bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The challenge of building (real) state capability for implementation
Authors: Andrews Matt , Pritchett Lant , Woolcock Michael 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Efforts to build state capability often involve highly designed, best-practice solutions that have worked in some places and are expected to work everywhere. These sometimes work, especially when the treatment addresses problems in the policy context. Where problems are different, however, the treatment is isomorphic mimicry—it looks good but will not solve festering problems. Development organizations often ignore this, however, and offer the same solution repeatedly—hoping for different outcomes but imposing a capability trap on the policy context, which needs a new diagnosis and prescription. In some countries the treatment has a worse impact, fostering premature load bearing—where the context cannot handle what is prescribed. How can development experts identify where they will have such negative impacts, and where they need to do development differently? This chapter addresses such question, and introduces an approach to building state capability in the latter contexts, called problem-driven iterative adaptation.
Coevolution with pollinating resin midges led to resin-filled nurseries in the androecia, gynoecia and tepals of Kadsura (Schisandraceae)
Authors: Luo Shi-Xiao , Liu Ting-Ting , Cui Fei , Yang Zi-Yin , Hu Xiao-Ying , Renner Susanne S 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Background and Aims Resin is a defence against herbivores and a floral reward in a few African and South American species whose bee pollinators collect it for nest construction. Here we describe a new role for floral resin from the Asian genus Kadsura (Schisandraceae). Kadsura tepals tightly cover a globe formed by carpels (in females) or near-fused stamens with fleshy connectives (in male flowers of most, but not all species).
Methods We carried out field observations at four sites in China and used pollinator behavioural assays, chemical analyses and time-calibrated insect and plant phylogenies to investigate the specificity of the interactions and their relationship to floral structure.
Key Results Nocturnal resin midges (Resseliella, Cecidomyiidae) walk around on the flowers’ sexual organs to oviposit, thereby transferring pollen and wounding tissues. The larvae then develop in resin-filled chambers. Male and female floral scents are dominated by α-pinene, while the resinous exudate is dominated by caryophyllene. As revealed by barcoding of multiple midge larvae per flower species, the mutualisms are species specific and appear to have evolved over the past 6–9 million years.
Conclusions Resin feeding, not pollen or ovule feeding, by midge larvae explains the abundant Kadsura exudates, highlighting the poorly known world of nocturnal flower–fly interactions.
Discovery of Known and Novel Viral Genomes in Soybean Aphid by Deep Sequencing
Authors: Feng Ying , Krueger Elizabeth N. , Liu Sijun , Dorman Karin , Bonning Bryony C. , Miller W. Allen 
Published: February 2017

The phytobiome includes not just cellular microorganisms, but also all viruses associated with plants: the virome. Plants and aphids exchange viruses regularly and efficiently; thus, the plant virome is tightly linked with the aphid virome. Yet, little is known about aphid viromes, particularly that of the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines), one of the most economically important pest insects of soybean. To sample the soybean aphid virome, and to seek new viruses as potential biological control agents, we employed next-generation sequencing. Genomes isolated from viruses in soybean aphids collected at four sites revealed many viruses, and six complete or nearly complete genomes were assembled. Most abundant were the picornavirus-like dicistroviruses Aphid lethal paralysis virus and Rhopalosiphum padi virus. We also sequenced the genome of a new dicistrovirus, Big Sioux River virus, fragments of which had been found previously in honey bee. Genome sequences that represent two entirely new virus families were obtained. These include an abundant tetravirus-like virus and a virus distantly related to cileviruses of plants and negeviruses of insects. Surprisingly, Cotton leafroll dwarf virus, a member of the genus Polerovirus, was found in soybean aphids from China, suggesting that the soybean aphid may be a vector of this virus. This virus had not been reported previously in China or in soybean. This study provides a peek into the rapidly expanding, largely unexplored world of insect viromes that will provide valuable knowledge for future understanding of plant−virus−vector interactions. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Interleukin-37 Ameliorates Coxsackievirus B3-induced Viral Myocarditis by Modulating the Th17/Regulatory T cell Immune Response
Authors: An Bang , Liu Xuefei , Li Ge , Yuan Haitao 
Published: February 2017

Abstract:
Myocarditis is a heterogeneous group of disorders defined by inflammation of the heart muscle with an excessively activated immune response. Numerous interventions have been investigated for the treatment of myocarditis while success is limited. Interleukin-37 (IL-37), a novel member of the IL-1 cytokine family, is a natural inhibitor of innate immunity associated with autoimmune diseases. However, the modulatory effect of IL-37 in myocarditis is unknown. In this study, we investigated the immunological regulation of IL-37 in the coxsackievirus B3-induced model of murine viral myocarditis. The results show that IL-37 significantly ameliorates the signs of myocarditis with increased survival rate and bodyweight, improved histological changes, reduced activities of MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase and cardiac troponin I, and a suppressed response of Th17 cells and enhanced response of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the spleen. Moreover, IL-37 down-regulates the expression of Th17-related cytokines IL-6 and IL-17A, while promoting Treg-related cytokine IL-10 levels in the heart. Therefore, IL-37 may exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in the murine model of myocarditis by regulating the balance between Th17 and Treg cells, thereby providing a possible novel therapeutic target in myocarditis.
Impact of very low anti-Müllerian hormone on pregnancy success
Authors: Pacheco Alberto , Cruz María , García Velasco Juan Antonio 
Published: February 2017

Purpose of review
Biomarkers are useful tool to help clinicians to estimate the chances of pregnancy of an infertile couple prior to assisted reproductive treatment. One proposed candidate is anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), but its role as a predictor of reproductive success, especially in patients with low or very low levels, is under discussion. This review highlights recent findings from literature regarding to reproductive outcome in women with very low levels of AMH.

Recent findings
Although there is a general agreement about the lower pregnancy rates of patients with very low levels of AMH compared with patients with normal AMH levels, the role of AMH as a predictor of success is still under discussion. In this sense, some authors establish a cutoff level below which the reproduction treatment is not successful; by contrast, other published data show a significant percentage of success is still observed in this group of patients, especially in young women.

Summary
In the following review, we discuss the usefulness of AMH as a predictor of reproductive outcome in patients with very low AMH levels and provide an update of the clinical results after assisted reproductive treatment in this group of patients. We also analyzed the different assays used to measure the AMH, focused on the differences between the manual and the new automated systems.
ISCHEMIC CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION IN THE ANTI–VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR ERA
Authors: Tam Emily K. , Golchet Pamela , Yung Madeline , DeCroos Francis C. , Spirn Marc , Lehmann-Clarke Lydia , Ambresin Aude , Tsui Irena 
Published: February 2017

Purpose:
Anti–vascular endothelial growth factor therapy has improved the prognosis for patients with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). However, most studies published to date exclude ischemic CRVO. The purpose of this study was to describe the outcome in eyes with ischemic CRVO treated with anti–vascular endothelial growth factor therapy.

Methods:
Thirty-seven patients with ischemic CRVO from 3 centers were followed for at least 6 months. Data on patient demographic, vision status, and anti–vascular endothelial growth factor treatments were collected.

Results:
Average number of injections during the study period was 5. Younger age was associated with improved vision (P = 0.006). Patients with improved visual outcomes tended to have macular edema as the primary indication for treatment, whereas patients with worse outcomes tended to have neovascularization as the primary indication for treatment.

Conclusion:
This study highlights significant variability in the use of anti–vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for ischemic CRVO and underscores that eyes with neovascularization tend to have worse visual outcomes.
Characteristics of Corneal Astigmatism of Anterior and Posterior Surface in a Normal Control Group and Patients With Keratoconus
Authors: Shajari Mehdi , Friderich Stefan , Pour Sadeghian Miad , Schmack Ingo , Kohnen Thomas 
Published: February 2017

Purpose:
To evaluate and compare power and axis orientation of anterior and posterior astigmatism in eyes with keratoconus with healthy eyes.

Methods:
In this retrospective cohort study, we examined 861 eyes of 494 patients diagnosed with keratoconus at the Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Frankfurt, and 256 eyes of 256 healthy individuals. Using a Scheimpflug device (Pentacam HR), we measured the magnitude and axis orientation of anterior and posterior corneal astigmatism, corneal thickness, and conus location. The results were compared between different stages of the disease according to the Amsler–Krumeich classification and the control group.

Results:
Magnitude of corneal astigmatism was 3.47 ± 2.10 diopters (D) on the anterior surface and 0.69  ± 0.40 D on the posterior surface in eyes across all keratoconus stages. We found a significant increase of anterior and posterior corneal astigmatism with progression of disease (P < 0.01, 1-way analysis of variance) and a significant correlation between anterior and posterior corneal astigmatism (r = 0.77, P < 0.01). In contrast to eyes of healthy individuals, in which posterior corneal axis alignment is vertical in most cases independent of anterior alignment, we found in eyes with keratoconus a match between anterior and posterior alignment when alignment was vertical in 97% of eyes, 46% when oblique and 61% when horizontal (Cohen kappa coefficient κ = 0.55, P < 0.01). With progression of disease, alignment of anterior and posterior corneal astigmatism became increasingly vertical.

Conclusions:
In eyes with keratoconus, posterior axis alignment of corneal astigmatism is in line with alignment of the anterior surface in the majority of cases. Posterior astigmatism axis alignment could potentially be used in algorithms to support diagnosis and staging of keratoconus.
Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome: Inadvertent Administration of Intracameral Lidocaine 1% and Phenylephrine 2.5% Preserved With 10% Benzalkonium Chloride During Cataract Surgery
Authors: Bielory Brett P. , Shariff Ayesha , Hussain Rehan M. , Bermudez-Magner Jose Antonio , Dubovy Sander R. , Donaldson Kendall E. 
Published: February 2017

Purpose:
To report 3 patients with corneal decompensation and anterior uveitis within 24 hours of cataract surgery from a single ambulatory surgery center using intracameral lidocaine HCl 1% and phenylephrine 2.5% inadvertently preserved with 10% benzalkonium chloride.

Methods:
This case series describes 3 patients who underwent traditional cataract extraction with a significant decrease in visual acuity in the immediate postoperative period resulting in secondary surgical intervention for corneal decompensation in 2 patients.

Results:
All 3 patients experienced a dramatic decrease in visual acuity on the day of surgery, ranging from 20/400 to light perception. They were treated with topical steroids and sodium chloride, with stabilization of vision at 20/60 in 1 patient. The remaining 2 patients did not recover with medical management. One underwent Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty with placement of the corneal graft on top of Descemet membrane, which could not be removed secondary to extensive fibrosis. The third patient underwent penetrating keratoplasty secondary to deep corneal scarring.

Conclusions:
This is the first case series of toxic anterior segment syndrome occurring secondary to the use of benzalkonium chloride-preserved intracameral lidocaine and phenylephrine. Clinicians should remain alert to this phenomenon, and should refrain from using intracameral preservatives during cataract surgery.
Forensic Nursing Provides Closure in Workplace Fatality
Authors: Harris Colin 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT
The Workers’ Compensation Board of British Columbia in Canada is the provincial agency mandated to investigate workplace injuries and fatalities. In 2012, the Fatal and Serious Injuries Investigation section of this organization initiated the integration of forensic nursing expertise into the investigation of workplace incidents. The goals were to improve investigative outcomes and aid in prevention initiatives by achieving a more accurate understanding of incident causation through the application of forensic nursing science. An unexpected outcome of the use of forensic nursing expertise was providing closure for families through a deeper understanding of their loved one’s tragic workplace incident.
Health Sector Reform, Emotional Exhaustion, and Nursing Burnout: A Retrospective Panel Study in Iran
Authors: Sadati Ahmad Kalateh , Rahnavard Farnaz , Heydari Seyed Taghi , Hemmati Soroor , Ebrahimzadeh Najmeh , Lankarani Kamran Bagheri 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

Background:
Nursing burnout is affected by various factors, including work overload. Since the inauguration of the Health Sector Evolution Plan (HSEP) in Iran in 2014, government hospitals have been required to provide health services to the public at all levels. This decision, however, has increased the volume of patients admitted to government hospitals. Because nurses are on the front line of health services, they are faced with a greater load of care provision.

Purpose:
This study aimed to evaluate nursing burnout before and after HSEP in Iran, with an emphasis on the differences between government and private hospitals.

Method:
This retrospective panel study used Maslach’s burnout inventory to evaluate nursing burnout in 371 nurses working in government and private hospitals in Shiraz, Iran, before and 7 months after the health sector reform. Chi-square test and paired t test were used to compare burnout scores.

Results:
The results showed that nursing burnout had changed significantly after HSEP was launched (p = .030). A more detailed assessment found that burnout and emotional exhaustion had both increased significantly in the government-hospital group (ps = .014 and .001, respectively). However, no significant change in burnout was found in the private-hospital group over the same period.

Conclusions/Implications for Practice:
The findings of this study indicate an increase in nursing burnout in government hospitals. An important issue in every health sector reform is nursing resource management, with a focus on burnout. Accordingly, policymakers should consider the work overload situation of nurses and work to prevent increased burnout, especially emotional exhaustion.
Effect of Orthotic Rehabilitation with Isocentric Reciprocating Gait Orthosis on Functional Ambulation in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Arazpour Mokhtar , Samadian Mohammad , Mardani Mohammad Ali , Bahramizadeh Mahmood , Ebrahimzadeh Kaveh , Kashani Reza Vahab , Mousavi Mohammad Ebrahim 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

Objectives
Functional ability defines a person's ability to walk, with or without the aid of appropriate assistive devices, safely and sufficiently to carry out mobility-related activities of daily living. Longitudinal evaluation of the efficiency of gait training positively affecting these parameters has not been reported. Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide evidence supporting the progression of walking speed and functional ambulation over 12 weeks of orthotic gait rehabilitation using an isocentric reciprocating gait orthosis (IRGO) in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI).

Materials and Methods
Twelve patients with SCI participated in this study. Gait evaluation was performed at baseline and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks following intervention with an IRGO and specific gait training. Gait speed and endurance were measured by the 10-m walk test and the 6-minute walk test, respectively. The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) locomotor subscale and the Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury II (WISCI II) were used to measure the locomotor ability.

Results
Improvement in speed of walking was observed after 4 weeks and continued to improve with time. The distance of walking, FIM, and WISCI also increased significantly during the study period when compared with the baseline.

Conclusion
Patients with SCI showed an increase in walking functional ambulation ability during a longitudinal period of orthotic gait training with an IRGO. In conclusion, wearing IRGO associated with gait training can provide individuals with thoracic-level SCI the ability to walk faster.
A Three-Dimensional Geometric-Morphometric Study to Quantify Temporal Bone Growth and its Consequences for the Success of Implanting Bone Anchored Hearing Devices
Authors: Schilde Sebastian , Plontke Stefan K. , Rahne Torsten 
Published: February 2017

Objective:
A computed tomography (CT)-based morphological-investigation to describe temporal bone growth and to devise a predictive test of the likely success of Bonebridge implantation into the growing mastoid region of the temporal bone in young patients.

Study Design:
Retrospective cross-sectional study.

Setting:
University Hospital Halle (Saale), Germany.

Patients:
Two cohorts participated. This first, of patients aged less than 21 years, comprised 42 men, and 33 women patients. The second cohort, for those aged more than or equal to 21 years, comprised 17 men, and 20 women patients.

Intervention:
One hundred eighty three three-dimensional (3-D) reconstructions of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone without malformations or chronic middle ear disease were created on the base of high resolution computer tomography. The 3-D-reconstructions were analyzed using 13 linear measurements and volumetry.

Primary Outcome Measure:
A CT/3-D model derived metric with which to best estimate the likely success of fitting a Bonebridge.

Results:
Volume increase stagnated at, on average, 15.6 years of age (men), or 17.5 years (women). The most obvious extent of growth was observed in the craniocaudal direction from the middle cranial fossa to the tip of the mastoid process (total height). This growth is highly correlated with the increase of the mastoid volume (r = 0.938) and thus represents the most influential factor on mastoid volume increase. The total height of the mastoid portion can be used to usefully predict the chance of successful Bonebridge implantation.
The depth of the mastoid almost doubled its size from birth (8.93 mm) to adulthood (16.34 mm) and also strongly affects the mastoid volume (r = 0.912). That portion between the external auditory canal (EAC) and the sigmoid sinus showed a lower growth capacity.

Conclusions:
The highly significant correlations between CT derived linear parameters and Bonebridge fitting (p < 0.001) can be used to estimate the success of Bonebridge implantation. The remarkable inter-individual variation of mastoid shape underlines the necessity of radiological preoperative planning.
P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 in T cells
Authors: Abadier Michael , Ley Klaus 
Published: February 2017

Purpose of review
We review P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) as a selectin and chemokine-binding adhesion molecule. PSGL-1 is widely studied in neutrophils. Here, we focus on T cells, because PSGL-1 was recently described as a major immunomodulatory molecule during viral infection. PSGL-1 also plays a crucial role in T-cell homeostasis by binding to lymphoid chemokines, and can induce tolerance by enhancing the functions of regulatory T cells.

Recent findings
PSGL-1 was originally described as a leukocyte ligand for P-selectin, but it is actually a ligand for all selectins (P-, L- and E-selectin), binds chemokines, activates integrins and profoundly affects T-cell biology. It has been shown recently that PSGL-1 can modulate T cells during viral infection by acting as a negative regulator for T-cell functions. Absence of PSGL-1 promotes effector CD4 and CD8 T-cell differentiation and prevents T-cell exhaustion. Consistent with this, tumor growth was significantly reduced in PSGL-1-deficient mice because of an enhanced number of effector T cells together with reduced levels of inhibitory receptors that induce T-cell exhaustion.

Summary
PSGL-1 is the best-studied selectin ligand and has become a posterchild of versatility in leukocyte adhesion, inflammation and immunology. The direct involvement of PSGL-1 in T-cell biology suggests that it might be a drug target. Indeed, PSGL-1 has been tested in some clinical trials and recently, PSGL-1 blockers were proposed as a potential cotherapy in cancer immunotherapy.
Endothelial cell metabolism: an update anno 2017
Authors: Teuwen Laure-Anne , Draoui Nihed , Dubois Charlotte , Carmeliet Peter 
Published: February 2017

Purpose of review
Endothelial cell metabolism has recently emerged as an important coregulator of angiogenesis and is therefore a promising new target in various angiogenesis-associated illnesses, like cancer. In this review, we discuss recent insights in endothelial cell metabolism in both physiological and pathological conditions and discuss possible translational implications.

Recent findings
Two metabolic pathways that determine the performance of endothelial cells are glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Glycolysis is essential as endothelial cells primarily rely on this pathway for ATP production. 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) is a key regulator of glycolysis in endothelial cells. As endothelial cells increase glycolysis even further during angiogenesis, PFKFB3 also controls vessel sprouting and promotes endothelial cell migration. Moreover, in tumors, additional PFKFB3 upregulation leads to a more immature and dysfunctional vasculature. PFKFB3 blockade therefore results in tumor vessel normalization, with beneficial therapeutic effects on reduced metastasis and improved chemotherapy. Also, FAO stimulates endothelial cell proliferation through affecting DNA synthesis, and is critical for lymphangiogenesis, in part through epigenetic changes in histone acetylation. As FAO is controlled by carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a, inhibition of this key enzyme decreases pathological angiogenesis.

Summary
Both PFKFB3 and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a are key metabolic regulators of vessel sprouting and promising new therapeutic targets in diseases associated with pathological angiogenesis.