bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vowel Harmony: An Historical Account
Authors: Khattab Emran R. Al 
Published: January 2018

All languages change over time. English has undergone continuous change throughout its three major periods: Old English (roughly from 450 to 1100 AD), Middle English (from 1100 to 1500), and Modern English (from 1500 to the present). Sound is one of the most easily influenced parts of language to be subject to different changes. Sound change is inevitable and it is a live indication of the continuous growth of language. The evidence to prove the regularity and systematicity of sound change has been the main concern of linguists, This paper seeks to provide more evidence on how vowel harmony played a key role on the regularity of sound change by extracting samples of sound changes that have taken place throughout the English history.
Person Deixis in English Translation of Summarized Shahih Al-Bukhari Hadith in the Book of As-Salat
Authors: Pratiwi Siska 
Published: January 2018

The dominant topic in investigating pragmatics which used to understand the meaning of certain words and phrases requires contextual information is the phenomenon of deixis. The researcher limited this study on person deixis which aimed to identify and classify kind of person deixis in English translation of Summarized Shahih Al-Bukhari Hadith , especially in the book of As-Salat (the prayer) that translated by Dr. Muhammad Muhsin Khan. This study used Stephen Levinson’s framework of deixis for the analysis of distinct types of person deixis elements. The researcher adopted qualitative research design as the method for this analysis. In this study, the researcher found that the dominant deixis used in Hadith was the third person singular deixis especially the word “He” that dominantly refers to “Prophet Muhammad SAW in which shows that Hadith is the media to reveal the action, provisions, approvals and utterances of Prophet Muhammad SAW and his companions.
Teachers’ Perceptions on Application Of 2013 Curriculum for Elementary School in Medan
Authors: Zulhernanda Windha 
Published: January 2018

Curriculum is a set of educational design programs as a guide for learning activities. Recent changes in curriculum implementation in education have an impact on teachers in implementing them.This study investigated about the teacher perception on application the newest curriculum such as the 2013 curriclum for elementary school in Medan, especially Medan Selayang subdisrict. The participant of this study were 3 teachers that taught in different public elementary school in Medan Selayang sucdistrict. There were 2 female teachers and 1 male teacher. The techniques of collecting the data by interview the teacher about application 2013 curriculum in their class. The data analysis have beenanalyzed by their perception from the their statements about the difficulties and the solution when applied the 2013 curriculum by Rao, V. S. Pand then analyzed based on the types of perception, such as Perceivers-Specific Characteristics, Target-Specific Characteristics, Situation-Specific Characteristics.The result of this study was (1) the dominant types of the third teacher's perception was Specific Characteristics-Situation. (2) the participant gains that perception greater than the social context that surrounds it, because such social influences and citation as those listed in transcript can affect the behavior and thinking of the individual by stating that the 2013 curriculum is still a lot of flaws and should need revision again. because the participant sees the condition based on what they see, what they feel, and it will be what they think.
An Investigation of Refusal Strategies as Used by Bahdini Kurdish and Syriac Aramaic Speakers
Authors: M.Shareef Dilgash , Isteefan Qyrio Marina , Nadheer Ali Chiman 
Published: January 2018

For the purpose of achieving a successful communication, issues such as the appropriateness of speech acts and face saving become essential. Therefore, it is very important to achieve a high level of pragmatic competence in speech acts. Bearing this in mind, this study was conducted to investigate the preferred refusal strategies Kurdish and Syriac native speakers use when faced with offers and requests from equal status interlocutors. The current study has used a modified Written Discourse Completion Test (WDCT) consisting of six situations (three of which elicit refusals to offerings and the other three to requests). Forty subjects participated in this study: 20 native speakers of the Kurdish language (10 male and 10 female students) and 20 native speakers of Syriac language (10 male and 10 female students). All participants are currently pre-graduate students attending Zakho University. The participants were asked to provide written data that express their refusals to these situations. The data collected have then been analyzed descriptively according to frequency and number of occurrences of semantic formulas used by Beebe et al (1990). The results showed that a) the Syriac Native Participants (SNP)s frequently preferred indirect and adjunct strategies for refusals rather than direct ones, b) the Kurdish Native Participants (KNP)s often preferred direct and indirect strategies more than adjunct ones, c) the results also revealed that gender has a great influence on the use of refusal strategies in various ways. Finally, this study concludes that both KNPs and SNPs tended to use more strategies when refusing requests than offers whereas gender has shown to play a significant role in the choice and number of the refusal strategies used by both groups of participants.
Activation of TNF‐α/NF‐κB axis enhances CRL4BDCAF11 E3 ligase activity and regulates cell cycle progression in human osteosarcoma cells
Authors: Zhang Caiguo , Chen Bin , Jiang Kaibiao , Lao Lifeng , Shen Hongxing , Chen Zhi 
Published: January 2018

Cullin 4B, a member of the Cullins, which serve as scaffolds to facilitate the assembly of E3 ligase complexes, is aberrantly expressed in many cancers, including osteosarcoma. Recently, we observed that CUL4B forms the CRL4BDCAF11 E3 ligase, which specifically ubiquitinates and degrades the cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21Cip1 in human osteosarcoma cells. However, the underlying mechanisms regarding the aberrant expression of CUL4B and the upstream members of this signaling pathway are mostly unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that nuclear factor kappaB (NF‐κB) is a direct modulator of CUL4B expression. The CUL4B promoter is responsive to several NF‐κB subunits, including RelA, RelB, and c‐Rel, but not to p50 or p52. Additional studies reveal that the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α)/NF‐κB axis pathway is activated in human osteosarcoma cells. This activation causes both CUL4B and NF‐κB subunits to become abundant in the nucleus of human osteosarcoma cells. The down‐regulation of individual genes, including TNFR1, RelA, RelB, c‐Rel, and CUL4B, or pairs of them, including TNFR1 + RelA, TNFR1 + RelB, TNFR1 + c‐Rel, and RelA+CUL4B, has similar effects on cell growth inhibition, colony formation, cell invasion, and in vivo tumor formation, whereas the overexpression of CUL4B in these knockdown cells significantly reverses their phenotypes. The inhibition of the TNF‐α/NF‐κB pathway greatly attenuates CRL4BDCAF11 E3 ligase activity and causes the accumulation of p21Cip1, thereby leading to cell cycle arrest at the S phase. Taken together, our results support a model in which the activation of the TNF‐α/NF‐κB axis contributes to an increase in CRL4BDCAF11 activity and a decrease in p21Cip1 protein levels, thereby controlling cell cycle progression in human osteosarcoma cells.
Broadband Planar Aperture‐Coupled Antenna Array for WLAN and ITS Beam‐Steering Applications
Authors: Khajeh Mohammad Lou R. , Naser‐Moghadasi M. , Sadeghzadeh R. A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA broadband multilayer beam‐steering antenna array with a modified mushroom‐like radiating element is introduced. The two‐layer aperture‐coupled array consists of four equal sets of mushroom‐like elements, each of which is made of 16 unit cells in a 4 × 4 configuration. The feeding network is a modified quasi‐Butler matrix, which benefits from improved double‐box branch line couplers. The network has an isolation bandwidth between 4 and 7.9 GHz (65%) and a transmission bandwidth from 4.8 to 7.1 GHz (39%), which operates acceptably in most of the C‐band, especially at wireless local area network and Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). A broadband Butler matrix uses broadband 3 dB couplers and a middle network. The geometry of the element and feeding network is utilized in array form to enhance the impedance bandwidth and radiation efficiency of the antenna. The results show that the antenna impedance bandwidth covers 3.82 to 8.2 GHz (port 1) and 3.8 to 8.28 GHz (port 2) for Snn ≤ −10 dB, which covers the C‐band fully (4–8 GHz). Moreover, it has a 3 dB gain‐bandwidth of 2.25 GHz that extends from 4.65 to 6.9 GHz with a peak value of 13.65 dBi. The antenna array has a 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of 1.65 GHz that extends from 4.9 to 6.55 GHz and involves wireless local area network (5.15–5.825 GHz) and ITS (5.795–6.400 GHz). The radiation efficiency of the array for both port excitations is in excess of 75% when circular polarization is achieved. Two firing beams at elevation angles of 20° and −35° are obtained for ports 1 and 2 upon excitation, respectively.
Pan‐Arctic Distribution of Bioavailable Dissolved Organic Matter and Linkages With Productivity in Ocean Margins
Authors: Shen Yuan , Benner Ronald , Kaiser Karl , Fichot Cédric G. , Whitledge Terry E. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractRapid environmental changes in the Arctic Ocean affect plankton productivity and the bioavailability of dissolved organic matter (DOM) that supports microbial food webs. We report concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and yields of amino acids (indicators of labile DOM) in surface waters across major Arctic margins. Concentrations of DOC and bioavailability of DOM showed large pan‐Arctic variability that corresponded to varying hydrological conditions and ecosystem productivity, respectively. Widespread hot spots of labile DOM were observed over productive inflow shelves (Chukchi and Barents Seas), in contrast to oligotrophic interior margins (Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, and Beaufort Seas). Amino acid yields in outflow gateways (Canadian Archipelago and Baffin Bay) indicated the prevalence of semilabile DOM in sea ice covered regions and sporadic production of labile DOM in ice‐free waters. Comparing these observations with surface circulation patterns indicated varying shelf subsidies of bioavailable DOM to Arctic deep basins.
A Comparison of Small‐ and Medium‐Scale Gravity Wave Interactions in the Linear and Nonlinear Limits
Authors: Heale C. J. , Snively J. B. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA 2‐D numerical model is used to compare interactions between small‐scale (SS) (25 km horizontal wavelength, 10 min period) and medium‐scale (MS, 250 km horizontal wavelength, 90 min period) gravity waves (GWs) in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere within three different limits. First, the MS wave is specified as a static, horizontally homogeneous ambient atmospheric feature; second, a linear interaction is investigated between excited, time‐dependent SS and MS waves, and third, a fully nonlinear interaction at finite amplitudes is considered. It is found that the finite‐amplitude wave interactions can cause SS wave breaking aligned with the phase fronts of the MS waves, which induces a permanent mean flow and shear that is periodic in altitude. This impedes SS wave propagation into in the upper thermosphere and dissipation by molecular diffusion, when compared to linear amplitude simulations. Linear cases also omit self‐acceleration‐related instabilities of the SS wave and secondary wave generation, which modulate the MS wavefield. Neither the linear or nonlinear cases resemble the static approximation, which, by reducing a dynamic wave interaction to a static representation that is vertically varying, produces variable momentum flux distributions that depend strongly upon the amplitude and phase of the larger‐scale wave. This is an approximation made by GW parameterization schemes, and results suggest that including time‐dependent effects and feedback mechanisms for interactions between resolved and parameterized waves will be an important area for future investigations especially as general circulation models begin to resolve MS GWs explicitly.
Hygroscopicity‐ and Size‐Resolved Measurements of Submicron Aerosol on the East Coast of the United States
Authors: Phillips B. N. , Royalty T. M. , Dawson K. W. , Reed R. , Petters M. D. , Meskhidze N. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAtmospheric measurements of aerosol size‐resolved hygroscopicity at submicron sizes are carried out at the United States Army Corps of Engineers Field Research Facility in Duck, North Carolina. The scientific aim of the field deployment is to gain improved understanding of the springtime advection of aerosols from the East Coast of the United States over the Atlantic and help to constrain assessments of anthropogenic particle contributions to the marine boundary layer aerosol budget. Air mass back trajectories show that the aerosol sampled at the coast is largely of continental origin that either gets transported directly from the land or spends some time over the Atlantic Ocean. Aerosol size‐resolved hygroscopicity measurements are consistent with air masses of both continental and marine background that are heavily influenced by the continental outflow. Aitken and accumulation mode mean diameters range from 49.1 ± 1.7 nm to 66.9 ± 0.8 nm and 142.8 ± 1.1 nm to 155.0 ± 2.8 nm, respectively. Hygroscopicity distributions for 96 nm, 188 nm, and 284 nm dry‐sized particles show the mode hygroscopicity parameter range from 0.20 ± 0.01 to 0.54 ± 0.03, suggesting the presence of anthropogenic aerosols. We have used the method described by Royalty et al. (2017) to decompose the hygroscopicity distributions into three distinct classes based on the ambient aerosol hygroscopic properties relative to the hygroscopic properties of a reference compound. The method shows that continental outflow heavily influences aerosol chemical and physical properties at the East Coast, with hygroscopicities of submicron aerosols consistent with sulfate‐containing species (62% to 83%), with small contributions from sodium‐ and carbon‐containing particles (up to 9% and 37%, respectively).
N,N‐Dimethylethylamin [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated a momentary value of N,N‐dimethylethylamine [
598‐56‐1
].

Critical effects are vision disturbances and irritation of the eyes and the respiratory tract in exposed workers and volunteers. In a study in a foundry, these effects were caused by peak exposures of about 10 ml/m
3
. By analogy with cyclohexylamine, a momentary value of 5 ml/m
3
which must not be exceeded at any time is also established for N,N‐dimethylethylamine.
Deepwater Floating Production Systems—An Overview
Authors: Barton Christopher M. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
There are four primary industry‐recognized deepwater floating production solutions in use today, that is, Spar, Semisubmersible (Semi), tension leg platform (TLP), and floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) system. They are accepted because they are proven with many years of operating history; they are functional and can accommodate a large variety of functions; they are scalable to a wide range of topsides payloads; and they are adaptable for applications globally. This article outlines the features and benefits associated with each type of system.
Vibration Analysis in Marine Applications
Authors: Rolfe Gerald , Staykov Svetoslav 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This article provides a general overview of current best practices in the application of vibration analysis within the marine industry, based on practical experience in the delivery of fleet CM programs for major ship operators.
In addition the article provides an introduction to vibration analysis methods, technology products and processes which will support an effective CBM program, and deliver the expected operational benefits and return on investment.
Safety Management of Offshore Installations
Authors: Kuo Chengi 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe subject of this article is concerned with safety management and its usage in offshore engineering. The emphasis is placed on three main fundamental issues. First, safety is a non‐absolute entity that is dominated by personal perception. Second, use of regulations to judge safety—popularly known asprescriptive regulatory approach(PRA)—assumes that safety is an absolute entity because regulations must provide standards and have been evolved from experience gained from previous accidents. Offshore industry uses PRA; however, after explosion of Piper Alpha platform in 1988, Lord Cullen's investigation led to introduction of goal‐based principle known assafety case approachfor offshore activities in UKCS. Third, the termsriskandhazardare used confusingly and incorrectly in safety management. It is common for people to use the termriskwhen they mean hazard.This article begins by examining basic characteristics of safety and role of humans. Available approaches to safety management are given before critically considering four approaches entitled prescriptive regulatory, goal setting, safety case, and the generic management system circuit. The safety and environmental management system is outlined, and areas needing research attention are highlighted.The main conclusion is that safety is a non‐absolute entity and it requires a management system for its practical application.
PLEMs,PLETs, and Manifolds
Authors: Sharma Kartik 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSubsea field architecture involves a network of pipelines serving as a conduit for transferring the product on the seabed. These flowlines/pipelines or conduits are connected via manifolds, pipeline end manifolds (PLEMs), and pipeline end terminations (PLETs) and form the part of the subsea production system (SPS). The manifold, PLEM, and PLET components that make up a SPS are described in this article. This article also covers themes such as manifold design and analysis, PLET design, cathodic protection, coating, fabrication and welding guidelines, testing, and commissioning.
Accident Investigations and Safety Management
Authors: Khan Faisal , Hashemi Seyed Javad 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAccident investigations have been influential in the evolution of safety management systems. Lessons learned through accident reports have shaped and evolved safety science toward a better understanding of how accidents happen. Review of the investigation reports of several major process‐related accidents shows that both cultural and technological problems have been the primary root causes of accidents. Moreover, it has been demonstrated in several accident reports that the accident might have been prevented if the lessons learned from previous accidents were implemented in the safety management systems. This article provides an overview of the main accident investigation methods. Common pitfalls of accident investigations are also highlighted to help investigators to implement a more effective investigation. Finally, the main processes of a safety management system and the importance of collecting and analyzing data from all aspects of safety management are also discussed.
Dropped Objects
Authors: Sari Ali 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDropped objects have constituted the great majority of potential and actual fatalities in offshore drilling. Major oil and gas operators have reported that the dropped objects account for around 60% of their high potential incidents. Tubular overhead equipment and tubular handling equipment items have accounted for the majority of the dropped object categories. The consequences of dropped object may include but not limited to human fatalities/injuries, offshore asset damage/failure, and environment/reputation and business impact.Offshore dropped object risk assessment encompasses the quantification of the risk caused by accidentally dropped objects on potential targets from topsides to seabed. The assessment involves two parts, which are impact frequency estimation and consequence analysis. Often, a risk matrix is used in mitigation decision, that is, high impact frequency and high consequence events require attention. The potential targets from platform deck to seabed pipelines define three types of dropped objects analysis (DOA): topsides DOA, substructure DOA, and subsea DOA. Topsides DOA involves the risk assessment for platform structural components and equipment, while substructure DOA includes any potential targets from the sea surface to the seabed, such as jacket legs and hull. Subsea DOA is often of concern because of the high consequence, both environmental and economic.For impact frequency estimation, the article presents a practical approach in which a two‐step Monte Carlo simulation is used to estimate the impact likelihood for potential targets such as upper decks, jacket legs, risers, mooring lines, and pipelines on seabed. As for the structural consequence analysis, this article presents both the simplified approaches, such as that found in Det Norske Veritas guidelines and advanced nonlinear finite element analysis, which is believed to remove the conservatism in simplified approaches. The dropped object assessment methodology is supplemented with two case studies: one related to subsea dropped object and the other related to topsides dropped object.
Safety of Offshore Platforms
Authors: Dhodhi Jai , Sharma Kartik , Hassanin Ahmed 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The safety culture on offshore platforms has become a principal factor to consider in the design stages, especially after the occurrence of major incidents that resulted in loss of life. Implementing a safe setting covers safety of humans, equipment, and the environment. For the safety culture to be effective and all‐encompassing, it must seep to all disciplines to minimize the probabilities and consequences of possible risks. Multiple studies and process designs can be carried out throughout the design stages of offshore platforms by different functional teams as it has become a serious matter. This article looks at the disciplines of engineering management, technical safety, process, mechanical, instrumentation, layout and piping, electrical, and structural. The article also covers important themes such as relief, vent, flare, and blowout studies, and fire protection design.
Hydrodynamics of Substructure and Wave‐in‐Deck Loading on Fixed Steel Platforms
Authors: Tromans Peter S. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractFactors relevant to the estimation of wave loads on steel frame substructures the decks they support are discussed. Although the conventional regular wave recipe is adequate for the design of new structures, more realistic and complex approaches are required for an accurate reliability analysis. It becomes necessary to recognize the random, directional, and nonlinear nature of extreme waves. Fully nonlinear calculations of wave kinematics can be employed for calculating substructure load and most often provide a load reduction relative to a regular wave model. However, there are considerable difficulties in direct calculation of wave‐in‐deck loads. As such, the best approach is to use random wave tests in a model basin to calibrate an empirical model. Although some model uncertainty remains, it is of small consequence compared with the large physical uncertainty in wave‐in‐deck load.