bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dressing and Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Current Review of the Evidence
Authors: Game Frances L. , Jeffcoate William J. 
Published: August 2016

Background:
The outcome of ulcers of the foot in diabetes is generally poor with around 1 in 10 resulting in the loss of a limb. There is an urgent need for the development of interventions to improve the outcome for patients. To date, however, the evidence base to support many of the interventions in common use, including wound dressings, is poor.

Methods:
This article summarizes the findings of systematic reviews of the subject published between 2006 and 2014 and covers all relevant articles in any language, as well as comments on certain newer publications.

Results:
The 3 consecutive systematic reviews selected a total of 207 articles that met the predefined criteria from a total of 5,632 identified. These included articles on a very wide range of interventions designed to be applied to ulcers of the foot in diabetes to promote wound healing.

Conclusions:
The available data suggest that although some newer therapies show promise, few published studies were of high quality, and the majority were susceptible to bias. More work is needed to substantiate the role of available dressings and wound care products in day-to-day clinical practice. Future work will require studies to be performed to a higher standard than many of those reviewed here and should establish not just clinical effectiveness but cost-effectiveness. The conclusions drawn from the studies of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) might apply to the management of other types of chronic wounds.
Evidence-Based Strategies to Reduce Postoperative Complications in Plastic Surgery
Authors: Harrison Bridget , Khansa Ibrahim , Janis Jeffrey E. 
Published: August 2016

Summary:
Reconstructive plastic surgery is vital in assisting patients with reintegration into society after events such as tumor extirpation, trauma, or infection have left them with a deficit of normal tissue. Apart from performing a technically sound operation, the plastic surgeon must stack the odds in the favor of the patient by optimizing them before and after surgery. The surgeon must look beyond the wound, at the entire patient, and apply fundamental principles of patient optimization. This article reviews the evidence behind the principles of patient optimization that are commonly used in reconstructive surgery patients.
Evidence-Based Medicine: Wound Closure
Authors: Buchanan Patrick J. , Kung Theodore A. , Cederna Paul S. 
Published: August 2016

Learning Objectives:
After reading this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Describe various wound closure techniques available to the modern plastic surgeon, including the indications and contraindications of each. 2. Explain the fundamental concepts of wound healing as it relates to reconstruction. 3. Understand the role of commonly used reconstructive adjuncts such as negative-pressure wound therapy, dermal substitutes, and tissue expansion. 4. Assess the important patient factors that may influence the strategy for surgical wound closure.

Summary:
Successful wound closure requires a comprehensive approach that includes consideration of suitable surgical techniques and critical patient factors. A clear understanding of key concepts such as wound healing, flap design, and patient risk assessment is imperative to a favorable outcome. In this Maintenance of Certification/Continuing Medical Education article, the reader is provided a summary of the available surgical options for wound closure and a discussion of the algorithm used to choose the most appropriate reconstructive strategy.
Socioeconomic Adversity, Negativity in the Parent Child-Relationship, and Physiological Reactivity: An Examination of Pathways and Interactive Processes Affecting Young Children's Physical Health
Authors: Hagan Melissa J. , Roubinov Danielle S. , Adler Nancy E. , Boyce William Thomas , Bush Nicole R. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveWe tested the hypothesis that socioeconomic status (SES) would predict children's physical health problems at the end of kindergarten among children whose parent reported greater parent-child relationship (PCR) negativity and/or who exhibited greater parasympathetic (RSA) reactivity. We also tested whether RSA and PCR negativity mediated the SES-health association.MethodsData were collected from 338 children (mean [SD] age, 5.32 [.32] years) and their primary caregivers (87% biological mothers) during the fall and subsequent spring of kindergarten. In the fall, parents reported income and education level (SES) and PCR negativity, and RSA reactivity was assessed via a standardized challenge protocol for young children. In the fall and then spring, parents reported children's chronic medical conditions and physical health impairments. Multivariate regression was conducted within a structural equation-modeling framework to test hypotheses.ResultsSignificant interactions were found between SES and PCR negativity (b= −0.074,p= .035) and between SES and RSA reactivity (b= 0.169,p= .019) as predicts children's spring health impairment, adjusting for health in the preceding fall. Lower SES was associated with greater health impairment among children whose parents reported more PCR negativity (b= −0.110,p= .024) and children who showed greater RSA reactivity (b= −0.106,p= .011). Socioeconomic status was unrelated to physical health at low PCR negativity or RSA reactivity. Mediation models were not supported.ConclusionParent-child relationship quality and individual differences in stress reactivity may modulate the influence of SES on physical health in childhood.
Replication of the Association of BDNF and MC4R Variants With Dietary Intake in the Diabetes Prevention Program
Authors: McCaffery Jeanne M. , Jablonski Kathleen A. , Franks Paul W. , Delahanty Linda M. , Aroda Vanita , Marrero David , Hamman Richard F. , Horton Edward S. , Dagogo-Jack Samuel , Wylie-Rosett Judith , Barrett-Connor Elizabeth , Kitabchi Abbas , Knowler William C. , Wing Rena R. , Florez Jose C. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Objective
Genomewide association studies (GWAS) have identified consistent associations with obesity, with a number of studies implicating eating behavior as a primary mechanism. Few studies have replicated genetic associations with dietary intake. This study evaluates the association between obesity susceptibility loci and dietary intake.

Methods
Data were obtained as part of the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), a clinical trial of diabetes prevention in persons at high risk of diabetes. The association of 31 genomewide association studies identified obesity risk alleles with dietary intake, measured through a food frequency questionnaire, was investigated in 3,180 participants from DPP at baseline.

Results
The minor allele at BDNF, identified as protective against obesity, was associated with lower total caloric intake (β = −106.06, SE = 33.13; p = .0014) at experimentwide statistical significance (p = .0016), whereas association of MC4R rs571312 with higher caloric intake reached nominal significance (β = 61.32, SE = 26.24; p = .0194). Among non-Hispanic white participants, the association of BDNF rs2030323 with total caloric intake was stronger (β = −151.99, SE = 30.09; p < .0001), and association of FTO rs1421085 with higher caloric intake (β = 56.72, SE = 20.69; p = .0061) and percentage fat intake (β = 0.37, SE = 0.08; p = .0418) was also observed.

Conclusions
These results demonstrate with the strength of independent replication that BDNF rs2030323 is associated with 100 to 150 greater total caloric intake per allele, with additional contributions of MC4R and, in non-Hispanic white individuals, FTO. As it has been argued that an additional 100 kcal/d could account for the trends in weight gain, prevention focusing on genetic profiles with high dietary intake may help to quell adverse obesity trends.

Clinical Trial Registration:
Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT00004992.
Brief Report: Differential Effects of Tenofovir, Abacavir, Emtricitabine, and Darunavir on Telomerase Activity In Vitro
Authors: Stella-Ascariz Natalia , Montejano Rocío , Pintado-Berninches Laura , Monge Susana , Bernardino José I. , Pérez-Valero Ignacio , Montes María L. , Mingorance Jesús , Perona Rosario , Arribas José R. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract:
In vitro, tenofovir and abacavir induced a significant dose-dependent inhibition of telomerase activity at therapeutic concentrations in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy subjects. Median inhibition of telomerase activity by tenofovir at 0.5 and 1 μM was 29% [Interquartile range (IQR) 29%–34%, P = 0.042] and 28% (IQR 28%–41%, P = 0.042), respectively. Abacavir inhibition was 12% (IQR 9%–13%, P = 0.043) at 3 μM and 14% (IQR 10%–29%, P = 0.043) at 10 μM. Tenofovir and abacavir did not change human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) levels or mRNA levels of other telomerase complex genes. Exposure to emtricitabine or darunavir did not affect telomerase activity, hTERT protein levels, or mRNA levels of telomerase/shelterin genes.
MZC Gel Inhibits SHIV-RT and HSV-2 in Macaque Vaginal Mucosa and SHIV-RT in Rectal Mucosa
Authors: Calenda Giulia , Villegas Guillermo , Barnable Patrick , Litterst Claudia , Levendosky Keith , Gettie Agegnehu , Cooney Michael L. , Blanchard James , Fernández-Romero José A. , Zydowsky Thomas M. , Teleshova Natalia 
Published: August 2016

Abstract:The Population Council's microbicide gel MZC (also known as PC-1005) containing MIV-150 and zinc acetate dihydrate (ZA) in carrageenan (CG) has shown promise as a broad-spectrum microbicide against HIV, herpes simplex virus (HSV), and human papillomavirus. Previous data show antiviral activity against these viruses in cell-based assays, prevention of vaginal and rectal simian–human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase (SHIV-RT) infection, and reduction of vaginal HSV shedding in rhesus macaques and also excellent antiviral activity against HSV and human papillomavirus in murine models. Recently, we demonstrated that MZC is safe and effective against SHIV-RT in macaque vaginal explants. Here we established models of ex vivo SHIV-RT/HSV-2 coinfection of vaginal mucosa and SHIV-RT infection of rectal mucosa in macaques (challenge of rectal mucosa with HSV-2 did not result in reproducible tissue infection), evaluated antiviral activity of MZC, and compared quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay readouts for monitoring SHIV-RT infection. MZC (at nontoxic dilutions) significantly inhibited SHIV-RT in vaginal and rectal mucosas and HSV-2 in vaginal mucosa when present during viral challenge. Analysis of SHIV-RT infection and MZC activity by 1-step simian immunodeficiency virusgagquantitative RT-PCR and p27 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated similar virus growth dynamics and MZC activity by both methods and higher sensitivity of quantitative RT-PCR. Our data provide more evidence that MZC is a promising dual compartment multipurpose prevention technology candidate.
Acute Epididymo-orchitis–Related Global Testicular Infarction
Authors: Chang Ching-Di , Lin Jui-Wei , Lee Chen-Chang , Chen Yen-Ta , Huang Chung-Cheng , Lee Yi-Wei , Ng Shu-Hang , Ko Sheung-Fat 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Acute epididymo-orchitis (AEO)–related global testicular infarction (GTI) is rare. We report herein the clinical and ultrasound findings of 6 patients with AEO-related GTI. Seventeen patients with torsion-related GTI were also reviewed and compared. The echotexture of AEO-related GTI ranged from mildly inhomogeneous to diffuse heteroechoic, depending on the severity of testicular necrotic changes. All of the patients showed a juxta-epididymal string-of-bead pattern on color Doppler ultrasound, which was ascribed to patent arteries (5/6, 87%) and collateral vessels (1/6, 13%) in the tunica albuginea. There were no significant differences in age, laterality, leukocyte count, testicular volume ratio (infarcted/normal), frequencies of heteroechoic testicular parenchyma, scrotal skin thickening, and hydrocele between the 2 groups. However, the left testis was predominantly affected in both groups. Compared with torsion-related GTI, patients with AEO-related GTI had significantly longer duration from scrotal pain onset to surgery (13.5 ± 5.2 vs 2.6 ± 2.0 days, P < 0.001), a higher level of serum C-reactive protein (110.0 ± 82.0 vs 41.2 ± 35.9 mg/dL, P = 0.013), a higher frequency of the juxta-epididymal string-of-bead sign (100% vs 12%, P < 0.001), and a lower frequency of the whirlpool/knot sign (0% vs 88%, P = 0.002). Although the testis in AEO-related GTI may appear variable from mildly to extensively heteroechoic on gray-scale ultrasound, this unusual disease can be characterized by an avascular testis with a juxta-epididymal string-of-bead sign on color Doppler ultrasound.
The Learning Curve of Transareola Single-site Laparoendoscopic Thyroidectomy: CUSUM Analysis of a Single Surgeon’s Experience
Authors: Zhu Guanghui , Zhang Xueli , Tang Zhiqiang , Tan Zhanhai , Chen Jianrong , Shan Yuanzhou 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Transareola single-site laparoendoscopic thyroidectomy (TASSET) is a rapidly advancing minimally invasive procedure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the learning curve for TASSET.

Subjects and Methods:
Forty-five consecutive patients were prospectively divided into group 1 (initial phase), group 2 (intermediate phase), and group 3 (advanced phase) according to their surgical order (15 patients in each group). The operative time, operative blood loss, duration of hospital stay, postoperative pain, and postoperative complications were compared using phases.

Results:
Statistically significant differences were observed in the different learning phases, among operative time (P<0.05), operative blood loss (P<0.05), hospital stay (P<0.05), and postoperative pain (P<0.05). The postoperative complication rate was low (3/45).

Conclusions:
Learning curve of the TASSET are improved synchronized at different phases and technical indicators. The establishment of operative space take longer time to skilled master.
Symbolism and discovery: eclipses in art
Authors: Blatchford Ian 
Published: August 2016

There is a fascinating tradition of depicting solar eclipses in Western art, although these representations have changed over time. Eclipses have often been an important feature of Christian iconography, but valued as much for their biblical significance as for the splendour of the physical event. However, as Western culture passed through the Renaissance and Enlightenment the depictions of eclipses came to reflect new astronomical knowledge and a thirst for rational learning well beyond the confines of the church and other elites. Artists also played a surprisingly important role in helping scientists in the nineteenth century understand and record the full phenomena of an eclipse, even as the advent of photography also came to solve a number of scientific puzzles. In the most recent century, artists have responded to eclipses with symbolism, abstraction and playfulness.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Atmospheric effects of solar eclipses stimulated by the 2015 UK eclipse’.
Meteorological effects of the solar eclipse of 20 March 2015: analysis of UK Met Office automatic weather station data and comparison with automatic weather station data from the Faroes and Iceland
Authors: Hanna Edward , Penman John , Jónsson Trausti , Bigg Grant R. , Björnsson Halldór , Sjúrðarson Sølvi , Hansen Mads A. , Cappelen John , Bryant Robert G. 
Published: August 2016

Here, we analyse high-frequency (1 min) surface air temperature, mean sea-level pressure (MSLP), wind speed and direction and cloud-cover data acquired during the solar eclipse of 20 March 2015 from 76 UK Met Office weather stations, and compare the results with those from 30 weather stations in the Faroe Islands and 148 stations in Iceland. There was a statistically significant mean UK temperature drop of 0.83±0.63°C, which occurred over 39 min on average, and the minimum temperature lagged the peak of the eclipse by about 10 min. For a subset of 14 (16) relatively clear (cloudy) stations, the mean temperature drop was 0.91±0.78 (0.31±0.40)°C but the mean temperature drops for relatively calm and windy stations were almost identical. Mean wind speed dropped significantly by 9% on average during the first half of the eclipse. There was no discernible effect of the eclipse on the wind-direction or MSLP time series, and therefore we can discount any localized eclipse cyclone effect over Britain during this event. Similar changes in air temperature and wind speed are observed for Iceland, where conditions were generally clearer, but here too there was no evidence of an eclipse cyclone; in the Faroes, there was a much more muted meteorological signature.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Atmospheric effects of solar eclipses stimulated by the 2015 UK eclipse’.
The National Eclipse Weather Experiment: an assessment of citizen scientist weather observations
Authors: Barnard L. , Portas A. M. , Gray S. L. , Harrison R. G. 
Published: August 2016

The National Eclipse Weather Experiment (NEWEx) was a citizen science project designed to assess the effects of the 20 March 2015 partial solar eclipse on the weather over the United Kingdom (UK). NEWEx had two principal objectives: to provide a spatial network of meteorological observations across the UK to aid the investigation of eclipse-induced weather changes, and to develop a nationwide public engagement activity-based participation of citizen scientists. In total, NEWEx collected 15 606 observations of air temperature, cloudiness and wind speed and direction from 309 locations across the UK, over a 3 h window spanning the eclipse period. The headline results were processed in near real time, immediately published online, and featured in UK national press articles on the day of the eclipse. Here, we describe the technical development of NEWEx and how the observations provided by the citizen scientists were analysed. By comparing the results of the NEWEx analyses with results from other investigations of the same eclipse using different observational networks, including measurements from the University of Reading’s Atmospheric Observatory, we demonstrate that NEWEx provided a fair representation of the change in the UK meteorological conditions throughout the eclipse. Despite the simplicity of the approach adopted, robust reductions in both temperature and wind speed during the eclipse were observed.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Atmospheric effects of solar eclipses stimulated by the 2015 UK eclipse’.
The solar eclipse: a natural meteorological experiment
Authors: Harrison R. Giles , Hanna Edward 
Published: August 2016

A solar eclipse provides a well-characterized reduction in solar radiation, of calculable amount and duration. This captivating natural astronomical phenomenon is ideally suited to science outreach activities, but the predictability of the change in solar radiation also provides unusual conditions for assessing the atmospheric response to a known stimulus. Modern automatic observing networks used for weather forecasting and atmospheric research have dense spatial coverage, so the quantitative meteorological responses to an eclipse can now be evaluated with excellent space and time resolution. Numerical models representing the atmosphere at high spatial resolution can also be used to predict eclipse-related changes and interpret the observations. Combining the models with measurements yields the elements of a controlled atmospheric experiment on a regional scale (10–1000 km), which is almost impossible to achieve by other means. This modern approach to ‘eclipse meteorology’ as identified here can ultimately improve weather prediction models and be used to plan for transient reductions in renewable electricity generation. During the 20 March 2015 eclipse, UK electrical energy demand increased by about 3 GWh (11 TJ) or about 4%, alongside reductions in the wind and photovoltaic electrical energy generation of 1.5 GWh (5.5 TJ).
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Atmospheric effects of solar eclipses stimulated by the 2015 UK eclipse’.
Terrestrial atmospheric responses on Svalbard to the 20 March 2015 Arctic total solar eclipse under extreme conditions
Authors: Pasachoff J. M. , Peñaloza-Murillo M. A. , Carter A. L. , Roman M. T. 
Published: August 2016

This article reports on the near-surface atmospheric response at the High Arctic site of Svalbard, latitude 78° N, as a result of abrupt changes in solar insolation during the 20 March 2015 equinox total solar eclipse and notifies the atmospheric science community of the availability of a rare dataset. Svalbard was central in the path of totality, and had completely clear skies. Measurements of shaded air temperature and atmospheric pressure show only weak, if any, responses to the reduced insolation. A minimum in the air temperature at 1.5 m above the ground occurred starting 2 min following the end of totality, though this drop was only slightly beyond the observed variability for the midday period. Eclipse-produced variations in surface pressure, if present, were less than 0.3 hPa.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Atmospheric effects of solar eclipses stimulated by the 2015 UK eclipse’.
DNA damage is a major cause of sequencing errors, directly confounding variant identification
Authors: Chen Lixin , Liu Pingfang , Evans Thomas C. , Ettwiller Laurence M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPervasive mutations in somatic cells generate a heterogeneous genomic population within an organism and may result in serious medical conditions. While cancer is the most studied disease associated with somatic variations, recent advances in single cell and ultra deep sequencing indicate that a number of phenotypes and pathologies are impacted by cell specific variants. Currently, the accurate identification of low allelic frequency somatic variants relies on a combination of deep sequencing coverage and multiple evidences of the presence of variants. However, in this study we show that false positive variants can account for more than 70% of identified somatic variations, rendering conventional detection methods inadequate for accurate determination of low allelic variants. Interestingly, these false positive variants primarily originate from mutagenic DNA damage which directly confounds determination of genuine somatic mutations. Furthermore, we developed and validated a simple metric to measure mutagenic DNA damage, and demonstrated that mutagenic DNA damage is the leading cause of sequencing errors in widely used resources including the 1000 Genomes Project and The Cancer Genome Atlas.
Genetically targeted 3D visualisation ofDrosophilaneurons under Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microscopy using miniSOG
Authors: Ng Julian , Browning Alyssa , Lechner Lorenz , Terada Masako , Howard Gillian , Jefferis Gregory S. X. E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractLarge dimension, high-resolution imaging is important for neural circuit visualisation as neurons have both long- and short-range patterns: from axons and dendrites to the numerous synapses at their endings. Electron Microscopy (EM) is the favoured approach for synaptic resolution imaging but how such structures can be segmented from high-density images within large volume datasets remains challenging.Fluorescent probes are widely used to localise synapses, identify cell-types and in tracing studies. The equivalent EM approach would benefit visualising such labelled structures from within sub-cellular, cellular, tissue and neuroanatomical contexts.Here we developed genetically-encoded, electron-dense markers using miniSOG. We demonstrate their ability in 1) labelling cellular sub-compartments of genetically-targeted neurons, 2) generating contrast under different EM modalities, and 3) segmenting labelled structures from EM volumes using computer-assisted strategies. We also tested non-destructive X-ray imaging on wholeDrosophilabrains to evaluate contrast staining. This enables us to target specific regions for EM volume acquisition.