bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of orofacial clefting in the facial morphology of bats: a possible naturally occurring model of cleft palate
Authors: Orr David J. A. , Teeling Emma C. , Puechmaille Sébastien J. , Finarelli John A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA normal feature of the facial anatomy of many species of bat is the presence of bony discontinuities or clefts, which bear a remarkable similarity to orofacial clefts that occur in humans as a congenital pathology. These clefts occur in two forms: a midline cleft between the two premaxillae (analogous to the rare midline craniofacial clefts in humans) and bilateral paramedian clefts between the premaxilla and the maxillae (analogous to the typical cleft lip and palate in humans). Here, we describe the distribution of orofacial clefting across major bat clades, exploring the relationship of the different patterns of clefting to feeding mode, development of the vomeronasal organ, development of the nasolacrimal duct and mode of emission of the echolocation call in different bat groups. We also present the results of detailed radiographic and soft tissue dissections of representative examples of the two types of cleft. The midline cleft has arisen independently multiple times in bat phylogeny, whereas the paramedian cleft has arisen once and is a synapomorphy uniting the Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae. In all cases examined, the bony cleft is filled in by a robust fibrous membrane, continuous with the periosteum of the margins of the cleft. In the paramedian clefts, this membrane splits to enclose the premaxilla but forms a loose fold laterally between the premaxilla and maxilla, allowing the premaxilla and nose‐leaf to pivot dorsoventrally in the sagittal plane under the action of facial muscles attached to the nasal cartilages. It is possible that this is a specific adaptation for echolocation and/or aerial insectivory. Given the shared embryological location of orofacial clefts in bats and humans, it is likely that aspects of the developmental control networks that produce cleft lip and palate in humans may also be implicated in the formation of these clefts as a normal feature in some bats. A better understanding of craniofacial development in bats with and without clefts may therefore suggest avenues for research into abnormal craniofacial development in humans.
Nociceptive and sympathetic innervations in the abaxial part of the cranial horn of the equine medial meniscus: an immunohistochemical approach
Authors: Nemery Elodie , Gabriel Annick , Piret Joëlle , Antoine Nadine 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn athletic horses, diseases leading to lameness are of great importance due to the loss of performance and the resultant economic concerns. Although stifle lesions are frequent in the hindlimb, due to the large size and complexity of the joint, and although meniscal tears have been identified as the most common soft tissue injuries in this joint, little is known about the mechanism that causes the painful sensation and thus the lameness. The aim of our study was to highlight any peripheral fibres involved in meniscal nociception in five macroscopically sound cranial horns of the equine medial meniscus, which has been one of the most common sites reported for equine meniscal injuries. Immunohistochemical stainings were performed using antibodies against Substance P in order to identify nociceptive fibres; against tyrosine hydroxylase for detecting postganglionic sympathetic fibres; and against glial fibrillary acidic proteins in order to identify Schwann cells. Our work highlights for the first time the presence of nociceptive and sympathetic fibres in equine menisci. They were found in the abaxial part of the cranial horn of the equine medial meniscus. This study suggests that when the abaxial part is injured, the meniscus itself could be the source of pain. These findings could provide a better understanding of the clinical presentation of horses with meniscal injury and contribute towards improving therapeutic strategies to alleviate pain in cases of equine meniscal injury.
The examination of problems experienced by nurses and doctors associated with exposure to surgical smoke and the necessary precautions
Authors: Ilce Arzu , Yuzden Ganime Esra , Yavuz van Giersbergen Meryem 
Published: June 2016

Aims and objectivesThis study aims to investigate the problems experienced by nurses and doctors as a result of exposure to surgical smoke and the precautions that need to be taken.BackgroundElectrosurgery is carried out in almost all operating rooms, and all of those who work in these rooms are exposed to surgical smoke, especially doctors and nurses. A review of the literature reveals that there are very few studies that have been carried out on surgical smoke, and there are no studies researched on the problems experienced by those working in operating rooms.DesignThis descriptive study was conducted between April and June 2015.MethodsThe study was carried out in the operating rooms of Training and Research Hospital with 81 nurses and doctors. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 23 (Windows), Hacettepe University, Ankara.ResultsThe problems experienced by the nurses and doctors as a result of exposure to surgical smoke included: headache (nurses: 48·9%, doctors: 58·3%), watering of the eyes (nurses: 40·0%, doctors: 41·7%), cough (nurses: 48·9%, doctors: 27·8%), sore throat, bad odours absorbed in the hair, nausea, drowsiness, dizziness, sneezing and rhinitis. Regarding the precautions taken to protect themselves from surgical smoke, 91·1% of the nurses and 86·1% of the doctors reported using surgical masks.ConclusionsIt was found that they did not report taking any effective protective measures, and only a few of the nurses reported using special filtration masks. It was observed that the participants widely used surgical masks, which are ineffective in protecting from the effects of surgical smoke.Relevance to clinical practiceAttention brought to the effects of surgical smoke. Presentation of the harmful effects of surgical smoke reported by doctors and nurses. Identification of the precautions that can be taken against surgical smoke.
White Racial Socialization: Progressive Fathers on Raising “Antiracist” Children
Authors: Hagerman Margaret Ann 
Published: June 2016

AbstractFor the past 30 years, the definition of racial socialization has referred to how parents prepare children of color to flourish within a society structured by white supremacy. Drawing on ethnographic interviews with eight white affluent fathers, this study explores fathers' participation in white racial socialization processes. The article focuses on fathers who identify as “progressive” and examines the relationship between fathers' understandings of what it means to raise an “antiracist” child, the explicit and implicit lessons of racial socialization that follow from these understandings, and hegemonic whiteness. Findings illustrate how these fathers understand their role as a white father, how their attempts to raise antiracist children both challenge and reinforce hegemonic whiteness, and what role race and class privilege play in this process.
Texture Evaluation of Soft Gels with Different Fracture Strains using an Artificial Tongue
Authors: Gao Zhihong , Ishihara Sayaka , Nakao Satomi , Hayakawa Fumiyo , Funami Takahiro , Kohyama Kaoru 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe structure of soft foods with similar fracture forces may be destroyed by compression between the tongue and palate or mastication during natural oral processing. Our objective was to identify the mechanical properties determining the oral strategy for the initial size reduction of soft gels. Three gellan gels with an equivalent fracture force and different fracture strains were evaluated by instrumental compression testing and sensory evaluation. In addition, a combination of a gellan gel and a sonagel, which has an apparent elastic modulus similar to that of the human tongue, was subjected to a compression test and ultrasound (US) elastography. The fracture profile of the gellan gel on the sonagel in the instrumental compression test corresponded to the oral strategy. The strain ratio of the gellan gel to the sonagel observed in US elastography had a high linear correlation with the reciprocal of the apparent elastic modulus of the gellan gel. The oral strategy of gels changes from tongue–palate compression to mastication with increasing apparent elastic modulus or decreasing the relative strain against the sonagel. The results reveal that the apparent elastic modulus influences the oral strategy for the natural consumption of gels although a threshold value was not clearly determined in conventional compression testing using hard materials.Practical ApplicationsAn appropriate care food that can be consumed using compression between the tongue and hard palate without chewing is increasingly required in an aging society. Instrumental methods are often used for texture characterization of such foods. Probes are usually made of metal or materials that are much stiffer than foods and completely dissimilar to the tongue. Ultrasound (US) elastography can detect the strain ratio between food gels and a sonagel, which is used as an artificial tongue in this study. We suggest that the strain ratio obtained from US elastography can be used to evaluate the deformation behavior of soft foods and a soft material whose mechanical characteristics are similar to those of the human tongue. As the strain ratio was highly correlated with the reciprocal of the apparent elastic modulus measured using conventional compression testing, the modulus was an important parameter for selecting the tongue compression.
Relationships Between Mechanical Properties Obtained from Compression Test and Electromyography Variables During Natural Oral Processing of Gellan Gum Gels
Authors: Kohyama Kaoru , Gao Zhihong , Watanabe Takashi , Ishihara Sayaka , Nakao Satomi , Funami Takahiro 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe objective of this study was to quantify natural eating behavior of soft solid foods and identify a mechanical property of food that has the strongest influence on mastication in humans. Electromyography (EMG) of both masseter and suprahyoid muscles was performed to quantify the muscle effort required to naturally masticate five gellan gels. The gels were categorized into two groups; those with (1) similar fracture strain and three different fracture loads (F1 < F2 < F3), and (2) similar fracture load and three different fracture strains (S2 < F2 < E2). True stress of these gels was evaluated using video imaging during an instrumental compression test. EMG variables corresponding to masticatory effort increased with fracture load and with decreasing fracture strain under similar fracture loads of the gellan gels. Fracture load affected the natural eating behavior of the gels more than fracture strain. True stress, in particular true fracture stress, was a better indicator of mastication requirement than load. According to texture, human subjects changed their method of oral processing for the consumption of a small piece of gel from compression between the tongue and hard palate to mastication using the teeth. Once the method was chosen based on the mechanical properties under small deformation before fracture, muscle effort for oral processing highly correlated with true fracture stress but did not significantly correlate with modulus or fracture strain.Practical ApplicationsThe requirements for appropriate care food that can be consumed using compression by the tongue and hard palate without using the teeth have increased because the numbers of elderly people with poor mastication performance has increased in an aging society. The oral method changed from compression between the tongue and hard palate to mastication by the teeth with increasing true fracture stress of gels. Mastication effort quantified by electromyography highly correlated with the true fracture stress, but inferior correlation was observed with fracture load and no correlation with other mechanical properties, such as modulus and fracture strain. A simple compression test with video imaging can successfully measure the true stress of food samples. True fracture stress from the compression test was the best single parameter that explained the mastication effort during the natural eating behavior of soft gels.
Heterochronic neuromuscular junction development in an Australian marsupial (Macropus fuliginosus)
Authors: Etherington S. J. , Hong I. H. K. , Wong C. J. W. , Stephens N. , Warburton N. M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe neuromuscular junction (NMJ) provides a connection between the somatic nervous and muscular systems. The present work documents, for the first time, the mature form of the NMJ in an Australian marsupial, the western gray kangaroo Macropus fuliginosus. Marsupials give birth to highly altricial young and the majority of motor system development thus occurs postnatally. We demonstrate that NMJ formation in the forelimbs of kangaroos precedes that in hindlimbs by several weeks, consistent with evidence of precocial forelimb development from other indices of motor system maturation in marsupials. Forelimb and hindlimb NMJs reach a similar level of development by the end of the first postnatal month, an outcome that results from accelerated hindlimb development in the early postnatal period together with a more unexpected stagnation or even regression of forelimb NMJ maturity over the same period. This study suggests that the pattern of NMJ maturation may be adjusted in forelimb as opposed to hindlimb. Elucidation of the underlying cellular control mechanisms may inform current understanding of NMJ formation, and as such the broader processes involved in synaptic formation.
Xanthoferrin, the α‐hydroxycarboxylate‐type siderophore of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, is required for optimum virulence and growth inside cabbage
Authors: Pandey Sheo Shankar , Patnana Pradeep Kumar , Rai Rikky , Chatterjee Subhadeep 
Published: June 2016

SummaryXanthomonas campestris pv. campestris causes black rot, a serious disease of crucifers. Xanthomonads encode a siderophore biosynthesis and uptake gene cluster xss (Xanthomonas siderophore synthesis) involved in the production of a vibrioferrin‐type siderophore. However, little is known about the role of the siderophore in the iron uptake and virulence of X. campestris pv. campestris. In this study, we show that X. campestris pv. campestris produces an α‐hydroxycarboxylate‐type siderophore (named xanthoferrin), which is required for growth under low‐iron conditions and for optimum virulence. A mutation in the siderophore synthesis xssA gene causes deficiency in siderophore production and growth under low‐iron conditions. In contrast, the siderophore utilization ΔxsuA mutant is able to produce siderophore, but exhibits a defect in the utilization of the siderophore–iron complex. Our radiolabelled iron uptake studies confirm that the ΔxssA and ΔxsuA mutants exhibit defects in ferric iron (Fe3+) uptake. The ΔxssA mutant is able to utilize and transport the exogenous xanthoferrin–Fe3+ complex; in contrast, the siderophore utilization or uptake mutant ΔxsuA exhibits defects in siderophore uptake. Expression analysis of the xss operon using a chromosomal gusA fusion indicates that the xss operon is expressed during in planta growth and under low‐iron conditions. Furthermore, exogenous iron supplementation in cabbage leaves rescues the in planta growth deficiency of ΔxssA and ΔxsuA mutants. Our study reveals that the siderophore xanthoferrin is an important virulence factor of X. campestris pv. campestris which promotes in planta growth by the sequestration of Fe3+.
Electrocardiography Screening for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: CAMPBELL MATTHEW J. , ZHOU XUEFU , HAN CHIA , ABRISHAMI HEDAYAT , WEBSTER GREGORY , MIYAKE CHRISTINA Y. , KNILANS TIMOTHY K. , CZOSEK RICHARD J. 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundHypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the leading cause of sudden cardiac death in athletes. However, preparticipation electrocardiogram (ECG) screening has been criticized for failing to meet cost‐effectiveness thresholds, in part because of high false‐positive rates. We sought to evaluate whether a highly automated software algorithm could be used for a high throughput, population‐based screening program and address several of the limitations seen with population‐based screeningMethodsA proprietary computed algorithm was created based on both voltage‐ as well as Seattle‐based ECG criteria. Different cut points for Q‐wave depth, Q‐wave length, the degree of ST depression, the degree of T‐wave inversion, and left ventricular voltage were analyzed for optimum sensitivity and specificity. After developing receiver operating characteristic curves for each criterion, different cut points were trialed together on our data set to obtain settings to optimize sensitivity and specificity.ResultsThe automated algorithm was capable of identifying patients with HCM based on ECG with 88.6% sensitivity and 98% specificity, compared to a sensitivity of 90.2% and specificity of 96% when the ECGs were read by physicians according to the Seattle Criteria. Adding voltage criteria improved the sensitivity of the algorithm with a mild decrease in specificity. Optimum sensitivity with this automated software was 98%; optimum specificity was 96%.ConclusionComputer‐automated ECG screening for HCM is feasible. Evaluation of automated ECG algorithms in larger and more diverse populations is warranted.
An automated real‐time method for the detection of patients at risk for malignant hyperthermia
Authors: Gleich Stephen J. , Strupp Kim , Wilder Robert T. , Kor Daryl J. , Flick Randall 
Published: June 2016

SummaryBackgroundMalignant hyperthermia (MH) is a rare anesthetic pharmacogenetic disorder that can be difficult to detect in its earliest phases. Prompt treatment is known to improve outcomes. The modern anesthesia information management systems (AIMS) collect enormous amounts of data. However, data lack context and are not able to provide real‐time guidance. Utilizing our AIMS, we developed the capacity to incorporate decision support.AimsWe describe the creation and evaluation of a real‐time detection tool for MH.MethodsCases of MH from 2003 to 2013 were retrospectively reviewed to confirm the diagnosis of MH and to calculate a MH clinical grading scale score. The index cases were utilized to develop four electronic data Rules, based on endtidal CO2 (ETCO2) and temperature criteria. The Rules were then applied retrospectively to the index cases and to a full cohort of general operating room (OR) patients from January 2012 to June 2012. If criteria for possible MH was met, the detection tool generated an alert on the monitor at the patient's bedside.ResultsWe identified seven patients with confirmed MH with MH Scores ranging from 28 to 70. Using four data Rules, all of our seven index cases were captured and generated an appropriate alert. Median time from MH computer alert time to dantrolene administration time among our index cases was 23 min (IQR 17–77). There were 938 false‐positive alerts for possible MH (1.8%) when the Rules were applied to a general OR cohort of 51 579 total cases from January 2012 to June 2012.ConclusionsWe demonstrated a real‐time MH detection tool based on established physiologic criteria that is sensitive enough to capture cases suspicious for MH, while limiting false positives to prevent alarm fatigue. This has the potential to notify the provider of possible MH such that treatment may be rapidly initiated.
Consequences of sexual size dimorphism on energetics and locomotor performance ofGrammostola rosea(Araneae; Teraphosidae)
Authors: Grossi Bruno , Solis Rigoberto , Veloso Claudio , Canals Mauricio 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMost male spiders are smaller than females; during sexual maturity, males change their behaviour, abandoning their web or nest to seek out receptive females actively, whereas females stalk prey near their web or nest and tend not to move away from it. Considering this behavioural difference to be associated with increased locomotor activity at maturity, it may be hypothesized that males will have traits that increase locomotor performance. The present study examines the kinetics and energetics of the movements of the mygalomorph spiderGrammostola roseaWalckenaer, a large spider with sexual size dimorphism. It is found that males have a higher maximum aerobic speed, average speed, distance travelled and critical angle of climbing than females, indicating better performance. Males also have lower costs of transport than females. These results support the hypothesis that sexual dimorphism in wandering spiders with active males, which are characterized by smaller body size and longer legs than the larger and more static females, is associated with low transport cost, high velocity and better locomotor performance.
Plantamajoside Inhibits UVB and Advanced Glycation End Products‐Induced MMP‐1 Expression by Suppressing the MAPK and NF‐κB Pathways in HaCaT Cells
Authors: Han Ah‐Ram , Nam Mi‐Hyun , Lee Kwang‐Won 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPhotoaging and glycation stress are major causes of skin deterioration. Oxidative stress caused by ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation can upregulate matrix metalloprotease 1 (MMP‐1), a major enzyme responsible for collagen damage in the skin. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulate via gradual formation from skin proteins, especially from long‐lived proteins such as dermal elastin and collagen. Plantamajoside (PM), isolated from Plantago asiatica, has various biological effects including anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this study, we assessed the protective effects of PM on a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) and primary human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) against stress caused by glyceraldehyde‐induced AGEs (glycer‐AGEs) with UVB irradiation. We found that PM attenuated UVB‐ and‐glycer‐AGEs‐induced MMP‐1 expression in HaCaT and HDF cells and proinflammatory cytokines expression by inhibiting the phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) activated by reactive oxygen species. Specific inhibitors of NF‐κB and MAPKs attenuated the induced expression of MMP‐1. PM also inhibited the phosphorylation of IκBα, and reduced nuclear translocation of NF‐κB in these cells. Furthermore, PM attenuated the upregulation of receptor for AGEs (RAGE) by glycer‐AGEs with UVB irradiation. Therefore, our findings strongly suggest that PM is a promising inhibitor of skin photoaging.
Mediation Analysis with time Varying Exposures and Mediators
Authors: VanderWeele Tyler J. , Tchetgen Tchetgen Eric J. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryWe consider causal mediation analysis when exposures and mediators vary over time. We give non-parametric identification results, discuss parametric implementation and also provide a weighting approach to direct and indirect effects based on combining the results of two marginal structural models. We also discuss how our results give rise to a causal interpretation of the effect estimates produced from longitudinal structural equation models. When there are time varying confounders affected by prior exposure and a mediator, natural direct and indirect effects are not identified. However, we define a randomized interventional analogue of natural direct and indirect effects that are identified in this setting. The formula that identifies these effects we refer to as the ‘mediational g-formula’. When there is no mediation, the mediational g-formula reduces to Robins's regular g-formula for longitudinal data. When there are no time varying confounders affected by prior exposure and mediator values, then the mediational g-formula reduces to a longitudinal version of Pearl's mediation formula. However, the mediational g-formula itself can accommodate both mediation and time varying confounders and constitutes a general approach to mediation analysis with time varying exposures and mediators.