bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equine viral arteritis: A respiratory and reproductive disease of significant economic importance to the equine industry
Authors: Balasuriya U. B. R. , Carossino M. , Timoney P. J. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryEquine arteritis virus is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis, a respiratory and reproductive disease that affects the members of the familyEquidae. The virus was first isolated from the lung of an aborted fetus after an extensive outbreak of respiratory disease and abortion on a Standardbred breeding farm near Bucyrus, Ohio, in 1953. Since then, periodic outbreaks of equine viral arteritis have been reported in a number of countries around the world. This disease may result in significant economic loss to the equine industry due to the occurrence of abortion in pregnant mares, neonatal mortality, and establishment of the carrier state in stallions. This article provides an extensive review on equine arteritis virus, epidemiology, disease, pathogenesis, and prevention and control measures.
Development of fatigue cracks from mechanically machined scratches on 2024‐T351 aluminium alloy—Part II: finite element analysis and prediction method
Authors: Cini A , Irving P E 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA prediction method to evaluate the effect of scratch geometry on fatigue life of aluminium structures containing scribe marks was developed on the basis of the experimental results described in Part I of this paper. Finite element calculations were performed on scribed samples to investigate the local stress around scribes. Elastic and elastic‐plastic stress and strain distributions at the scribe root were computed under monotonic and cyclic tensile and bending loads evaluating the driving force behind initiation and propagation from scribes. Scribe shape, size and cladding regulated stress and strain distributions in the neighbourhood of scribe roots. Fatigue life of tested scribed samples was divided into initiation life, defined as the cycles spent to develop a 50 µm deep crack at scribe roots, and the remaining propagation life up to failure. Striation counting measurements were used to calculate propagation lives by integrating linear elastic da/dN versus ΔK curves. Only up to a maximum of 38% of total fatigue life was spent to propagate an initial 50 µm deep crack from scribe roots. The theory of critical distances was successfully applied to predict initiation lives of scribed samples from elastic stress distributions. A plastic correction was also suggested, in the frame of the theory of critical distances, to correlate initiation lives of clad and unclad specimens.
Effects of intraspecific hybridisation between two hatchery‐reared strains of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, on juvenile survival and fitness‐related traits
Authors: Audet C. L. , Wilson C. C. , Pitcher T. E. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIntraspecific hybridisation may result in hybrid offspring exhibiting superior (heterosis) or inferior (outbreeding depression) fitness relative to their parental populations. As both have been demonstrated in salmonids, consequences of interbreeding between divergent populations are relevant to their conservation. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. were extirpated from Lake Ontario by the late 19th Century due to anthropogenic causes. Multiple allopatric populations of hatchery‐reared Atlantic salmon are being stocked in an effort to re‐establish a self‐sustaining population. This study evaluated whether interbreeding between Sebago Lake (Maine) and LaHave River (Nova Scotia) individuals will result in heterosis or outbreeding depression in juveniles. This was accomplished through full‐factorial 2 × 2 mating crosses between the strains and comparing multiple fitness‐related traits between the cross types. Hybrid juveniles displayed no signs of outbreeding depression nor heterosis. Further studies on comparative fitness of backcross and F2 hybrids are recommended to assess potential consequences for this and similar restoration efforts.
Higher rates of neuropsychiatric adverse events leading to dolutegravir discontinuation in women and older patients
Authors: Hoffmann C , Welz T , Sabranski M , Kolb M , Wolf E , Stellbrink H‐J , Wyen C 
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesDolutegravir (DTG), a second‐generation integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI), is now among the most frequently used antiretroviral agents. However, recent reports have raised concerns about potential neurotoxicity.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of a cohort of HIV‐infected patients who had initiated an INSTI in two large German out‐patient clinics between 2007 and 2016. We compared discontinuation rates because of adverse events (AEs) within 2 years of starting treatment with dolutegravir, raltegravir or elvitegravir/cobicistat. We also evaluated factors associated with dolutegravir discontinuation.ResultsA total of 1950 INSTI‐based therapies were initiated in 1704 patients eligible for analysis within the observation period. The estimated rates of any AE and of neuropsychiatric AEs leading to discontinuation within 12 months were 7.6% and 5.6%, respectively, for dolutegravir (n = 985), 7.6% and 0.7%, respectively, for elvitegravir (n = 287), and 3.3% and 1.9%, respectively, for raltegravir (n = 678). Neuropsychiatric AEs leading to dolutegravir discontinuation were observed more frequently in women [hazard ratio (HR) 2.64; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23–5.65; P = 0.012], in patients older than 60 years (HR: 2.86; 95% CI: 1.42–5.77; P = 0.003) and in human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐B*5701‐negative patients who initiated abacavir at the same time (HR: 2.42; 95% CI: 1.38–4.24; P = 0.002).ConclusionsIn this large cohort, the rate of discontinuation of dolutegravir because of neuropsychiatric adverse events was significantly higher than for other INSTIs, at almost 6% within 12 months. Despite the limitations of this retrospective study, the almost three‐fold higher discontinuation rates observed amongst women and older patients underscore the need for further investigation, especially in patient populations usually underrepresented in clinical trials.
An audit of coagulation screening in patients presenting to the emergency department for potential stroke thrombolysis
Authors: Thorne Katie , McNaughton Harry , Weatherall Mark 
Published: November 2016

AimTo assess time to coagulation screening results in patients presenting for potential stroke thrombolysis.MethodsA retrospective cohort study of patients was assessed for thrombolysis for stroke at Wellington Hospital between January and June 2014. We assessed time from presentation to receipt of laboratory specimen, processing time and total time from presentation to result availability and whether times differed by receipt time.ResultsDuring the audit period, 97 unique patients, and 99 clinical episodes, were assessed for stroke thrombolysis; 20 patients received thrombolysis. In 11of 99 (11%) episodes, no coagulation sample was sent. Sample was unsuitable for processing in 16 episodes (18%), and in four, a further specimen was sent. Median (interquartile range) time from presentation to the emergency department to laboratory report during working hours (n = 55) was 61 (53–77) min and out of hours (n = 33) 64 (50–90) min; Hodges‐Lehmann estimator (95% CI) of location shift −1 (−11 to 8) min, P = 0.90. No difference in reporting times was seen whether patients received thrombolysis or not. Seven patients were prescribed warfarin, and one had an international normalised ratio (INR) of 1.7 and was thrombolysed. INR in the other six patients ranged between 1.9 and 3.4. Two patients using dabigatran had prolonged thrombin times and so were not thrombolysed.ConclusionA high proportion of laboratory specimens was unsuitable for testing, and overall samples took an unacceptably long time to process. Point‐of‐care testing may potentially allow quicker decisions regarding whether thrombolysis is contraindicated but is likely to affect only a small proportion of patients.
Do surveillance intervals in patients with more than five adenomas at index colonoscopy be shorter than those in patients with three to four adenomas? A Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Disease study
Authors: Park Soo‐Kyung , Song Young Seok , Jung Yoon Suk , Kim Won Hee , Soo Eun Chang , Ko Bong Min , Seo Geom Seog , Cha Jae Myung , Park Jae Jun , Mo Moon Chang , Jung Yunho , Jeon Seong Ran , Park Dong Il 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackground and AimThere is controversy about the surveillance interval after colonoscopy when 5–10 adenomas have been found on index colonoscopy. This study aimed to investigate the risk of colorectal neoplasm (CRN) according to the number of adenomas at index colonoscopy.MethodsA retrospective, multicenter study was conducted at 10 university hospitals in Korea. We included 1394 patients with ≥ 3 adenomas at index colonoscopy. The risk of advanced CRN was compared according to the number of adenomas (intermediate risk group, 3–4 small adenomas or at least one ≥ 10 mm, and high risk group, ≥ 5 small adenomas or ≥ 3 at least one ≥ 10 mm).ResultsOverall, 164 (11.8%) developed an advanced CRN after a mean of 4.0 years from baseline colonoscopy. The 3‐year and 5‐year risk of advanced CRN was 2.1% (95% CI 2.09–2.11) and 14.4% (95% CI 14.36–14.44) in intermediate risk group and 3.2% (95% CI 3.19–3.21) and 23.3% (95% CI 19.15–19.25) in high risk group (P = 0.01). Having ≥ 5 adenomas (OR = 1.57, 95% CI 1.11–2.23, P = 0.01) detected at index colonoscopy was a significant risk factor for developing advanced CRN.ConclusionsAlthough risk of advanced CRN in patients with 5–10 adenomas was significantly higher than that in patients with 3–4 adenomas, the cumulative risk at 3 years was low at 3.2%. Thus, we suggest that a 3‐year surveillance interval might be appropriate for the patients with 5–10 adenomas, and further prospective studies are needed to investigate whether more intensive surveillance is needed in this group.
The meaning of person‐centred care in the perioperative nursing context from the patient's perspective – an integrative review
Authors: Arakelian Erebouni , Swenne Christine Leo , Lindberg Susan , Rudolfsson Gudrun , von Vogelsang Ann‐Christin 
Published: November 2016

Aims and objectivesTo determine the meaning of person‐centred care from the patient's perspective and in the context of perioperative nursing.BackgroundPerson‐centred care is used, but not defined in the perioperative context. The concept indicates an interest in the patient's own experience of health, illness, needs and preferences. As with many terms that are frequently used, there is a tendency for person‐centred care to mean different things to different people in different contexts.DesignIntegrative Review.MethodsA two‐part search strategy was employed: first, a computerised database search of PubMed and CINAHL, using Medical Subject Headings and free terms to search articles dating from 2004–2014, was performed, and second, a hand‐search of those articles’ reference lists was performed. Twenty‐three articles were selected, and an integrative review was conducted.ResultsFour themes were discovered: ‘being recognised as a unique entity and being allowed to be the person you are’, ‘being considered important by having one's personal wishes taken into account’, ‘the presence of a perioperative nurse is calming, prevents feelings of loneliness and promotes well‐being, which may speed up recovery’ and ‘being close to and being touched by the perioperative nurse during surgery’.ConclusionsPerson‐centred care means respecting the patient as a unique individual, considering the patient's particularities and wishes and involving the patient in their own care. Person‐centred care also implies having access to one's own nurse who is present both physically and emotionally through the entire perioperative process and who guides the patient and follows up postoperatively, guaranteeing that the patient is not alone.Relevance to clinical practiceBy having a common understanding of the concept of person‐centred care, the nurse anaesthetists’ and theatre nurses’ caring actions or concerns will be directed towards the patient, resulting in personalisation of care rather than simply defining the concept.
Patient participation in postoperative pain assessment after spine surgery in a recovery unit
Authors: Kaptain Kirsten , Bregnballe Vibeke , Dreyer Pia 
Published: November 2016

Aims and objectivesTo explore how patients undergoing spine surgery participated in postoperative pain assessment in a recovery unit.BackgroundDespite advances in medicine, pharmaceutical and technical knowledge, patients report considerable postoperative pain after spine surgery. Research shows that patients require efficient individual pain treatment and that their participation has a positive effect on pain treatment.DesignThis study was based on a phenomenological hermeneutic design.MethodsFifteen qualitative interviews were conducted in 2014. Meaning condensation was used to analyse data.ResultsThree themes emerged: (1) communication and knowledge; anaesthesia, analgesics and severe pain affected patients’ ability to assess and communicate their pain. (2) Pain assessment using a numerical rating scale; this theme was characterised by individual differences in rating perception. Also, new postoperative pain sensations were described as different kinds of pain and variation in the pain intensity during activity. (3) Patient–nurse relationship; this theme was characterised by reports of frequent and direct contact on the part of the nurses about pain assessment. Patients’ lack of knowledge about pain treatment resulted in inactivity and uncertainty of when to ask for analgesics.ConclusionThis study indicates that nurses and patients would benefit from building a mutual understanding of pain perceptions and numerical rating scale as this would pave the way for a more accurate pain assessment. Patients’ ability to participate in pain assessment was affected by anaesthesia, analgesics and severe pain. Patients needed knowledge about complications and needed to understand when they should ask for analgesics.Relevance to clinical practiceResults indicate that patient perceptions of numerical rating scale and variation in patients’ ability to communicate in the initial postoperative period should be given more attention to underpin patients’ pain assessment. This may be a key factor in ensuring patient participation in pain assessment and thereby improving postoperative pain management.
Evaluation of a Novel Computer Color Matching System Based on the Improved Back‐Propagation Neural Network Model
Authors: Wei Jiaqiang , Peng Mengdong , Li Qing , Wang Yining 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPurposeTo explore the feasibility of a novel computer color‐matching (CCM) system based on the improved back‐propagation neural network (BPNN) model by comparing it with the traditional visual method.Material and MethodsForty‐three metal‐ceramic specimens were fabricated by proportionally mixing porcelain powders. Thirty‐nine specimens were randomly selected to train the BPNN model, while the remaining four specimens were used to test and calibrate the model. A CCM system based on the improved BPNN model was constructed using MATLAB software. A comparison of the novel CCM system and the traditional visual method was conducted by evaluating the color reproduction results of 10 maxillary central incisors. Metal‐ceramic specimens were fabricated using two color reproduction approaches. Color distributions (L*, a*, and b*) of the target teeth and of the corresponding metal‐ceramic specimens were measured using a spectroradiometer. Color differences (ΔE) and color distributions (ΔL*, Δa*, and Δb*) between the teeth and their corresponding specimens were calculated.ResultsThe average ΔE value of the CCM system was 1.89 ± 0.75, which was lower than that of the visual approach (3.54 ± 1.11, p < 0.01). With respect to color distributions, substantial differences were found between the two color‐matching systems, except for ΔL* (p > 0.05).ConclusionThe novel CCM system produced greater accuracy in color reproduction within the given color space than the traditional visual approach.
Design of an intraocular pressure curve protocol for use in dogs
Authors: Sanchez R. F. , Vieira da Silva M. J. , Dawson C. 
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesTo establish an intraocular pressure curve protocol that is safe for corneal health and detects harmful elevations of intraocular pressure outside normal clinic hours. To determine inter‐user variability and if repeated measurements affect intraocular pressures.Materials and MethodsIntraocular pressures were measured in dogs with glaucoma using three protocols: Protocol 1 used applanation tonometry every 2 hours over a 24‐hour period; Protocols 2 and 3 used applanation or rebound tonometry, respectively, and measured intraocular pressures every 3 hours over a 30‐hour period. A total of 60 additional intraocular pressure curves from dogs with glaucoma and 20 from healthy dogs were then analysed for inter‐user variability.ResultsA total of 128 intraocular pressure curves were determined in 30 dogs. Protocol 1 resulted in one ulcer in five pressure curves, Protocol 2 in one ulcer in 62 pressure curves and Protocol 3 in no ulcers in 61 pressure curves. Elevated intraocular pressures were detected on 61 occasions, of which 26 developed outside normal clinic hours. A total of 61 additional intraocular pressure curves revealed that repeated measurements had no effect on intraocular pressure.Clinical SignificanceProtocol 3, using rebound tonometry every 3 hours for 30 hours is safe corneal health and identified elevated intraocular pressures outside normal clinic hours in 12 of 30 (40%) patients that single intraocular pressure measurement during consultation hours would not have identified. Intraocular pressure curves may be recommended for clinical practice and glaucoma studies.
A Parallel Branch and Bound Algorithm for the Resource Leveling Problem with Minimal Lags
Authors: Ponz‐Tienda J. L. , Salcedo‐Bernal A. , Pellicer Eugenio 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe efficient use of resources is a key factor to minimize the cost while meeting time deadlines and quality requirements; this is especially important in construction projects where field operations make fluctuations of resources unproductive and costly. Resource Leveling Problems (RLP) aim to sequence the construction activities that maximize the resource consumption efficiency over time, minimizing the variability. Exact algorithms for the RLP have been proposed throughout the years to offer optimal solutions; however, these problems require a vast computational capability (“combinatorial explosion”) that makes them unpractical. Therefore, alternative heuristic and metaheuristic algorithms have been suggested in the literature to find local optimal solutions, using different libraries to benchmark optimal values; for example, the Project Scheduling Problem LIBrary for minimal lags is still open to be solved to optimality for RLP. To partially fill this gap, the authors propose a Parallel Branch and Bound algorithm for the RLP with minimal lags to solve the RLP with an acceptable computational effort. This way, this research contributes to the body of knowledge of construction project scheduling providing the optimums of 50 problems for the RLP with minimal lags for the first time, allowing future contributors to benchmark their heuristics methods against exact results by obtaining the distance of their solution to the optimal values. Furthermore, for practitioners, the time required to solve this kind of problem is reasonable and practical, considering that unbalanced resources can risk the goals of the construction project.
Cases of advanced visual field loss at referral to glaucoma clinics – more men than women?
Authors: Crabb David P. , Saunders Luke J. , Edwards Laura A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPurposeIn many medical conditions ‘late presentation’ of disease is more of a problem for men than women. Risk of sight loss from glaucoma is certainly greater in those detected with advanced disease. We performed a retrospective study to test the hypothesis that men are more likely than women to have advanced visual field loss at referral to glaucoma clinics.MethodsWe used 152 918 Humphrey visual fields from 32 147 patients from three regionally different hospitals in England; no other clinical data were made available apart from patient's age, sex and examination dates. The study population was defined as patients with measureable visual field loss in at least one eye at referral to glaucoma clinics. Cases of advanced visual field loss as defined by the Enhanced Glaucoma Severity Staging method at the first visit to secondary care were used as a proxy measure for late presentation of glaucoma. Age‐adjusted relative risk (RR) was calculated as the ratio of the proportion of men to women with this proxy measure.ResultsMedian (interquartile range) age and MD (worse eye) for 3733 men and 4264 women was 72 (63, 79) and 74 (64, 81) years and −6.4 (−11.7, −3.8) and −6.3 (−11.0, −3.8) dB respectively. Overall proportion of patients with advanced visual field loss at referral to glaucoma clinics was slightly higher in men (25.0%) than in women (22.3%); this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.01). Overall age‐standardised RR was statistically significant (1.16; p < 0.001); a person with late presentation of glaucoma is 16% (95% confidence interval: 7–25%) more likely to be a man than a woman.ConclusionsA large number of patients with glaucomatous visual field defects are estimated to have advanced loss in at least one eye on referral to secondary care in England; risk for men more likely presenting with late disease is slightly greater than for women.
Leaf hydraulic conductance and mesophyll conductance are not closely related within a single species
Authors: Loucos Karen E. , Simonin Kevin A. , Barbour Margaret M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractStomata represent one resistor in a series of resistances for carbon and water exchange between the leaf and the atmosphere; the remaining resistors occurring within the leaf, commonly represented as mesophyll conductance to CO2, gm, and leaf hydraulic conductance, kLeaf. Recent studies have proposed that gm and kLeaf may be coordinated across species because of shared pathways. We assessed the correlation between gm and kLeaf within cotton, under growth CO2 partial pressure and irradiance treatments and also with short‐term variation in irradiance and humidity. gm was estimated using two isotopic techniques that allowed partitioning of total gm (Δ13C‐gm) into cell wall plus plasma membrane conductance (Δ18O‐gm) and chloroplast membrane conductance (gcm). A weak correlation was found between Δ13C‐gm and kLeaf only when measured under growth conditions. However, Δ18O‐gm was related to kLeaf under both short‐term environmental variation and growth conditions. Partitioning gm showed that gcm was not affected by short‐term changes in irradiance or correlated with kLeaf, but was strongly reduced at high growth CO2 partial pressure. Thus, simultaneous measurements of gm, kLeaf and gcm suggest independent regulation of carbon and water transport across the chloroplast membrane with limited coordinated regulation across the cell wall and plasma membrane.