwithstanding substantial personal, professional and organizational pressures.ConclusionWe conclude that management of borderline assessment situations is considerably developed by recognition of the authorizing effects of a wider community of assessors. Consequently, we identify the personal, professional and organizational implications involved in the preparation, support and regulation of mentors specifically during borderline assessment circumstances.
Ancient biogeography of generalist predators on remote oceanic islands
Authors: Gillespie R. G. , Brewer M. S. , Roderick G. K. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAimRemote islands are known for providing spectacular examples of adaptive radiation, with ecological divergence across a lineage giving rise to multiple species, each specialized for a particular niche. These isolated environments also provide some of the best examples of recent colonization, often human‐mediated, with a single generalist taxon distributed over vast regions. Highlighted by this dichotomy is a tendency of taxa to become more specialized over time. The current study focuses on two spider taxa (family Uloboridae) each occupying a broad range of habitats:Tangaroa tahitiensisin the Austral and Society islands of French Polynesia andDaramulunia gibbosain Fiji. We ask whether the generalist tendency of each is associated with recent colonization of widespread species or, rather, maintained over extended evolutionary time.LocationSouth Pacific: Fiji (18° S, 175° E), Society (18° S, 150° W), and Austral (23° S, 150° W) archipelagoes.MethodsMitochondrialCOIand nuclear 18SrDNAwere sequenced and analysed using maximum likelihood (RAxML) and Bayesian approaches with concurrent divergence dating calibrated with a general arthropod molecular clock. Ancestral ranges were reconstructed independently for French Polynesia and Fiji (RASP).ResultsWhile bothT. tahitiensisandD. gibbosaoccur broadly from sea‐level to cloud forest, each has a separate and ancient origin within their respective archipelagoes, the pattern of colonization matching the geographical arrangement of the islands.Main conclusionsPopulations of two spider species,T. tahitiensisin the Australs and Societies andD. gibbosain Fiji, are extreme generalists with broad physiological tolerances throughout their respective ranges. Yet, every population displays single island endemism and deep genetic divergences between islands indicating a long history on individual landmasses, a finding that contradicts the tendency for organisms to show increasing specialization associated with endemism.