bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why we should consider sex (and study sex differences) in addiction research
Authors: Sanchis‐Segura Carla , Becker Jill B. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAmong mammals, every cell has a biological sex, and the sex of an individual pervades its body and brain. In this review, we describe the processes through which mammals become phenotypically male or female by organizational and activational influences of genes and hormones throughout development. We emphasized that the molecular and cellular changes triggered by sex chromosomes and steroid hormones may generate sex differences in overt physiological functions and behavior, but they may alternatively promote end‐point convergences between males and females. Clinical and pre‐clinical evidences suggest that sex and gender differences modulate drug consumption as well as of the transition towards drug‐promoted pathological states such as dependence and addiction. Additionally, sex differences in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics will also influence dependence and addiction as well as side effects of drugs. These effects will further interact with socially gendered factors to result in sex differences in the access to, engagement in and efficacy of any therapeutic attempt. Finally, we maintain that ‘sex sameness’ is as important as ‘sex differences’ when building a complete understanding of biology for both males and females and provide a framework with which to classify and guide investigation into the mechanisms mediating sex differences and sex sameness.
Incidence of esophageal cancer in Sri Lanka: Analysis of cancer registry data and comparison with other South Asian populations
Authors: Wickramasinghe Dakshitha P , Samarasekera Dharmabandhu N 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIntroductionThe objectives of this study were to report the incidence of Carcinoma of Esophagus (CaE) in Sri Lanka and to compare these values with other cancer registry data of the region and with migrant populations.Materials and MethodsWe compared the data published by the National Cancer Control Program over the last two decades with data from the National Cancer Registry Programme of the Indian Council of Medical Research and Karachi Cancer Registry. SEERstat was used to analyze the surveillance, epidemiology and end results database to analyze data on Indian migrant population.ResultsCaE was the fourth most common cancer overall and among females and third most common cancer among males. The incidence of CaE rises with age in both sexes, with a peak in the 70–74 year age group. There was a disproportionately higher number of CaE in the Tamil population (chi‐square test, P < 0.00001). The commonest type of CaE in Sri Lanka was squamous cell carcinoma, Not otherwise specified (NOS) (n = 750, 70.5%), followed by adenocarcinoma, NOS (n = 83, 7.8%). India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka have comparable age‐adjusted incidence and age distribution of CaE. All migrant populations had lower incidence of CaE than original population or population in their present country. Both cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption are more prevalent in Sri Lankan males than females.Discussion and ConclusionsThe incidence of CaE and its distribution among age groups in Sri Lanka was comparable to other countries of the region. Persons of Tamil ethnicity have a higher risk of developing CaE.
Effects of an invasive ant on land snails in the Ogasawara Islands
Authors: Uchida Shota , Mori Hideaki , Kojima Tsubasa , Hayama Kayo , Sakairi Yuko , Chiba Satoshi 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe investigated how Pheidole megacephala has affected endemic achatinellid snails because these snails are excellent indicators of the impact of ants and they have high conservation value in Ogasawara. In 2015 we surveyed the Minamizaki area of Hahajima Island of Ogasawara, designated a core zone of the World Heritage Site, for P. megacephala. In Minamizaki, we determined the distribution and density of achatinellid snails in 2015 and compared these data with their distribution and density in 2005. Land cover in the survey area was entirely forest. We also tested whether P. megacephala preyed on achatinellid snails in the laboratory. P. megacephala was present in the forested areas of Minamizaki. Achatinellid snails were absent in 19 of 39 sites where P. megacephala was present, whereas in other areas densities of the snails ranged from 2 to 228 individuals/site. In the laboratory, P. megacephala carried 6 of 7 achatinellid snails and a broken shell was found. Snail distribution and density comparisons and results of the feeding experiments suggest that the presence of P. megacephala has contributed to the decline of achatinellid snails in forests in the survey area. Yet, P. megacephala is not on the official list of invasive non‐native species. Stakeholders using the list of invasive species to develop conservation programs should recognize that invasiveness of non‐native species differs depending on the ecosystem and that official lists may not be complete.
Species‐level persistence probabilities for recovery and conservation status assessment
Authors: Che‐Castaldo Judy P. , Neel Maile C. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRecovery planning for species listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act has been hampered by a lack of consistency and transparency, which can be improved by implementing a standardized approach for evaluating species status and developing measurable recovery criteria. However, managers lack an assessment method that integrates threat abatement and can be used when demographic data are limited. To help meet these needs, we demonstrated an approach for evaluating species status based on habitat configuration data. We applied 3 established persistence measures (patch occupancy, metapopulation capacity, and proportion of population lost) to compare 2 conservation strategies (critical habitat designated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Forest Service's Carbonate Habitat Management Strategy) and 2 threat scenarios (maximum limestone mining, removal of all habitat in areas with mining claims; minimum mining, removal of habitat only in areas with existing operations and high‐quality ore) against a baseline of existing habitat for 3 federally listed plant species. Protecting all area within the designated critical habitat maintained a similar level (83.9–99.9%) of species persistence as the baseline, whereas maximum mining greatly reduced persistence (0.51–38.4% maintained). The 3 persistence measures provided complementary insights reflecting different aspects of habitat availability (total area, number of patches, patch size, and connectivity). These measures can be used to link recovery criteria developed following the 3 R principles (representation, redundancy, and resilience) to the resulting improvements in species viability. By focusing on amount and distribution of habitat, our method provides a means of assessing the status of data‐poor species to inform decision making under the Endangered Species Act.
Disentangling the effects of race and socioeconomic factors on liver transplantation rates for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Sarpel Umut , Suprun Maria , Sofianou Anastasia , Berger Yaniv , Tedjasukmana Andreas , Sekendiz Zennur , Bagiella Emilia , Schwartz Myron E. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIntroductionLiver transplantation is the most effective treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in eligible patients, but is not accessed equally by all. We explored the effects of race and socioeconomic factors on transplantation for HCC while controlling for stage, resection status, and transplant candidacy.Patients and methodsAll HCC patients, 2003–2013, were retrospectively analyzed using multivariate analysis to explore differences in transplantation rates among cohorts.ResultsOf 3078 HCC patients, 754 (24%) were considered transplant eligible. Odds of transplantation were significantly higher for those with commercial insurance (OR = 1.99, 95% CI [1.42, 2.79]) and lower for black patients (OR = 0.55, 95% CI [0.33, 0.91]). Asians were more likely to be resected than white patients with similarly staged tumors and transplant criteria (p < 0.001). Patients not listed for transplantation for non‐medical reasons were more likely to be government‐insured (p = 0.02) and not white (p = 0.05). No step along the transplantation pathway was identified as the dominant hurdle.DiscussionPatients who are black or government‐insured are significantly less likely to undergo transplantation for HCC despite controlling for tumor stage, resection status, and transplant eligibility. Asian patients have higher rates of hepatic resection, but also appear to have lower transplantation rates beyond this effect.
A rare complication after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: post‐transplant erythrocytosis
Authors: Atilla Erden , Topcuoglu Pervin , Ataca Pinar , Pekcan Gultekin , Bozdag Sinem Civriz , Yuksel Meltem Kurt , Ozcan Muhit , Gurman Gunhan , Toprak Selami Kocak 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPost‐transplant erythrocytosis is an infrequent complication and has been reported after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) in aplastic anemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic myeloid leukemia. The pre‐disposing factors and treatment are not clearly defined. We present 11 post‐transplant erythrocytosis cases. More studies should be conducted to distinguish the pathogenesis and follow‐up for this rare complication.
Shelf life: neritic habitat use of a turtle population highly threatened by fisheries
Authors: Snape Robin T. E. , Broderick Annette C. , Çiçek Burak A. , Fuller Wayne J. , Glen Fiona , Stokes Kimberley , Godley Brendan J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAimIt is difficult to mitigate threats to marine vertebrates until their habitat use is understood. We report on a decade of satellite tracking loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) from an important nesting site to determine priority habitats for their protection in a region where they are known to be heavily impacted by fisheries.LocationCyprus, Eastern Mediterranean.MethodWe tracked 27 adult female loggerheads between 2001 and 2012 from North Cyprus nesting beaches. To eliminate potential biases, we included females nesting on all coasts of our study area, at different periods of the nesting season and from a range of size classes.ResultsForaging sites were distributed over the continental shelf of Cyprus, the Levant and North Africa, up to a maximum distance of 2100 km from nesting sites. Foraging sites were clustered in (1) near‐shore waters of Cyprus and Syria, (2) offshore waters of Egypt and (3) offshore and near‐shore regions of Libya and Tunisia. The North Cyprus and west Egypt/east Libyan coasts are important areas for loggerhead turtles during migration. Movement patterns within foraging sites strongly suggest benthic feeding in discrete areas. Early nesters visited other rookeries in Turkey, Syria and Israel where they likely laid further clutches. Tracking suggests minimum annual mortality of 11%, comparable to other fishery‐impacted loggerhead populations.Main conclusionsThis work further highlights the importance of neritic habitats of Libya and Tunisia as areas likely used by loggerhead turtles from many of the Mediterranean rookeries and where the threat of fisheries bycatch is high. Our tracking data also suggest that anthropogenic mortalities may have occurred in North Cyprus, Syria and Egypt; all within near‐shore marine areas where small‐scale fisheries operate. Protection of this species across many geopolitical units is a major challenge and documenting their distribution is an important first step.
Dissecting heterogeneity in paediatric Type 1 diabetes: association of TCF7L2 rs7903146 TT and low‐risk human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes
Authors: Redondo M. J. , Grant S. F. A. , Davis A. , Greenbaum C. ,   the T1D Exchange Biobank
Published: March 2016

AbstractAimsTo test the hypothesis that non‐obese individuals with childhood‐onset Type 1 diabetes and the rs7903146 TT genotype would be less likely to have high‐risk human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes and alleles.MethodsWe studied a cohort of 105 non‐obese participants in the T1D Exchange Biobank Residual Insulin Study who had childhood‐onset Type 1 diabetes [mean (sd) age at onset and recruitment, respectively, 9.9 (4.15) and 14.4 (4.13) years; 84.8% non‐Hispanic white]. We analysed islet autoantibodies (glutamic acid decarboxylase 65, islet cell autoantigen 512/islet antigen‐2 and zinc transporter 8), non‐fasting random C‐peptide levels, HLA type and TCF7L2 single nucleotide polymorphism rs7903146 in this cohort.ResultsNone of the 13 individuals with the rs7903146 TT genotype carried the highest Type 1 diabetes risk HLA genotype, i.e. DRB1*03:01/DR4 (DRB1*0401, *04:05 or *04:02), compared with 29.4% (27/92) of those without it (P=0.023). The DRB1*03:01 allele was present in 15.4% (2/13) of individuals with the single nucleotide polymorphism, compared with 59.8% (55/92) of those without it (P=0.003). Analyses restricted to autoantibody‐positive individuals (n=80) yielded similar results. The HLA DRB1*15:01 allele, which affords dominant protection against Type 1 diabetes, was found in one participant, who had multiple islet autoantibodies and carried the rs7903146 TT genotype.ConclusionsThese findings further support the hypothesis that TCF7L2 gene variation contributes to diabetogenesis in a subset of young people with Type 1 diabetes, opening possible new pathways for therapy and prevention.
Glycaemic control and risk of incident urinary incontinence in women with Type 1 diabetes: results from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) study
Authors: Lenherr S. M. , Clemens J. Q. , Braffett B. H. , Dunn R. L. , Cleary P. A. , Kim C. , Herman W. H. , Hotaling J. M. , Jacobson A. M. , Brown J. S. , Wessells H. , Sarma A. V. ,   the DCCT/EDIC Research Group
Published: March 2016

AbstractAimsTo study the impact of glycaemic control on urinary incontinence in women who participated in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT; 1983–1993) and its observational follow‐up study, the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC; 1994–present).MethodsStudy participants were women who completed, at both years 10 (2003) and 17 (2010) of the EDIC follow‐up, the urological assessment questionnaire (UroEDIC). Urinary incontinence was defined as self‐reported involuntary leakage of urine that occurred at least weekly. Incident urinary incontinence was defined as weekly urinary incontinence present at EDIC year 17 but not at EDIC year 10. Multivariable regression models were used to examine the association of incident urinary incontinence with comorbid prevalent conditions and glycaemic control (mean HbA1c over the first 10 years of EDIC).ResultsA total of 64 (15.3%) women with Type 1 diabetes (mean age 43.6 ± 6.3 years at EDIC year 10) reported incident urinary incontinence at EDIC year 17. When adjusted for clinical covariates (including age, DCCT cohort assignment, DCCT treatment arm, BMI, insulin dosage, parity, hysterectomy, autonomic neuropathy and urinary tract infection in the last year), the mean EDIC HbA1c was associated with increased odds of incident urinary incontinence (odds ratio 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.06 per mmol/mol increase; odds ratio 1.41, 95% CI 1.07–1.89 per % HbA1c increase).ConclusionsIncident urinary incontinence was associated with higher HbA1c levels in women with Type 1 diabetes, independent of other recognized risk factors. These results suggest the potential for women to modify their risk of urinary incontinence with improved glycaemic control. (Clinical Trials Registry no: NCT00360815 and NCT00360893).
Temporal spawning migration patterns of landlocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a constructed stream
Authors: Loughlin Kristin G. , Clarke Keith D. , Pennell Curtis J. , McCarthy James H. , Sellars Brent 
Published: March 2016

AbstractLandlocked Atlantic salmon (ouananiche, Salmo salar) spawning migration timing varies throughout its range and is influenced by a variety of environmental variables. This study examined the spawning migration time of landlocked Atlantic salmon in a small (4 ha) constructed stream linked to a large reservoir (32,600 ha) in Newfoundland, Canada. Salmon use of the stream was passively monitored using Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) Tags from 2006 to 2012. Of the salmon tagged throughout the reservoir, 48% entered the stream during the spawning season and remained there for 18–36 days from late September to November before they returned to the reservoir. Most fish entered the stream at dusk (32%). The lunar cycle influenced the timing of migration each year. Mean stream discharge (cubic metres per second) influenced migration timing in some years, and water temperature appeared to have minimal impact on migration timing. Twenty per cent of fish migrated to the stream in multiple years and 51% of these individuals appeared to use the stream on a biennial or alternate year cycle. These results demonstrate that small constructed streams can attract salmon from throughout a large reservoir and can provide valuable habitat in areas where spawning habitat is limited.
Termination of seizure clusters is related to the duration of focal seizures
Authors: Ferastraoaru Victor , Schulze‐Bonhage Andreas , Lipton Richard B. , Dümpelmann Matthias , Legatt Alan D. , Blumberg Julie , Haut Sheryl R. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryObjectiveClustered seizures are characterized by shorter than usual interseizure intervals and pose increased morbidity risk. This study examines the characteristics of seizures that cluster, with special attention to the final seizure in a cluster.MethodsThis is a retrospective analysis of long‐term inpatient monitoring data from the EPILEPSIAE project. Patients underwent presurgical evaluation from 2002 to 2009. Seizure clusters were defined by the occurrence of at least two consecutive seizures with interseizure intervals of <4 h. Other definitions of seizure clustering were examined in a sensitivity analysis. Seizures were classified into three contextually defined groups: isolated seizures (not meeting clustering criteria), terminal seizure (last seizure in a cluster), and intracluster seizures (any other seizures within a cluster). Seizure characteristics were compared among the three groups in terms of duration, type (focal seizures remaining restricted to one hemisphere vs. evolving bilaterally), seizure origin, and localization concordance among pairs of consecutive seizures.ResultsAmong 92 subjects, 77 (83%) had at least one seizure cluster. The intracluster seizures were significantly shorter than the last seizure in a cluster (p = 0.011), whereas the last seizure in a cluster resembled the isolated seizures in terms of duration. Although focal only (unilateral), seizures were shorter than seizures that evolved bilaterally and there was no correlation between the seizure type and the seizure position in relation to a cluster (p = 0.762). Frontal and temporal lobe seizures were more likely to cluster compared with other localizations (p = 0.009). Seizure pairs that are part of a cluster were more likely to have a concordant origin than were isolated seizures. Results were similar for the 2 h definition of clustering, but not for the 8 h definition of clustering.SignificanceWe demonstrated that intracluster seizures are short relative to isolated seizures and terminal seizures. Frontal and temporal lobe seizures are more likely to cluster.
Can we use subchondral bone thickness on high‐field magnetic resonance images to identify Thoroughbred racehorses at risk of catastrophic lateral condylar fracture?
Authors: Tranquille C. A. , Murray R. C. , Parkin T. D. H. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryReasons for performing studyFractures of the lateral condyle of the third metacarpus (MC3) are a significant welfare concern in horseracing worldwide.ObjectivesThe primary aim of this work was to identify magnetic resonance (MR) image‐detectable prefracture markers that have the potential for use as a screening tool to identify horses at significant risk of catastrophic fracture.Study designCase‐control study of bone‐level risk factors for fracture in racehorses.MethodsA total of 191 MC3s from horses, with and without lateral condylar fracture of MC3, were subjected to MR imaging. The depth of dense subchondral/trabecular bone was measured at several sites around the distal end of the bone and regression analyses were conducted to identify differences in this depth between horses with and without lateral condylar fracture.ResultsGreater depth of dense subchondral/trabecular bone in the palmar half of the lateral parasagittal groove of distal MC3 was associated with an increased likelihood of being from a horse that had sustained a fracture. Receiver operator characteristic analysis was used to identify the optimal cut‐off in the depth of dense subchondral/trabecular bone at this site to best discriminate fracture status. Positive and negative predictive values were calculated using the prevalence of fracture within the current study and also a prevalence estimate for the wider racehorse population.ConclusionsThere is a requirement to identify suitable prescreening test(s) to eliminate many true negative horses and increase the prevalence of prefracture pathology in the sub population that would be screened using MR imaging, in turn maximising the positive predictive value of this test.
A coupled FE–EFG approach for modelling crack growth in ductile materials
Authors: Shedbale A. S. , Singh I. V. , Mishra B. K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn this work, a coupled finite element–element free Galerkin approach has been used to model crack growth in ductile materials under monotonic and cyclic loads. In this approach, a small discontinuous domain near crack is modelled by EFG method, whereas the rest of the domain is modelled by FEM to exploit the advantages of both the methods. A ramp function has been used in the transition region to maintain the continuity between FE and EFG domains. Two plasticity models (GTN and von‐Mises) and three hardening rules (isotropic, kinematic and mixed) have been used to model the nonlinear material behaviour. Four different problems, i.e. single edge notched tension specimen, double edge notched tension specimen, compact tension specimen and three‐point bend specimen, are solved under plane strain condition using J–R curve approach. Finally, a CT specimen problem is also solved by coupled approach using three hardening rules and two plasticity models under cyclic loading.