bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation on performance of multiple AI-based auto-contouring systems in organs at risks (OARs) delineation
Authors: Kim Young Woo , Biggs Simon , Claridge Mackonis Elizabeth 
Published: September 2024

AbstractManual contouring of organs at risk (OAR) is time-consuming and subject to inter-observer variability. AI-based auto-contouring is proposed as a solution to these problems if it can produce clinically acceptable results. This study investigated the performance of multiple AI-based auto-contouring systems in different OAR segmentations. The auto-contouring was performed using seven different AI-based segmentation systems (Radiotherapy AI, Limbus AI version 1.5 and 1.6, Therapanacea, MIM, Siemens AI-Rad Companion and RadFormation) on a total of 42 clinical cases with varying anatomical sites. Volumetric and surface dice similarity coefficients and maximum Hausdorff distance (HD) between the expert’s contours and automated contours were calculated to evaluate their performance. Radiotherapy AI has shown better performance than other software in most tested structures considered in the head and neck, and brain cases. No specific software had shown overall superior performance over other software in lung, breast, pelvis and abdomen cases. Each tested AI system was able to produce comparable contours to the experts’ contours of organs at risk which can potentially be used for clinical use. A reduced performance of AI systems in the case of small and complex anatomical structures was found and reported, showing that it is still essential to review each contour produced by AI systems for clinical uses. This study has also demonstrated a method of comparing contouring software options which could be replicated in clinics or used for ongoing quality assurance of purchased systems.
Extracellular vesicles as drug delivery systems in therapeutics: current strategies and future challenges
Authors: Lu Xiaolin , Fan Siyuan , Cao Meng , Liu Dongmei , Xuan Kun , Liu Anqi 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Background
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are nanometer-sized vesicles enclosed by lipid membranes, are secreted by most cells and contain lipids, proteins, and various nucleic acid species from the source cell. Due to their natural origin, high biocompatibility, stability, targeting ability, multifunctionality, and low immunogenicity, EVs have been increasingly explored as potential drug delivery system (DDS) agents, offering new strategies for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, cancer and many other diseases. However, there are several challenges facing EVs as drug delivery systems, such as the low drug loading efficiency and the need for consensus on ideal cell types as sources for EVs at the clinical level.

Area Covered
This article briefly reviews the physiological characteristics of EVs and discusses the applicable conditions for endogenous and exogenous drug loading in EVs, as well as the delivery modes of EVs as carriers. Finally, the challenges of EVs stability and drug encapsulation efficiency of EVs as future DDS are also described.

Expert Opinion
This article mainly focused on the different methods of endogenous and exogenous drug loading, described the delivery modes of EVs as carriers in drug delivery, and the challenges of stability and drug encapsulation efficiency facing in the future in detail and deeply.
Catalyzing Success: How Enthusiastic Leaders Drive Performance through Group Satisfaction and Positive Emotions
Authors: Gonçalves Gabriela , Sousa Cátia , Veras Catarina , Santos Joana 
Published: September 2024

AbstractEffective leaders employ a blend of transformational and transactional leadership styles to collaborate with their employees, working towards achieving organizational objectives. While the significance of enthusiasm in leadership is acknowledged, its specific role remains largely unexplored within the realm of leadership studies. We contend that enthusiasm assumes a pivotal and influential role in successful leadership, ultimately enhancing overall productivity. This study is dedicated to investigating how leader enthusiasm impacts perceived performance among team members and examine the mediation of group satisfaction and positive emotions in the relationship between leader enthusiasm and perceived performance. By analyzing data collected from a participant pool of 311 individuals, our research yields compelling evidence that leader enthusiasm exerts a positive influence on perceived performance. A noteworthy revelation emerging from our research is found in the mediation analysis. This analysis sheds light on the pivotal roles of group satisfaction and positive emotions as key mediators in the link between leader enthusiasm and perceived performance. This underscores the concept that leader enthusiasm indirectly shapes how employees perceive their own performance, primarily through its profound impact on group satisfaction and the positive emotions experienced by individual team members. In summary, our study underscores the vital and transformative role of leader enthusiasm in cultivating a rewarding and fulfilling work environment. This, in turn, exerts a positive influence on follower emotions and their perceptions of performance. Our findings shed light on the intricate mechanisms through which leader enthusiasm contributes to shaping employees’ perceptions of their performance.
A p-Multigrid Hybrid-Spectral Model for Nonlinear Water Waves
Authors: Melander Anders , Engsig-Karup Allan P. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractTo improve both scale and fidelity of numerical water wave simulations to study the evolution of wave fields within offshore engineering, it is of key practical interest to achieve high numerical efficiency. We propose a p-multigrid accelerated time-domain scheme for efficient and $${\mathcal {O}}(n \log n)$$

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-scalable solution of a hybrid-spectral model for the simulation of highly nonlinear and highly dispersive water waves, the accurate calculation of wave kinematics and taking into account varying water depth. To achieve low numerical dispersive and dissipate errors, a high-order hybrid-spectral collocation scheme is implemented to solve the fully nonlinear potential flow (FNPF) equations, and utilizing a p-multigrid iterative solver scheme for solving the Laplace problem. Hereby, the numerical scheme combines the high accuracy of spectral methods, high efficiency of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm, and multigrid methods. Numerical analysis is performed to evaluate the performance and confirm the spectral accuracy of the scheme. Numerical experiments are considered for steady nonlinear wave propagation. A Fourier-continuation technique is used to extend the scheme from a periodic domain setup to perform benchmarks in a finite domain setup for numerical wave tanks utilizing conventional techniques for wave generation and absorption, and with results in excellent agreement with experimental measurements.
Effects of live and pasteurized forms of Lactobacillus casei Zhang on acute kidney injury and chronic renal fibrosis
Authors: Wang Xiuru , Shi Mengxia , Cao Chujin , Zeng Rui , Yao Ying 
Published: September 2024

AbstractLactobacillus casei Zhang (Lac.z), isolated from traditional sour horse milk in Inner Mongolia, can alleviate various diseases and promote health. Our previous studies found that pretreatment with live Lac.z (L-Lac.z) could significantly attenuate acute kidney injury and delay the progression of chronic renal fibrosis. However, it is unknown whether these effects could be maintained by pasteurized Lac.z (P-Lac.z). Mouse models of acute kidney injury and chronic renal fibrosis induced by renal bilateral ischemia-reperfusion (BIR) surgery were treated with L-Lac.z or P-Lac.z by gavage. Serum and kidney samples were collected to analyze the extent of renal injury and fibrosis, and proteomics was used to explore the potential mechanisms underlying the differences in the effects of the two forms of Lac.z. The results revealed that treatment with L-Lac.z led to a reduction in serum urea nitrogen levels and in less renal tubular injury and subsequent renal fibrosis after BIR-induced renal injury, whereas these effects were not observed in the P-Lac.z group. Proteomic analysis revealed 19 up-regulated proteins and 39 down-regulated proteins in the P-Lac.z group, and these gene products were associated with growth and stress resistance. The specific nephroprotective effects of L-Lac.z may be independent of the interaction of live probiotics with the host.
Considering a more sustainable gluten-free diet? Gluten-free cereals in European dietary practice
Authors: Kókai Zsuzsanna L. , Remijnse Wineke , Takács Johanna , Veresné Bálint Márta 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Background
The inclusion of minor and pseudo-cereals enhances the nutritional quality of a gluten-free diet. Yet, affordability determines practical implementation. Environmental concerns should also be considered as moving towards a more sustainable diet. How do these aspects of sustainability manifest themselves in a special diet, such as gluten-free?

Methods
An international pilot survey among practicing dietitians was conducted during the Congress of The European Federation of the Associations of Dietitians (EFAD, Budapest, 2023). Respondents marked their recommendation for eight gluten-free cereals based on five criteria, including nutritional quality, accessibility/price, and climate change. Differences were analysed using Cohran’s Q and pairwise post-hoc tests (N = 38).

Results
There were significant differences in the recommendation for cereals (p < 0.05 for each grain), with quinoa (89.5%), gluten-free oats (89.5%), rice (86.8%), and corn (65.8%) being the most recommended. Buckwheat (55.3%), millet (50.0%), amaranth (44.7%) and sorghum (26.3%) were less recommended. Although gluten-free oats were recommended overall, quinoa was recommended for its nutritional content, and rice and corn were recommended for accessibility/price. No cereal received a high recommendation for climate change.

Conclusions
According to this pilot survey, nutritional content and accessibility/price were the most important criteria for evaluating gluten-free grains. Dietitians were willing to integrate climate change considerations into practice, but more information is needed. The recommendation for minor and pseudo-cereals contradicted the importance emphasised by the literature. Further research is needed to integrate these aspects, helping dietitians formulate recommendations.
Investigation on Phenomics of Traditional Chinese Medicine from the Diabetes
Authors: Zhang Boxun , Zhou Lijuan , Chen Keyu , Fang Xinyi , Li Qingwei , Gao Zezheng , Lian Fengmei , Li Min , Tian Jiaxing , Zhao Linhua , Tong Xiaolin 
Published: September 2024

AbstractWith thousands of years of application history, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has unique advantages in the prevention of various chronic diseases, and in recent years, the development of TCM has presented a situation where opportunities and challenges coexist. Phenomics is an emerging area of life science research, which has numerous similarities to the cognitive perspective of TCM. Thus, how to carry out the interdisciplinary research between TCM and phenomics deserves in-depth discussion. Diabetes is one of the most common chronic non-communicable diseases around the world, and TCM plays an important role in all stages of diabetes treatment, but the molecular mechanisms are difficult to elucidate. Phenomics research can not only reveal the hidden scientific connotations of TCM, but also provide a bridge for the confluence and complementary between TCM and Western medicine. Facing the challenges of the TCM phenomics research, we suggest applying the State-target theory (STT) to overall plan relevant researches, namely, focusing on the disease development, change trends, and core targets of each stage, and to deepen the understanding of TCM disease phenotypes and the therapeutic mechanisms of herbal medicine.
Ensuring fundamental rights compliance and trustworthiness of law enforcement AI systems: the ALIGNER Fundamental Rights Impact Assessment
Authors: Casaburo Donatella , Marsh Irina 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Artificial intelligence systems can expand the capabilities and enhance the efficiency of law enforcement agencies preventing, investigating, detecting, and prosecuting criminal offences in the European Union. At the same time, the deployment of artificial intelligence in the security domain often raises numerous legal and ethical concerns. The ALIGNER Fundamental Rights Impact Assessment is an operational tool, rooted in fundamental rights and in the principles of AI ethics, ready to be integrated in the AI governance measures of European law enforcement agencies to inform their decision-making processes and ensure compliance with the recently adopted Artificial Intelligence Act. This paper first introduces the main tensions between law enforcement AI and fundamental rights, as enshrined in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union; then, it gives an overview of the main developments and best practices in AI governance and their relationship with fundamental rights as well as AI ethics; and finally, it describes the structure of the ALIGNER Fundamental Rights Impact Assessment.
Evaluating the impact of veterans expanded care legislation: a qualitative systematic review
Authors: Gebregziabher Mulugeta , Stephens Michela , Mohamed Ahmed , Ward Ralph , Pope Charlene , Mauldin Patrick , Axon R. Neal 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Background
The Veterans Health Administration (VA) provides healthcare to over 9 million enrollees, and the desire to further access to healthcare for Veterans led to the passage of multiple new laws over the past decade including the Choice Act (2014) and the MISSION Act (2018), which have collectively expanded Veteran eligibility for VA-paid care delivered in community settings. This systematic review summarizes available evidence regarding patient and provider perceptions of these expanded care initiatives.

Objectives
To synthesize findings on (1) the attitudes and perceptions of VA patients and clinicians towards the Choice and MISSION Acts and (2) impact of this legislation on access to care.

Design
A qualitative systematic review as an evidence synthesis of relevant qualitative studies.

Method
Searches of PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase and APA PsycINFO electronic databases returned 1249 records, of which 23 met the inclusion criteria for this review using the Cochrane approach to qualitative evidence synthesis.

Results
The synthesis of findings reveals significant insights into the healthcare landscape for veterans. Key results include challenges faced by Veterans in navigating community care, such as complex scheduling and billing issues. Primary Care Physicians highlighted difficulties in care continuity due to administrative challenges. Positive aspects of the Choice and MISSION Acts included enhanced access to care, especially for rural veterans, although disparities persisted. Provider burnout was noted, particularly among those facing care coordination challenges. Satisfaction levels among Veterans varied, with factors like the provider-patient relationship and facility environment influencing care choices. Notably, Choice implementation led to improvements in some access respects but presented communication and scheduling challenges.

Conclusion
This systematic review underscores the importance of understanding healthcare access and experiences for veterans within the VA system and its programs. The findings shed light on areas that require attention, such as addressing geographic disparities and improving coordination between VA and community care providers. Policymakers, healthcare administrators, and researchers can leverage these insights to inform decision-making, enhance program efficacy, and ultimately ensure that veterans receive optimal healthcare services.
Uncertainty quantification and confidence intervals for naive rare-event estimators
Authors: Bai Yuanlu , Lam Henry 
Published: September 2024

AbstractWe consider the estimation of rare-event probabilities using sample proportions output by naive Monte Carlo or collected data. Unlike using variance reduction techniques, this naive estimator does not have an a priori relative efficiency guarantee. On the other hand, due to the recent surge of sophisticated rare-event problems arising in safety evaluations of intelligent systems, efficiency-guaranteed variance reduction may face implementation challenges which, coupled with the availability of computation or data collection power, motivate the use of such a naive estimator. In this paper we study the uncertainty quantification, namely the construction, coverage validity, and tightness of confidence intervals, for rare-event probabilities using only sample proportions. In addition to the known normality, Wilson, and exact intervals, we investigate and compare them with two new intervals derived from Chernoff’s inequality and the Berry–Esseen theorem. Moreover, we generalize our results to the natural situation where sampling stops by reaching a target number of rare-event hits. Our findings show that the normality and Wilson intervals are not always valid, but they are close to the newly developed valid intervals in terms of half-width. In contrast, the exact interval is conservative, but safely guarantees the attainment of the nominal confidence level. Our new intervals, while being more conservative than the exact interval, provide useful insights into understanding the tightness of the considered intervals.
Testing Paleomagnetic Dating on Pre‐Historic Flank Eruptions From SE Slope of Etna Volcano
Authors: Magli Andrea , Speranza Fabio , Branca Stefano , Corsaro Rosa Anna , Coltelli Mauro , Malaguti Arianna Beatrice , Giordano Guido 
Published: September 2024

AbstractDuring the last 20 kyr, the Etna volcano has been characterized by almost continuous summit eruptions and by less frequent—yet definitely more destructive—flank eruptions issuing at <1,000 m asl altitudes and reaching the Ionian Sea. The chronological framework of pre‐historic (pre‐2,750 yr BP) flank eruptions is supported only by few radiometric and paleomagnetic ages. Here we paleomagnetically investigated 15 Holocene lava flows from SE Etna lower slopes and dated 12 of them. Paleomagnetic dating at Etna relies on best method pre‐requisites: European location where reference geomagnetic models are well defined, and detailed stratigraphic evidence is available. We sampled 45 sites (450 oriented cores) from lavas loosely constrained in the 19,000–2,000 yr BP age window. Ten eruptions yielded a minimum 40% refinement with respect to initial age constraints, with four lava flows achieving refinement up to 90%. We obtained 620–1,398 yr (998 yr on average) dating accuracy for three flows bracketed in relatively short (1,398–1,644 yr) independent age constraints. By contrast, five flows characterized by longer 6,567–7,439 yr initial age windows yielded multiple age solutions. Finally, four lava flows with 1,644–6,567 yr‐long initial age windows were tightly dated with 120–680 yr age ranges. We conclude that at volcanoes where best paleomagnetic dating pre‐requisite are fulfilled, singular solutions are expected for 30% of the analyzed flows and, significant refinements for the others. Seven kyr seems to represent an independent age window threshold length to get or not significant dating refinements.
Autogenic Formation of Bimodal Grain Size Distributions in Rivers and Its Contribution to Gravel‐Sand Transitions
Authors: An Chenge , Parker Gary , Venditti Jeremy G. , Lamb Michael P. , Hassan Marwan A. , Miwa Hiroshi , Fu Xudong 
Published: September 2024

AbstractRiverbeds often fine downstream, with a gravel‐bedded reach, a relatively abrupt gravel‐sand transition (GST), and a sand‐bedded reach. Underlying this behavior, bed grain size distributions are often bimodal, with a relative paucity (gap) around the range 1–5 mm. There is no general morphodynamic model capable of producing the grain size gap and gravel‐sand transition autogenically from a unimodal sediment supply. Here we use a one‐dimensional morphodynamic model including size‐specific bedload and suspended load transport, to show that bimodality readily evolves autogenically even under unimodal sediment feed. A GST forms when we include a floodplain width that abruptly increases at some point. Upstream of the transition, non‐gap gravel ceases to move and gap sediment is preferentially transported. At the transition, non‐gap sand rapidly deposits from suspension, enhancing gap sediment mobility and diluting its presence on the bed.
SubAuroral Red Arcs Generated by Inner Magnetospheric Heat Flux and by SubAuroral Polarization Streams
Authors: Lin Dong , Wang Wenbin , Fok Mei‐Ching , Pham Kevin , Yue Jia , Wu Haonan 
Published: September 2024

AbstractSubauroral red (SAR) arcs are commonly observed ionospheric red line emissions. They are usually attributed to subauroral electron heating by inner magnetospheric heat flux (IMHF). However, the role of IMHF in changing the ionosphere‐thermosphere (IT) still remains elusive. We conduct controlled numerical experiments with the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere Electrodynamic General Circulation Model (TIEGCM). Coulomb collisional heat flux derived with the Comprehensive Inner Magnetosphere Ionosphere (CIMI) model and empirical subauroral polarization streams (SAPS) are implemented in TIEGCM. The heat flux causes electron temperature enhancement, electron density depletion, and consequently SAR arcs formed in the dusk‐to‐midnight subauroral ionosphere region. SAPS cause more substantial plasma and neutral heating and plasma density variations in a broader region. The maximum enhancement of subauroral red line emission rate is comparable to that caused by the heat flux. However, the visibility of SAR arcs also depends on the relative enhancement to the background brightness.
Electron Acceleration via Secondary Reconnection in the Separatrix Region of Magnetopause Reconnection
Authors: Fu X. S. , Zhong Z. H. , Zhou M. , Ma W. Q. , Pang Y. , Song L. J. , Ou X. J. , Jin R. Q. , Deng X. H. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractMagnetic reconnection is a fundamental process known to play a crucial role in electron acceleration and heating, however, the mechanism of electron energization during reconnection is still not fully understood. This study introduces a novel electron acceleration mechanism in which electrons can be accelerated by secondary reconnection in the separatrix region. The secondary reconnection occurs in a thin current sheet resulted from the shear of the out‐of‐plane Hall magnetic fields of the primary magnetopause reconnection. It results in the intense electron energy fluxes toward the primary X‐line. This mechanism will likely be an important piece in the puzzle of particle acceleration by reconnection.