bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the effects of the first 2 years of industry‐led badger culling in England on the incidence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in 2013–2015
Authors: Brunton Lucy A. , Donnelly Christl A. , O'Connor Heather , Prosser Alison , Ashfield Stuart , Ashton Adam , Upton Paul , Mitchell Andrew , Goodchild Anthony V. , Parry Jessica E. , Downs Sara H. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractCulling badgers to control the transmission of bovine tuberculosis (TB) between this wildlife reservoir and cattle has been widely debated. Industry‐led culling began in Somerset and Gloucestershire between August and November 2013 to reduce local badger populations. Industry‐led culling is not designed to be a randomized and controlled trial of the impact of culling on cattle incidence. Nevertheless, it is important to monitor the effects of the culling and, taking the study limitations into account, perform a cautious evaluation of the impacts. A standardized method for selecting areas matched to culling areas in factors found to affect cattle TB risk has been developed to evaluate the impact of badger culling on cattle TB incidence. The association between cattle TB incidence and badger culling in the first 2 years has been assessed. Descriptive analyses without controlling for confounding showed no association between culling and TB incidence for Somerset, or for either of the buffer areas for the first 2 years since culling began. A weak association was observed in Gloucestershire for Year 1 only. Multivariable analysis adjusting for confounding factors showed that reductions in TB incidence were associated with culling in the first 2 years in both the Somerset and Gloucestershire intervention areas when compared to areas with no culling (incidence rate ratio (IRR): 0.79, 95% CI: 0.72–0.87, p < .001 and IRR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.34–0.51, p < .001, respectively). An increase in incidence was associated with culling in the 2‐km buffer surrounding the Somerset intervention area (IRR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.09–1.75, p = .008), but not in Gloucestershire (IRR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.77–1.07, p = .243). As only 2 intervention areas with 2 years of data are available for analysis, and the biological cause–effect relationship behind the statistical associations is difficult to determine, it would be unwise to use these findings to develop generalizable inferences about the effectiveness of the policy at present.
Synthesis of supermacroporous cryogel for bioreactors continuous starch hydrolysis
Authors: Guilherme Ederson Paulo Xavier , de Oliveira Jocilane Pereira , de Carvalho Lorendane Millena , Brandi Igor Viana , Santos Sérgio Henrique Sousa , de Carvalho Gleidson Giordano Pinto , Cota Junio , Mara Aparecida de Carvalho Bruna 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA bioreactor was built by means of immobilizing alpha‐amylase from Aspergillus oryzae by encapsulation, through cryopolymerization of acrylamide monomers for the continuous starch hydrolysis. The starch hydrolysis was evaluated regarding pH, the concentration of immobilized amylase on cryogel, the concentration of starch solution and temperature. The maximum value for starch hydrolysis was achieved at pH 5.0, concentration of immobilized enzyme 111.44 mg amylase/gcryogel, concentration of starch solution 45 g/L and temperature of 35°C. The immobilized enzyme showed a conversion ratio ranging from 68.2 to 97.37%, depending on the pH and temperature employed. Thus, our results suggest that the alpha‐amylase from A. oryzae immobilized on cryogel monoliths represents a potential process for industrial production of maltose from starch hydrolysis.
An automated data‐driven DSP development approach for glycoproteins from yeast
Authors: Rajamanickam Vignesh , Krippl Maximillian , Herwig Christoph , Spadiut Oliver 
Published: August 2017

AbstractDownstream process development for recombinant glycoproteins from yeast is cumbersome due to hyperglycosylation of target proteins. In a previous study, we purified three recombinant glycoproteins from Pichia pastoris using a simple two‐step flowthrough mode approach using monolithic columns. In this study, we investigated a novel automated data science approach for identifying purification conditions for such glycoproteins using monolithic columns. We performed three sets of design of experiments in analytical scale to determine the separation efficiency of monolithic columns for three different recombinant horseradish peroxidase (HRP) isoenzymes. For ease of calculation, we introduced an arbitrary term, the relative impurity removal (IR), which is representative of the amount of impurities cleared. Both, the experimental part and the data analysis were automated and took less than 40 min for each HRP isoenzyme. We tested the identified purification conditions in laboratory scale and performed respective offline analyses to verify results from analytical scale. We found a clear correlation between the IR estimated online through our novel data‐driven approach and the IR determined offline. Summarizing, we present a novel methodology, applying analytical scale advantages which can be used for fast and efficient DSP development for recombinant glycoproteins from yeast without offline analyses.
PLS3 Deletions Lead to Severe Spinal Osteoporosis and Disturbed Bone Matrix Mineralization
Authors: Kämpe Anders J , Costantini Alice , Levy-shraga Yael , Zeitlin Leonid , Roschger Paul , Taylan Fulya , Lindstrand Anna , Paschalis Eleftherios P , Gamsjaeger Sonja , Raas-Rothschild Annick , Hövel Matthias , Jiao Hong , Klaushofer Klaus , Grasemann Corinna , Mäkitie Outi 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT

Mutations in the PLS3 gene, encoding Plastin 3, were described in 2013 as a cause for X-linked primary bone fragility in children. The specific role of PLS3 in bone metabolism remains inadequately understood. Here we describe for the first time PLS3 deletions as the underlying cause for childhood-onset primary osteoporosis in 3 boys from 2 families. We carried out thorough clinical, radiological, and bone tissue analyses to explore the consequences of these deletions and to further elucidate the role of PLS3 in bone homeostasis. In family 1, the 2 affected brothers had a deletion of exons 4–16 (NM_005032) in PLS3, inherited from their healthy mother. In family 2, the index patient had a deletion involving the entire PLS3 gene (exons 1–16), inherited from his mother who had osteoporosis. The 3 patients presented in early childhood with severe spinal compression fractures involving all vertebral bodies. The 2 brothers in family 1 also displayed subtle dysmorphic facial features and both had developed a myopathic gait. Extensive analyses of a transiliac bone biopsy from 1 patient showed a prominent increase in osteoid volume, osteoid thickness, and in mineralizing lag time. Results from quantitative backscattered electron imaging and Raman microspectroscopy showed a significant hypomineralization of the bone. Together our results indicate that PLS3 deletions lead to severe childhood-onset osteoporosis resulting from defective bone matrix mineralization, suggesting a specific role for PLS3 in the mineralization process. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Integration of microbial and chemical processing for a sustainable metallurgy
Authors: Ilyas Sadia , Kim Min‐seuk , Lee Jae‐chun 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBioprocessing for the recovery of metal from divergent resources using the microbial strategy has emerged as a green technology in metallurgical operations. The limitations to maintain the ideal condition for bacterial growth with slow kinetics, however, have been considered as major obstacles to bioprocessing being implemented more widely. This can be overcome by integrating the microbes with a chemical processing route. The available reports on recent developments in hybrid bio‐chemical processing of both primary and secondary resources have presented promising results, exhibiting the potential for use in large‐scale metallurgy. In this context, reviewing the factors of the hybrid process would benefit from knowledge acquired in fundamental studies. The present review focuses on bio‐chemical process integration using eco‐friendly design tools for treating the difficult to extract resources and complex spent materials as well. Furthermore, the potential of hybrid technology has been evaluated by establishing an economic model as a case study which encompasses features of economic development, environmental consideration and societal matters to achieve process sustainability. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Inspired to perform: A multilevel investigation of antecedents and consequences of thriving at work
Authors: Walumbwa Fred O. , Muchiri Michael K. , Misati Everlyne , Wu Cindy , Meiliani Meiliani 
Published: August 2017

SummaryEmerging research evidence across multiple industries suggests that thriving at work is critically important for creating sustainable organizational performance. However, we possess little understanding of how factors across different organizational levels stimulate thriving at work. To address this gap, the current study proposes a multilevel model that simultaneously examines contextual and individual factors that facilitate thriving at work and how thriving relates to positive health and overall unit performance. Analysis of data collected from 275 employees, at multiple time periods, and their immediate supervisors, representing 94 work units, revealed that servant leadership and core self‐evaluations are 2 important contextual and individual factors that significantly relate to thriving at work. The results further indicated that thriving positively relates to positive health at the individual level, with this relationship partially mediated by affective commitment. Our results also showed that collective thriving at work positively relates to collective affective commitment, which in turn, positively relates to overall unit performance. Taken together, these findings suggest that work context and individual characteristics play significant roles in facilitating thriving at work and that thriving is an important means by which managers and their organizations can improve employees' positive health and unit performance.
Linear programming: an alternative approach for developing formulations for emergency food products
Authors: Sheibani Ershad , Dabbagh Moghaddam Arasb , Sharifan Anousheh , Afshari Zahra 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo minimize the mortality rates of individuals affected by disasters, providing high‐quality food relief during the initial stages of an emergency is crucial. The goal of this study was to develop a formulation for a high‐energy, nutrient‐dense prototype using linear programming (LP) model as a novel method for developing formulations for food products.RESULTSThe model consisted of the objective function and the decision variables, which were the formulation costs and weights of the selected commodities, respectively. The LP constraints were the Institute of Medicine and the World Health Organization specifications of the content of nutrients in the product. Other constraints related to the product's sensory properties were also introduced to the model. Nonlinear constraints for energy ratios of nutrients were linearized to allow their use in the LP. Three focus group studies were conducted to evaluate the palatability and other aspects of the optimized formulation. New constraints were introduced to the LP model based on the focus group evaluations to improve the formulation.CONCLUSIONLP is an appropriate tool for designing formulations of food products to meet a set of nutritional requirements. This method is an excellent alternative to the traditional ‘trial and error’ method in designing formulations. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Power reduction of micro‐electro‐mechanical system shutter display by temporal smoothing of image signal
Authors: Shiga Tomokazu , Fujii Masato 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPower reduction technique for micro‐electro‐mechanical system (MEMS) shutter display employing a time‐division pulse‐width‐modulation gray scale expression method has been proposed. By temporally smoothing the column data signal, transition frequency between open and closed states of the MEMS shutter decreases, resulting in power reduction. In order to suppress color distortion due to the smoothing, the number of smoothing subfield is limited. In addition, the number of smoothing subfield is adjusted for each pixel after calculating color difference between the original and smoothed pixels. Simulated experiments show about 20% reduction of the transition number of MEMS shutter state when the color‐difference tolerance is 0.8 and the maximum number of smoothing subfield is 3.
A study on country images, destination beliefs, and travel intentions: A structural equation model approach
Authors: Lindblom Arto , Lindblom Taru , Lehtonen Miikka J. , Wechtler Heidi 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis study explores how individuals' cognitive and affective country images influence destination beliefs, and how these beliefs are associated with individuals' travel intentions. With the product country image and tourism destination image literature, we develop four hypotheses that are tested using structural equation modeling. We use a sample of 605 Japanese respondents. Our results indicate that the cognitive country image is positively associated with the affective country image. The findings suggest that both the affective and cognitive country images are positively related to the destination beliefs, and the destination beliefs are positively associated with the travel intentions.
Clinical Conformity Between Heel Ultrasound and Densitometry in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review
Authors: Tabor Elżbieta , Pluskiewicz Wojciech , Tabor Kamil 
Published: August 2017

ObjectivesTo assess the conformity between heel ultrasound and densitometry, and the clinical application of densitometry T‐score “gold standard” in quantitative ultrasound as a method of osteoporosis diagnosis in postmenopausal women.MethodsThe study is a systematic review of studies published in the last 17 years in PubMed, NLM Gateway, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library. Calcaneal quantitative ultrasound sensitivity and specificity were analyzed with regard to densitometry measurements in postmenopausal women. In addition, we summarized the values of ultrasound T‐scores, for which their accuracy in osteoporosis diagnosis is the highest.ResultsThe inclusion criteria met 15 research studies conducted on postmenopausal women. In 11 of them, the authors concluded that clinical conformity between heel ultrasound and densitometry is good. The recommended quantitative ultrasound T‐score for osteoporosis diagnosis ranged between −1 and −3.65.ConclusionsHeel ultrasound should be considered to be as accurate as densitometry in diagnosing osteoporosis. Nevertheless, it needs to have separate T‐score ranges determined, because those used in densitometry are not adequate.
Evaluating dall's sheep habitat use via camera traps
Authors: Dertien Jeremy S. , Doherty Paul F. , Bagley Calvin F. , Haddix John A. , Brinkman Aleya R. , Neipert Elizabeth S. 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTAnthropogenic disturbances, such as military training, potentially affect mountain ungulate populations. Assessing the spatiotemporal occupancy or habitat use of a wildlife population can assist with planning of potentially disrupting activities. Currently, military training is expanding into potential Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) habitat within 2 training areas of Fort Wainwright, Alaska. The 2 study areas included Molybdenum Ridge, a 10‐km long geologically isolated granite ridgeline on the northern periphery of the Alaska Range and Black Rapids Training Area, a steeper and smaller area within the mountain range and bordered by the Delta River. The United States Army requires a better understanding of sheep habitat use in these 2 areas to identify how training could affect the population and to reduce overlap of training and high sheep occupancy. We used an array of 54 spatially balanced camera traps, taking triggered and hourly time lapse images, to determine Dall's sheep habitat use based on seasonal and site covariates. Camera traps operated for a continuous 15‐month sampling period and captured nearly 8,000 images of sheep. Our occupancy models indicated that abiotic covariates such as slope, snow depth, and distance to escape terrain were the most important factors determining habitat use. Seasonal differences in habitat use indicated higher use during winter and spring for Molybdenum Ridge, and higher habitat use during the summer for Black Rapids Training Area. Detection probabilities were constant temporally and were higher if the camera was positioned on a wildlife trail versus off trail. Our results suggest that the best opportunity to minimize training interactions with Dall's sheep is to conduct training in early‐July to early‐September, specifically in areas with <60% slope and >500 m from escape terrain. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
A comparison of tracheal scaffold strategies for pediatric transplantation in a rabbit model
Authors: Maughan Elizabeth F. , Butler Colin R. , Crowley Claire , Teoh Gui Zhen , den Hondt Margot , Hamilton Nicholas J. , Hynds Robert E. , Lange Peggy , Ansari Tahera , Urbani Luca , Janes Samuel M. , de Coppi Paolo , Birchall Martin A. , Elliott Martin J. 
Published: August 2017

Objectives/HypothesisDespite surgical advances, childhood tracheal stenosis is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Various tracheal scaffold strategies have been developed as the basis for bioengineered substitutes, but there is no consensus on which may be superior in vivo. We hypothesized that there would be no difference in morbidity and mortality between three competing scaffold strategies in rabbits.Study DesignPilot preclinical study.MethodsTracheal scaffolds were prepared by three methods that have been applied clinically and reported: preserved cadaveric (“Herberhold”) allografts, detergent‐enzymatically decellularized allografts, and synthetic scaffolds (nanocomposite polymer [polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane poly(carbonate‐urea) urethane (POSS‐PCU)]). Scaffolds were implanted into cervical trachea of New Zealand White rabbits (n = 4 per group) without cell seeding. Control animals (n = 4) received autotransplanted tracheal segments using the same technique. Animals underwent bronchoscopic monitoring of the grafts for 30 days. Macroscopic evaluation of tissue integration, graft stenosis, and collapsibility and histological examinations were performed on explants at termination.ResultsAll surgical controls survived to termination without airway compromise. Mild to moderate anastomotic stenosis from granulation tissue was detected, but there was evidence suggestive of vascular reconnection with minimal fibrous encapsulation. In contrast, three of the four animals in the Herberhold and POSS‐PCU groups, and all animals receiving decellularized allografts, required early termination due to respiratory distress. Herberhold grafts showed intense inflammatory reactions, anastomotic stenoses, and mucus plugging. Synthetic graft integration and vascularization were poor, whereas decellularized grafts demonstrated malacia and collapse but had features suggestive of vascular connection or revascularization.ConclusionsThere are mirror‐image benefits and drawbacks to nonrecellularized, decellularized, and synthetic grafts, such that none emerged as the preferred option. Results from prevascularized and/or cell‐seeded grafts (as applied clinically) may elucidate clearer advantages of one scaffold type over another.Level of EvidenceNA. Laryngoscope, 127:E449–E457, 2017
Contralateral R1 and R2 components of the laryngeal adductor reflex in humans under general anesthesia
Authors: Sinclair Catherine F. , Téllez Maria J. , Tapia Oscar R. , Ulkatan Sedat 
Published: August 2017

ObjectivesTo demonstrate that under total intravenous general anesthesia (TIVA), the contralateral R1 (cRI) and contralateral R2 (cR2) components of the laryngeal adductor reflex (LAR) can be reliably elicited; to determine effects of topical anesthesia and inhalational anesthesia on the LAR; and to discuss how this technique may be utilized to continuously monitor the vagus nerve reflex arc.Study DesignCase series.MethodsVocal fold mucosa was electrically stimulated via endotracheal tube surface‐based electrodes to elicit a LAR. Responses were recorded using the endotracheal tube electrode contralateral to the simulating electrode for each side.ResultsTwenty‐one patients (31 nerves at risk), aged between 28 to 84 years, who underwent thyroid and cervical spine surgeries (4 males, 17 females) were included. cR1 responses were reliably elicited in all patients, and cR2 responses were obtained in 14 patients (66.6%). Mean cR1 latencies ± standard deviation were 22.5 ± 2.5 milliseconds (ms) (left) and 23.4 ± 3.3 ms (right). Mean cR1 amplitudes were 237.9 ± 153.9 microvolts (uV) (left) and 265.0 ± 226.5 uV (right). Mean R2 latencies were 59.8 ± 4.9 ms (left) and 61.8 ± 7.9 ms (right). Intraoperative reversible cR1 amplitude decreases correlated temporally with surgical maneuvers stretching or compressing the RLN or internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (iSLN). Inhalational anesthetic agents abolished cR2 and minimized cR1 at mean alveolar concentrations > 0.5. Topical lidocaine significantly reduced LAR amplitude.ConclusionLAR cR1 and cR2 responses are present in humans under TIVA and may afford some airway protection against aspiration under anesthesia. They are inhibited by inhalational anesthetics and topical lidocaine. Continuous intraoperative iSLN and RLN monitoring are possible using surface‐based endotracheal tube electrodes alone to stimulate and record cR1 responses.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 127:E443–E448, 2017
Cost‐effectiveness of pediatric bilateral cochlear implantation in Spain
Authors: Pérez‐Martín Jorge , Artaso Miguel A. , Díez Francisco J. 
Published: August 2017

Objectives/HypothesisTo determine the incremental cost‐effectiveness of bilateral versus unilateral cochlear implantation for 1‐year‐old children suffering from bilateral sensorineural severe to profound hearing loss from the perspective of the Spanish public health system.Study DesignCost‐utility analysis.MethodsWe conducted a general‐population survey to estimate the quality‐of‐life increase contributed by the second implant. We built a Markov influence diagram and evaluated it for a life‐long time horizon with a 3% discount rate in the base case.ResultsThe incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of simultaneous bilateral implantation with respect to unilateral implantation for 1‐year‐old children with severe to profound deafness is €10,323 per quality‐adjusted life year (QALY). For sequential bilateral implantation, it rises to €11,733/QALY. Both options are cost‐effective for the Spanish health system, whose willingness to pay is estimated at around €30,000/QALY. The probabilistic sensitivity analysis shows that the probability of bilateral implantation being cost‐effective reaches 100% for that cost‐effectiveness threshold.ConclusionsBilateral implantation is clearly cost‐effective for the population considered. If possible, it should be done simultaneously (i.e., in one surgical operation), because it is as safe and effective as sequential implantation, and saves costs for the system and for users and their families. Sequential implantation is also cost‐effective for children who have received the first implant recently, but it is difficult to determine when it ceases to be so because of the lack of detailed data. These results are specific for Spain, but the model can easily be adapted to other countries.Level of Evidence2C.Laryngoscope, 127:2866–2872, 2017