bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Алгоритм оценки характера гражданско-правовой нормы для выявления недействительных сделок
Authors: В.М. Андрианов 
Published: October 2024

В статье осуществляется анализ ключевых аспектов, влияющих на квалификацию сделок в соответствии с п. 1 и п. 2 ст. 168 ГК РФ и ст. 169 ГК РФ. Автор обращает внимание на сложности в интерпретации норм, лишённых явных показателей императивности или диспозитивности. Для решения этой проблемы предлагается методология телеологического толкования, которая включает пять тестов (на защиту слабой стороны договора, третьих лиц, публичных интересов, сущности законодательного регулирования и добрых нравов). Каждый тест направлен на выявление императивных характеристик норм и их влияние на законность сделок. Результаты исследования подтверждают необходимость применения телеологического подхода в правоприменительной практике для адекватной квалификации сделок. Отражаются вызовы и нюансы, связанные с интерпретацией гражданских норм, что в свою очередь обосновывает и практическую значимость предложенной автором методики. Таким образом, правильное толкование норм права, основанное на чётком понимании их целей и назначения, становится ключевым элементом в обеспечении стабильности гражданского оборота и защиты прав участников сделок.
The article analyses the key aspects affecting the qualification of transactions in accordance with paragraph 1 and paragraph 2 of Art. 168 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and Art. 169 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The author draws attention to the difficulties in interpreting the norms that lack explicit indicators of imperative or dispositive. To solve this problem, a methodology of teleological interpretation is proposed, which includes five tests (for the protection of the weaker party to the contract, third parties, public interests, the essence of legislative regulation and good morals). Each test is aimed at identifying the imperative characteristics of norms and their impact on the legality of transactions. The results of the study confirm the need to apply the teleological approach in law enforcement practice for adequate qualification of transactions. The challenges and nuances associated with the interpretation of civil norms are reflected, which in turn substantiates and practical significance of the methodology proposed by the author. Thus, the correct interpretation of legal norms, based on a clear understanding of their goals and purpose, becomes a key element in ensuring the stability of civil turnover and protection of the rights of parties to transactions.
УДК 343.791 1 Уголовный кодекс Российской Федерации от 13 июня 1996 г. № 63-ФЗ // Собрание законодательства Российской Федерации. 1996. 17 июня. № 25. Ст. 2954. DOI: 10.70569/2949-5725.2024.4.3.013 О некоторых аспектах уголовного правоприменения по делам о незаконной банковской деятельности
Authors: И.Р. Диваева , М.С. Шайхуллин 
Published: October 2024

В статье анализируются отдельные актуальные аспекты уголовного правоприменения по делам о незаконной банковской деятельности. Авторы отмечают, что в настоящее время совершение преступлений с использованием банковских инструментов и возможностей не снижается, а наоборот возрастает. Преступники, используя право на регистрацию юридического лица, а также запрос организаций различных форм собственности на обналичивание денежных средств с контрагентами, не осуществляющими реальной хозяйственной деятельности, извлекают преступный доход в обход бюджетной, налоговой системы Российской Федерации, что рассматривается как преступление по статье 172 УК РФ. Авторы формулируют собственные позиции относительно уголовного правоприменения по делам о незаконной банковской деятельности с целью улучшения работы по пресечению исследуемых противоправных деяний.
The article analyzes certain relevant aspects of criminal law enforcement in cases of illegal banking activities. The authors note that at present, the commission of crimes using banking instruments and opportunities does not decrease, but, on the contrary, increases. Criminals, using the right to register a legal entity, as well as a request from organizations of various forms of ownership to cash out funds with counterparties that do not carry out real economic activities, extract criminal income bypassing the budgetary and tax system of the Russian Federation, which is considered a crime under Article 172 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The authors formulate their own positions regarding criminal law enforcement in cases of illegal banking activities in order to improve the work to suppress the investigated illegal acts.
Уголовная ответственность за нарушение требований промышленной безопасности на опасных производственных объектах: зарубежный опыт
Authors: М.В. Прокофьев 
Published: October 2024

В статье рассматривается зарубежный опыт уголовной ответственности за нарушение требова- ний промышленной безопасности на опасных производственных объектах на примере отдельных государств. Автор отмечает, что исследование уголовной ответственности за указанное нарушение требует системного анализа зарубежных источников уголовного права с целью выявления наиболее эффективных инструментов противодействия преступлениям, совершаемым на стратегически важных объектах. Изучение зарубежного законодательства в данной сфере показывает, что в нем используются различные модели применения ответ- ственности за нарушение стандартов промышленной безопасности.
The article considers foreign experience of criminal liability for violation of industrial safety requirements at hazardous production facilities on the example of individual states. The author notes that the study of criminal liability for violation of industrial safety requirements at hazardous production facilities requires a systematic analysis of foreign sources of criminal law in order to identify the most effective tools for countering crimes committed at strategically important facilities. Analysis of foreign legislation in this sphere shows that foreign legislation uses various models of application of liability for violation of industrial safety standards.
Уголовное противодействие терроризму на современном этапе развития общества и государства
Authors: В.А. Зиявудинова 
Published: October 2024

В статье анализируются некоторые аспекты уголовного противодействия терроризму на со- временном этапе развития общества и государства. По мнению автора, уголовное противодействие терро- ризму сегодня должно включать в себя не только использование уголовно-правовых норм и средств – к ним должны добавляться усилия и инициативы простых граждан, а также институтов гражданского общества, заинтересованных в сохранении стабильной обстановки в государстве. В работе по борьбе с терроризмом должны быть прямо и косвенно задействованы все органы публичной власти, как в плане профилактики и предупреждения преступлений, так и в части содействия правоохранительным органам по выявлению деструктивных сообществ, объединений граждан, деятельность которых носит незаконный характер.
In the article, the author analyzes some aspects of criminal counteraction to terrorism at the current stage of development of society and the state. According to the author, criminal counteraction to terrorism at the present stage of the development of society and the state should include not only the use of criminal law norms and means – to such norms and means should be added the efforts and initiatives of ordinary citizens, as well as civil society institutions interested in maintaining a stable situation in the state. In the fight against terrorism, all public authorities should be directly and indirectly involved, both in terms of prevention and prevention of crimes, and in terms of assisting law enforcement agencies to identify destructive communities, associations of citizens whose activities are illegal.
Eficiência de diferentes macrófitas aquáticas em tratamento de águas contaminadas pelo arsênio
Authors: Santos Edilayne Cristina , Miranda Priscila Mayrink de , Menezes Marcela , Castro Maria Cláudia Feres Monteiro de , Paiva José Fernando , Guarda Vera Lúcia de Miranda 
Published: October 2024

A água é um bem precioso e cada vez mais leva a debates no mundo todo. O consumo humano da água está limitado atualmente pela degradação da qualidade das águas superficiais e subterrâneas, que sofrem inúmeras contaminações, entre elas, pelo lançamento de esgoto sem tratamento. A poluição das águas por arsênio e metais pesados é um dos maiores problemas do mundo moderno, e macrófitas aquáticas têm sido utilizadas em sua remoção, devido a uma rápida e intensa absorção de nutrientes e poluentes. Seu rápido crescimento e a facilidade de sua retirada das lagoas perturba menos o ambiente, além de ser mais econômico quando comparado com outros métodos tradicionais. Nesse intuito, foi avaliado o crescimento de quatro espécies de macrófitas: Spirodela intermedia, Lemna minuta, Salvinia auriculata e Mayacacia sp. As duas primeiras espécies apresentaram as melhores curvas de crescimento, pois absorvem mais poluentes, assim sendo, foram utilizadas na pesquisa de absorção de arsênio nos pHs 5,5 e 7,0. O teor de arsênio foi avaliado em solução contendo arsênio e na biomassa da macrófita. Para a análise da solução, amostras contendo arsênio foram retiradas em tempos pré-estabelecidos, e, para a análise da biomassa das macrófitas, as plantas foram secas em estufa e depois digeridas. O teor de arsênio nesses experimentos foi analisado pelo método de voltametria de onda quadrada sobre eletrodo de mercúrio. Assim sendo, verificouse, através das análises das curvas de crescimento e das estatísticas, que a espécie Spirodela intermedia apresentou o melhor perfil de absorção de arsênio, independentemente do pH.
Co-applied biochar and drought tolerant PGPRs induced more improvement in soil quality and wheat production than their individual applications under drought conditions
Authors: Malik Laraib , Hussain Sabir , Shahid Muhammad , Mahmood Faisal , Ali Hayssam M. , Malik Mehreen , Sanaullah Muhammad , Zahid Zubda , Shahzad Tanvir 
Published: October 2024

Background
Plant growth and development can be greatly impacted by drought stress. Suitable plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) or biochar (BC) application has been shown to alleviate drought stress for plants. However, their co-application has not been extensively explored in this regard.

Methods
We isolated bacterial strains from rhizospheric soils of plants from arid soils and characterized them for plant growth promoting characteristics like IAA production and phosphate solubilization as well as for drought tolerance. Three bacterial strains or so called PGPRs, identified as Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus tropicus, and Bacillus paramycoides based on their 16S rRNA, were screened for further experiments. Wheat was grown on normal, where soil moisture was maintained at 75% of water holding capacity (WHC), and induced-drought (25% WHC) stressed soil in pots. PGPRs were applied alone or in combination with a biochar derived from pyrolysis of tree wood.

Results
Drought stress substantially inhibited wheat growth. However, biochar addition under stressed conditions significantly improved the wheat growth and productivity. Briefly, it increased straw yield by 25%, 100-grain weight by 15% and grain yield by 10% compared to the control. Moreover, co-application of biochar with PGPRs B. thuringiensis, B. tropicus and B. paramycoides further enhanced straw yield by 37–41%, 100-grain weight by 30–36%, and grain yield by 22–22.57%, respectively. The co-application also enhanced soil quality by increasing plant-available phosphorus by 4–31%, microbial biomass by 33–45%, and soil K+/Na+ ratio by 41–44%.

Conclusion
Co-application of PGPRs and biochar alleviated plant drought stress by improving nutrient availability and absorption. Acting as a nutrient reservoir, biochar worked alongside PGPRs, who solubilized nutrients from the former and promoted wheat growth. We recommend that the co-application of suitable PGPRs and biochar is a better technology to produce wheat under drought conditions than using these enhancers separately.
Applying Bayesian Networks for Detecting Bank Fraudulent Transactions in Nigeria
Authors: Akanbi Olawale Basheer 
Published: October 2024

Bank fraud is an increasingly prevalent issue, causing substantial financial losses for both financial institutions and customers. Also, with the increasing prevalence of bank fraud, especially facilitated by online banking and digital payments, there is a pressing need for potential expertise deployment and advanced fraud detection techniques in real-world banking systems. This study specified the Bayesian Network models for detecting fraudulent bank transactions. Bayesian Networks offer a probabilistic graphical modeling approach that can effectively capture complex relationships and dependencies within financial data. Thus, the research aimed at developing a custom Bayesian network model trained on a large dataset of bank transactions comprising over one million bank transactions to classify instances as fraudulent or non-fraudulent. Python 3.11.10 was used for the graphical representations. Down-sampling was employed to reduce the dataset from its initial size of 1 million observations to 17,650 observations, ensuring a balanced representation of both fraud and non-fraud instances. Various estimation techniques: Maximum Likelihood, Bayesian Networks, and Expectation Maximization were employed and evaluated to learn the model parameters. The model's performance was measured using metrics: accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and ROC-AUC. The Bayesian Networks estimator achieved an overall accuracy of 66.18%, precision of 67.73%, F1-score of 64.06%, ROC-AUC of 66.13%, Recall of 60.77%, Sensitivity of 60.77% and Specificity of 71.50%. Also, the Maximum Likelihood achieved an overall Accuracy of 66.77%, Precision of 69.22%, F1-score of 63.96%, ROC-AUC of 66.71%, Recall of 59.45%, Sensitivity of 59.45% and Specificity of 73.97%. Likewise, the Expectation Maximization achieved an overall Accuracy of 66.83%, Precision of 69.31%, F1-score of 64.00%, ROC-AUC of 66.77%, Recall of 59.45%, Sensitivity of 59.45% and Specificity of 74.09%. On the confusion matrix, the model correctly classified 1272 instances as Non-Fraudulent transactions (True Negative). Also, it was observed that the model incorrectly classified 507 instances as fraudulent transactions when they were Non-Fraudulent (False Positive). The model similarly incorrectly classified 687 instances as Non-Fraudulent transactions when they were Fraudulent (False Negative). Finally, it correctly classified 1064 instances as fraudulent transactions (True Positive). These results demonstrated the Bayesian Network's ability to identify fraudulent transactions while minimizing false alarms accurately. The findings highlight the potential of Bayesian Networks as a robust framework for fraud detection in the banking sector, contributing to enhanced security and reduced financial losses. The developed model can be introduced into existing banking systems to strengthen fraud prevention strategies.
Short and Long‐Term Controls on Active Layer and Permafrost Carbon Turnover Across the Arctic
Authors: Faucherre Samuel , Jørgensen Christian Juncher , Blok Daan , Weiss Niels , Siewert Matthias Benjamin , Bang‐Andreasen Toke , Hugelius Gustaf , Kuhry Peter , Elberling Bo 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDecomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) in permafrost terrain and the production of greenhouse gases is a key factor for understanding climate change‐carbon feedbacks. Previous studies have shown that SOM decomposition is mostly controlled by soil temperature, soil moisture, and carbon‐nitrogen ratio (C:N). However, focus has generally been on site‐specific processes and little is known about variations in the controls on SOM decomposition across Arctic sites. For assessing SOM decomposition, we retrieved 241 samples from 101 soil profiles across three contrasting Arctic regions and incubated them in the laboratory under aerobic conditions. We assessed soil carbon losses (Closs) five times during a 1 year incubation. The incubated material consisted of near‐surface active layer (ALNS), subsurface active layer (ALSS), peat, and permafrost samples. Samples were analyzed for carbon, nitrogen, water content, δ13C, δ15N, and dry bulk density (DBD). While no significant differences were observed between total ALSS and permafrost Closs over 1 year incubation (2.3 ± 2.4% and 2.5 ± 1.5% Closs, respectively), ALNS samples showed higher Closs (7.9 ± 4.2%). DBD was the best explanatory parameter for active layer Closs across sites. Additionally, results of permafrost samples show that C:N ratio can be used to characterize initial Closs between sites. This data set on the influence of abiotic parameter on microbial SOM decomposition can improve model simulations of Arctic soil CO2 production by providing representative mean values of CO2 production rates and identifying standard parameters or proxies for upscaling potential CO2 production from site to regional scales.
Hematological and Biochemical Assessment of Two Species of Freshwater Mussels, Quadrula quadrula and Amblema plicata, Following Translocation
Authors: Steinagel A. C. , Burkhard M. J. , Kuehnl K. F. , Thomas Watters G. , Rajala-Schultz P. J. , Valentine K. H. , Wolfe B.A. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Nondestructive, sublethal, and sensitive health monitoring tools are needed to assess the health of freshwater mussels (family Unionidae). Recent developments to standardize hemocyte characterization have assisted in the hematologic assessment of wild and captive freshwater mussels. In this study, preliminary baseline hematological reference ranges were established for wild mapleleaf mussels Quadrula quadrula (n = 14) and threeridge mussels Amblema plicata (n = 20) collected from the Muskingum River in Devola, Ohio. Mussels were collected from the wild, and hemolymph was sampled from each mussel in the field upon capture (baseline sample). They were then transported live to a propagation facility. Subsequent hemolymph samples were collected at 2 and 4 weeks and quarterly thereafter for 11 months following translocation. Hemocyte counts, hemocyte morphology, and hemolymph chemistry (Na+, Cl−, Mg2+, P3−, K+, Ca2+, glucose, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase]) were measured from each sample on each sampling occasion. Hemocyte counts were consistently greater in Q. quadrula than in A. plicata following transfer to captivity. Baseline hemocyte morphology and hemolymph chemistry varied between species. This study provides a foundation of reference ranges for hemocyte characterization for Q. quadrula, and A. plicata and a preliminary understanding of how hemocyte character might be expected to change when wild mussels are translocated into captivity, and thus be a useful technique for monitoring the health of freshwater mussels.
Disparities in Total Knee Replacement: Population Losses in Quality‐Adjusted Life‐Years Due to Differential Offer, Acceptance, and Complication Rates for African Americans
Authors: Kerman Hannah M. , Smith Savannah R. , Smith Karen C. , Collins Jamie E. , Suter Lisa G. , Katz Jeffrey N. , Losina Elena 
Published: January 2018

ObjectiveTotal knee replacement (TKR) is an effective treatment for end‐stage knee osteoarthritis (OA). American racial minorities undergo fewer TKRs than whites. We estimated quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs) lost for African American knee OA patients due to differences in TKR offer, acceptance, and complication rates.MethodsWe used the Osteoarthritis Policy Model, a computer simulation of knee OA, to predict QALY outcomes for African American and white knee OA patients with and without TKR. We estimated per‐person QALYs gained from TKR as the difference between QALYs with current TKR use and QALYs when no TKR was performed. We estimated average, per‐person QALY losses in African Americans as the difference between QALYs gained with white rates of TKR and QALYs gained with African American rates of TKR. We calculated population‐level QALY losses by multiplying per‐person QALY losses by the number of persons with advanced knee OA. Finally, we estimated QALYs lost specifically due to lower TKR offer and acceptance rates and higher rates of complications among African American knee OA patients.ResultsAfrican American men and women gain 64,100 QALYs from current TKR use. With white offer and complications rates, they would gain an additional 72,000 QALYs. Because these additional gains are unrealized, we call this a loss of 72,000 QALYs. African Americans lose 67,500 QALYs because of lower offer rates, 15,800 QALYs because of lower acceptance rates, and 2,600 QALYs because of higher complication rates.ConclusionAfrican Americans lose 72,000 QALYs due to disparities in TKR offer and complication rates. Programs to decrease disparities in TKR use are urgently needed.
Endowing Perovskite Nanocrystals with Circularly Polarized Luminescence
Authors: Shi Yonghong , Duan Pengfei , Huo Shengwei , Li Yuangang , Liu Minghua 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPerovskite nanocrystals are attracting great interest due to their excellent photonic properties. Here, through a supramolecular self‐assembly approach, the perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) with a novel circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) are successfully endowed. It is found that the achiral perovskite NCs can coassemble with chiral gelator in nonpolar solvents, in which the gelator molecules modify the surface of the perovskite NCs. Through such cogelation, the molecular chirality can transfer to the NCs resulting in CPL signals with a dissymmetric factor (glum) up to 10−3. Furthermore, depending on the molecular chirality of the gelator, the CPL sense can be selected and the mirror‐imaged CPL is obtained. Such gels can be further embedded into the polymer film to facilitate flexible CPL devices. It is envisaged that this approach will afford a new insight into the designing of the functional chiroptical materials.
Large‐Grain Tin‐Rich Perovskite Films for Efficient Solar Cells via Metal Alloying Technique
Authors: Tavakoli Mohammad Mahdi , Zakeeruddin Shaik Mohammed , Grätzel Michael , Fan Zhiyong 
Published: January 2018

AbstractFast research progress on lead halide perovskite solar cells has been achieved in the past a few years. However, the presence of lead (Pb) in perovskite composition as a toxic element still remains a major issue for large‐scale deployment. In this work, a novel and facile technique is presented to fabricate tin (Sn)‐rich perovskite film using metal precursors and an alloying technique. Herein, the perovskite films are formed as a result of the reaction between Sn/Pb binary alloy metal precursors and methylammonium iodide (MAI) vapor in a chemical vapor deposition process carried out at 185 °C. It is found that in this approach the Pb/Sn precursors are first converted to (Pb/Sn)I2 and further reaction with MAI vapor leads to the formation of perovskite films. By using Pb–Sn eutectic alloy, perovskite films with large grain sizes up to 5 µm can be grown directly from liquid phase metal. Consequently, using an alloying technique and this unique growth mechanism, a less‐toxic and efficient perovskite solar cell with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.04% is demonstrated, while pure Sn and Pb perovskite solar cells prepared in this manner yield PCEs of 4.62% and 14.21%, respectively. It is found that this alloying technique can open up a new direction to further explore different alloy systems (binary or ternary alloys) with even lower melting point.