bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of Subsurface Ocean Temperature Variability to Specification of Surface Observations in the Context of ENSO
Authors: Kumar Arun , Wen Caihong , Xue Yan , Wang Hui 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
To estimate the state of the ocean in the context of monitoring and prediction, ocean analysis products combine observed information from various sources that include both in situ ocean measurements and estimates of atmospheric forcings derived either from numerical models or from objective analysis methods. In the context of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability in the equatorial tropical Pacific, this study discusses two questions: 1) the role of surface forcings in resolving the observed variability of subsurface ocean temperatures, and 2) which component of surface forcings plays a more important role.
The analysis approach is based on ocean model simulations where specification of surface forcings is controlled and the resulting ocean state is either compared among various simulations or is compared with an independent ocean analysis (where information from in situ ocean temperature measurements is included). The results highlight the importance of the contribution of observed sea surface temperature (via its influence on surface winds due to coupled air–sea interactions) and the observed surface wind forcing in determining the evolution of subsurface ocean temperatures. Implications for assessing the feasibility of extending ocean analysis and forecasts back in time when in situ observations were limited are also discussed.
Development of a cross-cultural HPV community engagement model within Scotland
Authors: Carnegie Elaine , Whittaker Anne , Gray Brunton Carol , Hogg Rhona , Kennedy Catriona , Hilton Shona , Harding Seeromanie , Pollock Kevin G , Pow Janette 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To examine cultural barriers and participant solutions regarding acceptance and uptake of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine from the perspective of Black African, White-Caribbean, Arab, Indian, Bangladeshi and Pakistani young people. Methods: In total, 40 young people from minority ethnic communities in Scotland took part in a qualitative study, involving seven focus groups and four paired interviews, to explore their views and experiences of the HPV vaccine. Using critical discursive psychology, the analysis focused on young people’s accounts of barriers and enablers to information, access and uptake of the HPV vaccination programme. Results: Participants suggested innovative strategies to tackle intergenerational concerns, information design and accessibility, and public health communications across diverse contexts. A cross-cultural community engagement model was developed, embracing diversity and contradiction across different ethnic groups. This included four inter-related strategies: providing targeted and flexible information for young people, vaccine provision across the life-course, intergenerational information and specific cross-cultural communications. Conclusion: This is the first HPV cross-cultural model inductively derived from accounts of young people from different ethnic communities. We recommend public health practitioners and policymakers consider using the processes and strategies within this model to increase dialogue around public engagement, awareness and receptivity towards HPV vaccination.
Community Families: Bridging the gap between mental health services and civil society – A qualitative study from users’ perspective
Authors: Væggemose Ulla , Lou Stina , Frumer Michal , Christiansen Nanna Limskov Stærk , Aagaard Jørgen , Ørtenblad Lisbeth 
Published: January 2017

Background: Social interventions to support people with severe mental illness are important to improving the quality of life. The perspectives of users are essential in this process. This article explores users’ experiences, investments and concerns of a befriending programme. Material: Focus group and individual qualitative interviews with service users. Discussion: Overall, the experiences with the programme were positive, and the social interaction was highly valued. However, that the relationships were arranged and facilitated by mental health workers remained an unresolved concern even after several years. Conclusion: People with severe mental illness benefit from relationships despite the need of professional assistant.
Status Report on the Development of a Liquid HFC Blowing Agent
Authors: Knopeck G. M. , Parker R. C. , Richard R. G. , Shankland I. R. 
Published: January 2017

CFC blowing agents have been eliminated from virtually all polyurethane foam applications and replaced, in many cases, with the more environmentally acceptable HCFCs. In many applications the preference has been to convert from one liquid blowing agent to another, i.e., from CFC-11 to HCFC-141b. With the planned phaseout of HCFC-141b less than a decade away, there is a clear need for a "next generation" liquid blowing agent to eventually replace HCFC-141b. Previously, we reported the results of preliminary performance evaluations of four promising liquid HFC blowing agent candidates and the screening process used to select those four candidates. In this paper we discuss the environmental, toxicological and performance characteristics of our primary liquid HFC blowing agent candidate. The first criterion for a new blowing agent is environmental acceptability. A candidate must have a zero Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) and a low Global Warming Potential (GWP), and should be free from other environmental concerns. Accordingly, the paper begins with a discussion of environmental properties such as atmospheric lifetime and GWP. It is equally important that the toxicological properties of a blowing agent candidate be well understood. The results of early toxicity tests have been very promising. These are reported along with a proposed timetable for additional toxicity testing. Ultimately, the acceptability of a new blowing agent will be based on performance. Data from laboratory foam evaluations involving both polyurethane and polyisocyanurate foams are presented. In addition to foam properties, other key performance characteristics such as plastics compatibility, blowing agent stability, foam premix stability and decomposition have been evaluated and are discussed.
The Diabetes Disparity and Puerto Rican Identified Individuals
Authors: Johnson Jalil A. , Cavanagh Stephen , Jacelon Cynthia S. , Chasan-Taber Lisa 
Published: January 2017

Purpose The purpose of this systematic review was to describe what is known about the diabetes disparity affecting Puerto Rican identified adults living in the continental United States as well as illuminate areas that merit further investigation. Methods The CINAHL and PubMed databases were searched using the keywords Hispanic, Puerto Rican, and type 2 diabetes. Search limits included < 10-year-old, peer-reviewed, systematic reviews, available in the English language. The abstracts of 124 articles were reviewed, and 7 articles were reviewed in depth. Results The Puerto Rican identified Hispanic subgroup is disproportionately affected by diabetes—the diabetes disparity. Puerto Rican identified Hispanic adults are less affected by citizenship status, may be less affected by English proficiency, use health care services differently, and have contextually different fatalistic views of diabetes compared with other Hispanic identified people. Spiritual/religious influences, associated mental health problems, and general cultural practices related to diabetes self-care are understudied in this group. Conclusion Ambiguous use of the term Hispanic should be avoided when describing Hispanic subgroups. Stronger, more robust studies are needed to understand the unique cultural forces influencing the poor diabetes outcomes and individual behaviors that contribute to generally suboptimal diabetes self-care for Puerto Rican adults with type 2 diabetes.
Relationship between the Infrasonic Signals from Typhoon and the Barometric Pressure in the Typhoon Eye
Authors: Jin-Lai Xie , Xun-Ren Yang 
Published: January 2017

During the courses of formation and transmission, a typhoon over the West pacific radiates infrasonic waves continuously, with periods 3–5 seconds and intensities 0.01–1.15 Pa. Based on the analyses of numerous observations over many years, the distribution rules for amplitudes and periods of the infrasonic signals from typhoons and the relationships between the corresponding microbaroms and the barometric pressure in the typhoon centre have been established. Utilizing these relations, one can estimate the intensity of barometric pressure in typhoon centres from the continuously recorded microbaroms. It is also possible to use this efficient, simple and economic means to predict trends, sudden turning and some other anomalous phenomena of typhoon.
Efficacy of High-Flow Nasal Cannula Therapy in Intensive Care Units: A Meta-Analysis of Physiological and Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Liesching Timothy N. , Lei Yuxiu 
Published: January 2017

Purpose: We conducted a meta-analysis to compare the physiological and clinical outcomes of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) with standard oxygen (O2) or conventional noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in intensive care units (ICUs). Procedures: We selected the full-text prospective studies comparing HFNC with standard O2 or NIV in ICU. The continuous variables were analyzed with sample size–adjusted pooled t test. The categorical variables were extracted and combined for recalculating odds ratio. Findings: We included 18 articles with 2004 patients. No difference was observed in the below outcomes comparing HFNC with standard O2: oxygen saturation (95.0% vs 93.8%, P = .27), Pao2/Fio2 (217.7 vs 161.9 mm Hg, P = .29), Paco2 (38.3 vs 39.3 mm Hg, P = .33), pH (7.416 vs 7.419, P = .90), discomfort (1.19 vs 1.44, P = .44), intubation or reintubation rate (odds ratio = 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.39-1.21, P = .27), and ICU stay (4.0 vs 4.5 days, P = .90). Below outcomes were modestly improved with HFNC compared to standard O2: respiratory rate (21.6 vs 24.7, P = .06) and ICU mortality (odds ratio = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.43-1.11, P = .13). Below outcomes were significantly improved with HFNC compared to standard O2: heart rate (89.1 vs 98.4, P = .03), Pao2 (104.5 vs 90.0 mm Hg, P = .04), and dyspnea (2.7 vs 4.3, P = .05). When comparing HFNC to NIV, below outcomes were significantly lower: Pao2 (106.9 vs 134.2 mm Hg, P = .02), Pao2/Fio2 (178.4 vs 220.0 mm Hg, P = .02), Paco2 (37.7 vs 39.2 mm Hg, P = .04), and ICU mortality (odds ratio = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.19-0.82, P = .01). Conclusion: When comparing to standard O2, the most effective outcomes from HFNC are reduced heart rate and dyspnea in both ICU and critical care unit patients. The HFNC modestly reduced intubation rate and ICU mortality. Patients with pneumonia may benefit from HFNC in reduced respiratory rate, heart rate, dyspnea, discomfort, intubation rate, ICU mortality, ICU stay, and improved Pao2. When comparing to NIV, HFNC group did not do as good in Pao2 and Pao2/Fio2 but had a slightly lower intubation rate and ICU mortality.
The Impact of Protective Behavioral Strategy Use Frequency on Blood Alcohol Concentrations Among Student Drinkers Nationwide
Authors: Barry Adam E. , Merianos Ashley L. 
Published: January 2017

Purpose: This study assessed whether college student (1) protective behavioral strategy (PBS) use differed between those who reached legal intoxication during their most recent drinking episode compared to those who did not reach the legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) threshold, and (2) frequency of PBS use could explain the variance associated with BAC during the most recent drinking episode, above and beyond one’s sex, age, and involvement in the Greek system. Design: Secondary data analysis of the American College of Health Association’s National College Health Assessment. Setting: Forty-four distinct campuses were included. Participants: A total of 21479 college students were included. Measures: BAC and PBS were measured. Analysis: The data were analyzed by conducting both independent samples t-tests and a multiple regression model. Effect sizes are reported. Results: Participants who reached legal intoxication used PBS less frequently ( P < .001; d = 0.80). Frequency of PBS use had the strongest unique contribution to the regression model (β = −.315, P < .001), such that participants with higher BAC reported less frequent use of PBS. Conclusion: Interventions should seek to develop strategies that encourage college student use of PBS prior to, and during, drinking episodes. More frequent use of PBS can reduce intoxication as well as occurrence of alcohol-associated consequences.
Characterization of Drug-Related Problems Occurring in Patients Receiving Outpatient Antimicrobial Therapy
Authors: Hale Cory M. , Steele Jeffrey M. , Seabury Robert W. , Miller Christopher D. 
Published: January 2017

Background: Despite the numerous benefits of outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT), appreciable risks of drug-related problems (DRPs) exist. No studies to date comprehensively assess DRPs in this population. Objectives: Objectives of this study were to (1) characterize the frequency and types of DRPs experienced by patients discharged on OPAT and (2) determine the fraction of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) resulting in hospital readmission or emergency department (ED) presentation and changes in therapy. Methods: This was a retrospective chart analysis evaluating consecutive adult patients discharged on OPAT between May 2015 and October 2015. Patients were assessed for the presence of DRPs until the cessation of antimicrobial treatment, including oral step-down therapy. The outcome of each ADR was recorded, including those resulting in hospital readmissions, presentation to the ED, or changes in antimicrobials. Results: Among 144 patients discharged on OPAT, 199 DRPs occurred in 91 (63.2%) patients. Harm and potential impaired efficacy occurred in 76.9% and 23.1%, respectively. The ADRs comprised 59% of DRPs, occurring in 44.4% of patients. The second most common DRP type was drug interactions (DIs), accounting for 22.6% of DRPs. Rifampin, fluoroquinolones, and daptomycin had the highest frequencies of preventable DRPs in the form of DIs, whereas cephalosporins had the fewest DRPs. Approximately 26% of ADRs caused changes in therapy and 9% resulted in hospital readmission or ED utilization. Conclusion: DRPs with the potential to cause patient harm or impair treatment efficacy often occur with OPAT, most commonly ADRs and DIs. Enhanced monitoring and transitions of care management may reduce the incidence of these DRPs.
Subclinical bacteriuria in cats: prevalence, findings on contemporaneous urinalyses and clinical risk factors
Authors: Puchot Melanie L , Cook Audrey K , Pohlit Caitlin 
Published: January 2017

Objectives Subclinical bacteriuria (SB) is bacterial colonization of the urinary tract in the absence of clinical signs. The purposes of this study were to determine the prevalence of SB in cats and to describe results of the contemporaneous urinalysis. Secondarily, patient characteristics associated with SB were compared with those for cats without SB. Methods An electronic search identified all urine cultures performed on cats at a teaching hospital between 2009 and 2015. Results were subcategorized based on the presence or absence of lower urinary tract disease (LUTD) and SB-positive cases identified. The first control population was from samples without LUTD. The second control population was from all samples not identified as a SB-positive sample, including subclinical negative samples and those with LUTD. Five controls for each SB-positive sample were selected for both control groups. Medical records for all groups were reviewed. Results In all, 31/500 (6.2%) subclinical samples were positive. Most infections were a single organism (n = 27); four contained multiple organisms. Escherichia coli was the most common species (58%) followed by Enterococcus species (25%). Positive specimens were more likely to be from female cats (n = 24) vs male (n = 7; P = 0.0054). SB was strongly associated with bacteriuria (60% vs 6%; P <0.0001) and pyuria (67% vs 19%; P <0.0001). Positive specimens were significantly more likely to have an abnormal sediment examination (odds ratio 13.5, P <0.0001). When compared with all specimens including those with LUTD, SB was significantly associated with a lower urine specific gravity (1.022 vs 1.030; P = 0.0256) and presence of chronic kidney disease (68% vs 46%; P = 0.0168). Conclusions and relevance In this study, SB appears to be uncommon in cats and, in most cases, is associated with an abnormal urine sediment examination. Based on this study, there is little indication to perform a culture in a cat with no clinical signs of LUTD and an unremarkable sediment examination.
Assessment of absorption of transdermal ondansetron in normal research cats
Authors: Zajic Lara B , Herndon Andrea K , Sieberg Liberty G , Caress Amber L , Morgan Paula K , Hansen Ryan J , Wittenburg Luke A , Gustafson Daniel L , Quimby Jessica M 
Published: January 2017

Objectives The objective of this study was to assess the absorption of transdermal ondansetron in healthy cats. Methods Five research cats with unremarkable complete blood count, biochemistry and urinalysis were used for both single- and multiple-dose application studies. For single-dose application, 4 mg ondansetron in 0.1 ml Lipoderm gel was applied once to the internal ear pinna. Blood samples were collected via jugular catheter over a 48 h period following administration (0, 15 mins, 30 mins, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h). For multiple-dose application, 4 mg ondansetron in 0.1 ml Lipoderm gel was applied for five consecutive days before blood samples were obtained in the same manner. Serum was separated and frozen prior to analysis. Ondansetron was measured via liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Results Analysis revealed no clinically relevant drug levels in serum after either single- or multiple-dose administration of 4 mg transdermal ondansetron. Conclusions and relevance Transdermal application of 4 mg ondansetron does not result in clinically relevant serum concentrations of drug. Despite characteristics of the drug that imply suitability for transdermal application, this does not appear to be an acceptable method of drug delivery for this medication at this dose. This study highlights the importance of assessing the suitability of each medication for transdermal administration.
Reduced endothelial activation after exercise is associated with improved HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease
Authors: Byrkjeland Rune , Njerve Ida U , Arnesen Harald , Seljeflot Ingebjørg , Solheim Svein 
Published: January 2017

Objective: We have previously reported insignificant changes in HbA1c after exercise in patients with both type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. In this study, we investigated the effect of exercise on endothelial function and possible associations between changes in endothelial function and HbA1c. Methods: Patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease ( n = 137) were randomised to 12 months exercise or standard follow-up. Endothelial function was assessed by circulating biomarkers (E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, von Willebrand factor, tissue plasminogen activator antigen, asymmetric dimethylarginine and L-arginine/asymmetric dimethylarginine ratio). Differences between the randomised groups were analysed by analysis of covariance and correlations by Spearman’s rho or Pearson’s correlation. Results: No effect of exercise on endothelial function was demonstrated. The changes in HbA1c in the exercise group correlated with changes in E-selectin ( r = 0.56, p < 0.001), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( r = 0.27, p = 0.052), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 ( r = 0.32, p = 0.022) and tissue plasminogen activator antigen ( r = 0.35, p =  0.011). HbA1c decreased significantly more in patients with versus without a concomitant reduction in E-selectin ( p =  0.002), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( p =  0.011), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 ( p =  0.028) and tissue plasminogen activator antigen ( p =  0.009). Conclusion: Exercise did not affect biomarkers of endothelial function in patients with both type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. However, changes in biomarkers of endothelial activation correlated with changes in HbA1c, and reduced endothelial activation was associated with improved HbA1c after exercise.
Microvascular function in women with former gestational diabetes: A cohort study
Authors: Charwat-Resl Silvia , Yarragudi Rajashri , Heimbach Moritz , Leitner Karoline , Leutner Michael , Gamper Jutta , Giurgea Georgiana-Aura , Mueller Markus , Koppensteiner Renate , Gschwandtner Michael E , Kautzky-Willer Alexandra , Schlager Oliver 
Published: January 2017

Objective: In the long term, diabetes mellitus is potentially associated with the occurrence of microvascular damage. This study sought to assess whether a history of prior gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with long-term effects on the women’s microcirculation. Methods: Within the scope of a long-term follow-up of the ‘Viennese Post-Gestational Diabetes Project’, women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus as well as women with previous pregnancy but with no history of gestational diabetes mellitus (controls) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Microvascular function was assessed by post-occlusive reactive hyperaemia using laser Doppler fluxmetry. Baseline perfusion, biological zero, peak perfusion, time to peak and recovery time were recorded and compared between both groups. Results: Microvascular function was assessed in 55 women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus (46.1 ± 4.6 years) and 32 women with previous pregnancy but without prior gestational diabetes mellitus (42.9 ± 5.3 years). The mean period of time between delivery and the assessment of microvascular function was 16.2 ± 5.2 years in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus group and 14.2 ± 4.8 years in controls. Regarding microvascular function, baseline perfusion, biological zero, peak perfusion, time to peak and recovery time did not differ between women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus and controls (all p > 0.05). Conclusion: In the long term, microvascular function appears not to be impaired in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus.
A Path Analysis of Dependence and Quality of Life in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Garre-Olmo Josep , Vilalta-Franch Joan , Calvó-Perxas Laia , López-Pousa Secundino ,   CoDep-AD Study Group
Published: January 2017

Objective: To determine the direct and indirect relationships of cognitive, functional, and behavioral factors and other medical comorbidities with the quality of life (QoL) of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) according to the theoretical model of dependence. Methods: Observational and cross-sectional study. Cognitive and functional status, behavior, dependence, medical comorbidities, and QoL were assessed by using standardized instruments. A path analysis was used to model the direct and indirect relationships among clinical indicators according to the theoretically based model of dependence. Results: The sample consisted of 343 patients with AD (32.1% mild, 36.7% moderate, and 31.2% severe). Medical comorbidities, disease severity, and dependence level had a direct relationship with QoL. The functional disability and the behavior disturbances were indirectly related to QoL via dependence level, and the cognitive impairment was indirectly related to QoL via severity level. Conclusion: Direct and indirect effects exist between clinical indicators, dependence, and QoL.