bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uncertainties in Climatological Seawater Density Calculations
Authors: Dai Hao , Zhang Xining 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn most applications, with seawater conductivity, temperature, and pressure data measured in situ by various observation instruments e.g., Conductivity‐Temperature‐Depth instruments (CTD), the density which has strong ties to ocean dynamics and so on is computed according to equations of state for seawater. This paper, based on density computational formulae in the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS‐10), follows the Guide of the expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) and assesses the main sources of uncertainties. By virtue of climatological decades‐average temperature/Practical Salinity/pressure data sets in the global ocean provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), correlation coefficients between uncertainty sources are determined and the combined standard uncertainties
in seawater density calculations are evaluated. For grid points in the world ocean with 0.25° resolution, the standard deviations of
in vertical profiles cover the magnitude order of 10−4 kg m−3. The
means in vertical profiles of the Baltic Sea are about 0.028kg m−3 due to the larger scatter of Absolute Salinity anomaly. The distribution of the
means in vertical profiles of the world ocean except for the Baltic Sea, which covers the range of
kg m−3, is related to the correlation coefficient
between Absolute Salinity
and pressure
. The results in the paper are based on sensors' measuring uncertainties of high accuracy CTD. Larger uncertainties in density calculations may arise if connected with lower sensors' specifications. This work may provide valuable uncertainty information required for reliability considerations of ocean circulation and global climate models.
Emergent Behavior of Arctic Precipitation in Response to Enhanced Arctic Warming
Authors: Anderson Bruce T. , Feldl Nicole , Lintner Benjamin R. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAmplified warming of the high latitudes in response to human‐induced emissions of greenhouse gases has already been observed in the historical record and is a robust feature evident across a hierarchy of model systems, including the models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). The main aims of this analysis are to quantify intermodel differences in the Arctic amplification (AA) of the global warming signal in CMIP5 RCP8.5 (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5) simulations and to diagnose these differences in the context of the energy and water cycles of the region. This diagnosis reveals an emergent behavior between the energetic and hydrometeorological responses of the Arctic to warming: in particular, enhanced AA and its associated reduction in dry static energy convergence is balanced to first order by latent heating via enhanced precipitation. This balance necessitates increasing Arctic precipitation with increasing AA while at the same time constraining the magnitude of that precipitation increase. The sensitivity of the increase, ~1.25 (W/m2)/K (~240 (km3/yr)/K), is evident across a broad range of historical and projected AA values. Accounting for the energetic constraint on Arctic precipitation, as a function of AA, in turn informs understanding of both the sign and magnitude of hydrologic cycle changes that the Arctic may experience.
Evaluation of Real‐Time Convection‐Permitting Precipitation Forecasts in China During the 2013–2014 Summer Season
Authors: Zhu Kefeng , Xue Ming , Zhou Bowen , Zhao Kun , Sun Zhengqi , Fu Peiling , Zheng Yongguang , Zhang Xiaoling , Meng Qingtao 
Published: December 2017

AbstractForecasts at a 4 km convection‐permitting resolution over China during the summer season have been produced with the Weather Research and Forecasting model at Nanjing University since 2013. Precipitation forecasts from 2013 to 2014 are evaluated with dense rain gauge observations and compared with operational global model forecasts. Overall, the 4 km forecasts show very good agreement with observations over most parts of China, outperforming global forecasts in terms of spatial distribution, intensity, and diurnal variation. Quantitative evaluations with the Gilbert skill score further confirm the better performance of the 4 km forecasts over global forecasts for heavy precipitation, especially for the thresholds of 100 and 150 mm d−1. Besides bulk characteristics, the representations of some unique features of summer precipitation in China under the influence of the East Asian summer monsoon are further evaluated. These include the northward progression and southward retreat of the main rainband through the summer season, the diurnal variations of precipitation, and the meridional and zonal propagation of precipitation episodes associated with background synoptic flow and the embedded mesoscale convective systems. The 4 km forecast is able to faithfully reproduce most of the features while overprediction of afternoon convection near the southern China coast is found to be a main deficiency that requires further investigations.
Enhancement of PM2.5 Concentrations by Aerosol‐Meteorology Interactions Over China
Authors: Zhang Xin , Zhang Qiang , Hong Chaopeng , Zheng Yixuan , Geng Guannan , Tong Dan , Zhang Yuxuan , Zhang Xiaoye 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAerosol‐meteorology interactions can change surface aerosol concentrations via different mechanisms such as altering radiation budget or cloud microphysics. However, few studies investigated the impacts of different mechanisms on temporal and spatial distribution of PM2.5 concentrations over China. Here we used the fully coupled Weather Research and Forecasting model with online chemistry (WRF‐Chem) to quantify the enhancement of PM2.5 concentrations by aerosol‐meteorology feedback in China in 2014 for different seasons and separate the relative impacts of aerosol radiation interactions (ARIs) and aerosol‐cloud interactions (ACIs). We found that ARIs and ACIs could increase population‐weighted annual mean PM2.5 concentration over China by 4.0 μg/m3 and 1.6 μg/m3, respectively. We found that ARIs play a dominant role in aerosol‐meteorology interactions in winter, while the enhancement of PM2.5 concentration by ARIs and ACIs is comparable in other three seasons. ARIs reduced the wintertime monthly mean wind speed and planetary boundary layer (PBL) height by up to 0.1 m/s and 160 m, respectively, but increased the relative humidity by up to 4%, leading to accumulation of pollutants within PBL. Also, ARIs reduced dry deposition velocity of aerosols by up to 20%, resulting in an increase in PM2.5 lifetime and concentrations. ARIs can increase wintertime monthly mean surface PM2.5 concentration by a maximum of 30 μg/m3 in Sichuan Basin. ACIs can also increase PM2.5 concentration with more significant impacts in wet seasons via reduced wet scavenging and enhanced in‐cloud chemistry. Dominant processes in PM2.5 enhancement are also clarified in different seasons. Results show that physical process is more important than chemical processes in winter in ARIs, while chemical process of secondary inorganic aerosols production may be crucial in wet seasons via ACIs.
Diurnal Course of Evaporation From the Dead Sea in Summer: A Distinct Double Peak Induced by Solar Radiation and Night Sea Breeze
Authors: Lensky N. G. , Lensky I. M. , Peretz A. , Gertman I. , Tanny J. , Assouline S. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPartitioning between the relative effects of the radiative and aerodynamic components of the atmospheric forcing on evaporation is challenging since diurnal distributions of wind speed and solar radiation typically overlap. The Dead Sea is located about a 100 km off the Eastern Mediterranean coast, where and the Mediterranean Sea breeze front reaches it after sunset. Therefore, in the Dead Sea the peaks of solar radiation and wind speed diurnal cycles in the Dead Sea are distinctly separated in time, offering a unique opportunity to distinguish between their relative impacts on evaporation. We present mid‐summer eddy covariance and meteorological measurements of evaporation rate and surface energy fluxes over the Dead Sea. The evaporation rate is characterized by a clear diurnal cycle with a daytime peak, few hours after solar radiation peak, and a nighttime peak coincident with wind speed peak. Evaporation rate is minimum during sunrise and sunset. Measurements of evaporation rate from two other water bodies that are closer to the Mediterranean coast, Eshkol Reservoir, and Lake Kinneret, present a single afternoon peak, synchronous with the sea breeze. The inland diurnal evaporation rate cycle varies with the distance from the Mediterranean coast, following the propagation of sea breeze front: near the coast, wind speed, and radiation peaks are close and consequently a single daily evaporation peak appears in the afternoon; at the Dead Sea, about a 100 km inland, the sea breeze front arrives at sunset, resulting in a diurnal evaporation cycle characterized by a distinct double peak.
Rapamycin prevents cerebral stroke by modulating apoptosis and autophagy in penumbra in rats
Authors: Wu Meiling , Zhang Huadan , Kai Jiejing , Zhu Feng , Dong Jingyin , Xu Ziwei , Wong Michael , Zeng Ling‐Hui 
Published: December 2017

AbstractObjectiveWhether activation or inhibition of the mTOR pathway is beneficial to ischemic injury remains controversial. It may result from the different reaction of ischemic penumbra and core to modulation of mTOR pathway after cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats.MethodsLonga's middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method was conducted to induce the focal cerebral ischemia–reperfusion. Western blot analysis was used to examine the protein expression involving mTOR pathway, apoptosis, and autophagy‐related proteins. TTC staining and Fluoro‐Jade B staining was conducted to detect the infarct volume and cell apoptosis, respectively. Neurological function was measured by modified neurological severity score and left‐biased swing.ResultsmTOR signaling pathway was activated in ischemic penumbra and decreased in ischemic core after ischemia and ischemia–reperfusion. Ischemia–reperfusion injury induced the increase in cleaved caspase 9 and caspase 3 both in ischemic penumbra and in ischemic core, whereas the expression of phosphorylated ULK1, Beclin 1 and LC3‐II was decreased. Rapamycin pre or postadministration inhibited the overactivation of mTOR pathway in ischemic penumbra. Ameliorated neurological function and reduced infarct volume were observed after pre or postrapamycin treatment. Rapamycin markedly decreased the number of FJB‐positive cells and the expression of cleaved caspase‐3 and cleaved caspase‐9 proteins as well as increased the activation of autophagy reflected by ULK1, Beclin‐1 and LC3.InterpretationmTOR signaling pathway was activated in ischemic penumbra after cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats. mTOR inhibitor rapamycin significantly decreased the mTOR activation and infarct volume and subsequently improved neurological function. These results may relate to inhibition of neuron apoptosis and activation of autophagy.
Biomimetic Tissue‐Engineered Bone Substitutes for Maxillofacial and Craniofacial Repair: The Potential of Cell Sheet Technologies
Authors: Kawecki Fabien , Clafshenkel William P. , Fortin Michel , Auger François A. , Fradette Julie 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMaxillofacial defects are complex lesions stemming from various etiologies: accidental, congenital, pathological, or surgical. A bone graft may be required when the normal regenerative capacity of the bone is exceeded or insufficient. Surgeons have many options available for bone grafting including the “gold standard” autologous bone graft. However, this approach is not without drawbacks such as the morbidity associated with harvesting bone from a donor site, pain, infection, or a poor quantity and quality of bone in some patient populations. This review discusses the various bone graft substitutes used for maxillofacial and craniofacial repair: allografts, xenografts, synthetic biomaterials, and tissue‐engineered substitutes. A brief overview of bone tissue engineering evolution including the use of mesenchymal stem cells is exposed, highlighting the first clinical applications of adipose‐derived stem/stromal cells in craniofacial reconstruction. The importance of prevascularization strategies for bone tissue engineering is also discussed, with an emphasis on recent work describing substitutes produced using cell sheet‐based technologies, including the use of thermo‐responsive plates and the self‐assembly approach of tissue engineering. Indeed, considering their entirely cell‐based design, these natural bone‐like substitutes have the potential to closely mimic the osteogenicity, osteoconductivity, osteoinduction, and osseointegration properties of autogenous bone for maxillofacial and craniofacial reconstruction.
Design and Structure–Function Characterization of 3D Printed Synthetic Porous Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Kelly Cambre N. , Miller Andrew T. , Hollister Scott J. , Guldberg Robert E. , Gall Ken 
Published: December 2017

Abstract3D printing is now adopted for use in a variety of industries and functions. In biomedical engineering, 3D printing has prevailed over more traditional manufacturing methods in tissue engineering due to its high degree of control over both macro‐ and microarchitecture of porous tissue scaffolds. However, with the improved flexibility in design come new challenges in characterizing the structure–function relationships between various architectures and both mechanical and biological properties in an assortment of clinical applications. Presently, the field of tissue engineering lacks a comprehensive body of literature that is capable of drawing meaningful relationships between the designed structure and resulting function of 3D printed porous biomaterial scaffolds. This work first discusses the role of design on 3D printed porous scaffold function and then reviews characterization of these structure–function relationships for 3D printed synthetic metallic, polymeric, and ceramic biomaterials.
2D MoS2 Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Liu Teng , Liu Zhuang 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMoS2 nanosheets, a typical kind of layered transition metal dichalcogenides with the 2D structure and many unique physical and chemical properties, have attracted a lot of research interests in various fields. Typically, MoS2 nanosheets present similarities to graphene in terms of their large surface area and strong absorbance in near‐infrared region, which in combination with their easily functionalized surface make them promising nanoplatforms in biomedical applications. Herein, the progress of MoS2 nanosheets and their composites in the area of nanomedicine, with the emphasis on their synthesis and modification strategies, their biomedical applications in biosensing, imaging and therapy, as well as evaluations of their in vivo behaviors and toxicology profiles are summarized. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of applying MoS2‐based nanomaterials in the biomedicine areas will be discussed.
Interstitial P‐Doped CdS with Long‐Lived Photogenerated Electrons for Photocatalytic Water Splitting without Sacrificial Agents
Authors: Shi Rui , Ye Hui‐Fang , Liang Fei , Wang Zhuan , Li Kai , Weng Yuxiang , Lin Zheshuai , Fu Wen‐Fu , Che Chi‐Ming , Chen Yong 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPhotocatalytic hydrogen evolution from pure water is successfully realized by using interstitial P‐doped CdS with rich S vacancies (CdS‐P) as the photocatalyst in the absence of any electron sacrificial agents. Through interstitial P doping, the impurity level of S vacancies is located near the Fermi level and becomes an effective electron trap level in CdS‐P, which can change dynamic properties of photogenerated electrons and thus prolong their lifetimes. The long‐lived photogenerated electrons are able to reach the surface active sites to initiate an efficient photocatalytic redox reaction. Moreover, the photocatalytic activity of CdS‐P can be further improved through the loading of CoP as a cocatalyst.
Nanocasting of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Films with Ordered Mesoporosity
Authors: Kraffert Katrin , Kabelitz Anke , Siemensmeyer Konrad , Schmack Roman , Bernsmeier Denis , Emmerling Franziska , Kraehnert Ralph 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMaghemite and magnetite show superparamagnetic behavior when synthesized in a nanostructured form. The material's inducible magnetization enables applications ranging from contrast enhancing agents for magnetic resonance imaging to drug delivery systems, magnetic hyperthermia, and separation. Superparamagnetic iron oxides with templated porosity have been synthesized so far only in the form of hard‐templated powders, where silicon retained from the template severely degrades the material's magnetic properties. Here, for the first time, the synthesis of superparamagnetic iron oxides with soft‐templated mesopore structure is reported. The synthesis of nanostructured maghemite and magnetite films succeeds using micelles of amphiphilic block‐copolymers as templates. A thermal treatment of the initially formed mesoporous ferrihydrite in nitrogen produces maghemite, which can be partly reduced to magnetite via thermal treatment in hydrogen while retaining the templated mesopore structure. The resulting materials feature a unique combination of high surface area, controlled pore diameter, and tunable magnetic properties.
An Integrative Mesh with Dual Wettable On–Off Switch of Water/Oil
Authors: Feng Shile , Xing Yan , Deng Siyan , Shang Weifeng , Li Dan , Zhang Miaoxin , Hou Yongping , Zheng Yongmei 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSmart dual selective water/oil separation mode appears on an integrative mesh, which is fabricated via combined anodic oxidation and cathodic electrode‐deposition methods. Due to the different transport directions of oil and water, oil–water mixture can be separated completely using tailor‐made device. Extrusion pressure, acting as a critical pressure that depends on liquid surface tension, substrate microstructures, and wetting properties, can be a major factor to determine the passing or blocking mode. These remarkable water/oil separation properties of the integrative mesh can bring about novel applications in fluid rectifying, microchemical reaction manipulation, advanced separation, biomedical materials, purifying industrial wastewater, etc.
Ultrastretchable Strain Sensors Using Carbon Black‐Filled Elastomer Composites and Comparison of Capacitive Versus Resistive Sensors
Authors: Shintake Jun , Piskarev Yegor , Jeong Seung Hee , Floreano Dario 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe advent of soft robotics has led to the development of devices that harness the compliance and natural deformability of media with nonlinear elasticity. This has led to a need of batch‐manufacturable soft sensors that can sustain large strains and maintain kinematic compatibility with the systems they track. In this article, an approach to address this challenge is presented with highly stretchable strain sensors that can operate at strains up to 500%. The sensors consist of a carbon black‐filled elastomer composite that is batch manufactured using film‐casting techniques and CO2 laser ablation. This process facilitates the rapid multilayered fabrication of both capacitive and resistive sensing elements. When measuring capacitance, these sensors exhibit high linearity (R2 = 0.9995), low hysteresis under cyclic loading with varying strain amplitude (50–500%), and high repeatability (≥104 cycles). The sensors possess gauge factors of 0.83–0.98 in capacitive mode and 1.62–3.37 in resistive mode.
Trap Assisted Bulk Silicon Photodetector with High Photoconductive Gain, Low Noise, and Fast Response by Ag Hyperdoping
Authors: Qiu Xiaodong , Yu Xuegong , Yuan Shuai , Gao Yuhan , Liu Xuemei , Xu Yang , Yang Deren 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSilicon‐based photoconductors, with their low cost, high sensitivity, and complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) compatibility, have great potential for high‐resolution imaging, light‐activated switching, and single‐photon counting. However, they usually suffer from a large dark leakage current and a long response time, which greatly limits their applications. Here, a high‐performance bulk silicon photodetector is fabricated working at room temperature with a broad spectral response range from 300 to 1200 nm through silver (Ag) hyperdoping. The detector shows a low dark current of 3.8 × 10−7 A cm−2 and a high external quantum efficiency of 266.0% for 800 nm at −1 V reverse bias, indicating a photoconductive gain. Moreover, the Si:Ag photodetector has a very low noise and a high detectivity (≈1.84 × 1012 Jones at −1 V), and meanwhile exhibits a rapid response speed with the rise time of 12.5 µs and fall time of 15.9 µs. By combining with the deep level transient spectrum measurements, it is believed that the operating mechanism of the detector is based on the electron traps with an average energy level of Ec– 0.28 eV induced by the Ag hyperdoping. These results are of significance for the fabrication of silicon‐based photodetectors with high performances.
Perovskite Excitonics: Primary Exciton Creation and Crossover from Free Carriers to a Secondary Exciton Phase
Authors: Sarritzu Valerio , Sestu Nicola , Marongiu Daniela , Chang Xueqing , Wang Qingqian , Loi Maria Antonietta , Quochi Francesco , Saba Michele , Mura Andrea , Bongiovanni Giovanni 
Published: December 2017

AbstractUnderstanding exciton formation is of fundamental importance for emerging optoelectronic materials, like hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites, as excitons are the lowest‐energy photoexcitations in semiconductors, are electrically neutral, and do not directly contribute to charge transport, but can emit light more efficiently than free carriers. However, despite the increasing attention toward these materials, experimental results on the processes of formation of an exciton population in perovskites are still elusive. Here, an ultrafast differential photoluminescence technique is presented that is able to track the kinetics of exciton formation and dissociation in CH3NH3PbBr3. Data show the presence of geminate excitons, i.e., primary excitons directly created upon photon absorption, and their dissociation into free electron–hole pairs. The formation is demonstrated of a secondary exciton phase through pairing of the initial population of free carriers. The analysis of the generation of secondary excitons provides an estimate of the Langevin factor, the parameter governing the charge‐pairing rate. Understanding and controlling the formation of a bright exciton population instead of a highly conductive free carrier population may help to design new hybrid perovskite materials with tailored optoelectronic functionalities.