bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Cellular DNA Content by Flow Cytometry
Authors: Darzynkiewicz Zbigniew , Huang Xuan , Zhao Hong 
Published: October 2017

AbstractCellular DNA content can be measured by flow cytometry with the aim of : (1) revealing cell distribution within the major phases of the cell cycle, (2) estimating frequency of apoptotic cells with fractional DNA content, and/or (3) disclosing DNA ploidy of the measured cell population. In this unit, simple and universally applicable methods for staining fixed cells are presented, as are methods that utilize detergents and/or proteolytic treatment to permeabilize cells and make DNA accessible to fluorochrome. Additionally, supravital cell staining with Hoechst 33342, which is primarily used for sorting live cells based on DNA‐content differences for their subsequent culturing, is described. Also presented are methods for staining cell nuclei isolated from paraffin‐embedded tissues. Available algorithms are listed for deconvolution of DNA‐content‐frequency histograms to estimate percentage of cells in major phases of the cell cycle and frequency of apoptotic cells with fractional DNA content. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Staining of Frozen and Formalin‐Fixed, Paraffin‐Embedded Tissues with Metal‐Labeled Antibodies for Imaging Mass Cytometry Analysis
Authors: Chang Qing , Ornatsky Olga , Hedley David 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis unit describes protocols for labeling tissue sections using combinations of metal‐tagged antibodies and an iridium‐containing DNA intercalator for analysis by imaging mass cytometry. Imaging mass cytometry (IMC) allows the labeling of up to 40 individual markers simultaneously using antibody cocktails. We discuss labeling of both cryostat sections and sections from formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks. The protocols are similar to those used for optical microscopy techniques, while allowing much higher complexity of analysis. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Detailed Protocol for Subcellular RNA Sequencing (subRNA‐seq)
Authors: Mayer Andreas , Churchman L. Stirling 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIn eukaryotic cells, RNAs at various maturation and processing levels are distributed across cellular compartments. The standard approach to determine transcript abundance and identity in vivo is RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq). RNA‐seq relies on RNA isolation from whole‐cell lysates and thus mainly captures fully processed, stable, and more abundant cytoplasmic RNAs over nascent, unstable, and nuclear RNAs. Here, we provide a step‐by‐step protocol for subcellular RNA‐seq (subRNA‐seq). subRNA‐seq allows the quantitative measurement of RNA polymerase II–generated RNAs from the chromatin, nucleoplasm, and cytoplasm of mammalian cells. This approach relies on cell fractionation prior to RNA isolation and sequencing library preparation. High‐throughput sequencing of the subcellular RNAs can then be used to reveal the identity, abundance, and subcellular distribution of transcripts, thus providing insights into RNA processing and maturation. Deep sequencing of the chromatin‐associated RNAs further offers the opportunity to study nascent RNAs. Subcellular RNA‐seq libraries are obtained within 5 days. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Heterogeneity and scaling of photosynthesis, respiration, and nitrogen uptake in three Atlantic Rainforest streams
Authors: Tromboni Flavia , Dodds Walter K. , Neres‐Lima Vinicius , Zandonà Eugenia , Moulton Timothy P. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractLeaves, epilithon, macrophytes, and fine benthic organic material are central ecosystem compartments to food webs and mediate nutrient fluxes in streams. Most estimates of gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) are made at a reach scale, averaging across compartments. Thus, there is little information on how individual compartments contribute to and scale up to whole‐stream estimates across watersheds. We compared estimates of GPP, ER, and nitrogen (N) uptake of individual ecosystem compartments (dm) and stream reaches (~100 m) in three sizes of streams in a preserved Atlantic Rainforest watershed. The smallest stream had dense forest canopy cover, whereas the largest was more open. We measured substratum‐specific rates of GPP and ER, as well as ammonium and nitrate 15N uptake in recirculating chambers. We compared these decimeter‐scale measurements to whole‐stream estimates, using single‐station dissolved oxygen (GPP and ER) and pulsed N uptake methods. Epilithon and macrophytes (when present) were the dominant GPP and N uptake compartments in open‐canopy sites, and leaves contributed strongly to ER at all sites, even though they covered <3 percent of the stream bottom. Ammonium and nitrate uptake per unit N content varied significantly among substrata and streams. Upscaled inorganic N uptake per unit area was greater when macrophytes were present. Chamber measurements overestimated metabolic rates in the larger streams, but not in the smallest one. The smallest transient storage zone streams were more active than the biggest one, and this influenced the mismatch between whole‐stream and chamber nutrient uptake estimates. We conclude that scaling to the whole watershed requires information on location in the watershed (e.g., where canopy cover is dense), rates of individual compartments, and reach‐specific hydrodynamic information as influenced by large‐scale geomorphic details (i.e., the size and activity of the transient storage zones).
Rationale and study design of intravenous loop diuretic administration in acute heart failure: DIUR‐AHF
Authors: Palazzuoli Alberto , Ruocco Gaetano , Vescovo Giorgio , Valle Roberto , Di Somma Salvatore , Nuti Ranuccio 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAimsAlthough loop diuretics are the most commonly used drugs in acute heart failure (AHF) treatment, their short‐term and long‐term effects are relatively unknown. The significance of worsening renal function occurrence during intravenous treatment is not clear enough. This trial aims to clarify all these features and contemplate whether continuous infusion is better than an intermittent strategy in terms of decongestion efficacy, diuretic efficiency, renal function, and long‐term prognosis.Methods and resultsThis is a prospective, multicentre, randomized study that compares continuous infusion to intermittent infusion and a low vs. high diuretic dose of furosemide in patients with a diagnosis of acute heart failure, BNP ≥ 100 pg/mL, and specific chest X‐ray signs. Randomization criteria have been established at a 1:1 ratio using a computer‐generated scheme of either twice‐daily bolus injection or continuous infusion for a time period ranging from 72 to 120 h. The initial dose will be 80 mg/day of intravenous furosemide and, in the case of poor response, will be doubled using an escalation algorithm. A high diuretic dose is defined as a furosemide daily amount >120 mg/day respectively.ConclusionsContinuous and high dose groups could reveal a more intensive diuresis and a greater decongestion with respect to intermittent and low dose groups; high dose and poor loop diuretic efficiency should be related to increased diuretic resistance, renal dysfunction occurrence, and greater congestion status. Poor diuretic response will be associated with less decongestion and an adverse prognosis.
Similar clinical benefits from below‐target and target dose enalapril in patients with heart failure in the SOLVD Treatment trial
Authors: Lam Phillip H. , Dooley Daniel J. , Fonarow Gregg C. , Butler Javed , Bhatt Deepak L. , Filippatos Gerasimos S. , Deedwania Prakash , Forman Daniel E. , White Michel , Fletcher Ross D. , Arundel Cherinne , Blackman Marc R. , Adamopoulos Chris , Kanonidis Ioannis E. , Aban Inmaculada B. , Patel Kanan , Aronow Wilbert S. , Allman Richard M. , Anker Stefan D. , Pitt Bertram , Ahmed Ali 
Published: October 2017

AimsTo examine associations of below‐target and target dose of enalapril, an angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, with outcomes in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) Treatment trial.Methods and resultsTwo thousand five hundred and sixty‐nine patients with HFrEF (ejection fraction ≤35%) were randomized to below‐target (5–10 mg/day) dose placebo (n = 1284) or enalapril (n = 1285). One month post‐randomization, blind up‐titration to target (20 mg/day) dose was attempted for both study drugs in 2458 patients. Among the 1444 patients who achieved dose up‐titration (placebo, n = 748; enalapril, n = 696; mean dose for both groups, 20.0 mg/day), target dose enalapril (vs. target dose placebo) was associated with a 9% absolute lower risk of the combined endpoint of heart failure hospitalization or all‐cause mortality [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.70; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60–0.81; P < 0.001] during 4 years of follow‐up. Among the 1014 patients who could not achieve target dose (placebo, n = 486; enalapril, n = 528; mean dose for both groups, 8.8 mg/day), below‐target dose enalapril (vs. below‐target dose placebo) was associated with a 12% absolute lower risk of the combined endpoint of heart failure hospitalization or all‐cause mortality (adjusted HR 0.68; 95% CI 0.57–0.81; P < 0.001). Among the 1224 patients receiving enalapril, target (vs. below‐target) dose had no association with the combined endpoint of heart failure hospitalization or all‐cause mortality (adjusted HR 1.04; 95% CI 0.87–1.23; P = 0.695).ConclusionIn patients with HFrEF, the clinical benefits of ACE inhibitors appear to be similar at both below‐target and target doses.
Geological documentation – Conditions, status quo and future development
Authors: Weichenberger Franz Peter , Pischinger Gerald 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe construction of subsurface underground structures poses a special challenge for the involved project team. The goal of geological documentation is to record the conditions as precisely as possible and provide support to the entire team based on this information. To this end, the situation is recorded during the advance, sketches are drawn, digital photos are taken and measurements are made. It has now become standard practice to store and evaluate the data obtained digitally. For this purpose powerful computerized information systems have been developed to store and evaluate large amounts of data. Geological observations in underground construction are almost exclusively spatial information and are recorded in three dimensions. In addition to the types of rocks encountered, the positional relationships of the geological bodies to each other and the discontinuity system of the rock mass have a great influence on the stability of the cavity. Future developments will be concerned with the integration of the geological data into BIM systems. Compared to present GIS techniques this will enable a more effcient aggregation with other tunnel construction data. Mobile applications will make it possible to record observations directly in digital form, thus avoiding redundancies.
An innovative method of upgrading old rail tunnels under continued operation – Example Rekawinkler‐ and Kleiner Dürreberg Tunnel
Authors: Seywald Christian , Helmberger Albert , Matt Robert 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe ÖBB‐Infrastruktur AG operates and maintains 246 tunnels and similar structures with an overall length of approx. 250 km. Nearly 150 of these structures are more than 100 years old, 35 of them are over 150 years old. Ageing processes, the impact of train traffic, ground conditions and environmental conditions are causing progressive damage to the tunnel linings, which – in order to maintain safe railway operation – requires ongoing maintenance procedures. Those procedures are carried out under a range of restrictions concerning availability, which is one of the most important principles at the ÖBB after safety. In order to obtain continuous availability of the facility, new methods of refurbishment were developed for the two double‐track tunnels Rekawinkler Tunnel and Kleine Dürreberg. The described methods enabled extensive repair works of the tunnels, mostly with uninterrupted train traffic on the second track.
Integration of reflection seismic data into the documentation during the construction of the Brenner Base Tunnel
Authors: Schwarz Christian , Schierl Heimo 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe 64 km long Brenner Base Tunnel will be the longest railway tunnel in the world when complete. As part of this mega project, an exploratory tunnel is currently under construction with a tunnel boring machine (∅ 8 m). Even though a geological model along the tunnel route was generated beforehand from the results of geological field mapping and deep drilling campaigns from the surface, some uncertainties persist due to the high overburden of up to 1,300 m. In particular, several fault systems intersect the tunnel route, but their position and orientation is uncertain. The excavation work is being documented with geological and geotechnical data, continuously updating the current geological model. Continuous seismic prediction measurements are integrated into this revision process. The aim is the detection, location and characterization of (sub‐)perpendicular to (sub‐)parallel fault zones ahead and to the side of the tunnel, based on the principle of body wave propagation. In a case study of a seismic campaign, the smooth integration of the acquisition into the regular advance is presented and the obtained 3D seismic models are compared to the geological documentation of the site geologists. It will be shown how the seismic analysis gives an added value for the advance and how it benefits the geological forecast for the forthcoming main tunnels.
Headrace system of HPP Obervermuntwerk II – Geotechnical design and experience
Authors: Dich Christopher , Barwart Christian 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe Vorarlberger Illwerke AG is constructing the 360 MW Obervermuntwerk II pumped storage power. The project area is located in the upper Montafon, Austria. The head between the elevations of the ”Silvrettaspeicher“ and ”Vermuntspeicher“ reservoirs will be exploited for production of electric energy. The Obervermuntwerk II is designed as a pumped storage plant with two highly flexible turbine/pump sets to operate the so called ”hydraulic short‐circuit“. At maximum gross head of 317 m and a maximum design discharge of Q = 150 m3/s, an electric power of 360 MW will be generated, which is equal to the pumping power. Upon completion, it will be the second largest pumped storage power plant of the Vorarlberger Illwerke AG. The construction of the approx. 500 million € project began in May 2014 and is expected to start operating in 2018. The paper describes the underground waterway, its geotechnical design, the implementation concept and the construction experience gained up to June 2017.
Compensation grouting – Balance between asset protection and collateral damage through the example of Crossrail C510
Authors: Stärk Alfred , Pujol Roser Soler , Hill Nigel , Kettle Clif T. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractCrossrail, a new 120 km long railway line, is currently the largest infrastructure project in Europe with a volume of about GBP 15 billion. Contract C510 includes the new Liverpool Street station in the City of London using the sprayed concrete lining method. The station tunnels were excavated in close proximity to a dense network of existing tunnels. The multi‐storey office buildings on the densely built up surface include some listed buildings. The aim of compensation grouting in the first place was to avoid settlement due to tunnel construction altogether, or at least minimise the impact within defined limits. Remediation of settlement which occurred regardless was only anticipated in extraordinary circumstances. This paper highlights the difficulties of balancing the desired control of settlement by means of compensation grouting against adverse effects on adjacent structures. The paper closes with a description of how the seemingly impossible lifting of one column eventually worked by localised grouting.
Digital rock mass characterization 2017 – Where are we now? What comes next?
Authors: Gaich Andreas , Pötsch Markus , Schubert Wulf 
Published: October 2017

Abstract3GSM rolled out its first rock mass characterization system for conventional tunnelling in 2005. It consisted of a digital camera, as well as software components for 3D image generation and geologic mapping. It took several years before such a system became standard procedure on tunnelling sites. The same principles were applied later to mechanised tunnelling in hard rock using a TBM leading to its first regular application starting in 2016. This contribution provides a description of the state of the art in digital rock mass characterization, as well as possible extensions that are currently available such as the use of tablet computers for on site rock mass characterization or analytic (automatic) rock mass characterization. It ends with an outlook of what may come next in the near future, e.g. the use of mixed reality devices in the tunnel.
Semmering Base Tunnel – Ground characterisation for tendering and construction
Authors: Wagner Oliver Kai , Fasching Alfred , Stadlmann Thomas , Vanek Robert 
Published: October 2017

AbstractSince the start of construction on contract SBT3.1 in May 2016, all three tunnel construction contracts for the Semmering Base Tunnel are now under construction. From the geological and geotechnical point of view, this represents the transition from the geotechnical prediction for the design for tendering to the documentation in the course of construction. The paper describes the considerations about the systematics of ground characterisation and the definition of ground types in the course of producing the ground prediction for the design for tendering. It also describes the requirements for the documentation of ground conditions encountered during the advance, the updating of the prediction for the daily specification of support measures and the comparison of prediction and actual conditions for contractual purposes.
Age‐related differences in the relation between the home numeracy environment and numeracy skills
Authors: Thompson Rebecca J. , Napoli Amy R. , Purpura David J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe home numeracy environment (HNE) is often predictive of children's early mathematics skills, though the findings are mixed. Overall, research on kindergarten‐aged children demonstrates a relation between the HNE and early numeracy skills, whereas findings for preschool‐aged children are more equivocal. One potential reason for equivocality of these findings is that previous studies have not accounted for the way different practices may relate to children's mathematics skills at different ages. The purpose of the present study was to explore a potential reason for discrepancies in findings of the relation between the HNE and mathematics skills in preschool. Reports of HNE practices were collected from parents of 184 preschool children (71 three year olds and 113 four year olds) and children were assessed on their numeracy skills. Parents of 4‐year‐olds engaged in HNE activities more frequently than parents of 3‐year‐olds. Furthermore, more advanced HNE activities were correlated with numeracy performance of older children, but more basic HNE activities were not correlated with numeracy performance of either age group after accounting for parental education. These findings suggest that nuanced approaches in the way the HNE is measured at different ages may be needed in order to accurately assess relations between developmentally appropriate HNE activities and children's outcomes.Highlights

The relation between specific home numeracy environment practices and children's numeracy skills were compared across preschool aged children (3 and 4 years old). Complex home numeracy environment practices were related to numeracy skills of older children, but basic home numeracy environment practices were only related to numeracy skills with younger children until controlling for parental education. More targeted measurement of the home numeracy environment may be needed in order to fully assess its impact on the development of mathematics cognition.
Hydrogen‐Mediated C−C Bond Formation: Stereo‐ and Site‐Selective Chemical Synthesis Beyond Stoichiometric Organometallic Reagents
Authors: Schwartz Leyah A. , Krische Michael J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractStereo‐ and site‐selective methods for the byproduct‐free modification of unprotected organic compounds that occur through the addition or redistribution of hydrogen are natural endpoints in the advancement of methods for efficient chemical synthesis. Progress toward this goal requires a departure from reactants that embody non‐native structural elements, including stoichiometric organometallic reagents, directing/protecting groups and chiral auxiliaries. In this perspective, we highlight how hydrogen‐mediated C−C bond formations developed in our laboratory have enabled progress toward ideal chemical syntheses of this type.
Towards Accurate Estimation of Crop Water Requirement without the Crop Coefficient Kc: New Approach Using Modern Technologies
Authors: Ragab R. , Evans J.G. , Battilani A. , Solimando D. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractModern technologies to measure actual evapotranspiration, ETa, were implemented at an experimental farm near Bologna, Italy. Large‐aperture scintillometer and eddy covariance instruments were installed. The results showed significant differences between actual evapotranspiration measured by eddy covariance and scintillometer when compared with the potential reference evapotranspiration, ET0, calculated from meteorological data using the Penman–Monteith equation and the crop potential evapotranspiration, ETc, which is based on the ET0 and the crop coefficient, Kc. The ETc and ET0 showed higher values than those of ETa obtained by eddy covariance and scintillometer. On average the actual evapotranspiration measured by eddy covariance and scintillometer for the cropping seasons 2014 and 2015 represented 45 and 35% of the ET0 or the ETc, respectively.The ET0, or the ETc, represent the atmospheric water demand while, fundamentally, the crop water requirement should be based on crop water demand better represented by the actual evapotranspiration. At present, the results indicate that the actual crop water requirement based on modern technologies could save at least 50% of irrigation water for this region. Another benefit is that these modern technologies do not need the crop coefficient Kc, which for many irrigation practitioners is difficult to obtain. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A case of prenatally diagnosed limited dorsal myeloschisis with good prognosis
Authors: Lafitte Anne Sophie , Blouet Marie , Belloy Frédérique , Borha Alin , Benoist Guillaume 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDiagnosis of fetal spinal dysraphism is a challenge. It is difficult to distinguish between a meningocele, myelomeningocele, and a recently described entity called limited dorsal myeloschisis (LDM). Although myelomeningocele is associated with a poor prognosis, LDM can have a good outcome. We present a case of prenatally diagnosed LDM. Because sonographic examination revealed a round, cystic, septated cervical mass without associated cerebral anomalies, the lesion was initially considered an isolated meningocele. Fetal MRI contributed to correct the diagnosis. A diagnostic error can lead to the wrong surgical support or even the termination of pregnancy. Therefore, we highlight the importance of fetal MRI in such cases, particularly when no cerebral abnormalities are observed on sonographic examination.