bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Channelized Melting Drives Thinning Under a Rapidly Melting Antarctic Ice Shelf
Authors: Gourmelen Noel , Goldberg Dan N. , Snow Kate , Henley Sian F. , Bingham Robert G. , Kimura Satoshi , Hogg Anna E. , Shepherd Andrew , Mouginot Jeremie , Lenaerts Jan T. M. , Ligtenberg Stefan R. M. , van de Berg Willem Jan 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIce shelves play a vital role in regulating loss of grounded ice and in supplying freshwater to coastal seas. However, melt variability within ice shelves is poorly constrained and may be instrumental in driving ice shelf imbalance and collapse. High‐resolution altimetry measurements from 2010 to 2016 show that Dotson Ice Shelf (DIS), West Antarctica, thins in response to basal melting focused along a single 5 km‐wide and 60 km‐long channel extending from the ice shelf's grounding zone to its calving front. If focused thinning continues at present rates, the channel will melt through, and the ice shelf collapse, within 40–50 years, almost two centuries before collapse is projected from the average thinning rate. Our findings provide evidence of basal melt‐driven sub‐ice shelf channel formation and its potential for accelerating the weakening of ice shelves.
Acoustic Reflectivity From Variously Oriented Orthorhombic Media: Analogies to Seismic Responses From a Fractured Anisotropic Crust
Authors: Malehmir Reza , Schmitt Douglas R. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe variations in the strength of seismic reflections with both angles of incidence and azimuth are being used to constrain the orientations and degrees of mechanical anisotropy of geological formations. This information is often used in turn to infer the directions of fracturing and stress usually assuming simplified geological structures that in many cases are not realistic. In order to further understand this problem, the reflectivities from a set of variously titled samples cut from a single block of a common anisotropic composite material are measured with both angles of incidence and azimuth in the laboratory. Each sample is analogous to a formation in which the fracture sets increasingly dip. The observed responses differ from plane wave theory due to the finite nature of the experiment. However, the deviations are well accounted for by modeling the acoustic reflectivity using its bounded pulse. As expected, the reflectivities vary with the sample tilt, the angle of incidence, and the azimuth at which the measurements are made. However, some of these responses, such as the precritical reflectivities, do not appear to strongly vary with azimuth for a given sample. Critical angle phenomena, too, must be used cautiously as the observed reflectivity peaks do not lie at the exact critical angle. These results suggest that reflectivities could be an important source of information with regard to the spatial orientation of anisotropic layer.
Three‐Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography of the Solfatara Crater (Italy): Implication for the Multiphase Flow Structure of the Shallow Hydrothermal System
Authors: Gresse Marceau , Vandemeulebrouck Jean , Byrdina Svetlana , Chiodini Giovanni , Revil André , Johnson Timothy C. , Ricci Tullio , Vilardo Giuseppe , Mangiacapra Annarita , Lebourg Thomas , Grangeon Jacques , Bascou Pascale , Metral Laurent 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe Solfatara volcano is the main degassing area of the Campi Flegrei caldera, characterized by 60 years of unrest. Assessing such renewal activity is a challenging task because hydrothermal interactions with magmatic gases remain poorly understood. In this study, we decipher the complex structure of the shallow Solfatara hydrothermal system by performing the first 3‐D, high‐resolution, electrical resistivity tomography of the volcano. The 3‐D resistivity model was obtained from the inversion of 43,432 resistance measurements performed on an area of ~0.68 km2. The proposed interpretation of the multiphase hydrothermal structures is based on the resistivity model, a high‐resolution infrared surface temperature image, and 1,136 soil CO2 flux measurements. In addition, we realized 27 soil cation exchange capacity and pH measurements demonstrating a negligible contribution of surface conductivity to the shallow bulk electrical conductivity. Hence, we show that the resistivity changes are mainly controlled by fluid content and temperature. The high‐resolution tomograms identify for the first time the structure of the gas‐dominated reservoir at 60 m depth that feeds the Bocca Grande fumarole through a ~10 m thick channel. In addition, the resistivity model reveals a channel‐like conductive structure where the liquid produced by steam condensation around the main fumaroles flows down to the Fangaia area within a buried fault. The model delineates the emplacement of the main geological structures: Mount Olibano, Solfatara cryptodome, and tephra deposits. It also reveals the anatomy of the hydrothermal system, especially two liquid‐dominated plumes, the Fangaia mud pool and the Pisciarelli fumarole, respectively.
Sensitivity of Seismic Attenuation and Phase Velocity to Intrinsic Background Anisotropy in Fractured Porous Rocks: A Numerical Study
Authors: Barbosa Nicolás D. , Rubino J. Germán , Caspari Eva , Holliger Klaus 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMany researchers have analyzed seismic attenuation and velocity dispersion due to wave‐induced fluid flow (WIFF) related to the presence of fluid‐saturated fractures embedded in an isotropic porous background. Most fractured formations do, however, exhibit some degree of intrinsic elastic and hydraulic anisotropy of the background, and the impact of which on the effective seismic properties remains largely unexplored. In this work, we extend a numerical upscaling procedure to account for the potential intrinsic elastic and hydraulic anisotropy of the background. To do this, we represent the background of a representative sample of the fractured formation of interest with an anisotropic poroelastic medium and apply a set of relaxation experiments to compute the effective anisotropic seismic properties. A comprehensive numerical analysis allows us to observe that, for samples containing hydraulically connected fractures, the anisotropic behavior of both P and S waves differs significantly from that observed for an isotropic background. The anisotropy of the stiffness of the background plays a fundamental role for WIFF between the fractures and the background as well as for WIFF between connected fractures. Conversely, the anisotropy of the background permeability affects the characteristic frequency, the angle dependence, and the magnitude of the effects related to WIFF between fractures and background. In addition, different correlations between hydraulic and elastic background anisotropy lead to different degrees of effective seismic anisotropy. Our results therefore indicate that accounting for the effects of intrinsic background anisotropy on WIFF is crucial for a quantitative interpretation of seismic anisotropy measurements in fluid‐saturated fractured formations.
Rollover of Apparent Wave Attenuation in Ice Covered Seas
Authors: Li Jingkai , Kohout Alison L. , Doble Martin J. , Wadhams Peter , Guan Changlong , Shen Hayley H. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWave attenuation from two field experiments in the ice‐covered Southern Ocean is examined. Instead of monotonically increasing with shorter waves, the measured apparent attenuation rate peaks at an intermediate wave period. This “rollover” phenomenon has been postulated as the result of wind input and nonlinear energy transfer between wave frequencies. Using WAVEWATCH III®, we first validate the model results with available buoy data, then use the model data to analyze the apparent wave attenuation. With the choice of source parameterizations used in this study, it is shown that rollover of the apparent attenuation exists when wind input and nonlinear transfer are present, independent of the different wave attenuation models used. The period of rollover increases with increasing distance between buoys. Furthermore, the apparent attenuation for shorter waves drops with increasing separation between buoys or increasing wind input. These phenomena are direct consequences of the wind input and nonlinear energy transfer, which offset the damping caused by the intervening ice.
Impacts of Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition on Surface Waters of the Western North Atlantic Mitigated by Multiple Feedbacks
Authors: St‐Laurent P. , Friedrichs M. A. M. , Najjar R. G. , Martins D. K. , Herrmann M. , Miller S. K. , Wilkin J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe impacts of atmospheric nitrogen deposition (AND) on the chlorophyll and nitrogen dynamics of surface waters in the western North Atlantic (25°N–45°N, 65°W–80°W) are examined with a biogeochemical ocean model forced with a regional atmospheric chemistry model (Community Multiscale Air Quality, CMAQ). CMAQ simulations with year‐specific emissions reveal the existence of a “hot spot” of AND over the Gulf Stream. The impact of the hot spot on the oceanic biogeochemistry is mitigated in three ways by physical and biogeochemical processes. First, AND significantly contributes to surface oceanic nitrogen concentrations only during the summer period, when the stratification is maximal and the background nitrogen inventories are minimal. Second, the increase in summer surface nitrate concentrations is accompanied by a reduction in upward nitrate diffusion at the base of the surface layer. This negative feedback partly cancels the nitrogen enrichment from AND. Third, gains in biomass near the surface force a shoaling of the euphotic layer and a reduction of about 5% in deep primary production and biomass on the continental shelf. Despite these mitigating processes, the impacts of AND remain substantial. AND increases surface nitrate concentrations in the Gulf Stream region by 14% during the summer (2% on average over the year). New primary production increases by 22% in this region during summer (8% on average). Although these changes may be difficult to distinguish from natural variability in observations, the results support the view that AND significantly enhances local carbon export.
Nonhydrostatic Simulations of Tide‐Induced Mixing in the Halmahera Sea: A Possible Role in the Transformation of the Indonesian Throughflow Waters
Authors: Nagai Taira , Hibiya Toshiyuki , Bouruet‐Aubertot Pascale 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) waters are significantly transformed within the Indonesian Archipelago and consequently influence the large‐scale ocean circulation such as Agulhas and Leeuwin Currents. Existing ocean general circulation models (OGCMs) are, however, incapable of reproducing the transformation of the ITF waters, since tidal forcing is neglected in such models. In the present study, we first conduct high‐resolution nonhydrostatic three‐dimensional numerical experiments focusing on the transformation of the ITF waters in the Halmahera Sea which is thought to be the most important bottleneck in simulating the ITF water mass properties. It is shown that intensive vertical mixing induced by breaking of internal tides in the shallow regions in the Halmahera Sea dilutes the ITF waters, significantly reducing model biases found in the existing OGCMs. We next evaluate quantitatively the effect of tide‐induced vertical mixing on the transformation of the ITF waters. It is shown that tide‐induced vertical mixing dominates the transformation of the ITF waters, although some supplementary processes such as horizontal mixing associated with the submesoscale eddies resulting from tidal interaction with land configurations cannot be ignored.
Exploring a Variable‐Resolution Approach for Simulating Regional Climate in the Rocky Mountain Region Using the VR‐CESM
Authors: Wu Chenglai , Liu Xiaohong , Lin Zhaohui , Rhoades Alan M. , Ullrich Paul A. , Zarzycki Colin M. , Lu Zheng , Rahimi‐Esfarjani Stefan R. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe reliability of climate simulations and projections, particularly in the regions with complex terrains, is greatly limited by the model resolution. In this study we evaluate the variable‐resolution Community Earth System Model (VR‐CESM) with a high‐resolution (0.125°) refinement over the Rocky Mountain region. The VR‐CESM results are compared with observations, as well as CESM simulation at a quasi‐uniform 1° resolution (UNIF) and Canadian Regional Climate Model version 5 (CRCM5) simulation at a 0.11° resolution. We find that VR‐CESM is effective at capturing the observed spatial patterns of temperature, precipitation, and snowpack in the Rocky Mountains with the performance comparable to CRCM5, while UNIF is unable to do so. VR‐CESM and CRCM5 simulate better the seasonal variations of precipitation than UNIF, although VR‐CESM still overestimates winter precipitation whereas CRCM5 and UNIF underestimate it. All simulations distribute more winter precipitation along the windward (west) flanks of mountain ridges with the greatest overestimation in VR‐CESM. VR‐CESM simulates much greater snow water equivalent peaks than CRCM5 and UNIF, although the peaks are still 10–40% less than observations. Moreover, the frequency of heavy precipitation events (daily precipitation ≥ 25 mm) in VR‐CESM and CRCM5 is comparable to observations, whereas the same events in UNIF are an order of magnitude less frequent. In addition, VR‐CESM captures the observed occurrence frequency and seasonal variation of rain‐on‐snow days and performs better than UNIF and CRCM5. These results demonstrate the VR‐CESM's capability in regional climate modeling over the mountainous regions and its promising applications for climate change studies.
Comparing the Defendant to Images of the Culprit: Interpreting Results of Mock Witness Filler‐Control Tests
Authors: Thompson W. Burt , Lauher Miranda L. , Moody Taylor R. 
Published: October 2017

SummaryCriminals are occasionally recorded on video committing a crime. At trial, jurors may be shown images of the culprit to determine if they match the defendant. However, several sources of bias may influence juror matching decisions. Also, even with clear video, the accuracy of defendant‐culprit matching can be relatively poor. To reduce these problems, we propose that defendant‐culprit matching be viewed as a type of forensic test. If conducted as a forensic test, defendant‐culprit matching can be improved by adding fillers and testing mock witnesses rather than the actual jurors. A Bayesian analysis of data from two experiments shows that a filler‐control test can be highly diagnostic, even when the decisions of mock witnesses are far from unanimous. However, when viewing conditions are poor, a filler‐control test may not provide much new information about whether the defendant matches the culprit. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoactive Hybrid AuNR‐Pt@Ag2S Core–Satellite Nanostructures for Near‐Infrared Quantitive Cell Imaging
Authors: Qu Aihua , Xu Liguang , Sun Maozhong , Liu Liqiang , Kuang Hua , Xu Chuanlai 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe quantitative detection of microRNA (miR) and multimode‐imaging‐induced photothermal therapy in vivo have become the focus of much attention. Platinum (Pt) decorated gold nanorods (AuNR‐Pt) and Ag2S core–satellite (AuNR‐Pt@Ag2S) multifunctional nanostructures are fabricated to quantify intracellular miRs (miR‐21), near‐infrared fluorescence cell quantitative imaging, and tumor ablation in vivo. When combined with miR‐21, the nanoassembly displays significant fluorescence intensity in the second window of the near‐infrared region (1000–1700 nm) after 808 nm excitation. The Ag2S fluorescence intensity has a good linear relationship with the amount of intracellular miR in the range of 0.054–20.45 amol ngRNA
−1 and a limit of detection of 0.0082 amol ngRNA
−1. The nanoassembly is also used to develop multimodal bioimaging, including near‐infrared, X‐ray computed tomographic, and photoacoustic imaging in HeLa‐tumor‐bearing mice. Moreover, the tumors are completely eliminated by the high photothermal capacity of the AuNR‐Pt@Ag2S assembly. This nanoassembly provides a multifunctional nanoplatform for the ultrasensitive detection of miRs and tumor diagnosis and therapy in vivo.
Highly Aligned Plasmonic Gold Nanorods in a DNA Matrix
Authors: Cha Yun Jeong , Kim Dae Seok , Yoon Dong Ki 
Published: October 2017

AbstractSince the Lycurgus Cup was made in the 4th century, metal nanoparticles have attracted much interest due to the characteristics of the plasmonic and metamaterials that show beautiful colors. Despite these fascinating properties, the practical use is limited because it is difficult to control the orientation of the plasmonic nanoparticles. Here, highly aligned plasmonic gold nanorods are obtained using self‐assembled DNA material. Simple mechanical shearing results in long‐range DNA–gold nanorod arrays which show parallel, perpendicular, and zigzag configurations due to the competition between the shear force and DNA elasticity. The resulting surface plasmonic resonance properties of the aligned DNA–gold nanorods film show highly polarization‐dependent behavior in a large area, which is critical for optical and photonic applications. This simple way to form anisotropic plasmonic films can be used for plasmonic nanoparticles in potential applications such as displays and sensors.
Highly Desirable Photodetectors Derived from Versatile Plasmonic Nanostructures
Authors: Chen Hongyu , Su Longxing , Jiang Mingming , Fang Xiaosheng 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWith unique ability to concentrate and manipulate light at nanoscale, surface plasmon resonance technologies create additional opportunities for fabricating superintegration photodetectors with desirable functionalities. To gain an insight into the state‐of‐the‐art of plasmonic photodetectors, recent advances in novel devices as well as potential building blocks are presented herein. The article focuses particularly on understanding the enhancement mechanism of different architectures such as nanoparticles, gratings, waveguides, antennas, and microcavities. Meanwhile, challenges and potential design schemes are proposed in this inspiring field.
Scaffold Composition Determines the Angiogenic Outcome of Cell‐Based Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression by Modulating Its Microenvironmental Distribution
Authors: Gaudiello Emanuele , Melly Ludovic , Cerino Giulia , Boccardo Stefano , Jalili‐Firoozinezhad Sasan , Xu Lifen , Eckstein Friedrich , Martin Ivan , Kaufmann Beat A. , Banfi Andrea , Marsano Anna 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDelivery of genetically modified cells overexpressing Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is a promising approach to induce therapeutic angiogenesis in ischemic tissues. The effect of the protein is strictly modulated by its interaction with the components of the extracellular matrix. Its therapeutic potential depends on a sustained but controlled release at the microenvironmental level in order to avoid the formation of abnormal blood vessels. In this study, it is hypothesized that the composition of the scaffold plays a key role in modulating the binding, hence the therapeutic effect, of the VEGF released by 3D‐cell constructs. It is found that collagen sponges, which poorly bind VEGF, prevent the formation of localized hot spots of excessive concentration, therefore, precluding the development of aberrant angiogenesis despite uncontrolled expression by a genetically engineered population of adipose tissue‐derived stromal cells. On the contrary, after seeding on VEGF‐binding egg‐white scaffolds, the same cell population caused aberrantly enlarged vascular structures after 14 d. Collagen‐based engineered tissues also induced a safe and efficient angiogenesis in both the patch itself and the underlying myocardium in rat models. These findings open new perspectives on the control and the delivery of proangiogenic stimuli, and are fundamental for the vascularization of engineered tissues/organs.
A Fluid Liquid‐Crystal Material with Highly Polar Order
Authors: Nishikawa Hiroya , Shiroshita Kazuya , Higuchi Hiroki , Okumura Yasushi , Haseba Yasuhiro , Yamamoto Shin‐ichi , Sago Koki , Kikuchi Hirotsugu 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAn anomalously large dielectric permittivity of ≈104 is found in the mesophase temperature range (MP phase) wherein high fluidity is observed for a liquid‐crystal compound having a 1,3‐dioxane unit in the mesogenic core (DIO). In this temperature range, no sharp X‐ray diffraction peak is observed at both small and wide Bragg angles, similar to that for a nematic phase; however, an inhomogeneous sandy texture or broken Schlieren one is observed via polarizing optical microscopy, unlike that for a conventional nematic phase. DIO exhibits polarization switching with a large polarization value, i.e., P = 4.4 µC cm−2, and a parallelogram‐shaped polarization–electric field hysteresis loop in the MP phase. The inhomogeneously aligned DIO in the absence of an electric field adopts a uniform orientation along an applied electric field when field‐induced polarization switching occurs. Furthermore, sufficiently larger second‐harmonic generation is observed for DIO in the MP phase. Second‐harmonic‐generation interferometry clearly shows that the sense of polarization is inverted when the +/− sign of the applied electric field in MP is reversed. These results suggest that a unidirectional, ferroelectric‐like parallel polar arrangement of the molecules is generated along the director in the MP phase.
Stimulated Transitions of Directed Nonequilibrium Self‐Assemblies
Authors: Steinschulte Alexander A. , Scotti Andrea , Rahimi Khosrow , Nevskyi Oleksii , Oppermann Alex , Schneider Sabine , Bochenek Steffen , Schulte Marie F. , Geisel Karen , Jansen Felicitas , Jung Andre , Mallmann Sabrina , Winter Roland , Richtering Walter , Wöll Dominik , Schweins Ralf , Warren Nicholas J. , Plamper Felix A. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractNear‐equilibrium stimulus‐responsive polymers have been used extensively to introduce morphological variations in dependence of adaptable conditions. Far‐less‐well studied are triggered transformations at constant conditions. These require the involvement of metastable states, which are either able to approach the equilibrium state after deviation from metastability or can be frozen on returning from nonequilibrium to equilibrium. Such functional nonequilibrium macromolecular systems hold great promise for on‐demand transformations, which result in substantial changes in their material properties, as seen for triggered gelations. Herein, a diblock copolymer system consisting of a hydrophilic block and a block that is responsive to both pressure and temperature, is introduced. This species demonstrates various micellar transformations upon leaving equilibrium/nonequilibrium states, which are triggered by a temperature deflection or a temporary application of hydrostatic pressure.