bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
METODE INTERAKSI PARENTING: UPAYA MENGOPTIMALKAN PENDIDIKAN SISWA SEJAK DINI
Authors: Rifai Moh 
Published: December 2017

<p>Parents are obliged to take care of their children’s future, especially by rendering sufficient education. Children are believed to bring about happiness every now and then, who generate family’s pride up to the almighty judication. Some people are save and some are not in that court, where children will give sigificant contribution in it. That’s why the children’s well being has become the parents obligation. To bring about children’s well being, parents should also render the good treatments during the life cycle of their children. The main duties of parents for their children are giving them the good names, sending them to the good schools where they can learn religion, and marry them to their good spouses. Psychologically, when children are sent to school for the first time, they will feel that they are put apart from parents’ care, so that may of them have to go difficult phase of adjustment. The adjustment includes that of education so as to run as naturally as possible. To get the naturality of the education delegation, teachers and educators are obliged to be able to nurture any value to students as naturally as possible. Parenting model of teaching serves the requirements of teaching children just the way the parrents do, so that it is assumptively effective in teaching elementary students by taking consideration on the psychologial aspect of children.</p><p> </p><p>Key words: Parenting Model of teaching, children education optimalization</p>
Pengaruh Pendekatan Cooperative Learning Tipe (TPS) Think, Pair, and Share Terhadap Hasil Belajar PKn di Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Ramadhani Sulistyani Puteri 
Published: December 2017

<p>Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan <em>pendekatan cooperative learning tipe</em> <em>think, pair, and share</em> terhadap hasil belajar PKn pada siswa kelas V sekolah dasar. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di SDN Kebon Baru 10 Pagi dengan sampel penelitian siswa kelas V pada semester II tahun pelajaran 2016-2017. Sampel penelitian menggunakan teknik <em>Simple Random Sampling</em>. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan menggunakan lembar tes yang dilakukan setelah materi pembelajaran diberikan lembar tes untuk mengetahui hasil belajar PKn siswa, yang sebelumnya telah dilakukan pengujian validitas dan reliabilitas dengan justifikasi ahli dan dianalisis dengan uji normalitas dan uji homogenitas baik kelas kontrol maupun kelas eksperimen. Hasil pengujian normalitas menunjukan bahwa kedua kelas berdistribusi normal. Hasil pengujian homogenitas menunjukan bahwa kedua kelas tersebut homogen. Setelah dilakukan uji persyaratan analisis, maka dilakukan uji hipotesis dengan perhitungan uji-t. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan uji-t maka hipotesis nol (H<sub>o</sub>) ditolak dan hipotesis kerja (H<sub>1</sub>) diterima. Dari perhitungan tersebut maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan pendekatan <em>cooperative learning tipe think, pair, and share</em><em> </em>berpengaruh signifikan terhadap hasil belajar PKn pada siswa kelas V sekolah dasar. Implikasi hasil penelitian ini adalah penggunaan pendekatan <em>cooperative learning tipe think, pair, and share</em> pada pembelajaran PKn dapat diterapkan guru agar dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa.</p>
PENGARUH GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN D DAN SUPERVISI AKADEMIK TERHADAP MOTIVASI KERJA GURU MADRASAH TSANAWIYAH SWASTA KABUPATEN PATI
Authors: Panatagama Teguh , Nurkolis Nurkolis , Akmal Akmal 
Published: December 2017

The purpose of this study are: (1) to determine the influence of principal’s democratic leadership style towards work motivation teacher (2) to determine the influence of academic supervision towards work motivation teacher (3) to determine the influence of principal’s democratic leadership style and principal’s supervision academic towards work motivation of private MTs’s teacher in sub-district Margoyoso Pati Regency.The population in this research are all teachers of private MTs in sub-district Margoyoso Pati Regency they are 186 peoples, with a sample of 110 peoples by using proportional random sampling technique. Data collection method were used a questionnaire. The analysis of the data was used descriptive analysis, test requirements and test hypotheses include simple linear regression used SPSS for Window.The results of this research is the average acquisition score of work motivation of teacher 134,51 categorized medium category, the average acquisition score of principal’s democratic leadership style 110,35 categorized democratic enough category, and the average acquisition score of principal’s supervision academic 114,26 categorized good enough category. The test results of the research data are obtained prerequisite normal distribution of data, homogeneous, linear, and not multikolinier. The hypothesis tests are found: (1) there is a positive influence principal’s democratic leadership style to work motivation of teacher that is expressed by the equation Y = –2,783 + 1,244X1; the strength of correlation is 0,808 with a contribution about 0,653 or 65,3%, (2) there is a positive influence in principal’s supervision academic to work motivation of teacher that is expressed by the equation Y = –2,292 + 1,197X2; the strength of correlation is 0,809 with a contribution about 0,654 or 65,4% and (3) there is a positive influence on principal’s democratic leadership style and principal’s supervision academic together towards work motivation of teacher expressed by the equation Y = –15,376 + 0,680X1 + 0,658X2; the strength of correlation is 0,846 with a contribution about 0,716 or 71,6%.
PENGARUH PERAN KEPALA SEKOLAH DAN IKLIM SEKOLAH TERHADAP DISIPLIN GURU SMP NEGERI KABUPATEN JEPARA
Authors: Yuniati Yuniati , Yuliejantiningsih Yovitha , Adbdullah Ghufron 
Published: December 2017

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh peran kepala sekolah terhadap disiplin guru (2) mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh iklim sekolah terhadap disiplin guru dan (3) mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh secara bersama-sama peran kepala sekolah dan iklim sekolah terhadap Disiplin Guru SMP Negeri di Sub Rayon 02 Pecangaan Kabupaten Jepara.Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh guru Guru SMP Negeri di Sub Rayon 02 Pecangaan Kabupaten Jepara yang berjumlah 360 orang. Sampel sebanyak 186 orang ditetapkan dengan proportional random sampling. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner. Analisis deskriptif, uji validitas, reliabilitas, uji normalitas data, lineritas dan uji regresi linier sederhana dan regresi ganda menggunakan program SPSS for Window Release 16.Hasil penelitian diperoleh: (1) terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan peran kepala sekolah terhadap disiplin guru yang dinyatakan dengan persamaan Y = 59,726 + 0,584 X1, kekuatan korelasi sebesar 0,810 dengan kontribusi sebesar 0,657 atau 65,7%, (2) Terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan iklim sekolah terhadap disiplin guru yang dinyatakan dengan persamaan Y = 20,235 + 0,850 X2, kekuatan korelasi sebesar 0,743 dengan kontribusi sebesar 0,552 atau 55,2%, dan (3) Terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan peran kepala sekolah dan iklim sekolah secara bersama-sama terhadap disiplin guru yang dinyatakan dengan persamaan Y = 23,744 + 0,412 X1 + 0,467 X2, kekuatan korelasi sebesar 0,875 dengan kontribusi sebesar 0,766 atau 76,6%.
HUBUNGAN PERAN KEPALA SEKOLAH DAN IKLIM SEKOLAH DENGAN PROFESIONALIME GURU SEKOLAH DASAR NEGERI DI KABUPATEN JEPARA
Authors: Triyono Agus , Nurkolis Nurkolis , Rasiman Rasiman 
Published: December 2017

Tujuan penelitian ini: 1) mengetahui ada hubungan yang signifikan antara Peran Kepala Sekolah dengan profesionalitas guru di Sekolah Dasar Negeri di Kecamatan Jepara, 2) mengetahui ada hubungan yang signifikan antara iklim sekolah dengan profesionalitas guru di Sekolah Dasar Negeri di Kecamatan Jepara, 3) mengetahui ada hubungan yang signifikan secara bersama – sama antara peran kepala sekolah dan iklim sekolah dengan profesionalitas guru pada Sekolah Dasar Negeri Kecamatan Jepara.Popu;lasi penelitian adalah 220 guru Sekolah Dasar Negeri yang tersebar di Kecamatan Jepara Kabupaten Jepara . Sampel sebanyak 146 guru ditetapkan dengan rumus Slovin dan dipilih dengan teknik proporsional random sampling. Uji validitas, reliabilitas data, dan uji regersi menguunakan SPSS.Hasil penelitian ini adalah: 1) terdapat hubungan yang positif dan signifikan antara peran kepala sekolah dengan profesionalisme guru dengan konstribusi sebesar 51%, 2) terdapat hubungan positif dan signifikan antara iklim sekolah dengan profesionalisme guru dengan konstribusi sebesar 56,9%, 3) terdapat hubungan positif dan signifikan secara bersama-sama antara peran kepala sekolah dengan profesionalisme guru sebesar 63,2%.Berdasarkan hasil uji hipotesis dan analisis data, disimpulkan bahwa peran kepala sekolah dan iklim sekolah secara parsial maupun bersama-sama terdapat hubungan secara positif dan signifikan dengan profesionalitas guru.
MANAJEMEN KURIKULUM PADA DANIEL CREATIVE SCHOOL SEMARANG
Authors: Trisna P Febe Dian , Sunandar Sunandar , Yuliejantiningsih Yovitha 
Published: December 2017

Penelitian ini dilakukan di Daniel Creative School Elementary di kota Semarang. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif yang menggunakan pendekatan studi kasus. Fokus penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui: (1) perencanaan kurikulum (2) pengorganisasian kurikulum, (3) pelaksanaan kurikulum, dan(4) pengawasan dan evaluasi kurikulum. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah metode wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Data yang terkumpul kemudian di analisis secara deskriptif melalui reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulanHasil dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) yayasan membentuk timResearch and Development sebagai tim pembuat materikurikulum, (2) kurikulum yang digunakan oleh Daniel Creative School merujuk pada Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan, yang membedakan kurikulum yang digunakan diadaptasi dalam bahasa Inggris, (3) guru sebagai komponen penting dalam pelaksanaan kurikulum berusaha berpikir kreatif dan inovatif dalam mengembangkan bahan ajar dan memenuhi tujuan kurikulum, dan (4) guru memiliki metode yang berbeda dalam mengevaluasi hasil belajar siswa sesuai dengan kemampuan dan perkembangan siswa.Beberapa saran yang sebaiknya dilakukan oleh sekolah yaitu: (1) guru sebagai komponen utama dalam pencapaian kurikulum hendaknya membuat rencana pembelajaran dan mengembangkan materi yang ada sesuai dengan tujuan yang akan dicapai, (2) kepala sekolah membagi tugas mengajar sesuai dengan kemampuan guru sehingga proses belajar mengajar berjalan dengan maksimal, dan (3) melakukan supervisi secara teratur.
PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN KEPALA SEKOLAH DAN IKLIM SEKOLAH TERHADAP EFEKTIVITAS SEKOLAH DASAR DI KECAMATAN SLAWI
Authors: Karyawati Suhesti , Abdullah Ghufron , Nyoman M Ngurah Ayu 
Published: December 2017

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran dan menganalisis pengaruh kepemimpinan visioner kepala sekolah terhadap efektivitas sekolah di sekolah dasar negeri Kecamatan Slawi, mengetahui gambaran dan menganalisis pengaruh iklim sekolah terhadap efektivitas sekolah di sekolah dasar negeri Kecamatan Slawi, dan mengetahui gambaran dan menganalisis pengaruh kepemimpinan visioner kepala sekolah dan iklim sekolah terhadap efektivitas sekolah di sekolah dasar negeri Kecamatan Slawi.Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kuesioner. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif, uji persyaratan dan uji hipotesis. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh guru sekolah dasar negeri di Kecamatan Slawi yang berjumlah 231 orang. Pengambilan sampel dengan teknik simple random sampling sebanyak 147 guru dari 37 SD Negeri. Hasil uji prasyarat dari data penelitian diperoleh data berdistribusi normal, linier, tidak multikolinier.Hasil penelitian diperoleh (1) terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan kepemimpinan visioner kepala sekolah terhadap efektivitas sekolah, (2) terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan iklim sekolah terhadap efektivitas sekolah, dan (3) terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan kepemimpinan visioner kepala sekolah dan iklim sekolah secara bersama-sama terhadap efektivitas sekolah
PENGARUH MOTIVASI KERJA DAN BUDAYA SEKOLAH TERHADAP KEPUASAN KERJA GURU SMK NEGERI DI KABUPATEN JEPARA
Authors: Purwandono Purwandono , Suwandi Suwandi , Nyoman M Ngurah Ayu 
Published: December 2017

Permasalahan utama penelitian ini adalah motivasi kerja, budaya sekolah dan kepuasan kerja guru SMK Negeri di Kabupaten Jepara, Tujuan penelitian ini (1) mengetahui pengaruh motivasi kerja terhadap kepuasan kerja guru (2) mengetahui pengaruh budaya sekolah terhadap kepuasan kerja guru (3) mengetahui pengaruh motivasi kerja dan budaya sekolah terhadap kepuasan kerja guru SMK Negeri di Kabupaten Jepara.Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah guru SMK Negeri di Kabupaten Jepara dengan jumlah 415 orang. Sampel penelitian adalah 81 orang guru. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik proportional random sampling. Uji validitas dan reliabilitas, uji normalitas, uji linearitas, uji regresi tunggal dan regresi ganda menggunakan SPSS.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 1) terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan motivasi kerja terhadap kepuasan kerja guru sebesar 25,1%, sisanya sebesar 74,9% dipengaruh oleh faktor lain. 2) terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan budaya sekolah terhadap kepuasan kerja guru sebesar 16,6%, sisanya sebesar 83,4% dipengaruh oleh faktor lain. 3) terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan motivasi kerja dan budaya sekolah terhadap kepuasan kerja guru SMK di kabupaten Jepara sebesar 33,3%, sisanya sebesar 66,7% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain.Saran dari penulis agar kepala SMK Negeri di Kabupaten Jepara menyusun program pembinaan terhadap guru secara terpadu untuk meningkatkan motivasi kerja dan budaya sekolah yang baik sehingga kepuasan kerja guru akan meningkat.
PENGARUH GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN DAN IKLIM SEKOLAH TERHADAP KEDISIPLINAN GURU SD NEGERI DI KECAMATAN WARUNGASEM KABUPATEN BATANG
Authors: Sa'adah Naelatus , Sudharto Sudharto , Adbdullah Ghufron 
Published: December 2017

Permasalah utama pada penelitian ini adalah tentang kedisiplinan guru SD Negeri baik kedisplinan dalam kegiatan pembelajaran maupun meningkatkan pengembangan diri sesuai pfoseinya sebagai pendidik. Kemudian bagaiman hubungan kesiplinan guru dan iklim sekolah yang ada dan kepemimpinan kepala sekolah.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) untuk mengetahui pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan terhadap kedisiplinan guru (2) untuk mengetahui pengaruh iklim sekolah terhadap kedisiplinan guru (3) untuk mengetahui pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan dan iklim sekolah secara bersama-sama terhadap kedisiplinan guru SD Negeri di Kecamatan Warungasem Kabupaten Batang.Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah guru sebanyak 142 orang yang tersebar pada 23 SD Negeri di Kecamatan Warungasem Kabupaten Batang. Sampel sebanyak 59 guru ditetapkan dengan teknik proporsional random sampling. Pengumpulan data menggunakan angket. Uji validitas dan reliabilitas, uji normalitas data, uji linearitas, uji regresi tunggal dan regresi ganda menggunakan program SPSS Versi 16.0.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan terhadap kedisiplinan guru sebesar 52,9%. (2) terdapat pengaruh iklim sekolah terhadap kedisiplinan guru sebesar 34%. (3) terdapat pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan dan iklim sekolah secara bersama-sama terhadap kedisiplinan guru SD Negeri di Kecamatan Warungasem Kabupaten Batang sebesar 61,7% sisanya sebesar 38,3% kedisiplinan guru dipengaruhi variabel lain diluar penelitian ini.
Investigation on the behavior of rigid polyvinylchloride pipes subjected to uniaxial compression loads
Authors: Alhamati Abdullah Ali Nasser , Ghazali Abdul Halim , Norzaie Jamalodin 
Published: December 2017

The objective of this research was to investigate the capability of rigid Polyvinylchloride (PVC-U) pipes to sustain axial loads. The behavior of PVC-U pipes specimens subjected to short-term uniaxial compression loads were experimentally investigated. Results of the load-displacement tests on pipes of different wall thickness, diameter, and specimen heights were recorded. The experimental test results show that the PVC-U pipes are capable of supporting loads greater than the required design load (3.4 kN). Increasing the pipe specimen height decreases the pipe strength for supporting the axial loads. Euler buckling was observed in the pipe specimens with small diameter and long axial height. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to utilize the ANSYS finite element commercial package to model the pipe system using eight noded brick element and the results were compared with those obtained from the experimental tests. Good agreement was found between the two sets of results, within the elastic range of the load-displacement curve.
Study on the osmotic pre-treatment and infrared radiation on drying kinetics and colour changes during drying of agricultural products
Authors: Chou, S. K. , Chua, K. J. , Mujumdar A. S. , Tan, and M. , Tan S. L. 
Published: December 2017

A combination of intermittent infrared and continuous convection heating was used to dehydrate various osmotically pretreated sample of potato (in solutions of 10%, 20% and 30% NaCl) and pineapple (in solutions of 30%, 50%, 70% Brix). In one set of runs, the infrared source was turned on and off sequentially according to a predetermined time schedule. In the other set, a thermocouple located on the surface of the drying slice exposed to the radiant heat flux measured the temperature continuously and cut off the infrared source automatically when the surface temperature reached 36 to 45°C. The effect of osmotic-IR conditions on colour changes of potato, pineapple and apple was investigated. With appropriate choice of infrared intermittency as well as osmotic pretreatment, it is possible to reduce the overall colour change while maintaining high drying rates. Results from the temperature feedback system indicated no measurable colour degradation occurred despite faster drying kinetics, reduction in drying times and minimisation in product shrinkage.
Spectrophotometric method for hg(ii) determination in aqueous environment using zinc-dithizonate complex
Authors: Ahmad, Musa Ahmad , Marsom Elya Sufliza , Hamzah Harun 
Published: December 2017

This article described the use of zinc-dithizonate for spectrophotometric determination of Hg(II) in aqueous environment. Zinc dithizonate was found to react selectively with Hg(II) to give a reddish yellow complex with optimum absorbance at pH 1.0. This complex was found to be useful for spectrophotometric determination of aqueous Hg(II) in the concentration range of 1.0 - 12.0 ppm. This method was also found to be reproducible with calculated relative standard deviation, RSD of 1.08%. At 1:1 mole ratio, interfering ions such as CH COO·, Pb2+ and Ag+ were found to interfere at degree 3 of interference of more than 10.0%.
NEW UPPER AND LOWER BOUNDS LINE OF SIGHT PATH LOSS MODELS FOR MOBILE PROPAGATION IN BUILDINGS
Authors: Phaiboon Supachai , Phokharatkul P. , Somkuarnpanit Suripon 
Published: December 2017

This paper proposes a method to predict line-of-sight (LOS) path loss in buildings. We performed measurements in two different type of buildings at a frequency of 1.8 GHz and propose new upper and lower bounds path loss models which depend on max and min values of sample path loss data. This makes our models limit path loss within the boundary lines. The models include time-variant effects such as people moving and cars in parking areas with their influence on wave propagation that is very high. The results have shown that the proposed models will be useful for the system and cell design of indoor wireless communication systems.
EFFECTS OF Sr SUBSTITUTION ON CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE AND RAMAN SPECTRA OF La2-xSrxNiO4+δ
Authors: Thanh Tran Dang , Hong Le Van 
Published: December 2017

Effects of Sr2+ substitution for La3+ on oxygen concentration and structure of La2-xSrxNiO4+δ have been observed by X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering. Oxygen concentration and unit cell volume of the material decrease monotonously in dependence of x. The vibration modes were calculated for La2NiO4 in K2NiF4 type structure with the group symmetry of I4/mmm. The Raman active modes for this symmetry were also theoretically identified. Raman back scattering spectra have been carried out for all the ceramic polycrystalline samples at room temperature. Two Raman lines at 224.6 cm-1 and 433 cm-1 , assigned to Eg and A1g vibration modes of oxygen O(II) in bonding La/Sr-O were observed for all the samples. The lower mode 224.6 cm-1 shifts down to 208 cm-1 , whereas the upper mode 433 cm-1 shifts up when concentration of the Sr substituting for La increases.
Characteristics of unsupported alumina membrane prepared using sol-gel technique
Authors: Othman, M.R. , Ahmad A.L. , Mukhtar H. 
Published: December 2017

A laboratory scale alumina membrane was prepared using sol-gel technique. Results from the experiment demonstrate that the addition of PVA is important for viscosity adjustment to determine the appropriate coating time if the membrane is required for coating on the porous support. The effects of varying PVA content and sintering temperature on the characteristics of the sintered membrane are discussed. In this work, a 2 volume % of PVA solution containing 4g of PVA in lOOml of water was discovered to be adequate to achieve appropriate porosity level and avoid cracks in the gel layer. It was also discovered that the sol viscosity essentially increased as the PVA addition was increased. On the contrary, the coating time decreased as PVA content in the sol was increased. Generally, the pore size of the membrane increased with the increase in PVA addition. The density of the membrane increased with increase in sintering temperature. The porosity level however, decreased as the temperature was increased. The pore size became greater and pore size distribution wider at higher sintering temperatures.
A METHOD BUILD FUZZY ASSOCIATE MEMORY FOR FUZZY CONTROL PROBLEMS
Authors: Thanh Ha Pham , Cat Ho Nguyen , Nhu Lan Vu 
Published: December 2017

Building fuzzy associate memory accordance with control problems has great meaning for control methods In this paper we propose a method, that build fuzzy associate memory for control problem based on optimal trajectory of control problem, the method developed by theory hedge algebras and genetic algorithm.
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF AGAR EXTRACTED FROM SIX RED SEAWEED SPECIES GROWING IN THE COAST OF VIETNAM
Authors: Van Tran Thi Thanh , Ly Bui Minh , Buu Ngo Quoc , Kinh Chu Dinh 
Published: December 2017

Polysaccharides extracted from six red seaweed species growing in Vietnam have been studied. Characterisation of their structure by chemical and spectroscopic methods showed that all of them have a basic repeating structure of alternating 3-linked b-D-galactopyranosyl and 4-linked 3,6-anhydro a-L-galactopyranosyl units with substituted methyl ether groups. The native agar offers only weak gelling abilities owing to the 4-linked a-L-galactopyranosyl 6-sulfate as its precursor. Conversion of this unit into the corresponding 3,6-anhydride by treating with hot alkali generally led to gel strength increasing. The agars from G. fisheri and G. firma are poorly substituted, while those from G.asiatica, G.tenustipitata and G. heteroclada are partly methylated on position 6 of the 3-linked b-D- galactose. Agar from Gelidiella acerosa is partlly methylated on both positions 6 and 2 of the 4linked 3,6-anhydro a-L-galactose. The alkali- modified agars have been obtained in acceptable quantities with gel strength of 300932 g/cm2. The obtained results showed that all the six algal species are suitable as raw material for commercial agar production and worthy of further cultivation