bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rise of Constantine, 306–324
Authors: Humphries Mark 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe death of the Augustus Constantius I in 306 led to his troops proclaiming his son Constantine as emperor without consulting the other members of the imperial college. In 312 Constantine, seizing a chance to assert sole control in the west, invaded Italy, where he overcame the forces of his rival, Maxentius, ultimately in battle outside Rome, where Constantine attributed victory to the support of the Christian God. Constantine's ambitions now expanded and after 12 years of intermittent tension he overwhelmed his co‐emperor Licinius in engagements at Adrianople and in the Bosporus to establish himself as sole ruler of the Roman world.
Gaul and Spain in the Fifth Century
Authors: Humphries Mark 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn the fifth century, control in Gaul and Spain was fragmented between competing tribal groups and Roman imperial remnants. In Gaul the Visigoths in the southwest constantly schemed and campaigned to extend their territory toward the Rhone valley, where the Romans were also confronted by the Burgundians. In Spain the Romans had to contain the Sueves, which required Visigothic help, as did their confrontation of Attila. These conflicts in the south helped the rise to power further north of the Franks, who were able to drive the Visigoths into Spain and end all vestiges of Roman control.
A novel mutation in KIF5A in a Malian family with spastic paraplegia and sensory loss
Authors: Guinto Cheick O. , Diarra Salimata , Diallo Salimata , Cissé Lassana , Coulibaly Thomas , Diallo Seybou H. , Taméga Abdoulaye , Chen Ke‐Lian , Schindler Alice B. , Bagayoko Koumba , Simaga Assiatou , Blackstone Craig , Fischbeck Kenneth H. , Landouré Guida 
Published: March 2017

AbstractHereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are well‐characterized disorders but rarely reported in Africa. We evaluated a Malian family in which three individuals had HSP and distal muscle atrophy and sensory loss. HSP panel testing identified a novel heterozygous missense mutation in KIF5A (c.1086G>C, p.Lys362Asn) that segregated with the disease (SPG10). Lys362 is highly conserved across species and Lys362Asn is predicted to be damaging. This study shows that HSPs are present in sub‐Saharan Africa, although likely underdiagnosed. Increasing efficiency and decreasing costs of DNA sequencing will make it more feasible to diagnose HSPs in developing countries.
Preparation of Cytocompatible ITO Neuroelectrodes with Enhanced Electrochemical Characteristics Using a Facile Anodic Oxidation Process
Authors: Vallejo‐Giraldo Catalina , Pampaloni Niccolò Paolo , Pallipurath Anuradha R. , Mokarian‐Tabari Parvaneh , O'Connell John , Holmes Justin D. , Trotier Alexandre , Krukiewicz Katarzyna , Orpella‐Aceret Gemma , Pugliese Eugenia , Ballerini Laura , Kilcoyne Michelle , Dowd Eilís , Quinlan Leo R. , Pandit Abhay , Kavanagh Paul , Biggs Manus Jonathan Paul 
Published: March 2017

AbstractPhysicochemical modification of implantable electrode systems is recognized as a viable strategy to enhance tissue/electrode integration and electrode performance in situ. In this work, a bench‐top electrochemical process to formulate anodized indium tin oxide (ITO) films with altered roughness, conducting profiles, and thickness is explored. In addition, the influence of these anodized films on neural cell adhesion, proliferation, and function indicates that anodized ITO film cytocompatibility can be altered by varying the anodization current density. Furthermore, ITO‐anodized films formed with a current density of 0.4 mA cm−2show important primary neural cell survival, modulation of glial scar formation, and promotion of neural network activity.
Coherent backscattering in the Fock space of ultracold bosonic atoms
Authors: Schlagheck Peter , Dujardin Julien 
Published: March 2017

We present numerical evidence for the occurrence of coherent backscattering in the Fock space of a small disordered Bose‐Hubbard system consisting of four sites and containing five particles. This many‐body interference phenomenon can most conveniently be seen in time evolution processes that start from a Fock state of the Bose‐Hubbard system. It manifests itself in an enhanced detection probability of this initial state as compared to other Fock states with comparable total energy. We argue that coherent backscattering in Fock space can be experimentally measured with ultracold bosonic atoms in optical lattices using state‐of‐the‐art single‐site detection techniques. A synthetic gauge field can be induced in order to break time‐reversal symmetry within the lattice and thereby destroy coherent backscattering. While this many‐body interference effect is most prominently visible in the presence of eigenstate thermalization, we briefly discuss its significance in the opposite regime of many‐body localization.image
A Molecular Circuit Regenerator to Implement Iterative Strand Displacement Operations
Authors: DelRosso Nicole V. , Hews Sarah , Spector Lee , Derr Nathan D. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe predictable chemistry of Watson–Crick base‐pairing imparts a unique structural programmability to DNA, enabling the facile design of molecular reactions that perform computations. However, many of the current architectures limit devices to a single operational cycle. Herein, we introduce the design of the “regenerator”, a device based on coupled enthalpic and entropic reactions that permits the regeneration of molecular circuit components.
Enantioselective Formal α‐Methylation and α‐Benzylation of Aldehydes by Means of Photo‐organocatalysis
Authors: Filippini Giacomo , Silvi Mattia , Melchiorre Paolo 
Published: March 2017

AbstractDetailed herein is the photochemical organocatalytic enantioselective α‐alkylation of aldehydes with (phenylsulfonyl)alkyl iodides. The chemistry relies on the direct photoexcitation of enamines to trigger the formation of reactive carbon‐centered radicals from iodosulfones, while the ground‐state chiral enamines provide effective stereochemical control over the radical trapping process. The phenylsulfonyl moiety, acting as a redox auxiliary group, facilitates the generation of radicals. In addition, it can eventually be removed under mild reducing conditions to reveal methyl and benzyl groups.
Highly Active GaN‐Stabilized Ta3N5 Thin‐Film Photoanode for Solar Water Oxidation
Authors: Zhong Miao , Hisatomi Takashi , Sasaki Yutaka , Suzuki Sayaka , Teshima Katsuya , Nakabayashi Mamiko , Shibata Naoya , Nishiyama Hiroshi , Katayama Masao , Yamada Taro , Domen Kazunari 
Published: March 2017

AbstractTa3N5 is a very promising photocatalyst for solar water splitting because of its wide spectrum solar energy utilization up to 600 nm and suitable energy band position straddling the water splitting redox reactions. However, its development has long been impeded by poor compatibility with electrolytes. Herein, we demonstrate a simple sputtering‐nitridation process to fabricate high‐performance Ta3N5 film photoanodes owing to successful synthesis of the vital TaOδ precursors. An effective GaN coating strategy is developed to remarkably stabilize Ta3N5 by forming a crystalline nitride‐on‐nitride structure with an improved nitride/electrolyte interface. A stable, high photocurrent density of 8 mA cm−2 was obtained with a CoPi/GaN/Ta3N5 photoanode at 1.2 VRHE under simulated sunlight, with O2 and H2 generated at a Faraday efficiency of unity over 12 h. Our vapor‐phase deposition method can be used to fabricate high‐performance (oxy)nitrides for practical photoelectrochemical applications.
B(C6F5)3‐Catalyzed Selective Chlorination of Hydrosilanes
Authors: Chulsky Karina , Dobrovetsky Roman 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe chlorination of Si−H bonds often requires stoichiometric amounts of metal salts in conjunction with hazardous reagents, such as tin chlorides, Cl2, and CCl4. The catalytic chlorination of silanes often involves the use of expensive transition‐metal catalysts. By a new simple, selective, and highly efficient catalytic metal‐free method for the chlorination of Si−H bonds, mono‐, di‐, and trihydrosilanes were selectively chlorinated in the presence of a catalytic amount of B(C6F5)3 or Et2O⋅B(C6F5)3 and HCl with the release of H2 as a by‐product. The hydrides in di‐ and trihydrosilanes could be selectively chlorinated by HCl in a stepwise manner when Et2O⋅B(C6F5)3 was used as the catalyst. A mechanism is proposed for these catalytic chlorination reactions on the basis of competition experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
Nonribosomal Peptide Synthesis—Principles and Prospects
Authors: Süssmuth Roderich D. , Mainz Andi 
Published: March 2017

AbstractNonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are large multienzyme machineries that assemble numerous peptides with large structural and functional diversity. These peptides include more than 20 marketed drugs, such as antibacterials (penicillin, vancomycin), antitumor compounds (bleomycin), and immunosuppressants (cyclosporine). Over the past few decades biochemical and structural biology studies have gained mechanistic insights into the highly complex assembly line of nonribosomal peptides. This Review provides state‐of‐the‐art knowledge on the underlying mechanisms of NRPSs and the variety of their products along with detailed analysis of the challenges for future reprogrammed biosynthesis. Such a reprogramming of NRPSs would immediately spur chances to generate analogues of existing drugs or new compound libraries of otherwise nearly inaccessible compound structures.
Hybrid modification of high‐density polyethylene with hyperbranched polyethylene‐functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes and few‐layered graphene
Authors: Lu Tiemei , Ye Huijian , Zheng Aiai , Xu Xilian , Xu Chunfeng , Wang Haiping , Sun Li , Xu Lixin 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTHerein, a facile method has been reported to efficiently prepare debundled multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and few‐layered graphene using a hyperbranched polyethylene (HBPE), and as hybrid fillers, their modification effects on high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) are well demonstrated. Stable dispersions of debundled MWCNT and graphene in chloroform were respectively obtained by sonication using the HBPE as stabilizer, and MWCNT/graphene/HDPE ternary nanocomposites were then fabricated by solution‐assisted premixing and subsequent melt mixing, at a fixed mass ratio of MWCNT/graphene of 3:1 and serially changed filler loadings. It is found that the MWCNT and graphene have good dispersibility in the composites, and as hybrid fillers, they can effectively form composite net‐like structure, which makes them show better modification effects on both the electrically and thermally conductive properties of HDPE, as compared to the single MWCNT. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44848.
A 9‐pool metabolic structured kinetic model describing days to seconds dynamics of growth and product formation by Penicillium chrysogenum
Authors: Tang Wenjun , Deshmukh Amit T. , Haringa Cees , Wang Guan , van Gulik Walter , van Winden Wouter , Reuss Matthias , Heijnen Joseph J. , Xia Jianye , Chu Ju , Noorman Henk J. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTA powerful approach for the optimization of industrial bioprocesses is to perform detailed simulations integrating large‐scale computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and cellular reaction dynamics (CRD). However, complex metabolic kinetic models containing a large number of equations pose formidable challenges in CFD‐CRD coupling and computation time afterward. This necessitates to formulate a relatively simple but yet representative model structure. Such a kinetic model should be able to reproduce metabolic responses for short‐term (mixing time scale of tens of seconds) and long‐term (fed‐batch cultivation of hours/days) dynamics in industrial bioprocesses. In this paper, we used Penicillium chrysogenum as a model system and developed a metabolically structured kinetic model for growth and production. By lumping the most important intracellular metabolites in 5 pools and 4 intracellular enzyme pools, linked by 10 reactions, we succeeded in maintaining the model structure relatively simple, while providing informative insight into the state of the organism. The performance of this 9‐pool model was validated with a periodic glucose feast–famine cycle experiment at the minute time scale. Comparison of this model and a reported black box model for this strain shows the necessity of employing a structured model under feast–famine conditions. This proposed model provides deeper insight into the in vivo kinetics and, most importantly, can be straightforwardly integrated into a computational fluid dynamic framework for simulating complete fermentation performance and cell population dynamics in large scale and small scale fermentors. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1733–1743. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Risk stratification in stable coronary artery disease
Authors: Aye T. , Graham R. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractCoronary artery disease is a very common chronic condition affecting large numbers of people across the world. Once detected the natural history of coronary disease is very variable between individuals. Hence, the assessment of symptoms and current burden of disease is a key determinant for the recommendation of drug treatments and other interventions, for example, revascularization, with the aim of improving the quality and quantity of a patient's life. We here review our current approach to assessing the risk of future cardiovascular events in patients presenting with stable coronary artery disease.Answer questions and earn CME: https://wileyhealthlearning.com/Activity2/5222692/Activity.aspx
A review of the current management of acute and chronic heart failure in the context of ischemic heart disease
Authors: Brown P. F. , Thambyrajah J. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractHeart failure secondary to left ventricular systolic dysfunction is a prevalent condition across Europe with ischemic heart disease the most common etiology. Acute heart failure is a medical emergency and management comprises diuretics and vasodilators. Several alternative intravenous treatments have been trialed in recent years but no mortality benefit has been found with these agents. For chronic heart failure there are several well‐characterized disease‐modifying treatments available which include beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, mineralocorticoid antagonists, and device therapy. Sacubitril/valsartan is a novel therapy that has recently been demonstrated to have additional prognostic benefit.Answer questions and earn CME: https://wileyhealthlearning.com/Activity2/5222693/Activity.aspx
Escherichia coli Biofilm Characteristics on Polymeric Heat Exchanger Surfaces
Authors: Pohl Sebastian , Madzgalla Marco , Manz Werner , Bart Hans-Jörg 
Published: March 2017

AbstractTime‐dependent effects on the apparent roughness and surface free energy of different polymeric surfaces and stainless steel were studied during the biofouling process for Escherichia coli K12. The surface roughness increases during primary adhesion of E. coli on the surfaces and is later reduced as the surface between scattered bacteria is completely covered, forming a uniform biofilm. During the fouling process, the polar fraction of the surface free energy significantly increased, whereas the dispersive fraction decreased for all substrates. The attachment of E. coli and subsequent bacterial production of extracellular polymeric substances increased the polarity of the initially nonpolar polymeric surfaces to increase wettability.
Minimum Spouting Velocity of Draft Tube Conical Spouted Beds Using the Neural Network Approach
Authors: Hosseini Seyyed H. , Valizadeh Mohammadreza , Olazar Martin , Altzibar Haritz 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA multilayer perceptron with back‐propagation learning algorithm is developed to predict the minimum spouting velocity (ums) in draft tube conical spouted beds. Six dimensionless variables involving ten essential geometric and operating parameters of the beds were taken as model inputs. To compare the model results with both experimental data and those predicted by the limited existing empirical equations, the root mean square error and the mean relative error are utilized. Although there is a complex relationship between the input variables and ums, and despite the huge number of data available, the steps of training and testing show good agreement with the corresponding experimental values. This demonstrates that an artificial neural network is a useful approach to predict ums, especially when the relationship between the geometric and operating parameters and ums is complex and difficult to define.
Characterization of a Raman Spectroscopic and Holographic System for Gas‐Liquid Flows in Microchannels
Authors: Schurr Daniela , Guhathakurta Jajnabalkya , Simon Sven , Rinke Günter , Dittmeyer Roland 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe description and prediction of the highly transient processes on the molecular scale in gas‐liquid Taylor flows in microchannels are a great challenge. Due to a lack of in situ measurement techniques with satisfactory spatial and temporal resolution, existing models and numerical simulations of reactive two‐phase flows are poorly developed. The Raman spectroscopic and holographic system presented herein overcomes shortcomings regarding the high temporal resolution and concomitant difficulties with the high energy densities that must be coupled into microstructured devices to give good limits of detection. It gives insight into the concentration profiles in the liquid phase within the microchannel to study the interaction between hydrodynamics, mass transport, and reaction kinetics.
A Flexible Method for the Stable, Covalent Immobilization of Enzymes at Electrode Surfaces
Authors: Al‐Lolage Firas A. , Meneghello Marta , Ma Su , Ludwig Roland , Bartlett Philip N. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractStable, site‐specific immobilization of redox proteins and enzymes is of interest for the development of biosensors and biofuel cells, where the long‐term stability of enzymatic electrodes as well as the possibility of controlling the orientation of the biomolecules at the electrode surface have a great importance. Ideally, it would be desirable to immobilize redox proteins and enzymes in a specific orientation, but still with some flexibility to optimize reaction kinetics. In this work, we establish such an approach by using site‐directed mutagenesis to introduce cysteine residues at specific locations on the protein surface and the reaction between the free thiol group and maleimide groups attached to the electrode surface to immobilize the mutated enzymes. Using cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) as a model system, carbon nanotube electrodes were first covalently modified with maleimide groups following a modular approach based on electrografting of primary amines at the carbon surface and solid‐phase synthesis methodology to elaborate the surface‐modified electrode. The CDH‐modified electrodes were tested for direct electron transfer (DET), showing high catalytic currents as well as excellent long‐term storage stability. The key advantage of this method is its great flexibility, as the main components of the modification can be independently varied to change the local environment at the electrode surface and a wide range of redox proteins or enzymes can be specifically engineered to present cysteine residues at their surface for oriented immobilization.
Linear, Trinuclear Cobalt Complexes with o‐Phenylene‐bis‐Silylamido Ligands
Authors: Monakhov Kirill Yu. , van Leusen Jan , Kögerler Paul , Zins Emilie‐Laure , Alikhani M. Esmaïl , Tromp Moniek , Danopoulos Andreas A. , Braunstein Pierre 
Published: March 2017

AbstractTransamination of [Co{N(SiMe3)2}2]2 with C6H4(NHSiiPr3)2 gave the centrosymmetric trinuclear [{CoterN(SiMe3)2(μ‐η‐[o‐C6H4(κNSiiPr3)2])}2Coint] (1) (Coter, Coint=terminal, internal Co, respectively), with 3‐coordinate Coter, and Coint “sandwiched” between the o‐phenylenes of the two ligands; experimental and computational data support CoII centres and ditopic o‐amido‐imino‐cyclohexen‐allyl ligands; magnetic studies reveal intermetallic ferromagnetic interactions and single‐molecule magnet (SMM) character. One‐electron reduction of 1 yielded the salt [K(18‐crown‐6)(THF)2][{CoterN(SiMe3)2(μ‐η‐[o‐C6H4(κNSiiPr3)2])}2Coint] (4) with the anion isostructural to 1. The centrosymmetric Fe complex [{FeterN(SiMe3)2(μ‐η‐[o‐C6H4(κNSiiPr3)2])}2Feint] (5), analogous to 1, was also obtained.
Solvent‐Regulated Self‐Assembly of an Achiral Donor–Acceptor Complex in Confined Chiral Nanotubes: Chirality Transfer, Inversion and Amplification
Authors: Li Yuangang , Duan Pengfei , Liu Minghua 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA chiral gelator was designed and found to form chiral nanotwists and nanotubes in toluene and DMSO, respectively, which could serve as host chiral matrices for fabricating functional soft materials. Achiral, π‐conjugated donor and acceptor guests were doped into the gel, and solvent‐regulated self‐assembly was observed. Although both the DMSO and toluene gels containing three components look similar as transparent gels, it was clarified microscopically that, whereas achiral dopants self‐assemble in the confined nanotubes in the DMSO gel, they only dissolve in the liquid phase in the toluene gel. The existence of the achiral donor and acceptor in different phases made their properties completely different. Chirality transfer occurred from the host chiral gel matrixes to guest achiral porphyrin in DMSO. Remarkably, the addition of C60 to the porphyrin/gelator gel could invert and further amplify the induced chirality of the porphyrin due to the formation of donor–acceptor pairs. On the other hand, no chirality transfer was observed in the toluene gel. These observations clearly unveiled the selective self‐assembly of different components in distinct gel phases, which could provide new insight into the design of chiroptical soft materials.
Molecular Chemistry and Engineering of Boron‐Modified Polyorganosilazanes as New Processable and Functional SiBCN Precursors
Authors: Viard Antoine , Fonblanc Diane , Schmidt Marion , Lale Abhijeet , Salameh Chrystelle , Soleilhavoup Anne , Wynn Mélanie , Champagne Philippe , Cerneaux Sophie , Babonneau Florence , Chollon Georges , Rossignol Fabrice , Gervais Christel , Bernard Samuel 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA series of boron‐modified polyorganosilazanes was synthesized from a poly(vinylmethyl‐co‐methyl)silazane and controlled amounts of borane dimethyl sulfide. The role of the chemistry behind their synthesis has been studied in detail by using solid‐state NMR spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The intimate relationship between the chemistry and the processability of these polymers is discussed. Polymers with low boron contents displayed appropriate requirements for facile processing in solution, such as impregnation of host carbon materials, which resulted in the design of mesoporous monoliths with a high specific surface area after pyrolysis. Polymers with high boron content are more appropriate for solid‐state processing to design mechanically robust monolith‐type macroporous and dense structures after pyrolysis. Boron acts as a crosslinking element, which offers the possibility to extend the processability of polyorganosilazanes and suppress the distillation of oligomeric fragments in the low‐temperature region of their thermal decomposition (i.e., pyrolysis) at 1000 °C under nitrogen. Polymers with controlled and high ceramic yields were generated. We provide a comprehensive mechanistic study of the two‐step thermal decomposition based on a combination of thermogravimetric experiments coupled with elemental analysis, solid‐state NMR spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy. Selected characterization tools allowed the investigation of specific properties of the monolith‐type SiBCN materials.