bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel vs. Well-learned Memory for Faces: A Positron Emission Tomography Study
Authors: Wiser Anne K. , Andreasen Nancy C. , O'Leary Daniel S. , Crespo-Facorro Benedicto , Boles-Ponto Laura L. , Watkins G. Leonard , Hichwa Richard D. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Previous work has suggested that familiarity/novelty of learned materials affects the circuitry involved in memory, primarily in the size of activations rather than the pattern of activation. Although this work has examined both recall and recognition, it has been limited to verbal material. In this study, we set out to determine if the same result applies to nonverbal memory. We used the same experimental design, but used faces as the memory task. Healthy volunteers thoroughly learned a set of 18 faces a week prior to the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) experiment (well-learned memory) and were asked to remember another set of 18 faces, to which they were exposed 1 min before the PET experiment (novel memory). During the PET session, their task was to recognize the faces learned a week before and the faces seen a minute before; the “remembered faces” were interspersed among entirely new (distractor) faces. We found that, unlike for verbal material, the retention interval and the familiarity level of the faces affected both the pattern and the size of activations. Comparing the novel and well-learned recognition tasks revealed that novel memory for faces is primarily a frontallobe task, while well-learned recognition memory for faces utilizes a more distributed neural circuit, including visual areas, which appear to serve as memory-storage sites.
Electrophysiological Evidence for Early Contextual Influences during Spoken-Word Recognition: N200 Versus N400 Effects
Authors: van den Brink Daniëlle , Brown Colin M. , Hagoort Peter 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
An event-related brain potential experiment was carried out to investigate the time course of contextual influences on spoken-word recognition. Subjects were presented with spoken sentences that ended with a word that was either (a) congruent, (b) semantically anomalous, but beginning with the same initial phonemes as the congruent completion, or (c) semantically anomalous beginning with phonemes that differed from the congruent completion. In addition to finding an N400 effect in the two semantically anomalous conditions, we obtained an early negative effect in the semantically anomalous condition where word onset differed from that of the congruent completions. It was concluded that the N200 effect is related to the lexical selection process, where word-form information resulting from an initial phonological analysis and content information derived from the context interact.
Network Random Keys—A Tree Representation Scheme for Genetic and Evolutionary Algorithms
Authors: Rothlauf Franz , Goldberg David E. , Heinzl Armin 
Published: July 2002

When using genetic and evolutionary algorithms for network design, choosing a good representation scheme for the construction of the genotype is important for algorithm performance. One of the most common representation schemes for networks is the characteristic vector representation. However, with encoding trees, and using crossover and mutation, invalid individuals occur that are either under or overspecified. When constructing the offspring or repairing the invalid individuals that do not represent a tree, it is impossible to distinguish between the importance of the links that should be used. These problems can be overcome by transferring the concept of random keys from scheduling and ordering problems to the encoding of trees. This paper investigates the performance of a simple genetic algorithm (SGA) using network random keys (NetKeys) for the one-max tree and a real-world problem. The comparison between the network random keys and the characteristic vector encoding shows that despite the effects of stealth mutation, which favors the characteristic vector representation, selectorecombinative SGAs with NetKeys have some advantages for small and easy optimization problems. With more complex problems, SGAs with network random keys significantly outperform SGAs using characteristic vectors. This paper shows that random keys can be used for the encoding of trees, and that genetic algorithms using network random keys are able to solve complex tree problems much faster than when using the characteristic vector. Users should therefore be encouraged to use network random keys for the representation of trees.
THE SECOND COMING: REPETITION AND INSATIABLE DESIRE IN THE SONG OF SONGS
Authors: Boer Roland 
Published: July 2002

AbstractHow might Jacques Lacan and Slavoj´ i°ek read the Song of Songs? Perversely, I suggest. After determining the appropriateness of these two partners, particularly because of the importance of desire in Lacanian psychoanalysis, I tarry for a time with Lacan and ´ i°ek in order to identify the main features of Lacan's thought on desire. It turns out that it is intimately connected with repetition, and, by investigating some of the major items of Lacanian theory-fortda, (M)Other, graph of desire, rim, Law, pain, jouissance, desire of desire-the relation between desire and repetition is established. Equipped with this distinctively perverse set of toys, I then read the Song itself in three stages. The triggers of desire are located in the function of edges, rims, Law, pain and the (M)Other. Repetition is investigated in terms of structure, phrases and words, descriptions, and content. Finally I ask the haunting question: che vuoi? What do you really want?
LEGAL PRACTICE IN AN ANDALUSĪ-MAGHRIBĪ SOURCE FROM THE TWELFTH CENTURY CE: THE MADHĀHIB AL-HUKKĀM FĪ NAWĀZIL AL-AHKĀM
Authors: Serrano Delfina 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn this article I examine a series of texts selected from the Madhāhib al-hukkām fī nawāzil al-ahkām, a collection of legal cases (nawāzil) compiled by Abū 'Abd Allāh Muhammad b. 'Iyād of Ceuta (d. 575/1179). These cases refer to actual legal disputes that occurred in Ceuta and other towns and villages of al-Andalus and the Maghrib. The examples studied here compensate for the lack of court records for the study of legal practice in al-Andalus and the Far Maghrib until the second half of the twelfth century CE. They shed light on relevant facets of legal practice such as the composition of the courts, court performance, the outcome of court activity in the form of fatwas and judgments, court practice ('amal), the jurisdiction of qādīs, the process of judicial review, the use of law by jurists and laymen, and certain aspects of the relationship between Mālikīs and non-Mālikīs in al-Andalus.
HEROISM, SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT, AND TRIADIC BONDS IN JAIN AND CHRISTIAN MENDICANCY AND ALMSGIVING
Authors: Munzer Stephen R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDespite first impressions to the contrary, religions as radically different as Jainism and Christianity can shed light on each other's practices of mendicancy and almsgiving. They can do so because of a trio of general categories under which certain elements of Jain and Christian practices can be subsumed. The categories are heroism, spiritual development, and triadic bonds among mendicants, almsgivers, and one or more supernatural or superhuman beings. There are at least two reasons why scholars of comparative religion, students of spirituality, philosophers of religion, and others should care whether it is possible to compare Jain and Christian mendicancy and almsgiving. First, the categories used to examine Jain and Christian practices reveal an underlying structure that might be used to analyze other varieties of religious mendicancy and almsgiving. Second, demonstrating similarities between Jainism and Christianity provides empirical evidence that even quite different religions and cultures are not so self-contained that it is impossible to compare them. The demonstration undermines one sort of relativism in anthropology.
Getting Close to Animals with Alice Walker's The Temple of My Familiar
Authors: McKay Robert 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis article offers an analysis of Alice Walker's novel The Temple of My Familiar. It critiques the claim that humans' ability to use language, regarded in this article as equivalent to one sense of the word representation, marks the essential difference of humans from animals. The argument has two stages. The first claims that the novel offers a way to bridge this supposed fundamental difference in order that representation, in a second sense of speaking or advocating for animals, can effectively occur. Importantly, the context of this is Walker's anti-oppressive politics of race and gender. It analyzes the portrayal of characters who understand their lives, the past, and their relationships with nonhuman animals by creating myths and stories, rather than via conventional written history. The second stage of the argument shows that this essentially creative understanding of worldviews other than the "norm" of western culture transcends the distance that language is said to insinuate between humans and animals. Creative, imaginative understanding allows humans to get close to animals. "Can one speak of the animal? Can one approach the animal?" (Derrida, 1997, p. 271)
DIE WURZEL PHZ UND IHRE KONNOTATIONEN
Authors: Lange Armin 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDie Wurzel phz und ihre Derivate wurden entweder im Kontext zweier arab. Wurzeln (”fakhaza «to boast»; fakhkhadha, fakhadha «to scatter»“) auf zwei unterschiedliche hebr. Wurzeln gleicher Bedeutung zurückgeführt (Ch. Rabin) oder vor dem Hintergrund später Vorkommen bei Ben Sira, im Aramaic Levi Document und in Texten aus der Bibliothek von Qumran mit ”«wanton» or «lascivious»“ übersetzt (J.C. Greenfield). R. De Hoop schlug demgegenüber auf Grund von Hi. vi 15-20 und Jer. xv 18 als Grundbedeutung ”something like «to deceive»“ vor. Alle Arbeiten lessen jedoch eine in der Diskussion um die Samuelbücher schon lange bekannte varia lectio außer Betracht. 4QSamb bezeugt in 1 Sam. xx 34a wyphz. Der in nachexilisher Zeit nur noch schwer verständliche Text wurde späterhin mit wyqm übersetzt (MT etc.). Diese hebräisch-hebräische Übersetzung legt für die Wurzel phz eine Grundbedeutung ”aufstehen, sich erheben“ nahe. Die vorexilisch-exilischen Belege der Wurzel (Gen. il 4a; DAT ii 8; Zeph. iii 4; Jdc. ix 4b; Jer. xxiii 32aβ) bestätigen diese Annahme und bezeugen darüber hinaus eine übertragene Bedeutung von phz und seinen Derivaten im Sinne von ”sich gegen jemanden erheben“. In nachexilischer Zeit kann die Wurzel neben den beobachteten Konnotationen auch ein unbewußtes und leichtfertiges Handeln beschreiben.
'THE ANIMALS CAN REMEMBER': REPRESENTATIONS OF THE NON-HUMAN OTHER IN ALICE WALKER'S THE TEMPLE OF MY FAMILIAR
Authors: Greenwood Amanda 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis article offers an ecofeminist reading of representations of non-human animals in Alice Walker's The Temple of My Familiar. It takes as its starting point Warren's definition of ecofeminism as a term that encompasses ''a variety of multicultural perspectives on the nature of connections within social systems of domination . . . and the domination of non-human nature. (Warren 1994: 1). Walker's own identifications of connections between 'social systems of domination' particularly of 'people of colour' and 'nonhuman nature' are examined within the context of Warren's definition and with reference to Walker's poetry collection Horses Make A Landscape Look More Beautiful and the essay 'Am I Blue?' The article then focuses on The Temple of My Familiar, arguing that throughout this deeply intertextual novel, Walker transcends stereotypical representations of women and people of color by choosing to celebrate the perception that they are ''close to nature''.
Phalangeal growth marks related to testis development in the frog Rana cyanophlyctis
Authors: Pancharatna Katti , Kumbar Suresh , Chandran Sapna 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA study of phalangeal skeletochronology was performed to estimate the age of male frogs, Rana cyanophlyctis. Changes in testicular morphometry, kinetics of spermatogenesis and abdominal fat body mass were studied in relation to the number of growth marks in these frogs. Demineralized, stained cross- sections of distal phalanx of the 4th toe of male frogs showed growth rings that alternated with highly chromophilic lines of arrested growth (LAGs). One to five growth rings were observed in frogs with different body size; body mass (r = 0.44) and size (r = 0.47) showed poor correlation with the number of growth rings. Testicular morphometry, number of spermatogenic cysts per seminiferous tubule cross-section, and germ cells per cyst increased with the increase in the number of growth rings. Leydig cells were few in the frogs with a single growth ring and increased in second and third year but Sertoli cell number and nuclear diameter did not change drastically.
The density and abundance of juvenile Varanus exanthematicus (Sauria: Varanidae) in the coastal plain of Ghana
Authors: Bennett Daniel 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe density and abundance of Varanus exanthematicus was measured by single searches and markrecapture studies at sites in the Great Accra Region of Ghana. One hour search effort yielded a mean of 0.42 lizards in August/September 1994 and 0.87 lizards in March/April 1996. Mark-recapture results indicated a density of 357 juveniles per km2 in mixed farmland and grassland habitats.
A new species of Norops (Squamata: Polychrotidae) from northwestern Honduras
Authors: Nicholson Kirsten , McCranie James , Köhler Gunther 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA new species of anole of the genus Norops is described from Departamento de Yoro in northwestern Honduras. The new species appears to be most closely related to members of the N. cupreus species group and is most easily distinguished from those species by male dewlap color and in having a single anterior nasal scale. Una nueva especie de anolito del género Norops es descrita como proveniente del Departamento de Yoro en el noroeste de Honduras. La nueva especie, aparentemente en parentezco con los miembros del grupo N. cupreus, se diferencia de las otras especies de este grupo de especies más facilmete por el color de la papera gular de los machos y por la presencia de una escama nasal anterior.
FORAGING TRADE-OFFS AND PREDATOR INSPECTION IN AN OSTARIOPHYSAN FISH: SWITCHING FROM CHEMICAL TO VISUAL CUES
Authors: Brown Grant , Cowan Joseph 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Under laboratory conditions, we investigated the presence of a foraging trade-off in the chemical predator inspection behaviour of finescale dace (Chrosomus neogaeus). Dace were fed ad libitum, or food deprived for 24 or 48 hours and allowed to inspect a live yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in the presence of the chemical cues of a perch fed dace (with alarm pheromone) or swordtails (Xiphophorus helleri; without alarm pheromones). Dace exposed to the odour of a perch fed swordtails exhibited no evidence of a trade-off in either anti-predator behaviour or predator inspection behaviour. When fed ad libitum and exposed to the odour of a perch fed dace, individuals exhibited significantly greater anti-predator behaviour (increased shoaling, decreased area use and greater frequency of dashing and freezing behaviour) when compared to the swordtail diet control. Predator inspection behaviour was also significantly affected (increased latency to inspect and minimum distance approached towards the predator and fewer inspectors per visit). However, when food deprived for 24 or 48 hours, dace exhibited no differences in either anti-predator or predator inspection behaviour when exposed to the odour of perch fed dace versus perch fed swordtails. These data demonstrate that predator inspection behaviour based on the chemical cues of a potential predator is subject to foraging trade-offs and that individual prey may reduce their overall risk of predation by increasing the use of visual cues.
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR THE COST OF POLYGYNY IN THE RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD AGELAIUS PHOENICEUS
Authors: Pribil Stanislav 
Published: July 2002

AbstractI examined the effect of harem size on female reproductive success in the red - winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) in Ontario while controlling for the confounding effects of territory and male quality. Male territories were matched by their quality and harem sizes were manipulated by selective removal of females. The removals created monogamous and bigamous harems. Bigamous females fledged significantly fewer young than monogamous females, mainly due to higher predation on their nests. Young of the bigamous females were fed less frequently than young of the monogamous females (mainly due to reduced male assistance), but the difference was not significant. There was a positive relationship between parental provisioning rate and nestling body size. Young of the bigamous females fledged at smaller body size than young of the monogamous females. Because fledgling body size is related to post - fledgling survival, young of the bigamous females presumably experienced lower survival than young of the monogamous females. The lower number of fledglings, combined with their lower survival, suggests that the bigamous females produced fewer descendants than the monogamous females. I conclude that polygyny is costly to females in this population of the red - winged blackbird. Previous experimental studies demonstrated that females in this population prefer to settle with unmated males rather than already - mated males. In light of the present findings, the preferences appear adaptive, as they reduce the cost of polygyny. In Pennsylvania, Searcy (1988) reported that females settle independently of harem size and that harem size has no effect on their reproductive success. A comparison of the Ontario and Pennsylvania populations suggest that there are geographic differences in the effect of harem size on both female preferences and reproductive success.
Ecological characterisation of Steinernema monticolum, a cold-adapted entomopathogenic nematode from Korea
Authors: Ganguly Sudershan , Kaya Harry , Koppenhöfer Albrecht 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis study describes the basic ecological characteristics of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema monticolum that was originally isolated from soil in a mountain forest on Mount Jiri, Republic of Korea. Under laboratory conditions, S. monticolum infected a wide range of insect species but appeared best adapted to lepidopteran larvae as hosts. It uses an intermediate foraging strategy with a low attachment rate to mobile hosts on the soil surface and poor infection of sedentary hosts placed at  5 cm soil depth. S. monticolum infected hosts over a wide range of soil moisture ranging from ­ 1500 kPa to ­ 3 kPa. It has a wide thermal activity range with optimum infectivity from 12 to 25°C. When stored in water over a 6 month period, S. monticolum persisted well from 5 to 25°C. Its infectivity also remained high when stored from 5 to 15°C but declined faster at 25°C. Because of its foraging strategy and adaptation to cool temperatures, S. monticolum has potential for the control of pests, especially Lepidoptera, that hibernate in the upper soil layer or soil litter. Zusammenfassung – Ökologische Charakterisierung des entomopathogenen Nematoden Steinernema monticolum aus Korea – Die grundlegenden ökologischen Merkmale des entomopathogenen Nematoden Steinernema monticolum , einer Art, die ursprüglich aus dem Boden eines Bergwaldes am Jiri Berg in Korea isoliert worden ist, werden beschrieben. Unter Laborbedingungen infizierte S. monticolum einen weiten Bereich von Insektenarten, schien jedoch am besten an Larven von Lepidoptera angepasst zu sein. Dieser Nematode verfügt über ein intermediäres Wirtssuchverhalten mit einer niedrigen Anheftungsrate an bewegliche Wirte auf der Bodenoberfläche und einer niedrigen Infektionsrate von sedentären Wirten in  5 cm Bodentiefe. S. monticolum infizierte Wirte in einem weiten Bereich von Bodenfeuchtigkeiten (­ 1500 kPa bis ­ 3 kPa). Diese Art hat einen weiten thermischen Aktivitätsbereich mit optimaler Infektiösität von 12 bis 25°C. Bei Lagerung in Wasser über einen Zeitraum von sechs Monaten zeigte S. monticolum hohe Überlebensraten bei Temperaturen von 5 bis 25°C. Die Infektiösität blieb ebenfalls hoch im Bereich von 5 bis 15°C, nahm bei Lagerung bei 25°C aber schneller ab. Wegen seines Wirtssuchverhaltens und seiner Anpassung an kühle Temperaturen erscheint S. monticolum ein hohes Potentential für die Bekämpfung von Schadinsekten, inbesondere Lepidoptera, die in den oberen Bodenschichten oder im Streu überwintern, zu haben.
Correlation between survival in water and persistence of infectivity in soil of Heterorhabditis spp. isolates
Authors: Hass Birgit , Downes Martin , Griffin Christine 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPersistence in soil of ten isolates of three species of Heterorhabditis was monitored by baiting the soil with insects and recording their mortality. Infective juveniles (IJ) of the same ten isolates were also incubated in tap water and their survival recorded. Both tests were conducted in the laboratory at 20°C. Inter- and intraspecific differences in persistence were detected: H. bacteriophora HI was the most persistent isolate in both media. There was no clear division between H. megidis (North West European Group) and H. downesi, but isolates of H. downesi tended to be less persistent than those of H. megidis. Nematodes persisted longer in soil than in water: after 180 days in water, all IJ were dead in seven of the ten isolates, whereas all isolates still killed insects after 265 days in soil. Persistence of isolates in soil (indicated by LT50, the time that nematode-infested soil retained the ability to kill 50% of the bait insects) was correlated with their survival in water (represented by ST50, the time at which 50% of the IJ were still alive), with r2 = 0.84, indicating that similar factors were responsible for the reduction in each parameter.
Morphological and molecular characterisation of Pratylenchus arlingtoni n. sp., P.convallariae and P.fallax (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae)
Authors: Carta Lynn , Handoo Zafar , Skantar Andrea 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPratylenchus arlingtoni n. sp. from the rhizosphere of grasses Poa pratensis and Festuca arundinacea at Arlington National Cemetery, VA, USA is characterised by six to eight lines in the lateral field, and pyriform to slightly overlapping pharyngeal glands. Morphological comparisons are made with lesion nematodes having similar morphometrics, six lateral lines, or crenate tail tips. Molecular sequences of the LS 28S rDNA were generated for the new species as well as P.fallax and P.convallariae. The new species differs by only 1% from identical sequences found in P.fallax and P.convallariae.