bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OTC Asia Sessions Discuss Region’s Role in Price Downturn, Recovery
Authors: Whitfield Stephen 
Published: January 2017

As the oil and gas industry weathers a transitional phase brought on by a drop in oil prices, burgeoning markets in Southeast Asia stand poised to establish themselves as legitimate players in the future. Attendees of the recent Offshore Technology Conference Asia in Kuala Lumpur saw the myriad ways in which the region’s potential could make it into an industry stronghold.
In a series of sessions devoted to individual countries in the Asia Pacific region, representatives from national oil companies, multinational operators, and service companies presented their thoughts on the roles they will play in the overall development of the region and the global oil market.
China
Panel speakers at the China country session described a country flush with natural resources but unable to exploit them to the fullest extent. Led by its national oil company, the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), the country is eager to acquire the tools needed to increase production from its oil and gas reserves.
While the Chinese market is still in a nascent developmental stage, Zhang Xiaofeng said the CNPC is optimistic about its progress in developing specific types of reservoirs. Zhang, a project manager at CNPC, cited volcanic reservoirs as a particular source of optimism. China has one of the largest collections of proven volcanic reserves in the world; 900 billion m3 of the country’s 3 trillion m3 (Tcm) total proven reserves is in volcanic reservoirs.
However, Zhang said there are some technical difficulties CNPC faces in actualizing these resources. He said the company must improve its reservoir prediction techniques, as well as its crack detection.
Zhang was equally optimistic about shale gas prospects in China, but operational costs must continue to decline in order for the country to increase development of the resource. CNPC estimated that in 2015, the cost of drilling a horizontal well in shale formations in the Sichuan Basin ranged between USD 11.3 million and USD 12.9 million per well, representing a 23% cost reduction from 2013.
“Of course, shale gas is an important resource for China,” Zhang said. “It is a rich gas area, and hopefully some of our successful projects will push shale.”
China’s focus on shale gas has been driven in large part by its inability to develop its coalbed methane (CBM) resources. The country’s total resource of CBM is approximately 36.8 Tcm, but the coal depositional structure in China is too complex for the existing technological infrastructure to exploit. Overcoming this complexity will be critical for the country in the near future. Zhang said there is, at present, no large-scale commercial production of CBM in China.
Xiangyu Wang, a professor of construction management at Curtin University and the moderator of the session, said renewables should play a larger role in China’s energy policy, even as the country continues to develop its oil and gas economy. Coal made up 65.7% of China’s total energy consumption in 2013, compared with 18.9% for oil and 5.5% for gas.
European Commission Strives Toward Reasonable Shale-Gas Regulation
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: January 2017

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 175503, “Toward Reasonable European Shale-Gas Regulation—The European Commission’s 2014 Recommendation and Communication on Shale-Gas Extraction,” by Ruven Fleming, University of Groningen, prepared for the 2015 SPE Offshore Europe Conference and Exhibition, Aberdeen, 8–11 September. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
Following years of deliberation, the European Union (EU) released a recommendation on unconventional hydrocarbons and a related communication in 2014. Although these documents are not legally binding on member states, they are nevertheless of great significance because they indicate, for the first time, the current and likely future stance of EU institutions on the regulation of unconventional hydrocarbons. This paper traces the origins and development of these documents, which provide vital clues for the road ahead in European shale-gas regulation.
Introduction
The potential threats of groundwater contamination, irresponsible disposal of flowback, the repercussions of significant land use, and increased emission of greenhouse gases have been named in recent scientific studies as main potential threats of shale-gas extraction. The current European law framework on environmental protection, mainly consisting of directives and regulations, entails some gaps and does not cover these issues comprehensively. Thus, the EU took recent action to develop shale-gas-specific regulation in order to close the identified gaps in the existing general framework.
Because the existing secondary law norms were elaborated at a time when shale gas extraction was virtually unknown in Europe, one would suspect that they entail provisions that do not sufficiently cover the specific potential threats of this technique. Indeed, there are a number of issues. Probably the most important one is that environmental impact assessments (EIAs) are not compulsory for shale-gas projects. Although member states have the right to require an EIA for specific, individual shale-gas projects, this discretion does not appropriately match the level of potential environmental hazards of shale-gas extraction.
The paper does not engage in an analysis of the pre-existing EU regulatory framework but focuses on the EU’s efforts to close the gaps in the framework that have been discovered previously. The EU introduced nonbinding, soft-law measures in this regard to create a level playing field among all member states in the form of the 2014 Shale Gas Recommendation and the 2014 Shale Gas Communication.
The paper highlights the main features of the recommendation and the communication and considers whether they are sufficient to close the gaps in the EU secondary law framework. Overall, the author concludes that these measures go a long way in addressing the perceived gaps, although they do not succeed in closing all of them.
Accelerating the Uptake Cycle Through Collaboration, Outsourcing
Authors: Jacobs Trent 
Published: January 2017

As a newcomer in the arena of oilfield market research, Houston-based Darcy Partners has set an ambitiously high bar for itself: to speed up the oil and gas industry’s widely acknowledged and painfully slow rate of technology adoption.
Founded in 2015, Darcy is trying to accomplish this by melding its in-depth research studies with a collaborative approach to consulting. The latter part of this strategy involves placing a group of promising young companies and their potential suitors into the same room where the free flow of ideas is encouraged.
The firm’s ultimate goal is to prove to oil and gas companies that technology validation becomes a much faster process when done collectively and openly compared with when it is all done internally.
“We are saying let’s do innovation more efficiently,” said Hossein Rokhsari, a partner at Darcy, adding, “which means outsourcing elements of the work that is required for technology development to a group like us, where we do the research, scouting, screening, and evaluation.”
The culmination of all that groundwork is quarterly technology forums that Darcy hosts and moderates. The company has held two of these day-long events this year: one on advanced data analytics and another on new water management technologies for unconventional developments. Its upcoming forums will focus on unmanned aerial vehicles, completion optimization, cyber security, and another on advanced data analytics.
Sapinhoÿ Field, Santos Basin Presalt: From Design to Execution and Results
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: January 2017

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper OTC 26320, “SapinhoÁ Field, Santos Basin Presalt: From Conceptual Design to Project Execution and Results,” by J. Turazzi Naveiro, SPE, and D. Haimson, Petrobras, prepared for the 2015 Offshore Technology Conference Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, 27–29 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
This paper presents the development of SapinhoÁ field, covering the fast-track transition and decision-making process, from appraisal to conceptual and basic engineering of the SapinhoÁ pilot project and on to its subsequent execution, highlighting the challenges, lessons learned, and results. Even though, at the time, several uncertainties about developing presalt areas were present, a fast-track strategy was chosen. A pilot project was seen as a means to provide valuable information for the remaining development of SapinhoÁ and other fields in the presalt cluster.
Introduction
The SapinhoÁ field is in Block BM-S-9 at the central portion of the Santos Basin (Fig. 1). The water depth is approximately 2140 m, and reservoir depth lies between 5000 and 6000 m, with salt-layer thickness up to 2 m.
The main objectives of the SapinhoÁ pilot were to evaluate the production and injection behaviors in a carbonate reservoir of microbial origin and obtain information and provide technology development so that those could be used for the remaining development of the presalt cluster. This information would be useful to
Define the best recovery method to be applied in future projects
Define the best exploitation strategy
Optimize location, geometry, and number of wells
Evaluate reservoir hydraulic communication
Estimate vertical and horizontal permeability
Project Engineering: Concept Overview
Production-development plans consisted of the installation of a chartered floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessel in the field’s south area; a well-construction campaign; a subsea gathering system; and gas-export-pipeline installation.
Technology Update: Fit-For-Purpose Sand Screens Address Cost-Benefit Balance
Authors: Harper Duncan , Green Annabel 
Published: January 2017

Technology Update
The pursuit of hydrocarbon reserves and increased oil production means that operators continue to look to prolific high-permeability, clastic reservoirs that can be found in basins around the world.
The use of high-deviation and horizontal well trajectories in these fields increases the amount of reservoir contacted by the wellbore, which improves productivity but increases the challenges of sand control.
Practical sand-control options for these wells include gravel packs, standalone screens, and slotted liners. The lower flux rates in extended-reach wells, and the high cost of gravel packing mean that operators are increasingly turning to standalone screens as the solution. However, the choice of screen will depend on the particular application to ensure that the well completion can retain the sand, avoid plugging and erosion, and maintain mechanical integrity.
Subsea deployments, exits through milled windows, and long horizontal wells with swelling shales or unstable boreholes require a more robust and mechanically stronger solution. Other, less challenging wells may not require this level of mechanical performance yet still may need a sturdier sand-control solution than the use of standard screens.
Weighing costs and benefits has become increasingly important in the current economically challenging environment. Operators cannot afford to use over-engineered solutions and demand a more focused option to fit their needs. Specifically, there is an increasing need for screens that are engineered to reduce cost and maintain performance but are stronger than a traditional screen.
Sand-Control Screens
An effective sand screen is designed to allow the larger formation particles to bridge across the openings to offer maximum fluid flow area and reduce plugging. Smaller formation particles are then retained behind the larger “bridged” particles. Premium screens incorporate layers of metal mesh or weave to handle a larger range of particle sizes while increasing the fluid flow area and providing greater mechanical strength and erosion resistance.
Direct Electrical Heating of a Flexible Pipe
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: January 2017

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper OTC 26936, “Direct Electrical Heating of a Flexible Pipe,” by T. Holst, T. Larsen, A. Straarup, K. Glejbol, and K.S. Olsen, National Oilwell Varco Denmark, prepared for the 2016 Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, 2–5 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2016 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission.
This paper describes a new direct electrical heating method in flexible-pipe systems. The method effectively expands the operational envelope of flexible unbonded pipes by offering prevention and removal of hydrate plugs and mitigation of wax precipitation by distributed heating along the entire pipe length. The direct-electrical-heating solution is effectively operated as a coaxial cable, where electrical current is passed through the carcass and returned through the tensile-armor (TA) layers.
The Concept of Direct-Heated Flexible Pipes
The general structure of the flexible unbonded pipe is shown in Fig. 1. The inside of the pipe consists of a stainless, wound carcass surrounded by a polymeric pressure sheath defining the fluid barrier. On top of the liner is pressure armoring made from interlocked C-shaped profiles. TA is made from two layers of helically wound steel profiles wound in opposite directions. Thermal-insulation tape may be present on top of the TA. The pipe is protected by a polymeric outer sheath.
The idea behind the new flexible-pipe- heating concept is to pass electrical current directly through the existing carcass structure and return the current through the TA wires. This configuration makes it possible to feed the power into the pipe with the electrical feeds being connected only to the one end of the pipe, which is normally mounted topside. This electrical configuration resembles a standard, coaxial-cable geometry, where the polymeric pressure sheath serves as the dielectric insulator.
Although the direct-heating solution can be used as a standalone system, there are significant advantages to combining it with a fiber-optic thermal- monitoring system. Together, these two technologies yield a complete heating system that allows for monitoring and control.
New Rotary-Steerable System Delivers High Dogleg Severity, Improves Penetration Rate
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: January 2017

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 177836, “New Rotary-Steerable Drilling System Introduction in the UAE for ADCO Delivers High DLS Capabilities While Improving ROP and Providing Extensive Formation-Evaluation Data,” by Imran Tipu, Shurooq Abdulla Mohamed Al Jasmi, Juma Sulaiman Al Shamsi, Ali M. Danche, and Muhammad Javid, Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Petroleum Operations, and Jehanzeb Nurzai, SPE, Enrico Biscaro, SPE, and Nour Shat, Baker Hughes, prepared for the 2015 Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, 9–12 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
A new rotary-steerable system (RSS) was designed to give geometrically greater dogleg-severity (DLS) capability while still being able to withstand the increased bending stresses. This high-build-rate RSS was able to eliminate controlled rate of penetration (ROP) as a limiter, which resulted in 39% ROP improvement. In addition, the development of a high-build-rate RSS provided multiple benefits, including elimination of ROP and logging-while-drilling limitations, increased curvature capabilities, and higher reliability of the system with respect to high-bending-related issues.
Introduction
Directional-Drilling Methods. In the early days of directional drilling, the process involved jetting and the use of bent subs as the main methods for deviating a wellbore. These methods largely have been superseded by the use of engineered bottomhole assemblies (BHAs) for inclination-only control and motor or rotary-steerable BHAs for complete 3D control.
Simple BHAs (Inclination Control).
In simple BHAs, placement of stabilizer elements determines the net force on the bit and results in either a building or a dropping tendency of the BHA.
A stabilizer placed close to the bit acts as a fulcrum, with one side being forced down by the weight of drill collars. Because of this, the bit will drill along a path of increasing inclination and the BHA will have a tendency to build angle.
On the other hand, a stabilizer placed significantly away from the bit will cause the collars below to sink to the low side of the borehole, pushing the bit to drill a path of decreasing inclination. This BHA will have a tendency to drop angle.
A BHA designed to maintain direction will have stabilizers placed so as to create a rigid BHA, which will not bend in any direction with the force of gravity, causing the bit to drill along a straight path.
Napromienianie całego ciała w Wielkopolskim Centrum Onkologii
Authors: Karolak Anna 
Published: January 2017

W Wielkopolskim Centrum Onkologii od 1993 roku stosuje się schemat napromieniania całego ciała. Pacjenci napromieniani są dawkami z zakresu 12 Gy do 14,4 Gy. Liczba frakcji zależy od dawki całkowitej. Najdłuższy schemat TBI mający przygotować pacjenta do przyjęcia „nowego” szpiku kostnego to 4 dni. Procedura to stosowana jest w przypadku ostrej lub przewlekłej białaczki szpikowej. Pacjent jest odpowiednio pozycjonowany do każdego seansu terapeutycznego, tak aby jego każde ułożenie było odtwarzalne oraz komfortowe. Szczególnym narządem krytycznym w procesie TBI są płuca, dlatego też w celu zmniejszenia w nich dawki stosuje się aplikatory ze stopu Wood’a. W wyniku tego należy dopromienić obszar klatki piersiowej wiązką elektronową.
Logistyczno-prawne aspekty prowadzenia badań klinicznych w Polsce
Authors: Tańska Ewa 
Published: January 2017

Badania kliniczne są bardzo ważnym obszarem funkcjonowania ośrodków medycznych na całym świecie. Prowadząc badania kliniczne w Polsce zarówno ośrodek medyczny jak i zespół badawczy zdobywają uznanie i prestiż. Pacjenci również osiągają korzyść z włączania się ich ośrodka medycznego w badania kliniczne, ponieważ wówczas lekarze mogą zaoferować im ciekawe i często jedyne dostępne leczenie. Ośrodki medyczne są doskonale przygotowane infrastrukturalnie, wyposażeniowo, organizacyjnie i prawnie, posiadają często najnowsze urządzenia diagnostyczne i terapeutyczne, które umożliwiają sprawne i kompleksowe przeprowadzenie badania klinicznego w jednym miejscu. Personel ośrodka jest wysoko wykwalifikowany, z wiedzą i umiejętnościami wielokrotnie potwierdzonymi międzynarodowymi certyfikatami. Sprawy formalne związane z negocjacjami i rozliczeniami badań klinicznych realizują wyspecjalizowane komórki organizacyjne funkcjonujące w strukturach ośrodków medycznych. W Polsce dostępna jest bogata baza pacjentów spełniających kryteria „włączenia do” i „wyłączenia z” badania klinicznego, co sprawia, że nasz kraj może być bardzo atrakcyjnym miejscem do przeprowadzania badań klinicznych.
Soil Evaluation Methods for Calcium for Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Production in the Coastal Plain
Authors: Yang Rui , Howe Julie. A. , Balkcom Kris B. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT
Successful peanut production requires adequate Ca in the pegging zone. Soil testing for Ca based on pegging zone samples provides scientific basis for Ca supplementation for peanut, but concerns regarding inaccuracy of certain soil testing methods have been brought up by previous studies; therefore, reevaluation of routine soil testing methods for Ca on pegging zone samples is necessary. The objective of this study was to evaluate relationships and predictability of four major soil tests including Mehlich 1 (M1), Mehlich 3 (M3), 1 N neutral ammonium acetate (AA), and 0.01 M sodium nitrate (SN) for Ca, K, and Mg for peanut production in Coastal Plain soils common in the major peanut producing regions of the Southeast. Results showed that the four tests extracted varied amount of Ca, K, and Mg from soil. Soil treatments that included an addition of gypsum or lime reduced availability of soil K and Mg. Correlations were strong among soil K and Mg determined using M1 and M3, but the relationship was weak between M1 and SN. Application of gypsum shortly before soil sampling had minimal effect on correlations among the four tests; however, application of lime led to weaker correlations. In unamended or gypsum-treated soils, M1 is an adequate index of soil available Ca for peanut. The M1 test may overestimate soil available Ca if soil is recently limed; therefore, any of the other three soil tests may be used in such cases. The AA test for Ca had the best relationships to peanut yield, grade, and seed Ca concentration, followed by M1.
A Multi-Exposure Variational Method for Retinex
Authors: Yang Xue , Huang Yu-Mei 
Published: January 2017

AbstractRetinex theory explains how the human visual system perceives colors. The goal of retinex is to decompose the reflectance and the illumination from the given images and thereby compensating for non-uniform lighting. The existing methods for retinex usually use a single image with a fixed exposure to restore the reflectance of the image. In this paper, we propose a variational model for retinex problem by utilizing multi-exposure images of a given scene. The existence and uniqueness of the solutions of the proposed model have been elaborated. An alternating minimization method is constructed to solve the proposed model and its convergence is also demonstrated. The experimental results show that the proposed method is effective for reflectance recovery in retinex problem.
Types of Statements on Emotion in Music
Authors: Krämer Benjamin 
Published: January 2017

The question of emotion in music is addressed from a linguistic perspective, providing a typology of statements that can be made about that topic. In particular, it is analyzed how an interlocutor could react to such statements uttered by another person, and whether or how the content of the statements could be refuted by the listener, and possibly corroborated by the speaker. Furthermore, it is briefly discussed which theories of emotion in music are compatible with the respective types of statement and what illocutionary and perlocutionary function they may serve.
Editorial
Authors: Lund Jacob , Rasmussen Mikkel Bolt 
Published: January 2017

Within the last 10–15 years we have witnessed a turn towards art and aesthetics amongst explicitly politically inclined philosophers and theorists whereas many art theorists and art critics have drawn the political aspects of contemporary art to the fore. With the present issue of The Nordic Journal of Aesthetics we want to address the relationship between aesthetics and politics and the ways in which this relationship has been and might be dealt with, analyzing the possible reasons for this current emphasis on the political potentials of art and aesthetics. Furthermore we aim to analyze the current interest in the different ways arts and aesthetics can have a political function and to contextualize this analysis within the broader return to aesthetics that have taken place within the humanities over the last 20 years.