bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Место и роль Балкано-Черноморского региона в политических и военных планах Германии и СССР летом ‒ осенью 1940 года
Authors: Постников А.Г. 
Published: October 2024

Статья посвящена некоторым вопросам дипломатического и военно-политического соперничества между СССР и нацистской Германией за ряд государств Балканского полуострова летом – осенью 1940 года. На основе советских внешнеполитических документов, послевоенных показаний сотрудников МИД Германии и воспоминаний некоторых участников событий прослеживаются и анализируются основные приемы и методы, которые дипломаты обеих держав использовали для привлечения таких стран, как Румыния, Болгария и Турция.
The article is devoted to some issues of diplomatic and military-political rivalry between the USSR and Nazi Germany for a number of States of the Balkan Peninsula in summer and autumn 1940. The basic techniques and methods that diplomats of both powers used to attract countries such as Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey are analyzed on the basis of Soviet foreign policy documents, post-war testimony of the German foreign Ministry and the memories of some participants in the events.
К вопросу о власти Октавиана-Августа в январе 27 г. до н. э.
Authors: Михайловский Ф.А. 
Published: October 2024

Статья посвящена событиям в сенате в январе 27 г. до н. э., когда Октавиан вернул контроль над государством сенату и народу и объявил о восстановлении республики. Автор считает ошибочной гипотезу о сложении тогда принцепсом чрезвычайных полномочий триумвира. Соглашение с сенатом касалось только распределения провинций.
The article is devoted to the events in the Senate in January 27 B. C., when Octavian regained control over the state to the Senate and the people and announced the «restoration of the Republic». The author considers the hypothesis of the addition of the then Princeps extraordinary powers of triumvir to be erroneous. The agreement with the Senate concerned only the distribution of provinces.
Методические основы усвоения учебного содержания школьниками (на примере изучения истории и обществознания)
Authors: Крутова И.В. , Пазин Р.В. , Хубиева А.А. 
Published: October 2024

В статье рассматриваются методические аспекты организации усвоения учебного содержания в школе в контексте требований ФГОС. Особое внимание уделяется системности и этапности формирования умений обучающихся. Авторами предложены конкретные пути формирования умений школьников в обучении истории и обществознания.
The article deals with the methodological aspects of the organization of learning content in the school in the context of the requirements of the GEF. Special attention is paid to the system and stages of formation of studentsʼ skills. The authors propose specific ways of formation of studentsʼ skills in teaching history and social science.
Construction of the Curriculum System of Software Engineering Based on the Agile Development Method
Authors: Wang Ziyi 
Published: October 2024

Under the background of “new engineering” construction, software engineering teaching pays more attention to cultivating students’ engineering practice and innovation ability. In view of the inconsistency between development and demand design, team division of labor, difficult measurement of individual contribution, single assessment method, and other problems in traditional practice teaching, this paper proposes that under the guidance of agile development methods, software engineering courses should adopt Scrum framework to organize course project practice, use agile collaboration platform to implement individual work, follow up experiment progress, and ensure effective project advancement. The statistical data of curriculum “diversity” assessment show that there is an obvious improvement effect on students’ software engineering ability and quality.
Potential Benefits of Metaverse Concept Implementation in English for Tourism Course: A Case Study in Indonesian Higher Education Contexts
Authors: Pujasari Ratu Sarah , Fatimah Asri Siti , Sri Melisa , Sulastri Fera 
Published: October 2024

This study described the potential benefits of implementation of the Metaverse concept in English for Tourism course revealing views from the students’ perception. This research used a qualitative descriptive case study to investigate the phenomenon of the use of metaverse at higher educational levels in the Indonesia context. During data collection, an interview was conducted to gather the student's perspective on the notion of metaverse in English for the Tourism course, and the document served as secondary data as the artifact utilized in the subject's classroom activity. Thematic analysis was used to interpret the data. Based on the findings, there are two benefits of implementing metaverse concepts in English for tourism course. The study implemented two metaverse platforms namely spatial.io and readyplayerme. The study showed that the students showed their positive perception towards the use of these platforms. Integrating a virtual environment in a metaverse concept gives prospects for immersive and interactive learning enhancing the students’ learning engagement. In addition, since the students need to have the capability to use the platform, their digital literacy was also developed.
Update of the risk assessment of brominated phenols and their derivatives in food
Authors:   EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM), Knutsen Helle Katrine , Åkesson Agneta , Bampidis Vasileios , Bignami Margherita , Bodin Laurent , Chipman James Kevin , Degen Gisela , Hernández‐Jerez Antonio , Hofer Tim , Landi Stefano , Leblanc Jean‐Charles , Machera Kyriaki , Ntzani Evangelia , Rychen Guido , Sand Salomon , Schwerdtle Tanja , Vejdovszky Katharina , Viviani Barbara , Benford Diane , Hart Andy , Rose Martin , Schroeder Henri , Vleminckx Christiane , Vrijheid Martine , Gkimprixi Eleni , Kouloura Eirini , Riolo Francesca , Bordajandi Luisa Ramos , Hogstrand Christer 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to update its 2012 risk assessment on brominated phenols and their derivatives in food, focusing on five bromophenols and one derivative: 2,4,6‐tribromophenol (2,4,6‐TBP), 2,4‐dibromophenol (2,4‐DBP), 4‐bromophenol (4‐BP), 2,6‐dibromophenol (2,6‐DBP), tetrabrominated bisphenol S (TBBPS), tetrabromobisphenol S bismethyl ether (TBBPS‐BME). Based on the overall evidence, the CONTAM Panel considered in vivo genotoxicity of 2,4,6‐TBP to be unlikely. Effects in liver and kidney were considered as the critical effects of 2,4,6‐tribromophenol (2,4,6‐TBP) in studies in rats. A BMDL10 of 353 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day for kidney papillary necrosis in male rats was identified and was selected as the reference point for the risk characterisation. The derivation of a health‐based guidance value was not considered appropriate due to major limitations in the toxicological database. Instead, the margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied to assess possible health concerns. Around 78,200 analytical results for 2,4,6‐TBP in food were used to estimate dietary exposure for the European population. Considering the resulting MOE values, all far above an MOE of 6000 that does not raise a health concern, and accounting for the uncertainties affecting the exposure and hazard assessments, the CONTAM Panel concluded with at least 95% probability that the current dietary exposure to 2,4,6‐TBP does not raise a health concern. Due to lack of occurrence data, no risk assessment could be performed for breastfed or formula‐fed infants. No risk characterisation could be performed for any of the other brominated phenols and derivatives included in the assessment, due to lack of data both on the toxicity and occurrence.
The impact of chronic stress on the hormonal state of women affected by hostilities and displaced women
Authors: Podolskyi Vol. V. , Podolskyi V. V. , Medvedovska N. V. , Emir-Useinova D. A. , Botsyuk U. I. 
Published: October 2024

During times of war, refugee women often have high levels of chronic stress due to factors such as war, displacement and uncertainty. The study focuses on examining the hormonal responses of female refugees experiencing chronic stress from war and displacement.The objective: to assess the impact of chronic stress caused by war and displacement on the hormonal balance of refugee women.Materials and methods. 60 women were examined, who were divided into groups: the 1st group included women who were affected by hostilities (20 persons), and the 2nd group included displaced women (20 individuals). In these 40 women the hormonal studies were conducted in the conditions of military aggression in Ukraine. The control group (3rd group) included healthy women who were examined in the pre-war period. All examined women were 20–25 years old with an average body weight of 55–60 kg. Concentrations of progesterone, estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone, prolactin in the I and II phases of the menstrual cycle (MC), cortisol in the I phase of the MC were determined in blood serum using the enzyme immunoassay method. An analysis of the results of research on the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system in the regulation of the stress response was carried out.Results. In the examined women, various disorders of MC were observed, such as: menometrorrhagia, hypermenorrhea, acyclic uterine bleeding, oligomenorrhea, and amenorrhea. The most pronounced changes in menstrual function were observed in women who were affected by hostilities. Such significant disorders of MC in women of this group coincided with changes in indicators of gonadotropic hormones of the pituitary gland and sex hormones in the blood.A study of the psycho-emotional state of women who suffered from hostilities established that these women have a significant stressful effect of various risk factors on the body. Changes in the levels of cortisol, prolactin and other hormones were detected.Conclusions. Studies have shown that chronic stress affects the hormonal status of women affected by hostilities and of displaced women, including FSH, estradiol, and prolactin levels.A significant increase in the level of FSH in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and an increase in the level of estradiol in the luteal phase were determined, which may indicate a compensatory reaction of the body to stress. A significant increase in the level of prolactin was also found, which can cause disorders of menstrual function and affect the psycho-emotional state.
PIGS OF MEAT BREEDS IN UKRAINE AND THE NEED FOR THE REVIVAL OF PIG BREEDING
Authors: Voitenko S. L. 
Published: October 2024

The article highlights the peculiarities of pork production in Ukraine, examines the productivity of domestic and foreign meat breeds of pigs in the dynamics of 2002–2022. It was found that the meat pork market in Ukraine developed intensively from 2002 to 2016, with a sharp reduction thereafter. The breeds of pigs in the meat direction of productivity include Durok, Landras, Pietrain, Poltavian Meat, Welsh, Ukrainian Meat and Red White-Beltid with some changes in the breed composition during 2002–2022. It was established that until 2005, the leaders in the meat pork production market were the Ukrainian and Poltavian Meat breeds, which were later supplanted by Landrace pigs. The population of the main sows of the investigated breeds was 7.8–9.3% of the total number of pigs, including 8.9% in 2022, which ensured the necessary reproduction of animals with some nuances regarding small populations. In 2022, the number of queens of the landrace breed will be 87.7–98.8% higher than the number of the rest of the studied breeds. Sows of meat breeds, which were bred in breeding farms during 2002–2022, are characterized by significant variability of multifertility, and the difference in the trait within one breed quite often exceeded the interbreed difference. The variability of the best indicators of the age of pigs reaching a live weight of 100 kg in the process of their cultivation in representatives of the Durok breed during the years 2002–2022 was 164–178 days, Landras 148–183 days, Pietrain 150–154 days, Poltavian Meat 179–198 days, Welsh 156–187 days, Ukrainian Meat 174–187 days and Red White-Beltid 181–207 days. The highest indicators of average daily gains were among pigs of the Durok breed, which varied between 658–810 g, Landras 612–860 g, Pietrain 520–890 g, Poltavian Meat 574–735 g, Welsh 344–628 g, Ukrainian butchers 435–768 g and Red White-Beltid 470–635 g. It has been proven that Durok pigs in the best breeding herds had lard thickness at the level of 13–16 mm, Landras 10–12 mm, Pietrain 7–9 mm, Poltavian Meat 21–23 mm, Welsh 12–16 mm, Ukrainian Meat 16–20 mm and Red White-Beltid 22–23 mm. On the example of the genealogical structure of pigs of the Landrace and Pietrain breeds, as well as the market for the sale of breeding offspring and semen, the conduct of purebred breeding in subjects of the breeding business in the pig industry of Ukraine is questioned. In order to revive Ukrainian pig farming and bring order to breeding pig breeding, it is recommended to take into account the requirements for the functioning of the pig breeding industry in the countries of the European Union.
Technical Report: The Polomac approach to fusion energy
Authors: Elio Filippo , Elio Francesco , Leone Marco , Fulceri Tiziano , Sborchia Carlo 
Published: October 2024

Deutelio is a private initiative promoting an alternative path to fusion energy. The Tokamak research line pursued worldwide since 1970 met several difficulties, heavily jeopardising the objective of commercial energy production from fusion before 2050, as a support to the global effort towards Net Zero Emissions. As a result, new plasma magnetic confinement concepts, such as Stellarators or overlooked alternatives like the poloidal confinement are being pursued to achieve more efficiency and better performance.
The Polomac is a poloidal magnetic configuration where the outboard magnetic lines are deviated aside together with the plasma, to open some accesses to the dipole coils located inside the plasma. These accesses, called magnetic tunnels, are used to support, feed and cool the dipole coil. They avoid the impact with plasma which led to abandon past poloidal experiments, despite their good stability and confinement efficiency.
The poloidal confinement can achieve Deuterium-Tritium reactor conditions with a magnetic field 3 times weaker than the Tokamak, in steady state rather than pulsed. With the same high field as in the Tokamak the poloidal confinement can achieve Deuterium-Deuterium reaction, thus avoiding the development of the breeding blanket to produce the Tritium.
This paper presents the Polomac system, explains the development strategy of Deutelio through a small prototype focused to tune and assess the magnetic tunnels, and describes the possibility of deuterium-deuterium reaction.
Economic Analysis of Advanced Ultra-Supercritical Pulverized Coal Power Plants: A Cost-Effective CO2 Emission Reduction Option?
Authors: Phillips Jeffrey N. , Wheeldon John M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
A recent engineering design study conducted by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) has compared the cost and performance of an advanced ultra-supercritical (A-USC) pulverized coal (PC) power plant with main steam temperature of 700°C to that of conventional coal-fired power plant designs: sub-critical, supercritical, and current USC PC plants with main steam temperatures of 541°, 582°, and 605°C, respectively. The study revealed that for a US location in the absence of any cost being imposed for CO2 emissions the A-USC design was a slightly more expensive choice for electricity production. However, when the marginal cost of the A-USC design is compared to the reduction in CO2 emissions, it was shown that the cost of the avoided CO2 emissions was less than $25 per metric ton of CO2. This is significantly lower than any technology currently being considered for CO2 capture and storage (CCS). Additionally by lowering CO2/MWh, the A-USC plant also lowers the cost of CCS once integrated with the power plant. It is therefore concluded that A-USC technology should be considered as one of the primary options for minimizing the cost of reducing CO2 emissions from future coal power plants.
Fossil Materials Research at EPRI
Authors: Gandy D. , Shingledecker J. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
For four decades, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) has led groundbreaking materials research in the power industry, yielding significant cost savings across fossil, nuclear, and power delivery sectors. This paper outlines EPRI's fossil-related research, conducted through three major programs: Fossil Materials&Repair (P87 Base program), Materials-Fossil&Nuclear strategic program, and a supplemental program addressing key industry initiatives. EPRI's research focuses on understanding damage mechanisms, developing improved materials, enhancing life prediction methodologies, and advancing component degradation assessment. The paper highlights the synergy between EPRI's short- and long-term research initiatives, referencing several presentations from the 6th International Conference on Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants. By showcasing EPRI's comprehensive approach to materials research, this overview demonstrates the institute's ongoing commitment to advancing power generation technology and efficiency.
Optimization of Inconel Alloy 740 for Advanced Ultra Supercritical Boilers
Authors: Baker B. A. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Inconel alloy 740 was initially developed to enable the design of coal-fired boilers capable of operating at 700°C steam temperature and high pressure. The alloy successfully met the European program's targets, including 100,000-hour rupture life at 750°C and 100 MPa stress, and less than 2 mm metal loss in 200,000 hours of superheater service. However, thick section fabrication revealed weldability challenges, specifically grain boundary microfissuring in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of the base metal. This paper describes the development of a modified variant with significantly improved resistance to HAZ microfissuring and enhanced thermal stability, while maintaining desirable properties. The formulation process is detailed, and properties of materials produced within the new composition range are presented. Additionally, the microstructural stability of the original and modified alloy compositions is compared, demonstrating the advancements achieved in this critical material for next-generation power plants.
Long Term Properties and Microstructural Evolution of ASTM Grade 23
Authors: Caminada S. , Cumino G. , Cipolla L. , Tiberi Vipraio S. , Di Gianfrancesco A. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
ASTM Grade 23 is a 2.25Cr-0.3Mo-1.5W-V-Nb-B steel widely used for the fabrication of boiler components of the most recent ultra super critical power plants; it combines high creep resistance, enhanced oxidation and corrosion resistance and good weldability. Microstructural, mechanical, and creep properties of seamless tubes and pipes after normalizing and tempering heat treatment are compared with those obtained after cold bending and hot induction bending. The creep resistance is obtained through the precipitation of fine carbides after tempering. A broad program of TEM investigations on crept samples has been carried out in order to assess the evolution of the microstructure and its phases after long term high-temperature exposure, in terms of chemical composition, size and distribution of precipitates.
Effect of Pre-Strain on Creep Properties of Alloy 740
Authors: Kubushiro Keiji , Nomura Kyohei , Takahashi Satoshi , Takahashi Madoka , Nakagawa Hirokatsu 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The effects of pre-strain on creep properties of Alloy 740 have been investigated. Tensile strain was 7.5% and introduced by room temperature tensile test. Creep tests were conducted under 750 degree C, 275-350MPa. Creep rupture life of pre-strained sample decreased by half compared with as-heat treated sample. Creep behaviors of both samples were almost similar in primary creep stage, but onset of creep rate acceleration of pre-strained sample was faster than those of as-heat treated sample. As a result, minimum creep rate of pre-strained sample were two times larger than that of as-heat treated sample. From the observation of ruptured specimen, pre-strained sample had much more sub cracks than as-heat treated sample. On the other hand, microstructure of both samples was also different. There were MC precipitates on grain boundary in both ruptured specimens, but both size and number of MC precipitates were larger in pre-strained sample although creep life of pre-strained sample was shorter than that of as-heat treated sample. In this paper, the difference of creep behavior will be discussed in terms of both the microstructural change and mechanical damage.
Steam-Side Oxide Scale Exfoliation Behavior in Superheaters and Reheaters: Differences in the Behavior of Alloys T22, T91 and TP347 Based on Computer Simulation Results
Authors: Sabau Adrian S. , Shingledecker John P. , Wright Ian G. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Advances in materials for power plants include not only new materials with higher-temperature capabilities, but also the use of current materials at increasingly higher temperatures. This latter activity builds on extensive experience of the performance of the various alloys, and provides a basis for identifying changes in alloy behavior with increasing temperature as well as understanding the factors that ultimately determine the maximum use temperatures of the different alloy classes. This paper presents results from an effort to model the exfoliation processes of steam-side oxide scales in a manner that describes as accurately as possible the evolution of strains in oxides growing inside small-diameter tubes subjected to large thermal gradients and to thermal transients typical of normal steam boiler operation. One way of portraying the results of such calculations is by plotting the evolving strains in a given oxide scale on an ‘Exfoliation Diagram’ (of the type pioneered by Manning et al. of the British Central Electricity Research Laboratory) to determine the earliest time at which the trajectory of these strains intersects a criterion for scale failure. Understanding of how such ‘strain trajectories’ differ among different alloys and are affected by the major variables associated with boiler operation has the potential to suggest boiler operating strategies to manage scale exfoliation, as well as to highlight the mode of scale failure and the limitations of each alloy. Preliminary results are presented of the strain trajectories calculated for alloys T22, T91, and TP347 subjected to the conditions experienced by superheaters under assumed boiler operating scenarios. For all three alloys the earliest predicted scale failures were associated with the increased strains developed during a boiler shut-down event; indeed, in the cases considered it appeared unlikely that scale failure would occur in any practically meaningful time due to strains accumulated during operation in a load-following mode in the absence of a shut down. The accuracy of the algorithms used for the kinetics of oxide growth appeared to be a very important consideration, especially for alloy TP347 for which large effects on oxide growth rate are known to occur with changes in alloy grain size and surface cold work.