bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and anatomic site ofCrassicaudasp. infection, and its use in species identification, in kogiid whales from the mid‐Atlantic United States
Authors: Keenan‐Bateman Tiffany F. , McLellan William A. , Harms Craig A. , Piscitelli Marina A. , Barco Susan G. , Thayer Victoria G. , Lovewell Gretchen N. , Clark Karen L. , Doshkov Paul K. , Rotstein David S. , Potter Charles W. , Pabst D. Ann 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe parasitic nematodeCrassicaudasp. was initially described in kogiid whales from specimens collected within cervical tissues, uncommon sites of infection for this parasite.Crassicaudasp. has only been reported inKogia brevicepsto date, but no study has yet investigated a large sample of both kogiid species. A 15 yr record of 104 kogiid strandings (K. sima,n= 40;K. breviceps,n= 64) in North Carolina and Virginia, U.S.A. was used to determine the prevalence ofCrassicaudasp. across species, within species across sex, and within sex across length and life history categories.Crassicaudasp. was confirmed to be a species‐specific parasite among kogiids infecting onlyK. breviceps(prevalence = 45%). WithinK. breviceps, prevalence was similar (45%) in both immature and mature males, but increased from 10% in immature to 76% in mature females. This study confirmed the cervico‐thoracic distribution of the parasite, and identified a novel site of infection in a previously undescribed exocrine gland associated with the pigmented “false gill slit.” The species‐specific nature ofCrassicaudasp. infection, the exocrine gland, and the distinct features of the false gill slit pigmentation associated with the gland, are all useful characters to identify kogiid species in the field.
Micronutrient status and intake in the UK – where might we be in 10 years' time?
Authors: Miller R. , Spiro A. , Stanner S. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPoor dietary choices not only manifest in obesity, which is currently the main public health focus in the UK, but can also lead to inadequate micronutrient intakes, with implications for health. Recent dietary survey data and measurements of status biomarkers have highlighted folate, vitamin D, calcium, iron and iodine to be amongst the micronutrients of most concern for particular subgroups of the UK population. Those most vulnerable to inadequate intakes of these micronutrients include adolescents, ethnic minorities and lower socio‐economic groups. Teenage girls and women of childbearing age are of particular concern because of their high requirements for some micronutrients and the impact poor micronutrient intakes can have on the health of their offspring. Yet, compared to other food concerns, relatively little importance seems to be given by consumers to the micronutrient density of foods. This review explores different factors that may influence micronutrient intakes and status over the following decade and beyond. Over the next few years, it is likely that the micronutrients of concern remain similar, although continuation of dietary trends could result in further decreases in iron and calcium intakes. In an obesogenic and sedentary environment, where many people are being encouraged to reduce their energy intakes, increasing the micronutrient density of the diet is essential to prevent a concurrent decrease in micronutrient intake. Investment in fortification policies/practices or sustained government programmes aimed at raising awareness of micronutrients of most concern or encouraging supplementation, for example focusing on folate and vitamin D, could considerably improve population micronutrient intakes. Over the longer term, with sufficient investment in research and support from healthcare professionals and the food industry, adequate micronutrient intakes could be achieved across the UK population. However, global food security issues, including retaining food supply in response to an increase in demand for food, energy and water, and changing climate, could potentially hamper these efforts.
Increasing prevalence of membranous nephropathy in patients with primary glomerular diseases: A cross‐sectional study in China
Authors: Tang Lijun , Yao Jing , Kong Xianglei , Sun Qing , Wang Zunsong , Zhang Ying , Wang Ping , Liu Yipeng , Li Wenbin , Cui Meiyu , Zhen Junhui , Xu Dongmei 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimPrimary glomerular disease (PGD) remains the most common renal disease in China. A limited number of single centre studies show that the frequency of membranous nephropathy (MN) has increased; however, IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is still the most common PGD. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no multi‐centre study in China that has explored the changes in PGD spectrum. To further investigate the changes in renal histopathological spectrum, we performed the cross‐sectional study.MethodFrom June 2010 to May 2015, 5935 patients from 37 hospitals in Shandong Province were involved in this retrospective study. The study was divided into five periods according to 1‐year intervals. The patients were divided into four age groups (≤18 years, 19–44 years, 45–59 years and ≥60 years).ResultAmong the 5935 qualified specimens, 4855 (81.8%) were diagnosed with PGD. MN (43.3%) became the most common PGD instead of IgA (34.1%) (P < 0.001). The frequency of MN was increased from 30.7% in period 1 to 53.5% in period 5 (P < 0.001). The prevalence of MN tended to increase in every age section. IgA was the main cause of PGD in periods 1 and 2; however, its proportion decreased significantly from 41.8% in period 2 to 25.2% in period 5 (P < 0.001).ConclusionPrimary glomerular disease remains the most common renal disease in our study. For the first time, this cross‐sectional study suggests that MN, in place of IgAN, has grown to be the first leading pathological type of PGD.
Rechargeable anticandidal denture material with sustained release in saliva
Authors: Malakhov A , Wen J , Zhang B‐X , Wang H , Geng H , Chen X‐D , Sun Y , Yeh C‐K 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveCandida‐induced denture stomatitis is a common debilitating problem among denture wearers. Previously, we described the fabrication of a new denture material that released antifungal drugs when immersed in phosphate buffered saline. Here, we use more clinically relevant immersion conditions (human saliva; 37°C) and measure miconazole release and bioactivity.Materials and MethodsDisks were prepared by grafting PNVP [poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone)] onto PMMA [poly(methylmethacrylate)] using plasma initiation (PMMA‐g‐PNVP) and then loaded with miconazole. Drug‐loaded disks were immersed in 10–100% human saliva (1–30 days). Miconazole release was measured and then tested for bioactivity vs miconazole‐sensitive and miconazole‐resistant Candida isolates.ResultsHPLC was used to quantify miconazole levels in saliva. Miconazole‐loaded disks released antifungal drug for up to 30 days. Higher drug release was found with higher concentrations of saliva, and, interestingly, miconazole solubility was increased with higher saliva concentrations. The released miconazole retained its anticandidal activity. After immersion, the residual miconazole could be quenched and the disks recharged. Freshly recharged disks displayed the same release kinetics and bioactivity as the original disks. Quenched disks could also be charged with chlorhexidine that displayed anticandidal activity.ConclusionsThese results suggest that PMMA‐g‐PNVP is a promising new denture material for long‐term management of denture stomatitis.
Interconnections between Left Atrial Ganglionic Plexi: Insights from Minimally Invasive Maze Procedures and Their Outcomes
Authors: SHARMA PARIKSHIT S. , KASIRAJAN VIGNESHWAR , ELLENBOGEN KENNETH A. , KONERU JAYANTHI N. 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundGanglionic plexi (GPs) have been implicated as triggers of atrial fibrillation (AF) and are known to have functional interconnections. Understanding these connections could result in a more effective ablation. The objective of this study is to assess relationships between right‐ and left‐sided GPs in patients undergoing mini‐maze (MM) surgery. We also analyzed the impact of these findings on AF recurrence.MethodsThe GPs were accessed thoracoscopically right side first (group 1) or left side first (group 2). GPs were identified by high‐frequency stimulation at 20 predetermined sites and ablation of GPs was performed using a selective or an empiric anatomic approach. Ganglionic plexus (GP) activity was then assessed on the contralateral side and ablated.ResultsSixty‐seven patients underwent MM (45 patients in group 1 and 22 in group 2). Fewer patients with active left GPs (LGP) were noted in group 1 (13, 29%) as compared to group 2 (18, 82%). The number of active LGP was also lower (0.6 ± 1.2) in group 1 compared to group 2 (4.7 ± 2.7); P < 0.0001. No significant differences were noted in the frequency of identifiable right GPs (RGP) between groups 1 and 2 (P > 0.05). There were no differences in atrial tachyarrhythmia (AT)/AF recurrence rates between groups 1 and 2 (P = 0.21). However, group 1 patients who underwent selective GP ablation alone had higher recurrence rates (P = 0.016).ConclusionMapping and ablation of RGPs first decreased identifiable LGP activity. With selective GP ablation, patients who underwent RGP ablation first had higher AT/AF recurrence.
High‐density molecular characterization and association mapping in Ethiopian durum wheat landraces reveals high diversity and potential for wheat breeding
Authors: Mengistu Dejene Kassahun , Kidane Yosef Gebrehawaryat , Catellani Marcello , Frascaroli Elisabetta , Fadda Carlo , Pè Mario Enrico , Dell'Acqua Matteo 
Published: February 2016

SummaryDurum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) is a key crop worldwide, and yet, its improvement and adaptation to emerging environmental threats is made difficult by the limited amount of allelic variation included in its elite pool. New allelic diversity may provide novel loci to international crop breeding through quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping in unexplored material. Here, we report the extensive molecular and phenotypic characterization of hundreds of Ethiopian durum wheat landraces and several Ethiopian improved lines. We test 81 587 markers scoring 30 155 single nucleotide polymorphisms and use them to survey the diversity, structure, and genome‐specific variation in the panel. We show the uniqueness of Ethiopian germplasm using a siding collection of Mediterranean durum wheat accessions. We phenotype the Ethiopian panel for ten agronomic traits in two highly diversified Ethiopian environments for two consecutive years and use this information to conduct a genome‐wide association study. We identify several loci underpinning agronomic traits of interest, both confirming loci already reported and describing new promising genomic regions. These loci may be efficiently targeted with molecular markers already available to conduct marker‐assisted selection in Ethiopian and international wheat. We show that Ethiopian durum wheat represents an important and mostly unexplored source of durum wheat diversity. The panel analysed in this study allows the accumulation of QTL mapping experiments, providing the initial step for a quantitative, methodical exploitation of untapped diversity in producing a better wheat.
Intravenous busulfan dose individualization – impact of modeling approach on dose recommendation
Authors: Abdel‐Rahman Susan M. , Casey K. Leigh , Garg Uttam , Dalal Jignesh 
Published: February 2016

AbstractTDM is intended to limit unintended consequences of drugs with narrow therapeutic indices. However, the application of different sampling strategies and pharmacokinetic approaches results in different dosing recommendations and ostensibly different outcomes. TDM approaches for intravenous busulfan dose individualization employ compartmental or non‐compartmental modeling with anywhere from three to seven drug levels. This investigation was designed to examine the differences in dosing recommendations that arise in children (n = 30) when five different TDM approaches were employed. Significant differences in recommended doses between modeling strategies were observed. More importantly, the recommendations were discordant in 13 cases with at least one model recommending a dose adjustment in the opposite direction relative to the remaining models. The mathematical differences introduced by the application of different TDM approaches are not purely academic. Unification of busulfan TDM approaches should be considered to mitigate inconsistently applied dose adjustment, and facilitate comparisons of outcome, between clinical centers.
Late Quaternary barrier and fringing reef development of Bora Bora (Society Islands, south Pacific): First subsurface data from the Darwin‐type barrier‐reef system
Authors: Gischler Eberhard , Hudson J. Harold , Humblet Marc , Braga Juan C. , Eisenhauer Anton , Isaack Anja , Anselmetti Flavio S. , Camoin Gilbert F. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe universally known subsidence theory of Darwin, based on Bora Bora as a model, was developed without information from the subsurface. To evaluate the influence of environmental factors on reef development, two traverses with three cores, each on the barrier and the fringing reefs of Bora Bora, were drilled and 34 uranium‐series dates obtained and subsequently analysed. Sea‐level rise and, to a lesser degree, subsidence were crucial for Holocene reef development in that they have created accommodation space and controlled reef architecture. Antecedent topography played a role as well, because the Holocene barrier reef is located on a Pleistocene barrier reef forming a topographic high. The pedestal of the fringing reef was Pleistocene soil and basalt. Barrier and fringing reefs developed contemporaneously during the Holocene. The occurrence of five coralgal assemblages indicates an upcore increase in wave energy. Age–depth plots suggest that barrier and fringing reefs have prograded during the Holocene. The Holocene fringing reef is up to 20 m thick and comprises coralgal and microbial reef sections and abundant unconsolidated sediment. Fringing reef growth started 8780 ± 50 yr bp; accretion rates average 5·65 m kyr−1. The barrier reef consists of >30 m thick Holocene coralgal and microbial successions. Holocene barrier‐reef growth began 10 030 ± 50 yr bp and accretion rates average 6·15 m kyr−1. The underlying Pleistocene reef formed 116 900 ± 1100 yr bp, i.e. during marine isotope stage 5e. Based on Pleistocene age, depth and coralgal palaeobathymetry, the subsidence rate of Bora Bora was estimated to be 0·05 to 0·14 m kyr−1. In addition to subsidence, reef development on shorter timescales like in the late Pleistocene and Holocene has been driven by glacioeustatic sea‐level changes causing alternations of periods of flooding and subaerial exposure. Comparisons with other oceanic barrier‐reef systems in Tahiti and Mayotte exhibit more differences than similarities.
Three‐dimensional imaging: a novel, valid, and reliable technique for measuring wound surface area
Authors: Rashaan Z. M. , Stekelenburg C. M. , van der Wal M. B. A. , Euser A. M. , Hagendoorn B. J. M. , van Zuijlen P. P. M. , Breederveld R. S. 
Published: February 2016

PurposeThe aim of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of a novel three‐dimensional imaging technique using Artec MHT™ 3D Scanner for measuring the wound surface area.MethodsThe validity was tested by measuring the surface area of 60 stickers (gold standard) on 20 volunteers. Stickers with standardized areas of 2590, 7875, and 15,540 mm2 were applied on the thorax, forearm, and thigh, respectively. For the reliability test, 58 burn wounds on 48 patients were assessed twice by two different observers with the Artec MHT™ 3D Scanner. Scanning, post‐processing, and surface area measurements were performed by two clinicians.ResultsThe results for the validity analysis showed an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.99 and coefficient of variation of the thorax, forearm, and thigh were 1.1%, 0.9%, and 0.6%, respectively. The reliability analysis showed an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.99, a coefficient of variation of 6.3%, and limits of agreement between measurements of two observers were calculated at 0 ± 0.17 × mean surface area.ConclusionThree‐dimensional imaging using the Artec MHT™ 3D Scanner is a valid and reliable method for measuring the wound surface area.
Resistant cytomegalovirus in intestinal and multivisceral transplant recipients
Authors: Timpone J.G. , Yimen M. , Cox S. , Teran R. , Ajluni S. , Goldstein D. , Fishbein T. , Kumar P.N. , Matsumoto C. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundIntestinal and multivisceral transplantation can be complicated by cytomegalovirus (CMV)‐related viremia and disease. Intravenous ganciclovir (GCV) and oral valganciclovir remain the treatment of choice in this setting. Limited data are available on GCV‐resistant (GCV‐R) CMV infection in small intestine and multivisceral transplant recipients.MethodA retrospective review was performed on all patients who underwent small intestine or multivisceral transplantation from November 8, 2003 through November 30, 2008. Those with CMV viremia and invasive disease were identified. GCV resistance was suspected in patients who continued to have viremic episodes or invasive disease despite appropriate GCV treatment. Genotypic analyses were performed to detect the presence of GCV resistance genes UL97 and UL54.ResultsDuring the study period, 88 small intestine or multivisceral transplants were performed on 85 patients. Of the 88 transplantations, 16 patients developed CMV viremia with or without end‐organ disease (18.2%) and 5.7% developed GCV‐R CMV infection. In patients diagnosed with CMV infection, 31.3% (5/16) had GCV‐R CMV infection. Of patients with GCV‐R CMV infection, 80% (4/5) developed CMV allograft enteritis, resulting in allograft explantation in 3 patients. All patients with GCV‐R CMV infection were CMV donor positive/recipient negative. Patients with tissue‐invasive CMV disease were 18 times more likely to be infected with GCV‐R CMV (95% confidence interval 1.24–260.93; P‐value 0.0341).ConclusionSmall intestinal and multivisceral transplant recipients have a higher rate of GCV‐R CMV infection compared with other solid organ transplant recipients, which is often associated with tissue‐invasive disease and allograft loss.
Storage of platelets at 4°C in platelet additive solutions prevents aggregate formation and preserves platelet functional responses
Authors: Getz Todd M. , Montgomery Robbie K. , Bynum James A. , Aden James K. , Pidcoke Heather F. , Cap Andrew P. 
Published: February 2016

BACKGROUNDPlatelet (PLT) storage has been limited to 5 days at room temperature due to metabolic decline and risk for bacterial contamination. Refrigeration preserves PLT metabolism and function as well as limits bacterial growth; however, cold storage of PLTs also leads to aggregate formation. We hypothesized that storage of PLT concentrates at 4°C leads to glycoprotein (GP)IIb‐IIIa activation and thus aggregate formation through fibrinogen binding and that this could be prevented by storing PLTs in PLT additive solution (PAS) without compromising PLT function.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSApheresis PLTs in plasma (AP) or apheresis PLTs in PAS were stored at 22 or 4°C for up to 15 days. Measurements include PLT counts, blood gases, aggregation response, flow cytometry analysis of integrin levels, activation markers, and microparticle formation.RESULTSStorage of AP 4°C led to a gradual decline in PLT count and an increase in aggregate formation that was mediated by intracellular calcium leak and fibrinogen receptor activation. Storage of PAS at 4°C prevented aggregate formation due to dilution of plasma fibrinogen. PAS stored at 4°C maintained aggregation responses to multiple agonists better than 22°C controls.CONCLUSIONStorage of AP at 4°C leads to low level GPIIb‐IIIa activation and results in aggregate formation over time. Separating the PLTs from the plasma component and storing them in PAS at 4°C resolves aggregate formation and preserves the metabolic and functional responses of these stored PLTs.
SalmonellaVaccination in Pigs: A Review
Authors: Wales A. D. , Davies R. H. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryThe control ofSalmonella entericain pig production is necessary for both public and animal health. The persistent and frequently asymptomatic nature of porcineSalmonellainfection and the organism's abilities to colonize other animal species and to survive in the environment mean that effective control generally requires multiple measures. Vaccination is one such measure, and the present review considers its role and its future, drawing on studies in pigs from the 1950s to the present day. Once established in the body as an intracellular infectious agent,Salmonellacan evade humoral immunity, which goes some way to explaining the often disappointing performance of inactivatedSalmonellavaccines. More recent approaches, using mucosal presentation of antigens, live vaccines and adjuvants to enhance cell‐mediated immunity, have met with more success. Vaccination strategies that involve stimulating both passive immunity from the dam plus active immunity in offspring appear to be most efficacious, although either approach alone can yield significant control ofSalmonella. Problems that remain include relatively poor control ofSalmonellaserovars that are dissimilar to the vaccine antigen mix, and difficulties in measuring and predicting the performance of candidate vaccines in ways that are highly relevant to their likely use in commercial production.