bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Room-temperature synthesized copper iodide thin film as degenerate p-type transparent conductor with a boosted figure of merit
Authors: Yang Chang , Kneiβ Max , Lorenz Michael , Grundmann Marius 
Published: November 2016

Significance
The lack of high-performance p-type transparent conductors (TCs) has been a main obstacle for the development of transparent electronics. In this study, we overcome this challenge in achieving simultaneously high conductivity and transparency for p-type TCs by developing the degenerate wide-bandgap semiconductor cuprous iodide (CuI). We propose industrially applicable techniques including room-temperature physical deposition by reactive sputtering for thin-film growth and iodine doping of CuI. The obtained CuI polycrystalline thin films exhibit record high conductivity as well as a high transparency, resulting in a 100× improvement of the figure of merit compared with any other p-type transparent conducting material. These results indicate significant advances in the development of p-type TCs toward their practical use.
Textualization of “say”: a functional analysis of shuō-connectives in Chinese
Authors: Chen Shu-Kun 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The semantic and syntactic feature of the character shuō has been one of the central issues explored by scholars who study Chinese. However, none of their studies systematically survey why and how shuō occurs in connectives. Under the theoretical framework of SFG, this paper first introduces some critical notions of semantic domain and primitive morpheme, which help to interpret why shuō is manifested in varied grammatical environments. Then a dichotomy of lexicalized and grammaticalized shuō-connectives is proposed to illustrate how shuō “moves” into conjunctive items. A close analysis of some peculiar shuō-connectives indicates that (1) shuō marks the internal process in lexicalized items; and (2) shuō may serve as internal process, impersonal projecting process and conditional binder in grammaticalized items. It is argued that the current framework of projection semantic domain should be fine-tuned so as to take the textual manifestation into account.
A remark on a result of Ding-Jost-Li-Wang
Authors: Yang Yunyan , Zhu Xiaobao 
Published: November 2016

Let

(
M
,
g
)

(M,g)

be a compact Riemannian surface without boundary,

W

1
,
2

(
M
)

W^{1,2}(M)

be the usual Sobolev space, and

J
:

W

1
,
2

(
M
)
→

R

J: W^{1,2}(M)\rightarrow \mathbb {R}

be the functional defined by
\[

J
(
u
)
=

1
2

∫
M

|

∇
u

|

2

d

v
g

+
8
π

∫
M

u
d

v
g

−
8
π
log
⁡

∫
M

h

e
u

d

v
g

,

J(u)=\frac {1}{2}\int _M|\nabla u|^2dv_g+8\pi \int _M udv_g-8\pi \log \int _Mhe^udv_g,

\]
where

h
h

is a positive smooth function on

M
M

. In an inspiring work (Asian J. Math., vol. 1, pp. 230-248, 1997), Ding, Jost, Li and Wang obtained a sufficient condition under which

J
J

achieves its minimum. In this note, we prove that if the smooth function

h
h

satisfies

h
≥
0

h\geq 0

and

h
≢
0

h\not \equiv 0

, then the above result still holds. Our method is to exclude blow-up points on the zero set of

h
h

.
On a theorem of A. I. Popov on sums of squares
Authors: Berndt Bruce , Dixit Atul , Kim Sun , Zaharescu Alexandru 
Published: November 2016

Let

r
k

(
n
)

r_k(n)

denote the number of representations of the positive integer

n
n

as the sum of

k
k

squares. In 1934, the Russian mathematician A. I. Popov stated, but did not rigorously prove, a beautiful series transformation involving

r
k

(
n
)

r_k(n)

and certain Bessel functions. We provide a proof of this identity for the first time, as well as for another identity, which can be regarded as both an analogue of Popov’s identity and an identity involving

r
2

(
n
)

r_2(n)

from Ramanujan’s lost notebook.
China in the Age of the World Picture
Authors: Ruskola Teemu 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter places China at the centre of international legal theory. More broadly, it explores how the multiethnic Qing Empire (1644–1911) became ‘China’, a sovereign nation-state in a world of other, formally equal nation-states. In framing the question, international law is approached as a foundational aspect of the political ontology of the modern world—one that depends on and sustains a particular metaphysical conception of the world, with associated notions of political time and space. In this light, the law of nations is analyzed at its origin as the constitution of Europe: a set of constitutive norms that governed the relationship among the so-called ‘Family of Nations’, sometimes characterized as the ius publicum Europaeum, or the public law of Europe. As this historically specific legal order has become globalized by means of colonialism, it has become effectively the constitution of the world.
Early Twentieth-Century Positivism Revisited
Authors: García-Salmones Rovira Mónica 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Lassa Oppenheim’s (1858–1919) groundbreaking work on the legal theory of international law, which was written at the beginning of the twentieth century. Oppenheim’s recognition of the economic interdependence of nations was one important factor in his success in establishing the international economic system as the supporting framework of his Family of Nations, and as the underlying theory of his international law. Afterwards, the chapter maps the complex legal theoretical transition embedded in the change of philosophical position as regards the understanding of universalism. This involves a move from the transcendent realist philosophy of an earlier era to the immanent philosophy of the Austrian positivists at the beginning of the century.
International Legal Theory in Russia
Authors: Malksoo Lauri 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter argues that the concept of ‘civilization’ may be a useful analytical lens to look through for making sense of international legal theory outside the West. Specifically, it focuses on international legal theory in Russia and in the Russian language, broadly sketching an international legal theory in the country from the mid-nineteenth century onwards. Throughout the last few centuries, other non-Western civilizations have struggled with the predominance of the West, and have related and referred to it one way or another. Therefore, this dialogue — and often contest — of civilizations and the ways they have been constructed by political leaders and intellectuals has left its marks on international legal theory as well. For one reason or another, but perhaps also for reasons of cultures, histories, and civilizations differing from each other, scholars outside the West such as in Russia tend to put different emphases in terms of how they construct international law.
Realist Approaches to International Law
Authors: Jütersonke Oliver 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter outlines some of the linkages between a genuinely legal realist approach to (international) law and jurisprudence, and the claims of political realists about the role and status of law in the international sphere. It explores realism as an argumentative strategy, in considering what an argumentative structure would look like in international legal thought. The second part of the chapter then examines the intellectual heritage of what has explicitly been labelled ‘legal realism’, in both its American and Scandinavian versions, in order to find a place for a legal realist position within the canon of legal theory. Finally, the chapter seeks to relate the views of political realism about international law to the ways in which international lawyers themselves have sought to include an external position about the reality of international law into their own theories and doctrines.
International Legal Positivism
Authors: Kammerhofer Joerg 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of positivism in international law, noting that the term ‘positivism’ itself has many connotations, most of which muddy an already neglected—yet strikingly pervasive—approach to international law. On that note, the chapter explores the differences (and overlaps) between positivism and formalism; then, it shows how radically different modern, philosophically- and jurisprudentially-informed forms of international legal positivism are, how little they are touched by the constant attack on the positivist–voluntarist straw man, and how unfair it is to lump them together with unthinking ‘positivists’:. Following these arguments is a reconstruction of the Neo-Hartian Socio-Psychologico-Linguistic school of positivism.
Feminist Approaches to International Law
Authors: Otto Dianne 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter describes encounters between feminism and international law in four parts. It begins by outlining the diversity of feminist visions for (and against) international law to highlight the dynamism of the field, the contestation between its various political and legal commitments, and the different ways that the feminist subject of law is conceived. Secondly, the chapter examines the range of critical analyses that feminists have developed in the wake of a particular 1991 American Journal of International Law (AJIL) article. The chapter then explores the trajectories of feminist reform projects in international law. Lastly, this chapter highlights the paradoxes of feminist engagement with international law, arguing that the practices of critique and reform, and their productive tensions, are essential to resisting the law’s colonization of feminist politics and keeping feminist imaginaries of a better world alive.
Kant, Cosmopolitanism, and International Law
Authors: Werner Wouter , Gordon Geoff 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter explores the way in which Kantian ideas have been adopted and transformed in contemporary international law and international theory, with the twofold aim of introducing some core topics on Kantian philosophy, cosmopolitanism, and international law, as well as demonstrating the importance of acknowledging different forms of cosmopolitanism at work in international law, thereby shedding new light on the ‘forgotten’ tradition of innate cosmopolitanism. The work of Kant not only occupies an important place in the history of ideas in international legal theory; his work also constitutes an enduring source of inspiration for widely diverging contemporary approaches to international law. On that note, the chapter references four core Kantian ideas incorporated in contemporary cosmopolitan thinking: the categorical imperative, the roughly contractual notion of a federation of free republics, the conception of a cosmopolitan right of hospitality, and the idea of an innate cosmopolitanism.
Theorizing Recognition and International Personality
Authors: Parfitt Rose 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines the way in which the legal effect of recognition on international personality has been theorized. Bringing some of the most prominent theories of the relationship between recognition and international personality into conversation with some of their most recent and radical alternatives, the chapter considers why colonial patterns of inequality persist, in spite of the ‘rolling out’ of international personality globally. Is it possible that orthodox theories of this relationship have ‘determined’ these patterns in some way? The focus therefore is on international recognition (that is, inter-state recognition, as opposed to recognition of governments and belligerents), and on the personality of entities which identify (whether actually or potentially) as territorial (such as states, colonies, ‘mandates’, and indigenous peoples).
Theorizing Human Rights
Authors: Golder Ben 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter remarks on the pragmatic element in human rights, focusing on the question of what it means to theorize them through the lens of pragmatism, as well as probing the limits of pragmatism. It aims to provide a conspectus of the way in which some recent and influential thinkers have theorized human rights through the lens of pragmatism, and to problematize this very turn to pragmatism. The argument here is that the critical potential of pragmatism too often ends up re-entrenching a conservative, liberal political vision of human rights even as it licenses extraordinary militarism on behalf of powerful states and the international community.
Theorizing International Environmental Law
Authors: Humphreys Stephen , Otomo Yoriko 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter opens up some new theoretical perspectives on environmental law, which has surprisingly been subjected to little theoretical speculation. International environmental law is generally characterized as quintessential ‘soft law’: general principles and aspirational treaties with weak or exhortatory compliance mechanisms, often dependent on other disciplines altogether—science and economics—for direction and legitimacy. At the same time, the problems it is called upon to deal with are immense, frequently catastrophic, and global in nature: climate change, species extinction, increasing desert, disappearing rainforest. To rectify this, the chapter delves into a question of terminology—why ‘international environmental law’?—before exploring its Romantic and colonial origins and concluding with how international environmental law’s origins in the confluence of the Romantic and the colonial explains the apparent mismatch between its ambitious stated objectives and its muted regulatory provisions—and how this tension continues to inform its functioning today.
The Idea of Progress
Authors: Skouteris Thomas 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter discusses the entwinement of the idea of progress with the theory of international law. Because of the topic’s extensive scope, the chapter limits itself to two arguments. The first is that the impact of the idea of progress in international law should be measured not only against the traction of paradigmatic progress narratives; but also against the pervasiveness of humdrum, prosaic varieties of progress talk. The second point of this chapter is that any kind of progress talk, from the uppercase to the lowercase and back, is theoretical ‘all the way down’. The idea of progress does not merely describe reality ‘an sich’ but imposes a frame over it. Move the frame, and the image becomes muddled. One’s progress is another’s regression, stagnation, or mere directional movement.
Fragmentation and Constitutionalization
Authors: Peters Anne 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter discusses fragmentation and constitutionalization—which are understood to be two trends in the evolution of international law. ‘Fragmentation’ has a negative connotation, and is used as a pejorative term (rather than diversity, specialization, or pluralism). ‘Constitutionalization’, in contrast, feeds on the positive ring of the concept of constitution. Both constitutionalization and fragmentation are terms that describe not only legal processes in the real world of law but are also labels for the accompanying discourses (mostly among academics, less so among judges, and even less so among political law-making actors). The putative trends so far do not have a clearly definable end-result, such as a completely fragmented international legal order on the one hand, or a world constitution on the other.
International Climate Change Law
Authors: Carlarne Cinnamon P. , Gray Kevin R. , Tarasofsky Richard 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This introductory chapter outlines the scope and development of international climate change law which addresses the unique nature of climate change and its complexities. The twentieth century saw the international community identifying and recognizing climate change as a global problem. Drawing from the basic tenets of international environmental law, the United Nations established two international legal frameworks that form the backbone of the international climate change regime—the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and the Kyoto Protocol. The UNFCCC, as a framework instrument, sets the parameters for global discourse and provides an essential forum for dialogue and decision-making on climate change matters. It is extended and complimented by the Kyoto Protocol, which sets out legally binding emission reduction obligations for developed country parties, provides for a series of market-based mitigation tools, and generally adds further contour to the legal framework established under the UNFCCC.
Climate Change and International Law beyond the UNFCCC
Authors: Boyle Alan , Ghaleigh Navraj Singh 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter discusses the various shortcomings of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol. As a ‘framework convention’, the UNFCCC itself does not regulate climate change but only creates a basis for negotiating multilateral solutions. The Convention’s most evident weakness, as demonstrated during the Marrakesh Accords and the Copenhagen negotiations, is the dependence on the ability of the parties to reach the necessary agreement within a timescale. Complementary to the Convention, the Kyoto Protocol establishes quantitative emission restrictions to advanced industrial states, or Annex I parties. However, the Protocol only focuses on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions rather than on consumption, a reason which led to Canada’s withdrawal. According to international governance scholar Oran Young, these problems emerge as a result of the climate change regime not being based on ‘principles of fairness’ that are broadly acceptable major players.
Compliance under the Evolving Climate Change Regime
Authors: Oberthür Sebastian 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter assesses the ways in which compliance has been addressed under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol. It highlights the different merits of assessing and promoting compliance with international commitments on climate change, as it goes beyond the measuring, reporting, and verification of relevant data. In particular, compliance mechanisms stabilize cooperation and enhance effective implementation by helping to build and maintain trust, address capacity problems, clarify rule ambiguities, and protect against free-riding. The politics of compliance mechanisms involves balancing two considerations. First, any compliance mechanism implies some level of multilateral supervision of national implementation and thus limits national choices. Second, compliance mechanisms can build trust and confidence and ensure effective implementation of commitments, while non-compliance completely undermines the agreement.
Precaution and Climate Change
Authors: Wiener Jonathan 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of precaution as applied to climate change. Article 3 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) specifically calls for precautionary measures to anticipate, prevent, or minimize the causes of climate change and mitigate its adverse effects. Because climate change poses uncertain but serious and even catastrophic risks, and because greenhouse gas emissions have latent and long-lasting effects which last over decades and even centuries, precautionary action is widely urged as essential to preventing future climate change—rather than waiting to act after the damage is done, when it is too late to address the cause. The chapter describes the key features of the Precautionary Principle (PP), and illustrates the advance of the PP across the terrain of national and international law and also the variation among its proliferating versions established by various scholars, such as Per Sandin, David VanderZwaag, and Christopher Stone.
International Market Mechanisms
Authors: Hsu Shi-Ling 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter describes the role of international market mechanisms in reducing pollution and the costs of doing so. It looks into two mechanisms established by economists John H. Dales and Arthur Cecil Pigou. Dales propounded the mechanism of ‘pollution permit-trading’ which, instead of regulating pollution on a source-by-source or emitter class-by-emitter class basis, a regulatory agency from the beginning would limit the overall amount of pollution allowed. Firms could then trade amongst themselves, effectively using the market to determine which of them should be able to pollute, how much, and when. The other market mechanism is the Pigouvian tax, which is the tax levied per unit of pollution emitted. By pricing these external costs and forcing polluters to consider them in their private calculus, Pigouvian taxes force polluters to balance the social costs and their private economic benefits of polluting.
Legal Frameworks for Linking National Emissions Trading Systems
Authors: Mehling Michael 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter discusses the linking of emissions trading regimes for climate change governance. It also assesses the legal frameworks for linking as the process assumes varying degrees of formality, with implications for the legal nature and the procedural requirements of adoption. Linkage results in an enlarged market, promising greater diversity of abatement costs and thus more efficient achievement of climate change mitigation objectives. Linkage is also credited with promoting liquidity and reduced price volatility in the carbon market, helping reduce the likelihood of manipulation and abuse. These results lead to operation in a multilayered framework of established rules, principles, and procedures constituting the legal order. Carbon markets are highly regulated, and this relevance of norms also extends to a linkage between such markets. The chapter analyses past and current trading schemes as a case study, such as the European Union Emission Trading Scheme, the biggest greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme.
International Law and the Renewable Energy Sector
Authors: Parker Leslie 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines key legal instruments and mechanisms relevant to international renewable energy regulation. These play an important role in governing unified action and enhancing collaboration and information-sharing on effective policies and investment frameworks aimed at reducing barriers and risks to investments in renewable energy. The mechanisms that are analysed are the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Statute, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol and related international climate change negotiations and declarations, the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT), and various sector-specific treaties. The chapter also turns its attention to the primary international organizations that influence present and future directions in international renewable energy policy, such as the Nairobi Programme of Action for the Development and Utilization of New and Renewable Sources of Energy, International Energy Agency, Development Banks, and the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership.
Intellectual Property and Climate Change, with an Emphasis on Patents and Technology Transfer
Authors: Sarnoff Joshua D. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter addresses some of the issues raised between the patent system and the international climate change regime. Substantial theoretical and empirical uncertainties remain regarding whether the patent system is the best method of promoting investment, innovation, and dissemination of technologies. It highlights the end of the Sixteenth Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Cancún where the UNFCCC agreed to focus its technology development and transfer efforts to the patent system through two new subsidiary institutions: the Technology Mechanism and the Green Climate Fund (GCF). The chapter also describes a few of the alternatives to the patent system such as the Hartwell Paper, which offers a more indirect approach by harnessing coextensive social motivations to adopt carbon-free energy technologies.