bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of rare isotopologues of nitrous oxide by high‐resolution multi‐collector mass spectrometry
Authors: Magyar Paul M. , Orphan Victoria J. , Eiler John M. 
Published: August 2016

RationaleBulk and position‐specific stable isotope characterization of nitrous oxide represents one of the most powerful tools for identifying its environmental sources and sinks. Constraining 14N15N18O and 15N14N18O will add two new dimensions to our ability to uniquely fingerprint N2O sources.MethodsWe describe a technique to measure six singly and doubly substituted isotopic variants of N2O, constraining the values of δ15N, δ18O, ∆17O, 15N site preference, and the clumped isotopomers 14N15N18O and 15N14N18O. The technique uses a Thermo MAT 253 Ultra, a high‐resolution multi‐collector gas source isotope ratio mass spectrometer. It requires 8–10 hours per sample and ~10 micromoles or more of pure N2O.ResultsWe demonstrate the precision and accuracy of these measurements by analyzing N2O brought to equilibrium in its position‐specific and clumped isotopic composition by heating in the presence of a catalyst. Finally, an illustrative analysis of biogenic N2O from a denitrifying bacterium suggests that its clumped isotopic composition is controlled by kinetic isotope effects in N2O production.ConclusionsWe developed a method for measuring six isotopic variants of N2O and tested it with analyses of biogenic N2O. The added isotopic constraints provided by these measurements will enhance our ability to apportion N2O sources.
Aldo‐X Bifunctional Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Heterocycles
Authors: Ravichandiran Palanisamy , Lai Bingbing , Gu Yanlong 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCompounds containing oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atoms inside the rings are attracting much attention and interest due to their biological importance. In recent years, several methods for the synthesis of such molecules have been reported by using aldo‐X bifunctional building blocks (AXB3 s) as substrates; these are a wide class of organic molecules that contain at least two reactive sites, among them, one aldehyde, acetal, or semiacetal group was involved. Because of the multiple reactivities, AXB3 s are widely used in the one‐pot synthesis of biologically important heterocycles. This review summarizes the synthesis of important heterocycles by using AXB3 s as pivotal components in establishing multicomponent reactions, tandem reactions, and so forth. In many cases, the established reaction systems with AXB3 s were characterized by some green properties, such as easy access to the substrate, mild and environmentally benign conditions, and wide scope of the substrate.
A New Calibration Method for a Directly Driven 3PRR Positioning System
Authors: Mo Jia-Si , Qiu Zhi-Cheng , Zeng Lei , Zhang Xian-Min 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCalibration is one of the most important works for the parallel manipulator. The manufacturing and assembling errors will modify the designed parameters of the parallel mechanism, leading to the positioning errors. Calibration is an effective method for improving the accuracy of the parallel mechanism. It is vital to identify the parameters and calibrate the system aiming at improving the positioning accuracy. In order to build an object stage of the micro/nano operation system, a 3 degree-of-freedoms (DOFS) parallel mechanism has been designed and constructed, with combination of legs of the PRR type (the underline of the P represent the actuated joint), P and R representing prismatic and revolute pairs respectively (3PRR). Due to the space constraint, this 3PRR mechanism is built without the end-effector feedback, and must be calibrated for high accuracy positioning. The error model of the 3PRR mechanism has been derived and analyzed, and the error distribution mappings of the 3PRR mechanism are obtained. The calibration method based on the error model is investigated. Since some parameters are difficult to be identified by using the decoupling error model, the assistant measurements are proposed and utilized to compensate for this calibration method. Numerical simulations and experiments are carried out. The simulation results show that it is not enough to calibrate this system by using the calibration method based on error model only, and the experimental results demonstrate that the combined assistant measurements will achieve a better effect for calibration.
MHD Double Diffusive Natural Convection Flow Over Exponentially Accelerated Inclined Plate
Authors: Seth G. S. , Tripathi R. , Sharma R. , Chamkha A. J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAn investigation of unsteady MHD double diffusive natural convection flow of a viscous, incompressible, electrically conducting, heat absorbing, radiating and chemically-reactive fluid past an exponentially accelerated moving inclined plate in a fluid-saturated porous medium, when the temperature of the plate and the concentration at the surface of the plate have ramped profiles, is carried out. Exact solutions for the fluid velocity, fluid temperature and the species concentration, under Boussinesq approximation, are obtained in closed form by the Laplace transform technique. The expressions for the shear stress, rate of heat transfer and the rate of mass transfer at the plate are also derived. Numerical evaluations of the fluid velocity, fluid temperature and the species concentration are performed and displayed graphically whereas those of the shear stress, rate of heat transfer and the rate of mass transfer at the plate are presented in tabular form for various values of the pertinent flow parameters.
Electromagnetohydrodynamic Flow and Heat Transfer of Nanofluid in a Parallel Plate Microchannel
Authors: Zhao G.-P. , Jian Y.-J. , Li F.-Q. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe present study is devoted to electromagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) flow and heat transfer characteristics of nanofluid inside a parallel plate microchannel. The nanofluid is actuated by Lorentz force which is originated from the interaction of applied electrical field and perpendicular magnetic field. A fully developed assumption with uniform flux at the surface is considered in the analysis, and the influences of viscous dissipation as well as Joule heating are also taken into account. The analytical solutions for velocity and temperature are derived. Moreover, the Nusselt number variations are examined. The results show that the Hartmann number, the dimensionless parameter S and the nanoparticls volume fraction have significant influences on flow and temperature of nanofluid. As Hartmann number increasing, the Nusselt number improves and similar trend can be observed with the augment of nanoparticls volume fraction. A diminishment of heat transfer performance can be seen with increase of the Joule parameter and Brinkman number, while an enhancement in heat transfer can be witnessed with increase of nanoparticls volume fraction.
Smoking Cessation Interventions Amongst New Zealand Dental Students: A Survey
Authors: Mistry Deepa , Broadbent Jonathan , Murray Colleen 
Published: August 2016

Introduction:The NZ Government has set the goal of a smoke-free country by 2025. Research has shown that NZ dentists engage little in promotion of smoking cessation amongst their patients. The knowledge of, and attitudes towards, smoking cessation interventions of NZ dental students has not previously been reported.Aims:To investigate smoking cessation intervention practices of clinical dental students and explore perceived barriers to their delivery.Methods:A survey was conducted of all students in the three clinical years of the 5-year New Zealand dental training programme.Results:The response rate was 73.7%. At least half of the participants did not recall the inclusion of smoking cessation intervention information in the curriculum. The majority (70.9%) used a routine protocol to identify smokers. Almost two-thirds felt that smoking cessation interventions are important, whilst two-fifths felt it is their duty as a health professional. Lack of knowledge and time were the most common barriers.Conclusions:Although most dental students identify patients who smoke, the majority provide no cessation intervention services. This appears to be due to a lack of knowledge about available organisations and referral procedures. As future health professionals, dental students need better education in this area.
Office Premiums
Authors: Stocks J. 
Published: August 2016

Office Premiums should fulfil the following conditions:—(1) They should beadequate. Whatever the method of construction, the premium must be sufficient to cover the risk and expense, and leave a reasonable margin of profit.(2) They must be reasonable from a competitive standpoint.(3) They must be consistent with one another.The premiums should be based on select rates of mortality, and our decision of the table of mortality to be used for the premiums for particular classes of risk should be based on—(1) The experience of the class of assurance.(2) Possible variation in that experience in the future.(3) The special conditions of the particular office.
Short Money
Authors: Humphreys H. L. 
Published: August 2016

In connection with the financial arrangements of Insurance Offices it is sometimes of advantage to borrow money in order to make permanent investments, or for other reasons, and at other times funds are available which can conveniently be placed on deposit with Bankers or Discount Houses, or elsewhere, pending permanent investment. In the former case the Office should seek to obtain- the money at the cheapest rate, in the latter case the Office should obtain as good a rate of interest as possible for the short period during which the money is deposited.To such money, borrowed or deposited for short periods is applied the term “Short Money.”Insurance Offices place their money with their own Bankers, the Discount Houses, the Stock Exchange, and the Joint Stock Banks, and obtain money from their own Bankers, or from the Discount Houses.
Analysis of Profit from a Practical Point of View
Authors: Simmonds Reginald C. 
Published: August 2016

In the following remarks:—P means Office Premiums.π means Net Premiums.D means Claims, Surrenders and similar outgo.E means Expenses and Commission.imeans Earned rate of interest.imeans Valuation rate of interest.ϕ means Loading,i.e., P –π either for a particular policy or for the whole business.1. Surplus is the balance ofestimatedassets overestimatedliabilities, and is therefore dependent upon the valuation assumptions. Some valuation gains or losses are not real,e.g.:—(a) Strain of new business.(b) Mortality profit (this is usually quite fictitious).(c) Interim Bonuses.
Extra Premiums.
Authors: Warren C. F. 
Published: August 2016

The following notes are the result of an effort to consider the subject of extra risk from the point of view of the student dealing with the practical side of the case by showing how office practice endeavours to give effect to the actual conditions prevailing in particular cases.A good many of the risks to be assessed require the assistance of the Medical Officer, especially where the degree and incidence of the extra mortality is concerned. I am of opinion, however, that the actual monetary assessment should be finally decided by the Actuary.In this connection, there are one or two points which call for criticism and remarks.
Loans and Mortgages as Investments for Life Funds
Authors: Simpson W. Murray 
Published: August 2016

The scope of Insurance has within the past few years widened to such an extent that it is no longer sufficient for a member of the profession to be an expert in his own particular section. By the process of amalgamation the modern Composite Company has come into existence, and the time is past when a keen member of the Staff of a large Insurance Company is content to sit in the self-contained section of his Office—Life, Fire, or Accident—and not to know what is going on outside his own water-tight Department.It is not an easy matter for Life Insurance Companies nowadays to find remunerative investments for their funds, with Income Tax at its present figure, and although large sums are invested in Stock Exchange Securities, which do not come within the scope of this paper, further large amounts are advanced on security of mortgages of property, reversions, life interests, Stocks and Shares, etc., etc., and it is with these advances that I propose to deal.
High-Yielding Stock Exchange Securities.
Authors: Cutler D. G. S. 
Published: August 2016

It has now become very generally recognized, I think, that finance is decidedly the most important factor in the conduct of life assurance business. This subject does not appear to have received, in earlier times, the intensive study which its significance deserved; latterly, however, it has attracted steadily increasing attention and now occupies a very prominent position in the transactions of our Institute.
It is probably true to say that in accordance with a fairly generally accepted principle the investment programme during recent years has been largely confined to securities of what may be called the “semi-trustee” type, i.e., those which are cheaper than statutory trustee securities though not very greatly inferior in quality. Usually a small proportion only of the programme has been devoted to a rather limited range of 2nd grade or high-yielding investments, and in our discussions at the Students' Society comparatively little has been said about these. I propose, therefore, in the present paper to state the case in favour of this latter type of security and to put forward the suggestion that the time has arrived when a quite considerable proportion of our new investments might with advantage be selected from this category.
The Valuation of Ordinary Whole-Life Policies
Authors: Melville C. A. 
Published: August 2016

The title to this paper deliberately restricts its field. Emphasis is essentially on “The Valuation” and the limitation to Whole Life Policies restricts these notes to the one class to the exclusion of all others, including special policies, which, in any event, would require in the valuation separate treatment. It is not intended to enter into the realms of Industrial Assurance.Essentially there is no difference between Whole Life and Endowment Assurance Policies, but by restricting the paper to the former it will simplify discussion. It has the advantage also that we have to consider the basic factors—namely, the rates of mortality and interest—in their extreme form, for whereas the terms of Endowment Assurances are comparatively short, thus minimising the effect of error, when dealing with Whole of Life Policies the Actuary has to consider the general trend of mortality and interest rates over a very much longer period, probably fifty or more years.
Summation Formulæ for Graduation
Authors: Redington F. M. 
Published: August 2016

The student approaching the subject of summation formulae is constrained to follow the historical order in which it develops in the Journals of the Institute and the Students' Society. Not only is his path made harder by the difficulty of finding a suitable starting point, but the development he must follow is not always the logical one.The purpose of the present note is primarily to provide the student with a starting point. If a few of the more important conclusions of the subsequent reading are anticipated herein the author feels that the student's appreciation of the original papers by Hardy and Lidstone will be none the less keen for having already navigated some of the wider channels.It should be added that except in the method of preparation no originality is claimed for this note.
II. The yield on an annuity or a loan.
Authors: Craig J. I. 
Published: August 2016

1. The problem considered is that of Todhunter'sTextbook(1936 edition), ch. VIII, para. 6, p. 176, but the method employed is suitable also for finding the yield on a loan issued at a price different from par, and redeemable through the operation of a cumulative sinking fund, applied in drawings at par or at a premium.2. Leta′be the value of an annuity of 1 payable annually fornyears; it is required to findi′the unknown rate of interest.An examination of any published set of tables of annuity values, such as Oakes's Tables, will indicate that rate of interesti, to the nearest ⅛ %, at whichis most nearly equal toa′.Let dashed symbols refer to functions calculated at rate of interesti′.
Currency Stabilization
Authors: Bacon F. W. 
Published: August 2016

By currency stabilization we can mean one of two things. We can mean either the stabilization of the internal value of a currency—the quantity of goods and services that a unit of it will purchase inside the country concerned—or the ‘stabilization’ of its external exchange value in terms of the quantities of the currencies of other countries that it will purchase.The internal and external values of a currency are of course closely interconnected. There was a time, when the gold standard was working more or less smoothly, when the fixity of foreign exchanges was taken for granted, and discussion of currency stabilization was mainly concerned with the desirability and possibility of maintaining a stable internal price level. Now, however, as a result of the shrinking of international trade in the Great Depression and the consequent bedevilment of the exchanges in nearly every country, the focus of attention has shifted, as the Keynes and White plans clearly show, to the problem of achieving and maintaining equilibrium in the external balance of payments of the different countries while avoiding drastic exchange restrictions or, alternatively, wide and erratic fluctuations in their exchange rates.
A problem in derangements
Authors: Joseph A. W. 
Published: August 2016

Two persons turn up cardsalternately,each starting with a similar, but differently shuffled, pack of n cards. What is the probability that before all the cards have been dealt two identical cards are showing at the same time?If the two players deal simultaneously the answer is unity minus the probability that none of thenpairs of cards is an identical pair. The problem is thus reduced to the calculation of the number of ways in whichnletters can be put intonaddressed envelopes without any letter going to the correct addressee. This is the classical example of derangements, and the solution can be found in Chap, IV of Whitworth'sChoice and Chance, viz.
An Application of the Theory of Probability to the Examinations of the Institute of Actuaries
Authors: Mayhew W. L. , Vajda S. 
Published: August 2016

This note is a direct outcome of the discussion provoked by the recent report of the Committee of the Students' Society on the Future of the Profession. One of the points mentioned in the report was the high average age at qualification for the Fellowship. This age depends,inter alia, on(1) the age of starting,(2) the frequency of holding the examinations,(3) the number of parts that may be taken at a time,(4) the total number of parts to be passed,(5) the stringency of the examinations.This note deals only with the last two of these factors.In normal circumstances, a student desiring to become a Fellow of the Institute of Actuaries finds himself faced with the prospect of having to pass seven examinations, viz. the Preliminary and Parts 1–6. The total numbers who sat for each part and the numbers and percentages of passes for each year from 1928 onwards are given in a table at the end of this note.
Problems arising on the dissolution of Friendly Societies—a consideration of basic valuation principles
Authors: Clarke C. E. 
Published: August 2016

Those of us who have had occasion to study the Friendly Societies: Act of 1896 will be aware of the provisions contained therein relating to the dissolution of friendly societies and of the fact that the rules of a registered society must incorporate such provisions.The chance that many of our members will meet a case of dissolution in practice is perhaps small, but, nevertheless, the study of the problems involved in assessing the shares of the members in the funds of a society is well worth while, since it involves the consideration of the basic principles of friendly society valuation.After a short discussion of the legal provisions, this paper introduces some of the more important problems that can arise in connexion with the dissolution of societies of the most common type granting both sickness and death benefits.
On the mathematical theory of risk
Authors: Lukacs Eugene 
Published: August 2016

Although the first essay on the theory of risk (41) was published in 1786, this theory has been for the most part developed during this century. Moreover, the original presentation was rather difficult and the formulae inconvenient for the practical computer. Only recently has the classical theory of risk attained a satisfactory and seemingly final form. Few text-books, none of them in the English language, discuss these developments; it may therefore be useful to give an exposition of these results. As a rule no proofs will be given, instead reference will be made to the relevant literature.This survey will be restricted to the classical theory of risk, which deals essentially with the individual insurance. It is possible to approach the problem of risk from an entirely different angle, considering not the individual insurance but all the policies in force. This leads to the collective theory of risk (27, 29, 15, 40), which is based upon the theory of homogeneous random processes. Only the classical theory will be considered here, the inclusion of the collective theory of risk would considerably extend the scope of this paper, and in any case many of the relevant papers are in English.
The use of normal significance limits when the parent population is of Laplace form
Authors: Edwards L. 
Published: August 2016

The present note is contributed, not because the numerical results obtained will be of use to actuaries, but in the belief that the methods adopted may be of interest to students as illustrating the application of the concepts of theoretical statistics to a problem which arose in practice.The theory and technique of statistical Quality Control have been described by H. C. H. Carpenter inJ.S.S.Vol. v, 1946, p. 207, and it is shown there how the control lines inserted on the charts are based on the assumption of a normal distribution.
Annuities certain at linearly decreasing rates of interest
Authors: Beard R. E. 
Published: August 2016

The problem considered by Mr E. M. Thomas on pp. 253-4 ofJ.S.S.Vol. VII can be approached analytically as follows:Consider the ratiowhereand. This is a function ofhand may be expanded in a Taylor seriesThe first term on the right-hand side is unity and it is easy to show that the second term iswherev= (I +i)−1.
Medical examination for contingent assurances
Authors: Nagler H. 
Published: August 2016

The object of medical examination in life assurance is to guard the insurer against financial loss which might occur if the life assured suffered a heavier mortality than that underlying the premium calculation. Such a loss would occur under a whole-life assurance; on the other hand, if the sum assured became payable on the death of A provided B survived him, then the higher the mortality of B the greater the profit of the insurer.There are, however, more complex types of assurances for which it is less easy to say whether a higher mortality in a particular life will produce a profit or loss to the insurer. Examples will be given below of assurances under which an increase in mortality will produce a profit or loss according to the age of the life in question. It is therefore necessary to give a rule to settle this point, and with it the question whether medical examination is required or not.