bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When good animals love bad restored habitats: how maladaptive habitat selection can constrain restoration
Authors: Hale Robin , Swearer Stephen E. 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Restoration is increasingly undertaken to ameliorate the risks of habitat loss and transformation to biodiversity. Despite significant expenditure of time and resources world‐wide, restored habitats commonly fail to achieve these objectives.

Restoration could fail because animals either avoid restored habitats (perceptual traps) or prefer restored habitats where their fitness is reduced (ecological traps). Consequently, restoration may have a neutral impact or more worryingly provide an additional risk to population persistence. Whether traps arise as an unintended consequence of restoration has largely been unexplored.

Our aim is to highlight how traps can compromise restoration efforts and propose ways to reduce this possibility. We first highlight five criteria for successful habitat restoration to identify how and where ecological and perceptual traps could arise and use case studies to demonstrate some of the diverse ways restoration could cause traps. Managing traps that form via restoration depends on reinstating the links between habitat quality and preference. We suggest resource‐based habitat approaches, which consider what represents functional habitats from the perspective of animals, are a potentially useful tool in this regard. Furthermore, cognitive theory may help to improve our understanding of how animals select habitats and to address problematic behaviours as they arise.

Synthesis and applications. Restoration will fail if habitat quality and preference are not strongly linked, but this possibility has received limited attention. Our review will help ensure that restored habitats provide the resources required by animals, and that animals assess and respond to these habitats adaptively. We hope to stimulate further discussion between evolutionary, behavioural and restoration ecologists to improve the success of habitat restoration.
The influence ofHelicobacter pylorion the ethnic distribution of Barrett's metaplasia
Authors: Sonnenberg A. , Turner K. O. , Spechler S. J. , Genta R. M. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryBackgroundEnvironmental risk factors associated with ethnicity may contribute to the occurrence of Barrett's metaplasia.AimTo investigate the interaction between ethnicity andHelicobacter pyloriinfection in the occurrence ofBarrett's metaplasiaamong patients undergoing oesophago‐gastro‐duodenoscopy.MethodsThe Miraca Life Sciences Database is an electronic repository of histopathological patient records. A case–control study evaluated the influence of age, gender, ethnicity and histological diagnosis ofH. pylorion the occurrence of Barrett's metaplasia.ResultsThe total study population comprised 596 479 subjects, of whom 76 475 harboured a diagnosis of Barrett's metaplasia. Male sex, age andH. pyloriinfection in declining order exerted the strongest influence on the occurrence ofBM. In comparison with the population comprising Caucasians and African Americans, Barrett's metaplasia was less common among subjects of African (OR= 0.09, 95%CI= 0.01–0.43), Middle Eastern (0.26, 0.20–0.34), East Asian (0.35, 0.31–0.40), Indian (0.39, 0.32–0.47), Hispanic (0.62, 0.59–0.64) or Jewish descent (0.50, 0.45–0.54), but more common among subjects of Northern European descent (1.14, 1.03–1.26). With the exception of Jews and Northern Europeans, all other ethnic subgroups were characterised by a higher prevalence ofH. pylorithan the comparison group. A low prevalence ofH. pyloriwas significantly associated with a high prevalence of Barrett's metaplasia (R2= 0.82,P< 0.001), as well as dysplasia or oesophageal adenocarcinoma (R2= 0.81,P< 0.001).ConclusionOur analysis reveals an inverse relationship between the prevalence of Barrett's metaplasia andH. pylorigastritis among different ethnic groups within the United States.
I, River?: New materialism, riparian non‐human agency and the scale of democratic reform
Authors: Smith James L. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis article is a discussion of the “discourse on the unthinkable” surrounding potential future democratic engagements with rivers as non‐human persons or natural objects. In the context of the Asia–Pacific region, this article suggests that the developments in material philosophy entitled “new materialism” are essential tools in the reconceptualisation of rivers as democratic entities but that local socio‐historical conditions must also be taken into the account. In order to make its case, the article not only surveys the context for considering rivers as non‐human persons in a juridical context but also discusses the new material context that assists modern democracies in the renegotiation of the demos that forms the body politic of democracy – often in the face of neoliberal exploitation and a legacy of extremes in instrumentalism. The article argues that the incorporation of water in the democratic project of enfranchisement is an essential exercise born of many Western beliefs and ideals but articulated uniquely at a regional and national level.
Successful laparoscopic resection of a retroperitoneal schwannoma arising from the femoral nerve: A case report
Authors: Ishizaki Tetsuo , Katsumata Kenji , Enomoto Masanobu , Matsudo Takaaki , Shigoka Masatoshi , Hisada Masayuki , Tsuchida Akihiko 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe report on a 45‐year‐old man who presented with pain in the left leg, which he had had for 2 months. A contrast‐enhanced CT scan displayed a 25‐mm tumor in the lateral side of the left psoas muscle. For this suspected retroperitoneal tumor, we performed laparoscopic resection of the tumor, which was encapsulated by the funicular femoral nerve, using surgical scissors rather than a surgical energy device and preserved the normal fascicles wherever possible. Pathological examination indicated a benign ancient schwannoma arising from the femoral nerve. The patient was able to return to his job 3 weeks after surgery, and he has shown no evidence of recurrence. This was thought to be because of the use of surgical scissors, rather than a surgical energy device, combined with visual magnification. Therefore, the laparoscopic approach is an effective and minimally invasive option for the resection of femoral nerve schwannoma.
11C‐acetate positron‐emission tomography/computed tomography imaging for detection of recurrent disease after radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy in patients with prostate cancer
Authors: Esch Lukas Hendrik , Fahlbusch Melanie , Albers Peter , Hautzel Hubertus , Müller‐Mattheis Volker 
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesTo evaluate, in a prospective study, the effectiveness of computed tomography (CT)‐matched 11C‐acetate (AC) positron‐emission tomography (PET) in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) who had prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) relapse after radical prostatectomy (RP) or radiotherapy (RT).Patients and MethodsIn 103 relapsing patients after RP (n = 97) or RT (n = 6) AC‐PET images and CT scans were obtained. In patients with AC‐PET‐positive results with localized PCa recurrence, detected lesions were resected and histologically verified or, after local RT, followed‐up by PSA testing. Patients with distant disease on AC‐PET were treated with androgen deprivation/chemotherapy.ResultsOf 103 patients, 42 were AC‐PET‐positive. PSA levels were <1.0, <2.0 and <4.0 ng/mL in six, 16 and 20 patients, respectively. In 25/42 patients AC‐PET suggested lymph node metastases: 16/25 patients underwent surgery (10/16 metastasis, 6/16 inflammation); 9/25 patients underwent RT of lymph node metastases, which was followed by decreasing PSA level. In 17/42 patients who had distant disease, systemic treatment was commenced. Combining patients who underwent surgery and those who underwent RT, 19/25 patients were true‐positive in terms of AC‐PET (positive predictive value 76%). In 5/19 patients, PSA level was <2.0 ng/mL, in 2/19 patients it was <1.0 ng/mL and in 14/19 patients it was 5.4–23.1 ng/mL. In AC‐PET‐positive patients after surgery or RT (without androgen deprivation), median (range) time to renewed PSA increase was 6 (5–9) months.ConclusionsOnly a minority of patients with relapsing PCa appear to benefit from AC‐PET for guiding potential local treatment. False‐positive results show that factors other than tumour metabolism induce increased AC uptake. The time free of recurrence after local treatment was shorter than expected.
A mean stress correction model for tensile and compressive mean stress fatigue loadings
Authors: Ince A 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA new mean stress fatigue model based on the distortional strain energy is proposed to account for the mean stress effects on fatigue life. The proposed model is compared with the Morrow and the Smith‐Watson‐Topper (SWT) mean stress correction models using a number of experimental data sets for one cast iron, two steels and two aluminium alloys under tensile and compressive mean stress loadings. It is found that both the proposed mean stress correction model and the SWT model yield similar results and provide very good correlation for positive mean stress data and moderate negative mean stress data. For high compressive mean stresses, the proposed model shows reasonably good correlations, while the SWT model fails to correlate the fatigue data. The Morrow model was found to give poor correlations for all fatigue data analysed by yielding conservative results for compressive mean stresses and non‐conservative results for tensile mean stresses.
Theory analysis of the Dental Hygiene Human Needs Conceptual Model
Authors: MacDonald L , Bowen DM 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPurposeTheories provide a structural knowing about concept relationships, practice intricacies, and intuitions and thus shape the distinct body of the profession. Capturing ways of knowing and being is essential to any professions’ practice, education and research. This process defines the phenomenon of the profession – its existence or experience. Theory evaluation is a systematic criterion‐based assessment of a specific theory. This study presents a theory analysis of the Dental Hygiene Human Needs Conceptual Model (DH HNCM).MethodsUsing the Walker and Avant Theory Analysis, a seven‐step process, the DH HNCM, was analysed and evaluated for its meaningfulness and contribution to dental hygiene. The steps include the following: (i) investigate the origins; (ii) examine relationships of the theory's concepts; (iii) assess the logic of the theory's structure; (iv) consider the usefulness to practice; (v) judge the generalizability; (vi) evaluate the parsimony; and (vii) appraise the testability of the theory.FindingsHuman needs theory in nursing and Maslow's Hierarchy of Need Theory prompted this theory's development. The DH HNCM depicts four concepts based on the paradigm concepts of the profession: client, health/oral health, environment and dental hygiene actions, and includes validated eleven human needs that evolved overtime to eight. It is logical, simplistic, allows scientific predictions and testing, and provides a unique lens for the dental hygiene practitioner. With this model, dental hygienists have entered practice, knowing they enable clients to meet their human needs.ConclusionFor the DH HNCM, theory analysis affirmed that the model is reasonable and insightful and adds to the dental hygiene professions’ epistemology and ontology.
Multiobjective bed management considering emergency and elective patient flows
Authors: Landa Paolo , Sonnessa Michele , Tànfani Elena , Testi Angela 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn recent years, hospitals have increasingly been faced with a growing proportion of their inpatient work coming from the fluctuating and unpredictable demand of emergency admissions. The opportunity to move emergency patients who have been selected for admission out of the emergency department (ED) is linked to the ability of the hospital network to actually admit them. The latter is, in turn, correlated to the availability of inpatient beds in the hospital wards, which are shared resources between elective and emergency patients. Due to the overcrowding of EDs and the growing concern regarding reducing the number of inpatient ward beds, it is thus becoming crucial to improve the bed capacity planning and the management of emergency and elective patient admissions. In this direction, greater coordination and communication among the different healthcare providers involved in the pathway flows is required, and the so‐called “bed management” function plays a key role. This study starts with collaboration with the local health government (LHG) of the Liguria region aimed at studying the hospital bed management function. A large quantity of data records have been collected during one year of activity to obtain information related to the flow of emergency and elective patient pathways. A medium‐sized hospital located in the city of Genova has been chosen as a case study, and a discrete event simulation model has been developed to reproduce the multiple patient flows involved in the system. Multiobjective optimization analysis has been performed to choose the best bed allocations considering both operational and tactical decisions characterized by various trade‐offs among alternative conflicting objectives. The model can be used to help decision makers find a representative set of Pareto‐optimal solutions and quantify trade‐offs when satisfying different objectives.
An improvement in DEA cross‐efficiency aggregation based on the Shannon entropy
Authors: Song Lianlian , Liu Fan 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis paper improves a recently proposed Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) cross‐efficiency aggregation method based on the Shannon entropy. The weights for determining cross‐efficiency are derived from minimizing the square distance of weighted cross‐efficiency and weighted CCR efficiency. Our calculation example indicates that this method may produce inappropriate weights, which is significantly inconsistent with a widely accepted viewpoint. A variance coefficient method based on the Shannon entropy is presented to overcome the drawbacks of the DEA cross‐efficiency aggregation method. In this study, comparisons of weights and cross‐efficiency scores are provided.
Adolescent Healthcare Brokering: Prevalence, Experience, Impact, and Opportunities
Authors: Banas Jennifer R. , Wallis Lisa C. , Ball James W. , Gershon Sarah 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDLimited health literacy disproportionately affects those with limited English proficiency (LEP). Parents with LEP might rely on their adolescent children to interpret health information. We call this adolescent healthcare brokering. This study uncovers the prevalence of brokering, kinds of tasks, emotional and academic impact, and desired support.METHODSWe invited 165 students from health classes (in a community in which 29.8% are foreign‐born and 53.4% speak another language at home) to complete a survey. We used IBM SPSS to calculate descriptive statistics.RESULTSOf the 159 who received parental consent and assented, 54.1% (N = 86) assist with healthcare tasks. When brokering, 80.2% (N = 69) translate. Most common tasks were talking to a doctor, reading prescriptions, and searching on the Internet. Participants were most confident reading prescriptions and talking to a doctor and least confident finding healthcare services. Among brokers, 29.1% (N = 24) missed school; 33.7% did not complete homework. They most wanted to learn about filling out insurance forms and talking to doctors.CONCLUSIONSDespite assurances that children are not permitted to interpret, adolescents are acting as healthcare brokers. The impact can be academic and emotional. Findings indicate a need for further research and support for adolescents who want to learn about healthcare tasks.
School Context Matters: The Impacts of Concentrated Poverty and Racial Segregation on Childhood Obesity
Authors: Piontak Joy Rayanne , Schulman Michael D. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDSchools are important sites for interventions to prevent childhood obesity. This study examines how variables measuring the socioeconomic and racial composition of schools and counties affect the likelihood of obesity among third to fifth grade children.METHODSBody mass index data were collected from third to fifth grade public school students by teachers from 317 urban and rural North Carolina schools in 38 counties. Multilevel models are used to examine county‐, school‐, and individual‐level effects.RESULTSLow concentrations of poverty at the school level are associated with lower odds of obesity. Schools in rural counties had significantly higher rates of obesity, net the other variables in the model. Students in minority‐segregated schools had higher rates of obesity than those in more racially diverse schools, but the effect was not statistically significant once school‐level poverty was controlled.CONCLUSIONSPlace‐based inequalities are important determinants of health inequalities. The results of this study show that school‐level variables related to poverty are important for understanding and confronting childhood obesity.
Parity: An Intuitive Case
Authors: Chang Ruth 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn other work I have argued that items can be on a par, where being on a par is a fourth, basic, sui generis value relation beyond the usual trichotomy of ‘better than’, ‘worse than’, and ‘equally good’. In this paper, I aim to marshal non‐technical, intuitive arguments for this view. First, I try to cast doubt on the leading source of intuitive resistance to parity, the conviction that if two items are comparable, one must be better than the other, worse than it, or they must be equally good. Second, I explain how parity can arise by appealing to an uncontroversial distinction between quantity and quality of value. I propose both sufficient conditions for parity and a nontechnical model of the notion. My overall aim is to bring into view a simple and intuitive picture of value – and more generally of normativity – in which parity plays a significant role.
COPD Assessment Test for measurement of health status in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Matsuda Toshiaki , Taniguchi Hiroyuki , Ando Masahiko , Kondoh Yasuhiro , Kimura Tomoki , Kataoka Kensuke , Sakamoto Koji , Suzuki Atsushi , Furukawa Taiki , Hasegawa Yoshinori 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
Background and objectiveThe COPD Assessment Test (CAT) has been reported to have potential utility for measuring health status of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Although the CAT has been developed for the assessment of COPD patients, it has not been fully evaluated exclusively in IPF. This study was designed to evaluate the validity of the CAT in IPF.MethodsThe clinical data for 106 consecutive subjects with newly diagnosed IPF who completed pulmonary function tests, partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO2
) at rest, 6‐min walk test (6MWT), CAT, St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnoea grade and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), were analysed. We assessed the validity of the CAT in comparison with the SGRQ.ResultsThe present subjects showed mild to moderate restrictive impairment on spirometry. Mean CAT score and total SGRQ were 12.8 ± 8.0 and 30.8 ± 17.7, respectively. The concurrent validity of the CAT score in comparison with the SGRQ total score was significant (r = 0.72, P < 0.001). Internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.869) and repeatability over 3 months (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.742) of the CAT were also significant. Single regression analysis showed that the CAT had significant construct validity. In multiple regression analysis, mMRC, PaO2
at rest, minimum SpO2
during 6MWT and anxiety of HADS were independent predictors for the CAT.ConclusionsThe CAT is a valid health status measurement in IPF patients. Multiple regression analysis showed that the CAT was significantly correlated with dyspnoea severity, oxygenation impairment and anxiety.
High Heat Flux Boiling Heat Transfer for Laser Diode Arrays
Authors: Bandhauer Todd M. , Bevis Taylor A. 
Published: November 2016

The principle limit for achieving higher brightness of laser diode arrays is thermal management. State of the art laser diodes generate heat at fluxes in excess of 1 kW cm−2 on a plane parallel to the light emitting edge. As the laser diode bars are packed closer together, it becomes increasingly difficult to remove large amounts of heat in the diminishing space between neighboring diode bars. Thermal management of these diode arrays using conduction and natural convection is practically impossible, and, therefore, some form of forced convective cooling must be utilized. Cooling large arrays of laser diodes using single-phase convection heat transfer has been investigated for more than two decades by multiple investigators. Unfortunately, either large fluid temperature increases or very high flow velocities must be utilized to reject heat to a single phase fluid, and the practical threshold for single phase convective cooling of laser diodes appears to have been reached. In contrast, liquid-vapor phase change heat transport can occur with a negligible increase in temperature and, due to a high enthalpy of vaporization, at comparatively low mass flow rates. However, there have been no prior investigations at the conditions required for high brightness edge emitting laser diode arrays: >1 kW cm−2 and >10 kW cm−3.
In the current investigation, flow boiling heat transfer at heat fluxes up to 1.1 kW cm−2 was studied in a microchannel heat sink with plurality of very small channels (45 × 200 microns) using R134a as the phase change fluid. The high aspect ratio channels (4.4:1) were manufactured using MEMS fabrication techniques, which yielded a large heat transfer surface area to volume ratio in the vicinity of the laser diode. To characterize the heat transfer performance, a test facility was constructed that enabled testing over a range of fluid saturation temperatures (15°C to 25°C). Due to the very small geometric features, significant heat spreading was observed, necessitating numerical methods to determine the average heat transfer coefficient from test data. This technique is crucial to accurately calculate the heat transfer coefficients for the current investigation, and it is shown that the analytical approach used by many previous investigations requires assumptions that are inadequate for the very small dimensions and heat fluxes observed in the present study.
During the tests, the calculated outlet vapor quality exceeded 0.6 and the base heat flux reached a maximum of 1.1 kW cm−2. The resulting experimental heat transfer coefficients are found to be as large a 58.1 kW m−2 K−1 with an average uncertainty of ±11.1%, which includes uncertainty from all measured and calculated values, required assumptions, and geometric discretization error from meshing.