bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reproductive strategies conferring species dominance in marine mysid (Peracarida, Mysida) species in coastal waters off Vancouver Island, BC
Authors: Burnham R. E. 
Published: December 2015

Cold-water mysid species are key components of north Pacific coastal ecosystems and yet much of their life history remains unknown. In Clayoquot Sound, on the west coast of Vancouver Island, a dozen or so species have been identified, with four occurring consistently in samples: Holmesimysis sculpta (W. Tattersall, 1933), Neomysis rayii (Murdoch, 1885), Telacanthomysis columbiae (W. Tattersall, 1933) (Fukuoka & Murano, 2001) and Columbiaemysis ignota Holmquist 1982. In this article growth and reproduction of these species over a 24-month period (May 2010-April 2012) is described, showing recovery from annual removal by the eastern Pacific grey whale (Eschrichtius robustus (Lilljeborg, 1861)) over winter, when pressure from this main predator has been relieved. Holmesimysis sculpta dominates the species flock by employing different life history strategies. It is less seasonal than sister species, overcoming a presumed resource limitation scenario and exhibits year-round reproduction, thereby demonstrating more rapid population rebound following predation and, therefore, retain dominance.
On the two Galicias: from Lesser Poland to the outskirts of Europe, from the Atlantic to the Vistula river
Authors: Golemo Karolina 
Published: December 2015

On the two Galicias: from Lesser Poland to the outskirts of Europe, from the Atlantic to the Vistula riverThe article is aiming to compare the two European Galicias: the Spanish one, being one of the autonomous communities of Spain and the historical-cultural region located in the East-Central part of Europe. Is there, apart from the coincidence of names which may serve as a good starting point for the play of words and anecdotes on ‘national characters’, something more which links these two distant geographic territories? From the socio-cultural perspective it is worth to have a look at the sphere of social ideas and myths which accompany discussions on the two Galicias. Is there in the complicated and quite elusive (in the sense of uncountable, changing and subjective) matter of local traditions, daily life patterns and customs, any link between the two European Galicias?In this short article, I will try to refer to certain stereotypes, cultural myths and anecdotes came to being in the sphere of social concepts. They were created, on one hand, by the media (in particular in the context of the unification of the richer Europe with its poorer part), on the other – by individual human experiences, in whose lives dual Galician adventures entwined. O dwóch Galicjach: z Małopolski na krańce Europy, znad Atlantyku nad WisłęCelem tekstu jest próba zestawienia ze sobą dwóch Galicji Europy: hiszpańskiej, funkcjonującej jako jedna ze wspólnot autonomicznych Królestwa Hiszpanii, oraz środkowoeuropejskiej, będącej historyczno-kulturowym regionem, niegdyś częścią imperium Habsburgów. Czy poza zbieżnością nazw, która może być dobrym punktem wyjścia do zabaw słownych i anegdot na temat „charakterów narodowych”, istnieje jeszcze coś, co łączy te dwa geograficznie odległe terytoria? Z perspektywy socjologiczno-kulturoznawczej warto się przyjrzeć sferze społecznych wyobrażeń i mitów towarzyszących dyskusjom o dwóch Galicjach. Czy w skomplikowanej i dość nieuchwytnej (w sensie niepoliczalnej, zmiennej, subiektywnej) materii lokalnych tradycji, modelów życia codziennego, obyczajów istnieje jakaś więź między dwoma Galicjami Europy? W tym krótkim tekście postaram się odwołać do pewnych stereotypów, mitów kulturowych i anegdot, które zaistniały w sferze społecznych wyobrażeń. Stworzyły je, z jednej strony, media (zwłaszcza w kontekście jednoczenia się bogatszej Europy z jej biedniejszą częścią), z drugiej zaś przeżycia jednostek, w których losy wplotły się doświadczenia „podwójnie galicyjskie”.
Wybrane koncepcje regionu w socjologii polskiej
Authors: Poniedziałek Jacek 
Published: December 2015

Selected concepts of the region in Polish sociologyThe aim of this article is to present the most important concepts of region in Polish sociology. It is also description of inspirations derived from XIX centuries ethnography and as well as sociology which focused its attention on regions before World War II. Early concepts developed by historiography and ethnology, that underlined such differentiators of region as social awareness and distinct folk culture, were used in sociology which developed in the interwar period in Poland. After World War II the most of sociological studies of regions based on definitions of a phenomenon which described it as a private homeland of regional community that is integrated by regional identity. Such community lives at a territory which is a type of physical container for identity and culture. A region is physical space in which a regional community meets its needs, it is a concept of region used by an inclusive and Marxist version of modernization theory. The first concepts mentioned above emphasized regional awareness superstructured on regional patterns of satisfying needs, while the latter objectively existing structure of a regional economy and society. Recently an institutional perspective has been developed. Such theoretical perspective makes us see a region in terms of relational qualities of regional space, institutions, society and created in public discourse symbols and myths. Wybrane koncepcje regionu w socjologii polskiej Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie najważniejszych koncepcji regionu w polskiej socjologii. To również opis inspiracji pochodzących z XIX-wiecznej etnografii oraz socjologii, zainteresowała się regionem jeszcze przed II wojną światową. Wczesne koncepcje rozwinięte przez historię i etnologię, podkreślające takie wyróżniki regionu jak społeczna świadomość oraz specyficzna ludowa kultura, używane były przez rozwijającą się w okresie międzywojennym socjologię. Po drugiej wojnie światowej większość socjologicznych studiów nad regionem wykorzystywała koncepcję regionu, w której definiowano go jako prywatną ojczyznę regionalnej społeczności, która integrowana jest przez regionalną tożsamość. Taka zbiorowość zamieszkuje terytorium traktowane jako fizyczny pojemnik tożsamości i kultury. Region to przestrzeń fizyczna, na której regionalna zbiorowość zaspokaja swoje potrzeby, to koncepcja regionu wykorzystywana przez integralną i marksistowską wersję teorii modernizacji. Pierwsze ze wspomnianych ujęć podkreślało ważność regionalnej świadomości nadbudowanej nad regionalnymi wzorami zaspokajania potrzeb, drugie obiektywnie istniejące struktury regionalnej gospodarki i zbiorowości. Ostatnio rozwija się perspektywa instytucjonalna, która każe widzieć region w kategoriach relacyjnych związków przestrzeni, instytucji, zbiorowości regionalnej oraz wytwarzanych w publicznym dyskursie symboli i mitów.
Polski nacjonalizm w szerokiej perspektywie
Authors: Karczewski Krzysztof 
Published: December 2015

On Polish nationalism in wide perspectiveIn this book review of “Dylematy polskiego nacjonalizmu” by B. Grott the author argues that B. Grott based on an interdisciplinary comparative shows not only the shape of selected Polish nationalist political doctrines in the two factions: the Catholic faction that is characterized by traditionalism, and the modernizing faction, that is characterized by facing the challenges of modernity, but also shows the compounds between them and their values and practice of life of the nation and its historical success. Polski nacjonalizm w szerokiej perspektywieW niniejszej recenzji książki B. Grotta pt. Dylematy polskiego nacjonalizmu… autor przekonuje, iż B. Grott w oparciu o metodę interdyscyplinarną i porównawczą przedstawia nie tylko kształt wybranych polskich nacjonalistycznych doktryn politycznych w dwóch odłamach: w katolickim odłamie, o charakterze na wskroś tradycjonalistycznym i w modernizacyjnym odłamie, zwróconym frontem do wyzwań nowoczesności, ale także ukazuje związki pomiędzy nimi i lansowanymi tam wartościami a praktyką życia narodu i jego powodzenia dziejowego.
Polityczna aktywność Polaków na Litwie
Authors: Wakar Marcin 
Published: December 2015

Political activity of Poles in LithuaniaA review of the latest book by Adam Bobryk has the aim to present the most valuable points of the publication. The reviewer focuses his attention on the most important aspects described in the seven chapters of the book. He also observes that this is the first monograph describing political activities of the Polish community in the Republic of Lithuania. According to the author of the review the book by Adam Bobryk, despite a few insignificant errors, is an important position to read, and for any researcher of Polish-Lithuanian relations it is even mandatory. Polityczna aktywność Polaków na LitwieTekst jest recenzją najnowszej książki Adama Bobryka, w której autor stara się pokrótce przedstawić najważniejsze informacje zawarte w omawianej publikacji. Przytoczone zostały tu główne wątki opisane w siedmiu rozdziałach książki A. Bobryka. Recenzent zauważa też, że jest to pierwsza monografia opisująca działalność polityczną społeczności polskiej w Republice Litewskiej. Zdaniem autora recenzji książka Adama Bobryka, mimo kilku nieistotnych błędów, jest pozycją ważną, a dla badacza relacji polsko-litewskich wręcz obowiązkową.
Resistance Strain Gauges for the Measurement of Steady Strains at High Temperatures
Authors: Bertodo R. 
Published: December 2015

The paper reviews the principal aspects of an investigation carried out between 1958 and 1962 in order to develop a wire resistance strain gauge for the measurement of steady stresses in stationary and rotating turbojet components operating at temperatures up to 600°C in oxidizing atmospheres. The characteristics of a number of alloys are reviewed and the behaviour of long unbonded wires drawn from nickel-chromium, iron-chromium-aluminium and platinum-tungsten alloys are discussed in detail. The effect of such factors as annealing, ordering and oxidation of the alloy's lattice on the resistance-temperature characteristics of the wire are considered. On the basis of such findings three alloys are selected for test in the form of flat grid strain gauges. The results obtained from a large number of such gauges over periods of time in excess of 200 hours are presented. It is concluded that only wires having low temperature coefficients of resistance and oxidation rates, as well as a high degree of stability, are suitable for the manufacture of strain gauges for the measurement of steady strains. Provided they were suitably heat-treated, some alloys of the nickel-chromium-aluminium, iron-chromium-aluminium and platinum-tungsten systems appeared suitable and the results obtained under typical laboratory and field conditions are presented. In general it appeared possible to prepare strain gauges having a temperature coefficient of resistance corresponding to an apparent strain of less than 30 μin/in degC (900 lb/in2 in steel) and a time-induced drift of less than 3 μin/in h (90 lb/in2 in steel). The accuracy of the measurements is therefore largely dependent upon the accuracy to which temperature compensation may be effected. A number of temperature compensating circuits are examined as well as the effect of such factors as current heating, stray magnetic fields and joints on the final accuracy. The shear strength and insulation resistance are given for a number of adhesives and cements chosen because of their compatibility with the strain gauge filaments.
Investigation into Variations of Performance of a Natural-Draught Cooling Tower
Authors: Crawshaw C. J. 
Published: December 2015

This paper is an abridgement of a report† concerned with the results of two allied investigations carried out on a natural-draught cooling tower for the purpose of studying the causes of variations in the results obtained when testing cooling towers. Such tests are usually infrequent and the results obtained do not reflect the possible variations which can occur owing to changes in atmospheric conditions. The first purpose of the investigations was to obtain accurate air temperatures at different levels in a vertical plane covering positions from 4 ft above ground level to a height corresponding to the top of the tower, to check the validity of the specified requirement that the wet- and dry-bulb temperatures should be taken at 4 ft above ground level. The second purpose was to endeavour to measure the temperature of the outlet air above the packing inside the tower by means of special long resistance elements, from which a reliable heat balance could be obtained, thus affording more precise data with which to analyse the tower performance. With these ends in view, a considerable number of tests were carried out, using recording apparatus, and the results obtained are considered to have a relative accuracy of a high order. This paper gives the results obtained, and a theoretical assessment of information derived from these results, including the effects of inversions, of changes in barometric pressure, and of variations in wind velocity. This investigation has also afforded an opportunity to make a critical appraisement of the Chilton coefficient C.
An Investigation of Grain Vortex Motion with Relation to the Performance within Vertical Grain Augers
Authors: Roberts A. W. 
Published: December 2015

The performance of grain augers, which are installed at high angles of elevation, is greatly affected by the high rotational or vortex motion imparted to the grain by the rotating screw. In a general study of auger performance characteristics recently carried out, it was shown that the losses in output resulting from the grain vortex motion are quite considerable. The present work has been aimed at studying the characteristics of grain vortex motion in order to permit a closer examination of the effect of this motion on auger performance. In the first part of the investigation, a simplified theoretical analysis is presented which is based on the assumption that the grain behaves as a ‘semi-fluid’. With the aid of experimental data, it is shown that this assumption is approximately correct for the majority of vortices in which the relative motion between the grain layers is sufficient to cause agitation and prevent compaction. For a forced vortex in which there is no relative motion between the grain layers, the grain mass behaves more as a ‘solid’ than a ‘semi-fluid’. In the second part of the investigation an analysis is made of the actual vortex motion in grain augers. It is shown that the vortex velocity distribution is a function of auger speed. A general expression is developed for the ‘critical’ speed of an auger at which reverse flow or slipping back of grain in the central region of the screw ceases. On the basis of the ‘critical’ speed analysis, an examination is made of the effect on performance of the size of the core diameter in relation to the outside diameter of the screw.
Maximum Steam Flow through Pipes to the Atmosphere
Authors: James Russell 
Published: December 2015

The various factors involved in determining the maximum flow of steam from a pressure vessel through straight pipes to the atmosphere are empirically correlated. The main test series was conducted using four sizes of commercial pipe, 1·07, 0·84, 0·44 and 0·23 inches in diameter, and four sizes of stainless steel tube, 0·278, 0·17, 0·125 and 0·067 inches in diameter. The range of length/diameter ratios was 2·27 to 3000. Two additional tests were conducted on 4-in pipe, using length/diameter ratios of 9 and 3000. Flow rates were obtained by determining the relationships between flow and the critical† discharge pressures existing near the pipe outlet faces. Results agree well with Lapple's theory for steel pipe of 1-in diameter and greater; for steel pipe less than 1-in diameter, flow rates are less than theory predicts. For smooth tubes, flow rates are greater than Lapple's theory gives. The effect on flow due to the position in a pipeline of a 90° square elbow, was also studied.
A general model to calculate the spin-lattice (T1) relaxation time of blood, accounting for haematocrit, oxygen saturation and magnetic field strength
Authors: Hales Patrick W , Kirkham Fenella J , Clark Christopher A 
Published: December 2015

Many MRI techniques require prior knowledge of the T1-relaxation time of blood ( T1 bl). An assumed/fixed value is often used; however, T1 bl is sensitive to magnetic field ( B0), haematocrit ( Hct), and oxygen saturation ( Y). We aimed to combine data from previous in vitro measurements into a mathematical model, to estimate T1 bl as a function of B0, Hct, and Y. The model was shown to predict T1 bl from in vivo studies with a good accuracy (±87 ms). This model allows for improved estimation of T1 bl between 1.5–7.0 T while accounting for variations in Hct and Y, leading to improved accuracy of MRI-derived perfusion measurements.
Reduction of the neuroprotective transcription factor Npas4 results in increased neuronal necrosis, inflammation and brain lesion size following ischaemia
Authors: Choy Fong Chan , Klarić Thomas S , Leong Wai Khay , Koblar Simon A , Lewis Martin D 
Published: December 2015

Stroke is the second leading cause of death and the most frequent cause of adult disability. Neuronal Per-Arnt-Sim domain protein 4 (Npas4) is an activity-dependent transcription factor whose expression is induced in various brain insults, including cerebral ischaemia. Although previous studies have demonstrated that Npas4 plays a critical role in protecting neurons against neurodegenerative insults, the neuroprotective effect of Npas4 in response to ischaemic brain injury remains unknown. In this study, we used a loss-of-function approach to examine the neuroprotective potential of Npas4 in the context of ischaemic damage. Using oxygen and glucose deprivation, we demonstrated that the knockdown of Npas4 in mouse cortical neurons resulted in increased susceptibility to cell death. The protective effect of Npas4 was further investigated in vivo using a photochemically-induced stroke model in mice. We found a significantly larger lesion size and increased neurodegeneration in Npas4 knockout mice as compared to wild-type mice. Moreover, we also showed that ablation of Npas4 caused an increase in activated astrocytes and microglia, pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha levels and a switch from apoptotic to necrotic cell death. Taken together, these data suggest that Npas4 plays a neuroprotective role in ischaemic stroke by limiting progressive neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation.
CD200 restrains macrophage attack on oligodendrocyte precursors via toll-like receptor 4 downregulation
Authors: Hayakawa Kazuhide , Pham Loc-Duyen D , Seo Ji Hae , Miyamoto Nobukazu , Maki Takakuni , Terasaki Yasukazu , Sakadžić Sava , Boas David , van Leyen Klaus , Waeber Christian , Kim Kyu-Won , Arai Ken , Lo Eng H 
Published: December 2015

There are numerous barriers to white matter repair after central nervous system injury and the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully understood. In this study, we propose the hypothesis that inflammatory macrophages in damaged white matter attack oligodendrocyte precursor cells via toll-like receptor 4 signaling thus interfering with this endogenous progenitor recovery mechanism. Primary cell culture experiments demonstrate that peritoneal macrophages can attack and digest oligodendrocyte precursor cells via toll-like receptor 4 signaling, and this phagocytosis of oligodendrocyte precursor cells can be inhibited by using CD200-Fc to downregulate toll-like receptor 4. In an in vivo model of white matter ischemia induced by endothelin-1, treatment with CD200-Fc suppressed toll-like receptor 4 expression in peripherally circulating macrophages, thus restraining macrophage phagocytosis of oligodendrocyte precursor cells and leading to improved myelination. Taken together, these findings suggest that deleterious macrophage effects may occur after white matter ischemia, whereby macrophages attack oligodendrocyte precursor cells and interfere with endogenous recovery responses. Targeting this pathway with CD200 may offer a novel therapeutic approach to amplify endogenous oligodendrocyte precursor cell-mediated repair of white matter damage in mammalian brain.
Adult human dental pulp stem cells promote blood–brain barrier permeability through vascular endothelial growth factor-a expression
Authors: Winderlich Joshua N , Kremer Karlea L , Koblar Simon A 
Published: December 2015

Stem cell therapy is a promising new treatment option for stroke. Intravascular administration of stem cells is a valid approach as stem cells have been shown to transmigrate the blood–brain barrier. The mechanism that causes this effect has not yet been elucidated. We hypothesized that stem cells would mediate localized discontinuities in the blood–brain barrier, which would allow passage into the brain parenchyma. Here, we demonstrate that adult human dental pulp stem cells express a soluble factor that increases permeability across an in vitro model of the blood–brain barrier. This effect was shown to be the result of vascular endothelial growth factor-a. The effect could be amplified by exposing dental pulp stem cell to stromal-derived factor 1, which stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor-a expression. These findings support the use of dental pulp stem cell in therapy for stroke.
Mice deficient in endothelial α5 integrin are profoundly resistant to experimental ischemic stroke
Authors: Roberts Jill , de Hoog Leon , Bix Gregory J 
Published: December 2015

Stroke is a disease in dire need of better therapies. We have previously shown that a fragment of the extracellular matrix proteoglycan, perlecan, has beneficial effects following cerebral ischemia via the α5β1 integrin receptor. We now report that endothelial cell selective α5 integrin deficient mice (α5 KO) are profoundly resistant to ischemic infarct after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Specifically, α5 KOs had little to no infarct 2–3 days post-stroke, whereas controls had an increase in mean infarct volume over the same time period as expected. Functional outcome is also improved in the α5 KOs compared with controls. Importantly, no differences in cerebrovascular anatomy or collateral blood flow were noted that could account for this difference in ischemic injury. Rather, we demonstrate that α5 KOs have increased blood-brain barrier integrity (increased expression of claudin-5, and absent brain parenchymal IgG extravasation) after stroke compared with controls, which could explain their resistance to ischemic injury. Additionally, inhibition of α5 integrin in vitro leads to decreased permeability of brain endothelial cells following oxygen-glucose deprivation. Together, these findings indicate endothelial cell α5 integrin plays an important role in stroke outcome and blood-brain barrier integrity, suggesting that α5 integrin could be a novel therapeutic target for stroke.