bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discontinuity of the Bowel Following Damage Control Operation Revisited: A Multi‐institutional Study
Authors: Talving Peep , Chouliaras Konstantinos , Eastman Alexander , Lauerman Margaret , Teixeira Pedro G. , DuBose Joseph , Minei Joseph , Scalea Thomas , Demetriades Demetrios 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundDiscontinuity of the bowel following intestinal injury and resection is a common practice in damage control procedures for severe abdominal trauma. However, there are concerns that complete occlusion of the bowel, especially in the presence of hypotension or edema that may result in ischemic bowel changes or increase bacterial or toxin translocation.MethodsThis was a retrospective study from three Level‐1 trauma centers. Included were trauma patients who required bowel resection and damage control. The study population was stratified into two groups based on the management for bowel injury: bowel discontinuity versus primary anastomosis. Outcomes included anastomotic leak, organ space infection, bowel ischemia, and mortality.ResultsA total of 167 cases were included. In 84 cases, continuity of the bowel was established, and in 83, the bowel was left in discontinuity. The epidemiological, admission, and intraoperative physiological characteristics, the abdominal Abbreviated Injury Scale, type of intra‐abdominal injury, and transfusion requirements were similar in the two study groups. The mortality was 8.3 % in the continuity group and 16.9 % for the discontinuity group (p = 0.096). On the crude bivariate and adjusted regression analyses, there was a higher rate of bowel ischemia at the take‐back operation in the discontinuity group (p = 0.003 for the crude and p = 0.034 for the adjusted). The organ space infection and anastomotic leak rate were not significantly different between the study groups.ConclusionsDiscontinuity of the bowel following damage control operation is associated with a higher risk of bowel ischemia than in patients with anastomosis. Further prospective observational and randomized studies are warranted.Level of evidenceIII.
Acute Appendicitis: A Weak Concordance Between Perioperative Diagnosis, Pathology and Peritoneal Fluid Cultivation
Authors: Tind Sofie , Qvist Niels 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe classification of acute appendicitis (AA) into various grades is not consistent, partly because it is not clear whether the perioperative or the histological findings should be the foundation of the classification. When comparing results from the literature on the frequency and treatment of AA it is important that the classifications are consistent. Furthermore, in the clinical settings, incorrect classification might lead to over diagnosing and a prolonged antibiotic treatment. The aim of our study was to investigate the concordance between perioperative diagnosis made by the surgeon and the histological findings of the removed appendix and furthermore compare this to the results from cultivation of peritoneal fluid aspirated perioperatively.MethodsA prospective observational cohort study including patients (≥15 years of age) undergoing appendectomy.ResultsA total of 131 patients were included. In 116 (89 %) of these cases, appendicitis was confirmed histological. There was low concordance between the perioperative and histological diagnoses, varying from 16 to 76 % depending on grade of AA. Only 44 % of the patients receiving antibiotics postoperatively had a positive peritoneal fluid cultivation.ConclusionThere was a low concordance in clinical and histopathological diagnoses of the different grades of appendicitis. Perioperative cultivation of the peritoneal fluid as a standard should be further examined. The potential could be a reduced postoperative antibiotic use.Clinicaltrials.govRegistration no.: NCT02304653.
Wave modulation: the geometry, kinematics, and dynamics of surface-wave packets
Authors: Pizzo N. E. , Melville W. Kendall 
Published: August 2016

We examine the geometry, kinematics, and dynamics of weakly nonlinear narrow-banded deep-water wave packets governed by the modified nonlinear Schrödinger equation (Dysthe, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A., vol. 369, 1979, pp. 105–114; MNLSE). A new derivation of the spatial MNLSE, by a direct application of Whitham’s method, elucidates its variational structure. Using this formalism, we derive a set of conserved quantities and moment evolution equations. Next, by examining the MNLSE in the limit of vanishing linear dispersion, analytic solutions can be found. These solutions then serve as trial functions, which when substituted into the moment evolution equations form a closed set of equations, allowing for a qualitative and quantitative examination of the MNLSE without resorting to numerically solving the full equation. To examine the theory we consider initially symmetric, chirped and unchirped wave packets, chosen to induce wave focusing and steepening. By employing the ansatz for the trial function discussed above, we predict, a priori, the evolution of the packet. It is found that the speed of wave packets governed by the MNLSE depends on their amplitude, and in particular wave groups speed up as they focus. Next, we characterize the asymmetric growth of the wave envelope, and explain the steepening of the forward face of the initially symmetric wave packet. As the packet focuses, its variance decreases, as does the chirp of the signal. These theoretical results are then compared with the numerical predictions of the MNLSE, and agreement for small values of fetch is found. Finally, we discuss the results in the context of existing theoretical, numerical and laboratory studies.
Middle Paleocene uplift of the Brabant Massif from central Belgium up to the southeast coast of England
Authors: DECKERS JEF , MATTHIJS JOHAN 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDuring the middle Paleocene Laramide phase, several basins in Europe experienced subsidence, while others experienced uplift. Previous studies have shown that during the Laramide phase some basins surrounding the Brabant Massif experienced subsidence into shallow depocentres. This study discusses how the Brabant Massif simultaneously experienced uplift along its WNW–ESE Caledonian structural axis from central Belgium in the east up to the southeast coast of England (Ipswich) in the west. Uplift resulted in erosion of the formerly deposited Chalk Group on top of the axis of the Brabant Massif. The erosion products of the Chalk Group were reworked in the latest Danian to earliest Thanetian deposits that filled the surrounding depocentres. Early to middle Thanetian pulsed marine transgressions caused flooding and deposition across the entire region, including the previously uplifted axis of the Brabant Massif. The depositional thicknesses, however, indicate that the axis of the Brabant Massif remained a relative high up to the middle Thanetian.Both the geometry and timing of the middle Paleocene vertical surface movements of the Brabant Massif and surrounding areas are very similar to those described for other structural entities in central and northern Europe, despite their often strongly differing Mesozoic tectonic evolutions. We discuss several mechanisms that might have triggered these vertical surface movements, of which lithospheric folding seems the most likely.
Ordinary Life Office Organization Using a Large-Scale Electronic Computer
Authors: Baker A. C. 
Published: August 2016

In a paper on Large-scale Electronic Digital Computing Machines read before the Institute in 1953 (J.I.A. 79, 274) R. L. Michaelson drew the attention of actuaries to the possibilities which existed in a life office for the use of a large-scale electronic digital computer (referred to hereafter as a ‘computer’). Both the paper itself and the discussion which followed emphasized the need for a detailed investigation of the problems involved from the points of view of the life office and the manufacturer.2. The author of this paper has been privileged to undertake, in close cooperation with a large manufacturer of computers in this country, a detailed investigation of possible life-office organization based on a computer. This paper sets down some of the results of this investigation with particular reference to life offices transacting ordinary as distinct from industrial life assurance.
The Finance Act, 1965 and its Effect of Life Offices and their Policyholders
Authors: Potter E. H. 
Published: August 2016

The Finance Act, 1965 (which will be referred to in this paper as ‘the Act’) introduced two major changes into the United Kingdom system of taxation: firstly, it introduced a corporation tax applicable to company profits in place of the income tax and profits tax to which those profits were previously subject; and secondly, it imposed a charge to tax on all capital gains, with certain exceptions, whether these gains accrued to a company or to an individual. The objects of these changes and the various associated arrangements were:(1) To make the tax system more equitable by bringing into charge certain capital gains, frequently speculative gains, which had previously escaped tax altogether.(2) To make the tax system more simple in some respects by separating the taxation of companies from the taxation of individuals and by levying corporation tax on a current year basis.(3) To encourage the retention of profits by companies.(4) To improve the country's immediate balance of payments by rendering overseas investment less attractive.
Large-scale Electronic Digital Computing Machines
Authors: Michaelson R. L. 
Published: August 2016

In a paper read before the Institute in January 1936, E. W. Phillips discussed developments in computing machines and made the following prediction :
If it [the light-ray machine] is provided with all the necessary material on the morning of 1st January, the whole of the valuation will be completed within 15 minutes or so. Indeed when the actuary arrives there will still be time to complete the valuation over again on eight or nine other bases before he goes out to lunch, and yet have ready the figures necessary for the Annual General Meeting in the afternoon.
Christ as Composite according to Aquinas
Authors: Gorman Michael 
Published: August 2016

As part of giving an account of the incarnation, Thomas Aquinas states that Christ is a composite person:The person or hypostasis of Christ can be considered in two ways. One way is as something that exists in itself; in this way it is completely simple, as is the nature of the Word. The other way is as a person or hypostasis to which it is proper to subsist in some nature; in this way, the person of Christ subsists in two natures. Thus, although there is only one subsisting thing in this case, there are nonetheless two principles of subsistence. Thus he can be called a composite person, insofar as he is one thing subsisting in two ways.
Intensität der Elementarqualitäten nach Galen
Authors: Kovačić Franjo 
Published: August 2016

Anders ist der Glanz der Sonneund anders der Glanz des Mondesund anders der Glanz der Sterne.Ein Stern ist ja vom andern an Glanz verschieden.(1 Kor 15:41)Die Lehre von den Elementarqualitäten gehört auch zu den Grundlagen der antiken griechischen Medizin und Biologie. Dies gilt sowohl für die Hippokratiker als auch für Galen aus Pergamon (129–ca. 200 n. Chr.). Der Pergamener entwickelte die Aristotelische Qualitätenlehre zu einem der wichtigsten Prinzipien seines philosophisch-biologischen Systems, so dass er selbst in der neueren Forschung “Qualitativist” und sein System “Qualitativismus” genannt werden.
More About Robert of Flamborough's Penitential
Authors: Firth Francis 
Published: August 2016

I wish to add some details to my paper published in this Bulletin last year and also make a few corrections.Seven additional MSS have been examined.(1) MSS of Form A:
Cc Cambridge, Corpus Christi College Libr. 441, pages 37-134;Ci Cambridge, University Libr. Ii.6.18, fols. 3r-129v;Ck Cambridge, University Libr. Kk.6.1, the whole MS, fols. 1r-97v;H Paris, Bibl, Nat. lat. 10691, the whole MS, fols. 1r-96r;Tu Tübingen, Deposit from the Prussian State Libr. of Berlin lat. fol, 212, fols. 56r-65r;U Paris, University Libr. 1247, fols. 10r-33r.
Piers's Pardon and Langland's Semi-Pelagianism
Authors: Adams Robert 
Published: August 2016

’Hold there!’ said he. ’One must be a theologian to see the point of this question. The difference is so subtle, that it is with some difficulty we can discern it ourselves — you will find it rather too much for your powers of comprehension.Pascal,The Provincial LettersI.Virtually all who have written onPiers PlowmanB agree that one's interpretation of the pardon in Passus 7 is central to one's understanding of the entire poem. Unfortunately, no similar agreement prevails concerning the details of the scene or its general significance, a fact we might infer from the widely discrepant interpretations of the entire poem's subject and outlook. Nevertheless, most who have written on the subject of the pardon may be grouped into one of two categories, depending on their assessment of the episode's general rhetorical slant.
‘Logos’ bei Priscillianus
Authors: Martin Josef , Arbesmann R. 
Published: August 2016

Im 10. Traktate Priscillians steht folgendes Ungetüm eines Satzes:In hac parte psalmidici sermonis, quos fides constans ad Studium veritatis vocat, non tantum excipere auditu, sed introspicere sensu convenit, qualiter ad omnem se intelligentiae nostrae inbecillitatem psalmus adcommodet et dispositione sermonis profetici opeis modum temperans arduum divinae intelligentiae iter velut clivo molliens leniori faciliori instituit ascensu, ut, quia conversis ad fidem facilius est peccatorum suorum mala nosse quam dispensationem divinae in se intellegere naturae promptiusque est homini peccatum nolle quam velle divinum, ita in psalmo aptissimus profectibus legentium ordo succederet, ut leservata in processu psalmi cognitione sui deo, qui nisi per se cognitus non est, primum redarguitio domini agnitio peccati divino muneri faceret ingressum et, ubi homo naturae suae locus factus quid deus vellet agnosceret, sensatae historiae sermo sequeretur dicens: ‘deus locutus est in sancto suo,’ ut qui se sanctificasset deo, loquente in se domino, deum loqui audiret in sancto et omne quod in historiis sanctorum virtus fecisse putabatur humana, naturae suae legibus metiens inter divinas professiones habitae de se protestationis expenderet, ut profeticus sermo semel loquens et duo praedicans exultationem salvati hominis in Christo et gloriam Christi in homine triumfantis velut germanum insigne circumferens ad doctrinam nostrae eruditionis aperiret, ut, dum sanctorum gesta cognoscimus, triumphum bonae vitae absoluta dictorum dispensatione teneamus.
William of Auvergne and the Manichees
Authors: Teske Roland J. 
Published: August 2016

William of Auvergne became a master of theology in the University of Paris in 1223 and was appointed bishop of Paris by Gregory IX in 1228. William governed the church of Paris until his death in 1249, while continuing to write the works which constitute his immense Magisterium divinale et sapientiale. Despite the fact that he was the first of the thirteenth-century theologians to appreciate the value of the Aristotelian philosophy that poured into the Latin West during the last half of the twelfth and the beginning of the thirteenth century, his writings have not received the scholarly attention they deserve. Étienne Gilson has sketched well the impact of the influx of Greek and Arabian philosophical works into the Christian West:
Up to the last years of the twelfth century, when the Christian world unexpectedly discovered the existence of non-Christian interpretations of the universe, Christian theology never had to concern itself with the fact that a non-Christian interpretation of the world as a whole, including man and his destiny, was still an open possibility.
State of Emergency Health in the Palestinian Territories
Authors: Venugopal Raghu , Greenough P. Gregg , Ehrhardt Derek , Brahmbhatt Daksha , Oweis Fadia 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe Palestinian emergency healthcare system faces numerous difficulties in its efforts to develop and improve patient care. The Emergency Medical Assistance Project, a four-year, emergency health capacity-building project, is described in this report. The factors contributing to the current lack of inhospital emergency care and the measures performed to improve the situation are highlighted. The authors surveyed 48 emergency healthcare providers in the West Bank and Gaza Strip on key emergency care development indicators and compared the level of emergency health development with those of Israel and the United States using a model of structured development criteria. Survey results and project observations provide a basis for future recommendations in education and infrastructure.
“Stay Connected”: Psychological Services for Retired Firefighters after 11 September 2001
Authors: Alvarez Jennifer , Rosen Craig , Davis Kim , Smith Greg , Corrigan Malachy 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIntroduction:A large number of firefighters retired after 11 September 2001. These retirees were confronted with multiple challenges, including grief, trauma- related physical injuries and psychological distress, difficulties related to the transition of their roles, and deterioration of social support.Objective:The Fire Department of NewYork (FDNY) Counseling Service Unit's “Stay Connected” Program designed and implemented after 11 September 2001 is described in this report. This unique program was designed to usea combination of peer outreach and professional counseling to address the mental health needs of retiring firefighters and their families.Methods:Descriptive information about the intervention program was gathered through semi-structured interviews with Counseling Service Unit staff. Client satisfaction surveys were collected during three six-week periods.Results:Quantitative data indicate that clients rated their overall satisfaction with the clerical and counseling staff a perfect 4 out of 4. The report of their overall satisfaction with the services also was nearly at ceiling (3.99 out 4).The perceived helpfulness of the services in resolving the problems experienced by the clients increased significantly over time.Qualitative data indicate that peer involvement and intensive community outreach, i.e., social events, wellness activities, and classes, were integral to the success of the intervention.Conclusions:This project provided valuable lessons about how to develop and implement a “culturally competent”intervention program for public safety workers retiring after a disaster. Creative, proactive, non-traditional outreach efforts and leveraging peers for credibility and support were particularly important.
Establishing a High Level of Knowledge Regarding Bioterrorist Threats in Emergency Department Physicians: Methodology and the Results of a National Bio-Preparedness Project
Authors: Leiba Adi , Drayman Nir , Amsalem Yoram , Aran Adi , Weiss Gali , Leiba Ronit , Schwartz Dagan , Levi Yehezkel , Goldberg Avishay , Bar-Dayan Yaron 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIntroduction:Medical systems worldwide are facing the new threat of morbidity associated with the deliberate dispersal of microbiological agents by terrorists. Rapid diagnosis and containment of this type of unannounced attack is based on the knowledge and capabilities of medical staff. In 2004, the knowledge of emergency department physicians of anthrax was tested. The average test score was 58%. Consequently, a national project on bioterrorism preparedness was developed. The aim of this article is to present the project in which medical knowledge was enhanced regarding a variety of bioterrorist threats, including cutaneous and pulmonary anthrax, botulinum, and smallpox.Methods:In 2005, military physicians and experts on bioterrorism conducted special seminars and lectures for the staff of the hospital emergency department and internal medicine wards.Later, emergency department senior physicians were drilled using one of the scenarios.Results:Twenty-nine lectures and 29 drills were performed in 2005.The average drill score was 81.7%.The average score of physicians who attended the lecture was 86%, while those who did not attend the lectures averaged 78.3% (NS).Conclusions:Emergency department physicians were found to be highly knowledgeable in nearly all medical and logistical aspects of the response to different bioterrorist threats. Intensive and versatile preparedness modalities, such as lectures, drills, and posters, given to a carefully selected group of clinicians, can increase their knowledge, and hopefully improve their response to a bioterrorist attack.
Enhancing Collaboration during Humanitarian Response: An Interim Report from Stakeholders Survey
Authors: Parmar Shivani , Lobb Ano , Purdin Susan , McDonnell Sharon 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe effectiveness of humanitarian response efforts has long been hampered by a lack of coordination among responding organizations. The need for increased coordination and collaboration, as well as the need to better understand experiences with coordination, were recognized by participants of a multilateral Working Group convened to examine the challenges of coordination in humanitarian health responses. This preliminary study is an interim report of an ongoing survey designed by the Working Group to describe the experiences of coordination and collaboration in greater detail, including factors that promote or discourage coordination and lessons learned, and to determine whether there is support for a new consortium dedicated to coordination. To date, 30 key informants have participated in 25-minute structured interviews that were recorded and analyzed for major themes. Participants represented 21 different agencies and organizations: nine non-governmental organizations, eight academic institutions, two donor organizations, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the World Health Organization.Common themes that emerged included the role of donors in promoting coordination, the need to build an evidence base, the frequent occurrence of field-level coordination, and the need to build new partnerships. Currently, there is no consensus that a new consortium would be helpful.Addressing the underlying structural and professional factors that currently discourage coordination may be a more effective method for enhancing coordination during humanitarian responses.
Dialogue is Destiny: Managing the Message in Humanitarian Action
Authors: Lobb Ano , Mock Nancy 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDuring humanitarian response efforts, the mass media serves as the primary informational intermediary informing donors, policy makers, and the nonaffected public. A lack of professional standards within the current culture of journalism, the politics of media ownership, and media manipulation by governments has distorted reporting on humanitarian crises, with possible detrimental effects on response efforts. Humanitarian response organizations must assume a proactive, leading role in the management and sharing of information with each other as well as with donors, policy makers, and the public. This will require working with the media as partners, as well as exploring innovative methods of mass communication. A multi-stakeholder, cooperative communication initiative could help improve media involvement, and harness the media as a credible and knowledgeable communication tool for response efforts. A professional publication dedicated to the discipline of humanitarian relief also could optimize efforts, communicate the perspectives of beneficiaries, and manage the underutilized resource of the general public.