bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Widespread sampling biases in herbaria revealed from large‐scale digitization
Authors: Daru Barnabas H. , Park Daniel S. , Primack Richard B. , Willis Charles G. , Barrington David S. , Whitfeld Timothy J. S. , Seidler Tristram G. , Sweeney Patrick W. , Foster David R. , Ellison Aaron M. , Davis Charles C. 
Published: October 2017

Summary

Nonrandom collecting practices may bias conclusions drawn from analyses of herbarium records. Recent efforts to fully digitize and mobilize regional floras online offer a timely opportunity to assess commonalities and differences in herbarium sampling biases.

We determined spatial, temporal, trait, phylogenetic, and collector biases in c. 5 million herbarium records, representing three of the most complete digitized floras of the world: Australia (AU), South Africa (SA), and New England, USA (NE).

We identified numerous shared and unique biases among these regions. Shared biases included specimens collected close to roads and herbaria; specimens collected more frequently during biological spring and summer; specimens of threatened species collected less frequently; and specimens of close relatives collected in similar numbers. Regional differences included overrepresentation of graminoids in SA and AU and of annuals in AU; and peak collection during the 1910s in NE, 1980s in SA, and 1990s in AU. Finally, in all regions, a disproportionately large percentage of specimens were collected by very few individuals. We hypothesize that these mega‐collectors, with their associated preferences and idiosyncrasies, shaped patterns of collection bias via ‘founder effects’.

Studies using herbarium collections should account for sampling biases, and future collecting efforts should avoid compounding these biases to the extent possible.
Plasmodesmal regulation during plant–pathogen interactions
Authors: Cheval Cecilia , Faulkner Christine 
Published: October 2017

Contents

Summary
62

I.
Introduction
62

II.
Plasmodesmal regulation is an innate defence response
63

III.
Reactive oxygen species regulate plasmodesmal function
63

IV.
Plasmodesmal regulation by and of defence‐associated small molecules
64

V.
Plasmodesmata facilitate systemic defence signalling
64

VI.
Virulent pathogens exploit plasmodesmata
66

VII.
Outlook
66

Acknowledgements
66

References
66

SummaryPlasmodesmata (PD) are plasma membrane‐lined pores that connect neighbouring plant cells, bridging the cell wall and establishing cytoplasmic and membrane continuity between cells. PD are dynamic structures regulated by callose deposition in a variety of stress and developmental contexts. This process crudely controls the aperture of the pore and thus the flux of molecules between cells. During pathogen infection, plant cells initiate a range of immune responses and it was recently identified that, following perception of fungal and bacterial pathogens, plant cells initially close their PD. Systemic defence responses depend on the spread of signals between cells, raising questions about whether PD are in different functional states during different immune responses. It is well established that viral pathogens exploit PD to spread between cells, but it has more recently been identified that protein effectors secreted by fungal pathogens can spread between host cells via PD. It is possible that many classes of pathogens specifically target PD to aid infection, which would infer antagonistic regulation of PD by host and pathogen. How PD regulation benefits both host immune responses and pathogen infection is an important question and demands that we examine the multicellular nature of plant–pathogen interactions.
Variation in the resilience of cloud forest vascular epiphytes to severe drought
Authors: Gotsch Sybil G. , Dawson Todd E. , Draguljić Danel 
Published: October 2017

Summary

Epiphytes are common in tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs) and play many important ecological roles, but the degree to which these unique plants will be affected by changes in climate is unknown. We investigated the drought responses of three vascular epiphyte communities bracketing the cloud base during a severe, El Niño‐impacted dry season.

Epiphytes were instrumented with sap flow probes in each site. Leaf water potential and pressure–volume curve parameters were also measured before and during the drought. We monitored the canopy microclimate in each site to determine the drivers of sap velocity across the sites.

All plants greatly reduced their water use during the drought, but recovery occurred more quickly for plants in the lower and drier sites. Plants in drier sites also exhibited the greatest shifts in the osmotic potential at full saturation and the turgor loss point.

Although all individuals survived this intense drought, epiphytes in the cloud forest experienced the slowest recovery, suggesting that plants in the TMCF are particularly sensitive to severe drought. Although vapor pressure deficit was an important driver of sap velocity in the highest elevation site, other factors, such as the volumetric water content of the canopy soil, were more important at lower (and warmer) sites.
Using the socioecological model to explore factors affecting health‐seeking behaviours of older Korean immigrants
Authors: Chung Jane , Seo Jin Young , Lee Jongwon 
Published: October 2017

Aims and objectivesThe purpose of this study was to explore multilevel factors affecting older Korean immigrants’ health‐seeking behaviours.BackgroundAlthough studies have documented significant issues related to healthcare access and utilisation issues among older immigrants, a noted limitation of current research is its failure to explore multiple factors related to their health‐seeking behaviours.DesignA qualitative study using interview data from two previous studies.MethodsWe performed a qualitative analysis of focus groups and individual interviews using inductive coding methods. The socioecological model provided a useful framework to guide this study. The sample included 17 community‐dwelling older Korean immigrants aged ≥65 years living in the metropolitan area of Seattle, WA, USA.ResultsFindings revealed various factors at the individual (e.g., perception of health and illness, mistrust, cultural values and norms, length of residency in the United States, language barriers and ageing experiences), interpersonal (e.g., peers, family and primary care physicians), community (e.g., ethnic community centres and organisations, home care helpers and interpretation services) and policy (e.g., lack of affordability and health benefits coverage) levels. Each of these factors played a role as either a barrier to or facilitator of older Korean immigrants’ health‐seeking behaviours. Several factors, such as language barriers and lack of available information, were intertwined.ConclusionsFindings indicate the importance of considering four major areas when designing culturally appropriate, community‐based interventions for older immigrants. Also, utilising peers or trusted human resources in the community is critical to the design and implementation of health promotion interventions for older immigrants.Implications for PracticeExamining intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, and policy level factors that affect older immigrants’ health‐seeking behaviours informs the design of community‐based health promotion interventions for older immigrants.
Utilization of molecular markers for improving the phosphorus efficiency in crop plants
Authors: Maharajan Theivanayagam , Ceasar Stanislaus Antony , Ajeesh krishna Thumadath Palayullaparambil , Ramakrishnan Muthusamy , Duraipandiyan Veeramuthu , Naif Abdulla Al‐Dhabi , Ignacimuthu Savarimuthu 
Published: October 2017

AbstractPhosphorus (P) is the second most growth limiting macronutrient after nitrogen and plays several important roles in all organisms including plants. In soil, P is available in both organic and inorganic forms. P deficiency reduces the growth and yield of several crop plants. Plants respond to P deficiency by the phenotypic changes especially by the modification of root architecture. Molecular marker‐assisted breeding (MAB) has been proposed as an important tool to identify and develop improved varieties of crop plants with efficient P‐use efficiency (PUE). Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for traits related to PUE has been considered as the first step in marker‐assisted selection (MAS) and improvement of crop yield programmes. In this review, we describe in detail on architectural changes of roots under P deficiency that are reported in various crops and discuss the efforts made to improve PUE using molecular marker tools. Details on QTLs identified for low P‐stress tolerance in various crop plants are presented. These QTLs can be used to improve PUE in crop plants through MAS and breeding, which may be beneficial to improve the yields under P‐deficient soil. Development of new and improved varieties using MAB will limit the use of non‐renewable fertilizers and improve PUE of key crop plants in low input agriculture.
Anellovirus loads are associated with outcomes in pediatric lung transplantation
Authors: Blatter Joshua A. , Sweet Stuart C. , Conrad Carol , Danziger‐Isakov Lara A. , Faro Albert , Goldfarb Samuel B. , Hayes Don , Melicoff Ernestina , Schecter Marc , Storch Gregory , Visner Gary A. , Williams Nikki M. , Wang David 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAnelloviruses are DNA viruses ubiquitously present in human blood. Due to their elevated levels in immunosuppressed patients, anellovirus levels have been proposed as a marker of immune status. We hypothesized that low anellovirus levels, reflecting relative immunocompetence, would be associated with adverse outcomes in pediatric lung transplantation. We assayed blood samples from 57 patients in a multicenter study for alpha‐ and betatorquevirus, two anellovirus genera. The primary short‐term outcome of interest was acute rejection, and longer‐term outcomes were analyzed individually and as “composite” (death, chronic rejection, or retransplant within 2 years). Patients with low alphatorquevirus levels at 2 weeks post‐transplantation were more likely to develop acute rejection within 3 months after transplant (P = .013). Low betatorquevirus levels at 6 weeks and 6 months after transplant were associated with death (P = .047) and the composite outcome (P = .017), respectively. There was an association between low anellovirus levels and adverse outcomes in pediatric lung transplantation. Alphatorquevirus levels were associated with short‐term outcomes (ie, acute rejection), while betatorquevirus levels were associated with longer‐term outcomes (ie, death, or composite outcome within 2 years). These observations suggest that anelloviruses may serve as useful biomarkers of immune status and predictors of adverse outcomes.
Using a digital storytelling assignment to teach public health advocacy
Authors: de Castro A.B. , Levesque Salem 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe need and expectation for advocacy is central to public health nursing practice. Advocacy efforts that effectively call attention to population health threats and promote the well‐being of communities rely on strategies that deliver influential messaging. The digital story is a lay method to capture meaningful, impactful stories that can be used to advocate for public health concerns. Readily available, user‐friendly digital technologies allow engagement in digital media production to create digital stories. This paper describes how digital story making can be utilized as an academic assignment to teach public health advocacy within an undergraduate nursing curriculum. Providing nursing students this artistic outlet can facilitate meeting academic learning goals, while also equipping them with creative skills that can be applied in future professional practice. Nursing educators can take advantage of institutional resources and campus culture to support the use of novel digital media assignments that facilitate application of advocacy concepts.
Inferior detection of information from collaborative versus individual crimes based on a P300 Concealed Information Test
Authors: Lu Yang , Rosenfeld J. Peter , Deng Xiaohong , Zhang Erhu , Zheng Huihui , Yan Gejun , Ouyang Dan , Hayat Saba Z. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe present study used a P300‐based Concealed Information Test (CIT) to detect individual and collaborative crimes and to explore whether or not the P300 index is effective in identifying collaborative crime members. Participants were divided into two groups to either steal a ring alone (individual group) or collaboratively with another companion participant (collaborative group) before taking the Complex Trial Protocol test that is regarded as an accurate version of the P300‐based CIT. The ERP results revealed that both groups showed significantly larger P300s to probe (the ring) than to all irrelevant stimuli (other jewelery), but the P300 amplitude difference of probe stimulus versus irrelevant stimuli in the collaborative group was significantly less than that in the individual group. For the individual diagnosis, using P300 index, the detection rate was significantly inferior for collaborative crime than individual crime, probably related to weakness of collaborative encoding. The ROC curve comparisons showed the individual guilty was effectively discriminated from the simulated‐innocent (AUC = .84) and from the collaborative guilty (AUC = .83), but the collaborative guilty was not discriminable from the simulated‐innocent (AUC = .66). These findings suggest that collaborative encoding of crime‐related information impacts the efficiency of the P300 index, and that the P300‐based CIT is not applicable when used to identify collaborative crime perpetrators.
A Value Measure for Public‐Sector Enterprise Risk Management: A TSA Case Study
Authors: Fletcher Kenneth C. , Abbas Ali E. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis article presents a public value measure that can be used to aid executives in the public sector to better assess policy decisions and maximize value to the American people. Using Transportation Security Administration (TSA) programs as an example, we first identify the basic components of public value. We then propose a public value account to quantify the outcomes of various risk scenarios, and we determine the certain equivalent of several important TSA programs. We illustrate how this proposed measure can quantify the effects of two main challenges that government organizations face when conducting enterprise risk management: (1) short‐term versus long‐term incentives and (2) avoiding potential negative consequences even if they occur with low probability. Finally, we illustrate how this measure enables the use of various tools from decision analysis to be applied in government settings, such as stochastic dominance arguments and certain equivalent calculations. Regarding the TSA case study, our analysis demonstrates the value of continued expansion of the TSA trusted traveler initiative and increasing the background vetting for passengers who are afforded expedited security screening.
Origin of abundant moonmilk deposits in a subsurface granitic environment
Authors: Miller Ana Z. , Garcia‐Sanchez Angela M. , Martin‐Sanchez Pedro M. , Costa Pereira Manuel F. , Spangenberg Jorge E. , Jurado Valme , Dionísio Amelia , Afonso Maria J. , Iglé sias Chaminé Helder I. , Hermosin Bernardo , Saiz‐Jimenez Cesareo 
Published: October 2017

AbstractSubsurface granitic environments are scarce and poorly investigated. A multi‐disciplinary approach was used to characterize the abundant moonmilk deposits and associated microbial communities coating the granite walls of the 16th Century Paranhos spring water tunnel in Porto city (north‐west Portugal). It is possible that this study is the first record of moonmilk in an urban subsurface granitic environment. The morphology and texture, mineralogical composition, stable isotope composition and microbial diversity of moonmilk deposits have been studied to infer the processes of moonmilk formation. These whitish secondary mineral deposits are composed of very fine needle‐fibre calcite crystals with different morphologies and density. Calcified filaments of fungal hyphae or bacteria were distinguished by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Stable isotope analysis revealed a meteoric origin of the needle‐fibre calcite, with an important contribution of atmospheric CO2, soil respiration and from weathering of Ca‐bearing minerals. The DNA‐based analyses revealed the presence of micro‐organisms related to urban contamination, including Actinobacteria, mainly represented by Pseudonocardia hispaniensis, Thaumarchaeota and Ascomycota, dominated by Cladosporium. This microbial composition is consistent with groundwater pollution and contamination sources of the overlying urban area, including garages, petrol stations and wastewater pipeline leakage, showing that the Paranhos tunnel is greatly perturbed by anthropogenic activities. Whether the identified micro‐organisms are involved in the formation of the needle‐fibre calcite or not is difficult to demonstrate, but this study evidenced both abiotic and biogenic genesis for the calcite moonmilk in this subsurface granitic environment.
terraGIS – a web GIS for delivery of digital soil maps in cotton‐growing areas of Australia
Authors: Huang J. , Buchanan S. M. , Bishop T. F. A. , Triantafilis J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractEffective management of soil requires the spatial distribution of its various physical, chemical and hydrological properties. This is because properties, for example clay content, determine the ability of soil to hold cations and retain water. However, data acquisition is labour intensive and time‐consuming. To add value to the limited soil data, remote sensing (e.g. airborne gamma‐ray spectrometry) and proximal sensing, such as electromagnetic (EM) induction, are being used as ancillary data. Here, we provide examples of developing Digital Soil Maps (DSM) of soil physical, chemical and hydrological properties, for seven cotton‐growing areas of southeastern Australia, by coupling soil data with remote and proximal sensed ancillary data. A greater challenge is how to get these DSM to a stakeholder in a way that is useful for practical soil use and management. This study describes how we facilitate access to the DSMs, using a simple‐to‐use web GIS platform, called terraGIS. The platform is underpinned by Google Maps API, which is an open‐source development environment for building spatially enabled Internet applications. In conclusion, we consider that terraGIS and the supporting information, available on the sister web page (http://www.terragis.bees.unsw.edu.au/), allow easy access to explanation of DSM of soil properties, which are relevant to cotton growers, farm managers, consultants, extension staff, researchers, state and federal government agency personnel and policy analysts. Future work should be aimed at developing error budget maps to identify where additional soil and/or ancillary data is required to improve the accuracy of the DSMs.
The complex geographies of ethnic residential segregation: Using spatial and local measures to explore scale‐dependency and spatial relationships
Authors: Catney Gemma 
Published: October 2017

Ethnic residential geographies have become increasingly spatially complex. While urban diversity is by far the dominant pattern in the UK, over the last two decades suburban and rural areas have experienced a modest but steady growth of ethnic minority populations. Yet despite these emerging patterns, a bias persists whereby most studies of ethnic residential segregation are concerned solely with metropolitan places. While spatial and local measures enable a more sophisticated analysis of the intricate geographical and scalar variations in residential segregation than traditional “global” approaches, there have been surprisingly few analyses of the local dimensions of ethnic residential patterning, and these have tended to be metro‐focused. This study analyses small area ethnic segregation in England and Wales using a spatially‐weighted approach for 2011 Census data across all (small) areas, rather than just cities. To briefly summarise, the results demonstrate (1) the non‐uniform scale effects of segregation between each ethnic group; (2) spatial “thresholds” at which segregation can be found, which challenge established wisdom about the relative levels of segregation between ethnic groups; (3) the high spatial variability in segregation levels; and (4) how segregation dimensions and group proportions are not strongly related in all neighbourhoods, providing justification for their use in conjunction. Exploring segregation across a national context, the research develops understandings of ethnic group interactions between spaces and across scales, and advances hitherto underdeveloped debates about the complexity of the conceptual and empirical distinctions that can be made between the dimensions of segregation.
The ICE project and world Englishes
Authors: NELSON GERALD 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTThe articles in this symposium were first presented at a workshop in Trier, Germany, in 2015. The workshop title was ‘The future of the International Corpus of English (ICE): New challenges, new developments’. This introductory article looks back over the last twenty‐five years of the ICE project, and considers some of the issues that have emerged in that period in relation to corpus compilation and the analysis of world Englishes. Among those issues are the unprecedented advances in computer technology, and also the changing perceptions of English as a world language.
Exploring speaker fluency with phonologically annotated ICE corpora
Authors: GUT ULRIKE , FUCHS ROBERT 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTThis study demonstrates how quantitative characteristics of speaker fluency can be measured in the phonologically annotated and time‐aligned corpora ICE‐Nigeria and ICE‐Scotland, which belong to the ‘new generation’ of ICE corpora. Some files from the categories broadcast talk and unscripted speeches in ICE Nigeria and ICE Scotland were phonemically annotated and analysed, and for each speaker the mean length of run ( = average number of words per utterance) and articulation rate ( = mean number of phonemes per total articulation time) were calculated. These results show how phonological and time‐aligned annotations can enrich ICE corpora, and how they allow comparisons of varieties of English that go beyond studies of syntactic and lexical variation.
ICE Age 3: The Expanding Circle
Authors: EDWARDS ALISON 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTThe International Corpus of English (ICE) faces the same challenge confronting world Englishes as a whole: to integrate into its endeavours the systematic study of English in the Expanding Circle (EC). This article proposes an expansion in the scope of ICE to account for user varieties in the EC. It provides a template for researchers interested in compiling an EC corpus in line with the ICE design by describing the development of the Corpus of Dutch English, the first multi‐genre, EC corpus modelled after the (written) ICE components. It then presents a case study of three‐word clusters in academic writing from all three circles, demonstrating that the traditional reliance on student writing (learner data proper) tells only part of the story of English usage in the EC.