bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The STEAP1262–270 peptide encapsulated into PLGA microspheres elicits strong cytotoxic T cell immunity in HLA‐A*0201 transgenic mice—A new approach to immunotherapy against prostate carcinoma
Authors: Herrmann Valerie L. , Wieland Daniel E. , Legler Daniel F. , Wittmann Valentin , Groettrup Marcus 
Published: December 2015

BACKGROUNDPLGA microsphere‐based vaccination has been proven to be effective in immunotherapy of syngeneic model tumors in mice. The critical step for the translation to humans is the identification of immunogenic tumor antigens and potent vaccine formulations to overcome immune tolerance.METHODSHLA‐A*0201 transgenic mice were immunized with eight different human prostate cancer peptide antigens co‐encapsulated with TLR ligands into PLGA microspheres and analyzed for antigen‐specific and functional cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses.RESULTSOnly vaccination with STEAP1262‐270 peptide encapsulated in PLGA MS could effectively crossprime CTLs in vivo. These CTLs recognized STEAP1262–270/HLA‐A*0201 complexes on human dendritic cells and prostate cancer cell lines and specifically lysed target cells in vivo. Vaccination with PLGA microspheres was much more potent than with incomplete Freund's adjuvant.CONCLUSIONSOur data suggests that there exist great differences in the immunogenicity of human PCa peptide antigens despite comparable MHC class I binding characteristics. Immunogenic STEAP1262–270 peptide encapsulated into PLGA microspheres however was able to induce vigorous and functional antigen‐specific CTLs and therefore is a promising novel approach for immunotherapy against advanced stage prostate cancer. Prostate 76:456–468, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Equity stakes and exit: An experimental approach to decomposing exit delay
Authors: Elfenbein Daniel W. , Knott Anne Marie , Croson Rachel 
Published: December 2015

Research summary: Exit delay is an important problem for entrepreneurs and managers alike, yet relatively little is known about its causes. We conduct a laboratory experiment in which optimal exit is well defined, and in which a treatment group with equity stakes—the actual cash flows of a firm and decision rights over its continuation—is compared to a control group whose compensation is based solely on its assessment of the firm's profitability. While treatment group participants make exit decisions that are nearly optimal given their beliefs, their beliefs are significantly distorted relative to the control group. The pattern of distortion is consistent with confirmatory bias and motivated reasoning. A fundamental finding of our study is that incentives may not only affect behavior, but belief formation as well.Managerial summary: Managers and entrepreneurs frequently destroy significant value by failing to shut down underperforming businesses in a timely manner. To address this problem, we must understand the mechanisms causing exit delay. We examine behavioral mechanisms causing delay through a laboratory experiment in which subjects make decisions about when to exit a failing venture. We find that “equity stakes”—receiving the firm's cash flows and having decision rights over exit—cause participants to discount negative performance information, retain overly optimistic beliefs, and delay exit. By contrast, participants without these high‐powered incentives exit nearly optimally. Our findings suggest ways to reduce exit delay in managerial settings, including implementing automated decision rules, removing equity‐based compensation, and recruiting managers less susceptible to knowledge overconfidence, a trait associated with exit delay. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Properties of Didecyldimethylammonium Formate and Sodium Fatty Alcohol Ether Carboxylate Mixed Systems
Authors: Tang Weiyue , Geng Tao , Jiang Yajie , Ju Hongbin , Wang Yakui 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe surface activities and application properties of didecyldimethylammonium formate (DDAF) and sodium fatty alcohol ether carboxylate (AEC‐9Na) mixed systems were measured. The results showed that the critical micelle concentration and surface tension of mixed systems have lower values than that of a single surfactant solution, which is attributed to the synergism of DDAF and AEC‐9Na. It was found that the emulsifying properties for kerosene and wetting properties of the mixed systems were also better than single component surfactants. In addition, the mixed systems of AEC‐9Na (16 wt%) with DDAF showed both better detergency and excellent antibacterial properties.
Chemical Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Khat (Catha edulis) Seed Oil
Authors: Murthy H. Niranjana , Joseph K. S. , Madiwal A. , Rajan G. Dinesh , Badiger M. , Kolkar Laxmi , Hiremath R. , Shirugumbi M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe proximate, physicochemical, and fatty acid compositions of seed oil extracted from khat (Catha edulis) were determined. The oil, moisture, crude protein, crude fiber, crude carbohydrate, and ash content in seeds were 35.54, 6.63, 24, 1.01, 30.4 %, and 1.32 g/100 g DW respectively. The free fatty acids, peroxide value, saponification value, and iodine value were 2.98 %, 12.65 meq O2/kg, 190.60 mg KOH/g, and 145 g/100 g oil, respectively. Linolenic acid (C18:3, 50.80 %) and oleic (C18:1, 16.96 %) along with palmitic acid (C16:0, 14.60 %) were the dominant fatty acids. The seed oil of khat can be used in industry for the preparation of liquid soaps and shampoos. Furthermore, high levels of unsaturated fatty acids make it an important source of nutrition especially as an animal product substitute for omega‐3 fatty acids owing to the high content of linolenic acid.
Lipase‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Fatty Acid Pyridylcarbinol Ester for the Analysis of Seed Lipids
Authors: Kim Chang‐Su , Lim Do‐Hyung , Keum Young Soo 
Published: December 2015

AbstractNumerous derivatives of fatty acids (FA), including esters of methanol/3‐hydroxymethylpyridine or dimethyloxazoline, are used for the analysis of FAs in biological specimens. Picolinyl derivatives are frequently prepared for structural determination by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) since they provide characteristic fragments. The ester can be prepared by chemical methods‐multistep methodologies or basic transesterification. Microbial lipases catalyze a number of transesterification reactions, and their catalytic activities are often stable at extreme conditions. Although these characteristic features may be useful in the application of typical FA structure analysis by picolinyl ester, detailed studies have not been reported. To address the problems, a simple and quantitative methodology for the synthesis of picolinyl esters from lipids has been developed. It involves the transesterification with Novozym 435 (Novozymes Biopharma US Inc., Franklinton, USA), resin‐immobilized lipase from Candida antartica in toluene. Mild reaction conditions allow for complete derivatization of perilla seed oil in 30 min at 50 °C. The procedure was further studied with various TAGs and fatty wax from 17 plants. The optimized procedure was as follows; 1 mg lipid and 20 mg catalyst in 2 mL toluene at 50 °C for 1 h. Quantitative analysis of marker FAs was performed with the proposed method. The results coincided well with those from potassium t‐butoxide‐catalyzed reaction. The optimized method, however, was not applicable for the determination of some epoxy FAs, fatty wax, and parinaric acid.
Disclosure of positron emission tomography amyloid imaging results: A preliminary study of safety and tolerability
Authors: Lim Yen Ying , Maruff Paul , Getter Christine , Snyder Peter J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIntroductionThree 18F‐labeled radiopharmaceuticals have been Food and Drug Administration‐approved for the identification of cortical amyloidosis in clinical settings. Although there has been strong debate among professionals as to the ethical and social consequences of disclosing such information, increasing numbers of participants are being recruited into secondary prevention trials for which they are likely to, and/or desire to, receive their positron emission tomography (PET) imaging results.MethodsHealthy older adults (n = 63, mean age = 62 years) enrolled in a preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers trial, and 11 requested disclosure of PET amyloid imaging results to their treating neurologist, per institutional review board–approved study protocol. These individuals completed a follow‐up psychoeducational program and structured interviews to assess impact of disclosure on several key psychological factors.ResultsFour of 11 subjects demonstrated increased amyloid aggregation and reported that they were not surprised, particularly given their family histories and subjective memory concerns. All indicated that they had shared this information with pertinent significant others; they were satisfied with their level of social support, and the imaging results had motivated them to change their lifestyle by exercising more, changing their diet, and planning ahead. Amyloid‐positive participants showed little change in levels of depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms, subjective sense of memory impairment, or on measures of intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal, and reported risk of self‐harm.DiscussionDisclosure of PET amyloid status did not significantly impact mood, subjective sense of memory impairment, or perceived risk of developing AD; nor was this associated with significant emotional impact, irrespective of actual amyloid burden status. Those subjects with increased amyloid burden were more likely than those without significant amyloidosis to make positive changes to their lifestyle (e.g., engaging in more exercise and changing their diet).
Construal Level Shapes Associations Between Political Conservatism	and Reactions to Male Same-Sex Intimacy
Authors: Rogers Ross , Vess Matthew , Routlege Clay 
Published: December 2015

Abstract. This research examined how construal level and the salience of moral values affect relationships between political ideology and moral reactions to same-sex issues. In Study 1 (N = 170), political conservatism was a stronger predictor of moral reactions to physical intimacy between a male same-sex couple (vs. an opposite-sex couple). However, this was only true among participants induced to adopt an abstract (vs. concrete) construal level. Study 2 (N = 152) found political conservatism was a stronger predictor of moral negativity to physical intimacy between men when the idea of moral purity (vs. fairness) was made salient. However, this effect only occurred among participants induced to adopt an abstract (vs. concrete) level of mental construal. The implications of this research for better understanding when social-cognitive factors interact with political ideology to influence moral reactions toward same-sex social policy issues are discussed.
Natural selection against a circadian clock gene mutation in mice
Authors: Spoelstra Kamiel , Wikelski Martin , Daan Serge , Loudon Andrew S. I. , Hau Michaela 
Published: December 2015

Significance
The circadian clock has evolved to anticipate daily events and is assumed to be important for Darwinian fitness. The endogenous period of the clock runs close to 24 h, permitting accurate entrainment to the natural light/dark cycle. Circadian clocks with abnormal periods are therefore predicted to have negative consequences for fitness. We compared the fitness of mice with deviant circadian periods in populations living in a seminatural environment. Mice with near 24-h “resonant” rhythms survived longer and reproduced more than mice with rhythms shortened by a mutation in the circadian Ck1ε allele. Apart from the fundamental importance of such fitness effects in nature, this finding may have implications for humans subjected to circadian-rhythm deviations under abnormal work and lighting schedules.
Actin-dependent vacuolar occupancy of the cell determines auxin-induced growth repression
Authors: Scheuring David , Löfke Christian , Krüger Falco , Kittelmann Maike , Eisa Ahmed , Hughes Louise , Smith Richard S. , Hawes Chris , Schumacher Karin , Kleine-Vehn Jürgen 
Published: December 2015

Significance
Control of cell size is fundamentally different in animals and plants. The actin cytoskeleton has a direct impact on the control of cell size in animals, but its mechanistic contribution to cellular growth in plants remains largely elusive. Here, we show that actin is used in a plant-specific growth mechanism by controlling the volume of the largest plant organelle, the vacuole. Actin is required for the auxin-dependent convolution and deconvolution of the vacuole, steering the vacuolar occupancy of the cell. This function indirectly impacts cytosol size and presumably allows plant cells to grow without alterations in cytosolic content. These findings could lead to a better understanding of plant cells’ ability to expand faster than vacuole-lacking animal cells.
In vitro reconstruction and analysis of evolutionary variation of the tomato acylsucrose metabolic network
Authors: Fan Pengxiang , Miller Abigail M. , Schilmiller Anthony L. , Liu Xiaoxiao , Ofner Itai , Jones A. Daniel , Zamir Dani , Last Robert L. 
Published: December 2015

Significance
Throughout the course of human history, plant-derived natural products have been used in medicines, in cooking, as pest control agents, and in rituals of cultural importance. Plants produce rapidly diversifying specialized metabolites as protective agents and to mediate interactions with beneficial organisms. In vitro reconstruction of the cultivated tomato insect protective acylsucrose biosynthetic network showed that four acyltransferase enzymes are sufficient to produce the full set of naturally occurring compounds. This system enabled identification of simple changes in enzyme structure leading to much of the acylsucrose diversity produced in epidermal trichomes of wild tomato. These findings will enable analysis of trichome specialized metabolites throughout the Solanaceae and demonstrate the feasibility of engineering these metabolites in plants and microorganisms.
Distal substitutions drive divergent DNA specificity among paralogous transcription factors through subdivision of conformational space
Authors: Hudson William H. , Kossmann Bradley R. , de Vera Ian Mitchelle S. , Chuo Shih-Wei , Weikum Emily R. , Eick Geeta N. , Thornton Joseph W. , Ivanov Ivaylo N. , Kojetin Douglas J. , Ortlund Eric A. 
Published: December 2015

Significance
Most organisms contain families of related proteins that evolved from duplication of an ancestral gene. Using the example of DNA binding by the steroid hormone receptors, this work examines the structural mechanisms by which these related proteins evolved separate functions during their history. We show that a functionally promiscuous ancestor was capable of accessing multiple protein conformations to bind disparate DNA sequences. This functional and conformational diversity were divided among daughter genes after gene duplication, allowing evolutionarily related proteins to generate disparate transcriptional outcomes in response to signaling input.
I do not understand but I care
Authors: Bräuer Juliane 
Published: December 2015

Prosocial behaviour benefits another individual and occurs voluntarily. It may have a cognitive and a motivational component. The actor who benefits a recipient – for example by solving her/his problem (1) must recognize the recipient’s goal and understand how to fulfil it and (2) has to be motivated to support the recipient.In the current paper I will review recent studies on prosocial behavior in dogs and I will compare them to studies with primates. I will address the cognitive and motivational skills required for the actor in order to support the recipient.I conclude that dogs and also chimpanzees display a number of prosocial behaviours, but there are remarkable differences. In contrast to humans, which have an outstanding biological predisposition to benefit others, dogs and chimpanzees only do so under certain conditions.
Surprise routines in scientific writing
Authors: Tutin Agnès 
Published: December 2015

Emotions are almost absent from scientific articles except surprise, which plays a specific role in this genre. Surprise markers such as contrairement à nos
attentes (‘contrary to our expectations’) or ce résultat relativement surprenant (‘this somewhat surprising result’) are used in the framework of a scientific prediction model, implicit or explicitly formulated. A corpus linguistic study of adjectival and verbal markers allows us to determine several trends: (a) contrary to other genres such as novels or newspaper articles, surprise is not polar, that is to say it is neither positive nor negative, but stylistically “neutral”, (b) surprise is far more source-oriented than experiencer-oriented, (c) surprise generally involves the reader as a witness, and contributes, with other rhetorical markers, to “interlocutive” dialogism, (d) surprise often occurs in a prefabricated discursive scenario including several steps: (i) prediction model, (ii) observed facts, (iii) expression of surprise (or absence of surprise), (iv) explanation of surprising facts. Finally, we can question the status of surprise as an affect in scientific writing. It seems to be more a state of consciousness associated with the observation of complex facts. In any case, it appears to be a complex state, with rich conceptual content.
Influence of emitter surface roughness on high power fusion gyrotron operation
Authors: Zhang Jianghua , Illy Stefan , Gr Pagonakis Ioannis , Avramidis Konstantinos A , Thumm Manfred , Jelonnek John 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Emitter surface roughness is one of the important factors of electron beam degradation in magnetron injection gun (MIG) and the decrease of gyrotron efficiency. This paper surveys the influence of emitter surface roughness on the operation of the EU 1 MW 170 GHz gyrotron for ITER for two different gun designs. The emitter surface roughness was taken into account using a simple model. The ESRAY code was used for gun simulation and the EURIDICE code for calculation of the RF interaction in the cavity. The degradation of the beam quality due to the surface roughness is quantitatively studied and, furthermore, the influence on the gyrotron efficiency and the mode competition are investigated. Some dramatic phenomena, such as the generation of magnetically trapped electrons, are predicted at a very high level of roughness.
Low Physical Activity Is Associated With Increased Arterial Stiffness in Patients Recently Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Funck Kristian L. , Laugesen Esben , Høyem Pernille , Fleischer Jesper , Cichosz Simon L. , Christiansen Jens S. , Hansen Troels K. , Poulsen Per L. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

AIMS
Several studies have indicated that low physical activity is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality among patients with diabetes. The association between physical activity and subclinical cardiovascular changes preceding clinical events remains to be elucidated. We investigated the relationship between physical activity and arterial stiffness, an independent predictor of CVD, in patients with type 2 diabetes and controls.

METHODS
We included 100 patients with type 2 diabetes and 100 sex- and age-matched controls in a cross-sectional study. Arterial stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, cfPWV) was measured using the SphygmoCor device (AtCor Medical, Sydney, Australia). Physical activity was assessed by an accelerometer (counts per minute (cpm), Actiheart (CamNtech, Cambridge, UK)) worn by the participants for up to 6 days. High vs. low levels of physical activity was defined according to the median level of activity (cpm = 31).

RESULTS
Sixty-five patients and 65 controls were included in the final analysis (median age 59 years, 55% men, median diabetes duration 1.9 years). Participants with low physical activity had higher cfPWV compared to participants with high physical activity: (i) Patients and controls combined: 9.3±1.7 m/s vs. 7.8±1.5 m/s, P &lt; 0.001; (ii) Patients with diabetes: 9.5±1.8 m/s vs. 8.3±1.6 m/s, P = 0.02 and C) Controls: 9.0±1.4 m/s vs. 7.7±1.4 m/s, P &lt; 0.01). The difference remained significant after adjustment for other determinants of cfPWV including whole body fat percentage ( P &lt; 0.01). No significant interaction between diabetes and the effect of low activity was seen.

CONCLUSIONS
Low physical activity is associated with increased arterial stiffness in patients recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and in healthy controls.

CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION
Trial Number NCT00674271
Implementing Competency-Based Medical Education in a Postgraduate Family Medicine Residency Training Program: A Stepwise Approach, Facilitating Factors, and Processes or Steps That Would Have Been Helpful
Authors: Schultz Karen , Griffiths Jane 
Published: December 2015

Problem
In 2009–2010, the postgraduate residency training program at the Department of Family Medicine, Queen’s University, wrestled with the practicalities of competency-based medical education (CBME) implementation when its accrediting body, the College of Family Physicians of Canada, introduced the competency-based Triple C curriculum.

Approach
The authors used a stepwise approach to implement CMBE; the steps were to (1) identify objectives, (2) identify competencies, (3) map objectives and competencies to learning experiences and assessment processes, (4) plan learning experiences, (5) develop an assessment system, (6) collect and interpret data, (7) adjust individual residents’ training programs, and (8) distribute decisions to stakeholders. The authors also note overarching processes, costs, and facil itating factors and processes or steps that would have been helpful for CBME implementation.

Outcomes
Early outcomes are encouraging. Residents are being directly observed more often with increased documented feedback about performance based on explicit competency standards (24,000 data points for 150 residents from 2013 to 2015). These multiple observations are being collated in a way that is allowing the identification of patterns of performance, red flags, and competency development trajectory. Outliers are being identified earlier, resulting in earlier individualized modification of their residency training program.

Next Steps
The authors will continue to provide and refine faculty development, are developing an entrustable professional activity field note app for handheld devices, and are undertaking research to explore what facilitates learners’ competency development, what increases assessors’ confidence in making competence decisions, and whether residents are better trained as a result of CBME implementation.