bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mysticete migration revisited: are Mediterranean fin whales an anomaly?
Authors: Geijer Christina K.A. , Notarbartolo di Sciara Giuseppe , Panigada Simone 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

The generally accepted model of Mysticete whale migration is that most individuals undertake seasonal migrations between high and low latitudes. Although numerous exceptions have been described in the literature, the traditional model remains unexamined. This paper represents the first ‘official’ challenge to the traditional model of Mysticete migration.

We set out to review the current state of knowledge on the Mediterranean fin whale migratory pattern, and to examine whether the small, resident population in the Mediterranean is an anomaly within the framework of the traditional model of Mysticete migration. We investigated the prevalence of alternative migratory strategies among the Mysticete whales, reviewing the migratory habits of the Mediterranean fin whales and those of other fin whale and baleen whale populations.

We reach three main conclusions. First, the seasonal behaviour of the resident Mediterranean fin whales is highly dynamic, and a decade of research has not clarified prevailing uncertainties regarding migration patterns. Second, migration strategies similar to those observed in the Mediterranean fin whales are commonly seen in other populations of baleen whales. Third, the traditional model of whale migration is too simplified to describe the repertoire of Mysticete migratory behaviours accurately.

We argue that the paradigm of baleen whale migration warrants further scrutiny to account for more complex movement strategies. We suggest that Mysticete migration should be thought of as a continuum of different strategies that have evolved in the face of different selective pressures. Instead of representing an exception to the rule, the resident Mediterranean fin whales may in fact fall towards one end of a larger spectrum of migratory behaviours. A greater knowledge of ecological factors, reproductive patterns, and local adaptations will be needed to understand the evolutionary mechanisms behind the diversity of migratory habits.
Social influence in childhood obesity interventions: a systematic review
Authors: Jalali M. S. , Sharafi‐Avarzaman Z. , Rahmandad H. , Ammerman A. S. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThe objective of this study is to understand the pathways through which social influence at the family level moderates the impact of childhood obesity interventions. We conducted a systematic review of obesity interventions in which parents' behaviours are targeted to change children's obesity outcomes, because of the potential social and environmental influence of parents on the nutrition and physical activity behaviours of children. PubMed (1966–2013) and the Web of Science (1900–2013) were searched, and 32 studies satisfied our inclusion criteria. Results for existing mechanisms that moderate parents' influence on children's behaviour are discussed, and a causal pathway diagram is developed to map out social influence mechanisms that affect childhood obesity. We provide health professionals and researchers with recommendations for leveraging family‐based social influence mechanisms to increase the efficacy of obesity intervention programmes. © 2016 World Obesity
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome after pediatric heart transplantation: Increased risk for children with preexisting Glenn/Fontan physiology
Authors: Eilers Braiden , Albers Erin , Law Yuk , McMullan D. Mike , Shaw Dennis , Kemna Mariska 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIdentification of risk factors for PRES after organ transplant can improve early detection and avoid permanent neurological injury. High calcineurin‐inhibitor levels and hypertension are recognized risk factors for PRES in adult transplant recipients. Limited data exist regarding PRES after pediatric HTx, with studies limited to case reports. We performed a retrospective review of 128 pediatric HTx recipients to identify risk factors for PRES. Seven of 128 (5.5%) recipients developed PRES at a median of 10 days (5–57) after HTx. The median age of recipients with PRES was 10.0 yr (5.7–19.0), compared to 1.4 yr (0.0–19.8) for recipients without PRES (p = 0.010). Fewer than half of recipients with PRES had elevated post‐transplant calcineurin‐inhibitor levels (n = 3) and/or preceding severe hypertension (n = 3). Four of seven who developed PRES (57%) had pretransplant Glenn or Fontan physiology (G/F). G/F was a significant risk factor for PRES (RR 4.99, 95% CI: 1.19–21.0, p = 0.036). Two recipients (29%), both with severe PRES, had residual neurological symptoms. In summary, PRES occurred in 5.5% of pediatric HTx recipients and presented early after HTx. All recipients with PRES were > 5 yr. Patients with pretransplant G/F were at increased risk, a risks factor not previously described.
Bronchodilator responsiveness of peripheral airways in smokers with normal spirometry
Authors: Jetmalani Kanika , Chapman David G. , Thamrin Cindy , Farah Claude S. , Berend Norbert , Salome Cheryl M. , King Gregory G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackground and objectiveCigarette smoke exposure increases airway smooth muscle (ASM) contractility. Abnormalities in peripheral airway function in smokers with normal spirometry could be due to the effects of ASM tone. We aimed to determine the contribution of ASM tone to peripheral airway function in smokers with normal spirometry from the response to bronchodilator (BD).MethodsVentilation heterogeneity in peripheral conductive (Scond) and acinar (Sacin) airways were measured in 50 asymptomatic smokers and 20 never‐smokers using multiple breath nitrogen washout, before and 20 min after inhalation of 200 µg salbutamol and 80 µg ipratropium bromide. Z‐scores were calculated to define abnormality in Sacin and Scond.ResultsNineteen smokers had abnormal Sacin, and 12 had abnormal Scond; 7 had abnormalities in both. After BD, Sacin improved in smokers with normal Sacin (6.5 ± 15.9%, P = 0.02), smokers with abnormal Sacin (9.2 ± 16.9%, P = 0.03) and in control subjects (11.7 ± 18.2%, P = 0.01), with no differences in improvements between groups. Sacin remained abnormal in 15/19 smokers and their post‐BD values correlated with smoking exposure (r = 0.53, P = 0.02). After BD, Scond improved in smokers with abnormal Scond (28.3 ± 15.9%, P = 0.002) and normalized in 9/12 subjects, but not in those with normal Scond (0.25 ± 32.7%, P = 0.44) or control subjects (−1.7 ± 21.2%, P = 0.64).ConclusionIn smokers with normal spirometry, abnormal conductive airway function could be attributed to increased bronchomotor tone. In contrast, bronchomotor tone in acinar airways is unaffected by smoking and functional abnormality. There may be different causal mechanisms underlying acinar and conductive airway abnormalities in smokers with normal spirometry.
Cross‐cultural validity and measurement invariance of the Organizational Stressor Indicator for Sport Performers (OSI‐SP) across three countries
Authors: Arnold R. , Ponnusamy V. , Zhang C.‐Q. , Gucciardi D. F. 
Published: May 2016

Organizational stressors are a universal phenomenon which can be particularly prevalent and problematic for sport performers. In view of their global existence, it is surprising that no studies have examined cross‐cultural differences in organizational stressors. One explanation for this is that the Organizational Stressor Indicator for Sport Performers (OSI‐SP; Arnold, Fletcher, & Daniels, 2013), which can comprehensively measure the organizational pressures that sport performers have encountered, has not yet been translated from English into any other languages nor scrutinized cross‐culturally. The first purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine the cross‐cultural validity of the OSI‐SP. In addition, the study aimed to test the equivalence of the OSI‐SP's factor structure across cultures. British (n = 379), Chinese (n = 335), and Malaysian (n = 444) sport performers completed the OSI‐SP. Confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the cross‐cultural validity of the factorial model for the British and Malaysian samples; however, the overall model fit for the Chinese data did not meet all guideline values. Support was provided for the equality of factor loadings, variances, and covariances on the OSI‐SP across the British and Malaysian cultures. These findings advance knowledge and understanding on the cross‐cultural existence, conceptualization, and operationalization of organizational stressors.
Evaluation of supraspinatus strengthening exercises based on fiber bundle architectural changes
Authors: Sachdeva R. , Farthing J. P. , Kim S. Y. 
Published: May 2016

Supraspinatus strengthening is an integral part of rehabilitation programs. However, there is disparity regarding the best exercise. Thus, we investigated the effects of supraspinatus strengthening exercises on muscle fiber bundle architecture using real‐time ultrasound. Participants were randomized into full‐can (FC; n = 12), empty‐can (EC; n = 11,) and prone horizontal abduction (PHA; n = 11) groups and performed three sessions/week for 8 weeks. Each session involved four sets of exercise for weeks 1–4 and six sets for weeks 5–8 with eight repetitions/set. Images of supraspinatus were captured in 0° (relaxed) and 60° (contracted) glenohumeral abduction. Fiber bundle length (FBL), pennation angle, and muscle thickness were measured at beginning, mid, and end of training. Maximum isometric abduction strength was measured in full‐can, empty‐can, and prone horizontal abduction positions using a hand‐held dynamometer. FBL decreased after 4 weeks in FC [relaxed: Δ = −0.54 cm, P = 0.001, d = 0.92; contracted: Δ = −0.27 cm, P = 0.008, d = 0.27] and EC [relaxed: Δ = −0.59 cm, P = 0.008, d = 0.86; contracted: Δ = −0.36 cm, P = 0.013, d = 0.59], but not in PHA [relaxed: Δ = −0.11, P = 0.121, d = 0.31; contracted: Δ = −0.06 cm, P = 0.486, d = 0.13]. Strength increased significantly from week 4–8 only in PHA (Δ = +0.96 kg, P = 0.004, d = 0.47) when tested in prone horizontal abduction position. Maintenance of FBL with increased strength indicates prone horizontal abduction may be a better exercise to strengthen supraspinatus.
The Effects of Sport-Specific Drills Training or High-Intensity Interval Training in Young Tennis Players
Authors: Fernandez-Fernandez Jaime , Sanz David , Sarabia Jose Manuel , Moya Manuel 
Published: May 2016

Purpose:To compare the effects of combining high-intensity training (HIT) and sport-specific drill training (MT) versus sportspecific drill training alone (DT) on fitness performance characteristics in young tennis players.Methods:Twenty young tennis players (14.8 ± 0.1 y) were assigned to either DT (n = 10) or MT (n = 10) for 8 wk. Tennis drills consisted of two 16- to 22-min on-court exercise sessions separated by 3 min of passive rest, while MT consisted of 1 sport-specific DT session and 1 HIT session, using 16–22 min of runs at intensities (90–95%) related to the velocity obtained in the 30–15 Intermittent Fitness Test (VIFT) separated by 3 min of passive rest. Pre- and posttests included peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), VIFT, speed (20 m, with 5- and 10-m splits), 505 Agility Test, and countermovement jump (CMJ).Results:There were significant improvements after the training period in VO2peak (DT 2.4%, ES = moderate; MT 4.2%, ES = large) and VIFT (DT 2.2%, ES = small; MT 6.3%, ES = large) for both DT and MT, with no differences between training protocols. Results also showed a large increase in the 505 Agility Test after MT, while no changes were reported in the other tests (sprint and CMJ), either for MT or DT.Conclusions:Even though both training programs resulted in significant improvements in aerobic performance, a mixed program combining tennis drills and runs based on the VIFT led to greater gains and should be considered the preferred training method for improving aerobic power in young athletes.
No Improved Performance With Repeated-Sprint Training in Hypoxia Versus Normoxia: A Double-Blind and Crossover Study
Authors: Montero David , Lundby Carsten 
Published: May 2016

Context:Few recent studies indicate that short-term repeated-sprint (RS) training in hypoxia (RSH) improves RS performance compared with identical training under normoxic conditions (RSN) in endurance-trained subjects.Purpose:To determine the effects of RSH against RSN on RS performance under normoxic and moderate hypoxic conditions, using a randomized, doubleblind, crossover experimental design.Methods:Fifteen endurance-trained male subjects (age 25 ± 4 y) performed 4 wk of RS training (3 sessions/wk) in normobaric hypoxia (RSH, FiO2 = 13.8%) and normoxia (RSN, FiO2 = 20.9%) in a crossover manner. Before and after completion of training, RS tests were performed on a cycle ergometer with no prior exercise (RSNE), after an incremental exercise test (RSIE), and after a time-trial test (RSTT) in normoxia and hypoxia.Results:Peak power outputs at the incremental exercise test and time-trial performance were unaltered by RSH in normoxia and hypoxia. RS performance was generally enhanced by RSH, as well as RSN, but there were no additional effects of RSH over RSN on peak and mean sprint power output and the number of repeated sprints performed in the RSNE, RSIE, and RSTT trials under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.Conclusions:The present double-blind crossover study indicates that RSH does not improve RS performance compared with RSN in normoxic and hypoxic conditions in endurance-trained subjects. Therefore, caution should be exercised when proposing RSH as an advantageous method to improve exercise performance.
The Commonality Between Approaches to Determine Jump Fatigue During Basketball Activity in Junior Players: In-Game Versus Across-Game Decrements
Authors: Scanlan Aaron T. , Fox Jordan L. , Borges Nattai R. , Dalbo Vincent J. 
Published: May 2016

Purpose:Declines in high-intensity activity during game play (in-game approach) and performance tests measured pre- and postgame (across-game approach) have been used to assess player fatigue in basketball. However, a direct comparison of these approaches is not available. Consequently, this study examined the commonality between in- and across-game jump fatigue during simulated basketball game play.Methods:Australian, state-level, junior male basketball players (n = 10; 16.6 ± 1.1 y, 182.4 ± 4.3 cm, 68.3 ± 10.2 kg) completed 4 × 10-min standardized quarters of simulated basketball game play. In-game jump height during game play was measured using video analysis, while across-game jump height was determined pre-, mid-, and postgame play using an in-ground force platform. Jump height was determined using the flight-time method, with jump decrement calculated for each approach across the first half, second half, and entire game.Results:A greater jump decrement was apparent for the in-game approach than for the across-game approach in the first half (37.1% ± 11.6% vs 1.7% ± 6.2%; P = .005; d = 3.81, large), while nonsignificant, large differences were evident between approaches in the second half (d = 1.14) and entire game (d = 1.83). Nonsignificant associations were evident between in-game and across-game jump decrement, with shared variances of 3–26%.Conclusions:Large differences and a low commonality were observed between in- and across-game jump fatigue during basketball game play, suggesting that these approaches measure different constructs. Based on our findings, it is not recommended that basketball coaches use these approaches interchangeably to monitor player fatigue across the season.
Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Quick-Dissolving Polymeric Vaginal Films Delivering the Antiretroviral IQP-0528 for Preexposure Prophylaxis
Authors: Srinivasan Priya , Zhang Jining , Martin Amy , Kelley Kristin , McNicholl Janet M. , Buckheit Robert W. , Smith James M. , Ham Anthony S. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

For human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention, microbicides or drugs delivered as quick-dissolving films may be more acceptable to women than gels because of their compact size, minimal waste, lack of an applicator, and easier storage and transport. This has the potential to improve adherence to promising products for preexposure prophylaxis. Vaginal films containing IQP-0528, a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, were evaluated for their pharmacokinetics in pigtailed macaques. Polymeric films (22 by 44 by 0.1 mm; providing 75% of a human dose) containing IQP-0528 (1.5%, wt/wt) with and without poly(lactic-
co
-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticle encapsulation were inserted vaginally into pigtailed macaques in a crossover study design (
n
= 6). With unencapsulated drug, the median (range) vaginal fluid concentrations of IQP-0528 were 160.97 (2.73 to 2,104), 181.79 (1.86 to 15,800), and 484.50 (8.26 to 4,045) μg/ml at 1, 4, and 24 h after film application, respectively. Median vaginal tissue IQP-0528 concentrations at 24 h were 3.10 (0.03 to 222.58) μg/g. The values were similar at locations proximal, medial, and distal to the cervix. The IQP-0528 nanoparticle-formulated films delivered IQP-0528 in vaginal tissue and secretions at levels similar to those obtained with the unencapsulated formulation. A single application of either formulation did not disturb the vaginal microflora or the pH (7.24 ± 0.84 [mean ± standard deviation]). The high mucosal IQP-0528 levels delivered by both vaginal film formulations were between 1 and 5 log higher than the
in vitro
90% inhibitory concentration (IC
90
) of 0.146 μg/ml. The excellent coverage and high mucosal levels of IQP-0528, well above the IC
90
, suggest that the films may be protective and warrant further evaluation in a vaginal repeated low dose simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) transmission study in macaques and clinically in women.
Previous Antibiotic Exposure Increases Risk of Infection with Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase- and AmpC-Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Zerr Danielle M. , Miles-Jay Arianna , Kronman Matthew P. , Zhou Chuan , Adler Amanda L. , Haaland Wren , Weissman Scott J. , Elward Alexis , Newland Jason G. , Zaoutis Theoklis , Qin Xuan 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to determine whether antibiotic exposure is associated with extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase- or AmpC-producing
Escherichia coli
or
Klebsiella pneumoniae
infections in children. We collected extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase- or AmpC-producing
E. coli
or
K. pneumoniae
isolates and same-species susceptible controls from normally sterile sites of patients aged ≤21 years, along with associated clinical data, at four free-standing pediatric centers. After controlling for potential confounders, the relative risk of having an extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing isolate rather than a susceptible isolate was 2.2 times higher (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.49 to 3.35) among those with antibiotic exposure in the 30 days prior to infection than in those with no antibiotic exposure. The results were similar when analyses were limited to exposure to third-generation cephalosporins, other broad-spectrum beta-lactams, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Conversely, the relative risk of having an AmpC-producing versus a susceptible isolate was not significantly elevated with any antibiotic exposure in the 30 days prior to infection (adjusted relative risk ratio, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.65 to 1.91). However, when examining subgroups of antibiotics, the relative risk of having an AmpC-producing isolate was higher for patients with exposure to third-generation cephalosporins (adjusted relative risk ratio, 4.48; 95% CI, 1.75 to 11.43). Dose-response relationships between antibiotic exposure and extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing or AmpC-producing isolates were not demonstrated. These results reinforce the need to study and implement pediatric antimicrobial stewardship strategies, and they indicate that epidemiological studies of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant
E. coli
and
K. pneumoniae
isolates should include resistance mechanisms when possible.
Systematic Review of Factors Associated with Antibiotic Prescribing for Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: McKay Rachel , Mah Allison , Law Michael R. , McGrail Kimberlyn , Patrick David M. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Antibiotic use is a modifiable driver of antibiotic resistance. In many circumstances, antibiotic use is overly broad or unnecessary. We systematically assessed factors associated with antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract infections (RTI). Studies were included if they used actual (not self-reported or intended) prescribing data, assessed factors associated with antibiotic prescribing for RTIs, and performed multivariable analysis of associations. We searched Medline, Embase, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts using keyword and MeSH (medical subject headings) search terms. Two authors reviewed each abstract and independently appraised all included texts. Data on factors affecting antibiotic prescribing were extracted. Our searches retrieved a total of 2,848 abstracts, with 97 included in full-text review and 28 meeting full inclusion criteria. Compared to other factors, diagnosis of acute bronchitis was associated with increased antibiotic prescribing (range of adjusted odds ratios [aOR], 1.56 to 15.9). Features on physical exam, such as fever, purulent sputum, abnormal respiratory exam, and tonsillar exudate, were also associated with higher odds of antibiotic prescribing. Patient desire for an antibiotic was not associated or was modestly associated with prescription (range of aORs, 0.61 to 9.87), in contrast to physician perception of patient desire for antibiotics, which showed a stronger association (range of aORs, 2.11 to 23.3). Physician's perception of patient desire for antibiotics was strongly associated with antibiotic prescribing. Antimicrobial stewardship programs should continue to expand in the outpatient setting and should emphasize clear and direct communication between patients and physicians, as well as signs and symptoms that do and do not predict bacterial etiology of upper respiratory tract infections.