bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emerson’s Scholar: A Transcendental Response for Sentient Resilience
Authors: Chaves Christopher A. Ulloa 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In this essay, I engage in an interpretive and critical analysis of Emerson’s The American Scholar (1837) essay wherein he states, “Our day of dependence, our longstanding apprenticeship to the learning of other lands, draws to a close.” I assert that the educational philosophy Emerson posits in this essay on how to educate the new American intellectual of his time, which includes curricular engagement with nature, books, action, and the development of the human traits Emerson characterized as “man thinking,” continues to be relevant for informing contemporary forms of liberal learning curricula; indeed, some of these curricula can represent a Transcendentalist response to the decaying effects of neo-liberal economic interests, anti-intellectual impulses, and the neglect of the perennial idea of learning for its own sake. I contemporize and critique Emerson’s ideas explored in The American Scholar by including the work of two philosophers namely Murray Miles and Iris Murdoch; and, Emerson and Transcendentalism scholars including Barbara Packer and Robert D. Richardson Jr. and others provide contextual insights about The American Scholar address’s implications for achieving self-reliance and a more autonomous creative impulse initiated through the liberal arts tradition, with special attention to the essential literary works of humanity.
Hydrogen susceptibility of Al 5083 under ultra-high strain rate ballistic loading
Authors: Baltacioglu Mehmet Furkan , Mozafari Farzin , Aydin Murat , Cetin Baris , Oktan Aynur Didem , Teoman Atanur , Li Yang , Bal Burak 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The effect of hydrogen on the ballistic performance of aluminum (Al) 5083H131 was examined both experimentally and numerically in this study. Ballistics tests were conducted at a 30° obliquity in accordance with the ballistic test standard MIL-DTL-46027 K. The strike velocities of projectiles were ranged from 240 m s−1 to 500 m s−1 level in the room temperature. Electrochemical hydrogen charging method was utilized to introduce hydrogen into material. Chemical composition of material was analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Instant camera pictures were captured using high-speed camera to compare H-uncharged and H-charged specimen ballistics tests. The volume loss in partially penetrated specimens were assessed using the 3D laser scanning method. Microstructural examinations were conducted utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was observed that with the increased deformation rate, the dominance of the HEDE mechanism over HELP became evident. Furthermore, the experimental findings were corroborated through numerical methods employing finite element analysis (FEM) along with the Johnson–Cook plasticity model and failure criteria. Inverse optimization technique was employed to implement and fine-tune the Johnson–Cook parameters for H-charged conditions. Upon comparing the experimental and numerical outcomes, a high degree of consistency was observed, indicating the effective performance of the model.
The challenge of dissecting the frog: cartoonists analyze their creative process
Authors: Pedrazzini Ana 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This article delves into two intrinsic tensions present in humor and cartoons: funniness-seriousness and repetition-novelty. The focus is on the perspectives of cartoonists regarding the semiotic and rhetorical resources they put into play to create humor and satire. In this way, the study echoes a key question in semiotics, and particularly in multimodal studies: how image and words interplay in meaning-making. With that aim, a questionnaire was designed and filled out by 100 cartoonists from 22 different countries. The responses were analyzed applying mixed methods (content analysis, non-parametric statistical techniques, and network analysis). Based on the findings, four distinct profiles of cartoonists were identified, ranging from those who prioritize multimodality (the largest group) to those who favor the verbal mode. Cartoonists who prioritize the visual mode and skeptics to humor analysis fall in between. The article also discusses the various rhetorical resources that cartoonists declare to use to create humor, with irony and sarcasm being the most frequent ones, while puns are the least common. The results are examined in relation to the cartoonists’ conceptions of humor, satire, and the cartoon genre, as well as the different dimensions they considered when discussing their humor style. The study contributes to gaining a deeper understanding of the ways cartoonists use image and writing to create humor and satire and sheds light on an under-researched area in this field.
The Scientific Production of Women and their Presence in Management Position in Science and technology careers in the Ecuadorian Higher Education System
Authors: Escobar-Jiménez Christian , Torres Rentería Sergio , Delgado Alejandra 
Published: September 2024

Aim. This paper analyzes the scientific production and the management positions in the universities of the Ecuadorian higher education system from a gender parity perspective, considering STEM careers as the central point of the analysis. Three perspectives was consider,: the underrepresentation of women in STEM careers, the underrepresentation of women in scientific production and in classic managerial positions, and the Norwegian paradox of equality.
Methods. This article used two databases: the first one was built from Ecuadorian scientific production, within the period 2010-2018, by the indexing platform SCOPUS. The second one, evaluates the presence of women in management positions and was built from the databases that universities and polytechnic schools report to the educational Ecuadorian autority. Theoretical perspectives are discussed to explore the singularities of the Ecuadorian case, through an analytical and quantitative perspective.
Results. In the case of Ecuadorian scientific production men showed a greater presence in all fields, except for pedagogy and psychology. This results replicate for the case of higher education management positions (30% women, 60% men, on average).
Conclusions. The underrepresentation of women is generally confirmed, both in scientific production measured by publications, as well as in access to management positions, especially in science and technology. Also, in scientific publications, women are more likely to collaborate only with men, precisely because of the structures created around science, which not only have to do with the greater number of men involved, but probably with gender discrimination practices that are not visible in the mechanisms adopted for the analysis.
Deep learning-based detection and classification of intracranial tumors on magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Kondova Mariya , Korczynski Oliver , Müller-Eschner Matthias , Chan Winson , Sanner Antoine , Othman Ahmed , Brockmann Marc A. , Altmann Sebastian 
Published: September 2024

AbstractBackgroundWe evaluated the capability of an AI application to independently detect, segment and classify intracranial tumors in MRI.MethodsIn this retrospective single-centre study, 138 patients (65 female and 73 male) with a mean age of 35 ± 26y were included. 97 were diagnosed with an intracranial neoplasm, while 41 exhibited no intracranial pathology. Inclusion criteria were a 1.5 or 3.0T MRI dataset with the following sequences: T2 axial, T1 axial pre- and post-contrast with a slice thickness between 3 and 6 mm and no previous brain surgery. Image analysis was performed by two human readers (R1 = 5 years and R2 = 10 years of experience in brain MRI) and a deep learning (DL)-based AI model. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the AI model and the human readers to detect and correctly classify brain tumors were measured. Histological results served as the gold standard.ResultsThe AI model reached a sensitivity of 93.81% [87.02–97.70] and a specificity of 63.41% [46.94–77.88], while human readers reached 100% [96.27–100.00] and 100% [91.40–100.00], respectively. Human readers provided a significantly higher accuracy rate with R1 0.93 (95% CI: 0.88–0.97) and R2 0.98 (95% CI: 0.94, 0.99) vs. 0.74 (95% CI: 0.66–0.81) for the AI model (P-value <0.001).ConclusionThe underlying DL-based AI algorithm can independently identify and segment intracranial tumors while providing satisfactory results for establishing the correct diagnosis. Despite its current inferiority compared to experienced radiologists, it still experiences ongoing development and it is a step towards developing an artificial intelligence-augmented radiology workflow.
Criminal law protection of state symbols in the countries of Central Europe: Common features and differences
Authors: Tóth Zoltán J. , Flander Benjamin , Syryt Aleksandra , Tribl Norbert , Frumarová Kateřina , Skrobák Ján 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe paper deals with criminal law protection of state and national symbols in five Central European countries. It aims at reviewing the regulation of these symbols concerning the penal law level, and compare the characteristics of the legal systems analyzed. The paper concludes that there is no significant difference in the protection of state or national symbols at the level of legal regulation between the geographically eastern and western countries of Europe. The state and national symbols (flags, coats of arms or anthems) are symbols of state identity and of the unity of citizens, whose ideological role in forming identity justifies even their protection under criminal law.
Effects of specimen characteristics, fibre and mix constituents on the acoustic performance of rubberised concrete for traffic noise walls
Authors: Jayathilakage Roshan , Hajimoahammadi Ailar , Pour Hamid Vali , Moreau Danielle , Foster Stephen 
Published: September 2024

AbstractRecycling end-of-life tires (EOLT) presents a sustainable solution for addressing a major waste issue in many countries. This study focuses on the reuse of EOLT as construction materials, particularly in the form of EOLT-based rubberised concrete. However, several research gaps hinder the understanding of this construction material for implementation into practice. This study delves into key parameters, including admixture composition, aging, thickness, rubber distribution, and surface roughness, which play pivotal roles in designing and implementing rubberised concrete noise barriers. The paper presents the results of investigations into the performance of fibre-reinforced rubberised concrete when entrained with air, shedding light on flexural toughness and post-crack behaviour. The effects of incorporating fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) as cement replacements are also examined. The acoustic performance of fibre-reinforced rubber concrete is studied, including the impact of sample conditioning (surface saturated dry or dry). The results indicate that air-entraining admixtures, the replacement of coarse sand with tire-derived rubber shreds, and the inclusion of recycled polypropylene fibre significantly enhance the mechanical and acoustic properties of the concrete. For instance, compressive strength improves by 43%, flexural strength by 120% and acoustic performance nearly twice, while water absorption and volume of permeable voids remain relatively unaffected. This study suggests an optimized sustainable mix design with rubber replacing more than 75% of the aggregate volume. It underscores the potential of EOLT-based rubberised concrete as an environmentally responsible construction material, offering enhanced performance across multiple domains, including noise attenuation barriers.
“Inherently Bad, and Bad Only”: A History of State-Level Regulation of Cigarettes and Smoking in the United States Since the 1880s. Volume 2
Authors: Linder Marc 
Published: September 2024

Volume 2 of “Inherently Bad, and Bad Only” is an integral part of Volume 1, in particular of the latter’s Parts I and III, which deal with the widely forgotten passage of state anti-cigarette legislation during the 1890s and the first decade of the 20th century. Volume 2 features in-depth accounts of the legal, political, and socio-economic struggles over the enactment and repeal of statewide cigarette sales bans in North Dakota in 1895 (which was mysteriously ‘disappeared’ from the state code) and in (largely) midwestern states during the 1905, 1907, and 1909 legislative sessions and into the 1910s. Of special salience are the highly contentious and (ultimately) unsuccessful efforts in Indiana and Wisconsin to expand their coverage to encompass adult possession and smoking. Although Volume 1 mentioned the existence of these developments, it also alerted readers
to the fact that their analysis would have to be postponed until Volume 2. And even now only approximately one-half of the new material is being published in this first tranche, while the remaining chapters will be incrementally added in the coming months by virtue of one of the advantages of electronic publishing. Also accounting for this delay is the simultaneous installmentwise publication of Volume 3, which focuses on subjects that transcend the scope of Volumes 1 and 2.
Effect of consolidation radiation therapy on treatment outcomes of early-stage favorable Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Stepanov N. A. , Stoyan D. A. , Mitrofanova V. V. , Leshcheva O. S. , Kutluakhmetova G. R. , Batukhtina Yu. V. , Semenov E. V. , Bezmaternykh N. V. , Zukov R. A. 
Published: September 2024

Background. Early (stage I–II) classical Hodgkin lymphoma is a highly treatable malignant neoplasm. For many years, the standard treatment of early Hodgkin lymphoma has been combination therapy: polychemotherapy with subsequent consolidating radiation therapy. Aim. To retrospectively evaluate the results of treatment of stage I–II classical Hodgkin lymphoma in a favorable prognosis group using monotherapy and combination therapy (chemotherapy followed by consolidating radiotherapy). Materials and methods. The study included 58 patients aged 19–81 years (median age 36 years) diagnosed with stage I–II classical Hodgkin lymphoma with favorable prognosis; 23 (39.7 %) patients were men, 35 (60.3 %) were women. Depending on the treatment received, the patients were divided into two groups: 40 (69 %) patients received ABVD polychemotherapy, and 18 (31 %) patients received polychemotherapy followed by consolidating radiation therapy to the initial lesion zones with standard fractionation regimen (total dose 30 Gy). The Kaplan–Mayer method was used to evaluate overall, progression-free, recurrence-free, and event-free survival. Odds ratios and their 95 % confidence intervals were also calculated. The statistical significance of differences in survival was assessed using the log-rank test. The level of statistical significance was 0.05. Statistical data processing was carried out using the IBM SPSS Statistics 27 software and Microsoft Excel. Results. According to the results of our study, while in the total patient group a clear numerical advantage in survival (overall, progression-free, relapse-free and event-free survival) was observed in the combination therapy group compared to chemotherapy group (5.5, 13.2, 9.2 and 23.9 %, respectively), no preferred tactics were identified in the total patient group. However, considering a subgroup of patients with mediastinum involved in the tumor process, a statistically significant advantage of combined treatment over single-mode chemotherapy was determined for 2-year event-free survival (92.9 ± 6.9 % vs. 62.5 ± 9.9 %, respectively, p = 0.046). The risk of an adverse event is reduced by >80 % (odds ratio 0.197; 95 % confidence interval 0.036–0.977) when using consolidating radiation therapy after chemotherapy.
Variability of Seismicity Rates and Maximum Magnitude for Adjacent Hydraulic Stimulations
Authors: Kwiatek Grzegorz , Grigoratos Iason , Wiemer Stefan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
We hindcasted the seismicity rates and the next largest earthquake magnitude using seismic and hydraulic data from two hydraulic stimulation campaigns carried out in adjacent (500 m apart) ultra-deep wells in Finland. The two campaigns performed in 2018 and 2020 took place in the frame of the St1 Helsinki project producing stable, pressure-controlled induced seismic activity with the maximum magnitudes of Mw 1.7 and 1.2, respectively. The seismicity rates were modeled using simplified physics-based approaches tailored to varying injection rates. This is the first time that this framework was applied to a cyclical injection protocol. The next largest earthquake magnitude was estimated using several existing models from the literature. Despite the close proximity of the two hydraulic stimulations and associated seismicity, we obtained strongly different parameterizations of the critical model components, questioning the usefulness of a priori seismic hazard modeling parameters for neighboring stimulation. The differences in parameterization were attributed to the contrasting hydraulic energy rates observed in each stimulation, small differences in the fracture network characteristics of the reservoir and resulting seismic injection efficiency, and potentially to variations in the injection protocol itself. As far as the seismicity rate model is concerned, despite a good performance during the 2018 campaign, the fit during the 2020 stimulation was suboptimal. Forecasting the next largest magnitude using different models led to a very wide range of outcomes. Moreover, their relative ranking across stimulations was inconsistent, including the situation when the best-performing model in the 2018 stimulation turned out to be the worst one in the 2020 stimulation.
Analysis of Magnitude–Frequency Distribution of Earthquakes in the Sichuan Basin, Southwest China
Authors: Liu Jingwei , Du Yi , Han Chao , Xie Furen 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The Sichuan basin is characterized by underdeveloped active geological structures and low seismic activities. In recent years, an increase in seismicity has been observed in the southern Sichuan basin, which includes small earthquakes induced by water injection during shale gas exploitation and M ≥ 5.0 earthquakes, causing unexpected damage and casualties. This necessitates a comprehensive analysis of the magnitude–frequency distribution of the current seismicity. In this study, we examined the current seismicity using instrumental earthquake records at different periods and estimated the temporal and spatial variations in b-value. We found that the b-values widely vary in the Sichuan basin and analyzed the spatial differences in b-value in seven different earthquake clusters. The results show that the intense fault movement on the western boundary of the Sichuan basin might be the main controlling factor of the increased seismicity in the southern basin instead of being induced by water injection. Furthermore, earthquakes in the Sichuan basin follow the same size distribution as the events on the boundary faults and the Sichuan–Yunnan rhombus active block. Thus, it is appropriate to consider the magnitude–frequency distribution of earthquakes for the Sichuan basin and the Sichuan–Yunnan rhombus block together rather than separately. These results may help improve the recurrence models in probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of the region.
Why Do Great Continental Transform Earthquakes Nucleate on Branch Faults?
Authors: Stein Ross S. , Bird Peter 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The five Mw≥7.8 continental transform earthquakes since 2000 all nucleated on branch faults. This includes the 2001 Mw 7.8 Kokoxili, 2002 Mw 7.9 Denali, 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan, 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura, and 2023 Mw 7.8 Pazarcık events. A branch or splay is typically an immature fault that connects to the transform at an oblique angle and can have a different rake and dip than the transform. The branch faults ruptured for at least 25 km before they joined the transforms, which then ruptured an additional 250–450 km, in all but one case (Pazarcık) unilaterally. Branch fault nucleation is also likely for the 1939 M 7.8 Erzincan earthquake, possible for the 1906 Mw∼7.8 and 1857 Mw∼7.9 San Andreas earthquakes, but not for the 1990 Mw 7.7 Luzon, 2013 Mw 7.7 Balochistan, and 2023 Mw 7.7 Elbistan events. Here, we argue that because fault continuity and cataclastite within the fault damage zone develop through cumulative fault slip, mature transforms are pathways for dynamic rupture. Once a rupture enters the transform from the branch fault, flash shear heating causes pore fluid pressurization and sudden weakening in the cataclastite, resulting in very low dynamic friction. But the static friction on transforms is high, and so they are usually far from failure, which could be why they tend to be aseismic between, or at least for centuries after, great events. This could explain why the largest continental transform earthquakes either begin on a branch fault or nucleate along the transform at locations where the damage zone is absent or the fault continuity is disrupted by bends or echelons, as in the 1999 Mw 7.6 İzmit earthquake. Recognition of branch fault nucleation could be used to strengthen earthquake early warning in regions such as California, New Zealand, and Türkiye with transform faults.
Assessing Potential Seismic Hazard in Enhanced Geothermal Systems: Insights from Comparing Gonghe and Pohang Reservoirs
Authors: Zhang Supeng , Ji Yinlin , Hofmann Hannes , Cappa Frédéric , Li Shouding 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Evaluating and predicting the seismic hazard induced by fluid injection in enhanced geothermal systems (EGSs) is critical for safe and effective operations. This study compares the Gonghe project, a pioneering EGS initiative in China, with the well-studied Pohang EGS in South Korea, within a broader context of global fluid injection practices. We assessed the potential seismic hazard at these two sites based on their seismogenic indices (Σ). We find that Σ of the Gonghe EGS generally decreases from 0.4 to −0.7, consistent with the typical ranges of Σ in EGS sites, including Pohang. Our results indicate that real-time Σ is a more reliable measure for assessing seismic hazard in Gonghe because it offers insights into the maximum magnitude, exceedance probabilities, and expected numbers of earthquakes. Conversely, in Pohang, maximum Σ proves more effective for seismic hazard assessment. However, predicting the seismic hazard after the Mw 3.2 earthquake in Pohang remains challenging, particularly for the runaway rupture associated with the subsequent Mw 5.5 earthquake, highlighting the complexities involved. This study suggests that the use of real-time Σ is viable for assessing seismic hazard in EGS reservoirs characterized by descending Σ and seismic injection efficiency. Conversely, for reservoirs with ascending Σ and seismic injection efficiency, such as Pohang, maximum Σ could offer better insights into seismic hazard assessment, although precise earthquake magnitude constraints may be elusive due to dominant tectonic influences.