bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maintaining The Pace of Progress As We Approach The End Of Moore's Law: New Materials, New Processes, New Architectures
Authors: Bottoms Bill 
Published: December 2015

The environment is rapidly changing as we approach the end of Moore's Law scaling. Scaling continues but benefits in performance, power and cost are reduced. At the same time drivers for the electronics industry are impacted by the emerging Internet of Things and Migration to the Cloud. Satisfying these requirements of these emerging drivers cannot be accomplished with the current technology. It will require innovative heterogeneous integration approaches to satisfy demands for power, latency, bandwidth, reliability and cost in an environment where transistors will wear out.
Overcoming the limitations of the current technology will require heterogeneous integration using different materials, different device types (logic, memory, sensors, RF, analog, etc.) and different components incorporating multiple technologies including electronics, photonics, and MEMS in new, 3D, system-in-package (SiP) architectures. New materials, manufacturing equipment and processes will be required to accomplish this and meet the market demand for continuous reduction in cost per function. The requirements, difficult challenges and potential solutions will be discussed.
Medical Trainee Continuity of Care Following Emergency Department Consultations in a Pediatric Hospital
Authors: Bjorklund Kim , Eismann Emily A. , Cornwall Roger 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT

Background
The importance of continuity of care in training is widely recognized; however, a broad-spectrum assessment across all specialties has not been performed.

Objective
We assessed the continuity of care provided by trainees, following patient consultations in the emergency department (ED) across all specialties at a large pediatric tertiary care center.

Methods
Medical records were reviewed to identify patients seen in consultation by a resident or fellow trainee in the ED over a 1-year period, and to determine if the patient followed up with the same trainee for the same condition during the next 6 months.

Results
Resident and fellow trainees from 33 specialties participated in 3400 ED consultations. Approximately 50% (1718 of 3400) of the patients seen in consultation by a trainee in the ED followed up with the same specialty within 6 months, but only 4.1% (70 of 1718) followed up with the same trainee for the same condition. Trainee continuity of care ranged from 0% to 21% among specialties, where specialties with resident clinics (14.4%) have a greater continuity of care than specialties without resident clinics (2.7%, P &lt; .001). Continuity of care did not differ between fellows (4.2%) and residents (4.0%, P = .87), but did differ between postgraduate years for residents (P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
Trainee continuity of care for ED consultations was low across all specialties and levels of training. If continuity of care is important for patient well-being and trainee education, efforts to improve continuity for trainees must be undertaken.
Racing Against the Clock: Internal Medicine Residents' Time Spent On Electronic Health Records
Authors: Chen Lu , Guo Uta , Illipparambil Lijo C. , Netherton Matt D. , Sheshadri Bhairavi , Karu Eric , Peterson Stephen J. , Mehta Parag H. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT

Background
Since the late 1980s, resident physicians have spent increasing amounts of time on electronic health record (EHR) data entry and retrieval. Objective longitudinal data measuring time spent on the EHR are lacking.

Objective
We sought to quantify the time actually spent using the EHR by all first-year internal medicine residents in a single program (N = 41).

Methods
Active EHR usage data were collected from the audit logs for May, July, and October 2014 and January 2015. Per recommendations from our EHR vendor (Cerner Corporation), active EHR usage time was defined as more than 15 keystrokes, or 3 mouse clicks, or 1700 “mouse miles” per minute. Active EHR usage time was tallied for each patient chart viewed each day and termed an electronic patient record encounter (EPRE).

Results
In 4 months, 41 interns accumulated 18 322 hours of active EHR usage in more than 33 733 EPREs. Each intern spent on average 112 hours per month on 206 EPREs. Interns spent more time in July compared to January (41 minutes versus 30 minutes per EPRE, P &lt; .001). Time spent on the EHR in January echoed that of the previous May (30 minutes versus 29 minutes, P = .40).

Conclusions
First-year residents spent a significant amount of time actively using the EHR, achieving maximal proficiency on or before January of the academic year. Decreased time spent on the EHR may reflect greater familiarity with the EHR, growing EHR efficiencies, or other factors.
Cricket Biomechanics Analysis of Skilled and Amateur Fast Bowling Techniques
Authors: Thiagarajan KA , Parikh Tvisha , Sayed Anees , Gnanavel MB , Arumugam S 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT
Cricket fast bowling action involves complex three-dimensional (3D) motion of the body and poses a high risk of injury more so in schoolboys. It is not known how the bowling technique varies between skilled and less skilled fast bowlers. The aim of this study is to compare the differences in bowling technique between young sub-elite (skilled) and amateur university level cricketers. Twelve players, 6 skilled and six amateur, were attached with 35 retro-reflective markers using the full body Plug-in-Gait marker set and asked to bowl 6 deliveries at a good length. Their bowling action was captured with 12 Vicon 3D cameras and the ground reaction force was measured using AMTI force plates. The best delivery from each bowler was selected. Their bowling action types were classified and parameters like shoulder counter rotation (scr), pelvicshoulder separation angle at back foot contact, trunk lateral flexion, front knee angle, front foot vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) and ball release speed were measured. The results were analyzed with Levene's test for Equality of Variances and a t-test for equality of means. The skilled bowlers showed faster ball release speed and experienced larger vGRF while the other parameters did not show any significant differences.

How to cite this article
Thiagarajan KA, Parikh T, Sayed A, Gnanavel MB, Arumugam S. Cricket Biomechanics Analysis of Skilled and Amateur Fast Bowling Techniques. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2015;49(4):173-181.
Shoulder Injuries in Cricketers
Authors: Prabhakar Sharad , Pandey Radhakant 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT
Shoulder injuries are very common in cricketers. Throwing athletes in cricket (both bowlers and fielders) are prone to shoulder injuries secondary to the large amount of forces generated, the resultant very high velocities and the repetitive nature of the throwing action. The shoulder joint has to balance mobility vs stability. Athletes exhibit adaptive changes that develop from the repetitive microtrauma following overhead throwing. The article discusses in detail how altered scapular kinematics, rotator cuff dysfunction with altered muscle strength patterns, internal impingement combined with anatomical adaptive bony and soft tissue changes causing a glenohumeral internal rotation deficit, predispose the cricketer to shoulder injury.

How to cite this article
Prabhakar S, Pandey R. Shoulder Injuries in Cricketers. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2015;49(4): 194-196.
Dope Testing in Cricket
Authors: Beotra Alka 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT
Use of drugs is prohibited in sports and the same is applicable in cricket also. Research into the science and medicine underlying cricket performance and injury has progressed since the First World Congress of Science and Medicine in Cricket in 1999. Dope testing in cricket was introduced in 2002 and is being done since then in major cricket events. The International Cricket Council (ICC) became signatory of World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in July 2006. The ICC Anti-Doping Code compliant with the WADA Code ensures cricket plays its part in the global fight against drugs in sport. The present paper elaborates about the testing protocol being adhered to for the testing of samples in cricket for both in competition and out of competition of samples.

How to cite this article
Beotra A. Dope Testing in Cricket. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2015;49(4):197-198.
Sports Medicine and Indian Cricket: Exploring the Past, understanding the Present and accommodating a Future of Scientific Conception
Authors: Bansal Harpal Kaur , Speechly Evan 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT

Background
‘What do they know of cricket who only cricket know?’—CLR James. Cricket is one of the oldest major international team sport, however, the integration of sports medicine research into the cricketing set-up has been relatively new. Cricketing nations, such as Australia, England and South Africa, have been at the forefront and have shown an increased interest to understand this game from a scientific point of view. On the contrary, in a country where cricket is like a religion it is sad to say that the lack of scientific rigor still echoes in the Indian dressing room. Nevertheless, a fresh approach brought in by foreign medical practitioners has planted the seed in local brains to bring the concept of sports medicine into the Indian cricketing fraternity.

Objectives
This article will explore scientific research that has been conducted on various areas in cricket and compare the role of sports science in Indian cricket and finally identify areas of future concern which would help to bridge the gap between sports medicine and Indian cricket.

How to cite this article
Bansal HK, Speechly E. Sports Medicine and Indian Cricket: Exploring the Past, understanding the Present and accommodating a Future of Scientific Conception. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2015;49(4):199-203.
Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injury in Professional Cricketers
Authors: Talib Usama , Saleem Sohail 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT
Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) is a complex of multiple ligaments and cartilages at the ulnar end of the wrist. Injury of TFCC is commonly seen in sportsmen such as tennis players, cricketers, golfers and gymnasts. The typical presentation is pain radiating along the ulnar side of the hand, and is often accompanied by fracture of the ulnar styloid. Despite being a common injury, its knowledge remains largely unknown. This leads to a huge number of cases remaining undiagnosed and thus untreated and unreported. The authors report a TFCC injury in a professional Cricketer in an attempt to create awareness of this common sports injury.

How to cite this article
Talib U, Saleem S. Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injury in Professional Cricketers. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2015;49(4):204-208.
Prevalencia del Consumo de Alcohol en Traumatizados Atendidos Cali, Colombia
Authors: Morales Mónica , Calle Juan , Sánchez Álvaro 
Published: December 2015

RESUMEN

Métodos
Estudio observacional analítico del registro de trauma de dos hospitales de Cali, Colombia, entre enero y diciembre de 2012.
Se incluyeron sujetos de 14 años o más, con lesiones de causa externa violenta, accidental, autoinflingida o por tránsito. Se excluyeron embarazadas, reclusos o personas con lesiones por agentes químicos, ambientales, o tóxicos. Se efectuó un análisis univariado y multivariado de variables asociadas con la probabilidad de reporte positivo de alcohol.

Resultados
Se incluyeron 10290 pacientes, 63.4% hombres. El trauma contuso fue más frecuente (59%), seguido por tránsito (12%), arma blanca (16%) y arma de fuego (9%).

El reporte de ingesta alcoholica fue mas frecuente en
hombres (OR 6.88 I.C. 95% 3.17–4.9), lesionados durante la madrugada, (OR: 7.54 IC 95% 6.43–8.84) pacientes no asegurados, (OR 3.31, IC 95% 2.69–4.08), individuos entre 20 y 44 anos (OR 1.61 IC 95% 1.39–1.85), pacientes con ISS ≥9, (OR 2.58, IC 95% 2.18–3.05), lesiones por transito o mecanismos penetrantes (OR 4.46, IC 95% 3.86–516), lesiones no relacionadas con el trabajo 23.68 (16.1–34.8) y atencion en el hospital publico 12.66 (10.46–15.32).
Las asociaciones con la falta de aseguramiento y con ISS ≥9 desaparecieron en la RLM.

Conclusiones
Encontramos una prevalencia mayor de consumo de alcohol en los lesionados en la madrugada, hombres, adultos de edad media, víctimas de trauma por tránsito o penetrante, lesiones no relacionadas con el trabajo y atención en el hospital público.

How to cite this article
Calle J, Sánchez Á, García A, Morales M. Prevalencia del Consumo de Alcohol en Traumatizados Atendidos Cali, Colombia. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2015;4(2):77-86.
Accompagner des personnes âgées en couple : un angle mort du travail social
Authors: Dallera Corinne , Palazzo-Crettol Clothilde , Anchisi Annick 
Published: December 2015

Actuellement, le nombre de personnes âgées vivant en couple et susceptibles de s’adresser à un service social augmente. Basé sur l’analyse qualitative de 13 entretiens avec des assistants et assistantes sociales accompagnant des personnes âgées et travaillant dans la partie francophone du Valais (un canton de la Suisse), cet article vise à explorer les questions suivantes : d’une part, comment la conjugalité est-elle prise en compte dans le cadre de l’accompagnement social de personnes âgées ? D’autre part, comment les inégalités de genre et les situations de couples conflictuelles sont-elles gérées ? Enfin, comment les prises de décision et les pratiques professionnelles face à ces situations sont-elles justifiées ?
Constitutionalizing the Senate: A Modest Democratic Proposal
Authors: Colón-Ríos Joel I. , Hutchinson Allan C. 
Published: December 2015

The Senate Reference did not provide an ideal situation for clarifying the nature and limits of the power of constitutional reform in Canada. The facts gave the Court no choice but to recognize the fundamental role that the Senate plays in the Canadian constitutional order, and therefore to place some of its main features outside the scope of section 44 of the Constitution Act, 1982, even if they ran contrary to basic democratic values. For example, in order to explain that the implementation of consultative elections would alter the constitution’s basic structure, the Court was forced to construe in a negative light the prospect of a democratically legitimate Senate. In this paper, rather than attack or defend bicameralism, we will argue in favour of attributing a democratically reconstituted Senate with the primary responsibility of reviewing the constitutionality of legislation (as opposed to acting as a chamber of “sober second thought” with respect to the policy decisions of the House of Commons). Such an approach, we suggest, would augment the overall democratic legitimacy of the constitutional order.
Reducing mortality in HIV‐infected infants and achieving the 90–90–90 target through innovative diagnosis approaches
Authors: Essajee Shaffiq , Vojnov Lara , Penazzato Martina , Jani Ilesh , Siberry George K , Fiscus Susan A , Markby Jessica 
Published: December 2015

IntroductionDespite significant gains in access to early infant diagnosis (EID) over the past decade, most HIV‐exposed infants still do not get tested for HIV in the first two months of life. For those who are tested, the long turnaround time between when the sample is drawn and when the results are returned leads to a high rate of loss to follow‐up, which in turn means that few infected infants start antiretroviral treatment. Consequently, there continues to be high mortality from perinatally acquired HIV, and the ambitious goals of 90% of infected children identified, 90% of identified children treated and 90% of treated children with sustained virologic suppression by 2020 seem far beyond our reach. The objective of this commentary is to review recent advances in the field of HIV diagnosis in infants and describe how these advances may overcome long‐standing barriers to access to testing and treatment.DiscussionSeveral innovative approaches to EID have recently been described. These include point‐of‐care testing, use of SMS printers to connect the central laboratory and the health facility through a mobile phone network, expanding paediatric testing to other entry points where children access the health system and testing HIV‐exposed infants at birth as a rapid way to identify in utero infection. Each of these interventions is discussed here, together with the opportunities and challenges associated with scale‐up. Point‐of‐care testing has the potential to provide immediate results but is less cost‐effective in settings where test volumes are low. Virological testing at birth has been piloted in some countries to identify those infants who need urgent treatment, but a negative test at birth does not obviate the need for additional testing at six weeks. Routine testing of infants in child health settings is a useful strategy to identify exposed and infected children whose mothers were not enrolled in programmes for the prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission. Facility‐based SMS printers speed up the return of laboratory results and may be of value for other testing services apart from HIV infant diagnosis.ConclusionsNew tools and strategies for HIV infant diagnosis could have a significant positive impact on the identification and retention of HIV‐infected infants. In order to be most effective, national programmes should carefully consider which ideas to implement and how best to integrate novel strategies into existing systems. There is no single solution that will work everywhere. Rather, a number of approaches need to be considered and should be linked in order to achieve the greatest impact on the continuum of care from testing to treatment.
Beer and Brewing
Authors: Lewis Michael 
Published: December 2015

Beer has been a companion of humankind since the development of settled agriculture some 8000 or more years ago; it is a mildly alcoholic beverage made by the fermentation of an aqueous extract of cereals (grains).Beer‐making might have evolved from an effort by ancient householders to recover grain that was wetted in storage and had started to germinate, eg, by heating it to dryness: a process called malting. The ancients could then have macerated such grain with warm water and found that they could extract a sweetish and nutritious drink called wort and the process is called mashing. If left undrunk, such extract would have soon fermented from wild yeasts and bacteria, making a mildly alcoholic and refreshing drink, that is, beer.This article is about the modern technology that has grown up around the materials and these three key processes of beer‐making: malting, mashing, and fermentation.
Anthropogenic aerosols and the distribution of past large‐scale precipitation change
Authors: Wang Chien 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe climate response of precipitation to the effects of anthropogenic aerosols is a critical while not yet fully understood aspect in climate science. Results of selected models that participated the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and the data from the Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project suggest that, throughout the tropics and also in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere, aerosols have largely dominated the distribution of precipitation changes in reference to the preindustrial era in the second half of the last century. Aerosol‐induced cooling has offset some of the warming caused by the greenhouse gases from the tropics to the Arctic and thus formed the gradients of surface temperature anomaly that enable the revealed precipitation change patterns to occur. Improved representation of aerosol‐cloud interaction has been demonstrated as the key factor for models to reproduce consistent distributions of past precipitation change with the reanalysis data.
Theory for the curvature dependence of delta front progradation
Authors: Ke Wun‐Tao , Capart Hervé 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWhen Gilbert‐type deltas respond to uneven sediment supply or advance over irregular basin bathymetry, they develop curved, creased fronts prograding at speeds that vary with location along the shoreline. Relations governing the progradation rate, however, have so far been proposed only for simple special cases. In this paper, we exploit the special properties of solutions to the eikonal equation to derive a general progradation relation, applicable to delta fronts of finite angle of repose and arbitrary shoreline planform. In these circumstances, the theory explicitly relates the progradation rate to the local shoreline curvature. We illustrate the resulting morphodynamics with numerical and analytical solutions for a sinuous delta front. The proposed relation can be used to model deltaic evolution or deduce spanwise distributions of sediment supply rates from observations of foreset evolution.
Nonlinear local parallel acceleration of electrons through Landau trapping by oblique whistler mode waves in the outer radiation belt
Authors: Agapitov O. V. , Artemyev A. V. , Mourenas D. , Mozer F. S. , Krasnoselskikh V. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSimultaneous observations of electron velocity distributions and chorus waves by the Van Allen Probe B are analyzed to identify long‐lasting (more than 6 h) signatures of electron Landau resonant interactions with oblique chorus waves in the outer radiation belt. Such Landau resonant interactions result in the trapping of ∼1–10 keV electrons and their acceleration up to 100–300 keV. This kind of process becomes important for oblique whistler mode waves having a significant electric field component along the background magnetic field. In the inhomogeneous geomagnetic field, such resonant interactions then lead to the formation of a plateau in the parallel (with respect to the geomagnetic field) velocity distribution due to trapping of electrons into the wave effective potential. We demonstrate that the electron energy corresponding to the observed plateau remains in very good agreement with the energy required for Landau resonant interaction with the simultaneously measured oblique chorus waves over 6 h and a wide range of L shells (from 4 to 6) in the outer belt. The efficient parallel acceleration modifies electron pitch angle distributions at energies ∼50–200 keV, allowing us to distinguish the energized population. The observed energy range and the density of accelerated electrons are in reasonable agreement with test particle numerical simulations.
Compressibility of Mercury's dayside magnetosphere
Authors: Zhong J. , Wan W. X. , Wei Y. , Slavin J. A. , Raines J. M. , Rong Z. J. , Chai L. H. , Han X. H. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe Mercury is experiencing significant variations of solar wind forcing along its large eccentric orbit. With 12 Mercury years of data from Mercury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging, we demonstrate that Mercury's distance from the Sun has a great effect on the size of the dayside magnetosphere that is much larger than the temporal variations. The mean solar wind standoff distance was found to be about 0.27 Mercury radii (RM) closer to the Mercury at perihelion than at aphelion. At perihelion the subsolar magnetopause can be compressed below 1.2 RM of ~2.5% of the time. The relationship between the average magnetopause standoff distance and heliocentric distance suggests that on average the effects of the erosion process appears to counter balance those of induction in Mercury's interior at perihelion. However, at aphelion, where solar wind pressure is lower and Alfvénic Mach number is higher, the effects of induction appear dominant.