bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR MATERI PENYESUAIAN MAKHLUK HIDUP DALAM PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF METODE THINK-PAIR-SHARE DIPADU DENGAN METODE PICTURE AND PICTURE PADA SISWA KELAS V-A SD MUHAMMADIYAH 8 DAU MALANG
Authors: Marina Citra , Rofieq Ainur , Wahyuni Sri 
Published: May 2017

PENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR MATERI PENYESUAIAN MAKHLUK HIDUP DALAM PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF METODE THINK-PAIR-SHARE DIPADU DENGAN METODE PICTURE AND PICTURE PADA SISWA KELAS V-A SD MUHAMMADIYAH 8 DAU MALANG Citra Marina1, Ainur Rofieq1, Sri Wahyuni1, 1Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi, FKIP, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang email: biologi.umm@gmail.com ABSTRACTFrom interviews result, we can say 45% of the number of students has a low learning outcomes. The research purposes are: To determine the increase in the learning material adjustment Beings through cooperative learning combined the TPS method with P & P method at the VA graders SD Muhammadiyah 8 Dau Malang. Implementation of TPS learning combined with P & P already performing optimally. Based on the results of correcting data analysis sheet formative test on cycle-3 students who scored> SKM as many as 27 people (90%),whereas the received value <SKM value of 3 people (10%) of 30 students. Keywords: Think-Pair-Share (TPS), Picture and Picture (P&P), Cooperative
PENERAPAN KERANGKA RANCANGAN TANDUR DALAM MODEL PEMBELAJARAN SNOWBALL THROWING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR IPA SMPN 03 CANDIPURO LUMAJANG
Authors: Wati Henia , Rahardjanto Abdulkadir , Miftachul Hudha Atok 
Published: May 2017

PENERAPAN KERANGKA RANCANGAN TANDUR DALAM MODEL PEMBELAJARAN SNOWBALL THROWING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR IPA SMPN 03 CANDIPURO LUMAJANG Henia Wati1, Abdulkadir Rahardjanto1, Atok Miftachul Hudha1 1Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi FKIP Universtias Muhammadiyah Malang, e-mail: rahardjanto@gmail.com ABSTRAK Pembelajaran Snowball Throwing merupakan pembelajaran kooperatif yang bekerja secara berkelompok secara kolaboratif yang penerapannya membuat sebuah pertanyaan yang dituliskan dikertas kemudian diremas menyerupai bentuk bola salju lalu dilemparkan kepada siswa lain dan siswa lain yang mendapatkan bola kertas dibuka dan menjawab perrtanyaan. Adanya kerjasama secara kooperatif ini mendorong siswa untuk lebih aktif dalam kegiatan pembelajaran, sedangkan guru hanya bertindak sebagai fasilitator yang bertugas mengorganisasikan materi, mengorganisasikan siswa dan menyiapkan bahan-bahan yang diperlukan dalam kegiatan pembelajaran. Hasil observasi dan wawancara dengan guru mata pelajaran Biologi kelas VIII-B di SMPN 03 Candipuro Lumajang, menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran Biologi yang diterapkan selama ini masih berorientasi pada guru (teacher centered) dan selalu dilakukan secara konvensional, sehingga siswa mayoritas tidak mengerti bagaimana hubungan antara fakta yang ada dengan kehidupan sehari-hari. Hal ini karena siswa dalam mencapai pengetahuan atau konsep materi pelajaran masih belum terlaksana. Selain itu, nilai hasil belajar siswa kelas VIII-B mayoritas di bawah KKM yang telah ditentukan yaitu 70. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penerapan model pembelajaran Snowball Throwing yang didalamnya terdapat kerangka rancangan TANDUR dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar IPA SMPN 03 Candipuro Lumajang pada materi metamorfosis dan metagenesis. Jenis penelitian yang dilakukan adalah penelitian tindakan kelas (Classroom Action Reseacrh) dengan menggunakan prosedur kerja yang dipandang sebagai siklus spiral yang meliputi kegiatan perencanaan, tindakan, observasi, dan refleksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan hasil belajar siswa kelas VIII-B SMPN 03 Candipuro Lumajang dari siklus I ke siklus II. Hasil belajar klasikal pada siklus II lebih baik dibandingkan siklus I, hal ini ditunjukkan dari hasil analisa ketuntasan hasil belajar klasikal yang mengalami peningkatan dari 75% pada siklus I menjadi 95,83% pada siklus II yang artinya terjadi peningkatan sebesar 20,83%. Kata Kunci : Hasil Belajar, Snowball Throwing, Kerangka Rancangan Tandur
REVIEWER JPBI VOLUME 1 NOMOR 1
Authors: JPBI REVIEWER 
Published: May 2017

REVIEWER JPBI VOLUME 1 NOMOR 1 Naskah/artikel dalam penerbitan Volume 1 Nomor 1 ini telah direview oleh mitra bestari, sebagai berikut: Dr. Akhmad Sukri, M.Pd. (IKIP Mataram) Dr. Marheny Lukitasari, M.Pd. (IKIP PGRI Madiun) Dra. Lise Chamisijatin, M.Pd. (Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang) Dr. drh. Cicilia Novi Primiani, M.Pd. (IKIP PGRI Madiun) Dr. Abdulkadir Rahardjanto, M.Si. (Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang) Dr. Widodo, M.Pd. (UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta) Redaksi menyampaikan terima kasih dan penghargaan yang sebesar-besarnya atas kesedian dan keikhlasan para reviewer untuk mereview naskah-naskah pada Volume 1 Nomor 1 ini.
PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN BERDASARKAN MASALAH PADA PEMBELAJARAN BIOLOGI TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR DAN KETERAMPILAN BERPIKIR TINGKAT TINGGI DI SMA
Authors: Mayasari Ria , Adawiyah Rabiatul 
Published: May 2017

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengimplementasikan model pembelajaran berdasarkan masalah pada pembelajaran biologi terhadap hasil belajar dan keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi di SMA. Tujuan khusus penelitian ini adalah 1) Menguji signifikansi hasil belajar kognitif produk, 2) Menguji signifikansi keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi. Rancangan penelitian dalam penelitian ini adalah eksperimen semu. Menurut Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas X SMA Negeri di Kota Banjarbaru yang duduk di kelas X tahun pelajaran 2013/2014 dengan peminatan sains-matematika. Sampel penelitian ditetapkan dua kelas dari masing-masing sekolah, yaitu satu kelas SMA Negeri 1 Banjarbaru kelas perlakuan dan satu kelas SMA Negeri 2 Banjarbaru kelas kontrol. Teknik pengambilan sampel secara bertujuan (purpossive). Variabel bebas berkaitan dengan rumusan tujuan nomor satu dan dua adalah pembelajaran menggunakan model PBM. Variabel terikat adalah hasil belajar dan keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi. Variabel control dalam penelitian ini adalah kurikulum yang digunakan, latar belakang pendidikan guru, jumlah jam pelajaran, dan soal-soal tes. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini adalah 1) Hasil belajar siswa diperoleh melalui pre test dan post test. 2) Keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi diperoleh melalui pre test dan post tes. Instrumen penelitian sebelum digunakan disesuaikan dengan ketentuan yang berlaku pada kurikulum 2013. Hasil belajar kognitif produk dan kognitif proses diperoleh melalui pretest dan posttest dianalisis menggunakan.analisis kovarian (ANACOVA) yang dioperasikan menggunakan program SPSS versi 17 for windows. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dengan menggunakan model Pembelajaran Berdasarkan Masalah berpengaruh positif terhadap hasil belajar siswa, ini dapat dilihat dari rata hasil belajar kelas kontrol 73,475 dan pada kelas perlakuan sebesar 82,917 dan dilihat dari nilai F hitung = 4,157 sedangkan F tabel = 0,05 artinya F hitung > F tabel. Sedangkan pada keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi siswa, ini dapat dilihat dari rata-rata nilai keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi kelas kontrol 65 dan kelas perlakuan 78,208 dan dilihat dari nilai F hitung = 4,739 sedangkan F tabel = 0,05 artinya F hitung > F tabel.
Eficiência do nitrato de prata a 4% e da oxitetraciclina spray no controle da ceratoconjuntivite em caprinos e ovinos no semi-árido baiano
Authors: Santana Adelmo Ferreira de , Magalhães Viviane Rodrigues , Bittencourt Catarina Nunes , Silva Isabelle Pryscylla da 
Published: May 2017

Detected an outbreak of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (ICC) in the municipality of Central, State of Bahia, 33 sheep and 47 goats from a herd of 132 animals including sheep and goats. The animals were examined clinically before being treated and the degree of inflammation of each eyeball was ranked as the scores, thus separated according to degree of inflammation and divided into two groups: Group I was treated with silver nitrate (AgNO3 ) 4%, being administered a drop in the affected eye, and group II was treated with oxytetracycline spray * for three days in both treatments. The silver nitrate and 4% oxytetracycline hydrochloride were effective in the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis in sheep and goats.
Tratamento de uma ave doméstica calopsita apresentando quadro clínico de clamidiose - Relato de caso
Authors: Freitas Andressa Izabel Assis 
Published: May 2017

Avian chlamydiosis is one of the main bird originated zoonosis, caused by the obrigatory intracellular bacteria Chlamydopyila psittci, gram-negative, that attacks birds, mammals and reptiles. The actual report refers to a domestic bird from the order of Psittaciformes, from cockatiel’s species, which was attended when presenting typical respiratory and digestive pictures of chlamydiosis. Antibacterial therapy was carried out as a treatment protocol, having as choice enrofloxacin and as support inhalation.
Toxocaríase em crianças e adolescentes: uma revisão sistemática dos estudos epidemiológicos
Authors: Teste Teste 
Published: May 2017

This systematic review describes the prevalence and risk factors associated with seroprevalence in age from zero to 18 years. The research methodology was used in the database as PubMed, Science Direct and Scielo. 91 articles were selected initially, which 13 were considered relevant to this work. In all studies reviewed, it was great variation in disease prevalence. The socioeconomic conditions of families with no contact with cats and dogs and sand were the main risk factors for toxocariasis, and other variables such as nail biting, geophagy, not washing hands before eating were also identified as risk factors and some authors associated seroprevalence of positive signs. It was concluded that further population based studies representative of these age groups and uniform criteria to define the prevalence and risk factors, besides the need for preventive measures.
Produção de leite no Brasil: qualidade, mercado internacional e agricultura familiar
Authors: Winck César Augustus , Leonardi Alex , Gianezini Miguelangelo , Ruviaro Clandio Favarini , Machado João Armando Dessimon 
Published: May 2017

Milk production has been increasing in recent years in Brazil, up becoming one of the main economic activities that generate employment and income. The dairy sector is housed in an environment where there is strong competition, and thus the producers, especially small-scale, need help to market their products in order to remain on the market. Focusing on quality of raw milk produced, the primary source for all dairy products are manufactured and marketed, it is necessary to understand that milk is a noble and highly perishable food, being necessary to give attention to quality.Historically, Brazilian standards of quality milk had turned its focus to the industrialization process and final product quality by putting in the background quality of raw materials.The Normative 51 (NI 51) published by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (Brazil, 2002) and implemented in July 2005 in the South, Southeast and Midwest, had among its objectives, to standardize the quality of raw milk produced in the country, seeking to improve the quality for the domestic market and making it competitive in the international market. Significant portion of milk producers in Brazil still is not ready to face the demands of IN 51 and these producers will be excluded from the chain, if not adapted to this new reality. The focus of the study is to address the national dairy market, discussing aspects of hygienic quality and minimal maintenance of the milk producer in the Brazilian productive chain, trying to understand how you can make within the rules, not excluding a significant portion of the thousands of Brazilian producers, who depend milk for the maintenance of the properties and monthly agricultural families.
Utilização da fitoterapia no controle da eimeriose no rebanho ovino no Município de Entre Rios – Bahia
Authors: Santana Adelmo Ferreira de , Ribeiro Hedigila Thabata Da Silva , Caetano Adriano Leão Silva , Bittencourt Catarina Nunes 
Published: May 2017

This study aimed to evaluate the action of extracts of cashew (Anacardium occidentale), Jurema-preta (Mimosa tenuiflora Willd.) Angico and (Anadenanthera colubrina) on the production of Eimeria, administered at different concentrations in sheep Experimental Farm Entre Rios belonging to the School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia. The extracts were prepared and administered in two doses from the first collection of feces in 21 crossbred Santa Inês and Somalis. In the results of the treatments observed inhibitory action of these extracts on the development of Eimeria.
Distribuição percentual do rendimento da carcaça de ovino Santa Inês
Authors: Santana Adelmo Ferreira de , Vollono Silvana , Resende Lívia Paola Silva , Caetano Adriano Leão Silva , Cruz Gessica Ariane de Melo 
Published: May 2017

The study value the percentile income of the components of the carcass of ovino Saint Ines, carried through in the Experimental Farm of Between Rivers, leading in consideration abates with age average of 5 months. The accompaniment of the gestantes matrices was carried through, has controlled bathroom and childbirth of 14 lambs. During the months that had preceded it abates it the handling was made of the lambs, excrement collection for the examination of OPG of verminoses and eimeriose. It was carried through the vaccination and vermifugação and accomplishment of new examination OPG to verify the effectiveness of the antiparasitic treatment. In the date of it it abates the lambs had been weighed and after that abated and led to the refrigerating chamber (- 4ºC -1ºC) where they had remained by 12 hours they had been weighed, calculating it loss for cooling. Made the statistical analyses, had been evaluated in this experiment the percentile composition of the income of the boned cuts of carcass with bone and made with standardized cuts.
Acidulantes na água de codornas japonesas (Coturnix japonica) alojadas sob diferentes densidades
Authors: Kakimoto Sérgio Kenji , Pizzolante Carla Cachoni , Saldanha Érika Salgado Politi Braga , Moraes José Evandro de , Laganá Christine , Madeira Luciene Aparecida , Denadai Juliana Célia 
Published: May 2017

The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of the acidulating water inclusion of 600 Japanese quails in the final stages of production housed under different densities affect performance and egg quality. A completely randomized experimental design was applied with four treatments in a 2x2 factorial arrangement, being two densities of 24 and 36 birds per cage (corresponding to 141.67 and 94.44 cm2/bird, respectively) and two water diets (with or without acidulating) and five replicates each. The following performance, feed intake, egg weight, egg production, egg mass, feed conversion ratio (FCR kg/dz and FCR kg/kg) and mortality. The quality of eggs was evaluated by specific gravity, percentages of the yolk, albumen and bark. No significant differences were observed for any of the variables studied (P
Luxação de patela em coelho (Oryctolagus cuniculus, LINNAEUS, 1758) - Relato de caso
Authors: Araujo Guilherme Dias , Kanayama Cláudio Yudi 
Published: May 2017

A rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), male, 5 months, was attended with a history of limited mobility and reluctance to walk. During clinical examination, by palpation of the hind limbs, were noticed clear prominences of the femoral trochleas and patellae positioned medially to the medial trochleas of the femurs that couldn’t be repositionated by external manipulation. When performing the radiographic examination, was characterized medial bilateral patellar luxation. Joining the clinical examination to the radiological, was obtained as a definitive diagnosis medial bilateral congenital patellar luxation of grade IV. Despite the deficit of locomotion of the animal, it could feed itself normally and showed no external injuries on the affected limbs. Associating to the animal welfare and the possibility of recurrence after surgical correction of the disease, surgical treatment wasn´t adopted.
A Performance Analysis of a Hydrogenerator In The Case of Field Short-Circuit Using FEM
Authors: S.E.Dallas  , A.N.Safacas  , J.C. Kappatou  
Published: May 2017

The maintenance of synchronous generators is very significant for the energy production. Being aware of the performance of a synchronous machine during different kinds of faults, such as phase to phase, phase to ground or field short-circuits, could provide useful information about their protection. A short-circuit in the field excitation is not a common fault, but it is severe enough to create high oscillations to both electrical and mechanical magnitudes (field, stator and damper currents, rotor shaft torque, load angle etc). Such kind of faults is difficult to examine and provide experimental results because of the kinds of generator used for energy production. The size of these machines, either hydrogenerator or turbogenerator, is enormous for experimental laboratory studies. Another important issue that arises is the difficulties in the accurate calculation of the damper currents during transient operation. The Finite Element Method analysis gives solution to this kind of problems, as it can calculate as well the damper, stator and field currents as the electromagnetic field distribution inside the air gap.
Analisis Kadar Mineral dalam Abu Buah Nipa (Nypa fructicans) Kaliwanggu Teluk Kendari Sulawesi Tenggara
Authors: Herman Herman , Rusli Rolan , Ilimu Edi , Hamid Rimba , Haeruddin Haeruddin 
Published: May 2017

Research about Levels of ash analysis in Nipa Fruit (Nypa fructicans) Kaliwanggu Kendari Gulf South East Sulawesi have been done. Research carried out by gravimetric method and AAS. The ash content of old nipa fruit at a temperature 450Â°C dan 550Â°C obtained amounted to 1.01% and 0.89%. while the young nipa fruits obtained ash content of 0.88% and 0.86% at450Â°C dan 550Â°C. Mineral content of old nipa fruit which had become ash at a temperature of 450Â°C obtained at 1.3769 ppm, 7.9167 ppm, 3.7876 ppm, 9.2365 ppm, respectively for Fe, Mg, K, and Na. On the other hand, at a temperature of 550Â°C obtained at 1.1153 ppm, 8.0127 ppm, 3.7990 ppm and 9.3634 ppm, respectively for Fe, Mg, K, and Na. On young fruit nipah obtained concentration of 0.8769 ppm, 7.9939 ppm, 3.8260 ppm, 9.4041 ppm, respectively for Fe, Mg, K, and Na at ash temperature 450Â°C. Meanwhile, at a ash temperature of 550Â°C obtained concentration of 0.9230 ppm, 7.9738 ppm, 3.7468 ppm and 9.3861 ppm, respectively for Fe, Mg, K, and Na. The water content obtained from the old and young nipa flesh fruit obtained at 41.86% and 33.49%, respectively.
Key words: Level of mineral analysis, Nypa fructicans, Gravimetric, AAS
ABSTRAK
Telah dilakukan penelitian dengan judul â€œAnalisis Kadar dalam Abu Buah Nipa (Nypa fructicans)â€ Kaliwanggu Teluk Kendari Sulawesi Tenggara. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode gravimetri dan AAS. Kadar abu buah nipa tua pada suhu 450Â°C dan 550Â°C diperoleh sebesar 1,01% dan 0,89%, sedangkan pada buah nipa muda diperoleh kadar abu sebesar 0,88% dan 0,86% berurut-turut untuk suhu 450Â°C dan 550Â°C. Kadar mineral buah nipa tua yang diabukan pada suhu 450Â°C diperoleh sebesar 1,3769 ppm, 7,9167 ppm, 3,7876 ppm, 9,2365 ppm, berturut-turut untuk Fe, Mg, K, dan Na. Sedangkan pada suhu 550Â°C diperoleh sebesar 1,1153 ppm, 8,0127 ppm, 3,7990 ppm, dan 9,3634 ppm, berturut-turut untuk Fe, Mg, K, dan Na. Pada buah nipa muda diperoleh kadar sebesar 0,8769 ppm, 7,9939 ppm, 3,8260 ppm, 9,4041 ppm, berturut-turut untuk Fe, Mg, K, dan Na pada suhu pengabuan 450Â°C. Sedangkan pada suhu pengabuan 550Â°C diperoleh kadar sebesar 0,9230 ppm, 7,9738 ppm, 3,7468 ppm, dan 9,3861 ppm, berturut-turut untuk Fe, Mg, K, dan Na. Adapun kadar air yang diperoleh dari daging buah nipa tua dan muda diperoleh sebesar 41,86% dan 33,49%.
Kata kunci: Analisis kadar mineral, Nypa fructicans, Gravimetri, AAS
Book Reviews
Authors: Kennedy Harriet , Nijdam Elizabeth (Biz) , Labrune Logan , Reyns-Chikuma Chris 
Published: May 2017

Hillary L. Chute, Disaster Drawn: Visual Witness, Comics, and Documentary
Form (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016). 376 pp.
ISBN: 978-0-6745-0451-6 ($35)Reginald Rosenfeldt, Comic-Pioniere: Die deutschen Comic-Künstler der
1950er (Bochum: Ch. A. Bachmann, 2015). 294 pp. ISBN: 978-3-941030-
63-3 (€25)Stephen E. Tabachnick and Esther Bendit Saltzman, eds, Drawn from the Classics: Essays on Graphic Adaptations of Literary Works (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2015). 284 pp. ISBN: 978-0-7864-7879-8 ($35)David Vauclair and Jane Weston Vauclair, De ‘Charlie Hebdo’ à #Charlie: Enjeux, histoire, et perspectives (Paris: Eyrolles, 2015). 272 pp. ISBN: 978-2-2125-6366-5 (€16)
Paravertebral foramen screw fixation for posterior cervical spine fusion: biomechanical study and description of a novel technique
Authors: Maki Satoshi , Aramomi Masaaki , Matsuura Yusuke , Furuya Takeo , Ota Mitsutoshi , Iijima Yasushi , Saito Junya , Suzuki Takane , Mannoji Chikato , Takahashi Kazuhisa , Yamazaki Masashi , Koda Masao 
Published: May 2017

OBJECTIVEFusion surgery with instrumentation is a widely accepted treatment for cervical spine pathologies. The authors propose a novel technique for subaxial cervical fusion surgery using paravertebral foramen screws (PVFS). The authors consider that PVFS have equal or greater biomechanical strength than lateral mass screws (LMS). The authors’ goals of this study were to conduct a biomechanical study of PVFS, to investigate the suitability of PVFS as salvage fixation for failed LMS, and to describe this novel technique.METHODSThe authors harvested 24 human cervical spine vertebrae (C3–6) from 6 fresh-frozen cadaver specimens from donors whose mean age was 84.3 ± 10.4 years at death. For each vertebra, one side was chosen randomly for PVFS and the other for LMS. For PVFS, a 3.2-mm drill with a stopper was advanced under lateral fluoroscopic imaging. The drill stopper was set to 12 mm, which was considered sufficiently short not to breach the transverse foramen. The drill was directed from 20° to 25° medially so that the screw could purchase the relatively hard cancellous bone around the entry zone of the pedicle. The hole was tapped and a 4.5-mm-diameter × 12-mm screw was inserted. For LMS, 3.5-mm-diameter × 14-mm screws were inserted into the lateral mass of C3–6. The pullout strength of each screw was measured. After pullout testing of LMS, a drill was inserted into the screw hole and the superior cortex of the lateral mass was pried to cause a fracture through the screw hole, simulating intraoperative fracture of the lateral mass. After the procedure, PVFS for salvage (sPVFS) were inserted on the same side and pullout strength was measured.RESULTSThe CT scans obtained after screw insertion revealed no sign of pedicle breaching, violation of the transverse foramen, or fracture of the lateral mass. A total of 69 screws were tested (23 PVFS, 23 LMS, and 23 sPVFS). One vertebra was not used because of a fracture that occurred while the specimen was prepared. The mean bone mineral density of the specimens was 0.29 ± 0.10 g/cm3. The mean pullout strength was 234 ± 114 N for PVFS, 158 ± 91 N for LMS, and 195 ± 125 N for sPVFS. The pullout strength for PVFS tended to be greater than that for LMS. However, the difference was not quite significant (p = 0.06).CONCLUSIONSThe authors introduce a novel fixation technique for the subaxial cervical spine. This study suggests that PVFS tend to provide stronger fixation than LMS for initial applications and fixation equal to LMS for salvage applications. If placement of LMS fails, PVFS can serve as a salvage fixation technique.