bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bioactive cell-like hybrids coassembled from (glyco)dendrimersomes with bacterial membranes
Authors: Xiao Qi , Yadavalli Srujana S. , Zhang Shaodong , Sherman Samuel E. , Fiorin Elodie , da Silva Louise , Wilson Daniela A. , Hammer Daniel A. , André Sabine , Gabius Hans-Joachim , Klein Michael L. , Goulian Mark , Percec Virgil 
Published: February 2016

Significance
Cell surface determinants such as glycans, receptors, and adhesion molecules govern cell sociology in a complex manner. By forming cell-like hybrids of chemically programmable (glyco)dendrimersomes with bacterial membrane vesicles, evidence is obtained for the feasibility of combining chemical and biological surface design in one entity. Such tunable cell-like hybrids with custom-made combinations of surface epitopes and active receptors will likely find utility in dissecting the functionality of individual entities in complex networks and ultimately enable novel biomedical applications.
Invisible metallic mesh
Authors: Ye Dexin , Lu Ling , Joannopoulos John D. , Soljačić Marin , Ran Lixin 
Published: February 2016

Significance
We introduce and demonstrate an invisible material––a solid composite possessing identical electromagnetic properties as air so that its arbitrarily shaped object neither reflects nor refracts light at any angle of incidence in free space. Such a material is self-invisible, unlike the cloaks for minimizing the scattering of other items. Invisible materials could provide improved mechanical stability, electrical conduction, and heat dissipation to a system, without disturbing the original electromagnetic design. One immediate application would be toward perfect antenna radomes.
Reactive attitudes and personal relationships
Authors: Milam Per-Erik 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAbolitionism is the view that if no one is responsible, we ought to abandon the reactive attitudes. This paper defends abolitionism against the claim, made by P.F. Strawson and others, that abandoning these attitudes precludes the formation and maintenance of valuable personal relationships. These anti-abolitionists claim (a) that one who abandons the reactive attitudes is unable to take personally others’ attitudes and actions regarding her, and (b) that taking personally is necessary for certain valuable relationships. I dispute both claims and argue that this objection exaggerates the role of the reactive attitudes and underestimates the importance of non-reactive moral emotions.
Opportunity to learn about disciplinary literacy in senior secondary English classrooms in New Zealand
Authors: Wilson Aaron , Madjar Irena , McNaughton Stuart 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThe New Zealand education system is recognised internationally for its overall high quality. At the same time, there is a persistent gap in achievement between students in low socio‐economic status (SES) schools in which there is an over‐representation of Māori and Pasifika students, and students in more affluent communities. In this paper, we present the findings of a study that explored the participation and achievement rates of secondary school students in selected literacy standards, and used classroom observations to record practices and resources used in literacy teaching. Our findings show the extent to which unequal opportunities to learn (OTLs) for Māori and Pasifika and other students from low SES communities exist at the systems level as well as at the level of classroom instructional offerings. We discuss the factors specific to the New Zealand curriculum and assessment systems that contribute to the current situation and suggest possible ways to achieve a more equitable outcome for all students.
Performance improvement of TiO2/Ag/TiO2 multilayer transparent conducting electrode films for application on photodetectors
Authors: Zhu Meng-Qi , Jin Han-Dong , Bi Peng-Qing , Zong Fu-Jian , Ma Jin , Hao Xiao-Tao 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
TiO2/Ag/TiO2 (TAT) multilayer transparent conducting electrodes were deposited onto glass substrates by room temperature sputtering. The impact of Ag sputtering current on the film morphology, and the optical and electrical properties were discussed. The increase in the sputtering current led to a more continuous Ag middle layer. As the Ag middle layer became continuous, the TAT electrodes had lower sheet resistance and higher transmittance. In addition, an optimized TAT electrode with a figure of merit of

was obtained at an Ag thickness of 16 nm and a sputtering current of 0.48 A. Finally, organic photodetectors were also fabricated based on TAT electrodes and the performance is comparable to reference devices with commercially purchased Sn-doped In2O3 (ITO) electrodes.
Supercontinuum accumulation along a single femtosecond filament in fused silica
Authors: Zhang Lanzhi , Xi Tingting , Hao Zuoqiang , Lin Jinquan 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The spectral evolution of a filament formed by femtosecond laser pulses in fused silica is experimentally investigated. It is found that the evolution of the supercontinuum (SC) spectrum along the single filament is closely related with its intensity and length. The energy conversion efficiency of fundamental laser pulse to SC generation increases monotonically with different rates as the filament length increases, showing an accumulating effect along the filament. The results also show that the short-wavelength cutoff of the SC spectra is more sensitive to the intensity of the filament than the conversion efficiency of the SC, which is contributed mainly by the efficiently ionized zone of the filament.
Quantifying Anesthesia Exposure in Growing Rod Treatment for Early Onset Scoliosis
Authors: Goldstein Matthew J. , Kabirian Nima , Pawelek Jeff B. , Arandi Navid R. , Mundis Gregory M. , Yaszay Burt , Newton Peter O. , Akbarnia Behrooz A. 
Published: February 2016

Background:
Growing rod (GR) treatment for early-onset scoliosis requires repeated anesthesia exposure (AE). At a minimum, GR treatment requires AE for diagnostic imaging, index GR surgery, periodic lengthenings, and final fusion. Adjunct procedures and complication-related procedures also increase AE. To our knowledge, this is the first study to quantify AE in GR treatment and to establish preoperative expectations.

Methods:
A single-center retrospective review of 16 patients who completed GR treatment and underwent final fusion. Duration of all AE related to GR treatment for “standard” care procedures (ie, advanced imaging, index surgery, lengthenings, final fusion) and “associated” care procedures (ie, revisions, adjunctive surgical procedures, wound-related complications) were reviewed. Etiologies were classified per the classification of early-onset scoliosis. Mean total anesthesia time (TAT) was tallied and analyzed for standard care and associated care procedures.

Results:
There were 5 syndromic, 8 neuromuscular, and 3 idiopathic patients. The mean age at the first AE event related to GR treatment was 7.4 years (range, 3.8 to 11 y). Mean age at the index GR surgery and final fusion was 8.1 years (range, 3.9 to 14.4 y) and 12.8 years (range, 9.7 to 19 y), respectively. The percentage of TAT for each procedural category was 7% for advanced imaging, 14% for index GR, 14% for lengthenings, 21% for final fusion, 27% for revisions, 9% for adjunct surgery, and 9% for wound complications. Standard care procedures accounted for 55% of TAT, whereas associated care procedures accounted for 45%.

Conclusions:
This study quantified expected duration of AE in GR treatment. Revisions and final fusion contributed most to TAT. Given the recent controversy of repeated AE in young children, efficiency measures should be implemented to reduce AE and avoid duplication without compromising the goals of surgical treatment. Associated care procedures accounted for 45% of the total AE.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Medicare Cancer Screening in the Context of Clinical Guidelines
Authors: Maroongroge Sean , Yu James B. 
Published: February 2016

Objectives:
Cancer screening is a ubiquitous and controversial public health issue, particularly in the elderly population. Despite extensive evidence-based guidelines for screening, it is unclear how cancer screening has changed in the Medicare population over time. We characterize trends in cancer screening for the most common cancer types in the Medicare fee-for-service (FFS) program in the context of conflicting guidelines from 2000 to 2012.

Materials and Methods:
We performed a descriptive analysis of retrospective claims data from the Medicare FFS program based on billing codes. Our data include all claims for Medicare part B beneficiaries who received breast, colorectal (CRC), or prostate cancer screening from 2000 to 2012 based on billing codes. We utilize a Monte Carlo permutation method to detect changes in screening trends.

Results:
In total, 231,416,732 screening tests were analyzed from 2000 to 2012, representing an average of 436.8 tests per 1000 beneficiaries per year. Mammography rates declined 7.4%, with digital mammography extensively replacing film. CRC cancer screening rates declined overall. As a percentage of all CRC screening tests, colonoscopy grew from 32% to 71%. Prostate screening rates increased 16% from 2000 to 2007, and then declined to 7% less than its 2000 rate by 2012.

Discussion:
Both the aggressiveness of screening guidelines and screening rates for the Medicare FFS population peaked and then declined from 2000 to 2012. However, guideline publications did not consistently precede utilization trend shifts. Technology adoption, practical and financial concerns, and patient preferences may have also contributed to the observed trends. Further research should be performed on the impact of multiple, conflicting guidelines in cancer screening.
Stage I and II Endometrial Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Cahan Benjamin , Kim Ji Hyun , Schultheiss Timothy E. , Wong Jeffrey Y. C. , Chen Yi-Jen 
Published: February 2016

Background:
In 2009, the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics revised the staging classification for endometrial cancer. Mucosal cervical involvement was eliminated from the criteria and only those with stromal cervical involvement were considered stage II. We examined the implications of the staging changes and the survival impact of adjuvant therapy in stage I to II endometrial adenocarcinoma.

Materials and Methods:
Data were obtained from the National Oncology Data Alliance. Stage I to II endometrial adenocarcinoma patients diagnosed between 1988 and 2008 were identified and grouped according to the 1988 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics staging. Multivariate analysis (MVA) was performed using proportional hazards model; comparison of Kaplan-Meier survival curves was based on the log-rank statistic.

Results:
A total of 14,158 patients with stage I to II endometrial adenocarcinoma were identified with a median follow-up of 41 months. Adjuvant external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and adjuvant vaginal brachytherapy (VB) were positive predictors for overall survival (OS) only in IC, IIA, and IIB. On MVA, stages IA and IB OS did not differ (P=0.17), IIA had worse OS compared with IC (P<0.05), and IIA OS did not differ from IIB (P=0.57). Neither IA nor IB benefited from adjuvant radiotherapy on MVA. However, both IC and IIA had OS improvements with VB±EBRT (P<0.05) with the greatest impact from the VB.

Conclusions:
Mucosal cervical involvement represents a risk factor and should be considered when determining adjuvant therapy. Adjuvant therapy provided no survival benefit in 1988 stage IA or IB; however, adjuvant radiotherapy is recommended in the management of IC, IIA, and IIB.
Long-term Effects of Off-Pump Coronary Bypass versus Conventional Coronary Bypass Grafting on Renal Function
Authors: Hynes Conor F. , Colo Sanchez , Amdur Richard L. , Chawla Lakhmir S. , Greenberg Michael D. , Trachiotis Gregory D. 
Published: February 2016

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of conventional on-pump coronary bypass grafting (cCABG) compared with off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) on renal function. Methods A retrospective review of patients undergoing coronary bypass grafting from 2004 through 2013 at a single center was conducted. Preoperative renal function, perioperative acute kidney injury, and long-term glomerular filtration were evaluated. Multivariable analyses were used to determine factors contributing to short-and long-term renal impairment. Results A total of 234 patients underwent cCABG, and 582 underwent OPCAB. Patients undergoing OPCAB were significantly older, had greater preoperative renal dysfunction, had greater functional dependence, and took more hypertension medications. Multivariable analyses found that 30-day acute kidney injury was an independent risk factor for a 10% decline in glomerular filtration rate at 1 and 5 years (P < 0.0001 and 0.002, respectively). However, the use of cardiopulmonary bypass was not found to influence long-term renal function (P = 0.78 at 1 year, P = 0.76 at 5 years). The percentage of patients experiencing a 10% drop in renal function from baseline at 1 year (33% OPCAB, 35% cCABG; P = 0.73) and 5 years (16% OPCAB, 16% cCABG; P = 0.93) were not significantly different. Independent predictors of acute kidney injury included baseline kidney function (P = 0.04) and age (P < 0.0001), whereas cardiopulmonary bypass did not affect the incidence (P = 0.17). A propensity-matched analysis confirmed these findings. Conclusions Acute kidney injury is a risk factor for long-term renal dysfunction after either bypass method and was not greater after cCABG compared with OPCAB. Patients undergoing OPCAB did not experience greater decrease in long-term kidney function despite having worse baseline kidney function.
Bacterial Biofilm Infection Detected in Breast Implant–Associated Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Hu Honghua , Johani Khalid , Almatroudi Ahmad , Vickery Karen , Van Natta Bruce , Kadin Marshall E. , Brody Garry , Clemens Mark , Cheah Chan Yoon , Lade Stephen , Joshi Preeti Avinash , Prince H. Miles , Deva Anand K. 
Published: February 2016

Background:
A recent association between breast implants and the development of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) has been observed. The purpose of this study was to identify whether bacterial biofilm is present in breast implant–associated ALCL and, if so, to compare the bacterial microbiome to nontumor capsule samples from breast implants with contracture.

Methods:
Twenty-six breast implant–associated ALCL samples were analyzed for the presence of biofilm by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, next-generation sequencing, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and scanning electron microscopy, and compared to 62 nontumor capsule specimens.

Results:
Both the breast implant–associated ALCL and nontumor capsule samples yielded high mean numbers of bacteria (breast implant–associated ALCL, 4.7 × 106 cells/mg of tissue; capsule, 4.9 × 106 cells/mg of tissue). Analysis of the microbiome in breast implant–associated ALCL specimens showed significant differences with species identified in nontumor capsule specimens. There was a significantly greater proportion of Ralstonia spp. present in ALCL specimens compared with nontumor capsule specimens (p < 0.05). In contrast, significantly more Staphylococcus spp. were found associated with nontumor capsule specimens compared with breast implant–associated ALCL specimens (p < 0.001). Bacterial biofilm was visualized both on scanning electron microscopy and fluorescent in situ hybridization.

Conclusions:
This novel finding of bacterial biofilm and a distinct microbiome in breast implant–associated ALCL samples points to a possible infectious contributing cause. Breast implants are widely used in both reconstructive and aesthetic surgery, and strategies to reduce their contamination should be more widely studied and practiced.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Risk, V.
High-Frequency Illegitimate Strand Transfers of Nascent DNA Fragments During Reverse Transcription Result in Defective Retrovirus Genomes
Authors: Li Xiaojun , Fan Peihu , Jiang Chunlai , Ma Tonghui , Yu Xianghui , Kong Wei , Gao Feng 
Published: February 2016

Background:
Two strand transfers of nascent DNA fragments during reverse transcription are required for retrovirus replication. However, whether strand transfers occur at illegitimate sites and how this may affect retrovirus replication are not well understood.

Methods:
The reverse transcription was carried out with reverse transcriptases (RTs) from HIV-1, HIV-2, and murine leukemia virus. The nascent complementary DNA fragments were directly cloned without polymerase chain reaction amplification. The sequences were compared with the template sequence to determine if new sequences contained mismatched sequences caused by illegitimate strand transfers.

Results:
Among 1067 nascent reverse transcript sequences, most of them (72%) matched to the template sequences, although they randomly stopped across the RNA templates. The other 28% of them contained mismatched 3′-end sequences because of illegitimate strand transfers. Most of the illegitimate strand transfers (81%) were disassociated from RNA templates and realigned onto opposite complementary DNA strands. Up to 3 strand transfers were detected in a single sequence, whereas most of them (93%) contained 1 strand transfer. Because most of the illegitimate strand-transfer fragments were generated from templates at 2 opposite orientations, they resulted in defective viral genomes and could not be detected by previous methods. Further analysis showed that mutations at pause/disassociation sites resulted in significantly higher strand-transfer rates. Moreover, illegitimate strand-transfer rates were significantly higher for HIV-2 RT (38.2%) and murine leukemia virus RT (44.6%) than for HIV-1 RT (5.1%).

Conclusions:
Illegitimate strand transfers frequently occur during reverse transcription and can result in a large portion of defective retrovirus genomes.
Constancy of the cluster gas mass fraction in the
R
h
=
ct
Universe
Authors: Melia F. 
Published: February 2016

The ratio of baryonic to dark matter densities is assumed to have remained constant throughout the formation of structure. With this, simulations show that the fraction
f
gas
(
z
) of baryonic mass to total mass in galaxy clusters should be nearly constant with redshift
z
. However, the measurement of these quantities depends on the angular distance to the source, which evolves with
z
according to the assumed background cosmology. An accurate determination of
f
gas
(
z
) for a large sample of hot (
kT
e
>5 keV), dynamically relaxed clusters could therefore be used as a probe of the cosmological expansion up to
z
<2. The fraction
f
gas
(
z
) would remain constant only when the correct cosmology is used to fit the data. In this paper, we compare the predicted gas mass fractions for both
Λ
cold dark matter (
Λ
CDM) and the
R
h
=
ct
Universe and test them against the three largest cluster samples (LaRoque
et al.
2006
Astrophys. J.
652, 917–936 (
doi:10.1086/508139
); Allen
et al.
2008
Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.
383, 879–896 (
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12610.x
); Ettori
et al.
2009
Astron. Astrophys.
501, 61–73 (
doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200810878
)). We show that
R
h
=
ct
is consistent with a constant
f
gas
in the redshift range

z
≲
2

, as was previously shown for the reference
Λ
CDM model (with parameter values
H
0
=70 km s
−1
Mpc
−1
,
Ω

m

=0.3 and
w

Λ

=−1). Unlike
Λ
CDM, however, the
R
h
=
ct
Universe has no free parameters to optimize in fitting the data. Model selection tools, such as the Akaike information criterion and the Bayes information criterion (BIC), therefore tend to favour
R
h
=
ct
over
Λ
CDM. For example, the BIC favours
R
h
=
ct
with a likelihood of approximately 95% versus approximately 5% for
Λ
CDM.
Rhodococcus fascians infection after haematopoietic cell transplantation: not just a plant pathogen?
Authors: Austin Melissa C. , Hallstrand Teal S. , Hoogestraat Daniel R. , Balmforth Gregory , Stephens Karen , Butler-Wu Susan , Yeung Cecilia C. S. 
Published: February 2016

Introduction:

Rhodococcus spp. have been implicated in a variety of infections in immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts. Rhodococcus equi is responsible for the majority of reported cases, but Rhodococcus erythropolis, Rhodococcusgordoniae and Rhodococcusruber infections have been described. There are no prior reports of human infection with Rhodococcus fascians.

Case presentation:
We describe the unexpected finding of R. fascians in liver lesions incidentally noted at autopsy in an immunosuppressed patient status after bone-marrow transplant for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia who died of unrelated causes (septic shock due to Clostridium difficile colitis). At autopsy, an otherwise unremarkable liver contained several dozen well-demarcated sclerotic-appearing lesions measuring 0.1–0.3 cm in size. The absence of other bacterial or fungal DNA in the setting of histologically visible organisms argues against its presence as a contaminant and raises the consideration that R. fascians represents a human pathogen for the immunocompromised.

Conclusion:
Whether it represents the sole infectious agent responsible for the miliary lesions or a partially treated co-infection is impossible to determine, but our finding continues to reinforce the importance of molecular techniques in associating organisms with sites of infection and optimizing treatment of infectious diseases.
Modeling information risk in supply chain using Bayesian networks
Authors: Sharma Satyendra , Routroy Srikanta 
Published: February 2016

Purpose
– Information sharing enhances the supply chain profitability significantly, but it may result in adverse impacts also (e.g. leakages of secret information to competitors, sharing of wrong information that result into losses). So, it is important to understand the various risk factors that lead to distortion in information sharing and results in negative consequences. Information risk identification and assessment in supply chain would help in choosing right mitigation strategies. The purpose of this paper is to identify various information risks that could impact a supply chain, and develop a conceptual framework to quantify them.

Design/methodology/approach
– Bayesian belief network (BBN) modeling will be used to provide a framework for information risk analysis in a supply chain. Bayesian methodology provides the reasoning in causal relationship among various risk factors and incorporates both objective and subjective data.

Findings
– This paper presents a causal relationship among various information risks in a supply chain. Three important risk factors, namely, information security, information leakages and reluctance toward information sharing showed influence on a company’s revenue.

Practical implications
– Capability of Bayesian networks while modeling in uncertain conditions, provides a prefect platform for analyzing the risk factors. BBN provides a more robust method for studying the impact or predicting various risk factors.

Originality/value
– The major contribution of this paper is to develop a quantitative model for information risks in supply chain. This model can be updated when a new data arrives.