bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of global Earth outgoing radiation at high temporal resolution using a theoretical constellation of satellites
Authors: Gristey Jake J. , Chiu J. Christine , Gurney Robert J. , Han Shin‐Chan , Morcrette Cyril J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractNew, viable, and sustainable observation strategies from a constellation of satellites have attracted great attention across many scientific communities. Yet the potential for monitoring global Earth outgoing radiation using such a strategy has not been explored. To evaluate the potential of such a constellation concept and to investigate the configuration requirement for measuring radiation at a time resolution sufficient to resolve the diurnal cycle for weather and climate studies, we have developed a new recovery method and conducted a series of simulation experiments. Using idealized wide field‐of‐view broadband radiometers as an example, we find that a baseline constellation of 36 satellites can monitor global Earth outgoing radiation reliably to a spatial resolution of 1000 km at an hourly time scale. The error in recovered daily global mean irradiance is 0.16 W m−2 and −0.13 W m−2, and the estimated uncertainty in recovered hourly global mean irradiance from this day is 0.45 W m−2 and 0.15 W m−2, in the shortwave and longwave spectral regions, respectively. Sensitivity tests show that addressing instrument‐related issues that lead to systematic measurement error remains of central importance to achieving similar accuracies in reality. The presented error statistics therefore likely represent the lower bounds of what could currently be achieved with the constellation approach, but this study demonstrates the promise of an unprecedented sampling capability for better observing the Earth's radiation budget.
Trends of surface solar radiation in unforced CMIP5 simulations
Authors: Folini D. , Dallafior T. N. , Hakuba M. Z. , Wild M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe consider decadal scale trends of annual mean all‐sky surface solar radiation (SSR) that occur solely because of internal variability of the climate system. We give statistical estimates of their magnitude and probability of occurrence. The estimates are based on 43 preindustrial control (piControl) experiments of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5). Trends are found to depend strongly on geographical region and on whether they are quantified in absolute units or relative to the long‐term mean SSR. We find it to be sufficient to provide one map for absolute and one for relative trends, as approximate analytical relations are shown to hold between trends of different length and likelihood and the standard deviation of the underlying SSR time series. We estimate that a positive trend over 30 years and with 25% chance of occurrence (75th percentile of all possible trends) has a magnitude between 0.15 and 1.7 W/m2/decade or 0.11 and 1.4% of long‐term mean SSR per decade, depending on geographical location. Comparison with present‐day observations and intermodel spread suggests an average uncertainty of these estimates of about 30%. Intermodel spread suggests that regional uncertainties can be up to about 3 times larger or smaller. We give examples of how these results may be used to obtain statistical estimates of how (un)likely it is that observed SSR trends or part thereof are due to internal variability alone.
Temperature and burning history affect emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosol particles from tropical peatland fire
Authors: Kuwata Mikinori , Kai Fuu Ming , Yang Liudongqing , Itoh Masayuki , Gunawan Haris , Harvey Charles F. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTropical peatland burning in Asia has been intensifying over the last decades, emitting huge amounts of gas species and aerosol particles. Both laboratory and field studies have been conducted to investigate emission from peat burning, yet a significant variability in data still exists. We conducted a series of experiments to characterize the gas and particulate matter emitted during burning of a peat sample from Sumatra in Indonesia. Heating temperature of peat was found to regulate the ratio of CH4 to CO2 in emissions (ΔCH4/ΔCO2) as well as the chemical composition of particulate matter. The ΔCH4/ΔCO2 ratio was larger for higher temperatures, meaning that CH4 emission is more pronounced at these conditions. Mass spectrometric analysis of organic components indicated that aerosol particles emitted at higher temperatures had more unsaturated bonds and ring structures than that emitted from cooler fires. The result was consistently confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. In addition, CH4 emitted by burning charcoal, which is derived from previously burned peat, was lower by at least an order of magnitude than that from fresh peat. These results highlight the importance of both fire history and heating temperature for the composition of tropical peat‐fire emissions. They suggest that remote sensing technologies that map fire histories and temperatures could provide improved estimates of emissions.
Illusion and reality in the atmospheres of exoplanets
Authors: Deming L. Drake , Seager Sara 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe atmospheres of exoplanets reveal all their properties beyond mass, radius, and orbit. Based on bulk densities, we know that exoplanets larger than 1.5 Earth radii must have gaseous envelopes and, hence, atmospheres. We discuss contemporary techniques for characterization of exoplanetary atmospheres. The measurements are difficult, because—even in current favorable cases—the signals can be as small as 0.001% of the host star's flux. Consequently, some early results have been illusory and not confirmed by subsequent investigations. Prominent illusions to date include polarized scattered light, temperature inversions, and the existence of carbon planets. The field moves from the first tentative and often incorrect conclusions, converging to the reality of exoplanetary atmospheres. That reality is revealed using transits for close‐in exoplanets and direct imaging for young or massive exoplanets in distant orbits. Several atomic and molecular constituents have now been robustly detected in exoplanets as small as Neptune. In our current observations, the effects of clouds and haze appear ubiquitous. Topics at the current frontier include the measurement of heavy element abundances in giant planets, detection of carbon‐based molecules, measurement of atmospheric temperature profiles, definition of heat circulation efficiencies for tidally locked planets, and the push to detect and characterize the atmospheres of super‐Earths. Future observatories for this quest include the James Webb Space Telescope and the new generation of extremely large telescopes on the ground. On a more distant horizon, NASA's study concepts for the Habitable Exoplanet Imaging Mission (HabEx) and the Large UV/Optical/Infrared Surveyor (LUVOIR) missions could extend the study of exoplanetary atmospheres to true twins of Earth.
Personal and Intergenerational Narratives of Transgression and Pride in Emerging Adulthood: Links to Gender and Well‐Being
Authors: Merrill Natalie , Srinivas Etasha , Fivush Robyn 
Published: December 2016

SummaryIntergenerational narratives, stories parents share with children about their own youthful experiences, may facilitate the understanding of challenging life experiences and be related to psychological well‐being; yet, little research has examined what young people know of their parents' self‐challenging and self‐enhancing experiences and how they interpret them. Research examining intergenerational narratives has observed relations between adolescents' narratives and their psychological well‐being, but these relations may depend upon gender and narrative type. In the current study, 94 college students provided intergenerational and personal narratives of transgression and pride experiences. Narratives were coded for emotional, cognitive, and evaluative content. Results show that transgression and pride narratives differed in content, and that women provided more interpretative content than men. Stories about mothers contained more interpretative content than fathers, but this pattern varied by participant gender. Finally, relations to well‐being were observed, especially for cognitive content in stories of participants' same‐gender parent. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.StartCopTextStartCopTextStartCopTextCopyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphological integration of the cranium in Homo, Pan, and Hylobates and the evolution of hominoid facial structures
Authors: Neaux Dimitri 
Published: December 2016

AbstractObjectivesModern humans diverge from other extant hominids (chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans) in a series of craniofacial morphological features. Like hylobatids, they possess a face with a reduced subnasal prognathism that is associated with a globular basicranium. These traits are not independent, as the skull is a complex integrated structure. The aim of the present study is to determine relationships between the face and the basicranium in two hominid genera (Homo and Pan) and a hylobatid genus (Hylobates) to test if these taxa share common patterns of integration linking these structures.Materials and MethodsThree dimensional (3D) geometric morphometric analyses and 3D homologous landmarks are used to compare the integration patterns between facial and basicranial structures in a comparative sample of Homo, Pan, and Hylobates. Pooled within‐genus partial least squares analyses are computed to describe and quantify these patterns of integration.ResultsThe covariation analyses show similar patterns of integration shared between the three studied taxa. These patterns correspond to the brachycephalic and dolichocephalic conditions previously defined in hominins and hominids.DiscussionResults confirm that hominoids share similar patterns of integration. This is in line with the hypothesis that morphological integration is mostly conservative in hominoids. These similar patterns of integration may explain the convergent evolution of short faces in humans and hylobatids.
Evidence of toothpick groove formation in Neandertal anterior and posterior teeth
Authors: Estalrrich Almudena , Alarcón José Antonio , Rosas Antonio 
Published: December 2016

AbstractObjectivesDuring the microscopic examination of the Neandertal dentitions from El Sidrón (Spain) and Hortus (France), we found unusual fine parallel microstriations on the mesial and distal sides of all tooth types, near the cervix. As its appearance was similar to toothpick grooves described in other Homo species, it could correspond to early stages on its formation. To test this hypothesis we developed an experimental replication of a groove using grass stalks.Materials and MethodsComparisons between 204 isolated Neandertal teeth and the two experimental dental specimens corroborate that the marks correspond to initial stages of toothpick groove formation, and we propose a five‐grade recording scale that summarized the groove formation process.ResultsUsing this new recording procedure, we found that Hortus individuals have higher incidence of this trait (eight individuals out of nine) than the El Sidrón individuals (nine out of 11). Toothpick grooves from El Sidrón show the earliest stages of development, whereas the grooves found on Hortus Neandertals were well‐developed. Toothpick grooves were also found in 21 incisors and canines.ConclusionsThese differences could be due to the more advanced occlusal dental wear in Hortus individuals, maybe age‐related and with a more meat‐based diet maybe favoring the inclusion of food debris and thus probing as the cleaning methodology. Our results allow the identification and characterization of incipient toothpick grooves on the human fossil record and contribute to increase our knowledge on Neandertals behavioral and oral care habits.
Lewis Acid–Base Interaction‐Controlled ortho‐Selective C−H Borylation of Aryl Sulfides
Authors: Li Hong Liang , Kuninobu Yoichiro , Kanai Motomu 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAn iridium/bipyridine‐catalyzed ortho‐selective C−H borylation of aryl sulfides was developed. High ortho‐selectivity was achieved by a Lewis acid–base interaction between a boryl group of the ligand and a sulfur atom of the substrate. This is the first example of a catalytic and regioselective C−H transformation controlled by a Lewis acid–base interaction between a ligand and a substrate. The C−H borylation reaction could be conducted on a gram scale, and with a bioactive molecule as a substrate, demonstrating its applicability to late‐stage regioselective C−H borylation. A bioactive molecule was synthesized from an ortho‐borylated product by converting the boryl and methylthio groups of the product.
Enhancing the Cell Permeability and Metabolic Stability of Peptidyl Drugs by Reversible Bicyclization
Authors: Qian Ziqing , Rhodes Curran A. , McCroskey Lucas C. , Wen Jin , Appiah‐Kubi George , Wang David J. , Guttridge Denis C. , Pei Dehua 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTherapeutic applications of peptides are currently limited by their proteolytic instability and impermeability to the cell membrane. A general, reversible bicyclization strategy is now reported to increase both the proteolytic stability and cell permeability of peptidyl drugs. A peptide drug is fused with a short cell‐penetrating motif and converted into a conformationally constrained bicyclic structure through the formation of a pair of disulfide bonds. The resulting bicyclic peptide has greatly enhanced proteolytic stability as well as cell‐permeability. Once inside the cell, the disulfide bonds are reduced to produce a linear, biologically active peptide. This strategy was applied to generate a cell‐permeable bicyclic peptidyl inhibitor against the NEMO‐IKK interaction.
Cuboid Vesicles Formed by Frame‐Guided Assembly on DNA Origami Scaffolds
Authors: Dong Yuanchen , Yang Yuhe Renee , Zhang Yiyang , Wang Dianming , Wei Xixi , Banerjee Saswata , Liu Yan , Yang Zhongqiang , Yan Hao , Liu Dongsheng 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe describe the use of a frame‐guided assembly (FGA) strategy to construct cuboid and dumbbell‐shaped hetero‐vesicles on DNA origami nanostructure scaffolds. These are achieved by varying the design of the DNA origami scaffolds that direct the distribution of the leading hydrophobic groups (LHG). By careful selection of LHGs, different types of amphiphiles (both polymer and small‐molecule surfactants) were guided to form hetero‐vesicles, demonstrating the versatility of the FGA strategy and its potential to construct asymmetric and dynamic hetero‐vesicle assemblies with complex DNA nano‐scaffolds.
Biodegradability of and interaction in the packaging of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate)–vermiculite bionanocomposites
Authors: da Costa Reis Dilson Cristino , de Oliveira Thainá Araújo , de Carvalho Laura Hecker , Soares Alves Tatianny , Barbosa Renata 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to develop poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) bionanocomposites with natural vermiculite (VMT) and modified vermiculite (VMTO), by the melt intercalation technique and to evaluate the thermal behavior, biodegradation, and food–packaging interactions through X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Through XRD, we observed the structure of a microcomposite for the systems with natural clay and possibly an exfoliated structure for the systems with VMTO. We observed from the thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry results that the natural systems showed a small increase in the thermal stability, whereas the organoclay systems had a lower thermal stability. A high biodegradability in the pure polymer and the natural bionanocomposites was evidenced by the Sturm test through the carbon dioxide production and high weight loss of the material. We observed that there was no significant migration of PHBV from the bionanocomposites to the simulants. Under these circumstances, the bionanocomposites with VMT presented better thermal stability and a high biodegradability and were possibly inert when in contact with food. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44700.
Development of water‐based polymeric dye and its application as a colorant for waterborne polyurethane
Authors: Shang Songmin , Chiu Ka‐lok , Jiang Shouxiang 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTIn this project, an eco‐friendly aqueous synthesis method of water‐based polymeric dye (WPD) was developed and its potential as a colorant for waterborne polyurethane (WPU) was tested. The WPD was produced by reacting polyethylenimine with commercial reactive dye in the warm alkaline solution. The colored polyurethane membrane was then produced via solution blending of WPD and WPU, followed by air‐drying. The results showed that WPD with a wide variety of colors can be easily synthesized by selecting different precursory reactive dyes and can be easily blended with WPU via moderate stirring. The colored PU membranes have good transparency and the logo under them can be clearly observed. Compared with the pure polyurethane membrane, the absorbance of colored polyurethane membrane at the wavelength of maximum absorption increases at least 20.2% even if the content of WPD within the colored polyurethane membrane is as low as 0.16%, implying that our WPD has excellent color strength. Finally, the colored polyurethane membranes have very high colorfastness to water and can be stored in deionized water for 2 weeks without dissolution of WPD. As a result, our developed WPD is a promising and cost‐effective colorant for WPU. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44710.
Cyclophosphamide promotes breast cancer cell migration through CXCR4 and matrix metalloproteinases
Authors: Hung Chao‐Ming , Hsu Yi‐Chiang , Chen Tzu‐Yu , Chang Chi‐Chang , Lee Mon‐Juan 
Published: December 2016

AbstractCyclophosphamide is indicated for the treatment of cancerous diseases such as breast cancer and cervical cancer. Recent studies have shown that cyclophosphamide may induce cancer metastasis, but the cause of this unexpected adverse effect is not fully understood. In this study, we investigate the effect of cyclophosphamide on cancer cell migration and its correlation to chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4), a biomarker for cancer metastasis. Two human cancer cell lines with significant difference in endogenous CXCR4 expression, the breast cancer cell line, MDA‐MB‐231, and the melanoma cell line, MDA‐MB‐435S, were treated with various concentrations of cyclophosphamide, followed by the assessment of CXCR4 expression and cell migration. We found that the migration ability of MDA‐MB‐231 cells was enhanced with increasing concentrations of cyclophosphamide, which induced the cell‐surface expression of CXCR4, but had no effect on the overall amount of CXCR4. In MDA‐MB‐435S cells, in which CXCR4 was barely detectable, cyclophosphamide was unable to activate cell‐surface CXCR4, and did not promote cell migration. Studies on the mRNA expression profile of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in MDA‐MB‐231 cells further indicate that MMP9 and MMP13 may be involved in the action of cyclophosphamide. The protein expression of both MMP9 and MMP13 was increased in the presence of cyclophosphamide. Results from this study provide the molecular basis for the possible pathway of cyclophosphamide to induce cancer metastasis.
Medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaws caused lethal sepsis in an edentulous patient with multiple systemic factors
Authors: Yamashiro Keisuke , Sato Aki , Okazaki Fumihiko , Nakano Makoto , Sawaki Koichi , Hirata Yasuhisa , Yamachika Eiki , Iida Seiji , Takashiba Shogo 
Published: December 2016

Key Clinical MessageMedication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is developed even in the patients who are edentulous and treated with short‐term bisphosphonate therapy and oral administration. It sometimes causes lethal sepsis in patients who have multiple health problems such as diabetes, cirrhosis, steroid use for interstitial pneumonia, sepsis, and spinal disk herniation.
Substituent Effects in Molecular Ruthenium Water Oxidation Catalysts Based on Amide Ligands
Authors: Abdel‐Magied Ahmed F. , Arafa Wael A. A. , Laine Tanja M. , Shatskiy Andrey , Kärkäs Markus D. , Åkermark Björn , Johnston Eric V. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe production of clean and sustainable energy is considered as one of the most urgent issues for our society. Mastering the oxidation of water to dioxygen is essential for the production of solar fuels. A study of the influence of the substituents on the catalytic activity of a series of mononuclear Ru complexes (2 a–e) based on a tetradentate ligand framework is presented. At neutral pH, using [Ru(bpy)3](PF6)3 (bpy=2,2’‐bipyridine) as the terminal oxidant, a good correlation between the turnover frequency (TOF) and the Hammett σmeta parameters was obtained. Additionally, a general pathway for the deactivation of Ru‐based catalysts 2 a–e during the catalytic oxidation of water through poisoning by carbon monoxide was demonstrated. These results highlight the importance of ligand design for fine‐tuning the catalytic activity of water oxidation catalysts.
Chemoselective Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes Catalyzed by Molybdenum Sulphide Clusters
Authors: Pedrajas Elena , Sorribes Iván , Gushchin Artem L. , Laricheva Yuliya A. , Junge Kathrin , Beller Matthias , Llusar Rosa 
Published: December 2016

AbstractHerein, we describe an atom efficient and general protocol for the chemoselective hydrogenation of nitroarenes to anilines catalyzed by well‐defined diimino and diamino cubane‐type Mo3S4 clusters. The novel diimino [Mo3S4Cl3(dnbpy)3]+ ([5]+) (dnbpy=4,4′‐dinonyl‐2,2′‐dipyridyl, L1) trinuclear complex was synthesized in high yields by simple ligand substitution reactions starting from the thiourea (tu) [Mo3S4(tu)8(H2O)]Cl4⋅4 H2O (3) precursor. This strategy has also been successfully adapted for the isolation of the diamino [Mo3S4Cl3(dmen)3](BF4) ([6](BF4)), (dmen=N,N′‐dimethylethylenediamine) salt. Applying these catalysts, high selectivity in the hydrogenation of functionalized nitroarenes has been accomplished. Over thirty anilines bearing synthetically functional groups have been synthesized in 70 to 99 % yield. Notably, the integrity of the cluster core is preserved during catalysis. Based on kinetic studies on the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene and other potential reaction intermediates, the direct reduction to aniline is the preferential route.
A Mycoplasma Genomic DNA Probe using Gated Nanoporous Anodic Alumina
Authors: Pla Luís , Xifré‐Pérez Elisabet , Ribes Àngela , Aznar Elena , Marcos M. Dolores , Marsal Lluís F. , Martínez‐Máñez Ramón , Sancenón Félix 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA nanoporous anodic alumina (NAA)‐based sensor system for the detection of Mycoplasma was developed through the implementation of “molecular gates” selective to the presence of this bacterium. The capped support showed a negligible cargo release, while presence of Mycoplasma genomic DNA resulted in the release of rhodamine B fluorescent dye. This sensor system presents a limit of detection of 20 genomic DNA copies⋅μL−1 and was applied to the detection of Mycoplasma bacteria in competitive environments, such as culture cell media.