bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drilling Mud Gravity Segregation in Wellbore Zone and Its Effect on Induction and Electric Logging Measurements
Authors: Bocharov Oleg , Makarov Alexander , Seryakov Alexander 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Mudcake formation while performing overbalanced drilling prevents intensive mud filtrate invasion into the formation. The hydrodynamic resistance that grows together with the mudcake blocks filtration through its boundary and gradually puts formation fluid motion under the effect of the gravity force determined by the difference of filtrate and formation fluid densities. This effect can be traced using wireline electromagnetic (EM) logging a day (or a few days) after reservoir penetration. This paper presents the results of 2D filtration and electromagnetic modeling for analysis of fluid saturation and formation resistivity alterations after drilling a well in a highly permeable reservoir. It contains Multi-Laterolog resistivity logging signal distribution diagrams for different time moment after well drilling. The wide time frame of the modeling (up to one month) has made it possible to determine characteristic time intervals, where the gravity force seriously affected the invaded-zone structure and the tool's measurements. The study has also revealed the conditions that result in incorrect interpretation of these measurements.
Tight Oil Field Development Optimization Based on Experience of Canadian Analogs
Authors: Karpov V. B. , Parshin N. V. , Sleptsov D. I. , Moiseenko A. A. , Ryazanov A. A. , Golovatskiy Y. A. , Petrashov O. V. , Zhirov A. V. , Kurelenkova Y. V. , Ishimov I. A. , Im P. T. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The paper presents a study of field development optimization of the large tight oil field in West Siberia. The field is at an early development stage and is characterized by low permeability (less than 1 mD). It is developed by horizontal wells with multistage hydraulic fracturing.
Analysis of available information about the field revealed the potential to improve field development efficiency. Field development analysis and optimization were carried out based on the experience of development of similar Canadian reservoirs. Two large fields were selected as analogues: Bakken ViewField and Pembina Cardium. The data on these fields is publicly available. These fields are developed during a long period of time enabling operating companies to learn from experience and use new knowledge and data to optimize completions systems and development strategies as a whole. Therefore it is possible to not only analyze the current field development stage, but also trace the evolution of approaches and assess, what benefits can be obtained from making various changes to the applied technologies and field development strategy. The positive experience of development of the Canadian fields formed the basis for the field development optimization options.
A set of suggested project decisions will enable improvement in field development efficiency and, in case of confirming by pilot projects, can be recommended for full-field implementation in the considered field and in the analogue fields.
Human Factors Management at Oil and Gas Assets: Increasing Personnel Risk Awareness Through Implementation of Safety Leadership Training Programs
Authors: Ivanov Ivan , Bradbeer Andrew , McKenzie-Kerr Dr. Alastair 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Creating a positive safety culture in the entire organization is the one of the key elements in successful Human Factors management. The main objective is to illustrate that Safety Leadership Training programs designed and facilitated based on the Accelerative Learning method, are a key tool to drive behavioural change towards obtaining a profound understanding of risks, with an ultimate aim to promote a positive safety culture and as consequence reduce the potential for human errors.
Human Factors refer to environmental, organizational and job factors as well as human and individual characteristics which influence behaviour at work in a way which can affect health and safety conditions. Even competent skilled professionals working with the best technology may make errors, demonstrate unsafe behaviours and take unacceptable risks. Taking these factors into consideration there is a need to create a strong safety culture in order to have a positive influence on people's behaviour. Safety culture can be significantly improved via leaders through support and coaching. Safety Leadership training is a tool to educate personnel, help improve the safety culture and reduce risks in the entire organization.
The Paper illustrates how the following factors influence people behaviour at work:
The job - Matching the job to the person will ensure the most effective contribution to the business results. Physical match includes the design of the whole workplace and working environment. Mental match involves the individual's information and decision-making requirements. Mismatches between job requirements and people's capabilities provide the potential for human error. The individual - Individual characteristics influence behaviour in complex and significant ways. Their effects on task performance may be negative and may not always be mitigated by job design. The organization - has the greatest influence on individual and group behaviour. Organizational safety culture should promote employee involvement and commitment. For example, if person A sees person B breaking a rule without consequences, then person A is more likely to break that rule.
Safety Leadership trainings that are delivered based on the Accelerated Learning Method improve the Safety culture in the organization and impact all the factors that influence people behaviour. This makes it an effective tool for personnel's engagement in safety, promotion of safety behaviour and reduction of the risk tolerability.
Real-Time Reservoir Characterization in Caspian Offshore Wells
Authors: Sadykov A. , El-Batawi A. , Akbayev B. , Dobrynin Y. , Kaipov Y. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The Caspian offshore is a perspective area for new hydrocarbon exploration projects. Being an environmental sensitive area it poses some constraints in terms of safety and duration of formation evaluation and testing campaign. This paper discuss the importance of real-time decision-making process during the formation evaluation on wireline and well testing operations for exploration wells drilled in Caspian Sea.
All wireline and well test acquisition data was transmitted in real-time to all the involved parties.. Field acquisition system was equipped with high-speed mobile satellite connection to provide seamless data transmission and two-way communication. Acquired data were encrypted and stored in secure server installed in Atyrau region.
Data from all sensors was visualized at the rig and the town. Specialized software was utilized to calculate well and tools diagnostic parameters and provide interpretation in real-time to improve the whole process that allowed to optimize operations and formation evaluation procedures.
This paper outlines experience and lessons learnt during the real-time formation evaluation and well testing in Caspian Offshore. Zhambyl Petroleum is the company in Caspian Offshore where the real-time philosophy has been successfully implemented.
During the exploration campaign in Caspian Sea the real-time decision-making process demonstrated that the real-time is not only about transmitting data, but also integrating multiple analysis and turning raw data into valuable knowledge during the test. It enables the information to be passed to the right people and allows for the critical decisions to be made in short time.
Thanks to the real-time enabled transmission, calculation, visualization, improved communication and collaboration between offshore and town resulted in fast analysis and interpretation of the data. Allowing fast decision-making process to optimize downhole pressure measurement, sampling, downhole fluid analysis and well test duration. Finally the real-time led to saving of the valuable rig time and ensured that all the objectives have been achieved before the rig demobilization.
The paper provided recommendations for future wells drilled in Caspian Sea taking into account lessons learnt from previous wells.
Data Quality Control for Quantitative Seismic Interpretation
Authors: Kosnazarova Nurgul 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
With the modern geological and geophysical study maturity, the problem of the exploration and in-field exploration stages is based not only on the building of proper structural model of the field, but also on the prediction of reservoir properties by various methods of quantitative interpretation. This paper describes application of seismic inversion with the purpose of receiving reliable results about reservoir layers characterization and analysis of lithology. Loss or reduction in the quality of well and seismic data during the registration of curve, fieldwork and/or during processing, absence or bad quality of well logs lead to restriction of the usage of different seismic inversion algorithms. As a result, it is not always possible to obtain reliable quantitative prediction of reservoir properties.
Seismic inversion was realized on two oil and gas fields. For the inversion, different packages of well and seismic data are used. Well logging response from acoustic and density due to various technological and geologic-geophysical reasons is subject to noticeable distortion. In this regard, for more reliable results normalizing, correction and synthesis of curves have been carried out by different methods.
On the first field the executed complex of well logs has allowed to divide sedimentary section on reservoir and surrounding formations, however it was not possible to receive appropriate petrophysical model. Low coefficient ratio of seismic well tie (0, 52) did not allow to execute qualitative inversion.
On the second field as a result of simultaneous inversion with the use of logging data after correction the most positive prediction of reservoir properties is received. Corrected data are uniform and contains the smallest number of artifacts that provide the correct distribution of trend values of the decision.
The result of seismic inversion depends on the quality of input data. Therefore, as long as the proper attention is not paid to the quality of the recording instruments and seismic surveys, to the number and completeness of the necessary methods, especially important is to carry out data quality control for quantitative interpretation. Without use of reliable results of inversion transformations, it is impossible to predict reasonably and accurately reservoir properties of perspective objects and estimate their resources.
Tuning the Relative Permeability Curves to Successfully History Match the Multi-Component Compositional Model of an Oil-Gas-Condensate Field
Authors: Pokhilyuk Marina , Kazhykenkyzy Assiya , Tasmukhanova Gulnara 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
As is well known, fields containing great amount of condensate in gas phase are comparable to oil fields. Phase transformations of formation fluid makes the main influence on the oil, gas and condensate field development process, and consequently on condensate and oil recovery. The paper focuses on solution to one of the problems encountered in history matching process of oil, gas and condensate reservoir with oil rim concerning quantitative description of the multiphase fluid.
Along with complex fluid model, varying formation fluid composition with depth, transforming from gaseous phase into liquid phase, high amount of condensate in formation gas, geological framework etc., relative permeability curves are an overriding concern in modelling of gas displacement from oil rim and oil displacement from gas saturated formations.
On the basis of the history matching results in general and the maximum possible oil, gas and condensate rate matching, every well was analyzed individually. History matching was achieved by matching oil rate in wells producing from oil rim, partially gas, and by matching gas rate in wells producing from gas-saturated units.
The main challenge of history matching process was misfit between simulated parameters of gas wells, in particular C5+ fractions because of incorrect distribution of gas saturation and modelling of C5+ fractions as an oil phase. In the model with increase of gas production, the C5+ production increased as well, while according to historical data condensate-gas ratio was decreasing.
The shapes of gas-oil relative permeability curves without changing their critical parameters were adapted while history matching of gas ratio (in oil wells) and condensate-gas ratio (in gas wells).
That is one possible way of history matching of simulated model of a complex oil, gas and condensate field with an oil rim.
As a result of comprehensive efforts, including the adaptation of relative permeability curves, the simulated model was history matched within 3% error in oil production and less than 1% error in gas production.
The Evaluation of Karst in the Non-Matrix Model of Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Abishev Daniyar , Kassenov Akzhan 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Karst is developed by the dissolution of soluble rock caused by an active fluid flow. It significantly increases the porosity and permeability compared to the matrix system. Active flowing along the top, bottom and edges of the lenses near the coastline leads to the formation of pores of meters scale because of the dissolution of the rocks. All this must be considered when constructing a geological model for further effective development of the field. A new approach in karst extraction and modeling is implemented using factor analysis.
The first stage consists of a selection of large karst geobodies using seismic data. Inversion seismic volume (an inversion for acoustic impedance) is used for the extraction of geobodies. In addition, a variety of seismic volume attributes is used to extract karst geobodies, and then a resampling of these seismic attributes is done. After that synthetic logs for all wells with non-matrix properties on the attribute parameters were obtained. Geobody extraction followed by its export to the properties of the geological model is carried out.
The second stage includes the extraction of karst using well data, such as core, well logs, mud losses intervals and CHCD (closed hole circulation drilling). Then factor analysis is used to examine the link between the values of different variables and determine the best correlation between the parameters and groups. Based on these data karst flags on wells are generated.
As a result, generated discrete karst log is scaled up and distributed throughout the geological model using a 3D trend of geobodies property in Petrel software. The percentage of karst in geobody is based on well data. The size and distribution of karst are based on field analogues and published materials on outcrops analogues. Porosity logs within karst intervals are created and distributed in the 3D model using a stochastic algorithm.
Own methodology of karst model construction is presented, especially new approach in karst extraction and modeling is applied using multivariate statistical analysis - factor analysis. Factor analysis is multivariate method applied to study the link between the values of variables. It is assumed that the known variables depend on fewer unknown variables and random errors. The implemented mathematical apparatus is confirmed with real data on the well.
Overview of Depositional and Diagenetic Impacts on Reservoir Characterization, Karachaganak Field, Kazakhstan
Authors: Yakhiyayev Nursultan , Cozzi Mauro , Jenkins Steve 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Karachaganak Field is a giant gas-condensate reservoir located in north-western Kazakhstan. The reservoir is composed of an isolated carbonate build-up of Carboniferous - Early Permian age, located on the northern edge of the Pri-Caspian Basin.
The reservoir is overlain by three thick salt domes which were formed by the movement of an evaporitic sequence deposited at the end of Early-Permian. This salt tectonics has locally affected the seismic image of the reservoir and consequently makes seismic interpretation challenging. A high fold and wide-azimuth 3D seismic volume has been acquired over Karachaganak. Preliminary migrations of this new seismic volume have improved resolution of the reservoir geometry and facies.
The Karachaganak carbonate reservoir is characterized by both slope and platform depositional systems, and the reservoir has undergone significant diagenetic alteration. Diagenesis has altered the original depositional rock fabric, pore and pore throat geometry. Critical reservoir properties such as porosity, permeability and irreducible water saturation at Karachaganak are influenced by of both depositional and diagenetic processes. The degree of diagenetic alteration of Karachaganak is greater than some other analogous carbonate reservoirs in the Pri-Caspian basin.
This paper discusses the current reservoir model for the post-Tula Carboniferous deposits, which is based on a synthesis of understanding of the depositional and diagenetic processes at Karachaganak. The current reservoir model incorporates the results from recently drilled wells, recent interpretations of 3D seismic data and well tests. The resulting dynamic model has a good history match to observed well performance, and provides a basis for field development decisions.
Karachaganak Petroleum Operating (KPO) joint-venture is conducting additional studies of the field deposition and diagenesis to provide new insights into the complex geological history of the field to improve reservoir characterization and reservoir management activities.
Characterization of Gas Reinjection at Karachaganak Field, Kazakhstan
Authors: Kassenov Alibek , Kaliyev Bakytzhan 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Karachaganak field is one of the largest accumulations of gas-condensate in the world. The field has been in production since 1985. Current development is focused on the oil rim and a gas injection programme has been implemented since 2004 using associated gas to support reservoir pressure.
The internal architecture of the Carboniferous reservoir is complex. Following deposition of the Tula shale the reservoir is characterised by an initial development of aggrading mounds followed by a progradation phase. During the Serpuhkovian, a prograding clinoform boundstone geometry is the lateral equivalent of a shallow cyclic platform dominated by grainy sediments. A more confined steep sided pinnacle complex follows as the last stage of the carbonate platform evolution.
Several environments of deposition are recognised in Karachaganak, including boundstone facies mainly deposited during the aggradation phase of the platform evolution, and the overlying cyclic platform. The target of the injectors wells is the cyclic platform, characterised by the deposition of tidal cycles which generally act as pressure baffle and lead to a high anisotropy in reservoir permeability.
The paper focuses on the geological and dynamic review of the gas Injection with the aim of improving the knowledge on gas movement and the reservoir models/predictions, and of optimizing the field development.
Intercostal Nerve Blocks Using Liposomal Bupivacaine
Authors: Hofer Ryan , Rosenberg Casandra , Niesen Adam , Amundson Adam , Eldrige Jason 
Published: October 2016

SummaryA 51‐year‐old male was admitted to the intensive care unit following a cardiac arrest during which he received chest compressions and suffered rib fractures. The patient's condition subsequently improved and tracheal extubation was eventually planned. However, he was unable to tolerate spontaneous breathing trials due to pain from his rib fractures. Systemic analgesia provided either insufficient pain control or over‐sedation. Neuraxial techniques were contraindicated as he was receiving systemic anticoagulation and antiplatelet medications. Intercostal nerve blocks with liposomal bupivacaine were performed under ultrasound guidance without complications. Approximately six hours after the injections, the patients trachea was successfully extubated with no further need for respiratory support through to discharge. In appropriately selected patients, intercostal nerve blocks with liposomal bupivacaine can adequately treat pain from rib fractures and improve respiratory mechanics.
Mediastinitis secondary to use of LMA Supreme and gastric tube insertion
Authors: Lee Yeeshay , Soon Yuen , Tan Chee Keat 
Published: October 2016

SummaryWe present a case of a piriform fossa tear leading to mediastinitis associated with use of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) Supreme™ and gastric tube insertion during elective orthopaedic surgery.
Uvular necrosis in an adolescent following general anaesthesia in the prone position
Authors: Smith Zoe , Lobo Shirley 
Published: October 2016

SummaryUvular necrosis is a rare but potentially life‐threatening complication of general anaesthesia involving endotracheal intubation. The proposed mechanism is mechanical disruption of uvular blood supply resulting in ischaemia and subsequent necrosis. This is typically a consequence of impingement of the uvula against a midline tracheal tube and the hard palate. Vigorous suctioning, multiple pharyngeal tubes and patient positioning have also been implicated. We present the case of a 13‐yr‐old girl who suffered uvular necrosis following a procedure performed in the prone position. The patient was reassured and managed conservatively. As in previous cases, after two weeks she made a full recovery following separation of the necrosed portion of her uvula. In the paediatric population, due to the relatively smaller oropharyngeal space, particular vigilance should be maintained during airway instrumentation, patient positioning, and placement of pharyngeal tubes in order to minimise the risk of uvular trauma.
Taurine improves lambda cyhalothrin induced biochemical alterations in Wistar rat liver
Authors: Ghosh Rini , Das Tuhina , Paramanik Anurag , Choudhury* Sujata Maiti 
Published: October 2016

Taurine is a major intracellular free β-amino acid, which can protect the body against toxicity. Lambda-cyhalothrin, a third-generation type II pyrethroid. is used predominantly in agriculture production and animal husbandry. The aim of the present study was to investigate lambda cyhalothrin-induced biochemical changes in rat liver and to search out the possible role of taurine for the attenuation of hepatotoxic biomarkers. Male rats were randomly divided into six groups and lambda cyhalothrin was orally administered at two dose levels (10.83mg/body wt., 15.17mg/body wt.) alone and in combination with taurine pretreatment (50mg/kg body wt) for 14 consecutive days. A significant change in blood glucose level with a marked decline in glycogen content were indicated the hepatic dysfunction in lambda cyhalothrin treated rats. This was also confirmed by the altered activities of serum hepatic biomarker enzymes and lipid profiles in LCT intoxicated rats. Pre-treatment of taurine mitigated the abnormalities. These findings pointed out the toxic effect of lambda cyhalothrin in rat liver and also revealed the protective action of taurine against this pyrethroid.