bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acquisition of skilled finger movements is accompanied by reorganization of the corticospinal system
Authors: Hirano Masato , Kubota Shinji , Furuya Shinichi , Koizume Yoshiki , Tanaka Shinya , Funase Kozo 
Published: November 2017

Dexterous finger movements are often characterized by highly coordinated movements. Such coordination might be derived from reorganization of the corticospinal system. In this study, we investigated 1) the manner in which finger movement covariation patterns are acquired, by examining the effects of the implicit and explicit learning of a serial reaction time task (SRTT), and 2) how such changes in finger coordination are represented in the corticospinal system. The subjects learned a button press sequence in both implicit and explicit learning conditions. In the implicit conditions, they were naive about what they were learning, whereas in the explicit conditions the subjects consciously learned the order of the sequence elements. Principal component analysis decomposed both the voluntary movements produced during the SRTT and the passive movements evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex into a set of five finger joint covariation patterns. The structures of the voluntary and passive TMS-evoked movement patterns were reorganized by implicit learning but not explicit learning. Furthermore, in the implicit learning conditions the finger covariation patterns derived from the TMS-evoked and voluntary movements spanned similar movement subspaces. These results provide the first evidence that skilled sequential finger movements are acquired differently through implicit and explicit learning, i.e., the changes in finger coordination patterns induced by implicit learning are accompanied by functional reorganization of the corticospinal system, whereas explicit learning results in faster recruitment of individual finger movements without causing any changes in finger coordination. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Skilled sequential multifinger movements are characterized as highly coordinated movement patterns. These finger coordination patterns are represented in the corticospinal system, yet it still remains unclear how these patterns are acquired through implicit and explicit motor sequence learning. A direct comparison of learning-related changes between actively generated finger movements and passively evoked finger movements by TMS provided evidence that finger coordination patterns represented in the corticospinal system are reorganized through implicit, but not explicit, sequence learning.
The Next Frontier: Head and Neck Cancer Immunoprevention
Authors: Gutkind J. Silvio , Bui Jack D. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Restoring T cell–mediated antitumor immunity by targeting immune checkpoint inhibitors in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) results in immunomodulation and durable remissions. However, the overall response rate to these immunotherapies in HNSCC is only approximately 20%. This raises the possibility that immunologic intervention earlier in the HNSCC continuum, such as in oral premalignant lesions (OPL) could elicit an increased therapeutic response. New experimental studies suggest that immune therapies can be used for HNSCC prevention rather than therapy. Given the current excitement for precision medicine, these findings support the future development of multimodality approaches for preventive immune oncology. Cancer Prev Res; 10(12); 681–3. ©2017 AACR.
See related article by Jin Wang, et al., p. 684
‘It Brings Generation to Generation:’ An Introduction and Annotated Translation of Ben-Zion Mossinson’s ‘Land and Language in the Evolution of Zionism’
Authors: Bernstein Judah M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
In 1916, Hebrew educator and Zionist official Ben-Zion Mossinson embarked on a multiyear stay in America following his expulsion from Ottoman Palestine. He joined forces there with other prominent Eastern European and Palestinian Zionist envoys – Shemaryahu Levin, Menachem Sheinkin, and Baer Epshtein, to name a few – all of whom worked as itinerant propagandists, crisscrossing the country in search of potential donors and new recruits. While in America, Mossinson published his brief reflections on the history of Zionism and the essence of Jewish culture, ‘Land and Language in the Evolution of Zionism,’ and delivered speeches based on this article. ‘Land and Language,’ translated below from the original Yiddish, sheds light on the contours of Zionism in America during the war.
Changing Conceptions of Masculinity in the Marital Landscape of Africa
Authors: Teiko Nii Okain 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Recent critical studies of men have focused on multiple masculinities and the need for a change in theorizing the hegemonic constructions of gender. This growing body of scholarship has influenced literary studies, particularly in the readings of male characters as presented in literary works. The portraiture of the male characters in Aidoo’s Changes and Emecheta’s The Joys of Motherhood has attracted the attention of critics who examine the conflicted hegemonic constructions of masculinity mediated by the powerful forces of colonialism and modernity. These critics contest the patriarchal privileges of masculinity and redefine the gender constructions of both sexes to reflect current studies which focus on the plurality, fluidity, and complexities of masculine roles. This paper argues that Aidoo and Emecheta’s novels depict a hybridism of masculinities, in the context of marriage, in which both the male and the female characters strive to maintain a balance between their traditional African roles as husbands/wives, fathers/mothers and maintain an imitated eurocentric display of love and affection in enacting their roles in the marital enterprise.
Electoral Music Reception
Authors: Osiebe Garhe 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Audiences in Africa are a grossly under-researched demographic. This paper centres on the comparative analysis of two electoral audience-based surveys conducted between April and September 2012 in the Nigerian states of Bayelsa and Lagos; following the April 2011 presidential election in Nigeria that ushered the erstwhile President Goodluck Jonathan into power. The surveys sought to know the electorates’ reaction to the electoral campaign songs that endorsed Jonathan and how these songs informed their choice of candidate. The paper’s analysis combines an appreciation of the surveys’ results and the surveys’ procedure while focusing on the middle-ground between aesthetics and politics in the context.
Comparison of Mechanisms for Low-Frequency Variability of Summer Arctic Sea Ice in Three Coupled Models
Authors: Li Dawei , Zhang Rong , Knutson Thomas 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
In this study the mechanisms for low-frequency variability of summer Arctic sea ice are analyzed using long control simulations from three coupled models (GFDL CM2.1, GFDL CM3, and NCAR CESM). Despite different Arctic sea ice mean states, there are many robust features in the response of low-frequency summer Arctic sea ice variability to the three key predictors (Atlantic and Pacific oceanic heat transport into the Arctic and the Arctic dipole) across all three models. In all three models, an enhanced Atlantic (Pacific) heat transport into the Arctic induces summer Arctic sea ice decline and surface warming, especially over the Atlantic (Pacific) sector of the Arctic. A positive phase of the Arctic dipole induces summer Arctic sea ice decline and surface warming on the Pacific side, and opposite changes on the Atlantic side. There is robust Bjerknes compensation at low frequency, so the northward atmospheric heat transport provides a negative feedback to summer Arctic sea ice variations. The influence of the Arctic dipole on summer Arctic sea ice extent is more (less) effective in simulations with less (excessive) climatological summer sea ice in the Atlantic sector. The response of Arctic sea ice thickness to the three key predictors is stronger in models that have thicker climatological Arctic sea ice.
No Surface Cooling over Antarctica from the Negative Greenhouse Effect Associated with Instantaneous Quadrupling of CO2 Concentrations
Authors: Smith Karen L. , Chiodo Gabriel , Previdi Michael , Polvani Lorenzo M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Over the highest elevations of Antarctica, during many months of the year, air near the surface is colder than in much of the overlying atmosphere. This unique feature of the Antarctic atmosphere has been shown to result in a negative greenhouse effect and a negative instantaneous radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere , when carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations are increased, and it has been suggested that this effect might play some role in te recent cooling trends observed over East Antarctica. Here, using fully coupled global climate model integrations, in addition to radiative transfer model calculations, the authors confirm the existence of such a negative over parts of Antarctica in response to an instantaneous quadrupling of CO2. However, it is also shown that the instantaneous radiative forcing at the tropopause is positive. Further, the negative lasts only a few days following the imposed perturbation, and rapidly disappears as the stratosphere cools in response to increased CO2. As a consequence, like the , the stratosphere-adjusted radiative forcing at the TOA is positive over all of Antarctica and, in the model presented herein, surface temperatures increase everywhere over that continent in response to quadrupled CO2. The results, therefore, clearly demonstrate that the curious negative instantaneous radiative forcing plays no role in the recently observed East Antarctic cooling.
Uncertainty of Hydrological Model Components in Climate Change Studies over Two Nordic Quebec Catchments
Authors: Troin Magali , Arsenault Richard , Martel Jean-Luc , Brissette François 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Projected climate change effects on hydrology are investigated for the 2041–60 horizon under the A2 emission scenarios using a multimodel approach over two snowmelt-dominated catchments in Canada. An ensemble of 105 members was obtained by combining seven snow models (SMs), five potential evapotranspiration (PET) methods, and three hydrological model (HM) structures. The study was performed using high-resolution simulations from the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM–15 km) driven by two members of the third-generation Canadian Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM3). This study aims to compare various combinations of SM–PET–HM in terms of their ability to simulate streamflows under the current climate and to evaluate how they affect the assessment of the climate change–induced hydrological impacts at the catchment scale. The variability of streamflow response caused by the use of different SMs (degree-day versus degree-day/energy balance), PET methods (temperature-based versus radiation-based methods), and HM structures is evaluated, as well as the uncertainty due to the natural climate variability (CRCM intermember variability). The hydroclimatic simulations cover 1961–90 in the present period and 2041–60 in the future period. The ensemble spread of the climate change signal on streamflow is large and varies with catchments. Using the variance decomposition on three hydrologic indicators, the HM structure was found to make the most substantial contribution to uncertainty, followed by the choice of the PET methods or natural climate variability, depending on the hydrologic indicator and the catchment. Snow models played a minor, almost negligible role in the assessment of the climate change impacts on streamflow for the study catchments.
Fusion of Multisensor SSTs Based on the Spatiotemporal Hierarchical Bayesian Model
Authors: Zhu Yuxin , Bo Yanchen , Zhang Jinzong , Wang Yuexiang 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis study focuses on merging MODIS-mapped SSTs with 4-km spatial resolution and AMSR-E optimally interpolated SSTs at 25-km resolution. A new data fusion method was developed—the Spatiotemporal Hierarchical Bayesian Model (STHBM). This method, which is implemented through the Markov chain Monte Carlo technique utilized to extract inferential results, is specified hierarchically by decomposing the SST spatiotemporal process into three subprocesses, that is, the spatial trend process, the seasonal cycle process, and the spatiotemporal random effect process. Spatial-scale transformation and spatiotemporal variation are introduced into the fusion model through the data model and model parameters, respectively, with suitably selected link functions. Compared with two modern spatiotemporal statistical methods—the Bayesian maximum entropy and the robust fixed rank kriging—STHBM has the following strength: it can simultaneously meet the expression of uncertainties from data and model, seamless scale transformation, and SST spatiotemporal process simulation. Utilizing multisensors’ complementation, merged data with complete spatial coverage, high resolution (4 km), and fine spatial pattern lying in MODIS SSTs can be obtained through STHBM. The merged data are assessed for local spatial structure, overall accuracy, and local accuracy. The evaluation results illustrate that STHBM can provide spatially complete SST fields with reasonably good data values and acceptable errors, and that the merged SSTs collect fine spatial patterns lying in MODIS SSTs with fine resolution. The accuracy of merged SSTs is between MODIS and AMSR-E SSTs. The contribution to the accuracy and the spatial pattern of the merged SSTs from the original MODIS SSTs is stronger than that of the original AMSR-E SSTs.
Transitioning Towards New Ways of Working: Do Job Demands, Job Resources, Burnout, and Engagement Change?
Authors: Van Steenbergen Elianne F. , van der Ven Cilia , Peeters Maria C. W. , Taris Toon W. 
Published: November 2017

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a mandatory transition to New Ways of Working (NWW) on employees’ job demands (i.e., mental demands, workload, and task ambiguity), job resources (i.e., autonomy, supervisor support, coworker support, and possibilities for development), and their levels of burnout and work engagement. Additionally, it was investigated whether the effects of the transition depended on employees’ personal resources (Psychological Capital—PsyCap). Design/methodology/approach We investigated an organization in transition. In three waves (one before and two after the transition), data were collected via online surveys among 126 employees of a large Dutch provider of financial services. Findings NWW were beneficial in reducing mental demands and workload and did not harm the relationships with supervisor and coworkers. However, autonomy and possibilities for professional development decreased. Burnout and work engagement remained stable over time. The effects of the transition did not depend on employees’ PsyCap. Implications NWW have received a very positive popular press. Scientific evidence for its beneficial and/or adverse effects on worker well-being can help organizations making an informed decision when considering NWW. Moreover, this can help to develop targeted interventions that alleviate the negative consequences (e.g., paying extra attention to professional development). Originality/value This is one of the first longitudinal studies in which employees were followed who transitioned to NWW. Building on the Job Demands-Resources model, this study provides a comprehensive picture of the effects of NWW.
Core needle biopsy of thyroid nodules: outcomes and safety from a large single-center single-operator study
Authors: Choe Jooae , Baek Jung Hwan , Park Hye Sun , Choi Young Jun , Lee Jeong Hyun 
Published: November 2017

Background There currently remains a debate over the use of core needle biopsy (CNB) or fine needle aspiration (FNA) for diagnosis of thyroid nodules. The major drawbacks of previous CNB studies include heterogeneity of the study population, variable techniques, devices, and operator experience affecting the outcome of the procedure. Purpose To assess the diagnostic performance and safety of CNB of thyroid nodules performed by a single experienced operator in consecutive patients. Material and Methods From January 2012 to December 2012, 538 thyroid nodules that underwent CNB were retrospectively evaluated. All CNB procedures were performed by a single operator with 18 years of experience. The histopathology of the surgical specimens was considered as the standard reference for malignancy. A final diagnosis of benignity was made by surgery, one benign lesion on FNA and/or CNB with no change on follow-up examinations (>1 year) or benign lesion on ≥2 FNA and/or CNB. The diagnostic performance, incidence of technical failure, unnecessary surgery, and complication were evaluated. Results The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of CNB for malignancy were 92.0%, 85.3%, and 100%, respectively. The non-diagnostic result rate of CNB was 4.8% (26/538) and the inconclusive result rate was 24.3% (131/538). The incidence of technical failure was 0.6% (3/541) and unnecessary surgery was 0.6%. The complication rate was 0.2%, without life-threatening complications. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 85.3% (156/183), 100.0% (154/154), and 92.0% (310/337), respectively. Conclusion CNB shows a high diagnostic performance for detection of thyroid malignancy and follicular neoplasm, with low rates of technical failure and complications.
Meeting the needs of local communities and businesses: From transactional to eco-leadership in the English further education sector
Authors: Boocock Andrew 
Published: November 2017

Leadership in the post-incorporation English further education system has not been distributed in nature, but transactional, driven by the external demands of funding and inspection regimes. However, in the light of the current rhetoric of localism in further education policy there is a view that distributed leadership would be an appropriate alternative form of leadership within this context. This article reviews the education literature and argues that distributed leadership should be introduced to the sector, but that on its own this will be insufficient for addressing the government’s agenda of meeting the human capital needs of businesses, needs-based equity for disadvantaged adults, or the wider benefits of education. This is because distributed leadership, whilst involving a dispersion of responsibility, may not equate to a dispersion of power. To disperse power to local areas and to facilitate an authentic distributed leadership focused on local stakeholders a policy of localism that encourages self-governance and open systems is needed. More specifically flexible accountability arrangements are required that encourage strategy and leadership at the local level. Such distributed leadership embedded within a local governance that facilitates dispersed power to key local stakeholders is similar to what is described as eco-leadership in the leadership literature.
Opioid prescribing in general practice: use of a two-stage review tool to identify and assess high-dose prescribing
Authors: Ponton Rhys , Sawyer Richard 
Published: November 2017

Background: Long-term opioid analgesic prescribing in chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) is a growing worldwide concern. This has implications for optimal healthcare management in general and chronic pain management specifically. This work documents the development of a review tool and its use in the South West of England in a locality that showed opioid prescribing levels higher than surrounding localities. Methods: An electronic tool which enabled calculation of total prescribed morphine-equivalent doses was developed to allow general practitioners (GPs) to undertake reviews of CNCP patients. This tool was used to assess strong opioid prescribing over a 3-month period at every GP practice (n = 41) in the locality. Every prescription for morphine, oxycodone, pethidine and fentanyl during this period was included. Aspects assessed included drug(s) prescribed, dose prescribed, whether tramadol was prescribed concurrently, whether the drugs were potentially being overused and/or whether the patient was in palliative care. Patients prescribed over 120 mg morphine equivalent per day were reviewed in greater depth, as this is an indication for specialist input. Results: In total, 1881 patients received a prescription in the assessment period. Morphine was the most commonly prescribed drug (n = 847). In all, 363 CNCP patients were prescribed a dose equal to or above 120 mg morphine a day, with a maximum morphine-equivalent dose of 890 mg being prescribed. Over 11% (n = 211) of patients were concurrently prescribed tramadol. The most frequently cited reason for prescription of high-dose opioids was found to be a musculoskeletal pain of the back, neck, joints or limbs. The care of 85 specific CNCP patients was reviewed and optimised. Discussion: No published work to date has documented such an in-depth analysis of primary-care opioid analgesic prescribing utilising prescriber data. Assessing total-dose morphine-equivalent prescribing using this method provides valuable insights into the potential need for urgent medication review. The tool developed may be of value to other GP practices following validation.
Muscle atrophy and recovery of individual thigh muscles as measured by magnetic resonance imaging scan during treatment with cast for ankle or foot fracture
Authors: Yamauchi Koun , Yoshiko Akito , Suzuki Shigetoshi , Kato Chisato , Akima Hiroshi , Kato Takayuki , Ishida Koji 
Published: November 2017

Purpose: We aimed to longitudinally investigate individual thigh muscle changes using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during treatment with cast of ankle or foot fracture. Moreover, we aimed to demonstrate whether measurements of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) are sensitive to muscle changes, contributing to simpler methods in clinical application . Methods: Ten patients undergoing treatment with cast of acute ankle or foot fractures were studied. Axial MRI (1.5 T) was conducted around the affected mid-thigh region after the injury (Pre), after maintaining a nonweight-bearing (NWB) period (approximately 28 days), and after finishing rehabilitation (recovery). Regarding individual thigh muscles, the total CSAs corresponding to 40% of the femoral length (FL) and the CSAs at 5% interval of the FL were longitudinally measured. Standardized response means (SRMs) were accessed for sensitivity in the muscle changes. Results: The total CSAs at NWB were significantly lower than those at Pre in vastus lateralis (10.9% ± 5.4%), vastus intermedius (8.4% ± 6.7%), and vastus medialis (11.2% ± 6.9%) ( p < 0.01 for all). In contrast, at recovery, the only significant muscle atrophy relative to that at Pre was observed in the semitendinosus of the proximal 15% and 10% CSAs ( p < 0.01 and p = 0.01, respectively). In all muscles, SRM using a single-slice CSA at or near the muscle belly was high. Conclusion: Thigh muscle changes differ according to the variations in individual muscles. CSA measurements at or near the muscle belly are simple methods and sensitive indicators of these muscle changes.