bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treating osteoporosis in patients with atypical femoral fracture
Authors: Adler Robert A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Patients who have suffered an atypical femoral fracture while on bisphosphonates or denosumab may continue to be at risk for typical osteoporotic fractures. There are no studies to provide guidance on safe treatment for such patients. Instead, using an illustrative case, 5 principles of management are provided that may lead to decreased osteoporotic fracture risk. The first principle is to discontinue the anti-resorptive medications, which may be challenging for the patient on denosumab because of rebound vertebral fractures reported in patients stopping denosumab. The second principle is to maximize non-pharmacologic management to reduce falls and fractures. Home safety, other methods of fall risk reduction, adequate nutrition, and an exercise prescription should help reduce fracture risk. Investigating potential secondary causes of osteoporosis, particularly if the original workup was not comprehensive, is the third principle because treatment of some specific causes may lower fracture risk. Reviewing the medication list is the fourth principle, with the goal of eliminating drugs that may increase fracture risk, and considering thiazides for some patients, which may lower fracture risk. Finally, some patients may benefit from anabolic therapy. One potential (but not FDA-approved) method is to use long-term cyclic teriparatide or abaloparatide on a 3-mo on, 3-mo off schedule. Tailoring the approach to each patient is important, based on the 5 clinical principles, in the absence of evidence-based management recommendations.
Protocol digest of a phase III randomized trial of gross total resection versus possible resection of fluid-attenuated inversion recovery-hyperintense lesion on MRI for newly diagnosed supratentorial glioblastoma: JCOG2209 (FLAMINGO)
Authors: Sekino Yuta , Sonoda Yukihiko , Shibahara Ichiyo , Mizusawa Junki , Sasaki Keita , Sekita Tetsuya , Ichikawa Mayumi , Igaki Hiroshi , Kinoshita Manabu , Kumabe Toshihiro , Shibahara Junji , Ichimura Koichi , Arakawa Yoshiki , Fukuda Haruhiko ,   the Brain Tumor Study Group (BTSG) of the Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG), Narita Yoshitaka 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The goal of surgery for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM) is maximum safe resection of the contrast-enhancing (CE) lesion on magnetic resonance imaging. However, there is no consensus on the efficacy of FLAIRectomy, which is defined as the possible resection of fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR)-hyperintense lesions surrounding the CE lesion. Although retrospective analyses suggested the potential benefits of FLAIRectomy, such outcomes have not been confirmed by prospective studies. Therefore, we planned a multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled phase III trial to evaluate the efficacy of FLAIRectomy compared with gross total resection of CE lesions in patients with newly diagnosed GBM. The primary endpoint is overall survival. In total, 130 patients will be enrolled from 47 institutions over 5 years. This trial has been registered at the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (study number jRCT1031230245).
Rapid progression of CD8 and CD4 T cells to cellular exhaustion and senescence during SARS-CoV2 infection
Authors: Pedroso Rodrigo Balsinha , Torres Lícia , Ventura Lucas Araújo , Camatta Giovanna Caliman , Mota Catarina , Mendes Ana Catarina , Ribeiro Filipa , Guimarães Henrique Cerqueira , Barbuto Rafael Calvão , Caixeta Felipe , Nascimento Leandro Souza , Oliveira Mariana Almeida , Martins Vinícius Dantas , Silveira-Nunes Gabriela , Tupinambás Unaí , Teixeira-Carvalho Andrea , Graça Luis , Faria Ana Maria Caetano 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Risk factors for the development of severe COVID-19 include several comorbidities, but age was the most striking one since elderly people were disproportionately affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among the reasons for this markedly unfavorable response in the elderly, immunosenescence and inflammaging appear as major drivers of this outcome. A finding that was also notable was that hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 have an accumulation of senescent T cells, suggesting that immunosenescence may be aggravated by SARS-CoV-2 infection. The present work was designed to examine whether these immunosenescence changes are characteristic of COVID-19 and whether it is dependent on disease severity using cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Our cross-sectional data show that COVID-19, but not other respiratory infections, rapidly increased cellular senescence and exhaustion in CD4 and CD8 T cells during early infection. In addition, longitudinal analyses with patients from Brazil and Portugal provided evidence of increased frequencies of senescent and exhausted T cells over a 7-d period in patients with mild/moderate and severe COVID-19. Altogether, the study suggests that accelerated immunosenescence in CD4 and especially CD8 T-cell compartments may represent a common and unique outcome of SARS-CoV2 infection.
Strength of evidence underlying the CMS-FDA parallel review of comprehensive genomic profiling tests in the cancer setting
Authors: Stackland Sydnie , Schnabel Dominic , Dinan Michaela A , Presley Carolyn J , Gross Cary P 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background
Although use of comprehensive genomic profiling was approved by a novel Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services–US Food and Drug Administration parallel review process, the quality of the supporting evidence is unclear. We evaluated the rigor of the peer-reviewed literature cited in the National Coverage Determination Memorandum for the FoundationOneCDx (Foundation Medicine, Inc, Cambridge, MA).

Methods
We identified studies cited in the memorandum. Two independent researchers evaluated each study and applied a modified version of the Fryback and Thornbury hierarchy, an established framework for evaluating the efficacy of diagnostic tests. Studies focused on clinical outcomes were then categorized by study design, guided by recommendations from the Center for Medical Technology Policy.

Results
The sample included 113 scientific studies. The majority (60/113 [53.1%]) used comprehensive genomic profiling outside the course of clinical care, and there was substantive heterogeneity in the cancer types assessed and the sequencing depth. We found 8 (7.1%) studies that assessed whether clinical care had changed due to comprehensive genomic profiling testing, and 38 (33.6%) assessed clinical outcomes. After excluding studies that tested for 5 or fewer genomic alterations, 25 remained in the clinical outcomes sample: Of these, only 1 included a comparator group that did not receive comprehensive genomic profiling testing. Only 4 studies used FoundationOneCDx as the primary genomic test, none of which compared the outcomes of patients who did vs did not receive the test.

Conclusions
The findings indicate gaps in the supporting evidence for broad comprehensive genomic profiling use in patients with solid tumors. More rigorous studies that assess clinical utility would better inform the approval process for novel diagnostic tests.
Fast stomatal kinetics in sorghum enable tight coordination with photosynthetic responses to dynamic light intensity and safeguard high water use efficiency
Authors: Battle Martin W , Vialet-Chabrand Silvere , Kasznicki Piotr , Simkin Andrew J , Lawson Tracy 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In this study, we assessed 43 accessions of sorghum from 16 countries across three continents. Our objective was to identify stomatal and photosynthetic traits that could be exploited in breeding programmes to increase photosynthesis without increasing water use under dynamic light environments. Under field conditions, sorghum crops often have limited water availability and are exposed to rapidly fluctuating light intensities, which influences both photosynthesis and stomatal behaviour. Our results highlight a tight coupling between photosynthetic rate (A) and stomatal conductance (gs) even under dynamic light conditions that results in steady intrinsic water use efficiency (Wi). This was mainly due to rapid stomatal responses, with the majority of sorghum accessions responding within ≤5 min. The maintenance of the ratio of the concentration of CO2 inside the leaf (Ci) and the surrounding atmospheric concentration (Ca) over a large range of accessions suggests high stomatal sensitivity to changes in Ci, that could underlie the rapid gs responses and extremely close relationship between A and gs under both dynamic and steady-state conditions. Therefore, sorghum represents a prime candidate for uncovering the elusive mechanisms that coordinate A and gs, and such information could be used to design crops with high A without incurring significant water losses and eroding Wi.
How Cryo-EM Revolutionized the Field of Bioenergetics
Authors: Sottatipreedawong Muratha , Kazmi Ahad Ali , Vercellino Irene 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Ten years ago, the term “resolution revolution” was used for the first time to describe how cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) marked the beginning of a new era in the field of structural biology, enabling the investigation of previously unsolvable protein targets. The success of cryo-EM was recognized with the 2017 Chemistry Nobel Prize and has become a widely used method for the structural characterization of biological macromolecules, quickly catching up to x-ray crystallography. Bioenergetics is the division of biochemistry that studies the mechanisms of energy conversion in living organisms, strongly focused on the molecular machines (enzymes) that carry out these processes in cells. As bioenergetic enzymes can be arranged in complexes characterized by conformational heterogeneity/flexibility, they represent challenging targets for structural investigation by crystallography. Over the last decade, cryo-EM has therefore become a powerful tool to investigate the structure and function of bioenergetic complexes; here, we provide an overview of the main achievements enabled by the technique. We first summarize the features of cryo-EM and compare them to x-ray crystallography, and then, we present the exciting discoveries brought about by cryo-EM, particularly but not exclusively focusing on the oxidative phosphorylation system, which is a crucial energy-converting mechanism in humans.
Imaging fermionic dark matter cores at the centre of galaxies
Authors: Pelle J , Argüelles C R , Vieyro F L , Crespi V , Millauro C , Mestre M F , Reula O , Carrasco F 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT
Current images of the supermassive black hole (SMBH) candidates at the centre of our Galaxy and M87 have opened an unprecedented era for studying strong gravity and the nature of relativistic sources. Very-long-baseline interferometry data show images consistent with a central SMBH within General Relativity (GR). However, it is essential to consider whether other well-motivated dark compact objects within GR could produce similar images. Recent studies have shown that dark matter (DM) haloes modelled as self-gravitating systems of neutral fermions can harbour very dense fermionic cores at their centres, which can mimic the space–time features of a black hole (BH). Such dense, horizonless DM cores can satisfy the observational constraints: they can be supermassive and compact and lack a hard surface. We investigate whether such cores can produce similar observational signatures to those of BHs when illuminated by an accretion disc. We compute images and spectra of the fermion cores with a general-relativistic ray tracing technique, assuming the radiation originates from standard $\alpha$ discs, which are self-consistently solved within the current DM framework. Our simulated images possess a central brightness depression surrounded by a ring-like feature, resembling what is expected in the BH scenario. For Milky Way-like haloes, the central brightness depressions have diameters down to ${\sim} 35\, \mu \text{as}$ as measured from a distance of approximately $8\,$ kpc. Finally, we show that the DM cores do not possess photon rings, a key difference from the BH paradigm, which could help discriminate between the models.
The thesan project: galaxy sizes during the epoch of reionization
Authors: Shen Xuejian , Vogelsberger Mark , Borrow Josh , Hu Yongao , Erickson Evan , Kannan Rahul , Smith Aaron , Garaldi Enrico , Hernquist Lars , Morishita Takahiro , Tacchella Sandro , Zier Oliver , Sun Guochao , Eilers Anna-Christina , Wang Hui 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT
We investigate galaxy sizes at redshift $z\gtrsim 6$ with the cosmological radiation-magnetohydrodynamic simulation suite thesan(-hr). These simulations simultaneously capture reionization of the large-scale intergalactic medium and resolved galaxy properties. The intrinsic sizes ($r^{\ast }_{1/2}$) of simulated galaxies increase moderately with stellar mass at $M_{\ast } \lesssim 10^{8}{\, \rm M_\odot}$ and decrease fast at larger masses, resulting in a hump feature at $M_{\ast }\sim 10^{8}{\, \rm M_\odot}$ that is insensitive to redshift. Low-mass galaxies are in the initial phase of size growth and are better described by a spherical shell model with feedback-driven outflows competing with the cold inflowing gas streams. In contrast, massive galaxies fit better with the disc formation model. They generally experience a phase of rapid compaction and gas depletion, likely driven by internal disc instability rather than external processes. We identify four compact quenched galaxies in the $(95.5\, {\rm cMpc})^{3}$ volume of thesan-1 at $z\simeq 6$ and their quenching follows reaching a characteristic stellar surface density akin to the massive compact galaxies at cosmic noon. Compared to observations, we find that the median ultraviolet effective radius ($R^{\rm UV}_{\rm eff}$) of simulated galaxies is at least three times larger than the observed ones at $M_{\ast }\lesssim 10^{9}{\, \rm M_\odot}$ or $M_{\rm UV}\gtrsim -20$ at $6 \lesssim z \lesssim 10$. The population of compact galaxies ($R^{\rm UV}_{\rm eff}\lesssim 300\, {\rm pc}$) galaxies at $M_{\ast }\sim 10^{8}{\, \rm M_\odot}$ is missing in our simulations. This inconsistency persists across many other cosmological simulations with different galaxy formation models and demonstrates the potential of using galaxy morphology to constrain physics of galaxy formation at high redshifts.
Low surface brightness dwarf galaxies and their globular cluster populations around the low-density environment of our closest S0 NGC 3115
Authors: Canossa-Gosteinski Marco A , Chies-Santos Ana L , Furlanetto Cristina , Bonatto Charles J , Flores-Freitas Rodrigo , Schoenell William , Beasley Michael A , Overzier Roderik , Santiago Basilio X , Pieres Adriano , Zanatta Emílio J B , Alamo-Martinez Karla A , Balbinot Eduardo , Queiroz Anna B A , Alves-Brito Alan 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT
Understanding faint dwarf galaxies is fundamental to the development of a robust theory of galaxy formation on small scales. Since the discovery of a population of ultra diffuse galaxies (UDGs) rich in globular clusters (GCs) in Coma, an increasing number of studies on low surface brightness dwarf galaxies (LSBds) have been published in recent years. The most massive LSBds have been observed predominantly in groups and clusters, with properties displaying dependence on the environment. In this work, we use deep DECam imaging to systematically identify LSBds and their GC populations around the low-density environment of NGC 3115. We carefully analyse the structure and morphology of 24 candidates, 18 of which are reported for the first time. Most candidates exhibit red colours suggesting a connection between their colour and distance to NGC 3115. We followed up with Gemini GMOS imaging 9 LSBds to properly identify their GC populations. We derive lower limits for the number of GCs associated with each galaxy. Our analysis reveals that they occur around of the same loci of Fornax LSB dwarf GC systems. The relationship between the number of GCs and total mass provides a tool in which, by counting the GCs in these galaxies, we estimate an upper limit for the total mass of these LSB dwarfs, obtaining the mean value of $\sim 3.3\times 10^{10}$ M$_{\odot }$. Our results align with expectations for dwarf-sized galaxies, particularly regarding the distribution and specific frequency of their GC systems.
Periodicity search in the timing of the 25 millisecond pulsars from the second data release of the European Pulsar Timing Array
Authors: Niţu Iuliana C , Keith Michael J , Champion David J , Cognard Ismaël , Desvignes Gregory , Guillemot Lucas , Guo Yanjun , Hu Huanchen , Jang Jiwoong , Jawor Jedrzej , Karuppusamy Ramesh , Keane Evan F , Kramer Michael , Lackeos Kristen , Liu Kuo , Main Robert A , Perrodin Delphine , Porayko Nataliya K , Shaifullah Golam M , Theureau Gilles 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT
In this work, we investigated the presence of strictly periodic, as well as quasi-periodic signals, in the timing of the 25 millisecond pulsars (MSPs) from the European Pulsar Timing Array Second Data Release data set. This is especially interesting in the context of the recent hints of a gravitational wave background in these data, and the necessary further study of red noise timing processes, which are known to behave quasi-periodically in some normal pulsars. We used Bayesian timing models developed through the run_enterprise pipeline: a strict periodicity was modelled as the influence of a planetary companion on the pulsar, while a quasi-periodicity was represented as a Fourier-domain Gaussian process. We found that neither model would clearly improve the timing models of the 25 MSPs in this data set. This implies that noise and parameter estimates are unlikely to be biased by the presence of a (quasi-)periodicity in the timing data. Nevertheless, the results for PSRs J1744−1134 and J1012$+$5307 suggest that the standard noise models for these pulsars may not be sufficient. We also measure upper limits for the projected masses of planetary companions around each of the 25 pulsars. The data of PSR J1909−3744 yielded the best mass limits, such that we constrained the 95 percentile to $\sim \! 2 \times 10^{-4}\, \mathrm{M}_{\oplus }$ (roughly the mass of the dwarf planet Ceres) for orbital periods between 5 d and 17 yr. These are the best pulsar planet-mass limits to date.
The Relative Reinforcing Value of Menthol Among Young Adult Cigarette Smokers: Results From a Behavioral Choice Task
Authors: Cohn Amy M , Elmasry Hoda , Ashare Rebecca , Pickworth Wallace , Murphy James G , Villanti Andrea C , Hedeker Donald , Dunn Delaney , Wyatt Riley , Niznik Taylor , Margaritis Whitney D , Smith Michael A , Ehlke Sarah J , Audrain-McGovern Janet 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Menthol cigarettes are associated with experimentation and progression to regular use. Although reinforcement processes likely underlie menthol’s appeal, the reinforcing value of menthol cigarettes remains unknown.

Aims and Methods
This study examined the relative reinforcing value (RRV) of menthol versus nonmenthol cigarettes in young adult menthol (n = 54) and nonmenthol (n = 53) smokers, and differences in menthol’s RRV by race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. Overnight abstinent participants completed a choice task assessing willingness to “work” to click targets on a computer screen to earn menthol or nonmenthol cigarette puffs. A progressive ratio schedule was used where the menthol target had to be clicked progressively more times, over 10 trials, to earn a menthol cigarette puff, while clicks for the nonmenthol target were fixed across trials. RRV for menthol was defined by the breakpoint, or the highest trial (out of to 10) completed for a menthol cigarette puff. Number of clicks for menthol and nonmenthol puffs were also examined.

Results
Menthol smokers worked harder for menthol versus nonmenthol cigarette puffs (breakpoint = 9.17; ~1236 clicks vs. 24 clicks). Breakpoint was higher among Hispanic (6.49) versus NH White (4.83) and NH non-White smokers (4.43). In exploratory analyses of interactions of menthol preference with race and ethnicity, nonmenthol Hispanic smokers worked harder for menthol cigarette puffs versus NH non-White and NH White nonmenthol smokers.

Conclusions
Menthol cigarettes are highly reinforcing for young adult menthol and Hispanic smokers. A menthol ban may reduce addiction risk among younger individuals and some minoritized groups of smokers.

Implications
This study provides evidence of the greater relative reinforcing value of menthol compared to nonmenthol cigarettes among young adults who had a cigarette flavor preference, suggesting increased addiction risk of menthol cigarettes. Young adult menthol smokers and Hispanic (vs. non-Hispanic) smokers worked harder to earn menthol (vs. nonmenthol) cigarette puffs. Findings add to the evidence base supporting the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) intent to ban menthol in cigarettes. Further, prevention messaging campaigns and cessation programs should take into account the reinforcing value of menthol in cigarettes, especially in vulnerable and at-risk populations.
Michaēl Damaskēnos and the Poetics of Difference
Authors: Barber Charles 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
At the end of his career, Michaēl Damaskēnos painted a series of six panels. These are conceptually and formally complex, and they offer a remarkable and inventive response to the colonial culture of Venetian Crete. They present a quite distinct yet open vision of some key Christian theological concepts and their liturgical manifestations. Notably, Damaskēnos did not seek to unify the disparate iconographic and stylistic traits he employed in his paintings. Rather, in leaving them unresolved, he opens these images to two, if not three, separate audiences: Latin Catholics, the Greek Orthodox, and the Uniates who tried to bridge these communities. Damaskēnos’s great achievement was to allow his works to appear familiar to each of these groups.
Time Foreseen
Authors: Barber Charles 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Confronted by the plague and the imminent capture of Crete by the Ottomans, Geōrgios Klontzas created a remarkable manuscript that wove together multiple visual and verbal sources into a coherent text that promised its reader that a restored Christian empire would imminently arise and defeat the Ottomans, preparing the world for the Second Coming. The manuscript speaks to broad social, visual, and intellectual issues within Crete’s Renaissance colonial society. The history that Klontzas writes is one framed by apocalyptic and oracular texts, thereby adding a conception of divine time to the experience of human time.
Sex Differences in the Risk for Substance Use Disorders and Compulsive Overeating
Authors: Davis Caroline A. , Bonder Revi 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of sex-related differences in the risk for, and progression of, addictive behaviors—particularly those related to substance use disorders and compulsive overeating. There is also discussion of hormonal mechanisms that appear to regulate these differences. Overall, there is substantial and convincing evidence of sex-related parallels between the risks for substance use disorders and compulsive overeating. With only a relatively small proportion of studies using sex as a possible moderator variable in biomedical research, this chapter highlights the need to focus on sex differences in the field of addiction research.