bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Neuroimaging to Understand Alcohol's Brain Effects
Authors: George Mark S. , Teneback Charlotte C. , Bloomer Courtnay W. , Horner Michael D. , Anton Raymond F. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSome of the profound effects alcohol has on the brain were discovered years ago through pathological studies at autopsy. However, the recent development of new tools for structural and functional brain imaging has enabled researchers to expand upon this earlier knowledge. For example, some imaging studies have revealed that chronic alcohol consumption causes cortical loss, some of which is reversible with abstinence. Other studies have found that alcohol acts as a global central nervous system depressant, with chronic use resulting in reduced activity that can take a month or more to recover. Finally, imaging tools are also beginning to shed light on which brain regions are active when an alcoholic has the urge to drink.
Phenotypic Variability in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Its Relationship to Familial Risk
Authors: Pauls David L. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTTwin and family studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have gleaned important data regarding the influence of genetic factors in the development of this disorder. These studies have shown that understanding the importance of genetic factors in OCD is largely dependent upon how the phenotype is classified. The last decade of research has found that substantial variability of symptomatology exists across individuals diagnosed with OCD. Considering this, a number of analyses have been conducted to determine if possible subtypes of OCD exist, including analysis of age of onset, cluster analysis, factor analysis, and segregation analysis. These methodologies, and possibly others, could aid in identifying the genes involved in the development of OCD.
Catatonia in Affective Disorder: New Findings and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Krüger Stephanie , Bräunig Peter 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe historical development of the concept of catatonia in affective disorders and contemporary papers on this topic are reviewed. In addition, data from a current study on the frequency of catatonia in mixed mania are reported. Differences between catatonic and noncatatonic patients with mixed mania are presented and their relevance to clinical practice is discussed.
Is Lorazepam a Treatment for Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome?
Authors: Francis Andrew , Chandragiri Sanjay , Rizvi Syed , Koch Monika , Petrides Georgios 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe authors assessed the ability of lorazepam and other benzodiazepines to affect the course of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). Records of inpatients who met both stringent research criteria and criteria under the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, (DSM-IV) (n=11) or DSM-IV criteria alone (n=5)for NMS were identified. All received lorazepam or related benzodiazepines within 24 hours of NMS onset or hospital admission. The records were reviewed for resolution of clinical signs NMS. Rigidity and fever abated within 24—48 hours, while secondary features of NMS were relieved within 64 hours. These results compared favorably with prior reports of 5-day to 10-day recovery periods. Benzodiazepine administration appeared to be well tolerated. Lorazepam and related benzodiazepines may reduce recovery time in NMS.
Functional Neuroimaging in Neurology and Psychiatry
Authors: Sadek Joseph R. , Hammeke Thomas A. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTHow can functional neuroimaging be applied to clinical neurology and psychiatry? This article reviews selected contributions of functional neuroimaging to the clinical neurosciences. We review selected technical aspects of positron emission tomography, single photon emission tomography, and functional magnetic resonance imaging with a focus on the relative strengths and weaknesses of these techniques. Consumers of functional neuroimaging research are encouraged to consider the limitations of imaging techniques and theoretical pitfalls of cognitive task design when interpreting results of functional imaging studies. Then, we selectively review the contributions of functional neuroimaging to neurology and psychiatry, including the areas of epilepsy, stroke, chronic pain, schizophrenia, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Future directions of functional neuroimaging research are offered, with the emphasis that the best conclusions are informed by a convergence of research from functional neuroimaging, neurophysiological, and lesion studies.
Neuropsychology and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Hermann Bruce , Seidenberg Michael 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to review aspects of the neuropsychology of temporal lobe epilepsy. Evidence will be presented to demonstrate that the cognitive consequences of this focal seizure disorder can be more generalized in nature than expected. Consistent with the extratemporal neurocognitive findings, careful quantitative magnetic resonance imaging volumetrics have shown that structural brain changes may be detected outside the temporal lobes. Many factors can potentially affect cognition and brain structure. We focus on the potential neurodevelopmental impact of early-onset temporal lobe epilepsy on brain structure and cognition positing that this disorder can have both immediate and lifespan implications for cognition and psychosocial status.
Current Treatment for Restless Legs Syndrome
Authors: Walters Arthur , Hening Wayne , Allen Richard 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTMedication treatment for restless legs syndrome (RLS) began with the opioids, which were first introduced as treatment in the 17th century and are still used today. Then came the benzodiazepines, the first “modern” treatment for RLS. Today, Sinemet and the dopamine agonists are first-line treatments—their efficacy make them the most commonly used medications.The benzodiazepines are effective for mild cases of RLS, but are not typically used as a monotherapy and often necessitate combination with the opioids or a dopamine agonist. The opioids can be used in a number of clinical settings, and studies are being conducted to test their efficacy as a long-term monotherapy for certain patients.The advent of dopamine agents, particularly Sinemet, has revolutionized RLS treatments. Studies show 90–100% initial efficacy. However, continued use of Sinemet can produce augmentation of a patient's symptoms. To combat augmentation a dopamine agonist like Permax is typically introduced, which has a much lower incidence of augmentation, but which must be built up slowly to enhance tolerability. Two new dopamine agonists, Mirapex and Requip, demonstrate therapeutic benefits but are not efficacious enough to replace the tested agonists.While treatment of RLS has greatly improved over the history of the disorder, the search still continues for a single therapy that can effectively treat RLS patients over the long term without fear of augmentation and undesirable side effects.
Religious Identity and Descriptive Representation
Authors: Schmidt Walter , Miles Matthew R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDrawing on the descriptive representation literature, we argue that religious identity is a social identity similar to gender or race, which leads a person to feel represented by someone who shares their religious identity. We argue that religious identity motivates approbation for public officials that is distinct from partisanship. We find that constituents who share the religious identity of their congressional representatives are significantly more likely to approve of their representative's performance in office. In addition, those who share a religious identity with President Obama are more trusting of him; particularly among those for whom religion is important. Finally, we find that shared religious identity moderates the relationship between partisanship and trust in the President. All else equal, Republicans who share a religious identity with President Obama are 500% more likely to trust him than a Republican who does not.
Cutaneous wound healing through paradoxical MAPK activation by BRAF inhibitors
Authors: Escuin-Ordinas Helena , Li Shuoran , Xie Michael W. , Sun Lu , Hugo Willy , Huang Rong Rong , Jiao Jing , de-Faria Felipe Meira , Realegeno Susan , Krystofinski Paige , Azhdam Ariel , Komenan Sara Marie D. , Atefi Mohammad , Comin-Anduix Begoña , Pellegrini Matteo , Cochran Alistair J. , Modlin Robert L. , Herschman Harvey R. , Lo Roger S. , McBride William H. , Segura Tatiana , Ribas Antoni 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBRAF inhibitors are highly effective therapies for the treatment of BRAFV600-mutated melanoma, with the main toxicity being a variety of hyperproliferative skin conditions due to paradoxical activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in BRAF wild-type cells. Most of these hyperproliferative skin changes improve when a MEK inhibitor is co-administered, as it blocks paradoxical MAPK activation. Here we show how the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib accelerates skin wound healing by inducing the proliferation and migration of human keratinocytes through extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and cell cycle progression. Topical treatment with vemurafenib in two wound-healing mice models accelerates cutaneous wound healing through paradoxical MAPK activation; addition of a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor reverses the benefit of vemurafenib-accelerated wound healing. The same dosing regimen of topical BRAF inhibitor does not increase the incidence of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas in mice. Therefore, topical BRAF inhibitors may have clinical applications in accelerating the healing of skin wounds.
Hijacking microglial glutathione by inorganic arsenic impels bystander death of immature neurons through extracellular cystine/glutamate imbalance
Authors: Singh Vikas , Gera Ruchi , Kushwaha Rajesh , Sharma Anuj Kumar , Patnaik Satyakam , Ghosh Debabrata 
Published: August 2016

AbstractArsenic-induced altered microglial activity leads to neuronal death, but the causative mechanism remains unclear. The present study showed, arsenic-exposed (10 μM) microglial (N9) culture supernatant induced bystander death of neuro-2a (N2a), which was further validated with primary microglia and immature neuronal cultures. Results indicated that arsenic-induced GSH synthesis by N9 unfavorably modified the extracellular milieu for N2a by lowering cystine and increasing glutamate concentration. Similar result was observed in N9-N2a co-culture. Co-exposure of arsenic and 250 μM glutamate, less than the level (265 μM) detected in arsenic-exposed N9 culture supernatant, compromised N2a viability which was rescued by cystine supplementation. Therefore, microglia executes bystander N2a death by competitive inhibition of system Xc- (xCT) through extracellular cystine/glutamate imbalance. We confirmed the role of xCT in mediating bystander N2a death by siRNA inhibition studies. Ex-vivo primary microglia culture supernatant from gestationally exposed mice measured to contain lower cystine and higher glutamate compared to control and N-acetyl cysteine co-treated group. Immunofluorescence staining of brain cryosections from treated group showed more dead immature neurons with no such effect on microglia. Collectively, we showed, in presence of arsenic microglia alters cystine/glutamate balance through xCT in extracellular milieu leading to bystander death of immature neurons.
Transferrin Receptor 2 Dependent Alterations of Brain Iron Metabolism Affect Anxiety Circuits in the Mouse
Authors: Pellegrino Rosa Maria , Boda Enrica , Montarolo Francesca , Boero Martina , Mezzanotte Mariarosa , Saglio Giuseppe , Buffo Annalisa , Roetto Antonella 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe Transferrin Receptor 2 (Tfr2) modulates systemic iron metabolism through the regulation of iron regulator Hepcidin (Hepc) and Tfr2 inactivation causes systemic iron overload. Based on data demonstrating Tfr2 expression in brain, we analysed Tfr2-KO mice in order to examine the molecular, histological and behavioural consequences of Tfr2 silencing in this tissue. Tfr2 abrogation caused an accumulation of iron in specific districts in the nervous tissue that was not accompanied by a brain Hepc response. Moreover, Tfr2-KO mice presented a selective overactivation of neurons in the limbic circuit and the emergence of an anxious-like behaviour. Furthermore, microglial cells showed a particular sensitivity to iron perturbation. We conclude that Tfr2 is a key regulator of brain iron homeostasis and propose a role for Tfr2 alpha in the regulation of anxiety circuits.
A Comparative Analysis of Community Detection Algorithms on Artificial Networks
Authors: Yang Zhao , Algesheimer René , Tessone Claudio J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMany community detection algorithms have been developed to uncover the mesoscopic properties of complex networks. However how good an algorithm is, in terms of accuracy and computing time, remains still open. Testing algorithms on real-world network has certain restrictions which made their insights potentially biased: the networks are usually small, and the underlying communities are not defined objectively. In this study, we employ the Lancichinetti-Fortunato-Radicchi benchmark graph to test eight state-of-the-art algorithms. We quantify the accuracy using complementary measures and algorithms’ computing time. Based on simple network properties and the aforementioned results, we provide guidelines that help to choose the most adequate community detection algorithm for a given network. Moreover, these rules allow uncovering limitations in the use of specific algorithms given macroscopic network properties. Our contribution is threefold: firstly, we provide actual techniques to determine which is the most suited algorithm in most circumstances based on observable properties of the network under consideration. Secondly, we use the mixing parameter as an easily measurable indicator of finding the ranges of reliability of the different algorithms. Finally, we study the dependency with network size focusing on both the algorithm’s predicting power and the effective computing time.
Phase transitions in two tunnel-coupled HgTe quantum wells: Bilayer graphene analogy and beyond
Authors: Krishtopenko S. S. , Knap W. , Teppe F. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHgTe quantum wells possess remarkable physical properties as for instance the quantum spin Hall state and the “single-valley” analog of graphene, depending on their layer thicknesses and barrier composition. However, double HgTe quantum wells yet contain more fascinating and still unrevealed features. Here we report on the study of the quantum phase transitions in tunnel-coupled HgTe layers separated by CdTe barrier. We demonstrate that this system has a 3/2 pseudo spin degree of freedom, which features a number of particular properties associated with the spin-dependent coupling between HgTe layers. We discover a specific metal phase arising in a wide range of HgTe and CdTe layer thicknesses, in which a gapless bulk and a pair of helical edge states coexist. This phase holds some properties of bilayer graphene such as an unconventional quantum Hall effect and an electrically-tunable band gap. In this “bilayer graphene” phase, electric field opens the band gap and drives the system into the quantum spin Hall state. Furthermore, we discover a new type of quantum phase transition arising from a mutual inversion between second electron- and hole-like subbands. This work paves the way towards novel materials based on multi-layered topological insulators.
The Genome of Undifilum oxytropis Provides Insights into Swainsonine Biosynthesis and Locoism
Authors: Lu Hao , Quan Haiyun , Ren Zhenhui , Wang Shuai , Xue Ruixu , Zhao Baoyu 
Published: August 2016

AbstractUndifilum oxytropis is a fungal endophyte of locoweeds. It produces swainsonine, which is the principal toxic ingredient of locoweeds. However, the genes, pathways and mechanisms of swainsonine biosynthesis are not known. In this study, the genome of U. oxytropis was firstly sequenced and assembled into a 70.05 megabases (Mb) draft genome, which encoded 11,057 protein-coding genes, and 54% of them were similar to current publicly available sequences. U. oxytropis genes were annotated and 164 putative genes were annotated into enzymes, such as Saccharopine dehydrogenase, Saccharopine oxidase, and Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, hypothesized to be involved in the biosynthesis pathway of swainsonine. The genome sequence and gene annotation of U. oxytropis will provide new insights into functional analyses. The characterization of genes in swainsonine biosynthesis will greatly facilitate locoweed poisoning research and help direct locoism management.
Relationship between α-MSH, soluble leptin receptor, MC4R polymorphism and BMI in Thai children and adolescents
Authors: Tungtrongchitr Rungsunn , Phonrat Benjaluck , Yamborisut Uruwan , Popruk Supaluk , Tungtrongchitr Anchalee 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn order to evaluate the mechanism of disturbance of melanocortin signaling in different groups of Thai children and adolescents classified according to body mass index (BMI) percentile for age by The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts, and α-melanocortin stimulating hormone (α-MSH), soluble leptin receptor and melanocortin −4 receptor (MC4R) polymorphism were studied. 149 male and 127 female children and adolescent Thai subjects with age range between 5–19 years were selected. Statistically significant difference of serum leptin receptor concentration between under weight (< 5th percentile), possible at risk for underweight (between 5th and 15th percentile), probably healthy (between 15th and 85th percentile); at risk for overweight (between the 85th and 95th percentile) and overweight (over the 95th percentile) were found. The levels of α-MSH were not significantly different when comparing the groups. Heterozygous of MC4R polymorphism (Val103Ile) were found in underweight, possible at risk for underweight and probably healthy group which might have been the cause of lower BMI for age even they have had normal serum α-MSH concentration. Using the logistic regression analysis, the group of risk for being overweight and overweight was statistically significant with α-MSH. This study supported a positive correlation between α-MSH and BMI with ages of Thai children and adolescents group.
Isolation of rugosin A, B and related compounds as dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors from rose bud extract powder
Authors: Kato Eisuke , Uenishi Yuta , Inagaki Yosuke , Kurokawa Mihoko , Kawabata Jun 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) is a protease responsible for the degradation of the incretin hormone. A number of DPP-IV inhibitors have been approved for use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. While these inhibitors are effective for this treatment, methods for the prevention of this disease are also required as diabetes patient numbers are currently increasing rapidly worldwide. We screened the DPP-IV inhibitory activities of edible plant extracts with the intention of using these extracts in a functional food supplement for the prevention of diabetes. Rose (Rosa gallica) bud extract powder was a promising material with high inhibitory activity. In this study, seven ellagitannins were isolated as active compounds through activity-guided fractionations, and their DPP-IV inhibitory activities were measured. Among them, rugosin A and B showed the highest inhibitory activities and rugosin B was shown as the major contributing compound in rose bud extract powder.
Monitoring the circadian clock in human blood using personalized machine learning
Authors: Hughey Jacob J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe circadian clock and the rhythms it produces are crucial for human health, but frequently perturbed by the modern environment. At the same time, circadian rhythms may influence the efficacy and toxicity of therapeutics and the metabolic response to food intake. Measuring the body’s response to treatments for circadian dysfunction, as well as optimizing the daily timing of treatments for other health conditions, requires a simple and accurate method for monitoring the circadian clock. Here we used a recently developed method called ZeitZeiger to predict circadian time (CT, time of day according to the circadian clock) from genome-wide gene expression in human blood. In cross-validation on 498 samples from 60 individuals across three publicly available datasets, ZeitZeiger predicted CT in single samples with a median absolute error of 2.1 h. The predictor trained on all 498 samples used 15 genes, only two of which are part of the core circadian clock. We then extended ZeitZeiger to make predictions for groups of samples, and developed a general framework to personalize predictions using samples from only the respective individual. Each of these strategies improved prediction of CT by ~20%. Our results are an important step towards precision circadian medicine.
Does compliance with corporate governance code hinder corporate entrepreneurship? Evidence from the UK
Authors: Elgharbawy Adel , Abdel-Kader Magdy 
Published: August 2016

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the possible trade-off between accountability and enterprise in the context of comply or explain governance. The issue was addressed through examining the effect of compliance with the corporate governance code (CGC) on corporate entrepreneurship (CE) and organisational performance.Design/methodology/approachBased on cross-sectional survey and content analysis of annual reports, the level of CE and compliance with the CGC were measured in the large and medium-listed companies in the UK during 2010. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was used for data analysis.FindingsThe results suggest no conflict between compliance with the CGC and CE in the UK, which can be attributed to the flexibility of the “comply or explain” approach. This implies that no trade-off between accountability and enterprise in the context of comply or explain governance.Practical implicationsThe study provides evidence in support of the regulatory governance framework in the UK and the comply or explain approach at large. This evidence contributes to the debate on the rules-based or principles-based governance, which may affect future CG regulations. It can also guide the directors to achieve the balance between their conformance and performance roles.Originality/valueThe study bridges the gap between CG and CE disciplines through developing a theoretical model that integrate contingency and agency theories lenses. Adopting a holistic approach provides insights into the relationships between CG and CE, rather than investigating the effect of each of these practices separately on organisational performance.