bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergency airway management in Australian and New Zealand emergency departments: A multicentre descriptive study of 3710 emergency intubations
Authors: Alkhouri Hatem , Vassiliadis John , Murray Matthew , Mackenzie John , Tzannes Alex , McCarthy Sally , Fogg Toby 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to describe the practice of endotracheal intubation across a range of Australasian EDs.MethodsWe established a multicentre airway registry (The Australian and New Zealand Emergency Department Airway Registry [ANZEDAR]) prospectively capturing intubations from 43 Australian and New Zealand EDs over 24 months using the ANZEDAR form. Information recorded included patient demographics, intubation indications, predicted difficulty, rapid sequence induction and endotracheal intubation preparation technique, induction drugs, airway adjuncts and complications. Factors associated with first attempt success were explored.ResultsOf the 3710 intubations captured, 3533 were in adults (95.2%), 2835 (76.4%) for medical and 810 (21.8%) for trauma indications. Overall, 3127 (84.3%) patients were successfully intubated at the first attempt; the majority by ED doctors (2654 [72.1%]). A total of 10 surgical airways were performed, all of which were successful cricothyroidotomies. Propofol, thiopentone or ketamine were used with similar frequency for induction, and suxamethonium was the most often used muscle relaxant. Adverse events were reported in 964 (26%), the majority involving desaturation or hypotension.ConclusionAustralasian ED doctors, predominantly specialist emergency physicians or trainees, perform the majority of ED intubations using rapid sequence induction as their preferred technique mainly for medical indications. First attempt success rate was not different between different types of EDs, and is comparable published international data. Complications are not infrequent, and are comparable to other published series. Monitoring and reporting of ED intubation practice will enable continued improvements in the safety of this high‐risk procedure.
Evaluation of Reference Evapotranspiration Methods in Arid, Semiarid, and Humid Regions
Authors: Gao Fei , Feng Gary , Ouyang Ying , Wang Huixiao , Fisher Daniel , Adeli Ardeshir , Jenkins Johnie 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIt is often necessary to find a simpler method in different climatic regions to calculate reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) since the application of the FAO‐56 Penman‐Monteith method is often restricted due to the unavailability of a comprehensive weather dataset. Seven ETo methods, namely the standard FAO‐56 Penman‐Monteith, the FAO‐24 Radiation, FAO‐24 Blaney Criddle, 1985 Hargreaves, Priestley‐Taylor, 1957 Makkink, and 1961 Turc, were applied to calculate monthly averages of daily ETo, total annual ETo, and daily ETo in an arid region at Aksu, China, in a semiarid region at Tongchuan, China, and in a humid region at Starkville, Mississippi, United States. Comparisons were made between the FAO‐56 method and the other six simple alternative methods, using the index of agreement D, modeling efficiency (EF), and root mean square error (RMSE). For the monthly averages of daily ETo, the values of D, EF, and RMSE ranged from 0.82 to 0.98, 0.55 to 0.98, and 0.23 to 1.00 mm/day, respectively. For the total annual ETo, the values of D, EF, and RMSE ranged from 0.21 to 0.91, −43.08 to 0.82, and 24.80 to 234.08 mm/year, respectively. For the daily ETo, the values of D, EF, and RMSE ranged from 0.58 to 0.97, 0.57 to 0.97, and 0.30 to 1.06 mm/day, respectively. The results showed that the Priestly‐Taylor and 1985 Hargreaves methods worked best in the arid and semiarid regions, while the 1957 Makkink worked best in the humid region.
Implications of Conceptual Channel Representation on SWAT Streamflow and Sediment Modeling
Authors: Her Younggu , Jeong Jaehak , Bieger Katrin , Rathjens Hendrik , Arnold Jeffrey , Srinivasan Raghavan 
Published: June 2017

AbstractHydrologic modeling outputs are influenced by how a watershed system is represented. Channel routing is a typical example of the mathematical conceptualization of watershed landscape and processes in hydrologic modeling. We investigated the sensitivity of accuracy, equifinality, and uncertainty of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) modeling to channel dimensions to demonstrate how a conceptual representation of a watershed system affects streamflow and sediment modeling. Results showed the amount of uncertainty and equifinality strongly responded to channel dimensions. On the other hand, the model performance did not significantly vary with the changes in the channel representation due to the degree of freedom allowed by the conceptual nature of hydrologic modeling in the parameter calibration. Such findings demonstrated good modeling performance statistics do not necessarily mean small output uncertainty, and partial improvements in the watershed representation may neither increase modeling accuracy nor reduce uncertainty. We also showed the equifinality and uncertainty of hydrologic modeling are case‐dependent rather than specific to models or regions, suggesting great caution should be used when attempting to transfer uncertainty analysis results to other modeling studies, especially for ungauged watersheds. Editor's note: This paper is part of the featured series on SWAT Applications for Emerging Hydrologic and Water Quality Challenges. See the February 2017 issue for the introduction and background to the series.
Mortality in the Waikato Hospital Systemic Sclerosis Cohort
Authors: Ooi Clement , Solanki Kamal , Lao Chunhuan , Frampton Chris , White Douglas 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo characterize the causes of mortality and standardised mortality ratio in a cohort of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc).MethodsA cohort of 132 patients enrolled at the Waikato Systemic Sclerosis Clinic was prospectively followed from 2005 to 2016. Patient demographics, diagnoses and laboratory reports were used to assess risk of mortality and generate standardised mortality ratios (SMR). Survival was analyzed using Kaplan‐Meier methods.ResultsOf the cohort of 132 patients, 20 (15%) were deceased by the end of the study period. The median age of diagnosis and death was 52 years (range 13–86) and 71 years (range 42–87) respectively. Seventy percent of deaths were SSc related and the leading causes of death were due to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), interstitial lung disease (ILD) and scleroderma renal crisis (SRC). Patients diagnosed after the age of 60 had renal or cardiac manifestations and were associated with a significantly increased risk of mortality. The overall SMR was 2.59 (95% CI 1.67–4.01) and was higher in those with diffuse versus limited SSc (6.46, 95% CI 3.08–13.54 vs. 1.93, 95% CI 1.10–3.41) and males (4.17, 95% CI 1.74–10.02 vs. 2.30, 95% CI 1.39–3.81).ConclusionThis study demonstrated an increased risk of mortality in patients with SSc relative to that of the general population. An excess in risk was observed particularly in those with diffuse SSc and in males. Renal and cardiac involvement were found to be significant indicators of mortality and reinforces the necessity of screening for these complications.
Heme oxygenase‐1 directly binds STAT3 to control the generation of pathogenic Th17 cells during neutrophilic airway inflammation
Authors: Lin X. L. , Lv J. J. , Lv J. , Di C. X. , Zhang Y. J. , Zhou T. , Liu J. L. , Xia Z. W. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBackgroundSpecific JAK/STAT pathways play a critical role in the functional differentiation of distinct Th subsets. Previously, we showed that HO‐1, a stress‐inducible protein, inhibits Th17 cell differentiation and alleviates neutrophilic airway inflammation, but the responsible molecular basis remains unclear.MethodsWe employed Th17‐skewing differentiation and NEA mouse models to study the role of HO‐1 in regulating IL‐6‐STAT3‐RORγt/SOCS3 signaling pathway to control Th17 cell‐mediated neutrophilic airway inflammation. The levels of cytokines and expressions of relative signaling molecules were measured by ELISA, western blot, and qPCR, respectively. Frequency of CD4+IL‐17A+, CD4+IL‐6R+, and CD4+IL‐23R+ cells was analyzed by FCM. The interaction between HO‐1 and signaling pathway‐related proteins was determined by co‐immunoprecipitation and western blot.ResultsHere, we show that hemin‐induced HO‐1 overexpression is required to mediate this process. Specifically, HO‐1 decreased STAT3 phosphorylation but not IL‐6R/IL‐23R expression or JAK1/JAK2 activation in CD4+ T cells. The effect was accompanied by co‐inhibition of SOCS3, a negative feedback factor of STAT3 activation. HO‐1 bound to three domains on STAT3 (DNA‐binding, linker, and transactivation domains) to directly regulate STAT3 activation. Conversely, either forced expression of a constitutively active STAT3 mutant or application of small‐interfering RNA (siRNA) for HO‐1 reversed these effects.ConclusionsOur data suggest that HO‐1 exerts its inhibitory effect on Th17 cell differentiation by directly associating and blocking STAT3 phosphorylation. We speculate that hemin may be a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of other types of immune and pulmonary inflammatory‐related diseases.
Omalizumab effectively protects against early and late allergic responses in asthma after 4 weeks
Authors: Trischler J. , Lieb A. , Arnold M. , Schulze J. , Rosewich M. , Schubert R. , Bottoli I. , Zielen S. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBackgroundOmalizumab is licensed for therapy in severe allergic asthma with an effect demonstrated after 8 weeks or longer treatment. As new applications for omalizumab demand precise knowledge of the onset of effects, the objective of this study was to determine the time course of the early (EAR) and late allergic reaction (LAR).Materials and MethodsTen patients (IgE>300 IU/mL and <700 IU/mL) with a significant response to allergen challenge were treated with omalizumab according to the approved dosing table. Bronchial allergen provocations (BAP) were repeated at weeks 1, 2, 4, and 8.ResultsEAR was significantly reduced after 4 weeks (ΔFEV1 28% vs 11%; P<.001), eNO (86 vs 53 ppb; P<.05) and basophil activation after 2 weeks (CD63 expression 79% vs 32%, P<.05) and LAR already after 1 week (ΔFEV1 26% vs 13%, P<.05).ConclusionThese results demonstrate the onset of protective effects earlier than previously determined, potentially improving seasonal utilization and combination with immunotherapy.
Severe postwar malnutrition did not have a negative impact on the earnings and subsequent pensions of German men born in 1945–1948
Authors: Hermanussen M , Weick S , Scheffler C 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAimPoverty has often been associated with malnutrition, stunted growth, impaired cognitive development and poor earnings. We studied whether these associations were found in German men born and raised shortly after World War II during severe and long‐standing nationwide malnutrition.MethodsWe analysed German old‐age pension payments, as a rough measure of lifetime earnings, in German men born from 1932 to 1960 and compared the at‐risk‐of‐poverty rates of German men born in 1945–1948 versus 1935–1938 and 1955–1958.ResultsSubstantially fewer women worked during this period and their longer life expectancy makes their pension payments difficult to interpret. We therefore limited our analysis to men. Men born in the 1930s received the highest monthly old‐age pensions and these declined slightly in men born from 1945 to 1948, indicating a minute impairment in work‐related income in cohorts born shortly after the war. We also found that there was no evidence for increased at‐risk‐of‐poverty rates in men born in 1945–1948 versus those born in 1935–1938 and in 1955–1958.ConclusionBeing born and raised following World War II was associated with a minute work and pension impairment that was not visible in the at‐risk‐of‐poverty rates. These findings question statements associating early childhood nutrition and future lifetime earnings.
Isolated pulmonary regurgitation causes decreased right ventricular longitudinal function and compensatory increased septal pumping in a porcine model
Authors: Kopic S. , Stephensen S. S. , Heiberg E. , Arheden H. , Bonhoeffer P. , Ersbøll M. , Vejlstrup N. , Søndergaard L. , Carlsson M. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAimLongitudinal ventricular contraction is a parameter of cardiac performance with predictive power. Right ventricular (RV) longitudinal function is impaired in patients with free pulmonary regurgitation (PR) following corrective surgery for Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). It remains unclear whether this is a consequence of the surgical repair, or whether it is inherent to PR. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between longitudinal, lateral and septal pumping in a porcine model of isolated PR.MethodsPiglets were divided into a control (n = 8) group and a treatment (n = 12) group, which received a stent in the pulmonary valve orifice, inducing PR. After 2–3 months, animals were subjected to cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. A subset of animals (n = 6) then underwent percutaneous pulmonary valve replacement (PPVR) with follow‐up 1 month later. Longitudinal, lateral and septal contributions to stroke volume (SV) were quantified by measuring volumetric displacements from end‐diastole to end‐systole in the cardiac short axis and long axis.ResultsPR resulted in a lower longitudinal contribution to RV stroke volume, compared to controls (60.0 ± 2.6% vs. 73.6 ± 3.8%; P = 0.012). Furthermore, a compensatory increase in septal contribution to RVSV was observed (11.0 ± 1.6% vs. −3.1 ± 1.5%; P < 0.0001). The left ventricle (LV) showed counter‐regulation with an increased longitudinal LVSV. Changes in RV longitudinal function were reversed by PPVR.ConclusionThese findings suggest that PR contributes to decreased RV longitudinal function in the absence of scarring from cardiac surgery. Measurement of longitudinal RVSV may aid risk stratification and timing for interventional correction of PR in TOF patients.
Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor treatment decreases bladder pain in cyclophosphamide cystitis: a Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain (MAPP) Research Network animal model study
Authors: Lai H. Henry , Shen Baixin , Vijairania Pooja , Zhang Xiaowei , Vogt Sherri K. , Gereau Robert W. 
Published: June 2017

ObjectiveTo investigate whether treatment with anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐neutralizing antibodies can reduce pain and voiding dysfunction in the cyclophosphamide (CYP) cystitis model of bladder pain in mice.Materials and MethodsAdult female mice received anti‐VEGF‐neutralizing antibodies (10 mg/kg i.p. B20‐4.1.1 VEGF mAb) or saline (control) pre‐treatment, followed by CYP (150 mg/kg i.p.) to induce acute cystitis. Pelvic nociceptive responses were assessed by applying von Frey filaments to the pelvic area. Spontaneous micturition was assessed using the void spot assay.ResultsSystemic anti‐VEGF‐neutralizing antibody treatment significantly reduced the pelvic nociceptive response to CYP cystitis compared with control (saline). In the anti‐VEGF pre‐treatment group, there was a significant increase in pelvic hypersensitivity, measured by the area under the curve (AUC) using von Frey filaments at 5 h post‐CYP administration (P = 0.004); however, by 48 h and 96 h post‐CYP administration, pelvic hypersensitivity had reduced by 54% and 47%, respectively, compared with the 5 h post‐CYP administration time point, and were no longer significantly different from baseline (P = 0.22 and 0.17, respectively). There was no difference in urinary frequency and mean voided volume between the two pre‐treatment groups.ConclusionSystemic blockade of VEGF signalling with anti‐VEGF‐neutralizing antibodies was effective in reducing pelvic/bladder pain in the CYP cystitis model of bladder pain. Our data support the further investigation of the use of anti‐VEGF antibodies to manage bladder pain or visceral pain.
Regioselective synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking of dihydropyrimidin‐4‐ols as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Authors: da Silva Andreia M. P. W. , da Silva Fabio M. , Nogara Pablo A. , Dutra Eduardo J. M. , Serres Jonas D. S. , Saraiva Rogério A. , Piccoli Bruna C. , Oliveira Cláudia S. , Schetinger Maria R. C. , Morsch Vera M. M. , Rocha João B. T. , Bonacorso Helio G. , Martins Marcos A. P. , Zanatta Nilo 
Published: June 2017

A new series of 3,6‐disubstituted 2‐(methylthio)‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)‐3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐4‐ols displaying methyl, phenyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups at the 6‐position; and methyl, ethyl, allyl, and phenyl groups at the 3‐position of the dihydropyrimidine ring, were synthesized and evaluated in vitro for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Seven compounds showed activity with IC50 values in the lower micromolar range. The compound 4‐trifluoromethyl‐6‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐3‐methyl‐2‐methylthio‐3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐4‐ol (6e) had the best inhibitory activity (IC50 2.2 ± 0.9 μm) and this inhibition was characterized as competitive. The molecular docking study showed that the acetylcholinesterase enzyme accommodates compound 6e in its catalytic site. The enantiomers of compound 6e, present similar interactions: π–π stacking interactions between the aromatic ring of the ligand's 4‐fluorophenyl moiety and the aromatic rings of the electron‐rich Trp84; and H‐bonds between the hydroxyl group of Tyr121 and the hydroxyl moiety from 6e. The antioxidant effect of the dihydropyrimidin‐4‐ols was also investigated.
Different drinking motives, different adverse consequences? Evidence among adolescents from 10 European countries
Authors: Wicki Matthias , Kuntsche Emmanuel , Eichenberger Yvonne , Aasvee Katrin , Bendtsen Pernille , Dankulincová Veselská Zuzana , Demetrovics Zsolt , Dzielska Anna , Farkas Judit , de Matos Margarida Gaspar , Roberts Chris , Tynjälä Jorma , Välimaa Raili , Vieno Alessio 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIntroduction and Aim. This study, which builds on previous research demonstrating that drinking motives are associated with adverse consequences, investigates the associations between drinking motives and non‐alcohol‐attributed adverse consequences and disentangles alcohol‐related and direct effects. Design and Method. On the basis of a sample of 22 841 alcohol‐using 13‐ to 16‐year‐olds (50.6% female) from Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Portugal, Scotland, Slovakia, Switzerland and Wales, structural equation models were used to estimate direct and indirect effects. Additionally, differences across countries were tested in a multigroup analysis. Results. The indirect effect (via alcohol use) was greater for injuries and academic problems than for more general outcomes such as life dissatisfaction and negative body image. For social, enhancement and coping motives, we found positive indirect effects (via alcohol use) on injuries and academic problems; the association was negative for conformity motives. The direct effect, that is, the effect above and beyond alcohol use, indicated more negative consequences among those who tended to drink more frequently for coping motives. More negative consequences, such as injuries and negative body image, were also found among those who drink for conformity motives. The pattern of association was largely comparable across countries. Discussion and Conclusion. While the actual mean level of drinking motives, alcohol use and adverse consequence varied across countries, the consistency of association patterns implies that drinking motive‐inspired health promotion efforts are likely to be beneficial across Europe. This is particularly important for coping drinkers because they are especially prone to adverse consequences over and above their alcohol use. [Wicki M, Kuntsche E, Eichenberger Y, Aasvee K, Bendtsen P, Dankulincová Veselská Z, Demetrovics Z, Dzielska A, Farkas J, de Matos MG, Roberts C, Tynjälä J, Välimaa R, Vieno A. Different drinking motives, different adverse consequences? Evidence among adolescents from 10 European countries.
Evolved pesticide tolerance influences susceptibility to parasites in amphibians
Authors: Hua Jessica , Wuerthner Vanessa P. , Jones Devin K. , Mattes Brian , Cothran Rickey D. , Relyea Rick A. , Hoverman Jason T. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBecause ecosystems throughout the globe are contaminated with pesticides, there is a need to understand how natural populations cope with pesticides and the implications for ecological interactions. From an evolutionary perspective, there is evidence that pesticide tolerance can be achieved via two mechanisms: selection for constitutive tolerance over multiple generations or by inducing tolerance within a single generation via phenotypic plasticity. While both mechanisms can allow organisms to persist in contaminated environments, they might result in different performance trade‐offs including population susceptibility to parasites. We have identified 15 wood frog populations that exist along a gradient from close to agriculture and high, constitutive pesticide tolerance to far from agriculture and inducible pesticide tolerance. Using these populations, we investigated the relationship between evolutionary responses to the common insecticide carbaryl and host susceptibility to the trematode Echinoparyphium lineage 3 and ranavirus using laboratory exposure assays. For Echinoparyphium, we discovered that wood frog populations living closer to agriculture with high, constitutive tolerance experienced lower loads than populations living far from agriculture with inducible pesticide tolerance. For ranavirus, we found no relationship between the mechanism of evolved pesticide tolerance and survival, but populations living closer to agriculture with high, constitutive tolerance experienced higher viral loads than populations far from agriculture with inducible tolerance. Land use and mechanisms of evolved pesticide tolerance were associated with susceptibility to parasites, but the direction of the relationship is dependent on the type of parasite, underscoring the complexity between land use and disease outcomes. Collectively, our results demonstrate that evolved pesticide tolerance can indirectly influence host–parasite interactions and underscores the importance of including evolutionary processes in ecotoxicological studies.
Insights from agriculture for the management of insecticide resistance in disease vectors
Authors: Sternberg Eleanore D. , Thomas Matthew B. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractKey to contemporary management of diseases such as malaria, dengue, and filariasis is control of the insect vectors responsible for transmission. Insecticide‐based interventions have contributed to declines in disease burdens in many areas, but this progress could be threatened by the emergence of insecticide resistance in vector populations. Insecticide resistance is likewise a major concern in agriculture, where insect pests can cause substantial yield losses. Here, we explore overlaps between understanding and managing insecticide resistance in agriculture and in public health. We have used the Global Plan for Insecticide Resistance Management in malaria vectors, developed under the auspices of the World Health Organization Global Malaria Program, as a framework for this exploration because it serves as one of the few cohesive documents for managing a global insecticide resistance crisis. Generally, this comparison highlights some fundamental differences between insect control in agriculture and in public health. Moreover, we emphasize that the success of insecticide resistance management strategies is strongly dependent on the biological specifics of each system. We suggest that the biological, operational, and regulatory differences between agriculture and public health limit the wholesale transfer of knowledge and practices from one system to the other. Nonetheless, there are some valuable insights from agriculture that could assist in advancing the existing Global Plan for Insecticide Resistance Management framework.