bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Function‐integrated network for flying‐capacitor three‐level DC–DC conversion system
Authors: Chen Yu , Zhong Zhihao , Kang Yong 
Published: February 2016

Flying‐capacitor (FC) three‐level (TL) DC–DC topology is an attractive candidate for the switching‐mode power supply due to its low‐voltage stresses on semiconductors, small size of filter and common‐ground feature. However, to avoid the semiconductors to be damaged from an initial high voltage, the FC must be precharged to half of the input voltage by a bulky precharger. An idea to realise the precharging function by adding only one switch and cooperating it with the existent circuits is proposed. In this way, the necessary soft‐starting circuit and Resistor‐Capacitor‐Diode (RCD) snubbers for reliability purpose can be fully utilised to precharge the FC. Merits of the proposed idea include the lower cost, the more compact structure and the higher overall efficiency. The principles of the proposed function‐integrated network are analysed, and a 1.2 kW FC‐TL conversion system is also built to verify the analysis.
Wideband radar cross‐section reduction of patch array antenna with miniaturised hexagonal loop frequency selective surface
Authors: Zahir Joozdani M. , Khalaj Amirhosseini M. , Abdolali A. 
Published: February 2016

Wideband radar cross‐section (RCS) reduction of a microstrip patch array antenna is proposed and investigated. The design is based on replacing the solid metal ground of the antenna with a frequency selective surface (FSS) consisted of miniaturised hexagonal loop elements. The stop band of the FSS is coincident with the antenna working frequency band which is from 3.3 to 3.4 GHz. The FSS acts as the ground plane in the stop band and is transparent to the incident waves in the other frequencies. Therefore, preserving the antenna propagation characteristics, wideband RCS reduction is achieved from 4 to 16.5 GHz for vertical and horizontal polarisations. It is shown that using this FSS has a negligible effect on the impedance bandwidth, pattern and gain of the antenna. Also, there is a good agreement between the simulation and measurement results.
Novel Species Interactions in a Highly Modified Estuary: Association of Largemouth Bass with Brazilian Waterweed Egeria densa
Authors: Conrad J. Louise , Bibian Andrew J. , Weinersmith Kelly L. , De Carion Denise , Young Matthew J. , Crain Patrick , Hestir Erin L. , Santos Maria J. , Sih Andrew 
Published: February 2016

AbstractFrequent invasions in coastal ecosystems result in novel species interactions that have unknown ecological consequences. Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides and Brazilian waterweed Egeria densa are introduced species in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta (the Delta) of California, a highly modified estuary. In this system, Brazilian waterweed and Largemouth Bass have seen marked increases in distribution and abundance in recent decades, but their association has not been specifically studied until now. We conducted a 2‐year, bimonthly electrofishing survey with simultaneous sampling of water quality and submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) biomass at 33 locations throughout the Delta. We used generalized linear mixed models to assess the relative influences of water temperature, conductivity, Secchi depth, and SAV biomass density on the abundance of both juvenile‐sized and larger Largemouth Bass. Water temperature had a positive relationship with the abundance of both size‐classes, but only juvenile‐sized fish had a positive association with SAV biomass density, with highest abundances at intermediate SAV densities. In contrast, larger fish were generally ubiquitous across all sampling conditions, even when SAV was absent or present at low densities. Our results on the Largemouth Bass–SAV relationship are consistent with those of previous studies from lake systems within the Largemouth Bass's native range, where they interact with a different SAV species assemblage. These results are supportive of the hypothesis that the proliferation of Brazilian waterweed has expanded Largemouth Bass rearing habitat in the Delta. Finally, this study has implications for tidal wetland restoration plans for the Delta, suggesting that the larger‐sized Largemouth Bass may still inhabit restored areas even if invasive SAV establishment is limited.Received March 30, 2015; accepted October 27, 2015
Conservation Genetics of an Urban Desert Fish, the Arroyo Chub
Authors: Benjamin Alyssa , May Bernie , O'Brien John , Finger Amanda J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractUrbanization, habitat degradation, fragmentation, and invasive species have led to the severe decline or extirpation of many endemic southern California freshwater fish species, including the Arroyo Chub Gila orcuttii, which has declined precipitously in recent years. Classified by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife as a species of high concern, the Arroyo Chub is native to the Los Angeles, San Gabriel, San Luis Rey, Santa Ana, and Santa Margarita rivers and Malibu and San Juan creeks. To examine Arroyo Chub population structure and genetic diversity within the species' native range, we used 10 microsatellite markers to genotype 259 individuals. We observed moderate to high genetic diversity and population differentiation both between and within drainages; Bayesian clustering supported eight distinct clusters of Arroyo Chub corresponding to eight isolated populations. Of these populations, the Big Tujunga Creek population (Los Angeles River) was the least genetically differentiated (genetic differentiation index FST = 0.048–0.208) and also had the highest genetic diversity (observed heterozygosity Ho = 0.890). Populations in Malibu Creek, Pacoima Canyon (Los Angeles River), and the Santa Margarita River were the most genetically differentiated (FST = 0.163–0.400), had the lowest genetic diversity (Ho = 0.556–0.680), and showed evidence of past bottlenecks. Arroyo Chub at these localities are at risk for continued loss of genetic diversity due to drift and small population sizes; therefore, we suggest that in the event of extirpation, translocations from the most closely related source populations should be considered. However, we recommend that management efforts focus on improving habitat quality and habitat area for Arroyo Chub in order to maximize population genetic diversity and adaptive potential over time.Received July 10, 2015; accepted November 16, 2015
An updated review: White etching cracks (WECs) and axial cracks in wind turbine gearbox bearings
Authors: Evans M.-H. 
Published: February 2016

The actual service life of wind turbine gearboxes is often well below the desired 20 years. One of the prevalent failure modes in gearbox bearing raceways is white structure flaking (WSF) in as little as 6–24 months of operation by the formation of axial cracks and white etching cracks (WECs) with associated microstructural change called white etching areas (WEAs). Despite these failures having been observed for two decades in various industries, the drivers and mechanisms for their formation are still highly contested. Discussed in this review are methods for searching and analysing WECs, mechanisms for WEA microstructural change, WEC initiation and propagation theories, WSF formation drivers and finally technologies and processes offering resistance to WSF. This updated review serves as a recap, comprehensive update on findings, current focus areas and remaining challenges. This paper is part of a Themed Issue on Recent developments in bearing steels.
Traumatic and Nontraumatic Globe Injuries
Authors: Menzel Richard R. , Abujudeh Hani H. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Injuries to the eye globe may be traumatic or non-traumatic. Regardless of the mechanism of injury, imaging is often necessary to provide a diagnosis and evaluate the extent of injury to the globe and its orbit. Imaging is also often necessary for clinicians to make appropriate management decisions. The gold standard for emergency imaging of ocular and orbital injuries is thin-slice orbital CT without contrast. Ultrasound may be performed in the emergency department under certain circumstances to evaluate globe integrity and the possibility of hemorrhage. MRI may also be considered when soft tissues require a more detailed evaluation. MRI can only be performed after metallic foreign bodies are ruled out by radiographs or CT.
Traumatic Spinal Emergencies
Authors: Rapalino Otto 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Spinal trauma is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, representing approximately 3-6% of all musculoskeletal traumatic injuries. In the United States alone, there are approximately 12,000 new cases of spinal trauma every year, primarily affecting young male adults. Spinal trauma is a broad term encompassing injury to osseous structures, spinal cord, and paravertebral structures.
Left Upper Quadrant Emergencies
Authors: Shenoy-Bhangle Anuradha , Abujudeh Hani H. , Kambadakone Avinash 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The spleen and stomach contribute to left upper quadrant emergencies. Splenomegaly predisposes the spleen to easy injury, and spontaneous splenic rupture may be a reflection of this phenomenon. Splenic abscesses in isolation are a uncommon entities. These are commonly hematogenous in origin and often coexist with hepatic abscesses. The more ominous entities giving rise to left upper quadrant pain that requires emergency diagnosis are gastric volvulus and gastric perforation. These may present acutely in the background of longstanding hiatus herniae. Contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen is a rapid and useful tool to differentiate above-mentioned entities from each other. The following chapter (17) discusses key clinical features and imaging findings in patients presenting to the emergency department with left upper quadrant pain.
Diffuse Abdominal Pain
Authors: Shenoy-Bhangle Anuradha , Abujudeh Hani H. , Kambadakone Avinash 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Diffuse abdominal pain in adults in the non-traumatic acute setting can arise from various causes, ranging from medically treatable causes such as mesenteric lymphadenitis, to surgically treatable causes like bowel obstruction/perforation and or bowel ischemia. Mesenteric ischemia refers to a decrease in vascularity to bowel wall caused either by acute vascular occlusion or chronic arterial stenosis. Symptoms depend upon acuteness of presentation and may vary from recurrent post-prandial abdominal pain to an acute abdomen-like picture with peritoneal signs or GI hemorrhage.
Infections of the Genitourinary System
Authors: Uyeda Jennifer W. , Harisinghani Mukesh 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Urinary tract infections are the most common urological disease in the United States. Most genitourinary tract infections are uncomplicated, involving only the urinary bladder. Infections can ascend to the upper urinary tract or be seeded hematogenously, resulting in both uncomplicated and complicated pyelonephritis.
Vascular Insults of the Genitourinary System
Authors: Uyeda Jennifer W. , Harisinghani Mukesh 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Renal infarcts and renal vein thrombosis are the two most common vascular insults of the genitourinary system. Renal infarcts are commonly caused by an embolic phenomenon from cardiovascular disease, but they may also be secondary to infectious etiologies such as endocarditis, shock and hypoperfusion, renal artery dissection, and trauma. Renal vein thrombosis is most commonly caused by a hypercoagulable state induced by nephrotic syndrome, although this can also be secondary to renal cell carcinoma extending into the renal vein.
Traumatic Injuries of the Adrenal Gland and Diaphragm
Authors: Shaqdan Khalid , Al-Jandali Torki Frey , Nicola Refky , Abujudeh Hani H. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Diaphragmatic injury occurs in less than 1% of all traumatic injuries, and is usually associated with injuries of the thoracic and abdominal organs. A delayed diagnosis of diaphragmatic injury can be life-threatening due to herniation and strangulation of abdominal organs into the thoracic cavity. Therefore, urgent surgical intervention is recommended. Left visceral herniation is more common and occurs in 70-90% of cases.
Gynecological Emergencies
Authors: Shenoy-Bhangle Anuradha , Baliyan Vinit , Abujudeh Hani H. , Kambadakone Avinash 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Women in the reproductive age group can present with a wide range of gynecological emergencies. These include conditions that are medically managed such as infections of the genitourinary tract, to complications that require emergency surgical intervention such as ovarian/adnexal torsion. Early accurate diagnosis by appropriate imaging is crucial. Pelvic ultrasound is the backbone of early screening for acute female pelvic emergencies, followed by MRI or occasionally CT in ambiguous cases. The following chapter describes in detail the imaging appearances of the range of pathologies affecting the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, including complications related to malpositioned contraceptive devices.
Obstetric First Trimester Emergencies
Authors: Attaya Hosam N. , Abujudeh Hani H. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The first trimester is defined as the first day of the last menstrual cycle to the end of the thirteenth post-menstrual week. First-trimester emergencies are common and include pathologies that must be identified early, as delayed diagnosis can be detrimental or fatal to the mother and/or embryo. These include ectopic pregnancy, heterotopic pregnancy, failed early pregnancy, subchorionic hemorrhage, gestational trophoblastic disease, and tubal rupture/abscess.
Testicular Emergencies
Authors: Uyeda Jennifer W. , Harisinghani Mukesh 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Testicular emergencies encompass a wide range of pathological conditions, including testicular torsion, infarction, infections such as orchitis and abscess, and blunt and penetrating trauma. Many of these diagnoses are considered urological emergencies where accurate diagnosis and timely treatment are crucial for testicular salvage. In most cases, the patient presents with acute scrotal pain. Clinical history plays an important role in differentiating ischemic, infectious, and traumatic emergencies of the testicles.
Emergencies of the Hip and Femur
Authors: Bolar Divya S. , Huang Ambrose J. , Abujudeh Hani H. , Chang Connie Y. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Hip and femur fractures are common injuries that present to the emergency department. Most are due to low-energy trauma and are a significant cause of morbidity in the elderly. Hip dislocations are typically seen only in severe trauma. Avulsions of the femur are generally seen only in the younger athlete. Conventional radiography is the imaging approach of choice for initial evaluation. This chapter provides a systematic approach for evaluating fractures and dislocations. A discussion of radiographic features for fractures and dislocations follows and is divided into intra-capsular and extra-capsular hip fractures, supracondylar fractures, hip dislocations, and avulsion injuries. Injury mechanisms, management strategies, associated complications, and the role of additional imaging with CT/MRI are also briefly discussed. Finally, “not to miss” injuries are highlighted, with emphasis on the associated imaging findings.
Emergencies of the Ankle
Authors: Pugmire Brian S. , Huang Ambrose J. , Abujudeh Hani H. , Chang Connie Y. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This chapter reviews the most important and most common acute ankle injuries, with a focus on their key imaging findings. Clinical and imaging evaluation of the foot can be difficult due to the complex anatomy, so knowledge of common injury patterns is essential for accurate image interpretation. This chapter begins with a review of clinically relevant ankle anatomy and a method to approach ankle radiographs. Common and clinically significant injuries of the ankle are discussed, with a focus on bony trauma. Key clinical features of various injuries are discussed, and important “not to miss” imaging findings are outlined. Common anatomical variants are reviewed briefly, as these can cause pain or be confused with fractures.
Emergencies of the Foot
Authors: Pugmire Brian S. , Huang Ambrose J. , Abujudeh Hani H. , Chang Connie Y. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This chapter reviews the most important and most common acute foot injuries, with a focus on their key imaging findings. Clinical and imaging evaluation of the foot can be difficult due to the complex anatomy, so knowledge of common injury patterns is essential for accurate image interpretation. This chapter begins with a review of clinically relevant foot anatomy and a method to approach foot radiographs. Common and clinically significant injuries of the foot are discussed with a focus on bony trauma. Key clinical features of various foot injuries are discussed and important “not to miss” imaging findings are outlined. Common anatomical variants are reviewed briefly, as these can cause pain or can be confused for fractures. After reviewing the material in this chapter, readers will have a better understanding of acute foot trauma and will be better equipped to accurately interpret foot imaging studies.
Emergencies of the Shoulder Girdle
Authors: Rutledge Geoffrey M. , Chang Connie Y. , Abujudeh Hani H. , Huang Ambrose J. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The shoulder girdle is composed of the scapula, clavicle, and multiple stabilizing ligaments. Injuries to the shoulder girdle include clavicle and scapula fractures, acromioclavicular (AC) joint separations, and sternoclavicular (SC) joint dislocations. Most injuries to the shoulder girdle result from high-energy, direct lateral impact on an adducted shoulder. This mechanism transmits a compressive force medially and can result in clavicle fracture, scapula fracture, AC joint separation, or SC joint dislocation. These patients present with point tenderness and deformity. Other fractures and soft-tissue injuries are often seen in the setting of shoulder-girdle trauma, including rib fractures, pneumothorax, and head trauma.
Emergencies of the Elbow and Forearm
Authors: Rutledge Geoffrey M. , Chang Connie Y. , Abujudeh Hani H. , Huang Ambrose J. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This chapter reviews the most important and most common traumatic injuries to the elbow and forearm, with a focus on their key imaging findings. It discusses the pertinent anatomy of the elbow and forearm, the clinical features associated with their traumatic injury, and an approach to radiographs of the elbow and forearm. Injuries discussed include radius-ulna combination fracture-dislocations, including Monteggia, Galeazzi, and Essex-Lopresti injuries; fractures of the distal humerus, radial head, olecranon, and coronoid process; and elbow dislocations. Key radiographic findings and their clinical significance are emphasized, including a section on “what not to miss” with each type of injury.
Neonatal Chest Emergencies
Authors: Shailam Randheer 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Neonatal medical respiratory diseases include transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN), meconium aspiration, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), and neonatal pneumonia. Gestational age and prenatal and perinatal history are important in image interpretation and differential diagnosis. Infants born between 34 and 37 weeks’ gestation can have diseases occurring in both preterm and term infants. A systematic approach to the neonatal chest radiograph is helpful for image interpretation and an accurate diagnosis.
Child Abuse
Authors: Phewplung Teerasak , Shailam Randheer 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
It is important for radiologists and other pediatric care providers to be aware of child maltreatment, including physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and neglect. Physical abuse is second most common after neglect and accounts for approximately 18.3% of child maltreatment. Fractures are the second most common injury caused by child physical abuse after bruises, which are the most common injury. Often a fracture is the only finding that suggests child abuse. Child abuse is also known as trauma-X, battered child syndrome, inflicted trauma, and non-accidental trauma. Physical abuse affects children of all ages, genders, ethnicities, and socioeconomic groups. Male and female children experience similar rates of abuse.
Lung Scintigraphy
Authors: Wang Yingbing , Abujudeh Hani H. , Oza Umesh 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Pulmonary thromboembolism (PE) is the third most common cause of death from cardiovascular disease. Although anticoagulation and thrombolytics form the mainstays of treatment, these therapies independently increase the risk of hemorrhage and other side effects. Therefore, early recognition and judicious treatment of PE is essential to minimize patient morbidity and mortality.
Renal Scintigraphy in Transplant Kidneys
Authors: Wang Yingbing , Abujudeh Hani H. , Oza Umesh 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Renal transplantation is one of the most common transplant procedures performed. Important advances have reduced short-term complications and improved long-term survival of renal allografts. Currently, the most common early transplant complication is ischemic nephropathy, also known as acute tubular necrosis (ATN).
C
Authors: Scarth Edward , Smith Susan 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This chapter includes drugs beginning with the letter C, including carbamazepine, carbapenems, carbon dioxide, caspofungin, cephalosporins, chloroprocaine, chlorphenamine, chlorpromazine, cisatracurium, clomethiazole, clonidine, clopidogrel, cocaine, codeine, co-trimoxazole, and cyclizine.
Immunotherapy in Melanoma
Authors: Diller Maggie , Kudchadkar Ragini R. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Immune therapies have revolutionized the treatment of metastatic melanoma, and more patients are now long-term survivors of this disease. Questions still remain regarding the best sequencing and combination of treatments. Additionally, studies are underway to identify biomarkers that may serve as predictors of response and help further guide and individualize therapy. With regard to adjuvant treatment, interferon remains the standard of care. However, given the impact of immunomodulation on stage IV disease and early studies suggesting the efficacy of such medications as ipilimumab as adjuvant therapy, results from ongoing trials may change the way we treat patients in the adjuvant setting. Toxicities for the various medications can be expansive. Early recognition and management of adverse events is key to the safe and effective use of all therapies and in preventing long-term morbidity and mortality.
Management of Melanoma Brain Metastases
Authors: Sahebjam Solmaz , Rao Nikhil G. , Forsyth Peter A. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Melanoma commonly metastasizes to the brain and central nervous system (CNS); CNS metastases occur in more than half of patients with advanced melanoma. This remarkable neurotropism has not yet been explained. The prognosis of patients with melanoma brain metastasis remains grim, and the median overall survival after diagnosis of brain metastases is only two to nine months. This chapter asserts that the optimal management of melanoma brain metastasis patients requires the multidisciplinary collaboration of neurosurgeons, radiation oncologists, neuro-oncologists, and medical oncologists to tailor the treatment plan based on the clinical condition of the patient and the molecular characteristics of the tumor. Ideally this should be done in a dedicated melanoma brain metastases clinic. This chapter discusses each of the individual treatment modalities.