bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A global probabilistic study of the ocean heat content low‐frequency variability: Atmospheric forcing versus oceanic chaos
Authors: Sérazin Guillaume , Jaymond Alexandre , Leroux Stéphanie , Penduff Thierry , Bessières Laurent , Llovel William , Barnier Bernard , Molines Jean‐Marc , Terray Laurent 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA global 1/4° ocean/sea ice 50‐member ensemble simulation is used to disentangle the low‐frequency imprints of the atmospherically forced oceanic variability and of the chaotic intrinsic oceanic variability (IOV) on the large‐scale (10° × 10°) ocean heat content (OHC) between 1980 and 2010. The IOV explains most of the interannual‐to‐decadal large‐scale OHC variance over substantial fractions of the global ocean area that increase with depth: 9%, 22%, and 31% in the 0–700 m, 700–2000 m and 2000 m bottom layers, respectively. Such areas concern principally eddy‐active regions, mostly found in the Southern Ocean and in western boundary current extensions, and also concern the subtropical gyres at intermediate and deep levels. The oceanic chaos may also induce random multidecadal fluctuations so that large‐scale regional OHC trends computed on the 1980–2010 period cannot be unambiguously attributed to the atmospheric forcing in several oceanic basins at various depths. These results are likely to raise detection and attribution issues from real observations.
Cross‐shore transport of nearshore sediment by river plume frontal pumping
Authors: Horner‐Devine Alexander R. , Pietrzak Julie D. , Souza Alejandro J. , McKeon Margaret A. , Meirelles Saulo , Henriquez Martijn , Flores Raúl P. , Rijnsburger Sabine 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWe present a new mechanism for cross‐shore transport of fine sediment from the nearshore to the inner shelf resulting from the onshore propagation of river plume fronts. Onshore frontal propagation is observed in moorings and radar images, which show that fronts penetrate onshore through the nearshore and surf zone, almost to the waterline. During frontal passage a two‐layer counterrotating velocity field characteristic of tidal straining is immediately set up, generating a net offshore flow beneath the plume. The seaward flow at depth carries with it high suspended sediment concentrations, which appear to have been generated by wave resuspension in the nearshore region. These observations describe a mechanism by which vertical density stratification can drive exchange of material between the nearshore region and the inner shelf. To our knowledge these are the first observations of this frontal pumping mechanism, which is expected to play an important role in sediment transport near river mouths.
Impact of oceanic warming on electromagnetic oceanic tidal signals: A CMIP5 climate model‐based sensitivity study
Authors: Saynisch J. , Petereit J. , Irrgang C. , Thomas M. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn contrast to ocean circulation signals, ocean tides are already well detectable by electromagnetic measurements. Oceanic electric conductivities from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) climate simulations are combined with tidal currents of M2 and O1 to estimate electromagnetic tidal signals and their sensitivity to global warming. Ninety‐four years of global warming leads to differences of ±0.3 nT in tidal magnetic amplitudes and ±0.1 mV/km in the tidal electric amplitudes at sea level. Locally, the climate‐induced changes can be much higher, e.g., +1 nT in the North Atlantic. In general, all studied electromagnetic tidal amplitudes show large‐scale climate‐induced anomalies that are strongest in the Northern Hemisphere and amount to 30% of their actual values. Consequently, changes in oceanic electromagnetic tidal amplitudes should be detectable in electromagnetic records. Electric and magnetic signals, as well as tides of different frequencies, contain complementary regional information.
Dike propagation energy balance from deformation modeling and seismic release
Authors: Bonaccorso Alessandro , Aoki Yosuke , Rivalta Eleonora 
Published: May 2017

AbstractMagma is transported in the crust mainly by dike intrusions. In volcanic areas, dikes can ascend toward the free surface and also move by lateral propagation, eventually feeding flank eruptions. Understanding dike mechanics is a key to forecasting the expected propagation and associated hazard. Several studies have been conducted on dike mechanisms and propagation; however, a less in‐depth investigated aspect is the relation between measured dike‐induced deformation and the seismicity released during its propagation. We individuated a simple x that can be used as a proxy of the expected mechanical energy released by a propagating dike and is related to its average thickness. For several intrusions around the world (Afar, Japan, and Mount Etna), we correlate such mechanical energy to the seismic moment released by the induced earthquakes. We obtain an empirical law that quantifies the expected seismic energy released before arrest. The proposed approach may be helpful to predict the total seismic moment that will be released by an intrusion and thus to control the energy status during its propagation and the time of dike arrest.
A vision for Water Resources Research
Authors: Clark Martyn P. , Bahr Jean A. , Bierkens Marc F. P. , Cai Ximing , Hogue Terri S. , Luce Charles H. , Lundquist Jessica D. , Mackay D. Scott , van Meerveld H. J. (Ilja) , Rajaram Harihar , Sanchez‐Vila Xavier , Troch Peter A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWater Resources Research (WRR) continues to evolve as the team of international editors begins a new 4 year term of service. In this Editorial we summarize the importance of WRR in the hydrologic sciences, the challenges ahead, and the plans for the future of the journal.
Two‐Hybrid and Related Systems
Authors: Sakhawalkar Neha , Caufield John Harry , Uetz Peter 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

The two‐hybrid system is an incarnation of the split protein assay. Two‐hybrid assays are usually carried out
in vivo
, but modifications are possible
in vitro
. The technique is used to detect interactions between two proteins where the proteins may or may not belong to the same organism. Two‐hybrid assays were originally developed in yeast, but principally they should work in any other eukaryotes. To enable use in bacterial systems, various modifications have been made to the assay by using different split proteins, different types of reporters and different plasmids. Two‐hybrid assays have applications in drug discovery, microbiology, molecular biology and virtually any other study of protein function.

Key Concepts

Split protein assays are typically developed from multidomain proteins, which makes their splitting easier and more predictable.

Split protein assays make use of proteins that can be split and reconstituted non‐covalently.

Two‐hybrid assays can be implemented in bacteria, in eukaryotes or
in vitro
.

Two‐hybrid assays can be used to detect interactions between proteins from distantly related organisms.

Protein–protein interactions can be applied to biomarker discovery, to find drug targets, to determining functions of proteins with unknown function, protein–RNA interactions or even protein–small molecule interactions.
Primary Root
Authors: Verstraeten Inge , De Smet Ive 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

The primary root, or the root that is initiated in the embryo within the seed, is the original root of a plant to discover its soil environment. It is essential for the anchoring of the plant and ensures plant growth through the uptake of water and nutrients. In this review, we describe the tissue organisation of the primary root, not only largely focusing on the model species
Arabidopsis thaliana
but also mentioning some other plant species where relevant. We also flag, non‐comprehensively, some of the molecular factors important for proper root formation and growth, plant growth regulators or hormones that determine primary root growth as well as interactions with the environment that shape the root system and refer to relevant literature for further detailed information.

Key Concepts

The primary root is initiated in the embryo within the seed.

The primary root is only a (small) part of the complex root system architecture.

The primary root is an ideal model system to study cell division, differentiation and identity.

There are complex and tightly regulated molecular patterning events to ensure proper primary root tissue organisation and a lot of these regulations involve plant hormones.

The primary root is a dynamic interface with the soil environment.
Impact of NoncodingDNAon Phenotype Evolution
Authors: Hessen Dag O 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA major discovery in science wasthe central dogma: that the digital code of DNA was read and translated by RNA into proteins. The information carried by DNA is thus the genotype, which constitutes the phenotype. While the genotype–phenotype discussion primarily concerns the role of ‘real’ protein‐coding genes, the impact of non‐protein‐coding elements like transposons on the phenotype has been less recognised. Such noncoding elements constitute however a major share of most genomes, and genome size per se may display a tremendous variability even between closely related organisms. Whether noncoding elements are parasitic ‘junk DNA’ or are transcribed and thus affect the phenotype is a matter of heated debate. Whether seen as junk or not, noncoding DNA strongly boosts the share genome size, thereby affecting a range of fitness‐related phenotypic traits like mutation rate, genomic flexibility, cell size, body size, morphology, growth rate, behaviour, life cycle and potentially also speciation.Key ConceptsThe central dogma postulates that the blueprint of life is coded in the genes, which is read by RNA to produce protein. Thus the genotype constitutes the phenotype.The genotype (the sum of all DNA) is in most organisms made up by non‐protein‐coding DNA, often dominated by virus‐like transposable elements, and whether this is ‘junk’ or ‘parasitic’ DNA of which has a clear function is a heated debate.The C‐value paradox points to the striking variability in genome size even between related organisms, which do not reflect organism complexity.Even if the noncoding DNA is seen as ‘junk’, it has however wide implications for a range of phenotypic traits such as cell size, growth rate, metabolism and life history and is an important yet often neglected part of the genotype–phenotype link.The genome is far more flexible and dynamic than often recognised and is still full of surprises.
CNS Aquaporin‐4‐specific B cells connect with multiple B‐cell compartments in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
Authors: Kowarik Markus C. , Astling David , Gasperi Christiane , Wemlinger Scott , Schumann Hannah , Dzieciatkowska Monika , Ritchie Alanna M. , Hemmer Bernhard , Owens Gregory P. , Bennett Jeffrey L. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectivesNeuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a severe inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) targeted against aquaporin‐4 (AQP4). The origin and trafficking of AQP4‐specific B cells in NMOSD remains unknown.MethodsPeripheral (n = 7) and splenic B cells (n = 1) recovered from seven NMOSD patients were sorted into plasmablasts, naïve, memory, and CD27‐IgD‐ double negative (DN) B cells, and variable heavy chain (VH) transcriptome sequences were generated by deep sequencing. Peripheral blood (PB) VH repertoires were compared to the same patient's single‐cell cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plasmablast (PB) VH transcriptome, CSF immunoglobulin (Ig) proteome, and serum Ig proteome. Recombinant antibodies were generated from paired CSF heavy‐ and light chains and tested for AQP4 reactivity.ResultsApproximately 9% of the CSF VH sequences aligned with PB memory B cells, DN B cells, and plasmablast VH sequences. AQP4‐specific VH sequences were observed in each peripheral B‐cell compartment. Lineage analysis of clonally related VH sequences indicates that CSF AQP4‐specific B cells are closely related to an expanded population of DN B cells that may undergo antigen‐specific B‐cell maturation within the CNS. CSF and serum Ig proteomes overlapped with the VH sequences from each B‐cell compartment; the majority of matches occurring between the PB VH sequences and serum Ig proteome.InterpretationDuring an acute NMOSD relapse, a dynamic exchange of B cells occurs between the periphery and CNS with AQP4‐specific CSF B cells emerging from postgerminal center memory B cells and plasmablasts. Expansion of the PB DN B‐cell compartment may be a potential biomarker of NMOSD activity.
Development of a Unique Heterogeneous Palladium Catalyst for the Suzuki–Miyaura Reaction using (Hetero)aryl Chlorides and Chemoselective Hydrogenation
Authors: Ichikawa Tomohiro , Netsu Moeko , Mizuno Masahiro , Mizusaki Tomoteru , Takagi Yukio , Sawama Yoshinari , Monguchi Yasunari , Sajiki Hironao 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA unique heterogeneous palladium catalyst (7% Pd/WA30) supported on an anion exchange resin, which contains N,N‐dimethylaminoalkyl functionalities on the polymer backbone, was developed. 7% Pd/WA30 could smoothly catalyze Suzuki–Miyaura reactions of even less reactive heteroaryl chlorides and heteroarylboronic acids to afford various (hetero)biaryls due to the electron‐donating effect of the tert‐amines on WA30 to Pd species. It was also applicable as a chemoselective hydrogenation catalyst, showing inactivity for the hydrogenolysis of tert‐butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) ethers, alkyl benzyl ethers, and benzyl alcohols. The tert‐amines on WA30 acted as moderate catalyst poisons for Pd, resulting in chemoselective hydrogenation. 7% Pd/WA30 was reused for at least five times without any loss of the hydrogenation catalytic activity.magnified image
Mussel‐Inspired Surface‐Imprinted Sensors for Potentiometric Label‐Free Detection of Biological Species
Authors: Liang Rongning , Ding Jiawang , Gao Shengshuai , Qin Wei 
Published: May 2017

AbstractUsing sensors to quantify clinically relevant biological species has emerged as a fascinating research field due to their potential to revolutionize clinical diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. Taking advantage of the wide utility in clinical analysis and low cost of potentiometric ion sensors, we demonstrate a method to use such ion sensors to quantify bioanalytes without chemical labels. This is achieved by combination of chronopotentiometry with a mussel‐inspired surface imprinting technique. The biomimetic sensing method is based on a blocking mechanism by which the recognition reaction between the surface imprinted polymer and a bioanalyte can block the current‐induced ion transfer of an indicator ion, thus causing a potential change. The present method offers high sensitivity and excellent selectivity for detection of biological analytes. As models, trypsin and yeast cells can be measured at levels down to 0.03 U mL−1 and 50 CFU mL−1, respectively.
Cross‐Regulation of an Artificial Metalloenzyme
Authors: Okamoto Yasunori , Ward Thomas R. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractCross‐regulation of complex biochemical reaction networks is an essential feature of living systems. In a biomimetic spirit, we report on our efforts to program the temporal activation of an artificial metalloenzyme via cross‐regulation by a natural enzyme. In the presence of urea, urease slowly releases ammonia that reversibly inhibits an artificial transfer hydrogenase. Addition of an acid, which acts as fuel, allows to maintain the system out of equilibrium.
Exploiting Benzophenone Photoreactivity To Probe the Phospholipid Environment and Insertion Depth of the Cell‐Penetrating Peptide Penetratin in Model Membranes
Authors: Jiao Chen‐Yu , Sachon Emmanuelle , Alves Isabel D. , Chassaing Gérard , Bolbach Gérard , Sagan Sandrine 
Published: May 2017

AbstractPenetratin (RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK) enters cells by different mechanisms, including membrane translocation, thus implying that the peptide interacts with the lipid bilayer. Penetratin also crosses the membrane of artificial vesicles, depending on their phospholipid content. To evaluate the phospholipid preference of penetratin, as the first step of translocation, we exploited the benzophenone triplet kinetics of hydrogen abstraction, which is slower for secondary than for allylic hydrogen atoms. By using multilamellar vesicles of varying phospholipid content, we identified and characterized the cross‐linked products by MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry. Penetratin showed a preference for negatively charged (vs. zwitterionic) polar heads, and for unsaturated (vs. saturated) and short (vs. long) saturated phospholipids. Our study highlights the potential of using benzophenone to probe the environment and insertion depth of membranotropic peptides in membranes.
Preparation and Characterization of Uranium–Iron Triple‐Bonded UFe(CO)3− and OUFe(CO)3− Complexes
Authors: Chi Chaoxian , Wang Jia‐Qi , Qu Hui , Li Wan‐Lu , Meng Luyan , Luo Mingbiao , Li Jun , Zhou Mingfei 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWe report the preparation of UFe(CO)3− and OUFe(CO)3− complexes using a laser‐vaporization supersonic ion source in the gas phase. These compounds were mass‐selected and characterized by infrared photodissociation spectroscopy and state‐of‐the‐art quantum chemical studies. There are unprecedented triple bonds between U 6d/5f and Fe 3d orbitals, featuring one covalent σ bond and two Fe‐to‐U dative π bonds in both complexes. The uranium and iron elements are found to exist in unique formal U(I or III) and Fe(−II) oxidation states, respectively. These findings suggest that there may exist a whole family of stable df–d multiple‐bonded f‐element‐transition‐metal compounds that have not been fully recognized to date.
Synthesis of Substituted 2‐Amino‐1,3‐oxazoles via Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cyclization of Enamines and N,N‐Dialkyl Formamides
Authors: Gao Peng , Wang Juan , Bai Zijing , Yang Desuo , Fan Ming‐Jin , Guan Zheng‐Hui 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA facile synthesis of 2‐amino‐1,3‐oxazoles via CuI‐catalyzed oxidative cyclization of enamines and N,N‐dialkyl formamides has been developed. The reaction proceeds through an oxidative C−N bond formation, followed by an intramolecular C(sp2)−H bond functionalization/C−O cyclization in one pot. This protocol provides direct access to useful 2‐amino‐1,3‐oxazoles and features protecting‐group‐free nitrogen sources, readily available starting materials, a broad substrate scope and mild reaction conditions.
Uncertain Optimal Control Approach for CO2 Mitigation Problem
Authors: Sheng Linxue , Zhu Yuanguo , Yan Hongyan , Wang Kai 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe new types of uncertain control approaches based on the critical value criterion and chance criterion are respectively introduced to deal with multi‐stage dynamic optimization problems in the presence of target constraints. Integrating the method of dynamic programming with the viability approach, the solving procedure of the optimal control sequence is provided. As a case study, a cost‐effectiveness problem of mitigation policies for uncertain carbon dioxide emissions is analyzed and numerically computed to illustrate the proposed approaches.
Formentwicklung einfeldriger Rahmenüberführungen anhand statisch‐konstruktiver Überlegungen
Authors: Kleiser Michael 
Published: May 2017

AbstractÜber die zweckbestimmten bzw. funktionalen sowie wirtschaftlichen Anforderungen hinaus ist es Ziel, Brücken auch formlogisch nach außen wirken zu lassen, um durch eine größtmögliche Authentizität auch gestaltgebende Akzente zu setzen. Unter Formlogik ist die nach außen darzustellende, materielle Verkörperung der inneren Strukturabsicht – bei Brücken gleichzusetzen mit dem Tragverhalten – zu verstehen. In diesem Artikel werden Formstudien an einfeldrigen Rahmenüberführungen aus Stahlbeton durchgeführt, bei denen die Form anhand von statisch‐konstruktiven Überlegungen sequenziell entwickelt wird. Es wird u. a. gezeigt, dass der Ingenieur sein tägliches Werkzeug, die Berechnung, als gestaltgebendes Mittel einsetzen kann, um authentische Bauwerke zu entwerfen, die einen Grundanspruch an Ästhetik erfüllen und darüber hinaus zweckmäßig und wirtschaftlich sind. Zwei praxisnahe Entwürfe von einfeldrigen Stahlbeton‐ bzw. Spannbetonrahmentragwerken werden schließlich vorgestellt.
Carbonbeton unter einaxialer Druckbeanspruchung
Authors: Bochmann Jakob , Curbach Manfred , Jesse Frank 
Published: May 2017

AbstractZum Tragverhalten von Carbonbeton gibt es bereits umfangreiche Forschungsarbeiten und Ingenieurmodelle für grundlegende Belastungsarten. Bei vielen Anwendungsbereichen ist jedoch auch das Verhalten unter Druckbeanspruchung von Interesse, um das Tragverhalten im Detail erklären zu können. Carbonbeton zeigt hier ein charakteristisches Tragverhalten, das sich von dem bekannten des Stahlbetons unterscheidet. Wesentliche Ursache dieser Unterschiede ist das Unvermögen der textilen Bewehrung, quer zu den Fasern einen nennenswerten Tragwiderstand aufzubauen. Da systematische Tests hierzu noch ausstehen, soll das Tragverhalten von Carbonbeton unter einaxialer Druckbeanspruchung detailliert untersucht werden. In diesem Beitrag werden die Einrichtung und Optimierung eines geeigneten Versuchsaufbaus beschrieben, welcher die genaue Aufnahme des Spannungs‐Dehnungs‐Zustands von kleinformatigen Carbonbeton‐Probekörpern ermöglicht. Im Anschluss werden erste experimentelle Ergebnisse vorgestellt, fundamentale Zusammenhänge und mögliche Erklärungen des Materialverhaltens diskutiert.
Zur Biegung von Infraleichtbetonbauteilen – Werkstoff‐, Verbund‐, Trag‐ und Verformungsverhalten
Authors: Hückler Alex , Schlaich Mike 
Published: May 2017

AbstractInfraleichtbeton (ILC) ist mit einer Trockenrohdichte von weniger als 800 kg/m3 ein Hochleistungsleichtbeton (HPLWAC). Seine guten Dämmeigenschaften erlauben ohne zusätzliche Wärmedämmung Sichtbetonkonstruktionen, die wegen eines monolithischen Wandaufbaus einfach zu recyceln sind und ILC zu einem potenziellen Kandidaten für nachhaltiges Bauen machen. Leichtbeton mit derart niedrigen Dichten neigt dazu, sich linear elastisch zu verhalten und ist vergleichbar spröde wie ein Ultrahochleistungsbeton (UHPC). In diesem Aufsatz werden neben dem Biegetragverhalten auch der Verbund zur Bewehrung und die Zugversteifung von ILC unter Berücksichtigung dieser besonderen Materialeigenschaften beschrieben. Die hier vorgestellte theoretische und experimentelle Forschung gibt auch Einblick in das Verformungs‐ und Rissverhalten sowie die Duktilität von ILC‐Bauteilen und liefert als Ergebnis eine Berechnungshilfe für biegebeanspruchte ILC‐Balken.
Group 4 Metal Complexes of Phenylene–Salalen Ligands in rac‐Lactide Polymerization Giving High Molecular Weight Stereoblock Poly(lactic acid)
Authors: Stopper Ayellet , Rosen Tomer , Venditto Vincenzo , Goldberg Israel , Kol Moshe 
Published: May 2017

AbstractPhenylene–salalens—sequential tetradentate dianionic {ONNO}‐type ligands that include an ortho‐phenylene group bridging between an imine and amine internal donors bound to phenol arms with a broad variety of substitution patterns are described. Zirconium and hafnium complexes of the type [{ONNO}M(O‐tBu)2] were formed as single diastereomers, which, according to crystallographic structures, featured the fac(around the amine)‐mer(around the imine) wrapping mode. The reactivity and stereoselectivity in rac‐lactide (rac‐LA) polymerizations were found to depend on the substitution pattern: complexes featuring small groups on the imine‐side phenol and bulky groups on the amine‐side phenol exhibited the favorable combination of high activity and high isoselectivity (Pm≤0.91). Isotactic stereoblock copolymers of high molecular weights were prepared. The polymers crystallized in the stereocomplex phase according to thermal (differential scanning calorimetry) and crystallographic analysis.