bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Causes Unethical Behavior? A Meta‐Analysis to Set an Agenda for Public Administration Research
Authors: Belle Nicola , Cantarelli Paola 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis article uses meta‐analysis to synthesize 137 experiments in 73 articles on the causes of unethical behavior. Results show that exposure to in‐group members who misbehave or to others who benefit from unethical actions, greed, egocentrism, self‐justification, exposure to incremental dishonesty, loss aversion, challenging performance goals, or time pressure increase unethical behavior. In contrast, monitoring of employees, moral reminders, and individuals’ willingness to maintain a positive self‐view decrease unethical conduct. Findings on the effect of self‐control depletion on unethical behavior are mixed. Results also present subgroup analyses and several measures of study heterogeneity and likelihood of publication bias. The implications are of interest to both scholars and practitioners. The article concludes by discussing which of the factors analyzed should gain prominence in public administration research and uncovering several unexplored causes of unethical behavior.
From a Pluralism of Grounds to Proto‐Legal Relations: Accounting for the Grounds of Obligations of Justice
Authors: Pavlakos George 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn this paper I discuss critically Mathias Risse's paper “Responsibility and Global Justice.” First, I argue that for Risse's pluralist account of the grounds of justice to hold together, there is need to presuppose a monist standpoint which ultimately contributes to grounding principles of justice. Second, I point out that Risse's understanding of obligations of accountability and justification is rather narrow in that it functions as an addendum to obligations of justice. Conversely, I will suggest that the obligation of accountability plays a deeper role: The conditions that ground it feature at the same time among the grounds of obligations of justice. Accordingly, the kind of relation that gives rise to a duty among agents to account for their actions must be in place when obligations of justice obtain. Following on from these remarks I will adumbrate an alternative account of the relation which grounds (enforceable) obligations of justice.
Using management to address vegetation stress related to land‐use and climate change
Authors: Middleton Beth A. , Boudell Jere , Fisichelli Nicholas A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWhile disturbances such as fire, cutting, and grazing can be an important part of the conservation of natural lands, some adjustments to management designed to mimic natural disturbance may be necessary with ongoing and projected climate change. Stressed vegetation that is incapable of regeneration will be difficult to maintain if adults are experiencing mortality, and/or if their early life‐history stages depend on disturbance. A variety of active management strategies employing disturbance are suggested, including resisting, accommodating, or directing vegetation change by manipulating management intensity and frequency. Particularly if land‐use change is the main cause of vegetation stress, amelioration of these problems using management may help vegetation resist change (e.g. strategic timing of water release if a water control structure is available). Managers could direct succession by using management to push vegetation toward a new state. Despite the historical effects of management, some vegetation change will not be controllable as climates shift, and managers may have to accept some of these changes. Nevertheless, proactive measures may help managers achieve important conservation goals in the future.
Temporal and environmental significance of microbial lamination: Insights from Recent fluvial stromatolites in the River Piedra, Spain
Authors: Arenas Concha , Jones Brian 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDespite extensive research, the environmental and temporal significance of microbial lamination is still ambiguous because of the complexity of the parameters that control its development. A 13 year monitored record of modern fast‐accreting calcite stromatolites (mean 14 mm year−1) from artificial substrates installed in rapid flow in the River Piedra (north‐east Spain) allows comparison of the sedimentological attributes of successive six‐month depositional packages with the known climatic, hydrophysical and hydrochemical parameters of the depositional system. The stromatolites are formed of dense, porous and macrocrystalline composite laminae. The dense and porous composite laminae, which are composed of two to eight laminae consisting largely of calcified cyanobacteria, are characterized by: (i) dense composite laminae, up to 15 mm thick, mostly with successive dense laminae and minor alternating dense and porous laminae; and (ii) porous composite laminae, up to 12 mm thick, consisting mainly of porous laminae alternating with thinner dense laminae. Most of the dense composite laminae formed during the warm periods (April to September), whereas most of the porous composite laminae developed in the cool periods (October to March). Each dense and porous composite lamina represents up to or slightly longer than six months. The alternation of these two types of composite laminae parallels seasonal changes in temperature. The dense and porous laminae result from shorter (for example, intraseasonal) variations in temperature, insolation and hydrological conditions. The macrocrystalline laminae, with crystals >100 μm long, occur isolated and grouped into composite laminae up to 1·7 mm thick. Their occurrence suggests the absence or poor development of microbial mats over periods of weeks to several months. Thus, stromatolite lamination can record different‐order, periodic and non‐periodic changes in the magnitude of environmental parameters over a single year. These results hold important implications for the temporal and environmental interpretation of lamination in microbial structures.
Effects of nitrate supplementation in trained and untrained muscle are modest with initial high plasma nitrite levels
Authors: Christensen P. M. , Petersen N. K. , Friis S. N. , Weitzberg E. , Nybo L. 
Published: February 2017

Nitrate () supplementation resulting in higher plasma nitrite () is reported to lower resting mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and oxygen uptake (VO2) during submaximal exercise in non‐athletic populations, whereas effects in general are absent in endurance‐trained individuals. To test whether physiologic effects of supplementation depend on local muscular training status or cardiovascular fitness, male endurance‐trained cyclists (CYC, n=9, VO2‐max: 64±3 mL/min/kg; mean±SD) and recreational active subjects serving as a control group (CON, n=8, 46±3 mL/min/kg), acutely consumed nitrate‐rich beetroot juice ([] ~9 mmol) (NIT) or placebo (PLA) with assessment of resting MAP and energy expenditure during moderate intensity (~50% VO2‐max) and incremental leg cycling (LEG‐ex) and arm‐cranking exercise (ARM‐ex). NIT increased (P<.001) resting plasma by ~1200% relative to PLA. Plasma increased ~25% (P<.01) with a significant change only in CYC. LEG‐ex VO2 (~2.60 L/min), ARM‐ex VO2 (~1.14 L/min), and resting MAP (~87 mm Hg) remained unchanged for CYC, and similarly for CON, no changes were observed for LEG‐ex VO2 (~2.03 L/min), ARM‐ex VO2 (~1.06 L/min), or resting MAP (~85 mm Hg). VO2‐max was not affected by supplementation, but incremental test peak power was higher (P<.05) in LEG‐ex for CYC in NIT relative to PLA (418±47 vs 407±46 W). In both CYC and CON, high initial baseline values and small increases in plasma after NIT may have lowered the effect of the intervention implying that muscular and cardiovascular training status is likely not the only factors that influence the physiologic effects of supplementation.
Motor competence and cardiorespiratory fitness have greater influence on body fatness than physical activity across time
Authors: Lima R. A. , Pfeiffer K. A. , Bugge A. , Møller N. C. , Andersen L. B. , Stodden D. F. 
Published: February 2017

We investigated the longitudinal associations among physical activity (PA), motor competence (MC), cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak), and body fatness across 7 years, and also analyzed the possible mediation effects of PA, MC, and VO2peak on the relationships with body fatness. This was a seven‐year longitudinal study with three measuring points (mean ages [in years] and respective sample size: 6.75±0.37, n=696; 9.59±1.07, n=617; 13.35±0.34, n=513). PA (moderate‐to‐vigorous PA—MVPA and vigorous PA—VPA) was monitored using accelerometers. MC was assessed by the “Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder—KTK” test battery. VO2peak was evaluated using a continuous running protocol until exhaustion. Body fatness was determined by the sum of four skinfolds. Structural equation modeling was performed to evaluate the longitudinal associations among PA, MC, VO2peak, and body fatness and the potential mediation effects of PA, MC, and VO2peak. All coefficients presented were standardized (z‐scores). MC and VO2peak directly influenced the development of body fatness, and VO2peak mediated the associations between MVPA, VPA, MC, and body fatness. MC also mediated the associations between MVPA, VPA, and body fatness. In addition, VO2peak had the largest total association with body fatness (β=−0.431; P<.05), followed by MC (β=−0.369; P<.05) and VPA (β=−0.112; P<.05). As PA, MC, and VO2peak exhibited longitudinal association with body fatness, it seems logical that interventions should strive to promote the development of fitness and MC through developmentally appropriate physical activities, as the synergistic interactions of all three variables impacted body fatness.
Placing ‘Home’ and ‘Family’ in Rural Residential Mobilities
Authors: Scott Mark , Murphy Enda , Gkartzios Menelaos 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis article aims to examine rural population/residential movements through a mobilities perspective to provide an inclusive analysis of the diverse processes of movement that (re)produce rural places beyond the dominant counter urbanisation narrative. We seek to contribute to the literature in two ways. Firstly, we examine a sample of rural residents who have moved house within a 10 year period to examine the full range of actually existing residential mobilities, including counter urbanisation, lateral in‐migration and local mobility within an Irish context. We suggest that counter urbanisation provides only a partial explanation of rural mobility accounting for 44 per cent of our recent movers – moreover, within the counter urbanisation group, approximately a half of this group were originally from a rural context suggesting a more nuanced ‘return‐to‐roots’ movement rather than a stereotypical urban‐rural movement. Secondly, we explore two relatively new dimensions of rural mobilities – the importance of the actual house characteristics to where respondents moved to and the pull of family networks as key mobility factors. In the Irish context explored in this article, we argue that rather than a search for greenspace and idyllic landscapes, decision‐making is often driven by a desire for more private space (internal and external) and the presence of existing family networks.
Multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis in transplant recipients: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Huaman Moises A. , Brawley Robert , Ashkin David 
Published: February 2017

AbstractTransplant recipients are at increased risk of tuberculosis (TB). We describe a case of pulmonary and vertebral multidrug‐resistant TB (MDR‐TB) in a kidney transplant patient who required neurosurgical intervention and unfortunately developed fatal nosocomial complications. Thirteen transplant recipients with MDR‐TB were previously reported in the literature (one hematopoietic cell transplant, one heart transplant, one lung transplant, one heart‐lung transplant, and nine kidney transplant recipients). Extrapulmonary disease, severe treatment complications, and deaths were observed in patients who developed MDR‐TB after transplantation.
Structural and functional impacts of amino acid substitutions that create blood group antigens: implications for immunogenicity
Authors: Howe John G. , Stack Gary 
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUNDThe immunogenicities of polypeptide blood group antigens vary widely. One possible determinant of immunogenicity is antigenic foreignness. The goal was to employ alternative ways of assessing foreignness and determine whether foreignness was related to immunogenicity.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSForeignness was assessed as the extent of protein functional disruption caused by the exofacial amino acid (AA) substitutions that create blood group antigens, using AA substitution prediction algorithms such as Meta‐SNP and according to whether those substitutions were radical or conservative.RESULTSAA substitutions that create the most immunogenic antigens had the highest Meta‐SNP scores, predictive of greater protein structure and function changes. Four of the 11 exofacial AAs that distinguish the most immunogenic antigen, RhD, from RhCE, and substitutions creating four of the five next most immunogenic antigens had the highest Meta‐SNP scores (0.293‐0.649). Excluding the outlier Jka, the mean Meta‐SNP score of the four most immunogenic non‐RhD antigens (K, Lua, E, c) was 3.7‐fold higher than the mean of the four least immunogenic (M, Fya, C, S), 0.459 versus 0.123 (p = 0.0026). Regression analysis revealed a relationship between immunogenicity and Meta‐SNP score (R2 = 0.953). Actual protein functional disruption was predicted for the AA substitution creating the E antigen. An AA cluster at Positions 350, 353, and 354 of RhD was unique, containing radical substitutions according to two classification schemes and relatively high Meta‐SNP scores (0.351‐0.432).CONCLUSIONThe immunogenicity of blood group antigens was related to the functional disruption caused by the AA substitutions that create the antigens, as measured by Meta‐SNP score.
Amustaline (S‐303) treatment inactivates high levels of Zika virus in red blood cell components
Authors: Laughhunn Andrew , Santa Maria Felicia , Broult Julien , Lanteri Marion C. , Stassinopoulos Adonis , Musso Didier , Aubry Maite 
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUNDThe potential for Zika virus (ZIKV) transfusion‐transmission (TT) has been demonstrated in French Polynesia and Brazil. Pathogen inactivation (PI) of blood products is a proactive strategy to inactivate TT pathogens including arboviruses. Inactivation of West Nile, dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses was previously demonstrated by photochemical treatment with amotosalen and ultraviolet A (UVA) illumination. In this study, we evaluated ZIKV inactivation in red blood cell (RBC) components by a chemical approach that uses amustaline (S‐303) and glutathione (GSH).STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSRBC components were spiked with a high titer of ZIKV. Viral titers (infectivity) and ZIKV RNA loads (reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction) were measured in spiked RBCs before and after S‐303 and GSH treatment and confirmed using repetitive passages in cell culture. A mock‐treated arm validated the approach by demonstrating stability of the virus (infectivity and RNA load) during the process.RESULTSThe mean ZIKV infectivity titer and RNA load in RBCs were 5.99 ± 0.2 log 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50)/mL and 7.75 ± 0.16 log genomic equivalents/mL before inactivation. No infectivity was detected immediately after S‐303 and GSH treatment and after five serial passages in cell culture.CONCLUSIONComplete ZIKV inactivation of more than 5.99 log TCID50/mL in RBCs was achieved using S‐303 and GSH at levels higher than those found in asymptomatic ZIKV‐infected blood donors. Therefore, the S‐303 and GSH PI system is promising for mitigating the risk of ZIKV TT.
Single‐unit transfusions and hemoglobin trigger: relative impact on red cell utilization
Authors: Yang William W. , Thakkar Rajiv N. , Gehrie Eric A. , Chen Weiyun , Frank Steven M. 
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUNDPatient blood management (PBM) programs can reduce unnecessary transfusions, but the optimal methods used to achieve this effect are unclear. We tested the hypothesis that encouraging single‐unit red blood cell (RBC) transfusions in stable patients would have a greater impact on blood use than compliance with a specific hemoglobin (Hb) transfusion trigger alone.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSWe analyzed blood utilization data at three community hospitals without previous PBM efforts before and after implementing a PBM program. Data were analyzed at monthly intervals to determine the relative impact of a “Why give 2 when 1 will do?” campaign promoting single‐unit RBC transfusions and simultaneous efforts to promote evidence‐based Hb triggers of 7 or 8 g/dL. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify independent effects of these two interventions on overall RBC utilization.RESULTSUnivariate analysis revealed that both the increase in single‐unit transfusions (from 38.0% to 70.9%; p < 0.0001) and the decrease in RBC orders with an Hb trigger of at least 8 g/dL (from 45.7% to 25.0%; p < 0.0001) were associated with decreasing RBC utilization. Multivariate analysis showed that the increase in single‐unit transfusions was an independent predictor of decreased RBC utilization, but the Hb triggers of both 7 and 8 g/dL were not. Overall, our PBM efforts decreased RBC utilization from 0.254 to 0.185 units/patient (27.2%) across all three hospitals (p = 0.0009).CONCLUSIONSA campaign promoting single‐unit RBC transfusions had a greater impact on RBC utilization than did encouraging a restrictive transfusion trigger.
Risk of exposure to blood products during pregnancy: guidance for Zika and other donor deferral policies
Authors: Murphy Malia S.Q. , Shehata Nadine , Colas Jo Ann , Chassé Michaël , Fergusson Dean A. , O'Brien Sheila F. , Goldman Mindy , Tinmouth Alan , Forster Alan J. , Wilson Kumanan 
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUNDExposure to blood products during pregnancy carries a potential risk of transfusion transmission of infectious agents. Blood agencies have historically sought optimal deferral and testing strategies to protect blood supplies in part to ensure the protection of pregnant women and their unborn infants. The Zika virus outbreak of 2016 has heightened attention to these concerns. In the current context of the recent Zika outbreak, and also more broadly, data are needed to shed light on the likelihood of exposure to blood products throughout pregnancy to inform policy.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSHospital administrative data from a large tertiary care center were examined for outpatient and nondelivery inpatient transfusion events in pregnant women between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2013. Those pregnancies resulting in miscarriage were excluded from analysis.RESULTSA total of 45,179 pregnancies resulting in delivery of a live or stillborn infant were documented at The Ottawa Hospital during the study period. Our findings indicate that 0.124%, or 1240 in 1,000,000, expectant mothers received transfusion at some point during their pregnancies with 0.04%, or 400 per 1,000,000, expectant mothers receiving a transfusion in the first trimester.CONCLUSIONData from a large tertiary care center suggest that the risk of maternal and fetal exposure to blood products by transfusion during any stage of pregnancy is very low. Such a low likelihood of transfusion should be taken into consideration when developing donor deferral policies designed to protect women against transfusion‐associated infection transmission during pregnancy and could inform evaluations of the risk of prenatal transfusion transmission of the Zika virus.
Renal biochemistry variables and ultrasonographic imaging in healthy Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri collinsi)
Authors: Lins e Lins Fernanda Luiza de Miranda , Mayor Pedro , Silva Filho Ednaldo , Imbeloni Aline Amaral , Bandeira da Silva Wellington , Monteiro Maria Vivina Barros , Nunes‐Pinheiro Diana Célia Sousa , Monteiro Frederico Ozanan Barros 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundThe combined use of renal biochemistry and ultrasonographic imaging may improve the correct management of renal disease. Although renal disease is frequently observed in nonhuman primates, renal function markers have not yet been studied in Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri collinsi).ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to establish normal renal biochemistry variables and ultrasonographic features in Squirrel monkeys.Material and MethodsRenal biochemistry variables and ultrasonographic images were documented in 29 healthy Squirrel monkeys (15 males and 14 females). Urea, serum creatinine (SCr), and uric acid (UA) concentrations were measured by kinetic assay. Cystatin C (CysC) was analyzed by immunonephelometry. A multiple frequency linear array probe (5–12 MHz) was used for ultrasonographic imaging. The studied indicators of renal function were related to sex, age, and body mass.ResultsSerum creatinine was influenced by sex and body mass. Serum concentration of urea, UA, and CysC were not influenced by sex, age, and body mass. Ultrasonographic images provided accurate and comprehensive data for making clinical decisions for Squirrel monkeys. The total renal volume was only influenced by the body mass nested in sex and was positively correlated to body mass. Right renal volume was bigger than the left one.ConclusionNormative standards for the renal evaluation, including biochemistry and ultrasonography, in the Squirrel monkey have been established correlated to age, sex, and body mass.
Prevalence of house dust mites in the homes of atopic dogs in Finland
Authors: Schildt Kirsti J. M. , Seppänen Riitta T. K. , Hielm‐Björkman Anna K. , Saijonmaa‐Koulumies Leena E. , Belova Svetlana 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundThe house dust mites (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus are important environmental allergens implicated in the pathogenesis of human and canine atopic dermatitis. Sensitization to HDM measured by allergen‐specific IgE is common in Finnish atopic dogs. Studies on HDM prevalence in Finland are few but suggest that HDM are scarce.ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of HDM in the home environments of atopic dogs in Finland.MethodsDust samples were obtained from the homes of 50 atopic dogs. Samples were collected by vacuuming the owners’ mattresses and each dog's bed. In each case, an area of 21 × 30 cm was vacuumed for 2 min. Samples weighing 100 mg or more were considered sufficient for determination of HDM allergen concentrations (Der f 1 and Der p 1) using standardized ELISA. Samples sufficient for further analysis were also examined by direct microscopy for the presence of mites and by multiplex PCR for HDM DNA.ResultsEighty one samples were sufficient for analysis by ELISA, 59 by PCR and 29 by direct microscopy. A single sample was analysed from four homes in which the dog shared the owner's bed. Der f 1 was detected in three samples (3.7%). Der p 1 was not detected in any sample. No mites were identified on microscopy. Five samples were positive for HDM on multiplex PCR (8.4%).ConclusionHouse dust mites seem to be uncommon in the home environment of atopic dogs in Finland despite reported frequent allergen‐specific IgE antibodies.