bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations on the Behavior of Rain Forest Peccaries in Perú: Why do White‐lipped Peccaries Form Herds?
Authors: Kiltie Richard A. , Terborgh John 
Published: December 2015

Abstract and SummaryThe ecology and behavior of Tayassu tajacu and T. pecari were studied for a total period of 16 months in the years 1975–1978 in the Manú National Park in southeastern Perú.It appears from 132 sightings of T. tajacu at the study site, and from reports from other regions, that groups of this species in rain forest usually contain fewer than 12 individuals. The more observers were at the study site, the more frequently this species was encountered. T. tajacu also repeatedly used wallows in the forest. These observations suggested that individuals of this species were relatively sedentary.Herds of T. pecari were encountered on 60 occasions. Five counts indicated that there were over 100 individuals in the herds. This species was encountered at practically random intervals, independent of number of observers at the site, but more frequently in the dry season than in the rainy season.Adults of both species are prey primarily of large cats and humans.Both species feed on green plant parts, fruits, nuts and seeds, but T. pecari feeds on more resistant seeds and nuts than T. tajacu. The hardest palm nuts that only T. pecari can consume are distributed in a patchy manner. Cracking these nuts between the teeth causes the animals to be heard more than 50 m away.The patchy distribution of the hard nuts and seeds prevents T. pecari from being sedentary, and group formation likely has several individual benefits for foraging efficiency and defense against predators. These may include (1) avoidance of searching for food in places recently visited by others, (2) benefitting from the knowledge of experienced foragers, (3) reducing the per capita probability of detection by predators, (4) reducing the probability of being captured after group detection by predators, (5) increasing the ability to counterattack as a group, (6) increasing the probability of detecting the predator before it can attack, and (7) “confusing” the predator through escape behavior.T. tajacu seems to live in small groups because its typical foods are distributed more evenly and because consumption of these foods does not cause individuals to be so noticeable to predators.
The Theoretical Basis for Nurse‐Midwifery Practice in the United States: A Critical Analysis of Three Theories
Authors: Cragin Leslie 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThe relatively recent effort of midwifery scholars has resulted in the development of three middle‐range midwifery theories in the United States. This article examines the three theoretical models that have been developed to describe the essential components of midwifery practice. The three theorists demonstrate remarkable consistency in the identification of concepts important to the discipline, which includes the following essential characteristics of the midwifery paradigm of care: 1) acknowledgment of connections between the mind and body and the person to the person's life and world; 2) assuming the perspective of the woman to investigate meaning and her experience of symptoms or conditions, so that a plan of care is developed by midwife and woman together; and 3) protection and nurturance of the “normal” in processes related to women's health, implying a judicious use of technology and intervention.
HLA Sharing and Fertility in Hutterite Couples: Evidence for Prenatal Selection Against Compatible Fetuses
Authors: OBER CAROLE , ELIAS SHERMAN , O'BRIEN ELIZABETH , KOSTYU DONNA D. , HAUCK WALTER W. , BOMBARD ALLEN 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: Antigenic differences between mother and fetus (i.e., blood group incompatibilities) were traditionally considered deleterious for viviparous reproduction. Recently, evidence has accumulated suggesting that maternal response to paternally derived fetal antigens, paradoxically, may facilitate maintenance of pregnancy. Thus, fetuses whose paternally derived antigens do not differ from maternal antigens (i.e., histocompatible pregnancies) may be at a selective disadvantage during pregnancy. Parents sharing histocompatibility antigens (i.e., HLA) may produce compatible fetuses and show overall reduced fertility. Indeed, increased HLA sharing has been reported in some couples experiencing repetitive spontaneous abortion. However, the effects of HLA sharing in couples not selected because of previous pregnancy losses have not been assessed. To elucidate the reproductive effects of maternal‐fetal histocompatibility, we initiated prospective population‐based studies of parental HLA sharing and reproductive outcome in the Hutterites, a population isolate that lives communally and proscribes contraception. The relationship between HLA‐A, ‐B, and ‐DR sharing and reproductive outcome was examined in 111 Hutterite couples. Intervals from marriage to each birth were no longer among couples sharing antigens; differences were significant at the second birth and remained significant through the sixth birth (P < .05). When the effects of sharing at individual loci were examined, HLA‐DR was the only individual locus that was a significant predictor of birth interval length (P = .025). Completed family sizes were 6.5 and 9.0 among couples sharing and not sharing HLA‐DR, respectively (P = .082, 2‐tailed). However, recognized fetal loss rates did not differ among couples sharing and not sharing antigens.We interpret these results as evidence for reduced fertility among some Hutterite couples sharing HLA, as a result of maternal‐fetal compatibility for HLA‐DR, per se, or alleles at an undefined, HLA‐DR‐linked locus. Our data further suggest that longer intervals associated with HLA‐DR sharing may result from losses occurring early in gestation, before Hutterites would recognize pregnancy.
Depression and Hostility in Self‐Mutilation
Authors: Bennum I. , Phil M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe presence of depression and hostility among self‐mutilating patients is investigated. Mutilators, depressives and controls comprised the research samples. Non‐significant differences in intropunitive hostility and depression were found between the clinical groups. Specific item differences in the depression assessment indicated a definite qualitative rather than quantitative difference in depressive symptomatology between the clinical groups. The interaction between hostility and depression and the implications for management based on these results is discussed.
Prevalence of Suicide Attempts in a Mexican‐American Population: Prevention Implications of Immigration and Cultural Issues
Authors: Sorenson Susan B. , Golding Jacqueline M. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTSelf‐reported suicide ideation and suicide attempts were examined among 2,393 Mexican‐Americans (706 born in Mexico, 538 born in the United States) and non‐Hispanic whites (1,149 born in the United States). Mexican‐Americans born in Mexico reported significantly lower age‐ and gender‐adjusted lifetime rates of suicide thoughts (4.5%, 2.7–6.3%) than Mexican‐Americans born in the United States (13.0%, 10.0–15.9%), who reported significantly lower rates than non‐Hispanic whites born in the United States (19.2%, 17.4–21.0%). Adjusted rates of suicide attempt were lowest among Mexican‐Americans born in Mexico (1.6%, 0.6–2.6%) and higher among both Mexican‐Americans (4.8%, 2.4–7.2%) and non‐Hispanic whites (4.4%, 3.4–5.4%) born in the United States. Rates were not affected by degree of acculturation when immigration status was controlled. High schools and the Catholic church are suggested as sites for programs designed to prevent suicide and suicide attempts among Mexican‐Americans.
Different brain responses during empathy in autism spectrum disorders versus conduct disorder and callous‐unemotional traits
Authors: Klapwijk Eduard T. , Aghajani Moji , Colins Olivier F. , Marijnissen Godfried M. , Popma Arne , van Lang Natasja D. J. , van der Wee Nic J. A. , Vermeiren Robert R. J. M. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundDeficits in empathy are reported in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and also underlie antisocial behavior of individuals with conduct disorder and callous‐unemotional traits (CD/CU+). Many studies suggest that individuals with ASD are typically impaired in cognitive aspects of empathy, and individuals with CD/CU+ typically in affective aspects. In the current study, we compared the neural correlates of cognitive and affective aspects of empathy between youth with ASD and youth with CD/CU+.MethodsFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to assess boys with ASD (N = 23), boys with CD/CU+ (N = 23), and typically developing (TD) boys (N = 33), aged 15–19 years. Angry and fearful faces were presented and participants were asked to either infer the emotional state from the face (other‐task; emotion recognition) or to judge their own emotional response to the face (self‐task; emotional resonance).ResultsDuring emotion recognition, boys with ASD showed reduced responses compared to the other groups in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). During emotional resonance, the CD/CU+ and ASD groups showed reduced amygdala responses compared to the TD controls, boys with ASD showed reduced responses in bilateral hippocampus, and the CD/CU+ boys showed reduced responses in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and anterior insula (AI).ConclusionResults suggest differential abnormal brain responses associated with specific aspects of empathic functioning in ASD and CD/CU+. Decreased amygdala responses in ASD and CD/CU+ might point to impaired emotion processing in both disorders, whereas reduced vmPFC responses suggest problems in processing cognitive aspects of empathy in ASD. Reduced IFG/AI responses, finally, suggest decreased emotional resonance in CD/CU+.
Quantifying Global Impacts to Society from the Consumption of Natural Resources during Environmental Remediation Activities
Authors: Harclerode Melissa A. , Lal Pankaj , Miller Michael E. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryEnvironmental remediation activities often require the management of large volumes of water and the consumption of significant amounts of local natural resources, including energy and fossil fuels. Traditionally, proposed remedial approaches for a specific cleanup scenario are evaluated by overall project implementation cost, time frame of the cleanup, and effectiveness to meet cleanup goals. A new paradigm shift, referred to as sustainable remediation, has influenced the remediation industry to consider environmental, social, and economic impacts from cleanup activities. An environmental footprint analysis is the most common method to evaluate environmental implications of cleanup approaches. Presently, these footprint tools do not associate the environmental implications with global impacts. In this article, the method has been extended to integrate the social cost of carbon emissions to quantify global impacts. The case study site is a former aircraft parts manufacturing facility that caused chlorinated solvent contamination in soil and groundwater beneath the building. A groundwater pump‐and‐treat system was initially installed, followed by its gradual phase‐out with concurrent phase in of in situ bioremediation. The case study evaluates the monetized societal benefits from quantifying carbon emission impacts of the proposed cleanup approaches and alternative scenarios. Our results suggest that societal impacts based on monetized carbon emissions can be reduced by 27% by optimizing the remediation processes. The sensitivity analysis results elucidate how variation in carbon prices and social discount rates can influence cleanup decisions for remediation projects.
Grosvenor Mountains 95 howardite pairing group: Insights into the surface regolith of asteroid 4 Vesta
Authors: Lunning Nicole G. , Welten Kees C. , McSween Harry Y. , Caffee Marc W. , Beck Andrew W. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractRegolithic howardites are analogs for the surface materials of asteroid 4 Vesta, recently mapped by the Dawn spacecraft. Rigorously evaluating pairing of howardites recovered in 1995 in the Grosvenor Mountains (GRO 95), Antarctica, enables an examination of a larger, more representative regolith sample. Previous work on two of the howardites studied here concluded that GRO 95602 and GRO 95535 are solar wind‐rich surface regolith samples and that they are not paired with each other, leading to uncertainty regarding pairing relationships between the other GRO 95 howardites. Based on petrology, cosmic‐ray exposure history, and terrestrial age, four GRO 95 howardites are paired. The paired howardites (GRO 95534, 95535, 95574, 95581) were from a meteoroid with radius of 10–15 cm, a preatmospheric size comparable to that of Kapoeta, the largest known regolithic howardite. The paired GRO 95 howardites contain clasts of at least 18 separate HED lithologies, providing evidence they were assembled from diverse source materials. The total eucrite:diogenite mixing ratio (ratio of all eucrite lithologies to all diogenite lithologies) in the paired GRO 95 howardites is ~2:1. Petrographically determined basaltic eucrite:cumulate eucrite ratios in regolithic howardites, studied here and previously, vary more widely than total eucrite:diogenite ratios. Relative to eucritic pyroxene, plagioclase is depleted in these howardites, which provides evidence that plagioclase is preferentially comminuted in the vestan regolith. The extent of plagioclase depletion could be an indicator of regolith maturity.
Genome‐wide transcriptomic analyses provide insights into the lifestyle transition and effector repertoire of Leptosphaeria maculans during the colonization of Brassica napus seedlings
Authors: Haddadi Parham , Ma Lisong , Wang Haiyan , Borhan M. Hossein 
Published: December 2015

SummaryMolecular interaction between the causal agent of blackleg disease, Leptosphaeria maculans (Lm), and its host, Brassica napus, is largely unknown. We applied a deep RNA‐sequencing approach to gain insight into the pathogenicity mechanisms of Lm and the defence response of B. napus. RNA from the infected susceptible B. napus cultivar Topas DH16516, sampled at 2‐day intervals (0–8 days), was sequenced and used for gene expression profiling. Patterns of gene expression regulation in B. napus showed multifaceted defence responses evident by the differential expression of genes encoding the pattern recognition receptor CERK1 (chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1), receptor like proteins and WRKY transcription factors. The up‐regulation of genes related to salicylic acid and jasmonic acid at the initial and late stages of infection, respectively, provided evidence for the biotrophic and necrotrophic life stages of Lm during the infection of B. napus cotyledons. Lm transition from biotrophy to necrotropy was also supported by the expression function of Lm necrosis and ethylene‐inducing (Nep‐1)‐like peptide. Genes encoding polyketide synthases and non‐ribosomal peptide synthetases, with potential roles in pathogenicity, were up‐regulated at 6–8 days after inoculation. Among other plant defence‐related genes differentially regulated in response to Lm infection were genes involved in the reinforcement of the cell wall and the production of glucosinolates. Dual RNA‐sequencing allowed us to define the Lm candidate effectors expressed during the infection of B. napus. Several candidate effectors suppressed Bax‐induced cell death when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamaina leaves.
Essential ultrasound techniques of the pediatric airway
Authors: Stafrace Samuel , Engelhardt Thomas , Teoh Wendy H. , Kristensen Michael S. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryUltrasound of the airways is a technique which has been described in a number of recent articles and reviews highlighting the diagnostic possibilities and simple methodology. However, there is a paucity of information focusing specifically on such methods in children where equipment, technique, and challenges are different. This review article gives a general overview of the equipment considerations, scanning protocols, and clinical applications in children.
Mothers' Long-Run Career Patterns after First Birth
Authors: Frühwirth-Schnatter Sylvia , Pamminger Christoph , Weber Andrea , Winter-Ebmer Rudolf 
Published: December 2015

SummaryUsing Bayesian Markov chain clustering analysis we investigate career paths of Austrian women after their first birth. This data-driven method allows characterizing long-term career paths of mothers over up to 19 years by transitions between parental leave, non-employment and different forms of employment. We classify women into five cluster groups with very different long-run career trajectories after childbearing. We further model group membership with a multinomial specification within the finite mixture model. This approach gives insights into the determinants of long-run outcomes. In particular, giving birth at an older age appears to be associated with very diverse outcomes: it is related to higher odds of dropping out of the labour force, on the one hand, but also to higher odds of reaching a high wage career track, on the other hand.
Miltenberger blood group typing by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) melting curve analysis in Thai population
Authors: Vongsakulyanon A. , Kitpoka P. , Kunakorn M. , Srikhirin T. 
Published: December 2015

SUMMARYObjectivesTo develop reliable and convenient methods for Miltenberger (Mia) blood group typing.AimTo apply real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) melting curve analysis to Mia blood group typing.BackgroundThe Mia blood group is the collective set of glycophorin hybrids in the MNS blood group system. Mi(a+) blood is common among East Asians and is also found in the Thai population. Incompatible Mia blood transfusions pose the risk of life‐threatening haemolysis; therefore, Mia blood group typing is necessary in ethnicities where the Mia blood group is prevalent.Methods/MaterialsOne hundred and forty‐three blood samples from Thai blood donors were used in the study. The samples included 50 Mi(a+) samples and 93 Mi(a−) samples, which were defined by serology. The samples were typed by Mia typing qPCR, and 50 Mi(a+) samples were sequenced to identify the Mia subtypes. Mia subtyping qPCR was performed to define GP.Mur. Both Mia typing and Mia subtyping were tested on a conventional PCR platform.ResultsThe results of Mia typing qPCR were all concordant with serology. Sequencing of the 50 Mi(a+) samples revealed 47 GP.Mur samples and 3 GP.Hop or Bun samples. Mia subtyping qPCR was the supplementary test used to further define GP.Mur from other Mia subtypes. Both Mia typing and Mia subtyping performed well using a conventional PCR platform.ConclusionMia typing qPCR correctly identified Mia blood groups in a Thai population with the feasibility of Mia subtype discrimination, and Mia subtyping qPCR was able to further define GP.Mur from other Mia subtypes.
Engineered silver nanoparticles are sensed at the plasma membrane and dramatically modify the physiology of Arabidopsis thaliana plants
Authors: Sosan Arifa , Svistunenko Dimitri , Straltsova Darya , Tsiurkina Katsiaryna , Smolich Igor , Lawson Tracy , Subramaniam Sunitha , Golovko Vladimir , Anderson David , Sokolik Anatoliy , Colbeck Ian , Demidchik Vadim 
Published: December 2015

SummarySilver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are the world's most important nanomaterial and nanotoxicant. The aim of this study was to determine the early stages of interactions between Ag NPs and plant cells, and to investigate their physiological roles. We have shown that the addition of Ag NPs to cultivation medium, at levels above 300 mg L−1, inhibited Arabidopsis thaliana root elongation and leaf expansion. This also resulted in decreased photosynthetic efficiency and the extreme accumulation of Ag in tissues. Acute application of Ag NPs induced a transient elevation of [Ca2+]cyt and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS; partially generated by NADPH oxidase). Whole‐cell patch‐clamp measurements on root cell protoplasts demonstrated that Ag NPs slightly inhibited plasma membrane K+ efflux and Ca2+ influx currents, or caused membrane breakdown; however, in excised outside‐out patches, Ag NPs activated Gd3+‐sensitive Ca2+ influx channels with unitary conductance of approximately 56 pS. Bulk particles did not modify the plasma membrane currents. Tests with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that Ag NPs were not able to catalyse hydroxyl radical generation, but that they directly oxidized the major plant antioxidant, l‐ascorbic acid. Overall, the data presented shed light on mechanisms of the impact of nanosilver on plant cells, and show that these include the induction of classical stress signalling reactions (mediated by [Ca2+]cyt and ROS) and a specific effect on the plasma membrane conductance and the reduced ascorbate.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECRETION OF PHOSPHATE IN PAROTID SALIVA IN THE SHEEP AND GOAT
Authors: Mañas‐Almendros M. , Ross R. , Care A. D. 
Published: December 2015

The relationship between the concentration of phosphate in plasma and parotid saliva was studied in six conscious sheep and a g+oat, either intact or thyroparathyroidectomized ( t.x.p.t.x.), under conditions designed to minimize marked fluctuations in flow rate of saliva. A linear relationship between acutely induced changes in plasma phosphate concentration and the phosphate level in saliva has been demonstrated in both intact and t.x.p.t.x. animals.Dietary phosphorus depletion caused adaptation of salivary phosphate concentration so that less was secreted at a given concentration of plasma phosphate. Attention is drawn to the similarity between this phenomenon and that already described for the proximal renal tubule.Parathyroid hormone (PTH) was shown to reduce the salivary phosphate concentration with little or no effect on phosphataemia. The administration of 1,25‐dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2CC) also caused a reduction in salivary phosphate concentration despite hyperphosphataemia and hypercalcaemia.It is suggested that salivary phosphate concentration can be influenced directly by the concurrent level of plasma phosphate but that this relationship can be modified directly by the circulating concentration of 1,25(OH)2CC and indirectly by PTH via increased production of 1,25(OH)2CC.
Female Distance Runners Training In Southeastern United States Have Adequate Vitamin D Status
Authors: Wentz Laurel M. , Liu Pei-Yang , Ilich Jasminka Z. , Haymes Emily M. 
Published: December 2015

Background:High rates of vitamin D deficiency have been reported in athletes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the associations between vitamin D with bone health and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations in female runners who trained at 30.4° degrees north.Methods:Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D), PTH, body composition, and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured in 59 female runners, aged 18–40 years. Stress fracture history, training duration and frequency were evaluated by questionnaire. As per National Endocrine Society cut-offs, serum vitamin D ranges were: 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L for deficient; 50–75 nmol/L for insufficient; and ≥ 75 nmol/L for sufficient status.Results:Mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations were 122.6 ± 63.9 nmol/L, with 18.6% of subjects in the deficient (5.1%) or insufficient (13.5%) range. No significant differences were observed between sufficient and deficient/insufficient subjects for BMD, PTH, history of stress fractures, or demographic data.Conclusions:The majority of distance runners maintained sufficient vitamin D status, suggesting that training outdoors in latitude where vitamin D synthesis occurs year-round reduces the risk for vitamin D deficiency. Data do not support the indiscriminate supplementation of outdoor athletes in southern latitudes without prior screening.