bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic simulation and numerical analysis of hurricane storm surge under sea level rise with geomorphologic changes along the northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Bilskie Matthew V. , Hagen S. C. , Alizad K. , Medeiros S. C. , Passeri D. L. , Needham H. F. , Cox A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis work outlines a dynamic modeling framework to examine the effects of global climate change, and sea level rise (SLR) in particular, on tropical cyclone‐driven storm surge inundation. The methodology, applied across the northern Gulf of Mexico, adapts a present day large‐domain, high resolution, tide, wind‐wave, and hurricane storm surge model to characterize the potential outlook of the coastal landscape under four SLR scenarios for the year 2100. The modifications include shoreline and barrier island morphology, marsh migration, and land use land cover change. Hydrodynamics of 10 historic hurricanes were simulated through each of the five model configurations (present day and four SLR scenarios). Under SLR, the total inundated land area increased by 87% and developed and agricultural lands by 138% and 189%, respectively. Peak surge increased by as much as 1 m above the applied SLR in some areas, and other regions were subject to a reduction in peak surge, with respect to the applied SLR, indicating a nonlinear response. Analysis of time‐series water surface elevation suggests the interaction between SLR and storm surge is nonlinear in time; SLR increased the time of inundation and caused an earlier arrival of the peak surge, which cannot be addressed using a static (“bathtub”) modeling framework. This work supports the paradigm shift to using a dynamic modeling framework to examine the effects of global climate change on coastal inundation. The outcomes have broad implications and ultimately support a better holistic understanding of the coastal system and aid restoration and long‐term coastal sustainability.
Dissipation processes in the Tongue of the Ocean
Authors: Hooper James A. , Baringer Molly O. , St. Laurent Louis C. , Dewar William K. , Nowacek Doug 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe Tongue of the Ocean (TOTO) region located within the Bahamas archipelago is a relatively understudied region in terms of both its biological and physical oceanographic characteristics. A prey‐field mapping cruise took place in the fall between 15 September 2008 and 1 October 2008, consisting of a series of transects and “clovers” to study the spatial and temporal variability. The region is characterized by a deep scattering layer (DSL), which is preyed on by nekton that serves as the food for beaked whale and other whale species. This study marks the first of its kind where concurrent measurements of acoustic backscatter and turbulence have been conducted for a nekton scattering layer well below the euphotic zone. Turbulence data collected from a Deep Microstructure Profiler are compared to biological and shear data collected by a 38 kHz Simrad EK 60 echo sounder and a hydrographic Doppler sonar system, respectively. From these measurements, the primary processes responsible for the turbulent production in the TOTO region are assessed. The DSL around 500 m and a surface scattering layer (SSL) are investigated for raised ε values. Strong correlation between turbulence levels and scattering intensity of prey is generally found in the SSL with dissipation levels as large as ∼10−7 W kg−1, 3 orders of magnitude above background levels. In the DSL and during the diel vertical migration, dissipation levels ∼10−8 W kg−1 were observed.
Role of pulsed winds on detachment of low salinity water from the Pearl River Plume: Upwelling and mixing processes
Authors: Chen Zhaoyun , Pan Jiayi , Jiang Yuwu 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe detachment of low salinity water (LSW) from the Pearl River plume occurs frequently as revealed by in situ observations and satellite images, and plays an important role in cross‐shore transport of the nutrient‐rich plume water. In this study, the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) is used to simulate the LSW detachment process forced by realistic and idealized winds, and to explore its dynamical mechanisms. Modeling results show that the LSW detachment appears under a pulsed southwesterly wind, while tidal mixing modifies the size and salinity of the detached LSW. Strong pulsed wind causes the LSW to separate from the plume and move offshore quickly after the detachment. Under a pulsed northeasterly wind, however, the plume without separation of the LSW moves shoreward, indicating that the LSW detachment is sensitive to wind direction. In the plume region, upwelling develops under the forcing of the pulsed southwesterly wind, which transports high salinity bottom water to the surface layer, while the shear mixing in the upper layer further enhances the surface buoyancy flux, leading to appearance of high salinity water in the surface layer off the Pearl River estuary mouth, cutting off the eastward‐spreading plume water, and resulting in the plume LSW detachment. Further analysis shows that the pulsed southwesterly wind induces positive local salinity change rate in the LSW detachment area. The pulsed upwelling‐favorable wind with duration of 2–5 days is responsible for the detachment process.
Regime‐shifting streamflow processes: Implications for water supply reservoir operations
Authors: Turner S. W. D. , Galelli S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis paper examines the extent to which regime‐like behavior in streamflow time series impacts reservoir operating policy performance. We begin by incorporating a regime state variable into a well‐established stochastic dynamic programming model. We then simulate and compare optimized release policies—with and without the regime state variable—to understand how regime shifts affect operating performance in terms of meeting water delivery targets. Our optimization approach uses a Hidden Markov Model to partition the streamflow time series into a small number of separate regime states. The streamflow persistence structures associated with each state define separate month‐to‐month streamflow transition probability matrices for computing penalty cost expectations within the optimization procedure. The algorithm generates a four‐dimensional array of release decisions conditioned on the within‐year time period, reservoir storage state, inflow class, and underlying regime state. Our computational experiment is executed on 99 distinct, hypothetical water supply reservoirs fashioned from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's Hydrologic Reference Stations. Results show that regime‐like behavior is a major cause of suboptimal operations in water supply reservoirs; conventional techniques for optimal policy design may misguide the operator, particularly in regions susceptible to multiyear drought. Stationary streamflow models that allow for regime‐like behavior can be incorporated into traditional stochastic optimization models to enhance the flexibility of operations.
Stream solute tracer timescales changing with discharge and reach length confound process interpretation
Authors: Schmadel Noah M. , Ward Adam S. , Kurz Marie J. , Fleckenstein Jan H. , Zarnetske Jay P. , Hannah David M. , Blume Theresa , Vieweg Michael , Blaen Phillip J. , Schmidt Christian , Knapp Julia L.A. , Klaar Megan J. , Romeijn Paul , Datry Thibault , Keller Toralf , Folegot Silvia , Arricibita Amaia I. Marruedo , Krause Stefan 
Published: April 2016

AbstractImproved understanding of stream solute transport requires meaningful comparison of processes across a wide range of discharge conditions and spatial scales. At reach scales where solute tracer tests are commonly used to assess transport behavior, such comparison is still confounded due to the challenge of separating dispersive and transient storage processes from the influence of the advective timescale that varies with discharge and reach length. To better resolve interpretation of these processes from field‐based tracer observations, we conducted recurrent conservative solute tracer tests along a 1 km study reach during a storm discharge period and further discretized the study reach into six segments of similar length but different channel morphologies. The resulting suite of data, spanning an order of magnitude in advective timescales, enabled us to (1) characterize relationships between tracer response and discharge in individual segments and (2) determine how combining the segments into longer reaches influences interpretation of dispersion and transient storage from tracer tests. We found that the advective timescale was the primary control on the shape of the observed tracer response. Most segments responded similarly to discharge, implying that the influence of morphologic heterogeneity was muted relative to advection. Comparison of tracer data across combined segments demonstrated that increased advective timescales could be misinterpreted as a change in dispersion or transient storage. Taken together, our results stress the importance of characterizing the influence of changing advective timescales on solute tracer responses before such reach‐scale observations can be used to infer solute transport at larger network scales.
Integrating cobenefits produced with water quality BMPs into credits markets: Conceptualization and experimental illustration for EPRI's Ohio River Basin Trading
Authors: Liu Pengfei , Swallow Stephen K. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis paper develops a method that incorporates the public value for environmental cobenefits when a conservation buyer can purchase water quality credits based on nonmarket valuation results. We demonstrate this approach through an experiment with adult students in a classroom laboratory environment. Our application contributes to the study of individual preference and willingness to pay for cobenefits associated with the production of water quality credits in relation to the Ohio River Basin Trading Project. We use three different methods to elicit individuals' willingness to pay (WTP), including (1) a hypothetical referendum, (2) a real referendum lacking incentive compatibility, and (3) a real choice with incentive compatibility. Methodologically, our WTP estimates suggest individuals are more sensitive to the cost changes and reveal the lowest value in the real choice with incentive compatibility. Practically, we find individuals value certain cobenefits and credits as public goods. Incorporating public value toward cobenefits may improve the overall efficiency of a water quality trading market. Based on our specification of a planner's welfare function, results suggest a substantial welfare improvement after identifying an optimal allocation of a buyer's budget across credits derived from agricultural management practices producing different portfolios of cobenefits.
Alternating irrigation water quality as a method to control solute concentrations and mass fluxes below irrigated fields: A numerical study
Authors: Russo David 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe aim of the present numerical study was to extend the data‐driven protocol for the control of soil salinity, to control chloride and nitrate concentrations and mass fluxes below agricultural fields irrigated with treated waste water (TWW). The protocol is based on alternating irrigation water quality between TWW and desalinized water (DSW), guided by solute concentrations at soil depth, zs. Two different schemes, the first requires measurements of soil solution concentrations of chloride and nitrate at zs, while, the second scheme requires only measurements of soil solution EC at zs, were investigated. For this purpose, 3‐D numerical simulations of flow and transport were performed for variably saturated, spatially heterogeneous, flow domains located at two different field sites. The sites differ in crop type, irrigation method, and in their lithology; these differences, in turn, considerably affect the performance of the proposed schemes, expressed in terms of their ability to reduce solute concentrations that drained below the root zone. Results of the analyses suggest that the proposed data‐driven schemes allow the use of low‐quality water for irrigation, while minimizing the consumption of high‐quality water to a level, which, for given climate, soil, crop, irrigation method, and water quality, may be determined by the allowable nitrate and chloride concentrations in the groundwater. The results of the present study indicate that with respect to the diminution of groundwater contamination by chloride and nitrate, the more data demanding, first scheme is superior the second scheme.
Nonlinear Landau resonant scattering of near equatorially mirroring radiation belt electrons by oblique EMIC waves
Authors: Wang Bin , Su Zhenpeng , Zhang Yan , Shi Shengwei , Wang Geng 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn response to solar wind disturbances, radiation belt (a few hundreds of keV to several MeV) electron fluxes can be depleted significantly over the entire equatorial pitch angle range. The frequently mentioned cyclotron resonant scattering is applicable only for electrons mirroring off the equator. Here we propose a new physical mechanism, nonlinear Landau resonance with oblique electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves, to effectively scatter the near equatorially mirroring electrons. Our test particle simulations show that the nonlinear Landau trapping can occur over a wide energy range and yield the net decrease in equatorial pitch angle Δαeq≈10° within several seconds. Our parametric studies further reveal that this nonlinear Landau‐trapping process is favored by a low plasma density, an intense wave field, a high wave frequency close to ion gyrofrequencies, and a large wave normal angle.
A global surface drifter data set at hourly resolution
Authors: Elipot Shane , Lumpkin Rick , Perez Renellys C. , Lilly Jonathan M. , Early Jeffrey J. , Sykulski Adam M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe surface drifting buoys, or drifters, of the Global Drifter Program (GDP) are predominantly tracked by the Argos positioning system, providing drifter locations with O(100 m) errors at nonuniform temporal intervals, with an average interval of 1.2 h since January 2005. This data set is thus a rich and global source of information on high‐frequency and small‐scale oceanic processes, yet is still relatively understudied because of the challenges associated with its large size and sampling characteristics. A methodology is described to produce a new high‐resolution global data set since 2005, consisting of drifter locations and velocities estimated at hourly intervals, along with their respective errors. Locations and velocities are obtained by modeling locally in time trajectories as a first‐order polynomial with coefficients obtained by maximizing a likelihood function. This function is derived by modeling the Argos location errors with t location‐scale probability distribution functions. The methodology is motivated by analyzing 82 drifters tracked contemporaneously by Argos and by the Global Positioning System, where the latter is assumed to provide true locations. A global spectral analysis of the velocity variance from the new data set reveals a sharply defined ridge of energy closely following the inertial frequency as a function of latitude, distinct energy peaks near diurnal and semidiurnal frequencies, as well as higher‐frequency peaks located near tidal harmonics as well as near replicates of the inertial frequency. Compared to the spectra that can be obtained using the standard 6‐hourly GDP product, the new data set contains up to 100% more spectral energy at some latitudes.
Targeting coagulation factor XII as a novel therapeutic option in brain trauma
Authors: Hopp Sarah , Albert‐Weissenberger Christiane , Mencl Stine , Bieber Michael , Schuhmann Michael K. , Stetter Christian , Nieswandt Bernhard , Schmidt Peter M. , Monoranu Camelia‐Maria , Alafuzoff Irina , Marklund Niklas , Nolte Marc W. , Sirén Anna‐Leena , Kleinschnitz Christoph 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveTraumatic brain injury is a major global public health problem for which specific therapeutic interventions are lacking. There is, therefore, a pressing need to identify innovative pathomechanism‐based effective therapies for this condition. Thrombus formation in the cerebral microcirculation has been proposed to contribute to secondary brain damage by causing pericontusional ischemia, but previous studies have failed to harness this finding for therapeutic use. The aim of this study was to obtain preclinical evidence supporting the hypothesis that targeting factor XII prevents thrombus formation and has a beneficial effect on outcome after traumatic brain injury.MethodsWe investigated the impact of genetic deficiency of factor XII and acute inhibition of activated factor XII with a single bolus injection of recombinant human albumin‐fused infestin‐4 (rHA‐Infestin‐4) on trauma‐induced microvascular thrombus formation and the subsequent outcome in 2 mouse models of traumatic brain injury.ResultsOur study showed that both genetic deficiency of factor XII and an inhibition of activated factor XII in mice minimize trauma‐induced microvascular thrombus formation and improve outcome, as reflected by better motor function, reduced brain lesion volume, and diminished neurodegeneration. Administration of human factor XII in factor XII–deficient mice fully restored injury‐induced microvascular thrombus formation and brain damage.InterpretationThe robust protective effect of rHA‐Infestin‐4 points to a novel treatment option that can decrease ischemic injury after traumatic brain injury without increasing bleeding tendencies. Ann Neurol 2016;79:970–982
Solid Molecular Phosphine Catalysts for Formic Acid Decomposition in the Biorefinery
Authors: Hausoul Peter J. C. , Broicher Cornelia , Vegliante Roberta , Göb Christian , Palkovits Regina 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe co‐production of formic acid during the conversion of cellulose to levulinic acid offers the possibility for on‐site hydrogen production and reductive transformations. Phosphorus‐based porous polymers loaded with Ru complexes exhibit high activity and selectivity in the base‐free decomposition of formic acid to CO2 and H2. A polymeric analogue of 1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (DPPE) gave the best results in terms of performance and stability. Recycling tests revealed low levels of leaching and only a gradual decrease in the activity over seven runs. An applicability study revealed that these catalysts even facilitate selective removal of formic acid from crude product mixtures arising from the synthesis of levulinic acid.
Effect of ZnO nanoparticles obtained by arc discharge on thermo‐mechanical properties of matrix thermoset nanocomposites
Authors: Medina M C. , Rojas D. , Flores P. , Peréz‐Tijerina E. , Meléndrez M. F. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTThrough the development of nanotechnology it has been widely studied the morphology and size control in nanopowders synthesis. However, most of these techniques are successful to synthesize nanopowders in a small scale. In this research, a large semi‐industrial scale synthesis method is proposed, named continuous arc discharge in controlled atmosphere (DARC‐AC). Using this technique, it is possible to directly obtain clean nanostructures (low amount of impurities) with more than 90% of particles below 100 nm. In this study, the method utilizes metallic zinc and oxygen as precursors in order to produce ZnO. The ZnO nanopowders were incorporated in a thermoset polymer (epoxy resin) to study their influence on the thermo‐mechanical properties of the matrix. As main results, the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite epoxy/ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO‐NPs) do not differ from the original properties of the epoxy resin. Nevertheless, thermal behavior, conductivity, and diffusivity properties of the nanocomposite are improved. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43631.
Rainbow trout effects on zooplankton in the reproductive area of the critically endangered hooded grebe
Authors: Lancelotti Julio , Marinone María Cristina , Roesler Ignacio 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAquaculture in arid Patagonia is potentially affecting the hooded grebe (Podiceps gallardoi), a critically endangered endemic waterbird. Exotic rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were stocked from 1994 in naturally fishless lakes, the primary reproductive habitat of this grebe.Trout and grebes are visual predators, whose diets overlap. Consequently, trout could reduce the abundance of prey of the hooded grebe.This study compared the size distribution and abundance of the pelagic zooplankton fraction preyed upon by trout in four fishless lakes and three lakes stocked with trout, including vegetated and unvegetated lakes.The mean size ofDaphniaspp. was 45% and 35% larger in fishless lakes than in stocked lakes, for unvegetated and vegetated lakes, respectively.Boeckellaspp. were larger in fishless than in stocked vegetated lakes.Fishless and stocked lakes had highly contrasting biomasses of large pelagic crustaceans. Amphipods were absent from the water column of all stocked lakes analysed, and were abundant in fishless lakes.Parabroteas sarsiwas absent from the two large unvegetated lakes, stocked with trout.These shifts in the abundance and size spectrum of the zooplankton may reflect competition between trout and hooded grebe, affecting the survival of the latter species.The current conservation status of this rare aquatic bird demands the application of management tools to reduce the detrimental effects of aquaculture on their primary reproductive habitat.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modifikation des Glaser‐Verfahrens zur Berücksichtigung solarer Strahlung und konvektiver Feuchteeinträge
Authors: Schwaller Johann , Wegerer Paul , Bednar Thomas 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas Glaser‐Verfahren galt in der Bauphysik der letzten Jahrzehnte als das wesentliche Verfahren für den feuchteschutztechnischen Nachweis. Simulationsverfahren und die gezielte Erforschung des Feuchteverhaltens bestimmter Baustoffe sowie unzählige dokumentierte Schadensfälle zeigen jedoch, dass die Annahmen des Glaser‐Verfahrens oftmals zu falschen Ergebnissen führen. Durch eine Modifizierung des Glaser‐Verfahrens, die solare Einstrahlung und konvektive Feuchteeinträge in die Konstruktion berücksichtigt, kann für bestimmte Konstruktionen dennoch ein praxistauglicher vereinfachter feuchteschutztechnischer Nachweis erbracht werden. Anhand von drei Beispielkonstruktionen wird gezeigt, dass die Anwendung des modifizierten Verfahrens verglichen mit hygrothermischen Simulationen in manchen Fällen Ergebnisse auf der sicheren Seite liefert, in anderen jedoch Fehlplanungen. Die Beurteilung der jeweiligen Ergebnisse ist daher von großer Bedeutung und zeigt die Grenzen für die Anwendbarkeit des vereinfachten Nachweises auf.Modification of the Glaser method using solar radiation and convective moisture penetration. The Glaser method was considered the most significant method for proof of moisture performance in building physics during the last decades. However, simulation methods and the concerted research of certain building materials' moisture behaviour as well as countless documented cases of damage show that the Glaser method's assumptions often lead to false results. By modifying the Glaser method, taking into account the solar irradiation und convective damp penetrations into the construction, a practicable, simplified hygrothermal proof can be yielded for certain constructions yet. Using three exemplary constructions it is shown that applying the modified method in comparison with hygrothermal simulations provides safe results in some cases, incorrect plannings in others. Evaluation of the respective results is therefore of the utmost importance and highlights the limits of the simplified proof's practicability.