bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Displays of Masculinity and Rituals of Display: Congolese Immigration and Xenophobia in Johannesburg
Authors: de Jong Nanette 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSince the end of apartheid, Johannesburg's city centre has become home to a large number of Congolese men who fled the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the Republic of Congo (RC) for socio‐political or economic reasons. Although many may have arrived with hopes to integrate, xenophobia has made that goal near impossible. Rather than accept acts of marginalisation, however, many of these men have responded with boasts that Congolese culture is not only equal to that of South Africa—it is better. At the root of this argument is Congolese soukous music (specifically soukous appreciation songs) and fashion (specifically Société des Ambianceurs et des Personnes Elégantes, a Congolese fashion movement known by its acronym la SAPE), which, according to one young Brazzaville man, “show everyone in South Africa that the Congolese are number one” (Interview 2010). This article introduces soukous and la SAPE through notions of masculinity and display, which collectively enable these Congolese men in Johannesburg to reverse the hierarchies of inferiority imposed by xenophobia; and empowers them with opportunities for new imaginaries and practices of belonging. The research for this study was carried out in Johannesburg between 2010 and 2016.
A school‐based public health model to reduce oral health disparities
Authors: Dudovitz Rebecca N. , Valiente Jonathan E. , Espinosa Gloria , Yepes Claudia , Padilla Cesar , Puffer Maryjane , Slavkin Harold C. , Chung Paul J. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectivesAlthough dental decay is preventable, it remains the most common pediatric chronic disease. We describe a public health approach to implementing a scalable and sustainable school‐based oral health program for low‐income urban children.MethodsThe Los Angeles Trust for Children's Health, a nonprofit affiliated with the Los Angeles Unified School District, applied a public health model and developed a broad‐based community‐coalition to a) establish a District Oral Health Nurse position to coordinate oral health services, and b) implement a universal school‐based oral health screening and fluoride varnishing program, with referral to a dental home. Key informant interviews and focus groups informed program development. Parent surveys assessed preventative oral health behaviors and access to oral health services. Results from screening exams, program costs and rates of reimbursement were recorded.ResultsFrom 2012 to 2015, six elementary schools and three dental provider groups participated. Four hundred ninety‐one parents received oral health education and 89 served as community oral health volunteers; 3,399 screenings and fluoride applications were performed on 2,776 children. Sixty‐six percent of children had active dental disease, 27 percent had visible tooth decay, and 6 percent required emergent care. Of the 623 students who participated for two consecutive years, 56 percent had fewer or no visible caries at follow‐up, while only 17 percent had additional disease. Annual program cost was $69.57 per child.ConclusionsUsing a broad based, oral health coalition, a school‐based universal screening and fluoride varnishing program can improve the oral health of children with a high burden of untreated dental diseases.
Effectiveness and cost of hepatitis C virus cryoglobulinaemia vasculitis treatment: From interferon‐based to direct‐acting antivirals era
Authors: Cacoub Patrice , Vautier Mathieu , Desbois Anne Claire , Lafuma Antoine , Saadoun David 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe net benefits of new hepatitis C virus (HCV) direct‐acting antiviral drugs (DAA) in patients with cryoglobulinaemia vasculitis (CryoVas) are unknown.ObjectiveTo analyse the effectiveness and cost of all treatments used for HCV‐CryoVas in the DAA vs pre‐DAA era.MethodsA chart review of all HCV‐CryoVas patients who received antivirals from 1993 to 2016 in a tertiary centre was performed. Treatment effectiveness was analysed for clinical, immunological and virological responses. Cost analyses included anti‐HCV treatments, non‐antiviral drugs, plasmapheresis, dialysis and hospitalizations. We compared main data in the pre‐DAA vs DAA period.ResultsAbout 201 HCV‐CryoVas patients were included (women, 53.2%; mean age, 59.2 years; Metavir score F3‐F4, 36.7%; genotype 1, 64.2%). Patients in the DAA era (n=27) compared to those in the pre‐DAA era (n=174) showed higher rates of clinical (96.3% vs. 78.6%), immunological (89.5% vs. 77.1%), and sustained virological response (75.0% vs. 42.8%). Death rate was 14.8% vs. 24.4% respectively. In the DAA compared to pre‐DAA era, mean cost of anti‐HCV drugs increased from 11 855 to 57 632 € while mean CryoVas‐related cost decreased for both hospitalizations (from 33 510 to 21 347€) and non‐antiviral treatments (from 17 347 to 11 397€).ConclusionImproved antiviral efficacy of HCV drugs in the DAA era led to increased clinical and immunological efficacy and a lower death rate. Use of DAAs was associated to higher costs for HCV drugs while costs related to both hospitalizations and non‐antiviral treatments decreased.
Development of a Cost‐Effective Wireless Vibration Weigh‐In‐Motion System to Estimate Axle Weights of Trucks
Authors: Bajwa Ravneet , Coleri Erdem , Rajagopal Ram , Varaiya Pravin , Flores Christopher 
Published: May 2017

AbstractTruck weight data plays an important role in weight enforcement and pavement condition assessment. This data is primarily obtained through weigh stations and Weigh‐In‐Motion (WIM) stations which are currently very expensive to install and maintain. This article presents results of the implementation of an inexpensive wireless sensor‐based vibration WIM system. The proposed wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of acceleration sensors that report pavement vibration; vehicle detection sensors that report a vehicle's arrival and departure times; and an access point (AP) that synchronizes all the sensors and records the sensor data. The article also describes a new method for speed compensation, an energy‐efficient algorithm (adaptive sampling method) to increase battery life, and a new modeling procedure to estimate gross vehicle weights. The system deployed near a conventional WIM system on I‐80W in Pinole, CA passed the accuracy standards for WIM systems and outperformed a nearby commercial WIM station, based on conventional technology.
Survey of epidemiology, clinical picture and current treatments for elderly‐onset (≥ 65 years) patients with myasthenia gravis in Nagano Prefecture, Japan
Authors: Ogawa Yuka , Nakagawa Michitaka , Yoshida Takuhiro , Yazaki Masahide , Sekijima Yoshiki , Hashimoto Takao , Ikeda Shu‐ichi 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundOur previous population‐based study in 1982–2001, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, showed increased numbers of patients with elderly‐onset (≥ 65 years) myasthenia gravis.AimWe carried out a retrospective survey in 2002–2012 in the same area, and investigated the epidemiology, clinical picture and treatments for myasthenia gravis.MethodsQuestionnaires were sent to 23 hospitals and patient records were reviewed. Patients were classified into the non‐elderly‐onset (15–64 years, n = 136) or elderly‐onset (≥ 65 years, n = 78) group. The questionnaires included details of sex, age/date of onset, initial symptoms, disease severity, association with thymoma and treatments. Post‐intervention status and maximum/maintenance dose of prednisolone were investigated.ResultsThe rate of elderly‐onset myasthenia gravis patients increased in 2002 – 2012 despite correction for increases in the elderly population. The ratio of Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America class I was higher, and that of class IIb was lower, and the thymectomy rate in non‐thymomatous generalized myasthenia gravis patients was lower in the elderly‐onset group. There was no marked difference in the rate of intensive treatments (plasma exchange, intravenous immunoglobulin etc.) between the groups. Immunosuppressive therapies (prednisolone, calcineurin inhibitors) were applied frequently in both groups, whereas calcineurin inhibitor use rate and mean maximal dose of prednisolone were lower, and the “minimum manifestation status with prednisolone ≤ 5 mg” rate was higher in the elderly‐onset group.ConclusionThis study suggested that a low or moderate dose of prednisolone can be fully effective in many elderly‐onset myasthenia gravis patients, and some might not require calcineurin inhibitors or thymectomy to reduce prednisolone dose.
Recent advancements and new perspectives in animal models for Neurocysticercosis immunopathogenesis
Authors: Arora N. , Tripathi S. , Kumar P. , Mondal P. , Mishra A. , Prasad A. 
Published: May 2017

SUMMARYNeurocysticercosis (NCC), one of the most common parasitic diseases of the central nervous system, is caused by Taenia solium. This parasite involves two hosts, intermediate hosts (pig and human) and a definitive host (human) and has various stages in its complex life cycle (eggs, oncosphere, cysticerci and adult tapeworm). Hence, developing an animal model for T. solium that mimics its natural course of infection is quite challenging. We have reviewed here the animal models frequently used to study immunopathogenesis of cysticercosis and also discussed their usefulness for NCC studies. We found that researchers have used mice, rats, guinea pigs, dogs, cats and pigs as models for this disease with varying degrees of success. Mice and rats models have been utilized extensively for immunopathogenesis studies due to their relative ease of handling and abundance of commercially available reagents to study these small animal models. These models have provided some very exciting results for in‐depth understanding of the disease. Of late, the experimentally/naturally infected swine model is turning out to be the best animal model as the disease progression closely resembles human infection in pigs. However, handling large experimental animals has its own challenges and limitations.
Histopathological comparisons of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa experimental infected porcine burn wounds
Authors: Chaney Sarah B. , Ganesh Kasturi , Mathew‐Steiner Shomita , Stromberg Paul , Roy Sashwati , Sen Chandan K. , Wozniak Daniel J. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTChronic skin wounds are a significant human health concern and are often complicated by infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, particularly methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Translating the knowledge gained from extensive study of virulence mechanisms and pathogenesis of these bacterial species to new treatment modalities has been lacking in part due to a paucity of animal models able to recapitulate human disease. Our groups recently described a novel porcine chronic burn wound model for the study of bacterial infection; however, the histopathology of infection has yet to be described. The objective of this study is to define the histopathology of this model using important human chronic wound bacterial isolates. Porcine full‐thickness burn wounds topically inoculated with P. aeruginosa strain PAO1, MRSA S. aureus strain USA300 or both bacteria were used to define and quantify histopathologic lesions. The development of a systemic, well‐defined rubric for analysis allowed for evaluation of differences between infection groups. These differences, which included epithelial migration and proliferation, stromal necrosis, fluid accumulation and intensity and character of the innate and adaptive inflammatory cell responses, were identified temporally between infection groups. Mono‐species infected wounds developed a hyper‐proliferative wound edge. Coinfected wounds at day 35 had the largest wound sizes, increased amounts of neutrophilic inflammation, immaturity of the wound bed, and retention of necrotic tissue. Infection, regardless of species, inhibited wound contracture at all time points evaluated. Most importantly, this model recapitulated key features of chronic human wounds. Thus, this model will allow researchers to study novel treatment modalities in a biologically relevant animal model while monitoring both host and bacterial responses.
Epidemiology of coeliac disease in a single centre in Southern Derbyshire 1958–2014
Authors: Holmes Geoffrey K T , Muirhead A 
Published: May 2017

ObjectiveTo determine trends in diagnosis of coeliac disease (CD) in patients attending a single centre 1958–2014 and provide figures for prevalence and incidence in those born in Derby city over 4 decades. To explore a link between deprivation and prevalence and characteristics of CD in Asians.DesignAn unselected, consecutive series of 2410 adult patients with CD diagnosed in the catchment area of the Derby hospitals was identified. 1077 born within Derby city identified by postcodes was used to determine changes in prevalence and incidence over 4 decades. 191 patients were Asian. Population numbers were obtained from National Census information.ResultsIn the quinquennium 2010–2014, 20 times more patients were diagnosed than during 1975–1979. 27% were diagnosed at ≥60 years. A paucity of diagnoses in young men was observed. Women were diagnosed most often in age band ≥35<45, 15 years earlier than men. The largest increase in diagnosis rates occurred in young women and the elderly. In 2014, overall prevalence was 1:188; women 1:138. 4.6% of the variation was attributed to deprivation. Diagnosis rates in Asians increased markedly although only 5% were diagnosed at ≥60 years, much lower than for whites.ConclusionsThe dramatic increase in number of patients with CD presents challenges for follow-up and new models of care need to be explored. Healthcare workers should be alert to the diagnosis in young men and elderly Asians. A dedicated coeliac clinic is an excellent facility to increase diagnosis rates.
Effects of different amounts of exercise on preventing depressive symptoms in community-dwelling older adults: a prospective cohort study in Taiwan
Authors: Chang Yu-Chen , Lu Mei-Chun , Hu I-Han , Wu Wan-Chi Ida , Hu Susan C 
Published: May 2017

ObjectivesTo compare the effects of four different amounts of exercise for preventing depressive symptoms in community-dwelling older adults.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingA nationally representative sample in Taiwan.ParticipantsFour waves of the survey ‘Taiwan Longitudinal Study on Aging (TLSA)’ from 1996 to 2007 were analysed. A total of 2673 older adults aged 65 years and over were recruited.Primary and secondary outcome measuresDepressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD). Four different types/amounts of exercise were examined including: (1) 3 times/week, 15 min/time; (2) 3 times/week, 30 min/time; (3) 6 times/week, 15 min/time; and (4) 6 times/week, 30 min/time. All exercise types were required to have at least moderate intensity. The impacts of different amounts of exercise on depressive symptoms were analysed using generalised linear mixed models.ResultsMore than one-fifth of the elder individuals under consideration had depressive symptoms (CESD ≥10). About 38.6% of older adults met the lowest criteria for exercise type 1, and fewer (28.0%) met the highest criteria for type 4. Only exercise type 4 in the current survey was initially related to lower depressive symptoms (OR=0.8, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.95). However, after considering the interaction between time and changes in exercise patterns, the results showed that all persistent exercise models, even if a very low amount (3 times/week, 15 min/time), had significantly preventive effects on depressive symptoms (OR=0.56~0.67).ConclusionConsistent exercise with at least 15 min per time, three times a week of moderate intensity is significantly associated with lower risk of depressive symptoms. This low amount of exercise may be easier to promote at the community and population level than other alternatives.Trial registrationRegistry number 104040 of the Institutional Ethics Committee of Chia-Yi Christian Hospital.
Association of magnetic resonance imaging for back pain on seven-day return visit to the Emergency Department
Authors: Aaronson Emily L , Yun Brian J , Mort Elizabeth , Brown David , Raja Ali S , Kaafarani Haytham M A , Chang Yuchiao , Lee Jarone 
Published: May 2017

BackgroundThe prevalence of back pain is rising, as is the use of high-cost imaging in the ED. The objective of our study was to determine if an MRI in the ED for patients with back pain resulted in a lower incidence of ED return visit and to determine if these patients had longer ED length of stay (LOS) and use of ED observation.MethodsA retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients seen with back pain was conducted at an urban, university-affiliated ED between 1 January 2012 and 11 July 2014. The association of MRI on return within 7 days was assessed using a χ2test and a multivariable logistic regression model and the difference in median ED LOS was compared using a Wilcoxon rank-sum test.ResultsDuring the study period, 6094 patients were evaluated in the ED with back pain as the primary diagnosis. Of these, 797 (13%) received an MRI. Among all patients with back pain, 277 (4.5%) returned within 7 days. Univariate analysis found that patients who received an MRI were no less likely to return within 7 days than patients who did not (4.3% vs 4.6%; p=0.68). Patients who had an MRI were more likely to be admitted to observation (74.2% vs 10.8%; p<0.0001) and had a longer ED LOS (median 4.8 hours vs 2.7; p<0.0001). Multivariable regression confirmed that MRI did not decrease the rate of a 7-day return visit (OR=0.98; 95% CI 0.68 to 1.42).ConclusionsIn patients with uncomplicated back pain, performing an MRI will not mitigate their likelihood of return; however, it leads to a longer ED LOS and more ED observation admissions.
A systematic characterization of the factors influencing polymerization and dynamic behavior of n-butyl cyanoacrylate
Authors: Wang Bill H , Boulton Melfort , Lee Donald H , Pelz David M , Lownie Stephen P 
Published: May 2017

IntroductionBrain arteriovenous malformations are abnormal connections between arteries and veins without an intervening capillary bed. Endovascular glue embolization with N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) is an accepted form of treatment. The reported complication rates vary widely from 2% to 15%, and timing of polymerization appears to play a major role. Additionally, the interaction between NBCA and vessel surface as well as the presence of biological catalysts are poorly understood.MethodsPolymerization time was measured for mixtures of Lipiodol/NBCA of 50/50, 70/30, and 60/40. The influence of pH, temperature, and the presence of biological catalysts on polymerization time was investigated. Contact angles were measured on polyvinyl alcohol cryogel (PVA-C), silicone, and endothelial surfaces in a submerged aqueous environment to assess physical surface interactions. High speed video analysis of glue injection through a microcatheter was performed to characterize simulated coaxial flow.ResultsNBCA polymerization rate increased with pH and temperature. A hydrophilic surface such as PVA-C was better than silicone at mimicking the physical properties of endothelium. Live endothelium provided a catalytic surface that at least doubled the rate of polymerization. Blood products further increased the polymerization rate in the following order (slowest to fastest): plasma, platelets, red blood cells (RBCs), and lysed RBCs. These factors could explain the discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo results reported in the current literature. High speed video analysis of NBCA injection showed dripping to jetting transition with significant wall effect which deviated from previous ideal assumptions.ConclusionsThe determinants of NBCA polymerization rate are multifactorial and dependent mainly on the presence of biological catalysts coupled with flow related wall interaction.
The golden 35 min of stroke intervention with ADAPT: effect of thrombectomy procedural time in acute ischemic stroke on outcome
Authors: Alawieh Ali , Pierce Alyssa K , Vargas Jan , Turk Aquilla S , Turner Raymond D , Chaudry M Imran , Spiotta Alejandro M 
Published: May 2017

IntroductionIn acute ischemic stroke (AIS), extending mechanical thrombectomy procedural times beyond 60 min has previously been associated with an increased complication rate and poorer outcomes.ObjectiveAfter improvements in thrombectomy methods, to reassess whether this relationship holds true with a more contemporary thrombectomy approach: a direct aspiration first pass technique (ADAPT).MethodsWe retrospectively studied a database of patients with AIS who underwent ADAPT thrombectomy for large vessel occlusions. Patients were dichotomized into two groups: ‘early recan’, in which recanalization (recan) was achieved in ≤35 min, and ‘late recan’, in which procedures extended beyond 35 min.Results197 patients (47.7% women, mean age 66.3 years) were identified. We determined that after 35 min, a poor outcome was more likely than a good (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score 0–2) outcome. The baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was similar between ‘early recan’ (n=122) (14.7±6.9) and ‘late recan’ patients (n=75) (15.9±7.2). Among ‘early recan’ patients, recanalization was achieved in 17.8±8.8 min compared with 70±39.8 min in ‘late recan’ patients. The likelihood of achieving a good outcome was higher in the ‘early recan’ group (65.2%) than in the ‘late recan’ group (38.2%; p<0.001). Patients in the ‘late recan’ group had a higher likelihood of postprocedural hemorrhage, specifically parenchymal hematoma type 2, than those in the ‘early recan’ group. Logistic regression analysis showed that baseline NIHSS, recanalization time, and atrial fibrillation had a significant impact on 90-day outcomes.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that extending ADAPT thrombectomy procedure times beyond 35 min increases the likelihood of complications such as intracerebral hemorrhage while reducing the likelihood of a good outcome.