bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of varying stem and metaphyseal sleeve size on the primary stability of cementless revision tibial trays used to reconstruct AORI IIA defects. A simulation study
Authors: Awadalla Maged , Al‐Dirini Rami M. A. , O'Rourke Dermot , Solomon Lucian B. , Heldreth Mark , Taylor Mark 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTTraditionally, diaphyseal stems have been utilized to augment the stability of revision total knee replacement (rTKR) implants. More recently metaphyseal augments, such as sleeves, have been introduced to further augment component fixation. The effect of augments such as stems and sleeves have on the primary stability of a rTKR implant is poorly understood, however it has important implications on the complexity, costs and survivorship of the procedure. Finite element analysis was used to investigate the primary stability and strain distribution of various size stems and sleeves used in conjunction with a cementless revision tibial tray. The model was built from computer tomography images of a single healthy tibia obtained from an 81‐year‐old patient to which an Anderson Orthopaedic Research Institute (AORI) IIA defect was virtually added. The influences of varying body mass index (BMI) and bone modulus were also investigated. Stemless sleeves were found to provided adequate primary implant stability (average implant micro‐motion <50 μm) for the studied defect. Addition of a stem did not enhance the primary stability. Furthermore, this study found that varying BMI and bone modulus had a considerable effect on strain distribution but negligible effect on micro‐motion in the sleeve area. In conclusion, the addition of diaphyseal stem to a metaphyseal sleeve had little benefit in enhancing the primary stability of tibial trays augmented when simulating reconstructions of AORI IIA tibial defects. Additional studies are required to determine the relative benefit of the diaphyseal stem when using metaphyseal sleeves defects with more extensive bone loss. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1876–1886, 2018.
Cultural aspects of pain: A study of Indian Asian women in the UK
Authors: Holt Stephanie , Waterfield Jackie 
Published: January 2018

AbstractObjectivesCulture and ethnicity are acknowledged as important factors in the context of the biopsychosocial model. They may contribute to explaining the experience of pain, therapeutic encounters within healthcare, and the strategies that individuals use to cope with pain. The present study explored these issues in a sample of Indian Asian women in the UK.MethodsBased on a phenomenological approach, 17 women participated in five semi‐structured group interviews. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis, so as to identify core themes and subthemes inductively from the data.ResultsSix themes were identified: meaning of pain; personal experience of pain; causes of pain; coping strategies; family and friends; experience of healthcare. Pain was conceptualized in both physical and mental terms, and its experience was explained largely in terms of functional consequences. The causes of pain offered suggested externalized beliefs, relating to events in participants’ lives, rather than being expressed in biomedical terms. Alongside culture‐specific therapies, the women spoke of coping strategies based on rest and activity. Although satisfaction with healthcare appeared to be high overall, problems due to communication – sometimes related to a language barrier – were voiced by some participants.ConclusionsGreater attention to cultural aspects of the pain experience may assist health professionals in communicating with and managing patients with pain from ethnic minority backgrounds.
Myotonic dystrophy patient preferences in patient‐reported outcome measures
Authors: Heatwole Chad , Johnson Nicholas , Dekdebrun Jeanne , Dilek Nuran , Eichinger Kate , Hilbert James , Luebbe Elizabeth , Martens William , Mcdermott Michael P. , Thornton Charles , Moxley Richard 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTIntroduction: When preparing for clinical trials in myotonic dystrophy type‐1 (DM1), it is important that researchers develop and identify patient‐reported outcome measures with good measurement properties. Methods: Fifty‐two DM1 patients enrolled in 2 clinical studies completed the Myotonic Dystrophy Health Index (MDHI), 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey (version 2; SF‐36v2), Individualized Neuromuscular Quality of Life questionnaire (INQoL), and a questionnaire comparing the relevance, usability, overall preference, and perceived responsiveness of each measure. The associations between instrument scores and physical function, genetic test results, and employment status were examined. Results: The MDHI was preferred over the INQoL in 13 of 13 areas and was preferred over the SF‐36v2 in 9 of 13 areas. The MDHI was the only score that was associated with participant employment status, CTG repeat length, and the 3 measurements of clinical function. Discussion: The MDHI correlates well with physical function and is viewed favorably by participants in DM1 clinical studies. Muscle Nerve 58: 49–55, 2018
Analytical stress and displacement due to twin tunneling in an elastic semi‐infinite ground subjected to surcharge loads
Authors: Wang H.N. , Wu L. , Jiang M.J. , Song F. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryThe construction of twin tunnels at shallow depth has become increasingly common in urban areas. In general, twin tunnels are usually near each other, in which the interaction between tunnels is too significant to be ignored on their stability. The equivalent arbitrarily distributed loads imposed on ground surface were considered in this study, and a new analytical approach was provided to efficiently predict the elastic stresses and displacements around the twin tunnels. The interaction between 2 tunnels of different radii with various arrangements was taken into account in the analysis. We used the Schwartz alternating method in this study to reduce the twin‐tunnel problem to a series of problems where only 1 tunnel was contained in half‐plane. The convergent and highly accurate analytical solutions were achieved by superposing the solutions of the reduced single‐tunnel problems. The analytical solutions were then verified by the good agreement between analytical and numerical results. Furthermore, by the comparison on initial plastic zone and surface settlement between analytical solution and numerical/measured results of elastoplastic cases, it was proven that the analytical solution can accurately predict the initial plastic zone and its propagation direction and can qualitatively provide the reliable ground settlements. A parametric study was finally performed to investigate the influence of locations of surcharge load and the tunnel arrangement on the ground stresses and displacements. The new solution proposed in this study provides an insight into the interaction of shallow twin tunnels under surcharge loads, and it can be used as an alternative approach for the preliminary design of future shallow tunnels excavated in rock or medium/stiff clay.
Hypotension Risk Based on Vasoactive Agent Discontinuation Order in Patients in the Recovery Phase of Septic Shock
Authors: Sacha Gretchen L. , Lam Simon W. , Duggal Abhijit , Torbic Heather , Reddy Anita J. , Bauer Seth R. 
Published: January 2018

Study ObjectivesPatients with septic shock often require vasoactive agents for hemodynamic support; however, the optimal approach to discontinuing these agents once patients reach the recovery phase is currently unknown. The objective of this evaluation was to compare the incidence of hypotension within 24 hours based on the discontinuation order of norepinephrine (NE) and vasopressin (AVP) in patients in the recovery phase of septic shock.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingThe medical, surgical, and neurosciences intensive care units (ICUs) at a large tertiary care academic medical center.PatientsA total of 585 adults in the recovery phase of septic shock who received fixed‐dose AVP for at least 6 hours as an adjunct to NE between September 2011 and August 2015 were included. Of these patients, 155 had AVP discontinued first, and 430 had NE discontinued first.Measurements and Main ResultsHypotension was evaluated during the 24‐hour period after discontinuation of the first vasoactive agent and was defined as mean arterial pressure less than 60 mm Hg with one or more of the following interventions: increased remaining vasoactive agent dose by 25%, reinstitution of the discontinued agent, or administration of at least 1 L of fluid bolus. Time to hypotension was evaluated with survival analysis, and risk of hypotension was evaluated with multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. No significant difference between groups was noted in the incidence of hypotension within 24 hours (55% in the AVP discontinued first group vs 50% in the NE discontinued first group, p=0.28) or ICU mortality (45.2% vs 40.0%, p=0.26). After adjustment for baseline factors with multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression, having AVP discontinued first was independently associated with an increased risk of hypotension with a time‐varying effect that decreased over time (HR(t) = e[1.16–0.08*t], p<0.001).ConclusionIn patients recovering from septic shock treated with concomitant AVP and NE, no significant difference was noted in the incidence of hypotension based on discontinuation order of these agents.
Reachable set estimation for discrete‐time switched system with application to time‐delay system
Authors: Fei Zhongyang , Guan Chaoxu , Shi Peng 
Published: January 2018

SummaryThis paper addresses the problem of reachable set estimation and synthesis for a class of discrete‐time switched linear systems with time delay and bounded peak disturbance. Combined with the feature of mode‐dependent average dwell time switching, a new algorithm is developed to estimate the reachable set of switched system, which is both quasi‐time‐dependent and mode‐dependent. Then, the proposed method is applied to time‐delay system and a sufficient condition is presented to guarantee the asymptotic stability and estimate the bounding ellipsoid. Furthermore, the quasi‐time‐dependent controller is designed to stabilize the system and restrict the closed‐loop system states to an ellipsoidal bound. Examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness and advantages of the obtained theorems.
On 2 types of robust reaching laws
Authors: Chen Yuquan , Wei Yiheng , Wang Yong 
Published: January 2018

SummaryThe reaching law is an important part of a sliding‐mode controller, which guarantees the existence of sliding motion in finite time. Fast access to sliding motion with a weak chattering phenomenon in control input is always desired. In this paper, 2 different types of reaching laws are proposed, which guarantee finite‐time convergence to the sliding manifold. Moreover, the reaching time is robust to initial conditions and can be designed by the user. Some useful discussions on the design of parameters are also presented to weaken the chattering phenomenon. A careful simulation study is finally provided to verify the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed methods.
Isolation of Human Photoreceptor Precursors via a Cell Surface Marker Panel from Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Organoids and Fetal Retinae
Authors: Lakowski Jörn , Welby Emily , Budinger Dimitri , Di Marco Fabiana , Di Foggia Valentina , Bainbridge James W.B. , Wallace Kyle , Gamm David M. , Ali Robin R. , Sowden Jane C. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Loss of photoreceptor cells due to retinal degeneration is one of the main causes of blindness in the developed world. Although there is currently no effective treatment, cell replacement therapy using stem-cell-derived photoreceptor cells may be a feasible future treatment option. In order to ensure safety and efficacy of this approach, robust cell isolation and purification protocols must be developed. To this end, we previously developed a biomarker panel for the isolation of mouse photoreceptor precursors from the developing mouse retina and mouse embryonic stem cell cultures. In the current study we applied this approach to the human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) system, and identified novel biomarker combinations that can be leveraged for the isolation of human photoreceptors. Human retinal samples and hPSC-derived retinal organoid cultures were screened against 242 human monoclonal antibodies using a high through-put flow cytometry approach. We identified 46 biomarkers with significant expression levels in the human retina and hPSC differentiation cultures. Human retinal cell samples, either from fetal tissue or derived from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell cultures, were fluorescence-activated cell sorted (FACS) using selected candidate biomarkers that showed expression in discrete cell populations. Enrichment for photoreceptors and exclusion of mitotically active cells was demonstrated by immunocytochemical analysis with photoreceptor-specific antibodies and Ki-67. We established a biomarker combination, which enables the robust purification of viable human photoreceptors from both human retinae and hPSC-derived organoid cultures.
Distribution of strong earthquake input energy in tall buildings equipped with damped outriggers
Authors: Morales‐Beltran M. , Turan G. , Yildirim U. , Paul J. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryThe seismic design of optimal damped outrigger structures relies on the assumption that most of the input energy will be absorbed by the dampers, whilst the rest of the structure remains elastic. When subjected to strong earthquakes, nevertheless, the building structure may exhibit plastic hinges before the dampers begin to work. In order to determine to which extent the use of viscously damped outriggers would avoid damage, both the host structure's hysteretic behaviour and the dampers' performance need to be evaluated in parallel. This article provides a parametric study on the factors that influence the distribution of seismic energy in tall buildings equipped with damped outriggers: First, the influence of outrigger's location, damping coefficients, and rigidity ratios core‐to‐outrigger and core‐to‐column in the seismic performance of a 60‐story building with conventional and with damped outriggers is studied. In parallel, nonlinear behaviour of the outrigger with and without viscous dampers is examined under small, moderate, strong, and severe long‐period earthquakes to assess the hysteretic energy distribution through the core and outriggers. The results show that, as the ground motion becomes stronger, viscous dampers effectively reduce the potential of damage in the structure if compared to conventional outriggers. However, the use of dampers cannot entirely prevent damage under critical excitations.
A demonstration of how virtual meetings can enhance sustainability in a corporate context
Authors: F. Guerin Turlough 
Published: January 2018

AbstractVideo conferencing (VC) offers benefits to businesses and organizations. A three‐month trial was undertaken across a telecommunications company in Australia to evaluate the use of VC benefits monitoring software to capture data and calculate utilization and business travel savings from air and car travel for individual VC end points across the company. The results from the trial were used by the finance and administration department of the company to promote VC usage and, at the same time, to introduce a nonessential air travel ban, which led to annualized cost savings of up to 40% on business as usual.
Higher order theory of micropolar plates and shells
Authors: Zozulya V.V. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractNew higher order models of micropolar plates and shells have been developed here. The 3‐D dynamic equations of the micropolar elasticity have been presented in an orthogonal system of coordinates using a generalized variational principle. For the creation of 2‐D models of plates and shells the curvilinear system of coordinates related to the middle surface of the shell have been used along with a special hypothesis based on assumptions that take into account the fact that the rod is thin. Higher order theory is based on a generalized variational principle and the expansion of the 3‐D equations of the micropolar theory of elasticity into Fourier series in terms of Legendre polynomials. The stress and strain tensors, as well as vectors of displacements and rotation have been expanded into Fourier series in terms of Legendre polynomials with respect to thickness. Thereby, all equations of the micropolar theory of elasticity (including generalized Hooke's law) have been transformed to the corresponding equations for the Legendre polynomials coefficients. Then, in the same way as in the classical theory of elasticity, a system of differential equations in terms of displacements and rotation with initial and boundary conditions for the Legendre polynomials coefficients have been obtained. All equations for higher order theory of micropolar plates in Cartesian and polar coordinates as well as for cylindrical and spherical shells in coordinates related to the shells geometry have been developed and presented here in detail. The obtained equations can be used for calculating the stress‐strain and for modelling thin walled structures in macro, micro and nano scale when taking into account micropolar couple stress and rotation effects.
Hydrocarbon Stapled Antimicrobial Peptides
Authors: Migoń Dorian , Neubauer Damian , Kamysz Wojciech 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are promising candidates for anti-infective pharmaceuticals. Unfortunately, because of their low proteolytic and chemical stability, their usage is generally narrowed down to topical formulations. Until now, numerous approaches to increase peptide stability have been proposed. One of them, peptide hydrocarbon stapling, a modification based on stabilizing peptide secondary structure with a side-chain covalent hydrocarbon bridge, have been successfully applied to many peptides. Moreover, constraining secondary structure of peptides have also been proven to increase their biological activity. This review article describes studies on hydrocarbon stapled antimicrobial peptides with respect to improved drug-like properties.
World War II and Brazilian Workers: Populism at the Intersections between National and Global Histories
Authors: Fortes Alexandre 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis article argues that World War II played a very important, and generally underestimated role in the rise of Brazilian populism. It starts with an overview of recent trends in the debates on the use of the concept of populism in Brazil, with particular attention to works that stress the years from 1941 to 1945 as a critical juncture. Secondly, it explores the connections between war effort, changes in labor regulations, and workers’ political participation in different contexts. Finally, it summarizes how the economic and social effects produced by the involvement of Brazil in the War led to profound and accelerated changes in the nature of the regime of Getúlio Vargas and in the role of workers in Brazilian politics.
Thwarted Nationalism, Economic Counter-revolutions, and Anarcho-vassalage: Pakistan and the lineages of retardation
Authors: ALI IMRAN 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThere are challenging complexities in analysing both historical trends and contemporary structures in the region now comprising Pakistan. Interrelating both history and the present poses further challenges. With scholarship aligned on either side of the apparent watershed of 1947, analysts have hitherto remained negligent of a pattern of continuity and disjuncture that is explored in this article, which it is hoped will enable a deeper understanding of historical causations and outcomes. Further, we propose here that such multiple and diverse trends, while they might demand distinct empirical analyses, can coalesce within three overarching themes. Analysing these themes and their interstices, enables a more cohesive and integrated understanding of Pakistan's complex realities than has been hitherto forthcoming from the more segmented approaches that dominate discourse on the study of Pakistan's past and present. The author aims to shed light on why and how retardation in Pakistan is so resilient, and hopes that understanding these long-term outcomes will be greatly assisted by an analytical approach predicated on three themes: thwarted nationalism, economic counter-revolutions, and anarcho-vassalage.
‘We Must Send a Gift Worthy of India and the Congress!’ War and political humanitarianism in late colonial South Asia
Authors: FRAMKE MARIA 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe interwar period has recently been described as a highly internationalist one in South Asia, as a series of distinct internationalisms—communist, anarchist, social scientific, socialist, literary, and aesthetic1—took shape. At the same time, it has been argued that the Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 drew to a close various opportunities for international association (at least, temporarily). Taking into account both these contradistinctive developments, this article deals with another—and thus far largely overlooked—South Asian internationalism in the form of wartime Indian humanitarianism. In 1938, the Indian National Congress helped organize an Indian medical mission to China to bring relief to Chinese victims of the Second Sino-Japanese War. By focusing on this initiative, this article traces the ideas, the practices, and the motives of Indian political humanitarianism. It argues that such initiatives, as they became part of much wider global networks of humanitarianism in the late 1930s and early 1940s, created new openings for Indian nationalists to establish international alliances. This article also examines the way in which political humanitarianism enabled these same nationalists to perform as independent leaders on an international stage, and argues that humanitarianism served as a tool of anti-colonial emancipation.
Malcolm Darling and Developmentalism in Colonial Punjab
Authors: SULTAN ATIYAB 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis article studies the career and writings of Sir Malcolm Darling to make three main claims. First, an intellectual genealogy of development studies is presented through the examination of close parallels between colonial efforts at rural welfare and post-colonial prescriptions for the same. Darling was central in the British efforts in Punjab to formulate ideas of reform from below or thrift among the peasantry, both of which remain popular in contemporary theories of community development and microfinance respectively. The similarities between colonial and post-colonial reforms are striking because the colonial experience remains largely forgotten. This intellectual amnesia serves a political end by blaming the peasant for his poverty and redemption from the same. Simultaneously, any structural or revolutionary social change is avoided. Secondly, the article probes the exaggerated focus on indebtedness and the political interests this served. Indebtedness gave the Unionists in Punjab political legitimacy, and the colonial state formulated solutions for the problem that did not tax its resources, for example the cooperative movement was designed to be self-financing. Finally, the article speaks to the themes of this issue by challenging the assumption that ‘institutions’ alone are a legacy of colonial rule and developmentalist reform is a post-colonial preoccupation of independent states. By presenting a case study of attempted economic and institutional reform during colonial rule, it allows one to appreciate the close, contemporaneous connections between colonial modes of governance and current modes of development.