bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal Time-Inconsistent Beliefs: Misplanning, Procrastination, and Commitment
Authors: Brunnermeier Markus K. , Papakonstantinou Filippos , Parker Jonathan A. 
Published: April 2016

We develop a structural theory of beliefs and behavior that relaxes the assumption of time consistency in beliefs. Our theory is based on the trade-off between optimism, which raises anticipatory utility, and objectivity, which promotes efficient actions. We present it in the context of allocating work on a project over time, develop testable implications to contrast it with models assuming time-inconsistent preferences, and compare its predictions to existing evidence on behavior and beliefs. Our predictions are that (i) optimal beliefs are optimistic and time inconsistent; (ii) people optimally exhibit the planning fallacy; (iii) incentives for rapid task completion make beliefs more optimistic and worsen work smoothing, whereas incentives for accurate duration prediction make beliefs less optimistic and improve work smoothing; (iv) without a commitment device, beliefs become less optimistic over time; and (v) in the presence of a commitment device, beliefs may become more optimistic over time, and people optimally exhibit preference for commitment.This paper was accepted by Neng Wang, finance.
Is Operating Flexibility Harmful Under Debt?
Authors: Iancu Dan A. , Trichakis Nikolaos , Tsoukalas Gerry 
Published: April 2016

We study the inefficiencies stemming from a firm’s operating flexibility under debt. We find that flexibility in replenishing or liquidating inventory, by providing risk-shifting incentives, could lead to borrowing costs that erase more than one-third of the firm’s value. In this context, we examine the effectiveness of practical and widely used covenants in restoring firm value by limiting such risk-shifting behavior. We find that simple financial covenants can fully restore value for a firm that possesses a midseason inventory liquidation option. In the presence of added flexibility in replenishing or partially liquidating inventory, financial covenants fail, but simple borrowing base covenants successfully restore firm value. Explicitly characterizing optimal covenant tightness for all these cases, we find that better market conditions, such as lower inventory depreciation rate, higher gross margins, or increased product demand, are typically associated with tighter covenants. Our results suggest that inventory-heavy firms can reap the full benefits of additional operating flexibility, irrespective of their leverage, by entering simple debt contracts of the type commonly employed in practice. For such contracts to be effective, however, firms with enhanced flexibility and/or operating in better markets must also be willing to abide by more and/or tighter covenants. This paper was accepted by Serguei Netessine, operations management.
Estimating the Moisture Content of Lumber above the Fiber Saturation Point Using Stress Wave Velocity during the Natural Drying Process
Authors: Toyoshima Isao , Yamasaki Mariko , Sasaki Yasutoshi 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Determining the moisture content of wood during its drying process is important for the quality control of lumber. This study investigated the potential for using stress wave velocity to estimate moisture content in boxed-heart lumber from Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) and examined a methodology using Monte Carlo simulation for applying estimated moisture content to quality control. Lumber was subjected to natural drying for about half a year, from the green wood condition to near the fiber saturation point, during which time stress wave velocity and moisture content were measured about seven times. Stress wave velocity was confirmed to increase with decreasing moisture content, even for lumber whose cross-sectional dimensions were comparatively large. The relation between stress wave velocity and moisture content was expressible by a regression line over a range of moisture content above the fiber saturation point. The database for the relation between stress wave velocity and moisture content was further divided into three groups based on apparent density, and the same analysis was conducted. Estimation precision was found to improve over the entire moisture content range when analyzed within each individual group compared with analysis values obtained when ungrouped. Finally, application of Monte Carlo simulation to the moisture content estimations was able to account statistically for the variation in the relation between stress wave velocity and moisture content. This method was found to be effective in reducing estimation error for quality control purposes.
Poverty as covered in the election bulletins during the 7 June Elections<p>7 Haziran Seçimleri’nde parti bildirgelerine yansıyan yoksulluk
Authors: Taşbaşı Kaan 
Published: April 2016

Media has been the sole instrument of construing, representation and discussion of the economic and political issues. That is why it has a critical role in constituting the social and cultural order. In this context, this study starts from the premise that media has also a role in framing poverty and its social perception. While social problems are framed in the media within the confines of the dominant ideology, handling of the poverty issue cannot be taken out of the portrayal. Poverty finds itself a place in the media mostly through stereotyping, and there exist a view that poverty stems from the poor themselves. Personalizing poverty in the framework of individual stories, makes the whole that the poverty is embedded invisible and eliminates the context.To further investigate this role, firstly, election bulletins prepared by the political parties which participated in the June 2015 elections in Turkey are reviewed in terms of the parties’ policy suggestions to solve the problems of the poor and/or poverty. Then the review is expanded by screening of Hurriyet, Sabah and Cumhuriyet dailies. ÖzetMedya, ekonomik ve siyasal alana verilen anlamların, temsilinin ve tartışılmasının yegâne aracı sıfatını taşımıştır. Bu nedenle de, medyanın toplumsal ve kültürel düzenin oluşumunda da kritik bir rolü olmuştur. Bu bağlamda medyanın yoksulluğun çerçevelenmesi ve toplumsal alımlanmasında da belirleyiciliği vardır. Toplumsal sorunlar, medyada egemen ideolojinin çizdiği sınırlar içinde yer alıp çerçevelenirken, yoksulluğun ele alınışı da bu genel çerçevenin dışına çıkamamaktadır. Yoksulluk medyada stereotipleştirmeler üzerinden karşılık bulmakta, yoksulluğun kaynağının bizatihi yoksulların kendileri olduğu yönünde bir kabul ve bakış bulunmaktadır. Yoksulluğun bireysel öyküler çerçevesinde kişiselleştirilmesi, yoksulluğun boy verdiği geniş zemini görünmez kılmakta ve bağlamını ortadan kaldırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada öncelikle yoksulluk tanımlamaları ele alınmış ve Türkiye'de yoksulluk meselesi özetlenmiştir. Daha sonra yoksulluk-medya ilişkisi açıklanmış, 7 Haziran Seçimleri'ne katılan ve Meclis'te grubu bulunan partilerin seçim bildirgelerinde yoksulluk meselesinin yer alış biçimi ve seçim bildirgelerinden günlük ulusal gazetelere (Hürriyet, Sabah, Cumhuriyet) yansıyanlar incelenerek, iki veri kümesi arasında bağlantı kurulmaya çalışılmıştır.
Importance of Riparian Zone: Effects of Resource Availability at Land-water Interface
Authors: Xiang Hongyong , Zhang Yixin , Richardson John. S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractRiparian zone provides a variety of resources to organisms, including availability of water and subsidies. Water availability in riparian areas influences species distribution and trophic interaction of terrestrial food webs. Cross-ecosystem subsidies as resource flux of additional energy, nutrients, and materials benefit riparian populations and communities (e.g. plants, spiders, lizards, birds and mammals). However, aquatic ecosystems and riparian zones are prone to anthropogenic disturbances, which change water availability and affect the flux dynamics of cross-system subsidies. Yet, we still lack sufficient empirical studies assessing impacts of disturbances of land use, climate change and invasive species individually and interactively on aquatic and riparian ecosystems through influencing subsidy resource availability. In filling this knowledge gap, we can make more effective efforts to protect and conserve riparian habitats and biodiversity, and maintain riparian ecosystem functioning and services.
On a criterion of D-stability for P-matrices
Authors: Kushel Olga Y. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
In this paper, we study positive stability and D-stability of P-matrices.We introduce the property of
Dθ-stability, i.e., the stability with respect to a given order θ. For an n × n P-matrix A, we prove a new criterion
of D-stability and Dθ-stability, based on the properties of matrix scalings.
Regularization for high-dimensional
covariance matrix
Authors: Cui Xiangzhao , Li Chun , Zhao Jine , Zeng Li , Zhang Defei , Pan Jianxin 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
In many applications, high-dimensional problem may occur often for various reasons, for example,
when the number of variables under consideration is much bigger than the sample size, i.e., p >> n. For highdimensional
data, the underlying structures of certain covariance matrix estimates are usually blurred due
to substantial random noises, which is an obstacle to draw statistical inferences. In this paper, we propose a
method to identify the underlying covariance structure by regularizing a given/estimated covariance matrix
so that the noises can be filtered. By choosing an optimal structure from a class of candidate structures for the
covariance matrix, the regularization is made in terms of minimizing Frobenius-norm discrepancy. The candidate
class considered here includes the structures of order-1 moving average, compound symmetry, order-1
autoregressive and order-1 autoregressive moving average. Very intensive simulation studies are conducted
to assess the performance of the proposed regularization method for very high-dimensional covariance problem.
The simulation studies also show that the sample covariance matrix, although performs very badly in
covariance estimation for high-dimensional data, can be used to correctly identify the underlying structure
of the covariance matrix. The approach is also applied to real data analysis, which shows that the proposed
regularization method works well in practice.
Pediatric Exposures to Laundry and Dishwasher Detergents in the United States: 2013–2014
Authors: Davis Mallory G. , Casavant Marcel J. , Spiller Henry A , Chounthirath Thiphalak , Smith Gary A. 
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVE:
This study analyzes and compares pediatric exposures to packet and nonpacket forms of laundry and dishwasher detergents in the United States.

METHODS:
Data from the National Poison Data System involving exposures to laundry and dishwasher detergents among children younger than 6 years old from 2013 through 2014 were analyzed.

RESULTS:
There were 62 254 children younger than 6 years old exposed to laundry and dishwasher detergents from 2013 to 2014. The number of exposures to detergent increased over the study period, but the increase was greatest for laundry detergent packets (17.0%) and dishwasher detergent packets (14.0%). Eighty-five percent of children were exposed through ingestion. The odds of clinical effects (3.9–8.2), hospitalization (4.8–23.5), intubation (6.9–71.3), and serious medical outcomes (8.4–22.6) were significantly higher for laundry detergent packet exposures than for other types of detergent. There were 117 children who required intubation, and 104 of these were exposed to laundry detergent packets. There were 2 deaths, and both were associated with laundry detergent packets.

CONCLUSIONS:
This national study demonstrates that pediatric laundry detergent packet exposures are more severe than laundry detergent nonpacket and dishwasher detergent (packet and nonpacket) exposures. Pediatric exposures to laundry detergent packets increased by 17% during the study period nationally and should be closely monitored to assess the effectiveness of the newly adopted voluntary safety standard; this standard should be strengthened if the number of exposures does not demonstrate a substantial decrease.
The In Vitro and In Vivo Osteogenic Capability of the Extraction Socket‐Derived Early Healing Tissue
Authors: Luo Jia , Xu Jing , Cai Jun , Wang Limei , Sun Qinfeng , Yang Pishan 
Published: April 2016

Background: Healed extraction socket is one autologous bone source. Extraction socket‐derived early healing tissue (ESEHT) contains stem cells, osteoblasts, and growth factors, suggesting that it should have an osteogenic potential. The objective of this preliminary study is to explore the in vitro and in vivo osteogenic ability of ESEHT.Methods: ESEHT from 2‐week healing extraction sockets and proper alveolar bone (PAB) from interdental septa or surrounding socket walls were acquired from beagle dogs. For in vitro experiments, ESEHT and PAB were separately cocultured with mouse bone marrow‐derived stromal cell lines (st2 cells) using a transwell system. The effect of ESEHT or PAB on migration, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of st2 cells was investigated. For in vivo study, 36 inflammatory Class II furcation defects in the bilateral mandibles of dogs were surgically created, and then ESEHT and PAB from the maxilla of the same dogs were implanted into defects. Histologic observation and histometric analysis were performed after an 8‐week healing period.Results: The in vitro results indicated that ESEHT and PAB significantly promoted cellular migration, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, expressions of bone sialoprotein, and Runt‐related transcription factor 2 in messenger RNA and protein levels and, moreover, that ESEHT showed stronger activities than PAB except in chemotactic activity. The in vivo tests showed that ESEHT and PAB had a similar function in enhancing percentages of regenerated cementum and regenerated bone, which were significantly higher than those in blank control groups.Conclusion: Results showed that ESEHT possesses better effects on migration, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro but similar promotion effect on periodontal regeneration in vivo compared with PAB, suggesting that ESEHT may be one of the most effective graft materials for periodontal regeneration.
Pengajaran Bahasa Melayu sebagai Bahasa Asing kepada Pelajar dari Negara China : Perkongsian Pengalaman di Universiti Sains Malaysia
Authors: Baharudin Mazlina , Md Radzi Razalina 
Published: April 2016

Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) is one of the earliest public university which was established in Malaysia after Universiti Malaya. USM is also the first university that has been given the Apex status in Malaysia which is the highest recognition and trust granted by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia to USM. USM has received students from different countries such as China, Libya, Sudan, Egypt, Nigeria, Indonesia, Thailand, Japan, Korea and other countries. However, this research focuses only on the international students from China who were registered as undergraduates in USM. This paper is based on the writer’s experiences in teaching Bahasa Malaysia III (LKM 300) as a university course that the students must pass as a requirement for international students to graduate. The main dimension of this research is to examine the effectiveness of teaching Malay language as a foreign language to international students (China) by using a teaching model that uses the Bahasa Malaysia III (LKM300) course module ) as determined by the School of Languages, Literacies and Translation. The research method used is full literature where the writers had referred to 43 international student’s final exam scripts that have taken the LKM300 course in the first semester of the 2012/2013 academic session. Their final exam result was taken for full analysis based on the different sections in the exam paper to be used as a source to conclude the research. This research is hoped to be able to provide an explanation of the effective results of the successful usage of the course module and students’ achievement.
A Novel Uniform-Flux Solution Based on the Green's Function Method for Modeling the Pressure-Transient Behavior of a Restricted-Entry Well in Anisotropic Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Miranda Fabrício A. , Barreto Abelardo B. , Peres Alvaro M. 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Applied gas-well-testing data analysis considers that the nonlinear diffusivity equation becomes linearized by the pseudopressure function and by assuming the gas viscosity-compressibility product constant throughout the test history. This approach is justified for small pressure drawdowns only. This condition is seldom met in low-permeability gas reservoirs, whether the wellbore is fully perforated or not. This paper considers a restricted-entry vertical well in a homogeneous anisotropic infinite reservoir producing at constant-gas-flow rate, which, surprisingly, has not been the object of much research, either by numerical simulation or by analytical means. In this work, the Green's function (GF) method is used to rewrite the usual partial-differential formulation as a multidimensional integro-differential equation for the pseudopressure function that rigorously accounts the gas viscosity-compressibility product change. From there, an approximate explicit solution for a uniform-flux boundary condition is derived, which shows that the pseudopressure solution is given by the correspondent restricted-entry well slightly compressible (i.e., liquid) solution, plus a corrective term that handles the gas viscosity-compressibility product variation with pressure. Comparison with a commercial numerical simulator shows that the uniform-flux approximate solution is very accurate. Results are presented for a few perforation lengths and positions, with and without vertical anisotropy. It is shown that during the perforation-radial (early-time) and final-radial (late-time) flow regimes, the corrective term becomes constant. Their magnitudes, however, are quite different; during the perforation-radial flow regime, the corrective term is quite large compared with the one seen at long times. Thus, the pseudopressure derivative with respect to the natural log of time exhibits the same restricted-entry behavior observed in oil reservoirs. By averaging the uniform-flux solution over the open interval, an infinite-conductivity approximate solution for the wellbore pseudopressure is presented, which shows a very-good agreement with results obtained from a finite-difference simulator.
Evaluation of the role of the cyclooxygenase signaling pathway during inflammation in skin and muscle tissues of ball pythons (Python regius)
Authors: Sadler Ryan A. , Schumacher Juergen P. , Rathore Kusum , Newkirk Kim M. , Cole Grayson , Seibert Rachel , Cekanova Maria 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine degrees of production of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 and other mediators of inflammation in noninflamed and inflamed skin and muscle tissues in ball pythons (Python regius).
ANIMALS 6 healthy adult male ball pythons.
PROCEDURES Biopsy specimens of noninflamed skin and muscle tissue were collected from anesthetized snakes on day 0. A 2-cm skin and muscle incision was then made 5 cm distal to the biopsy sites with a CO2 laser to induce inflammation. On day 7, biopsy specimens of skin and muscle tissues were collected from the incision sites. Inflamed and noninflamed tissue specimens were evaluated for production of COX-1, COX-2, phosphorylated protein kinase B (AKT), total AKT, nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, phosphorylated extracellular receptor kinases (ERKs) 1 and 2, and total ERK proteins by western blot analysis. Histologic evaluation was performed on H&E-stained tissue sections.
RESULTS All biopsy specimens of inflamed skin and muscle tissues had higher histologic inflammation scores than did specimens of noninflamed tissue. Inflamed skin specimens had significantly greater production of COX-1 and phosphorylated ERK than did noninflamed skin specimens. Inflamed muscle specimens had significantly greater production of phosphorylated ERK and phosphorylated AKT, significantly lower production of COX-1, and no difference in production of COX-2, compared with production in noninflamed muscle specimens.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Production of COX-1, but not COX-2, was significantly greater in inflamed versus noninflamed skin specimens from ball pythons. Additional research into the reptilian COX signaling pathway is warranted.
Peanut Oil Stability and Physical Properties Across a Range of Industrially Relevant Oleic Acid/Linoleic Acid Ratios
Authors: Davis J.P. , Price K.M. , Dean L.L. , Sweigart D.S. , Cottonaro J.M. , Sanders T.H. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
High oleic cultivars are becoming increasing prevalent in the peanut industry due to their increased shelf life compared to conventional cultivars. High oleic peanuts are typically defined as having oleic acid/linoleic acid (O/L) ratios ≥ 9, whereas most traditional varieties have O/L ratios near 1.5-2.0. In practice, this ratio can vary substantially among commercial material; accordingly, the goal of this study was to gain an understanding of the shelf life and physical properties of 16 model oil blends with O/L ratios systematically prepared from 1.3 to 38.1. Across these samples, % oleic acid, % linoleic acid, refractive index, density and dynamic viscosity were all highly (R2 &gt; 0.99) linearly correlated. Increasing concentrations of oleic acid and corresponding decreases in linoleic acid were associated with decreasing oil density, decreasing refractive index, and increasing viscosity. Oxidative stability index (OSI), an established method for predicting relative oil shelf life, increased more than 7X from an O/L of 1.3 to 33.8 and this response was well described by a 2nd order polynomial. Oil stability was also assessed by storing oil blends at 24 C with 50% R.H. for 24 wk and periodically sampling these oils to measure peroxide value (PV) and describe oil flavor via sensory analysis. Excellent correlations were observed among O/L chemistry and off-flavor (oxidized/cardboard/rancid) development during storage, PV development during storage, and OSI. While viscosity was greatest for high oleic samples when comparing fresh oils, after storage under abusive conditions oil viscosity increased exponentially with decreasing O/L ratio due to oxidation/polymerization reactions. Overall, these data and observations will aid processors in selection of high O/L peanuts for various food applications and better determine final product shelf life.
Evidence for a Second RKN Resistance Gene in Peanut
Authors: Branch W.D. , Brenneman T.B. , Noe J.P. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
Root-knot nematode (RKN), [Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood race 1] can result in highly significant yield losses in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production. Fortunately, very high levels of RKN nematode resistance have been identified and incorporated from wild species into newly developed peanut cultivars. In 2011-12 at Tifton, GA, a field site was artificially inoculated with M. arenaria race 1. A susceptible cultivar was used to uniformly increase the peanut-specific race 1 nematode population during the summer and fall; whereas, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) was used for the same purpose each winter as a susceptible cover crop. During 2013 and 2014, space-planted F2 and F3 populations from cross combinations involving A. hypogaea susceptible × resistant parental lines derived from ‘COAN’ were evaluated, respectively. Several past inheritance studies had suggested a single dominant gene, Rma, controlled the resistance. However in this study, the occurrence of a second recessive gene (rma2) was also found to be involved in very high peanut RKN resistance. Inheritance data fit a 13:3 genetic model and confirmed an earlier report for two RKN-resistance genes (Rma1 and rma2) found in TxAG-6 and now COAN.