bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amdinocillin: A Novel Penicillin; Antibacterial Activity, Pharmacology and Clinical Use
Authors: Neu Harold C. 
Published: December 2015

Amdinocillin is a novel penicillin whose antibacterial activity is derived from its ability to bind specifically and avidly to Penicillin Binding Protein‐2 (PBP 2). Other β‐lactams bind almost exclusively to PBPs 1 and 3. This unique feature has prompted many investigators to predict that amdinocillin would aggressively synergize with other antimicrobials, particularly other β‐lactams. Certain features of these predictions have been realized.Amdinocillin is active alone against many gram‐negative organisms. Pseudomonas and non‐fermenting gram‐negative bacteria, however, are usually resistant. Amdinocillin, in combination with many β‐lactams, exhibits marked synergy against many enterobacteriaceae. No such synergy can be demonstrated for gram‐positive organisms or pseudomonas species. Amdinocillin is not β‐lactamase stable. Organisms which produce high levels of plasma‐mediated β‐lactamase are resistant to the drug.Amdinocillin is widely distributed to most tissues of the body. It is removed by renal tubular secretion which results in prodigious levels of the drug in the urine. Coadministration of probenecid results in markedly elevated plasma levels of amidinocillin and delays its excretion. Amdinocillin has a plasma half‐life of about one hour in patients with grossly normal renal function. Its half‐life increases to 3 to 6 hours in anephric patients. The spectrum of adverse reactions observed with amdinocillin is similar to that of other penicillins.Amdinocillin, as a single agent, is effective in the treatment of urinary tract infections caused by susceptible strains of E. coli and klebsiella and enterobacter species. When amdinocillin is used in concert with other antimicrobials, synergy can frequently be demonstrated but it is essentially limited to gram‐negative aerobic organisms. At present, insufficient data are available to precisely profile the utility of amdinocillin, either alone or in combination, in the treatment of systemic infections.
Validation of a Direct Radioimmunoassay for Testosterone in Unextracted Serum from Five Species: Application to Study of the Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Gonadal Axis in Males
Authors: SCHANBACHER B. D. , D'OCCHIO M. J. 
Published: December 2015

A method for the radioimmunoassay of serum testosterone that does not require extraction or chromatography is described. Utilization of a highly specific antiserum, tritium‐labeled ligand, and double antibody precipitation makes the direct radioimmunoassay feasible. The direct radioimmunoassay is valid based on the criteria of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and precision. Because extraction, chromatography, and transfer are eliminated in this procedure, recovery of serum testosterone is always 100%. Interference by serum binding components is lacking, and values obtained for ram, bull, dog, rat, and man by direct radioimmunoassay are in agreement with those obtained by a conventional extraction assay.Direct testosterone radioimmunoassay has been applied to the study of hypothalamic control of testosterone secretion in bull, ram, and rat. The intravenous injection of synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) increases blood testosterone and can be administered to mimic the pulsatile nature of testosterone secretion characteristic of intact males. On the other hand, immunoneutralization of LHRH by active or passive immunization results in substantially reduced serum testosterone and failure of testosterone secretion in response to exogenous LHRH. These investigations lead us to conclude that testosterone secretion by the mammalian testis is regulated largely by inputs from the hypothalamus and that synthetic LHRH and LHRH antisera provide useful tools for studying the hypothalamopituitary‐gonadal axis. The direct radioimmunoassay provides a convenient and inexpensive method to study testosterone secretion by the testis.
Quantitative Changes of Endogenous Unconjugated and Sulfated Steroids in Human Testis in Relation to Synthesis of Testosterone In Vitro
Authors: RUOKONEN AIMO O. , VIHKO REIJO K. 
Published: December 2015

In order to investigate the function of steroid sulfates in human testicular steroid metabolism, the quantitative changes of endogenous steroids in testis tissue were characterized after synthesis of testosterone in vitro. The influence of an added substrate, dehydroepiandrosterone, was also studied. Unconjugated testosterone was the main steroid synthesized in all incubations.In incubations without added substrate, hydrolysis of pregnenolone sulfate was the most intensive, followed by that of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. Concentrations of 5‐androstene‐3β,17β‐diol sulfate remained unchanged, whereas accumulating testosterone was significantly converted to its sulfate conjugate. Concentrations of pregnenolone, progesterone, and 17‐hydroxyprogesterone remained unchanged and those of dehydroepiandrosterone were increased.At the concentrations used, addition of dehydroepiandrosterone significantly inhibited hydrolysis of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and increased the synthesis of 5‐androstene‐3β,17β‐diol sulfate. Testosterone synthesis further increased in all incubations, but concentrations of the other steroids investigated remained unchanged.Quantitative results indicate that a considerable amount of testosterone was synthesized from steroid sulfates. Under conditions favoring testosterone formation, this active androgen was partly converted into its sulfate conjugate. These results further strengthen the concept that steroid sulfates have a dynamic role in testicular steroidogenesis in man.
Kinetics of Secretion of Luteinizing Hormone Subunits and Free Alpha, and Effects of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
Authors: VOGEL DONNA L. , ROWLAND JACK A. , SHERINS RICHARD J. 
Published: December 2015

While GnRH is known to stimulate release of pituitary gonadotropins, its acute effects on the kinetics of secretion of the various hormones and subunits are not well characterized. Pulse‐chase experiments were therefore performed to compare the time course of secretion of newly synthesized LH subunits and free α from rat pituitary quarters, and to study the effects of GnRH. After a l‐h pulse labeling with [35S]cysteine in the presence or absence of 10−8 M GnRH, cultures were chased with excess unlabeled cysteine for 1, 2, 4, 8, or 20 h. Tissue lysates and media were immunoprecipitated sequentially with antisera to PRL, GH, LHβ and LHα, and the products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis.Labeled LHα was completely secreted by 4 h of chase without GnRH, and by 2 h with GnRH, as shown by its appearance in media and depletion from pituitary. Newly synthesized LHβ was depleted only at 8 h with GnRH from pituitary, suggesting much slower secretion. Incorporation of 35S into LHβ was approximately half that into LHα. Newly synthesized free α subunit was secreted between 4 and 20 h without GnRH, and by 8 h with GnRH. Free α incorporated a similar amount of radioactivity as LHβ.GnRH had no effect on the timing of the secretion of labeled total protein, PRL, GH, or TSH subunits. The amount of label incorporated during the pulse was greatest for PRL, approximately 15% of total protein label. GH incorporated approximately 20% as much label as PRL, with the glycoprotein subunits somewhat lower.The total amount of 35S incorporated into each protein studied was not affected by GnRH.The data indicate that short term in vitro GnRH exposure during a 1‐h pulse labeling and chase acts to accelerate early secretion of LHα, LHβ and free α but does not affect overall protein synthesis. The peptide hormones PRL and GH incorporated the greatest amount of label and were the most briskly secreted hormones, while LHα led the glycoprotein subunits in the amount of incorporation and rapidity of secretion.
Changes in RANKL and osteoprotegerin expression after chronic exposure to indoor air pollution as a result of cooking with biomass fuel
Authors: Saha Hirak , Mukherjee Bidisha , Bindhani Banani , Ray Manas Ranjan 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe impact of indoor air pollution as a result of cooking with unprocessed biomass on membrane‐bound and serum receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappa ligand 1 (RANKL), its soluble decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) and osteoclast precursor CD14+CD16+ monocytes was investigated. Seventy‐four pre‐menopausal women from eastern India using biomass and 65 control women who cooked with cleaner liquefied petroleum gas were enrolled. PM10 and PM2.5 levels in their indoor air were measured with real‐time aerosol monitors. The levels of membrane‐bound RANKL on leukocytes and percentage CD14+CD16+ monocytes in the subjects' blood were assayed by flow cytometry. Soluble RANKL and OPG in serum were measured by ELISA. The results showed that PM10 and PM2.5 levels were significantly higher in the indoor air of biomass‐using households. Compared with the control women, the levels of CD4+ and CD19+ lymphocytes and circulating granulocytes with elevated levels of membrane‐bound RANKL were higher in biomass users. The serum levels of RANKL were increased by 41% whereas serum OPG was reduced by 22% among biomass users. The absolute number of CD14+CD16+ monocytes was significantly increased in biomass users than the control women. After controlling for potential confounders, PM10 and PM2.5 levels were found to be positively associated with leukocyte and serum RANKL and CD14+CD16+ monocyte levels, but negatively with serum OPG. From these results, we can conclude that chronic exposure to biomass smoke increased membrane‐bound and soluble RANKL and circulating osteoclast precursors but decreased OPG, suggesting an increased risk of bone resorption and consequent osteoporosis in biomass‐exposed women of a child‐bearing age. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microthrix pattern of Pseudogilquiniathomasi (Palm, 2000) (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha) and a review of surface ultrastructure within the family Lacistorhynchidae Guiart, 1927
Authors: Haseli Mohammad , Azimi Soraya , Valinasab Tooraj 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThe microthrix pattern of larvae of Pseudogilquinia thomasi (Palm, 2000) is described for the first time using scanning electron microscopy. The surface ultrastructure of this species consists of three main forms of microtriches: papilliform filitriches, acicular filitriches and quadridigitate to octadigitate palmate spinitriches. The bothria are covered with palmate spinitriches interspersed on some parts with papilliform filitriches. Palmate spinitriches with papilliform, acicular and capilliform filitriches adorn the pars vaginalis and at the anterior part of the pars bulbosa, there is a transition zone in which the palmate spinitriches are replaced by papilliform to acicular filitriches towards the end of the scolex. ANOVA tests with Duncan's post hoc analyses revealed that there are significant differences in the length of spinitriches and their prongs, whether on the surfaces of the bothria or on the surfaces of the scolex peduncle. Callitetrarhynchus gracilis Pintner, 1931 is the second lacistorhynchid species for which surfaces of the segments were examined and the occurrence of large structures called scutes are reported for the first time from this species. There were also significant differences in the base length as well as height of the scutes in different parts of the strobila. In addition to describing the surface ultrastructures of the two lacistorhynchid species, all the available information on the microtriches within the family Lacistorhynchidae is reviewed herein and generic diagnoses related to microtriches are amended. J. Morphol. 277:394–404, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 on a novel lung cancer spine metastasis model in rodents
Authors: Sonn Kevin A. , Kannan Abhishek S. , Bellary Sharath S. , Yun Chawon , Hashmi Sohaib Z. , Nelson John T. , Ghodasra Jason H. , Nickoli Michael S. , Parimi Vamsi , Ghosh Anjan , Shawen Nicholas , Ashtekar Amruta , Stock Stuart R. , Hsu Erin L. , Hsu Wellington K. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTLung cancer is the second most prevalent cancer. Spinal metastases are found in 30–90% of patients with death attributed to cancer. Due to bony destruction caused by metastases, surgical intervention is often required to restore spinal alignment and stability. While some research suggests that BMP‐2 may possess tumorigenic effects, other studies show possible inhibition of cancer growth. Thirty‐six athymic rats underwent intraosseous injection of lung adenocarcinoma cells into the L5 vertebral body. Cells were pre‐treated with vehicle control (Group A) or rhBMP‐2 (Group B) prior to implantation. At 4 weeks post‐implantation, in vivo bioluminescent imaging (BLI) was performed to confirm presence of tumor and quantify signal. Plain radiographs and microComputed Tomography (microCT) were employed to establish and quantitate osteolysis. Histological analysis characterized pathologic changes in the vertebral body. At 4 weeks post‐implantation, BLI showed focal signal in the L5 vertebral body in 93% of Group A animals and 89% of Group B animals. Average tumor burden by BLI radiance was 7.43 × 103 p/s/cm2/sr (Group A) and 1.11 × 104 p/s/cm2/sr (Group B). Radiographs and microCT demonstrated osteolysis in 100% of animals showing focal BLI signal. MicroCT demonstrated significant bone loss in both groups compared to age‐matched controls but no difference between study groups. Histological analysis confirmed tumor invasion in the L5 vertebral body. These findings provide a reliable in vivo model to study isolated spinal metastases from lung cancer. Statement of Clinical Significance: The data support the notion that exposure to rhBMP‐2 does not promote the growth of A549 lung cancer spine lesions. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1274–1281, 2016.
Zinc deficiency alters soybean susceptibility to pathogens and pests
Authors: Helfenstein Julian , Pawlowski Michelle L. , Hill Curtis B. , Stewart Jessica , Lagos‐Kutz Doris , Bowen Charles Roger , Frossard Emmanuel , Hartman Glen L. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractInadequate plant nutrition and biotic stress are key threats to current and future crop yields. Zinc (Zn) deficiency and toxicity in major crop plants have been documented, but there is limited information on how pathogen and pest damage may be affected by differing plant Zn levels. In our study, we used soybean plants as a host, a soybean pest, and three soybean pathogens to determine whether plant Zn levels change pest and disease assessments. Two soybean cultivars were grown in sand culture with a soluble nutrient solution that ranged from Zn‐deficient to toxic. Detached leaves from these plants were either inoculated with Aphis glycines, the soybean aphid, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines, a bacterium that causes bacterial pustule, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the necrotrophic fungus responsible for stem rot, or Phakopsora pachyrhizi, a biotrophic obligate pathogen that causes soybean rust. There were significant (P < 5%) effects on aphid colonization, positive counts for bacterial pustule, S. sclerotiorum leaf area affected, and numbers of rust lesions associated with the Zn treatments. Plants grown with the physiologically optimal levels of Zn (2 µM) had less (P < 5%) soybean aphids cm−2 leaflet than plants grown without Zn, at 0.1× Zn (0.2 µM), or at 100× Zn fertilization (200 µM). Plants grown with the normal fertilization of Zn or 100× Zn had fewer (P < 5%) positive counts for bacterial pustule and less lesion area affected by S. sclerotiorum than plants grown without Zn or fertilized with 0.1× Zn. For soybean rust, plants grown with the physiologically optimal fertilization of Zn or 100× Zn had higher (P < 5%) lesions cm−2 on leaflets from plants grown without Zn or fertilized with 0.1× Zn. These results indicate different Zn nutrition levels in soybean significantly affected aphid and disease development.
p‐Coumaric acid and its conjugates: dietary sources, pharmacokinetic properties and biological activities
Authors: Pei Kehan , Ou Juanying , Huang Junqing , Ou Shiyi 
Published: December 2015

Abstractp‐Coumaric acid (4‐hydroxycinnamic acid) is a phenolic acid that has low toxicity in mice (LD50 = 2850 mg kg−1 body weight), serves as a precursor of other phenolic compounds, and exists either in free or conjugated form in plants. Conjugates of p‐coumaric acid have been extensively studied in recent years due to their bioactivities. In this review, the occurrence, bioavailability and bioaccessibility of p‐coumaric acid and its conjugates with mono‐, oligo‐ and polysaccharides, alkyl alcohols, organic acids, amine and lignin are discussed. Their biological activities, including antioxidant, anti‐cancer, antimicrobial, antivirus, anti‐inflammatory, antiplatelet aggregation, anxiolytic, antipyretic, analgesic, and anti‐arthritis activities, and their mitigatory effects against diabetes, obesity, hyperlipaemia and gout are compared. Cumulative evidence from multiple studies indicates that conjugation of p‐coumaric acid greatly strengthens its biological activities; however, the high biological activity but low absorption of its conjugates remains a puzzle. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of supplementing crop substrate with defatted pistachio meal on Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus production
Authors: Pardo‐Giménez Arturo , Catalán Luis , Carrasco Jaime , Álvarez‐Ortí Manuel , Zied Diego , Pardo José 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis work assesses the agronomic performance of defatted pistachio meal, after oil extraction, as a nutritional substrate supplement when growing the mushroom species Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach and Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. Materials were applied at different doses at spawning. Along with non‐supplemented substrates, commercial nutritional supplements were used as controls. Proximate analysis of mushrooms is also considered.RESULTSFor the cultivation of champignon, defatted pistachio meal has provided larger mushrooms (unitary weight and cap diameter) with firmer texture and greater content in dry weight and protein, without significant alterations in quantitative parameters. For Pleurotus ostreatus, the supplement led to significant yield increase, even providing up to 34.4% of increment compared to non‐supplementation with meal, reaching a biological efficiency of 129.9 kg dt−1, when applied to the 15 g kg−1 compost dose. Supplementation has also been conducted to increase dry weight, protein and fibre within carpophores and to decrease the energy value. Defatted pistachio meal has similar or better results compared to the commercial supplements used as reference.CONCLUSIONSCompost supplementation with defatted pistachio meal in A. bisporus concerns mainly the quantitative parameters (size, texture, dry weight and protein). Based on the results obtained, this technique has greater potential of development for P. ostreatus commercial crops, basically due to expected increases in production, with a direct impact on benefits and crop profitability. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Redox‐ and pH‐Responsive Nanogels Based on Thiolated Poly(aspartic acid)
Authors: Krisch Enikő , Messager Léa , Gyarmati Benjámin , Ravaine Valérie , Szilágyi András 
Published: December 2015

Nanogels loaded with fluorescent dextran as a model drug are synthesized by the oxidation induced cross‐linking of water soluble redox responsive thiolated poly(amino acid) in miniemulsion without the introduction of any cross‐linker molecule. Two types of high energy methods, namely, ultrasonication and high pressure homogenization (HPH), are compared. Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy measurements confirm that spherical nanogels in 100–150 nm diameter range are prepared successfully by HPH method. Size and surface charge of the nanogels can easily be controlled by environmental pH. The release of encapsulated drug is triggered by the degradation of nanogels in reducing environment due to the cleavage of disulphide bonds.
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Constitutive and numerical framework for modeling joints and faults in rock
Authors: Schreyer Howard , Sulsky Deborah 
Published: December 2015

SummaryA three‐dimensional constitutive model for joints is described that incorporates nonlinear elasticity based on volumetric elastic strain, and plasticity for both compaction and shear with emphasis on compaction. The formulation is general in the sense that alternative specific functional forms and evolution equations can be easily incorporated. A corresponding numerical structure based on finite elements is provided so that a joint width can vary from a fraction of an element size to a width that occupies several elements. The latter case is particularly appropriate for modeling a fault, which is considered simply to be a joint with large width. For small joint widths, the requisite equilibrium and kinematic requirements within an element are satisfied numerically. The result is that if the constitutive equation for either the joint or the rock is changed, the numerical framework remains unchanged. A unique aspect of the general formulation is the capability to handle either pre‐existing gaps or the formation of gaps. Representative stress–strain plots are given to illustrate both the features of the model and the effects of changes in values of material parameters. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalytic performance of methacrylate‐based poly‐4‐(dialkylamino)‐pyridines: activity prediction via NMR shifts
Authors: Mennenga Thiemo , Menzel Jan‐Philipp , Ritter Helmut 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe synthesis of the 4‐(dialkylamino)pyridine derivative 3‐(4‐(pyridin‐4‐yl)piperazin‐1‐yl)propyl methacrylate and its copolymerization with n‐butyl methacrylate are presented. The catalytic activity was evaluated in the acylation of tert‐butanol with acetic anhydride yielding tert‐butyl acetate. It is observed that the activity of polymer‐attached 4‐(dimethylamino)pyridine analogues correlates remarkably well with the chemical shift of the β‐pyridyl protons. Differences in catalytic efficiency result from distinct electronic densities of the pyridine ring, while embedding the catalytically active moiety into a polymeric structure has nearly no deleterious effect on the performance. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
p‐Nitrobenzazide as a reagent for the identification of phenols
Authors: Sah Peter P. T. , Chiao Shou‐Hsün 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThirty‐three crystalline p‐nitrophenyl‐urethanes with distinctive physical properties were obtained by the condensation of p‐nitrobenzazide with various types of phenols in boiling ligroin solution. In general, 20 to 50 mg of the reagent is sufficient to produce enough crystalline urethane for a correct melting point determination and a microscopic examination of the crystal form. p‐Nitrobenzazide, therefore, can be used in place of p‐nitrophenyl isocyanate in qualitative organic analysis.
The Raman spectra of acetaldehyde and paraldehyde
Authors: Gerding H. , Rijnders G. W. A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe Raman spectra of liquid paraldehyde at 15° and 59° have been investigated. No perceptible influence of the temperature on the Raman spectrum of the liquid has been found. Good agreement in the major parts exists with the determinations of the Raman spectrum at ordinary temperature by Kahovec‐Kohlrausch and Wood.The Raman spectrum of liquid acetaldehyde is given also and compared with the latest results of Kohlrausch‐Köppl. In general the agreement is good.
m‐Nitrobenzazide as a reagent for the identification of phenols
Authors: Sah Peter P. T. , Woo Tsu‐Fen 
Published: December 2015

Abstractm‐Nitrobenzazide, in boiling ligroin solution, decomposes to gaseous nitrogen and m‐nitrophenyl isocyanate, which, in the presence of phenols, reacts to form m‐nitrophenyl‐urethanes, with physical properties suitable for the purpose of identification. In this paper, thirty‐three m‐nitrophenyl‐urethanes from various phenols are described.