bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le droit et l’indicible : les juristes réduits au silence
Authors: d’Istria François Colonna 
Published: January 2016

L’un des principaux arguments opposés aux juristes pour les convaincre de ce que leur activité dogmatique ne relève pas de la science est tiré de son défaut d’empiricité. La dogmatique ne serait pas scientifique, car lui manquerait un objet empirique. Dans la mesure où elle se caractérise par la théorisation de règles légales ou prétoriennes, elle ne porterait pas sur des faits et toute scientificité devrait, à ce titre, lui être refusée. En ce sens, les juristes seraient enfermés dans une sombre alternative : le silence ou le bavardage ; en toute hypothèse, rien de ce qu’ils pourraient dire ne saurait être pris scientifiquement au sérieux. C’est contre une telle analyse, dont le réalisme issu du positivisme logique est le plus radical représentant, que s’inscrit la présente contribution. Elle se propose d’ouvrir un chemin par lequel les règles travaillées par la doctrine seraient pensées comme des faits, comme une empirie, au même titre que les données issues des sens. Elle prône alors un élargissement du concept de fait, et ce en s’appuyant sur trois instruments conceptuels : la contrainte, la tradition et le signifiant saussurien. En se donnant les moyens épistémologiques de penser la dogmatique comme une science empirique, l’on serait en mesure d’allouer aux juristes une parole qui, tout en leur demeurant propre sans faire de concessions aux points de vue externes, réponde aux critères modernes de la scientificité.
Le silence des textes constitutionnels canadiens - expression d’une constitution encore inachevée
Authors: Guénette Dave 
Published: January 2016

À travers le prisme de la thématique du silence, l’auteur propose d’étudier la nature incomplète et l’état de désuétude de la Constitution canadienne. La conception du silence élaborée dans sa démonstration dépasse le simple mutisme, le vide ou l’omission pour s’étendre au « malaise » et à l’« hypocrisie » constitutionnelle. C’est à l’aide de cette conception, et en se basant sur la théorie des constitutional abeyances, que l’auteur veut démontrer que la Constitution canadienne regorge de silences substantiels, témoignant ainsi de son inachèvement. L’origine et les conséquences de ces silences qui transcendent l’ordre constitutionnel canadien sont également un objet d’analyse. Plus généralement, l’auteur critique aussi le rôle que joue la formule d’amendement dans le maintien du silence constitutionnel au Canada.
Le silence du défendeur dans le procès international : paroles de droit judiciaire européen
Authors: Menétrey Séverine , Richard Vincent 
Published: January 2016

Le silence du défendeur dans le procès international est une hypothèse fréquente qui soulève des difficultés théoriques et pratiques pendant le procès, mais aussi en amont et en aval. L’équilibre entre la protection des droits de la défense et le droit d’agir du demandeur de bonne foi est particulièrement délicat en droit international privé judiciaire. Le droit judiciaire européen, tel qu’il se dessine dans différents instruments (notamment le Règlement (CE) no 44/2001 du Conseil du 22 décembre 2000 concernant la compétence judiciaire, la reconnaissance et l’exécution des décisions en matière civile et commerciale mais aussi le Règlement (CE) no 805/2004 du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 21 avril 2004 portant création d’un titre exécutoire européen pour les créances incontestées), apporte un éclairage intéressant. La protection du défendeur silencieux a été très tôt affirmée par la Cour de justice, mais se dessine progressivement un droit judiciaire au service du demandeur de bonne foi.
Le silence de l’administration française : ambitions et limites de la Loi du 12 novembre 2013
Authors: Monot-Fouletier Majolaine 
Published: January 2016

Le silence de la puissance publique est une forme d’expression, un signifiant qui révèle une intention dans la mesure où le droit positif entend manifester et traduire le sens ce langage en creux. Traditionnellement, ce silence en droit français vaut refus. La loi du 12 novembre 2013, tout en réaffirmant la volonté du droit positif de donner sens au silence de la puissance publique, a décidé d’en changer le contenu et d’en faire une acceptation. Au-delà de l’aspect technique de cette réforme, il est essentiel d’en comprendre la portée quant aux droits des citoyens qu’elle entend protéger et d’appréhender son impact, discutable, sur la place de l’intérêt général dans l’organisation sociale. Le législateur en a pris conscience, en proclamant en réalité un principe paradoxalement résiduel au regard des exceptions multiples dont il fait et fera l’objet lorsque le texte sera totalement entré en vigueur, en novembre 2015.
L’indemnisation des victimes d’actes criminels et l’impossibilité psychologique d’agir : une réforme à deux vitesses
Authors: Valentini Mathilde 
Published: January 2016

L’article qui suit explore le traitement réservé aux victimes d’actes criminels qui revendiquent leurs droits à l’extérieur des délais prescrits en invoquant que leur silence est dû à des motifs d’ordre psychologique. Dans un premier temps, l’auteure étudie l’essor de la notion d’impossibilité psychologique d’agir telle qu’elle a été développée par les tribunaux de droit commun comme motif de suspension de la prescription. Dans un deuxième temps, l’auteure examine la manière dont est appliqué l’article 11 de la Loi sur l’indemnisation des victimes d’actes criminels par le Tribunal administratif du Québec. Ce dernier a adopté une approche libérale et accepté plusieurs motifs d’ordre psychologique pour renverser la présomption de renonciation prévue dans cette disposition. Dans un troisième temps, enfin, l’auteure critique la récente réforme de 2013, qui a permis une augmentation significative des délais en matière civile, mais s’est contentée d’une prolongation symbolique du délai celui prévu par la Loi sur l’indemnisation des victimes d’actes criminels.
Étude longitudinale du rôle du soutien conditionnel parental dans l’anxiété d’évaluation de l’élève
Authors: Bouffard Thérèse , Marquis-Trudeau Audrey , Vezeau Carole 
Published: January 2016

L’anxiété d’évaluation est en contexte scolaire une émotion perturbante en ce qu’elle détourne l’attention de l’élève de la tâche au profit de ruminations sur soi. Le but de cette étude est d’examiner le rôle de la perception par les élèves d’un soutien conditionnel de leurs parents dans le développement de l’anxiété d’évaluation. L’hypothèse à tester est que la perception de compétence faible et le perfectionnisme négatif que le soutien conditionnel parental contribue à générer agissent comme des médiateurs de la relation entre un tel soutien et l’anxiété d’évaluation. Le soutien conditionnel parental a été mesuré chez 434 élèves québécois francophones (211 garçons) une première fois lorsqu’ils étaient en 5e année du primaire, puis de nouveau les deux années suivantes. La perception de compétence et le perfectionnisme négatif ont été mesurés à la quatrième année de l’étude et l’anxiété d’évaluation l’a été à la cinquième année. L’hypothèse est partiellement confirmée, mais différemment chez les garçons et chez les filles. Chez les premiers, la perception de compétence est le seul médiateur significatif, alors que chez les secondes c’est le perfectionnisme négatif qui l’est. La discussion se concentre sur les différences de genre et sur l’importance d’un soutien parental inconditionnel dans le développement des jeunes.
Dreaming
Authors: Windt Jennifer M. 
Published: January 2016

A comprehensive proposal for a conceptual framework for describing conscious experience in dreams, integrating philosophy of mind, sleep and dream research, and interdisciplinary consciousness studies.
Dreams, conceived as conscious experience or phenomenal states during sleep, offer an important contrast condition for theories of consciousness and the self. Yet, although there is a wealth of empirical research on sleep and dreaming, its potential contribution to consciousness research and philosophy of mind is largely overlooked. This might be due, in part, to a lack of conceptual clarity and an underlying disagreement about the nature of the phenomenon of dreaming itself. In Dreaming, Jennifer Windt lays the groundwork for solving this problem. She develops a conceptual framework describing not only what it means to say that dreams are conscious experiences but also how to locate dreams relative to such concepts as perception, hallucination, and imagination, as well as thinking, knowledge, belief, deception, and self-consciousness.
Arguing that a conceptual framework must be not only conceptually sound but also phenomenologically plausible and carefully informed by neuroscientific research, Windt integrates her review of philosophical work on dreaming, both historical and contemporary, with a survey of the most important empirical findings. This allows her to work toward a systematic and comprehensive new theoretical understanding of dreaming informed by a critical reading of contemporary research findings. Windt's account demonstrates that a philosophical analysis of the concept of dreaming can provide an important enrichment and extension to the conceptual repertoire of discussions of consciousness and the self and raises new questions for future research.
Potential impact of co-payment at point of care to influence emergency department utilization
Authors: Baum Zachary , Simmons Michael R. , Guardiola Jose H. , Smith Cynthia , Carrasco Lynn , Ha Joann , Richman Peter 
Published: January 2016

Background.Many proponents for healthcare reform suggest increased cost-sharing by patients as a method to reduce overall expenditures. Prior studies on the effects of co-payments for ED visits have generally not been directed toward understanding patient attitudes/behavior at point of care.Objectives.We conducted a survey at point of care to test our hypothesis that a significant number of patients with urgent chief complaints might have avoided the ED if asked to provide a co-payment.Methods.Cross-sectional study design. Stable, oriented, consenting patients at an inner-city, academic ED were consecutively enrolled at hours in which trained research associates were available to assist with data collection. Enrolled patients completed a written survey providing demographic/chief complaint information, and then were asked whether 13 interval amounts of co-payment ranging from 0 to >500 would have impacted their decision to visit the ED. Categorical data are presented as frequency of occurrence and analyzed by chi-square; continuous data presented as means ± standard deviation, analyzed byt-tests. ORs and 95% confidence intervals provided. Primary outcome parameter was the % of patients who would have avoided the ED if asked to pay any co-payment for several urgent chief complaints: chest pain, SOB, and abdominal pain.Results.A total of 581 patients were enrolled; 63.1% female, mean age 42.4 ± 15.1 years, 65% Hispanic, 71.2% income less than 20,000, 28.6% less than high school graduate, 81.3% had primary care physician, 57.6% had 2 or more ED visits/past year. Overall, 30.2% of patients chose 0 as the maximum they would have been willing to pay if it was required to be seen in the ED. 16/58 (28%; 95% CI [18–40%]) of chest pain patients, 9/43 (20.9%; 95% CI [11–35%]) of SOB patients, and 24/127 (26.8%; 95% CI [13–27%]) of abdominal pain patients would have been unwilling to pay a co-pay. Patients with income >20,000 were more willing to pay a co-payment (OR = 2.55; 95% CI [1.59–4.10]). No significant relationship was identified between willingness to pay for: gender, race, education, established primary care provider, and frequency of ED visits.Conclusion.Overall, 30.2% of our patients would not have accepted a co-pay in order to be seen, including more than 20% of the patients with chest pain, shortness of breath, and abdominal pain respectively.
Chronic unpredicted mild stress-induced depression alter saxagliptin pharmacokinetics and CYP450 activity in GK rats
Authors: Xia Zhengchao , Wei Hongyan , Duan Jingjing , Zhou Ting , Yang Zhen , Xu Feng 
Published: January 2016

Background.This study was to explore the pharmacokinetics of saxagliptin (Sax) in Goto–Kakizaki (GK) rats complicated with depression induced by chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS). The comorbidity of diabetic patients with depression is becoming more and more epidemic. Whether depression mental disorder alters the pharmacokinetics of hypoglycemic drugs in diabetes patients is not clear.Methods.Five-week-old male GK rats were kept in the cage for 7 weeks in a specific pathogen free (SPF)-grade lab until the emergence of diabetes and were then divided into two groups: control group and depression model group. Rats in the CUMS-induced depression group were exposed to a series of stressors for 8 weeks. Plasma serotonin and dopamine levels and behavior of open-field test were used to confirm the establishment of the depression model. All rats were given 0.5 mg/kg Sax orally after 8 weeks and blood samples were collected at different time points. The Sax concentration was assayed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The CYP450 activity of the liver microsomes was determined by using cocktails of probe drugs in which the activities of CYP enzymes were assessed through the determination of the production of the probe drugs.Results.Statistically significant differences in Sax pharmacokinetics were observed for area under curve, clearance, peak concentration, peak time and mean residence time between the depression rats and the control rats, while no statistical differences were observed for half-time and distribution volume by HPLC-MS/MS analysis. The CYP450 activity had different changes in the depression group.Conclusions.These results indicated that CUMS-induced depression alters the drug metabolic process of Sax and CYP450 activity of the liver microsomal enzymes in GK rats.
A New Reliable Method for Evaluating Gallbladder Dynamics
Authors: Serra Carla , Pallotti Francesca , Bortolotti Mauro , Caputo Carla , Felicani Cristina , De Giorgio Roberto , Barbara Giovanni , Nardi Elena , Labate Antonio Maria Morselli 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to compare conventional 2‐dimensional (2D) B‐mode sonography with 3‐dimensional (3D) sonography for assessing gallbladder volume and contractility.MethodsGallbladder volume and contractility were evaluated in 32 healthy volunteers after fasting and abstinence from smoking for 8 hours and after a standardized balanced liquid meal. The gallbladder was evaluated with 2D sonography (with the use of the ellipsoid method) and with 3D sonography using a volumetric matrix probe. Both measurements were made by an operator who was skilled in sonography and an unskilled operator. The group of volunteers was subdivided into 2 subgroups including 16 participants, which represented the “2 moments” of acquisition by the techniques, particularly for the unskilled operator.ResultsThe postprandial volumes obtained with 3D sonography were significantly lower in comparison to the volumes obtained with 2D sonography (P= .013), and there was a significant difference between the measurements made by the skilled and unskilled operators only for 2D sonography (P< .001), whereas between the 2 moments of acquisition by the 3D technique, there was no significant difference. The reproducibility of the technique for evaluation of gallbladder volumes was higher for 3D sonography than 2D sonography, particularly for the postprandial evaluation.ConclusionsThe new 3D sonographic method using a volumetric matrix probe is a simple, reliable, and more reproducible technique than conventional 2D sonography, even if performed by an unskilled operator, and it allows a reliable stimulation test for a gallbladder dynamic study.
Diagnostic Accuracy of SuperSonic Shear Imaging for Staging of Liver Fibrosis
Authors: Feng Jin-Chun , Li Jun , Wu Xiang-Wei , Peng Xin-Yu 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to assess the performance of SuperSonic shear imaging (SuperSonic Imagine SA, Aix‐en‐Provence, France) for diagnosis of liver fibrosis.MethodsLiterature databases were searched to identify relevant studies from inception to February 28, 2015. Sensitivity, specificity, and other information were extracted from the studies. Pooled data were calculated by a bivariate mixed‐effects binary regression model. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed. Publication bias was tested by funnel plots.ResultsTwelve studies were included in this meta‐analysis and reported on 1635 patients. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.78 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69–0.85) and 0.95 (95% CI, 0.75–0.99), respectively, for fibrosis stages F≥1, 0.84 (95% CI, 0.81–0.86) and 0.81 (95% CI, 0.74–0.87) for F≥2, 0.89 (95% CI, 0.85–0.93) and 0.84 (95% CI, 0.77–0.89) for F≥3, and 0.88 (95% CI, 0.82–0.91) and 0.86 (95% CI, 0.81–0.90) for F=4. The areas under the summary receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.87 (95% CI, 0.84–0.90) for F≥1, 0.85 (95% CI, 0.81–0.88) for F≥2, 0.93 (95% CI, 0.91–0.95) for F≥3, and 0.93 (95% CI, 0.90–0.95) for F=4. No significant publication bias was found.ConclusionsSuperSonic shear imaging could be used for staging of liver fibrosis. Especially, it has high diagnostic accuracy for severe fibrosis and cirrhosis.
Extracranial Carotid Artery Disease
Authors: Lim Siew-Na , Chang Yeu-Jhy , Lin Shinn-Kuang 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesThe prevalence of carotid disease in stroke patients has been underestimated because most stroke patients who receive carotid sonography have already survived the acute event. Little is known about the extracranial carotid arteries of patients with acute stroke who need intensive care. This study reviewed color‐coded carotid duplex sonographic examinations of the extracranial carotid arteries of patients with acute critical hemispheric ischemic stroke.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 30 consecutive patients who had acute critical hemispheric ischemic stroke and received color‐coded carotid duplex sonography in the intensive care unit. The presence of occlusive carotid artery disease was correlated with clinical features, vascular risk factors, and outcomes.ResultsOverall, 57% of the patients (17 of 30) had an occlusive internal carotid artery, and 44% of patients with atrial fibrillation (7 of 16) also had occlusive carotid disease. Eventually, 73% of the patients (21 of 30) had poor outcomes, and 57% (17 of 30) died. The contributing factors to a poor outcome were older age, an initial conscious disturbance, endotracheal intubation, and occlusive carotid disease, with the most significant factor being older age (P= .022; odds ratio, 27.76). The factors contributing to death were endotracheal intubation, occlusive carotid disease, and reversed ophthalmic flow, with the most significant factor being occlusive carotid disease (P = .014; odds ratio, 11.38). Soft homogeneously echogenic thrombi filling the lumen of the internal carotid artery and moving forward and backward with the carotid pulse were found in 3 patients. A small segment of ruptured plaque that was floating forward and backward with pulsation was found in 1 patient.ConclusionsOcclusive carotid artery disease is not uncommon among Chinese patients who have had an acute critical hemispheric infarction. Older age is the factor most significantly correlated with a poor outcome, and occlusive carotid disease is the factor most significantly correlated with death.
Sonographic Evaluation of Bone Formation After Sagittal Split Ramus Osteotomy
Authors: Miura Kei-ichiro , Yoshida Masashi , Yamaguchi Kojiro , Yoshida Reiko , Asahina Izumi 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess the applicability of sonography for evaluation of mandible bone healing after orthognathic surgery.MethodsThe study included 10 patients who underwent orthognathic surgery. To assess new bone formation after sagittal split ramus osteotomy, the echo intensities of ultrasound (US) reflections of the proximal segment, distal segment, and bone gap were measured with a real‐time US scanner at 1 day, 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks, and 2 and 4 months postoperatively.ResultsThe mean echo intensity of US reflections of the bone gap gradually increased and became equivalent to that of bone surfaces by 4 weeks postoperatively. X‐ray tomograms confirmed bone formation at the bone gap at the same time.ConclusionsThis study indicates that sonography may be useful for evaluating osseous healing after orthognathic surgery.
Kupffer Imaging by Contrast‐Enhanced Sonography With Perfluorobutane Microbubbles Is Associated With Outcomes After Radiofrequency Ablation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Nuta Junya , Tamai Hideyuki , Mori Yoshiyuki , Shingaki Naoki , Maeshima Shuya , Shimizu Ryo , Maeda Yoshimasa , Moribata Kosaku , Niwa Toru , Deguchi Hisanobu , Inoue Izumi , Maekita Takao , Iguchi Mikitaka , Kato Jun , Ichinose Masao 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesAn ultrasound contrast agent consisting of perfluorobutane microbubbles (Sonazoid; Daiichi Sankyo, Tokyo, Japan) accumulates in Kupffer cells, which thus enables Kupffer imaging. This study aimed to elucidate the association of defect patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma during the Kupffer phase of Sonazoid contrast‐enhanced sonography with outcomes after radiofrequency ablation (RFA).MethodsFor this study, 226 patients with initial hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma, who could be evaluated by contrast‐enhanced sonography with Sonazoid before RFA, were analyzed. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the tumor defect pattern during the Kupffer phase. The irregular‐defect group was defined as patients with hepatocellular carcinoma that had a defect with an irregular margin, and the no‐irregular‐defect group was defined as patients with hepatocellular carcinoma that had either a defect with a smooth margin or no defect. Critical recurrence was defined as more than 3 intrahepatic recurrences, vascular invasion, dissemination, or metastasis.ResultsThe irregular‐defect and no‐irregular‐defect groups included 86 and 140 patients, respectively, and had cumulative 5‐year critical recurrence rates of 49% and 17% (P < .01). Multivariate analysis indicated that the tumor diameter, lens culinaris agglutinin– reactive α‐fetoprotein level, and defect pattern were independent factors related to critical recurrence. The cumulative 5‐year overall survival rates for the irregular‐defect and no‐irregular‐defect groups were 46% and 61% (P< .01). Multivariate analysis indicated that the Child‐Pugh class, tumor diameter, lens culinaris agglutinin–reactive α‐fetoprotein level, and defect pattern were independent factors related to survival.ConclusionsThe defect pattern of hepatocellular carcinoma during the Kupffer phase of Sonazoid contrast‐enhanced sonography is associated with critical recurrence and survival after RFA.