bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling the MJO in a cloud‐resolving model with parameterized large‐scale dynamics: Vertical structure, radiation, and horizontal advection of dry air
Authors: Wang Shuguang , Sobel Adam H. , Nie Ji 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTwo Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) events, observed during October and November 2011 in the equatorial Indian Ocean during the DYNAMO field campaign, are simulated in a limited‐area cloud‐resolving model using parameterized large‐scale dynamics. Three parameterizations of large‐scale dynamics—the conventional weak temperature gradient (WTG) approximation, vertical mode‐based spectral WTG (SWTG), and damped gravity wave coupling (DGW)—are employed. A number of changes to the implementation of the large‐scale parameterizations, as well as the model itself, are made and lead to improvements in the results. Simulations using all three methods, with imposed time‐dependent radiation and horizontal moisture advection, capture the time variations in precipitation associated with the two MJO events well. The three methods produce significant differences in the large‐scale vertical motion profile, however. WTG produces the most top‐heavy profile, while DGW's is less so, and SWTG produces a profile between the two, and in better agreement with observations. Numerical experiments without horizontal advection of moisture suggest that that process significantly reduces the precipitation and suppresses the top‐heaviness of large‐scale vertical motion during the MJO active phases. Experiments in which a temporally constant radiative heating profile is used indicate that radiative feedbacks significantly amplify the MJO. Experiments in which interactive radiation is used produce agreement with observations that is much better than that achieved in previous work, though not as good as that with imposed time‐varying radiative heating. Our results highlight the importance of both horizontal advection of moisture and radiative feedbacks to the dynamics of the MJO.
Using time scales to characterize phytoplankton assemblages in a deep subalpine lake during the thermal stratification period: Lake Iseo, Italy
Authors: Marti Clelia Luisa , Imberger Jörg , Garibaldi Letizia , Leoni Barbara 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA combination of field observations and 3‐D hydrodynamic simulations were used to identify the phytoplankton species and to estimate the various time scales of the dominant physical and biological processes in Lake Iseo, a deep subalpine lake located in northern Italy, during a stratified period (July 2010). By ordering the rate processes time scales, we derive a phytoplankton patch categorization and growth interpretation that provides a general framework for the spatial distribution of phytoplankton concentration in Lake Iseo and illuminates the characteristics of their ecological niches. The results show that the diurnal surface layer was well mixed, received strong diurnal radiation, had low phosphorus concentrations and the phytoplankton biomass was sustained by the green alga Sphaerocystis schroeterii. The vertical mixing time scales were much shorter than horizontal mixing time scales causing a depth‐uniform chlorophyll a concentration. The horizontal patch scale was determined by horizontal dispersion balancing the phytoplankton growth time scale, dictating the success of the observed green algae. The strongly stratified nutrient‐rich metalimnion had mild light conditions and Diatoma elongatum and Planktothrix rubescens made up the largest proportions of the total phytoplankton biomass at the intermediate and deeper metalimnetic layers. The vertical transport time scales were much shorter than horizontal transport and vertical dispersion leading to growth niche for the observed phytoplankton. The study showed that time‐scale hierarchy mandates the essential phytoplankton attributes or traits for success in a particular section of the water column and/or water body.
Hierarchical Bayesian method for mapping biogeochemical hot spots using induced polarization imaging
Authors: Wainwright Haruko M. , Flores Orozco Adrian , Bücker Matthias , Dafflon Baptiste , Chen Jinsong , Hubbard Susan S. , Williams Kenneth H. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn floodplain environments, a naturally reduced zone (NRZ) is considered to be a common biogeochemical hot spot, having distinct microbial and geochemical characteristics. Although important for understanding their role in mediating floodplain biogeochemical processes, mapping the subsurface distribution of NRZs over the dimensions of a floodplain is challenging, as conventional wellbore data are typically spatially limited and the distribution of NRZs is heterogeneous. In this study, we present an innovative methodology for the probabilistic mapping of NRZs within a three‐dimensional (3‐D) subsurface domain using induced polarization imaging, which is a noninvasive geophysical technique. Measurements consist of surface geophysical surveys and drilling‐recovered sediments at the U.S. Department of Energy field site near Rifle, CO (USA). Inversion of surface time domain‐induced polarization (TDIP) data yielded 3‐D images of the complex electrical resistivity, in terms of magnitude and phase, which are associated with mineral precipitation and other lithological properties. By extracting the TDIP data values colocated with wellbore lithological logs, we found that the NRZs have a different distribution of resistivity and polarization from the other aquifer sediments. To estimate the spatial distribution of NRZs, we developed a Bayesian hierarchical model to integrate the geophysical and wellbore data. In addition, the resistivity images were used to estimate hydrostratigraphic interfaces under the floodplain. Validation results showed that the integration of electrical imaging and wellbore data using a Bayesian hierarchical model was capable of mapping spatially heterogeneous interfaces and NRZ distributions thereby providing a minimally invasive means to parameterize a hydrobiogeochemical model of the floodplain.
The Olfactory Cleft Endoscopy Scale correlates with olfactory metrics in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Soler Zachary M. , Hyer J. Madison , Karnezis Tom T. , Schlosser Rodney J. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundOlfactory loss affects a majority of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Traditional objective measures of disease severity, including endoscopy scales, focus upon the paranasal sinuses and often have weak correlation to olfaction.MethodsAdults with CRS were prospectively evaluated by blinded reviewers with a novel Olfactory Cleft Endoscopy Scale (OCES) that evaluated discharge, polyps, edema, crusting, and scarring of the olfactory cleft. Objective olfactory function was assessed using “Sniffin’ Sticks” testing, including composite threshold‐discrimination‐identification (TDI) scores. Olfactory‐specific quality of life was evaluated using the short modified version of the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders (QOD‐NS). Interrater and intrarater reliability was assessed among 3 reviewers for OCES grading. Multivariate linear regression was then used to test associations between OCES scores and measures of olfaction, controlling for potential confounding factors.ResultsThe OCES score was evaluated in 38 patients and had a high overall reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91 to 0.96). The OCES significantly correlated with objective olfaction as measured by TDI score (p < 0.001), with TDI score falling by 1.13 points for every 1‐point increase in OCES score. Similar significant associations were found for threshold, discrimination, and identification scores (p < 0.003 for all) after controlling for age, gender, race, and reviewer/review. The OCES was also highly associated with patient‐reported QOD‐NS scores (p = 0.009).ConclusionA novel olfactory cleft endoscopy scale, OCES, shows high reliability and correlates with both objective and patient‐reported olfaction in patients with CRS. Further studies to determine prognostic value and responsiveness to change are warranted.
Comparison of percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusion outcome according to operator experience from the Japanese retrograde summit registry
Authors: Habara Maoto , Tsuchikane Etsuo , Muramatsu Toshiya , Kashima Yoshifumi , Okamura Atsunori , Mutoh Makoto , Yamane Masahisa , Oida Akitsugu , Oikawa Yuji , Hasegawa Katsuyuki ,   for the Retrograde Summit Investigators
Published: December 2015

ObjectivesThis study was performed to evaluate the acute outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total occlusion (CTO) based on operator experience.BackgroundDespite developments in both technology and techniques, PCI procedures for CTO's remain challenging.MethodsA total of 3,229 eligible subjects who underwent CTO‐PCI were enrolled from 56 centers by a retrograde summit using a web registry system. To compare the acute outcomes of the CTO data, 18 centers were classified as higher volume centers (HC) and 38 centers as lower volume centers (LC) depending on the CTO‐PCI experience of the operator.ResultsThe mean procedural success rate of all centers was 88.4%. The overall procedural success rate was significantly higher in HC than LC (90.6% vs. 85.6%, respectively; P < 0.0001). In addition, overall antegrade success rate was also higher in HC than LC (91.0% vs. 83.9%, respectively; P < 0.0001). Although the overall retrograde approach success rate was significantly higher in HC than LC (85.0% vs. 77.6%, respectively; P < 0.0001), there was no significant difference in that of the retrograde alone (89.0% vs. 93.7%, respectively; P = 0.051). Major in‐hospital adverse events were observed in 0.53% of cases, and the rates were similar between the two groups (0.45% vs. 0.62%, respectively; P = 0.25).ConclusionsAlthough CTO‐PCI was safe in both groups, the procedural success rate was significantly higher in HC than LC, even in this new era of CTO‐PCI. This difference was attributed to the difference in the antegrade procedural success rate. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nonsteroidal Anti‐inflammatory Drugs and Risk of Incident Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis of Observational Studies
Authors: Ungprasert Patompong , Srivali Narat , Thongprayoon Charat 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe association between the development of heart failure (HF) and use of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is not well established.HypothesisUse of NSAIDs may increase the risk of incident HF.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies that reported odds ratio, relative risk, hazard ratio, or standardized incidence ratio comparing risk of incident HF in NSAID users vs nonusers. Pooled risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all NSAIDs and both subclasses (conventional NSAIDs and highly selective cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitors [COXIBs]) were calculated using a random‐effect, generic inverse variance method.ResultsSeven studies with 7 543 805 participants were identified and included in our data analysis. Use of NSAIDs was associated with a significantly higher risk of developing HF, with a pooled RR of 1.17 (95% CI: 1.01‐1.36). Subgroup analysis showed a significantly elevated risk among users of conventional NSAIDs (RR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.15‐1.57) but not users of COXIBs (RR: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.92‐1.16).ConclusionsA significantly elevated risk of incident HF was observed among users of NSAIDs.
Reversed internal jugular vein flow as a sign of brachiocephalic vein obstruction
Authors: Yan Warren , Seow Stewart 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe value of colour Doppler sonography is well known in the assessment of venous disease, including obstruction/occlusion from thrombosis. Central venous disease, however, can be more difficult to directly assess than disease in peripheral veins. Accordingly, there is significant value not only in the direct signs of venous disease, but also in the indirect signs. We report a case of reversed internal jugular vein flow in a patient with left arm swelling as a sign of brachiocephalic vein obstruction.
Sonography for the investigation of a child with a limp
Authors: Crow A , Cheung A , Lam A , Ho E 
Published: December 2015

AbstractHip pain is a common paediatric presentation and is potentially serious. While hip pain can be attributed to primary hip pathology, the hip area is also a common site for referred pain. This often poses a diagnostic challenge particularly in the young child who may not verbalise the point of pain and may not report an injury.Differential diagnoses for paediatric hip joint pain range from fracture, transient synovitis, septic arthritis with or without osteomyelitis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA, previously juvenile rheumatoid arthritis JRA), Legg‐Calve‐Perthes' disease (LCP), slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) to haemarthrosis in patient with a clotting disorder. Referred pain from abdominal pathology, for example; appendicitis, psoas abscess or haematoma should also be considered.The evaluation and management of hip pain requires a thorough history and physical examination. A radiograph is usually indicated to rule out any bony injury. Septic arthritis is a medical emergency requiring urgent surgical as well as medical treatment. Ultrasound of the hip joint plays a role in helping to differentiate which hips require early intervention and to guide a needle aspiration of joint fluid if indicated.In this article, we aim to review the anatomy of the hip, techniques in ultrasonographic examination and some common pathologies in the paediatric hip.
Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans): clinical features and assessment by colour duplex ultrasound
Authors: Busch Kathryn 
Published: December 2015

Buerger's disease is a progressive, nonatherosclerotic, segmental inflammatory vasoocclusive disease of unknown aetiology1–9, affecting the small and medium sized arteries, veins and nerves and is often bilateral5–7. The normal structure of the vessel wall is usually preserved, including the internal elastic lamina and media.Buerger's disease predominantly affects male cigarette smokers1–3,8 with 11%–23% of disease distribution in females6–7.Buerger's disease remains largely a clinicopathologic entity highlighting the importance of the sonographer's role to obtain a comprehensive clinical history and clinical examination. The combination of clinical assessment and the distinctive appearance of vessels affected by Bueger's disease on colour duplex ultrasound provide a useful tool for correct diagnosis.
Sonovaginography: redefining the concept of a “normal pelvis” on transvaginal ultrasound pre‐laparoscopic intervention for suspected endometriosis
Authors: Reid Shannon , Winder Simon , Condous George 
Published: December 2015

AbstractOffice sonovaginography (SVG) challenges the concept of the “normal” pelvic ultrasound in women with chronic pelvic pain and suspected endometriosis. When positive for posterior compartment deep infiltrating endometriosis, with or without Pouch of Douglas obliteration, office SVG allows for triaging of women to the appropriately trained advanced laparoscopic gynaecological and colorectal surgical team. We advocate that all women with suspected endometriosis undergo office SVG prior to laparoscopy to ensure an accurate pre‐operative mapping of endometriosis disease location and extension.
The role of ultrasound in the management of breast disease
Authors: Bennett Ian C , Biggar Magdalena A 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSurgeon‐performed ultrasound has also been increasingly utilised by breast surgeons in particular, who find ultrasound an invaluable tool in the office to assist in the management of breast patients, and also in the operating room where it can be used to directly guide excision of impalpable breast lesions without the use of hookwires2,3. In the future, the role of ultrasound will continue to grow, particularly with the advent of 3‐D ultrasound, and in the evolving area of breast lesion ablation techniques using modalities such as radiofrequency ablation or laser therapy. Ultrasound is a very important tool in the assessment and management of breast disease and it has dramatically changed the way breast cancer patients are managed.
Pregnancy after uterine arteriovenous malformation–case series and literature review
Authors: Eling Rebeka , Kent Alison , Robertson Meiri 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPurpose: To perform a retrospective audit of cases of uterine arteriovenous malformations (UAVM) at The Canberra Hospital and review of recent literature reporting pregnancies occurring after the diagnosis of UAVM aiming to devise a diagnostic and treatment protocol to optimise pregnancy post UAVM.Methods: A retrospective audit of cases of UAVM at the Canberra Hospital from a prospectively managed patient database was performed. A search of the electronic database PubMed, for articles between 2000–2011 relating to pregnancy post UAVM. Individual case studies were analysed separately to case series.Results: The study included 28 individual studies and five case series (61 women). Average age was 29.5 ± 6.7 (range 18–42). Most women (24, 85.7%, 100% in case series) presented with abnormal vaginal bleeding; 11 (41%) individuals presented post interruption of pregnancy. All women had had a previous pregnancy (mean gravidity 3.1 ± 3.1, range 1–15 for case studies) and only four women (14.2 %) had no history of uterine trauma. Only one woman (3.6 %) did not have any ultrasound and most women underwent colour Doppler ultrasonography (20, 71.4% in case studies; 61, 83.6% in case series). Of the women, 72 (53.6 % of case studies, 78.1 % of case series) were treated with uterine artery embolisation, seven (25%) were treated expectantly. A total of 63 pregnancies occurred post treatment, seven (13.9%) ending in miscarriage. Average time to conceive post diagnosis was 19 months ± 16.3 (range 2–72). A total of 54 healthy infants were born to mothers post AVM diagnosis.Conclusion: UAVM are likely to exist on a continuum with other pregnancy related pathologies, such as sub involution of the placental bed, making a single best diagnostic and treatment plan difficult. However, this study shows that successful uncomplicated pregnancy is achievable for women after the diagnosis of UAVM.
The development, structure and blood flow within the umbilical cord with particular reference to the venous system
Authors: Spurway Jacqueline , Logan Patricia , Pak Sokcheon 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe umbilical cord is a helical and tubular blood conduit connecting the foetus to the placenta. The umbilical cord achieves its final form by the 12th week of gestation and normally contains two arteries and a single vein, all embedded in Wharton's jelly. The structure of the umbilical cord receives only a cursory glance during many obstetric ultrasound examinations: with imaging limited to documenting the number of vessels within the cord and the insertion sites at the foetus and placenta. Extensive research into blood flow characteristics of the umbilical cord arteries has been undertaken and is now widely applied in contemporary ultrasound practice. In contrast, investigation of umbilical vein blood flow is only instigated in instances of foetal compromise when the spectral waveform of the ductus venosus and pulsations in the vein are scrutinised. The current level of ultrasound imaging of the umbilical vein demonstrates a lack of appreciation and knowledge about a structure that is crucial to sustaining foetal life.The goal of this review is to increase awareness of the importance of the umbilical cord. In addition, this review will provide an information platform for undertaking and critically analysing research into the umbilical cord by providing a summary of cord embryology, structure, foetal venous circulation and mechanisms of blood flow within the umbilical cord vein.
Advanced echocardiographic techniques
Authors: Perry Rebecca , Joseph Majo 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEchocardiography has advanced significantly since its first clinical use. The move towards more accurate imaging and quantification has driven this advancement. In this review, we will briefly focus on three distinct but important recent advances, three‐dimensional (3D) echocardiography, contrast echocardiography and myocardial tissue imaging. The basic principles of these techniques will be discussed as well as current and future clinical applications.
The role of ultrasound in percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy
Authors: Rudas Máté 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackground: The use of ultrasound to evaluate cervical anatomy and to guide tracheal puncture in real‐time has been advocated to improve safety and efficacy of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) in intensive care.Objective: To review the potential role, attributed theoretical benefits and supporting literature for ultrasound during PDT.Results: A significant number of mostly observational studies and case series support this modality. Real‐time guidance enables clear visualisation of anatomical landmarks and results in a consistently high success and low complication rate, with appropriate positioning of the tracheal puncture. Recognition of unconventional vascular anatomy enables selection of an appropriate alternative puncture site or an elective open surgical approach.Conclusion: Current literature supports that using ultrasound for percutaneous tracheostomy is quick, safe, reliable and offers a plausible advantage over the traditional landmark guided procedure, especially in select patient groups, such as those who are morbidly obese or have difficult to palpate cervical anatomy.
The short term fetal cardiovascular effects of corticosteroids used in obstetrics
Authors: Henry Amanda , Shand Antonia , Welsh Alec 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackground: Corticosteroids are widely used in obstetrics due to their striking effect on perinatal morbidity and mortality of premature neonates. Despite this, relatively few studies have explored short term fetal effects of corticosteroids as measured by ultrasound.Objectives: 1) To present a literature review of short term fetal cardiovascular effects of corticosteroids 2) To describe the protocol of a current observational study (SUPER‐A*STEROID) of cardiovascular effects of dexamethasone and betamethasone in the first week after their administration. This trial is nested within the A*STEROID blinded multicentre randomised controlled trial of the two steroid preparations.Findings: Existing data suggest corticosteroids have little effect on the major measured fetal blood vessels when the baseline ultrasound is normal. In the compromised fetus, where the umbilical artery end‐diastolic flow is abnormal prior to maternal corticosteroids, flow is temporarily restored in approximately 50% of cases. Whether such changes are beneficial is uncertain. Very little data exist that directly compare the short‐term effects of betamethasone and dexamethasone. The SUPER‐ A*STEROID study described will help provide this information.