bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Herpetofauna from an urban Pampa fragment in southern Brazil: composition, structure and conservation
Authors: Entiauspe-Neto Omar Machado , Perleberg Tângela Denise , Freitas Marco Antonio de 
Published: September 2016

Faunistic inventories regarding natural history of amphibians and reptiles are considered scarce and very little is known about their assemblages in urban areas; the Pampas morphoclimatic domain, also known as Uruguayan Savannah or Southern Grasslands, is also poorly known regarding their faunal composition. Herein, we present a checklist of 16 amphibian and 20 reptile species recorded over a course of four years in the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciências e Tecnologia, Câmpus Pelotas-Visconde da Graça, in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. We also present data on natural history and discuss conservation efforts to be undertaken in the area, in one of the least preserved and known Brazilian morphoclimatic domains, providing insights into urban herpetofaunal diversity patterns and showing the importance of modified areas in its conservation.
FONOLOGI BAHASA ABUN DI KABUPATEN TAMBRAUW PROVINSI PAPUA BARAT
Authors: Maturbongs Antonius , Asmabuasappe Asmabuasappe 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAbun language is a kind of native language in Tambrauw Regency, West Papua Province. This language belongs to group of Non Austronesia language. This study is qualitative one and using descriptive method in order to get complete description of phonology of Abun language. There are three stages in this study. They are data supplying stage, data analysis, and presentation of data analysis result stage. The aim of this study is to describe Abun phonology, especially phonemes in Abun language as well its distribution and phonotactic. The result shows that Abun language has 26 phonemes which is divided into 16 consonant phonemes and 8 vowels phonemes. Furthermore, Abun language has eight diphtongs and fourteen consonant clusters.Keyword: Abun language, phonology, phonemes, diphtong, consonant clusters. AbstrakBahasa Abun merupakan salah satu bahasa daerah yang ada di Kabupaten Tambrauw, Provinsi Papua Barat. Bahasa Abun termasuk dalam kelompok bahasa Non Austronesia. Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif, dimaksudkan untuk mendapatkan gambaran lengkap tentang fonologi bahasa Abun. Penelitian ini menggunakan tiga tahapan. Ketiga tahapan itu yakni tahap penyediaan data, tahap penganalisisan, dan tahap penyajian hasil analisis data. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan fonologi bahasa Abun, khususnya fonem-fonem bahasa Abun beserta distribusi dan fonotaktiknya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahasa Abun memiliki 26 fonem yang terdiri atas 16 fonem konsonan dan delapan fonem vokal. Di samping itu, bahasa Abun juga memiliki delapan kelompok deret vokal dan 14 kelompok gugus konsonan. Kata kunci: bahasa Abun, fonologi, fonem, deret, vokal, gugus konsonan.
Características del arbitraje de obras públicas en el Estado Peruano periodo 2010 al 2014
Authors: Huaquisto-Cáceres Samuel , Castillo-Aroni Emilio 
Published: September 2016

<p>El Estado Peruano utiliza el arbitraje para dirimir las disputas, lograr una solución efectiva a las controversias y dinamizar los contratos por las ventajas que éste supone: rapidez, confianza, especialidad, cumplimiento y transparencia que no se cumple. El estudio describe las características generales del arbitraje en el Perú para el cual se ha considerado el análisis de los laudos arbitrales del Organismo Supervisor de Contrataciones del Estado cuyos resultados indican que la efectividad del Estado Peruano en relación a la tasa de éxito y pagos evitados es insuficiente consecuentemente se tienen obras con mayores costos a los previstos, mayor número de controversias y montos como las obras viales, mayor número de arbitrajes generados por el proceso de selección licitación pública y el sistema de ejecución a suma alzada, tribunales arbitrales que arbitran controversias que no les compete como los adicionales de obra y el enriquecimiento sin causa, incremento en el tiempo contractual en relación al plazo de ejecución de obra.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>The Peruvian State uses arbitration to settle disputes, to achieve an effective solution to disputes and streamline contracts for the advantages that this entails: speed, reliability, specialty, compliance and transparency is not met. The study describes the general characteristics of arbitration in Peru for which it has been considered the analysis of arbitral awards of the Supervisory Board Contracting State whose results indicate that the effectiveness of the Peruvian State in relation to the success rate and payments avoided is insufficient consequently must work with higher costs than expected, more disputes and amounts as roadworks, greater number of arbitrations generated by the selection process public bidding and execution system lump sum, arbitral tribunals to arbitrate disputes it is not for them as additional labor and unjust enrichment, increased time in relation to contractual execution period of work.</p><p><strong>KEY WORDS</strong>: arbitration, effectiveness, works, payments avoided, cup success.</p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
DISPERSIÓN DE MATERIAL PARTICULADO (PM10), CON INTERRELACIÓN DE FACTORES METEOROLÓGICOS Y TOPOGRÁFICOS
Authors: Arrieta Fuentes Alvaro Javier 
Published: September 2016

Los procesos minero-industriales llevados a cabo por acción antrópica, traen consigo la generación de impactos al medio ambiente; entre los asociados a la minería está la afectación de la calidad del aire producida por la liberación de contaminantes atmosféricos, siendo objeto de estudio el comportamiento de la fracción respirable de material particulado menor a 10 micras (PM10) con respecto a los factores meteorológicos y topográficos. Los escenarios analizados en el estudio involucraron tiempos de exposición diario y anual de PM10, para los cuales se hizo la modelación con el Software AERMOD View. El modelo se corrió para dos zonas topográficas, una zona compleja ubicada en el Municipio de Socha y una zona simple ubicada en el Municipio de Sogamoso. Se empleó información meteorológica horaria de tipo satelital, en formato .SAM para las zonas modeladas. Se identificaron tres tipos de fuentes de emisión en las zonas; teniendo que, predominan las fijas dispersas, seguido de las móviles y en baja proporción las puntuales. Los modelos de dispersión de PM10 realizados para las zonas de topografía simple y compleja, dieron como resultado que la dirección y velocidad del viento está condicionada por la misma. Ésta permitió un flujo libre en la dirección predominante en la rosa de vientos para la zona de topografía simple y un flujo turbulento en la zona compleja. Se determinó que los focos de emisión dePM10 en ambos casos son de escala local; estos presentaron un radio crítico de arrastre y deposición de partículas de 200 m aproximadamente.
Arboreal Legume Litter Nutrient Contribution to a Tropical Silvopasture
Authors: de Oliveira Apolinário Valéria Xavier , Dubeux José Carlos Batista , de Andrade Lira Mário , Sampaio Everardo V. S. B. , de Amorim Silvânia Oliveira , de Miranda e Silva Nalígia Gomes , Muir James P. 
Published: September 2016

Legumes contribute to pasture sustainability through symbiotic N2 fixation, which may increase primary productivity and animal performance in low‐input systems. Litterfall is the main way of cycling nutrients from tree legumes. We quantified gliricidia [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp.] and sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth) litter deposition, along two 336‐d cycles, in a signalgrass (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.) pasture. Litterfall was produced throughout the year but concentrated in the dry season. Sabiá produced slightly greater (P < 0.0001) litterfall amounts in the two cycles (10,790 kg ha−1) than gliricidia (10,420 kg ha−1) but the overall average N concentration of gliricidia (21.5 g kg−1) was greater than that of sabiá (18.8 g kg−1). Nitrogen amounts cycled through the litter were greater for gliricidia in both cycles (105 and 109 kg N ha−1) than for sabiá (87 and 98 kg N ha−1). The proportions of litter N that were derived from the atmosphere by symbiotic fixation were similar (P ≥ 0.05) in both species (55%) and varied little along the two cycles. Lignin concentration, which influences decomposition, was similar in both species, averaging 238 and 214 g kg−1 in the two cycles for gliricidia and 233 and 246 g kg−1 for sabiá. Greater N concentration, lower C/N ratio and lower lignin concentration indicate that gliricidia litter may have a faster cycling rate than sabiá litter. Sabiá could be a more promising species for soil cover and protection because of its slower litter decomposition rate.Core Ideas

Litter deposition was an important pathway of N return in warm‐climate silvopasture systems.
Tree legumes added significant amounts of biological nitrogen fixation to silvopasture systems.
Gliricidia litter presented better quality than Mimosa litter.
Proportion of litter N derived from atmosphere was significant.
Critical Trifoliolate Leaf and Petiole Potassium Concentrations during the Reproductive Stages of Soybean
Authors: Parvej Md. Rasel , Slaton Nathan A. , Purcell Larry C. , Roberts Trenton L. 
Published: September 2016

The critical K concentration in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] has been determined only for leaf tissue at the R2 (full bloom) stage. Our research objective was to develop critical K concentrations in soybean for both leaves and petioles across reproductive stages. Fifteen fully‐expanded, uppermost trifoliolate leaves with petioles plot−1 were collected 7 to 12 times from the V5 to R7 stages in five research trials that evaluated multiple fertilizer‐K rates and/or cultivars from different maturity groups (MGs). Both leaf‐ and petiole‐K concentrations, regardless of site‐year, cultivar, and fertilizer‐K rate, peaked around R2 stage and declined linearly with time at average rates of –0.198 g K kg−1 d−1 for leaves and –0.559 g K kg−1 d−1 for petioles. The leaf‐ and petiole‐K concentrations at the R2 to R6 stages explained 48 to 80% and 41 to 85%, respectively, of the variation in relative yield (RY). Petiole‐K concentration was a better predictor of RY than leaf‐K at the R2 stage where the predicted critical range (CR) concentrations were 14.6 to 19.0 g leaf‐K kg−1 and 30.1 to 38.3 g petiole‐K kg−1. The wider CR of petiole‐K at the R2 stage followed by a greater linear decline rate across reproductive stages indicates that growth stage as well as deficiency and sufficiency thresholds for petiole‐K could be more easily categorized than for leaves. Overall, the ability to interpret the K nutritional status in soybean tissues at numerous reproductive growth stages will improve K management.

Critical soybean tissue‐K concentrations in the trifoliolate leaf and petiole can be developed for growth stages beyond the R2 stage by modeling the rate of tissue‐K decline across time.
Petiole‐K concentrations are approximately twofold higher and decline at a greater rate than trifoliolate leaf‐K concentrations and may be equally as good or a better tissue to sample for the diagnosis of K deficiency.
The ability to interpret the K nutritional status in leaves, petioles, or both tissues at numerous reproductive growth stages allows plant K status to be monitored and possibly corrected during the growing season across a range of growth stages.
Frost Dynamics of Sagebrush Steppe Soils
Authors: Roundy Bruce A. , Madsen Matthew D. 
Published: September 2016

Core Ideas
Rangeland restoration seedings may sometimes fail due to frost damage.
Seed coatings could delay seed germination until spring.
Frost dynamics were characterized by soil temperatures on 14 sagebrush steppe sites.
More than 60 frost periods occurred at 2‐cm depth from fall to spring.
Freezing began in late October and ended in March.
Sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) steppe rangelands in the western United States are converting to weedy landscapes after large‐scale wildfires. To restore ecosystem function, perennial grasses, shrubs, and forbs are sown in fall after summer wildfires or in association with mechanical fuel reduction projects. Recent research has indicated that seeds may germinate too soon after fall sowing and seedlings suffer high mortality from frost during the winter. To help determine the length of germination delay needed to avoid seedling frost mortality and to help guide frost‐tolerance experiments, we analyzed fall to spring soil temperatures from 2010 to 2014 on six sagebrush–bunchgrass sites and eight woodland sites where conifers had invaded sagebrush communities. Soil temperatures were measured using thermocouples attached to microloggers, with stations placed in untreated, prescribed burned, and mechanically treated plots. Soil freezing differed with site, year of measurement, and soil depth but was relatively unaffected by fire and mechanical fuel reduction treatments. The 2‐cm depth experienced much more freezing than lower depths (14–29 cm) and had >60 freeze–thaw cycles from late October into late March. Although maximum continuously frozen periods ranged from 11 to 45 d, most frost periods were <1 d long. Additional field and laboratory research is needed to determine the effects of different seed coatings on germination delay and frost dynamics on seedling mortality to best avoid frost mortality.
Infiltration under Confined Air Conditions: Impact of Inclined Soil Surface
Authors: Mizrahi Guy , Furman Alex , Weisbrod Noam 
Published: September 2016

Core Ideas
A non‐flat surface geometry may lead to preferential release of confined air.
There is a clear difference in the air‐pressure dynamics in an inclined soil surface.
The infiltration rate increased for an inclined surface by about 50%.
Entrapped air effects on infiltration under ponding condition are important in many engineered systems such as soil aquifer treatment and managed aquifer recharge. Earlier studies found that under ponding conditions, air is compressed until it reaches a pressure that enables it to be released, typically by intermittent bubbling through the surface. Entrapped air can reduce infiltration by 70 to 90%. Previous studies considered a flat soil surface topography and mostly vertical one‐dimensional flow. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of irregular, inclined surface topography on infiltration, hypothesizing that non‐flat surface geometry may lead to preferential release of the confined air and subsequently increase infiltration. In a series of column experiments, we investigated the infiltration rates of flat and inclined soil surfaces. Our results indicate a clear infiltration rate increase of about 50% for an inclined surface. Further, we observed a clear difference in the air‐pressure dynamics, indicating that under an inclined surface, air is being released continuously, while under flat surface conditions, air is being released intermittently. This behavior is explained by differences in the air‐breaking and air‐closing values across the soil column, while the air pressure is practically uniform beneath the wetting front.
Tax Collector or Tax Avoider? An Investigation of Intergovernmental Agency Conflicts
Authors: Tang Tanya , Mo Phyllis Lai Lan , Chan K. Hung 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
Local governments play dual, but conflicting, roles in China's tax system. That is, they are both tax collectors and controlling shareholders of firms subject to tax payments. We investigate how local governments balance their tax collection and tax avoidance incentives. We find that the conflicts between central and local governments arising from the 2002 tax sharing reform have led to more tax avoidance by local government-controlled firms, particularly when the local government's ownership percentage of the firms is higher than the tax sharing ratio. We also find evidence that the overall level of tax avoidance by local government-controlled firms in a region is positively associated with local fiscal deficits. As a high level of government ownership of corporations and intergovernmental tax sharing are common phenomena in many transitional economies, this study offers valuable insights into how the dual roles played by local governments affect tax policy enforcement in these economies.
JEL Classifications: H26; H71; M40; G38.
Rubber–Road Contact: Comparison of Physics-Based Theory and Indoor Experiments
Authors: Motamedi Mehran , Taheri Saied , Sandu Corina 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

For tire designers, rubber friction is a topic of pronounced practical importance. Thus, development of a rubber–road contact model is of great interest. In this research, to predict the effectiveness of the tread compound in a tire as it interacts with the pavement, the physics-based multiscale rubber-friction theories developed by B. Persson and M. Klüppel were studied. The strengths of each method were identified and incorporated into a consolidated model that is more comprehensive and proficient than any single, existing, physics-based approach. In the present work, the friction coefficient was estimated for a summer tire tread compound sliding on sandpaper. The inputs to the model were the fractal properties of the rough surface and the dynamic viscoelastic modulus of rubber. The sandpaper-surface profile was measured accurately using an optical profilometer. Two-dimensional parameterization was performed using one-dimensional profile measurements. The tire tread compound was characterized via dynamic mechanical analysis. To validate the friction model, a laboratory-based, rubber-friction test that could measure the friction between a rubber sample and any arbitrary rough surface was designed and built. The apparatus consisted of a turntable, which can have the surface characteristics of choice, and a rubber wheel in contact with the turntable. The wheel speed, as well as the turntable speed, could be controlled precisely to generate the arbitrary values of longitudinal slip at which the dynamic coefficient of friction was measured. The correlation between the simulation and the experimental results was investigated.
ON THE CONNECTION BETWEEN PROPAGATING SOLAR CORONAL DISTURBANCES AND CHROMOSPHERIC FOOTPOINTS
Authors: Bryans P. , McIntosh S. W. , Moortel I. De , Pontieu B. De 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
The Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) provides an unparalleled opportunity to explore the (thermal) interface between the chromosphere, transition region, and the coronal plasma observed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) of the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). The SDO/AIA observations of coronal loop footpoints show strong recurring upward propagating signals—“propagating coronal disturbances” (PCDs) with apparent speeds of the order of 100–120 km s−1. That signal has a clear signature in the slit-jaw images of IRIS in addition to identifiable spectral signatures and diagnostics in the Mg iih (2803 Å) line. In analyzing the Mg iih line, we are able to observe the presence of magnetoacoustic shock waves that are also present in the vicinity of the coronal loop footpoints. We see there is enough of a correspondence between the shock propagation in Mg iih, the evolution of the Si iv line profiles, and the PCD evolution to indicate that these waves are an important ingredient for PCDs. In addition, the strong flows in the jet-like features in the IRIS Si iv slit-jaw images are also associated with PCDs, such that waves and flows both appear to be contributing to the signals observed at the footpoints of PCDs.
Assessing the benefit of snow data assimilation for runoff modeling in Alpine catchments
Authors: Griessinger Nena , Seibert Jan , Magnusson Jan , Jonas Tobias 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. In Alpine catchments, snowmelt is often a major contribution to runoff. Therefore, modeling snow processes is important when concerned with flood or drought forecasting, reservoir operation and inland waterway management. In this study, we address the question of how sensitive hydrological models are to the representation of snow cover dynamics and whether the performance of a hydrological model can be enhanced by integrating data from a dedicated external snow monitoring system. As a framework for our tests we have used the hydrological model HBV (Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning) in the version HBV-light, which has been applied in many hydrological studies and is also in use for operational purposes. While HBV originally follows a temperature-index approach with time-invariant calibrated degree-day factors to represent snowmelt, in this study the HBV model was modified to use snowmelt time series from an external and spatially distributed snow model as model input. The external snow model integrates three-dimensional sequential assimilation of snow monitoring data with a snowmelt model, which is also based on the temperature-index approach but uses a time-variant degree-day factor. The following three variations of this external snow model were applied: (a) the full model with assimilation of observational snow data from a dense monitoring network, (b) the same snow model but with data assimilation switched off and (c) a downgraded version of the same snow model representing snowmelt with a time-invariant degree-day factor. Model runs were conducted for 20 catchments at different elevations within Switzerland for 15 years. Our results show that at low and mid-elevations the performance of the runoff simulations did not vary considerably with the snow model version chosen. At higher elevations, however, best performance in terms of simulated runoff was obtained when using the snowmelt time series from the snow model, which utilized data assimilation. This was especially true for snow-rich years. These findings suggest that with increasing elevation and the correspondingly increased contribution of snowmelt to runoff, the accurate estimation of snow water equivalent (SWE) and snowmelt rates has gained importance.
Corpos-ouvidos destes tempos: implante coclear na mídia
Authors: Medeiros Daniela , Schwengber Maria Simone Vione 
Published: September 2016

Resumo Este artigo apresenta uma reflexão sobre as relações entre mídia e a fabricação dos sujeitos surdos. Do conjunto de materiais, recortamos do Programa Fantástico especificamente o quadro sobre saúde, na reportagem intitulada “Crianças que nasceram surdas escutam pela primeira vez”. Tornamos a mídia um campo social a partir das ferramentas teóricas foucaultianas – discursos e sujeitos – analisando textos e imagens, extraindo deles seus enunciados e os regimes de verdade que produzem, de forma minuciosa, com regularidade e suposta legitimidade, um padrão social de referência e correção por meio do implante coclear – corpos-sujeitos-ouvidos – desejável. Ainda é possível perceber a invisibilização da língua de sinais e a produção de discursos que tratam a surdez como uma deficiência, localizada em um lugar de possível correção pelo implante coclear Abstract This article presents a reflection about the relations between the media and the fabrication of deaf citizens. The set of materials, we cut of the program “Fantastic” specifically the presentment of health, story titled "Children that was born deaf hear for the first time". We make the media a social field from Foucault's theoretical tools – speeches and subjects – analyzing texts and images, extracting them their statements and the truth regimes that produce, in detail, on a regular and supposed legitimacy, a social pattern and correction by means of cochlear implants – body-subject-ears – desirable. It is still possible notice the invisibilization of sign language and the production of speeches that treat deafness as a disability, located in a place of possible correction by the cochlear implant.