bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on above‐ground tri‐trophic interactions are contingent upon plant genetic effects of cross type in the perennial herb Ruellia nudiflora
Authors: Mejia‐Alva Blanca , Ramos‐Zapata José , Abdala‐Roberts Luis , Parra‐Tabla Víctor 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Recent work has improved our understanding of the linkages between above‐ and below‐ground interactions mediated by plants. However, relatively few of the studies conducted thus far have focused on multi‐trophic interactions (i.e. beyond two trophic levels) and the influence of plant genetic intraspecific variation on these dynamics has rarely been addressed.

We tested the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on above‐ground tri‐trophic interactions associated with the canopy of the perennial herb Ruellia nudiflora, and further determined whether genetic effects due to cross type (i.e. whether a plant originated from self‐ or cross‐pollination) influenced these interactions.

We propagated plants originating from self‐ or cross‐pollination, and within each category inoculated half of the plants with AMF. We subsequently established a common garden where plants were exposed to naturally occurring seed‐eating caterpillars and their parasitoids. We measured plant growth, fruit output, calculated the proportion of attacked fruits by the caterpillar and the proportion of parasitized caterpillars, and also estimated the proportion of “rescued” seeds by parasitoids representing an indirect positive effect of the third trophic level on the plant by reducing caterpillar consumption.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi drove 18% and 15% increases in plant growth and fruit output respectively, and drove a 25% reduction in caterpillar fruit attack, but did not influence parasitism or parasitoid seed “rescue.” In contrast, cross type did not influence growth, fruit number, herbivore attack, parasitism or seed rescue. More importantly, however, we found a significant AMF by cross type interaction on caterpillar attack, where AMF significantly reduced fruit attack (by 30%) in progeny from cross‐pollination but did not influence herbivory in progeny from self‐pollination.

Synthesis. Results indicate that effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on above‐ground interactions are contingent upon plant intraspecific variation originating from cross type, which is likely a common source of variation in associated interactions for plants with mixed mating systems. Further studies examining plant‐mediated below‐ and above‐ground interactions should consider the influence of specific sources of plant genetic variation, as well as address the consequences of such dynamics for interactions beyond two trophic levels.
Transcriptomic and physiological analyses of the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi reveal non‐alkaline phosphatase‐based molecular machinery of ATP utilisation
Authors: Luo Hao , Lin Xin , Li Ling , Lin Lingxiao , Zhang Chao , Lin Senjie 
Published: August 2017

SummaryThe ability to utilize dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) is important for phytoplankton to survive the scarcity of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), and alkaline phosphatase (AP) has been the major research focus as a facilitating mechanism. Here, we employed a unique molecular ecological approach and conducted a broader search for underpinning molecular mechanisms of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) utilisation. Cultures of the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi were set up in L1 medium (+P), DIP‐depleted L1 medium (–P) and ATP‐replacing‐DIP medium (ATP). Differential gene expression was profiled for ATP and +P cultures using suppression subtractive hybridisation (SSH) followed by 454 pyrosequencing, and RT‐qPCR methods. We found that ATP supported a similar growth rate and cell yield as L1 medium and observed DIP release from ATP into the medium, suggesting that K. mikimotoi cells were expressing extracellular hydrolases to hydrolyse ATP. However, our SSH, qPCR and enzymatic activity assays indicated that 5′‐nucleotidase (5NT), rather than AP, was responsible for ATP hydrolysis. Further gene expression analyses uncovered that intercellular purine metabolism was significantly changed following the utilisation of ATP. Our findings reveal a multi‐faceted machinery regulating ATP utilisation and P metabolism in K. mikimotoi, and underscore AP activity is not the exclusive indicator of DOP utilisation.
Lifestyle‐determining extrachromosomal replicon pAMV1 and its contribution to the carbon metabolism of the methylotrophic bacterium Paracoccus aminovorans JCM 7685
Authors: Czarnecki Jakub , Dziewit Lukasz , Puzyna Maria , Prochwicz Emilia , Tudek Agnieszka , Wibberg Daniel , Schlüter Andreas , Pühler Alfred , Bartosik Dariusz 
Published: August 2017

SummaryPlasmids play an important role in the adaptation of bacteria to changeable environmental conditions. As the main vectors of horizontal gene transfer, they can spread genetic information among bacteria, sometimes even across taxonomic boundaries. Some plasmids carry genes involved in the utilization of particular carbon compounds, which can provide a competitive advantage to their hosts in particular ecological niches. Analysis of the multireplicon genome of the soil bacterium P. aminovorans JCM 7685 revealed the presence of an extrachromosomal replicon pAMV1 (185 kb) with a unique structure and properties. This lifestyle‐determining plasmid carries genes facilitating the metabolism of many different carbon compounds including sugars, short‐chain organic acids and C1 compounds. Plasmid pAMV1 contains a large methylotrophy island (MEI) that is essential not only for the utilization of particular C1 compounds but also for the central methylotrophic metabolism required for the assimilation of C1 units (serine cycle). We demonstrate that the expression of the main serine cycle genes is induced in the presence of C1 compounds by the transcriptional regulator ScyR. The extrachromosomal localization of the MEI and the distribution of related genes in Paracoccus spp. indicate that it could have been acquired by HGT by an ancestor of P. aminovorans.
Oral histories and the impact of archaeological fieldwork in contact encounters: meeting Socrates on the Omo
Authors: Clack Timothy , Brittain Marcus , Turton David 
Published: August 2017

AbstractWhilst there is growing concern within archaeology about the wider impact of archaeological research in general, only limited attention has so far been paid to the impact fieldwork has on local communities. Here, using examples from fieldwork with an agro‐pastoral Mursi community in Ethiopia's Lower Omo Valley, we present a case in which local oral traditions are modified in response to archaeological discoveries. This illustrates a particular example of the impact of fieldwork during and after its completion; and the enduring traces of contact upon fieldwork participants. We argue that in employing an attitude of impact practice within fieldwork that foregrounds the Socratic notion of dialogue, the resulting focus highlights the value and significance of archaeology to local communities.
Efficacy and safety of very early medical termination of pregnancy: a cohort study
Authors: Bizjak I , Fiala C , Berggren L , Hognert H , Sääv I , Bring J , Gemzell‐Danielsson K 
Published: August 2017

ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy and safety of medical termination of pregnancy (MTOP) when no intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) is confirmed on ultrasound.DesignRetrospective case‐note review.SettingTwo gynaecological clinics in Vienna, Austria, and Gothenburg, Sweden.PopulationAll women with gestations of ≤49 days undergoing an MTOP during 2004–14 (Vienna) and 2012–15 (Gothenburg).MethodsTwo study cohorts were created: women with and women without a confirmed IUP. An IUP was defined as the intrauterine location of a yolk sac or fetal structure visible by ultrasound. Women with an IUP were selected randomly and included in the IUP cohort.Main outcome measuresEfficacy of MTOP, defined as no continuing pregnancy and with no need of surgery for incomplete TOP.ResultsAfter excluding 11 women diagnosed with an extra‐uterine or molar pregnancy, 2643 cases were included in the final analysis; 1120 (98.2%) had a successful TOP in the no‐IUP group, compared with 1458 (97.1%) in the IUP group, with a risk difference of 1.09% (95% confidence interval, 95% CI, −0.14, 2.32%; P = 0.077). Significantly more women with confirmed IUP were diagnosed with incomplete TOP, and were treated with either surgery or additional medical treatment of misoprostol [64 (4.3%) versus 21 (1.8%); risk difference −2.42%; 95% CI −3.9, −1.1%; P < 0.001].ConclusionsThere was no difference between the groups in efficacy of MTOP, whereas early treatment resulted in significantly fewer interventions for incomplete TOP. The risk of ectopic pregnancy needs to be considered if treatment is initiated before an IUP is confirmed, but with structured clinical protocols the possibility of the early detection of an ectopic pregnancy in an asymptomatic phase may increase.Tweetable abstractMTOP before confirmed intrauterine pregnancy is as effective as at later gestation with less incomplete TOP.
Healthy Competition to Support Healthy Eating? An Investigation of Fruit and Vegetable Pricing in UK Supermarkets
Authors: Lan Hao , Dobson Paul W. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractGovernments and public health officials are urging the public to eat more fruits and vegetables to contribute to a healthy diet. However, there is concern that a lack of effective competition amongst supermarket retailers has resulted in inflated prices for these products which are deterring consumers from eating more of these healthy foods. We investigate this by examining the nature and extent of price competition for fresh fruits and vegetables amongst UK supermarket retailers, drawing on a panel of weekly retail and corresponding wholesale market prices over a seven‐year period. We find that the extent of supermarket competition varies across the products, being quite intense on some but much weaker on others, where the retailers do not fully respond to each other's prices and where the extent of their competitive interaction varies significantly with each other.
Comparison of cauliflower–insect–fungus interactions and pesticides for cabbage root fly control
Authors: Razinger Jaka , Žerjav Metka , Zemljič‐Urbančič Meta , Modic Špela , Lutz Matthias , Schroers Hans‐Josef , Grunder Jürg , Fellous Simon , Urek Gregor 
Published: August 2017

AbstractCabbage root fly (Delia radicum L.) control represents a major challenge in brassica production, therefore different management strategies for its control were tested in conventionally managed open field cauliflower production. Strategies included treatments with low‐risk methods such as nitrogen lime, the insecticide spinosad and the Beauveria bassiana ATCC 74040‐based biopesticide Naturalis. Their effects were compared with treatments based on nonformulated fungal species Metarhizium brunneum, B. bassiana, Clonostachys solani, Trichoderma atroviride, T. koningiopsis, and T. gamsii and commercial insecticides λ‐cyhalothrin and thiamethoxam. Spinosad and thiamethoxam were pipetted to individual plants before transplanting; λ‐cyhalothrin was sprayed after transplanting; nitrogen lime was applied at first hoeing. Nonformulated fungi were delivered onto cauliflower plantlets’ roots as a single pretransplantation inoculation. The cabbage root fly population dynamics exhibited a strong spatiotemporal variation. The lowest number of cabbage root fly pupae recovered from cauliflower roots in the field experiments was recorded in plants treated with spinosad (significant reduction), followed by Naturalis and one of the tested M. brunneum strains (nonsignificant reduction). Significantly more pupae were counted in the nitrogen lime treatment. The field experiments showed that a single drench of cauliflower plantlets with spinosad offered consistent and enduring cabbage root fly control. Naturalis and nonformulated fungal isolates did not decrease cabbage root fly pressure significantly, apparently due to lack of statistical power. The implications of the substantial intra‐ and inter‐annual pest pressure variation and the benefits of using single plant treatments are discussed, and recommendations for improvement of rhizosphere‐competence utilizing biological control strategies provided.
Characterization of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Miscible Lactose‐Sugars Systems
Authors: Li Runjing , Roos Yrjö H. , Miao Song 
Published: August 2017

AbstractLactose‐sugars systems were produced by spray drying. They were lactose, lactose–glucose (4:1) mixtures, lactose–maltose (4:1) mixtures, lactose–sucrose (4:1) mixtures, lactose–trehalose (4:1) mixtures, and lactose–corn syrup solids (CSS) (4:1) mixtures. The physical characteristics, water sorption behavior, glass transition, and mechanical properties of miscible lactose‐sugars systems were investigated. Lactose–glucose mixtures had larger particle size than other lactose‐sugars systems after spray drying. The presence of glucose or sucrose in lactose‐sugars mixtures decreased the glass transition temperatures of amorphous systems, while the presence of maltose and trehalose had only minor impact on the glass transition temperatures. Moreover, glucose accelerated the crystallization of amorphous system at 0.44 aw, but its presence delayed the loss of sorbed water at higher water activities (≥0.54 aw). Mechanical property study indicated that glucose and sucrose in amorphous system could result in an increase of molecular mobility, while the presence of CSS could decrease the free volume and maintain the stiffness of the miscible systems.
Phenolics from Winemaking By‐Products Better Decrease VLDL‐Cholesterol and Triacylglycerol Levels than Those of Red Wine in Wistar Rats
Authors: de Oliveira Walkia Polliana , Biasoto Aline Camarão Telles , Marques Valquíria Fernanda , dos Santos Ieda Maria , Magalhães Kedma , Correa Luiz Claudio , Negro‐Dellacqua Melissa , Miranda Maria Spínola , de Camargo Adriano Costa , Shahidi Fereidoon 
Published: August 2017

AbstractWinemaking by‐products account for more than 30% of the grape production, but this inexpensive feedstock has not yet been fully exploited. Accordingly, we evaluated the potential biological activity of winemaking by‐products produced with Syrah grapes in comparison with those of the wine produced using the same grape cultivar. Winemaking by‐products showed higher contents of total anthocyanins, flavonols, stilbenes, and flavanols than red wine as evaluated by HPLC‐DAD‐FD (on a dry weight basis). In contrast, red wine was a better source of phenolic acids. However, the contribution of phenolic acids was minor for both samples. Furthermore, equivalent concentration of winemaking by‐products (100 mg/kg/d) showed greater biological activity by than that of red wine by decreasing the levels of VLDL‐cholesterol and triacylglycerols in Wistar rats. Therefore, this study supports the use of winemaking by‐products as an economical source of bioactive phenolics with potential use in the food and nutraceutical industries.
Metabolic and stress responses of Acinetobacter oleivorans DR1 during long‐chain alkane degradation
Authors: Park Chulwoo , Shin Bora , Jung Jaejoon , Lee Yunho , Park Woojun 
Published: August 2017

SummaryAcinetobacter oleivorans DR1 can utilize C12–C30 alkanes as a sole carbon source but not short‐chain alkanes (C6, C10). Two copies of each alkB‐, almA‐ and ladA‐type alkane hydroxylase (AH) are present in the genome of DR1 cells. Expression and mutational analyses of AHs showed that alkB1 and alkB2 are the major AH‐encoding genes under C12–C30, and the roles of other almA‐ and ladA genes are negligible. Our data suggested that AlkB1 is responsible for long‐chain alkane utilization (C24–C26), and AlkB2 is important for medium‐chain alkane (C12–C16) metabolism. Phylogenetic analyses revealed large incongruities between phylogenies of 16S rRNA and each AH gene, which implies that A. oleivorans DR1 has acquired multiple alkane hydroxylases through horizontal gene transfer. Transcriptomic and qRT‐PCR analyses suggested that genes participating in the synthesis of siderophore, trehalose and poly 3‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB) were expressed at much higher levels when cells used C30 than when used succinate as a carbon source. The following biochemical assays supported our gene expression analyses: (i) quantification of siderophore, (ii) measurement of trehalose and (iii) observation of PHB storage. Interestingly, highly induced both ackA gene encoding an acetate kinase A and pta gene encoding a phosphotransacetylase suggested unusual ATP synthesis during C30 alkane degradation, which was demonstrated by ATP measurement using the ΔackA mutant. Impaired growth of the ΔaceA mutant indicated that the glyoxylate shunt pathway is important when C30 alkane is utilized. Our data provide insight into long‐chain alkane degradation in soil microorganisms.
Long‐term survival following the development of heart failure in an elderly hypertensive population
Authors: Sahle Berhe W. , Owen Alice J. , Wing Lindon M.H. , Beilin Lawrence J. , Krum Henry , Reid Christopher M. ,   the Second Australian National Blood Pressure Study Management Committee
Published: August 2017

SummaryBackgroundAvailable data on the prognosis of heart failure (HF) patients are predominantly limited to patients diagnosed at time of hospitalization.AimsTo describe the long‐term survival of incident HF patients and identify clinical characteristics associated with mortality.MethodsThe Second Australian National Blood Pressure Study (ANBP2) randomized 6083 hypertensive subjects aged 65‐84 years to angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or thiazide diuretic–based therapy and followed them for a median of 4.1 years. One hundred forty‐five participants who developed HF and 5938 who remained free from HF during the trial period were followed for a median of 6.7 years during a posttrial follow‐up.ResultsThree quarters, 110 (76%) of HF patients had died at the end of the follow‐up. The five‐ and ten‐year survival rates following HF diagnosis during the trial period were 37% and 15%, respectively, in men, compared with 60% and 33%, respectively, in women. In non–heart failure participants, the five‐ and ten‐year survival rates, following enrollment into the study, were 92% and 76%, respectively. Mortality following HF diagnosis increased with advancing age (HR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.04‐1.33). In addition, male gender and preexisting diabetes were predictive of mortality, while ACE inhibitor–based therapy for the initial trial was associated with 39% decrease (HR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.41‐0.91) in mortality compared with a thiazide diuretic–based regimen.ConclusionsLong‐term survival in elderly HF patients is poor, especially in men. Mortality in HF patients increased progressively with advancing age, while allocation to the ACE inhibitor–based regimen for the initial trial significantly improved HF outcome.
New Evidence of Sauropod Dinosaurs from the Early Jurassic Period of Thailand
Authors: LAOJUMPON Chalida , SUTEETHORN Varavudh , CHANTHASIT Phornphen , LAUPRASERT Komsorn , SUTEETHORN Suravech 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe oldest dinosaur assemblages of Thailand deposit in continental sedimentary rocks of the Nam Phong Formation. Not onlyIsanosaurus attavipatchiwas discovered but at least two more species of basal sauropods were found. A partial skeleton from Phu Hin Tan locality refers to sauropod taxon A. It is different fromIsanosaurusand shares some characteristics with basal sauropods in the Early Jurassic. The sauropod taxon B was found in Non Sra Ard locality. Base on postcranial skeleton, sauropod taxon B shares some characteristics of the family Vulcanodontidae. Moreover, several fragments of the sauropods specimen are also found in Pha Khok Wang Yang and Phu Noi localities. All of the evidences above indicate that there are a highly diversity of sauropods in the Nam Phong Formation. At least three sauropod species (includingIsanosaurus)were found in the Nam Phong formation. The issue about the age of the Nam Phong has been debated for a long time between the Triassic and Jurassic age. All of sauropodomorphs, in this study, are more likely the Early Jurassic period dinosaurs than the Triassic period dinosaurs. And they have deposited in the upper part of Nam Phong Formation.
The Identification and Modeling of the Volcanic Weathering Crust in the Yingcheng Formation of the Xujiaweizi Fault Depression, Songliao Basin
Authors: LIU Cai , CHI Huanzhao , SHAN Xuanlong , HAO Guoli 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThrough the analysis of core descriptions, well‐logs, seismic data, geochemical data and structural settings of the volcanic rock of the Yingcheng Formation in the Xujiaweizi fault depression, Songliao Basin, and the geological section of the Yingcheng Formation in the southeast uplift area, this work determined the existence of volcanic weathering crust exists in the study area. The identification marks on the volcanic weathering crust can be recognized on the scale of core, logging, seismic, geochemistry, etc. In the study area, the structure of this crust is divided into clay layer, leached zone, fracture zone and host rocks, which are 5–118 m thick (averaging 27.5 m). The lithology of the weathering crust includes basalt, andesite, rhyolite and volcanic breccia, and the lithofacies are igneous effusive and extrusive facies. The volcanic weathering crusts are clustered together in the Dashen zone and the middle of the Xuzhong zone, whereas in the Shengshen zone and other parts of the Xuzhong zone, they have a relatively scattered distribution. It is a major volcanic reservoir bed, which covers an area of 2104.16 km2. According to the geotectonic setting of the Songliao Basin, the formation process of the weathering crust is complete. Combining the macroscopic and microscopic features of the weathering crust of the Yingcheng Formation in Xujiaweizi with the logging and three‐dimensional seismic sections, we established a developmental model of the paleo uplift and a developmental model of the slope belt that coexists with the sag on the Xujiaweizi volcanic weathering crust. In addition, the relationship between the volcanic weathering crust and the formation and distribution of the oil/gas reservoir is discussed.
New Data on the Age of the Yukiang (Yujiang) Formation at Liujing, Guangxi, South China
Authors: LU Jianfeng , QIE Wenkun , YU Changmin , CHEN Xiuqin 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe age of the Yukiang (Yujiang) Formation has been shrouded in controversy for more than 75 years. New investigation at the Liujing section, Hengxian County, Guangxi, has revealed a conodont sequence assignable to two Early Devonian conodont zonations: theEognathodus kindlei?–Polygnathus pireneaeZone and thePolygnathus nothoperbonusZone from oldest to youngest. The Gaoling and Mahuangling members of the Nahkaoling (Nagaoling) Formation and the overlying Xiayiling Member and lower part of the Shizhou Member of the Yukiang Formation are proven to belong to the PragianEognathodus kindlei?–Polygnathus pireneaeZone. The co‐occurrence ofPolygnathus pireneaeandPol. sokoloviin the lower part of the Shizhou Member demonstrates that this interval can be approximately correlated with the uppermost part of thePolygnathus pireneaeZone. However, precise level identification of the Pragian–Emsian Boundary (PEB) in the Liujing section remains dfficult due to the scarcity of suitable limestone samples for conodont analysis from the middle and upper parts of the Shizhou Member. The Daliancun and Liujing members of the Yukiang Formation and the lower part of the overlying Moding Formation are assigned to thePolygnathus nothoperbonusZone with the nominal species of this biozone ranging from the bottom of the Daliancun Member to the lower part of the Moding Formation.