bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lumières et élitisme dans les manuscrits clandestins
Authors: Benítez Miguel 
Published: June 2016

Miguel Benitez : Enlightenment and elitism in clandestine works.
The existence of clandestine literature indicates a desire to spread Enlightenment ; this desire is evident in the simple structure of these treatises, in the repeated attacks on obscure scholastic terminology and in the deliberate use of simple language. The Philosophe's duty was to teach the truth and he must write for the people. Yet we often find elitist declarations which cannot be explained by fear of persecution ; the belief that the people must be left in ignorance does not disappear as the century progresses, despite a relative liberalization of society. Apart from a radical minority, generally to be found in the first thirty years of the century, the aim of clandestine works was not to enlighten the people.
Le frère de Maupertuis et l'homme machine
Authors: Vartanian Aram 
Published: June 2016

Aram Vartanian : Maupertuis' brother and the «homme machine ».
Maupertuis' younger brother, Moreau de Saint-Elier, who is now all but forgotten, was the author of a Traité de la communication des maladies et des passions (1738). This work, which consists mainly of a discussion of the breast-feeding of infants, is one of the earliest crypto-materialist texts to be published in the Enlightenment. Saint-Elier 's exposed an «histoire naturelle de l'homme » (the phrase, which forms the book's sub-title, was his own) as the theoretical basis of his position against breast-feeding. Of more special interest are the close textual and thematic parallels between Saint-Elier's psychophysiological anthropology and La Mettrie's L'Homme machine (1747). These parallels assume greater significance when it is realized that La Mettrie and Maupertuis' brother must have known each other in Saint-Malo, and exchanged views on scientific and philosophical topics, in the period from 1734 to 1742.
Morelly pédagogue
Authors: Baudiffier Serge 
Published: June 2016

Serge Baudiffier : Morelly's pedagogy.
Morelly is known above all for his Utopian Code de la Nature ; however, his first two published works, the Essai sur l'esprit humain (1743) and the Essai sur le cœur humain (1745) are equally interesting, not only for the coherence of their pedagogical doctrine and the originality of the methods proposed, but also on account of their use of the new philosophy of sensualism. The development of Morelly's pedagogical ideas can be seen in the later works attributed to him, up to and including his Code , in which pedagogy is an important part of his Utopian construction.
Orgueil et sympathie. A propos de Marivaux
Authors: Molino Jean 
Published: June 2016

Jean Molino : Pride and sympathy : on Marivaux.
Marivaux's heroes are usually understood today through interpretations which see them as over-subtle consciences lost in introspection. This article proposes another approach. There are two contradictory impulses in the individual : on the one hand, love of self seeking victory over others, and on the other, sympathy which tries to establish contact with them. Self-knowledge is inseparable from knowledge of others. Marivaux's cogito is : I know others, who know me, therefore I am and I know myself. The individual only knows himself in and through others, in the conflict of two rivals' arrogance, and in the sympathy of souls in communion.
Le jardin de Julie
Authors: Blanc André 
Published: June 2016

André Blanc : Julie's garden.
A straightforward reading of the famous letter about Julie's garden in Clarens (La Nouvelle Héloïse, IV, Letter XI) is insufficient, for it is not a real landscape but the symbolic description of Julie's sexual organs. It is a hidden, closed, wet place, whose entry is difficult if not forbidden, without any phallic element (full-grown trees, straightlined avenues, or fountains), covered with bushes and creepers, cooled by meandering streams or still waters, and culminating in a woody hillock full of singing birds. Saint-Preux is allowed to enter this paradise in an innocent way and regress into a prenatal condition, thus transforming Julie from lover into mother.
Les Lettres françaises et germaniques de Mauvillon et leur réception en Allemagne
Authors: Krebs Roland 
Published: June 2016

Roland Krebs : Mauvillon's «Lettres françaises et germaniques » and their reception in Germany.
Mauvillon's work, a comparative study of the habits and culture of the French and the Germans, provoked a brief but violent quarrel when it appeared in Germany ; for the 10th German letter declared that the Germans lacked wit and taste and that their literature was worthless. This judgement — based on the norms of French classicism — aroused Gottsched and his followers (who however also defended the same aesthetic principles) to defend their national honour, while Bodmer and Breitinger (who were Swiss) supported Mauvillon. This conflict throws light on the situation of German literature around 1740 and on the difficulties it experienced in achieving international recognition.
Une erreur de Voltaire sur la Chine
Authors: Wenli Liu 
Published: June 2016

Liu Wenli : A Mistake by Voltaire concerning China.
In Chapter 39 of the Siècle de Louis XIV, Voltaire was mistaken as to the succession of the Emperor Kang-hi. He was not responsible for this mistake, which can be explained by an error in a Chinese character which altered the Emperor's last wishes. Voltaire's information, which came from European missionaries' accounts, was insufficiant for a clear view of events in China.
Cuisine et alimentation populaire à Paris
Authors: Roche Daniel 
Published: June 2016

Daniel Roche : The Parisian people's food.
The food of the common Paris people is one of the indications of the majority's life-style, and specifically, an expression of a style of consuming. For those who lived in a single room (that is, three-quarters of the population), the space devoted to culinary activities combined utility and the expression of values. Its organisation, furniture, the evolution of utensils during the century, show various changes which indicate both an improvement in living conditions due to an imitation of the habits of their superiors and the pauperisation of a large number by the deterioration of their economic situation. The superfluous and the necessary coexist in the people's cuisine, as do the ordinary and the extraordinary, to be seen in consuming habits, whether at home or in taverns.
Les cuisines régionales à travers les livres de recettes
Authors: Hyman Philip , Hyman Mary 
Published: June 2016

Philip and Mary Hyman : Regional cooking in French cookery books.
The aim of this study was to see which regions appeared most frequently in French 18th-century cookery books, and the characteristics of the more important appellations. Although recipe titles containing regional names were few, by the mid-century recipes called «à la provençale » were already by far the most numerous, followed by «périgourdine » and «flamande ». In order to discern the characteristics specifically associated with these «regional » recipes, we compared them with a control group called «à la bourgeoise » ; we noted which ingredients surpassed this «bourgeois » mean, to see what distinguished each region and thus how it was perceived by the readers of the cookery books.
Les cuisiniers anglais face à la cuisine française
Authors: Lehmann Gilly 
Published: June 2016

Gilly Lehmann : English cooks and French cuisine.
French food was fashionable in 18th-century England, and the aristocracy and their imitators demanded French dishes. English authors were therefore obliged to give French recipes, while their fear of losing their jobs to Frenchmen (plus traditional antipathy to things French) made them denounce French cooks and cuisine. This contradictory attitude led them to attack an imaginary French cuisine, moral values replacing culinary judgements. Meanwhile, they were accepting French dishes ; hostility disappears from English cookery books by 1770, to be replaced by approbation for frugal French eating habits. Thus, a new myth is being manufactured.
La cuisine janséniste
Authors: Cottret Monique 
Published: June 2016

Monique Cottret : Jansenist cooking.
The purpose of this study is threefold : (1) cooking is related to everyday charity and popular education in Jansenist petty schools ; (2) medicinal prescription in their eyes confirmed the usefulness of Lent and periods of fasting ; a holy and a healthy life were thereby reconciled ; (3) the increasingly dissident convulsionaries cooked strange broths, incorporating filth in beverages reminis¬ cent of witchcraft, quite unlike other Jansenists. Some of these quite unpalatable recipes are inserted, though on the whole plain, homely fare tended to predominate.
Esthétique et art culinaire
Authors: Knabe Peter-Eckhard 
Published: June 2016

Peter-Eckhard Knabe : Aesthetics and culinary art.
The birth of modern aesthetics as a philosophical discipline is the result of a development of 18th-century European thought. The thought of art theorists is above all imbued with empiricism and sensualism. In this philosophical current, the term «ragoût » for example becomes a metaphor for the work of art as such ; cookery thus becomes an art form on a level with painting or music. In his preface to La Science du Maître d'hôtel cuisinier (1749), Foncemagne situates culinary art in this modern current of thought.
Chardin ou la cuisine en peinture
Authors: Démoris René 
Published: June 2016

René Démoris : Chardin : cookery and painting.
A Freudian enquiry into symbolic values of food in Chardin's painting. Most of his still-lifes concern either the preparation (things to be cooked, utensils) or the consumption (cooked things, fruit) of food. Objects are limited in number and many recur ; they are devoid of value, beauty belonging only to the picture as a whole. An analysis of La Raie — a bleeding object — reveals in various pictures the unconscious theme of harm done to the maternal body (oral-sadistic stage). Thus the world of cooking and eating induces feelings of repulsion and fascination ; this is also conjured up by the feminine domestic ritual of food, in the interior scenes. The symbolic equivalence of house and mother leads us to consider Chardin's still-lifes as a symbolic reparation (in M. Klein's sense) of the maternal body.
La nourriture dans les romans d'Isabelle de Charrière
Authors: Didier Béatrice 
Published: June 2016

Béatrice Didier : Food in Mme de Charrière's novels.
In Isabelle de Charrière's novels, while meals are often mere social rites, food is not without significance ; it is a sign of her characters' fortunes (e.g. in Calliste's illness). It also has a political dimension, as for the «émigrés » whose misery is represented by food problems. In addition, all sorts of food are not equally important ; it can be analysed in terms of the dichotomy man/woman, or we can examine the role of characters as givers or receivers of food. Breast-feeding is discussed by I.C., who claims the right for the woman to decide. It is however difficult to discern a specifically feminine treatment of food ; she is remarkable nevertheless by the art with which she refines a romantic semiotics of food.
Sade ou l'alimentation générale
Authors: Bomel-Rainelli Béatrice 
Published: June 2016

Béatrice Bomel-Rainelli : Sade or general foodstuffs.
In Sade's works, food plays a part in erotic scenes, first as an addition to pleasure — different for the master and the victim — then as a rival to pleasure itself. If the choice of food and wines characterises the libertine, their denaturation and the redefinition of food that is thus brought about are even more characteristic of libertinism. Finally, food is seen as a philosophical weapon of materialism ; our bodies' reactions to the molecules which feed them show them to be equally material, and thus food. In addition, if food directs us towards good or evil, our choice of it demonstrates our liberty ; but what margin is left to our free will when our tastes originate in our fibres and organs ?
Deux budgets nobiliaires en Provence
Authors: Grassi Marie-Claire 
Published: June 2016

Marie-Claire Grassi : Two nobles' budgets in Provence.
A comparative analysis of budgets is always difficult, owing to differences in headings and in the numbers of individuals concerned. Nevertheless, two 18th-century documents — the budget of a counsellor in the Aix-en-Provence Parlement and that of a country gentleman — give some interesting results. The town budget is largely devoted to the ostentatious side of daily life (upkeep of the house, clothes) while food, essentially meat, is modest. The country budget, burdened with expenses and the upkeep of the land, allows for a richer and more varied diet. This example would perhaps indicate that good food was a compensation for the rural gentry.
Les académies espagnoles et la réforme pénale
Authors: Risco Antonio 
Published: June 2016

Antonio Risco : Spanish academies and penal reform.
This article highlights the existence in 18th-century Spain of a certain number of academies created by and for letrado lawyers, and it tries to discern their true significance — as pressure groups or State agencies — through a consideration of the question of penal reform. The issues of the codification of criminal law, of torture and witchcraft, and, through them, that of punishment, enable us to conclude that these academies were instruments of the State, leading figures and pawns in a movement whose internal logic led them to reconsider, but also to reinforce, the state machinery.
Un grand réformiste : le quaker John Bellers (1654-1725)
Authors: Carrive Paulette 
Published: June 2016

Paulette Carrive : The quaker John Bellers, a great reformer.
John Bellars (1654-1725), who inspired Robert Owen and whom Marx called «a phenomenon in political economy », is chiefly remembered for an educational scheme, embodied in what he called «a college of industry ». However, such a scheme presupposed a theoretical, moral and religious enquiry into the foundation of value, which is labour. It also implied a number of social and political reforms, among which the most important were a nation-wide organisation of health-care, the abolition of the death penalty and the edification of a European Community.
Grammaire et théorie du langage chez Buffier
Authors: Swiggers Pierre 
Published: June 2016

Pierre Swiggers : Buffier's grammar and language theory.
In 1709 Father Claude Buffier (1661-1737) published his Grammaire françoise sur un plan nouveau, which replaced Chiflet's (1659) in the Jesuit curriculum. Buffier's grammar, explicitly based on current French usage, was an attempt to lay down the principles of the French language, not by an appeal to abstract logical categories, but by a careful analysis and classification of observed grammatical structures. Central notions are : nom (the thematic subject), verbe (the predicate), modificatif (adverb, preposition or conjunction) and terme de supplément (imperative, interjection, interrogative or other elliptical expressions). Buffier's syntactical analyses are remarkable and original, not only because they show the variety of functions fulfilled by each part of speech, but also because they point to the specificity of each language, thus preparing the way for language typologies.
Raynal, Venture de Paradis et la Barbarie
Authors: Thomson Ann 
Published: June 2016

Ann Thomson : Raynal, Venture de Paradis and Barbary.
The aim of this study is to indicate the interest of Raynal's manuscripts in the Bibliothèque nationale which contain his articles on the Barbary States ; they develop the remarks in the Histoire des Deux-Indes and were published posthumously in 1826. These manuscripts contain the corrections and remarks made by Venture de Paradis, an orientalist and diplomat, and Raynal's subsequent alterations ; they thus enable us to study the difference in attitude between the 18th-century «philosophe » and Venture, who represents already the outlook of the nineteenth-century orientalist.
«Le monument du costume» de Rétif de la Bretonne
Authors: Bertrand Colette 
Published: June 2016

Colette Bertrand : Rétif de la Bretonne's «monument du costume ».
This analysis of Le Monument du Costume (1789), a neglected work by Rétif which accompanied etchings by J.-M. Moreau, attempts to show how all Rétifs texts are tightly linked by recurring themes, and how the whole can be seen as a kind of summary of many aspects of the author's thought. We find typical Rétif traits, such as the obsessional presence of women, a tendancy to be didactic, eroticism, spirited writing on contemporary problems and depiction of customs of his day. The article traces the itinerary of the work in the period 1775-1789, when it appeared in different versions with different titles, and sometimes anonymously. Finally, we see the obsessional nature of the central theme of Le Monument du Costume in all Rétifs works after 1772.
Présence de Rousseau dans les romans de jeunesse de Balzac
Authors: Trousson Raymond 
Published: June 2016

Raymond Trousson : Rousseau in Balzac's early works.
In the Notes philosophiques written in 1818-20 and in Sténie, an unfinished novel, Rousseau appears as one of the young Balzac's masters. In the many works composed between 1821 and 1827 (alone or with Le Poitevin de l'Egreville) we frequently find a Rousseau-like turn of phrase, borrowings of details and situations, «anarchistic » themes taken from the Discours sur l'origine de l'inégalité, denunciations of the evils of the social order, praise for natural goodness, or pedagogical and religious principles taken from Emile. These youthful works show the presence of a profound impregnation with Rousseau's works, which can still be seen in La Physiologie du mariage in 1829.
Dimitrie Cantemir, prince philosophe de Moldavie. Échos européens
Authors: Liu Nicolae 
Published: June 2016

Nicolae Liu : Dimitrie Cantemir, the Moldavian philosopher-prince and his
influence in Europe.
Dimitrie Cantemir, the Romanian philosopher, man of letters, scientist and politician, who symbolizes the transition from humanist to enlightened ruler in S.E. Europe, was well-known in the Republic of Letters. But his most famous book, The History of the Growth and Decay of the Ottoman Empire, was only published posthumously in London in 1734 (the same year as Montesquieu's Considérations...). Voltaire appreciated the work, which was lent to him by Dimitrie's son Antioch, and which led to an interesting and neglected exchange of letters. Until the middle of the 19th Century, other French, English, German and Russian men of letters were interested in this expert on Islam, who thus helped develop East-West relations.
La revanche de l'inconscient. D'Alembert vu par Diderot
Authors: Casini Paolo 
Published: June 2016

Paolo Casini : D'Alembert as seen by Diderot
Through an analysis of some passages from the Discours préliminaire, the Prospectus and the articles Geometry and Encyclopedia, we can see a subtle controversy between d'Alembert and Diderot. This was only the beginning of a much more radical divergence which was to separate them around 1760. In the Rêve de d'Alembert (whose suppression d'Alembert requested) Diderot exploited certain problems and weaknesses of d'Alembert's epistemological reflections in the second edition of his Essai sur les éléments de philosophie (1767). Diderot puts into his character's mouth an involuntary self-criticism, denouncing the limits of his own sceptical phenomenism. The mechanism of the dream penetrates beneath the sphere of consciousness and reveals the irrational roots of reasoning dictated by "nature".
De quelques embarras dans le Traité de dynamique
Authors: Costabel Pierre 
Published: June 2016

Pierre Costabel : D'Alembert's hesitations in the «traité de dynamique ».
The additions inserted by d'Alembert in the second edition of his Traité de Dynamique are mainly concerned with providing further justification of the two laws which clarify Newtonian inertia. A study of the texts reveals d'Alembert's desire to effect this justification with as few principles as possible, but also shows that the result is in part illusory. In addition, the "sole consideration of movement" that he claims as the basis for his reasoning reveals a curious hesitation as to the physical application of mathematical analysis ; as however this hesitation is also that of his time, his merit is indisputable.
Rapport des mathématiques et de la physique chez d'Alembert
Authors: Paty Michel 
Published: June 2016

Michel Paty : The relationship between mathematics and physics in d'Alembert's thought.
The problem of the relationship between mathematics and physics — which recurs with every advance in each of the two branches — is here studied in the case of d'Alembert. The article first analyses his own practice in physics and mathematics, in which each contributes to the other's development (a concrete conception of mathematics and a mathematisation of rational physics by abstraction and unity) ; it then examines his theory of the relationship between the two, which is obviously linked to the science of principles, in other words d'Alembert's conception of metaphysics.
La querelle des inversions
Authors: Dominicy Marc 
Published: June 2016

Marc Dominicy : The problem of inversions.
The aim of this article is to describe d'Alembert's approach to the celebrated problem of word order and so-called "inversions". It shows that his theory rests on four "axioms" which were generally accepted during the 18th Century : (i) words signify ideas ; (ii) meaning is compositional ; (iii) thought proves to be nonlinear, at least to some extent ; (iv) it is possible to define a "natural" ordering of ideas, in relation to a syntactic theory. D'Alembert's originality stems from his awareness of the limits of such an analysis, and from the epistemological background of his grammatical reflections.
De la mécanique à l'histoire
Authors: Brunetti Franz 
Published: June 2016

Franz Brunetti : From mechanics to history.
The 18th-century idea of a unified organic world, like a chain of beings, with its totalising vision of rationality, may seem incompatible with the age's daring criticism. D'Alembert's writings throw light on this problem, for although insisting in his Discours préliminaire on the order and interrelation of human knowledge, he was finally forced to abandon his attempt to construct a genealogical tree of discoveries. The limits of reason can be seen in relation to history, in the gap between historical events and the ideal progression of historical time. We must distinguish between history as an account of letters or sciences and history as events ; history is not a projection of rationality in time. D'Alembert is forced to acknowledge the particular character of historical reason, constructed from situations which gradually determine each other.
D'Alembert et l'esthétique
Authors: Chouillet Jacques 
Published: June 2016

Jacques Chouillet : D'Alembert and aesthetics.
D'Alembert did not develop an aesthetic theory of his own, but he gave his opinion on the aesthetic problems of his day. His tone varies according to whether he is writing for the Encyclopédie or officiating as Secretary of the Academie Française. The excesses of the Discours préliminaire reflect those of empericism ; if all our knowledge comes from the senses, then the only conceivable beauty is the imitation of nature. Hence he favours the imitative arts and neglects music. despite his (relative) admiration for J. -P. Rameau. In contrast, the academician's reflections on "taste" in general and on the need for moderation in literary judgements are part of an established tradition which is combined skilfully, in the Academy's "Éloges", with his frequently cutting irony. On the whole, d'Alembert's development brought him ever closer to a literary conservatism, tempered by his fundamental scepticism.