bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Vacuum in Relativistic Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Redhead Michael 
Published: January 2016

Intuitively the vacuum state of the Universe is the state that would obtain if the spacetime arena were emptied of its contents. The idea is that if we removed all the material particles, such as quarks and electrons, together with all the force-carrying particles such as photons and gluons, so there was no matter or force in the Universe, then we would be left with a featureless space-time, the bare arena of physics, and this would be the vacuum.There are many reasons why such an idea is problematic. On a strict relationist conception of space-time, the procedure envisaged would leave us, not with empty spacetime, but literally with nothing. Having removed the relata, the spatio-temporal relations would also disappear. This problem does not arise for space-time substantivalists, but general relativity now raises difficulties.
Toward a Realistic Assessment of PKU Screening
Authors: Paul Diane B. 
Published: January 2016

Newborn screening for the genetic disease phenylketonuria (PKU) is generally considered the greatest success story of applied human genetics. Paradoxically, it is invoked both by those who stress the value and those who emphasize the limitations of genetic medicine.PKU screening is often cited as a model for genetic medicine and as a precedent for those who favor the expansion of genetic tests (Azen 1991, 35; Scriver 1991; Bishop and Waldholz 1990, 18-19). But even those skeptical of most screening programs tend to describe this program in sunny terms (Natowicz and Alper 1991, 387-89; Nelkin and Tancredi 1989, 160). The near-consensus on the success of PKU screening is explained by the variety of interests the example serves. Untreated phenylketonuria results in severe mental retardation and behavioral disorders. But if it is identified in the newborn, the disease is treatable through a special diet.
Pluralism, Normative Naturalism, and Biological Taxonomy
Authors: Ereshefsky Marc 
Published: January 2016

The discipline of biological taxonomy is rife with philosophical controversies. One of them is particularly relevant to the topic of this symposium, namely the question of taxonomic unity. Should biologists aim for a single correct classification of the world's organisms or should they allow a plurality of equally correct classifications?For those with little or no background in evolutionary biology, the suggestion of taxonomic pluralism might seem odd. Don't introductory biology texts as well as television nature shows suggest that there is a single correct way to sort the world's organisms? They do, but that advertised agreement masks a number of controversies that have raged in biology since Darwin's time. Consider the question of how to sort organisms into species. Currently there are no less than seven prominent definitions of the species category (Ereshefsky 1992a).
Neo-Latin Studies
Authors: Grant W. Leonard 
Published: January 2016

A real event in Renaissance scholarship was the publication of Bernard Weinberg's monumental History of Literary Criticism in the Italian Renaissance, already reviewed in Renaissance News [xv, 215-217], Manuscripta, Italica, and elsewhere as a work that will stand for many a long year as the definitive treatment of the subject. Of the more than 400 documents studied, not less than 89 are in unpublished manuscripts, the vast majority being in humanistic Latin and all awaiting further research.Most of the authors discussed by Weinberg are men who were also of the first importance in the history of classical scholarship. In that particular field, by far the most important production of the year is Deno John Geanakoplos' Greek Scholars in Venice (Harvard, 1962) [RN xv, 305–306]; this is not a rehash of old material but an independent investigation of the unfamiliar.
Early Gut Colonization of Preterm Infants
Authors: Gómez Marta , Moles Laura , Melgar Ana , Ureta Noelia , Bustos Gerardo , Fernández Leónides , Rodríguez Juan M. , Jiménez Esther 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTObjective:The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential colonization of nosocomial bacteria in enteral feeding systems and its effect on early gut colonization of preterm neonates.Methods:Mother's own milk, donor milk, and preterm formula samples obtained after passing through the external part of the enteral feeding tubes were cultured. In addition, meconium and fecal samples from 26 preterm infants collected at different time points until discharge were cultured. Random amplification polymorphism DNA and pulse field gel electrophoresis were performed to confirm the presence of specific bacterial strains in milk and infant fecal samples.Results:Approximately 4000 bacterial isolates were identified at the species level. The dominant species in both feces from preterm infants and milk samples were Staphylococcus epidermidis, S aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, E faecium, Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. All of them were present at high concentrations independently of the feeding mode. Random amplification polymorphism DNA and pulse field gel electrophoresis techniques showed that several bacteria strains were found in both type of samples. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of a dense bacterial biofilm in several parts of the feeding tubes and the tube connectors.Conclusions:There is a sharing of bacterial strains between the neonates’ gastrointestinal microbiota and the feeding tubes used to feed them.
Social capital, motivations, and mobile coupon sharing
Authors: Zhao Xuefeng , Tang Qing , Liu Shan , Liu Fen 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to integrate social capital theory and motivation theory to identify the factors that affect the intention of users to share mobile coupons (m-coupons) via social network sites (SNS). Social capital includes social ties, trust, and perceived similarity, whereas motivation comprises sense of self-worth and socializing.

Design/methodology/approach
– A research model that integrates three social capital factors, two motivations, and m-coupon sharing is developed. Quantitative data from 297 users who had coupon usage experience are collected via offline and online survey. Partial least squares is used to conduct data analysis and test hypotheses.

Findings
– Social ties, trust, and perceived similarity are positively related to m-coupon sharing intention and positively affect sense of self-worth and socializing, which have significant positive effects on m-coupon sharing intention and mediate the relationships between social capital factors and sharing intention.

Originality/value
– This study highlights the integrated effects of social capital and motivations on m-coupon sharing intention in SNS. While social capital factors (i.e. social ties, trust, and perceived similarity) and motivations (i.e. sense of self-worth and socializing) positively affect m-coupon sharing, motivations are more directly associated with m-coupon sharing than social capital factors.
Optimal design of a multi-server queueing system with delay information
Authors: Yu Miao , Gong Jun , TANG Jiafu 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for the optimal design of queueing systems of call centers with delay information. The main decisions in the design of such systems are the number of servers, the appropriate control to announce delay anticipated.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper models a multi-server queueing system as an M/M/S+M queue with customer reactions. Based on customer psychology in waiting experiences, a number of different service-level definitions are structured and the explicit computation of their performance measures is performed. This paper characterizes the level of satisfaction with delay information to modulate customer reactions. Optimality is defined as the number of agents that maximize revenues net of staffing costs.

Findings
– Numerical studies show that the solutions to optimal design of staffing levels and delay information exhibit interesting differences, especially U-shaped curve for optimal staffing level. Experiments show how call center managers can determine economically optimal anticipated delay and number of servers so that they could control the trade-off between revenue loss and customer satisfaction.

Originality/value
– Many results that pertain to announcing delay information, customer reactions, and links to satisfaction with delay information have not been established in previous studies, however, this paper analytically characterizes these performance measures for staffing call centers.
Electrical parameters of solar cells with electrodes made by selective metallization
Authors: Kowalik Piotr , Wrobel Edyta , Mazurkiewicz Janusz 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– This paper aims to present the results of measurements of the photovoltaic structures made by electroless selective metallization technology. The developed technology provides low-cost contacts in any form, and parameters of photovoltaic cells made in this technology provide reliable results, comparable with those usually used.

Design/methodology/approach
– In this paper, photovoltaic cells with contacts based on Nip and NiCuP alloy were performed. As a substrate, mono- and multicristaline silicon was used. After photovoltaic cells have been prepared, sheet resistance of the contact layers and electrical parameters were measured. Composition and structure of contact layers were also measured.

Findings
– Obtained results of sheet resistance and contact layers are repeatable and comparable with previously published results. Electrical parameters of the photovoltaic cells made are comparable with used substrate and technologies. The authors have also noticed that the costs of the electroless metallization which is used to make contact layers is lower than metallization made by thick film or vacuum deposition technologies.

Originality/value
– The paper presents new, unpublished results of electrical parameters of photovoltaic cells with contact layers made by electroless metallization. The original idea is the usage of metallization in an acidic solution (pH = 2). In this proposed technology, photovoltaic cells on mono- and multicrystalline silicon plates were performed.
Study of flexible organic electroluminescent devices with PEDOT:PSS anodes by impedance measurements
Authors: Aleksandrova Mariya Petrova 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– Purpose This study aims to apply the impedance spectroscopy (IS) for analyzing the electrical behavior and extracting the equivalent circuit of single-layer flexible organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) anode.

Design/methodology/approach
– The preliminary ultraviolet (UV) treatment of the flexible substrate of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) influenced the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS anodes.

Findings
– The IS showed that the OLED with UV-treated PET/PEDOT:PSS anodes had lower values of the contact resistance and higher value of the interface capacitance.

Originality/value
– The obtained data were used for modeling of flexible OLEDs with polymeric anodes and calculation of important display parameters such as pixel refresh ratio, signal delays and energy losses due to contact resistances. These parameters were compared for PEDOT:PSS anodes deposited on PET treated and non-treated by UV.
School experiences may be important determinants of mental health problems in middle childhood – a Swedish longitudinal population‐based study
Authors: Waenerlund Anna‐Karin , Stenmark Helena , Bergström Erik , Hägglöf Bruno , Öhman Ann , Petersen Solveig 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimLittle is known about the association between school experiences and mental health in young schoolchildren. This study explored the cross‐sectional and prospective associations between children's school experiences and mental health in middle childhood.MethodsWe gathered comprehensive population‐based data on the school experiences and mental health of 592 schoolchildren attending grades three and six in Sweden (ages approximately nine and 12 years). The KIDSCREEN questionnaire was used to measure school experiences in both age groups while the Child Behavior Checklist and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire measured mental health in grades three and six, respectively.ResultsChildren with problematic school experiences in grade three had an approximately two times higher odds for concurrent total, internalised, externalised, attention–hyperactivity and social problems. They also had a 1.5–2.5 higher odds for these mental health problems three years later. Likewise, there was an association between problematic school experiences in grade three and lower levels of prosocial behaviour three years later. These associations were shown in both boys and girls, but were particularly pronounced in girls.ConclusionThis study indicated that school experiences in young schoolchildren may be important determinants of concurrent and later mental health problems.
Longitudinal in vivo tracking of adverse effects following topical steroid treatment
Authors: Bower Andrew J. , Arp Zane , Zhao Youbo , Li Joanne , Chaney Eric J. , Marjanovic Marina , Hughes‐Earle Angela , Boppart Stephen A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTopical steroids are known for their anti‐inflammatory properties and are commonly prescribed to treat many adverse skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis. While these treatments are known to be effective, adverse effects including skin atrophy are common. In this study, the progression of these effects is investigated in an in vivo mouse model using multimodal optical microscopy. Utilizing a system capable of performing two‐photon excitation fluorescence microscopy (TPEF) of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) to visualize the epidermal cell layers and second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy to identify collagen in the dermis, these processes can be studied at the cellular level. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is also utilized to image intracellular NADH levels to obtain molecular information regarding metabolic activity following steroid treatment. In this study, fluticasone propionate (FP)‐treated, mometasone furoate (MF)‐treated and untreated animals were imaged longitudinally using a custom‐built multimodal optical microscope. Prolonged steroid treatment over the course of 21 days is shown to result in a significant increase in mean fluorescence lifetime of NADH, suggesting a faster rate of maturation of epidermal keratinocytes. Alterations to collagen organization and the structural microenvironment are also observed. These results give insight into the structural and biochemical processes of skin atrophy associated with prolonged steroid treatment.
College Admissions Testing: Current Understanding and Future Implications
Authors: Letukas Lynn 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAlthough the use and significance of college admissions tests are controversial, relatively little scholarship has focused on these tests and their role in reflecting prior educational disparity. College admissions tests such as the SAT and ACT are increasingly important as they often serve the dual function of gatekeeper for access to four‐year postsecondary institutions and a benchmark for merit scholarships. This review focuses on social disparities and sociocultural factors that reflect differences in educational outcomes as measured by college admissions tests. The review concludes with an exploration of what students, postsecondary institutions, and even the college admissions test makers can do to reduce social disparities and improve opportunities to prepare and learn
Residents' narrative feedback on teaching performance of clinical teachers: analysis of the content and phrasing of suggestions for improvement
Authors: van der Leeuw Renée M , Schipper Mirjam P , Heineman Maas Jan , Lombarts Kiki M J M H 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectivesHigh-quality teaching performance is important to ensure patient safety and encourage residents' learning. This study aims to explore the content and phrasing of suggestions for improvement that residents provide to support excellent teaching performance of their supervisors.MethodsFrom February 2010 to November 2011, 577 residents were invited to evaluate 501 teachers from both surgical and medical residency training programmes from 20 hospitals. Feedback was collected through a validated formative feedback system named System for Evaluation of Teaching Qualities. Two researchers independently coded the suggestions for improvement with literature-based coding schemes on (1) content and (2) linguistic characteristics. Besides these qualitative outcomes, descriptive statistics were calculated using SPSS.ResultsIn total, 422 residents (73%) evaluated 488 teachers (97%), yielding 4184 evaluations. Of all teachers, 385 (79%) received suggestions for improvement focusing on teaching skills (TS), 390 (80%) on teaching attitude (TA) and 151 (31%) on personal characteristics. For 13%–47% of the suggestions for improvement, residents added (1) the location or situation where the observed TS or TA had taken place, (2) concrete examples of what teachers could do to improve or (3) (expected) effects of what the change in TS or TA would mean for residents.ConclusionsResidents provide mainly relevant suggestions for improvement that mirror important aspects of teaching performance. However, these comments often lack specific phrasing limiting their value for performance improvement. Therefore, residents are recommended to increase the specificity of the suggestions for improvement. The paper provides directions to phrase narrative feedback.
Total contact cast wall load in patients with a plantar forefoot ulcer and diabetes
Authors: Begg Lindy , McLaughlin Patrick , Vicaretti Mauro , Fletcher John , Burns Joshua 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe total contact cast (TCC) is an effective intervention to reduce plantar pressure in patients with diabetes and a plantar forefoot ulcer. The walls of the TCC have been indirectly shown to bear approximately 30 % of the plantar load. A new direct method to measure inside the TCC walls with capacitance sensors has shown that the anterodistal and posterolateral‐distal regions of the lower leg bear the highest load. The objective of this study was to directly measure these two regions in patients with Diabetes and a plantar forefoot ulcer to further understand the mechanism of pressure reduction in the TCC.MethodsA TCC was applied to 17 patients with Diabetes and a plantar forefoot ulcer. TCC wall load (contact area, peak pressure and max force) at the anterodistal and posterolateral‐distal regions of the lower leg were evaluated with two capacitance sensor strips measuring 90 cm2 (pliance®, novel GmbH, Germany). Plantar load (contact area, peak pressure and max force) was measured with a capacitance sensor insole (pedar®, novel GmbH, Germany) placed inside the TCC. Both pedar® and pliance® collected data simultaneously at a sampling rate of 50Hz synchronised to heel strike. The magnitude of TCC wall load as a proportion of plantar load was calculated. The TCC walls were then removed to determine the differences in plantar loading between the TCC and the cut down shoe‐cast for the whole foot, rearfoot, midfoot and forefoot (region of interest).ResultsTCC wall load was substantial. The anterodistal lower leg recorded 48 % and the posterolateral‐distal lower leg recorded 34 % of plantar contact area. The anterodistal lower leg recorded 28 % and the posterolateral‐distal lower leg recorded 12 % of plantar peak pressure. The anterodistal lower leg recorded 12 % and the posterolateral‐distal lower leg recorded 4 % of plantar max force. There were significant differences in plantar load between the TCC and the cut down shoe‐cast for the whole foot, rearfoot, midfoot and forefoot (region of ulcer). Contact area significantly increased by 5 % beneath the whole foot, 8 % at the midfoot and 6 % at the forefoot in the shoe‐cast (p < 0.05). Peak pressure significantly increased by 8 % beneath the midfoot and 13 % at the forefoot in the shoe‐cast (p < 0.05). Max force significantly increased 6 % beneath the midfoot in the (shoe‐cast p < 0.05).ConclusionIn patients with diabetes and a plantar forefoot ulcer, the walls of the TCC bear considerable load. Reduced plantar contact area in the TCC compared to the shoe‐cast suggests that the foot is suspended by the considerable load bearing capacity of the walls of the TCC which contributes mechanically to the pressure reduction and redistribution properties of the TCC.
H-type Zeolite-Catalyzed 1,4-Addition of Benzene Derivatives to Labile Acrolein
Authors: Hayashi Daijiro , Narisawa Tomoyuki , Masui Yoichi , Onaka Makoto 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The 1,4-addition of benzene derivatives to acrolein is a straightforward way to synthesize 3-arylpropanals. A survey of acid catalysts for the 1,4-addition of methoxy-substituted benzenes to acrolein revealed that H-Beta and H-Y were the most suitable catalysts. We hypothesized three side-reactions: (1) the double 1,4-addition of acrolein to the starting benzene derivatives, (2) the Friedel–Crafts-type alkylation to the desired product, and (3) the self-polymerization of acrolein. The type (3) side-reaction was inhibited by two different methods which kept the concentration of acrolein low in the reaction mixture or in the zeolite pores. First, acrolein monomers were in situ generated through the gradual monomerization of an acrolein cyclic trimer. Second, using a reaction solvent lowered the acrolein concentration in the zeolite pores due to the competitive adsorption. We discovered that the content of monomeric acrolein in a solvent was closely related to the polarity of the solvent. Actually, both methods improved the yields for the 1,4-additions of 1,3-dimethoxybenzene to acrolein. Other electron-rich benzene derivatives, such as phenol and N,N-dimethylaniline, were also applicable to the 1,4-addition reactions.
Supplementary notes on Lewis Carroll, Graeco-Latin squares and magic squares with an annexe on Maria Theresa thalers and British banknotes
Authors: Farebrother Richard William 
Published: January 2016

Following a brief critique of the wording of Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, this article offers some supplementary remarks relating to the solution of a 3 × 3 pseudo-magic square problem posed by Lewis Carroll, a generalisation of the 3 × 3 Lo-Su or luoshu magic square, the problem of installing m2 = 25 or m2 = 36 officers of m different ranks and m different regiments in a m × m Graeco-Latin square (with apposite remarks on the military career of Leonhard Euler's third son and the recent coinage of the Empress Maria Theresa) and a list of fourteen portraits of mathematicians on banknotes paying particular attention to those of Sir Isaac Newton and Florence Nightingale.