bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Pitcher Game Footage to Measure Visual Anticipation and Its Relationship to Baseball Batting Statistics
Authors: Morris-Binelli Khaya , Müller Sean , Fadde Peter 
Published: September 2017

Professional baseball batters’ (N = 105) visual anticipation of pitch type and location were measured using a video-based temporal occlusion test and correlated with their baseball batting statistics. Participants watched in-game footage of skilled baseball pitchers that was temporally occluded at the point of ball release, and at 80 ms and 200 ms after ball release. Participants made written predictions of pitch type and location. Results indicated there was a significant positive correlation between anticipation of combined pitch type and location 80 ms after ball release with slugging percentage (r = .21). There was a significant negative correlation between anticipation of pitch type alone 200 ms after ball release and strikeouts (r = −.28), indicating higher prediction is associated with fewer incorrect swing choices. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between anticipation of pitch type alone 200 ms after ball release and on-base percentage (r = .23) as well as walk-to-strikeout ratio (r = .25). These small relationships are consistent to the batting statistics we predicted and can be due to the range of competitive levels in the leagues the participants had played. The findings further theoretical and applied knowledge of the role visual anticipation contributes to baseball batting game performance. The findings also suggest that game footage can be used to assess and potentially to train visual anticipation skill, which is highly valuable for athletes and high performance support staff in sporting organizations.
Calculation of Resistive Loads for Elastic Resistive Exercises
Authors: Picha Kelsey , Uhl Tim 
Published: September 2017

Context: What is the correct resistive load to start resistive training with elastic resistance to gain strength? This question is typically answered by the clinician’s best estimate and patient’s level of discomfort without objective evidence. Objective: To determine the average level of resistance to initiate a strengthening routine with elastic resistance following isometric strength testing. Design: Cohort. Setting: Clinical. Participants: 34 subjects (31 ± 13 y, 73 ± 17 kg, 170 ± 12 cm). Interventions: The force produced was measured in Newtons (N) with an isometric dynamometer. The force distance was the distance from center of joint to location of force applied was measured in meters to calculate torque that was called “Test Torque” for the purposes of this report. This torque data was converted to “Exercise Load” in pounds based on the location where the resistance was applied, specifically the distance away from the center of rotation of the exercising limb. The average amount of exercise load as percentage of initial Test Torque for each individual for each exercise was recorded to determine what the average level of resistance that could be used for elastic resistance strengthening program. Main Outcome Measures: The percentage of initial test torque calculated for the exercise was recorded for each exercise and torque produced was normalized to body weight. Results: The average percentage of maximal isometric force that was used to initiate exercises was 30 ± 7% of test torque. Conclusions: This provides clinicians with an objective target load to start elastic resistance training. Individual variations will occur but utilization of a load cell during elastic resistance provides objective documentation of exercise progression.
Kinematics of the Spine During Sit-to-Stand Movement Using Motion Analysis Systems: A Systematic Review of Literature
Authors: Pourahmadi Mohammad Reza , Ebrahimi Takamjani Ismail , Jaberzadeh Shapour , Sarrafzadeh Javad , Sanjari Mohammad Ali , Bagheri Rasool , Taghipour Morteza 
Published: September 2017

Context:Clinical evaluation of the spine is commonplace in musculoskeletal therapies, such as physiotherapy, physical medicine/rehabilitation, osteopathic, and chiropractic clinics. Sit-to-stand (STS) is one of the most mechanically demanding daily activities and crucial to independence. Difficulty or inability to perform STS is common in individuals with a variety of motor disabilities, such as low back pain (LBP).Objective:The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate available evidence in literature to determine 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional kinematics of the spine during STS in patients with LBP and healthy young adult participants using motion analysis systems (electromagnetic and marker based).Methods:Electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE [National Library of Medicine], Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar) were searched between January 2002 and February 2017. Additionally, the reference lists of the articles that met the inclusion criteria were also searched. Prospective studies published in peer-reviewed journals, with full text available in English, investigating the kinematics of the spine during STS in healthy subjects (mean age between 18 and 50 y) or in patients with LBP using motion analysis systems, were included. Sixteen studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. All information relating to methodology and kinematic modeling of the spine segments along with the outcome measures was extracted from the studies identified for synthesis.Results:The results indicated that the kinematics of the spine are greatly changed in patients with LBP. In order to develop a better understanding of spine kinematics, studies recommended that the trunk should be analyzed as a multisegment. It has been shown that there is no difference between the kinematics of patients with LBP and healthy population when the spine is analyzed as a single segment. Furthermore, between-gender differences are present during STS movement.Conclusion:This review provided a valuable summary of the research to date examining the kinematics of the spine during STS.
Crystal Structures of Two Immune Complexes Identify Determinants for Viral Infectivity and Type-Specific Neutralization of Human Papillomavirus
Authors: Li Zhihai , Wang Daning , Gu Ying , Song Shuo , He Maozhou , Shi Jingjie , Liu Xinlin , Wei Shuangping , Li Jinjin , Yu Hai , Zheng Qingbing , Yan Xiaodong , Baker Timothy S. , Zhang Jun , McLellan Jason S. , Li Shaowei , Xia Ningshao 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT
Persistent, high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the primary cause of cervical cancer. Neutralizing antibodies elicited by L1-only virus-like particles (VLPs) can block HPV infection; however, the lack of high-resolution structures has limited our understanding of the mode of virus infection and the requirement for type specificity at the molecular level. Here, we describe two antibodies, A12A3 and 28F10, that specifically bind to and neutralize HPV58 and HPV59, respectively, through two distinct binding stoichiometries. We show that the epitopes of A12A3 are clustered in the DE loops of two adjacent HPV58 L1 monomers, whereas 28F10 recognizes the HPV59 FG loop of a single monomer. Via structure-based mutagenesis and analysis of antibody binding, we further identified the residues HPV58 D154, S168, and N170 and HPV59 M267, Q270, E273, Y276, K278, and R283, which play critical roles in virus infection. By substituting these strategic epitope residues into other HPV genotypes, we could then redirect the type-specific binding of the antibodies to these genotypes, thus highlighting the importance of these specific residues, HPV58 R161, S168, and N308 and HPV59 Q270, E273, and D281. Overall, our findings provide molecular insights into potential structural determinants of HPV required for infectivity and type specificity.

IMPORTANCE
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are considered the major causative pathogens of cancers that affect epithelial mucosa, such as cervical cancer. However, because of the lack of high-resolution structural information on the sites of neutralization, we have yet to determine the precise mode of HPV infection and how different types of HPV cause infection. Our crystal structures in this study have uncovered discrete binding stoichiometries for two different antibodies. We show that one A12A3 Fab binds to the center of one HPV58 pentamer, whereas five 28F10 Fabs bind along the top fringe of one HPV59 pentamer. Furthermore, through targeted epitope analysis, we show that 6 to 7 discontinuous residues of the L1 major capsid protein of HPV are determinants, at least in part, for virus infection and type specificity. This knowledge will help us to unravel the process of HPV infection and can potentially be used to drive the development of therapeutics that target neutralization-sensitive sites.
A Single Regulator Mediates Strategic Switching between Attachment/Spread and Growth/Virulence in the Plant Pathogen
Ralstonia solanacearum
Authors: Khokhani Devanshi , Lowe-Power Tiffany M. , Tran Tuan Minh , Allen Caitilyn 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT

The PhcA virulence regulator in the vascular wilt pathogen
Ralstonia solanacearum
responds to cell density via quorum sensing. To understand the timing of traits that enable
R. solanacearum
to establish itself inside host plants, we created a Δ
phcA
mutant that is genetically locked in a low-cell-density condition. Comparing levels of gene expression of wild-type
R. solanacearum
and the Δ
phcA
mutant during tomato colonization revealed that the PhcA transcriptome includes an impressive 620 genes (>2-fold differentially expressed; false-discovery rate [FDR], ≤0.005). Many core metabolic pathways and nutrient transporters were upregulated in the Δ
phcA
mutant, which grew faster than the wild-type strain in tomato xylem sap and on dozens of specific metabolites, including 36 found in xylem. This suggests that PhcA helps
R. solanacearum
to survive in nutrient-poor environmental habitats and to grow rapidly during early pathogenesis. However, after
R. solanacearum
reaches high cell densities
in planta
, PhcA mediates a trade-off from maximizing growth to producing costly virulence factors.
R. solanacearum
infects through roots, and low-cell-density-mode-mimicking Δ
phcA
cells attached to tomato roots better than the wild-type cells, consistent with their increased expression of several adhesins. Inside xylem vessels, Δ
phcA
cells formed aberrantly dense mats. Possibly as a result, the mutant could not spread up or down tomato stems as well as the wild type. This suggests that aggregating improves
R. solanacearum
survival in soil and facilitates infection and that it reduces pathogenic fitness later in disease. Thus, PhcA mediates a second strategic switch between initial pathogen attachment and subsequent dispersal inside the host. PhcA helps
R. solanacearum
optimally invest resources and correctly sequence multiple steps in the bacterial wilt disease cycle.

IMPORTANCE
Ralstonia solanacearum
is a destructive soilborne crop pathogen that wilts plants by colonizing their water-transporting xylem vessels. It produces its costly virulence factors only after it has grown to a high population density inside a host. To identify traits that this pathogen needs in other life stages, we studied a mutant that mimics the low-cell-density condition. This mutant (the Δ
phcA
mutant) cannot sense its own population density. It grew faster than and used many nutrients not available to the wild-type bacterium, including metabolites present in tomato xylem sap. The mutant also attached much better to tomato roots, and yet it failed to spread once it was inside plants because it was trapped in dense mats. Thus, PhcA helps
R. solanacearum
succeed over the course of its complex life cycle by ensuring avid attachment to plant surfaces and rapid growth early in disease, followed by high virulence and effective dispersal later in disease.
A Novel Calcium Uptake Transporter of Uncharacterized P-Type ATPase Family Supplies Calcium for Cell Surface Integrity in
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Authors: Gupta Hemant Kumar , Shrivastava Shruti , Sharma Rakesh 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT

Ca
2+
plays an important role in the physiology of bacteria. Intracellular Ca
2+
concentrations are tightly maintained in the nanomolar range. Molecular mechanisms of Ca
2+
uptake in bacteria remain elusive. Here we show that CtpE is responsible for Ca
2+
uptake in
Mycobacterium smegmatis
. It represents a previously uncharacterized P-type ATPase family in bacteria. Disruption of
ctpE
in
M. smegmatis
resulted in a mutant with impaired growth under Ca
2+
-deficient conditions. The growth defect of the mutant could be rescued by Ca
2+
or by ectopic expression of
ctpE
from
M. smegmatis
or the orthologous gene (
Rv0908
) from
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
H37Rv. Radioactive transport assays revealed that CtpE is a Ca
2+
-specific transporter. Ca
2+
deficiency increased expression of
ctpE
, resulting in increased
45
Ca
2+
accumulation in cells.
ctpE
is a gene that is part of an operon, which is negatively regulated by Ca
2+
. The
ctpE
mutant also showed hypersensitivity to polymyxin B, increased biofilm formation, and higher cell aggregation, indicating cell envelope defects. Our work establishes, for the first time, the presence of Ca
2+
uptake pumps of the energy-dependent P-type ATPase superfamily in bacteria and also implicates that intracellular Ca
2+
is essential for growth and cell envelope integrity in
M. smegmatis
.

IMPORTANCE
Ca
2+
is essential for gene regulation, enzymatic activity, and maintenance of structural integrity of cell walls in bacteria. Bacteria maintain intracellular calcium concentrations in a narrow range, creating a gradient with low cytoplasmic calcium concentration and high extracellular calcium concentration. Due to this steep gradient, active pumps belonging to family 2 of P-type ATPases and antiporters are used for Ca
2+
efflux, whereas Ca
2+
uptake is usually carried out by channels. Molecular mechanisms of Ca
2+
uptake in bacteria are still elusive and are mainly limited to a nonproteinaceous channel in
Escherichia coli
and a pH-dependent channel protein from
Bacillus subtilis
. Energy-dependent active transporters are not reported for Ca
2+
uptake from any organism. Here we show that CtpE belonging to a family of previously uncharacterized bacterial P-type ATPases is involved in specific uptake of Ca
2+
into
Mycobacterium smegmatis
. We also demonstrate that intracellular Ca
2+
obtained through CtpE is essential for growth and maintenance of cell surface properties under Ca
2+
-deficient conditions.
Structural Basis for EarP-Mediated Arginine Glycosylation of Translation Elongation Factor EF-P
Authors: Krafczyk Ralph , Macošek Jakub , Jagtap Pravin Kumar Ankush , Gast Daniel , Wunder Swetlana , Mitra Prithiba , Jha Amit Kumar , Rohr Jürgen , Hoffmann-Röder Anja , Jung Kirsten , Hennig Janosch , Lassak Jürgen 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT

Glycosylation is a universal strategy to posttranslationally modify proteins. The recently discovered arginine rhamnosylation activates the polyproline-specific bacterial translation elongation factor EF-P. EF-P is rhamnosylated on arginine 32 by the glycosyltransferase EarP. However, the enzymatic mechanism remains elusive. In the present study, we solved the crystal structure of EarP from
Pseudomonas putida
. The enzyme is composed of two opposing domains with Rossmann folds, thus constituting a B pattern-type glycosyltransferase (GT-B). While dTDP-β-
l
-rhamnose is located within a highly conserved pocket of the C-domain, EarP recognizes the KOW-like N-domain of EF-P. Based on our data, we propose a structural model for arginine glycosylation by EarP. As EarP is essential for pathogenicity in
P. aeruginosa
, our study provides the basis for targeted inhibitor design.

IMPORTANCE
The structural and biochemical characterization of the EF-P-specific rhamnosyltransferase EarP not only provides the first molecular insights into arginine glycosylation but also lays the basis for targeted-inhibitor design against
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
infection.
Structured lifestyle intervention based on a trans-cultural diabetes-specific nutrition algorithm (tDNA) in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Chee Winnie S S , Gilcharan Singh Harvinder Kaur , Hamdy Osama , Mechanick Jeffrey I , Lee Verna K M , Barua Ankur , Mohd Ali Siti Zubaidah , Hussein Zanariah 
Published: September 2017

ObjectiveTrans-cultural diabetes nutrition algorithm (tDNA) was created by international task force and culturally customized for Malaysian population. This study was designed to evaluate its effectiveness versus usual diabetes care in primary care settings.Research design and methodsWe randomized 230 patients with overweight/obesity, type 2 diabetes, and glycated hemoglobin (A1c) 7%–11% to receive usual care (UC) or UC with tDNA for 6 months. The tDNA intervention consisted of structured low-calorie meal plan, diabetes-specific meal replacements, and increased physical activity. Participants were counseled either through motivational interviewing (tDNA-MI) or conventional counseling (tDNA-CC). The UC group received standard dietary and exercise advice through conventional counseling. All patients were followed for another 6 months after intervention.ResultsAt 6 months, A1c decreased significantly in tDNA-MI (−1.1±0.1%, p<0.001) and tDNA-CC (−0.5±0.1%, p=0.001) but not in UC (−0.2±0.1%, p=NS). Body weight decreased significantly in tDNA-MI (−6.9±1.3 kg, p<0.001) and tDNA-CC (−5.3±1.2 kg, p<0.001) but not in UC (−0.8±0.5 kg, p=NS). tDNA-MI patients had significantly lower fasting plasma glucose (tDNA-MI: −1.1±0.3 mmol/L, p<0.001; tDNA-CC: −0.6±0.3 mmol/L, p=NS; UC: 0.1±0.3 mmol/L, p=NS) and systolic blood pressure (tDNA-MI: −9±2 mm Hg, p<0.001; tDNA-CC: −9±2 mm Hg, p=0.001; UC: −1±2 mm Hg, p=NS). At 1 year, tDNA-MI patients maintained significant reduction in A1c (tDNA-MI: −0.5±0.2%, p=0.006 vs tDNA-CC: 0.1±0.2%, p=NS and UC: 0.02±0.01%, p=NS) and significant weight loss (tDNA-MI: −5.8±1.3 kg, p<0.001 vs tDNA-CC: −3.3±1.2 kg, p=NS and UC: 0.5±0.6 kg, p=NS).ConclusionsStructured lifestyle intervention through culturally adapted nutrition algorithm and motivational interviewing significantly improved diabetes control and body weight in primary care setting.
A systematic review of cost-effectiveness, comparing traction to intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures, in the less economically developed context
Authors: Parkes Rebekah J , Parkes Gary , James Kyle 
Published: September 2017

IntroductionFemoral shaft fractures carry considerable morbidity and are increasingly common in less economically developed countries (LEDCs). Treatment options include traction and intramedullary (IM) nailing but in a limited-resource environment; cost-effectiveness is fundamental to policy development.The objective herein was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of moving from traction to IM nailing for femoral shaft fractures, in adults, in LEDCs. Incorporating a systematic review of complications and functional outcomes and a cost-minimization analysis.MethodsPubMed, EMBASE, Africa Journals Online and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception using the terms: femur* AND fracture AND traction AND (sign OR nail* OR intramedullary) AND (cost-effectiveness OR cost* OR outcome OR function) NOT paed* NOT child* NOT elastic NOT neck NOT intertrochanteric NOT periprosthetic (where asterisks indicate an unlimited truncation strategy). Abstracts were reviewed for all titles returned and full texts obtained as indicated. References of all relevant papers were also examined for further studies.ResultsIM nailing has been successfully used in several institutions and reported infection, union and reoperation rates are encouraging, although no randomised control trials were identified. Three studies assessed the cost aspect and all found IM nailing to be the cheaper strategy.ConclusionTo date, the improved complication profile and reduced cost of treatment suggest that IM nailing is more cost-effective than traction. Evidence, however, is limited and the necessity for appropriate training and audit with the introduction of new techniques must be emphasised.
Effect of removing the barrier of transportation costs on surgical utilisation in Guinea, Madagascar and the Republic of Congo
Authors: Shrime Mark G , Hamer Mirjam , Mukhopadhyay Swagoto , Kunz Lauren M , Claus Nathan H , Randall Kirsten , Jean-Baptiste Joannita H , Maevatombo Pierre H , Toh Melissa P S , Biddell Jasmin R , Bos Ria , White Michelle 
Published: September 2017

Background81 million people face impoverishment from surgical costs every year. The majority of this impoverishment is attributable to the non-medical costs of care—for transportation, for food and for lodging. Of these, transportation is the largest, but because it is not viewed as an actual medical cost, it is frequently unaddressed. This paper examines the effect on surgical utilisation of paying for transportation.MethodsA hierarchical logistic regression was performed on 2692 patients presenting for surgical care to a non-governmental organisation operating in the Republic of the Congo, Guinea and Madagascar. Controlling for distance from the hospital, age, gender, the need for air travel and time between appointments, the effect of payment for transportation on the surgical no-show rate was evaluated.ResultsAfter adjustment for observed confounders, paying for transportation drops the surgical no-show rate by 45% (OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.40 to 0.77; p<0.001). Age, delay between appointments and the number of hours travelled for surgery also predict surgical no-show. For 28% of no-show patients, the cost of transportation from their homes to a nearby predetermined pick-up point remained a barrier, even when transportation from the pick-up point to the hospital was free.ConclusionTransportation costs are a significant barrier to surgical care in low-resource settings, and paying for it halves the no-show rate. This finding highlights that decreasing demand-side barriers to surgical care cannot be limited only to the removal of user fees.
Evolving landscape of stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation within the UK between 2012 and 2016: a cross-sectional analysis study using CPRD
Authors: Lacoin Laure , Lumley Matthew , Ridha Essra , Pereira Marta , McDonald Laura , Ramagopalan Sreeram , Lefèvre Cinira , Evans David , Halcox Julian P 
Published: September 2017

ObjectiveTo describe the changes in prescribing of oral anticoagulant (AC) and antiplatelet (AP) agents in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) in the UK and to identify the characteristics associated with deviation from guideline-based recommendations.DesignFive cross-sectional analyses in a large retrospective population-based cohort study.SettingGeneral practices contributing data to the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink.ParticipantsThe study included patients with a diagnosis of NVAF and eligible for anticoagulation (CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥2) on 1 April of 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 1st January 2016.ResultsThe proportion of patients being treated with AC increased at each index date, showing an absolute rise of 16.7% over the study period. At the same time, the proportion of patients treated with an AP alone was reduced by half, showing an absolute decrease of 16.8%. The proportion of patients not receiving any antithrombotic (AT) treatment remained the same across the study period. A number of predictors were identified for AP alone or no treatment compared with AC treatment.ConclusionMajor improvements in the AT management of patients with NVAF for stroke prevention in the UK were observed between April 2012 and January 2016. Despite this, nearly 20% of at-risk patients still received AP alone and over 15% were on no AT agents in January 2016.