bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How jet lag impairs Major League Baseball performance
Authors: Song Alex , Severini Thomas , Allada Ravi 
Published: January 2017

SignificanceAlthough circadian clocks have been studied extensively in controlled laboratory settings, examining the function and misalignment of these biological clocks in natural settings has been more challenging. Here, we examined data from Major League Baseball (MLB) where players frequently travel long distances in the east–west direction. By using 20 years of MLB data, we found the effect of jet lag to be context dependent and remarkably specific. Overall, our findings demonstrate how circadian misalignment can impact specific features of human performance in natural settings.
Mechanism of catalysis, E2 recognition, and autoinhibition for the IpaH family of bacterial E3 ubiquitin ligases
Authors: Keszei Alexander F. A. , Sicheri Frank 
Published: January 2017

Significance
Gram-negative pathogens use a specialized secretion system to inject effector proteins into host cells to facilitate infection. Members of the IpaH family are a conserved group of effector proteins that function in the host cell as novel E3 ubiquitin ligases. How these ligases carry out their enzymatic function and how they autoregulate remain unclear. Using targeted mutagenesis, we uncover the specific function of IpaH conserved residues in E3 Ub ligase activity, either directly in the catalytic mechanism or in the recruitment of the upstream E2 enzyme. Comparison of autoinhibitory properties between IpaH members and the HECT-class E3 ligase Smurf2 reveals that IpaH enzymes short circuit the levels of charged E2 in vitro, which has the potential to subvert host ubiquitination during pathogenesis.
Transient climate and ambient health impacts due to national solid fuel cookstove emissions
Authors: Lacey Forrest G. , Henze Daven K. , Lee Colin J. , van Donkelaar Aaron , Martin Randall V. 
Published: January 2017

SignificanceWidespread use of solid fuels for cooking results in a significant source of anthropogenic emissions. Of foremost concern for indoor air quality, reductions to these emissions could also impact both climate and ambient air quality. These potential cobenefits are appealing to efforts aimed at reducing cookstove emissions on national to urban scales, but have yet to be comprehensively evaluated at these scales. We thus estimate the per cookstove impacts on ambient air quality and global mean surface temperature for every individual country with significant cookstove use, considering reductions to both aerosols and long-lived greenhouse gases over the next century. This estimation provides information for policy makers evaluating climate and ambient air quality cobenefits of cookstove intervention programs worldwide.
Global warming precipitation accumulation increases above the current-climate cutoff scale
Authors: Neelin J. David , Sahany Sandeep , Stechmann Samuel N. , Bernstein Diana N. 
Published: January 2017

Significance
Large accumulations of rainfall over a precipitation event can impact human infrastructure. Unlike precipitation intensity distributions, probability distributions for accumulations at first drop slowly with increasing size. At a certain size—the cutoff scale—the behavior regime changes, and the probabilities drop rapidly. In current climate, every region is protected from excessively large accumulations by this cutoff scale, and human activities are adapted to this. An analysis of how accumulations will change under global warming gives a natural physical interpretation for the atmospheric processes producing this cutoff, but, more importantly, yields a prediction that this cutoff scale will extend in a warmer climate, leading to vastly disproportionate increases in the probabilities of the very largest events.
A semisynthetic organism engineered for the stable expansion of the genetic alphabet
Authors: Zhang Yorke , Lamb Brian M. , Feldman Aaron W. , Zhou Anne Xiaozhou , Lavergne Thomas , Li Lingjun , Romesberg Floyd E. 
Published: January 2017

Significance
The genetic alphabet encodes all biological information, but it is limited to four letters that form two base pairs. To expand the alphabet, we developed synthetic nucleotides that pair to form an unnatural base pair (UBP), and used it as the basis of a semisynthetic organism (SSO) that stores increased information. However, the SSO grew poorly and lost the UBP under a variety of standard growth conditions. Here, using chemical and genetic approaches, we report the optimization of the SSO so that it is healthy, more autonomous, and able to store the increased information indefinitely. This SSO constitutes a stable form of semisynthetic life and lays the foundation for efforts to impart life with new forms and functions.
Ecdysone signaling underlies the pea aphid transgenerational wing polyphenism
Authors: Vellichirammal Neetha Nanoth , Gupta Purba , Hall Tannice A. , Brisson Jennifer A. 
Published: January 2017

SignificancePhenotypic plasticity is common in nature, yet the mechanisms by which environmental inputs are detected and alter developmental programs are not well understood. Even less explored are the mechanisms underlying transgenerational plasticity. Here we address the problem of how asexual aphids produce winged or wingless offspring in response to external cues. We find that gene expression patterns suggest the importance of the hormone ecdysone in this polyphenism. We show that aphids injected with ecdysone or its analog produce fewer winged offspring, and aphids with inhibited ecdysone signaling produce more winged offspring. Our results provide insight into the hormonal control of alternative aphid morphs, which have long been a textbook example of polyphenism, but whose control mechanisms have long proven elusive.
Global long-range transport and lung cancer risk from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons shielded by coatings of organic aerosol
Authors: Shrivastava Manish , Lou Sijia , Zelenyuk Alla , Easter Richard C. , Corley Richard A. , Thrall Brian D. , Rasch Philip J. , Fast Jerome D. , Massey Simonich Staci L. , Shen Huizhong , Tao Shu 
Published: January 2017

Significance
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adversely impact human health and ecosystems and are known to persist in the atmosphere. Despite decades of research, the mechanisms by which these PAHs persist are not well understood. Here, we combine theory and laboratory and field measurements within a global climate model to produce new insights into mechanisms that are responsible for the observed persistence of PAHs. We show that temperature- and humidity-dependent variations in effective viscosity of organic aerosol (OA) shield PAHs from chemical degradation. This OA shielding results in higher PAH concentrations at both near-urban and remote locations, leading to a fourfold increase in global lung cancer risk. Our study represents new research frontiers in terms of connecting climate-relevant OA with health-relevant PAHs.
ATF5 regulates β-cell survival during stress
Authors: Juliana Christine A. , Yang Juxiang , Rozo Andrea V. , Good Austin , Groff David N. , Wang Shu-Zong , Green Michael R. , Stoffers Doris A. 
Published: January 2017

Significance
The survival and function of insulin-secreting β cells is critical for the prevention of diabetes. We identify a previously unknown function for activating transcription factor 5 (ATF5) in the apoptotic susceptibility of β cells. ATF5 expression in β cells is stress inducible, and ATF5 deficiency results in a significant increase in β-cell apoptosis in response to stress. Further, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (EIF4EBP1), a component of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway that inhibits protein translation through interaction with EIF4E, is regulated by ATF5 and likely is involved in apoptotic susceptibility through regulation of global translation. Understanding the role of ATF5 deepens our understanding of the complex mechanisms governing β-cell fate decisions, providing a potential pathway for the prevention of diabetes.
Complementary roles of gasotransmitters CO and H2S in sleep apnea
Authors: Peng Ying-Jie , Zhang Xiuli , Gridina Anna , Chupikova Irina , McCormick David L. , Thomas Robert J. , Scammell Thomas E. , Kim Gene , Vasavda Chirag , Nanduri Jayasri , Kumar Ganesh K. , Semenza Gregg L. , Snyder Solomon H. , Prabhakar Nanduri R. 
Published: January 2017

SignificanceThe carotid body (CB) is the major sensory organ responsible for monitoring arterial blood oxygen content. Glomus cells in the CB express heme oxygenase 2 (HO-2) and cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), enzymes that generate the gasotransmitters carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), respectively. In normoxia, CO inhibits CSE from producing H2S. During hypoxia, HO-2 produces less CO, resulting in increased H2S production, which stimulates CB activity, leading to increases in respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure. We report that decreased CO and increased H2S generation in the CB causes sleep apnea in HO-2 knockout mice and spontaneously hypertensive rats. An inhibitor of CSE eliminates sleep apnea when administered to these animals, suggesting that this approach may have therapeutic utility in patients with sleep apnea.
Gleevec shifts APP processing from a β-cleavage to a nonamyloidogenic cleavage
Authors: Netzer William J. , Bettayeb Karima , Sinha Subhash C. , Flajolet Marc , Greengard Paul , Bustos Victor 
Published: January 2017

Significance
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. Four approved drugs are used to treat AD cognitive symptoms, including loss of short-term memory. These drugs produce modest, temporary benefits at best and do not prevent or delay worsening of the disease. Recently, a mutation that protects elderly people from developing AD was discovered. The cellular process responsible for the mutation’s protective effect was also identified, suggesting that drugs targeting this process or pathway also might provide protection against the development of AD. In the present study, we discovered that the anticancer drug Gleevec and a related compound mimic the effects of the protective mutation and thus can act as models for the development of effective drugs to fight AD.
WAVE1 in neurons expressing the D1 dopamine receptor regulates cellular and behavioral actions of cocaine
Authors: Ceglia Ilaria , Lee Ko-Woon , Cahill Michael E. , Graves Steven M. , Dietz David , Surmeier Dalton J. , Nestler Eric J. , Nairn Angus C. , Greengard Paul , Kim Yong 
Published: January 2017

SignificanceCocaine-induced synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens is implicated in neural adaptations that underlie addiction. Here we demonstrate that Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family verprolin homologous protein 1 (WAVE1) plays a selective role in medium spiny projection neurons that express D1 dopamine receptors (D1-MSNs) in the cellular and behavioral actions of cocaine. Our results suggest that chronic exposure to cocaine, followed by withdrawal, potentiates the signaling capacity of D1 dopamine and NMDA glutamate receptors, allowing WAVE1 activation in response to an acute cocaine challenge. WAVE1 activation is associated with morphological and functional decreases in glutamatergic synapses on D1-MSNs. Thus, we propose that WAVE1 is involved in a negative feedback mechanism of regulation of glutamatergic synapses as a part of the process of cocaine-induced synaptic plasticity.
Pleonasm in particle verb constructions in German
Authors: Diedrichsen Elke 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Verbs with separable prefixes are one of many existing realisations of discontinuous complex predicates in German. Their syntactic structure follows the widely described sentence bracket structure, in that the finite verb base opens the bracket at the second position in the sentence, while the separable prefix, which is also called particle, closes it. Between the two brackets, the main information of the sentence is placed in a Theme-Rheme sequence, as the word order within the brackets is free. It can be shown that the verb base – particle combination in separable prefix verbs is quite productive, in that the selection of the respective particle is not entirely determined by the verb base. Also, particles may appear freely, which means that in non-finite occurrences, they can be found detached from the verb base orthographically, and they may also appear on their own, carrying a semantic residue from one of their verb-particle combination options. The chapter will explore one particular kind of separable prefix construction that has not received much attention in the literature so far. These are constructions with a separable prefix that repeats locative or directional information given in a prepositional phrase in the same sentence. Such Pleonastic Particle Constructions, as we will call them, appear in varying degrees of productivity. Using Talmy’s theory of the windowing of attention in a motion event frame, we will argue that generally, the particle can be assumed to be the redundant element, while the PP carries vital information about PATH and GROUND in a MOTION event. We will offer an explanation for the appearance of the redundant particle on the basis of that theory as well, which will also enable us to account for one interesting aspect of these Pleonastic Particle Constructions, which is that they cannot be used when the PP and/or the particle in the sentence are used figuratively.
Complex predicates in Lithuanian
Authors: Bruno Jonė 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Lithuanian is a highly synthetic language that is morphologically rich. This research revisits a set of specific classification of Lithuanian predicates into complex predicate constructions. The data for the analysis was collected from the publically accessible corpus of Lithuanian language and the examples were analysed using the RRG framework. The discussion revealed that the V + V constructions classified in the traditional Lithuanian grammar need to be reclassified as complex predicate constructions. Furthermore, the research revealed the existence of a type of serial verb construction in the Lithuanian complex predicates. This study discussed nominal complex predicates [V + NP] and verbal complex predicates [V + V
inf
]; this research argued that there is a type of complex verbal predicate [V + V
inf
+ V
inf
…] which, in some cases, have a serial verb construction embedded in the predication [V + SVC]. The analyses revealed the diverse and layered constructions of Lithuanian predicates where semantics, syntax and morphology play an equally important role.
Serial verb constructions in Estonian
Authors: Tragel Ilona 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The Estonian serial verb construction (SVC) consists of two or more adjacent verbs with concordant grammatical marking in the same clause: cf. Lähe-n vaata-n kohe. ‘go-1sg look-1sg now’ ‘I’ll go look now’. This type of monoclausal SVCs exists in Estonian and in some Finno-Ugric languages, at least with motion verbs (GO, COME, WALK) as first verbs. The results of a corpus study of Estonian GO SVCs show that this type of verb serialisation is productive in Estonian; the SVCs are usually monoclausal, and the first verb of the SVC is often grammaticalised, taking an intentional, inchoative or imperative-hortative function.
Complex predication in three dialects of Australia’s Western Desert
Authors: Pyle Conor 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
This chapter looks at complex predicates in three dialects of Australia’s Western Desert, Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara and Ngaanyatjarra. Complex predication involving syntactic and morphological structures as well as internally complex lexical items are analysed within the functional framework of Role and Reference Grammar (RRG). Based on evidence from written sources, the dialects are found to have both verb compounding and serial verb constructions; complexes may represent a single composite action or a sequence of related actions. Elements in a complex can serve as light verbs, providing tense, aspect or causation to the complex. Nominals may serve as the arguments of one predicate, or as the arguments of the complex predicate as a whole. Furthermore, they may become fused with verbs to provide semantic narrowing. There is productive derivational morphology; derived lexical items and simple lexical predicates can be shown to be internally complex.
Complex verbs in Bohairic Coptic
Authors: Zakrzewska Ewa D. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
This chapter discusses second argument markers in Bohairic Coptic complex verbs constructed with the light verbs er‑ ‘do, make’ and
ti- ‘give’ and typically used to integrate verbal borrowings from Greek. The question is examined if Coptic argument marking can be considered a replica of Greek valency patterns. Enhancement of already existing marking strategies seems more plausible, however, whereby the rise of complex verbs has contributed to a radical restructuring of the transitivity system in Coptic. Two competing subsystems of transitivity are distinguished: a recessive one characterized by head marking and emphasis on the discriminating function of case and a productive one in which the characterizing function of case becomes prominent thanks to dependent marking by means of a preposition.
Verb-verb compounds and argument structure in Tepehua
Authors: Watters James K. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
In Tepehua (Totonacan, Mexico), verb-verb constructions are of two kinds: verb-verb compounds and verb-as-operator constructions. In verb-verb compounds, the second verb is the head of the construction and the two verbs may or may not be separated by inflection. These compounds parallel adverb-incorporation constructions and are subject to a constraint: if the first verb is transitive, the second verb must also be formally transitive, even if its semantic contribution is intransitive. Beyond this transitivity constraint, verb selection is only restricted by pragmatics. In the verb-as-operator constructions, the head verb is the first member of the construction, the modifying verb is a member of a closed class, and it may not be separated from the head verb by inflection. In some instances, the second verb functions as an operator specifying aspect or position. The complex predicate construction has made it possible for what was historically a verb root, tʃuqu, to become a very common productive suffix in Tepehua.
Multi-verb constructions in Cheyenne
Authors: Esteban Avelino Corral 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
As multi-verb constructions are commonly believed to be a widespread feature of Native American languages, the aim of this paper is to offer an in-depth study of this particular phenomenon in Cheyenne (Plains Algonquian: USA) in accordance with the framework provided by Aikhenvald and Dixon (2006) and Aikhenvald and Muysken (2011), since their works cover the major parameters required for a cross-linguistic analysis of the different types of multi-verb constructions. This paper will show that, as Cheyenne does not allow for converbs that are generally considered to be examples of biclausal constructions, complex predicates should be interpreted as part of a monoclausal construction. Additionally, verb compounding is mainly asymmetrical in composition, since there are restrictions as to which verbs are included in every construction type. Indeed, the aim here is to provide a detailed description of verb combinations in Cheyenne while paying attention to their syntactic and semantic properties, thus allowing us both to observe their similarities and differences and analyse their place within the typology of multi-verb constructions.
Plant growth regulators from the fruiting bodies of Tricholoma flavovirens
Authors: Qiu Weitao , Kobori Hajime , Wu Jing , Choi Jea-Hoon , Hirai Hirofumi , Kawagishi Hirokazu 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
A novel indole derivative (1) and three known compounds (2–4) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Tricholoma flavovirens. Their structures were determined or identified by the interpretation of spectroscopic data. Compounds 1 and 2 promoted root growth of lettuce and inhibited hypocotyl growth at 1 μmol/paper. Compound 3 inhibited hypocotyl and root growth at 100 nmol/paper.
Effect of different dextrose equivalents of maltodextrin on oxidation stability in encapsulated fish oil by spray drying
Authors: Abd Ghani Asmaliza , Adachi Sae , Shiga Hirokazu , Neoh Tze Loon , Adachi Shuji , Yoshii Hidefumi 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Encapsulating fish oil by spray drying with an adequate wall material was investigated to determine if stable powders containing emulsified fish-oil-droplets can be formed. In particular, the dextrose equivalent (DE) of maltodextrin (MD) affects the powder structure, surface-oil ratio, and oxidative stability of fish oil. The carrier solution was prepared using MD with different DEs (DE = 11, 19, and 25) and sodium caseinate as the wall material and the emulsifier, respectively. The percentage of microcapsules having a vacuole was 73, 39, and 38% for MD with DE = 11, 19, and 25, respectively. Peroxide values (PVs) were measured for the microcapsules incubated at 60 °C. The microcapsules prepared with MD of DE = 25 and 19 had lower PVs than those prepared with MD of DE = 11. The difference in PV can be ascribed to the difference in the surface-oil ratio of the spray-dried microcapsules.
Modulation of circadian clocks by nutrients and food factors
Authors: Oike Hideaki 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Daily activity rhythms that are dominated by internal clocks are called circadian rhythms. A central clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, and peripheral clocks are located in most mammalian peripheral cells. The central clock is entrained by light/dark cycles, whereas peripheral clocks are entrained by feeding cycles. The effects of nutrients on the central and peripheral clocks have been investigated during the past decade and much interaction between them has come to light. For example, a high-fat diet prolongs the period of circadian behavior, a ketogenic diet advances the onset of locomotor activity rhythms, and a high-salt diet advances the phase of peripheral molecular clocks. Moreover, some food factors such as caffeine, nobiletin, and resveratrol, alter molecular and/or behavioral circadian rhythms. Here, we review nutrients and food factors that modulate mammalian circadian clocks from the cellular to the behavioral level.
Disseminated Leishmaniasis by Leishmania viannia Subgenus: A Series of 18 Cases in Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Vernal Sebastian , De Paula Natalia A. , Gomes Ciro M. , Roselino Ana Maria 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Background.  Disseminated leishmaniasis (DL) is an emerging clinical form of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) that occurs mainly in Northeastern Brazil. This study describes 18 cases where DL has not yet been reported.
Methods.  Disseminated leishmaniasis cases were extracted from ATL recorded cases between 1987 and March 2015. Disseminated leishmaniasis identification was based on ≥10 mixed-type lesions, located in ≥2 body parts.
Results.  Eighteen (5.4%) patients were identified as DL. Polymerase chain reaction followed by enzymatic digestion confirmed Leishmania viannia subgenus in 17 patients; amastigotes forms were identified in another one.
Conclusions.  Considering that DL diagnosis and management is challenging, clinicians must be aware of this emerging clinical form of the disease.