bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
492 Effects of particle size and protease supplementation on amino acids digestibility in peas fed to growing pigs
Authors: Olivo Alicia , Lee Jinyoung , Patterson Rob , Nyachoti C Martin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of particle size and protease supplementation on amino acid (AA) digestibility in peas fed to growing pigs. A total of 8 barrows (65.9 ± 5.0 kg initial body weight), each fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum, were allocated in an 8 × 7 incomplete Latin square design. Eight experimental diets were arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design, consisting of two varieties of field peas (Amarillo, Meadow peas), two particle sizes (400, 700 μm), and without or with protease supplementation (0, 250 g/ton). The Amarillo and Meadow peas were similar in crude protein (20.6 vs 21.3%). Field peas were included in the diets as the only source of AA, with a 96.1% inclusion rate. All diets contained 0.3% titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. A casein diet was used to estimate basal endogenous N and AA losses. The experiment was conducted for seven consecutive periods. Each experimental period lasted 7 d, including 5 d of adaptation and the last 2 d for ileal digesta collection from 0800 to 1700 h. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS. The statistical model included variety, enzyme, particle size, and their interaction as fixed effects, and replication, animal within replication, and period within replication as random effects. There was no 3-way interaction between variety, enzyme supplementation, and particle size on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in diets. Moreover, there were no differences in AID and SID between different varieties of field peas except for Cys where AID (66.2 vs 63.4%) and SID (71.9 vs 69.0%) were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in Amarillo peas than in Meadow peas. Similarly, no difference was found between the diets with and without enzyme supplementation except for AID of Pro (71.9 vs 75.4%), which was less (P &lt; 0.05) when protease was included. Also, no effects of particle size were observed except for SID of Ala (80.0 vs 77.0%), which was greater as particle size was reduced to 400 μm. The average SID values for essential AA were Arg (88.3%), His (80.9%), Ile (77.7%), Leu (78.7%), Lys (83.9%), Met (75.8%), Phe (79.3%), Thr (72.9%) and Val (74.9%). In conclusion, the variety of field peas, enzyme supplementation, or particle size did not affect the AID and SID of the field peas, and no interaction was observed among the factors. Future studies will investigate dose-response relationships to determine whether the observed enzyme effect was due to inadequate ratios between enzyme and substrate.
491 Processing and stomach pH influenced in vitro gastric protein solubilization kinetics in sunflower meal
Authors: Njeri Felix M , Nu Mai Anh Ton , Schulze Hagen , Kiarie Elijah 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the effect of processing and pH on gastric protein solubilization kinetics in sunflower meal (SFM) products using porcine digestion simulation model. The SFM samples were derived from diverse processing approaches: 1) dehulled-cold pressed (SFM_CP), 2) dehulled-solvent-extracted (SFM_SE), and 3) application of electrostatic separation technology on SFM_SE to generate high crude protein (CP) version (SFM_SEP). Soybean meal (SBM) was included for reference comparison (Table 1). Considering the complex factors influencing retention time, gastric pH, and pepsin secretion, the study employed multiple sampling times, and pH levels. A total of 500 mg CP equivalent of each sample (in triplicates) was mixed with 25 mL of 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) and 2 mL of pepsin (27 mg/mL). The pH was adjusted to either 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 or 4.5 using 1 M HCl and placed in incubator shaker (200 rpm) at 39°C. Samples were taken at 0, 30, 60, and 90 min, snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen, stored frozen, later thawed at 4°C, centrifuged (15,000 × g for 10 min) and supernatants analyzed for CP. The data were analyzed using Proc GLIMIXX in SAS while Gompertz equation was used to describe the gastric protein solubilization kinetics. The model included the fixed effects of protein source or processing, stomach pH and their interaction on the gastric CP solubility at 90 min and gastric protein solubility kinetics (A-maximum solubilized CP, Wo- initial CP solubility, Ku- solubilization rate, Ti- time to inflection). The analyzed CP SBM, SFM_CP, SFM_SE, and SFM_SEP, were 514.4, 524.4, 393.5, and 484.2 g/kg DM, respectively. Gastric CP solubility increased with lower pH and longer incubation time (P &lt; 0.05), which corresponded well with the optimum pH of pepsin activity around 2. Compared with SFM, SBM had the least (P &lt; 0.05) gastric CP solubility at pH 4.5 and 3.5, and the least predicted maximum gastric CP solubility (A) at pH 4.5, 3.5 and 2.5 (P &lt; 0.05; Table 2). SFM_CP showed the greatest predicted initial gastric CP solubility at 0 h (Wo) and A (P &lt; 0.05). Electrostatic fractionation of SFM_SE (SFM_SEP) enhanced gastric CP solubility at pH 3.5 and 2.5 and reduced the solubility time to inflection point (Ti; P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, data indicated that cold pressing SFM increased gastric CP solubility relative to solvent extraction. However, electrostatic fractionation of SFM_SE improved protein gastric solubility. While SBM remains a standard, incorporating the studied sunflower meals with their fast CP digestion kinetics in feed formulation could improve protein utilization in young animals with high stomach pH. In vivo studies, particularly on ileal amino acid digestibility, are crucial to validate these findings.
Sunflower meal tables_FMN.pdf
487 Rumen degradation, N-To-Energy Synchronization, and Intestinal digestion Study in dairy cows: Effect of oat varieties and types (feed type vs. milling type)
Authors: Deng Ganqi , Christensen David , Lardner H (Bart) A , Yu Peiqiang 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This study aimed to determine the impact of four oat varieties and types (feed type vs. milling type) on the rumen degradation kinetics of nutrients, intestinal digestion of nutrients, and N to energy synchronization. Twelve samples [4 varieties (Arborg, Haymaker, Nasser, Summit) × 3 harvested years (2018, 2019, 2020)] were used for in situ rumen incubation analysis, three-step in vitro analysis, and available N to energy synchronization evaluations. The experiment design was RCBD design (oat varieties as a fixed effect and harvested year as a random block effect). Statistical analysis was performed by MIXED procedure model of SAS 9.4, and significance was declared at P &lt; 0.05 and tendency at 0.05 ≤ P &lt; 0.10. Results showed that Haymaker and Arborg oat had higher rate of degradation of degradable fractions (Kd) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and starch than that of Nasser oat (P &lt; 0.05). Nasser oat had greatest rumen bypass dry matter (BDM, g/kg DM), and rumen bypass feed starch (BST, g/kg DM) in these four varieties (P &lt; 0.05) while the effective degradability of dry matter (EDDM, g/kg DM), effective degradability of feed crude protein (EDCP, g/kg DM), and effective degradability of feed starch (EDST, g/kg DM) of Nasser oat were least among varieties (P &lt; 0.05). There were significant differences in BDM, EDDM, %BST, and EDST between milling oat and feed oat. For the intestinal nutrient digestibility, Summit oat had greatest intestinal digestibility of rumen bypass dry matter (%dBDM) among four varieties (P &lt; 0.05), and the value of intestinal digestible rumen bypass dry matter (IDBDM, g/kg DM) of Summit was greatest in these varieties, which has greater IDBDM (g/kg DM) content than that of Nasser oat (P &lt; 0.05). Nasser oat also had the least total digestible dry matter (TDDM, g/kg DM) in these varieties (P &lt; 0.05). Summit oat had similar intestinal digestibility of rumen bypass protein (%dBCP) with Haymaker and Nasser oat but had greater %dBCP content than that of Arborg oat (P &lt; 0.05). Nasser oat had greater intestinal digestible rumen bypass protein (%IDBCP, % of CP) in these four varieties (P &lt; 0.05), while its value of total digestible protein (TDCP, g/kg DM) was the smallest and the TDCP content of Nasser oat was less than Haymaker oat (P &lt; 0.05). Summit and Arborg oat had greater total digestible feed starch (TDST) than that of Nasser oat (P &lt; 0.05). Significant differences were found on %dBDM, IDBDM, TDDM, and TDST between the feed type and milling type oat (P &lt; 0.05). Haymaker oat had similar ratio of N to organic matter (OM) of the oat (N/OM) with Nasser oat but had greater N/OM content than that of Arborg and Summit oat (P &lt; 0.05).
486 Evaluation of beef heifers fed four different diets when selected for divergent digestible fiber intake
Authors: Dubois Megan M , Penner Gregory , Lardner H (Bart) A , Abbott Wade , Gruninger Robert J , Ribeiro Gabriel O 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the factors which influence intake and fiber digestion efficiency of beef cattle previously selected for high or low digestible neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake (DFI; g/kg BW0.75). Angus × Hereford cross heifers [n = 16; initial body weight (BW) = 584 ± 32.2 kg] previously classified as either high or low DFI when fed a high-forage diet (n = 8/treatment) were individually housed and fed one of 4 diets for ad libitum intake using a sequential offering of diets over four consecutive 28-d period. Diets included: 1) 100% grass hay; 2) 100% mature alfalfa hay; 3) 90% dry rolled barley + 10% alfalfa hay; and 4) 90% dry rolled barley + 10% grass hay (DM basis). Individual animal feed intake was recorded daily in addition to weekly BW. Rumen digesta samples were collected prior to feeding and 6 h after for 2 d within each period and analyzed for SCFA and NH3-N concentrations, and total rumen protozoa counts and identification. High DFI heifers had similar (P &gt; 0.11) DMI compared with low DFI heifers in periods 1, 3, and 4, but had a tendency for greater DMI in period 2 and NDF intake during period 2 and 3 (7.84 vs. 7.07 kg, P = 0.07; 4.71 vs. 4.27 kg, P = 0.08; 2.56 vs. 2.28 kg, P = 0.10). ADG was greater for high DFI during the first two periods (0.61 vs. 0.13, P = 0.04; 0.44 vs. -0.09, P = 0.02); moreover, high DFI cattle finished the study with a heavier BW (708 vs. 661 kg, P = 0.04). Total SCFA concentrations before and 6 h after feeding did not differ (P ≥ 0.36) between treatments. NH3-N concentrations were not different before feeding during period 1, 3, and 4, but were greater for high DFI heifers during period 2 (9.85 vs. 8.39, P = 0.04). Additionally, there were no differences in NH3-N concentrations 6 h after feeding during any period. No differences were observed (P &gt; 0.25) between treatment groups for total rumen protozoa counts for periods 1 and 2; however, there was a tendency for a greater proportion of Isotrichia before feeding during period 1 (3.67 vs. 2.41%, P = 0.07). In conclusion, differences in intake and the small changes in ruminal fermentation parameters only partially explain the differences in ADG observed between high and low DFI heifers.
482 Using growth implants in suckling beef calves enhanced vaccine response against Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
Authors: Lasso-Ramirez Sergio David , da Silva Gleise Medeiros , Moya Diego , Lardner H (Bart) A , Londono-Mendez Maria Camila , Nielsen Kaitlyn , Tanchak Cabri 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate vaccine response, growth performance, and immunity of beef calves under different implant strategies. Crossbreed beef calves [n = 90; 39 ± 2.3 kg of body weight (BW) and 80 d of age] were stratified by birth BW and age and were randomly assigned (30 per treatment) to 1 of 3 treatments in a randomized complete block design: 1) implanted with 100 mg progesterone and 10 mg estradiol benzoate (Synovex C, SC, Zoetis Inc.), 2) implanted with 150 mg trenbolone acetate and 21 mg estradiol benzoate (Synovex One Grower, SG, Zoetis Inc.), or 3) no implant (CON). After treatment allocation (d 0) and until weaning (d 151 ± 13.4), all calves were raised alongside their dams and received the same vaccine protocol (Bovi-Shield Gold One Shot and Ultrabac 7) on d 0 and at weaning. Following weaning, calves were allocated to a single pen and received ad libitum total mixed ration until d 60 post-weaning. Body weight and blood samples were collected on d 0, 14, weaning, and on d 14 and 60 post-weaning. Plasma was analyzed for insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), cortisol, and β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), while serum and whole blood samples were analyzed for serum antibody titers and complete blood count, respectively. Activity budget was recorded for 5 d following weaning with an accelerometer device. A treatment effect (P = 0.01) was detected for serum infectious bovine rhinotracheitis titers, with serum titers being greater in SG than in CON and SC. The SC calves had greater IGF-1 (P = 0.03) compared with CON but not with SG. There was a treatment × day interaction (P = 0.01) for leukocytes where SC was greater than CON but not than SG on the weaning day. Haptoglobin was less (P = 0.02) in SG calves compared with SC and CON. A treatment × day interaction was detected for BHBA (P = 0.04), with SC having decreased concentrations on d 14 post-vaccines compared with SG and CON, while CON was less than SG but not than SC at weaning. Hematocrits were less in SG (P = 0.03) than in SC and CON. There were no differences (P &gt; 0.05) in step count, lying and standing time. Average daily gain (ADG) from d 0 to weaning was greater (P &lt; 0.01) in SG calves compared with CON, but not SC, and ADG from weaning to d 60 post-weaning was greater (P = 0.03) for both SC and SG compared with CON. Weaning weight was greater in SC and SG calves (P ≤ 0.01) and on d 14 and 60 post-weaning compared with CON. In summary, implanting suckling beef calves enhanced immune response and improved growth performance before and after weaning.
320 Ninety-nine years of accomplishment by Canadian Animal Scientists
Authors: McAllister Tim A , Penner Gregory 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The earliest ancestor of the Canadian Journal of Animal Science traces back to the Western Canada Society of Agronomy which was established in 1918. The Western Canada Society of Animal Production was formed in 1925 and the Eastern Society was established in 1926. These were the first vestiges of the Canadian Society of Animal Production which arose as result of the amalgamation of the chapters in 1951. The Agricultural Institute of Canada established the journal “Scientific Agriculture” in 1921, which was renamed the Canadian Journal of Agricultural Science in 1953. In 1957, the journal was split into plant, soil and animal sections and the Canadian Journal of Animal Science (CJAS) became the official publication of the Canadian Society of Animal Science (CSAS). Selecting the top Canadian animal scientists over the last 99 yr is no easy task and is marked with biases and subjectivity. Time is a major consideration, as in general contributions become less visible with time, even though they may have formed the foundation of future advances. Expectations of society members has also evolved over time, with a focus on the establishment of animal husbandry practices and Canada’s livestock population from the 1920s to the 1960s, refinement in nutrition and animal breeding practices in the 1960s to the 1980s, developments in molecular biology and genomics in 1980s to the 2000s and in precision animal production, animal welfare and environmental sustainability from the 2000s to the present day. To identify the top scientists in Canada, the editors-in chief of CJAS sent out letters to every federal and university animal science department in Canada to nominate four individuals whose contributions were felt to be particularly noteworthy. This exercise clearly demonstrated that Canadian Animal Scientists have made significant contributions in all fields at a global level of recognition. This presentation will introduce you to a few of these individuals. There is no doubt that the contribution of all Canadian animal scientists has had a major role in the development and success of the Canadian livestock industry.
319 Reflections on the most cited paper in the ninety-nine-year history of Canadian Society of Animal Science
Authors: McAllister Tim A , Fenton Terry , Fenton Mira , Penner Gregory 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Measurement of nutrient digestibility is a key pillar in estimating the value of feeds for livestock. Conditions are not always amendable to estimating feed digestibility through total collection methods, and as a result digestibility markers are frequently employed. The first “Digestibility markers” were reported in the early 1900s where colored glass beads were used to estimate the flow of digesta through the digestive tract. Subsequently, a myriad of digestibility markers has been assessed with the internal markers; acid insoluble ash, acid detergent lignin, indigestible neutral detergent fiber and n-alkanes and the external markers titanium dioxide and chromic oxide being the most common. Chromic oxide (Cr2O3) was first proposed as a digestibility maker in 1918 and continues to be widely used in modern day metabolism, confined performance and grazing livestock experiments. It was the demand to use chromic acid as a digestibility marker that led Terry and Mira Fenton to publish the article “An improved procedure for the determination of chromic oxide in feed and feces” in the Canadian Journal of Animal Science in 1979. This became the most cited article in the history of the journal with over 800 citations. The procedure eliminated the use of nitric acid in a pre-digestion step and ashing reduced the organic matter content, making it less likely that perchloric acid would be converted to anhydrous perchloric acid which poses an explosive hazard. The procedure continues to be widely used to measure Cr2O3 as a digestibility marker and has made a significant contribution to our assessment of the value of a wide range of feeds for Canadian livestock.
317 Microbial interventions to improve gut health in neonatal ruminants
Authors: Malmuthuge Nilusha , Guan Leluo 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Colonization and establishment of a balanced and healthy gut microbiome during the neonatal period can directly and indirectly influence animals by affecting the development and metabolism, nutrition absorption, barrier and immune functions, and endocrine and neuron transmitter secretions. Therefore, neonatal period represents a crucial window of time in animal’s life that induces long-term developmental and immune memory. Therefore, alterations in the early gut microbial composition and colonization trajectories lead to long-term negative effects on animals’ production and health. While the rapidly developing gut microbial community is affected by various external factors due to its instability, it provides a great opportunity for microbial intervention to alter microbial colonization trajectories and their subsequent impact on gut health. Recent advance research has been successful in restoring altered gut microbial communities by using microbial interventions such as vaginal seeding, fecal microbial transplantation, probiotics, and prebiotics. However, there is a lack of understanding on the long-term effects of these interventions on gut health in neonatal ruminants. Direct fed microbes (live naturally existing microbes that can improve health and production performance) with psychobiotic function (a type of probiotic that affect cognitive and behavioral functions of the host via the gut-brain axis) can be one of the novel microbiome solutions to target and alter the microbiome dysbiosis. The use of direct fed microbes, postbiotics and psychobiotics and their potential implications in improving calf health and productivity leads to a novel solution to the manipulation of the gut microbiome in calves.
301 Leveraging genomics to advance the breeding of Canadian livestock
Authors: Leishman Emily M , Jahnel Ricarda E , Harlander Alexandra , Willems Owen W , Wood Benjamin , Barbut Shai , Schenkel Flávio S , Miglior Filippo , Gervais Rachel , Stothard Paul , Baes Christine F 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Implementing breeding strategies for a more sustainable food system is one of the most pressing topics for livestock industries. Although different species face different challenges, large-scale research projects can pave the way for future opportunities in these key sectors. Herein, we present two examples (dairy and poultry) of how research projects can result in meaningful changes to commercial breeding programs. The first example is an international large-scale dairy project, which will deliver a roadmap for greenhouse gas (GHG) management using genomics and nutrition. The project aims to facilitate a 55% reduction in GHG emissions from Canadian dairy at an estimated value of $338M CAD. This systems-level approach will leverage resources developed through previous and current large-scale projects to produce accurate multi-level emission estimates and identify opportunities to mitigate enteric GHG emissions. The results of this project will provide accurate, reliable, and robust data for industry stakeholders, national policy, and GHG inventories. The second example is a research collaboration with a commercial turkey breeding company that will enable breeding strategies for long-term and sustainable genetic improvement in health traits. This project aims to reduce preslaughter mortality by 5% and condemnations due to myopathies and health issues. This reduction alone is expected to result in 7.5M kg more turkey meat at a value of $19.8M CAD. Furthermore, there is also an expected reduction of 2.3M kg of CO2 equivalent per year for each 1% livability improvement due to production efficiencies and reduced inputs wasted for more sustainable and ethical meat production. Overall, ongoing and future research initiatives will continue to deliver solutions for key Canadian livestock sectors to improve animal health and welfare as well as efficiency and sustainability. The strides made in these ongoing collaborative projects are imperative for enhancing the sustainability of animal agriculture to feed the growing population.