bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining the Magnetic Signal Due To Gravity and Plasma Pressure Gradient Current With the TIE‐GCM
Authors: Maute A. , Richmond A. D. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAccurate magnetic field measurements at ground and low‐Earth orbit (LEO) are crucial to describe Earth's magnetic field. One of the challenges with processing LEO magnetic field measurements to study Earth's magnetic field is that the satellite flies in regions of highly varying ionospheric currents, which needs to be characterized accurately. The present study focuses on ionospheric current systems due to gravity and plasma pressure gradient forcing and aims to provide guidance on the estimation of their magnetic effect at LEO altitudes with the help of numerical modeling. We assess the diamagnetic approximation that estimates the magnetic signal of the plasma pressure gradient current. The simulations indicate that the diamagnetic effect should not be removed from LEO magnetic observations without considering the gravity current effect, as this will lead to an error larger than the magnetic signal of these currents. We introduce and evaluate a method to capture the magnetic effect of the gravity‐driven current. The diamagnetic and gravity current approximations ignore the magnetic effect from currents set up by the induced electric field. The combined gravity and plasma pressure gradient magnetic effect tends to cancel above the F region peak; however, between approximately 300 km and the peak it exhibits a significant height and latitudinal variation with magnitudes up to 8 nT. During solar minimum the combined magnetic signal is less than 1 nT above 300 km. In addition to the solar cycle dependence, the magnetic signal strength varies with longitude (approximately by 50%) and season (up to 80%) at solar maximum.
Mesozoic Crustal Thickening of the Longmenshan Belt (NE Tibet, China) by Imbrication of Basement Slices: Insights From Structural Analysis, Petrofabric and Magnetic Fabric Studies, and Gravity Modeling
Authors: Xue Zhenhua , Martelet Guillaume , Lin Wei , Faure Michel , Chen Yan , Wei Wei , Li Shuangjian , Wang Qingchen 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis work first presents field structural analysis, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) measurements, and kinematic and microstructural studies on the Neoproterozoic Pengguan complex located in the middle segment of the Longmenshan thrust belt (LMTB), NE Tibet. These investigations indicate that the Pengguan complex is a heterogeneous unit with a ductilely deformed NW domain and an undeformed SE domain, rather than a single homogeneous body as previously thought. The NW part of the Pengguan complex is constrained by top‐to‐the‐NW shearing along its NW boundary and top‐to‐the‐SE shearing along its SE boundary, where it imbricates and overrides the SE domain. Two orogen‐perpendicular gravity models not only support the imbricated shape of the Pengguan complex but also reveal an imbrication of high‐density material hidden below the Paleozoic rocks on the west of the LMTB. Regionally, this suggests a basement‐slice‐imbricated structure that developed along the margin of the Yangtze Block, as shown by the regional gravity anomaly map, together with the published nearby seismic profile and the distribution of orogen‐parallel Neoproterozoic complexes. Integrating the previously published ages of the NW normal faulting and of the SE directed thrusting, the locally fast exhumation rate, and the lithological characteristics of the sediments in the LMTB front, we interpret the basement‐slice‐imbricated structure as the result of southeastward thrusting of the basement slices during the Late Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous. This architecture makes a significant contribution to the crustal thickening of the LMTB during the Mesozoic, and therefore, the Cenozoic thickening of the Longmenshan belt might be less important than often suggested.
Evaporation in Capillary Porous Media at the Perfect Piston‐Like Invasion Limit: Evidence of Nonlocal Equilibrium Effects
Authors: Attari Moghaddam Alireza , Prat Marc , Tsotsas Evangelos , Kharaghani Abdolreza 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe classical continuum modeling of evaporation in capillary porous media is revisited from pore network simulations of the evaporation process. The computed moisture diffusivity is characterized by a minimum corresponding to the transition between liquid and vapor transport mechanisms confirming previous interpretations. Also the study suggests an explanation for the scattering generally observed in the moisture diffusivity obtained from experimental data. The pore network simulations indicate a noticeable nonlocal equilibrium effect leading to a new interpretation of the vapor pressure‐saturation relationship classically introduced to obtain the one‐equation continuum model of evaporation. The latter should not be understood as a desorption isotherm as classically considered but rather as a signature of a nonlocal equilibrium effect. The main outcome of this study is therefore that nonlocal equilibrium two‐equation model must be considered for improving the continuum modeling of evaporation.
Using Survey Data to Determine a Numeric Criterion for Nutrient Pollution
Authors: Jakus Paul M. , Nelson Nanette , Ostermiller Jeffrey 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe present a scientific replication of a benthic algae nuisance threshold study originally conducted in Montana, but we do so using a different sampling methodology in a different state. Respondents are asked to rate eight photographs that depict varying algae conditions. Our initial results show that Utah resident preferences for benthic algae levels are quite similar to those of Montana residents, thus replicating the Montana study. For the full Utah sample, though, Cronbach's α indicated poor internal consistency in rating the photographs, so a “monotonicity rule” was used to identify respondents providing monotonic preferences with respect to chlorophyll a densities. Simple graphical analyses are combined with ordered probit analysis to determine the maximum desirable density of chlorophyll a (Chl a). Our analysis indicates that Chl a levels in excess of 150 mg Chl a/m2 are undesirable, but the regression model suggests that those with strictly monotonic preferences were far more likely favor a more stringent standard.
Hydraulic Causes for Basin Hydrograph Skewness
Authors: Collischonn Walter , Fleischmann Ayan , Paiva Rodrigo C. D. , Mejia Alfonso 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIt has been suggested that hydrograph skewness depends on the relative dominance between hillslope and channel network transport processes, where the former ones make the hydrograph positively skewed while the latter tends to make it negatively skewed. More recently, however, the role of river hydraulics in shaping the hydrograph has been highlighted. We present a set of numerical modeling experiments using a hydrodynamic model of river networks in which we investigate how channel hydraulics influence the shape of the hydrograph, particularly its skewness. We further investigate the influence of base flow, rainfall intensity, cross section geometry, and basin scale on unit hydrograph response. We show that river hydraulics has a decisive role because positively skewed hydrographs may occur even when water inputs to the river network are negatively skewed, and in catchments whose width function is also negatively skewed. We show additional results related to the effect of the degree of nonlinearity in the relationship between celerity and discharge, the effects of base flow and rainfall intensity. These further confirm that hydraulic factors may be decisive in determining hydrograph shape.
A Pseudo‐Vertical Equilibrium Model for Slow Gravity Drainage Dynamics
Authors: Becker Beatrix , Guo Bo , Bandilla Karl , Celia Michael A. , Flemisch Bernd , Helmig Rainer 
Published: November 2017

AbstractVertical equilibrium (VE) models are computationally efficient and have been widely used for modeling fluid migration in the subsurface. However, they rely on the assumption of instant gravity segregation of the two fluid phases which may not be valid especially for systems that have very slow drainage at low wetting phase saturations. In these cases, the time scale for the wetting phase to reach vertical equilibrium can be several orders of magnitude larger than the time scale of interest, rendering conventional VE models unsuitable. Here we present a pseudo‐VE model that relaxes the assumption of instant segregation of the two fluid phases by applying a pseudo‐residual saturation inside the plume of the injected fluid that declines over time due to slow vertical drainage. This pseudo‐VE model is cast in a multiscale framework for vertically integrated models with the vertical drainage solved as a fine‐scale problem. Two types of fine‐scale models are developed for the vertical drainage, which lead to two pseudo‐VE models. Comparisons with a conventional VE model and a full multidimensional model show that the pseudo‐VE models have much wider applicability than the conventional VE model while maintaining the computational benefit of the conventional VE model.
Physical Abuse
Authors: Cook Amy Kyle 
Published: November 2017

Maltreatment is an umbrella term used to describe a variety of adverse experiences perpetrated by parents or caretakers against children, including neglect, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and physical abuse. The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) indicates that after neglect, physical abuse is the second leading type of child maltreatment experienced.Physical abuse is linked to a variety of deleterious outcomes such as delinquent and criminal behavior, violence, mental health problems, substance abuse, poor cognitive development, physical health problems, and even death. Discussion is provided on treatment for children and families suffering from physical abuse and other forms of maltreatment.
Amplitude Modulation of Anomalously Refracted Terahertz Waves with Gated‐Graphene Metasurfaces
Authors: Kim Teun‐Teun , Kim Hyunjun , Kenney Mitchell , Park Hyun Sung , Kim Hyeon‐Don , Min Bumki , Zhang Shuang 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAlthough recent progress in metasurfaces has shown great promise for applications, optical properties in metasurfaces are typically fixed by their structural geometry and dimensions. Here, an electrically controllable amplitude of anomalously‐refracted waves in a hybrid graphene/metasurface system are experimentally demonstrated, which consists of an artificially constructed two‐dimensional metallic apertures array and naturally occurring two‐dimensional carbon atoms (graphene) in the subwavelength‐scale (< λ/10). Based on Pancharatnam–Berry phase and by careful design of a spatially linear phase profile, it is shown that the amplitude of anomalously refracted circularly cross‐polarized terahertz waves can be effectively modulated by an applied gate voltage. The developed electrically tunable graphene metasurfaces may lead to various advanced applications that require dynamical control over electromagnetic waves, such as amplitude tunable active focusing lenses, vortex phase plates and dynamic holography.
2D Nonlayered Selenium Nanosheets: Facile Synthesis, Photoluminescence, and Ultrafast Photonics
Authors: Xing Chenyang , Xie Zhongjian , Liang Zhiming , Liang Weiyuan , Fan Taojian , Ponraj Joice Sophia , Dhanabalan Sathish Chander , Fan Dianyuan , Zhang Han 
Published: November 2017

AbstractInvestigations into 2D nanomaterials are of considerable significance from both an academic and industrial point of view. The present work addresses, for the first time, the fabrication of 2D nonlayered ultrathin selenium through a facile liquid‐phase exfoliation method. The results reveal that the as‐prepared 2D Se nanosheets are 40–120 nm in lateral dimension and 3–6 nm in thickness. The nanosheets exhibit a trigonal crystalline phase similar to their bulk counterpart, indicating the conservation of the crystalline features during the exfoliation procedure. The successful preparation of 2D Se nanosheets from nonlayered bulk Se can be ascribed to two kinds of anisotropy: (1) that of crystalline bulk Se with chain‐like structures, where strong intrachain SeSe covalent bonds coexist with weak interchain van der Waals forces, and (2) that of probe sonication in the vertical direction. The results also show that the 2D Se nanosheets possess a size‐dependent band gap (E
g), strong photoluminescence effect and robust, chemical stability under ambient conditions. Furthermore, a 2D Se‐nanosheet‐based optical modulation device is demonstrated that allows for excellent ultrashort pulse generation of an optical communication band. It is therefore anticipated that 2D Se nanosheets may find significant applications in both photoluminescence and ultrafast photonics.
Through the Spherical Looking‐Glass: Asymmetry Enables Multicolored Internal Reflection in Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Shells
Authors: Geng Yong , Jang Ju‐Hyun , Noh Kyung‐Gyu , Noh JungHyun , Lagerwall Jan P. F. , Park Soo‐Young 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSpheres of cholesteric liquid crystal generate dynamic patterns due to selective reflection from a helical structure subject to continuously curved boundaries. So far the patterns are investigated exclusively as function of reflections at the sphere exterior. Here it is shown that the cholesteric shells in a microfluidics produced double emulsion enable also a sequence of internal reflections if the shells have sufficiently thin top and thick bottom. While such asymmetry is promoted by buoyancy when the internal droplet has lower density than the liquid crystal, the elasticity of the cholesteric helix prefers a symmetric shell geometry, acting against gravity. This subtle balance can hide the internal reflections for long time. Eventually, however, the asymmetry is established, revealing a new class of photonic patterns characterized by colored sharp concentric rings. With the complete knowledge of the diverse light‐reflecting behavior of cholesteric liquid crystal shells, and utilizing the tunability of the structure period by, e.g., temperature, electric field, or exposure to various chemical species as well as polymer stabilization for making the shells long‐term stable, they may be developed into remarkable new optical elements for photonics, sensing, or security pattern generation.
Sensitive Topics, Missing Data, and Refusal in Social Network Studies: An Ethical Examination
Authors: Ellison Erin Rose , Langhout Regina Day 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe describe our ethics‐driven process of addressing missing data within a social network study about accountability for racism, classism, sexism, heterosexism, cis‐sexism, ableism, and other forms of oppression among social justice union organizers. During data collection, some would‐be participants did not return emails and others explicitly refused to engage in the research. All refusals came from women of color. We faced an ethical dilemma: Should we continue to seek participation from those who had not yet responded, with the hopes of recruiting more women of color from within the network so their perspectives would not be tokenized? Or, should we stop asking those who had been contacted multiple times, which would compromise the social network data and analysis? We delineate ways in which current discussions of the ethics of social network studies fell short, given our framework and our community psychology (CP) values. We outline literature that was helpful in thinking through this challenge; we looked outside of CP to the decolonization literature on refusal. Lessons learned include listening for the possible meanings of refusals and considering the level of engagement and the labor required of participants when designing research studies.
Isoindigo‐3,4‐Difluorothiophene Polymer Acceptors Yield “All‐Polymer” Bulk‐Heterojunction Solar Cells with over 7 % Efficiency
Authors: Liu Shengjian , Firdaus Yuliar , Thomas Simil , Kan Zhipeng , Cruciani Federico , Lopatin Sergei , Bredas Jean‐Luc , Beaujuge Pierre M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPoly(isoindigo‐alt‐3,4‐difluorothiophene) (PIID[2F]T) analogues used as “polymer acceptors” in bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells achieve >7 % efficiency when used in conjunction with the polymer donor PBFTAZ (model system; copolymer of benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene and 5,6‐difluorobenzotriazole). Considering that most efficient polymer‐acceptor alternatives to fullerenes (e.g. PC61BM or its C71 derivative) are based on perylenediimide or naphthalenediimide motifs thus far, branched alkyl‐substituted PIID[2F]T polymers are particularly promising non‐fullerene candidates for “all‐polymer” BHJ solar cells.
Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Spirobenzofuranones by a Decarbonylative Annulation Reaction
Authors: Kaishap Partha P. , Duarah Gauri , Sarma Bipul , Chetia Dipak , Gogoi Sanjib 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe first decarbonylative insertion of an alkyne through C−H/C−C activation of six‐membered compounds is reported. The Ru‐catalyzed reaction of 3‐hydroxy‐2‐phenyl‐chromones with alkynes works most efficiently in the presence of the ligand PPh3 to provide spiro‐indenebenzofuranones. Unlike previously reported metal‐catalyzed decarbonylative annulation reactions, in the present decarbonylative annulation reaction, the annulation occurs before extrusion of carbon monoxide.
Methamidophos removal from aqueous solutions using a super adsorbent based on crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel
Authors: Valdés Oscar , Ávila‐Salas Fabián , Marican Adolfo , Fuentealba Natalia , Villaseñor Jorge , Arenas‐Salinas Mauricio , Argandoña Yerko , Durán‐Lara Esteban F. 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTThis study describes the absorption of methamidophos (MMP) from aqueous solution by crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel synthesized using malic acid (MA) as a crosslinker (CLPHMA). The prepared hydrogels were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and the thermal properties were studied by using thermal gravimetric analysis. Also, the swelling index as a function of PVA:MA composition and pH were studied. An in silico rational study, which involved all‐atom molecular dynamics simulations of PVA:MA systems in proportions 10:2, 10:4, and 10:6 was performed. The in silico studies concluded that the more suitable crosslinking degree for MMP pesticide removal is with the 20% (wt %) of crosslinker (CLPHMA‐20). The experimental analysis of MMP removal with CLPHMA was performed as well. It was found that the prepared CLPHMA‐20 had a great efficiency to recover around 86% of MMP from their solutions. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45964.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Chromenes via a Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Redox‐Relay Heck Reaction
Authors: Jiang Ze‐Zhen , Gao Ang , Li Hao , Chen Di , Ding Chang‐Hua , Xu Bin , Hou Xue‐Long 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric redox‐relay Heck reaction of 4H‐chromenes and arylboronic acids has been successfully developed. The reaction proceeded in moderate to good yields with good to high enantioselectivities. The resulting product is an advanced intermediate of bio‐active compound BW683C.
The prevalence of gluten free diet use among preschool children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Rubenstein Eric , Schieve Laura , Bradley Chyrise , DiGuiseppi Carolyn , Moody Eric , Thomas Kathleen , Daniels Julie 
Published: November 2017

Our objective was to estimate prevalence of current or ever use of a gluten free diet (GFD) in children aged 30–68 months with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and population controls (POP); and to identify characteristics associated with ever having used GFD among children with ASD. We used data from the Study to Explore Early Development (SEED), a multi‐site, case‐control study of children with ASD. Caregivers reported GFD use by their children through structured questionnaires about diet patterns, gastrointestinal (GI) issues, and ASD‐specific treatments. Prevalence was estimated and compared using log‐Poisson regression, adjusting for confounders. In children with ASD, we examined whether child or mother's GI conditions or child's phenotypic traits were associated with ever trying a GFD. In SEED, 71 children with ASD (11.1% prevalence after adjustment) were on a GFD at time of the study and 130 (20.4%) had ever used a GFD, a greater percentage than in POP children (N = 11, 0.9% current use). Of current users with ASD, 50.7% had a dietary intervention that was prescribed by a medical professional. Among children with ASD, child GI conditions and developmental regression were positively and independently associated with having ever used a GFD. Current use and ever use of a GFD were prevalent in children with ASD identified in SEED. GFD usage was associated with GI issues and child phenotype. Clinicians may consider advising parents on how best to use these diets in the context of the child's GI presentation and current scientific knowledge about effectiveness in relation to ASD symptoms. Autism Res 2018, 11: 185–193. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryGluten free diets (GFDs) are commonly used as an alternative therapy for autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, the effectiveness is still uncertain which makes it important to know who tries this type of diet. We found that one in five preschool aged children with ASD had ever used a GFD. Children with gastrointestinal conditions and developmental regression were more likely to have tried a GFD.
Optimizing performance of semi‐continuous cell culture in an ambr15™ microbioreactor using dynamic flux balance modeling
Authors: Kelly William , Veigne Sorelle , Li Xianhua , Subramanian Shyam Sundar , Huang Zuyi , Schaefer Eugene 
Published: November 2017

The ambr bioreactors are single‐use microbioreactors for cell line development and process optimization. With operating conditions for large‐scale biopharmaceutical production properly scaled down, microbioreactors such as the ambr15™ can potentially be used to predict the effect of process changes such as modified media or different cell lines. While there have been some recent studies evaluating the ambr15™ technology as a scale‐down model for fed‐batch operations, little has been reported for semi‐continuous or continuous operation. Gassing rates and dilution rates in the ambr15™ were varied in this study to attempt to replicate performance of a perfusion process at the 5 L scale. At both scales, changes to metabolite production and consumption, and cell growth rate and therapeutic protein production were measured. Conditions were identified in the ambr15™ bioreactor that produced metabolic shifts and specific metabolic and protein production rates that are characteristic of the corresponding 5 L perfusion process. A dynamic flux balance (DFB) model was employed to understand and predict the metabolic changes observed. The DFB model predicted trends observed experimentally, including lower specific glucose consumption and a switch from lactate production to consumption when dissolved CO2 was maintained at higher levels in the broth. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:420–431, 2018