bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The time inconsistency of long constitutions: Evidence from the world
Authors: TSEBELIS GEORGE 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article analyses the mechanisms establishing time consistency of constitutions. It explains why shorter and more locked constitutions are more likely to be time consistent (change less) and that long constitutions are more time inconsistent (change more, despite locking). Empirical evidence from all of the democratic countries in the world indicates that the length and locking of constitutions are not independent criteria, and that their combination leads to less time consistency. To address this inter‐relationship, a measure of time inconsistency (a combination of locking and amendment rate) is developed and it is demonstrated that it is connected with the length of constitutions. The article shows how time inconsistency is incompatible with theories of ‘constitutional amendment culture’ not only at the theoretical level, but also empirically. Finally, the article proves that the empirical finding that the length of constitutions is related to lower per capita income and higher corruption are not only in agreement with time inconsistency arguments, but this also extends beyond OECD countries to all democracies.
To eat or get heat: Behavioral trade‐offs between thermoregulation and feeding in gregarious necrophagous larvae
Authors: Podhorna Jana , Aubernon Cindy , Borkovcova Marie , Boulay Julien , Hedouin Valery , Charabidze Damien 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe thermoregulation behavior of Lucilia sericata larvae (Diptera: Calliphoridae), a necrophagous species that feeds on vertebrate cadavers, was investigated. These larvae require high heat incomes to develop, and can elevate temperatures by forming large aggregates. We hypothesized that L. sericata larvae should continue to feed at temperatures up to 38 °C, which can be reached inside larval masses. Thermal regulation behavior such as movement between a hot food spot and colder areas was also postulated. The hypotheses were tested by tracking for 1 h the activity of single, starved third instar larvae in a Petri dish containing 1 food spot (FS) that was heated to a constant temperature of 25 °C, 34 °C or 38 °C with an ambient temperature of 25 °C. The influence of previous conspecific activity in the food on larval behavior was also tested. The crops of larvae were dissected to monitor food content in the digestive systems. Based on relative crop measurements, larvae fed at all food temperatures, but temperature strongly affected larval behavior and kinematics. The total time spent by larvae in FS and the duration of each stay decreased at high FS temperature. Previous activity of conspecifics in the food slightly increased the time spent by larvae in FS and also decreased the average distance to FS. Therefore, necrophagous L. sericata larvae likely thermoregulate during normal feeding activities by adjusting to local fluctuations in temperature, particularly inside maggot masses. By maintaining a steady internal body temperature, larvae likely reduce their development time.
Coarse‐graining bacteria colonies for modelling critical solute distributions in picolitre bioreactors for bacterial studies on single‐cell level
Authors: Westerwalbesloh Christoph , Grünberger Alexander , Wiechert Wolfgang , Kohlheyer Dietrich , von Lieres Eric 
Published: April 2017

SummaryMicrofluidic single‐cell bioreactors have found widespread application to investigate growth and gene expression of microbial model organisms, but yet there are few attempts to systematically characterize different design and cultivation concepts. Quantitative measurements of critical solute concentrations, e.g. limiting nutrients, are not yet feasible within the typical volumes in the range of picolitres. A way to gain new insights about the mass transport within those volumes is by simulation, but the complex geometry resulting from the multitude of cells within a colony leads to time and resource consuming computational challenges. In this work, six different concepts for the model representation of cellular microcolonies within microfluidic monolayer growth chamber devices are compared. The Gini coefficient is proposed as new measure for inhomogeneity within cellular colonies. An example cell colony is represented by a single point source, a cylindrical volume with homogeneous reaction rates with and without adjusted diffusion coefficient, as point sources for each single cell and as rod‐shaped, diffusion blocking, three‐dimensional cells with varying shapes. Simulated concentration profiles across the chambers depended strongly on the chosen cell representation. The representation with the lowest degree of abstraction, three‐dimensional cells, leads to complex geometries and high computational effort, but also gives a conservative and therefore preferable estimate for the cultivation conditions within a given cultivation chamber geometry. Interestingly, the cylindrical volume with adjusted diffusion coefficient gives similar results but requires far less computational effort. Therefore, it is proposed to use the three‐dimensional cells for detailed studies and to determine parameters for the cylindrical volume with adjusted diffusion coefficient, which can then be used for experimental design, screening of parameter spaces, and similar applications.
Presentation of missed childhood Kawasaki disease in adults: Experience from a tertiary care center in north India
Authors: Vijayvergiya Rajesh , Bhattad Sagar , Varma Subhash , Singhal Manphool , Gordon John , Singh Surjit 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAimKawasaki disease (KD) is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children in Japan, North America and Europe. Undiagnosed and untreated KD can have clinically significant consequences later in life. The clinical spectrum of missed childhood KD is frequently being recognized during adulthood. We report four adult cases of acute coronary events, in which coronary angiography was suggestive of sequelae of KD.MethodsFour adults who presented with acute coronary events, had coronary angiography for evaluation. Indoor‐admission files were analyzed for the clinical details of individual cases.ResultsTwo cases were below 40 years of age. None of the patients had any known conventional risk factors for atherosclerosis. Case 4 had a clinical history of childhood KD. Coronary angiography revealed ectasia of multiple coronary arteries and stenosis in distal segments in the first three cases and large thrombosed aneurysm with calcified walls in the fourth case.ConclusionWe hereby report four adult cases with acute coronary events, who had markedly dilated coronary artery segments suggestive of possible sequelae of childhood KD.
Association between medial meniscus extrusion and spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee
Authors: Yasuda Tadashi , Ota Satoshi , Fujita Satoshi , Onishi Eijiro , Iwaki Koichi , Yamamoto Hiroshi 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAimMedial meniscus tear has been proposed as a potential etiology of spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee (SONK). Disruption of collagen fibers within the meniscus causes meniscal extrusion, which results in alteration in load distribution in the knee. Our purpose was to determine whether the extent of medial meniscus extrusion correlates with the severity of SONK in the medial femoral condyle.MethodsRadiological stage of SONK and femorotibial angle (FTA) were determined on knee radiographs. Ellipsoid volume of SONK lesion and meniscal pathology (degeneration, tear and extrusion) were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging.ResultsAll the 18 knees with SONK in the present study showed substantial extrusion (≥ 3 mm) and degeneration of the medial meniscus. The extent of meniscal extrusion and FTA were strongly associated with the stage and volume of the SONK lesion. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that medial meniscus extrusion and FTA were useful predictors of the volume of the SONK lesion.ConclusionThere was high association of medial meniscus extrusion and FTA with the radiological stage and volume of the SONK lesion. Increased loading in the medial femoral condyle with greater extrusion of medial meniscus and varus alignment may contribute to expansion and secondary osteoarthritic changes of a SONK lesion.
How Disclosure Features of Corporate Social Responsibility Reports Interact with Investor Numeracy to Influence Investor Judgments
Authors: Elliott W. Brooke , Grant Stephanie M. , Rennekamp Kristina M. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractFirms’ Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) reports typically frame their strategies in terms of either community or global efforts (i.e., “strategy frame”). Further, the style used to depict CSR performance in reports often highlights either pictures or words (i.e., “presentation style”). These two prominent disclosure features of CSR reports promote a natural fit or misfit in the focus (relatively low‐level or high‐level focus) investors adopt when thinking about the firm and its CSR efforts. Further, these disclosure features likely have different effects on investors depending on their numeracy or, in other words, the way that they naturally process numerical information. In this study, we predict and find that a fit between the strategy frame and the presentation style of a firm's CSR report causes less numerate investors to be more willing to invest than when a fit is not present. Specifically, we find that a fit leads less numerate investors to experience subjective feelings of processing fluency and, in turn, positive affect that serves as a cue that the positive CSR performance information can be relied upon, which positively influences willingness to invest. Our results have implications for both CSR reports as well as other types of firm disclosures that increasingly vary along similar disclosure characteristics. Our results also contribute to both the growing literature on presentation effects in accounting, as well as the broader business literature on CSR reporting.
Post‐operative nausea and vomiting in bariatric surgery patients: an observational study
Authors: Halliday T. A. , Sundqvist J. , Hultin M. , Walldén J. 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundThe risk of post‐operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients undergoing bariatric surgery is unclear. The aim of the study was to investigate the risk of PONV and the use and effectiveness of PONV prophylaxis.MethodsThis prospective observational study included 74 patients undergoing bariatric surgery with total intravenous anaesthesia. Patients were given PONV prophylaxis based on published guidelines and a simplified PONV risk score. Perioperative data were collected and a questionnaire was used at 2, 4, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h after the operation to evaluate PONV. Data are presented as risk (%) with the 95% confidence interval.ResultsSixty five per cent (54–75) of the patients experienced PONV in the first 24 post‐operative hours and the risk increased with the number of risk factors for PONV. PONV occurred in 78% (66–87) of women and 26% (12–49) of men during the first 24 h. In relation to the guidelines, one patient received suboptimal PONV prophylaxis, 23% received optimal prophylaxis and 76% supra‐optimal prophylaxis. The risk of PONV was 82% (59–94) with optimal prophylaxis and 59% (46–71) with supra‐optimal prophylaxis. Of all patients, 34% (24–45) experienced severe PONV in the first 24 h that limited their activity.ConclusionsThe incidence of PONV in bariatric surgery patients was high despite a PONV prophylaxis regime following current guidelines. These results cast doubt as to the effectiveness of the usual PONV prophylaxis in this patient group and point to the need for further investigation of PONV prophylaxis and treatment in bariatric surgery patients.
Variation in the recall of socially rewarding information and depressive symptom severity: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Lewis G. , Kounali D.‐Z. , Button K. S. , Duffy L. , Wiles N. J. , Munafò M. R. , Harmer C. J. , Lewis G. 
Published: April 2017

ObjectiveTo test the association between recall for socially rewarding (positive) and/or socially critical (negative) information and depressive symptoms.MethodCohort study of people who had visited UK primary care in the past year reporting depressive symptoms (N = 558, 69% female). Positive and negative recall was assessed at three time‐points, 2 weeks apart, using a computerised task. Depressive symptoms were assessed at four time‐points using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Analyses were conducted using multilevel models.ResultsConcurrently we found evidence that, for every increase in two positive words recalled, depressive symptoms reduced by 0.6 (95% CI −1.0 to −0.2) BDI points. This association was not affected by adjustment for confounders. There was no evidence of an association between negative recall and depressive symptoms (−0.1, 95% CI −0.5 to 0.3). Longitudinally, we found more evidence that positive recall was associated with reduced depressive symptoms than vice versa.ConclusionPeople with more severe depressive symptoms recall less positive information, even if their recall of negative information is unaltered. Clinicians could put more emphasis on encouraging patients to recall positive, socially rewarding information, rather than trying to change negative interpretations of events that have already occurred.
Sex‐dependent thermal history influences cold tolerance, longevity and fecundity in false codling moth Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Boersma Nevill , Boardman Leigh , Gilbert Martin , Terblanche John S. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Environmental temperature plays a critical role in the field performance of mass‐reared insects. For sterile insect technique programmes, the influence of larval (developmental) temperature variation on subsequent adult field performance is generally poorly understood but may be a significant avenue for increasing efficacy.
In the present study, we investigated the influence of larval thermal acclimation on several traits of adult performance in the false codling moth Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick).
After larvae were reared at 15, 20 or 25 °C for their full larval developmental period, we determined the effect of different acute (2 h) temperature treatments (10, 15 or 20 °C) during the adult stage on traits of (i) cold tolerance; (ii) fecundity; and (iii) longevity.
Cold tolerance of adults was not influenced by larval acclimation temperature but was affected by sex and adult treatment temperature. Adult fecundity and longevity were affected by larval acclimation temperature, adult treatment temperature and the interaction of these factors with sex.
These results suggest a complex, sex‐dependent interplay of short‐ and longer‐ term temperature history across developmental stages for these traits. Exploring the field impacts of this trait variation is essential, coupled with information on how these traits might respond to artificial manipulation.
Genotyping by sequencing reveals a new locus for pig teat number
Authors: Wang L. , Zhang Y. , Zhang T. , Zhang L. , Yan H. , Liu X. , Wang L. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryTeat number is an extremely valuable trait for sow reproduction performance and piglet survival. Here, we used genotyping‐by‐sequencing and a general liner model to carry out genome‐wide analysis of sow total teat number in an Erhualian population. The results indicated that eight SNPs on chromosomes 4, 5, 9 and 10 were significant genome wide (Bonferroni method, P < 2.85E‐7) for sow total teat number. Validation analyses were performed in 298 Erhualian and 904 Large White sows using these significant SNPs and the general liner model procedure in sas. Finally, only the SNP on chromosome 5 was found to be significantly associated with sow teat number in both populations. The GG genotype individuals had 2.23 and 0.82 more teat numbers respectively than did the AA genotype individuals in these two populations (P < 0.05). According to the expression and annotation analyses, we inferred the presence of a gene or lincRNA that could affect teat number by regulating other genes and ultimately affecting the mammogenesis of pigs. Further studies using methods such as Cas9 editing and gene silencing analysis are necessary for additional function analysis.
Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin sensitization is associated with allergic poly‐sensitization and allergic multimorbidity in adolescents
Authors: Sørensen M. , Klingenberg C. , Wickman M. , Sollid J. U. E. , Furberg A‐S. , Bachert C. , Bousquet J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundStaphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) carriage and sensitization to S. aureus enterotoxins (SEs) have been associated with allergic diseases. From the Tromsø Study Fit Futures 2, we have previously shown an association between S. aureus carriage and severe allergic disease and allergic multimorbidity. However, the role of S. aureus carriage and SE sensitization on allergic multimorbidity and allergic sensitization is unclear.ObjectiveTo study associations of both nasal S. aureus carriage and SE sensitization to allergic disease and allergic sensitization.MethodsA cross‐sectional study of a school‐based cohort in late adolescence (aged 18‐19 years: The Tromsø Study Fit Futures 2). Self‐reported allergic diseases were assessed using the Mechanisms of the Development of ALLergy questionnaire (MeDALL). Participants were tested for nasal S. aureus carriage, serum total IgE and specific IgE to SEs, and food and inhalant allergens.ResultsA total of 868 participants were studied. Sensitization to at least one food or inhalant allergen was found in 319 of 765 (41.7%), and to at least one SE in 173 of 656 (26.2%) participants. SE sensitization, but not S. aureus carriage, was associated with poly‐sensitization to food and inhalant allergens. SE‐sensitized participants had higher median specific IgE to inhalant allergens (41.4 kUA/L, IQR 10.1‐118.4) compared to non‐SE‐sensitized participants (18.0 kUA/L, IQR 5.5‐48.6, P=.004), but not to food allergens. SE sensitization was associated with allergic multimorbidity.ConclusionSensitization to SEs may play a role in the development of allergen poly‐sensitization and allergic multimorbidity.
Live birth outcome, spontaneous pregnancy and adoption up to five years after undergoing assisted reproductive technology treatment
Authors: Volgsten Helena , Schmidt Lone 
Published: April 2017

SummaryIntroductionThis study is part of a longitudinal cohort undertaken in both women and men to describe live birth outcome after undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment in a clinical setting. Another objective was to follow women and men living with children from other alternatives after ART, such as adoption.Material and methodsA total of 439 (80.5%) women and 423 (77.6%) men were included in the baseline cohort (2005–2007). Live birth rate after ART was 24.8% at baseline. Up to 5 years later (2010–2011) the same participants were sent individual postal questionnaires (n = 439).ResultsOverall, 278 (63.3%) women and 183 (41.7%) men filled in and returned the questionnaire at follow up. The majority of women (91.7%) and men (93.4%) were living with children. A total of 225 (80.9%) women had a live birth at follow up. Of these, almost three of four (71.6%) had a live birth after ART and more than one of four (28.0%) after spontaneous pregnancies or both. Of these, 52 (26.1%) women had a subsequent live birth after successful ART and 26 (32.9%) women after unsuccessful ART. Nineteen (6.8%) women and 13 (7.1%) men had a child after adoption. Almost one of five (19.1%) women had no live birth at follow up.ConclusionThe majority of women and men were living with children, resulting from a live birth after ART, spontaneous pregnancy and/or adoption up to 5 years later. However, almost one of five had no live birth at follow up.
Patient selection for later delivery timing with suspected previa‐accreta
Authors: Perlman Nicola C. , Little Sarah E. , Thomas Ann , Cantonwine David E. , Carusi Daniela A. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIntroductionWe identified patients with previa and suspected accreta who are at lowest risk of unscheduled delivery or major morbidity with planned delivery beyond 34 weeks’ gestation.Material and methodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of patients who had reached 34.0 weeks’ gestational age with a suspected previa‐accreta. We evaluated rates of unscheduled and emergent delivery based on known risk factors for premature birth. In a second analysis, we stratified patients based on level of preoperative morbidity concern and evaluated rates of major transfusion and Intensive Care Unit admission by delivery week (34 weeks, 35 weeks or 36 weeks and beyond).ResultsOf 84 available patients, we classified 31 patients as low risk for unscheduled delivery and 52 as high risk. The low risk group was scheduled later (36.6 vs. 36.0 weeks; p < 0.01), but demonstrated lower rates of unscheduled delivery prior to 36 weeks (3% vs. 19%, p = 0.05). Of the patients with no prior cesarean section, only one (7%) experienced massive blood loss even though 36% had unscheduled deliveries. We observed no significant increase in major transfusion or massive blood loss with advancing gestational age, likely due to selection of the most concerning patients for early, scheduled delivery.ConclusionPatients with suspected previa‐accreta and no risk factors for preterm birth are at low risk for an unscheduled delivery prior to 36 weeks. Those with no concern for percreta or increta or no prior cesarean section may also be candidates for later delivery.
Predictive value of plasma human chorionic gonadotropin measured 14 days after Day‐2 single embryo transfer
Authors: Løssl Kristine , Oldenburg Anna , Toftager Mette , Bogstad Jeanette , Prætorius Lisbeth , Zedeler Anne , Yding andersen Claus , Grøndahl Marie L. , Pinborg Anja 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIntroductionPrediction of pregnancy outcome after in vitro fertilization is important for patients and clinicians. Early plasma human chorionic gonadotropin (p‐hCG) levels are the best known predictor of pregnancy outcome, but no studies have been restricted to single embryo transfer (SET) of Day‐2 embryos. The aim of the present study was to investigate the predictive value of p‐hCG measured exactly 14 days after the most commonly used Day‐2 SET on pregnancy, delivery, and perinatal outcome.Material and methodsA retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data on 466 women who had p‐hCG measured exactly 14 days after Day‐2 SET during a randomized trial including 1050 unselected women (aged 18–40 years) undergoing their first in vitro fertilization/ intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment.ResultsThe p‐hCG predicted clinical pregnancy [area under the curve (AUC) 0.953; 95% CI 0.915–0.992] significantly better than ongoing pregnancy (AUC 0.803, 95% CI 0.717–0.890) and delivery (AUC 0.772, 95% CI 0.691–0.854). Women with p‐hCG levels in the lowest quartile had significantly lower clinical pregnancy, ongoing pregnancy, and delivery rates (p < 0.001), whereas the pregnancy outcome and post‐clinical pregnancy loss remained similar throughout the three highest p‐hCG quartiles. The p‐hCG level was related to neither birthweight nor gestational age at delivery.ConclusionsClinical pregnancy is significantly better predicted by p‐hCG compared with ongoing pregnancy and delivery. Clinical pregnancy rates, ongoing pregnancy rates, and delivery rates remained similar throughout the three highest p‐hCG quartiles with no trend towards “the higher the better”.