bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A reading from Scéla Moṡauluim
Authors: Murray Kevin 
Published: February 2016

The origin and meaning of the phraseHere [will lie] Ferchess in [his] resting-place, in Ess Máge [will come about] his subjugation. The warrior-champion (Mac Con) has fallen soon after great deeds.I swear to my god of lordly beauty the oath of one pronouncing sentence, a deed of slaughter will be avenged, Mac Con was slain here.In his edition and translation of these verses Meyer translates the first line of the second quatrain as ‘to my lordly god I swear’. The use of an adjective (
Keltische Religion im Zeugnis der Sprache
Authors: Meid Wolfgang 
Published: February 2016

Die linguistische Erklärung oder Kommentierung keltischen Sprachmaterials ist mit vielerlei methodischen und epistemologischen Problemen verbunden.Die Problematik fängt bereits mit dem Gegenstand an, der hier zur Untersuchung steht: keltische Religion. Das Innerliche der Religion als etwas Subjektives und weitgehend Illusionäres ist nicht faßbar; zu erahnen sind religiöse Inhalte nur an ihren äußeren Manifestationen, die aber meist Ausdruck eines in kultischen Handlungen, Gebärden usw. ritualisierten kollektiven religiösen Bewußsteins – oder auch nur seinem Sinn nach nicht mehr bewußten Brauchtums – sind. Wo explizite Beschreibungen des religiösen Systems und seiner Glaubensinhalte nicht vorliegen oder dieses System sich nicht in literarischen Zeugnissen selbst manifestiert (wie in der griechisch-römischen oder der nordgermanischen Überlieferung), ist es sehr schwer, wenn nicht unmöglich, aus den äußerlichen Manifestationen – aus Kultstätten, Altären, Opfern, Weihgaben, Götterstatuen und Götternamen –, die ihrerseits erst der Interpretation bedürfen, auf den wesentlichen Inhalt und den inneren Zusammenhang des Systems zu schließen. Es ist klar, daß unser Zugang interdisziplinär sein, also die verschiedensten Zeugnisse miteinander kombinieren muß in einer Art Beweisführung aufgrund verschiedenartiger Indizien. Diese Indizien sind in der Regel nur isolierte Einzelelemente; die Komplexität und inhärente Symbolik einer Kulthandlung wie des Kultes insgesamt kann nur sehr unvollkommen erschlossen und ihr tieferer Sinn nur spekulativ veranschaulicht werden.
The nature and date of the Old Cornish Vocabulary
Authors: Padel Oliver 
Published: February 2016

Zusammenfassung
Seit über einem Jahrhundert wird das Altkornische Vocabularium als kornische Version von Ælfrics Glossar anerkannt, bei dem die altenglischen Übersetzungen der lateinischen Lemmata durch kornische ersetzt sind. Diese Auffassung wird hier gegen einen neueren Vorschlag, das Vocabularium als ‚multilingualen Text‘ zu betrachten, verteidigt, indem die bislang vorgebrachten Argumente erneut überprüft werden. Allerdings ist das traditionelle Datum von c. 1100 für die Abfassung wahrscheinlich zu früh: hier wird versuchsweise das mittlere oder spätere 12. Jahrhundert vorgeschlagen. Ein besonders einschlägiges Argument für die Datierung ist der Lautstand des Vokabulars, v. a. die Assibilierung der dentalen Verschlußlaute.
La3Cu4P4O2 and La5Cu4P4O4Cl2: synthesis, structure and 31P solid state NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Bartsch Timo , Benndorf Christopher , Eckert Hellmut , Eul Matthias , Pöttgen Rainer 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The phosphide oxides La3Cu4P4O2 and La5Cu4 P4O4Cl2 were synthesized from lanthanum, copper(I) oxide, red phosphorus, and lanthanum(III) chloride through a ceramic technique. Single crystals can be grown in a NaCl/KCl flux. Both structures were refined from single crystal X-ray diffractometer data: I4/mmm, a = 403.89(4), c = 2681.7(3) pm, wR2 = 0.0660, 269 F2 values, 19 variables for La3Cu4P4O2 and a = 407.52(5), c = 4056.8(7) pm, wR2 = 0.0905, 426 F2 values, 27 variables for La5Cu4P4O4Cl2. Refinement of the occupancy parameters revealed full occupancy for the oxygen sites in both compounds. The structures are composed of cationic (La2O2)2+ layers and covalently bonded (Cu4P4)5– polyanionic layers with metallic characteristics, and an additional La3+ between two adjacent (Cu4P4)5– layers. The structure of La5Cu4P4O4Cl2 comprises two additional LaOCl slabs per unit cell. Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility studies revealed Pauli paramagnetism. The phosphide substructure of La3Cu4P4O2 was studied by 31P solid state NMR spectroscopy. By using a suitable dipolar re-coupling approach the two distinct resonances belonging to the P2
4– and the P3– units could be identified.
In Situ Measurement of the Dynamic Penetration of Free-Fall Projectiles in Soft Soils Using a Low-Cost Inertial Measurement Unit
Authors: Blake Anthony P. , O'Loughlin Conleth D. , Morton John P. , O'Beirne Colm , Gaudin Christophe , White David J. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Six degree-of-freedom motion data from projectiles free-falling through water and embedding in soft soil are measured using a low-cost inertial measurement unit, consisting of a tri-axis accelerometer and a three-component gyroscope. A comprehensive framework for interpreting the measured data is described and the merit of this framework is demonstrated by considering sample test data for free-falling projectiles that gain velocity as they fall through water and self-embed in the underlying soft clay. The paper shows the importance of considering such motion data from an appropriate reference frame by showing good agreement in embedment depth data derived from the motion data with independent direct measurements. Motion data derived from the inertial measurement unit are used to calibrate a predictive model for calculating the final embedment depth of a dynamically installed anchor.
On-Field Assessment of Sub-Grade Uniformity Using DCP
Authors: Meshram K. , Rangwala H. M. , Sanvaliya P. , Goliya H. S. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
One of the key parameters for the performance of a pavement is uniformity of its sub-grade. In situ assessment for the uniformity of the sub-grade is commonly carried out by measuring the density of soil mass. Measurement of the density is done by cutting a core from the soil mass. According to ASTM D6951-09 (2009) the soil density may be estimated if the soil type and moisture content are known from the dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) penetration rate. The DCP test is a soil-penetration test that is used for the measurement of sub-grade strength. In this paper, empirical correlations were developed for estimation of in situ density of the sub-grade material from DCP penetration rate and moisture content. These relations were developed using multi-linear regression analysis for different soils, namely Black Cotton Soil, Yellow Soil, and Moorum (lateritic soil). It also developed a generalized correlation for density using a power function model.
Experimental Estimation of J Resistance Curves From Load-CMOD Record for FFCT Specimens
Authors: Shi Kaikai , Cai Lixun , Hu Yunming , Salmon David , Bao Chen 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Fracture toughness of ductile materials is often characterized by J resistance curves. It is generally required to adopt load line crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) records in load line compact tension (LLCT) specimens to calculate the J integral according to ASTM E1820-13e1. However, in some cases, for example in nuclear engineering, due to material size limitations, a standard test specimen size is not achievable, and attaching or mounting the displacement transducer to measure the load line CMOD (LLD) of a smaller compact tension specimen is very challenging, and an alternative approach is required. The present study is aimed at evaluating the use of front face CMOD (FFD) records in front face compact tension (FFCT) specimens to estimate J resistance curves. Results are compared with those using LLD-based J calculations for P92 steel. It is shown that J resistance curves determined from the two approaches are in good agreement.
Acoustic Emission During Flexural Deformation of Reinforced Concrete Under Incremental Cyclic Loading
Authors: Vidya Sagar R. , Rao M. V. M. S. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Acoustic emissions (AE) released during the flexure tests of reinforced concrete (RC) beams under incremental cyclic loading conditions in the laboratory were subjected to improved b-value (Ib-value) analysis. Ib-value has been reported to be useful to detect, track, and investigate the various stages of micro-cracking and macro-crack damage in concrete. Further, Ib-value has been found to be free from the influence of monitoring conditions. We observed in the present study that the Ib-value began to decrease with the beginning of the formation of new micro-cracks, and then stabilized (∼1.0) and finally dropped down sharply to a very low value marking the onset of macro-crack damage and its growth in concrete. Additionally, when the Ib-value decreased, AE with steep rise angle (RA) values were noticed with the formation and growth of micro-cracks in concrete. On the contrary, the average frequency (AF) of AE events was found to decrease during the micro- and macro-cracking stages of the test beams. These experimental observations of AE-based Ib-value combined with RA and AF were useful for the detailed study of flexural deformation and the failure of concrete at various stages in the laboratory and, perhaps, in situ conditions as well.
2-DWT and AES: Secure Authentication Management for Polar Iris Templates Using Visual Cryptography
Authors: Malathy M. , Arputha Vijaya Selvi J. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Biometrics deals with authenticating a person's identity based on the physiological or behavioral characteristics. Visual cryptography (VC) is a promising information security technique that allows the secret sharing of images without any cryptographic computations. Various existing schemes were introduced for securing the raw biometric data and template in the database using the VC technique. The complexity of encryption plays a vital role in security improvement. In order to overwhelm the above limitations, a secure authentication management for polar iris templates is presented using VC technique. The collaborative splitting of pixels in all directions presented in this paper was done in order to improve security. At first, the input image was segmented using the Canny edge detection and Hough transform. Subsequently, the normalization module transformed the iris texture from the Cartesian to polar-coordinates. The polar iris image was further separated into two shares, namely, share 1 and share 2, using VC technique. To accomplish more security than the existing methods, both 2-discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and advanced encryption standard (AES) shifting techniques were introduced in VC, termed as transform based AES (TAES). After receiving the encrypted image, the feature extraction is carried out by multi-scale local binary pattern (MLBP). The share 1 images are stored in the user database, whereas the share 2 images are stored in the server database. K-NN classifier is employed to recognize and retrieve the share 2 from the user database on the basis of features. Finally, reconstruction was performed from recognized share 1 and share 2 images by using the inverse process of TAES. The experimental results exhibit better peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), mean square error (MSE) and normalized correlation (NC), false acceptance rate (FAR), false rejection rate (FRR), and equal error rate (EER) than the other existing methods.
Quantifying the Non-Linear Hydraulic Behavior of Pervious Concrete
Authors: West D. , Kaye N. B. , Putman B. J. , Clark R. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Results are presented for the intrinsic permeability and form drag coefficient (CF) for a set of nominally identical cylindrical pervious concrete specimens. Specimens were tested at a range of flow rates in a constant head permeameter. The mean and standard deviation of the permeability and CF show substantial variability. This statistical characterization of hydraulic performance was used to model the behavior that would be observed using other standard methods for characterizing hydraulic performance of porous pavement mixtures. Results indicate that falling head, constant head, and infiltration tests have the potential to significantly underestimate the permeability of porous pavement mixtures. Results from modeled falling head tests showed that this test results in permeability estimates up to a factor of ten lower than the actual permeability and are uncorrelated to the actual permeability. For high permeability pavement mixtures, falling head tests will only provide adequate values of permeability if run at heads so low that measurement resolution is a problem. Constant head tests can be used, though model results indicate that, even for very small hydraulic gradients, the head versus flow rate relationship is quadratic. As such, CF must be calculated. Failure to do so leads to significant underestimation of the permeability. For most applications, the permeability of a well-designed and placed pervious concrete is more than adequate and the improvement in accuracy gained by fully characterizing both the permeability and CF of a pavement is not necessary. However, for poorly constructed pavements, or pavements that need to infiltrate large amounts of run-on from adjacent impervious areas, the additional accuracy may be important. The additional level of accuracy is also important for research into improving design and construction of pervious concrete where comprehensive and accurate characterization of test specimens is needed for statistically significant comparisons between different design specimens.
Effect of Property Variations of Raw Materials on the Variability of Dynamic Moduli of Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Zhang Jiupeng , Hu Dongliang , Yang Fenghua , Pei Jianzhong , Lu Ruiguo 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This paper presents a research on the variability of dynamic modulus of asphalt mixtures because of the variations of raw materials by error propagation theory. The coefficient of variation of dynamic module, COVE, was derived from the η-based predictive model and the variance propagation model. Then, the raw materials' properties related to the dynamic modulus of asphalt mixture were measured and collected, and the coefficients of variation (COV) were finalized and substituted into the COVE expression. The effects of variations of raw materials' properties on the variability of dynamic module were investigated, and the efficiencies and relative efficiencies of reducing materials variability on decreasing COVE were also calculated. It is found that Va makes the greatest contributions, followed by ρ4.75 and Vbeff. At high temperature the contribution of viscosity is similar to that of Vbeff, but is negligible at low temperature. However, the contributions of others are very small in all conditions. Reducing COV of ρ4.75 is with the most efficiency to decrease COVE and reducing COV of Va is with the most relative efficiency. Efficiency of reducing COV of binder viscosity varies greatly with the temperature and frequency, whereas reducing COV of other parameters are much less efficient.
Characterization of Low Temperature Crack Resistance of Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt Mixtures Using Semi-Circular Bending Tests
Authors: Wang Hainian , Zhang Chen , Li Lian , You Zhanping , Diab Aboelkasim 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe objective of this study was to assess the low temperature anti-cracking performance of crumb rubber modified asphalt mixtures by performing the semi-circular bending tests. The flexural tensile strength, fracture energy density, and fracture resistance were used to evaluate the rubber modified asphalt mixture's performance based on fracture mechanics J-integral concept. The semi-circular bending (SCB) tests were conducted to study the effect of crumb rubber dosage, crumb rubber size, and testing temperature on the low temperature anti-cracking performance of rubber modified asphalt mixtures. Two gradations (a dense gradation mixture and a gap-gradation mixture) were selected, and five rubber application dosages (15, 18, 20, 22, and 25 %, all by the weight of base binder) were studied in the paper. The tests were performed at temperatures of 0, −10, and −20°C. The testing results indicated that the flexural tensile strength and fracture energy density increased initially, reached to a peak point and then decreased with the increase of rubber dosage. Flexural tensile strength and fracture energy density reached its maximum value at the 20 % rubber dosage among the five rubber application dosages. The flexural tensile strength, fracture energy density, and the J-integral fracture toughness of the gap-graded rubber asphalt mixture specimens were higher than those of the dense gradation. The smaller sized particle rubber modified mixture provided a better low temperature anti-cracking performance as compared to those with bigger particle sizes. Through the comprehensive consideration of laboratory test results and field results, it was recommended that the J-integral fracture toughness should be no less than 2.8 KJ/m2 for new asphalt rubber pavement in Shannxi province.
Field Evaluation of Infrared Asphalt Heater/Reclaimer Patching Method
Authors: Nazzal Munir D. , Kim Sang Soo , Abbas Ala 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The main objective of this paper was to evaluate the performance and cost-effectiveness of the tow-behind combination infrared asphalt heater/reclaimer patching method and to compare it to the throw and roll and spray injection methods. To achieve this, a comprehensive testing program that included installing over 45 patches using the three considered methods and monitoring the performance and survivability of those patches was performed. The results of this testing program indicated that the infrared method had much lower productivity than the other two methods. In addition, the throw and roll method had better productivity than the spray injection method. Improper storage of the infrared heater/reclaimer equipment was also found to cause problems in igniting the infrared heater, which significantly increased the patching duration. In general, most of the deterioration in the patches installed using the different methods occurred in the first month of installation and continued after that but at a much slower rate. The infrared patches had significantly better performance than those installed using the two other patching methods. The main distress in infrared patches was raveling, while the main distress was dishing for the throw and roll and the spray injection patches. The results of survivability analyses also indicated that the patches installed using infrared had much longer expected life than those installed using the other two considered methods. The results of the cost analyses showed that the infrared method can be more cost effective than the spray injection method when used for winter pothole patching. For short-term repairs, the throw and roll method was found to cost less than the infrared method if the user costs were not considered. However, for permanent repairs, the infrared method could be more cost effective than the throw and roll method.
Constructing and Testing Data Models for LHC Electrical Quality Assurance
Authors: Mertik M. , Bednarek M. J. , Dahlerup-Petersen K. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Constructing and testing various data models is a highly iterative and creative process. It requires the work of a team in an interdisciplinary way and a good understanding of the domain within which the models are developed. In this paper, we showed an approach for the construction and the estimation of various data models for hardware commissioning of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). We reported the development of the methodology for constructing and testing the data models for electrical quality assurance (ELQA) and presented the outputs of the iterative processes of various models intended for the development of a software analysis tool for the ELQA campaigns, which will be used to discover similar patterns of low quality tests on circuits when dealing with non-conformities of the LHC hardware commissioning in the future.
Study on the Characterization and Evaluation Methods of PA6 Chips for High-Speed Spinning
Authors: Jiang Z. , Li C. , Guo Z. , Jia Z. , Jiang F. , Jin J. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The reasons for the significant difference of PA6 spinnability are discussed. For this research project, BASF PA6 chips (BASF, Germany) and PA6 chips (GC, China) were chosen as research objects. We chose these two different chips because BASF PA6 chips are stable and GC PA6 chips are unstable in high-speed spinning. The measurement of relative viscosity, crystallization rate, content of extractable matter, molecular weight and its distribution, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of extractable matter were systematically investigated. Moreover, the screw extrusion process of PA6 melt in high-speed melt spinning was simulated by a capillary rheometer, in which PA6 samples with different melting times were prepared to conduct the above-mentioned tests. Compared to BASF chips, the GC chips have the higher content of extractable matter, the greater and more variable relative viscosity, the greater molecular weight, and the wider distribution, causing the poorer spinnability in high-speed spinning. Furthermore, the extractable matter in GC chips is the same as that in BASF chips, which is confirmed by FTIR spectra.
Application of Nonlinear-Modulation Technique for the Detection of Bolt Loosening in Frame Structure
Authors: Zhou W. , Shen Y. , Xiao L. , Qu W. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Bolted joints are susceptible to loosening in the vibrational service environment, which would adversely affect the joint structure integrity. In this work, a nonlinear-modulation approach was explored as a potential method to effectively detect bolt loosening at its early stage, by analyzing the modulation spectrum that arises from the nonlinear vibrations caused by the loosening bolts. To reveal the mechanism of nonlinear modulation, a mathematical model was developed. An effective energy-based damage index was formulated based on the high-frequency intrinsic mode functions (IMF), which contains modulation components processed by empirical mode decomposition (EMD). Vibration tests on a frame structure were carried out to investigate the feasibility of the proposed method. The experimental results demonstrated that modulation occurred in the high-frequency region of response signals; it was found that the energy-based damage index can accurately detect nonlinear damage caused by bolt loosening with superb sensitivity.
Electrical Analogy for Cavitation Erosion Test Results
Authors: Meged Y. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractElectrical systems are analogous to many systems such as acoustic, fluidic, hydraulic, mechanic, magnetic, optic, pneumatic, and thermal systems. As such, electrical systems are applied to study the response of the latter systems to various inputs. A similar analogy is valid between electrical circuits and cavitation erosion systems. The adequate circuit for this purpose is the RC circuit, comprising of a power source, a resistor, and a capacitor. In the cumulative erosion-time curves, obtained by all reviewed cavitation erosion test methods, the erosion rate varies with time. In long-term tests, this rate approaches a constant value asymptotically. This curve was very similar to that obtained during charging and discharging of a capacitor in a RC circuit and was the basis for the analogy between these phenomena. The electrical analogy for cavitation erosion enabled: (a) definition of the cavitation erosion process by a first-order differential equation with three parameters; (b) long-term prediction of erosion values based on short-term tests; (c) comparison of materials and cavitation erosion test methods; and (d) simplification of cavitation erosion standards.