bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PPM: A Tool for Astronomers
Authors: Bastian U. 
Published: July 2016

The new catalogue of Positions and Proper Motions (“PPM”) was compiled to replace the AGK3 and SAO catalogues as an astrometric reference on the northern celestial hemisphere. It provides more than 180 000 reference stars, is on the system of FK5 (J2000.0) and has a higher accuracy than the two older catalogues.Some properties of PPM and its High-Precision Subset are presented.
Microphotometry-Computer Classification of Objective-Prism Spectra
Authors: Yoss K. M. 
Published: July 2016

Three-dimensional classification of late-type stars is obtained through computer-processed digitized microphotometer data. Plate transmissions are converted to relative intensity through spot-sensitometer calibration data. A pseudo-continuum consisting of several straight-line segments is formed by connecting high points in the spectrum. Absorption-line strengths and line ratios are then measured. The temperature-and-luminosity-sensitive ratios are relatively insensitive to seeing effects. For plates with a dispersion of 108 Å mm-1, preliminary results indicate an accuracy in derived absolute magnitude comparable to, and possibly better than, that of MK classification.The CN anomaly serves as the abundance index. The CN index was defined in a manner to give the largest figure of merit (the ratio of total range of the index to the mean error). The adopted method is the same as that of Yoss and Lutz (1971) and has a figure of merit over twice that of the index similar to that of Griffin and Redman (1960).For field stars, plate X and Y positions are converted to equatorial coordinates and printed out in order of increasing right ascension, making quick and easy identification of the Henry Draper numbers.
Recent absolute calibration work at Palomar Mountain
Authors: Oke J. B. , Schild R. 
Published: July 2016

A four inch hermetically sealed reflecting telescope has been attached to the prime-focus scanner to provide an observing system for absolute calibration work. Light sources, including a platinum and a copper furnace, are observed at a distance of approximately 1200 feet. Since the telescope focal length is only 13 inches these sources look like stars. Thus bright stars such as α Lyr are compared directly with the light sources under identical instrumental conditions.It has been found that horizontal extinction can be abnormally large; therefore it is measured several times each night. The absolute calibration is being derived at present from 3500 Å to 11000 Å and will be extended to 3200 Å as soon as possible. The calibration lies approximately midway between that measured recently by Hayes and that adopted some years ago by Oke. A very preliminary value for the absolute flux from α Lyr at 5556 Å is 3.5 × 10−20 ergs sec−1 cm−2 Hz−1 or 3.4 × 10−9 ergs sec−1 cm−2 Å−1.
The importance of helium and metals diffusion in stars
Authors: Proffitt Charles R. 
Published: July 2016

Comparisons between models of the solar interior and sound speed profiles derived from inversions of helioseismic data have demonstrated that it is essential to include the effects of gravitational settling when calculating the structure and evolution of the Sun. Including settling should also be necessary for models of metal poor main-sequence stars and results in a substantial reduction in the ages derived for globular clusters.In many cases it is clear that competing hydrodynamic processes, such as mass loss or rotationally driven mixing, will limit the effectiveness of gravitational separation of chemical elements. However, the quantitative details and even the relative importance of the different processes in various types of stars remains poorly understood.
Recent UV and Optical Observations of Planetary Nebulae
Authors: Torres-Peimbert Silvia 
Published: July 2016

This review contains a brief survey of the issues that have been the concern of optical and ultraviolet studies of planetary nebulae since the last IAU Symposium on this subject in 1982.The nature of this review is such that it is not possible to do justice to the wealth of work that has taken place in this period, I will just point out some characteristic examples of the different aspects of the work done.
AGN Variability
Authors: Kawaguchi Toshihiro , Mineshige Shin 
Published: July 2016

A number of monitoring observations of continuum emission from Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) have been made in optical-X-ray bands. The results obtained so far show (i) random up and down on timescales longer than decades, (ii) no typical timescales of variability on shorter timescales and (iii) decreasing amplitudes as timescales become shorter. The second feature indicates that any successful model must produce a wide variety of shot-amplitudes and -durations over a few orders in their light curves. In this sense, we conclude that the disk instability model is favored over the starburst model, since fluctuations on days are hard to produce by the latter model.Inter-band correlations and time lags also impose great constraints on models. Thus, constructing wavelength and time dependent models remains as future work.
The Galactic Evolution of Boron
Authors: Primas Francesca 
Published: July 2016

Boron, together with lithium and beryllium, belongs to the group of the so-called light elements, the importance of which ranges from providing important tests to Big Bang nucleosynthesis scenarios to being useful probes of stellar interiors and useful tools to further constrain the chemical evolution of the Galaxy.Since it became operative in the late eighties, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and its high- and medium-resolution spectrographs have played a key role in analyzing boron. Boron has now been observed in several stars and in the interstellar medium (ISM), providing important information in different fields of astrophysical research (nucleosynthesis, cosmic-ray spallation, stellar structure). In particular, determinations of boron in unevolved stars of different metallicity have allowed to study how boron evolves with iron.After a general review of the current status of boron observations and of the major uncertainties affecting the measurements of its abundance, I will mainly concentrate on unevolved stars and discuss the ‘evolutionary’ picture emerging from the most recent analyses and how its interpretation compares with theoretical expectations. A brief discussion on future prospects will conclude this contribution, showing how the field may evolve and improve.
Spotty appearance of the solar disk as inferred from the comparaison between EUV and radio intensities
Authors: Suemoto Z. , Moriyama F. 
Published: July 2016

This is a revised version of the work reported to the COSPAR Symposium of 1962. In the first place, the basic components of the radio intensities ranging from 1000 MHz to 9400 MHz derived by H. Tanaka were used to establish the relation between the electron temperature and integrated number of electrons for 1960 and 1961 flights. The result justifies our former assumption that the radio intensities with which the EUV line intensities from the transition layer are to be compared should, as a first approximation, be very close to those at sunspot minimum.In the second place, the integrated numbers of electrons from the EUV line intensities were derived based on the same data as were used by Pottasch. This is to eliminate any arbitrariness in adopting parameters which are still uncertain.The result is that we still have a large amount of disagreement between the two sets of intensities in the sense that EUV line intensities are at least ten times stronger as might be inferred from the radio intensities. If one assumes an inhomogeneous model in which the solar disk is bright only in patches covering about 0.15 of its total area, the discrepancy would be eliminated.
Shapes of Magellanic Cloud star clusters
Authors: Kontizas E. , Kontizas M. , Sedmak G. , Smareglia R. 
Published: July 2016

The ellipticities of the most populous MC star clusters (87) have been derived for studying a) ellipticity variations within individual clusters, b) variations of ellipticity distributions for various galaxies, and c) variations of ellipticity of star clusters relative to their dynamical parameters.From the studied clusters it is found that radial ellipticity variations within individual clusters seem to be a common phenomenon for the MC clusters where the inner parts are more elliptical than the outer. The SMC clusters are more elliptical than LMC clusters where ellipticities are measured at rh.The dynamical masses of the clusters seem to correlate with ellipticities where the most massive are the most elliptical.
Theoretical pulsation models for Long Period Variables
Authors: Tuchman Y. 
Published: July 2016

Three issues, which are to my opinion the main obstacles in modeling the variability of Miras and Long Period Variables (LPVs), are presented and discussed:
a.The initial static models - Possible influences of the evolutionary details, the helium shell flashes and the use of the core-mass luminosity relation.b.Modeling the convective energy transport - The mixing-length theory, its limitations and validity. First attempts for two-dimensional calculations of the convective flow in AGB stars.c.The surface conditions - Introduction to the main difficulties and uncertainties. What should be done in the future.Finally, the ancient problem, concerning the mode of pulsation, in Miras, is discussed using the recent radii observations confronted with the results of our full non-linear calculations.
Acceleration, Containment and Emission of High Energy Flare Particles: Radio Evidence
Authors: Boischot A. 
Published: July 2016

The existence of non thermal radio bursts provide evidences for the acceleration of electrons in the solar atmosphere.It is shown, from the characteristics of the bursts, that the electrons are accelerated in at least four different phases:
(1)An impulsive phase which gives μib and III bursts.(2)A gradual phase which gives μIV and S1IV bursts.(3)A quasi-continuous phase which gives S2IV bursts and noise storms.(4)An acceleration by shock waves gives type II bursts.(5)Eventually, another shock-wave acceleration giving the moIV burst.
22. On the magnetic fields of novae and super-novae
Authors: Mustel E. R. 
Published: July 2016

This paper is a development of the hypothesis, suggested earlier by the author, namely that novae possess a large general magnetic field. This hypothesis explains the following facts: (a) effects of the retardation of matter in novae before light maximum, (b) a preferential ejection of matter from novae in two diametrically opposite directions during an outburst, and (c) formation of rings and equatorial belts after light maximum, observed in N Aql 1918 and N Her 1934. These rings and belts are formed due to the fact that the general magnetic field of new stars deflects condensations of continuous ejection (the diffuse-enhanced and Orion spectra) towards the equator.Magnetic fields inside novae must be ‘tangled’. This explains (a), as well as the difference between cases (b) and (c).The structure of envelopes, ejected by novae, must reflect the presence of tangled magnetic fields. According to G. A. Shajn this is confirmed for super-novae, the envelopes of which may be studied in detail.
Revival, Recognition, Restitution: Indigenous Rights in the Eastern Caribbean
Authors: Strecker Amy 
Published: July 2016

Abstract:The idea that the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean islands became extinct has until recently dominated scholarly discourse and popular awareness. This “extinction” narrative served to justify the appropriation of indigenous lands during the colonial period, and its legacy continued into post-independence. In recent years, these misconceptions have been put under increasing scrutiny, not only by archaeological, historical, and ethnographic research but also, more importantly, by communities themselves. In Dominica, Saint Vincent, and Trinidad, communities are contesting negative stereotypes, reasserting their presence, and agitating for their human rights in the post-colonial islands states. This article discusses the acquisition of indigenous rights by descendant communities in the eastern Caribbean. It reveals the various degrees to which communities have gained state recognition and illustrates that while progress has been made in relation to recognition and cultural rights for communities in the islands, issues remain in relation to land security.
Listeria monocytogenescross-contamination of cheese: risk throughout the food supply chain
Authors: SAUDERS B. D. , D'AMICO D. J. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYListeria monocytogeneshas been the most common microbial cause of cheese-related recalls in both the United States and Canada in recent years. SinceL. monocytogenesis inactivated by pasteurization, the majority of these cases have been linked to environmental and cross-contamination of fresh-soft, soft-ripened, and semi-soft cheeses. Cross-contamination of foods withL. monocytogenesis a continuous risk throughout the food supply chain and presents unique challenges for subsequent illness and outbreak investigations. Reports on outbreaks of listeriosis attributed to cross-contamination downstream from primary processing help highlight the critical role of epidemiological investigation coupled with coordinated molecular subtyping and surveillance in the recognition and investigation of complex foodborne outbreaks. Despite their complexity, environmental sampling throughout the supply chain coupled with improved genotyping approaches and concomitant analysis of foodborne illness epidemiological exposure data are needed to help resolve these and similar cases more rapidly and with greater confidence.
Finnish National Training Centre for Emergency Services
Authors: Kettunen Tapio A. , Mattila Matti A.K. , Hänninen Osmo O. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis is a review of the facilities and programmes of the Finnish National Centre for Emergency Services in Kuopio, Finland. It includes the Emergency Services College that provides all of the training for emergency service workers in Finland and provides some services for the international community. There are needs for training by the medical community in Finland that relate both to skills and knowledge. Education and training focus on the demonstration of evidence-based competence. The facility includes a training ground for the provision of immediate emergency medical care, scene safety, extrication, industrial accidents, and water rescue. It is used for the training of paramedic students, nurses, medical students, firefighters, dispatch center staff, and officers. Computer-aided simulations are used to enhance the learning process. Plans are underway for adding tele-education and/or virtual-reality facilities. Close liaison is maintained with the University of Kuopio, Kuopio University Hospital, and with the Pohjois-Savo Polytechnic Institute.
Impact of the 1994 Northridge Earthquake on the Utilization and Difficulties Associated with Prescription Medications and Health Aids
Authors: Sareen Harvinder , Shoaf Kimberley I. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroduction:The medical impacts of disasters have focused on the injuries, illnesses, and deaths related to the disaster. Little has been written about the impact of disasters on persons who use prescription medications or those medications that require refrigeration, or those who require health aids. The objective of this study was an evaluation of the level of utilization of prescription medications and medications that require refrigeration as well as the use of health aids by the population affected by the disaster.Methods:Following the Northridge earthquake of 1994, a survey of Los Angeles County households was conducted to assess the impact of the earthquake. A total of 1247 households completed the 48 minute telephone interview. As part of the interview, 10 questions assessed the utilization of medications and medical aids by household members and the effects that the earthquake had on those medications and devices. Chi-square, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and logistic regression analysis were applied.Results:Of the 1,212 completed interviews, 21% of the households had a family member taking a prescription medication or a medication requiring refrigeration. Associated factors included gender, race, age, household income, level of education, presence of children, and the intensity of the earthquake (by the Modified Mercalli Index). Only 3% of those that reported medication usage noted problems associated with the use of these medications.Thirty-nine percent of the respondents indicated that someone in the household used a health aid (e.g., eyeglasses, hearing aid, etc.). Usage was related to gender, race, age, household income, level of education, presence of children, and the intensity of the shaking associated with the earthquake. Of these, 6.5% reported difficulty with these aids, usually related to loss or breakage.Conclusions:Although the proportions of the population requiring prescription or refrigerated medications and/or for those using health aids in Los Angeles seemingly are small, this translates to 630,000 households in which someone requires medications and 1.2 million households with a requirement for health aids. Thus, there are a huge number of persons at risk for serious medical problems related to these medications and devices that could produce profound medical problems during a disaster. However, during and following a moderate earthquake, it does not seem that the consequences will be great.
Lessons Learned in Public Health Emergency Management: Personal Reflections
Authors: Kizer Kenneth W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMultiple environmental, ecological, and socio-political forces are converging to increase the occurrence of both natural and technological disasters. Ten forces are of most concern in this regard. These are: 1) global warming, with its consequent weather extremes and climate changes; 2) continued rapid human population growth and concomitant increased urbanization; 3) decreased bio-diversity and consequent ecological fragility; 4) deforestation and loss of natural habitat for animal species, with resultant greater overlap of human and animal habitats, human exposure to animal pathogens, and other ecological perturbations; 5) increased technological development throughout the world (especially in developing countries with their typically immature safety programs) 6) globalization and increased population mobility; 7) sub-national religious and ethnic conflicts, and their potential for conflict escalation and large scale displacement of populations; 8) the collapse of several major countries and consequent unraveling of national identity and social order; 9) the rise of terrorism; and 10) dramatic advances in the science and technology of computing, communications, biotechnology, and genomics.This paper describes 10 lessons learned relative to the public health aspects of emergency management, especially as they pertain to disasters. 1) Planning pays; 2) A bad situation can be made worse by inappropriate responses; 3) Most life saving interventions will occur before the disaster happens and immediately afterwards by local action; 4) Public health emergency management is not a democratic process; 5) Psychological impacts are usually greater than anticipated; 6) Communications and information management are vital, but often are the weak link in the response chain; 7) Collaboration and partnerships are essential; 8) Unsolicited volunteers and aid are inevitable and must be planned for and managed; 9) Never assume anything, and always expect the unexpected; and 10) Post-event evaluation is important, and must be coordinated.The paramount lesson learned from past emergencies is that the untoward impact of these events can be anticipated and significantly ameliorated by appropriate planning and preparation. On the other hand, preparation for emergency events has deteriorated because of health-care financial constraints, and resources to support planning and needed infrastructure have diminished. Given these realities, the major unresolved challenge is how to ensure that planning for the common good is supported and, in fact, gets done.
Theme 7. Sharing International Experiences in Disasters: Summary and Action Plan
Authors: Braham Michael , Aghababian Richard , Andrews Richard A. , Austin Cher , Brown Ross , Chen Yao Zhong , Engindeniz Z. , Girouard Roger , Leaman Paul , Masellis Michele , Nakayama Shinichi , Polentsov Y.O. , Suserud Bjōrn Ove 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroduction:The discussions in this theme provided an opportunity to share specific experiences with disasters that occurred outside of the Asia-Pacific Rim.Methods:Details of the methods used are provided in the preceding paper. The chairs moderated all presentations and produced a summary that was presented to an assembly of all of the delegates. Since the findings from the Theme 7 and Theme 3 groups were similar, the chairs of both groups presided over one workshop that resulted in the generation of a set of action plans that then were reported to the collective group of all delegates.Results:The main points developed during the presentations and discussion included: (1) disaster response planning, (2) predetermined command and organizational structure, (3) rapid response capability, (4) mitigation, and (5) communications and alternatives.Discussion:The action plans presented are in common with those presented by Theme 3, and include: (1) plan disaster responses including the different types, identification of hazards, training based on experiences, and provision of public education; (2) improving coordination and control; (3) maintaining communications assuming infrastructure breakdown; (4) maximizing mitigation through standardized evaluations, creation of a legal framework, and recognition of advocacy and public participation; and (5) providing resources and knowledge through access to existing therapies, using the media, and increasing decentralization of hospital inventories.Conclusions:Most of the problems that occurred outside the Asia-Pacific rim relative to disaster management are similar to those experienced within it. They should be addressed in common with the rest of the world.
Principles of Disaster Management Lesson 12: Structuring Organizations
Authors: Cuny Fred C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis lesson discusses various structures for organizations that have functional roles in disaster responses, relief, and/or management activities. It distinguishes between pyramidal and matrix structures, and notes the advantages and disadvantages of each in relation to disasters. Span of control issues are dissected including the impact of the “P” factor on the performance of disaster managers and workers including its relationship to the coordination and control function. The development of a Table of Organization and how it relates to departmentalization within an organization also is provided.