bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Not Just Fun and Games: Toy Advertising on Television Targeting Children Promotes Sedentary Play
Authors: Potvin Kent Monique , Velkers Clive 
Published: May 2017

Objective:To examine the volume of television toy advertising targeting Canadian children and to determine if it promotes active or sedentary play, targets males or females more frequently, and has changed over time.Methods:Data for toy/game advertising from 27 television stations in Toronto for the month of May in 2006 and 2013 were licensed from Neilsen Media Research (Montreal, Quebec, Canada). A content analysis was performed on all ads to determine what age group and gender were targeted and whether physical or sedentary activity was being promoted. Comparisons were made between 2006 and 2013.Results:There were 3.35 toy ads/h/children’s specialty station in 2013 (a 15% increase from 2006). About 88% of toy ads promoted sedentary play in 2013, a 27% increase from 2006 levels, while toy ads promoting active play decreased by 33%. In both 2006 and 2013, a greater number of sedentary toy ads targeted males (n = 1519, May 2006; n = 2030, May 2013) compared with females (n = 914, May 2006; n = 1619, May 2013), and between 2006 and 2013, these ads increased significantly for both males and females.Conclusion:Future research should explore whether such advertising influences children’s preferences for activities and levels of physical activity.
Incidence of severe hypoglycemia in children with type 1 diabetes in the Nordic countries in the period 2008–2012: association with hemoglobin A1cand treatment modality
Authors: Birkebaek NH , Drivvoll AK , Aakeson K , Bjarnason R , Johansen A , Samuelsson U , Skrivarhaug T , Thorsson AV , Svensson J 
Published: May 2017

ObjectiveTreatment of type 1 diabetes has been intensified aiming at normalizing blood glucose, which may increase the risk of severe hypoglycemia (SH). We aimed to compare the incidence of SH events in the four Nordic countries Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, and to assess the influence of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and treatment modalities on the frequency of SH; particularly, to explore if a HbA1ctarget ≤6.7% (50 mmol/mol) is feasible.Research design and methodsData on children below 15 years with a diabetes duration more than 1 year, registered in the national childhood diabetes databases in the four Nordic countries from 2008 to 2012, were compiled. Data completeness was more than 95%.ResultsTotally 8806 (48% females) patients with 29 715 person years were included, mean age and diabetes duration were 11 years and 5.1 years, respectively. The overall rate of SH was 6.0 per 100 patient-years, and did not change during the study period. The Swedish population constantly had the lowest SH incidence while it decreased significantly in the Danish population. HbA1cdecreased significantly over time (p<0.01), while the number of pump users increased (p<0.01). Stratifying for HbA1clevels showed the lowest risk of SH in patients with HbA1c≤6.7% (≤50 mmol/mol), but in the statistical models adjusting for possible confounders the difference between the HbA1cgroups disappeared. Pump users had the lowest SH risk, also after adjusting for possible confounders.ConclusionsRisk of SH differs between the Nordic countries with the lowest risk in Sweden. Pump therapy was associated with decreased risk of SH. The low HbA1cgroup had the same or a lower risk of SH compared with the highest HbA1cgroups. A target HbA1c≤6.7% (≤50 mmol/mol) seems achievable without increasing the risk of SH.
Optimal plateau pressure for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression
Authors: Yasuda Hideto , Nishimura Tetsuro , Kamo Tetsuro , Sanui Masamitsu , Nango Eishu , Abe Takayuki , Takebayashi Toru , Lefor Alan Kawarai , Hashimoto Satoru 
Published: May 2017

IntroductionLower tidal volume ventilation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a strategy to reduce the plateau pressure and driving pressure to limit ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). Several randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses showed that limiting both the plateau pressure and the tidal volume decreased mortality, but the optimal plateau pressure to demonstrate a benefit is uncertain. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the optimal upper limit of plateau pressure in patients with ARDS to prevent VILI and improve clinical outcomes using meta-analysis with and without meta-regression.Methods and analysisRCTs comparing two mechanical ventilation strategies will be included, with lower plateau pressure and with higher plateau pressure, among patients with ARDS and acute lung injury. Data sources include MEDLINE via the NCBI Entrez system, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), EMBASE and Ichushi, a database of papers in Japanese. Two of three physicians will independently screen trials obtained by search for eligibility, and extract data from included studies onto standardised data recording forms. For each included trial, the risk of bias and the quality of evidence will be evaluated using the Grading of Recommendation Assessment Development and Evaluation system.Ethics and disseminationThis study does not require ethical approval. The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis with and without meta-regression will be disseminated through conference presentation and publication in a peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration numberCRD42016041924
Nutritional rickets in Norway: a nationwide register-based cohort study
Authors: Meyer Haakon E , Skram Kristina , Berge Ingvill Almås , Madar Ahmed A , Bjørndalen Hilde Johanne 
Published: May 2017

ObjectivesPoor vitamin D status has been reported to be highly prevalent in many non-western immigrant groups living in Norway and other western countries. However, data on rickets are scarce, and the aim of the current study was to identify new cases of nutritional rickets in Norway in the period 2008–2012 among children under the age of 5 years.DesignRegister-based cohort study.SettingThe Norwegian population from 2008 to 2012.ParticipantsChildren with nutritional rickets under the age of 5 years.Main outcome measureNutritional rickets. Patients with ICD10 (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision) diagnosis code E55.0 (active rickets) treated at all Norwegian hospitals were identified in the Norwegian Patient Registry. We were able to review 85% of the medical records for diagnosis confirmation. In addition, we identified patients with the diagnoses E55.9, E64.3 and E83.3 to identify individuals with rickets who had been given other diagnoses.ResultsNutritional rickets was confirmed in 39 children aged 0–4 years with the diagnosis of E55.0. In addition, three patients with the diagnosis of unspecified vitamin D deficiency (E55.9) were classified as having nutritional rickets, giving a total of 42 patients. Mean age at diagnosis was 1.40 years (range 0.1–3.5 years), and 93% had a non-western immigrant background. The incidence rate of rickets was estimated to be 0.3 per 10 000 person-years in the total Norwegian child population under the age of 5 years and 3.1 per 10 000 person-years in those with an immigrant background from Asia or Africa.ConclusionThe number of children with nutritional rickets in Norway remained low in the period 2008–2012. Nearly all children had a non-western immigrant background.
Numerical experiments on the PF1000 plasma focus device operated with nitrogen and oxygen gases
Authors: Akel M. , Ismael Sh. , Lee S. , Saw S. H. , Kunze H. J. 
Published: May 2017

The indicative values of reduced Pease–Braginskii (P–B) currents are estimated for a nitrogen and oxygen plasma focus. The values of depletion times indicate that in N2 and O2 with estimated 3–4% of pinch energy radiating away over the duration of the pinch, we may expect some cooling effects leading to small reductions in radius ratio. In other gases with higher atomic number, the pinch duration is much more than the depletion time, so radiative contraction may be anticipated. The Lee model was employed to study the soft X-ray from PF1000 operated with nitrogen and oxygen. We found nitrogen soft X-ray yield in the water window region of 3.13 kJ, with the corresponding efficiency of 0.9% of the stored energy [Formula: see text], while for the oxygen it was found to be [Formula: see text] = 4.9 kJ, with the efficiency of 1.4% [Formula: see text]. The very modest enhancement of compression (radius ratios around 0.1) in the pinches of these two gases gives rise to rather modest pinch energy densities (PEDs) under 109 Jm[Formula: see text]. This is in contrast to Kr or Xe where it had been shown that the radiative collapse leads to radius ratios of 0.007 and 0.003, respectively, with PEDs going to large values considerably exceeding 10[Formula: see text] Jm[Formula: see text].
Equilibrium geometries, electronic structure and magnetic properties of ConSn (n = 1–12) clusters from density functional calculations
Authors: Zhang Jing Ya , Lv Jin 
Published: May 2017

Equilibrium geometries, relative stabilities, electronic stabilities and magnetic properties of Co[Formula: see text]Sn ([Formula: see text] = 1–12) clusters have been systematically investigated by using relativistic all-electron density functional theory with generalized gradient approximation. The results indicated that the lowest-energy structures of Co[Formula: see text]Sn ([Formula: see text] = 1–5, 7, 9 and 10) clusters are similar to those of corresponding Co[Formula: see text] clusters. As for Co6Sn, Co8Sn, Co[Formula: see text]Sn and Co[Formula: see text]Sn clusters, the most stable structures give rise to a geometry reconstruction. In the low-lying structures of Co[Formula: see text]Sn ([Formula: see text] = 1–12) clusters, tin impurity prefers to occupy the external site. The second-order difference energy of the ground-state Co[Formula: see text]Sn ([Formula: see text] = 1–12) clusters shows a pronounced odd–even oscillation with the number of Co atoms, and the clusters exhibit higher stability at [Formula: see text] = 5. Compared with corresponding pure Co[Formula: see text] clusters, the total magnetic moment of the Co[Formula: see text]Sn clusters reduces with 1, 3 and 5 [Formula: see text], respectively. The different magnetic changes of the tin doped Co clusters are analyzed in detail based on the magnetism coupling, density of state and hybridization between cobalt and tin atoms.
The Role of the Primary Sensory Cortices in Early Language Processing
Authors: Papanicolaou Andrew C. , Kilintari Marina , Rezaie Roozbeh , Narayana Shalini , Babajani-Feremi Abbas 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The results of this magnetoencephalography study challenge two long-standing assumptions regarding the brain mechanisms of language processing: First, that linguistic processing proper follows sensory feature processing effected by bilateral activation of the primary sensory cortices that lasts about 100 msec from stimulus onset. Second, that subsequent linguistic processing is effected by left hemisphere networks outside the primary sensory areas, including Broca's and Wernicke's association cortices. Here we present evidence that linguistic analysis begins almost synchronously with sensory, prelinguistic verbal input analysis and that the primary cortices are also engaged in these linguistic analyses and become, consequently, part of the left hemisphere language network during language tasks. These findings call for extensive revision of our conception of linguistic processing in the brain.
Functional Mechanisms Encoding Others' Direction of Gaze in the Human Nervous System
Authors: Palmer Colin J. , Clifford Colin W. G. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe direction of others' gaze is a strong social signal to their intentions and future behavior. Pioneering electrophysiological research identified cell populations in the primate visual cortex that are tuned to specific directions of observed gaze, but the functional architecture of this system is yet to be precisely specified. Here, we develop a computational model of how others' gaze direction is flexibly encoded across sensory channels within the gaze system. We incorporate the divisive normalization of sensory responses—a computational mechanism that is thought to be widespread in sensory systems but has not been examined in the context of social vision. We demonstrate that the operation of divisive normalization in the gaze system predicts a surprising and distinctive pattern of perceptual changes after sensory adaptation to gaze stimuli and find that these predictions closely match the psychophysical effects of adaptation in human observers. We also find that opponent coding, broadband multichannel, and narrowband multichannel models of sensory coding make distinct predictions regarding the effects of adaptation in a normalization framework and find evidence in favor of broadband multichannel coding of gaze. These results reveal the functional principles that govern the neural encoding of gaze direction and support the notion that divisive normalization is a canonical feature of nervous system function. Moreover, this research provides a strong foundation for testing recent computational theories of neuropsychiatric conditions in which gaze processing is compromised, such as autism and schizophrenia.
Consistent Neural Activity Patterns Represent Personally Familiar People
Authors: Thornton Mark A. , Mitchell Jason P. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
How does the brain encode and organize our understanding of the people we know? In this study, participants imagined personally familiar others in a variety of contexts while undergoing fMRI. Using multivoxel pattern analysis, we demonstrated that thinking about familiar others elicits consistent fine-grained patterns of neural activity. Person-specific patterns were distributed across many regions previously associated with social cognition, including medial prefrontal, medial parietal, and lateral temporoparietal cortices, as well as other regions including the anterior and mid-cingulate, insula, and precentral gyrus. Analogous context-specific patterns were observed in medial parietal and superior occipital regions. These results suggest that medial parietal cortex may play a particularly central role in simulating familiar others, as this is the only region to simultaneously represent both person and context information. Moreover, within portions of medial parietal cortex, the degree to which person-specific patterns were typically instated on a given trial predicted subsequent judgments of accuracy and vividness in the mental simulation. This suggests that people may access neural representations in this region to form metacognitive judgments of confidence in their mental simulations. In addition to fine-grained patterns within brain regions, we also observed encoding of both familiar people and contexts in coarse-grained patterns spread across the independently defined social brain network. Finally, we found tentative evidence that several established theories of person perception might explain the relative similarity between person-specific patterns within the social brain network.
Possible Reasons for the Beginning of Book Printing in Russia: Some Preliminary Notes – О возможных причинах начала книгопечатания в России
Authors: Усачев А.С. 
Published: May 2017

This article examines the factors that influenced the creation of the first Russian (so-called “anonymous”) printing press around 1553. The article shows that the first attempts to introduce printing took place as early as the 1540s (as seen in the Hans Schlitte mission and in a letter from Ivan IV to the Danish King Christian III). Thus the Sloglav Council (1551) or the conquest of Kazan (1552) could not be the immediate reasons for the introduction of printing in Russia. The direct reason was the need to standardize church service books. The article argues that the production of printed books in Russia also greatly accelerated as a result of the fire in Moscow in 1547, which destroyed an enormous quantity of books in the libraries in the capital. The capacities of the existing scriptoria in Moscow at the time were insufficient to restore quickly the large quantities of books lost in the fire. It became necessary to employ new methods for replacing the lost books (first and foremost, liturgical books). This study is based in a wide range of sources, including materials connected with the so-called “Viskovatyi Affair,” chronicles, the Tale of the Moscow Fire of 1547, the Book of Degrees, marginalia and other inscriptions found in some books, inventories compiled by the scribal staffs in chanceries, the colophon of the 1564 Apostol, and other sources.
An Analysis of Regional Climate Simulations for Western Australia’s Wine Regions—Model Evaluation and Future Climate Projections
Authors: Firth Rebecca , Kala Jatin , Lyons Thomas J. , Andrys Julia 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is evaluated as a regional climate model for the simulation of climate indices that are relevant to viticulture in Western Australia’s wine regions at a 5-km resolution under current and future climate. WRF is driven with ERA-Interim reanalysis for the current climate and three global climate models (GCMs) for both current and future climate. The focus of the analysis is on a selection of climate indices that are commonly used in climate–viticulture research. Simulations of current climate are evaluated against an observational dataset to quantify model errors over the 1981–2010 period. Changes to the indices under future climate based on the SRES A2 emissions scenario are then assessed through an analysis of future (2030–59) minus present (1970–99) climate. Results show that when WRF is driven with ERA-Interim there is generally good agreement with observations for all of the indices although there is a noticeable negative bias for the simulation of precipitation. The results for the GCM-forced simulations were less consistent. Namely, while the GCM-forced simulations performed reasonably well for the temperature indices, all simulations performed inconsistently for the precipitation index. Climate projections showed significant warming for both of the temperature indices and indicated potential risks to Western Australia’s wine growing regions under future climate, particularly in the north. There was disagreement between simulations with regard to the projections of the precipitation indices and hence greater uncertainty as to how these will be characterized under future climate.
Cooperative gestures for industry: Exploring the efficacy of robot hand configurations in expression of instructional gestures for human–robot interaction
Authors: Sheikholeslami Sara , Moon AJung , Croft Elizabeth A 
Published: May 2017

Fast and reliable communication between human worker(s) and robotic assistants is essential for successful collaboration between the agents. This is especially true for typically noisy manufacturing environments that render verbal communication less effective. In this work, we investigate the efficacy of nonverbal communication capabilities of robotic manipulators that have poseable, three-fingered end-effectors (hands). We explore the extent to which different poses of a typical robotic gripper can effectively communicate instructional messages during human–robot collaboration. Within the context of a collaborative car door assembly task, we conducted a series of three studies. We first observed the type of hand configurations that humans use to nonverbally instruct another person (Study 1, N = 17); based on the observation, we examined how well human gestures with frequently used hand configurations are understood by recipients of the message (Study 2, N = 140). Finally, we implemented the most human-recognized human hand configurations on a seven-degree-of-freedom robotic manipulator to investigate the efficacy of having human-inspired hand poses on a robotic hand compared to an unposed hand (Study 3, N = 100). Contributions of this work include presentation of a set of hand configurations humans commonly use to instruct another person in a collaborative assembly scenario, as well as recognition rate and recognition confidence measures for the gestures that humans and robots express using different hand configurations. Results indicate that most gestures are better recognized with a higher level of confidence when displayed with a posed robot hand.
Clinical characteristics of patients with diabetes mellitus and fatty liver diagnosed by liver/spleen Hounsfield units on CT scan
Authors: Sakitani Kosuke , Enooku Kenichiro , Kubo Hirokazu , Tanaka Akifumi , Arai Hisakatsu , Kawazu Shoji , Koike Kazuhiko 
Published: May 2017

Objective The leading cause of liver injuries in diabetes mellitus may be associated with fatty liver. We aimed to elucidate the relationship between fatty liver and diabetes characteristics. Methods Retrospectively, 970 patients with diabetes were analysed. Fatty liver was diagnosed when the liver/spleen Hounsfield unit ratio by computed tomography was below 0.9. Clinical diabetes characteristics were compared between patients with and without fatty liver. Results Of 970 patients (717 male and 253 female; mean age 64.4 years), 175 males (24.4%) and 60 females (23.7%) had fatty liver. None of the 28 patients with type 1 diabetes had fatty liver. In male patients with type 2 diabetes, age, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), albumin, alanine amino-transferase (ALT), and triglycerides were independently associated with fatty liver. In females, age and bilirubin were associated with fatty liver. Conclusions Fatty liver is associated with type 2 diabetes characteristics, including younger age and elevated VAT, albumin, ALT, and triglycerides in males and younger age and elevated bilirubin levels in females.
Short-interval postconditioning protects the bowel against ischaemia–reperfusion injury in rats
Authors: Ozkisacik Sezen , Erdem Ali Onur , Etensel Barlas , Tataroglu Canten , Serter Mukadder , Yazici Mesut 
Published: May 2017

Objective Acute mesenteric ischaemia leads to intestinal damage. Restoration of blood flow results in further damage to tissue, which is called reperfusion injury. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of short-interval postconditioning and to determine the optimal interval for reperfusion in an experimental rat model of intestinal ischaemia. Methods Forty adult male Wistar rats were grouped as follows: sham (Sh), ischaemia + reperfusion (IR), ischaemia + postconditioning for 5 seconds (PC5), ischaemia + postconditioning for 10 seconds (PC10), and ischaemia + postconditioning for 20 seconds (PC20). For postconditioning, 10 cycles of reperfusion (5, 10, or 20 seconds) interspersed by 10 cycles of 10 seconds of ischaemia were performed. Blood glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels were measured. Intestinal tissue damage was assessed histopathologically. Results GR levels were significantly higher in the PC5 group than in the IR group (37.7 ± 9.0 vs. 18.5 ± 2.0 min/g Hb). GPx levels were significantly higher in the PC10 group than in the IR group (43.2 ± 9.2 vs. 15.9 ± 4.6 U/g Hb). The histopathological score was significantly lower in the PC5 group (1.1 ± 0.1) than in the IR group (2.1 ± 0.2). Conclusion Short-interval postconditioning reduces reperfusion injury in the ischaemic bowel and the optimal interval for reperfusion is 5 seconds. The long-term effects of short-interval postconditioning and the optimal reperfusion interval in intestinal ischaemia–reperfusion in rats need to be investigated.