bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do the introductions by botanical gardens facilitate the invasion of Solidago canadensis (Asterceae) in China?
Authors: Guo X , Ren M , Ding J 
Published: September 2016

SummaryMany invasive plants have long been suspected of firstly being introduced and cultivated by a local botanical garden or nursery and then escaping into the field after adapting to the novel environment. The role of botanical gardens in the spread of invasive plants has not yet been explored experimentally. In this article, we studied the possible roles of two botanical gardens in the spread of invasive Solidago canadensis (Asterceae) in China by analysing genetic relationships of invasive and native (United States) populations with intersimple sequence repeats markers. Our results showed a high genetic variation (mean He = 0.292) and a large proportion of genetic variation (85.6%) residing within populations. Solidago canadensis was possibly introduced firstly into eastern China. The plants from Lushan Botanical Garden showed distant genetic distance from all of the other populations, suggesting that this botanical garden had little effect on the invasion of S. canadensis. Populations from Wuhan Botanical Garden in central China, however, showed close genetic relationships with local populations and populations in west and south‐west China, suggesting gene exchange between these populations. Thus, risk assessment is critical for plant introduction and conservation, as introductions of alien plants by botanical gardens may facilitate plant invasions, while plants conserved in botanical gardens may be at risk by surrounding plant invasions.
Micromagnetic simulation of hysteresis loop of elliptic permalloy nanorings
Authors: Mishra Amaresh Chandra 
Published: September 2016

Magnetic hysteresis behavior of isotropic permalloy elliptic nanorings of outer semi-major axis length [Formula: see text] 100 nm and thickness [Formula: see text] 20 nm were studied with respect to the variation of two parameters: outer semiminor axis length [Formula: see text] and the difference between outer and inner dimensions [Formula: see text]. The outer semiminor axis length [Formula: see text] varied from 90 nm to 20 nm which covers from nearly circular nanoring to elliptic nanoring of high aspect ratio. The value of [Formula: see text] varied in steps of 10 nm. Micromagnetic simulation of in-plane hysteresis curve of these nanorings revealed that the remanent state of all of these elliptic rings are onion states if the magnetic field is applied along the longer side of the elliptic rings. If the magnetic field is applied along the shorter side, then the remanent states turn out to be vortex state. The hysteresis loss indicated by area of the hysteresis loop was found to be decreasing gradually with the increment of either [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text]. On the other hand, the remanent magnetization increased with increment of [Formula: see text] but decreased with the increment of [Formula: see text]. The changes were attributed to three parameters mainly: inner curvature, exchange energy and demagnetization energy. The changes in loop area were discussed in light of variation of these three parameters.
Prognostic Factors Affecting the Clinical Outcome of Septic Arthritis of the Shoulder
Authors: Cho Chul-Hyun , Oh Geon-Myeong 
Published: September 2016

Background: The objective of this study was to determine prognostic factors affecting the clinical outcome of septic arthritis of the shoulder. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 34 shoulders from 32 patients, two of which had bilateral involvement. Arthroscopic (22 shoulders) or open surgery (12 shoulders) was performed by a single surgeon. The mean follow-up period was 32.4 ± 17.0 months. Clinical outcomes according to the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, and Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV) were assessed at the final follow-up period. Various factors were included for statistical analysis. Results: The mean UCLA, ASES scores, and SSV were 28.9 ± 7.2, 81.3 ± 21.0, 79.7 ± 2.5%, respectively. Positive culture was observed in only 13 shoulders (38.2%) and the most common organism was Staphylococcus aureus (seven shoulders). Five shoulders (14.7%) required two or three operations. Age and comorbidity were negatively correlated with the UCLA, ASES score, and/or SSV (p < 0.05). There was no correlation between clinical outcome and various parameters, including gender, location of lesion, history of previous steroid injection, interval between onset of symptoms and surgical intervention, bacterial organisms, operative method, and presence of rotator cuff tear and reoperation (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Both arthroscopic and open surgery for septic shoulders showed satisfactory clinical outcomes. Old age and comorbidity were poor prognostic factors of clinical outcomes after treatment.
Post-Operative Contracture of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint after Surface Replacement Arthroplasty Using a Volar Approach
Authors: Shirakawa Ken , Shirota Masahiko 
Published: September 2016

Background: Postoperative contracture as a major complication of surface replacement arthroplasty (SRA) remains an unresolved problem. Contracture after SRA can occur early in the postoperative period due to mechanical dysfunction, and tardy contracture where ROM declines with time postoperatively is also reported. Methods: 13 fingers with degenerative osteoarthritis and two fingers with post-traumatic arthritis where SRA was performed using volar approach were involved. Contracture was defined as limited ROM of less than 35 degrees. Cases were then categorized into two groups according to time of onset of contracture; early contracture and tardy contracture. Characteristic findings of postoperative X-rays in each contracture group were examined. Required procedures and efficacy of any further surgery was also reviewed. Results: Early contracture was observed in three cases, all of which suffered intra-operative fracture or fragility of the central slip insertion on the dorsal rim of the middle phalanx. This was observed in a further two cases, both of which deteriorated to tardy contracture. Tardy contracture was observed in five cases, and the average ROM was 63 degrees preoperatively, 48 degrees one year postoperatively and 21 degrees at the most recent follow-up, or at the time of the second surgery. In the three cases, development of osteophyte formation on the volar aspect of the proximal head component was observed on the follow-up X-rays. Required further surgeries were resection of the volar plate in two cases, resection of ossification in one and resection of the osteophyte in two. The results of further surgeries were mediocre in all but one case. Conclusions: This study showed that intra-operative fracture or fragility of the central slip insertion was a risk factor for postoperative contracture after SRA, and that development of osteophyte formation can be a cause of deterioration in ROM of the PIP joint.
Evaluating the accuracy of protein design using native secondary sub-structures
Authors: Movahedi Marziyeh , Zare-Mirakabad Fatemeh , Arab Seyed Shahriar 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Background
According to structure-dependent function of proteins, two main challenging problems called Protein Structure Prediction (PSP) and Inverse Protein Folding (IPF) are investigated. In spite of IPF essential applications, it has not been investigated as much as PSP problem.
In fact, the ultimate goal of IPF problem or protein design is to create proteins with enhanced properties or even novel functions. One of the major computational challenges in protein design is its large sequence space, namely searching through all plausible sequences is impossible. Inasmuch as, protein secondary structure represents an appropriate primary scaffold of the protein conformation, undoubtedly studying the Protein Secondary Structure Inverse Folding (PSSIF) problem is a quantum leap forward in protein design, as it can reduce the search space.
In this paper, a novel genetic algorithm which uses native secondary sub-structures is proposed to solve PSSIF problem. In essence, evolutionary information can lead the algorithm to design appropriate amino acid sequences respective to the target secondary structures. Furthermore, they can be folded to tertiary structures almost similar to their reference 3D structures.

Results
The proposed algorithm called GAPSSIF benefits from evolutionary information obtained by solved proteins in the PDB. Therefore, we construct a repository of protein secondary sub-structures to accelerate convergence of the algorithm.
The secondary structure of designed sequences by GAPSSIF is comparable with those obtained by Evolver and EvoDesign. Although we do not explicitly consider tertiary structure features through the algorithm, the structural similarity of native and designed sequences declares acceptable values.

Conclusions
Using the evolutionary information of native structures can significantly improve the quality of designed sequences. In fact, the combination of this information and effective features such as solvent accessibility and torsion angles leads IPF problem to an efficient solution. GAPSSIF can be downloaded at http://bioinformatics.aut.ac.ir/GAPSSIF/.
Pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir in infants under the age of 1 year
Authors: Dixit Rashmi , Matthews Slade , Khandaker Gulam , Walker Karen , Festa Marino , Booy Robert 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundOseltamivir is the only antiviral treatment recommended for influenza in young children over the age of 1 year. There is scant data on oseltamivir pharmacokinetics (PK) in infants <1 year. We set out to perform PK measurements in infants who received oseltamivir.MethodsThis study was a prospective, uncontrolled, open label evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir metabolism, safety of oseltamivir, viral clearance in infants <12 months diagnosed with influenza by nasopharyngeal influenza nucleic acid antigen test (NAAT). Blood levels of the prodrug oseltamivir and its active carboxylate were measured prior to a dose of oseltamivir and at 4 time points afterwards, to calculate Cmax (ng/mL), Tmax (h), AUC0−t (ng h/mL) and time for AUC (h).ResultsFour children with influenza A received oral oseltamivir, 2.35–3 mg/kg/dose. This dose range produced a target oseltamivir carboxylate plasma concentration in excess of the proposed 12‐h target AUC of 3800 ng h/mL, selected from earlier studies to avert resistance. One patient developed GIT adverse event: dry retching.ConclusionOseltamivir was well tolerated at a dose of 2.35–3 mg/kg/dose twice a day in infants under the age of 1 year. In general agreement with earlier data, these doses produced a target oseltamivir carboxylate plasma exposure in excess of the proposed 12‐h target exposure of AUC equal to 3800 ng h/mL in two patients. The limited plasma concentration data in the remaining two patients were not inconsistent with the target exposure being reached.
Coverage of employment protection legislation
Authors: Aleksynska Mariya , Eberlein Friederike 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This paper documents the construction of a novel database on coverage of workers by employment protection legislation (EPL), across over 90 countries around 2010. Coverage is shown to be an important, yet largely neglected, aspect of employment protection institution, complementing our knowledge about the protection level afforded by this institution. Our findings suggest that while coverage of employees across the world is generally high, coverage of all employed workers exhibits a substantial variation across countries in different regions and at different stages of development, reflecting the fact that wage employment still represents only a small proportion of total employment in developing countries. Our preliminary results indicate that there may not necessarily be a trade-off between the level of protection afforded by EPL and the proportion of workers legally covered by these rules. The results suggest that failure to account for EPL coverage in studies looking at aggregate effects of EPL level may lead to overestimating the importance of EPL, with this overestimation being especially large in lower-income countries.

JEL Classification: J5, J8
Costs on Social Responsible Activity of Enterprise: Essence and Classification
Authors: Бессарабов  , Bessarabov Vladislav 
Published: September 2016

The article discusses the nature and classification of expenditure on socially
responsible activities, the relevance of the study which is due to the lack of special
scientific literature clearly defined category of &#34;social costs&#34; and &#34;costs of socially
responsible activities,&#34; which, in turn, leads to a lack of unity in the classification
of these expenses. The article also focused that socially responsible activities
costs are accompanied by direct future economic benefits, such as training, skills
upgrading and retraining of workers increases the future economic benefits
(economic effect), and the provision of charitable aid — an increase in social
importance in society (social effect). Within the framework of the present study,
based on analysis of the views of scholars, practitioners of socially responsible
activities proved that the concept of &#34;costs of socially responsible activities&#34;
is much broader than the concept of &#34;social costs&#34; or &#34;cost of providing social
benefits to employees&#34;. Based on this thesis, the article clarified and supplemented
by classification signs spending on socially responsible activities of enterprises.
Evaluation of Innovation Efficiency
Authors: Столяр  , Stolyar T. 
Published: September 2016

The present article provides an overview of modern sources of scientific literature
on the evaluation of the effectiveness of innovative projects. Currently, there is no
generally accepted methodology for evaluating innovation efficiency. Since
innovation and investment activities are closely related, many authors use the
UNIDO methodology (based on accounting cash flow) to evaluate the efficiency
of innovation activities. In Methodological Recommendations of the Ministry
of Economy of the Russian Federation of 1999, in addition to reviewing the
financial efficiency of investment projects, it is proposed to evaluate the social
and budgetary efficiency. However, the evaluation system in these
recommendations refer only to the part of business (financial) efficiency. Since
the Russian Federation is on its way of formation of an innovative economy, there
is a need to develop an adequate methodology for evaluating innovation efficiency,
taking into account the most significant of effects: financial, socio-economic,
budgetary, environmental, scientific and technical. The author of the article
reviews and analyzes the main achievements made in this area, discloses the
essential characteristics of the efficiency types. Also the author analyzes the most
rational approaches of Russian scientists in trying to develop a methodology for
evaluating innovation efficiency.
The Pension Relations in Society, Their Essence and Components
Authors: Алексеева  , Alekseeva A. 
Published: September 2016

The article describes the essence of pension relations in society as a system
of protection the socially vulnerable groups of the people. A primary purpose
is the unification of the conceptual apparatus of pension relations in society, and
also analysis of their basic constituents for effective reformation of the pension
system in the future. The studied the approaches of different authors to the
definition of the term «pension», that allowed to set forth authorial determination
to the «pension relations». The detailed description of making pension relations
is given. An analysis is conducted dependence of some making pension relations
in society.
Freezing versus wrecking: Reworking the superhero genre in Disney’s Frozen (2013) and Wreck-It Ralph (2012)
Authors: Benhamou Eve 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Tropes of the superhero genre in Disney’s Frozen (Buck and Lee, 2013) and Wreck-It Ralph (Moore, 2012), and the way they impact on the films’ gender constructions will be the focus of this article. Whether it be in popular or critical accounts, Frozen has often been referred to as a fairy tale or a Disney ‘princess film’. However, with its marginalized protagonist endowed with extraordinary powers (Elsa), I argue that it also borrows from another very popular genre: the superhero film. How does Frozen rework this genre? To what extent does this reworking influence its portrayal of femininity? My reading of Frozen as a superhero narrative will consist of comparative textual analyses with Wreck-It Ralph, which also portrays an outcast with extraordinary abilities (Ralph). I will investigate the potential gendered particularities of the characters’ extraordinary abilities. Building on Shahriar Fouladi’s concept of superheroes’ ‘underlying monstrosity’, I will pay attention to themes of power, anger and control. Evident in male-centred superhero films such as The Incredible Hulk (Leterrier, 2008), I will explore the extent to which these become more problematic when associated with female characters such as Elsa. Focusing on gender through a specific genre-sensitive approach – the superhero genre – and relying on comparative textual analyses will allow me to investigate the extent to which Frozen actually presents challenging images of femininity, and aims at opening up new ways of considering this animated feature.
Disney classics and ‘Poisonous Pedagogy’: The fairytale roots of Frozen (2013)
Authors: Langsdale Samantha 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Despite a very tenuous connection to Hans Christian Andersen’s The Snow Queen (1844), the creators of Disney’s Frozen (2013) seemed motivated to keep an affiliation with ‘traditional’ fairytales alive. Having said that, directors Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee also professed to ‘kind of taking a new approach’, while simultaneously wanting to ‘relaunch’ the spirit of the Disney ‘classics’. Although Frozen does avoid a heteronormative love story, I argue that it does indeed harken back to the fairytale-based Disney ‘classics’. This is not because the story actually recalls Andersen’s Snow Queen (1844), but because it operates on a fairytale model used by Disney’s other source for ‘classics’, the Grimm Brothers. In her recent monograph, Willful Subjects (2014), Sara Ahmed begins by quoting the Grimm Brothers’ story of ‘The Willful Child’. The wilful child is one who refuses to capitulate to authority and so is punished by God. This narrative model is part of what Ahmed, following Alice Miller, calls ‘poisonous pedagogy’, a genre of fairytale used to ‘straighten children out’ and ‘cure’ them of wilfulness. I suggest that in trying to retain some connection with the Disney ‘classics’, the creators of Frozen produced a story that leans heavily towards this tradition. Elsa, a child whose will is powerful and visible, is taught that it must be suppressed. When she wilfully abandons her duty, and flouts patriarchal authority, punishment ensues and it is only when she returns to the confines of normal society that life can go on happily. Ahmed’s arguments that this model has been formative in training western subjects to reject wilfulness are affirmed both by the film’s conclusion, and by fan reactions to Elsa’s ‘abandonment’ of Anna and Arendelle. Nevertheless, similar to the ways Ahmed develops a queer reading of ‘The Willful Child’, I suggest that a queer reading of Frozen (2013) may prove fruitful in disrupting the film’s function as ‘poisonous pedagogy’.
Colourful material histories: The Disney paint formulae, the paint laboratory and the ink and paint department
Authors: Thompson Kirsten Moana 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
When the Disney studio shifted into digital animation by the early 1990s, it radically reduced its ink and paint department and discarded a number of production tools and documents that had once formed a part of the company’s earliest history. These included the paints and mustard grinders that Ub Iwerks had purchased for the Hyperion Studio’s ink and paint department in the late 1920s. Along with records of the paint formulae, and other production materials used in cel animation, these artefacts were subsequently acquired by several animation restorers and made available to the author. The discovery of these extant materials is a rare opportunity to better understand the colour production processes of a leading studio, which pioneered the introduction of three-strip (or Technicolor IV) colour into the motion picture industry in the early 1930s.
Scenario writers and scenario readers in the Golden Age of Japanese cinema
Authors: Kitsnik Lauri 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This article seeks to open discussion on the history of Japanese scenario (shinario). It examines the notion of scriptwriter as author and the unique working spaces assigned for writers during the flourishing of the studio system in the 1950s. It also addresses the appearance of scenario reader that was prompted by extensive script publishing that placed the scenario in a focal position in film culture. Presented and consumed in this manner, scenarios both complemented and contested screenviewing experience and the emerging canon of Japanese cinema.
The screenplay and the spectator: Exploring audience identification in narrative structure
Authors: Finnegan John 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
In ‘The protagonist’s dramatic goals, wants and needs’, published in Journal of Screenwriting in 2010, screenwriting analyst Patrick Cattrysse offers a revision of character ‘want’ and ‘need’, a common trope in screenwriting guides and manuals, to develop a protagonist’s arc throughout a story. His revision expands on this theory to include the audience and their subconscious connection with a character. This connection can generate feelings of sympathy and empathy, which can lead to identification. It can also create feelings of fear or anxiety in the audience based on their knowledge of the character. In ‘Her body, himself: Gender in the Slasher’ (1987), film analyst Carol Clover identifies the ‘Final Girl’ theory, a trope found in the horror ‘slasher’ subgenre. The Final Girl is easily identifiable for both screenplay readers and film spectators and is an ideal theoretical model to explore the revision that Cattrysse speaks of, in a practical setting. This article investigates how the screenplay and screenwriter can play a leading role in better understanding the implied reader or spectator in film studies. It concludes that scholarly research into screenwriting can benefit the writer in a practical setting.