bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pectus Excavatum: A Review of Diagnosis and Current Treatment Options
Authors: Abid Irfaan , Ewais MennatAllah M. , Marranca Joseph , Jaroszewski Dawn E. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Osteopathic medicine places a special emphasis on the musculoskeletal system, and understanding how chest wall structure may influence function is critical. Pectus excavatum is a common congenital chest wall defect in which the sternum is depressed posteriorly. Patients may present with complaints of chest wall discomfort, exercise intolerance, and tachycardia. The medical implications, diagnosis, and treatment options for patients with pectus excavatum are reviewed.
Comparison of Basic Science Knowledge Between DO and MD Students
Authors: Davis Glenn E. , Gayer Gregory G. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract

Context: With the coming single accreditation system for graduate medical education, medical educators may wonder whether knowledge in basic sciences is equivalent for osteopathic and allopathic medical students.

Objective: To examine whether medical students’ basic science knowledge is the same among osteopathic and allopathic medical students.

Methods: A dataset of the Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine-CA student records from the classes of 2013, 2014, and 2015 and the national cohort of National Board of Medical Examiners Comprehensive Basic Science Examination (NBME-CBSE) parameters for MD students were used. Models of the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination-USA (COMLEX-USA) Level 1 scores were fit using linear and logistic regression. The models included variables used in both osteopathic and allopathic medical professions to predict COMLEX-USA outcomes, such as Medical College Admission Test biology scores, preclinical grade point average, number of undergraduate science units, and scores on the NBME-CBSE. Regression statistics were studied to compare the effectiveness of models that included or excluded NBME-CBSE scores at predicting COMLEX-USA Level 1 scores. Variance inflation factor was used to investigate multicollinearity. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to show the effectiveness of NBME-CBSE scores at predicting COMLEX-USA Level 1 pass/fail outcomes. A t test at 99% level was used to compare mean NBME-CBSE scores with the national cohort.

Results: A total of 390 student records were analyzed. Scores on the NBME-CBSE were found to be an effective predictor of COMLEX-USA Level 1 scores (P<.001). The pass/fail outcome on COMLEX-USA Level 1 was also well predicted by NBME-CBSE scores (P<.001). No significant difference was found in performance on the NBME-CBSE between osteopathic and allopathic medical students (P=.322).

Conclusion: As an examination constructed to assess the basic science knowledge of allopathic medical students, the NBME-CBSE is effective at predicting performance on COMLEX-USA Level 1. In addition, osteopathic medical students performed the same as allopathic medical students on the NBME-CBSE. The results imply that the same basic science knowledge is expected for DO and MD students.
A new approach to projecting 21st century sea‐level changes and extremes
Authors: Goodwin Philip , Haigh Ivan D. , Rohling Eelco J. , Slangen Aimée 
Published: January 2017

AbstractFuture increases in flooding potential around the world's coastlines from extreme sea level events is heavily dependent on projections of future global mean sea level (GMSL) rise. Yet, the two main approaches for projecting 21st century GMSL rise—i.e., process‐based versus semi‐empirical—give inconsistent results. Here, a novel hybrid approach to GMSL projection, containing a process‐based thermosteric contribution and a semi‐empirical ice‐melt contribution, is embedded within a conceptual Earth system model (ESM). The ESM is run 10 million times with random perturbations to multiple parameters, and future projections are made only from the simulations that are historically consistent. The projections from our hybrid approach are found to be consistent with the dominant process‐based GMSL projections from the Climate Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) ensemble, in that our future ensemble‐mean projections lie within ±2 cm of CMIP5 for the end of the 21st century when CMIP5‐simulated histories are used to constrain our approach. However, when observations are used to provide the historic constraints for our hybrid approach, we find higher ice‐melt sensitivity and additional ensemble‐mean GMSL rise of around 13–16 cm by the end of the century. We assess the impact of this additional GMSL rise, projected from observation‐consistency, on the increase in frequency of extreme sea level events for 220 coastal tide‐gauge sites. Accounting for regional effects, we infer a 1.5–8 times increase in the frequency of extreme sea‐level events for our higher GMSL projections relative to CMIP5.
Mid‐lithosphere discontinuities beneath the western and central North China Craton
Authors: Sun Weijia , Kennett B. L. N. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBy analyzing P reflectivity extracted from stacked autocorrelograms for teleseismic events on a dense seismic profile, we obtain a detailed image of the mid‐lithosphere discontinuity (MLD) beneath western and central North China Craton (NCC). This seismic daylight imaging exploits a broad high‐frequency band (0.5–4 Hz) to reveal the fine‐scale component of multi‐scale lithospheric heterogeneity. The depth of the MLD beneath the western and central parts of the NCC ranges 80–120 km, with a good match to the transition to negative S velocity gradient with depth from Rayleigh wave tomography. The MLD inferred from seismic daylight imaging also has good correspondence with the transition from conductive to convective regimes estimated from heat flow data indicating likely thermal control within the seismological lithosphere.
Jovian deep magnetotail composition and structure
Authors: McComas D. J. , Allegrini F. , Bagenal F. , Ebert R. W. , Elliott H. A. , Nicolaou G. , Szalay J. R. , Valek P. , Weidner S. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe analyze plasma ion observations from the Solar Wind Around Pluto instrument on New Horizons as it traveled back through the dusk flank of the Jovian magnetotail from ~600 to more than 2500 Jovian radii behind the planet. We find that at all distances, light ions (mostly protons) dominate the heavy ions (S++ and O+) that are far more abundant in the near Jupiter plasma disk and that were expected to be the primary ions filling the Jovian magnetotail. This key new observation might indicate that heavy ions are confined closer to the equator than the spacecraft trajectory or a substantial addition of light ions via reconnection and/or mixing along the magnetopause boundary. However, because we find no evidence for acceleration of the tail plasma with distance, a more likely explanation seems to be that the heavy ions are preferentially released down the dawn flank of the magnetotail. Perhaps, this occurs as a part of the process where flux tubes, after expanding as they rotate across the near‐tail region, need to pull back inward in order to fit within the dawnside of the magnetopause. A second major finding of this study is that there are two dominant periods of the plasma structures in the Jovian magnetotail: 3.53 (0.18 full width at half maximum (FWHM)) and 5.35 (0.38 FWHM) days. Remarkably, the first of these is identical within the errors to Europa's orbital period (3.55 days). Both of these results should provide important new fodder for Jovian magnetospheric theories and lead to a better understanding of Jupiter's magnetosphere.
Localization of whistler wave and turbulent spectra in the magnetotail region
Authors: Pathak Neha , Yadav Nitin , Sharma Swati , Sharma Prachi , Sharma R. P. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractObservations show that whistler waves play a very crucial role both in magnetic reconnection and turbulence. In this context, linear and nonlinear dynamical equations of whistler wave have been derived and further these equations have been solved numerically as well as semianalytically. For application purpose, magnetotail parameters have been chosen. The obtained results reveal that the nonlinearity as well as field perturbation results in the formation of localized structures. These structures contribute to the turbulence and lead to the formation of current sheets in the magnetotail. Finally, the power spectrum has been evaluated and compared with the observed spectra in the magnetotail ion diffusion region as reported.
A high‐resolution model of the external and induced magnetic field at the Earth's surface in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Shore R. M. , Freeman M. P. , Wild J. A. , Gjerloev J. W. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe describe a method of producing high‐resolution models of the Earth's combined external and induced magnetic field using the method of empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) applied to the SuperMAG archive of ground‐based magnetometer data. EOFs partition the variance of a system into independent modes, allowing us to extract the spatiotemporal patterns of greatest dynamical importance without applying the a priori assumptions of other methods (such as spherical harmonic analysis, parameterized averaging, or multivariate regression). We develop an approach based on that of Beckers and Rixen (2003) and use the EOF modes to infill missing data in a self‐consistent manner. Applying our method to a north polar case study spanning February 2001 (chosen for its proximity to solar maximum and good data coverage), we demonstrate that 41.7% and 9.4% of variance is explained by the leading two modes, respectively, describing the temporal variations of the disturbance polar types 2 and 1 (DP2 and DP1) patterns. A further 14.1% of variance is explained by four modes that describe separate aspects of the motion of the DP1 and DP2 systems. Thus, collectively over 65% of variance is described by the leading six modes and is attributable to DP1 and DP2. This attribution is based on inspection of the spatial morphology of the modes and analysis of the temporal variation of the mode amplitudes with respect to solar wind measures and substorm occurrence. This study is primarily a demonstration of the technique and a prelude to a model spanning the full solar cycle.
Oceanic residual depth measurements, the plate cooling model, and global dynamic topography
Authors: Hoggard Mark J. , Winterbourne Jeff , Czarnota Karol , White Nicky 
Published: January 2017

AbstractConvective circulation of the mantle causes deflections of the Earth's surface that vary as a function of space and time. Accurate measurements of this dynamic topography are complicated by the need to isolate and remove other sources of elevation, arising from flexure and lithospheric isostasy. The complex architecture of continental lithosphere means that measurement of present‐day dynamic topography is more straightforward in the oceanic realm. Here we present an updated methodology for calculating oceanic residual bathymetry, which is a proxy for dynamic topography. Corrections are applied that account for the effects of sedimentary loading and compaction, for anomalous crustal thickness variations, for subsidence of oceanic lithosphere as a function of age and for non‐hydrostatic geoid height variations. Errors are formally propagated to estimate measurement uncertainties. We apply this methodology to a global database of 1936 seismic surveys located on oceanic crust and generate 2297 spot measurements of residual topography, including 1161 with crustal corrections. The resultant anomalies have amplitudes of ±1 km and wavelengths of ∼1000 km. Spectral analysis of our database using cross‐validation demonstrates that spherical harmonics up to and including degree 30 (i.e., wavelengths down to 1300 km) are required to accurately represent these observations. Truncation of the expansion at a lower maximum degree erroneously increases the amplitude of inferred long‐wavelength dynamic topography. There is a strong correlation between our observations and free‐air gravity anomalies, magmatism, ridge seismicity, vertical motions of adjacent rifted margins, and global tomographic models. We infer that shorter wavelength components of the observed pattern of dynamic topography may be attributable to the presence of thermal anomalies within the shallow asthenospheric mantle.
Extension of the classical linear slip model for fluid‐saturated fractures: Accounting for fluid pressure diffusion effects
Authors: Barbosa Nicolás D. , Rubino J. Germán , Caspari Eva , Holliger Klaus 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe develop extended boundary conditions based on the linear slip model that account for the impact of wave‐induced fluid pressure diffusion between a fracture and its embedding background on the stiffening effect of the fluid saturating the fracture. We include these poroelastic effects into the linear slip model through complex‐valued and frequency‐dependent parameters characterizing the mechanical and hydraulic coupling between the two regions. This new set of effective fracture parameters contains generalized normal and tangential compliances, analogous to those defined in the classical formulation of the linear slip model, and an additional parameter related to the coupling between horizontal and vertical deformation of the fracture. Comparisons of the extended and classical linear slip models with a poroelastic thin layer model show that the extended formulation always performs better when modeling the displacement fields induced by an incident P wave as well as the scattering coefficients. We find that the contribution of the additional effective parameter involved in the proposed boundary conditions is significant at low frequencies with respect to the undrained frequency regime of the fracture and large angles of incidence. These extended boundary conditions can be readily incorporated into viscoelastic modeling algorithms simulating the response of a large‐scale fluid‐saturated fracture or multiple noninteracting fractures of this kind. The proposed model is expected not only to improve the estimation of mechanical characteristics of fractures in corresponding inversion schemes but can also be used for extracting information with regard to other practically important parameters, such as the background permeability.
Stability and fate of ferrihydrite during episodes of water/rock interactions on early Mars: An experimental approach
Authors: Dehouck Erwin , McLennan Scott M. , Sklute Elizabeth C. , Dyar M. Darby 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe presence on the surface of Mars of ferrihydrite, a nanocrystalline iron oxide species, has long been suspected from spectroscopic observations and is further suggested by recent results from the Mars Exploration Rovers and Mars Science Laboratory robotic missions. However, because ferrihydrite is a metastable species in terrestrial environments, it is unclear what would have been its fate during episodes of water/rock interactions that are known to have occurred at the landing sites of the above‐mentioned robotic missions. Accordingly, the laboratory experiments presented in this paper investigate the recrystallization of ferrihydrite under various conditions applicable to early Mars. These included low‐temperature experiments (1 month at 40°C) at pH ranging from circum‐neutral to strongly acidic, and high‐temperature experiments (8 days at 150°C) at circum‐neutral pH. The effect of mixtures with other mineral phases (namely, amorphous silica and olivine) was also tested. Results obtained at low temperature are at odds with some earlier studies and suggest that ferrihydrite behaves differently in rock‐dominated conditions compared to water‐dominated conditions. The coexistence of amorphous silica favored the formation of jarosite under low‐temperature, acidic conditions, whereas a sample of pure ferrihydrite produced only goethite under the same conditions. At high temperature, ferrihydrite converted into hematite in all samples, but the ferrihydrite‐silica mixture led to hematite with much broader diffraction peaks than other experiments, indicating an inhibiting effect of dissolved silica on the recrystallization process. The implications of these results for the aqueous history of early Mars are discussed.
The pulse of driftwood export from a very large forested river basin over multiple time scales, Slave River, Canada
Authors: Kramer Natalie , Wohl Ellen , Hess‐Homeier Brooke , Leisz Stephen 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis study presents a case study of large wood transport on the great Slave River in northern Canada with the objective to better understand the processes of and variability in pulsed wood fluxes from large forested catchments. We use a varied approach, integrating field characterization of wood, historical anecdotes, repeat aerial imagery of stored wood, and time‐lapse imagery of moving wood, for a robust analysis and synthesis of processes behind pulsed wood flux, from yearly uncongested export to rare congested wood floods. Repeat monitoring of known sites of temporary storage with new or historic imagery proved to be a very useful tool for constraining wood flux histories. Pulsed wood export on the Slave River is not an artifact of episodic recruitment from major up‐basin disturbances, but rather reflects decadal‐ to half‐century‐scale discharge patterns that redistribute wood recruited from channel migration and bank slumping. We suggest that the multiyear flow history is of paramount importance for estimating wood flux magnitude, followed in declining importance by the yearly sequence of peaks and the magnitude and characteristics of the rising limb of individual floods.
Chromium‐Catalysed Asymmetric Dearomatization Addition Reactions of Bromomethylnaphthalenes
Authors: Chen Weiqiang , Bai Jing , Zhang Guozhu 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe asymmetric dearomatization and addition reaction of bromomethylnaphthalenes with aldehydes proceeded smoothly in the presence of carbazole‐based bisoxazoline CrCl2 complex to give the corresponding enanioenriched hydroxylated dearomatization products. The excellent chemo‐, regio‐, diastereo‐ and enantioselecitivity are remarkable. Furthermore, hydrogenation of the product led to highly elaborated compound containing three contiguous stereogenic centers.magnified image
Base‐Catalyzed Cyclization of 1,6‐Diynyl Carboxylates Involving Propargyl‐Allenyl Isomerization: Efficient Synthesis of Benzo[b]fluorene and Its Analogues
Authors: Sun Ning , Xie Xin , Wang Gaonan , Chen Haoyi , Liu Yuanhong 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAn efficient protocol for the synthesis of benzo[b]fluorenes via base‐catalyzed cyclization of 1,6‐diynyl carbonates, esters or ethers has been developed. The reaction likely proceeds via base‐induced propargyl‐allenyl isomerization followed by Schmittel‐type cyclization. Heterocycle‐fused fluorenes such as thiophene‐ or pyridine‐fused substrates could also be conveniently constructed by this method. The synthetic utility of this reaction was demonstrated by the preparation of up to seven‐ring fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.magnified image
Prognostic impact of the CD34+/CD38− cell burden in patients with acute myeloid leukemia receiving allogeneic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Jentzsch Madlen , Bill Marius , Nicolet Deedra , Leiblein Sabine , Schubert Karoline , Pless Martina , Bergmann Ulrike , Wildenberger Kathrin , Schuhmann Luba , Cross Michael , Pönisch Wolfram , Franke Georg‐Nikolaus , Vucinic Vladan , Lange Thoralf , Behre Gerhard , Mrózek Krzysztof , Bloomfield Clara D. , Niederwieser Dietger , Schwind Sebastian 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn acute myeloid leukemia (AML), leukemia‐initiating cells exist within the CD34+/CD38− cell compartment. They are assumed to be more resistant to chemotherapy, enriched in minimal residual disease cell populations, and responsible for relapse. Here we evaluated clinical and biological associations and the prognostic impact of a high diagnostic CD34+/CD38− cell burden in 169 AML patients receiving an allogeneic stem cell transplantation in complete remission. Here, the therapeutic approach is mainly based on immunological graft‐versus‐leukemia effects. Percentage of bone marrow CD34+/CD38− cell burden at diagnosis was measured using flow cytometry and was highly variable (median 0.5%, range 0%–89% of all mononuclear cells). A high CD34+/CD38− cell burden at diagnosis associated with worse genetic risk and secondary AML. Patients with a high CD34+/CD38− cell burden had shorter relapse‐free and overall survival which may be mediated by residual leukemia‐initiating cells in the CD34+/CD38− cell population, escaping the graft‐versus‐leukemia effect after allogeneic transplantation. Evaluating the CD34+/CD38− cell burden at diagnosis may help to identify patients at high risk of relapse after allogeneic transplantation. Further studies to understand leukemia‐initiating cell biology and develop targeting therapies to improve outcomes of AML patients are needed.
Typical and atypical pathology in primary progressive aphasia variants
Authors: Spinelli Edoardo G. , Mandelli Maria Luisa , Miller Zachary A. , Santos‐Santos Miguel A , Wilson Stephen M. , Agosta Federica , Grinberg Lea T. , Huang Eric J. , Trojanowski John Q. , Meyer Marita , Henry Maya L. , Comi Giancarlo , Rabinovici Gil , Rosen Howard J. , Filippi Massimo , Miller Bruce L. , Seeley William W. , Gorno‐Tempini Maria Luisa 
Published: January 2017

ObjectiveTo characterize in vivo signatures of pathological diagnosis in a large cohort of patients with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) variants defined by current diagnostic classification.MethodsExtensive clinical, cognitive, neuroimaging, and neuropathological data were collected from 69 patients with sporadic PPA, divided into 29 semantic (svPPA), 25 nonfluent (nfvPPA), 11 logopenic (lvPPA), and 4 mixed PPA. Patterns of gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) atrophy at presentation were assessed and tested as predictors of pathological diagnosis using support vector machine (SVM) algorithms.ResultsA clinical diagnosis of PPA was associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) with transactive response DNA‐binding protein (TDP) inclusions in 40.5%, FTLD‐tau in 40.5%, and Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology in 19% of cases. Each variant was associated with 1 typical pathology; 24 of 29 (83%) svPPA showed FTLD‐TDP type C, 22 of 25 (88%) nfvPPA showed FTLD‐tau, and all 11 lvPPA had AD. Within FTLD‐tau, 4R‐tau pathology was commonly associated with nfvPPA, whereas Pick disease was observed in a minority of subjects across all variants except for lvPPA. Compared with pathologically typical cases, svPPA‐tau showed significant extrapyramidal signs, greater executive impairment, and severe striatal and frontal GM and WM atrophy. nfvPPA‐TDP patients lacked general motor symptoms or significant WM atrophy. Combining GM and WM volumes, SVM analysis showed 92.7% accuracy to distinguish FTLD‐tau and FTLD‐TDP pathologies across variants.InterpretationEach PPA clinical variant is associated with a typical and most frequent cognitive, neuroimaging, and neuropathological profile. Specific clinical and early anatomical features may suggest rare and atypical pathological diagnosis in vivo. Ann Neurol 2017;81:430–443