bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why Doomsday Arguments are Better than Simulation Arguments
Authors: Richmond Alasdair M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractInspired by anthropic reasoning behind Doomsday arguments, Nick Bostrom's Simulation Argument says: people who think advanced civilisations would run many fully‐conscious simulated minds should also think they're probably simulated minds themselves. However, Bostrom's conclusions can (and should) be resisted, especially by sympathisers with Doomsday or anthropic reasoning. This paper initially offers a posterior‐probabilistic ‘Doomsday lottery’ argument against Bostrom's conclusions. Suggestions are then offered for deriving anti‐simulation conclusions using weaker assumptions. Anti‐simulation arguments herein use more (epistemically and metaphysically) robust reference classes than Bostrom's argument, require no Principles of Indifference, abide better by the total evidence requirement, and yet use empirically plausible priors and likelihoods. However, while Doomsday arguments are probabilistically, epistemically and metaphysically stronger than the Simulation Argument, anthropic reasoning can (and should) refrain from embracing either.
Time Preference and Income Convergence in a Dynamic Heckscher–Ohlin Model
Authors: Kawagishi Taketo , Mino Kazuo 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis paper shows that income convergence in an open‐economy setting hinges upon how the time discount rate of the households is determined. As opposed to the case of constant time discount rate where cross‐country income divergence may emerge, the small open economy may catch up with the rest of the world if the time discount rate increases with consumption. In contrast, if the time discount rate decreases with consumption, then the small open economy fails to catch up with the rest of the world under free trade of commodities.
Platelet closure time in anesthetized Greyhounds with hemorrhagic shock treated with hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 or 0.9% sodium chloride infusions
Authors: McBride Duana , Hosgood Giselle , Raisis Anthea , Smart Lisa 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo measure platelet closure time (PCT) in dogs during controlled hemorrhagic shock and after fluid resuscitation with hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4 or 0.9% sodium chloride.DesignExperimental interventional study.SettingUniversity veterinary teaching hospital.AnimalsEleven healthy Greyhounds.InterventionsDogs were anesthetized and had 48 mL/kg of blood removed to induce hemorrhagic shock. Dogs received 20 mL/kg of HES 130/0.4 (n= 6) or 80 mL/kg of 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl;n= 5) intravenously over 20 minutes. PCT was measured using the Platelet Function Analyzer‐100 with collagen and adenosine‐diphosphate cartridges at: T0 = 60 minutes after induction of anesthesia prior to hemorrhage, T1 = during hemorrhagic shock, and T2 = 40 minutes after completion of fluid bolus. Packed cell volume and platelet count were concurrently measured.Measurement and Main ResultsHemorrhagic shock did not significantly change PCT, with no difference between T0 and T1. Both the HES 130/0.4 and 0.9% NaCl group had a significantly increased mean PCT at T2 of 91.4 seconds (95% CI 69.3–113.4) and 95.5 seconds (95% CI 78.2–112.8), respectively, compared to T1. The magnitude of change was significantly greater for the 0.9% NaCl group than the HES 130/0.4 group. There was no difference in the magnitude of change in PCV and platelet count between the 2 groups. The PCV and platelet count were >25% and >100,000/μL, respectively, in all dogs, except for dogs in the HES 130/0.4 group at T2 where platelet counts were <100,000/μL.ConclusionControlled hemorrhagic shock in Greyhounds under anesthesia did not cause a significant change in PCT. Both HES 130/0.4 and 0.9% NaCl administration after induction of shock increased PCT. These results do not support that HES 130/0.4 causes relevant platelet dysfunction beyond hemodilution.
Phylogeny and biogeography of Muusoctopus (Cephalopoda: Enteroctopodidae)
Authors: Ibáñez Christian M. , Pardo‐Gandarillas María C. , Peña Fabiola , Gleadall Ian G. , Poulin Elie , Sellanes Javier 
Published: March 2016

Deep‐sea octopuses of the genus Muusoctopus are thought to have originated in the Pacific Northern Hemisphere and then diversified throughout the Pacific and into the rest of the World Ocean. However, this hypothesis was inferred only from molecular divergence times. Here, the ancestral distribution and dispersal routes are estimated by Bayesian analysis based on a new phylogeny including 38 specimens from the south‐eastern Pacific Ocean. Morphological data and molecular sequences of three mitochondrial genes (16S rRNA, COI and COIII) are presented. The morphological data confirm that specimens newly acquired from off the coast of Chile comprise two species: Muusoctopus longibrachus and the poorly described species, Muusoctopus eicomar. The latter is here redescribed and is clearly distinguished from M. longibrachus and other closely related species in the region. A gene tree was built using Bayesian analysis to infer the phylogenetic position of these species within the species group, revealing that a large genetic distance separates the two sympatric Chilean species. M. longibrachus is confirmed as the sister species of Muusooctopus eureka from the Falkland Islands; while M. eicomar is a sister species of Muusoctopus yaquinae from the North Pacific, most closely related to the amphi‐Atlantic species Muusoctopus januarii. Molecular divergence times and ancestral distribution analyses suggest that genus Muusoctopus may have originated in the North Atlantic: one lineage dispersed directly southward to the Magellan region and another dispersed southward along the Eastern Pacific to the Southern Ocean and Antarctica. The Muusoctopus species in the Southern Hemisphere have different phylogenetic origins and represent independent invasions of this region.
Influence of prior hyperventilation duration on respiratory chemosensitivity and cerebrovascular reactivity during modified hyperoxic rebreathing
Authors: Boulet Lindsey M. , Tymko Michael M. , Jamieson Alenna N. , Ainslie Philip N. , Skow Rachel J. , Day Trevor A. 
Published: March 2016

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
We characterized and compared the cardiorespiratory and cerebrovascular responses to the ‘Duffin’ modified hyperoxic CO2 rebreathing test by randomly altering the prior hyperventilation duration.
What is the main finding and its importance?
Our main finding was that prior hyperventilation duration (1, 3 or 5 min) had no effect on cardiorespiratory and cerebrovascular responses to the hyperoxic rebreathing test, within individuals. These findings suggest that the standard 5 min prior hyperventilation duration used to clear body CO2 stores is unnecessary and can reasonably be shortened to 1 min, reducing protocol times and improving participant comfort.
The ‘Duffin’ modified hyperoxic rebreathing test allows investigators to characterize and quantify the ventilatory and cerebrovascular responses to CO2 across a large physiological range, allowing quantification of basal ventilation and the ventilatory recruitment threshold (VRT). Although the standard protocol includes 5 min of prior hyperventilation to clear body CO2 stores, there is no experimental evidence that a full 5 min is required. We hypothesized that there would be no within‐individual differences in the cardiorespiratory or cerebrovascular responses to rebreathing with shortened hyperventilation duration prior to hyperoxic rebreathing. Using a rebreathing apparatus, transcranial Doppler ultrasound and beat‐to‐beat blood pressure monitoring, we tested 19 participants in the supine position using three randomly assigned hyperoxic rebreathing tests with 1, 3 or 5 min of prior hyperventilation. We measured VRT (in Torr CO2), time to VRT (in seconds), central respiratory chemoreflex (breathing frequency, tidal volume and minute ventilation), cerebrovascular (middle and posterior cerebral artery velocity) and cardiovascular (heart rate and mean arterial pressure) responses to CO2 during hyperoxic rebreathing. Using linear regression and repeated‐measures ANOVAs, we found no differences in any of the cardiorespiratory or cerebrovascular response magnitudes between trials (P > 0.05). The only difference observed was in the time to VRT (in seconds), whereby 1 min prior hyperventilation duration was shorter (135.4 ± 19.7 s) than with 3 or 5 min prior hyperventilation (176.3 ± 15.1 and 187.2 ± 11.6 s, respectively; P < 0.001). Our findings indicate that 5 min of prior hyperventilation is unnecessary during modified rebreathing when using it to quantify respiratory or cerebrovascular responses and can be reasonably shortened to 1 min, reducing protocol times and improving participant comfort.
Modeling Dual–Tank Molten Salt Thermal Energy Storage Systems
Authors: Abutayeh Mohammad 
Published: March 2016

Thermal energy storage systems are designed to store extra heat in order to release it at a more appropriate time. There are many industrial applications that can utilize the thermal energy storage concept, such as oil drilling and solar power generation. A model depicting the operation of a dual–tank molten salt thermal energy storage system was developed to be used to optimize its charging and discharging operations.
Thermal energy storage systems are very well insulated; nonetheless, molten salt is constantly losing small amounts of its heat to the ambient because of the large temperature gradient across the surface of the holding tanks. Consequently, auxiliary heaters are always attached to thermal energy storage systems to prevent salt freezing during extended periods of little or no thermal energy input, such as lengthy cloud cover periods in solar thermal power plants.
Effects of the Foil Flatness on the Stress-Strain Characteristics of U10Mo Alloy Based Monolithic Mini-Plates
Authors: Ozaltun Hakan , Medvedev Pavel 
Published: March 2016

The effects of the foil flatness on stress-strain behavior of monolithic fuel mini-plates during fabrication and irradiation were studied. Monolithic plate-type fuels are a new fuel form being developed for research and test reactors to achieve higher uranium densities. This concept facilitates the use of low-enriched uranium fuel in the reactor. These fuel elements are comprised of a high density, low enrichment, U–Mo alloy based fuel foil encapsulated in a cladding material made of Aluminum.
To evaluate the effects of the foil flatness on the stress-strain behavior of the plates during fabrication, irradiation and shutdown stages, a representative plate from RERTR-12 experiments (Plate L1P756) was considered. Both fabrication and irradiation processes of the plate were simulated by using actual irradiation parameters. The simulations were repeated for various foil curvatures to observe the effects of the foil flatness on the peak stress and strain magnitudes of the fuel elements.
Results of fabrication simulations revealed that the flatness of the foil does not have a considerable impact on the post fabrication stress-strain fields. Furthermore, the irradiation simulations indicated that any post-fabrication stresses in the foil would be relieved relatively fast in the reactor. While, the perfectly flat foil provided the slightly better mechanical performance, overall difference between the flat-foil case and curved-foil case was not significant. Even though the peak stresses are less affected, the foil curvature has several implications on the strain magnitudes in the cladding. It was observed that with an increasing foil curvature, there is a slight increase in the cladding strains.
Experimental Studies of Rotation Efficiency of Packing on Characteristics of Counter Flow Wet Cooling Tower
Authors: Teimoori Khashayar , Sadegh Ali M. 
Published: March 2016

Packing in cooling towers is commonly used in nuclear power plants and air conditioning systems. However their efficiency with respect to the inlet air flow rate and the temperature of the water has not been fully investigated. In this research, the efficiency of packing rotational speed with respect to the wet counter flow of a cooling tower is experimentally investigated. In our experimental studies, six elliptical wooden plates that are equally spaced are used as a packing tower. The packing area of 0.85 m2 is considered with the following rotor speed ranges: 0.5, 3.5, 10, 15 and 17 rpm. It is assumed that the water mass flow rate is proportional to the inlet air to the tower. Six mass flow rates starting from 0.2 to 2.8 kg/h and the inlet air and water temperatures of 27°C and 45°C, respectively, are considered. The results illustrate that for the range of 0 to 5 rpm of the packing rotational speed the cooling rate of water is increased 3% for the water flow rate of 2.8 kg/h, and 24% for the water flow rate of 0.4 kg/h.
Additionally, as a result of the increased rotational speed from 5 to over 17 rpm the cooling rate at both maximum and minimum water mass flow rates are increased from 13.9 to 34.4 percent, respectively. Furthermore, the water outlet temperature is reduced from 8.6°C to 3.3°C in the least and the most mass flow rates leading to the increased speed from 5 to 17 rpm, respectively. The experimental relationship between the inlet air temperature and the rotational speed of the packing has been determined. Also, the inlet water temperature at the maximum flow rate has been decreased to 3.4 and at the least water mass flow rate it has been decreased to 29 percent for the range of rotational speed from 5 to over 17 rpm of the packing rotation. All the results are depicted in several curves to show the actual variations of the variables.
Designing and Installing a Retrofit Heated Green Roof Using Either Co-Gen Waste Hot Water or Municipal Waste Steam Heat as Energy Source
Authors: Dell Robert , Wei C. S. , Parikh Raj , Unnthorsson Runar , Foley William 
Published: March 2016

Municipal District Heating Services and Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems can produce waste heat in the form of steam condensate and hot water. The authors have developed a system to use this thermal pollution to heat the soil and growth medium of green roofs and outdoor gardens. The system enables plant life to survive colder climates and increases growth often in excess of 20% (Power2013-98172). In New York City test heated green roofs, the system can save vast amounts of normally required cooling water that is tapped from the overburdened municipal supply (IMECE2013-65200).
Existing small scale green roofs in New York City and larger scale heated green roof retrofit in New York City is presented to indicate additional construction details, thermal considerations, and potential code compliance considerations.
Fully Coupled Simulation of Oxygen and Heat Diffusion for (U, Pu)O2 Fuel in Both FBR and LWR
Authors: Zhou Wenzhong , Liu Rong 
Published: March 2016

Oxygen redistribution with the high temperature gradient is one of the important fuel performance concerns in fast reactor (FBR) and light water reactor (LWR) oxide (U, Pu)O2 fuel during irradiation, and will affect nuclear fuel materials properties, power distribution and overall performance of the fuel. This paper focuses on the oxygen and heat diffusion within (U, Pu)O2 fast reactor and light water reactor fuel. In this study, the correlations from the literature are used for density, thermal conductivity, specific heat, and oxygen to metal ratio redistribution. Three dimensional burnup dependent oxygen diffusion and heat diffusion models are fully-coupled in steady states and transients to account for the effects on each other. The models are implemented into COMSOL Multiphysics to perform this analysis.
The simulation results show that the temperature profile change has relatively larger impact on oxygen/metal ratio distribution compared to oxygen/metal ratio distribution change’s impact on temperature distribution. With regard to the oxygen/metal ratio’s effect on temperature distribution, fast reactor and light water reactor show different trends. For fast reactor application, with the oxygen/metal ratio’s increase on the outer surface, the fuel temperature decreases. However, for light water reactor application, with the oxygen/metal ratio increase on the outer surface, the fuel temperature increases, which is opposite to fast reactor application. For different oxygen/metal ratio boundary conditions, with the oxygen/metal ratio increase on the outer surface, the oxygen/metal ratio increases over the whole fuel. For the fast reactor application, the inner surface has the lowest oxygen/metal ratio, and the outer surface has the highest oxygen/metal ratio. However, this trend in light water reactor application is exactly opposite to fast reactor application. For the start-up transient scenario, the rapid changes in time-dependent temperature and oxygen/metal ratio distributions are observed, which are due to a rapid change in heat generation. Comparing fast reactor and light water reactor simulation results, we can observe that the temperature change is relatively more obvious in light water reactor than fast reactor.
Using Infrared Thermography and Biosensors to Detect Thermal Discomfort in a Building’s Inhabitants
Authors: Burzo Mihai , Abouelenien Mohamed , Pérez-Rosas Verónica , Wicaksono Cakra , Tao Yong , Mihalcea Rada 
Published: March 2016

This paper lays the grounds for a new methodology for detecting thermal discomfort, which can potentially reduce the building energy usage while improving the comfort of its inhabitants. The paper describes our explorations in automatic human discomfort prediction using physiological signals directly collected from a buildings inhabitants. Using infrared thermography, as well as several other bio-sensors (galvanic skin response, heart rate tracker, respiration rate tracker), we record a building’s inhabitants under various thermal conditions (hot, cold, neutral), and consequently build a multimodal model that can automatically detect thermal discomfort.
The paper makes two important contributions. First, we introduce a novel dataset, consisting of sensorial measurements of human behavior under varied comfort/discomfort conditions. The change in physiological signals of the human body are monitored for several subjects, for different comfort levels in an indoor environment. Second, using the dataset obtained in the first step, we build a model that identifies the relationship between human factors, as tracked through infrared thermography and other bio-sensors, and environmental conditions related to discomfort. Third, we measure the correlation between sensorial measurements collected from the user and self-reported levels of discomfort, and hence identify the sensorial measurements that are predictive of human discomfort. The final goal is to automatically predict the level of discomfort of a building inhabitant without any explicit input from the user.
This human-centered discomfort prediction model is expected to enable innovative adaptive control scenarios for a built environment conditions in real time, as well as a significant reduction in building energy usage directly related to human occupancy and their desired comfort levels.
Changes in Strength, Power, and Speed Across a Season in English County Cricketers
Authors: Carr Christina , McMahon John J. , Comfort Paul 
Published: March 2016

Purpose:Previous research has investigated changes in athletes’ strength, power, and speed performances across the competitive season of many sports, although this has not been explored in cricketers. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in lower-body strength and jump and sprint performances across an English county cricket season.Methods:Male cricketers (N = 12; age 24.4 ± 2.3 y, body mass 84.3 ± 9.9 kg, height 184.1 ± 8.1 cm) performed countermovement jumps (CMJs) and 20-m sprints on 4 separate occasions and back-squat strength testing on 3 separate occasions across a competitive season.Results:Both absolute (12.9%, P = .005, effect size [ES] = 0.53) and relative lower-body strength (15.8%, P = .004, ES = 0.69) and CMJ height (5.3%, P = .037, ES = 0.42) improved significantly over the preseason training period, although no significant change (1.7%, P > .05) in sprint performance was observed. In contrast, absolute (14.3%, P = .001, ES = 0.72) and relative strength (15.0%, P = .001, ES = 0.77), CMJ height (4.2%, P = .023, ES = 0.40), and sprint performance (3.8%, P = .012, ES = 0.94) declined significantly across the season.Conclusions:The results of this study show that neither the demands of the competitive cricket season nor current in-season training practices provide a sufficient stimulus to maintain strength, jump, and sprint performances in these cricketers. Therefore, coaches should implement a more-frequent, higher-load strength-training program across the competitive cricket season.
Concurrent Validity of GPS for Deriving Mechanical Properties of Sprint Acceleration
Authors: Nagahara Ryu , Botter Alberto , Rejc Enrico , Koido Masaaki , Shimizu Takeshi , Samozino Pierre , Morin Jean-Benoit 
Published: March 2016

Purpose:To test the concurrent validity of data from 2 different global positioning system (GPS) units for obtaining mechanical properties during sprint acceleration using a field method recently validated by Samozino et al.Methods:Thirty-two athletes performed maximal straight-line sprints, and their running speed was simultaneously measured by GPS units (sampling rate: 20 or 5 Hz) and either a radar or laser device (devices taken as references). Lower-limb mechanical properties of sprint acceleration (theoretical maximal force, theoretical maximal speed, maximal power) were derived from a modeling of the speed–time curves using an exponential function in both measurements. Comparisons of mechanical properties from 20- and 5-Hz GPS units with those from reference devices were performed for 80 and 62 trials, respectively.Results:The percentage bias showed a wide range of overestimation or underestimation for both systems (-7.9% to 9.7% and -5.1% to 2.9% for 20- and 5-Hz GPS), while the ranges of its 90% confidence limits for 20-Hz GPS were markedly smaller than those for 5-Hz GPS. These results were supported by the correlation analyses.Conclusions:Overall, the concurrent validity for all variables derived from 20-Hz GPS measurements was better than that obtained from the 5-Hz GPS units. However, in the current state of GPS devices’ accuracy for speed–time measurements over a maximal sprint acceleration, it is recommended that radar, laser devices, and timing gates remain the reference methods for implementing the computations of Samozino et al.
Advanced Molecular Detection of Malarone Resistance
Authors: Talundzic Eldin , Plucinski Mateusz M. , Biliya Shweta , Silva-Flannery Luciana M. , Arguin Paul M. , Halsey Eric S. , Barnwell John W. , Vannberg Fredrik , Udhayakumar Venkatachalam 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
The rapid emergence of drug-resistant malaria parasites during the course of an infection remains a major challenge for providing accurate treatment guidelines. This is particularly important in cases of malaria treatment failure. Using a previously well-characterized case of malaria treatment failure, we show the utility of using next-generation sequencing for early detection of the rise and selection of a previously reported atovaquone-proguanil (malarone) drug resistance-associated mutation.