bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetopause reconnection layer bounded by switch‐off shocks: Part 2. Pressure anisotropy
Authors: Sonnerup Bengt , Haaland Stein , Paschmann Götz , Phan Tai , Eriksson Stefan 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe jump conditions are analyzed in detail for two slow shocks bounding a reconnection plasma jet, observed on 3 August 2008 by the spacecraft THEMIS D (Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms) on the dayside, low‐latitude magnetopause. Both shocks are near the switch‐off limit. They have been previously examined by Sonnerup et al. (2016), on the basis of the simplest MHD version of the jump conditions. In the present paper, those conditions now include the pressure anisotropy, normal heat fluxes, and a finite normal magnetic field component, the effects of all of which are found to be small. We also present and discuss the, mostly field‐aligned, measured total heat fluxes, which are found to be substantial and directed away from the reconnection site. We show that the double‐adiabatic (Chew‐Goldberger‐Low) invariants are far from invariant. Their combination indicates a large entropy increase across the shock on the magnetospheric side with a much smaller increase across the shock on the magnetosheath side. The detailed cause of the entropy changes remains unclear but appears to involve irreversible transfer of energy between thermal motion parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field. The new results confirm the previously found presence of heavy ions and the values of the effective ion mass on both sides of the event. They also confirm the need for an ion pressure correction in the shock on the magnetospheric side.
Penetration of external plasma into a rotation‐driven magnetosphere
Authors: Hill Tom 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThomsen et al. (2016) provide a new statistical analysis of nearly 8 years of Cassini Plasma Spectrometer data, revealing that hot electrons injected from Saturn's outer magnetosphere penetrate into the inner magnetosphere but only to a distinct inner edge whose location is independent of external solar wind properties. This result is fully consistent with the hypothesis that centrifugally driven interchange motion is responsible for plasma transport between inner and outer magnetosphere.
Spectral structure of 5 year time series of horizontal wind speed at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory
Authors: Kang Song‐Lak , Won Hoonill 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe investigate the spectral structures of 5 year, 1 min time series of horizontal wind speeds at 100 and 10 m heights at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory tower located in the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, USA. In the full‐scale spectra, the diurnal spectral peak, which is usually insignificant at a coastal or offshore site, is the most significant at both heights. The spectrum is enhanced on the low‐frequency side of the diurnal peak during winter, but on the high‐frequency side during summer, which indicates frequent synoptic weather events during winter supplanted by mesoscale events during summer. In terms of the spectral density in the spectral gap of Van der Hoven (1957), separating boundary layer turbulence from the synoptic‐scale fluctuations, at a frequency between 10−4 and 10−3 Hz, we rank the daily time series at 100 m height and sample the summer top and winter bottom 10 percentile cases. The winter cases of the reduced spectral density in the gap region present the f−3 spectrum (f is frequency) and negatively skewed velocity increment distributions, which are the signatures of enstrophy (the integral of squared vorticity) cascade of turbulent two‐dimensional (2‐D) flows. In contrast, the summer cases of the enhanced spectral density present the f−5/3 spectrum and positively skewed velocity increment distributions, which are the signatures of upscale energy cascade of 2‐D flows. In these mesoscale events that fill up the gap, the turbulence intensity‐wind speed relationship is very sensitive to the choice of the averaging period.
Rheumatology Informatics System for Effectiveness: A National Informatics‐Enabled Registry for Quality Improvement
Authors: Yazdany Jinoos , Bansback Nick , Clowse Megan , Collier Deborah , Law Karen , Liao Katherine P. , Michaud Kaleb , Morgan Esi M. , Oates James C. , Orozco Catalina , Reimold Andreas , Simard Julia F. , Myslinski Rachel , Kazi Salahuddin 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveThe Rheumatology Informatics System for Effectiveness (RISE) is a national electronic health record (EHR)–enabled registry. RISE passively collects data from EHRs of participating practices, provides advanced quality measurement and data analytic capacities, and fulfills national quality reporting requirements. Here we report the registry's architecture and initial data, and we demonstrate how RISE is being used to improve the quality of care.MethodsRISE is a certified Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Qualified Clinical Data Registry, allowing collection of data without individual patient informed consent. We analyzed data between October 1, 2014 and September 30, 2015 to characterize initial practices and patients captured in RISE. We also analyzed medication use among rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and performance on several quality measures.ResultsAcross 55 sites, 312 clinicians contributed data to RISE; 72% were in group practice, 21% in solo practice, and 7% were part of a larger health system. Sites contributed data on 239,302 individuals. Among the subset with RA, 34.4% of patients were taking a biologic or targeted synthetic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) at their last encounter, and 66.7% were receiving a nonbiologic DMARD. Examples of quality measures include that 55.2% had a disease activity score recorded, 53.6% a functional status score, and 91.0% were taking a DMARD in the last year.ConclusionRISE provides critical infrastructure for improving the quality of care in rheumatology and is a unique data source to generate new knowledge. Data validation and mapping are ongoing and RISE is available to the research and clinical communities to advance rheumatology.
Internet Program for Physical Activity and Exercise Capacity in Children With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Armbrust Wineke , Bos G. J. F. Joyce , Wulffraat Nico M. , van Brussel Marco , Cappon Jeannette , Dijkstra Pieter U. , Geertzen Jan H. B. , Legger G. Elizabeth , van Rossum Marion A. J. , Sauer Pieter J. J. , Lelieveld Otto T. H. M. 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveTo determine the effects of Rheumates@Work, an internet‐based program supplemented with 4 group sessions, aimed at improving physical activity, exercise capacity, health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), and participation in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.MethodsPatients were recruited from 3 pediatric rheumatology centers in The Netherlands for an observer‐blinded, randomized controlled multicenter trial. Physical activity level, time spent in rest, light, and moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were recorded in a diary and with an accelerometer, before intervention, after intervention, and at followup after 3 and 12 months (intervention group only). Exercise capacity was assessed using the Bruce treadmill protocol, HRQoL was assessed with the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory generic core scale, and participation in school and in physical education classes were assessed by questionnaire.ResultsThe intervention group consisted of 28 children, and there were 21 children in the control group. MVPA, exercise capacity, and participating in school and physical education classes improved significantly in the intervention group. HRQoL improved in the control group. No significant differences were found between groups. The effect of Rheumates@Work on physical activity and exercise capacity lasted during the 12 months of followup. Improvements in physical activity were significantly better for the cohort starting in winter compared to the summer cohort.ConclusionRheumates@Work had a positive, albeit small, effect on physical activity, exercise capacity, and participation in school and physical education class in the intervention group. Improvements lasted for 12 months. Participants who started in winter showed the most improvement. Rheumates@Work had no effect on HRQoL.
Predictors of Longitudinal Quality of Life in Juvenile Localized Scleroderma
Authors: Ardalan Kaveh , Zigler Christina K. , Torok Kathryn S. 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveLocalized scleroderma can negatively affect children's quality of life (QoL), but predictors of impact have not been well described. We sought to identify predictors of QoL impact in juvenile localized scleroderma patients.MethodsWe analyzed longitudinal data from a single‐center cohort of juvenile localized scleroderma patients, using hierarchical generalized linear modeling (HGLM) to identify predictors of QoL impact. HGLM is useful for nested data and allows for evaluation of both time‐variant and time‐invariant predictors.ResultsThe number of extracutaneous manifestations (ECMs; e.g., joint contracture and hemifacial atrophy) and female sex predicted negative QoL impact, defined as a Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index score >1 (P = 0.019 for ECMs and P = 0.002 for female sex). As the time since the initial visit increased, the odds of reporting a negative QoL impact decreased (P < 0.001).ConclusionOur results suggest that ECMs, sex, and time since initial visit are more predictive of QoL impact in localized scleroderma than cutaneous features. Further study is required to determine which ECMs have the most impact on QoL, which factors underlie sex differences in QoL in localized scleroderma, and why increasing the time since the initial visit appears to be protective. An improved understanding of predictors of QoL impact may allow for the identification of patients at risk of poorer outcomes and for the tailoring of treatment and psychosocial support.
Clinical Significance of Medial Versus Lateral Compartment Patellofemoral Osteoarthritis: Cross‐Sectional Analyses in an Adult Population With Knee Pain
Authors: Ukachukwu Vincent , Duncan Rachel , Belcher John , Marshall Michelle , Stefanik Joshua , Crossley Kay , Thomas Martin J. , Peat George 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveTo determine the comparative prevalence, associations with selected patient characteristics, and clinical outcomes of medial and lateral compartment patellofemoral (PF) joint osteoarthritis (OA).MethodsInformation was collected by questionnaires, clinical assessment, and radiographs from 745 eligible community‐dwelling symptomatic adults age ≥50 years. PF joint space narrowing (JSN) and osteophytes were scored from skyline radiographs using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International atlas. Multilevel models were used to assess associations of compartmental PF joint OA with age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and varus–valgus malalignment, while median regression was used to examine associations with clinical outcomes (current pain intensity on a numeric rating scale [0–10] and the function subscale of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index [0–68]).ResultsIsolated lateral PF joint OA was more common than isolated medial PF joint OA, particularly at higher severity thresholds. Irrespective of severity threshold, age (≥2 odds ratio [OR] 1.19 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.12, 1.26]), BMI (≥2 OR 1.15 [95% CI 1.07, 1.24]), and valgus malalignment (≥2 OR 2.58 [95% CI 1.09, 6.07]) were associated with increased odds of isolated lateral JSN, but isolated medial JSN was only associated with age (≥2 OR 1.20 [95% CI 1.14, 1.27]). The pattern of association was less clear for PF joint osteophytes. Isolated lateral PF joint OA, defined by JSN or osteophytes, was associated with higher pain scores than isolated medial PF joint OA, but these differences were modest and were not significant. A similar pattern of association was seen for functional limitation but only when PF joint OA was defined by JSN.ConclusionIsolated lateral PF joint OA is more common than isolated medial PF joint OA, and it is more consistently associated with established OA risk factors. It is also associated with higher, but clinically nonsignificant, pain and function scores than isolated medial PF joint OA, particularly when PF joint OA is defined using JSN.
Comparative Study of Kinetics of the Thermal Decomposition of Polypropylene Using Different Methods
Authors: Nisar Jan , Khan Muhammad Anas , Iqbal Munawar , Shah Afzal , Khan Rafaqat Ali , Sayed Murtaza , Mahmood Tariq 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe thermal degradation kinetics of powder isotactic polypropylene was investigated in a thermobalance system, at non‐isothermal heating conditions with heating rate of 5, 10, 15, and 20°C min−1 in the temperature range of 30–600°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The apparent activation energy (Ea) was determined using Ozawa–Flynn–Wall, Tang Wanjun, and Coats–Redfern (modified) methods. The apparent activation energies range from 61.3 to 110.9 kJ mol−1. Increasing the heating rate shifted the Tmax to a higher level. The lower activation energy observed indicates the breakage of the bonds at weak links. Moreover, the values of activation energy are significantly controlled by the heating rate, level of conversion, and calculation technique. A comparison among the different techniques has been made on the basis of the apparent activation energy from the TG data. The activation energies determined by all the three methods are in good agreement with each other. Furthermore, the pyrolysis of model polypropylene was carried out over the temperature range 350–415°C in a salt bath using Pyrex reaction vessel. The gaseous fraction produced was collected in gas sampling bag and monitored gas chromatographically. The major hydrocarbons detected were methane, propylene, propane, 2‐methylpentane, 2,4 dimethylpentane, and 2,4 dimethylheptane.
Coronary Artery Calcification and Rheumatoid Arthritis: Lack of Relationship to Risk Alleles for Coronary Artery Disease in the General Population
Authors: Ferraz‐Amaro Iván , Winchester Robert , Gregersen Peter K. , Reynolds Richard J. , Wasko Mary Chester , Oeser Anette , Chung Cecilia P. , Stein C. Michael , Giles Jon T. , Bathon Joan M. 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveCoronary artery disease (CAD) in the general population is characterized by an increased frequency of particular susceptibility single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Because the frequency of CAD is increased among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we sought to determine whether the frequency of these SNPs is increased in RA patients with CAD, hypothesizing that RA could enhance CAD risk by acting through established genetic pathways predisposing to CAD.MethodsCoronary artery calcification (CAC) as detected by computed tomography was used as a measure of CAD in 561 patients with RA. One hundred SNPs associated with CAD in the general population were genotyped or imputed, and their relationship to CAC was established through multiple regression analysis for individual SNPs and a genetic risk score representing their cumulative effect.ResultsNinety‐one CAD‐related SNPs were genotyped successfully; of these, 81 exhibited no association with CAC (Agatston units) or different CAC categorizations, either individually or collectively, in the genetic risk score. Only rs579459 (ABO) and rs17676451 (HAL) had a consistent positive association between genotype and CAC, with a significant increase in the frequency of the effect allele in both homozygous and heterozygous genotype distributions. Five were variably negatively associated. Furthermore, a positive association between the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints and CAC was observed, and after adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, it was not modified by correcting for the CAD‐related SNP genetic risk score.ConclusionThe increased risk of CAC in patients with RA does not appear to operate primarily through established genetically regulated atherogenic mechanisms that are preponderant in the general population.
Human Endogenous Retroviral Genetic Element With Immunosuppressive Activity in Both Human Autoimmune Diseases and Experimental Arthritis
Authors: Laska Magdalena Janina , Troldborg Anne , Hauge Ellen‐Margrethe , Bahrami Shervin , Stengaard‐Pedersen Kristian 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveHuman endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are remnants of past retroviral infections in the human genome and have been implicated in different aspects of human biology. The aim of this study was to identify HERVs that are associated with the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).MethodsThe study subjects included 45 female patients with SLE and 50 healthy controls matched for geographic area, age, and sex. Real‐time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to examine the transcription levels of 11 genes with coding capacity for complete envelope (Env) protein in these individuals. In this way, 1 HERV locus was identified as a potential modulator of autoimmunity. The env gene encoded by this HERV locus was cloned and examined for the ability to express a functional protein with immunosuppressive potential.ResultsExpression of the env59 gene was negatively correlated with pathogenetic factors of human autoimmune rheumatic diseases, including such factors as the levels of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and Toll‐like receptor 7. This gene was capable of encoding a fully functional Env glycoprotein that was found to contain a domain, the immunosuppressive (ISU) domain, that, when evaluated ex vivo in patients with SLE and those with rheumatoid arthritis as well as in animal models, showed strong antiinflammatory activity, including the ability to lower IL‐6 levels.ConclusionThe env59 gene has been adapted by the immune system as a control mechanism in autoimmunity. The peptides derived from the ISU domain contained in the Env59 protein may be useful as potentially new biologic treatments in rheumatic diseases such as SLE.
Inflammatory Gene Expression Profile and Defective Interferon‐γ and Granzyme K in Natural Killer Cells From Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Patients
Authors: Put Karen , Vandenhaute Jessica , Avau Anneleen , van Nieuwenhuijze Annemarie , Brisse Ellen , Dierckx Tim , Rutgeerts Omer , Garcia‐Perez Josselyn E. , Toelen Jaan , Waer Mark , Leclercq Georges , Goris An , Van Weyenbergh Johan , Liston Adrian , De Somer Lien , Wouters Carine H. , Matthys Patrick 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveSystemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is an immunoinflammatory disease characterized by arthritis and systemic manifestations. The role of natural killer (NK) cells in the pathogenesis of systemic JIA remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to perform a comprehensive analysis of NK cell phenotype and functionality in patients with systemic JIA.MethodsTranscriptional alterations specific to NK cells were investigated by RNA sequencing of highly purified NK cells from 6 patients with active systemic JIA and 6 age‐matched healthy controls. Cytokines (NK cell–stimulating and others) were quantified in plasma samples (n = 18). NK cell phenotype and cytotoxic activity against tumor cells were determined (n = 10), together with their interferon‐γ (IFNγ)–producing function (n = 8).ResultsNK cells from the systemic JIA patients showed an altered gene expression profile compared to cells from the healthy controls, with enrichment of immunoinflammatory pathways, increased expression of innate genes including TLR4 and S100A9, and decreased expression of immune‐regulating genes such as IL10RA and GZMK. In the patients’ plasma, interleukin‐18 (IL‐18) levels were increased, and a decreased ratio of IFNγ to IL‐18 was observed. NK cells from the patients exhibited specific alterations in the balance of inhibitory and activating receptors, with decreased killer cell lectin‐like receptor G1 and increased NKp44 expression. Although NK cells from the patients showed increased granzyme B expression, consistent with intact cytotoxicity and degranulation against a tumor cell line, decreased granzyme K expression in CD56bright NK cells and defective IL‐18–induced IFNγ production and signaling were demonstrated.ConclusionNK cells are active players in the inflammatory environment typical of systemic JIA. Although their cytotoxic function is globally intact, subtle defects in NK‐related pathways, such as granzyme K expression and IL‐18–driven IFNγ production, may contribute to the immunoinflammatory dysregulation in this disease.
CD8+ T Cells Contribute to the Development of Coronary Arteritis in the Lactobacillus casei Cell Wall Extract–Induced Murine Model of Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Noval Rivas Magali , Lee Youngho , Wakita Daiko , Chiba Norika , Dagvadorj Jargalsaikhan , Shimada Kenichi , Chen Shuang , Fishbein Michael C. , Lehman Thomas J. A. , Crother Timothy R. , Arditi Moshe 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveKawasaki disease (KD) is the leading cause of acquired heart disease among children in developed countries. Coronary lesions in KD in humans are characterized by an increased presence of infiltrating CD3+ T cells; however, the specific contributions of the different T cell subpopulations in coronary arteritis development remain unknown. Therefore, we sought to investigate the function of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, Treg cells, and natural killer (NK) T cells in the pathogenesis of KD.MethodsWe addressed the function of T cell subsets in KD development by using a well‐established murine model of Lactobacillus casei cell wall extract (LCWE)–induced KD vasculitis. We determined which T cell subsets were required for development of KD vasculitis by using several knockout murine strains and depleting monoclonal antibodies.ResultsLCWE‐injected mice developed coronary lesions characterized by the presence of inflammatory cell infiltrates. Frequently, this chronic inflammation resulted in complete occlusion of the coronary arteries due to luminal myofibroblast proliferation (LMP) as well as the development of coronary arteritis and aortitis. We found that CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells, NK T cells, or Treg cells, were required for development of KD vasculitis.ConclusionThe LCWE‐induced murine model of KD vasculitis mimics many histologic features of the disease in humans, such as the presence of CD8+ T cells and LMP in coronary artery lesions as well as epicardial coronary arteritis. Moreover, CD8+ T cells functionally contribute to the development of KD vasculitis in this murine model. Therapeutic strategies targeting infiltrating CD8+ T cells might be useful in the management of KD in humans.
Outdoor cultivation of Dunaliella salina KU 11 using brine and saline lake water with raceway ponds in northeastern Thailand
Authors: Wu Zhe , Dejtisakdi Wipawee , Kermanee Prasart , Ma Chunhong , Arirob Wallop , Sathasivam Ramaraj , Juntawong Niran 
Published: October 2016

AbstractTo evaluate the potential of algal biotechnology to replace traditional agriculture in northeastern Thailand, an open raceway cultivation system was developed to produce biomass and beta‐carotene. Dunaliella salina KU 11 isolated from local saline soil was cultured in open raceway tanks using brine and saline lake water. Grown in modified Johnson's medium (with 2–3.5 M NaCl), the algae reached a maximum cell density on the fourth day (1.8 × 106 cells mL−1). Increasing KNO3 and NaHCO3 from 0.5 and 0.043 g L−1 to 1 and 2.1 g L−1, respectively, significantly improved the yields of biomass (0.33 g L−1) and beta‐carotene (19 mg L−1). Expected profits for algal production were evaluated, and it was found that this strain was suitable for outdoor cultivation and the developing algal industry in northeastern Thailand could produce high economic benefits (at least $64,120 per year per 0.16 ha).