bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Group B Streptococcus among Pregnant Women and Newborns in Mirzapur, Bangladesh: Colonization, Vertical Transmission, and Serotype Distribution
Authors: Saha Samir K. , Ahmed Zabed B. , Modak Joyanta K. , Naziat Hakka , Saha Shampa , Uddin Mohammad A. , Islam Maksuda , Baqui Abdullah H. , Darmstadt Gary L. , Schrag Stephanie J. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

Group B streptococcus (GBS) infection is a leading cause of death among newborns in developed countries. Data on the burden of GBS in Asian countries are lacking. This study aimed to understand (i) the rate of maternal rectovaginal GBS carriage, (ii) the rate of vertical transmission of GBS, as determined by culturing ear, umbilicus, and nasal swabs, and (iii) the distribution of GBS serotypes. This prospective observational study was conducted between September 2012 and November 2013 at Kumudini Women's Medical College Hospital, a secondary-level hospital in Mirzapur, Bangladesh. The study enrolled pregnant women who visited the outpatient clinic for antenatal care (ANC) and/or delivered a child in the inpatient department of Kumudini Women's Medical College Hospital and the babies born to those mothers. Among 1,151 enrolled pregnant women, 172 (15% [95% confidence interval [CI], 13 to 17%]) carried GBS; among 68 babies born to mothers with carriage, 26 (38% [95% CI, 27 to 51%]) had GBS on their body surfaces, indicating vertical transmission. Typing of the isolates (
n
= 172) identified all 10 GBS serotypes, most commonly types Ia (40% [69/172 isolates]), V (23% [40/172 isolates]), II (14% [24/172 isolates]), and III (12% [20/172 isolates]). This study shows that Bangladesh has all of the ingredients for invasive GBS disease, including colonization of mothers by invasive serotypes and vertical transmission to babies.
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Nucleocapsid Protein Augments mRNA Translation
Authors: Jeeva Subbiah , Cheng Erdong , Ganaie Safder S. , Mir Mohammad A. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne Nairovirus of the
Bunyaviridae
family, causing severe illness with high mortality rates in humans. Here, we demonstrate that CCHFV nucleocapsid protein (CCHFV-NP) augments mRNA translation. CCHFV-NP binds to the viral mRNA 5′ untranslated region (UTR) with high affinity. It facilitates the translation of reporter mRNA both
in vivo
and
in vitro
with the assistance of the viral mRNA 5′ UTR. CCHFV-NP equally favors the translation of both capped and uncapped mRNAs, demonstrating the independence of this translation strategy on the 5′ cap. Unlike the canonical host translation machinery, inhibition of eIF4F complex, an amalgam of three initiation factors, eIF4A, eIF4G, and eIF4E, by the chemical inhibitor 4E1RCat did not impact the CCHFV-NP-mediated translation mechanism. However, the proteolytic degradation of eIF4G alone by the human rhinovirus 2A protease abrogated this translation strategy. Our results demonstrate that eIF4F complex formation is not required but eIF4G plays a critical role in this translation mechanism. Our results suggest that CCHFV has adopted a unique translation mechanism to facilitate the translation of viral mRNAs in the host cell cytoplasm where cellular transcripts are competing for the same translation apparatus.

IMPORTANCE
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, a highly contagious viral disease endemic to more than 30 countries, has limited treatment options. Our results demonstrate that NP favors the translation of a reporter mRNA harboring the viral mRNA 5′ UTR. It is highly likely that CCHFV uses an NP-mediated translation strategy for the rapid synthesis of viral proteins during the course of infection. Shutdown of this translation mechanism might selectively impact viral protein synthesis, suggesting that an NP-mediated translation strategy is a target for therapeutic intervention against this viral disease.
Spontaneous and Vaccine-Induced Clearance of Mus Musculus Papillomavirus 1 Infection
Authors: Jiang Rosie T. , Wang Joshua W. , Peng Shiwen , Huang Tsui-Chin , Wang Chenguang , Cannella Fabiana , Chang Yung-Nien , Viscidi Raphael P. , Best Simon R. A. , Hung Chien-Fu , Roden Richard B. S. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTMus musculus papillomavirus 1 (MmuPV1/MusPV1) induces persistent papillomas in immunodeficient mice but not in common laboratory strains. To facilitate the study of immune control, we sought an outbred and immunocompetent laboratory mouse strain in which persistent papillomas could be established. We found that challenge of SKH1 mice (Crl:SKH1-Hrhr) with MmuPV1 by scarification on their tail resulted in three clinical outcomes: (i) persistent (>2-month) papillomas (∼20%); (ii) transient papillomas that spontaneously regress, typically within 2 months (∼15%); and (iii) no visible papillomas and viral clearance (∼65%). SKH1 mice with persistent papillomas were treated by using a candidate preventive/therapeutic naked-DNA vaccine that expresses human calreticulin (hCRT) fused in frame to MmuPV1 E6 (mE6) and mE7 early proteins and residues 11 to 200 of the late protein L2 (hCRTmE6/mE7/mL2). Three intramuscular DNA vaccinations were delivered biweekly viain vivoelectroporation, and both humoral and CD8 T cell responses were mapped and measured. Previously persistent papillomas disappeared within 2 months after the final vaccination. Coincident virologic clearance was confirmed byin situhybridization and a failure of disease to recur after CD3 T cell depletion. Vaccination induced strong mE6 and mE7 CD8+T cell responses in all mice, although they were significantly weaker in mice that initially presented with persistent warts than in those that spontaneously cleared their infection. A human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16)-targeted version of the DNA vaccine also induced L2 antibodies and protected mice from vaginal challenge with an HPV16 pseudovirus. Thus, MmuPV1 challenge of SKH1 mice is a promising model of spontaneous and immunotherapy-directed clearances of HPV-related disease.IMPORTANCEHigh-risk-type human papillomaviruses (hrHPVs) cause 5% of all cancer cases worldwide, notably cervical, anogenital, and oropharyngeal cancers. Since preventative HPV vaccines have not been widely used in many countries and do not impact existing infections, there is considerable interest in the development of therapeutic vaccines to address existing disease and infections. The strict tropism of HPV requires the use of animal papillomavirus models for therapeutic vaccine development. However, MmuPV1 failed to grow in common laboratory strains of mice with an intact immune system. We show that MmuPV1 challenge of the outbred immunocompetent SKH1 strain produces both transient and persistent papillomas and that vaccination of the mice with a DNA expressing an MmuPV1 E6E7L2 fusion with calreticulin can rapidly clear persistent papillomas. Furthermore, an HPV16-targeted version of the DNA can protect against vaginal challenge with HPV16, suggesting the promise of this approach to both prevent and treat papillomavirus-related disease.
Delaying ACL reconstruction and treating with exercise therapy alone may alter prognostic factors for 5-year outcome: an exploratory analysis of the KANON trial
Authors: Filbay Stephanie R , Roos Ewa M , Frobell Richard B , Roemer Frank , Ranstam Jonas , Lohmander L Stefan 
Published: May 2017

AimIdentify injury-related, patient-reported and treatment-related prognostic factors for 5-year outcomes in acutely ACL-ruptured individuals managed with early reconstruction plus exercise therapy, exercise therapy plus delayed reconstruction or exercise therapy alone.MethodsExploratory analysis of the Knee Anterior Cruciate Ligament, Nonsurgical versus Surgical Treatment (KANON) trial (ISRCTN84752559). Relationships between prognostic factors (baseline cartilage, meniscus and osteochondral damage, baseline extension deficit, baseline patient-reported outcomes, number of rehabilitation visits, graft/contralateral ACL rupture, non-ACL surgery and ACL treatment strategy) and 5-year Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) pain, symptoms, sport/recreation and quality of life (QOL) scores were explored using multivariable linear regression. Estimates were adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, preinjury activity level, education and smoking.ResultsFor all participants (n=118), graft/contralateral ACL rupture, non-ACL surgery and worse baseline 36-item Short-Form Mental Component Scores were associated with worse outcomes. Treatment with exercise therapy alone was a prognostic factor forlessknee symptoms compared with early reconstruction plus exercise therapy (regression coefficient 10.1, 95% CI 2.3 to 17.9). Baseline meniscus lesion was associated with worse sport/recreation function (−14.4, 95% CI −27.6 to –1.3) and osteochondral lesions were associated with worse QOL (−12.3, 95% CI −24.3 to –0.4) following early reconstruction plus exercise therapy. In the same group, undergoing additional non-ACL surgery and worse baseline KOOS scores were prognostic for worse outcome on all KOOS subscales. Following delayed reconstruction, baseline meniscus damage was a prognostic factor forlesspain (14.3, 95% CI 0.7 to 27.9). Following exercise therapy alone, undergoing non-ACL surgery was prognostic for worse pain.ConclusionsTreatment-dependent differences in prognostic factors for 5-year outcomes may support individualised treatment after acute ACL rupture in young active individuals.Trial registration numberCurrent Controlled TrialsISRCTN84752559.
Functional assessment of the diaphragm by speckle tracking ultrasound during inspiratory loading
Authors: Oppersma Eline , Hatam Nima , Doorduin Jonne , van der Hoeven Johannes G. , Marx Gernot , Goetzenich Andreas , Fritsch Sebastian , Heunks Leo M. A. , Bruells Christian S. 
Published: May 2017

Assessment of diaphragmatic effort is challenging, especially in critically ill patients in the phase of weaning. Fractional thickening during inspiration assessed by ultrasound has been used to estimate diaphragm effort. It is unknown whether more sophisticated ultrasound techniques such as speckle tracking are superior in the quantification of inspiratory effort. This study evaluates the validity of speckle tracking ultrasound to quantify diaphragm contractility. Thirteen healthy volunteers underwent a randomized stepwise threshold loading protocol of 0–50% of the maximal inspiratory pressure. Electric activity of the diaphragm and transdiaphragmatic pressures were recorded. Speckle tracking ultrasound was used to assess strain and strain rate as measures of diaphragm tissue deformation and deformation velocity, respectively. Fractional thickening was assessed by measurement of diaphragm thickness at end-inspiration and end-expiration. Strain and strain rate increased with progressive loading of the diaphragm. Both strain and strain rate were highly correlated to transdiaphragmatic pressure (strain r2 = 0.72; strain rate r2 = 0.80) and diaphragm electric activity (strain r2 = 0.60; strain rate r2 = 0.66). We conclude that speckle tracking ultrasound is superior to conventional ultrasound techniques to estimate diaphragm contractility under inspiratory threshold loading. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Transdiaphragmatic pressure using esophageal and gastric balloons is the gold standard to assess diaphragm effort. However, this technique is invasive and requires expertise, and the interpretation may be complex. We report that speckle tracking ultrasound can be used to detect stepwise increases in diaphragmatic effort. Strain and strain rate were highly correlated with transdiaphragmatic pressure, and therefore, diaphragm electric activity and speckle tracking might serve as reliable tools to quantify diaphragm effort in the future.
A model for in vivo analysis of sudomotor sympathetic C-fiber activation and human sweat gland output
Authors: Mack Gary W. 
Published: May 2017

Quantitative assessment of small-fiber peripheral neuropathy often involves an evaluation of the interaction between the C-fiber sudomotor nerve and local sweat rate (SR). Typically, some sort of quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART) is performed to aid in diagnosing small-fiber dysfunction. The currently used QSART demonstrates only moderate test-retest reliability and therefore limits its usefulness in tracking small-fiber dysfunction. A new experimental model to examine small C-fiber function in the skin using intradermal electrical stimulation and simultaneous monitoring of SR is proposed. Using intradermal electrical stimulation (1.5 and 2.5 mA) and varying stimulus frequency from 0.2 to 64 Hz, a quantitative relationship between the area under the SR–time curve and log10 stimulus frequency is modeled using a four-parameter logistic equation, providing the following parameters: baseline, plateau, EC50, and Hill slope. The model has good to excellent repeatability within the same day (ICC = 0.98), on different days at the same skin site (ICC = 0.80), and when comparing two different skin sites (ICC = 0.78) with a small bias estimate and the line of identity always lying within the 95% limits of agreement. Atropine sulfate (0.1 mg/ml) blocked 90 ± 5% of the electrically induced sweating. Overall, the model provides control over sudomotor nerve activity and a quantitative assessment of SR. Finally, the ability to reproduce the quantitative stimulus-response curve on different days allows for a robust assessment of the relationship between the activation of a sympathetic C-fiber and local SR. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A model for quantitative assessment of C-fiber function in human skin using intradermal electrical stimulation and local sweat rate measurements has been developed. This new electrically induced sweating model is nonpainful and allows for a complete stimulus-response curve plotting the area under the local sweat rate-time curve vs. the log10 stimulus frequency. The model has good reproducibility and should provide a means of assessing the progression of small C-fiber peripheral neuropathy in humans.
All-Trans Retinoic Acid Prevents Osteosarcoma Metastasis by Inhibiting M2 Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages
Authors: Zhou Qian , Xian Miao , Xiang Senfeng , Xiang Danyan , Shao Xuejing , Wang Jincheng , Cao Ji , Yang Xiaochun , Yang Bo , Ying Meidan , He Qiaojun 
Published: May 2017

AbstractM2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) play a critical role in cancer invasion and metastasis. Here, we report that M2 macrophages enhanced metastasis of K7M2 WT osteosarcoma cells to the lungs in mice, thus establishing M2 TAMs as a therapeutic target for blocking osteosarcoma metastasis. We found that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) inhibited osteosarcoma metastasis via inhibiting the M2 polarization of TAMs. ATRA suppressed IL13- or IL4-induced M2-type macrophages, and then inhibited migration of osteosarcoma cells as promoted by M2-type macrophages in vitro. ATRA reduced the number of pulmonary metastatic nodes of osteosarcoma and decreased expression of M2-type macrophages in metastatic nodes both in intravenous injection and orthotopic transplantation models. ATRA's effect was independent of conventional STAT3/6 or C/EBPβ signaling, which regulate M2-like polarization of macrophages. Quantitative genomic and functional analyses revealed that MMP12, a macrophage-secreted elastase, was elevated in IL13-skewed TAM polarization, whereas ATRA treatment downregulated IL13-induced secretion of MMP12. This downregulation correlates with the antimetastasis effect of ATRA. Our results show the role of TAM polarization in osteosarcoma metastasis, identify a therapeutic opportunity for antimetastasis treatment, and indicate ATRA treatment as an approach for preventing osteosarcoma metastasis via M2-type polarization intervention. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(7); 547–59. ©2017 AACR.
Efficacy of an Anatomical Approach in Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Idiopathic Ventricular Arrhythmias Originating From the Left Ventricular Outflow Tract
Authors: Yamada Takumi , Yoshida Naoki , Doppalapudi Harish , Litovsky Silvio H. , McElderry H. Thomas , Kay G. Neal 
Published: May 2017

Background—
When anatomic obstacles preclude radiofrequency catheter ablation of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) originating from the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), an alternative approach from the anatomically opposite side (endocardial versus epicardial or above versus below the aortic valve) may be considered (anatomic ablation). The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of an anatomic ablation in idiopathic LVOT VAs.

Methods and Results—
We studied 229 consecutive patients with idiopathic LVOT VAs. Radiofrequency ablation from the first suitable site was successful in 190 patients, and in the remaining 39 patients, it was unsuccessful or had to be abandoned because of anatomic obstacles. In 22 of these 39 patients, an anatomic ablation was successful, and the VA origins were located in the intramural LVOT in 17 patients, basal left ventricular summit in 4, and LVOT septum near the His bundle in 1. The anatomic ablation was highly successful for idiopathic VAs originating from the intramural LVOT (>75%) and lateral LVOT, whereas it was unlikely to be successful for idiopathic VAs originating from the basal left ventricular summit (25%) and sepal LVOT.

Conclusions—
When a standard catheter ablation targeting the best electrophysiological measure of idiopathic LVOT VAs was unsuccessful or had to be abandoned because of anatomic obstacles, an anatomic ablation was moderately successful. These idiopathic LVOT VAs with a successful anatomic ablation commonly arose from the intramural LVOT among the left coronary cusp, aortomitral continuity, and epicardium, occasionally the basal left ventricular summit, and rarely the LVOT septum near the His bundle.
Closed-Form Analytic Solution of Cloud Dissipation for a Mixed-Layer Model
Authors: Akyurek Bengu Ozge , Kleissl Jan 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Stratocumulus clouds play an important role in climate cooling and are hard to predict using global climate and weather forecast models. Thus, previous studies in the literature use observations and numerical simulation tools, such as large-eddy simulation (LES), to solve the governing equations for the evolution of stratocumulus clouds. In contrast to the previous works, this work provides an analytic closed-form solution to the cloud thickness evolution of stratocumulus clouds in a mixed-layer model framework. With a focus on application over coastal lands, the diurnal cycle of cloud thickness and whether or not clouds dissipate are of particular interest. An analytic solution enables the sensitivity analysis of implicitly interdependent variables and extrema analysis of cloud variables that are hard to achieve using numerical solutions. In this work, the sensitivity of inversion height, cloud-base height, and cloud thickness with respect to initial and boundary conditions, such as Bowen ratio, subsidence, surface temperature, and initial inversion height, are studied. A critical initial cloud thickness value that can be dissipated pre- and postsunrise is provided. Furthermore, an extrema analysis is provided to obtain the minima and maxima of the inversion height and cloud thickness within 24 h. The proposed solution is validated against LES results under the same initial and boundary conditions.
Turbulent Mixing in a Deep Fracture Zone on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Authors: Clément Louis , Thurnherr Andreas M. , St. Laurent Louis C. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractMidocean ridge fracture zones channel bottom waters in the eastern Brazil Basin in regions of intensified deep mixing. The mechanisms responsible for the deep turbulent mixing inside the numerous midocean fracture zones, whether affected by the local or the nonlocal canyon topography, are still subject to debate. To discriminate those mechanisms and to discern the canyon mean flow, two moorings sampled a deep canyon over and away from a sill/contraction. A 2-layer exchange flow, accelerated at the sill, transports 0.04–0.10-Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) up canyon in the deep layer. At the sill, the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy ε increases as measured from microstructure profilers and as inferred from a parameterization of vertical kinetic energy. Cross-sill density and microstructure transects reveal an overflow potentially hydraulically controlled and modulated by fortnightly tides. During spring to neap tides, ε varies from O(10−9) to O(10−10) W kg−1 below 3500 m around the 2-layer interface. The detection of temperature overturns during tidal flow reversal, which almost fully opposes the deep up-canyon mean flow, confirms the canyon middepth enhancement of ε. The internal tide energy flux, particularly enhanced at the sill, compares with the lower-layer energy loss across the sill. Throughout the canyon away from the sill, near-inertial waves with downward-propagating energy dominate the internal wave field. The present study underlines the intricate pattern of the deep turbulent mixing affected by the mean flow, internal tides, and near-inertial waves.
Human CD62Ldim neutrophils identified as a separate subset by proteome profiling and in vivo pulse-chase labeling
Authors: Tak Tamar , Wijten Patrick , Heeres Marjolein , Pickkers Peter , Scholten Arjen , Heck Albert J. R. , Vrisekoop Nienke , Leenen Luke P. , Borghans José A. M. , Tesselaar Kiki , Koenderman Leo 
Published: May 2017

AbstractDuring acute inflammation, 3 neutrophil subsets are found in the blood: neutrophils with a conventional segmented nucleus, neutrophils with a banded nucleus, and T-cell–suppressing CD62Ldim neutrophils with a high number of nuclear lobes. In this study, we compared the in vivo kinetics and proteomes of banded, mature, and hypersegmented neutrophils to determine whether these cell types represent truly different neutrophil subsets or reflect changes induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation. Using in vivo pulse-chase labeling of neutrophil DNA with 6,6-2H2-glucose, we found that 2H-labeled banded neutrophils appeared much earlier in blood than labeled CD62Ldim and segmented neutrophils, which shared similar label kinetics. Comparison of the proteomes by cluster analysis revealed that CD62Ldim neutrophils were clearly separate from conventional segmented neutrophils despite having similar kinetics in peripheral blood. Interestingly, the conventional segmented cells were more related at a proteome level to banded cells despite a 2-day difference in maturation time. The differences between CD62Ldim and mature neutrophils are unlikely to have been a direct result of LPS-induced activation, because of the extremely low transcriptional capacity of CD62Ldim neutrophils and the fact that neutrophils do not directly respond to the low dose of LPS used in the study (2 ng/kg body weight). Therefore, we propose CD62Ldim neutrophils are a truly separate neutrophil subset that is recruited to the bloodstream in response to acute inflammation. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01766414.
Inhibiting the osteocyte-specific protein sclerostin increases bone mass and fracture resistance in multiple myeloma
Authors: McDonald Michelle M. , Reagan Michaela R. , Youlten Scott E. , Mohanty Sindhu T. , Seckinger Anja , Terry Rachael L. , Pettitt Jessica A. , Simic Marija K. , Cheng Tegan L. , Morse Alyson , Le Lawrence M. T. , Abi-Hanna David , Kramer Ina , Falank Carolyne , Fairfield Heather , Ghobrial Irene M. , Baldock Paul A. , Little David G. , Kneissel Michaela , Vanderkerken Karin , Bassett J. H. Duncan , Williams Graham R. , Oyajobi Babatunde O. , Hose Dirk , Phan Tri G. , Croucher Peter I. 
Published: May 2017

Key PointsAnti-sclerostin treatment increases bone mass and fracture resistance in MM Anti-sclerostin in combination with zoledronic acid is superior to zoledronic acid alone in increasing fracture resistance.