bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary Resection for a Residual Tumor after Definitive Radiation in Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Ito Kensaku , Fukuzawa Kengo , Motohiro Akira , Tagawa Tetsuzo 
Published: August 2016

Objective and Methods To clarify the benefits of surgery for a persistent tumor following definitive radiation in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer, five patients were retrospectively reviewed.
Results All patients received definitive radiation, and three received concurrent chemotherapy followed by anatomical lung resection for a residual local tumor. The median time from the radiation to surgery was 8.2 weeks. There were no postoperative mortalities. Four patients developed distant metastasis with a mean recurrence-free interval of 7.5 months.
Conclusions Distant metastasis frequently occurred within a relatively short period after surgery. Further studies with a larger sample size are needed.
European Neolithic societies showed early warning signals of population collapse
Authors: Downey Sean S. , Haas W. Randall , Shennan Stephen J. 
Published: August 2016

Significance
This study explores whether archaeologically detectable declines in resilience precede the onset of large-scale human population collapses. Our case study is the European Neolithic: a period that began approximately 9,000 y ago when the introduction of agricultural technologies initiated phases of rapid population growth that were in many cases followed by demographic instability and dramatic collapse. Our study finds evidence that statistical signatures of decreasing resilience can be detected long before population decline begins. To our knowledge, this study is the first to find early warning signals of demographic regime shift among human populations. The results suggest that archaeological information can potentially be used to monitor social and ecological vulnerability in human societies at large spatial and temporal scales.
Controlling water evaporation through self-assembly
Authors: Roger Kevin , Liebi Marianne , Heimdal Jimmy , Pham Quoc Dat , Sparr Emma 
Published: August 2016

Significance
Water evaporation from aqueous solutions of amphiphilic molecules is shown to be independent of the evaporation driving force, which is the air relative humidity. This reproduces the behavior observed for mammals’ skin outer layer. An homeostatic mechanism achieves the control of water evaporation in systems that adapt their structure to their water content. The response to a change in relative humidity operates through a change in thickness of the self-assembled phase in contact with the air, and thus a change in permeability to water in this layer. This external layer shields the rest of the system from humidity variations and sets the hydration below this shield.
Communication shapes sensory response in multicellular networks
Authors: Potter Garrett D. , Byrd Tommy A. , Mugler Andrew , Sun Bo 
Published: August 2016

SignificanceCells routinely sense and respond to their environment, and they also communicate with each other. Exactly how communication impacts sensing remains poorly understood. We study a population of fibroblast cells that responds to a chemical stimulus (ATP) and communicates by molecule exchange. Combining experiments and mathematical modeling, we find that cells exhibit calcium oscillations in response to not only the ATP stimulus but also, increased cell–cell communication. Our results show that, when cells are together, their sensory responses reflect not just the stimulus level but also, the degree of communication within the population.
Near-optimal protocols in complex nonequilibrium transformations
Authors: Gingrich Todd R. , Rotskoff Grant M. , Crooks Gavin E. , Geissler Phillip L. 
Published: August 2016

Significance
Classical thermodynamics was developed to help design the best protocols for operating heat engines that remain close to equilibrium at all times. Modern experimental techniques for manipulating microscopic and mesoscopic systems routinely access far-from-equilibrium states, demanding new theoretical tools to describe the optimal protocols in this more complicated regime. Prior studies have sought, in simple models, the protocol that minimizes dissipation. We use computational tools to investigate the diversity of low-dissipation protocols. We show that optimal protocols can be accompanied by a vast set of near-optimal protocols, which still offer the substantive benefits of the optimal protocol. Although solving for the optimal protocol is typically difficult, computationally identifying a near-optimal protocol can be comparatively easy.
Dopaminergic inputs in the dentate gyrus direct the choice of memory encoding
Authors: Du Huiyun , Deng Wei , Aimone James B. , Ge Minyan , Parylak Sarah , Walch Keenan , Zhang Wei , Cook Jonathan , Song Huina , Wang Liping , Gage Fred H. , Mu Yangling 
Published: August 2016

Significance
Reward boosts forms of learning and memory through dopamine-mediated neuromodulation in the brain. However, the influence of dopamine has been an underappreciated component of episodic information in the hippocampus. Using a cross-disciplinary approach, we demonstrate that dopaminergic input in the dentate gyrus, a hippocampal subregion critical for the formation of high-resolution memories, impairs subsequent learning by suppressing cortical inputs and ensemble neuronal activity in this area. This work reveals a mechanism by which dopamine signal biases memory storage of events leading to rather than subsequent to the reward.
Rate-weakening friction characterizes both slow sliding and catastrophic failure of landslides
Authors: Handwerger Alexander L. , Rempel Alan W. , Skarbek Rob M. , Roering Joshua J. , Hilley George E. 
Published: August 2016

SignificanceA predictive understanding of landslide behavior remains elusive, to the extent that once landslide motion is detected the factors that control whether motion will remain slow or accelerate to catastrophic failure remain uncertain. Here, we adapt standard fault mechanics treatments to present a single model that captures both slow and catastrophic landslide motion. We test model predictions using field, laboratory, and remote sensing observations. The failure mode depends on the material properties and the dimensions of the landslide slip surface relative to a critical size. If the slip surface exceeds this size and has rate-weakening frictional properties then catastrophic failure must occur. However, landslides composed of rate-weakening material are characterized by slow sliding when the critical size exceeds landslide dimensions.
Merkel disc is a serotonergic synapse in the epidermis for transmitting tactile signals in mammals
Authors: Chang Weipang , Kanda Hirosato , Ikeda Ryo , Ling Jennifer , DeBerry Jennifer J. , Gu Jianguo G. 
Published: August 2016

Significance
The Merkel disc is a main type of tactile end organ for sensing gentle touch and is essential for sophisticated sensory tasks, including social interaction, environmental exploration, and tactile discrimination. Despite recent studies showing that Merkel cells in Merkel discs are main sites of mechanotransduction in response to tactile stimuli, it remains unclear how Merkel cells transmit tactile signals to Aβ-afferent endings, leading to tactile sensations. Here we show that Merkel discs are serotonergic synapses in the epidermis, that tactile stimuli trigger serotonin release from Merkel cells to excite their associated whisker Aβ-afferent endings, and that this epidermal serotonergic transmission is critical to both electrophysiological and behavioral responses to tactile stimulation.
Determining the Presence of Hooks Inside White Sturgeon Using Metal Detector and Portable X-Ray Technology
Authors: Bowersox Brett J. , DuPont Joseph M. , Tucker Russell , Barrett Larry , Lamansky James A. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
We examined the feasibility of using handheld metal detectors and portable X-ray technology to assess the occurrence and type of hooks ingested by White Sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus in the Hell's Canyon reach of the Snake River, Idaho. Three hundred and fifty-two White Sturgeon were collected in the Hell's Canyon reach using angling and setline techniques from 2009 to 2011. Thirty-one percent scanned positive for the presence of hooks inside them. We found the handheld metal detector accurately determined hook presence in White Sturgeon 97% of the time when verified with X-ray. Larger size-classes of fish had a higher occurrence of hooks inside them (&gt;50%) than did smaller size-classes. Occurrence of hooks within White Sturgeon across the entire study area was similar from year to year, ranging from 25% to 33%. We estimated that 64% of hooks observed with X-ray images were consistent with gear used for White Sturgeon angling and 36% were consistent with gear used for Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu and steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss angling. Five White Sturgeon previously captured with hooks inside them did not scan positive for hooks upon recapture, indicating that they had passed hooks through the digestive tract or out the abdominal cavity. Hook ingestion is relatively common within this population; however, additional investigations on deep-hooking, hook processing, and potential effects on fish health need to be conducted before drawing conclusions about effects on the population.
Received August 24, 2015; accepted April 13, 2016
A Spatially Explicit Assessment of Changes in Chinook Salmon Fisheries in Lakes Michigan and Huron from 1986 to 2011
Authors: Clark Richard D. , Bence James R. , Claramunt Randall M. , Johnson James E. , Gonder David , Legler Nicholas D. , Robillard Steve R. , Dickinson Ben D. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
We produced a spatially explicit assessment of the changes in stocking, catch, fishing effort, and catch per effort (CPE) for Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in Lakes Michigan and Huron from 1986 to 2011. We focused on describing spatial differences in the changes that occurred during three well-known episodes of rapid change: (1) a decline in abundance during 1986–1994 in Lake Michigan, (2) a recovery in abundance during 1994–2006 in Lake Michigan, and (3) a decline in abundance during 2002–2010 in Lake Huron. We used a spatial grid system to describe and contrast trends in fishing effort and CPE among the main lake basins (Michigan, Huron, and Georgian) and subregions within those basins. We applied linear regressions, ANCOVAs, and Tukey's tests to assess differences. We found that trends differed among and within basins during all three episodes, which resulted in changes in the distribution of fishing effort and CPE. Fishing effort generally decreased in all basins and subregions over the entire 25 years, but it decreased less in areas where CPE had increased. The timing of the recovery episode and second mortality episode overlapped, so CPE simultaneously increased from 79 to 139 fish/1,000 h of fishing in the Michigan basin and decreased from 65 to 35 fish/1,000 h of fishing in the Huron basin. Movement of fishing effort and Chinook Salmon from the Huron basin to the Michigan basin probably occurred during this time. The CPE did not change significantly in the Georgian basin. Within basins, CPE exhibited sharp declines of more than 80% in some subregions during both mortality episodes but declined much less or not at all in others. After the recovery episode, areas of highest CPE in the Michigan basin had shifted from eastern subregions to western subregions.
Received February 2, 2016; accepted April 23, 2016 Published online August 30, 2016
Comparison of eating quality and physicochemical properties between Japanese and Chinese rice cultivars
Authors: Nakamura Sumiko , Cui Jing , Zhang Xin , Yang Fan , Xu Ximing , Sheng Hua , Ohtsubo Ken’ichi 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
In this study, we evaluated 16 Japanese and Chinese rice cultivars in terms of their main chemical components, iodine absorption curve, apparent amylose content (AAC), pasting property, resistant starch content, physical properties, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis, and enzyme activity. Based on these quality evaluations, we concluded that Chinese rice varieties are characterized by a high protein and the grain texture after cooking has high hardness and low stickiness. In a previous study, we developed a novel formula for estimating AAC based on the iodine absorption curve. The validation test showed a determination coefficient of 0.996 for estimating AAC of Chinese rice cultivars as unknown samples. In the present study, we developed a novel formulae for estimating the balance degree of the surface layer of cooked rice (A3/A1: a ratio of workload of stickiness and hardness) based on the iodine absorption curve obtained using milled rice.
Flavor characteristics of the juices from fresh market tomatoes differentiated from those from processing tomatoes by combined analysis of volatile profiles with sensory evaluation
Authors: Iijima Yoko , Iwasaki Yumi , Otagiri Yuji , Tsugawa Hiroshi , Sato Tsuneo , Otomo Hiroe , Sekine Yukio , Obata Akio 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Various commercial tomato juices with different flavors are available at markets worldwide. To clarify the marker compounds related to the flavor characteristics of tomato juice, we analyzed 15 pure commercial tomato juices by a combination of volatile profiling and sensory evaluation. The correlations among volatiles and the relationship between volatiles and sensory descriptors were elucidated by multivariate analyses. Consequently, the tomato juices made from fresh market tomatoes (including the popular Japanese tomato variety “Momotaro”) were clearly separated from other juices made from processing tomatoes, by both the volatile composition and sensory profiles. cis-3-Hexenol, hexanal, and apocarotenoids negatively contributed to the juices from fresh market tomatoes, whereas Strecker aldehydes and furfural showed positive contributions to the juices. Accordingly, the sensory characteristics of juices from fresh market tomatoes were related to cooked and fruity flavors but not to green or fresh notes.
Critical Dissolved Oxygen Tolerances of Whirling Disease-Resistant Rainbow Trout
Authors: Fetherman Eric R , Wardell Jonathan A , Praamsma Chris J , Hura Marta K 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
A low concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) is commonly the limiting factor in fish culture systems. Hypoxia tolerance in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss can be affected by both history of domestication and growth rate. As such, selecting strains for specific characteristics such as growth rate or disease resistance could potentially affect DO tolerance, making culture difficult. Here we used two experiments to examine the differences in tolerance to lower DO concentrations among four Rainbow Trout strains and crosses selected for resistance to whirling disease Myxobolus cerebralis. The first experiment examined differences in critical DO concentrations of fry (≥73 mm total length [TL]) when exposed to rapid decreases in DO at 30, 60, 90, and 120 d postswim-up. In addition, since formalin is a common chemical used in aquaculture to treat for external parasites, the effect of exposure to formalin on tolerance to low DO was evaluated. The second experiment evaluated critical DO concentrations among four strains and crosses exposed to a prolonged decrease in DO at age 7 months (averaging 178 mm TL). Formalin exposure had an effect on low-DO tolerance, with DO concentrations that resulted in a loss of equilibrium decreasing with an increase in formalin concentration. In addition, low-DO tolerances were diminished with an increase in fish size, with larger fish losing equilibrium at higher DO concentrations. Differences in DO concentrations resulting in loss of equilibrium and mortality were evident among the strains and crosses in the second experiment. This experiment demonstrated that DO concentrations must be below 2.0 mg/L before loss of equilibrium is observed. However, if fish are soon returned to well-oxygenated water, losses can be minimized. Additionally, other hatchery practices that compromise hypoxia tolerance may increase mortality more quickly following low-DO exposure, and care should be taken to correct low-DO issues shortly after loss of equilibrium is observed.
Scaling dependence of memory windows and different carrier charging behaviors in Si nanocrystal nonvolatile memory devices*
Authors: Yu Jie , Chen Kun-ji , Ma Zhong-yuan , Zhang Xin-xin , Jiang Xiao-fan , Wu Yang-qing , Huang Xin-fan , Oda Shunri 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Based on the charge storage mode, it is important to investigate the scaling dependence of memory performance in silicon nanocrystal (Si-NC) nonvolatile memory (NVM) devices for its scaling down limit. In this work, we made eight kinds of test key cells with different gate widths and lengths by 0.13-μm node complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. It is found that the memory windows of eight kinds of test key cells are almost the same of about 1.64 V @ ± 7 V/1 ms, which are independent of the gate area, but mainly determined by the average size (12 nm) and areal density (1.8 × 1011/cm2) of Si-NCs. The program/erase (P/E) speed characteristics are almost independent of gate widths and lengths. However, the erase speed is faster than the program speed of test key cells, which is due to the different charging behaviors between electrons and holes during the operation processes. Furthermore, the data retention characteristic is also independent of the gate area. Our findings are useful for further scaling down of Si-NC NVM devices to improve the performance and on-chip integration.
Mid/far-infrared photo-detectors based on graphene asymmetric quantum wells
Authors: Ben Salem E , Chaabani R , Jaziri S 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
We conducted a theoretical study on the electronic properties of a single-layer graphene asymmetric quantum well. Quantification of energy levels is limited by electron–hole conversion at the barrier interfaces and free-electron continuum. Electron–hole conversion at the barrier interfaces can be controlled by introducing an asymmetry between barriers and taking into account the effect of the interactions of the graphene sheet with the substrate. The interaction with the substrate induces an effective mass to carriers, allowing observation of Fabry–Pérot resonances under normal incidence and extinction of Klein tunneling. The asymmetry, between barriers creates a transmission gap between confined states and free-electron continuum, allowing the large graphene asymmetric quantum well to be exploited as a photo-detector operating at mid- and far-infrared frequency regimes.
Liang Qichao
Authors: Bai Limin 
Published: August 2016

In the transitional period spanning the latter part of the Qing dynasty to the early republican era, Liang Qichao (Liang Ch’i-ch’ao) 梁启超 (b. 1873–d. 1929), perhaps a failed politician, was well known as a Chinese scholar, journalist, philosopher, and reformist. There is no doubt that Liang Qichao was one of the most influential historical figures in 20th-century China, and his voluminous writings were read by almost every educated person in China at the turn of the century. The first complete collection of Liang’s works, published in 1936 by Zhonghua shuju, and the completion of a Chronology of Liang’s life in the same year, marked a dynamic achievement in the field of Liang Qichao studies. From this point up to 1949, few serious research works on Liang Qichao emerged except for Wu Qichang’s吴其昌Liang Qichao zhuan梁启超传 (1944), the first intellectual biography of Liang Qichao. However, it remained unfinished as the author died one month after he completed the first volume. From 1949 to the late 1970s the study of Liang Qichao in mainland China was characterized by ideologically fuelled criticism of Liang’s “anti-revolutionary” stance, while in Taiwan more scholarly works emerged to explore various aspects of Liang’s ideas and activities. Works produced by the scholars in Taiwan, along with three English intellectual biographies of Liang Qichao published during the 1950s to the 1970s, marked a new phase of intellectual query into Liang’s life and work in both Chinese and English literature. It was not until the 1980s that the study of Liang Qichao in mainland China flourished and scholars gradually changed their revolutionary tones and adopted a more objective scholarly approach. Thousands of publications in various forms have been published since then and the quality of research is inconsistent. Research themes are largely formed and developed in accordance with the stages of Liang’s life, mainly investigating his ideas and activities around the 1898 Reform; the role of Japan in Liang’s intellectual development; Liang as a politician in the early republican years; and his scholarly work and changes in his ideas after 1918. The existing publications touch upon almost every aspect of his life, his political ideas and activities, and his views on education, historiography, literature, journalism, language and translation, philosophy, Buddhism and national learning, laws and economics. The study of Liang Qichao has become a significant part of scholarship on modern Chinese history.
Patterns of Healthcare Utilization Among Veterans Infected With Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Coinfected With HIV/HCV: Unique Burdens of Disease
Authors: Katrak Shereen , Park Lawrence P. , Woods Christopher , Muir Andrew , Hicks Charles , Naggie Susanna 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Background.  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of cirrhosis and the primary cause of liver transplantation in the United States, and coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) increases the risk of comorbidities. However, healthcare utilization (HCU) patterns among HIV/HCV-coinfected patients are poorly understood. This study compared the rates of HCU and reasons for hospital admission among HCV-infected, HIV-infected, and HIV/HCV-coinfected veterans.
Methods.  Hepatitis C virus- and HIV-infected and HIV/HCV-coinfected veterans in care with the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) from 1998 to 2009 (n = 335 371, n = 28 179, n = 13 471, respectively) were identified by HIV- and HCV-associated International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes from the clinical case registry. We assessed rates of HCU using emergency department (ED) visits, outpatient visits, and hospitalization and primary diagnoses associated with hospitalization. Independent risk factors associated with hospitalization were also examined.
Results.  Rates of outpatient and ED visits increased over the 11-year study period for all groups, with inpatient admission rates remaining stable. The HCU rates were consistently higher for the coinfected than other cohorts. The primary reason for hospital admission for all groups was psychiatric disease/substance use, accounting for 44% of all admissions. Nadir CD4 &lt;350 cells/mm3 was associated with higher rates of hospitalization versus nadir CD4 &gt;500 cells/mm3.
Conclusions.  As the current population of HCV-infected, HIV-infected, and HIV/HCV-coinfected veterans age, they will continue to place a substantial and increasing demand on the US healthcare system, particularly in their utilization of ED and outpatient services. These data suggest the need for an ongoing investment in mental health and primary care within the VA healthcare system.