bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous Aerosol Ejection: Origin of Inorganic Particles in Biomass Pyrolysis
Authors: Teixeira Andrew R. , Gantt Rachel , Joseph Kristeen E. , Maduskar Saurabh , Paulsen Alex D. , Krumm Christoph , Zhu Cheng , Dauenhauer Paul J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAt high thermal flux and temperatures of approximately 500 °C, lignocellulosic biomass transforms to a reactive liquid intermediate before evaporating to condensable bio‐oil for downstream upgrading to renewable fuels and chemicals. However, the existence of a fraction of nonvolatile compounds in condensed bio‐oil diminishes the product quality and, in the case of inorganic materials, catalyzes undesirable aging reactions within bio‐oil. In this study, ablative pyrolysis of crystalline cellulose was evaluated, with and without doped calcium, for the generation of inorganic‐transporting aerosols by reactive boiling ejection from liquid intermediate cellulose. Aerosols were characterized by laser diffraction light scattering, inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy, and high‐speed photography. Pyrolysis product fractionation revealed that approximately 3 % of the initial feed (both organic and inorganic) was transported to the gas phase as aerosols. Large bubble‐to‐aerosol size ratios and visualization of significant late‐time ejections in the pyrolyzing cellulose suggest the formation of film bubbles in addition to the previously discovered jet formation mechanism.
Achievable sum‐rate maximization using relay/antenna selection for MIMO two‐way AF relaying with channel uncertainties
Authors: Hu Chia‐Chang , Chen Bo‐Hung , Kao Yi‐Chi 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThis paper focuses on the layered relay‐and‐antenna selection (LRAS) for achievable sum‐rate (ASR) maximization while considering the impacts of residual self‐interference due to channel estimation errors in multiple‐input multiple‐output two‐way amplify‐and‐forward relaying systems. Two LRAS algorithms, namely, the Gram–Schmidt and the adaptive discrete stochastic approximation selection techniques, are investigated based on the ASR maximization under an equal power allocation. To alleviate the complexity burden of the LRAS strategies, the optimal relay and the subset of transmit‐and‐receive antenna pairs are determined by a two‐stage selection mechanism. By taking two LRAS strategies and correlated channel uncertainties into account, the development of a two‐way multiple‐input multiple‐output multi‐amplify‐and‐forward‐relay system is able to provide improved robustness against the channel state information mismatch and the residual self‐interference. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Germline recombination in a novel Cre transgenic line, Prl3b1‐Cre mouse
Authors: Al‐Soudy Al‐Sayed , Nakanishi Tsuyoshi , Mizuno Seiya , Hasegawa Yoshikazu , Shawki Hossam H. , Katoh Megumi C. , Basha Walaa A. , Ibrahim Abdelaziz E. , El‐Shemy Hany A. , Iseki Hiroyoshi , Yoshiki Atsushi , Hiromori Youhei , Nagase Hisamitsu , Takahashi Satoru , Oishi Hisashi , Sugiyama Fumihiro 
Published: April 2016

SummarySpermatogenesis is a complex and highly regulated process by which spermatogonial stem cells differentiate into spermatozoa. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of the process, the Cre/loxP system has been widely utilized for conditional gene knockout in mice. In this study, we generated a transgenic mouse line that expresses Cre recombinase under the control of the 2.5 kbp of the Prolactin family 3, subfamily b, member 1 (Prl3b1) gene promoter (Prl3b1‐cre). Prl3b1 was initially reported to code for placental lactogen 2 (PL‐2) protein in placenta along with increased expression toward the end of pregnancy. PL‐2 was found to be expressed in germ cells in the testis, especially in spermatocytes. To analyze the specificity and efficiency of Cre recombinase activity in Prl3b1‐cre mice, the mice were mated with reporter R26GRR mice, which express GFP ubiquitously before and tdsRed exclusively after Cre recombination. The systemic examination of Prl3b1‐cre;R26GRR mice revealed that tdsRed‐positive cells were detected only in the testis and epididymis. Fluorescence imaging of Prl3b1‐cre;R26GRR testes suggested that Cre‐mediated recombination took place in the germ cells with approximately 74% efficiency determined by in vitro fertilization. In conclusion, our results suggest that the Prl3b1‐cre mice line provides a unique resource to understand testicular germ‐cell development. genesis 54:389–397, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Seed‐bank structure and plant‐recruitment conditions regulate the dynamics of a grassland‐shrubland Chihuahuan ecotone
Authors: Moreno‐de las Heras Mariano , Turnbull Laura , Wainwright John 
Published: April 2016

AbstractLarge areas of desert grasslands in the southwestern United States have shifted to sparse shrublands dominated by drought‐tolerant woody species over the last 150 yr, accompanied by accelerated soil erosion. An important step toward the understanding of patterns in species dominance and vegetation change at desert grassland–shrubland transitions is the study of environmental limitations imposed by the shrub‐encroachment phenomenon on plant establishment. Here, we analyze the structure of soil seed banks, environmental limitations for seed germination (i.e., soil‐water availability and temperature), and simulated seedling emergence and early establishment of dominant species (black grama, Bouteloua eriopoda, and creosotebush, Larrea tridentata) across a Chihuahuan grassland–shrubland ecotone (Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico, USA). Average viable seed density in soils across the ecotone is generally low (200–400 seeds/m2), although is largely concentrated in densely vegetated areas (with peaks up to 800–1,200 seeds/m2 in vegetated patches). Species composition in the seed bank is strongly affected by shrub encroachment, with seed densities of grass species sharply decreasing in shrub‐dominated sites. Environmental conditions for seed germination and seedling emergence are synchronized with the summer monsoon. Soil‐moisture conditions for seedling establishment of B. eriopoda take place with a recurrence interval ranging between 5 and 8 yr for grassland and shrubland sites, respectively, and are favored by strong monsoonal precipitation. Limited L. tridentata seed dispersal and a narrow range of rainfall conditions for early seedling establishment (50–100 mm for five to six consecutive weeks) constrain shrub‐recruitment pulses to localized and episodic decadal events (9–25 yr recurrence intervals) generally associated with late‐summer rainfall. Re‐establishment of B. eriopoda in areas now dominated by L. tridentata is strongly limited by the lack of seeds and decreased plant‐available soil moisture for seedling establishment.
Density constrains cascading consequences of warming and nitrogen from invertebrate growth to litter decomposition
Authors: Hines Jes , Reyes Marta , Gessner Mark O. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSmaller invertebrate body mass is claimed to be a universal response to climate warming. It has been suggested that body mass could also predict consumer influences on ecosystem processes in a warmer world because generalized rules describe relationships between body mass, temperature, and metabolism. However, the utility of this suggestion remains tenuous because the nutritional and physiological constraints underlying relationships between body mass and consumer‐driven processes are highly variable in realistic settings. Here we test, using a generalist invertebrate detritivore, fungi, and leaf litter, the limitations imposed by nutrition on growth and decomposition in response to global change. Strong competition for fungal food resources limited invertebrate growth and reduced body mass plasticity in response to warming and nitrogen pollution scenarios. When competition was relaxed by experimentally reducing invertebrate density, consumption of fungi promoted rapid invertebrate growth and enhanced invertebrate sensitivity to the global change scenarios, especially warming and nitrogen pollution together. Accordingly, fungi promoted invertebrate body mass plasticity and mediated consumer effects on decomposition causing the relative influence of warming and nitrogen pollution to vary across trophic levels. An important implication is that managing nitrogen pollution may alter which trophic level is most sensitive to warming.
Sensor Devices Inspired by the Five Senses: A Review
Authors: Svechtarova Mila I. , Buzzacchera Irene , Toebes B. Jelle , Lauko Jan , Anton Nicoleta , Wilson Christopher J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWearable devices (wearables) have recently gained significant traction and are predicted to dominate many areas of research over the next 5 years. Many wearables contain a host of sensors that feedback vital bodily parameters to a central system. Although many artificial sensors exist, the biggest challenge to medical wearables is to interface and harness the “big data” set from the human bodies own complex sensor network to better allow early diagnosis and/or treatment and prevention of diseases that have a huge economic burden on society such as type II diabetes. Cybernetics and medicine are joining their forces to overcome the new challenges in developing smarter, more intuitive and smaller sensors that interface with the human sensory system. This review is focused on the interface of devices to ion‐mediated transduction pathways both through G‐Coupled Protein Receptors and direct or mechanically transduced ion pathways.
Rapid Immunosensing of Salmonella Typhimurium Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy: the Effect of Sample Treatment
Authors: Farka Zdeněk , Juřík Tomáš , Pastucha Matěj , Kovář David , Lacina Karel , Skládal Petr 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA label‐free immunosensor for rapid detection of Salmonella Typhimurium based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was developed. Specific antibody was immobilized to a screen‐printed electrode via cysteamine monolayer activated with glutaraldehyde and the impedance was measured between two gold electrodes. Different procedures for sample treatment (combinations of heat and sonication) were tested and their impact on the assay performance was compared. Atomic force microscopy was used to study the effect of the treatment on the cell shape and to confirm the specific binding of Salmonella to the sensing surface. The immunosensor allowed detection of 1×103 CFU ⋅ mL−1 in 20 min with negligible interference from other bacteria. Wide linear response was obtained in the range between 103 CFU ⋅ mL−1 and 108 CFU ⋅ mL−1. The successful detection of Salmonella in spiked milk demonstrates the suitability of sensor for the analysis of real samples.
Opt Out: An Examination of Issues
Authors: Bennett Randy E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMedia reports have recently given significant attention to the opt‐out movement, an organized effort to refuse to take standardized tests. Although the narrative often told in early press accounts was of a viral grass‐roots effort led by parents who object to state‐mandated testing, the reality has turned out to be more complicated. Through a synthesis of news accounts, research studies, survey results, and state and federal education department documents, this paper examines the opt‐out movement and some of the dynamics that appear to underlie it. Several topics are covered, including the movement's extent, the demographics of those participating in it, how much time students devote to tests, what other factors might be motivating the movement, and the level of public support for testing in general. The paper concludes with suggestions for how the assessment community might respond to the concerns raised by the movement and by the general public.
Yield Curve Forecasting with the Burg Model
Authors: Rostan Pierre , Belhachemi Rachid , Racicot François‐Eric 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe introduce a versatile and robust model that may help policymakers, bond portfolio managers and financial institutions to gain insight into the future shape of the yield curve. The Burg model forecasts a 20‐day yield curve, which fits a pth‐order autoregressive (AR) model to the input signal by minimizing (least squares) the forward and backward prediction errors while constraining the autoregressive parameters to satisfy the Levinson–Durbin recursion. Then, it uses an infinite impulse response prediction error filter. Results are striking when the Burg model is compared to the Diebold and Li model: the model not only significantly improves accuracy, but also its forecast yield curves stick to the shape of observed yield curves, whether normal, humped, flat or inverted. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late‐onset major depression is associated with age‐related white matter lesions in the brainstem
Authors: Schwichtenberg Johannes , Al‐Zghloul Mansour , Kerl Hans U. , Wenz Holger , Hausner Lucrezia , Frölich Lutz , Groden Christoph , Förster Alex 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveAge‐related white matter lesions (ARWMLs) have been identified in various clinical conditions such as reduced gait speed, cognitive impairment, urogenital dysfunction, and mood disturbances. Previous studies indicated an association between ARWML and late‐onset major depression. However, most of these focused on the extent of supratentorial ARWML and neglected presence and degree of infratentorial lesions.MethodsIn 45 patients (mean age 73.7 ± 6.3 years, 17 (37.8%) men, 28 (62.2%) women) with late‐onset major depression, MRI findings (3.0‐T MR system, Magnetom Trio, Siemens Medical Systems, Erlangen, Germany) were analyzed with emphasis on the extent of supratentorial and infratentorial, as well as brainstem ARWMLs, and compared with control subjects. ARWMLs were determined by semiquantitative rating scales (modified Fazekas rating scale, Scheltens' rating scale), as well as a semiautomatic volumetric assessment, using a specific software (MRIcron). Supratentorial and infratentorial, as well as brainstem ARWMLs, were assessed both on fluid attenuated inversion recovery and T2‐weighted images.ResultsPatients with late‐onset major depression had significantly higher infratentorial ARWML rating scores (5 (5–7) vs 4.5 (3–6), p = 0.003) on T2‐weighted images and volumes (1.58 ± 1.35 mL vs 1.05 ± 0.81 mL, p = 0.03) on T2‐weighted images, as well as fluid attenuated inversion recovery images (2.07 ± 1.35 mL vs 1.52 ± 1.10 mL, p = 0.04), than normal controls. In more detail, in particular, the pontine ARWML rating subscore was significantly higher in patients with late‐onset major depression (1 (1–2) vs 1 (1–1), p = 0.004).ConclusionsThe extent and localization of brainstem ARWML might be of importance for the pathophysiology of late‐onset major depression. In particular, this may hold true for pontine ARWML. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of fluid shear stress on the in vitro degradation of poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) acid membranes
Authors: Chu Zhaowei , Zheng Quan , Guo Meng , Yao Jie , Xu Peng , Feng Wentao , Hou Yongzhao , Zhou Gang , Wang Lizhen , Li Xiaoming , Fan Yubo 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPoly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) acid (PLGA) has been widely used as a biodegradable polymer material for coating stents or fabricating biodegradable stents. Its mechanism of degradation has been extensively investigated, especially with regard to how tensile and compressive loadings may affect the in vitro degradation of PLGA. Fluid shear stress is also one of the most important factors in the development of atherosclerosis and restenosis. But the effect of fluid shear stress on the degradation process is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to characterize the in vitro degradation of PLGA membranes that experienced different fluid shear stresses in 150 mL of deionized water at 37°C for 20 days. Particular emphasis was given to changes in the viscosity of the degradation solution, as well as the mechanical and morphological properties of the samples. The viscosity of the degradation solution with the mechanical loaded specimens was more severely affected than that of the control group. Increasing the fluid shear stress could accelerate the loss of the ultimate strength of PLGA membranes while it slowed down the change of the tensile elastic modulus in the early period. With regard to morphology, the surface roughness was more obviously reduced in the loaded groups. This indicated that the fluid shear stress could affect the in vitro degradation of PLGA membranes. Therefore, this study could help improve the design of PLGA membranes for biomedical applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2016.
Long‐Term Effect of Rifampicin‐Based Anti‐TB Regimen Coadministration on the Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Efavirenz and 8‐Hydroxy‐Efavirenz in Ethiopian Patients
Authors: Habtewold Abiy , Aklillu Eleni , Makonnen Eyasu , Amogne Wondwossen , Yimer Getnet , Aderaye Getachew , Bertilsson Leif , Owen Joel S. , Burhenne Jürgen 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe compared the pharmacokinetic (PK) exposure parameters of efavirenz (EFV) and its major inactive metabolite, 8‐hydroxy‐efavirenz (8‐OH‐EFV), in an open‐label, single‐sequence, and parallel design of HIV‐infected and tuberculosis (TB)‐HIV‐coinfected Ethiopian patients in the HIV‐TB Pharmagene study with 20 and 33 patients, respectively. Both treatment groups underwent PK sampling following oral 600 mg EFV in week 16 of initiating EFV‐based combination antiretroviral therapy. The TB‐HIV‐coinfected group repeated the PK sampling 8 weeks after stopping rifampin (RIF)–based anti‐TB treatment. Between‐treatment group analysis indicated no significant effect of RIF‐based anti‐TB cotreatment on PK exposure parameters of EFV, nor was there a significant effect after controlling for sex or CYP2B6 genotype. However, RIF‐based therapy in TB‐HIV‐coinfected patients had significantly increased 8‐OH‐EFV PK exposure measures and metabolic ratio relative to HIV‐only patients, AUC0–24 greater by 79%. The effect was more prominent in women and CYP2B6*6 carriers in within‐sex and CYP2B6 genotype comparisons. Within‐subject comparisons for AUC0–24 and Cmax when “on” and “off” RIF‐based anti‐TB cotreatment showed geometric mean ratios (90% confidence intervals) of 100.5% (98.7%–102.3%) and 100.2% (98.1%–102.4%), respectively, for EFV and 98.6% (95.5%–101.7%–) and 97.6% (92.2%–103.0%), respectively, for 8‐OH‐EFV. We report no significant influence of RIF‐based anti‐TB cotherapy on the EFV PK exposure measures. The study also calls for caution related to higher exposure to 8‐OH‐EFV during simultaneous coadministration of EFV and RIF‐based anti‐TB regimens, which may be associated with neurotoxicity, particularly in female patients and CYP2B6*6 carriers.
Young patients with synchronous colorectal liver metastases
Authors: Smith James D. , Lowery Maeve A. , Fell David , Gallagher David J. , Nash Garrett M. , Kemeny Nancy E. 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundAn increasing proportion of patients are presenting with colorectal cancer at an early age. A proportion of these occur with genetic syndromes; however the majority present as sporadic. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prognosis and treatment of young patients with sporadic metastatic colorectal cancer.MethodsFollowing IRB approval, patients with sporadic metastatic colorectal cancer at 40 years or under were identified. Patient charts and pathology reports were analyzed retrospectively for clinical and pathological factors.ResultsThree hundred and two patients were identified; 148 with liver metastases only, and 154 with extra‐hepatic disease. Five‐year overall survival was 19%, 28% for liver only disease, and 12% for extrahepatic disease. For patients with liver metastases only, factors associated with survival on univariable analysis included diagnosis in the 2000's, unilobular hepatic disease, smaller volume liver metastases, intrahepatic pump chemotherapy, resection of the primary, and resection of liver metastases. On multivariable analysis factors associated with survival included resection of the primary, resection of liver metastases, and diagnosis in the 2000's.ConclusionSporadic metastatic colorectal cancer in young patients appears to have a similar prognosis to that in older patients. The most significant prognostic factor was the ability to resect all sites of disease. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:473–476. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CO2‐Breathing Induced Reversible Activation of Mechanophore within Microgels
Authors: Li Meng , Lei Lei , Zhang Qi , Zhu Shiping 
Published: April 2016

In this work, CO2‐breathing induced reversible activation of mechanophore within microgels is reported. The microgels are prepared through soap‐free emulsion polymerization of CO2‐switchable monomer 2‐(diethylamino)ethyl‐methacrylate, using spiropyran (SP) based mechanophore MA‐SP‐MA as cross‐linker. The microgels can be swollen by CO2 aeration. The swelling of microgels activates the SP mechanophore into merocyanine, causing distinguished color and fluorescence change. Moreover, these transitions are highly reversible, and the initial states of microgels can be easily recovered by “washing off” CO2 with N2. The present contribution represents the first example of CO2‐breathing activation of mechanophore within microgels.
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Integrative Self‐Sorting in a Three Component System Leading to Formation of Long Fibrous Structures
Authors: Nayak Nagaraj , Gopidas Karical R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn this paper we report the integrative self‐sorting processes in a three‐component system consisting of β‐CD, a bis‐adamantane derivative AD‐AD and a bis‐pyromellitic diimide derivative PI‐PI in a 2:1:1 ratio, leading to the slow evolution of long fibers. Using TEM, AFM and time‐dependent ICD measurements of the three‐component system and the constituent two‐component systems (β‐CD/AD‐AD and β‐CD/PI‐PI), involvement of two social self‐sorting and two narcissistic self‐sorting processes, which led to the evolution of the long fibers, were identified. Initially a bis‐inclusion complex of β‐CD and AD‐AD is formed through a social self‐sorting process. The bis‐inclusion complex undergoes a narcissistic self‐assembly to give vesicles. The key step in the integrative self‐sorting is binding of PI‐PI to the vesicle surface through rim‐binding association. The rim‐binding motif is effectively exploited herein to perform the functions of vesicle recognition, and vesicle joining.