bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of emergency care in Kenyan communities lacking access to formalised emergency medical systems: a qualitative study
Authors: Broccoli Morgan C , Calvello Emilie J B , Skog Alexander P , Wachira Benjamin , Wallis Lee A 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesWe undertook this study in Kenya to understand the community's emergency care needs and barriers they face when trying to access care, and to seek community members’ thoughts regarding high impact solutions to expand access to essential emergency services.DesignWe used a qualitative research methodology to conduct 59 focus groups with 528 total Kenyan community member participants. Data were coded, aggregated and analysed using the content analysis approach.SettingParticipants were uniformly selected from all eight of the historical Kenyan provinces (Central, Coast, Eastern, Nairobi, North Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley and Western), with equal rural and urban community representation.ResultsSocioeconomic and cultural factors play a major role both in seeking and reaching emergency care. Community members in Kenya experience a wide range of medical emergencies, and seem to understand their time-critical nature. They rely on one another for assistance in the face of substantial barriers to care—a lack of: system structure, resources, transportation, trained healthcare providers and initial care at the scene.ConclusionsAccess to emergency care in Kenya can be improved by encouraging recognition and initial treatment of emergent illness in the community, strengthening the pre-hospital care system, improving emergency care delivery at health facilities and creating new policies at a national level. These community-generated solutions likely have a wider applicability in the region.
A new classification of HLA-DRB1 alleles based on acid–base properties of the amino acids located at positions 13, 70 and 71: impact on ACPA status or structural progression, and meta-analysis on 1235 patients with rheumatoid from two cohorts (ESPOIR and EAC cohort)
Authors: Ruyssen-Witrand Adeline , van Steenbergen Hanna W , van Heemst Jurgen , Gourraud Pierre-Antoine , Nigon Delphine , Lukas Cédric , Miceli-Richard Corinne , Jamard Bénédicte , Cambon-Thomsen Anne , Cantagrel Alain , Dieudé Philippe , van der Helm-van Mil Annette H M , Constantin Arnaud 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveTo groupHLA-DRB1alleles based on acid–base properties of amino acids at positions 13, 70 and 71 and analyse their association with the presence of anticitrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) and structural progression in 2 cohorts of early rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsPatients with RA (N=612) from ESPOIR cohort and from EAC cohort (n=624) were genotyped forHLA-DRB1alleles. The alleles containing the RAA sequence at positions 72–74 were classified into 3 groups according to the amino acid at positions 13, 70 and 71: BB encoding basic amino acids at positions 13, 70 and 71; A encoding acidic amino acids at positions 70 and 71; and BN encoding either neutral amino acids at position 13 and basic amino acids at positions 70 and 71, or basic amino acid at position 13 and neutral amino acids at positions 70 and 71. The associations between the different alleles and (1) the ACPA presence, and (2) the structural progression were assessed by χ2test; a meta-analysis was performed on the 2 cohorts using the Mantel-Haenszel method.ResultsAfter meta-analysis, BB alleles were significantly associated with ACPA presence (OR (95% CI) 4.08 (3.14 to 5.31)) and structural progression (OR (95% CI) 2.33 (1.76 to 3.09)). The alleles protected significantly against ACPA presence (OR (95% CI) 0.37 (0.28 to 0.50)) and structural progression (OR (95% CI) 0.34 (0.23 to 0.50)). This acid–base classification allowed to separate another group BN with an intermediate risk of ACPA production (OR (95% CI) 1.14 (0.91 to 1.44)) and structural progression (OR (95% CI) 1.01 (0.77 to 1.33)).ConclusionsThis new classification permitted to make a hierarchy ofHLA-DRB1alleles in terms of association with ACPA presence or structural progression in early RA.
An Improved Online Algorithm for the Online Preemptive Scheduling of Equal-Length Intervals on a Single Machine with Lookahead
Authors: Li Wenjie , Yuan Jinjiang 
Published: January 2016

This paper studies the online preemptive scheduling of equal-length intervals on a single machine with lookahead. Let [Formula: see text] be the length (processing time) of all intervals. In the problem, at every time point [Formula: see text], online algorithms can foresee all the intervals that will arrive in the time segment [Formula: see text] for a certain [Formula: see text]. When [Formula: see text], Zheng et al. [Comput- ers & Operations Research, 2013] established a lower bound of [Formula: see text] and provided an online algorithm with a competitive ratio of 3. In this paper, we provide for this problem an improved online algorithm with a competitive ratio of 2.
Generalization of the Yang–Mills theory
Authors: Savvidy G. 
Published: January 2016

We suggest an extension of the gauge principle which includes tensor gauge fields. In this extension of the Yang–Mills theory the vector gauge boson becomes a member of a bigger family of gauge bosons of arbitrary large integer spins. The proposed extension is essentially based on the extension of the Poincaré algebra and the existence of an appropriate transversal representations. The invariant Lagrangian is expressed in terms of new higher-rank field strength tensors. It does not contain higher derivatives of tensor gauge fields and all interactions take place through three- and four-particle exchanges with a dimensionless coupling constant. We calculated the scattering amplitudes of non-Abelian tensor gauge bosons at tree level, as well as their one-loop contribution into the Callan–Symanzik beta function. This contribution is negative and corresponds to the asymptotically free theory. Considering the contribution of tensorgluons of all spins into the beta function we found that it is leading to the theory which is conformally invariant at very high energies. The proposed extension may lead to a natural inclusion of the standard theory of fundamental forces into a larger theory in which vector gauge bosons, leptons and quarks represent a low-spin subgroup. We consider a possibility that inside the proton and, more generally, inside hadrons there are additional partons — tensorgluons, which can carry a part of the proton momentum. The extension of QCD influences the unification scale at which the coupling constants of the Standard Model merge, shifting its value to lower energies.
Deletion of Hyaluronan Synthase 3 Inhibits Neointimal Hyperplasia in Mice
Authors: Kiene Lena S. , Homann Susanne , Suvorava Tatsiana , Rabausch Berit , Müller Julia , Kojda Georg , Kretschmer Inga , Twarock Sören , Dai Guang , Deenen René , Hartwig Sonja , Lehr Stefan , Köhrer Karl , Savani Rashmin C. , Grandoch Maria , Fischer Jens W. 
Published: January 2016

Objective—
Hyaluronan (HA) is a polymeric glucosaminoglycan that forms a provisional extracellular matrix in diseased vessels. HA is synthesized by 3 different HA synthases (HAS1, HAS2, and HAS3). Aim of this study was to unravel the role of the HAS3 isoenzyme during experimental neointimal hyperplasia.

Approach and Results—

Neointimal hyperplasia was induced in
Has3
-deficient mice by ligation of the carotid artery. HA in the media of
Has3
-deficient mice was decreased 28 days after ligation, and neointimal hyperplasia was strongly inhibited. However, medial and luminal areas were unaffected. Cell density, proliferation, and apoptosis were not altered, suggesting a proportional decrease of both, the number of cells and extracellular matrix. In addition, endothelial function as determined by acetylcholine-induced relaxation of aortic rings, immunoblotting of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and arterial blood pressure were not affected. Furthermore, the oxidative stress response was not affected as determined in total protein extracts from aortae. Transcriptome analysis comparing control versus ligated carotid arteries hinted toward a mitigated differential regulation of various signaling pathways in
Has3
-deficient mice in response to ligation that were related to vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration, including focal adhesions, integrins, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and phosphatidylinositol signaling system. Lentiviral overexpression of
HAS3
in VSMC supported the migratory phenotype of VSMC in response to platelet-derived growth factor BB in vitro. Accordingly, knockdown of
HAS3
reduced the migratory response to platelet-derived growth factor BB and in addition decreased the expression of
PDGF-B
mRNA.

Conclusions—
HAS3-mediated HA synthesis after vessel injury supports seminal signaling pathways in activation of VSMC, increases platelet-derived growth factor BB–mediated migration, and in turn enhances neointimal hyperplasia in vivo.
Assessing Surface Solar Radiation Fluxes in the CMIP Ensembles
Authors: Loew Alexander , Andersson Axel , Trentmann Jörg , Schröder Marc 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Earth system models are indispensable tools in climate studies. The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) is a coordinated effort of the Earth system modeling community to intercompare existing models. An accurate simulation of surface solar radiation fluxes is of major importance for the accuracy of simulations of the near-surface climate in Earth system models. The present study provides a quantitative assessment of the accuracy and multidecadal changes of surface solar radiation fluxes for model results from two phases of CMIP. The entire archives of phase 5 of CMIP (CMIP5) and its predecessor phase 3 (CMIP3) are analyzed for present-day climate conditions. A relative model ranking is provided, and its uncertainty is quantified using different global observational records. It is shown that the choice of an observational dataset can have a major influence on relative model ranking between CMIP models. However the multidecadal variability of surface solar radiation fluxes, also known as global “dimming” or “brightening,” is largely underestimated by the CMIP models.
The Positive North Atlantic Oscillation with Downstream Blocking and Middle East Snowstorms: Impacts of the North Atlantic Jet
Authors: Yao Yao , Luo Dehai , Dai Aiguo , Feldstein Steven B. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
A recent study revealed that cold winter outbreaks over the Middle East and southeastern Europe are caused mainly by the northeast–southwest (NE–SW) tilting of European blocking (EB) associated with the positive-phase North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO+). Here, the North Atlantic conditions are examined that determine the EB tilting direction, defined as being perpendicular to the dipole anomaly orientation. Using daily reanalysis data, the NAO+ events are classified into strong (SJN) and weak (WJN) North Atlantic jet types. A composite analysis shows that the EB is generally stronger and located more westward and southward during SJN events than during WJN events. During SJN events, the NAO+ and EB dipoles exhibit NE–SW tilting, which leads to strong cold advection and large negative temperature anomalies over the Middle East and southeastern Europe. In contrast, northwest–southeast (NW–SE) tilting without strong negative temperature anomalies over the Middle East is seen during WJN events.
A nonlinear multiscale interaction model is modified to investigate the physical mechanism through which the North Atlantic jet (NAJ) affects EB with the NAO+ event. It is shown that, when the NAJ is stronger, an amplified EB event forms because of enhanced NAO+ energy dispersion. For a strong (weak) NAJ, the EB tends to occur in a relatively low-latitude (high latitude) region because of the suppressive (favorable) role of intensified (reduced) zonal wind in high latitudes. It exhibits NE–SW (NW–SE) tilting because the blocking region corresponds to negative-over-positive (opposite) zonal wind anomalies. The results suggest that the NAJ can modulate the tilting direction of EB, leading to different effects over the Middle East.
The predictive value of low plasma copper and high plasma zinc in detecting zinc-induced copper deficiency
Authors: Duncan Andrew , Talwar Dinesh , Morrison Ian 
Published: January 2016

Background Zinc-induced copper deficiency is a condition whose diagnosis is often delayed allowing severe and usually irreversible neurology symptoms to develop. Plasma copper concentrations are usually low and plasma zinc concentrations high. The aim of this study was to measure the predictive value of this combination of results as a means of facilitating its early diagnosis. Methods Low plasma copper (≤6  µmol/L) and high plasma zinc results (>18  µmol/L) were retrieved from the laboratory database from 2000 to 2014. Medical records and laboratory notes of the corresponding 20 patients found were accessed to determine which were likely to have zinc-induced copper deficiency. Results Fifteen (75%) patients were diagnosed with zinc-induced copper deficiency which was symptomatic in 13. Of the five remaining patients, two were treated with zinc because of Wilson’s disease which was the cause of hypocupraemia, two were treated parenterally with zinc, and insufficient information was available in the final patient. Conclusions The combination of a low plasma copper and high plasma zinc is strongly predictive for the diagnosis of zinc-induced copper deficiency. There is the therefore an opportunity for the reporting biochemist to facilitate in its earlier diagnosis so enabling treatment to be implemented before the condition deteriorates.
Primary antiphospholipid syndrome: absence of premature atherosclerosis in patients without traditional coronary artery disease risk factors
Authors: Andrade D , Bortolotto L , Bonfá E , Borba E 
Published: January 2016

Objective To investigate if patients with Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome (PAPS) with venous and/or arterial thrombosis without traditional coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors develop early atherosclerotic vascular damage. Methods 27 female patients with PAPS (Sidney criteria) and 27 age, body mass index (BMI), and sex matched controls were consecutively selected. Exclusion criteria were: black race, age ≥55 years, traditional cardiovascular risk factors, other thrombophilias or connective tissue diseases, corticosteroids use and pregnancy. All subjects underwent Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) and Echo-Tracking (ET), both in carotidal bed, to analyse vascular functional properties. Results Age ( p = 0.92) and BMI ( p = 0.91) were comparable in both groups. PAPS patients and controls had similar PWV (9.07 ± 1.08 m/s vs 9.42 ± 1.47 m/s, p = 0.34) as well as echo tracking parameters such as intima-media thickness (683 ± 171 µm vs 636 ± 140 µm, p = 0.52), carotideal diameter ( p = 0.26), distensibility ( p = 0.92), compliance coefficients ( p = 0.36) and elastic modulus ( p = 0.78). Patients with exclusively venous thrombosis showed lower PWV than patients with arterial thrombosis (8.55 ± 0.70 m/s vs 9.56 ± 0.94 m/s, p = 0.01), but no difference regarding intima-media thickness (683 ± 171 µm vs 636 ± 140 µm, p = 0.52) was observed. Conclusion Patients with PAPS do not seem to be at higher risk of developing premature atherosclerosis. Patients who suffered exclusively venous thrombosis seem to be at lower risk than those with exclusively arterial events. Other studies need to confirm our findings.
New high-strength low-alloy steels with improved mechanical properties and processability using materials by design
Authors: Grujicic Mica , Snipes JS , Ramaswami S 
Published: January 2016

New materials are traditionally developed using costly and time-consuming trial and error experimental efforts. This is followed by an even lengthier material-certification process. Consequently, it takes 10–20 years before a newly discovered material is commercially employed. An alternative approach to the development of new materials is the so-called materials-by-design approach within which a material is treated as a complex system and its design and optimization is carried out by employing computer-aided engineering analyses, predictive tools and available material databases. In the present work, the materials-by-design approach is utilized to redesign a grade of high-strength low-alloy steels with improved mechanical properties (primarily strength and fracture toughness), processability (e.g. castability, hot formability and weldability) and corrosion resistance. Toward that end, a number of material thermodynamics, kinetics of phase transformations, and physics of deformation and fracture computational models and databases have been developed/assembled and utilized within a multidisciplinary, two-level material-by-design optimization scheme. To validate the models, their prediction is compared against the experimental results for the related steel high-strength low-alloy 100. Then the optimization procedure is employed to determine the optimal chemical composition and the tempering schedule for a newly designed high-strength low-alloy steel grade with enhanced mechanical properties, processability and corrosion resistance.
Perspectives from the Field
Authors: Sullivan Kristen A. , Berger Miriam B. , Quinlivan Evelyn Byrd , Parnell Heather E. , Sampson Lynne A. , Clymore Jacquelyn M. , Wilkin Aimee M. 
Published: January 2016

Background: HIV testing and linkage to care are critical first steps along the care continuum. Targeted efforts are needed in the South to achieve the goals of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy, and qualitative examination of testing and linkage to care from the perspective of professionals in the field can provide nuanced insight into the strengths and limitations of a care system to inform improvement efforts. These issues are explored in North Carolina (NC), with potential applicability to other Southern states. Methods: Twenty-one interviews were conducted with professionals in the HIV prevention and care systems in NC. Interviews were analyzed for emergent themes. Results: Individuals’ access barriers, aspects of clinics and clinical care, challenges for community-based organizations, stigma, and the role of the NC Department of Health and Human Services were identified as themes affecting testing and linkage. Discussion: These findings can inform efforts to address HIV testing and linkage to care in NC. This approach may provide beneficial insight for other systems of care.
FOXO1 activation is an effector of SYK and AKT inhibition in tonic BCR signal-dependent diffuse large B-cell lymphomas
Authors: Szydlowski Maciej , Kiliszek Przemyslaw , Sewastianik Tomasz , Jablonska Ewa , Bialopiotrowicz Emilia , Gorniak Patryk , Polak Anna , Markowicz Sergiusz , Nowak Eliza , Grygorowicz Monika A. , Prochorec-Sobieszek Monika , Szumera-Cieckiewicz Anna , Malenda Agata , Lech-Maranda Ewa , Warzocha Krzysztof , Juszczynski Przemyslaw 
Published: January 2016

Key Points
In tonic BCR signal-dependent DLBCLs, FOXO1 is required for SYK and AKT inhibitor-induced toxicity.
Limiting hepatic Bmp-Smad signaling by matriptase-2 is required for erythropoietin-mediated hepcidin suppression in mice
Authors: Nai Antonella , Rubio Aude , Campanella Alessandro , Gourbeyre Ophélie , Artuso Irene , Bordini Jessica , Gineste Aurélie , Latour Chloé , Besson-Fournier Céline , Lin Herbert Y. , Coppin Hélène , Roth Marie-Paule , Camaschella Clara , Silvestri Laura , Meynard Delphine 
Published: January 2016

Key Points
Hyperactivation of the BMP-SMAD pathway blunts EPO-mediated hepcidin inhibition. Lack of BMP-SMAD pathway inhibition by matriptase-2 abrogates the ERFE-mediated hepcidin suppression in response to EPO.
The obese gut microbiome across the epidemiologic transition
Authors: Dugas Lara R. , Fuller Miles , Gilbert Jack , Layden Brian T. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe obesity epidemic has emerged over the past few decades and is thought to be a result of both genetic and environmental factors. A newly identified factor, the gut microbiota, which is a bacterial ecosystem residing within the gastrointestinal tract of humans, has now been implicated in the obesity epidemic. Importantly, this bacterial community is impacted by external environmental factors through a variety of undefined mechanisms. We focus this review on how the external environment may impact the gut microbiota by considering, the host’s geographic location ‘human geography’, and behavioral factors (diet and physical activity). Moreover, we explore the relationship between the gut microbiota and obesity with these external factors. And finally, we highlight here how an epidemiologic model can be utilized to elucidate causal relationships between the gut microbiota and external environment independently and collectively, and how this will help further define this important new factor in the obesity epidemic.
DSM-IV Axis II personality disorders and suicide and attempted suicide in China
Authors: Tong Yongsheng , Phillips Michael R. , Conner Kenneth R. 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundThere are meagre data on Axis II personality disorders and suicidal behaviour in China.AimsTo describe the prevalence of Axis II personality disorders in suicides and suicide attempts in China and to estimate risk for these outcomes associated with personality disorders.MethodPeople who died by suicide (n = 151), people who attempted suicide (n = 118) and living community controls (n = 140) were randomly sampled from four Chinese counties and studied using the Structured Clinical Interviews for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) and Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II). We also determined the prevalence of subthreshold versions of ten DSM-IV personality disorders.ResultsAxis II personality disorders were present in 7% of the suicide group, 6% of the suicide attempt group and 1% of the control group. Threshold and subthreshold personality disorders had adjusted odds ratios (point estimates) in the range of 2.7–8.0 for suicide and for suicide attempts.ConclusionsAxis II personality disorders may confer increased risk for suicidal behaviour in China, but their low prevalence in the community and among people with suicidal behaviour suggests that other personality constructs such as select dimensional traits may be a more fruitful avenue for understanding and preventing suicide in China.
Cultural differences in stigma surrounding schizophrenia: Comparison between Central Europe and North Africa
Authors: Angermeyer Matthias C. , Carta Mauro G. , Matschinger Herbert , Millier Aurélie , Refaï Tarek , Schomerus Georg , Toumi Mondher 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundExploring cultural differences may improve understanding about the social processes underlying the stigmatisation of people with mental illness.AimsTo compare public beliefs and attitudes about schizophrenia in Central Europe and North Africa.MethodRepresentative national population surveys conducted in Germany (2011) and in Tunisia (2012), using the same interview mode (face to face) and the same fully structured interview.ResultsIn Tunisia, respondents showed a stronger tendency to hold the person with schizophrenia responsible for the condition. At the same time they expressed more prosocial reactions and less fear than their German counterparts. In Germany, the desire for social distance was greater for more distant relationships, whereas in Tunisia this was the case for close, family-related relationships.ConclusionsStigma differs between Tunisia and Germany more in form than in magnitude. It manifests particularly in those social roles which ‘matter most’ to people within a given culture.