bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rhetoric and Visuality
Authors: Finnegan Cara A. 
Published: September 2017

If visuality is understood broadly as the practices, performances, and configurations of the appearances, then the relationship between rhetoric and visuality is as old as the art of rhetoric itself. The ancients tied rhetoric to the world of
mimesis
, or the appearances, rather than to the realm of philosophical truth; this relationship has often unfairly relegated both rhetoric and the visual to subordinate status in the Platonic regime of knowledge (Kennedy 2001). Yet in the ancient tradition the visual is constitutive of rhetoric in a number of ways (→ Rhetoric, Greek). The canon of delivery references visuality in its emphasis on gesture, movement, and performance (Kjeldsen 2003; → Delivery and Rhetoric; Gestures in Discourse). The trope of
ekphrasis
(literally “bringing‐before‐the‐eyes”) and Aristotle's notion of
phantasia
reference the ability of rhetoric to create → Images in the mind and cultivate affective grounds for judgment (O'Gorman 2005; → Pathos and Rhetoric; Rhetoric, Epideictic). Sight is framed as a powerful influence on persuasion by Quintilian, who divided images into the categories of pictorial images and mental images, and argued that the best orators created visions (
visiones
) in their listeners' minds (Scholz 2001; Kjeldsen 2003; → Rhetoric, Roman).
Rhetoric in Western Europe: Italy
Authors: Marazzini Claudio 
Published: September 2017

Rhetoric has been important for centuries in Italian literary culture. The first development of an Italian literary prose was thanks to a teacher of rhetoric in Bologna, Guido Faba: in the thirteenth century, he provided examples of elaborated prose in rhetorical models of letters and speeches. Other Italian works of the time represented a return to classical theory, with some limited innovation, such as
Il fiore di Rettorica
(before 1266), attributed to Guidotto da Bologna, or Brunetto Latini's
Rettorica
(c. 1260), a vernacular paraphrase and commentary on Cicero's
De inventione
(→ Rhetoric, Medieval). The
De vulgari eloquentia
(c. 1306) of Dante Alighieri was in part a treatise on rhetoric, in which, next to matters of a historical‐linguistic and metrical nature, four stylistic levels of a text are addressed: (1)
insipidus
, tasteless, grammatically correct, but qualitatively insignificant; (2)
et pure sapidus
, clear and tasteful, but scholastic, lacking in originality; (3)
sapidus et venustus
, tasteful and graceful, showing a good understanding of rhetoric; and (4)
excelsus
, the sublime style of the most illustrious writers, rich in the rhetorical ornaments necessary for perfection.
Right of Reply
Authors: Lee Jae‐Jin 
Published: September 2017

One of the fundamental goals of a legal system is to establish standards in reconciling competing social interests by weighing their relative values in a society. The same is applied to a society's libel laws, which provide a peaceful means for individuals to obtain vindication and compensation for their reputational harm and related losses. Therefore, libel laws furnish judicial remedies, based on such legislative acts as civil codes or press laws, to individuals whose reputational interests have been violated by the media in disseminating news (→ Libel and Slander). This is especially true of those countries where the right of reply is recognized as a way to resolve the conflicts between protection of reputation and freedom of the press (→ Right of Correction).
Risk Communication
Authors: Ruhrmann Georg 
Published: September 2017

Risk communication is a field of communications research that is used by a variety of professionals, including → Public Relations and other professionals involved in purposive communications in government and the private sector (→ Strategic Communication). Risk communication can be defined as a process that increases the selectivity of the → Perception and communication of decision consequences. The decision consequences experienced by the decision‐maker are based on “uncertainty” (Otway & Wynne 1989), a situation where actions have to be taken under conditions of incomplete information. The prominent theoretical concepts of risk communications are based on the sociology of risk (Luhmann 2005), as well as journalism research (Wilkins & Patterson 1991; Görke & Ruhrmann 2003).
Scales and Indices
Authors: Rössler Patrick 
Published: September 2017

Empirical communication and media research attempts to translate reality into data by means of measurement. To insure → reliability and → validity, this process is guided by rules. In the case of quantitative research (→ Quantitative Methodology), the rules tend to be standardized in order to keep results comparable across different instances of measurement (→ Measurement Theory). These standardized measurements can make use of the simple gauges employed in physics or engineering only occasionally, e.g., when the length of a newspaper article is determined with a ruler or the time people watch a TV program by a clock. Many concepts related to communication and media phenomena are complex in nature, for they refer to people's knowledge, intentions, emotions, or behavior. Thus they require more complex instruments for measurement, including different indicators (“latent variables”; Black 1999, 211; see also Bryman 2004, 66–69) to cover the multifaceted aspects of these concepts and to provide an indirect measurement for concepts that cannot be measured directly (Sullivan 2001, 159).
Schemas, Knowledge Structures, and Social Interaction
Authors: Hughes Mikayla 
Published: September 2017

Knowledge structures are mental representations of regularities believed to exist in social situations and people's dispositions and behaviors. Specifically, knowledge structures are generalized characterizations of some social entity or experience. Knowledge structures are also commonly referred to as → schemas. Scripts, plans, prototypes, and memory organization packets (MOPS) are among the different types of knowledge structures or schemas (→ Scripts). If communication is conceptualized as a prediction activity, then knowledge structures serve as a database of social information on which people can base their predictions of how to interact with others. Knowledge structures are a means for people to anticipate their own interaction goals and the goals of others, interpersonal behaviors, and outcomes that are likely to occur in social interactions. The manner in which people perceive social situations is influenced by knowledge structures. People view interactions in a manner that is consistent with their pre‐existing expectations. Additionally, a priori explanations of situations are based on schematically organized knowledge. For any specific social interaction, it is likely that multiple knowledge structures are activated.
Sensation Seeking
Authors: Zuckerman Marvin 
Published: September 2017

Sensation seeking is a basic personality trait that has been defined as “the seeking of varied, novel, complex, and intense sensations and experiences, and the willingness to take physical, social, legal, and financial risks for the sake of such experience” (Zuckerman 1994, 27). The test used to measure the construct, the
Sensation Seeking Scale
(SSS) has evolved from the first version, containing only a general scale, to form version V. The latter contains four subscales and a total score based on the sum of the subscales (→ Scales). The subscales are based on → factor analyses and the results have been replicated in forms developed in many other countries. They are: (1)
thrill and adventure seeking
(TAS), an expressed desire to engage in physical activities or sports which are sometimes risky but provide unusual sensations of speed or defiance of gravity (e.g., parachuting, scuba diving, downhill skiing); (2)
experience seeking
(ES): these items describe the seeking of sensations and experiences through the mind and the senses, as through music, art, and travel, and social nonconformity and unconventionality; (3)
disinhibition
(Dis), i.e., seeking sensation through social activities, sex, and drinking, and associating with people who share these hedonistic preferences; and (4)
boredom susceptibility
(BS), which represents an intolerance for repetitious experience or predictable and unexciting people. More recently, a scale for
impulsive sensation seeking
(ImpSS) has been developed as part of a five‐factor personality test (Zuckerman 2002).
Sexualization in the Media
Authors: Mendes Kaitlynn 
Published: September 2017

Sexualization is a concept used in communication research, primarily by feminist and gender studies researchers, to describe an increasingly close link between media images of men, women, and inanimate objects and human sexuality (→ Feminist and Gender Studies). Historical portrayals of sexuality tended to focus on psychological characteristics such as passivity and domesticity for women, and aggression and work for men. In recent years, representations of sexuality have centered on the eroticized body (Gill 2007; → Women in the Media, Images of). This is an important cultural shift, demonstrating an increase in the use of bodies and physicality to sell consumer products. The commoditization of sexuality increases as value and sexual appeal are linked. Additionally, developments in media production and technology, including satellite television and the Internet, have helped provide a cheap and easy forum for consumption, marketing, and distribution of sexualized images (Arthurs 2004).
Soap Operas
Authors: Livingstone Sonia 
Published: September 2017

Initially named after the soap manufacturers who advertised in the program breaks, the soap opera has long attracted among the largest audiences of any broadcast genres while being also widely reviled for its supposedly cheap, trashy, and repetitive content. The soap opera audience has, in consequence, received similar criticism, for being mindless, stereotyped, and vulnerable to mass persuasion. Since the 1970s, however, academic commentary, led significantly by the feminist revalorization of “women's genres,” though drawing also on the rise in active audience studies (or audience reception studies) during the 1980s and 1990s, has resulted in a rethinking of the genre (→ Audiences, Female; Genre; Women's Media Genres). This has permitted recognition of the genre's narrative complexity and depth of characterization, its treatment of the moral dilemmas of daily life, and the many satisfactions that audiences obtain from the soap opera.
Social Support in Health Communication
Authors: Arora Neeraj K. 
Published: September 2017

Interest in social support as an important determinant of people's health stemmed from a number of influential papers published in the 1970s (e.g., Cobb

). These early writings suggested that people's interpersonal relationships with members of their → social network can reduce the negative impact of stress on their health. The specific mechanisms by which these relationships buffer the impact of stress were collectively termed “social support” (Wortman

).
Socialization by the Media
Authors: Nathanson Amy I. 
Published: September 2017

The mass media can play a significant role in shaping the social attitudes and social behaviors of children and adolescents. These effects are distinct from more general media effects that do not involve attitudes toward or behaviors with others, such as purchasing behaviors or learning educational content (→ Advertising as Persuasion; Educational Television, Children's Responses to; Sesame Street). Although parents exert the most influence on children, the mass media can be considered secondary agents of socialization. Research has found that mass media use, especially exposure to television, can affect the development of children's self‐image, attitudes toward others, and interpersonal behaviors. Researchers also have studied the role of media in youth's development of political attitudes and behaviors.
Spectator Gaze
Authors: Sturken Marita 
Published: September 2017

The concept of the spectator gaze was central to the development of theories of → cinema and art history, emerging primarily in the 1970s. Its origins most likely lie in Jean‐Paul Sartre's theory of the look (in French,le regard) and the extension of that theory into psychoanalytic theory by Jacques Lacan. This theory postulates the position of an idealized spectator (of cinema, for instance) and the idea that an image (still or moving) is defined by a particular kind of gaze upon it (→ Film Theory).
Statistics, Descriptive
Authors: Scheufele Bertram 
Published: September 2017

The original purpose of statistics was collecting data for government and administration. Thus, the term is used for, e.g., employment data or for censuses in general that provide data (statistics) about a population or nation. Scientifically, the term stands for different forms of presenting empirical data in charts, diagrams, or tables as well as for an academic discipline. In this respect, statistics is part of mathematics, but also an auxiliary discipline for other academic disciplines like communication research. Statistics serves for analyzing, presenting, and interpreting empirical data that have been collected by applying quantitative methods (→ Quantitative Methodology; Research Methods) like → Surveys, content analyses (→ Content Analyses, Quantitative), or → observations in → experimental designs or field studies (→ Field Research). Statistics comprises of descriptive and explanatory procedures and aspects (→ Statistics, Explanatory).
Strategic Communication
Authors: Holtzhausen Derina 
Published: September 2017

Strategic communication is the study of how organizations or communicative entities communicate deliberately to reach set goals. Although the term “strategic communication” has been in use for years, scholars are only now fully engaged in defining the field and its theoretical influences. Traditionally communication in its organizational context has been studied through various disciplines academically and functionally scattered over domains from management communication, → Marketingcommunication, → advertising, → Public Relations, technical communication, → Organizational Communication, and → Political Communication, to → Information or → social marketing campaigns (Hallahan et al. 2007; → Social Movements and Communication). It also covers the full spectrum of economic and social sectors, such as trade and industry, politics, nonprofit, government agencies, activist groups, and even celebrities in the sports and entertainment industries, all referred to here as communicative entities.
Survey
Authors: Traugott Michael W. 
Published: September 2017

Surveys are one of the standard forms of collecting data on individuals. The process is uniquely suited to the collection of knowledge, attitudes, and opinions, but there are many circumstances where it is the only way to obtain information about behaviors as well. Surveys are sometimes distinguished from polls (→ Public Opinion Polling) because they are more likely to be conducted by academic than commercial researchers or because they tend to be longer. This distinction is not applied here.
Symbolic Convergence Theory
Authors: Shields Donald C. 
Published: September 2017

Symbolic convergence theory (SCT), a general communication theory (→ Communication Theory and Philosophy), explains the emergence of a common symbolic consciousness – one that contains shared meanings, → emotions, values, and motives for human action – among participants in a small group (→ Group Communication), organization (→ Organizational Communication), or other rhetorical community. SCT, as developed by Ernest Bormann, John Cragan, and Donald Shields, among others, is a message‐centered theory grounded through the observation of symbolic facts in communication. Observers noted the sharing of dramatized messages, called fantasy themes, within small‐group communication, in mediated communication, and among the communicating memberships of organizations and other large publics (→ Rhetoric and Narrativity; Storytelling and Narration). Within each context, researchers found that people shared, reiterated, and wove fantasy themes to form a larger, more complex view of reality called a
rhetorical vision
(e.g., the Cold War, global warming, or neo‐conservatism).
A rhetorical vision
contains many fantasy themes that depict heroes and villains in dramatic action within a scene. Within a group such a vision establishes identity, cohesion, and culture (→ Culture: Definitions and Concepts).
Tabloidization
Authors: Bird S. Elizabeth 
Published: September 2017

“Tabloidization” is a vaguely defined term that since the 1980s has been used to describe stylistic and content changes in → Journalism, usually perceived as representing a decline in traditional journalistic standards (→ Quality of the News). To grasp the significance of the term, it is first essential to understand its root form – the tabloid (→ Tabloid Press).
Taste Culture
Authors: Crane Diana 
Published: September 2017

The idea that →
Popular Culture
consists of distinct “taste cultures” was developed by Herbert Gans (

) as an alternative to the then dominant theory of mass culture. Mass culture theorists (Horkheimer & Adorno

) viewed popular culture as a commercial enterprise that represented a debased form of high culture. They claimed that mass culture targeted a mass audience that was passive and uncritical and thus susceptible to mass persuasion, with potentially dangerous consequences for society as a whole (→ Culture: Definitions and Concepts).
Technology, Social Construction of
Authors: Bijker Wiebe E. 
Published: September 2017

The social construction of technology (SCOT) is one approach among several constructivist ways of studying science and technology that emerged in the 1980s. Here, “constructivist” means that the truth of scientific facts and the working of technical artifacts are studied as accomplishments; that is, as being constructed, rather than as intrinsic properties of those facts and machines (→ Constructivism).
Text and Intertextuality
Authors: Bruhn Jensen Klaus 
Published: September 2017

Texts are vehicles of meaning in human expression and communication. Growing out of centuries of literary, → hermeneutic, and other humanistic scholarship, the concept was originally reserved for written and other verbal messages. From the 1960s onwards, however,
texts
came to denote all meaningful entities, including images, everyday interaction, and cultural → artifacts generally (→ Modality and Multimodality), as examined through increasingly interdisciplinary approaches in communication and related fields.
In‐Plane Micro‐Supercapacitors for an Integrated Device on One Piece of Paper
Authors: Guo Ruisheng , Chen Jiangtao , Yang Bingjun , Liu Lingyang , Su Lijun , Shen Baoshou , Yan Xingbin 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPortable and wearable sensors have attracted considerable attention in the healthcare field because they can be worn or implanted into a human body to monitor environmental information. However, sensors cannot work independently and require power. Flexible in‐plane micro‐supercapacitor (MSC) is a suitable power device that can be integrated with sensors on a single chip. Meanwhile, paper is an ideal flexible substrate because it is cheap and disposable and has a porous and rough surface that enhances interface adhesion with electronic devices. In this study, a new strategy to integrate MSCs, which have excellent electrochemical and mechanical performances, with sensors on a single piece of paper is proposed. The integration is achieved by printing Ni circuit on paper without using a precoating underlay. Ink diffusion is also addressed to some degree. Meanwhile, a UV sensor is integrated on a single paper, and the as‐integrated device shows good sensing and self‐powering capabilities. MSCs can also be integrated with a gas sensor on one‐piece paper and can be charged by connecting it to a solar cell. Thus, it is potentially feasible that a flexible paper can be used for integrating MSCs with solar cell and various sensors to generate, store, and use energy.
Improvement and Regeneration of Perovskite Solar Cells via Methylamine Gas Post‐Treatment
Authors: Hong Li , Hu Yue , Mei Anyi , Sheng Yusong , Jiang Pei , Tian Chengbo , Rong Yaoguang , Han Hongwei 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe control of film morphology is crucial in achieving high‐performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, the crystals of the perovskite films are reconstructed by post‐treating the MAPbI3 devices with methylamine gas, yielding a homogeneous nucleation and crystallization of the perovskite in the triple mesoscopic inorganic layers structured PSCs. As a result, a uniform, compact, and crystalline perovskite layer is obtained after the methylamine gas post‐treatment, yielding high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.26%, 128.8% higher than that of the device before processing. More importantly, this post‐treatment process allows the regeneration of the photodegraded PSCs via the crystal reconstruction and the PCE can recover to 91% of the initial value after two cycles of the photodegradation‐recovery process. This simple method allows for the regeneration of perovskite solar cells on site without reconstruction or replacing any components, thus prolonging the service life of the perovskite solar cells and distinguishing from any other photovoltaic devices in practice.
3D‐Printed All‐Fiber Li‐Ion Battery toward Wearable Energy Storage
Authors: Wang Yibo , Chen Chaoji , Xie Hua , Gao Tingting , Yao Yonggang , Pastel Glenn , Han Xiaogang , Li Yiju , Zhao Jiupeng , Fu Kun (Kelvin) , Hu Liangbing 
Published: September 2017

AbstractConventional bulky and rigid power systems are incapable of meeting flexibility and breathability requirements for wearable applications. Despite the tremendous efforts dedicated to developing various 1D energy storage devices with sufficient flexibility, challenges remain pertaining to fabrication scalability, cost, and efficiency. Here, a scalable, low‐cost, and high‐efficiency 3D printing technology is applied to fabricate a flexible all‐fiber lithium‐ion battery (LIB). Highly viscous polymer inks containing carbon nanotubes and either lithium iron phosphate (LFP) or lithium titanium oxide (LTO) are used to print LFP fiber cathodes and LTO fiber anodes, respectively. Both fiber electrodes demonstrate good flexibility and high electrochemical performance in half‐cell configurations. All‐fiber LIB can be successfully assembled by twisting the as‐printed LFP and LTO fibers together with gel polymer as the quasi‐solid electrolyte. The all‐fiber device exhibits a high specific capacity of ≈110 mAh g−1 at a current density of 50 mA g−1 and maintains a good flexibility of the fiber electrodes, which can be potentially integrated into textile fabrics for future wearable electronic applications.