bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Speed Data Communications and High Speed Leak Detection Models: Impact of Thermodynamic Properties for Heated Crude Oil in Large Diameter, Insulated Pipelines — Application Pacific Pipeline System
Authors: Mecham Travis , Stanley Galen , Pelletier Michael , Liou Jim C. P. 
Published: October 2016

Recent advances in SCADA and leak detection system technologies lead to higher scan rates and faster model speeds. As these model speeds increase and the inherent mathematical uncertainties in implicit method solutions are reduced, errors and uncertainties in measurement of the physical properties of the fluids transported by pipeline come to dominate the confidence calculations for computer generated leak alerts in the control center.
The ability to collect more data must be supported by the need for better model data in order to achieve optimal leak detection system performance. This is particularly true when the products transported are non-homogeneous and have strong viscosity-vs-temperature relationships. These are characteristics of crude oils in California’s San Joaquin Valley where significant heating is required to pump these oils in an efficient manner. Proper characterization and correct mathematical expression of these physical properties in leak models has become critical.
This paper presents these new developments in the context of an implementation of this new technology for the Pacific Pipeline System (PPS). PPS is a recently constructed and commissioned 209 km (130-mile), 50.8 cm (20″) diameter, insulated, hot crude oil pipeline between the southern portion of California’s San Joaquin Valley and refineries in the Los Angeles basin. Operational temperatures in this line vary from ambient to 82.2°C (180°F) with pressures ranging from 345 kPa (50 psi) to 11,720 kPa (1700 psi). Due to the unique geometry of the line, facilities along the route include pumping stations, metering stations and numerous “throttle-type” pressure reduction facilities.
On PPS, a high-speed leak detection model is supported by a fiber optic (OC-1) communication backbone with data rate capacities in excess of 50 Megabits Per Second (MPS). Total scan times for the distributed communication system have been reduced to 1/4 second — each facility reports data to the SCADA host four times each second. A corresponding 1/4 second leak detection model cycle leads to selection of Methods of Characteristics segments on the order of 260 meters (850 feet). This resolution, in conjunction with the advanced instrumentation package of PPS, makes detection of very small leaks realizable.
This paper starts with an overview of the system and combines a mix of the theoretical requirements imposed by the mathematical solutions with a practical description of the laboratory procedures and propagated experimental errors. The paper reviews temperature-related errors and uncertainties and their influence on leak detection performance.
Electronic Equipment Provides Pipeline Monitoring and Protection: Applications and Limitations
Authors: Penney Randy , Flesher Hugh 
Published: October 2016

Background: Line break controls developed to date have provided the Pipeline Industry with the best protection available with proven and available technologies.
There have been shortcomings in line break control due to various factors including; lack of accurate pressure history at the valve sites creating uncertainty for proper set points and limitations in the flexibility of mechanical systems.
Safety: Providing pipeline safety through a line break detection system is critically important for the protection of people, property, and the environment. Safer procedures are available through continuous pipeline monitoring.
Application of new technology: Increased availability of “smart” pressure sensors offers a greater degree of accuracy and control. Real time communication for data collection and system configuration (operating data, alarm status and settings, valve status) or remote operation (valve closures or line break override) provides increased control over pipeline operations.
Real time information allows continuous monitoring and control. This can be provided through commercially available networks, hence providing economical and reliable methods of communication.
Data acquisition through Windows based software allows the user to accumulate, sort, and analyze the data.
Overview: Industry requires the ability to monitor pipeline pressures and pipeline rate of pressure change.
Industry requires accuracy, reliability, and real time access for controlling valves, while minimizing the occurrences of false valve closures. The pipeline and gas transmission industry is growing, with increasing demands for safe, reliable, and efficient operating systems. New technologies are capable of providing solutions for the Pipeline Industry’s needs.
Solutions: A self-contained electronic system, purpose built for the gas pipeline industry is available. The equipment continuously monitors the pipeline, measures pipeline pressures, and calculates pressure changes so that, in the case of a pipeline failure, a command is sent to the actuator to stroke the valve to the fail safe position. The equipment is accessible locally or remotely via SCADA or telemetry to acquire and analyze pipeline conditions on a real time basis, and control the actuator. The equipment is low power consumption suitable for external line power, or is available with solar panels and rechargeable batteries. The equipment continuously gathers information and provides history for pipeline operators. This allows the optimization of set points, with time delays and averaging, to minimize false trips.
Windows based software enables ease of use.
Owner can set alarm parameters that are protected through password authorization.
Summary: Electronic Linebreak Detection Systems are able to provide the flexibility, reliability and responsiveness necessary to meet the growing safety and efficiency demands of the Pipeline Industry. Current technology provides this capability.
Development and Use of Simulation Trainers for Pipeline Controllers
Authors: Scott D. M. 
Published: October 2016

Enbridge is in the forefront of development and application of computer simulation based training systems for Pipeline Controllers. Since 1985, the Pipeline Dynamics section of Enbridge Engineering has been building ever more sophisticated models of the 16 pipelines that Enbridge owns and operates. Enbridge has also utilized its staffs expertise to develop simulation trainer applications for clients in other international pipeline companies. Enbridge uses this simulation trainer with a formalized, module based, training course for Pipeline Controllers.
To develop a useful simulation trainer it must be possible to mimic the operational characteristics of a pipeline through use of software, or put otherwise, to build a pipeline in a computer. This type of modeling requires a highly skilled engineer and close cooperation with the most experienced Pipeline Controller and with the SCADA system developers. The simulation software must also allow the application of control logic which is different for each pipeline and it must be tunable so the nuances of each pipeline can be incorporated. Running this type of application requires a high capacity computer and the ability to interface with the pipeline company’s SCADA. In simple applications, it is possible to develop a generic pipeline and thus provide a more economical trainer.
The simulation trainer’s primary application is Pipeline Controller training, however it is Enbridge’s experience that a simulation can also be used to test changes to a SCADA system before they are implemented and to operate a new pipeline before it goes into operation. The information gained from the pipeline operation prior to its construction can benefit the engineering design.
This paper outlines the Enbridge experience with development and use of pipeline simulation trainers. The paper also discusses how the simulation trainer fits with formal training, testing and retraining of Pipeline Controllers, how it has been used for SCADA system testing and for operating a new pipeline before it’s construction. The paper outlines what is required for the development of generic and specific simulations that are interfaced to SCADA, the use of modeling standards in the development, and the process of tuning a model so it ‘looks and feels’ like a real pipeline.
How to Design and Operate Quiet Centrifugal Compressor System
Authors: Motriuk Roman W. 
Published: October 2016

Historically, designs of centrifugal compressor systems focused on the aerodynamic and performance aspects. Noise, pulsation, and vibration phenomena were rarely considered. Recent applications of high flow and high power centrifugal compressors require that this approach be changed. Several transmission system failures, in different gas transmission companies, were documented. They included fatigue failures of the compressor components, piping attachments, and, in some instances, pipework shell failures. As a result, numerous investigations were carried out. While the compressors were adequately designed from the aerodynamic performance point of view, they appeared to act as dynamic generators, producing excessive noise, pulsation, and vibration levels even when operated well within their design parameters. It was found that neither the designers nor equipment users had a clear understanding on how to practically analyse and mitigate such dynamic phenomena.
The objective of this study is to briefly explain possible sources of the observed problems in the hope that such explanation might provide a means for preventing or minimising noise and pulsation generation in centrifugal machines. The study is based on the author’s experience in mitigating pulsation/noise and vibration problems mainly in the single stage natural gas centrifugal compressor systems. The study briefly describes differences in operation between vaned and vaneless diffuser compressors. It considers pipework and its influence on the compressor dynamic performance, and addresses some aspects of the compressor design in both aerodynamic and acoustic areas. Furthermore, it gives several practical methods to mitigate high frequency pulsation and vibration problems. Most of the approaches suggested here were implemented in the field and evaluated either by the author or others.
Shop Versus Site Performance Testing of Gas Turbines and Centrifugal Compressors
Authors: Scott John N. 
Published: October 2016

Performance guarantees are an integral part of the purchase of turbo-compressor equipment. Traditionally the testing is done at the equipment supplier’s factory in accordance with the appropriate test code. This paper puts forward technical and economic arguments for basing the final acceptance of the equipment on site tests. The equipment considered is in the 5 MW to 30 MW range.
The main emphasis of the paper is on making the site tests conform as closely as possible to the factory tests so that the results are acceptable to the manufacturer. The paper also includes discussions on the differences between shop test and site test procedures and results, comparative costs, site test specifications, instrumentation selection, and data analysis techniques.
Designing Compressor Installations for Reliability
Authors: Greenfield Shelley D. , Howes Brian C. , Robinson Alasdair , Eckert William 
Published: October 2016

This paper discusses and illustrates how the application of analytical tools, if properly applied, during the design process ensures a design that is both reliable and economic. Emphasis is on the dynamic behavior of centrifugal and reciprocating compressors. Illustrations deal with both types of compressors.
The key requirement is that pulsations, vibration levels and dynamic stresses must be low enough, that there is minimal impact on performance or reliability, while maintaining an economical design. To achieve this result, it is necessary to understand and control forcing functions, natural frequencies, mode shapes and dynamic stiffnesses. These considerations apply to rotor dynamics, piping vibration, torsional vibration, skid and foundation vibration. In addition, similar considerations apply to gas pulsations, where the interaction of the piping geometry with pressure pulsations, (arising from the uneven flow of gas through the suction and discharge nozzles), can produce significant forces and stresses for both reciprocating and centrifugal compressors, as well as degradation of performance.
Computer modeling can be used to avoid problems that reduce reliability, degrade performance and increase maintenance. Considerations for determining the appropriate level of analysis are outlined. The probability and cost of events in the absence of suitable design are discussed. The cost of these events is compared to relevant design costs.
The practical implications are illustrated with three cases where adequate design modeling and optimization was not done. One case involves a lateral critical and a structural resonance in a centrifugal compressor installation. The second involves a piping failure in a reciprocating compressor installation. The third involves a torsional failure in a reciprocating compressor installation.
Draft Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli 26R 793, a Plasmid-Free Recipient Strain Commonly Used in Conjugation Assays
Authors: Wang Juan , Hurley Daniel , McGrath Kathleen , Bai Li , Hächler Herbert , Stephan Roger , Fanning Séamus 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of the lactose-negative, rifampin-resistant,
Escherichia coli
strain 26R 793. This isolate has been widely used in conjugation experiments as a general recipient strain.
Draft Genome Sequence of Leifsonia xyli subsp.
xyli
Strain gdw1
Authors: Wang Jihua , Wang Li , Cao Gan , Zhang Muqing , Guo Ying 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of
Leifsonia xyli
subsp.
xyli
strain gdw1, isolated from the stem of Badila sugarcane located at the Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crops Genetic Improvement (Guanzhou, China), that causes ratoon stunting disease of sugarcane. The
de novo
genome of
Leifsonia xyli
subsp.
xyli
was assembled with 48 scaffolds and a G+C content of 67.68%, and contained 2.6 Mb bp and 2,838 coding sequences.
Draft Genome Sequences of Two
Geobacillus
Species Strains, Isolated from Oil Wells and Surface Soil above Oil Pools
Authors: Kaunietis Arnoldas , de Jong Anne , Pranckutė Raminta , Buivydas Andrius , Kuipers Oscar P. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Here, we present the draft genome sequences of two
Geobacillus
species strains isolated from oil wells and surface soil above oil pools in Lithuania.
Genome Sequence of Carbon Dioxide-Sequestering
Serratia
sp. Strain ISTD04 Isolated from Marble Mining Rocks
Authors: Kumar Manish , Gazara Rajesh Kumar , Verma Sandhya , Kumar Madan , Verma Praveen Kumar , Thakur Indu Shekhar 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

The
Serratia
sp. strain ISTD04 has been identified as a carbon dioxide (CO
2
)-sequestering bacterium isolated from marble mining rocks in the Umra area, Rajasthan, India. This strain grows chemolithotrophically on media that contain sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO
3
) as the sole carbon source. Here, we report the genome sequence of 5.07 Mb
Serratia
sp. ISTD04.
Draft Genome Sequence of Rhodococcus erythropolis NSX2, an Actinobacterium Isolated from a Cadmium-Contaminated Environment
Authors: Egidi Eleonora , Wood Jennifer L. , Fox Edward M. , Liu Wuxing , Franks Ashley E. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Rhodococcus erythropolis
NSX2 is a rhizobacterium isolated from a heavy metal–contaminated environment. The 6.2-Mb annotated genome sequence shows that this strain harbors genes associated with heavy-metal resistance and xenobiotics degradation.
Draft Genome Sequences of Chryseobacterium artocarpi UTM-3
T
and Chryseobacterium contaminans C26
T
, Isolated from Rhizospheres, and Chryseobacterium arthrosphaerae CC-VM-7
T
, Isolated from the Feces of a Pill Millipede
Authors: Jeong Jin-Ju , Park Byeonghyeok , Oh Ji Yeon , Mannaa Mohamed , Kim Yoo Jun , Hong Jeum Kyu , Choi In-Geol , Kim Ki Deok 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Species of the genus
Chryseobacterium
belonging to the family
Flavobacteriaceae
are nonmotile, yellow-pigmented, and rod-shaped bacteria, some of which were frequently isolated from soil or plant-related materials. Here, we present draft genome sequences of three type strains of
Chryseobacterium
, which contain genes related to plant growth promotion, colonization, or stress adaptation.
Complete Genome Sequence of Human Norovirus Strain GII.P7-GII.6 Detected in a Patient in the United States in 2014
Authors: Yang Zhihui , Vinjé Jan , Elkins Christopher A. , Kulka Michael 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
Homologous recombination is one of the driving forces contributing to the genetic variation of human norovirus, which is an important cause of sporadic and epidemic acute gastroenteritis globally. We report the near-complete genome of the novel recombinant norovirus strain GII.P7-GII.6, detected in an adult with norovirus gastroenteritis in the United States.
Mechanical amorphization, flash heating, and frictional melting: Dramatic changes to fault surfaces during the first millisecond of earthquake slip
Authors: Hayward Kathryn S. , Cox Stephen F. , Fitz Gerald John D. , Slagmolen Bram J.J. , Shaddock Daniel A. , Forsyth Perry W.F. , Salmon Michelle L. , Hawkins Rhys P. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The evolution of fault strength and behavior during the initial stages of slip plays an important role in driving the onset of instability and fault weakening. Using small-displacement triaxial experiments on quartz sandstone, this study highlights the rapid onset of microstructural change on fault interfaces and identifies new evidence for an evolution in physical processes with increasing slip and velocity. Pre-ground fault surfaces have been slipped over a range of velocities (0.36 µm s–1 to 18 cm s–1) and at normal stresses comparable to upper- to mid-crustal conditions (92–287 MPa). Microstructural analysis of the fault interfaces reveals the formation of amorphous material at displacements &lt;170 µm and slip durations &lt; 1 ms. Mechanical and microstructural observations have been combined with numerical modeling to present the first documented examples of a transition from mechanical amorphization to flash heating, then frictional melting, with changes in slip conditions. The sequence of processes activated during the initial stages of fault movement may provide new insights into factors that influence the onset of slip in the seismogenic crust.
German translation and content validation of the OSTRC Questionnaire on overuse injuries and health problems
Authors: Hirschmüller A , Steffen K , Fassbender K , Clarsen B , Leonhard R , Konstantinidis L , Südkamp N P , Kubosch E J 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to translate, culturally adapt and validate the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre (OSTRC) Questionnaire on Health Problems into the German context.MethodsA slightly modified back-translation method was used to translate the questionnaire. Validation was done in 24 high-level Paralympic athletes followed over 20 consecutive weeks.ResultsThe translated version of the questionnaire showed a very high internal consistency and good test–retest reliability (Cronbach's α 0.92, intraclass correlation coefficient 0.91). Additionally, we observed high acceptance and compliance from our cohort of athletes, whose mean weekly response rate was 91.5%. Overall, 114 training days were lost because of illness or injury within the 20 weeks and, on average, 5 athletes per week (20.8%) reported health problems.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that the translated German version of the OSTRC Questionnaire is a reliable and valid tool with high internal consistency for the medical monitoring of German athletes. The OSTRC-G now offers the opportunity for a continued surveillance of high-level German athletes.
SCAT2 and SCAT3 scores at baseline and after sports-related mild brain injury/concussion: qualitative synthesis with weighted means
Authors: Thomas Roger E , Alves Jorge , Vaska Marcus M , Magalhães Rosana 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveIdentify all Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT2/3) studies, compare baseline and postconcussion results.DesignSystematic review (qualitative synthesis, weighted means).Data sources18 databases, 9 grey literature resources searched for SCAT2/3 data; 9150 articles identified, titles/abstracts assessed/data-entry independently by two reviewers.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesAny studies reporting partial/complete SCAT2/3 data.Results21 studies with data (partial/complete data 16 SCAT2 (4087 athletes); 5 SCAT3 (891). Newcastle-Ottawa risk-of-bias scale: studies with maximum possible score of 4, 85% scored 3 or 4; studies with maximum possible score of 6, 75% scored 5 or 6. SCAT2 high schoolers: weighted mean score for symptoms 18.46 (22=no symptoms), Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) 26.14, Standardised Assessment of Concussion (SAC) 26.00 and SCAT2 total 88.63. Collegiate/adults weighted means: symptoms 20.09, BESS 25.54, SAC 27.51 and total SCAT2 91.20. Between-study and within-study variability similar to those of the high schoolers. Limited variability between genders. Only 2 studies report baseline and postconcussion scores and 9 partial scores, but data are too limited to provide weighted average scores.ConclusionsGroup mean baseline SCAT scores for high school and collegiate athletes are similar, with minimal gender differences; baseline symptoms show more variability than other components. There are minimal data for elementary students and professionals, no data for adult non-collegiate athletes. Two studies provide preconcussion and postconcussion scores. No data on minimal significant clinical differences to guide players/coaches in withdrawing from a game in progress and deciding when recovery is complete and play can be resumed. The SCAT needs supplementing with clinical and neuropsychological return-to-play assessments.
RESPOND: a programme to prevent secondary falls in older people presenting to the emergency department with a fall: protocol for an economic evaluation
Authors: Morello R T , Morris R L , Hill K D , Haines T P , Arendts G , Redfern J , Etherton-Beer C D , Lowthian J A , Brand C A , Liew D , Watts J J , Barker A L 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundFalls remain common for community-dwelling older people and impose a substantial economic burden to the healthcare system. RESPOND is a novel falls prevention programme that aims to reduce secondary falls and fall injuries among older people who present to a hospital emergency department (ED) with a fall. The present protocol describes a prospective economic evaluation examining the incremental cost-effectiveness of the RESPOND programme, compared with usual care practice, from the Australian health system perspective.Methods and designThis economic evaluation will recruit 528 participants from two major tertiary hospital EDs in Australia and will be undertaken alongside a multisite randomised controlled trial. Outcome and costing data will be collected for all participants over the 12-month trial. It will compare the RESPOND falls prevention programme with usual care practice (current community-based falls prevention practices) to determine its incremental cost-effectiveness according to three intermediate clinical outcomes: (1) falls prevented, (2) fall injuries prevented and (3) injurious falls prevented. In addition, utilities will be derived from a generic quality-of-life measure (EQ-5D-5L) and used to calculate the ‘incremental cost per quality-adjusted life years gained’.DiscussionThe results of this study will provide healthcare decision makers with evidence to assist with setting spending thresholds for preventive health programmes and inform selection of emergency and community service models of care.Trial registration numberThe protocol for this study is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12614000336684); Pre-results.