bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improvement of Doxorubicin Efficacy by Conjugating to pH‐Sensitive Copolymer‐Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Siami Fatemeh , Ahmadpanahi Homayon , Heidarinasab Amir , Moniri Elham , Akbarzadeh Azim 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTChemotherapy is one of the main treatment regimens for cancer therapy. Efficacy of chemotherapy is limited issues such as nonspecific cytotoxicity, poor aqueous solubility, and bioavailability. Targeted drug delivery is an ideal strategy to overcome these barriers. Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as a great drug delivery system have drawn considerable attention. Functionalized nanoparticles (NPs) here were synthesized by the coprecipitation method and characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and transmission electron microscopy techniques. An anticancer agent, doxorubicin (DOX), was loaded onto the NPs and then the release behavior and cytotoxicity effects of nanodrug were determined. The pH‐sensitive behavior of drug release was observed. While the total loaded drug was released at pH 1.2 in 30 min, the amount of drug release was equal to 8% in pH 7 after 8 h. The drug‐loading efficiency was found to be 88%. Also, NPs potentiate the efficacy of the drug by increasing its cytotoxicity, in which IC50 of 57 and 39 μM for the nanodrug and drug was estimated, respectively. In conclusion, the results of the study showed that MNPs are promising vehicle for DOX delivery.
C‐reactive protein increases with gestational age during pregnancy among Chinese women
Authors: Mei Zuguo , Li Hongtian , Serdula Mary K. , Flores‐Ayala RAFAEL C. , Wang Linlin , Liu Jian‐Meng , Grummer‐Strawn Laurence M. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveTo examine the concentration of C‐reactive protein (CRP) in relation to gestational weeks during pregnancy among Chinese women.MethodsFrom a randomized control trial of prenatal supplementation with folic acid, iron‐folic acid, and multiple micronutrients in China, we examined 834 pregnant women with CRP measured initially between 5 and 20 weeks and at follow‐up between 28 and 32 weeks gestation. We calculated and plotted CRP geometric means by gestational weeks. The same analysis was repeated for women who had normal pregnancies (624 women) by excluding women with stillbirth, preterm, small for gestational age, body mass index <18.5 kg/m2 or >30 kg/m2 at enrollment, and hypertension or anemia during pregnancy.ResultsWe observed a significant positive trend between log‐transformed CRP and gestational age from 5 to 20 weeks and from 28 to 32 weeks both in the full sample and in the subset of women who had normal pregnancies. CRP geometric mean was 0.81 mg/l at 5–7 weeks of gestation, 2.85 mg/l at 19–20 weeks of gestation, and 3.89 mg/l at 32 weeks of gestation. A similar increasing trend in the CRP median or percentage of elevated CRP were also observed.ConclusionWe concluded that CRP increased with gestational age among healthy Chinese women who delivered healthy infants. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:574–579, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nutritional consequences of folivory in a small‐bodied lemur (Lepilemur leucopus): Effects of season and reproduction on nutrient balancing
Authors: Dröscher Iris , Rothman Jessica M. , Ganzhorn Jörg U. , Kappeler Peter M. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesSmall‐bodied folivores are rare because processing leaves often requires extensive gut adaptations and lengthy retention times for fiber fermentation. However, the <1 kg nocturnal white‐footed sportive lemurs (Lepilemur leucopus) persist on a leaf‐based diet. We investigated how extrinsic (i.e., seasonality in temperature and food availability) and intrinsic factors (i.e., reproductive state) influence nutrient intake and explored how nutrient and energy needs are met in this species.Materials and MethodsWe conducted full night focal follows across all seasons and analyzed nutrients in all items eaten by adults of both sexes to investigate nutrient intake and nutritional priorities in L. leucopus. We estimated digestible protein content, as this is a biologically more meaningful measure than crude protein.ResultsProtein intake was constant across seasons, while non‐protein energy and dry matter intake increased from the hot wet to the cold dry season. Males and females did not differ in their nutrient or apparent energy intake irrespective of female reproductive state.DiscussionWe conclude that these animals prioritize protein over non‐protein energy intake as dietary protein is in limited supply, and that thermoregulation poses higher energetic costs than reproduction in this species. While protein intake did not differ across female reproductive states, the relative protein content of the diet was highest during the lactation period, indicating that the balance of non‐protein to protein intake may be more important than absolute intake. Dry matter intake was high compared to other folivorous primates, indicating that L. leucopus follows an intake rather than an efficiency strategy to meet its energy requirements. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:197–207, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Triazine‐Based Sequence‐Defined Polymers with Side‐Chain Diversity and Backbone–Backbone Interaction Motifs
Authors: Grate Jay W. , Mo Kai‐For , Daily Michael D. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSequence control in polymers, well‐known in nature, encodes structure and functionality. Here we introduce a new architecture, based on the nucleophilic aromatic substitution chemistry of cyanuric chloride, that creates a new class of sequence‐defined polymers dubbed TZPs. Proof of concept is demonstrated with two synthesized hexamers, having neutral and ionizable side chains. Molecular dynamics simulations show backbone–backbone interactions, including H‐bonding motifs and pi–pi interactions. This architecture is arguably biomimetic while differing from sequence‐defined polymers having peptide bonds. The synthetic methodology supports the structural diversity of side chains known in peptides, as well as backbone–backbone hydrogen‐bonding motifs, and will thus enable new macromolecules and materials with useful functions.
New Twists and Turns for Actinide Chemistry: Organometallic Infinite Coordination Polymers of Thorium Diazide
Authors: Monreal Marisa J. , Seaman Lani A. , Goff George S. , Michalczyk Ryszard , Morris David E. , Scott Brian L. , Kiplinger Jaqueline L. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractTwo organometallic 1D infinite coordination polymers and two organometallic monometallic complexes of thorium diazide have been synthesized and characterized. Steric control of these self‐assembled arrays, which are dense in thorium and nitrogen, has also been demonstrated: infinite chains can be circumvented by using steric bulk either at the metallocene or with a donor ligand in the wedge.
Preparation and assessment of a self‐healing material based on microcapsules filled with ethyl phenylacetate
Authors: Ma Wanpeng , Zhang Wei , Zhao Yang , Yu Helong 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTA self‐healing material was developed on the basis of a biological system. The self‐healing epoxy resin, which incorporated microcapsules filled with ethyl phenylacetate (EPA), was investigated. The microcapsules were prepared by an in situ polymerization method. The microcapsule‐formation process was monitored by optical microscopy, and the surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The self‐healing performance of the epoxy resin was assessed by manual and in situ healing experiments. We investigated the effects of the healing time, amount of EPA, and degree of curing of matrix on the healing performance by manually injecting EPA into the crack plane. The maximum healing efficiency was obtained within 24 h. The swelling curve was overlaid onto the healed load plot; this indicated that crack healing was achieved as a result of solvent diffusion. The healing load reached the maximum value when the amount of EPA was 0.5 μL and was capable of filling the crack volume. Moreover, the healing performance was related to the degree of swelling. The in situ healing efficiency was dependent on the microcapsule concentration. The fracture toughness could be fully restored when the microcapsule concentration was 10%. Finally, the crack interface was analyzed with SEM. The results show that the fracture line was difficult to detect, and this suggested complete crack healing by EPA. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43430.
Noncovalent assembly of carbon nanofiber–layered double hydroxide as a reinforcing hybrid filler in thermoplastic polyurethane–nitrile butadiene rubber blends
Authors: Roy S. , Srivastava S. K. , Mittal V. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTA new synthetic route was applied to develop carbon nanofiber (CNF)–layered double hydroxide (LDH) hybrid through a noncovalent assembly using sodium dodecyl sulfate as bridging linker between magnesium–aluminum LDH and CNF and then characterized. Furthermore, this hybrid was used as nanofiller in thermoplastic polyurethane–acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (TN; 1:1 w/w) blend. Mechanical measurements showed that the 0.50 wt % hybrid loaded TN blend exhibited the maximum improvements in the elongation at break, tensile strength, and storage modulus of 1.51 times and 167 and 261% (25 °C), respectively. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis and thermogravimetric analysis showed maximum improvements in the melting temperature (5 °C), crystallization temperature (17 °C), and thermal stability (14 °C) in the 0.50 wt % surfactant modified carbon nanofiber–LDH loaded blend compared to the neat blend. Such enhancement in the properties of the TN nanocomposites could be attributed to the homogeneous dispersion, strong filler–blend interfacial interaction, and synergistic effect. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43470.
Wet‐driven shape‐memory behaviors and thermal adaptability of cotton knitted fabrics containing crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) moieties
Authors: Shi Wenzhao , Xing Jianwei , Liu Jinshu , Lu Shaofeng 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTCotton knitted fabrics were treated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in the presence of polyhydric alcohol etherified dimethylol dihydroxy ethylene urea as the crosslinker and magnesium chloride hexahydrate as the catalyst. In wet–dry cycles, the fabrics treated with 30% PEG1500 in the presence of 15% crosslinker and 3% catalyst showed obvious wet‐driven shape‐memory behaviors in terms of a 12% shrinkage rate in the wet state and a 80% shrinkage‐recovery rate in the dry state. The results of weight gain, morphological structures, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and X‐ray diffraction pattern tests confirmed PEG deposits on the surface of the treated fabrics, demonstrated the crosslinking of cotton cellulose with PEG and crosslinker, and also explained the wet‐driven shape‐memory mechanism. The results from differential scanning calorimetry show that the treated fabrics with wet‐driven shape‐memory behaviors had a phase‐change enthalpy and heat‐storage capacity. The crosslinking of cotton cellulose with PEG had a strong influence on the mechanical performance and air permeability of the cotton knitted fabrics. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43473.
Histologic Examination of an Assemblage of Psittacosaurus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) Juveniles From the Yixian Formation (Liaoning, China)
Authors: Bo Zhao , Hedrick Brandon P. , Chunling Gao , Tumarkin‐Deratzian Allison R. , Fengjiao Zhang , Caizhi Shen , Dodson Peter 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTPsittacosaurus is one of the most abundant dinosaurs known, which allows for extensive study of its growth and form. Previous studies have evaluated growth trajectories of Psittacosaurus using bone histology. However, we present the first study of Psittacosaurus comparative juvenile histology and describe the histology of Psittacosaurus within its first year of life based on multiple sections taken from an exquisite monospecific assemblage of juveniles from the Yixian Formation in Liaoning, China. Specimens studied had femur lengths ranging from 30 to 36 mm. The five juveniles examined all have similar histologic patterns in the midshaft and epiphyseal regions showing that there is limited plasticity in bone development in juvenile Psittacosaurus and that all of the specimens in the assemblage were likely the same age. The microstructure patterns are compatible with the hypothesis that Psittacosaurus was precocial and that these juveniles were neonates. Based on comparisons with other juvenile ornithischians, juvenile Psittacosaurus had a growth rate similar to Orodromeus, slower than that of Maiasaura, Dysalotosaurus, or hadrosaurs consistent with small body size. Our results support previous studies that demonstrated that the orientation of vascular canals is likely not solely reflective of growth rate, but is also affected by underlying biomechanical, structural processes. The number of studies done on theropod and sauropodomorph histology dwarfs those of ornithischians. More studies of ornithischian histology are necessary in order to better establish phylogenetic trends in microstructure and to learn more about growth in this important clade. Anat Rec, 299:601–612, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stopping Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor Treatment in Patients With Established Rheumatoid Arthritis in Remission or With Stable Low Disease Activity: A Pragmatic Multicenter, Open‐Label Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Ghiti Moghadam Marjan , Vonkeman Harald E. , ten Klooster Peter M. , Tekstra Janneke , van Schaardenburg Dirkjan , Starmans‐Kool Mirian , Brouwer Elisabeth , Bos Reinhard , Lems Willem F. , Colin Edgar M. , Allaart Cornelia F. , Meek Inger L. , Landewé Robert , Bernelot Moens Hein J. , van Riel Piet L. C. M. , van de Laar Mart A. F. J. , Jansen Tim L. ,   on behalf of the Dutch National POET Collaboration
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveTumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) biologic agents are an effective treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is unclear whether patients whose disease is in remission or who have stable low disease activity need to continue use of TNFi or can stop this treatment. This study was undertaken to assess whether patients with established RA who are in remission or have stable low disease activity can effectively and safely stop their TNFi therapy.MethodsThe study was designed as a pragmatic multicenter, open‐label randomized controlled trial. Inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of RA according to the American College of Rheumatology 1987 classification criteria, as well as use of a TNFi for at least 1 year along with a stable dose of disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs and a Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) of <3.2 over the 6 months preceding trial inclusion. Patients were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to either stop or continue treatment with their current TNFi. Flare was defined as a DAS28 of ≥3.2 during the 12‐month follow‐up period and an increase in score of ≥0.6 compared to the baseline DAS28.ResultsIn total, 531 patients were allocated to the stop group and 286 to the TNFi continuation group. At 12 months, more patients had experienced a flare in the stop group (272 [51.2%] of 531) than in the continuation group (52 [18.2%] of 286; P < 0.001). The hazard ratio for occurrence of a flare after stopping TNFi was 3.50 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.60–4.72). The mean DAS28 in the stop group was significantly higher during the follow‐up period compared to that in the continuation group (P < 0.001). Of the 195 patients who restarted TNFi treatment after experiencing a flare and within 26 weeks after stopping, 165 (84.6%) had regained a DAS28 of <3.2 by 6 months later, and the median time to a regained DAS28 of <3.2 was 12 weeks (95% Cl 10.7–13.3). There were more hospitalizations in the stop group than in the continuation group (6.4% versus 2.4%).ConclusionStopping TNFi treatment results in substantially more flares than does continuation of TNFi in patients with established RA in remission or with stable low disease activity.
Two Phenotypes Are Identified by Cluster Analysis in Early Inflammatory Back Pain Suggestive of Spondyloarthritis: Results From the DESIR Cohort
Authors: Costantino Félicie , Aegerter Philippe , Dougados Maxime , Breban Maxime , D'Agostino Maria‐Antonietta 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveTo determine whether disease manifestations at baseline would combine according to distinguishable ordered phenotypes in patients with early inflammatory back pain (IBP) suggestive of spondyloarthritis (SpA).MethodsBaseline clinical and demographic characteristics as well as imaging features and biologic data on patients included in the French multicenter Devenir des Spondyloarthropathies Indifferérenciées Récentes cohort were analyzed by multiple correspondence analysis and cluster analysis to identify subgroups of patients based on shared characteristics.ResultsCluster analysis allowed us to classify the 679 patients with no missing data into 2 major groups—one with a predominance of isolated axial manifestations and the other with associated peripheral symptoms. The application of the same analysis to selected subsets of the cohort, such as HLA–B27–positive and –negative patients and patients fulfilling the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial SpA, resulted again in an optimal division of the samples into 2 recurrent clusters of patients similar to those observed in the whole cohort.ConclusionCluster analysis of SpA manifestations among patients with early IBP highly suggestive of SpA allowed us to clearly identify at baseline 2 different clinical phenotypes—one with predominant axial manifestations and the other with predominant peripheral manifestations. Ongoing follow‐up will allow us to determine whether these clusters correspond to different patterns of disease severity.
Immediate Administration of Intraarticular Triamcinolone Acetonide After Joint Injury Modulates Molecular Outcomes Associated With Early Synovitis
Authors: Sieker Jakob T. , Ayturk Ugur M. , Proffen Benedikt L. , Weissenberger Manuela H. , Kiapour Ata M. , Murray Martha M. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveTo test whether intraarticular corticosteroid injection mitigates injury‐induced synovitis and collagen degradation after anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) and to characterize the synovial response using a functional genomics approach in a preclinical model of posttraumatic osteoarthritis.MethodsYorkshire pigs underwent unilateral ACLT without subsequent corticosteroid injection (the ACLT group; n = 6) or ACLT with immediate injection of 20 mg triamcinolone acetonide (the steroid group; n = 6). A control group of pigs (the intact group; n = 6) did not undergo surgery. Total synovial membrane cellularity and synovial fluid concentration of C1,2C neoepitope–bearing collagen fragments 14 days after injury were primary end points and were compared between the ACLT, steroid, and intact groups. Cells were differentiated by histologic phenotype and counted, while RNA sequencing was used to quantify transcriptome‐wide gene expression and monocyte, macrophage, and lymphocyte markers.ResultsIn the intact group, total cellularity was 13% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 9–16) and the C1,2C concentration was 0.24 μg/ml (95% CI 0.08–0.39). In the ACLT group, significant increases were observed in total cellularity (to 21% [95% CI 16–27]) and C1,2C concentration (to 0.49 μg/ml [95% CI 0.39–0.59]). Compared to values in the ACLT group, total cellularity in the steroid group was nonsignificantly decreased to 17% (95% CI 15–18) (P = 0.26) and C1,2C concentration in the steroid group was significantly decreased to 0.29 μg/ml (95% CI 0.23–0.35) (P = 0.04). A total of 255 protein‐coding transcripts were differentially expressed between the ACLT group and the intact group. These genes mainly enriched pathways related to cellular immune response, proteolysis, and angiogenesis. Mononuclear leukocytes were the dominant cell type in cell‐dense areas. MARCO, SOCS3, CCR1, IL4R, and MMP2 expression was significantly associated with C1,2C levels.ConclusionEarly intraarticular immunosuppression mitigated injury‐induced increases in collagen fragments, an outcome better predicted by specific marker expression than by histologic measures of synovitis.
Synthesis and Thermal Responses of Polygonal Poly(ethylene glycol) Analogues
Authors: Kawasaki Shunichi , Muraoka Takahiro , Hamada Tsutomu , Shigyou Kazuki , Nagatsugi Fumi , Kinbara Kazushi 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAs a new type of topological poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) analogue, a series of polygonal PEGs with digonal to hexagonal structures were developed. Polygonal PEGs with structures between the digonal and tetragonal types showed molecular‐level dispersion in water at 20 °C, whereas the pentagonal and hexagonal PEGs aggregated, which is suggestive of enhanced hydrophobicity by ring expansion. Heating induced conformational changes in the polygonal PEGs and increased their hydrophobicity. Among the polygonal PEGs, only the trigonal and hexagonal PEGs showed a distinct thermal response to form and increase the size of the aggregates, respectively. Given that tetragonal and pentagonal PEGs only marginally responded to heat treatment, the thermal responses are likely due to a topological effect. At low temperatures, the larger polygonal PEGs are more restricted despite the expanded rings. The trigonal PEG showed the largest change in mobility, whereas the tetragonal PEG exhibited the smallest change. Hence, the topology of the polygonal PEGs influences the intramolecular packing and the local dynamics.
Control of Conformation and Chirality of Nonplanar π‐Conjugated Diporphyrins Using Substituents and Axial Ligands
Authors: Ito Satoru , Hiroto Satoru , Ousaka Naoki , Yashima Eiji , Shinokubo Hiroshi 
Published: February 2016

AbstractNonplanar conformations of pyrazine‐fused ZnII diporphyrins could be controlled by the choice of the meso‐aryl substituents and an axial ligand on the central metals. ZnII diporphyrins bearing sterically demanding meso‐aryl groups with ortho‐substituents led to a twisted chiral D2 conformation, while an achiral C2h form was preferred in the case of aryl groups without ortho‐substituents. Helical chirality induction on ZnII diporphyrins in the twisted conformation was achieved by controlling their handedness of the molecular twist through coordination of optically active 1‐phenethylamine.