bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
War on Drugs
Authors: Griffin O. Hayden 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWhile the phrase “war on drugs” seems ubiquitous in the United States, many people do not appreciate the historical scope of the conflict. While a war is most often regarded as a battle between two countries, the war on drug targets individuals, predominantly American citizens. Although most people associate the war on drugs with President Richard Nixon and President Ronald Reagan, combating and regulating drug use has been a pertinent issue in American government since the early 1900s. One of the continual concerns since the implementation of the war on drugs is that the United States remains the majority consumer of the world's drugs, both legal and illegal. Thus, there has been a call to re‐examine the war on drugs by taking a more rehabilitative, rather than enforcement, perspective. This is especially important considering the incredible burden the war on drugs has placed on the American correctional system.
Vocational Programs for Juveniles
Authors: Williams Yaschica 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
School and work are a significant part of the human experience. There is a trajectory: education is expected to provide a path to the labor market. Some at‐risk youth, however, are excluded from this prescribed trajectory, particularly if they are in contact with the juvenile justice system. Lack of education and marketable job skills are associated with unemployment, crime, and recidivism. It is because of these consequences that vocational programs have become a quintessential part of most juvenile correctional programs. Career education and technical job training received through vocational programs serve as a catalyst for the prevention of delinquency among at‐risk youth populations and rehabilitation among court‐involved or juvenile justice involved youth.
Prison Rape
Authors: Tewksbury Richard , Navarro John C. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Scholarly research over the past several decades has produced mixed results concerning rates of rape and/or sexual assaults occurring in prison. Over time, data collection methods became more refined, leading to more valid and reliable estimates of sexual victimization. Further, victim demographic characteristics have varied, specifically on how gender, mental illness, and sexual orientation have influenced a prisoners' risk for sexual victimization. In contrast, this theme of varying characteristics cannot be said to apply to perpetrators, who encompass both other inmates and staff persons and have remained constant throughout the prison rape literature. Contextually, correctional institutions have cultivated the prevalence of sexual assaults inasmuch as their social environment via levels of security and other socio‐ecological factors has influenced sexual victimization. To prevent sexual assaults in correctional facilities, the Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) was enacted in the United States in 2003. As a result, methodologies for data collection were enhanced, funding opportunities were also created to support scientific research, and correctional facilities and communities were supplied with the appropriate means to assist in the prevention of sexual assaults.
Private Prisons
Authors: Simonds Raven , Wright Kevin A. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The privatization of prisons is often met with skepticism by scholars, policymakers, and the general public. A number of ethical and practical concerns have been raised over having private enterprise take over punishment responsibilities that are traditionally handled by the state. But private involvement in corrections is nothing new, and the history of corrections in the United States presents many examples of involvement by private entities. It is only relatively recently that entire prisons have been privately run, with states finding this an appealing option to address budget issues and prison crowding. And given that private prisons will likely continue to be a part of the correctional landscape, some scholars have begun to examine how private prisons may play a unique role in improving the correctional system.
Probation
Authors: Matz Adam K. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Around 6.9 million adults are under some form of correctional supervision in the United States, about 4 million (nearly 60%) are under probation supervision. Probation, hailed from the Latin term
probare
meaning “to prove,” is best characterized as a sentence of conditional release whereby a convicted individual is released to the community under the conditions and supervision of the court for a specified period of time. The individual, henceforth referred to as a
probationer
, is assigned to a supervision officer responsible for assessing the probationer's risk to the community and criminogenic needs, as well as providing supervision and ensuring compliance with court‐imposed conditions of release.
Prison Act (1865)
Authors: Pealer Jennifer A. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The Prison Act of 1865 sought to bring uniformity to a system divided among different types of institutions. The Act was in response to concerns of prison management, conditions, and abuses of prisoners. The provisions within the Prison Act of 1865 defined hard labor, established penalties for the violation of prison rules, formalized the separate system, and developed general conditions for the maintenance and operation of the prison. It became effective on February 1, 1866, for England and Wales.
Protective Custody
Authors: Bricker Todd 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn a correctional setting, protective custody is used to separate inmates from the general population for reasons of health and safety. It can also be used to protect inmates from outside threats. There are many reasons that prisoners are placed into protective custody. Former law enforcement and corrections officers, sex offenders, child molesters, and celebrities are typically secluded from the general prison population. Some prisons have created entire wings or “sensitive needs” areas to house certain inmates. Although these facilities are designed to increase inmate safety and to accommodate the increasing number of inmates in protective custody, recent findings suggest that inmate homicides may still occur despite the prevention efforts.
T
aiwan, Corrections in
Authors: Yang Shu‐Lung , Lai Yung‐Lien , Tzeng Shuping 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The Law of Execution in Prison in Taiwan holds that the purpose of correctional facilities is to encourage and assist inmates to reform themselves and successfully reintegrate into society upon their release from confinement. Consequently, each correctional facility arranges all levels of education, counseling services, assigned labor activities, and vocational training courses for their clients to achieve this hoped‐for self‐reform and planned preparation for successful reintegration into society. The goal of rehabilitation is the core correctional philosophy that has characterized Taiwanese correctional system operations for more than ten decades. As of the end of 2014, a total of 63,452 inmates are being housed in various types of correctional facilities; the national incarceration rate was 270.8 per 100,000 persons. The Agency of Corrections is part of the Ministry of Justice and governs all of Taiwan's correctional facilities and associated programs. The Agency currently operates 51correctional institutions, including 26 prisons (three of which are “open” prisons), four drug abuser treatment centers, three vocational training institutes, and twelve detention centers for adult offenders. In addition, it operates two juvenile reform schools, two juvenile correctional schools and two juvenile detention houses, which house at‐risk juvenile delinquents.
“Trusty”
Authors: Wright Brianna , May David C. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

The term “trusty” refers to a prisoner who works at a variety of jobs inside and outside jails and prisons. Trusties clean prison and community grounds, wash inmate clothing, and build cabinets and other wood products for government offices and nonprofit agencies, among many other tasks. The most well‐known use of the trusty system in the United States was in Mississippi, and was dismantled by a federal judge in the case of
Gates v. Collier
(1972). Although little scientific research exists on this topic, the use of trusties appears to be widespread in jails and prisons in the United States and in other nations.
Prison Culture
Authors: Theerathitiwong Sitthana 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Prison culture is a concept used to encapsulate the values, norms, and beliefs of prisoners. In their segregation from mainstream society, prisoners go through the process of prisonization in order to transition themselves into the environment, and prison culture becomes the prominent influence on prisoners' lives. Furthermore, prisoners commonly have to demonstrate that they belong to this culture by complying with the “inmate code” to ensure that their time in prison is peaceful and non‐violent. This includes standing up for themselves to protect their honor, not betraying their fellow inmates by colluding with prison officers, or being compliant to the general rules and structures of the prison. While scholars argue on the origins of prison culture, it is likely that prison culture will continue to proliferate in the current incarceration climate in the United States.
Ternary Organic Solar Cells with Minimum Voltage Losses
Authors: Wang Chuanfei , Zhang Wei , Meng Xiangyi , Bergqvist Jonas , Liu Xianjie , Genene Zewdneh , Xu Xiaofeng , Yartsev Arkady , Inganäs Olle , Ma Wei , Wang Ergang , Fahlman Mats 
Published: July 2017

AbstractA new strategy for designing ternary solar cells is reported in this paper. A low‐bandgap polymer named PTB7‐Th and a high‐bandgap polymer named PBDTTS‐FTAZ sharing the same bulk ionization potential and interface positive integer charge transfer energy while featuring complementary absorption spectra are selected. They are used to fabricate efficient ternary solar cells, where the hole can be transported freely between the two donor polymers and collected by the electrode as in one broadband low bandgap polymer. Furthermore, the fullerene acceptor is chosen so that the energy of the positive integer charge transfer state of the two donor polymers is equal to the energy of negative integer charge transfer state of the fullerene, enabling enhanced dissociation of all polymer donor and fullerene acceptor excitons and suppressed bimolecular and trap assistant recombination. The two donor polymers feature good miscibility and energy transfer from high‐bandgap polymer of PBDTTS‐FTAZ to low‐bandgap polymer of PTB7‐Th, which contribute to enhanced performance of the ternary solar cell.
Protection of high‐density polyethylene–silicon composites from ultraviolet–visible photodegradation
Authors: Santonja‐Blasco L. , Rodriguez I. , Sanchez‐Ballester S. , Badia J. D. , Meseguer F. , Ribes‐Greus A. 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACTThe extent of the ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) photoirradiation effect on high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) and HDPE–silicon (Si) composites is reported in terms of the addition of Si microparticles at contents of 0.1, 1, and 5 wt %. A standard accelerated UV–vis exposure was applied over 2750 h, corresponding to 22 months in Florida. Thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used as reliable techniques for monitoring the quality of the HDPE–Si composites. The increasing addition of Si microparticles delayed the photodegradation of the HDPE–Si composites. Because of their strong light‐scattering effects, Si microparticles blocked the degradation of tertiary carbons of the HDPE backbone and reduced the apparition of vinyl groups; this prevented the structural impoverishment of HDPE–Si composites. Consequently, variations in the crystallization temperature (Tc) and melting temperature (Tm), which were indicators of photodegradation, were not modified. In general, the HDPE–Si composite formulation with 5 wt % Si microparticles was useful for protecting the material from photodegradation and, thus, should be an environmentally friendly, reliable alternative UV–vis blocker. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45439.
What is Really Wrong with Serious Case Reviews?
Authors: Preston‐Shoot Michael 
Published: July 2017

Concern about the effectiveness of Serious Case Reviews for generating improvements in child protection in England led to proposals in the Wood review to replace the current system with rapid local learning inquiries and a national system of learning from significant incidents. This article challenges both the analysis in the Wood review and the proposals themselves. Whilst not uncritical of Serious Case Reviews, this article addresses five criticisms of the current review system. It explores how systemic the focus of reviews has been, and argues that findings and recommendations have become repetitive and lessons not fully appreciated because of an overly simplistic approach to change management. It suggests that there are methodologies that can effectively engage practitioners and managers in case reviews and that criticism of the review process itself can be addressed with refinements rather than wholesale change. The article concludes by questioning the assumptions upon which proposals for changing the current Serious Case Review are based. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.‘Challenges both the analysis in the Wood review and the proposals themselves’Key Practitioner Messages

A systemic approach to Serious Case Reviews must engage legislative, social policy and societal systems as well as local policy and practice.
A linear approach to learning and service development, often reflected in recommendations for training and policy refinements, is a less effective change management approach than engaging with single and multiagency contexts.
Safeguarding children involves practice which is inherently social and relational, full of complexity and complicated truths; so too is the practice of reviewing cases.
‘Safeguarding children involves practice which is inherently social and relational, full of complexity and complicated truths’
Visualization of poikilothermia using handheld thermography
Authors: Okada Yohei , Narumiya Hiromichi 
Published: July 2017

Key Clinical MessagePoikilothermia is a fundamental symptom of acute limb ischemia (ALI) and is known as “6Ps”. Herein, we present the visualization of poikilothermia caused by ALI using handheld thermography. We believe that handheld thermography could be useful to assess poikilothermia objectively as a supplementary method to physical examination.
A case of choledochoduodenal fistula – an unusual case report
Authors: B S Bhaviya , Kar Abhimanyu , Dutta Monalisa , Mandal Ajay , De Bakshi Sanjay 
Published: July 2017

Key Clinical MessageCholedochoduodenal fistula (CDF) is an abnormal communication between the choledochus and the duodenum, accounts for 5–25% of all internal biliary fistulas. Here, we report a case of CDF secondary to chronic duodenal ulcer who presented with cholangitis. CDF is suspected in case of pneumobilia, and surgery is recommended for refractory cases.
Tailored Band Gaps in Sulfur‐ and Nitrogen‐Containing Porous Donor–Acceptor Polymers
Authors: Schwarz Dana , Kochergin Yaroslav S. , Acharjya Amitava , Ichangi Arun , Opanasenko Maksym V. , Čejka Jiří , Lappan Uwe , Arki Pal , He Junjie , Schmidt Johannes , Nachtigall Petr , Thomas Arne , Tarábek Ján , Bojdys Michael J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDonor–acceptor dyads hold the key to tuning of electrochemical properties and enhanced mobility of charge carriers, yet their incorporation into a heterogeneous polymer network proves difficulty owing to the fundamentally different chemistry of the donor and acceptor subunits. A family of sulfur‐ and nitrogen‐containing porous polymers (SNPs) are obtained via Sonogashira–Hagihara cross‐coupling and combine electron‐withdrawing triazine (C3N3) and electron‐donating, sulfur‐containing linkers. Choice of building blocks and synthetic conditions determines the optical band gap (from 1.67 to 2.58 eV) and nanoscale ordering of these microporous materials with BET surface areas of up to 545 m2 g−1 and CO2 capacities up to 1.56 mmol g−1. Our results highlight the advantages of the modular design of SNPs, and one of the highest photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rates for a cross‐linked polymer without Pt co‐catalyst is attained (194 μmol h−1 g−1).
Spin‐singlet Quantum Ground State in Zigzag Spin Ladder Cu(CF3COO)2
Authors: Danilovich Igor L. , Karpova Elena V. , Morozov Igor V. , Ushakov Alexey V. , Streltsov Sergey V. , Shakin Alexander A. , Volkova Olga S. , Zvereva Elena A. , Vasiliev Alexander N. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe copper salt of trifluoroacetic acid, Cu(CF3COO)2, offers a new platform to investigate the quantum ground states of low‐dimensional magnets. In practice, it realizes the ideal case of a solid hosting essentially isolated magnetic monolayers. These entities are constituted by well‐separated two‐leg half‐integer spin ladders organized in a zigzag fashion. The ladders are comprised of dimeric units of edge‐sharing tetragonal pyramids coupled through carbon ions. The spin‐gap state in this compound was revealed by static and dynamic magnetic measurements. No indications of long range magnetic ordering down to liquid helium temperature were obtained in specific heat measurements. First principles calculations allow estimation of the main exchange interaction parameters, J⊥=176 K and J∥=12 K, consistent with the weakly interacting dimers model.
Cleaning of pH Selective Electrodes with Ionophore‐doped Fluorous Membranes in NaOH Solution at 90 °C
Authors: Lugert‐Thom Elizabeth C. , Gladysz John A. , Rábai József , Bühlmann Philippe 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis work demonstrates the remarkable stability of fluorous ion‐selective electrode (ISE) membranes by exposing them to cleaning‐in‐place treatments (CIP) as they are used in many industrial processes. The sensing membranes consisted of Teflon AF2400 plasticized with a linear perfluoropolyether and doped with ionic sites and a H+ ionophore (i. e., tris[3‐(perfluorooctyl)propyl]amine, 1, or tris[3‐(perfluorooctyl)pentyl]amine, 2). To mimic a typical CIP treatment, the electrodes were repeatedly exposed for 30 min to a 3.0 % NaOH solution at 90 °C (pH 12.7). ISE membranes doped with the less strongly H+ binding ionophore 1 started to show reduced potentiometric response slopes and increased resistances after one exposure for 30 min to hot 3.0 % NaOH solution. No decomposition of the ionic sites and ionophore 1 at 90 °C was evident by 1H NMR spectroscopy, suggesting that the performance of membranes doped with 1 was compromised primarily by leaching of the negatively charged ionic sites along with H+ into the hot caustic solution. In contrast, even after ten exposures to hot 3.0 % NaOH for a cumulative 5 h at 90 °C, the fluorous sensing membranes doped with the more strongly H+ binding ionophore 2 still showed the ability to respond with a theoretical (Nernstian) slope up to pH 12. Addition of the fluorophilic electrolyte salt methyltris[3‐(perfluorooctyl)propyl]ammonium tetrakis[3, 5‐bis(perfluorohexyl)phenyl]borate reduced the membrane resistance by an order of magnitude.
Efficient Polymer Solar Cells Spray‐Coated from Non‐Halogenated Solvents towards Practical Fabrication
Authors: Zhang Tong , Zhao Xiaoli , Yang Dalei , Yang Xiaoniu 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn the past decade, the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of polymer solar cells (PSCs) have been improved significantly. However, most efficient PSCs are based on halogenated solvents and the spin‐coating technique. To meet the requirements of practical fabrication, PSCs processed from non‐halogenated solvents using scalable deposition techniques are required. In this work, a non‐halogenated solvent system, o‐xylene/benzyl phenyl ether (BPE), was utilized to fabricate PSCs. The PSC obtained through spin coating from o‐xylene/BPE exhibited a high PCE comparable to a PCE spin‐coated from halogenated solvent. The nanostructures of the films processed from different solvents were investigated systematically to understand their performance evolution. Importantly, a spray‐coating technique compatible with the roll‐to‐roll process was employed to fabricate PSCs using an eco‐compatible ink formulation. The PSC spray coated from o‐xylene/BPE in ambient atmosphere gave rise to a PCE of 7.74 % comparable to that of devices spin‐coated from halogenated solvents, which demonstrated a significant potential for further practical fabrication.
The “Lagoa do Camargo 1” Paleoindian site: some implications for tropical geomorphology, pedology, and paleoenvironments in southeastern Brazil
Authors: Araujo Astolfo G. M. , Paisani Julio César , Schrage Thomas J. , Feathers James K. , Hartmann Gelvam A. , Ricci Olivia 
Published: July 2017

AbstractLagoa do Camargo 1, a Paleoindian archaeological site located in southeast Brazil dated between 10.5 and 8.3 ka, was studied using a variety of analyses: artifact and charcoal frequencies, soil morphology and micromorphology, magnetic analysis, optically stimulated luminescence, and radiocarbon dating. Our results show that the sandy tropical Oxisol present at the site was accumulated by episodic erosion and accumulation of materials along the slope, by means of diffuse runoff (sheet wash), and that bioturbation, albeit present, played a minor role in the soil formation. From a geoarchaeological point of view, the site poses an important problem, which is the presence of a deeply buried archaeological site almost at the top of a plateau. Our conclusions are relevant for understanding the genesis of sandy Oxisols that cover a large portion of southeast Brazil, where charcoal fragments are abundant, and whose genesis is considered by some authors to be strongly related to pedoturbation.
Effect of abacus training on executive function development and underlying neural correlates in Chinese children
Authors: Wang Chunjie , Weng Jian , Yao Yuan , Dong Shanshan , Liu Yuqiu , Chen Feiyan 
Published: July 2017

AbstractExecutive function (EF) refers to a set of cognitive abilities involved in self‐regulated behavior. Given the critical role of EF in cognition, strategies for improving EF have attracted intensive attention in recent years. Previous studies have explored the effects of abacus‐based mental calculation (AMC) training on several cognitive abilities. However, it remains unclear whether AMC training affects EF and its neural correlates. In this study, participants were randomly assigned to AMC or control groups upon starting primary school. The AMC group received 2 h AMC training every week, while the control group did not have any abacus experience. Neural activity during an EF task was examined using functional MRI for both groups in their 4th and 6th grades. Our results showed that the AMC group performed better and faster than the control group in both grades. They also had lower activation in the frontoparietal reigons than the control group in the 6th grade. From the 4th to the 6th grade, the AMC group showed activation decreases in the frontoparietal regions, while the control group exhibited an opposite pattern. Furthermore, voxel‐wise regression analyses revealed that better performance was associated with lower task‐relevant brain activity in the AMC group but associated with greater task‐relevant brain activity in the control group. These results suggest that long‐term AMC training, with calculation ability as its original target, may improve EF and enhance neural efficiency of the frontoparietal regions during development. Hum Brain Mapp 38:5234–5249, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.