bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An observational study of critical care physicians' assessment and decision‐making practices in response to patient referrals
Authors: Charlesworth M. , Mort M. , Smith A. F. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryPrevious studies of critical care admissions have largely compared patients that have been granted or declined admission. To better understand the decision process itself, our ethnographic approach combined observation of and interviews with critical care physicians in a large English hospital. We observed 30 critical care doctors managing 71 referrals and conducted ten interviews with senior decision‐makers to explore the themes raised by our observations. We analysed data using the constant comparative method. We found that the decision to move a patient to critical care was just one way in which the trajectory of critical illness could be modified. When patients were admitted to critical care, it was not always for invasive monitoring or advanced organ support, with some admitted for more general medical and/or nursing care. When patients were declined admission, they were not simply forgotten or left behind; they nevertheless underwent careful assessment and follow‐up. Thus, depicting admission or refusal as a binary event is misleading. We suggest that prescriptive admission algorithms are problematic for clinicians, in that they may not take into account the complexity of clinical practice.
Sovereign Power, Biopower, and the Reach of the West in an Age of Diaspora‐Centred Development
Authors: Boyle Mark , Ho Elaine Lynn‐Ee 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWhy at this particular historical moment has there emerged a rousing interest in the potential contribution of diasporas to the development of migrant sending states and why is this diaspora turn so pervasive throughout the global South? The central premise of this paper is that the rapid ascent of diaspora‐centred development cannot be understood apart from historical developments in the West's approach to governing international spaces. Once predicated upon sovereign power, rule over distant others is increasingly coming to depend upon biopolitical projects which conspire to discipline and normalize the conduct of others at a distance so as to create self‐reliant and resilient market actors. We argue that an age of diaspora‐centred development has emerged as a consequence of this shift and is partly constitutive of it. We develop our argument with reference to Giorgio Agamben's “Homo Sacer” project and in particular the theological genealogy of Western political constructs he presents in his book The Kingdom and the Glory (2011). We provide for illustration profiles of three projects which have played a significant role in birthing and conditioning the current diaspora option: the World Bank's Knowledge for Development Programme (K4D); the US‐based International Diaspora Engagement Alliance (IdEA); and the EU/UN Joint Migration and Development Initiative Migration4Development project (JMDI‐M4D). Drawing upon economic theology, we make a case for construing these projects as elements of the West's emerging Oikonomia after the age of empire.
Towards an Energy Politics In‐Against‐and‐Beyond the State: Berlin's Struggle for Energy Democracy
Authors: Angel James 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSocial movements in struggle around energy are currently developing an imaginary of “energy democracy” to signify the emancipatory energy transitions they desire. Deploying a scholar‐activist perspective, this paper contributes to debates around the concretisation of the energy democracy imaginary by exploring the relationship of energy democracy movements to the state. To do so, I focus on the experiences of the Berliner Energietisch campaign, which in 2013 forced (and lost) a referendum aiming to extend—and democratise—the local state's role in Berlin's energy governance. Drawing on relational theories of the state, I argue that it is productive to read Berliner Energietisch as enacting an energy politics in‐against‐and‐beyond the state. In making this argument, I draw out implications for theoretical and strategic debates around the commons and the state.
Parents reported reduced symptoms and improved satisfaction after fundoplication and their perceptions were an important outcome measure
Authors: Heinrich Martina , Kain Alexandra , Bergmann Florian , von Schweinitz Dietrich 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimFundoplication is required for children with chronic recurrent gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The aim of this study was to report parental perceptions of symptoms and overall satisfaction with the long‐term course following fundoplication with special reference to patients with GERD risk factors.MethodsWe studied 34 patients, with a median age of 6.5 ± 4.9 years, who received fundoplication between 2001 and 2005. Clinical information and surgical complications were recorded. Parents were interviewed to evaluate post‐operative symptoms, mode of nutrition and satisfaction.ResultsThe median follow‐up time was 7.3 years. Comorbidities were neurological impairment in 15 patients, other gastrointestinal disorders in seven patients and isolated GERD in 12 patients. The parents reported that fundoplication effectively treated initial reflux symptoms in 60% and improved symptoms in 37%. Vomiting and reflux‐associated pain were treated most effectively. Pulmonary symptoms often remained unchanged in neurologically impaired children. Redo fundoplication was necessary in seven patients. Only two parents regretted consenting to surgery.ConclusionA high percentage of parents reported improved gastrointestinal reflux‐related symptoms and a high level of satisfaction following fundoplication. Parental perceptions of GERD symptoms should be an important outcome measure when assessing the efficacy of antireflux surgery in children in routine clinical follow‐up.
Comparison on the physico‐chemical and nutritional qualities of normal and abnormal colored fresh chicken liver
Authors: Xiong Guoyuan , Gao Xueqin , Zheng Haibo , Li Xin , Xu Xinglian , Zhou Guanghong 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis study evaluated the differences of physico‐chemical and nutritional qualities between abnormal colored chicken livers (ANCCLs) and normal colored chicken livers (NCCLs) and the safety of the both livers. Compared with NCCLs, ANCCLs were lower in protein, water contents (P < 0.01), pH and pigment contents (P < 0.05). NCCLs contained higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) (P < 0.05). The PUFA/SFA ratio of NCCLs was 0.453, higher (P < 0.05) than that of ANCCLs. The contents of alanine, valine, tyrosine, lysine and histidine in NCCLs were higher (P < 0.05) than in ANCCLs. The contents of K, Na, P, Cu, Fe and Se of NCCLs were higher (P < 0.05), but the Ca content was lower (P < 0.05). The content of the heavy metals (As, Hg, Pb and Cd) of the two types of livers complied with food safety requirements. Although NCCLs had higher nutritional value than ANCCLs, both livers were acceptable for human consumption.
Permanence of proliferating cells in developing, juvenile and adult knee epiphyses of lizards in relation to bone growth and regeneration
Authors: Alibardi Lorenzo 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe distribution of long‐labelling‐retaining cells, putative progenitor or stem cells, in the developing knees of embryo, juvenile and adult lizards has been analysed using H3‐thymidine autoradiography and 5BrdU immunohistochemistry. Proliferating cells are present in developing cartilaginous femur and tibia, especially in the epiphyses where a higher cell multiplication likely determines their typical enlarged shape in comparison with the diaphyses where chondroblast proliferation is low to absent. Sparse 5BrdU‐labelled cells remain in the articular and growth plate cartilages of the epiphyses in older stages of development and are still detected in developing epiphyses 13 days after injection of 5BrdU. This indicates they are slow‐cycling cells, a typical characteristic for progenitor or stem cells. Long retaining 5BrdU‐labelled cells remain in the articular surface also during adult life where they likely sustain the growth of long bones. Adult epiphyses show secondary ossification centres where the articular cartilage is partially or largely replaced by bone trabeculae. The damage in the epiphysis of lizards stimulates the proliferation of progenitor cells for the regeneration of new cartilaginous epiphyses. The localization of cells capable of proliferation in the epiphyses of adult femur and tibia pre‐adapts these lizards to cartilage regeneration in case of injury.
The protective effect of the natural compound hesperetin against fulminant hepatitis in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Bai Xueting , Yang Peixuan , Zhou Qiaoling , Cai Bozhi , Buist‐Homan Manon , Cheng He , Jiang Jiyang , Shen Daifei , Li Lijun , Luo Xiajiong , Faber Klaas Nico , Moshage Han , Shi Ganggang 
Published: October 2016

Background and PurposeLiver diseases are mostly accompanied by inflammation and hepatocyte death. Therapeutic approaches targeting both hepatocyte injury and inflammation are not available. Natural compounds are considered as potential treatment for inflammatory liver diseases. Hesperetin, a flavonoid component of citrus fruits, has been reported to have anti‐inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytoprotective and anti‐inflammatory properties of hesperetin both in vitro and in models of fulminant hepatitis.Experimental ApproachApoptotic cell death and inflammation were induced in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes by bile acids and cytokine mixture respectively. Apoptosis was quantified by caspase‐3 activity and necrosis by LDH release. The concanavalin A (ConA) and D‐galactosamine/LPS (D‐GalN/LPS) were used as models of fulminant hepatitis. Liver injury was assessed by alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, liver histology and TUNEL assay and inflammation by inducible NOS (iNOS) expression.Key ResultsHesperetin blocked bile acid‐induced apoptosis and cytokine‐induced inflammation in rat hepatocytes. Moreover, hesperetin improved liver histology and protected against hepatocyte injury in ConA‐ and D‐GalN/LPS‐induced fulminant hepatitis, as assessed by TUNEL assay and serum AST and ALT levels. Hesperetin also reduced expression of the inflammatory marker iNOS and the expression and serum levels of TNFα and IFN‐γ, the main mediators of cell toxicity in fulminant hepatitis.Conclusion and ImplicationsHesperetin has anti‐inflammatory and cytoprotective actions in models of acute liver toxicity. Hesperetin therefore has therapeutic potential for the treatment of inflammatory liver diseases accompanied by extensive hepatocyte injury, such as fulminant hepatitis.
Impact of volcanism on the sedimentary record of the Neuquén rift basin, Argentina: towards a cause and effect model
Authors: D'Elia Leandro , Martí Joan , Muravchik Martín , Bilmes Andrés , Franzese Juan R. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe analysis of volcano‐sedimentary infill in sedimentary basins constitutes a challenge for basin analysis and hydrocarbon exploration worldwide. In order to understand the contribution of volcanism to the sedimentary record in rift basins, we study the Jurassic effusive‐explosive volcanic infill of an inverted extensional depocentre at the Neuquén Basin, Argentina. A cause and effect model that evaluates the relationship between volcanism and sedimentation was devised to develop a conceptual model for the tectono‐stratigraphic evolution of this volcanic rift basin. We show how the variations in the volcanism, coupled with the activity of extensional faults, determined the types of volcanic edifices (i.e., composite volcanoes, graben‐calderas, and lava fields). Volcanic edifices controlled the stacking patterns of the volcanic units as well as sedimentary systems. The landform of the volcanic edifices, as well as the styles and scales of the eruptions governed the sedimentary input to the basin, setting the main variables of the sedimentary systems, such as provenance, grain size, transport and deposition and geometry. As a result, the contrasting volcaniclastic input, from higher volcaniclastic input to lower volcaniclastic input, associated with different subsidence patterns, determined the high‐resolution syn‐rift infill patterns of the extensional depocentre. The cause and effect model presented in this study isolates the variables of the volcanic environments that control the sedimentary scenarios. We suggest that, by adjusting the first order input parameters of the model, these cause and effect scenarios could be adapted to similar rift basins, in order to establish predictive facies models with stratigraphic controls, and the impact of volcanism on their stratigraphic records.
Development of a screening tool enabling identification of infants and toddlers at risk of family abuse and neglect: a feasibility study from three South European countries
Authors: Ezpeleta L. , Pérez‐Robles R. , Fanti K. A. , Karveli V. , Katsimicha E. , Nikolaidis G. , Hadjicharalambous M. Z. , Hatzinikolaou K. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundChild abuse is a health and social problem, and few screening instruments are available for the detection of risk in primary health care. The aim was to develop a screening instrument to be used by professionals in the public health care sector, thus enabling the detection of infants and toddlers at risk of emotional and physical abuse and neglect, and to provide evidence for the feasibility of the instrument in Cyprus, Greece and Spain.MethodA total of 50 health professionals from paediatric public health‐care centres in the three countries were involved in a three‐step process for guiding the development of the screening tool and its application.ResultsA nine‐item screening tool, consisting of items assessing relational emotional abuse, physical abuse and other risk factors, was developed. The screening tool was applied on a total of 219 families with 0 to 3‐year‐old children attending public health centres in the three countries. Clinicians reported that they agreed on the inclusion of the questions (86.4–100%) and that they found the questions to be useful for the clinical evaluation of the family (63.2–100%).ConclusionThe screening tool shows considerable face validity and was reported feasible by an international set of clinicians.
Strengthening Causal Inference in Developmental Research
Authors: Miller Portia , Henry Daphne , Votruba‐Drzal Elizabeth 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDemonstrating causal effects in developmental studies is important if results are to guide programs and policies that improve the lives of children and families. Yet, human development is complex and dynamic, and researchers are often limited to correlational data to answer their questions, which challenges the establishment of causal relations. In this article, we summarize potential threats to internal validity researchers encounter when analyzing correlational data and present several methods to strengthen internal validity. We suggest that developmental scientists consider using these methods in their studies to strengthen causal inferences and enhance the impact of their research.
Impaired calcium mobilization in natural killer cells from chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis patients is associated with transient receptor potential melastatin 3 ion channels
Authors: Nguyen T , Johnston S , Clarke L , Smith P , Staines D , Marshall-Gradisnik S 
Published: October 2016

Summary
Transient receptor potential melastatin subfamily 3 (TRPM3) ion channels play a role in calcium (Ca2+) cell signalling. Reduced TRPM3 protein expression has been identified in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) patients. However, the significance of TRPM3 and association with intracellular Ca2+ mobilization has yet to be determined. Fifteen CFS/ME patients (mean age 48·82 ± 9·83 years) and 25 healthy controls (mean age 39·2 ± 12·12 years) were examined. Isolated natural killer (NK) cells were labelled with fluorescent antibodies to determine TRPM3, CD107a and CD69 receptors on CD56dimCD16+NK cells and CD56brightCD16dim/– NK cells. Ca2+ flux and NK cytotoxicity activity was measured under various stimulants, including pregnenolone sulphate (PregS), thapsigargin (TG), 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2APB) and ionomycin. Unstimulated CD56brightCD16dim/– NK cells showed significantly reduced TRPM3 receptors in CFS/ME compared with healthy controls (HC). Ca2+ flux showed no significant difference between groups. Moreover, PregS-stimulated CD56brightCD16dim/–NK cells showed a significant increase in Ca2+ flux in CFS/ME patients compared with HC. By comparison, unstimulated CD56dimCD16+ NK cells showed no significant difference in both Ca2+ flux and TRPM3 expression. PregS-stimulated CD56dimCD16+ NK cells increased TRPM3 expression significantly in CFS/ME, but this was not associated with a significant increase in Ca2+ flux. Furthermore, TG-stimulated CD56dimCD16+ NK cells increased K562 cell lysis prior to PregS stimulation in CFS/ME patients compared with HC. Differential expression of TRPM3 and Ca2+ flux between NK cell subtypes may provide evidence for their role in the pathomechanism involving NK cell cytotoxicity activity in CFS/ME.
Cultural Ecosystem Services in Protected Areas: Understanding Bundles, Trade‐Offs, and Synergies
Authors: Ament Judith M. , Moore Christine A. , Herbst Marna , Cumming Graeme S. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe concept of ecosystem services (ES) provides a potentially useful tool for decision‐making in natural area management. Provisioning and regulating ES often occur in “bundles” that are cohesive because of coprovisioning or codependence. We asked whether individual preferences for cultural benefits also define service bundles. Data from a large survey of visitor preferences (n = 3,131 respondents) from all 19 South African National Parks indicated five bundles of cultural ecosystem services: (1) “natural history,” (2) “recreation,” (3) “sense of place,” (4) “safari experiences,” and (5) “outdoor lifestyle.” Trade‐offs and synergies between bundles of services depended on the ecosystem providing them and on alignment between demand for services and the supply of particular service bundles in specific ecosystems. Our results show that identifying demand for multiple services can both help us to understand why people visit and value protected areas, and better inform the management choices that influence service provision.
‘Hints’ in the horn: diagnostic clues in the stratum corneum
Authors: Cardoso José Carlos , Veraitch Ophelia , Gianotti Raffaele , Ferrara Gerardo , Tomasini Carlo F. , Singh Manuraj , Zalaudek Iris , Stefanato Catherine M. 
Published: October 2016

The stratum corneum or horny layer is the uppermost layer of the epidermis, and is mainly responsible for the skin's barrier function. In spite of its complexity at the ultrastructural and molecular level, the features accessible to visualization on conventional histology are relatively limited. Nevertheless, knowledge of subtle clues that one may observe in the stratum corneum can prove useful in a wide range of situations in dermatopathology.We herein review a selection of common and rare entities in which the horny layer may reveal significantly important hints for the diagnosis. These clues include parakeratosis and its different patterns (focal, confluent, alternating, associated with spongiosis, epidermal hyperplasia or lichenoid changes), subcorneal acantholysis, infectious organisms in the stratum corneum (including fungal, bacterial and parasitic), thickening or thinning of the stratum corneum and the presence of different kinds of pigment. Even when normal, the horny layer may prove to be useful when seen in association with severe epidermal damage, a combination of features testifying to the acute nature of the underlying pathological process.
A randomized clinical trial of basal insulin peglispro vs NPH in insulin‐naïve patients with type 2 diabetes: the IMAGINE 6 trial
Authors: Grunberger G. , Chen L. , Rodriguez A. , Tinahones F. J. , Jacober S. J. , Bue‐Valleskey J. ,   on behalf of the IMAGINE 6 Investigators
Published: October 2016

AimsBasal insulin peglispro (BIL) has a longer duration of action than conventional insulin analogues and a hepato‐preferential mechanism of action. This study assessed whether BIL was non‐inferior to isophane insulin (NPH) in reducing HbA1c in insulin‐naïve patients with type 2 diabetes, when added to pre‐study oral anti‐hyperglycaemic medications.Materials and methodsThis was a Phase 3, open‐label, treat‐to‐target (TTT), randomized trial with a 2‐week lead‐in, 26‐week treatment and a 4‐week safety follow‐up period. Patients were randomized to bedtime (pm) NPH, morning (am) BIL or pm BIL in a 1:1:1 ratio.ResultsSix hundred and forty‐one patients [NPH, n = 213; BIL, n = 428 (am, n = 213; pm, n = 215)] received study drug. BIL was non‐inferior to NPH for HbA1c change from baseline at Week 26 with a between‐treatment difference (95% confidence interval) of −0.37% (−0.50, −0.23%). HbA1c at baseline was 8.5%, and was lower in BIL‐ vs NPH‐treated patients after 26 weeks of treatment (6.8% vs 7.1%; P < .001). More BIL‐treated patients achieved HbA1c <7.0% and HbA1c <7.0% without nocturnal hypoglycaemia. Fasting serum glucose levels and nocturnal hypoglycaemia rates were lower in BIL‐treated patients; total hypoglycaemia rates were similar. Treatment‐emergent adverse events were similar between groups. Fasting triglycerides decreased from baseline in both groups and to a greater extent with NPH, but were not significantly different between groups at Week 26. Mean alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased with BIL treatment, but there was no evidence of acute severe hepatotoxicity.ConclusionsIn this TTT study, BIL treatment showed clinically relevant improvements in glycaemic control and a significant reduction in nocturnal hypoglycaemia compared to NPH.
Different effects of basal insulin peglispro and insulin glargine on liver enzymes and liver fat content in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Cusi K. , Sanyal A. J. , Zhang S. , Hoogwerf B. J. , Chang A. M. , Jacober S. J. , Bue‐Valleskey J. M. , Higdon A. N. , Bastyr E. J. , Haupt A. , Hartman M. L. 
Published: October 2016

AimsTo compare effects of basal insulin peglispro (BIL), a hepatopreferential insulin, to insulin glargine (glargine) on aminotransferases and liver fat content (LFC) in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T1D, T2D).Materials and MethodsData from two Phase 2 and five Phase 3 randomized trials comparing BIL and glargine in 1709 T1D and 3662 T2D patients were integrated for analysis of liver laboratory tests. LFC, measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at baseline, 26 and 52 weeks, was analyzed in 182 T1D patients, 176 insulin‐naïve T2D patients and 163 T2D patients previously treated with basal insulin.ResultsAlanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased in patients treated with BIL, was higher than in glargine‐treated patients at 4‐78 weeks (difference at 52 weeks in both T1D and T2D: 7 international units/litre (IU/L), P < .001), and decreased after discontinuation of BIL. More BIL patients had ALT ≥3× upper limit of normal (ULN) than glargine. No patient had ALT ≥3× ULN with bilirubin ≥2× ULN that was considered causally related to BIL. In insulin‐naїve T2D patients, LFC decreased with glargine but was unchanged with BIL. In T1D and T2D patients previously treated with basal insulin, LFC was unchanged with glargine but increased with BIL. In all three populations, LFC was higher after treatment with BIL vs glargine (difference at 52 weeks: 2.2% to 5.3%, all P < .01).ConclusionsCompared to glargine, patients treated with BIL had higher ALT and LFC at 52‐78 weeks. No severe drug‐induced liver injury was apparent with BIL treatment for up to 78 weeks.