bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A full‐scale thermophilic biofilter in the treatment of sludge drying exhaust: performance, microbial characteristics and bioaerosol emission
Authors: Yang Kaixiong , Li Lin , Ding Wenjie , Liu Junxin , Xue Song 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDVolatile organic compounds (VOCs), NH3, and SO2 generated from a sludge drying process were treated by a full‐scale thermophilic biofilter (FTB). The correlation between gaseous pollutants removal and the microbial community structure in the FTB was studied. Bioaerosols emission from the FTB was also investigated.RESULTSMore than 90% of VOCs, NH3, and SO2 were removed at steady state. The maximum elimination capacities of VOCs, NH3, and SO2 were 3.01, 1.83, and 5.13 g m‐3 h‐1, respectively. Analysis of clone libraries indicated that the structure of the bacterial communities showed temporal variation. Species that have the abilities of desulfuring and denitrifying, e.g. Alcaligenes sp., Comamonas sp., Sphingobacterium sp., and Bacillus sp., were abundant in the FTB. High bioaerosols concentration of nearly 2.3 × 103 CFU m‐3 was detected in the FTB outlet. Most of the bacteria in bioaerosols were assigned to Pseudomonas sp., which were the main bacteria attached to the surface of packing materials.CONCLUSIONThe FTB was highly efficient and showed potential for the removal of real complex gases at high temperature. The composition of the inlet stream influenced the species and abundance of microorganisms in the FTB. Control of bioaerosols emission should be taken into account in the future. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Biofiltration of hexane, acetone and dimethyl sulphide using wood, compost and silicone foam
Authors: Bruneel Joren , Walgraeve Christophe , Mukurarinda Juvenal , Boon Nico , Van Langenhove Herman 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDBiofiltration is a technique to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from waste gas streams. It can be regarded as a sustainable treatment technology with low operational costs and good performance. The treatment of hydrophobic compounds is however difficult, due to the low mass transfer towards the water phase on top of the biofilm present on the packing material. To overcome this mass transfer limitation, a hydrophobic silicone foam was added to a conventional biofilter containing compost and wood dowels.RESULTSThe biofilter was operated for 180 days to treat acetone, hexane and dimethyl sulphide at an empty bed residence time of 57 s with inlet load varying up to 4.5 g m3 h‐1. The highest removal efficiency of acetone, dimethyl sulphide and hexane was, respectively, 99%, 80% and 50%. The affinity of the target compounds towards the packing material was quantified in terms of the packing material‐to‐air partitioning coefficient, which was measured using a SIFT‐MS based breakthrough approach. These experiments revealed that hexane has a 20 to 100 times higher affinity for silicone foam than compost and wood. Microbial community analysis was performed on the different substituents of the packing material at the inlet and outlet. No significant differences in relative abundance were observed between the types of packing materials. Comparison with literature revealed the presence of bacterial strains that were not yet reported in biofilter studies.CONCLUSIONSilicone foam in a biofiltration set‐up showed good performances against the degradation of the target VOCs and mass transfer to the packing material can be increased. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
A Human Natural Killer Cell-Associated Antigen Defined by Monoclonal Antibody Anti-Leu (NKP-15): Functional and Two-Color Flow Cytometry Analysis
Authors: Lanier Lewis L , Phillips Joseph H , Warner Noel L , Babcock George F 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
A monoclonal antibody, anti-Leu 11a (NPK-15), was generated against human large granular lymphocyes (LGL). Anti-Leu 11a reacted with the majority of Percoll gradient-enriched LGL cells, a subpopulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) approx (~10–20%), and most granulocytes, but not with a significant number of monocytes, T lymphocytes, or erythocytes. Cell sorting experiments demonstrated that the Leu 11a + population encompassed essentially all functional natural killer (NK) cells in the peripheral blood. Two-color flow cytometry analysis of PBL populations stained with anti-Leu 11a and anti-Leu 7 revealed the existence of four distinct populations: Leu 11a –, 7 +; Leu 11a +, 7 –; Leu 11a +, 7 +; and Leu 11a –, 7 –. The Leu 11a + population did not appear to include cells marked with the T cell-associated antigens Leu 1, Leu 2, or Leu 3. The existence of a cell surface antigen common to granulocytes and NK cells, which is capable of distinguishing subpopulations of Leu 7 + cells, provides a useful probe to analyze the nature of the NK lineage.
Interferon Induces Natural Killer Cell Blastogenesis In Vivo
Authors: Biron Christine A , Sonnenfeld Gerald , Welsh Raymond M 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Interferon (IFN), types β and γ, and IFN inducers polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus all stimulated the generation of blast-NK cells in mouse spleens. Blast-NK cells were characterized on the basis of size, 3H-thymidine uptake, and NK cell markers. These data indicate that in addition to augmenting NK cell-mediated lysis, IFN may regulate NK cell proliferation in vivo.
Genetic Control of Macrophage Activation for Killing of Extracellular Targets
Authors: Skamene Emil , James Stephanie L , Meltzer Monte S , Nesbitt Muriel N 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Activated peritoneal macrophages from Corynebacterium parvum-treated mice of most inbred strains, including C57BL/6J (B), are cytotoxic to adherent 1023 sarcoma target cells as well as to larvae of Schistosoma mansoni. Macrophages from A/J (A) strain mice, on the other hand, are defective in this function. Segregation analysis of these two traits was compatible with the hypothesis that effective activation is, in each case, controlled by a single, dominant, autosomal gene. Typing of individual animals of the segregating backcross progeny and of AXB/BXA recombinant inbred strains for the expression of macrophage activation for tumoricidal and schistosomulicidal activity indicates that the genetic control of these two traits is closely linked or identical.
Lysosomal Glycosidases in Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages Stimulated In Vitro With Soluble and Insoluble Glycans
Authors: Bøgwald Jarl , Johnson Egil , Hoffman James , Seljelid Rolf 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Mouse peritoneal macrophages stimulated with insoluble glycans in vitro release high amounts of acid hydrolases, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, β-D-glucuronidase, and β-D-galactosidase. The most potent of the stimulatory glycans is a β-1,3-D-glucan isolated from yeast cell walls. Up to 50% of total enzyme activity was found in the medium after stimulation with this glycan for three days. Agarose, another insoluble glycan containing an alternating sequence of the disaccharide β-1,3-D-galactose-α-1,4-3,6-anhydro-L-galactose units was less potent. The soluble β-1,3-D-glucan laminaran, which also contains small amounts of mannitol, was not able to induce release of acid glycosidases from macrophages. The release was independent of serum since macrophages cultured under serum-free conditions showed nearly the same pattern of enzyme activities, both in the cells and media. There was no increased release of the acid hydrolase α-D-mannosidase after stimulation with the insoluble β-1,3-D-glucan for three days. The release of the lysosomal glycosidases was not due to cell death, since only small amounts of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase were found in the culture media. Insoluble polystyrene latex particles were not able to stimulate mouse macrophages to release lysosomal glycosidases.
Tritiated glycans (amylose, dextran, laminaran, the insoluble β-1,3-D-glucan, and agarose) and the p-nitrophenyl-glycopyranoside derivatives were used as substrates to investigate whether the macrophages contained or released glucanases capable of degrading α-1,4-D-glucans, α-1-6-D-glucans, β-1,3-D-glucans, and agarose respectively. We conclude that the glycans were not degraded in macrophage cultures during the time period tested nor were the enzymes induced in macrophages by the glycans during in vitro culture for seven days.
Chemiluminescence and Lymphocyte Proliferation: Parallelism in Collaboration Between Subpopulations of Thymus Cells for Both Types of Responses
Authors: Mookerjee Basab K , Wakerle Hartmut , Sharon Nathan , Fischer Herbert 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Rat thymocytes respond to exposure to phytomitogens by oxidant generation as detected by chemiluminescence in presence of luminol. Maximal chemiluminescent response to a wide variety of plant lectins was obtained only after the cells had been incubated for 18 hours at 37°C but not at 4°C. This temperature dependence and the necessity for intact protein-and RNA-synthetic machinery during the incubation period indicate the occurrence of differentiation of thymocytes as they develop the capacity for chemiluminescent response. Furthermore, adherent-phagocytic cells play an essential collaborative role during this differentiation. A remarkable parallelism was shown to exist in the capacity of a cell subset to respond to concanavalin A by DNA synthesis and the ability of the same subset to respond by chemiluminescence. The latest-sedimenting small lymphocytes after velocity sedimentation of thymus cells develop the capacity for DNA-synthetic as well as chemiluminescent responses to concanavalin A only if allowed to collaborate with a population of early-sedimenting adherent-phagocytic cells.
Impaired Motility of Neonatal PMN Leukocytes: Relationship to Abnormalities of Cell Orientation and Assembly of Microtubules in Chemotactic Gradients
Authors: Anderson D C , Hughes B J , Wible L J , Perry G J , Brinkley B R , Smith C W 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
To allow a further understanding of the pathogenesis of impaired stimulated locomotion by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in human neonates, we studied cellular orientation by neonatal PMNs in response to well-defined chemotactic gradients (Zigmond orientation chambers) and characterized the cytoplasmic microtubule (MT) complex of neonatal PMNs during cell orientation and movement. PMN suspensions obtained from 52 neonates demonstrated a diminished capacity to undergo orientation at all time intervals after exposure to gradients of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl phenylalanine (f-Met-Leu-Phe) or C5a. Among responding (orienting) neonatal PMNs observed, only 70% (f-Met-Leu-Phe) or 59% (C5a) oriented accurately (toward chemotactic gradients) as compared to values of 96% (f-Met-Leu-Phe) or 92% (C5a) for adult controls. Furthermore, neonatal PMNs failed to alter their direction of orientation/migration when chemotactic gradients were reversed. Similar abnormalities were observed when 10-fold gradients of f-Met-Leu-Phe were employed over a concentration range between 10−7 and 10−11 M. Employing tubulin immunofluorescence, the cytoplasmic MT complex of-neonatal PMNs was assessed prior to and after cell exposure to uniform concentrations or gradients of chemotactic factors (CFs). MT assembly by neonatal PMNs studied under these experimental conditions was significantly diminished. Neonatal cell suspensions demonstrated 26 ± 5 (f-Met-Leu-Phe) or 27 ± 6 (C5a) MT/cell as compared to respective values of 36 ± 6 or 35 ± 5 for adult suspensions (P &lt;.001). MT lengths of neonatal PMNs increased from 6.7 ± 1 µm (PBS) to 7.5 ± 1 µm (f-Met-Leu-Phe) or 7.3 ± 1 µm (C5a) as © 1984 Alan R. Liss, Inc. Anderson et al compared to values of 6.5 ± 1 µm (PBS), 11.1 ± 1 µm (f-Met-Leu-Phe), and 10.9 ± 1 µm (C5a) for adult PMNs exposed to gradients or uniform concentrations of CFs (P &lt;.01 for both f-Met-Leu-Phe and C5a). Thus, the polymerized tubulin mass product of chemotactically stimulated neonatal PMNs (202 µm) was significantly (P &lt;.001) diminished as compared to adult PMNs (360 µm). As shown by a [3H]colchicine binding assay, impaired MT assembly could not be attributed to diminished cytoplasmic tubulin content of neonatal PMNs, which was comparable to adult PMNs.
Changes in Rabbit Febrile Responses to Muramyl Dipeptide (MDP) After Coupling to a Synthetic Carrier
Authors: Riveau Gilles , Parant Monique , Chedid Louis 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is a small molecular weight synthetic glycopeptide (&lt; 500), which has been shown to be an immunoadjuvant, and to induce a biphasic febrile response in the rabbit—probably via the release of endogenous pyrogen—accompanied by a marked leukopenia. Macromolecularization by coupling to a synthetic carrier (MW = 60,000) potentiates the immunostim-ulant properties of MDP but also its pyrogenicity. The present study demonstrates that such a conjugate induced the release of endogenous pyrogen in vivo and in vitro at lower dosage levels than free MDP. Further experiments showed that there existed several differences between free and conjugated MDP. Thus, after intravenous administration of the conjugate, the fever pattern was monophasic with a prompt defervescence and not accompanied by leukopenia at dosage levels inducing similar increase in body temperature. In addition, when fever was recorded after intracerebroventricular administration, the increase in sensitivity was much greater in the case of free MDP than of MDP-A-L.
Intralipid Effects on Reticuloendothelial Function
Authors: Nugent K M 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Malnourished patients frequently received parenteral nutrition with Intralipid, a lipid emulsion that accumulates in the reticuloendothelial tissue in some patients. To examine the potential of this emulsion as a risk factor for infection, I evaluated its effect on peritoneal clearance processes and on macrophage function. Mice treated with Intralipid (0.5 ml intraperitoneal^) twice daily for 4 days had delayed clearance of Staphylococcus aureus from the peritoneal cavity and had increased staphylococcal dissemination to renal tissue. However, this regimen did not alter the neutrophil influx into the peritoneum elicited by this bacterial challenge. Intralipid also delayed the clearance of inert carbon particles from the peritoneal cavity. Peritoneal macrophages incubated with Intralipid (40% vol/vol) in tissue culture media for 18 hr became rounded and more phase dense, and these cells had multiple homogenous cytoplasmic deposits. This Intralipid exposure reduced phagocytic and pinocytic activities in these monolayers, and the phagocytic defect persisted for at least 24 hr after cells were removed from media supplemented with Intralipid. In summary, these results demonstrate that Intralipid inhibits peritoneal clearance processes and that this alteration probably reflects impaired macrophage (free cells) and reticuloendothelial function. In some patients this form of nutritional therapy may increase the risk of infection.
Murine Cytomegalovirus-Induced Macrophage Dysfunction
Authors: Pesanti E L , Shanley J D 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Macrophages infected in vitro with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) manifest depressed phagocytic uptake of a variety of particles within hours after the initiation of infection. Analysis of kinetics of uptake of radiolabeled Staphylococcus aureus by MCMV-infected macrophages indicates that the diminished uptake results from a depression in the calculated maximum velocity of uptake (Vmax) with the apparent Michaelis constant (KM) remaining unaltered. This pattern of altered uptake is typical of that seen after manipulations that affect the surface interactions of macrophages with ingestible particles. Coincubation of macrophages and radiolabeled Staphylococcus with opsonizing antibody resulted in normalization of the phagocytic rates. The surface localization of the defective phagocytosis was further confirmed by light and scanning electron microscopy of the macrophages incubated with Staphylococcus or latex spherules. These data indicate that defective macrophage phagocytosis induced by MCMV infection results from an aberration in the macrophage surface that interferes with the initial macrophage-particle interactions that initiate nonimmune phagocytosis.
Peritoneal Macrophages of Pathogen-Free Rats but not of Conventional Rats Secrete Elastolytic Activity
Authors: Goodrum Kenneth J , Guzman Georgianna S , Lindsey J R , Silberman M , Spitznagel J K 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Elicited peritoneal macrophages from Sprague-Dawley rats conventionally bred and housed failed, as we have reported, to produce detectable elastolytic activity in culture. They did produce lysozyme and plasminogen activator. We now show that in contrast to these cells, macrophages from pathogen-free, barrier-sustained rats produced readily demonstrable elastolytic activity. Rats raised pathogen-free and subsequently housed conventionally for 2–4 wk appeared to lose the capacity to afford macrophages producing elastase. At the same time they acquired infections with several rat pathogens including Spironucleus muris, Kilham rat virus, sialodacryoadinitis virus, and mycoplasma pulmonis. The acquisition by the rats of one or more of these infections, conditions conducive to infection, or both factors may have suppressed their capacity to yield elastolytic activity.
Differential Expression of Macrophage Effector Functions: Bactericidal Versus Tumoricidal Activities
Authors: Campbell Priscilla A , Czuprynski Charles J , Cook James L 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Macrophage populations may be induced to express tumoricidal or bactericidal activities following exposure to certain stimuli. An understanding of the differences in the stimulatory mechanisms and in the characteristics of the macrophages they affect will be facilitated by comparing functional activities of various macrophage populations. The experiments described here were conducted to determine whether injection of a single stimulus necessarily drives cells to express both tumoricidal and bactericidal activities or whether selected reagents can drive cells to express one activity without expressing the other. The data show that a single population of mouse or hamster peritoneal exudate cells obtained following injection of proteose peptone is bactericidal for Listeria monocytogenes and for E. coli, but is not tumoricidal for TCMK-1, Ad2HE3, or mKS-A TU-5 target cells. In contrast, peritoneal exudate cells collected after injection of Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) organisms are always highly tumoricidal, and either show no effect on Listeria monocytogenes or E. coli, or are at best bacteriostatic. Data indicate that the effector cells in these assays are macrophages, that the dissociation of tumoricidal and bactericidal activity occurs over a wide dose range, and that the tumoricidal capabilities are not artifacts of the assay system. These results suggest that a given macrophage population may preferentially express tumoricidal or bactericidal activities depending on the stimulus used.
Interleukin 1 Secretion by Human Monocytes and Macrophages
Authors: Mayernik David G , Haq Amin , Rinehart John J 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is generally regarded as a major regulator of T lymphocyte proliferation. Macrophages from animals and cloned tumor cell lines have been shown to produce this monokine in response to a variety of stimuli. The ability of human monocytes and macrophages to generate IL-1 is much less well characterized. We previously demonstrated that human monocytes cultured for 1–6 days transformed to macrophages but retained their capacity to support concanavalin A-driven T cell proliferation. However, cultured macrophage capacity to support antigen-driven T cell proliferation began to decline after 3 days of culture and was markedly deficient by 6 days of culture. To determine if this loss of accessory cell function was due to the inability to secrete IL-1, we measured the monokine produced by normal fresh human monocytes and macrophages cultured in vitro from monocytes. IL-1 was assayed by the mouse thymocyte proliferation method. Fresh monocytes secreted IL-1 readily in response to lipopolysaccaride and latex particles. Macrophages cultured from fresh monocytes, however, lost this ability after ≥2 days in culture. Mixing experiments failed to demonstrate an inhibitor present in the macrophage supernatants that would suppress thymocyte proliferation. Stimulated T cells incubated with monocytes and 3-day cultured macrophages failed to prolong or promote IL-1 secretion.
Inhibition of CFU-E Colony Formation by Resident Peritoneal Macrophages From Hybrids of BALB/c Mice
Authors: Johnson Candace S , Furmanski Philip 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In previous studies, macrophages have been shown to influence in vitro colony formation by erythroid progenitors (CFU-E). To determine whether the origin of the macrophages influences their effects on in vitro erythropoiesis, plasma clot cultures of CFU-E were grown over adherent monolayers of macrophages from various strains of mice. Macrophages were separated from the plasma clot cultures by an intermediary layer of agar. Normal resident macrophages from BALB/c mice and several other inbred strains had no effect on CFU-E colony formation. In contrast, macrophages from a strain of mice termed BWF, which were originally identified as BALB/c but subsequently shown to be a hybrid of BALB/c and outbred CFW mice, strongly inhibited erythroid colony formation. Resident macrophages from the parental outbred CFW mice inhibited CFU-E in 50% of the animals tested. Inhibition was obtained in both homologous and autologous macrophage-CFU-E combinations and was therefore not due to histoincompatibility effects, nor was inhibition related to prostaglandin production by the macrophages or to effects on erythropoietin levels in the assay system. The results demonstrate that normal resident macrophages influence in vitro erythropoiesis and that the effects observed are dependent on the genotype of the mice from which the cells are derived.
The Effects of C-Reactive Protein on Human Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity
Authors: Vetter Marsha L , Gewurz Henry , Baum Linda L 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a trace serum protein that increases markedly in concentration during inflammatory reactions. Although CRP, in the presence of a multivalent ligand, binds in vitro to a small percentage of peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors and is present on natural killer (NK) cells, exogenous addition of CRP has few effects on human lymphocytes. CRP causes minimal enhancement of proliferation in a mixed lymphocyte culture and a slight increase in 3H-thymidine uptake by unstimulated cells. The most significant effect of CRP is a substantial increase in cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC). In this publication, we show that CRP dramatically enhances the alloantigen-activated cytotoxic response only when it is present at the initiation of culture and that pretreatment of responder cells with CRP will not produce enhancement. Although the CMC enhancement generated the presence of CRP is not antigen specific, it is mediated by a T cell, and neither NK-like cells nor monocytes are involved in mediating CRP enhanced killing.