bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“The Benefits of Their Liberty”:Race and the Eurafricans of Gorée in Eighteenth-Century French Guiana
Authors: Traver Barbara 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
En 1768, plusieurs familles euro-africaines originaires de Gorée, accompagnées de leurs esclaves, arrivèrent en Guyane, dans le cadre d’un projet visant à promouvoir les intérêts coloniaux français. Leur arrivée mit à l’épreuve la hiérarchie raciale tripartite en vigueur en Guyane. Lorsqu’ils protestèrent contre le fait d’être traités comme des gens de couleur libres et se battirent pour faire partie de l’élite (blanche), ainsi qu’il leur avait été promis, ils provoquèrent un débat entre les partisans d’un point de vue « insulaire racialiste » et ceux qui promouvaient un point de vue se fondant sur un « pragmatisme continental ». Les premiers souhaitaient que la colonie devienne une colonie sucrière et défendaient une vision essentialiste « dure » du caractère et des capacités « africains », considérant que toutes les personnes possédant des origines africaines étaient marquées d’un « stigmate indélébile ». Les tenants du « pragmatisme continental », quant à eux, tendaient à souligner les besoins et les dangers exceptionnels de la Guyane et promouvaient une vision « plus douce » du caractère africain, pensant que les traits « africains » négatifs pouvaient disparaître au fur et à mesure que la couleur de peau s’éclaircissait. Durant le débat sur le statut des Goréens, les autorités, tant en Guyane qu’à Versailles, exprimèrent des vues divergentes, voire radicalement opposées, sur la question des races et sur les priorités coloniales. La décision finale de Louis XVI en faveur des Goréens marqua une victoire, quoique limitée, du camp des défenseurs d’une vision « plus douce » de la nature « africaine » et d’un « pragmatisme continental ». Le cas des Goréens illustre non seulement les oppositions entre les représentants des autorités concernant le caractère et les capacités « africains » mais montre également comment des questions stratégiques et géopolitiques ont pu entraver le développement de l’idéologie raciale des systèmes d’esclavage et permettre que des visions moins tranchées s’expriment dans des espaces coloniaux périphériques.
Les Tribunaux Résidentiels:Disputed Jurisdictions in the Protectorate of Cambodia
Authors: Low Sally 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Cet article examine les questions soulevées par les tribunaux résidentiels, présidés par des administrateurs régionaux (résidents) dans le cadre du protectorat du Cambodge. Ces tribunaux ont joué un rôle important s’agissant du contrôle des populations minoritaires vietnamiennes et chinoises dans les zones rurales. Au nom de la séparation des pouvoirs administratifs et judiciaires, certains fonctionnaires judiciaires en Indochine ont cherché à remplacer ces tribunaux par des autorités judiciaires/cours présidées par des juges au bénéfice d’une formation juridique. Cependant, leurs efforts ont été vigoureusement combattus par les résidents supérieurs successifs du Cambodge, lesquels soutenaient qu’une telle mesure serait préjudiciable à la domination coloniale. Ces controverses mettent en lumière les rôles contradictoires, mais entrelacés, de la justice coloniale. L’application des principes de la justice française aux peuples colonisés faisait partie intégrante de la mission civilisatrice, mais le droit jouait également un rôle dans le maintien de la domination coloniale. Envisagé dans le cadre théorique de jurisdiction, le système judiciaire du protectorat cambodgien est considéré comme un processus constitutif de, et constitué par, la colonisation.
The effects of diet and fluid education administered to patients of hemodialysis on some parameters
Authors: Arslan Selda , Bekar Tuncalp Figen 
Published: February 2017

Background: It is important to assess the effectiveness of education sessions conducted to increase the quality of life of hemodialysis patients, and reduce mortality and complications.Aim: The study was implemented to evaluate the effect of education given to help hemodialysis patients to adjust to diet and liquid restrictions on the patients’ weight, blood pressure, fluid states and laboratory results.Methods: During the study, every week, two sessions of education were given by the researcher-nurse regarding diet and fluid restriction to patients who received hemodialysis treatment for a period of 8 weeks and parameters were evaluated at the end of the education. The study population consisted of 42 patients who consented to participate in the study between June and December 2014 at the Dialysis Unit of Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine. The study was conducted using the pretest-posttest quasi-experimental research design. Patients aged 18 or above who had been receiving hemodialysis treatment at least for one year, did not have extremity amputation or plegia. The patients’ blood pressures, heights, weights and bioimpedance were measured by the researcher-nurse. Average, standard deviation, frequency, number, percentage and paired t test were used in the evaluation of the data. The patients who received treatment were given information about the purpose and method of the study and their consents were received. Results: It was found that 59.5 % of the patients were female, 47.6 % had primary level of education, 83.2 % were married and 45.2 % were housewives. It was seen that 50 % of the patients who received hemodialysis treatment did not have other chronic diseases, 38.1 % had been receiving hemodialysis for 0-3 years, 59.5 % knew the amount of fluid they needed to take, 45.2 % received 1500-2000 liters of fluid, 52,4 % did not urinate. Significant changes were observed in the patients’ blood pressures before and after the education (systolic p:0,012, diastolic p:0,013) and in their weight when they received dialysis (p:0,000). On the other hand, as far as laboratory data were concerned, significant differences were found before and after the education only in sodium input and output, potassium input and output values, and in extracellular fluid as far as bioimpedance results were concerned. Conclusion: It was found that significant results were obtained in some parameters as a consequence of the education given to the patients. Given that the best control in long hemodialysis treatments is a decrease in fluid load, patients should definitely be given education emphasizing the importance of diet and fluid restriction. It can be suggested education sessions can be given for longer periods to obtain more significant results.
Wiktor Steffen i jego Słownik warmiński
Authors: Sobolewska Katarzyna 
Published: February 2017

The paper presents Słownik warmiński of Wiktor Steffen as an unique work of the Polish dialect lexicography. It shows also the figures of the author and his brother Augustyn who rendered great service in research of the culture of Warmia. It discusses the editorial principles of the dictionary and its rich content. It relates to the charges of the first critics of the vocabulary. The paper treats Słownik warmiński as a personal, subjective work strongly influenced by the biography of the author – autochthon. It presents the different ways of use the content in the dialectological studies on multi-volume Słownik gwar Ostródzkiego, Warmii i Mazur conducting in the Institute of the Polish Language in the Polish Academy of Science (IJP PAN).
Kategoria Innego jako element dyskursu tożsamościowego w średniopolskich katalogach władców – perspektywa krzyża
Authors: Hawrysz Magdalena 
Published: February 2017

This sketch concerns the notions of groups that were considered aliens by the old Poles. Methodologically the work remains in the circle of ethnolinguistic research. The analysis uses the tools developed by the theory of linguistic image of the world. Material has been excerpted from 4 catalogs of rulers created in the period from the seventeenth to the eighteenth century. In the observed catalogs, there are three points of view, from the perspective of which the alien is categorized; these are the optics of a sword, cross, crown. The reconstruction of the infidels’ image in the article is carried out in the context of the functions this category plays in the era of shaping and preservation of national identity in a multi-ethnic and multi-religious country.
Poverty and Trends in Three Common Chronic Disorders
Authors: Pulcini Christian D. , Zima Bonnie T. , Kelleher Kelly J. , Houtrow Amy J. 
Published: February 2017

OBJECTIVES:For asthma, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the objectives were to (1) describe the percent increases in prevalence and comorbidity and how these vary by poverty status, and (2) examine the extent to which poverty status is a predictor of higher than average comorbid conditions.METHODS:Secondary analyses of the National Survey of Children’s Health for years 2003, 2007, and 2011–2012 were conducted to identify trends in parent reported lifetime prevalence and comorbidity among children with asthma, ADHD, and ASD and examine variation by sociodemographic characteristics, poverty status, and insurance coverage. Using 2011–2012 data, multivariable regression was used to examine whether poverty status predicted higher than average comorbid conditions after adjusting for other sociodemographic characteristics.RESULTS:Parent-reported lifetime prevalence of asthma and ADHD rose 18% and 44%, respectively, whereas the lifetime prevalence of ASD rose almost 400% (from 0.5% to 2%). For asthma, the rise was most prominent among the poor at 25.8%. For ADHD, the percent change by poverty status was similar (&lt;100% federal poverty level [FPL]: 43.20%, 100% to 199% FPL: 52.38%, 200% to 399% FPL: 43.67%), although rise in ASD was associated with being nonpoor (200% to 399% FPL: 43.6%, ≥400% FPL: 36.0%). Publicly insured children with asthma, ADHD, and ASD also had significantly higher odds (1.9×, 1.6×, 3.0×, respectively) of having higher than average comorbidities.CONCLUSIONS:Poverty status differentially influenced parent-reported lifetime prevalence and comorbidities of these target disorders. Future research is needed to examine parent and system-level characteristics that may further explain poverty’s variable impact.
Guidance on Completing a Written Allergy and Anaphylaxis Emergency Plan
Authors: Wang Julie , Sicherer Scott H. ,   SECTION ON ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, Matsui Elizabeth , Abramson Stuart , Dinakar Chitra , Irani Anne-Marie , Kim Jennifer S. , Mahr Todd A. , Pistiner Michael , Wang Julie 
Published: February 2017

This Clinical Report was reaffirmed September 12, 2023.
Anaphylaxis is a potentially life-threatening, severe allergic reaction. The immediate assessment of patients having an allergic reaction and prompt administration of epinephrine, if criteria for anaphylaxis are met, promote optimal outcomes. National and international guidelines for the management of anaphylaxis, including those for management of allergic reactions at school, as well as several clinical reports from the American Academy of Pediatrics, recommend the provision of written emergency action plans to those at risk of anaphylaxis, in addition to the prescription of epinephrine autoinjectors. This clinical report provides information to help health care providers understand the role of a written, personalized allergy and anaphylaxis emergency plan to enhance the care of children at risk of allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis. This report offers a comprehensive written plan, with advice on individualizing instructions to suit specific patient circumstances.
Working for the Crown: German Migrants and Britain's Commercial Success in the Early Eighteenth-Century American Colonies
Authors: O'Reilly William 
Published: February 2017

Working for the Crown: German Migrants and Britain's Commercial Success in the Early Eighteenth-century American Colonies Relaxation in the movement of foreigners into Britain and the origins of the Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act of 1708 (7 Ann c 5) have been seen to lie in the arrival of religious refugees in England and the unsuitability of existing legislation to accommodate large numbers of foreigners. This paper proposes that trade and commercial interests in the American colonies promoted the cause of naturalisation by inciting German migration, causing Parliament to relax access to the domestic labour market and crucially allow German labour to be trafficked to the colonies. Reform was dictated by the needs of commerce and colonial enterprise, not just by politicians, courtiers and bureaucrats in London. The passing of the Naturalization Act (1708) and the subsequent General Naturalization Act (1709) both took advantage of European warfare and economic destruction, and were a direct response to the colonial needs to source continental labour. The Acts owed much to colonial Americans like Carolina Governor John Archdale who, like his co-religionist neighbour William Penn, acted in the interest of commerce and the colonial classes, broadening the base of non-Anglican access to the colonies. Opportunities afforded to German migrants in the American colonies, in particular, grew from this signal legislative change.
Safeguarding a «Civilization in Crisis»: La Revue Universelle's Conceptualization of Western Civilization and its Renewal,1920–1935
Authors: Shurts Sarah 
Published: February 2017

Safeguarding a <Civilization in Crisis>: La Revue Universelle's Conceptualization of Western Civilization and its Renewal, 1920-1935 This article contributes to a comparative study of the «Conservative Revolution» in Europe by exploring the French journal Revue Universelle in the 1920s and the early 1930s. Led by Henri Massis, Jacques Bainville and Jacques Maritain, the intellectuals contributing to the journal developed a unique cultural politics that evoked the decadence and decline of Western civilization under the forces of modernity, and called for the defence and renewal of this civilization through revitalised conservative values of Catholicism, authoritative leadership, elitism, and a return to the spiritual sources of Western culture. However, while the Revue Universelle team intentionally cultivated a pan-European scope for their journal and promoted its cultural politics as a common language for all European conservatives, their aim was compromised by their francocentric and germanophobic conceptualisation of the West and civilization.
The Effects of Input and Output Tasks on the Learning and Retention of EAP Vocabulary
Authors: Shirzad Maryam , Rasekh Abbass Eslami , Dabaghi Azizollah 
Published: February 2017

Research on the effects of task type and task sequence mode has claimed that these instructions facilitate word learning. However, so far all the research has been carried out on general vocabulary. To help close this research gap, the current study investigates the effect of task type and task sequence modes on EAP vocabulary learning and retention. To this end 45 lower-intermediate EFL learners were selected from a whole population pool of 110 based on an OPT placement test. A pretest, post test, and delayed post test was devised to compare different intervention types for teaching EAP vocabulary. The results showed equal effects for all groups in the post test and delayed post test. It was concluded that all types of instructions were a promising intervention for EAP vocabulary learning and retention.
Fear and Architecture Analytical study on Islamic religious buildings
Authors: Tayib Abdullah , Amin Khanda 
Published: February 2017

In terms of general aspect, this research examines the role of the fear factor in shaping architecture, and determine the relationship between fear and architecture and the impact on each other, this is done by determining the type of possible relationships between fear and architecture, identifying the sources of fear that formed the architecture, identifying moral and physical aspects of fear and its indicators in architecture, also to identify mechanisms that are a reaction aspects towards fear ( mechanisms to achieve security and safety ). As for the specific aspect this research is studying the sense of fear in the Islamic religious buildings.
The thesis addresses the relationship through two main sections, the first section of the study is the general concept of fear, and then study the relationship between fear and architecture by identifying types and levels of fear and its impact on architecture, while the second section of the thesis is to apply indicators concluded in hypothetical study on a range of selected local and international projects of mosques and shrines and then determine the final conclusions, which is the sense of fear ( fear and dread ) in Islamic religious buildings.
Originality in Urban Personality An Analytical Study for the Role of Transformation to Authenticate the Urban Form- Iraq-Kurdistan Region as a Case Study
Authors: Faraj Raz 
Published: February 2017

The urban product carries the personal characters of communities that have been inhabited in. it is supposed to reveal their principles and values. So the urban form that reflects this character honestly to the recipient, it must be described as an original product, reflecting the present and integrated with the past.
Many studies deal with Originality in different fields: philosophical and architectural, they deal with it as a way of creativity, new expressing for an old product, a new vision to the past, but it does not block in the old rigid frames. transformation is one of the essential signs of this period, the period of Globalization when we front informational, technological and economical transformations, in which all seem as reasons for expatriation and discontinuity with the roots and as challenges against originality. The studies showed an argument in limiting the relationship between originality and community personality and its relation with city’s personality and transformations impact in the city’s personality, therefore there is an urgent need to understand and consider all those challenges and re-evaluate existing and to put foundation and criteria, and to define the authentication or originality mechanisms and how to achieve that in the renewal projects in order to control the revitalization process toward the originality of the urban character.
The Influence of Deviation Concept in the Structure of Architectural Form Applying Jean Cohen's Model of Deviation in Architecture
Authors: Tayib Abdullah , Othman Nizar 
Published: February 2017

The study traces the theory of Deviation (L'écart) by Jean Cohen, trying to apply it in architecture, highlighting its role in making changes in the form structure, to reach the nature of Deviations in Architecture. This study falls under the framework of shedding light on the nature of the Deviation Concept, its types and levels, and identifying its work mechanisms in language and its association with the concepts of poetics and stylistics and its manifestation in poetry, in an attempt to investigate its influence in the structure of Architectural Form .
For the purpose of reaching the mechanisms of Deviation in architecture, it was necessary to study the structure of Architecture from, to understand the relationship between language grammar and architecture, concluding some important indicators for the practical part of the study, by focusing on analyzing some selected samples of Classical, Romantic, and Symbolic architecture, for the purpose of achieving the research aim on finding what corresponds to Jean Cohen's model of Deviation in architecture.
The research has concluded that the mechanisms of Deviation which affect the structure of poetic language as per Cohen's model, are viable and affect the structure of architectural form, regardless the style, the movement, or the time it belongs to, and the representations of the concept were found in the classical, romantic, and symbolic architecture in varying rates, and that the semantic level or rhetorical side is one of the poetics components, which correspond to inspiration and substitutive relationships in architecture.
Study Corrosion Behavior of Alumina Particulate / (AA6061) Aluminum Metal Matrix Composite In Marine Environment
Authors: Abdulkader Niveen , Ahmed Payman , Jabar Mohammed 
Published: February 2017

In the present investigation, the static electrochemical corrosion behaviour of (AA6061) Al/Al2O3 composites in Marine (3.5% NaCl) Environment solution was evaluated. The composites were fabricated using liquid metallurgy. The effect of weight percentage (3%, 6%, 9% & 12%) on the corrosion behaviour of composites was investigated. The corrosion rates of composites were calculated using electrochemical method. The results showed that Al/Al2O3 composites have lower corrosion resistance than (AA6061) Aluminium.
The corrosion rate was increased by increasing of weight percentage of the alumina particles. Optical microscope were carried out to identify the corroded surface
An investigation into the Accuracy of Distance Measurements to an object with the Pulse (Non-Prism) Total Station
Authors: Ali Sami 
Published: February 2017

In order to achieve the results that meet the specifications of a given project, like engineering surveys (e. g., Surveying of Buildings) , the knowledge of the reliability and accuracy of the surveying equipment is inevitable. The reflectorless total stations are used nowadays for several applications in civil engineering work due to their highly accurate , easy and fast measurements in an automated measuring process. The present paper investigates the accuracy and limits for prismless instrument Total Station especially in relation to observations with large (horizontal and/or vertical) angle of incidence to the reflecting surface , its colours and types, and beam divergence of the measuring signal. This study has been carried out with various surveying field tests by prism and prismless modes, using the pulse (non-prism) TOPCON GPT-2006 Total Station to evaluate the limitations and accuracy of this instrument in surveying the buildings (distance measurements).
The current study has confirmed that while observations at right angles to an object ( building) are generally well within manufacturer specifications (σ=±10 mm), observations to surfaces of a building from a position that is not at right angles to the surface of the building ( signal beam) can introduce errors.
Also , this study suggests that the angle of incidence of the measuring signal to the building points ( external and internal corners and wall surface points) has a large influence on the accuracy of that measurement. It is recommended to use horizontal angle of incidence for measuring the detail survey points between (-36 to + 36) degrees from the normal. Also, in case of measurements to a vertical surface, the maximum measured vertical angles of incidence was about forty degrees when using prismatic observations and fifty degrees for reflector less measurements. Some surveying techniques and recommendations are suggested to overcome these problems. Moreover, a good understanding of the non-prism instrument is required to get the required accuracy of the project. When using other total station equipment, the results of the current study can be used as a general guide only. The results of the current practical field experiments, computations and analysis of these tests using various calculations and least squares theory and computer programs (Excel and AutoCAD 2010) are also presented in digital and/or graphical forms.