bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New perspectives on distant horizons: aspects of Egyptian imperial administration in Marmarica in the Late Bronze Age
Authors: Snape Steven 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article discusses some of the results of the fieldwork which has been carried out since 1994 by Liverpool University at the site of Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham (Mersa Matruh). In particular it concentrates on how the epigraphic and archaeological evidence recovered from this Ramesside fortress-town has produced new insights into Egypto-Libyan relations, and especially how Egypt operated its short-lived imperial administration of the Marmarican coast during the Late Bronze Age. Egyptian inscriptional evidence from the fortress names the specific Libyan groups against which it was directed, while adding to the debate regarding the areas of operation of these groups by locating itself within “Tjemeh-Land”. Both inscriptional and archaeological evidence indicate that Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham was intended to be, and became, a major fortress-town like those known from Egypt's Nubian and Levantine empire. Evidence for food-processing and the production of linen cloth makes it clear that Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham was largely self-sufficient rather than being reliant on supplies from the Nile Valley. However, this self-sufficiency could only be maintained with the goodwill of local Libyan groups, suggesting some level of economic symbiosis between those groups and the fortress' garrison. On a wider level, the desire to protect Egyptian economic interests, in particular international maritime trade routes, was undoubtedly a major factor behind the construction of this (and other) fortresses on the Mediterranean coast during the reign of Ramesses II.Finds of significant quantities of foreign (Canaanite, Aegean, Cypriote) material at Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham are a clear indicator of this role, while it is suggested that the Libyan groups against whom this trade route needed to be protected were not the ‘local’ Tjehenu and Tjemeh Libyans but the newly-appeared Meshwesh and Libu.
La città dei re di Cirene
Authors: Presicce Claudio Parisi 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIt is becoming increasingly clear that, beginning from the Late Bronze age, links between the Aegean world and the North African coast remained unbroken except perhaps for a brief interlude immediately after the foundation of the Phoenician colonies in the area between the Gulf of Syrte and what is now Tunisia. The example of Cyrene, which has not received the attention it merits outside the narrow circle of Libyan experts, is one of the most clear-cut and eloquent. Even though the paucity of finds and their provenance from infill call for caution, reanalysis of the archaeological record—which has recently gained an important new component—sheds fresh light on the Phoenician colonial process as a whole. The reanalysis, whatever one's point of view, should not be restricted by conventional chronology, and should encourage us to reconsider other accepted ideas about the growth of the original settlement and the links between the Battiad royal family and other members of the Cyrenaican community.
Greek and Roman sculpture and inscriptions from Cyrene: recent joins and proposed associations, including a ‘new” private portrait statue, and some recent epigraphic discoveries
Authors: Adams Neil 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article presents a number of joins and associations recently made in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities at the British Museum on sculpture excavated by Robert Murdoch Smith and Edwin Augustus Porcher during their expedition to Cyrene in 1861. The connections were made during an on-going programme within the Greek and Roman Department to provenance and, wherever possible, join the large collection of fragmentary sculpture originating from the big excavations of the 19th century. In addition, some tentative associations between sculpture in the British Museum and others still at Cyrene will be proposed, and some recent epigraphic discoveries made during a visit to the site will also be presented.
Alle sorgenti del Cinyps
Authors: Cifani G. , Munzi M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper deals with the location of the springs of the river Cinyps in Tripolitania by comparing literary sources with topographic and archaeological data provided by explorers and by geoarchaeological studies carried out by the University of Rome III mission in collaboration with the Department of Antiquities between 1998 and 2000.Although the Cinyps may be identified with the drainage basin of Wadi Taraglat, some 80 km long, its springs were located within a strip 3.6 km (20 stadia) from the coast in a reach known as Wadi Caam. These were the springs that supplied the Hadrianic Baths of Lepcis Magna in all probability by means of the scheme put in place by Q. Servilius Candidus in AD119-120.Field reconnaissance and cartographic analysis rule out the presence of springs any further inland. The claim by Herodotus (IV, 175) that the springs of the Cinyps were located near the Hill of the Graces 200 km (36 km) from the coast may thus be considered an error in the tradition handed down in the text.
A far-flung memory of Cyrene
Authors: Wright G. R. H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSome years ago when a tribute to Richard Goodchild was planned to appear in Libyan Studies, the writer prepared a short note on memories of Cyrene by the 19th century founders of Cyrenaean Archaeology. At that time he was unable to obtain information as anticipated concerning Capt. E. A. Porcher R. N., and reluctantly omitted Porcher from the assembly. Recently, by a curious coincidence, information concerning Porcher's career has come to his notice via two unpublished collections of documents. Accordingly, the following brief record is supplied as a supplement to the note in Libyan Studies 1999, 30: 98-108.
The Vischer family archives
Authors: Hare John 
Published: February 2016

AbstractUntil the end of the 19th century, the camel road from Kukawa near Lake Chad in Northern Nigeria to Tripoli in Libya was essentially a slave route. Only the most robust slaves survived the desert march which usually ended in the great slave market of Murzuk in central Libya. Prior to John Hare in 2001/2002, the last foreigner known to have followed the road in its entirety was the Swiss-born, British national Hanns Vischer, in 1906.This article, which quotes from the Vischer family archive, highlights and compares the differences that have arisen in undertaking this journey with camels after a lapse of 100 years. It reveals how Vischer was attacked by Tuaregs at Tajirhi in southern Libya and his encounters with imprisoned Turkish and Bulgarian revolutionaries and miscreants in Murzuk. It also highlights the dangers to a foreigner of undertaking this journey at a time when the Ottoman empire was crumbling and the French and the British were striving to carve out their colonial territories in the vast Saharan and sub-Saharan regions of Africa.
Euesperides (Benghazi): preliminary report on the spring 2003 season
Authors: Wilson Andrew , Bennett Paul , Buzaian Ahmed , Buttrey Ted , Fell Vanessa , Found Ben , Göransson Kristian , Guinness Abby , Hardy Jamal , Harris Kerry , Helm Richard , Kattenberg Alette , Morley Geoffrey , Swift Keith , Wootton William , Zimi Eleni 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article reports on the fifth season of the ongoing project at Euesperides (Benghazi). Excavation in Area P'confirmed a date of 261-250 BC for the destruction of the penultimate phase and the construction of the final phase, with mosaics of mixed pebble and irregular tesserae. An inscription was discovered on the mosaic of the penultimate phase; and some rooms of the preceding phase were investigated. In Area Q the dismantling of the street sequence continued, together with the investigation of houses fronting the street, and the evidence for the lines of different phases of the city defences. Outside the line of the latest defences, excavation in an ancient quarry ditch revealed a refuse deposit rich in ceramics and organic materials. In Area R the rooms surrounding the courtyard were defined, and the latest phases of Murex purple dye production were investigated. At the request of the Municipality and the Department of Antiquities of Benghazi, evaluation trenches were cut to assess the impact of proposed developments on the archaeological remains south and east of the city.Study of the finds also continued. Work began on reconstructing the design of the final phase mosaic in Area P, the central motif of which was probably a dolphin, within a wave-crest surround. Analysis of the coarsewares demonstrated that between 40-60% of third-century BC coarsewares at the site were imported, many from areas of the Punic world; this suggests active and regular trading networks. Study of the amphorae revealed that forms of Corinthian B amphorae were produced at Euesperides.
The effects of recent storms on the exposed coastline of Tocra
Authors: Bennett Paul , Wilson Andrew , Buzaian Ahmed , Kattenberg Alette 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper, prepared at the request of the Department of Antiquities of Benghazi, reports on severe erosion of the exposed seaward escarpment of the ancient site of Tocra after recent winter storms. A brief measured survey by the authors and comparison with a plan of the site made in 1966, demonstrated that up to 20 m of the coastline has been lost in 40 years. A photographic survey made at the same time records a number of new discoveries, exposed as a consequence of increasing erosion of the escarpment.The authors believe that continuing annual erosion of the seaward facing part of the town is a serious problem requiring urgent action by the highest authorities.
Consul Warrington's English Garden
Authors: Wright John 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn 1820, when he had already been six years in Tripoli, the British Consul General, Colonel Hanmer Warrington, acquired a small country estate about a mile beyond the city walls. The move had political implications that he may not have considered or appreciated at the time. But the fact that for a quarter of a century (1820-46) Consul Warrington lived most of the year, and eventually all the year, in this so-called ‘English Garden’ in the oasis-suburb of the menscia brought this influential, larger-than-life figure into much closer, personal contact with local dissident and opposition figures than he would ever have done had he been always shut up in town. In the decade 1832-42 Consul Warrington's official diplomatic position in Tripoli, together with his informal role as doyen of the menscia residents, placed him in a unique position to meddle and mediate in the affairs of the Regency of Tripoli. Such was the case under the semi-independent Karamanli regime and, after 1835, under the Ottoman Turkish administration ruling direcdy from Constantinople. Although the rewards of this risky policy might have been spectacular for Warrington and for Great Britain (and they were nearly achieved in 1842), such success was elusive.
Un nuovo monumento funerario dal suburbio occidentale di Leptis Magna
Authors: Cifani Gabriele 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA funerary monument dating from the second half of the second centuryadwas discovered in 1997 in the western suburbs of Leptis Magna. The Latin inscription engraved on the monument states that it was dedicated to two brothers, Pompeius Nabor and Pompeius Ba[rea], by their father. The monument is an interesting example of small-scale funerary buildings which imitated the large mausolea of the Tripolitanian interior and which are associated with the middle class citizenry of Leptis.
The ‘Red Tomb’ at Cyrene
Authors: Thorn Dorothy 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAn unregistered rock-cut tomb in Cyrene has been identified as that previously visited by two early explorers to Cyrene. Pacho recorded an inscription, which he published, and the interior was recognised as being that shown in Porcher's Watercolour 98 and the plan Watercolour 94 which he presented, with many others, to the Trustees of the British Museum in 1865.
The Mausoleum of Gasr Doga
Authors: Bigi Francesca , Vita-Evrard Ginette Di , Fontana Sergio , Schingo Gianluca 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe mausoleum of Gasr Doga in the Tarhuna area was a grand funerary monument erected, by a member of the local Libico-Punic élite, in a strategic position on the limits of the provincial territory. Its architectural articulation recalls the dynastic Numidian monuments, while its decoration shows elements of the local tradition combined with motifs imported from Italy. In Late Antiquity and the Islamic period the mausoleum was surrounded by a fortified village, almost entirely built ofspoliacoming from the mausoleum itself. In an attempted reconstruction, the elevation of the third storey is discussed alongside other problems concerning the original layout of the structure.
DMP V: Investigations in 2009 of Cemeteries and Related Sites on the West Side of the Taqallit Promontory
Authors: Mattingly David , Lahr Marta , Wilson Andrew , Abduli Hafed , Ahmed Muftah , Baker Steve , Cole Franca , Rodriguez Mireya González , Hobson Matt , Leitch Victoria , Moussa Farès , Nikita Efthymia , Radini Anita , Reeds Ian , Savage Toby , Sterry Martin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe ‘Burials and Identity’ team of the Desert Migrations Project carried out two main excavations in the 2009 season, at the monumental Garamantian cemeteries of TAG001 and TAG012, by the Taqallit headland. In addition, a detailed survey was made of cemeteries and other sites on the west side of the Taqallit headland, to set the two main cemetery excavations in context. A total of over 2,100 individual burials was recorded in this small area of a few square kilometres. This cemetery survey was combined with further research on the well-preserved foggara systems in this area, which originate at the escarpment among the cemeteries and run in a north-westerly direction towards the valley centre, where some additional Garamantian settlement sites were also located. The foggara research also involved excavation at four locations to try to elucidate issues relating to the dating of these.A total of 22 burials was investigated at TAG001, an imposing cemetery of stone-built stepped tombs that had been badly damaged by illegal bulldozing in the 1990s. Although these had been subjected to robbing at some point in the past, many preserved considerable parts of the skeletons buried within and some surprisingly complete artifact groups. Of particular importance are a series of Garamantian necklaces in ostrich eggshell, carnelian and glass beads, which we were able to lift in perfect sequence and restring. At TAG012, about 2 km north of the Taqallit headland, we excavated an area of a mudbrick cemetery, exposing 12 square/rectangular tombs. Two further burials were excavated at the dispersed cemetery TAG006, in both cases involving tombs that had an interesting stratigraphical relationship with foggara spoil mounds.
Another Hellenistic Royal Portrait from the Temple of Apollo at Cyrene?
Authors: Adams Neil 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDuring their second campaign at the temple of Apollo in August 1861, Robert Murdoch Smith and Edwin Porcher discovered a large marble female head along the northern edge of the building's peristasis. The sculpture was subsequently sent to the British Museum. A recent re-examination of the head suggests that it deserves serious more attention than it has hitherto merited, principally for its quality, and the fact that it displays characteristics highly indicative of Hellenistic royal portraiture. Furthermore, comparison with a similarly sized and modelled male head discovered inside the temple presently identified as ‘Ptolemy Apion’ suggests the two should be considered as companion pieces. This paper attempts to identify the subject of the female head within the context of other sculpture originating from the temple, together with epigraphy relating to the Ptolemaic family at Cyrene. It also explores the possibility of a royal portrait group erected inside Cyrene's primary sacred space.
Murābiṭīn and Ashrāf of Libya: betwixt and between roots and rule
Authors: Najem Faraj 
Published: February 2016

AbstractLibya in the last nine centuries has been dramatically transformed from a multi-religious, predominantly Berber speaking State into an almost Arabised, Muslim nation. This transformation is considered in relation to the emergence of the Ribāṭ and the Murābiṭīn, including the Ashrāf. This article explores the linguistic and historical roots of the Ribāṭ, Murābiṭīn and Ashrāf. It also examines the spread of Ṣufism in Libya, and die influence both the Ṣūfi orders and the Murābiṭin and Ashrāf have had on Libyan politics and society.
La ninfa ‘Cyrene’ in un dipinto di Edward Calvert (1799–1883)
Authors: Santucci Anna 
Published: February 2016

AbstractCyrene is the tide of an oil on canvas by Edward Calvert (1799–1883), an English artist of the Victorian age, who was a follower of William Blake and member of the group the ʿAncientsʾ. The figure of Cyrene reproduces the Aphrodite statue (sc. Figure M) from the East Pediment of the Athenian Parthenon; probably Calvert studied the marble sculpture in the ʿTemporary Elgin Roomʾ of the British Museum, when he was a student at the Drawing and Life school of the Royal Academy. The painting is difficult to date, but the hairstyle of Cyrene could pertain to the 1830s or 1840s. The unusual subject could be influenced by the first English expeditions in North Africa.
With brush and camera: Libya today and one hundred years ago
Authors: Hare John 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn 1906 Hanns Vischer travelled by camel from Tripoli, Libya to Kukawa, Nigeria. His journey was followed almost 100 years later by John Hare, as part of a campaign to raise awareness for the plight of the critically endangered wild Bactrian camel in China and Mongolia. A gifted amateur artist, Vischer illustrated a number of the localities visited during his journey. By coincidence, during his re-creation of the return journey, John Hare produced a comparable photographic record. This short note introduces Vischer's watercolours as a source for the comparative assessment of the landscape today and 100 years ago, and provides a supplement to ‘The Vischer family archives’, published in Libyan Studies 34: 175–182.
Marmaric wares: New Kingdom and later examples
Authors: Hulin Linda 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn Autumn 2000, the University of Liverpool continued its researches into the Ramesses II fortress at Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham, some 25 km west of Marsa Matruh. During this season, the area around the wadis that run towards Ras Abu Laho, 3 km to the west of Umm el-Rakham, was explored. Particular attention was paid to the spurs and knolls that presented a commanding view of the wadi and surrounding area or the coast, in the hope of finding possible New Kingdom patrol routes in association with the fort.This paper presents more evidence of local ceramic manufacture activity in the region. Two local fabrics, Marmaric fabrics 1 and 2, are identified and their shapes and distribution are discussed. They are dated to the New Kingdom, more or less contemporary with the fortress at Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham, since they occur with Nile valley fabrics. It is suggested that they were either made by the local Libyan population, or by the occupants of the fortress for their own use.The decorative corpus of another local fabric, Shell Tempered ware, is also briefly sketched, and its post-New Kingdom date reconfirmed.
Un Santuario di Frontiera, fra Polis E Chora
Authors: Bacchielli Lidiano 
Published: February 2016

Nella campagna di scavi condotta a Cirene tra l'ottobre del 1910 ed il maggio del 1911 la Missione Archeologica Americana diretta da Richard Norton portava alia luce circa tremila statuine fittili, intere o quasi, ed una quantità innumerevole di testine ed altri frammenti.L'occasione per la scoperta era stata del tutto fortuita. Agli inizi di novembre del 1910 un arabo si era presentato al campo portando un cesto con 765 statuette di terracotta, che erano state scavate nel suo giardino posto alle pendici dell'Acropoli, nella parte nord-occidentale, al livello della Terrazza del Santuario di Apollo (la Myrtousa).Molte conversazioni e molti caffè consentirono al Norton l'inizio dello scavo, in una striscia piana posta a valle di un gradino roccioso. Nel sito non si rinvennero resti di edifici, ma diverse nicchie rettangolari scavate in alcuni speroni di roccia. Immediatamente davanti a queste vennero trovate le statuette di terracotta: esse formavano uno strato dello spessore di una novantina di centimetri.
A Note on the Temple of Zeus at Cyrene and its Re-Erection
Authors: Wright G. R. H. 
Published: February 2016

During the course of work in Cyrenaica extending over the 1950s and 1960s I was asked by the late Richard Goodchild, then Controller of Antiquities, to note and comment on any architectural features which I felt to have special significance. In this way, across the years, I handed over to him various short notes with drawings of miscellaneous items that I had observed. Of one such observation a copy has come to hand recently among old papers.While working with the Michigan Expedition to Apollonia (1965–68) I visited the late Professor Stucchi's project for re-erecting the remains of the Temple of Zeus at Cyrene, begun in 1967. During the visit I was interested to observe the detailing of a triglyph block from the peristyle entablature. This seemed to conflict with, or rather to add somewhat to the then accepted building history of the temple — i.e. a (late) Archaic Greek Temple overthrown during the Jewish Revolt and subsequently refurbished minus the peristyle.Work on Professor Stucchi's project is not yet completed; and although he published both progress reports and some discussion of the findings, he has not, to my knowledge, given us a detailed account of the evidence for the history of the building; so perhaps my note made in 1968 remains of interest. I have left the argument as it stood, but some updating material has been added to the footnotes.G.R.H.W.Avignon, December 1993.
Farmers and Frontiers. Exploiting and Defending the Countryside of Roman Tripolitania
Authors: Mattingly D. J. 
Published: February 2016

The past two decades have seen dramatic changes of perspective and an explosion of new information in the broad fields covered by this overview. Within the constraints of space allowed it is not possible to cover all aspects or to mention all relevant publications. References to pre-1969 work have been kept to a minimum, except where dramatic revision of older views is now necessary.The traditional picture of the Roman frontier in Tripolitania owes an incalculable debt to the pioneering work of Richard Goodchild. Much of his observation remains of the highest value (accessible particularly through the volume of collected articles (edited by Joyce Reynolds), Goodchild 1976), but in the 40 years since his initial work on thelimes Tripolitanus(1949a/b; 1950a/b; Ward-Perkins and Goodchild 1949) the available body of data has increased greatly and the conceptual framework for interpreting it has changed considerably (the scale of the reappraisal may be judged by comparing Brogan and Smith 1957 and 1985). The most controversial aspects of Goodchild's work concern the date of the development of a frontier in Tripolitania and the interpretation of the fortified farms which are so characteristic of the zone: ‘…no traces of a pre-Severanlimeshave yet been found. In this respect it may be significant that the linearfossatawhich Baradez has proved to constitute the central feature of the Numidianlimes, and which he tentatively dated to the Hadrianic period, have not yet been found in the area of modern Tripolitania … Apart from … the outer fortresses of Gheriat el-Garbia and Bu Ngem … the military works of thelimes Tripolitanusseem to have consisted almost exclusively of fortified farmhouses occupied by Libyanlimitanei.’ (Goodchild 1950 = 1976, 44).