bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clausewitz rules, OK? The future is the
past—with GPS
Authors: GRAY COLIN 
Published: July 2002

The confessions of a neoclassical realistIn 1972, Hedley Bull
wrote that ‘the sources of facile optimism and narrow moralism never dry
up, and the lessons of the “realists” have to be learnt afresh by
every new generation.‘ He proceeded to claim, with
undue emphasis, that ‘in terms of the academic study of international
relations, the stream of thinking and writing that began with Niebuhr and Carr
has long run its course.’ The scholarly problems with classical realist
theory are indeed severe. However, it would be a most grievous error to
consign such theory to the bin marked ‘yesterday's solutions for
yesterday's problems.’ If the academic study of international
relations can find little save period-piece interest in the ideas of the
classical realists, that is more a comment upon the competence of scholarship
today than upon any change in world conditions.
Flight Tracks of Homing Pigeons Measured with GPS
Authors: von Hünerbein Karen , Wiltschko Wolfgang , Rüter Eckhard 
Published: July 2002

This and the following paper were first presented at the RIN01 Conference held in
Oxford under the auspices of the Animal Navigation Special Interest Group, April
2001.Flight paths of homing pigeons were measured with a newly developed recorder based on
GPS. The device consists of a GPS receiver board, a logging facility, an antenna, a power
supply, a DC-DC converter and a casing. It has a weight of 33 grams and works reliably with
a sampling rate of 1 Hz for an operating time of about three hours, providing time-indexed
data on geographic positions, ground speed and altitude. The devices are fixed to the birds
with a harness, and the data are downloaded when the bird is re-captured. The measured
flight paths show many details : for example, initial loops flown immediately after release and
large detours flown by some pigeons. Three examples of flight paths are presented from a
release site 17·3 km northeast of the home loft in Frankfurt. Mean speed in flight, duration
of breaks and total length of the flight path were calculated. The pigeons chose different
routes and have different individual tendencies to fly loops over the village close to the release
site.
Fast Craft and the COLREGS
Authors: Millns A. T. C. 
Published: July 2002

I understand that The Netherlands are pressing the IMO
to change the COLREGS so that
high speed craft (HSC) have the obligation of
keeping out of the way of other vessels.There is an IMO definition of high speed craft which was adopted by
resolution MSC
36(63) in May 1995. It is the International Code of Safety
for High Speed Craft. It covers
vessels on international routes but does not cover, for instance, warships,
troopships,
fishing and pleasure craft. However, for the purpose of the COLREGS,

I am sure that this definition should be widened and then incorporated.I agree with many of the points in Mr R. D. Pike's article printed
in
this Journal in May 1997.
Actin filament distribution in blocked and developing pig embryos
Authors: Wang Wei-Hua , Abeydeera Lalantha R. , Prather Randall S. , Day Billy N. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryActin filaments play an important role in cell division. The present study was designed to examine the relationship between actin filament distribution and pig embryo development. When in vivo matured and fertilised pig oocytes were cultured in TCM 199 or NCSU 23, in various proportions, 45–65% of inseminated oocytes developed to the 2- to 4-cell stages but blastocyst development was observed only in NCSU 23 (34%) or NCSU 23 containing 10% TCM 199 (7%). Supplementation of NCSU 23 medium with 20% or more TCM 199 resulted in no blastocyst formation. Examination of actin filaments indicated that microfilaments were distributed in the cortex, at the junction of blastomeres and in the perinuclear area in the embryos cultured in NCSU 23, but perinuclear actin filaments were not observed in embryos cultured in TCM 199. When 2- to 4-cell stage embryos obtained from TCM 199 were transferred to NCSU 23 medium at 36 h after in vivo fertilisation, 57% of the cleaved embryos developed to blastocysts, which was no different from the proportion obtained after culture in NCSU 23 alone (56%). In addition, when 2- to 4-cell stage embryos obtained from TCM 199 were transferred to NCSU 23, most embryos showed perinuclear actin filaments within 6 h. The results indicate that the composition of the culture medium plays an important role in the polymerisation of actin filaments, which in turn influences embryo development. It is possible that pig embryo development was blocked by some components in TCM 199 which prevented actin filament polymerisation.
Operational lee wave forecasting
Authors: Shutts Glenn 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAn operational lee wave forecasting code is described and tested on a number of actual cases. Although the solution procedure involves a well‐known numerical algorithm, its implementation for operational purposes needs to be intelligent and flexible. The technique involves an eigenvalue problem based on the vertical structure equation for stationary, internal gravity waves. Since the orientation of the trapped lee waves is not known a priori, the code solves the eigenvalue problem for a range of wind directions centred on the low‐level wind direction and makes a decision as to which direction will have the largest amplitude and most highly trapped lee wave. The amplitude of the lee wave motion depends on the intensity of orographic forcing in a spectral band centred on the resonant wavelength. For complex terrain this is difficult to quantify. Here, it is assumed that the Fourier spectrum of the orography follows a power law in wavenumber and that the wave amplitude is attributed with a ‘wave launching‐height’ condition. One of the test cases considered is the notorious ‘Sheffield gale’ of 16 February 1962, and in that case the lee wave code does predict an unusually large‐amplitude wave. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society.
Mary Warnock
Authors: Graham Philip 
Published: July 2002

Plato's view that we should be ruled by
philosophers has never really caught on in
Britain. Indeed, in recent years, political
attitudes to the study of philosophy have
resulted in the closure of departments of
philosophy in our universities, so that the
subject is less studied at undergraduate
level than it was 20 or 30 years ago. So it is
surprising that the way our generation
thinks about education, genetic experimentation, broadcasting, and some of the
other most contentious issues of our time
should have been so influenced by a professional philosopher whose working life
has never taken her out of Oxford and
Cambridge.Mary Warnock has served as chairman of
government committees on special education, on animal experimentation, on
human fertilisation, and on teaching quality. Further, the recommendations of the
committees she has chaired have usually
been rapidly adopted by the government of
the time and then translated into legislation
with bipartisan support and considerable
speed. The fate of her reports firmly refutes
the commonly held view that governments
set up committees to avoid making difficult
decisions and then leave their weighty
conclusions to sit on shelves, gathering
dust until the topics in question have lost
the interest of the public.
Short‐term impacts of extreme environmental disturbance on the bats of Puerto Rico
Authors: Jones Kate E. , Barlow Kate E. , Vaughan Nancy , Rodríguez‐Durán Armando , Gannon Michael R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe sensitivity of bat species to stochastic disturbance was investigated by exploiting the natural experiment provided by Hurricane Georges, which struck the island of Puerto Rico (Caribbean) in September 1998. Six forest habitats and three cave roost sites sampled for bats prior to the hurricane were sampled in the same way after the hurricane. Populations showed significant declines in abundance and species richness across all forest habitats sampled. Species' sensitivity to disturbance were not equal: larger species were significantly more affected by disturbance than smaller species, once the effects of phylogenetic non‐independence were removed. There was some evidence that frugivorous and nectarivorous species are more affected by hurricane disturbance than insectivorous species. These findings have important implications for maintaining viable populations of species in areas that experience a high degree of environmental fluctuation.
Anion-Channel Blockers Interfere with Auxin Responses in Dark-Grown Arabidopsis Hypocotyls
Authors: Thomine S. , Lelievre F. , Boufflet M. , Guern J. , Barbier-Brygoo H. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Anion channels are thought to participate in signal transduction and turgor regulation in higher plant cells. The regulation of hypocotyl cell elongation is a situation in which these channels could play important roles because it involves ionic fluxes that are implicated in turgor control and orchestrated by various signals. We have used a pharmacological approach to reveal the contribution of anion channels in the regulation of the development of hypocotyls by auxins. Auxins induce an inhibition of elongation, a disintegration of the cortical cell layers, and the formation of adventitious roots on Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls grown in the dark. Anion-channel blockers such as anthracene-9-carboxylic acid, 4,4[prime]-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2–2[prime]-disulfonic acid, 4-acetamido-4[prime]-isothiocyanato-stilbene-2–2[prime]-disulfonic acid, and R(+)-methylindazone; indanyloxyacteic acid-94, which produce little or no stimulation of hypocotyl elongation by themselves, are able to counteract the inhibition and the disintegration induced by auxins with various efficiencies. This interference appears to be specific for auxins and does not occur when hypocotyl elongation is inhibited by other growth regulators such as ethylene or cytokinins. The putative involvement of anion channels in auxin signal transduction is discussed.
An Embryo-Defective Mutant of Arabidopsis Disrupted in the Final Step of Biotin Synthesis
Authors: Patton David A. , Schetter Amy L. , Franzmann Linda H. , Nelson Karin , Ward Eric R. , Meinke David W. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Auxotrophic mutants have played an important role in the genetic dissection of biosynthetic pathways in microorganisms. Equivalent mutants have been more difficult to identify in plants. The bio1 auxotroph ofArabidopsis thaliana was shown previously to be defective in the synthesis of the biotin precursor 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid. A second biotin auxotroph of A. thaliana has now been identified. Arrested embryos from thisbio2 mutant are defective in the final step of biotin synthesis, the conversion of dethiobiotin to biotin. This enzymatic reaction, catalyzed by the bioB product (biotin synthase) in Escherichia coli, has been studied extensively in plants and bacteria because it involves the unusual addition of sulfur to form a thiophene ring. Three lines of evidence indicate that bio2 is defective in biotin synthase production: mutant embryos are rescued by biotin but not dethiobiotin, the mutant allele maps to the same chromosomal location as the cloned biotin synthase gene, and gel-blot hybridizations and polymerase chain reaction amplifications revealed that homozygous mutant plants contain a deletion spanning the entire BIO2-coding region. Here we describe how the isolation and characterization of this null allele have provided valuable insights into biotin synthesis, auxotrophy, and gene redundancy in plants.
Nonphotochemical Reduction of the Plastoquinone Pool in Sunflower Leaves Originates from Chlororespiration1
Authors: Feild Taylor S. , Nedbal Ladislav , Ort Donald R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe investigated the relationship between nonphotochemical plastoquinone reduction and chlororespiration in leaves of growth-chamber-grown sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Following a short induction period, leaves of previously illuminated sunflower showed a substantially increased level of minimal fluorescence following a light-to-dark transition. This increase in minimal fluorescence was reversed by far-red illumination, inhibited by rotenone or photooxidative methyl viologen treatment, and stimulated by fumigation with CO. Using flash-induced electrochromic absorption-change measurements, we observed that the capacity of sunflower to reduce plastoquinone in the dark influenced the activation state of the chloroplast ATP synthase, although chlororespiratory transmembrane electrochemical potential formation alone does not fully explain our observations. We have added several important new observations to the work of others, forming, to our knowledge, the first strong experimental evidence that chlororespiratory, nonphotochemical plastoquinone reduction and plastoquinol oxidation occur in the chloroplasts of higher plants. We have introduced procedures for monitoring and manipulating chlorores-piratory activity in leaves that will be important in subsequent work aimed at defining the pathway and function of this dark electron flux in higher plant chloroplasts.
Biosynthesis of Lipoic Acid in Arabidopsis: Cloning and Characterization of the cDNA for Lipoic Acid Synthase
Authors: Yasuno Rie , Wada Hajime 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Lipoic acid is a coenzyme that is essential for the activity of enzyme complexes such as those of pyruvate dehydrogenase and glycine decarboxylase. We report here the isolation and characterization of LIP1 cDNA for lipoic acid synthase of Arabidopsis. The ArabidopsisLIP1 cDNA was isolated using an expressed sequence tag homologous to the lipoic acid synthase of Escherichia coli. This cDNA was shown to code for Arabidopsis lipoic acid synthase by its ability to complement alipA mutant of E. coli defective in lipoic acid synthase. DNA-sequence analysis of the LIP1cDNA revealed an open reading frame predicting a protein of 374 amino acids. Comparisons of the deduced amino acid sequence with those ofE. coli and yeast lipoic acid synthase homologs showed a high degree of sequence similarity and the presence of a leader sequence presumably required for import into the mitochondria. Southern-hybridization analysis suggested that LIP1 is a single-copy gene in Arabidopsis. Western analysis with an antibody against lipoic acid synthase demonstrated that this enzyme is located in the mitochondrial compartment in Arabidopsis cells as a 43-kD polypeptide.
ATP-Dependent Formation of Phosphatidylserine-Rich Vesicles from the Endoplasmic Reticulum of Leek Cells
Authors: Sturbois-Balcerzak Bénédicte , Vincent Patrick , Maneta-Peyret Lilly , Duvert Michel , Satiat-Jeunemaitre Béatrice , Cassagne Claude , Moreau Patrick 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Leek (Allium porrum) plasma membrane is enriched in phosphatidylserine (PS) by the vesicular pathway, in a way similar to that already observed in animal cells (B. Sturbois-Balcerzak, D.J. Morré, O. Loreau, J.P. Noel, P. Moreau, C. Cassagne [1995] Plant Physiol Biochem 33: 625–637). In this paper we document the formation of PS-rich small vesicles from leek endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes upon addition of ATP and other factors. The omission of ATP or its replacement by ATPγ-S prevents vesicle formation. These vesicles correspond to small structures (70–80 nm) and their phospholipid composition, characterized by a PS enrichment, is compatible with a role in PS transport. Moreover, the PS enrichment over phosphatidylinositol in the ER-derived vesicles is the first example, to our knowledge, of phospholipid sorting from the ER to ER-derived vesicles in plant cells.
Developmental and Stress Regulation of RCI2A andRCI2B, Two Cold-Inducible Genes of Arabidopsis Encoding Highly Conserved Hydrophobic Proteins
Authors: Medina Joaquı́n , Catalá Rafael , Salinas Julio 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The capability of most higher plants to tolerate environmental conditions strongly depends on their developmental stage. In addition, environmental factors have pleiotropic effects on many developmental processes. The interaction between plant development and environmental conditions implies that some genes must be regulated by both environmental factors and developmental cues. To understand their developmental regulation and obtain possible clues on their functions, we have isolated genomic clones for RCI2A andRCI2B, two genes from Arabidopsis ecotype Columbia (Col), whose expression is induced in response to low temperature, dehydration, salt stress, and abscisic acid. The promoters ofRCI2A and RCI2B were fused to theuidA (GUS)-coding sequence and the resulting constructs used to transform Arabidopsis. GUS activity was analyzed in transgenic plants during development under both stressed and unstressed conditions. Transgenic plants with either theRCI2A or RCI2B promoter showed strongGUS expression during the first stages of seed development and germination, in vascular bundles, pollen, and most interestingly in guard cells. When transgenic plants were exposed to low temperature, dehydration, salt stress, or abscisic acid, reporter gene expression was induced in most tissues. These results indicate that RCI2A and RCI2B are regulated at transcriptional level during plant development and in response to different environmental stimuli and treatments. The potential role ofRCI2A and RCI2B in plant development and stress response is discussed.
Induction of ApL3 Expression by Trehalose Complements the Starch-Deficient Arabidopsis Mutantadg2-1 Lacking ApL1, the Large Subunit of ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase
Authors: Fritzius Thorsten , Aeschbacher Roger , Wiemken Andres , Wingler Astrid 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The disaccharide trehalose has strong effects on plant metabolism and development. In Arabidopsis seedlings, growth on trehalose-containing medium leads to an inhibition of root elongation, an accumulation of starch in the shoots, an increased activity of ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), and an induction of the expression of the AGPase gene, ApL3 (A. Wingler, T. Fritzius, A. Wiemken, T. Boller, R.A. Aeschbacher [2000] Plant Physiol 124: 105–114). We used Arabidopsis mutants deficient in starch synthesis to examine whether the primary effect of trehalose was to affect carbohydrate allocation by the induction of AGPase in the photosynthetic tissue. In a mutant lacking the large AGPase subunit, ApL1, (adg2-1 mutant) growth on trehalose restored AGPase activity and led to a strong accumulation of starch in the shoots. In contrast, starch synthesis could not be induced in a mutant lacking the small AGPase subunit, ApS, (adg1-1 mutant) or in a mutant lacking plastidic phosphoglucomutase (pgm1-1 mutant). These results indicate that ApL3 can substitute for ApL1 in the AGPase complex. In addition, root elongation in the mutants, especially in the adg1-1 mutant, was partially resistant to trehalose, suggesting that the induction ofApL3 expression and the resulting accumulation of starch in the shoots were partially responsible for the effects of trehalose on the growth of wild-type plants.
Effect of Strain Gradients and Heterogeneity on Flow Strength of
Particle Reinforced Metal-Matrix Composites
Authors: Duan D-M. , Wu N. Q. , Zhao M. , Slaughter W. S. , Mao Scott X. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
This paper deals with an analysis of the size effect on the flow strength of metal-matrix composites due to the presence of geometrically necessary dislocations. The work is based upon a cell model of uniaxial deformation. The deformation field is analyzed based on a requirement of the deformation compatibility along the interface between the particle and the matrix, which in turn is completed through introducing an array of geometrically necessary dislocations. The results of modelling show that the overall stress-strain relationship is dependent not only on the particle volume fraction but also on the particle size. It has been found that the material length scale in the strain gradient plasticity is dependent on the particle volume fraction, or in other words, on the relative ratio of the particle spacing to the particle size. The strain gradient is, besides the macro-strain and the particle volume fraction, inversely proportional to the particle size.
Occurrence of the New Tetracycline Resistance Gene
tet
(W) in Bacteria from the Human Gut
Authors: Scott Karen P. , Melville Claire M. , Barbosa Teresa M. , Flint Harry J. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Members of our group recently identified a new tetracycline resistance gene,
tet
(W), in three genera of rumen obligate anaerobes. Here, we show that
tet
(W) is also present in bacteria isolated from human feces. The
tet
(W) genes found in human
Fusobacterium prausnitzii
and
Bifidobacterium longum
isolates were more than 99.9% identical to those from a rumen isolate of
Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens
.
In Vitro Susceptibility Testing Methods for Caspofungin against
Aspergillus
and
Fusarium
Isolates
Authors: Arikan Sevtap , Lozano-Chiu Mario , Paetznick Victor , Rex John H. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

We investigated the relevance of prominent reduction in turbidity macroscopically (MIC) and formation of aberrant hyphal tips microscopically (minimum effective concentration; MEC) in measuring the in vitro activity of caspofungin against
Aspergillus
and
Fusarium
. Caspofungin generated low MICs and MECs against
Aspergillus
, but not for
Fusarium
. While MICs increased inconsistently when the incubation time was prolonged, MEC appeared as a stable and potentially relevant endpoint in testing in vitro caspofungin activity.
Compartmental Pharmacokinetics of the Antifungal Echinocandin Caspofungin (MK-0991) in Rabbits
Authors: Groll Andreas H. , Gullick Bryan M. , Petraitiene Ruta , Petraitis Vidmantas , Candelario Myrna , Piscitelli Stephen C. , Walsh Thomas J. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

The pharmacokinetics of the antifungal echinocandin-lipopeptide caspofungin (MK-0991) in plasma were studied in groups of three healthy rabbits after single and multiple daily intravenous administration of doses of 1, 3, and 6 mg/kg of body weight. Concentrations were measured by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method and fitted into a three-compartment open pharmacokinetic model. Across the investigated dosage range, caspofungin displayed dose-independent pharmacokinetics. Following administration over 7 days, the mean peak concentration in plasma (
C
max
) ± standard error of the mean increased from 16.01 ± 0.61 μg/ml at the 1-mg/kg dose to 105.52 ± 8.92 μg/ml at the 6-mg/kg dose; the mean area under the curve from 0 h to infinity rose from 13.15 ± 2.37 to 158.43 ± 15.58 μg · h/ml, respectively. The mean apparent volume of distribution at steady state (
V
d
ss
) was 0.299 ± 0.011 liter/kg at the 1-mg/kg dose and 0.351 ± 0.016 liter/kg at the 6-mg/kg dose (not significant [NS]). Clearance (CL) ranged from 0.086 ± 0.017 liter/kg/h at the 1-mg/kg dose to 0.043 ± 0.004 liter/kg/h at the 6-mg/kg dose (NS), and the mean terminal half-life was between 30 and 34 h (NS). Except for a trend towards an increased
V
d
ss
, there were no significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters in comparison to those after single-dose administration. Caspofungin was well tolerated, displayed linear pharmacokinetics that fit into a three-compartment pharmacokinetic model, and achieved sustained concentrations in plasma that were multiple times in excess of reported MICs for susceptible opportunistic fungi.