bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of miRNA biogenesis and nuclear transport
Authors: Kotipalli Aneesh , Gutti Ravikumar , Mitra Chanchal K. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNA sequences ~22 nucleotides in length that play an important role in gene regulation-transcription and translation. The processing of these miRNAs takes place in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm while the final maturation occurs in the cytoplasm. Some mature miRNAs with nuclear localisation signals (NLS) are transported back to the nucleus and some remain in the cytoplasm. The functional roles of these miRNAs are seen in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. In the nucleus, miRNAs regulate gene expression by binding to the targeted promoter sequences and affect either the transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) or transcriptional gene activation (TGA). In the cytoplasm, targeted mRNAs are translationally repressed or cleaved based on the complementarity between the two sequences at the seed region of miRNA and mRNA. The selective transport of mature miRNAs to the nucleus follows the classical nuclear import mechanism. The classical nuclear import mechanism is a highly regulated process, involving exportins and importins. The nuclear pore complex (NPC) regulates all these transport events like a gate keeper. The half-life of miRNAs is rather low, so within a short time miRNAs perform their function. Temporal studies of miRNA biogenesis are, therefore, useful. We have carried out simulation studies for important miRNA biogenesis steps and also classical nuclear import mechanism using ordinary differential equation (ODE) solver in the Octave software.
Biogeographic implications of small mammals from Northern Highlands in Tanzania with first data from the volcanic Mount Kitumbeine
Authors: Sabuni Christopher , Aghová Tatiana , Bryjová Anna , Šumbera Radim , Bryja Josef 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Small terrestrial mammals and their biogeographical affinities were studied on Mount Kitumbeine, one of the little known volcanoes in the Gregory Rift Valley (northern Tanzania). In June, 2015, a total of 10 species, two insectivores and eight rodents, were recorded during a short-time sampling in two high altitude habitats. Taxonomic identification was based on genetic data allowing zoogeographic interpretations. For most of the taxa, there was a clear link with fauna of the northern part of the Eastern Arc Mountains, but there were also species with their core distributions in the Albertine Rift Mountains (Crocidura montis) as well as taxa endemic to the volcanic Northern Highlands (e.g. Hanang or Ngorongoro), such as Lophuromys makundi and probably Otomys angoniensis. Comparison of genotyped small mammals from Kitumbeine and neighboring hills with previously collected data revealed the first genetically confirmed Tanzanian records of two species (C. montis and Lophuromys stanleyi) and one species (Lophuromys sabunii) is reported for the first time from Zambia. The present study thus showed that, even in such well-studied areas like northern Tanzania, a basic faunistic survey of mammals can still bring interesting results stressing the need to study biota in small and poorly known areas.
Artists’ Books and the Problem of Digital Preservation
Authors: Lowe Tyne 
Published: December 2017

Abstract:Artists’ books have become a popular genre for many institutions collecting art objects and unique books. The attempt to preserve the physical artists’ books often competes with the desire to extend user access to these highly tactile works. Partial digitization of artists’ books has allowed many institutions to cultivate an online presence for these collections, increasing access without compromising the physical integrity of the objects. However, creation of digital surrogates for artists’ books often sacrifices the authenticity and access to the intellectual content of the work. The challenge of digital preservation for artists’ books demonstrates the shortcomings of digital reformatting for works that may be intellectual and artistic.
IPABA Checklist for Heritage in Spanish: How to Assess Visibility and Accessibility on the Web
Authors: García-Santiago Lola , Olvera-Lobo Maria-Dolores 
Published: December 2017

Abstract:The authors propose a new index called IPABA (Identification, Presence, Audience, Browsability, Accessibility) for determining the potential visibility of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Spain and Mexico on the basis of their official websites. This index is based on a checklist which includes new categories and items that influence the visibility of these websites. The sample is exhaustive, comprising the 114 Mexican and Spanish websites that are the official, government-sanctioned online representations of the World Heritage Sites in question. The results reveal changes in social behavior with regard to communication. The majority of the websites assessed had an overall score that was acceptable with more than 650 points out of a possible 1000, although differences were observed between countries in terms of presence on social networks.
Review of studies concerning job performance of nursing staff
Authors: Szara Marta , Ksykiewicz-Dorota Anna , Klukow Jadwiga , Lamont Marzena 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIntroduction. Work performance is defined as a total value of behaviours expected from the employees during evaluation performed within a specified time. According to the basic and dichotomous division, performance refers to behaviours of employees (behavioural), and the results of their work. In addition, the researchers differentiate: task performance, contextual performance and adaptive performance. Results. Since the 1960s, many international researchers have been engaged in problems concerning the performance of work of nursing staff. Until today, the above-mentioned scope of problems remains up-to-date, but has been poorly recognized in Polish literature [1,2,3]. In the international reports the authors prove that the multi-aspect phenomenon of work performance depends on many variables. Many studies confirmed the relationship between job performance and personal traits of the employee, shift work, level of stress, social support, interpersonal relationships, leadership, as well as organizational culture.
Aristotle on Nature, Human Nature and Human Understanding
Authors: Segev Mor 
Published: December 2017

Abstract:
Aristotle is committed to three propositions which seem to be mutually inconsistent: (1) He thinks that natural phenomena occur either always or for the most part. Natural phenomena, and a fortiori the core properties determining the nature of an entire species, cannot be rarities; (2) He states that theoretical understanding is an essential, dominant component of human nature; (3) He observes that human theoretical understanding is rare. I evaluate possible alternative ways of solving the inconsistency, and show that they all involve considerable difficulties.
The Real Problem with Uniqueness
Authors: Moldovan Andrei 
Published: December 2017

AbstractArguments against the Russellian theory of definite descriptions based on cases that involve failures of uniqueness are a recurrent theme in the relevant literature. In this paper, I discuss a number of such arguments, from Strawson (1950), Ramachandran (1993) and Szabo (2005). I argue that the Russellian has resources to account for these data by deploying a variety of mechanisms of quantifier domain restrictions. Finally, I present a case that is more problematic for the Russellian. While the previous cases all involve referential uses of descriptions (or some variations of such uses), the most effective objection to the uniqueness condition draws on genuine attributive uses.
Accounting for Water Stored in Superabsorbent Polymers in Increasing the Degree of Hydration and Reducing the Shrinkage of Internally Cured Cementitious Mixtures
Authors: Montanari Luca , Suraneni Prannoy , Weiss W. Jason 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The use of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) in cementitious materials has attracted much attention recently due to the potential benefits associated with internal curing. In this study, a commercially produced SAP is characterized using pore solution absorption and desorption measurements. The SAP helps maintain higher internal relative humidity in the pastes, resulting in a reduction in autogenous shrinkage. This paper explores the effects of partial SAP replacements and compares the results to those obtained using a previously developed relationship based on pore size distribution and relative humidity measurements, which aims to predict the reduction in shrinkage coming from additional internal curing water. Using this approach reduces the amount of SAP used for internal curing, as compared to the more conventional design methodology, which is based on providing a volume of internal curing water that is equivalent to the total chemical shrinkage. Experimental data showed that only a fraction of the provided internal curing water ends up filling the pores and reducing the autogenous shrinkage. Other factors, such as increased degree of hydration and partial desorption of the internal curing agent, account for the sharing of the available internal curing water. The aforementioned approach was modified to consider these factors. It can be concluded that using lower amounts of SAP results in substantial reduction of autogenous shrinkage at early ages, and the developed relationship predicts this shrinkage reduction.
Experimental Investigation and Assessment of Internal Stability of Granular Filters under One-Dimensional Static and Cyclic Loading
Authors: Israr Jahanzaib , Israr Jehangir 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Internal instability occurs when the finer fraction of a filter escapes with the infiltrates, causing permanent changes to its particle size distribution and rendering it ineffective. Thus far, numerous criteria based on particle and constriction size distributions have been proposed to assess the potential of internal instability. This paper reports the results of pressure gradient controlled hydraulic tests performed on granular soils including silt-sand-gravel, sand, and sand-gravel mixtures with their uniformity coefficients ranging from 1 to 304 and compacted at varying relative densities between 0 and 100 %. Select dense samples were then subjected to a series of hydraulic tests under static loading up to 100 kPa and cyclic loading up to 30 Hz, simulating subballast filtration under heavy-haul freight trains with speeds as high as 210 km/h. The analysis revealed that the agitation and pore pressure development under cyclic loading promotes premature suffusion, thereby making it the worst case of filtration. An objective evaluation of some of the existing criteria led to a more realistic interpretation of experimental results based on a modified technique that accurately assessed the internal stability of soils under cyclic loading. Results of internal stability assessments from existing geometrical criteria were then compared with those from the proposed technique, which showed enhanced success, thereby contributing to increased confidence in the practical design of granular filters under cyclic conditions.
Role of the Axon Initial Segment in the Control of Spontaneous Frequency of Nigral Dopaminergic NeuronsIn Vivo
Authors: Meza Rodrigo C. , López-Jury Luciana , Canavier Carmen C. , Henny Pablo 
Published: December 2017

The spontaneous tonic discharge activity of nigral dopamine neurons plays a fundamental role in dopaminergic signaling. To investigate the role of neuronal morphology and architecture with respect to spontaneous activity in this population, we visualized the 3D structure of the axon initial segment (AIS) along with the entire somatodendritic domain of adult male mouse dopaminergic neurons, previously recordedin vivo. We observed a positive correlation of the firing rate with both proximity and size of the AIS. Computational modeling showed that the size of the AIS, but not its position within the somatodendritic domain, is the major causal determinant of the tonic firing rate in the intact model, by virtue of the higher intrinsic frequency of the isolated AIS. Further mechanistic analysis of the relationship between neuronal morphology and firing rate showed that dopaminergic neurons function as a coupled oscillator whose frequency of discharge results from a compromise between AIS and somatodendritic oscillators. Thus, morphology plays a critical role in setting the basal tonic firing rate, which in turn could control striatal dopaminergic signaling that mediates motivation and movement.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe frequency at which nigral dopamine neurons discharge action potentials sets baseline dopamine levels in the brain, which enables activity in motor, cognitive, and motivational systems. Here, we demonstrate that the size of the axon initial segment, a subcellular compartment responsible for initiating action potentials, is a key determinant of the firing rate in these neurons. The axon initial segment and all the molecular components that underlie its critical function may provide a novel target for the regulation of dopamine levels in the brain.
Scale-Free Amplitude Modulation of Neuronal Oscillations Tracks Comprehension of Accelerated Speech
Authors: Borges Ana Filipa Teixeira , Giraud Anne-Lise , Mansvelder Huibert D. , Linkenkaer-Hansen Klaus 
Published: December 2017

Speech comprehension is preserved up to a threefold acceleration, but deteriorates rapidly at higher speeds. Current models posit that perceptual resilience to accelerated speech is limited by the brain's ability to parse speech into syllabic units using δ/θ oscillations. Here, we investigated whether the involvement of neuronal oscillations in processing accelerated speech also relates to their scale-free amplitude modulation as indexed by the strength of long-range temporal correlations (LRTC). We recorded MEG while 24 human subjects (12 females) listened to radio news uttered at different comprehensible rates, at a mostly unintelligible rate and at this same speed interleaved with silence gaps. δ, θ, and low-γ oscillations followed the nonlinear variation of comprehension, with LRTC rising only at the highest speed. In contrast, increasing the rate was associated with a monotonic increase in LRTC in high-γ activity. When intelligibility was restored with the insertion of silence gaps, LRTC in the δ, θ, and low-γ oscillations resumed the low levels observed for intelligible speech. Remarkably, the lower the individual subject scaling exponents of δ/θ oscillations, the greater the comprehension of the fastest speech rate. Moreover, the strength of LRTC of the speech envelope decreased at the maximal rate, suggesting an inverse relationship with the LRTC of brain dynamics when comprehension halts. Our findings show that scale-free amplitude modulation of cortical oscillations and speech signals are tightly coupled to speech uptake capacity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOne may read this statement in 20–30 s, but reading it in less than five leaves us clueless. Our minds limit how much information we grasp in an instant. Understanding the neural constraints on our capacity for sensory uptake is a fundamental question in neuroscience. Here, MEG was used to investigate neuronal activity while subjects listened to radio news played faster and faster until becoming unintelligible. We found that speech comprehension is related to the scale-free dynamics of δ and θ bands, whereas this property in high-γ fluctuations mirrors speech rate. We propose that successful speech processing imposes constraints on the self-organization of synchronous cell assemblies and their scale-free dynamics adjusts to the temporal properties of spoken language.
HRPU-2, a Homolog of Mammalian hnRNP U, Regulates Synaptic Transmission by Controlling the Expression of SLO-2 Potassium Channel inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Liu Ping , Wang Sijie Jason , Wang Zhao-Wen , Chen Bojun 
Published: December 2017

Slo2 channels are large-conductance potassium channels abundantly expressed in the nervous system. However, it is unclear how their expression level in neurons is regulated. Here we report that HRPU-2, an RNA-binding protein homologous to mammalian heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U (hnRNP U), plays an important role in regulating the expression of SLO-2 (a homolog of mammalian Slo2) inCaenorhabditis elegans. Loss-of-function (lf) mutants ofhrpu-2were isolated in a genetic screen for suppressors of a sluggish phenotype caused by a hyperactive SLO-2. Inhrpu-2(lf)mutants, SLO-2-mediated delayed outward currents in neurons are greatly decreased, and neuromuscular synaptic transmission is enhanced. These mutant phenotypes can be rescued by expressing wild-type HRPU-2 in neurons. HRPU-2 binds toslo-2mRNA, andhrpu-2(lf)mutants show decreased SLO-2 protein expression. In contrast,hrpu-2(lf)does not alter the expression of either the BK channel SLO-1 or theShakertype potassium channel SHK-1.hrpu-2(lf)mutants are indistinguishable from wild type in gross motor neuron morphology and locomotion behavior. Together, these observations suggest that HRPU-2 plays important roles in SLO-2 function by regulating SLO-2 protein expression, and that SLO-2 is likely among a restricted set of proteins regulated by HRPU-2. Mutations of human Slo2 channel and hnRNP U are strongly linked to epileptic disorders and intellectual disability. The findings of this study suggest a potential link between these two molecules in human patients.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHeterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U (hnRNP U) belongs to a family of RNA-binding proteins that play important roles in controlling gene expression. Recent studies have established a strong link between mutations of hnRNP U and human epilepsies and intellectual disability. However, it is unclear how mutations of hnRNP U may cause such disorders. This study shows that mutations of HRPU-2, a worm homolog of mammalian hnRNP U, result in dysfunction of a Slo2 potassium channel, which is critical to neuronal function. Because mutations of Slo2 channels are also strongly associated with epileptic encephalopathies and intellectual disability in humans, the findings of this study point to a potential mechanism underlying neurological disorders caused by hnRNP U mutations.
The Gendered Construction of ‘Inauthentic’ Female Bilinguals in South Korea
Authors: Choi Lee Jin 
Published: December 2017

This paper examines the ways contemporary models of personhood associated with female Korean–English bilinguals become linked to historical figures of inauthentic multilingualism. The case of the Korean–English bilingual exemplifies how historically constructed models of personhood reproduce already existing gender politics. By analysing both macro and micro discourses, this paper illustrates how historically locatable models of personhood associated with female Korean–English bilinguals function as a kind of authoritative discourse in contemporary South Korean society to actively marginalise the increasing number of female Korean–English bilinguals. The findings of this paper challenge scholars in the field of applied linguistics and language studies to apply a historical perspective in order to explain second and foreign language learners’ gender identity and display.
Why do interpreters need to be beautiful?
Authors: Cho Jinhyun 
Published: December 2017

This article explores the intersections between language, gender and commodification in the Korean language market, in which the focus is currently shifting from language proficiency to personal aesthetics. By drawing on the concept of ‘aesthetic labour’, it explores how and why beautification has emerged as one way of enhancing individual competitiveness among English–Korean female interpreters who are engaged in heavy competition in the context of market saturation. This process is best embodied by the recent media phenomenon of eoljjang tongyeoksa or ‘good-looking interpreters’, which refers to a number of beautiful female interpreters working on television and sensationalised in the media. This paper examines how contemporary female interpreters cope with a market demand for performing beauty work in addition to language work in order to highlight aesthetic labour as a strategically gendered approach for selfcommodification in a patriarchal language market.
Narcotráfico en la Darkweb: los criptomercados/ Illicit Drug Trafficking on the Darkweb: Criptomarkets
Authors: Garcia Sigman Luis Ignacio 
Published: December 2017

En el marco del creciente interés y preocupación generada por el narcotráfico a través de Internet, el presente artículo se propone presentar, de manera sistemática y sucinta, los principales rasgos del tráfico ilícito de drogas en la Internet oscura. Para hacerlo, el trabajo se dividirá en dos partes. La primera, más breve, dedicada a distinguir los diferentes niveles de Internet. La segunda, más larga, enfocada en presentar los principales rasgos de los criptomercados. En particular, se intentarán describir, en esta sección, las tecnologías de seguridad y los mecanismos que usan para generar confianza en los compradores y vendedores; sus potencialidades y límites; su impacto en los diferentes niveles del tráfico ilícito de drogas; los tipos y las cantidades de estupefacientes que se comercializan en ellos; el perfil de los compradores y de los vendedores; y también las estrategias concebidas por los estados para restringirlos. La consecución de dichos propósitos supondrá que se tomen como referencia los trabajos más relevantes que, hasta el momento, se escribieron sobre el tema.

Abstract
In the context of the growing interest in and concern about drug trafficking carried out over the internet, this article aims to describe, in a systematic and succinct fashion, the principal characteristics of the illegal drug trade on the dark web. To this end, the article will be divided into two sections. The first, shorter section, will distinguish between the different “levels” of the internet. The second, longer section, will focus on describing the principal characteristics of these crypto-markets. As regards these sorts of dark web markets, this section will detail the security measures and mechanisms that they utilize to generate trust among buyers and sellers; their capabilities and limits; their impact on various levels of the illegal drug trade; the types and quantities of narcotics that are sold on them; the profile of the buyers and sellers who use them; and also the strategies designed by states to limit them. The achievement of said objectives presupposes that the most relevant and up-to-date work written about this subject will be used as reference material.