bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementing Driver Training Technology to Simulate Dangerous Conditions and Real World Hazards on the Road in a Safe Environment
Authors: North Adam , Ordonez Alejo 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Drivers need to be prepared for the demands of rapidly changing and extreme driving environmental and road conditions. This requires drivers to have exceptional levels of situational awareness, proactive evaluations, accurate responsiveness, and coordination. This paper describes how a company implemented technology to provide real-world driving training in a safe environment enabling drivers to practice advanced driving skills.
The company implemented an instructor-controlled hydraulic system which can be attached to a variety of vehicles, with electronic stability control, to simulate situations where the driver has to regain control of the vehicle. This advanced simulation system is designed to meet the rigorous training needs of professional drivers by increasing competency, situational awareness, and muscle memory. The technology uses a portable platform to simulate a wide spectrum of real-world conditions from changing weather conditions to blind spots to sensory distractions.
The technology provides the situational realism of oncoming cars or stopped traffic for practicing operating vehicles in emergency situations. This system is completely automatic and can be used to develop skills for accident avoidance, intersection clearing, or critical braking scenarios. The technology uses a real car on a paved road at the company's driving training facility. The instructor has the ability to make precise adjustments using an electronic controller to adjust the degree of the vehicle grip experienced by the driver.
Variation of vehicle grip can be enabled for many different training environments and scenarios by the adjustment of front and rear grip settings individually. The technology is consistent, realistic and has helped optimized training costs by reducing in-vehicle training time and lowering associated risk.
Competence is improved by allowing drivers to experience real vehicle dynamics, real emotion, and real-world physical responses. Using this technology allows the drivers to experience more than just sideways vehicle drift as the settings can be adjusted in real-time by the instructor when the vehicle is either stationary or moving, providing the drivers with a dynamic skill building experience.
Driving is the greatest risk personnel face on a day-to-day basis. This driver training technology allows drivers to develop their emergency response reactions in a realistic manner while in a safe environment. Being under the supervision of a qualified trainer providing coaching and feedback helps the drivers develop their skills and reinforces safe habits behind the wheel.
Operationalizing Risk Management
Authors: Bulgachev R. , Kelso G. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Effective and fit for purpose risk management process is essential for safe and reliable operations. It is also one of the key elements of the Operating Management System (OMS) which is used by bp to manage its operating activities. To deliver OMS performance, bp wells organization has successfully developed and implemented a complete set of requirements, accountabilities, and guidance for each phase of the risk management process (identify, assess, respond, monitor and review). The risk management process utilizes a bowtie barrier model for identified major accident risks. The barriers are subdivided into critical tasks and critical equipment, which allows the health of the barriers to be monitored at operational level and any vulnerabilities to be identified and addressed early on. The wells risk management process is supported by the suite of custom designed digital tools.
To make risk management work, the steps of the process had to be operationalized – i.e. integrated into the ways of working and made understood by the front-line personnel. To achieve this, the best practices in risk management in use across wells were collated, codified as requirements in the process, and integrated with the well delivery workflow for systematic application across wells. Operationalized steps of the risk process took full advantage of the established cadence of meetings and technical documentation in use without creating additional workload for engineering or operational personnel. Digital risk tools were developed to fully support the risk management process. Mandatory risk management training was created and rolled out to cover all personnel in wells.
This paper will describe the phases of bp wells risk management process and demonstrate how operationalisation has been approached via integration of some of its steps and requirements with engineering and operational processes. Case studies will include examples of operationalization such as risk identification and assessment, and early risk barrier gaps identification and closure via rig intake process; risk response through building effective risk barriers by engineering personnel during design of the wells; communication of risk to frontline personnel and contractors; and management of cumulative risk and risk-based decision making.
Integrated operationalization of the wells risk management process supports better engagement of personnel and contractors in risk management, removal of duplicative activities, efficiencies through the use of digital tools, and ultimately safer operations.
Process Safety & Asset Integrity Key Performance Indicators (PS&AI KPIs): An Operative Model for Strengthening the Asset Safety Barriers
Authors: Nicotra G. , Decarli L. , La Rosa L. , Tortora A. , Nocerino A. , Taddei S. , Ponteggia L. , Mangione A. , Bosco M. , Padovani R. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Oil & Gas facilities pose the potential for process safety events with substantial consequences for people, environment, and assets. An Eni’s jointly team comprising HSE professionals, along with experts in production, maintenance, and well operations developed, based on IOGP report 456, a set of lagging and leading Process Safety & Asset Integrity (PS&AI) Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) able to assess the performance against benchmarks aiming at preventing process safety events. This facilitates the identification of strengths and weaknesses, contributing to continuous improvement.
The PS&AI KPIs model is based on a tiered pyramid system. Lagging KPIs at the pyramid’s top monitor categorized Process Safety Events (PSEs) based on consequences. Leading KPIs at the base oversee early signal management to identify areas for PSE reduction. The data collected are periodically analyzed with the support of an in-house developed set of algorithms, which comparing individual KPIs to benchmarks, facilitates KPI macro-category analysis and trends. This model analysis is based on a scoring methodology that enables immediate visualization of process safety and asset integrity performance, promoting the dissemination of results at all organizational level.
The Eni PS&AI KPI model serves as a powerful tool for operational analysis, offering insights for process enhancements and risk mitigation. With limited industry benchmarks for leading KPIs, the model’s adoption presents an opportunity to establish internal benchmarks. This strategy aligns technical and economic efforts, targeting areas of vulnerability to drive continuous improvement, safeguard the health of the workers, prevent Process Safety Events, minimize production loss, and mitigate reputational impact.
New Methods for Learning from Incidents Involving Human and Organizational Performance
Authors: Ritchie N. W. , Simmons A. S. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractHuman and Organizational Performance (HOP) issues may be complex and can cover a broad range of disciplines. Investigating and learning from incidents from a Human Performance perspective requires a different approach than conventional incident analysis methodologies allow. This presentation offers a pragmatic set of concepts that can be applied through the entire process of responding to the learning opportunities presented by incidents, including data acquisition, analysis, and developing appropriate and optimized corrective actions for Human Performance causal factors.The paper is based upon examination of incident investigations carried out for and by a variety of organizations including oil and gas operators and service companies. Study of these events from the Human and Organizational Performance (HOP) perspective reveals shortcomings both in causal analysis and the resulting activities presented as corrective actions.The paper presents new methods of incident / unplanned event analysis directly applicable to Human and Organizational Performance issues, specifically "2Box Analysis" and "HPA - Human Performance Analysis".This paper is based upon and additive to the Author's 2023 / 2024 SPE Distinguished Lecturer presentation.
Reshaping Stop Work Engagement: A Scenario-Specific Approach with Stop Work Drills
Authors: Yasseen Abdelsalam , Nonno Lamberto , Andrade Diana Lopez 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Stop Work Authority (SWA) is a safety program that encourages frontline employees to stop unsafe work. This paper describes a unique approach to enhancing SWA engagement using Stop Work Drills (SWD).
SWD is a tool for leaders to actively discuss SWA using real scenarios within the organization. Leaders select scenarios relevant to their operation and engage their teams in discussions about visible triggers for stop work, potential escalations, and approaches to handling stop work.
SWD offers several benefits. It connects SWA with daily operations, making it more relatable to employees. It fosters dialogue between leaders and frontline workers about factors that influence SWA. The use of real-world scenarios encourages diverse interpretations by the workforce, revealing their risk perspectives and approaches to similar situations. Additionally, SWD enhances communication of lessons learned. Finally, it is user-friendly, requiring minimal time or training to implement.
SWD offers a valuable tool for leaders to communicate, engage, and evaluate workforce understanding of SWA through scenario-specific examples and discussions.
In conclusion, Stop Work Drills represent an innovative approach to elevate stop work engagement in the oil and gas industry. By integrating real-life scenarios, this tool improves communication, empowers leaders to drive safety discussions, and assesses teams' readiness to respond to operation-specific stop work situations. Its ease of implementation and integration into existing processes make it a valuable addition to organizations seeking to enhance safety and risk management practices.
Corporate Sustainability Culture in Oil and Gas Industry – Enablers and Challenges
Authors: Fryc A. E. , Brown C. Marshall 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The paper shares learnings from building a corporate sustainability culture as an infrastructure for environmental and sustainability programs by identifying enablers and challenges common to the oil and gas organisations, which are relatively advanced in their sustainability journey. The study presents conclusions from a survey carried out within oil and gas industry and presents learnings in the context of the theoretical exploration of the subject of organisational sustainability culture in recent literature.
A closer look at the successes and challenges in developing sustainability and environmental culture within the petroleum industry so far, leads to identification of three main success factors: (1) Strong corporate commitment, visible in practice and genuinely committed leadership; (2) Translating corporate sustainability approach into economic value (such as business development advantage, technological innovation agility, energy savings, cost reduction); (3) Communication of targets and progress towards them and cascading sustainability objectives down to organisational units. The study identifies several prevailing challenges, including: (1) Lack of resources; (2) Lack of leadership or visibility of it and (3) skepticism around either the positive role of oil and gas in climate action or the authenticity of corporate sustainability efforts.
When comparing survey respondents’ experience of the organisational sustainability culture to its theoretical models, it can be concluded that (a) sampled organizations’ programs are most developed in the areas suggesting external drivers, such as legislative and customer requirements or public opinion pressure, (b) sustainability vision, corporate values and their communication are seen as the most culture enabling elements of the theoretical model in practice, and (c) challenges in building a sustainability culture are present in all main elements of the theoretical model, likely indicating that the industry is still gaining the experience and developing its approach and solutions for sustainability.
Conclusions and implications can be utilized by organisations in early stages of designing sustainability and environmental stewardship programs to consider maximizing the identified success factors while mitigating the challenges to build a sustainability culture that enables organisations to respond to environmental and social demands and build organisational resilience.
Reducing Carbon Footprint: A Field Study of Low Carbon, Cement-Free Well Construction
Authors: Meade M. , McDonald V. R. , Fischer N. , Kapoor S. , Smith W. , Nenjerama Y. , Bejarano R. , Angel R. , Parton C. , Landry G. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Well construction includes hard-to-abate emissions, notably from its well cementing operations. Reducing carbon emissions associated with cement is a priority because cement is used in nearly every well drilled today, with an impact of approximately one ton of carbon emissions per ton of cement used. This paper presents an innovative technology: making well cementing without Portland cement at scale a reality.
Geopolymers made from aluminosilicates comprising industrial waste materials are considered a sustainable alternative to Portland cement. Existing geopolymer formulations found in academia are not scalable for land-based well construction cementing operations, as they are unmixable using standard equipment and have increased health, safety, and environmental risks (HSE). Thus, a novel geopolymer blend was engineered for well construction applications that is mixable with existing equipment and reduces HSE risk through eliminating the onsite handling of corrosive liquids. Additionally, a Sustainability Assessment Tool was created to quantify and compare carbon emissions at different steps such as manufacturing materials, transportation, and onsite operations.
Field trials of the novel geopolymer blend in the fast-paced Permian Basin confirmed this technology could be implemented within the oilfield cementing process with the same efficiency and efficacy as the conventional cement-based operation. During the field trials, the geopolymer system was deployed without any changes to the field mixing equipment and without any HSE incidents. Sonic logs of a subset of wells confirmed conventional logging equipment can detect set geopolymer within the wellbore and validates industry-standard simulators to predict placement. Using the Sustainability Assessment Tool confirmed that the emissions from the slurry components are more significant than the emissions related to logistics and operations. The quality and availability of the emission factors of slurry components are key, with multiple data sources considered for reliable quantification. The proposed low-carbon geopolymer cement-free system in current field application eliminates up to 85% of Scope 3 CO2 emissions compared with conventional Portland cement systems. The industry can capitalize on these benefits with no change in operations or increased HSE risks.
Decarbonizing the well construction process while maintaining safety and performance standards is critical to the oil and gas industry's pathway to meeting emissions reduction targets. This geopolymer cement-free system is a breakthrough that delivers industry-standard zonal isolation capabilities while significantly minimizing environmental impact from upstream oil and gas production.
Decarbonization Technologies Screening for Enabling Net Zero in Onshore Oil and Gas Operations
Authors: Ravishankar Krish Ravi 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This paper presents a screening methodology to evaluate and prioritize decarbonization technologies to reduce Scope 1 and 2 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with upstream oil and gas operations. Based on typical significant GHG emission source categories, the paper illustrates application of the decarbonization technology screening methodology for oil and gas central processing and field operations in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region.
The paper presents a unique methodological approach that combines nine different screening criteria such as scalability, GHG abatement potential, technology maturity and accessibility, execution complexity, technology limitations, synergistic potential, capital expenditure, operating expenditure, and cost per tonne of GHG removal/abatement to form the GHG Reduction Opportunities Register ("the Register"). The Register incorporates the application of marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) technique to analyze and prioritize technologies currently available to decarbonize upstream oil and gas operations. The process enables identification and development of decarbonization pathways that are aligned with the operational strategies and provides technology levers/options for meeting GHG emission reduction commitments and targets to achieve net-zero goals.
Natech (Natural Hazard Triggering Technological Disasters) Events Risk Management: An Operational Approach
Authors: Nicotra G. , Rossi E. , Decarli L. , Di Talia V. , Tugnoli A. , Cozzani V. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The intersection of intense natural events with industrial operations can lead to catastrophic consequences such as the so-called Natech, which are, by definition, natural hazards triggering technological disasters.
The present contribution outlines an operational approach for the assessment of Natech risks in onshore Oil &Gas facilities. The novel procedure consists of two phases. In Phase 1, a preliminary screening is carried out to identify the natural hazards of concern and the vulnerable equipment items within the premises of the facility. This screening is based on awareness questionnaires and reference hazard databases to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the level of hazard related to different natural events. A preliminary ranking of the vulnerability level of the plant units based on the potential damage and severity of consequences from the natural event scenarios of concern is then carried out. This allows the identification of the equipment items that are more vulnerable to natural events. In Phase 2, a detailed quantification of Natech risk is carried out, limited to the vulnerable units identified in the preliminary screening. The assessment involves the calculation of the damage probabilities for equipment items, the identification of credible scenarios based on substance involvement and storage conditions, and the characterization of the credible scenarios in terms of expected frequencies and consequences. Lastly, the overall Natech risk at the site is quantified through specific risk indexes.
The method was applied to an Oil & Gas upstream installation, demonstrating the effectiveness of the innovative approach proposed in identifying and quantifying vulnerability and risk generated by Natech scenarios. Measures for mitigating the consequences of potential Natech accidents were also identified.
Hydrogen: Journey to Net Zero Occupational Illnesses
Authors: Thomson E. J. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
As governments across the world seek to decarbonize in an effort to keep the rise in global surface temperatures below 2°C in line with the Paris Agreement, clean burning hydrogen is set to become widespread fuel for use in transport, domestic heating, industrial power and feedstock industries replacing or supplementing the burning of fossil fuels.
In 2021 the UK Government announced their vision to create a World Leading hydrogen economy in the next decade, with £240 million Net Zero Hydrogen Fund (NZHF) to support Hydrogen Projects (Department for Buisness, MP and MP 2021). At the time they estimated that the new hydrogen economy would support tens of thousands of jobs.
Perception of Hydrogen is as a clean energy and therefore there will be less health risk than in traditional hydrocarbon energy sources such as coal, oil and natural gas. Focus has, rightly, been on the increased safety risk posed by the explosive range of the Hydrogen product and its propensity to leak but we risk forgetting that health risk will be present.
Eni's Fugitive Emissions Reduction Target Achieved while Improvement Efforts Continue with OGMP Gold Standard
Authors: Hamdy E. , Colella L. , Zonta P. , Cislaghi R. , Macci I. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This paper shows the integration of Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) programs and Level 4 OGMP onsite measurement campaigns approach and methodology with the common goal of increasing accuracy and granularity of methane emissions quantifications. In 2023 Level 4 OGMP onsite measurement campaigns for fugitive emissions took place at multiple facilities located in 9 different countries along with LDAR campaign. The measurements were performed for a sample of potential emission sources, and the number of sampling points at each facility were identified following the requirements of OGMP Technical Guidelines. For each sampling point where a leak has been detected with OGI Camera, the hydrocarbon flow rate was measured using a High Flow Sampler. Considering the flow rate together with the methane content in the measured gas, the methane flow rate has been obtained. Eni implemented extensive efforts over the years to reduce to the maximum all its upstream methane fugitive emissions with the implementation of Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) programs at most of its facilities worldwide. Further efforts to improve continues with the achievement of OGMP 2.0 Gold Standard that further enhanced the management of methane fugitive emissions and achieved more accurate reporting. Thanks to the Level 4 OGMP campaigns, Eni had the opportunity to identify new emission sources that were not accounted in previous LDAR campaigns. At the same time the campaign confirmed the soundness and accuracy of already established methodology applied within Eni for fugitive emissions accounting. The comparison between the different methodology for fugitive emissions accounting can be considered as validation of LDAR programs accuracy with respect to OGMP level 4 reporting methodologies.
An Application of Regression Analysis to Identify the Relationship between Production and Cost of Yogurt
Authors: Blbas Hazhar 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

The main objective in any factory is to maximize profit but the main constraints facing them are the rise in cost of operation. The study aims to critically examine and evaluate the application of cost control and cost reduction in a factory by adding the production in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The city of Erbil's Dairy Factory gathered 115 cases during 24 months. To test the study's objectives, SPSS Version 28 was utilized together with One Way ANOVA and Linear Regression Analysis. Based on the findings, Activia FF 180 ml has the highest mean of production. Regression Coefficient of all production together shows that increasing one ton will reduce the cost by 9.467. Activia LF 180 ml has the greatest model among all types of yogurt production followed by Shanina 200 ml and FF 850 ml.