bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serum thyroxine and thyroid‐stimulating hormone concentration in hyperthyroid cats that develop azotaemia after radioiodine therapy
Authors: Peterson M. E. , Nichols R. , Rishniw M. 
Published: June 2017

ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to determine which serum thyroid hormone test best identifies iatrogenic hypothyroidism in cats that develop azotaemia after radioiodine treatment and to determine which thyroid test best differentiates these azotaemic, hypothyroid cats from azotaemic, radioiodine‐treated euthyroid cats, as well as from azotaemic cats with chronic kidney disease and no history of thyroid disease.Materials and MethodsA total of 42 hyperthyroid cats that developed azotaemia (serum creatinine ê220 µmol/L) after radioiodine treatment had serum concentrations of thyroxine and free thyroxine by dialysis and thyroid‐stimulating hormone measured at 3, 6 and 12 months. Iatrogenic hypothyroidism was confirmed (n=28) or excluded (n=14) on the basis of thyroid scintigraphy. A total of 14 cats with chronic kidney disease and 166 clinically normal cats underwent similar serum thyroid testing and scintigraphy.ResultsConcentrations of thyroxine and free thyroxine were lower and thyroid‐stimulating hormone higher in hypothyroid cats than in all three groups of euthyroid cats (P<0·0001). Of the hypothyroid cats, thyroxine and free thyroxine concentrations were low in 15 (53·6%) and seven (25%), respectively. Low serum thyroxine and free thyroxine concentrations were also detected in seven (50%) and two (14·3%) of the cats with chronic kidney disease. Thyroid‐stimulating hormone concentrations were elevated in all hypothyroid cats but remained within the reference interval in all three groups of euthyroid cats. Serum thyroid‐stimulating hormone had a higher test sensitivity and specificity than either thyroxine or free thyroxine concentration.Clinical SignificanceThe finding of high serum thyroid‐stimulating hormone concentrations best identifies feline iatrogenic hypothyroidism and differentiates it from non‐thyroidal illness syndrome in cats that develop azotaemia after treatment.
The Processing of English Derived Words by Chinese‐English Bilinguals
Authors: Li Junmin , Taft Marcus , Xu Joe 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis study examined the sensitivity of Chinese‐English bilinguals to derivational word structure in English. In the first experiment, English monolinguals showed masked priming effects for prime‐target pairs related both transparently (e.g., hunter‐HUNT) and opaquely (e.g., corner‐CORN) but not for those related purely in terms of form (e.g., freeze‐FREE), whereas bilinguals showed priming in all three conditions. Furthermore, stronger form priming was found for bilinguals who were less experienced in English. A second experiment showed that bilingual participants found it harder to identify items as nonwords when the words possessed a suffix (e.g., animalful) than when they did not (e.g., animalfil), and this was true in terms of accuracy even for bilinguals with less exposure to English. Overall, these findings suggest that Chinese‐English bilinguals, regardless of proficiency, have some sensitivity to morphological structure and that greater proficiency leads to priming effects that tend to pattern more like those of monolinguals.
Coordinated mineralogical and isotopic analyses of a cosmic symplectite discovered in a comet 81P/Wild 2 sample
Authors: Nguyen Ann N. , Berger Eve L. , Nakamura‐Messenger Keiko , Messenger Scott , Keller Lindsay P. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe have discovered in a Stardust mission terminal particle a unique mineralogical assemblage of symplectically intergrown pentlandite ((Fe,Ni)9S8) and nanocrystalline maghemite (γ‐Fe2O3). Mineralogically similar cosmic symplectites (COS) have only been found in the primitive carbonaceous chondrite Acfer 094 and are believed to have formed by aqueous alteration. The O and S isotopic compositions of the Wild 2 COS are indistinguishable from terrestrial values. The metal and sulfide precursors were thus oxidized by an isotopically equilibrated aqueous reservoir either inside the snow line, in the Wild 2 comet, or in a larger Kuiper Belt object. Close association of the Stardust COS with a Kool mineral assemblage (kosmochloric Ca‐rich pyroxene, FeO‐rich olivine, and albite) that likely originated in the solar nebula suggests the COS precursors also had a nebular origin and were transported from the inner solar system to the comet‐forming region after they were altered.
Zygomaticomaxillary suture maturation: Part II—The influence of sutural maturation on the response to maxillary protraction
Authors: Angelieri F. , Ruellas A. C. , Yatabe M. S. , Cevidanes L. H. S. , Franchi L. , Toyama‐Hino C. , De Clerck H. J. , Nguyen T. , McNamara J. A. 
Published: June 2017

Structured AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the influence of the maturational stages of zygomaticomaxillary sutures (ZMS) on the response to maxillary protraction.Subjects and MethodsA total of 40 Class III patients were treated retrospectively with either a combination of rapid maxillary expansion and facial mask (RME/FM) or bone‐anchored maxillary protraction (BAMP). The RME/FM group consisted of 18 patients (mean age 8.3 years), while the BAMP group was comprised of 22 patients (mean age 11.8 years). The initial CBCT images (T1) of the ZMSs were classified blindly. 3D models from CBCT images at the start and at the end of orthopaedic treatment were registered on the anterior cranial base, and corresponding structures were measured on colour‐coded maps and semitransparent overlays. The amounts of protraction of the maxilla, zygoma, orbitale and maxillary first molars for both groups were analysed with two‐way ANOVA with Holm‐Sidak post hoc test for multiple comparisons.ResultsA significant association was found between the early maturation stages of the ZMSs and the amount of maxillary protraction, regardless of the protraction method used. Class III patients with ZMS stages A and B showed greater maxillary protraction than patients at stage C.ConclusionThe maturational stages of ZMS are associated with the response maxillary protraction.
Show Who the Money? Teacher Sorting Patterns and Performance Pay across U.S. School Districts
Authors: Jones Michael , Hartney Michael T. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractPay for performance (PFP) remains one of the most controversial policy debates in the New Public Management reform era. Skepticism about PFP in the public sector is often grounded in theories of public service motivation that suggest a misalignment between PFP's focus on extrinsic market‐based pay incentives and intrinsically motivated government workers. Frequently missing from this analysis, however, is any consideration for whether PFP leads to positive “sorting” effects on the composition of a government agency's workforce through attraction, selection, and attrition processes. Using data from two waves of the Schools and Staffing Survey, the authors examine whether PFP influences the sorting patterns of K–12 public schoolteachers across U.S. school districts. Findings show that, on average, school districts that adopted PFP secured new teacher hires who had graduated from colleges and universities with average SAT scores that were about 30 points higher than the new teacher cohorts hired by districts that did not adopt PFP.
The Nucleocapsid Protein and Nonstructural Protein 10 of Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Enhance CD83 Production via NF-κB and Sp1 Signaling Pathways
Authors: Chen Xi , Zhang Qiaoya , Bai Juan , Zhao Yongxiang , Wang Xianwei , Wang Haiyan , Jiang Ping 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), is a panzootic disease that is one of the most economically costly diseases to the swine industry. A key aspect of PRRSV virulence is that the virus suppresses the innate immune response and induces persistent infection, although the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. The dendritic cell (DC) marker CD83 belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and is associated with DC activation and immunosuppression of T cell proliferation when expressed as soluble CD83 (sCD83). In this study, we show that PRRSV infection strongly stimulates CD83 expression in porcine monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) and that the nucleocapsid (N) protein and nonstructural protein 10 (nsp10) of PRRSV enhance CD83 promoter activity via the NF-κB and Sp1 signaling pathways. R43A and K44A amino acid substitution mutants of the N protein suppress the N protein-mediated increase of CD83 promoter activity. Similarly, P192-5A and G214-3A mutants of nsp10 (with 5 and 3 alanine substitutions beginning at residues P192 and G214, respectively) abolish the nsp10-mediated induction of the CD83 promoter. Using reverse genetics, four mutant viruses (rR43A, rK44A, rP192-5A, and rG214-3A) and four revertants [rR43A(R), rK44A(R), rP192-5A(R), and rG214-3A(R)] were generated. Decreased induction of CD83 in MoDCs was observed after infection by mutants rR43A, rK44A, rP192-5A, and rG214-3A, in contrast to the results obtained using rR43A(R), rK44A(R), rP192-5A(R), and rG214-3A(R). These findings suggest that PRRSV N and nsp10 play important roles in modulating CD83 signaling and shed light on the mechanism by which PRRSV modulates host immunity.

IMPORTANCE
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most economically costly pathogens affecting the swine industry. It is unclear how PRRSV inhibits the host's immune response and induces persistent infection. The dendritic cell (DC) marker CD83 belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and has previously been associated with DC activation and immunosuppression of T cell proliferation and differentiation when expressed as soluble CD83 (sCD83). In this study, we found that PRRSV infection induces sCD83 expression in porcine MoDCs via the NF-κB and Sp1 signaling pathways. The viral nucleocapsid protein, nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1), and nsp10 were shown to enhance CD83 promoter activity. Amino acids R43 and K44 of the N protein, as well as residues 192 to 196 (P192-5) and 214 to 216 (G214-3) of nsp10, play important roles in CD83 promoter activation. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of immune suppression by PRRSV.
Filamentous Fungi
Authors: Powers-Fletcher Margaret V. , Kendall Brian A. , Griffin Allen T. , Hanson Kimberly E. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTFilamentous mycoses are often associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Prompt diagnosis and aggressive treatment are essential for good clinical outcomes in immunocompromised patients. The host immune response plays an essential role in determining the course of exposure to potential fungal pathogens. Depending on the effectiveness of immune response and the burden of organism exposure, fungi can either be cleared or infection can occur and progress to a potentially fatal invasive disease. Nonspecific cellular immunity (i.e., neutrophils, natural killer [NK] cells, and macrophages) combined with T-cell responses are the main immunologic mechanisms of protection. The most common potential mold pathogens include certain hyaline hyphomycetes, endemic fungi, theMucorales, and some dematiaceous fungi. Laboratory diagnostics aimed at detecting and differentiating these organisms are crucial to helping clinicians make informed decisions about treatment. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the medically important fungal pathogens, as well as to discuss the patient characteristics, antifungal-therapy considerations, and laboratory tests used in current clinical practice for the immunocompromised host.
Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses
Authors: Dunn James J. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT
Infections with enteroviruses and human parechoviruses are highly prevalent, particularly in neonates, where they may cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Individuals with B-cell-related immunodeficiencies are at risk for severe enteroviral infections, usually a chronic and fatal meningoencephalitis. In transplant recipients and patients with malignancy, enterovirus infections typically involve the respiratory tract, but cases of severe, disseminated infection have been described. The mainstay of diagnosis for enterovirus and human parechovirus infections involves the use of molecular diagnostic techniques. However, routine nucleic acid-detection methods for enteroviruses will not detect human parechoviruses. Laboratory diagnosis of these viral infections is important in determining a patient’s prognosis and guiding clinical management.
Epstein-Barr Virus
Authors: Nowalk Andrew , Green Michael 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT
This review covers relevant clinical and laboratory information relating to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections in immunocompromised hosts. It describes the epidemiology and clinical manifestations with a primary focus on disease in solid organ and stem cell transplant recipients. The review pays particular attention to diagnostic approaches, including serologic testing and imaging, with an expanded discussion on the role of measuring the EBV load in peripheral blood, identifying both strengths and limitations of this assay. Additional attention is paid to potential additional strategies of immunologic monitoring that may enhance the performance of EBV load monitoring.
Herpes Simplex Virus and Varicella-Zoster Virus
Authors: Levin Myron J. , Weinberg Adriana , Schmid D. Scott 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT
The most common specimens from immunocompromised patients that are analyzed for detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) or varicella-zoster virus (VZV) are from skin lesions. Many types of assays are applicable to these samples, but some, such as virus isolation and direct fluorescent antibody testing, are useful only in the early phases of the lesions. In contrast, nucleic acid (NA) detection methods, which generally have superior sensitivity and specificity, can be applied to skin lesions at any stage of progression. NA methods are also the best choice, and sometimes the only choice, for detecting HSV or VZV in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous or vitreous humor, and from mucosal surfaces. NA methods provide the best performance when reliability and speed (within 24 hours) are considered together. They readily distinguish the type of HSV detected or the source of VZV detected (wild type or vaccine strain). Nucleic acid detection methods are constantly being improved with respect to speed and ease of performance. Broader applications are under study, such as the use of quantitative results of viral load for prognosis and to assess the efficacy of antiviral therapy.
The importance of geologists and geology in tsunami science and tsunami hazard
Authors: Tappin David R. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Up until the late 1980s geology contributed very little to the study of tsunamis because most were generated by earthquakes which were mainly the domain of seismologists. In 1987–88 however, sediments deposited as tsunamis flooded land were discovered. Subsequently they began to be widely used to identify prehistorical tsunami events, providing a longer-term record than previously available from historical accounts. The sediments offered an opportunity to better define tsunami frequency that could underpin improved risk assessment. When over 2200 people died from a catastrophic tsunami in Papua New Guinea (PNG) in 1998, and a submarine landslide was controversially proven to be the mechanism, marine geologists provided the leadership that led to the identification of this previously unrecognized danger. The catastrophic tsunami in the Indian Ocean in 2004 confirmed the critical importance of sedimentological research in understanding tsunamis. In 2011, the Japan earthquake and tsunami further confirmed the importance of both sediments in tsunami hazard mitigation and the dangers from seabed sediment failures in tsunami generation. Here we recount the history of geological involvement in tsunami science and its importance in advancing understanding of the extent, magnitude and nature of the hazard from tsunamis.
Rat supraspinatus tendon responds acutely and chronically to exercise
Authors: Rooney Sarah Ilkhanipour , Torino Daniel J. , Baskin Rachel , Vafa Rameen P. , Kuntz Andrew F. , Soslowsky Louis J. 
Published: June 2017

The objective of this study was to identify acute responses and chronic adaptations of supraspinatus tendon to noninjurious exercise. We hypothesized that chronic exercise (EX) increases tendon mechanical properties, and a single exercise bout increases matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity acutely. Rats were divided into acute or chronic EX or cage activity groups. Animals in acute EX groups were euthanized, 3, 12, 24, 48, or 72 h upon completion of a single bout of exercise (10 m/min, 1 h) on a flat treadmill. Animals in chronic EX groups walked on a flat treadmill for 3 days or 1, 2, or 8 wk. Tendon histology, MMP activity, and mechanics were measured. A single bout of exercise trended toward reducing tendon mechanical properties, but 2 or 8 wk of chronic EX increased tendon mechanics. Cell density was not affected. Cells became rounder with chronic EX. All tendons were highly organized. MMP activity decreased after a single bout of exercise and returned to baseline by 72 h. MMP activity decreased after 8 wk of chronic EX. Decreased MMP activity may indicate an anabolic instead of catabolic response in contrast to injury. Results suggest that mild, acute decreases in MMP activity and tendon mechanics following a single exercise bout lead to enhanced tendon mechanical adaptations with repeated exercise bouts. This study defines acute and chronic changes of MMP activity, mechanical properties, and histology of the rat supraspinatus tendon in response to beneficial exercise and proposes a mechanism by which acute responses translate to chronic adaptations. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The line between beneficial exercise and overuse has not been elucidated. This study defines the acute and chronic temporal response to exercise of supraspinatus tendon in an in vivo model. We found that decreased matrix metalloproteinase activity and tendon mechanics after a single bout of exercise are followed by beneficial chronic adaptations of the tendon with repeated bouts. How the acute responses to exercise lead to chronic adaptations may distinguish beneficial exercise from overuse.
In obese mice, exercise training increases 11β-HSD1 expression, contributing to glucocorticoid activation and suppression of pulmonary inflammation
Authors: Du Shu-Fang , Yu Qing , Chuan Kai , Ye Chang-Lin , He Ze-Jia , Liu Shu-Juan , Zhu Xiao-Yan , Liu Yu-Jian 
Published: June 2017

Exercise training is advocated for treating chronic inflammation and obesity-related metabolic syndromes. Glucocorticoids (GCs), the anti-inflammatory hormones, are synthesized or metabolized in extra-adrenal organs. This study aims to examine whether exercise training affects obesity-associated pulmonary inflammation by regulating local GC synthesis or metabolism. We found that sedentary obese ( ob/ob) mice exhibited increased levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, and leukocyte infiltration in lung tissues compared with lean mice, which was alleviated by 6 wk of exercise training. Pulmonary corticosterone levels were decreased in ob/ob mice. Exercise training increased pulmonary corticosterone levels in both lean and ob/ob mice. Pulmonary corticosterone levels were negatively correlated with IL-1β, IL-18, and MCP-1. Immunohistochemical staining of the adult mouse lung sections revealed positive immunoreactivities for the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1), the steroid 21-hydroxylase (CYP21), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), and type 1 and type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) but not for 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1). Exercise training significantly increased pulmonary 11β-HSD1 expression in both lean and ob/ob mice. In contrast, exercise training per se had no effect on pulmonary 11β-HSD2 expression, although pulmonary 11β-HSD2 levels in ob/ob mice were significantly higher than in lean mice. RU486, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, blocked the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training in lung tissues of obese mice and increased inflammatory cytokines in lean exercised mice. These findings indicate that exercise training increases pulmonary expression of 11β-HSD1, thus contributing to local GC activation and suppression of pulmonary inflammation in obese mice. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Treadmill training leads to a significant increase in pulmonary corticosterone levels in ob/ob mice, which is in parallel with the favorable effects of exercise on obesity-associated pulmonary inflammation. Exercise training increases pulmonary 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) expression but has no significant effect on 11β-HSD2 expression in both lean and ob/ob mice. These findings indicate that exercise training increases pulmonary expression of 11β-HSD1, thus contributing to local glucocorticoid activation and suppression of pulmonary inflammation in obese mice.