bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A SURVEY OF CHEMICAL SEPARATION IN ACCRETING NEUTRON STARS
Authors: Mckinven Ryan , Cumming Andrew , Medin Zach , Schatz Hendrik 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
The heavy element ashes of rp-process hydrogen and helium burning in accreting neutron stars are compressed to high density where they freeze, forming the outer crust of the star. We calculate the chemical separation on freezing for a number of different nuclear mixtures resulting from a range of burning conditions for the rp-process. We confirm the generic result that light nuclei are preferentially retained in the liquid and heavy nuclei in the solid. This is in agreement with the previous study of a 17-component mixture of rp-process ashes by Horowitz et al., but extends that result to a much larger range of compositions. We also find an alternative phase separation regime for the lightest ash mixtures which does not demonstrate this generic behavior. With a few exceptions, we find that chemical separation reduces the expected

in the outer crust compared to the initial rp-process ash, where

measures the mean-square dispersion in atomic number Z of the nuclei in the mixture. We find that the fractional spread of Z plays a role in setting the amount of chemical separation and is strongly correlated to the divergence between the two/three-component approximations and the full component model. The contrast in Y

e
between the initial rp-process ashes and the equilibrium liquid composition is similar to that assumed in earlier two-component models of compositionally driven convection, except for very light compositions which produce nearly negligible convective driving. We discuss the implications of these results for observations of accreting neutron stars.
ORBITAL STABILITY OF MULTI-PLANET SYSTEMS: BEHAVIOR AT HIGH MASSES
Authors: Morrison Sarah J. , Kratter Kaitlin M. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
In the coming years, high-contrast imaging surveys are expected to reveal the characteristics of the population of wide-orbit, massive, exoplanets. To date, a handful of wide planetary mass companions are known, but only one such multi-planet system has been discovered: HR 8799. For low mass planetary systems, multi-planet interactions play an important role in setting system architecture. In this paper, we explore the stability of these high mass, multi-planet systems. While empirical relationships exist that predict how system stability scales with planet spacing at low masses, we show that extrapolating to super-Jupiter masses can lead to up to an order of magnitude overestimate of stability for massive, tightly packed systems. We show that at both low and high planet masses, overlapping mean-motion resonances trigger chaotic orbital evolution, which leads to system instability. We attribute some of the difference in behavior as a function of mass to the increasing importance of second order resonances at high planet–star mass ratios. We use our tailored high mass planet results to estimate the maximum number of planets that might reside in double component debris disk systems, whose gaps may indicate the presence of massive bodies.
BEYOND 31 mag arcsec−2: THE FRONTIER OF LOW SURFACE BRIGHTNESS IMAGING WITH THE LARGEST OPTICAL TELESCOPES
Authors: Trujillo Ignacio , Fliri Jüergen 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
The detection of structures in the sky with optical surface brightnesses fainter than 30 mag arcsec−2 (3σ in 10 × 10 arcsec boxes; r-band) has remained elusive in current photometric deep surveys. Here we show how present-day telescopes of 10 m class can provide broadband imaging 1.5–2 mag deeper than most previous results within a reasonable amount of time (i.e., <10 hr on-source integration). In particular, we illustrate the ability of the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio de Canarias telescope to produce imaging with a limiting surface brightness of 31.5 mag arcsec−2 (3σ in 10 × 10 arcsec boxes; r-band) using 8.1 hr on source. We apply this power to explore the stellar halo of the galaxy UGC 00180, a galaxy analogous to M31 located at ∼150 Mpc, by obtaining a radial profile of surface brightness down to μ

r
∼ 33 mag arcsec−2. This depth is similar to that obtained using the star-counts techniques for Local Group galaxies, but is achieved at a distance where this technique is unfeasible. We find that the mass of the stellar halo of this galaxy is ∼4 × 109
M
⊙, i.e., (3 ± 1)% of the total stellar mass of the whole system. This amount of mass in the stellar halo is in agreement with current theoretical expectations for galaxies of this kind.
SELF-GRAVITATIONAL FORCE CALCULATION OF INFINITESIMALLY THIN GASEOUS DISKS ON NESTED GRIDS
Authors: Wang Hsiang-Hsu , Taam Ronald E. , Yen David C. C. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
We extend the work of Yen et al. and develop second-order formulae to accommodate a nested grid discretization for the direct self-gravitational force calculation for infinitesimally thin gaseous disks. This approach uses a two-dimensional kernel that is derived for infinitesimally thin disks and is free of artificial boundary conditions. The self-gravitational force calculation is presented in generalized convolution forms for a nested grid configuration. A numerical technique derived from a fast Fourier transform is employed to reduce the computational complexity to be nearly linear. By comparing with analytic potential–density pairs associated with the generalized Maclaurin disks, the extended approach is verified to be of second-order accuracy when using numerical simulations. The proposed method is accurate, computationally fast, and has the potential to be applied to studies of planetary migration and the gaseous morphology of disk galaxies.
L’Oraison des mamans : un nouvel entre-soi religieux
Authors: Aubourg Valérie 
Published: May 2016

Fondé dans le Kent, en 1995, le mouvement l’Oraison des mamans compte actuellement plus de 2 000 groupes en France qui témoignent de l’activisme d’organisations catholiques favorisant une culture alternative de résistance par le religieux. Notre enquête ethnographique analyse ses pratiques, les idées conservatrices qu’il promeut et le profil de ses membres. Grâce à la fluidité des appartenances, le caractère volontaire de l’adhésion, le rapport démédiatisé avec Dieu, l’importance accordée au bien-être personnel, l’inscription dans un réseau transnational et transconfessionnel, le mouvement entre en consonance avec la culture contemporaine.
Joseph-Clément de Bavière, prince d’Empire subsidié (1702-1715)
Authors: Demoulin Bruno 
Published: May 2016

Joseph-Clément de Bavière, électeur de Cologne (1688-1723), évêque et prince de Liège (1694-1723) fut avec son frère, Maximilien-Emmanuel, gouverneur général des Pays-Bas et électeur de Bavière, l’un des deux alliés de Louis XIV pendant la guerre de Succession d’Espagne. Hélas ! Pour lui, le sort des armes fut défavorable aux armées françaises et bavaroises. Il connut les rigueurs de l’exil à Namur, puis Lille et Valenciennes. Accompagné de son armée et d’une partie de sa cour, il dut batailler fermement auprès des ministres français pour obtenir le paiement de ses subsides, d’abord en espèces puis en rentes ou assignations, objet de conflits sans fin avec ses banquiers. Il sera réintégré dans ses états lors du traité de Rastadt mais mourra ruiné en 1723.
Dunkerque sous la Régence : un collapsus à cerner
Authors: Pfister-Langanay Christian 
Published: May 2016

La destruction du port, imposée par le traité d’Utrecht, entraîne une crise sans précédent de la cité. Curieusement, cette crise, toujours évoquée par les historiens, n’a jamais été réellement estimée tant sur les plans démographique, économique ou social. Par le biais des comptes de la ville, de l’hôpital et de l’église, il est possible de cerner l’ampleur de la catastrophe : une chute d’un tiers de la population et des deux tiers pour les recettes municipales. Ces dernières sont alimentées par l’impôt indirect sur les alcools qui sera augmenté par les autorités pour combler le déficit constant des finances locales. Les recettes de l’église baissent beaucoup moins mais la part des aumônes passe de 44 % à 4 % de 1709 à 1716 pour retrouver son niveau antérieur. Il en est de même pour le montant des quêtes et des troncs. L’économie portuaire doit repartir sur de nouvelles bases : si les capitaines émigrent à Ostende, les pêcheurs restent et relancent la pêche à la morue et quelques négociants arment pour les Isles, deux secteurs qui préparent la forte croissance de la décennie suivante.
Osher Flux with Entropy Fix for Two-Dimensional Euler Equations
Authors: Zhu Huajun , Deng Xiaogang , Mao Meiliang , Liu Huayong , Tu Guohua 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe compare in this paper the properties of Osher flux with O-variant and P-variant (Osher-O flux and Osher-P flux) in finite volume methods for the two-dimensional Euler equations and propose an entropy fix technique to improve their robustness. We consider both first-order and second-order reconstructions. For inviscid hypersonic flow past a circular cylinder, we observe different problems for different schemes: A first-order Osher-O scheme on quadrangular grids yields a carbuncle shock, while a first-order Osher-P scheme results in a dislocation shock for high Mach number cases. In addition, a second-order Osher scheme can also yield a carbuncle shock or be unstable. To improve the robustness of these schemes we propose an entropy fix technique, and then present numerical results to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. In addition, the influence of grid aspects ratio, relative shock position to the grid and Mach number on shock stability are tested. Viscous heating problem and double Mach reflection problem are simulated to test the influence of the entropy fix on contact resolution and boundary layer resolution.
Ionospheric data assimilation with thermosphere‐ionosphere‐electrodynamics general circulation model and GPS‐TEC during geomagnetic storm conditions
Authors: Chen C. H. , Lin C. H. , Matsuo T. , Chen W. H. , Lee I. T. , Liu J. Y. , Lin J. T. , Hsu C. T. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of rapid assimilation‐forecast cycling on the performance of ionospheric data assimilation during geomagnetic storm conditions. An ensemble Kalman filter software developed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), called Data Assimilation Research Testbed, is applied to assimilate ground‐based GPS total electron content (TEC) observations into a theoretical numerical model of the thermosphere and ionosphere (NCAR thermosphere‐ionosphere‐electrodynamics general circulation model) during the 26 September 2011 geomagnetic storm period. Effects of various assimilation‐forecast cycle lengths: 60, 30, and 10 min on the ionospheric forecast are examined by using the global root‐mean‐squared observation‐minus‐forecast (OmF) TEC residuals. Substantial reduction in the global OmF for the 10 min assimilation‐forecast cycling suggests that a rapid cycling ionospheric data assimilation system can greatly improve the quality of the model forecast during geomagnetic storm conditions. Furthermore, updating the thermospheric state variables in the coupled thermosphere‐ionosphere forecast model in the assimilation step is an important factor in improving the trajectory of model forecasting. The shorter assimilation‐forecast cycling (10 min in this paper) helps to restrain unrealistic model error growth during the forecast step due to the imbalance among model state variables resulting from an inadequate state update, which in turn leads to a greater forecast accuracy.
The response of equatorial electrojet, vertical plasma drift, and thermospheric zonal wind to enhanced solar wind input
Authors: Xiong Chao , Lühr Hermann , Fejer Bela G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn this study we used observations from the CHAMP and ROCSAT‐1 satellites to investigate the solar wind effects on the equatorial electrojet (EEJ), vertical plasma drift, and thermospheric zonal wind. We show that an abrupt increase in solar wind input has a significant effect on the low‐latitude ionosphere‐thermosphere system, which can last for more than 24 h. The disturbance EEJ and zonal wind are mainly westward for all local times and show most prominent responses during 07–12 and 00–06 magnetic local time (MLT), respectively. The equatorial disturbance electric field is mainly eastward at night (most prominent for 00–05 MLT) and westward at daytime with small amplitudes. In this study we show for the first time that the penetration electric field is little dependent on longitude at both the day and night sides, while the disturbance zonal wind is quite different at different longitude sectors, implying a significant longitudinal dependence of the ionospheric disturbance dynamo. Our result also indicates that the F region equatorial zonal electric field reacts faster than E region dynamo, to the enhanced solar wind input.
A synthesis of star calibration techniques for ground‐based narrowband electron‐multiplying charge‐coupled device imagers used in auroral photometry
Authors: Grubbs Guy , Michell Robert , Samara Marilia , Hampton Don , Jahn Jorg‐Micha 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA technique is presented for the periodic and systematic calibration of ground‐based optical imagers. It is important to have a common system of units (Rayleighs or photon flux) for cross comparison as well as self‐comparison over time. With the advancement in technology, the sensitivity of these imagers has improved so that stars can be used for more precise calibration. Background subtraction, flat fielding, star mapping, and other common techniques are combined in deriving a calibration technique appropriate for a variety of ground‐based imager installations. Spectral (4278, 5577, and 8446 Å) ground‐based imager data with multiple fields of view (19, 47, and 180°) are processed and calibrated using the techniques developed. The calibration techniques applied result in intensity measurements in agreement between different imagers using identical spectral filtering, and the intensity at each wavelength observed is within the expected range of auroral measurements. The application of these star calibration techniques, which convert raw imager counts into units of photon flux, makes it possible to do quantitative photometry. The computed photon fluxes, in units of Rayleighs, can be used for the absolute photometry between instruments or as input parameters for auroral electron transport models.
Small solar wind transients at 1 AU: STEREO observations (2007–2014) and comparison with near‐Earth wind results (1995–2014)
Authors: Yu W. , Farrugia C. J. , Galvin A. B. , Lugaz N. , Luhmann J. G. , Simunac K. D. C. , Kilpua E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis paper discusses small solar wind transients (STs) from 1995 to 2014. Using STEREO data, we have more sites from which to study STs near 1 AU. STEREO measurements are compared with wind observations near the Sun‐Earth line. We examined statistically the dependence of ST occurrence frequency on (i) solar cycle phase, as monitored by the sunspot number (SSN), and (ii) solar wind speed. We find dependencies on both: an anticorrelation with SSN, an opposite trend to that of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs), and correlation with slow solar wind (over 80% in the slow wind). We compare ST distributions during solar maximum year 2003, which had the lowest percentage of slow wind, and minimum year 2009, which had the highest percentage thereof, and show evidence of both dependencies. We give a statistical overview of ST parameters: field strength, B, Alfvén Mach number, MA, and proton beta, βp. They show the same temporal trends as the ambient solar wind but have twice (B) or one half (MA, βp) of its average values. In STs, the proton temperature is not below the temperature expected from corotating solar wind expansion. Non‐force free models should be used in solar minimum years where βplasma≈ 1, while the force free models could be used in solar maximum when βplasma<<1. We find that only ∼5% of STs show enhanced values of iron charge states. Our work further supports the two‐source origin of STs, i.e., the solar corona and the interplanetary medium.
Sandbox modeling of evolving thrust wedges with different preexisting topographic relief: Implications for the Longmen Shan thrust belt, eastern Tibet
Authors: Sun Chuang , Jia Dong , Yin Hongwei , Chen Zhuxin , Li Zhigang , Shen Li , Wei Dongtao , Li Yiquan , Yan Bin , Wang Maomao , Fang Shaozhi , Cui Jian 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTo understand the effects of substantial topographic relief on deformation localization in the seismically active mountains, like the Longmen Shan thrust belt in the eastern Tibet, sandbox experiments were performed based on the framework of the critical taper theory. First, a reference experiment revealed that the critical taper angle was 12° for our experimental materials. Subsequently, different proto wedges (subcritical (6° in taper angle), critical (12°), and supercritical (20°)) were introduced to cover the range of natural topographic relief, and we used two setups: setup A considered only across‐strike topographic relief, whereas setup B investigated along‐strike segmentation of topography, consist of two adjacent proto wedges. In all experiments, thrust wedges grew by in‐sequence accretion of thrust sheets. Setup A revealed an alternating mode of slip partitioning on the accreted thrusts, with large‐displacement thrust and small‐displacement thrust developing in turn. And contrasting wedge evolutions occurred according to whether the proto wedge was subcritical or critical‐supercritical. In setup B, the differential deformation along the strike produced transverse structures such as tear fault and lateral ramp during frontal accretion. The observed tear fault and its associated thrust system resemble the seismogenic fault system of the 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. Our experimental results could also explain first‐order deformation features observed in the Longmen Shan. Consequently, we conclude that topographic features, including topographic relief across the range and along‐strike segmentation of topography, contribute significantly to the kinematics and deformation localization in such active mountains.
Assimilation of MWHS radiance data from the FY‐3B satellite with the WRF Hybrid‐3DVAR system for the forecasting of binary typhoons
Authors: Xu Dongmei , Min Jinzhong , Shen Feifei , Ban Junmei , Chen Peng 
Published: May 2016

AbstractChan‐hom and Linfa were binary typhoons that occurred in the western North Pacific in 2015. In this study, the impacts of FY‐3B satellite Microwave Humidity Sounder (MWHS) radiance observations on the analyses and forecasts of Linfa and Chan‐hom are assessed. The regional Weather Research and Forecasting model and its data assimilation (DA) systems, using three‐dimensional variational (3DVAR) and Hybrid (ensemble/3DVAR) methods are used. Assimilation of the FY‐3B MWHS data using the 3DVAR method slightly improves the descriptive wind and temperature fields. Positive impacts on the specific humidity forecasts, for levels higher than 850 hPa, are also obvious. 3DVAR adjusts the typhoons' initial positions and their dynamic structures favorably, yielding better tracks, intensities, and precipitation forecasts, compared to the experiment run without MWHS data (control). With the Hybrid method, the water vapor information from the MWHS data better improve the analyses through multivariable correlations with the flow‐dependent background error. The Hybrid method further improves the track, intensities, and precipitation forecasts. For Typhoon Linfa, with the coexistence of Typhoon Chan‐hom, the Hybrid method provides a more descriptive background error covariance matrix, than using 3DVAR. Experiments on multiple binary typhoon cases are also provided to further validate the robustness of the results on the FY‐3B satellite MWHS radiance data assimilation.
Self‐penile glans amputation: a report of two cases
Authors: Terayama Takero , Sakamoto Toshihisa , Ikeuchi Hisashi , Tanaka Yoshihiro 
Published: May 2016

CaseSelf‐penile amputation, especially at the glans, has rarely been reported. Most reported cases of self‐amputation were performed at the proximal or peripubic area, and there only one case of self‐amputation at the glans has been reported in Japan. We report two cases of self‐penile amputation at the glans. Case 1: A 31‐year‐old man with no psychiatric disease completely amputated his penis at the glans. He underwent a stump plasty under spinal anesthesia. Case 2: A 46‐year‐old man with schizophrenia amputated his penis at the glans. Surgery and the post‐surgical course were almost the same as described in Case 1.OutcomeBoth patients experienced few functional problems except for slight urinary stream disorders.ConclusionA stump plasty is a good procedure to treat self‐penile amputation at the glans. It is simple, quick, does not require special technical skills, and is not associated with serious complications.
Ultrathin electrospun PANI nanofibers for neuronal tissue engineering
Authors: Castagna R. , Tunesi M. , Saglio B. , Della Pina C. , Sironi A. , Albani D. , Bertarelli C. , Falletta E. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTN‐(4‐aminophenyl)aniline oxidative polymerization is optimized to produce polyaniline (PANI) free from carcinogenic and/or polluting coproducts. The resulting polymer is electrospun using polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as the supporting polymer, with different weight ratios (1:0, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, and 0.5:1 w/w PANI/PMMA). By rinsing with a selective solvent, PMMA is removed while maintaining the fibrous morphology. Ultrathin (65 ± 14 nm) and defect‐free PANI nanofiber mats are obtained for the blend containing a high relative content of PANI (2:1 w/w, namely F2:1). Two different solvents are tested to remove PMMA, namely acetone and isopropanol, the former giving better results, as highlighted by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). X‐ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrates that the electrospun PANI is amorphous. The thin fiber mats are robust and sterilization both by autoclave and UV irradiation can be carried out. UV irradiation is preferred since no modification of the fibrous morphology is detectable. In vitro biocompatibility of the electrospun F2:1 fibers has been evaluated with SH‐SY5Y neuronal‐like cells. Indirect cytocompatibility tests show that no cytotoxic leachable is released by the electrospun mats at both short and longer times, while direct cytocompatibility investigations indicate that only F2:1 fibers washed in isopropanol do not reduce cell proliferation rate with respect to controls on tissue culture plates. Globally, these results suggest that the proposed electrospun nanostructures are promising materials for neuronal tissue engineering. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43885.