bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RESERVOIR POTENTIAL OF DEEP‐WATER LACUSTRINE DELTA‐FRONT SANDSTONES IN THE UPPER TRIASSIC YANCHANG FORMATION, WESTERN ORDOS BASIN, CHINA
Authors: Li Shengli , Ma Y. Zee , Yu Xinghe , Li Shunli 
Published: December 2016

This paper investigates the reservoir characteristics of deep‐water lacustrine‐delta sandstones in the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the western Ordos Basin, north‐central China. The Yanchang Formation has previously been interpreted as a shallow‐water lacustrine deltaic succession, and this interpretation has been used to guide petroleum exploration activities which have however met with only limited success. The present study integrates thin‐section, wireline log, X‐ray diffraction and SEM data from wells in the western Ordos Basin to determine the sedimentary and diagenetic characteristics of sandstones in the C6 and C4+5 sub‐members of the Yanchang Formation, and to interpret the units' depositional environment.The C6 and C4+5 sub‐members in the study area are composed of: mudstones and fine‐grained sandstones, which are interpreted as deep‐water pro‐delta deposits; laterally‐extensive sand sheets (outer delta‐front deposits); and small‐scale distributary channel and mouth bar sandbodies (inner delta‐front deposits). The sandstones have reservoir potential but diagenesis has had a range of effects on reservoir quality. Compaction together with cementation by calcite and clay minerals including chlorite and kaolinite may have affected pore throat geometry and permeability adversely. However dissolution of feldspars and calcite cement created secondary porosity. Hydrocarbon accumulations may occur in delta‐front channel and mouth bar sandbodies. Core studies show that some sandstone intervals have relatively good reservoir properties with porosity up to 15% and permeability up to 9mD.
A survey of dental public health specialists on current dental public health competencies
Authors: Mascarenhas Ana Karina , Altman Donald 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn preparation to update the Dental Public Health specialty competencies, the Expert Panel determined that a needs assessment be conducted. A nine item open and close ended survey developed by the Expert Panel was used to collect data on the Diplomates current work environment, the utility of the current set of Dental Public Health competencies, and to identify any gaps in the current competencies. In 2015, the survey was administered to all active Diplomates of the American Board of Dental Public Health. One hundred and nine Diplomates responded. Diplomates overwhelmingly reported that each of the ten current competencies were still relevant for Dental Public Health specialists in the 21st Century, but needed to be updated to be more contemporary. Domains suggested to achieve this were interprofessional care, cultural competency, health literacy, and evidence‐based dentistry.
Where does the community start, and where does it end? Including the seed bank to reassess forest herb layer responses to the environment
Authors: Plue Jan , De Frenne Pieter , Acharya Kamal , Brunet Jörg , Chabrerie Olivier , Decocq Guillaume , Diekmann Martin , Graae Bente J. , Heinken Thilo , Hermy Martin , Kolb Annette , Lemke Isgard , Liira Jaan , Naaf Tobias , Verheyen Kris , Wulf Monika , Cousins Sara A.O. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractQuestionBelow‐ground processes are key determinants of above‐ground plant population and community dynamics. Still, our understanding of how environmental drivers shape plant communities is mostly based on above‐ground diversity patterns, bypassing below‐ground plant diversity stored in seed banks. As seed banks may shape above‐ground plant communities, we question whether concurrently analysing the above‐ and below‐ground species assemblages may potentially enhance our understanding of community responses to environmental variation.LocationTemperate deciduous forests along a 2000 km latitudinal gradient in NW Europe.MethodsHerb layer, seed bank and local environmental data including soil pH, canopy cover, forest cover continuity and time since last canopy disturbance were collected in 129 temperate deciduous forest plots. We quantified herb layer and seed bank diversity per plot and evaluated how environmental variation structured community diversity in the herb layer, seed bank and the combined herb layer–seed bank community.ResultsSeed banks consistently held more plant species than the herb layer. How local plot diversity was partitioned across the herb layer and seed bank was mediated by environmental variation in drivers serving as proxies of light availability. The herb layer and seed bank contained an ever smaller and ever larger share of local diversity, respectively, as both canopy cover and time since last canopy disturbance decreased. Species richness and β‐diversity of the combined herb layer–seed bank community responded distinctly differently compared to the separate assemblages in response to environmental variation in, e.g. forest cover continuity and canopy cover.ConclusionsThe seed bank is a below‐ground diversity reservoir of the herbaceous forest community, which interacts with the herb layer, although constrained by environmental variation in e.g. light availability. The herb layer and seed bank co‐exist as a single community by means of the so‐called storage effect, resulting in distinct responses to environmental variation not necessarily recorded in the individual herb layer or seed bank assemblages. Thus, concurrently analysing above‐ and below‐ground diversity will improve our ecological understanding of how understorey plant communities respond to environmental variation.
Variation and synchrony of tree species mast seeding in an old‐growth temperate forest
Authors: Wang Yunyun , Zhang Jian , LaMontagne Jalene M. , Lin Fei , Li Buhang , Ye Ji , Yuan Zuoqiang , Wang Xugao , Hao Zhanqing 
Published: December 2016

AbstractQuestionsMast seeding, i.e. synchronous highly variable seed production among years, occurs in many perennial plant species and across diverse plant communities. Two predominant hypotheses for mast seeding are pollination efficiency and predator satiation, with weather conditions as a proximate cause. Little consensus has been achieved regarding the relative impacts of ultimate selection and proximate weather on variation in seed production. Moreover, mast‐seeding studies often focus on a single species or phylogenetically closely related species, while studies on plant communities consisting of tree species with a diversity of reproductive strategies are less common.LocationA 25‐ha Changbaishan temperate forest dynamic plot, northeast China.MethodsWe used 8 yr of seed rain data to characterize patterns and evaluate underlying selective drivers of mast seeding. We employed generalized linear mixed‐effects models (GLMMs) to analyse the relationships between inter‐annual variability of mast seeding and weather conditions.ResultsAll 20 species in this forest community exhibited high variability in annual seed production, but the magnitude of seed production among species was generally asynchronous across years. Wind‐pollinated species had higher inter‐annual variation of seed production than animal‐pollinated species, while species dispersed by seed predators and abiotic modes (e.g. wind and gravity) showed little variation. Species responded individually to weather conditions for both temperature and precipitation, and spring phenology in the same year as seed production had a larger effect among species than both the weather conditions of the same summer and season‐long lags.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that pollination efficiency hypothesis had a much stronger effect than predation satiation hypothesis on mast seeding, and weather conditions demonstrated the proximate role of weather drivers in producing the community‐wide mast‐seeding pattern. We emphasize the need to simultaneously assess drivers of mast seeding for multiple species within a plant community.
Protection of Penaeus monodon against white spot syndrome by continuous oral administration of a low concentration of Bacillus subtilis spores expressing the VP28 antigen
Authors: Pham K.-C. , Tran H.T.T. , Van Doan C. , Le P.H. , Van Nguyen A.T. , Nguyen H.A. , Hong H.A. , Cutting S.M. , Phan T.-N. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
In this study, Bacillus subtilis spores expressing a chimeric protein, CotB-VP28, were used as a probiotic vaccine to protect black tiger shrimps (Penaeus monodon) against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. Oral administration of pellets coated with CotB-VP28 spores (at ≥1 × 109 CFU per g pellet) to shrimps induced immune-relating phenoloxydase activity (PO) in shrimps after 14 days of feeding (prior challenge) and at day 3 post challenge (1·26 and 1·70 fold increase respectively). A 75% protection rate was obtained by continuous feeding of the spore-coated pellets at ≥1 × 109 CFU per g for 14 days prior to WSSV challenge and during all the postchallenge period. Even when the amount of CotB-VP28 spores in feed pellets was reduced down to ≥5 × 107 CFU per g and ≥1 × 106 CFU per g, relatively high protection rates of 70 and 67·5%, respectively, were still obtained. By contrast, feeding pellets without spores (untreated group) and with naked spores (PY79 group) at ≥1 × 109 CFU per g could not protect shrimps against WSSV. These data suggest that supplementation of CotB-VP28 spores at low dose of ≥1 × 106 CFU per g could be effective as a prophylactic treatment of WSS for black tiger shrimps.

Significance and Impact of the Study
This study reports the protective efficacy of Bacillus subtilis CotB-VP28 spores on black tiger shrimps (Penaeus monodon) against white spot syndrome virus infection. Oral administration of pellets coated with CotB-VP28 spores (≥1 × 109 CFU per g) conferred 75% protection after white spot syndrome virus challenge. Even after reducing CotB-VP28 spores in feed pellets to ≥1 × 106 CFU per g, 67·5% protections was still obtained. These data indicate that supplementation of CotB-VP28 spores at a low dose of ≥1 × 106 CFU per g could be effective in prophylaxis against white spot syndrome in black tiger shrimps.
Alternating augite‐plagioclase wedges in basement dolerites of Lockne impact structure, Sweden: A new shock wave‐induced deformation feature
Authors: Agarwal A. , Reznik B. , Alva‐Valdivia L. M. , Srivastava D. C. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis paper reports peculiar alternating augite‐plagioclase wedges in basement dolerites of Lockne impact structure, Sweden. The combined microscopic and spectroscopic studies of the micro/nanoscale wedges reveal that these are deformation‐induced features. First, samples showing wedges, 12 out of 18 studied, are distributed in the impact structure within a radius of up to 10 km from the crater center. Second, the margins between the augite and labradorite wedges are sharp and the {110} prismatic cleavage of augite develops into fractures and thereafter into wedges. The fractures are filled with molten labradorite pushed from the neighboring bulk labradorite grain. Third, compared to the bulk labradorite, the dislocation density and the residual strain in the labradorite wedges are significantly higher. A possible mechanism of genesis of the wedges is proposed. The mechanism explains that passing of the shock waves in the basement dolerite induced (i) formation of microfractures in augite and labradorite; (ii) development of the augite prismatic cleavages into the wedges, which overprint the microfracture in the labradorite wedges; and (iii) thereafter, infilling of microfractures in the augite wedges by labradorite.
Acute Kidney Injury and mortality prognosis in Acute Coronary Syndrome patients: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Pickering John W , Blunt Isabella R H , Than Martin P 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of this study is to provide a robust estimate of mortality risk in acute coronary syndrome (ACS)‐associated acute kidney injury (AKI) to inform clinical practice and policy.MethodsA meta‐analysis of cohort studies evaluating outcomes of ACS and which reported AKI and AKI‐associated mortality. Studies were excluded if they incorporated patients not admitted through the emergency department (i.e. for elective procedures), were limited to cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest, or relied on registry data for outcomes without further adjudication. The predictor was ACS‐associated AKI and outcomes early (30 day or in‐hospital) mortality and late‐mortality (post‐hospital discharge).ResultsThirty‐six studies with 37 unique cohorts comprising 100 476 patients were included. The pooled rate of ACS‐associated AKI was 15.8%. In 32 cohorts reporting early mortality, the crude early mortality rate was 15.0% amongst those with AKI compared with 2.0% amongst those without AKI. The pooled estimate of the relative risk of AKI‐associated early mortality was 4.1 (95% confidence interval: 3.3 to 5.0) with high heterogeneity between studies (I

2
= 84% (61% to 88%)). When heterogeneity was accounted for mathematically using credibility ceilings, the risk of mortality was lower, but still clinically significant (3.1 (2.6 to 3.6)). In 19 cohorts reporting late mortality (1 to 10 years), the relative risk of AKI‐associated mortality was 2.6 (2.0 to 3.3) with moderate heterogeneity (I

2
= 65 % [35% to 88%]). Following application of credibility ceiling relative risk estimate dropped to 2.2 (1.9 to 2.6).ConclusionsAcute coronary syndrome‐associated AKI is associated with more than a three‐fold increase in early mortality and more than two‐fold in long‐term mortality.
Expansion of inverted repeat does not decrease substitution rates in Pelargonium plastid genomes
Authors: Weng Mao‐Lun , Ruhlman Tracey A. , Jansen Robert K. 
Published: December 2016

Summary

For species with minor inverted repeat (IR) boundary changes in the plastid genome (plastome), nucleotide substitution rates were previously shown to be lower in the IR than the single copy regions (SC). However, the impact of large‐scale IR expansion/contraction on plastid nucleotide substitution rates among closely related species remains unclear.

We included plastomes from 22 Pelargonium species, including eight newly sequenced genomes, and used both pairwise and model‐based comparisons to investigate the impact of the IR on sequence evolution in plastids.

Ten types of plastome organization with different inversions or IR boundary changes were identified in Pelargonium. Inclusion in the IR was not sufficient to explain the variation of nucleotide substitution rates. Instead, the rate heterogeneity in Pelargonium plastomes was a mixture of locus‐specific, lineage‐specific and IR‐dependent effects.

Our study of Pelargonium plastomes that vary in IR length and gene content demonstrates that the evolutionary consequences of retaining these repeats are more complicated than previously suggested.
Tailoring the composition of novel wax esters in the seeds of transgenic Camelina sativa through systematic metabolic engineering
Authors: Ruiz‐Lopez Noemi , Broughton Richard , Usher Sarah , Salas Joaquin J. , Haslam Richard P. , Napier Johnathan A. , Beaudoin Frédéric 
Published: December 2016

SummaryThe functional characterization of wax biosynthetic enzymes in transgenic plants has opened the possibility of producing tailored wax esters (WEs) in the seeds of a suitable host crop. In this study, in addition to systematically evaluating a panel of WE biosynthetic activities, we have also modulated the acyl‐CoA substrate pool, through the co‐expression of acyl‐ACP thioesterases, to direct the accumulation of medium‐chain fatty acids. Using this combinatorial approach, we determined the additive contribution of both the varied acyl‐CoA pool and biosynthetic enzyme substrate specificity to the accumulation of non‐native WEs in the seeds of transgenic Camelina plants. A total of fourteen constructs were prepared containing selected FAR and WS genes in combination with an acyl‐ACP thioesterase. All enzyme combinations led to the successful production of wax esters, of differing compositions. The impact of acyl‐CoA thioesterase expression on wax ester accumulation varied depending on the substrate specificity of the WS. Hence, co‐expression of acyl‐ACP thioesterases with Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus WS and Marinobacter aquaeolei FAR resulted in the production of WEs with reduced chain lengths, whereas the co‐expression of the same acyl‐ACP thioesterases in combination with Mus musculus WS and M. aquaeolei FAR had little impact on the overall final wax composition. This was despite substantial remodelling of the acyl‐CoA pool, suggesting that these substrates were not efficiently incorporated into WEs. These results indicate that modification of the substrate pool requires careful selection of the WS and FAR activities for the successful high accumulation of these novel wax ester species in Camelina seeds.
Crystal Structures of Bacterial (6‐4) Photolyase Mutants with Impaired DNA Repair Activity
Authors: Zhang Fan , Ma Hongju , Bowatte Kalinga , Kwiatkowski Dennis , Mittmann Esther , Qasem Heba , Krauß Norbert , Zeng Xiaoli , Ren Zhong , Scheerer Patrick , Yang Xiaojing , Lamparter Tilman 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPhrB from Agrobacterium fabrum is the first prokaryotic photolyase which repairs (6‐4) UV DNA photoproducts. The protein harbors three cofactors: the enzymatically active FAD chromophore, a second chromophore, 6,7‐dimethyl‐8‐ribityllumazine (DMRL) and a cubane‐type Fe‐S cluster. Tyr424 of PhrB is part of the DNA‐binding site and could provide an electron link to the Fe‐S cluster. The PhrBY424F mutant showed reduced binding of lesion DNA and loss of DNA repair. The mutant PhrBI51W is characterized by the loss of the DMRL chromophore, reduced photoreduction and reduced DNA repair capacity. We have determined the crystal structures of both mutants and found that both mutations only affect local protein environments, whereas the overall fold remained unchanged. The crystal structure of PhrBY424F revealed a water network extending to His366, which are part of the lesion‐binding site. The crystal structure of PhrBI51W shows how the bulky Trp leads to structural rearrangements in the DMRL chromophore pocket. Spectral characterizations of PhrBI51W suggest that DMRL serves as an antenna chromophore for photoreduction and DNA repair in the wild type. The energy transfer from DMRL to FAD could represent a phylogenetically ancient process.
Electoral Rules and Bureaucratic Effectiveness
Authors: Jeong Gyung‐Ho 
Published: December 2016

Literature on comparative institutions shows that electoral and constitutional rules affect the behavior of politicians, while the literature on political control of bureaucracies demonstrates how politicians exercise control over bureaucracies and affect their performance. This article explores how electoral rules affect bureaucratic effectiveness. In particular, I hypothesize that personal vote‐seeking incentives drive legislators to specialize in legislative committees to develop their personal reputations. Once legislators specialize in legislative committees, they are in a better position to increase bureaucratic effectiveness. Drawing on the World Bank index of bureaucratic effectiveness, this article finds significant associations between the personal vote‐seeking incentive, legislative specialization, and bureaucratic effectiveness. However, these associations are restricted to presidential systems, where the separation of powers makes legislative specialization in committees a key mechanism for effective bureaucratic oversight.Related Articles

Kostadinova, Tatiana, and
Barry Levitt 2014. “.” Politics & Policy 42: 490‐512. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12081/full

Kinyondo, Abel, and
Riccardo Pelizzo. 2013. “.” Politics & Policy 41 (): 420‐446. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12020/abstract

Levitt, Barry, and
Tatiana Kostadinova. 2014. “.” Politics & Policy 42: 513‐547. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12084/abstract
Related Media
. http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.aspx#home

. http://polisci.berkeley.edu/people/person/m-steven-fish
Bridging the Divide: Measuring Party System Change and Classifying Party Systems
Authors: Pelizzo Riccardo , Nwokora Zim 
Published: December 2016

Party systems research has proceeded along two parallel lines of inquiry, one predominantly “qualitative” and the other “quantitative.” This article attempts to bridge this divide in two ways. First, by showing that qualitative information can be valuable in the construction of quantitative measures. Second, by showing that the results from applying theoretically sensitive measurement tools can be useful for qualitative classification. These analyses are performed using an original dataset of party system changes in Sub‐Saharan Africa.Related Articles

Nwokora, Zim, and
Riccardo Pelizzo. 2015. “.” Politics & Policy 43 (): 453‐473. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12124/abstract

Tusalem, Rollin F. 2016. “.” Politics & Policy 44 (): 712‐750. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12166/abstract

Vercesi, Michelangelo. 2016. “.” Politics & Policy 44 (): 168‐219. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12154/abstract
Related Media
. “Democracy in Africa: 5 Myths Explored.” https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/datablog/2016/feb/25/democracy-in-african-countries-five-myths-explored

. “Africa's Rocky Road to Democracy.” http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/01/opinion/africa-democracy-mbaku/
Should we Sample a time Series more Frequently?: Decision Support via Multirate Spectrum Estimation
Authors: Nason Guy P. , Powell Ben , Elliott Duncan , Smith Paul A. 
Published: December 2016

SummarySuppose that we have a historical time series with samples taken at a slow rate, e.g. quarterly. The paper proposes a new method to answer the question: is it worth sampling the series at a faster rate, e.g. monthly? Our contention is that classical time series methods are designed to analyse a series at a single and given sampling rate with the consequence that analysts are not often encouraged to think carefully about what an appropriate sampling rate might be. To answer the sampling rate question we propose a novel Bayesian method that incorporates the historical series, cost information and small amounts of pilot data sampled at the faster rate. The heart of our method is a new Bayesian spectral estimation technique that is capable of coherently using data sampled at multiple rates and is demonstrated to have superior practical performance compared with alternatives. Additionally, we introduce a method for hindcasting historical data at the faster rate. A freeware R package, regspec, is available that implements our methods. We illustrate our work by using official statistics time series including the UK consumer price index and counts of UK residents travelling abroad, but our methods are general and apply to any situation where time series data are collected.