bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gut homeostasis and regulatory T cell induction depend on molecular chaperone gp96 in CD11c+ cells
Authors: Hua Yunpeng , Yang Yi , Sun Shaoli , Iwanowycz Stephen , Westwater Caroline , Reizis Boris , Li Zihai , Liu Bei 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe intestinal immunity and tolerance are orchestrated by both the innate and the adaptive immune system. Intestinal professional antigen presenting cells (pAPCs) recognize and respond to the gut microbiota through multiple pattern-recognition receptors, including TLRs and NLRs. How gut pAPCs maintain mucosal homeostasis remains incompletely understood. Heat shock protein gp96, also known as grp94, is an essential immune chaperone for TLRs. However, the role of gp96 in regulating CD11c+ APCs in the gut immunity and tolerance is unknown. By a genetic strategy, we report here that selective deletion of gp96 from CD11c+ cells in mice results in alteration of dendritic cell and T cell subsets in the gut as well as loss of antigen-specific regulatory T cell induction in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Strikingly, these conditional gp96-null mice developed spontaneous colitis, had increased levels of systemic and fecal IgA, and were highly susceptible to chemical-induced colitis. Our findings for the first time demonstrate that gp96 is essential for CD11c+ cells to induce regulatory T cells and maintain gut homeostasis, illustrating the importance of protein immune chaperone in safeguarding against immune pathology.
Stable stomatal number per minor vein length indicates the coordination between leaf water supply and demand in three leguminous species
Authors: Zhao Wan-Li , Siddiq Zafar , Fu Pei-Li , Zhang Jiao-Lin , Cao Kun-Fang 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe coordination between minor vein density (MVD) and stomatal density (SD) has been found in many plants. However, we still know little about the influence of leaf node on this correlation relationship. Here, we devised the new functional trait ‘stomatal number per minor vein length’ (SV). By measuring leaflet area (LA), MVD, SD, and SV, we demonstrated the significance of this functional trait in Arachis hypogaea (peanut) grown under different light regimes and in sun leaves of Dalbergia odorifera and Desmodium renifolium. We found that SV did not change significantly with leaflet node or with LA within each light treatment, while shading caused a significant decrease in SV. The positive correlation between SD and MVD was found in peanut under each light regime. Sun leaves of D. odorifera and D. renifolium also had stable SV along the leaflet node, with a positive correlation between MVD and SD. We conclude that under a certain light regime, a stable SV similar to the positive correlation between MVD and SD can also indicate the coordination between leaf water supply and demand. Our findings highlight the significance of SV and provide new insight into the coordination between stomatal number and minor vein length.
Experimental linear-optics simulation of ground-state of an Ising spin chain
Authors: Xue Peng , Zhan Xian , Bian Zhihao 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWe experimentally demonstrate a photonic quantum simulator: by using a two-spin Ising chain (an isolated dimer) as an example, we encode the wavefunction of the ground state with a pair of entangled photons. The effect of magnetic fields, leading to a critical modification of the correlation between two spins, can be simulated by just local operations. With the ratio of simulated magnetic fields and coupling strength increasing, the ground state of the system changes from a product state to an entangled state and back to another product state. The simulated ground states can be distinguished and the transformations between them can be observed by measuring correlations between photons. This simulation of the Ising model with linear quantum optics opens the door to the future studies which connect quantum information and condensed matter physics.
Muscle Bioenergetic Considerations for Intrinsic Laryngeal Skeletal Muscle Physiology
Authors: Sandage Mary J. , Smith Audrey G. 
Published: May 2017

Purpose
Intrinsic laryngeal skeletal muscle bioenergetics, the means by which muscles produce fuel for muscle metabolism, is an understudied aspect of laryngeal physiology with direct implications for voice habilitation and rehabilitation. The purpose of this review is to describe bioenergetic pathways identified in limb skeletal muscle and introduce bioenergetic physiology as a necessary parameter for theoretical models of laryngeal skeletal muscle function.

Method
A comprehensive review of the human intrinsic laryngeal skeletal muscle physiology literature was conducted. Findings regarding intrinsic laryngeal muscle fiber complement and muscle metabolism in human models are summarized and exercise physiology methodology is applied to identify probable bioenergetic pathways used for voice function.

Results
Intrinsic laryngeal skeletal muscle fibers described in human models support the fast, high-intensity physiological requirements of these muscles for biological functions of airway protection. Inclusion of muscle bioenergetic constructs in theoretical modeling of voice training, detraining, fatigue, and voice loading have been limited.

Conclusions
Muscle bioenergetics, a key component for muscle training, detraining, and fatigue models in exercise science, is a little-considered aspect of intrinsic laryngeal skeletal muscle physiology. Partnered with knowledge of occupation-specific voice requirements, application of bioenergetics may inform novel considerations for voice habilitation and rehabilitation.
The Status of Junior Pediatric Surgeons in Europe: Old Challenges, New Opportunities
Authors: Zani Augusto 
Published: May 2017

AbstractDespite the efforts to unite Europe under the same rules and regulations, for the medical profession, there are still big differences between the European countries in terms of type of postgraduate training, posttraining job opportunities, and the role that junior doctors have in the different health care systems. Junior pediatric surgeons face similar challenges to those of other junior doctors, especially those of junior surgeons in other specialties. The introduction of the European working time directive in 2003 has greatly reduced training hours and imposed a necessary change in the type of training that surgical trainees now receive: competency-based education, clinical teaching away from the patient, self-learning, on line tutorials, and simulation. There are many diverse training systems in pediatric surgery across Europe, with differences that include the duration of training, the existence of an exit exam at the end of training, and the exposure to adult and/or pediatric orthopaedic trauma. The European Board of Pediatric Surgery is not mandatory to practice pediatric surgery in Europe but would be a good tool to standardize training and practice across the continent. Despite the differences of training systems and regulations between the European countries, medical mobility of junior pediatric surgeons seeking better educational opportunities or careers is common. The European Pediatric Surgeons' Association has recently created the Group of Young Pediatric Surgeons of Europe, a platform for young pediatric surgeons younger than the age of 35 years. This platform will be helpful in addressing the challenges that European junior pediatric surgeons face.
Acute Idiopathic Scrotal Edema: Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Santi Maristella , Lava Sebastiano , Simonetti Giacomo , Milani Gregorio , Bianchetti Mario 
Published: May 2017

Introduction Existing information on acute idiopathic scrotal edema relies on small case series and textbooks.
Methods We searched reports with no date limits on acute idiopathic scrotal edema.
Results Thirty-seven studies were included. Sixteen case series addressed the prevalence of acute idiopathic scrotal edema among males with acute scrotum: among 3,403 cases, the diagnosis of acute idiopathic scrotal edema was made in 413 cases (12%). Twenty-four reports addressed history, findings, management, and course of acute idiopathic scrotal edema in 311 patients. The patients mostly ranged in age from 5 to 8 years, presented with acute scrotal redness and swelling, associated or not with mild pain. Ninety percent or more of the cases developed in patients without atopic diathesis and were not preceded by inguinoscrotal surgery, acute febrile illnesses, or trauma. They were afebrile; in good general condition; and presented without pruritus, nausea or vomiting, or abdominal pain. The lesions were bilateral in two-thirds and unilateral in one-third of the cases. The condition resolved spontaneously within 2 to 3 days without sequelae. Approximately 10% of the cases experienced a recurrence.
Conclusion Acute idiopathic scrotal edema is a self-limiting condition that accounts for ≥ 10% of cases of acute scrotum in children and adolescents.
Incidence of Low-Grade Testicular Injury in Orchidectomy Specimens Post-testicular Torsion
Authors: Hajduk Piotr , Devaney Deirdre , Quinn Feargal , Awadalla Sami , Aworanti Olugbenga 
Published: May 2017

Introduction Following detorsion and orchidopexy for testicular torsion, predominantly animal studies have reported a risk of autoimmune and reperfusion injury to the contralateral testis. As a result, when testicular viability is compromised, orchidectomy is readily performed. This practice increases the likelihood of testes with potentially reversible injury being excised. We aim to determine the incidence of such occurrences and review the available evidence for and against early orchidectomy when testicular viability is doubtful.
Materials and Methods Data for a 15-year period from two pediatric institutions on testicular torsion in children younger than 16 years were reviewed. Using a previously published grading system, the orchidectomy specimens in this cohort with early low-grade injury were analyzed. Low-grade injury suggests the possibility of restitutio ad integrum implying restoration of exocrine and endocrine function of the affected testes.
Results Between both institutions, 222 scrotal explorations were performed for testicular torsion; 20 neonatal and 202 outside the neonatal period (age range [median]: 1–28 days [3 days] and 3 months–16 years [13 years], respectively). Of these scrotal explorations, 17 neonatal and 66 nonneonatal orchidectomies were required (85 vs. 33%, respectively; p < 0.0001). From these orchidectomy specimens, 5 (6%) were found to have low-grade injury. The ages of these five children ranged from 9 to 16 years (median 15, mean 13.6 years). Their symptom duration ranged from 8 to 37 hours (median 14, mean 18 hours) and two of these children had a preoperative ultrasound documenting no flow to the testis.
Conclusion The finding of histopathological features that may represent salvageability of a torted testis occurs relatively rarely. Because of this possibility, appropriate intraoperative steps to check for reperfusion must be undertaken prior to orchidectomy. More evidence for the use of antioxidants and tunica albuginea decompression to improve testes salvage rates is required. The potential for exocrine and endocrine function if partial testicular atrophy occurs and the evidence for contralateral autoimmune testicular damage in pre- and postpubertal males require further investigation.
Does Gender Influence How Patients Rate Their Patient Experience after Total Knee Arthroplasty?
Authors: Siqueira Marcelo , Chughtai Morad , Khlopas Anton , Gwam Chukwuweike , Mistry Jaydev , Yakubek George , Delanois Ronald , Mont Michael 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services has implemented the Value-Based Purchasing (VBP) score as a pay-for-performance reimbursement model. Patient experience, as measured by the Press Ganey (PG) survey, currently comprises 20% of total VBP score. It is therefore beneficial for the orthopaedist to become familiar with these changes to maximize profits. Currently, a paucity of data exists that elucidates which factors influence PG scores between men and women following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Therefore, we asked: (1) which PG survey factors most influences hospital ratings among men and women patients post-TKA and (2) is there a significant difference in overall hospital ratings among men and women cohorts post-TKA? We queried the PG database for patients who received a TKA between November 2009 and January 2015, yielding 224 men (mean age 64 years, range: 39–88) and 519 women (mean age 65 years; range, 25–92). A multiple regression analysis was performed for each cohort with overall hospital satisfaction as the dependent variable to assess the influence (β-weight) each PG domain imparted on overall hospital rating. A chi-square analysis and t-test were performed to assess categorical and continuous variables, respectively. For men, communication with nurses (β = 0.408, p = 0.016), followed by communication about medications (β = 0.261, p = 0.032), most influenced overall hospital rating. For women, communication with nurses (β = 0.479, p < 0.001) most influenced overall hospital rating. This was followed by staff responsiveness (β = 0.201, p = 0.046), pain management (β = 0.263, p = 0.015), and communication about medications (β = − 0.152, p = 0.029). It is of great advantage for the orthopaedist to focus on the PG domains most pertinent to each patient gender post-TKA. For both genders, overall hospital rating was significantly influenced by communication with nurses and information about medication. However, staff responsiveness and pain control were of significant importance in determining overall hospital rating for women. Therefore, orthopaedists should consider focusing on these factors depending on the gender of the patient to optimize satisfaction.
Prenatal Care Adherence and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Admission or Stillbirth among Women with Gestational and Preexisting Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Sperling Jeffrey , Maggio Lindsay , Has Phinnara , Daley Julie , Khander Amrin , Coustan Donald 
Published: May 2017

Objective To determine if there was an association between prenatal care adherence and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission or stillbirth, and adverse perinatal outcomes in women with preexisting diabetes mellitus (DM) and gestational DM (GDM).
Materials and Methods This is a retrospective cohort study among women with DM and GDM at a Diabetes in Pregnancy Program at an academic institution between 2006 and 2014. Adherence with prenatal care was the percentage of prenatal appointments attended divided by those scheduled. Adherence was divided into quartiles, with the first quartile defined as lower adherence and compared with the other quartiles.
Results There were 443 women with DM and 499 with GDM. Neonates of women with DM and lower adherence had higher rates of NICU admission or stillbirth (55 vs. 39%; p = 0.003). A multivariable logistic regression showed that the lower adherence group had higher likelihood of NICU admission (adjusted odds ratio: 1.61 [1.03–2.5]; p = 0.035). Those with lower adherence had worse glycemic monitoring and more hospitalizations. Among those with GDM, most outcomes were similar between groups including NICU admission or stillbirth.
Conclusion Women with DM with lower adherence had higher rates of NICU admission and worse glycemic control. Most outcomes among women with GDM with lower adherence were similar.
Nutzen und Nachhaltigkeit von Netzwerken zur betrieblichen Gesundheitsförderung in kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen – Am Beispiel der KMU-Netzwerke „Bewegte Unternehmen“ und „Vitale Unternehmen“
Authors: Müller Eva , Fischmann Wolfgang , Kötter Rudolf , Drexler Hans , Kiesel Johannes 
Published: May 2017

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie Über Experteninterviews und qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse wird ermittelt, inwieweit 2 regionale Netzwerke kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen (KMU) zur betrieblichen Gesundheitsförderung (BGF) in Bayern nachhaltig sind. Es wurde dabei untersucht, ob sich 10 bzw. 6 Jahre nach deren Gründung eine dauerhafte und stabile Kultur der Zusammenarbeit entwickelt hat. Zusätzlich wurde untersucht, welchen Nutzen die Unternehmen aus der Netzwerkzusammenarbeit ziehen und ermittelt, welche Verbesserungsbedarfe und -vorschläge die Mitglieder für die zukünftige Zusammenarbeit sehen.
Methodik Die vorliegende Querschnittsstudie untersucht 2 regionale KMU-Netzwerke zur BGF, die im Jahr 2005, bzw. 2009 gegründet wurden. Im Zeitraum September 2013 bis Januar 2014 wurden 42 standardisierte Telefoninterviews mit jeweils 6 offenen Fragen durchgeführt. Befragt wurden die Unternehmensleitungen und nach Möglichkeit auch die BGF-Beauftragten in den Unternehmen.
Ergebnisse Die Studienergebnisse zeigen, dass 88,1% (n=37) der Unternehmen des Netzwerkes vom Erfahrungsaustausch profitieren. 50% (n=21) ziehen einen Nutzen aus der Netzwerkarbeit durch die gemeinsamen Aktivitäten und 28,6% (n=12) durch das Knüpfen neuer Kontakte. 9,5% (n=4) der Befragten sehen die Gefahr einer Überbürokratisierung, im Zuge derer zu viel Arbeit für zu wenig Nutzen entstehen könnte und für 7,1% (n=3) fehlen auch strukturumfassende Maßnahmen. An Verbesserungsvorschlägen für die Netzwerkarbeit wurde mit 26,2% (n=11) der Vorschlag genannt, das praktische Arbeiten zu steigern, gefolgt von dem Wunsch nach einem verstärktem Engagement (11,9% n=5). 90,5% (n=38), sehen ihre Erwartungen bezüglich der Netzwerkarbeit als erfüllt an und 66,7% (n=28) beurteilen die momentane Arbeit als durchweg positiv.
Schlussfolgerung Die Netzwerke haben sich als nachhaltig erwiesen, was man daran erkennt, dass die Unternehmen 10 bzw. 6 Jahre nach der Gründung noch aktiv in den Netzwerken sind und mehrheitlich angeben, einen Nutzen aus der Mitarbeit zu ziehen. Netzwerkgründungen bieten somit eine gute Möglichkeit, dauerhaft BGF zu implementieren. Um die Wirkung der Netzwerkarbeit zu verbessern, wäre eine systematische und wissenschaftlich fundierte Form der betrieblichen Gesundheitsförderung in Form eines betrieblichen Gesundheitsmanagements in den Betrieben anzustreben – die Netzwerke könnten hierzu Anregungen und Hilfestellungen anbieten.
What we know about skilled, beginning, and older readers from monitoring their eye movements
Authors: Leinenger Mallorie , Rayner Keith 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
In this chapter, we will discuss research conducted over the past 40 years dealing with the eye movements during reading of skilled readers as compared to poor readers, as well as beginning and older readers. We will discuss issues related to the perceptual span (or area of effective vision), preview benefit, basic characteristics of eye movements, and eye movement control across the different groups – asking what we can infer about each group’s reading behavior from their eye movements. We will then discuss attempts to model different stages of reading development over the lifespan. Finally, we will discuss the implications that this research has for teaching children to read.
Reading comprehension in the early years
Authors: Van Boekel Martin , Kendeou Panayiota , Fletcher Charles R. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The relation between comprehension and reading comprehension is strong at all ages and levels of proficiency. Even though there are reciprocal influences on one another, comprehension remains a strong predictor for reading comprehension performance across development. In this chapter, we will review current research advances on comprehension development, with an emphasis in the early years, specifically from preschool to early elementary school. We view comprehension as a multidimensional construct that includes broader oral language skills. This view has implications for the early diagnosis of comprehension difficulties, assessment of comprehension, and instruction of comprehension skills in the early years.
Five building blocks for comprehension strategy instruction
Authors: Allen Laura K. , McNamara Danielle S. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Comprehension is a complex task that is integral to success in academics and the workplace. Unfortunately, it is not a task that comes easily to all students. Hence, an important question faced by educators and researchers is how to most effectively provide students with instruction to improve comprehension, particularly on how to understand and learn from challenging texts. One promising approach is to provide students with training to use comprehension strategies. Strategies are intended to help students overcome skill and knowledge deficits by using overt techniques that mimic or support the processes integral to successful comprehension, including understanding the words and sentences in the text, making connections between sentences, and making connections to what the student already knows (i.e., prior knowledge). In this chapter, we approach these research questions by building upon the 4-pronged comprehension strategy framework proposed by McNamara, Ozuru, Best, and O’Reilly (2007). This framework describes five types of strategies that can help to scaffold reading and comprehension. We expand upon this framework by describing various contextual factors that may influence comprehension and strategy use. Further, we discuss methods to enhance strategy instruction, introducing five building blocks for effective comprehension strategy training.
Calretinin interneuron density in the caudate nucleus is lower in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Adorjan Istvan , Ahmed Bashir , Feher Virginia , Torso Mario , Krug Kristine , Esiri Margaret , Chance Steven A , Szele Francis G 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder is a debilitating condition with possible neurodevelopmental origins but unknown neuroanatomical correlates. Whereas investigators have paid much attention to the cerebral cortex, few studies have detailed the basal ganglia in autism. The caudate nucleus may be involved in the repetitive movements and limbic changes of autism. We used immunohistochemistry for calretinin and neuropeptide Y in 24 age- and gender-matched patients with autism spectrum disorder and control subjects ranging in age from 13 to 69 years. Patients with autism had a 35% lower density of calretinin+ interneurons in the caudate that was driven by loss of small calretinin+ neurons. This was not caused by altered size of the caudate, as its cross-sectional surface areas were similar between diagnostic groups. Controls exhibited an age-dependent increase in the density of medium and large calretinin+ neurons, whereas subjects with autism did not. Diagnostic groups did not differ regarding ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1+ immunoreactivity for microglia, suggesting chronic inflammation did not cause the decreased calretinin+ density. There was no statistically significant difference in the density of neuropeptide Y+ neurons between subjects with autism and controls. The decreased calretinin+ density may disrupt the excitation/inhibition balance in the caudate leading to dysfunctional corticostriatal circuits. The description of such changes in autism spectrum disorder may clarify pathomechanisms and thereby help identify targets for drug intervention and novel therapeutic strategies.