bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Redundancy principle for optimal random search in biology
Authors: Schuss Z. , Basnayake K. , Holcman D. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractChemical activation rate is traditionally determined by the diffusion flux into an absorbing ball, as computed by Smoluchowski in 1916. Thus the rate is set by the mean first passage time (MFPT) of a Brownian particle to a small target. This paradigm is shifted in this manuscript to set the time scale of activation in cellular biology to the mean time of the first among many arrivals of particles at the activation site. This rate is very different from the MFPT and depends on different geometrical parameters. The shift calls for the reconsideration of physical modeling such as deterministic and stochastic chemical reactions based on the traditional forward rate, especially for fast activation processes occurring in living cells. Consequently, the biological activation time is not necessarily exponential. The new paradigm clarifies the role of population redundancy in accelerating search processes and in defining cellular-activation time scales. This is the case, for example, in cellular transduction or in the nonlinear dependence of fertilization rate on the number of spermatozoa. We conclude that statistics of the extreme set the new laws of biology, which can be very different from the physical laws derived for individuals.
Unsupervised discovery of demixed, low-dimensional neural dynamics across multiple timescales through tensor components analysis
Authors: Williams Alex H. , Kim Tony Hyun , Wang Forea , Vyas Saurabh , Ryu Stephen I. , Shenoy Krishna V. , Schnitzer Mark , Kolda Tamara G. , Ganguli Surya 
Published: October 2017

AbstractPerceptions, thoughts and actions unfold over millisecond timescales, while learned behaviors can require many days to mature. While recent experimental advances enable large-scale and long-term neural recordings with high temporal fidelity, it remains a formidable challenge to extract unbiased and interpretable descriptions of how rapid single-trial circuit dynamics change slowly over many trials to mediate learning. We demonstrate a simple tensor components analysis (TCA) can meet this challenge by extracting three interconnected low dimensional descriptions of neural data: neuron factors, reflecting cell assemblies; temporal factors, reflecting rapid circuit dynamics mediating perceptions, thoughts, and actions within each trial; and trial factors, describing both long-term learning and trial-to-trial changes in cognitive state. We demonstrate the broad applicability of TCA by revealing insights into diverse datasets derived from artificial neural networks, large-scale calcium imaging of rodent prefrontal cortex during maze navigation, and multielectrode recordings of macaque motor cortex during brain machine interface learning.
A novel high accuracy bandgap reference voltage source
Authors: Wang Songlin , Feng Shuang , Wang Hui , Yao Yu , Mao Jinhua , Lai Xinquan 
Published: October 2017

Purpose
This paper aims to design a new bandgap reference circuit with complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology.

Design/methodology/approach
Different from the conventional bandgap reference circuit with operational amplifiers, this design directly connects the two bases of the transistors with both the ends of the resistor. The transistor acts as an amplifier to amplify the change of voltage, which is convenient for the feedback regulation of low dropout regulator (LDO) regulator circuit, at last to realize the temperature control. In addition, introducing the depletion-type metal–oxide–semiconductor transistor and the transistor operating in the saturation region through the connection of the novel circuit structure makes a further improvement on the performance of the whole circuit.

Findings
This design is base on the 0.18?m process of BCD, and the new bandgap reference circuit is verified. The results show that the circuit design not only is simple and novel but also can effectively improve the performance of the circuit. Bandgap voltage reference is an important module in integrated circuits and electronic systems. To improve the stability and performance of the whole circuit, simple structure of the bandgap reference voltage source is essential for a chip.

Originality/value
This paper adopts a new circuit structure, which directly connects the two base voltages of the transistors with the resistor. And the transistor acts as an amplifier to amplify the change of voltage, which is convenient for the feedback regulation of LDO regulator circuit, at last to realize the temperature control.
Static failure load predictions in notched steel components using a combined experimental-numerical approach
Authors: Smolnicki Michal Jan , Ptak Michal , Lesiuk Grzegorz 
Published: October 2017

Purpose
The combined numerical-experimental approach has been presented. The purpose of this paper is to determine the critical rupture load of the notched components based on the cohesive zone modeling (CZM).

Design/methodology/approach
The 42CrMo4 steel (in normalized state) state has been tested and modeled using an eXtended finite element method (xFEM) philosophy with the CZM approach. In order to validate the numerically obtained critical load forces the experimental verification was performed.

Findings
The critical loads were determined for various notch configurations. The numerical and experimental values were compared. Based on this, a good agreement between experimental and numerical data is achieved. The relative error does not exceed 7 percent.

Practical implications
The presented procedure and approach is effective and simple for engineering applications. It is worth to underline that the obtained critical load values for notched components require only the static tensile test results and implementation of the presented route in numerical FEM, xFEM environment.

Originality/value
The presented methodology is actual and still developed. The scientific and engineering value of the presented numerical procedure is high.
Iteratively re‐weighted and refined least squares algorithm for robust inversion of geophysical data
Authors: Gholami Ali , Aghamiry Hossein S. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTA robust metric of data misfit such as the ℓ1‐norm is required for geophysical parameter estimation when the data are contaminated by erratic noise. Recently, the iteratively re‐weighted and refined least‐squares algorithm was introduced for efficient solution of geophysical inverse problems in the presence of additive Gaussian noise in the data. We extend the algorithm in two practically important directions to make it applicable to data with non‐Gaussian noise and to make its regularisation parameter tuning more efficient and automatic. The regularisation parameter in iteratively reweighted and refined least‐squares algorithm varies with iteration, allowing the efficient solution of constrained problems. A technique is proposed based on the secant method for root finding to concentrate on finding a solution that satisfies the constraint, either fitting to a target misfit (if a bound on the noise is available) or having a target size (if a bound on the solution is available). This technique leads to an automatic update of the regularisation parameter at each and every iteration. We further propose a simple and efficient scheme that tunes the regularisation parameter without requiring target bounds. This is of great importance for the field data inversion where there is no information about the size of the noise and the solution. Numerical examples from non‐stationary seismic deconvolution and velocity‐stack inversion show that the proposed algorithm is efficient, stable, and robust and outperforms the conventional and state‐of‐the‐art methods.
Targeting general practitioners: Prospective outcomes of a national education program in radiation oncology
Authors: Morris Lucinda , Gorayski Peter , Turner Sandra 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIntroductionWe report on learning outcomes of a standardized national education program aimed at improving general practitioner (GP) knowledge about radiation therapy (RT) and referral pathways to radiation oncologists (ROs).MethodsIn 2014, a GP education program was developed through the Targeting Cancer public awareness campaign of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists (RANZCR) Faculty of Radiation Oncology. The sessions were held in RT departments and comprised of RO‐led case‐based group learning and a department tour. Pre‐ and immediate post‐session surveys assessed four domains: Objective knowledge about RT, understanding of referral pathways to ROs, self‐reported referral behaviours, feedback on the session. A 6‐month follow up survey assessed ongoing knowledge retention.ResultsEighteen sessions were held nationwide between October 2014 and March 2016. One hundred and seventy‐four were surveyed. Pre‐session, 96% of GPs reported their knowledge of RT required improvement. Post‐session, 95% rated their knowledge as ‘excellent’, ‘above average’ or ‘competent’. 32.5% of GPs were not aware of the location of their local RT department. 81% reported patients would benefit from having clearer referral pathways to ROs. 96% agreed the GP's role is to refer cancer patients to relevant specialists to discuss treatment options. However, only 49% were comfortable referring directly to an RO. Post‐session rose to 92%. All respondents felt the session improved their understanding of RT. In the follow up survey, 17 respondents (94%) reported the session had improved their ability to care for cancer patients.ConclusionA national GP education program improves GP knowledge about RT and may influence patient referrals for RT.
Phosphatidylethanol in Comparison to Self‐Reported Alcohol Consumption Among HIV‐Infected Women in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Naltrexone for Reducing Hazardous Drinking
Authors: Wang Yan , Chen Xinguang , Hahn Judith A. , Brumback Babette , Zhou Zhi , Miguez Maria J. , Cook Robert L. 
Published: October 2017

BackgroundBiomarkers can play a key role in supplementing self‐report information in alcohol research. In this study, we examined phosphatidylethanol (PEth) in comparison with self‐reported alcohol use over time in a randomized controlled trial.MethodsParticipants were women living with HIV enrolled in a randomized placebo‐controlled trial of naltrexone for reducing hazardous drinking. Drinking behavior was measured using Timeline Followback (TLFB), and PEth as a biomarker using dried blood spots. Data collected at baseline, and months 2 and 7 were analyzed. In addition to calculated Spearman's correlations, mixed‐effects modeling was used to evaluate the changes in self‐reported drinking and PEth, respectively, adjusting for body mass index (BMI).ResultsA total of 194 participants (83% black, mean age 48) were included in the analysis. PEth levels were significantly correlated with self‐reported drinking via TLFB, Spearman's r = 0.21 at baseline, r = 0.29 at 2 months, and r = 0.28 at 7 months, respectively. No demographic or health factors, except for BMI, was associated with whether self‐report was consistent with PEth. Mixed‐effects model indicated that self‐reported drinking showed significantly greater reductions in the naltrexone treatment group than the placebo group at the 2‐ and 7‐month visits, whereas PEth measure only showed this difference at the 7‐month follow‐up.ConclusionsThe magnitude of the correlation between PEth and self‐reported alcohol consumption was small. Caution is needed when using either self‐report or PEth as a sole outcome measure for alcohol behavior changes in clinical trials.
Neurobiological support to the diagnosis of ADHD in stimulant‐naïve adults: pattern recognition analyses of MRI data
Authors: Chaim‐Avancini T. M. , Doshi J. , Zanetti M. V. , Erus G. , Silva M. A. , Duran F. L. S. , Cavallet M. , Serpa M. H. , Caetano S. C. , Louza M. R. , Davatzikos C. , Busatto G. F. 
Published: October 2017

ObjectiveIn adulthood, the diagnosis of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been subject of recent controversy. We searched for a neuroanatomical signature associated with ADHD spectrum symptoms in adults by applying, for the first time, machine learning‐based pattern classification methods to structural MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data obtained from stimulant‐naïve adults with childhood‐onset ADHD and healthy controls (HC).MethodSixty‐seven ADHD patients and 66 HC underwent high‐resolution T1‐weighted and DTI acquisitions. A support vector machine (SVM) classifier with a non‐linear kernel was applied on multimodal image features extracted on regions of interest placed across the whole brain.ResultsThe discrimination between a mixed‐gender ADHD subgroup and individually matched HC (n = 58 each) yielded area‐under‐the‐curve (AUC) and diagnostic accuracy (DA) values of up to 0.71% and 66% (P = 0.003) respectively. AUC and DA values increased to 0.74% and 74% (P = 0.0001) when analyses were restricted to males (52 ADHD vs. 44 HC).ConclusionAlthough not at the level of clinically definitive DA, the neuroanatomical signature identified herein may provide additional, objective information that could influence treatment decisions in adults with ADHD spectrum symptoms.
Maternal cardiac output response to colloid preload and vasopressor therapy during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in patients with severe pre‐eclampsia: a randomised, controlled trial
Authors: Dyer R. A. , Daniels A. , Vorster A. , Emmanuel A. , Arcache M. J. , Schulein S. , Reed A. R. , Lombard C. J. , James M. F. , van Dyk D. 
Published: October 2017

SummaryWe examined the haemodynamic effects of colloid preload, and phenylephrine and ephedrine administered for spinal hypotension, during caesarean section in 42 women with severe early onset pre‐eclampsia. Twenty patients with pre‐delivery spinal hypotension were randomly allocated to receive an initial dose of either 50 μg phenylephrine or 7.5 mg ephedrine; the primary outcome was percentage change in cardiac index. After a 300‐ml colloid preload, mean (SD) cardiac index increased from 4.9 (1.1) to 5.6 (1.2) l.min−1.m−2 (p < 0.01), resulting from an increase in both heart rate, from 81.3 (17.2) to 86.3 (16.5) beats.min−1 (p = 0.2), and stroke volume, from 111.8 (19.0) to 119.8 (17.9) ml (p = 0.049). Fourteen (33%) and 23 (54.8%) patients exhibited a stroke volume response > 10% and > 5%, respectively; a significant negative correlation was found between heart rate and stroke volume changes. Spinal hypotension in 20 patients was associated with an increase from baseline in cardiac index of 0.6 l.min−1.m−2 (mean difference 11.5%; p < 0.0001). After a median [range] dose of 50 [50–150] μg phenylephrine or 15 [7.5–37.5] mg ephedrine, the percentage change in cardiac index during the measurement period of 150 s was greater, and negative, in patients receiving phenylephrine vs. ephedrine, at −12.0 (7.3)% vs. 2.6 (6.0)%, respectively (p = 0.0001). The percentage change in heart rate after vasopressor was higher in patients receiving phenylephrine, at −9.1 (3.4)% vs. 5.3 (12.6)% (p = 0.0027), as was the change in systemic vascular resistance, at 22.3 (7.5) vs. −1.9 (10.5)% (p < 0.0001). Phenylephrine effectively reverses spinal anaesthesia‐induced haemodynamic changes in severe pre‐eclampsia, if left ventricular systolic function is preserved.
Performance of risk stratification criteria in the management of febrile young infants younger than three months of age
Authors: Belov Yekaterina , Leibovitz Eugene , Vodonos Alina , Hazan Guy , Ling Eduard , Melamed Rimma 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAimWe evaluated the diagnosis, risk stratification and management of febrile infants under three months of age who presented to an Israeli paediatric emergency room (ER).MethodsThis retrospective study enrolled all febrile infants examined in the paediatric ER of Soroka Medical Center during 2010–2013. The patients were classified into low‐risk and high‐risk subgroups and compared by age and ethnicity.ResultsOverall, 2251 febrile infants (60.5% of Bedouin and 34.4% of Jewish ethnicity) were enrolled. Hospitalisation rates were higher among Bedouin vs. Jewish infants (55 vs. 39.8%, p < 0.001). Fever without localising signs was diagnosed in 1028 (45.6%) infants and 499 (48.5%) were hospitalised; 26% were stratified as high‐risk and 74% as low‐risk. Bedouin infants rates were more likely to be at high‐risk (p = 0.001) and hospitalised (p < 0.001) than Jewish infants. With regard to low‐risk infants, the incidence rates were higher before two months than two to three months of age (73.3 vs. 59%, p < 0.001), as were the hospitalisation rates (46.3 vs. 20.1%, p < 0.001). No differences were recorded for the hospitalisation rates of Bedouin and Jewish infants between the three daily shifts.ConclusionMajor differences were recorded in hospitalisation rates, risk stratification and management of Bedouin and Jewish infants with fever without localising signs.
An epidemic of meningococcal disease in children in North Norway in the 1970s and 1980s was dominated by a hypervirulent group B strain
Authors: Nordheim Kine , Hovland Ingunn Holmefoss , Kristiansen Bjørn Erik , Kaaresen Per Ivar , Flaegstad Trond 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAimWe examined children hospitalised for invasive meningococcal disease, a leading cause of paediatric sepsis, in Troms County, North Norway, from 1973 to 2016, including the epidemic in the 1970s and 1980s.MethodsThis study was a retrospective review of children under the age of 15 years who were hospitalised for meningococcal disease at the University Hospital of North Norway and Harstad Hospital. We studied hospital and bacteriological records to determine the incidence rates and phenotypes involved.ResultsThere were 300 cases under 15 years and an incidence rate of 17 per 100,000 cases for 1973–2016. This was broken down into the following: 1973–1980 (n = 130, 49), 1981–1990 (n = 129, 39), and 1991–2016 (n = 41, 4.7), respectively. There were 21 (7%) deaths. Phenotype B:15:P1.7,16 was more common than the other phenotypes in the epidemic period before 1990 than after 1990 (p = 0.02) and had a significantly lower mortality rate than the other phenotypes (p = 0.04). Later years showed a more heterogenous phenotype distribution. Serogroup B was the dominant serogroup.ConclusionThe B:15:P1.7,6 strain was more prevalent during the Norwegian epidemic of invasive meningococcal disease, but had a significantly lower mortality rate. The phenotype distribution was more heterogeneous after 1990. The dominant serogroup was B.
Targeting inflammation to reduce cardiovascular disease risk
Authors: Maffia Pasquale , Cirino Giuseppe 
Published: October 2017

This joint themed section of the British Journal of Pharmacology and the British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology stems from a joint British Pharmacological Society – Italian Society of Pharmacology symposium held at the 37th National Congress of the Italian Society of Pharmacology in Naples (Italy) from 27 to 30 October 2015.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Targeting Inflammation to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.22/issuetoc and http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.v82.4/issuetoc
Clinical significance of tryptophan catabolism in Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Masaki Ayako , Ishida Takashi , Maeda Yasuhiro , Ito Asahi , Suzuki Susumu , Narita Tomoko , Kinoshita Shiori , Takino Hisashi , Yoshida Takashi , Ri Masaki , Kusumoto Shigeru , Komatsu Hirokazu , Inagaki Hiroshi , Ueda Ryuzo , Choi Ilseung , Suehiro Youko , Iida Shinsuke 
Published: October 2017

Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase 1 (IDO) is an enzyme catabolizing tryptophan (Trp) into the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway. The purpose of the present study was to determine the clinical significance of Trp catabolism in newly diagnosed Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) patients. We quantified serum Trp and Kyn in 52 HL patients, and analyzed their associations with different clinical parameters including serum soluble CD30 concentration. The IDO expression was evaluated in the patients’ affected lymph nodes. The cohort comprised 22 male and 30 female patients (age range, 15‐81 years; median, 45 years), with a 5‐year overall survival (OS) of 88.6%. The OS was significantly shorter for patients with a high Kyn/Trp ratio (OS at 5 years, 60.0% vs 92.2%), for those with stage IV disease, and for those with lymphocytopenia (<600/mm3 and/or <8% white blood cell count). The latter two parameters are components of the international prognostic score for advanced HL. In contrast, there were no significant differences in OS according to age, serum albumin, hemoglobin, sex, white blood cell count, or serum soluble CD30 (≥ or <285.6 ng/mL). Multivariate analysis using the three variables stage, lymphocytopenia, and serum Kyn/Trp ratio showed that only the latter significantly affected OS. Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase 1 was produced by macrophages/dendritic cells, but not by HL tumor cells, and IDO levels determined by immunohistochemistry had a significant positive correlation with the serum Kyn/Trp ratio. In conclusion, quantification of serum Kyn and Trp is useful for predicting prognosis of individual HL patients.
Derivatizations of Sgc8‐c aptamer to prepare metallic radiopharmaceuticals as imaging diagnostic agents: Syntheses, isolations, and physicochemical characterizations
Authors: Sicco Estefanía , Báez Jessica , Margenat Jimena , García Fernanda , Ibarra Manuel , Cabral Pablo , Moreno María , Cerecetto Hugo , Calzada Victoria 
Published: October 2017

Aptamers, oligonucleotides with the capability to bind to a target through non‐covalent bonds with high affinity and specificity, have a great number of advantages as scaffold to prepare molecular imaging agents. In this sense, we have performed post‐SELEX modifications of a truncated aptamer, Sgc8‐c, which bind to protein tyrosine kinase 7 to obtain a specific molecular targeting probe for in vivo diagnosis and in vivo therapy. Herein, we describe the synthetic efforts to prepare conjugates between Sgc8‐c and different metallic ions chelator moieties in short times, high purities, and adequate yields. The selected chelator moieties, derived from 1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7,10‐tetraacetic acid, 2‐benzyl‐1,4,7‐triazacyclononane‐1,4,7‐triacetic acid, and 6‐hydrazinonicotinic acid, were covalently attached at the 5′‐aptamer position yielding the expected products which were stable in aqueous solution up to 75°C and in typical aptamer storage conditions at least for 30 days.
Leveraging Developmental Insights to Improve Early Childhood Education
Authors: Markowitz Anna J. , Bassok Daphna , Hamre Bridget 
Published: October 2017

AbstractPublic investments in early childhood education have increased sharply over the past three decades. Nonetheless, many children in the United States do not have access to high‐quality early education settings and large sociodemographic gaps in children's early learning remain. In this article, we argue that to address these issues, early learning policies must not only invest more in children's earliest years, but invest smarter. We describe three insights from developmental science and provide evidence that the current system of supports for early learning is at odds with what we now know about when and how children develop. We end with recommendations for anchoring early childhood policy and practice in developmental science, and improving children's interactions and learning experiences in their first years of life.