bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pre-sacral (retrorectal) abnormal tissue and tumours may be described by a new classification – A review article
Authors: Alharbi Mohammad Bukhetan 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT

Background:
Many classifications have been proposed to improve our understanding and management approaches. However, the available classifications cannot explain newly discovered cells and tissues.

Methods:
There will be an online search through PubMed, Google Scholar and the Saudi digital library to assess the different classifications available and their competence for current management trends.

Results:
Many cell and tissue types have been described in the retrorectal (pre-sacral) space which cannot be covered by the current available classifications.

Conclusion:
Different tissues discovered in the retrorectal space, especially non-tumour tissues and rare cells originating from the endoderm, can fit into the new proposed classification, which is based on germ layer cells (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm).

Highlights:
A unique case of accessory/double nail of middle finger
Authors: Randhawa Muhammad Afzal , Shabbir Naila , Bilal Maliha , Hussain Shahid , Qadir Adnan , Ali Nawab 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
A rudimentary accessory or double nail of the middle finger of hand is extremely rare, although rudimentary accessory or double nail of the toes only described four times before in literature. Most cases are incidentally detected and only few patients seek help because they have discomfort and pain or cosmetic reasons. Some have a positive family history, but most patients cannot give any information concerning heredity or any previous trauma.

Presentation:
28 years male presented with abnormal growth of the nail of middle finger of left hand which was hard. It was causing pain and discomfort to patient when touched. This growth was made of keratinized material and inseparable from nail bed which showed a longitudinal depression corresponding to a slight protuberance of the cuticle of primary nail.

Discussion:
being an extremely rare entity, this situation can lead to difficulty in diagnosis, so its symptoms and pattern of occurrence should be thoroughly noted. surgical excision is the only treatment of choice for patient's symptoms relief and cosmetic concern. Nail unit resection procedure can easily be performed under local anesthesia.

Conclusion:
Accessory nail of finger should be removed surgically due to pain and discomfort or cosmetic reasons and histopathology should be done afterwards.

Highlights:
Performance characteristics of multiparametric-MRI at a non-academic hospital using transperineal template mapping biopsy as a reference standard
Authors: Chau Edwin Michael , Arya Manit , Petrides Neophytos , Aldin Zaid , McKenzie Jolanta , Emberton Mark , Virdi Jaspal , Ahmed Hashim Uddin , Kasivisvanathan Veeru 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT

Objectives:
To evaluate diagnostic accuracy of mpMRI in a non-academic hospital using transperineal template prostate mapping (TPM) biopsy as a reference standard. Secondary objectives included evaluating why mpMRI missed significant cancer.

Materials and methods:
101 men received pre-biopsy mpMRI and TPM-biopsy over 16 months. Disease status was assigned at hemigland level. Primary histological definition of clinical significance was Gleason grade >/ = 4 + 3 or maximum cancer core length (MCCL) >/ = 6 mm. Positive mpMRI was defined as Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) score >/ = 3.

Results:
Median age 69 (IQR 62–76). Median PSA 7 ng/ml (IQR 4.6–9.8). mpMRI had sensitivity 76.9%, specificity 60.7%, PPV 40.4% and NPV 88.3% at primary definitions. For detecting any Gleason >/ = 7 mpMRI had sensitivity 73.2%, specificity 60.3%, PPV 41.4% and NPV 85.4%. Mean MCCL was lower where significant cancer was missed compared to those correctly identified (5.8 mm versus 7.7 mm respectively, p = 0.035).

Conclusion:
mpMRI performance characteristics were very encouraging when compared to contemporary clinical trials. In a non-academic hospital setting, negative mpMRI was just as good at ruling-out significant disease, though the ability of positive mpMRI to accurately detect significant disease was lower. An mpMRI-guided diagnostic pathway should be accompanied by appropriate mpMRI protocol optimisation, training, and quality control.

Highlights:
Transitions across cognitive states and death among older adults in relation to education: A multistate survival model using data from six longitudinal studies
Authors: Robitaille Annie , van den Hout Ardo , Machado Robson J.M. , Bennett David A. , Čukić Iva , Deary Ian J. , Hofer Scott M. , Hoogendijk Emiel O. , Huisman Martijn , Johansson Boo , Koval Andriy V. , van der Noordt Maaike , Piccinin Andrea M. , Rijnhart Judith J.M. , Singh‐Manoux Archana , Skoog Johan , Skoog Ingmar , Starr John , Vermunt Lisa , Clouston Sean , Muniz Terrera Graciela 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIntroductionThis study examines the role of educational attainment, an indicator of cognitive reserve, on transitions in later life between cognitive states (normal Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), mild MMSE impairment, and severe MMSE impairment) and death.MethodsAnalysis of six international longitudinal studies was performed using a coordinated approach. Multistate survival models were used to estimate the transition patterns via different cognitive states. Life expectancies were estimated.ResultsAcross most studies, a higher level of education was associated with a lower risk of transitioning from normal MMSE to mild MMSE impairment but was not associated with other transitions. Those with higher levels of education and socioeconomic status had longer nonimpaired life expectancies.DiscussionThis study highlights the importance of education in later life and that early life experiences can delay later compromised cognitive health. This study also demonstrates the feasibility and benefit in conducting coordinated analysis across multiple studies to validate findings.
Association of serum nesfatin‐1 concentrations with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Duan Xing‐Liang , Li Lei , Li Ya‐Ni 
Published: February 2018

AbstractNesfatin‐1, a newly discovered adipokine, inhibits inflammatory response. Inflammation is involved in the mechanism of atrial fibrillation (AF). We aim to determine the association between serum nesfatin‐1 concentrations and AF. A population of 200 patients with AF and 108 patients without AF were enrolled in this study. These patients were divided into three subgroups of paroxysmal AF, persistent AF, and permanent AF. Serum nesfatin‐1 concentrations were lower in AF patients than in controls. Logistic regression analysis showed that serum nesfatin‐1 concentrations were inversely associated with AF. Serum nesfatin‐1 concentrations in permanent AF patients decreased compared with those in persistent and paroxysmal AF groups. In addition, persistent AF patients showed reduced serum nesfatin‐1 concentrations compared with paroxysmal AF subjects. Serum nesfatin‐1 concentrations were negatively correlated with left atrial diameter. In conclusion, serum nesfatin‐1 concentrations were inversely correlated with AF development.
A case of central odontogenic fibroma of the mandible in a nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome patient
Authors: Shimada Yasuyuki , Kawasaki Yohei , Tayama Michita , Kindaichi Junko , Maruoka Yutaka 
Published: February 2018

AbstractNevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by tumorigenesis and physical deformities. Although more than 50 clinical manifestations have been described, only two major criteria or one major and two minor criteria are necessary for diagnosis. The most frequently observed manifestation in the oral and the maxillofacial region is an odontogenic keratocyst. In this study, we describe a 14‐year‐old boy with a diagnosis of NBCCS who presented with a central odontogenic fibroma (COF) in the mandible. This report highlights the importance of precise diagnosis and the choice of surgical method for COF.
How Community and Public Health Partnerships Contribute to Disaster Recovery and Resilience
Authors: Acosta Joie D. , Burgette Lane , Chandra Anita , Eisenman David P. , Gonzalez Ingrid , Varda Danielle , Xenakis Lea 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo summarize ways that networks of community-based organizations (CBO), in partnership with public health departments, contribute to community recovery from disaster.MethodsThe study was conducted using an online survey administered one and 2 years after Hurricane Sandy to the partnership networks of 369 CBO and the New York Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. The survey assessed the structure and durability of networks, how they were influenced by storm damage, and whether more connected networks were associated with better recovery outcomes.ResultsDuring response and recovery, CBOs provide an array of critical public health services often outside their usual scope. New CBO partnerships were formed to support recovery, particularly in severely impacted areas. CBOs that were more connected to other CBOs and were part of a long-term recovery committee reported greater impacts on the community; however, a partnership with the local health department was not associated with recovery impacts.ConclusionCBO partners are flexible in their scope of services, and CBO partnerships often emerge in areas with the greatest storm damage, and subsequently the greatest community needs. National policies will advance if they account for the dynamic and emergent nature of these partnerships and their contributions, and clarify the role of government partners. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:635–643)
Helminth community from Azara's grass mouse (Akodon azarae) in three habitats with different land use in farming systems of Argentina
Authors: Miño M.H. , Rojas Herrera E.J. , Notarnicola J. , Hodara K. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn the Pampa region of Argentina, farming activities have been performed since the beginning of the 20th century, but in the 1990s, land-use patterns rapidly changed towards intensive agriculture and poultry breeding. This study compares the helminth community ofAkodon azarae(Rodentia) among three habitats with different land use in pampean agroecosystems: poultry farms, mono-cultivated fields and abandoned fields (not used for 35 years), under the prediction that there will be greater helminth richness and diversity in mice from abandoned fields compared to those from the other habitats. Nevertheless, the highest abundance ofA. azaraeoccurred on poultry farms, the habitat most disturbed by human activity, while cultivated fields showed the lowest. Helminth richness and diversity were significantly higher on poultry farms than in the other habitats, due to the presence ofTrichuris laevitestis,Protospirura numidica criceticolaand cysts ofTaenia taeniaeformis. We suggest that the helminth fauna ofA. azaraecan survive on poultry farms despite disturbance from farming activities, because rodents can move and get shelter within farm perimeter fences, where dense and high vegetation grows. This farm area could offer good conditions for geohelminth development, while chicken sheds could attract insects that are intermediate hosts of helminths with indirect life cycles. On the contrary, agrochemicals applied in cultivated fields would negatively influence helminth diversity and composition, by decreasing host populations (arthropods and rodents) and affecting free larval stages of geohelminths.
Molecular data confirm the taxonomic position of Hymenolepis erinacei (Cyclophyllidea: Hymenolepididae) and host switching, with notes on cestodes of Palaearctic hedgehogs (Erinaceidae)
Authors: Binkienė R. , Miliūtė A. , Stunžėnas V. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe cestode Hymenolepis erinacei is regarded as a widely distributed parasite in European hedgehogs of the genus Erinaceus, although the taxonomic position of this hymenolepidid has been debated for a considerable period of time. We present the first molecular data for this cestode, including partial DNA sequences of mitochondrial 16S and nuclear 28S ribosomal genes. Molecular phylogenetic analysis clusters H. erinacei in one clade together with representatives of the genus Hymenolepis from rodents. Characteristic morphological features, including the oval embryophore without filaments and shape of the embryonic hooks of H. erinacei are described. Features of these cestode eggs are proposed as a basis for non-invasive detection of parasitic infections in small mammal populations. The present study explores phylogenetic relationships within the genus Hymenolepis and the host switching related to H. erinacei. Cases of host switching in other genera of the family Hymenolepididae are reviewed. A short critical review of cestodes parasitizing hedgehogs in the Palaearctic is presented.
Outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease associated with cooling towers at a California state prison, 2015
Authors: Lucas K. D. , Wheeler C. , McLendon P. , Leistikow B. N. , Mohle-Boetani J. C. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA large outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease occurred at a California state prison in August 2015. We conducted environmental and epidemiological investigations to identify the most likely source of exposure and characterise morbidity. Sixty-four inmates had probable Legionnaires’ disease; 14 had laboratory-confirmed legionellosis. Thirteen (17%) inmates were hospitalised; there were no deaths. Ill inmates were more likely to be ⩾65 years old (P < 0.01), have the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P < 0.01), diabetes mellitus (P = 0.02), hepatitis C infection (P < 0.01), or end-stage liver disease (P < 0.01). The case-patients were in ten housing units throughout the prison grounds. All either resided in or were near the central clinical building (for appointments or yard time) during their incubation periods. Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was cultured from three cooling towers on top of the central medical clinic (range, 880–1200 cfu/ml). An inadequate water management program, dense biofilm within the cooling towers, and high ambient temperatures preceding the outbreak created an ideal environment for Legionella sp. proliferation. All state prisons were directed to develop local operating procedures for maintaining their cooling towers and the state health department added a review of the maintenance plans to their environmental inspection protocol.
Chinese women’s experiences, emotions and expectations of breast-feeding in public: a qualitative study
Authors: Zhao Ya , Ouyang Yan-Qiong , Redding Sharon R 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo explore Chinese mothers’ experiences, emotions and expectations of breast-feeding in public places.DesignExploratory qualitative study. Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants and face-to-face interviews were conducted. Themes were identified by content analysis.SettingTwo different geographical communities in Wuhan, Hubei Province, central China, March–May 2016.SubjectsA total of twenty-seven mothers aged 23–33 years, who had one child under 3 years of age and had experience of breast-feeding in public places.ResultsSeven themes emerged from the interviews: struggling to balance infant’s needs and personal feelings; embarrassed or natural emotion regarding breast-feeding in public places; effect of cultural and social norms; internalized concerns going beyond actual social reaction; measures to make breast-feeding in public places easier; desire for more public facilities; and expecting emotional support from society members.ConclusionsMore positive social support, favourable policies and necessary facilities were desired to enable mothers to breast-feed in an appropriate public location. Women expected increased public acceptance of breast-feeding practices and support from government health officials to ensure women’s success in breast-feeding in public settings.
Institutional solutions to free-riding in peer-to-peer networks: a case study of online pirate communities
Authors: HARRIS COLIN 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis paper provides a case study of online pirate communities who use peer-to-peer networks to share copyrighted material illegally. Early scholars of peer-to-peer networks posited the possibility of a total network collapse due to issues of free-riding. When these networks are used to distribute copyrighted material illegally, the increased risk of legal punishment adds a further disincentive to contribute. This paper uses Ostrom's (2005) framework to categorize the rules used in pirate communities to solve collective action problems, evidencing the applicability and robustness of Ostrom's framework for self-governance under less favorable conditions. Through the use of boundary, position, information, and payoff rules, pirate communities are able to mitigate free-riding in the network.
Earwigs (Dermaptera) from the Mesozoic of England and Australia, described from isolated tegmina, including the first species to be named from the Triassic
Authors: Kelly Richard S. , Ross Andrew J. , Jarzembowski Edmund A. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTDermaptera (earwigs) are described from the Triassic of Australia and England, and from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of England.Phanerogramma heeri(Giebel) is transferred from Coleoptera and it andBrevicula gradusWhalley are re-described. Seven new taxa are named based on tegmina:Phanerogramma australissp. nov. andP. dunstanisp. nov. from the Late Triassic of Australia;P. gouldsbroughisp. nov. from the Triassic/Jurassic of England;Brevicula maculatasp. nov. andTrivenapteron mooreigen.etsp. nov. from the Early Jurassic of England; andDimapteron coramigenetsp. nov. andValdopteron woodigen.etsp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous of England.Phanerogramma,DimapteronandValdopteronare tentatively placed in the family Dermapteridae, andTrivenapteronisincertae sedis. Most of the specimens ofPhanerogramma heeriare from the Brodie Collection and labelled ‘Lower Lias'; however, some were collected from the underlying Penarth Group, thus this species spans the Triassic/Jurassic boundary. The palaeobiogeography of the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic of England is discussed.
Lysogeny is prevalent and widely distributed in the murine gut microbiota
Authors: Kim Min-Soo , Bae Jin-Woo 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Bacteriophages are central members and potential modulators of the gut microbiome; however, the ecological and evolutionary relationships of gut bacteria and phages are poorly understood. Here we investigated the abundance and diversity of lysogenic bacteria (lysogens) in the bacterial community of C57BL/6J mice by detecting integrated prophages in genomes reconstructed from the metagenome of commensal bacteria. For the activities of lysogens and prophages, we compared the prophage genomes with the metagenome of free phages. The majority of commensal bacteria in different taxa were identified as lysogens. More lysogens were found among Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, than among Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. The prophage genomes shared high sequence similarity with the metagenome of free phages, indicating that most lysogens appeared to be active, and that prophages are spontaneously induced as active phages; dietary interventions changed the composition of the induced prophages. By contrast, CRISPR-Cas systems were present in few commensal bacteria, and were rarely active against gut phages. The structure of the bacteria-phage infection networks was “nested-modular”, with modularity emerging across taxonomic scales, indicating that temperate phage features have developed over a long phylogenetic timescale. We concluded that phage generalists contribute to the prevalence of lysogeny in the gut ecosystem.
Phylogenetic clustering of small low nucleic acid-content bacteria across diverse freshwater ecosystems
Authors: Proctor Caitlin R , Besmer Michael D , Langenegger Timon , Beck Karin , Walser Jean-Claude , Ackermann Martin , Bürgmann Helmut , Hammes Frederik 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Here we used flow cytometry (FCM) and filtration paired with amplicon sequencing to determine the abundance and composition of small low nucleic acid (LNA)-content bacteria in a variety of freshwater ecosystems. We found that FCM clusters associated with LNA-content bacteria were ubiquitous across several ecosystems, varying from 50 to 90% of aquatic bacteria. Using filter-size separation, we separated small LNA-content bacteria (passing 0.4 µm filter) from large bacteria (captured on 0.4 µm filter) and characterized communities with 16S amplicon sequencing. Small and large bacteria each represented different sub-communities within the ecosystems’ community. Moreover, we were able to identify individual operational taxonomical units (OTUs) that appeared exclusively with small bacteria (434 OTUs) or exclusively with large bacteria (441 OTUs). Surprisingly, these exclusive OTUs clustered at the phylum level, with many OTUs appearing exclusively with small bacteria identified as candidate phyla (i.e. lacking cultured representatives) and symbionts. We propose that LNA-content bacteria observed with FCM encompass several previously characterized categories of bacteria (ultramicrobacteria, ultra-small bacteria, candidate phyla radiation) that share many traits including small size and metabolic dependencies on other microorganisms.
Genome-wide analysis of self-reported risk-taking behaviour and cross-disorder genetic correlations in the UK Biobank cohort
Authors: Strawbridge Rona J. , Ward Joey , Cullen Breda , Tunbridge Elizabeth M. , Hartz Sarah , Bierut Laura , Horton Amy , Bailey Mark E. S. , Graham Nicholas , Ferguson Amy , Lyall Donald M. , Mackay Daniel , Pidgeon Laura M. , Cavanagh Jonathan , Pell Jill P. , O’Donovan Michael , Escott-Price Valentina , Harrison Paul J. , Smith Daniel J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractRisk-taking behaviour is a key component of several psychiatric disorders and could influence lifestyle choices such as smoking, alcohol use, and diet. As a phenotype, risk-taking behaviour therefore fits within a Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach, whereby identifying genetic determinants of this trait has the potential to improve our understanding across different psychiatric disorders. Here we report a genome-wide association study in 116,255 UK Biobank participants who responded yes/no to the question “Would you consider yourself a risk taker?” Risk takers (compared with controls) were more likely to be men, smokers, and have a history of psychiatric disorder. Genetic loci associated with risk-taking behaviour were identified on chromosomes 3 (rs13084531) and 6 (rs9379971). The effects of both lead SNPs were comparable between men and women. The chromosome 3 locus highlights CADM2, previously implicated in cognitive and executive functions, but the chromosome 6 locus is challenging to interpret due to the complexity of the HLA region. Risk-taking behaviour shared significant genetic risk with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as with smoking and total obesity. Despite being based on only a single question, this study furthers our understanding of the biology of risk-taking behaviour, a trait that has a major impact on a range of common physical and mental health disorders.