bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘A moral insurrection’: faction fighters, public demonstrations and the O’Connellite campaign, 1828
Authors: Owens Gary 
Published: August 2016

During a twelve-week period in the late summer of 1828 upwards of a quarter of a million people participated in at least sixty mass demonstrations in the south-west of Ireland. Appearing to erupt spontaneously in response to Daniel O’Connell’s historic victory in the County Clare election in early July, these gatherings grew in size and complexity over the succeeding weeks; by late September jubilant but well-ordered assemblies of twenty and thirty thousand people — many marching in identical green uniforms and with military precision behind bands and colourful banners — were taking place simultaneously in several County Tipperary towns to support O’Connell’s crusade for Catholic emancipation.Political demonstrations on this scale were virtually unprecedented outside the province of Ulster. While processions and large rallies had sometimes been used to honour important politicians during parliamentary elections, and while they had long been part of civic, military and religious pageantry, they had never before been staged in such a co-ordinated and prolonged fashion. What made these spectacles particularly remarkable, however, was that their participants were mainly drawn from the very lowest ranks of rural society and represented groups which had hitherto been excluded from the political process. The novelty of such people marching so often with uniforms and other military regalia caused widespread bewilderment and alarm. Journalists and magistrates liberally sprinkled their descriptions of the meetings with phrases such as ‘novel’, ‘portentous’, ‘unprecedented’, ‘frightful’, and ‘the strangest scene ever witnessed’. One of them observed that had such displays taken place even a few years earlier, they ‘would not only have been deemed factious but treasonable’. As the meetings swelled, many observers thought them to be the harbingers of a mass uprising.
The Irish in Manchester, 1832-49
Authors: Werly John M. 
Published: August 2016

Nineteenth century industrialism brought intensified immigration to the cities of England. E. P. Thomson, in The making of the English working class, generalized on one segment of the new urban population, the Irish :If they were segregated in some towns, the Irish were never pressed back into ghettos. It would have been difficult to have made a people who spoke the same language and were British citizens under the act of union into a subject minority.
The identification of risk and essential elements along the strobila of the rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta
Authors: Horáková B. , Čadková Z. , Száková J. , Jankovská I. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta can bioconcentrate several elements to conspicuously higher concentrations than tissues of their definitive host. The main aim of this study was to locate parts of the tapeworm into which lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, manganese and iron are accumulated. Male Wistar rats were experimentally infected with H. diminuta and worms were exposed to two different forms of lead for 6 weeks through the oral exposure of their rat hosts. After the exposure period, the element levels were determined in the posterior and anterior proglottids of the tapeworm. In all cases, lead concentrations were higher in the anterior parts than the posterior parts. Concentrations of cadmium, copper, iron, manganese and zinc were also significantly higher in the anterior parts. Zinc concentrations showed an opposite trend, with higher zinc levels detected in the posterior part of the strobila, in the control group. The present study demonstrates that risk and essential elements are accumulated mainly into the anterior part of H. diminuta.
Head and neck sarcomas: clinical and histopathological presentation, treatment modalities, and outcomes
Authors: Stavrakas M , Nixon I , Andi K , Oakley R , Jeannon J P , Lyons A , McGurk M , Urbano T Guerrero , Thavaraj S , Simo R 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackground:Sarcoma of the head and neck is a rare condition that poses significant challenges in management and often requires radical multimodality treatment.Objectives:This study aimed to analyse current clinical presentation, evaluation, management dilemmas and oncological outcomes.Methods:Computer records and case notes were analysed, and 39 patients were identified. Variables were compared using Pearson's chi-square test and the log-rank test, while survival outcomes were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method.Results:The histopathological diagnosis was Kaposi sarcoma in 20.5 per cent of cases, chondrosarcoma in 15.3 per cent and osteosarcoma in 10.2 per cent. A range of other sarcomas were diagnosed in the remaining patients. The site of disease was most commonly sinonasal, followed by the oral cavity and larynx.Conclusion:Wide local excision with clear resection margins is essential to achieve local control and long-term survival. There is a need for cross-specialty collaboration in order to accrue the evidence which will be necessary to improve long-term outcomes.
Childhood interleukin-6, C-reactive protein and atopic disorders as risk factors for hypomanic symptoms in young adulthood: a longitudinal birth cohort study
Authors: Hayes J. F. , Khandaker G. M. , Anderson J. , Mackay D. , Zammit S. , Lewis G. , Smith D. J. , Osborn D. P. J. 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundThere are no existing longitudinal studies of inflammatory markers and atopic disorders in childhood and risk of hypomanic symptoms in adulthood. This study examined if childhood: (1) serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP); and (2) asthma and/or eczema are associated with features of hypomania in young adulthood.MethodParticipants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a prospective general population UK birth cohort, had non-fasting blood samples for IL-6 and CRP measurement at the age of 9 years (n = 4645), and parents answered a question about doctor-diagnosed atopic illness before the age of 10 years (n = 7809). These participants completed the Hypomania Checklist at age 22 years (n = 3361).ResultsAfter adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, socio-economic status, past psychological and behavioural problems, body mass index and maternal postnatal depression, participants in the top third of IL-6 values at 9 years, compared with the bottom third, had an increased risk of hypomanic symptoms by age 22 years [adjusted odds ratio 1.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10–2.85, p < 0.001]. Higher IL-6 levels in childhood were associated with adult hypomania features in a dose–response fashion. After further adjustment for depression at the age of 18 years this association remained (adjusted odds ratio 1.70, 95% CI 1.03–2.81, p = 0.038). There was no evidence of an association of hypomanic symptoms with CRP levels, asthma or eczema in childhood.ConclusionsHigher levels of systemic inflammatory marker IL-6 in childhood were associated with hypomanic symptoms in young adulthood, suggesting that inflammation may play a role in the pathophysiology of mania. Inflammatory pathways may be suitable targets for the prevention and intervention for bipolar disorder.
The imitation game: becoming imitators of Christ
Authors: COCKAYNE JOSHUA 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWhat is it to lead a Christian life? At least part of the answer, from St Paul to Thomas à Kempis, to makers of WWJD bracelets, is to imitate Christ. But while there is a lot of practical advice in the spiritual literature for imitating Christ, there is little by way of philosophical analysis of what it is to imitate Christ. In this article, I aim to fill this lacuna. I argue that the imitation of Christ, as conceived of by St Paul, Thomas à Kempis, and others, requires a radical transformation of character, which, in turn, I argue, based on considerations from developmental psychology, requires direct engagement with Christ. This conclusion may be surprising, since Christ does not seem to be directly present to contemporary believers in the same way as, say, a mother is directly present to her infant child. I deal with this objection, and conclude with some applications of this approach to the philosophy of Christian spirituality.
The Choice of Power Units for Civil Aeroplanes
Authors: Russell A. E. 
Published: August 2016

Quite often, those whose honour it has been to deliver the Wilbur Wright Memorial Lecture have used the occasion to present a survey of progress along a fairly broad front and thence to predict what the future holds in store.It may be that the courage, insight in experiment, and skill in craftsmanship, which culminated in that successful demonstration of fifty years ago last December, have excited those whose privilege it has been to commemorate that achievement to undertake flights in the realm of prophesy. A time so near the fiftieth anniversary might be considered unusually appropriate to historical review and philosophic speculation, but since Sir Harry Garner's 1952 Lecture “Prophesy and Achievement in Aviation,” the Royal Aeronautical Society has been busily converting crystal balls into models of the Montgolfiere balloon.
The Shock Tube
Authors: Henshall B. D. 
Published: August 2016

In recent years interest has been revived in an apparatus which was first developed more than fifty years ago. This apparatus, which is known today as a shock tube, is a very useful research tool, the versatility of which is not generally appreciated in this country. In this paper the author attempts to give a clear physical description of the flow in a shock tube and a review of the problems which may be investigated by means of this apparatus.Basically, a shock tube consists of a simple fabricated duct which may be closed or open at one end, and closed at the other end. A diaphragm divides this duct into two compartments which initially contain gases at different pressures. In a conventional shock tube the cross-section is constant, the ends are closed, and air is used on both sides of the diaphragm (Fig. 1).
Compound Diesel Engines for Aircraft
Authors: Chatterton E. E. 
Published: August 2016

The association of a gas turbine with a piston engine is by no means a recent conception. As early as 1924 a Napier Lion Series V engine was equipped with a turbine in the manner shown in Fig. 1, the exhaust gases being fed into the turbine to provide all the power to drive the engine supercharger.At a later date during the 1939-1945 War, many engines were installed in operational aircraft fitted with “turbo-chargers” of the type shown in Fig. 2, in which an exhaust activated turbine drives a subsidiary blower boosting the air intake of the normal engine supercharger.
Integral Construction A Survey and an Experiment
Authors: Legg K. L. C. 
Published: August 2016

Carving from the solid is a manufacturing process dating back many thousands of years. Thomas Moore in his sculpture “Recumbent Figure” (Fig. 1) has instanced an example to aircraft engineers of integral construction and, has even gone to the trouble of providing discreet lightening holes.Art throughout the ages has always looked to the future and while we are still busily applauding Shakespeare and Beethoven we are often left wondering with Moore and Walton.Aircraft engineering is very much an art but Moore takes his integral construction for granted while aircraft designers are only just beginning to wonder.
Practical Airscrew Performance Calculations
Authors: Thomas F. M. , Caldwell F. W. , Rhines T. B. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryTo the practical designer the cumulative knowledge on airscrews seems at present to be in an unsatisfactory state of disorder. He wants to get reasonably accurate estimates reasonably quickly, without taking the time to become a specialist.Several airscrew theories exist, but they either give wrong answers or take too long to work out, or both.The great mass of test data that have been accumulated is so confused in a tangle of variables that the practical designer is often forced to select a test report almost at random and use it as if it applied to his particular problem; usually it does not and the calculation is seriously in error.The present study attempts to clarify airscrew practical knowledge by coordinating data in a form suitable for use in performance calculations. It embraces the whole body of test data, but places particular reliance upon large scale wind tunnel results.The arrangement of the analysis is such as to permit quick estimates to be made, the degree of accuracy obtained being a function of the amount of time available to the calculator. It is also designed to be as foolproof as possible so that it may be readily applied by inexperienced calculators.It is especially adapted to calculations of the performance of aluminium alloy variable pitch airscrews.One of the points brought out in the paper is the need for more data on certain subjects. They are specifically designated, and suggestions are made for carrying out research.
Stress Analysis of Aircraft Frameworks
Authors: Hoff N. J. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryIt is shown that the calculation of the critical loads of a plane framework is superfluous if the bending moments in the bars due to external moments and to lateral loads are determined by the Hardy Cross moment distribution method as extended by James. Convergence of this method is a proof of the stability of the framework. In Section 1 methods of determining stresses and critical loads in frameworks are discussed. Section 2 deals with the distortion patterns of beam columns on several supports below and above the critical loads. In Section 3 the method of proof of the convergence is outlined, and regular and particular cases are discussed with the aid of numerical examples. The final proof is given in Section 4.
A Low Density Material for Aircraft Structures
Authors: Clark V. E. 
Published: August 2016

When the all-metal cantilever monoplane brought to a close the era of wood, tubes and fabric for aeroplane structures, the new development opened up broad fields for the improvement of aerodynamic efficiency, with resulting great increases in all-around performance, military effectiveness, and economy of operation.The all-metal fuselage represented a new type of construction in that the skin formed a shell to replace trusses in carrying the bending loads imposed at the tail in flight and on the ground.The scheme of using a shell to give–at once–structural strength and aerodynamic fairing, previously accomplished by two elements, appears to be economical and sound. If the labour now needed for the fabrication and assembly of the multiplicity of internal members is to be eliminated the stresses must be taken in the skin and the principle should, if practical considerations permit, be extended to include the wing and fixed tail units.
The Flow of a Perfect Fluid through Cascades of Aerofoils
Authors: Collar A. R. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryThe paper contains a generalisation of the conformal transformation by means of which a circle is converted into Joukowski aerofoils. The transformation is applied to a cascade of oval bodies which is the corresponding generalisation of the isolated circle; and it converts the oval bodies into a wide variety of cascades of curved shapes, which are generalisations of the isolated Joukowski aerofoils. In one particular case, the transformation yields a grid of flat laminae. Since the perfect fluid flow through such a grid is known (it appears to have been first given by Joukowski) the perfect fluid flow past the ovals, in any direction, and with equal but otherwise arbitrary circulation round each, is obtained. Accordingly, the perfect fluid flow through any of the derived cascades can be obtained.
High Speed Aircraft Flying Limitations and Handling Problems
Authors: Morgan F. W. 
Published: August 2016

A consideration of the factors suggesting that new types of flying instruments are becoming necessary.To safeguard the aircraft and crew against the danger of excessive speed and normal acceleration loads, until recently it was considered sufficient to provide for the pilot an airspeed indicator and to fix in the aircraft a plate giving the maximum safe speeds permitted for diving, without and with external stores, flaps and undercarriage down and so on. In the case of Service aircraft these limitations are usually published in Pilot's Notes for the type. Based on design data these speeds are those at which, allowing suitable factors of safety, the stresses in the appropriate parts of the aircraft's structure are calculated to reach the maximum safe limits.
Tests of a Gust-Alleviating Flap in the Gust Tunnel
Authors: Donely Philip , Shufflebarger C. C. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryTests were made in the N.A.C.A. gust tunnel to determine the effectiveness of a long-period dynamically overbalanced flap in reducing aeroplane accelerations due to atmospheric gusts. For two gust shapes, one gust velocity, one forward velocity, and one wing loading, a series of flights was made with the flap locked and was then repeated with the flap free to operate. The records obtained were evaluated by routine methods.The results indicate that the flap reduced the maximum acceleration increment 39 per cent, for a severe gust with a representative gust gradient distance of 8 chord lengths and that, for an extreme gust shape (a sharp-edge gust), the reduction was only 3 per cent. The results also indicate that the flap tended to reduce the longitudinal stability of the aeroplane. Computations made of the effectiveness and the action of the flap were in good agreement with the experimental results.
Some Theoretical Considerations on Box Beams
Authors: Drymael Jean 
Published: August 2016

SummaryBox beams, built up essentially with flanges and webs are widely used in aircraft construction and much has been written about their calculation. But often assumptions are implicitly made without reason. The first aim of this paper is to point out which assumptions must be chosen and why, and to show what results may be expected from them. The calculations are then developed in the. cases of the quadrangular box beam and the wing with three spars (redundancy of the first degree).
The Analysis and Synthesis of Vibrating Systems
Authors: Bishop R. E. D. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryComplicated oscillatory systems may be broken down into component “ sub-systems ” for the purpose of vibration analysis. These will generally submit more readily to analytical treatment. After an introduction to the concept of receptance, the principles underlying this form of analysis are reviewed.The dynamical properties of simple systems (in the form of their receptances) may be tabulated. By this means the properties of a complicated system may be found by first analysing it into convenient sub-systems and then extracting the properties of the latter from a suitable table. A catalogue of this sort is given for the particular case of conservative torsional systems with finite freedom.The properties of the composite system which may be readily found in this way are (i) its receptances and (ii) its frequency equation. Tables are given of expressions for these in terms of the receptances of the component sub-systems. All of the tables may easily be extended. The tabulated receptances may also be used for determining relative displacements during free vibration in any principal mode.A method of presenting information on the vibration characteristics of machinery, which is effectively due to Carter, is illustrated by means of an example. More general adoption by manufacturers of this method (which requires no more computational effort than must normally be made) would lead to enormous savings of labour in calculating natural frequencies of composite systems.
A Family of Aerofoils With Rounded Trailing Edge
Authors: Cooke J. C. 
Published: August 2016

1. Piercy, Piper and Preston (1) and Piercy, Preston and Whitehead (2) have developed a family of aerofoils which are the inverses of hyperbolas. These calculations give a family with a finite tail angle, equal to the angle between the asymptotes. It may sometimes be preferable to have a rounded trailing edge. It is the purpose of this note to describe a family whose members are inverses of ellipses.2. It will be seen that, if the centre of inversion is on the major axis produced, symmetrical sections will result; whilst, if the centre is just off the major axis, a cambered section will be produced; and the inverse of the major axis (which is a circle) can be taken as the camber line.
Some Aspects of Power Plant Development
Authors: Still E. W. 
Published: August 2016

Travellers by air to-day only too often can be heard to remark how good it is to be on the ground again. Even now flying is considered by many as an adventure and only those living near an airfield realise the regularity and reliability of air transport.It is with the hope of removing this feeling of adventure and instilling a sense of security in air travel that this Paper has been written. An attempt has been made to reduce the power plant engineering to plain science and to show the care, knowledge and painstaking development that has gone into the design.The second world war resulted in tremendous progress in aeronautics and while, during the war, the major factor was the aircraft efficiency as an offensive unit, that was not to say that reliability and passenger comfort were ignored.
A Method of Comparing the Performances of Commercial Aircraft
Authors: Langley M. 
Published: August 2016

Major Green in his paper has given prominence to a subject which is now becoming of wide interest and great commercial importance. A method of assessing the economic value of speed is very desirable and Major Green has attempted to do this by means of an index figure.I would like to put forward a method which, whilst it does not provide a datum or index figure, offers a ready method of comparing two or more machines, taking into account those features of the aircraft which are of economic importance. It must be accepted that the geographical and political features of different routes, time-tables, and other such extra-to-aircraft items could be included in any method of comparison without the use of an empiric formula, the relative importance of whose terms would be largely a matter of opinion. Further, this method is based not on subsidy earning but profit earning capacity.
Thirty Years of Theoretical and Experimental Research in Fluid Mechanics
Authors: Riabouchinsky Dimitri P. 
Published: August 2016

In the spring of 1904, when echoes of the Brothers Wright first flights began to be known in Europe, the author founded at Koutchino, near Moscow, on his family estate, the Aerodynamic Institute of Koutchino.Air is the fluid meant by the term “aerodynamic” and artificial flight was the most important of the applications included in the programme of the Institute; foreseeing, however, the importance of comparative researches in air and water, the author chose intentionally a location particularly suitable for hydraulic experiments. A small river, dammed so as to form a pond, afforded the possibility of regulating the speed of the current at will, and since 1905 parallel researches were carried on in the wind tunnel and in the stream of water.The idea of such an institute was very favourably received in the Russian scientific circles. When the author asked N. E. Joukovsky, V . V . Kouznetzoff and S. S. Nejdanovsky to participate in the organisation of this institution, they willingly gave their assent.