bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 277 year cool season dam inflow reconstruction forTasmania, southeasternAustralia
Authors: Allen K. J. , Nichols S. C. , Evans R. , Allie S. , Carson G. , Ling F. , Cook E.R. , Lee G. , Baker P. J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSeasonal variability is a significant source of uncertainty in projected changes to precipitation across southeastern Australia (SEA). While existing instrumental records provide seasonal data for recent decades, most proxy records (e.g., tree rings, corals, speleothems) offer only annual reconstructions of hydroclimate. We present the first cool‐season (July–August) reconstruction of dam inflow (Lake Burbury) for western Tasmania in SEA based on tree‐ring width (Athrotaxis selaginoides) and mean latewood cell wall thickness (Phyllocladus aspleniifolius) chronologies. The reconstruction, produced using principal component regression, verifies back to 1731 and is moderately skillful, explaining around 23% of the variance. According to the reconstruction, relatively low inflow periods occurred around 1860, the early 1900s and 1970, while relatively high inflows occurred in the 1770s and 1810s. Highest reconstructed inflows occurred in 1816, and lowest in 1909. Comparison with available documentary and instrumental records indicates that the reconstruction better captures high rather than low flow events. There is virtually no correlation between our reconstruction and another for December–January inflow for the same catchment, a result consistent with the relationship between seasonal instrumental data. This suggests that conditions in one season have not generally reflected conditions in the other season over the instrumental record, or for the past 277 years. This illustrates the value of obtaining reconstructions of regional hydroclimatic variability for multiple individual seasons in regions where dry and wet seasons are not strongly defined. The results also indicate that the hydroclimate of the southeastern Australian region cannot be adequately represented by a single regional reconstruction.
Benthic biofilm controls on fine particle dynamics in streams
Authors: Roche K. R. , Drummond J. D. , Boano F. , Packman A. I. , Battin T. J. , Hunter W. R. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBenthic (streambed) biofilms metabolize a substantial fraction of particulate organic matter and nutrient inputs to streams. These microbial communities comprise a significant proportion of overall biomass in headwater streams, and they present a primary control on the transformation and export of labile organic carbon. Biofilm growth has been linked to enhanced fine particle deposition and retention, a feedback that confers a distinct advantage for the acquisition and utilization of energy sources. We quantified the influence of biofilm structure on fine particle deposition and resuspension in experimental stream mesocosms. Biofilms were grown in identical 3 m recirculating flumes over periods of 18–47 days to obtain a range of biofilm characteristics. Fluorescent, 8 µm particles were introduced to each flume, and their concentrations in the water column were monitored over a 30 min period. We measured particle concentrations using a flow cytometer and mesoscale (10 µm to 1 cm) biofilm structure using optical coherence tomography. Particle deposition‐resuspension dynamics were determined by fitting results to a stochastic mobile‐immobile model, which showed that retention timescales for particles within the biofilm‐covered streambeds followed a power‐law residence time distribution. Particle retention times increased with biofilm areal coverage, biofilm roughness, and mean biofilm height. Our findings suggest that biofilm structural parameters are key predictors of particle retention in streams and rivers.
Variational assimilation of streamflow data in distributed flood forecasting
Authors: Ercolani Giulia , Castelli Fabio 
Published: December 2016

AbstractData assimilation has the potential to improve flood forecasting. However, research efforts are still needed for an effective development of assimilation schemes suitable for operational usage, especially in case of distributed hydrologic models. This work presents a new assimilation system of streamflow data from multiple locations in a distributed hydrologic model. The system adopts a mixed variational‐Monte Carlo approach, and is here tested with the hydrologic model MOBIDIC, that is part of the operational flood forecasting chain for Arno river in central Italy. The main objective of the work is to evaluate the actual gain that the system can lead to flood predictions in a real‐time operational usage. Accordingly, a specifically designed assessment strategy is employed. It is based on several hindcast experiments that include both high flow and false alarm events in the period 2009–2014 in Arno river basin. Results show that the assimilation system can significantly increase the accuracy of flow predictions in respect to open loop simulations in both cases. Specific performances depend on location and event, but in the majority of cases the error on predicted peak flow is reduced of more than 50% with a lead time of around 10 h. The analysis reveals also that the structure of the hydrologic model, the coherence between observations at various sites, and the initial watershed saturation level, considerably affect the obtainable performances. Conditions that may lead to a worsening of open loop predictions are identified and discussed.
Evaporation fractionation in a peatland drainage network affects stream water isotope composition
Authors: Sprenger Matthias , Tetzlaff Doerthe , Tunaley Claire , Dick Jonathan , Soulsby Chris 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThere is increasing interest in improving understanding of evaporation within a catchment for an enhanced representation of dominant processes in hydrological models. We used a dual‐isotope approach within a nested experimental design in a boreal catchment in the Scottish Highlands (Bruntland Burn) to quantify the spatiotemporal dynamics of evaporation fractionation in a peatland drainage network and its effect on stream water isotopes. We conducted spatially distributed water sampling within the saturated peatland under different wetness conditions. We used the lc‐excess—which describes the offset of a water sample from the local meteoric water line in the dual‐isotope space—to understand the development of kinetic fractionation during runoff in a peatland network. The evaporation fractionation signal correlated positively with the potential evapotranspiration and negatively with the discharge. The variability of the isotopic enrichment within the peatland drainage network was higher with higher potential evapotranspiration and lower with higher discharge. We found an increased evaporation fractionation toward the center of the peatland, while groundwater seepage from minerogenic soils influenced the isotopic signal at the edge of the peatland. The evaporation signal was imprinted on the stream water, as the discharge from a peatland dominated subcatchment showed a more intense deviation from the local meteoric water line than the discharge from the Bruntland Burn. The findings underline that evaporation fractionation within peatland drainage networks affects the isotopic signal of headwater catchments, which questions the common assumption in hydrological modeling that the isotopic composition of stream waters did not undergo fractionation processes.
Direct and indirect urban water footprints of the United States
Authors: Chini Christopher M. , Konar Megan , Stillwell Ashlynn S. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe water footprint of the urban environment is not limited to direct water consumption (i.e., municipal supplies); embedded water in imported resources, or virtual water transfers, provides an additional component of the urban water footprint. Using empirical data, our analysis extends traditional urban water footprinting analysis to quantify both direct and indirect urban resources for the United States. We determine direct water volumes and their embedded energy through open records requests of water utilities. The indirect component of the urban water footprint includes water indirectly consumed through energy and food, relating to the food‐energy‐water nexus. We comprehensively quantify the indirect water footprint for 74 metropolitan statistical areas through the combination of various databases, including the Commodity Flow Survey of the U.S. Census Bureau, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Water Footprint Network, and the Energy Information Administration. We then analyze spatial heterogeneity in both direct and indirect water footprints, determining the average urban water footprint in the United States to be 1.64 million gallons of water per person per year [6200 m3/person/yr or 17,000 L/person/d], dominated by indirect water. Additionally, our study of the urban water cycle extends beyond considering only water resources to include embedded energy and equivalent carbon dioxide emissions. The inclusion of multiple sectors of the urban water cycle and their underlying processes provides important insights to the overall urban environment, the interdependencies of the food‐energy‐water nexus, and water resource sustainability. Our results provide opportunities for benchmarking the urban energy‐water nexus, water footprints, and climate change potential.
Adaptive implicit finite element methods for multicomponent compressible flow in heterogeneous and fractured porous media
Authors: Moortgat Joachim 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis work presents adaptive implicit first‐order and second‐order discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods for the transport of multicomponent compressible fluids in heterogeneous and fractured porous media, discretized by triangular, quadrilateral, and hexahedral grids. The adaptive implicit method (AIM) combines the advantages of purely explicit or implicit methods (in time). In grid cells with high fluxes or low pore volumes, the transport update is done implicitly to alleviate the Courant‐Friedrichs‐Lewy (CFL) time step constraints of the conditionally stable explicit approach. Grid cells with a large CFL condition are updated explicitly. Combined, this allows higher efficiency than explicit methods, but it reduces the “penalty” of implicit methods, which exhibit high numerical dispersion and are more computationally and storage expensive per time step. The advantages of AIM are modest for uniform grids and rock properties. However, in heterogeneous or fractured reservoirs explicit methods may become impractical, while a fully implicit approach introduces unnecessary numerical dispersion and is overkill for low‐permeability layers and matrix blocks. In such applications, AIM is shown to be significantly more efficient and accurate. The division between explicit and implicit grid cells is made adaptively in space and time. This allows for a high level of explicitness and can also adapt to high fluxes caused by, e.g., viscous and gravitational flow instabilities. Numerical examples demonstrate the powerful features of AIM to model, e.g., solute transport, carbon sequestration in saline aquifers, and miscible gas injection in fractured oil and gas reservoirs.
The integral suspension pressure method (ISP) for precise particle‐size analysis by gravitational sedimentation
Authors: Durner Wolfgang , Iden Sascha C. , von Unold Georg 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe particle‐size distribution (PSD) of a soil expresses the mass fractions of various sizes of mineral particles which constitute the soil material. It is a fundamental soil property, closely related to most physical and chemical soil properties and it affects almost any soil function. The experimental determination of soil texture, i.e., the relative amounts of sand, silt, and clay‐sized particles, is done in the laboratory by a combination of sieving (sand) and gravitational sedimentation (silt and clay). In the latter, Stokes' law is applied to derive the particle size from the settling velocity in an aqueous suspension. Traditionally, there are two methodologies for particle‐size analysis from sedimentation experiments: the pipette method and the hydrometer method. Both techniques rely on measuring the temporal change of the particle concentration or density of the suspension at a certain depth within the suspension. In this paper, we propose a new method which is based on the pressure in the suspension at a selected depth, which is an integral measure of all particles in suspension above the measuring depth. We derive a mathematical model which predicts the pressure decrease due to settling of particles as function of the PSD. The PSD of the analyzed sample is identified by fitting the simulated time series of pressure to the observed one by inverse modeling using global optimization. The new method yields the PSD in very high resolution and its experimental realization completely avoids any disturbance by the measuring process. A sensitivity analysis of different soil textures demonstrates that the method yields unbiased estimates of the PSD with very small estimation variance and an absolute error in the clay and silt fraction of less than 0.5%.
Mass and heat transfer behavior of oscillating helical coils in relation to heterogeneous reactor design
Authors: Abdel‐Aziz Mohamed Helmy , Nirdosh Inderjit , Sedahmed Gomaa H. 
Published: December 2016

Rates of mass and heat transfer at vibrating helical coils were studied by the electrochemical technique with the object of using helical coils as heat exchanger/reactor for conducting liquid–solid diffusion controlled reactions. Variables studied were frequency and amplitude of vibration, tube diameter, and superimposed axial flow velocity. The data for vibrating coil (batch reactor) were correlated for 59 <
< 4965; Sc = 2314 by the equation:

urn:x-wiley:00011541:media:aic15614:aic15614-math-0002
The data were found to be consistent with the analogy model. For vibrated helical coils with superimposed axial flow, the data were correlated by the equation:

urn:x-wiley:00011541:media:aic15614:aic15614-math-0003
Importance of the present results in the design and operation of heterogeneous reactors used to conduct diffusion controlled exothermic reactions involving heat sensitive materials was pointed out. Also the importance of the present results in the design and operation of shell and helical tube heat exchangers of improved performance was highlighted. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 3141–3149, 2017
Action Civics for Promoting Civic Development: Main Effects of Program Participation and Differences by Project Characteristics
Authors: Ballard Parissa J. , Cohen Alison K. , Littenberg‐Tobias Joshua 
Published: December 2016

AbstractUsing both quantitative and qualitative data, this study examined the effect of participating in an action civics intervention, Generation Citizen (GC), on civic commitment, civic self‐efficacy, and two forms of civic knowledge. The sample consisted of 617 middle and high schools students in 55 classrooms who participated, or were soon to participate, in Generation Citizen. Hierarchical linear models revealed that participating in Generation Citizen was associated with positive gains in action civics knowledge and civic self‐efficacy. Qualitative coding identified three types of project characteristics that captured variability in the action projects student chose to complete: context, content, and contact with decision makers. Interactions between project characteristics and participation in GC revealed differences in civic outcomes depending on project characteristics.
Reflections on the Future of Community Psychology from the Generations after Swampscott: A Commentary and Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Tebes Jacob Kraemer 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis special issue commemorates the 50th anniversary of the founding of U.S. community psychology in Swampscott, Massachusetts in 1965. The issue includes commentaries from a cross‐section of community psychologists educated in community psychology training programs established after Swampscott, in the 1970s or later. The contributors, who vary in their involvement in community‐engaged research, training, and practice, offer a diverse set of perspectives on the field. Each was asked to reflect on the future of community psychology based on their own training and experiences. After providing some background to the Swampscott Conference and the era in which it took place, I offer a few of my own reflections on community psychology's future growth and development. I then introduce the 15 commentaries that follow.
Developmental changes in neuromagnetic rhythms and network synchrony in autism
Authors: Vakorin Vasily A. , Doesburg Sam M. , Leung Rachel C. , Vogan Vanessa M. , Anagnostou Evdokia , Taylor Margot J. 
Published: December 2016

ObjectiveThere is gathering consensus that altered connectivity is a hallmark of the autistic brain. This includes atypical neural oscillations and their coordination across brain regions, which are understood to mediate information processing and integration. It remains unclear whether and how connectivity in various neurophysiological frequency ranges develops atypically in autism spectrum disorder (ASD).MethodsTo address this in a cross‐sectional sample, we recorded resting‐state magnetoencephalography from 134 children and adolescents with and without ASD, and calculated resting spectral power and inter‐regional synchrony (functional connectivity).ResultsAlthough no overall group differences were observed, significant alterations in linear and nonlinear age‐related changes in resting oscillatory power and network synchrony were found. These differences were frequency‐ and region‐specific and implicated brain systems thought to play a prominent role in ASD, such as the frontal cortex and cerebellum. We also found correlations between Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule scores and the degree to which connectivity in cerebellar networks is “idiosyncratic” in an individual with autism.InterpretationWe provide the first evidence that it is the curvatures of maturational changes in neurophysiological oscillations and synchrony, rather than disturbances in a particular direction, that characterize the brain function in individuals with ASD. Moreover, the patterns of idiosyncratic distortions of network synchrony relative to the group curve are associated with behavioral symptoms of ASD. Ann Neurol 2017;81:199–211
α‐Arylation and Ring Expansion of Annulated Cyclobutanones: Stereoselective Synthesis of Functionalized Tetralones
Authors: Chang Stanley , Holmes Michael , Mowat Jeffrey , Meanwell Michael , Britton Robert 
Published: December 2016

Abstractα‐Arylcyclobutanones display unique reactivity that makes them valuable synthetic intermediates and target molecules. We describe the preparation of α‐aryl‐ and α‐heteroarylcyclobutanones through a direct α‐arylation reaction. Problematic fragmentations are avoided by the use of LiOtBu, which promotes a rapid but reversible self‐aldol reaction that slowly releases the enolate required for α‐arylation. We also demonstrate the ring expansion of α‐arylcyclobutanones, a process that is highlighted in the stereoselective synthesis of 1‐methoxy coniothyrinone D.
Graphene Oxide Restricts Growth and Recrystallization of Ice Crystals
Authors: Geng Hongya , Liu Xing , Shi Guosheng , Bai Guoying , Ma Ji , Chen Jingbo , Wu Zhuangyuan , Song Yanlin , Fang Haiping , Wang Jianjun 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe show graphene oxide (GO) greatly suppresses the growth and recrystallization of ice crystals, and ice crystals display a hexagonal shape in the GO dispersion. Preferred adsorption of GO on the ice crystal surface in liquid water leads to curved ice crystal surface. Therefore, the growth of ice crystal is suppressed owing to the Gibbs–Thompson effect, that is, the curved surface lowers the freezing temperature. Molecular dynamics simulation analysis reveals that oxidized groups on the basal plane of GO form more hydrogen bonds with ice in comparison with liquid water because of the honeycomb hexagonal scaffold of graphene, giving a molecular‐level mechanism for controlling ice formation. Application of GO for cryopreservation shows that addition of only 0.01 wt % of GO to a culture medium greatly increases the motility (from 24.3 % to 71.3 %) of horse sperms. This work reports the control of growth of ice with GO, and opens a new avenue for the application of 2D materials.
A Redox‐Activatable Fluorescent Sensor for the High‐Throughput Quantification of Cytosolic Delivery of Macromolecules
Authors: Wang Zhaohui , Luo Min , Mao Chengqiong , Wei Qi , Zhao Tian , Li Yang , Huang Gang , Gao Jinming 
Published: December 2016

AbstractEfficient delivery of biomacromolecules (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids) into cell cytosol remains a critical challenge for the development of macromolecular therapeutics or diagnostics. To date, most common approaches to assess cytosolic delivery rely on fluorescent labeling of macromolecules with an “always on” reporter and subcellular imaging of endolysosomal escape by confocal microscopy. This strategy is limited by poor signal‐to‐noise ratio and only offers low throughput, qualitative information. Herein we describe a quantitative redox‐activatable sensor (qRAS) for the real‐time monitoring of cytosolic delivery of macromolecules. qRAS‐labeled macromolecules are silent (off) inside the intact endocytic organelles, but can be turned on by redox activation after endolysosomal disruption and delivery into the cytosol, thereby greatly improving the detection accuracy. In addition to confocal microscopy, this quantitative sensing technology allowed for a high‐throughput screening of a panel of polymer carriers toward efficient cytosolic delivery of model proteins on a plate reader. The simple and versatile qRAS design offers a useful tool for the investigation of new strategies for endolysosomal escape of biomacromolecules to facilitate the development of macromolecular therapeutics for a variety of disease indications.
High‐Performance Electrolytic Oxygen Evolution in Neutral Media Catalyzed by a Cobalt Phosphate Nanoarray
Authors: Xie Lisi , Zhang Rong , Cui Liang , Liu Danni , Hao Shuai , Ma Yongjun , Du Gu , Asiri Abdullah M. , Sun Xuping 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe topotactic conversion of cobalt phosphide nanoarray on Ti mesh into a cobalt phosphate nanoarray (Co‐Pi NA) via oxidative polarization in phosphate‐buffered water is presented. As a 3D oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst electrode at neutral pH, the resulting Co‐Pi NA/Ti shows exceptionally high catalytic activity and demands an overpotential of only 450 mV to drive a geometrical catalytic current density of 10 mA cm−2. Notably, this catalyst also shows superior long‐term electrochemical stability. The excellent catalytic activity can be attributed to that such 3D nanoarray configuration allows for the exposure of more active sites and the easier diffusion of electrolytes and oxygen.