bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil Physical Properties, Nitrogen, and Crop Yield in Organic Vegetable Production Systems
Authors: Cogger Craig G. , Bary Andy I. , Myhre Elizabeth A. , Fortuna Ann‐Marie , Collins Doug P. 
Published: March 2016

Organic vegetable crops require intensive management, posing challenges for managing N and maintaining organic matter. This experiment was designed to evaluate effects of cropping systems, amendment N sources, and tillage types on soil organic matter, nutrients, physical properties, N availability, and crop yield in organic vegetable production. The experiment was established in 2003 in Puyallup, WA, with cropping system as main plots (fall‐planted cereal–legume cover crop, relay‐planted legume cover crop, and low‐input short‐term grazed pasture), tillage type as split plots (conventional and rotary spader), and amendment as the second split (broiler litter– low C input, and mixed compost–high C input). Vegetable crops were rotated across beds within plots. Yield, available N, soil C, nutrients, bulk density, infiltration, and compaction were measured. Soil C was greater with mixed compost (24 g kg−1) than broiler litter (18 g kg−1), and lower in the low‐input pasture than the cover crop systems. Soil physical properties were most affected by the presence or absence of tillage, and compaction was less with spader tillage. Short‐term N availability was similar between amendments and between fall and relay cover crops. Long‐term N availability was greater with mixed compost compared with broiler litter. Significant differences in crop yield occurred in 12 of 26 harvests. Yield differences among cropping systems were most common, with N availability and competition likely causes. Amendment and tillage affected yield in only 3 of 26 harvests. These results provide farmers with options for organic vegetable production in the maritime Pacific Northwest.

Broiler litter and mixed compost soil amendments produced similar vegetable yields.
Broiler litter maintained soil C, whereas mixed compost increased soil C.
Cover crops did not increase soil C.
Nitrogen supply from the fall and relay cover crops were similar.
Spader tillage reduced soil compaction compared with conventional tillage.
Determining the Role of Plant‐Parasitic Nematodes in the Corn–Soybean Crop Rotation Yield Effect Using Nematicide Application: II. Soybean
Authors: Grabau Zane J. , Chen Senyu 
Published: March 2016

Corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] crop rotation is well‐known to increase yields of both crops and is called the rotation effect. This study was conducted to determine the role of plant‐parasitic nematodes—particularly soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines),—in the rotation effect for soybean. Research was conducted at a site in Waseca, MN, that was established in 1982 to study corn–soybean rotation. Included in the study were treatments in 1 to 5 yr of SCN‐susceptible soybean monoculture following 5 yr of corn, continuous SCN‐susceptible soybean monoculture, and continuous soybean with SCN‐resistant cultivars since 2010. Granular nematicides have been applied to half of each plot since 2010 to minimize nematode populations across crop sequences as a way to determine the role of nematodes in the rotation effect. Because nematicide was similarly effective in each crop sequence, it was not effective for determining if SCN damage varied by crop sequence. Soybean cyst nematode populations increased (P ≤ 0.05) in soybean monoculture and were negatively correlated with soybean yield (P ≤ 0.05). Pratylenchus (lesion nematode) populations decreased significantly in soybean monoculture particularly when comparing first and second year in soybean (P ≤ 0.05). Helicotylenchus (spiral nematode) and Xiphinema (dagger nematode) populations were significantly decreased in continuous soybean compared to most sequences in 5 or fewer years of monoculture (P ≤ 0.05). Trends in nematode populations suggest SCN may have had a role in the rotation effect for soybean yield, but that Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, and Xiphinema did not.

Growing soybean in monoculture decreases yield.
Growing soybean in monoculture increases soybean cyst nematode populations.
There was some evidence that soybean cyst nematode can be involved in monoculture yield decline for soybean.
Bond strength and interfacial morphology of orthodontic brackets bonded to eroded enamel treated with calcium silicate–sodium phosphate salts or resin infiltration
Authors: Costenoble Aline , Vennat Elsa , Attal Jean-Pierre , Dursun Elisabeth 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets bonded to eroded enamel treated with preventive approaches and to examine the enamel/bracket interfaces.
Materials and Methods: Ninety-one brackets were bonded to seven groups of enamel samples: sound; eroded; eroded+treated with calcium silicate–sodium phosphate salts (CSP); eroded+infiltrated by ICON®; eroded+infiltrated by ICON® and brackets bonded with 1-month delay; eroded+infiltrated by an experimental resin; and eroded+infiltrated by an experimental resin and brackets bonded with 1-month delay. For each group, 12 samples were tested in SBS and bond failure was assessed with the adhesive remnant index (ARI); one sample was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Results: Samples treated with CSP or infiltration showed no significant differences in SBS values with sound samples. Infiltrated samples followed by a delayed bonding showed lower SBS values. All of the values remained acceptable. The ARI scores were significantly higher for sound enamel, eroded, and treated with CSP groups than for all infiltrated samples. SEM examinations corroborated the findings.
Conclusions: Using CSP or resin infiltration before orthodontic bonding does not jeopardize the bonding quality. The orthodontic bonding should be performed shortly after the resin infiltration.
Testing and History of Composite Repair Systems for Subsea Pipeline Repair
Authors: Liew Shann Ching , Green Matthew A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
A composite is a combination of two or more materials, differing in form or composition, which retain their individual identities while acting in concert.
Two Components: Reinforcing fibers (carbon, glass or synthetic). The high tensile strength of the fiber is used to handle the loads in the hoop, axial, flexural, compression, & shearPolymeric matrix (epoxy, vinyl ester, urethane). Matrix material binds the fibers into shapes and provides bond strength to substrates for load transfer.
Composites can be designed to share the loads & stresses with the host pipe, tank or concrete structure. Composites can also be designed to neglect the host strength of the host pipe, tank or structure for internal corrosion or erosion reinforcements needs.
Flow Assurance and Hydrate Prevention Methods Enabled by Medium Voltage Electric Heating Technology
Authors: Molnar C. , Riley M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Offshore production facilities utilize a variety of process heating equipment to help start-up production and operate efficiently. Applications include glycol reboiling, oil and gas conditioning, knock-out drum heating, molecular sieve regeneration, sea or potable water, and fuel/lube oil maintenance. In addition, oil producers have long investigated downhole and subsea heating solutions capable of decreasing viscosity, preventing wax and hydrate buildup, and providing localized heating for improved productivity. The types of heating solutions are problematic due to the large capacity and extreme environmental and process conditions involved, especially with the downhole and subsea applications. Until recently, low voltage (below 1000V) heating elements and low power heating cables have been the typical solutions for downhole and subsea electric heating applications. These traditional solutions have limitations that prevent them from significant adoption and utilization.
This paper discusses the benefits of using medium voltage technology for flow assurance and hydrate prevention applications. The focus will be on the reduction of installation, maintenance, and operational costs, as well as the reduction of electrical power consumption and line loss associated with using medium voltage technology for such applications. For large heating loads, the physical size and footprint of medium voltage electric heating systems are more compact than traditional low voltage systems. This is especially relevant on newly designed platforms offering medium voltage power distribution.
Finally, medium voltage electric heating technology opens the door for completely new solutions in downhole, subsea and offshore heating, as well as other process heating, in the oil and gas industry that were not possible before. It is important to present such innovation to the marketplace so that producers and operators are aware of new solutions to existing problems.
Extreme Response Predictions for Deepwater Mooring System
Authors: Cheng Zhiping , Kuang Jinlu 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAs exploration and production of offshore oil moves into deeper waters, mooring lines become longer and heavier, with total weight increasing up to about 10% of the floater's total displacements. The effects of line dynamics on vessel motions and mooring line tensions become much more prominent. Coupled time domain dynamic analysis is used extensively to assess the response of the mooring system. If the responses are narrow-banded Gaussian processes with Rayleigh distributed peaks, the extreme values are readily available. However, the mooring system responses calculated based on coupled time domain dynamic analysis are more likely to be non-Gaussian due to the prominent nonlinear line dynamics effect. Generally, the extreme value computed from a single time domain simulation will vary about the Most Probable Maximum Extreme (MPME) value. Consequently, statistical fitting techniques are recommended by API RP 2SK to establish reasonable confidence in the predicted extreme responses.In this paper, a fully coupled time-domain dynamic analysis is performed for a typical deepwater mooring system with 20 different seeds/wave profiles using Orcaflex. The most probable maximum extreme (MPME) responses under different wave profiles are predicted with Winterstein/Jensen method, Weibull fitting method and Gumbel fitting method, respectively. This paper investigates the characteristics of these three statistical fitting methods and examines the convergence of these methods under different random seed selections. Winterstein/Jensen method and Weibull fitting method may result in scattered values under certain conditions, while Gumbel fitting method always yields consistent values. Recommendations are provided to eliminate the divergent results from using Winstertein/Jensen method and Weibull fitting method.
Flow Considerations and Pitfalls in Subsea Equipment Design
Authors: Ji Lin 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In Subsea Production System design, the effect of equipment design on flow and vice versa may not be sufficiently considered by the design engineers. Historically, rules-of-thumb and piping design guidelines have been adopted leading to overly conservative design or conversely poor performance. This paper discusses some of common design practices with regard to equipment sizing, sensor placement and thermal design and attempts to promote a better understanding of the impact of flow on equipment design.
Improvement in Oil Recovery Through Pro-Active Reservoir Management for a High Value Asset – A Case Study
Authors: Kumar R. , Sha Foo Lee , Asykin Nurul , Salleh Zaimi , Othman Mohamad 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
fieldThe field, located 120 km offshore in the Malaysian deep water, was discovered in December 2003 and put on production in November 2012. As per the Field Development Plan (FDP), Reservoir Management Plan (RMP) for G-K field is to inject water and gas from the beginning of oil production in Pink1/2 and UK1 reservoirs. The objective of the study was to optimize the voidage replacement by WI, so as to maximize the up-dip oil recovery.
The study was conducted on a sector model. A compositional PVT model, having 17 pseudo components, was developed. To explain the compositional variation in reservoir, the PVT variation has been incorporated. The SCAL data, same as used in FDP, have been used for the study. Two producers were considered in the sector model so as to study the oil movement between the two wells. One Injector each was placed in GCG and aquifer.
For UK1 reservoir, the plan is to re-inject 60% of the produced gas from UK1. For PINK1/2, it is planned to re-inject all the produced gas from PINK 1/2 plus any remaining gas left after internal usage. The total VRR target for both the reservoirs is 1.0, and the remaining part of the voidage replacement is made up by water injection. The FDP RMP was reviewed, because it was thought that in view of the small gas cap size (m ratio about 0.2 for PINK1/2 and 0.18 for UK1) and limited Gas Injection capacity, making up VRR equal to one by WI may not allow GC to expand rapidly. During the study, the whole process of Gas Injection and water Injection was divided in two parts, viz, Pre-Gas Breakthrough period and Post-Gas Breakthrough period so as to separately assess the impact of limited gas injection capacity after gas breakthrough. For PINK1/2 reservoirs, WI at 25% of the Instantaneous Voidage Rate (IVR) provides the best recovery before gas breakthrough. To avoid gas flaring after gas breakthrough, WI rate has to be increased to 40% of the IVR. For UK-1 reservoir, WI at 35% of the IVR provides the best recovery.
Due to this study, there is an improvement of about 10% oil recovery over FDP study, which is equivalent to over 70 MMSTB of oil. In UK1 even after this improvement, a significant amount of up-dip oil still remains un-swept. This may require additional gas injection or drilling infill wells up-dip to the present location. During FDP the study was conducted on a Black Oil model, the present study was conducted on a compositional model.
Numerical Analysis of Anchor Dragging Impact on Rock-Covered Pipeline Using CEL Method
Authors: Tjahyono S. , Teh T. C. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Subsea pipelines located in harbour areas and shipping lanes are subjected to potential damage due to impact of anchor dragging. Such pipelines are usually covered with rock berms for protection. Due to the high costs associated with the installation of offshore rock berms, there is a need to optimise the rock berm size such that the rock quantities are reduced while still providing adequate protection for the pipeline. Analysis of anchor dragging near a rock-covered pipeline involves quantifying the complex interaction between the anchor, the anchor chain, the soil and the pipeline-rock system. In the present study, Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) finite element method is used to simulate the complex soil deformation and flow during the anchor dragging, thereby providing better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the problem. This paper presents results of CEL analyses of anchor dragging near a pipeline covered by rock berms of different sizes. The simulated trajectories of the anchor during the dragging are shown to be in good agreement with the experimental results of Gaudin et al. (2009). This shows the ability of the present method in giving more rigorous solutions and better predictions of rock berm protective capacities. This paper also illustrates the use of the present analysis for optimizing the rock berm design and hence enabling significant cost savings.
Fit-for-Purpose Qualification for Corrosion Resistant Alloy (CRA) Tubing Selection in High CO2 Field Based on Field Experience and Laboratory Test
Authors: Zin Z. M , Ong G. , Riyanto L. , Jadid M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This paper focuses on tubing material selection study conducted for a high CO2 oil field located offshore of Peninsular Malaysia.
The field's CO2 concentration varied laterally and with depth. The highest CO2 concentration of 66 mol% in gas had been recorded from well test and fluid data. This resulted in severe corrosive environment in the wells. Based on the well surveys, many existing wells which were completed with API-5CT L80-13Cr had suffered from localised corrosion within a span of two (2) years of production. Existing material selection was revisited in order to prevent corrosion in future development wells. An important change made was to conduct material qualification test specific for the field conditions on several corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) materials. The details of the test and findings are presented. To better understand the corrosion severity in existing well completion, well survey results are also discussed.
Qualification of a New Robust and Cost-Effective Polymer for Flexible Pipe Pressure Sheath
Authors: Tronc F. , Bourdel S. , Brun E. , David E. , Guillerme J. F. , Levet A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Flexible pipe polymer pressure sheath is made either of polyolefin materials, polyamides or polyvinylidene fluoride. Each of these three polymer families is characterized by its own advantages and limitations. Polyolefins, particularly polyethylene (PE) and crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE), and polyamides have demonstrated their excellent behavior for containment layer in flexible pipe applications because of a good combination of properties. However the use of polyolefins materials is limited in pressure as they are subjected to blistering and the use of Polyamides is limited in temperature as they are subjected to hydrolysis. When these two polymer families cannot be used because of high pressure and/or high temperature, high grade (and considerably higher cost) Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) is considered.
For several years, Technip has been dedicated to the development and qualification of a new robust and cost-effective polymer material for flexible pipe pressure sheath. Its domain of temperature and pressure combines the high temperature of current crosslinked polyolefin materials and the high pressure of polyamides. One of the characteristics of this new material is its intrinsic long term stability towards hydrolysis and chemical aggression.
A full qualification program was carried out for this new polymer material. This program includes full polymer characterizations according to API17J [1], industrial extrusion qualification on production lines, mid-scale tests to qualify in temperature the sealing mechanism in the end-fittings and full-scale tests to validate the behavior of this new material during manufacturing, installation phases and during service life.
This new polymer material offers a real step change in the design of flexible pipes for the transport of oil, gas, water and mixtures thereof.
Extended Pipeline Bundle Length for Field Development
Authors: Animashawun Kolawole , Goodlad Martin 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Towed Pipeline production systems (Pipeline Bundles) are currently fabricated and installed in the North Sea and Norweigian Sea regions from the fabrication facility of a major subsea contractor in Wick, Scotland. The site is located approximately 6 miles north of Wick and extends from the shoreline at Sinclairs Bay landward for approximately 7.8km in an east-west orientation. The current limit for the fabrication of a single Pipeline Bundle is 7.7km.
The company has undertaken a Research and Development study on Pipeline Bundle Extended Lengths (Pipeline Bundle lengths up to 15km) to investigate a means to connect several Pipeline Bundle sections together in order to be able to satisfy the requirements of fields where long tie-backs may be required. Pipeline Bundle length extension can be achieved by onshore tie-in through mechanical connection, Golden welds or fabricated at a different site with a suitable length capacity.
The key benefit of the extended Pipeline Bundle length is to reduce the overall cost of field development by eliminating the requirement for: Interconnecting towheads (Pipeline Bundle end structures),Tie-In spools,Extended hire of tow vessels,Additional Diver/ROV support vessel time for the tie-in of interconnecting towheads.
As a consequence of this length increase, this paper asseses the feasibility of Extended Pipeline Bundle length in the following areas; Pipeline Bundle Tie-in,Pipeline Bundle Pre-commissioning,Required weather window launch - to DNV-OS-H01 Ref.[3],Launch force requirement,Control Depth Tow Method (CDTM) Tow Fatigue,Pipeline Bundle manoeuvring during tow,Application for HT fields – Design Temperature of up to 160°C,Pipeline Bundle Installation - Venting and Flooding
The paper will also demonstrate the commercial advantage of towing longer Pipeline Bundles as against multiple Pipeline Bundle tows.
Field Development Cost Optimization: a SURF Contractor's Experience and Perspective
Authors: Seguin Blaise , de Roux Grégoire , Louvet Emmanuelle 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In the current offshore industry context, ways for significant cost optimizations must be explored and developed to make offshore projects viable. The cost share of the SURF (Subsea Umbilicals Risers and Flowlines) system is increasing, with developments in deeper waters and with more spread reservoirs. The SURF system also presents a wide range of possible options to be considered, thus with many opportunities for overall cost reductions.
This paper presents examples of solutions to reduce costs: early engagement of SURF contractor for the field concept selection, global understanding and optimization of the field architecture, closely linked to installation vessels and methods selection, introduction of new technology, and consideration of interfaces between SURF, SPS (Subsea Production System) and Floater packages to reach a global optimum. The efficient development of these emerging solutions is supported by strong experience in full Engineering, Procurement, Construction and Installation (EPCI) execution of SURF contracts.
Marine Warranty Surveyors - An Underwriter's Eyes and Ears?
Authors: Gnanendran A. , Sharma V. S. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Traditionally during the construction and installation phases of offshore construction projects, a Construction All Risks (CAR) policy will be taken out by the operator or their appointed contractor to cover against fortuitous losses during design, handling, transportation, installation and testing & commissioning activities of the permanent components of the project. In most cases the terms of these policies include a "Marine Warranty Clause" within which the Underwriter(s) will require that an independent Marine Warranty Surveyor (MWS) be appointed to the project to act as marine experts on their behalf. This is to ensure the construction phases are completed effectively and safely. Despite Underwriter(s) appointing MWS for the majority of construction projects there appears to be a steady stream of construction losses in the insurance industry.
The scope of MWS task is enormous, from reviewing design documents and installation documents to approving installation activities offshore - so is one MWS representative sufficient to minimise the risk? This paper discusses the real importance of MWS for any offshore construction project and identifies the current shortfalls.