bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of various testing conditions on results for a handheld reference point indentation instrument in horses
Authors: Lescun Timothy B. , Hoffseth Kevin , Yang Henry T. , Hansma Paul K. , Kopeikin Hal S. , Chandrasekar Srinivasan 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare results obtained with a handheld reference point indentation instrument for bone material strength index (BMSi) measurements in the equine third metacarpal bone for various testing conditions.
SAMPLE 24 third metacarpal bones.
PROCEDURES Third metacarpal bones from both forelimbs of 12 horses were obtained. The dorsal surface of each bone was divided into 6 testing regions. In vivo and ex vivo measurements of BMSi were obtained through the skin and on exposed bone, respectively, to determine effects of each testing condition. Difference plots were used to assess agreement between BMSi obtained for various conditions. Linear regression analysis was used to assess effects of age, sex, and body weight on BMSi. A mixed-model ANOVA was used to assess effects of age, sex, limb, bone region, and testing condition on BMSi values.
RESULTS Indentation measurements were performed on standing sedated and recumbent anesthetized horses and on cadaveric bone. Regional differences in BMSi values were detected in adult horses. A significant linear relationship (r2 = 0.71) was found between body weight and BMSi values. There was no difference between in vivo and ex vivo BMSi values. A small constant bias was detected between BMSi obtained through the skin, compared with values obtained directly on bone.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Reference point indentation can be used for in vivo assessment of the resistance of bone tissue to microfracture in horses. Testing through the skin should account for a small constant bias, compared with results for testing directly on exposed bone.
Pharmacokinetics of orally administered low-dose rapamycin in healthy dogs
Authors: Larson Jeanne C. , Allstadt Sara D. , Fan Timothy M. , Khanna Chand , Lunghofer Paul J. , Hansen Ryan J. , Gustafson Daniel L. , Legendre Alfred M. , Galyon Gina D. , LeBlanc Amy K. , Martin-Jimenez Tomas 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics of orally administered rapamycin in healthy dogs.
ANIMALS 5 healthy purpose-bred hounds.
PROCEDURES The study consisted of 2 experiments. In experiment 1, each dog received rapamycin (0.1 mg/kg, PO) once; blood samples were obtained immediately before and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after administration. In experiment 2, each dog received rapamycin (0.1 mg/kg, PO) once daily for 5 days; blood samples were obtained immediately before and at 3, 6, 24, 27, 30, 48, 51, 54, 72, 75, 78, 96, 96.5, 97, 98, 100, 102, 108, 120, 144, and 168 hours after the first dose. Blood rapamycin concentration was determined by a validated liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by compartmental and noncompartmental analyses.
RESULTS Mean ± SD blood rapamycin terminal half-life, area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 48 hours after dosing, and maximum concentration were 38.7 ± 12.7 h, 140 ± 23.9 ng•h/mL, and 8.39 ± 1.73 ng/mL, respectively, for experiment 1, and 99.5 ± 89.5 h, 126 ± 27.1 ng•h/mL, and 5.49 ± 1.99 ng/mL, respectively, for experiment 2. Pharmacokinetic parameters for rapamycin after administration of 5 daily doses differed significantly from those after administration of 1 dose.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that oral administration of low-dose (0.1 mg/kg) rapamycin to healthy dogs achieved blood concentrations measured in nanograms per milliliter. The optimal dose and administration frequency of rapamcyin required to achieve therapeutic effects in tumor-bearing dogs, as well as toxicity after chronic dosing, need to be determined.
Results of selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests for clinically normal Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)
Authors: Rajaei Seyed Mehdi , Mood Maneli Ansari , Sadjadi Reza , Williams David L. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine values for tear production, horizontal palpebral fissure length (HPFL), eye blink frequency, and intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).
ANIMALS 40 healthy adult Syrian hamsters (80 eyes).
PROCEDURES Tear production was measured with the phenol red thread test (PRTT), modified Schirmer tear test (mSTT), and endodontic absorbent paper points tear test (EAPPTT). The IOP was measured by use of rebound tonometry. Correlations between test results and body weight were evaluated.
RESULTS Mean ± SD values for the IOP, PRTT, EAPPTT, mSTT, HPFL, and blink frequency for all 80 eyes were 4.55 ± 1.33 mm Hg, 5.57 ± 1.51 mm/15 s, 4.52 ± 1.55 mm/min, 2.07 ± 0.97 mm/min, 5.84 ± 0.45 mm, and 1.68 ± 0.43 blinks/min, respectively. For all variables, values did not differ significantly between the right and left eyes or between males and females. There was no correlation between measured variables and body weight.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results for this study provided information on values for the IOP, PRTT, mSTT, EAPPTT, HPFL, and eye blink frequency in healthy Syrian hamsters. It was important to determine reference intervals for this species because they commonly are kept as pets or used as research animals.
Histopathologic and immunohistochemical features of soft palate muscles and nerves in dogs with an elongated soft palate
Authors: Arai Kiyotaka , Kobayashi Masanori , Harada Yasuji , Hara Yasushi , Michishita Masaki , Ohkusu-Tsukada Kozo , Takahashi Kimimasa 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To histologically evaluate and compare features of myofibers within the elongated soft palate (ESP) of brachycephalic and mesocephalic dogs with those in the soft palate of healthy dogs and to assess whether denervation or muscular dystrophy is associated with soft palate elongation.
SAMPLE Soft palate specimens from 24 dogs with ESPs (obtained during surgical intervention) and from 14 healthy Beagles (control group).
PROCEDURES All the soft palate specimens underwent histologic examination to assess myofiber atrophy, hypertrophy, hyalinization, and regeneration. The degrees of atrophy and hypertrophy were quantified on the basis of the coefficient of variation and the number of myofibers with hyalinization and regeneration. The specimens also underwent immunohistochemical analysis with anti-neurofilament or anti-dystrophin antibody to confirm the distribution of peripheral nerve branches innervating the palatine myofibers and myofiber dystrophin expression, respectively.
RESULTS Myofiber atrophy, hypertrophy, hyalinization, and regeneration were identified in almost all the ESP specimens. Degrees of atrophy and hypertrophy were significantly greater in the ESP specimens, compared with the control specimens. There were fewer palatine peripheral nerve branches in the ESP specimens than in the control specimens. Almost all the myofibers in the ESP and control specimens were dystrophin positive.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results suggested that palatine myopathy in dogs may be caused, at least in part, by denervation of the palatine muscles and not by Duchenne- or Becker-type muscular dystrophy. These soft palate changes may contribute to upper airway collapse and the progression of brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome.
Efficacy of four commercially available multivalent modified-live virus vaccines against clinical disease, viremia, and viral shedding in early-weaned beef calves exposed simultaneously to cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus and cattle acutely infected with bovine herpesvirus 1
Authors: Chamorro Manuel F. , Walz Paul H. , Passler Thomas , Palomares Roberto , Newcomer Benjamin W. , Riddell Kay P. , Gard Julie , Zhang Yijing , Galik Patricia 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of 4 commercially available multivalent modified-live virus vaccines against clinical disease, viremia, and viral shedding caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) in early-weaned beef calves.
ANIMALS 54 early-weaned beef steers (median age, 95 days).
PROCEDURES Calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 groups and administered PBSS (group A [control]; n = 11) or 1 of 4 commercially available modified-live virus vaccines that contained antigens against BHV1, BVDV types 1 (BVDV1) and 2 (BVDV2), parainfluenza type 3 virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (groups B [11], C [10], D [11], and E [11]). Forty-five days after vaccination, calves were exposed simultaneously to 6 cattle persistently infected with BVDV and 8 calves acutely infected with BHV1 for 28 days (challenge exposure). For each calf, serum antibody titers against BVDV and BHV1 were determined before vaccination and before and after challenge exposure. Virus isolation was performed on nasal secretions, serum, and WBCs at predetermined times during the 28-day challenge exposure.
RESULTS None of the calves developed severe clinical disease or died. Mean serum anti-BHV1 antibody titers did not differ significantly among the treatment groups at any time and gradually declined during the study. Mean serum anti-BVDV antibody titers appeared to be negatively associated with the incidence of viremia and BVDV shedding. The unvaccinated group (A) had the lowest mean serum anti-BVDV antibody titers. The mean serum anti-BVDV antibody titers for group D were generally lower than those for groups B, C, and E.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated differences in vaccine efficacy for the prevention of BVDV viremia and shedding in early-weaned beef calves.
Gliding performance of the red giant gliding squirrel Petaurista petaurista in the tropical rainforest of Indian eastern Himalaya
Authors: Krishna Murali C. , Kumar Awadhesh , Tripathi O. P. 
Published: December 2015

Gliding squirrels occur globally and many are of conservation concern due to habitat fragmentation and degradation. Information on their ability to cover the distance between two trees by gliding is lacking in many species which might be vital for habitat management and conservation. The aim of the study was to present the field observations on gliding behaviour of the red giant gliding squirrel Petaurista petaurista observed within tropical rain‐forest of Namdapha National Park, Arunachal Pradesh, Indian eastern Himalaya. The data were collected on 71 glides observed at nights. The mean height of launching and landing trees were 28.5 ± 1.0 m and 16.4 ± 0.9 m, respectively. Gliding variables calculated were vertical drop (mean = 13.4 ± 1.0 m), horizontal distance (mean = 36.3 ± 2.7 m), air speed (mean = 8.9 ± 0.2 m s‐1), ground speed (mean = 7.9 ± 0.2 m s‐1), glide ratio (mean = 3.1 ± 0.2), glide angle (mean = 19.0 ± 0.9°), GBH of launching tree (mean = 156.8 ± 8.5 cm) and GBH of landing tree (mean = 195.2 ± 9.5 cm). Gliding distance was categorized in four types. The highest glides in a 26–50 m glide‐class (44% (n = 31)) were the most frequently observed. Gliding squirrels preferred top canopy (56%, n = 40) for distant glides. Forest structure has an influence on the gliding habits of gliding squirrels and thus our data on gliding parameters should be used when planning forest management actions.
A TIDALLY DISRUPTING DWARF GALAXY IN THE HALO OF NGC 253
Authors: Toloba Elisa , Sand David J. , Spekkens Kristine , Crnojević Denija , Simon Joshua D. , Guhathakurta Puragra , Strader Jay , Caldwell Nelson , McLeod Brian , Seth Anil C. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT
We report the discovery of Scl-MM-Dw2, a new dwarf galaxy at a projected separation of ∼50 kpc from NGC 253, as part of the Panoramic Imaging Survey of Centaurus and Sculptor project (PISCeS). We measure a tip of the red giant branch (RGB) distance of 3.12 ± 0.30 Mpc, suggesting that Scl-MM-Dw2 is likely a satellite of NGC 253. We qualitatively compare the distribution of RGB stars in the color–magnitude diagram with theoretical isochrones and find that it is consistent with an old, ∼12 Gyr, and metal-poor,

[Fe/H]

, stellar population. We also detect a small number of asymptotic giant branch stars consistent with a metal-poor 2–3 Gyr population in the center of the dwarf. Our non-detection of HI in a deep Green Bank Telescope spectrum implies a gas fraction

. The stellar and gaseous properties of Scl-MM-Dw2 suggest that it is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy. Scl-MM-Dw2 has a luminosity of

mag and a half-light radius of r

h

, which makes it moderately larger than dwarf galaxies in the Local Group of the same luminosity. However, Scl-MM-Dw2 is very elongated (

), and it has an extremely low surface brightness (

mag arcsec−2). Its elongation and diffuseness make it an outlier in the ellipticity–luminosity and surface brightness–luminosity scaling relations. These properties suggest that this dwarf is being tidally disrupted by NGC 253.
THE STRIKINGLY UNIFORM, HIGHLY TURBULENT INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM OF THE MOST LUMINOUS GALAXY IN THE UNIVERSE
Authors: Díaz-Santos T. , Assef R. J. , Blain A. W. , Tsai C.-W. , Aravena M. , Eisenhardt P. , Wu J. , Stern D. , Bridge C. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT
Observed at z = 4.601 and with

= 3.5

, W2246–0526 is the most luminous galaxy known in the universe and hosts a deeply buried active galactic nucleus (AGN)/supermassive black hole (SMBH). Discovered using the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, W2246–0526 is classified as a hot dust-obscured galaxy, based on its luminosity and dust temperature. Here, we present spatially resolved ALMA [C ii]157.7 μm observations of W2246–0526, providing unique insight into the kinematics of its interstellar medium (ISM). The measured [C ii] -to-far-infrared ratio is

, implying ISM conditions that compare only with the most obscured, compact starbursts and AGNs in the local universe today. The spatially resolved [C ii] line is strikingly uniform and very broad, 500–600 km s−1 wide, extending throughout the entire galaxy over about 2.5 kpc, with modest shear. Such a large, homogeneous velocity dispersion indicates a highly turbulent medium. W2246–0526 is unstable in terms of the energy and momentum that are being injected into the ISM, strongly suggesting that the gas is being blown away from the system isotropically, likely reflecting a cathartic state on its road to becoming an unobscured quasar. W2246–0526 provides an extraordinary laboratory to study and model the properties and kinematics of gas in an extreme environment under strong feedback, at a time when the universe was 1/10 of its current age: a system pushing the limits that can be reached during galaxy formation.
SIGNATURE OF AN INTERMEDIATE-MASS BLACK HOLE IN THE CENTRAL MOLECULAR ZONE OF OUR GALAXY
Authors: Oka Tomoharu , Mizuno Reiko , Miura Kodai , Takekawa Shunya 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT
We mapped the high-velocity compact cloud CO–0.40–0.22 in 21 molecular lines in the 3 mm band using the Nobeyama Radio Observatory 45 m radio telescope. Eighteen lines were detected from CO–0.40–0.22. The map of each detected line shows that this cloud has a compact appearance (d ≃ 3 pc) and extremely broad velocity width (ΔV ≃ 100 km s−1). The mass and kinetic energy of CO–0.40–0.22 are estimated to be 103.6
M
⊙ and 1049.7 erg, respectively. The representative position–velocity map along the major axis shows that CO–0.40–0.22 consists of an intense region with a shallow velocity gradient and a less intense high-velocity wing. Here, we show that this kinematical structure can be attributed to a gravitational kick to the molecular cloud caused by an invisible compact object with a mass of ∼105
M
⊙. Its compactness and the absence of counterparts at other wavelengths suggest that this massive object is an intermediate-mass black hole.
The Praktikum UPV Campus: Stretching closer ties between research at the university and students in secondary school
Authors: Conejero J. Alberto , Garcia-Sabater Jose P. , Maheut Julien , Marin-Garcia Juan A. 
Published: December 2015

<p class="Abstract">The Praktikum UPV Campus is a huge internship program geared to students still in secondary education that permits them to develop a project within research groups of the Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV). Along that week, the students participating in the program document their projects in blogs. Once the projects are over they also record some videos in which they present their work and their findings. During the next year, these students presents their material to their respective classmates, still in the secondary school, showing examples of what they can already do at the university. The Praktikum UPV Campus also permits students to discover the degrees offered by the university, its facilities, and the life at the university campus.</p>
O USO DE MODELOS MOLECULARES NO ENSINO DE QUÍMICA ORGÂNICA
Authors: Lima Juliana Fernandes 
Published: December 2015

O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar os resultados parciais da pesquisa desenvolvida no Curso de Pós-Graduação Lato Sensu em Ensino de Ciências e Matemática, o projeto faz a interação do ensino de química orgânica, em temas como a classificação de carbonos e tipos de ligações químicas, pode ser desenvolvido com o uso de modelos moleculares. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal a utilização de modelos moleculares para motivar alunos de ensino médio de cursos técnicos integrados na aprendizagem de química orgânica. A atividade foi organizada de tal forma que somente as turmas de 3º de Agrimensura e 3º de Informática tiveram acesso aos modelos moleculares e as turmas de 3º de Eletrotécnica e 3º de Edificações não tiveram acesso a esse recurso didático. Neste trabalho foi possível constatar que os alunos conseguem extrapolar os conceitos de modelos de ligações químicas usando o modelo molecular, mas para a nomenclatura de compostos orgânicos, esse método não se mostrou satisfatório.
BRINCADEIRAS E LITERATURA: EXPERIÊNCIA DE TRABALHO E POSSIBILIDADES DE ENSINO NO BERÇÁRIO
Authors: Pereira Raquel Quintina , Rodrigues Vânia Ramos 
Published: December 2015

Este trabalho é resultado de uma experiência realizada na disciplina de Estágio em Educação Infantil (EI) e anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental II em uma instituição de ensino da cidade de Jataí – GO. O trabalho foi desenvolvido por meio de um projeto de intervenção em uma turma do Berçário I, na qual buscamos conhecer e compreender possibilidades de trabalho com crianças entre quatro meses e um ano e meio de idade. Sendo assim, levantamos a seguinte questão: é possível trabalhar com crianças dessa faixa etária, garantindo que a instituição seja espaço de cuidado, brincadeira e educação? É também possível trabalhar com a literatura infantil como garantia de aprendizagem na EI? Este trabalho tem como objetivo incentivar e propiciar o desenvolvimento das habilidades físico/motora, afetiva, cognitiva, ética, estética, social, interpessoal dos bebês, por meio da brincadeira e literatura infantil. Utilizamos estudo bibliográfico a partir dos aportes teóricos de Abramovich (1997), Arce e Silva (2009), Lino (1999), Horn (2004), dentre outros. Concluímos nossa proposta cientes da grande importância de uma parceria ativa e eficaz entre a universidade e as instituições de ensino, no sentido de aliar às teorias que embasam o trabalho na prática e de que quando levamos à instituição os nossos conhecimentos, é no intuito de ali propor diferentes possibilidades de desenvolvimento da criança de berçário, mostrando possibilidades de ensino e desconstruindo um conceito de que a creche não é apenas um lugar para se cuidar das crianças, deixando claro que até mesmo nas atividades de rotina, podemos passar ensinamentos e desenvolver o cognitivo das crianças.
SAÚDE BUCAL NA EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL, RESPONSABILIDADE DE QUEM?
Authors: Leite Giulena Rosa , Bras Suele De Moraes , Faleiros Sônia Aparecida , Maia Ludmila Grego , Martins Marlene Andrade , Silva Luiz Almeida da 
Published: December 2015

Durante a realização das atividades práticas de estágio observou-se que grande parte das crianças não conseguia sozinha, realizar sua higiene bucal fazendo-se necessária ajuda para realizar a escovação dos dentes, o que nem sempre tem acontecido prontamente por parte dos trabalhadores nas escolas. Com o objetivo de avaliar o conhecimento em saúde bucal e a importância mostrada a este assunto por parte dos professores, foram entrevistados todos os 17 profissionais de um Centro Municipal de Educação Infantil no Município de Jataí, no sudoeste de Goiás. A coleta de dados se deu em dois momentos: inicialmente foi realizada uma observação livre a fim conhecer melhor os trabalhos desenvolvidos pelos educadores/professores desta instituição, uma imersão no campo de estudo. Em um segundo momento foi realizada entrevista com os profissionais da instituição, por meio de uma roteiro estruturado, contendo perguntas abertas e fechadas sobre o tema. As ações de proteção e promoção a saúde, podem ser desenvolvidas pelo sistema de saúde, articulado com outras instituições governamentais, empresas, associações comunitárias e com a população e seus órgãos de representação visando à redução de fatores de risco, que constituem ameaça à saúde dos indivíduos, podendo provocar-lhes incapacidades e doenças. Considerando a saúde bucal como parte integrante e indissociável da saúde geral, a infância é o período que pode ser considerado como o mais importante para o futuro da saúde bucal do indivíduo.
ESTÁGIO CURRICULAR SUPERVISIONADO EM EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA: OS ASPECTOS POSITIVOS E NEGATIVOS NA VISÃO DOS PROFESSORES-COLABORADORES DA EDUCAÇÃO BÁSICA
Authors: Mazzocato Ana Paula Facco , Krug Rodrigo De Rosso , Conceição Victor Julierme Santos da , Krug Hugo Norberto 
Published: December 2015

Este estudo objetivou analisar os aspectos positivos e negativos no desenvolvimento do Estágio Curricular Supervisionado (ECS) III da Licenciatura em Educação Física do Centro de Educação Física e Desportos (CEFD) da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) na visão dos professores-colaboradores (PC) da educação básica. Justificamos a realização desse estudo pela importância do PC do ECS na formação de futuros docentes de Educação Física, em especial no CEFD/UFSM. Caracterizamos a metodologia como qualitativa descritiva do tipo estudo de caso. As informações foram obtidas por meio de um questionário e as interpretações das respostas se deram por meio da análise de conteúdo. Participaram vinte e dois professores da educação básica que se prontificaram a ser professores-colaboradores do ECS III da Licenciatura em Educação Física do CEFD/UFSM. Constatamos que foram apontados oito aspectos positivos e dois negativos. Concluímos que estudar esses aspectos serviu para entendermos as facilidades e as dificuldades encontradas no desenvolvimento do ECS III, que auxiliaram no desempenho da função/papel dos PC e que contribuíram para a formação profissional dos estagiários.