bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Separation-of-Function Mutagenesis To Define the Full Spectrum of Activities Performed by the Est1 Telomerase Subunitin Vivo
Authors: Lubin Johnathan W , Tucey Timothy M , Lundblad Victoria 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA leading objective in biology is to identify the complete set of activities performed by each gene. Identification of a comprehensive set of separation...A leading objective in biology is to identify the complete set of activities that each gene performs in vivo. In this study, we have asked whether a genetic approach can provide an efficient means of achieving this goal, through the identification and analysis of a comprehensive set of separation-of-function (sof−) mutations in a gene. Toward this goal, we have subjected the Saccharomyces cerevisiae EST1 gene, which encodes a regulatory subunit of telomerase, to intensive mutagenesis (with an average coverage of one mutation for every 4.5 residues), using strategies that eliminated those mutations that disrupted protein folding/stability. The resulting set of sof− mutations defined four biochemically distinct activities for the Est1 telomerase protein: two temporally separable steps in telomerase holoenzyme assembly, a telomerase recruitment activity, and a fourth newly discovered regulatory function. Although biochemically distinct, impairment of each of these four different activities nevertheless conferred a common phenotype (critically short telomeres) comparable to that of an est1-∆ null strain. This highlights the limitations of gene deletions, even for nonessential genes; we suggest that employing a representative set of sof− mutations for each gene in future high- and low-throughput investigations will provide deeper insights into how proteins interact inside the cell.
Intraamniotic Infection and the Term Neonate
Authors: Raines Deborah A. , Wagner Ashley , Salinas Alexander 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIntraamniotic infection (IAI) may occur when the amniotic membranes are ruptured >18 hours prior to birth. The term neonate is at risk for early onset sepsis. This article describes the pathophysiology of IAI and the role of the mother-baby nurse during the anticipated birth and the ongoing assessment of the neonate.
Factors Affecting the Participation of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing in e-Learning and Their Satisfaction: A Quantitative Study
Authors: Lago Emilio Ferreiro , Acedo Sara Osuna 
Published: November 2017

Today the digital divide is measured not so much by access to the internet but by people's ability to interact in cyberspace, which calls for specific digital communication skills. These skills are also required for participation in e-learning, bearing in mind that the deaf and hard of hearing have certain characteristics related to their condition. This study aims to identify inequalities in access to e-learning by those who are deaf or hard of hearing, observe how they are related to social and demographic factors, and confirm whether the accessibility of the e-learning environment has a direct influence on their satisfaction. The study has been conducted via an electronic survey in Spain with a non-probabilistic sample, in line with the characteristics of this sector of the population, recording social and demographic data, and information about the participants' experience of e-learning and their satisfaction with the experience. The representative survey sample consisted of 484 deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals in Spain, aged between 16 and 64. Using a chi-square test for independence we obtained a significant relationship between participation in online courses and the following variables: level of education, knowledge of sign language, and number of members in the household. A correspondence analysis was then carried out to detect particular relationships between classes of the related variables.
Special Issue on Communicating Hazard and Risk: From Scientific Information to Community Involvement
Authors: Hirata Naoshi , Kimura Reo , Ohtomo Shoji 
Published: November 2017

Hazard and risk researchers are using their research results to target several vastly different stakeholders: the scientific community, governmental institutions, engineers and the larger technical community, companies, and finally the local residents. Each of these groups has a different focus on the results and is drawing different conclusions from them. In this special issue for the Journal of Disaster Research (JDR), we address the problems surrounding hazard and risk communication by asking important questions. How can we communicate hazard and/or risk to the public? How can we involve communities in risk assessment? How can we raise the acceptance of risk models in communities? How can communities be involved in mitigation measures? Finally, how can we explain the inherit uncertainties of hazard and risk assessments? To answer these questions, it is essential to integrate knowledge from the social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering.
As the first step in this effort, we selected seven papers in the present special issue: six are related to the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes in Japan and one to a research in Taiwan. They include studies on hazard and risk estimates before the disaster, risk communication during the earthquake sequence by the Japan Metrological Agency, the psychological and behavioral characteristics of disaster victims, resident evacuation patterns, the recovery process, and risk communication in disaster. The paper of the research in Taiwan addresses the importance of resident involvement to earthquake science for disaster preparedness.
Exposure to sewage from on-site sanitation and child health: a spatial analysis of linkages and externalities in peri-urban Bolivia
Authors: Bancalari Antonella , Martinez Sebastian 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Exposure to fecal contamination is a leading cause of childhood infectious diseases in low- and middle-income countries. Low-quality sanitation infrastructure and inadequate maintenance can make on-site solutions prone to spillage, exposing children to sewage. This paper uses a unique dataset with independent verification of sewage in and around the parcels of more than 20,000 houses with on-site sanitation in peri-urban Bolivia. We analyze the relationship between exposure to sewage from overflowed sanitation infrastructure and the incidence of diarrhea in children under age five. The presence of sewage is associated with a 4 percentage point increase in the probability of diarrhea incidence – a relative increase of 22%. This relationship is driven by sewage within the boundaries of the property where the child resides, which is associated with a relative increase of 30% in the probability of the incidence of diarrhea. Our spatial analysis of sewage density shows that the probability of the incidence of diarrhea increases with the concentration of sewage in the immediate vicinity of the child's residence, suggesting negative spillovers from neighbors with overflowed on-site sanitation facilities. These potential negative health externalities provide a persuasive argument in favor of public interventions that adequately remove and treat fecal sludge.
Prototipe Sistem Seleksi Penerimaan Pegawai Tugas Belajar
Authors: Yanuarti Elly 
Published: November 2017

Peningkatan kemampuan dan profesionalisme PNS di lingkungan Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung dilakukan melalui pendidikan berkelanjutan dalam bentuk pemberian tugas belajar. Kegiatan penyeleksian pegawai tugas belajar pada Badan Kepegawaian Daerah masih dilakukan secara manual, dimana teknologi informasi belum dimanfaatan secara optimal. Untuk mendukung kelancaran kegiatan tersebut maka diperlukan sebuah sistem informasi yang dapat melakukan pengolahan data seleksi penerimaan pegawai tugas belajar secara lebih efektif dan efisien. Metode yang digunakan dalam menganalisis dan merancang sistem adalah dengan metode analisis dan perancangan berorientasi objek menggunakan UML. Dengan adanya sistem informasi seleksi penerimaan pegawai tugas belajar maka pengolahan data serta penyajian informasi tentang seleksi penerimaan pegawai tugas belajar menjadi lebih cepat
Encuadres del cambio climático en Chile: Análisis de discurso en prensa digital
Authors: Hasbún-Mancilla Julio Octavio , Aldunce-Ide Paulina Paz , Blanco-Wells Gustavo , Browne-Sartori Rodrigo 
Published: November 2017

Este artículo presenta un análisis de discurso a cuatro medios de prensa digital en Chile respecto a la mitigación y la adaptación al cambio climático. La investigación, sin precedentes para el caso chileno, se orienta a conocer los encuadres noticiosos con que es comunicado el cambio climático, ya que los medios son la principal fuente de información del cambio climático para los tomadores de decisión y la ciudadanía. Los resultados muestran que los definidores primarios del tema son los actores gubernamentales de nivel nacional, y la invisibilización de las personas y organizaciones ciudadanas en el proceso. Vemos así un alto grado de consenso entre los actores visibilizados respecto al encuadre de oportunidad económica, y la ausencia de encuadres de ecología crítica. Las conclusiones apuntan a que este desbalance podría influir en un diseño de políticas públicas con un sesgo tecnocrático, perdiendo la posibilidad de construir una visión integral del desarrollo del país.
Three-minute Sunspot Oscillations Driven by Magnetic Reconnection in a Light Bridge
Authors: Song Donguk , Chae Jongchul , Kwak Hannah , Kano Ryouhei , Yurchyshyn Vasyl , Moon Yong-Jae , Lim Eun-Kyung , Lee Jeongwoo 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
We report a different type of three-minute chromospheric oscillation above a sunspot in association with a small-scale impulsive event in a light bridge (LB). During our observations, we found a transient brightening in the LB. The brightening was composed of elementary bursts that may be a manifestation of fast repetitive magnetic reconnections in the LB. Interestingly, the oscillations in the nearby sunspot umbra were impulsively excited when the intensity of the brightening reached its peak. The initial period of the oscillations was about 2.3 minutes and then gradually increased to 3.0 minutes with time. In addition, we found that the amplitude of the excited oscillations was twice the amplitude of oscillations before the brightening. Based on our results, we propose that magnetic reconnection occurring in an LB can excite oscillations in the nearby sunspot umbra.
Modulation of the Alternative Pathway of Complement by Murine Factor H–Related Proteins
Authors: Antonioli Alexandra H. , White Janice , Crawford Frances , Renner Brandon , Marchbank Kevin J. , Hannan Jonathan P. , Thurman Joshua M. , Marrack Philippa , Holers V. Michael 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Factor H (FH) is a key alternative pathway regulator that controls complement activation both in the fluid phase and on specific cell surfaces, thus allowing the innate immune response to discriminate between self and foreign pathogens. However, the interrelationships between FH and a group of closely related molecules, designated the FH-related (FHR) proteins, are currently not well understood. Whereas some studies have suggested that human FHR proteins possess complement regulatory abilities, recent studies have shown that FHR proteins are potent deregulators. Furthermore, the roles of the FHR proteins have not been explored in any in vivo models of inflammatory disease. In this study, we report the cloning and expression of recombinant mouse FH and three FHR proteins (FHR proteins A–C). Results from functional assays show that FHR-A and FHR-B proteins antagonize the protective function of FH in sheep erythrocyte hemolytic assays and increase cell-surface C3b deposition on a mouse kidney proximal tubular cell line (TEC) and a human retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19). We also report apparent KD values for the binding interaction of mouse C3d with mouse FH (3.85 μM), FHR-A (136 nM), FHR-B (546 nM), and FHR-C (1.04 μM), which directly correlate with results from functional assays. Collectively, our work suggests that similar to their human counterparts, a subset of mouse FHR proteins have an important modulatory role in complement activation. Further work is warranted to define the in vivo context-dependent roles of these proteins and determine whether FHR proteins are suitable therapeutic targets for the treatment of complement-driven diseases.
STAT5B: A Differential Regulator of the Life and Death of CD4+ Effector Memory T Cells
Authors: Majri Sonia S. , Fritz Jill M. , Villarino Alejandro V. , Zheng Lixin , Kanellopoulou Chrysi , Chaigne-Delalande Benjamin , Grönholm Juha , Niemela Julie E. , Afzali Behdad , Biancalana Matthew , Pittaluga Stefania , Sun Ashleigh , Cohen José L. , Holland Steven M. , O’Shea John J. , Uzel Gulbu , Lenardo Michael J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Understanding the control of Ag restimulation-induced T cell death (RICD), especially in cancer immunotherapy, where highly proliferating T cells will encounter potentially large amounts of tumor Ags, is important now more than ever. It has been known that growth cytokines make T cells susceptible to RICD, but the precise molecular mediators that govern this in T cell subsets is unknown until now. STAT proteins are a family of transcription factors that regulate gene expression programs underlying key immunological processes. In particular, STAT5 is known to favor the generation and survival of memory T cells. In this study, we report an unexpected role for STAT5 signaling in the death of effector memory T (TEM) cells in mice and humans. TEM cell death was prevented with neutralizing anti–IL-2 Ab or STAT5/JAK3 inhibitors, indicating that STAT5 signaling drives RICD in TEM cells. Moreover, we identified a unique patient with a heterozygous missense mutation in the coiled-coil domain of STAT5B that presented with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome–like features. Similar to Stat5b−/− mice, this patient exhibited increased CD4+ TEM cells in the peripheral blood. The mutant STAT5B protein dominantly interfered with STAT5-driven transcriptional activity, leading to global downregulation of STAT5-regulated genes in patient T cells upon IL-2 stimulation. Notably, CD4+ TEM cells from the patient were strikingly resistant to cell death by in vitro TCR restimulation, a finding that was recapitulated in Stat5b−/− mice. Hence, STAT5B is a crucial regulator of RICD in memory T cells in mice and humans.
Spatiotemporal patterns, triggers and anatomies of seismically detected rockfalls
Authors: Dietze Michael , Turowski Jens M. , Cook Kristen L. , Hovius Niels 
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Rockfalls are a ubiquitous geomorphic process and a natural hazard in steep landscapes across the globe. Seismic monitoring can provide precise information on the timing, location and event anatomy of rockfalls, which are parameters that are otherwise hard to constrain. By pairing data from 49 seismically detected rockfalls in the Lauterbrunnen Valley in the Swiss Alps with auxiliary meteorologic and seismic data of potential triggers during autumn 2014 and spring 2015, we are able to (i) analyse the evolution of single rockfalls and their common properties, (ii) identify spatial changes in activity hotspots (iii) and explore temporal activity patterns on different scales ranging from months to minutes to quantify relevant trigger mechanisms. Seismic data allow for the classification of rockfall activity into two distinct phenomenological types. The signals can be used to discern multiple rock mass releases from the same spot, identify rockfalls that trigger further rockfalls and resolve modes of subsequent talus slope activity. In contrast to findings based on discontinuous methods with integration times of several months, rockfall in the monitored limestone cliff is not spatially uniform but shows a systematic downward shift of a rock mass release zone following an exponential law, most likely driven by a continuously lowering water table. Freeze–thaw transitions, approximated at first order from air temperature time series, account for only 5 out of the 49 rockfalls, whereas 19 rockfalls were triggered by rainfall events with a peak lag time of 1 h. Another 17 rockfalls were triggered by diurnal temperature changes and occurred during the coldest hours of the day and during the highest temperature change rates. This study is thus the first to show direct links between proposed rockfall triggers and the spatiotemporal distribution of rockfalls under natural conditions; it extends existing models by providing seismic observations of the rockfall process prior to the first rock mass impacts.
Genomic characterization of a new endophyticStreptomyces kebangsaanensisidentifies biosynthetic pathway gene clusters for novel phenazine antibiotic production
Authors: Remali Juwairiah , Sarmin Nurul ‘Izzah Mohd , Ng Chyan Leong , Tiong John J.L. , Aizat Wan M. , Keong Loke Kok , Zin Noraziah Mohamad 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundStreptomycesare well known for their capability to produce many bioactive secondary metabolites with medical and industrial importance. Here we report a novel bioactive phenazine compound, 6-((2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenoxy) carbonyl) phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (HCPCA) extracted fromStreptomyces kebangsaanensis, an endophyte isolated from the ethnomedicinalPortulaca oleracea.MethodsThe HCPCA chemical structure was determined using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We conducted whole genome sequencing for the identification of the gene cluster(s) believed to be responsible for phenazine biosynthesis in order to map its corresponding pathway, in addition to bioinformatics analysis to assess the potential ofS. kebangsaanensisin producing other useful secondary metabolites.ResultsTheS. kebangsaanensisgenome comprises an 8,328,719 bp linear chromosome with high GC content (71.35%) consisting of 12 rRNA operons, 81 tRNA, and 7,558 protein coding genes. We identified 24 gene clusters involved in polyketide, nonribosomal peptide, terpene, bacteriocin, and siderophore biosynthesis, as well as a gene cluster predicted to be responsible for phenazine biosynthesis.DiscussionThe HCPCA phenazine structure was hypothesized to derive from the combination of two biosynthetic pathways, phenazine-1,6-dicarboxylic acid and 4-methoxybenzene-1,2-diol, originated from the shikimic acid pathway. The identification of a biosynthesis pathway gene cluster for phenazine antibiotics might facilitate future genetic engineering design of new synthetic phenazine antibiotics. Additionally, these findings confirm the potential ofS. kebangsaanensisfor producing various antibiotics and secondary metabolites.
Post‐20 Ma Motion of the Adriatic Plate: New Constraints From Surrounding Orogens and Implications for Crust‐Mantle Decoupling
Authors: Le Breton Eline , Handy Mark R. , Molli Giancarlo , Ustaszewski Kamil 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA new kinematic reconstruction that incorporates estimates of post‐20 Ma shortening and extension in the Apennines, Alps, Dinarides, and Sicily Channel Rift Zone (SCRZ) reveals that the Adriatic microplate (Adria) rotated counterclockwise as it subducted beneath the European Plate to the west and to the east, while indenting the Alps to the north. Minimum and maximum amounts of rotation are derived by using, respectively, estimates of crustal extension along the SCRZ (minimum of 30 km) combined with crustal shortening in the Eastern Alps (minimum of 115 km) and a maximum amount (140 km) of convergence between Adria and Moesia across the southern Dinarides and Carpatho‐Balkan orogens. When combined with Neogene convergence in the Western Alps, the best fit of available structural data constrains Adria to have moved 113 km to the NW (azimuth 325°) while rotating 5 ± 3° counterclockwise relative to Europe since 20 Ma. Amounts of plate convergence predicted by our new model exceed Neogene shortening estimates of several tens of kilometers in both the Apennines and Dinarides. We attribute this difference to crust‐mantle decoupling (delamination) during rollback in the Apennines and to distributed deformation related to the northward motion of the Dacia Unit between the southern Dinarides and Europe (Moesia). Neogene motion of Adria resulted from a combination of Africa pushing from the south, the Adriatic‐Hellenides slab pulling to the northeast, and crustal wedging in the Western Alps, which acted as a pivot and stopped farther northwestward motion of Adria relative to Europe.
Stochastic Reconstruction and Interpolation of Precipitation Fields Using Combined Information of Commercial Microwave Links and Rain Gauges
Authors: Haese B. , Hörning S. , Chwala C. , Bárdossy A. , Schalge B. , Kunstmann H. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractFor the reconstruction and interpolation of precipitation fields, we present the application of a stochastic approach called Random Mixing. Generated fields are based on a data set consisting of rain gauge observations and path‐averaged rain rates estimated using Commercial Microwave Link (CML) derived information. Precipitation fields are received as linear combination of unconditional spatial random fields, where the spatial dependence structure is described by copulas. The weights of the linear combination are optimized such that the observations and the spatial structure of the precipitation observations are reproduced. The innovation of the approach is that this strategy enables the simulation of ensembles of precipitation fields of any size. Each ensemble member is in concordance with the observed path‐averaged CML derived rain rates and additionally reflects the observed rainfall variability along the CML paths. The ensemble spread allows additionally an estimation of the uncertainty of the reconstructed precipitation fields. The method is demonstrated both for a synthetic data set and a real‐world data set in South Germany. While the synthetic example allows an evaluation against a known reference, the second example demonstrates the applicability for real‐world observations. Generated precipitation fields of both examples reproduce the spatial precipitation pattern in good quality. A performance evaluation of Random Mixing compared to Ordinary Kriging demonstrates an improvement of the reconstruction of the observed spatial variability. Random Mixing is concluded to be a beneficial new approach for the provision of precipitation fields and ensembles of them, in particular when different measurement types are combined.