bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sparse interaction between oligodendrocyte precursor cells (NG2+cells) and nodes of Ranvier in the central nervous system
Authors: De Biase Lindsay M. , Pucak Michele L. , Kang Shin H. , Rodriguez Stephanie N. , Bergles Dwight E. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTRegeneration of propagating action potentials at nodes of Ranvier allows nerve impulses to be conducted over long distances. Proper nodal function is believed to rely on intimate associations among axons, myelinating oligodendrocytes, and perinodal astrocytes. Studies in the optic nerve, corpus callosum, and spinal cord suggest that NG2+cells are also key constituents of CNS nodes and that these glia may influence conduction efficacy and formation of axon collaterals. However, the prevalence of NG2+cell processes at CNS nodes of Ranvier has not been rigorously quantified. Here we used a transgenic mouse expressing membrane-targeted EGFP to visualize the fine processes of NG2+cells and to quantify the spatial relationship between NG2+cells and nodes of Ranvier in four distinct CNS white matter tracts. NG2+cell processes came within close spatial proximity to a small percentage of nodes of Ranvier and approximately half of these spatial interactions were estimated to occur by chance. The majority of NG2+cell process tips were not found in close proximity to nodes and gray matter NG2+cells in regions of low nodal density were as morphologically complex as their white matter counterparts, indicating that attraction to nodes does not critically influence the elaboration of NG2+cell processes. Finally, there was no difference in nodal density between small regions devoid of NG2+cell processes and those containing numerous NG2+cells processes, demonstrating that the function of CNS nodes of Ranvier does not require ongoing interaction with NG2+cells.Significance StatementEffective propagation of action potentials along neuronal axons is dependent upon periodic regeneration of depolarization at nodes of Ranvier. The position, structural integrity, and function of nodes of Ranvier is believed to be regulated, in part, by intimate physical interactions between nearby glial cells and nodes. Clarifying whether oligodendrocyte precursor cells are obligate members of this nodal support system is critical for defining whether these cells contribute to pathologies in which nodal structure is compromised.
Presurgical language fMRI: Current practices and patient outcomes in epilepsy surgical planning
Authors: Benjamin Christopher F.A. , Li Alexa X , Blumenfeld Hal , Constable R Todd , Alkawadri Rafeed , Bickel Stephan , Helmstaedter Christoph , Meletti Stefano , Bronen Richard , Warfield Simon K. , Peters Jurriaan M. , Reutens David , Połczyńska Monika , Spencer Dennis D. , Hirsch Lawrence J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe goal of this study was to document current clinical practice and report patient outcomes in presurgical language functional MRI (fMRI) for epilepsy surgery. Epilepsy surgical programs worldwide were surveyed as to the utility, implementation, and efficacy of language fMRI in the clinic; 82 programs responded between July 2015 and January 2016. Respondents were predominantly from the US (61%), were academic programs (85%), and predominantly evaluated adults (44%), both adults and children (40%), or children only (16%). Nearly all (96%) respondents reported using language fMRI. fMRI is used for language lateralization (100%) and for localizing (44%) language cortex to guide surgical margins. While typically considered useful, programs often reported at least one instance of disagreement with other measures (56%). When used to localize language cortex, direct brain stimulation typically confirmed fMRI findings (74%) but instances of unpredicted decline were reported by 17% of programs and unexpected preservation of function were reported by 54%. Programs reporting unexpected decline did not clearly differ from those which did not. Clinicians using fMRI to guide surgical margins typically map Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas but not other known language areas. Language fMRI is widely used for lateralizing language cortex in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. It is also frequently used to localize language cortex though it is not yet well validated for this purpose. Many centers report cases of unexpected language preservation when fMRI activation is resected, and cases of language decline when it is not. Care will almost certainly be improved by standardizing protocols and accurately detailing the relationship between fMRI-positive areas and post-surgical language decline.
The classification of orphans is improved by combining searches in both proteomes and genomes
Authors: Basile Walter , Salvatore Marco , Elofsson Arne 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe identification ofde novocreated genes is important as it provides a glimpse on the evolutionary processes of gene creation. Potentialde novocreated genes are identified by selecting genes that have no homologs outside a particular species, but for an accurate detection this identification needs to be correct.Genes without any homologs are often referred to as orphans; in addition tode novocreated ones, fast evolving genes or genes lost in all related genomes might also be classified as orphans. The identification of orphans is dependent on: (i) a method to detect homologs and (ii) a database including genes from related genomes.Here, we set out to investigate how the detection of orphans is influenced by these two factors. UsingSaccharomyces cerevisiaewe identify that best strategy is to use a combination of searching annotated proteins and a six-frame translation of all ORFs from closely related genomes. Using this strategy we obtain a set of 54 orphans inDrosophila melanogasterand 38 inDrosophila pseudoobscura, significantly less than what is reported in some earlier studies.
The function of macromolecular complex of CFTR-NHERF2-LPA2 in inflammatory responses of intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Kong Shanshan , Zhang Weiqiang 
Published: September 2017

AbstractCFTR is a cAMP-regulated chloride channel located in the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells; where it forms a macromolecular complex with NHERF2 and LPA2. CFTR has been shown to play a role in the pathogenies of several types of secretory diarrheas. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic condition of intestine characterized by severe inflammation and mucosal destruction, genetic analysis has shown that LPA contribute to IBD and patients of cystic fibrosis also display the phenotype of diarrhea. The purpose of this study is to investigate if this complex plays a role in the inflammatory responses of intestinal epithelium.We then explored the role of this complex in maintaining the integrity of tight junction and inflammatory responses in these cells. In vitro assays show that inhibiting CFTR or LPA2 in the intestinal epithelial cell could disrupt the epithelial cell junction, and reduce the TER of intestinal epithelial cells in both mouse and human cell line. EƯSA assay show that intriguing LPA2 through LPS or LPA can increase the secretion of IL-8, while inhibiting or SiRNA knockdown of LPA2 can decrease the secretion of IL-8 in mouse or human intestinal epithelial cells. The CFTR inhibitor can reduce the IL-8 secretion in both mouse and human cell line, the deletion of CFTR in mouse intestine does not affect the IL-8 level, but the knockdown of CFTR in human cell line reduced the IL-8 protein level. The deletion of CFTR in human also reduced the IL-8 mRNA level. This indicates the CFTR-LPA complex is necessary for the expression of IL-8.
Cryo-EM structure of the bacterial actin AlfA reveals unique assembly and ATP-binding interactions and the absence of a conserved subdomain
Authors: Usluer Gulsima , Dimaio Frank , Yang Shunkai , Hansen Jesse M. , Polka Jessica K. , Dyche Mullins R. , Kollman Justin M. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBacterial actins are an evolutionarily diverse family of ATP-dependent filaments built from protomers with a conserved structural fold. Actin-based segregation systems are encoded on many bacterial plasmids and function to partition plasmids into daughter cells. The bacterial actin AlfA segregates plasmids by a mechanism distinct from other partition systems, dependent on its unique dynamic properties. Here, we report the near-atomic resolution cryo-EM structure of the AlfA filament, which reveals a strikingly divergent filament architecture resulting from the loss of a subdomain conserved in all other actins and a novel mode of ATP binding. Its unusual assembly interfaces and nucleotide interactions provide insight into AlfA dynamics, and expand the range of evolutionary variation accessible to actin quaternary structure.Significance StatementActin filaments are dynamic cytoskeletal elements that assemble upon ATP binding. Actin homologs are present in all domains of life, and all share a similar three-dimensional structure of the assembling subunit, but evolutionary changes to subunit have generated many different actin filament structures. The filament structure of the bacterial actin AlfA, which positions plasmids - small, circular DNA molecules that encode important genes - to ensure that each daughter cell receives a copy at cell division. AlfA is different from all other actins in two critical ways: it binds to ATP in a unique way, and it is missing a quarter of the conserved structural core. These differences explain unusual AlfA assembly dynamics that underlie its ability to move plasmids.
The invisible students with disabilities in the Australian education system
Authors: Teather Susan , Hillman Wendy 
Published: September 2017

Purpose
There has been very little empirical research for the need to identify the importance of an inclusive territory of commonality for “invisible” students with disabilities in Australian education testing, such as the National Assessment Program-Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN). The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach
The research methodology used a cross-sectional mixed methods, deductive quantitative, an inductive qualitative, functionalist perspective and interpretivist perspective from internet secondary data analysis. This was undertaken to investigate the government functionalist macrosociology of Australian education to the detriment of the microsociology debate of students with disabilities, for inclusive education and social justice.

Findings
This finding showed vastly underestimated numbers of students with disabilities in Australian schools experienced through “gatekeeping”, non-participation in NAPLAN testing and choices of schools, resulting in poor educational outcomes and work-readiness.

Social implications
The research findings showed that functionalism of Australian education is threatening not only social order, well-being and resilience of an innovative Australian economy through welfare dependency; but also depriving people with disabilities of social equality and empowerment against poverty brought about by a lack of education and of the human right to do a decent job.

Originality/value
The study provided a critical evaluation of the weaknesses of government functionalism; specifically the relationship between the dualism of macro and micro perspectives, which promotes the existence of “invisible” students with disabilities in education, despite government legislation purporting an inclusive education for all students.
Indigenous player inclusion in the Australian Football League
Authors: Ferrer Justine , Turner Paul 
Published: September 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to audit the efforts made around the support of indigenous players within the Australian Football League (AFL).Design/methodology/approachContent analysis of the publicly available information on websites of organizations associated with the AFL was undertaken to identify the extent of programs and policies around indigenous representation, inclusion, and development.FindingsThe AFL, as an organization, has a high percentage of indigenous players (employees) in comparison to the wider Australian workforce representation. Largely, indigenous representation within the AFL is merit based, prioritized on an individual’s ability to play football at an elite level. The website audit identified a number of inconsistencies in the public personas portrayed by the AFL and organizations aligned to it such as the AFL Players Association and clubs. The findings raise a number of questions for future research.Research limitations/implicationsThe main limitation is that the website audit represents a very small insight into the current situation and does not provide a depth of analysis into the circumstances around indigenous inclusion within the AFL. The audit also is very focused on one sporting organization which may or may not be representative of the sport industry.Originality/valueThe research introduces a number of questions for future discovery.
In search of a living wage in Southeast Asia
Authors: Ford Michele , Gillan Michael 
Published: September 2017

Purpose
Debates over the definition, processes and outcomes of minimum and “living” wages are heated and often politically contentious in garment-producing countries. Internationally, there have been various initiatives to promote and support the implementation of a living wage for workers in labour-intensive manufacturing, ranging from corporate-driven social responsibility and multi-stakeholder initiatives to the long-standing living wage campaign of the global unions. One prominent regional initiative is the Asia Floor Wage Alliance (AFWA). The purpose of this paper is to assess its reach and effect in Southeast Asia.

Design/methodology/approach
A living wage campaign is assessed with reference to Indonesia and Cambodia, two important garment manufacturing countries in Southeast Asia. The paper draws on data collected in interviews with garment manufacturers, brand representatives, trade unionists and labour NGO activists, including members of the AFWA Steering Committee in Indonesia and Cambodia, complemented by a systematic review of documents and reports produced by the AFWA.

Findings
As the paper shows, despite a series of initiatives, the Asia Floor Wage has failed to gain traction in Cambodia or Indonesia. This is so, the paper argues, because national economic, political and institutional contexts are the primary drivers of the strategies and priorities of constituent organisations, governments and industry stakeholders. In the absence of robust local and regional coalitions of trade unions, efforts towards a common and coordinated regional approach to living wages are thus unlikely to gain traction.

Originality/value
To a large extent, the literature on the concepts and practices associated with the living wage has focussed on developed rather than developing countries. This paper extends the literature by providing a systematic examination of a transnational wage campaign in developing Asian countries.
The Living Wage campaign in the UK
Authors: Heery Edmund , Hann Deborah , Nash David 
Published: September 2017

PurposeThis paper presents an account of the UK campaign for the voluntary Living Wage, an example of civil regulation. The purpose of this paper is to identify and characterize the actors involved in the campaign, describe methods used and examine direct and indirect consequences of the campaign.Design/methodology/approachA mixed-method design is employed, reflecting the broadly framed purpose of the research. The research used semi-structured interviews with campaigners, union representatives and employers, observation of campaign activities and the creation of a database of Living Wage employers.FindingsThe campaign originated in the community organizing movement, but has involved a broad range of labor market actors, both “new” and “old.” A continuum of campaigning methods has been used, stretching from community mobilization to appeals to employer self-interest and corporate social responsibility. The campaign has recruited 3,000 employers, led to wage increases for thousands of workers and registered indirect effects by shaping the policies of governments, employers and unions.Originality/valueThe research presents a novel account of the UK’s distinctive Living Wage campaign, a notable example of the civil regulation of the labor market.
Bringing back the social: the way forward for children’s social work?
Authors: Featherstone Brid , Gupta Anna , Morris Kate 
Published: September 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to argue for the need to move away from a sole focus on assessing and dealing with individualised risk factors in order to more fully engage with and understand the social determinants of many of the harms that are manifest in families.

Design/methodology/approach
It draws from a number of research studies being conducted by the authors and a literature on psycho-social approaches to social suffering.

Findings
It highlights the evidence on the contribution of poverty and inequality to many of the problems encountered within families. It explores how hurt, shame and loss are experienced by those who are marginalised and struggling to live well and care safely for themselves and others.

Practical implications
It highlights the practice implications of adopting an approach that engages with both the social and the psychological and understands their inter-relationship. It offers some thoughts on how the social in psycho-social might receive the attention it deserves, a situation which does not pertain currently.

Originality/value
It offers an original contribution to thinking in the area of child protection where the focus is primarily on individualised risk factors. It highlights the importance of understanding the social determinants of many of the harms experienced in families and offers some pointers towards thinking and practising differently.
The future of child protection may not be in local government
Authors: Rice Stephen 
Published: September 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to offer a view about the future of children’s social work from the perspective of a frontline practitioner.Design/methodology/approachReflections of a frontline practitioner are based on his experience of practising social work with children and families.FindingsThe professional task of assessment and intervention in order to protect the nation’s children from significant harm is probably one of the most complex in modern society. However, a focus on gathering too much information and the need for certainty can be detrimental to analysis and judgement. Further, the most complex and challenging part of the social work task, namely, direct work in the family home, is rarely subject to formally structured analysis or feedback. There is insufficient analysis of good practice, and the organisational conditions that will promote and sustain it, but there are alternative models, including outside local government and including from other countries, that appear promising.Originality/valueThe study offers the perspective of a frontline children and families social worker on issues facing the profession.
Are winemaker consultants just another source of knowledge for innovation?
Authors: Doloreux David , Turkina Ekaterina 
Published: September 2017

Purpose
This paper aims to explore the effects of multiple external sources of knowledge and of the use of winemaker consultants on innovation in the Canadian wine industry.

Design/methodology/approach
The data for the study are taken from an original survey of wine firms in Canada covering the 2007-2009 period. The survey was carried out by computer-assisted telephone interviews, and it was addressed to winery firms that are engaged in growing grapes and producing wine.

Findings
The results show that the use of winemaker consultants positively affects all forms of innovation. At the same, as far as external knowledge sources are concerned, marketing sources positively affect all types of innovation, while research sources and general sources have a positive influence on particular forms of innovation. The results also show that winemaker consultants interact with other knowledge sources. Nevertheless, there are important nuances with regard to which type of knowledge sources is more compatible with the use of winemaker consultants for which type of innovation.

Originality/value
To date, there is no empirical evidence of the extent to which the use of external winemaker consultants and external knowledge sources interact together and what are their impacts on the introduction of different forms of innovation.
Assessing the universality of knowledge management practices
Authors: Hussinki Henri , Kianto Aino , Vanhala Mika , Ritala Paavo 
Published: September 2017

Purpose
This paper aims to contribute to the emerging discussion on the contextualization of knowledge-oriented research by examining the universality of knowledge management (KM) practices. Knowledge is a firm’s most valuable resource, and KM, or the ability to leverage knowledge resources, constitutes the base for the firm’s competitive advantages.

Design/methodology/approach
A theorized ten-fold conceptualization of KM practices is tested on a sample of 622 firms from four countries (Finland, Spain, China and Russia). Confirmatory factor analysis and principal component analysis are used to test the applicability of the concept in various country contexts.

Findings
The findings provide interesting evidence of variation in the managerial assessment of KM practices among countries. This shows that KM practices are socially embedded phenomena, affected by the managers’ institutional and cultural contexts.

Research limitations/implications
Researchers and managers are advised to be mindful of the differences in terms of KM practices between the studied countries and to display a certain cultural sensitivity when approaching KM.

Originality/value
The paper is the first to examine the managerially assessed structure of KM practices in a cross-country context with multi-firm datasets. The results will help to determine the similarity of KM practices in four economically and culturally distinct countries. It also adds to the discussion about the potential national peculiarities of KM and provides a novel concept of KM practices, which is tested in a cross-national context. Thus, this study provides an outline for future KM studies and increases managerial understanding about the variety of value-creating KM practices.