bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Penal reform in Africa: The case of prison chaplaincy
Authors: Akih Abraham K. , Dreyer Yolanda 
Published: August 2017

Penal reform is a challenge across the world. In Africa, those who are incarcerated are especially vulnerable and often deprived of basic human rights. Prison conditions are generally dire, resources are limited, and at times undue force is used to control inmates. The public attitude towards offenders is also not encouraging. Reform efforts include finding alternative ways of sentencing such as community service, making use of halfway houses and reducing sentences. These efforts have not yet yielded the desired results. The four principles of retribution, deterrence, incapacitation and rehabilitation guide penal practice in Africa. Retribution and rehabilitation stand in tension. Deterrence and incapacitation aim at forcing inmates to conform to the social order. The article argues that prison chaplaincy can make a valuable contribution to restoring the dignity and humanity of those who are incarcerated. Chaplaincy can contribute to improving attitudes and practices in the penal system and society. In addition to the social objective of rehabilitation, prison ministry can, on a spiritual level, also facilitate repentance, forgiveness and reconciliation. The aim is the holistic restoration of human beings.
Estimating trends in atmospheric water vapor and temperature time series over Germany
Authors: Alshawaf Fadwa , Balidakis Kyriakos , Dick Galina , Heise Stefan , Wickert Jens 
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Ground-based GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) has efficiently been used since the 1990s as a meteorological observing system. Recently scientists have used GNSS time series of precipitable water vapor (PWV) for climate research. In this work, we compare the temporal trends estimated from GNSS time series with those estimated from European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA-Interim) data and meteorological measurements. We aim to evaluate climate evolution in Germany by monitoring different atmospheric variables such as temperature and PWV. PWV time series were obtained by three methods: (1) estimated from ground-based GNSS observations using the method of precise point positioning, (2) inferred from ERA-Interim reanalysis data, and (3) determined based on daily in situ measurements of temperature and relative humidity. The other relevant atmospheric parameters are available from surface measurements of meteorological stations or derived from ERA-Interim. The trends are estimated using two methods: the first applies least squares to deseasonalized time series and the second uses the Theil–Sen estimator. The trends estimated at 113 GNSS sites, with 10 to 19 years temporal coverage, vary between −1.5 and 2.3 mm decade−1 with standard deviations below 0.25 mm decade−1. These results were validated by estimating the trends from ERA-Interim data over the same time windows, which show similar values. These values of the trend depend on the length and the variations of the time series. Therefore, to give a mean value of the PWV trend over Germany, we estimated the trends using ERA-Interim spanning from 1991 to 2016 (26 years) at 227 synoptic stations over Germany. The ERA-Interim data show positive PWV trends of 0.33 ± 0.06 mm decade−1 with standard errors below 0.03 mm decade−1. The increment in PWV varies between 4.5 and 6.5 % per degree Celsius rise in temperature, which is comparable to the theoretical rate of the Clausius–Clapeyron equation.
PEDOGÊNESE E MORFOGÊNESE NO MÉDIO VALE DO RIO MARRECAS DURANTE O QUATERNÁRIO TARDIO - SUL DO BRASIL
Authors: Paisani Julio Cesar , Pontelli Marga Eliz , Pereira Josielle Samara , Cavazini Alana Jaqueline 
Published: August 2017

É apresentado resultados da aplicação de descrições pedoestratigráficas, análise micromorfológica e estabelecimento de geocronologia dos registros estratigráficos de fundo de vale de segunda ordem colmatado no médio vale do rio Marrecas(Sul do Brasil). Os resultados visaram verificar se os fenômenos de pedogênese e morfogênese detectados na superfície geomófica 2 (S2) se estenderam para oeste superfícies geomórficas regionais entre os estados do Paraná e Santa Catarina. Constata-se que os fenômenos de pedogênese e morfogênese no médio vale do rio Marrecas estão em conformidade com outros reconhecidos em escala regional, no que se refere ao período entre o Último Interestadial e o Último Máximo Glacial, enquanto que fatos sugeridos como ocorridos no Holoceno necessitam melhor compreensão.
MORFOMETRIA DO RELEVO E DINÂMICA EROSIVA LINEAR EM ÁREA RURAL DEGRADADA NO OESTE PAULISTA
Authors: Scudeller Zanatta Felipe Augusto , Lupinacci Cenira Maria , Boin Marcos Norberto 
Published: August 2017

A degradação dos solos representa um problema de proporções mundiais. Na região sudeste do Brasil, um dos principais fatores de degradação está relacionado a erosão linear, consequência do intenso desmatamento. Considerando essa problemática, o objetivo desse artigo foi avaliar a correlação espacial da morfometria do relevo com as feições erosivas lineares, a fim de melhor compreender a dinâmica de tais processos em uma bacia localizada no Município de Marabá Paulista (SP). Para tanto, foram mapeadas em escala 1:10.000, as feições erosivas em sulco, ravina e voçoroca, nos cenários de 1963, 1997 e 2015, e a morfometria do relevo. Dos mapeamentos, quantificou-se a área afetada por sulcos, ravinas e voçorocas de todos cenários e a área ocupada por cada classe de morfometria do relevo. Tais dados foram, posteriormente, avaliados através do Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson (p) e da densidade normatizada. Como resultado, na Bacia estudada, que desde 1963 apresenta mais de 90% da cobertura superficial alterada para fins agropastoris, observou-se o processo erosivo evoluindo de forma progressiva e sistêmica ao longo dos cenários. A expansão da área atingida por voçorocamento gerou o avanço das ravinas para setores cuja morfometria, teoricamente, não proporciona condições para a ocorrência de tais processos. O mesmo fenômeno registra-se no que se refere aos sulcos erosivos, os quais, por ação erosiva regressiva, posicionam-se nos topos, com baixa potencialidade morfométrica. Constatou-se ainda que, apesar do uso de diversas técnicas de contenção dos processos erosivos, essas não contribuíram para a resolução da problemática.
The Procedural Rules of the Court of Arbitration for Sport
Authors: Davanloo Mohamad Reza 
Published: August 2017

The court of arbitration for sport is currently one of the main actors in the world of international sports. The court, established in 1984 by Juan Antonio Samaranch; the former president of the international Olympic committee, tries to settle the disputes arising in international sports in a specialized and efficient way through taking into account both rights and obligations of athletes and sports bodies. One of the most important success factors of the court is its procedural rules and regulations. These rules of the court are inserted in the code of arbitration for sport. The code created by the International Council of Arbitration for Sport tries to settle the sport related disputes in the best possible way to meet rights of the parties. In this procedure that is revised several times, core and fundamental legal principles such as process and procedural fairness are considered. Considering the significance of procedural rules in providing justice for parties in a dispute, this study is aimed in studying the different aspects of procedural rules of the court of arbitration for sports.
Evaluation of the Flagging Performance of the Hematology Analyzer Sysmex XN Series on the Basis of “Q Values”
Authors: Kweon Oh Joo , Lee Mi-Kyung , Kim Hye Ryoun 
Published: August 2017

Context.—In the XN series of hematology analyzers (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan), the probability of the presence of abnormal cells is indicated by flags based on Q values.Objective.—To evaluate the Q value performance of the Sysmex XN-20 modular analyzer.Design.—The interinstrumental concordance, intrainstrumental precision, and diagnostic accuracy of Q values, with tested flags of “blasts/abnormal lymphocytes,” “atypical lymphocytes,” and “blasts,” were investigated.Results.—Absolute concordance rates in flagging between 2 analyzers ranged from 69.8% to 80.8%, and κ values ranged from 0.43 to 0.61. In samples with absolute related cell counts lower than 100/μL, the values ranged from 0.31 to 0.52. For intrainstrumental precision, standard deviations ranged from 4.8 to 23.9 for the blasts/abnormal lymphocytes, from 18.7 to 59.1 for the blasts, and from 11.0 to 23.0 for the atypical lymphocytes. Using a default Q value cutoff, diagnostic accuracy values based on the area under the curve, sensitivity, and specificity were, respectively, 0.910, 90.9%, and 72.2% for blasts/abnormal lymphocytes; 0.927, 84.9%, and 89.8% for blasts; and 0.865, 74.4%, and 84.9% for atypical lymphocytes. The diagnostic accuracy of Q values was much lower in samples with absolute related cell counts lower than 100/μL than in those 100/μL or higher.Conclusions.—Q values of the Sysmex XN-20 analyzer were found to be imprecise and irreproducible, especially with samples containing a small number of pathologic cells. Adjustments in the Q value threshold may help in the detection of these cells.
ESPÉCIES ARBÓREAS POTENCIAIS PARA A REVEGETAÇÃO DE REJEITO SALINO CONTAMINADO COM ARSÊNIO
Authors: Guimarães Lorena Abdalla de Oliveira Prata , Assis Igor Rodrigues de , Dias Luiz Eduardo , Cordeiro Amanda Longhi , Freire Aline Soares 
Published: August 2017

O beneficiamento dos minérios de ouro explotados em Paracatu - MG gera rejeitos com características químicas e físicas limitantes ao crescimento de plantas, principalmente pelo elevado teor de arsênio (As) e salinidade. Para a revegetação desse material, é necessário identificar espécies capazes de se desenvolver sob essas condições. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de quatro espécies arbóreas para a revegetação de rejeito salino contaminado com As. O substrato de plantio consistiu em rejeitos provenientes do beneficiamento do minério B1. As espécies Tibouchina granulosa (quaresmeira), Schizolobium amazonicum Huber ex Ducke (paricá), Euterpe edulis Mart. (juçara) e Cassia grandis (cássia-rósea) foram plantadas por meio de mudas e, após quatro meses de cultivo, foram avaliados atributos dos substratos e das plantas. Diversas plantas apresentaram sintomas causados, possivelmente, pela toxicidade de As. Esses sintomas foram mais evidentes e intensos nas plantas de quaresmeira e juçara. No entanto, somente as plantas de quaresmeira morreram, provavelmente devido à elevada taxa de translocação de As (51%) e à inexistência de mecanismos de tolerância da espécie. O potencial de uso das espécies para a revegetação do rejeito segue a ordem paricá > cássia-rósea. Paricá é a que apresenta o maior potencial para a implantação inicial de vegetação, demonstrando maior capacidade de adaptação às características do rejeito. As espécies juçara e quaresmeira não são recomendadas para a revegetação do rejeito. Possivelmente o arsênio e/ou a salinidade comprometem o desenvolvimento das plantas, sendo letais para a quaresmeira.
Continuously amplified warming in the Alaskan Arctic: Implications for estimating global warming hiatus
Authors: Wang Kang , Zhang Tingjun , Zhang Xiangdong , Clow Gary D. , Jafarov Elchin E. , Overeem Irina , Romanovsky Vladimir , Peng Xiaoqing , Cao Bin 
Published: August 2017

AbstractHistorically, in situ measurements have been notoriously sparse over the Arctic. As a consequence, the existing gridded data of surface air temperature (SAT) may have large biases in estimating the warming trend in this region. Using data from an expanded monitoring network with 31 stations in the Alaskan Arctic, we demonstrate that the SAT has increased by 2.19°C in this region, or at a rate of 0.23°C/decade during 1921–2015. Meanwhile, we found that the SAT warmed at 0.71°C/decade over 1998–2015, which is 2 to 3 times faster than the rate established from the gridded data sets. Focusing on the “hiatus” period 1998–2012 as identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, the SAT has increased at 0.45°C/decade, which captures more than 90% of the regional trend for 1951–2012. We suggest that sparse in situ measurements are responsible for underestimation of the SAT change in the gridded data sets. It is likely that enhanced climate warming may also have happened in the other regions of the Arctic since the late 1990s but left undetected because of incomplete observational coverage.
On the Short‐term Grounding Zone Dynamics of Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica, Observed With COSMO‐SkyMed Interferometric Data
Authors: Milillo Pietro , Rignot Eric , Mouginot Jeremie , Scheuchl Bernd , Morlighem Mathieu , Li Xin , Salzer Jacqueline T. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractUsing radar satellite data from the Italian COSMO‐SkyMed (CSK) constellation and the German TanDEM‐X formation, we present comprehensive measurements of the biweekly grounding line dynamics of Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica, from August to December 2015. The 1 day repeat cycle of CSK reveals tidally induced, grounding line migration on the scale of kilometers and extensive seawater intrusion within the grounding zone, which significantly exceeds that predicted for a stiff bed but are consistent with that calculated for a deformable bed. The deformable bed also explains the continuous draining/filling of subglacial lakes proximal to the grounding line. After correction for oceanic tides, we estimate a retreat rate for 2011–2015 of 0.3 km/yr at the glacier center and 0.5 km/yr on the sides, which is 3 times slower than for 1994–2011 (1.2 km/yr at the center). We attribute the decrease in retreat rate to colder ocean conditions in 2012–2013 relative to 2000–2011.
Rapid Loss of Radiation Belt Relativistic Electrons by EMIC Waves
Authors: Su Zhenpeng , Gao Zhonglei , Zheng Huinan , Wang Yuming , Wang Shui , Spence H. E. , Reeves G. D. , Baker D. N. , Wygant J. R. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractHow relativistic electrons are lost is an important question surrounding the complex dynamics of the Earth's outer radiation belt. Radial loss to the magnetopause and local loss to the atmosphere are two main competing paradigms. Here on the basis of the analysis of a radiation belt storm event on 27 February 2014, we present new evidence for the electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave‐driven local precipitation loss of relativistic electrons in the heart of the outer radiation belt. During the main phase of this storm, the radial profile of relativistic electron phase space density was quasi‐monotonic, qualitatively inconsistent with the prediction of radial loss theory. The local loss at low L shells was required to prevent the development of phase space density peak resulting from the radial loss process at high L shells. The rapid loss of relativistic electrons in the heart of outer radiation belt was observed as a dip structure of the electron flux temporal profile closely related to intense EMIC waves. Our simulations further confirm that the observed EMIC waves within a quite limited longitudinal region were able to reduce the off‐equatorially mirroring relativistic electron fluxes by up to 2 orders of magnitude within about 1.5 h.
Statistical Study of Relations Between the Induced Magnetosphere, Ion Composition, and Pressure Balance Boundaries Around Mars Based On MAVEN Observations
Authors: Matsunaga Kazunari , Seki Kanako , Brain David A. , Hara Takuya , Masunaga Kei , Mcfadden James P. , Halekas Jasper S. , Mitchell David L. , Mazelle Christian , Espley J. R. , Gruesbeck Jacob , Jakosky Bruce M. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractDirect interaction between the solar wind (SW) and the Martian upper atmosphere forms a characteristic region, called the induced magnetosphere between the magnetosheath and the ionosphere. Since the SW deceleration due to increasing mass loading by heavy ions plays an important role in the induced magnetosphere formation, the ion composition is also expected to change around the induced magnetosphere boundary (IMB). Here we report on relations of the IMB, the ion composition boundary (ICB), and the pressure balance boundary based on a statistical analysis of about 8 months of simultaneous ion, electron, and magnetic field observations by Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission. We chose the period when MAVEN observed the SW directly near its apoapsis to investigate their dependence on SW parameters. Results show that IMBs almost coincide with ICBs on the dayside and locations of all three boundaries are affected by the SW dynamic pressure. A remarkable feature is that all boundaries tend to locate at higher altitudes in the southern hemisphere than in the northern hemisphere on the nightside. This clear geographical asymmetry is permanently seen regardless of locations of the strong crustal B fields in the southern hemisphere, while the boundary locations become higher when the crustal B fields locate on the dayside. On the nightside, IMBs usually locate at higher altitude than ICBs. However, ICBs are likely to be located above IMBs in the nightside, southern, and downward ESW hemisphere when the strong crustal B fields locate on the dayside.
Discovery of Suprathermal Ionospheric Origin Fe+ in and Near Earth's Magnetosphere
Authors: Christon S. P. , Hamilton D. C. , Plane J. M. C. , Mitchell D. G. , Grebowsky J. M. , Spjeldvik W. N. , Nylund S. R. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractSuprathermal (87–212 keV/e) singly charged iron, Fe+, has been discovered in and near Earth's ~9–30 RE equatorial magnetosphere using ~21 years of Geotail STICS (suprathermal ion composition spectrometer) data. Its detection is enhanced during higher geomagnetic and solar activity levels. Fe+, rare compared to dominant suprathermal solar wind and ionospheric origin heavy ions, might derive from one or all three candidate lower‐energy sources: (a) ionospheric outflow of Fe+ escaped from ion layers near ~100 km altitude, (b) charge exchange of nominal solar wind iron, Fe+≥7, in Earth's exosphere, or (c) inner source pickup Fe+ carried by the solar wind, likely formed by solar wind Fe interaction with near‐Sun interplanetary dust particles. Earth's semipermanent ionospheric Fe+ layers derive from tons of interplanetary dust particles entering Earth's atmosphere daily, and Fe+ scattered from these layers is observed up to ~1000 km altitude, likely escaping in strong ionospheric outflows. Using ~26% of STICS's magnetosphere‐dominated data when possible Fe+2 ions are not masked by other ions, we demonstrate that solar wind Fe charge exchange secondaries are not an obvious Fe+ source. Contemporaneous Earth flyby and cruise data from charge‐energy‐mass spectrometer on the Cassini spacecraft, a functionally identical instrument, show that inner source pickup Fe+ is likely not important at suprathermal energies. Consequently, we suggest that ionospheric Fe+ constitutes at least a significant portion of Earth's suprathermal Fe+, comparable to the situation at Saturn where suprathermal Fe+ is also likely of ionospheric origin.
The Characteristic Pitch Angle Distributions of 1 eV to 600 keV Protons Near the Equator Based On Van Allen Probes Observations
Authors: Yue Chao , Bortnik Jacob , Thorne Richard M. , Ma Qianli , An Xin , Chappell C. R. , Gerrard Andrew J. , Lanzerotti Louis J. , Shi Quanqi , Reeves Geoffrey D. , Spence Harlan E. , Mitchell Donald G. , Gkioulidou Matina , Kletzing Craig A. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractUnderstanding the source and loss processes of various plasma populations is greatly aided by having accurate knowledge of their pitch angle distributions (PADs). Here we statistically analyze ~1 eV to 600 keV hydrogen (H+) PADs near the geomagnetic equator in the inner magnetosphere based on Van Allen Probes measurements, to comprehensively investigate how the H+ PADs vary with different energies, magnetic local times (MLTs), L shells, and geomagnetic conditions. Our survey clearly indicates four distinct populations with different PADs: (1) a pancake distribution of the plasmaspheric H+ at low L shells except for dawn sector; (2) a bidirectional field‐aligned distribution of the warm plasma cloak; (3) pancake or isotropic distributions of ring current H+; (4) radiation belt particles show pancake, butterfly, and isotropic distributions depending on their energy, MLT, and L shell. Meanwhile, the pancake distribution of ring current H+ moves to lower energies as L shell increases, which is primarily caused by adiabatic transport. Furthermore, energetic H+ (>10 keV) PADs become more isotropic following the substorm injections, indicating wave‐particle interactions. The radiation belt H+ butterfly distributions are identified in a narrow energy range of 100 < E < 400 keV at large L (L > 5), which are less significant during quiet times and extend from dusk to dawn sector through midnight during substorms. The different PADs near the equator provide clues of the underlying physical processes that produce the dynamics of these different populations.
Understanding the Mechanisms of Radiation Belt Dropouts Observed by Van Allen Probes
Authors: Xiang Zheng , Tu Weichao , Li Xinlin , Ni Binbin , Morley S. K. , Baker D. N. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractTo achieve a better understanding of the dominant loss mechanisms for the rapid dropouts of radiation belt electrons, three distinct radiation belt dropout events observed by Van Allen Probes are comprehensively investigated. For each event, observations of the pitch angle distribution of electron fluxes and electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are analyzed to determine the effects of atmospheric precipitation loss due to pitch angle scattering induced by EMIC waves. Last closed drift shells (LCDS) and magnetopause standoff position are obtained to evaluate the effects of magnetopause shadowing loss. Evolution of electron phase space density (PSD) versus L* profiles and the μ and K (first and second adiabatic invariants) dependence of the electron PSD drops are calculated to further analyze the dominant loss mechanisms at different L*. Our findings suggest that these radiation belt dropouts can be classified into distinct classes in terms of dominant loss mechanisms: magnetopause shadowing dominant, EMIC wave scattering dominant, and combination of both mechanisms. Different from previous understanding, our results show that magnetopause shadowing can deplete electrons at L* < 4, while EMIC waves can efficiently scatter electrons at L* > 4. Compared to the magnetopause standoff position, it is more reliable to use LCDS to evaluate the impact of magnetopause shadowing. The evolution of electron PSD versus L* profile and the μ, K dependence of electron PSD drops can provide critical and credible clues regarding the mechanisms responsible for electron losses at different L* over the outer radiation belt.