bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seaplanes
Authors: Guidoni A. 
Published: August 2016

In 1908 the flights of the Wright Brothers and of Mr. de la Grange turned my attention to aviation. A graduate from engineering and naval constructors' schools and a Lieutenant in the R.N.C.C., I first devoted myself to building an aerodynamical whirling arm (Photo I) which enabled me to carry out some research on aerofoils and airscrew models. As in the Froude's tank, forces, spaces, times and revolutions were registered on continuous diagrams.Then, in 1910, I started the construction of my first aeroplane, which never went in the air, although it had been provided with an automatic stability device.From the beginning I understood the importance of being a pilot myself, before taking any risks, so I obtained my licence in 1911, on a land Farman. At that time licences were granted in a very few hours. I remember I had been only twelve times in the air and had had two hours’ flying training altogether.
A Consideration of the Design of a Light Flying Boat
Authors: Oswald John S. L. 
Published: August 2016

The first point to consider is whether the design should take the form of a monoplane or a biplane. For a reasonably low wing loading and high aspect ratio one immediately finds that the structural weight of the wings alone comes-out rather heavy for a monoplane. If to this be added the necessarily relatively high structure weight of the hull and floats, one is led to the conclusion that to keep the weight down so that the machine may come under the term “ light,” a biplane seems preferable to a monoplane. There is also the point that it is desirable to keep the ailerons well clear of the water. This is easily arranged in the case of a biplane by having the ailerons on the top wing only.One next considers whether it would be preferable to have a twin-float seaplane or a flying boat design. The flying boat can be moored out in all weathers short of a gale. This is a great advantage from the ordinary user's point of view. The twin-float seaplane does not possess, in one's opinion, this advantage to the same degree.
Older Driver Safety: A Survey of Psychologists’ Attitudes, Knowledge, and Practices
Authors: Love Janet , Tuokko Holly 
Published: August 2016

RÉSUMÉUtilisant un sondage en ligne, nous avons examiné les connaissances, les attitudes et les pratiques en ce qui concerne les problèmes de sécurité des conducteurs âgés détenus par des psychologues cliniciens de tout le Canada qui se sont identifiés comme travaillant avec au moins quelques conducteurs de plus de 60 ans. Quatre-vingt-quatre psychologues ont répondu au sondage, et beaucoup étaient au courant des questions relatives à la sécurité des conducteurs âgés, bien que seulement environ la moitié ont déclaré que l’évaluation de l’aptitude à conduire est une question importante dans leur pratique. La majorité (75%) ont indiqué qu’ils bénéficieraient de l’éducation relative à l’évaluation de l’aptitude à conduire. La principale recommandation qui ressort de cette enquête est qu’il faut des efforts accrus pour sensibiliser les psychologues sur l’évaluation liée à la conduite et les questions réglementaires en général, mais en particulier en ce qui concerne les personnes âgées. En tant que la population vieillit, il est d’une importance croissante que tous les fournisseurs de soins de santé comprennent l’influence des conditions mentales—y compris des troubles cognitifs et de la démence—sur les compétences de conduite.
Developments in Schizophrenia Treatment
Authors: Gorman Jack M. 
Published: August 2016

Several years ago, a research group from the United Kingdom announced in the prestigious scientific journal Nature that a gene for schizophrenia had been located. This was greeted with widespread applause. Even the editors of Nature believed that a major piece of the puzzle for schizophrenia had at last been found.Sadly, the bubble soon burst. Despite many attempts, no one was able to replicate the initial finding, and it is now widely felt to have been a mistake. This is no longer surprising. Use of the restriction fragment length polymorphism approach to finding genes for complex disorders like schizophrenia has been notably unsuccessful. Currently, journal editors are alerted to the receipt of claims that a gene for some disorder has been found, only to be burnt by the next dozen failures to replicate the finding. The schizophrenia “finding” was a great disappointment.
Treating Schizophrenia Now and Developing Strategies for the Next Decade
Authors: Tamminga Carol A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis paper focuses on treatments for schizophrenia (SZ)—treatments we have now and those we hope to have in the future. The treatments we have are based on serendipity, but are effective nonetheless. Pharmacologic characteristics of the most-prescribed drugs are reviewed. It is apparent that a spectrum of effective drugs exist to support individualized therapy. With a view to future discovery, a strategy is proposed for rational antipsychotic drug development. A few concrete examples from the author's own laboratory illustrate an application of the proposal. These data would support the existence of a drugtarget in the anterior cingulate and/or hippocampal cortex. The studies suggest a focus on the limbic cortex for SZ pathophysiology. It would depend on future discovery to test whether this proposal will be productive. For sure, the rapid advance of basic neuroscience provides untold promise for the future.
Magnetoencephalography and Magnetic Source Imaging: Technology Overview and Applications in Psychiatric Neuroimaging
Authors: Rojas Donald C. , Arciniegas David B. , Teale Peter D. , Reite Martin L. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTMagnetoencephalography (MEG) is an electrophysiologic brain imaging technology that has been applied to the study of mental illness, particularly schizophrenia. Like electroencephalography, it provides excellent temporal resolution, and in combination with magnetic resonance imaging, can also provide good spatial resolution. Studies of the auditory system in schizophrenia using MEG have demonstrated an abnormality in functional cerebral asymmetry, in which persons with schizophrenia typically show reduced, or reversed, cerebral asymmetry compared with normal subjects. This abnormality is sex-specific; it is more pronounced in males with schizophrenia. These findings have not been demonstrated using other neuroimaging strategies. Thus, MEG appears to offer a unique and valuable contribution to psychiatric neuroimaging. Current research and clinical applications of MEG are limited, however, by the high cost of instrumentation. The cost of MEG systems should improve as more applications are developed, in schizophrenia as well as other neuropsychiatric conditions, and hospitals begin to invest in the technology.
Response of the Norepinephrine System to Antidepressant Drugs
Authors: Szabo Steven T. , Blier Pierre 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTEnvironmental stimuli and drugs affect the norepinephrine (NE) system and may be linked to the manifestation and treatment of anxiety and affective disorders. The activity of locus ceruleus NE neurons in the brainstem can alter the function offorebrain structures associated with several psychiatric disorders. In particular, NE neurons send and receive projections from sensory afferents, limbic areas, and cortical areas implicated in higher-order brain malfunctions and the symptomatology of anxiety and affective disorders. In turn, anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs are able to offset perturbations of NE activity and forebrain structures with a time course congruent with their therapeutic action. All antide-pressants, even the agents selective for other biogenic amines or peptides, act on the NE system. In the present review, the effects of antidepressants on NE neurons are summarized and applied to the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, with emphasis placed on mechanisms of action.
Formal Thought Disorder and Semantic Memory in Schizophrenia
Authors: Elvevåg Brita , Goldberg Terry E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn this article, we review attempts to account for the thought disorder present in some schizophrenic patients in terms of cognitive deficits in the domains of working memory, attention, language, and semantic memory. Although each psychological construct can account for some of the data described here, establishment of a primary cognitive impairment responsible for thought disorder is not forthcoming, perhaps due to its underlying multidimensional pathology. While the relationship of working memory, attention, and language processing to thought disorder is ambiguous, semantic memory is emerging as a promising construct, that may yield insight into cognitive mechanisms that underlie thought disorder and neuroleptic responsiveness.
Probing the Function of 5-HT1B/1DReceptors in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Whale Richard , Cowen Philip J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPharmacological challenge tests provide a method of assessing the functional responsiveness of serotonin (5-HT) receptor subtypes in the human brain. A number of selective agonist ligands for the 5-HT1B/1Dreceptor are available for human use; however, these compounds do not distinguish between 5-HT1Band 5-HT1Dreceptors, which is somewhat of a disadvantage. Acute administration of sumatriptan, rizatriptan, and zolmitriptan all increase plasma growth hormone in healthy subjects, possibly via activation of postsynaptic 5-HT1Dreceptors. This response is blunted in major depression. Sumatriptan lowers plasma prolactin, perhaps via activation of presynaptic 5-HT1Breceptors. This response is not altered during repeated treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), suggesting that 5-HT1Breceptors retain the ability to restrain 5-HT outflow during short-term SSRI treatment.
Perimenopause and Mood Disturbance: An Update
Authors: Soares Cláudio N. , Cohen Lee S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis review characterizes perimenopause, including biologic changes, the influence of psychosocial factors, and the most common clinical manifestations. Clinic-based studies and community-based surveys addressing the prevalence of depressive symptoms in perimenopausal women are critically reviewed. Also discussed is the potentially greater vulnerability to mood disturbance during perimenopause in response to hormonal variability. A therapeutic algorithm for management of depressive symptoms in middle-aged perimenopausal women is presented. The role of estrogen in the treatment of perimenopausal depressive symptoms is addressed. In addition, the article contains a review of the existing data on the potential efficacy of estrogen as an antidepressant agent (monotherapy, augmentation strategy, or prophylaxis).
Temperament and Its Implications for Neuroimaging of Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Schwartz Carl E. , Rauch Scott L. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTWe review the attributes of inhibited and uninhibited infant temperaments, and their developmental trajectories into early adulthood. Inborn individual differences in infants' propensity to respond to novel people and objects are associated with persistent differences in the responsivity of the amygdala to novelty, as measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging, after more than 20 years of development. Because an inhibited temperament is a risk factor for developing later psychiatric disorders, particularly generalized social anxiety disorder, temperamental differences are confounds in neuroimaging and genetic studies. Longitudinal studies are a unique tool for understanding the developmental and temperamental risk factors for psychiatric disorder.
Identification of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Pedigrees and Substance Use Disorder Pedigrees Through an ADHD Proband Sample
Authors: Bauer Amy , Ram Ranga , Schindler Kim M. , Pato Michele T. , Macciardi Fabio , Gnagy Elizabeth , Burrows-MacLean Lisa , Pelham William , Pato Carlos N. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSubstance use disorder (SUD) pedigrees identified through an attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) proband may be helpful in teasing apart the genetic risks for both ADHD and SUD (ie, alcohol or drug use). Pedigrees segregating for both SUD and ADHD may represent a subset of both of these common disorders that share a related genetic basis. We determined the number of SUD and ADHD pedigrees in a sample of 175 ADHD probands. We found 52 ADHD pedigrees, indicating that at least 29.7% were familial cases. We also found 50 SUD pedigrees; 13 families contained both an alcohol and a drug pedigree, 35 families were alcohol-only pedigrees, and two families were drug-only pedigrees. The incidence of drug-only pedigrees is significantly higher (P<0.01) in families with familial ADHD. This was also true for families with both drug and alcohol pedigrees (P<0.01). The total number of SUD pedigrees and the families with alcohol-alone pedigrees were not significantly different in ADHD pedigrees compared with nonfamilial ADHD families.
The Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: Genetic Investigations
Authors: Muglia Pierandrea , Macciardi Fabio , Kennedy James L. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTTwin, family, and adoption studies indicate that genetic factors play a major role in predisposition to schizophrenia. To date, molecular genetic studies have implicated many different chromosomal locations for the disorder. However, no one site replicates across the majority of investigations. This creates an impasse in the study of schizophrenia genetics, because of the large number of chromosomal sites that require further detailed research. It is difficult to plan to move ahead with expensive and labor-intensive research in an attempt to determine the etiologie genetic factor, when any given site proves to be only weakly positive. Therefore, the use of a hypothesis-driven approach may be cost effective, and may ultimately have more power to detect etiologie genes. Several lines of evidence suggest that a neurodevelopmental defect may play an important role in the etiology of this disorder. Neurodevelopment is a complex process in which genetic and nongenetic factors may interact to create the mature differentiated neuron, with its particular network of synaptic connections. A reasonable chance exists that polymorphisms of the genes that control normal development of the central nervous system (CNS) may produce a slightly altered trajectory of brain development, predisposing individuals to schizophrenia. This assumption has led geneticists to begin to study neurodevelopmental genes in schizophrenia subjects. This article reviews and discusses genetic studies of some developmental genes in schizophrenia. Genetic association and linkage studies of neurotrophic factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, or BDNF, and neurotrophin-3, or NT-3), neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), synapsin, and synaptosome-associated protein with a mass of 25 kd (SNAP-25) have proven to be of most interest.
Anxiety and the Blues After Breast Cancer: How Common Are They?
Authors: Rowland Julia H. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA number of myths exist concerning the psychological impact of breast cancer. Primary among these is the belief that women with breast cancer have greater emotional disability than individuals with other diseases or the population at large. While research has shown that women cope remarkably well with a diagnosis of breast cancer, an understanding of the key periods of anxiety and primary stressors is crucial to the overall psychological and medical management plan. While psychopharmacologic therapy may be indicated for women with breast cancer, it is rarely sufficient and should be combined with effective psychosocial interventions such as group therapy.
Pharmacotherapy for Social Phobia: What Works, What Might Work, and What Does Not Work at All
Authors: Van Ameringen Michael , Mancini Catherine , Farvolden Peter , Oakman Jonathan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSocial phobia is a common psychiatric disorder that is often associated with significant psychiatric comorbidity and disability. In the past, clinicians have underutilized pharmacotherapy as a treatment option for this disorder. This article provides a review of current pharmacotherapeutic options for social phobia, including a review of the results to date of numerous controlled trials, a description of the recent results of open trials of new and promising agents, and a summary of the information available on the use of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of children and adolescents.
Role of Serotonin and Serotonin-Selective Pharmacotherapy in Alcohol Dependence
Authors: Pettinati Helen M. , Oslin David , Decker Kelly 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe majority of studies that have examined the usefulness of pharmacotherapies selective for serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) as a treatment for alcohol dependence have been standard, double-blind clinical trials that include patients with a variety of clinical presentations. Almost all of the early studies evaluated heavy social drinkers and found only a modest advantage for 5-HT pharmacotherapies in reducing the number of drinks per day. Also, the advantage of these pharmacotherapies was observed primarily when these agents were given at higher daily dosages than suggested prescribing practices for use as an antidepressant. The few studies that evaluated treatment-seeking patients found that 5-HT pharmacotherapies were not instrumental in reducing drinking rates compared with placebo. These results led to a dampening of enthusiasm for use of these agents in treating alcohol dependence. However, more recent investigations have begun to target subgroups with potential abnormalities in 5-HT neurotransmission. The thinking is that these medications should be most useful in alcohol-dependent individuals who have more clearly delineated suggestive signs of 5-HT dysfunction, such as concomitant depression or anxiety. Although few results are available to date, there is growing evidence to suggest that alcohol-dependent subgroups are differentially responsive to 5-HT pharmacotherapies with respect to drinking-related outcomes. This may explain the modest and variable 5-HT pharmacotherapeutic effects that were reported in the earlier studies, which included large heterogeneous patient groups. Further investigations are needed to confirm these initial optimistic results.
Combination Pharmacotherapy in Alcoholism: A Novel Treatment Approach
Authors: Farren Conor K. , Rezvani Amir H. , Overstreet David , O'Malley Stephanie 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCombination pharmacotherapy has proven effective in a number of psychiatric disorders, including depression and schizophrenia. However, compared with other affective disorders, few studies have explored the use of combination therapy in alcoholism, and the majority have been limited to animal models. There is evidence to support a role for combination therapy in alcoholism. For example, several neurochemical systems, including the dopaminergic, serotonergic, and opioidergic, appear to affect alcohol intake. Studies in several different types of alcohol-preferring rats have suggested that coadministration of agents to target more than one of these systems simultaneously may produce beneficial effects on alcohol intake, while avoiding problematic effects, such as alterations in food or water intake. Data from preliminary clinical studies have shown trends toward combination therapy reducing alcohol intake in humans. While such findings are encouraging, they must be explored further in larger, randomized, double-blind trials.
Stroke Risk Factors
Authors: Tuhrim Stanley 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDespite advances in the treatment of acute cerebral infarction, the most effective method of reducing stroke morbidity and mortality is the identification and modification of stroke risk factors. Modifiable stroke risk factors include hypertension, atrial fibrillation, hypercholesterolemia, cigarette smoking, hyperhomocystinemia, and carotid stenosis. Improved identification of individuals at increased stroke risk due to these factors can reduce individual risk and the cost to society of the consequences of stroke.
Recurrent Depression: Patient Characteristics, Clinical Course, and Current Recommendations for Management
Authors: Kocsis James H. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA significant proportion of depressed patients will experience multiple episodes of depression throughout their lifetimes, and, in recent years, attention has been paid to the identification of risk factors associated with a recurrent course of major depression. Residual depressive symptoms following acute phase therapy appears to be the most important clinical risk factor leading to recurrence. However, advances in empirically-supported treatment algorithms and guidelines, and in pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, provide physicians with the tools necessary to improve short- and long-term outcomes in the treatment of depression. Additionally, recent developments in genetic and psychological vulnerability research have sought to further improve outcomes by identifying markers in patients who may likely experience multiple depressive episodes.
HIV Infection with Immunodeficiency Presenting with Subacute Cognitive Decline: Recent Illustrative Cases
Authors: Costello Daniel , Davis John , Venna Nagagopal 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTWe describe three recent patients in whom evaluation of subacute, progressive encephalopathy led to the initial diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. The clinical neurological picture of a predominance of abnormalities of mental function with few elementary neurological deficits, in conjunction with a paucity of systemic symptoms and lack of evidence for prior opportunistic infections preceding the encephalopathy are notable. The cognitive, behavioral, and neuropsychiatric disturbances are described in detail to illustrate the range of manifestations of disordered mental states associated with encephalopathy in individuals with HIV infection. The importance of a comprehensive and broad-minded work-up by brain magnetic resonance imaging, cerebrospinal fluid examination, and specific microbiological tests in delineating the potential multifactorial pathogenesis of the cerebral syndromes in relation to the HIV infection is emphasized. The gratifying long-term clinical improvements in parallel with resolution of neuroimaging and other laboratory abnormalities in response, to antiretroviral drug treatment are reported.
Dr. Moebius and His Syndrome
Authors: Trimble Michael 
Published: August 2016

Neuropsychiatric practice provides for the interested practitioner a bewildering yet exciting array of symptoms and syndromes. Some are quite common, such as a psychosis is in epilepsy, but many are rare, and sometimes the rarer they are, the more startling and challenging they seem. Take the Moebius syndrome. This is an unusual condition in which there is a congenital palsy of some cranial nerves—most notably the 6th and 7th—usually with hypoplasia or agenesis of the respective nerve nuclei. For example, the patient I was asked to see, because of unremitting seizures, was a girl in her late teens, who had never had any facial expression. She could not smile or express laughter, she could not look angry, she could not contort her face to tears or grief. But did she feel emotions? Of course. She got angry like the rest of us, teared when sad, and was able laugh. The vocalizations of her affects were all present, she simply could not show emotions.Not surprisingly, this had affected her social development, and inhibited her interactions with her peers. She was frustrated by this inhibition and, in the course of her adolescence, had developed depression and panic attacks, which had been mistakenly diagnosed as epilepsy. This is one variant of the pseudoseizure spectrum.