bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure and geometry of the Aksay restraining double bend along the Altyn Tagh Fault, northern Tibet, imaged using magnetotelluric method
Authors: Xiao Qibin , Yu Guo , Liu‐Zeng Jing , Oskin Michael E. , Shao Guihang 
Published: May 2017

AbstractLarge restraining bends along active strike‐slip faults locally enhance the accumulation of clamping tectonic normal stresses that may limit the size of major earthquakes. In such settings, uncertain fault geometry at depth limits understanding of how effectively a bend arrests earthquake ruptures. Here we demonstrate fault imaging within a major restraining bend along the Altyn Tagh Fault of western China using the magnetotelluric (MT) method. The new MT data were collected along two profiles across the Aksay restraining double bend, which is bounded by two subparallel strands of the Altyn Tagh Fault: Northern (NATF) and Southern (SATF). Both two‐dimensional (2‐D) and three‐dimensional (3‐D) inversion models show that the Aksay bend may be the center of a positive flower structure, imaged as a high‐resistivity body extending to an ~40 km depth and bounded by subvertical resistivity discontinuities corresponding to the NATF and SATF. In the western section of the Aksay bend, both the NATF and SATF show similar low‐resistivity structure, whereas in the eastern part of the bend, the low‐resistivity anomaly below the SATF is wider and more prominent than that below the NATF. This observation indicates that the SATF shear zone may be wider and host more fluid than the NATF, lending structural support to the contention that fault slip at depth is asymmetrically focused on the SATF, even though surface slip is focused on the NATF. A south dipping, low‐resistivity interface branching upward from the SATF toward the NATF indicates a fault link between these strands at depth.
Emergent archetype patterns of coupled hydrologic and biogeochemical responses in catchments
Authors: Musolff A. , Fleckenstein J. H. , Rao P. S. C. , Jawitz J. W. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractRelationships between in‐stream dissolved solute concentrations (C) and discharge (Q) are useful indicators of catchment‐scale processes. We combine a synthesis of observational records with a parsimonious stochastic modeling approach to test how C‐Q relationships arise from spatial heterogeneity in catchment solute sources coupled with different timescales of reactions. Our model indicates that the dominant driver of emergent archetypical dilution, enrichment, and constant C‐Q patterns was structured heterogeneity of solute sources implemented as correlation of source concentration to travel time. Regardless of the C‐Q pattern, with weak correlation between solute‐source concentration and travel time, we consistently find lower variability in C than in Q, such that the predominant solute export regime is chemostatic. Consequently, the variance in exported loads is determined primarily by variance of Q. Efforts to improve stream water quality and ecological integrity in intensely managed catchments should lead away from landscape homogenization by introducing structured source heterogeneity.
On the dynamic smoothing of mountains
Authors: Bonetti S. , Porporato A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAfter their formation, mountainous landscapes gradually evolve toward smoother geometries controlled by the interplay of erosion and sedimentation. The statistical mechanical properties of this process and the link between topography and geology have remained largely unexplored. We analyze the slope statistics of different mountains worldwide, showing that landscape age is fingerprinted in their distribution tails. Data reveal a universal relaxation process, through an algebraic decay progressively replaced by an exponential one, with exponents described by a global monotonic function. We then investigate the dominant components of this dynamic smoothing using a landscape evolution model, showing that the time evolution of slope statistics results from a delicate balance between diffusive soil creep, noise, and advective river incision, with the relaxation phase mainly dominated by diffusion. Results may suggest ways to formulate reduced order topographic evolution models for geomorphological and climatological applications, and to explore similarities in surface evolution in different contexts.
Vertically uniform formation pathways of tropospheric sulfate aerosols in East China detected from triple stable oxygen and radiogenic sulfur isotopes
Authors: Lin Mang , Biglari Saman , Zhang Zhisheng , Crocker Daniel , Tao Jun , Su Binbin , Liu Lanzhong , Thiemens Mark H. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSulfate aerosols (SO42−) in the continental outflow from East China significantly alter the atmospheric sulfur budget across the Pacific Rim, but its formation pathways, especially in the free troposphere (FT), remain poorly understood. Here we analyze stable oxygen (δ17O and δ18O) and radiogenic sulfur (35S) isotopes in SO42− collected at a mountain site in East China to investigate SO42− formation pathways at varying altitudes. We find that Δ17O (=δ17O‐0.52 × δ18O) in SO42− is not correlated with 35S (a direct measure of high‐altitude air masses). This pattern notably differs from the currently known 35S‐Δ17O relation. The result implies that the formation pathway of tropospheric SO42− in East China is vertically uniform, likely due to large emissions and active convection in this region. Our measurements provide unambiguous isotopic constraints for reducing uncertainties in modeling SO42− in the FT over East China, which greatly affects regional climate but current models fail to accurately estimate.
Image‐based modeling of granular porous media
Authors: Tahmasebi Pejman , Sahimi Muhammad , Andrade José E. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWe propose a new method of modeling granular media that utilizes a single two‐ or three‐dimensional image and is formulated based on a Markov process. The process is mapped onto one that minimizes the difference between the image and a stochastic realization of the granular medium and utilizes a novel approach to remove possible unphysical discontinuities in the realization. Quantitative comparison between the morphological properties of the realizations and representative examples indicates excellent agreement.
Remote measurement of high preeruptive water vapor emissions at Sabancaya volcano by passive differential optical absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Kern Christoph , Masias Pablo , Apaza Fredy , Reath Kevin A. , Platt Ulrich 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWater (H2O) is by far the most abundant volcanic volatile species and plays a predominant role in driving volcanic eruptions. However, numerous difficulties associated with making accurate measurements of water vapor in volcanic plumes have limited their use as a diagnostic tool. Here we present the first detection of water vapor in a volcanic plume using passive visible‐light differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS). Ultraviolet and visible‐light DOAS measurements were made on 21 May 2016 at Sabancaya Volcano, Peru. We find that Sabancaya's plume contained an exceptionally high relative water vapor abundance 6 months prior to its November 2016 eruption. Our measurements yielded average sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission rates of 800–900 t/d, H2O emission rates of around 250,000 t/d, and an H2O/SO2 molecular ratio of 1000 which is about an order of magnitude larger than typically found in high‐temperature volcanic gases. We attribute the high water vapor emissions to a boiling‐off of Sabancaya's hydrothermal system caused by intrusion of magma to shallow depths. This hypothesis is supported by a significant increase in the thermal output of the volcanic edifice detected in infrared satellite imagery leading up to and after our measurements. Though the measurement conditions encountered at Sabancaya were very favorable for our experiment, we show that visible‐light DOAS systems could be used to measure water vapor emissions at numerous other high‐elevation volcanoes. Such measurements would provide observatories with additional information particularly useful for forecasting eruptions at volcanoes harboring significant hydrothermal systems.
Gibberellins and Seed Germination
Authors: Urbanova Terezie , Leubner‐Metzger Gerhard 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Gibberellins (GA) promote seed germination, but they are not simple 'Go Ahead' (GA) molecules as the insight gained into the molecular mechanisms underlying their role in seeds appears to be complex. This chapter covers their central role in mediating the environmental and developmental control of seed germination, and how this differs from vegetative growth processes. Spatiotemporal patterns of GA metabolism and GID1‐type receptor signalling in the key seed compartments determine tissue interactions and germination timing in response to ambient environmental cues. Gibberellins are key players in seed temperature responses; during thermoinhibition they interact with other hormonal pathways. Allelochemicals such as myrigalone A inhibit seed germination by specific interference with GA metabolism and signalling. This reveals important ecophysiological roles for GAs in seeds and suggests that they are fundamental for studying species adaptation and interaction in natural and agricultural ecosystems upon climate change.
Gibberellins and Plant Vegetative Growth
Authors: Martínez Cristina , Espinosa‐Ruiz Ana , Prat Salomé 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs) control multiple developmental processes throughout the plant life cycle. GA action relies on the degradation of the DELLA repressors, which modulate the activity of several families of transcription factors. In recent years, our knowledge of DELLAs mode of action has increased exponentially, and a novel transcriptional activation function for these repressors has also been reported. Control of cell elongation by these hormones has been dissected at the molecular level, and a role of GAs in cell division has been definitely established. At the physiological level, important progress has been made towards understanding how GAs modulate different developmental processes and extensive cross‐talk interaction with other hormonal pathways, such as brassinosteroids, auxin, ethylene, or jasmonates could be unveiled. GA tissue‐specific distribution has been demonstrated, and the first GA transporters have been identified. Here, we discuss recent findings concerning the function of GAs in the control of shoot and root growth, and responses to stress during plant vegetative growth.
Long‐term dosimetric stability of multiple TomoTherapy delivery systems
Authors: Smilowitz Jennifer B. , Dunkerley David , Hill Patrick M. , Yadav Poonam , Geurts Mark W. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe dosimetric stability of six TomoTherapy units was analyzed to investigate changes in performance over time and with system upgrades. Energy and output were tracked using monitor chamber signal, onboard megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) detector profile, and external ion chamber measurements. The systems (and monitoring periods) include three Hi‐Art (67, 61, and 65 mos.), two TomoHDA (31 and 26 mos.), and one Radixact unit (11 mos.), representing approximately 10 years of clinical use. The four newest systems use the Dose Control Stability (DCS) system and Fixed Target Linear Accelerator (linac) (FTL). The output stability is reported as deviation from reference monitor chamber signal for all systems and/or from an external chamber signal. The energy stability was monitored using relative (center versus off‐axis) MVCT detector signal (beam profile) and/or the ratio of chamber measurements at 2 depths. The clinical TomoHDA data were used to benchmark the Radixact stability, which has the same FTL but runs at a higher dose rate. The output based on monitor chamber data of all systems is very stable. The standard deviation of daily output on the non‐DCS systems was 0.94–1.52%. As expected, the DCS systems had improved standard deviation: 0.004–0.06%. The beam energy was also very stable for all units. The standard deviation in profile flatness was 0.23–0.62% for rotating target systems and 0.04–0.09% for FTL. Ion chamber output and PDD ratios supported these results. The output stability on the Radixact system during extended treatment delivery (20, 30, and 40 min) was comparable to a clinical TomoHDA system. For each system, results are consistent between different measurement tools and techniques, proving not only the dosimetric stability, but also these quality parameters can be confirmed with various metrics. The replacement history over extended time periods of the major dosimetric components of the different delivery systems (target, linac, and magnetron) is also reported.
Quinone Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium/Sodium Ion Batteries
Authors: Wu Yiwen , Zeng Ronghua , Nan Junmin , Shu Dong , Qiu Yongcai , Chou Shu‐Lei 
Published: May 2017

AbstractOrganic electrode materials bring about new possibilities for the next generation green and sustainable lithium/sodium ion batteries (LIBs/SIBs) owing to their low cost, environmental benignity, renewability, flexibility, redox stability and structural diversity. However, electroactive organic compounds face many challenges in practical applications for LIBs/SIBs, such as high solubility in organic electrolytes, poor electronic conductivity, and low discharge potential as postive materials. Quinone organic materials are the most promising candidates as electrodes in LIBs/SIBs because of their high theoretical capacity, good reaction reversibility and high resource availability. While quinone electrode materials (QEMs) have so far received less attention in comparison with other organic electrode materials in secondary batteries. In this paper, an overview of the recent developments in the field of QEMs for LIBs/SIBs is provided, emphasizing on the modifications of the quinone compounds in solubility, electronic conductivity, and discharge plateaus. Finally, multifaceted modification approaches are analyzed, which can stimulate the practical applications of QEMs for LIBs/SIBs.
A tale of agriculturalists and hunter‐gatherers: Exploring the thrifty genotype hypothesis in native South Americans
Authors: Reales Guillermo , Rovaris Diego L. , Jacovas Vanessa C. , Hünemeier Tábita , Sandoval José R. , Salazar‐Granara Alcibiades , Demarchi Darío A. , Tarazona‐Santos Eduardo , Felkl Aline B. , Serafini Michele A. , Salzano Francisco M. , Bisso‐Machado Rafael , Comas David , Paixão‐Côrtes Vanessa R. , Bortolini Maria Cátira 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectivesTo determine genetic differences between agriculturalist and hunter‐gatherer southern Native American populations for selected metabolism‐related markers and to test whether Neel's thrifty genotype hypothesis (TGH) could explain the genetic patterns observed in these populations.Materials and Methods375 Native South American individuals from 17 populations were genotyped using six markers (APOE rs429358 and rs7412; APOA2 rs5082; CD36 rs3211883; TCF7L2 rs11196205; and IGF2BP2 rs11705701). Additionally, APOE genotypes from 39 individuals were obtained from the literature. AMOVA, main effects, and gene‐gene interaction tests were performed.ResultsWe observed differences in allele distribution patterns between agriculturalists and hunter‐gatherers for some markers. For instance, between‐groups component of genetic variance (FCT) for APOE rs429358 showed strong differences in allelic distributions between hunter‐gatherers and agriculturalists (p = 0.00196). Gene‐gene interaction analysis indicated that the APOE E4/CD36 TT and APOE E4/IGF2BP2 A carrier combinations occur at a higher frequency in hunter‐gatherers, but this combination is not replicated in archaic (Neanderthal and Denisovan) and ancient (Anzick, Saqqaq, Ust‐Ishim, Mal'ta) hunter‐gatherer individuals.DiscussionA complex scenario explains the observed frequencies of the tested markers in hunter‐gatherers. Different factors, such as pleotropic alleles, rainforest selective pressures, and population dynamics, may be collectively shaping the observed genetic patterns. We conclude that although TGH seems a plausible hypothesis to explain part of the data, other factors may be important in our tested populations.
Many‐body localization in incommensurate models with a mobility edge
Authors: Deng Dong‐Ling , Ganeshan Sriram , Li Xiaopeng , Modak Ranjan , Mukerjee Subroto , Pixley J. H. 
Published: May 2017

We review the physics of many‐body localization in models with incommensurate potentials. In particular, we consider one‐dimensional quasiperiodic models with single‐particle mobility edges. A conventional perspective suggests that delocalized states act as a thermalizing bath for the localized states in the presence of of interactions. However, contrary to this intuition there is evidence that such systems can display non‐ergodicity. This is in part due to the fact that the delocalized states do not have any kind of protection due to symmetry or topology and are thus susceptible to localization. A study of such incommensurate models, in the non‐interacting limit, shows that they admit extended, partially extended, and fully localized many‐body states. Non‐interacting incommensurate models cannot thermalize dynamically and remain localized upon the introduction of interactions. In particular, for a certain range of energy, the system can host a non‐ergodic extended (i.e. metallic) phase in which the energy eigenstates violate the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) but the entanglement entropy obeys volume‐law scaling. The level statistics and entanglement growth also indicate the lack of ergodicity in these models. The phenomenon of localization and non‐ergodicity in a system with interactions despite the presence of single‐particle delocalized states is closely related to the so‐called “many‐body proximity effect” and can also be observed in models with disorder coupled to systems with delocalized degrees of freedom. Many‐body localization in systems with incommensurate potentials (without single‐particle mobility edges) have been realized experimentally, and we show how this can be modified to study the the effects of such mobility edges. Demonstrating the failure of thermalization in the presence of a single‐particle mobility edge in the thermodynamic limit would indicate a more robust violation of the ETH.image
DNA‐Filme mit der künstlichen Nucleobase Imidazol vermitteln Ladungstransfer in einer Silber(I)‐abhängigen Weise
Authors: Léon J. Christian , She Zhe , Kamal Ajar , Shamsi Mohtashim Hassan , Müller Jens , Kraatz Heinz‐Bernhard 
Published: May 2017

AbstractErstmals wurden DNA‐Filme mit künstlichen Nucleobasen sequenzabhängig auf den Ladungstransferwiderstand (RCT) der metallmodifizierten DNA hin untersucht. Das Imidazol‐Desoxyribonucleosid (Im) wurde als hochgradig AgI‐spezifisches Ligandosid zur Bildung von Im‐AgI‐Im‐Komplexen innerhalb der Doppelhelices genutzt. Dieser neue Typ positionsspezifisch metallmodifizierter DNA‐Film wurde mit UV‐, Circulardichroismus‐ (CD) und Röntgenphotoelektronenspektroskopie (XPS) charakterisiert. Die elektrochemischen Eigenschaften wurden mittels Elektronenimpedanzspektroskopie und elektrochemischer Rastermikroskopie untersucht. Zusammengenommen deuten die Experimente darauf hin, dass die Einlagerung von AgI in die DNA‐Filme zu einem reduzierten Elektronentransfer durch die Filme führt. Wir schlagen eine einfache Anordnung vor, die reversibel zwischen zwei verschiedenen Zuständen mit unterschiedlichem Ladungstransferwiderstand geschaltet werden kann.
Stabilizing Fluorine–π Interactions
Authors: Li Ping , Maier Josef M. , Vik Erik C. , Yehl Christopher J. , Dial Brent E. , Rickher Amanda E. , Smith Mark D. , Pellechia Perry J. , Shimizu Ken D. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA series of N‐arylimide molecular balances were designed to study and measure fluorine–aromatic (F–π) interactions. Fluorine substituents gave rise to increasingly more stabilizing interactions with more electron‐deficient aromatic surfaces. The attractive F–π interaction is electrostatically driven and is stronger than other halogen–π interactions.
The Effects of Two Different Exercise Programs on the Ultrastructural Features of the Sciatic Nerve and Soleus Muscle After Sciatic Crush
Authors: Bonetti Leandro Viçosa , Malysz Taís , Ilha Jocemar , Barbosa Silvia , Achaval Matilde , Faccioni‐Heuser Maria Cristina 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTPeripheral nerve injuries constitute a significant medical problem and the recovery is critically dependent on post‐injury treatment. In this study, following sciatic nerve crush, we investigated the effects of a 4‐week endurance training program (ET) and balance and coordination training program (BCT) on the ultrastructural features of the sciatic nerve and soleus muscle. The animals were randomly divided into Sham, non‐trained (NT), ET, and BCT groups each of which included three animals. Ultra‐thin cross and longitudinal sections (70–85 nm) were digitized and analyzed comparatively. The electron micrographic analysis of the sciatic nerve showed similar organelles features in the injury groups (myelin debris and swelling mitochondria). Nonetheless, the ET group presented better ultrastructural features as demonstrated by the greater predominance of rounded fibers and more defined organization in the myelinated axon bundles. In the soleus muscle's analyses, the injured groups demonstrated similar organelles' features (nucleus contained highly heterochromatic nuclei and smaller mitochondria). However, ET and BCT groups showed apparently enlarged myofibril cross‐sectional areas and less collagen around muscle fibers, although, the ET group displayed reduced intermyofibrillar spaces and more closely aligned myofilaments when compared with the BCT group. Based on electron micrographic analysis, our findings suggest the presence of ultrastructural differences between the Sham, NT, and the trained groups. Therefore, exercise type seems to be responsible for producing some different positive features in the trained groups, while ET seems to have a more pronounced influence on the ultrastructural features of the sciatic nerve and the soleus muscle after a crush injury. Anat Rec, 300:1654–1661, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.