bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Debt and Macroeconomic Behavior: Austerity and Restructuring in an Age of Uncertainty
Authors: Haley James A. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
This article reviews the panel discussion of “Debt and Macroeconomic Behavior” at the Initiative for Policy Dialogue-Centre for International Governance Innovation conference on sovereign debt restructuring held at Columbia University, New York, September 22, 2015. The session featured three presentations covering the welfare costs of high debt loads, the potential for fiscal austerity to be expansionary and the nexus between expectations, debt and crises. Jonathan Ostry focused on the conditions under which a government should actively pursue debt reduction as opposed to “living with the debt” in his presentation, When Should Public Debt be Reduced? Where debt burdens do not pose a default risk, governments should be content to allow the debt-to-GDP ratio to decline as a result of economic growth. This result is juxtaposed against the contention that debt reduction can be expansionary, which gained influence in policy circles in the wake of the global financial crisis. As Michael Konczal explained in his presentation Searching for Expansionary Austerity, the basis for this claim rests on a few special cases; the empirical evidence does not support the view that debt reduction is always and everywhere good policy. The third presentation, Crises: Principles and Policies by Joseph Stiglitz, reviewed the critical role of expectations in determining long-run steady states and creating the potential for multiple equilibria. Crises can reflect the sudden revision of expectations and the switching of equilibrium. While such a phenomenon sits uneasily with the modeling paradigm of much of recent economic theory, it is difficult to understand events in the Eurozone over the past half-decade in terms of a unique rational expectations equilibrium in which unstable paths are precluded a priori.
Design and Performance Analysis of 2D OCDMA System with Polarization States
Authors: Bharti Manisha , Sharma Ajay K. , Kumar Manoj 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis paper focuses on increasing the number of subscribers in optical code-division multiple access (OCDMA) system by using one of the features of light signal that it can be propagated in two polarization states. The performance of two-dimensional (2D) OCDMA system based on wavelength-time coding scheme by adding polarization state is investigated at varying data rates from 1 GHz to 6 GHz and for various modulation formats. It is reported that with increase in data rate of system, the performance of the system deteriorates due to polarization mode dispersion. Non-return to-zero (RZ), return to-zero (RZ), carrier suppressed return-to-zero (CSRZ) and differential phase shift keying (DPSK) modulation formats are simulated for a single user system with polarization. Investigations reveal that differential phase shift keying (DPSK) modulation format suits best to the proposed system and exhibit the potential to improve the flexibility of system for more number of users. The investigations are reported in terms of Q-factor, BER, received optical power (ROP) and eye diagrams.
Fetal cerebro-placental ratio and adverse perinatal outcome: systematic review and meta-analysis of the association and diagnostic performance
Authors: Nassr Ahmed Abobakr , Abdelmagied Ahmed M. , Shazly Sherif A.M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe objective of this meta-analysis is to assess the value of fetal cerebro-placental Doppler ratio (CPR) in predicting adverse perinatal outcome in pregnancies with fetal growth restriction (FGR).Three databases were used: MEDLINE, EMBASE (with online Ovid interface) and SCOPUS and studies from inception to April 2015 were included. Studies that reported perinatal outcomes of fetuses at risk of FGR or sonographically diagnosed FGR that were evaluated with CPR were considered eligible. Perinatal outcomes include cesarean section (CS) for fetal distress, APGAR scores at 5 min, neonatal complications and admission to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Pooled data were expressed as odds ratio (OR) and confidence intervals (CI), and the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve was used to illustrate the diagnostic accuracy of CPR.Seven studies were eligible (1428 fetuses). Fetuses with abnormal CPR were at higher risk of CS for fetal distress (OR=4.49, 95% CI [1.63, 12.42]), lower APGAR scores (OR=4.01, 95% CI [2.65, 6.08]), admission to NICU (OR=9.65, 95% CI [3.02, 30.85]), and neonatal complications (OR=11.00, 95% [3.64, 15.37]) than fetuses who had normal CPR. These risks were higher among studies that included fetuses diagnosed with FGR than fetuses at risk of FGR. Abnormal CPR had higher diagnostic accuracy for adverse perinatal outcomes among “sonographically diagnosed FGR” studies than “at risk of FGR” studies.Abnormal CPR is associated with substantial risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. The test seems to be particularly useful for follow up of fetuses with sonographically diagnosed FGR.
Zinc Oxide Nanophotonics
Authors: Choi Sumin , Aharonovich Igor 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The emerging field of nanophotonics initiated a dedicated study of single photon
sources and optical resonators in new class of materials. One such material is
zinc oxide (ZnO) that has been long considered only for classical light-emitting
applications. However, it recently showed promise for quantum photonics
technologies. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in studying
single emitters in ZnO, engineering of optical cavities and practical
nanophotonics devices including nanolasers and electrically triggered devices.
We finalize with an outlook at this promising area, as well as provide
perspectives and open questions in solid state nanophotonics employing ZnO.
Nanowire Optoelectronics
Authors: Wang Zhihuan , Nabet Bahram 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Semiconductor nanowires have been used in a variety of passive and active
optoelectronic devices including waveguides, photodetectors, solar cells,
light-emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers, sensors, and optical antennas. We review
the optical properties of these nanowires in terms of absorption, guiding, and
radiation of light, which may be termed light management. Analysis of the
interaction of light with long cylindrical/hexagonal structures with
subwavelength diameters identifies radial resonant modes, such as Leaky Mode
Resonances, or Whispering Gallery modes. The two-dimensional treatment should
incorporate axial variations in “volumetric modes,”which have so far been
presented in terms of Fabry–Perot (FP), and helical resonance modes. We report
on finite-difference timedomain (FDTD) simulations with the aim of identifying
the dependence of these modes on geometry (length, width), tapering, shape
(cylindrical, hexagonal), core–shell versus core-only, and dielectric cores with
semiconductor shells. This demonstrates how nanowires (NWs) form excellent
optical cavities without the need for top and bottommirrors. However, optically
equivalent structures such as hexagonal and cylindrical wires can have very
different optoelectronic properties meaning that light management alone does not
sufficiently describe the observed enhancement in upward (absorption) and
downward transitions (emission) of light inNWs; rather, the electronic
transition rates should be considered. We discuss this “rate management” scheme
showing its strong dimensional dependence, making a case for photonic integrated
circuits (PICs) that can take advantage of the confluence of the desirable
optical and electronic properties of these nanostructures.
Recent Progress on Plasmon-Enhanced Fluorescence
Authors: Dong Jun , Zhang Zhenglong , Zheng Hairong , Sun Mentao 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The optically generated collective electron density waves on metal–dielectric
boundaries known as surface plasmons have been of great scientific interest
since their discovery. Being electromagnetic waves on gold or silver
nanoparticle’s surface, localised surface plasmons (LSP) can strongly enhance
the electromagnetic field. These strong electromagnetic fields near the metal
surfaces have been used in various applications like surface enhanced
spectroscopy (SES), plasmonic lithography, plasmonic trapping of particles, and
plasmonic catalysis. Resonant coupling of LSPs to fluorophore can strongly
enhance the emission intensity, the angular distribution, and the polarisation
of the emitted radiation and even the speed of radiative decay, which is
so-called plasmon enhanced fluorescence (PEF). As a result, more and more
reports on surface-enhanced fluorescence have appeared, such as SPASER-s,
plasmon assisted lasing, single molecule fluorescence measurements, surface
plasmoncoupled emission (SPCE) in biological sensing, optical orbit designs etc.
In this review, we focus on recent advanced reports on plasmon-enhanced
fluorescence (PEF). First, the mechanism of PEF and early results of enhanced
fluorescence observed by metal nanostructure will be introduced. Then, the
enhanced substrates, including periodical and nonperiodical nanostructure, will
be discussed and the most important factor of the spacer between molecule and
surface and wavelength dependence on PEF is demonstrated. Finally, the recent
progress of tipenhanced fluorescence and PEF from the rare-earth doped
up-conversion (UC) and down-conversion (DC) nanoparticles (NPs) are also
commented upon. This review provides an introduction to fundamentals of PEF,
illustrates the current progress in the design of metallic nanostructures for
efficient fluorescence signal amplification that utilises propagating and
localised surface plasmons.
Luminescent tracks of high-energy photoemitted electrons accelerated by plasmonic fields
Authors: Di Vece Marcel , Giannakoudakis Giorgos , Bjørkøy Astrid , Tang Wingjohn 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The emission of an electron from a metal nanostructure under illumination and its
subsequent acceleration in a plasmonic field forms a platform to extend these
phenomena to deposited nanoparticles, which can be studied by state-of-the-art
confocal microscopy combined with femtosecond optical excitation. The emitted
and accelerated electrons leave defect tracks in the immersion oil, which can be
revealed by thermoluminescence. These photographic tracks are read out with the
confocal microscope and have a maximum length of about 80 μm, which corresponds
to a kinetic energy of about 100 keV. This energy is consistent with the energy
provided by the intense laser pulse combined with plasmonic local field
enhancement. The results are discussed within the context of the rescattering
model by which electrons acquire more energy. The visualization of electron
tracks originating from plasmonic field enhancement around a gold nanoparticle
opens a new way to study with confocal microscopy both the plasmonic properties
of metal nano objects as well as high energy electron interaction with
matter.
Crystal structure of 5-methyl-2-phenyl-1,3-dioxane-5-carboxylic acid, C12H14O4
Authors: Yuan Xian-You , Jia Guo-Kai , Zhang Min , Yuan Lin 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
C12H14O4, monoclinic, C2/c, a = 32.6674(8) Å, b = 6.0061(2) Å, c = 23.2786(6) Å, α = 90°, β = 103.368(2)°, γ = 90°, V = 4443.6(2) Å3, Z = 16, R
gt
(F) = 0.0459, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.1412, T = 298(2) K.
Crystal structure of 5-(4-carboxyphenoxy)-nicotinic acid, C13H9NO5
Authors: Du Xi-Gang , Wang Chun-Wei 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
C13H9NO5, triclinic, P1̅, a = 7.6228(12) Å, b = 10.5401(16) Å, c = 14.669(2) Å, α = 94.801(2)°, β = 91.188(2)°, γ = 105.664(2)°, Z = 4, Dc = 1.524 g/cm3, Formula weight = 259.21, F(000) = 536, V = 1129.7(3) Å3, R
gt
(F) = 0.038, wR
ref
(F
2
) =0.107, T = 296 K.
Crystal structure of hexaaquamanganese(II) bis(3-carboxythiophene-2-carboxylate) C12H18MnO14S2
Authors: Zhao Yan , Li Shi-Hui , Zhang Li 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
C12H18O14S2Mn, Triclinic, P1̅, a = 6.5076(10) Å, b = 8.4923(13) Å, c = 9.8092(15) Å, α = 66.6180(10)°, β = 86.903(2)°, γ = 82.235(2)°, V = 493.02(13) Å3, Z = 1, R
gt
(F) = 0.0569, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.1756, T = 296(2) K.
Crystal structure of catena-poly[tetraaqua-(μ
2-4,4′-bipyridine-k2
N:N′)-zinc(II)] fumarate tetrahydrate, C14H26N2O12Zn
Authors: Yang Zhi-Jun , Ni Tian-Jun , He Guang-Jie 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
C14H26N2O12Zn, triclinic, P1̅, a = 7.051(9) Å, b = 7.807(10) Å, c = 9.752(12) Å, α = 79.374(13)°, β = 86.453(14)°, γ = 72.699(14)°, V = 503.7(11) Å3, Z = 1, R
gt
(F) = 0.0296 wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.0783, T = 296(2) K.
Crystal structure of photochromic 1-(2-methyl-5-phenyl-3-thienyl-2-[2-methyl-5-(4-ethoxylphenyl)-3-thienyl] 3,3,4,4,5,5-hexafluoro-cyclopent-1-ene, C29H22F6OS2
Authors: Fan Congbin , Fu Yinglong , Pu Shouzhi 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
C29H22F6OS2, monoclinic, P21/c, a = 6.4504(2) Å, b = 16.9752(4) Å, c = 22.8762(6) Å, β = 91.7790(10)°, V = 2503.66(12) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt
(F) = 0.0377, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.1156, T = 100(2) K.
Crystal structure of 1,3,6,8-tetrakis(p-tolylthio)pyrene, C44H34S4
Authors: Li-Hua Xu , Zhong-Hai Ni 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
C44H34S2, triclinic, P1̅ (no.2), a = 9.638(5) Å, b = 9.851(5) Å, c = 11.615(6) Å, α = 69.149(7)°, β = 67.313(6)°, γ = 61.805(6)°, V = 876.0(8) Å3, Z = 1, R
gt
(F) = 0.0529, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.1467, T = 296(2) K.
Reading with Borders: Text, Context, and Comparative Literature from Korea
Authors: Walsh Kelly 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAs an international faculty member at a liberal arts college in Seoul, teaching and “doing” comparative literature continues to unfold as a series of open-ended learning experiences. The most fundamental lesson, which seems both epistemological and ethical in nature, has been a pragmatic one: the importance of engaging the many institutional, pedagogic, and scholarly tensions arising in this emergent educational context. In the literature classroom, more specifically, this has taken the form of being attentive to the borders of text and context. Because most Korean students have been trained to read literature contextually, often in terms of preexisting national narratives, learning close literary reading can be a considerable challenge for them. Reading with borders enables students to register the epistemological frames that, heretofore, have limited, defined, and facilitated their knowledge. In crossing borders, we should strive to be as reflective and explicit as possible about what knowledge and relations these borders both preclude and enable. Such an awareness, gleaned in no small part from pedagogic practice, also informs my ongoing scholarly engagement with Korean modernism and the disciplinary tensions between area studies and comparative or world literature.
Shifting Proximities: A Case for Global Reading in US Higher Education
Authors: Hartwiger Alexander 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis article argues that US higher education knowledge production remains localized but gets disguised as global. Consequently, local ways of knowing get projected as universal and students’ worldviews are never complicated or expanded. It offers a pedagogical corrective to this trend and situates the world literature classroom as one of the primary locations that is capable of reimagining global knowledge production in U.S. universities. More specifically, the article explores the fluid movement between close and distant reading as well as the potential of Globally Networked Learning Environments (GLNE) as concrete ways of ensuring that global knowledge production is truly global in scope. Utilizing GNLEs in the world literature class provides a pedagogical model that enables critical engagement with the complexity of global issues through the study and discussion of global texts all while in a global environment. While US institutions seek to expand their global footprints, the educational experiences of students too often remain local. Ultimately, through theoretical and practical examples, the article argues that if students in the US academy are to have a truly global education, teachers and administrators must first start by reforming and transforming local sites of learning.
Transposing Pedagogic Boundaries: Global America in an Australian Context
Authors: Giles Paul 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis article reflects on an interdisciplinary first-year course titled “Global America,” which I have co-taught at the University of Sydney. “Global America” examines how the forces of globalization have shaped the United States, but also how the U.S. projects itself within a global sphere. The article outlines the particular challenges and opportunities involved in teaching such a course within an Australian context, before suggesting new scholarly directions in the field of American studies. One key aim of the course was to reformulate the central issues of globalization as experiential rather than abstract phenomena. In this way, the course used the experience of teaching American texts from an external vantage point to challenge institutional as well as the geographical boundaries. In its traditional interdisciplinary framework, American studies invariably attempts to either export U.S. culture to the world or else to represent American liberalism as a universal value. The paper argues for a more materialist, transnational approach, which attempts to bring local narrative and global compass into a mutually enlightening dialogue. Ultimately, the article reveals how a transnational pedagogy of American studies can help creatively to transpose the boundaries of “Global America” and thus foster a productive state of intellectual defamiliarization.
Effect of nonthermal plasma treatment on the surface of dental resins immersed in artificial saliva
Authors: dos Santos Daniela Micheline , Vechiato-Filho Aljomar Jose , Pesqueira Aldieris Alves , Guiotti Aimee Maria , Rangel Elidiane Cipriano , da Cruz Nilson Cristino , Goiato Marcelo Coelho 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
This study aimed (1) to use scanning electron microscopy associated with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) to characterize the surface of dental resins after nonthermal plasma (NTP) treatment and (2) to use surface energy analysis to evaluate whether NTP treatment protects the microhardness of the resins against the degradative effects of saliva. Twenty-eight acrylic and composite resin discs were fabricated and divided into four groups. Two groups received no surface treatment [control acrylic resin (Co/AR) and control composite resin (Co/CR] and two groups [NTP-treated acrylic resin (NTP/AR) and NTP-treated composite resin (NTP/CR)] were treated with NTP. One disc from each group was analyzed using SEM-EDS. Ten discs were subjected to surface energy analysis (before and after NTP) and microhardness assessments (at various time points). p<0.05 was used to determine statistical significance. Surface energy decreased after NTP treatment. Microhardness was reduced after 30 days in the Co/AR group and between 15 and 30 days in the NTP/AR group. Microhardness decreased in the Co/CR group after 15 and 30 days, whereas there was no difference after 30 days in the NTP/CR group. SEM images showed the presence of cracks and holes after 30 days in both Co/AR and NTP/AR groups. Cracks and silicon particles were observed after 30 days in the Co/CR group. Both the acrylic and composite resins exhibited hydrophobic properties after NTP treatment. The reduction in microhardness of the acrylic resin after NTP treatment was lower than that of the composite resin.
Cognitive function in schizophrenia: conflicting findings and future directions
Authors: Moustafa Ahmed A. , Garami Julia K. , Mahlberg Justin , Golembieski Jan , Keri Szabolcs , Misiak BlaŻej , Frydecka Dorota 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIntroduction:Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder with multiple psychopathological domains being affected. Several lines of evidence indicate that cognitive impairment serves as the key component of schizophrenia psychopathology. Although there have been a multitude of cognitive studies in schizophrenia, there are many conflicting results. We reasoned that this could be due to individual differences among the patients (i.e. variation in the severity of positive vs. negative symptoms), different task designs, and/or the administration of different antipsychotics.Methods:We thus review existing data concentrating on these dimensions, specifically in relation to dopamine function. We focus on most commonly used cognitive domains: learning, working memory, and attention.Results:We found that the type of cognitive domain under investigation, medication state and type, and severity of positive and negative symptoms can explain the conflicting results in the literature.Conclusions:This review points to future studies investigating individual differences among schizophrenia patients in order to reveal the exact relationship between cognitive function, clinical features, and antipsychotic treatment.
Identification of consistent functional genetic modules
Authors: Miecznikowski Jeffrey C. , Gaile Daniel P. , Chen Xiwei , Tritchler David L. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIt is often of scientific interest to find a set of genes that may represent an independent functional module or network, such as a functional gene expression module causing a biological response, a transcription regulatory network, or a constellation of mutations jointly causing a disease. In this paper we are specifically interested in identifying modules that control a particular outcome variable such as a disease biomarker. We discuss the statistical properties that functional networks should possess and introduce the concept of network consistency which should be satisfied by real functional networks of cooperating genes, and directly use the concept in the pathway discovery method we present. Our method gives superior performance for all but the simplest functional networks.
Testing constancy of unconditional variance in volatility models by misspecification and specification tests
Authors: Silvennoinen Annastiina , Teräsvirta Timo 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe topic of this paper is testing the hypothesis of constant unconditional variance in GARCH models against the alternative that the unconditional variance changes deterministically over time. Tests of this hypothesis have previously been performed as misspecification tests after fitting a GARCH model to the original series. It is found by simulation that the positive size distortion present in these tests is a function of the kurtosis of the GARCH process. Adjusting the size by numerical methods is considered. The possibility of testing the constancy of the unconditional variance before fitting a GARCH model to the data is discussed. The power of the ensuing test is vastly superior to that of the misspecification test and the size distortion minimal. The test has reasonable power already in very short time series. It would thus serve as a test of constant variance in conditional mean models. An application to exchange rate returns is included.
Pentadiagonal Companion Matrices
Authors: Eastman Brydon , Vander Meulen Kevin N. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The class of sparse companion matrices was recently characterized in terms of unit Hessenberg matrices. We determine which sparse companion matrices have the lowest bandwidth, that is, we characterize which sparse companion matrices are permutationally similar to a pentadiagonal matrix and describe how to find the permutation involved. In the process, we determine which of the Fiedler companion matrices are permutationally similar to a pentadiagonal matrix. We also describe how to find a Fiedler factorization, up to transpose, given only its corner entries.