bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of homogeneous mullite‐based fibrous ceramics by starch consolidation
Authors: Zang Wenjie , Jia Tao , Dong Xue , Liu Jiachen , Du Haiyan , Hou Feng , Guo Anran 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSilica sol is one of the frequently used binders in high‐temperature resisting fibrous porous ceramics, but in the drying process, it can diffuse with water and influence the uniformity of ceramics. To solve this diffusion problem and fabricate homogeneous fibrous porous ceramics, cationic starch was firstly introduced in mullite fibrous system. The effects of starch content and high‐temperature binder content on microstructure, physical, and mechanical properties were also investigated. The results indicate that starch consolidated mullite fibrous ceramics owned a homogeneous 3D skeleton structure, since the introduced starch can absorb both water and silica particles by gelatinization and ensure the even distribution of binders. Compared with the mullite fibrous ceramics fabricated without starch addition, starch consolidated ceramics owned better microstructure and higher interior compression strength. Furthermore, both the starch and silica sol content had great impact on the microstructure, density, porosity, thermal conductivity, and compressive strength of the fibrous ceramic.
Merchants of knowledge: Petty retail and differentiation without consolidation among farmers in Maharashtra, India
Authors: Aga Aniket 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis article focuses on the intermediary figure of the village‐level petty retailer of chemical inputs, providing an account of the everyday relationships of farmers with transnational and domestic agribusiness capital. Retailers are figures from whom farmers purchase seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and other chemicals. The article traces the rise of village‐level retailers in western Maharashtra, India, since the 1990s, and finds that Maratha (a dominant landholding cultivator caste) households have ventured into retailing. Further, farmers depend on retailers for credit, technical knowledge, and for the sale of their harvest. By analysing the pressures and risks of petty retail, visible in interactions with farmers, the article argues that even as retailing provides avenues for upward mobility to petty agricultural commodity producers, the trade is too volatile for the gains to sustain. Thus, the entry of Marathas into petty retail is akin to an attempt at class differentiation but without consolidation.
Christ, the Karamazovs, and Compensational Theodicies
Authors: McCullough Ross 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis article draws from Ivan Karamazov a two‐fold challenge to the goodness of God: that no one can forgive the infliction of suffering upon the innocent and that, even when forgiven, this suffering costs more than any good brought out of it. It then looks to Alyosha for a response to these challenges, suggesting that Christ can forgive because of the cross and that his doing so puts the innocent to a choice: either to join their suffering to his – and so maintain God's goodness – or to lose their innocence. This response helps supply another defect of theodicies that appeal to the compensatory goods that God brings out of innocent suffering, namely that it seems to make some kind of salvation necessary and not gratuitous. For here all innocent suffering is joined to the cross and so part of the economy of redemption, not something prior to redemption that renders it necessary.
Extreme rainfall affects assembly of the root‐associated fungal community
Authors: Barnes Christopher J. , van der Gast Christopher J. , McNamara Niall P. , Rowe Rebecca , Bending Gary D. 
Published: January 2018

Summary

Global warming is resulting in increased frequency of weather extremes. Root‐associated fungi play important roles in terrestrial biogeochemical cycling processes, but the way in which they are affected by extreme weather is unclear. Here, we performed long‐term field monitoring of the root‐associated fungus community of a short rotation coppice willow plantation, and compared community dynamics before and after a once in 100 yr rainfall event that occurred in the UK in 2012.

Monitoring of the root‐associated fungi was performed over a 3‐yr period by metabarcoding the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Repeated soil testing and continuous climatic monitoring supplemented community data, and the relative effects of environmental and temporal variation were determined on the root‐associated fungal community.

Soil saturation and surface water were recorded throughout the early growing season of 2012, following extreme rainfall. This was associated with a crash in the richness and relative abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi, with each declining by over 50%. Richness and relative abundance of saprophytes and pathogens increased.

We conclude that extreme rainfall events may be important yet overlooked determinants of root‐associated fungal community assembly. Given the integral role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in biogeochemical cycles, these events may have considerable impacts upon the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems.
Effectiveness of A Body Shape Index (ABSI) in predicting chronic diseases and mortality: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ji M. , Zhang S. , An R. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryAnthropometric measures are simple, inexpensive, noninvasive tools to assess the risk of morbidity and mortality. This systematic review assessed the performance of A Body Shape Index (ABSI) in predicting hypertension, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and all‐cause mortality and compared the differential predictability between ABSI and two other common anthropometric measures – body mass index and waist circumference. A keyword and reference search were conducted in the PubMed and Web of Science for articles published until 1 November 2017. Thirty‐eight studies were included in the review, including 24 retrospective cohort studies and 14 cross‐sectional studies conducted in 15 countries. Meta‐analysis found that a standard deviation increase in ABSI was associated with an increase in the odds of hypertension by 13% and type 2 diabetes by 35% and an increase in cardiovascular disease risk by 21% and all‐cause mortality risk by 55%. ABSI outperformed body mass index and waist circumference in predicting all‐cause mortality but underperformed in predicting chronic diseases. ABSI is highly clustered around the mean with a rather small variance, making it difficult to define a clinical cutoff for clinical practice. Future studies are warranted to assess ABSI's potential usefulness as an anthropometric measure in population‐level health surveillance.
Shells from aquaculture: a valuable biomaterial, not a nuisance waste product
Authors: Morris James P. , Backeljau Thierry , Chapelle Gauthier 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMollusc aquaculture is advocated as a highly sustainable food source and may play an important role in future food security globally. With production increasing worldwide, it is timely to appraise all aspects of aquaculture when considering its expanding role as a food source. In this regard, one regularly overlooked aspect of mollusc aquaculture is waste generation: namely the production of calcareous shells. Shells from the aquaculture industry are widely regarded as a nuisance waste product, yet at the same time, calcium carbonate is mined in the form of limestone and viewed as a valuable commodity. In a time of increased awareness of the need for a circular economy, the aquaculture and seafood industry should consider shells as a valuable biomaterial that can be reused for both environmental and economic benefit. This review discusses the current waste shell issue and identifies large‐scale shell applications that are already in place. Further, it highlights proposed applications that have the potential to be scaled up to address the problem of waste shell accumulations and reduce our reliance on environmentally damaging incineration and landfill disposal. Of the plethora of shell valorisation techniques proposed in the scientific literature, this review will focus only on those that can incorporate large‐scale shell utilisation, and do not require high‐energy processing, and are thus; simple, sustainable and potentially economically viable. Further, this review questions whether, in many cases, shells can provide more inherent value being returned to the marine environment rather than being used in land‐based applications.
Adolescents' Reward‐related Neural Activation: Links to Thoughts of Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury
Authors: Poon Jennifer A. , Thompson James C. , Forbes Erika E. , Chaplin Tara M. 
Published: January 2018

Adolescence is a critical developmental period marked by an increase in risk behaviors, including nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI). Heightened reward‐related brain activation and relatively limited recruitment of prefrontal regions contribute to the initiation of risky behaviors in adolescence. However, neural reward processing has not been examined among adolescents who are at risk for future engagement for NSSI specifically, but who have yet to actually engage in this behavior. In the current fMRI study (N = 71), we hypothesized that altered reward processing would be associated with adolescents' thoughts of NSSI. Results showed that NSSI youth exhibited heightened activation in the bilateral putamen in response to a monetary reward. This pattern of findings suggests that heightened neural sensitivity to reward is associated with thoughts of NSSI in early adolescence. Implications for prevention are discussed.
A emigração italiana para o Brasil (Notas e observações)
Authors: Valerio Gianina 
Published: January 2018

EMIGRAÇÃO: FENÔMENO ECONÔMICO DIVERGENTE. Poucas questões, econômicas apresentam tão grande divergência de opiniões como o fenômeno da emigração. Alguns sustentam a tese de que é um bem porque alivia a pressão demográfica das áreas tensamente povoadas, desenvolvendo, ao mesmo tempo, o comércio e estimulando o ramo produtivo. Outros, porém, são de parecer contrário, pois a consideram como uma perda, por parte da população, dos elementos mais ativos e dotados de maior espírito de iniciativa.
Teoria da História ou Teorias da História...: a propósito do I Simpósio de Professores de História do Ensino Superior
Authors: Constantino Maria Clara R. T. 
Published: January 2018

Um dos momentos empolgantes do I Simpósio de Professôres de História do Ensino Superior foi sem dúvida o da abordagem das questões metodológicas. A inclusão destas entre as matérias auxiliares e complementares da História, mal permitiu esboçá-las como seria conveniente. Elas se diluiram entre uma dezena de assuntos tradicionalmente associados aos ,estudos históricos. Discussões se ergueram em tôrno de vá-rios dêles. Foi ponto pacífico o da inclusão de Introdução aos Estudos Históricos entre as matérias obrigatórias do currículo de História.
Resenha de: Recherches sur les effectifs des armées françaises des Guerres d'Italie aux Guerres de Religion
Authors: Paula Eurípedes Simões de 
Published: January 2018

LOT, Ferdinand. Recherches sur les effectifs des armées fran-çaises des Guerres d'Italie aux Guerres de Religion. Paris. S. E. V. P. E. N. École Pratique des Hautes Études. VIe Sec-tion. Collection Bibliothèque Générale.
Resenha de: Collection de Documents Inédits sur l'Histoire de France
Authors: Silva Victor Deodato da 
Published: January 2018

CARTULAIRE ET ACTES D'ENGUERRAN DE MARIGNY. Intro-dução, notas e edição de Jean Favier. Collection de Documents Inédits _sur l'Histoire de France — série in-8.0 — Vol. 2 — Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, 1955. In-8.0, 315 páginas, 2 fac-similes. CARTULAIRES DES TEMPLIERS DE DOUZENS. Introdução, notas e edição de Pierre Gerard e Elisabeth Magnou, sob a direção de Philippe Wolff. Collection de Documents Inédits sur l'Histoire de France — série in-8.° — vol. 3. Paris, Bi-bliothèque Nationale, 1965. In-8.0, XLIII — 367 páginas, 2 fac-similes e 2 mapas.
O ensino do latim no colégio do Caraça
Authors: Carrato José Ferreira 
Published: January 2018

Quando, em sua primeira viagem, o sábio naturalista A. de Saint-Hilaire arribou, em 1816, à Serra do Caraça, no centro da Capitania de Minas Gerais, e pôde contemplar, com olhos extasiados, o Hospício de Nossa Senhora Mãe dos Homens, engastado como uma gema no anfiteatro interno da montanha, suas primeiras palavras va-leram como um vaticínio de bom profeta: "Ao meu ver — disse êle — nenhum local será mais indicado d: que êste para fundar-se aqui uma casa de educação"
Resenha de: O homem político [Political Man]
Authors: Matos Odilon Nogueira de 
Published: January 2018

LIPSET (Seymour Martin) . — O homem político [Political Man]. Tradução de Álvaro Cabral. Revisão técnica de Moacir Palmeira e Otávio Guilherme Velho. Rio de Janeiro, Zahar Editôres, 1967. 440 págs.
Memória histórica de Cananéia (XV)
Authors: Almeida Antônio Paulino de 
Published: January 2018

CAPITULO XLIV. A LAGOA DOURADA. Sendo conhecida, não só em Cananéia, como em tôda a região sul paulista a lenda sôbre a "lagoa dourada", procuramos conhecer os velhos alfarrábios da Câmara Municipal, onde nada existe sôbre o assunto que tanto empolgou o espírito do povo, que ainda hoje o guar-da na lembrança .
O momento da Inquisição (II)
Authors: Siqueira Sônia Aparecida 
Published: January 2018

1. — O PROCESSO DO ESTABELECIMENTO DO SANTO OFICIO. 1. — AS CONDIÇÕES HISTÓRICO-SOCIAIS DO PAPADO. Paulo III dirigia a Igreja às vésperas de Trento. Igreja que sofrera ablações — desmembrara-se a Cristandade — e que vira seu prestígio minguar diante dos Estados Nacionais.
O descobrimento do Brasil através dos textos: edições críticas e comentadas
Authors: Carvalho Joaquim Barradas de 
Published: January 2018

6. — Regras seguidas para o estabelecimento dos textos. O método preconizado por Carlos Simões Ventura, no estudo intitulado A mais recente leitura da "Carta" de Pero Vaz de Caminha e adotado por Jaime Cortesão na sua edição da mesma Carta assim como as considerações de João Martins da Silva Mar-ques nos Descobrimentos Portuguêses (3), levam-nos a pensar que as edições diplomáticas ainda têm partidários .
Resenha do livro: 'La influencia de los Mercadores en la Política Comercial y Coloníal ibérica, in "Libro de homenaje a Luiz Alberto Sanchez en sus 40 años de docencia universitaria'
Authors: Frazão Euza Rossi de Aguiar 
Published: January 2018

(primeiro parágrafo do texto)O presente trabalho apresenta interessante tópico da História ibérica, qual seja a influência exercida pelos mercadores ibéricos na política comercial e colonial de seus paises.
Os problemas da economia do Báltico no fim da Idade Média
Authors: Silva Victor Deodato da 
Published: January 2018

A nosso ver, o maior reparo que se pode fazer à importante obra recente do historiador polonês Malowist é o de que seu título somente de uma forma extremamente imperfeita reflete o seu conteúdo. Ao contrário do que o leitor teria o direito de esperar, não se trata de um estudo de conjunto da evolução da economia européia no período indicado, fornecendo dados sobre o comportamento de cada um dos setores que a compunham, verossimelmente ilustrado com dados quantitativos a apoiar a exposição, mas de uma coletânea de artigos e comunicações em congressos unidos sobretudo pela constância das preocupações do autor - sobre as quais nos estenderemos mais detalhadamente abaixo - e que só muito parcialmente se referem à enunciação escolhida. Naturalmente, constituiria um exercício ocioso sugerir títulos alternativos, inclusive por ser problemático que esta crítica bibliográfica venha a ser lida pelo autor e/ ou editor, sendo mais uti! procurar comunicar ao leitor uma idéia mais exata da substância do volume em foco.
The Welsh Transplant Incident
Authors: Nwabueze Remigius N. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Hughes and Stuart’s shocking and unexpected deaths from the transplant treatments they received at Cardiff’s University Hospital of Wales could, in Lord Denning’s terminology, be described as ‘a most extraordinary chapter of accidents’. As Hughes and Stuart’s transplant treatments were based on expanded criteria donor kidneys, their deaths underscore not only the perennial problem of organ shortage in England and Wales which necessitates the clinical use of ‘high risk’ organs; but also, their deaths invite a re-examination of some of the ethical and legal issues involved in transplantation with expanded criteria donor organs. Being incomparable in calamity and rarity, the Welsh transplant incident is bound to raise novel issues of first impression in negligence, issues that this essay attempts to identify and analyse.
Displacing air conditioning in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An evaluation of ‘fabric first’ design integrated with hybrid night radiant and ground pipe cooling systems
Authors: Hijazi Jamil , Howieson Stirling 
Published: January 2018

This paper presents an investigation into the viability of ‘fabric first’ intelligent architectural design measures, in combination with a hybrid cooling system.The specific aim is to displace air conditioning (AC) and reduce carbon dioxide, while maintaining thermal comfort, in a typical housing block in KSA. The results of thermal modelling and prototype field trials suggest that passive design measures combined with night radiant cooling and supply ventilation via ground pipes, can negate the requirement for a standard AC system. Such a strategy may also have a remarkably short payback period when energy savings, in use, are set against the additional capital costs associated with improved building fabric performance. Practical application: This study suggests that a significant proportion of AC cooling energy can be displaced by improving building fabric performance in combination with supply ventilation via ground pipes. As radiometer readings fell as low as 2.8℃ when the night sky is clear, roof-mounted high emissivity hydronic radiant panels can also provide a significant opportunity for additional heat flushing. In hybrid combination, these strategies have the potential to lower the carbon footprint of a typical housing block in KSA by over 80% and these measures and strategies will be equally applicable and cost-effective in all geographic regions of the world where cooling loads represent the predominant domestic energy use.
Caring for a family member or friend with dementia at the end of life: A scoping review and implications for palliative care practice
Authors: Broady Timothy R , Saich Freya , Hinton Tom 
Published: January 2018

Background: Although people with dementia receive substantial care from informal sources, there is limited research available that investigates how these carers experience end-of-life care. Aim: This review aimed to identify what is currently known about carers’ experiences of providing end-of-life care to a family member or friend with dementia and draw implications for palliative care policy and service provision. Design: A scoping literature review was conducted, first using a targeted key word search, followed by assessments of eligibility based on title and then abstract content. Data sources: Records were sourced through PsycINFO, PubMed and CINAHL databases. Peer-reviewed papers published between 2000 and 2016, reporting on data collected directly from carers, were included for review. Results: Carers’ experience centred on relationships (with care recipients, family and friends and health care professionals) and the specific context of caring for someone with dementia. These broad categories of carers’ experiences had clear influences on them personally, particularly in relation to their sense of self and their wellbeing. Conclusion: Palliative care services would benefit from ensuring holistic approaches to supporting people with dementia, their carers and wider family networks. Tailoring services to the specific context of dementia would enable effective, personalised support throughout extended periods leading up to care recipient death as well as through the challenges faced beyond bereavement.
Quantitative contrast-enhanced ultrasound for monitoring vedolizumab therapy in inflammatory bowel disease patients: a pilot study
Authors: Goertz Ruediger S , Klett Daniel , Wildner Dane , Atreya Raja , Neurath Markus F , Strobel Deike 
Published: January 2018

Background Microvascularization of the bowel wall can be visualized and quantified non-invasively by software-assisted analysis of derived time-intensity curves. Purpose To perform software-based quantification of bowel wall perfusion using quantitative contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) according to clinical response in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with vedolizumab. Material and Methods In a prospective study, in 18 out of 34 patients, high-frequency ultrasound of bowel wall thickness using color Doppler flow combined with CEUS was performed at baseline and after 14 weeks of treatment with vedolizumab. Clinical activity scores at week 14 were used to differentiate between responders and non-responders. CEUS parameters were calculated by software analysis of the video loops. Results Nine of 18 patients (11 with Crohn’s disease and seven with ulcerative colitis) showed response to treatment with vedolizumab. Overall, the responder group showed a significant decrease in the semi-quantitative color Doppler vascularization score. Amplitude-derived CEUS parameters of mural microvascularization such as peak enhancement or wash-in rate decreased in responders, in contrast with non-responders. Time-derived parameters remained stable or increased during treatment in all patients. Conclusion Analysis of bowel microvascularization by CEUS shows statistically significant changes in the wash-in-rate related to response of vedolizumab therapy.
Demographic determinants and outcome of in vitro fertilization (IVF) services in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Almaslami Faisal , Aljunid Syed Mohamed , Ghailan Khalid 
Published: January 2018

Objectives To assess the demographic characteristics and outcomes of couples undergoing in vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatment at a private hospital in Al Qassim district, Saudi Arabia. Methods For this retrospective study, information was extracted from the hospital electronic database and IVF unit medical records. Results 2259 couples underwent 2703 IVF/ICSI cycles during 2014 to 2016. The utilization rate was approximately 1000 cycle per million of inhabitants. Mean ages ± standard deviation (SD) for women and men were 32.9 ± 5.7 and 39.2 ± 7.4 years, respectively. More couples were diagnosed with secondary infertility (55.2%) than primary infertility (44.8%). Male factor was the commonest single indication for IVF (36.2%). Mean ± SD infertility duration was 4.70 ± 4.03 years. Overall, 949 couples had a successful pregnancy. Age-specific pregnancy rates (PR) were highest for women <35 years (39.8%) and lowest for women >40 years (11.6%). Male age and infertility duration had no effect on PR but sperm source (fresh vs. frozen) and female age had significant impacts. However, fresh sperm was used in 90.6% cycles whereas frozen sperm was used in 9.4% cycles. Conclusions IVF treatment outcomes in the Al Qassim district are within the boundaries of average international success rates. Infertile couples seeking IVF services should be counselled with regard to important prognostic factors