bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geographic variability of carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of nonvolant terrestrial small mammals (Rodentia) across 3 Brazilian biomes
Authors: Diniz-Reis Thaís Rovere , Abdalla Filho Adibe Luiz , Augusto Fernanda Gaudio , Kisaka Tiago Borges , Marques Thiago Simon , Ribeiro Juliana Fernandes , Percequillo Alexandre Reis , Nardoto Gabriela Bielefeld , Verdade Luciano Martins , de Camargo Plínio Barbosa , Martinelli Luiz Antônio 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In this study, we investigated landscape variability of the carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of nonvolant small mammals in the 3 main Brazilian biomes (Amazon, Atlantic Forest, and Cerrado) while also considering the differential spatial distribution of C4 plants in these biomes. We compiled a subset of data on stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios from nonvolant small mammals of the order Rodentia and compared the aggregated isotopic variability at the biome level using classical δ13C–δ15N biplot. The concept of isotopic niche width was used to test whether different foraging attributes drive their isotopic composition, while a Bayesian isotopic mixing model was used to estimate the proportion of 3 main food categories available to these small mammals. We also developed isoscapes in the Brazilian biomes, interpolating animals δ13C and δ15N based on the geographic coordinates of each sample and “sourcescapes” considering geographic variation of the dietary sources. The findings of this study advance our understanding of the foraging ecology of small mammals in biodiversity-rich regions of the Neotropics. Classical methodologies such as stomach content confirmed dietary choices revealed by the stable isotopic composition and also highlighted the importance of C3 and C4 plants in the diet of this group of animals, especially in biomes such as the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado, where there is a predominance of highly altered landscapes. These results confirm that replacing the original vegetation with C4 crops has altered the feeding patterns of small mammals, which could lead to critical ecological changes in the trophic structure of these areas. Vertical stratification of the dietary niche and the interaction between biome and foraging lifestyle were also observed. However, in each biome, there was significant intraspecific and interspecific variation caused by preferences for ingestion of plant and animal material, leading to different degrees of omnivory. Finally, the high local variability between individuals and species requires a larger sampling design that may also contribute to improved spatial resolution of the isoscapes.
Two critical membranes: how does the chloroplast envelope affect plant acclimation properties?
Authors: John Annalisa , Keller Isabel , Ebel Katharina W , Neuhaus H Ekkehard 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chloroplasts play a pivotal role in the metabolism of leaf mesophyll cells, functioning as a cellular hub that orchestrates molecular reactions in response to environmental stimuli. These organelles contain complex protein machinery for energy conversion and are indispensable for essential metabolic pathways. Proteins located within the chloroplast envelope membranes facilitate bidirectional communication with the cell and connect essential pathways, thereby influencing acclimation processes to challenging environmental conditions such as temperature fluctuations and light intensity changes. Despite their importance, a comprehensive overview of the impact of envelope-located proteins during acclimation to environmental changes is lacking. Understanding the role of these proteins in acclimation processes could provide insights into enhancing stress tolerance under increasingly challenging environments. This review highlights the significance of envelope-located proteins in plant acclimation.
Revised temperatures for two benchmark M-dwarfs – outliers no more
Authors: Martin David V , Armitage Tayt , Duck Alison , Swayne Matthew I , Martínez Romy Rodríguez , Sethi Ritika , Stassun G Keivan , Gaudi B Scott , Gill Sam , Sebastian Daniel , Maxted Pierre F L 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT
Well-characterized M-dwarfs are rare, particularly with respect to effective temperature. In this letter, we re-analyse two benchmark M-dwarfs in eclipsing binaries from Kepler/K2: KIC 1571511AB and HD 24465AB. Both have temperatures reported to be hotter or colder by $\approx 1000$ K in comparison with both models and the majority of other M-dwarfs in the literature. By modelling the secondary eclipses with both the original data and new data from TESS, we derive significantly different temperatures: $2865\pm 27$ for KIC 1571511B and $3081\pm 32$ for HD 24465B from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and $3114\pm 32$ K for HD 24465B from K2. These new temperatures are not outliers. Removing this discrepancy allows these M-dwarfs to be truly benchmarks. Our work also provides relief to stellar modellers. We encourage more measurements of M-dwarf effective temperatures with robust methods.
Boosting the evolutionary picture of galaxy clusters: a case study at intermediate-redshift of Cl 0024+17 and MS 0451−03
Authors: Costa A P , Ribeiro A L B , de Carvalho R R , Benavides J A 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT
In this work we improve the dynamic-evolutionary framework of two massive clusters at intermediate redshifts: Cl 0024+17 at $z \sim 0.4$ and MS 0451−03 at $z \sim 0.5$. The spectroscopic galaxy members were selected from Moran et al. (2007a), which combine optical and UV imaging with spectroscopy. Using a set of dynamic estimators with different approaches, our results show that both Cl 0024+17 and MS 0451−03 are non-relaxed systems with distinct dynamical configurations. Cl 0024+17 exhibits a disturbed kinematics, displaying significant gaps and a velocity dispersion profile suggesting a merger. This is confirmed by the presence of previously reported substructures and new ones identified in this study. MS 0451−03 appears less disturbed than Cl 0024+17, indicating by the significant segregation between late and early-type galaxies, with the latter occupying more central regions of the projected phase-space. However, five previously unobserved substructures and non-Gaussianity in the velocity distribution indicate that MS 0451−03 is also out of equilibrium. In both clusters, there are substructures infalling onto the systems, indicating key moments in their assembly histories and potential effects on the pre-processing of galaxies within these subgroups. This is suggested by the high percentage of early-type galaxies outside $R_{200}$ (approximately 83 per cent) in the case of CL 0024+17. This work reinforces the importance of more detailed dynamical analysis of clusters to better characterize their evolutionary picture.
DIONYSUS: a database of protein–carbohydrate interfaces
Authors: Gheeraert Aria , Bailly Thomas , Ren Yani , Hamraoui Ali , Te Julie , Vander Meersche Yann , Cretin Gabriel , Leon Foun Lin Ravy , Gelly Jean-Christophe , Pérez Serge , Guyon Frédéric , Galochkina Tatiana 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Protein-carbohydrate interactions govern a wide variety of biological processes and play an essential role in the development of different diseases. Here, we present DIONYSUS, the first database of protein-carbohydrate interfaces annotated according to structural, chemical and functional properties of both proteins and carbohydrates. We provide exhaustive information on the nature of interactions, binding site composition, biological function and specific additional information retrieved from existing databases. The user can easily search the database using protein sequence and structure information or by carbohydrate binding site properties. Moreover, for a given interaction site, the user can perform its comparison with a representative subset of non-covalent protein-carbohydrate interactions to retrieve information on its potential function or specificity. Therefore, DIONYSUS is a source of valuable information both for a deeper understanding of general protein-carbohydrate interaction patterns, for annotation of the previously unannotated proteins and for such applications as carbohydrate-based drug design. DIONYSUS is freely available at www.dsimb.inserm.fr/DIONYSUS/.
Chem(Pro)2: the atlas of chemoproteomic probes labelling human proteins
Authors: Fu Songsen , Chen Zhen , Luo Zhiming , Nie Meiyun , Fu Tingting , Zhou Ying , Yang Qingxia , Zhu Feng , Ni Feng 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chemoproteomic probes (CPPs) have been widely considered as powerful molecular biological tools that enable the highly efficient discovery of both binding proteins and modes of action for the studied compounds. They have been successfully used to validate targets and identify binders. The design of CPP has been considered extremely challenging, which asks for the generalization using a large number of probe data. However, none of the existing databases gives such valuable data of CPPs. Herein, a database entitled ‘Chem(Pro)2’ was therefore developed to systematically describe the atlas of diverse types of CPPs labelling human protein in living cell/lysate. With the booming application of chemoproteomic technique and artificial intelligence in current chemical biology study, Chem(Pro)2 was expected to facilitate the AI-based learning of interacting pattern among molecules for discovering innovative targets and new drugs. Till now, Chem(Pro)2 has been open to all users without any login requirement at: https://idrblab.org/chemprosquare/
Harm to Myself or Others? A Qualitative Study of the Preferences of People Who Smoke for Messages to Be Included in Cigarette Pack Inserts
Authors: Myers Vicki , Guttman Nurit , Rosen Laura J 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Tobacco package inserts (TPIs) are a novel channel to transmit smoking cessation messages. Research has shown associations between inserts, intentions to quit, and increased self-efficacy. In Israel, TPIs have been legislated but not yet implemented. This study aimed to learn what kind of messages would appeal to people who smoke, for the purpose of developing effective TPIs.

Aims and Methods
Semistructured interviews were conducted with 25 people who smoke or formerly smoked, aged 18–67 years. An inductive and deductive thematic analysis was conducted to enable a dynamic process of coding and identifying themes and categories across interviews.

Results
Two main themes identified were the harms of smoking and motivators for quitting. Many participants were averse to information about the harms of smoking but were interested in specific information about the harm of smoking to others, particularly children, on comparative risks of different tobacco/nicotine products, and about how to address the challenge of addiction. There was a preference for motivational messages encouraging quitting, including how the body recovers, personal quit stories, practical quit tips, and information on cessation services.

Conclusions
Adults who smoke were receptive to the idea of TPI but considered some types of information superfluous. It is important to emphasize harm to others, provide information on quit services, and deliver information that is reliable, specific, and evidence-based regarding quitting so that it can be encouraging, useful, and practical. The merits of providing information to people who smoke on the relative risks of different nicotine and tobacco products should also be considered. The findings provide a basis for developing TPI content.

Implications
A large proportion of adults who smoke are interested in quitting. Pack inserts with positive motivating messages, quitline details, and novel information about risks to people who smoke and particularly to others, should be developed and tested, and subsequently distributed nationally to reach all those who open a cigarette package.
EMDR Therapy with Older Adult Populations
Authors: Nicholas Helen 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the application of EMDR within older adult populations. It outlines the importance of working holistically with this client group in terms of intergenerational trauma and the uniqueness of the assessment and formulation process in the history gathering and preparation phases of EMDR. Particular attention is paid to what therapists need to consider when carrying out EMDR therapy with older adults. The importance of neuroplasticity and how EMDR helps the brain form new neural pathways and promote healing is discussed within the AIP model. The effective use of EMDR with clients who have a neurodegenerative disorder, working with their carers and family members, and the complexities therapists might face is discussed using both research-based and practice-based components.
Partisan Gerrymandering
Authors: Stephanopoulos Nicholas O. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the law and academic literature about partisan gerrymandering: crafting districts with the intent and effect of benefiting the line-drawing party. With respect to the law, the chapter covers the depressing arc of federal anti-gerrymandering legislation as well as the somewhat more encouraging record of state constitutional litigation. The chapter further discusses enacted state and proposed federal redistricting reforms, in particular, requirements that districts be designed by independent commissions. With respect to the academic literature, the chapter surveys four live debates: whether gerrymandering should be conceived in terms of intent or effect; whether the impact of gerrymandering should be assessed using absolute or relative measures; what the main drivers of district plans’ partisan biases are; and how these biases affect broader democratic values. The ongoing contributions to these and other debates show that while gerrymandering may no longer be justiciable in federal court, it remains an active topic of legal and political science scholarship.
Campaign Expenditures
Authors: Smith Bradley A. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses expenditures in political campaigns, with an emphasis on the legal structure created by the Supreme Court case of Buckley v. Valeo and its progeny. The chapter emphasizes the crucial role that Buckley’s holding—that limits on campaign expenditures, and in particular independent expenditures, are unconstitutional—played in maintaining an open political system. The chapter discusses the ways in which this holding, and its relationship to the Court’s constitutional ruling on campaign contributions, has shaped, for better and for worse, the contours of American political campaigns. The chapter concludes by reviewing a number of the consequences that have flowed from Buckley, and highlighting our surprising lack of knowledge about the ultimate effects of spending—and in particular independent expenditures—in political campaigns.
Voter Registration
Authors: Ellis Atiba R. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Even though modern voter registration practices in the United States have come to be recognized as orderly and inclusive for the majority of Americans, these laws have the potential to frustrate participation in the franchise. Voter registration laws and other laws that seek to maintain the orderly administration of the right of voters to participate in elections have the tendency to exclude (or be perceived as being exclusionary), thus arguably defeating the point that these laws seek to serve. That these laws serve both to facilitate inclusion and to act as a fulcrum for exclusion reflects a paradoxical duality about voter registration practices in the United States. This chapter explores this duality by examining the parameters of voter registration in the United States. It outlines the history and evolution of voter registration laws in the United States and compares these policies to voter registration laws in other countries. The chapter then explores the tension between inclusion and exclusion in voter registration as well as related modern debates about facilitating individual participation in the franchise. It concludes by looking into future perils and possibilities for voter registration policy in the twenty-first century.
Voting in Colonial and Revolutionary America
Authors: Gaughan Anthony J. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the history and practice of voting in colonial and Revolutionary America. Colonial legislatures developed a wide range of approaches to voter and candidate qualifications, voting methods, election scheduling, term lengths, and a host of other election laws and procedures. Election rules and voting innovations that took hold in one colony often spread to others. Most important of all, the Americans developed a concept of representation that diverged sharply with that of Britain. The decentralized nature of colonial elections remained a central feature of American election law after the Revolution. This chapter is organized into four sections. The first describes the political framework in which the American colonies conducted elections in the 1600s and 1700s. The second section details the laws that governed suffrage rights in the colonies. The third explores the process of voting in colonial America. The final section examines how the Revolution influenced voting laws and practices in the new American states of the 1770s and 1780s.
Erasing Section 2?
Authors: Katz Ellen D. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the evolution of Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act since 1982. It shows how Section 2 displaced scores of electoral structures that inhibited minority political participation; how, in so doing, it fostered the proliferation of majority-minority electoral districts nationwide; how judicial distaste for these districts fueled sweeping decisions that dramatically narrowed Section 2’s reach; and how the Court’s recent decision in Allen v. Milligan has, for now, curbed that retrenchment. The chapter also describes recently articulated limits the Supreme Court has placed on Section 2 vote denial—as distinct from dilution—claims; and the way in which Section 2 doctrine in this arena now aligns with constitutional doctrine governing the right to vote under the Anderson-Burdick framework. The chapter argues that the systematic erosion of Section 2 stems from judicial apprehension that the provision, if read broadly, would, first, devolve into a mandate for proportional representation and, second, wholly supplant local control over elections. It closes by showing that these fears are largely unfounded, as the actual record of Section 2 litigation makes clear that the feared scenarios never came close to being realized. A divided Court acknowledged as much in Allen v. Milligan. That acknowledgment informed both its recognition of a particularly strong Section 2 claim and its rebuff of a broad constitutional challenge. Whether Milligan will support recognition of Section 2 claims that are less unequivocal or a more tempered constitutional challenge remains to be seen.
What Is a Political Party?
Authors: Fishkin Joseph 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Political parties are central to the workings of modern representative democratic government, but there is a surprising degree of confusion about what exactly they are. This chapter builds on modern political science accounts that conceptualize the major political parties in the United States as broad coalitions or ecosystems of affiliated voters, donors, candidates, officeholders, interest groups, and donor-driven shadow party groups, in addition to the official party organizations and their officers. This more capacious understanding of the nature of the political party has substantial descriptive power—especially now, with American politics highly polarized around a system of two parties. With fewer people and interest groups genuinely unaffiliated with either party, more of our politics play out within the parties. This chapter explores the implications of this new understanding of the political party for a variety of controversies in election law. It examines who speaks for parties, when parties may engage in discrimination, how states may regulate which candidates appear on the general election ballot, what counts as party corruption, and whether the corruption of a political party is even possible. Courts have often hewed to narrow, formalistic conceptions of the party, leading to decisions somewhat unmoored from the real political stakes of these controversies. The chapter concludes with a brief exploration of some proposals to reform political parties. These are typically styled as efforts to “strengthen” or “weaken” the parties, but they are better understood as efforts to increase the power of some components of the party coalition over others.
Eulogizing Section 5
Authors: Tolson Franita 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Contemporary narratives portray the preclearance regime of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 as a phoenix, emerging from the ashes of the Fifteenth Amendment, which swooped in and saved minority voters from the totalitarianism of the one-party South. An overlooked, and indeed, forgotten, part of this story was that Sections 4(b) and 5 of the Act were products of lessons learned from the post-Civil War political order. These lessons shaped both the scope and structure of the Voting Rights Act, and importantly, they also provided a roadmap for confronting the inevitable challenges that the Act would face in the wake of its enactment. Reconstruction era legislation and constitutional amendments—like the Voting Rights Act—were targeted toward southern states hostile to the enfranchisement of Black people. These provisions also faced challenges from a U.S. Supreme Court increasingly concerned about intrusions on state sovereignty. Looking to history, Congress crafted the 1965 Act to withstand the assaults that had befallen its earlier efforts to protect the right to vote. As we are once again confronted with circumstances that are eerily resonant of the suppression efforts of days past, Congress must be fully cognizant of the lessons to be learned from this history. The historical record shows that the path forward for the Voting Rights Act cannot simply be about reauthorizing or reworking Sections 4(b) and 5. Honoring the legacy of the Act demands, at a minimum, amending the Constitution to explicitly protect the right to vote.
Understanding Section 2
Authors: Mulroy Steven J. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the current state of the law on Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act, including its scope of coverage, its “results test,” and its application to “vote dilution” versus “vote denial” cases. Under vote dilution, this chapter explains the three-prong test of Thornburg v. Gingles (1986) along with the “totality of the circumstances” approach established by that case. In so doing, this chapter explains how courts evaluate illustrative minority districts, racial bloc voting, and the concept of “proportionality.” Under vote denial, this chapter examines the Supreme Court decision of Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee (2021). It explains Brnovich’s five-part test and evaluates its effect on vote denial cases going forward. This chapter also discusses Section 2 remedies for both vote dilution and vote denial claims. Regarding vote dilution, it examines the Supreme Court case of Allen v. Milligan (2023), which rejected strict race neutrality in Section 2 analysis. It also explores recent Section 2 scholarship, including the viability of “minority group aggregation” claims for vote dilution, competing measurements for racial bloc voting, and constitutional objections to the “results test”—a test which the decision in Allen v. Milligan upheld. And it argues for the need to have more scholarly consideration of two vote dilution issues: the use of total population, voting-age population, citizen voting-age population, or turnout in applying Section 2; and the use of non-district remedies, like the single transferable vote.