bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acceleration of immersed computations of brittle phase‐field fracture utilizing moment fitting schemes
Authors: Gorji Mahan , Hosseini Seyed Farhad , Sartorti Roman , Radtke Lars , Düster Alexander 
Published: September 2024

AbstractNumerical methods play an important role when predicting structural failure in industrial applications. Among various methods, the phase‐field modeling (PFM) seems to be a very promising approach. By introducing an additional phase‐field variable, it can account for crack initiation, crack propagation, dynamic crack branching and more. However, it needs a very fine mesh especially along the propagating crack path. When utilizing boundary‐fitted methods such as the finite element method, this can lead to a large amount of elements and thus, results in huge systems of equations. In order to overcome this issue, immersed methods like the finite cell method (FCM) have been developed, where the mesh is independent of the geometry, which results in a fast and simple pre‐processing. In this work, the FCM is applied to the PFM in order to simulate quasi‐static brittle fracture of structures with complex geometries. Furthermore, the non‐negative moment fitting (NNMF) is employed in order to accelerate the finite cell computations. The proposed methods are tested on a numerical example in order to demonstrate the strength of the NNMF.
Karl Schellbach (1804–1892)—One of the fathers of the finite element method?
Authors: Ullrich Peter 
Published: September 2024

AbstractCalculations by aerospace and automotive engineers in the 1950s for industrial applications are usually viewed as the beginnings of the Finite Element Method (FEM). However, some of its basic ideas can already be found on earlier occasions. One of the examples already discussed in the literature is the treatment of the brachistochrone problem by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) in 1697, even if he did not rigorously prove his ideas there. The mathematics educator Karl Schellbach (1804–1892) appears to have provided the first proof for the brachistochrone problem using FEM‐like methods in an article of 1851. However, one has to look at the details: Schellbach certainly first solves some elementary problems of the calculus of variations in this article by discretizing the situation. But then he generalizes this method in order to derive the general Euler‐Lagrange equation. And only on the basis of this differential equation and by use of standard methods from differential calculus he deals with the problem of the brachistochrone. In the final sections of his article, Schellbach generalizes his method to higher dimensions, which makes his considerations appear even more FEM‐like. For example, in his treatment of Plateau's problem he begins by dividing the domain of definition into triangles, which is even shown in an illustration.
Comparative analysis of formulae for umbilical venous catheterization depth based on birth weight
Authors: Luo Jingjie , Zheng Xu , Yang Zixin , Li Keyue , Chen Lu , Hei Mingyan 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTImportanceUmbilical venous catheterization (UVC) is a common procedure for critically ill newborn infants. The insertion depth was estimated before the procedure using various formulae.ObjectiveTo compare the accuracy of five published formulae based on birth weight (BW).MethodsThis is a secondary retrospective analysis using data collected in a previous study, in which the actual final insertion depth of UVC was recorded. Predicted insertion depths were calculated by five published formulae based on BW. Then the actual depth and predicted depth were compared. Accurate position was defined as predicted depth being within ± 10% of actual depth. The accuracy rate calculated as “(accurately positioned UVCs/ all UVCs) × 100%” and the ratio of difference calculated as “(|predicted depth − actual depth|/ actual depth)” were compared among five formulae.ResultsTotally 1298 were enrolled, with gestational age 29.8 ± 2.3 weeks and BW 1215 ± 273 g. The accuracy rates were: Tambasco formula (67.2%), Shukla formula (65.0%), JSS formula (64.4%), BW formula (48.9%), and revised Shukla formula (26.9%). Tambasco formula had the highest accuracy rate in newborns with BW ≥ 1000 g. JSS formula had the highest accuracy rate in newborns with BW<1000 g.InterpretationIt is suggested to use the Tambasco formula for estimating the UVC insertion depth for newborns, especially for those with BW ≥ 1000 g, and to apply the JSS formula for newborns with BW < 1000 g. There is no universal formula for achieving 100% accurate positioning.
Synthesis and characterization of antibacterial and low‐temperature resistant slow rebound polyurethane foams
Authors: Cao Jing , Wang Li , Zheng Yuying 
Published: September 2024

AbstractSlow rebound polyurethane foam (SPUF) has been widely used due to its advantages such as sound insulation, energy absorption, and good tactile sensation. However, SPUF is prone to harden at low temperature, and its application in medical equipment and households requires significant antibacterial properties. In this paper, self‐made silicone modified polyethylene glycol (Si‐APEG) and graphene oxide supported allicin (Alc@GO) were prepared and used as low‐temperature resistant agent and antibacterial agent, respectively. Low‐temperature resistant polyurethane foam (LSPUF) and antibacterial LSPUF (ALSPUF) were prepared respectively with water as foaming agent. The morphology of ALSPUF was observed by scanning electron microscope. Properties studied include apparent core density and porosity, mechanical properties including tensile strength, 40% compressive hardness, and rebound resilience, as well as low‐temperature resistance. Effects of Si‐APEG content on the structures and properties were analyzed and the LSPUF with an Si‐APEG content of 10 wt.% showed the best comprehensive performance. Therefore, ALSPUFs with Si‐APEG content of 10 wt.% and Alc@GO content of 0–3 wt.% were prepared. The addition of Alc@GO increased the antibacterial ratio significantly without obvious effect on the structure and mechanical properties of LSPUF. The antibacterial ratio of ALSPUF reached 99.07% at a Alc@GO content of 2.5 wt.% and testing time of 60 min. This work provides an effective and feasible method for the preparation of ALSPUF which can be widely used in medical devices and households.Highlights
Silicone modified polyether is a suitable low‐temperature resistant agent for PU foam.
Allicin supported on GO provides good antibacterial property for PU foam.
ALSPUF has better mechanical properties than SPU.
Conceptualizing adult ADHD with the DSM alternative model of personality disorder
Authors: Jacobsson Peter , Hopwood Christopher J. , Krueger Robert F. , Söderpalm Bo , Nilsson Thomas 
Published: September 2024

AbstractPersonality traits and personality disorders are related to ADHD and indicate dysfunction in clinical populations. The goals of this study were to examine how the DSM‐5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorder (AMPD) a) indicates the presence of ADHD and b) communicates information about dysfunction over and above ADHD diagnosis. A sample of 330 adult psychiatric patients with and without ADHD (60% female; mean age 33 years) were assessed for ADHD symptoms, personality impairment, maladaptive personality traits, and functional life impairment domains. The maladaptive personality domain Disinhibition and particularly the lower order facet of Distractibility distinguished between individuals with psychiatric difficulties with and without ADHD. Distractibility is strongly related to the ADHD symptom dimension Inattentiveness, and Antagonism to Hyperactivity/impulsivity. General personality impairment augmented ADHD diagnosis in predicting life impairments. The AMPD has utility in ADHD assessments for diagnosis and prognosis.
An EAADE: Effective Authentication Approach for Data Exchange in Vehicular Social Network for IoV
Authors: Singh Dhananjay Kumar , Bhardwaj Diwakar 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTIn recent years, in order to protect the privacy of vehicular users, federated learning (FL) is mainly used for secure and reliable data transmission in the vehicular social network. However, there is a vulnerability to data attacks by adversaries when exchanging locally trained model data about the vehicle's trajectory with a federated server. Therefore, in this paper, we have proposed a federated learning‐based mutual authentication protocol to provide security in data transmission. First, we classified the vehicular social community by fixed, moving, and hybrid modes. Second, to develop a novel approach named EAADE (Effective Authentication Approach for Data Exchange). It provides efficient data dissemination in a vehicle social network and security of the main trade‐off between vehicles. Finally, experience it with in‐depth simulation and compare it with other modern protocols. During the analysis of the results, ensure its security against Sybil, replay and falsification attacks, and estimating processing costs and verification times. The outcomes of simulation on the SUMO and OMNeT++ platforms demonstrate that the packet loss rate is lowered to 4.78% and that the verification delay is the better, when compared to other protocols. This protocol has also better transmission cost and implementation costs.
Investigating the mechanical properties related to the vertical bending of composite I‐beams with corrugated steel webs
Authors: Gan Zi‐yu , Cen Feng , Gao Pei‐wei 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe maximum angular rotation attributable to the in‐plane shear deformation of flange slabs is used as generalised displacement in the conventional analysis method for I‐beams. However, the mechanical concepts are poorly understood due to the complex nature of this analysis method. Consequently, a novel strategy for analysing vertical bending in composite I‐beams is proposed in this study. This approach uses the additional deflection of composite I‐beams induced by the shear lag effect as the generalised displacement. Furthermore, this research comprehensively considers the accordion effect, shear lag and self‐equilibrium conditions for the shear lag warping stress and bending moment. Moreover, two longitudinal warping displacement difference functions are employed to accurately describe the variation of shear lag in composite I‐beams with varying flange slab widths. The differential equations of the I‐beams with corrugated steel webs in the elastic range are established based on the energy‐variation method. A complete mechanical system of a composite I‐beam is decomposed into two parts, namely, the shear lag mechanical system and the elementary beam mechanical system, which are independent of each other. The theory presented in this paper reflects the internal mechanical mechanism of composite I‐beams. The calculation accuracy is considerably improved in this study. Therefore, this method is more unambiguous and well‐defined. It enriches and advances the current analysis theory of composite structures, which can guide the design of composite I‐beams.
Larger Than Life? Body Mass Records of Zoo‐Managed Giant Anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)
Authors: Garand Elisa , Krauss Christiane , Müller Dennis W. H. , Davis Leyla R. , Codron Daryl , Clauss Marcus , Miranda Flávia 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTIt has been suggested repeatedly that zoo‐kept giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) have higher body masses than their free‐ranging conspecifics. Here, we assess this hypothesis by comparing body mass data of 184 female and 173 male individuals kept in zoos to published and unpublished data of free‐ranging animals (n = 215). In zoos, the average adult body mass of all individuals was 45.9 ± 9.6 kg (range 19.2–72.6 kg), whereas body mass for free‐ranging specimens was 33.0 ± 2.3 kg (21–45.5 kg). Among those zoo animals in which a sufficient number of subsequent intra‐annual measures had been taken, we assessed visually whether regular, annual fluctuations in body mass were evident. We observed regular, likely seasonal, cycles in body mass, which (i) may be plausibly attributed to ambient temperature changes that affect the body temperature of anteaters, and (ii) would likely not have occurred if the animals were affected by obesity. Additionally, we explain our hypothesis that in the case of giant anteaters, the discrepancy in body mass between natural habitats and zoos most likely is not indicative of a generally obese population in zoos, as is typically concluded in the case of similar comparisons in primates, but represents an unleashing of the full growth potential of the species by conditions of optimal energy and nutrient provision. Future recording of not only body mass but also body dimensions is recommended to better compare the body condition of free‐ranging and zoo‐managed individuals.
Knowledge-Guided Optimization for Complex Vehicle Routing with 3D Loading Constraints
Authors: Zhang Han , Li Qing , Yao Xin 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe split delivery vehicle routing problem with three-dimensional loading constraints (3L-SDVRP) intertwines complex routing and packing challenges. The current study addresses 3L-SDVRP using intelligent optimization algorithms, which iteratively evolve towards optimal solutions. A pivotal aspect of these algorithms is search operators that determine the search direction and the search step size. Effective operators significantly improve algorithmic performance. Traditional operators like swap, shift, and 2-opt fall short in complex scenarios like 3L-SDVRP, mainly due to their limited capacity to leverage domain knowledge. Additionally, the search step size is crucial: smaller steps enhance fine-grained search (exploitation), while larger steps facilitate exploring new areas (exploration). However, optimally balancing these step sizes remains an unresolved issue in 3L-SDVRP. To address this, we introduce an adaptive knowledge-guided insertion (AKI) operator. This innovative operator uses node distribution characteristics for adaptive node insertion, enhancing search abilities through domain knowledge integration and larger step sizes. Integrating AKI with the local search framework, we develop an adaptive knowledge-guided search (AKS) algorithm, which effectively balances exploitation and exploration by combining traditional neighbourhood operators for detailed searches with the AKI operator for broader exploration. Our experiments demonstrate that the AKS algorithm significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art method in solving various 3L-SDVRP instances.
Open AdS/CFT via a double-trace deformation
Authors: Geng Hao 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
A concrete model of extracting the physics from the bulk of a gravitational universe is important to the study of quantum gravity and its possible relationship with experiments. Such a model can be constructed in the AdS/CFT correspondence by gluing a bath on the asymptotic boundary of the bulk anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetime. This bath models a laboratory and is described by a quantum field theory. In the dual conformal field theory (CFT) description this coupling is achieved by a double-trace deformation that couples the CFT with the bath. This suggests that the physics observed by the laboratory is fully unitary. In this paper, we analyze the quantum aspects of this model in detail which conveys new lessons about the AdS/CFT correspondence, and we discuss the potential usefulness of this model in understanding subregion physics in a gravitational universe.
Brane profiles of non-supersymmetric strings
Authors: Mourad J. , Raucci S. , Sagnotti A. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
We connect the indications of 2D CFT for branes in non-supersymmetric strings to actual spacetime profiles, taking the bulk tadpole potentials into account. We find exact solutions for the uncharged branes that spread in the internal intervals of Dudas-Mourad vacua for non-tachyonic orientifolds and heterotic strings. These solutions involve suitable dressings of the uncharged branes of the nine-dimensional tadpole-free theory. Similar exact results for uncharged branes that are transverse to the internal space, or for charged branes, appear more challenging. Nevertheless, we identify their large-distance behavior, which is determined by linearized equations, and show that it is compatible with the CFT analysis in all expected cases. We also provide some hints on the leading back-reaction of the form-fields.
Kernel-based iVAT with adaptive cluster extraction
Authors: Zhang Baojie , Zhu Ye , Cao Yang , Rajasegarar Sutharshan , Li Gang , Liu Gang 
Published: September 2024

AbstractVisual Assessment of cluster Tendency (VAT) is a popular method that visually represents the possible clusters found in a dataset as dark blocks along the diagonal of a reordered dissimilarity image (RDI). Although many variants of the VAT algorithm have been proposed to improve the visualisation quality on different types of datasets, they still suffer from the challenge of extracting clusters with varied densities. In this paper, we focus on overcoming this drawback of VAT algorithms by incorporating kernel methods and also propose a novel adaptive cluster extraction strategy, named CER, to effectively identify the local clusters from the RDI. We examine their effects on an improved VAT method (iVAT) and systematically evaluate the clustering performance on 18 synthetic and real-world datasets. The experimental results reveal that the recently proposed data-dependent dissimilarity measure, namely the Isolation kernel, helps to significantly improve the RDI image for easy cluster identification. Furthermore, the proposed cluster extraction method, CER, outperforms other existing methods on most of the datasets in terms of a series of dissimilarity measures.
New covering techniques and applications utilizing multigranulation fuzzy rough sets
Authors: Atef Mohammed , Liu Sifeng , Moslem Sarbast , Pamucar Dragan 
Published: September 2024

AbstractIn order to conduct an in-depth study of Zhan’s methodology pertaining to the covering of multigranulation fuzzy rough sets ($$\hbox {C}_{{MG}}$$

C

MG

FRSs), we build two families: the family of fuzzy $$\beta $$
β
-minimum descriptions and the family of $$\beta $$
β
-maximum descriptions. Subsequently, utilizing these notions, we proceed to develop two variations of covering via optimistic (pessimistic) multigranuation rough set samples ($$\hbox {CO(P)}_{{MG}}$$

CO(P)

MG

FRS). The axiomatic properties are examined. In this study, we examine four models of covering using variable precision multigranulation fuzzy rough sets ($$\hbox {CVP}_{{MG}}$$

CVP

MG

FRSs). We proceed with analyzing the features of these models. Interconnections between these planned plans are also elucidated. This study explores algorithms that aim to identify innovative strategies for addressing multiattribute group decision-making problems (MAGDM) and multicriteria group decision-making problems (MCGDM). The test examples have been elucidated to provide an inclusive grasp of the efficacy of the offered samples. Ultimately, the distinctions between our methodologies and the preexisting research have been demonstrated.
Directionality theory and mortality patterns across the primate lineage
Authors: Demetrius Lloyd A. , Sahasranaman Anand , Ziehe Martin 
Published: September 2024

AbstractEmpirical studies of aging in primates show that local selective forces rather than phylogenetic history determine the exceptional nature of human longevity (Bronikowski et al., Science 331:1325–1328, 2011). This article proposes an evolutionary rationale for this pattern of primate mortality by invoking the parameter, Life-Table Entropy, a measure of the uncertainty in the life span of a randomly chosen newborn. Life-table entropy is positively correlated with maximal life span, that is, the mean life span of a species living under favourable conditions.The logic which underlies the exceptional nature of human longevity derives from the terrestrial life-history of humans – a singularity within the primate lineage; and the concomitant ecological constraints—the hunter-gatherer, agricultural, and industrial modes of subsistence, that have defined human evolutionary history. The effect of these ecological constraints on the evolution of life span is encoded in the Entropic Principle of Longevity: life-table entropy increases in equilibrium species, populations evolving in environments with stable, renewable resources; and decreases in opportunistic species, populations subject to fluctuating resource endowments.The Entropic Principle of Longevity is a derivative of Directionality Theory, an analytic study of the evolutionary process of variation and selection based on Evolutionary Entropy, a statistical measure of the uncertainty in the age of the mother of a randomly chosen newborn. Evolutionary entropy is the organizing concept of The Entropic Principle of Evolution: Evolutionary Entropy increases in equilibrium species and decreases in opportunistic species.
Exploring perspectives: a scoping review of the challenges facing doctoral training in Africa
Authors: Omoya Oluwatomilayo , Jacob Udeme Samuel , Odeyemi Olumide A. , Odeyemi Omowale A. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractGiven the growing demand to produce PhD holders in Africa, it is crucial to grasp the intricacies faced by PhD candidates. This review aimed to synthesise the existing studies that explore the perspectives of candidates pursuing or completing a PhD in Africa. In conjunction with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for scoping reviews, a scoping review guide developed by Arksey and O’Malley (2005) was used. Multiple databases were searched, including EBSCO Host, Scopus, EMBASE, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Medline (Ovid), and Google Scholar. Of the 51 articles that were retrieved, 12 were included in the review from various African countries. All articles were screened for quality before inclusion. The studies explored the types and characteristics of the included articles. The studies were descriptively mapped using qualitative content analysis, which revealed five themes: the sociodemographic profile of the PhD candidates, funding, resources and training, supervision experiences, and coping mechanisms. There is evidence on sociodemographic characteristics, challenges posed by funding, inadequate resources, and supervisor–candidate relationships, the research addressing why African candidates are studying at a later age, gender-specific environmental and cultural barriers, and coping strategies used during candidature is comparatively limited. Consequently, further investigations in these areas are crucial to better support PhD candidates in Africa.