bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thematic Analysis of Eight Canadian Federal Broadband Programs from 1994 to 2016
Authors: McNally Michael B. , Rathi Dinesh , Evaniew Jennifer , Wu Yang 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This article provides a historical and thematic analysis of eight Canadian federal government broadband programs. Examination of program documents led to the identification of several themes. These themes formed the basis for understanding and revealing trends in federal programs over time. Analysis of the trends, informed by Dwayne Winseck's approach to political economy, reveals that in general federal broadband programs have not fully realized the democratic potentialities of broadband. Furthermore, there is partial evidence on the degree to which programs have facilitated private gains for telecom firms in some areas (e.g., program expenditures, technology, and market forces).
Propagação vegetativa de Piper umbellatum L. (Piperaceae) em função de substratos e comprimentos de estacas
Authors: Nunes Gomes Erik , Krinski Diones 
Published: March 2017

Piper umbellatum L. (Piperaceae) é um subarbusto perene com atividades anti-inflamatórias, analgésicas, antimicrobianas, antitumorais, antioxidantes e dermoprotetoras. A obtenção da matéria-prima para estes fins é restrita ao extrativismo e às pequenas áreas de cultivo devido ao limitado conhecimento agronômico sobre a espécie. Neste sentido, são necessárias investigações referentes a práticas agronômicas, especialmente técnicas adequadas de propagação. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar diferentes comprimentos de estaca e tipos de substrato na estaquia de P. umbellatum. Para isso, estacas caulinares de 10, 15 e 20 cm de comprimento e diâmetro médio de um centímetro foram preparadas com corte em bisel na base e reto no ápice, sem folhas e contendo ao menos uma gema. Os propágulos foram estaqueados em tubetes com substrato Plantmax® e vermiculita de granulometria fina, e mantidas em casa de vegetação. Após 50 dias da instalação do experimento foi avaliada a porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, mortas, com calos, com brotações, número médio de raízes, comprimento das três maiores raízes, massa fresca de raízes e de brotações. O enraizamento variou de 37,5% a 60,0% e não foi verificado interação entre substratos e comprimento das estacas, exceto para massa fresca de raízes e brotações, para as quais, estacas de maior comprimento apresentaram melhor desempenho. O substrato Plantmax® apresentou menor mortalidade, maior porcentagem de estacas com calo, massa fresca de raízes e número de brotações. Neste sentido são indicadas estacas de 20 cm e utilização de substrato Plantmax® para obtenção de mudas de melhor qualidade.
A comparison between the geoeffectiveness of north‐south and south‐north magnetic clouds and an associated prediction
Authors: Wu Chin‐Chun , Lepping Ronald P. , Berdichevsky Daniel Benjamin , Liou Kan 
Published: March 2017

AbstractUsing 1995–2015 Wind in situ solar wind plasma and magnetic field data, 217 magnetic clouds (MCs) were identified. The following pertinent results were found: (i) 120 MCs were N‐S type (northward → southward, magnetic field, B rotated from northward to southward), and 97 MCs are S‐N type. (ii) S‐N MCS‐N dominated N‐S MCN‐S in the periods of 1995–1999, 2001–2002, and 2014–2015. In contrast, N‐S MCN‐S dominated S‐N MCS‐N in the periods of 2000 and 2003–2013. (iii) The averages of storm intensity (<Dstmin>) were −69, −57, and −84 nT for “all 217 MCs,” “120 N‐S MCs,” and “97 S‐N MCs” types, respectively. (iv) Confirmed with observations, MC type depends on the phase of the magnetic solar cycle. Hence, on average, the S‐N types trigger more severe storms (i.e., Dstmin < −100 nT). Also, from 1995 to 2009, the percentage of N‐S types of MCs keeps increasing and the percentage of S‐N types decreasing. The percentage of S‐N MCs starts increasing in the interval of 2010–2015. Therefore, we expect to see a predominance of the S‐N types of MC for the coming few years. This means on average that more severe geomagnetic storms are expected in the near future. This is an interesting solar wind feature and is going to be stressed in its application to “space weather predictions.”
Fatigue and Fracture of Ship Structures
Authors: Fricke Wolfgang 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Fatigue and fracture are important design criteria for ships to ensure a sufficiently high safety level. Ship structures are prone to fatigue because of high cyclic loading caused primarily by waves, but also because of changing cargo distributions and excited vibrations. After describing these types of loading, the chapter outlines the factors affecting fatigue strength in addition to stress ranges, which are material type, mean and residual stress, fabrication factors like quality and weld imperfections, and finally the size and plate thickness effect. Subsequently, fatigue strength assessment methods mainly applied to ship structures are dealt with, i.e. the S‐N approaches such as nominal, structural hot‐spot, and notch stress approaches in conjunction with Palmgren‐Miner rule. The approaches are illustrated by an application example of a tanker in detail. The second part covers unstable fracture. After describing the types of fracture and possible countermeasures, fracture assessment methods are briefly outlined, explaining different crack driving parameters and the so‐called failure assessment diagram (FAD) as an example for assessing the safety against unstable fracture.
The Human Element in Shipping
Authors: Barnett Michael L. , Pekcan Claire H. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis article begins with the definitions of the “human element” in shipping and illustrates the wide range of complex concepts covered by this simple phrase. A table is produced as a suggested taxonomy of the main items covered by the term, and the article proceeds to give brief descriptions of these areas under the two main categories of safety and human resource, and deals with the safety topics of: accident causation and human error; and maritime ergonomics and safety culture. Human resource topics cover: health, well‐being, and working conditions; human resource management practices; and corporate social responsibility (CSR).
Underwater Noise from Large Commercial Ships—International Collaboration for Noise Reduction
Authors: Southall Brandon L. , Scholik‐Schlomer Amy R. , Hatch Leila , Bergmann Trisha , Jasny Michael , Metcalf Kathy , Weilgart Lindy , Wright Andrew J. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAmbient noise in broad areas of the ocean has increased significantly over the past half‐century from the introduction of tens of thousands of commercial ships continuously transiting the sea. Ship‐radiated noise is predominately low frequency (<1000 Hz) other than close to vessels, and aggregate noise can dominate low‐frequency bands, even well outside shipping lanes. Such sounds add to an already noisy background and can affect marine animals in various ways. This includes reducing the areas over which they can communicate, particularly for species that rely on low‐frequency sounds like baleen whales, seals, and fishes. An international community of researchers, environmental groups, government agencies, and sectors of the shipping industry has recognized shipping noise as an important marine conservation issue, as have various international bodies, notably the United Nation's International Maritime Organization (IMO). Reducing potential impacts from aggregate vessel noise is challenging given the nature and magnitude of the issue and the historical lack of regulation. However, substantial recent progress has been made by proactive collaborations among environmentalists, regulators, scientists, and industry, leading to progress in the IMO in the development of guidelines for the reduction of underwater noise from commercial shipping. This article discusses low‐frequency noise incidentally radiated from ships and its potential effects on marine life, with an emphasis on marine mammals. We also trace the formation and evolution of efforts to address environmental and economic costs and benefits of ship‐quieting efforts. The authors represent a range of governmental, scientific, industry, and conservation organizations centrally engaged in the IMO effort.
Risers Introduction
Authors: Miller Charles A. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This article covers an introduction to the riser systems used by the oil and gas industry for the exploration, development, and production of hydrocarbons located below the earth's oceans and seas. These offshore riser systems are conduits (or collection of conduits) used for the safe transportation of material (primarily fluids and gases) between the seafloor and the host platform.
Riser systems have been used since early days of the offshore industry. Early riser systems were used from fixed platforms and mobile offshore drilling units (MODUs) in shallow water. When the offshore industry moved into deeper water, the use of riser systems connected to floating platforms was needed. Riser systems are currently being designed for use in water depths beyond 10,000 ft.
Included in this article are brief descriptions of common riser types and configurations, summaries of the basic functional requirements of the common riser types, an overview of key design issues, and a brief look at key riser design challenges facing the offshore oil and gas industry.
4D VMAT planning and verification technique for dynamic tracking using a direct aperture deformation (DAD) method
Authors: Zhang Yongqian , Yang Yong , Fu Weihua , Li Xiang , Li Tianfang , Heron Dwight E. , Huq M. Saiful. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe developed a four‐dimensional volumetric modulated arc therapy (4D VMAT) planning technique for moving targets using a direct aperture deformation (DAD) method and investigated its feasibility for clinical use. A 3D VMAT plan was generated on a reference phase of a 4D CT dataset. The plan was composed of a set of control points including the beam angle, MLC apertures and weights. To generate the 4D VMAT plan, these control points were assigned to the closest respiratory phases using the temporal information of the gantry angle and respiratory curve. Then, a DAD algorithm was used to deform the beam apertures at each control point to the corresponding phase to compensate for the tumor motion and shape changes. Plans for a phantom and five lung cases were included in this study to evaluate the proposed technique. Dosimetric comparisons were performed between 4D and 3D VMAT plans. Plan verification was implemented by delivering the 4D VMAT plans on a moving QUASAR™ phantom driven with patient‐specific respiratory curves. The phantom study showed that the 4D VMAT plan generated with the DAD method was comparable to the ideal 3D VMAT plan. DVH comparisons indicated that the planning target volume (PTV) coverages and minimum doses were nearly invariant, and no significant difference in lung dosimetry was observed. Patient studies revealed that the GTV coverage was nearly the same; although the PTV coverage dropped from 98.8% to 94.7%, and the mean dose decreased from 64.3 to 63.8 Gy on average. For the verification measurements, the average gamma index pass rate was 98.6% and 96.5% for phantom 3D and 4D VMAT plans with 3%/3 mm criteria. For patient plans, the average gamma pass rate was 96.5% (range 94.5–98.5%) and 95.2% (range 94.1–96.1%) for 3D and 4D VMAT plans. The proposed 4D VMAT planning technique using the DAD method is feasible to incorporate the intra‐fraction organ motion and shape change into a 4D VMAT planning. It has great potential to provide high plan quality and delivery efficiency for moving targets.
Evaluation of a surface imaging system's isocenter calibration methods
Authors: Paxton Adam B. , Manger Ryan P. , Pawlicki Todd , Kim Gwe‐Ya 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAlignRT is a surface imaging system that has been utilized for localizing and tracking patient position during radiotherapy. AlignRT has two calibration procedures that can set the system's isocenter called “Monthly Calibration” (MC) and “Isocentre Calibration” (IC). The MC utilizes a calibration plate. In addition to the calibration plate, the IC utilizes a cubic phantom that is imaged with the linac treatment beam to aid in aligning the AlignRT and treatment‐beam isocenters. This work evaluated the effects of misaligning the calibration plate during the calibration process. The plate was intentionally shifted away from isocenter ±3.0 mm in the longitudinal and lateral directions and ±1.0 mm in the longitudinal, lateral, and vertical directions. A mock stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) treatment was used to evaluate the effects of the miscalibrations. An anthropomorphic head phantom was placed in an SRS treatment position and monitored with the AlignRT system. The AlignRT‐indicated offsets were recorded at 270°, 315°, 0°, 45°, and 90° couch angles for each intentional misalignment of the calibration plate during the MC. The IC was also performed after each miscalibration, and the measurements were repeated and compared to the previous results. With intentional longitudinal and lateral shifts of ±3.0 mm and ±1.0 mm of the calibration plate, the average indicated offsets at couch rotations of ±90° were 4.3 mm and 1.6 mm, respectively. This was in agreement with the theoretical offset of √2*(shift‐of‐the‐calibration plate). Since vertical shifts were along the rotation axis of the couch, these shifts had little effect on the offsets with changing couch angle. When the IC was applied, the indicated offsets were all within 0.5 mm for all couch angles for each of the miscalibrations. These offsets were in agreement with the known magnitude of couch walkout. The IC method effectively removes the potential miscalibration artifacts of the MC method due to misalignments of the calibration plate.
Deciding Where to Turn: A Qualitative Investigation of College Students’ Helpseeking Decisions After Sexual Assault
Authors: DeLoveh Heidi L. M. , Cattaneo Lauren Bennett 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSexual assault is a widespread problem on college campuses that has been the subject of substantial attention in recent years (Ali, 2011; Krebs, Lindquist, Berzofsky, Shook‐Sa, & Peterson, 2016). Resources designed to address the problem exist, but there is evidence that they are underutilized by survivors (Campbell, 2008). The current study used grounded theory to explore how sexual assault survivors make decisions about helpseeking. In‐depth interviews were conducted with 14 college sexual assault survivors to develop a theoretical model for their decision‐making process. The resulting model, Deciding Where to Turn, suggests that survivors engage in three key decision points: determining if there is a problem related to the sexual assault (Do I Need Help), considering options (What Can I Do), and weighing the consequences of these options (What Will I Do). This process results in one of four behavioral choices: cope on one's own, seek support from friends/family, seek support from formal resources, or covert helpseeking, where needs are met without disclosure. Deciding Where to Turn contributes to the literature by providing a framework for understanding helpseeking decisions after sexual assault, highlighting the need to match reactions to survivor perceptions. The concept of covert helpseeking in particular adds to the way researchers and practitioners think about helpseeking. Research and practice implications are discussed.
“It Happens to Girls All the Time”: Examining Sexual Assault Survivors’ Reasons for Not Using Campus Supports
Authors: Holland Kathryn J. , Cortina Lilia M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSexual assault is a prevalent problem in higher education, and despite the increasing availability of formal supports on college campuses, few sexual assault survivors use them. Experiencing sexual assault can have devastating consequences on survivors’ psychological and educational wellbeing, which may intensify if survivors do not receive adequate care. Drawing from existing theoretical frameworks and empirical research, this study used a mixed methodological approach to examine why survivors did not use three key campus supports—the Title IX Office, the sexual assault center, and housing staff—and if these reasons differed across the three supports. Using data from 284 women who experienced sexual assault in college, our qualitative findings identified four overarching themes, including logistical issues (e.g., lacking time and knowledge), feelings, beliefs, and responses that made it seem unacceptable to use campus supports, judgments about the appropriateness of the support, and alternative methods of coping. Quantitative findings revealed that survivors’ reasons for not seeking help differed across supports. Collectively, our findings suggest that community norms and institutional policies can make it challenging for survivors to use campus supports. We propose several suggestions for institutional change (e.g., taking a stronger stance against “less serious” forms of sexual assault, reducing a quasi‐criminal justice approach to investigation and adjudication, limiting mandated reporting).
Trouble in transit: Organizational barriers to workers’ health
Authors: Bowles Nicole P. , McEwen Bruce S. , Boutin‐Foster Carla 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundValuable insights on the health and behavior of transit workers can be obtained from qualitative research that considers the social environment, which affects job performance and determines levels of perceived stress.MethodsUsing a grounded theory approach, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with American transit workers (n = 32). Recorded interviews were transcribed and analyzed using a constant comparative method.ResultsParticipants described categories related to entrenched organizational practices, particularly managements’ leadership style, which created an atmosphere of distrust. High demanding work schedules, as a result of technological advances, were discussed in relation to diminished breaks, fatigue, and unhealthy diets. Transit workers also attributed increased work demands and irregular working hours to compromised time with family and friends.ConclusionsThe described barriers to positive health behaviors and social support underscore the need for interventions that ensure adequate breaks and recovery between shifts and increase safety for transit passengers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 60:350–367, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PLA–PEG‐grafted hollow magnetic silica microspheres as the carrier of iodinated contrast media
Authors: Zhao Min , Liu Jiangtao , Lei Zhongli 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTIn this work, hollow magnetic silica microspheres (HMS) were synthesized by the template method, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA)‐grafted hollow magnetic microspheres HMS@PLA–PEG were successfully prepared through ring‐opening polymerization method. Ioversol was loaded into HMS@PLA–PEG by physical coating, and the drug loading content was up to 39.4%. It also exhibited a slower and steady release than HMS and the cumulative release was up to 55.1% at physiological pH, which implied the PLA–PEG could prolong the circulation time. Meanwhile, to improve the efficiency of contrast, we have developed composite microspheres encapsulating superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) as magnetic target for increasing the local concentration of the contrast media and expecting to put magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) technology together to apply in medical applications. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity assay in vitro was also investigated. The results revealed the ioversol‐loaded HMS@PLA–PEG exhibited low toxicity at a higher concentration, even it is up to 400 μg/mL. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44914.
Functionalized graphene‐reinforced rubber composite: Mechanical and tribological behavior study
Authors: Wu Yanping , Chen Lei , Qin Songlv , Li Jinlong , Zhou Huidi , Chen Jianmin 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTA functionalized graphene, fluorinated graphene nanosheets (FGS), and SiO2 nanoparticles as reinforcing fillers were employed to improve the mechanical properties of the solution styrene butadiene and butadiene rubber composites (SSBR‐BR). The results showed that the mechanical properties of SSBR‐BR composite filled with FGS were substantially improved than those of the unfilled and equivalent filler loaded graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) filled SSBR‐BR composites. It can be ascribed to the fact that the hydrophobic surface of FGS can be endowed the good dispersion in rubber matrix and stronger interfacial interaction between rubber and fillers. The tribological properties of these composites are also investigated. The results reveal that incorporation of GO, rGO, and FGS in SSBR‐BR composites can decrease antiwear properties because the existence of layered graphene promotes to tear and peel off. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44970.
Rheological and mechanical properties of blends of LDPE with high contents of UHMWPE wastes
Authors: González Jeanette , Rosales Carmen , González Marco , León Natalia , Escalona Roberto , Rojas Héctor 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThe mixing of UHMWPE wastes with other polymers aims to reduce the environmental impact of waste materials. The dynamic rheological behavior of the blends, tensile and abrasion properties, Shore D hardness and impact resistance, and morphology are important in characterizing polymer blends. In this work, we have sought to obtain blends containing different proportions of UHMWPE wastes and LDPE with properties suitable for the manufacture of useful products. The blends exhibit an increase in complex viscosities, storage modulus, and Young's modulus with increasing content of UHMWPE wastes and a decrease in both the maximal elongation and Charpy impact resistance. Summarizing, the addition of up to 60 wt % of industrial fragments of UHMWPE is possible using conventional methods of processing to prepare blends with values of tensile strength, abrasion, and Shore D hardness similar to those of LDPE. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44996.
Neuroplasticity of Supraspinal Structures Associated with Pathological Pain
Authors: Boadas‐Vaello Pere , Homs Judit , Reina Francisco , Carrera Ana , Verdú Enrique 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTPeripheral nerve and spinal cord injuries, along with other painful syndromes such as fibromyalgia, diabetic neuropathy, chemotherapeutic neuropathy, trigeminal neuralgia, complex regional pain syndrome, and/or irritable bowel syndrome, cause several neuroplasticity changes in the nervous system along its entire axis affecting the different neuronal nuclei. This paper reviews these changes, focusing on the supraspinal structures that are involved in the modulation and processing of pain, including the periaqueductal gray matter, red nucleus, locus coeruleus, rostral ventromedial medulla, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum, habenula, primary, and secondary somatosensory cortex, motor cortex, mammillary bodies, hippocampus, septum, amygdala, cingulated, and prefrontal cortex. Hyperexcitability caused by the modification of postsynaptic receptor expression, central sensitization, and potentiation of presynaptic delivery of neurotransmitters, as well as the reduction of inhibitory inputs, changes in dendritic spine, neural circuit remodeling, alteration of gray matter, and upregulation of proinflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines) by reactivation of astrocytes and microglial cells are the main functional, structural, and molecular neuroplasticity changes observed in the above supraspinal structures, associated with pathological pain. Studying these changes in greater depth may lead to the implementation and improvement of new therapeutic strategies against pathological pain. Anat Rec, 300:1481–1501, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.