bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychopharmacologic theories: a critical review
Authors: Callaway Enoch , Stone George C. 
Published: January 2016

Understanding of the actions of the new psychopharmaeologic drugs must depend upon the development of a theory whieh relates biochemieal or pharmacologic events to behavior. On the biochemical side the problem is formidable and is aggravated by the lack of adequate behavioral referents. Theories constructed by biochemists and pharmacologists may be psychologieally naive, while those proposed by behavioral scientists may greatly oversimplify their treatment of physiologic complexities. A particular difficulty is presented by the ambiguous and subjective psychological terms used in many theories. No single theory so far is consistent with all the empiric data.The majority of studies of the new psychotropic drugs utilize clinical ratings or descriptions on the behavioral side. These studies and those of experimental psychosis suggest some generalizations about drug effects. When specific and objective measures of behavior are used—measures like reaction times, psychophysiologic responses, and rate of conditioning—many contradictory findings emerge. The clarification of these contradictions will require a complex yet integrated theory of behavior. The new psychotropie drugs ean serve as an invaluable class of independent variables to aid in the development of such a theory.
Addiction liability of an isoquinoline analgesic, 1‐(p‐chlorophenethyl)‐2‐methyl‐6,7‐dimethoxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline
Authors: Fraser H. F. , Martin W. R. , Wolbach A. B. , Isbell H. 
Published: January 2016

The addictiveness of a new synthetic isoquinolinc. analgesic (I‐K‐1) has been compared with that of morphine, codeine, and D‐propoxyphene in former opiate addicts. Single oral doses of 600 and 1,200 mg. of I‐K‐1 (ten to seventeen times the recommended anolgesic dose) did not induce subjective or objective patterns of morphinelike effects. Intramuscularly and intravenously, I‐K‐1 was identified as an opiate, but it was not possible to give repeated doses of the drug by these routes because of its water insolubility and tissue irritant properties. When I‐K‐1 was substituted for morphine in patients addicted to morphine, it partially prevented development of withdrawal symptoms, but it was only one‐seventh as potent as codeine in this respect.In a direct addiction test that lasted 60 days, using maximally tolerated doses (750 to 1,500 mg. orally daily), I‐K‐1 was disliked by former addicts and when it was discontinued abruptly withdrawal signs were insignificant. It is concluded that I‐K‐1 has substantially less addiction liability than morphine and codeine and even less addictiveness than D‐propoxyphene.
Differential effects of propranolol on heart rate and plasma renin activity in patients treated with minoxidil
Authors: Velasco M. , Malley K. O , Robie N. W. , Wells J. , Israili Z. H. , McNay J. L. 
Published: January 2016

The relationship between PPC and its effect on minoxidil‐induced increases in PHA and heart rate was examined in 9 patients with essential hypertension. Concomitant with the minoxidil‐induced depression of mean arterial pressure (30.7 ± 3.5 mm Hg, mean ± SEM), heart rate increased from 79.1 ± 3.0 to 100.4 ± 4.6 BPM, and PHA increased from 1.12 ± 0.28 to 8.58 ± 2.83 nglmllhr. Addition of propranolol to minoxidil caused a decrease in heart rate in proportion to log PPC:Δ heart rate = 1.1 − 12.8 log PPC (r, 0.59, p < 0.005)The relationship between PPC and the reduction in PHA was more complex. While a major reduction in PHA was observed at PPC in the range 20 to 60 nglmllhr, there was no consistent effect on PHA at higher PPC. Therefore, maximum antagonism of adrenergicaUy mediated increases in PHA is produced by much lower concentrations of propranolol than maximum suppression of adrenergically mediated increases in heart rate.
A Simple Catalytic Route for Alkyn­ylgermanes
Authors: Rzonsowska Monika , Woźniak Bartosz , Dudziec Beata , Pyziak Jadwiga , Kownacki Ireneusz , Marciniec Bogdan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe report a new one‐pot, iridium(I)‐catalyzed direct method for the synthesis of alkynyl‐substituted germanium compounds with various functional groups from commercially available reagents. More than 25 compounds were obtained and spectroscopically characterized. Moreover, detailed DFT calculations were performed to study the mechanism of the catalytic cycle of the germylative coupling. The results confirm our assumptions that the rate‐determining step of the germylative coupling process is the product‐formation step.
Oxidovanadium Complexes of 2,2′‐Bipyridine, 1,10 Phenanthroline, and p‐Nitro‐o‐aminophenol – Radical versus Nonradical States
Authors: Shit Madhusudan , Bera Sachinath , Maity Suvendu , Maji Subrata , Weyhermüller Thomas , Ghosh Prasanta 
Published: January 2016

Abstract2,2′‐Bipyridine (bpy), 1,10‐phenanthronline (phen) and p‐nitro‐o‐aminophenol (NO2LH2) oxidovanadium complexes of the types [(LONO2–)(VO)(bpy)] (1), [(LONO2–)(VO)(phen)] (2) and [(LONO2–)(VO)(NO2LISQ·–)][NHEt3] (3– NHEt3+; NO2LISQ·– = p‐nitro‐o‐iminobenzosemiquinonate radical) were isolated with (E)‐2‐(3‐hydroxy‐3‐phenyltriaz‐1‐en‐1‐yl)benzoic acid (LONOH2) as a coligand. The single‐crystal X‐ray bond parameters and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra authenticated that 1 and 2 are the oxidovanadium(IV) complexes of bpy and phen, whereas 3– is the NO2LISQ·– complex of oxidovanadium(IV) and undergoes reversible one‐electron oxidation and reduction at lower potentials. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations established that the closed‐shell‐singlet (CSS) solution of 3– is unstable owing to open‐shell‐singlet (OSS) perturbation. The CSS → OSS charge‐transfer transition that appears at λ = 632 nm is absent for 1 and 2. Complex 3 is a hybrid of the [(LONO2–)(VO2+)(NO2LIQ)] (NO2LIQ = p‐nitro‐o‐iminobenzoquinone) and [(LONO2–)(VO3+)(NO2LISQ·–)] states, whereas 32– is an oxidovanadium(IV) complex of the type [(LONO2–)(VO2+)(NO2LAP2–)]2– (NO2LAP2– = p‐nitro‐o‐amidophenolato).
Structural and Conformational Study of the O‐Antigenic Portion of the Lipopolysaccharide Isolated from Burkholderia gladioli pv. cocovenenans
Authors: De Felice Antonia , Silipo Alba , Scherlach Kirstin , Ross Claudia , Hertweck Christian , Molinaro Antonio 
Published: January 2016

AbstractLipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are virulence factors that are expressed on the cell surface of Gram‐negative bacteria. They represent one of the main traits of bacterial virulence. In this paper, we report the primary structure and the conformational features of the O‐chain from the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produced by Burkholderia gladioli pv. cocovenenans, a bacterium often associated with the mucoralean fungus Rhizopus microsporus var. oligosporus, which is traditionally used in food fermentations. With the aim of understanding the organization of bacterial cell‐surface components, we isolated and characterized the following O‐antigenic portions of the LPS from B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans: [→2)‐α‐Rha‐(1→2)‐α‐Aco‐(1→2)‐α‐Rha‐(1→4)‐β‐Gal2Me‐(1→]n and [→2)‐α‐Rha‐(1→2)‐α‐Aco‐(1→2)‐α‐Rha‐(1→4)‐β‐Gal‐(1→]n. A distinctive feature of the O‐chain is the presence of methylated sugar residues. This contributes to the creation of a hydrophobic shield. The experimental data were confirmed by conformational studies, which showed three‐dimensional shapes with different packings and extensions. Such features determine the physicochemical properties of the bacterial envelope, and might contribute to the ability to adapt the membrane surface to the host.
Penta‐2,4‐dien‐1‐ones by Formal [3+2] Cycloaddition–Rearrangement of Electron‐Deficient Diethyl 2‐(Dicyanomethylene)malonate with Alk­ynes
Authors: Donckele Etienne J. , Reekie Tristan A. , Trapp Nils , Diederich François 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe reactions of diethyl 2‐(dicyanomethylene)malonate, an electron‐deficient alkene, with donor‐activated and unactivated alkynes have been investigated. Moderately electron‐rich and unactivated alkynes undergo efficient formal [3+2] cycloaddition–rearrangement cascades to provide the corresponding penta‐2,4‐dien‐1‐one adducts in yields of up to 84 %. The structures of the solid dienone products were confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis. The buta‐1,3‐diene moieties in the dienones do not adopt planar s‐trans conformations but rather nonplanar geometries in which the two olefinic bonds are nearly orthogonal to each other. This transformation proceeds with excellent regioselectivity and with a wide range of alkynes without the need for a catalyst. Under the optimized reaction conditions, no competition with the [2+2] cycloaddition–retroelectrocyclization reaction (CA–RE) was observed.
Power efficient CoMP‐joint transmission with two stage QoSs
Authors: Kim Seung‐Yeon , Cho Choong‐Ho 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPower efficiency has become an important design goal for wireless communications, and a coordinated multi‐point (CoMP) with joint transmission (JT) scheme can be implemented to improve the cell edge throughput by increasing the signal‐to‐interference ratio, which in turn leads to power savings through cooperative transmission. To this end, we propose a power control scheme in which the cooperating base station can reduce its own transmission power while remaining within two stage quality of service (QoS) constraints, including the call‐blocking probability and outage probability. For the two QoS constraints, we introduce call admission control and signal‐to‐interference ratio models for CoMP‐JT that consider a two‐dimensional Markov chain and the sum of multiple exponential random components. The results of the call blocking and outage probabilities are used to obtain the power consumption model and analyse the performance for the CoMP‐JT with the proposed power control technique. Both the analytical and numerical results show that the proposed power control strategy can reduce the power consumption for the cellular network with the two stage QoSs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systems toxicology of chemically induced liver and kidney injuries: histopathology‐associated gene co‐expression modules
Authors: Te Jerez A. , AbdulHameed Mohamed Diwan M. , Wallqvist Anders 
Published: January 2016

AbstractOrgan injuries caused by environmental chemical exposures or use of pharmaceutical drugs pose a serious health risk that may be difficult to assess because of a lack of non‐invasive diagnostic tests. Mapping chemical injuries to organ‐specific histopathology outcomes via biomarkers will provide a foundation for designing precise and robust diagnostic tests. We identified co‐expressed genes (modules) specific to injury endpoints using the Open Toxicogenomics Project‐Genomics Assisted Toxicity Evaluation System (TG‐GATEs) – a toxicogenomics database containing organ‐specific gene expression data matched to dose‐ and time‐dependent chemical exposures and adverse histopathology assessments in Sprague–Dawley rats. We proposed a protocol for selecting gene modules associated with chemical‐induced injuries that classify 11 liver and eight kidney histopathology endpoints based on dose‐dependent activation of the identified modules. We showed that the activation of the modules for a particular chemical exposure condition, i.e., chemical‐time‐dose combination, correlated with the severity of histopathological damage in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, the modules could distinguish different types of injuries caused by chemical exposures as well as determine whether the injury module activation was specific to the tissue of origin (liver and kidney). The generated modules provide a link between toxic chemical exposures, different molecular initiating events among underlying molecular pathways and resultant organ damage. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies: Guidelines for the Counseling Profession
Authors: Ratts Manivong J. , Singh Anneliese A. , Nassar‐McMillan Sylvia , Butler S. Kent , McCullough Julian Rafferty 
Published: January 2016

In 2014, the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD) appointed a committee to revise the Multicultural Counseling Competencies developed by Sue, Arredondo, and McDavis inand operationalized by Arredondo et al. in. This article reflects the updated competencies, titled the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies (MSJCC; Ratts, Singh, Nassar‐McMillan, Butler, & McCullough,), which were endorsed by AMCD on June 29, 2015, and by the American Counseling Association on July 20, 2015. A conceptual framework of the MSJCC visually depicts the relationships among the competencies' key constructs: multicultural and social justice praxis, quadrants, domains, and competencies. Implications are discussed.En 2014, la Asociación para la Consejería y el Desarrollo Multicultural (AMCD, en sus siglas en inglés) formó un comité para revisar las Competencias en Consejería Multicultural desarrolladas por Sue, Arredondo y McDavis en 1992 y operacionalizadas por Arredondo et al. en 1996. Este artículo refleja las competencias actualizadas, denominadas Competencias en Consejería Multicultural y de Justicia Social (MSJCC, en sus siglas en inglés; Ratts, Singh, Nassar‐McMillan, Butler, & McCullough, 2015a), que fueron avaladas por la AMCD el 29 de junio de 2015 y por la Asociación Americana de Consejería el 20 de julio de 2015. Un marco conceptual de las MSJCC muestra visualmente las relaciones entre los constructos principales de las competencias: la praxis multicultural y en justicia social, los cuadrantes, dominios y competencias. Se discuten las implicaciones.
Mouthparts in Leptotrombidium larvae (Acariformes: Trombiculidae)
Authors: Shatrov Andrey B. , Takahashi Mamoru , Misumi Hitoko , Takahashi Yumi 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTMouthparts of Leptotrombidium larvae (Acariformes: Trombiculidae), potential vectors of tsutsugamushi disease agents, were studied in detail using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The mouthparts incorporated within the pseudotagma gnathosoma are composed of the infracapitulum ventrally and the chelicerae dorsally. The ventral wall of the infracapitulum is formed by a wide mentum posteriorly and a narrowed malapophysis anteriorly. The malapophysis firmly envelops the distal cheliceral portions by its lateral walls. The lateral lips of the malapophysis are flexible structures hiding the cheliceral blades in inactive condition and turning back forming a type of temporary sucker closely applied to the host skin during feeding. The roof of the infracapitulum is formed by a weakly sclerotized labrum anteriorly and a cervix with the capitular apodemes extending posteriorly. The labral muscles are lacking. The capitular apodemes serve as origin for pharyngeal dilators running to the dorsal wall of the pharynx fused with the bottom of the infracapitulum. The basal cheliceral segments are separated from each other besides the very posterior portions where they are movably joined by the inner walls. The sigmoid pieces serve for insertion of the cheliceral elevators originating at the posterior portions of the basal segments. The movable digits reveal the solid basal sclerite and the cheliceral blade curved upward with a tricuspid cap on its tip. Dendrites of nerve cells run along the digits to their tips. The ganglia are placed within the basal segments just behind the movable digits. The chelicerae also reveal well developed flexible fixed digits overhanging the basal portions of the blades. The gnathosoma possesses several sets of extrinsic muscles originating at the scutum and at the soft cuticle behind it. Laterally, the gnathosoma bears five‐segmented palps with a trifurcate palpal claw. J. Morphol. 277:424–444, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Toxic effects of lab‐grade butyl rubber stoppers on aerobic methane oxidation
Authors: Niemann Helge , Steinle Lea , Blees Jan , Bussmann Ingeborg , Treude Tina , Krause Stefan , Elvert Marcus , Lehmann Moritz F. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMethods for measuring aerobic methane oxidation (MOx) rates in aquatic environments are often based on the incubation of water samples, during which the consumption of methane (CH4) is monitored. Typically, incubation vessels are sealed with butyl rubber because these elastomers are essentially impermeable for gases. We report on the potential toxicity of five different commercially available, lab‐grade butyl stoppers on MOx activity in samples from marine and lacustrine environments. MOx rates in incubations sealed with non‐halogenated butyl were > 50% lower compared to parallel incubations with halogenated butyl rubber stoppers, suggesting toxic effects associated with the use of the non‐halogenated butyl type. Aqueous extracts of non‐halogenated butyl rubber were contaminated with high amounts of various organic compounds including potential bactericides such as benzyltoluenes and phenylalkanes. Comparably small amounts of organic contaminants were liberated from the halogenated butyl rubber stoppers but only two halogenated stopper types were found that did not seem to leach any organics into the incubation medium. Furthermore, the non‐halogenated and two types of the halogenated butyl elastomers additionally leached comparably high amounts of zinc. While the source of the apparent toxicity with the use of the non‐halogenated rubber stoppers remains elusive, our results indicate that leaching of contaminants from some butyl rubber stoppers can severely interfere with the activity of MOx communities, highlighting the importance of testing rubber stoppers for their respective contamination potential. The impact of leachates from butyl rubber on the assessment of biogeochemical reaction rates other than MOx seems likely but needs to be verified.
Tuning the Mechanical Properties of Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Microgel‐Based Scaffolds to Increase 3D Schwann Cell Proliferation
Authors: Zhou Wenda , Stukel Jessica M. , Cebull Hannah L. , Willits Rebecca Kuntz 
Published: January 2016

2D in vitro studies have demonstrated that Schwann cells prefer scaffolds with mechanical modulus approximately 10× higher than the modulus preferred by nerves, limiting the ability of many scaffolds to promote both neuron extension and Schwann cell proliferation. Therefore, the goals of this work are to develop and characterize microgel‐based scaffolds that are tuned over the stiffness range relevant to neural tissue engineering and investigate Schwann cell morphology, viability, and proliferation within 3D scaffolds. Using thiol‐ene reaction, microgels with surface thiols are produced and crosslinked into hydrogels using a multiarm vinylsulfone (VS). By varying the concentration of VS, scaffold stiffness ranges from 0.13 to 0.76 kPa. Cell morphology in all groups demonstrates that cells are able to spread and interact with the scaffold through day 5. Although the viability in all groups is high, proliferation of Schwann cells within the scaffold ofG* = 0.53 kPa is significantly higher than other groups. This result is ≈5× lower than previously reported optimal stiffnesses on 2D surfaces, demonstrating the need for correlation of 3D cell response to mechanical modulus. As proliferation is the first step in Schwann cell integration into peripheral nerve conduits, these scaffolds demonstrate that the stiffness is a critical parameter to optimizing the regenerative process.image
Molecular classification of fatty liver by high‐throughput profiling of protein post‐translational modifications
Authors: Urasaki Yasuyo , Fiscus Ronald R , Le Thuc T 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe describe an alternative approach to classifying fatty liver by profiling protein post‐translational modifications (PTMs) with high‐throughput capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) immunoassays. Four strains of mice were studied, with fatty livers induced by different causes, such as ageing, genetic mutation, acute drug usage, and high‐fat diet. Nutrient‐sensitive PTMs of a panel of 12 liver metabolic and signalling proteins were simultaneously evaluated with cIEF immunoassays, using nanograms of total cellular protein per assay. Changes to liver protein acetylation, phosphorylation, and O‐N‐acetylglucosamine glycosylation were quantified and compared between normal and diseased states. Fatty liver tissues could be distinguished from one another by distinctive protein PTM profiles. Fatty liver is currently classified by morphological assessment of lipid droplets, without identifying the underlying molecular causes. In contrast, high‐throughput profiling of protein PTMs has the potential to provide molecular classification of fatty liver. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An ambient detection system for visualization of charged particles generated with ionization methods at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Hommersom Bob , Syed Sarfaraz U. A. H. , Eijkel Gert B. , Kilgour David P. A. , Goodlett David R. , Heeren Ron M. A. 
Published: January 2016

RationaleWith the current state‐of‐the‐art detection of ions only taking place under vacuum conditions, active pixel detectors that operate under ambient conditions are of particular interest. These detectors are ideally suited to study and characterize the charge distributions generated by ambient ionization sources.MethodsThe direct imaging capabilities of the active pixel detector are used to investigate the spatial distributions of charged droplets generated by three ionization sources, named electrospray ionization (ESI), paper spray ionization (PSI) and surface acoustic wave nebulization (SAWN). The ionization spray (ESI/PSI) and ionization plume (SAWN) originating from each source are directly imaged. The effect of source parameters such as spray voltage for ESI and PSI, and the angle of the paper spray tip on the charge distributions, is investigated. Two types of SAWN liquid interface, progressive wave (PW) and standing wave (SW), are studied.ResultsDirect charge detection under ambient conditions is demonstrated using an active pixel detector. Direct charge distributions are obtained of weak, homogeneous/focused and dispersed spray plumes by applying low, intermediate and high spray potentials, respectively, for ESI. Spray plume footprints obtained for various angles of PSI shows the possibility to focus the ion beam as a function of the paper angle. Differences between two designs of the SAWN interface are determined. Droplet charge flux changes are illustrated in a way similar to a total ion chromatogram.ConclusionsThe use of this active pixel detector allows the rapid characterization and optimization of different ambient ionization sources without the actual use of a mass spectrometer. Valuable illustrations are obtained of changes in spatial distribution and number of charges detected for ESI, PSI and SAWN ion plumes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.