bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: A Copper Catalyzed Multicomponent Cascade Redox Reaction for the Synthesis of Quinazolinones.
Authors: Shinde Mahesh H. , Kshirsagar Umesh A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA multicomponent reaction of ortho‐bromobenzamides, benzylic alcohols, and sodium azide affords quinazolinones by azidation of bromobenzamide via an SNAr reaction and oxidation of benzyl alcohol followed by sequential reduction—condensation—oxidation.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Indole‐Annulated Medium‐Sized Rings.
Authors: Huang Lin , Dai Li‐Xin , You Shu‐Li 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAn asymmetric iridium‐catalyzed tandem allylic dearomatization/retro‐Mannich/hydrolysis reaction under mild reaction conditions is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Switchable Mono‐/Diselenylation of Arenes Controlled by Solvent Effects.
Authors: Jin Weiwei , Zheng Poonnapa , Law Ga‐Lai , Wong Wing‐Tak 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe reaction of 2‐arylpyridines with N‐(phenylseleno)phthalimide gives rise to monoselenylation products (III) or diselenylation products (IV) depending on the ratio of DMSO and water in the solvent mixture.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquids in Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Techniques: Toward Additional Improvements in the Separation of Natural Compounds
Authors: Soares Belinda , Passos Helena , Freire Carmen S. R. , Coutinho Joao A. P. , Silvestre Armando J. D. , Freire Mara G. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractReview: 95 refs.
Rückgewinnung von Zinn aus ehemaligen Bergbauhalden
Authors: Pätzold Carsten , Greb Valentin‐Gregor , Bertau Martin 
Published: September 2016

AbstractEhemalige Bergbau‐ und Hüttenhalden sind aufgrund ihres Rohstoffpotenzials ins Blickfeld des Interesses gerückt. Mit modernen, angepassten Verfahren der Pyro‐ und Hydrometallurgie sind heute verbesserte Möglichkeiten der Aufbereitung gegeben, ausgewählte Elemente anzureichern und einer Weiterverarbeitung zuzuführen. Eine hohe Wertschöpfung bietet die Rückgewinnung von Zinn aus Tailingmaterial der früheren Kassiteritaufbereitung. Durch Reduktion des Metalloxids und nachfolgender Abtrennung ist ein vielversprechender Weg gegeben, Zinn aus Rückständen zu gewinnen und dem Rohstoffkreislauf zuzuführen.
Comparison of in Silico, Electrochemical, in Vitro and in Vivo Metabolism of a Homologous Series of (Radio)fluorinated σ1 Receptor Ligands Designed for Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Wiese Christian , Große Maestrup Eva , Galla Fabian , Schepmann Dirk , Hiller Achim , Fischer Steffen , Ludwig Friedrich‐Alexander , Deuther‐Conrad Winnie , Donat Cornelius K. , Brust Peter , Büter Lars , Karst Uwe , Wünsch Bernhard 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe imaging of σ1 receptors in the brain by fluorinated radiotracers will be used for the validation of σ1 receptors as drug targets as well as for differential diagnosis of diseases in the central nervous system. The biotransformation of four homologous fluorinated PET tracers 1′‐benzyl‐3‐(ω‐fluoromethyl to ω‐fluorobutyl)‐3H‐spiro[2]benzofuran‐1,4′‐piperidine] ([18F]1–4) was investigated. In silico studies using fast metabolizer (FAME) software, electrochemical oxidations, in vitro studies with rat liver microsomes, and in vivo metabolism studies after application of the PET tracers [18F]1–4 to mice were performed. Combined liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS) analysis allowed structural identification of non‐radioactive metabolites. Radio‐HPLC and radio‐TLC provided information about the presence of unchanged parent radiotracers and their radiometabolites. Radiometabolites were not found in the brain after application of [18F]2–4, but liver, plasma, and urine samples contained several radiometabolites. Less than 2 % of the injected dose of [18F]4 reached the brain, rendering [18F]4 less appropriate as a PET tracer than [18F]2 and [18F]3. Compounds [18F]2 and [18F]3 possess the most promising properties for imaging of σ1 receptors in the brain. High σ1 affinity (Ki=0.59 nm), low lipophilicity (logD7.4=2.57), high brain penetration (4.6 % of injected dose after 30 min), and the absence of radiometabolites in the brain favor the fluoroethyl derivative [18F]2 slightly over the fluoropropyl derivative [18F]3 for human use.
The association between mammographic calcifications and breast cancer prognostic factors in a population‐based registry cohort
Authors: Nyante Sarah J. , Lee Sheila S. , Benefield Thad S. , Hoots Tiffany N. , Henderson Louise M. 
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUNDMammographic calcifications can be a marker of malignancy, but their association with prognosis is less well established. In the current study, the authors examined the relationship between calcifications and breast cancer prognostic factors in the population‐based Carolina Mammography Registry.METHODSThe current study included 8472 invasive breast cancers diagnosed in the Carolina Mammography Registry between 1996 and 2011 for which information regarding calcifications occurring within 2 years of diagnosis was reported. Calcification‐specific Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI‐RADS) assessments were reported prospectively by a radiologist. Tumor characteristic data were obtained from the North Carolina Central Cancer Registry and/or pathology reports. Multivariable‐adjusted associations between the presence of calcifications in the breast affected by cancer and tumor characteristics were estimated using logistic regression. Statistical tests were 2‐sided.RESULTSThe presence of calcifications was found to be positively associated with tumors that were high grade (vs low grade: odds ratio [OR], 1.43; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.10‐1.88) or had an in situ component (vs without: OR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.81‐2.55). Calcifications were found to be inversely associated with hormone receptor‐negative status (vs positive status: OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.57‐0.93), size >35 mm (vs ≤8 mm: OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.37‐0.61), and lobular tumors (vs ductal: OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.22‐0.69). The association between the presence of calcifications and an in situ component was limited to BI‐RADS category 4 and 5 calcifications and was absent for BI‐RADS category 2 or 3 calcifications (P for heterogeneity <.01). The association with tumor size was found to be strongest for BI‐RADS categories 3 and 4 (P for heterogeneity <.01).CONCLUSIONSCalcifications were found to be associated with both unfavorable (high grade) and favorable (small size, hormone receptor positivity) prognostic factors. Detailed analysis of the biological features of calcifications is necessary to understand the mechanisms driving these associations. Cancer 2017;123:219–227. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Green wave tracking by large herbivores: an experimental approach
Authors: Rivrud Inger Maren , Heurich Marco , Krupczynski Philipp , Müller Jörg , Mysterud Atle 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe forage maturation hypothesis (FMH) states that herbivores should follow the onset of growth in spring to obtain access to forage of higher quality and quantity, the so‐called “green wave surfing.” Several studies have found correlative evidence in support of this by associating animal movement with plant phenology. However, experimental manipulation of vast natural systems determining causes of large herbivore movement is usually beyond reach. The unique management system involving winter enclosures for wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Germany facilitated an opportunity for an experimental approach. We manipulated release dates of red deer into free‐ranging conditions in spring, predicting increased overall access to high quality forage if released early (1 April), and more rapid initial movement speed towards higher elevation if released late (15 May). The latter had lower access to high quality forage than individuals released early, as they missed parts of the green wave. In strong support of the FMH, individuals released late moved at faster initial speed than early released individuals which tracked the green wave more closely, both settling when reaching similar elevations. This shows that red deer were flexible in their movements, and they can adapt to new patterns of phenology by phenotypic plasticity.
The effect of proteolytic activity of starter cultures on technologically important properties of yogurt
Authors: Amani Elahe , Eskandari Mohammad Hadi , Shekarforoush Shahram 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this study, the effects of proteolytic activity of yogurt starter bacteria on physicochemical and technological properties of yogurt were investigated. Moreover, impact of proteolytic activity and production of exopolysaccharide (EPS) on the performance of each strain were screened. In order to compare the textural properties of yogurt samples, four parameters were evaluated: syneresis, water‐holding capacity, cohesiveness, and hardness. Results showed that strains with high proteolytic activity had lower acidifying activity during fermentation and storage. Samples containing EPS‐producing starter cultures had low proteolytic activity except samples K, L, and M. These differences related to nature and characteristics of each strain. Counts of starter cultures in samples produced using strains with high proteolytic activity were higher than other samples. Textural analysis data showed significant differences (p < .05) among strains in the four tested parameters. Strains with high proteolytic activity showed lower texture properties than other samples. Evaluation of sensory characteristics also showed samples prepared using strains with low or medium proteolytic activity and produced with EPS‐producing strains have higher overall acceptability than other samples. Accordingly, microbial, physicochemical, and sensory properties of produced yogurts confirm that proteolytic activity is one of the most effective factors in quality of product and performance of each strain.
Lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of long‐chain cellulose esters using ionic liquid mixtures as reaction media
Authors: Wang Fengli , Zhao Guanglei , Lang Xiongfei , Li Junrong , Li Xiaofeng 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDLong‐chain cellulose esters can be used as packaging materials, film materials, biodegradable plastics and drug delivery agents. Chemical methods are commonly adopted for preparation of these esters using traditional chemical catalysts and organic solvents, which result in environmental and safety problems.RESULTA new enzymatic method was tested for synthesis of long‐chain cellulose esters in mixed ionic liquids. The key reaction conditions, including mass ratio of ionic liquids, acylating agents, lipase/cellulose mass ratio, reaction temperature and substrate molar ratio, showed significant influences on enzymatic acylation. FT‐IR and 1H NMR spectra indicated the successful acylation of hydroxyl groups. SEM and XRD data showed significant changes in morphologies and crystallinity. The thermal properties of products were different from the original due to the disruption effect of ILs and the enzymatic acylation.CONCLUSIONA facile one‐step route is presented for synthesis of long‐chain cellulose esters. The lipase‐catalyzed synthesis is an ecofriendly and green approach for the modification of cellulose by replacing traditional chemical catalysts with enzymes and replacing organic solvents with ionic liquids. This biocatalytic approach may find its applications in preparation of potentially biodegradable materials for food, pharmaceutical and related industries. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of two types of bioreactors for synthesis of bacterial nanocellulose tubes as potential medical prostheses including artificial blood vessels
Authors: Tang Jingyu , Li Xue , Bao Luhan , Chen Lin , Hong Feng F 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDBacterial nanocellulose (BNC) has prospects for use in applications of artificial blood vessels, esophagus and urethra. Several bioreactors have been utilized for synthesis of BNC tubes, however, little is known about differences in biosynthesis processes and tube properties. The current work for the first time compared two types of bioreactors, double‐silicone‐tube (D‐BNC) and single‐silicone‐tube (S‐BNC) bioreactors, to evaluate differences in preparation and properties of BNC tubes using fructose or glucose of 50 g L−1 and 100 g L−1, respectively.RESULTSThe two bioreactors showed different biosynthesis processes of BNC tube production. The D‐BNC bioreactor provided higher yields and better mechanical performance of tubes because of the greater oxygen supply. Higher fructose concentration resulted in increased production of D‐BNC, but sugar types and concentrations had little effect on S‐BNC yields. Fructose granted stronger mechanical properties, but lower water permeability. Both types of tubes prepared with 100 g L−1 fructose were composed of porous nano‐fibrillar networks but showed different cross‐sectional morphologies and fiber distributions.CONCLUSIONThis study revealed the biosynthesis processes of BNC tubes in two bioreactors and their correlation with properties. The results suggest how to regulate BNC tubes with particular structures and properties for biomedical prostheses including artificial blood vessels. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Time‐multiplexed tiled projection system with improved pixel and spatial resolution
Authors: Seifert Hagen , Ranieri Nicola , Smithwick Quinn , Gross Markus 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe propose two methods to increase the pixel and spatial resolution of Digital Micromirror Devices (DMD)‐based projectors by utilizing the large bandwidth provided by their high pattern rates. By varying the intensity of the illumination for each binary pattern displayed on the DMD, the time required to display an 8‐bit grayscale image can be reduced by up to factor 32 compared to using constant illumination and binary pulse‐width modulation (BPWM). The high image rate projection is then spatially separated by either using a galvanometer scanner or sequentially illuminating the DMD from different directions, thus creating multiple independently addressable projections which are then tiled to form a larger, higher resolution image.
Evaluation of Octyltetramethyldisiloxane‐Containing Ethylene Copolymers as Composite Lubricant for High‐Density Polyethylene
Authors: Jin Zhen , Fan Hong , Li Bo‐Geng , Zhu Shiping 
Published: September 2016

A series of octyltetramethyldisiloxane‐containing ethylene copolymers, poly(ethylene‐co‐OO7) (abbreviated as E‐co‐OO7), are prepared from vanadium catalyzed copolymerization of ethylene with 1‐oct(7‐en)yl‐3‐octyl‐1,1,3,3‐tetramethyldisiloxane (or OO7) macromonomer. The copolymers containing different silicone contents are employed as composite lubricants for high‐density polyethylene (HDPE). The influences of the silicone content in the copolymer and that of the added copolymer amount in the blend on the bulk and surface properties of the blends are systematically investigated. The results show that E‐co‐OO7 exhibits superior overall performance in comparison with conventional lubricants silicone masterbatch and polyethylene wax. Compared to HDPE control, 10 wt% E‐co‐OO7 addition increases the melt flow rates by 49%, increases the elongation at break from 740 to 860%, increases the water‐contact angle from 90° up to 108°, lowers the coefficient of friction from 0.072 to 0.049, lowers the specific wear rate from 11 × 10−3 to 5.6 × 10−3 mm3 Nm−1. The impact strength and high temperature thermal stability are also slightly improved. The measured Si/C atomic ratios demonstrate the sufficient silicone enrichment on surface of the blends. E‐co‐OO7 with 23.5 SiOSi per 1000 C gives the best internal lubrication, and E‐co‐OO7 with 29.7 SiOSi per 1000 C gives the best external lubrication.image
Lesion distribution among 281 patients with sporadic neuralgic amyotrophy
Authors: Ferrante Mark A. , Wilbourn Asa J. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe muscles commonly affected by neuralgic amyotrophy (NA) are well known, but the location of the responsible lesions is less clear (plexus versus extraplexus).MethodsWe report the lesion locations in 281 NA patients as determined by extensive electrodiagnostic (EDX) testing.ResultsOur 281 patients had 322 bouts of NA, 57 of which were bilateral, for a total of 379 assessable events. A single nerve was involved in 174 (46%), and 205 (54%) were multifocal. EDX testing identified 703 individual lesions: 699 neuropathies and 4 supraclavicular radiculoplexus lesions.ConclusionsThe frequency of nerve involvement reflects the motor predilection of NA. Involvement of pure motor nerves exceeded that of predominantly motor nerves, both of which far exceeded involvement of more evenly mixed sensorimotor nerves. Cutaneous sensory nerves were least commonly involved. Because of the common C5–C6 innervation, NA often mimics an upper plexus lesion. Extraplexus nerve involvement far exceeded plexus involvement. Distal motor branch involvement explains the severe single‐muscle wasting and weakness often observed. Muscle Nerve 55: 858–861, 2017
Pseudoeigenvector bases and deflated GMRES for highly nonnormal matrices
Authors: Morgan Ronald B. , Yang Zhao , Zhong Baojiang 
Published: September 2016

SummaryPseudoeigenvalues have been extensively studied for highly nonnormal matrices. This paper focuses on the corresponding pseudoeigenvectors. The properties and uses of pseudoeigenvector bases are investigated. It is shown that pseudoeigenvector bases can be much better conditioned than eigenvector bases. We look at the stability and the varying quality of pseudoeigenvector bases. Then applications are considered including the exponential of a matrix. Several aspects of GMRES convergence are looked at, including why using approximate eigenvectors to deflate eigenvalues can be effective even when there is not a basis of eigenvectors.
An a posteriori error estimate for the generalized finite element method for transient heat diffusion problems
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad , Gimperlein Heiko , Mohamed M. Shadi , Laghrouche Omar 
Published: September 2016

SummaryWe propose the study of a posteriori error estimates for time‐dependent generalized finite element simulations of heat transfer problems. A residual estimate is shown to provide reliable and practically useful upper bounds for the numerical errors, independent of the heuristically chosen enrichment functions. Two sets of numerical experiments are presented. First, the error estimate is shown to capture the decrease in the error as the number of enrichment functions is increased or the time discretization refined. Second, the estimate is used to predict the behaviour of the error where no exact solution is available. It also reflects the errors incurred in the poorly conditioned systems typically encountered in generalized finite element methods. Finally, we study local error indicators in individual time steps and elements of the mesh. This creates a basis towards the adaptive selection and refinement of the enrichment functions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can Nursing Units With High Fall Rates Be Identified Using One Year of Data? Reliability of Fall Rates As a Function of the Number of Quarters on Which They Are Based
Authors: Staggs Vincent S. , Cramer Emily 
Published: September 2016

AbstractReliability—the extent to which multiple measurements of a target yield similar results—is critical in comparing healthcare provider quality. Hospital unit fall rates are widely tracked and used for benchmarking, but their reliability is not well‐studied. Our twofold purpose was to estimate fall rate reliability, both in terms of signal (between‐unit variability) relative to noise (within‐unit variability) and in terms of the accuracy with which units can be classified as high‐fall units; and to assess reliability as a function of the number of quarters of data used to compute fall rates. Using year 2013 data from 11,765 critical care, step‐down, medical, surgical, medical‐surgical, and rehabilitation units in 1,552 US hospitals, we identified high‐fall‐rate units, computed units’ signal‐noise reliability, and simulated data to assess accuracy of high‐fall‐rate unit classification as a function of quarters of data. When critical care units were excluded, median unit type signal‐noise reliabilities for annual total and injurious fall rates, respectively, ranged from .74 to .82 and from .53 to .68. In simulation, seven quarters of data were sufficient to achieve top‐decile misclassification rates at or below 10% for all unit types except critical care. Top‐quartile misclassification rates were higher; even 12 quarters of data did not consistently yield top‐quartile misclassification rates below 10%. In the absence of long‐term data, and for units with low patient volume and unit types with very low fall rates, comparison with a unit's own historical data may be more helpful for quality monitoring than attempting to rank it among its peers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High Triterpenic Acids Production in Callus Cultures from Fruit Pulp of Two Apple Varieties
Authors: Verardo Giancarlo , Gorassini Andrea , Ricci Donata , Fraternale Daniele 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIntroductionVery rarely fruit pulp has been used in in vitro culture to produce secondary metabolites useful in promoting health.ObjectivesThe aims of this work were the study of the best conditions to obtain the callus cultures from the pulp of two varieties of apples, Golden Delicious (GD) and “Mela Rosa Marchigiana” (MRM), and the quali‐quantitative analysis of secondary metabolites produced by the two in vitro callus cultures.MethodologyCallus was induced on both Murashige and Skoog and Gamborg B5 media containing various combinations of supplements. To achieve the maximum recovery of secondary metabolites produced, preliminary extraction tests were carried out on GD apple culture using two different organic solvents (MeOH and EtOAc). The quali‐quantitative analysis of the methanolic extract of both cultures was carried out by ESI‐MSn and GC–MS techniques.ResultsThe GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of triterpenic acids, in particular, oleanolic, ursolic, maslinic, pomolic, tormentic, corosolic and annurcoic acid along with a phytosterol, β‐sitosterol. In addition, GD callus culture produced phloridzin, absent in the MRM culture. In this last culture, however, the total amount of secondary metabolites was markedly higher. The in vivo production of these bioactive compounds were also quantified in the GD and MRM apple pulps.ConclusionApple pulps produced higher amounts of triterpenic acids in vitro than in vivo. The present work can be considered a method to amplify the production of important secondary metabolites which exert beneficial effects on human health. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.