bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selection for lean growth in pigs with a restricted feeding regime
Authors: Curran M.K. , Cameron N.D. , Kerr J.C. 
Published: January 2018

Divergent selection lines for lean growth on a restricted feeding regime, in Large White and Landrace pigs, were established to complement the lean growth selection lines on ad-libitum feeding. This study estimated the direct and correlated responses after four generations of selection and the corresponding genetic and phenotypic parameters.The selection objective for lean growth on restricted or scale (LGS) feeding was to obtain equal correlated responses in growth rate and carcass lean content, measured in phenotypic s.d. The selection criterion included measurements of growth rate and ultrasonic backfat depth.Large White (LW) and Landrace (LR) boars and gilts were purchased from eight British nucleus herds and boars from national artificial insemination centres in 1982. Homozygous or heterozygous halothane positive pigs were not included in the experiment. The base populations consisted of 31 LW and 19 LR sires and 57 LW and 67 LR dams. Within each population, there were high and low selection lines with a control line, each consisting of 10 boars and 20 gilts, with a generation interval of 13.5 and 12 months for LW and LR pigs. Animals were performance tested in individual pens from 30±3 kg for a period of 84 days and fed a high energy (13.8 MJ DE/kg DM) and high protein (210 g/kg DM crude protein) pelleted ration. Daily food intake was equal to 0.75 g/g of the daily food intake for ad-libitum fed pigs and the total food intake was 134 kg for LW pigs and 150 kg for LR pigs. On average, 3 boars and 3 gilts were tested per litter. The total number of pigs tested per line and average inbreeding coefficients at generation four, by population are given below.
Comparative Performance of Two Primiparous Continental Genotypes in a Hill Suckler Herd (1) Reproductive Performance
Authors: Keatinge R , Christensen K A , Rowlinson P A 
Published: January 2018

The drive for improved carcass quality has encouraged greater use of continental cross suckler dams (MLC,1993), producing three-quarterbred continental progeny. Little information is available on the performance of these types of suckler cow under hill conditions in the UK, but significant genotype by environment interractions have been measured elsewhere (Morriset al, 1993). As a finished animal, the Piemontese cross has shown significant advantages in killing-out proportion and yield of saleable meat (Davieset al, 1992), and some improvements in eating quality (Fisheret al, 1992).The objective of this experiment was to assess the output and reproductive performance of Piemontese cross Holstein/Friesian (PxH/F) and Simmental cross Holstein/Friesian (SxH/F) heifers in an autumn calving suckler herd.
Evaluation of the choice-feeding system for growing and finishing pig production
Authors: Gill B. P. , Sanchez-Serrano A. P. , English P. R. , Robledo M. , Roden J. 
Published: January 2018

Growing pigs offered a choice of feeds differing in nutrient density (ideal protein and energy) may select a diet to meet individual requirements for optimum lean tissue growth rate. This has the potential for reducing the inefficiencies of nutrient under or over-supply associated with conventional single-diet feeding. The aim was to evaluate the scope for using the choice-feeding system in commercial growing and finishing pig production.Seventy-two pigs were selected in 3 equal blocks at around 25 kg and housed in single-sex (gilts and boars) groups of six. They were offered least-cost formulated growing and finishing complete diets (Table 1) as a choice (C) from 25 to 95 kg or as in conventional single-diet (S) feeding in which a growing diet was fed from 25 to 50 kg and a finishing diet from 50 to 95 kg. Pigs were fed ad libitum and had unrestricted access to water. Pigs and residual feed were weighed weekly. Pigs were selected for slaughter in the week they approached 95 kg and measurements on chilled carcasses were made according to the method of Diestre and Kempster (1985).
The Effects of Dietary Fat on the Yield and Relative Proportions of Different Milk Protein Fractions From Dairy Cows
Authors: Moorby J.M. , Dewhurst R.J. , Marsden S. 
Published: January 2018

The inclusion of supplementary fat in the dairy cow diet is an effective and cheap method of increasing its metabolisable energy (ME) density. However, an increase in the fat content of the diet frequently causes a decrease in the protein concentration of milk, which, when the market requires an increase in the protein:fat ratio of milk, is not a desireable effect. This experiment was designed to compare die effect of dietary fat on die yield and concentrations of milk proteins in comparison to a carbohydrate ME source.Twelve multiparous mid-lactation Holstein-Friesian cows were used in a 3x3 Latin square changeover experiment with 3 four-week periods. Cows were allocated to squares on the basis of their mean milk yield over the 7 days prior to the experiment. Within squares, treatments were randomly allocated to each cow. The first 21 days of each experimental period were used for adjustment, and the last 7 for sample collection.
The Effect of Protected Amino Acid Supplementation on the Performance of Dairy Cows Receiving Grass Silage Plus Soyabean Meal
Authors: Robert J.C. , Sloan B.K. , Denis C. 
Published: January 2018

Methionine has been shown to be the first-limiting amino acid for milk protein synthesis in lactating dairy cows fed maize silage-based diets complemented with soyabean meal (Sloanet al., 1992) (Pisulewskiet al., 1993). Thus, the aim of this trial was to investigate the hypothesis that methionine was first-limiting or if not at least colimiting with lysine for milk protein synthesis in dairy cows fed grass silage complemented with soyabean meal.8 muciparous and 4 primiparous dairy cows six weeks into lactation were randomly allocated to three 4x4 Latin squares (cows and heifers separately), each period containing 2 weeks. The four treatments consisted of Tl = Control ; T2 = 3.7 g methionine ; T3 = 7.4 g methionine ; T4 = 7.4 g methionine and 22.2 lysine . All figures relate to estimated intestinally available amino acids, g/day (Smartamine™technology Rhône-Poulenc Animal Nutrition). The basal ration was a second cut grass silage offeredad libitumplus 0.57 kg of hay plus an average 10.9 kg concentrate.
The Response of Finishing lambs to Additional Metabolisable Energy Supplied from Either Silage or Concentrate
Authors: Johnston S.D. , Steen R.W.J. , Chestnutt D.M.B. 
Published: January 2018

Increased lamb production during the 1980's stimulated interest in winter indoor finishing systems, traditionally all-concentrate. Recent research has been directed towards the supplementation of a silage-based ration as an option to reduce costs. The objective of this experiment is to compare the utilisation of metabolisable energy (ME) from silage and concentrate for carcass gain and to determine the effect of ME source on carcass quality.Seventy-eight Blackface wether lambs (mean initial live weight 29.3 kg) were housed in late October and offered silage for two weeks prior to allocation to treatments.
The immune response to diet and implications for disease
Authors: Miller Bevis 
Published: January 2018

The gastrointestinal tract is a major organ of the immune system. Gut associated lymphatic tissue (GALT) contains approximately 40% of mature lymphocytes and represents a significant part of gut mass. GALT consists of a complex of immune cells found in discrete organs e.g. Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes, as well as dispersed within the lamina propria and the epithelium. Both B cells and the two main subsets of T cells, CD4(helper/inducer) and CD8 (suppressor/cytotoxic) are found. This significant involvement of the immune system in the gut should not be a surprise, given that the gut represents a major site of interaction with the ‘outside world’ and therefore represents a major challenge to homeostasis, specifically from infectious disease.The gut also has a fundamental dilemma, it must respond vigorously with a protective response against any pathogens presented at its mucosal surface, yet sustain digestive and absorptive function of dietary non-harmful antigens. On occasion it gets it wrong, resulting in damaging hypersensitivity reactions e.g. Coeliac Disease, milk intolerance in children, food allergies and diarrhoea in the postweaned pig and the pre-ruminant calf. It is these inappropriate immunological responses that can prove to be a constraint on animal production, specifically on the use of legumous protein sources for animal feeds.
Performance of weaning and post-weaned steers fed partial or complete extruded diets
Authors: Serrano X. , Baucells M.D. , Puchal F. 
Published: January 2018

Extrusion-cooking has become a well established industrial technology with a number of food and feed applications. In addition to the usual benefits of heat processing, extrusion offers the possibility of modifying the functional properties of feed ingredients and/or of giving them a different texture (Cheftel, 1986). During the last 10-15 years significant advances have been made in the application of extrusion technology to the animal feed manufacturing. However there is a lack of information on the use of extruded products in starter diets for steers. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effects on the performance of weaning and post-weaned steers of the inclusion of several extruded ingredients in the diet.Thirty nine 1 to 2 week-old male friesian steers (mean body weight of 54 kg) were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments from outcome groups of similar initial weights.
Effect of Feeding Napier or Groundnut Hay as Supplements to Sheep Consuming Poor Quality Natural Pasture (Veld) Hay.
Authors: Manyuchi B. , Hovell F. D.DeB. , Ndlovu L. R. , Topps J. H. , Tigere A. 
Published: January 2018

In the tropics, forage available to livestock for much of the year is of poor quality. With low nitrogen and high fibre content which limit their digestion and intake resulting in low productivity. In these studies sheep offered poor quality veld hay were given napier hay or groundnut hay as supplements.EXPT 1. Five diets, veld hay (plus 1 % urea) alone (Control), or supplemented with 150 g or 300 g Napier or Groundnut hay (150Nap, 300Nap, 150Gnut & 300Gnut) were given to five mature rumen cannulated Dorper x Merino male sheep (about 65 kg live weight) for three week periods as a 5 x 5 latin square. All forages were chopped (about 1 cm). Veld hay was offered ad libitum, with supplements fed separately at 08.00h. At the end of each period, feed intake, digestibility, nitrogen retention, rumen ammonia and in sacco degradability of veld hay were measured.
Prediction of Digestibility and Intake of Sheep Fed Leguminosae or GRAMINAE Hays: Comparison Between the in Vitro Digestibility, Kinetics of Gas Production or Dry Matter Degradation
Authors: Dentinho M.T. , Khazaal K. , Ribeiro J.M. , Ørskov E.R. 
Published: January 2018

By using separated values of kinetics of in situ dry matter (DM) degradation or in vitro gas production (Menke and Steingass, 1988) of leguminosae hays, Khazaal et al, (1993) reported high correlation with intake (r= 0.88; r= 0.79) and in vivo DM digestibility (DMD) (r= 0.94; r= 0.88). The aim of the present study was to extend the range of samples used and compare the ability of the 2 stages in vitro digestibility (Tilley and Terry, 1963), the in situ DM degradation or the gas production techniques to predict daily intake (g DM/ kgW0.75) and in vivo DM digestibility (DMD) of 19 leguminous and graminaceous hays fed to sheep.Three harvesting stages (early bloom EB, mid bloom MB or in seed IS) made from lucerne (Medicago sativa), sweet clover (Melilotus segetalis), Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum), Rye (Secale cereale), Triticale (Triticale hexaploid), oat (Avena stativa) and a pre-bloom (PB) Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum ). Each hay was fed ad libitum to 4 Merino male sheep and their intake and in vivo DMD recorded. Gas production (ml/ 200 mg DM) or in situ DM degradation (g/ 100 g DM) were determined as described by Khazaal et al, (1993) after 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 or 96 h incubation. Measured gas production or DM degradation values were fitted to the equation p=a+b(l-e-ct)(McDonald, 1981) where p is gas production or DM degradation at time t and a, b and c are constants. For nylon bag the washing loss (soluble fraction) was defined as A, the insoluble but fermentable matter was defined as B=(a+b)-A, and c is the rate of fermentation or degradation (Ørskov and Ryle, 1990).
Glucose, α amino nitrogen and urea uptake by hind-limb in bulls offered different amounts of concentrate.
Authors: Hornick J.L , Clinquart A. , Van Eenaeme C. , Gauthier S. , Istasse L. 
Published: January 2018

Aside from its function of contraction, the muscle is also a pool of mobilisable protein which may be released or stored according to the needs of the animal. An approach of this aspect can be theorically studied by measure of arterio-venous differences of plasma metabolites from blood in the muscle mass. The aim of this experiment was to study uptake of α amino-nitrogen, glucose and urea across the hind-limb of bulls from a breed with large muscle development.Three bulls from the Belgian Blue breed-double muscled type-were used. They weighed about 300 kg when an ultrasonic flow probe (Transonic Systems, Inc.,Ithaca, NY) was implanted around the abdominal aorta, back to the renal vessels, in order to measure the blood flow in the hind-leg (Eisemann et al., 1987). After an one month recovery period, circumflex iliac artery and vein were implanted with catheters. During the periods of surgery, the bulls were offered hay only at a rate of three kg daily. Ten days after the second surgery, increasing amounts of concentrate were given with the hay so that the animals received one kg concentrate on day 1 (level 1), three kg concentrate on day 3 (level 3), five kg concentrate on day 5 (level 5).
Use of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (MRS) to Monitor Changes in the Composition of Rumen Fluid
Authors: Sanderson R. , Lister S.J. , Dhanoa M.S. 
Published: January 2018

To obtain more information about rumen fluid composition, levels of different components are determined by a range of techniques which are often slow and cumbersome. This study was established to develop calibration equations for the rapid determination of the composition of rumen fluid with a view to monitoring changes in composition with time.Forty-three strained rumen fluid samples, taken throughout a 7 h period from three lactating cows offered silage either alone or with fish meal or rapeseed meal/urea twice daily, were used. Immediately upon withdrawal from the rumen each sample was analysed for pH, then acidified using concentrated sulphuric acid before storing at -18°C. Following centrifugation at 11600 G concentrations of volatile fatty acids and ammonia-nitrogen were determined in the supernatant by packed column gas chromatography and enzymatically using glutamic dehydrogenase respectively.
Effect of Metabolisable Protein on intake of grass silage and milk protein yield in dairy cows.
Authors: Newbold J.R. , Cottrill B.R. , Mansbridge R.M. , Blake J.S. 
Published: January 2018

Few data are available to evaluate the Metabolisable Protein (MP) System (AFRC, 1992) as an aid to ration formulation for dairy cows. Responses of lactating dairy cows to MP were evaluated in two experiments.In Experiment One, groups of 10 Holstein cows were offered grass silage ad libitum and 7kg DM/d of one of six (treatments 1-6) compound foods from 39d after calving, for eight weeks. All rations were isoenergetic, assuming silage intake of 11kg DM/d (typical for the herd). Ratios between MP supply (calculated from in situ protein degradability measurements) and requirement (calculated for a standard cow: 565kg live weight, 281 milk/d, 40g/kg butterfat, 33g/kg milk protein, liveweight change =0kg/d) were 1.00, 1.02, 1.06, 1.06, 1.1 and 1.17 for treatments 1-6, respectively.
Evaluation of a silage additive based on granular sulphuric acid
Authors: Breeze A H 
Published: January 2018

Additives based on acids, have been widely used. Rather than encouraging latic acid fermentation, these act by partially, or completely, inhibiting microbial growth. With continuing concern over the safety aspects of these products, many farmers have tried inoculants, which encourage a lactic acid fermentation. However, in good silage making conditions, inoculants like other additives have not shown any consistent benefits in terms of silage fermentation or intakes. In poor silage making conditions, the industry still relies on tried and tested acid products to ensure adequate preservation of silage.A new granular additive is now being evaluated. Its use is not to supress fermentation, but to supplement the natural fermentation by the addition of 1500 g/kg of sulphuric acid. This study was carried out to compare this additive with an untreated control and a positive control, formic acid.
Protein supplementation of different silages for growing steers
Authors: Sargeant A. , Daniel G. , McAllan A.B. 
Published: January 2018

Supplementation of silage diets with fish meal (a low rumen degradable protein) has resulted in increased live-weight gains in steers (England & Gill, 1985). This response has been attributed to increased dietary protein escaping degradation in the rumen and being digested in the small intestine. Fish meal however is expensive in monetary terms. More recent work (Jacobs and McAllan, 1992) showed that rapeseed meal (a highly rumen degradable protein) supplementation of silage diets given to growing steers resulted in significant increases in live-weight gains similar to those obtained with fish meal supplements. The response to rapeseed meal was probably a result of enhanced microbial protein synthesis in the rumen as a result of synchrony of available energy and nitrogen nutrients, thus increasing microbial (and hence) total protein flow to the small intestines, producing a similar overall response to fish meal. The object of this experiment was to further evaluate the use of rapeseed meal as an alternative to fish mealTwo silages, 60D (low digestibility, L) and 70D (high digestibility, H) were prepared from minimum wilt first cut perennial ryegrass (mixed sward). The grass was cut with a disc mower and picked up with a precision chop harvester.
Influence of African Multipurpose Trees on Activity of Rumen Protozoa and Bacteria in Vitro
Authors: Newbold C. J. , El Hassan S. M. , Wallace R. J. , Chen X-B. , Goodchild A. V. , Arthaud L. 
Published: January 2018

The engulfment and digestion of bacteria by ciliate protozoa leads to elevated ruminal ammonia concentrations and reduced microbial protein flow from the rumen. Thus it has been suggested that the removal of protozoa from the rumen (defaunation) may be beneficial in animals fed low protein diets (Bird and Leng, 1978). However, existing laboratory methods for defaunation are unsuitable for practical usage. Here we investigated the effects of leaves from various African multipurpose trees (MPT) on the activities of rumen bacteria and protozoa in the hope of identifying naturally occurring defaunating agents.Protozoa are responsible for over 90% of the bacterial protein turnover in the rumen (Wallace and McPherson, 1987), thus the breakdown of bacterial protein was used as an assay of protozoal activity. [14CJ-Leucine-labelled Selenomonas ruminantium was incubated in vitro with rumen fluid taken from four rumen-fistulated sheep receiving a diet of hay, molasses, fishmeal and a mineral and vitamin mixture (500, 299.5,100,91 and 9.5 g/kg respectively). Wheat straw (40 mg/ml) or a 70:30 mixture of straw and MPT was added 2 h before the addition of labelled bacteria. Samples were removed hourly for up to 4 h to follow bacterial degradation. Unlabelled leucine (2.5 mM) was added to the rumen fluid to prevent reincorporation of [14C]-leucine.
Relationship Between Polyphenolics and the in Vitro Fermentability of Tropical Forage Legumes
Authors: Longland A.C. , Theodorou M.K. , Powell C , Gill M. 
Published: January 2018

Forage legumes are a potentially important source of dietary energy and protein for ruminants in the tropics. However, the nutritive value of such legumes can be depressed by their polyphenolic content. The effects of these compounds include inhibition of fermentation in the rumen and complexing with enzymes, dietary protein and fibre.The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the total polyphenolic (TP), total condensed tannin (TCT), bound condensed tannin (BCT) and soluble condensed tannin (SCT) contents of forage legumes and their fermentability in vitro.Leaf samples from eleven species of tropical forage legume were collected from Colombia (six species) and Ethiopia (five species). Lyophilised, milled samples of each of the eleven species (1 g x 5 replicates) were placed in gas-tight culture bottles containing an anaerobic medium inoculated with bovine rumen fluid. The cultures were incubated under anaerobic conditions for a total of 7 d h at 39°C.
To determine the effect of feeding n ‘protected’ soyabean meal on milk production in high yielding dairy cows
Authors: Mansbridge R J 
Published: January 2018

In the UK the majority of dairy cow diets are based on grass silage and tend to over supply effective rumen degradable protein (ERDP ) as defined by the Metabolisable Protein (MP) system. As a result the nutritionist is often required to make up a shortfall in digestible undegraded protein (DUP) supply, particularly in diets for high yielding cows. Sources of additional dietary DUP fall into two categories: - vegetable or animal in origin. The DUP content of fishmeal is significantly higher than any of the naturally occurring vegetable proteins and the industry has been searching for some time for ways of improving the DUP content of vegetable proteins.In a novel treatment process soyabean meal is incubated at low temperature overnight in a solution of lignosulphonate. The treated meal undergoes a maillard reaction which reduces the extent of degradability in the rumen but does not affect digestibility in the small intestine.
The Effect of Level of Supplement Feeding and Source of Protein on Milk Production and Nutrient Flows of Dairy Cows
Authors: O'Mara F.P. , Murphy J.J. , Rath M. 
Published: January 2018

Milk protein synthesis may be limited by amino acid (AA) flow to the duodenum. This can be increased by increasing the flow of microbial AA's or undegraded feed AA's. This experiment was carried out to determine the effect on milk production and nutrient flows at the duodenum of including fishmeal (120g/kg) in the supplement to grass silage at two levels of supplement feeding.The treatments, arranged in a 2x2 factorial, were 1.) 3.5 kg/day of 0% fishmeal supplement (L-UDP), 2.) 7 kg/day of L-UDP, 3.) 3.5 kg/day of 12% fishmeal supplement (H-UDP), and 4.) 7 kg/day of H-UDP. Supplements were fed to 3 6 Friesian cows in a 4x4 multiple Latin-square trial with three week periods to determine production responses, and to four ruminally and duodenally cannulated cows to determine rumen fermentation and nutrient flows. Flows were determined by the dual marker technique of Faichney (1975) using cobalt-EDTA and ytterbium acetate as liquid and solid phase markers respectively. Purines were used as the bacterial marker (Zinn and Owens, 1986). Degradability of the feeds was measured in 3 other cows using the small bag technique described by De Boer et al. (1987).