bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral candidiasis following steroid therapy for oral lichen planus
Authors: Marable DR , Bowers LM , Stout TL , Stewart CM , Berg KM , Sankar V , DeRossi SS , Thoppay JR , Brennan MT 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesThe purpose of this multicentre study was to determine the incidence of oral candidiasis in patients treated with topical steroids for oral lichen planus (OLP) and to determine whether the application of a concurrent antifungal therapy prevented the development of an oral candidiasis in these patients.Materials and MethodsRecords of 315 patients with OLP seen at four Oral Medicine practices treated for at least 2 weeks with steroids with and without the use of an antifungal regimen were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsThe overall incidence of oral fungal infection in those treated with steroid therapy for OLP was 13.6%. There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of oral candidiasis development in those treated with an antifungal regimen vs those not treated prophylactically (14.3% vs 12.6%) (P = 0.68).ConclusionsDespite the use of various regimens, none of the preventive antifungal strategies used in this study resulted in a significant difference in the rate of development of an oral candidiasis in patients with OLP treated with steroids.
Decrease in B‐Type Natriuretic Peptide Levels and Successful Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Heart Failure
Authors: YANAGISAWA SATOSHI , INDEN YASUYA , KATO HIROYUKI , FUJII AYA , MIZUTANI YOSHIAKI , ITO TADAHIRO , KAMIKUBO YOSUKE , KANZAKI YASUNORI , HIRAI MAKOTO , MUROHARA TOYOAKI 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundLittle is known about the association between B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels and catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with heart failure. This study aimed to examine the impact of elimination of AF by catheter ablation on BNP levels in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction.MethodsFifty‐four AF patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 50%, who underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation therapy of AF, were included. BNP sampling was performed at baseline, 3 days, and 1 month after ablation.ResultsAfter a follow‐up period of 6 months, the BNP levels decreased significantly in the nonrecurrence group (n = 35; median 126.3 [interquartile 57.2–206.5] pg/mL, 63.5 [23.9–180.2] pg/mL, and 45.9 [21.9–160.3] pg/mL, P < 0.001, respectively), but not in the recurrence group (n = 19; 144.7 [87.1–217.3] pg/mL, 88.8 [12.9–213.2] pg/mL, and 118.5 [51.6–298.2] pg/mL, P = 0.368, respectively). The patients in the nonrecurrence group had a higher percentage relative reduction in BNP levels from baseline to 1 month after ablation than those in the recurrence group (56.5 [−9.0–77.4]% vs −2.4 [−47.1–60.9]%, P = 0.027). Additionally, a relative reduction in BNP levels significantly correlated with an increase in LVEF after ablation (r = 0.486, P < 0.001).ConclusionsPlasma BNP levels decreased significantly with successful catheter ablation of AF in patients with impaired LVEF. The decrease in BNP levels might be associated with early recovery of cardiac function and subsequent maintenance of sinus rhythm at follow‐up.
Social Development Quartet: Emotion Socialization in the Context of Psychopathology and Risk
Authors: Lemerise Elizabeth A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAn introduction is provided to this Social Development Quartet in which the articles focus on parent emotion socialization in the context of psychopathology and risk. In two articles, the samples of children and/or adolescents have a psychiatric diagnosis [oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) or depressive disorder]. The other two articles feature samples in which children and families have experienced serious risks [exposure to inter‐parental violence (IPV) or maternal incarceration]. The articles in this Social Development Quartet extend our knowledge of the impact of parental emotion socialization practices to contexts in which children and parents experience higher than normative risks. The work reported in these articles builds upon research on emotion socialization in normative contexts, illustrating the buffering effects of supportive parenting as well as its limits.
Description of a novel HLA‐DQB1 allele, HLA‐DQB1*06:126, in the Saudi stem cell donor registry
Authors: Fakhoury H. A. , Alzahrani M. , Alaskar A. S. , Hajeer A. H. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractHLA‐DQB1*06:126 differs from HLA‐DQB1*06:02:01 by a nonsynonymous C to T substitution at nucleotide position 1621 in Exon 2.
In Vitro
Effects of Polyphosphate against Prevotella intermedia in Planktonic Phase and Biofilm
Authors: Jang Eun-Young , Kim Minjung , Noh Mi Hee , Moon Ji-Hoi , Lee Jin-Yong 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT

Polyphosphate (polyP) has gained a wide interest in the food industry due to its potential as a decontaminating agent. In this study, we examined the effect of sodium tripolyphosphate (polyP3; Na
5
P
3
O
10
) against planktonic and biofilm cells of
Prevotella intermedia
, a major oral pathogen. The MIC of polyP3 against
P. intermedia
ATCC 49046 determined by agar dilution method was 0.075%, while 0.05% polyP3 was bactericidal against
P. intermedia
in time-kill analysis performed using liquid medium. A crystal violet binding assay for the assessment of biofilm formation by
P. intermedia
showed that sub-MICs of polyP3 significantly decreased biofilm formation. Under the scanning electron microscope, decreased numbers of
P. intermedia
cells forming the biofilms were observed when the bacterial cells were incubated with 0.025% or higher concentrations of polyP3. Assessment of biofilm viability with LIVE/DEAD staining and viable cell count methods showed that 0.05% or higher concentrations of polyP3 significantly decreased the viability of the preformed biofilms in a concentration-dependent manner. The zone sizes of alpha-hemolysis formed on horse blood agar produced by
P. intermedia
were decreased in the presence of polyP3. The expression of the genes encoding hemolysins and the genes of the hemin uptake (
hmu
) locus was downregulated by polyP3. Collectively, our results show that polyP is an effective antimicrobial agent against
P. intermedia
in biofilms as well as planktonic phase, interfering with the process of hemin acquisition by the bacterium.
Drug-Drug Interactions between Sofosbuvir and Ombitasvir-Paritaprevir-Ritonavir with or without Dasabuvir
Authors: King Jennifer R. , Dutta Sandeep , Cohen Daniel , Podsadecki Thomas J. , Ding Bifeng , Awni Walid M. , Menon Rajeev M. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT
The combination of ombitasvir (an NS5A inhibitor), paritaprevir (an NS3/4A inhibitor) coadministered with ritonavir (r), and dasabuvir (an NS5B nonnucleoside polymerase inhibitor), referred to as the 3D regimen, and the combination of ombitasvir-paritaprevir-r, referred to as the 2D regimen, have demonstrated high efficacy with and without ribavirin in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected subjects. These regimens have potential for coadministration with sofosbuvir (nucleoside NS5B inhibitor) in the treatment of HCV. This phase 1, drug-drug interaction, open-label, multiple-dose study enrolled 32 healthy subjects to receive the 3D or 2D regimen in combination with sofosbuvir. Doses of study drugs were as follows: ombitasvir-paritaprevir-r, 25/150/100 mg daily (QD); dasabuvir, 250 mg twice daily (BID); and sofosbuvir, 400 mg QD. Blood samples were collected on study days 7, 14, and 21 for evaluating drug interaction at steady state. The effect of the 3D and 2D regimens on the pharmacokinetics of sofosbuvir and its circulating metabolite GS-331007 and vice versa was assessed by a repeated-measures analysis. Exposures of the 3D and 2D regimens were similar (≤20% change) during coadministration with sofosbuvir and during administration alone. Sofosbuvir exposures were 61% to 112% higher with the 3D regimen and 64% to 93% higher with the 2D regimen than with sofosbuvir alone. GS-331007 total exposures were 27% and 32% higher with the 3D and 2D regimens, respectively, than with sofosbuvir alone. Increases in sofosbuvir and GS-331007 exposures likely resulted from breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and/or P glycoprotein (P-gp) transporter inhibition by paritaprevir and ritonavir. No subjects discontinued the study due to study drug-related adverse events. No dose adjustment is recommended for 3D, 2D, or sofosbuvir in clinical trials exploring the safety and efficacy of the combination. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT02356562 and NCT02292719.)
A Conserved Inhibitory Mechanism of a Lycorine Derivative against Enterovirus and Hepatitis C Virus
Authors: Guo Yu , Wang Yaxin , Cao Lin , Wang Peng , Qing Jie , Zheng Qizhen , Shang Luqing , Yin Zheng , Sun Yuna 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) (
Picornaviridae
family) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) (
Flaviviridae
family) are the causative agents of human hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and hepatitis C, resulting in a severe pandemic involving millions of infections in the Asia-Pacific region and worldwide. The great impact of EV71 and HCV on public health highlights the need to further our understanding of the biology of these two viruses and develop effective therapeutic antivirals. Here, we evaluated a total of 32 lycorine derivatives and demonstrated that 1-acetyllycorine suppressed the proliferation of multiple strains of EV71 in various cells. The results of the drug resistance analysis revealed that 1-acetyllycorine targeted a phenylalanine (F76) in EV71 2A protease (2A
pro
) to stabilize the conformation of a unique zinc finger. Most interestingly, the zinc binding site in EV71 2A
pro
is the exclusive homolog of HCV NS3 among all viruses. Further analysis revealed that 1-acetyllycorine also inhibits HCV with high efficacy, and the mutation on R118 in HCV NS3, which corresponds to F76 in EV71 2A
pro
, confers the resistance of HCV to 1-acetyllycorine. These results revealed a conserved mechanism of 1-acetyllycorine against EV71 and HCV through targeting viral proteases. We also documented the significant synergistic anti-EV71 and anti-HCV effects of 1-acetyllycorine with reported inhibitors, supporting potential combination therapy for the treatment of EV71 and HCV infections.
Multipurpose Prevention Approaches with Antiretroviral-Based Formulations
Authors: Jean-Pierre Ninochka , Barnable Patrick , Kizima Larisa , Rodríguez Aixa , Seidor Samantha , Cooney Michael L. , Clark Meredith R. , Doncel Gustavo F. , Robbiani Melissa , Zydowsky Thomas M. , Teleshova Natalia , Fernández-Romero José A. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT

We compared the preclinical safety and efficacy of tenofovir (TFV) 1% gel with that of MZC gel [containing 50 μM MIV-150, 14 mM Zn(O
2
CCH
3
)
2
(H
2
O)
2
, and 3% carrageenan] through a series of
in vitro
,
ex vivo
, and
in vivo
assays. The two gels showed good antiviral therapeutic indexes (50% cytotoxic concentration/50% effective concentration ratios; range, >25 to 800). MZC showed greater anti-simian-human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase (SHIV-RT) activity than TFV 1% gel in rhesus macaque vaginal explants. MZC protected mice from vaginal herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) challenge (
P
< 0.0001), but the TFV 1% gel did not.
Activity of Fosfomycin against Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Uropathogens in Patients in the Community and Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Linsenmeyer Katherine , Strymish Judith , Weir Susan , Berg Gretchen , Brecher Stephen , Gupta Kalpana 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT

Few oral antibiotics exist for the empirical treatment of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) urinary tract infections (UTI). In this study, we sought to determine the activity of fosfomycin against ESBL-producing uropathogens from patients at 3 Veterans Affairs (VA) facilities between 2010 and 2013. Among the ESBL uropathogens, 19.9% were fosfomycin resistant.
Klebsiella
species were more likely than
Escherichia coli
to be resistant (46% versus 4%;
P
< 0.001). Fosfomycin remains active against a majority of the ESBL uropathogens, although resistance among
Klebsiella
spp. was higher than that in previous reports.
ALL2
, a Homologue of
ALL1
, Has a Distinct Role in Regulating pH Homeostasis in the Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Jain Neena , Bouklas Tejas , Gupta Anjali , Varshney Avanish K. , Orner Erika P. , Fries Bettina C. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT

Cryptococcus neoformans
is a facultative intracellular fungal pathogen that has a polysaccharide capsule and causes life-threatening meningoencephalitis. Its capsule, as well as its ability to survive in the acidic environment of the phagolysosome, contributes to the pathogen's resilience in the host environment. Previously, we reported that downregulation of allergen 1 (
ALL1
) results in the secretion of a shorter, more viscous exopolysaccharide with less branching and structural complexity, as well as altered iron homeostasis. Now, we report on a homologous coregulated gene, allergen 2 (
ALL2
).
ALL2
's function was characterized by generating null mutants in
C. neoformans
. In contrast to
ALL1
, loss of
ALL2
attenuated virulence in the pulmonary infection model. The
all2
Δ mutant shed a less viscous exopolysaccharide and exhibited higher sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide than the wild type, and as a result, the
all2
Δ mutant was more resistant to macrophage-mediated killing. Transcriptome analysis further supported the distinct function of these two genes. Unlike
ALL1
's involvement in iron homeostasis, we now present data on
ALL2
's unique function in maintaining intracellular pH in low-pH conditions. Thus, our data highlight that
C. neoformans
, a human-pathogenic basidiomycete, has evolved a unique set of virulence-associated genes that contributes to its resilience in the human niche.
Diagnosing Potentially Preventable Hospitalisations (DaPPHne): protocol for a mixed-methods data-linkage study
Authors: Passey Megan E , Longman Jo M , Johnston Jennifer J , Jorm Louisa , Ewald Dan , Morgan Geoff G , Rolfe Margaret , Chalker Bronwyn 
Published: November 2015

IntroductionRates of potentially preventable hospitalisations (PPH) are used as a proxy measure of effectiveness of, or access to community-based health services. The validity of PPH as an indicator in Australia has not been confirmed. Available evidence suggests that patient-related, clinician-related and systems-related factors are associated with PPH, with differences between rural and metropolitan settings. Furthermore, the proportion of PPHs which are actually preventable is unknown. The Diagnosing Potentially Preventable Hospitalisations study will determine the proportion of PPHs for chronic conditions that are deemed preventable and identify potentially modifiable factors driving these, in order to develop effective interventions to reduce admissions and improve measures of health system performance.Methods and analysisThis mixed methods data linkage study of approximately 1000 eligible patients with chronic PPH admissions to one metropolitan and two regional hospitals over 12 months will combine data from multiple sources to assess the: extent of preventability of chronic PPH admissions; validity of the Preventability Assessment Tool (PAT) in identifying preventable admissions; factors contributing to chronic PPH admissions. Data collected from patients (quantitative and qualitative methods), their general practitioners, hospital clinicians and hospital records, will be linked with routinely collected New South Wales (NSW) Admitted Patient Data Collection, the NSW Registry of Births, Death and Marriages death registration and Australian Bureau of Statistics mortality data. The validity of the PAT will be assessed by determining concordance between clinician assessment and that of a ‘gold standard’ panel. Multivariable logistic regression will identify the main predictor variables of admissions deemed preventable, using study-specific and linked data.Ethics and disseminationThe NSW Population and Health Services Research Ethics Committee granted ethical approval. Dissemination mechanisms include engagement of policy stakeholders through a project Steering Committee, and the production of summary reports for policy and clinical audiences in addition to peer-review papers.
Improving confidence and competence of healthcare professionals in end-of-life care: an evaluation of the ‘Transforming End of Life Care’ course at an acute hospital trust
Authors: Selman Lucy , Robinson Vicky , Klass Lara , Khan Shaheen , George Rob , Shepherd Kate , Burman Rachel , Koffman Jonathan 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundUK policymakers, clinicians and public wish to see improvements in end-of-life care (EoLC). However, healthcare professionals’ skills and knowledge to deliver high-quality care are often lacking. Since May 2012, palliative care staff in an inner-city tertiary hospital have run a 2-day Transforming End of Life Care (TEoLC) course to improve EoLC confidence, and competence among hospital and community staff.AimTo evaluate course participants’ self-rated confidence, competence and knowledge of EoLC topics.Evaluation designA before-and-after design using self-completion questionnaires, precourse and postcourse. 14 self-assessment questions examined confidence, understanding and knowledge of EoLC topics. Mean change scores and paired t tests were calculated and free-text responses analysed thematically.Participants236 staff members completed the course between May 2012 and April 2014. 42% worked in hospitals and 55% in the community; the most frequent staff roles were qualified nurses (49%), senior nurses (16%) and general practitioners (15%).ResultsAll 14 self-assessment topics improved significantly (p<0.001); most improved was ‘understanding and implementing Fast Track discharge’. Qualitative data showed increased knowledge and confidence in EoLC, particularly in communication, commitment to team work and holistic care. Overall, 217 (92%) participants would recommend the course and 215 (98%) indicated it would influence their practice.ConclusionsThe TEoLC course improved participants’ self-rated confidence, competence and knowledge in EoLC. Findings have utility beyond the UK in light of the international policy recommendations to improve the palliative care skills of generalist healthcare providers.
The changing face of major trauma in the UK
Authors: Kehoe A , Smith J E , Edwards A , Yates D , Lecky F 
Published: November 2015

AimMajor trauma (MT) has traditionally been viewed as a disease of young men caused by high-energy transfer mechanisms of injury, which has been reflected in the configuration of MT services. With ageing populations in Western societies, it is anticipated that the elderly will comprise an increasing proportion of the MT workload. The aim of this study was to describe changes in the demographics of MT in a developed Western health system over the last 20 years.MethodsThe Trauma Audit Research Network (TARN) database was interrogated to identify all cases of MT (injury severity score >15) between 1990 and the end of 2013. Age at presentation, gender, mechanism of injury and use of CT were recorded. For convenience, cases were categorised by age groups of 25 years and by common mechanisms of injury. Longitudinal changes each year were recorded.ResultsProfound changes in the demographics of recorded MT were observed. In 1990, the mean age of MT patients within the TARN database was 36.1, the largest age group suffering MT was 0–24 years (39.3%), the most common causative mechanism was road traffic collision (59.1%), 72.7% were male and 33.6% underwent CT. By 2013, mean age had increased to 53.8 years, the single largest age group was 25–50 years (27.1%), closely followed by those >75 years (26.9%), the most common mechanism was low falls (39.1%), 68.3% were male and 86.8% underwent CT.ConclusionsThis study suggests that the MT population identified in the UK is becoming more elderly, and the predominant mechanism that precipitates MT is a fall from <2 m. Significant improvements in outcomes from MT may be expected if services targeting the specific needs of the elderly are developed within MT centres.
A profile of suspected child abuse as a subgroup of major trauma patients
Authors: Davies Ffion C , Coats Timothy J , Fisher Ross , Lawrence Thomas , Lecky Fiona E 
Published: November 2015

IntroductionNon-accidental injury (NAI) in children is an important cause of major injury. The Trauma Audit Research Network (TARN) recently analysed data on the demographics of paediatric trauma and highlighted NAI as a major cause of death and severe injury in children. This paper examined TARN data to characterise accidental versus abusive cases of major injury.MethodsThe national trauma registry of England and Wales (TARN) database was interrogated for the classification of mechanism of injury in children by intent, from January 2004 to December 2013. Contributing hospitals’ submissions were classified into accidental injury (AI), suspected child abuse (SCA) or alleged assault (AA) to enable demographic and injury comparisons.ResultsIn the study population of 14 845 children, 13 708 (92.3%, CI 91.9% to 92.8%) were classified as accidental injury, 368 as alleged assault (2.5%, CI 2.2% to 2.7%) and 769 as SCA (5.2%, CI 4.8% to 5.5%). Nearly all cases of severely injured children suffering trauma because of SCA occurred in the age group of 0–5 years (751 of 769, 97.7%), with 76.3% occurring in infants under the age of 1 year. Compared with accidental injury, suspected victims of abuse have higher overall injury severity scores, have a higher proportion of head injury and a threefold higher mortality rate of 7.6% (CI 5.51% to 9.68%) vs 2.6% (CI 2.3% to 2.9%).ConclusionsThis study highlights that major injury occurring as a result of SCA has a typical demographic pattern. These children tend to be under 12 months of age, with more severe injury. Understanding these demographics could help receiving hospitals identify children with major injuries resulting from abuse and ensure swift transfer to specialist care.