bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low fertility, childlessness and family changes in the first half of the 20th century in France and Belgium
Authors: Brée Sandra , Eggerickx Thierry , Sanderson Jean-Paul 
Published: March 2017

Résumé
Au cours de l’entre-deux-guerres, la fécondité a chuté à des niveaux très faibles dans de nombreux pays d’Europe occidentale, presque toujours en dessous du niveau de remplacement. Ce phénomène reste pourtant assez peu étudié et c’est pour apporter de nouveaux éléments à sa compréhension que cet article se penche sur la taille de la famille en France et en Belgique pour les générations de femmes nées entre 1872 et 1931 (en distinguant les femmes en fonction de leur état civil), révélant le rôle important de l’infécondité et des petites familles dans les très faibles niveaux de fécondité observés. Un accent particulier est également mis sur le calendrier de la formation de la famille révélant que les très faibles niveaux de fécondité de l’entre-deux-guerres peuvent être expliqués, au moins en partie, par une modification du calendrier de la fécondité.
Abstract
During the interwar period, fertility dropped to very low levels in many western European countries, almost always below the replacement level but not much is known about this phenomenon. To bring new features, this paper focuses on family size in France and in Belgium for cohorts of women born between 1872 and 1931 (distinguishing women according to their marital status), revealing the important role of childlessness and small families in the strong decline in fertility. A particular focus is then placed on the timing of family formation revealing that the very low levels of fertility of the interwar period can be explained, at least in part, by a modification of the timing of fertility.
Informationsdidaktik – Skizze eines neuen informationswissenschaftlichen Forschungsfelds
Authors: Michel Antje 
Published: March 2017

Zusammenfassung
In diesem Beitrag wird das Forschungsfeld der Informationsdidaktik aus den didaktikwissenschaftlich und informationswissenschaftlich relevanten Forschungsdesideraten der formalen Beschreibung von Information und der Praxis des „sich Informierens“ hergeleitet. Als Ziel der informationsdidaktischen Forschung werden zum einen die Überprüfung der Relevanz der beiden Untersuchungsgegenstände als Einflussfaktoren für die didaktische Modellbildung und zum anderen die Entwicklung eines Beitrags zur empirischen Beschreibung von Information als einer der Grundkategorien der Informationswissenschaften benannt. Weiterhin wird der methodische Rahmen der informationsdidaktischen Forschung im Kontext der angewandten Forschung an der Fachhochschule Potsdam erläutert. Abschließend wird eine Verortung der Informationsdidaktik in der informationswissenschaftlichen Fachdiskussion vorgeschlagen.
Automatische Erkennung von politischen Trends mit Twitter – brauchen wir Meinungsumfragen noch?
Authors: Siegel Melanie , Deuschle Jennifer , Lenze Barbara , Petrovic Marina , Starker Sascha 
Published: March 2017

ZusammenfassungMeinungsforschungsinstitute betreiben einen beträchtlichen Aufwand, um die Meinungstrends der Bevölkerung bezogen auf Politiker mit Telefon- und Straßenumfragen zu erfassen. Mit einer Studierendengruppe haben wir uns im Winter 2015/16 die Frage gestellt, ob es möglich ist, diesen Prozess zu automatisieren. Die Idee dahinter ist, dass die Plattform Twitter vielfach für politische Diskussionen genutzt wird. Da sich Tweets auf einen Umfang von 140 Zeichen beschränken und das jeweilige Thema durch Hashtags meist eindeutig zugeordnet werden kann, scheinen sich Twitter-Daten gut für eine automatische Sentiment-Analyse zu eignen. Mit Sentiment-Analyse-Methoden kann man diese Tweets automatisch in positive und negative Meinungsäußerungen klassifizieren. Wir haben dafür einen Twitter-Crawler und Sentiment-Analyse in der Programmiersprache Python implementiert. Anschließend haben wir über einen Zeitraum von vier Wochen Tweets zu Politikern gesammelt und die Ergebnisse der Meinungsanalysen visualisiert. Schließlich haben wir unsere Ergebnisse mit dem ZDF-Politbarometer verglichen.
Experience and the Argument Against Human Freedom
Authors: Clark David K. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The heart of this essay, presented in part II, is an attempt to break the longstanding gridlock of the determinism/free-will controversy. Part I sets the table by examining recent attempts to refine and resolve this controversy. For example, Fischer’s groundbreaking case for semi-compatibilism seeks to soften the devastating impact of incompatibilism by arguing that while metaphysical (libertarian) freedom is indeed incompatible with determinism, human responsibility is not. But Fischer’s ingenious application of Frankfort-like examples simply cannot rescue any relevant notion of human responsibility. Rather, Fischer’s resourceful argumentation guides us to a pivotal realization. Kane’s Principle of Alternative Possibilities (the longstanding “could have done otherwise” necessary condition for human freedom aka Fischer’s “Leeway Principle”) is false. Thus, any successful attack against metaphysical freedom must target the “source-hood” thesis – an indeterministic agency theory of metaphysical freedom – the very idea of which is rejected by Hume, Nietzsche, Fischer et al as simply incoherent. But I argue that these philosophers are surely mistaken about the literal incoherence of the source-hood premise. Consequently, the current debate cannot move us beyond the frustration faced so squarely by Kant: we just can’t find a way to advance the case for or against metaphysical freedom. In Part II, I urge that an appeal to the a posteriori data of experience is sufficient to decisively resolve this recalcitrant impasse. This a posteriori evidence I argue, reveals that the thesis of metaphysical freedom is surely false. There is no human freedom; and neither are humans morally responsible for their choices. The supportive case supplied here will seek to rehabilitate Schopenhauer’s proclamation that while “man can do what he wants, he cannot will what he wants.”

Schopenhauer (1974, 212), nt 34.
I believe this claim is importantly correct; but as it stands, it obviously begs the question. Therefore, this essay will attempt to present both a compelling defense of Schopenhauer’s dictum, as well as the supplementary insight which makes philosophical capital of that defense. My central thesis, universally confirmed by experience, is that what we want most causes us to choose accordingly. It is not physically possible to choose otherwise than in accord with what we desire most strongly; but this efficacious desire is never itself chosen; it is instead always already given. The full argument follows.
Material Objects and Their Parts
Authors: Brewer Bill 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Commonsense appears committed to enduring macroscopic material objects that exclude each other from their precise location at all times. I elaborate a specific version of the commonsense commitment and consider its merits in connection with an important line of objection concerning the relation between material objects and their parts. The central thesis is that amongst persisting macroscopic material objects there are Natural Continuants, NCs, whose unity at a time and over time is entirely independent of our concepts, which occupy their precise spatial location Exclusively at all times, and which ground Artificial Continuants, ACs, by partition, collection, and approximation. I call the position the Natural Continuants View (NCV). Section “The Natural Continuants View” offers a provisional characterization. Section “Spatial Partition” considers a familiar puzzle concerning the idea that material objects may survive the loss of a part in order to provide intuitive motivation for (NCV) and to elaborate its commitments concerning (spatial) parts. The result is an account of the way in which NCs ground ACs by spatial partition. Section “Collection and Approximation” turns to a consideration of collections and assemblages of NCs. Section “Conclusion” concludes.
‘So yo creo que es un proceso evolutivo’: Language ideologies among Puerto Ricans in southeastern Pennsylvania
Authors: Shenk Elaine 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis article examines the perspectives of Puerto Ricans living in the United States in response to a publicity campaign that focuses on the correction of linguistic features that appear in some Puerto Ricans’ spoken Spanish. The campaign addresses phonetic, morphological, lexical, and syntactic features, including a specific set of words or phrases that are named as lexical and semantic borrowings from English. Participants were invited to respond to the content and ideologies present in the campaign by means of semi-structured interviews. Through a framework of Critical Discourse Analysis and language (de)legitimation, the article analyzes the ways in which interviewees (de)legitimize loanwords in Puerto Rican Spanish. A Critical Discourse Analytical framework allows for the mapping of spoken and written texts (e. g. the campaign texts) onto discourses
Wachen und Erwachen – Eschatologische Variationen bei Levinas und Kierkegaard
Authors: Lincoln Ulrich 
Published: March 2017

Zusammenfassung»Wachet!« Der eschatologische Ruf zur Wachsamkeit ist ein Grundmotiv der biblischen Überlieferung. Anhand von Texten Emmanuel Levinas‘ und Søren Kierkegaards untersucht der Aufsatz die Frage, wie das Motiv der Wachheit von Theologie und Philosophie aufgenommen werden kann. Levinas‘ Texte über das Erwachen sind zugleich eine kritische Aneignung der Husserlschen Phänomenologie, insofern Levinas im Begriff des Erwachens ­seine Abkehr von der transzendentalen Phänomenologie markiert. Kierkegaards »Der Begriff Angst« verfolgt demgegenüber das Thema der eschatologischen Wachheit auf indirekte Weise. Dennoch spielt der Begriff für die Metaphorologie und Methodologie des Buches eine wichtige Rolle. Beide Autoren erläutern Wachheit im Zusammenhang mit dem Begriff des Unendlichen. In diesem Kontext ergibt sich eine Interpretation Kierkegaards im Lichte des Husserlschen ­Intentionalitätsbegriffs. Für Levinas wie auch Kierkegaard ermöglicht das Phänomen der Wachheit, verstanden als Intentionalität in Unendlichkeit, den Ansatz für ein religionsphilosophisches Verständnis von Intersubjektivität und Geschichte.
Martin Luthers Paradies-Kirche Zur Frage der Allgemeingültigkeit des christlichen Glaubens
Authors: Stolle Volker 
Published: March 2017

ZusammenfassungIn seiner Genesisvorlesung entwickelt Luther detailreich die Vorstellung, Gott habe die christliche Kirche bereits im Paradies begründet und Adam und Eva seien die ersten Christen gewesen. Obwohl er sich bemüht, diese These aus dem Text der biblischen Urgeschichte herzuleiten, gelingt ihm ein solcher Schriftbeweis nicht. Das dogmatische Anliegen, das ihn zu dieser gewagten Theoriebildung führt, liegt offensichtlich darin, mit der Priorität des Christentums eine Abhängigkeit aller denkbaren außerchristlichen Entwick­lungen von einem ursprunghaft christlichen Anfang zu erweisen und damit die eigene Glaubensüberzeugung zum Maßstab der Wahrnehmung aller fremden geschichtlichen Erscheinungen zu machen. Andere Religionen erscheinen als Fehlentwicklungen, die von der christlichen Wurzel wegführen. Das Judentum wird als eine im eigentlichen Sinne christliche Größe vereinnahmt. Die staat­lichen Ordnungssysteme werden an einer göttlichen Setzung gemessen. Das öffentliche Recht wird in den Rahmen des Gottesgesetzes einbeschrieben. Indem Luther eine grundlegende auctoritas der christlichen Kirche annimmt, wächst der »Kirche Satans« eine fundamentale Bedeutung zu, da alles vom eigenen christlichen Verständnis Abweichende auf den Einfluss böser Mächte zurückgeführt wird. Der Beitrag möchte auf diese ideologische Komponente in Luthers Schriftprinzip aufmerksam machen.
Hans Schaefer und sein Seminar
Authors: Meier Christian 
Published: March 2017

Zusammenfassung
Der Aufsatz versucht, den wissenschaftlichen Ansatz, die Leistung und die Bedeutung des Heidelberger Althistorikers Hans Schaefer (1906-1961) sowie die Anfänge seines Schülers Peter Sattler (1930-1961) darzustellen, ein Stück deutscher Wissenschaftsgeschichte in der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Beide wurden, zusammen mit acht Kollegen, Opfer eines Flugzeugsunfalls bei Ankara.
Early History of Elis and Pisa: Invented or Evolving Traditions?
Authors: Kõiv Mait 
Published: March 2017

Summary
The article discusses the development of ethnic and political identities, and the related traditions concerning the past, in Archaic and Classical Elis and Pisa. It shows that the earliest signs of Pisatan identity can be traced to the sixth century BC, and that the Eleans of the valley of Peneios on the one hand, and the people dwelling in the valley of Alpheios (i.e. the Pisatans) and the so-called Triphylia farther south on the other, nourished distinct traditions about their heroic past, which reflect distinct ethnic identities. Instead of assuming that the Pisatans as a group was intentionally constructed and its ‚history‘ invented during the political disturbances of the fourth century BC, we must accept that the Eleans and the Pisatans had since an early period developed and mutually re-negotiated the traditions confirming their identities and promoting their interests in the changing historical conditions.
PROP1 gene mutations in a 36-year-old female presenting with psychosis
Authors: Chaudhary Durgesh Prasad , Rijal Tshristi , Jha Kunal Kishor , Saluja Harpreet 
Published: March 2017

Summary
Combined pituitary hormonal deficiency (CPHD) is a rare disease that results from mutations in genes coding for transcription factors that regulate the differentiation of pituitary cells. PROP1 gene mutations are one of the etiological diagnoses of congenital panhypopituitarism, however symptoms vary depending on phenotypic expression. We present a case of psychosis in a 36-year-old female with congenital panhypopituitarism who presented with paranoia, flat affect and ideas of reference without a delirious mental state, which resolved with hormone replacement and antipsychotics. Further evaluation revealed that she had a homozygous mutation of PROP1 gene. In summary, compliance with hormonal therapy for patients with hypopituitarism appears to be effective for the prevention and treatment of acute psychosis symptoms.

Learning points:

Patients with PROP1 gene mutation may present with psychosis with no impairment in orientation and memory.

There is currently inadequate literature on this topic, and further study on the possible mechanisms of psychosis as a result of endocrine disturbance is required.

Compliance with hormonal therapy for patients with hypopituitarism appears to be effective for prevention and treatment of acute psychosis symptoms.
Editorial
Authors: Meireles Elisangela Cabral , Filgueira João Maria 
Published: March 2017

Caros leitores,
Estamos vivenciando um período de desenvolvimento econômico em nosso País, após enfrentar uma crise que se apresentava difícil de ser transposta. No entanto, os resultados históricos demonstraram que tínhamos estrutura para enfrentá-la, e, de fato, enfrentamos e vencemos.
Ademais, já tínhamos consolidado a vitória contra a inflação, o que permitiu ao País direcionar suas forças políticas, econômicas, sociais, para enfrentar o desenvolvimento econômico supramencionado. Ou seja, precisamos preparar nossa nação para competir nesse turbulento ambiente que nos é apresentado.
Uma das estratégias para enfrentar essa turbulência, é a Educação. Nosso histórico, o do IFRN, de sucesso em educação, nos permite inferir que poderemos formar profissionais capazes de contribuir para modificar essa realidade, e modificá-la para melhor, tornando nosso Estado mais competitivo.
Com a expansão do nosso Instituto, temos uma grande missão a cumprir, que é a de levar educação de qualidade para todas as mesorregiões de nosso Estado. A nossa presença nessas regiões do Estado, precisa promover ações de desenvolvimento cidadão, educacional, técnico, social, de modo a envolver todos os agentes que interagem conosco: seja o IFRN contribuindo no atendimento de suas demandas, seja agindo junto com eles para o desenvolvimento de nossas ações educacionais.
Deste modo, cabe a todos nós do IFRN enfrentar os desafios postos e promover a disseminação do Conhecimento, pelos mais diversos meios, inclusive e principalmente através da Revista Observatório – Monografias em Comércio Exterior.
Com essa disseminação, vários agentes poderão analisar o que produzimos e, assim, passar a colaborar com nossos Projetos, trazendo mais sinergia para nossas ações e melhorando progressivamente o nosso fazer. Além disso, poderemos aumentar nosso alcance cidadão, técnico, social, contribuindo cada vez mais para o desenvolvimento de nosso Estado, nossa Região e nosso País.
Boa leitura!
A study of brachial artery flow mediated dilatation and carotid intima media thickness in subjects having risk factors for coronary artery disease
Authors: Sahai Shweta , Sinha Sumit 
Published: March 2017

Background: Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is an early phenomenon in atherosclerosis and often progresses to structural changes and clinical manifestations. Brachial artery flow mediated dilatation (BAFMD) has recently emerged as a reliable tool for assessment of ED. Carotid artery intima media thickness (CCAIMT) is an established tool for the detection of early structural atherosclerosis. This study was done to assess the reliability of BAFMD as a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis by comparing it to CCAIMT.Methods: Seventy-one subjects were divided in to Group I (n = 42, patients with overt cardiovascular disease; abnormal resting ECG or history of myocardial infarction/angina or an abnormal coronary angiogram), Group II (n = 17, apparently healthy individuals, with risk factors, but no overt cardiovascular disease) and Group III (n = 12, control, healthy individuals without risk factors). Ischemia induced BAFMD and CCAIMT were studied using ultrasound imaging along with presence of metabolic abnormalities.Results: Age ranged from 18-70 years with male predominance [42 (49.4%)]. Mean BAFMD in Group I, Group II and Group III was 6.68±3.52%, 7.39±3.62 and 11.65±4.32% respectively. Impaired BAFMD was highest in Group I [31 (73.80%)] compared to other two groups (p = 0.0002). Abnormal CCA-IMT was significantly higher in group I [33 (78.57%)] than in group II [9 (52.94%)] and Group III (3 (25%)] (p = 0.0018).Conclusions: Both BAFMD and CCAIMT can be used interchangeably as surrogate markers for endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. BAFMD is a reliable tool for prediction of early atherosclerosis.
Prevalence of Moraxella catarrhalis in patients of lower respiratory tract infection with underlying risk factors
Authors: Aiswariya Alex , Suseela Kundoly Velayudhan , Subi Das 
Published: March 2017

Background: Moraxella catarrhalis is a Gram-negative diplococcus, commonly found as a normal flora in the human upper respiratory tract. Recently, M. catarrhalis has emerged as an important and common human respiratory tract pathogen. This study was aimed to determine the rate of isolation of M. Catarrhalis in patients attending a tertiary care hospital with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), antibiotic susceptibility pattern and predisposing factors responsible for their infection.Methods: A prospective study was carried out in 1001 lower respiratory specimens from patients (above 20 years’ age) with suspected LRTI. The study investigated by microscopic examination, culture and antibiotic sensitivity test according to the standard guidelines. Assessment of clinical significance of M. Catarrhalis was ascertained on the basis of preformed criteria.Results: A total of 60 clinically significant M. Catarrhalis were isolated from the 930 culture positive samples. The isolates showed maximum sensitivity to second and third generation cephalosporins (95%), azithromycin (90%) followed by amoxicillin clavulanic acid (85%). Rate of isolation was more in males (70%) and elderly people above 60 years (63.33%) were found to be more affected. Patients (58.33%) with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) were found to be more prone to get infection by M. Catarrhalis.Conclusions: Moraxella catarrhalis should be considered as significant lower respiratory tract pathogen especially in elderly patients with underlying risk factors like COPD.
Subjective global assessment of the patients of chronic kidney disease undergoing dialysis
Authors: Gupta Arvind , Srivastava Anubha , Narain Upma , Saraswat Parag 
Published: March 2017

Background: Malnutrition is an important risk factor in patients with chronic kidney disease and in those undergoing maintenance dialysis. Subjective global assessment is a reliable method to evaluate malnutrition in these patients. This study aims to evaluate malnutrition in patients of chronic kidney disease using subjective global assesment score.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at SRN Hospital, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India on patients attending Nephrology Unit from July 2014 to May 2015.The nutritional status of 100 patients was evaluated using dietary recall, anthropometry, biochemical parameter and subjective global assessment. There were 67 males and 23 females. Their mean age was 46.8 years. Subjective global assessment was done using 7 variables derived from medical history and physical examination. Each variable was scored from 1-5 depending on the severity. The subjective global assessment score was correlated with the standard methods.Results: Out of 100 patients 29% were mildly malnourished, 64% were moderately malnourished and 7% were severely malnourished. The age, triceps thickness, serum urea and cholesterol were correlated with the malnutrition score (r value 0.2, -0.3, 0.2, 0.4 respectively and p-value 0.3, 0.002, 0.007, 0.001 respectively). It was found that the serum albumin (r value -0.21, p-value 0.42) level did not correlate well with the subjective global assessment.Conclusions: The subjective global assessment can be used reliably to assess the malnutrition in the patients of chronic kidney disease and hence useful in prognostication of disease and is a convenient bedside tool, operable even with paramedics.