bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of single and mixed infections of Bean pod mottle virus and Soybean mosaic virus on host‐plant chemistry and host–vector interactions
Authors: Peñaflor Maria Fernanda G. V. , Mauck Kerry E. , Alves Kelly J. , De Moraes Consuelo M. , Mescher Mark C. 
Published: February 2016

Summary

Co‐infection by vector‐borne plant viruses is common, yet few studies have explored the effects of mixed infections on host‐plant phenotypes or plant–vector interactions.

We documented the effects of single and mixed infection by Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) and Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) on key biochemical plant traits and the behaviour and performance of virus vectors (BPMV: Epilachna varivestis, SMV: Aphis glycines) in order to understand how virus‐induced changes in plant phenotypes might influence (i) the acquisition and transmission of each virus by its respective vector in single infections, (ii) the likelihood of secondary infection for plants singly infected with either virus and (iii) the implications of co‐infection for virus transmission by vectors.

Single infection by either BPMV or SMV increased host‐plant palatability for E. varivestis, potentially enhancing vector acquisition of BPMV from BPMV‐infected plants as well as the risk of secondary BPMV infection in plants infected with SMV. However, co‐infected plants were no more palatable to beetle vectors than mock‐inoculated plants.

BPMV infection had minimal impacts on A. glycines. SMV infection reduced A. glycines population growth, but increased aphid feeding preferences for infected plants, a pattern likely not conducive to the (non‐persistent) transmission of SMV. Co‐infection eliminated the negative effects of single SMV infection on aphid population growth, and aphids exhibited a feeding preference for co‐infected (relative to mock‐inoculated) plants.

Our results demonstrate that virus effects on host phenotype and vector behaviour can be modified by the presence of a co‐infecting virus, with potentially important implications for disease transmission.
Drivers of phosphorus limitation across soil microbial communities
Authors: Čapek Petr , Kotas Petr , Manzoni Stefano , Šantrůčková Hana 
Published: February 2016

Summary

Nutrient limitation of soil microbial communities controls the rates of plant litter and soil organic matter decomposition and nutrient mineralization, and as such, it is central to soil and ecosystem models.

According to ecological stoichiometry theory, when the carbon (C)‐to‐nutrient (E) ratio of resources used by a microbial community is higher than a critical ratio (C : ECR), that nutrient is limiting. The C‐to‐phosphorus (P) critical ratio (C : PCR) that determines P limitation is largely unknown for soils, and thus, it is the subject of our study.

Our results show that the C : PCR in widely different soils ranges from 26·6 to 465·1 or from 20·9 to 740·7 when accounting for 95% confidence intervals. Using constant or narrowly fluctuating C : PCR in ecosystem models is therefore inaccurate.

The C : PCR cannot be simply predicted from microbial community C : P or available soil P. C : PCR was only related to relative abundance of phospholipid fatty acids, which reflects microbial community structure and physiology. Our data suggest complex controls over microbial community C : PCR.

We further propose that using P storage compounds that allow the microbial community to temporarily buffer variability in available P can represent a widely adopted strategies across soils.
Larval traits carry over to affect post‐settlement behaviour in a common coral reef fish
Authors: Dingeldein Andrea L. , White J. Wilson 
Published: February 2016

Summary

Most reef fishes begin life as planktonic larvae before settling to the reef, metamorphosing and entering the benthic adult population. Different selective forces determine survival in the planktonic and benthic life stages, but traits established in the larval stage may carry over to affect post‐settlement performance. We tested the hypothesis that larval traits affect two key post‐settlement fish behaviours: social group‐joining and foraging.

Certain larval traits of reef fishes are permanently recorded in the rings in their otoliths. In the bluehead wrasse (Thalassoma bifasciatum), prior work has shown that key larval traits recorded in otoliths (growth rate, energetic condition at settlement) carry over to affect post‐settlement survival on the reef, with higher‐larval‐condition fish experiencing less post‐settlement mortality. We hypothesized that this selective mortality is mediated by carry‐over effects on post‐settlement antipredator behaviours. We predicted that better‐condition fish would forage less and be more likely to join groups, both behaviours that would reduce predation risk.

We collected 550 recently settled bluehead wrasse (Thalassoma bifasciatum) from three reef sites off St. Croix (USVI) and performed two analyses. First, we compared each settler's larval traits to the size of its social group to determine whether larval traits influenced group‐joining behaviour. Secondly, we observed foraging behaviour in a subset of grouped and solitary fish (n = 14) for 1–4 days post‐settlement. We then collected the fish and tested whether larval traits influenced the proportion of time spent foraging.

Body length at settlement, but not condition, affected group‐joining behaviour; smaller fish were more likely to remain solitary or in smaller groups. However, both greater length and better condition were associated with greater proportions of time spent foraging over four consecutive days post‐settlement.

Larval traits carry over to affect post‐settlement behaviour, although not as we expected: higher quality larvae join groups more frequently (safer) but then forage more. Foraging is risky but may allow faster post‐settlement growth, reducing mortality risk in the long run. This shows that behaviour likely serves as a mechanistic link connecting larval traits to post‐settlement selective mortality.
Effects of shading and simulated grazing on carbon sequestration in a tropical seagrass meadow
Authors: Dahl Martin , Deyanova Diana , Lyimo Liberatus D. , Näslund Johan , Samuelsson Göran S. , Mtolera Matern S. P. , Björk Mats , Gullström Martin 
Published: February 2016

Summary

There is an ongoing world‐wide decline of seagrass ecosystems, one of the world's most efficient carbon sink habitats. In spite of this, there is a clear lack of studies experimentally testing the effects of anthropogenic disturbances on carbon sequestration of seagrass systems.

We assessed the effects of two disturbances of global concern on the carbon sink function in a five‐month in situ experiment within a tropical seagrass (Thalassia hemprichii) meadow by testing the impacts of shading and simulated grazing at two levels of intensity using shading cloths and clipping of shoot tissue. We measured the effects of these disturbances on the carbon sequestration process by assessing the net community production (NCP), carbon and nitrogen content in tissue biomass, and organic matter and THAA (total hydrolysable amino acids) in the sediment down to 40 cm depth.

Treatments of high‐intensity shading and high‐intensity clipping were similarly impacted and showed a significantly lower NCP and carbon content in the below‐ground biomass compared to the seagrass control. No significant effects were seen in organic carbon, total nitrogen, C:N ratio and THAA in the sediment for the seagrass treatments. However, both clipping treatments showed different depth profiles of carbon and THAA compared to the seagrass control, with lower organic carbon and THAA content in the surface sediment. This can be explained by the clipping of shoot tissue causing a less efficient trapping of allochthonous carbon and reduced input of shredded seagrass leaves to the detritus sediment layer. In the clipping plots, erosion of the surface sediment occurred, which was also most likely caused by the removal of above‐ground plant biomass.

Synthesis. Our findings show that during the course of this experiment, there were no impacts on the sedimentary carbon while the high‐intensity disturbances caused a clear depletion of carbon biomass and reduced the seagrass meadow's capacity to sequester carbon. From a long‐term perspective, the observed effect on the carbon biomass pool in the high‐intensity treatments and the sediment erosion in the clipping plots may lead to loss in sedimentary carbon.
Transition from infant‐ to adult‐like gut microbiota
Authors: Avershina E. , Lundgård K. , Sekelja M. , Dotterud C. , Storrø O. , Øien T. , Johnsen R. , Rudi K. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryTransition from an infant to an adult associated gut microbiota with age through establishment of strict anaerobic bacteria remains one of the key unresolved questions in gut microbial ecology. Here a comprehensive comparative analysis of stool microbiota in a large cohort of mothers and their children sampled longitudinally up until 2 years of age using sequencing analysis tool was presented that allows realistic microbial diversity estimates. In this work, evidence for the switch from children to adult associated microbial profile between 1 and 2 years of age was provided, suggestively driven by Bifidobacterium breve. An Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) belonging to B. breve was highly prevalent in the population throughout the first year of life, and was negatively associated with detection of a range of adult‐like OTUs. Although an adult profile was not fully established by 2 years of age, it was demonstrated that with regards to the most prevalent OTUs, their prevalence in the child population by then already resembled that of the adult population. Taken together, it was proposed that late‐colonizing OTUs were recruited at a later stage and were not acquired at birth with the recruitment being controlled by gatekeeping OTUs until the age of 1 year.
Mechanisms of resistance to linalool in Salmonella Senftenberg and their role in survival on basil
Authors: Kalily Emmanuel , Hollander Amit , Korin Ben , Cymerman Itamar , Yaron Sima 
Published: February 2016

SummaryFresh produce contaminated with human pathogens raises vital and ecological questions about bacterial survival strategies. Such occurrence was basil harboring Salmonella enterica serovar Senftenberg that caused an outbreak in 2007. This host was unanticipated due to its production of antibacterial substances, including linalool. We show that linalool perforates bacterial membranes, resulting in increased permeability and leakage of vital molecules. It also inhibits cell motility and causes bacterial aggregation. Linalool‐resistance was investigated by identification and characterization of S. Senftenberg mutants that perform altered resistance. Resistance mechanisms include selective permeability, regulated efflux/influx and chemotaxis‐controlled motility. Moreover, survival of S. Senftenberg on basil leaves was substantially affected by McpL, a putative chemotaxis‐related receptor, and RfaG, a component of the lipopolysaccharide production pathway, both have a role in resistance to linalool. Results reveal that adaptation to linalool occurs in nature by concurrent mechanisms. This adaption raises concerns about pathogens adaptation to new hosts including antimicrobial‐compound‐producing plants.
The Contribution of Modern Margarine and Fat Spreads to Dietary Fat Intake
Authors: Patel Ashok R. , Lecerf Jean‐Michel , Schenker Sarah , Dewettinck Koen 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe study of dietary fat consumption and its resultant effects on human health has been one of the most investigated topics in the field of human nutrition. Based on the results obtained from such studies, specific dietary recommendations on fat intake (both in terms of quantity and quality) have been established by health organizations around the globe. Among the various food industry sectors, the margarine manufacturers have also responded to these guidelines and now offer improved formulations with a desirable balance of fat contents and fat types. The main aim of this article is to provide an overview on how these modern margarines can contribute towards reaching the dietary guidelines relating to fat intake. In particular, the dietary recommendations with respect to the specific fatty acid types are comprehensively detailed along with an emphasis on the role of modern margarines in providing balanced fat types (more polyunsaturated fats, less saturated fats and a near‐complete absence of trans fats) in the daily diet.
Risk Factors for Early Failure of Arteriovenous Vascular Access Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Yap Yit‐Sheung , Chuang Hung‐Yi , Wu Chien‐Hung , Chi Wen‐Che , Lin Cheng‐Hao , Liu Yi‐Chun 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe aim of the study was to identify the potential risk factors for early arteriovenous access failure in a diabetic population. The data of 223 end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients with type 2 diabetes who had an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) or arteriovenous graft (AVG) placed as their initial vascular accesses were retrospectively reviewed. The association between clinical factors and risk for early failure was then analyzed. In multivariate analysis, the predictors associated with early failure were female gender (odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 2.52 (1.32–4.81); P = 0.005), AVF with prior peritoneal dialysis (3.26 (1.05‐10.11); P = 0.039), and lower hemoglobin level (P = 0.015). The results of significant predictors in the AVF group remained similar to the entire study population. In conclusion, there was an association of female gender, AVF with prior peritoneal dialysis and lower hemoglobin level with early arteriovenous access failure in a diabetic ESRD population.
Higher dietary quality and muscle mass decrease the odds of low phase angle in bioelectrical impedance analysis in Brazilian individuals
Authors: de França Natasha A.G. , Callegari Aliucha , Gondo Fernanda F. , Corrente José E. , Mclellan Kátia C.P. , Burini Roberto C. , de Oliveira Erick P. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimPhase angle is a bioimpedance parameter that is suggested as an indicator of cellular death and membrane integrity. Studies have shown an association between phase angle and nutritional status in many diseases, but little is known about its association with body composition and diet in free‐living individuals. The present study investigated potential associations of dietary and anthropometric parameters with phase angle.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included 493 individuals (97 men and 396 women), older than 18 years, clinically screened for a lifestyle modification program from 2005 to 2011. All participants were assessed for body composition, anthropometric and dietary data, and were divided in two groups according to the cut‐off point of phase angle determined by the median value (6.35°). Statistical comparisons were undertaken between groups and logistic regression was performed to evaluate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI for the potential predictors of phase angle.ResultsParticipants with phase angle of 6.35° or below were older, had lower body mass index, waist circumference, muscle mass index, energy intake and Healthy Eating Index (HEI) score. After adjustments for confounding factors, higher muscle mass index (OR: 0.425; 95% CI: 0.204–0.887) and higher HEI score (OR: 0.357; 95% CI: 0.190–0.672) showed lower odds for low phase angle.ConclusionsHigher dietary quality and muscle mass decreased the odds for low phase angle.
Effects of 3 Feeding Modes on the Volatile and Nonvolatile Compounds in the Edible Tissues of Female Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis)
Authors: Zhuang Kejin , Wu Na , Wang Xichang , Wu Xugan , Wang Shuai , Long Xiaowen , Wei Xuan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractTo reveal the impact of different feeding modes on the flavor quality of female Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) this study was conducted to compare the sensory evaluation scores, flavor compounds in meat and hepatopancreas of female E. sinensis fed with 3 feeding modes, that is, natural diets (NDs), traditional diets (TDs), and formulated diets (FDs). The result showed that crabs fed with ND had significantly lower sensory scores than the other 2 feeding modes in both edible tissues. The odor and taste profiles were evaluated by Electronic nose (E‐nose) and tongue (E‐tongue) techniques, respectively; results of perchloric acid showed each edible tissue had significant differences among the 3 modes. Contents of volatile compounds were measured by Headspace‐solid phase micro extraction combined with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometer. A total of 35 and 44 volatile compounds were identified in meat and hepatopancreas, respectively. ND mode of meat had the highest relative odor activity value (ROAV) summation among the 3 diet modes. TD mode of hepatopancreas had significantly higher ROAV summations. Based on the analysis of free amino acids and 5′‐nucleotides, nonvolatile compounds were evaluated by equivalent umami concentration (EUC) and taste active values (TAVs) methods. For both meat and hepatopancreas, TD had the highest contents of umami amino acid, as for the 5′‐nucleotide, FD had the highest 5′‐inosin monophosphate concentrations. Overall, the EUC and TAVs of TD were higher than that of FD, whereas ND mode had the lowest values in the 2 edible tissues. In conclusion, TD mode had the best performance in terms of sensory evaluation, ROAVs of aroma‐active compounds, and nonvolatile active compounds.
Pulmonary malignant melanoma with distant metastasis assessed by positron emission tomography‐computed tomography
Authors: Kim So Ri , Yoon Ha‐Yong , Jin Gong Yong , Choe Yeong Hun , Park Seung Yong , Lee Yong Chul 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMelanoma is a cutaneous malignant neoplasm of melanocytes. Primary malignant melanoma (MM) of the lung is very rare. Although previous reports have described the radiologic features of pulmonary MM, its rarity means that many factors are unknown. Thus, radiologic diagnosis is very difficult. Furthermore, there is little information regarding diagnostic application and/or the usefulness of [18F]‐fluorine‐2‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose positron emission tomography‐computed tomography (FDG‐PET‐CT) for primary pulmonary MM. A 69‐year‐old patient with a productive cough lasting three weeks was admitted to our hospital. Chest CT showed a large single mass with a multi‐lobulated margin and homogeneous enhancement in the right upper lobe, which was subsequently diagnosed as a primary pulmonary MM with multiple metastases. On PET‐CT images, the pulmonary mass and multiple bone lesions showed very increased uptakes of FDG. Considering that pulmonary metastasis from a mucocutaneous melanoma is the main differential diagnosis of primary pulmonary MM, systemic assessment of the whole body is more important than for other types of lung malignancies. This report introduces PET‐CT as a useful diagnostic modality for pulmonary MM, especially in cases of distant multiple metastases.
Patient‐centered Outcomes Research in Emergency Care: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions
Authors: Rising Kristin L. , Carr Brendan G. , Hess Erik P. , Meisel Zachary F. , Ranney Megan L. , Vogel Jody A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe Patient‐Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) was established by Congress in 2010 to promote the conduct of research that could better inform patients in making decisions that reflect their desired health outcomes. PCORI has established five national priorities for research around which specific funding opportunities are issued: 1) assessment of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment options; 2) improving healthcare systems; 3) communication and dissemination research; 4) addressing disparities; and 5) improving methods for conducting patient‐centered outcomes research. To date, implementation of patient‐centered research in the emergency care setting has been limited, in part because of perceived challenges in meeting PCORI priorities such as the need to focus on a specific disease state or to have planned follow up. We suggest that these same factors that have been seen as challenges to performing patient‐centered research within the emergency setting are also potential strengths to be leveraged to conduct PCORI research. This paper explores factors unique to patient‐centered emergency care research and highlights specific areas of potential alignment within each PCORI priority.
IFRS non‐GAAP earnings disclosures and fair value measurement
Authors: Malone Lance , Tarca Ann , Wee Marvin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe investigate IFRS non‐GAAP earnings adjustments for fair value remeasurements made by companies and analysts and the usefulness of these disclosures for analysts. Examining Australian listed (ASX 200) companies during 2008–2010 (576 firm‐years), we find that companies disclosing non‐GAAP earnings are more likely to have a higher incidence and magnitude of profit or loss items reflecting asset remeasurements and impairment in their financial statements. We find non‐GAAP disclosing companies are more likely to have analyst adjustments to earnings for these items and lower forecast error and dispersion in the following year, suggesting usefulness rather than opportunism in the adjustments.
The impact of quitting smoking on depressive symptoms: findings from the International Tobacco Control Four‐Country Survey
Authors: Cooper Jae , Borland Ron , Yong Hua‐Hie , Fotuhi Omid 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimsTo determine whether abstinence or relapse on a quit attempt in the previous year is associated with current depressive symptoms.DesignProspective cohort with approximately annual waves. Mixed‐effect logistic regressions tested whether time 2 (T2) quitting status was associated with reporting symptoms at T2, and whether time 1 (T1) symptoms moderated this relationship.SettingWaves 5–8 of the Four‐Country International Tobacco Control Study: a quasi‐experimental cohort study of smokers from Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia.ParticipantsA total of 6978 smokers who participated in telephone surveys.MeasurementsT1 and T2 depressive symptoms in the last 4 weeks were assessed with two screening items from the PRIME‐MD questionnaire. Quitting status at T2: (1) no attempt since T1; (2) attempted and relapsed; and (3) attempted and abstinent at T2.FindingsCompared with no attempt, relapse was associated with reporting T2 symptoms [odds ratio (OR) = 1.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.33, 1.59]). Associations between T2 quitting status and T2 symptoms were moderated by T1 symptoms. Relapse was associated positively with T2 symptoms for those without T1 symptoms (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.45, 2.03) and those with T1 symptoms (OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.23, 1.70). Abstinence was associated positively for those without T1 symptoms (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.10, 1.71) and negatively for those with T1 symptoms (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.59, 0.94). Age moderated these associations significantly. Relapse did not predict T2 symptoms for those aged 18–39 irrespective of T1 symptoms. The negative effect of abstinence on T2 symptoms for those with T1 symptoms was significant only for those aged 18–39 (OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.40, 0.94) and 40–55 (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.40, 0.84). The positive effect of abstinence on T2 symptoms for those without T1 symptoms was significant only for those aged more than 55 (OR =1.97, 95% CI = 1.35, 2.87).ConclusionsMost people who stop smoking appear to be at no greater risk of developing symptoms of depression than if they had continued smoking. However, people aged more than 55 who stop smoking may be at greater risk of developing symptoms of depression than if they had continued smoking.