bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis in Water: First One‐Pot Synthesis of a Novel Class of Polysubstituted Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐b]pyridazines via Intramolecular SNAr.
Authors: Behbehani Haider , Ibrahim Hamada Mohamed 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA novel green and straightforward one‐pot synthesis of benzimidazopyridazines such as (II) and (V) (31 examples in all) via microwave promoted reaction of hydrazonopropanals with 3‐oxopropionitrile derivatives is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐ and Oxidant‐Free Synthesis of Quinazolinones from β‐Ketoesters with o‐Aminobenzamides via Phosphorous Acid‐Catalyzed Cyclocondensation and Selective C—C Bond Cleavage.
Authors: Li Zhongwen , Dong Jianyu , Chen Xiuling , Li Qiang , Zhou Yongbo , Yin Shuang‐Feng 
Published: February 2016

Abstract2‐Alkyl‐ and 2‐arylquinazolinones are prepared from 2‐aminobenzamides and β‐keto esters or 1,3‐diketones in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Access to New 4‐Substituted Aminopyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine Derivatives.
Authors: Belhadj Fatima , Kibou Zahira , Cheikh Nawel , Choukchou‐Braham Noureddine , Villemin Didier 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe simple two‐step synthesis of the title compounds from aminopyridines involves formamidine formation followed by selective nucleophilic addition with primary amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Phenoxide Leaving Group SNAr Strategy for the Facile Preparation of 7‐Amino‐3‐aryl Pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines from a 3‐Bromo‐7‐phenoxypyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine Intermediate.
Authors: Catalano John G. , Gaitonde Vishwanath , Beesu Mallesh , Leivers Anna L. , Shotwell J. Brad 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA selective nucleophilic substitution of the 3,7‐dihalogenated pyrazolopyrimidine (I) with phenolate at the 7‐position, subsequent Suzuki coupling at the 3‐position and final substitution of phenoxy with primary and secondary amines offers a useful strategy for the synthesis of 3‐aryl‐7‐aminopyrazolopyrimidine derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I)‐Y Zeolite‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Stereoselective [2 + 2 + 2] Cyclotrimerization Cascade: An Atom‐ and Step‐Economical Synthesis of Pyrimido[1,6‐a]quinoline.
Authors: Ramanathan Devenderan , Pitchumani Kasi 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis regio‐ and stereoselective copper(I)‐Y zeolite‐catalyzed termolecular [2+2+2]/[NC+CC+NC] cycloaddition cascade reaction involves two molecules of the in situ generated N‐sulfonylketenimines and quinoline to afford functionalized pyrimidoquinolines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Azepines via a [6 + 1] Annulation of Ynenitriles with Reformatsky Reagents.
Authors: Yoshimatsu Mitsuhiro , Tanaka Miki , Fujimura Yu , Ito Yukiteru , Goto Yusuke , Kobayashi Yuka , Wasada Hiroaki , Hatae Noriyuki , Tanabe Genzoh , Muraoka Osamu 
Published: February 2016

AbstractCyclization of N‐tethered alkyne nitriles with bromoacetates gives dihydroazepinecarboxylates with excellent functional group tolerance.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Borylation of Aliphatic Terminal Alkenes with Pinacolborane.
Authors: Morimoto Masao , Miura Tomoya , Murakami Masahiro 
Published: February 2016

AbstractOptimized conditions including norbornene as sacrificial hydrogen acceptor are presented for the reaction of terminal alkenes with pinacolborane.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Rh‐Catalyzed C—H Borylation of Arene Derivatives under Photochemical Conditions.
Authors: Bheeter Charles Beromeo , Chowdhury Abhishek Dutta , Adam Rosa , Jackstell Ralf , Beller Matthias 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA novel, photocatalytic method for the borylation of arenes is established.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Irregular Trihydroxy Sesquiterpene from Teucrium mascatense
Authors: Ali Liaqat , Hussain Imtiaz , Rizvi Tania Shamim , Khan Abdul Latif , Shujah Shaukat , Al‐Sahi Jawahar Mohammed Salim , Al‐Harrasi Ahmed , Hussain Javid 
Published: February 2016

Abstractisolation and structure determination of title compound (I)
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Dammarane‐Type Triterpene Saponins from Panax ginseng Root.
Authors: Lee Dong Gu , Lee Ah Young , Kim Kyung‐Tack , Cho Eun Ju , Lee Sanghyun 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe dammarane‐type triterpene saponins ginsenoside‐Rg18, 6‐acetyl ginsenoside‐Rg3, ginsenoside‐Rs11, and ginsenoside‐Re7 exhibit good hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and anti‐bacterial activity against E.
ChemInform Abstract: Racemization Free Longer N‐Terminal Peptide Hydroxamate Synthesis on Solid Support Using Ethyl 2‐(tert‐Butoxycarbonyloxyimino)‐2‐cyanoacetate.
Authors: Manne Srinivasa Rao , Thalluri Kishore , Giri Rajat Subhra , Paul Ashim , Mandal Bhubaneswar 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe novel protocol allows the racemization free conversion of various carboxylic acids including amino acids to the corresponding hydroxamic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Salinazinones A and B: Pyrrolidinyl‐Oxazinones from Solar Saltern‐Derived Streptomyces sp. KMF‐004.
Authors: Kim Min Cheol , Lee Jung Hwan , Shin Bora , Subedi Lalita , Cha Jin Wook , Park Jin‐Soo , Oh Dong‐Chan , Kim Sun Yeou , Kwon Hak Cheol 
Published: February 2016

AbstractCompounds (I) and (II) are evaluated for their inhibition activity towards LPS‐induced NO‐production by BV‐2 microglia cells, with (I) inhibiting NO production without cellular toxicity and (II) being inactive.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Photoluminescence Properties of Ba2GeO4:Mn4+ Novel Deep Red‐Emitting Phosphor.
Authors: Cao Renping , Luo Wenjie , Xiong Qingqiang , Jiang Shenhua , Luo Zhiyang , Fu Jingwei 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe title phosphor is synthesized by solid state reaction of BaCO3, GeO2, and MnCO3 (air; 1.
ChemInform Abstract: Methods and Strategies for the Synthesis of Diverse Nanoparticles and Their Applications: A Comprehensive Overview
Authors: Dhand Chetna , Dwivedi Neeraj , Loh Xian Jun , Jie Ying Alice Ng , Verma Navin Kumar , Beuerman Roger W. , Lakshminarayanan Rajamani , Ramakrishna Seeram 
Published: February 2016

AbstractReview: 396 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: State of the Art of Nanoforest Structures and Their Applications
Authors: Kharisov Boris I. , Kharissova Oxana V. , Garcia Beatriz Ortega , Mendez Yolanda Pena , de la Fuente Idalia Gomez 
Published: February 2016

AbstractReview: nanoforest structures are mainly represented by carbon nanotubes, Zn and Ti oxides, Au, and less frequently by other metals, oxides, arsenides and phosphides; 122 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles @ MOFs
Authors: Falcaro Paolo , Ricco Raffaele , Yazdi Amirali , Imaz Inhar , Furukawa Shuhei , Maspoch Daniel , Ameloot Rob , Evans Jack D. , Doonan Christian J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractReview: 201 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Biphase H2O/CO2 System as a Versatile Reaction Medium for Organic Synthesis
Authors: Pigaleva Marina A. , Elmanovich Igor V. , Kononevich Yuriy N. , Gallyamov Marat O. , Muzafarov Aziz M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractReview: applications of an acidic but self‐neutralizing biphase H2O/CO2 system in modern organic synthesis within the green chemistry paradigm; 223 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Imidazolium and Benzimidazolium Salts: A Veritable Playground for Organic and Supramolecular Chemists
Authors: Gauchot Vincent , Gravel Julien , Vidal Marc , Charbonneau Mathieu , Kairouz Vanessa , Schmitzer Andreea R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractReview: [35 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Research Progress in the Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Ferrocene‐Based Derivatives and Polymers with Azobenzene
Authors: Zhai Xiaoting , Yu Haojie , Wang Li , Deng Zheng , Abdin Zain‐ul , Tong Rongbai , Yang Xianpeng , Chen Yongsheng , Saleem Muhammad 
Published: February 2016

AbstractReview: 101 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Inspired by Nature: The 3‐Halo‐4,5‐dihydroisoxazole Moiety as a Novel Molecular Warhead for the Design of Covalent Inhibitors
Authors: Pinto Andrea , Tamborini Lucia , Cullia Gregorio , Conti Paola , De Micheli Carlo 
Published: February 2016

AbstractReview: [30 refs.
Construction of Mouse‐Embryonic‐Cell‐Derived 3D Pacemaker Tissues by Layer‐by‐Layer Nanofilm Coating
Authors: Amano Yuto , Igarashi Takuya , Nishiguchi Akihiro , Matsusaki Michiya , Saito Yukihiro , Nakamura Kazufumi , Ito Hiroshi , Akashi Mitsuru 
Published: February 2016

AbstractFor the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia, electronic pacemakers are often employed. However, they have issues such as bio‐incompatibility and battery limitations. Recently, the use of cells expressing hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide‐gated 4 (HCN4) channels for use as pacemaker cells instead of electronic pacemakers has attracted increasing attention. However, the cell transplantation treatment was not sufficiently effective because of the low engraftment rate of the transplanted cells and the risk of inflammatory reactions. Here, in order to overcome these issues, we constructed 3D‐pacemaker tissues composed of mouse‐embryonic‐cell‐derived cardiomyocytes (mESC‐CMs) in which the HCN4 gene had been introduced by the cell accumulation technique. The obtained tissues beat faster than control tissues and beats per minute (BPM) increased clearly with tissue thickness. This is the first report suggesting the relation between BPM and tissue thickness. Moreover, the pacemaker tissue could control the beating of the patched tissue.
Excitation Dynamics in Hetero‐bichromophoric Calixarene Systems
Authors: Tosi Irene , Segado Centellas Mireia , Campioli Elisa , Iagatti Alessandro , Lapini Andrea , Sissa Cristina , Baldini Laura , Cappelli Chiara , Di Donato Mariangela , Sansone Francesco , Santoro Fabrizio , Terenziani Francesca 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn this work, the dynamics of electronic energy transfer (EET) in bichromophoric donor–acceptor systems, obtained by functionalizing a calix[4]arene scaffold with two dyes, was experimentally and theoretically characterized. The investigated compounds are highly versatile, due to the possibility of linking the dye molecules to the cone or partial cone structure of the calix[4]arene, which directs the two active units to the same or opposite side of the scaffold, respectively. The dynamics and efficiency of the EET process between the donor and acceptor units was investigated and discussed through a combined experimental and theoretical approach, involving ultrafast pump–probe spectroscopy and density functional theory based characterization of the energetic and spectroscopic properties of the system. Our results suggest that the external medium strongly determines the particular conformation adopted by the bichromophores, with a direct effect on the extent of excitonic coupling between the dyes and hence on the dynamics of the EET process itself.
Catalytic Response and Stability of Nickel/Alumina for the Hydrogenation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural in Water
Authors: Perret Noémie , Grigoropoulos Alexios , Zanella Marco , Manning Troy D. , Claridge John B. , Rosseinsky Matthew J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe catalytic response of Ni on Al2O3 obtained from Ni–Al layered double hydroxides was studied for the liquid‐phase hydrogenation of hydroxymethyl furfural to tetrahydrofuran‐2,5‐diyldimethanol (THFDM) in water. The successive calcination and reduction of the precursors caused the removal of interlayer hydroxyl and carbonate groups and the reduction of Ni2+ to Ni0. Four reduced mixed oxide catalysts were obtained, consisting of different amount of Ni metal contents (47–68 wt %) on an Al‐rich amorphous component. The catalytic activity was linked to Ni content whereas selectivity was mainly affected by reaction temperature. THFDM was formed in a stepwise manner at low temperature (353 K) whereas 3‐hydroxymethyl cyclopentanone was generated at higher temperature. Coke formation caused deactivation; however, the catalytic activity can be regenerated using heat treatment. The results establish Ni on Al2O3 as a promising catalyst for the production of THFDM in water.
Organic Linker Defines the Excited‐State Decay of Photocatalytic MIL‐125(Ti)‐Type Materials
Authors: Santaclara Jara G. , Nasalevich Maxim A. , Castellanos Sonia , Evers Wiel H. , Spoor Frank C. M. , Rock Kamila , Siebbeles Laurens D. A. , Kapteijn Freek , Grozema Ferdinand , Houtepen Arjan , Gascon Jorge , Hunger Johannes , van der Veen Monique A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractRecently, MIL‐125(Ti) and NH2‐MIL‐125(Ti), two titanium‐based metal–organic frameworks, have attracted significant research attention in the field of photocatalysis for solar fuel generation. This work reveals that the differences between these structures are not only based on their light absorption range but also on the decay profile and topography of their excited states. In contrast to MIL‐125(Ti), NH2‐MIL‐125(Ti) shows markedly longer lifetimes of the charge‐separated state, which improves photoconversion by the suppression of competing decay mechanisms. We used spectroelectrochemistry and ultrafast spectroscopy to demonstrate that upon photoexcitation in NH2‐MIL‐125(Ti) the electron is located in the Ti‐oxo clusters and the hole resides on the aminoterephthalate unit, specifically on the amino group. The results highlight the role of the amino group in NH2‐MIL‐125(Ti), the electron donation of which extends the lifetime of the photoexcited state substantially.
Vegetation as self‐adaptive coastal protection: Reduction of current velocity and morphologic plasticity of a brackish marsh pioneer
Authors: Carus Jana , Paul Maike , Schröder Boris 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBy reducing current velocity, tidal marsh vegetation can diminish storm surges and storm waves. Conversely, currents often exert high mechanical stresses onto the plants and hence affect vegetation structure and plant characteristics. In our study, we aim at analysing this interaction from both angles. On the one hand, we quantify the reduction of current velocity byBolboschoenus maritimus,and on the other hand, we identify functional traits ofB. maritimus’ramets along environmental gradients. Our results show that tidal marsh vegetation is able to buffer a large proportion of the flow velocity at currents under normal conditions. Cross‐shore current velocity decreased with distance from the marsh edge and was reduced by more than 50% after 15 m of vegetation. We were furthermore able to show that plants growing at the marsh edge had a significantly larger diameter than plants from inside the vegetation. We found a positive correlation between plant thickness and cross‐shore current which could provide an adaptive value in habitats with high mechanical stress. With the adapted morphology of plants growing at the highly exposed marsh edge, the entire vegetation belt is able to better resist the mechanical stress of high current velocities. This self‐adaptive effect thus increases the ability ofB. maritimusto grow and persist in the pioneer zone and may hence better contribute to ecosystem‐based coastal protection by reducing current velocity.
Assemblages of saproxylic beetles on large downed trunks of oak
Authors: Milberg Per , Bergman Karl‐Olof , Sancak Kerem , Jansson Nicklas 
Published: February 2016

AbstractOld living oaks (Quercus robur) are known as a very species‐rich habitat for saproxylic beetles, but it is less clear to what extent such veteran trees differ from an even rarer feature: downed trunks of large oaks. In this study, we set out to sample this habitat, using window traps, with two aims: (1) to describe the variation of assemblages among downed trunks of different type and (2) to compare beetles on downed oaks with data from veteran standing trees. The results showed that trunk volume and sun exposure better explained assemblages as well as species numbers on downed trunks than did decay stage. Furthermore, species classified as facultative saproxylic species showed weak or no differentiation among downed trunks. Species with different feeding habits showed no apparent differentiation among downed trunks. Furthermore, species composition on dead, downed oak trunks differed sharply from that of living, veteran oaks. Wood or bark feeders were more common on veterans than downed trunks, but there was no difference for those species feeding on fungi or those feeding on insects and their remains. In conclusion, for a successful conservation of the saproxylic beetle fauna it is important to keep downed oak trunks, and particularly large ones, in forest and pastures as they constitute a saproxylic habitat that differs from that of living trees.
M‐Doped TiO2 and TiO2–MxOy Mixed Oxides (M = V, Bi, W) by Reactive Mineralization of Cellulose – Evaluation of Their Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Plumejeau Sandrine , Rivallin Matthieu , Brosillon Stephan , Ayral André , Boury Bruno 
Published: February 2016

AbstractM‐doped TiO2 and mixed oxides MxOy–TiO2 (M = V, Bi, W) were synthesized by the reactive mineralization of ash‐free filter paper under anhydrous conditions. Mixtures of metal chlorides (TiCl4 with VOCl3, WCl6, or BiCl3) were reacted directly with cellulose, and three different Ti/M atomic ratios were used (99, 19, and 9). The resulting materials consist of original nanoflower assemblies of needle‐shaped primary particles. Their physicochemical characteristics were investigated by various techniques (X‐ray diffraction, diffuse‐reflectance UV/Vis spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and elemental analysis). The incorporation of the doping metal or the formation of mixture of oxides with TiO2 (WO3, Bi2O3) depends on the metal and the proportions used. The photocatalytic activities of the materials were tested for the degradation of phenol. The vanadium‐doped materials exhibit true solid‐solution formation and their band gaps shift into the visible range.
How Hydrogen Bonds Affect Reactivity and Intervalence Charge Transfer in Ferrocenium‐Phenolate Radicals
Authors: Neidlinger Andreas , Förster Christoph , Heinze Katja 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe ferrocenyl‐phenol 2,4‐di‐tert‐butyl‐6‐(ferrocenylcarbamoyl)phenol (H‐1) forms intramolecular hydrogen bonds which are absent in its constitutional isomer 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐(ferrocenylcarbamoyl)phenol (H‐2). Their corresponding bases 1– and 2– show intra‐ and intermolecular NH···O hydrogen bonds, respectively. The phenolate 1– is reversibly oxidized to 1·, whereas 2– only undergoes a quasi‐reversible oxidation to 2·, which suggests a higher reactivity. The radical pools of 1· and 2· formed by the oxidation/deprotonation of H‐1 and H‐2 have been probed by (rapid‐freeze) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and by spin‐trapping techniques to elucidate the types of radicals present. Ferrocenium phenolate [1a]· featuring an NH···O intramolecular hydrogen bond is the most stable radical and undergoes thermal and photoinduced valence isomerization to the phenoxyl radical valence isomer [1b]· with participation of the NH stretching mode (proton‐coupled electron transfer). A ferrocenium iminolate radical [1c]· is present as well and equilibrates with the carbon‐centered ferrocenyl radicals [1Cp]· and [1β]·. The latter radicals are intercepted by nitrobenzene to give the corresponding stable nitroxyl radicals [6Cp]· and [6β]·. All the radicals 2·, which lack intramolecular hydrogen bonds, are transient in nature due to rapid follow‐up reactions. However, rapid‐freeze EPR spectroscopy indicated the presence of ferrocenium iminolate [2c]·, the phenoxyl radical [2b]·, and/or carbon‐centered radicals [2Cp]· and [2β]·. The carbon‐centered radicals [2Cp]· and [2β]· are selectively trapped as the corresponding nitroxide radicals [7Cp]· and [7β]·. These diverse reactivity patterns are relevant for cytostatic ferrocenyl‐phenols such as ferrocifen.
Synthesis and Photoluminescence Properties of CuI Complexes with Chelating Phosphinito Phosphinine Ligands
Authors: Chen Xiaodan , Li Zhongshu , Yanan Fan , Grützmacher Hansjörg 
Published: February 2016

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue are the groups of Hansjörg Grützmacher, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, and Zhongshu Li, Sun Yat‐Sen University, Guangzhou, China. The cover image shows the synthesis of dinuclear copper(I) halide complexes from a new diphenylphosphinite phosphinine as chelating ligand and simple CuI halides.
An efficient catalytic three‐step synthesis of enantiopure triacylglycerols
Authors: Fodran Peter , Das Nick J. L. C. , Eisink Niek N. H. M. , Welleman Ilse M. , Kloek William , Minnaard Adriaan J. 
Published: February 2016

With the developments in high performance chromatography and mass spectrometry, the analysis of complex mixtures of closely related triacylglycerols has come within reach. Currently, however, the availability of chemically pure triacylglycerols is limited, mainly due to the lack of efficient synthetic methods that allow their synthesis. Here, we report an efficient and operationally simple three‐step synthesis of enantiopure triacylglycerols with yields ranging from 79 to 92%, that tolerates a broad range of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, we developed an automated protocol, which might greatly facilitate the synthesis of triacylglycerol libraries.Practical applications: The analysis of the composition of milk fat and as analytical standards in lipidomics.An efficient three‐step synthesis of enantiopure triacylglycerols with yields ranging from 79 to 92% is reported. This is accompanied by an automated protocol for triacylglycerol synthesis.
Exploration of Ring‐Closing Enyne Metathesis for the Synthesis of ­Azonino[5,4‐b]indoles
Authors: Solé Daniel , Bennasar M.‐Lluïsa , Roca Tomàs , Valldosera Magdalena 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe use of the ring‐closing enyne metathesis (RCEYM) as a methodology for the synthesis of the azonino[5,4‐b]indole system, featuring the tricyclic substructure of the alkaloids cleavamine and quebrachamine, has been explored. Three series of enyne substrates were studied for their compatibility with the RCEYM reaction. In addition to the usual substrates bearing either a terminal or an internal alkyne, for the first time enynes with an alkynyl halide moiety were also considered. Although the metathesis cyclization allowed for assembly of the azoninoindole nucleus in all three series, an effective catalytic cycle was only noted for internal alkyne substrates. On the basis of the experimental results, the “yne‐then‐ene” pathway seems to be the mechanism at play in these reactions.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Hydrocarboxylation of Internal Alkynes
Authors: Jeschke Janine , Engelhardt Tony B. , Lang Heinrich 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe application of the highly efficient ruthenium catalyst [Ru(CO)2{P(p‐CF3–C6H4)3}2(O2CPh)2] (1) in the selective syn‐addition of carboxylic acids to internal alkynes, yielding valuable trisubstituted enol esters with (E)‐configuration, is described. All reactions feature excellent stereoselectivities and good regioselectivities. The regioselectivity is dictated by electronic and steric aspects of the alkyne substituents and the acidity of the carboxylic acid. The catalytic activity can be significantly increased by the addition of catalytic amounts of B(C6F5)3. Relative to known catalysts for the synthesis of (E)‐enol esters, this methodology offers improved selectivity and requires lower catalyst loadings. Moreover, a broad range of alkynes and carboxylic acids can be successfully converted to their corresponding (E)‐enol esters in high yields.
Indium‐Triflate‐Catalyzed Ritter Reaction in Liquid Sulfur Dioxide
Authors: Posevins Daniels , Suta Krista , Turks Māris 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe use of liquid sulfur dioxide as a reaction solvent facilitates the Ritter reaction between alcohols and nitriles. In(OTf)3 was found to be a viable catalyst for this transformation. The newly developed catalytic conditions for the Ritter reaction were successfully applied to the synthesis of various amides, which were formed in good to excellent yields. The catalytic activation of secondary alcohols for Ritter reactions in liquid sulfur dioxide was also found to be effective.