bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enzymatic Cleavage of Aryl Acetates
Authors: Bauch Marcel , Böttcher Dominique , Bornscheuer Uwe T. , Linker Torsten 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSeven enzymes have been screened for the cleavage of aryl acetates. Phenyl and naphthyl acetates react with lipases and esterases, whereas the sterically demanding anthracene acetate gave a conversion only with porcine liver esterase and esterase 2 from Bacillus subtilis (BS2) . These two enzymes have been employed on a preparative (0.5 mmol) scale and afforded cleavage products in 91 and 94 % yields, even for anthracene acetate. Thus, this method is superior to chemical cleavage with catalytic amounts of sodium methoxide (Zemplén conditions), which gave only low conversions. Finally, regioselectivity has been achieved with an anthracene bisacetate, in which an ethyl group controls the cleavage of the first acetate. This indicates that steric interactions play a crucial role in the enzymatic cleavage of aryl acetates, which might be interesting for future applications or the development of enzyme inhibitors.
How to Switch Spin‐Crossover Metal Complexes at Constant Room Temperature
Authors: Khusniyarov Marat M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSpin‐crossover metal complexes represent a highly promising class of molecular switches, the diverse physicochemical properties of which can be reversibly changed by different physical and chemical stimuli. One of the most interesting and examined features of these materials is the change of magnetic properties by changing the temperature or by irradiation with light at low temperatures. However, most prospective applications of such complexes require functioning at room temperature. This Concept article provides an overview about how the switching of spin‐crossover metal complexes can be achieved at constant room temperature. The principles of switching by different physical and chemical methods in solution and in the solid state are presented in an easy‐to‐read form for nonspecialists. These are further supported and clarified by examples from the literature. The overview might also be interesting for experts that target spin‐crossover systems functioning at ambient conditions.
Self‐Assembly of Proteins: Towards Supramolecular Materials
Authors: Yang Liulin , Liu Aijie , Cao Shuqin , Putri Rindia M. , Jonkheijm Pascal , Cornelissen Jeroen J. L. M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe study of protein self‐assembly has attracted great interest over the decades, due to the important role that proteins play in life. In contrast to the major achievements that have been made in the fields of DNA origami, RNA, and synthetic peptides, methods for the design of self‐assembling proteins have progressed more slowly. This Concept article provides a brief overview of studies on native protein and artificial scaffold assemblies and highlights advances in designing self‐assembling proteins. The discussions are focused on design strategies for self‐assembling proteins, including protein fusion, chemical conjugation, supramolecular, and computational‐aided de novo design.
Addition of Isocyanides to Tetramesityldigermene: A Comparison of the Reactivity between Surface and Molecular Digermenes
Authors: Tashkandi Nada Y. , Cook Emily E. , Bourque Jeremy L. , Baines Kim M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe reaction of benzyl isocyanide, tert‐butyl isocyanide, and 2,6‐dimethylphenyl isocyanide with tetramesityldigermene (Mes2Ge=GeMes2) was examined. Whereas the addition of benzyl isocyanide gave the C−NC activation product, Mes2Ge(CH2Ph)Ge(CN)Mes2, tert‐butyl isocyanide, and 2,6‐dimethylphenyl isocyanide did not give stable adducts, rather the rate of conversion of the digermene to the corresponding cyclotrigermane was accelerated. A comparison between the reactivity of the isocyanides with Mes2Ge=GeMes2 and the Ge(100)‐2×1 surface was made and some insights into the surface chemistry are offered.
α,β‐Unsaturated Gold(I) Carbenes by Tandem Cyclization and 1,5‐Alkoxy Migration of 1,6‐Enynes: Mechanisms and Applications
Authors: Calleja Pilar , Pablo Óscar , Ranieri Beatrice , Gaydou Morgane , Pitaval Anthony , Moreno María , Raducan Mihai , Echavarren Antonio M. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract1,6‐Enynes bearing OR groups at the propargyl position generate α,β‐unsaturated gold(I)‐carbenes/ gold(I) stabilized allyl cations that can be trapped by alkenes to form cyclopropanes or 1,3‐diketones to give products of α‐alkylation. The best migrating group is p‐nitrophenyl ether, which leads to the corresponding products without racemization. Thus, an improved formal synthesis of (+)‐schisanwilsonene A has been accomplished. The different competitive reaction pathways have been delineated computationally.
ChemInform Abstract: Study of Luminescence of Mn‐Doped CaB4O7 Prepared by Wet Chemical Method.
Authors: Oguz K. F. , Ekdal E. , Aslani M. A. A. , Canimoglu A. , Garcia Guinea J. , Can N. , Karali T. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMn‐doped CaB4O7 is prepared from aqueous solutions of CaCl2, boric acid, and MnCl2 (20 °C, 3 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Structural and Magnetic Properties of Spin‐1/2 Layered Ferrimagnet Bi2Cu5B4O14.
Authors: Arjun U. , Ramakrishnan V. , Nath R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPolycrystalline Bi2Cu5B4O14 is prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric amounts of Bi2O3, CuO, and H3BO3 under an Ar stream (680 °C, 60 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Permanent Magnet Properties of Zr1‐xRxFe10Si2 Alloys with R: Y, La, Ce, Pr and Sm.
Authors: Gabay A. M. , Cabassi R. , Fabbrici S. , Albertini F. , Hadjipanayis G. C. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract(Zr0.7Ln0.3) 1.1Fe10Si2 (Ln: Y, Ce, Pr, Sm) alloys are prepared by arc melting and subsequent melt spinning.
ChemInform Abstract: The Search for Room Temperature Tetragonal Phases of Fe—Mn—Ga: A Reactive Crucible Melting Approach.
Authors: Ener Semih , Kroder Johannes , Skokov Konstantin P. , Gutfleisch Oliver 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe reactive crucible melting technique is used as a rapid bulk screening method in the search for new permanent magnetic materials.
ChemInform Abstract: Strong Broensted Acid Promoted Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Isoquinolines and Quinolines Catalyzed by a Rh—Thiourea Chiral Phosphine Complex via Anion Binding.
Authors: Wen Jialin , Tan Renchang , Liu Shaodong , Zhao Qingyang , Zhang Xumu 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe activation of the N‐heteroaromatic substrates with HCl introduces anion binding into the catalytic system and is crucial for this reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium(III)‐Bis(imidazolinyl)phenyl Catalysts for Enantioselective C—H Functionalization with Ethyl Diazoacetate.
Authors: Blakey S. B. , et al.  
Published: August 2016

AbstractA new family of iridium complexes is developed, capable of mediating selective intermolecular functionalization of ethereal C—H bonds with the prototypical acceptor‐only carbene precursor ethyl diazoacetate.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoarrayed CF3‐Substituted 1,3‐Diols by Dynamic Kinetic Resolution: Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation.
Authors: Cotman Andrej Emanuel , Cahard Dominique , Mohar Barbara 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCF3‐substituted 1,3‐diols are stereoselectively prepared in excellent enantiopurity and high yield from CF3‐substituted diketones by using an ansa‐ruthenium(II)‐catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation in formic acid/triethylamine.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Diethylzinc to Acyclic Enones with Chiral Sulfoxide—Phosphine Ligands.
Authors: Yang Tingting , Zhang Yongling , Cao Peng , Wang Min , Li Li , Li Dong , Liao Jian 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe enantioselective conjugate addition of diethylzinc to enones (I) leads to ketones (III) in low to moderate yields and with good to high enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on the Chemical Transformations of 6‐Methylchromone‐3‐carbonitrile under Nucleophilic Conditions.
Authors: Ibrahim Magdy A. , El‐Gohary Nasser M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe reaction of the title chromone (I) with malononitrile dimer and cyanoacetohydrazide gives the unexpected chromenopyridine and benzoxozinecarbohydrazide, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Hydroxymalonic Acid Derivatives via Tandem Oxidation and Rearrangement by Photo Organic Catalysis.
Authors: Okada Akifumi , Nagasawa Yoshitomo , Yamaguchi Tomoaki , Yamaguchi Eiji , Tada Norihiro , Miura Tsuyoshi , Itoh Akichika 
Published: August 2016

Abstractβ‐Oxoesters or ‐amides are easily oxidatively converted into the corresponding 2‐hydroxymalonates or 2‐hydroxymalonic acid ester amides by varying the base using visible light irradiation with fluorescent lamps.
ChemInform Abstract: The First Synthesis of Chiral Dialkylamines with α,α‐Difluoroethers Fragments
Authors: Zasukha Sergiy V. , Novak Olga V. , Guzyr Olexandr I. , Shermolovich Yuriy G. 
Published: August 2016

Abstractstarting from N‐trimethylsilyl derivatives of α‐aminoacid esters using sulfur tetrafluoride as fluorine source
ChemInform Abstract: Dual Palladium(II)/Tertiary Amine Catalysis for Asymmetric Regioselective Rearrangements of Allylic Carbamates.
Authors: Bauer Johannes Moritz , Frey Wolfgang , Peters Rene 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAn enantioselective method is described that transforms achiral allylic alcohols and N‐tosylisocyanate in a single step into highly enantioenriched N‐tosyl protected allylic amines via an allylic carbamate intermediate.
ChemInform Abstract: Dienamine‐Catalyzed Nitrone Formation via Redox Reaction.
Authors: Fraboni Americo J. , Brenner‐Moyer Stacey E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe direct introduction of a nitrone functionality onto aldehyde substrates proceeds by an unprecedented oxidation of enals (I) via dienamine catalysis, thereby reducing an equivalent of nitrosobenzene.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mixed‐Ligand Chiral Rhodium(II) Catalyst Enables the Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Piperarborenine B.
Authors: Panish Robert A. , Chintala Srinivasa R. , Fox Joseph M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA novel mixed‐ligand chiral rhodium(II) catalyst enables the first enantioselective total synthesis of the natural product piperarborenine B (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Free Coupling of Alkynes with α‐Bromo Carbonyl Compounds: An Efficient Approach Towards β,γ‐Alkynoates and Allenoates.
Authors: Liu Wenbo , Chen Zhengwang , Li Lu , Wang Haining , Li Chao‐Jun 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA direct, transition‐metal‐free coupling between alkynes and α‐bromo carbonyl compounds using ultraviolet (UV) light in aqueous media is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Aminomethylamination of Conjugated Dienes with Aminals Enabled by Chiral Palladium Complex‐Catalyzed C—N Bond Activation.
Authors: Liu Yang , Xie Yinjun , Wang Hongli , Huang Hanmin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractEnantiomerically pure allylic 1,3‐diamines are prepared with high regioselectivity involving a Pd‐catalyzed cascade C—N bond activation, aminomethylation, and asymmetric allylic amination reaction under mild reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkyne Difunctionalization by Dual Gold/Photoredox Catalysis.
Authors: Tlahuext‐Aca Adrian , Hopkinson Matthew N. , Garza‐Sanchez R. Aleyda , Glorius Frank 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA selective tandem nucleophilic addition/cross‐coupling reaction of alkynes using visible‐light‐promoted dual gold/photoredox catalysis is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Iodine Mediated Oxidative Coupling of Enol Acetates with Sodium Sulfinates Leading to β‐Keto Sulfones.
Authors: Yadav Vinod K. , Srivastava Vishnu P. , Yadav Lal Dhar S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA novel protocol for a direct one‐pot synthesis of β‐keto sulfones is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Trifluoromethylthiolating Lactonization Catalyzed by an Indane‐Based Chiral Sulfide.
Authors: Liu Xiang , An Rui , Zhang Xuelin , Luo Jie , Zhao Xiaodan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis approach to enantioselective trifluoromethylthiolating lactonization of alkenes relies on utilization of a shelf‐stable electrophilic SCF3 reagent and an indane‐based bifunctional chiral sulfide catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Intermolecular Carboetherification of Dihydrofurans.
Authors: Borrajo‐Calleja Gustavo M. , Bizet Vincent , Mazet Clement 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis unprecedented, general, and enantioselective Pd‐catalyzed syn‐carboetherification of dihydrofurans provides easy access to stereochemically complex fused furobenzofurans of synthetical relevance.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalyzed Asymmetric Ugi Reaction by Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of the Primary Multicomponent Adduct.
Authors: Zhang Yun , Ao Yu‐Fei , Huang Zhi‐Tang , Wang De‐Xian , Wang Mei‐Xiang , Zhu Jieping 
Published: August 2016

AbstractReaction of isonitriles with 3‐(arylamino)isobenzofuran‐1(3H)‐ones in the presence of a catalytic amount of an octahydro (R)‐binol‐derived chiral phosphoric acid affords 3‐oxo‐2‐arylisoindoline‐1‐carboxamides in high yields with good to high enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular 1,5‐H Transfer Reaction of Aryl Iodides Through Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis: A Concise Method for the Synthesis of Natural Product Scaffolds.
Authors: Chen Jian‐Qiang , Wei Yun‐Long , Xu Guo‐Qiang , Liang Yong‐Min , Xu Peng‐Fei 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCompounds (IId) and (IIj) are precursors in the syntheses of physovenine (VII) and coerulescine (VIII), resp.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Late‐Stage Monoacetoxylation and Monoiodination of 4‐Alkyl‐1,5‐diaryl‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxylates via Direct Csp2—H Bond Activation.
Authors: Fan Xue‐Min , Guo Ying , Li Yu‐Dan , Yu Kun‐Kun , Liu Hong‐Wei , Liao Dao‐Hua , Ji Ya‐Fei 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe C—O and C—I bond forming protocols proceed with excellent site‐selectivity and lead exclusively to monoacetoxylated and monoiodinated products.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Highly Substituted 4‐Iodopyrazole N‐Oxides and Pyrazoles from Propargylamines.
Authors: Unnava Ramanjaneyulu , Deka Manash J. , Saikia Anil K. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe reaction of propargylic amines with NaNO2 in AcOH to give N‐nitrosamines, followed by activation of the alkyne by I2 and subsequent 5‐endo‐dig cyclization efficiently provides 4‐iodopyrazole N‐oxides.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Oxazolo[5,4‐d][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a]pyrimidines as a New Class of Heterocyclic Compounds.
Authors: Akbarzadeh Marzieh , Bakavoli Mehdi , Eshghi Hossein , Shiri Ali 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe oxazolopyrimidine ring formation is carried out through treatment of aminopyrimidine (I) with various carboxylic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel(0)‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Reductive Coupling of Alkenes and Aldehydes or Ketones with Hydrosilanes.
Authors: Hayashi Yukari , Hoshimoto Yoichi , Kumar Ravindra , Ohashi Masato , Ogoshi Sensuke 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe reaction proceeds with high diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Flavonoids from Derris eriocarpa How.
Authors: Lou Hua‐Yong , Wu Hong‐Guo , Tan Yong‐Hua , Lan Jun‐Jie , Ma Xiao‐Pan , Liang Guang‐Yi , Yi Ping , Pan Wei‐Dong 
Published: August 2016

Abstractisolation and structure elucidation of two new flavonoids (I) and (II)
Optical Modulation of Azobenzene‐Modified Peptide for Gold Surface Binding
Authors: Slocik Joseph M. , Kuang Zhifeng , Knecht Marc R. , Naik Rajesh R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe ability to precisely and remotely modulate reversible binding interactions between biomolecules and abiotic surfaces is appealing for many applications. To achieve this level of control, an azobenzene‐based optical switch is added to nanoparticle‐binding peptides in order to switch peptide conformation and attenuate binding affinity to gold surfaces via binding and dissociation of peptides.
Spectroelectrochemical Investigation of the One‐Electron Reduction of Nonplanar Nickel(II) Porphyrins
Authors: Schindler Julian , Kupfer Stephan , Zedler Linda , Wächtler Maria , Gräfe Stefanie , Ryan Aoife A. , Senge Mathias O. , Dietzek Benjamin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe electrochemical reduction of a series of nickel porphyrins with an increasing number of substituents was investigated in acetonitrile. A one‐electron reduction of [5,15‐bis(1‐ethylpropyl)porphyrinato]nickel(II) leads to π‐anion radicals and to efficient formation of phlorin anions, presumably by disproportionation and subsequent protonation of the doubly reduced species. The phlorin anion was identified by using cyclic voltammetry and UV/Vis and resonance Raman spectroelectrochemistry, complemented by quantum‐chemical calculations to assign the spectral signatures. The theoretical analysis of the potential‐energy landscape of the singly reduced species suggests a thermally activated intersystem crossing that populates the quartet state and thus lowers the energy barrier towards disproportionation channels. Structure–reactivity correlations are investigated by considering different substitution patterns of the investigated nickel(II) porphyrin cores, that is, for the porphyrin with additional β‐aryl ([5,15‐bis(1‐ethylpropyl)‐2,8,12,18‐tetra(p‐tolyl)porphyrinato]nickel(II)) and meso‐alkyl substitution ([5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(1‐ethylpropyl)porphyrinato]nickel(II)), no phlorin anion formation was observed under electrochemical conditions. This observation is correlated either to kinetic inhibition of the disproportionation reaction or to lower reactivity of the subsequently formed doubly reduced species towards protonation.
Does the interpersonal–Psychological theory of suicide provide a useful framework for understanding suicide risk among eating disorder patients? A test of the validity of the IPTS
Authors: Smith April R. , Dodd Dorian R. , Forrest Lauren N. , Witte Tracy K. , Bodell Lindsay , Ribeiro Jessica D. , Goodwin Natalie , Siegfried Nicole , Bartlett Mary 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe current study tested whether the Interpersonal–Psychological Theory of Suicide (IPTS) provides a useful framework for understanding elevated suicide rates among individuals with eating disorders (EDs).MethodBased on predictions of the IPTS, we tested whether the combination of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness was associated with suicidal desire, and whether the combination of thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and fearlessness about death was associated with past suicide attempts in an ED sample (n = 100). We also compared these IPTS constructs in an ED sample versus general psychiatric inpatients (n = 85) and college students (i.e., non‐clinical comparison group; n = 93).ResultsWithin the ED sample, no hypothesized interactions were found, but perceived burdensomeness was associated with suicidal desire, and perceived burdensomeness and fearlessness about death were associated with past suicide attempts. The ED and psychiatric samples had greater thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and suicidal desire than the non‐clinical comparison group.DiscussionThe IPTS constructs of perceived burdensomeness and fearlessness about death appear to explain some facets of suicidality among people with EDs, but overall, support for the IPTS was limited. Future research on EDs and suicidality should look beyond the IPTS and consider other biological and sociocultural factors for suicide. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:1082–1086)
Enhanced ethernet congestion management scheme for multicast traffic
Authors: Mliki Hela , Chaari Lamia , Kamoun Lotfi , Cousin Bernard 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe Quantized Congestion Notification (QCN) is a Layer 2 congestion control scheme for Carrier Ethernet data center networks. The QCN has been standardised as an IEEE 802.1Qau Ethernet Congestion Notification standard. This paper report a results of a QCN study with multicast traffic and proposes an enhancement to the QCN. In fact, in order to be able to scale up, the feedback implosion problem has to be solved. Therefore, we resorted to the representative technique, which uses a selected congestion point (i.e. the overloaded queue in a switch), to provide timely and accurate feedback on behalf of the congested switches in the path of multicast traffic. This paper evaluates the rate variation, the feedback overhead, the loss rate, the stability, the fairness and the scalability performance of the standard QCN with multicast traffic and the enhanced QCN for multicast traffic. This paper also compares their performance criteria. The evaluation results show that the enhanced proposition of the QCN for multicast traffic gives better results than the standard QCN with multicast traffic. Indeed, the feedback implosion problem is settled by decreasing remarkably the feedback rate. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Evidence of Spontaneous Heteropeptide Formation in Abiotic Solutions of Selected α‐Amino Acid Pairs
Authors: Godziek Agnieszka , Maciejowska Anna , Talik Ewa , Sajewicz Mieczysław , Kowalska Teresa 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSpontaneous nonlinear peptidization of the monomeric and enantiomerically pure α‐amino acids in abiotic aqueous and nonaqueous solutions is still regarded by some as a somewhat puzzling phenomenon, and therefore it needs additional experimental authentication. In our earlier studies, we employed several analytical techniques to prove its occurrence. In this study, we present the scanning electron microscopic (SEM) evidence of spontaneous heteropeptide formation in the binary L‐Cys−L‐Phe, L‐Cys−L‐Phg, and L‐Cys−L‐Pro mixtures dissolved in 70 % aqueous methanol. With each α‐amino acid pair, one amino acid (L‐Cys) is equipped with three functionalities (−SH, −NH2, and −COOH), enabling formation of the spherical homopeptide microstructures, while its counterpart (L‐Phe, L‐Phg, or L‐Pro, respectively) is equipped with the two functionalities only (−NH2 or =NH, and −COOH). The SEM micrographs of the peptidization products originating from the three investigated α‐amino acid pairs show three different, yet spherical, structures, which seem suggestive of the heteropeptide formation involving both L‐Cys and its counterpart α‐amino acid. Additional confirmation of heteropeptide formation is furnished by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the biuret test, and mass spectrometry (MS).
Filter‐based compressed sensing MRI reconstruction
Authors: Wu Ye‐Cun , Du Huiqian , Mei Wenbo 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTCompressed sensing (CS) enables to reconstruct MR images from highly undersampled k‐space data by exploiting the sparsity which is implicit in the images. In this article, an MR image
as a combination of a high‐frequency component
and a low‐frequency component
through a pair of filters has been proposed to express. Since
exhibits a sparser representation in the wavelet transform domain, reconstructing
and
separately yields a better result than reconstructing
directly. Two parameters, normalized sparsity (NS) and power ratio (PR), are defined to design the filters, that is, the high‐pass filter HHP and the low‐pass filter HLP. HHP is applied to pick out high‐frequency k‐space data for the reconstruction of high‐frequency image
; while HLP is used for filtering
, which is reconstructed from the entire undersampled k‐space data to obtain the low‐frequency reconstruction
. Summing
and
leads to the final reconstruction of
. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the conventional CS‐MRI method. It provides 2–4 dB improvement in peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) value and preserves more edges and details in the images. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 26,
173–178, 2016