bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vision in former very low birthweight young adults with and without retinopathy of prematurity compared with term born controls: the NZ 1986 VLBW follow-up study
Authors: Darlow Brian A , Elder Mark J , Kimber Bridget , Martin Julia , Horwood L John 
Published: December 2017

ObjectiveThere are few data on visual outcomes in adulthood of former very low birthweight (VLBW; <1500 g) infants. We aimed to assess vision at 27–29 years in a national cohort of VLBW infants born in 1986 and assessed for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) when no treatment was available, compared with term born controls.MethodsThe cohort and controls attended a 2-day assessment in Christchurch as part of a larger study. Visual assessment included glasses prescription measured by focimeter, logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) distance visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity, autorefraction, retinal photographs and a questionnaire on vision-related everyday activities. Rates of reduced VA and myopia in the VLBW cohort at 27–29 were compared with the results of vision testing at 7–8 years.Results250 VLBW adults (77% those alive) gave study consent and 229 (45 with a history of ROP) were assessed in Christchurch, plus 100 term born controls. VLBW adults with ROP had reduced VA compared with no ROP and controls (mean logMAR score (SD); 0.003 (0.19), –0.021 (0.16), –0.078 (0.09), P=0.001). There were no differences in myopia (>2 D) between the groups but high myopia (>5 D) was confined to those with ROP. VLBW adults with ROP drove a car less often and had higher difficulties with everyday activities scores due to eyesight. Between 7–8 and 27–29 years rates of reduced VA were stable but myopia increased.ConclusionFormer VLBW young adults with ROP have ongoing problems with vision affecting daily living and should continue in regular ophthalmological review.Trial registration numberACTRN12612000995875, Pre-results .
Nasal unsedated seated percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (nuPEG): a safe and effective technique for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement in high-risk candidates
Authors: McCulloch Adam , Roy Ovishek , Massey Dunecan , Hedges Rachel , Skerratt Serena , Wilson Nicola , Woodward Jeremy 
Published: December 2017

ObjectivePercutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement is associated with a high risk of cardiorespiratory complications in patients with significant respiratory compromise. This study reports a case series of high-risk patients undergoing PEG placement using a modified technique—nasal unsedated seated PEG (nuPEG) placement.DesignRetrospective review of 67 patients at high risk of complications undergoing PEG placement between September 2012 and December 2016.SettingUK specialist tertiary centre for clinical nutrition support.InterventionsPatients underwent ‘push’ PEG placement using nasal endoscopy without sedation in a seated position.Main outcome measuresProcedural success and tolerability, short term (within 24 hours), medium term (24 hours to 30 days) complications and survival were recorded.Results67 patients underwent 68 nuPEG placements. The majority had motor neuron disease (46/67). One patient developed a lower respiratory tract infection the following day. Two patients experienced accidental displacement of their PEG within 2 weeks. One patient died within 30 days of nuPEG insertion due to reasons unrelated to the procedure. Endoscopic comfort scores of 1 or 2 (98.0%) indicated good tolerance. A failure rate of 10.5% was attributed to intrathoracic displacement of the stomach, almost certainly due to the advanced stage of the neurological disease and associated diaphragmatic weakness.ConclusionsOur experience with the nuPEG technique suggests that it is safe and well tolerated in high-risk patients. As a result, it has now entirely supplanted radiologically inserted gastrostomy insertion in our institution and we recommend it as the method of choice for gastrostomy tube insertion in such patients.
Establishment of a surgical bile duct injection technique giving direct access to the bile ducts for studies of the murine biliary tree
Authors: Berntsen Natalie Lie , Fosby Bjarte , Valestrand Laura , Tan Corey , Reims Henrik M. , Schrumpf Elisabeth , Karlsen Tom Hemming , Line Pål-Dag , Melum Espen 
Published: December 2017

Cholangiopathies are progressive disorders with largely unknown pathoetiology and limited treatment options. We aimed to develop a novel surgical technique with direct access to the bile ducts that would complement existing mouse models of cholestasis, biliary inflammation, and fibrosis and present a new route of administration for testing of potential treatment strategies. We developed a surgical technique to access the murine biliary tree by injection of different solvents through catheterization of the gall bladder with simultaneous clamping of the common bile duct. To demonstrate the applicability of the technique, we injected either phosphate-buffered saline or dimethyl sulfoxide in concentrations of 50 or 65% and compared these groups with sham-operated mice. The surgery was optimized to achieve a mortality rate close to 0. There were no significant changes in pain, activity level, or mortality from the day of the surgery until euthanization for any groups. Injection of phosphate-buffered saline or 50% dimethyl sulfoxide was generally well-tolerated, whereas 65% dimethyl sulfoxide led to higher weight loss, an increase of serum alanine transaminase, and histological portal inflammation. There were no signs of inflammation in the gut. We have developed a bile duct injection technique that is well-tolerated, easily reproducible, and that may complement existing models of cholangiopathies. Direct access to the bile ducts without causing harm to the hepatobiliary or intestinal tissue may be valuable in future studies of normal biliary physiology and different pathophysiological mechanisms of disease and to test novel therapeutic strategies.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To evaluate tolerability of the bile duct to injection of both polar and nonpolar compounds, we established a novel biliary injection technique. This technique is well-tolerated, easily reproducible, and with direct access to the bile ducts for studies of the murine biliary tree. The bile duct injection technique may complement existing animal models and be a valuable tool in future studies of normal biliary physiology or pathophysiology and to test novel therapeutic strategies.
Genetically increased angiotensin I-converting enzyme alters peripheral and renal vascular reactivity to angiotensin II and bradykinin in mice
Authors: Chollet Catherine , Placier Sandrine , Chatziantoniou Christos , Hus-Citharel Annette , Caron Nathalie , Roussel Ronan , Alhenc-Gelas François , Bouby Nadine 
Published: December 2017

Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) levels in humans are under strong genetic influence. Genetic variation in ACE has been linked to risk for and progression of cardiovascular and renal diseases. Causality has been documented in genetically modified mice, but the mechanisms underlying causality are not completely elucidated. To further document the vascular and renal consequences of a moderate genetic increase in ACE synthesis, we studied genetically modified mice carrying three copies of the ACE gene (three-copy mice) and littermate wild-type animals (two-copy mice). We investigated peripheral and renal vascular reactivity to angiotensin II and bradykinin in vivo by measuring blood pressure and renal blood flow after intravenous administration and also reactivity of isolated glomerular arterioles by following intracellular Ca2+mobilization. Carrying three copies of the ACE gene potentiated the systemic and renal vascular responses to angiotensin II over the whole range of peptide concentration tested. Consistently, the response of isolated glomerular afferent arterioles to angiotensin II was enhanced in three-copy mice. In these mice, signaling pathways triggered by endothelial activation by bradykinin or carbachol in glomerular arterioles were also altered. Although the nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS)/NO pathway was not functional in arterioles of two-copy mice, in muscular efferent arterioles of three-copy mice NOS3 gene expression was induced and NO mediated the effect of bradykinin or carbachol. These data document new and unexpected vascular consequences of a genetic increase in ACE synthesis. Enhanced vasoconstrictor effect of angiotensin II may contribute to the risk for cardiovascular and renal diseases linked to genetically high ACE levels.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A moderate genetic increase in angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) in mice similar to the effect of the ACE gene D allele in humans unexpectedly potentiates the systemic and renal vasoconstrictor responses to angiotensin II. It also alters the endothelial signaling pathways triggered by bradykinin or carbachol in glomerular efferent arterioles.
High-intensity interval exercise attenuates but does not eliminate endothelial dysfunction after a fast food meal
Authors: Tucker Wesley J. , Sawyer Brandon J. , Jarrett Catherine L. , Bhammar Dharini M. , Ryder Justin R. , Angadi Siddhartha S. , Gaesser Glenn A. 
Published: December 2017

We investigated whether two different bouts of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) could attenuate postprandial endothelial dysfunction. Thirteen young (27 ± 1 yr), nonexercise-trained men underwent three randomized conditions: 1) four 4-min intervals at 85–95% of maximum heart rate separated by 3 min of active recovery (HIIE 4 × 4), 2) 16 1-min intervals at 85–95% of maximum heart rate separated by 1 min of active recovery (HIIE 16 × 1), and 3) sedentary control. HIIE was performed in the afternoon, ~18 h before the morning fast food meal (1,250 kcal, 63g of fat). Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was performed before HIIE ( baseline 1), during fasting before meal ingestion ( baseline 2), and 30 min, 2 h, and 4 h postprandial. Capillary glucose and triglycerides were assessed at fasting, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h (triglycerides only). Both HIIE protocols increased fasting FMD compared with control (HIIE 4 × 4: 6.1 ± 0.4%, HIIE 16 × 1: 6.3 ± 0.5%, and control: 5.1 ± 0.4%, P < 0.001). For both HIIE protocols, FMD was reduced only at 30 min postprandial but never fell below baseline 1 or FMD during control at any time point. In contrast, control FMD decreased at 2 h (3.8 ± 0.4%, P < 0.001) and remained significantly lower than HIIE 4 × 4 and 16 × 1 at 2 and 4 h. Postprandial glucose and triglycerides were unaffected by HIIE. In conclusion, HIIE performed ~18 h before a high-energy fast food meal can attenuate but not entirely eliminate postprandial decreases in FMD. This effect is not dependent on reductions in postprandial lipemia or glycemia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Two similar high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) protocols performed ∼18 h before ingestion of a high-energy fast food meal attenuated but did not entirely eliminate postprandial endothelial dysfunction in young men largely by improving fasting endothelial function. Both HIIE protocols produced essentially identical results, suggesting high reproducibility of HIIE effects.
Cardiovascular response to prescribed detraining among recreational athletes
Authors: Pedlar Charles R. , Brown Marcel G. , Shave Robert E. , Otto James M. , Drane Aimee , Michaud-Finch Jennifer , Contursi Miranda , Wasfy Meagan M. , Hutter Adolph , Picard Michael H. , Lewis Gregory D. , Baggish Aaron L. 
Published: December 2017

Exercise-induced cardiac remodeling (EICR) and the attendant myocardial adaptations characteristic of the athlete’s heart may regress during periods of exercise reduction or abstinence. The time course and mechanisms underlying this reverse remodeling, specifically the impact of concomitant plasma volume (PV) contraction on cardiac chamber size, remain incompletely understood. We therefore studied recreational runners ( n = 21, age 34 ± 7 yr; 48% male) who completed an 18-wk training program (~7 h/wk) culminating in the 2016 Boston Marathon after which total exercise exposure was confined to <2 h/wk (no single session >1 h) for 8 wk. Cardiac structure and function, exercise capacity, and PV were assessed at peak fitness (10–14 days before) and at 4 wk and 8 wk postmarathon. Mixed linear modeling adjusting for age, sex, V̇o2peak, and marathon finish time was used to compare data across time points. Physiological detraining was evidenced by serial reductions in treadmill performance. Two distinct phases of myocardial remodeling and hematological adaptation were observed. After 4 wk of detraining, there were significant reductions in PV (Δ −6.0%, P < 0.01), left ventricular (LV) wall thickness (Δ −8.1%, <0.05), LV mass (Δ −10.3%, P < 0.001), and right atrial area (Δ −8.2%, P < 0.001). After 8 wk of detraining, there was a significant reduction in right ventricle chamber size (end-diastolic area Δ = −8.0%, P < 0.05) without further concomitant reductions in PV or LV wall thickness. Abrupt reductions in exercise training stimulus result in a structure-specific time course of reverse cardiac remodeling that occurs largely independently of PV contraction. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Significant reverse cardiac remodeling, previously documented among competitive athletes, extends to recreational runners and occurs with a distinct time course. Initial reductions in plasma volume and left ventricular (LV) mass, driven by reductions in wall thickness, are followed by contraction of the right ventricle. Consistent with data from competitive athletes, LV chamber volumes appear less responsive to detraining and may be a more permanent adaptation to sport.
Emergence of High-Avidity Melan-A–Specific Clonotypes as a Reflection of Anti–PD-1 Clinical Efficacy
Authors: Simon Sylvain , Vignard Virginie , Varey Emilie , Parrot Tiphaine , Knol Anne-Chantal , Khammari Amir , Gervois Nadine , Lang Francois , Dreno Brigitte , Labarriere Nathalie 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Therapeutic strategies using anti–PD-1–blocking antibodies reported unparalleled effectiveness for melanoma immunotherapy, but deciphering immune responses modulated by anti–PD-1 treatment remains a crucial issue. Here, we analyzed the composition and functions of the large Melan-A–specific T-cell repertoire in the peripheral blood of 9 melanoma patients before and after 2 months of treatment with anti–PD-1. We observed amplification of Melan-A–specific Vß subfamilies undetectable before therapy (thereafter called emerging Vß subfamilies) in responding patients, with a predominant expansion in patients with a complete response. These emerging Vß subfamilies displayed a higher functional avidity for their cognate antigen than Vß subfamilies not amplified upon anti–PD-1 therapy and could be identified by a sustained coexpression of PD-1 and TIGIT receptors. Thus, in addition to the emergence of neoantigen-specific T cells previously documented upon anti–PD-1 therapy, our work describes the emergence of high-avidity Melan-A–specific clonotypes as a surrogate marker of treatment efficacy. Cancer Res; 77(24); 7083–93. ©2017 AACR.
Urinary 8-Hydroxy-2′-Deoxyguanosine as a Myocardial Oxidative Stress Marker Is Associated With Ventricular Tachycardia in Patients With Active Cardiac Sarcoidosis
Authors: Ishiguchi Hironori , Kobayashi Shigeki , Myoren Takeki , Kohno Michiaki , Nanno Takuma , Murakami Wakako , Oda Seiko , Oishi Keiji , Okuda Shinichi , Okada Munemasa , Suga Kazuyoshi , Yano Masafumi 
Published: December 2017

Background—
Recently, we reported that urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (U-8-OHdG), an oxidative stress marker, reflected inflammatory activity in cardiac sarcoidosis (CS). Here, we investigated whether U-8-OHdG levels were associated with ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with CS.

Methods and Results—

This prospective cohort study enrolled 62 consecutive patients with CS, of whom 36 were diagnosed as having active CS based on abnormal
18
F-flurodeoxyglucose accumulation in the heart on positron-emission tomography/computed tomography. The 36 patients with active CS were subdivided as having CS with sustained VT (CS-VT group; n=18) or CS without sustained VT (CS-nVT group; n=18). Twenty-seven patients diagnosed with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy served as heart failure controls. U-8-OHdG, brain natriuretic peptide, cardiac function indices, and immunohistological data from subendomyocardial biopsy samples were compared across groups. Immunohistochemical examination of ventricle biopsy samples revealed that the anti-8-OHdG antibody-positive area of cardiac tissue was significantly greater in CS-VT than in CS-nVT or dilated cardiomyopathy and significantly correlated with U-8-OHdG levels (n=58;
R
=0.61;
P
<0.00001), which were significantly higher in CS-VT than in CS-nVT (24.6±7.1 versus 15.2±3.8 ng/mg·Cr;
P
<0.0001). Other baseline characteristics did not differ between the groups. Multivariate analysis indicated that U-8-OHdG was an independent determinant factor for VT. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to identify patients with VT resulted in a U-8-OHdG cutoff value of 17.5 ng/mg·Cr (sensitivity, 89%; specificity, 83%; area under the curve, 0.90).

Conclusions—

U-8-OHdG levels are associated with VT in patients with active CS diagnosed by
18
F-flurodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography, providing additive and relevant information about the arrhythmia substrate.
Parental Child Abduction and the State: Identity, Diplomacy and the Duty of Care
Authors: Haugevik Kristin 
Published: December 2017

Summary
States alternate between the roles of ‘caretaker’ and ‘rescuer’ when providing care to citizens abroad. This article suggests that they are more likely to assume the ‘rescuer’ role when core values underpinning their self-identity are at stake. This dynamic is explored by examining a case where a Norwegian mother re-abducted her two children from Morocco. In the process, Norway’s foreign minister authorized shielding the children at the Norwegian Embassy in Rabat, citing ‘Norway’s duty to protect two Norwegian minors in fear of their lives’. A diplomatic conflict between Norway and Morocco followed. The Norwegian response must be seen in light of Norway’s self-identity as a frontrunner for children’s rights. Ultimately, helping the children ‘had’ to trump concerns about diplomatic costs. The broader dilemmas that this case exemplifies should be relevant also to other cases where a state’s concern for a child citizen is pitted against its obligation to diplomatic conventions.
Inversion of the ‘Duty of Care’: Diplomacy and the Protection of Citizens Abroad, from Pastoral Care to Neoliberal Governmentality
Authors: Tsinovoi Alexei , Adler-Nissen Rebecca 
Published: December 2017

Summary
The concept of ‘duty of care’ for citizens abroad is grounded in a political rationality where the population is seen as an object for protection by the state. In today’s globalised world, however, this rationality is challenged by increased citizen mobility, budget cuts, new information technologies and the proliferation of new security threats. In recent years the state’s duty of care has received fresh political and scholarly attention, but Diplomatic Studies have so far overlooked how the recent waves of neoliberal reforms have introduced a new political rationality into policy-making circles, where the population is not seen only as an object for protection, but also as a resource for mobilisation. Developing insights from studies of governmentality, this article argues that when this neoliberal political rationality becomes predominant in diplomatic circles, it leads to inversion of the duty of care through new citizen-based practices, steered at a distance by the state.
Revision of the genus Scopelodes Westwood, 1841 (Lepidoptera, Limacodidae) with description of 16 new species
Authors: Solovyev Alexey V. , Giusti Alessandro 
Published: December 2017

The genus Scopelodes Westwood, 1841 distributed from India and Japan to New Guinea is revised. At present it includes a total of 31 species (34 taxa including subspecies), of which 16 are described as new to science: S. witti, S. pichugini, S. palawana, S. busa, S. jakli, S. uljanae, S. nusatenggarica, S. wetara, S. philippina, S. buraena, S. geminus, S. rudloffi, S. tanimbara, S. brechlini, S. lourensi, and S. notata. Lectotypes are designated for 9 taxa: Bethura minax, Scopelodes lutea, S. pallivittata, S. testacea, S. aurogrisea, S. exigua, S. magnifica, S. dinawa, S. sericea. New synonymy is established for the taxa: Scopelodes testacea = Scopelodes exigua niassica, syn. n. The taxa S. aurogrisea Moore and S. bicolor Wu & Fang are regarded as subspecies within S. venosa Walker. A new combination is proposed here: S. brunneipennis, comb. n. (the species is transferred from the genus Comana Walker).
Structural Changes Preceding Rapid Intensification in Tropical Cyclones as Shown in a Large Ensemble of Idealized Simulations
Authors: Miyamoto Yoshiaki , Nolan David S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Structural changes that precede rapid intensification (RI) of tropical cyclones (TCs) are examined in a full-physics model by conducting a large ensemble (270) of idealized TC simulations. The processes leading to RI in a representative case with moderate shear are consistent with previous studies for weakly sheared cases. The most distinct changes are that the vortex tilt and the vortex size begin to decrease more rapidly 6 h before the onset of RI. A vorticity budget analysis for the upper layer around the low-level center reveals that the vertical vorticity is increased by vertical advection, stretching, and tilting terms before RI, whereas the horizontal advection is small. Thus, the upright vortex structure is not achieved through a vortex alignment process but rather is built upward by deep convection.
The ensemble simulations are generated by changing the intensity and size of the initial vortex, the magnitude of vertical wind shear, and the translation speed. The ensemble members that show RI are consistent with the control case and many previous studies: before the onset of RI, the intensity gradually increases, the radius of maximum tangential wind (RMW) decreases, the flow structure becomes more symmetric, the vortex tilt decreases, and the radius of maximum convergence approaches the radius of maximum winds. A dimensionless parameter representing a tendency for the formation of the vertically upright structure is considered. The product of this parameter and the local Rossby number is significantly larger for TCs that exhibit RI in the next 24 h.