bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis caused by systemic herpes simplex virus type 1 infection: Successful treatment with dexamethasone palmitate
Authors: Otsubo Keisuke , Fukumura Akiko , Hirayama Mariko , Morimoto Tsuyoshi , Kato Masahiko , Mochizuki Hiroyuki 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a hyperinflammatory condition resulting from an uncontrolled and ineffective immune response. Here, we report a case of HLH caused by disseminated herpes simplex virus (HSV)‐1 infection. The patient was initially treated with prednisolone and high‐dose acyclovir. Although liver enzymes, coagulation abnormalities, and inflammatory markers were remarkably improved, the platelet count remained low. Prednisolone was therefore switched to dexamethasone palmitate. Thereafter, the platelet count normalized. Inflammatory markers normalized 30 days after admission and serum HSV‐DNA became undetectable on day 41. The patient was discharged on day 91 and no developmental delay was evident at 7 months of age. These findings suggest that dexamethasone palmitate is effective for neonatal HLH.
Exchange Rate Dynamics with Foreign Reserves: Revisiting the Dornbusch Overshooting Model
Authors: Lee Jong‐Eun 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to shed light on the management of foreign reserves that possibly have contradictory policy intentions and impacts, for instance, (1) to defend the domestic currency, (2) to depreciate the domestic currency. With this Möbius's strip‐like nature in mind, we extend the Dornbusch (1976) exchange rate overshooting model with the foreign reserves. Depending on financial vulnerability, the presence of foreign reserves could amplify or alleviate monetary policy shocks on the exchange rate.
A Tacit Monetary Policy of the Gulf Countries: Is There a Remittances Channel?
Authors: Termos Ali , Genc Ismail , Naufal George 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe strong economic ties between the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) economies and the USA are manifested in three ways: currency peg, coupling of monetary policy, and the adoption of the US dollar as the trading currency for oil. This paper examines how these dynamics result in a misalignment of the US monetary policy with the business cycles of the GCC economies. The study shows how the staggering amount of remittances outflow of the GCC economies plays a stabilizing role as a tacit monetary policy tool. Incorporating remittances in the money‐demand equation results in a more robust model than otherwise. We further find that the effect of the Federal Funds rate on money demand in these countries diminishes in significance during the period of oil boom between 2002 and 2009. However, the transmission effect of the recession periods in the USA into the demand for money in the GCC countries is not statistically significant.
Public Enterprise Privatization: A General Equilibrium Analysis
Authors: Wu Chung‐Yu , Liang Wen‐Jung , Mai Chao‐Cheng 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis paper develops a general equilibrium model to examine the short‐run and long‐run optimal privatization policies. By assuming that all firms are public firms initially, the paper focuses on how the degree of product differentiation γ and the average efficiency of the industry influence the determination of the optimal privatization policy. The paper shows that privatization decreases the more efficient firms' outputs while increases the less efficient firms' outputs in the short run, and reduces all firms' outputs in the long run. The paper also shows that the larger is γ and the smaller is the number of firms, the more privatized will be the public firm in the short run. Moreover, as γ or the entry barrier fE is sufficiently small, full privatization is the best policy in the long run. On the contrary, as γ and fE are large enough, partial privatization is optimal.
Illustration of informal caregiving within Saudi society: demography, scope of care and enabling arrangements
Authors: Alrashed Abeer M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAlthough informal caregiving is a vital element in the process of supporting individuals with dependency, it is unrecognised most of the time, particularly by caregivers themselves. In Saudi Arabia, little attention has been devoted to informal caregivers; therefore, scarce coverage of this topic is obvious within the literature. This descriptive cross‐sectional study was carried to explore informal caregiving within Saudi society by (i) describing informal caregivers and their care recipients and (ii) measuring the scope of care and enabling arrangements in the lives of informal caregivers. Numerical measures of frequency distribution were used to describe the participants and the correlate of demography among 341 female primary caregivers of the elderly (40%), individuals with disabilities (10%) or/and children aged five or younger (51%). Inferential statistics were used to test for significant associations among study variables. The majority of the participants were married with children and were middle‐aged. However, the majority of care recipients were living with their caregivers; in addition, they were primarily females cared for by a mother or, less often, by a daughter (in‐law). Enabling arrangements were on a moderate level, mainly in healthcare access, financial resources and family support, with lower signs detected in the quality of sleep indicator. These arrangements were significantly associated with caregiver age, education, career status and source of assistance. In conclusion, the statistics revealed by this survey indicated certain challenges that have been encountered by informal caregivers, primarily involving financial and social support. More coverage within the formal system of childcare must be provided to facilitate healthier childhoods. The long‐term needs of individuals with dependency must be considered in the planning process of healthcare services, as well, remembering the needs and expectations of informal caregivers.
Field Evaluation of Xpert HPV Point-of-Care Test for Detection of Human Papillomavirus Infection by Use of Self-Collected Vaginal and Clinician-Collected Cervical Specimens
Authors: Toliman P. , Badman S. G. , Gabuzzi J. , Silim S. , Forereme L. , Kumbia A. , Kombuk B. , Kombati Z. , Allan J. , Munnull G. , Ryan C. , Vallely L. M. , Kelly-Hanku A. , Wand H. , Mola G. D. L. , Guy R. , Siba P. , Kaldor J. M. , Tabrizi S. N. , Vallely A. J. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
The World Health Organization has recommended that testing for high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) (hrHPV) infection be incorporated into cervical screening programs in all settings worldwide. In many high-burden, low-income countries, it will not be feasible to achieve high cervical screening coverage using hrHPV assays that require clinician-collected samples. We conducted the first evaluation of self-collected vaginal specimens compared with clinician-collected cervical specimens for the detection of hrHPV infection using the Xpert HPV test. Women aged 30 to 54 years attending two well-woman clinics in Papua New Guinea were invited to participate and provided self-collected vaginal and clinician-collected cervical cytobrush specimens. Both specimen types were tested at the point of care by using the Xpert HPV test. Women were given their cervical test result the same day. Those with a positive hrHPV test and positive examination upon visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid were offered same-day cervical cryotherapy. A total of 1,005 women were enrolled, with 124 (12.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 10.3%, 14.4%) being positive for any hrHPV infection. There was a 99.4% overall percent agreement (OPA) between vaginal and cervical tests for HPV-16 (95% CI, 98.9%, 99.9%), a 98.5% OPA for HPV-18/45 (95% CI, 97.7%, 99.3%), a 94.4% OPA for other hrHPV infections (95% CI, 92.9%, 95.9%), and a 93.4% OPA for all hrHPV types combined (95% CI, 91.8%, 95.0%). Self-collected vaginal specimens had excellent agreement with clinician-collected cervical specimens for the detection of hrHPV infection using the Xpert HPV test. This approach provides for the first time an opportunity to incorporate point-of-care hrHPV testing into clinical cervical screening algorithms in high-burden, low-income settings.
Quantitative Assessment of Commutability for Clinical Viral Load Testing Using a Digital PCR-Based Reference Standard
Authors: Tang L. , Sun Y. , Buelow D. , Gu Z. , Caliendo A. M. , Pounds S. , Hayden R. T. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
Given recent advances in the development of quantitative standards, particularly WHO international standards, efforts to better understand the commutability of reference materials have been made. Existing approaches in evaluating commutability include prediction intervals and correspondence analysis; however, the results obtained from existing approaches may be ambiguous. We have developed a “deviation-from-ideal” (DFI) approach to evaluate commutability of standards and applied it to the assessment of Epstein-Bar virus (EBV) load testing in four quantitative PCR assays, treating digital PCR as a reference assay. We then discuss advantages and limitations of the DFI approach as well as experimental design to best evaluate the commutability of an assay in practice.
Roles of Capsid-Interacting Host Factors in Multimodal Inhibition of HIV-1 by PF74
Authors: Saito Akatsuki , Ferhadian Damien , Sowd Gregory A. , Serrao Erik , Shi Jiong , Halambage Upul D. , Teng Samantha , Soto Juan , Siddiqui Mohammad Adnan , Engelman Alan N. , Aiken Christopher , Yamashita Masahiro 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
The viral capsid of HIV-1 interacts with a number of host factors to orchestrate uncoating and regulate downstream events, such as reverse transcription, nuclear entry, and integration site targeting. PF-3450074 (PF74), an HIV-1 capsid-targeting low-molecular-weight antiviral compound, directly binds to the capsid (CA) protein at a site also utilized by host cell proteins CPSF6 and NUP153. Here, we found that the dose-response curve of PF74 is triphasic, consisting of a plateau and two inhibitory phases of different slope values, consistent with a bimodal mechanism of drug action. High PF74 concentrations yielded a steep curve with the highest slope value among different classes of known antiretrovirals, suggesting a dose-dependent, cooperative mechanism of action. CA interactions with both CPSF6 and cyclophilin A (CypA) were essential for the unique dose-response curve. A shift of the steep curve at lower drug concentrations upon blocking the CA-CypA interaction suggests a protective role for CypA against high concentrations of PF74. These findings, highlighting the unique characteristics of PF74, provide a model in which its multimodal mechanism of action of both noncooperative and cooperative inhibition by PF74 is regulated by interactions of cellular proteins with incoming viral capsids.

IMPORTANCE
PF74, a novel capsid-targeting antiviral against HIV-1, shares its binding site in the viral capsid protein (CA) with the host factors CPSF6 and NUP153. This work reveals that the dose-response curve of PF74 consists of two distinct inhibitory phases that are differentially regulated by CA-interacting host proteins. PF74's potency depended on these CA-binding factors at low doses. In contrast, the antiviral activity of high PF74 concentrations was attenuated by cyclophilin A. These observations provide novel insights into both the mechanism of action of PF74 and the roles of host factors during the early steps of HIV-1 infection.
CT head imaging in patients with head injury who present after 24 h of injury: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Marincowitz Carl , Allgar Victoria , Townend William 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundNational Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines used to triage patients with head injury to CT imaging are based on research conducted in populations presenting within 24 h of injury.We aim to compare guideline use, and outcomes, in patients with head injury that undergo CT imaging presenting within, and after 24 h of injury.MethodsED trauma CT head scan requests over a period of 6 months were matched to ED records. Case note review of adult patients with head injury that had undergone CT imaging was completed. Logistic regression was used to assess whether presentation after 24 h affected the guideline's ability to predict significant injuries.Results650 case records were available for analysis. 8.6% (56/650) showed a traumatic abnormality, 1.5% (10/650) required neurosurgery or died. 15.5% (101/650) of CT scans were for patients presenting after 24 h. 8.4% (46/549) of those presenting within, and 9.9% (10/101) of those presenting after 24 h had traumatic CT abnormalities.The sensitivity of the guidelines for intracranial injuries was 98% (95% CI 87.0% to 99.9%) in those presenting within 24 h and 70% (95% CI 35.4% to 91.9%) in those presenting after 24 h of injury. The presence of a guideline indication statistically predicted significant injury, and this was unaffected by time of presentation.ConclusionsPatients with head injury presenting after 24 h of injury are a clinically significant population. Existing guidelines appear to predict traumatic CT abnormalities irrespective of timing of presentation. However, their sole use in patients presenting after 24 h may result in significant injuries not being identified.
Mucin in Primary Liver Carcinomas: Combined Hepatocellular‐Cholangiocarcinoma or Variant Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Hirota Shigeru , Nomoto Minoru , Hosobe Sadahiro , Aoyagi Yutaka , Asakura Hitoshi 
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the presence of mucin defines a combined hepatocellular‐cholangiocarcinoma or merely a variant of usual hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).METHODS: From 1979‐92, 124 cases of usual HCC were studied at Niigata University Hospital, Niigata City, Japan, and several affiliated hospitals. Histological diagnoses were determined according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Hematoxylin and eosin stain, periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) stain, PAS stain after diastase digestion (D‐PAS) and silver stain tests were performed. Cases containing D‐PAS‐positive substances were also stained by Alcian blue (AB) stain, high iron diamine (HID) stain and concanavaline A paradox‐3 type (ConA3) stain. The classification of mucin was determined by AB, HID and ConA3 stains.RESULTS: Mucin was recognized in the area of HCC by mucin stains in 25 of 124 cases. Two forms of mucin existence were classified: extracellular and intracellular. Mucins were classified by histochemical stains into three types: sulfomucin, sialomucin and neutral mucin.CONCLUSIONS: According to the WHO histological classification of primary carcinoma of the liver, mucin existence is characteristic of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. But if mucin exists in morphologically usual HCC, it is better to diagnose it as a variant of HCC (with mucin) rather than as a combined hepatocellular‐cholangiocarcinoma.
Expression of Lewisa, Sialyl Lewisa, Lewisx, Sialyl Lewisx, Antigens as Prognostic Factors in Patients with Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Nakagoe Tohru , Fukushima Kiyoyasu , Nanashima Atsushi , Sawai Terumitsu , Tsuji Takashi , Jibiki Masaaki , Yamaguchi Hiroyuki , Yasutake Toru , Ayabe Hiroyoshi , Matuo Tatsuki , Tagawa Yutaka , Arisawa Kokichi 
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND: Altered expression of blood group-related carbohydrate antigens such as sialyl Lewis (Le)xantigen in tumours is associated with tumour progression behaviour and subsequent prognosis. However, the prognostic value of the expression of Le-related antigens in colorectal tumours remains unclear.PURPOSE: To clarify the prognostic value of Lea, sialyl Lea, Lexand sialyl Lexexpression in colorectal carcinomas as prognostic factors after surgery.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Colorectal carcinoma samples from 101 patients with primary colorectal carcinoma who underwent surgical resection were subject to immunohistochemical analyses for Lea, sialyl Lea, Lexand sialyl Lexexpression with the respective monoclonal antibodies.RESULTS: Lea, sialyl Lea, Lexand sialyl Lexwere expressed in 69 (68.3%), 73 (72.3%), 66 (65.4%) and 76 (75.3%) carcinomas, respectively. The patients with sialyl Lex-expressing tumours had more advanced cancer than those with nonsialyl Lex-expressing tumours (P=0.0029). The survival time after surgery of patients with Lex- or sialyl Lex-expressing tumours was significantly shorter than the survival time of those with non-Lex- or nonsialyl Lex-expressing tumours, respectively (P=0.023 and P=0.0001, respectively). Cox’s regression analysis revealed that Lexand sialyl Lexexpression, separate from stage and histological type, were prognostic variables for patient survival (hazard ratio [HR] for sialyl Lex-positive expression to sialyl Lex-negative expression 2.90; HR for Lex-positive expression to Lex-negative expression 12.76 in stage I/IV, 0.63 in stage II and 1.69 in stage III).CONCLUSIONS: Lexexpression and sialyl Lexexpression in colorectal carcinomas are each associated with poor prognosis. These variables should be considered in the design of future trials.
An Unusual Cause of Recurrent Pancreatitis: Duodenal Duplication Cyst
Authors: Lad Rameeta J , Fitzgerald Peter , Jacobson Kevan 
Published: April 2016

Intestinal duplications are rare anomalies that usually present in childhood. Of these, duodenal duplications are among the most uncommon. Although these usually present with obstructive symptoms or bleeding, pancreatitis may occur. A case of duodenal duplication cyst causing recurrent pancreatitis in a 12-year-old girl is presented. The literature on duodenal duplications, and their epidemiology, embryology and pathophysiology is reviewed.
TNF-alpha but not IL-1alpha are Correlated with PGE1-Dependent Protection Against Acute D-Galactosamine-Induced Liver Injury
Authors: Muntané J , Montero JL , Lozano JM , Miranda-Vizuete A , de la Mata M , Miño G 
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND: Prostaglandin E1(PGE1) treatment of humans and rodents during acute hepatic failure ameliorates different parameters of hepatic dysfunction.PURPOSE: To investigate whether prevention of acute liver injury induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) with preadministration of PGE1is correlated with a change in the concentration of two proinflammatory cytokines, as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1α, and/or nitrite+nitrate (NOx), as nitric oxide-related end products in serum.RESULTS: D-GalN significantly increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and TNF- αconcentration in serum 5 and 10 mins, respectively, after treatment compared with the control group (P&#8804;0.05). D-GalN did not change the IL-1α concentration at any time during the study. Preadministration of PGE1to D-GalN-treated rats significantly reduced the ALT content and increased significantly the TNF-α concentration in serum 1, 2.5, 5 and 10 mins after D-GalN treatment compared with the D-GalN group (P&#8804;0.05). Nitric oxide was not involved in either the toxic effect due to D-GalN or the protection observed with PGE1against D-GalN toxicity.CONCLUSIONS: Acute liver injury induced by D-GalN is correlated with an increased TNF-α release. Preadministration of PGE1to D-GalN-treated rats exerted a priming effect on inflammatory cells to release enhanced levels of TNF-α but not IL-1α. These findings indicate that stimulation of TNF-α release may be involved in the acute D-GalN-induced liver injury and also in PGE1protection from hepatotoxicity in clinical and experimental studies.
Possible Therapeutic Use of Loperamide for Symptoms of Lactose Intolerance
Authors: Szilagyi Andrew , Torchinsky Alick , Colacone Antoinnette 
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVES: To examine a potential practical therapeutic use of loperamide (Lo) to decrease the symptoms of lactose intolerance.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Nineteen (eight men, 11 women) healthy lactose maldigesters (18 of 19 with symptoms) underwent a 25 g lactose challenge on five separate days. Breath hydrogen was measured, areas under the curve (AUC) were calculated for 4 h, and 4 and 12 h symptom scores were recorded. After establishing baseline measurements, test doses of 4 mg, 8 mg and 12 mg Lo were randomly administered without placebo in a double-blind manner. As well, each subject received seven lactase tablets, in a random, unblinded manner.RESULTS: The median AUC and mean oral cecal transit time followed dose response expectations; however, only lactase treatment achieved significance. Nevertheless, 8 mg Lo significantly improved symptom scores, which were statistically indistinguishable from those of lactase. Four subjects complained of delayed constipation and cramps with various doses of Lo.CONCLUSIONS: Lo monotherapy for lactose intolerance is not economical and may have some side effects. However, Lo may be studied further as an adjunctive treatment of lactose intolerance in an effort to reduce the need for complete lactose digestion. Such a manoeuvre may allow rapid colonic adaptation, which in turn may be beneficial for prophylaxis for a number of colonic diseases.
Work Loss Duration and Predictors Following Rectal Cancer Treatment among Patients with and without Prediagnostic Work Loss
Authors: Chen Lingjing , Glimelius Ingrid , Neovius Martin , Ekberg Sara , Martling Anna , Eloranta Sandra , Smedby Karin E. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Background: The number of working-age rectal cancer survivors is increasing due to early detection and improved treatment. However, work loss duration and predictors among them have not been studied thoroughly.
Methods: We identified 3,438 patients with stage I–III rectal cancer, 18 to 61 years of age in the Swedish Colorectal Cancer Register 1996–2009. Information on work loss due to sick leave or disability pension was collected from 2 years before diagnosis to 5 years after (until December 31st, 2013). Incidence rate ratios (IRR) of work loss were estimated in a negative binominal model by clinical characteristics for the 1st and 2nd–5th years after diagnosis. Patients were stratified by prediagnostic work loss.
Results: Patients without prediagnostic work loss (74%) experienced median 147 days (25th and 75th percentile: 55 and 281) of work loss during the 1st year after diagnosis. Work loss rates (2nd–5th years) were significantly increased among relapse-free patients diagnosed in stage III [IRR = 1.92; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.52–2.43], operated with abdominoperineal resection (IRR = 1.26; 95% CI, 1.03–1.56), and treated with neoadjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy (IRR = 1.46; 95% CI, 1.06–2.02). Patients with prediagnostic work loss (26%) experienced median 336 days (25th and 75th percentile: 183 and 365) of work loss during the 1st year, and rates did not vary clinically till 5 years.
Conclusion: Without prediagnostic work loss, disease- and treatment-related factors could help identify rectal cancer patients in need of early interventions to facilitate return to work.
Impact: Clinical awareness around prediagnostic and postdiagnostic work loss and individualized cancer rehabilitation programs should be emphasized among cancer survivors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(6); 987–94. ©2016 AACR.