bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of apical centring ability between incisal‐shifted access and traditional lingual access for maxillary anterior teeth
Authors: Yahata Yoshio , Masuda Yoshiko , Komabayashi Takashi 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare the apical centring ability of incisal‐shifted access (ISA) with that of traditional lingual access (TLA). Fifteen three‐dimensional printed resin models were prepared from the computed tomography data for a human maxillary central incisor and divided into ISA (n = 7), TLA (n = 7) and control (n = 1) groups. After access preparation, these models were shaped to the working length using K‐files up to #40, followed by step‐back procedures. An apical portion of the model was removed at 0.5 mm coronal to the working length. Microscopic images of each cutting surface were taken to measure the preparation area and the distance of transportation. TLA created a larger preparation area than ISA (P < 0.05). The distance of transportation (mean ± standard deviation) was 0.4 ± 0.1 mm for ISA and 0.7 ± 0.1 mm for TLA (P < 0.05). Access cavity preparation has a significant effect on apical centring ability. ISA is beneficial to maintaining apical configuration.
Feeding behaviour and survival of Bacillus thuringiensis‐resistant and Bacillus thuringiensis‐susceptible larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) exposed to a diet with Bacillus thuringiensis toxin
Authors: Luong Tuyet T A , Zalucki Myron P , Perkins Lynda E , Downes Sharon J 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAlthough higher than expected numbers of surviving larvae of Helicoverpa spp. are reported in some Bollgard II cotton fields from time to time, there is no convincing evidence that field resistance has developed. A behavioural component, specifically the avoidance of the toxin, was considered to contribute to larvae surviving on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin‐expressing plants. Experiments were conducted with Bt‐susceptible and Bt‐resistant larvae of Helicoverpa armigera to investigate (1) how larval responses to food deprivation might lead to differences in survival and therefore how far neonates could move to find a suitable feeding site and (2) whether larvae that are physiologically susceptible vs. resistant behave differently when feeding on diet with Bt and without Bt toxins. Bt‐susceptible neonates of H. armigera, which were significantly heavier, could survive without food for longer and recover better than Bt‐resistant neonates. Although H. armigera neonates did not shift their behaviour with respect to Bt toxin on artificial diet before their first feeding event, the tendency of Bt‐susceptible larvae to remain on non‐Bt diet and move off Bt diet may allow them to survive in a Bt environment. This behaviour resulted in a higher percentage of survival in situations where a diet choice was offered.
RAIFFEISEN AS SOCIAL INNOVATOR
Authors: FAIRBAIRN Brett 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTIn recent years the term social innovation has become widely used by policy makers, yet important ambiguities remain. One of these concerns what has been called the paradox of embedded agency – how social innovators conceive of something new when working with existing social institutions. So far few writers have considered whether historical examples can, with benefit of hindsight, shed light on the relationships between social innovators and social institutions. This paper considers the example of Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen, creator of rural credit unions and agricultural co‐operatives in 19th‐century Germany. Raiffeisen was a social conservative who worked in many ways within existing social institutions. At the same time, his desire to meet social needs drove him to create new forms of action and organization that resulted in social innovation. Raiffeisen's process of invention shows that social innovation, particularly in transitional eras like his, need not be a matter of using logical‐deductive processes to address a social need, but may depend critically on values, will, a readiness to experiment, and an ability to find allies. These qualities enabled Raiffeisen to break through existing institutions to do something fundamentally new, and they may be qualities that provide new focus for social‐innovation research and policy.
Genetic Influences of OPRM1,OPRD1 and COMT on Morphine Analgesia in a Multi‐Modal, Multi‐Tissue Human Experimental Pain Model
Authors: Nielsen Lecia M. , Christrup Lona L. , Sato Hiroe , Drewes Asbjørn M. , Olesen Anne E. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractHuman studies on experimentally induced pain are of value to elucidate the genetic influence on morphine analgesia under controlled conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate whether genetic variants of mu‐, kappa‐ and delta‐opioid receptor genes (OPRM1, OPRK1 and OPRD1) and catechol‐O‐methyltransferase gene (COMT) are associated with the morphine analgesia. The study was a randomized, double‐blind, two‐way, crossover, single‐dose study conducted in 40 healthy participants, where morphine was compared with placebo. Pain was induced by contact heat, muscle pressure, bone pressure, rectal stimulations (mechanical, electrical and thermal) and cold pressor test (immersion of the hand into ice water). Sixteen genetic polymorphisms of four candidate genes were explored. Variability in morphine analgesia to contact heat stimulation was associated with COMT rs4680 (p = 0.04), and rectal thermal stimulation was associated with OPRM1 rs9479757 (p = 0.03). Moreover, in males, variability in morphine analgesia to rectal thermal stimulation was associated with OPRD1 polymorphisms: rs2234918 (p = 0.01) and rs533123 (p = 0.046). The study was explorative and hypothesis‐generating due to the relatively small study size. However, results suggest that genetic variants in the COMT and OPRM1 irrespective of gender, and OPRD1 in males may contribute to the variability in morphine analgesia in experimental pain models.
Lithiumeter: Version 2.0
Authors: Malhi Gin S. , Gershon Samuel , Outhred Tim 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundThe Lithiumeter was developed as a visual and practical guide for determining lithium levels in the management of bipolar disorder (BD). It appears to have been well received, as evidenced by its increasing popularity amongst doctors as a deskside clinical aide, and adoption and reproduction of the schematic in clinical guidelines and texts. However, since its publication 5 years ago, key basic neuroscience and clinical research developments pertaining to lithium have significantly advanced our understanding, necessitating further refinement of guidance concerning the practicalities of lithium therapy.MethodsLiterature concerning the indications for, and therapeutic levels of, lithium and the associated acute and chronic risks of therapy was scrutinized as part of updating clinical practice guidelines. We have reviewed these updates and identified significant areas of change with respect to the previous Lithiumeter (version 1.0).ResultsSince 2011, updated clinical practice guidelines have narrowed the indicated plasma lithium concentration for maintenance therapy, suggesting that additional guidance is necessary for optimizing treatment. Relevant updated clinical guidance was integrated to constitute the Lithiumeter 2.0, which provides a more comprehensive overview of the practical aspects of lithium therapy while maintaining a focus on optimization of lithium levels, such as differential titration of lithium depending on the current mood state.ConclusionsThe Lithiumeter 2.0 is an update that clinicians will find useful for their practice. By addressing some of the issues faced in clinical practice, translational clinical research will continue to inform the Lithiumeter in future updates.
The Social Value of Pragmatic Trials
Authors: Kalkman Shona , van Thiel Ghislaine , van der Graaf Rieke , Zuidgeest Mira , Goetz Iris , Grobbee Diederick , van Delden Johannes 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPragmatic trials aim to directly inform health care decision‐making through the collection of so‐called ‘real world data’ from observations of comparative treatment effects in clinical practice. In order to ensure the applicability and feasibility of a pragmatic trial, design features may be necessary that deviate from standard research ethics requirements. Examples are traditional requirements to seek written informed consent and to perform extensive data and safety monitoring. Proposals for deviations from standard research ethics practice have resulted in controversy about their ethical acceptability. One of the justifications for altered procedures is the allegedly high social value of pragmatic trials. In order to properly operationalize the concept in the ethical assessment of pragmatic trial designs, specification is warranted. We identified three determinants from common claims about a pragmatic trial's social value: (1) the extent to which the research question has real world relevance, (2) the trial design's ability to generate a real world answer and (3) the probability of direct uptake of the results by decision‐makers in practice. Subsequently, we discuss how these determinants should be applied to the practice of pragmatic trials, and to what extent they might be applicable to explanatory trials.
The Social Value of Knowledge and the Responsiveness Requirement for International Research
Authors: Wenner Danielle M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractEthicists have long recognized that two necessary features of ethical research are scientific validity and social value. Yet despite a significant literature surrounding the validity component of this dictate, until recently there has been little attention paid to unpacking what the social value component might require. This article introduces a framework for assessing the social value of research, and in particular, for determining whether a given research program is likely to have significant social value of the kind necessary to fulfill the social value requirement. The article goes on to illustrate how this framework can provide a clearer account of the responsiveness requirement, an ethical dictum that is oft‐repeated but whose content and value as a guideline in international research remains contested. Although I introduce this conception of social value in the context of the responsiveness requirement, the account offered can, and is intended to, stand alone as a tool for the assessment of the social value of research. As such it can be usefully applied to discussions about the value of comparative effectiveness trials, the assessment of the continued proliferation of me‐too drugs and the research done to develop them, the demand for public access to study‐generated data, and persistent deficits in the publication of negative results.
Selection of Effects in Cox Frailty Models by Regularization Methods
Authors: Groll Andreas , Hastie Trevor , Tutz Gerhard 
Published: January 2017

SummaryIn all sorts of regression problems, it has become more and more important to deal with high-dimensional data with lots of potentially influential covariates. A possible solution is to apply estimation methods that aim at the detection of the relevant effect structure by using penalization methods. In this article, the effect structure in the Cox frailty model, which is the most widely used model that accounts for heterogeneity in survival data, is investigated. Since in survival models one has to account for possible variation of the effect strength over time the selection of the relevant features has to distinguish between several cases, covariates can have time-varying effects, time-constant effects, or be irrelevant. A penalization approach is proposed that is able to distinguish between these types of effects to obtain a sparse representation that includes the relevant effects in a proper form. It is shown in simulations that the method works well. The method is applied to model the time until pregnancy, illustrating that the complexity of the influence structure can be strongly reduced by using the proposed penalty approach.
Late surgical correction of hypospadias increases the risk of complications: a series of 501 consecutive patients
Authors: Garnier Sarah , Maillet Olivier , Cereda Barbara , Ollivier Margot , Jeandel Clement , Broussous Sylvie , Lopez Christophe , Paris Francoise , Philibert Pascal , Amouroux Cyril , Jeandel Claire , Coffy Amandine , Gaspari Laura , Daures Jean Pierre , Sultan Charles , Kalfa Nicolas 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesTo evaluate the outcomes of hypospadias surgery according to age and to determine if some complications are age‐related.Patients and MethodsThis retrospective study was based on 722 boys with hypospadias undergoing primary repair. A total of 501 boys underwent urethroplasty and were included in the study. Complications requiring an additional procedure (stenosis, fistula, dehiscence, relapse of curvature, urethrocele) were included in the analysis, as well as healing problems, infections, haematomas and detrusor‐sphincter dyssynergy. Logistic regression analysis was performed.ResultsHypospadias was anterior in 63.1%, mid‐penile in 20.5%, posterior in 8.4% and scrotal in 7.9% of the boys. The median (range) age was 4 (1–16) years. The overall rates of re‐intervention and complications were 22.8% and 36.2%, respectively. Age >2 years was a significant predictor of complications (P = 0.002, odds ratio 1.98 [95% confidence interval 1.26–3.13]). Some periods of time appeared to be associated with a specific complication: dyssynergy was more common between the ages of 24 and 36 months (12.5 vs 3.6%; P = 0.01) and healing problemswere more common in boys aged >13 years (1.5 vs 28.5%; P = 0.06).ConclusionDelayed surgery may be detrimental for patients. Factors related to age may influence the rate of complications. After the age of 2 years, urethral surgery may interfere with the normal toilet‐training process. During puberty, endogenous testosterone may alter healing. Even if no specific data exist for severe hypospadias, it may be prudent to continue to advocate early surgery in patients with disorders of sex development.
Board member monitoring behaviors in credit unions: The role of conscientiousness and identification with shareholders
Authors: Guerrero Sylvie , Lapalme Marie‐Ève , Herrbach Olivier , Séguin Michel 
Published: January 2017

AbstractResearch Question/IssueThis research investigates the antecedents of board members’ monitoring behaviors at the individual level. The main idea is that individuals who are both conscientious and identified with shareholders are those most likely to adopt monitoring behaviors.Research Findings/InsightsThe study was conducted using a survey of 166 board members of a large Canadian credit union corporation. Data on monitoring behaviors were collected directly from the chairpersons of the boards they participate in. The results validate the hypothesized moderated mediation model in which perceived importance of monitoring by board members mediates the relationship between conscientiousness and actual monitoring behaviors, on the one hand, and identification with shareholders moderates the relationship between conscientiousness and the perception of the importance of monitoring, on the other hand.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsBy investigating the mediating effect of the perceived importance of the monitoring role in the relationship between conscientiousness and monitoring behaviors, our study provides an empirical test of the attention‐based view in the context of boards of directors and thus contributes to opening the ‘black box’ of board behaviors. Further, by looking at the interactive effect of conscientiousness and identification with shareholders, our study brings new insights into the motivational drivers of directors’ monitoring behaviors.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsThis study invites practitioners in charge of board members’ recruitment and selection to reconsider their practices in order to target individuals demonstrating high levels of conscientiousness. It also highlights the importance of implementing board cultures that value conscientiousness and emphasize shareholders’ interests.
Snoring and components of metabolic syndrome in Southeastern Chinese adults: A community‐based study
Authors: Huang Jianchai , Qi Jiachao , Lin Qichang , Li Shuqi , Chen Gongping , Ding Haibo , Zhao Jianming 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIntroductionSnoring has been associated with a number of abnormal conditions, but little work has been done on its association with components of metabolic syndrome based on the epidemiology in Chinese adults.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the association between snoring and components of metabolic syndrome in southeastern Chinese adults.MethodsA two‐stage, cross‐sectional community‐based study was performed in Fuzhou, Southeast China, from 2005 to 2009. Stage 1: 5500 subjects were administered a questionnaire. Data on self‐reported snoring status, daytime somnolence, demographic data, disease histories, and potential confounders were collected and anthropometric measurements were performed. Stage 2: 1000 subjects who were already investigated underwent a blood test and measurement of blood pressure.ResultsData from 4286 subjects were available; 606 subjects were habitual snorers. The prevalence of overweight or obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia in occasional and habitual snorers was higher than that in the study population (16.66%, 7.89%, 10.52%, and 5.81%, respectively). A significantly increasing trend based on snoring frequency existed in the prevalence of metabolic disorders. The prevalence of components of metabolic syndrome continued to be significantly associated with snoring frequency after controlling confounding factors. Odds ratios of suffering from the aforementioned conditions for occasional and habitual snorers were 1.5–2.5 (P < 0.05) and 2.4–4.8 (P < 0.001) times higher, respectively, compared with nonsnorers.ConclusionsThe prevalence of snoring and components of metabolic syndrome is high in southeastern Chinese adults. Both habitual and occasional snoring are closely associated with metabolic disorders independent of confounding factors.
Nephrectomy‐induced reduced renal function and the health‐related quality of life of living kidney donors
Authors: Han Xiao , Lim Joel Yu Ming , Raman Lata , Tai Bee Choo , Kaur Hersharan , Goh Angeline Ting Hui , Vathsala Anantharaman , Tiong Ho Yee 
Published: January 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the health impact of nephrectomy on living kidney donors (LKDs) by comparing the health‐related quality of life (HrQOL) scores measured by Short Form‐36 (SF36) between those with and without postdonation renal function impairment (PRFI).MethodsEighty‐two LKDs (47 females, mean age=50.2±11.2 years) were prospectively recruited to participate in a SF‐36 HrQOL survey. Chart review, individual baseline, and postoperative renal function (eGFR) was determined using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula. PRFI was defined as eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or proteinuria. Mean SF‐36 domain scores were compared between those with and without PRFI.ResultsAfter a median follow‐up of 5.7 years, the prevalence of postdonation comorbidities was 29.3% (n=24) PRFI, 25.6% (n=21) hypertension, 6.1% (n=5) diabetes, and 3.7% (n=3) heart disease, and no LKDs developed end‐stage renal disease. Mean eGFR before and after donor nephrectomy was 95.5±23.4 and 71.0±17.3 mL/min/1.73 m2 (P<.01). Mean SF‐36 scores of LKDs were not significantly different between those with and without PRFI in all the domains (all P>.05). Similarly, the proportion of LKDs with PRFI did not differ significantly between the patients with SF‐36 domain scores above and below the published reference values.ConclusionNephrectomy‐induced PRFI may not have a significant impact on the HrQOL of the LKD population with a low proportion of other major comorbidities such as diabetes and ischemic heart disease.
A Moral Economy of Water: Charity Wells in Egypt's Nile Delta
Authors: ElDidi Hagar , Corbera Esteve 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTThough commonly viewed as a human right, access to water is often difficult and highly unequal within and between communities, depending on various social and power relations, access mechanisms and property rights regimes. However, moral norms and subsistence ethics can also play a balancing role, enhancing access to water for vulnerable groups and individuals, particularly in contexts of water scarcity. Using the example of a Nile Delta village, this article explores the role of charitable water wells (sobol) in influencing both irrigation and drinking water access relations, by understanding their different modes of governance and the motivations behind their emergence. The article argues that charitable norms underlying sobol are dynamic. They stem from certain moral ideologies concerning religion, property and reciprocity, and while they do greatly enhance access to water, it is with varying degrees, limitations and remaining access discrepancies. Sobol alter property rights relations, extending entitlements to water, but their effectiveness is also limited by existing property rights regimes. Sobol are also limited by existing anti‐cooperative actions, and being embedded in an inequitable access system, they may not fully counterbalance inequitable water access. The limitations of cooperative water access arrangements should be counterweighed and complemented by overarching and equitable water distribution systems.
Engendering the New Enclosures: Development, Involuntary Resettlement and the Struggles for Social Reproduction in Coastal Tanzania
Authors: Brigitte Chung Youjin 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTThis article engages with the feminist concept of ‘social reproduction’ to arrive at a richer understanding of the gendered processes and outcomes of contemporary large‐scale land acquisitions, or the ‘new enclosures’. It focuses on the case of a recent land deal for industrial sugarcane production in the Coast Region of Tanzania and the resultant process of involuntary resettlement. It critically analyses people's struggles for land in the face of imminent displacement, and the gendered ways they experience the erosion of their pre‐existing modes of social reproduction. It argues that enclosure of rural landscapes does more than immediately strip peasants and pastoralists of their means of production and turn them into wage labourers. It gradually uproots them from their socio‐ecological knowledges, cultural practices and historical memories, which are rooted on the land and articulated through gender. The highly uncertain processes of enclosure and displacement also force rural women and men to renegotiate their livelihood strategies and intra‐household gender relations.