bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Mixing on the Observed Metallicity of the Smith Cloud
Authors: Henley David B. , Gritton Jeffrey A. , Shelton Robin L. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Measurements of high-velocity clouds’ metallicities provide important clues about their origins, and hence on whether they play a role in fueling ongoing star formation in the Galaxy. However, accurate interpretation of these measurements requires compensating for the galactic material that has been mixed into the clouds. In order to determine how much the metallicity changes as a result of this mixing, we have carried out three-dimensional wind-tunnel-like hydrodynamical simulations of an example cloud. Our model cloud is patterned after the Smith Cloud, a particularly well studied cloud of mass

. We calculated the fraction of the high-velocity material that had originated in the galactic halo,

, for various sight lines passing through our model cloud. We find that

generally increases with distance from the head of the cloud, reaching ∼0.5 in the tail of the cloud. Models in which the metallicities (relative to solar) of the original cloud,

, and of the halo,

, are in the approximate ranges

and

, respectively, are in rough agreement with the observations. Models with

and

are also in rough agreement with the observations, but such a low halo metallicity is inconsistent with recent independent measurements. We conclude that the Smith Cloud’s observed metallicity may not be a true reflection of its original metallicity and that the cloud’s ultimate origin remains uncertain.
Copyright and the Use of Images as Biodiversity Data
Authors: Egloff Willi , Agosti Donat , Kishor Puneet , Patterson David , Miller Jeremy 
Published: March 2017

Taxonomy is the discipline responsible for charting the world’s organismic diversity, understanding ancestor/descendant relationships, and organizing all species according to a unified taxonomic classification system. Taxonomists document the attributes (characters) of organisms, with emphasis on those can be used to distinguish species from each other. Character information is compiled in the scientific literature as text, tables, and images. The information is presented according to conventions that vary among taxonomic domains; such conventions facilitate comparison among similar species, even when descriptions are published by different authors.There is considerable uncertainty within the taxonomic community as to how to re-use images that were included in taxonomic publications, especially in regard to whether copyright applies. This article deals with the principles and application of copyright law, database protection, and protection against unfair competition, as applied to images. We conclude that copyright does not apply to most images in taxonomic literature because they are presented in a standardized way and lack the individuality that is required to qualify as ‘copyrightable works’. There are exceptions, such as wildlife photographs, drawings and artwork produced in a distinctive individual form and intended for other than comparative purposes (such as visual art). Further exceptions may apply to collections of images that qualify as a database in the sense of European database protection law. In a few European countries, there is legal protection for photographs that do not qualify as works in the usual sense of copyright. It follows that most images found in taxonomic literature can be re-used for research or many other purposes without seeking permission, regardless of any copyright declaration. In observance of ethical and scholarly standards, re-users are expected to cite the author and original source of any image that they use.
Le côté « obscur » de la science
Authors: Anichini Giulia 
Published: March 2017

Une réflexion riche et diversifiée s’instaure depuis quelques années autour de l’ignorance et de sa production dans les sciences. Les sociologues et les anthropologues ont proposé différentes définitions pour délimiter ce vaste champ intellectuel et pour démontrer comment les acteurs jouent activement avec l’incertitude. Cet article se concentre sur un type particulier d’ignorance, à savoir la dissimulation intentionnelle de données, dans le domaine des neurosciences. Les chercheurs observés occultent certains dysfonctionnements techniques et expriment les difficultés à rendre publiques des données discordantes ou contradictoires. La disparition de certaines découvertes considérées comme « non publiables », démontre d’un côté les stratégies que les chercheurs doivent mettre en place pour assurer leur position et, de l’autre côté, l’écart de celles-ci vis-à-vis des idéaux scientifiques de transparence et de mutualisation des connaissances.
Writing Development in Associate Degree in Nursing-to-Baccalaureate Degree in Nursing Students: Moving Out of the Comfort Zone
Authors: Tyndall Deborah E. , Scott Elaine S. 
Published: March 2017

Background:
The nursing profession has made several unsuccessful attempts to differentiate practice between nurses with associate degrees and baccalaureate degrees entering the workforce. Writing competency has been identified as one potential area of differentiation.

Method:
A descriptive, qualitative research design was used to explore Associate Degree in Nursing-to-Baccalaureate Degree in Nursing (ADN-to-BSN) graduates' perceptions of scholarly writing development in their baccalaureate studies. Nine recent graduates from a public college of nursing participated in semistructured interviews.

Results:
Findings from content analysis revealed three phases of awareness in development of a scholarly writer: being a scholarly writer, assessing writing abilities, and connecting to practice.

Conclusion:

The study findings provide insight into competencies that could differentiate practice between ADN and BSN nurses entering the workforce. Although this study aimed to find out how ADN-to-BSN students are shaped as writers, findings suggest that the experience of learning to write may also be shaping students as professional nurses. [
J Nurs Educ.
2017;56(3):182–185.]
A New Matrix Therapy Agent for Faster Corneal Healing and Less Ocular Discomfort Following Epi-off Accelerated Corneal Cross-linking in Progressive Keratoconus
Authors: Gumus Koray , Guerra Marta Gomes , de Melo Marques Sara Homem , Karaküçük Sarper , Barritault Denis 
Published: March 2017

PURPOSE:
To investigate the hypothesis that a new matrix therapy agent (ReGeneraTing Agent, [RGTA]) would speed up the corneal reepithelialization, improve stromal healing, and reduce ocular symptoms after epi-off corneal cross-linking (CXL).

METHODS:
Sixty eyes of 60 patients with progressive keratoconus were enrolled in the study. Epi-off accelerated CXL was performed in all patients. Sixty eyes were randomized into two groups according to use of RGTA eye drops prior to contact lens fitting at the end. Identical medical agents were started postoperatively for the two groups. All participants were monitored on 3 consecutive days after the CXL. Ocular pain, burning, stinging, tearing, photophobia, conjunctival hyperemia, and corneal healing status were evaluated.

RESULTS:

By day 2, 25 eyes (83.3%) with RGTA revealed complete healing compared to 4 eyes (13.3%) that revealed complete healing in the control group (
P
< .001). All eyes had complete corneal epithelial defect closure by day 3 in both groups. Ocular pain scores were lower in the RGTA group on days 0, 1, and 2 (all
P
< .05). Burning scores were lower on days 1 and 2; stinging scores on days 2 and 3; tearing scores on days 2 and 3; and photophobia on days 1 and 2 (
P
< .05) in the RGTA group compared to the control group.

CONCLUSIONS:
RGTA ophthalmic solution facilitates corneal healing by reconstructing the extracellular matrix in the wound area, leading to an earlier relief of symptoms for patients.

[
J Refract Surg.
2017;33(3):163–170.]
SMILE Rescue: Delayed Lenticule Removal in a Patient With High Myopia
Authors: Tong Jessica Y. , Cherepanoff Svetlana , Males John J. 
Published: March 2017

PURPOSE:
To report successful stromal lenticule extraction, 18 weeks after an aborted small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) procedure.

METHODS:
Case report.

RESULTS:
SMILE was planned in both eyes in another center to correct high myopia. The right eye was treated uneventfully with immediate lenticule extraction and normal postoperative corneal and topographic appearance. Femtosecond laser treatment was applied to the left eye, but the lenticule could not be removed and the procedure was aborted. Eighteen weeks later, lenticule extraction was attempted again with success. Uncorrected distance visual acuity improved from counting fingers to 20/15, with a successful refractive outcome as planned.

CONCLUSIONS:
Delayed lenticule extraction was successful in achieving the target refractive outcome. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of successful delayed lenticule extraction following an incomplete SMILE procedure. Target refractive outcomes were achieved and there were no postoperative complications.

[
J Refract Surg.
2017;33(3):199–202.]
The Importance of Dendritic Cells in Maintaining Immune Tolerance
Authors: Audiger Cindy , Rahman M. Jubayer , Yun Tae Jin , Tarbell Kristin V. , Lesage Sylvie 
Published: March 2017

AbstractImmune tolerance is necessary to prevent the immune system from reacting against self, and thus to avoid the development of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we discuss key findings that position dendritic cells (DCs) as critical modulators of both thymic and peripheral immune tolerance. Although DCs are important for inducing both immunity and tolerance, increased autoimmunity associated with decreased DCs suggests their nonredundant role in tolerance induction. DC-mediated T cell immune tolerance is an active process that is influenced by genetic variants, environmental signals, as well as the nature of the specific DC subset presenting Ag to T cells. Answering the many open questions with regard to the role of DCs in immune tolerance could lead to the development of novel therapies for the prevention of autoimmune diseases.
Las industrias culturales y creativas en la Comunidad de Madrid: contexto y desarrollo económico 2008 - 2014
Authors: Rodríguez Gómez Eduardo Francisco , Real Rodríguez Elena , Rosique Cedillo Gloria 
Published: March 2017

La Comunidad de Madrid (CAM) es el principal foco de España respecto a las Industrias Culturales y Creativas (ICC), por lo que medir su impacto socioeconómico en aspectos como la inversión o el empleo resulta de vital importancia para el desarrollo económico de la región e, indirectamente, del país. Objetivos: El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un modelo, mediante una metodología armonizada y comparable entre CC.AA., que explique la evolución de las ICC en la CAM para el actual contexto de crisis, con el fin de conocer en qué medida han contribuido a la generación de empleo y cuál ha sido su aportación a la riqueza de la región y al producto interior bruto nacional. Con ello, pretendemos construir unas herramientas que mejoren los parámetros estadísticos actuales y faciliten la implementación de políticas por parte del gobierno autonómico –que no cuenta hasta ahora con un Plan Estratégico de ayuda a las ICC, como así disponen otras autonomías–, estableciendo una mejor conexión con los objetivos del programa Horizonte 2020. Método: Para ello, se ha generado un modelo estadístico con datos homologables a los utilizados por la Unión Europea y la UNESCO partiendo de las encuestas del Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) y de los informes del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (MECD), entre otras fuentes. Resultados y conclusiones: Los resultados señalan la repercusión de la crisis financiera en todas las magnitudes, la importancia de los sectores publicitario y audiovisual en cuanto al PIB regional, la estabilización de las artes escénicas y las bibliotecas y museos, y el descenso acentuado, tanto económico como ocupacional, de la arquitectura. También se manifiestan grandes diferencias entre las CC.AA. en cuanto al desarrollo económico en cultura se refiere.
Richard Salthouse of Norwich and the Scribe of The Book of Margery Kempe
Authors: Bale Anthony 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
“Salthows” or Salthouse has long been acknowledged as the scribe of the unique surviving manuscript of The Book of Margery Kempe. This article proposes a detailed biographical background of Salthouse, identified as Richard Salthouse of Norwich. The connections between Salthouse, Kempe, and the city of Norwich are explored, to deepen our understanding of the context in which Kempe's reputation developed and the context in which the manuscript of the The Book of Margery Kempe was written.
Avaliação da eficiência agronômica da inoculação com AzzoFix® (Azospirillum brasilense, estirpes: Abv5 e Abv6) sobre a cultura do milho
Authors: Ribas Milleo Marcos Vinícius , Cristófoli Pereira Isadora 
Published: March 2017

Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência agronômica da inoculação com AzzoFix® sobre a cultura do milho (Zea mays L.) foram conduzidos experimentos nas cidades de Ponta Grossa e Palmeira - PR, na safra de 2013/2014. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com oito tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram em: 1- Testemunha; 2- 50% da dose de nitrogênio (N) recomendada para a cultura e inoculação das sementes com AzoTotal (150 mL 25 kg-1 de sementes); 3- Dose de N recomendada; 4- 50% da dose de N recomendada; 5- Inoculação com Azzofix (100 mL 25 kg de sementes-1); 6- Azzofix (100 mL 25 kg de sementes-1) + 50% da dose de N recomendada; 7- Azzofix (150 mL 25 kg de sementes-1) e 8- Azzofix (150 mL 25 kg de sementes-1) + 50% da dose de N recomendada (semeadura). Avaliou-se a massa seca de folhas e de raízes (g), o N total na massa seca (N g kg-1), o N total nos grãos (% de N) e o rendimento da cultura em kg ha-1. A inoculação das sementes de milho com Azzofix pode assegurar redução nos custos de produção com incremento no rendimento de grãos da cultura.
Un penseur pragmatique
Authors: Boutevin Stéphanie 
Published: March 2017

Cet article présente les réflexions sur sa religion d’un pasteur abénaquis, Peter Paul Osunkhirhine, qui a exercé à Saint-François, ancienne mission jésuite de la vallée du Saint-Laurent, auxixesiècle. En prenant deux de ses lettres comme exemples, on constate qu’il participe activement aux débats de la société qui l’entoure et qu’il cherche à jouer un rôle de penseur au sein de la communauté, voire de la congrégation à laquelle il appartient. Auteur de plusieurs écrits, il n’hésite pas à confronter ses idées à celles du Révérend Burns, presbytérien, membre éminent de l’Église de Knox. À travers ce personnage, c’est le rôle actif de plusieurs Amérindiens de cette époque dans les changements vécus par leur communauté qui transparaît : oeuvrant dans un milieu plutôt hostile, Osunkhirhine montre qu’il s’est véritablement approprié les idées véhiculées par le protestantisme pour les adapter à sa situation.
Electron acceleration during streamer collisions in air
Authors: Köhn Christoph , Chanrion Olivier , Neubert Torsten 
Published: March 2017

AbstractHigh‐voltage laboratory experiments show that discharges in air, generated over a gap of one meter with maximal voltage of 1 MV, may produce X‐rays with photon energies up to 1 MeV. It has been suggested that the photons are bremsstrahlung from electrons accelerated by the impulsive, enhanced field during collisions of negative and a positive streamers. To explore this process, we have conducted the first self‐consistent particle simulations of streamer encounters. Our simulation model is a 2‐D, cylindrically symmetric, particle‐in‐cell code tracing the electron dynamics and solving the space charge fields, with a Monte Carlo scheme accounting for collisions and ionization. We present the electron density, the electric field, and the velocity distribution as functions of space and time. Assuming a background electric field 1.5 times the breakdown field, we find that the electron density reaches 2·1021 m−3, the size of the encounter region is ∼3·10−12 m3 and that the field enhances to ∼9 times the breakdown field during ∼10−11 s. We further find that the radial component becomes comparable to the parallel component, which together with angular scattering leads to an almost isotropic distribution of electrons. This is consistent with laboratory observations that X‐rays are emitted isotropically. However, the maximum energy of electrons reached in the simulation is ∼600 eV, which is well below the energies required to explain observations. The reason is that the encounter region is small in size and duration. For the photon energies observed, the field must be enhanced in a larger region and/or for a longer time.
Hydroeconomic modeling of sustainable groundwater management
Authors: MacEwan Duncan , Cayar Mesut , Taghavi Ali , Mitchell David , Hatchett Steve , Howitt Richard 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn 2014, California passed legislation requiring the sustainable management of critically overdrafted groundwater basins, located primarily in the Central Valley agricultural region. Hydroeconomic modeling of the agricultural economy, groundwater, and surface water systems is critically important to simulate potential transition paths to sustainable management of the basins. The requirement for sustainable groundwater use by 2040 is mandated for many overdrafted groundwater basins that are decoupled from environmental and river flow effects. We argue that, for such cases, a modeling approach that integrates a biophysical response function from a hydrologic model into an economic model of groundwater use is preferable to embedding an economic response function in a complex hydrologic model as is more commonly done. Using this preferred approach, we develop a dynamic hydroeconomic model for the Kings and Tulare Lake subbasins of California and evaluate three groundwater management institutions—open access, perfect foresight, and managed pumping. We quantify the costs and benefits of sustainable groundwater management, including energy pumping savings, drought reserve values, and avoided capital costs. Our analysis finds that, for basins that are severely depleted, losses in crop net revenue are offset by the benefits of energy savings, drought reserve value, and avoided capital costs. This finding provides an empirical counterexample to the Gisser and Sanchez Effect.
Systemic Signalling in Plant Defence
Authors: Vlot A Corina , Pabst Elisabeth , Riedlmeier Marlies 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Systemic signalling involves a complex network of signal transduction and amplification that leads to the activation of defence genes and establishment of systemic resistance throughout the entire plant. On microbial invasion, pathogen‐associated molecular patterns and effectors are frequently detected and recognised by plant receptors. Localised perception at the infection site rapidly triggers a cascade of early signalling events, including protein phosphorylation and production of reactive oxygen species. Subsequently, secondary signal molecules are synthesised and involved in amplification of defence signalling and the establishment of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). An increasing number of long‐distance signalling intermediates has been identified. Most of these act together and specifically promote systemic defence via the regulation of the local release of a set of systemically mobile signals. In the systemic tissue, the induction of SAR depends on synergistic interactions between systemic and ubiquitous salicylic acid‐associated immune signals.

Key Concepts

Local resistance to pathogen infection generally results from PAMP (pattern‐associated molecular pattern)‐triggered immunity and microbial effector‐triggered immunity.

Microbial infection of local tissues often leads to systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in distal tissues which provides long‐lasting broad‐spectrum resistance to a variety of pathogens.

Reactive oxygen species mediate systemic immunity acting as both cell‐to‐cell systemic signals and as local signalling partners upstream of other phloem‐mobile signals.

Mobile signals for SAR that are translocated via the vasculature may include methyl salicylate, the C
9
lipid peroxidation product azelaic acid, one or more lipid transfer proteins, the diterpene dihydroabietinal and the nonprotein amino acid pipecolic acid.

Many of the SAR mobile signals cooperate with each other and with salicylic acid in one or more parallel and synergistic signalling pathways.

As a form of priming, SAR is supported by epigenetic regulation of defence gene expression.
Insurance and Human Genetics: Approaches to Regulation
Authors: Lemmens Trudo , Bombard Yvonne 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

The potential use of genetics for insurance purposes raises concerns about genetic discrimination. Genetic discrimination refers to the unfair treatment of individuals based on their genetic information as opposed to their physical features. Regulatory strategies to curb genetic discrimination exist in several countries. These regulations aim at promoting a just distribution of insurance, which has multiple meanings in different social contexts, and at curbing the potential negative impact of genetic discrimination. In the United States, for example, genetic discrimination laws aim at preventing genetics from augmenting the already existing inequity of access to healthcare. Many European countries, for their part, seem to consider that some form of financial security offered by private insurance should also be accessible independent of one's genes. Finally, protection against genetic discrimination can sometimes be placed in a larger social context, where insurance is a necessary condition for access to other goods, towards citizens' equal participation in society.

Key Concepts

With the development of more predictive and cheaper genetic testing, insurers are increasingly interested in the risk information provided by this technology.

Insurers are concerned that restrictions on accessing genetic test results obtained by insurance applicants will lead to adverse selection.

lncreasingly, it is becoming clear that proteins encoded by ATG genes carry out functions in cellular pathways independent of their roles in autophagy.

Adverse selection costs associated with restricting the use of genetic tests or access to test results may be modest, but may be more serious as more test results associated with serious risk factors become available.

Regulations aimed at curbing genetic discrimination reflect a particular view about the social good nature of specific forms of insurance.

Genetic discrimination statutes have particularly flourished in the United States because of the concern about the impact of the use of genetic testing on access to health insurance.

Regulatory restrictions and moratoria on the use of genetic testing in countries with universal health insurance reflect the view that other types of insurance, such as life insurance, can fulfill a particular social goods function.