bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of reaction kinetics using grain size: An application for metamorphic zircon growth
Authors: Miyazaki Kazuhiro , Mori Yasushi , Nishiyama Tadao , Suga Kenshi , Shigeno Miki 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe reaction kinetics of metamorphic minerals can be subdivided into interface‐ and diffusion‐controlled kinetics. The discrimination of reaction kinetics is crucial for estimating reaction rates. Here, we propose a new and simple method for discriminating reaction kinetics. This method requires measuring only the initial and final grain sizes during growth. The reaction kinetics is inferred from different plotted arrays of initial vs. final grain sizes after the mineral growth. Using metamorphic zircon, we take detrital core sizes as the initial sizes and post‐metamorphic grain sizes as the final sizes. The application of the method to the subduction‐related high‐pressure Nagasaki metamorphic complex in Japan shows that this metamorphic zircon grew under interface‐controlled kinetics even at the relatively low temperature of 440°C. This method is potentially applicable to other minerals that have time‐markers, such as chemical zoning or internal structures that are captured at a given point in time during growth.
Adenosine A1 receptor activates background potassium channels and modulates information processing in olfactory bulb mitral cells
Authors: Rotermund Natalie , Winandy Svenja , Fischer Timo , Schulz Kristina , Fregin Torsten , Alstedt Nadine , Buchta Melanie , Bartels Janick , Carlström Mattias , Lohr Christian , Hirnet Daniela 
Published: December 2017

Key points
Adenosine is a widespread neuromodulator in the mammalian brain, but whether it affects information processing in sensory system(s) remains largely unknown.
Here we show that adenosine A1 receptors hyperpolarize mitral cells, one class of principal neurons that propagate odour information from the olfactory bulb to higher brain areas, by activation of background K+ channels.
The adenosine‐modulated background K+ channels belong to the family of two‐pore domain K+ channels.
Adenosine reduces spontaneous activity of mitral cells, whereas action potential firing evoked by synaptic input upon stimulation of sensory neurons is not affected, resulting in a higher ratio of evoked firing (signal) over spontaneous firing (noise) and hence an improved signal‐to‐noise ratio.
The study shows for the first time that adenosine influences fine‐tuning of the input–output relationship in sensory systems.
AbstractNeuromodulation by adenosine is of critical importance in many brain regions, but the role of adenosine in olfactory information processing has not been studied so far. We investigated the effects of adenosine on mitral cells, which are projection neurons of the olfactory bulb. Significant expression of A1 and A2A receptors was found in mitral cells, as demonstrated by in situ hybridization. Application of adenosine in acute olfactory bulb slices hyperpolarized mitral cells in wild‐type but not in adenosine A1 receptor knockout mice. Adenosine‐induced hyperpolarization was mediated by background K+ currents that were reduced by halothane and bupivacaine, which are known to inhibit two‐pore domain K+ (K2P) channels. In mitral cells, electrical stimulation of axons of olfactory sensory neurons evoked synaptic currents, which can be considered as input signals, while spontaneous firing independent of sensory input can be considered as noise. Synaptic currents were not affected by adenosine, while adenosine reduced spontaneous firing, leading to an increase in the signal‐to‐noise ratio of mitral cell firing. Our findings demonstrate that A1 adenosine receptors activate two‐pore domain K+ channels, which increases the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the input–output relationship in mitral cells and thereby modulates information processing in the olfactory bulb.
IN PURSUIT OF MEANINGFUL LEARNING
Authors: Michael Joel 
Published: December 2017

The Bernard Distinguished Lecturers are individuals who have a history of experience and expertise in teaching that impacts multiple levels of health science education. Dr. Joel Michael more than meets these criteria. Joel earned a BS in biology from CalTech and a PhD in physiology from MIT following which he vigorously pursued his fascination with the mammalian central nervous system under continuous National Institutes of Health funding for a 15-yr period. At the same time, he became increasingly involved in teaching physiology, with the computer being his bridge between laboratory science and classroom teaching. Soon after incorporating computers into his laboratory, he began developing computer-based learning resources for his students. Observing students using these resources to solve problems led to an interest in the learning process itself. This in turn led to a research and development program, funded by the Office of Naval Research (ONR), that applied artificial intelligence to develop smart computer tutors. The impact of problem solving on student learning became the defining theme of National Science Foundation (NSF)-supported research in health science education that gradually moved all of Dr. Michael’s academic efforts from neurophysiology to physiology education by the early 1980’s. More recently, Joel has been instrumental in developing and maintaining the Physiology Education Research Consortium, a group of physiology teachers from around the nation who collaborate on diverse projects designed to enhance learning of the life sciences. In addition to research in education and learning science, Dr. Michael has devoted much of his time to helping physiology teachers adopt modern approaches to helping students learn. He has organized and presented faculty development workshops at many national and international venues. The topics for these workshops have included computer-based education, active learning, problem-based learning, and the use of general models in teaching physiology.
Synthesis of cell-impermeable Cl-sensitive fluorescent indicators with improved sensitivity and optical properties
Authors: Biwersi Joachim , Farah Nazih , Wang Yong-Xiong , Ketcham R. , Verkman A. S. 
Published: December 2017

Quinolinium compounds have been used as Cl-sensitive fluorescent indicators in cells and cell-free membrane fractions. To improve Cl sensitivity and for conjugation via nucleophilic reaction, the compounds 6-methoxy-N-(n-aminoalkyl)quinolinium bromide hydrochloride (AAQ) with alkyl chain lengths (n) of 2 (AEQ), 3 (APQ), and 4 (ABQ) were synthesized. AAQ was water soluble, fluorescent, and quenched by Cl. The Stern-Volmer constants (KCl) for quenching of protonated AEQ, APQ and ABQ by Cl were 354, 322, and 272 M-1, respectively, higher than KCl for 6-methoxy-N-(3-sulfopropyl)quinolinium (SPQ; 118 M-1). To eliminate pH-dependent fluorescence, 6-methoxy-N-(3-trimethylammoniumpropyl)quinolinium dibromide (TMAPQ) was synthesized (KCl, 310 M-1). To red shift fluorescence excitation and emission spectra, 6-phenyl-N-(3-trimethylammoniumpropyl) quinolinium dibromide (phenyl-TMAPQ) (emission 475 nm) and N-(3-trimethylammoniumpropyl)phenanthridinium dibromide (TMAPP) (excitation 380 nm) were synthesized. AEQ and ABQ were conjugated with neutral dextran activated by cyanogen bromide to give indicator-to-dextran mole ratios of 5 to 20. KCl values at pH 7.4 were 132 (AEQ-dextran) and 237 M-1 (ABQ-dextran). To construct a single molecule with Cl-sensitive and insensitive moieties, the bichromophores 6-methoxy-N-(n-dansylsulfonamidoalkyl)quinolinium with alkyl chains of two and four were synthesized. The new Cl-sensitive indicators were used for measurement of intracellular Cl activity and for the labeling of endocytic vesicles in 3T3 fibroblasts and T84 cells. Our results indicate that N-substitution of quinoline with positively charged moieties gives increased Cl sensitivity, and extension of ring conjugation gives indicators with red-shifted fluorescence spectra. 6-methoxy-N-(3-sulfopropyl)quinolinium; dextran; fibroblast Submitted on December 20, 1990 Accepted on June 10, 1991
Potassium and chloride currents in rat gastric enterochromaffin-like cells
Authors: Loo Donald D. F. , Sachs George , Prinz Christian 
Published: December 2017

The gastric enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell se cretes histamine in response to secretagogues (gastrin, acetylcholine) by calcium signaling-dependent exocytosis of intracellular vacuoles containing the hormone. ECL cells were isolated from rat fundic gastric mucosa by elutriation and density-gradient centrifugation. Currents across the plasma membrane were measured using whole cell patch-clamp methods. These cells had a low conductance of 0.5 nS and resting potential of -50 mV Depolarization activated a K+ current that was blocked by Ba2+. Steady-state current in absence of K+ was due to Cl- because of the magnitude of the reversal potential and the effects of Cl- removal. Stimulation of secretion by gastrin, cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), and the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate activated the Cl- conductance with a time course similar to that of histamine release. Therefore the ECL cell maintains a high resting potential, largely due to K+ currents, and stimulation of secretion activates a Cl- current, perhaps deriving from the membrane of the secretory granule that fuses with the plasma membrane. The depolarization that ensues may activate the K+ current to maintain the membrane potential during exocytosis. exocytosis; acid secretion Submitted on July 31, 1995 Accepted on October 2, 1995
Direct calibration of a totally implantable pulsed Doppler ultrasonic blood flowmeter
Authors: Allen H. V. , Anderson M. F. , Meindl J. D. 
Published: December 2017

Page H537: H. V. Allen, M. F. Anderson, and J. D. Meindl. “Direct calibration of a totally implantable pulsed Doppler ultrasonic blood flowmeter.” Page H542: Table 1, footnote--the equation for the correlation coefficient should read (See PDF) Similarly, the equation for flow should read (See PDF)
CHANGES IN THE EXCRETION OF CARBON DIOXIDE RESULTING FROM BICYCLING
Authors: Higley G. O. , Bowen W. P. 
Published: December 2017

In Figure 6, p. 329, of Volume XII, the ordinates for carbon dioxide beginning at the base line are: grams 0.7 1.4 2.1 2.8 3.5 The excretion per minute before the beginning of work was 0.42 gram.
ELECTRICAL STUDIES IN MAMMALIAN REFLEXES
Authors: Forbes Alexander , Gregg Alan 
Published: December 2017

In the December, 1915, issue of this Journal (vol. xxxix, no. 2) a number of the figures accompanying the article by Forbes and Gregg entitled: "Electrical Studies in Mammalian Reflexes. II. The Correlation Between Strength of Stimuli and the Direct and Reflex Nerve Response," were, through a misunderstanding, printed on the wrong kind of paper and failed to show many details which appeared in the original photographs. These figures are, therefore, reproduced for reference. (See PDF)
RHEOTROPIC RESPONSES OF EPINEPHELUS STRIATUS BLOCH
Authors: Jordan Hovey 
Published: December 2017

(Insert opposite page 444, Volume xliii, 1917) The sentence (page 444, paragraph 2) beginning: "It should be noted, how ever," should be interchanged with the first part of a sentence on page 45 (paragraph 1), viz., with "It should be noted that . . . . the position were posterior."
ON THE HEAT LIBERATED BY THE BEATING HEART
Authors: Snyder Charles D. 
Published: December 2017

[To be inserted between pp. 158 and 159, Vol. xlvii.] Page 159, line 15, for "0.0007" read ".0018," Page 160, line 4, for the sentence beginning here read, "The heat produced was .83 x .00156, or .0013 calorie per gram ventricle." Page 163, line 19, for "0.00048, 0.00052 and 0.00073", read ".0011, .0013 and .0018." line 21, for "0.00062" read, ".00155" line 30, for "1.3" and "1.67" read "3.2" and "4.5." Page 164, last line, for "well within" read "nearer the greater of."
CHANGES IN THE CORONARY CIRCULATION FOLLOWING INCREASED AORTIC PRESSURE, AUGMENTED CARDIAC OUTPUT, ISCHEMIA AND VALVE LESIONS
Authors: Green Harold D. , Gregg Donald E. 
Published: December 2017

Volume 130. On page 128, table 1, column headed "Total flow—Diastole", last line: change 0.56 to 0.056. On page 129, line 13, first word: Change increases to decreases.
ADRENALINE ESTER
Authors: Richter Derek , MacIntosh F. C. 
Published: December 2017

Amer. J. Physiol. 135: no. 1, p. 1, 1941. Adrenaline Ester. Derek Richter and F. C. MacIntosh (1) p. 2, line 19. For 1 mgm. adrenaline read 1 µgm. adrenaline. (2) p. 3, line 1. For 1 mgm. adrenaline read 1 µgm. adrenaline. (3) line 6. For 1 mgm. adrenaline read 1 µgm. adrenaline. (4) line 7. For 25 mgm./ml. read 25 µgm./ml. (5) p. 4, line 1. For 6.1 mgm. adrenaline/ml. read 6.1 µgm., etc. (6) line 2. For 1.5 mgm. adrenaline/ml. read 1.5 µgm., etc. (7) Fig. 1, p. 2, line 4 of legend. For 2 mgm. adrenaline read 2 µgm. adrenaline. (8) Fig. 2, p. 3, line 2 of legend. For 25 mgm. adrenaline read 25 µgm. adrenaline. Contexts of above: (1) The cat showed a clear blood pressure rise with 1 mgm. adrenaline. (2) The nictitating membrane and intestine showed a definite response to 1 mgm. adrenaline. (3, 4) The response with unhydrolysed urine after taking adrenaline was only slight and corresponded to less than 1 mgm./ml. adrenaline, while solution (A) containing the hydrolysed ester gave responses corresponding to 25 mgm./ml. adrenaline. (5, 6) ... the amount found after taking 10 mgm. adrenaline corresponded to 6.1 mgm./ ml. in the urine collected in the first 4 hours and 1.5 mgm./ml. during the subsequent 5 hours. (7) E, Response to 2 mgm. adrenaline. (8) A, 25 mgm. adrenaline.
Hepatic portal glucose infusions decrease food intake and increase food preference
Authors: Tordoff Michael E. , Friedman Mark I. 
Published: December 2017

Page 192: Michael E. Tordoff and Mark I. Friedman. “Hepatic portal glucose infusions decrease food intake and increase food preference.” Page R195: first paragraph, the first four sentences should read In addition to the theoretical implications of these results, several practical implications are apparent. The data suggest that repeated tests of the same subject must be interpreted with caution, because the response during later tests may well be determined by previous infusions. It is interesting to note in this regard that several previous studies finding no change in feeding after hepatic portal glucose infusion have used daily tests according to counterbalanced designs (Refs. 2, 13, and 17–20 and perhaps Refs. 26, 27, and 29).
Pattern of N15-excretion in man following administration of N15-labeled glycine
Authors: Wu Hsien , Bishop Charles W. 
Published: December 2017

The patterns of N15-excretion, as shown by isotope concentration-time curves for ammonia, hippuric acid and urea, are different in the first few hours after oral and intravenous administration of N15-labeled glycine. After 6–8 hours, the curves are substantially the same. Therefore, data obtained in oral and in intravenous experiments should not be treated indiscriminately from the beginning. The ratio of the isotope concentration of glycine (calculated from that of hippuric acid) to that of ammonia should, on the basis of certain assumptions, theoretically begin with a high value (i.e. 20) and fall eventually to 1 when transamination equilibrium is reached. In an oral experiment the ratio found is 8.5 at 1 hour, 6.1 at 2 hours and 2.6 at 14 hours. It may be concluded that the transfer of NH2 from glycine to the other amino acids is not so rapid, compared with rates of other metabolic reactions of the amino acids, as to justify the assumption of a single pool for all amino acids from the beginning. The implications of this finding with reference to interpretation of N15-excretion data are discussed, and some sample calculations with data in the glycine experiments are given in a subsequent paper. Submitted on September 15, 1958
Effects of semistarvation and water deprivation on adrenal cortical function and corticosteroid metabolism
Authors: Huseby Robert A. , Reed Fredrick C. , Smith Thomas E. 
Published: December 2017

The urinary excretion of 17-KS and 17-OH-CS and the level of circulating unconjugated 17-OH-CS in the plasma were determined in 12 healthy young subjects during a 16-day period of acute undernutrition. In half the group, the intake of water was also significantly restricted during the first 5 1/2 days. The data indicate that although the urinary excretion of steroid metabolites decreased rapidly during the first 6 days of undernutrition and then stabilized at a level approximately half that seen in the control period, the level of circulating unconjugated 17-OH-CS in the plasma was not depressed by this degree of acute undernutrition and protein deprivation. Dehydration increased the level of circulating unconjugated 17-OH-CS, indicating that the pituitary-adrenal axis could respond to ‘stress’ when the diet was calorically inadequate and protein-deficient. These findings have been interpreted as indicating that acute undernutrition and protein deprivation alter the catabolism of adrenal steroids, but that the level of circulating hormonally-active corticosteroids reaching the tissues of the organism is probably adequate. Submitted on July 28, 1958
Elastic characteristics of isolated segments of human aortas under dynamic conditions
Authors: Cope Freeman W. 
Published: December 2017

When isolated segments of human descending thoracic aorta were caused to change their volume rapidly and continuously in sinusoidal fashion with pulse pressures and pulse rates maintained in the physiological range, the resulting pressure-volume curves showed slight but consistent increases in stiffness, compared to pressure-volume curves obtained on the same specimens when inflated stepwise. There was introduced into the pressure measuring system a time lag of sufficient magnitude to eliminate the hysteresis loop. The extent of hysteresis in the aorta was not determined because time lags in the aorta could not be distinguished from time lags in the measuring equipment. Submitted on September 10, 1958
Fate of radioactive krypton (Kr85) introduced intravenously in man
Authors: Chidsey C. A. , Fritts H. W. , Hardewig A. , Richards D. W. , Cournand A. 
Published: December 2017

When a small volume of dissolved Kr85 was rapidly injected into the venous circulation, only about 5% of the injected gas appeared in the systemic arteries. Further, when a similar solution was infused over a 10-minute period, the fraction reaching the systemic arteries was less than 15% of that contained in the pulmonary arterial blood. Because the problem of recirculation was minimized, an infusion of Kr85 was used to measure continually the output of the right ventricle. The values obtained, both at rest and during steady-state exercise, agreed satisfactorily with direct Fick measurements. Although similar comparisons could not be made in the interval when flow was changing, the values measured with the Kr85 method appeared to be of reasonable magnitude. Submitted on September 2, 1958
Airway resistance measurement during any breathing pattern in man
Authors: Bartlett R. G. , Brubach H. F. , Trimble R. C. , Specht H. 
Published: December 2017

A broadly applicable method for the quantitative and continuous measurement of airway resistance in man is described. It permits the simultaneous measurement of air flow (breath velocity) and alveolar pressure during any breathing pattern. Alveolar pressure is calculated from body plethysmograph pressure (plethysmogram) changes coincident with the compression and expansion of lung air during expiration and inspiration, respectively. The plethysmograph interior is maintained at body temperature and complete H2O saturation. This avoids the errors in measurement due to plethysmograph pressure changes produced by temperature and humidity changes in the inspired and expired breath and also obviates the necessity of using only a panting type breathing pattern. Data on three normal subjects at near resting and near maximum breathing efforts are presented and discussed. This improved method, permitting airway resistance measurements during any breathing pattern, should find application in diagnosis and assessment of treatment of pulmonary diseases as well as in the investigation of several basic pulmonary function problems. Submitted on June 17, 1958
Genesis of human cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Lloyd B. B. , Taylor K. B. 
Published: December 2017

Analysis of two sets of steady-state data on bromide ion in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of one human subject and of recently published data on the entry of bromide and sodium ions into human cerebrospinal fluid suggests that bromide is secreted out of the bulk of the cerebrospinal fluid, not excluded from it at a source, and that the secretory activity reaches a maximum at high concentrations of bromide ion. Submitted on August 25, 1958
Hemolysis of PNH erythrocytes in isotonic solutions of choline esters
Authors: Auditore Joseph V. , Hartmann Robert C. 
Published: December 2017

When the acetylcholinesterase activity of normal cells suspended in isotonic choline ester solutions is inhibited by the addition of physostigmine, these cells are more sensitive to H+ ions (i.e. hemolyze at a relatively higher pH) than the control cells. Such observations have led to the hypothesis that acetylcholinesterase may control membrane pH. Erythrocytes of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) have been demonstrated to be markedly deficient in acetylcholinesterase activity. PNH cells were incubated in isotonic solutions of choline esters and hemolysis and pH changes were followed with time. Such enzyme-deficient cells did not hemolyze at a relatively higher pH, as reported in the case of physostigmine-treated normal cells. The results of these experiments provide no concrete evidence that the erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase enzyme plays any role as an enzyme buffer system. As yet, no simple explanation has been found to correlate the acetylcholinesterase deficiency of PNH erythrocytes with their known susceptibility to hemolysis in acidified serum. Note: (With the Technical Assistance of Dorris E. Webb) Submitted on January 19, 1959
Lyophilized glycerol pectate (lot 18) for plasma volume replacement and expansion
Authors: Handford Stanley W. 
Published: December 2017

Lyophilized glycerol pectate (lot 18) was tested as a plasma expander in 10 normovolemic and 10 acute oligemic, unanesthetized dogs. In all cases the hemodynamic responses were favorable and no untoward effects of the infusion solutions were noted. No difficulty in dissolution of the lyophilized lot 18 material was encountered. Approximately 20 minutes was required for reconstitution after the addition of the appropriate amount of isotonic saline solution to the lyophilized material. The physicochemical characteristics of lot 18 furnished by the manufacturer are compared with similar measurements made recently on the same lot of material by other investigators. Note: (With the Technical Assistance of Y. Gabr, Aram Belekjian and Paul J. Stonestreet) Submitted on November 20, 1958
Oxygen consumption and body temperature during sleep in cold environments
Authors: Kreider M. B. , Iampietro P. F. 
Published: December 2017

Six young soldiers slept at the following ambient temperatures: 25.5° to 26℃ (78–80℉), 15° to 18.5°C (60°–65℉) and -32° to -34.5℃ (-25°--30℉). Rectal (Tr) and skin temperatures were recorded and mean weighted skin temperature (Ts) was calculated at -hour intervals every night; oxygen consumption (Vo2) was measured at 6-minute intervals on occasional nights. During sleep at a ‘comfortable’ temperature (25.5℃) Tr, Ts and Vo2 decreased below the resting levels measured just before retiring. During sleep in cold environments, Tr and Ts dropped to still lower levels with the lowest values recorded at an early hour of the night. Vo2 during sleep in the cold did not differ from values recorded during sleep at 25.5℃. Lowest values measured during sleep in the coldest environment were 35.5°C, 30.5℃ and 78 Cal/m2 for Tr, Ts and body heat debt, respectively. These values may represent the limits of body cooling compatible with substantially continuous sleep in the cold. Submitted on February 19, 1959