bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Standardized medical record: A new Outpatient Osteopathic SOAP Note Form: Validation of a standardized office form against physician's progress notes
Authors: Sleszynski Sandra L , Glonek Thomas , Kuchera William A 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The accuracy and efficiency of recording information on a one-page standardized Outpatient Osteopathic SOAP Note Form (SNF) was compared with that obtained using the physician's progress notes (PPN). Use of the SNF in lieu of the PPN would assure the physician that proper clinical data were recorded to ensure proof of need and care in any instances of refused reimbursement. Moreover, standardized SNFs could be used to document and analyze present treatment protocols, enabling medical advances. Ten osteopathic physicians, who were skilled in osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT), enrolled 300 patients. Initial and follow-up examinations totaled 959 visits (statistical cases); 76 statistical variables were compared. Essentially all information recorded in the PPN was recorded on the SNF. A significant difference (P < .05) was found between the PPN data set and the SNF data set in all but 17 of the 76 variables. Greater content of information almost always was found with the SNF data set. In addition, the SNF contained information not found in the PPN, most notably the severity and response to treatment of detected somatic dysfunctions. Participating physicians stated that the SNF takes about the same amount of time to fill in as the PPN. This makes the SNF a practical instrument for accurately and efficiently obtaining patient data in all physicians' offices. The validation study conducted demonstrated that the Outpatient Osteopathic SOAP Note Form easily and accurately reflected information recorded in the PPN and that data recorded may be used by physicians in their individual practices or for the conduct of osteopathic research.
Preoperative ultrasound examination interpreted to represent a small contracted gallbladder with stones
Authors: Scott Quincy 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Agenesis of the gallbladder is a relatively rare congenital anomaly with an incidence of only 0.01 % to 0.04%. Yet it continues to occur. The patient described in this case study was symptomatic and received a clinical diagnosis of cholecystitis after having an ultrasound examination that was read as indicating a small contracted gallbladder with stones. Only after an open surgical procedure and cholangiography was it discovered that the patient actually had a congenital absence of the gallbladder. Clinicians need to be aware of the potential for congenital absence of the gallbladder when interpreting tests and when findings are questionable, and to ensure no surprises, they should consider ordering other diagnostic tests before doing surgery.
Gastric leiomyosarcoma presenting as a sentinel hemorrhage
Authors: Burchett Kelly D , Carungi Ralph S 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
A 43-year-old Asian woman who was initially seen because of hematemesis later had a gastric leiomyosarcoma cliagnosed. Epigastric palpation, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging assisted in determining the size, borders, and location of the tumor while a second esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed friable gastric mucosa with erosions. Biopsy specimens taken for frozen section during surgical abdominal exploration revealed a malignant gastric stromal tumor. An en bloc excision of the mass then followed, with the final pathologic diagnosis a gastric leiomyosarcoma. Metastases were later found in the liver, peritoneum, and mesentery. Differentiation of gastric leiomyosarcoma from other stromal tumors is difficult and requires standardized nuclear and cellular evaluation of atypia, necrosis, mitosis, and tumor doubling time. The most common symptoms at initial presentation are abdominal pain and gastrointestinal bleeding. Abdominal computed tomography remains more specific in suggesting gastric stromal tumors than esophagogastroduodenoscopy and upper gastrointestinal barium series. Lymph node involvement in gastric leiomyosarcoma is rare and affords the first line therapy of laparoscopic wedge gastrectomy with a good prognosis in tumors less than 6 cm in diameter. The prognostic factors include metastasis, size of the tumor, histologic grade, DNA ploidy of the tumor, and ulceration of overlying gastric mucosa.
Metal oxide resistive random access memory based synaptic devices for brain-inspired computing
Authors: Gao Bin , Kang Jinfeng , Zhou Zheng , Chen Zhe , Huang Peng , Liu Lifeng , Liu Xiaoyan 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The traditional Boolean computing paradigm based on the von Neumann architecture is facing great challenges for future information technology applications such as big data, the Internet of Things (IoT), and wearable devices, due to the limited processing capability issues such as binary data storage and computing, non-parallel data processing, and the buses requirement between memory units and logic units. The brain-inspired neuromorphic computing paradigm is believed to be one of the promising solutions for realizing more complex functions with a lower cost. To perform such brain-inspired computing with a low cost and low power consumption, novel devices for use as electronic synapses are needed. Metal oxide resistive random access memory (ReRAM) devices have emerged as the leading candidate for electronic synapses. This paper comprehensively addresses the recent work on the design and optimization of metal oxide ReRAM-based synaptic devices. A performance enhancement methodology and optimized operation scheme to achieve analog resistive switching and low-energy training behavior are provided. A three-dimensional vertical synapse network architecture is proposed for high-density integration and low-cost fabrication. The impacts of the ReRAM synaptic device features on the performances of neuromorphic systems are also discussed on the basis of a constructed neuromorphic visual system with a pattern recognition function. Possible solutions to achieve the high recognition accuracy and efficiency of neuromorphic systems are presented.
Analysis of energy states where electrons and holes coexist in pseudomorphically strained InAs high-electron-mobility transistors
Authors: Nishio Yui , Sato Takato , Hirayama Naomi , Iida Tsutomu , Takanashi Yoshifumi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In strained high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) with InAs as the channel, excess electrons and holes are generated in the drain region by impact ionization. In the source region, electrons are injected to recombine with accumulated holes by the Auger process. This causes the shift of the gate potential, V
GS,shift, for HEMTs. For a system where electrons and holes coexist, we established a theory taking into account the nonparabolicity of the conduction band in the InAs channel. This theory enables us to rigorously determine not only the energy states and the concentration profiles for both carriers but also the V
GS,shift due to an accumulation of holes. We have derived the Auger recombination theory which takes into account the Fermi–Dirac statistics and is applicable to an arbitrary shape of potential energy. The Auger recombination lifetime τA for InAs-PHEMTs was estimated as a function of the sheet hole concentration, p
s, and τA was on the order of psec for p
s exceeding 1012 cm−2.
Symmetry-based reciprocity: evolutionary constraints on a proximate mechanism
Authors: Campennì Marco , Schino Gabriele 
Published: March 2016

Background.While the evolution of reciprocal cooperation has attracted an enormous attention, the proximate mechanisms underlying the ability of animals to cooperate reciprocally are comparatively neglected. Symmetry-based reciprocity is a hypothetical proximate mechanism that has been suggested to be widespread among cognitively unsophisticated animals.Methods.We developed two agent-based models of symmetry-based reciprocity (one relying on an arbitrary tag and the other on interindividual proximity) and tested their ability both to reproduce significant emergent features of cooperation in group living animals and to promote the evolution of cooperation.Results.Populations formed by agents adopting symmetry-based reciprocity showed differentiated “social relationships” and a positive correlation between cooperation given and received: two common aspects of animal cooperation. However, when reproduction and selection across multiple generations were added to the models, agents adopting symmetry-based reciprocity were outcompeted by selfish agents that never cooperated.Discussion.In order to evolve, hypothetical proximate mechanisms must be able to stand competition from alternative strategies. While the results of our simulations require confirmation using analytical methods, we provisionally suggest symmetry-based reciprocity is to be abandoned as a possible proximate mechanism underlying the ability of animals to reciprocate cooperative interactions.
Pedagogy through print: James Sowerby, John
Mawe and the problem of colour in early
nineteenth-century natural history illustration
Authors: DOLAN BRIAN 
Published: July 2002

These gems have life in them: their colours speak,Say what words fail of.In an ambitious treatise on the estimated wealth of the British Empire
in the year of
Waterloo, Patrick Colquhoun added to his calculations of the revenues produced
by
overseas property the potential profits created through exploiting natural
resources. In his
‘political arithmetic’, Colquhoun recognized that an
increasingly lucrative resource could
be found in ‘mines and minerals’, where ‘various
articles extracted from the bowels of the
earth, which the new discoveries in chemistry have rendered valuable articles
of commerce,
have tended greatly to increase the value of the mines’. Such information,
accumulated
through travel, skilled techniques of identification and analysis, and
collecting, proved
central to regulating judgements about potential overseas investment by
the government.Practices in natural history intersected with the development of British
commerce in a
number of ways. Mineralogists specially trained to identify rare species
of minerals scoured
distant shores and collected sack-loads of specimens, seeking information
about natural
resources that might nourish a developing imperial economy. One such British
mineralogist
was John Mawe, who in 1804 received patronage from Portugal's Prince
Regent to embark
on ‘a voyage of commercial experiment’ to the Portuguese
territory of Brazil and assess the
value of the gold and diamond industries that might revitalize their ailing
and isolated
economy. National and individual economic interests were informed and served
by the
multiplication of such acts of commercial speculation, which focused on
various kinds of
natural resources. Mawe was very conscious that the mineral kingdom held
much to be
explored. Unlike botany, with Linnaean taxonomy rendering order to the
kingdom,
knowledge in mineralogy was far from comprehensive. Mawe lamented that
‘few have
thought the knowledge of Minerals worthy of their attention, although to
them we owe our
national strength and riches’. Others also argued that because it
addressed national
interests, research and education in the earth sciences should be publicly
patronized.
Trapping of waves by a submerged elliptical torus
Authors: McIVER M. , PORTER R. 
Published: July 2002

An investigation is made into the trapping of surface gravity waves by totally
submerged three-dimensional obstacles and strong numerical evidence of the existence
of trapped modes is presented. The specific geometry considered is a submerged
elliptical torus. The depth of submergence of the torus and the aspect ratio of its
cross-section are held fixed and a search for a trapped mode is made in the parameter
space formed by varying the radius of the torus and the frequency. A plane wave
approximation to the location of the mode in this space is derived and an integral
equation and a side condition for the exact trapped mode are obtained. Each of these
conditions is satisfied on a different line in the plane and the point at which the
lines cross corresponds to a trapped mode. Although it is not possible to locate this
point exactly, because of numerical error, existence of the mode may be inferred with
confidence as small changes in the numerical results do not alter the fact that the
lines cross.If the torus makes small vertical oscillations, it is customary to try to express
the fluid velocity as the gradient of the so-called heave potential, which is assumed
to have the same time dependence as the body oscillations. A necessary condition
for the existence of this potential at the trapped mode frequency is derived and
numerical evidence is cited which shows that this condition is not satisfied for an
elliptical torus. Calculations of the heave potential for such a torus are made over a
range of frequencies, and it is shown that the force coefficients behave in a singular
fashion in the vicinity of the trapped mode frequency. An analysis of the time domain
problem for a torus which is forced to make small vertical oscillations at the trapped
mode frequency shows that the potential contains a term which represents a growing
oscillation.
An axisymmetric ‘fluidic’ nozzle to generate jet precession
Authors: NATHAN G. J. , HILL S. J. , LUXTON R. E. 
Published: July 2002

A continuously unstable precessing flow within a short cylindrical
chamber following
a large sudden expansion is described. The investigation relates to a nozzle
designed
to produce a jet which achieves large-scale mixing in the downstream field.
The inlet
flow in the plane of the sudden expansion is well defined and free from
asymmetry.
Qualitative flow visualization in water and semi-quantitative surface flow
visualization
in air are reported which identify this precession within the chamber.
Quantitative
simultaneous measurements from fast-response pressure transducers at four
tapping
points on the internal walls of the nozzle chamber confirm the presence
of the
precessing field. The investigation focuses on the flow within the nozzle
chamber
rather than that in the emerging jet, although the emerging flow is also
visualized.Two flow modes are identified: a ‘precessing jet’ mode which
is instantaneously
highly asymmetric, and a quasi-symmetric ‘axial jet’ mode.
The precessing jet mode,
on which the investigation concentrates, predominates in the geometric
configuration
investigated here. A topologically consistent flow field, derived from
the visualization
and from the fluctuating pressure data, which describes a three-dimensional
and
time-dependent precessing motion of the jet within the chamber is proposed.
The surface
flow visualization quantifies the axial distances to lines of positive
and negative
bifurcation allowing comparison with related flows involving large-scale
precession
or flapping reported by others. The Strouhal numbers (dimensionless frequencies)
of
these flows are shown to be two orders of magnitude lower than that measured
in the
shear layer of the jet entering the chamber. The phenomenon is demonstrated
to be
unrelated to acoustic coupling.
Contact-line dynamics of a diffuse fluid interface
Authors: JACQMIN DAVID 
Published: July 2002

An investigation is made into the moving contact line dynamics of
a Cahn–Hilliard–van der Waals (CHW) diffuse mean-field interface.
The interface separates two incompressible viscous fluids and can evolve
either through convection or through
diffusion driven by chemical potential gradients. The purpose of this paper is to show
how the CHW moving contact line compares to the classical sharp interface contact
line. It therefore discusses the asymptotics of the CHW contact line velocity and
chemical potential fields as the interface thickness ε and the mobility κ both go to
zero. The CHW and classical velocity fields have the same outer behaviour but can
have very different inner behaviours and physics. In the CHW model, wall–liquid
bonds are broken by chemical potential gradients instead of by shear and change of
material at the wall is accomplished by diffusion rather than convection. The result
is, mathematically at least, that the CHW moving contact line can exist even with
no-slip conditions for the velocity. The relevance and realism or lack thereof of this
is considered through the course of the paper.The two contacting fluids are assumed to be Newtonian and, to a first approximation,
to obey the no-slip condition. The analysis is linear. For simplicity most of
the analysis and results are for a 90° contact angle and for the fluids having equal
dynamic viscosity μ and mobility κ. There are two regions of flow. To leading order
the outer-region velocity field is the same as for sharp interfaces (flow field
independent of r) while the chemical potential behaves like
r−ξ, ξ = π/2/max{θeq,
π − θeq}, θeq being the equilibrium contact
angle. An exception to this occurs for θeq = 90°,
when the chemical potential behaves like ln r/r. The diffusive and viscous contact line
singularities implied by these outer solutions are resolved in the inner region through
chemical diffusion. The length scale of the inner region is about 10√μκ – typically
about 0.5–5 nm. Diffusive fluxes in this region are O(1). These counterbalance the
effects of the velocity, which, because of the assumed no-slip boundary condition,
fluxes material through the interface in a narrow boundary layer next to the wall.The asymptotic analysis is supplemented by both linearized and nonlinear finite
difference calculations. These are made at two scales, experimental and nanoscale.
The first set is done to show CHW interface behaviour and to test the qualitative
applicability of the CHW model and its asymptotic theory to practical computations
of experimental scale, nonlinear, low capillary number flows. The nanoscale calculations
are carried out with realistic interface thicknesses and diffusivities and with
various assumed levels of shear-induced slip. These are discussed in an attempt to
evaluate the physical relevance of the CHW diffusive model. The various asymptotic
and numerical results together indicate a potential usefullness for the CHW model
for calculating and modelling wetting and dewetting flows.
Reply to: Models for the in-host dynamics of malaria
revisited: errors in some basic models lead to large over-estimates of growth rates
Authors: GRAVENOR M. B. , LLOYD A. L. 
Published: July 2002

In the accompanying manuscript Saul (1998) points
out that a model of within-host malaria population
dynamics (Anderson, May & Gupta, 1989) can
exhibit unrealistically large growth rates. He
suggests that this error can be avoided by replacing
the parameter r, which is the number of merozoites
produced by each parasite at schizogony, with the
value ln (r)+1. This substitution does not, however,
address the true underlying problem with the model,
namely that whilst in reality there is small variation
in the distribution of Plasmodium spp. life-spans, the
use of the constant rate α assumes an exponential,
and hence much more variable, distribution. This
can allow the population to increase, over the time
period of the average life-span (48 h in the case of
Plasmodium falciparum), by factors considerably
larger than r. Saul identifies this assumption as
unrealistic in terms of the biology of malaria, but it
is not remedied in the proposed model.Within the structure of the original model there
are two ways of addressing the growth rate problem.
Firstly, the ‘growth constant’ r can be replaced by

the value ln (r)+1, so that if all parasites reinvade,
the model increases by a factor r over 1 generation.
As pointed out by Saul, this is an artificial device
since it means that each parasite produces a reduced
number of merozoites. Alternatively, a parasite can
produce the observed number of merozoites, r,
many of which do not reinvade. This is the situation
in the original paper and Gravenor, McLean &
Kwiatkowski (1995). In these papers the model does
grow at a reasonable rate because the parameter β is
estimated directly from observed growth rates.
These points, however, are only an aside. Both the
original and Saul's modified model can grow at the
same rate and they both have the same distributional
assumptions concerning parasite life-span.
A functional study of auditory verbal imagery
Authors: SHERGILL S. S. , BULLMORE E. T. , BRAMMER M. J. , WILLIAMS S. C. R. , MURRAY R. M. , McGUIRE P. K. 
Published: July 2002

Background. We used functional MRI to examine the functional anatomy of inner speech and different forms of auditory verbal imagery (imagining speech) in normal volunteers. We hypothesized that generating inner speech and auditory verbal imagery would be associated with left inferior frontal activation, and that generating auditory verbal imagery would involve additional activation in the lateral temporal cortices.Methods. Subjects were scanned, while performing inner speech and auditory verbal imagery tasks, using a 1.5 Tesla magnet.Results. The generation of inner speech was associated with activation in the left inferior frontal/insula region, the left temporo-parietal cortex, right cerebellum and the supplementary motor area. Auditory verbal imagery in general, as indexed by the three imagery tasks combined, was associated with activation in the areas engaged during the inner speech task, plus the left precentral and superior temporal gyri (STG), and the right homologues of all these areas.Conclusions. These results are consistent with the use of the ‘articulatory loop' during both inner speech and auditory verbal imagery, and the greater engagement of verbal self-monitoring during auditory verbal imagery.
Probabilistic reasoning in deluded, depressed and normal subjects
: effects of task difficulty and meaningful versus
non-meaningful material
Authors: YOUNG HEATHER F. , BENTALL RICHARD P. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Research indicates that deluded patients
‘jump to conclusions’ on probabilistic reasoning tasks.
Two experiments were carried out with patients suffering from
persecutory delusions and depressed and normal controls in order to
determine whether this response bias is affected by task difficulty
and the meaningfulness of the materials.Methods. Tasks were variants of those employed by Huq
et al. (1988) and Garety et al. (1991). In
Experiment 1, subjects judged which of two bags a sequence of coloured
beads had been taken from. Difficulty was manipulated by varying the
ratios of coloured beads in the bags. In Experiment 2, a neutral
condition required judgements about coloured beads drawn whereas, in
meaningful conditions, subjects had to judge whether personality
characteristics described one of two individuals.Results. In Experiment 1, estimates of certainty varied
with task difficulty, and there was no evidence of ‘jumping to
conclusions’ in the deluded group. In Experiment 2, all groups
reached an initial level of certainty and reduced their estimates of
certainty following disconfirmatory evidence more quickly in the
meaningful conditions. Both clinical groups expressed higher certainty
levels in early trials, and a greater magnitude of reduction in
certainty following disconfirmatory information. These group
differences were more evident in the meaningful conditions than in the
neutral conditions.Conclusions. Probabilistic reasoning is affected by task
difficulty and meaningfulness of materials in both deluded and
depressed subjects. Observed reasoning abnormalities were not specific
to the deluded group.