bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Pointing Error on the BER Performance of an Optical CDMA FSO Link with SIK Receiver
Authors: Nazrul Islam A. K. M. , Majumder S. P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn analytical approach is presented for an optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) system over free space optical (FSO) channel considering the effect of pointing error between the transmitter and the receiver. Analysis is carried out with an optical sequence inverse keying (SIK) correlator receiver with intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) to find the bit error rate (BER) with pointing error. The results are evaluated numerically in terms of signal-to-noise plus multi-access interference (MAI) ratio, BER and power penalty due to pointing error. It is noticed that the OCDMA FSO system is highly affected by pointing error with significant power penalty at a BER of 10
Applying profile- and catchment-based mathematical models for evaluating the run-off from a Nordic catchment
Authors: Farkas Csilla , Kværnø Sigrun H. , Engebretsen Alexander , Barneveld Robert , Deelstra Johannes 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Knowledge of hydrological processes and water balance elements are important for climate adaptive water management as well as for introducing mitigation measures aiming to improve surface water quality. Mathematical models have the potential to estimate changes in hydrological processes under changing climatic or land use conditions. These models, indeed, need careful calibration and testing before being applied in decision making. The aim of this study was to compare the capability of five different hydrological models to predict the runoff and the soil water balance elements of a small catchment in Norway. The models were harmonised and calibrated against the same data set. In overall, a good agreement between the measured and simulated runoff was obtained for the different models when integrating the results over a week or longer periods. Model simulations indicate that forest appears to be very important for the water balance in the catchment, and that there is a lack of information on land use specific water balance elements. We concluded that joint application of hydrological models serves as a good background for ensemble modelling of water transport processes within a catchment and can highlight the uncertainty of models forecast.
A study on controlling Setaria viridis and Corchorus olitorius associated with Phaseolus vulgaris growth using natural extracts of Chenopodium album
Authors: El-Rokiek Kowthar Gad , El-Din Samia Amin Saad , Shehata Abeer Nasr , El-Sawi Salma Ahmed Mahmoud 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The effects of water extracts of Chenopodium album leaves and roots on the growth of grass weed (Setaria viridis) and broad leaf weed (Corchorus olitorius) grown with beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in greenhouse pots were studied in the National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt. In this experiment fresh leaf and root extracts and their corresponding dry leaf and root extracts at different concentrations were used. There were significant inhibitions in the dry weights of S. viridis and C. olitorius by all extracts at the flowering stage of beans and at harvest. The inhibition effect of all C. album extracts on both weeds (dry weight/pot) depended on the extracted plant organ (leaf or root), its fresh or dry form as well as its concentrations. The inhibition caused by the leaf extract was much higher on weed growth than that of root extract. A higher concentration of fresh leaf extract (25%) had the highest significant inhibition effect. The results also indicated that C. olitorius was more sensitive to the extracts than S. viridis. On the other hand, the inhibition effect of the extracts on the growth of both weeds was accompanied by increased bean growth and yield/plant. The analysis of both leaf and root extracts of C. album revealed that the total content of polyphenols and flavonoids in the leaf extract was more than triple that of the root extract. The results suggested that the fresh leaf extract of C. album may be a possible tool for the development of weed control using natural herbicides.
Compositional analysis of silicon oxide/silicon nitride thin films
Authors: Meziani Samir , Moussi Abderrahmane , Mahiou Linda , Outemzabet Ratiba 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHydrogen, amorphous silicon nitride (SiNx:H abbreviated SiNx) films were grown on multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) substrate by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) in parallel configuration using NH3/SiH4gas mixtures. The mc-Si wafers were taken from the same column of Si cast ingot. After the deposition process, the layers were oxidized (thermal oxidation) in dry oxygen ambient environment at 950 °C to get oxide/nitride (ON) structure. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) were employed for analyzing quantitatively the chemical composition and stoichiometry in the oxide-nitride stacked films. The effect of annealing temperature on the chemical composition of ON structure has been investigated. Some species, O, N, Si were redistributed in this structure during the thermal oxidation of SiNx. Indeed, oxygen diffused to the nitride layer into Si2O2N during dry oxidation.
Full Range of Motion Induces Greater Muscle Damage Than Partial Range of Motion in Elbow Flexion Exercise With Free Weights
Authors: Baroni Bruno M. , Pompermayer Marcelo G. , Cini Anelize , Peruzzolo Amanda S. , Radaelli Régis , Brusco Clarissa M. , Pinto Ronei S. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Baroni, BM, Pompermayer, MG, Cini, A, Peruzzolo, AS, Radaelli, R, Brusco, CM, and Pinto, RS. Full range of motion induces greater muscle damage than partial range of motion in elbow flexion exercise with free weights. J Strength Cond Res 31(8): 2223–2230, 2017—Load and range of motion (ROM) applied in resistance training (RT) affect the muscle damage magnitude and the recovery time-course. Because exercises performed with partial ROM allow a higher load compared with those with full ROM, this study investigated the acute effect of a traditional RT exercise using full ROM or partial ROM on muscle damage markers. Fourteen healthy men performed 4 sets of 10 concentric-eccentric repetitions of unilateral elbow flexion on the Scott bench. Arms were randomly assigned to partial-ROM (50–100°) and full-ROM (0–130°) conditions, and load was determined as 80% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) in the full- and partial-ROM tests. Muscle damage markers were assessed preexercise, immediately, and 24, 48, and 72 hours after exercise. Primary outcomes were peak torque, muscle soreness during palpation and elbow extension, arm circumference, and joint ROM. The load lifted in the partial-ROM condition (1RM = 19.1 ± 3.0 kg) was 40 ± 18% higher compared with the full-ROM condition (1RM = 13.7 ± 2.2 kg). Seventy-two hours after exercise, the full-ROM condition led to significant higher soreness sensation during elbow extension (1.3–4.1 cm vs. 1.0–1.9 cm) and smaller ROM values (97.5–106.1° vs. 103.6–115.7°). Peak torque, soreness from palpation, and arm circumference were statistically similar between conditions, although mean values in all time points of these outcomes have suggested more expressive muscle damage for the full-ROM condition. In conclusion, elbow flexion exercise with full ROM seems to induce greater muscle damage than partial-ROM exercises, even though higher absolute load was achieved with partial ROM.
Comparison of Three Timing Systems: Reliability and Best Practice Recommendations in Timing Short-Duration Sprints
Authors: Bond Colin W. , Willaert Emily M. , Noonan Benjamin C. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Bond, CW, Willaert, EM, and Noonan, BC. Comparison of three timing systems: reliability and best practice recommendations in timing short-duration sprints. J Strength Cond Res 31(4): 1062–1071, 2017—With the importance placed on athletic speed, it is important to use a valid and reliable timing system, particularly in sprints of short duration. Unfortunately, many of the commonly used timing systems have not been rigorously evaluated. This study aimed to compare results from a single-beam infrared photocell (PC), single-beam laser with a microprocessor (LA), and a previously validated video camera (VC) sacrum-based timing system; and in doing so, determine these systems' reliabilities, and establish best practices for increasing reliability. It was hypothesized that PC and LA times would be different from VC times and show reduced reliability compared with VC. Fifteen athletes performed 5 repetitions of a 60-foot maximal effort sprint with split times recorded for the first and second half. Photocell and LA full-time and first-half split times were significantly slower than VC (p < 0.001), but almost identical for the second half split (p = 0.08). Repeated sprint analysis showed that VC tended to have smaller SD compared with PC and LA for first-half split (0.05 vs. 0.08 vs. 0.09 seconds, respectively) and total time (0.09 vs. 0.10 vs. 0.11 seconds, respectively). Time differences were more dependent on initial forward lean and varying body segments triggering the beam, than on a systematic instrument error. The increased variability of PC and LA systems dampen the ability to determine whether meaningful change has occurred. The VC system allows for very valid and reliable measurements of an athlete's sprint time, especially in distances <30 feet.
Modeling Long-Term Deformations of Unbound Pavement Materials Using the Miniaturized Pressuremeter Creep Data
Authors: Shaban Alaa M. , Cosentino Paul J. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This research was undertaken to study the predictive capability of the pressuremeter test for characterizing in situ creep behavior of unbound pavement layers. Although the creep potential of granular pavement materials is less pronounced than fine-grained soils, consideration of actual creep deformations in the pavement evaluation process will improve long-term pavement performance. In this investigation, the long-term deformations determined from laboratory one-dimensional creep tests were compared with those investigated by field pressuremeter tests. The pressuremeter test consisted of inflating a cylindrical probe incrementally up to a given stress level, and then maintaining the pressure constant for a 5-min single stage. During this stage, radial deformations of the soil cavity were recorded at each 30-s interval. The one-dimensional creep test was performed on remolded soil specimens through applying a constant stress level for 7 days. Comparison of creep parameters deduced from pressuremeter and creep tests data was based on the Singh–Mitchell creep model. The results showed that the average strain rates derived from in situ pressuremeter data are valid, and compare well with those predicted from the laboratory creep test. Thus, the pressuremeter device can be employed to assess field strain–time behavior of pavement systems in a fast and reliable approach.
High Performance Ultrasonic Buffer Rods With Novel Structure for Polymer Process Monitoring
Authors: Zhang D. -L. , Wu M. , Chen Z. , Li Y. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
To reduce trailing noises mixed in ultrasonic echoes during ultrasonic wave propagation in a buffer rod, the influence of the rod’s boundary shape and dimension on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was analyzed using a simulation method. Novel buffer rods with complex structures and shapes based on a cylinder or cone reference surface were proposed. The novel rods were found to be more effective in obtaining signals with high SNR than the cylinder or cone rods currently in use. Simulation results showed that the rod proposed in this paper exhibited better performance in a given installation space compared with the cylinder or cone rods.
Production of Aluminide Layers on Copper and Copper Alloy
Authors: Rêgo G. C. , Takeya G. S. , Neto A. L. , Totten G. E. , Casteletti L. C. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Intermetallic coatings were produced on pure copper and aluminum-bronze substrates using the powder aluminizing process. The treatments were carried out at 550°C and 600°C during 30, 60, 120, and 180 min. The layers were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) associated with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and wear and hardness testing. The treatments performed at 600°C resulted in larger layer thicknesses compared to those produced at 550°C for both copper and bronze substrates. XRD analysis indicated the presence of intermetallic phases FeAl, FeAl3, and CuAl on aluminum-bronze. The layers produced on the Cu and aluminum-bronze substrates exhibited maximum hardness of approximately 750 HV and 870 HV, respectively. The adhesive wear resistance of all formed layers was higher than those of low-hardness substrates (100 HV in the case of copper and 300 HV for the aluminum-bronze). There were no significant differences in the wear resistances of the layers produced on the same substrate. The abrasion resistance of the aluminum-bronze layers were higher than those of the copper layers, because of the greater hardness of the layers formed on the aluminum-bronze.
A Statistical Guide to the Design of Deep Mutational Scanning Experiments
Authors: Matuszewski Sebastian , Hildebrandt Marcel E , Ghenu Ana-Hermina , Jensen Jeffrey D , Bank Claudia 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The characterization of the distribution of mutational effects is a key goal in evolutionary biology. Recently developed deep-sequencing approaches allow for accurate and simultaneous estimation of the fitness effects of hundreds of engineered mutations by monitoring their relative abundance across time points in a single bulk competition. Naturally, the achievable resolution of the estimated fitness effects depends on the specific experimental setup, the organism and type of mutations studied, and the sequencing technology utilized, among other factors. By means of analytical approximations and simulations, we provide guidelines for optimizing time-sampled deep-sequencing bulk competition experiments, focusing on the number of mutants, the sequencing depth, and the number of sampled time points. Our analytical results show that sampling more time points together with extending the duration of the experiment improves the achievable precision disproportionately compared with increasing the sequencing depth or reducing the number of competing mutants. Even if the duration of the experiment is fixed, sampling more time points and clustering these at the beginning and the end of the experiment increase experimental power and allow for efficient and precise assessment of the entire range of selection coefficients. Finally, we provide a formula for calculating the 95%-confidence interval for the measurement error estimate, which we implement as an interactive web tool. This allows for quantification of the maximum expected a priori precision of the experimental setup, as well as for a statistical threshold for determining deviations from neutrality for specific selection coefficient estimates.
Bayesian Inference of the Evolution of a Phenotype Distribution on a Phylogenetic Tree
Authors: Ansari M Azim , Didelot Xavier 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe distribution of a phenotype on a phylogenetic tree is often a quantity of interest. Many phenotypes have imperfect heritability, so that a measurement of the phenotype for an individual can be thought of as a single realization from the phenotype distribution of that individual. If all individuals in a phylogeny had the same phenotype distribution, measured phenotypes would be randomly distributed on the tree leaves. This is, however, often not the case, implying that the phenotype distribution evolves over time. Here we propose a new model based on this principle of evolving phenotype distribution on the branches of a phylogeny, which is different from ancestral state reconstruction where the phenotype itself is assumed to evolve. We develop an efficient Bayesian inference method to estimate the parameters of our model and to test the evidence for changes in the phenotype distribution. We use multiple simulated data sets to show that our algorithm has good sensitivity and specificity properties. Since our method identifies branches on the tree on which the phenotype distribution has changed, it is able to break down a tree into components for which this distribution is unique and constant. We present two applications of our method, one investigating the association between HIV genetic variation and human leukocyte antigen and the other studying host range distribution in a lineage of Salmonella enterica, and we discuss many other potential applications.
Alteraciones electrolíticas asociadas a los métodos utilizados para la limpieza intestinal preoperatoria en niños
Authors: Cordero Castro Silvia Lucrecia 
Published: July 2016

Introducción. El objetivo de esta investigación es describir las alteraciones electrolíticas asociadas a los métodos utilizados para la limpieza intestinal preoperatoria en niños e identificar el cuál es más seguro. Esto recae en la importancia de mantener el equilibrio correcto de los electrolitos ya que influyen significativamente sobre los resultados de la intervención quirúrgica y son un aspecto muy importante en la atención perioperatoria de los pacientes. Método. La presente investigación está comprendida entre los años 2009 al 2013 con una población de 172 internamientos de niños con cirugía colorectal programada. De tipo cuantitativo, no experimental-transversal y retrospectivo. Se consideró como variables dimensiones socio demográficas, como sexo, edad, peso, diagnóstico, tipo de cirugía, limpieza intestinal aplicada, alteraciones electrolíticas con respecto al sodio, potasio, cloro, calcio, y de ácido-base respectivamente, así como solución intravenosa utilizada.Para el análisis de los datos de utilizó el sistema SPSS. Resultado. Cinco fueron los métodos de limpieza intestinal utilizados en el tiempo de estudio los enemas e irrigaciones con suero fisiológico más neomicina al 0,25%, fosfosoda oral, suero fisiológico por SNG y polietilenglycol. El más usado fue el fosfosoda oral (n=46) con los niños de mayor a los 10 000grs. La estancia hospitalaria prequirúrgica destinada para la limpieza intestinal es de tres días. Lo que se traduce en una práctica bastante cara para el sistema de salud, la familia y el paciente a pesar de estar en discusión su utilidad. Conclusión. Es importante adecuar la limpieza intestinal a la iatrogenia de cada niño, considerar el peso, la dieta y sus patologías concomitantes al proceso quirúrgico, de esta forma y de acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos se puede determinar cuál es el método más seguro para prevenir alteraciones a las cuales los menores pueden ser más propensos.
Propuesta para la creación de una consulta postparto dada por Enfermería Ginecológica Obstétrica y Perinatal en el Área de Salud de Coronado
Authors: Calvo Quirós Cindy , Sánchez Barboza Lizbeth 
Published: July 2016

Introducción. Culturalmente la preparación para la maternidad se centra en el embarazo y propiamente en la etapa del parto dejando de lado el periodo que viene después, sin embargo, el postparto debe verse como una etapa de gran trascendencia en la vida de la mujer, dado que es un periodo en el que se dan grandes cambios no solo a nivel físico, sino también emocional. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar una propuesta para la implementación de una consulta de control postparto atendida por enfermería ginecológica, obstétrica y perinatal. Método. Se basó un enfoque cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal. Se seleccionó por conveniencia a 20 mujeres que, como criterio de inclusión, debían haber tenido un hijo en el último año, para llevar a cabo un diagnóstico de la necesidad de desarrollar la consulta de control postparto atendida por Enfermería Ginecoobstétrica y Perinatal en el Área de Salud de Coronado. A partir de la aplicación de un cuestionario se valoró la necesidad de la implementación de la consulta posparto. Resultado. Con respecto a la implementación de una consulta posparto atendida por la enfermera obstetra, la totalidad de las participantes respondieron que es útil tanto para ella como para su bebé y que recomendarían a otras madres asistir a esa consulta. Respecto de las recomendaciones realizadas propiamente al mejoramiento de la consulta, las participantes insisten en la apertura de la consulta postparto por enfermería ginecoobstétrica y perinatal, en horario de la mañana. Conclusión. La consulta posparto realizada por Enfermería Ginecoobstétrica y Perinatal en el Área de Salud de Coronado es una necesidad ya que permite dar una atención oportuna a mujeres en condición de riesgo en el posparto, ofrece bondades como la facilidad de acceso y la prontitud en las referencias entre otras.
Mismatch Repair Deficiency and Response to Immune Checkpoint Blockade
Authors: Lee Valerie , Murphy Adrian , Le Dung T. , Diaz Luis A. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
More than 1.6 million new cases of cancer will be diagnosed in the U.S. in 2016, resulting in more than 500,000 deaths. Although chemotherapy has been the mainstay of treatment in advanced cancers, immunotherapy development, particularly with PD-1 inhibitors, has changed the face of treatment for a number of tumor types. One example is the subset of tumors characterized by mismatch repair deficiency and microsatellite instability that are highly sensitive to PD-1 blockade. Hereditary forms of cancer have been noted for more than a century, but the molecular changes underlying mismatch repair-deficient tumors and subsequent microsatellite unstable tumors was not known until the early 1990s. In this review article, we discuss the history and pathophysiology of mismatch repair, the process of testing for mismatch repair deficiency and microsatellite instability, and the role of immunotherapy in this subset of cancers.