bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analyzing Hertzian contact stress developed in a double row spherical roller bearing and its effect on fatigue life
Authors: Shah Dhaval B. , Patel Kaushik M. , Trivedi Ruchik D. 
Published: January 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to describe a method permitting the creation of a realistic model of spherical roller bearing with the aim of determining contact stress and fatigue life based on dynamic loading conditions. The paper also aims to recognize the effect of tolerance values on contact stress and fatigue life. Motion and load transmission in spherical roller bearing occurs within the assembly by elliptical curved contacting surfaces. The stress produced by the transmitted load would be very high because of least contacting area between these surfaces.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper describes a methodology to determine contact stress using analytically as well as finite element method for spherical roller bearing. The comparison for the both each approach for contact stress at different loading condition is carried out. Prediction of fatigue life based on dynamic loading conditions for bearing is also determined using finite element model. The effect on induced contact stress and fatigue life by varying tolerances on inner race dimensions have been found out.

Findings
The paper suggests that the maximum stress produces at the start or end of the contacting arc under static loading condition in spherical roller bearing. The analytical and finite element approach is in good agreement. The fatigue life prediction is useful for selecting loading conditions for various applications of double row spherical roller bearing. Tolerance level at inner ring raceway radius is kept high because of manufacturing constrain of complex curvature geometric shape.

Research limitations/implications
The present approach does not consider dynamic loading conditions for contact stress analysis. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to analyze the effect of wear, lubrication and other tribological aspects on bearing life.

Originality/value
The paper includes determination of contact stress and prediction of fatigue life for spherical roller bearing using analytical as well as finite element approach. The tolerance values at inner race are identified as per manufacturing constraint based on contact stress and fatigue life.
Factors influence the lubrication characteristics investigation and optimization of bearing based on neural network
Authors: He Zhenpeng , Gong Wenqin 
Published: January 2017

Purpose
This paper aims to give the guidance for the design of the bearing.

Design/methodology/approach
The finite element method, the multi-body dynamics method, the finite difference method and the tribology are combined to analyze the lubrication.

Findings
The performance parameters of crankshaft-bearing system such as the misalignment, the oil filling ratio and the oil groove are also investigated. Misalignment causes the pressure to incline on one side and the pressure increases obviously. Filling ratio has great relationship with pressure distribution; the factors influencing the filling ratio are also analyzed. Different oil groove models are investigated, as it can provide the theory for oil groove design, and three factors above are always combined to influence the lubrication characteristics.

Originality/value
The optimization of bearing system is conducted by orthogonal test and neural network, unlike the linear optimization theory. Neural network uses the nonlinear theory to optimize crankshaft-bearing system.
Effect of restaurant reward programs on customers’ loyalty: evidence from Iran
Authors: Heidarzadeh Hanzaee Kambiz , Esmaeilpour Fariba 
Published: January 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how the moderating effect of restaurant type (fast food versus casual dining) affects the Generation Y’s customers’ reaction to reward time redemption (immediate versus delayed) and reward type (economic versus social).Design/methodology/approachA 2 × 2 × 2 full-factorial, randomized, between-subject experimental design is conducted to test the research framework. The treatment groups are different from each other by manipulating reward type, reward timing and restaurant type through eight different scenario exposures.FindingsThe findings of the study reveal that the loyalty is significantly higher for immediate than delayed rewards in the both examined restaurant segments. In the casual dining restaurant segment, the effect of rewards increases for social rewards more than economic ones. On the other hand, for fast food restaurant context, there is no difference in the effect of reward type, whether they are economic or social.Research limitations/implicationsDue to the limitations of fine dining restaurants in Iran, the present study consists of only two types of restaurants (fast food vs casual dining).Originality/valueThis study aims to contribute towards the understanding how restaurant type (fast food versus casual dining) affects the impact of restaurant reward programs on the loyalty of Generation Y’s customers.
Substitute or complement? The use of trade credit as a financing source among SMEs
Authors: Yazdanfar Darush , Öhman Peter 
Published: January 2017

Purpose
This study aims to investigate trade credit as a financing source among small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), particularly the influence of short-term debt, long-term debt and profitability on the use of such credit.

Design/methodology/approach
Ordinary least squares (OLS), fixed-effects and generalized method of moments (GMM) system models were used to analyze a large cross-sectional panel data set of 15,897 Swedish SMEs in five industry sectors for the 2009-2012 period.

Findings
The study provides empirical evidence that long-term debt and profitability each significantly and negatively influence trade credit (i.e. accounts payable) and that short-term debt positively influences trade credit. Notably, while trade credit seems to complement other short-term debt, it replaces long-term debt. Moreover, firm size in terms of sales is positively related and firm age is negatively related to accounts payable. Industry affiliation is another significant explanatory variable.

Practical implications
The results provide debt holders, potential investors, policymakers and academic researchers with insights into the relationship between trade credit demand, on the one hand, and external financing (i.e. short- and long-term debt) and internal retained earnings (i.e. profit), on the other. From a manager’s perspective, the findings may be important for decision-making regarding trade credit use.

Originality/value
When investigating trade credit determinants, the literature has seldom distinguished between short- and long-term debt and considered that they may influence the use of trade credit in different ways. The present study adds to the literature by using OLS, fixed-effects and GMM system models to analyze a large cross-sectoral sample in a high-tax country where both bank loans and trade credit are considered important financing instruments.
Theory of planned behavior and women in senior-level athletic administration
Authors: Veraldo Cynthia Miller , Ruihley Brody J. 
Published: January 2017

Purpose
Women continue to be underrepresented in the athletic director (AD) position across all divisions of the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the USA (Acosta and Carpenter, 2014). The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of personal aspirations in pursing the AD position.

Design/methodology/approach
This qualitative examination focuses on the experiences of nine women who occupy senior associate AD positions and applies the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to examine how attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control influence their aspirations to pursue the AD role.

Findings
The authors suggest a combination of negative attitudes, subjective norms, and lack of perceived behavioral control negatively influencing a woman’s aspirations to pursue the AD position. These conclusions indicate women’s experiences of career advancement are constraining with regard to advancing to the AD position.

Research limitations/implications
Although this study lacks generalizability, TPB is helpful in understanding underrepresentation of women in the AD position.

Practical implications
Furthermore, the authors suggest organizational strategies that cultivate and value women’s experiences. These can equalize the hegemonic male environment of intercollegiate athletics and decrease underrepresentation of women in the most senior-level position in athletic administration.

Originality/value
This study is one of the first to apply TPB to explain career advancement of women in senior management positions in athletic administration.
Outsourcing sports sponsorship activities: a multi-theoretical approach
Authors: Dietl Helmut M. , Özdemir Anil , Schweizer Nicolas 
Published: January 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to understand and explain why some professional sports organizations outsource their sponsorship-related activities to sports marketing agencies, whereas others purposely retain these activities in-house.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper applies transaction cost economics (TCE) and the resource-based view (RBV) to outsourcing of sports sponsorship activities. It examines the extent determinants descending from these theories influence the sourcing choice of professional sports organizations.

Findings
This paper argues that determinants derived from TCE and the RBV are useful to understand the factors likely to influence an outsourcing decision and to analyze which sponsorship-related activities are more or less likely to be outsourced. However, these determinants are insufficient to shed light on why sports organizations arrive at different conclusions about their internal and external environments. With recourse to contingency theory, the authors propose two additional contingencies that affect the sourcing decision: a sport organization’s size and its degree of professionalism. This integrative conceptual framework improves the understanding of sports sponsorship outsourcing, makes several propositions, and paves the way for future empirical research in sports sponsorship.

Originality/value
This is the first paper to apply classical theoretical concepts to outsourcing sports sponsorship activities. As a conceptual paper, it hopes to stimulate further research on outsourcing in sports sponsorship and on the relationship between sports organizations and sports marketing agencies.
The long‐term population dynamics of common wasps in their native and invaded range
Authors: Lester Philip J. , Haywood John , Archer Michael E. , Shortall Chris R. 
Published: January 2017

Summary

Populations of introduced species are often thought to perform differently, or experience different population dynamics, in their introduced range compared to their native habitat. Differences between habitats in climate, competition or natural enemies may result in populations with varying density dependence and population dynamics.

We examined the long‐term population dynamics of the invasive common wasp, Vespula vulgaris, in its native range in England and its invaded range in New Zealand. We used 39 years of wasp density data from four sites in England, and 23 years of data from six sites in New Zealand. Wasp population time series was examined using partial rate correlation functions. Gompertz population models and multivariate autoregressive state‐space (MARSS) models were fitted, incorporating climatic variation.

Gompertz models successfully explained 59–66% of the variation in wasp abundance between years. Density dependence in wasp populations appeared to act similarly in both the native and invaded range, with wasp abundance in the previous year as the most important variable in predicting intrinsic rate of increase (r). No evidence of cyclic population dynamics was observed.

Both the Gompertz and MARSS models highlighted the role of weather conditions in each country as significant predictors of annual wasp abundance. The temporal evolution of wasp populations at all sites was best modelled jointly using a single latent dynamic factor for local trends, with the inclusion of a latent spring weather covariate. That same parsimonious multivariate model structure was optimal in both the native and invaded range.

Density dependence is overwhelmingly important in predicting wasp densities and ‘wasp years’ in both the native and invaded range. Spring weather conditions in both countries have a major influence, probably through their impact on wasp colony initiation and early development. The population dynamics in the native range and invaded range show no evidence of cyclic boom‐and‐bust dynamics. Invasive species may not exhibit different population dynamics despite considerable variation in abundances throughout their distribution.
Size structuring and allometric scaling relationships in coral reef fishes
Authors: Dunic Jillian C. , Baum Julia K. 
Published: January 2017

Summary

Temperate marine fish communities are often size‐structured, with predators consuming increasingly larger prey and feeding at higher trophic levels as they grow. Gape limitation and ontogenetic diet shifts are key mechanisms by which size structuring arises in these communities. Little is known, however, about size structuring in coral reef fishes.

Here, we aimed to advance understanding of size structuring in coral reef food webs by examining the evidence for these mechanisms in two groups of reef predators. Given the diversity of feeding modes amongst coral reef fishes, we also compared gape size–body size allometric relationships across functional groups to determine whether they are reliable indicators of size structuring.

We used gut content analysis and quantile regressions of predator size–prey size relationships to test for evidence of gape limitation and ontogenetic niche shifts in reef piscivores (n = 13 species) and benthic invertivores (n = 3 species). We then estimated gape size–body size allometric scaling coefficients for 21 different species from four functional groups, including herbivores/detritivores, which are not expected to be gape‐limited.

We found evidence of both mechanisms for size structuring in coral reef piscivores, with maximum prey size scaling positively with predator body size, and ontogenetic diet shifts including prey type and expansion of prey size. There was, however, little evidence of size structuring in benthic invertivores. Across species and functional groups, absolute and relative gape sizes were largest in piscivores as expected, but gape size–body size scaling relationships were not indicative of size structuring. Instead, relative gape sizes and mouth morphologies may be better indicators.

Our results provide evidence that coral reef piscivores are size‐structured and that gape limitation and ontogenetic niche shifts are the mechanisms from which this structure arises. Although gape allometry was not indicative of size structuring, it may have implications for ecosystem function: positively allometric gape size–body size scaling relationships in herbivores/detritivores suggests that loss of large‐bodied individuals of these species will have a disproportionately negative impact on reef grazing pressure.
Public Trust in Health Information Sharing: A Measure of System Trust
Authors: Platt Jodyn E. , Jacobson Peter D. , Kardia Sharon L. R. 
Published: January 2017

ObjectiveTo measure public trust in a health information sharing in a broadly defined health system (system trust), inclusive of health care, public health, and research; to identify individual characteristics that predict system trust; and to consider these findings in the context of national health initiatives (e.g., learning health systems and precision medicine) that will expand the scope of data sharing.Data SourcesSurvey data (n = 1,011) were collected in February 2014.Study DesignWe constructed a composite index of four dimensions of system trust—competency, fidelity, integrity, and trustworthiness. The index was used in linear regression evaluating demographic and psychosocial predictors of system trust.Data CollectionData were collected by GfK Custom using a nationally representative sample and analyzed in Stata 13.0.Principal FindingsOur findings suggest the public's trust may not meet the needs of health systems as they enter an era of expanded data sharing. We found that a majority of the U.S. public does not trust the organizations that have health information and share it (i.e., the health system) in one or more dimensions. Together, demographic and psychosocial factors accounted for ~18 percent of the observed variability in system trust. Future research should consider additional predictors of system trust such as knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs to inform policies and practices for health data sharing.
Effect of temperature and colonization of Legionella pneumophila and Vermamoeba vermiformis on bacterial community composition of copper drinking water biofilms
Authors: Buse Helen Y. , Ji Pan , Gomez‐Alvarez Vicente , Pruden Amy , Edwards Marc A. , Ashbolt Nicholas J. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryIt is unclear how the water‐based pathogen, Legionella pneumophila (Lp), and associated free‐living amoeba (FLA) hosts change or are changed by the microbial composition of drinking water (DW) biofilm communities. Thus, this study characterized the bacterial community structure over a 7‐month period within mature (> 600‐day‐old) copper DW biofilms in reactors simulating premise plumbing and assessed the impact of temperature and introduction of Lp and its FLA host, Vermamoeba vermiformis (Vv), co‐cultures (LpVv). Sequence and quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses indicated a correlation between LpVv introduction and increases in Legionella spp. levels at room temperature (RT), while at 37°C, Lp became the dominant Legionella spp. qPCR analysis suggested Vv presence may not be directly associated with Lp biofilm growth at RT and 37°C, but may contribute to or be associated with non‐Lp legionellae persistence at RT. Two‐way PERMANOVA and PCoA revealed that temperature was a major driver of microbiome diversity. Biofilm community composition also changed over the seven‐month period and could be associated with significant shifts in dissolved oxygen, alkalinity and various metals in the influent DW. Hence, temperature, biofilm age, DW quality and transient intrusions/amplification of pathogens and FLA hosts may significantly impact biofilm microbiomes and modulate pathogen levels over extended periods.
Urinary bisphenol A concentration and the risk of central obesity in Chinese adults: A prospective study
Authors: Hao Mingli , Ding Lin , Xuan Liping , Wang Tiange , Li Mian , Zhao Zhiyun , Lu Jieli , Xu Yu , Chen Yuhong , Wang Weiqing , Bi Yufang , Xu Min , Ning Guang 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackgroundBisphenol A (BPA) exposure has been associated with diabetes and related metabolic disorders, such as obesity, but studies of the association of urinary BPA concentrations with central obesity risk are limited. The aim of this study was to prospectively investigate the association between urinary BPA and incident central obesity in a Chinese population aged ≥40 years.MethodsThe study followed 888 participants from Shanghai, China, who did not have central obesity at baseline (in 2009) for 4 years. Concentrations of BPA were measured in baseline morning spot urine samples. Central obesity was defined as waist circumference ≥90 cm in men and ≥80 cm in women.ResultsDuring a mean follow‐up of 4 years, 124 (14.0%) participants developed central obesity. Each 1‐unit increase in log [BPA] was positively associated with a 2.30‐fold risk of incident central obesity (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.39–3.78;
P
< 0.001) after adjustment for confounders. Compared with the lowest tertile of urinary BPA concentration, Tertiles 2 and 3 were associated with a higher risk of incident central obesity (odds ratios 1.73 [95% CI 1.04–2.88] and 1.81 [95% CI 1.08–3.05], respectively). Stratified analysis showed significant associations of BPA with incident central obesity in women and individuals <60 years of age, with normal weight, non‐smokers, non‐drinkers, or non‐hypertensives.ConclusionsThe results indicate that higher urinary BPA concentrations may be associated with a greater risk of incident central obesity in Chinese adults. The study emphasizes the effects of BPA exposure on metabolic risk from a public health perspective.
Did the 1998 Merger of Price Waterhouse and Coopers & Lybrand Increase Audit Quality?
Authors: Choi Jong‐Hag , Kim Seil , Raman K. K. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe examine the effects of the 1998 merger of Price Waterhouse (PW) and Coopers & Lybrand (CL) on the audit quality of the merged firm PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) at both the firm and office levels, where audit quality is surrogated by the auditor's propensity to issue a going‐concern opinion, clients’ likelihood of meeting or beating analysts’ earnings forecasts, and clients’ accrual quality. At the firm level, we find that the merger increased audit quality for PwC relative to the audit quality of the other Big N firms. At the office level, our findings, albeit mixed, collectively suggest that the improvement in firm‐level audit quality was likely driven by the improvement in audit quality at PwC's overlapping offices, that is, offices in cities where both PW and CL had separate offices prior to the merger. Further, our findings suggest that although the PW/CL merger increased auditor concentration in local audit markets with PwC overlapping offices, the merger improved (rather than hurt) audit quality in those markets. Overall, our study contributes to the extant sparse literature on the effect of Big N mergers on audit quality, and is of potential interest to regulators.