bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retrieval of volcanic ash height from satellite‐based infrared measurements
Authors: Zhu Lin , Li Jun , Zhao Yingying , Gong He , Li Wenjie 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA new algorithm for retrieving volcanic ash cloud height from satellite‐based measurements is presented. This algorithm, which was developed in preparation for China's next‐generation meteorological satellite (FY‐4), is based on volcanic ash microphysical property simulation and statistical optimal estimation theory. The MSG satellite's main payload, a 12‐channel Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager, was used as proxy data to test this new algorithm. A series of eruptions of Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull volcano during April to May 2010 and the Puyehue‐Cordón Caulle volcanic complex eruption in the Chilean Andes on 16 June 2011 were selected as two typical cases for evaluating the algorithm under various meteorological backgrounds. Independent volcanic ash simulation training samples and satellite‐based Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization data were used as validation data. It is demonstrated that the statistically based volcanic ash height algorithm is able to rapidly retrieve volcanic ash heights, globally. The retrieved ash heights show comparable accuracy with both independent training data and the lidar measurements, which is consistent with previous studies. However, under complicated background, with multilayers in vertical scale, underlying stratus clouds tend to have detrimental effects on the final retrieval accuracy. This is an unresolved problem, like many other previously published methods using passive satellite sensors. Compared with previous studies, the FY‐4 ash height algorithm is independent of simultaneous atmospheric profiles, providing a flexible way to estimate volcanic ash height using passive satellite infrared measurements.
Decadal climate predictions improved by ocean ensemble dispersion filtering
Authors: Kadow C. , Illing S. , Kröner I. , Ulbrich U. , Cubasch U. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractDecadal predictions by Earth system models aim to capture the state and phase of the climate several years in advance. Atmosphere‐ocean interaction plays an important role for such climate forecasts. While short‐term weather forecasts represent an initial value problem and long‐term climate projections represent a boundary condition problem, the decadal climate prediction falls in‐between these two time scales. In recent years, more precise initialization techniques of coupled Earth system models and increased ensemble sizes have improved decadal predictions. However, climate models in general start losing the initialized signal and its predictive skill from one forecast year to the next. Here we show that the climate prediction skill of an Earth system model can be improved by a shift of the ocean state toward the ensemble mean of its individual members at seasonal intervals. We found that this procedure, called ensemble dispersion filter, results in more accurate results than the standard decadal prediction. Global mean and regional temperature, precipitation, and winter cyclone predictions show an increased skill up to 5 years ahead. Furthermore, the novel technique outperforms predictions with larger ensembles and higher resolution. Our results demonstrate how decadal climate predictions benefit from ocean ensemble dispersion filtering toward the ensemble mean.
A case for Planetary Health/GeoHealth
Authors: Almada Amalia A. , Golden Christopher D. , Osofsky Steven A. , Myers Samuel S. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractConcern has been spreading across scientific disciplines that the pervasive human transformation of Earth's natural systems is an urgent threat to human health. The simultaneous emergence of “GeoHealth” and “Planetary Health” signals recognition that developing a new relationship between humanity and our natural systems is becoming an urgent global health priority—if we are to prevent a backsliding from the past century's great public health gains. Achieving meaningful progress will require collaboration across a broad swath of scientific disciplines as well as with policy makers, natural resource managers, members of faith communities, and movement builders around the world in order to build a rigorous evidence base of scientific understanding as the foundation for more robust policy and resource management decisions that incorporate both environmental and human health outcomes.
Pore‐scale modeling of hydromechanical coupled mechanics in hydrofracturing process
Authors: Chen Zhiqiang , Wang Moran 
Published: April 2017

AbstractHydrofracturing is an important technique in petroleum industry to stimulate well production. Yet the mechanism of induced fracture growth is still not fully understood, which results in some unsatisfactory wells even with hydrofracturing treatments. In this work we establish a more accurate numerical framework for hydromechanical coupling, where the solid deformation and fracturing are modeled by discrete element method and the fluid flow is simulated directly by lattice Boltzmann method at pore scale. After validations, hydrofracturing is simulated with consideration on the strength heterogeneity effects on fracture geometry and microfailure mechanism. A modified topological index is proposed to quantify the complexity of fracture geometry. The results show that strength heterogeneity has a significant influence on hydrofracturing. In heterogeneous samples, the fracturing behavior is crack nucleation around the tip of fracture and connection of it to the main fracture, which is usually accompanied by shear failure. However, in homogeneous ones the fracture growth is achieved by the continuous expansion of the crack, where the tensile failure often dominates. It is the fracturing behavior that makes the fracture geometry in heterogeneous samples much more complex than that in homogeneous ones. In addition, higher pore pressure leads to more shear failure events for both heterogeneous and homogeneous samples.
India‐Asia convergence: Insights from burial and exhumation of the Xigaze fore‐arc basin, south Tibet
Authors: Li Guangwei , Kohn Barry , Sandiford Mike , Xu Zhiqin 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe composite fore‐arc/syncollisional Xigaze basin in south Tibet preserves a key record of India‐Asia collision. New apatite fission track and zircon (U‐Th)/He data from an N‐S transect across the preserved fore‐arc basin sequence near Xigaze show a consistent northward Late Cretaceous to middle Miocene younging trend, while coexisting apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He ages are all Miocene. Corresponding detrital zircon U‐Pb data are also reported for constraining the Cretaceous depositional ages of the Xigaze basin sequence in the region. Thermal history modeling indicates that the basin experienced northward propagating episodic exhumation, along with a northward migration of the depocenter and a pre‐existing Cenozoic syncollisional basin sequence which had been removed. In the southern part, fore‐arc exhumation commenced in the Late Cretaceous (~89 ± 2 Ma). Following transition to a syncollisional basin in the Paleocene, sedimentation in the central and northern Xigaze basin continued until the latest Eocene (~34 ± 4 Ma). Ongoing folding and thrusting (e.g., Great Counter Thrusts) caused by progressive plate convergence during late Oligocene‐early Miocene time resulted in regional uplift and considerable basin denudation, which fed two fluvial basins along its northern and southern flanks and exposed the basement ophiolite. Subsequent incision of the Yarlung River resulted in Miocene cooling in the region. Different episodes in the exhumation history of the Xigaze basin, caused by thrusting of an accretionary wedge and ophiolitic basement, can be linked to changes in India‐Asia convergence rates and the changing subduction pattern of the Indian and Neo‐Tethyan slabs.
Three different types of plumbing system beneath the neighboring active volcanoes of Tolbachik, Bezymianny, and Klyuchevskoy in Kamchatka
Authors: Koulakov Ivan , Abkadyrov Ilyas , Al Arifi Nassir , Deev Evgeny , Droznina Svetlana , Gordeev Evgeny I. , Jakovlev Andrey , El Khrepy Sami , Kulakov Roman I. , Kugaenko Yulia , Novgorodova Anzhelika , Senyukov Sergey , Shapiro Nikolay , Stupina Tatyana , West Michael 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe Klyuchevskoy group of volcanoes (KGV) in Kamchatka includes three presently active volcanoes (Klyuchevskoy, Bezymianny, and Tolbachik) located close together in an area of approximately 50 × 80 km. These three volcanoes have completely different compositions and eruption styles from each other. We have analyzed new data recorded by a temporary seismic network consisting of 22 seismic stations operated within the area of Tolbachik in 2014–2015 in conjunction with the data from the permanent network and the temporary PIRE network deployed at the Bezymianny volcano in 2009. The arrival times of the P and S waves were inverted using a local earthquake tomography algorithm to derive 3‐D seismic models of the crust beneath the KGV as well as accurate seismicity locations. High‐resolution structures beneath the Tolbachik volcanic complex were identified for the first time in this study. The tomography results reveal three different types of feeding system for the main KGV volcanoes. The basaltic lavas of the Klyuchevskoy volcano are supplied directly from a reservoir at a depth of 25–30 km through a nearly vertical pipe‐shaped conduit. The explosive Bezymianny volcano is fed through a dispersed system of crustal reservoirs where a lighter felsic material separates from the mafic component and ascends to the upper crust to form andesitic magma sources. For Tolbachik, low‐viscosity volatile‐saturated basalts ascend from two deep reservoirs following a system of fractures in the crust associated with the intersections of regional faults.
From planets to crops and back: Remote sensing makes sense
Authors: Mustard John F. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractRemotely sensed data and the instruments that acquire them are core parts of Earth and planetary observation systems. They are used to quantify the Earth's interconnected systems, and remote sensing is the only way to get a daily, or more frequent, snapshot of the status of the Earth. It really is the Earth's stethoscope. In a similar manner remote sensing is the rock hammer of the planetary scientist and the only way comprehensive data sets can be acquired. To risk offending many remotely sensed data acquired across the electromagnetic spectrum, it is the tricorder to explore known and unknown planets. Arriving where we are today in the use of remotely sensed data in the solar system has been a continually evolving synergy between Earth observation, planetary exploration, and fundamental laboratory work.
Satellite navigation—Amazing technology but insidious risk: Why everyone needs to understand space weather
Authors: Hapgood Mike 
Published: April 2017

AbstractGlobal navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are one of the technological wonders of the modern world. Popularly known as satellite navigation, these systems have provided global access to precision location and timing services and have thereby stimulated advances in industry and consumer services, including all forms of transport, telecommunications, financial trading, and even the synchronization of power grids. But this wonderful technology is at risk from natural phenomena in the form of space weather. GNSS signals experience a slight delay as they pass through the ionosphere. This delay varies with space weather conditions and is the most significant source of error for GNSS. Scientific efforts to correct these errors have stimulated billions of dollars of investment in systems that provide accurate correction data for suitably equipped GNSS receivers in a growing number of regions around the world. This accuracy is essential for GNSS use by aircraft and ships. Space weather also provides a further occasional but severe risk to GNSS: an extreme space weather event may deny access to GNSS as ionospheric scintillation scrambles the radio signals from satellites, and rapid ionospheric changes outstrip the ability of error correction systems to supply accurate corrections. It is vital that GNSS users have a backup for such occasions, even if it is only to hunker down and weather the storm.
Essential science for understanding risks from radiation for airline passengers and crews
Authors: Knipp Delores J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis commentary addresses the essential science and return‐on‐investment related to radiation risks for airline passengers and crews. The focus is on two recent NASA efforts to obtain data on radiation at and above commercial flight altitudes. Given that cosmic ray fluxes will likely be the highest since the dawn of the aviation age during the upcoming solar minimum, measuring high‐altitude radiation dose and turning those data into useful information for aviation operators, schedulers, and frequent flyers will provide support for key decisions.
Oxygen binding and nitric oxide dioxygenase activity of cytoglobin are altered to different extents by cysteine modification
Authors: Zhou Danlei , Hemann Craig , Boslett James , Luo Aiqin , Zweier Jay L. , Liu Xiaoping 
Published: April 2017

Cytoglobin (Cygb), like other members of the globin family, is a nitric oxide (NO) dioxygenase, metabolizing NO in an oxygen (O2)‐dependent manner. We examined the effect of modification of cysteine sulfhydryl groups of Cygb on its O2 binding and NO dioxygenase activity. The two cysteine sulfhydryls of Cygb were modified to form either an intramolecular disulfide bond (Cygb_SS), thioether bonds to N‐ethylmaleimide (NEM; Cygb_SC), or were maintained as free SH groups (Cygb_SH). It was observed that the NO dioxygenase activity of Cygb only slightly changed (~ 25%) while the P50 of O2 binding to Cygb changed over four‐fold with these modifications. Our results suggest that it is possible to separately regulate one Cygb function (such as O2 binding) without largely affecting the other Cygb functions (such as its NO dioxygenase activity).
Sea Ice Dynamics
Authors: Haapala Jari 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe sea‐ice dynamics is driven by momentum fluxes from atmosphere above and ocean below, modified by coriolis term and most importanly, the floe‐flow interaction term or internal stress of pack ice. Internal stress of pack ice arise from collision, shearing, breaking, rafting and ridging of individual ice floes. These processes and energy needed to cause deformations depends very much on the pack ice characteristics like thickness, floe distribution and mechanical strength.
Ice Loading on Ship Hull
Authors: Kujala Pentti 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
In this article, ship–ice interaction is studied from the ice loading point of view, that is, what is the physical background for various ice load events, how these can be theoretically modeled, how these load events can be measured in real conditions, and how the ice load level to be used for design purposes should be determined. Theoretical modeling possibilities are only shortly described as the main topic is the description of the full‐scale measurement principles, show some results, and illustrate typical analysis conducted with the obtained full‐scale data. The statistical tools used when analyzing the full‐scale data together with a proper lifetime design point for ice‐induced lads are finally touched upon.
Ship Design for Ice
Authors: Eronen Harri 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Ship design for ice includes many factors that must be taken into account, compared to open‐water vessels. The starting points are the environmental and ice conditions and also operation profile of the vessel. To reach adequate ice performance, main dimensions, hull form, propulsion type, machinery, and power must be selected and designed based on rules, design studies, numerical analysis, and model tests. Suitable ice‐strengthening level must also be selected. Because good ice‐going capabilities often add open‐water power requirement, a compromise between different requirements must be found based on technical and economic studies for a single vessel or whole fleet in a transport system. All these factors have been described in this article for different types of ice‐going vessels designed for different operation areas.
Ice Action on Ship Hull
Authors: Riska Kaj 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIce action on ship hull consists of a contact followed by breaking the ice and subsequent ice motion along the ship hull. In different ice conditions the importance of these phases varies. Most clearly all these phases are present when a ship sails in level ice. This chapter describes these different phases in a qualitative manner with the aim of giving an understanding of the effect of different hull shapes and ice parameters on the ice action.
Ultimate Strength of Ship Structures
Authors: Paik Jeom Kee 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
One of the most important tasks in ultimate limit state design (LSD) of ship structures is to calculate the ultimate strength of individual structural members in addition to that of hull girders. This article presents the methods for ultimate strength calculations of basic structural members of ship structures such as beams, columns, beam–columns, plates and stiffened panels, and also those of hull girders. Relevant design principles and ultimate LSD criteria are also discussed.
Third‐Party Ship Management
Authors: Cleave Nigel D. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Ship management, in its purest sense, is the outsourcing of the management of a vessel or vessels to a qualified ship manager who provides, for an agreed fee, crew management and/or full (technical) management and/or commercial management services. If there is one element of shipping that has a business plan that revolves around growth during times of adversity when freight rates are falling, then it is clearly the ship‐management sector. It is at times of cyclical downturn that shipowners might retrench and focus their attention sharply on operating expenses in order to weather that downturn. With only 15% maximum of the world fleet under third‐party ship management, there is a strong school of thought that says that there is considerably more room in the market for ship managers' services. Rising operating costs, increasing levels of legislation, and a burgeoning world‐order book will continue to place shipowners under more and more pressure, and one option will be to outsource management assistance, thereby encouraging the ship management sector to continue to grow.
Propeller Design Process
Authors: Ligtelijn Do 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article describes what kind of information is needed prior to starting the design of a ship propeller. This concerns data to be provided by the customer, as well as data following from regulating bodies like ISO and classification societies. Manufacturing aspects and mechanical properties of specific propulsion equipment that have an influence on propeller design are reviewed. The importance of involving a propeller design expert in the early stages of the ship design is explained. The selection of the propeller design point(s) in relation to the mission profile of the ship and the matching of fixed pitch propellers with the prime mover are discussed. Finally, a general description of the design process of fixed pitch and controllable pitch propellers is provided.
Structural Design Methods and Documentation
Authors: Pradillon Jean‐Yves , Cabos Christian , Caprace Jean‐David , Jan Czaban Zbigniew , Peschmann Jörg , Zanic Vedran 
Published: April 2017

AbstractShip design and production activities are strongly driven by a very competitive environment as well as a reduction of time to market. The use of computer tools is thus strongly needed but is subject to many constraints. This article aims to provide the reader with a global view of this topic.
Wave–Current Interaction
Authors: van der Westhuysen André J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article provides an overview of the various interactions between surface gravity waves and the mean hydrodynamic flow. First, the influence of the mean flow on the waves is considered, which in a one‐dimensional description includes kinematic effects such as wave straining, shortening, and blocking and in two horizontal dimensions includes phenomena such as refraction across horizontal current shears. Dynamic effects on the wave field include changes in the energy flux from the wind to the waves and impacts on the intensity of wave breaking dissipation. Second, the influence of waves on the mean flow is considered in depth‐integrated and depth‐varying descriptions. The depth‐integrated approaches describe the influence of waves on the mean water column through depth‐integrated wave radiation stresses, Stokes drift, and enhanced bed friction, resulting in phenomena such as wave‐induced set‐up and longshore wave‐driven currents. These are significant contributors to nearshore total water levels in coupled coastal surge models. For application in three‐dimensional hydrodynamic models, depth‐dependent descriptions of wave–current interactions are required. Here we review the generalized Lagrangian mean (GLM) method and the related quasi‐Eulerian approach. Finally, the influence of waves on the bottom boundary layer stresses is considered showing the importance of wave–current coupling in this region of the water column. Application of these theories to forecasting and modeling studies is discussed and an outlook to the future development is given.
Wave Boundary Layer in the Lower Atmosphere
Authors: Troitskaya Yuliya I. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article discusses a constituent of marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL)—wave boundary layer, which is a lower part of the atmosphere adjusted to the water surface influenced by waves at the water surface. Basic fluid mechanics formulation and equations are presented. Peculiarities of turbulent stress in marine atmospheric boundary layer are discussed. An overview of models of wave‐induced disturbances in MABL is presented, including theoretical models, models based on Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations, direct numerical simulation (DNS), and large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent boundary layer over steep surface waves. Effects of swell and stratification on MABL are discussed.
Spectral Wave Modeling
Authors: Cavaleri Luigi 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Wave modeling is the art of evaluating the wave conditions at given time and position. Not only the main parameters are provided (height, period, and direction) but also the 2D spectrum, that is, how wave energy is distributed in frequency (i.e., period or wavelength) and direction. In this article, the basic problem, the undergoing physics, and how the methods for a correct hind‐forecast have evolved in time are described. A picture is given of the present situation and performance and of what we can expect for the future. A few examples and numerical results help in getting a first‐hand feeling of the state of the art and its practical possibilities. The high quality of the present model results, particularly if from large operational centers, is also stressed, but also warning is given about the problems still present in wave modeling, problems that become more evident in severe and extreme conditions, when both the physics and the numerics of the models are pushed to their extreme.