bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bromocriptine in the Management of End of Dose Deterioration in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Grimes J.D. , King D.B. , Kofman O.S. , Molina-Negro P. , Wilson A.F. , Bouchard S. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTThirty-three patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease complicated by end of dose deterioration were treated with bromocriptine. The drug was slowly increased so that by treatment week 24 the mean daily dose of bromocriptine was 22mg and levodopa had been decreased by an average of 15 percent. The majority of improvement in daily fluctuations and Parkinsonian disability score was documented by 8 weeks, at which time the mean daily bromocriptine dose was only 12mg.End of dose deterioration was reduced in 78 percent of the patients (mean 43% improvement). Total Parkinsonian disability score was decreased by 33 percent. Adverse effects were minimal; the most common was mild transient early treatment nausea which occurred in 15 percent of the patients.The slow introduction of small doses of bromocriptine, combined with minimal levodopa reduction, can give Parkinsonian patients significant improvement in end of dose deterioration.
Neurotransmitters in the Basal Ganglia
Authors: McGeer Edith G. , Staines William A. , McGeer Patrick L. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTThe literature is reviewed on the afferents and efferents of the caudate/putamen, globus pallidus and substantia nigra, and on the neurotransmitters occurring in the various tracts. Emphasis is placed upon the diverse roles played by GABA and glutamate as transmitters in motor pathways and upon the probability that the substantia nigra pars reticulata plays a pivotal role in the output of the basal ganglia. Excessive stimulation of the projection from the pedunculopontine tegmental area to the substantia nigra is shown to cause destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the latter nucleus, suggesting another possible mechanism for cell death in Parkinson’s disease.
Cross Correlation Studies in Primate Motor Cortex: Synaptic Interaction and Shared Input
Authors: Murphy John T. , Kwan Hon C. , Wong Yiu C. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT:Awake, unrestrained monkeys were trained to reach out with the forelimb and touch a button. Extracellular spike trains were recorded from pairs of neurons in contralateral precentral cortex with the same or separate microelectrodes. The neurons were located in the same or different functional columns as defined by intracortical microstimulation and passive sensory stimulation. Cross correlation analysis showed patterns consistent with synaptic excitation and/or inhibition between members of the cell pairs during the voluntary movement. The strength of correlation was inversely related to distance between columns, with the strongest correlations found between cells within the same column. Inhibitory correlations were virtually restricted to cell pairs within a single column. Temporal analysis showed that direct synaptic interaction and shared input patterns could be clearly distinguished in this physiologic setting. Spatial analysis indicated that shared input was concentrated among columns in the same and adjacent joint controlling zones as well as within a single column. No directional preference of shared input was present, a finding which was consistent with the observed nested organization of the forelimb area.
The Association of Extracranial and Intracranial Vascular Malformations in Children
Authors: Pascual-Castroviejo Ignacio 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT:This review is an attempt to relate the types of angiomas and other cutaneous vascular lesions appearing in the face with abnormalities in the formation of cerebral vessels including arteries at their origin, veins and venous sinuses, and with other less constant alterations that affect other organs, particularly the heart and cerebellum. After angiographic study of a series of patients exhibiting diverse types of vascular nevi (capillary and cavernous hemangiomas, nevus flammeus, and lymphangiomas), a correlation was established for each type of dermal nevus with a corresponding group of intracranial vascular anomalies. An explanation of these malformations based on the embryological development of the principal cerebral vessels during the 7th and 8th weeks of gestation is offered. Involvement of the facial and scalp dermatome innervated by the first sensory trigeminal branch correlates most consistently with the presence of abnormal cerebral vessels. The capillary hemangioma occurs preferentially in girls and frequently is associated with developmental anomalies of major cerebral arteries characterised by the absence of some adult vessels and the persistence of others that should have disappeared during embryogenesis such as the fetal trigeminal artery. The complete angiographic exploration of the cerebral vessels from their origin in the aortic arch to the phase of intracranial venous evacuation may reveal unexpected important findings, and is recommended for children with majorfacial vascular nevi, even if they are neurologically asymptomatic.
Complications of Chemotherapy
Authors: Cairncross J.G. , Pexman W. , Farrell M. , Gilbert J.J. , Noseworthy J. 
Published: July 2016

A 2-year-old previously healthy girl presented to hospital because of irritability, fatigue, pallor and lower extremity weakness. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (non-T non-B type) was diagnosed by peripheral blood smear and bone marrow aspirate. Chemotherapy was given and included vincristine, prednisone, L-asparaginase and intrathecal methotrexate. In addition, blood and platelet transfusions were given as appropriate. A lumbar puncture showed no cells, glucose 2.7 mmol/L (normal 2.2 – 4.4 mmol/L), protein of 0.40 (normal 0.150 – 0.450 g/L).A routine chest x-ray had shown probable spinal column anomalies subsequently confirmed on thoraco-lumbar views as splitting of the T10 and T11 vertebra with anterior fusion. Other examiners failed to demonstrate leg weakness and at discharge (5 weeks later) the child was walking normally.
Mononeuritis Multiplex Associated With Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: Liveson J. A. , Goodgold J. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryA patient with infectious mononucleosis was found to have a mononeuritis multiplex involving the long thoracic and contralateral supra-scapular nerves. A review of all cases of asymmetrical brachial neuropathy associated with infectious mononucleosis revealed involvement only of the upper brachial plexus. The associated severe tonsillitis or pharyngitis (ipsilateral to the neuropathy in 2 cases) suggests a relationship to the neuropathy via the lymph drainage which is to the region of the upper brachial plexus.
Syncope of Obscure Nature
Authors: Fisher C. M. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryOne hundred and eleven cases of syncope or loss of consciousness are analyzed. Most are of obscure nature while some illustrate features of syncope that deserve further scrutiny. The cases are divided into six groups: 1) Resembling cardiac syncope (30 cases); 2) vasovagal syncope (22 cases); 3) features of both cardiac and vasovagal syncope (12 cases); 4) orthostatic hypotensive (29 cases); 5) akinetic seizure? (12 cases); and 6) miscellaneous (5 cases). Some groups are subdivided according to the circumstances surrounding the spells, for example, seated eating, nocturnal, associated with bowel movement, response to anticonvulsant therapy, etc. The following conclusions seem warranted: 1) The evidence favors the existence of a type of akinetic seizure resembling cardiac syncope; 2) loss of consciousness while seated eating (prandial syncope) may comprise a syndrome; 3) syncope related to bowel movement or abdominal pain is a striking association; 4)sporadic nocturnal syncope due to temporary hyp or e activity ofbaroreceptors is not sufficiently recognized; 5) alcohol ingestion may precipitate orthostatic hy-poreactivity of baroreceptors is not sufficiently recognized; 5) alcohol ingestion may precipitate orthostatic hypotension. Familial syncope, syncope proneness and cold drink syncope are illustrated.
Treatment of Postanoxic Intention Myoclonus with Valproic Acid
Authors: Bruni J. , Willmore L.J. , Wilder B.J. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryValproic acid in therapeutic doses was used in the treatment of postanoxic intention myoclonus. Disappearance of the myoclonus occurred with marked improvement in the electroencephalogram. No significant side effects were noted. Hepatic function tests were monitored. Determination of valproic acid plasma levels was used to guide therapy. Levels above 55 ßg were generally required. The patient remains free of myoclonus after four and one half months.
Features Peculiar to the Trigeminal Innervation
Authors: Miles Timothy S. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe aspects of trigemina! sensory structure and function which are uniquely different from spinal systems are reviewed in this paper.In the periphery, several unique arrangements of sensory receptors are seen, and appear to have unique sensory functions. The receptors in the cornea, the nasal mucosa, and the tooth pulp are morphologically unspecialized and are associated with “protopathic” sensory experiences. The important sensory functions of the mammalian vibrissae are also discussed, as well as their relationship to the anatomically distinctive cortical “barrels”.Aspects of trigeminal proprioception are also of interest. The absence of spindles in some muscles and the unique central organization of trigeminal proprioceptive afférents in the jaw and extraocular muscles are of functional significance in the motor function of the jaw and the eye.Trigeminal afférents are also involved in several complex autonomie reflexes. Characteristic changes in cardiovascular and respiratory function are elicited by various patterns of trigeminal sensory stimulation. These reflexes include the diving reflex, the oculo-cardiac reflex, naso-cardiorespira-tory reflexes, and the trigeminal depressor response. The clinical significance of these reflexes is discussed.Several coordinated behavioral responses including suckling are also elicited from trigeminal afférents. The evidence implicating trigeminal afférents in eating and drinking behavior is presented.
Photically Induced Seizures in the Yellow Baboon, Papio Cynocephalus
Authors: Corcoran Michael E. , Cain Donald P. , Wada Juhn A. 
Published: July 2016

SummarySignificant susceptibility to photically induced seizures has in the past been observed only in Senegalese baboons (Papio papio) and epileptic humans. However, we have unexpectedly observed a phot omy oclonic response to intermittent photic stimulation in 5 of a sample of 6 yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus).
Melanin Containing Neurofibroma: Case Report with evidence of Schwann Cell Origin of Melanin
Authors: Anderson Brian , Robertson David M. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThis case report describes a melanin-containing neurofibroma involving a spinal nerve root. Electron microscopy of the tumor shows that neoplastic Schwann cells are capable of melanogene-sis. Although this capability is suggested in the literature, few reports provide ultra-structural confirmation.The likely identity between reported “cellular blue nevi of spinal nerve roots” and nerve sheath tumors is discussed. It is possible that pigmented nerve sheath tumors behave more aggressively than nonpigmented ones, although it is debatable.
Cardiovascular Evaluation of Obligate Hétérozygotes in Friedreich's Ataxia
Authors: Cote M. , Larose A. , Cimon M. , Lemieux B. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryA study of 17 parents (obligate hétérozygotes) of children with Friedreich's ataxia was carried out. In addition to medical histories and physical examinations, a standard 12 lead ECG tracing was obtained. In the age group below 50, there was no significant evidence of ischaemic or primary cardiomyopathy. Older subjects had more frequent risk factors for arteriosclerotic heart disease.
The Neuropathy of Charlevoix-Saguenay Ataxia: An Electrophysiological and Pathological Study
Authors: Peyronnard J.M. , Charron L. , Barbeau A. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryTwo female patients aged 30 and 40 years with the Charlevoix-Saguenay ataxia were studied. Both had absent sensory action potentials in upper and lower extremities but, unlike typical cases of Friedreich's ataxia, they displayed a marked slowing of motor conduction velocities. Sural nerve biopsies taken from calf and ankle revealed a severe loss of large my elina ted axons contrasting with a normal myelinated fiber density. Evidence for active axonal degeneration was scarce, with no indication of axonal regeneration.Teased myelinated fibers revealed an increased variability of internodal length but no evidence for myelin breakdown. These findings support, as a primary defect, a developmental abnormality of peripheral nerve, namely a lack of maturation of large myelinated axons and possibly a faulty myelination of nerve fibers. We think it is unlikely to represent a progressive axonal atrophie or dystrophic process, as suggested in Friedreich's ataxia.
Amino Acid Changes in Thiamine-Deficient Encephalopathy: Some Implications for the Pathogenesis of Friedreich's Ataxia
Authors: Butterworth R.F. , Hamel E. , Landreville F. , Barbeau A. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThiamine-deficient encephalopathy in the rat is characterized by ataxie gait, loss of righting reflex and curvature of the spine. N euro chemie ai changes include a diminished activity of cerebral pyruvate decarboxylase leading to abnormal pyruvate oxidation. The present study shows that this defective pyruvate oxidation produces a significant depletion of three important amino acid neurotransmitters, namely gamma aminobuiyrie acid (GABA), glutamic acid, andaspartic acid. Such changes could lead to severe neuronal dysfunction and the observed neurological symptoms of thiamine deficiency. Some implications for the pathogenesis of Friedreich's ataxia are discussed.
The Syrian Golden Hamster: A Model for the Cardiomyopathy of Friedreich's Ataxia
Authors: Azari J. , Reisine T. , Barbeau A. , Yamamura H.I. , Huxtable R. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIn light of the available information on the cardiomyopathy of Friedreich's ataxia, the cardiomyopathic Syrian hamster may be an appropriate laboratory model. Cardiomyopathy in these animals is a result of calcium accumulation. We analyzed the atria and right and left ventricles from cardiomyopathic (CM) and random bred (RB) animals for calcium, magnesium, and iron concentrations at 30-40 and 60-70 days of age (age of maximum lesioning). There are no significant differences in the concentration of iron or magnesium among age-matched groups. The concentration of calcium in the left ventricles of the CM animals at 60 days old is 14 fold higher than that of R B animals. Although there is a significant difference in the concentration of calcium in the left ventricles of younger animals, it is not as pronounced as the difference in older animals. Analysis of the taurine concentration in 30-40 day old animals revealed that the CM animals show slightly higher taurine concentrations than RB in the whole heart. In 60 day old CM hamsters the ß-adrenergic receptor density of the ventricles is unchanged. This indicates that calcium overload is not due to a drene rg i c super sensitivity.
Pre- And Postsynaptic Effects of Taurine and Gaba in the Cockroach Central Nervous System
Authors: Hue B. , Pelhate M. , Chanelet J. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryTaurine resembles G ABA in its synaptic effects in the cockroach cereal nerve giantfiber synapse where it exerts a depressant action upon synaptic transmission. Both taurine and G A B A produce an increased conductance of pre- and postsynaptic membranes through changes in the permeability of chloride ions.
Erythrocyte Membrane Lipids in Fríedreich's Ataxia
Authors: Draper P. , Huang Y.S. , Shapcott D. , Lemieux B. , Brennan M. , Barbeau A. , Davignon J. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIn a study of the lipid composition of erythrocyte membranes in Friedreich's ataxia, the concentration of the major membrane components (phosr pholipids, cholesterol and protein) in ataxie patients, family members, and control subjects were found to be the same. The total fatty acid distribution was also normal. However, an altered distribution of phospholipid classes in erythrocytes was noted (an increase of PI + PS and a decrease of P E in Friedreich's ataxia patients).
Friedreich's Ataxia 1979: An Overview
Authors: Barbeau A. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThis overview summarizes the investigations carried out during the second part of Phase Two of the Quebec Cooperative Study of Friedreich's Ataxia. These investigations outline in more details the fundamental role played by an abnormality in the fatty acid composition (deficient linoleic acid, 18:2) of the cholesterol esters of high density lipoproteins (HDL) in the phenotypic expression of the disease. They postulate a defective incorporation of linoleic acid to surface phos-phatidylcholine of chylomicrons and consequent relative and absolute decreases in lipoproteinprotein components because of overpacking with defective cholesteryl esters. Secondarily to these changes, the postulated lack of activation of the lipoamide dehydrogenase (LAD) of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex could result in slow pyruvate oxidation, glucose intolerance, deficient synthesis of acetylcholine, and depletion of glutamic and aspartic acid pools. In parallel, abnormal phosphatidyl-choline molecules could be incorporated to membranes, resulting in specific defects in some functions of these membranes, including transport of calcium and I or taurine and myelinization. The framework of an understanding of Friedreich's ataxia is now available, but much fundamental and clinical work remains to be done to fill in and prove each one of these postulated steps.
Convicted of Our Relevance: An Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Blampied Neville M. 
Published: July 2016

“I'd warned her that intellectuals didn't count for much in the scheme of things: but academics are like the clergy in their blind conviction that their vocation has relevance to the rest of the world.” (McCauley, 1990).In the beginning, the founders of behaviour therapy were quite explicit about the link between basic laboratory research and their new therapies (Eysenck, 1960; Wolpe, 1958). Their claim that behaviour therapy was based on “modern learning theory” was not, however, without controversy (e.g., Breger & McGaugh, 1965; London, 1972); but while the logical necessity for appeal to laboratory research on learning might have been questioned (Breger & McGaugh, 1965), the historical contingencies linking Pavlov's dogs, Masserman's cats, and Wolpe's first systematic desensitisation patients can scarcely be questioned (American Psychological Association, 1980; Kazdin, 1978).It is equally clear that there was a similar close historical link between laboratory studies of operant behaviour, especially by Skinner and his students, and the development of behaviour modification applications such as reinforcement therapy and the token economy (Kazdin, 1978; Krasner 1971; Skinner, 1953). Again, the continuing necessity for behaviour modification to be linked to basic research in operant behaviour has been challenged (Azrin, 1977; cf. Deitz, 1978) but the historic fact of the relationship is well established (Krasner, 1971).
Psychosocial Interventions for Schizophrenia
Authors: Falloon Ian R. H. , Brooker Charles , Graham-Hole Victor 
Published: July 2016

During the past decade there has been a major advance in clinical management of schizophrenic disorders (Falloon & Shanahan, 1990; Lam, 1991; Schooler & Hogarty, 1987). This has resulted from application of strategies based upon a vulnerability-stress model of mental disorders. This considers mental disorders to result from interactions between specific biological vulnerability and non-specific environmental stresses (Falloon & Fadden, 1993).Therapeutic interventions derived from this model combine biomedical strategies, predominantly optimal pharmacotherapy, with psychosocial strategies that aim to enhance the capacity of the index patient and his/her social network to cope with the impact of environmental stresses on the course of the disorder. Ten controlled studies have been published since 1980 that meet minimal standards of research design, with follow-up for at least 1 year (Bellack, Turner, Hersen, & Luber, 1985; Falloon, 1985; Gunderson et al., 1984; Hogarty et al., 1986; Leff, Kuipers, Berkowitz, Eberlein-Fries, & Sturgeon, 1982; Leff et al., 1989; Malm, 1982; McFarlane, 1990; Tarrier et al., 1988; Wallace & Liberman, 1985). Nine also provided 2-year results. Overall, these studies show that the addition of psychosocial strategies to optimal case management and long-term drug prophylaxis halves the rate of major clinical exacerbations in people suffering from schizophrenia. This benefit is most notable during the first year after a major schizophrenic episode, particularly when the psychosocial interventions encompass patients' immediate social support systems, usually the family or marital household (Falloon, 1985; Hogarty et al., 1986; Leff et al., 1982; Leff et al., 1989; McFarlane, 1990; Tarrier et al., 1988).
Collecting Parent Reports of Behaviour: A Clinical Note
Authors: MacDougall Colin 
Published: July 2016

The aim of this clinical note is to describe a cost effective method of collecting parent reports of their children's behaviour, and to stimulate research and discussion about its application.The method was developed in a community based children's mental health clinic which saw many parents who sought help to improve the noncompliant behaviour of their children. Behavioural methods were used extensively because they often lead to lasting changes, are cost effective, and are accepted by parents.An 8-week group program taught parents to observe and record their children's behaviour, and to use these records with behaviour management skills and problem-solving techniques to develop their own approach to discipline. Behaviour management skills included reinforcement, time-out, extinction, effective use of commands, house rules, and contracts.Therapists wanted to collect data frequently to assess problems, tailor an intervention program for the family's needs, and to evaluate the extent and maintenance of change. In addition, therapists wished to monitor the client's progress and involvement with the program and take early steps to correct any problems. The research component required regular data to evaluate the overall outcome and to analyse the effect of particular components of the program.Unfortunately, the methodological standard of using independent observers to rate changes in the behaviour of families was judged to be inappropriate in the clinic. With a small number of staff facing a high demand for services, it was argued that the expense of independent observers was difficult to justify. Staff favouring nonbehavioural approaches and those less enthusiastic about research perceived the use of independent observers as intrusive and unwieldy. There was no easy access to researchers, grant funds, or tertiary institutions who could assist.