bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Locus Coeruleus Ablation Exacerbates Cognitive Deficits, Neuropathology, and Lethality in P301S Tau Transgenic Mice
Authors: Chalermpalanupap Termpanit , Schroeder Jason P. , Rorabaugh Jacki M. , Liles L. Cameron , Lah James J. , Levey Allan I. , Weinshenker David 
Published: November 2017

The brainstem locus coeruleus (LC) supplies norepinephrine to the forebrain and degenerates in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Loss of LC neurons is correlated with increased severity of other AD hallmarks, including β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques, tau neurofibrillary tangles, and cognitive deficits, suggesting that it contributes to the disease progression. Lesions of the LC in amyloid-based transgenic mouse models of AD exacerbate Aβ pathology, neuroinflammation, and cognitive deficits, but it is unknown how the loss of LC neurons affects tau-mediated pathology or behavioral abnormalities. Here we investigate the impact of LC degeneration in a mouse model of tauopathy by lesioning the LC of male and female P301S tau transgenic mice with the neurotoxin N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4) starting at 2 months of age. By 6 months, deficits in hippocampal-dependent spatial (Morris water maze) and associative (contextual fear conditioning) memory were observed in lesioned P301S mice while performance remained intact in all other genotype and treatment groups, indicating that tau and LC degeneration act synergistically to impair cognition. By 10 months, the hippocampal neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration typically observed in unlesioned P301S mice were exacerbated by DSP-4, and mortality was also accelerated. These DSP-4-induced changes were accompanied by only a mild aggravation of tau pathology, suggesting that increased tau burden cannot fully account for the effects of LC degeneration. Combined, these experiments demonstrate that loss of LC noradrenergic neurons exacerbates multiple phenotypes caused by pathogenic tau, and provides complementary data to highlight the dual role LC degeneration has on both tau and Aβ pathologies in AD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTElucidating the mechanisms underlying AD is crucial to developing effective diagnostics and therapeutics. The degeneration of the LC and loss of noradrenergic transmission have been recognized as ubiquitous events in AD pathology, and previous studies demonstrated that LC lesions exacerbate pathology and cognitive deficits in amyloid-based mouse models. Here, we reveal a complementary role of LC degeneration on tau-mediated aspects of the disease by using selective lesions of the LC and the noradrenergic system to demonstrate an exacerbation of cognitive deficits, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration in a transgenic mouse model of tauopathy. Our data support an integral role for the LC in modulating the severity of both canonical AD-associated pathologies, as well as the detrimental consequences of LC degeneration during disease progression.
Ventral Midline Thalamus Is Necessary for Hippocampal Place Field Stability and Cell Firing Modulation
Authors: Cholvin Thibault , Hok Vincent , Giorgi Lisa , Chaillan Franck A. , Poucet Bruno 
Published: November 2017

The reuniens (Re) and rhomboid (Rh) nuclei of the ventral midline thalamus are reciprocally connected with the hippocampus (Hip) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Growing evidence suggests that these nuclei might play a crucial role in cognitive processes requiring Hip–mPFC interactions, including spatial navigation. Here, we tested the effect of ReRh lesions on the firing properties and spatial activity of dorsal hippocampal CA1 place cells as male rats explored a familiar or a novel environment. We found no change in the spatial characteristics of CA1 place cells in the familiar environment following ReRh lesions. Contrariwise, spatial coherence was decreased during the first session in a novel environment. We then investigated field stability of place cells recorded across 5 d both in the familiar and in a novel environment presented in a predefined sequence. While the remapping capacity of the place cells was not affected by the lesion, our results clearly demonstrated a disruption of the CA1 cellular representation of both environments in ReRh rats. More specifically, we found ReRh lesions to produce (1) a pronounced and long-lasting decrease of place field stability and (2) a strong alteration of overdispersion (i.e., firing variability). Thus, in ReRh rats, exploration of a novel environment appears to interfere with the representation of the familiar one, leading to decreased field stability in both environments. The present study shows the involvement of ReRh nuclei in the long-term spatial stability of CA1 place fields.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTGrowing evidence suggest that the ventral midline thalamic nuclei (reuniens and rhomboid) might play a substantial role in various cognitive tasks including spatial memory. In the present article, we show that the lesions of these nuclei impair the spatial representations encoded by CA1 place cells of both familiar and novel environments. First, reduced variability of place cell firing appears to indicate an impairment of attentional processes. Second, impaired stability of place cell representations could explain the long-term memory deficits observed in previous behavioral studies.
Normal Topography and Binocularity of the Superior Colliculus in Strabismus
Authors: Economides John R. , Rapone Brittany C. , Adams Daniel L. , Horton Jonathan C. 
Published: November 2017

In subjects with alternating strabismus, either eye can be used to saccade to visual targets. The brain must calculate the correct vector for each saccade, which will depend on the eye chosen to make it. The superior colliculus, a major midbrain center for saccade generation, was examined to determine whether the maps serving each eye were shifted to compensate for strabismus. Alternating exotropia was induced in two male macaques at age 1 month by sectioning the tendons of the medial recti. Once the animals grew to maturity, they were trained to fixate targets with either eye. Receptive fields were mapped in the superior colliculus using a sparse noise stimulus while the monkeys alternated fixation. For some neurons, sparse noise was presented dichoptically to probe for anomalous retinal correspondence. After recordings, microstimulation was applied to compare sensory and motor maps. The data showed that receptive fields were offset in position by the ocular deviation, but otherwise remained aligned. In one animal, the left eye's coordinates were rotated ∼20° clockwise with respect to those of the right eye. This was explained by a corresponding cyclorotation of the ocular fundi, which produced an A-pattern deviation. Microstimulation drove the eyes accurately to the site of receptive fields, as in normal animals. Single-cell recordings uncovered no evidence for anomalous retinal correspondence. Despite strabismus, neurons remained responsive to stimulation of either eye. Misalignment of the eyes early in life does not alter the organization of topographic maps or disrupt binocular convergence in the superior colliculus.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPatients with strabismus are able to make rapid eye movements, known as saccades, toward visual targets almost as gracefully as subjects with normal binocular alignment. They can even exercise the option of using the right eye or the left eye. It is unknown how the brain measures the degree of ocular misalignment and uses it to compute the appropriate saccade for either eye. The obvious place to investigate is the superior colliculus, a midbrain oculomotor center responsible for the generation of saccades. Here, we report the first experiments in the superior colliculus of awake primates with strabismus using a combination of single-cell recordings and microstimulation to explore the organization of its topographic maps.
Restoration of Dendritic Complexity, Functional Connectivity, and Diversity of Regenerated Retinal Bipolar Neurons in Adult Zebrafish
Authors: McGinn Timothy E. , Mitchell Diana M. , Meighan Peter C. , Partington Natalie , Leoni Dylan C. , Jenkins Christina E. , Varnum Michael D. , Stenkamp Deborah L. 
Published: November 2017

Adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) are capable of regenerating retinal neurons that have been lost due to mechanical, chemical, or light damage. In the case of chemical damage, there is evidence that visually mediated behaviors are restored after regeneration, consistent with recovery of retinal function. However, the extent to which regenerated retinal neurons attain appropriate morphologies and circuitry after such tissue-disrupting lesions has not been investigated. Adult zebrafish of both sexes were subjected to intravitreal injections of ouabain, which destroys the inner retina. After retinal regeneration, cell-selective markers, confocal microscopy, morphometrics, and electrophysiology were used to examine dendritic and axonal morphologies, connectivities, and the diversities of each, as well as retinal function, for a subpopulation of regenerated bipolar neurons (BPs). Although regenerated BPs were reduced in numbers, BP dendritic spreads, dendritic tree morphologies, and cone–bipolar connectivity patterns were restored in regenerated retinas, suggesting that regenerated BPs recover accurate input pathways from surviving cone photoreceptors. Morphological measurements of bipolar axons found that numbers and types of stratifications were also restored; however, the thickness of the inner plexiform layer and one measure of axon branching were slightly reduced after regeneration, suggesting some minor differences in the recovery of output pathways to downstream partners. Furthermore, ERG traces from regenerated retinas displayed waveforms matching those of controls, but with reduced b-wave amplitudes. These results support the hypothesis that regenerated neurons of the adult zebrafish retina are capable of restoring complex morphologies and circuitry, suggesting that complex visual functions may also be restored.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAdult zebrafish generate new retinal neurons after a tissue-disrupting lesion. Existing research does not address whether regenerated neurons of adults successfully reconnect with surrounding neurons and establish complex morphologies and functions. We report that, after a chemical lesion that ablates inner retinal neurons, regenerated retinal bipolar neurons (BPs), although reduced in numbers, reconnected to undamaged cone photoreceptors with correct wiring patterns. Regenerated BPs had complex morphologies similar to those within undamaged retina and a physiological measure of photoreceptor–BP connectivity, the ERG, was restored to a normal waveform. This new understanding of neural connectivity, morphology, and physiology suggests that complex functional processing is possible within regenerated adult retina and offers a system for the future study of synaptogenesis during adult retinal regeneration.
Spillover Effects of Adult Medicaid Expansions on Children’s Use of Preventive Services
Authors: Venkataramani Maya , Pollack Craig Evan , Roberts Eric T. 
Published: November 2017

BACKGROUND:
Since the passage of the Affordable Care Act, Medicaid enrollment has increased by ∼17 million adults, including many low-income parents. One potentially important, but little studied, consequence of expanding health insurance for parents is its effect on children’s receipt of preventive services.

METHODS:
By using state Medicaid eligibility thresholds linked to the 2001–2013 Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys, we assessed the relationship between changes in adult Medicaid eligibility and children’s likelihood of receiving annual well-child visits (WCVs). In instrumental variable analyses, we used these changes in Medicaid eligibility to estimate the relationship between parental enrollment in Medicaid and children’s receipt of WCVs.

RESULTS:
Our analytic sample consisted of 50 622 parent-child dyads in families with incomes &lt;200% of the federal poverty level, surveyed from 2001 to 2013. On average, a 10-point increase in a state’s parental Medicaid eligibility (measured relative to the federal poverty level) was associated with a 0.27 percentage point higher probability that a child received an annual WCV (95% confidence interval: 0.058 to 0.48 percentage points, P = .012). Instrumental variable analyses revealed that parental enrollment in Medicaid was associated with a 29 percentage point higher probability that their child received an annual WCV (95% confidence interval: 11 to 47 percentage points, P = .002).

CONCLUSIONS:
In our study, we demonstrate that Medicaid expansions targeted at low-income adults are associated with increased receipt of recommended pediatric preventive care for their children. This finding reveals an important spillover effect of parental insurance coverage that should be considered in future policy decisions surrounding adult Medicaid eligibility.
Childhood Sports Participation and Adolescent Sport Profile
Authors: Gallant François , O’Loughlin Jennifer L. , Brunet Jennifer , Sabiston Catherine M. , Bélanger Mathieu 
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVES:We aimed to increase understanding of the link between sport specialization during childhood and adolescent physical activity (PA). The objectives were as follows: (1) describe the natural course of sport participation over 5 years among children who are early sport samplers or early sport specializers and (2) determine if a sport participation profile in childhood predicts the sport profile in adolescence.METHODS:Participants (n = 756, ages 10–11 years at study inception) reported their participation in organized and unorganized PA during in-class questionnaires administered every 4 months over 5 years. They were categorized as early sport samplers, early sport specializers, or nonparticipants in year 1 and as recreational sport participants, performance sport participants, or nonparticipants in years 2 to 5. The likelihood that a childhood sport profile would predict the adolescent profile was computed as relative risks. Polynomial logistic regression was used to identify predictors of an adolescent sport profile.RESULTS:Compared with early sport specialization and nonparticipation, early sport sampling in childhood was associated with a higher likelihood of recreational participation (relative risk, 95% confidence interval: 1.55, 1.18–2.03) and a lower likelihood of nonparticipation (0.69, 0.51–0.93) in adolescence. Early sport specialization was associated with a higher likelihood of performance participation (1.65, 1.19–2.28) but not of nonparticipation (1.01, 0.70–1.47) in adolescence. Nonparticipation in childhood was associated with nearly doubling the likelihood of nonparticipation in adolescence (1.88, 1.36–2.62).CONCLUSIONS:Sport sampling should be promoted in childhood because it may be linked to higher PA levels during adolescence.
A Conceptual Review to Approach Traditional Homegardens as Fields of Social Practice
Authors: Lope-Alzina Diana Gabriela 
Published: November 2017

Disciplines and approaches concerned with people­environment relations have contributed to legitimate traditional ecological knowledge, nowadays endorsed in the international scientificpolicy agenda as an important driver for management and conservation of biological resources. However, there is still a need to further understand how people internalize worldviews, knowledge, and practices regarding environmental management. In this sense, traditional homegardens are a suitable scenery to unravel such processes. Grounded on Bourdieu´s´theory of practice´, this paper unveils homegardens as fields of social practice. The homegarden field is embedded within the household field, further influenced by the community field. The three of them make up the ‘array of fields’ where homegardening develops by means of social interactions, informing and informed by the habitus (schemes of perception, appreciation, and action, produced by particular social environments that shape agent’s own sense of the world and his/her place in it). Both, inputs (e.g. land, plants, labor, and knowledge) and outputs (e.g. increased knowledge, homegarden produce, homegarden functions and derived benefits) are here approached as homegarden´s capitals. According to the theory of practice, such capitals are unequally distributed across agents, and it is such inequality that impulses them to generate, maintain, increase and/or transform homegarden capitals.
Chrześcijanie syryjscy w systemie kastowym indyjskiej Kerali
Authors: Galewicz Cezary 
Published: November 2017

Celem niniejszej prezentacji jest wprowadzenie w świat chrześcijan Kerali za pomocą szkicu etnograficznego z akcentem interkulturowym ilustrującym interesujący przypadek konceptualizacji hierarchicznej organizacji społecznej oraz praktyki koegzystencji radykalnie odmiennych religijnie społeczności w południowo­‑zachodniej części Półwyspu Indyjskiego – arenie spotkania tradycji wczesnych gmin chrześcijańskich ze wzmożoną działalnością misyjną Kościołów europejskich, poczynając od czasów Vasco da Gamy.
Europejczycy i chrześcijaństwo jako zagrożenie dla ładu w Japonii okresu Edo
Authors: Popiołek Piotr 
Published: November 2017

Prześladowania chrześcijan w Japonii począwszy od XVII wieku miały związek z reorganizacją struktury władzy pod rządami Tokugawów. Zachodnia religia zaczęła być postrzegana jako stanowiąca zagrożenie wewnętrzne i zewnętrzne dla jednorodności państwa, jego suwerenności i stabilności. W artykule zostaną przywołane, zdaniem autora, najbardziej reprezentatywne pozycje z japońskiej literatury antychrześcijańskiej. Ukazane zostaną argumenty religijne wytaczane przeciwko doktrynie chrześcijańskiej z pozycji konfucjańskiej i buddyjskiej. Wielu autorów okresu Edo widziało w chrześcijaństwie podobieństwo do buddyzmu i jego zniekształcenie. Niezwykle kontrowersyjna dla Japończyków była nauka o Bogu jako najwyższemu władcy, któremu każdy musiał być bezwzględnie poddany, co mogło mieć zły wpływ na zachowanie tradycyjnych relacji i powinności w społeczeństwie. Argumentację, którą można określić jako polityczną (ale i etyczną), wytaczała wobec chrześcijaństwa szkoła Mito, która upatrywała w zachodniej doktrynie jedną z przyczyn rozkładu japońskiego społeczeństwa. Ponadto niektórzy spośród autorów uważali, że chrześcijaństwo służy jako narzędzie do kolonizacji Japonii przez obce mocarstwa. Owa heretycka (chrześcijańska) nauka, stając się celem ataków i polemik, w pewnym stopniu przyczyniała się do budowania tożsamości Japończyków. Misjonarze i konwertyci japońscy stali się „innymi”, którym przypisywano demoniczny, nieludzki wygląd, nadprzyrodzone zdolności, jak i najbardziej potępiane w społeczeństwie japońskim cechy, które innowierców całkowicie stygmatyzowały. Dotyczyło to zarówno misjonarzy, jak i rodzimych konwertytów. Aparat państwowy okresu Edo stworzył wiele mechanizmów mających umocnić swą kontrolę nad społeczeństwem. W ich wyniku sprawnie udało się wykorzenić chrześcijaństwo (pozostawiając jedynie odizolowane wspólnoty ukrytych chrześcijan).
The Bible, the Boundaries and the Christian Missionary Initiatives in the Caucasus During the Nineteenth Century: General Remarks
Authors: Rzepka Marcin 
Published: November 2017

The article presents the main missionary organizations both Protestant and Orthodox working in the Caucasus in the nineteenth century. By presenting them in a rather general and brief form, the article is intended to emphasize the importance of the Bible translations in the missionary projects. The Bible itself constitutes a text which influences the missionary approach, as well as the cultural and social practices of the people to whom the Bible and its translation is addressed. The main assumption of the text is, however, that the changing attitudes to the Bible among the Christians living in the Caucasus were related to the appearance of the Protestants and their understanding of the Holy Book.
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF THE INTERVERTEBRAL TOTAL DISK ARTHROPLASTY OF THE LUMBAR SPINE BY M6-L PROSTHESIS: A MULTICENTER STUDY
Authors: Byvaltsev V. A. , Kalinin A. A. , Pestryakov A. Y. , Shepelev V. V. , Stepanov I. A. 
Published: November 2017

Background: Pain in the lower back is an urgent health issue in industrialized countries. The dominant cause of pain in the lumbosacral spine is the degeneration of the inter vertebral discs (I VD). The total prosthetics I VD is a modern method of surgical treatment of I VD degenerative diseases, an alternative method of rigid stabilization.Aim: To analyze the results of surgical inter vention (I VD prosthesis M6-L implantation) in patients with I VD degeneration of lumbar spine at the 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after the surger y.Materials and methods: The study included 156 patients (92 men, 64 women) aged 23 to 45 years who under went a single-level discectomy with implantation of an artificial IVD prosthesis M6-L at the bases of three neurosurgical centers. For dynamic assessment, clinical parameters (pain intensity from the visual analogue pain scale (VAS), quality of life according to the Oswestry index, subjective satisfaction with the result of surgical treatment on the Macnab scale) and instrumental data (amplitude of movements in the operated spinal-motor segment, degree of heterotopic ossification according to McAfeeSuchomel classification) were applied at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after surger y.Results: The mean value of the quality of life for the Oswestr y index before surger y was 40.2±6.9%, after ― 12.3±6.1% (t-test, p0.001). The mean value of the level of pain according to VAS before surger y was 6.9±1.6 cm; after surger y ― 1.3±1.2 cm (t-test, p0.001). The average range of motion in the operated segment at baseline was 36.8±2.6°, within 36 months after the operation increased up to 41.2±2.9°. During the entire period of obser vation the initial (13.4%) or moderate (10.2%) signs of heterotopic ossification were revealed. Conclusions: The use of prosthetic I VD M6-L can significantly reduce the level of pain, improve the life quality, and maintain the physiological range of motion in the operated spinal motion segment with a low level of adverse outcomes.