bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contrôler, mettre en ordre et réguler : la réforme des revenus des sportifs soviétiques au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Authors: Dufraisse Sylvain 
Published: May 2016

Le terme « athlète d’État » a été fréquemment utilisé pour qualifier le mode soviétique de rémunération des sportifs. Or, cette appellation plaque une interprétation exogène sur la situation en URSS, sans rendre compte des réalités sociales et des luttes entre acteurs. Cet article montre comment, au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, un système original de rémunération se met en place. Il vise à réguler un monde sportif marqué par la désorganisation et la faible emprise de l’administration de la culture physique sur des sociétés sportives puissantes. Le tournant vers le sport de compétition amorcé au milieu des années 1930 a favorisé l’émergence d’« espaces de liberté » pour les athlètes et les sociétés sportives : adjonction de primes, emplois fictifs, inflation des gratifications. Au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le sport soviétique se rapproche des fédérations internationales et ces pratiques s’avèrent peu conformes avec leurs règlements. La période est aussi marquée par un grand nombre de réformes sociales économiques. Des bourses, délivrées par le Conseil de Culture physique et les sociétés sportives volontaires, sont distribuées à partir de 1947 pour lutter contre les « excès ». Des directives déterminent les montants et homogénéisent les revenus entre les différents sports. Elles témoignent d’une prise en main affirmée de l’administration centrale sur le mouvement sportif.
Thérapie individuelle dans l’impasse et introduction d’une équipe réfléchissante
Authors: Nussbaumer Nicolas 
Published: May 2016

Cet article retrace un processus de thérapie individuelle systémique au long cours qui, à partir du sentiment d’être dans une impasse ressenti par le thérapeute, a poussé celui-ci à proposer un changement de setting à l’homme en thérapie. Durant six mois, une équipe réfléchissante de quatre jeunes thérapeutes systémiciens a permis une nouvelle rencontre entre le patient et son thérapeute par l’utilisation notamment de métaphores ainsi que d’un travail de co-écriture d’une lettre adressée à un personnage significatif de l’histoire de cet homme. Le thérapeute autant que celui-là ont revisité ainsi des paysages oubliés où ils furent transportés : si la psychothérapie a désormais des effets apaisants dans le quotidien du patient, elle a fait resurgir chez le thérapeute une identité partiellement perdue, en relation avec ses propres loyautés familiales.
Novel Teleost CD4-Bearing Cell Populations Provide Insights into the Evolutionary Origins and Primordial Roles of CD4+ Lymphocytes and CD4+ Macrophages
Authors: Takizawa Fumio , Magadan Susana , Parra David , Xu Zhen , Korytář Tomáš , Boudinot Pierre , Sunyer J. Oriol 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Tetrapods contain a single CD4 coreceptor with four Ig domains that likely arose from a primordial two-domain ancestor. Notably, teleost fish contain two CD4 genes. Like tetrapod CD4, CD4-1 of rainbow trout includes four Ig domains, whereas CD4-2 contains only two. Because CD4-2 is reminiscent of the prototypic two-domain CD4 coreceptor, we hypothesized that by characterizing the cell types bearing CD4-1 and CD4-2, we would shed light into the evolution and primordial roles of CD4-bearing cells. Using newly established mAbs against CD4-1 and CD4-2, we identified two bona-fide CD4+ T cell populations: a predominant lymphocyte population coexpressing surface CD4-1 and CD4-2 (CD4 double-positive [DP]), and a minor subset expressing only CD4-2 (CD4-2 single-positive [SP]). Although both subsets produced equivalent levels of Th1, Th17, and regulatory T cell cytokines upon bacterial infection, CD4-2 SP lymphocytes were less proliferative and displayed a more restricted TCRβ repertoire. These data suggest that CD4-2 SP cells represent a functionally distinct population and may embody a vestigial CD4+ T cell subset, the roles of which reflect those of primeval CD4+ T cells. Importantly, we also describe the first CD4+ monocyte/macrophage population in a nonmammalian species. Of all myeloid subsets, we found the CD4+ population to be the most phagocytic, whereas CD4+ lymphocytes lacked this capacity. This study fills in an important gap in the knowledge of teleost CD4-bearing leukocytes, thus revealing critical insights into the evolutionary origins and primordial roles of CD4+ lymphocytes and CD4+ monocytes/macrophages.
Cortisol-Metabolizing Enzymes in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Blumenfeld Zeev , Kaidar Gabi , Zuckerman-Levin Nehama , Dumin Elena , Knopf Carlos , Hochberg Ze'ev 
Published: May 2016

Objective The aim of this study was to assess the activity of cortisol-metabolizing enzymes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), using a fully quantitative gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCMS) method. Design We investigated the glucocorticoid degradation pathways that include llβ-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (llβ-HSD) type 1, 5α-reductase (5α-R) and 5β-reductase (5β-R), 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and 20α- and 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20α-HSD and 20β-HSD, respectively) in young nonobese women with PCOS, using a fully quantitative GCMS method. Setting This study was conducted in a tertiary referral hospital in Israel. Patients This study group consisted of 13 young women, aged 20.1 ±2.8 years (mean ± SD), with the body mass index (BMI) of 22.6 ± 3.7 kg/m2, diagnosed with PCOS according to the Rotterdam criteria. The control group consisted of 14 healthy young women matched for weight, height, and BMI. Interventions Urine samples were analyzed using GCMS. We measured urinary steroid metabolites that represent the products and substrates of the study enzymes and calculated the product/substrate ratios to represent enzyme activity. Main Outcome Measures The calculation of enzymatic activity, based on glucocorticoid degradation metabolites, was done by GCMS in PCOS vs. controls. Results All glucocorticoid degradation metabolites were higher in the PCOS group than in controls. Of the adrenal enzymes, the activities of 21-hydroxylase and 17α-hydroxylase were reduced, whereas the activity of 17,20-lyase was enhanced in PCOS. Of the degradation enzymes, the activity of 11β-HSD type 1 was reduced in women with PCOS only when calculated from cortoles and cortolones ratios. The activities of 5α-R/5β-R were increased only when calculating the 11-hydroxy metabolites of androgens. The activity of 20α-HSD was elevated in the patients with PCOS and its relation with the substrate levels was lost. Conclusions We confirm PCOS association with low 21-hydroxylase activity. PCOS is associated with dysregulation in glucocorticoid degradation. The activity of 5α-R is enhanced only through the backdoor pathway. Marked increase in the activity of 20α-HSD suggests a hitherto unknown derangement in PCOS.
Mind the Gap: Representation of Medical Education in Cardiology-Related Articles and Journals
Authors: Allred Clint , Berlacher Kathryn , Aggarwal Saurabh , Auseon Alex J. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Cardiology fellowship programs are at the interface of medical education and the care of patients suffering from the leading cause of mortality in the United States, yet there is an apparent lack of research guiding the effective education of fellows.Background

We sought to quantify the number of publications in cardiology journals that pertained to the education of cardiology trainees and the number of cardiologists participating in education research.Objective

For the period between January and December 2012, we cataloged cardiology-specific and general medical/medical education journals and sorted them by impact factor. Tables of content were reviewed for articles with an educational focus, a cardiology focus, or both. We recorded the authors' areas of medical training, and keywords from each cardiology journal's mission statement were reviewed for emphasis on education.Methods

Twenty-six cardiology journals, containing 6645 articles, were reviewed. Only 4 articles had education themes. Ten general medical and 15 medical education journals contained 6810 articles. Of these, only 7 focused on medical education in cardiology, and none focused on cardiology fellowship training. Among the 4887 authors of publications in medical education journals, 25 were cardiologists (less than 1%), and among the 1036 total words in the mission statements of all cardiology journals, the term “education” appeared once.Results

Published educational research is lacking in cardiology training, and few cardiologists appear to be active members of the education scholarship community. Cardiology organizations and academic journals should support efforts to identify target areas of study and publish scholarship in educational innovation.Conclusions
Integrating a Resident-Driven Longitudinal Quality Improvement Curriculum Within an Ambulatory Block Schedule
Authors: Tentler Aleksey , Feurdean Mirela , Keller Steven , Kothari Neil 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Quality improvement (QI) is essential in clinical practice, requiring effective teaching in residency. Barriers include lack of structure, mentorship, and time.Background

To develop a longitudinal QI curriculum for an internal medicine residency program with limited faculty resources and evaluate its effectiveness.Objective

All medicine residents were provided with dedicated research time every 8 weeks during their ambulatory blocks. Groups of 3 to 5 residents across all postgraduate year levels were formed. Two faculty members and 1 chief resident advised all groups, meeting with each group every 8 weeks, with concrete expectations for each meeting. Residents were required to complete didactic modules from the Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Current residents and alumni were surveyed for feedback.Methods

Over 3 years, all eligible residents (92 residents per year in 2012–2014, 102 in 2014–2015) participated in the curriculum. Residents worked on 54 quality assessment and 18 QI projects, with 6 QI projects showing statistically significant indicator improvements. About 50 mentoring hours per year were contributed by 2 faculty advisors and a chief resident. No other staff or IT support was needed. A total of 69 posters/abstracts were produced, with 13 projects presented at national or regional conferences. Survey respondents found the program useful; most (75% residents, 63% alumni) reported it changed their practice, and 71% of alumni found it useful after residency.Results

Our longitudinal QI curriculum requires minimal faculty time and resulted in increased QI-related publications and measurable improvements in quality indicators. Alumni reported a positive effect on practice after graduation.Conclusions
Europese harmonisatie van online en op afstand verkoop van zaken en de levering van digitale inhoud (I)
Authors: Loos M.B.M. 
Published: May 2016

Europese harmonisatie van online en op afstand verkoop van zaken en de levering van digitale inhoud (I)
Op 9 december 2015 heeft de Europese Commissie onder meer een voorstel ingediend voor een richtlijn voor online of anderszins op afstand gesloten overeenkomsten tot levering van zaken. In dit artikel wordt aandacht besteed aan het toepassingsgebied van de richtlijn, de conformiteit van op afstand gekochte zaken en de remedies bij non-conformiteit. Daarnaast wordt ingegaan op de vraag of de invoering van nog een regeling voor het kooprecht wel werkbaar is voor de rechtspraktijk.- Voorstel voor een Richtlijn van het Europees Parlement en de Raad betreffende bepaalde aspecten van overeenkomsten voor de online-verkoop en andere verkoop op afstand van goederen, COM(2015)635 final- Voorstel voor een Richtlijn van het Europees Parlement en de Raad betreffende bepaalde aspecten van overeenkomsten voor de levering van digitale inhoud, COM(2015)634 final
La crisis de la democracia y los nuevos escenarios que se plantean
Authors: Ibarra Pedro 
Published: May 2016

El texto reflexiona sobre la profundidad y extensión de la crisis democrática tanto en los procesos de representación formal como en la desaparición de la autonomía real decisoria en las instituciones. Respondiendo a esta crisis, se desarrollan dos propuestas regenerativas. Una del mismo proceso representativo. Otra, considerando insuficiente la anterior, consistente en introducir otros espacios de democracia.
An individual-based modelling approach to estimate landscape connectivity for bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis)
Authors: Allen Corrie H. , Parrott Lael , Kyle Catherine 
Published: May 2016

Background. Preserving connectivity, or the ability of a landscape to support species movement, is among the most commonly recommended strategies to reduce the negative effects of climate change and human land use development on species. Connectivity analyses have traditionally used a corridor-based approach and rely heavily on least cost path modeling and circuit theory to delineate corridors. Individual-based models are gaining popularity as a potentially more ecologically realistic method of estimating landscape connectivity. However, this remains a relatively unexplored approach. We sought to explore the utility of a simple, individual-based model as a land-use management support tool in identifying and implementing landscape connectivity.Methods. We created an individual-based model of bighorn sheep(Ovis canadensis)that simulates a bighorn sheep traversing a landscape by following simple movement rules. The model was calibrated for bighorn sheep in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada, a region containing isolated herds that are vital to conservation of the species in its northern range. Simulations were run to determine baseline connectivity between subpopulations in the study area. We then applied the model to explore two land management scenarios on simulated connectivity: restoring natural fire regimes and identifying appropriate sites for interventions that would increase road permeability for bighorn sheep.Results.This model suggests there are no continuous areas of good habitat between current subpopulations of sheep in the study area; however, a series of stepping-stones or circuitous routes could facilitate movement between subpopulations and into currently unoccupied, yet suitable, bighorn habitat. Restoring natural fire regimes or mimicking fire with prescribed burns and tree removal could considerably increase bighorn connectivity in this area. Moreover, several key road crossing sites that could benefit from wildlife overpasses were identified.Discussion.By linking individual-scale movement rules to landscape-scale outcomes, our individual-based model of bighorn sheep allows for the exploration of how on-the-ground management or conservation scenarios may increase functional connectivity for the species in the study area. More generally, this study highlights the usefulness of individual-based models to identify how a species makes broad use of a landscape for movement. Application of this approach can provide effective quantitative support for decision makers seeking to incorporate wildlife conservation and connectivity into land use planning.
Statistical features of the global polarity reversal of the Venusian induced magnetosphere in response to the polarity change in interplanetary magnetic field
Authors: Vech Daniel , Stenberg Gabriella , Nilsson Hans , Edberg Niklas J. T. , Opitz Andrea , Szegő Károly , Zhang Tielong , Futaana Yoshifumi 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn this study we present the first statistical analysis on the effects of heliospheric current sheet crossings on the induced magnetosphere of Venus. These events are of particular interest because they lead to the reconfiguration of the induced magnetosphere with opposite polarity. We use a statistical approach based on 117 orbit pairs, and we study the spatial distribution of the heavy ion flux measurements in the plasma environment of Venus. The average and median heavy ion flux measurements are compared before and after the polarity reversal events. The results show that after the events the average and median heavy ion fluxes in the magnetotail are reduced by the factors of 0.75 ± 0.09 and 0.52, respectively. We find that even if a passage of a current sheet is a short time scale event lasting about 10 min, its effect on the near‐Venus plasma environment lasts for a few hours. We conclude that the observations show similarities to the previous comet studies and the polarity reversal of the induced magnetosphere might be accompanied with dayside reconnection and magnetic disconnection of the plasma tail from the planetary ionosphere.
Surface waves affect frontogenesis
Authors: Suzuki Nobuhiro , Fox‐Kemper Baylor , Hamlington Peter E. , Van Roekel Luke P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis paper provides a detailed analysis of momentum, angular momentum, vorticity, and energy budgets of a submesoscale front undergoing frontogenesis driven by an upper‐ocean, submesoscale eddy field in a Large Eddy Simulation (LES). The LES solves the wave‐averaged, or Craik‐Leibovich, equations in order to account for the Stokes forces that result from interactions between nonbreaking surface waves and currents, and resolves both submesoscale eddies and boundary layer turbulence down to 4.9 m × 4.9 m × 1.25 m grid scales. It is found that submesoscale frontogenesis differs from traditional frontogenesis theory due to four effects: Stokes forces, momentum and kinetic energy transfer from submesoscale eddies to frontal secondary circulations, resolved turbulent stresses, and unbalanced torque. In the energy, momentum, angular momentum, and vorticity budgets for the frontal overturning circulation, the Stokes shear force is a leading‐order contributor, typically either the second or third largest source of frontal overturning. These effects violate hydrostatic and thermal wind balances during submesoscale frontogenesis. The effect of the Stokes shear force becomes stronger with increasing alignment of the front and Stokes shear and with a nondimensional scaling. The Stokes shear force and momentum transfer from submesoscale eddies significantly energize the frontal secondary circulation along with the buoyancy.
Midlatitude cloud shifts, their primary link to the Hadley cell, and their diverse radiative effects
Authors: Tselioudis George , Lipat Bernard R. , Konsta Dimitra , Grise Kevin M. , Polvani Lorenzo M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe investigate the interannual relationship among clouds, their radiative effects, and two key indices of the atmospheric circulation: the latitudinal positions of the Hadley cell edge and the midlatitude jet. From reanalysis data and satellite observations, we find a clear and consistent relationship between the width of the Hadley cell and the high cloud field, statistically significant in nearly all regions and seasons. In contrast, shifts of the midlatitude jet correlate significantly with high cloud shifts only in the North Atlantic region during the winter season. While in that region and season poleward high cloud shifts are associated with shortwave radiative warming, over the Southern Oceans during all seasons they are associated with shortwave radiative cooling. Finally, a trend analysis reveals that poleward high cloud shifts observed over the 1983–2009 period are more likely related to Hadley cell expansion, rather than poleward shifts of the midlatitude jets.
New chorus wave properties near the equator from Van Allen Probes wave observations
Authors: Li W. , Santolik O. , Bortnik J. , Thorne R. M. , Kletzing C. A. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe chorus wave properties are evaluated using Van Allen Probes data in the Earth's equatorial magnetosphere. Two distinct modes of lower band chorus are identified: a quasi‐parallel mode and a quasi‐electrostatic mode, whose wave normal direction is close to the resonance cone. Statistical results indicate that the quasi‐electrostatic (quasi‐parallel) mode preferentially occurs during relatively quiet (disturbed) geomagnetic activity at lower (higher) L shells. Although the magnetic intensity of the quasi‐electrostatic mode is considerably weaker than the quasi‐parallel mode, their electric intensities are comparable. A newly identified feature of the quasi‐electrostatic mode is that its frequency peaks at higher values compared to the quasi‐parallel mode that exhibits a broad frequency spectrum. Moreover, upper band chorus wave normal directions vary between 0° and the resonance cone and become more parallel as geomagnetic activity increases. Our new findings suggest that chorus‐driven energetic electron dynamics needs a careful examination by considering the properties of these two distinct modes.
Interannual variability of winter eddy patterns in the eastern South China Sea
Authors: He Yinghui , Xie Jieshuo , Cai Shuqun 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMerged altimetry data collected over 21 years are analyzed to study the interannual variability of winter eddy activities in the eastern South China Sea (SCS) associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Composite analyses of eddy probability reveal that a Luzon cold eddy (LCE) northwest of the Luzon Island, an anticyclonic eddy northwest of the Mindoro Island (referred as MAE) and a cyclonic eddy west of the Mindoro Island (referred as MCE) are common for winter. Further studies indicate that LCE and MAE weaken and MCE strengthens in El Niño winters, whereas data show the opposite behavior for La Niña winters. In addition, the geographical pattern of MAE and MCE in an El Niño winter is different from that in a La Niña winter. The interannual wind curl anomalies west of the Luzon and Mindoro Islands and the outflow from the SCS via the Mindoro Strait may be responsible for the interannual eddy variability.
Do climate models reproduce complexity of observed sea level changes?
Authors: Becker M. , Karpytchev M. , Marcos M. , Jevrejeva S. , Lennartz‐Sassinek S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe ability of Atmosphere‐Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCMs) to capture the statistical behavior of sea level (SL) fluctuations has been assessed at the local scale. To do so, we have compared scaling behavior of the SL fluctuations simulated in the historical runs of 36 CMIP5 AOGCMs to that in the longest (>100 years) SL records from 23 tides gauges around the globe. The observed SL fluctuations are known to manifest a power law scaling. We have checked if the SL changes simulated in the AOGCM exhibit the same scaling properties and the long‐term correlations as observed in the tide gauge records. We find that the majority of AOGCMs overestimates the scaling of SL fluctuations, particularly in the North Atlantic. Consequently, AOGCMs, routinely used to project regional SL rise, may underestimate the part of the externally driven SL rise, in particular the anthropogenic footprint, in the projections for the 21st century.