bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk
Authors: Peach Ken 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
In this chapter, the importance of risk is emphasized and risk is distinguished from gambling. Projects without risk (that is, where the outcome is certain) lead to very little progress; however, projects with a very high degree of risk (i.e. overwhelmingly likely to fail) likewise do not advance knowledge all that much. What is important about risk is that, if there is at least a reasonable chance that the project will work, there is also a reasonable chance that there will be a corresponding benefit. This chapter reviews the need to assess and manage risk in order to make progress, and presents some risk management techniques, such as the use of a risk register. It also discusses the need to recognize the importance of, and the need to maintain, reputation, as well as the need for avoidance or mitigation of reputation risk. Finally, the risks and hazards surrounding scientific misconduct are identified and discussed.
Summary and Conclusion
Authors: Peach Ken 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book with a short review of the subject of managing science, that is, how science and scientists can be managed effectively to give scientists the freedom to pursue their research within an environment that is both supportive and responsible. Much of the work in management is routine; however, the fact that it is routine does not mean that it can be taken for granted. The essence of leadership is that a team works together because it shares a common vision and is driven towards a common goal, not because the team members have to but because they want to. Characteristics of good leadership, management and communication are described.
Not Minding the Gap
Authors: Kelsall Tim , Seiha Heng 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter analyses patterns of growth in Cambodia. Over the past forty years, Cambodia has had one of the world’s most volatile growth experiences. A prolonged economic collapse between 1970 and 1982 was followed by a gradual but unstable recovery up until 1998, while post-1998 saw another growth acceleration and sustained high growth. While growth collapse can be traced to the failure of Prince Sihanouk’s post-independence political settlement, war, and the disastrous Khmer Rouge regime, growth acceleration and maintenance has been based on a political settlement which has created a balance between technocrats and rent-seekers within Hun Sen’s dominant coalition. Technocrats are given just enough latitude to support growth industries, while rent-seekers are given the political backing to generate profits, a proportion of which are funnelled to the masses through ruling party patronage projects.
The Politics of Structural (De)Transformation
Authors: Sen Kunal , Tyce Matthew 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The chapter sets out the similarities between Thailand and Malaysia’s patterns of economic growth and political settlements. Both countries have witnessed strong economic growth since the 1960s to the late 1990s, followed by a period of growth deceleration which continues to the present day. In both countries, a dualistic deal environment existed where closed deals were offered to the powerbrokers and rentiers within both economies while open deals were offered for magicians. This allowed both countries to preserve rents for economic elites which maintained political stability while accelerating economic growth. However, this type of dualistic deals approach may act as a barrier to future economic growth as well as structural transformation over time. If negative feedback loops exist within a country, it may lead to a future narrowing of the deals space.
The Epistemic Ideal
Authors: Pasnau Robert 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter describes the rise of a distinction between knowledge and science—a development that has its origins in the breakdown of scholastic Aristotelian metaphysics. This requires considering the framework in which epistemology was pursued for most of its history, which I call an idealized epistemology. Rather than take as its goal the analysis of our concept of knowledge, an idealized epistemology aspires, first, to describe the epistemic ideal that human beings might hope to achieve and then, second, to chart the various ways in which we commonly fall off from that ideal. The principal development considered is the turn from an expectation to grasp the deep essences of things toward a description of the phenomena that exhibits precision.
Ideas and Illusions
Authors: Pasnau Robert 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Concern with not just the reliability but rather the fidelity of perception drove seventeenth-century theorists inward, toward ideas as the immediate objects of perception. But, familiar as this way of ideas is, its origins and motivations are in fact much more puzzling and interesting than has generally been recognized. This chapter begins by stressing just how radically transformative the seventeenth century’s inward turn is and then considers at some length exactly why that transformation occurred, in light of the available alternatives. Once we understand its motivation in authors like Descartes, Arnauld, and Locke, we will see that the inward turn toward ideas is not nearly as disreputable as is often supposed, given certain assumptions. But we will also see that these are assumptions we should no longer make.
The Privileged Now
Authors: Pasnau Robert 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter ascends to the intellectual level and considers our ability to reason from premises to a conclusion. Is there some domain of epistemic privilege, at the intellectual level, where we can be certain that things are just as they seem to be? This requires considering an unfamiliar question: the extent to which we can or should attempt to encompass a whole chain of thoughts within the scope of the privileged now. The idea of the privileged now, which is a close relative of the modern notion of working memory, can be found to go back to Anselm. It runs through scholastic philosophy and plays a central role in Descartes’s Meditations and ultimately in Hume. But this chapter argues that the expectation of getting all our thoughts into the mind at once rests on an unfounded bias.
The Simple Physics of Energy Use
Authors: Rez Peter 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
In industrially developed countries, energy is used primarily for three things—maintaining a comfortable environment in buildings, transporting people and goods and manufacturing products. Each accounts for about one-third of the total primary energy use. Controlling the indoor temperature accounts for most of the energy use in buildings. Therefore, this strongly depends on the local climate. Electricity accounts for a high proportion of the energy transfer in developed countries. The problem is that electricity cannot easily be stored, and that supply therefore has to match demand. This makes the use of intermittent renewables such as solar and wind particularly challenging. Transportation efficiency can be measured by the energy used to move a person or a tonne of freight over a given distance, but there is also the journey time to consider. Transportation, with the exception of trains, is constrained by the energy density and convenience of fuels, and it is hard to beat liquid hydrocarbons as fuels. Materials that are dug out of the earth are nearly always oxides, but we want the element itself. The reduction process inevitably uses energy and produces carbon dioxide. Even growing crops requires energy in addition to that provided by sunlight. A meat-based diet requires significantly higher energy inputs than a vegetarian diet. Growing crops for fuel is a poor use of land, the problem being that crops do not grow fast enough. Policy should ultimately be based on what works from a physics and engineering viewpoint, and not on legislation that mandates the use of favoured renewable energy sources.
Electrical Power Generation: Fossil Fuels
Authors: Rez Peter 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Nearly all electrical power is generated by rotating a coil in a magnetic field. In most cases, the coil is turned by a steam turbine operating according to the Rankine cycle. Water is boiled and heated to make high-pressure steam, which drives the turbine. The thermal efficiency is about 30–35%, and is limited by the highest steam temperature tolerated by the turbine blades. Alternatively, a gas turbine operating according to the Brayton cycle can be used. Much higher turbine inlet temperatures are possible, and the thermal efficiency is higher, typically 40%. Combined cycle generation, in which the hot exhaust from a gas turbine drives a Rankine cycle, can achieve thermal efficiencies of almost 60%. Substitution of coal-fired by combined cycle natural gas power plants can result in significant reductions in CO2 emissions.
Ground Transportation: Road and Rail
Authors: Rez Peter 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Everything that rolls along the ground uses energy to overcome both rolling resistance and air resistance. Air resistance is more significant at higher speeds. Repeated accelerations dominate energy use in stop–start city driving. Not surprisingly, heavy, large SUVs use more energy to go a given distance than lighter, more streamlined cars. Due to the mismatch between the torque required and the rotation rate of the drive wheels, internal combustion engines in cars or trucks do not operate at their peak efficiency. Trains are the most efficient form of ground transportation due to both the lower rolling resistance of steel wheels on railroad tracks and the lower air resistance of its long and thin structure. A further advantage is that rail with fixed tracks can take advantage of the efficient generation of electrical energy. This is also obviously the main disadvantage; trains can only go where tracks have been laid.
Ground Transportation: Ships
Authors: Rez Peter 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The drag on ships comes from movement through the water. There is a part that is analogous to the parasitic drag in aircraft, and a part that comes from creating the bow and stern waves—in some ways similar to the compressibility drag in aircraft that approach the speed of sound. Given that the density of water is more than 800 times that of air, speeds through the water are slower. Drag coefficients are specified differently for ships than for cars, trucks and airplanes. The relevant area is the total wetted area, and not the frontal projected area. Ships can be very efficient—the very powerful two-stroke diesels that power large container ships and tankers can be over 50% thermally efficient.
Vasomotor Symptoms Resulting From Natural Menopause: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Treatment Effects From the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Guideline on Menopause
Authors: Sarri G. , Pedder H. , Dias S. , Guo Y. , Lumsden M. A. 
Published: December 2017

(Abstracted from BJOG 2017;124:1514–1523)
Vasomotor symptoms (VMSs)—the most common menopausal symptoms—occur in approximately 75% of postmenopausal women in the United Kingdom and are severe in 25%. A large number of treatments, both pharmacological and nonpharmacological, have been used to relieve VMSs during menopause.
Remote Intracerebral Hemorrhage Following Intravenous Thrombolysis in Pregnancy at 31 Weeks Gestation
Authors: Jiang Zheng , Hu Zhiping 
Published: December 2017

Introduction:
Intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator thrombolysis in pregnancy for acute ischemic stroke is infrequent. As a rare complication of thrombolysis, remote intracerebral hemorrhage (rICH) whose mechanisms are unclear has not gained enough attention until now.

Case Report:
We present here a case of 26-year-old pregnant woman at 31 weeks gestation who suffered from sudden onset right-sided hemiparesis and slurred speech. She successfully received intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator thrombolysis within 2.5 hours from stroke onset. Further workup demonstrated multiple and bilateral acute cerebral infarcts due to cardioembolism. At 6 hours after thrombolysis, multifocal intracerebral hemorrhages were developed in her left cerebellum and right temporal cortex, remote from the initial infarct areas. However, the patient achieved a final complete recovery of symptoms. Despite diffusion-weighted imaging could not confirm infarct in the areas of hemorrhages, multiple cerebral embolism was suggested to be involved in the etiology of rICH.

Conclusions:
rICH is different from local intracerebral hemorrhage in its risk factors, neurological outcomes, and underlying mechanisms. Patients with rICH may have favorable outcomes and multiple cerebral embolism is still one of the important mechanisms for postthrombolytic rICH.
Anemia in Pregnancy: A Pragmatic Approach
Authors: Sun Dongmei , McLeod Anne , Gandhi Shital , Malinowski Ann Kinga , Shehata Nadine 
Published: December 2017

Importance
Anemia is common in pregnancy, ranging from 5.4% in developed countries to more than 80% in developing countries. Anemia in pregnancy has been associated with prematurity, low birth weight, and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Objective
This review uses clinical vignettes to illustrate the clinical presentations, approach to diagnosis, maternal and fetal implications, and treatment for the common etiologies of anemia in pregnancy.

Evidence Acquisition
Literature review.

Results
Normal physiological changes in pregnancy result in alterations of hematological parameters particularly in a reduction of hemoglobin (Hb) concentration. Consequently, the Hb used to define anemia in pregnancy is lower than in nonpregnant patients. As there is an increased requirement of iron in pregnancy, it is not unexpected that iron deficiency remains the most common cause of anemia and warrants a preemptive approach to prevent a further reduction in Hb. The syndromes associated with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia may pose a diagnostic challenge, as there are several potential etiologies that may be difficult to differentiate, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia can be associated with significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Anemia secondary to sickle cell disease and autoimmune hemolytic anemia merit special attention because there are risks secondary to red blood cell transfusion and risks to withholding transfusion.

Conclusions and Relevance
Anemia in pregnancy is potentially associated with maternal and fetal adverse outcomes. Providing evidence-based care is essential to achieving the best pregnancy outcomes.

Target Audience
Obstetricians and gynecologists, family physicians.

Learning Objectives
After completing this activity, the learner should be better able to describe the normal physiological changes in hematological parameters in pregnancy, recognize common and potentially life-threatening diseases manifested as anemia, and develop an approach to anemia in pregnancy.
18F-FDG PET/CT in Diagnostic and Prognostic Evaluation of Patients With Suspected Recurrence of Chondrosarcoma
Authors: Vadi Shelvin Kumar , Mittal Bhagwant Rai , Gorla Arun Kumar Reddy , Sood Ashwani , Basher Rajender Kumar , Sood Apurva , Kakkar Nandita , Sen Ramesh K. 
Published: December 2017

Purpose
The aim of the study was to analyze the diagnostic and prognostic utility of 18F-FDG PET/CT to predict the disease-specific survival (DSS) with FDG uptake and tumor grade in recurrent chondrosarcoma.

Methods
Retrospective analysis of FDG PET/CT findings in 31 previously treated patients (46 studies) with mean follow-up period of 40.7 ± 23.9 months (range, 3–77 months) from the date of first PET/CT study was done. Kaplan-Meier DSS analysis was made with respect to tumor grade, FDG uptake at the recurrent primary sites, and a combination of grade and FDG uptake as parameters.

Results
Recurrence (local and distant) was shown in 28 (60.8%) of 46 FDG PET/CT studies with sensitivity and specificity of 88.9% and 78.9%, respectively. The median SUVmax at the recurrent primary sites differed significantly (P = 0.008) among 3 tumor grade groups, with higher median SUVmax in higher grades. There was significant difference in median SUVmax among different grade groups except between grade II and grade III. Recurrent primary site SUVmax cutoff at 6.15 derived from the receiver operating characteristic curve yielded significant difference (P < 0.001) in mean DSS time. Significant difference in survival was noted between 3 different tumor grade groups (P = 0.016). The combination of SUVmax and grade improved the survival prediction than with grade alone.

Conclusions
In recurrent chondrosarcoma, the recurrent primary site FDG uptake and grade were found to be reliable prognostic factors with respect to DSS. PET/CT in recurrence setting has the potential to predict tumor grade and survival and may assist in clinical management.
Incidental Detection of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma by 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT in a Patient With Neuroendocrine Tumor Liver Metastases
Authors: Mahajan Sonia , Shaha Ashok , Grewal Ravinder K. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

68Ga-DOTATATE, a positron-emitting somatostatin analog, has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for imaging neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). The presence of a second primary malignancy is common in NETs; however, synchronous primary malignancy in the thyroid has rarely been reported. The value of 68Ga-DOTATATE in medullary thyroid cancer is being investigated and is currently recommended for use when treatment with somatostatin analogs is an option. We present a 55-year-old man with abdominal pain associated with well-differentiated NET liver metastases and incidental medullary thyroid carcinoma demonstrated on a 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT.
Comparative genomics of the major parasitic worms
Authors:   International Helminth Genomes Consortium
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTParasitic nematodes (roundworms) and platyhelminths (flatworms) cause debilitating chronic infections of humans and animals, decimate crop production and are a major impediment to socioeconomic development. Here we compare the genomes of 81 nematode and platyhelminth species, including those of 76 parasites. From 1.4 million genes, we identify gene family births and hundreds of large expanded gene families at key nodes in the phylogeny that are relevant to parasitism. Examples include gene families that modulate host immune responses, enable parasite migration though host tissues or allow the parasite to feed. We use a wide-rangingin silicoscreen to identify and prioritise new potential drug targets and compounds for testing. We also uncover lineage-specific differences in core metabolism and in protein families historically targeted for drug development. This is the broadest comparative study to date of the genomes of parasitic and non-parasitic worms. It provides a transformative new resource for the research community to understand and combat the diseases that parasitic worms cause.
Proteomic and biochemical comparison of the cellular interaction partners of human VPS33A and VPS33B
Authors: Hunter Morag R. , Hesketh Geoffrey G. , Gingras Anne-Claude , Graham Stephen C. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTMulti-subunit tethering complexes control membrane fusion events in eukaryotic cells. CORVET and HOPS are two such multi-subunit tethering complexes, both containing the Sec1/Munc18 protein subunit VPS33A. Metazoans additionally possess VPS33B, which has considerable sequence similarity to VPS33A but does not integrate into CORVET or HOPS complexes and instead stably interacts with VIPAR. It has been recently suggested that VPS33B and VIPAR comprise two subunits of a novel multi-subunit tethering complex (named ‘CHEVI’), analogous in configuration to CORVET and HOPS. We utilised the BioID proximity biotinylation assay to compare and contrast the interactomes of VPS33A and VPS33B. Overall, few proteins were identified as associating with both VPS33A and VPS33B, suggesting these proteins have distinct sub-cellular localisations. Consistent with previous reports, we observed that VPS33A was co-localised with many components of class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3KC3) complexes: PIK3C3, PIK3R4, NRBF2, UVRAG and RUBICON. Although in this assay VPS33A clearly co-localised with several subunits of CORVET and HOPS, no proteins with the canonical CORVET/HOPS domain architecture were found to co-localise with VPS33B. Instead, we identified two novel VPS33B-interacting proteins, VPS53 and CCDC22. CCDC22 co-immunoprecipitated with VPS33B and VIPAR in over-expression conditions and interacts directly with the VPS33B-VIPAR complex in vitro. However, CCDC22 does not appear to co-fractionate with VPS33B and VIPAR in gel filtration of human cell lysates. We also observed that the protein complex in HEK293T cells which contained VPS33B and VIPAR was considerably smaller than CORVET/HOPS, suggesting that, unlike VPS33A, VPS33B does not assemble into a large stable multi-subunit tethering complex.
Metannot: A succinct data structure for compression of colors in dynamic de Bruijn graphs
Authors: Mustafa Harun , Kahles André , Karasikov Mikhail , Rätsch Gunnar 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMuch of the DNA and RNA sequencing data available is in the form of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) reads and is currently unindexed by established sequence search databases. Recent succinct data structures for indexing both reference sequences and HTS data, along with associated metadata, have been based on either hashing or graph models, but many of these structures are static in nature, and thus, not well-suited as backends for dynamic databases.We propose a parallel construction method for and novel application of the wavelet trie as a dynamic data structure for compressing and indexing graph metadata. By developing an algorithm for merging wavelet tries, we are able to construct large tries in parallel by merging smaller tries constructed concurrently from batches of data.When compared against general compression algorithms and those developed specifically for graph colors (VARI and Rainbowfish), our method achieves compression ratios superior to gzip and VARI, converging to compression ratios of 6.5% to 2% on data sets constructed from over 600 virus genomes.While marginally worse than compression by bzip2 or Rainbowfish, this structure allows for both fast extension and query. We also found that additionally encoding graph topology metadata improved compression ratios, particularly on data sets consisting of several mutually-exclusive reference genomes.It was also observed that the compression ratio of wavelet tries grew sublinearly with the density of the annotation matrices.This work is a significant step towards implementing a dynamic data structure for indexing large annotated sequence data sets that supports fast query and update operations. At the time of writing, no established standard tool has filled this niche.