bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond the 90‐90‐90: refocusing HIV prevention as part of the global HIV response
Authors: Baggaley Rachel , Dalal Shona , Johnson Cheryl , Macdonald Virginia , Mameletzis Ioannis , Rodolph Michelle , Figueroa Carmen , Samuelson Julia , Verster Annette , Doherty Meg , Hirnschall Gottfried 
Published: December 2016

IntroductionThe remarkable expansion in availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART) over the past two decades has transformed HIV infection into a manageable chronic condition. People with HIV infection now live long and healthy lives on treatment that is simpler, safer and cheaper. According to UNAIDS estimates, the global coverage of ART reached 46% in 2015, resulting in a 26% decrease in annual HIV‐related deaths since 2010. Such success has positioned treatment access at the centre of the global HIV response as a way to prevent mortality, morbidity and HIV transmission through a “Treat All” approach. Continuing expansion of treatment is needed to further reduce HIV‐related mortality. This progress with treatment, however, masks a stagnation in the estimated annual number of new HIV infections. Continuing levels of HIV incidence despite treatment scale‐up stem from several factors, which should be addressed in order to prevent new infections and decrease the numbers of people requiring treatment in the future.DiscussionART can only reach those already diagnosed, and although it is unclear what proportion of new infections occur during acute and early infection prior to treatment initiation, phylogenetic studies suggest that it might be substantial. Thus, better testing approaches to reach the 40% of people with undiagnosed HIV infection as early as possible are critical. New approaches to reach men, young people and key populations, where HIV risk is highest and HIV prevention, testing and treatment coverage is lowest, are also needed. Overall coverage of effective prevention interventions remains low, enabling HIV transmission to occur, or time is required to show population‐level effects. For example, the full impact of the medical male circumcision intervention will be seen once a larger proportion of men in age cohorts with high incidence are circumcised. Finally, strategically focused pre‐exposure prophylaxis interventions have the potential to prevent HIV acquisition among populations at substantial risk, averting treatment costs in coming years.ConclusionsThe United Nations (UN) targets to end AIDS include the “90‐90‐90” targets for HIV diagnosis, treatment and viral suppression. While 90‐90‐90 has been widely emphasized and adopted by countries and international funders, the focus thus far has largely been on increasing access to ART – the second “90.” A similar emphasis on achieving UN HIV prevention targets and adequate funding for meeting these is essential, alongside treatment, in order to reduce population‐level incidence and change the trajectory of the HIV epidemic over the long term.
Subjective and Objective Measures of Dryness Symptoms in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome: Capturing the Discrepancy
Authors: Bezzina Oriana M. , Gallagher Peter , Mitchell Sheryl , Bowman Simon J. , Griffiths Bridget , Hindmarsh Victoria , Hargreaves Ben , Price Elizabeth J. , Pease Colin T. , Emery Paul , Lanyon Peter , Bombardieri Michele , Sutcliffe Nurhan , Pitzalis Costantino , Hunter John , Gupta Monica , McLaren John , Cooper Anne M. , Regan Marian , Giles Ian P. , Isenberg David A. , Saravanan Vadivelu , Coady David , Dasgupta Bhaskar , McHugh Neil J. , Young‐Min Steven A. , Moots Robert J. , Gendi Nagui , Akil Mohammed , MacKay Kirsten , Ng W. Fai , Robinson Lucy J. ,   the UK Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Registry
Published: December 2016

ObjectiveTo develop a novel method for capturing the discrepancy between objective tests and subjective dryness symptoms (a sensitivity scale) and to explore predictors of dryness sensitivity.MethodsArchive data from the UK Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Registry (n = 688) were used. Patients were classified on a scale from −5 (stoical) to +5 (sensitive) depending on the degree of discrepancy between their objective and subjective symptoms classes. Sensitivity scores were correlated with demographic variables, disease‐related factors, and symptoms of pain, fatigue, anxiety, and depression.ResultsPatients were on average relatively stoical for both types of dryness symptoms (mean ± SD ocular dryness −0.42 ± 2.2 and −1.24 ± 1.6 oral dryness). Twenty‐seven percent of patients were classified as sensitive to ocular dryness and 9% to oral dryness. Hierarchical regression analyses identified the strongest predictor of ocular dryness sensitivity to be self‐reported pain and that of oral dryness sensitivity to be self‐reported fatigue.ConclusionOcular and oral dryness sensitivity can be classified on a continuous scale. The 2 symptom types are predicted by different variables. A large number of factors remain to be explored that may impact symptom sensitivity in primary Sjögrenʼs syndrome, and the proposed method could be used to identify relatively sensitive and stoical patients for future studies.
Metal‐Catalyzed Direct Difluoromethylation Reactions
Authors: Rong Jian , Ni Chuanfa , Hu Jinbo 
Published: December 2016

AbstractOwing to the excellent performance of fluorinated compounds in the areas of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials chemistry, organic chemists have made great efforts towards the selective incorporation of fluorine or fluorinated moieties into organic molecules through nucleophilic, electrophilic, radical, and metal‐catalyzed pathways. Impressive progress in fluorination and perfluoroalkylation (especially trifluoromethylation) reactions has been made over the past few decades. However, methods for incorporating lightly fluorinated groups (such as −CF2H) are still underdeveloped, in spite of their important applications in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. This Focus Review summarizes recent developments in metal‐catalyzed direct difluoromethylation reactions.
Intramolecular Triple Cyclization Strategy for Sila‐ and Oxa‐Analogues of Truxene with Long‐Lived Phosphorescence
Authors: Ogaki Takuya , Ohta Eisuke , Oda Yukiko , Sato Hiroyasu , Matsui Yasunori , Kumeda Motoki , Ikeda Hiroshi 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTrisilatruxene and trioxatruxene were synthesized by intramolecular triple cyclization of triphenylbenzene derivatives. The results of photophysical studies with these substances show that absorption, fluorescence, and phosphorescence of trisilatruxene appear at longer wavelengths compared to those of hexamethyltruxene. The results of DFT calculations suggest that these effects are a consequence of a decrease in the energy of the LUMO caused by σ*–π* orbital interactions in the silole rings. In contrast, trioxatruxene absorbs and emits light at shorter wavelengths than those of hexamethyltruxene as a result of aromatic stabilization of the furan rings. Moreover, all of the truxenes display long‐lived phosphorescence with lifetimes in the range of 4.4–16.4 s, attributable to the symmetry‐forbidden nature of T1→S0 transitions essentially linked with the C3‐symmetric structures.
When Like Charged Ions Attract in Ionic Liquids: Controlling the Formation of Cationic Clusters by the Interaction Strength of the Counterions
Authors: Strate Anne , Niemann Thomas , Michalik Dirk , Ludwig Ralf 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe properties of ionic liquids are described by a subtle balance between Coulomb interaction, hydrogen bonding, and dispersion forces. We show that lowering the attractive Coulomb interaction by choosing weakly coordinating anions leads to the formation of cationic clusters. These clusters of like‐charged ions are stabilized by cooperative hydrogen bonding and controlled by the interaction potential of the anion. IR and NMR spectroscopy combined with computational methods are used to detect and characterize these unusual, counter‐intuitively formed clusters. They can be only observed for weakly coordinating anions. When cationic clusters are formed, cyclic tetramers are particularly stable. Therein, cooperative hydrogen‐bond attraction can compete with like‐charge repulsion. We present a simple but effective spectroscopic scale for the possibility of like‐charge attraction in ionic liquids, based on IR and NMR signatures.
Brief Report: CD4+ T Cells From Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Respond Poorly to Exogenous Interleukin‐2
Authors: Comte Denis , Karampetsou Maria P. , Kis‐Toth Katalin , Yoshida Nobuya , Bradley Sean J. , Kyttaris Vasileios C. , Tsokos George C. 
Published: December 2016

ObjectiveImbalanced cytokine production by T cells characterizes both patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus‐prone mice and contributes to immune dysregulation. This study was undertaken to further investigate in detail the production of interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), interferon‐γ (IFNγ), IL‐4, and IL‐17A by CD4+ cell subsets in healthy subjects and patients with SLE, and the signaling response of CD4+ T cells in response to exogenous IL‐2.MethodsCytokine production by differentiated subsets of CD4+ T cells was assessed by intracellular staining following stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin and by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay after anti‐CD3/anti‐CD28 stimulation. The IL‐2 signaling pathway was examined by assessing JAK‐3/STAT‐5 phosphorylation. Cell proliferation in response to IL‐2 was examined by carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester dilution.ResultsProduction of IL‐2 was defective primarily among naive CD4+ T cells, whereas the production of IFNγ, IL‐4, and IL‐17A was not significantly different between patients with SLE and healthy subjects. JAK‐3/STAT‐5 phosphorylation and proliferation of CD4+ T cells from SLE patients in response to exogenous IL‐2 were impaired compared to cells from healthy subjects.ConclusionThese data suggest that altered IL‐2 production, as well as impaired IL‐2–mediated signaling and proliferative responses, characterize SLE CD4+ T cells. Our data demonstrate the need for caution in designing IL‐2 treatment trials for patients with SLE. Approaches to restore CD4+ T cell sensitivity to IL‐2 should be considered.
Cyclobutanone Analogues of β‐Lactam Antibiotics: β‐Lactamase Inhibitors with Untapped Potential?
Authors: Devi Prarthana , Rutledge Peter J. 
Published: December 2016

Abstractβ‐Lactam antibiotics have been used for many years to treat bacterial infections. However the effective treatment of an increasing range of microbial infections is threatened by bacterial resistance to β‐lactams: the prolonged, widespread (and at times reckless) use of these drugs has spawned widespread resistance, which renders them ineffective against many bacterial strains. The cyclobutanone ring system is isosteric with β‐lactam: in cyclobutanone analogues, the eponymous cyclic amide is replaced with an all‐carbon ring, the amide N is substituted by a tertiary C−H α to a ketone. Cyclobutanone analogues of various β‐lactam antibiotics have been investigated over the last 35 years, initially as prospective antibiotics in their own right and inhibitors of the β‐lactamase enzymes that impart resistance to β‐lactams. More recently they have been tested as inhibitors of other serine proteases and as mechanistic probes of β‐lactam biosynthesis. Cyclobutanone analogues of the penam ring system are the first reversible inhibitors with moderate activity against all classes of β‐lactamase; other compounds from this family inhibit Streptomyces R61 dd‐carboxypeptidase/transpeptidase, human neutrophil elastase and porcine pancreatic elastase. But has their potential as enzyme inhibitors been fully exploited? Challenges in synthesising diversely functionalised cyclobutanone derivatives mean that only a limited number have been made (with limited structural diversity) and evaluated. This review surveys the different synthetic approaches that have been taken to these compounds, the investigations made to evaluate their biological activity and prospects for future developments in this area.
A Plasmonic Colloidal Photocatalyst Composed of a Metal–Organic Framework Core and a Gold/Anatase Shell for Visible‐Light‐Driven Wastewater Purification from Antibiotics and Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Tilgner Dominic , Kempe Rhett 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPorous coordination polymers (PCP) or metal– organic frameworks (MOF) are promising materials for the generation of photocatalytically active composite materials. Here, a novel synthesis concept is reported, which permits the formation of PCP/MOF‐core–Au/anatase‐shell materials. These materials are photocatalysts for wastewater purification and hydrogen generation from water under visible‐light illumination. MIL‐101 (Cr) is utilized as the core material, which directs the size of the core–shell compound and ensures the overall stability. In addition, its excellent reversible large molecule sorption behavior allows the materials synthesis. The crystalline anatase shell is generated stepwise under mild conditions using titanium(IV) isopropoxide as a precursor. The high degree of control of the vapor phase deposition process permits the precise anatase shell formation. The generation of plasmonic active gold particles on the TiO2 shell leads to an efficient material for visible‐light‐driven photocatalysis with a higher activity than gold‐decorated P25 (Degussa).
Direct Access to Fused Salicylaldehydes and Salicylketones from Tetraynes
Authors: Hu Yimin , Hu Yadong , Hu Qiong , Ma Jie , Lv Shuang , Liu Baohua , Wang Shaowu 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA facile method for the synthesis of fused, multifunctionalized salicylaldehydes and salicylketones by a one‐pot, three‐step cascade hexadehydro‐Diels–Alder (HDDA) reaction of tetraynes followed by an intermolecular aldehyde/ketone reaction and hydroxylation is reported. Target compounds were prepared by the condensation of malonates with 3‐bromo‐1‐propyne, and the resulting 2,2‐di(1‐propyn‐3‐yl)malonates underwent cross‐coupling with phenylethynyl bromides to afford 2,2‐di(5‐phenyl‐2,4‐pentadiynyl)malonates, which underwent intramolecular cyclization to produce bicyclic salicylaldehydes. The overall transformation involves the formation of four new C−C bonds and one new Caryl−O bond through both intramolecular and intermolecular reactions. The reaction is easy to perform, proceeds under mild conditions, and exhibits excellent regioselectivity. Water, a simple and readily available reagent, was employed as the OH source. A plausible reaction mechanism is proposed for this new annulation based on isotopic substitution experiments.
Comparison of intestinal permeability andp‐glycoprotein effects on the intestinal absorption of enantiomers of 2‐(2‐hydroxypropanamido) benzoic acid in rats
Authors: Zhang Qili , Zhang Meiyan , Wang Danlin , Zhao Yunli , Yu Zhiguo 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to compare intestinal permeability between enantiomers of 2‐(2‐hydroxypropanamido) benzoic acid ((R)‐/(S)‐HPABA), a marine‐derived antiinflammatory drug, using an in situ single‐pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) model in rats. Concentrations, isolated regions of small intestine, andp‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) inhibitor were performed to investigate their influences on the intestinal absorption of (R)‐/(S)‐HPABA. In addition, a molecular docking method was performed to illustrate our prediction. The absorption rate coefficients (Ka) and permeability values (Peff) of (R)‐/(S)‐HPABA were calculated. The permeability of (S)‐HPABA was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than that of (R)‐HPABA in jejunum, and ileum permeability of (R)‐/(S)‐HPABA appeared best in ileum; the investigated concentrations ranged from 20 to 80 μg/mL,KaandPeffvalues of (R)‐/(S)‐HPABA increased linearly; in the presence of P‐gp inhibitor (verapamil),Peffvalues of two enantiomers were increased significantly; and the effect of P‐gp on absorption of (R)‐HPABA is stronger than that of (S)‐HPABA in ileum segment. Based on these results, carrier‐mediated transport or passive transport combined with carrier‐mediated transport seems to be the mechanism for intestinal absorption of (R)‐/(S)‐HPABA, and (R)‐/(S)‐HPABA may be recognized as the P‐gp substrate. In addition, the intestinal permeability of (S)‐HPABA is higher than that of (R)‐HPABA.
Enantioseparation of nine indanone and tetralone derivatives by HPLC using carboxymethyl‐β‐cyclodextrin as the mobile phase additive
Authors: Hu Xiaoyu , Guo Xin , Sun Shuo , Zhu Bolin , Yu Jia , Guo Xingjie 
Published: December 2016

AbstractHigh‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a powerful method in the area of chiral separation. In this study, a method of HPLC using carboxymethyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (CM‐β‐CD) as chiral selector was developed for enantioseparation of nine indanone and tetralone derivatives. The separation was performed on a conventional C18 column. The optimal mobile phase was a mixture of methanol and 0.05 mol/L phosphate buffer at pH 1.8 (55:45, v/v) containing 22.9 mmol/L CM‐β‐CD. Under such conditions, the resolutions of all analytes were over 1.8 except for Compound F. The results of the study indicate the presence of a complex with 1:1 stoichiometry of the inclusion complex. In addition, it can be inferred from thermodynamic analysis that the behavior of formation of the inclusion complex and enantioseparation occurred simultaneously, while they were driven by different forces. The effect of analyte structure is also discussed.
Insights into the Photophysics and Supramolecular Organization of Congo Red in Solution and the Solid State
Authors: Costa Ana L. , Gomes Ana C. , Pillinger Martyn , Gonçalves Isabel S. , Pina João , Seixas de Melo J. Sérgio 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSteady‐state and time‐resolved absorption and fluorescence measurements are reported for Congo Red (CR) in aqueous and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solutions. The very low fluorescence quantum yield (≈10−4) for CR in dilute solutions together with the absence of a triplet state indicates that internal conversion is the dominant deactivation route with more than 99.99 % of the quanta loss (attributed to the energy gap law for radiationless transitions). Although no direct evidence for trans–cis photoisomerization was obtained from absorption or fluorescence data, the global analysis of fs‐transient absorption data indicates the presence of a photoproduct with a lifetime of ≈170 ps that is suggested to be associated with such a process. Spectral data for more concentrated CR solutions indicate the presence of oblique or twisted J‐type aggregates. These results are compared with spectra for CR in the solid state (sodium salt) and intercalated in a layered double hydroxide via a one‐step co‐precipitation route. Powder XRD and electronic spectral data for the nanohybrid indicate that the CR guest molecules are intercalated as a monolayer consisting of slipped cofacial J‐type aggregates.
A content review of cognitive process measures used in pain research within adult populations
Authors: Day M.A. , Lang C.P. , Newton‐John T.R.O. , Ehde D.M. , Jensen M.P. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackground and objectivePrevious research suggests that measures of cognitive process may be confounded by the inclusion of items that also assess cognitive content. The primary aims of this content review were to: (1) identify the domains of cognitive processes assessed by measures used in pain research; and (2) determine if pain‐specific cognitive process measures with adequate psychometric properties exist.Databases and data treatmentPsychInfo, CINAHL, PsycArticles, MEDLINE, and Academic Search Complete databases were searched to identify the measures of cognitive process used in pain research. Identified measures were double coded and the measure's items were rated as: (1) cognitive content; (2) cognitive process; (3) behavioural/social; and/or (4) emotional coping/responses to pain.ResultsA total of 319 scales were identified; of these, 29 were coded as providing an un‐confounded assessment of cognitive process, and 12 were pain‐specific. The cognitive process domains assessed in these measures are Absorption, Dissociation, Reappraisal, Distraction/Suppression, Acceptance, Rumination, Non‐Judgment, and Enhancement. Pain‐specific, un‐confounded measures were identified for: Dissociation, Reappraisal, Distraction/Suppression, and Acceptance. Psychometric properties of all 319 scales are reported in supplementary material.ConclusionsTo understand the importance of cognitive processes in influencing pain outcomes as well as explaining the efficacy of pain treatments, valid and pain‐specific cognitive process measures that are not confounded with non‐process domains (e.g., cognitive content) are needed. The findings of this content review suggest that future research focused on developing cognitive process measures is critical in order to advance our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie effective pain treatment.SignificanceMany cognitive process measures used in pain research contain a ‘mix’ of items that assess cognitive process, cognitive content, and behavioural/emotional responses. Databases searched: PsychInfo, CINAHL, PsycArticles, MEDLINE and Academic Search Complete. This review describes the domains assessed by measures assessing cognitive processes in pain research, as well as the strengths and limitations of these measures.
Physical layer security based on spread‐spectrum watermarking and jamming receiver
Authors: Soderi Simone , Mucchi Lorenzo , Hämäläinen Matti , Piva Alessandro , Iinatti Jari 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWireless communications' infrastructures are frequently selected as a cable replacement in many applications giving an immediate advantage on the wireless investment. However, the worldwide proliferation of wireless local area network (WLAN) imposed large investments on the network security. In the early days of Internet, its layered protocol stack did not consider security as a primary concern. Because then, a significant amount of literature has been published. This paper proposes a watermark‐based blind physical layer security utilizing a jamming receiver in conjunction with the spread spectrum watermarking technique. The outage probability of the secrecy capacity is analytically derived, regardless of the eavesdropper position. The theoretical analysis let us draw a secure region around the legitimate receiver. Results indicate how the watermark‐based blind physical layer security aims to be a valuable technique for deploying physical layer security. Authors utilized 2 performance metrics, the outage probability of secrecy capacity for assessing the secure communication effectiveness and the error probability for evaluating the watermark extraction process. Finally, the proposed protocol improves the secrecy capacity performance if compared with other protocols, and moreover, it has a lower energy consumption.