bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal Recovery of Cutaneous Neoplasm During Cryosurgery
Authors: Ibarra-Prieto Maria-Fernanda , Luna Jose-Manuel , Hernandez-Guerrero Abel , Luviano-Ortiz Jose-Luis 
Published: March 2016

Cryotherapy, also called cryosurgery, cryoablation or targeted cryoablation therapy, is a minimum invasive treatment that uses extreme cold temperatures to freeze and destroy damage tissue, like tumors or cancer cells. During cryotherapy, a refrigerant as liquid nitrogen or argon gas is forced to flow inside a probe. This probe is similar to a needle and it is called cryoprobe. Once the refrigerant is inside this cryoprobe the temperature decreases below zero Celsius in a given time, creating an intense cold that contacts the diseased tissue. Physicians use image guidance techniques to monitor the cryoprobe, such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To destroy diseased tissue located outside the body, liquid nitrogen is applied directly to the infected zone with a cotton swab or spray. For tumors located below the skin surface and depth in the body, the medical image guidance to insert one or more cryoprobes is used. Living tissue, whether healthy or sick, cannot tolerate extremely low temperatures. For this reason cryotherapy involves a series of steps leading to cell death. Tumors are repeatedly frozen and thaw, typically two freeze – thaw cycles are used. Once the cells have been destroyed, white blood cells of the immune system remove dead tissue.
The present work is a 3D simulation. The skin is modeled with a regular geometry, divided into three layers: epidermis, thinner and superficial part of the skin; dermis, 40 times thicker than the epidermis (also this layer has a thermoregulatory function because of the blood flow, which also contributes to vasoconstriction and vasodilatation of the skin), and finally the last layer is the hypodermis or subcutaneous fat layer (which mainly stores fat). For a transient analysis of this three layers of the skin, the bio-heat transfer equation of Pennes is used, since it contains terms that involve energy released during metabolism, blood perfusion, body core temperature and certain physical properties such as density, specific heat, thermal conductivity, latent heat of phase change and heat capacity ratio. The malignant tumor, melanoma, is modeled as an irregular symmetric geometry. Three different melanoma Clark levels are analyzed, Clark II, III and IV. Each level is analyzed with three size variations. These levels are chosen because most people who are diagnosed with melanoma have Clark II level. Clark V level was not considered because when melanoma reaches subcutaneous cellular tissue the metastasis process begins. In this work a thermal recovery analysis of the skin during certain periods of time in the freezing-thaw cycles is carried out. Each of this time periods vary according to the type of refrigerant, liquid nitrogen or argon gas. The analysis contemplates the phase change suffered by the skin.
Non-Linear Damping Identification in Nuclear Systems Under External Excitation
Authors: Delannoy Joachim , Amabili Marco , Matthews Brett , Painter Brian , Karazis Kostas 
Published: March 2016

In Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR) the fluid-structure interaction between the coolant and fuel assemblies is an important phenomenon that is directly associated to safety and performance issues for the nuclear industry. Fuel assemblies are formed by bundling fuel rods, long slender pressurized tubes containing uranium pellets, with hollow guide and instrumentation tubes using a number of spacer grids for support. In order to correctly simulate the response of a fuel assembly under external excitation, an investigation of the system damping is necessary.
Recent study shows that the damping may grow significantly with the vibration amplitude, increasing the safety factor. In order to address this issue, the present study has developed a tool to identify the vibration characteristics of non-linear mechanical systems from experimental forced vibration data obtained at different excitation levels. In particular, this project focuses on the damping identification. A parameter identification methodology for non-linear systems, based on harmonic balance method, is used to identify the damping governing the motion of such systems.
The tool has been developed by using hardening non-linear responses of two sandwich panel and a metal plate subjected to external harmonic excitation. The method has been validated by comparison with the damping identified by the full non-linear model of the two sandwich panels. In the three cases, an increase of damping with the vibration amplitude is found and discussed.
New Approaches for Improved Efficiency and Flexibility in Process Chains of Press Hardening
Authors: Landgrebe Dirk , Schönherr Julia , Pierschel Norbert , Polster Stefan , Mosel Andre , Schieck Frank 
Published: March 2016

In the last decade, press hardening has become a fully established technology in both science and industry for the production of ultra-high-strength structural components, especially in the automotive industry. Beside the improvement of car performance such as safety and lightweight design, the production process is also one focus of trends in technology development in the field of press hardening.
This paper presents an overview about alternative approaches for optimized process chains of press hardening, also including pre- and post-processing in addition to the actual forming and quenching process. Investigations on direct contact heating technology show new prospects regarding fast and flexible austenitization of blanks at compact device dimensions. By applying high speed impact cutting (HSIC) for trimming of press hardened parts, an alternative technology is available to substitute the slow and energy-intensive laser trimming in today’s press hardening lines. Combined with stroke-to-stroke control based on measuring of process-relevant parameters, a readjustment of the production line is possible in order to produce each part with individual, optimal process parameters to realize zero defect production of property-graded press hardened components with constant high part quality.
Significant research in the field of press hardening was carried out at Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology IWU, in the hot forming model process chain which enables the running of experiments under conditions similar to industrial scales. All practical tests were prepared by design of experiments and assisted by thermo-mechanical FE simulations.
Role of the Cys154Arg Substitution in Ribosomal Protein L3 in Oxazolidinone Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Makafe Gaëlle Guiewi , Cao Yuanyuan , Tan Yaoju , Julius Mugweru , Liu Zhiyong , Wang Changwei , Njire Moses M. , Cai Xingshan , Liu Tianzhou , Wang Bangxing , Pang Wei , Tan Shouyong , Zhang Buchang , Yew Wing Wai , Lamichhane Gyanu , Guo Jintao , Zhang Tianyu 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

We expressed the wild-type
rplC
and mutated
rplC
(Cys154Arg) genes, respectively, in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
H37Ra and H37Rv in an attempt to delineate the role of
rplC
(Cys154Arg) regarding oxazolidinone resistance. An increase of the MICs of linezolid (LZD) and sutezolid (PNU-100480, PNU) against the recombinant mycobacteria with overexpressed
rplC
mutation (Cys154Arg) was found, suggesting the
rplC
gene is a determinant of bacillary susceptibilities to LZD and PNU.
Factors Associated with Time to Appropriate Treatment in Pertussis Cases in Georgia, 2009 to 2013
Authors: Goodenough Dana , Thomas Ebony , Tuttle Jessica , Bednarczyk Robert A. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
Pertussis is endemic in the United States, with periodic epidemics that continue to highlight its importance as a public health issue. The clinical presentation of pertussis can vary by age and vaccination status. However, little is known about the factors that affect time to antibiotic treatment of pertussis cases. We analyzed 5 years of data from the Georgia Department of Public Health to understand how factors such as age, symptoms, and vaccination status can alter the clinical picture of pertussis and affect time to treatment. We used multivariable linear regression to assess the impact of each variable on time to antibiotic treatment. There was little consistency across age groups for symptom and demographic predictors of time to antibiotic treatment. Overall, the multivariate linear regression showed that among patients ≤18 years old, none of the variables had an impact on time to antibiotic treatment greater than −0.25 to 1.47 days. Among patients >18 years old, most variables had little impact on time to treatment, though two (paroxysmal cough in >18- to 40-year-olds and hospitalization in individuals over 40) were associated with an additional 5 days in time to treatment from cough onset. This study highlights how the difficulties in pertussis diagnosis, particularly among adults, can affect time to antibiotic treatment; adults may not begin antibiotic treatment until there is an accumulation of symptoms. Health care providers need to recognize the variety of symptoms that pertussis can present with and consider confirmatory testing early.
Crystal Structure of a Complex of Surfactant Protein D (SP-D) and Haemophilus influenzae Lipopolysaccharide Reveals Shielding of Core Structures in SP-D-Resistant Strains
Authors: Clark Howard W. , Mackay Rose-Marie , Deadman Mary E. , Hood Derek W. , Madsen Jens , Moxon E. Richard , Townsend J. Paul , Reid Kenneth B. M. , Ahmed Abdul , Shaw Amy J. , Greenhough Trevor J. , Shrive Annette K. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

The carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) of lung collectin surfactant protein D (SP-D) recognize sugar patterns on the surface of lung pathogens and promote phagocytosis. Using
Haemophilus influenzae
Eagan strains expressing well-characterized lipopolysaccharide (LPS) surface structures of various levels of complexity, we show that bacterial recognition and binding by SP-D is inversely related to LPS chain extent and complexity. The crystal structure of a biologically active recombinant trimeric SP-D CRD complexed with a delipidated Eagan 4A LPS suggests that efficient LPS recognition by SP-D requires multiple binding interactions utilizing the three major ligand-binding determinants in the SP-D binding pocket, with Ca-dependent binding of inner-core heptose accompanied by interaction of anhydro-Kdo (4,7-anhydro-3-deoxy-
d
-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid) with Arg343 and Asp325. Combined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) binding analyses, our results show that extended LPS structures previously thought to be targets for collectins are important in shielding the more vulnerable sites in the LPS core, revealing a mechanism by which pathogens with complex LPS extensions efficiently evade a first-line mucosal innate immune defense. The structure also reveals for the first time the dominant form of anhydro-Kdo.
The effect of provision of pain management advice on patient satisfaction with their pain management: a pilot, randomised, controlled trial (pain advice trial)
Authors: Taylor David McD , Grover Johnson Olivia , Lee Marina , Ding Juen Li , Ashok Aadith 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveWe aimed to provide pain advice (‘The treatment of pain is very important and be sure to tell the staff when you have pain’) as an intervention and evaluate its effect upon patient satisfaction. The purpose of this pilot trial was to ensure the design and methods of a future trial are sound, practicable and feasible.MethodWe undertook a pilot, randomised, controlled, clinical intervention trial in a single ED. The control arm received standard care. The intervention arm received standard care plus pain advice from an independent investigator. All patients and treating ED staff were blinded to patient enrolment. Patient satisfaction with their pain management (six-point ordinal scale) was measured 48 h post-ED discharge, by a blinded researcher. The primary outcome was satisfaction with pain management.ResultsOf the 280 and 275 patients randomised to the control and intervention arms, respectively, 196 and 215 had complete data, respectively. 77.6% (152/196) and 88.8% (191/215) of patients reported being provided with pain advice, respectively (difference 11.3% (95% CI 3.6 to 19.0)). The intervention was associated with absolute and relative increases in patient satisfaction of 6.3% and 14.2%, respectively. 91.3% (179/196) and 76.3% (164/215) of patients who were/were not very satisfied reported having received ‘pain advice’ (difference 15.0% (95% CI 7.6 to 22.5)).ConclusionsThe intervention to provide pain advice resulted in a non-significant increase in patient satisfaction. A larger multicentre trial is feasible and is recommended to further explore the effects of provision of pain advice.Trial registration numberACTRN12615000097549.
Faecal biomarker patterns in patients with symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Emmanuel Anton , Landis Darryl , Peucker Mark , Hungin A Pali S 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveTo determine rates of faecal biomarker results capable of suggesting potentially treatable causes of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptomatology in a population of patients with symptoms of IBS who meet Rome III criteria for that condition.DesignDescriptive, retrospective study in which faecal biomarker results (dichotomised into ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ values) were related to data from patient-completed questionnaire data identifying demographics, Rome III criteria for IBS and IBS phenotype (IBS-D, IBS-C, IBS-M and IBS-U).SettingCommercial reference laboratory.PatientsIndividuals whose physicians ordered faecal biomarker testing for evaluation of chronic abdominal symptoms consistent with IBS.InterventionsNone.Main outcome measuresRates of occurrence of abnormal results on any of seven faecal biomarkers suggesting a treatable cause for IBS symptoms.ResultsAbdominal symptoms meeting Rome III criteria for IBS were present in 3553 records (the population), which were subjected to further analysis. Abnormal biomarker results (the outcomes) occurred in 94% of cases; 73% and 65% of records indicated growth of a bacterial potential pathogen and low growth of beneficial organisms, respectively. Abnormal results for all other faecal biomarkers occurred with frequencies from 5% to 13%. Frequency of abnormal results for elastase, calprotectin, eosinophil protein X, and beneficial organisms rose significantly with age, and differed significantly across IBS phenotypes.ConclusionsA large proportion of patients manifesting symptoms meeting Rome III IBS diagnostic criteria have faecal biomarker results indicating potential underlying, treatable causes of their symptoms. Faecal biomarker testing is an appropriate means of identifying potentially treatable causes of IBS symptoms.
Resting heart rate predicts incident myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, ischaemic stroke and death in the general population: the Tromsø Study
Authors: Sharashova Ekaterina , Wilsgaard Tom , Mathiesen Ellisiv B , Løchen Maja-Lisa , Njølstad Inger , Brenn Tormod 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundElevated resting heart rate (RHR) increases risk of death overall, but a comprehensive picture of the associations between RHR, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality events has not yet been presented. We aimed to investigate the effect of RHR on the risk of 5 cardiovascular events: incident myocardial infarction (MI), incident atrial fibrillation (AF), incident ischaemic stroke, total death and cardiovascular death in a general population from Norway.MethodsWe followed 24 489 men and women from the Tromsø Study 1994–1995, a population-based cohort study, for 18 years, and analysed the association between RHR and the investigated cardiovascular events. Sex-specific Cox regression with time-dependent covariates was applied with the best-fitting fractional polynomials of RHR.ResultsAmong men, an independent positive relationship was observed for MI and AF (adjusted HR for AF per 20 bpm increase=1.14; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.27). In women, the corresponding HR for MI was 1.23 (1.09 to 1.40). A J-shaped association was observed for ischaemic stroke in women when compared with a RHR of 70 bpm (HR for 50 bpm=1.31; 0.90 to 1.90; HR for 100 bpm=1.32; 1.04 to 1.69). Total and cardiovascular death showed a strong positive association with RHR in men. In women, the pattern for total death was similar.ConclusionsRHR is an independent risk factor for several cardiovascular events. A novel finding is the positive association between RHR and AF in men and the sex difference in association with ischaemic stroke.
R-GPU
Authors: Braak Gert-Jan Van Den , Corporaal Henk 
Published: March 2016

Over the last decade, Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) architectures have evolved from a fixed-function graphics pipeline to a programmable, energy-efficient compute accelerator for massively parallel applications. The compute power arises from the GPU’s Single Instruction/Multiple Threads architecture: concurrently running many threads and executing them as Single Instruction/Multiple Data--style vectors. However, compute power is still lost due to cycles spent on data movement and control instructions instead of data computations. Even more cycles are lost on pipeline stalls resulting from long latency (memory) operations.
To improve not only performance but also energy efficiency, we introduce R-GPU: a reconfigurable GPU architecture with communicating cores. R-GPU is an addition to a GPU, which can still be used as such, but also has the ability to reorganize the cores of a GPU in a reconfigurable network. In R-GPU data movement and control is implicit in the configuration of the network. Each core executes a fixed instruction, reducing instruction decode count and increasing energy efficiency. On a number of benchmarks we show an average performance improvement of 2.1 × over the same GPU without modifications. We further make a conservative power estimation of R-GPU which shows that power consumption can be reduced by 6%, leading to an energy consumption reduction of 55%, while area only increases by a mere 4%.
Mutant Calreticulin Requires Both Its Mutant C-terminus and the Thrombopoietin Receptor for Oncogenic Transformation
Authors: Elf Shannon , Abdelfattah Nouran S. , Chen Edwin , Perales-Patón Javier , Rosen Emily A. , Ko Amy , Peisker Fabian , Florescu Natalie , Giannini Silvia , Wolach Ofir , Morgan Elizabeth A. , Tothova Zuzana , Losman Julie-Aurore , Schneider Rebekka K. , Al-Shahrour Fatima , Mullally Ann 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Somatic mutations in calreticulin (CALR) are present in approximately 40% of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), but the mechanism by which mutant CALR is oncogenic remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that expression of mutant CALR alone is sufficient to engender MPN in mice and recapitulates the disease phenotype of patients with CALR-mutant MPN. We further show that the thrombopoietin receptor MPL is required for mutant CALR-driven transformation through JAK–STAT pathway activation, thus rendering mutant CALR-transformed hematopoietic cells sensitive to JAK2 inhibition. Finally, we demonstrate that the oncogenicity of mutant CALR is dependent on the positive electrostatic charge of the C-terminus of the mutant protein, which is necessary for physical interaction between mutant CALR and MPL. Together, our findings elucidate a novel paradigm of cancer pathogenesis and reveal how CALR mutations induce MPN.
Significance: The mechanism by which CALR mutations induce MPN remains unknown. In this report, we show that the positive charge of the CALR mutant C-terminus is necessary to transform hematopoietic cells by enabling binding between mutant CALR and the thrombopoietin receptor MPL. Cancer Discov; 6(4); 368–81. ©2016 AACR.
See related commentary by Stanley and Steidl, p. 344.
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 331
What Is the Polar Vortex and How Does It Influence Weather?
Authors: Waugh Darryn W. , Sobel Adam H. , Polvani Lorenzo M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The term polar vortex has become part of the everyday vocabulary, but there is some confusion in the media, general public, and science community regarding what polar vortices are and how they are related to various weather events. Here, we clarify what is meant by polar vortices in the atmospheric science literature. It is important to recognize the existence of two separate planetary-scale circumpolar vortices: one in the stratosphere and the other in the troposphere. These vortices have different structures, seasonality, dynamics, and impacts on extreme weather. The tropospheric vortex is much larger than its stratospheric counterpart and exists year-round, whereas the stratospheric polar vortex forms in fall but disappears in the spring of each year. Both vortices can, in some circumstances, play a role in extreme weather events at the surface, such as cold-air outbreaks, but these events are not the consequence of either the existence or gross properties of these two vortices. Rather, cold-air outbreaks are most directly related to transient, localized displacements of the edge of the tropospheric polar vortex that may, in some circumstances, be related to the stratospheric polar vortex, but there is no known one-to-one connection between these phenomena.
The Sensitivity of the Hydrological Cycle to Internal Climate Variability versus Anthropogenic Climate Change
Authors: Kramer Ryan J. , Soden Brian J. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In response to rising CO2 concentrations, climate models predict that globally averaged precipitation will increase at a much slower rate than water vapor. However, some observational studies suggest that global-mean precipitation and water vapor have increased at similar rates. While the modeling results emphasize changes at multidecadal time scales where the anthropogenic signal dominates, the shorter observational record is more heavily influenced by internal variability. Whether the physical constraints on the hydrological cycle fundamentally differ between these time scales is investigated. The results of this study show that while global-mean precipitation is constrained by radiative cooling on both time scales, the effects of CO2 dominate on multidecadal time scales, acting to suppress the increase in radiative cooling with warming. This results in a smaller precipitation change compared to interannual time scales where the effects of CO2 forcing are small. It is also shown that intermodel spread in the response of atmospheric radiative cooling (and thus global-mean precipitation) to anthropogenically forced surface warming is dominated by clear-sky radiative processes and not clouds, while clouds dominate under internal variability. The findings indicate that the sensitivity of the global hydrological cycle to surface warming differs fundamentally between internal variability and anthropogenically forced changes and this has important implications for interpreting observations of the hydrological sensitivity.