bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parasite metacommunities: Evaluating the roles of host community composition and environmental gradients in structuring symbiont communities within amphibians
Authors: Mihaljevic Joseph R. , Hoye Bethany J. , Johnson Pieter T. J. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractEcologists increasingly report the structures of metacommunities for free‐living species, yet far less is known about the composition of symbiont communities through space and time. Understanding the drivers of symbiont community patterns has implications ranging from emerging infectious disease to managing host microbiomes.Using symbiont communities from amphibian hosts sampled from wetlands of California,USA, we quantified the effects of spatial structure, habitat filtering and host community components on symbiont occupancy and overall metacommunity structure.We built upon a statistical method to describe metacommunity structure that accounts for imperfect detection in survey data—detection error‐corrected elements of metacommunity structure—by adding an analysis to identify covariates of community turnover. We applied our model to a metacommunity of eight parasite taxa observed in 3,571 Pacific chorus frogs (Pseudacris regilla) surveyed from 174 wetlands over 5 years.Symbiont metacommunity structure varied across years, showing nested structure in 3 years and random structure in 2 years. Species turnover was most consistently influenced by spatial and host community components. Occupancy generally increased in more southeastern wetlands, and snail (intermediate host) community composition had strong effects on most symbiont taxa.We have used sophisticated but accessible statistical methods to reveal that spatial components—which influence colonization—and host community composition—which mediates transmission—both drive symbiont community composition in this system. These methods allow us to associate broad patterns of community turnover to local, species‐level effects, ultimately improving our understanding of spatial community dynamics.
Physiology at near‐critical temperatures, but not critical limits, varies between two lizard species that partition the thermal environment
Authors: Telemeco Rory S. , Gangloff Eric J. , Cordero Gerardo A. , Polich Rebecca L. , Bronikowski Anne M. , Janzen Fredric J. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe mechanisms that mediate the interaction between the thermal environment and species ranges are generally uncertain. Thermal environments may directly restrict species when environments exceed tolerance limits (i.e. the fundamental niche). However, thermal environments might also differentially affect relative performance among species prior to fundamental tolerances being met (i.e. the realized niche).We examined stress physiology (plasma glucose and corticosterone), mitochondrial performance and the muscle metabolome of congeneric lizards that naturally partition the thermal niche,Elgaria multicarinata(southern alligator lizards;SALs) andElgaria coerulea(northern alligator lizards;NALs), in response to a thermal challenge to quantify variation in physiological performance and tolerance.BothNALandSALdisplayed physiological stress in response to high temperature, but neither showed signs of irreversible damage.NALdisplayed a higher baseline mitochondrial respiration rate thanSAL. Moreover,NALsubstantially adjusted their physiology in response to thermal challenge, whereasSALdid not. For example, the metabolite profile ofNALshifted with changes in key energetic molecules, whereas these were unaffected inSAL.Our results indicate that near‐critical high temperatures should incur greater energetic cost inNALthanSALvia an elevated metabolic rate and changes to the metabolome. Thus,SALdisplaceNALin warm environments that are withinNAL's fundamental thermal niche, but relatively costly.Our results suggest that subcritical thermal events can contribute to biogeographic patterns via physiological differences that alter the relative costs of living in warm or cool environments.
Micro‐computed tomographic analysis of the radial geometry of intrarenal artery‐vein pairs in rats and rabbits: Comparison with light microscopy
Authors: Ngo Jennifer P. , Le Bianca , Khan Zohaib , Kett Michelle M. , Gardiner Bruce S. , Smith David W. , Melhem Mayer M. , Maksimenko Anton , Pearson James T. , Evans Roger G. 
Published: August 2017

SummaryWe assessed the utility of synchrotron‐radiation micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) for quantification of the radial geometry of the renal cortical vasculature. The kidneys of nine rats and six rabbits were perfusion fixed and the renal circulation filled with Microfil. In order to assess shrinkage of Microfil, rat kidneys were imaged at the Australian Synchrotron immediately upon tissue preparation and then post fixed in paraformaldehyde and reimaged 24 hours later. The Microfil shrank only 2‐5% over the 24 hour period. All subsequent micro‐CT imaging was completed within 24 hours of sample preparation. After micro‐CT imaging, the kidneys were processed for histological analysis. In both rat and rabbit kidneys, vascular structures identified in histological sections could be identified in two‐dimensional (2D) micro‐CT images from the original kidney. Vascular morphology was similar in the two sets of images. Radial geometry quantified by manual analysis of 2D images from micro‐CT was consistent with corresponding data generated by light microscopy. However, due to limited spatial resolution when imaging a whole organ using contrast‐enhanced micro‐CT, only arteries ≥100 and ≥60 μm in diameter, for the rat and rabbit respectively, could be assessed. We conclude that it is feasible and valid to use micro‐CT to quantify vascular geometry of the renal cortical circulation in both the rat and rabbit. However, a combination of light microscopic and micro‐CT approaches are required to evaluate the spatial relationships between intrarenal arteries and veins over an extensive range of vessel size.
Update on Postdialysis Rebound by a New Technology in Hemodialysis
Authors: Testal Alicia García , Marín David Hervás , Maset Rafael García , Maicas Pilar Royo , Salvador Inmaculada Soledad Rico , Díaz Pau Olagüe , Najera Jose Enrique Fernández , De Juan Eduardo Torregrosa , Carrera Caterina Benedito 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAfter dialysis ends, urea continued movement causes rebound postdialysis, with values at about 20%. New techniques have been incorporated into hemodialysis, but their relationship with rebound has not yet been studied. This study aimed to quantify urea rebound at 30‐min postdialysis during sessions using polysulfone filters and high‐flow versus online hemodiafiltration, and to define its correlation with body composition measured by bioimpedance by a cross‐sectional study with 69 patients (December 2015 to January 2016). Mean urea rebound was 24.39, which was positively associated with recirculation, Kt/V or hypotension, and showed a negative relationship with online hemodiafiltration. It was not associated with different body composition compartments. To conclude, postdialysis urea rebound remained high with polysulfone dialyzers and low dialysis doses. Online hemodiafiltration could improve postdialysis urea rebound. Different body composition compartments were not related to rebound.
Turmeric Extract Rescues Ethanol‐Induced Developmental Defect in the Zebrafish Model for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)
Authors: Muralidharan Pooja , Connors Craig T. , Mohammed Arooj S. , Sarmah Swapnalee , Marrs Kathleen , Marrs James A. , Chism Grady W. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPrenatal ethanol exposure causes the most frequent preventable birth disorder, fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). The effect of turmeric extracts in rescuing an ethanol‐induced developmental defect using zebrafish as a model was determined. Ethanol‐induced oxidative stress is one of the major mechanisms underlying FASD. We hypothesize that antioxidant inducing properties of turmeric may alleviate ethanol‐induced defects. Curcuminoid content of the turmeric powder extract (5 mg/mL turmeric in ethanol) was determined by UPLC and found to contain Curcumin (124.1 ± 0.2 μg/mL), Desmethoxycurcumin (43.4 ± 0.1 μg/mL), and Bisdemethoxycurcumin (36.6 ± 0.1 μg/mL). Zebrafish embryos were treated with 100 mM (0.6% v/v) ethanol during gastrulation through organogenesis (2 to 48 h postfertilization (hpf)) and supplemented with turmeric extract to obtain total curcuminoid concentrations of 0, 1.16, 1.72, or 2.32 μM. Turmeric supplementation showed significant rescue of the body length at 72 hpf compared to ethanol‐treated embryos. The mechanism underlying the rescue remains to be determined.
Genomewide DNA methylation analysis in combat veterans reveals a novel locus for PTSD
Authors: Mehta D. , Bruenig D. , Carrillo‐Roa T. , Lawford B. , Harvey W. , Morris C. P. , Smith A. K. , Binder E. B. , Young R. McD , Voisey J. 
Published: August 2017

ObjectiveEpigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation may play a key role in the aetiology and serve as biomarkers for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We performed a genomewide analysis to identify genes whose DNA methylation levels are associated with PTSD.MethodA total of 211 individuals comprising Australian male Vietnam War veterans (n = 96) and males from a general population belonging to the Grady Trauma Project (n = 115) were included. Genomewide DNA methylation was performed from peripheral blood using the Illumina arrays. Data analysis was performed using generalized linear regression models.ResultsDifferential DNA methylation of 17 previously reported PTSD candidate genes was associated with PTSD symptom severity. Genomewide analyses revealed CpG sites spanning BRSK1, LCN8, NFG and DOCK2 genes were associated with PTSD symptom severity. We replicated the findings of DOCK2 in an independent cohort. Pathway analysis revealed that among the associated genes, genes within actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion molecular pathways were enriched.ConclusionThese data highlight the role of DNA methylation as biomarkers of PTSD. The results support the role of previous candidates and uncover novel genes associated with PTSD, such as DOCK2. This study contributes to our understanding of the biological underpinnings of PTSD.
Dopamine plasma clearance is increased in piglets compared to neonates during continuous dopamine infusion
Authors: Rasmussen Martin B. , Gramsbergen Jan Bert , Eriksen Vibeke R. , Greisen Gorm 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAimPiglets models have often been used to study the effects of dopamine infusion on hypotension in neonates. However, piglets need higher doses of dopamine than neonates to increase blood pressure. We investigated whether this difference was due to interspecific difference in dopamine pharmacokinetics.MethodsArterial blood samples were drawn from six neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Copenhagen University Hospital and 20 newborn piglets during continuous dopamine infusion. Furthermore, to estimate the piglet plasma dopamine half‐life, blood samples were drawn at 2.5‐minute intervals after the dopamine infusion was discontinued. The plasma dopamine content was analysed by high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.ResultsThe dopamine displayed first‐order kinetics in piglets and had a half‐life of 2.5 minutes, while the median plasma clearance was 627.9 mL/kg/minute (interquartile range 452.6–1914.4). Both piglets and neonates showed large interindividual variations in plasma clearance, but the median tended to be lower in neonates (384.9, interquartile range 114.2–480.2 mL/kg/minute).ConclusionOur results suggest that pharmacokinetic differences may explain the interspecific difference in required doses of dopamine infusion to increase blood pressure. This is important when translating the results obtained in piglet models to treating neonatal hypotension with dopamine.
Photodynamic therapy is more effective than imiquimod for actinic keratosis in organ transplant recipients: a randomized intraindividual controlled trial
Authors: Togsverd-Bo K. , Halldin C. , Sandberg C. , Gonzalez H. , Wennberg A.M. , Sørensen S.S. , Wulf H.C. , Hædersdal M. 
Published: August 2017

SummaryBackgroundActinic keratoses (AKs) in solid organ transplant recipients (OTRs) are difficult-to-treat premalignancies and comparison of topical therapies is therefore warranted.ObjectivesIn an intraindividual study to compare the efficacy and safety of field treatment with methyl aminolaevulinate photodynamic therapy (MAL-PDT) and imiquimod (IMIQ) for AKs in OTRs.MethodsOTRs (n = 35) with 572 AKs (grade I–III) in two similar areas on the face, scalp, dorsal hands or forearms were included. All patients received one MAL-PDT and one IMIQ session (three applications per week for 4 weeks) in each study area according to randomization. Treatments were repeated after 2 months (IMIQ) and 3 months (PDT) in skin with incomplete AK response. Outcome measures were complete lesion response (CR), skin reactions, laboratory results and treatment preference.ResultsThe majority of study areas received two treatment sessions (PDT n = 25 patients; IMIQ n = 29 patients). At 3 months after two treatments, skin treated with PDT achieved a higher rate of CR (AK I–III median 78%; range 50–100) compared with IMIQ-treated skin areas (median 61%, range 33–100; P &lt; 0·001). Fewer emergent AKs were seen in PDT-treated skin vs. IMIQ-treated skin (0·7 vs. 1·5 AKs, P = 0·04). Patients developed more intense inflammatory skin reactions following PDT, which resolved more rapidly compared with IMIQ (median 10 days vs. 18 days, P &lt; 0·01). Patient preference (P = 0·47) and cosmesis (P &gt; 0·30) were similar for PDT and IMIQ.ConclusionsCompared with IMIQ, PDT treatment obtained a higher rate of AK clearance at 3-month follow-up and achieved shorter-lasting, but more intense, short-term skin reactions.
Multiple aspects of high school students’ strategic processing on reading outcomes: The role of quantity, quality, and conjunctive strategy use
Authors: Parkinson Meghan M. , Dinsmore Daniel L. 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundWhile the literature on strategy use is relatively mature, measures of strategy use overwhelmingly measure only one aspect of that use, frequency, when relating that strategy use to performance outcomes. While this might be one important attribute of strategy use, there is increasing evidence that quality and conditional use of cognitive and metacognitive strategies may also be important.AimsThis study examines how multiple aspects of strategy use, namely frequency, quality, and conjunctive use of strategies, influence task performance on both well‐ and ill‐structured task outcomes in addition to other concomitant variables that may interact with strategic processing during reading.SampleThe sample consisted of 21 high school students enrolled in an upper‐level biology class in a suburban school in the north‐eastern United States.MethodsThese participants completed measures of prior knowledge and interest, then read either an expository or persuasive text while thinking aloud. They then completed a passage recall and open‐ended response following passage completion.ResultsIn general, quantity was not positively related to the study outcomes and was negatively related to one of them. Quality of strategy use, on the other hand, was consistently related to positive reading outcomes. The influence of knowledge and interest in terms of strategies is also discussed as well as six cases which illustrate the relation of aspects of strategy use and the other concomitant variables.ConclusionsEvaluating strategy use by solely examining the frequency of strategy use did not explain differences in task performance as well as evaluating the quality and conjunctive use of strategies. Further, important relations between prior knowledge, interest, and the task outcomes appeared to be mediated and moderated by the aspects of strategy use investigated.
Evaluation of a needle disinfectant technique to reduce infection‐related hospitalisation after transrectal prostate biopsy
Authors: Auffenberg Gregory B. , Qi Ji , Gao Yuqing , Miller David C. , Ye Zaojun , Brachulis Andrew , Linsell Susan , Gandhi Tejal N. , Kraklau David , Montie James E. , Ghani Khurshid R. ,   the Michigan Urological Surgery Improvement Collaborative
Published: August 2017

ObjectivesTo determine whether a needle disinfectant step during transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)‐guided prostate biopsy is associated with lower rates of infection‐related hospitalisation.Patients and MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of all TRUS‐guided prostate biopsies taken across the Michigan Urological Surgery Improvement Collaborative (MUSIC) from January 2012 to March 2015. Natural variation in technique allowed us to evaluate for differences in infection‐related hospitalisations based on whether or not a needle disinfectant technique was used. The disinfectant technique was an intra‐procedural step to cleanse the biopsy needle with antibacterial solution after each core was sampled (i.e., 10% formalin or 70% isopropyl alcohol). After grouping biopsies according to whether or not the procedure included a needle disinfectant step, we compared the rate of infection‐related hospitalisations within 30 days of biopsy. Generalised estimating equation models were fit to adjust for potential confounders.ResultsDuring the evaluated period, 17 954 TRUS‐guided prostate biopsies were taken with 5 321 (29.6%) including a disinfectant step. The observed rate of infection‐related hospitalisation was lower when a disinfectant technique was used during biopsy (0.60% vs 0.90%; P = 0.04). After accounting for differences between groups the adjusted hospitalisation rate in the disinfectant group was 0.85% vs 1.12% in the no disinfectant group (adjusted odds ratio 0.76, 95% confidence interval 0.50–1.15; P = 0.19).ConclusionsIn this observational analysis, hospitalisations for infectious complications were less common when the TRUS‐guided prostate biopsy included a needle disinfection step. However, after adjusting for potential confounders the effect of needle disinfection was not statistically significant. Prospective evaluation is warranted to determine if this step provides a scalable and effective method to minimise infectious complications.
Endocrine disruption in aquatic systems: up‐scaling research to address ecological consequences
Authors: Windsor Fredric M. , Ormerod Steve J. , Tyler Charles R. 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTEndocrine‐disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can alter biological function in organisms at environmentally relevant concentrations and are a significant threat to aquatic biodiversity, but there is little understanding of exposure consequences for populations, communities and ecosystems. The pervasive nature of EDCs within aquatic environments and their multiple sub‐lethal effects make assessments of their impact especially important but also highly challenging. Herein, we review the data on EDC effects in aquatic systems focusing on studies assessing populations and ecosystems, and including how biotic and abiotic processes may affect, and be affected by, responses to EDCs. Recent research indicates a significant influence of behavioural responses (e.g. enhancing feeding rates), transgenerational effects and trophic cascades in the ecological consequences of EDC exposure. In addition, interactions between EDCs and other chemical, physical and biological factors generate uncertainty in our understanding of the ecological effects of EDCs within aquatic ecosystems. We illustrate how effect thresholds for EDCs generated from individual‐based experimental bioassays of the types commonly applied using chemical test guidelines [e.g. Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD)] may not necessarily reflect the hazards associated with endocrine disruption. We argue that improved risk assessment for EDCs in aquatic ecosystems urgently requires more ecologically oriented research as well as field‐based assessments at population‐, community‐ and food‐web levels.
Matters of Scale: Sociology in and for a Complex World
Authors: Pyyhtinen Olli 
Published: August 2017

The article proposes that if sociology is to make sense of a world that is ever more complex and complicated, it is important to reconsider the scale(s) of our relations and actions. Instead of assuming a nested vertical hierarchy of the micro to macro binary, scale should be treated not only as multiple, but also as something produced and sustained in practice. Coming to grips with the complex world, we are living in also necessitates attending to the conduits and connections between various sites, fields, and terrains to which our lives are entangled. The article concludes with a note on the marginalization of sociology from public discussions, and it argues that it is possibly by attending to ambiguity and to the unfinished making of our contemporary world that sociology might have the most to give to discussions about the economy, about the future of humanity, and how to organize society.Cet article suggère que si la sociologie doit nous éclairer sur le sens d'un monde de plus en plus complexe, il est important de revoir l’échelle de nos relations et actions. Au lieu d'assumer une hiérarchie verticale de la dualité micro‐macro, cette étendue doit être traitée non seulement comme multiple, mais aussi comme une chose produite et soutenue par la pratique. Pour faire face à la complexité du monde dans lequel nous vivons, il faut aussi de s'occuper des conduits et connections entre des sites divers, des champs, et des terrains dans lesquels nos vies se déroulent. Cet article conclut avec une note sur la marginalisation de la sociologie dans les discussions publiques ; et il défend l'idée que c'est possiblement en appréhendant l'ambiguïté et la construction incomplète de notre monde contemporain que la sociologie peut être la plus fructueuse en termes de discussions portant sur l’économie, le futur de l'humanité, et l'organisation de la société.