bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polyol-based biodegradable polyesters: a short review
Authors: Tham Weng Hong , Wahit Mat Uzir , Abdul Kadir Mohammed Rafiq , Wong Tuck Whye , Hassan Onn 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCatalyst-free thermal polyesterification has recently emerged as a potential strategy for designing biodegradable thermoset polymers, particularly polyol-based polyesters for biomedical applications. These thermoset polyesters are synthesized through polycondensation of polyol and polyacid without the presence of catalyst or solvents. The mechanical properties, degradation rates, crystallinity, hydrophilicity, and biocompatibility can be controlled by adjusting the monomer feed ratios and curing conditions. These polyesters often degrade via surface erosion that allows the polymers to maintain structural integrity throughout hydrolysis. Additionally, polyol-based polyesters demonstrated good biocompatibility as non-toxic catalysts and/or solvents involved in the reaction, and the monomers used are endogenous to human metabolism which can be resorbed and metabolized in various physiological pathways. This review summarizes the polyol-based biodegradable polyesters that were synthesized by catalyst-free polyesterification.
Crosslinking of starch and its effect on viscosity behaviour
Authors: Shah Nimish , Mewada Rajubhai K. , Mehta Tejal 
Published: March 2016

AbstractStarch is a widely used component in the food industry. Native starch does not have the desired properties, so it is modified according to the required properties. Out of different methods, crosslinking is one of the widely used ones. There are different crosslinking agents available. The method and mechanism of widely used crosslinking agents like phosphorous oxychloride, adipate and epichlorohydrin are discussed and compared. When starch is crosslinked, its properties vary. The extent of crosslinking can be predicted with the help of properties like viscosity and swelling. They are also compared for crosslinking by different agents.
The physico-chemical properties of some citrus seeds and seed oils
Authors: Juhaimi Fahad A.L. , Matthäus Bertrand , Özcan Mehmet Musa , Ghafoor Kashif 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The chemical properties, mineral contents, fatty acid and tocopherol contents of seed and seed oils of some citrus genus provided from several locations in Turkey and Saudi Arabia were determined. While Ca contents of seeds were between 5018 mg/kg (Kütdiken lemon) and 7619 mg/kg (kinnow mandarin), K contents of seeds varied between 7007 mg/kg (Orlando orange) and 10334 mg/kg (kinnow mandarin). Glucose and fructose contents of citrus seed samples varied between 3.75 g/kg and 5.75 g/kg, and 4.09 g/kg and 6.03 g/kg. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were established as dominant fatty acids. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acid contents of citrus seed oils varied between 19.6% (Kütdiken lemon) and 26.2% (pineapple orange), 21.3% (kinnow mandarin) and 31.4% (Kütdiken lemon) and 32.3% (Kütdiken lemon) and 43.7% (kinnow mandarin), respectively. The total amount of tocopherols of Turkish citrus oil varied between 0.5 mg/100 g (Fremont mandarin) and 18.8 mg/100 g (bitter orange).
Performance of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Made With Basalt-Bundled Fibers
Authors: Iyer P. , Kenno S. Y. , Das S. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) has become a viable new material used in various flatwork construction projects, such as building pavements, large industrial floors, and runways. In this research, basalt chopped fibers in bundled form were used to make an FRC material called basalt fiber-reinforced concrete (BFRC) to study the possible improvement in the 28-day compressive strength and modulus of rupture, although the latter one is the more important factor in flatwork construction. The basalt fiber specimens were cast using basalt-bundled fibers of three different lengths and three different amounts. The results indicated that 36-mm-long chopped basalt-bundled fibers, and the fiber amount of 8 kg/m3 are the optimum fiber length and fiber quantity for achieving the best performance of both the compressive strength and modulus of rupture. This paper discusses the test matrix and test results obtained from various BFRC and plain concrete specimens.
Investigation of Mott–Schottky Analysis Test Parameters to Study the Semiconductive Properties of Passive Films of Carbon Steel in Highly Alkaline Environments
Authors: Williamson J. , Isgor O. B. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
A testing methodology for using Mott–Schottky (M-S) analysis to study the semiconductive properties of passive films that form on carbon steel in simulated concrete pores solutions (pH &gt; 12.5) is presented. The development of the methodology includes determining the proper M-S potential sweep range, rate, and frequency for the passive steel, which were found to be −0.5 to 0.5 V, 18 mV/s, and 1000 Hz, respectively. The methodology was then applied to steel rebar in a saturated calcium hydroxide passivating solution (pH 12.6) to simulate the highly alkaline environments seen in concrete. Potentiostatically formed passive film was different from the film formed under open-circuit conditions. The passive film on steel rebar was found to be n-type with two discrete donor species. A donor density on the order of 1021 cm−3, a flatband potential of −0.53 V, and a maximum space charge layer thickness of 0.4 nm at full passivation were reported.
Electrical Properties of Cementitious Systems: Formation Factor Determination and the Influence of Conditioning Procedures
Authors: Spragg R. , Villani C. , Weiss J. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The number of people wanting to use electrical tests to determine the transport properties of concrete has increased with advancements in the portability of hand-held testing devices. Electrical measurements are an attractive test method to quantify transport properties of cement-based materials since they can be performed rapidly. There is a high potential for using these tests in quality control or mixture qualification. However, electrical measurements can be significantly influenced by curing and storage conditions, which can impact the degree of saturation, degree of hydration, sample temperature, and pore solution chemistry. This study proposed a general equation that described the electrical resistivity measurements in cementitious systems and possible methods to account for some of these conditioning-induced changes. It is proposed that these tests are useful in the determination of the formation factor, a numerical quantification that describes the microstructure. A comparison of the formation factor obtained from rapid electrical measurements using the Nernst-Einstein relationship was compared to a migration test with the goal of proposing a curing methodology for rapid electrical tests that allows for the determination of a true transport property.
Influences on the Carbon Preform Porosity and Microstructure Evolution of MiCaSiC Ceramics Manufactured by the Liquid Silicon Infiltration (LSI) Process
Authors: Weber Steffen , Jemmali Raouf , Koch Dietmar 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In the present study, the feasibility of the production of silicon carbide based ceramics via liquid silicon infiltration process (LSI-process) was demonstrated. The manufactured MiCaSiC ceramics (metal infiltrated carbon based silicon carbide) were based on novel raw material compositions. For these material compositions, activated carbon, carbon fibers, and a sinterable pitch based semi-coke were used as fillers and source of a sufficiently stable carbon backbone in the carbonized intermediate state. Different binder agents were used for the compound and feedstock development and basically compared. This involves thermoplastic and duroplastic binders, which promote the use of two different shaping methods (warm pressing and extrusion process). This allows the formation of highly porous and complex shaped carbon preforms for further silicon infiltration. The main focus of the present study was to evaluate the impact of debinding and pyrolysis process step on the preform microstructure. That includes the determination and quantification of matrix and porosity evolution in carbon preforms. The defined formation of porosity during pyrolysis is a key parameter for subsequent silicon infiltration. In this context, pore structure formation of carbon preforms as well as porosity and microstructural characteristics of carbon preforms, and the resulting MiCaSiC ceramics were investigated by means of computer tomography (CT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and porosity measurements. It was shown that pore structure formation and pore content in carbon preform stage was significantly influenced by the thermal decomposition behavior of the preferred binder agents. Furthermore, the microstructure development after pyrolysis was basically affected by the homogenization rate of the material composition as well as material flow kinematics during shaping process.
Cardenismo e indigenismo en Michoacán
Authors: Dávila Lorena Ojeda , Mólgora Marco Antonio Calderón 
Published: March 2016

Este texto aborda las contradicciones generadas en torno a los proyectos gubernamentales que proponían la asimilación vs. la integración de los grupos indígenas a la nación mexicana. Analiza las políticas indigenistas de mayor impacto en Michoacán bajo el cardenismo, enfatizando las particularidades y tensiones derivadas de la implementación de la reforma agraria y los proyectos educativos y “civilizatorios” en la región. Especial atención merecen los Proyectos Tarascos antropológico y lingüístico como ejemplos de colaboración académica –y política– entre instituciones y agencias mexicanas y estadounidenses de alto nivel.
This text approaches the contradictions generated by and surrounding the governmental projects that proposed the assimilation vs. the integration of indigenous groups in Mexican national society. The article analyses the indigenist policies with the greatest impact on Michoacán under Cardenism, emphasizing the specific tensions derived from the implementation of agrarian reforms and educational and “civilizing” projects in the region. Special attention is given to the anthropological and linguistic Tarasco Projects as examples of academic collaboration—and political collaboration—between high-level Mexican and US institutions and agencies.
Physical and Psychological Morbidity in Adolescents With Atypical Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Sawyer Susan M. , Whitelaw Melissa , Le Grange Daniel , Yeo Michele , Hughes Elizabeth K. 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Adolescents with atypical anorexia nervosa (AN) have lost significant weight but are not underweight. This study aimed to describe the physical and psychological morbidity of adolescents diagnosed with atypical AN, and to compare them with underweight adolescents with AN.

METHODS:
All first presentations of atypical AN (n = 42) and full-threshold AN (n = 118) to a specialist pediatric eating disorder program between July 2010 and June 2014 were examined. Diagnosis was assessed by using the Eating Disorder Examination and anthropometric measurement. Psychological morbidity measures included eating and weight concerns, bingeing, purging, compulsive exercise, and psychiatric comorbidity.

RESULTS:
Compared with AN, more adolescents with atypical AN were premorbidly overweight or obese (71% vs 12%). They had lost more weight (17.6 kg vs 11.0 kg) over a longer period (13.3 vs 10.2 months). There was no significant difference in the frequency of bradycardia (24% vs 33%;) or orthostatic instability (43% vs 38%). We found no evidence of a difference in frequency of psychiatric comorbidities (38% vs 45%) or suicidal ideation (43% vs 39%). Distress related to eating and body image was more severe in atypical AN.

CONCLUSIONS:
Atypical AN considerably affects physical and psychological functioning, despite adolescents presenting within or above the normal weight range. There was little evidence that the morbidity of adolescents with atypical AN was any less severe than that of adolescents with full-threshold AN. The findings support the need for vigilance around weight loss in adolescents, regardless of body size.
New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 4
Authors: Kondratyuk S. Y. , Lőkös L. , Halda J. P. , Haji Moniri M. , Farkas E. , Park J. S. , Lee B. G. , Oh S.-O. , Hur J.-S. 
Published: March 2016

Data on about 27 new for South Korea species of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi, including one new for science genus Verseghya and 11 new for science species, i.e.: Agominia loekoesii, Lecanora pseudosambuci, Nectriopsis verseghyklarae, Polysporina golubkovae, Protoparmeliopsis zerovii, Psoroglaena chirisanensis, Pyrenopsis chejudoensis, Ropalospora chirisanensis, Thelopsis chirisanensis, Trapelia coreana, and Verseghya klarae, as well as 27 taxa newly recorded for the country (Biatora aff. subduplex, Buellia cf. uberior, Caloplaca kedrovopadensis, Catillaria chalybaea, Coenogonium isidiatum, Dibaeis yurii, Halecania australis, H. lobulata, Intralichen christiansenii, Ivanpisutia oxneri, Lecania cf. olivacella, Lecanora lojkahugoi, L. sulphurea, Lecidella mandshurica, Lichenoconium erodens, Micarea lithinella, M. aff. stipitata, Muellerella pygmaea var. pygmaea, Oxneria alfredii, Pertusaria aff. flavocorallina, Phaeosporobolus alpinum, Polycoccum innatum, Porina fluminea, Rinodina xanthophaea, Ropalospora chloantha, Stigmidium cladoniicola, and S. epiramalina) are provided.
Additional localities for the recently reported or described 39 species from South Korea, and for 1 species (Oxnerella safavidiorum) from Iran and China (for the first time for China) are provided.
The following taxa newly recorded for South Korea, i.e. Ivanpisutia oxneri, Lecanora lojkahugoi, Lecidella mandshurica, Rinodina xanthophaea, Ropalospora chloantha, as well as the newly described Buellia chujadoensis and Verseghya klarae found to be rather common in this country.
The effect of Ramadan fasting on sirtuin and visfatin levels
Authors: Engin-Ustun Yaprak , Caglayan Emel Kiyak , Kara Mustafa , Gocmen Ayse Yesim , Polat M. Fevzi , Aktulay Ayla 
Published: March 2016

Objective
Our aim was to determine how Ramadan fasting effects serum Human NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1/SIR2L1) and visfatin levels during pregnancy.

Materials and methods
Thirty-six patients were included in this case-control study. The patient group consisted of 18 pregnant women who were Ramadan fasting. Another healthy 18 pregnant women with matching pregnancy weeks and ages formed the control group. Blood samples were obtained from the patients for biochemical analyses and serum adipokine level measurements.

Results
The mean sirtuin and visfatin levels in fasting pregnant women were 2.87 ± 0.95 and 60.18 ± 19.49 ng/mL, respectively, while the mean serum sirtuin and visfatin levels in the control group was determined to be 4.28 ± 1.45 and 23.26 ± 6.18 ng/mL, respectively. A statistically significant difference was determined between the groups (p = 0.002, p = 0.0001). A correlation analysis provided a negative correlation between number of fasting days and sirtuin levels (r = 0.45, p = 0.005) and a positive correlation with visfatin levels (r = 0.73, p = 0.0001).

Conclusion
As a result, while the serum sirtuin 1 level of pregnant women decreased due to fasting in Ramadan, we determined that their visfatin levels increased and this increase was in correlation with the days of fasting.
Novel Treatments for Rare Cancers: The U.S. Orphan Drug Act Is Delivering—A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Authors: Stockklausner Clemens , Lampert Anette , Hoffmann Georg F. , Ries Markus 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Background.
Rare cancers are a heterogeneous group of conditions with highly unmet medical needs. Although infrequent in individuals, rare cancers affect millions of people who deserve effective treatments. Therefore, we systematically analyzed the impact of the U.S. Orphan Drug Act of 1983 on delivery of novel treatments for rare cancers.

Methods.
Quantitative cross-sectional analysis was conducted on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Orphan Drug Product database according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Statement criteria between 1983 and 2015.

Results.
Since 1983, a total of 177 approvals have originated from 1,391 orphan drug designations to treat rare cancers, which represents 36% of all approvals within the U.S. orphan drug act (n = 492). Two compounds (1%) to treat rare cancer were withdrawn after approval. Median time from designation to approval was 2.49 years (interquartile range 1.13–4.64) and decreased significantly over time (p &lt; .001, linear regression). Over the last decade, rare cancer treatments have been transformed from nonspecific cytotoxic agents toward targeted therapies, such as protein kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, representing the largest groups of innovative rare cancer treatments today. Most compounds were approved to treat solid tumors and hematological malignancies.

Conclusion.
The U.S. Orphan Drug Act and associated incentives, such as 7 years of marketing exclusivity, have fostered delivery of novel treatments for rare cancers. More than one-third of all orphan drug approvals address needs of patients suffering from rare cancers. Over the last decade, the understanding of tumorigenesis and genetic driver mutations in different tumor entities has produced innovative treatments, of which many were first approved within the U.S. Orphan Drug Act.
Clinical Application of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Parkes Eileen E. , Kennedy Richard D. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHigh-grade serous ovarian cancer is characterized by genomic instability, with one half of all tumors displaying defects in the important DNA repair pathway of homologous recombination. Given the action of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in targeting tumors with deficiencies in this repair pathway by loss of BRCA1/2, ovarian tumors could be an attractive population for clinical application of this therapy. PARP inhibitors have moved into clinical practice in the past few years, with approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) within the past 2 years. The U.S. FDA approval of olaparib applies to fourth line treatment in germline BRCA-mutant ovarian cancer, and European EMA approval to olaparib maintenance in both germline and somatic BRCA-mutant platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer. In order to widen the ovarian cancer patient population that would benefit from PARP inhibitors, predictive biomarkers based on a clear understanding of the mechanism of action are required. Additionally, a better understanding of the toxicity profile is needed if PARP inhibitors are to be used in the curative, rather than the palliative, setting. We reviewed the development of PARP inhibitors in phase I–III clinical trials, including combination trials of PARP inhibitors and chemotherapy/antiangiogenics, the approval for these agents, the mechanisms of resistance, and the outstanding issues, including the development of biomarkers and the rate of long-term hematologic toxicities with these agents.
Los desafíos de Facebook. Apuntes para el abordaje de las redes sociales como fuente
Authors: Capogrossi María Lorena , Magallanes Mariana Loreta , Socaire Florencia 
Published: March 2016

Este artículo es un primer intento de sistematizar la utilización de las redes sociales como fuente en las investigaciones en ciencias sociales a partir de un estudio de caso. Nos proponemos aquí señalar las limitaciones y potencialidades que tiene específicamente Facebook, los retos a los que se enfrenta el investigador cuando se dispone a utilizarlo y los desafíos éticos que depara el uso de la información que los usuarios de las comunidades virtuales publican en la red. Entre los ejes que consideramos necesario problematizar podemos mencionar, por un lado, la fiabilidad y la mutabilidad de la información, que son características intrínsecas del recurso técnico utilizado, y por el otro, la puesta en tensión de la idea de territorialidad y de la presencia física del investigador en el trabajo de campo. Estos aspectos de la cuestión generaron numerosos debates que derivaron en esta propuesta de sistematización que abre un abanico de preguntas que esperamos poder profundizar a partir de este análisis.
Las políticas culturales y el concepto de cultura. Etnografía de un evento festivo intercultural
Authors: Olmos Alcaraz Antonia , Rubio Gómez Maria , Contini Pierangela 
Published: March 2016

En el contexto de estudio de este trabajo, la diversidad cultural ha sido gestionada a través de políticas públicas en materia de educación, salud, trabajo y servicios sociales, desde modelos integracionistas. A nivel local la atención se ha centrado más en la implementación de “políticas culturales”, cuyo objetivo es promover la convivencia cotidiana en escenarios de diversidad. El presente artículo ofrece una reflexión sobre las políticas culturales desarrolladas a nivel local relacionadas con la convivialidad y la diversidad, a través del análisis de un ejemplo concreto de práctica tipificada como intercultural en la ciudad de Granada.
Para ello, ofrecemos una descripción detallada de sus distintos momentos reflexionando sobre el concepto de interculturalidad y de cultura subyacentes y analizamos, con la ayuda del material etnográfico, qué efectos o calado pueden tener esta tipología de efeméride en la población local y de qué manera ésta se ve representada. Como conclusión se reportan algunas propuestas nacidas de los/as propios/as implicados/as, sobre cómo seguir implementando políticas culturales que puedan ofrecer respuestas a las demandas sociales y representar a toda la comunidad.
TEXTOS E IMAGENS DO MUNDO MEDIEVAL: AS REPRESENTAÇÕES CARTOGRÁFICAS ENTRE AS LÍNGUAS CLÁSSICAS E VERNÁCULAS (SÉCULOS VIII-XVI) * WRITINGS AND IMAGES FROM THE MEDIEVAL WORLD: THE CARTOGRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS BETWEEN THE CLASSICAL AND VERNACULAR LANGUAGES (8th – 16th CENTURIES)
Authors: Borges Thiago José 
Published: March 2016

Resumo: Textos e imagens estabeleceram, ao longo dos tempos, uma complexa e fascinante relação de complementariedade que se estende entre os mais distintos contextos e realidades históricas. Sob tais perspectivas, este breve estudo propõe-se a analisar a produção cartográfica medieval por intermédio de seu viés textual, contemplando os fenômenos responsáveis pela transposição do texto ao traçado cartográfico. Recorrendo à longa duração dos processos históricos, estaremos particularmente atentos às nuances linguísticas e iconográficas que, entre os séculos VIII e XVI, fundamentaram, deram forma, sentido e coerência as representações do espaço no Ocidente medieval cristão.Palavras-Chave: Cartografia Medieval; Mapa-múndi; Textualidade; Latim; Vernácula. Abstract: Writings and Images set throughout time a complex and fascinating relation of complementarity which extends between the most different context and historical realities. Under such perspective, this brief study aims to investigate the medieval cartographic production through its textual character, analyzing the responsible phenomenon for the transposition of the writings to the cartographic design. Taking into account the long duration of the historical process, we will be particularly attentive to the linguistic and iconographic aspects, which between the 8th and 16th centuries, substantiated, gave meaning, coherence and shape to the representation of the space in Medieval Christian west.Keywords: Medieval Cartography; World Map; Textuality; Latin; Vernacular.