bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIX-12 Influence of obesity on satiety hormones, serum metabolome, and fecal microbiome in adult dogs
Authors: Ren Ping , Panasevich Matt , Daristotle Leighann , Frantz Nolan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the difference between lean and obese dogs in terms of their satiety hormones, serum metabolome, and fecal microbiome. Mixed-breed lean (n = 30; 17 male and 13 female; 4.0 ± 2.5 yr of age; 24.6 ± 6.3% body fat) and obese (n = 30; 19 male and 11 female; 7.3 ± 2.1 yr of age; 46.9 ± 3.9% body fat) adult dogs were used in this study. Blood samples were collected to measure satiety hormones and serum metabolome, and fresh fecal samples were collected for microbiome analysis. It was hypothesized that obese dogs had altered metabolism and gut microbiome compared with lean dogs. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS, using body type as the fixed effect and dog as the random effect. Results showed that obese dogs had greater (P &lt; 0.05) serum leptin, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations, but reduced (P &lt; 0.05) gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) than lean dogs. Serum concentrations of all essential amino acids except for threonine in obese dogs were greater (P &lt; 0.05) than in lean dogs. Obese dogs also had greater (P &lt; 0.05) concentrations of serum N-Lactoyl amino acids and dipeptides except for prolylglycine than their lean counterparts. Additionally, concentrations of serum long-chain saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were less (P &lt; 0.05; only for myristate, pentadecanoate, and non-adecanoate) or similar in obese dogs compared with lean dogs. Serum oxidative stress makers, such as oxidized glutathione, cysteine-glutathione, and 4-hydroxynonenal, were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in obese dogs than lean dogs. Furthermore, obese dogs had less (P &lt; 0.05) fecal Firmicutes, but greater (P &lt; 0.05) fecal Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria, compared with lean dogs. There were no differences (P &gt; 0.10) in fecal microbiome alpha diversity, such as Chao1 and Shannon index, between lean and obese dogs. In conclusion, obese dogs had differential body metabolism and gut microbiome compared with lean dogs.
PSXII-27 Effects of different doses of aflatoxin B1 on the ruminal fermentation parameters and microbial populations of goats
Authors: Li Fucan , Peng Jing , Wang Xi , Shi Haitao 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in feed is posing a serious threat to animal health and performance. This study investigated the ruminal fermentation parameters and microbial populations of goats in response to different doses of AFB1. Saanen goats = 18) were randomly divided into three groups: basal diet group (CON), basal diet with the addition of 50 µg/kg AFB1 (LD), and basal diet with the addition of 500 µg/kg AFB1 (HD). The feeding experiment lasted for 14 d and all goats were housed in individual pens. Ruminal volatile fatty acids (VFAs) of different groups were detected by gas chromatography techniques and metagenomic techniques were applied to analyze the rumen microbiome. Results showed that the ruminal pH, the concentration of acetate, propionate, and total VFAs was decreased quadratically (P &lt; 0.01) with increasing AFB1 levels. The concentration of butyrate was decreased linearly (P &lt; 0.05) with greater AFB1 levels (Table 1). At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Chytridiomycota, Ascomycota, and Mucoromycota were less (P &lt; 0.05) in the HD group (Table 1). At the genus level, the relative abundance of Neocallimastix was less (P &lt; 0.05) in the HD group, while the relative abundance of Bacteroides was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in the HD group. KEGG analysis revealed that the carbohydrate metabolism pathway was enriched in LD group (P &lt; 0.05); folding, sorting and degradation, cell growth and death, signal transduction, and transport and catabolism were enriched in CON group (P &lt; 0.05); whereas global and overview maps, metabolism of other amino acids, amino acid metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism were represented more abundantly (P &lt; 0.05) in HD group Table 2). Lastly, annotation using the CAZy database revealed that most enzymes were classified as glycoside hydrolases (GH, 40.1%), followed by glycosyltransferases (GT, 29.1%), carbohydrate esterases (CE, 13.8%), and carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM, 12.5%). CBM family 56 and GH family 94 were more (P &lt; 0.05) abundant in LD group. GH family 30 and GH family 74 were more (P &lt; 0.05) abundant in HD group, while 7 CAZymes (GT92, GT20, CE7, GT32, GT35, GT57, and GT50) were more (P &lt; 0.05) abundant in the CON group. This study demonstrates that AFB1 could induce modifications in the microbiota profile, impact the degradation of carbohydrates and result in diminished concentrations of VFAs. This ultimately hinders both digestibility and average daily gain of the goats. This study provides valuable insights into the microbial and metabolic changes occurring in the rumen in response to AFB1 exposure, contributing to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms leading to the observed physiological effects in goats. Further exploration of these metabolic pathways could aid in the development of targeted strategies to mitigate the negative impacts of AFB1 on rumen health and animal performance.
PSVIII-9 Effects of growth implants and timing of vaccination on calf immunity and growth performance
Authors: Lasso-Ramirez Sergio David , Lardner H (Bart) A , Londono-Mendez Maria Camila , Ramirez-Sepulveda Vanesa , da Silva Gleise Medeiros 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This study assessed calf growth performance and blood parameters of beef calves under different growth implants and timing of vaccination protocols. Crossbreed beef calves (n = 59) were stratified by birth body weight (BW) and age (41 ± 5.2 kg of BW and 70 ± 8 d of age) and randomly assigned in a split-plot design with implant strategy as the main plot and timing of vaccination as the subplot. The main plot (treatment) consisted of 3 implant strategies: 1) Synovex C (SC; n = 20; 100 mg progesterone/10 mg estradiol benzoate, or 2) Synovex One Grower (SG; n = 19; 150 mg trenbolone acetate and 21 mg estradiol benzoate; or 3) no implant (CON; n = 20). Subplot treatments were the timing of vaccination booster against bovine respiratory disease pathogens on 1) weaning (WV; n = 29) or 2) 7-d post-weaning (PWV; n = 30). Cow-calf pairs were treated alike in a single pasture during the pre-weaning phase, receiving the same vaccine (Bovi-Shield Gold One Shot and Ultrabac 7) on d 0 (implantation day) and booster time (WV or PWV). After weaning (approximately 187 d of age), calves were allocated in a single pen receiving ad libitum hay until d 60 post-weaning. Body weight and blood were collected on d 0, weaning, d 0 and 28 relative to vaccination booster, and d 60 post-weaning. Blood was collected to determine insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), cortisol, and leptin concentrations and to perform a complete blood cell count. WV calves had decreased cortisol concentrations on booster day and 28 d post-vaccine (P = 0.01). Regardless of implant treatment, calves tended to have decreased IGF-1 concentrations 28-d post-vaccine booster (P = 0.09). An effect of treatment (P &lt; 0.01) was detected for lymphocyte counts, with CON having greater concentrations vs. SG and SC calves. A treatment × timing of vaccination (P &lt; 0.01) interaction was detected for monocyte counts, where SG-PWV calves had the greatest concentrations. A treatment effect (P &lt; 0.02) was observed for eosinophil percentage, where SG had reduced percentages than CON, while SC was intermediate. An effect of treatment was detected for leptin (P &lt; 0.01), with SG calves having the least, CON being intermediate, and SC the greatest concentrations. From d 0 to 60 d post-weaning, SG tended to have greater ADG (P ≤ 0.07) compared with CON, while SC was intermediate. On d 28 and d 35 post-weaning, calves implanted with SG were heavier (P ≤ 0.04) than the CON but not than SC. In summary, this study demonstrates that growth implants and timing of vaccination significantly affect both physiological parameters and growth performance in beef calves. Implanting calves with Synovex One Grower resulted in improved growth performance.
PSVIII-10 Genetic parameter estimates of postmortem muscle activity in purebred male turkeys (Meleagris gallopovo)
Authors: Lomas Emily M , Jahnel Ricarda E , Makanjuola Bayode O , Vanderhout Ryley J , Willems Owen W , Barbut Shai , Wood Benjamin , Baes Christine F , Leishman Emily M 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The poultry processing sector has a critical role in fulfilling the global demand for high-quality protein sources and turkey meat is a significant contributor to that market. During poultry slaughter, wing flapping and body movement may occur, primarily driven by the large breast muscles (Pectoralis major and minor). This postmortem muscular activity may have an impact on meat quality attributes such as drip loss, shear force, and breast meat color, and this can influence consumer satisfaction and the marketability of poultry products. The objective of this study was to use an animal model to estimate genetic parameters for postmortem muscle activity in turkeys during slaughter at a commercial poultry processing plant. A dataset including observations from male turkeys (n = 4,899) was collected between June 2018 and November 2019, with a pedigree comprising 25,081 individuals from six purebred genetic lines. An animal model including the fixed effects genetic line, age, hatch week-year, and body weight (BW) was implemented into ASReml 4.2. Postmortem muscle activity was scored by a single observer using a 1 to 4 categorical scale, where score 1 represents none to minimal muscle quivering, score 2 represents mild wing flapping, score 3 represents moderate spasmodic body movement and curled body posture, and score 4 represents severe wing flapping and full body movement. Heritability for postmortem wing flapping activity was low and estimated to be 0.06 ± 0.022. Further research is needed to evaluate the best model for this trait and estimate genetic correlations with other economically important traits. This study represents a first step toward improving meat quality through the investigation of postmortem muscle activity.
PSVIII-6 Effect of adding plant extracted saponin (PES) on accumulative gas production kinetics and methane emission of the prairie blend pelleted feed products in ruminant system
Authors: Hidayat Taufiq , Rodríguez Espinosa María E , Newkirk Rex N , Lardner H (Bart) A , Yu Peiqiang 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to study the effect of adding plant extracted saponin (PES) as phytochemical feed additive on in vitro accumulative gas production kinetics and methane (CH4) emission of blend pelleted feed products in ruminant system. Four levels of PES (0, 1, 2, 3%) were added to canola meal and pea mixtures with two different ratios (CMP1: 50:50; CMP2: 70:30) which were used to make Prairie blend pellet feed products. The accumulative gas production kinetics and CH4 were determined using in vitro systems. Ruminal fluid for in vitro studies was obtained from rumen fistulated lactation dairy cows. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with the PES level as a fixed effect and in vitro run with fistulated animals as a random effect. The data were analyzed using Mixed Model Procedure of SAS. Polynomial contract was used to determine linear and quadratic relationship. The results showed that adding PES did not significantly affect the asymptotic production (a) with an average of 104.06 ± 12.38 (SD) mL/g DM, the gas production fractional rate (c) with an average of 1.00 ± 0.90 %/h, the average production at one-half of asymptotic production (AP) with an average 11.26 ± 0.87 mL and lag time with an average of 2.08 ± 0.81 h. As to CH4 emission at different incubation times, the result showed that at short incubation times (2 h, 4 h, 12 h), adding PES showed numerically reduced CH4 from 277 to 1.08 mL/g (at 2 h) and 4.39 to 1.59 mL/g (at 4 h). With increasing PES level, CH4 was significantly linearly reduced (P = 0.019) from 8.31 to 6.30 mL/g at 12h incubation time. At long incubation (24 h), adding PES did not have significant impact on CH4. In conclusion, adding PES at the studied levels to Prairie blend pellet feed products did not significantly affect accumulative gas production kinetics but it had a high potential to decrease CH4 emission at short incubation times.
PSVIII-12 Nutrient digestibility, production performance, and eggshell calcium and phosphorus levels of White Leghorn hens fed ahiflower press cake and micronized seed
Authors: Ogory Roseline , Adewole Deborah 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Laying hens can benefit from dietary inclusions of oil seeds and their co-products such as ahiflower seeds and ahiflower press cake as sources of energy and nutrients. However, the type and inclusion level of the ahiflower product to achieve these beneficial effects is yet to be investigated. This study aims to determine the effect of ahiflower seed and press cake on production performance, nutrient digestibility, and eggshell calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) contents in laying hens. A total of 240 64-week-old Lohman LSL-Lite laying hens were randomly allotted to 1 of 8 treatments for 3 periods (4 weeks/period). The experiment was a completely randomized design with six replicate cages/treatment and 5 hens/cage. The treatments included a control diet (CD), or CD supplemented with 10% Flaxseed as a reference oilseed diet (FS), 1%, 5%, and 10% micronized ahiflower seed (AS), and 5%, 10%, and 15% ahiflower press cake (APC). Production performance was determined at the end of each period, while Ca and P concentrations in eggshell and nutrient digestibility were determined in the third period. Dietary treatment had no significant effect (P &gt;0.05) on eggshell P and Ca levels, body weight (BW), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and hen-day production percentage (HDEP). Although feed intake (FI) was significantly reduced (P &lt; 0.05) in 15% APC when compared to CD, it was not different from 5 and 10% APC inclusion levels. Furthermore, FI and HDEP increased (P &lt; 0.05), while FCR and BW decreased (P &lt;0.05) along the periods. Compared to CD (2129kcal/kg), nitrogen corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) increased (P &lt; 0.05) in 10% FS (2754kcal/kg), 1% (2681kcal/kg), and 10% AS (2546kcal/kg) and 15% APC (2673kcal/kg). 10% APC (78.9) reduced (P &lt;0.05) P digestibility compared to 10%FS (85.5) and 1%AS (78.9). Calcium digestibility was higher (P &lt;0.05) in hens fed 10% FS (85.5) compared to 10%AS (63.0) and 5%,10% and 15%APC but similar to CD (83.4) and 1% (78.9) and 5%AS (65.3). In conclusion, dietary inclusion of up to 10% AS and 15% APC did not affect BW, FCR, and HDEP in older Lohman LSL-Lite laying hens. Also, AMEn and the digestibility of CP, Ca, and P were positively influenced by different inclusion levels of APC and AS.
PSVIII-20 Identification of functional INDELS responsible for alternative splicing in acute stress responders grazing sheep exposed to gastrointestinal nematode infection
Authors: Cunha Samla M F , Schenkel Flávio S , Mallard Bonnie , Karrow Niel A , Cánovas Ángela 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) are a major constraint to the sheep industry. Infected animals can develop clinical signs, like anemia, hypoproteinemia, diarrhea, and in extreme cases death. The misuse of anthelmintics to treat infected animals has led to the development of GIN resistance making necessary the integration of different approaches to reduce the impact of GINs on the sheep industry. The application of transcriptomics using RNA-Sequencing technology to better understand the underlying genetic mechanisms of resistance to GIN can help accelerate the genetic gain. This study aimed to identify insertion and deletions (INDELs) responsible for alternative splicing in Rideau x Dorset crossbred sheep with different immune profiles under natural exposure to gastrointestinal nematodes using RNA-Sequencing. High (H) and medium (M) acute stress responders with the highest and lowest worm burden, after natural exposure to GIN, were selected for liver RNA extraction (H; n = 5 and M; n = 6). In addition, GIN-unexposed lambs (U; n = 4) were used as immunological controls. Quality control analyses were performed on fastq files using the CLC Bio Genomics workbench software including the guanine-cytosine (GC) content, ambiguous base content, Phred score, base coverage, nucleotide contributions, and over-represented sequence parameters. Pair-end sequence reads were aligned to the annotated Oar_rambouillet_v.2.0 ovine reference genome. After that, variant discovery analysis and functional consequence analysis were performed using CLC Bio Genomics workbench software to identify INDELs leading to amino acid changes and splice site events (SSEs). Genes associated with the list of INDELs leading to SSE were recovered from Ensembl BioMart. Unique INDELs with SSEs for H, M, and U groups (162, 244, and 161, respectively) and shared (372) among groups were identified. Among them, 4 INDELS with SSE uniquely identified in the M group were located within the NLRC5, SIGLEC1, CFD, and STAT6 genes related to the immune system. Significant enriched metabolic pathways (FDR&lt; 0.05) were identified using the list of genes with INDELs that led to SSEs unique for each group and shared among groups using Reactome. Metabolic pathways related to the immune system response such as cross-presentation of soluble exogenous antigens (endosomes) and NIK noncanonical NF-kB signaling pathways were identified in the M group. These results can help to better understand the mechanisms responsible for the immune response of sheep to GIN.
PSVIII-21 Meta-analysis of nutritive factors influencing mean retention time of digesta in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens
Authors: Hong Grace , Leishman Emily M , Kiarie Elijah , Ellis Jennifer L 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Broiler chicken meat is an important source of food protein for human consumption globally. Over the last several decades, dramatic changes have been made to broiler genetics, management, and nutrition to increase production efficiency. Different feeds with varying nutrient composition have been researched to target goals such as improving growth and feed conversion ratio. Part of understanding and further improving these feeding programs involves understanding the effects of the feed on nutrient digestibility and animal performance. As such, models are a key tool in the wholistic evaluation of diet, genetics, and management interactions. Towards developing a mechanistic digestion model for broilers, knowledge of mean retention time (MRT, min) of digesta in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) across a variety of diets is required. To understand the relationship between MRT in broilers and their diet, a systematic literature search and meta-analysis was conducted where 34 articles were found to meet the inclusion criteria. MRT in these studies was measured in various parts of the GIT where 7 studies reported MRT in just one segment (e.g. jejunum), 12 studies reported MRT in multiple combined segments (e.g. jejunum + ileum) and 21 studies reported MRT of the entire GIT. Birds used in these studies included those in the starter, grower, and finisher phases as well as breeders. Nutritional composition of the diets was represented by data on metabolizable energy (ME, kcal/kg), crude fiber (% DM), crude fat (% DM), crude protein (% DM) and calcium (% DM) that was consistently reported across studies. A mixed model (PROC MIXED, in SAS), treating study as a random effect, and using a subset of the data collected where MRT was reported for the entire GIT, and limited to grower and finisher phases, was used to examine the relationship between the diet composition and MRT. Only ME (F1,28.1 = 4.25; P = 0.0486) was found to be significantly related to MRT, where an increase in one kcal/kg of ME resulted in a decrease of MRT by 0.091 minutes (within the range of 2,749 to 3,507 kcal/kg ME). Other nutritional components of the diet were found to have no significant relation to MRT (all P &gt; 0.05), though next steps will examine how the source of ME (fat vs starch vs fiber) impacts this relationship. Although other factors (such as age and feed intake) are still to be considered, the initial results from this study provide valuable insights into how nutritional composition of poultry feeds relates to MRT. Further investigation will also quantify this relationship within segment of the GIT. This work not only provides valuable information to nutritionists, but also lays the groundwork for empirical model development to predict MRT of poultry feed, essential to poultry nutritional models.
PSVIII-19 Assessing methane and carbon dioxide production in beef cows across diverse foraging conditions
Authors: Behrouzi Amir , Bolen Hailey , de Novais Francisco José , Basarab John A , bork Edward , Fitzsimmons Carolyn J 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Beef cattle grazing across more than 40M ha of Canada’s grasslands is economically significant yet contributes to methane (CH4) emissions. Accurately measuring CH4 emissions across diverse environments presents substantial challenges. Our study investigated CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) production in 3-yr-old pregnant crossbred beef cows (n = 30) across different phases of the beef production cycle, including in drylot and while grazing on native rangeland, in Western Canada’s Aspen Parkland region using the GreenFeed Emissions Monitoring System (GEM). During the January to March drylot phase, enteric CH4 and CO2 production of the cows were monitored for 63 d in consort with feed efficiency testing while consuming a mixed oat-barley silage diet. Following this, cows were categorized into three distinct groups based on the standard deviation (SD) of CH4 yield [gּ kg−1 dry matter intake (DMI)]: Low (&lt; 0.5 SD; n = 11), Medium (± 0.5 SD; n = 10), and High (&gt; 0.5 SD; n = 9). Post-calving, cows and calves transitioned to native pastures for CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) assessment across three distinct foraging conditions: high-quality, high-quantity forage in summer (SUM; 50 d); moderate-quality, high-quantity forage in September (SEP; 22 d); and finally, low-quality, low-quantity forage in October (OCT; 22 d). We hypothesize that ranking cows based on their CH4 yield (gּ kg−1 DMI) in drylot settings may have the potential to reflect their CH4 production (g/d) during grazing conditions, even without feed intake data. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS to examine CH4 production among cows categorized by their assigned ranking. Spot CH4 and CO2 measurements totaled 1,242, 1,145, and 1,205 for the SUM, SEP, and OCT, production phases, respectively. Average daily visits to GEM units were 1.4 ± 0.1, 1.84 ± 0.1, and 1.96 ± 0.1 for the corresponding phases. While High CH4-ranked cows had methane production similar to Low CH4-ranked cows (234.8 ± 8.2 vs. 235.0 ± 6.0 g/d, respectively), the Medium group had significantly greater methane production (260.5 ± 6.2 g/d; P = 0.008) than the Low and High CH4 groups. Furthermore, significant interactions were observed between CH4 ranking groups and CH4 production during the grazing phase (P = 0.035). Cows in the Medium CH4 group emitted greater amounts of CH4 compared with the High group in SUM (288.2 ± 9.3 vs. 247.0 ± 14.1 g/d) and to the Low group in SEP and OCT (276.5 ± 6.6 vs. 238.1 ± 6.3, and 216.7 ± 7.2 vs. 191.8 ± 7.5 g/d, respectively). In conclusion, the drylot CH4 ranking may hold promise in predicting outcomes for both Low and Medium CH4-ranked groups during grazing phases. However, High CH4-ranked cows had decreased methane production, likely influenced by grazing-induced changes in feed intake and individual feeding behaviors, prompting further exploration.