bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ACSS2-mediated acetyl-CoA synthesis from acetate is necessary for human cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: Vysochan Anna , Sengupta Arjun , Weljie Aalim M. , Alwine James C. , Yu Yongjun 
Published: February 2017

Significance
Viruses rely completely on host cell metabolism to provide the building blocks and energy required for producing progeny virions. Infection by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) induces significant alterations in glucose metabolism by increasing glucose uptake and glycolysis as well as redirecting glucose carbon to support the synthesis of biomolecules such as lipids. The significance of acetate as a nutrient has been ignored for a long period. Our studies show that glucose carbon can be converted to acetate and used to make cytosolic acetyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 2 (ACSS2) for lipid synthesis, which is important for HCMV-induced lipogenesis and the viral growth. The study provides greater understanding of HCMV pathogenesis and suggests strategies to develop antiviral therapies.
Modular assembly of thick multifunctional cardiac patches
Authors: Fleischer Sharon , Shapira Assaf , Feiner Ron , Dvir Tal 
Published: February 2017

Significance
Heart disease is the primary cause of death in the United States. Cardiac tissue engineering has evolved with the goal of creating heart patches to treat end-stage patients. Here, we report on a bottom-up approach to assemble a modular cardiac patch that consists of various tissue layers, each performing a different function. One layer was designed to accommodate cardiac cells and promote their organization into a contracting tissue. Another layer enables the organization of endothelial cells into blood vessels, and layers with microparticulate systems enable the controlled release of different biofactors affecting the engineered tissue or the host. We have shown that the patch can be assembled from its building blocks just before transplantation and can perform in the body.
Cell population structure prior to bifurcation predicts efficiency of directed differentiation in human induced pluripotent cells
Authors: Bargaje Rhishikesh , Trachana Kalliopi , Shelton Martin N. , McGinnis Christopher S. , Zhou Joseph X. , Chadick Cora , Cook Savannah , Cavanaugh Christopher , Huang Sui , Hood Leroy 
Published: February 2017

Significance
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) open new possibilities for generating personalized disease models and drug testing. However, iPSC differentiation to a specific cell type can take weeks to complete, delaying the optimization process (maximize yield of desired cell types) for each patient’s iPSC. This task can be accelerated if the destination cell type can be determined early during cell lineage trajectory before cells manifest the desired phenotype. Our results indicate such a possibility: by quantifying the cell population structure during a critical state transition, we identified key regulators of lineages commitment and predicted the percentage of desired cell types for several protocol variations 2 wk in advance.
From confinement to community service
Authors: Rossato Linda 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This paper presents a spin-off study from the research project In MedIO PUER(I), launched at the University of Bologna in 2007 (see Antonini 2010a; Antonini 2010b; Cirillo et al. 2010; Bucaria & Rossato 2010; Antonini this volume), and sets out to investigate the under-researched phenomenon of language and cultural brokering among migrant inmates. In countries such as Italy, where immigration is still a recent experience and resources for institutional interpreting are scarce even in ordinary public contexts, professional language services are virtually non-existent in secluded environments such as prisons. Foreign inmates and jail personnel face linguistic problems that they tend to handle through spontaneous forms of mediation: a convicted migrant, who is fluent in Italian, may act as a mediator between fellow-country inmates with poor knowledge of the host language and jail officers. This form of language and cultural brokering is a common form of ad hoc interpreting that responds to the communication needs of both inmates and detention institutions. This paper sets out to map the phenomenon and to investigate whether this practice has an impact on inmates’ self-perception and rehabilitation process.
The role and self-regulation of non-professional interpreters in religious settings
Authors: Hild Adelina 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter presents the results of an ethnographic study of non-professional church interpreters, exploring how they regulate their behaviour in line with their perceived role in religious settings. The Volunteer Interpreters in Religious Settings (VIRS) project combines observational data (field notes, audio and video recordings) with in-depth interviews in order to address questions concerning the motivational structure of native interpreters, the specific strategies they apply in rendering the performative and linguistic aspects of evangelical preaching, the role of social recognition and the process of effecting emotional homeostasis. On the basis of these findings, the paper compares the self-regulation processes of professional and volunteer interpreters and discusses how church interpreters perceive their role as visible co-constructors of meaning in theological discourse.
Child language brokers’ representations of parent–child relationships
Authors: Cline Tony , Crafter Sarah , de Abreu Guida , O’Dell Lindsay 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This paper reports the analysis of qualitative data from a broader study of young people’s representations of conflicting roles in child development. Just over a quarter of the group, bilingual students who spoke a variety of first languages had had personal experience of child language brokering (CLB). Employing vignette methodology, they were invited to reflect on the implications of an adolescent boy’s language brokering activities for, among other things, his relationships within his family. In this paper, we will present brief case studies to illustrate different positions that members of the group adopted in relation to developmental scripts emphasizing independence and interdependence between young people and their parents (Dorner et al. 2008). Through an analysis of individual CLB case studies, we illustrate various ways in which individual young people reported the balancing of the demands of autonomy and connectedness in their analysis of relationships between young people and their parents.
What galaxy masses perturb the local cosmic expansion?
Authors: Peñarrubia Jorge , Fattahi Azadeh 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe use 12 cosmological N-body simulations of Local Group systems (the apostle models) to inspect the relation between the virial mass of the main haloes (Mvir,1 and Mvir,2), the mass derived from the relative motion of the halo pair (Mtim), and that inferred from the local Hubble flow (Mlhf). We show that within the spherical collapse model (SCM), the correspondence between the three mass estimates is exact, i.e. Mlhf = Mtim = Mvir,1 + Mvir,2. However, comparison with apostle simulations reveals that, contrary to what the SCM states, a relatively large fraction of the mass that perturbs the local Hubble flow and drives the relative trajectory of the main galaxies is not contained within Rvir, and that the amount of ‘extravirial’ mass tends to increase in galaxies with a slow accretion rate. In contrast, modelling the peculiar velocities around the Local Group returns an unbiased constraint on the virial mass ratio of the main galaxy pair. Adopting the outer halo profile found in N-body simulations, which scales as ρ ∼ R−4 at R ≳ Rvir, indicates that the galaxy masses perturbing the local Hubble flow roughly correspond to the asymptotically convergent (total) masses of the individual haloes. We show that estimates of Mvir based on the dynamics of tracers at R ≫ Rvir require a priori information on the internal matter distribution and the growth rate of the main galaxies, both of which are typically difficult to quantify.
Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides of Invertebrates
Authors: Fieber Lynne A. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter introduces working definitions of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters from the perspective of invertebrate physiological processes. Neuropeptides and neurotransmitters are intercellular chemical signaling agents used by all animals. Chemical signaling augments or substitutes for electrical communication in the nervous system. When these agents act as neurotransmitters, they convert electrical signals to chemical signals across the synapse. As hormones, they circulate from a site of release to act at a more distant site in the body of the organism. Neuropeptides and neurotransmitters are classified into these groups mostly on the basis of their molecular size. This article describes several neuropeptide superfamilies and their wide scope of actions in model invertebrates. The article also describes the main neurotransmitters used by invertebrates.
Genetic Analysis of Behavior in Drosophila
Authors: Brembs Björn 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The main function of brains is to generate adaptive behavior. Far from being the stereotypical, robot-like insect, the fruit fly Drosophila exhibits astounding flexibility and chooses different courses of actions even under identical external circumstances. Due to the power of genetics, we now are beginning to understand the neuronal mechanisms underlying this behavioral flexibility. Interestingly, the evidence from studies of disparate behaviors converges on common organizational principles common to many if not all behaviors, such as modified sensory processing, involvement of biogenic amines in network remodeling, ongoing activity, and modulation by feedback. Seemingly foreseeing these recent insights, the first research fields in Drosophila behavioral neurogenetics reflected this constant negotiation between internal and external demands on the animal as the common mechanism underlying adaptive behavioral choice in Drosophila.
Elinor Ostrom,Governing the Commons
Authors: Brennan Jason 
Published: February 2017

AbstractFew political theorists have read Elinor Ostrom’s Governing the Commons or incorporated its insights into their work. At first glance, it may seem to be of interest only to social scientists, with little relevance to purely normative political theory. On the contrary, Ostrom’s work in fact shows a kind of presumptuousness in moral theory. It illustrates that theorists tend to assume rather than prove that the central unit of analysis is the modern nation-state. It further shows that theorists may be unable to design solutions to moral problems or problems of justice; they may, at best, only be able to identify such solutions when they appear.
Love and Sex
Authors: Halwani Raja 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter argues that sex and love are quite different from each other. Sepicifically, it argues that sexual desire is different kind of entity from romantic love, especially when the latter is understood as the settled abiding commitment between long-term partners. It also explores the normative connections (moral permissibility, obligation, and supererogation) between non-romantic forms of love—friendship, familial, and agapic love—and sexual desire, as this is an under-researched area. Furthermore, the essay argues that sexual desire’s goals clash with the goals of many forms of love because the goal of sexual desire is self-interested whereas those of love are not.
Psychological Factors and Sport-Related Concussion
Authors: Mainwaring Lynda 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Psychological factors related to sport concussion have been overshadowed by interests in neurocognitive recovery. This chapter begins by examining psychological factors relevant to research and management of sport concussion in the context of a culture where normalizing pain and injury is routine. Among the key components of this chapter is a discussion of emotional disturbance following concussion characterized as the “concussion crevice,” which is represented by high fatigue, low vigor, elevated depression and confusion scores, and high overall emotional distress. This differs from pre-injury “iceberg” profiles of high energy, and low depression, fatigue, and confusion, which is characteristic of mentally healthy athletes. Acute emotional response to concussion is distinguished from response to musculoskeletal injury, mirrors neurocognitive recovery, and appears to correspond with the dynamic neurometabolic restoration pattern described in the literature. Directions for future research are recommended.
Kepler and Newton
Authors: Martens Rhonda 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Kepler is known today for his three planetary laws and his insistence on constructing astronomy based on physics rather than on geometry alone. This makes Kepler’s work seem like a natural predecessor to Newton’s achievement in the Principia. The Keplerian tradition in England that Newton inherited, however, typically only included parts of Kepler’s physical astronomy. This was an understandable response to the conceptual and computational problems that Kepler’s theory introduced. This article examines those problems, along with the transmission of Kepler’s theory to Newton. Special emphasis will be paid to Thomas Streete’s Astronomia Carolina, a Keplerian astronomy with tables, along with the notes Newton made on Streete’s work in the Questiones notebook between 1664 and 1665.
Newton’s Mathematics and Empiricism
Authors: Domski Mary 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This article examines Newton’s approach to applying mathematics to natural evidence by attending to the proposals concerning space and mathematical knowledge that are presented in the unpublished pre-1687 manuscript De Gravitatione. In this work, Newton identifies the form of space studied in geometry with the empirically real form of space in which natural bodies are situated, and thereby collapses the classic Platonic divide between the certainty of mathematical knowledge and the uncertainty of empirical knowledge. As a result, the question of whether it is possible to apply mathematics to the empirical realm is not, for Newton, to be answered independently of mathematics. As shown in De Gravitatione, this application is part and parcel of the mathematical enterprise. To highlight the novelty of Newton’s blending of mathematics and empiricism, his views are contrasted with those put forward in Descartes’s Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) and Locke’s An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690).
Suicide Prevention and Psychological Resilience for Military and Veterans
Authors: Harrison Maryke , Vargo Tracy Lauren , Camit Conrad Joseph , Agrawal Vedant , Gramling Laura , Sanghvi Rayna , Holleran Lori , Bongar Bruce 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
For the past ten years, the prevalence of suicide completions among service members has increased, with rates greatly exceeding those seen within the US civilian population. In response, the Department of Defense, Department of Veterans Affairs, and each branch of the military collaboratively implemented strategic approaches to improving existing suicide prevention programs and invested in the development of innovative programs. These approaches include consolidating suicide event reporting into a central database, reducing the stigma associated with help-seeking behaviors, enhancing resilience among service members, improving aspects impacting service members’ overall quality of life through an expansion of benefits and services, and improving the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual well-being of service members. This article explores the evolution of these suicide risk prevention efforts in consideration of the effectiveness of different strategies used by military branches and veteran programs.
Political Socialization and the Making of Citizens
Authors: Neundorf Anja , Smets Kaat 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Political socialization describes the process by which citizens crystalize political identities, values and behavior that remain relatively persistent throughout later life. This chapter provides a comprehensive discussion of the scholarly debate on political socialization, posing a number of questions that arise in the study of political socialization and the making of citizens. First, what is it about early life experiences that makes them matter for political attitudes, political engagement, and political behavior? Second, what age is crucial in the development of citizens’ political outlook? Third, who and what influences political orientations and behavior in early life, and how are cohorts colored by the nature of time when they come of age? Fourth, how do political preferences and behavior develop after the impressionable years? The chapter further provides an outlook of the challenges and opportunities for the field of political socialization.
Religion and Animals
Authors: Gross Aaron S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
What do animals have to do with religion? This article answers this broad question with special attention to issues related to animal ethics and animal philosophy. Topics covered include the religious dimension of human-animal relationships; the role of animals in human self-imagination; the formation of religions based on human-animal relationships, especially in responding to the dilemmas and tensions raised by killing animals for food and sacrifice; and central issues in the method and theory of critically studying animals and religion. Working at the intersection of the history of religions and animal studies, this essay provides grounding in the subfield of “animals and religion,” as well as references to a wide range of work on the study of animals. The article also cites studies of the subject in both the religions of traditional peoples, including the Cree, Koyukon, Naxi, Nivkhi, and Tuvan, and the so-called world religions, including Jewish, Christian, and Islamic traditions; Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist traditions; and Daoist traditions.
Morphologically Constrained and Data Informed Cell Segmentation of Budding Yeast
Authors: Bakker Elco , Swain Peter S. , Crane Matthew M. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractMotivationAlthough high-content image cytometry is becoming increasingly routine, processing the large amount of data acquired during time-lapse experiments remains a challenge. The majority of approaches for automated single-cell segmentation focus on flat, uniform fields of view covered with a single layer of cells. In the increasingly popular microfluidic devices that trap individual cells for long term imaging, these conditions are not met. Consequently, most segmentation techniques perform poorly. Incorporating information about the microfluidic features, media flow and morphology of the cells can substantially improve performance, though it may constrain the generalizability of software.ResultsHere we present DISCO (Data Informed Segmentation of Cell Objects), a framework for using the physical constraints imposed by microfluidic traps, the shape based morphological constraints of budding yeast and temporal information about cell growth and motion, to allow tracking and segmentation of cells in micrflouidic devices. Using manually curated data sets, we demonstrate substantial improvements in both tracking and segmentation for this approach when compared with existing software.AvailabilityThe MATLAB®code for the algorithm and for measuring performance is available athttps://github.com/pswain/segmentation-software. The test images and the curated ground truth results used for comparing the algorithms are available athttp://swainlab.bio.ed.ac.uk/.
Genomic analysis of family data reveals additional genetic effects on intelligence and personality
Authors: Hill W. David , Arslan Ruben C. , Xia Charley , Luciano Michelle , Amador Carmen , Navarro Pau , Hayward Caroline , Nagy Reka , Porteous David J. , McIntosh Andrew M. , Deary Ian J. , Haley Chris S. , Penke Lars 
Published: February 2017

AbstractPedigree-based analyses of intelligence have reported that genetic differences account for 50-80% of the phenotypic variation. For personality traits these effects are smaller, with 34-48% of the variance being explained by genetic differences. However, molecular genetic studies using unrelated individuals typically report a heritability estimate of around 30% for intelligence and between 0% and 15% for personality variables. Pedigree-based estimates and molecular genetic estimates may differ because current genotyping platforms are poor at tagging causal variants, variants with low minor allele frequency, copy number variants, and structural variants. Using ∼20 000 individuals in the Generation Scotland family cohort genotyped for ∼700 000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we exploit the high levels of linkage disequilibrium (LD) found in members of the same family to quantify the total effect of genetic variants that are not tagged in GWASs of unrelated individuals. In our models, genetic variants in low LD with genotyped SNPs explain over half of the genetic variance in intelligence, education, and neuroticism. By capturing these additional genetic effects our models closely approximate the heritability estimates from twin studies for intelligence and education, but not for neuroticism and extraversion. We then replicated our finding using imputed molecular genetic data from unrelated individuals to show that ∼50% of differences in intelligence, and ∼40% of the differences in education, can be explained by genetic effects when a larger number of rare SNPs are included. From an evolutionary genetic perspective, a substantial contribution of rare genetic variants to individual differences in intelligence and education is consistent with mutation-selection balance.
Mapping the unknown: The spatially correlated multi-armed bandit
Authors: Wu Charley M. , Schulz Eric , Speekenbrink Maarten , Nelson Jonathan D. , Meder Björn 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe introduce thespatially correlated multi-armed banditas a task coupling function learning with the exploration-exploitation trade-off. Participants interacted with bi-variate reward functions on a two-dimensional grid, with the goal of either gaining the largest average score or finding the largest payoff. By providing an opportunity to learn the underlying reward function through spatial correlations, we model to what extent people form beliefs about unexplored payoffs and how that guides search behavior. Participants adapted to assigned payoff conditions, performed better in smooth than in rough environments, and—surprisingly—sometimes performed equally well in short as in long search horizons. Our modeling results indicate a preference for local search options, which when accounted for, still suggests participants were best-described as forming local inferences about unexplored regions, combined with a search strategy that directly traded off between exploiting high expected rewards and exploring to reduce uncertainty about the spatial structure of rewards.