bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atypical Fibroxanthoma in a 13‐Year‐Old Guatemalan Girl with Xeroderma Pigmentosum
Authors: Chappell Ava G. , Chase Elizabeth P. , Chang Beverly , Cunningham Eric , Mihm Fred , Calame Antoanella , Fudem Gary , Cunningham Bari 
Published: April 2016

AbstractXeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare, autosomal recessive disease involving a defect in DNA repair leading to the premature development of numerous aggressive cutaneous malignancies. Although atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) is a neoplasm typically found in the setting of extensive sun exposure or therapeutic radiation, AFXs are rarely associated with children with XP. We report the case of a 13‐year‐old Guatemalan girl with the XP type C variant who developed one of the largest AFXs reported on a child's finger.
Periodontal diseases as a source of halitosis: a review of the evidence and treatment approaches for dentists and dental hygienists
Authors: De Geest Sophie , Laleman Isabelle , Teughels Wim , Dekeyser Christel , Quirynen Marc 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBad breath (halitosis) is an important social complaint. In most cases (≥90%), the cause of halitosis can be found within the oral cavity. Under this circumstance, the term oral malodor applies. It affects both healthy and periodontally diseased individuals. Oral malodor is mainly caused by a microbial degradation of both sulfur‐containing and nonsulfur‐containing amino acids into volatile, bad‐smelling gases. Anaerobic gram‐negative bacteria, the same species that have been linked to periodontal diseases, are especially involved in this process, explaining why clinicians often associate oral malodor with periodontitis. Some volatile organic compounds render patients more susceptible to periodontitis and this supports the malodor–periodontitis link. This review investigates the interaction between oral malodor and periodontal diseases. Pro and con arguments regarding the mechanisms of halitosis and clinical implications will be presented. In general, however, the impact of tongue coatings has been found to be the dominant factor, besides gingivitis and periodontitis. The last part of this review discusses the treatment of bad breath, with different options.
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils in periodontitis and their possible modulation as a therapeutic approach
Authors: Nicu Elena A. , Loos Bruno G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe main focus of this review is polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocytes. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils play a pivotal role in normal host resistance to subgingival dental‐plaque biofilm. Both hyper‐ and hypo‐responsiveness of the immune system toward the microbial challenge in periodontitis have been described. We review polymorphonuclear neutrophil physiology with emphasis on the role of neutrophil functions and dysfunctions in periodontitis. Text boxes are given at the end of each subsection, which present the current knowledge on neutrophil‐modulating agents as a potential therapeutic approach in periodontitis.
Antibiotics/antimicrobials: systemic and local administration in the therapy of mild to moderately advanced periodontitis
Authors: Jepsen Karin , Jepsen Søren 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis review gives an update of the current scientific evidence on the efficacy of the adjunctive use of systemic and local antibiotics/antimicrobials in the treatment of periodontitis. In particular, it addresses whether their use can improve the results of nonsurgical mechanical therapy in mild‐to‐moderate forms of the disease. Large numbers of randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews with meta‐analyses have clearly established that adjunctive systemic antibiotics, combined with mechanical debridement, offer clinical improvements additional to those obtained with scaling and root planing alone. These effects are more pronounced in aggressive periodontitis and in initially deep pockets, whereas more limited additional improvements, of 0.3 mm for additional pocket reduction and 0.2 mm for additional clinical attachment gain, have been documented for moderately deep sites (4–6 mm) in patients with chronic periodontitis. The marginal clinical benefit in patients with moderate disease has to be balanced against possible side effects. Notably, it has to be realized that an increasing number of warnings have been articulated against the unrestricted use of antibiotics in treating periodontal diseases because of the emerging global public health issue of bacterial resistance. The effects of the adjunctive local administration of antimicrobials have also been very well documented in several systematic reviews. Overall, in persistent or recurrent localized deep sites, the application of antimicrobials by sustained‐delivery devices may offer a benefit of an additional 0.4 mm in pocket depth reduction and 0.3 mm in clinical attachment level gain. In conclusion, the slight additional benefits of adjunctive antimicrobials, which were shown for moderate forms of periodontitis, have to be balanced against their side effects and therefore their prescription should be limited as much as possible.
Supporting Middle School Teachers’ Implementation of STEM Design Challenges
Authors: Lesseig Kristin , Nelson Tamara Holmlund , Slavit David , Seidel Ryan August 
Published: April 2016

We describe and analyze a professional development (PD) model that involved a partnership among science, mathematics and education university faculty, science and mathematics coordinators, and middle school administrators, teachers, and students. The overarching project goal involved the implementation of interdisciplinary STEM Design Challenges (DCs). The PD model targeted: (a) increasing teachers’ content and pedagogical content knowledge in mathematics and science; (b) helping teachers integrate STEM practices into their lessons; and (c) addressing teachers’ beliefs about engaging underperforming students in challenging problems. A unique aspect involved low‐achieving students and their teachers learning alongside each other as they co‐participated in STEM design challenges for one week in the summer. Our analysis focused on what teachers came to value about STEM DCs, and the challenges in and affordances for implementing DCs. Two significant areas of value for the teachers were students’ use of scientific, mathematical, and engineering practices and motivation, engagement, and empowerment by all learners. Challenges associated with pedagogy, curriculum, and the traditional structures of the schools were identified. Finally, there were four key affordances: (a) opportunities to construct a vision of STEM education; (b) motivation to implement DCs; (c) ambitious pedagogical tools; and, (d) ongoing support for planning and implementation.This article features a Research to Practice Companion Article. Please click on the supporting information link below to access.
Eltrombopag after allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation in a case of poor graft function and systematic review of the literature
Authors: Dyba J. , Tinmouth A. , Bredeson C. , Matthews J. , Allan D. S. 
Published: April 2016

SUMMARYBackgroundLate graft failure after allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) can result from the failed engraftment of long‐term engrafting cells. The use of thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor agonists (TRA) has been extensively studied and remains an important component of experimental ex vivo stem cell expansion protocols, but its use in allogeneic transplantation is still evolving.MethodsWe describe the use of eltrombopag, a TRA, to stimulate the rescue of late graft failure in a patient following allogeneic HCT, and we performed a systematic review of published studies describing the use of TRAs following allogeneic transplantation.ResultsA total of eight publications were identified from our systematic search and included observational case studies (five studies, total of seven patients) that primarily addressed ITP or isolated thrombocytopenia at various time points after allogeneic HCT and prospective clinical trials (three studies, total of 177 patients with 95 patients receiving TRAs). No studies reported specifically on the use of TRAs for the treatment of trilineage graft failure as a means of in vivo stem cell expansion. The use of TRAs following allogeneic HCT appears safe and promising.ConclusionThe use of eltrombopag or other TRAs to treat poor graft function after allogeneic HCT is intriguing and warrants further study.
Improve effluent water quality at Abu‐Rawash wastewater treatment plant with the application of coagulants
Authors: Mostafa Mohamed K. , Peters Robert W. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis research investigated a process to improve the Abu‐Rawash WWTP effluent water quality with the application of aluminum chloride (AlCl3); in turn, this improvement will lead to improve water quality at the El‐Rahawy drain and in the Rosetta branch of the Nile River. Sewage samples were collected from the effluent of the grit removal chamber. Jar tests were performed to estimate the coagulant dosage required to obtain acceptable treatment. To prove the efficiency of the AlCl3 in wastewater treatment, a comparison was conducted between AlCl3 and other common coagulants used in wastewater treatment which include ferrous sulfate (FeSO4), ferric sulfate (Fe2(SO4)3) and ferric chloride (FeCl3). Results showed AlCl3 was more cost‐effective and efficient in wastewater treatment than these three iron‐based coagulants. A paired‐sample t‐test was also performed to rank the performance of the various coagulants tested. The t‐test has also confirmed that the AlCl3 has the highest performance over those coagulants.
Hemodynamic, Hematological, and Hormonal Responses to Submaximal Exercise in Normobaric Hypoxia in Pubescent Girls
Authors: Park Hun-young , Nam Sang-seok , Tanaka Hirofumi , Lee Dong-jun 
Published: April 2016

Purpose:The aim of this study was to investigate hemodynamic, hematological, and immunological responses to prolonged submaximal cycle ergometer exercise at a simulated altitude of 3000 m in pubescent girls.Methods:Ten girls, 12.8 ± 1.0 years old, exercised on a cycle ergometer for 60 min at a work rate corresponding to 50% maximal oxygen consumption measured at sea level, under two environmental conditions; sea level (normoxia) and a simulated 3000 m altitude (normobaric hypoxia).Results:There were no significant differences in tidal volume, ventilation, oxygen consumption, cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate between the two exercise conditions. However, reticulocyte, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol concentrations increased significantly from pre- to postexercise in the hypoxic environment. Leukocyte and T-cell count increased and B-cell count decreased after exercise under both conditions. There were no significant changes in natural killer cell count.Conclusion:Our simulated hypoxic environment provided a mild environmental stressor that did not impose a heavy burden on the cardiovascular, hematological, or immunological functions during submaximal exercise in pubescent girls.
Maturity, Physical Ability, Technical Skill and Coaches’ Perception of Semi-Elite Adolescent Australian Footballers
Authors: Cripps Ashley J. , Hopper Luke , Joyce Christopher 
Published: April 2016

Purpose:To confirm the effect of maturational differences on anthropometric and physical testing and explore the effect of maturation on technical skill and coaches’ perceptions of skill in adolescent Australian footballers.Methods:Athletes were recruited from a semielite under 16 competition (n = 94, age 15.7 ± 0.3 years) and completed anthropometric, physical, and technical skill tests. Coaches from each team provided subjective ratings of athletes’ technical skills. Maturation groups were derived from years from peak height velocity estimates, with classifications either later, average or earlier maturing.Results:Effect size comparisons revealed very large to moderate effects between groups for anthropometric measures and performance in sprint and jump tasks. Small to moderate effects were reported between groups for coaches’ perceptions of skill, with the earlier maturing group perceived to have better overall technical skills, marking and ball winning abilities. Small to trivial effects were reported for performance in the technical skill tests.Conclusion:Despite no differences in skill tests, earlier maturing athletes may be afforded significant selection and competition advantages due to advanced physical capacities and coaches’ perceptions of skill.
Asymmetry During Maximal Sprint Performance in 11- to 16-Year-Old Boys
Authors: Meyers Robert W. , Oliver Jon L. , Hughes Michael G. , Lloyd Rhodri S. , Cronin John B. 
Published: April 2016

Purpose:The aim of this study was to examine the influence of age and maturation upon magnitude of asymmetry in the force, stiffness and the spatiotemporal determinants of maximal sprint speed in a large cohort of boys.Methods:344 boys between the ages of 11 and 16 years completed an anthropometric assessment and a 35 m sprint test, during which sprint performance was recorded via a ground-level optical measurement system. Maximal sprint velocity, as well as asymmetry in spatiotemporal variables, modeled force and stiffness data were established for each participant. For analysis, participants were grouped into chronological age, maturation and percentile groups.Results:The range of mean asymmetry across age groups and variables was 2.3–12.6%. The magnitude of asymmetry in all the sprint variables was not significantly different across age and maturation groups (p > .05), except relative leg stiffness (p < .05). No strong relationships between asymmetry in sprint variables and maximal sprint velocity were evident (rs < .39).Conclusion:These results provide a novel benchmark for the expected magnitude of asymmetry in a large cohort of uninjured boys during maximal sprint performance. Asymmetry in sprint performance is largely unaffected by age or maturation and no strong relationships exist between the magnitude of asymmetry and maximal sprint velocity.
Validation of Computational Approaches for Antiretroviral Dose Optimization
Authors: Siccardi Marco , Dickinson Laura , Owen Andrew 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
Strategies for reducing antiretroviral doses and drug costs can support global access, and numerous options are being investigated. Efavirenz pharmacokinetic simulation data generated with a bottom-up physiologically based model were successfully compared with data obtained from the ENCORE (Exercise and Nutritional Interventions for Cardiovascular Health) I clinical trial (efavirenz at 400 mg once per day versus 600 mg once per day). These findings represent a pivotal paradigm for the prediction of pharmacokinetics resulting from dose reductions. Validated computational models constitute a valuable resource for optimizing therapeutic options and predicting complex clinical scenarios.
Single- and Repeated-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Ceftaroline in Plasma and Soft Tissues of Healthy Volunteers for Two Different Dosing Regimens of Ceftaroline Fosamil
Authors: Matzneller Peter , Lackner Edith , Lagler Heimo , Wulkersdorfer Beatrix , Österreicher Zoe , Zeitlinger Markus 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Ceftaroline fosamil (CPT-F) is currently approved for use for the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections and community-acquired pneumonia at 600 mg twice daily (q12h), but other dosing regimens are under evaluation. To date, very limited data on the soft tissue pharmacokinetics (PK) of the active compound, ceftaroline (CPT), are available. CPT concentrations in the plasma, muscle, and subcutis of 12 male healthy volunteers were measured by microdialysis after single and repeated intravenous administration of 600 mg CPT-F q12h or three times daily (q8h) in two groups of 6 subjects each. Relevant PK and PK/pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters were calculated and compared between groups. In plasma, the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) from 0 to 24 h for total CPT and the cumulative percentage of the dosing interval during which the free drug concentrations exceeded the MIC (
fT
MIC
) for unbound CPT for the currently established threshold of 1 mg/liter were significantly higher in the group receiving CPT-F q8h. Exposure to free drug in soft tissues was higher in the group receiving CPT-F q8h, but high interindividual variability in relevant PK parameters was observed. The mean ratios of the AUC from time zero to the end of the dosing interval (AUC
0-τ
) for free CPT in soft tissues and the AUC
0-τ
for the calculated free fraction in plasma at steady state ranged from 0.66 to 0.75. Administration of CPT-F q8h led to higher levels of drug exposure in all investigated compartments. When MIC values above 1 mg/liter were assumed, the calculated
fT
MIC
after dosing q12h was markedly lower than that after dosing q8h. The clinical implications of these differences are discussed in light of recently completed clinical phase III and PK/PD studies.
Results from the Solithromycin International Surveillance Program (2014)
Authors: Farrell David J. , Flamm Robert K. , Sader Helio S. , Jones Ronald N. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Solithromycin, a fourth-generation macrolide (a fluoroketolide with enhanced activity against macrolide-resistant bacteria due to interaction with three ribosomal sites) and the first fluoroketolide, was tested against a 2014 collection of 6,115 isolates, including
Streptococcus pneumoniae
(1,713 isolates),
Haemophilus influenzae
(1,308),
Moraxella catarrhalis
(577),
Staphylococcus aureus
(1,024), and beta-hemolytic streptococci (1,493), by reference broth microdilution methods. The geographic samples included 2,748 isolates from the United States, 2,536 from Europe, 386 from Latin America, and 445 from the Asia-Pacific region. Solithromycin was observed to be very active against
S. pneumoniae
(MIC
50/90
, 0.008/0.12 μg/ml), demonstrating 2-fold greater activity than telithromycin (MIC
50/90
, 0.015/0.25 μg/ml) and 16- to >256-fold greater activity than azithromycin (MIC
50/90
, 0.12/>32 μg/ml), with all strains being inhibited at a solithromycin MIC of ≤1 μg/ml. Against
H. influenzae
, solithromycin showed potency identical to that of telithromycin (MIC
50/90
, 1/2 μg/ml), and both of these compounds were 2-fold less active than azithromycin (MIC
50/90
, 0.5/1 μg/ml). All but one of the
M. catarrhalis
isolates were inhibited by solithromycin at ≤0.25 μg/ml. Solithromycin inhibited 85.3% of
S. aureus
isolates at ≤1 μg/ml, and its activity was lower against methicillin-resistant (MIC
50/90
, 0.06/>32 μg/ml) than against methicillin-susceptible (MIC
50/90
, 0.06/0.06 μg/ml) isolates. Little variation in solithromycin activity was observed by geographic region for the species tested. Solithromycin was very active against beta-hemolytic streptococci (MIC
50/90
, 0.015/0.03 μg/ml), and all isolates were inhibited at MIC values of ≤0.5 μg/ml. In conclusion, solithromycin demonstrated potent activity against global and contemporary (2014) pathogens that represent the major causes of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. These data support the continued clinical development of solithromycin for the treatment of this important indication.
Topical Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Nanoparticles Prevent HIV-1 Vaginal Transmission in a Humanized Mouse Model
Authors: Destache Christopher J. , Mandal Subhra , Yuan Zhe , Kang Guobin , Date Abhijit A. , Lu Wuxun , Shibata Annemarie , Pham Rachel , Bruck Patrick , Rezich Michael , Zhou You , Vivekanandan Renuga , Fletcher Courtney V. , Li Qingsheng 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTPreexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with 1% tenofovir (TFV) vaginal gel has failed in clinical trials. To improve TFV efficacy in vaginal gel, we formulated tenofovir disoproxil fumarate nanoparticles in a thermosensitive (TMS) gel (TDF-NP-TMS gel). TDF-NPs were fabricated using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) polymer and an ion-pairing agent by oil-in-water emulsification. The efficacy of TDF-NP-TMS gel was tested in humanized bone marrow-liver-thymus (hu-BLT) mice. Hu-BLT mice in the treatment group (Rx;n= 15) were administered TDF-NP-TMS gel intravaginally, having TDF at 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% (wt/vol) concentrations, whereas the control (Ctr;n= 8) group received a blank TMS gel. All Rx mice (0.1% [n= 4], 0.5% [n= 6], and 1% [n= 5]) were vaginally challenged with two transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV-1 strains (2.5 × 10550% tissue culture infectious doses). Rx mice were challenged at 4 h (0.1%), 24 h (0.5%), and 7 days (1%) posttreatment (p.t.) and Ctr mice were challenged at 4 h p.t. Blood was drawn weekly for 4 weeks postinoculation (p.i.) for plasma viral load (pVL) using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Ctr mice had positive pVL within 2 weeks p.i. Rx mice challenged at 4 h and 24 h showed 100% protection and no detectable pVL throughout the 4 weeks of follow-up (P= 0.009; Mantel-Cox test). Mice challenged at 7 days were HIV-1 positive at 14 days p.i. Further, HIV-1 viral RNA (vRNA) in vaginal and spleen tissues of Rx group mice with negative pVL were examined using anin situhybridization (ISH) technique. The detection of vRNA was negative in all Rx mice studied. The present studies elucidate TDF-NP-TMS gel as a long-acting, coitus-independent HIV-1 vaginal protection modality.
Oxadiazoles Have Butyrate-Specific Conditional Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Early Julie V. , Casey Allen , Martinez-Grau Maria Angeles , Gonzalez Valcarcel Isabel C. , Vieth Michal , Ollinger Juliane , Bailey Mai Ann , Alling Torey , Files Megan , Ovechkina Yulia , Parish Tanya 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
is a global pathogen of huge importance which can adapt to several host niche environments in which carbon source availability is likely to vary. We developed and ran a phenotypic screen using butyrate as the sole carbon source to be more reflective of the host lung environment. We screened a library of ∼87,000 small compounds and identified compounds which demonstrated good antitubercular activity against
M. tuberculosis
grown with butyrate but not with glucose as the carbon source. Among the hits, we identified an oxadiazole series (six compounds) which had specific activity against
M. tuberculosis
but which lacked cytotoxicity against mammalian cells.