bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solution of Governing Equations for Six-Field System Code
Authors: Roth Glenn A. , Mesina George L. , Aydogan Fatih 
Published: October 2017

Modeling of two phase flows in nuclear power plants is very important for design, licensing, and operator training and therefore must be performed accurately. As requirements have increased, the form and accuracy of the models and computer codes have improved along with them. Early formulations for the field equations include: single phase liquid with algebraic drift flux for the gas phase, modeled with mass, momentum and energy governing equations; and two separate fields, liquid phase and gas phase, typically modeled with six governing equations. These lump bubbles and droplets into the gas and liquid phases respectively and use flow regime maps based upon available experimental data. However, the experiments do not cover the entire spectrum of reactor conditions, so that transitions and extrapolations, which are inherently inaccurate, must be employed. Further, some reactor scenarios, such as boiling and condensation, can be more accurately resolved by modeling bubbles or droplets separately from the continuous fields. Introduction of an additional field, droplet or bubble, apart from the continuous liquid and gas fields, generally uses nine governing equations.
Despite the successful development of the above-mentioned methods for modeling reactor coolant flow in modern software, such as RELAP, TRAC, TRACE, CATHARE and many others, there remain reactor scenarios that require greater resolution to model. This is particularly true of conditions during reflood, where emergency spray flows dominate the cooling profile within the core.
Existing system codes use a lumped approach for two phase flows that groups the fields by their phase, thereby losing track of the physical interactions between the discrete fluid fields. The accuracy of these accident analysis system codes can be improved by characterizing the interactions between additional coolant fields. To capture the effect of the various field interactions, governing equations involving six-fields have been developed. The six fields are 1) continuous liquid, 2) continuous vapor, 3) large droplets, 4) small droplets, 5) large bubbles and 6) small bubbles. The additional fields and the related governing equations introduce additional variables and source terms that require new closure relationships and primary variables. This article presents the equations and variables and develops the discrete set of 18 equations that must be solved to model the system.
Flow Testing and Analysis of the FSP-1 Experiment
Authors: Hawkes Grant L. , Jones Warren F. , Marcum Wade , Weiss Aaron , Howard Trevor 
Published: October 2017

The U.S. High Performance Research Reactor conversions fuel development team is focused on developing and qualifying the uranium-molybdenum (U-Mo) alloy monolithic fuel to support conversion of domestic research reactors to low enriched uranium. Several previous irradiations have demonstrated the favorable behavior of the monolithic fuel.
The Full Size Plate 1 (FSP-1) fuel plate experiment will be irradiated in the northeast (NE) flux trap of the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR). This fueled experiment contains six aluminum-clad fuel plates consisting of monolithic U-Mo fuel meat. Flow testing experimentation and hydraulic analysis have been performed on the FSP-1 experiment to be irradiated in the ATR at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). A flow test experiment mockup of the FSP-1 experiment was completed at Oregon State University. Results of several flow test experiments are compared with analyses. This paper reports and shows hydraulic analyses are nearly identical to the flow test results.
A water channel velocity of 14.0 meters per second is targeted between the fuel plates. Comparisons between FSP-1 measurements and this target will be discussed. This flow rate dominates the flow characteristics of the experiment and model. Separate branch flows have minimal effect on the overall experiment. A square flow orifice was placed to control the flowrate through the experiment. Four different orifices were tested. A pressure differential versus flow rate curve for each orifice is reported herein. Fuel plates with depleted uranium in the fuel meat zone were used in one of the flow tests. This test was performed to evaluate flow test vibration with actual fuel meat densities and reported.
Engineering the Enantioselectivity and Thermostability of a (+)-γ-Lactamase from Microbacterium hydrocarbonoxydans for Kinetic Resolution of Vince Lactam (2-Azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-3-one)
Authors: Gao Shuaihua , Zhu Shaozhou , Huang Rong , Li Hongxia , Wang Hao , Zheng Guojun 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

To produce promising biocatalysts, natural enzymes often need to be engineered to increase their catalytic performance. In this study, the enantioselectivity and thermostability of a (+)-γ-lactamase from
Microbacterium hydrocarbonoxydans
as the catalyst in the kinetic resolution of Vince lactam (2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-3-one) were improved. Enantiomerically pure (−)-Vince lactam is the key synthon in the synthesis of antiviral drugs, such as carbovir and abacavir, which are used to fight against HIV and hepatitis B virus. The work was initialized by using the combinatorial active-site saturation test strategy to engineer the enantioselectivity of the enzyme. The approach resulted in two mutants, Val54Ser and Val54Leu, which catalyzed the hydrolysis of Vince lactam to give (−)-Vince lactam, with 99.2% (enantiomeric ratio [E] > 200) enantiomeric excess (ee) and 99.5% ee (E > 200), respectively. To improve the thermostability of the enzyme, 11 residues with high temperature factors (B-factors) calculated by B-FITTER or high root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) values from the molecular dynamics simulation were selected. Six mutants with increased thermostability were obtained. Finally, the mutants generated with improved enantioselectivity and mutants evolved for enhanced thermostability were combined. Several variants showing (+)-selectivity (E value > 200) and improved thermostability were observed. These engineered enzymes are good candidates to serve as enantioselective catalysts for the preparation of enantiomerically pure Vince lactam.

IMPORTANCE
Enzymatic kinetic resolution of the racemic Vince lactam using (+)-γ-lactamase is the most often utilized means of resolving the enantiomers for the preparation of carbocyclic nucleoside compounds. The efficiency of the native enzymes could be improved by using protein engineering methods, such as directed evolution and rational design. In our study, two properties (enantioselectivity and thermostability) of a γ-lactamase identified from
Microbacterium hydrocarbonoxydans
were tackled using a semirational design. The protein engineering was initialized by combinatorial active-site saturation test to improve the enantioselectivity. At the same time, two strategies were applied to identify mutation candidates to enhance the thermostability based on calculations from both a static (B-FITTER based on the crystal structure) and a dynamic (root mean square fluctuation [RMSF] values based on molecular dynamics simulations) way. After combining the mutants, we successfully obtained the final mutants showing better properties in both properties. The engineered (+)-lactamase could be a candidate for the preparation of (−)-Vince lactam.
Complete Genome Sequences of Four Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses of Serotype South African Territories 1 (SAT 1), Topotype X, Isolated from Cattle in Nigeria in 2015
Authors: Vandenbussche Frank , Mathijs Elisabeth , Ularamu Hussaini G. , Ehizibolo David O. , Haegeman Andy , Lefebvre David , Lazarus David D. , Wungak Yiltawe S. , De Vleeschauwer Annebel R. , Van Borm Steven , De Clercq Kris 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT
The complete genome sequences of four foot-and-mouth disease viruses of South African territories 1 (SAT 1) serotype are reported. These viruses originate from an outbreak in Nigeria in 2015 and belong to the novel SAT 1 topotype X from the west and central African virus pool.
Draft Genome Sequences of One Methicillin-Sensitive and Seven Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Sequence Type 5 Isolates Obtained in California
Authors: Hau Samantha J. , Bayles Darrell O. , Alt David P. , Nicholson Tracy L. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus aureus
is a commensal bacterium of humans that can cause a spectrum of diseases. An isolate’s capacity to cause disease is partially attributed to the acquisition of novel mobile genetic elements. This report provides the draft genome sequence of one methicillin-susceptible and seven methicillin-resistant clinical human
S. aureus
isolates.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Colistin-Resistant Escherichia coli Strain Harboring
mcr-1
on an IncHI2 Plasmid in the United States
Authors: Gilrane Victoria L. , Lobo Stephen , Huang Weihua , Zhuge Jian , Yin Changhong , Chen Donald , Alvarez Kimberly J. , Budhai Alexandra , Nadelman Ilana , Dimitrova Nevenka , Fallon John T. , Wang Guiqing 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

We report here the incidental detection and complete genome sequence of a urinary
Escherichia coli
strain harboring
mcr-1
and resistant to colistin in a New York patient returning from Portugal in 2016. This strain, with sequence type 1485 (ST1485), was a non-extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and non-carbapenemase producer and carried the
mcr-1
gene on an IncHI2 plasmid.
Metagenome of the Microbial Community of Anammox Granules in a Nitritation/Anammox Wastewater Treatment System
Authors: Mardanov Andrey V. , Beletsky Alexey V. , Nikolaev Yury , Kotlyarov Roman Y. , Kallistova Anna , Pimenov Nikolai V. , Ravin Nikolai V. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

We sequenced the metagenome of a granular sludge in a nitritation/anammox bioreactor used for the treatment of ammonium-rich wastewater.
Proteobacteria
,
Planctomycetes
,
Bacteroidetes
,
Chloroflexi
,
Ignavibacteriae
, and
Acidobacteria
were the predominant phyla in the studied bioreactor. Binning of contigs yielded a near-complete genome of the dominant anammox bacterium assigned to the candidate genus
Brocadia
.
Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Human Liver Cancer HA22T Cell Line
Authors: Huang Deng-Gao , Cheng Gang , Wu Jin-Cai 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT
Liver cancer remains one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide. We sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of a liver cancer HA22T cell line. The sequenced mitogenome of 16,603 bp will aid in the use of the HA22T cell line for liver cancer study.
Complete Genome Sequence of
Porcine respirovirus 1
Strain USA/MN25890NS/2016, Isolated in the United States
Authors: Park Jie Yeun , Welch Michael , Harmon Karen M. , Zhang Jianqiang , Piñeyro Pablo E. , Li Ganwu , Gauger Phillip C. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

A porcine parainfluenza virus type 1 (species
Porcine respirovirus 1
) cell culture isolate, USA/MN25890NS/2016, was obtained from porcine nasal swabs, and its complete genome sequence (GenBank accession number MF681710) was determined to help further characterize this virus.
Draft Genome Sequence of a Novel
Chitinophaga
sp. Strain, MD30, Isolated from a Biofilm in an Air Conditioner Condensate Pipe
Authors: Wan Xuehua , Darris Maxwell , Hou Shaobin , Donachie Stuart P. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

Most of the 24 known
Chitinophaga
species were originally isolated from soils. We report the draft genome sequence of a putatively novel
Chitinophaga
sp. from a biofilm in an air conditioner condensate pipe. The genome comprises 7,661,303 bp in one scaffold, 5,694 predicted protein-coding sequences, and a G+C content of 47.6%.
Draft Genome Sequence of a Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 Isolate from a River Sample
Authors: Lepuschitz Sarah , Mach Robert , Springer Burkhard , Allerberger Franz , Ruppitsch Werner 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

The increasing emergence of multiresistant bacteria in health care settings in the community and in the environment represents a major health threat worldwide. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of a community-acquired methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(CA-MRSA) USA300 isolate (W1) from a small river in southern Austria.
Antimicrobial Resistance in
Rhodococcus equi
Authors: Giguère Steeve , Berghaus Londa J. , Willingham-Lane Jennifer M. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

Pneumonia caused by
Rhodococcus equi
remains an important cause of disease and death in foals. The combination of a macrolide (erythromycin, azithromycin, or clarithromycin) with rifampin has been the recommended treatment for foals with clinical signs of infection caused by
R. equi
since the early 1980s with, until recently, only rare reports of resistance. Resistance to macrolides and rifampin in isolates of
R. equi
cultured from horses is increasing, with isolates resistant to all macrolides and rifampin now being cultured from up to 40% of infected foals at some farms. This text reviews the available data regarding antimicrobial resistance in
R. equi
, with emphasis on the molecular mechanisms of the recent emergence of resistance to macrolides and rifampin in equine isolates of
R. equi
.
Expression and prognostic significance of ECT2 in invasive breast cancer
Authors: Wang Hong-kun , Liang Jian-fang , Zheng Hui-xia , Xiao Hong 
Published: October 2017

AimsTo investigate the expression of epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 (ECT2) in invasive breast cancer and its prognostic significance.MethodsECT2 immunohistochemical detection was performed in 165 breast cancer specimens and 100 normal control tissues. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model analysis was used to confirm independent prognostic factors. The PHREG procedure linear hypotheses testing method was used to analyse survival data.ResultsExpression of ECT2 in breast cancer was significantly higher than that of the normal control group (p<0.001), and it was related to tumour grade, the status of lymph node metastasis, TNM staging, recurrence status, menopausal status, and the Ki-67 proliferation index (p<0.05), and not related to age, tumour size, tumour type, expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor 2, and triple-negative disease (p>0.05). Univariable analysis showed that expression of ECT2, the status of lymph node metastasis, triple-negative disease and Ki-67 proliferation index were related to the overall survival of patients with breast cancer (p<0.001, p=0.006, p=0.001, p=0.041, respectively). PHREG procedure linear hypotheses testing results for overall survival revealed that high expression of ECT2, lymph node metastasis, triple-negative disease and high Ki-67 proliferation index predicted lower overall survival rates. Multivariable Cox regression indicated that high expression of ECT2 and triple-negative disease were independent prognostic factors for patients with breast cancer (p<0.001, p=0.004, respectively).ConclusionsExpression of ECT2 may be one of the main causes of the occurrence and development of breast cancer, and high expression of ECT2 as an independent prognostic factor predicts a poor prognosis. ECT2 could also be a potential molecular target for designing therapeutic strategies for breast cancer.
First-order discrete Faddeev gravity at strongly varying fields
Authors: Khatsymovsky V. M. 
Published: October 2017

We consider the Faddeev formulation of general relativity (GR), which can be characterized by a kind of d-dimensional tetrad (typically d = 10) and a non-Riemannian connection. This theory is invariant w.r.t. the global, but not local, rotations in the d-dimensional space. There can be configurations with a smooth or flat metric, but with the tetrad that changes abruptly at small distances, a kind of “antiferromagnetic” structure. Previously, we discussed a first-order representation for the Faddeev gravity, which uses the orthogonal connection in the d-dimensional space as an independent variable. Using the discrete form of this formulation, we considered the spectrum of (elementary) area. This spectrum turns out to be physically reasonable just on a classical background with large connection like rotations by [Formula: see text], that is, with such an “antiferromagnetic” structure. In the discrete first-order Faddeev gravity, we consider such a structure with periodic cells and large connection and strongly changing tetrad field inside the cell. We show that this system in the continuum limit reduces to a generalization of the Faddeev system. The action is a sum of related actions of the Faddeev type and is still reduced to the GR action.
Coronary capillary blood flow in a rat model of congestive heart failure
Authors: Kagan Heather J. , Belekdanian Varujan D. , Chen Jiqiu , Backeris Peter , Hammoudi Nadjib , Turnbull Irene C. , Costa Kevin D. , Hajjar Roger J. 
Published: October 2017

The aim of this study was to explore the role of abnormal coronary microvasculature morphology and hemodynamics in the development of congestive heart failure (CHF). CHF was induced in rats by aortic banding, followed by ischemia-reperfusion and later aortic debanding. Polymerized casts of coronary vasculature were imaged under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) software was used to calculate capillary structure index (CSI), a measure of structural alignment also called mean vector length (MVL), for 93 SEM images of coronary capillaries (CSI→1 perfect linearity; CSI→0 circular disarray). CSI was incorporated as a constant to represent tortuosity and nonlaminar flow in Poiseuille’s equation to estimate the differences in capillary blood flow rate, velocity, and resistance for CHF vs. control. The morphology of CHF capillaries is significantly disordered and tortuous compared with control (CSI: 0.35 ± 0.02 for 61 images from 7 CHF rats; 0.58 ± 0.02 for 32 images from 7 control rats; P < 0.01). Estimated capillary resistance in CHF is elevated by 173% relative to control, while blood flow rate and blood velocity are 56 and 43% slower than control. Capillary resistance increased 67% due to the significantly narrower capillary diameter in CHF, while it increased an additional 105% due to tortuosity. The significant structural abnormalities of CHF coronary capillaries may drastically stagnate hemodynamics in myocardium and increase resistance to blood flow. This could play a role in the development of CHF.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In the present study, coronary capillary tortuosity was measured by applying Matrix Laboratory software to scanning electron microscope images of capillaries in a rat model of congestive heart failure. Stagnant blood flow in coronary capillaries may play a role in the development of congestive heart failure. The application of computer modeling to histological and physiological data to characterize the hemodynamics of coronary microcirculation is a new area of study.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Antagonizes Response to Targeted Therapies in Lung Cancer by Suppressing BIM
Authors: Song Kyung-A , Niederst Matthew J. , Lochmann Timothy L. , Hata Aaron N. , Kitai Hidenori , Ham Jungoh , Floros Konstantinos V. , Hicks Mark A. , Hu Haichuan , Mulvey Hillary E. , Drier Yotam , Heisey Daniel A.R. , Hughes Mark T. , Patel Neha U. , Lockerman Elizabeth L. , Garcia Angel , Gillepsie Shawn , Archibald Hannah L. , Gomez-Caraballo Maria , Nulton Tara J. , Windle Brad E. , Piotrowska Zofia , Sahingur Sinem E. , Taylor Shirley M. , Dozmorov Mikhail , Sequist Lecia V. , Bernstein Bradley , Ebi Hiromichi , Engelman Jeffrey A. , Faber Anthony C. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Purpose: Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) confers resistance to a number of targeted therapies and chemotherapies. However, it has been unclear why EMT promotes resistance, thereby impairing progress to overcome it.
Experimental Design: We have developed several models of EMT-mediated resistance to EGFR inhibitors (EGFRi) in EGFR-mutant lung cancers to evaluate a novel mechanism of EMT-mediated resistance.
Results: We observed that mesenchymal EGFR-mutant lung cancers are resistant to EGFRi-induced apoptosis via insufficient expression of BIM, preventing cell death despite potent suppression of oncogenic signaling following EGFRi treatment. Mechanistically, we observed that the EMT transcription factor ZEB1 inhibits BIM expression by binding directly to the BIM promoter and repressing transcription. Derepression of BIM expression by depletion of ZEB1 or treatment with the BH3 mimetic ABT-263 to enhance “free” cellular BIM levels both led to resensitization of mesenchymal EGFR-mutant cancers to EGFRi. This relationship between EMT and loss of BIM is not restricted to EGFR-mutant lung cancers, as it was also observed in KRAS-mutant lung cancers and large datasets, including different cancer subtypes.
Conclusions: Altogether, these data reveal a novel mechanistic link between EMT and resistance to lung cancer targeted therapies. Clin Cancer Res; 24(1); 197–208. ©2017 AACR.
Prostate Cancer Cells Express More Androgen Receptor (AR) Following Androgen Deprivation, Improving Recognition by AR-Specific T Cells
Authors: Olson Brian M. , Gamat Melissa , Seliski Joseph , Sawicki Thomas , Jeffery Justin , Ellis Leigh , Drake Charles G. , Weichert Jamey , McNeel Douglas G. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Androgen deprivation is the primary therapy for recurrent prostate cancer, and agents targeting the androgen receptor (AR) pathway continue to be developed. Because androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) has immmunostimulatory effects as well as direct antitumor effects, AR-targeted therapies have been combined with other anticancer therapies, including immunotherapies. Here, we sought to study whether an antigen-specific mechanism of resistance to ADT (overexpression of the AR) may result in enhanced AR-specific T-cell immune recognition, and whether this might be strategically combined with an antitumor vaccine targeting the AR. Androgen deprivation increased AR expression in human and murine prostate tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. The increased expression persisted over time. Increased AR expression was associated with recognition and cytolytic activity by AR-specific T cells. Furthermore, ADT combined with vaccination, specifically a DNA vaccine encoding the ligand-binding domain of the AR, led to improved antitumor responses as measured by tumor volumes and delays in the emergence of castrate-resistant prostate tumors in two murine prostate cancer models (Myc-CaP and prostate-specific PTEN-deficient mice). Together, these data suggest that ADT combined with AR-directed immunotherapy targets a major mechanism of resistance, overexpression of the AR. This combination may be more effective than ADT combined with other immunotherapeutic approaches. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(12); 1074–85. ©2017 AACR.