bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cross‐cultural assessment of HIV‐associated cognitive impairment using the Kaufman assessment battery for children: a systematic review
Authors: van Wyhe Kaylee S , van de Water Tanya , Boivin Michael J , Cotton Mark F , Thomas Kevin GF 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIntroduction: Despite improved efficacy of, and access to, combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), HIV‐associated cognitive impairments remain prevalent in both children and adults. Neuropsychological tests that detect such impairment can help clinicians formulate effective treatment plans. The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC), although developed and standardized in the United States, is used frequently in many different countries and cultural contexts to assess paediatric performance across various cognitive domains. This systematic review investigated the cross‐cultural utility of the original KABC, and its 2nd edition (KABC‐II), in detecting HIV‐associated cognitive impairment in children and adolescents.Methods: We entered relevant keywords and MeSH terms into the PubMed, PsycInfo, EBSCOHost, ProQuest, and Scopus databases, with search limits set from 1983–2017. Two independent reviewers evaluated the retrieved abstracts and manuscripts. Studies eligible for inclusion in the review were those that (a) used the KABC/KABC‐II to assess cognitive function in children/adolescents aged 2–18 years, (b) featured a definition of cognitive impairment (e.g. >2 SD below the mean) or compared the performance of HIV‐infected and uninfected control groups, and (c) used a sample excluded from population on which the instruments were normed.Results and discussion: We identified nine studies (eight conducted in African countries, and one in the United Kingdom) to comprise the review's sample. All studies detected cognitive impairment in HIV‐infected children, including those who were cART‐naïve or who were cART treated and clinically stable. KABC/KABC‐II subtests assessing simultaneous processing appeared most sensitive. Evaluation of the methodological quality of the selected studies by two independent reviews suggested that shortcomings included reporting and selection biases.Conclusions: This systematic review provides evidence for the cross‐cultural utility of the KABC/KABC‐II, particularly the simultaneous processing subtests, in detecting cognitive impairment in HIV‐infected children (including those who are clinically stable). Although the current results suggest there is justification for using the KABC/KABC‐II primarily in East Africa, further investigation is required to explore the instrument's utility in other HIV‐prevalent regions of the globe.
Juno observations of large‐scale compressions of Jupiter's dawnside magnetopause
Authors: Gershman Daniel J. , DiBraccio Gina A. , Connerney John E. P. , Hospodarsky George , Kurth William S. , Ebert Robert W. , Szalay Jamey R. , Wilson Robert J. , Allegrini Frederic , Valek Phil , McComas David J. , Bagenal Fran , Levin Steve , Bolton Scott J. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe investigate the structure of Jupiter's dawnside magnetopause using observations obtained by particle and fields instrumentation on the Juno spacecraft. Characterization of Jupiter's magnetopause is critical for the understanding of mass and energy transport between the solar wind and the magnetosphere. We find an extended magnetopause boundary layer (MPBL) during a magnetopause crossing on 14 July 2016. This thick MPBL, in combination with a large magnetic field component normal to the magnetopause boundary, suggests that strong magnetospheric compression enhances mass transport across the magnetopause via magnetic reconnection. We further identify ~2 h increases in the total magnetospheric pressure adjacent to the magnetopause on 14 July 2016 and 1 August 2016. These large‐scale structures provide evidence of focused energy transport into the magnetosphere via magnetohydrodynamic structures.
Dual E × B flow responses in the dayside ionosphere to a sudden IMF By rotation
Authors: Eriksson S. , Maimaiti M. , Baker J. B. H. , Trattner K. J. , Knipp D. J. , Wilder F. D. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe report for the first time a dual transition state in the dayside ionosphere following a sudden rotation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) in the upstream magnetosheath from IMF By < 0 to By > 0 during Bz < 0. E × B drifts respond with different time delays in the dayside auroral zone and high‐latitude polar cap with an initial 11 min transition state of oppositely directed E × B drifts coexisting at these locations. This is followed by a 6–8 min rotation of lower latitude E × B flow from dusk to dawn. We propose that this sequence of events is consistent with two separate X lines coexisting on the subsolar and lobe magnetopause. Time delays are proposed for merged flux of the draped preceding IMF to exit the subsolar region before the new IMF may be processed along a newly reconfigured component reconnection X line. Finally, a strong direct correlation is observed between magnetosheath plasma density and auroral zone E × B speeds.
Attribution of surface temperature anomalies induced by land use and land cover changes
Authors: Rigden Angela J. , Li Dan 
Published: June 2017

AbstractLand use/land cover changes (LULCC) directly impact the surface temperature by modifying the radiative, physiological, and aerodynamic properties controlling the surface energy and water balances. In this study, we propose a new method to attribute changes in the surface temperature induced by LULCC to changes in radiative and turbulent heat fluxes, with the partition of turbulent fluxes controlled by aerodynamic and surface resistances. We demonstrate that previous attribution studies have overestimated the contribution of aerodynamic resistance by assuming independence between the aerodynamic resistance and the Bowen ratio. Our results further demonstrate that acceptable agreement between modeled and observed temperature anomalies does not guarantee correct attribution by the model. When performing an attribution analysis, the covariance among attributing variables needs to be taken into consideration in order to accurately interpret the results.
The zone of influence of the subducting slab in the asthenospheric mantle
Authors: MacDougall Julia G. , Jadamec Margarete A. , Fischer Karen M. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractDue to the multidisciplinary nature of combined geodynamics and shear wave splitting studies, there is still much to be understood in terms of isolating the contributions from mantle dynamics to the shear wave splitting signal, even in a two‐dimensional (2‐D) mantle flow framework. This paper investigates the viscous flow, lattice preferred orientation (LPO) development, and predicted shear wave splitting for a suite of buoyancy‐driven subduction models using a non‐linear rheology to shed light on the nature of the slab‐driven asthenospheric flow and plate‐mantle coupling. The slab‐driven zone of influence in the mantle, LPO fabric, and resulting synthetic splitting are sensitive to slab strength and slab initial slab dip. The non‐linear viscosity formulations leads to dynamic reductions in asthenospheric viscosity extending over 600 km into the mantle wedge and over 300 km behind the trench, with peak flow velocities occurring in models with a weaker slab and moderate slab dip. The olivine LPO fabric in the asthenosphere generally increases in alignment strength with increased proximity to the slab but can be transient and spatially variable on small length scales. The results suggest that LPO formed during initial subduction may persist into the steady state subduction regime. Vertical flow fields in the asthenosphere can produce shear wave splitting variations with back azimuth that deviate from the predictions of uniform trench‐normal anisotropy, a result that bears on the interpretation of complexity in shear wave splitting observed in real subduction zones. Furthermore, the models demonstrate the corner flow paradigm should not be equated with a 2‐D subduction framework.
Anxiety/Uncertainty Management (
AUM
) Theory
Authors: Neuliep James W. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

This entry profiles anxiety/uncertainty management theory (AUM). The central thrust of AUM is to explain the interrelationships among uncertainty, anxiety, mindfulness, and communication effectiveness and their influence on intercultural communication. A central concept of AUM is
the stranger
. According to AUM, the general processes underlying communication between people from different cultures or ethnicities are the same processes underlying communication between people from the same culture who are strangers. This entry summarizes the fundamental assumptions of the theory and reviews past and current research trends.
Communication Modes,
G
erman
Authors: Hinner Michael B. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
German verbal communication is very low‐context. It is direct and to the point. Because German has a formal and an informal second person pronoun, it is possible to express politeness or social distance by using the formal “you.” When translated literally into English, this tends to make German sentences or questions sound impolite. Work and private lives are strictly separated. German nonverbal communication is characterized by direct eye contact, few gestures accompanying verbal messages, restrained emotional displays in public, territoriality that is extended to objects, and monochronism.
Adrenal maturation, nutritional status, and mucosal immunity in Bolivian youth
Authors: Hodges‐Simeon Carolyn R. , Prall Sean P. , Blackwell Aaron D. , Gurven Michael , Gaulin Steven J.C. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectivesHumans—and several other apes—exhibit a unique pattern of post‐natal adrenal maturation; however, the causes and consequences of variation in adrenal development are not well understood. In this study, we examine developmental and age‐related maturation of the adrenal gland (measured via dehydroepiandrosterone‐sulfate [DHEA‐S]) for potential life‐history associations with growth and mucosal immunity in a rural population of immune‐challenged Bolivian juveniles and adolescents.METHODSSalivary DHEA‐S, anthropometrics, and salivary mucosal immunity (secretory IgA [sIgA]) were measured in 171 males and females, aged 8‐23.RESULTSMales with greater energy (i.e. fat) stores showed higher DHEA‐S levels. Controlling for age and energetic condition (to control for phenotypic correlation), higher DHEA‐S was associated with higher mucosal immunity (sIgA) among both males and females. Higher DHEA‐S levels were positively associated with growth (i.e. height and strength) in males.CONCLUSIONSIn accordance with predictions derived from life‐history theory, males with higher energy stores secrete more adrenal androgens. This suggests that adrenal maturation is costly and subject to constraints; that is, only males with sufficient reserves will invest in accelerated adrenal maturation. Further, DHEA‐S appears to have a measureable influence on immunocompetence in adolescent males and females; therefore, deficits in DHEA‐S may have important consequences for health and maturation during this period. Adrenal maturation is an important, but understudied component of human growth and development.
Protein phosphatases potentially associated with regulation of microtubules, their spatial structure reconstruction and analysis
Authors: Samofalova Dariya O. , Karpov Pavel A. , Raevsky Alexey V. , Blume Yaroslav B. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAccording to the sequence and profile comparison with known catalytic domains, where identified protein phosphatases potentially involved in regulation of microtubule dynamics and structure fromArabidopsis thaliana,Nicotiana tabacum,Medicago sativa,Oryza sativasubsp. japonica,Zea mays, andTriticum aestivum. Selected proteins were related to classical non‐receptor, serine/threonine‐specific and dual protein phosphatases. By application of template structures of human protein phosphatases, it was performed homology modelling of the catalytic domains of 17 plant protein phosphatases. Based on the results of the structural alignment, molecular dynamics, and conservatism in positions of functionally importance, it was confirmed homology of selected plant proteins and known protein phosphatases regulating structure and dynamics of microtubules.
Preparation and Evaluation of Potent Pentafluorosulfanyl‐Substituted Anti‐Tuberculosis Compounds
Authors: Moraski Garrett C. , Bristol Ryan , Seeger Natalie , Boshoff Helena I. , Tsang Patricia Siu‐Yee , Miller Marvin J. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe global fight to stop tuberculosis (TB) remains a great challenge, particularly with the increase in drug‐resistant strains and a lack of funding to support the development of new treatments. To bolster a precarious drug pipeline, we prepared a focused panel of eight pentafluorosulfanyl (SF5) compounds which were screened for their activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv in three different assay conditions and media. All eight compounds had sub‐micromolar potency, and four displayed MICs <100 nm. Seven compounds were evaluated against non‐replicating and mono‐drug‐resistant Mtb, and for their ability to inhibit Mtb within the macrophage. The greatest potency was observed against intracellular Mtb (MIC <10 nm for three compounds), which is often the most challenging to target. In general, the SF5‐bearing compounds were very similar to their CF3 counterparts, with the major differences observed being their in vitro ADME properties. Two SF5‐bearing compounds were found to have greater protein binding than their corresponding CF3 counterparts, but were also less metabolized in human microsomes, resulting in longer half‐lives.
Fault detection method for magnetic resonance imaging spectrometer based on the acquisition and analysis of its output waveforms
Authors: Xiao Liang , Ouyang Shanmei , Li Yuwei , Wang Hongjie 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIn the development of a magnetic resonance imaging spectrometer, the equipment fault detection methods are mainly reliant on visual inspection of reconstructed images or k‐space data, combined with observation of the output waveforms via an oscilloscope. However, when using the above methods, it may be quite difficult to determine minor design flaws that would produce image ghost or other problems. This article presents a fault detection method that is based on acquisition and analysis of the output waveforms from the spectrometer. While a sequence is running, the spectrometer outputs, including the digital gate and the gradients, are sampled using a data acquisition card. The acquired data is then processed using a high‐performance graphic processing unit to allow the feature points, which are the endpoints of the waveform segments in this design, to be extracted. The processing operation is composed of data filtering, differencing, and clustering. Finally, the extracted feature points are compared with the predefined feature points of the sequence to determine any design errors. This method has been used to solve image ghost problems in our home‐built spectrometer.
Breeding density, fine‐scale tracking, and large‐scale modeling reveal the regional distribution of four seabird species
Authors: Wakefield Ewan D. , Owen Ellie , Baer Julia , Carroll Matthew J. , Daunt Francis , Dodd Stephen G. , Green Jonathan A. , Guilford Tim , Mavor Roddy A. , Miller Peter I. , Newell Mark A. , Newton Stephen F. , Robertson Gail S. , Shoji Akiko , Soanes Louise M. , Votier Stephen C. , Wanless Sarah , Bolton Mark 
Published: June 2017

AbstractPopulation‐level estimates of species’ distributions can reveal fundamental ecological processes and facilitate conservation. However, these may be difficult to obtain for mobile species, especially colonial central‐place foragers (CCPFs; e.g., bats, corvids, social insects), because it is often impractical to determine the provenance of individuals observed beyond breeding sites. Moreover, someCCPFs, especially in the marine realm (e.g., pinnipeds, turtles, and seabirds) are difficult to observe because they range tens to ten thousands of kilometers from their colonies. It is hypothesized that the distribution ofCCPFs depends largely on habitat availability and intraspecific competition. Modeling these effects may therefore allow distributions to be estimated from samples of individual spatial usage. Such data can be obtained for an increasing number of species using tracking technology. However, techniques for estimating population‐level distributions using the telemetry data are poorly developed. This is of concern because many marineCCPFs, such as seabirds, are threatened by anthropogenic activities. Here, we aim to estimate the distribution at sea of four seabird species, foraging from approximately 5,500 breeding sites in Britain and Ireland. To do so, weGPS‐tracked a sample of 230 European ShagsPhalacrocorax aristotelis, 464 Black‐legged KittiwakesRissa tridactyla, 178 Common MurresUria aalge, and 281 RazorbillsAlca tordafrom 13, 20, 12, and 14 colonies, respectively. Using Poisson point process habitat use models, we show that distribution at sea is dependent on (1) density‐dependent competition among sympatric conspecifics (all species) and parapatric conspecifics (Kittiwakes and Murres); (2) habitat accessibility and coastal geometry, such that birds travel further from colonies with limited access to the sea; and (3) regional habitat availability. Using these models, we predict space use by birds from unobserved colonies and thereby map the distribution at sea of each species at both the colony and regional level. Space use by all four species’ British breeding populations is concentrated in the coastal waters of Scotland, highlighting the need for robust conservation measures in this area. The techniques we present are applicable to anyCCPF.
Ionic Diode Characteristics at a Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIM) | Nafion “Heterojunction” Deposit on a Microhole Poly(ethylene‐terephthalate) Substrate
Authors: Putra Budi Riza , Aaronson Barak D.B. , Madrid Elena , Mathwig Klaus , Carta Mariolino , Malpass‐Evans Richard , McKeown Neil B. , Marken Frank 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIonic diode phenomena occur at asymmetric ionomer | aqueous electrolyte microhole interfaces. Depending on the applied potential, either an “open” or a “closed” diode state is observed switching between a high ion flow rate and a low ion flow rate. Physically, the “open” state is associated mainly with conductivity towards the microhole within the ionomer layer and the “closed” state is dominated by restricted diffusion‐migration access to the microhole interface opposite to the ionomer. In this report we explore a “heterojunction” based on an asymmetric polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM) | Nafion ionomer microhole interface. Improved diode characteristics and current rectification are observed in aqueous NaCl. The effects of creating the PIM | Nafion micro‐interface are investigated and suggested to lead to novel sensor architectures.
Serum carcinoembryonic antigen is positively associated with leukocyte count in Korean adults
Authors: Kwon Yu‐Jin , Lee Hye‐Sun , Shim Jae‐Yong , Lee Yong‐Jae 
Published: June 2017

BackgroundEmerging evidence shows that serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels may modestly be increased in non‐neoplastic conditions such as cardiometabolic diseases, which are increasingly being seen as inflammatory diseases. Leukocyte count is widely evaluated marker of inflammation in clinical practice and a useful predictor of cardiometabolic disease. In this study, we aimed to determine the relationship between serum CEA levels and leukocyte counts in Korean adults.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included a total of 19 834 individuals enrolled from a health promotion center between November 2006 and July 2010. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between serum CEA levels and leukocyte counts after adjusting for confounding variables.ResultsAccording to both stepwise‐method and enter‐method multiple linear regression analyses, serum CEA levels were positively and independently associated with leukocyte counts (P<.001) after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL‐cholesterol, cigarette smoking, alcohol ingestion, physical activity, diabetes mellitus, and anti‐inflammatory drugs.ConclusionsWe demonstrate a positive relationship between serum CEA levels and leukocyte counts in Korean adults. Our results suggested that an elevated serum CEA level may reflect chronic inflammation state.
Morphology of laryngeal cartilage of the nine‐banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) Linnaeus, 1758
Authors: Fonseca Clarisse Maria Barbosa , da Silva Andrezza Braga Soares , Cavalcante Maria Michele Araújo de Sousa , de Oliveira Ingrid Macedo , Moura Selma Maria Santos , Cunha Bruno Melo , Leite Carla Maria de Carvalho , de Carvalho Maria Acelina Martins , Moura Waldilleny Ribeiro de Araújo , Rizzo Márcia dos Santos , Conde Júnior Airton Mendes 
Published: June 2017

AbstractArmadillos, Xenarthras representatives, known for adaptability to different ecosystems, own specific morphophysiological characteristics that are not known and deserve to be studied. The aim of this study was to describe the morphology of cartilage of the larynx of the nine‐banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus). Five dead armadillos were donated by the Chico Mendes Institute of Biodiversity (ICMBio‐PI) to the Federal University of Piauí. The animals were fixed and dissected for removal of the larynx. The cartilages were identified and described, photodocumented, and schematized. Fragments with about 0.5 cm of each cartilage were collected and submitted to classical histology for Hematoxylin–Eosin coloring. The slides were assembled in enterlan and analyzed under a light microscope. The larynx of the armadillo (D. novemcinctus) is located in the mentonian region, ventral to the esophagus, and due to the total positioning of the tongue in the oral cavity, there is also a cranial cervical position in this species. The larynx has five cartilages, they are: a cricoid, a thyroid, an epiglottis, and two arytenoids. The corniculate process is present; however, the cuneiform process is absent. The epiglottis has a discrete bifurcation at its apex. In all cartilages epithelial variations are observed. The tissues are varied from squamoso stratified to cylindrical pseudostratified, with propria lamina rich in mucoserosas glands. With the exception of epiglottic cartilage, predominantly elastic, the rest are hyaline. The larynx of D. novemcinctus, although the same number of cartilages, differs morphologically and microscopically from the larynx of other species.