bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Notes on the Geology of Maidstone
Authors: Bensted W. H. 
Published: March 2016

The outcroppings of the Cretaceous strata in the valley of the Medway, the great quarries in the lower beds of the greensand for the much-used Kentish ragstone, the extensive chalk-pits at Burham and other places, the pottery clay-pits and the numerous brickfields, afford excellent facilities for the observation of the geological structure of Maidstone and the surrounding country.By taking the road from Rochester, through Maidstone, to Linton, the outcrops of the Chalk and its subordinate beds are passed over in succession across their line of strike.The chalk hills, are covered, at various places, with a red, tenacious (Post-Tertiary or Diluvial) clay, in which great quantities of flint nodules are buried.
Further Discoveries in Heathery Burn Cave
Authors: Elliott John 
Published: March 2016

Since the publication of my paper “On the Discovery of Human and Animal Bones in Heathery Burn Cave, near Stanhope,” in the ‘Geologist’ for January last, there have been further very important discoveries made in that cave.In carrying on the quarrying operations from the point where they were suspended (see F—fig. 1) when the first discovered relics were sent to London the workmen found numerous fragments of bones, also bone pins and knives, fragments of very rude pottery, portion of an armlet, boar-tusks, bronze spear-head, pins, celts, and armlet, two coins, some marine shells, cockle, limpet, and mussels, and large quantities of charcoal, etc., all deposited under an incrustation of stalagmite, varying from 2 to 4, or at some places to 8 inches in thickness, with the exception of one or two manufactured articles, which were found in the sand not covered by stalagmite. The whole of the cave-deposits, with this trifling exception, were covered by a thick sheet of stalagmite, varying from a very dense, compact structure, to a highly crystalline, or to a more or less porous substance: some portions easily fractured by the stroke of a hammer, others yielding only to most energetic blows.The bronze armlet and the two coins were found in sand uncovered by stalagmite, but as they were deposited in what had, not long ago, been the watercourse, the stalagmite had either been denuded, or had been prevented from forming, at that particular place, by the action of the stream; the coins were under very little cover, and might have been imbedded very recently.
Fossil Monkeys
Authors: Blake Charles Carter 
Published: March 2016

In these days of progress, when the alleged origin of the human race from a transmuted gorilla is canvassed as a demonstrable and demonstrated theory by many geologists and zoologists, and the pens of various distinguished writers are occupied to prove the absolute identity of man's physiological and psychological nature with that of the beasts of the field, it behoves the candid student of palæontology to inquire what are the fossil members of the Order of Mammalia immediately beneath man—the Quadrumana, and whether they are such individuals as might fulfil the hypothetical condition of being his ancestors, under any of the “derivative” theories propounded by Darwin or Lamarck.In venturing upon this field of error, doubt, and confusion, I wish dispassionately to endeavour to divest myself of any adherence to any prevailing doctrine. Imbued strongly with the conviction of the unity of type of all animals, and with the probability of their common origin by secondary law, yet I advocate no theory which derives mankind from any known recent or fossil species of animal. Convinced of the distinctive peculiarities of the human brain, characters not satisfactorily demonstrated in any animal, yet I do not shut my eyes to the analogy which sometimes exists between the structures in the lowest men and the highest apes.
A Lecture on “Coal.”
Authors: Salter J. W. 
Published: March 2016

I shall now give a few out of many specimens of coal, to show its composition, and so look at it in a practical point of view. For ordinary purposes, there is no doubt the “best” is the best; but whether that best is Welsh, or Newcastle, or Scottish, I do not pretend to say; for the various kinds of coal are suited for different purposes, and what may be refuse in one direction may be of the greatest use in another.In experiments undertaken with a view to determine what coals were best suited for our steam-navy, Sir Henry de la Beche and his associates tried nearly all the kinds known in Britain, and compared them too with those artificial fuels which are made up from coal-refuse, and are extremely valuable in their way.I can only give a few examples, and shall refer my young readers—they are older now than when the lecture began, and will not mind a little dry study—to the book itself, if they require more information.They tried these coals to see how much they held of carbon, which supplies the heat; of hydrogen, which gives the flame; of oxygen, which is worse than useless in the coal, though essential in the air that is to support the combustion; and, lastly, the quantity of ashes left after the coal was consumed.
Palæontological Notes on the Brachiopoda
Authors: Davidson Thomas 
Published: March 2016

All that pertains to the science of Palæontology is of consequence to the geological inquirer; therefore a few notes and illustrations relative to the Brachiopoda may, perhaps, prove acceptable to the general reader, and, at the same time, stimulate some others to prosecute an inquiry upon which so much time and labour have been already expended.It was justly observed by a distinguished naturalist, that there exists a decided advantage in the same subject being investigated by a number of different observers; and the truth of this statement has been fully substantiated by the information already acquired on all that concerns the affinities, classification, and anatomical structure of the Brachiopoda. But it must also be remembered, that, although these topics may have been individually and collectively the subject of considerable investigation, much still remains to be discovered and satisfactorily explained before many of the problems relating to the character and history of the class can be considered as finally determined.All palæontologists seem to agree that the Brachiopoda should bo divided into two principal groups. The first will include all those genera and species which have their valves articulated by means of teeth and sockets; the second will comprise those forms which, being un-articulated, have their valves kept in place by means of muscular and other contrivances.
The Ironstone Formation of the Forest of Dean; with a Sketch of the General Geology and Industrial History of the District
Authors: Watson J. W. 
Published: March 2016

It is an old remark, that much of the prosperity attending the manufacture of iron in Great Britain has resulted from the circumstance that the ore, the fuel, and the flux are mostly associated minerals in the same locality; and, although this is typically true as regards the mineral basin which forms the subject of the present article, it is some-what curious that, in all probability, the discovery of the fuel in this instance dates much posteriorly to the employment of the ore, so that iron-making, had become an active branch of industry in this district long prior to any of the numerous seams of coal being worked; and, what is equally likely, before even their existence was known. If we look into any of the early histories of Gloucestershire, we find that, while abundant mention is made of the iron-mines and the smelting furnaces, no notice whatever is afforded of the coal, fully warranting the supposition that the discovery of the deposits had not then been made. I t will, perhaps, form an interesting preface to this paper, if, in connection with this latter circumstance, before entering upon the geological and lithological features of the ironstone formations, which are special and of the greatest interest, I give a sketch of the commercial history of the locality, past and present.In tracing the progress made in the metallurgy of iron in this country, the Forest of Dean claims to have been among the first localities where the manufacture of that metal was established.
British Fossils, Stratigraphically Arranged
Authors: Morris John 
Published: March 2016

The Palæozoic System comprises the earliest fossil-bearing strata. These have collectively a great thickness, and are of various mineral characters, being argillaceous, arenaceous, and calcareous, generally indurated, and occasionally metamorphosed.As a general rule, these strata appear in the western and north-western districts of Britain, and, to a considerable extent, in the mari-time districts of Ireland. The rocks of this system contain the chief metaliferous workings, as in Cornwall, North Wales, Cumberland, Scotland, &c. The upper portion, namely, the Carboniferous, affords the chief source of our lead-ores which occur in the limestone of Derbyshire, Flintshire, and Cumberland; and the associated shales and sandstones, forming the Coal-Measures, contain the well-known extensive deposits of fossil fuel and iron-ore.The palæozoic strata are numerous enough and sufficiently distinct among themselves to form several series. The first or lower of these comprises the Cambrian and Silurian; the middle is the Devonian; and the uppermost includes the Carboniferous and Permian.The lower portion of the palæozoic system has two great groups of rocks; the lower one is named Cambrian by the Rev. Professor Sedgwick,—from its great extent in Wales;—the other is called Silurian by Sir Roderick Murchison, on account of the typical strata of this group having been worked out by him in the country once inhabited by the Silures,—the border-counties of England and Wales, where the group is extensively developed.
Geological Localities.—No. I. Folkestone
Authors: Mackie S. J. 
Published: March 2016

Rosinus, Waloh, Lemery, and others writing after him followed not in the new path opened ont to them, but reiterated former absurdities.Bruckmann thinks them a kind of pholas, or boring shell; Bourquet holds to the old notion of their being teeth of whales; Klein even in 1731 regards them as worm-tubes, although three years later he comes round to the opinion that they were nearly allied to the Argonautes; Spirulæ, and chambered shells. Dufay, one of the numerous writers who followed, states that burnt belemnites have the property of being luminous after having been calcined upwards of five years. We have not tried the experiment, and cannot, therefore, speak to the accuracy of the assertion.
Spirifera Convoluta
Authors: Rofe J. , Davidson Thomas 
Published: March 2016

Since some pages of your valuable magazine are occasionally devoted to the description and illustration of “Gems from Private Collections,” allow me to offer a drawing and some observations on Spirifera convoluta, Phillips, one of the most remarkable of our British carboniferous spirifera, and which will serve at the same time as a small supplement to the paper I published in the eleventh number of The Geologist.At page 35 of my “Monograph” I described Sp. convoluta as a distinct species, but subsequently I thought that it might, perhaps, be a very transverse or exceptional condition or variety of Sp. bisulscata, Sowerby.Experience teaches us that individuals of the same species may assume great differences in shape; that a Spirifera, for example, which in its normal condition is about as wide as long, may at times exceed these proportions very considerably in one or the other direction, and that we are often too prone to seize upon similar variations as pretexts for the creation of so termed species.
Gender conflict resolution in Spanish-Basque mixed DPs–ERRATUM
Authors: PARAFITA COUTO M. CARMEN , MUNARRIZ AMAIA , EPELDE IRANTZU , DEUCHAR MARGARET , OYHARÇABAL BEÑAT 
Published: March 2016

This article was published in error in Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18 (2), 304–323.The publisher apologizes for this error.
A social paradigm in psychiatry – themes and perspectives
Authors: Priebe S. 
Published: March 2016

Aims.Psychiatry as science is underpinned by paradigms. Considering whether a social paradigm may help to advance the current state of psychiatry, the review provides a reference to the rich, but fragmented past of related initiatives in the history of psychiatry and a personal view of themes, challenges and perspectives of using a social paradigm in psychiatry.Methods.Major themes are the evidence on social determinants of mental health; the value-based importance of integrating people with mental disorders in society; options to overcome the social isolation and improve the networks of psychiatric patients; utilising a systemic approach for interventions in families and communities; and understanding group and one-to-one treatments in psychiatry primarily as social interactions. Whilst all these themes open up perspectives for future action and/or research, there are also conceptual challenges through the limitations of the current construct of mental disorders and the dominating terminology.Results.Initiatives for using a social paradigm in psychiatry may refer to important achievements in the past, but need to go beyond this and consider on-going societal changes.Conclusion.Innovation may benefit from close collaboration with social sciences and humanities.
Identification of genes for controlling swine adipose deposition by integrating transcriptome, whole-genome resequencing, and quantitative trait loci data
Authors: Xing Kai , Zhu Feng , Zhai LiWei , Chen ShaoKang , Tan Zhen , Sun YangYang , Hou ZhuoCheng , Wang ChuDuan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackfat thickness is strongly associated with meat quality, fattening efficiency, reproductive performance, and immunity in pigs. Fat storage and fatty acid synthesis mainly occur in adipose tissue. Therefore, we used a high-throughput massively parallel sequencing approach to identify transcriptomes in adipose tissue, and whole-genome differences from three full-sibling pairs of pigs with opposite (high and low) backfat thickness phenotypes. We obtained an average of 38.69 million reads for six samples, 78.68% of which were annotated in the reference genome. Eighty-nine overlapping differentially expressed genes were identified among the three pair comparisons. Whole-genome resequencing also detected multiple genetic variations between the pools of DNA from the two groups. Compared with the animal quantitative trait loci (QTL) database, 20 differentially expressed genes were matched to the QTLs associated with fatness in pigs. Our technique of integrating transcriptome, whole-genome resequencing, and QTL database information provided a rich source of important differentially expressed genes and variations. Associate analysis between selected SNPs and backfat thickness revealed that two SNPs and one haplotype of ME1 significantly affected fat deposition in pigs. Moreover, genetic analysis confirmed that variations in the differentially expressed genes may affect fat deposition.
Single-cell RNA-seq reveals activation of unique gene groups as a consequence of stem cell-parenchymal cell fusion
Authors: Freeman Brian T. , Jung Jangwook P. , Ogle Brenda M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFusion of donor mesenchymal stem cells with parenchymal cells of the recipient can occur in the brain, liver, intestine and heart following transplantation. The therapeutic benefit or detriment of resultant hybrids is unknown. Here we sought a global view of phenotypic diversification of mesenchymal stem cell-cardiomyocyte hybrids and associated time course. Using single-cell RNA-seq, we found hybrids consistently increase ribosome components and decrease genes associated with the cell cycle suggesting an increase in protein production and decrease in proliferation to accommodate the fused state. But in the case of most other gene groups, hybrids were individually distinct. In fact, though hybrids can express a transcriptome similar to individual fusion partners, approximately one-third acquired distinct expression profiles in a single day. Some hybrids underwent reprogramming, expressing pluripotency and cardiac precursor genes latent in parental cells and associated with developmental and morphogenic gene groups. Other hybrids expressed genes associated with ontologic cancer sets and two hybrids of separate experimental replicates clustered with breast cancer cells, expressing critical oncogenes and lacking tumor suppressor genes. Rapid transcriptional diversification of this type garners consideration in the context of cellular transplantation to damaged tissues, those with viral infection or other microenvironmental conditions that might promote fusion.
Interface instability modes in freezing colloidal suspensions: revealed from onset of planar instability
Authors: Wang Lilin , You Jiaxue , Wang Zhijun , Wang Jincheng , Lin Xin 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFreezing colloidal suspensions widely exists in nature and industry. Interface instability has attracted much attention for the understandings of the pattern formation in freezing colloidal suspensions. However, the interface instability modes, the origin of the ice banding or ice lamellae, are still unclear. In-situ experimental observation of the onset of interface instability remains absent up to now. Here, by directly imaging the initial transient stage of planar interface instability in directional freezing colloidal suspensions, we proposed three interface instability modes, Mullins-Sekerka instability, global split instability and local split instability. The intrinsic mechanism of the instability modes comes from the competition of the solute boundary layer and the particle boundary layer, which only can be revealed from the initial transient stage of planar instability in directional freezing.
Ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 attenuates RIG-I mediated antiviral signaling by segregating activated RIG-I from its signaling platform
Authors: Nguyen Nhung T.H. , Now Hesung , Kim Woo-Jong , Kim Nari , Yoo Joo-Yeon 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRIG-I is a key cytosolic RNA sensor that mediates innate immune defense against RNA virus. Aberrant RIG-I activity leads to severe pathological states such as autosomal dominant multi-system disorder, inflammatory myophathies and dermatomyositis. Therefore, identification of regulators that ensure efficient defense without harmful immune-pathology is particularly critical to deal with RIG-I-associated diseases. Here, we presented the inflammatory inducible FAT10 as a novel negative regulator of RIG-I-mediated inflammatory response. In various cell lines, FAT10 protein is undetectable unless it is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines. FAT10 non-covalently associated with the 2CARD domain of RIG-I, and inhibited viral RNA-induced IRF3 and NF-kB activation through modulating the RIG-I protein solubility. We further demonstrated that FAT10 was recruited to RIG-I-TRIM25 to form an inhibitory complex where FAT10 was stabilized by E3 ligase TRIM25. As the result, FAT10 inhibited the antiviral stress granules formation contains RIG-I and sequestered the active RIG-I away from the mitochondria. Our study presented a novel mechanism to dampen RIG-I activity. Highly accumulated FAT10 is observed in various cancers with pro-inflammatory environment, therefore, our finding which uncovered the suppressive effect of the accumulated FAT10 during virus-mediated inflammatory response may also provide molecular clue to understand the carcinogenesis related with infection and inflammation.
Down-regulation of tumor endothelial marker 8 suppresses cell proliferation mediated by ERK1/2 activity
Authors: Cao Chuangjie , Wang Zhuo , Huang Leilei , Bai Lihong , Wang Yuefeng , Liang Yingjie , Dou Chengyun , Wang Liantang 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8) was recently suggested as a putative anti-tumor target in several types of human cancer based on its selective overexpression in tumor versus normal endothelial cells. The objective of this study was to detect the potential functions of TEM8 in osteosarcoma. Overall, TEM8 was mainly located in cytoplasm and was up-regulated in osteosarcoma compared to benign bone lesions and adjacent non tumor tissue (ANT). High TEM8 expression group had a significant lower overall survival rate than that in the low TEM8 expression group. TEM8 knock-down by siRNA or shRNA results in significant reduction of osteosarcoma cell growth and proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Ablation of TEM8 led to increasing of p21 and p27 and suppression of cyclin D1 mediated by Erk1/2 activity. These findings suggest that down-regulation of TEM8 play an important role in the inhibition of tumorigenesis and development of osteosarcoma.
Synthesis, regioselective aerobic Pd(ii)-catalyzed C–H bond alkenylation and the photophysical properties of pyrenylphenylpyrazoles
Authors: Flamholc Rafał , Zakrzewski Janusz , Makal Anna , Brosseau Arnaud , Métivier Rémi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This paper reports the synthesis, regioselective aerobic Pd(ii)-catalyzed C–H bond alkenylation and the photophysical properties of pyrenylphenylpyrazoles.
The Effect of Stimulus Intensity and Carrier Frequency on Auditory Middle- and Long-Latency Evoked Potentials Using a Steady-State-Response Approach
Authors: Tlumak Abreena I. , Durrant John D. , Delgado Rafael E. 
Published: March 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to measure magnitude changes of auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs) and respective transient middle- and long-latency responses as a function of stimulus intensity and carrier frequency. The literature lacks clear consensus, including relationship to loudness.MethodA cohort of 48 adults with normal hearing was examined from a companion study (Tlumak, Durrant, & Delgado, 2015) on effects of aging. ASSRs were elicited by repeated tone-burst stimuli presented at rates of 40 and 0.75 Hz at 3 frequencies and 5 levels of stimulus intensity. The design also permitted scrutiny of any gender bias to the results.ResultsSimilar to derived transient response findings, ASSR magnitude (harmonic sum) systematically increased with intensity. Input–output function only at 0.75 Hz approximated a log–log linear function. However, slopes fell well below that of doubling of loudness per 10 dB SPL. Results failed to demonstrate significance as a function of carrier frequency and gender for both repetition rates.ConclusionEffects of stimulus intensity, carrier frequency, and gender on ASSRs were similar to those of their transient counterparts. Findings remain disappointing for objective loudness estimation. Results suggest only a clear linkage to the long-latency response and the 0.75-Hz magnitude but require careful consideration of limitations/underlying mechanisms when measuring loudness-related effects.