bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alcohol‐related harm in emergency departments: a prospective, multi‐centre study
Authors: Egerton‐Warburton Diana , Gosbell Andrew , Moore Katie , Wadsworth Angela , Richardson Drew , Fatovich Daniel M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBackground and aimsEmergency department (ED) alcohol‐related presentation data are not routinely collected in Australia and New Zealand. It is likely that previous research has underestimated the numbers of patients presenting with alcohol‐related conditions. This study aimed to quantify the level of alcohol harm presenting to EDs in Australia and New Zealand [Correction added on 23 Jan 2018, after first online publication: The ‘aims’ section was missing and is updated in this version].DesignMulti‐centre, prospective study. Patients were screened prospectively for alcohol‐related presentations during a 7‐day period in December 2014. Part 1 involved screening to determine alcohol‐positive ED presentations and data collection of patient demographic and clinical information. Part 2 involved a consent‐based survey conducted with patients aged ≥ 14 years to perform Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores.SettingEight EDs in Australia and New Zealand, representing differing hospital role delineations.ParticipantsA total of 8652 patients aged ≥ 14 years attended and 8435 (97.5%) were screened.MeasurementsThe main outcome measure was the proportion of patients who had an alcohol‐related presentation termed ‘alcohol‐positive’, using pre‐defined criteria. It included injuries, intoxication, medical conditions and injuries caused by an alcohol‐affected third party. Secondary outcomes included demographic and clinical information, the type of alcohol‐related presentations and AUDIT scores.FindingsA total of 801 [9.5%; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 8.9–10.1%] presentations were identified as alcohol‐positive, ranging between 4.9 and 15.2% throughout sites. Compared with alcohol‐negative patients, alcohol‐positive patients were more likely to be male [odds ratio (OR) = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.63–2.21], younger (median age 37 versus 46 years, P < 0.0001), arrive by ambulance (OR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.68–2.25) or police/correctional vehicle (OR = 4.56, 95% CI = 3.05–6.81) and require immediate treatment (OR = 3.20, 95% CI = 2.03–05.06). The median AUDIT score was 16 (interquartile range = 10–24).ConclusionsAlmost one in 10 presentations to emergency departments in Australia and New Zealand are alcohol related.
Papillary architecture of the lingual surface in the puma (Puma concolor)
Authors: Erdoğan S. , Villar S. , König H. E. , Pérez W. 
Published: November 2017

SummaryThis research presents the first anatomical description of the tongue and lingual papillae of the mountain lion (puma). The tongues of three adult male pumas were used in this study. The tongues were dissected and studied firstly by gross and stereomicroscopy. Samples of each part were processed by study with scanning electron microscopy. The margins of the lingual apex were surrounded by numerous filiform papillae, which had a bulky papillary body and a bifurcated tip. On the dorsal surface of the lingual apex, filiform papillae were remarkably pointed and had many secondary projections, which emerged from the base of the main papilla. In the rostral half of the lingual body, filiform papillae were longer, cylindrical and had blunt tips. On the caudal half of the lingual body, filiform papillae gave place to conical ones exhibiting a pointed tip. The fungiform papillae were scattered on the whole dorsal surface of the tongue. On each lateral half of the tongue, four circumvallate papillae were observed and each circumvallate papilla was surrounded by thick and horseshoe‐like annular pad, which were composed by pointed conical papillae on the caudal border of the lingual body. The dorsal surface of the circumvallate papilla was covered by many finger‐like protrusion, and the tip of each protrusion had a central orifice. Anatomical distribution of lingual papillae was different to other carnivores and represents the adaptation to the feeding habits of this mammal. General morphology of the lingual structures was similar to those of the tiger.
Treating amblyopia in adults with prosthetic occluding contact lenses
Authors: Garcia‐Romo Esperanza , Perez‐Rico Consuelo , Roldán‐Díaz Isabel , Arévalo‐Serrano Juan , Blanco Román 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the feasibility, effectiveness and acceptability of using prosthetic occluding contact lenses (OCLs) to treat moderate amblyopia in adults and of the role of the multifocal visual evoked potential (mfVEP) as a predictor of postamblyopic therapy.MethodsA comparative, prospective, interventional, case series pilot study with amblyopic adults (mean age: 40 years, range 20–50 years) allocated into two intervention groups: eye patching and OCL. The primary outcome variable was logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and secondary outcomes were mfVEP amplitude and latency and patients’ health‐related quality of life National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI VFQ‐25).ResultsSignificant improvements in pre‐ to postamblyopic therapy BCVA were seen at 1.5 months in the OCL group [0.29 logMAR, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.10–0.47 versus 0.11 logMAR, 95% CI: 0.02–0.19; p < 0.001] and eye patching group (0.29 logMAR, 95% CI: 0.17–0.40 versus 0.18 logMAR, 95% CI: 0.12–0.23; p < 0.01). Post‐treatment BCVA was inversely related to age (R: 0.009, 95% CI: −0.02 to −0.001; p = 0.04) and the presence of strabismus (R: −0.3, 95% CI: −0.434 to −0.17; p = 0.001). No significant changes in the number and size of the abnormal mfVEP amplitude and latency defects were observed after occlusion. The NEI VFQ‐25 composite score showed significant improvement in the OCL users at 12 months compared to eye patching.ConclusionSignificant vision improvement can be achieved, making occlusion with OCLs an effective and more acceptable therapy for adults with amblyopia.
Significance of bizarre cells in cervical screening liquid‐based cytology: A prospective study of 15 cases
Authors: Ondič O. , Ferko R. , Kičinová J. , Bouda J. , Kinkorová‐Luňáčková I. , Kupcová L. , Zůchová M. , Chytra J. , Waloschek T. , Tůmová Bartošková M. , Alaghehbandan R. , Němcová J. 
Published: November 2017

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the significance of bizarre cells (cells of squamous origin with a superficial squamous cell‐type cytoplasm and characterised by multinucleation that produces bizarre nuclear shapes) in liquid‐based cytology (LBC) Papanicoaou (pap) smears with clinical and histological follow‐up correlation.MethodsFifteen patients, all with LBC samples containing bizarre cells, were identified in routine ThinPrep® LBC workload. HPV testing was performed in each case using residual LBC material. Cytological‐histological correlations were reviewed.ResultsAll 15 LBC samples contained bizarre cells and tested positive for high‐risk HPV types. Ten of the 15 cases were identified as atypical squamous cells ‐ cannot exclude an HSIL (ASC‐H) with secondary diagnosis of low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), while five cases were identified as high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), and a subsequent biopsy was recommended. Additionally, 13/15 cases underwent cone biopsy or hysterectomy within 1‐11 months, of which 10 showed histologically confirmed HSIL end‐points. LSIL was present in three cases. Bizarre cells were identified in the HSIL epithelium of five cone biopsies.ConclusionsIdentification of bizarre cells in LBC is straightforward and may facilitate diagnosis. The cytology of bizarre cells is associated with HSIL in cone biopsies. We recommend assigning LBC samples containing bizarre cells as ASC‐H with secondary diagnosis of LSIL.
Seeing Political Settlements through the City: A Framework for Comparative Analysis of Urban Transformation
Authors: Goodfellow Tom 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTThis article presents a new analytical framework for studying cities in the developing world based on the ‘political settlements’ approach. This has a dual purpose: to enrich comparative urban research by bringing new theoretical ideas to bear on this field, but also to use capital cities as a lens to better understand national political settlements. The central argument is that urban built environments and their transformations in situations of late development reflect the workings of different varieties of clientelism, and by analysing the former we can better understand the latter. Specifically, issues such as the nature of urban land use and land allocation, the pace and form of construction, the effectiveness of environmental regulation and the provision of housing for different income groups are all revealing of political settlements and their broader development implications. The potential of this approach is explored through three narrative ‘sketches’ of contemporary urban development in Eastern Africa: the ‘city as marketplace’ (Kampala), the ‘city as expo’ (Kigali) and the ‘city as construction site’ (Addis Ababa). In presenting this framework, the article seeks to advance debate on epistemological and analytical approaches to the study of both power relations and differential patterns of urban development.
Fuelling Social Inclusion? Neo‐extractivism, State–Society Relations and Biofuel Policies in Latin America's Southern Cone
Authors: Córdoba Diana , Chiappe Marta , Abrams Jesse , Selfa Theresa 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTScholarship on neo‐extractivism agrees that this ‘post‐neoliberal’ model of development is founded on an inherent contradiction between the commitment to continue natural resource extraction and the need to legitimize these activities by using their revenues for poverty reduction. Using the cases of the national biofuel policies of the ‘post‐neoliberal’ governments of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, this article enquires why and how these policies emerged, how they were implemented, and how the resulting national experiences exemplify the inherent contradictions embedded in neo‐extractivist policies. Adopting a strategic‐relational approach to analyse state–society interaction, it is argued that the scope of progressive policies is conditioned to a large extent by pre‐existing social structures, institutions and state–society interactions. The article shows how progressive reforms intersect with the prevailing interests of agribusiness and state actors and are recast and used for different ends as these interact with powerful actors such as the multinational soybean complex and agrarian movements. It is suggested that the prevailing over‐emphasis in the neo‐extractivist literature on the politics of domination and contestation overlooks the multiple and complex rural responses of the different progressive governments. It also obscures the possibilities to explore the ruptures and continuities of these countries’ governments with previous models, and therefore fails to recognize state advances.
Beta‐cell sensitivity to glucose is impaired after gastric bypass surgery
Authors: Salehi Marzieh , Gastaldelli Amalia , D'Alessio David A. 
Published: November 2017

AimsPatients who have undergone Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery (GB) have exaggerated postprandial insulin secretion, which has been attributed to increased meal glucose appearance and enhanced incretin effect. Here, we sought to determine β‐cell glucose sensitivity in the absence of meal stimulation and insulinotropic gut factors.Materials and methodsA total of 12 non‐diabetic subjects with prior GB, and 7 matched non‐surgical control subjects with normal glucose tolerance were studied. Blood glucose and insulin secretion rates were measured during a graded glucose infusion at increasing and then decreasing rates. Insulin sensitivity (SI) and glucose effectiveness (SG) were determined by the minimal model.ResultsGB subjects had SI comparable to that of control subjects. GB subjects had relative hyperglycaemia during the highest dose of glucose infusion associated with significantly reduced β‐cell glucose sensitivity throughout both step‐up (GB: 34 ± 6, CN: 82 ± 9 pmol min−1 mM−1 L, P < .0001) and step‐down (GB: 31 ± 6, CN: 74 ± 9 pmol min−1 mM−1 L, P < .0001) phases of the glucose infusion. GB subjects also had reduced SG (GB: 0.04 ± 0.00, CN: 0.07 ± 0.01 min−1, P = .004).ConclusionIn the absence of enteric stimuli, β‐cell sensitivity to changes in glycaemia is blunted among individuals with GB, indicating a significant shift in a fundamental property of β‐cell function several years after surgery
Entrapped sand as a plant defence: effects on herbivore performance and preference
Authors: LOPRESTI ERIC F. , GROF‐TISZA PATRICK , ROBINSON MORIA , GODFREY JESSIE , KARBAN RICHARD 
Published: November 2017

1. Abrasive material in the diet of herbivorous organisms comes from a variety of sources, including crystalline silica or calcium in plant tissues, accidentally ingested soil while digging or grazing, and entrapped substrate on the surfaces of plants. A wide variety of plants entrap substrate, usually with glandular trichomes.2. A previous study demonstrated that entrapped sand provided resistance to herbivory in the field. In this study, the following questions were addressed: how does entrapped sand on Abronia latifolia (Nyctaginaceae) leaves and stems affect preference and performance of a common herbivore, the large‐bodied caterpillar Hyles lineata (Sphingidae); does this effect differ from those experienced by an internally feeding leaf miner?3. Using a combination of experimental and observational approaches, it was found that sand comprised ∼4–5% of ingested weight during normal feeding of H. lineata caterpillars. This entrapped sand caused extensive wear to their mandibles, they avoided sand‐covered plants when given the choice, and the sand negatively impacted performance metrics, including pupal weight, development time, and growth rate. In contrast, a leaf‐mining caterpillar did not have a preference for or against feeding on sandy plants.4. These results are similar to studies on mandibular wear due to grasses, and herbivorous insects that feed on these two plant groups may have similar morphologies. It is hypothesised that increased wear potential may be a convergent solution to abrasive plants in both mammals (hypsodonty) and insects.
Access to diagnostic and therapeutic facilities for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: An international survey by the ILAE PNES Task Force
Authors: Hingray Coraline , El‐Hage Wissam , Duncan Rod , Gigineishvili David , Kanemoto Kousuke , LaFrance W. Curt , de Marinis Alejandro , Paul Ravi , Pretorius Chrisma , Téllez‐Zenteno José F. , Wiseman Hannah , Reuber Markus 
Published: November 2017

SummaryObjectiveStudies from a small number of countries suggest that patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) have limited access to diagnostic and treatment services. The PNES Task Force of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) carried out 2 surveys to explore the diagnosis and treatment of PNES around the world.MethodsA short survey (8 questions) was sent to all 114 chapters of the ILAE. A longer survey (36 questions) was completed by healthcare professionals who see patients with seizures. Questions were separated into 5 sections: professional role, diagnostic methods, management, etiology, and access to health care.ResultsResponses were received from 63 different countries. The short survey was completed by 48 ILAE chapters, and the long survey by 1098 health professionals from 28 countries. PNES were recognized as a diagnostic and therapeutic problem in all countries. Trauma and mental health issues were most commonly recognized as etiologic factors. There was a clear relationship between income and access to diagnostic tests and expertise. Psychological therapy was most commonly considered the treatment of choice. Although financial difficulties were the most commonly reported problem with service access in low‐income countries, in all countries stigma, lack of popular awareness, and lack of information posed challenges.SignificanceThis global provider survey demonstrates that PNES are a health problem around the world. Health care for PNES could be improved with better education of healthcare professionals, the development of reliable and simple diagnostic procedures that do not rely on costly tests, and the provision of accessible information.
Standing transcutaneous surgical excision of a sialolith in an 11‐year‐old Thoroughbred mare
Authors: Poore L. , Smit Y. , Williams J. , Steenkamp G. 
Published: November 2017

SummaryAn 11‐year‐old Thoroughbred mare was diagnosed with sialolithiasis of the right parotid salivary duct. A firm nonpainful subcutaneous mass was palpable in the right maxillary region adjacent to premolar 4 (tooth 108). Radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations identified a discrete mineralised ovoid mass that was hyperechoic and produced an acoustic shadow. Surgical excision of the mass was performed under standing sedation using a transcutaneous approach and the excised sialolith submitted for histopathological and mineral composition analyses. Histological examination found no evidence of a nidus at the sialolith's core. Mineral analysis of the sialolith revealed its composition to be 40% calcium phosphate (apatite) and 60% calcium carbonate. The mare recovered with no post‐operative complications and was clinically unremarkable 2 years later.
Atomic force microscopy for biomechanical and structural analysis of human dermis: A complementary tool for medical diagnosis and therapy monitoring
Authors: Peñuela Leonardo , Negro Carola , Massa Michela , Repaci Erica , Cozzani Emanuele , Parodi Aurora , Scaglione Silvia , Quarto Rodolfo , Raiteri Roberto 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSkin mechanical properties are usually measured considering the entire skin thickness and very little is known about the mechanical behaviour of individual skin layers. We propose atomic force microscopy (AFM) as a tool to quantify nanoscale changes in the biomechanical properties and ultrastructure of human papillary dermis exposed to different mechanical and physical stimuli. Samples from 3 human skin biopsies were studied: one stretched by obesity, one subjected to a high level of sun exposure and normal skin as control. Slices of the papillary dermis layer were harvested at controlled depths from each skin biopsy and 25 μm2 areas of each slice were imaged and D‐periodicity of collagen fibres measured by AFM, together with their stiffness. Standard histological analysis was also carried out to correlate biochemical properties and their distribution with stiffness and topography. We obtained similar stiffness values between the sample affected by obesity and the control sample at any depth level into the dermis, while the sun‐exposed sample presented a significantly lower stiffness. Additionally, all samples presented an increase in the stiffness at higher depths into the papillary dermis layer. Collagen fibres close to the epidermis of sample affected either by obesity and sun exposure—the former even more than the latter—are thicker and present a larger D‐period than those in the control sample. Our results open the possibility to use structural and mechanical analysis based on AFM as a complementary tool for medical diagnosis and therapy monitoring.
Contemporary public–private partnership: Towards a global research agenda
Authors: Hodge Graeme , Greve Carsten 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis paper reviews the research agenda lineage on public–private partnerships (PPPs) from Broadbent and Laughlin's seminal piece in 1999. The PPP phenomenon is viewed at five levels: project delivery, organisational form, policy, governance tool and as a phenomenon within a broader historical and cultural context. We argue that whilst a variety of research issues will continue to be relevant, five corresponding areas deserve future visibility for a renewed research agenda: (1) Financialisation of PPPs, (2) global PPP market actors, (3) internationalisation of policy on PPPs, (4) long‐term complex contracts as a governing regime and (5) PPPs in BRICS and developing countries.
Exenatide upregulates gene expression of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor and nerve growth factor in streptozotocin/nicotinamide‐induced diabetic mice
Authors: Gumuslu Esen , Cine Naci , Ertan Merve , Mutlu Oguz , Komsuoglu Celikyurt Ipek , Ulak Guner 
Published: November 2017

AbstractGlucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) is an incretin hormone that has modulating effects on insulin release. GLP‐1 and receptors for GLP‐1 are widely expressed throughout the body including the brain. The expression of GLP‐1 receptors is very specific to large neurons in hippocampus, neocortex, and cerebellum. GLP‐1 receptor stimulation enhances glucose‐dependent insulin secretion and lowers blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Studies on adipobiology of neurotrophins have focused on nerve growth factor (NGF) as an example of adipose‐derived neurotrophins. Compromised trophic factor signaling may underlie neurodegenerative diseases ranging from Alzheimer's disease to diabetic neuropathies. Exenatide, a potent and selective agonist for the GLP‐1 receptor, is currently approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of chronic exenatide treatment on the hippocampal gene expression levels of GLP‐1 receptor and NGF in diabetic mice. The effects of chronic exenatide treatment (0.1 μg/kg, s.c., twice daily for 2 weeks) on GLP‐1 receptor and NGF gene expression levels in the hippocampus of streptozotocin/nicotinamide (STZ–NA)‐induced diabetic mice were assessed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The results of this study revealed that hippocampal gene expression of GLP‐1 receptor and NGF were downregulated in diabetic mice. Importantly, a significant increase in the gene expression level of GLP‐1 receptor and NGF was determined after 2 weeks of exenatide administration. Increased gene expression level of GLP‐1 receptor and NGF may underlie the beneficial action of exenatide in STZ/NA‐induced diabetes.