bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Christian IV’s tugt- og børnehus. Social institution eller merkantilistisk foretagende?
Authors: Jensen Peter Agerbo 
Published: February 2016

<p>The Gaol and Orphanage of Christian IV - Social Institution or Mercantilist Enterprise?</p><p><br />In 1605, the Danish King Christian IV founded a gaol after English and Northern European models. The purpose of the gaol was that the inmates, the vagrants, should be taught textile making. In contrast to contemporary foreign examples the Danish gaol was founded by the king himself, just as it was the crown that both owned the institution and was the purchaser of its textile products. In 1620, the institution was extended with an orphanage as well as various workshops for textile handicrafts. The gaol and orphanage was closed in 1649.</p><p>The basic question posed in the present article is: Was the foundation in 1605 and the subsequent operation of the gaol and orphanage of Christian IV in the years until its closure in 1649 a manifestation of mercantilism, the predominant economic theory of the age, or should the institution rather be seen as a social and preventive measure in the fight against vagrancy?</p><p><br />In order to answer this question, an examination is made of various contemporary sources, including legislatory material, in order to determine the character of the gaol undertaking.</p><p><br />It is the conclusion of the present article that the gaol and orphanage was a combination of mercantilist policy and a socially preventive measure. From being at the outset in 1605 a predominantly social institution with a certain element of mercantilism, it developed into a predominantly mercantilist enterprise whose previous social function was toned down and receded into the background.</p>
Arbejderpolitik i 1848. De københavnske ’pariserhåndværkere’.
Authors: Nygaard Bertel 
Published: February 2016

<p>Labour Politics in 1848. The ‘Parisian Craftsmen’ of Copenhagen</p><p><br />1848 saw the rise of one of the earliest Danish examples of a modern labour movement which was expressly based of the activities of the workers themselves. A small group of Copenhagen craftsmen - the ‘Parisian craftsmen’ - were behind this political movement. Their activities during this year demonstrates the creation of a critical counter-public opinion and the desire for an alternative social order which at once was foreign to previous Danish experiences and anchored in already prevalent ideals.</p>
Landsbyens anatomi. En retrogressiv analyse af agrarstrukturen i landsbyen Sundby på Mors med udgangspunkt i opposition ved forsvaret af Steen Buscks disputats: Et landbosamfund i opbrud. Sundby Mors 1600-1800, 2011.
Authors: Frandsen Karl-Erik 
Published: February 2016

<p>Opposition to Steen Busck’s Doctoral Thesis A Rural Community Breaking Up. Tradition and Modernization in Sundby Parish on the Island of Mors during the Period 1660-1800, vol. 1-2, Aarhus, 2011</p><p><br />The present article is an extended version of Karl-Erik Frandsen’s opposition to Steen Busck’s doctoral thesis A Rural Community Breaking Up. Tradition and Modernization in Sundby Parish on the Island of Mors during the Period 1660-1800, vol. 1-2, Aarhus, 2011.</p><p>Initially, a retrospective analysis is carried out. Taking as its point of departure the enclosure map of 1782, and combining it with the village land register of 1683, the analysis reconstructs the agrarian structures of Sundby in 1683. On this foundation it is subsequently possible to render it convincing that during the Middle Ages Sundby consisted of three large farms, which were later parcelled out into embryonic villages and which at least from 1662 and until the enclosure in 1782 consisted of approx. 30 farms in a complex open-field system. It is obvious that the distribution of land in the outlying fields in 1782 was carried out on the basis of the affiliation of the farms to the three embryonic villages.</p>
Fabrication of freestanding heteroepitaxial diamond substrate via micropatterns and microneedles
Authors: Aida Hideo , Kim Seong-Woo , Ikejiri Kenjiro , Kawamata Yuki , Koyama Koji , Kodama Hideyuki , Sawabe Atsuhito 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The fabrication of a high-quality freestanding diamond substrate was successfully demonstrated via heteroepitaxy by introducing diamond micropatterns and microneedles in the early stage of growth. Micropatterns contributed to a marked reduction in the number of dislocations induced by epitaxial lateral overgrowth, and microneedles relaxed heteroepitaxial strain. Raman spectroscopy indicated the absence of nondiamond carbon inclusions in the obtained freestanding substrate. The full width at half maximum of the X-ray rocking curve for diamond (004) reflections was 0.07°, the lowest value for heteroepitaxial diamond that has been reported so far. The results provide novel insights toward realizing large-diameter single-crystalline diamond substrates.
Dye sensitized solar cells with carbon black as counter electrodes
Authors: Lin Chi-Feng , Chou Yu-Chen , Haung Jhang-Fu , Chen Pin-Hung , Han Hsieh-Cheng , Chiu Kuo-Yuan , Su Yuhlong Oliver 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
In this experiment, we use carbon black as counter electrodes to replace the conventional platinum electrodes in dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC). The electrical properties and device efficiency with carbon black counter electrodes with various concentrations, and under the annealing temperature from 100 to 500 °C are discussed. After the proper annealing process, the conductivity and redoxing ability of the carbon black is improved, resulted in the enhancement of the electrical characteristics, especially fill factor, of the device. The highest device efficiency was 7.28% with the J
SC of 14.70 mA/cm2, V
OC of 0.75 V, and fill factor of 0.67 under 1-sun AM 1.5G solar illumination.
Fluorescence microscopy imaging of cells with a plasmonic dish integrally molded
Authors: Tawa Keiko , Sasakawa Chisato , Fujita Tsuyoshi , Kiyosue Kazuyuki , Hosokawa Chie , Nishii Junji , Oike Makoto , Kakinuma Norihiro 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
A plastic dish with a wavelength-scale periodic structure at a bottom panel was integrally molded and coated with thin metal films. The integrally molded dish called plasmonic dish was applied to bioimaging under a fluorescence microscope. On the plasmonic substrate, the enhanced electric field based on a grating-coupled surface plasmon resonance (GC-SPR) can provide an enhanced fluorescence. In this study, two kinds of cells, human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells and neuronal cells, were observed in our plasmonic dish. Fluorescence images of HEK cells were above 10 times brighter than those obtained on a conventional glass-bottomed dish. Neuronal cells were successfully cultured for 10 d on the plasmonic dish integrally molded, and in fluorescence images with transmitted light, a higher contrast was obtained than in epifluorescence images. The plasmonic dish integrally molded, as well as that fabricated by the UV nanoimprint method, was also found to be useful for sensitive bioimaging.
Plating versus intramedullary fixation for mid-shaft clavicle fractures: a systemic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Gao Yan , Chen Wei , Liu Yue-Jv , Li Xu , Wang Hai-Li , Chen Zhao-yu 
Published: February 2016

Background.Plate fixation and intramedullary fixation are the most commonly used surgical treatment options for mid-shaft clavicle fractures; the latter method has demonstrated better performance in some studies.Objectives.Our aim was to critically review and summarize the literature comparing the outcomes of mid-shaft clavicle fracture treatment with plate fixation or intramedullary fixation to identify the better approach.Search Methods.Potential academic articles were identified from the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (1966-2015.5), PubMed (1966-2015.5), EMBASE (1980-2015.5) and ScienceDirect (1966-2015.5). Gray studies were identified from the references of the included literature.Selection Criteria.Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs comparing plate fixation and intramedullary fixation for mid-shaft clavicle fracture were included.Data Collection and Analysis.Two reviewers performed independent data abstraction. TheI2statistic was used to assess heterogeneity. A fixed- or random-effects model was used for the meta-analysis.Results.Six RCTs and nine non-RCTs were retrieved, including 513 patients in the intramedullary fixation group and 521 patients in the plating group. No significant differences in terms of the union rate and shoulder function were found between the groups. Patients in the intramedullary fixation group had a shorter operative time, less blood loss, smaller wound size, and shorter union time than those in the plating group. With respect to complications, significant differences were identified for all complications and major complications (wound infection, nonunion, implant failures, transient brachial plexopathy, and pain after 6 months). Similar secondary complications (symptomatic hardware, hardware irritation, prominence, numbness, hypertrophic callus) were observed in both groups.Conclusions.Intramedullary fixation may be superior to plate fixation in the treatment of mid-shaft clavicle fractures, with similar performance in terms of the union rate and shoulder function, better operative parameters and fewer complications.
Motor and Nonmotor Measures and Declining Daily Physical Activity in Older Adults
Authors: Oveisgharan Shahram , Wang Tianhao , Hausdorff Jeffrey M. , Bennett David A. , Buchman Aron S. 
Published: September 2024

ImportanceDifficulties in identifying modifiable risk factors associated with daily physical activity may impede public health efforts to mitigate the adverse health outcomes of a sedentary lifestyle in an aging population.ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that adding baseline sensor-derived mobility metrics to diverse baseline motor and nonmotor variables accounts for the unexplained variance of declining daily physical activity among older adults.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study analyzed data from participants of the Rush Memory and Aging Project (MAP), an ongoing longitudinal clinical pathological study that began to enroll older adults (age range, 59.4-104.9 years) in 1997. Wrist- and waist-worn sensors were added to MAP in 2005 and 2012, respectively, to record participants’ physical activity and mobility performances. Included participants were examined at baseline and annually followed up for a mean (SD) duration of 4.2 (1.6) years.ExposureTwelve blocks of variables, including 3 blocks of mobility metrics derived from recordings of a belt-worn sensor to quantify a 32-foot walk, a Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, and a standing balance task, and 9 other blocks with 41 additional variables.Main Outcomes and MeasuresA linear mixed-effects model was used to estimate the person-specific rate of change (slope) of total daily physical activity obtained from a wrist-worn sensor. Twelve linear regression models were used to estimate the adjusted R2 to quantify the associations of the variables with the slope.ResultsA total of 650 older adults (500 females [76.9%]; mean [SD] age at baseline, 81.4 [7.5] years; 31 Black individuals [4.8%], 17 Latino individuals [2.6%], and 602 White individuals [92.6%]) were included. During follow-up, all but 1 participant showed declining daily physical activity, which was equivalent to approximately 16.8% decrease in activity level per year. In separate models, waist sensor–derived mobility metrics (32-foot walk: adjusted R2, 23.4% [95% CI, 17.3%-30.6%]; TUG test: adjusted R2, 22.8% [95% CI, 17.7%-30.1%]) and conventional motor variables (adjusted R2, 24.1% [95% CI, 17.7%-31.4%]) had the largest percentages of variance of declining daily physical activity compared with nonmotor variables. When the significant variables from all 12 blocks were included together in a single model, only turning speed (estimate [SE], 0.018 [0.006]; P = .005) and hand dexterity (estimate [SE], 0.091 [0.034]; P = .008) showed associations with declining daily physical activity.Conclusions and RelevanceFindings of this study suggest that sensor-derived mobility metrics and conventional motor variables compared with nonmotor measures explained most of the variance of declining daily physical activity. Further studies are needed to ascertain whether improving specific motor abilities, such as turning speed and hand dexterity, is effective in slowing the decline of daily physical activity in older adults.
Innovative technology‐based interventions in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Yau Chun En , Ho Eric Chi Kiat , Ong Natasha Yixuan , Loh Clifton Joon Keong , Mai Aaron Shengting , Tan Eng‐King 
Published: September 2024

AbstractObjectiveNovel technology‐based interventions have the potential to improve motor symptoms and gait in Parkinson's disease (PD). Promising treatments include virtual‐reality (VR) training, robotic assistance, and biofeedback. Their effectiveness remains unclear, and thus, we conducted a Bayesian network meta‐analysis.MethodsWe searched the Medline, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Clinicaltrials.gov databases until 2 April 2024 and only included randomized controlled trials. Outcomes included changes in UPDRS‐III/MDS‐UPDRS‐III score, stride length, 10‐meter walk test (10MWT), timed up‐and‐go (TUG) test, balance scale scores and quality‐of‐life (QoL) scores. Results were reported as mean differences (MD) or standardized mean differences (SMD), with 95% credible intervals (95% CrI).ResultsFifty‐one randomized controlled trials with 2095 patients were included. For UPDRS (motor outcome), all interventions had similar efficacies. VR intervention was the most effective in improving TUG compared with control (MD: −4.36, 95% CrI: −8.57, −0.35), outperforming robotic, exercise, and proprioceptive interventions. Proprioceptive intervention significantly improved stride length compared to control intervention (MD: 0.11 m, 95% CrI: 0.03, 0.19), outperforming VR, robotic and exercise interventions. Virtual reality improved balance scale scores significantly compared to exercise intervention (SMD: 0.75, 95% CrI: 0.12, 1.39) and control intervention (SMD: 1.42, 95% CrI: 0.06, 2.77). Virtual reality intervention significantly improved QoL scores compared to control intervention (SMD: −0.95, 95% CrI: −1.43, −0.52), outperforming Internet‐based interventions.InterpretationVR‐based and proprioceptive interventions were the most promising interventions, consistently ranking as the top treatment choices for most outcomes. Their use in clinical practice could be helpful in managing motor symptoms and QoL in PD.
Modulating the Mucosal Drug Delivery Efficiency of Polymeric Nanogels Tuning their Redox Response and Surface Charge
Authors: Udabe Jakes , Muñoz‐Juan Amanda , Tafech Belal , Orellano María Soledad , Hedtrich Sarah , Laromaine Anna , Calderón Marcelo 
Published: September 2024

AbstractMucus is a hydrated, viscoelastic, and adhesive gel that lubricates and protects the body from pathogens; however, its protective function hinders drug/nanomedicine diffusion and treatment efficiency. Therefore, novel drug delivery strategies are required to overcome challenging mucosal barriers. Here, multi‐responsive nanogels (NGs) are developed and explored their interaction with mucus. Specific NG features (e.g., surface charge, temperature responsiveness, and redox response) are evaluated in a typical mucus‐associated environment (i.e., mucin proteins and high glutathione concentrations). The results demonstrate that biocompatibility and the capacity to deliver a protein through mucosal barriers in different in vitro and in vivo models highlight the importance of specific NG design elements. Disulfide bonds are highlighted as redox‐sensitive cross‐linkers within the NG structure as critical for drug delivery performance; they function as degradation points that enable NG degradation and subsequent drug release and anchoring points to adhere to mucin, thereby enhancing their residence time at the desired site of action. Additionally, it is confirmed that surface charges impact interactions with mucin; positively charged NGs exhibit improved interactions with mucin compared to negatively charged and neutral NGs. Overall, the findings underline the importance of redox response and surface charge in NG design for reaching efficient mucosal drug delivery.
Stabilized High‐Valent Indium for Promoted Formate Production from Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
Authors: Ma Tengfei , Wang Feng , Jing Wenhao , Qiu Haoran , Liu Ya , Guo Liejin 
Published: September 2024

AbstractElectrocatalysts based on high‐valent indium are promising for formate production via CO2 electroreduction. However, reconstruction often occurs during the reaction progress, resulting in a decline in catalytic performance. Here, a composite of In2O3/In2S3 is developed, and its catalytic performance exceeds that of either individual phase, particularly in stability. Analysis of morphology, valence state, and in situ Raman spectroscopy reveals that In2O3 is well preserved during the reaction. Theoretical calculations suggest that the desorption energy of lattice oxygen on In2O3 can be strengthened due to In2O3‐In2S3 bonding within the composite. This reinforcement facilitates the formation of more active sites and promotes CO2 adsorption, further decreasing the energy barrier of formate production to only 0.12 eV. As a result, the composite exhibits a formate selectivity over 95.05% at –1.13 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode accompanied by a partial current density of 434.4 mA cm–2. Notably, the selectivity of formate maintains over 95% even after 50 h at an industrial‐level current density of 200 mA cm–2, 17 times longer than the individual phase. Furthermore, 18.33% solar‐to‐formate and 19.49% solar‐to‐fuel are obtained when coupled with III‐V solar cells, demonstrating its feasibility.
Cephalo: Multi‐Modal Vision‐Language Models for Bio‐Inspired Materials Analysis and Design
Authors: Buehler Markus J. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractCephalo is presented as a series of multimodal vision large language models (V‐LLMs) designed for materials science applications, integrating visual and linguistic data for enhanced understanding. A key innovation of Cephalo is its advanced dataset generation method. Cephalo is trained on integrated image and text data from thousands of scientific papers and science‐focused Wikipedia data demonstrates it can interpret complex visual scenes, generate precise language descriptions, and answer queries about images effectively. The combination of a vision encoder with an autoregressive transformer supports multimodal natural language understanding, which can be coupled with other generative methods to create an image‐to‐text‐to‐3D pipeline. To develop more capable models from smaller ones, both mixture‐of‐expert methods and model merging are reported. The models are examined in diverse use cases that incorporate biological materials, fracture and engineering analysis, protein biophysics, and bio‐inspired design based on insect behavior. Generative applications include bio‐inspired designs, including pollen‐inspired architected materials, as well as the synthesis of bio‐inspired material microstructures from a photograph of a solar eclipse. Additional model fine‐tuning with a series of molecular dynamics results demonstrate Cephalo's enhanced capabilities to accurately predict statistical features of stress and atomic energy distributions, as well as crack dynamics and damage in materials.
Surface ‒OH Termination‐Reduced Ti3C2Tx Pseudo‐capacitors with Reinforced Ionic Liquid Accessibility to Achieve High Energy Density
Authors: Shi Hu , Ma Mengyao , Sun Yue , Cui Miaomiao , Qian Aniu 
Published: September 2024

AbstractHighly conductive Ti3C2Tx pseudo‐capacitors hold promise to expand energy density by utilizing ionic liquid (IL) electrolytes (e.g., 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis trifluoromethane sulfonyl imide, EMITFSI) that possesses broaden voltage window, resulting in various applications involving hybrid vehicle, rail transportation, and power system. However, abundantly random surface ‒OH terminations cannot maintain an extremely stabilized Ti3C2Tx layer spacing framework for efficient ion arrangements, increase ionic diffusion barriers, and decline in energy density. Herein, intensely chemical covalent bonding interactions of ‒SH, ‒COOH, and ‒NH2 terminated L‐cysteine molecules with ‒OH terminations are proposed to stabilize Ti3C2Tx and expand interlayer structure, allowing sufficient ionic transport and realizing high energy‐density Ti3C2Tx pseudo‐capacitors. It is found that, with cysteine molecules stayed flat to Ti3C2Tx layer, superior hydrophilic surface, and increased interlayer spacing to 1.51 nm, 2.16‐folds higher than Ti3C2Tx electrode, the Ti3C2Tx‒cysteine electrode delivered high capacitance of 279 F g−1 in EMITFSI/acetonitrile electrolyte. Assembled asymmetric Ti3C2Tx‒cysteine//activated carbon flexible device exhibited a high voltage of 2.9 V and a high energy density of 72.1 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 874 W kg−1, which could power various colored smart rollable flexible electronics at bent angle of 90°. Additionally, identical mechanisms are found in Ti3C2Tx‐amino acid systems, wherein amino acid stayed flat between Ti3C2Tx layers with optimized content, interlayer spacing, and capacitance, no matter amino acid in different charged feature and different sidechain lengths (e.g., glutamine, cysteine, and lysine). The present study provides systematically experimental evidence for improving ion accessibility in IL electrolytes based on an organic‐modified Ti3C2Tx electrode structure.
Integrating mTOR Inhibition and Photodynamic Therapy Based on Carrier‐Free Nanodrugs for Breast Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Liu Jinzhao , Lyu Qingyang , Wu Meicen , Zhou Yang , Wang Tianyi , Zhang Yichi , Fan Ni , Yang Chang , Wang Weiping 
Published: September 2024

AbstractConventional photodynamic therapy (PDT) in cancer treatment needs to utilize oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species to eliminate malignant tissues. However, oxygen consumption in tumor microenvironment exacerbates cancer cell hypoxia and may promote vasculature angiogenesis. Since the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway plays a vital role in endothelial cell proliferation and fibrosis, mTOR inhibitor drugs hold the potential to reverse hypoxia‐evoked angiogenesis for improved PDT effect. In this study, a carrier‐free nanodrug formulation composed of Torin 1 as mTORC1/C2 dual inhibitor and Verteporfin as a photosensitizer and Yes‐associated protein inhibitor is developed. These two drug molecules can self‐assemble into stable nanoparticles through π–π stacking and hydrophobic interactions with good long‐term stability. The nanodrugs can prompt synergistic apoptosis, combinational anti‐angiogenesis, and strong immunogenic cell death effects upon near‐infrared light irradiation in vitro. Furthermore, the nanosystem also exhibits improved antitumor effect, anti‐cancer immune response, and distant tumor inhibition through tumor microenvironment remodeling in vivo. In this way, the nanodrugs can reverse PDT‐elicited angiogenesis and promote cancer immunotherapy to eliminate tumor tissues and prevent metastasis. This nanosystem provides insights into integrating mTOR inhibitors and photosensitizers for safe and effective breast cancer treatment in clinical settings.