bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A case‐controlled comparison of postoperative analgesic dosing between girls with Rett syndrome and girls with and without developmental disability undergoing spinal fusion surgery
Authors: Barney Chantel C. , Merbler Alyssa M. , Quest Kelsey , Byiers Breanne J. , Wilcox George L. , Schwantes Scott , Roiko Samuel A. , Feyma Timothy , Beisang Arthur , Symons Frank J. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryBackgroundRett syndrome is associated with severe motor and communicative impairment making optimal postoperative pain management a challenge. There are case reports documenting reduced postoperative analgesic requirement in Rett syndrome.AimThe goal of this preliminary investigation was to compare postoperative analgesic management among a sample of girls with Rett syndrome compared to girls with and without developmental disability undergoing spinal fusion surgery.MethodThe medical records of eight girls with Rett syndrome (mean age = 13.2 years, sd = 1.9), eight girls with developmental disability (cerebral palsy; mean age = 13.1 years, sd = 2.0), and eight girls without developmental disability (adolescent idiopathic scoliosis; mean age = 13.4, sd = 1.8) were reviewed. Data related to demographics, medications, and route of drug administration were recorded.ResultsGirls with Rett syndrome received significantly fewer morphine equivalent opioids postoperatively (M = 0.26 mg·kg−1·day−1, sd = 0.10) compared to girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (M = 0.47mg·kg−1·day−1, sd = 0.13; 95% CI −0.34 to −0.08; P = 0.001) and girls with CP (M = 0.40 mg·kg−1 per day, sd = 0.14; 95% CI −0.27 to −0.02; P = 0.01). Girls with Rett syndrome received significantly fewer opioid patient‐controlled analgesic (PCA) bolus doses (given by proxy; M = 42.63, sd = 17.84) compared to girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (M = 98.25, sd = 52.77; 95% CI −96.42 to −14.83; P = 0.01). There was also some evidence indicating girls with Rett syndrome received fewer bolus doses compared to girls with CP (M = 80.88, sd = 38.93; 95% CI −79.05 to 2.55; P = 0.06). On average, girls with Rett syndrome also received smaller total doses of acetaminophen, diazepam, and hydroxyzine.ConclusionThis study highlights possible discrepancies in postoperative pain management specific to girls with Rett syndrome and suggests further investigation is warranted to determine best practice for postoperative analgesic management for this vulnerable patient population.
The impact of capnography monitoring among children and adolescents in the postanesthesia care unit: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Langhan Melissa L. , Li Fang‐Yong , Lichtor J. Lance 
Published: February 2017

SummaryBackgroundPulse oximetry does not reliably recognize respiratory depression, particularly in the presence of supplemental oxygen. Capnography frequently detects hypoventilation and apnea among children recovering from anesthesia. Although children are routinely monitored with capnography during anesthesia, reducing the rate of adverse events, it is not routinely used in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU), where patients remain at risk for respiratory depression.AimWe hypothesized that children monitored with capnography would have more frequent staff interventions and fewer adverse events than children monitored with pulse oximetry alone.MethodsOtherwise healthy children of age 1–20 years undergoing general anesthesia for elective surgery were eligible for enrollment upon entering the pediatric PACU. Subjects were randomized as to whether PACU staff could view the capnography monitor (intervention group) or not (control group). All children received standard monitoring with pulse oximetry. Vital signs and patient interventions were recorded every 30 s by a portable monitor or a research associate.ResultsData from 201 children were analyzed. The rates of hypopneic hypoventilation [5% (95% CI: 2–8%) per minute vs 1% (95% CI: −1% to 3%) per minute, difference 4% (95% CI: 0.2–8%) per minute; P = 0.04] and apnea [11% (95% CI: 8–14%) per minute vs 1.5% (95% CI: −2% to 5%) per minute, difference 9% (5–14%) per minute; P < 0.001] decreased significantly faster in our intervention group as compared to the control group. The rates of bradypnea decreased faster in our control group [5% (95% CI: 2–8%) per minute vs 1% (95% CI: 0–4%) per minute, difference 4% per minute, 95% CI: 0–9%; P = 0.05]. Rates of respiratory events over time between groups were affected by the presence or absence of interventions. There were no differences in rates of hypoxemia between groups over time.ConclusionsChildren monitored with capnography have different rates of adverse respiratory events over time than children monitored solely with pulse oximetry. The addition of capnography improved the efficacy of staff interventions, however did not impact rates of oxygen desaturation.
A novel functional gene associated with cold tolerance at the seedling stage in rice
Authors: Zhao Junliang , Zhang Shaohong , Dong Jingfang , Yang Tifeng , Mao Xingxue , Liu Qing , Wang Xiaofei , Liu Bin 
Published: February 2017

SummaryIdentification and cloning of cold‐tolerant genes that can stably express under different cold environments are crucial for molecular rice breeding for cold tolerance. In the previous study, we identified a cold‐tolerant QTL at the seedling stage, qCTS‐9 which could be detected under different cold environments using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cold‐tolerant variety Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) and a cold‐sensitive variety Shanhuangzhan 2 (SHZ‐2). In this study, eight candidate genes within the qCTS‐9 interval were identified through integrated analysis of QTL mapping with genomewide differential expression profiling of LTH. The qRT‐PCR assay showed that only Os09g0410300 exhibited different expression patterns between LTH and SHZ‐2 during cold stress, and significantly positive correlation was found between cold induction of Os09g0410300 and seedling cold tolerance in the RI lines. Five SNPs and one InDel in the promoters of Os09g0410300 were detected between LTH and SHZ‐2, and the InDel marker ID410300 designed based on the insertion–deletion polymorphism in the promoter was significantly associated with seedling cold tolerance in RIL population. Further, Os09g0410300 over‐expression plants exhibited enhanced cold tolerance at the seedling stage compared with the wild‐type plants. Thus, our results suggest that Os09g0410300 is the functional gene underlying qCTS‐9. To our knowledge, it is a novel gene contributed to enhance cold tolerance at the seedling stage in rice. Identification of the functional gene underlying qCTS‐9 and development of the gene‐specific marker will facilitate molecular breeding for cold tolerance at the seedling stage in rice through transgenic approach and marker‐assisted selection (MAS).
Decrease in use of contraindicated drugs with automated alerts in children
Authors: Song Inmyung , Shin Han Na , Shin Ju‐Young 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackgroundThis study evaluated changes in the use of contraindicated drugs in the pediatric population, via automated alerts through the nationwide drug utilization review.MethodsWe conducted an interrupted time series analysis using the nationwide health insurance database. Study drugs consisted of a total of 72 drugs in 22 classes that were designated as age contraindicated between January 2007 and December 2011. The subjects consisted of the patients in Korea who had been prescribed with any of the study drugs at least once. Changes in the use of age‐contraindicated drugs after the regulatory action were estimated as relative and absolute reductions with 95% CI. Regression analysis was carried out based on the monthly number of users prior to the announcement of age‐contraindicated drugs on 3 December 2009 to estimate the predicted values, and these were then compared with the observed values after the announcement.ResultsA total of 2 541 888 patients were prescribed age‐contraindicated drugs at least once. The percentage of age‐contraindicated drug users was 2.10% of the total users (n = 3 309 566) during the period prior to the 2009 regulatory action, but it decreased to 0.30% (n = 542 529) after the action. Overall, there was an 85.71% relative reduction (95% CI: 71.53–102.72) in the percentage of age‐contraindicated drug users. The projected monthly number of users of age‐contraindicated drugs showed a gradual downward trend.ConclusionDecreases in contraindicated drugs have accelerated after a regulatory action with automated alerts.
Berkeleyan idealism and Christian philosophy
Authors: Spiegel James S. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBerkeleyan idealism, or ‘immaterialism,’ has had an enormous impact on the history of philosophy during the last three centuries. In recent years, Christian scholars have been especially active in exploring ways that Berkeley's thesis may be fruitfully applied to a variety of issues in philosophy and theology. This essay provides an overview of some of the ways Christian philosophers have deployed immaterialism to solve problems and generate insights in metaphysics, philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, philosophy of religion, and philosophical theology.
Virulence and inoculum density‐dependent interactions between clubroot resistant canola (Brassica napus) and Plasmodiophora brassicae
Authors: Hwang S. F. , Strelkov S. E. , Ahmed H. U. , Manolii V. P. , Zhou Q. , Fu H. , Turnbull G. , Fredua‐Agyeman R. , Feindel D. 
Published: February 2017

To mitigate the impact and dissemination of clubroot in western Canada, canola (Brassica napus) producers have relied on clubroot resistance traits. However, in 2013 and 2014, new strains of the clubroot pathogen, Plasmodiophora brassicae, emerged that are virulent on most clubroot‐resistant (CR) canola genotypes. Novel strains of the pathogen were inoculated onto two susceptible canola cultivars, one resistant line and six CR cultivars. Although all cultivars/lines showed a susceptible response to inoculation with the new strains of P. brassicae, the severity of disease reaction, root hair infection rates and the amount of P. brassicae DNA present in each canola genotype varied depending on the strain. In addition, the effect of inoculum density on disease severity and gall formation was recorded for one of these new strains on a universally susceptible Chinese cabbage cultivar and one susceptible and 10 resistant canola genotypes. Although root galls were observed at an inoculum density of 103 spores per mL of soil, clear differentiation of susceptible and resistant reactions among canola cultivars/lines was not observed until the inoculum density reached 105 spores mL−1. At a spore density of 106 spores mL−1 and above, all cultivars/lines developed susceptible reactions, although there was some differentiation in the degree of reaction. This study shows the potential to develop a unique disease profile for emergent clubroot pathotypes and shows a useful range of spore densities at which to study new P. brassicae strains.
Learning processes underlying avoidance of negative outcomes
Authors: Andreatta Marta , Michelmann Sebastian , Pauli Paul , Hewig Johannes 
Published: February 2017

AbstractSuccessful avoidance of a threatening event may negatively reinforce the behavior due to activation of brain structures involved in reward processing. Here, we further investigated the learning‐related properties of avoidance using feedback‐related negativity (FRN). The FRN is modulated by violations of an intended outcome (prediction error, PE), that is, the bigger the difference between intended and actual outcome, the larger the FRN amplitude is. Twenty‐eight participants underwent an operant conditioning paradigm, in which a behavior (button press) allowed them to avoid a painful electric shock. During two learning blocks, participants could avoid an electric shock in 80% of the trials by pressing one button (avoidance button), or by not pressing another button (punishment button). After learning, participants underwent two test blocks, which were identical to the learning ones except that no shocks were delivered. Participants pressed the avoidance button more often than the punishment button. Importantly, response frequency increased throughout the learning blocks but it did not decrease during the test blocks, indicating impaired extinction and/or habit formation. In line with a PE account, FRN amplitude to negative feedback after correct responses (i.e., unexpected punishment) was significantly larger than to positive feedback (i.e., expected omission of punishment), and it increased throughout the blocks. Highly anxious individuals showed equal FRN amplitudes to negative and positive feedback, suggesting impaired discrimination. These results confirm the role of negative reinforcement in motivating behavior and learning, and reveal important differences between high and low anxious individuals in the processing of prediction errors.
Urine levels of luteinizing hormone as predictor of the period of ovulation for advantage of timed‐artificial insemination in murrah buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Selvam RM , Singh D , Akbarsha MA , Archunan G 
Published: February 2017

ContentsAssessment of urine levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) for predicting the reproductive status of animals is in practice. The aim of this study was to predict the period of ovulation based on the urine levels of LH for timed‐artificial insemination to increase the conception rate in buffaloes, which are naturally silent‐oestrous animals. Level of LH in urine was assessed using ELISA, and a cut‐off LH concentration for prediction of ovulation period was obtained using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Artificial insemination was performed before‐ and after ‐positive prediction of ovulation period adopting this method, and the rates of conception were assessed. Urine LH level of 105 mIU/ml (n = 14) was derived as a cut‐off concentration which predicts the ovulation period. The buffaloes in the positively predicted group (day 1 or 2) inseminated via intracervical route had an increase in the conception rate (83.33%); however, the insemination in the before‐positive‐prediction group resulted in poor conception rates (day 0; 16.66%) compared to that of the naturally inseminated group (day 0; 75.0%). In conclusion, the urinary LH would possibly be a fairly reliable predictor of the ovulation period. The day when cut‐off LH concentration is obtained may be taken as the most favourable time for artificial insemination, so as to attain a much better rate of conception in the buffalo.
Longitudinal associations among adolescents’ organized activity involvement and sociopolitical values
Authors: Oosterhoff Benjamin , Ferris Kaitlyn A. , Palmer Cara A. , Metzger Aaron 
Published: February 2017

AbstractOrganized activities represent a potentially important context for the development of adolescent sociopolitical values, but few studies have examined longitudinal associations between youths’ sociopolitical values and activity involvement. Adolescents (N = 299, Time 1 Mage = 15.49, SD = .93, 62% female) reported on their organized activity involvement (volunteering, church, sports, arts/music, school and community clubs) and sociopolitical values (materialism, social dominance, authoritarianism, patriotism, spirituality) at baseline and one year later. Greater involvement in arts/music predicted lower spirituality and patriotism one year later and greater involvement in church predicted higher levels of spirituality and lower levels of social dominance one year later. Higher levels of materialism predicted less involvement in arts/music one year later and higher social dominance values predicted less involvement in volunteering one year later. Findings support the importance of organized activities in sociopolitical development, and suggest that sociopolitical values may guide decisions concerning future organized activity involvement.
Dynamics of above‐ground and below‐ground biomass of Rumex crispus, Rumex obtusifolius and the new weedy species Rumex hybrid cv. OK‐2 (R. patientia x R. tianschanicus) in the seeding year
Authors: Hujerová R , Pavlů L , Pavlů V , Hejcman M , Gaisler J 
Published: February 2017

SummaryDocks can be serious weeds of arable land and permanent grasslands where they can persist through well‐established root systems. A Rumex hybrid (R. patientia x R. tianschanicus; cv. OK‐2, Uteusha) has been planted as a forage and energy crop since 2001 in Czechia and has now become a new weed species. As its ecological characteristics are unknown, there is a need for improved knowledge for developing control measures and strategies. In 2010 and 2011, we performed a tube pot experiment to investigate above‐ground and below‐ground biomass growth dynamics and below‐ground biomass allocation of Rumex OK‐2. We compared the hybrid with Rumex crispus and Rumex obtusifolius during the vegetation season in the seeding year. Above‐ground and below‐ground biomass of Rumex species tended to increase from July to September. In the seeding year, flowering was recorded only for one plant of Rumex OK‐2 and 27.5% of R. obtusifolius plants, whereas R. crispus did not flower. The proportion of below‐ground biomass of Rumex species in the upper 30 cm was about 70–80%. The growth dynamics and allocation of below‐ground biomass of Rumex OK‐2 were more like R. crispus than to R. obtusifolius. These similarities indicate the potential of Rumex OK‐2 to become a troublesome weedy species, comparable with R. crispus.
A Bioengineered Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Platform Integrated with Microfluidics To Address Antimicrobial Resistance in Tuberculosis
Authors: Bielecka Magdalena K. , Tezera Liku B. , Zmijan Robert , Drobniewski Francis , Zhang Xunli , Jayasinghe Suwan , Elkington Paul 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

Antimicrobial resistance presents one of the most significant threats to human health, with the emergence of totally drug-resistant organisms. We have combined bioengineering, genetically modified bacteria, longitudinal readouts, and fluidics to develop a transformative platform to address the drug development bottleneck, utilizing
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
as the model organism. We generated microspheres incorporating virulent reporter bacilli, primary human cells, and an extracellular matrix by using bioelectrospray methodology. Granulomas form within the three-dimensional matrix, and mycobacterial stress genes are upregulated. Pyrazinamide, a vital first-line antibiotic for treating human tuberculosis, kills
M. tuberculosis
in a three-dimensional culture but not in a standard two-dimensional culture or Middlebrook 7H9 broth, demonstrating that antibiotic sensitivity within microspheres reflects conditions in patients. We then performed pharmacokinetic modeling by combining the microsphere system with a microfluidic plate and demonstrated that we can model the effect of dynamic antibiotic concentrations on mycobacterial killing. The microsphere system is highly tractable, permitting variation of cell content, the extracellular matrix, sphere size, the infectious dose, and the surrounding medium with the potential to address a wide array of human infections and the threat of antimicrobial resistance.

IMPORTANCE
Antimicrobial resistance is a major global threat, and an emerging concept is that infection should be studied in the context of host immune cells. Tuberculosis is a chronic infection that kills over a million people every year and is becoming progressively more resistant to antibiotics. Recent major studies of shorter treatment or new vaccination approaches have not been successful, demonstrating that transformative technologies are required to control tuberculosis. We have developed an entirely new system to study the infection of host cells in a three-dimensional matrix by using bioengineering. We showed that antibiotics that work in patients are effective in this microsphere system but not in standard infection systems. We then combined microspheres with microfluidics to model drug concentration changes in patients and demonstrate the effect of increasing antibiotic concentrations on bacterial survival. This system can be widely applied to address the threat of antimicrobial resistance and develop new treatments.
Supporting shared decision-making for older people with multiple health and social care needs: a protocol for a realist synthesis to inform integrated care models
Authors: Bunn Frances , Goodman Claire , Manthorpe Jill , Durand Marie-Anne , Hodkinson Isabel , Rait Greta , Millac Paul , Davies Sue L , Russell Bridget , Wilson Patricia 
Published: February 2017

IntroductionIncluding the patient or user perspective is a central organising principle of integrated care. Moreover, there is increasing recognition of the importance of strengthening relationships among patients, carers and practitioners, particularly for individuals receiving substantial health and care support, such as those with long-term or multiple conditions. The overall aims of this synthesis are to provide a context-relevant understanding of how models to facilitate shared decision-making (SDM) might work for older people with multiple health and care needs, and how they might be applied to integrated care models.Methods and analysisThe synthesis draws on the principles of realist inquiry, to explain how, in what contexts and for whom, interventions that aim to strengthen SDM among older patients, carers and practitioners are effective. We will use an iterative, stakeholder-driven, three-phase approach. Phase 1: development of programme theory/theories that will be tested through a first scoping of the literature and consultation with key stakeholder groups; phase 2: systematic searches of the evidence to test and develop the theories identified in phase 1; phase 3: validation of programme theory/theories with a purposive sample of participants from phase 1. The synthesis will draw on prevailing theories such as candidacy, self-efficacy, personalisation and coproduction.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval for the stakeholder interviews was obtained from the University of Hertfordshire ECDA (Ethics Committee with Delegated Authority), reference number HSK/SF/UH/02387. The propositions arising from this review will be used to develop recommendations about how to tailor SDM interventions to older people with complex health and social care needs in an integrated care setting.