bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
News Networks in Early Modern Wales
Authors: BOWEN LLOYD 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis article addresses the neglected topic of gentry news culture in early modern Wales. It argues that the Welsh gentry accessed and consumed news in much the same way as their English counterparts, but with subtle and important differences. Examining the circulation of news as part of the culture of gentry sociability, the article examines the ways in which news followed networks of family and friendship, highlighting in particular the role of the London Welsh diaspora in communicating news back to the principality. It is suggested that this served to inflect the news with a particular cultural sensibility – by highlighting matters of relevance to the principality or local area, for example. The article also examines the role of Welsh news flowing back into London to inform correspondents at the centre of provincial developments. The piece further argues that the prevailing religious and political cultures of the principality influenced what news was welcomed there, privileging the status of news which supported the position of king and Church, particularly after the civil wars of the 1640s and 1650s. As such, the article makes a claim for thinking about Welsh news as part of a particularist political culture within the British state.
The Micro‐Taphonomy of Cold: Differential Microcracking in Response to Experimental Cold‐Stresses
Authors: Turpin Chantal 
Published: January 2017

AbstractCold is a central feature of environments at higher latitudes and elevations. Thus, cold‐induced taphonomic changes are relevant in many forensic contexts. Fifty‐two lamb bone segments were used to assess the impact of cold, freeze‐thaw cycles, freeze‐drying, and water immersion on microstructural cracking of bone in a series of controlled exposure experiments. For each bone segment, three thin sections were examined under a light microscope. Cold exposure caused taphonomic changes in the form of microscopic cracking. Transverse cracks occurred in all treatments, whereas osteonal cracks were restricted to rapid freezing treatments. Type of cold exposure had a statistically significant effect on both the total number of cracks and each type of crack observed. Skeletal microcracking could potentially be used as a taphonomic indicator of postmortem bone exposure to sub‐zero temperatures. The type and prevalence of this damage could also be used to distinguish between different types of cold exposure.
Physicochemical Property and Oxidative Stability of Whey Protein Concentrate Multiple Nanoemulsion Containing Fish Oil
Authors: Hwang Jae‐Young , Ha Ho‐Kyung , Lee Mee‐Ryung , Kim Jin Wook , Kim Hyun‐Jin , Lee Won‐Jae 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe objectives of this research were to produce whey protein concentrate (WPC) multiple nanoemulsion (MNE) and to study how whey protein concentration level and antioxidant type affected the physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of fish oil in MNE. The morphological and physicochemical characteristics of MNE were investigated by using transmission electron microscopy and particle size analyzer, respectively. The oxidative stability of fish oil in MNEs was assessed by measuring peroxide value (PV), p‐anisidine value, and volatile compounds. The spherical forms of emulsions with size ranging from 190 to 210 nm were observed indicating the successful production of MNE. Compared with free fish oil, fish oil in MNE exhibited lower PV, p‐anisidine value, and formation of maker of oxidation of fish oil indicating the oxidative stability of fish oil in MNE was enhanced. PV, p‐anisidine value, and makers of oxidation of fish oil were decreased with increased WPC concentration level. The combined use of Vitamin C and E in MNE resulted in a reduction in PV and p‐anisidine value, and development of maker of oxidation. In conclusion, WPC concentration level and antioxidant type are key factors affecting the droplet size of MNE and oxidative stability of fish oil.
A Feasibility Study on Monitoring Residual Sugar and Alcohol Strength in Kiwi Wine Fermentation Using a Fiber‐Optic FT‐NIR Spectrometry and PLS Regression
Authors: Wang Bingqian , Peng Bangzhu 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis work aims to investigate the potential of fiber‐optic Fourier transform‐near‐infrared (FT‐NIR) spectrometry associated with chemometric analysis, which will be applied to monitor time‐related changes in residual sugar and alcohol strength during kiwi wine fermentation. NIR calibration models for residual sugar and alcohol strength during kiwi wine fermentation were established on the FT‐NIR spectra of 98 samples scanned in a fiber‐optic FT‐NIR spectrometer, and partial least squares regression method. The results showed that R2 and root mean square error of cross‐validation could achieve 0.982 and 3.81 g/L for residual sugar, and 0.984 and 0.34% for alcohol strength, respectively. Furthermore, crucial process information on kiwi must and wine fermentations provided by fiber‐optic FT‐NIR spectrometry was found to agree with those obtained from traditional chemical methods, and therefore this fiber‐optic FT‐NIR spectrometry can be applied as an effective and suitable alternative for analyses and monitoring of those processes. The overall results suggested that fiber‐optic FT‐NIR spectrometry is a promising tool for monitoring and controlling the kiwi wine fermentation process.
Decoupling phylogenetic and functional diversity to reveal hidden signals in community assembly
Authors: de Bello Francesco , Šmilauer Petr , Diniz‐Filho Jose Alexandre F. , Carmona Carlos Perez , Lososová Zdeňka , Herben Tomáš , Götzenberger Lars 
Published: January 2017

Summary

Functional traits and phylogeny offer different, and often complementary, information about ecological differences between species, an essential step to uncover biodiversity assembly mechanisms and their feedbacks to ecosystem functions. However, traits and phylogeny are often related due to underlying trait evolution. Consequently, when combined, their shared information can be overemphasized, hindering their complementarity. It is therefore desirable to decouple their unique and overlapping contributions.
We propose a conceptual and mathematical framework that produces a set of meaningful measures of ecological differences between species.
We test the properties of these measures and the validity of the approach with extensive simulated data to show (i) the information provided by decoupling traits from phylogeny and vice versa, and (ii) that decoupling trait and phylogenetic information can uncover otherwise hidden signals underlying species coexistence and turnover. The application of the approach is further illustrated using a large dataset of Central European meadows as a case study.
Decoupling traits and phylogeny particularly reveals the importance of differentiation between phylogenetically related species, which can be essential to understand species replacements along environmental gradients and the combined action of environmental filtering and limiting similarity within communities.
Decoupling traits and phylogeny provides an avenue for connecting macro‐evolutionary and local factors affecting coexistence and for understanding how complex species differences affect multiple ecosystem functions. We present an R function called ‘decouple’, which allows a simple and wide application of the framework.
The ever increasing diversity of begomoviruses infecting non‐cultivated hosts: new species from Sida spp. and Leonurus sibiricus, plus two New World alphasatellites
Authors: Ferro C.G. , Silva J.P. , Xavier C.A.D. , Godinho M.T. , Lima A.T.M. , Mar T.B. , Lau D. , Zerbini F.M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBegomoviruses (whitefly‐transmitted, single‐stranded DNA plant viruses) are among the most damaging pathogens causing epidemics in economically important crops worldwide. Besides cultivated plants, many weed and wild hosts act as virus reservoirs where recombination may occur, resulting in new species. The aim of this study was to further characterise the diversity of begomoviruses infecting two major weed genera, Sida and Leonurus. Total DNA was extracted from samples collected in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul during the years 2009–2011. Viral genomes were enriched by rolling circle amplification (RCA), linearised into unit length genomes using various restriction enzymes, cloned and sequenced. A total of 78 clones were obtained: 37 clones from Sida spp. plants and 41 clones from Leonurus sibiricus plants. Sequence analysis indicated the presence of six bipartite begomovirus species and two alphasatellites. In Sida spp. plants we found Sida micrantha mosaic virus (SiMMV), Euphorbia yellow mosaic virus (EuYMV), and three isolates that represent new species, for which the following names are proposed: Sida chlorotic mottle virus (SiCMoV), Sida bright yellow mosaic virus (SiBYMV) and Sida golden yellow spot virus (SiGYSV), an Old World‐like begomovirus. L. sibiricus plants had a lower diversity of begomoviruses compared to Sida spp., with only Tomato yellow spot virus (ToYSV) and EuYMV (for the first time detected infecting plants of the genus Leonurus) detected. Two satellite DNA molecules were found: Euphorbia yellow mosaic alphasatellite, for the first time detected infecting plants of the genus Sida, and a new alphasatellite associated with ToYSV in L. sibiricus. These results constitute further evidence of the high species diversity of begomoviruses in non‐cultivated hosts, particularly Sida spp.
Genotypic characteristics in populations of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum from New York State, USA
Authors: Dunn A.R. , Kikkert J.R. , Pethybridge S.J. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWhite mould, caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is one of the most destructive diseases of beans globally. In New York State, USA, white mould causes substantial losses in soybean, snap, dry and succulent baby lima beans, which are grown successively in intensive crop rotations. Management strategies for white mould in these crops are reliant upon the prophylactic use of fungicides. No complementary information on the genetic structure of the populations of S. sclerotiorum in New York State, USA is available. Twenty isolates of S. sclerotiorum were collected from symptomatic bean plants within each of 10 fields across New York State, USA in 2014. Eight microsatellite (SSR) markers were used to characterise the genotypic diversity of the hyphal‐tipped isolates. Twenty‐four multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were detected within the population but one MLG was most prevalent. Although STRUCTURE analysis identified two subpopulations, these subpopulations were not associated with geographic location, suggesting no spatial structure to the population. In addition, the pathogen populations were predominantly clonal, with some evidence of infrequent outcrossing. These findings may assist in understanding the durability of management strategies for white mould and support the selection of representative isolates for host resistance screening for pathogen populations in the sampling area.
Comparative performance of δ13C, ion accumulation and agronomic parameters for phenotyping durum wheat genotypes under various irrigation water salinities
Authors: Chamekh Z. , Karmous C. , Ayadi S. , Sahli A. , Belhaj Fraj M. , Yousfi S. , Rezgui S. , Ben Aissa N. , Serret M.D. , McCann I. , Trifa Y. , Amara H. , Araus J.L. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe use of efficient selection traits for screening under contrasting irrigation water salinity is a challenge for breeders. To identify patterns, grain yield (GY) and yield components (kernels m−2, thousand kernels weight), growth traits (plant height, biomass), flag leaf ion accumulation (Na+ and K+), carbon isotope composition (δ13Cgrain) and nitrogen concentration (Ngrain) of grains were assessed on 25 durum wheat genotypes (G) in two consecutive growing seasons (2010 and 2011), in three semi‐arid locations in Tunisia. Each location differed in their irrigation water salinity as measured by electrical conductivity: Echbika (S1, 6 dS m−1), Barrouta (S2, 12 dS m−1) and Sidi Bouzid (S3, 18 dS m−1). GY was shown to be negatively correlated to Ngrain as well as to δ13Cgrain. This is confirmed by a multiple linear regression analysis that showed that both δ13Cgrain and Ngrain were the major determinant components for GY variability under S3. A high genotypic variability was observed and the improved genotype Maali exhibited the most stable GY under the three irrigation water salinities and the two cropping seasons. Maali showed the lowest δ13Cgrain. This indicates that tolerance in durum wheat is likely to be correlated to the ability of maintaining a high stomatal conductance. According to our data suggests δ13Cgrain can be used for an efficient screening of salt tolerant durum wheat. Under our experimental conditions, Ngrain was shown to be highly correlated to δ13Cgrain and can therefore be easier‐to‐use trait to assess the tolerance to salinity.
Sensitivity determination and resistance risk assessment of Rhizoctonia solani to SDHI fungicide thifluzamide
Authors: Mu W. , Wang Z. , Bi Y. , Ni X. , Hou Y. , Zhang S. , Liu X. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractLaboratory experiments were conducted to determine (a) the baseline sensitivity of Rhizoctonia solani to thifluzamide and (b) the risk of the fungus developing resistance to the fungicide. Thifluzamide sensitivity was assessed for 227 isolates of R. solani collected from 12 provinces of China from 2007 to 2011. One insensitive isolate GD‐1 was obtained from the field, and the EC50 values of the 226 sensitive isolates had a unimodal frequency distribution with a mean of 0.0351 µg mL−1. Nine resistant mutants were generated using thifluzamide‐amended media or UV radiation in the laboratory. The resistance was stable for all mutants after 10 transfers on PDA medium. Fitness of the most resistant mutants was lower than that of the sensitive isolates, implying a lower competitiveness of the mutants relative to sensitive isolates in field. Cross‐resistance was detected between thifluzamide and the Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) fenfuram, carboxin, penflufen and boscalid, but not between thifluzamide and difenoconazole, carbendazim, propiconazol, SYP‐2815 (quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicide developed in China), fluazinam, jinggangmycin, pyrimorph or mepronil. The SDHI fungicide fluopyram did not inhibit R. solani. Taken together, these results suggest that the risk of R. solani developing resistance to thifluzamide is low to moderate.
Limited Excessive Voluntary Alcohol Drinking Leads to Liver Dysfunction in Mice
Authors: Wegner Scott A. , Pollard Katherine A. , Kharazia Viktor , Darevsky David , Perez Luz , Roychowdhury Sanjoy , Xu Allison , Ron Dorit , Nagy Laura E. , Hopf Frederic Woodward 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundLiver damage is a serious and sometimes fatal consequence of long‐term alcohol intake, which progresses from early‐stage fatty liver (steatosis) to later‐stage steatohepatitis with inflammation and fibrosis/necrosis. However, very little is known about earlier stages of liver disruption that may occur in problem drinkers, those who drink excessively but are not dependent on alcohol.MethodsWe examined how repeated binge‐like alcohol drinking in C57BL/6 mice altered liver function, as compared with a single binge‐intake session and with repeated moderate alcohol consumption. We measured a number of markers associated with early‐ and later‐stage liver disruption, including liver steatosis, measures of liver cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), alcohol metabolism, expression of cytokine mRNA, accumulation of 4‐hydroxynonenal (4‐HNE) as an indicator of oxidative stress, and alanine transaminase/aspartate transaminase as a measure of hepatocyte injury.ResultsImportantly, repeated binge‐like alcohol drinking increased triglyceride levels in the liver and plasma, and increased lipid droplets in the liver, indicators of steatosis. In contrast, a single binge‐intake session or repeated moderate alcohol consumption did not alter triglyceride levels. In addition, alcohol exposure can increase rates of alcohol metabolism through CYP2E1 and ADH, which can potentially increase oxidative stress and liver dysfunction. Intermittent, excessive alcohol intake increased liver CYP2E1 mRNA, protein, and activity, as well as ADH mRNA and activity. Furthermore, repeated, binge‐like drinking, but not a single binge or moderate drinking, increased alcohol metabolism. Finally, repeated, excessive intake transiently elevated mRNA for the proinflammatory cytokine IL‐1B and 4‐HNE levels, but did not alter markers of later‐stage liver hepatocyte injury.ConclusionsTogether, we provide data suggesting that even relatively limited binge‐like alcohol drinking can lead to disruptions in liver function, which might facilitate the transition to more severe forms of liver damage.
Attrition during a randomized controlled trial of reduced nicotine content cigarettes as a proxy for understanding acceptability of nicotine product standards
Authors: Mercincavage Melissa , Wileyto E. Paul , Saddleson Megan L. , Lochbuehler Kirsten , Donny Eric C. , Strasser Andrew A. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAimsTo determine (1) if nicotine content affects study attrition—a potential behavioral measure of acceptability—in a trial that required compliance with three levels of reduced nicotine content (RNC) cigarettes, and (2) if attrition is associated with subjective and behavioral responses to RNC cigarettes.DesignSecondary analysis of a 35‐day, parallel‐design, open‐label, randomized controlled trial. After a 5‐day baseline period, participants were randomized to smoke for three 10‐day periods: their preferred brand (control group) or RNC cigarettes with three nicotine levels in a within‐subject stepdown (one group: high–moderate–low) or non‐stepdown (five groups: high–low–moderate, low–moderate–high, low–high–moderate, moderate–low–high, moderate–high–low) fashion.SettingA single site in Philadelphia, PA, USA.ParticipantsA total of 246 non‐treatment‐seeking daily smokers [mean age = 39.52, cigarettes per day (CPD) = 20.95, 68.3% white] were recruited from October 2007 to June 2013.MeasurementsThe primary outcome was attrition. Key predictors were nicotine content transition and study period. Exploratory predictors were taste and strength subjective ratings, total puff volume and carbon monoxide (CO) boost. Covariates included: age, gender, race, education and nicotine dependence.FindingsOverall attrition was 31.3% (n = 77): 24.1% of the control and 25.0% of the stepdown RNC cigarette groups dropped out versus 44.6% of non‐stepdown groups (P = 0.006). Compared with controls, attrition odds were 4.5 and 4.7 times greater among smokers transitioning from preferred and the highest RNC cigarettes to the lowest RNC cigarettes, respectively (P = 0.001 and 0.003). Providing more favorable initial taste ratings of study cigarettes decreased attrition odds by 2% (P = 0.012).ConclusionsThe majority of participants completed a 35‐day trial of varying levels of reduced nicotine content cigarettes. Participant dropout was greater for cigarettes with lower nicotine content and less in smokers reporting more favorable subjective ratings of the cigarettes.
You get what you pay for: the link between price and food safety in Kenya
Authors: Hoffmann Vivian , Moser Christine 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe lack of a reliably safe food supply in developing countries imposes both health and economic costs. Food safety is one of several dimensions of food quality that are typically unobservable at the time of purchase. Branding can overcome this information problem by allowing firms to build reputations based on the quality of their products. If a reputation for food safety is valued directly by consumers, or if food safety is correlated with other valued attributes, firms producing safer food should be able to use their brand equity to charge higher prices. In addition, firms with stronger brand equity have stronger incentives to meet food safety standards in order to maintain that equity. Using data from more than 900 maize flour samples representing 23 distinct brands in eastern and central Kenya, we explore the relationship between price and contamination with aflatoxin. Aflatoxin is a fungal toxin common in maize, groundnuts, and other crops around the world. We find a strong negative correlation between price and contamination at the brand level, consistent with the hypothesized positive relationship between brand equity and food quality.
Risk factors for trachelectomy following supracervical hysterectomy
Authors: Tsafrir Ziv , Aoun Joelle , Papalekas Eleni , Taylor Andrew , Schiff Lauren , Theoharis Evan , Eisenstein David 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIntroductionWe identified risk factors for trachelectomy after supracervical hysterectomy (SCH) due to persistence of symptoms.Material and methodsA retrospective case–control study in a university‐affiliated hospital. Seventeen women who underwent a trachelectomy following SCH for nonmalignant indications between June 2002 and October 2014 were compared with 68 randomly selected women (controls) who underwent a SCH within the same time period. Demographics and clinical characteristics were compared between the study and control groups. Univariate analysis identified potential risk factors for trachelectomy following SCH. Univariate logistic regression models predicted which patients would have a trachelectomy following SCH.ResultsThe occurrence of trachelectomy following SCH during the study period was 0.9% (17/1892). The study group was younger than the control group (mean age 38 ± 6 years vs. 44 ± 5 years; p < 0.001). Patients who had a history of endometriosis [odds ratio (OR) 6.23, 95% CI 1.11–40.5, p = 0.038] had increased risk for trachelectomy. Pathology diagnosed endometriosis only among women in the study group. Preoperative diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.06–0.075, p = 0.016), anemia (OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.01–0.53; p = 0.003), and fibroid uterus (OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.07–0.82, p = 0.024) reduced the risk for future trachelectomy.ConclusionYoung age and endometriosis are significant risk factors for trachelectomy following SCH.
Evolution of Gas Permeable Membranes for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Yeager Torin , Roy Shuvo 
Published: January 2017

AbstractGas permeable membranes are a vital component of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation systems. Over more than half a century, membrane fabrication and packaging technology have progressed to enable safer and longer duration use of respiratory life support. Current research efforts seek to improve membrane efficiency and hemocompatibility, with the aim of producing smaller and more robust systems for ambulatory use. This review explores past and present innovations in oxygenator technology, suggesting possible applications of state‐of‐the‐art membrane fabrication methods to address shortcomings of earlier concepts.