bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal thermal fronts on the northern South China Sea shelf: Satellite measurements and three repeated field surveys
Authors: Jing Zhiyou , Qi Yiquan , Fox‐Kemper Baylor , Du Yan , Lian Shumin 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSeasonal thermal fronts associated with wind‐driven coastal downwelling/upwelling in the northern South China Sea are investigated using satellite measurements and three repeated fine‐resolution mapping surveys in winter, spring, and summer. The results show that vigorous thermal fronts develop over the broad shelf with variable widths and intensities in different seasons, which tend to be approximately aligned with the 20–100 m isobaths. Driven by the prevailing winter/summer monsoon, the band‐shaped fronts were observed with a magnitude exceeding 0.1°C/km in the subsurface, and accompanied by energetic coastal downwelling/upwelling due to shoreward/offshore Ekman transport. The downward/upward tilting of seasonal thermoclines across the shelf exceeds 20 m, significantly contributing to the development of thermal fronts over the shelf. In addition, the diagnostic analysis of Potential Vorticity (PV) suggests that the summer frontal activities induced by the coastal upwelling are more stable to convection and symmetric instabilities in comparison to the winter fronts associated with downwelling‐favorable monsoon forcing. This is primarily due to their essential differences in the upper ocean stratification and horizontal buoyancy gradients arising from wind forcing. At the same time, the coastal currents are substantially regulated by the seasonal winds. An expected lag correlation between the velocity from mooring measurements and alongshore wind stress is detected near the frontal region. These results indicate that seasonal wind forcing plays an important role in the frontal activities and coastal water transport over the shelf.
Influence of upwelling on SST trends in La Guajira system
Authors: Santos F. , Gómez‐Gesteira M. , Varela R. , Ruiz‐Ochoa M. , Días J. M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractLa Guajira upwelling system has shown a moderate cooling (∼−0.05°C dec−1) over the period 1982–2014 for the months with strong upwelling (JFM). This contrasts with the general warming observed for most of the Caribbean region (∼0.25°C dec−1) over the same period. Cooling is in good agreement with the upwelling increase (∼0.04 m2s−1dec−1) observed in the region during winter months, although the position of the peaks in upwelling and SST trends does not coincide exactly due to the presence of the Caribbean Coastal Undercurrent.
Incipient seafloor spreading segments: Insights from the Red Sea
Authors: Almalki K. A. , Betts P. G. , Ailleres L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCrustal‐scale forward models of marine satellite potential field data suggest that the Red Sea comprises a single segment of ocean crust, which extends along ~60% of the Red Sea. The segment “tips” are bounded by continental crust, and there is no evidence for transforms at the segment terminations at the south. These observations indicate that ocean crust formation does not necessarily occur in response to wholesale tearing or “unzipping” of continental lithosphere nor is it necessarily controlled by preexisting transform faults. Ocean crust initiation occurs as a series of isolated segments that coalesce as the basin evolves. The recognition of this process in an orthogonal extension setting is comparable to spreading segmentation in modern ocean systems generated at a highly oblique convergent margin, suggesting that oceanic crust segmentation is not controlled by kinematic boundary conditions. The Red Sea may represent a combination of incipient type I and type II passive margins development.
European Union
Authors: Rumford Chris 
Published: March 2016

AbstractConventionally, discussion of the European Union's (EU) relation to globalization is framed by consideration of the ways in which EU integration has been a defensive response to aggressive forms of economic globalization. Recently, the Eurozone crisis has put into question both the EU's success as a buffer against global threats and the EU's capability as a global actor capable of giving shape to instruments of global governance and serving as a model for the development of other regions in the world. Despite their obvious differences, conventional frames of reference share a common viewpoint: that globalization should be seen from a European perspective. Accounts that view the EU from a global perspective are much rarer.
Indigenous peoples’ rights
Authors: Bellier Irène 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Around the middle of the past century, indigenous peoples were identified by the United Nations (UN) as deserving special attention due to the marginalization and oppression they have endured within their respective countries, mainly, but not exclusively, as a result of European and other forms of colonization. In 1971, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) commissioned a Study of the Problem of Discrimination against Indigenous Populations from a special Rapporteur who had been appointed by the Sub‐Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities of the UN Commission on Human Rights. The resultant five‐volume Martínez Cobo report (1986) includes a brief definition of indigenous peoples that has been widely used in international law (e.g. Convention 169 adopted in 1989 by the International Labor Organization).
Structure–Activity Studies of Cysteine‐Rich α‐Conotoxins that Inhibit High‐Voltage‐Activated Calcium Channels via GABAB Receptor Activation Reveal a Minimal Functional Motif
Authors: Carstens Bodil B. , Berecki Géza , Daniel James T. , Lee Han Siean , Jackson Kathryn A. V. , Tae Han‐Shen , Sadeghi Mahsa , Castro Joel , O'Donnell Tracy , Deiteren Annemie , Brierley Stuart M. , Craik David J. , Adams David J. , Clark Richard J. 
Published: March 2016

Abstractα‐Conotoxins are disulfide‐rich peptides that target nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Recently we identified several α‐conotoxins that also modulate voltage‐gated calcium channels by acting as G protein‐coupled GABAB receptor (GABABR) agonists. These α‐conotoxins are promising drug leads for the treatment of chronic pain. To elucidate the diversity of α‐conotoxins that act through this mechanism, we synthesized and characterized a set of peptides with homology to α‐conotoxins known to inhibit high voltage‐activated calcium channels via GABABR activation. Remarkably, all disulfide isomers of the active α‐conotoxins Pu1.2 and Pn1.2, and the previously studied Vc1.1 showed similar levels of biological activity. Structure determination by NMR spectroscopy helped us identify a simplified biologically active eight residue peptide motif containing a single disulfide bond that is an excellent lead molecule for developing a new generation of analgesic peptide drugs.
Conversion of Dinitrogen into Acetonitrile under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Klopsch Isabel , Kinauer Markus , Finger Markus , Würtele Christian , Schneider Sven 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAbout 20 % of the ammonia production is used as the chemical feedstock for nitrogen‐containing chemicals. However, while synthetic nitrogen fixation at ambient conditions has had some groundbreaking contributions in recent years, progress for the direct conversion of N2 into organic products remains limited and catalytic reactions are unknown. Herein, the rhenium‐mediated synthesis of acetonitrile using dinitrogen and ethyl triflate is presented. A synthetic cycle in three reaction steps with high individual isolated yields and recovery of the rhenium pincer starting complex is shown. The cycle comprises alkylation of a nitride that arises from N2 splitting and subsequent imido ligand centered oxidation to nitrile via a 1‐azavinylidene (ketimido) intermediate. Different synthetic strategies for intra‐ and intermolecular imido ligand oxidation and associated metal reduction were evaluated that rely on simple proton, electron, and hydrogen‐atom transfer steps.
Stereoselective Construction of β‐Mannopyranosides by AnomericO‐Alkylation: Synthesis of the Trisaccharide Core ofN‐linked Glycans
Authors: Nguyen Hai , Zhu Danyang , Li Xiaohua , Zhu Jianglong 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA new and efficient approach for direct and stereoselective synthesis of β‐mannopyranosides by anomeric O‐alkylation has been developed. This anomeric O‐alkylation of mannopyranose‐derived lactols is proposed to occur under synergistic control of a kinetic anomeric effect and metal chelation. The presence of a conformationally flexible C6 oxygen atom in the sugar‐derived lactol donors is required for this anomeric O‐alkylation to be efficient, probably because of its chelation with cesium ion. In contrast, the presence of a C2 oxygen atom plays a minor role. This glycosylation method has been successfully utilized for the synthesis of the trisaccharide core of complex N‐linked glycans.
l‐Arginine‐Triggered Self‐Assembly of CeO2 Nanosheaths on Palladium Nanoparticles in Water
Authors: Wang Xiao , Zhang Yibo , Song Shuyan , Yang Xiangguang , Wang Zhuo , Jin Rongchao , Zhang Hongjie 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPd@CeO2 core–shell nanostructures with a tunable Pd core size, shape, and nanostructure as well as a tunable CeO2 sheath thickness were obtained by a biomolecule‐assisted method. The synthetic process is simple and green, as it involves only the heating of a mixture of Ce(NO3)3, l‐arginine, and preformed Pd seeds in water without additives. Importantly, the synthesis is free of thiol groups and halide ions, thus providing a possible solution to the problem of secondary pollution by Pd nanoparticles in the sheath‐coating process. The Pd/CeO2 nanostructures can be composited well with γ‐Al2O3 to create a heterogeneous catalyst. In subsequent tests of catalytic NO reduction by CO, Pd@CeO2/Al2O3 samples based on Pd cubes (6, 10, and 18 nm), Pd octahedra (6 nm), and Pd cuboctahedra (9 nm) as well as a simply loaded Pd cube (6 nm)–CeO2/Al2O3 sample were used as catalysts to investigate the effects of the Pd core size and shape and the hybrid nanostructure on the catalytic performance.
Nanoparticulate TiO2‐Supported Double Metal Cyanide Catalyst for the Copolymerization of CO2 with Propylene Oxide
Authors: Subhani Muhammad Afzal , Gürtler Christoph , Leitner Walter , Müller Thomas Ernst 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA titanium oxide supported double metal cyanide (TiO2‐DMC) was found to be a highly active catalyst for the reaction of CO2 with propylene oxide to polyethercarbonates, which are useful polymer building blocks for polyurethane applications. The catalyst was prepared by coprecipitation of potassium hexacyanocobaltate(III) and titanium(IV) ethoxide with an excess amount of ZnCl2 under slightly acidic conditions. The TiO2‐DMC catalyst provided excellent selectivity to the polymer (>97 %) and outstanding productivity (>500 gpolymer/gcatalyst). The TiO2‐support enhanced the Lewis acidity of the DMC catalyst, which facilitated activation of the epoxide and adjusted the binding strength of the polymer chain to the surface of the catalyst.
Synthesis, Theoretical Study and Catalytic Application of Oxidometal (Mo or V) Complexes: Unexpected Coordination Due to Ligand Rearrangement through Metal‐Mediated C–C Bond Formation
Authors: Pasayat Sagarika , Böhme Michael , Dhaka Sarita , Dash Subhashree P. , Majumder Sudarshana , Maurya Mannar R. , Plass Winfried , Kaminsky Werner , Dinda Rupam 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTwo novel dioxidomolybdenum(VI) complexes [MoO2L′1] (1) and [MoO2L′2] (2) containing the MoO22+ motif with unexpected coordination motifs due to ligand rearrangement through Mo‐mediated interligand C–C bond formation are reported. The ligands (H2L′1–2) are tetradentate C–C‐coupled O2N2‐donor systems formed in situ during synthesis of the complexes by reaction of [MoVIO2(acac)2] with Schiff base ligands of 2‐aminophenol with 2‐pyridinecarbaldehyde (HL1) and 2‐quinolinecarbaldehyde (HL2). To confirm that the ligand rearrangement is assisted by molybdenum, the corresponding vanadium complexes [VO2L1] (3) and [VO2L2] (4) containing original Schiff base ligand (HL1,2) are also reported here. All complexes 1–4 are characterized by several physicochemical techniques and the structural features of 1 and 2 have been solved by X‐ray crystallography. The proposed mechanism of molybdenum‐mediated interligand C–C bond formation is supported by DFT calculations including the comparisons with the synthesized vanadium analogues. The catalytic potentials of 1–4 for the epoxidation of styrene and cyclohexene have also been explored.
Influence of bromide on the performance of the amphipod Hyalella azteca in reconstituted waters
Authors: Ivey Chris D. , Ingersoll Chris G. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Poor performance of the amphipod Hyalella azteca has been observed in exposures using reconstituted waters. Previous studies have reported success in H. azteca water-only exposures with the addition of relatively high concentrations of bromide. The present study evaluated the influence of lower environmentally representative concentrations of bromide on the response of H. azteca in 42-d water-only exposures. Improved performance of H. azteca was observed in reconstituted waters with &gt;0.02 mg Br/L. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2425–2429. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
An analysis of lethal and sublethal interactions among type I and type II pyrethroid pesticide mixtures using standard Hyalella azteca water column toxicity tests
Authors: Hoffmann Krista Callinan , Deanovic Linda , Werner Inge , Stillway Marie , Fong Stephanie , Teh Swee 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

A novel 2-tiered analytical approach was used to characterize and quantify interactions between type I and type II pyrethroids in Hyalella azteca using standardized water column toxicity tests. Bifenthrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin were tested in all possible binary combinations across 6 experiments. All mixtures were analyzed for 4-d lethality, and 2 of the 6 mixtures (permethrin–bifenthrin and permethrin–cyfluthrin) were tested for subchronic 10-d lethality and sublethal effects on swimming motility and growth. Mixtures were initially analyzed for interactions using regression analyses, and subsequently compared with the additive models of concentration addition and independent action to further characterize mixture responses. Negative interactions (antagonistic) were significant in 2 of the 6 mixtures tested, including cyfluthrin–bifenthrin and cyfluthrin–permethrin, but only on the acute 4-d lethality endpoint. In both cases mixture responses fell between the additive models of concentration addition and independent action. All other mixtures were additive across 4-d lethality, and bifenthrin–permethrin and cyfluthrin–permethrin were also additive in terms of subchronic 10-d lethality and sublethal responses. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2542–2549. © 2016 SETAC
The CROPROTECT project and wider opportunities to improve farm productivity through web‐based knowledge exchange
Authors: Bruce Toby J. A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA key global 21st century challenge is to maximize agricultural production while minimizing use of resources such as land, water, and energy to meet rising demand for produce. To meet this challenge, while also adapting to climate change, agriculture will have to become more knowledge intensive and deploy smarter farming techniques. The intention of this study was to: (1) Highlight the opportunity for web‐based knowledge exchange to increase farm productivity and thus contribute to achieving food and energy security, (2) Give some examples of online farming information services such as the “CROPROTECT” tool I am developing in the UK, the CABI “Plantwise” Knowledge Bank and the IRRI “Rice Doctor,” and (3) Consider lessons learnt so far. There are huge opportunities to facilitate knowledge exchange through online systems for farmers and people who advise farmers. CROPROTECT is interacting with users to determine priorities in terms of the pests, weeds, and diseases covered and is providing key information to assist with their management. Knowledge is a critical input for farming systems. Crop protection in particular is becoming more difficult due to evolution of pest resistance and changes in legislation. Up to date information can be made rapidly available and shared online through websites and smartphone Apps. Agricultural extension no longer relies solely on physical meetings and printed documents. The capacity to share information via the Internet is tremendous with its potential to reach a wide audience in the farming community, to provide rapid updates and to interact more with the users. However, in an era of information deluge, accessing relevant information and ensuring reliability are essential considerations. There is also a need to bring science and farming communities together to turn information into relevant farming knowledge.
The Effects of Age, Adiposity, and Physical Activity on the Risk of Seven Site-Specific Fractures in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Lacombe Jason , Cairns Benjamin J , Green Jane , Reeves Gillian K , Beral Valerie , Armstrong Miranda EG ,   for the Million Women Study collaborators
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Risk factors for fracture of the neck of the femur are relatively well established, but those for fracture at other sites are little studied. In this large population study we explore the role of age, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity on the risk of fracture at seven sites in postmenopausal women. As part of the Million Women Study, 1,154,821 postmenopausal UK women with a mean age of 56.0 (SD 4.8) years provided health and lifestyle data at recruitment in 1996 to 2001. All participants were linked to National Health Service (NHS) hospital records for day-case or overnight admissions with a mean follow-up of 11 years per woman. Adjusted absolute and relative risks for seven site-specific incident fractures were calculated using Cox regression models. During follow-up, 4931 women had a fracture of the humerus; 2926 of the forearm; 15,883 of the wrist; 9887 of the neck of the femur; 1166 of the femur (not neck); 3199 a lower leg fracture; and 10,092 an ankle fracture. Age-specific incidence rates increased gradually with age for fractures of forearm, lower leg, ankle, and femur (not neck), and steeply with age for fractures of neck of femur, wrist, and humerus. When compared to women with desirable BMI (20.0 to 24.9 kg/m2), higher BMI was associated with a reduced risk of fracture of the neck of femur, forearm, and wrist, but an increased risk of humerus, femur (not neck), lower leg, and ankle fractures (p &lt; 0.001 for all). Strenuous activity was significantly associated with a decreased risk of fracture of the humerus and femur (both neck and remainder of femur) (p &lt; 0.001), but was not significantly associated with lower leg, ankle, wrist, and forearm fractures. Postmenopausal women are at a high lifetime risk of fracture. BMI and physical activity are modifiable risk factors for fracture, but their associations with fracture risk differ substantially across fracture sites. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR)
Sef Regulates Epithelial‐Mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: He Qing , Gong Yan , Gower Lindsey , Yang Xuehui , Friesel Robert E. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTSef (similar expression to fgf), also know as IL17RD, is a transmembrane protein shown to inhibit fibroblast growth factor signaling in developmental and cancer contexts; however, its role as a tumor suppressor remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we show that Sef regulates epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer cell lines. Sef expression was highest in the normal breast epithelial cell line MCF10A, intermediate expression in MCF‐7 cells and lowest in MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Knockdown of Sef increased the expression of genes associated with EMT, and promoted cell migration, invasion, and a fibroblastic morphology of MCF‐7 cells. Overexpression of Sef inhibited the expression of EMT marker genes and inhibited cell migration and invasion in MCF‐7 cells. Induction of EMT in MCF10A cells by TGF‐β and TNF‐α resulted in downregulation of Sef expression concomitant with upregulation of EMT gene expression and loss of epithelial morphology. Overexpression of Sef in MCF10A cells partially blocked cytokine‐induced EMT. Sef was shown to block β‐catenin mediated luciferase reporter activity and to cause a decrease in the nuclear localization of active β‐catenin. Furthermore, Sef was shown to co‐immunoprecipitate with β‐catenin. In a mouse orthotopic xenograft model, Sef overexpression in MDA‐MB‐231 cells slowed tumor growth and reduced expression of EMT marker genes. Together, these data indicate that Sef plays a role in the negative regulation of EMT in a β‐catenin dependent manner and that reduced expression of Sef in breast tumor cells may be permissive for EMT and the acquisition of a more metastatic phenotype. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2346–2356, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biological and Mechanistic Characterization of Novel Prodrugs of Green Tea Polyphenol Epigallocatechin Gallate Analogs in Human Leiomyoma Cell Lines
Authors: Ahmed Reda Saber Ibrahim , Liu Gang , Renzetti Andrea , Farshi Pershang , Yang Huanjie , Soave Claire , Saed Ghassan , El‐Ghoneimy Ashraf Ahmed , El‐Banna Hossny Awad , Foldes Robert , Chan Tak‐Hang , Dou Q. Ping 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTUterine fibroids (leiomyomas) are very common benign tumors grown on the smooth muscle layer of the uterus, present in up to 75% of reproductive‐age women and causing significant morbidity in a subset of this population. Although the etiology and biology of uterine fibroids are unclear, strong evidence supports that cell proliferation, angiogenesis and fibrosis are involved in their formation and growth. Currently the only cure for uterine fibroids is hysterectomy; the available alternative therapies have limitations. Thus, there is an urgent need for developing a novel strategy for treating this condition. The green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) inhibits the growth of uterine leiomyoma cells in vitro and in vivo, and the use of a green tea extract (containing 45% EGCG) has demonstrated clinical activity without side effects in women with symptomatic uterine fibroids. However, EGCG has a number of shortcomings, including low stability, poor bioavailability, and high metabolic transformations under physiological conditions, presenting challenges for its development as a therapeutic agent. We developed a prodrug of EGCG (Pro‐EGCG or 1) which shows increased stability, bioavailability and biological activity in vivo as compared to EGCG. We also synthesized prodrugs of EGCG analogs, compounds 2a and 4a, in order to potentially reduce their susceptibility to methylation/inhibition by catechol‐O‐methyltransferase. Here, we determined the effect of EGCG, Pro‐EGCG, and 2a and 4a on cultured human uterine leiomyoma cells, and found that 2a and 4a have potent antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, and antifibrotic activities. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2357–2369, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.