bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are children driving the gender wage gap?
Authors: Cukrowska‐Torzewska Ewa , Lovasz Anna 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe examine how much children and the responsibilities related to them contribute to the divergence of men's and women's wages, and consequently, to the formation of the gender wage gap. To derive the relative contribution of gender‐specific parent gaps to the overall gender wage gap, we provide a modification of the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition and include simultaneous corrections for selection into employment and parenthood. The results show that the fatherhood wage premium contributes most significantly to the gender wage gap, especially in Poland. The motherhood penalty is also significant, while the role of the gender gap among childless individuals is small.
March of the sculpin: measuring and predicting short‐term movement of banded sculpin Cottus carolinae
Authors: Wells William G. , Johnson Thomas C. , Gebhard Amy E. , Paine Robert T. R. , Hix Lucas A. , Ferrell Heather N. , Engle Andrea N. , Perkin Joshuah S. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMovement of fishes through space and time is critical for population regulation and community structuring, but the dispersal of many benthic stream fishes remains unstudied. We used passive integrated transponders to track the short‐term dispersal of 51 banded sculpin Cottus carolinae throughout a 600 m reach of Little Creek in central Tennessee during April and May. Our objectives were to assess the efficacy of recently developed dispersal models, evaluate temporal variability in movement and determine whether individuals switched between stationary and mobile movement behaviours. Observed movement distances did not differ from modelled leptokurtic dispersal kernels estimated using the fishmove package in the R Statistical Environment for 12 of 13 recapture occasions. Leptokurtic dispersal kernel parameters including the mobile component (σmob) and shared stationary component (p) were temporally dynamic and differed from static median values reported for fishes in fishmove, while the more abundant stationary component (σstat) showed agreement with fishmove. The recapture occasion during which model predictions were not validated was associated with a large flow pulse that stimulated increased movement at the population scale. At the individual scale, 28 of 51 fish switched between stationary and mobile dispersal behaviour and the frequency distribution of switches was leptokurtic. Collectively, our findings reveal an emergent property characterised by consistent upstream movement of banded sculpin despite variability in population‐scale responses to flow and individual‐scale switches in movement behaviour. This paradox represents the march of the sculpin, in which fish diffusively spread upstream at a constant rate despite multiscale variability in movement behaviours.
Neurochemical and behavioural indices of exercise reward are independent of exercise controllability
Authors: Herrera Jonathan J. , Fedynska Sofiya , Ghasem Parsa R. , Wieman Tyler , Clark Peter J. , Gray Nathan , Loetz Esteban , Campeau Serge , Fleshner Monika , Greenwood Benjamin N. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBrain reward circuits are implicated in stress‐related psychiatric disorders. Exercise reduces the incidence of stress‐related disorders, but the contribution of exercise reward to stress resistance is unknown. Exercise‐induced stress resistance is independent of exercise controllability; both voluntary running (VR) and forced running (FR) protect rats against the anxiety‐like and depression‐like behavioural consequences of stress. Voluntary exercise is a natural reward, but whether rats find FR rewarding is unknown. Moreover, the contribution of dopamine (DA) and striatal reward circuits to exercise reward is not well characterized. Adult, male rats were assigned to locked wheels, VR, or FR groups. FR rats were forced to run in a pattern resembling the natural wheel running behavior of rats. Both VR and FR increased the reward‐related plasticity marker ΔFosB in the dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens, and increased the activity of DA neurons in the lateral ventral tegmental area, as revealed by immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase and pCREB. Both VR and FR rats developed conditioned place preference (CPP) to the side of a CPP chamber paired with exercise. Re‐exposure to the exercise‐paired side of the CPP chamber elicited conditioned increases in cfos mRNA in direct‐pathway (dynorphin‐positive) neurons in the dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens in both VR and FR rats, and in tyrosine hydroxylase‐positive neurons in the lateral ventral tegmental area of VR rats only. The results suggest that the rewarding effects of exercise are independent of exercise controllability and provide insight into the DA and striatal circuitries involved in exercise reward and exercise‐induced stress resistance.
Effects of nanoparticles in fresh waters: risks, mechanisms and interactions
Authors: Bundschuh Mirco , Seitz Frank , Rosenfeldt Ricki R. , Schulz Ralf 
Published: February 2016

Summary

Ecotoxicology is often criticised for its simplistic approach, which does not normally consider the complexity of field conditions. Simple laboratory experiments can still be useful, however, especially for assessing effects of emerging stressors such as nanoparticles, which exhibit fates, exposure profiles and modes of action substantially different from those of traditional chemicals.

Here we argue that it is important to understand the potential effects of environmental conditions (e.g. UV radiation, dissolved organic matter, chemical stressors) on the fate and ecotoxicological potential of nanoparticles by using simple and well‐controlled experiments, while aiming to mimic realistic environmental conditions as closely as possible.

The observation that increasingly complex test systems may yield lower effect thresholds for nanoparticles than standardised tests suggests that current approaches require modification. Specifically, research is encouraged on interactions among trophic levels, community composition and ecosystem and evolutionary processes, so that effects observed in complex environmental settings can be explained mechanistically.

We highlight recent discoveries in ecotoxicology and ecology that suggest nanoparticle‐induced consequences on evolutionary and ecosystem processes as well as their potential transfer across ecosystem boundaries. These insights may encourage further research on nanoparticle effects informed by ecological theory.
Multiple‐stressor effects on stream invertebrates: a mesocosm experiment manipulating nutrients, fine sediment and flow velocity
Authors: Elbrecht Vasco , Beermann Arne J. , Goessler Gunnar , Neumann Janis , Tollrian Ralph , Wagner Rüdiger , Wlecklik Andre , Piggott Jeremy J. , Matthaei Christoph D. , Leese Florian 
Published: February 2016

Summary

Land‐use changes have degraded ecosystems worldwide. A particular concern for freshwater biodiversity and ecosystem function are stressors introduced by intensified agriculture. Typically several stressors affect freshwater ecosystems simultaneously. However, the combined effects of these multiple stressors on streams and rivers are still poorly understood, yet of critical importance to improve freshwater management.

We investigated responses of benthic macroinvertebrates to three globally important agricultural stressors affecting streams (nutrient enrichment, fine sediment deposition and reduced current velocity), using 64 stream mesocosms (full‐factorial 2 × 2 × 2 design, eight replicates of each treatment combination) established on the banks of the Breitenbach Stream (Hesse, Germany). The experiment ran for 1 month (16 days of colonisation, 14 days of manipulations), and all invertebrates in the mesocosms were collected at the end of this period.

Fourteen of the 17 studied invertebrate response variables were affected by one or more stressors each. Negative effects on richness or abundance of pollution‐sensitive Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa were particularly common. Overall, both sediment addition and stream flow velocity reduction had pervasive and strong effects. Responses to sediment addition were mostly negative, whereas decreased current velocity reduced several EPT metrics but increased the abundances of some of the other common taxa. Nutrient enrichment had few effects, but these were consistently negative.

Combined stressor effects were mainly additive, with only two interactions found in total, both between reduced velocity and nutrients (on the crustacean Gammarus spp. and ceratopogonid midges). This finding implies that multiple‐stressor responses may be predicted from knowledge of single‐stressor effects in this stream community (unlike the often synergistic or antagonistic responses observed elsewhere). However, further taxon‐specific responses and interactions among stressors may have been obscured by limited taxonomic resolution, especially for the numerically dominant Chironomidae. Genetic approaches are required to address this limitation in the future.
Linking basin‐scale connectivity, oceanography and population dynamics for the conservation and management of marine ecosystems
Authors: Dubois Mélodie , Rossi Vincent , Ser‐Giacomi Enrico , Arnaud‐Haond Sophie , López Cristóbal , Hernández‐García Emilio 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimAssessing the spatial structure and dynamics of marine populations is still a major challenge in ecology. The need to manage marine resources from ecosystem and large‐scale perspectives is recognized, but our partial understanding of oceanic connectivity limits the implementation of globally pertinent conservation planning. Based on a biophysical model for the entire Mediterranean Sea, this study takes an ecosystem approach to connectivity and provides a systematic characterization of broad‐scale larval dispersal patterns. It builds on our knowledge of population dynamics and discusses the ecological and management implications.LocationThe semi‐enclosed Mediterranean Sea and its marine ecosystems are used as a case study to investigate broad‐scale connectivity patterns and to relate them to oceanography and population dynamics.MethodsA flow network is constructed by evenly subdividing the basin into sub‐regions which are interconnected through the transport of larvae by ocean currents. It allows for the computation of various connectivity metrics required to evaluate larval retention and exchange.ResultsOur basin‐scale model predicts that retention processes are weak in the open ocean while they are significant in the coastal ocean and are favoured along certain coastlines due to specific oceanographic features. Moreover, we show that wind‐driven divergent (convergent, respectively) oceanic regions are systematically characterized by larval sources (sinks, respectively). Finally, although these connectivity metrics have often been studied separately in the literature, we demonstrate they are interrelated under particular conditions. Their integrated analysis facilitates the appraisal of population dynamics, informing both genetic and demographic connectivities.Main conclusionsThis modelling framework helps ecologists and geneticists to formulate improved hypotheses of population structures and gene flow patterns and to design their sampling strategy accordingly. It is also useful in the implementation and assessment of future protection strategies, such as coastal and offshore marine reserves, by accounting for large‐scale dispersal patterns, a missing component of current ecosystem management.
Global evidence of positive impacts of freshwater biodiversity on fishery yields
Authors: Brooks Emma Grace Elizabeth , Holland Robert Alan , Darwall William Robert Thomas , Eigenbrod Felix 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimAn often‐invoked benefit of high biodiversity is the provision of ecosystem services. However, evidence for this is largely based on data from small‐scale experimental studies of relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem function that may have little relevance to real‐world systems. Here, large‐scale biodiversity datasets are used to test the relationship between the yield of inland capture fisheries and species richness from 100 countries.LocationInland waters of Africa, Europe and parts of Asia.MethodsA multimodel inference approach was used to assess inland fishery yields at the country level against species richness, waterside human population, area, elevation and various climatic variables, to determine the relative importance of species richness to fisheries yields compared with other major large‐scale drivers. Secondly, the mean decadal variation in fishery yields at the country level for 1981–2010 was regressed against species richness to assess if greater diversity reduces the variability in yields over time.ResultsDespite a widespread reliance on targeting just a few species of fish, freshwater fish species richness is highly correlated with yield (R2 = 0.55) and remains an important and statistically significant predictor of yield once other macroecological drivers are controlled for. Freshwater richness also has a significant negative relationship with variability of yield over time in Africa (R2 = 0.16) but no effect in Europe.Main conclusionsThe management of inland waters should incorporate the protection of freshwater biodiversity, particularly in countries with the highest‐yielding inland fisheries as these also tend to have high freshwater biodiversity. As these results suggest a link between biodiversity and stable, high‐yielding fisheries, an important win–win outcome may be possible for food security and conservation of freshwater ecosystems. However, findings also highlight the urgent need for more data to fully understand and monitor the contribution of biodiversity to inland fisheries globally.
Do abundance distributions and species aggregation correctly predict macroecological biodiversity patterns in tropical forests?
Authors: May Felix , Wiegand Thorsten , Lehmann Sebastian , Huth Andreas 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimIt has been recently suggested that different ‘unified theories of biodiversity and biogeography’ can be characterized by three common ‘minimal sufficient rules’: (1) species abundance distributions follow a hollow curve, (2) species show intraspecific aggregation, and (3) species are independently placed with respect to other species. Here, we translate these qualitative rules into a quantitative framework and assess if these minimal rules are indeed sufficient to predict multiple macroecological biodiversity patterns simultaneously.LocationTropical forest plots in Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama, and in Sinharaja, Sri Lanka.MethodsWe assess the predictive power of the three rules using dynamic and spatial simulation models in combination with census data from the two forest plots. We use two different versions of the model: (1) a neutral model and (2) an extended model that allowed for species differences in dispersal distances. In a first step we derive model parameterizations that correctly represent the three minimal rules (i.e. the model quantitatively matches the observed species abundance distribution and the distribution of intraspecific aggregation). In a second step we applied the parameterized models to predict four additional spatial biodiversity patterns.ResultsSpecies‐specific dispersal was needed to quantitatively fulfil the three minimal rules. The model with species‐specific dispersal correctly predicted the species–area relationship, but failed to predict the distance decay, the relationship between species abundances and aggregations, and the distribution of a spatial co‐occurrence index of all abundant species pairs. These results were consistent over the two forest plots.Main conclusionsThe three ‘minimal sufficient’ rules only provide an incomplete approximation of the stochastic spatial geometry of biodiversity in tropical forests. The assumption of independent interspecific placements is most likely violated in many forests due to shared or distinct habitat preferences. Furthermore, our results highlight missing knowledge about the relationship between species abundances and their aggregation.
Prevalence and Features of a Probable Diagnosis in First‐Visit Headache Patients Based on the Criteria of the Third Beta Edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders: A Prospective, Cross‐Sectional Multicenter Study
Authors: Kim Soo‐Kyoung , Moon Heui‐Soo , Cha Myong‐Jin , Kim Byung‐Su , Kim Byung‐Kun , Park Jeong‐Wook , Park Kwang‐Yeol , Sohn Jong‐Hee , Chu Min‐Kyung , Song Tae‐Jin , Kim Jae‐Moon , Cho Soo‐Jin 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the characteristics and significance of a probable diagnostic entity for primary headache disorder (PHD).BackgroundA diagnosis of probable primary headache disorder (PPHD) is given when a patient's headache fulfills all but one criteria of the third beta edition of the international classification of headache disorder (ICHD‐3β). Despite the uncertainty regarding this diagnosis, the inclusion of a probable diagnosis entity in this manual may aid in the accurate classification of headache disorders and allow effective treatment strategies to be started at the patient's initial visit.MethodsThis cross‐sectional multicenter registry study assessed first‐visit patients with complaints of headaches who presented at the outpatient clinics of 11 neurologists in Korea. The classification of a headache disorder was made according to the criteria of the ICHD‐3β by each investigator based on the initial evaluation of the patient or by a consensus meeting for uncertain cases. The rates of a probable diagnosis among PPHD patients were assessed and the clinical characteristics of these patients were compared with those of patients with a diagnosis of definite primary headache disorder (DPHD).ResultsA total of 1429 patients were diagnosed with PHD, and 305 (21.3%) of these patients had PPHD. The proportions of PPHD differed among the subtypes of DPHD as follows: migraines (16.1%), tension‐type headaches (TTH; 33%), trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia (TAC; 40.9%), and other PHD (14%, P < .001). Patients with PPHD had less severe headache intensity than patients with DPHD (5.8 ± 2.2 vs 6.5 ± 2.1, respectively, P < .001) as well as a shorter duration of headache from onset (median: 1 vs 4 months, respectively, P < .001). The most common criteria missing for a definite diagnosis in the PPHD patients were total frequency (52.1%), duration of attack (14.4%), and accompanying symptoms (13.1%).ConclusionsA probable diagnosis was given to 21.3% of the first‐visit PHD patients due to incomplete or atypical presentations of the headaches. The incorporation of a probable diagnosis into the ICHD‐3β may be useful for reducing the diagnoses of unspecified headaches.
Can Academic Freedom be Justified? Reflections on the Arguments of Robert Post and Stanley Fish
Authors: Hammersley Martyn 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIt is widely recognised that academic freedom is currently under threat. But there is also considerable dispute about the meaning of the term. In this paper I examine two recent and important accounts of the nature of academic freedom that seek to distinguish it clearly from free speech. Such a distinction is, in my view, essential. The aim of the paper is to clarify and resolve differences between these two accounts, and thereby to develop further the conceptualisation of academic freedom.
ON THE ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF BLACK HISTORY MONTH FOR LIFE: THE CREATION OF THE POST‐RACIAL ERA
Authors: VAN DE MIEROOP KENAN 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThis article takes the Nietzschean dictum that history must “serve life” as a point of departure for an analysis of the American institution of Black History Month. Many continue to place great faith in the power of historical education to solve problems of race in America. Against this common‐sense view, this article argues that the excessive historicization of the problem of racism is at least as oppressive as forgetting. The black history propagated during this month has mostly been a celebration that it is history and thus a thing of the past. The article makes the claim that it is precisely a surfeit of black history that has encouraged the view that racism is vanishing in the river of time. The constant demand to view American racism through a historical frame has led to the perception that racism is a problem that must be historically transcended rather than solved. In other words, it is through the widespread dissemination of black history during Black History Month and elsewhere that the historical category of the post‐racial era has been constituted. The postracial era is not, as is so often claimed, a denial of historical context. On the contrary, it is an assertion that the horrors of racist discrimination were once real but are now over and done with.
PEIRCE AND FOUCAULT ON TIME AND HISTORY: THE TASKS OF (DIS)CONTINUITY
Authors: CARDOSO HÉLIO REBELLO 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTSome have recognized an affinity between Pragmatist thought and that of Foucault, though this affinity is typically cashed out in terms of William James and John Dewey and not Charles Sanders Peirce. This article argues that bringing Foucault and Peirce into collaboration not only shows the relevance of Peirce for Foucault, and vice versa, but also enriches the thought of both thinkers—indeed, it also reveals important implications for the theory of history more generally. Specifically, the article crosses the Peircean concept of habit and the Foucauldian concept of practice (as it operates in the arenas of discourse, power, and self), ultimately decoding them in terms of an account of time that derives from Peirce and that gives a fundamental role to discontinuity. In this way the article shows how Peirce can provide Foucault with an account of time that buttresses and grounds his genealogical approach to history, while at the same time revealing how Foucault can provide Peirce with an account of history. The synergy between the two thinkers offers a way to think about the nature of history that goes beyond what each thinker individually provided.
THE RULES OF THE GAME IN THE STUDY OF ANCIENT HISTORY
Authors: MOMIGLIANO ARNALDO , YU KENNETH W. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT“The Rules of the Game,” expounded in ten remarkably bold theses, can easily be read as a synthetic retrospective or introduction to the formidable oeuvre of Arnaldo Momigliano. Indeed, this piece served as the opening chapter to his Introduzione bibliografica alla storia greca fino a Socrate (Florence: La Nuova Italia, 1975), and its subsequent reprints as an independent essay in several Italian journals and anthologies signal its importance for Momigliano. In this provocative and occasionally brilliantly witty essay, Momigliano sets forth his programmatic views on the ethos of the historian, as well as on the historical method and its applications in the study of ancient history. Here, as elsewhere, Momigliano is interested in detailing the link between ancient documents and their historical interpretations in later millennia. Ancient sources, he cautions, do not capture ancient realities transparently or completely, but are mediated documents whose historical value hinges, within certain limits, on the historian's analytical questions, inflected as they inevitably are by different ideological commitments. For this reason, he places special emphasis on the comparative method, stressing difference rather than similarity, and advises that historians with various areas of expertise collaborate, a point underscored throughout the essay. What is more, the essay contains the salutary reminder that the historian ought to attend not only to the surviving documents but also to the conspicuous silences and lacunae in the evidence.