bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Democratic Duty to Oppose Brexit
Authors: Weale Albert 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWhat should be the position of democrats in response to the Brexit referendum? Many urge a duty to accept the result. This article argues the contrary. If someone is a UK citizen, has a belief that leaving the European Union will be damaging to the common good of the UK and is a convinced democrat, then that person has a duty to oppose Brexit. Neither of the two principal reasons for accepting the result—a claim of popular sovereignty or of parliamentary sovereignty—imply a duty not to continue to oppose. Arguments from political equality for simple majority rule do not apply when the alternatives are ill defined. More generally, popular sovereignty presupposes and does not replace constitutional democracy, and in a parliamentary democracy there is always a continuing right to oppose.
Long‐term prevalence of the protists Crithidia bombi and Apicystis bombi and detection of the microsporidium Nosema bombi in invasive bumble bees
Authors: Plischuk Santiago , Antúnez Karina , Haramboure Marina , Minardi Graciela M. , Lange Carlos E. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryAn initial survey in 2009 carried out at a site in northwestern Patagonia region, Argentina, revealed for the first time in South America the presence of the flagellate Crithidia bombi and the neogregarine Apicystis bombi, two pathogens associated with the Palaearctic invasive bumble bee Bombus terrestris. In order to determine the long‐term persistence and dynamics of this microparasite complex, four additional collections at the same site (San Carlos de Bariloche) were conducted along the following seven years. Both protists were detected in all collections: prevalence was 2%–21.6% for C. bombi and 1.2%–14% for A. bombi. In addition, the microsporidium Nosema bombi was recorded for the first time in the country in the last two collections, at prevalences of 12.4% and 2.4% and unusually high infection intensities (Average = 6.56 × 107 spores per individual). Due to the exceptional dispersal ability of the exotic B. terrestris, these three multihost pathogens should be considered as potential threats to South American native bumble bees.
Computed Tomography Use for Adults With Head Injury: Describing Likely Avoidable Emergency Department Imaging Based on the Canadian CT Head Rule
Authors: Sharp Adam L. , Nagaraj Ganesh , Rippberger Ellen J. , Shen Ernest , Swap Clifford J. , Silver Matthew A. , McCormick Taylor , Vinson David R. , Hoffman Jerome R. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackgroundMillions of head computed tomography (CT) scans are ordered annually, but the extent of avoidable imaging is poorly defined.ObjectivesThe objective was to determine the prevalence of likely avoidable CT imaging among adults evaluated for head injury in 14 community emergency departments (EDs) in Southern California.MethodsWe conducted an electronic health record (EHR) database and chart review of adult ED trauma encounters receiving a head CT from 2008 to 2013. The primary outcome was discordance with the Canadian CT Head Rule (CCHR) high‐risk criteria; the secondary outcome was use of a neurosurgical intervention in the discordant cohort. We queried systemwide EHRs to identify CCHR discordance using criteria identifiable in discrete data fields. Explicit chart review of a subset of discordant CTs provided estimates of misclassification bias and assessed the low‐risk cases who actually received an intervention.ResultsAmong 27,240 adult trauma head CTs, EHR data classified 11,432 (42.0%) discordant with CCHR recommendation. Subsequent chart review showed that the designation of discordance based on the EHR was inaccurate in 12.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.6% to 18.8%). Inter‐rater reliability for attributing CCHR concordance was 95% (κ = 0.86). Thus, we estimate that 36.8% of trauma head CTs were truly likely avoidable (95% CI = 34.1% to 39.6%). Among the likely avoidable CT group identified by EHR, only 0.1% (n = 13) received a neurosurgical intervention. Chart review showed none of these were actually “missed” by the CCHR, as all 13 were misclassified.ConclusionAbout one‐third of head CTs currently performed on adults with head injury may be avoidable by applying the CCHR. Avoidance of CT in such patients is unlikely to miss any important injuries.
Sustaining SBIRT in the wild: simulating revenues and costs for Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment programs
Authors: Cowell Alexander J. , Dowd William N. , Mills Michael J. , Hinde Jesse M. , Bray Jeremy W. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAimsTo examine the conditions under which Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) programs can be sustained by health insurance payments.DesignA mathematical model was used to estimate the number of patients needed for revenues to exceed costs.SettingThree medical settings in the United States were examined: in‐patient, out‐patient and emergency department. Components of SBIRT were delivered by combinations of health‐care practitioners (generalists) and behavioral health specialists.ParticipantsPractitioners in seven SBIRT programs who received grants from the US Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).MeasurementsProgram costs and revenues were measured using data from grantees. Patient flows were measured from administrative data and adjusted with prevalence and screening estimates from the literature.FindingsSBIRT can be sustained through health insurance reimbursement in out‐patient and emergency department settings in most staffing mixes. To sustain SBIRT in in‐patient programs, a patient flow larger than the national average may be needed; if that flow is achieved, the range of screens required to maintain a surplus is narrow. Sensitivity analyses suggest that the results are very sensitive to changes in the proportion of insured patients.ConclusionsScreening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment programs in the United States can be sustained by health insurance payments under a variety of staffing models. Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment programs can be sustained only in an in‐patient setting with above‐average patient flow (more than 2500 screens). Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment programs in out‐patient and emergency department settings can be sustained with below‐average patient flows (fewer than 125 000 out‐patient visits and fewer than 27 000 emergency department visits).
Development of the SBIRT checklist for observation in real‐time (SCORe)
Authors: Vendetti Janice A. , McRee Bonnie G. , Del Boca Frances K. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackground and aimsScreening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) programs have been implemented widely in medical settings, with little attention focused on how well providers adhere to evidence‐based service delivery in everyday practice. The purposes of this paper were to: (1) introduce a flexible, relatively simple methodology, the SBIRT Checklist for Observation in Real‐time (SCORe), to assess adherence to evidence‐based practice and provide preliminary evidence supporting its criterion validity; and (2) illustrate the feasibility and potential utility of the SCORe by analyzing observations of providers within four large‐scale SBIRT programs in the United States.MethodsEighteen potential adherence judges were trained to recognize SBIRT service elements presented in realistic taped portrayals constructed to serve as criterion coding standards. Across the four SBIRT programs, 76 providers were observed performing 388 services in three types of medical settings; emergency departments (n = 10), hospital out‐patient/ambulatory clinics (n = 16) and hospital in‐patient settings (n = 5).ResultsAcross two exercises, trainees identified 81% of screening and 75% of brief intervention (BI) elements correctly; for the six FRAMES components (Feedback, Responsibility, Advice, Menu of options, Empathy, Self‐efficacy), agreement ranged from 69% to 91%. Across programs, 56% of screening, 54% of brief intervention (BI) (81% of FRAMES) and 53% of referral to treatment elements were observed. Programs differed significantly in adherence [screening, P = 0.024; BI, P < 0.001; FRAMES, P < 0.001; referral to treatment (RT), P < 0.001]; medical setting differences were minimal.ConclusionsThe Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment Checklist for Observation in Real‐time provides a flexible method for assessing adherence to evidence‐based Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment service protocols. Preliminary evidence supports the criterion validity, feasibility and potential utility of the Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment Checklist for Observation in Real‐time protocol.
The cost‐effectiveness of brief intervention versus brief treatment of Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) in the United States
Authors: Barbosa Carolina , Cowell Alexander , Dowd William , Landwehr Justin , Aldridge Arnie , Bray Jeremy 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAimsTo conduct a cost‐effectiveness analysis (CEA) comparing the delivery of brief intervention (BI) with brief treatment (BT) within Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) programs.DesignQuasi‐experimental differences in observed baseline characteristics between BI and BT patients were adjusted using propensity score techniques. Incremental comparison of costs and health outcomes associated with BI and BT.SettingHealth‐care settings in four US states participating in Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration SBIRT grant programs.ParticipantsNinety patients who received BT and 878 who received BI.MeasurementsPer‐patient cost of SBIRT, patient demographics and six measures of substance use: proportion using alcohol, proportion using alcohol to intoxication, days of alcohol use, days of alcohol use to intoxication, proportion using drugs and days using drugs.FindingsBI and BT were associated with better outcomes. The cost of SBIRT was significantly higher for BT patients ($75.54 versus 16.32, 95% confidence interval,P < 0.01). BT would be cost‐effective if the decision‐maker had a willingness to pay of $8.90 for a 1 percentage point reduction in the probability of using any alcohol. For the other five outcomes, BT was less effective and more costly, and BI would be a better use of resources.ConclusionsIt might be cost‐effective to offer brief treatment if the goal is to abstain from alcohol. However, the higher effectiveness of brief treatment for this outcome is associated with considerable uncertainty and, because both brief intervention and brief treatment improve all outcomes, brief treatment does not appear to be a good use of resources.
A time and motion study of Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment implementation in health‐care settings
Authors: Cowell Alexander J. , Dowd William N. , Landwehr Justin , Barbosa Carolina , Bray Jeremy W. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAimsScreening and brief intervention for harmful substance use in medical settings is being promoted heavily in the United States. To justify service provision fiscally, the field needs accurate estimates of the number and type of staff required to provide services, and thus the time taken to perform activities used to deliver services. This study analyzed the time spent in activities for the component services of the substance misuse Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) program implemented in emergency departments, in‐patient units and ambulatory clinics.DesignObservers timed activities according to 18 distinct codes among SBIRT practitioners.SettingTwenty‐six US sites within four grantees.ParticipantsFive hundred and one practitioner–patient interactions; 63 SBIRT practitioners.MeasurementsTiming of practitioner activities.InterventionsDelivery of component services of SBIRT.FindingsThe mean (standard error) time to deliver services was 1:19 (0:06) for a pre‐screen (n = 210), 4:28 (0:24) for a screen (n = 97) and 6:51 (0:38) for a brief intervention (n = 66). Estimates of service duration varied by setting. Overall, practitioners spent 40% of their time supporting SBIRT delivery to patients and 13% of their time delivering services.ConclusionsIn the United States, support activities (e.g. reviewing the patient's chart, locating the patient, writing case‐notes) for substance abuse Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment require more staff time than delivery of services. Support time for screens and brief interventions in the emergency department/trauma setting was high compared with the out‐patient setting.
“Resistance is futile”: estimating the costs of managing herbicide resistance as a first‐order Markov process and the case of U.S. upland cotton producers
Authors: Lambert Dayton M. , Larson James A. , Roberts Roland K. , English Burton C. , Zhou Xia “Vivian” , Falconer Lawrence L. , Hogan Robert J. , Johnson Jason L. , Reeves Jeanne M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA 2012 survey of upland U.S. cotton producers was analyzed to determine the factors contributing to changes in weed management costs (WMCs) after the identification of herbicide‐resistant weeds. An ordered probit regression estimated changes in WMC as a first‐order Markov process. The most important determinants of post‐resistance cost increases were initial WMCs, adoption of labor‐intensive remedial practices, and wick application of herbicides. Cultivation and mechanical/chemical‐intensive practices did not increase WMCs. Post‐resistance changes in WMC ranged between $85 and $138 ha−1, depending on the practices adopted. WMCs increased by $88 ha−1 when cost‐neutral practices were adopted. The in‐sample aggregate costs of managing herbicide resistance ranged between $25 and $53 million, depending on the types of adopted practices.
Canaloplasty with Stegmann Canal Expander for primary open‐angle glaucoma: two‐year clinical results
Authors: Grieshaber Matthias C. , Schoetzau Andreas , Grieshaber Hans R. , Stegmann Robert 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPurposeTo examine longer‐term postsurgical safety and efficacy of a new expander for Schlemm's canal.MethodsIn a non‐comparative, prospective study, 42 White patients with medically uncontrolled primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG) underwent primary canaloplasty with >2‐year follow‐up. The bleb‐independent procedure comprised catheter‐assisted canaloplasty and implantation of two Stegmann Canal Expanders to maintain trabecular distension and canal patency over 180°. Intraocular pressure (IOP), glaucoma medication use and complications were assessed.ResultsMean IOP was 26.8 ± 5.6 mmHg presurgery, 12.8 ± 1.5 mmHg at 6 months, 13.2 ± 1.2 mmHg at 12 months and 13.3 ± 2.5 mmHg at 24 months (p < 0.001). Rate of complete success, defined as IOP ≤21, ≤18 and ≤16 mmHg and a ≥ 30% IOP reduction, was 85% (95% CI: 0.76–0.95), 85% (0.76–0.95) and 82% (0.70–0.96) at 12 months and 83% (0.73–0.94), 80% (0.70–0.92) and 80% (0.70–0.92) at 24 months. Preoperative factors were not significant predictors of ≤16 mmHg IOP reduction: IOP (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.44–1.04; p = 0.08), mean visual defect (1.06; 0.90–1.20; p = 0.47), number of medications (0.59; 0.17–2.14; p = 0.42) and age (0.96; 0.87–1.13; p = 0.41). Number of medications dropped from 2.8 ± 0.4 presurgery to 0.2 ± 0.5 postsurgery (p < 0.001). Mean preoperative best‐corrected visual acuity was 0.19 ± SD 0.21 (range: 0–1.6), and logMAR was similar to 0.23 ± 0.16 (range: 0–1.6; p = 0.42) after a mean follow‐up of 27.4 months. Complications included peripheral Descemet's membrane detachment (7.2%) and trimming of the expander (4.7%) during surgery, and transient microhyphaema (23.8%) and IOP elevation (7.2%) postsurgery.ConclusionCanaloplasty with the Stegmann Canal Expander was a safe and effective procedure to reduce IOP in White patients with moderate to advanced POAG.
CONFLICT HANDLING IN RENEWABLE ENERGY COOPERATIVES (RECs): ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTS AND MEMBER WELL‐BEING
Authors: BRUMMER Vasco , HERBES Carsten , GERICKE Naomi 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTWe investigate conflict handling in Renewable Energy Cooperatives (RECs) in Germany. Conflict handling in this context shows to be unique due to RECs’ business model and the relationship between members and their organization. Unlike in other cooperative firms, most REC members in Germany neither work for their cooperative nor do they receive goods or services from it. We document frequent controversial topics of discussion in annual meetings and how the organizational frame conditions influence modes of conflict handling by the involved parties. Using data gathered by participant observation of the annual meetings of 15 different RECs in southern Germany, we show by a qualitative approach that conflict handling by members of the Executive Board, the Supervisory Board and the rank‐and‐file during the process of decision‐making ranges from highly cooperative to fully Competitive, but these styles tend to converge to collaborative outcomes, reflecting the members’ shared commitment to the cooperative principles of the enterprise.
The risk predictive values of UK‐PBC and GLOBE scoring system in Chinese patients with primary biliary cholangitis: the additional effect of anti‐gp210
Authors: Yang F. , Yang Y. , Wang Q. , Wang Z. , Miao Q. , Xiao X. , Wei Y. , Bian Z. , Sheng L. , Chen X. , Qiu D. , Fang J. , Tang R. , Gershwin M. E. , Ma X. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryBackgroundAdequate risk stratification is critical for the management of the patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). The UK‐PBC and GLOBE scoring systems for prognosis of PBC have been proposed recently, but have not been validated in Asian population.AimTo validate the UK‐PBC and GLOBE scoring systems in Chinese patients for prognosis of PBC. To clarify the role of anti‐gp210 as a biomarker, and to investigate whether anti‐gp210 could affect the prognostic values of UK‐PBC and GLOBE scoring systems.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed 276 patients with PBC evaluated between September 2004 and May 2016, including 133 anti‐gp210+ and 143 anti‐gp210− patients.ResultsThe 5‐year adverse outcome‐free survivals of anti‐gp210+ vs. anti‐gp210− patients were 70% and 85%, respectively (P = 0.005). Cirrhosis (P = 0.001), albumin level ≤40 g/L (P = 0.011) and platelet count ≤153 × 109 (P < 0.001) had a superimposition effect on anti‐gp210 antibody as a risk factor. Furthermore, long‐term prognoses were evaluated using the UK‐PBC and GLOBE scores. For UK‐PBC scoring system, the area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was 0.924 for all patients with PBC (n = 223), 0.940 for anti‐gp210+ patients (n = 110) and 0.888 for anti‐gp210− patients (n = 113). For GLOBE scoring system, the area under receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.901 for all patients with PBC (n = 223), 0.924 for anti‐gp210+ patients (n = 110) and 0.848 for anti‐gp210− patients (n = 113). UK‐PBC score >0.0578 (P < 0.001, HR: 32.736, 95% CI: 11.368–94.267) and GLOBE score <0.850 (P < 0.001, HR: 18.763, 95% CI: 7.968–44.180) were associated with poorer outcomes in the whole cohort.ConclusionsThe UK‐PBC and GLOBE scoring systems were good 5‐year prognostic predictors in Chinese patients with PBC, especially in anti‐gp210+ patients. As a biomarker, anti‐gp210 antibody was associated with a more severe cholestatic manifestation and a worse long‐term prognosis. The anti‐gp210 antibody could be added to further optimise the UK‐PBC and GLOBE scoring systems.
Characterization of the cathelicidin cluster in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)
Authors: Ishige Taichiro , Hara Hiromi , Hirano Takashi , Kono Tomohiro , Hanzawa Kei 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe Japanese quail has several advantages as a low‐fat meat bird with high immunity against diseases. Cathelicidins (CATHs) are antimicrobial peptides that play an important role in innate immunity. The aim of this study was to characterize the CATH cluster in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). The Japanese quail CATH (CjCATH) cluster, contains four CATH genes, as in the chicken. The coding sequences of CjCATHs exhibited >85.3% identity to chicken CATHs. The predicted amino acid sequences of the four CjCATH genes contained the cathelin‐like domain characteristic of CATH proteins. Polymorphisms were detected in the open reading frames (ORFs) of all CjCATH sequences. Two amino acid substitutions were observed in the antimicrobial region of the mature peptide of CjCATH2, and predicted to influence peptide function. CjCATH1 is expressed in lung, heart, bone marrow and bursa of Fabricius (BF). CjCATH2 is expressed in bone marrow. CjCATH3 is expressed in lung, heart, bone marrow, BF, tongue and duodenum. CjCATHB1 is expressed in bone marrow and BF. This study is the first to characterize CATH genes in the Japanese quail, and identifies novel antimicrobial peptide sequences belonging to the cathelicidin family, which may play a role in immunity in this species.
Dose evaluation of lamivudine in human immunodeficiency virus‐infected children aged 5 months to 18 years based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis
Authors: Janssen Esther J. H. , Bastiaans Diane E. T. , Välitalo Pyry A. J. , van Rossum Annemarie M. C. , Jacqz‐Aigrain Evelyne , Lyall Hermione , Knibbe Catherijne A. J. , Burger David M. 
Published: January 2017

AimThe objectives of this study were to characterize age‐related changes in lamivudine pharmacokinetics in children and evaluate lamivudine exposure, followed by dose recommendations for subgroups in which target steady state area under the daily plasma concentration–time curve (AUC0–24h) is not reached.MethodsPopulation pharmacokinetic modelling was performed in NONMEM using data from two model‐building datasets and two external datasets [n = 180 (age 0.4–18 years, body weight 3.4–60.5 kg); 2061 samples (median 12 per child); daily oral dose 60–300 mg (3.9–17.6 mg kg–1)]. Steady state AUC0–24h was calculated per individual (adult target 8.9 mg·h l–1).ResultsA two‐compartment model with sequential zero order and first order absorption best described the data. Apparent clearance and central volume of distribution (% RSE) were 13.2 l h–1 (4.2%) and 38.9 l (7.0%) for a median individual of 16.6 kg, respectively. Bodyweight was identified as covariate on apparent clearance and volume of distribution using power functions (exponents 0.506 (20.2%) and 0.489 (32.3%), respectively). The external evaluation supported the predictive ability of the final model. In 94.5% and 35.8% of the children with a body weight >14 kg and <14 kg, respectively, the target AUC0–24h was reached.ConclusionBodyweight best predicted the developmental changes in apparent lamivudine clearance and volume of distribution. For children aged 5 months–18 years with a body weight <14 kg, the dose should be increased from 8 to 10 mg kg–1 day–1 if the adult target for AUC0–24h is aimed for. In order to identify whether bodyweight influences bioavailability, clearance and/or volume of distribution, future analysis including data on intravenously administered lamivudine is needed.