bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of integrating livelihood into mental health and psychosocial support program among survivors of torture
Authors: Khanal Diwakar , Sitaula Sabina , Koirala Pitambar , Gautam Kamal , Koirala Suraj 
Published: September 2024

Introduction: From 1996 to 2006, Nepal experienced a decade-long armed conflict that adversely impacted survivors of torture. The conflict posed threats to various facets of their lives, such as mental health, socio-economic status, human rights, and the process of reintegration into their original communities. This study was done with the survivors of torture from the armed conflict.
Objective: This study aims to generate evidence on the impact of livelihood support (supporting individuals with earning their livelihood through business development, farming/animal husbandry and micro-entrepreneurship) upon mental health and psychosocial wellbeing as well as social empowerment of survivors of torture.
Results: In total, 44 out of 46 torture survivors reported improvement in their mental health and psychosocial well-being after the livelihood intervention was instituted. Significant reduction in the severity of symptoms of depression (21.7% to 2.3%; P<0.001), anxiety (15.2% to 6.8%; P<0.001), and post-traumatic stress disorder (44.4% to 4.5%; P<0.01) was observed with medium to high effect size. Similarly, improvement in social relationship, economic status, and autonomy (increase in self-confidence and motivation) were noticed post-intervention.

Discussion and conclusion: Our study concludes that the livelihood intervention has significantly contributed to economic uplift, improved mental health, psychosocial well-being, social empowerment and quality of life among the survivors of torture. The data provide preliminary evidence of positive outcomes from integrating a livelihood program into an MHPSS (Mental Health and Psychosocial Support) program. Although the lack of a control group prevents us from isolating the specific impacts of the livelihood program, our qualitative data indicate that the intervention is well-received, culturally relevant, and promising. The study has yielded certain recommendations for further research.

Keywords: Conflict, survivors of torture, livelihood, mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) and social relations.
D’une gestion de crise à une gestion internationale concertée des migrations : la nécessaire évolution vers un droit international de la migration
Authors: Delas Olivier , Jouzier Baptiste 
Published: September 2024

Les États analysent le phénomène migratoire international comme traversé par une succession de « crises » et, face à ce constat, ils entendent trouver des réponses à ces dernières, renforçant pour cela la coopération internationale. Si la proposition d’une réponse est, en soi, un progrès, l’idée de « mieux gérer » les différentes crises correspond selon nous à une erreur de compréhension du phénomène. La prise d’un pas de recul permet de constater que le phénomène de « crises successives » peut en réalité être analysé comme une crise globale, continue, de la gestion internationale du phénomène migratoire. Par la mobilisation du concept de creeping crisis, issue des sciences politiques, et l’étude de la réponse migratoire apportée à trois crises (crise de la COVID-19, crise syrienne, crise ukrainienne), cet article entend démontrer l’existence d’une creeping crisis, résultant de l’approche actuelle de la gestion des migrations internationales. Il est avancé que la crise s’explique notamment par une inertie des États et de la communauté internationale à adopter un cadre de coopération prévisible et fondé sur le droit, le cadre de gouvernance amorcé en 2016 et 2018 demeurant encore trop limité. Dans ce contexte, une réflexion sur la place devant revenir au droit international dans l’élaboration d’une approche internationale de la gestion des migrations est proposée.
L’ambivalence du droit d’intervention de l’Union Africaine
Authors: Yombi Stéven Modeste 
Published: September 2024

L’article 4(h) de l’Acte constitutif de l’Union africaine du 11 juillet 2000, amendé par le Protocole du 3 février 2003 prévoit le droit de l’Union d’intervenir dans un État membre dans certaines circonstances graves, à savoir : les crimes de guerre, le génocide et les crimes contre l’humanité ainsi qu’une menace grave de l’ordre légitime afin de restaurer la paix et la stabilité dans l’État membre de l’Union. Cette disposition constitue une nouveauté en ce qu’elle consacre l’intervention de l’organisation pour faire cesser ou éviter la perpétration de crimes internationaux dans un État membre incapable ou peu disposé à les empêcher. De ce fait, elle rompt avec l’article 13 de la Charte de l’Organisation de l’unité africaine de 1963 où les principes d’égalité souveraine de tous les États membres et de non-ingérence dans les affaires intérieures des États étaient consacrés sans aucune exception. Cependant, cette belle recette africaine n’est-elle pas un cadeau empoisonné ? Le but de cet article est de soumettre le droit d’intervention de l’Union africaine à une analyse sans complaisance afin de mieux cerner ses différentes facettes.
Effect of duration and infection control barriers of light curing unit on hardness of Bulk Fill composite resin
Authors: He Xinmin , Zhang Denghui , Deng Shuli 
Published: September 2024

Background
This study aimed to investigate the impact of the duration of light curing unit (LCU) usage and the use of infection control barriers on the hardness of Bulk Fill composite resin after curing. The hypotheses were that extended usage of the LCU would not reduces its output power and resin hardness, and that the presence of polyethylene film barriers exacerbates the reduction in resin hardness.

Methods
Based on the absence or presence of polyethylene film (PE) and the number of layers used, a 3M LED curing light (EliparTM DeepCure-S; 3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA) was divided into three groups: PE0, PE1, and PE3. The curing light was used 30 times daily for 20 s per exposure, at frequencies of 0, 6, and 12 months. Maximum output power tests were conducted for each group of curing lights. Custom-made plastic modules were used to stack Bulk Fill composite resin (Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior Restorative; 3M ESPE) to a thickness of 4 mm. Each group of curing lights was used to cure the modules in a direct contact manner for 20 s. Vickers hardness measurements were taken at the top and bottom surfaces of the resin specimens using a digital microhardness tester. A one-way or two-way ANOVA analyzed the power of LCUs, Vickers hardness of Bulk Fill composite resin, and hardness decrease percentage across groups. Pairwise comparisons used the Tukey test (α = 0.05).

Results
As the duration of usage increased, both the power of the curing light and the hardness of the resin significantly decreased. Significant differences were observed in power and resin hardness among the PE0, PE1, and PE3 groups. When the duration of usage was 6 months or less, only multi-layered PE films led to a significant increase in the percentage decrease of hardness of cured resin from top to bottom. However, at 12 months, both single-layer and multi-layered PE films resulted in a significant increase in the percentage decrease of hardness of cured resin from top to bottom.

Conclusion
The output power of the light curing unit decreases with prolonged usage, thereby failing to meet the curing requirements of Bulk Fill composite resin. The use of single-layer PE as an infection control barrier is recommended.
Leucaena interspecific hybrid ‘KX4-Hawaii’ as a source of agricultural biomass in a water-scarce small island developing state
Authors: Belgrave Jabarry R. , Alleyne Angela T. , Chandler Jeff S. , Lopez Francis B. 
Published: September 2024

Background
Leucaena leucocephala is a useful multipurpose tree species for agroforestry systems, but traditional seeded cultivars often become weedy and invasive. A seedless hybrid cultivar, ‘KX4-Hawaii’, offers a potential solution to this problem. However, relevant agronomic information and information on the performance of ‘KX4-Hawaii’ under varying growth conditions is required. The goal of this research was to evaluate ‘KX4-Hawaii’ as a source of agricultural biomass in Barbados, a small island developing state with limited arable land.

Methods
‘KX4-Hawaii’ air layers were imported into Barbados to create stock trees. Air layering was used to create propagation material and a field study was established with a ‘KX4-Hawaii’ hedgerow planted as a field border. Three plant spacings (50, 75, and 100 cm) were evaluated and data on the growth and biomass yields of the trees were collected at 4-month intervals. Precipitation data were used to investigate climatic effects on ‘KX4-Hawaii’ productivity.

Results
‘KX4-Hawaii’ was successfully propagated via air layers and could be planted directly in the field with irrigation. All recorded growth and biomass yields were correlated with precipitation. However, the woody (lignified stems and branches) biomass was more responsive to precipitation than the green (leaves and green tender stems) biomass and made up a large fraction of the total biomass produced. ‘KX4-Hawaii’ was productive even under drought conditions and biomass yields per meter of hedgerow increased with closer spacings. Of the tested spacing treatments, 75 cm was optimum for a 4-month pruning interval under the conditions seen in Barbados as it produced similar yields to the 50 cm spacing treatment but would require less propagation material.
Controlled Interventions to Reduce Burnout in Physicians
Authors: Panagioti Maria , Panagopoulou Efharis , Bower Peter , Lewith George , Kontopantelis Evangelos , Chew-Graham Carolyn , Dawson Shoba , van Marwijk Harm , Geraghty Keith , Esmail Aneez 
Published: December 2016

ImportanceBurnout is prevalent in physicians and can have a negative influence on performance, career continuation, and patient care. Existing evidence does not allow clear recommendations for the management of burnout in physicians.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to reduce burnout in physicians and whether different types of interventions (physician-directed or organization-directed interventions), physician characteristics (length of experience), and health care setting characteristics (primary or secondary care) were associated with improved effects.Data SourcesMEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception to May 31, 2016. The reference lists of eligible studies and other relevant systematic reviews were hand searched.Study SelectionRandomized clinical trials and controlled before-after studies of interventions targeting burnout in physicians.Data Extraction and SynthesisTwo independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the risk of bias. The main meta-analysis was followed by a number of prespecified subgroup and sensitivity analyses. All analyses were performed using random-effects models and heterogeneity was quantified.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe core outcome was burnout scores focused on emotional exhaustion, reported as standardized mean differences and their 95% confidence intervals.ResultsTwenty independent comparisons from 19 studies were included in the meta-analysis (n = 1550 physicians; mean [SD] age, 40.3 [9.5] years; 49% male). Interventions were associated with small significant reductions in burnout (standardized mean difference [SMD] = −0.29; 95% CI, −0.42 to −0.16; equal to a drop of 3 points on the emotional exhaustion domain of the Maslach Burnout Inventory above change in the controls). Subgroup analyses suggested significantly improved effects for organization-directed interventions (SMD = −0.45; 95% CI, −0.62 to −0.28) compared with physician-directed interventions (SMD = −0.18; 95% CI, −0.32 to −0.03). Interventions delivered in experienced physicians and in primary care were associated with higher effects compared with interventions delivered in inexperienced physicians and in secondary care, but these differences were not significant. The results were not influenced by the risk of bias ratings.Conclusions and RelevanceEvidence from this meta-analysis suggests that recent intervention programs for burnout in physicians were associated with small benefits that may be boosted by adoption of organization-directed approaches. This finding provides support for the view that burnout is a problem of the whole health care organization, rather than individuals.
Reduction of monsoon rainfall in response to past and future land use and land cover changes
Authors: Quesada Benjamin , Devaraju Narayanappa , de Noblet‐Ducoudré Nathalie , Arneth Almut 
Published: December 2016

AbstractLand use and land cover changes (LULCC) can have significant biophysical impacts on regional precipitation, including monsoon rainfall. Using global simulations with and without LULCC from five general circulation models, under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 scenario, we find that future LULCC significantly reduce monsoon precipitation in at least four (out of eight) monsoon regions. While monsoon rainfalls are likely to intensify under future global warming, we estimate that biophysical effects of LULCC substantially weaken future projections of monsoons' rainfall by 9% (Indian region), 12% (East Asian), 32% (South African), and 41% (North African), with an average of ~ 30% for projections across the global monsoon region. A similar strong contribution is found for biophysical effects of past LULCC to monsoon rainfall changes since the preindustrial period. Rather than remote effects, local land‐atmosphere interactions, implying a decrease in evapotranspiration, soil moisture, and clouds along with more anticyclonic conditions, could explain this reduction in monsoon rainfall.
Satellite‐based observations of tsunami‐induced mesosphere airglow perturbations
Authors: Yang Yu‐Ming , Verkhoglyadova Olga , Mlynczak Martin G. , Mannucci Anthony J. , Meng Xing , Langley Richard B. , Hunt Linda A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTsunami‐induced airglow emission perturbations were retrieved by using space‐based measurements made by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broad‐band Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on board the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Energetics Dynamics spacecraft. At and after the time of the Tohoku‐Oki earthquake on 11 March 2011, and the Chile earthquake on 16 September 2015, the spacecraft was performing scans over the Pacific Ocean. Significant (~10% relative to the ambient emission profiles) and coherent nighttime airglow perturbations were observed in the mesosphere following Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broad‐band Emission Radiometry limb scans intercepting tsunami‐induced atmospheric gravity waves. Simulations of emission variations are consistent with the physical characteristics of the disturbances at the locations of the corresponding SABER scans. Airglow observations and model simulations suggest that atmospheric neutral density and temperature perturbations can lead to the observed amplitude variations and multipeak structures in the emission profiles. This is the first time that airglow emission rate perturbations associated with tsunamis have been detected with space‐based measurements.
Phase relations of Fe3C and Fe7C3 up to 185 GPa and 5200 K: Implication for the stability of iron carbide in the Earth's core
Authors: Liu Jin , Lin Jung‐Fu , Prakapenka Vitali B. , Prescher Clemens , Yoshino Takashi 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe have investigated phase relations and melting behavior of Fe3C and Fe7C3 using X‐ray diffraction in a laser‐heated diamond cell up to 185 GPa and 5200 K. Our results show that the starting Fe3C sample decomposes into a mixture of solid orthorhombic Fe7C3 and hcp‐Fe at above 145 GPa upon laser heating and then transforms into Fe‐C liquid and solid Fe7C3 at temperatures above 3400 K. Using the intensity of the diffuse scattering as a primary criteria for detecting melting, the experimentally derived liquidus for a bulk composition of Fe3C fitted with the Simon‐Glatzel equation is Tm(K) = 1800 × [1 + (Pm − 5.7)/15.10 ± 2.55]1/2.41 ± 0.17 at 24–185 GPa, which is ~500 K higher than the melting curve of iron reported by Anzellini et al. (2013) at Earth's core pressures. The higher melting point and relative stability of Fe7C3 in Fe‐rich Fe‐C system at Earth's core conditions indicate that Fe7C3 could solidify out of the early Earth's molten core to become a constituent of the innermost inner core.
Impact of explosive cyclones on the deep ocean in the North Pacific using an eddy‐resolving ocean general circulation model
Authors: Kuwano‐Yoshida Akira , Sasaki Hideharu , Sasai Yoshikazu 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe oceanic response to explosive cyclones over the North Pacific in winter is investigated using eddy‐resolving 34 year hindcast simulation of a quasi‐global ocean. Its response appears as a horizontal divergence of the surface layer above 60 m depth and upward flow that reaches 2000 m depth. A case study of a typical explosive cyclone using hourly outputs from January 2011 shows that the explosive cyclone induces horizontal divergence within the surface‐mixed layer and upward flow that reaches 6000 m depths. The flow causes oceanic internal waves and temperature cooling because of the vertical advection in the deep ocean. The interannual variability of explosive cyclone activity in January affects the amplitude of the vertical motion and the daily‐scale temperature variations in the deep ocean.
The volume and mean depth of Earth's lakes
Authors: Cael B. B. , Heathcote A. J. , Seekell D. A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractGlobal lake volume estimates are scarce, highly variable, and poorly documented. We developed a rigorous method for estimating global lake depth and volume based on the Hurst coefficient of Earth's surface, which provides a mechanistic connection between lake area and volume. Volume‐area scaling based on the Hurst coefficient is accurate and consistent when applied to lake data sets spanning diverse regions. We applied these relationships to a global lake area census to estimate global lake volume and depth. The volume of Earth's lakes is 199,000 km3 (95% confidence interval 196,000–202,000 km3). This volume is in the range of historical estimates (166,000–280,000 km3), but the overall mean depth of 41.8 m (95% CI 41.2–42.4 m) is significantly lower than previous estimates (62–151 m). These results highlight and constrain the relative scarcity of lake waters in the hydrosphere and have implications for the role of lakes in global biogeochemical cycles.
Spread in the magnitude of climate model interdecadal global temperature variability traced to disagreements over high‐latitude oceans
Authors: Brown Patrick T. , Li Wenhong , Jiang Jonathan H. , Su Hui 
Published: December 2016

AbstractUnforced variability in global mean surface air temperature can obscure or exaggerate global warming on interdecadal time scales; thus, understanding both the magnitude and generating mechanisms of such variability is of critical importance for both attribution studies as well as decadal climate prediction. Coupled atmosphere‐ocean general circulation models (climate models) simulate a wide range of magnitudes of unforced interdecadal variability in global mean surface air temperature (UITglobal), hampering efforts to quantify the influence of UITglobal on contemporary global temperature trends. Recently, a preliminary consensus has emerged that unforced interdecadal variability in local surface temperatures (UITlocal) over the tropical Pacific Ocean is particularly influential on UITglobal. Therefore, a reasonable hypothesis might be that the large spread in the magnitude of UITglobal across climate models can be explained by the spread in the magnitude of simulated tropical Pacific UITlocal. Here we show that this hypothesis is mostly false. Instead, the spread in the magnitude of UITglobal is linked much more strongly to the spread in the magnitude of UITlocal over high‐latitude regions characterized by significant variability in oceanic convection, sea ice concentration, and energy flux at both the surface and the top of the atmosphere. Thus, efforts to constrain the climate model produced range of UITglobal magnitude would be best served by focusing on the simulation of air‐sea interaction at high latitudes.
Correcting urban bias in large‐scale temperature records in China, 1980–2009
Authors: Wang J. , Tett S. F. B. , Yan Z. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTrends in urban fraction around meteorological station were used to quantify the relationship between urban growth and local urban warming rate in temperature records in China. Urban warming rates were estimated by comparing observed temperature trends with those derived from ERA‐Interim reanalysis data. With urban expansion surrounding observing stations, daily minimum temperatures were enhanced, and daily maximum temperatures were slightly reduced. On average, a change in urban fraction from 0% to 100% induces additional warming in daily minimum temperature of +1.7 ± 0.3°C; daily maximum temperature changes due to urbanization are −0.4 ± 0.2°C. Based on this, the regional area‐weighted average trend of urban‐related warming in daily minimum (mean) temperature in eastern China was estimated to be +0.042 ± 0.007 (+0.017 ± 0.003)°C decade−1, representing about 9% (4%) of overall warming trend and reducing the diurnal temperature range by −0.05°C decade−1. No significant relationship was found between background temperature anomalies and the strength of urban warming.
Snow‐(N)AO relationship revisited over the whole twentieth century
Authors: Douville H. , Peings Y. , Saint‐Martin D. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSeveral studies suggest that the Siberian snow cover in fall is a source of predictability of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) in winter. Although a plausible dynamical mechanism was proposed, the robustness of this relationship was recently challenged. Here we use two atmospheric reanalyses to revisit the snow‐AO relationship and its modulation across the whole twentieth century. While our results support a stratospheric pathway mechanism, they show that the snow‐AO relationship has only emerged in the 1970s and should be rather analyzed as a contrasted multidecadal behavior of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Pacific North America pattern. They confirm that the quasi‐biennial oscillation is a plausible candidate for the modulation of the snow‐(N)AO relationship across the twentieth century, but they further show that this modulation might be a purely stochastic effect. Therefore, they emphasize the limitations of any empirical prediction of the (N)AO only based on snow and/or sea ice predictors.