bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain of the neck, upper extremities and lower back among dental practitioners working in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Al-Mohrej Omar A , AlShaalan Nouf S , Al-Bani Waad M , Masuadi Emad M , Almodaimegh Hind S 
Published: June 2016

ObjectivesStudies have shown that dentists have a higher incidence of work-related musculoskeletal (MSK) pain than those in other occupations. The risk factors contributing to MSK pain among Saudi dentists has not been fully studied so this study aims to estimate the prevalence of MSK pain and investigate its associated risk factors among dentists in Saudi Arabia.Setting and participantsA cross-sectional survey was carried out in the capital city Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, using random cluster sampling. 224 surveys were distributed among dentists with a 91.1% response rate (101 women and 103 men).OutcomesThe prevalence of MSK pain and its associated risk factors were investigated.Results184 (90.2%) respondents reported having MSK pain. Lower back pain was the most commonly reported MSK pain (68.1%). Gender and age were reported to be predictors for at least one type of MSK pain. Older age was associated with lower back pain (OR 1.23; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.50) and women had double the risk of shoulder pain (OR 2.52; 95% CI 1.12 to 5.68). In addition, lower back pain was related to the time the dentist spent with patients (OR 0.28; 95% CI 0.14 to 0.54), while shoulder pain (OR 1.03; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.06) and lower back pain (OR 1.06; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.10) were significantly related to years of experience.ConclusionsMSK pain is common among older and female Saudi dentists. Research on the impact of exercise and the ergonomics of the workplace on the intensity of MSK pain and the timing of its onset is required.
Cross-sectional study of ethnic differences in physical fitness among children of South Asian, black African–Caribbean and white European origin: the Child Heart and Health Study in England (CHASE)
Authors: Nightingale C M , Donin A S , Kerry S R , Owen C G , Rudnicka A R , Brage S , Westgate K L , Ekelund U , Cook D G , Whincup P H 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveLittle is known about levels of physical fitness in children from different ethnic groups in the UK. We therefore studied physical fitness in UK children (aged 9–10 years) of South Asian, black African–Caribbean and white European origin.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingPrimary schools in the UK.Participants1625 children (aged 9–10 years) of South Asian, black African–Caribbean and white European origin in the UK studied between 2006 and 2007.Outcome measuresA step test assessed submaximal physical fitness from which estimated VO2 maxwas derived. Ethnic differences in estimated VO2 maxwere estimated using multilevel linear regression allowing for clustering at school level and adjusting for age, sex and month as fixed effects.ResultsThe study response rate was 63%. In adjusted analyses, boys had higher levels of estimated VO2 maxthan girls (mean difference 3.06 mL O2/min/kg, 95% CI 2.66 to 3.47, p<0.0001). Levels of estimated VO2 maxwere lower in South Asians than those in white Europeans (mean difference −0.79 mL O2/min/kg, 95% CI −1.41 to −0.18, p=0.01); levels of estimated VO2 maxin black African–Caribbeans were higher than those in white Europeans (mean difference 0.60 mL O2/min/kg, 95% CI 0.02 to 1.17, p=0.04); these patterns were similar in boys and girls. The lower estimated VO2 maxin South Asians, compared to white Europeans, was consistent among Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi children and was attenuated by 78% after adjustment for objectively measured physical activity (average daily steps).ConclusionsSouth Asian children have lower levels of physical fitness than white Europeans and black African–Caribbeans in the UK. This ethnic difference in physical fitness is at least partly explained by ethnic differences in physical activity.
Patients and families as teachers: a mixed methods assessment of a collaborative learning model for medical error disclosure and prevention
Authors: Langer Thorsten , Martinez William , Browning David M , Varrin Pamela , Sarnoff Lee Barbara , Bell Sigall K 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundDespite growing interest in engaging patients and families (P/F) in patient safety education, little is known about how P/F can best contribute. We assessed the feasibility and acceptability of a patient–teacher medical error disclosure and prevention training model.MethodsWe developed an educational intervention bringing together interprofessional clinicians with P/F from hospital advisory councils to discuss error disclosure and prevention. Patient focus groups and orientation sessions informed curriculum and assessment design. A pre-post survey with qualitative and quantitative questions was used to assess P/F and clinician experiences and attitudes about collaborative safety education including participant hopes, fears, perceived value of learning experience and challenges. Responses to open-ended questions were coded according to principles of content analysis.ResultsP/F and clinicians hoped to learn about each other's perspectives, communication skills and patient empowerment strategies. Before the intervention, both groups worried about power dynamics dampening effective interaction. Clinicians worried that P/F would learn about their fallibility, while P/F were concerned about clinicians’ jargon and defensive posturing. Following workshops, clinicians valued patients’ direct feedback, communication strategies for error disclosure and a ‘real’ learning experience. P/F appreciated clinicians’ accountability, and insights into how medical errors affect clinicians. Half of participants found nothing challenging, the remainder clinicians cited emotions and enormity of ‘culture change’, while P/F commented on medical jargon and desire for more time. Patients and clinicians found the experience valuable. Recommendations about how to develop a patient–teacher programme in patient safety are provided.ConclusionsAn educational paradigm that includes patients as teachers and collaborative learners with clinicians in patient safety is feasible, valued by clinicians and P/F and promising for P/F-centred medical error disclosure and prevention training.
Temperature measurement in the adult emergency department: oral, tympanic membrane and temporal artery temperatures versus rectal temperature
Authors: Bijur Polly E , Shah Purvi D , Esses David 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveThe objective was to compare agreement between three non-invasive measures of temperature and rectal temperatures and to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of these measures to detect a rectal temperature of 38°C or higher.MethodsWe conducted a study of the diagnostic accuracy of oral, tympanic membrane (TM) and temporal artery (TA) thermometry to measure fever in an urban emergency department (ED). Data were collected from adult patients who received rectal temperature measurement. Bland-Altman analysis was performed; sensitivity, specificity and 95% CIs were calculated.Results987 patients were enrolled. 36% of the TM and TA readings differed by 0.5°C or more from rectal temperatures, 50% of oral temperatures. TM measures were most precise—the SD of the difference from rectal was 0.4°C TM, and 0.6°C for oral and TA (p<0.001). The sensitivities of a 38°C cutpoint on oral, TM and TA measures to detect a rectal temperature of 38°C or higher were: 37.0%, 68.3% and 71.1%, respectively (oral vs TM and TA p<0.001). The corresponding specificities were 99.4%, 98.2% and 92.3% (oral, TM and TA) with oral specificity significantly higher than the other two methods (p<0.01). TM and TA cutpoints of 37.5°C provided greater than 90% sensitivity to detect fever with specificity of 90% and 72%, respectively.ConclusionsNone of the non-invasive methods met benchmarks for diagnostic accuracy using the criterion of 38°C to detect rectal temperature of 38°C. A TM cutpoint of 37.5°C provides maximum diagnostic accuracy of the three non-invasive measures.
Necessary but challenging: Multiple disciplinary approaches to solving conservation problems
Authors: Dick Melissa , Rous Andrew M. , Nguyen Vivian M. , Cooke Steven J. 
Published: June 2016

Contemporary conservation problems are typically positioned at the interface of complex ecological and human systems. Traditional approaches aiming to compartmentalize a phenomenon within the confines of a single discipline and failing to engage non-science partners are outmoded and cannot identify solutions that have traction in the social, economic, and political arenas in which conservation actions must operate. As a result, conservation science teams must adopt multiple disciplinary approaches that bridge not only academic disciplines but also the political and social realms and engage relevant partners. Five reasons are presented that outline why conservation problems demand multiple disciplinary approaches in order to move forward because: (i) socio-ecological systems are complex, (ii) multiple perspectives are better than one, (iii) the results of research must influence practice, (iv) the heterogeneity of scale necessitates it, and (v) conservation involves compromise. Presenting reasons that support multiple disciplinarity demands a review of the barriers that impede this process, as we are far from attaining a model or framework that is applicable in all contexts. Two challenges that impede multiple disciplinarity are discussed, in addition to pragmatic solutions that conservation scientists and practitioners can adopt in their work. Overall, conservation researchers and practitioners are encouraged to explore the multiple disciplinary dimensions of their respective realms to more effectively solve problems in biodiversity and sustainability.
Dyke–brittle shear relationships in the Western Deccan Strike-slip Zone around Mumbai (Maharashtra, India)
Authors: Misra Achyuta Ayan , Mukherjee Soumyajit 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Dykes are abundant in the Deccan Large Igneous Province, and those to the west are referred to as the ‘coastal swarm’. Most of the coastal swarm dykes appear in the Western Deccan Strike-slip Zone (WDSZ). Faults with N–S, NE–SW and NW–SE trends (brittle shears) have been reported in the WDSZ around Mumbai. However, details of their relationships with Deccan dykes, which can easily be studied at sub-horizontal outcrops, have remained unknown. Previous authors have classified dykes in the WDSZ according to their isotopic ages as group I (
c.
65.6 Ma), group II (
c.
65 Ma) and group III (64–63 Ma). Dykes have also been categorized on the basis of field observations; group I dykes were found to pre-date deformation related to the separation of Seychelles and India, whereas group II and III dykes post-date this event. Our field studies reveal group I dykes to be faulted/sheared and lacking a uniform trend, whereas group II and III dykes have approximately N–S, NW–SE and NE–SW trends and intrude brittle shears/fault planes. We have also found evidence of syn-deformation intrusion in the group II and III dykes: e.g. P-planes along the dyke margins and grooves in the baked zone of dykes. These two groups of dykes match the trends of dominantly sinistral brittle shears. Of the 43 dykes studied, only ten belong to group I, and we conclude that a large proportion of the dykes in the WDSZ belong to groups II and III. It is erroneous to interpret the Seychelles–India rifting as simple near-E–W extension at
c.
63–62 Ma from the general approximately N–S trend of the dykes; the direction of brittle extension must instead be deduced from brittle shears/fault planes.

Supplementary material:
Stereo plots and reduced stress tensors for all faults and brittle shears are available at
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3259627
Low-Dose Paclitaxel Reduces S100A4 Nuclear Import to Inhibit Invasion and Hematogenous Metastasis of Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Cadamuro Massimiliano , Spagnuolo Gaia , Sambado Luisa , Indraccolo Stefano , Nardo Giorgia , Rosato Antonio , Brivio Simone , Caslini Chiara , Stecca Tommaso , Massani Marco , Bassi Nicolò , Novelli Eugenio , Spirli Carlo , Fabris Luca , Strazzabosco Mario 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Nuclear expression of the calcium-binding protein S100A4 is a biomarker of increased invasiveness in cholangiocarcinoma, a primary liver cancer with scarce treatment opportunities and dismal prognosis. In this study, we provide evidence that targeting S100A4 nuclear import by low-dose paclitaxel, a microtubule-stabilizing agent, inhibits cholangiocarcinoma invasiveness and metastatic spread. Administration of low-dose paclitaxel to established (EGI-1) and primary (CCA-TV3) cholangiocarcinoma cell lines expressing nuclear S100A4 triggered a marked reduction in nuclear expression of S100A4 without modifying its cytoplasmic levels, an effect associated with a significant decrease in cell migration and invasiveness. While low-dose paclitaxel did not affect cellular proliferation, apoptosis, or cytoskeletal integrity, it significantly reduced SUMOylation of S100A4, a critical posttranslational modification that directs its trafficking to the nucleus. This effect of low-dose paclitaxel was reproduced by ginkolic acid, a specific SUMOylation inhibitor. Downregulation of nuclear S100A4 by low-dose paclitaxel was associated with a strong reduction in RhoA and Cdc42 GTPase activity, MT1-MMP expression, and MMP-9 secretion. In an SCID mouse xenograft model, low-dose metronomic paclitaxel treatment decreased lung dissemination of EGI-1 cells without significantly affecting their local tumor growth. In the tumor mass, nuclear S100A4 expression by cholangiocarcinoma cells was significantly reduced, whereas rates of proliferation and apoptosis were unchanged. Overall, our findings highlight nuclear S100A4 as a candidate therapeutic target in cholangiocarcinoma and establish a mechanistic rationale for the use of low-dose paclitaxel in blocking metastatic progression of cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Res; 76(16); 4775–84. ©2016 AACR.
T-LAK Cell-Originated Protein Kinase (TOPK) as a Prognostic Factor and a Potential Therapeutic Target in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Ikeda Yuji , Park Jae-Hyun , Miyamoto Takashi , Takamatsu Naofumi , Kato Taigo , Iwasa Akiko , Okabe Shuhei , Imai Yuichi , Fujiwara Keiichi , Nakamura Yusuke , Hasegawa Kosei 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Background: We aimed to clarify the clinical significance of TOPK (T-lymphokine–activated killer cell–originated protein kinase) expression in ovarian cancer and evaluate the possible effect of TOPK inhibitors, OTS514 and OTS964, on ovarian cancer cells.
Methods: TOPK expression was examined by immunohistochemistry using 163 samples with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). TOPK protein level and FOXM1 transcriptional level in ovarian cancer cell lines were examined by Western blot and RT-PCR, respectively. Half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) values against TOPK inhibitors were examined by the MTT assay. Using the peritoneal dissemination model of ES-2 ovarian cancer cells, we examined the in vivo efficacy of OTS514. In addition, the cytotoxic effect of OTS514 and OTS964 on 31 patient-derived primary ovarian cancer cells was examined.
Results: TOPK was expressed very highly in 84 (52%) of 163 EOC tissues, and high TOPK expression was significantly associated with poor progression-free survival and overall survival in early-stage cases of EOC (P = 0.008 and 0.006, respectively). Both OTS514 and OTS964 showed significant growth-inhibitory effect on ovarian cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 3.0 to 46 nmol/L and 14 to 110 nmol/L, respectively. TOPK protein and transcriptional levels of FOXM1 were reduced by TOPK inhibitor treatment. Oral administration of OTS514 significantly elongated overall survival in the ES-2 abdominal dissemination xenograft model, compared with vehicle control (P &lt; 0.001). Two drugs showed strong growth-inhibitory effect on primary ovarian cancer cells regardless of tumor sites or histological subtypes.
Conclusions: Our results demonstrated the clinical significance of high TOPK expression and potential of TOPK inhibitors to treat ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 22(24); 6110–7. ©2016 AACR.
A Tet-On Inducible System for Controlling CD19-Chimeric Antigen Receptor Expression upon Drug Administration
Authors: Sakemura Reona , Terakura Seitaro , Watanabe Keisuke , Julamanee Jakrawadee , Takagi Erina , Miyao Kotaro , Koyama Daisuke , Goto Tatsunori , Hanajiri Ryo , Nishida Tetsuya , Murata Makoto , Kiyoi Hitoshi 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
T cells genetically modified with a CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CD19CAR) are remarkably effective against B-cell malignancies in clinical trials. However, major concerns remain regarding toxicities, such as hypogammaglobulinemia, due to B-cell aplasia or severe cytokine release syndrome after overactivation of CAR T cells. To resolve these adverse events, we aimed to develop an inducible CAR system by using a tetracycline regulation system that would be activated only in the presence of doxycycline (Dox). In this study, the second-generation CD19CAR was fused into the third-generation Tet-On vector (Tet-CD19CAR) and was retrovirally transduced into primary CD8+ T cells. Tet-CD19CAR T cells were successfully generated and had minimal background CD19CAR expression without Dox. Tet-CD19CAR T cells in the presence of Dox were equivalently cytotoxic against CD19+ cell lines and had equivalent cytokine production and proliferation upon CD19 stimulation, compared with conventional CD19CAR T cells. The Dox(+) Tet-CD19CAR T cells also had significant antitumor activity in a xenograft model. However, without Dox, Tet-CD19CAR T cells lost CAR expression and CAR T-cell functions in vitro and in vivo, clearly segregating the “On” and “Off” status of Tet-CD19CAR cells by Dox administration. In addition to suicide-gene technology, controlling the expression and the functions of CAR with an inducible vector is a potential solution for CAR T-cell therapy–related toxicities, and may improve the safety profile of CAR T-cell therapy. This strategy might also open the way to treat other malignancies in combination with other CAR or TCR gene–modified T cells. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(8); 658–68. ©2016 AACR.
See related Spotlight by June, p. 643.
Clausius–Clapeyron Scaling of CAPE from Analytical Solutions to RCE
Authors: Romps David M. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
By deriving analytical solutions to radiative–convective equilibrium (RCE), it is shown mathematically that convective available potential energy (CAPE) exhibits Clausius–Clapeyron (CC) scaling over a wide range of surface temperatures up to 310 K. Above 310 K, CAPE deviates from CC scaling and even decreases with warming at very high surface temperatures. At the surface temperature of the current tropics, the analytical solutions predict that CAPE increases at a rate of about 6%–7% per kelvin of surface warming. The analytical solutions also provide insight on how the tropopause height and stratospheric humidity change with warming. Changes in the tropopause height exhibit CC scaling, with the tropopause rising by about 400 m per kelvin of surface warming at current tropical temperatures and by about 1–2 km K−1 at surface temperatures in the range of 320–340 K. The specific humidity of the stratosphere exhibits super-CC scaling at temperatures moderately warmer than the current tropics. With a surface temperature of the current tropics, the stratospheric specific humidity increases by about 6% per kelvin of surface warming, but the rate of increase is as high as 30% K−1 at warmer surface temperatures.
The Impact of Gradient Wind Imbalance on Tropical Cyclone Intensification within Ooyama’s Three-Layer Model
Authors: Frisius Thomas , Lee Marguerite 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This paper addresses the validity of the gradient wind balance approximation during the intensification phase of a tropical cyclone in Ooyama’s three-layer model. For this purpose, the sensitivity to various model modifications is examined, given by the inclusion of (i) unbalanced dynamics in the free atmosphere, (ii) unbalanced dynamics in the slab boundary layer, (iii) a height-parameterized boundary layer model, and (iv) a rigid lid. The most rapid intensification occurs when the model employs the unbalanced slab boundary layer, while the simulation with the balanced boundary layer reveals the slowest intensification. The simulation with the realistic height-parameterized boundary layer model exhibits an intensification rate that lies in between. Intensification is induced by a convective ring in all experiments, but a distinct contraction of the radius of maximum gradient wind only takes place with unbalanced boundary layer dynamics. In all experiments the rigid lid and the balance approximation for the free atmosphere have no crucial impact on intensification, and a linear stability analysis cannot explain the found sensitivity to intensification. Most likely the nonlinear momentum advection term plays an important role in the boundary layer. It is found on the basis of a diagnostic radial mass flux equation that the source term for latent heat provides the largest contribution to intensification and contraction. Furthermore, it turns out that the position of the convective ring inside or outside of the radius of maximum gradient wind (RMGW) is of vital importance for intensification and most likely explains the large impact of boundary layer imbalance.
Understanding the Links between Subtropical and Extratropical Circulation Responses to Climate Change Using Aquaplanet Model Simulations
Authors: Shaw Tiffany A. , Voigt Aiko 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPrevious research has shown that subtropical and extratropical circulations are linked seasonally and in response to climate change. In particular, amplification (weakening) of subtropical stationary eddies is linked to a poleward (equatorward) shift of the extratropical circulation in the Northern Hemisphere. Here the mechanisms linking subtropical and extratropical circulation responses to climate change are examined using prescribed sea surface temperature aquaplanet simulations with a subtropical zonal asymmetry that mimics land–ocean contrasts. A poleward circulation shift occurs in response to uniform global warming even in the presence of subtropical stationary eddies. Subtropical stationary eddies exhibit a weak response to global warming; however, regional warming of temperature (or equivalent potential temperature) over land (ocean) increases (decreases) stationary eddy amplitude and shifts the extratropical circulation poleward (equatorward), consistent with comprehensive models. The stationary eddy response to regional warming is connected to regional moist entropy gradient, energy input to the atmosphere, and gross moist stability changes. Stationary eddy amplitude changes directly affect momentum and moist static energy transport following linear wave and mixing length theories. The transport changes do not follow a fixed-diffusivity framework. Extratropical transient eddy transport changes compensate ~70%–90% of the subtropical stationary eddy transport response. This assumes exact subtropical compensation accounts for a large fraction of the meridional shift of the extratropical circulation in response to regional climate change.