bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Terazosin, Doxazosin: Ureteral Stones
Authors: Generali Joyce , Cada Dennis J. 
Published: December 2017

Off-Label Drug Uses This Hospital Pharmacy feature is extracted from Off-Label DrugFacts, a quarterly publication available from Facts and Comparisons. Off-Label DrugFacts is a practitioner-oriented resource for information about specific FDA-unapproved drug uses. This new guide to the literature will enable the health care professional/clinician to quickly identify published studies on off-label uses and to determine if a specific use is rational in a patient care scenario. The most relevant data are provided in tabular form so that the reader can easily identify the scope of information available. A summary of the data—including background, study design, patient population, dosage information, therapy duration, results, safety, and therapeutic considerations—precedes each table of published studies. References direct the reader to the full literature for more comprehensive information prior to patient care decisions. Direct questions or comments on “Off-Label Drug Uses” to hospital pharmacy@drugfacts.com .
Maximizing Pharmacodynamics with High-Dose Levofloxacin
Authors: Wargo Kurt A. , Wargo Nichole A. , Eiland Edward H. 
Published: December 2017

Objective To review published literature of levofloxacin 750 mg for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), nosocomial-acquired pneumonia (NAP), and skin and skin-structure infections (SSSI) focusing on microbiology, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic parameters. Data Sources MEDLINE was searched for clinical trials and review articles (1966 to September 2004). Also included were data from the manufacturer. Search terms utilized were levofloxacin, pneumonia, skin infections, adverse effects, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and resistance. Study Selection and Data Extraction All articles and product labeling regarding levofloxacin for the treatment of CAP, NAP, and SSSI were included for review. Data Synthesis Compared with the other currently marketed fluoroquinolones, levofloxacin demonstrates similar in vitro activity to a number of commonly identified microorganisms. Levofloxacin 750 mg has shown equivalency to various non-fluoroquinolone regimens for the treatment of NAP and SSSI. Furthermore, a short, 5-day course of levofloxacin 750 mg was similar in efficacy to a longer, 10-day course of levofloxacin 500 mg for the treatment of CAP. Adverse events associated with levofloxacin therapy are dose independent; therefore, the adverse effects seen with high-dose levofloxacin are comparable to lower doses. Conclusions The levofloxacin 750 mg dosage formulation is a logical option when evaluating the antimicrobial armamentarium commonly utilized for the empiric treatment of CAP, NAP, and SSSI. Pharmacodynamic parameters are optimized and resistance is minimized when high-dose, short-course therapy is implemented.
Clofarabine; Paclitaxel (protein-bound)
Authors: Murak Elizabeth M. , Waddell J. Aubrey , Solimando Dominic A. 
Published: December 2017

The increasing complexity of cancer chemotherapy heightens the requirement that pharmacists be familiar with these highly toxic agents. This column will review various issues related to preparation, dispensing, and administration of cancer chemotherapy. It will also serve as a review of various agents, both commercially available and investigational, used to treat malignant diseases. The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the author and are not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the US Department of the Army or the Department of Defense.
Tigecycline
Authors: Cada Dennis J. , Levien Terri , Baker Danial E. 
Published: December 2017

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive five to six well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to your Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. Subscribers also receive monthly one-page summary monographs on the agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are sent to you in print and CD ROM forms and are available online. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of your facility. Subscribers to the The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board, The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X.). All topics pertinent to clinical and hospital pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. If you would like information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The October 2005 monograph topics are ramelteon, lidocaine/tetracaine patch, dapsone gel, altrasentan, and deferasirox. The DUE is on ramelteon.
Pharmacist-Managed Anemia Program in an Outpatient Hemodialysis Population
Authors: Walton Ted , Holloway Katherine P. , Knauss Michael D. 
Published: December 2017

Purpose Epoetin alpha is the standard of care for anemia treatment in stage 5 chronic kidney disease patients. A pharmacist-managed anemia program was developed to allow initiation and adjustment of epoetin and iron therapy. The goal of this study was to describe the pharmacist-managed anemia program in an outpatient hemodialysis clinic and evaluate the program by comparing the results to the US averages. Methods Dosing was completed by a clinical pharmacist using a psysician-approved protocol. Data were collected from May 2002 to June 2004. Results Two hundred seventy-eight patients and 1,379 patient monitoring-months were evaluated. The study population was 68.2% male, 86.3% African-American, and had an average age of 46 ± 13 years. The most common causes of renal disease were hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The average initial hemoglobin was 9.5 g/dL and was 11.8 gm/dL at 6 months. Iron parameters show an initial average ferritin of 280.9 ± 326.4 ng/mL with an iron saturation of 21 ± 7.9%. These parameters improved to a ferritin of 431 ± 232.1 ng/mL and iron saturation of 33 ± 8% at 6 months. Eighty percent of patients had a hemoglobin greater than 11 gm/dL compared to the US average of 75%. The average epoetin dose in this group was 121 units/kg/wk (9,300 units) compared to the US average of 229 units/kg/wk (16,000 units). The reduced epoetin doses used in this program resulted in an annual cost avoidance of $3,000 per patient. Conclusions Pharmacist management of anemia can provide cost-effective care in the chronic kidney disease population.
Automation of the Medication History Process: A Case Report
Authors: Weeks Greg , Stanley Lisa , Vinson Michael C. 
Published: December 2017

Upon admission, medication history is an integral part of the medication reconciliation process; however, it is difficult to obtain one that is accurate and complete. A patient's reliability as historian, in addition to time constraints often placed upon the health care provider are factors that can reduce the accuracy and completeness of a medication history. A system is described that provides medication reconciliation including medication fill and refill information from third-party payers and pharmacy-benefit managers (PBM). Thomas Hospital in Fairhope, Alabama is the initial site deploying the system. Information about the patient's prescription medications is retrieved upon admission and presented to history takers and prescribers, in electronic and/or paper format, as admission orders are being written. Data retrieval and presentation are automatic, and the information is seamlessly integrated into the entire medication reconciliation progression, from admission, through patient transfers, and the discharge process. Analyzing and amending hospital systems and procedures is a complex and time consuming process. However, when patient care and safety can be significantly and directly impacted, it becomes apparent that the institution must allocate personnel and resources to foster the initiative. Thomas Hospital, a 150 bed acute care facility, in Fairhope, Alabama reviewed its admission, transfer, and discharge procedures with a focus on improving the medication reconciliation process. This commitment resulted in a redesign of the system that included automated retrieval of the patient's medication history.
Insulin Detemir
Authors: Cada Dennis J. , Levien Terri , Baker Danial E. 
Published: December 2017

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive five to six well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to your Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. Subscribers also receive monthly one-page summary monographs on the agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are sent to you in print and CD ROM forms and are available online. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of your facility. Subscribers to the The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board, The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X.). All topics pertinent to clinical and hospital pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. If you would like information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The December 2005 monograph topics are nelarabine, drospirenone/estradiol, rufinamide, lenalid omide, and recombinant human parthyroid hormone I-84. The DUE is on isosorbide dinatrate/hydralazine HCl.
Artikel
Authors: Lehti Martti , Kivivuori Janne 
Published: December 2017

■ Aims The article examines the links between alcohol consumption, drinking habits and the high homicide rates in Finland today from the point of view of the structure of homicides and the social status of the people involved in them. The Finnish situation is compared with that in the other Nordic Countries, especially with Sweden. ■ Methods The links between alcohol and homicidal crime are examined from the point of view of three main factors: the relative and absolute numbers of intoxicated offenders and victims, and regular substance abusers among offenders, and the patterns of victim-offender relationships. By combining the information, a general picture is formed of the significance and absolute levels of alcohol-connected homicides and what kinds of population groups are responsible for these crimes in each of the Nordic Countries. ■ Results Although the Finnish annual homicide rate is triple that of other Nordic Countries, the social background and structure of homicidal crime are very similar in Finland, Sweden and Norway. In all the three Nordic Countries the crimes are committed mainly by alcoholic, unemployed men living on the fringe of society. It also seems that the difference in the crime level between Finland and its Scandinavian neighbours is mainly caused by the alcohol-related violence of this group; the volume of other types of homicide is more or less the same. ■ Conclusion Alcohol may seem to explain the higher Finnish homicide rates compared to other Nordic Countries, however, the comparative levels of alcohol consumption and violent crime are very similar in Finland, Sweden and Norway. Consequently, it is unlikely that the differences in the homicide rates would be caused directly by the differences in the general drinking cultures. Instead of looking for general cultural behaviour models to explain the higher rate of homicide, one should ask why middle-aged alcoholics appear in larger numbers in Finland than in other Nordic countries, and why they behave more violently.
Artikel
Authors: Mounteney Jane , Leirvåg Siv-Elin 
Published: December 2017

■ Aim In 2002 the Bergen Clinics Foundation established ‘Føre Var’, a city-wide ‘early warning’ system geared towards the identification, monitoring and reporting of drug and alcohol trends in the city of Bergen, Norway, on a six-monthly basis. The primary goal for the system was the dissemination of earlier, more reliable information on new and emerging trends to enable timely and more effective interventions by policy makers and practitioners in the drug and alcohol field. ■ Methods The Føre Var system triangulates and cross-references a wide range of statistical and quantitative data, including drug seizures data, treatment figures, alcohol sales and a school survey, with information from a number of ‘leading edge' or sensitive data sources, including Internet sites, youth and local media, cultural mapping and key informants. Data is collected from sources every six months, analysed for identifiable patterns and trends, and then disseminated widely. ■ Results & Conclusion This paper details the system's developmental stages and methodologies, in addition to summarizing results from the first three Føre Var reports. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of the model, its replicability as well as the potential advantages of a city-level network are discussed.
Artikel
Authors: Mustonen Heli , Mäkelä Pia , Huhtanen Petri , Metso Leena , Raitasalo Kirsimarja 
Published: December 2017

■ Aims In 2004, quotas on travelers' imports of alcoholic beverages from other EU member states for personal use were abolished, Estonia became a member of the EU and taxes on alcohol were decreased by 33 per cent on average. These changes resulted in a 10 per cent increase in alcohol consumption. This study set out to explore which population groups accounted for this increase and what happened to self-reported alcohol-related harm. ■ Data The data used in the article consists of a panel study where the same individuals completed a postal questionnaire before and after the changes. The questionnaire was mailed in autumn 2003 to a random sample of 4 000 Finnish persons aged 15–69 (response rate 60%) and in autumn 2004 to 1 786 persons who had completed the questionnaire in 2003 and who also agreed to participate in the follow-up (response rate 76%). ■ Results, Discussion & Conclusion A central thread in the results is that the respondents themselves reported no increase either in their own consumption or in alcohol-related harm from 2003 to 2004, although this was expected on the basis of the increase observed in sales statistics. One possible explanation for the contradiction between the statistical evidence and our respondents' self-reports is that the price cuts have led to an increase in consumption mainly among existing heavy consumers who were not covered in the questionnaire. This hypothesis is supported by reports from the treatment sector and by police records on intoxicated persons taken into custody. Another possible explanation is selective non-response, i.e. that heavier drinkers have dropped out more often than others. The non-response analyses indicated that part of the results that conflicted with our expectations was due to selective non-response. The results of our study do not warrant the conclusion that there will be no adverse consequences in terms of alcohol-related harm from the changes implemented in 2004. If consumption increases most of all among heavy consumers, that will lead to a greater increase in serious alcohol-related harm than would a growth of consumption among moderate drinkers. If consumption levels settle at a higher level, it is possible that harms will increase in the mainstream population as well.
Artikel
Authors: Hakkarainen Pekka , Metso Leena 
Published: December 2017

■ Aims This article reports the results of a population survey in autumn 2004. First, trends in drug use are studied by comparing the 2004 data with materials collected in the same way in 1992, 1996, 1998 and 2002. Secondly, the relationship between drug use and alcohol consumption is discussed. This latter aspect is of special interest in Finland today following the changes in the alcohol environment in spring 2004 (tax cuts on alcohol, the discontinuation of the import quota within the EU and from Estonia). If alcohol consumption increases, the question is will that have the effect of driving up the consumption of other substances (addition hypothesis) or on the contrary, will drug use decrease and be substituted by increased alcohol consumption (substitution hypothesis)? ■ Methods The data for the research were collected in a postal questionnaire in autumn 2004. A random sample of 3992 persons aged 15–69 was drawn from the central population register. A total of 2526 persons responded, giving a response rate of 63 per cent. In order to gain a clearer picture of the relationship between drug use and alcohol consumption, we have linked the data for 1998, 2002 and 2004 into one dataset comprising more than 7 000 respondents. ■ Results The tendency for drug use and experimenting to increase has slowed down since the turn of the millennium. The increase in alcohol sales and tourist imports is not driving up the level of drug use. However, this study lends support to the observations by Juha Partanen (Wet high (1994)) about the close links between drug use and alcohol consumption. In the urban life-styles of younger people the use of cannabis is interwoven with frequent clubbing and party-style drinking patterns. Another indication of the intertwining of drug and alcohol cultures is found in the group of mixed users, who not only drink heavily but also use various drugs and medicines. It would seem that the risk of drug use is increased by the early onset of binge drinking. ■ Conclusion There is as yet not enough evidence to confirm the addition hypothesis. However, given the close links of drug use with alcohol consumption, it certainly is a possibility that if alcohol consumption sharply increases, this might trigger an increase in drug use and experimenting, particularly among young people. The substitution hypothesis, on the other hand, does not seem very likely. On the contrary, it seems that drug use in Finland ties in rather closely with drinking to intoxication.
Artikel
Authors: Skogens Lisa 
Published: December 2017

■ Aims The aim was to study the influence of personal factors on how social workers act on signs of drinking problems in clients contacting social services for social assistance. ■ Methods & Data The 103 social workers taking part in the study were, through written vignettes, presented to a hypothetical client in eight fictious consecutive visits to the social service office. During the earlier visits the client shows minor signs that may be interpreted as signs of a drinking problem. In each subsequent visit his drinking problems gradually become more obvious. Following each visit, the social worker was asked to choose among alternatives regarding appropriate actions. The relation between individual qualities amongst the social workers – in terms of age, sex, education, professional experience, views on the nature of problem drinking and principals for resource allocation - and the way they acted (in terms of the acting alternatives they chose at each “visit”) were tested in bivariate and multivariate analyses. ■ Results Social workers with long professional experience tended to inform the client earlier on available help for problem drinking than did other social workers. Demands for clients to take part in some form of treatment in order to get social assistance were made to a higher extent by social workers without a BA in social work. How the social worker looked on principals for resource allocation also affected the tendency to put that demand on the client. ■ Conclusions The difference between active and more reluctant social workers could only to some extent be explained by the personal factors investigated. However, the findings may suggest that besides education and professional experience, personal values may play a role.
Gold n' Metal
Authors: Tutenges Sébastien 
Published: December 2017

■ This article is an anthropological case study of a bacchanalian club called Gold n' Metal. The aim is to arrive at a set of analytical concepts that may be used to describe the state of intoxication as it is lived out among the members of Gold n' Metal and among Ringsted youth at large. A leitmotif in the article is the phenomenological advice that it is things in themselves that will teach us what they are. The focus is therefore on the state of intoxication per se and not on the background or underlying causes of alcohol and drug use. Degradation, ethics of the instant, mortification, reflexive immoralism, and communitas – these are the concepts that I propose may be used as analytical torches to illuminate some of the essential characteristics of the state of intoxication as it is lived out among the members of Gold n' Metal. The members of Gold n' Metal as well as most other young people from Ringsted do not use intoxicants as a means of escape. The young use intoxicants in order to intensify their relationship with self and other, as a shortcut to acute and spectacular experiences, and as a way to investigate and experiment with reality. It is therefore advocated that we visualize intoxication primarily as a movement towards and not only as a movement away from.
Alcohol-related violence as an explanation for the difference between homicide rates in Finland and the other Nordic countries
Authors: Lehti Martti , Kivivuor Janne 
Published: December 2017

■ Aims The article examines the links between alcohol consumption, drinking habits and the high homicide rates in Finland today from the point of view of the structure of homicides and the social status of the people involved in them. The Finnish situation is compared with that in the other Nordic countries, especially in Sweden. ■ Methods The links between alcohol and homicidal crime are examined from the point of view of three main factors: the relative and absolute numbers of intoxicated offenders and victims, and regular substance abusers among offenders, and the patterns of victim-offender relationships. By combining the information, a general picture is formed of the significance and absolute levels of alcohol-connected homicides and what kinds of population groups are responsible for these crimes in each of the Nordic countries. ■ Results Although the Finnish annual homicide rate is triple that of other Nordic countries, the social background and structure of homicidal crime are very similar in Finland, Sweden and Norway. In all the three Nordic countries the crimes are committed mainly by alcoholic, unemployed men living on the fringe of society. It also seems that the difference in the crime level between Finland and its Scandinavian neighbours is mainly caused by the alcohol-related violence of this group; the volume of other types of homicide is more or less the same. ■ Conclusion Alcohol may explain, at least to some extent, the higher Finnish homicide rates compared to other Nordic countries, however, the linkage between alcohol consumption and violent crime is in today's Finland very similar to that in Sweden and Norway. Consequently, it is unlikely that the differences in the homicide rates would be caused directly by the differences in the general drinking cultures. Instead of looking for general cultural behaviour models to explain the higher rate of homicide, one should ask why middle-aged alcoholics appear in larger numbers in Finland than in other Nordic countries, and why they behave more violently.