bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a cognitive-behavioural intervention augmenting individual placement and support
Authors: Boycott Naomi , Schneider Justine , McMurran Mary 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
– A feasibility study of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) as an adjunct to individual placement and support (IPS) with adults with severe mental illness showed that fewer people who received CBT dropped out and more obtained jobs. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the adjunct CBT programme worked. CBT used a problem-solving approach to address common psychological barriers to employment.

Design/methodology/approach
– Baseline and six-month follow-up scores were compared on measures of problem solving, executive functioning, fear of negative evaluation, self-esteem, and stigma.

Findings
– At baseline, the majority of the 23 participants scored within the normal range on measures. Around half of the participants showed improvement in social problem solving, executive functioning, and fear of negative evaluation. General improvements in self-esteem were seen. Change in the expected areas according to module choice was evident, however this was inconsistent.

Research limitations/implications
– Many participants were within normal ranges on the measures at baseline. Offering participants a choice of topics led to some people having few sessions, possibly too few to produce benefits. Although the modules on offer targeted commonly experienced problems, they may not have been the most important to these participants.

Practical implications
– CBT does appear to enhance IPS but the mechanisms by which this occurs is unclear. To improve adjunct CBT, there is a need to clarify the most beneficial targets and identify the mechanisms by which CBT may augment IPS.

Originality/value
– This study begins to identify the processes by which CBT can enhance IPS for adults with severe mental illness.
Enhanced yeast feeding following mating facilitates control of the invasive fruit pest Drosophila suzukii
Authors: Mori Boyd A. , Whitener Alix B. , Leinweber Yannick , Revadi Santosh , Beers Elizabeth H. , Witzgall Peter , Becher Paul G. 
Published: May 2016

Summary

The highly invasive spotted wing Drosophila Drosophila suzukii is a key pest of soft fruit and berries in Europe and North America, and development of control techniques is an urgent research challenge. Drosophila suzukii is widely associated with the yeast Hanseniaspora uvarum. Yeasts are symbionts of drosophilid flies and communicate with insects through volatile metabolites for spore dispersal. Accordingly, yeasts and behaviour‐modifying chemicals produced by yeasts are prospective tools for environmentally sound insect management.

We first bioassayed flight attraction, feeding and oviposition of D. suzukii females in response to H. uvarum yeast and blueberries, which are a preferred host fruit. We then investigated the combined effect of yeast and insecticide on adult female oviposition behaviour and mortality towards the development of a yeast‐based control method.

Following mating, attraction of female flies to blueberry and yeast odour cues was strongly enhanced. Yeast feeding significantly increased in mated females, while yeast did not increase oviposition on blueberries. This observation suggests that mated flies become attracted to yeast for feeding and to fruit for egg laying. A combined feeding–oviposition assay demonstrated different roles and interference between yeast and fruit stimuli: during the day after mating, females laid fewer eggs when yeast was available.

The post‐mating yeast‐feeding response is an opportunity for the development of an attract‐and‐kill technique for population control of D. suzukii. Exposing flies to a blend of yeast and insecticide reduced oviposition and greatly enhanced adult fly mortality compared with an insecticide treatment alone.

Synthesis and applications. Mated females are the key life stage for Drosophila suzukii population control. Egg‐laying females perforate fruit skin and fungal infestations ensue, even when eggs and larvae are killed off by insecticide sprays. Behaviour‐modifying chemicals, including yeast metabolites, enable environmentally safe insect management via manipulation of olfactory‐mediated reproductive behaviour. Our results highlight that yeast and yeast semiochemicals hold potential for D. suzukii management and that response modulation to olfactory stimuli following mating is a vital element for the development of D. suzukii control methods. Yeast feeding is enhanced in mated D. suzukii females, and this change in post‐mating behaviour can be exploited by an attract‐and‐kill strategy, combining a fly‐associated yeast with an insecticide. Furthermore, using the D. suzukii yeast mutualist, H. uvarum, may reduce non‐target effects and increase species specificity, which further contributes to the development of an efficient and safe control method.
Investigating the impacts of field‐realistic exposure to a neonicotinoid pesticide on bumblebee foraging, homing ability and colony growth
Authors: Stanley Dara A. , Russell Avery L. , Morrison Sarah J. , Rogers Catherine , Raine Nigel E. 
Published: May 2016

Summary

The ability to forage and return home is essential to the success of bees as both foragers and pollinators. Pesticide exposure may cause behavioural changes that interfere with these processes, with consequences for colony persistence and delivery of pollination services.

We investigated the impact of chronic exposure (5–43 days) to field‐realistic levels of a neonicotinoid insecticide (2·4 ppb thiamethoxam) on foraging ability, homing success and colony size using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology in free‐flying bumblebee colonies.

Individual foragers from pesticide‐exposed colonies carried out longer foraging bouts than untreated controls (68 vs. 55 min). Pesticide‐exposed bees also brought back pollen less frequently than controls indicating reduced foraging performance.

A higher proportion of bees from pesticide‐exposed colonies returned when released 1 km from their nests; this is potentially related to increased orientation experience during longer foraging bouts. We measured no impact of pesticide exposure on homing ability for bees released from 2 km, or when data were analysed overall.

Despite a trend for control colonies to produce more new workers earlier, we found no overall impacts of pesticide exposure on whole colony size.

Synthesis and applications. This study shows that field‐realistic neonicotinoid exposure can have impacts on both foraging ability and homing success of bumblebees, with implications for the success of bumblebee colonies in agricultural landscapes and their ability to deliver crucial pollination services. Pesticide risk assessments should include bee species other than honeybees and assess a range of behaviours to elucidate the impact of sublethal effects. This has relevance for reviews of neonicotinoid risk assessment and usage policy world‐wide.
Yield of temperate forage grassland species is either largely resistant or resilient to experimental summer drought
Authors: Hofer Daniel , Suter Matthias , Haughey Eamon , Finn John A. , Hoekstra Nyncke J. , Buchmann Nina , Lüscher Andreas 
Published: May 2016

Summary

Due to climate change, an increasing frequency and severity of drought events are expected to impair grassland productivity, particularly of intensively managed temperate grasslands.

To assess drought impacts, a common field experiment to manipulate precipitation was set up at three sites (two Swiss and one Irish) using monocultures and mixtures with two and four key forage species. Species differed in their functional traits: a shallow‐rooted non‐legume (Lolium perenne L.), a deep‐rooted non‐legume (Cichorium intybus L.), a shallow‐rooted legume (Trifolium repens L.) and a deep‐rooted legume (Trifolium pratense L.). A 9‐week summer drought was simulated, and soil water status, above‐ground biomass yield and plant nitrogen (N) limitation were compared to a rainfed control.

Based on soil water measurements, the drought induced severe stress at both Swiss sites and extreme stress at the Irish site. Under severe stress, the legumes were more drought resistant and showed an average change in above‐ground biomass (CAB, compared to rainfed control) of only −8% and −24% (for the two Swiss sites), while the non‐legumes had an average CAB of −51% and −68%. The lower resistance of non‐legumes coincided with an apparent limitation of plant N, which further increased under drought. Under extreme drought (Irish site), growth nearly ceased with an average CAB of −85%.

During a 6‐week post‐drought period with adequate water supply (Swiss sites), formerly drought‐stressed species were highly resilient and either attained (legumes) or clearly outperformed (non‐legumes) the yield level of the rainfed controls. This outperformance coincided with post‐drought reductions in N limitation in formerly drought‐stressed species. As a result, aggregated over the drought and the post‐drought periods, a negative drought impact was found only for the shallow‐rooted L. perenne at one of the severely stressed sites.

Significant overyielding by multispecies mixtures was evident under rainfed control conditions (+38% across all three sites, P < 0·05) and was equally apparent under severe drought (+50%, P < 0·05). This overyielding was greatest in mixtures with approximately equal species proportions and was sufficiently large that drought‐stressed mixtures at least attained the same yield as the average of the rainfed monocultures. Under extreme drought, growth almost ceased in monocultures and mixtures.

Synthesis and applications. Yields of selected species of intensively managed temperate grasslands are either resistant to a single severe drought or are highly resilient as soon as soil moisture levels recover after the drought event. However, these forage species seem unable to cope with an extreme drought event. Combining species in mixtures can compensate for yield reductions caused by severe drought and it offers a practical management tool to adapt forage production to climate change.
Using Social Media, Online Social Networks, and Internet Search as Platforms for Public Health Interventions: A Pilot Study
Authors: Huesch Marco D. , Galstyan Aram , Ong Michael K. , Doctor Jason N. 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveTo pilot public health interventions at women potentially interested in maternity care via campaigns on social media (Twitter), social networks (Facebook), and online search engines (Google Search).Data Sources/Study SettingPrimary data from Twitter, Facebook, and Google Search on users of these platforms in Los Angeles between March and July 2014.Study DesignObservational study measuring the responses of targeted users of Twitter, Facebook, and Google Search exposed to our sponsored messages soliciting them to start an engagement process by clicking through to a study website containing information on maternity care quality information for the Los Angeles market.Principal FindingsCampaigns reached a little more than 140,000 consumers each day across the three platforms, with a little more than 400 engagements each day. Facebook and Google search had broader reach, better engagement rates, and lower costs than Twitter. Costs to reach 1,000 targeted users were approximately in the same range as less well‐targeted radio and TV advertisements, while initial engagements—a user clicking through an advertisement—cost less than $1 each.ConclusionsOur results suggest that commercially available online advertising platforms in wide use by other industries could play a role in targeted public health interventions.
Using Experimental and Neurological Data to Gain a Deeper Understanding of Realization Utility Theory
Authors: Gibson Scott , Seiler Michael J. , Walden Eric 
Published: May 2016

AbstractStarting with the premise that realization utility theory helps explain trading behavior, this study combines a carefully crafted experimental design with functional magnetic resonance imaging technology to offer a more inclusive examination of factors that affect REIT trading behavior beyond whether a REIT is simply trading up or down. We add to the nascent field of neurological real estate by finding that local gains/loss domains are more relevant than are global gain/loss considerations, financial skewness is a significant determinant of trading behavior, and that performance inside the REIT market influences how hard subjects think when performing tasks outside the market.
Preference Mapping of Fresh Tomatoes Across 3 Stages of Consumption
Authors: Oltman A.E. , Yates M.D. , Drake M.A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTomatoes (Solanum lycoperiscum) are a popular produce choice and provide many bioactive compounds. Consumer choice of tomatoes is influenced by flavor and visual appearance and external texture cues including hand firmness and sliceability. The objective of this study was to determine drivers of liking for fresh tomatoes across 3 stages of consumption. Seven tomato cultivars were ripened to a 6 on the USDA color chart. Trained panelists documented appearance, flavor, and texture attributes of tomatoes in triplicate. Tomato consumers (n = 177) were provided with knives and cutting boards and evaluated tomatoes across 3 stages: appearance (stage 1), slicing (stage 2), and consumption (stage 3). Consumers evaluated overall liking at each stage. Analysis of variance and external preference mapping were conducted. Overall liking was highest during the appearance portion of the test and lowest during the consumption portion (P < 0.05). Drivers of liking at stage 1 were color intensity, even outside color, and overall aroma. Drivers of liking at stage 2 were wetness/juiciness and overall aroma. Wetness/juiciness, seed presence, ripe flavor, and sweet and umami tastes were drivers of liking for tomatoes at consumption (stage 3). Four separate clusters of tomato consumers were identified. Cluster 1 preferred tomatoes with even color, higher color intensity, and flavor intensity. Cluster 2 preferred firm tomatoes. Cluster 3 preferred tomatoes that were soft and at peak ripeness; this cluster also had the highest liking scores for all tomatoes. Cluster 4 consumers generally consumed tomatoes in sandwiches rather than as‐is and preferred tomatoes with even and intense color. Tomato growers can utilize these results to target cultivars that are well liked by consumers.
Modeling Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Validating an Ex Vivo Primary Hippocampal Cell Culture System
Authors: Tunc‐Ozcan Elif , Ferreira Adriana B. , Redei Eva E. 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundFetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is the leading nongenetic cause of mental retardation. There are no treatments for FASD to date. Preclinical in vivo and in vitro studies could help in identifying novel drug targets as for other diseases. Here, we describe an ex vivo model that combines the physiological advantages of prenatal ethanol (EtOH) exposure in vivo with the uniformity of primary fetal hippocampal culture to characterize the effects of prenatal EtOH. The insulin signaling pathways are known to be involved in hippocampal functions. Therefore, we compared the expression of insulin signaling pathway genes between fetal hippocampi (in vivo) and primary hippocampal culture (ex vivo). The similarity of prenatal EtOH effects in these 2 paradigms would deem the ex vivo culture acceptable to screen possible treatments for FASD.MethodsPregnant Sprague–Dawley rats received 1 of 3 diets: ad libitum standard laboratory chow (control‐C), isocaloric pair‐fed (nutritional control), and EtOH containing liquid diets from gestational day (GD) 8. Fetal male and female hippocampi were collected either on GD21 (in vivo) or on GD18 for primary culture (ex vivo). Transcript levels of Igf2, Igf2r, Insr, Grb10, Rasgrf1, and Zac1 were measured by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction.ResultsHippocampal transcript levels differed by prenatal treatment in both males and females with sex differences observed in the expression of Igf2 and Insr. The effect of prenatal EtOH on the hippocampal expression of the insulin pathway genes was parallel in the in vivo and the ex vivo conditions.ConclusionsThe similarity of gene expression changes in response to prenatal EtOH between the in vivo and the ex vivo conditions ascertains that these effects are already set in the fetal hippocampus at GD18. This strengthens the feasibility of the ex vivo primary hippocampal culture as a tool to test and screen candidate drug targets for FASD.
Adolescent smoking and tertiary education: opposing pathways linking socio‐economic background to alcohol consumption
Authors: Green Michael J. , Leyland Alastair H. , Sweeting Helen , Benzeval Michaela 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackground and AimsIf socio‐economic disadvantage is associated with more adolescent smoking, but less participation in tertiary education, and smoking and tertiary education are both associated with heavier drinking, these may represent opposing pathways to heavy drinking. This paper examines contextual variation in the magnitude and direction of these associations.DesignComparing cohort studies.SettingUnited Kingdom.ParticipantsParticipants were from the 1958 National Child Development Study (NCDS58; n = 15 672), the British birth cohort study (BCS70; n = 12 735) and the West of Scotland Twenty‐07 1970s cohort (T07; n = 1515).MeasurementsParticipants self‐reported daily smoking and weekly drinking in adolescence (age 16 years) and heavy drinking (> 14/21 units in past week) in early adulthood (ages 22–26 years). Parental occupational class (manual versus non‐manual) indicated socio‐economic background. Education beyond age 18 was coded as tertiary. Models were adjusted for parental smoking and drinking, family structure and adolescent psychiatric distress.FindingsRespondents from a manual class were more likely to smoke and less likely to enter tertiary education (e.g. in NCDS58, probit coefficients were 0.201 and –0.765, respectively; P < 0.001 for both) than respondents from a non‐manual class. Adolescent smokers were more likely to drink weekly in adolescence (0.346; P < 0.001) and more likely to drink heavily in early adulthood (0.178; P < 0.001) than adolescent non‐smokers. Respondents who participated in tertiary education were more likely to drink heavily in early adulthood (0.110 for males, 0.182 for females; P < 0.001 for both) than respondents with no tertiary education. With some variation in magnitude, these associations were consistent across all three cohorts.ConclusionsIn Britain, young adults are more likely to drink heavily both if they smoke and participate in tertiary education (college and university) despite socio‐economic background being associated in opposite directions with these risk factors.
Barriers and enablers for oral health care for people affected by mental health disorders
Authors: Slack‐Smith L , Hearn L , Scrine C , Durey A 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundPeople with mental health disorders are reported to have poorer access to dental services and poorer oral health outcomes. The aim of this paper is to analyze current published work regarding barriers and enablers for oral health outcomes and access to dental care for adults with mental health disorders which will be addressed from individual, organizational and systemic perspectivesMethodsA narrative review based on a search of the relevant published work regarding oral health for people with mental health disorders was undertaken using Medline, Web of Science, ERIC and Psychlit. Any relevant systematic reviews were highlighted in this process along with primary studies.ResultsThe published work repeatedly verified poorer oral health and inadequate access to dental services in people with mental health disorders. The published work identified barriers at individual, organizational and systemic levels. Much of the published work focused on barriers with less focus on enablers and interventions.ConclusionsConsiderable investigation of barriers had not elucidated options to improve care or outcomes.
Assessing the effect of roads on impala (Aepyceros melampus) stress levels using faecal glucocorticoid metabolites
Authors: Lunde Even Tvede , Bech Claus , Fyumagwa Robert D. , Jackson Craig R. , Røskaft Eivin 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn Tanzania, a proposed road through the Serengeti National Park has caused international debate as to whether it will cause irreversible damage to the ecosystem. We assessed the effect of current roads and traffic in the Serengeti ecosystem on a model ungulate species, the impala antelope (Aepyceros melampus). We measured how faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM), an indicator of physiological stress levels, were affected by different levels of traffic while accounting for other stress‐related variables such as distance to roads, vegetation type and group size. A total of 196 faecal samples were collected. FGM were measured using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) validated for several ruminants. FGM levels were significantly elevated near major roads with higher traffic levels compared to roads with less traffic. Predators and illegal hunting might also affect FGM levels in the impala, but the potential effect of these variables was inconsistent with the recorded FGM levels and cannot explain the observed variation. These results show for the first time that an African mammal exhibits significant physiological stress in relation to roads and traffic.
Convex Biclustering
Authors: Chi Eric C. , Allen Genevera I. , Baraniuk Richard G. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryIn the biclustering problem, we seek to simultaneously group observations and features. While biclustering has applications in a wide array of domains, ranging from text mining to collaborative filtering, the problem of identifying structure in high-dimensional genomic data motivates this work. In this context, biclustering enables us to identify subsets of genes that are co-expressed only within a subset of experimental conditions. We present a convex formulation of the biclustering problem that possesses a unique global minimizer and an iterative algorithm, COBRA, that is guaranteed to identify it. Our approach generates an entire solution path of possible biclusters as a single tuning parameter is varied. We also show how to reduce the problem of selecting this tuning parameter to solving a trivial modification of the convex biclustering problem. The key contributions of our work are its simplicity, interpretability, and algorithmic guarantees—features that arguably are lacking in the current alternative algorithms. We demonstrate the advantages of our approach, which includes stably and reproducibly identifying biclusterings, on simulated and real microarray data.