bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
De l’intérêt d’une approche relationnelle dans la modélisation des systèmes complexes
Authors: Vautier Claude 
Published: August 2016

La sociologie, depuis son origine, s’est constituée sur quelques postulats qui furent des sources de querelles interminables et constituent aujourd’hui des limites à son développement. Le premier était que l’étude d’une société devait se faire, soit en étudiant le social comme source des situations individuelles (holisme méthodologique), soit en étudiant, au contraire, les individus, leurs caractéristiques, leurs choix et actions, pour rendre compte des caractéristiques observables de la société (individualisme méthodologique). Un autre postulat était que l’analyse scientifique supposait que soit banni tout hasard, toute imprévisibilité dans les mouvements de la société, le contraire impliquant que l’on ne puisse ni comprendre, ni se projeter dans le futur sociétal. Les développements contemporains de la sociologie rompent au moins partiellement avec ces positions. Les chercheurs en sciences humaines et sociales essaient de conjoindre les deux approches initiales (holisme et individualisme). Certains essaient aussi d’introduire la (ou les) temporalité(s) dans l’analyse afin de rendre compte de l’incontournable historicité des hommes et de leurs sociétés. Ce texte vise à proposer une approche « relationnelle » de la sociologie, permettant de conjoindre holisme et individualisme dans des modèles historicisés des systèmes complexes que sont les systèmes sociaux. Il insiste sur l’intérêt, voire la nécessité d’une modélisation relationnelle trialectique pour étudier les systèmes complexes.
Solution-processed Al2O3 gate dielectrics for graphene field-effect transistors
Authors: Park Goon-Ho , Kim Kwan-Soo , Fukidome Hirokazu , Suemitsu Tetsuya , Otsuji Taiichi , Cho Won-Ju , Suemitsu Maki 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The performance of actual graphene FETs suffers significant degradation from that expected for pristine graphene, which can be partly attributed to the onset of defects and the doping of the graphene induced during the fabrication of gate dielectric layers. These effects are mainly due to high-temperature processes such as postdeposition annealing. Here, we propose a novel low-temperature method for the fabrication of gate dielectrics, which consists of the natural oxidation of an ultrathin Al layer and a sol–gel process with oxygen plasma treatment to form an Al2O3 layer. The method results in a significant reduction of defects and doping in graphene, and devices fabricated by this method show an intrinsic carrier mobility as high as 9100 cm2 V−1 s−1.
Interference effect of edge radiation at three-pole wiggler section
Authors: Koda Shigeru , Takabayashi Yuichi 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Radiation from a three-pole wiggler section is not simply treated as typical synchrotron radiation in a long-wavelength region. The interference effect between edge radiations from upstream and downstream straight subsections of the wiggler is considered to contribute significantly to the radiation. Our simple model roughly reproduced spectral and spatial distributions of the radiation. Under the maximum interference condition, the peak radiation intensity is four times larger than the edge radiation from a single straight section. Moreover, the longitudinal periodic alignment of three-pole wigglers, which satisfies the maximum interference condition, generates radiation of higher intensity proportional to the square of the periodic number.
High-density recording in holographic data storage system by dual 2-level run-length-limited modulation
Authors: Tajima Kazuyuki , Nakamura Yusuke , Hoshizawa Taku 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
An angular-multiplexing holographic memory system is one candidate for future optical data storage systems because of capability for abilities of “high-density recording” and “high-speed recording and reproduction”. We have developed a high-density recording method by reducing the hologram size in a disc to half by 2-level run-length-limited (RLL) modulation. In addition, to achieve further high-density recording, we introduce 4-level recording. However, 4-level RLL modulation requires high computational complexity in general. Therefore, we developed the dual 2-level RLL modulation method that can suppress increase in computational complexity and has good compatibility with the conventional holographic data storage system (HDSS). The high-density effect of the method was experimentally confirmed by the Fourier images and SNR of reproduced images. Consequently, the dual 2-level RLL modulation enables a doubling of the recording density, this gave an inspection for realizing a next-generation HDSS with the recording density of 4.8 Tbit/in.2.
Domain observation of potassium-modified NaNbO3 epitaxial films by confocal laser scanning microscopy
Authors: Fujii Ichiro , Wada Takahiro 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Domain structures of (K
x
Na1−

x
)NbO3 (x = 0, 0.005, 0.11, 0.18, and 0.30) epitaxial films prepared on SrRuO3/(001) SrTiO3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition were observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. It was found that the films consisted of stripe domains with in-plane polarization directions at x = 0, mixtures of line and stripe domains with in-plane and out-of-plane polarization directions at x = 0.005 and 0.11, and stripe domains with out-of-plane polarization directions at x = 0.18 and 0.30. After an electric field was applied to the films in the out-of-plane direction, some domains with in-plane polarization directions were changed to domains with out-of-plane polarization directions at x = 0–0.11. It was confirmed that the change in the domain structure of the films with x was consistent with the change in the remanent polarization of their polarization–electric field (P–E) loops.
Sonography of Morton Neuromas
Authors: Cohen Stuart L. , Miller Theodore T. , Ellis Scott J. , Roberts Matthew M. , DiCarlo Edward F. 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesTo determine what accounts for the sonographic appearance of a Morton neuroma by correlating preoperative sonograms with the sonographic appearance of the resected surgical specimen, the surgical findings, and the pathologic examination.MethodsTen Morton neuromas that had preoperative sonograms underwent postoperative specimen sonography and histologic evaluation. The appearance and size of the neuromas were compared between the preoperative and postoperative specimen images and were compared to the surgical and pathologic appearances.ResultsPreoperative images showed a fibrillar echogenic nerve coursing into a heterogeneous hypoechoic mass measuring 14.3 mm in average length (range, 9.0–24.0 mm) that contained a round, mildly echogenic mass within it measuring 7.6 mm in average length (range, 4.5–12.0 mm). Surgically, the specimens showed scarred intermetatarsal bursas and tangled vessels surrounding the nerve. Specimen sonography showed echogenic focal enlargement of the nerve at the site of the neuroma, measuring 6.8 mm in average length (range, 3.5–11.0 mm). The size of the resected neuroma was smaller than the hypoechoic mass on the presurgical images (P < .001). Within the hypoechoic mass, the small echogenic focus showed no difference in size compared to the specimen (P = .40), but the shape of the echogenic specimen was fusiform, whereas the preoperative appearance was round. Histologically, the resected specimens showed sclerosis and mucoid degeneration of the nerve fascicles and fibrotic thickening of the perineurium.ConclusionsThe hypoechoic heterogeneous mass that is referred to as a Morton neuroma sonographically is really a “neuroma‐bursal complex” that is much larger than the actual neuroma itself.
Linking temperature sensitivity of soil CO2 release to substrate, environmental, and microbial properties across alpine ecosystems
Authors: Ding Jinzhi , Chen Leiyi , Zhang Beibei , Liu Li , Yang Guibiao , Fang Kai , Chen Yongliang , Li Fei , Kou Dan , Ji Chengjun , Luo Yiqi , Yang Yuanhe 
Published: August 2016

AbstractOur knowledge of fundamental drivers of the temperature sensitivity (Q10) of soil carbon dioxide (CO2) release is crucial for improving the predictability of soil carbon dynamics in Earth System Models. However, patterns and determinants of Q10 over a broad geographic scale are not fully understood, especially in alpine ecosystems. Here we addressed this issue by incubating surface soils (0–10 cm) obtained from 156 sites across Tibetan alpine grasslands. Q10 was estimated from the dynamics of the soil CO2 release rate under varying temperatures of 5–25°C. Structure equation modeling was performed to evaluate the relative importance of substrate, environmental, and microbial properties in regulating the soil CO2 release rate and Q10. Our results indicated that steppe soils had significantly lower CO2 release rates but higher Q10 than meadow soils. The combination of substrate properties and environmental variables could predict 52% of the variation in soil CO2 release rate across all grassland sites and explained 37% and 58% of the variation in Q10 across the steppe and meadow sites, respectively. Of these, precipitation was the best predictor of soil CO2 release rate. Basal microbial respiration rate (B) was the most important predictor of Q10 in steppe soils, whereas soil pH outweighed B as the major regulator in meadow soils. These results demonstrate that carbon quality and environmental variables coregulate Q10 across alpine ecosystems, implying that modelers can rely on the “carbon‐quality temperature” hypothesis for estimating apparent temperature sensitivities, but relevant environmental factors, especially soil pH, should be considered in higher‐productivity alpine regions.
The effectiveness and resilience of phosphorus management practices in the Lake Simcoe watershed, Ontario, Canada
Authors: Crossman J. , Futter M. N. , Palmer M. , Whitehead P. G. , Baulch H. M. , Woods D. , Jin L. , Oni S. K. , Dillon P. J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractUncertainty surrounding future climate makes it difficult to have confidence that current nutrient management strategies will remain effective. This study used monitoring and modeling to assess current effectiveness (% phosphorus reduction) and resilience (defined as continued effectiveness under a changing climate) of best management practices (BMPs) within five catchments of the Lake Simcoe watershed, Ontario. The Integrated Catchment Phosphorus model (INCA‐P) was used, and monitoring data were used to calibrate and validate a series of management scenarios. To assess current BMP effectiveness, models were run over a baseline period 1985–2014 with and without management scenarios. Climate simulations were run (2070–2099), and BMP resilience was calculated as the percent change in effectiveness between the baseline and future period. Results demonstrated that livestock removal from water courses was the most effective BMP, while manure storage adjustments were the least. Effectiveness varied between catchments, influenced by the dominant hydrological and nutrient transport pathways. Resilience of individual BMPs was associated with catchment sensitivity to climate change. BMPs were most resilient in catchments with high soil water storage capacity and small projected changes in frozen‐water availability and in soil moisture deficits. Conversely, BMPs were less resilient in catchments with larger changes in spring melt magnitude and in overland flow proportions. Results indicated that BMPs implemented are not always those most suited to catchment flow pathways, and a more site‐specific approach would enhance prospects for maintaining P reduction targets. Furthermore, BMP resilience to climate change can be predicted from catchment physical properties and present‐day hydrochemical sensitivity to climate forcing.
Climate forcing for dynamics of dissolved inorganic nutrients at Palmer Station, Antarctica: An interdecadal (1993–2013) analysis
Authors: Kim Hyewon , Doney Scott C. , Iannuzzi Richard A. , Meredith Michael P. , Martinson Douglas G. , Ducklow Hugh W. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe analyzed 20 years (1993–2013) of observations of dissolved inorganic macronutrients (nitrate, N; phosphate, P; and silicate, Si) and chlorophyll a (Chl) at Palmer Station, Antarctica (64.8°S, 64.1°W) to elucidate how large‐scale climate and local physical forcing affect the interannual variability in the seasonal phytoplankton bloom and associated drawdown of nutrients. The leading modes of nutrients (N, P, and Si empirical orthogonal functions 1, EOF1) represent overall negative anomalies throughout growing seasons, showing a mixed signal of variability in the initial levels and drawdown thereafter (low‐frequency dynamics). The second most common seasonal patterns of nitrate and phosphate (N and P EOF2) capture prolonged drawdown events during December–March, which are correlated to Chl EOF1. Si EOF2 captures a drawdown event during November–December, which is correlated to Chl EOF2. These different drawdown patterns are shaped by different sets of physical and climate forcing mechanisms. N and P drawdown events during December–March are influenced by the winter and spring Southern Annular Mode (SAM) phase, where nutrient utilization is enhanced in a stabilized upper water column as a consequence of SAM‐driven winter sea ice and spring wind dynamics. Si drawdown during November–December is influenced by early sea ice retreat, where ice breakup may induce abrupt water column stratification and a subsequent diatom bloom or release of diatom cells from within the sea ice. Our findings underscore that seasonal nutrient dynamics in the coastal WAP are coupled to large‐scale climate forcing and related physics, understanding of which may enable improved projections of biogeochemical responses to climate change.
A structural equation model analysis of phosphorus transformations in global unfertilized and uncultivated soils
Authors: Hou Enqing , Chen Chengrong , Kuang Yuanwen , Zhang Yuguang , Heenan Marijke , Wen Dazhi 
Published: August 2016

AbstractUnderstanding the soil phosphorus (P) cycle is a prerequisite for predicting how environmental changes may influence the dynamics and availability of P in soil. We compiled a database of P fractions sequentially extracted by the Hedley procedure and its modification in 626 unfertilized and uncultivated soils worldwide. With this database, we applied structural equation modeling to test hypothetical soil P transformation models and to quantify the importance of different soil P pools and P transformation pathways in shaping soil P availability at a global scale. Our models revealed that soluble inorganic P (Pi, a readily available P pool) was positively and directly influenced by labile Pi, labile organic P (Po), and primary mineral P and negatively and directly influenced by secondary mineral P; soluble Pi was not directly influenced by moderately labile Po or occluded P. The overall effect on soluble Pi was greatest for labile Pi followed by the organic P pools, occluded P, and then primary mineral P; the overall influence from secondary mineral P was small. Labile Pi was directly linked to all other soil P pools and was more strongly linked than soluble Pi to labile Po and primary mineral P. Our study highlights the important roles of labile Pi in mediating P transformations and in determining overall P availability in soils throughout the world.
Altitudinal dependence of meteor radio afterglows measured via optical counterparts
Authors: Obenberger K. S. , Holmes J. M. , Dowell J. D. , Schinzel F. K. , Stovall K. , Sutton E. K. , Taylor G. B. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractUtilizing the all‐sky imaging capabilities of the first station of the Long Wavelength Array along with a host of all‐sky optical cameras, we have now observed 44 optical meteor counterparts to radio afterglows. Combining these observations, we have determined the geographic positions of all 44 afterglows. Comparing the number of radio detections as a function of altitude above sea level to the number of expected bright meteors, we find a strong altitudinal dependence characterized by a cutoff below ∼90 km, below which no radio emission occurs, despite the fact that many of the observed optical meteors penetrated well below this altitude. This cutoff suggests that wave damping from electron collisions is an important factor for the evolution of radio afterglows. This finding agrees with the hypothesis that the emission is the result of electron plasma wave emission.
Proxy representation of Arctic ocean bottom pressure variability: Bridging gaps in GRACE observations
Authors: Peralta‐Ferriz Cecilia , Morison James H. , Wallace John M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractUsing time‐varying ocean bottom pressure (OBP) from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), a 9 year in situ OBP record at the North Pole, and wind reanalysis products, we perform a linear regression analysis to identify primary predictor time series that enable us to create a proxy representation of the Arctic time‐varying OBP that explains the largest fraction of the observed Arctic OBP variability. After cross validation, two predictors—North Pole OBP record and wind‐OBP coupling from maximum covariance analysis—explain 50% of the total variance of the Arctic OBP. This work provides a means for bridging existing short gaps in GRACE measurements and potentially longer future gaps that may result if GRACE and its follow‐on mission do not overlap. The technique may be applicable to bridge gaps in GRACE measurements in other oceanic regions.
Deep nightside photoelectron observations by MAVEN SWEA: Implications for Martian northern hemispheric magnetic topology and nightside ionosphere source
Authors: Xu Shaosui , Mitchell David , Liemohn Michael , Dong Chuanfei , Bougher Stephen , Fillingim Matthew , Lillis Robert , McFadden James , Mazelle Christian , Connerney Jack , Jakosky Bruce 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission samples the Mars ionosphere down to altitudes of ∼150 km over a wide range of local times and solar zenith angles. On 5 January 2015 (Orbit 520) when the spacecraft was in darkness at high northern latitudes (solar zenith angle, SZA >120°; latitude >60°), the Solar Wind Electron Analyzer (SWEA) instrument observed photoelectrons at altitudes below 200 km. Such observations imply the presence of closed crustal magnetic field loops that cross the terminator and extend thousands of kilometers to the deep nightside. This occurs over the weak northern crustal magnetic source regions, where the magnetic field has been thought to be dominated by draped interplanetary magnetic fields (IMF). Such a day‐night magnetic connectivity also provides a source of plasma and energy to the deep nightside. Simulations with the SuperThermal Electron Transport (STET) model show that photoelectron fluxes measured by SWEA precipitating onto the nightside atmosphere provide a source of ionization that can account for the
density measured by the Suprathermal and Thermal Ion Composition (STATIC) instrument below 200 km. This finding indicates another channel for Martian energy redistribution to the deep nightside and consequently localized ionosphere patches and potentially aurora.
The Tiny Ionospheric Photometer (TIP) on the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC/FORMOSAT‐3)
Authors: Dymond K. F. , Budzen S. A. , Coker C. , Chua D. H. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe Tiny Ionospheric Photometer (TIP) is an ultraviolet nadir‐viewing photometer that flew aboard the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC, also known as FORMOSAT‐3), which was launched on 14 April 2006. One TIP flew on each of the six COSMIC/FORMOSAT3 satellites; these compact instruments operated exclusively at nighttime and observed the O I 135.6 nm emission that is a signature of the decay of the F region ionosphere and, as such, is a diagnostic of the ionospheric state. We describe the TIP instruments and their on‐orbit operation. Additionally, some key science highlights of the mission are presented and discussed.
Dynamic responses of the Earth's radiation belts during periods of solar wind dynamic pressure pulse based on normalized superposed epoch analysis
Authors: Ni Binbin , Xiang Zheng , Gu Xudong , Shprits Yuri Y. , Zhou Chen , Zhao Zhengyu , Zhang Xianguo , Zuo Pingbing 
Published: August 2016

AbstractUsing the electron flux measurements obtained from five satellites (GOES 15 and POES 15, 16, 18, and 19), we investigate the flux variations of radiation belt electrons during forty solar wind dynamic pressure pulses identified between September 2012 and December 2014. By utilizing the mean duration of the pressure pulses as the epoch timeline and stretching or compressing the time phases of individual events to normalize the duration by means of linear interpolation, we have performed normalized superposed epoch analysis to evaluate the dynamic responses of radiation belt energetic electrons corresponding to various groups of solar wind and magnetospheric conditions in association with solar wind dynamic pressure pulses. Our results indicate that by adopting the timeline normalization we can reproduce the typical response of the electron radiation belts to pressure pulses. Radiation belt electron fluxes exhibit large depletions right after the Pdyn peak during the periods of northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz and are more likely to occur during the Pdyn pulse under southward IMF Bz conditions. For the pulse events with large negative values of (Dst)min, radiation belt electrons respond in a manner similar to those with southward IMF Bz, and the corresponding postpulse recovery can extend to L ~ 3 and exceed the prepulse flux levels. Triggered by the solar wind pressure enhancements, deeper earthward magnetopause erosion provides favorable conditions for the prompt electron flux dropouts that extend down to L ~ 5, and the pressure pulses with longer duration tend to produce quicker and stronger electron flux decay. In addition, the events with high electron fluxes before the Pdyn pulse tend to experience more severe electron flux dropouts during the course of the pulse, while the largest rate of electron flux increase before and after the pulse occurs under the preconditioned low electron fluxes. These new results help us understand how electron fluxes respond to solar wind dynamic pressure pulses and how these responses depend on the solar wind and geomagnetic conditions and on the preconditions in the electron radiation belts.
Where do ocean microseisms come from? A study of Love‐to‐Rayleigh wave ratios
Authors: Juretzek C. , Hadziioannou C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractOur knowledge of the origin of Love waves in the ambient seismic noise is extremely limited. This applies in particular to constraints on source locations and source mechanisms for Love waves in the secondary microseism. Here three‐component beamforming is used to distinguish between the differently polarized wave types in the primary and secondary microseismic noise fields, recorded at several arrays across Europe. We compare characteristics of Love and Rayleigh wave noise, such as source directions and frequency content, measure Love to Rayleigh wave ratios for different back azimuths, and look at the seasonal behavior of our measurements by using a full year of data in 2013. The beamforming results confirm previous observations that back azimuths for Rayleigh and Love waves in both microseismic bands mainly coincide. However, we observe differences in relative directional noise strength between both wave types for the primary microseism. At those frequencies, Love waves dominate on average, with kinetic Love‐to‐Rayleigh energy ratios ranging from 0.6 to 2.0. In the secondary microseism, the ratios are lower, between 0.4 and 1.2. The wave type ratio is directionally homogeneous, except for locations far from the coast. In the primary microseism, our results support the existence of different generation mechanisms. The contribution of a shear traction‐type source mechanism is likely.