bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poluição sonora e proteção ambiental: intervenção estatal atual e a possiblidade da tributação ambiental
Authors: Rabbani Roberto Muhájir Rahnemay 
Published: March 2017

A poluição sonora é um dos principais perturbadores da qualidade de vida dos cidadãos, causando diversos males à saúde, especialmente no Brasil, em que a ausência de fiscalização e efetiva aplicação da lei, fazem com que o problema perpetue há décadas. A proteção ambiental é a máxima instituída no artigo 225 da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988 (CRFB), que prevê a obrigação de todos, Estado e cidadãos, em defender e A poluição sonora é um dos principais perturbadores da qualidade de vida dos cidadãos, causando diversos males à saúde, especialmente no Brasil, em que a ausência de fiscalização e efetiva aplicação da lei, fazem com que o problema perpetue há décadas. A proteção ambiental é a máxima instituída no artigo 225 da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988 (CRFB), que prevê a obrigação de todos, Estado e cidadãos, em defender e essencial à qualidade sadia de vida. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo tem como objetivo definir o que é poluição sonora, estabelecendo o ruído como uma externalidade negativa que possui um impacto direto sobre a saúde da coletividade, afetando um meio ambiente equilibrado. A partir destas delimitações, será estudado o papel do Estado frente ao controle das liberdades individuais para poder garantir a proteção da coletividade, perfilando as competências materiais para a criação de normas e da responsabilidade de fiscalização e aplicação da norma contra a poluição sonora. Em destaque, será proposto um tributo extrafiscal ambiental que, se corretamente delineado e aplicado, poderá servir complementarmente aos instrumentos da responsabilidade civil, administrativa e penal, podendo contribuir para mitigar a poluição sonora.
O uso da substituição tributária como ferramenta para concretizar o princípio constitucional da livre iniciativa em relação ao limite de receita bruta do simples nacional
Authors: Queiroz André Zancanaro , De Aguiar Júlio Cesar 
Published: March 2017

Este trabalho aborda a possibilidade de o regime privilegiado de tributação denominado 'Simples Nacional' estar criando impedimentos para o crescimento das empresas de pequeno porte, em razão da diferença entre a carga tributária deste regime e o regime ordináriode tributação. O trabalho adota a Abordagem Econômica do Direito, sob a premissa de que o direito não apenas prescreve regras de conduta, mas também cria incentivos positivos e negativos que induzem a adoção de comportamentos. Em um típico mercado de concorrênciamonopolística, um aumento do custo marginal da atividade econômica através do aumento do custo fiscal pode forçar a saída de uma empresa como resultado de sua incapacidade obter lucro econômico. A tributação que impede a realização de atividade econômica lícita por torná-la excessivamente onerosa ofende o princípio constitucional da livre iniciativa, o qual implica não apenas a possibilidade formal de realizar determinadas atividades econômicas, mas também a inexistência de limitações legais que prejudiquem a livre concorrência. O artigo sugere a utilização do regime de substituição tributária como meio decorrigir a distorção apresentada.
Servicíos publicos: caracterización, fundamentos y evolución en el derecho argentino
Authors: Goldfarb Miguel Andrés 
Published: March 2017

Los servicios públicos constituyen una verdadera institución del derecho. Es objeto de estudio de las ciencias jurídicas junto con otras ciencias sociales. Es relevante precisar su concepto a los fines de definir en la praxis qué actividades son efectivamente servicio público, puesto que estas serán reguladas por un subsistema diferenciado de derecho público con grandes implicancias prácticas. La publicatio constituye hoy una herramienta útil a tales fines. La intervención del estado en la economía a través de la técnica servicio público tiene hoy sustento constitucional y se sostiene en el enorme impacto social de las necesidades que estas prestaciones cubren. Finalmente, en Argentina se ha demostrado que el rol del estado fue mutando conforme cambiaron los tiempos políticos y las ideologías imperantes en cada etapa de la historia del país por lo que ha quedo expuesta la estrecha relación entre la institución con la política y la economía, consolidándose en los últimos años un esquema mixto dotado de pragmatismo.
Key bacterial families (Clostridiaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae and Bacteroidaceae) are related to the digestion of protein and energy in dogs
Authors: Bermingham Emma N. , Maclean Paul , Thomas David G. , Cave Nicholas J. , Young Wayne 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundMuch of the recent research in companion animal nutrition has focussed on understanding the role of diet on faecal microbiota composition. To date, diet-induced changes in faecal microbiota observed in humans and rodents have been extrapolated to pets in spite of their very different dietary and metabolic requirements. This lack of direct evidence means that the mechanisms by which microbiota influences health in dogs are poorly understood. We hypothesised that changes in faecal microbiota correlate with physiological parameters including apparent macronutrient digestibility.MethodsFifteen adult dogs were assigned to two diet groups, exclusively fed either a premium kibbled diet (kibble;K;n = 8) or a raw red meat diet (meat;M;n = 7) for nine weeks. Apparent digestibility of macronutrients (protein, fat, gross energy and dry matter), faecal weight, faecal health scores, faecal VFA concentrations and faecal microbial composition were determined. Datasets were integrated using mixOmics in R.ResultsFaecal weight and VFA levels were lower and the apparent digestibility of protein and energy were higher in dogs on the meat diet. Diet significantly affected 27 microbial families and 53 genera in the faeces. In particular, the abundances ofBacteriodes,Prevotella,PeptostreptococcusandFaecalibacteriumwere lower in dogs fed the meat diet, whereasFusobacterium,LactobacillusandClostridiumwere all more abundant.DiscussionOur results show clear associations of specific microbial taxa with diet composition. For example, Clostridiaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae and Bacteroidaceae were highly correlated to parameters such as protein and fat digestibility in the dog. By understanding the relationship between faecal microbiota and physiological parameters we will gain better insights into the effects of diet on the nutrition of our pets.
The effects of elevated pain inhibition on endurance exercise performance
Authors: Flood Andrew , Waddington Gordon , Keegan Richard J. , Thompson Kevin G. , Cathcart Stuart 
Published: March 2017

Background
The ergogenic effects of analgesic substances suggest that pain perception is an important regulator of work-rate during fatiguing exercise. Recent research has shown that endogenous inhibitory responses, which act to attenuate nociceptive input and reduce perceived pain, can be increased following transcranial direct current stimulation of the hand motor cortex. Using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS; 2 mA, 20 min), the current study aimed to examine the effects of elevated pain inhibitory capacity on endurance exercise performance. It was hypothesised that HD-tDCS would enhance the efficiency of the endogenous pain inhibitory response and improve endurance exercise performance.

Methods
Twelve healthy males between 18 and 40 years of age (M = 24.42 ± 3.85) were recruited for participation. Endogenous pain inhibitory capacity and exercise performance were assessed before and after both active and sham (placebo) stimulation. The conditioned pain modulation protocol was used for the measurement of pain inhibition. Exercise performance assessment consisted of both maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and submaximal muscular endurance performance trials using isometric contractions of the non-dominant leg extensors.

Results
Active HD-tDCS (pre-tDCS, −.32 ± 1.33 kg; post-tDCS, −1.23 ± 1.21 kg) significantly increased pain inhibitory responses relative to the effects of sham HD-tDCS (pre-tDCS, −.91 ± .92 kg; post-tDCS, −.26 ± .92 kg; p = .046). Irrespective of condition, peak MVC force and muscular endurance was reduced from pre- to post-stimulation. HD-tDCS did not significantly influence this reduction in maximal force (active: pre-tDCS, 264.89 ± 66.87 Nm; post-tDCS, 236.33 ± 66.51 Nm; sham: pre-tDCS, 249.25 ± 88.56 Nm; post-tDCS, 239.63 ± 67.53 Nm) or muscular endurance (active: pre-tDCS, 104.65 ± 42.36 s; post-tDCS, 93.07 ± 33.73 s; sham: pre-tDCS, 123.42 ± 72.48 s; post-tDCS, 100.27 ± 44.25 s).

Discussion
Despite increasing pain inhibitory capacity relative to sham stimulation, active HD-tDCS did not significantly elevate maximal force production or muscular endurance. These findings question the role of endogenous pain inhibitory networks in the regulation of exercise performance.
New in vitro system to predict chemotherapeutic efficacy of drug combinations in fresh tumor samples
Authors: Kischkel Frank Christian , Eich Julia , Meyer Carina I. , Weidemüller Paula , Krapfl Jens , Yassin-Kelepir Rauaa , Job Laura , Fraefel Marius , Braicu Ioana , Kopp-Schneider Annette , Sehouli Jalid , De Wilde Rudy Leon 
Published: March 2017

Background
To find the best individual chemotherapy for cancer patients, the efficacy of different chemotherapeutic drugs can be predicted by pretesting tumor samples in vitro via the chemotherapy-resistance (CTR)-Test®. Although drug combinations are widely used among cancer therapy, so far only single drugs are tested by this and other tests. However, several first line chemotherapies are combining two or more chemotherapeutics, leading to the necessity of drug combination testing methods.

Methods
We established a system to measure and predict the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drug combinations with the help of the Loewe additivity concept in combination with the CTR-test. A combination is measured by using half of the monotherapy’s concentration of both drugs simultaneously. With this method, the efficacy of a combination can also be calculated based on single drug measurements.

Results
The established system was tested on a data set of ovarian carcinoma samples using the combination carboplatin and paclitaxel and confirmed by using other tumor species and chemotherapeutics. Comparing the measured and the calculated values of the combination testings revealed a high correlation. Additionally, in 70% of the cases the measured and the calculated values lead to the same chemotherapeutic resistance category of the tumor.

Conclusion
Our data suggest that the best drug combination consists of the most efficient single drugs and the worst drug combination of the least efficient single drugs. Our results showed that single measurements are sufficient to predict combinations in specific cases but there are exceptions in which it is necessary to measure combinations, which is possible with the presented system.
Origins of water content variations in the suboceanic upper mantle: Insight from Southwest Indian Ridge abyssal peridotites
Authors: Li Wei , Soustelle Vincent , Jin Zhenmin , Li Huaiming , Chen Tao , Tao Chunhui 
Published: March 2017

AbstractTo investigate the origin of heterogeneous water distribution in the suboceanic lithospheric mantle, we performed a detailed petrological and geochemical analysis of abyssal peridotites collected from two localities (53°E and 63.5°E) on the Southwest Indian Ridge. These serpentinized peridotites display primary olivine‐orthopyroxene‐clinopyroxene‐spinel assemblage and record equilibrium temperature of 1150–1200°C and around 1000°C for the 53°E and 63.5°E locations, respectively. The rocks were thus equilibrated in the spinel stability field prior to their exhumation to the seafloor. Our FTIR analyses show variable water contents in orthopyroxene ranging from 24 to 262 wt ppm H2O. Orthopyroxene in the 63.5°E peridotites is characterized by homogeneous and high water content (>200 ppm), whereas orthopyroxene in the 53°E peridotites displays a wider range of water contents (24–246 ppm). We first demonstrate that differences in equilibrium conditions (i.e., pressure and temperature) and mineral chemistry and serpentinization cannot explain the water content variations. Melting modeling show that a fractional melting in both garnet and spinel stability fields is needed to explain the MREE and HREE concentrations in clinopyroxene. Enrichment in LREE, high water contents, and high H2O/Ce, however, require a postmelting rehydration event such as metasomatism. Based on petrographic evidence and investigation of chemical heterogeneities at segment/dredge scale, we suggest that this event involves a metasomatic agent enriched in water and incompatible elements. We infer that the small‐scale heterogeneities in water and trace elements may result either from successive infiltration of various amounts of melt/fluids as described in the formation of oceanic core complex or from spatial heterogeneities of melt infiltration as observed in peridotite massifs.
Generation of extremely low frequency chorus in Van Allen radiation belts
Authors: Xiao Fuliang , Liu Si , Tao Xin , Su Zhenpeng , Zhou Qinghua , Yang Chang , He Zhaoguo , He Yihua , Gao Zhonglei , Baker D. N. , Spence H. E. , Reeves G. D. , Funsten H. O. , Blake J. B. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractRecent studies have shown that chorus can efficiently accelerate the outer radiation belt electrons to relativistic energies. Chorus, previously often observed above 0.1 equatorial electron gyrofrequency fce, was generated by energetic electrons originating from Earth's plasma sheet. Chorus below 0.1 fce has seldom been reported until the recent data from Van Allen Probes, but its origin has not been revealed so far. Because electron resonant energy can approach the relativistic level at extremely low frequency, relativistic effects should be considered in the formula for whistler mode wave growth rate. Here we report high‐resolution observations during the 14 October 2014 small storm and firstly demonstrate, using a fully relativistic simulation, that electrons with the high‐energy tail population and relativistic pitch angle anisotropy can provide free energy sufficient for generating chorus below 0.1 fce. The simulated wave growth displays a very similar pattern to the observations. The current results can be applied to Jupiter, Saturn, and other magnetized planets.
Ground‐rupturing earthquakes on the northern Big Bend of the San Andreas Fault, California, 800 A.D. to Present
Authors: Scharer Katherine , Weldon Ray , Biasi Glenn , Streig Ashley , Fumal Thomas 
Published: March 2017

AbstractPaleoseismic data on the timing of ground‐rupturing earthquakes constrain the recurrence behavior of active faults and can provide insight on the rupture history of a fault if earthquakes dated at neighboring sites overlap in age and are considered correlative. This study presents the evidence and ages for 11 earthquakes that occurred along the Big Bend section of the southern San Andreas Fault at the Frazier Mountain paleoseismic site. The most recent earthquake to rupture the site was the Mw7.7–7.9 Fort Tejon earthquake of 1857. We use over 30 trench excavations to document the structural and sedimentological evolution of a small pull‐apart basin that has been repeatedly faulted and folded by ground‐rupturing earthquakes. A sedimentation rate of 0.4 cm/yr and abundant organic material for radiocarbon dating contribute to a record that is considered complete since 800 A.D. and includes 10 paleoearthquakes. Earthquakes have ruptured this location on average every ~100 years over the last 1200 years, but individual intervals range from ~22 to 186 years. The coefficient of variation of the length of time between earthquakes (0.7) indicates quasiperiodic behavior, similar to other sites along the southern San Andreas Fault. Comparison with the earthquake chronology at neighboring sites along the fault indicates that only one other 1857‐size earthquake could have occurred since 1350 A.D., and since 800 A.D., the Big Bend and Mojave sections have ruptured together at most 50% of the time in Mw ≥ 7.3 earthquakes.
Nitrous oxide production in surface waters of the mid‐latitude North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Ji Qixing , Ward Bess B. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe ocean is a major source of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O), an important greenhouse gas and ozone‐depleting agent. The oceanic flux of N2O varies regionally, and in the midlatitude North Atlantic, the production of N2O is poorly constrained. Incubation experiments with 15N‐ammonium and 15N‐nitrite revealed active N2O production from ammonium oxidation and nitrite reduction in the surface ocean, suggesting the midlatitude North Atlantic could be a net source for N2O, with a flux density of 0.06 µmol‐N2O m−2 d−1 in the top 120 m. The peak of N2O production was detected in the upper 100 m, shallower than the depth at which highest rates of ammonium oxidation to nitrite occurred. Oxygen was not depleted in the water column, but its concentration minimum corresponded to highest N2O oversaturation and low in situ N2O production. The apparent N2O yield, i.e., the molar ratio of N2O‐N production over nitrite production was 1.7% at the peak N2O production depths in the surface layer and decreased to less than 0.1% at peak ammonium oxidation depths. The majority of N2O production was apparently through “hybrid formation,” in which ammonium and nitrite each contribute one nitrogen atom to N2O formation, a process that is proposed to be mediated by ammonia oxidizing archaea.
Evolution of trace elements in the planetary boundary layer in southern China: Effects of dust storms and aerosol‐cloud interactions
Authors: Li Tao , Wang Yan , Zhou Jie , Wang Tao , Ding Aijun , Nie Wei , Xue Likun , Wang Xinfeng , Wang Wenxing 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAerosols and cloud water were analyzed at a mountaintop in the planetary boundary layer in southern China during March–May 2009, when two Asian dust storms occurred, to investigate the effects of aerosol‐cloud interactions (ACIs) on chemical evolution of atmospheric trace elements. Fe, Al, and Zn predominated in both coarse and fine aerosols, followed by high concentrations of toxic Pb, As, and Cd. Most of these aerosol trace elements, which were affected by dust storms, exhibited various increases in concentrations but consistent decreases in solubility. Zn, Fe, Al, and Pb were the most abundant trace elements in cloud water. The trace element concentrations exhibited logarithmic inverse relationships with the cloud liquid water content and were found highly pH dependent with minimum concentrations at the threshold of pH ~5.0. The calculation of Visual MINTEQ model showed that 80.7–96.3% of Fe(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), and Cu(II) existed in divalent free ions, while 71.7% of Fe(III) and 71.5% of Al(III) were complexed by oxalate and fluoride, respectively. ACIs could markedly change the speciation distributions of trace elements in cloud water by pH modification. The in‐cloud scavenging of aerosol trace elements likely reached a peak after the first 2–3 h of cloud processing, with scavenging ratios between 0.12 for Cr and 0.57 for Pb. The increases of the trace element solubility (4–33%) were determined in both in‐cloud aerosols and postcloud aerosols. These results indicated the significant importance of aerosol‐cloud interactions to the evolution of trace elements during the first several cloud condensation/evaporation cycles.
Glacier melt buffers river runoff in the Pamir Mountains
Authors: Pohl Eric , Gloaguen Richard , Andermann Christoff , Knoche Malte 
Published: March 2017

AbstractNewly developed approaches based on satellite altimetry and gravity measurements provide promising results on glacier dynamics in the Pamir‐Himalaya but cannot resolve short‐term natural variability at regional and finer scale. We contribute to the ongoing debate by upscaling a hydrological model that we calibrated for the central Pamir. The model resolves the spatiotemporal variability in runoff over the entire catchment domain with high efficiency. We provide relevant information about individual components of the hydrological cycle and quantify short‐term hydrological variability. For validation, we compare the modeled total water storages (TWS) with GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) data with a very good agreement where GRACE uncertainties are low. The approach exemplifies the potential of GRACE for validating even regional scale hydrological applications in remote and hard to access mountain regions. We use modeled time series of individual hydrological components to characterize the effect of climate variability on the hydrological cycle. We demonstrate that glaciers play a twofold role by providing roughly 35% of the annual runoff of the Panj River basin and by effectively buffering runoff both during very wet and very dry years. The modeled glacier mass balance (GMB) of −0.52 m w.e. yr−1 (2002–2013) for the entire catchment suggests significant reduction of most Pamiri glaciers by the end of this century. The loss of glaciers and their buffer functionality in wet and dry years could not only result in reduced water availability and increase the regional instability, but also increase flood and drought hazards.
Snowmelt controls on concentration‐discharge relationships and the balance of oxidative and acid‐base weathering fluxes in an alpine catchment, East River, Colorado
Authors: Winnick Matthew J. , Carroll Rosemary W. H. , Williams Kenneth H. , Maxwell Reed M. , Dong Wenming , Maher Kate 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAlthough important for riverine solute and nutrient fluxes, the connections between biogeochemical processes and subsurface hydrology remain poorly characterized. We investigate these couplings in the East River, CO, a high‐elevation shale‐dominated catchment in the Rocky Mountains, using concentration‐discharge (C‐Q) relationships for major cations, anions, and organic carbon. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) displays a positive C‐Q relationship with clockwise hysteresis, indicating mobilization and depletion of DOC in the upper soil horizons and emphasizing the importance of shallow flow paths during snowmelt. Cation and anion concentrations demonstrate that carbonate weathering, which dominates solute fluxes, is promoted by both sulfuric acid derived from pyrite oxidation in the shale bedrock and carbonic acid derived from subsurface respiration. Sulfuric acid weathering dominates during base flow conditions when waters infiltrate below the inferred pyrite oxidation front, whereas carbonic acid weathering plays a dominant role during snowmelt as a result of shallow flow paths. Differential C‐Q relationships between solutes suggest that infiltrating waters approach calcite saturation before reaching the pyrite oxidation front, after which sulfuric acid reduces carbonate alkalinity. This reduction in alkalinity results in CO2 outgassing when waters equilibrate to surface conditions, and reduces the riverine export of carbon and alkalinity by roughly 33% annually. Future changes in snowmelt dynamics that control the balance of carbonic and sulfuric acid weathering may substantially alter carbon cycling in the East River. Ultimately, we demonstrate that differential C‐Q relationships between major solutes can provide unique insights into the complex subsurface flow and biogeochemical dynamics that operate at catchment scales.