bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REFLECTING ON THE PRACTICE OF INFANT MENTAL HEALTH AND THE REDUCTION OF RISK IN INFANCY AND EARLY PARENTHOOD: AN ESSAY
Authors: Weatherston Deborah J. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThis essay discusses infant mental health (IMH) as well as its origins and relational framework. The author then reflects, professionally and personally, on the meaning of psychological vulnerability of boys under 5 years of age, the importance of early caregiving relationships to the reduction of risk, and implications for education and training in the IMH field.
DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIALIZATION OF PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN VERY YOUNG BOYS
Authors: Dayton Carolyn Joy , Malone Johanna C. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThe expression of physical aggression is normative in early child development; it peaks in the second year of life, with steep declines for most children by the third and fourth years as children learn alternatives to aggression. Some children, however, fail to demonstrate declines in aggressive acts, and many of these are boys. The current review uses a dynamic systems (DS) approach to identify early individual and contextual factors that may dynamically influence trajectories of aggression as a characteristic way of engaging within communities and relationships. Within the DS framework, we focus on the parent–infant relationship as central to the development of adaptive emotion‐regulation capacities of the infant and young child. Biological sex differences that may influence this early relationship are highlighted, as is the influence of contextual processes such as family violence. Clinical implications suggested by both the empirical and theoretical literatures are then described.
Objectives, Role and Functions of Social Welfare Services in Sweden
Authors: Malare Gudrun 
Published: December 2016

The assumption in the 1930s that poverty was the cause of all social problems was clearly not borne out in the Swedish experiment in creating social security through massive insurance and other programmes. The public debate from the middle of the 1960s has therefore been concerned with an examination and re‐definition of the aims of social policies. The perception of the role and functions of the social welfare services consequently changed.In 1974 a Parliamentary Commission published its report on the principles the services should follow in the future. The report emphasizes that the social welfare services have a definite role in the restructuring of society, and it spells out ways in which this aim can be achieved.
Canada's Social Security Review – A Comment from the Outside
Authors: Brown Joan C. 
Published: December 2016

The voluntary sector in Canada made largely unavailing efforts to participate in Canada's Social Security Review from 1973 to 1977, although it was clear that it had a legitimate and direct interest in the outcome of the review.The story of these efforts highlights a dilemma facing the voluntary sector. It desires to promote improved federal/state coordination and planning in the social services and social security. At the same time it claims the right to participate in policies which will vitally affect it. The Canadian experience suggests that to promote the first leads to a retreat from the second. This is not necessarily inevitable but some would argue that the only satisfactory answer lies in a Freedom of Information Act which will force policy making processes out into the open.
On Being Unemployed and Being a Victim of Crime—A Commentary
Authors: Brown David 
Published: December 2016

In a paper illustrating the shifting ground of Australian criminological debate Braithwaite and Biles claim the results of the National Crime Victim Survey (showing the unemployed have higher victimization rates for certain crimes: breaking and entering, peeping and assault, than ‘the wealthy’ or ‘the poor’) amount to a refutation of ‘a long tradition of radical criminology’. This tradition is portrayed as ‘crime is a manifestation of working class rebellion against the ruling class’.It is argued that this belated entry into confrontation with marxist oriented radical criminology, evaded for so long, is to be welcomed. However certain formal requirements: properly reading, representing, documenting and referencing ‘the radical critique’ are essential for theoretical advance. On these criteria the Braithwaite and Biles paper is deficient and distorted. The results of the victimization survey bolster rather than deny adequately represented radical critiques.
Australian Women: As Advertised Versus The Real Thing
Authors: Wyndham Diana 
Published: December 2016

In the 1970s advertisers portrayed all women as housewives in a cosy world of mum, dad and two charming children. Happiness was simply a matter of having a whiter wash or a more beautiful complexion. Single parenthood, two‐income families, poverty, discord or divorce did not receive a mention.This paper examines the extent to which advertisers have kept pace with the changed and expanded roles of Australian women in the 1980s. Most women ‘as advertised’ are still shown as either housewives or sex symbols with only a few being portrayed in a more realistic and non‐sexist range of roles.
Public Sector & Private Sector Employment Programs as Competing Solutions to Unemployment
Authors: Toner Phillip 
Published: December 2016

The object of this paper is to examine private sector wage subsidies and public sector job creation as competing solutions to unemployment. This has been undertaken firstly, by critically evaluating the general arguments adduced for the respective programs. Secondly, consideration is given to the outcomes from examples of such programs. In this case the Special Youth Employment Training Program (SYETP) and the Regional Employment Development Scheme (REDS) were selected as relevant examples of private and public sector employment programs conducted in Australia.It was found that SYETP had difficulty fulfilling its twin objectives of providing training for those disadvantaged in the labour market and fulfilling their transition to unsubsidised employment. Wage subsidies have a major administrative flaw in that it is extremely difficult to determine whether a subsidy results in either net job creation, i.e., creating a position which would not exist in absence of the subsidy, or the substitution of subsidised for non‐subsidised labour. The operation of wage subsidies results in a degradation of the labour market, or substitution of permanent for casual, high turn‐over positions.Public sector job creation is subject to certain benefits that do not accrue to private sector schemes. It is argued that RED type schemes have a greater capacity to incorporate more intensive formal skills training, and can more readily manipulate tax and employment multipliers.An attempt has been made to compare the cost efficiency of SYETP and REDS in creating employment. One important, though tentative result of this exercise is that the effectiveness of wage subsidies as a job creation mechanism is dependent upon economic growth. Consequently there is a paradox in the use of wage subsidies whereby they are most effective when they are least needed and most needed when they are least effective.
In Whose Interests? A Case Study of Community Work in a Voluntary Welfare Agency
Authors: Kaldor Peter 
Published: December 2016

This article traces the development of a community work project sponsored by a voluntary welfare agency. The context of its birth is outlined, as are the struggles it encountered during its operation. These struggles hinged on questions of accountability to the local community and the resistance to this concept from the sponsoring agency, resistance which led ultimately to the demise of the project.Community work has been regarded at times as the ‘radical’ form of social intervention, the means of working for dramatic social change in society. Whether or not it can be that, it certainly need not be. The events to be related here concern a welfare agency of essentially conservative orientation seeking to redefine its role within the changing welfare environment of the 1960s and 1970s. In the event it was quite prepared to embrace the outward forms and codes of community work, so much a part of the new welfare ethos of the Whitlam era, while maintaining unaltered its conservative orientation. For its field staff, however, the situation was hot so easy. Themselves influenced by the thoughts and practices in community work, they found a real tension between accountability to local community on one hand and to the sponsoring agency on the other. Conflict was inevitable. It was only when the agency was faced with demands regarding community accountability, a concept cutting across its traditional practice and presenting a perceived threat to agency autonomy and control, that it moved away into other, safer directions.
After Retrenchment: Labour Market Experiences of Women and Men
Authors: Curtain Richard 
Published: December 2016

Job loss in manufacturing industry has been a marked feature of the Australian economy over the last decade but little is known about the prospects for re‐employment of workers who have been retrenched. This paper reports the results of a survey of the subsequent labour market experiences of 271 workers made redundant when a whitegoods plant was closed in December 1982 at Bankstown in Sydney's western suburbs. The retrenched workers were contacted twice, ten to twelve months apart and a response rate of 80 per cent was achieved.The paper compares the labour market experiences of retrenched women and men. Does the lower labour force participation rate of women in the population at large apply to women who have previously shown a strong commitment to the labour force through their stable employment history? The paper discusses the factors which might affect retrenched women's response to unemployment, including institutional arrangements, a gender‐based domestic division of labour and the nature of the jobs available to unskilled blue collar workers.
Australian University Students' Views of the Nuclear Arms Race: Comparative and Qualitative Analyses
Authors: Lawrence Jeanette A. , Jennings Philip , Dodds Agnes E. , Styles Irene M. 
Published: December 2016

Australian university students' views of the nuclear arms race were analysed in two studies. A sample comparison study used Nuclear Arms Race Questionnaire (NARQ) and Position on Nuclear Weapons (PNW) scales to compare university students' views with those of high school students and community groups. University students' views were more strongly anti‐nuclear than middle income and Middle European migrant groups, but not more than high school student and church member groups'. Females' attitudes were more strongly anti‐nuclear than males.A qualitative analysis of ten university students' formulations of the arms races problem and Australia's involvement revealed the complex dimensions of perceived relationships between global and national interests and personal nuclear issues. Students' solutions were directly related to their formulations of the major aspects of the arms race problem, with six students who represented the nuclear problem in terms of superpower conflict, seeing individuals as powerless to influence solutions. Quantitative trends are interpreted in light of the varied representations of the problem and the association of students' generally anti‐nuclear attitudes with lack of involvement in the peace movement.
GENDER ISSUES IN PSYCHOSOCIAL MORBIDITY IN GENERAL PRACTICE
Authors: Aoun Samar , Palmer Marilyn , Newby Rick 
Published: December 2016

The objective of this study was to compare differences in reasons for encounters, diagnosis and treatment between men and women patients presenting with psychosocial problems as recognised by their general practitioners.The research design was a survey based on structured questionnaires completed by the general practitioners on patients consulting with mental health problems in Bunbury in the rural South West region of Western Australia. The data collection took place for a period of 5 weeks. Twenty two general practitioners, from 5 surgeries, collected information on 428 patients, pertaining to socio‐demographic characteristics, reasons for encounter, diagnoses, social problems, chronicity, counselling, medication and use of referral services.The gender differences in the illness profile was quite pronounced. Men patients were older, were more likely to be diagnosed with psychosis or character disorders, to have employment or unknown problems. On the other hand, female patients were younger and more likely not to be given a definite diagnosis, to report more social isolation, dependent/difficult relatives and problems resulting from assault. Men were more likely to be on medication and to be referred to psychiatrists, while women received more counselling from their GPs or were referred to counselling services.On the basis of the findings, it is pointed out that men and women differ in terms of the recognition that they are suffering from a problem, that outside help is needed and making the decision to consult. They also differ in terms of the social factors influencing gender differences in recognition of the illness by the GP and the decision to treat and/or refer.
Democratic Deficit in the ACT: Is the Citizen Initiated Referendum a Solution?
Authors: Hill Lisa 
Published: December 2016

Hopeful of bringing citizens closer to government decision‐making Gary Humphries recently presented the Community Referendum Bill 2002 to the ACT Legislative Assembly.The Citizen Initiated Referendum has many staunch advocates however this paper considers whether CIR is an appropriate solution to perceived democratic deficits in the ACT or anywhere else in Australia. The paper canvasses a number of pitfalls of CIR. These include: their potential to aggravate rather than ameliorate the democratic deficit; the problems associated with under‐deliberation; and potentially detrimental consequences for existing electoral arrangements. Specifically, CIR could engender voter fatigue, reduce the salience of elections and exacerbate levels of ungovernability and accountability, all of which are known to turn people off politics and voting.
Non‐Resident Fathers' Engagement with their Children: The Salience of Leisure
Authors: Jenkins John 
Published: December 2016

This paper reports on selected aspects of a recent study of non‐resident fathers' leisure with their children. The settings and context for non‐resident fathers' contact with their children are described and the methodology comprising interviews with eighteen non‐resident fathers is briefly explained. The fathers who participated were a diverse group.Leisure is a vital aspect of most non‐resident fathers' engagement with their children. Nevertheless, for non‐resident fathers to be fully‐integrated in their children's lives they need to participate in a range of everyday activities that allow them to function as parents rather than as regular visitors. Policy and legislation must better recognise the qualitative aspects of parent's engagement with their children.
Factors associated with fundraising dependency among nonprofit organisations in Australia
Authors: Zappalà Gianni , Lyons Mark 
Published: December 2016

Despite the importance of fundraising to the nonprofit sector there has been surprisingly little research on fundraising as a revenue source in Australia. Research that has been conducted both here and internationally has focused on the cost of fundraising – the proportion of fundraising expenses to total fundraising revenue, and fundraising performance – the absolute or relative amount of money raised by organisations via fundraising. This paper examines why some nonprofit organisations are more dependent on fundraising as a source of revenue than others.The paper applies multivariate techniques to examine the influence that three broad sets of factors: organisational; revenue generation model; and fundraising approach, have on what we term ‘fundraising dependency’ – the percentage of a nonprofit organisation's total revenue that is derived from fundraising activities. It finds that fundraising dependency is associated with a range of organisational characteristics (e.g. size, geographical scope of the organisation and tax status); alternative forms of revenue generation (e.g. reliance on government funding and commercial venturing) and fundraising approach (e.g. whether professional fundraising staff are employed, the use of volunteer fundraisers and the number of fundraising practices used). The results support taking a multidimensional approach to understanding fundraising dependency.
Regional Tertiary Students and Living Away from Home: A priceless experience that costs too much?
Authors: Lewis Christie , Dickson‐Swift Virginia , Talbot Lyn , Snow Pamela 
Published: December 2016

For financial reasons, an increasing number of tertiary students in Australia are forced to work long hours each week, and they are becoming more likely to be living in relative poverty. This study aimed to explore and describe the economic situation of students at a provincial Australian university campus, and the role that type of residence plays in their financial well‐being.A large‐scale self report survey dealing with students' financial experiences during the 2003 academic year, was distributed to a convenience sample of students from across the courses offered on the campus. Quantitative data analysis was completed using SPSS and qualitative data was analysed thematically.Results indicate a strong relationship between type of residence and financial well‐being. Rural students may be especially vulnerable to the effects of financial distress, because of issues such as low cash‐flow on many family farms, and the long distances many travel to attend regional universities. This study indicates a number of possible avenues to protect students from living in poverty.
Confidence in Australian Institutions 1983–2005
Authors: Blunsdon Betsy , Reed Ken 
Published: December 2016

This paper examines changes in the level of institutional confidence in Australia between 1983 and 2005. The principal aim of the paper is to disaggregate the general trend in social trust and overall institutional confidence. Using data drawn from three waves of the World Values Survey undertaken in 1983, 1995 and 2005 we examine whether social trust and confidence have declined and the differing patterns of confidence for different birth cohorts in Australia.The results show a significant decrease in social trust and a large decline in confidence between 1983 and 1995. There was little change in confidence between 1995 and 2005, but social trust returned to the 1983 level over that period. A cohort analysis shows that the oldest cohort, those born before WWII, reported the largest decline in confidence, while by 2005 the baby boomers (or middle cohort born between 1944 and 1955) were the most confident, with the oldest group reporting the least confidence. Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s confidence has been at a much lower level than in the early 1980s.
Amyloid β induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation in retinal pigment epithelial cells via NADPH oxidase‐ and mitochondria‐dependent ROS production
Authors: Wang Ke , Yao Yong , Zhu Xue , Zhang Kai , Zhou Fanfan , Zhu Ling 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAmyloid β (Aβ)‐induced chronic inflammation is believed to be a key pathogenic process in early‐stage age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). Nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)‐like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation triggered by Aβ is responsible for retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) dysfunction in the onset of AMD; however, the detailed molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the involvement of NADPH oxidase‐ and mitochondria‐derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the process of Aβ1–40‐induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in LPS‐primed ARPE‐19 cells. The results showed that Aβ1–40 could induce excessive ROS generation, MAPK/NF‐κB signaling activation and subsequently NLRP3 inflammasome activation in LPS‐primed ARPE‐19 cells. Furthermore, the inductive effect of Aβ1–40 on NLRP3 inflammasome activation was mediated in a manner dependent on NADPH oxidase‐ and mitochondria‐derived ROS. Our findings may provide a novel insight into the molecular mechanism by which Aβ contributes to the early‐stage AMD.
Change in temperature extremes and its correlation with mean temperature in mainland China from 1960 to 2015
Authors: Fang Shibo , Qi Yue , Yu Weiguo , Liang Hanyue , Han Guojun , Li Qingxiang , Shen Shuanghe , Zhou Guangsheng , Shi Guangxun 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTChanges in temperature extremes can be linked to mean temperature changes and variability. This study aims to quantify observed trends in mean and extreme temperature values and to analyse the relationship between mean and extreme temperatures in mainland China, based on daily data from 1960 to 2015. This is the first analysis undertaken of the relationship between mean and extreme temperatures in mainland China. Based on the 95th and 99th percentiles of daily Tmax and the 5th and 1st percentiles of daily Tmin, warm days (TX95p), hot days (TX99p), cold nights (TN05p), and very cold nights (TN01p) were defined. The results showed the following: (1) large increasing tendencies of TX95p and TX99p nearly all occurred in locations where mean temperature had substantially increased, and large decreasing tendencies of TN05p were more probably at locations of warming in mainland China; (2) the rise of mean temperature significantly increased the frequency of TX95p and TX99p, and decreased the frequency of TN05p, which indicates a simple shift of the entire distribution towards a warmer climate and greater potential risk of heat waves in the future. The likelihood of occurrence of TX95p and TX99p increased by about 3 and 1 day, respectively, and the occurrence of TN05p was reduced by about 4 days with a mean temperature increase of 1 °C, but the occurrence of TN01p was hardly affected, indicating increased variability of Tmin temperatures; and (3) the mean and extreme temperatures increased with the urbanization rate in China, and advanced phenologies and unaffected frequency of very cold nights (TN01p) could pose more potential risk of frost and freeze injury to crops in China in the future.