bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Giant parathyroid adenoma: differential aspects compared to parathyroid carcinoma
Authors: Araujo Castro Marta , López Ainhoa Abad , Fragueiro Luz Martín , García Nuria Palacios 
Published: May 2017

Summary
The 85% of cases of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) are due to parathyroid adenomas (PA) and less than 1% to parathyroid carcinomas (PC). The PA usually measure <2 cm, weigh <1 g and generate a mild PHPT, whereas the PC usually exceeds these dimensions and are associated with a severe PHPT. However, giant PA (GPA), which is defined as those larger than 3 g, has been documented. Those may be associated with very high levels of PTH and calcium. In these cases, their differentiation before and after surgery with PC is very difficult. We present a case of severe PHPT associated with a large parathyroid lesion, and we discuss the differential aspects between the GPA and PC.

Learning points:

In parathyroid lesions larger than 2 cm, the differential diagnosis between GPA and PC should be considered.

Pre and postsurgical differentiation between GPA and PC is difficult; however, there are clinical, analytical and radiographic characteristics that may be useful.

The depth/width ratio larger or smaller than 1 seems to be the most discriminatory ultrasound parameter for the differential diagnosis.

Loss of staining for parafibromin has a specificity of 99% for the diagnosis of PC.

The simultaneous presence of several histological characteristics, according to the classification of Schantz and Castleman, is frequent in PC and rare in GPA.
Progress in the understanding of the etiology and predictability of fetal growth restriction
Authors: Tang Li , He Guolin , Liu Xinghui , Xu Wenming 
Published: May 2017

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is defined as the failure of fetus to reach its growth potential for various reasons, leading to multiple perinatal complications and adult diseases of fetal origins. Shallow extravillous trophoblast (EVT) invasion-induced placental insufficiency and placental dysfunction are considered the main reasons for idiopathic FGR. In this review, first we discuss the major characteristics of anti-angiogenic state and the pro-inflammatory bias in FGR. We then elaborate major abnormalities in placental insufficiency at molecular levels, including the interaction between decidual leukocytes and EVT, alteration of miRNA expression and imprinted gene expression pattern in FGR. Finally, we review current animal models used in FGR, an experimental intervention based on animal models and the progress of predictive biomarker studies in FGR.
Free Chinese abstract: A Chinese translation of this abstract is freely available at http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/153/6/R227/suppl/DC1.
Construction of a Recyclable Genetic Marker and Serial Gene Deletions in the Human Pathogenic MucoralesMucor circinelloides
Authors: Garcia Alexis , Adedoyin Gloria , Heitman Joseph , Lee Soo Chan 
Published: May 2017

AbstractMucor circinelloides is a human pathogen, biofuel producer, and model system that belongs to a basal fungal lineage; however, the genetics of this fungus are limited. In contrast to ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, basal fungal lineages have been understudied. This may be caused by a lack of attention given to these fungi, as well as limited tools for genetic analysis. Nonetheless, the importance of these fungi as pathogens and model systems has increased. M. circinelloides is one of a few genetically tractable organisms in the basal fungi, but it is far from a robust genetic system when compared to model fungi in the subkingdom Dikarya. One problem is the organism is resistant to drugs utilized to select for dominant markers in other fungal transformation systems. Thus, we developed a blaster recyclable marker system by using the pyrG gene (encoding an orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase, ortholog of URA3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae). A 237-bp fragment downstream of the pyrG gene was tandemly incorporated into the upstream region of the gene, resulting in construction of a pyrG-dpl237 marker. To test the functionality of the pyrG-dpl237 marker, we disrupted the carRP gene that is involved in carotenoid synthesis in pyrG− mutant background. The resulting carRP::pyrG-dpl237 mutants exhibit a white colony phenotype due to lack of carotene, whereas wild type displays yellowish colonies. The pyrG marker was then successfully excised, generating carRP-dpl237 on 5-FOA medium. The mutants became auxotrophic and required uridine for growth. We then disrupted the calcineurin B regulatory subunit cnbR gene in the carRP::dpl237 strain, generating mutants with the alleles carRP::dpl237 and cnbR::pyrG. These results demonstrate that the recyclable marker system is fully functional, and therefore the pyrG-dpl237 marker can be used for sequential gene deletions in M. circinelloides.
Accounting for Sampling Error in Genetic Eigenvalues Using Random Matrix Theory
Authors: Sztepanacz Jacqueline L , Blows Mark W 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The distribution of genetic variance in multivariate phenotypes is characterized by the empirical spectral distribution of the eigenvalues of the genetic covariance matrix. Empirical estimates of genetic eigenvalues from random effects linear models are known to be overdispersed by sampling error, where large eigenvalues are biased upward, and small eigenvalues are biased downward. The overdispersion of the leading eigenvalues of sample covariance matrices have been demonstrated to conform to the Tracy–Widom (TW) distribution. Here we show that genetic eigenvalues estimated using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) in a multivariate random effects model with an unconstrained genetic covariance structure will also conform to the TW distribution after empirical scaling and centering. However, where estimation procedures using either REML or MCMC impose boundary constraints, the resulting genetic eigenvalues tend not be TW distributed. We show how using confidence intervals from sampling distributions of genetic eigenvalues without reference to the TW distribution is insufficient protection against mistaking sampling error as genetic variance, particularly when eigenvalues are small. By scaling such sampling distributions to the appropriate TW distribution, the critical value of the TW statistic can be used to determine if the magnitude of a genetic eigenvalue exceeds the sampling error for each eigenvalue in the spectral distribution of a given genetic covariance matrix.
Diversity of the species of genus Avena revealed by morphological characters and resistance to Fusarium infection of grain
Authors: Gagkaeva Taiana Yu , Gavrilova Olga P , Orina Alexandra A , Blinova Elena V , Loskutov Igor G 
Published: May 2017

Sixty six genotypes belong to wild and cultivated Avena species from the VIR collection were evaluated for infection of grain by Fusarium fungi and mycotoxins in accumulation. Among genotypes 13.6, 28.8, and 57.6% were diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid oats, respectively.
The aim of this study was to recognize the interrelationship between the wild species of the genus Avena not subjected to formal breeding programs, and Fusarium fungi, which have been reported as predominant seed borne pathogens. The real-time PCR was used to simultaneously detect and quantify fungi in grain of Avena genotypes. Mycotoxin analysis was performed by ELISA. The average amount of Fusarium DNA and deoxynivalenol (DON) in groups of the tetraploid oats were higher than they were found in the groups of di- and hexaploid species. It was determining the strong correlation between the presence of Tri-Fusarium DNA and DON content (p 0,01). The low amounts of DON in the grain were detected in seven hexaploid genotypes (A. byzantina, A. sterilis, A. sativa, and A. fatua) and one diploid A. wiestii. The connection of morphological characters (weight of 1000 grains, husk hardness, trichomes profusion and plant height) of Avena species and the indicators of Fusarium infection were analyzed. Only biomass of Fusarium has demonstrated significant connection with weight of 1000 grains. Significant correlation between the hardness of husk and the amounts of Fusarium DNA (p 0,01) was detected. For Fusarium the strong protective effect of the husk from the penetration of pathogens into grain was evident.
Caractérisation des Plantations à base d’anacardier (Anacardium occidentale L.) dans le Balantacounda: cas des communes de Kaour, Goudomp et Djibanar (Casamance/Sénégal)
Authors: Ndiaye Seydou , Charahabil Mohamed Mahamoud , Diatta Malaïny 
Published: May 2017

The characterization of cashew plantations was made on the basis of socio-economic surveys. The cashew plantations are mainly of two types namely mixed plantations (associated with annual crops such as groundnuts, millet and cowpea) which represent 24% of the studied plantations and pure plantations and cashew orchards in which ones always have a few woody perennials (Borassus akeassii Parkia biglobosa, Mangifera indica Elaeis guineensis, they represent 76% of plantations. Most (52.9%) of the studied plantations have an area of one (1) hectare and are characterized by a very high density (± 200 feet / ha) with small distances (<5 m). Their yield is low and varies between 444 kg and 786 kg / ha. The Newmans-Keuls test at the 5% threshold used to evaluate the influence of plantation characteristics variables on their production showed that the distances, types of varieties used, the nature of the plantation (mixed or pure) are the parameters the most influential on production. Indeed the weak spacing lead to high competition due to the tangle of roots to overlapping crowns of adult individuals that impact negatively on productivity. In addition the "Costa Rican" variety with an average production of 800 kg / ha is more productive than the local variety (303 average kg / ha). A significant interaction was demonstrated by the analysis of variance between intercropping and production (F = 0.13, 1-p = 0.95, 16%). Yields in mixed plantations are indeed higher than in pure plantations.
Immunologic Effects of Maraviroc in HIV-Infected Patients with Severe CD4 Lymphopenia Starting Antiretroviral Therapy: A Sub-Study of the CADIRIS Trial
Authors: Belaunzarán-Zamudio Pablo Francisco , Azzoni Livio , Canaday David H. , Caro-Vega Yanink N. , Clagett Brian , Rassool Mohammed S , Rodriguez Benigno , Sanne Ian , Sereti Irini , Sierra-Madero Juan G. , Lederman Michael M. 
Published: May 2017

Background: We aimed to describe the mechanisms of immunological recovery and the effects of blocking CCR5 in patients starting ART with advanced HIV-infection. Methods: Sub-study of a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial where patients starting ART with CD4 counts <100cells/uL received maraviroc or placebo. CD4 and CD8 maturation phenotypes, PD-1 and CCR5 expression, and activation indices were characterized at weeks 0, 4, 12, 24 and 48. CD4 and CD8 reactivity with peptides of CMV, MTb and with Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) was assessed by intracellular expression of IFNγ, TNFα and CD40 ligand at weeks 0, 4 and 12 of ART. Results: Forty patients were studied (Maraviroc=22; placebo=18). Sustained increases in CD8 were observed in the maraviroc arm. Significant, increases in the proportions of circulating CCR5+ CD4 and CD8; in central memory and effector memory CD8; and in the proportion of activated CD4 and CD8 were observed at week 4 in the maraviroc arm. T cell responses to CMV, MTb and SEB did not differ by treatment arms. Conclusions: The higher increases of CCR5+ and activated CD4 and CD8 in circulation without affecting CD4 recovery or antigen-specific T-cell responses strongly suggests an increased retention in circulation of CCR5+ cells due to maraviroc.
Comentário de Tomas de Aquino à Ética a Nicômaco
Authors: Lima José Jivaldo 
Published: May 2017

A obra de Tomás de Aquino é marcada pelo influxo de várias correntes de pensamento presentes à época. A doutrina judaico-cristão, o estoicismo, o agostinismo platonizante, o direito romano e o recém traduzido Aristóteles são as fontes das quais o Angélico compulsa seu pensamento. A “tradição” tem reconhecido um lugar importante ao Estagirita na filosofia tomista, mas tem surgido discussões em relação ao maior oumenor influxo peripatético em algumas obras – como os Comentários -, bem como à originalidade do Angélico ao tecê-los. É da máxima importância, então, se aproximar de cada uma dessas obras – e do Comentário à Ética, entre elas – para se saber, efetivamente, em que medida as posições referidas têm razão ou se se deve optar por uma outra que reflita o verdadeiro peso e influxo aristotélico no pensamento tomasiano. É por isto que se oferece, no vernáculo, a oportunidade de se abeberar do texto para que o leitor delepossa haurir suas convicções nestas questões.
Santo, Doutor e Reformador? As várias faces de Pedro Damiano na historiografia oitocentista
Authors: Bovo Cláudia Regina 
Published: May 2017

Considerado entre eclesiásticos e historiadores como uma das figuras mais eminentes do século XI, Pedro Damiano (1007-1072) tem sua biografia descrita e analisada há pelo menos nove séculos. Muito dos feitos e características atribuídos a sua pessoa foram fruto de construções historiográficas de diversos períodos, cuja obra hagiográfica de João de Lodi (Vitam Petri Damiani de aproximadamente 1077-1081) é a precursora. Dentre os autores de grande vulto que fizeram referência às façanhas deste eremita, podemos destacar os humanistas Dante Alighieri, Giovanni Boccaccio e Petrarca. Além deles, historiadores eclesiásticos e laicos do século XIX anunciaram Pedro Damiano como autoridade espiritual e referência doutrinal no cenário político da Igreja Romana. Não foi por acaso que em 1828, o papa Leão XII concedeu a Pedro Damiano o título de Doutor da Igreja, reconhecendo seus numerosos escritos como textos fundamentais da doutrina cristã. Sendo assim, a partir da obra do cardeal Alfonso Capecelatro – Storia Di S. Pier Damiano e del suo Tempo – pretendemos analisar como a trajetória eclesiástica de Pedro Damiano é construída no fim do século XIX e o quanto ela responde à imperativos sócio-políticos do período. Além disso, verificaremos o quanto essa construção historiográfica se aproxima ou se distancia da imagem imaculada, contemplativa e, sobretudo, santificada erigida pelo seu texto hagiográfico fundador.
A tomada de Lisboa no século XII: uma “outra história” da História
Authors: Souza Aldinida Medeiros 
Published: May 2017

Consideramosque a contemporaneidade tem, no acontecimentos do período medieval, uma de suasimportantes fontes sobre fatos e reflexões acerca deles. Este artigo apresentauma reflexão sobre o Cerco de Lisboa, tomando como objeto o romance Históriado cerco de Lisboa, de José Saramago. Observa-se que este escritor promoveuma releitura da História que passa a ser estudada sob as novas visões dosromancistas a partir da Escola dos Anales. Constata-se, pois que os autores deromances históricos buscam empregar, de forma sistemática, personagens daHistória na ficção literária, fazendo com que se revele mais fortemente, nessegênero, uma focalização heterodoxia e uma desconstrução de alguns referentes,em busca de uma reconstituição da História dentro da ficção. Escrito sob osigno da ironia, a história alternativa apresentada pelo revisor RaimundoSilva, sobre o cerco de Lisboa permite-nos conhecer a importância do gênero emquestão, para os estudos literários e históricos, visto que esse permiterepensar o passado de diversas maneiras, interessa-nos investigar a inversão dorelevo das personagens dentro do dialogismo social enfocado por Saramago, assimcomo a construção de uma realidade fictícia que se constrói paralelamente aosfatos históricos.
EL “FEUDO DE SANGRE” Y EL DON EN ISLANDIA MEDIEVAL: ALGUNAS REFLEXIONES METODOLÓGICAS
Authors: Barreiro Santiago 
Published: May 2017

Durante las últimas décadas, el uso de modelos teóricos derivados de la antropología ha sido prominente en los estudios medievales. Esta tendencia parece particularmente fructífera para el análisis de lo que se ha llamado “sociedades de base campesina”, en las que el desarrollo de estructuras estables de poder político era relativamente bajo. Entre otros temas, los historiadores han trabajado con dos conceptos bien conocidos tomados de la etnografía clásica. El primero es el don, originalmente creado por las escuelas franco-alemanas que criticaban tanto al utilitarismo como al colectivismo soviético. El segundo es el “feudo de sangre”, que fue originalmente estudiado por antropólogos sociales británicos, interesados en los modos de resolución de conflictos en las sociedades “primitivas” que estaban en contacto directo con el Imperio Británico durante el período de entreguerras. En este texto, buscamos analizar los paralelismos estructurales entre la dinámica del feudo y el don a nivel teórico y su aplicación a una sociedad medieval (Islandia durante la Edad Media central) que poseía grados de diferenciación social más profundos que los presentes en los ejemplos etnográficos que subyacen a las teorías sobre el don y el feudo, tales como los Nuer y los Trobriandeses.
O historiador e suas fontes: construção, desconstrução, reconstrução
Authors: Le Jan Régine 
Published: May 2017

Este artigo propõe uma discussão de caráter teórico-metodologico que, centrada em documentação e historiografia sobre a Alta Idade Média, abrange a medievalística de modo amplo. Após avaliar os procedimentos e efeitos de métodos historiográficos pós-modernos, responsáveis por uma certa demolição das fontes históricas tradicionais, a autora apresenta possibilidades de se reconstruir a interpretação das mesmas fontes, como a Tumba de Childerico e o Manual de Dhuoda, em que seja superada a perspectiva etnocêntrica, hierárquica e centralizadora que marca boa parte da historiografia europeia desde o século XIX. Além disso, adverte sobre os riscos de um apego excessivo aos modelos explicativos de cunho sociológico, que podem fazer os historiadores perderem de vista a diacronia e a singularidade de seus objetos.
Nitrate removal from water by immobilized bacteria
Authors: Nussinovitch Amos , Zohar-Perez Cheinat , Rabinovitz Zahi , van Rijn Jaap 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Nitrate may reach surface and ground waters as a consequence of agricultural activity and discharge of domestic and industrial waste. Among the various methods used for nitrate removal, denitrification, a process in which nitrate is biologically reduced to elemental nitrogen, is relatively reliable and inexpensive as compared to other physical and chemical nitrate removal processes. Denitrification is generally conducted with biofilters in which bacteria are either immobilized to the surface of insoluble carriers or are entrapped within an immobilization matrix. We examined the use of non-toxic and biodegradable natural hydrocolloids for entrapment of denitrifying bacteria. Gel beads containing starch and alginate were used for this purpose. Three types of gel beads were examined: (1) wet gel beads; (2) porous wet gel beads; and (3) freeze-dried gel beads. With respect to nitrate removal, wet and dried gel beads showed similar removal capacities. Porous beads demonstrated an advantage over regular gel beads only during the first of the approximately 3-month incubation period. The viability of the immobilized bacteria was only slightly affected during prolonged refrigerated storage of the beads. Compared to freeze-dried beads, production costs of wet beads are significantly reduced, so it is anticipated that such carriers will eventually lead to a method that can be applied on an industrial scale.
Study of Cyclic Fracturing in Vertical CBM Wells
Authors: Li Ting , Wan Ji-fang 
Published: May 2017

Background:Coal-bed methane productivity of single well is very low, and has been the bottleneck of the coal-bed methane industry in China.Objective:Although hydraulic fracturing is the only stimulation measure to develop CBM, it cannot increase production effectively, conventional fracturing method to create opening fractures should be improved. How to make good use of natural fractures, which are plentiful in CBM reservoirs, is also an important subject for hydraulic fracturing.Method:In this paper, the plastic deformation of coal rock is analyzed by harnessing a pseudo-Maxwell creep phenomenon, which is normally present in rock. The Kelvin-Voigt model is utilized to describe pseudo-plastic behavior of coal rock to determine pressurization and decay cyclic time for cyclic fracturing design. The mechanical requirement for shearing natural fractures is also analyzed, and shearing distance between the faces of natural fracture can be calculated by Westergaard stress function. Ultimately, the cyclic fracturing method is proposed according to theories about stress alteration and shearing of natural fractures. This method includes such periods as fracturing, pumping shut-down and so on.Conclusion:A complex fracture system can be created, which consists of opened and sheared fractures, then, large SRV(stimulated reservoir volume)and flowing drainage area can be acquired. In comparison with conventional fracturing method, this new way can make full use of the characteristics of CBM reservoirs and is more suitable to CBM. This method will lead to a significant increase of CBM production, and will achieve huge economic benefits.
Amylase, Lipase, and Acute Pancreatitis in People With Type 2 Diabetes Treated With Liraglutide: Results From the LEADER Randomized Trial
Authors: Steinberg William M. , Buse John B. , Ghorbani Marie Louise Muus , Ørsted David D. , Nauck Michael A. ,   the LEADER Steering Committee,   on behalf of the LEADER Trial Investigators
Published: May 2017

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate serum amylase and lipase levels and the rate of acute pancreatitis in patients with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk randomized to liraglutide or placebo and observed for 3.5–5.0 years.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 9,340 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomized to either liraglutide or placebo (median observation time 3.84 years). Fasting serum lipase and amylase were monitored. Acute pancreatitis was adjudicated in a blinded manner.

RESULTS
Compared with the placebo group, liraglutide-treated patients had increases in serum lipase and amylase of 28.0% and 7.0%, respectively. Levels were increased at 6 months and then remained stable. During the study, 18 (0.4% [1.1 events/1,000 patient-years of observation] [PYO]) liraglutide-treated and 23 (0.5% [1.7 events/1,000 PYO]) placebo patients had acute pancreatitis confirmed by adjudication. Most acute pancreatitis cases occurred ≥12 months after randomization. Liraglutide-treated patients with prior history of pancreatitis (n = 147) were not more likely to develop acute pancreatitis than similar patients in the placebo group (n = 120). Elevations of amylase and lipase levels did not predict future risk of acute pancreatitis (positive predictive value &lt;1.0%) in patients treated with liraglutide.

CONCLUSIONS
In a population with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk, there were numerically fewer events of acute pancreatitis among liraglutide-treated patients (regardless of previous history of pancreatitis) compared with the placebo group. Liraglutide was associated with increases in serum lipase and amylase, which were not predictive of an event of subsequent acute pancreatitis.