bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patchy distribution and low effective population size raise concern for an at‐risk top predator
Authors: Rutledge Linda Y. , Desy Glenn , Fryxell John M. , Middel Kevin , White Bradley N. , Patterson Brent R. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimUnderstanding carnivore distribution is important for management decisions that aim to restore naturally regulated ecosystems and preserve biodiversity. Eastern Wolves, a species at risk in Canada, are centralized in Algonquin Provincial Park and their ability to disperse and establish themselves elsewhere is limited by human‐caused mortality associated with hunting, trapping and vehicle collisions. Here, we refine our understanding of Eastern Wolf distribution and provide the first estimates of their effective population size.LocationSouthern Ontario and Gatineau Quebec.MethodsWe used non‐invasive samples, as well as blood samples archived from other research projects, collected between 2010 and 2014 to generate autosomal microsatellite genotypes at 12 loci for 98 Canis individuals. We utilized Bayesian and multivariate clustering analyses to identify Eastern Wolves in regions that were previously unsampled. Both linkage disequilibrium and temporal approaches were used to estimate effective population size of Eastern Wolves.ResultsAssignment tests identified 34 individuals as Eastern Wolves, primarily in or near two provincial parks: Killarney and Queen Elizabeth II Wildlands. Eastern Coyotes were identified in Bon Echo Provincial Park, Frontenac Provincial Park and Gatineau Park, whereas many of the samples were admixed among the different Canis types. Effective population size (Ne) estimates ranged from 24.3 to 122.1 with a harmonic mean of 45.6.Main conclusionsThe identification of Eastern Wolves in the regions of Killarney and Queen Elizabeth II Wildlands Provincial Parks extends the range of Eastern Wolves north of the French River and southward into previously unidentified regions. The effective population size is low and raises concerns for long‐term persistence of this threatened carnivore; estimates are dangerously close to critical values recommended for short‐term persistence. These results provide important information for upcoming Eastern Wolf recovery plans associated with federal and provincial endangered species legislation.
Birds and alien species dispersal: on the need to focus management efforts on primary introduction pathways – comment on Reynolds et al. and Green
Authors: Solarz Wojciech , Najberek Kamil , Pociecha Agnieszka , Wilk‐Woźniak Elżbieta 
Published: October 2016

AbstractTwo articles published in Diversity and Distributions (Green, ; Reynolds et al., ) demonstrate the role of waterbirds in dispersing alien species and claim that this phenomenon has been largely neglected. Setting out priorities for the future, they focus on the need to improve our understanding of the problem if it is to be successfully managed. We argue that birds are vectors of the secondary spread of alien species already introduced by human agency, rather than the pathway of their primary introduction. The challenge presented by unaided dispersal pathways, such as birds, will not be significantly reduced by future advances in our understanding of their mechanisms. The three‐stage hierarchical approach, recommended by the Convention on Biological Diversity, remains the best management option for biological invasions, irrespective of the level of knowledge about their pathways.
Investigating looking and social looking measures as an index of infant violation of expectation
Authors: Dunn Kirsty , Bremner J. Gavin 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAccumulated looking time has been widely used to index violation of expectation (VoE) response in young infants. But there is controversy concerning the validity of this measure, with some interpreting infant looking behaviour in terms of perceptual preferences (Cohen & Marks, ; Haith, ). The current study aimed to compare the use of looking time with a recently used measure of social looking (Walden et al., ) in distinguishing between 6‐month‐old infants’ response to novelty/familiarity and a condition in which the object was covertly switched for a different object. Following habituation, infants showed more social looking in response to the object‐switch condition than the novel object change, whereas the more commonly used accumulated looking time measure did not distinguish between the two, showing an increase for both. Thus, social looking is a more valid measure of infant VoE than looking time.
Tracing trajectories of audio‐visual learning in the infant brain
Authors: Kersey Alyssa J. , Emberson Lauren L. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAlthough infants begin learning about their environment before they are born, little is known about how the infant brain changes during learning. Here, we take the initial steps in documenting how the neural responses in the brain change as infants learn to associate audio and visual stimuli. Using functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNRIS) to record hemodynamic responses in the infant cortex (temporal, occipital, and frontal cortex), we find that across the infant brain, learning is characterized by an increase in activation followed by a decrease. We take this U‐shaped response as evidence of repetition enhancement during early stages of learning and repetition suppression during later stages, a result that mirrors the Hunter and Ames model of infant visual preference. Furthermore, we find that the neural response to violations of the learned associations can be predicted by the shape of the learning curve in temporal and occipital cortex. These data provide the first look at the shape of the neural response during audio‐visual associative learning in infancy establishing that diverse regions of the infant brain exhibit systematic changes across the time‐course of learning.
Choosy mothers pick challenging plants: maternal preference and larval performance of a specialist herbivore are not linked
Authors: HUFNAGEL MONICA , SCHILMILLER ANTHONY L. , ALI JARED , SZENDREI ZSOFIA 
Published: October 2016

1. Maternal preference is a dynamic process and interactions between preference and performance are fundamental for understanding evolutionary ecology and host association in insect–plant interactions. In the present study, the hypothesis of preference–performance was tested by offering solanaceous specialistLeptinotarsa decemlineata(Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) larvae and adult females four plant congeners that ranged in suitability.2. Larval feeding, development, oviposition, plant glycoalkaloids, and headspace volatiles in the four plant species were analysed to examine the extent of variation, which might explain performance–preference differences.3. It was found that larval performance was mismatched with adult oviposition preferences. Adults laid more eggs onSolanum immiteDunal plants, which were poor hosts for larval development, feeding, and survival, compared to the other threeSolanumspecies.4. Chemical plant defenses, in general, did not correlate with performance or preference, but some plant volatiles may have played a role in resolving female choice. Glycoalkaloids such as solanine and chaconine were detected in similar amounts in preferred and non‐preferred hosts, but there was significantly more limonene in the headspace ofS. immitethan inS. tuberosumL.5. The present findings suggest that we must consider the risk‐spreading hypothesis in cases where preference and performance are not positively correlated, particularly in specialist herbivores that can feed on a diversity of congener plants and may attempt to expand their exploits to other solanaceae species.
Iceberg killing fields limit huge potential for benthic blue carbon in Antarctic shallows
Authors: Barnes David K. A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractClimate‐forced ice losses are increasing potential for iceberg‐seabed collisions, termed ice scour. At Ryder Bay, West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) sea ice, oceanography, phytoplankton and encrusting zoobenthos have been monitored since 1998. In 2003, grids of seabed markers, covering 225 m2, were established, surveyed and replaced annually to measure ice scour frequency. Disturbance history has been recorded for each m2 of seabed monitored at 5–25 m for ~13 years. Encrusting fauna, collected from impacted and nonimpacted metres each year, show coincident benthos responses in growth, mortality and mass of benthic immobilized carbon. Encrusting benthic growth was mainly determined by microalgal bloom duration; each day, nanophytoplankton exceeded 200 μg L−1 produced ~0.05 mm radial growth of bryozoans, and sea temperature >0 °C added 0.002 mm day−1. Mortality and persistence of growth, as benthic carbon immobilization, were mainly influenced by ice scour. Nearly 30% of monitored seabed was hit each year, and just 7% of shallows were not hit. Hits in deeper water were more deadly, but less frequent, so mortality decreased with depth. Five‐year recovery time doubled benthic carbon stocks. Scour‐driven mortality varied annually, with two‐thirds of all monitored fauna killed in a single year (2009). Reduced fast ice after 2006 ramped iceberg scouring, killing half the encrusting benthos each year in following years. Ice scour coupled with low phytoplankton biomass drove a phase shift to high mortality and depressed zoobenthic immobilized carbon stocks, which has persevered for 10 years since. Stocks of immobilized benthic carbon averaged nearly 15 g m−2. WAP ice scouring may be recycling 80 000 tonnes of carbon yr−1. Without scouring, such carbon would remain immobilized and the 2.3% of shelf which are shallows could be as productive as all the remaining continental shelf. The region's future, when glaciers reach grounding lines and iceberg production diminishes, is as a major global sink of carbon storage.
Analysis of the volatile components of tea seed oil (Camellia sinensis O. Ktze) from China using HS‐SPME‐GC/MS
Authors: Liu Guoyan , Xu Suoyu , Wang Xingguo , Jin Qingzhe , Xu Xin , Shen Yingbin , Xu Guangxin , Zhang Hui 
Published: October 2016

SummaryTea seed oil is unique to Asia and boasts significant nutritional and health benefits. In this study, the volatile components of tea seed oil from eight major producing areas in China were analysed using HS‐SPME‐GC/MS. The comparison was made among them to obtain their characteristic volatile compounds. After fibre selection and extraction and desorption condition optimisation, 194 types of volatile components, mainly consisting of aldehydes, pyrazines and esters, were detected. Three principle components were obtained by principal component analysis (PCA), allowing the different cultivars of tea seed oil to be characterised with strong correlation coefficients between factors. Both cluster discriminant analysis and PCA showed that geographical regions could influence the composition and content of tea seed oil's volatile components.
Terminal complexes of the complement system: new structural insights and their relevance to function
Authors: Morgan Bryan Paul , Walters David , Serna Marina , Bubeck Doryen 
Published: October 2016

SummaryComplement is a key component of innate immunity in health and a powerful driver of inflammation and tissue injury in disease. The biological and pathological effects of complement activation are mediated by activation products. These come in two flavors: (i) proteolytic fragments of complement proteins (C3, C4, C5) generated during activation that bind specific receptors on target cells to mediate effects; (ii) the multimolecular membrane attack complex generated from the five terminal complement proteins that directly binds to and penetrates target cell membranes. Several recent publications have described structural insights that have changed perceptions of the nature of this membrane attack complex. This review will describe these recent advances in understanding of the structure of the membrane attack complex and its by‐product the fluid‐phase terminal complement complex and relate these new structural insights to functional consequences and cell responses to complement membrane attack.
Structural insight into proteolytic activation and regulation of the complement system
Authors: Schatz‐Jakobsen Janus A. , Pedersen Dennis V. , Andersen Gregers R. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryThe complement system is a highly complex and carefully regulated proteolytic cascade activated through three different pathways depending on the activator recognized. The structural knowledge regarding the intricate proteolytic enzymes that activate and control complement has increased dramatically over the last decade. This development has been pivotal for understanding how mutations within complement proteins might contribute to pathogenesis and has spurred new strategies for development of complement therapeutics. Here we describe and discuss the complement system from a structural perspective and integrate the most recent findings obtained by crystallography, small‐angle X‐ray scattering, and electron microscopy. In particular, we focus on the proteolytic enzymes governing activation and their products carrying the biological effector functions. Additionally, we present the structural basis for some of the best known complement inhibitors. The large number of accumulated molecular structures enables us to visualize the relative size, position, and overall orientation of many of the most interesting complement proteins and assembled complexes on activator surfaces and in membranes.
Dangerous liaisons: complement, coagulation, and kallikrein/kinin cross‐talk act as a linchpin in the events leading to thromboinflammation
Authors: Ekdahl Kristina N. , Teramura Yuji , Hamad Osama A. , Asif Sana , Duehrkop Claudia , Fromell Karin , Gustafson Elisabet , Hong Jaan , Kozarcanin Huda , Magnusson Peetra U. , Huber‐Lang Markus , Garred Peter , Nilsson Bo 
Published: October 2016

SummaryInnate immunity is fundamental to our defense against microorganisms. Physiologically, the intravascular innate immune system acts as a purging system that identifies and removes foreign substances leading to thromboinflammatory responses, tissue remodeling, and repair. It is also a key contributor to the adverse effects observed in many diseases and therapies involving biomaterials and therapeutic cells/organs. The intravascular innate immune system consists of the cascade systems of the blood (the complement, contact, coagulation, and fibrinolytic systems), the blood cells (polymorphonuclear cells, monocytes, platelets), and the endothelial cell lining of the vessels. Activation of the intravascular innate immune system in vivo leads to thromboinflammation that can be activated by several of the system's pathways and that initiates repair after tissue damage and leads to adverse reactions in several disorders and treatment modalities. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge in the field and discuss the obstacles that exist in order to study the cross‐talk between the components of the intravascular innate immune system. These include the use of purified in vitro systems, animal models and various types of anticoagulants. In order to avoid some of these obstacles we have developed specialized human whole blood models that allow investigation of the cross‐talk between the various cascade systems and the blood cells. We in particular stress that platelets are involved in these interactions and that the lectin pathway of the complement system is an emerging part of innate immunity that interacts with the contact/coagulation system. Understanding the resulting thromboinflammation will allow development of new therapeutic modalities.
The “ins and outs” of complement‐driven immune responses
Authors: Freeley Simon , Kemper Claudia , Le Friec Gaëlle 
Published: October 2016

SummaryThe complement system represents an evolutionary old and critical component of innate immunity where it forms the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Originally described as a heat‐labile fraction of the serum responsible for the opsonization and subsequent lytic killing of bacteria, work over the last century firmly established complement as a key mediator of the general inflammatory response but also as an acknowledged vital bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. However, recent studies particularly spanning the last decade have provided new insights into the novel modes and locations of complement activation and highlighted unexpected additional biological functions for this ancient system, for example, in regulating basic processes of the cell. In this review, we will cover the current knowledge about complement's established and novel roles in innate and adaptive immunity with a focus on the functional differences between serum circulating and intracellularly active complement and will describe and discuss the newly discovered cross‐talks of complement with other cell effector systems particularly during T‐cell induction and contraction.
Evolution of the complement system: from defense of the single cell to guardian of the intravascular space
Authors: Elvington Michelle , Liszewski M. Kathryn , Atkinson John P. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryThe complement system is an evolutionarily ancient component of immunity that revolves around the central component C3. With the recent description of intracellular C3 stores in many types of human cells, our view of the complement system has expanded. In this article, we hypothesize that a primitive version of C3 comprised the first element of the original complement system and initially functioned intracellularly and on the membrane of single‐celled organisms. With increasing specialization and multicellularity, C3 evolved a secretory capacity that allowed it to play a protective role in the interstitial space. Upon development of a pumped circulatory system, C3 was synthesized in large amounts and secreted by the liver to protect the intravascular space. Recent discoveries of intracellular C3 activation, a C3‐based recycling pathway and C3 being a driver and programmer of cell metabolism suggest that the complement system utilizes C3 to guard not only extracellular but also the intracellular environment. We predict that the major functions of C3 in all four locations (i.e. intracellular, membrane, interstitium and circulation) are similar: opsonization, membrane perturbation, triggering inflammation, and metabolic reprogramming.
The complement factor H‐related proteins
Authors: Medjeral‐Thomas Nicholas , Pickering Matthew C. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryThe role of the complement factor H‐related (FHR) proteins in homeostasis, pathogen defense, and autoimmune disease has recently attracted considerable interest. We highlight the exciting research that has contributed to our understanding of the FHR protein family. Unlike factor H, a potent negative regulator of complement C3 activation, the FHR proteins appear to promote C3 activation. These data have important implications for understanding complement‐mediated diseases because, depending on the context, the balance between the actions of factor H and the FHR proteins determines the degree of complement activation.
Complement component C3 – The “Swiss Army Knife” of innate immunity and host defense
Authors: Ricklin Daniel , Reis Edimara S. , Mastellos Dimitrios C. , Gros Piet , Lambris John D. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryAs a preformed defense system, complement faces a delicate challenge in providing an immediate, forceful response to pathogens even at first encounter, while sparing host cells in the process. For this purpose, it engages a tightly regulated network of plasma proteins, cell surface receptors, and regulators. Complement component C3 plays a particularly versatile role in this process by keeping the cascade alert, acting as a point of convergence of activation pathways, fueling the amplification of the complement response, exerting direct effector functions, and helping to coordinate downstream immune responses. In recent years, it has become evident that nature engages the power of C3 not only to clear pathogens but also for a variety of homeostatic processes ranging from tissue regeneration and synapse pruning to clearing debris and controlling tumor cell progression. At the same time, its central position in immune surveillance makes C3 a target for microbial immune evasion and, if improperly engaged, a trigger point for various clinical conditions. In our review, we look at the versatile roles and evolutionary journey of C3, discuss new insights into the molecular basis for C3 function, provide examples of disease involvement, and summarize the emerging potential of C3 as a therapeutic target.
Metapopulation management of an Endangered species with limited genetic diversity in the presence of disease: the Tasmanian devil Sarcophilus harrisii
Authors: Hogg C. J. , Lee A. V. , Srb C. , Hibbard C. 
Published: October 2016

There has been much discussion relating to the current biodiversity crisis, with the loss of species now at an unprecedented rate. Using augmentation and/or reintroduction to minimize the loss of species in the wild is becoming more prominent. Zoological institutions have been traditionally involved in the management of insurance populations providing a range of species for release to the wild. Insurance populations can be costly, both in resources and behavioural changes, and so should aim to be maintained for as short a time as possible, with a maximum of 40 years. A Tasmanian devil Sarcophilus harrisii insurance population was established in 2006 with the arrival of devil facial tumour disease, and was founded with 120 individuals sourced predominantly from the west coast of Tasmania. Here the challenges of establishing and managing an insurance population in an already genetically depauperate species in the presence of a contagious cancer are discussed. The Tasmanian devil insurance metapopulation now includes a continuum of management scenarios (from intensive zoo‐based facilities, through free‐range enclosures, to an island and fenced peninsula) and consists of over 700 devils representing at least 180 founders. The lessons learned in regard to this programme are presented, including the issues surrounding reduced genetic diversity and how we are striving to improve the long‐term management of the insurance metapopulation through a combination of molecular genetics, modelling and on‐the‐ground management. The tools and technologies that have been developed in this programme are directly applicable to the recovery and management of a suite of other threatened fauna.