bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The simultaneous inducibility of phytochemicals related to plant direct and indirect defences against herbivores is stronger at low elevation
Authors: Pellissier Loïc , Moreira Xoaquín , Danner Holger , Serrano Martha , Salamin Nicolas , van Dam Nicole M. , Rasmann Sergio 
Published: March 2016

Summary

Ecological theory indicates that warmer and more stable climates should result in stronger biotic interactions. Therefore, plant species growing at lower elevations and experiencing greater herbivore pressure should invest in higher levels of defences than those at higher elevations. Nonetheless, there are a number of studies that have found no effect of elevational gradients on plant defensive traits. Several factors might explain the lack of consistency for the altitude–defence relationships, including (i) the reduction of all defensive traits into one measure of resistance; (ii) not considering plant defence as the simultaneous expression of several defensive traits; and (iii) not considering the relative influence of biotic (e.g. herbivory) and abiotic (e.g. climate and soil conditions) factors associated with the ecological gradient.

Here, we present a comprehensive test of the effects of elevation and its associated biotic and abiotic factors on the individual and simultaneous expression of constitutive direct and indirect defences and their inducibility (i.e. expression of defences after herbivore attack). Specifically, we estimated climatic and soil variables and measured herbivore damage and constitutive and jasmonic acid‐induced glucosinolate levels in the leaves as a proxy for direct defences, and volatile emission as a proxy for indirect defences in 16 Cardamine species naturally growing along the steep elevational gradient of the Alps.

Within a phylogenetic comparative framework, we found that species growing at lower elevations invested more in the simultaneous inducibility of both direct and indirect defences, whereas species growing at higher elevations invested more in constitutive direct defences. Although we found strong elevational gradients in herbivory and climatic and soil variables, these biotic and abiotic factors only partially explained elevational patterns in plant defences.

Synthesis. These results highlight that the complex regulation of multiple defence traits strongly vary across elevational gradients and build towards a better understanding of the multiple mechanisms underlying trait evolution and species interactions along ecological gradients.
Determination of Both Fetus’ and Mother's Blood Type from an Autopsy Case Immersed in Formalin for Over 50 Years
Authors: Uno Akari Takaya , Morita Satomu , Furukawa Satoshi , Nishi Katsuji , Hitosugi Masahito 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA female fetus which had been immersed in formalin for more than 50 years was found in Japan. Because no liquid blood could be obtained, we tried to use immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods to tissue samples obtained at autopsy to identify both the fetal and mother's blood type. We detected B antigens on endothelial cells in paraffin sections of the fetal organs. Furthermore, we observed both anti‐A‐ and anti‐B‐positive red blood cells in the intervillous space, which is indicative of the mother's blood type. To our knowledge, this is the first case report on determining the blood type of both the fetus and the mother from tissue immersed in formalin for such a long time. The results suggest that IHC is valuable for the determination of ABO blood type in circumstances of long postmortem duration and unfavorable storage conditions.
Survival of Very High Blood Alcohol Concentration Without Consequential Damage in a Patient Without a Previous Substance Use Disorder
Authors: Malejko Kathrin , Graf Heiko , Gahr Maximilian 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIntoxications with alcohol may lead to death depending on (maximum) blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and accompanying factors such as liver function, tolerance, and comedication. Death may occur due to ethanol‐induced respiratory depression and/or aspiration of gastric content (due to an impaired gag reflex); thus, securing of the airway and ventilation is occasionally necessary. A case of a 58‐year‐old female patient with depression who demonstrated a very high BAC of 8.68 gm/L (0.868%) following ingestion of large amounts of alcohol with suicidal intent is presented. Intubation and ventilation were life‐saving, and the patient did not develop any physical or consequential damage. As the patient had not regularly used alcohol or any other psychotropic agent, tolerance could be ruled out. This case emphasizes the necessity of rapid securing of the airway in patients with alcohol intoxication and respiratory depression and, furthermore, illustrates the large interindividual differences regarding ethanol susceptibility.
Alcohol Toxicity in Diabetes and Its Complications: A Double Trouble?
Authors: Munukutla Srikar , Pan Guodong , Deshpande Mandar , Thandavarayan Rajarajan A. , Krishnamurthy Prasanna , Palaniyandi Suresh S. 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundEight percent of the U.S. population has been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM), while another large percentage has gone undiagnosed. As the epidemiology of this disease constitutes a larger percentage of the American population, another factor presents a dangerous dilemma that can exacerbate the hazardous effects imposed by DM. Excessive alcohol consumption concerns the health of more than 50% of all adults. When this heavy‐alcohol‐drinking population overlaps with DM and its complications, the effects can be dangerous. In this review, we term it as “double trouble.”MethodsWe provide evidence of alcohol‐induced exacerbation of organ damage in diabetic conditions. In certain cases, we have explained how diabetes and alcohol induce similar pathological effects.ResultsKnown exacerbated complications include those related to heart diseases, liver damage, kidney dysfunction, as well as retinal and neurological impairment. Often, pathophysiological damage concludes with end‐stage disorders and even mortality. The metabolic, cell signaling, and pathophysiological changes associated with “double trouble” would lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets.ConclusionsThis review summarizes the epidemiology, diagnosis, pathophysiology, metabolic, and cell signaling alterations and finally brushes upon issues and strategies to manage the “double trouble.”
Alcohol‐Induced Blackouts as Predictors of Other Drinking Related Harms Among Emerging Young Adults
Authors: Hingson Ralph , Zha Wenxing , Simons‐Morton Bruce , White Aaron 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundAlcohol‐related blackouts are periods of amnesia that reflect the failure of the brain to record memories of what transpires while drinking. This paper examined the incidence, predictors, and behavioral correlates of blackouts among emerging adults and examined whether questions about blackouts could serve as better markers of risk for other alcohol related harms than questions about levels of consumption.MethodsIn 2012 to 2013, 1,463 (68%) of 2,140 respondents 1‐year past high school reported having consumed alcohol. They were asked whether, in the past 6 months because of drinking, they forgot where they were or what they did. The survey also explored demographics, substance use behaviors, and other alcohol‐related problems in the past 6 months. Chi‐square and logistic regression analyses explored bivariate and multivariate predictors of blackouts and other alcohol‐related problems.ResultsTwenty percent of respondents who ever drank alcohol reported a blackout in the past 6 months. Blackouts were more prevalent among females and those who, in the past 30 days, used multiple drugs, more frequently binged, were drunk, smoked, had lower body weight, and lived in college dorms. After controlling for drinking levels, having a blackout was the strongest independent predictor of most other alcohol problems examined, including in the past 6 months because of drinking, missing class or work, getting behind in work or school, doing something respondents later regretted, arguing with friends, experiencing an overdose, and total number of alcohol problems reported. It was also an independent predictor of hangovers, damaging property, getting hurt, and trouble with police.ConclusionsBecause blackouts indicate drinking at levels that result in significant cognitive and behavioral impairment, questions about blackouts could serve as important, simple screeners for the risk of experiencing other alcohol related harms. Additional work on this subject is warranted.
CAMKK2, Regulated by Promoter Methylation, is a Prognostic Marker in Diffuse Gliomas
Authors: Liu Da‐Ming , Wang Hong‐Jun , Han Bo , Meng Xiang‐Qi , Chen Ming‐Hui , Yang Dong‐Bo , Sun Ying , Li Yong‐Li , Jiang Chuan‐Lu 
Published: March 2016

SummaryAimsTo explore the expression, methylation pattern, the prognostic value, and the biological consequences of CAMKK2 in gliomas.MethodsThe expression and methylation pattern of CAMKK2 was inferred and validated from mRNA expression profile (N = 866) and methylation profile (N = 426) of glioma tissue samples, and independent samples were used for further validation by IHC and pyrosequencing. To explore the function of CAMKK2 in gliomas, in vitro studies, colony formation assays and migration and invasion assays were performed.ResultsWe found the upregulation of CAMKK2 in high‐grade glioma samples was associated with promoter hypomethylation. An elevated expression of CAMKK2 was associated with worse prognosis. By in vitro assays, we demonstrated that CAMKK2 could promote cell migration, invasion, and proliferation.ConclusionsThe expression level of CAMKK2 could be regulated by promoter methylation. CAMKK2 serves as a prognostic marker in gliomas and could be a potential therapeutic target in gliomas.
Nurr1‐Based Therapies for Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Dong Jie , Li Song , Mo Jing‐Lin , Cai Huai‐Bin , Le Wei‐Dong 
Published: March 2016

SummaryPrevious studies have documented that orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 (also known asNR4A2) plays important roles in the midbrain dopamine (DA) neuron development, differentiation, and survival. Furthermore, it has been reported that the defects in Nurr1 are associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Thus, Nurr1 might be a potential therapeutic target forPD. Emerging evidence fromin vitroandin vivostudies has recently demonstrated that Nurr1‐activating compounds and Nurr1 gene therapy are able not only to enhanceDAneurotransmission but also to protectDAneurons from cell injury induced by environmental toxin or microglia‐mediated neuroinflammation. Moreover, modulators that interact with Nurr1 or regulate its function, such as retinoid X receptor, cyclicAMP‐responsive element‐binding protein, glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor, and Wnt/β‐catenin pathway, have the potential to enhance the effects of Nurr1‐based therapies inPD. This review highlights the recent progress in preclinical studies of Nurr1‐based therapies and discusses the outlook of this emerging therapy as a promising new generation ofPDmedication.
Daphnetin Alleviates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis via Regulating Dendritic Cell Activity
Authors: Wang Dan , Lu Zhe , Zhang Hang , Jin Su‐Feng , Yang Hao , Li Yun‐Man , Shi Li‐Yun 
Published: March 2016

SummaryAimsDaphnetin, a coumarin derivative extracted from Daphne odora var. marginata, has been reported to have antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Our previous study indicated that it was able to remarkably suppress the neuroinflammation and suggested its potential application in treating neuroinflammatory diseases. Multiple sclerosis (MS), a Th cell‐mediated autoimmune disease, is the most common inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). We examined whether daphnetin treatment can protect mice against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for MS.MethodsTo assess the effect of daphnetin in neuroinflammatory diseases, the EAE mice were established and treated with daphnetin at 8 mg/kg for 28 days. The severity of neuroinflammation and demyelination in the spinal cords was examined histopathologically. Infiltration of CD4+ T cells into the CNS was assessed by immunohistochemistry, and the cytokine production was determined by ELISA. Meanwhile, the effect of daphnetin on the activity of dendritic cells (DCs) was evaluated, as assessed by DCs’ capability to express surface markers, secrete cytokines, and activate naïve CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, we explored the molecular mechanisms whereby DAPH regulated DCs’ activity and thereby CD4+ T cell responses.ResultsThe administration of daphnetin markedly alleviated the clinical symptoms of EAE and reduced the CNS inflammation and demyelination in experimental mice. Th1 and Th17 cell responses were profoundly repressed in daphnetin‐treated EAE mice. Mechanistically, daphnetin treatment significantly repressed the activation, maturation, and antigen‐presenting capability of DCs. NF‐κB signaling was significantly reduced in daphnetin‐treated DCs, along with a concomitant induction of heme oxygenase‐1, a negative regulator of inflammatory signaling.ConclusionsOur findings for the first time demonstrate the property of daphnetin in regulating DCs’ function and subsequently Th development. Given the low or absent toxicity associated with daphnetin, our data may suggest a novel safe and effective approach to control autoimmune neuroinflammation.
Visualizing the early infection of Agathis australis by Phytophthora agathidicida, using microscopy and fluorescent in situ hybridization
Authors: Bellgard S. E. , Padamsee M. , Probst C. M. , Lebel T. , Williams S. E. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryPhytophthora agathidicida (PTA) causes a root rot and collar rot of New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis). This study developed techniques to visualize early infection of kauri by PTA in deliberately inoculated seedlings. Conventional light microscopy was carried out on cleared and stained roots using trypan blue to observe PTA structures. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the PTA root structures at a higher resolution. A fluorescent in situ hybridization assay (FISH) was developed using a PTA‐specific probe to label PTA structures in planta. Infection progression in roots of 2‐year‐old kauri inoculated with PTA at 5, 10, 16 and 20 days post‐inoculation (d.p.i.) was compared using these three approaches. Light microscopy identified no Phytophthora‐like structures in the control treatments. In PTA‐inoculated plants, lignitubers were produced 5 d.p.i. in cortical cells. Infection was localized after 5 days, but as the infection progressed (up to 20 d.p.i.), the ‘degree’ of root infection increased, as did the number of replicates in which structures were observed. SEM provided higher resolution images; again, no PTA structures were observed in the negative control material examined. The slide‐based FISH‐specificity assay successfully hybridized with PTA hyphae. Fluorescence was observed using 330–380 nm excitation and an emission filter at 420 nm (DAPI), with PTA nuclei fluorescing a bright greenish‐yellow. Cross‐reactivity was not observed when the assay was applied to six other non‐target Phytophthora species. Successful hybridization reactions occurred between the primer and PTA structures in planta. Applying this FISH assay has allowed clear differentiation of the intracellular and intercellular structures of PTA. The technique can be applied to longer term studies or analysis of ex situ inoculation studies aiming to elucidate differential host‐responses to the pathogen. Additionally, the technique could be applied to study the interactions with other fungal endophytes (e.g. mycorrhizal fungi), which could be assessed for biocontrol potential as part of the integrated management of the disease.
Current use of imaging and electromagnetic source localization procedures in epilepsy surgery centers across Europe
Authors: Mouthaan Brian E. , Rados Matea , Barsi Péter , Boon Paul , Carmichael David W. , Carrette Evelien , Craiu Dana , Cross J. Helen , Diehl Beate , Dimova Petia , Fabo Daniel , Francione Stefano , Gaskin Vladislav , Gil‐Nagel Antonio , Grigoreva Elena , Guekht Alla , Hirsch Edouard , Hecimovic Hrvoje , Helmstaedter Christoph , Jung Julien , Kalviainen Reetta , Kelemen Anna , Kimiskidis Vasilios , Kobulashvili Teia , Krsek Pavel , Kuchukhidze Giorgi , Larsson Pål G. , Leitinger Markus , Lossius Morten I. , Luzin Roman , Malmgren Kristina , Mameniskiene Ruta , Marusic Petr , Metin Baris , Özkara Cigdem , Pecina Hrvoje , Quesada Carlos M. , Rugg‐Gunn Fergus , Rydenhag Bertil , Ryvlin Philippe , Scholly Julia , Seeck Margitta , Staack Anke M. , Steinhoff Bernhard J. , Stepanov Valentin , Tarta‐Arsene Oana , Trinka Eugen , Uzan Mustafa , Vogt Viola L. , Vos Sjoerd B. , Vulliémoz Serge , Huiskamp Geertjan , Leijten Frans S. S. , Van Eijsden Pieter , Braun Kees P. J. ,   the E‐PILEPSY consortium
Published: March 2016

SummaryObjectiveIn 2014 the European Union–funded E‐PILEPSY project was launched to improve awareness of, and accessibility to, epilepsy surgery across Europe. We aimed to investigate the current use of neuroimaging, electromagnetic source localization, and imaging postprocessing procedures in participating centers.MethodsA survey on the clinical use of imaging, electromagnetic source localization, and postprocessing methods in epilepsy surgery candidates was distributed among the 25 centers of the consortium. A descriptive analysis was performed, and results were compared to existing guidelines and recommendations.ResultsResponse rate was 96%. Standard epilepsy magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols are acquired at 3 Tesla by 15 centers and at 1.5 Tesla by 9 centers. Three centers perform 3T MRI only if indicated. Twenty‐six different MRI sequences were reported. Six centers follow all guideline‐recommended MRI sequences with the proposed slice orientation and slice thickness or voxel size. Additional sequences are used by 22 centers. MRI postprocessing methods are used in 16 centers. Interictal positron emission tomography (PET) is available in 22 centers; all using 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). Seventeen centers perform PET postprocessing. Single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is used by 19 centers, of which 15 perform postprocessing. Four centers perform neither PET nor SPECT in children. Seven centers apply magnetoencephalography (MEG) source localization, and nine apply electroencephalography (EEG) source localization. Fourteen combinations of inverse methods and volume conduction models are used.SignificanceWe report a large variation in the presurgical diagnostic workup among epilepsy surgery centers across Europe. This diversity underscores the need for high‐quality systematic reviews, evidence‐based recommendations, and harmonization of available diagnostic presurgical methods.
Anticonvulsant drug–induced cell death in the developing white matter of the rodent brain
Authors: Kaushal Suhasini , Tamer Zenab , Opoku Freda , Forcelli Patrick A. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryObjectiveDuring critical periods of brain development, both seizures and anticonvulsant medications can affect neurodevelopmental outcomes. In rodent models, many anticonvulsants trigger neuronal apoptosis. However, white matter apoptosis (WMA) has not been examined after anticonvulsant drug treatment. Herein, we sought to determine if anticonvulsant drugs induced apoptosis in the developing white matter (WM) in a rodent model.MethodsPostnatal day (P)7 rats were treated with phenobarbital (PB‐75), MK‐801 (dizocilpine, 0.5), lamotrigine (LTG‐20), carbamazepine (CBZ‐100), phenytoin (PHT‐50), levetiracetam (LEV‐250), or saline; all doses are mg/kg. Brain tissue collected 24 h after treatment was stained using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling method. The number of degenerating cells within WM, that is, anterior commissure (AC), corpus callosum, cingulum, and hippocampus‐associated WM tracts, was quantified.ResultsSaline‐treated rats showed low baseline level of apoptosis in developing WM on P8 in all the areas examined. PB, PHT, and MK‐801 significantly increased apoptosis in all four brain areas examined. Exposure to CBZ, LTG, or LEV failed to increase apoptosis in all regions.SignificanceCommonly used anticonvulsants (PB, PHT) cause apoptosis in the developing WM in a rat model; the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK‐801 has a similar effect. These results are consistent with reports of anesthesia‐induced WMA during brain development. Consistent with the lack of neuronal apoptosis caused by LTG, LEV, and CBZ, these drugs did not cause WMA. Many infants treated with anticonvulsant drugs have underlying neurologic injury, including WM damage (e.g., following intraventricular hemorrhage [IVH] or hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy [HIE]). The degree to which anticonvulsant drug treatment will alter outcomes in the presence of underlying injury remains to be examined, but avoiding drugs (when possible) that induce WMA may be beneficial.
Using soil from pellets of White StorksCiconia ciconiato assess the number of earthworms (Lumbricidae) consumed as primary and secondary prey
Authors: Orłowski Grzegorz , Książkiewicz‐Parulska Zofia , Karg Jerzy , Bocheński Marcin , Jerzak Leszek , Zub Karol 
Published: March 2016

Earthworms (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) form a significant component of the food web and are the staple diet of many higher‐trophic‐level predators, such as invertebrate‐feeding birds and mammals. Their almost complete digestion in the predator's gut hampers their detection or quantification in faeces or pellets except through labour‐intensive microscopic examination. As a result, the evaluation of earthworms as a component of diet has been neglected in most studies based on pellet analysis. We assess whether the earthworm component of the diet of White StorksCiconia ciconiacan be estimated reliably by measuring soil mass in pellets, and whether the fact that White Storks also consume European MolesTalpa europaea(themselves consumers of earthworms) affects this relationship. We found a significantly higher density of earthworm chaetae, but less soil material, in pellets containing the remains of Moles. This may indicate the secondary origin of some chaetae from the intestines of the ingested Moles. There was a strong relationship and close fit between the number of earthworm chaetae and the mass of soil (material < 0.2 mm) retrieved from all the pellets analysed. Approximating the number of chaetae based on a soil mass of 192 mg per 1000 chaetae yielded results differing by only 4–5% from numbers of chaetae counted directly. This validates the proposed method of indirectly calculating the number of earthworms consumed from the ingested soil mass, which simplifies and shortens the time‐consuming direct counting of chaetae and could contribute to a more detailed description and analysis of diets in wild birds. Such assessments are important in order to improve the detection of changes induced by the progressive simplification and loss of primary food web resources (such as earthworms) within agro‐ecosystems as a consequence of both the rapid intensification of agricultural production and climate change.