bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eliciting and integrating expert knowledge to assess the viability of the critically endangered golden sun‐moth Synemon plana
Authors: Mata Luis , Garrard Georgia E. , Kutt Alex S. , Wintle Bonnie C. , Chee Yung En , Backstrom Anna , Bainbridge Brian , Urlus Jake , Brown Geoff W. , Tolsma Arn D. , Yen Alan L. , New Timothy R. , Bekessy Sarah A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe critically endangered golden sun‐moth Synemon plana occurs in urban fringe areas of southeastern Australia that are currently experiencing rapid and extensive development. The urban fringe is a complex and uncertain environment in which to manage threatened species with the intersection of fragmented natural habitats, built environments and human populations generating novel, poorly understood interactions. In this context, management frameworks must incorporate ecological processes as well as social considerations. Here, we explore how biodiversity sensitive urban design might improve the fate of the golden sun‐moth, and threatened species generally, in urban fringe environments. We: (i) developed an expert‐informed Bayesian Belief Network model that synthesizes the current understanding of key determinants of golden sun‐moth population viability at sites experiencing urbanizing pressure; (ii) quantified the nature and strength of cause‐effect relationships between these factors using expert knowledge; and (iii) used the model to assess expectations of moth population viability in response to different combinations of management actions. We predict that adult survival, bare ground cover and cover of resource plants are the most important variables affecting the viability of golden sun‐moth populations. We also demonstrate the potential for biodiversity sensitive urban design as a complementary measure to conventional management for this species. Our findings highlight how expert knowledge may be a valuable component of conservation management, especially in addressing uncertainty around conservation decisions when empirical data are lacking, and how structured expert judgements become critical in supporting decisions that may help ameliorate extinction risks faced by threatened species in urban environments.
Malthus, Darwin, and the Descent of Economics
Authors: Remoff Heather 
Published: September 2016

AbstractConfusion about overpopulation stems from the writings of Thomas Malthus in 1798. It was compounded by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, both of whom made the Malthusian “struggle for existence” the basis of natural selection in the evolutionary process. Malthus argued, without evidence, that human population growth will continue unchecked until regulated by external factors such as hunger and disease. Darwin and Wallace cemented that idea into evolutionary theory. Recent evolutionary biologists have focused on gene frequency as a way to compare the reproductive success of one individual against another within the same species. However, among humans, the true basis of reproductive success is grounded in control of the resources necessary for survival. Humans sometimes adapt to environmental stress by having more children, not fewer, which means that poverty can cause population growth, not the reverse. Recognizing this simple relationship would have helped Darwin resolve a dilemma at the heart of his theory: his expectation that the most successful members of our species would have the most children, an idea contradicted by his observation of large, poor families among the Irish. The evolutionary puzzle can be solved by observing that providing equal access to land enables humans to limit their own fertility. The problem of equal access can be addressed by implementing Henry George's idea of taxing the value of land, thereby preventing hoarding and gross inequality of wealth.
Gender, Honor, and Aggregate Fertility
Authors: Root Leslie , Johnson‐Hanks† Jennifer 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis article examines the tension between population‐level and individual‐level interests regarding childbearing, from Malthus's concern for overpopulation to the contemporary issue of son preference, and argues for an understanding of individual‐level interests that distinguishes parents from households. In making this distinction, we draw attention to how gender norms can play an important role in shaping reproductive interests. Survey data and previous work show a wealth of differences in the number of children men and women would like to have, and in their behaviors toward the children they have. We argue not that gender norms cause women to want more children than men, but that they cause women to want children more, for reasons that include time spent with children, old‐age support, women's proscribed opportunities for achieving social standing, and the relationship in many contexts between honorable female adulthood and bearing children at the right time and under the right circumstances. We further argue that a just and effective population policy must consider fertility outcomes at multiple scales, including that of the welfare of individual women.
All in the Family: Partisan Disagreement and Electoral Mobilization in Intimate Networks—A Spillover Experiment
Authors: Foos Florian , de Rooij Eline A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe advance the debate about the impact of political disagreement in social networks on electoral participation by addressing issues of causal inference common in network studies, focusing on voters' most important context of interpersonal influence: the household. We leverage a randomly assigned spillover experiment conducted in the United Kingdom, combined with a detailed database of pretreatment party preferences and public turnout records, to identify social influence within heterogeneous and homogeneous partisan households. Our results show that intrahousehold mobilization effects are larger as a result of campaign contact in heterogeneous than in homogeneous partisan households, and larger still when the partisan intensity of the message is exogenously increased, suggesting discussion rather than behavioral contagion as a mechanism. Our results qualify findings from influential observational studies and suggest that within intimate social networks, negative correlations between political heterogeneity and electoral participation are unlikely to result from political disagreement.
Physiological aspects of Toll‐like receptor 4 activation in sepsis‐induced acute kidney injury
Authors: Anderberg S. B. , Luther T. , Frithiof R. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSepsis‐induced acute kidney injury (SI‐AKI) is common and associated with high mortality. Survivors are at increased risk of chronic kidney disease. The precise mechanism underlying SI‐AKI is unknown, and no curative treatment exists. Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) activates the innate immune system in response to exogenous microbial products. The result is an inflammatory reaction aimed at clearing a potential infection. However, the consequence may also be organ dysfunction as the immune response can cause collateral damage to host tissue. The purpose of this review is to describe the basis for how ligand binding to TLR4 has the potential to cause renal dysfunction and the mechanisms by which this may take place in gram‐negative sepsis. In addition, we highlight areas for future research that can further our knowledge of the pathogenesis of SI‐AKI in relation to TLR4 activation. TLR4 is expressed in the kidney. Activation of TLR4 causes cytokine and chemokine release as well as renal leucocyte infiltration. It also results in endothelial and tubular dysfunction in addition to altered renal metabolism and circulation. From a physiological standpoint, inhibiting TLR4 in large animal experimental SI‐AKI significantly improves renal function. Thus, current evidence indicates that TLR4 has the ability to mediate SI‐AKI by a number of mechanisms. The strong experimental evidence supporting a role of TLR4 in the pathogenesis of SI‐AKI in combination with the availability of pharmacological tools to target TLR4 warrants future human studies.
Border‐crossing: The PBO, PCO and the boundary of the public service
Authors: Heintzman Ralph 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe Clerk of the Privy Council's (PCO) role in the 2012 confrontation with the Parliamentary Budget Officer is re‐examined as a case study in the imperatives of public service leadership in a system of responsible government. PCO's 2014 defence of the Clerk's conduct is contradicted both by the Clerk's text and by its own logical consequences. Both in form and substance, the Clerk crossed the boundary that should exist between public service and political values, and thus provided additional evidence of the need to re‐establish the necessary boundary between elected and unelected officials in a parliamentary democracy.
Visual outcomes and late complications in paediatric orbital rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Eade Edwina , Tumuluri Krishna , Do Helen , Rowe Neil , Smith James 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundOrbital rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare but important malignancy for an ophthalmologist. We aimed to review the management and outcome, including late orbital complications and visual acuity over 25 years from a specialist paediatric ophthalmology department.DesignThis was a retrospective longitudinal case series.ParticipantsAll patients presenting to our institution between December 1989 and December 2014 with a histopathological diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma originating from (primary) or invading into the orbit (paranasal) were included.MethodsThe oncology and ophthalmology databases were cross referenced to identify patients.Main Outcome MeasuresBaseline demographics, chemotherapy, surgical and radiation dose, visual acuity, ocular and systemic complications, local and distant recurrence and mortality were recorded for each patient. Outcomes were reported with descriptive statistics.ResultsEighteen patients were included. Median age was 4.3 years (range 4 months to 16 years) with average follow‐up of 9 years. The 5‐year disease‐specific survival was 100% for the orbital group and 25% for the paranasal group; 29% of the orbital group maintained vision better than 6/12 in their treated eye, and the overall globe conservation rate was 71%. The most common ocular complications were cataract and keratopathy in both the orbital and paranasal groups. Other ocular complications included orbital hypoplasia or fat atrophy, eyelid malposition and lacrimal duct stenosis.ConclusionsOphthalmic late effects are seen in a significant proportion of patients with orbital rhabdomyosarcoma. There is excellent survival in these patients, and continued efforts should be made to reduce the late effects of therapy.
Using a social–ecological framework to inform the implementation of conservation plans
Authors: Guerrero Angela M. , Wilson Kerrie A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractOne of the key determinants of success in biodiversity conservation is how well conservation planning decisions account for the social system in which actions are to be implemented. Understanding elements of how the social and ecological systems interact can help identify opportunities for implementation. Utilizing data from a large‐scale conservation initiative in southwestern of Australia, we explored how a social–ecological system framework can be applied to identify how social and ecological factors interact to influence the opportunities for conservation. Using data from semistructured interviews, an online survey, and publicly available data, we developed a conceptual model of the social–ecological system associated with the conservation of the Fitz‐Stirling region. We used this model to identify the relevant variables (remnants of vegetation, stakeholder presence, collaboration between stakeholders, and their scale of management) that affect the implementation of conservation actions in the region. We combined measures for these variables to ascertain how areas associated with different levels of ecological importance coincided with areas associated with different levels of stakeholder presence, stakeholder collaboration, and scales of management. We identified areas that could benefit from different implementation strategies, from those suitable for immediate conservation action to areas requiring implementation over the long term to increase on‐the‐ground capacity and identify mechanisms to incentivize implementation. The application of a social–ecological framework can help conservation planners and practitioners facilitate the integration of ecological and social data to inform the translation of priorities for action into implementation strategies that account for the complexities of conservation problems in a focused way.
The effect of protected areas on forest disturbance in the Carpathian Mountains 1985–2010
Authors: Butsic Van , Munteanu Catalina , Griffiths Patrick , Knorn Jan , Radeloff Volker C. , Lieskovský Juraj , Mueller Daniel , Kuemmerle Tobias 
Published: September 2016

AbstractProtected areas are a cornerstone for forest protection, but they are not always effective during times of socioeconomic and institutional crises. The Carpathian Mountains in Eastern Europe are an ecologically outstanding region, with widespread seminatural and old‐growth forest. Since 1990, Carpathian countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Ukraine) have experienced economic hardship and institutional changes, including the breakdown of socialism, European Union accession, and a rapid expansion of protected areas. The question is how protected‐area effectiveness has varied during these times across the Carpathians given these changes. We analyzed a satellite‐based data set of forest disturbance (i.e., forest loss due to harvesting or natural disturbances) from 1985 to 2010 and used matching statistics and a fixed‐effects estimator to quantify the effect of protection on forest disturbance. Protected areas in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and the Ukraine had significantly less deforestation inside protected areas than outside in some periods; the likelihood of disturbance was reduced by 1–5%. The effectiveness of protection increased over time in these countries, whereas the opposite was true in Romania. Older protected areas were most effective in Romania and Hungary, but newer protected areas were more effective in Czech Republic, and Poland. Strict protection (International Union for Conservation of Nature [IUCN] protection category Ia‐II) was not more effective than landscape‐level protection (IUCN III‐VI). We suggest that the strength of institutions, the differences in forest privatization, forest management, prior distribution of protected areas, and when countries joined the European Union may provide explanations for the strikingly heterogeneous effectiveness patterns among countries. Our results highlight how different the effects of protected areas can be at broad scales, indicating that the effectiveness of protected areas is transitory over time and space and suggesting that generalizations about the effectiveness of protected areas can be misleading.
Young people's experiences of Social Recovery Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and treatment as usual in the PRODIGY trial
Authors: Gee Brioney , Notley Caitlin , Byrne Rory , Clarke Tim , Hodgekins Jo , French Paul , Fowler David 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimThe PRODIGY trial is an ongoing randomized controlled trial of Social Recovery Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (SRCBT), a new intervention designed to improve social functioning in young people at risk of long‐term social disability due to severe and complex mental health problems. The aim of this qualitative sub‐study was to understand trial participants’ experiences of SRCBT and the control condition, treatment as usual.MethodsTrial participants were aged 16–25 years with socially disabling severe and complex mental health problems. A purposive sample of trial participants took part in in‐depth qualitative interviews which were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically.ResultsParticipants from the SRCBT arm valued the relationship with their therapist, the flexibility of intervention delivery and the cognitive and behavioural techniques taught. They viewed SRCBT as challenging but worthwhile. Participants from the treatment as usual arm reported receiving little support, both prior to and during their participation in the trial. Participants from both arms valued opportunities to talk about their difficulties during trial participation. Increased activity was an important goal of participants from both arms and most expressed high motivation and little hopelessness.ConclusionsCurrently available services do not meet the needs of some young people with socially disabling mental health problems. Motivation to change appears high at this early stage of disorder, supporting the potential value of intervening early to prevent longer term social disability. SRCBT was well accepted by participants and so is a promising intervention to meet this objective.
Family cohesion and flexibility in early episode psychosis
Authors: Gupta Maya , Bowie Christopher R. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimResearch suggests that family support promotes recovery and is a key component of a successful early intervention programme. However, very little is known about family functioning in families that are coping with the onset of a psychotic illness and the factors that help to foster adaptive family functioning during this challenging time. The purpose of this study was to understand the individual, caregiver and family factors that are associated with adaptive family functioning in early episode psychosis.MethodsAn online survey with 107 family caregivers of an individual with early psychosis was used to examine relationships among various caregiver and family system variables such as caregiver appraisals, coping strategies, quality of life, perceived helpfulness of support systems and family functioning. Family functioning was assessed using a multi‐dimensional approach and measured along dimensions of cohesion and flexibility.ResultsFamily members of an individual with early psychosis reported more family difficulties across dimensions of cohesion and flexibility. Family members’ cognitive appraisals about the illness, its consequences and one's caregiving role were significant predictors of wellbeing. Negative appraisals were strongly associated with lower caregiver quality of life, whereas the presence of positive coping strategies was associated with better caregiver quality of life. Finally, positive caregiver appraisals predicted adaptive family functioning.ConclusionsFamily functioning is a complex and multi‐faceted construct. The findings from this study have important implications for the field of early intervention in psychosis and could inform relevant treatment targets.
The dopamine D3 receptor, a quarter century later
Authors: Sokoloff Pierre , Le Foll Bernard 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis review updates the existing knowledge suggesting a role for the D3 receptor in schizophrenia and drug addiction. The D3 receptor is expressed in brain regions controlling reward, emotions, and motivation. Antipsychotics bind in vitro to the D3 receptor with similar affinity as to the D2 receptor, and occupancy of D3 receptors in vivo by these compounds given acutely at clinical dosage have been demonstrated in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) studies. The D3 receptor modulates glutamatergic pathways from the prefrontal cortex to subcortical areas, either directly by interacting with N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the nucleus accumbens, or indirectly by controlling dopamine release from ventral tegmental area neurons. In animals, D3 receptor antagonists reverse behavioral manifestations of NMDA receptor blockade and improve cognitive performances in various paradigms. Two D3 receptor‐selective compounds have reached clinical trials in schizophrenia, with negative results seemingly due to insufficient target engagement; the results with a third compound, F17464, have not been disclosed yet. There is converging evidence that D3 receptors do not control the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse (with the exception of alcohol under low requirement), but rather affects the motivation to take the drugs under high requirement, reactivity to drug‐associated cues, and drug‐seeking behaviors triggered by stimuli associated with relapse in humans. D3 receptor expression measured by PET is upregulated in humans with various drug addictions. A single administration of the D3 receptor‐selective antagonist, GSK598809, in humans transiently alleviated craving in smokers after overnight abstinence. The clinical development of D3‐selective compounds will benefit from initial assessment of target engagement through the use of PET.
Implications of using the MDRD or CKD‐EPI equation instead of the Cockcroft–Gault equation for estimating renal function and drug dosage adjustment in elderly patients
Authors: Cartet‐Farnier Elodie , Goutelle‐Audibert Laetitia , Maire Pascal , De la Gastine Blandine , Goutelle Sylvain 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to compare the estimations of renal function obtained with six equations, including the Cockcroft–Gault (CG), Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD‐EPI) equations and to evaluate the implication of using other equations for drug dosing in elderly patients in place of CG. An observational prospective study was conducted over 6 months in two geriatric hospitals with inclusions of all hospitalized inpatients. A list of 36 drugs for which recommendations of dosage adjustment for renal function were mentioned in the manufacturer dosing guidelines was used to compare the implications of using the various equations for drug dosing. A total of 249 patients with a mean age of 83.6 years were included. Mean estimates of renal function from the CG, MDRD, and CKD‐EPI equations were 51.3 ± 23.5 mL/min, 72.2 ± 35.2, and 64.3 ± 22.5 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively (P < 0.001). Twenty percent of patients had at least one drug for which the dose was not appropriately adjusted to renal function. The use of the MDRD and CKD‐EPI equations in place of the CG equation was associated with dosage discrepancy in 20–25% of patients and 15% of drug orders, resulting in potential overdosage in 95% of cases. Use of MDRD or CKD‐EPI equations results in higher estimates of renal function and may have important implications for drug dosing decision and drug safety in elderly patients. The best way is to directly measure the drug effect or its concentration when it is possible to do so.