bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIII-30 Development of an application programming interface (API) to automate downloading and processing of precision livestock data
Authors: Parsons Ira L , Brennan Jameson R , Harrison Meredith A , Menendez Hector M 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Advancements in technology have ushered in a new era of sensor-based measurement and management of livestock production systems. These sensor-based technologies have the ability to automatically monitor feeding, growth, and enteric emissions for individual animals across confined and extensive production systems. One challenge with sensor-based technologies is the large amount of data generated, which can be difficult to access, process, visualize, and monitor information in real time to ensure equipment is working properly and animals are utilizing it correctly. A solution to this problem is the development of application programming interfaces (APIs) to automate downloading, visualizing, and summarizing datasets generated from precision livestock technology. For this methods paper, we develop three APIs and accompanying processes for rapid data acquisition, visualization, systems tracking, and summary statistics for three technologies (SmartScale, SmartFeed, and GreenFeed) manufactured by C-Lock Inc (Rapid City, SD). Program R markdown documents and example datasets are provided to facilitate greater adoption of these techniques and to further advance precision livestock technology. The methodology presented successfully downloaded data from the cloud and generated a series of visualizations to conduct systems checks, animal usage rates, and calculate summary statistics. These tools will be essential for further adoption of precision technology. There is huge potential to further leverage APIs to incorporate a wide range of datasets such as weather data, animal locations, and sensor data to facilitate decision-making on times scales relevant to researchers and livestock managers.
PSLBI-8 Effect of sunflower (Tithonic diversifolia) extract on growth performance and serum antioxidant enzymes of broiler chickens
Authors: Ogunkunle Funmilola , Alade Oluwatooyin , Ogunkunle Nathaniel 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The ban of antibiotic growth promoters in many countries has increased the use of plant bioactives as alternatives to antibiotics; however, there is little information on the impact of sunflower extract on animal performance. Therefore, this study focused on the use of sunflower extract on growth performance and serum antioxidant enzymes of broiler chickens. Unsexed broiler chicks (n = 128; 1 d of age) were completely randomized into group 1 (Con: 0 mL of extract; n = 32), group 2 (2SE: 2mL/L of extract, n = 32), group 3 (4SE: 2mL/L of extract; n = 32) and group 4 (6SE: 2mL/L of extract; n = 32). Each group was replicated 4 times with 8 chicks per replicate. Data was analyzed as one-way ANOVA using SAS 9.4 at 5% alpha. There was no significant (P = 0.0605) difference in final body weight (BW), BW gain (P = 0.0557) and average daily gain of the chickens. The BW gain was 1,727.54g, 1,970.87g, 1,913.86 g and 1,765.53 g for CON, 2SE, 4SE and 6SE respectively. There was significant (P &lt; 0.05) difference in superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase while no significant difference was observed in catalase enzyme activity. In conclusion, sunflower extract could increase the antioxidant status of broiler chickens by scavenging free radicals, it has the potential to increase growth performance, thereby increasing broiler productivity and welfare.
PSLBI-29 Gene expression patterns in liver tissue proximal to abscesses in cattle
Authors: Baker Emilie C , Lawrence Ty E 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Liver abscesses pose a significant economic burden on the beef industry, resulting in substantial profit losses. A contributor to these losses is the decreased productivity and feed efficiency observed in affected cattle. Reduced feed efficiency could be attributed to the impairment of metabolic activity due to liver tissue damage caused by the abscesses. While tissue within the abscess itself is dysfunctional, little is known about the functional state of the surrounding liver tissue. Considering this, the present research aimed to evaluate liver tissue gene expression profiles at varying distances from liver abscesses. Tissue samples (n = 21) were collected from three distinct regions: 1) &lt;4 mm proximal from the abscess without including abscessed tissue (adjacent tissue), 2) 3 cm proximal from the abscess (nearby tissue), and 3) from livers with no abscesses (healthy controls). Gene expression comparisons utilizing DESeq were conducted between each tissue sample group. The number of differentially expressed genes (FDR ≤ 0.10) identified in each comparison is presented in Table 1. Tissue directly adjacent to the liver abscess was substantially different in gene expression when compared with both the healthy and tissue 3 cm proximal to an abscess. Fewer genes exhibited differential expression between healthy tissue and tissue taken 3 cm away. Gene enrichment analysis was conducted using the KOBAS-i software to identify biological pathways associated with the differentially expressed genes. Genes upregulated in liver tissue adjacent to the abscess were associated (FDR ≤ 0.10) with immune response pathways, including the “T cell receptor signaling pathway” and “Cytokine-Cytokine receptor interaction,” whereas downregulated genes were linked to metabolic pathways such as “Fatty Acid Metabolism” and multiple amino acid biosynthesis pathways. Gene expression differences between tissue 3 cm away and healthy tissue were minimal; however, enrichment analysis identified significant (FDR ≤ 0.10) metabolic pathways such as the “peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling” which is involved in gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism, suggesting some metabolic alterations up to 3 cm proximal from the abscess. Upregulation of immune response pathways and downregulation of metabolic pathways in the adjacent tissue suggest a shift in cellular priorities, diverting resources to combat the active infection rather than routine metabolic processes. This localized immune response and metabolic dysregulation observed in the liver tissue adjacent to the abscess, coupled with metabolic alterations up to 3 cm away, highlight the effects of liver abscesses on the overall metabolic capacity and functionality of the liver. Continued research should focus on investigating the effect of abscess severity on overall liver function.
PSLBI-17 Total sulfur amino acid requirements across the canine life cycle in Labrador Retrievers using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique
Authors: Dickerson Sarah M , Timlin Claire L , McCracken Fiona B , Fowler Jason W , coon craig n 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Methionine and cysteine are the principal sulfur-containing amino acids that are incorporated into proteins, although homocysteine and taurine also have important physiological roles in canines. As limited studies have been conducted for total sulfur-containing amino acids (TSAA) requirements across the canine life cycle, our objective was to determine the minimum requirements (MR) for TSAA at 4 life stages using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique. Labrador Retrievers (n = 24) were used in feeding studies to evaluate the changing requirements of TSAA as dogs mature: 6 puppies aged 10 to 14 wk, 6 puppies &gt;14 wk to 9 mos, 6 adults 2 to 5 yr (yr), and 6 seniors &gt; 8yr. Following a 2-d adaptation to a TSAA-adequate basal diet (TSAA = 1.12% dry matter), dogs underwent individual IAAO studies. In brief, all dogs were randomly fed one of six test diets with varying levels of TSAA ranging from deficient to sufficient (final TSAA content in experimental diets were 0.41, 0.46, 0.51, 0.98, 1.05, and 1.12% dry matter, with indispensable amino acids formulated at 1.6x NRC values). The test diet was divided into 13 equal meals; at the 5th meal, a tracer amino acid was included (a bolus L-[1-13C] phenylalanine based on body weight was first given, followed by [1-13C] Phe doses every 30 spanning 4 h). Breath samples were collected via a respiration mask every 30 min. Total CO2 production was determined via indirect calorimetry and production of 13CO2 at each dose was measured by enrichment of 13C in breath samples via isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Results for IRMS data were converted to atom percent excess (APE) and analyzed using segmented linear regression. The Four Rivers mean and population requirements for TSAA were estimated to be 1.55 ± 0.069 g/1,000 kcal (mean ± 2 SD) for puppies 10 to 14 wk, 1.53 ± 0.21 g/1,000 kcal (mean ± 2 SD) for puppies 14 wk to 9 mo, 1.4 ± 0.30 g/1000 kcal (mean ± 2 SD) for adults 2 to 5 yr, and 1.27 ± 0.23 g/1,000 kcal (mean ± 2 SD) for seniors. These results may contribute to the formulation of diets that meet the age-appropriate requirements of TSAA for large-breed dogs at all life stages.
PSLBI-18 Isoleucine requirements of young adult and senior Labrador retrievers
Authors: Dickerson Sarah M , Fuqua Mary E , Webb Tanya , Timlin Claire L , McCracken Fiona B , Fowler Jason W , Coon Craig N 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Age-appropriate diets that meet the unique nutritional needs of aging are in greater demand as senior dogs represent an increasing percentage of the pet population. Studies targeting the specific amino acid requirements of the aging canine are important because they may inform dietary formulations for this specific life stage. In this study, the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique was used to determine the minimum requirements for isoleucine (Iso) in young adult and senior Labrador retrievers. After 2-d adaptation to Iso-adequate basal diet (Iso = 0.608% dry matter), dogs underwent individual IAOO studies. In brief, all dogs were randomly fed one of six test diets with varying levels of isoleucine ranging from deficient to sufficient (final Iso content in experimental diets were 0.244, 0.285, 0.326, 0.532, 0.57 and 0.608% dry matter). Test diet was divided into 13 equal meals; at the 5th meal, a tracer amino acid was supplied (a bolus L-[1-13C] phenylalanine based on body weight was first given, followed by [1-13C] Phe doses every 30 min spanning a 4 h period), and breath samples were collected via respiration mask every 30 min. CO2 production was determined via indirect calorimetry and production of 13CO2 at each dose was measured by enrichment of 13C in breath samples via isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Results for IRMS data were converted to atom percent excess (APE) and analyzed using segmented linear regression. The Four Rivers mean and population requirements for isoleucine were 898 ± 71 mg/1,000 kcal ME (mean ± 2 SD) for young adults and 885 ± 91 mg/1,000 kcal ME (mean ± 2 SD) in senior dogs, which is slightly greater than the National Research Council’s minimum requirement. As the pet food industry offers more specialized diets for aging canines, updating the amino acid requirements for such animals is increasingly important.
PSLBI-1 Stepwise approach applied to metabolites related to residual feed intake in Angus cattle
Authors: Ten Nunes Alanne ório , de Novais Francisco José , Faleiros Camila Aparecida , Marcilli Gabriela Marques , Poleti Mirele Daiana , Ferraz José Bento Sterman , Fukumasu Heidge 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Feed efficiency (FE) selection is crucial for improving the economic and environmental sustainability of beef cattle production. Residual feed intake (RFI) is the most commonly used parameter for FE because it is independent of metabolic body weight (MBW) and average daily gain (ADG). Low-RFI (LRFI) animals are more efficient, as they present less feed intake than expected, decreasing dry matter intake (DMI) and methane production per unit of body weight gain (BW). However, considering the time and resources required for RFI measurement, omics methods have been applied to distinguish between LRFI and high-RFI (HRFI) animals. This study performed a stepwise approach as an alternative for selecting important plasma metabolites related to RFI in beef cattle. Black Angus bulls (n = 64) with an initial BW of 321.8 ± 59.98 kg and 12.9 ± 1.08 mo from rearing under continuous grazing were allocated to feedlot pens and fed a diet containing 80:20 roughage:concentrate. The animals were evaluated for DMI and BW using an integrated real-time data collection system (Intergado, Brazil) for 56 d, and ADG was estimated as the slope of the linear regression between BW and days on feed. Blood samples were collected at the end of the finishing phase by puncturing the coccygeal vessels. Through targeted metabolomics, concentrations of plasma amino acids, biogenic amines, and hexoses were determined using an AB Sciex 5500 QTRAP mass spectrometer in liquid chromatography-mass-spectrometry and flow-injection analysis mode. The fixed effect of MBW, ADG, age and batch, and the random effect of sire were considered in the mixed model to determine RFI and to categorize the 20 greatest and 20 least values as HRFI and LRFI, respectively, using the lmer4 R package. A stepwise approach in both directions was used in the MASS R package. The model with the lowest AIC (31.15) presented 23 of the 31 metabolites, followed by ANOVA (Table 1). Serotonin, glutamate, phenylalanine, and tyrosine concentrations were greater in HRFI, whereas aspartate, citrulline, tryptophan, ornithine, taurine, creatinine, and trans-4-hydroxyproline concentrations were greater in LRFI (P &lt; 0.05). The gluconeogenic potential of glutamate, phenylalanine, and tyrosine suggests that an impact on energy availability may affect DMI. Conversely, differences in creatinine and trans-4-hydroxyproline abundance can reflect changes in muscular body mass, while the greater concentrations of aspartate, citrulline, and ornithine in LRFI animals suggest that a lower DMI can be associated with lower urea cycle activity. The stepwise approach appears to be a feasible alternative as a pre-selection method to identify plasma metabolites that could be used to categorize beef cattle for RFI. Further validation is required to confirm the potential of these metabolites as biomarkers for FE selection.
PSLBI-7 Coating extruded kibble with increasing levels of free fatty acids does not decrease palatability or impact e-nose odor profiles
Authors: Coon Craig N , McCracken Fiona B , Timlin Claire L , Fowler Jason W , Skaggs Patrick M , Dickerson Sarah M 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Complete uncoated extruded kibble was coated with 5% by weight premium poultry fat (5,000 ppm Naturox, 0.57% FFA; Tyson, Springdale, AR) spiked with 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 percent free fatty acids (Oleic acid, Millipore Sigma. Burlington, MA), and 3% liquid chicken-based palatant (Tyson, Springdale, AR). Kibbles were then utilized in oral palatability (n = 20 dogs; 10 male, 10 female), aromatic palatability (n = 20 dogs; 10 male, 10 female), and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTG; n = 36 dogs; 18 male, 18 female). Kibble odors were by ultra-fast gas chromatography e-nose (AlphaMOS, Toulouse, France), and SPME GC-MS (MUMC, Columbia, MO). In the aromatic palatability trials, there were no significant differences in first approach (P ≥ 0.21), percent interaction time (P ≥ 0.16), or interaction ratio (P ≥ 0.94). In the oral palatability trials, there were no significant differences in first approach (P ≥ 0.26), first bite (P ≥ 0.50), percent consumed (P ≥ 0.15), or intake ratio (P ≥ 0.59). There was a significant increase in fat digestibility among diets coated with 20% FFA compared with the uncoated diet (P = 0.02), with intermediate diets showing a slight numerical increase but no significant difference. However, there was no significant difference in protein, carbohydrate, or dry matter digestibility (P ≥ 0.06). Principle component analysis of e-nose peaks showed minimal odor changes between samples (DI = -3). SPME GC-MS analysis identified 16 compounds correlated with FFA percentage (r2 ≥ 0.50). When used to coat kibble, poultry fat with up to 20% FFA did not appear to negatively impact palatability or overall odor profile, though it did modify specific volatile compounds.
PSLBI-5 Ruminal papillae morphology of beef on dairy heifers with abscessed or non-abscessed livers
Authors: Reis Beatriz Q , Sarturi Jhones O , Woerner Dale R , Johnson Bradley J , Rodrigues Barbara , Silva kaliu , Velasquez Taylee , Wilson Reese , Popellae Bharathwaj , France Otavio 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The ruminal papillae morphology characteristics of feedlot beef on dairy non-spayed heifers with liver abscess to those with non-abscessed liver were evaluated. Heifers were sourced from 27 lots which were harvested on six dates between November 2022 and February 2023. Upon harvest, a total of 94 rumen tissue samples from animals presenting liver abscesses and 110 rumen tissue samples from animals with non-abscessed livers were collected in pairs, as abscesses were identified within the harvesting facility viscera inspection line, following a randomized complete block design (block = lot within harvest date). Individual fragments (6 cm2) from the cranial sac epithelium of the rumen were collected, rinsed with deionized water, immersed in 70% alcohol, and preserved under refrigeration (4 oC) until analysis. Ruminal tissues were trimmed (1 cm2), in which the number of papillae was counted by three trained personnel, followed by the removal of 12 representative papillae specimens for further area electronic scanning (The University of Texas Health Science Center of San Antonio, Image Tool) to determine average papillae area, number per cm2 (AVP), average papillae area in cm2 (APA), absorptive surface area in cm2/fragment cm2 (ASA), and papillae absorptive surface area, % (ASA). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedures of SAS, with individual animal ruminal tissue used as the experimental unit, the fixed effect of ruminal condition, and the random effect of lot within the harvesting date. Average papillae number (P = 0.27), average papillae area (P = 0.74), absorptive surface area (P = 0.48), and papillae absorptive surface area (P = 0.43) were not affected by the presence of liver abscess. Severity of liver abscess distinguished as A -, A, or A+ scores compared with non-abscessed liver showed no difference on papillae number (P = 0.34), papillae area (P = 0.89), and absorptive area (P = 0.62). The presence of small or large liver abscesses did not affect the papillae area, size, or absorptive area (P ≥ 0.41). The liver lobe location of abscesses (cranial, caudal, both) did not affect (P ≥ 0.17) any of the ruminal morphological variables measured. The presence of liver abscesses, whether diffuse or localized, in beef on dairy heifers, did not affect (P ≥ 0.58) the development of ruminal papillae. The presence, severity, or location of liver abscess was not connected with ruminal papillae number, area, or absorptive surface area of beef on dairy heifers measured upon harvest time. The absence of ruminal papillae morphological changes in animals committed with liver abscesses may be further investigated with the characterization of potential cellular physical changes of the ruminal tissue and the integrity of the primary barrier in the digestive tract.
PSLBI-10 Effects of mid-gestational nutrient restriction on maternal and neonatal body weights in goats
Authors: Peel Jerome C , Dinegdie Gemechu , Ghnenis Adel 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Gestational nutrient restriction increases the risk for metabolic dysfunction in maternal and fetal health and predisposes the offspring to metabolic disease later in life. This study examined the impact of the mid-gestational nutrient restriction on dams and neonatal body weight (BW) in caprine pregnancy. Pregnant Boer goats with similar BW and age were assigned randomly and fed either a control diet (CON: 100% NRC recommendations) or an NR diet (60% of CON) from 45 to 100 d of gestation and re-alimented to control diet until term (n = 15/group). Animals were weighed every 2 wk throughout gestation, and at birth, newborn BW of kids was recorded (newborn males and females were selected based on survival and birth type). Data were analyzed by mixed procedures of SAS, presented as means ± SE, and differences were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05. During the nutrient restriction period, CON dams gained more (P &lt; 0.001) BW than NR group (15.04 vs. 2.33 ± 2.9 % BW gain, respectively). There was a tendency (P = 0.07) for the group by sex effect on offspring neonatal BW. Male offspring from NR group tended to have lighter BW (3.79 ± 0.22 vs. 4.35 ± 0.22 kg, respectively) than controls. However, female offspring did not differ significantly (3.38 ± 0.21 vs. 3.16 ± 0.18 kg, respectively) from controls. These data show that changes in the mother’s body weight due to nutrient restriction at mid-gestation may have a sex-specific impact on goat neonatal weights.
PSLBI-9 The growth performance and total tract starch digestibility of finishing Nelore bulls fed flint corn-based diets are improved by the corn processing method and urea source
Authors: Fávero Igor Gomes , Santos Ana Carolina Oliveira , Rezende Gabriela D , de Oliveira Júnior José Maria , Souza Stefânia Priscila , Teixeira Priscilla , Martín-Tereso Javier , Batista Erick D 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the flint corn processing method (CPM) and urea source for finishing Nellore bulls fed corn-based diets. In this study, 80 Nellore bulls [initial body weight (BW) = 388 ± 45.7 kg] were allocated into 28 pens (7 pens/treatment; 6 pens with 3 bulls + 1 pen with 2 bulls). A completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used to test two CPMs: dry ground corn (DGC) and reconstituted and ensiled corn (REC), and two US: feed-grade urea (FGU) and post-ruminal release urea (PRU). Dietary inclusion (% DM) of flint corn (vitreousness = 86.0%) was 61.3% (DGC or REC), and urea source addition was 0.5% as non-protein nitrogen (NPN; as FGU or PRU). The PRU source (Trouw Nutrition, Netherlands) contained 82% urea on a DM basis. In an in vitro assay, 27% of this urea was released into the rumen. Experimental period lasted 100 d (with 14 d of adaptation). Fecal samples from each bull were collected in two periods of three consecutive days (d 44 to 46 and 94 to 96) at different time (0600, 1200, and 1800 h). Samples were composited by pen and analyzed for fecal starch (FS) and indigestible NDF as markers for fecal excretion. At the end of the experiment, bulls were slaughtered and the jejunum and pancreas were sampled from one bull per pen. Interaction effects were not found (P ≥ 0.31) for any feedlot growth performance variables (Table 1). Final BW, average daily gain, and feed efficiency (gain to feed; G:F) were greater for bulls fed REC and PRU than for those fed DGC and FGU (P &lt; 0.02), respectively. As a result, observed dietary net energy (NE) for maintenance and BW gain were about 7.0% and 9.0% greater for bulls fed REC diets, and 4.3% and 5.6% greater for bulls fed PRU diets, respectively. Bulls fed DGC had 2.2 times greater FS compared with bulls fed REC, resulting in lower fecal pH and total tract starch digestibility (TSD) for bulls fed DGC compared with those fed REC (P &lt; 0.01). Interestingly, a similar trend was observed in bulls fed PRU compared with those fed diets with FGU (P &lt; 0.06). Jejunal gene expression of SLC5A1 was not affected by treatments (P &gt; 0.14). Nevertheless, bulls fed diets with PRU presented greater jejunal α-amylase activity (P = 0.02). Pancreatic α-amylase activity was less when bulls were fed DGC + PRU diet. In conclusion, REC markedly improved TSD and growth performance compared with DGC. Additionally, independent of CPM, PRU inclusion as NPN source increased G:F and dietary NE concentration due to the positive effects on jejunal amylase activity and TSD.