bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Successful Application of System Optimisation Technology to Gas Production in a Complex Onshore Gas Field in China
Authors: Xinggang Han , Hui Wang , Pengxin Feng , Wenlong Xu , Xiaorong Wang , Haibin Ma , McBride Steve 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The gathering system in the Sulige gas field is characterized by "simultaneous metering of gas with liquids" and by "multiple inter-connections between wells". With the large scale expansion of the gas field, the gathering and transportation system has become so complex that it is increasingly difficult to optimize the production of each well or gas source in an integrated manner and simultaneously eliminate pressure bottlenecks in the network. Traditional optimization methods can handle simulations and process calculations for single wells or small local networks, but cannot adequately address the overall system performance as a whole.
Consequently, integrated optimization technology has been introduced in the Sulige Gas Field. A compositional model of the entire gas field has been constructed of individual production components, and via comparison of simulation results and measured data, the model has been accurately tuned. Based on the calculated results of the tuned model, several conclusions have been derived which collectively support the field production target of 40 Million m3 per day, representing an increase of 14% per day. These measures include the laying of a new pipeline to relieve pressure bottlenecks, adjustment and optimization of the compressors? operational parameters in the processing plant, and choke setting optimization in specific areas. Results clearly demonstrate that the application of optimization technology in the complex infrastructure of the Sulige Gas Field has been successful, and furthermore that it can ensure the gas gathering and transportation system operate in both a stable and efficient manner.
Using practical field data and reference case studies, this paper highlights the positive effects of the optimization process via for example pressure data matching, pressure bottleneck reduction and/or elimination, and compression scenario optimization. The application of optimization technology has provided the end-users with both accurate and reliable results which in turn contribute to improved decision making for the field production and development planning. Moreover it establishes a new management model for the large-scale gas field production system such that any modifications are closely associated to calculated simulation results and are supported by an outlook of maximizing production revenues.
Petrophysical Analysis and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Utica Shale and Marcellus Shale, Appalachian Basin, USA
Authors: Carr Timothy R. , Wang Guochang , McClain Taylor 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Paleozoic organic-rich mudrock ("shale") units were deposited on the eastern margin of the United States of America from the initial Cambrian rifting to the assembly of Pangaea after the Devonian. Two of these organic-rich shale units the Ordovician Point Pleasant-Utica and Devonian Marcellus Shale of the northern Appalachian basin are some of the most active shale gas/oil plays in the world, and a significant component in the United States energy market. Unconventional hydrocarbon plays are often referred to as statistical plays due to their high degree of heterogeneity, and present challenges for characterization and exploitation. Productivity depends upon an inter-related set of reservoir, completion and production characteristics. A key control on success is regional geology and sequence stratigraphy, in particular the geographic and stratigraphic distribution of organic matter, silica, and carbonate. The distribution of these key elements has been modeled at the basin and local scales. A 3-D mudrock lithofacies model is constructed using sequence stratigraphy to constrain mineral composition, rock properties and organic content. Core analysis and log data were used to calibrate the model from core scale to well scale and finally to regional scale. Geostatistical approaches were used to develop a quantitative relationship between conventional logs and lithofacies, and to model the distribution of mudrock lithofacies in three-dimensions. Controlled primarily by dilution, organic matter productivity, and organic matter accumulation distribution of organic-rich mudrock lithofacies was dominantly affected by water depth and distance to shoreline. The controls on mudrock reservoir quality are subtle and heterogeneity present in Utica and Marcellus results in regional and local well production variations. The proposed 3-D lithofacies modeling approach aids in recognizing geologic and engineering targets, designing horizontal well trajectories, targeting fracture stimulation strategies and understanding shale depositional environments and processes. The proposed approach can be extended to other organic-rich shale reservoirs.
Deepwater Basin Model for the Permian: Delaware Basin Example
Authors: Lew C.L. , Baharuddin S.B. , Pigott J.D. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The Permian was an unusual time in the Earth's past, a time of continental accretion, falling sea level, and of global cooling. Basins formed at this time hold some of the most prolific petroleum systems in the world, are well studied, yet still hold much mystery with respect to their relationship between tectonic evolution, sedimentary fill, thermal maturities, and remaining exploration potential. One such important Permian basin is that of the deep Delaware Basin of southeastern New Mexico and west Texas U.S.A. Tectonic subsidence analysis of 11 boreholes reveal best fit kinetic maturities which require one major tectonic extension event from ~268 Ma to ~251 Ma (betas ~1.25 to ~1.53) and shortening from 80Ma to 65Ma (beta ~0.855). Principal source rocks are the underlying Devonian Woodford, Carboniferous Barnett, Permian Wolfcamp, Bone Spring and Delaware Mountain Group (DMG) formations. Modeling shows that the DMG and Bone Spring Formations are presently within the oil window whereas the Woodford and Barnett formations are below the oil window. The DMG began entering early mature oil phase in late Permian. Woodford and Barnett formation began entering the early mature oil phase in the late Pennsylvanian. The Bell Canyon formation is within the main oil window in the deeper part of Delaware Basin (northeast and eastern part of Delaware Basin) whereas the Brushy Canyon formation is within the main oil window in the northern part of the Delaware Basin. Major migration pathways in the Delaware Basin are SE to NW and SW to NE. The critical moment for the accumulation of liquids in the DMG and Bone Spring is Late Permian, around 265Ma -261Ma. Knowledge of the thermal maturity evolution of the Delaware Basin provides important constraints upon determining optimal exploration programs for exploiting liquids and gases either conventionally or unconventionally in these Permian strata.
A New Integrated Hydraulic Fractured Well Spacing Optimisation Technology: A Case Study
Authors: Wang Z. , Liu S. , Cao Y. , Peng Y. , Liu F. , Liu C. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The paper presents a new integrated hydraulic fractured well spacing and fracture spacing optimization technology by coupling the techniques of 3D streamline simulation especially the "well influence volume" calculation and horizontal well multistage fracturing optimization with two heterogeneous low permeability reservoirs case studies. The "well influence volume" and Predominant Streamline Fields (PSF) based fractured well spacing is a superior technology for well/fracture spacing design optimization because this technology overcomes the conventional well spacing method, an "acres-per-well" based well spacing technique, which is more suitable for homogeneous reservoir or a homogeneity-anisotropy scheme. For those reservoirs with not only relative low permeability but also having highly heterogeneity vertically and horizontally, the formations change laterally on both rock physical / mechanical properties and on the thickness or even the fluid properties significantly. Without considering those lateral heterogeneities of a reservoir, a fixed shape geometry well spacing technique will fail within a few year of production because of the very early time flooding breakthrough or intensive PSF formed at certain injector-producer well-pair or some spots in the reservoir, which will impact the general EUR of the field as the simulation clearly demonstrated in this paper.
By integrating the 3D fracturing numerical modeling based on local 3D geological models, and reservoir simulation based on a regional 3D model, the "well influence volume" of each fractured well can be better determined through 3D streamline tracking. By maximizing "well influence volume" of each proposed well while keeping the early stage water channeling in check in the future production, we minimize the non-swept reservoir volume, and achieve the best EUR of the reservoir in the most cost-effective way. The fracturing modeling was based wells data such as core analysis and well logging data, and the reservoir simulation was based on the wells data and 3D seismic interpretation and all geological data in the studied reservoir. Numerical results suggest that oil production through the proposed well/fracture placement technology can increase by 22% to 16% comparing with previous work using acreage-well based and uniform elliptical well/fracture spacing method with the same number of wells in placed. The presented technique is a promising fractured well spacing and reservoir development approach for highly heterogeneous reservoirs with low permeability and multi-thin-layer pays because it will reduce the number of wells need or better place them in a cost-effective approach. It is a very beneficial approach for developing those low perm reservoirs like in Bohai Bay region.
Evaluation of Organic Hydrofluoric Acid Mixtures for Sandstone Acidising
Authors: Al-Harbi B.G. , Al-Dahlan M.N. , Al-Khaldi M.H. , Al-Harith A.M. , Abadi A.K. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Mud acid, which is a mixture of hydrochloric (HCl) and hydrofluoric (HF) acids, is typically used to stimulate sandstone formations. The success rate of mud acid is limited mainly because of its high spending rate, high corrosion rate, and incompatibility with HCl sensitive minerals; i.e., illite. Organic (acetic, formic and citric) HF acid mixtures, in comparison, have a retarded nature and a low corrosion rate, and are compatible with sensitive sandstone formations; therefore, they can be used as an effective stimulation fluid alternative to regular mud acid.
In this study, dissolution tests of kaolinite, illite or chlorite in acetic, formic and citric with 3 wt% HF acid was conducted. A coreflood was conducted to investigate the ability of organic acids, when combined with HF acid, to remove carbonaceous and siliceous minerals from Berea sandstone plugs at 250 °F. The core effluent samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The core plugs were analyzed using the X-ray diffraction (XRD).
All of the tested organic acids were effective in dissolving calcium during the coreflood preflush stage without any indication of precipitation; however, only citric acid extracted aluminum during the preflush, while formic and acetic acids were not effective in leaching aluminum. Additionally, low amounts of aluminum were detected in the effluent of acetic-HF during the main flush and severe damage to the core plug was noticed. Although formic-HF acid extracted a significant amount of calcium and aluminum, there was no change in permeability before or after the treatment. Citric-HF acid dissolved a significant amount of calcium and aluminum, and an apparent increase in permeability was subsequently observed. In addition, a higher permeability ratio was obtained with low HF acid concentrations. This work provides new insights into the applications and potential limitations of organic-HF acids.
Properties of Ilmenite Water-Based Drilling Fluids for HPHT Applications
Authors: Elkatatny S.M. , Nasr-El-Din H.A. , Al-Bagoury M. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Barite is the most common weighting material for drilling fluids, which contain several heavy components including lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic. Some of these heavy materials can discharge into the sea, which is not allowed especially in the case of oil-based drilling fluid. The supply of barite is geographically limited, with high transportation costs. To overcome the high cost, shortage, and common problems of barite, an alternative weighting material, ilmenite (5 µm), is introduced which is heavier than barite and more stable at high temperature. Also, the micronized ilmenite was introduced to overcome the ECD challenges in some drilling operations at reasonable cost. Extensive lab work was done in order to:optimize the rheological properties of the drilling fluid,determine the optimum pH that gives stable dispersion,assess the thermal stability,optimize the filtration parameters (filtrate volume and filter cake thickness), andcharacterize the ilmenite-based filter cake.
Zeta potential results showed that ilmenite was stable when mixed with water at a pH above 7 and it was dispersed and stable when mixed with the drilling fluid components. Drilling fluids have a density range from 100 to 120 pcf and a plastic viscosity of 28–32 cp. The optimized water-based drilling fluid formula had a small filtrate volume (12 cm3) and thin filter cake (0.2 in.) under dynamic conditions. SEM analysis showed that ilmenite filter cake was heterogeneous and contained ilmenite particles in the layer closer to the rock surface. The kem-seal plus had a big effect to control the rheological properties of the drilling fluid at 350°F. This study will provide a complete evaluation of the drilling fluids with ilmenite as a weighting material and will help drilling engineers to better design drilling fluids for HPHT wells.
Successful Foam EOR Pilot in a Mature Volatile Oil Reservoir Under Miscible Gas Injection
Authors: Ocampo A. , Restrepo A. , Cifuentes H. , Hester J. , Orozco N. , Gil C. , Castro E. , Lopera S. , Gonzalez C. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
A successful field trial of foams as gas injection conformance enhancer has been deployed in the Cusiana field in Colombia, South America. This work describes the Front End Loading (FEL) process done to get to the field trial, the field operation itself, and the results obtained so far.
The Foam treatment was deployed in the Mirador formation of the Cusiana field, a low porosity quartzarenite with a recovery factor over 50%.The reservoir fluid is a volatile oil developed under an extensive gas reinjection process. The foam treatment was engineered to improve both the gas injection conformance at the wellbore and also the gas sweep efficiency deep into the reservoir.
An extensive FEL including chemical product screening, foam stability at reservoir conditions, coreflood experiments, reservoir modelling, and a careful selection of well candidates was executed for this pilot. The treatment was done in a gas injector well in the northern part of the field, where high RF has already been obtained with high levels of gas recycling.
The operation was performed using the SAG method. The foaming surfactant was pumped selectively in front of the dominant injection layer and then the well was put back on injection. The results showed a clear and sustained change in GI conformance reducing the injectivity of the treated layer by 60%. Increase in oil rate along with decreases in GOR was also observed in the nearby oil producers two months after the treatment. Results herein presented confirm the viability of foams as an EOR method for the Cusiana field and at least two other fields located in the same basin and exploited under similar conditions.

Introduction
The Cusiana field currently operated by Equion Energía Ltd is located in the foothills of the Eastern Mountain chain in Colombia - South America, and started production in 1994. It comprises three stacked reservoirs (Mirador, Barco and Guadalupe) and two compositional fluid systems both being volatile oils with a rich gas cap near critical conditions with pressures and temperatures over 5000 Psia and 250 F respectively (Lee et al, 1996). Initial fluids in place added up to about 1.5 bn STB of oil and over 3 tcf of gas with Mirador formation bearing about 60% of total fluids. Development strategies have included natural depletion, gas recycling, water injection and gas injection redistribution. Gas recycling and re-distribution have provided the best recoveries so far.
Achieving Breakthrough Performance for Multi-Cultural Global Organisations Through Alignment Processes and "One-Culture" Development
Authors: Morris Ronald L. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The globalization of business, combined with the necessary localization of staff, is driving a growing diversity in the workforce make-up of multi-national organizations. This, in turn, drives the necessity to improve organizational skills and processes for better communication and buy-in to gain and maintain alignment of these diverse groups. Alignment is a critical factor to organizational efficiency and performance. Attaining a "one-culture" consensus of attitude, rules and business values for the organization is essential, as a starting point, to lay the proper foundation to establish the strategic plan, from vision to business imperatives, goals and objectives.
This growingly diverse workforce mix represents an opportunity and a risk, to either harness cultural diversity as a strength, or to accept it as an inherent weakness to be constantly mitigated. Not to meet this multi-cultural challenge head-on represents a significant risk of organizational functionality, potentially resulting in loss of focus, direction and subsequently performance. However, meeting this challenge in a positive and pro-active way can empower and harness a collective of international and local knowledge, energy and skills that make anything possible.
This paper addresses often ignored or hidden multi-cultural problems and some root causes through three O&G organizations case studies. Also addressed are methodologies used to overcome the multi-cultural challenges and turning a grass-roots strategic planning process into a positive communication and alignment tool. These organizations reinvented and realigned themselves through this systematic process, both internally and with all stakeholders, achieving breakthrough performance.
This paper is intended to be a help to companies and leaders embarking on a new country entry organization or re-energizing flagging multi-cultural organizations. While not a definitive or comprehensive investigation of the subject, one of the main objectives of the paper is to bring these challenges to light and open the subject for further attention and development.
Iterative Dip-Steering Median Filter: A New Approach to Separation of Simultaneous Sources
Authors: Huo Shoudong , Zhu Weihong , Luo Yi , Kelamis Panos G. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Simultaneous source acquisition technology, also referred to as 'blended acquisition', involves recording two or more shots simultaneously. Despite the fact that conventional processing procedures can still produce acceptable images from the blended data, it is still desirable to separate the blended data into single shot gathers, which allows to reduce the crosstalk noise and to allow application of standard pre-stack processing, such as statics, velocity analysis, etc.
In this paper we introduce a new and simple Iterative Dip-Steering Median Filter (IDS_MF) in order to separate the blended seismic shot gathers. This method extends the well-known conventional median filter which works well with horizontally-aligned coherent events but cannot handle steep events, especially events with conflicting dips. It first identifies the dominant dips inside a processing window by a Fourier-Radial transform in the frequency-wavenumber domain. A median filtering is then applied along the dominant dip in order to separate the signal. The data are processed along the remaining dominant dips in an iterative manner until all signals have been retained.
The IDS_MF method can be used for random or spike noise attenuation. It does not require that reflections or events are hyperbolic and can be applied on any gather such as Common-shot, CMP, Common-receiver and Common-offset. IDS_MF does not require special acquisition geometries and works well for both 2D and 3D data as well as land and marine seismic surveys. The main limitation of the method is that it relies on local coherency. It produces very good deblending results when the residual statics are properly accounted for. Field data is used to demonstrate the performance of the proposed de-blending technology.

Introduction
Simultaneous source acquisition technology, which records many sources from different locations almost simultaneously, can significantly increase field acquisition efficiency at the expense of crosstalk noise. Processing techniques must be developed to minimize the crosstalk contanmination inherent to this type of recording.
The idea of shooting several sources almost simultaneously to acquire faster has been extensively documented by Bagaini (2006). The land attempts commonly employ specially encoded source sweeps, which make it possible to decode the interfering source responses. In marine seismic acquisition, Beasley et al. (1998) proposed to place the air guns symmetrically off the ends of 2D marine cables and firing the sources simultaneously. Vaage (2002), Hampson et al. (2008) and Dragoset et al. (2009) introduced a small random time delay (dithering) into the second source. Because of this delay, the interference between sources appears random in some sort domains, such as the common-receiver, common-offset and CMP domain.
Continental Carbonates Reservoirs: The Importance of Analogues to Understand Presalt Discoveries
Authors: Virgone Aurelien , Broucke Olivier , Held Anne-Edwige , Lopez Benjamin , Seard Claire , Camoin Gilbert , Swennen Rudy , Foubert Anneleen , Rouchy Jean-Marie , Pabian-Goyheneche Cecile , Guo Li 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Recent discoveries offshore Brazil have induced a renewal of interest in the study of recent and ancient continental carbonate systems which developed in a wide range of depositional settings, reflecting aerial to subaqueous environments.
Recent and ancient continental carbonate analogs provide some keys to depict the sedimentologic/sequential pattern observed at the core scale and help in the understanding of the impact of climate change, fluid flow and water chemistry on the carbonate factory. It is noteworthy that the widespread microbial development in continental carbonate systems occurs in stratigraphic intervals typified by specific climatic and geodynamic conditions, and sometimes coincides with similar development in the marine realm. Stromatolites are more developped in high water level condition. But comparative studies between intracratonic (Recent Great Salt Lake; Eocene Green River lacustrine systems) and rift lacustrine systems demonstrates that they are more extensive on a flat substrate. The control exerted by the topography may increase during abrupt alternations of arid and humid periods, influencing the water chemistry and, accordingly, leading to the development of anoxic and/or evaporitic conditions. The key issue is therefore to understand the development of carbonate in lacustrine condition, how the sedimentary bodies and features can be preserved, and how their good reservoir properties can be maintained. High subsidence rate will influence the preservation potential of the relevant carbonate bodies, while the geothermal gradient, water chemistry or volcanic activity will impact the reservoir properties.
In addition, meteoric or thermogenic travertine deposits, are an additional carbonate product that must be considered in the evaluation of continental carbonate reservoir systems.