bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innovations in Practice: The relationship between sleep disturbances, depression, and interpersonal functioning in treatment for adolescent depression
Authors: McGlinchey Eleanor L. , Reyes‐Portillo Jazmin A. , Turner J. Blake , Mufson Laura 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundSleep disturbance is frequently comorbid with depression and sleep complaints are the most common residual symptoms after treatment among adolescents with depression. The present analyses investigated the effect of sleep disturbance in depressed adolescents treated with interpersonal psychotherapy for adolescents (IPT‐A) versus treatment as usual (TAU) in school‐based mental health clinics.MethodSixty‐three adolescents participated in a randomized clinical trial of IPT‐A versus TAU for adolescent depression. Participants were diagnosed with a DSM‐IV depressive disorder and assessed for symptoms of depression, interpersonal functioning, and sleep disturbance. Measures were assessed at baseline, session 4 and 8 of treatment, and session 12 for postacute treatment follow‐up. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to model change in depression, interpersonal functioning, and sleep disturbance.ResultsOngoing sleep disturbance was significantly associated with worse depression scores as rated by clinician (γ = 1.04, SE = .22, p < .001) and self‐report (γ = 1.63, SE = .29, p < .001), as well as worse interpersonal functioning across the course of treatment (γ = 0.09, SE = .02, p < .001). Treatment condition did not predict change in sleep disturbance (γ = −0.13, SE = .14, p = ns).ConclusionsFor all patients in the study, sleep disturbance was a predictor of depression and interpersonal functioning for depressed adolescents. Sleep disturbance predicted more depression and interpersonal stress across treatments and led to a slower improvement in depression and interpersonal functioning. These data suggest that sleep disturbance should be a target for future treatment development research among depressed adolescents.
The awareness of primary caregivers in South Africa of the human rights of their children with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Huus K. , Dada S. , Bornman J. , Lygnegård F. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundBesides the right to freedom, human rights can be seen as a basic requirement also for the maintenance of human dignity and the opportunity to thrive – particularly in the case of children with disabilities. It is imperative to explore primary caregivers' awareness of the human rights of their children with intellectual disabilities in view of the role they may play in either facilitating or restricting these rights. This paper explores the awareness of 219 primary caregivers of the human rights of their children with intellectual disabilities.MethodA descriptive survey design was used with a custom‐designed questionnaire that employed a deductive content analysis based on the articles of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of a Child. Comparisons were drawn between the awareness of primary caregivers from urban and those from rural areas.ResultsThe majority (85.5%) of participants agreed that their child with intellectual disability had rights. Three broad kinds of right were mentioned (in descending order): provision rights, protection rights and participation rights. Participants from both urban and rural areas mentioned education (a provision right) most frequently. However, participants from urban areas were more aware of the different rights that existed than were their counterparts from rural areas.ConclusionPrimary caregivers in both rural and urban areas are aware of the rights of their children with disabilities, although there are significant differences between them.
Validation of a rapid neurodevelopmental assessment tool for 10‐ to 16‐year‐old young adolescents in Bangladesh
Authors: Muslima H. , Khan N. Z. , Shilpi A. B. , Begum D. , Parveen M. , McConachie H. , Darmstadt G. L. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo validate a Rapid Neurodevelopmental Assessment (RNDA) tool for use by child health professionals to determine neurodevelopmental impairments (NDIs) in young adolescents aged 10–16 years in Bangladesh.Study designIn a convenience sample of community children (n = 47), inter‐rater reliability was determined between four testers, and concurrent validity was determined by simultaneous administration of an intelligence quotient (IQ) test (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Revised) by a child psychologist.ResultsInter‐rater reliability was excellent between the testers on the 47 children administered the RNDA (kappa = 1.00). Significantly lower IQ scores were obtained in those identified with ‘any (>1) NDI’ (n = 34) compared with those with no NDI (n = 13) on Verbal IQ (P‐value < 0.0001), Performance IQ (P‐value < 0.0001) and Full‐scale IQ (P‐value < 0.0001) scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Revised.ConclusionThe RNDA shows promise as a tool for use by child health professionals for identifying NDIs in young adolescents aged 10–16 years. A larger study sample is needed to determine its usefulness for identification of some impairments not found in the study population, i.e. gross motor, fine motor, hearing and seizures.
Sequence conservation predicts T cell reactivity against ragweed allergens
Authors: Pham J. , Oseroff C. , Hinz D. , Sidney J. , Paul S. , Greenbaum J. , Vita R. , Phillips E. , Mallal S. , Peters B. , Sette A. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryBackgroundRagweed is a major cause of seasonal allergy, affecting millions of people worldwide. Several allergens have been defined based on IgE reactivity, but their relative immunogenicity in terms of T cell responses has not been studied.ObjectiveWe comprehensively characterized T cell responses from atopic, ragweed‐allergic subjects to Amb a 1, Amb a 3, Amb a 4, Amb a 5, Amb a 6, Amb a 8, Amb a 9, Amb a 10, Amb a 11, and Amb p 5 and examined their correlation with serological reactivity and sequence conservation in other allergens.MethodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from donors positive for IgE towards ragweed extracts after in vitro expansion for secretion of IL‐5 (a representative Th2 cytokine) and IFN‐γ (Th1) in response to a panel of overlapping peptides spanning the above‐listed allergens were assessed.ResultsThree previously identified dominant T cell epitopes (Amb a 1 176–191, 200–215, and 344–359) were confirmed, and three novel dominant epitopes (Amb a 1 280–295, 304–319, and 320–335) were identified. Amb a 1, the dominant IgE allergen, was also the dominant T cell allergen, but dominance patterns for T cell and IgE responses for the other ragweed allergens did not correlate. Dominance for T cell responses correlated with conservation of ragweed epitopes with sequences of other well‐known allergens.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceThese results provide the first assessment of the hierarchy of T cell reactivity in ragweed allergens, which is distinct from that observed for IgE reactivity and influenced by T cell epitope sequence conservation. The results suggest that ragweed allergens associated with lesser IgE reactivity and significant T cell reactivity may be targeted for T cell immunotherapy, and further support the development of immunotherapies against epitopes conserved across species to generate broad reactivity against many common allergens.
Investigation of JAKs/STAT-3 in lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Fu L , Wei L-W , Zhao M-D , Zhu J-L , Chen S-Y , Jia X-B , Lai S-J 
Published: June 2016

Summary
Janus-activated kinase (JAKs)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT-3) signalling play critical roles in immunoregulation and immunopathology, which involve inflammatory responses and enteritis. JAK phosphorylates STAT-3 in response to stimulation by cytokines or growth factors, and then activates or represses the gene expression. STAT-3 is activated persistently in cancer cells and contributes to the malignant progression of various types of cancer and inflammation. To elucidate the different roles of JAKs in the activation of STAT-3, the lipopolysaccharide-induced primary intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) acute inflammatory model was established. Small interference RNAs (siRNAs) were then employed to attenuate the expression levels of JAKs. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (qRT–PCR) revealed that JAK mRNA levels were reduced efficiently by JAK-specific siRNAs. Under the IEC inflammatory model transfected with si-JAK, which equates to effective silencing, qRT–PCR and Western blot assays, suggested that knockdowns of JAK attenuated the JAK-induced down-regulation of STAT-3 at the mRNA or protein levels. In particular, JAK1 played a key role, which was consistent with the RNA-Seq results. Subsequently, the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were down-regulated in the IEC inflammatory model transfected with si-JAK1. JAK1 appears as a direct activator for STAT-3, whereas treatments targeting JAK1 repressed STAT-3 sufficiently pathways in the IEC inflammatory model. Therefore, the control of JAK1 using siRNAs has the potential to be an effective strategy against enteritis.
Sinus Floor Cortication: Classification and Prevalence
Authors: Choucroun Guillaume , Mourlaas Julien , Kamar Affendi Nur Hafizah , Froum Stuart J , Cho Sang‐Choon 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPurposeTo present a classification and assess the presence and degree of cortication of the sinus floor utilizing Computerized Tomography (CT) scan images.Materials and MethodsOne hundred CT scans, of patient who required a sinus augmentation procedure (SAP), were evaluated and classified according to the Type of sinus floor cortication (SFC). Type 1: sinus floor showing similar or higher density than the surrounding cortical areas. Type 2: sinus floor showing less density than the surrounding cortical areas. Type 3: sinus floor showing no cortical bone. Type 4: sinus floor showing the fusion of sinus floor bone and native crestal bone.ResultsThe SFC were present in 31, 41, 18, and 10 cases in Type 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively.ConclusionsThis classification based on the level of cortication of the sinus floor is clinically useful as a method of determining if the dental implant can be placed simultaneously or not with the SAP, or can be placed even without a SAP.
Benchmark Schedules for Subcontracted Operations: Decentralization Inefficiencies that Arise from Competition and First‐Come‐First‐Served Processing*
Authors: Vairaktarakis George L. , Aydinliyim Tolga 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTSubcontracting has become a prominent business practice across many industries. Subcontracting of industrial production is generally based on short‐term need for additional processing capacity, and is frequently employed by manufacturers to process customer orders more quickly than using only in‐house production. In this article, we study a popular business model where multiple manufacturers, each capable of processing his entire workload in‐house, have the option to subcontract some of their operations to a single third party with a flexible resource. Each manufacturer can deliver customer orders only after his entire batch of jobs, processed in‐house and at the third party, is completed. The third party facility is available to several manufacturers who compete for its use. Current business practice of First‐Come‐First‐Served (FCFS) processing of the subcontracted workloads as well as the competitive Nash equilibrium schedules developed in earlier studies result in two types of inefficiencies; the third party capacity is not maximally utilized, and the manufacturers incur decentralization cost. In this article, we develop models to assess the value created by coordinating the manufacturers' subcontracting decisions by comparing two types of centralized control against FCFS and Nash equilibrium schedules. We present optimal and/or approximate algorithms to quantify the third party underutilization and the manufacturers' decentralization cost. We find that both inefficiencies are more severe with competition than they are when the third party allocates capacity in an FCFS manner. However, in a decentralized setting, a larger percentage of the players prefer Nash equilibrium schedules to FCFS schedules. We extend our analysis to incomplete information scenarios where manufacturers reveal limited demand information, and find that more information dramatically benefits the third party and the manufacturers, however, the marginal benefit of additional information is decreasing. Finally, we discuss an extension wherein each manufacturer's objective takes into account asymmetries in subcontracting, in‐house processing, and delay costs.
The Impact of the Potential Entry of Copycats: Entry Conditions, Consumer Welfare, and Social Welfare
Authors: Gao Sarah Y. , Lim Wei Shi , Tang Christopher 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThis article examines the implications of the potential entry of a copycat who produces and sells a copycat (i.e., imitation) product that competes with the incumbent product. By analyzing a two‐period dynamic noncooperative game between these two firms, we identify conditions under which the copycat can gain successful market entry. More importantly, we find that the potential entry of a copycat creates (implicit) pressure for the incumbent to lower its selling price; hence, it improves consumer welfare. Finally, we identify conditions under which the potential entry of a copycat can increase social welfare (i.e., consumer welfare and the profit of both firms).
Ventriculomegaly in very‐low‐birthweight infants with Down syndrome
Authors: Movsas Tammy Z , Spitzer Alan R , Gewolb Ira H 
Published: June 2016

AimThe prevalence of Down syndrome in infants with fetal ventriculomegaly is 5% to 10%; however, the converse, the prevalence of cerebral ventriculomegaly in live‐born infants with Down syndrome, is not well established. Because cranial ultrasounds are performed on most very‐low‐birthweight (VLBW) infants (birthweight <1500g), our aim was to examine ultrasound abnormalities of VLBW infants to determine prevalence of ventriculomegaly and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in VLBW infants with Down syndrome, and whether VLBW infants with Down syndrome are at higher risk for cranial ultrasound abnormalities, compared with the already elevated risk in other VLBW infants.MethodThis study comprised retrospective analysis of data from Pediatrix BabySteps Clinical Data Warehouse. The study population consisted of 121 736 VLBW infants (61 869 males, 59 867 females), born between 1996 and 2013, of whom 441 had Down syndrome (233 males, 208 females; mean gestational age 30wks, standard deviation [SD] 2.8wks). Logistic regression was used to calculate odds of ventriculomegaly and IVH for Down syndrome.ResultsPrevalence of ventriculomegaly in Down syndrome was 5.2% compared with 0.8% in other VLBW infants. Multivariate analysis indicated 5.8× odds (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.4–9.7) of ventriculomegaly in Down syndrome and 0.9× odds (95% CI 0.7–1.1) of IVH for Down syndrome.InterpretationVery preterm infants with Down syndrome are at increased risk for ventriculomegaly (but not for IVH) compared with other infants born very preterm.
Dogfish glucagon analogues counter hyperglycaemia and enhance both insulin secretion and action in diet‐induced obese diabetic mice
Authors: O'Harte F. P. M. , Ng M. T. , Lynch A. M. , Conlon J. M. , Flatt P. R. 
Published: June 2016

AimsTo investigate the antidiabetic actions of three dogfish glucagon peptide analogues [known glucagon‐like peptide‐1 and glucagon receptor co‐agonists] after chronic administration in diet‐induced high‐fat‐diet‐fed diabetic mice.Materials and methodsNational Institutes of Health Swiss mice were pre‐conditioned to a high‐fat diet (45% fat) for 100 days, and control mice were fed a normal diet (10% fat). Normal diet control and high‐fat‐fed control mice received twice‐daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) saline injections, while the high‐fat‐fed treatment groups (n = 8) received twice‐daily injections of exendin‐4(1‐39), [S2a]dogfish glucagon, [S2a]dogfish glucagon exendin‐4(31‐39) or [S2a]dogfish glucagon‐Lys30‐γ‐glutamyl‐PAL (25 nmol/kg body weight) for 51 days.ResultsAfter dogfish glucagon analogue treatment, there was a rapid and sustained decrease in non‐fasting blood glucose and an associated insulinotropic effect (analysis of variance, p < .05 to <.001) compared with saline‐treated high‐fat‐fed controls. All peptide treatments significantly improved i.p. and oral glucose tolerance with concomitant increased insulin secretion compared with saline‐treated high‐fat‐fed controls (p <.05 to <.001). After chronic treatment, no receptor desensitization was observed but insulin sensitivity was enhanced for all peptide‐treated groups (p < .01 to <.001) except [S2a]dogfish glucagon. Both exendin‐4 and [S2a]dogfish glucagon exendin‐4(31‐39) significantly reduced plasma triglyceride concentrations compared with those found in lean controls (p = .0105 and p = .0048, respectively). Pancreatic insulin content was not affected by peptide treatments but [S2a]dogfish glucagon and [S2a]dogfish glucagon exendin‐4(31‐39) decreased pancreatic glucagon by 28%‐34% (p = .0221 and p = .0075, respectively). The percentage of β‐cell area within islets was increased by exendin‐4 and peptide analogue treatment groups compared with high‐fat‐fed controls and the β‐cell area decreased (p < .05 to <.01).ConclusionsOverall, dogfish glucagon co‐agonist analogues had several beneficial metabolic effects, showing therapeutic potential for type 2 diabetes.
Predictions of establishment risk highlight biosurveillance priorities for invasive fish in New Zealand lakes
Authors: Leathwick John R. , Collier Kevin J. , Hicks Brendan J. , Ling Nicholas , Stichbury Glen , de Winton Mary 
Published: June 2016

Summary

The ability to predict invasive species spread is essential for effective biosecurity management and the allocation of scarce monitoring resources. Prevention of invasive fish incursions poses a significant challenge because of the wide physiological tolerances of many species, their mobility and the role that human vectors play in their spread. In New Zealand, seven introduced fish species are distributed to varying extents in lakes across the two main islands. We used field survey data from 470 New Zealand lakes to fit statistical models of the current geographic distributions of seven introduced species; the resulting models were then used to predict risks of future establishment of each species in 3595 New Zealand lakes >1 ha.

Initial models fitted using lake‐ and catchment‐scale environmental predictors identified summer temperature among the top two most influential variables, with lake density and size also important for some species. Distribution models for Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis), rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) and tench (Tinca tinca) were substantially improved by the addition of variables describing human population densities and lake accessibility. All seven species occurred most frequently in lakes close to human population centres suggesting that human‐mediated dispersal has played at least some role in determining current distributions.

Addition of a spatial variable, representing the presence or absence of the modelled species within the broader catchment within which each lake is located, improved the predictive performance of models for the brown bullhead catfish (Ameiurus nebulosus), perch and rudd. This finding indicates that the current distributions of these species include clusters of lakes within ‘occupied’ catchments, resulting in geographic patchiness that is independent of the available environmental and human population predictors. This distribution has most likely resulted from spread into accessible and suitable lakes from one or more initial liberation points, either by natural dispersal along waterways or through human‐assisted movement.

Predictions to all mapped lakes throughout New Zealand indicate (i) that the potential for future spread is greatest for catfish, perch and rudd and (ii) the high vulnerability to invasion for lakes along the east coast of both islands and in inland montane regions of the South Island. Our results allow for improved identification of lakes likely to be suitable for invasive fish species and which should therefore be accorded priority for surveillance; they highlight in particular the potential for perch and catfish to establish in higher‐elevation lakes distant from human population centres.
Costimulation of soil glycosidase activity and soil respiration by nitrogen addition
Authors: Chen Ji , Luo Yiqi , Li Jianwei , Zhou Xuhui , Cao Junji , Wang Rui‐Wu , Wang Yunqiang , Shelton Shelby , Jin Zhao , Walker Laura M. , Feng Zhaozhong , Niu Shuli , Feng Wenting , Jian Siyang , Zhou Lingyan 
Published: June 2016

AbstractUnprecedented levels of nitrogen (N) have been deposited in ecosystems over the past century, which is expected to have cascading effects on microbially mediated soil respiration (SR). Extracellular enzymes play critical roles on the degradation of soil organic matter, and measurements of their activities are potentially useful indicators of SR. The links between soil extracellular enzymatic activities (EEAs) and SR under N addition, however, have not been established. We therefore conducted a meta‐analysis from 62 publications to synthesize the responses of soil EEAs and SR to elevated N. Nitrogen addition significantly increased glycosidase activity (GA) by 13.0%, α‐1,4‐glucosidase (AG) by 19.6%, β‐1,4‐glucosidase (BG) by 11.1%, β‐1,4‐xylosidase (BX) by 21.9% and β‐D‐cellobiosidase (CBH) by 12.6%. Increases in GA were more evident for long duration, high rate, organic and mixed N addition (combination of organic and inorganic N addition), as well as for studies from farmland. The response ratios (RRs) of GA were positively correlated with the SR‐RRs, even when evaluated individually for AG, BG, BX and CBH. This positive correlation between GA‐RR and SR‐RR was maintained for most types of vegetation and soil as well as for different methods of N addition. Our results provide the first evidence that GA is linked to SR under N addition over a range of ecosystems and highlight the need for further studies on the response of other soil EEAs to various global change factors and their implications for ecosystem functions.
Rapid carbon loss and slow recovery following permafrost thaw in boreal peatlands
Authors: Jones Miriam C. , Harden Jennifer , O'Donnell Jonathan , Manies Kristen , Jorgenson Torre , Treat Claire , Ewing Stephanie 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPermafrost peatlands store one‐third of the total carbon (C) in the atmosphere and are increasingly vulnerable to thaw as high‐latitude temperatures warm. Large uncertainties remain about C dynamics following permafrost thaw in boreal peatlands. We used a chronosequence approach to measure C stocks in forested permafrost plateaus (forest) and thawed permafrost bogs, ranging in thaw age from young (<10 years) to old (>100 years) from two interior Alaska chronosequences. Permafrost originally aggraded simultaneously with peat accumulation (syngenetic permafrost) at both sites. We found that upon thaw, C loss of the forest peat C is equivalent to ~30% of the initial forest C stock and is directly proportional to the prethaw C stocks. Our model results indicate that permafrost thaw turned these peatlands into net C sources to the atmosphere for a decade following thaw, after which post‐thaw bog peat accumulation returned sites to net C sinks. It can take multiple centuries to millennia for a site to recover its prethaw C stocks; the amount of time needed for them to regain their prethaw C stocks is governed by the amount of C that accumulated prior to thaw. Consequently, these findings show that older peatlands will take longer to recover prethaw C stocks, whereas younger peatlands will exceed prethaw stocks in a matter of centuries. We conclude that the loss of sporadic and discontinuous permafrost by 2100 could result in a loss of up to 24 Pg of deep C from permafrost peatlands.