bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of Redo Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement for the Treatment of Postprocedural and Late Occurrence of Paravalvular Regurgitation and Transcatheter Valve Failure
Authors: Barbanti Marco , Webb John G. , Tamburino Claudia , Van Mieghem Nicolas M. , Makkar Raj R. , Piazza Nicolò , Latib Azeem , Sinning Jan-Malte , Won-Keun Kim , Bleiziffer Sabine , Bedogni Francesco , Kapadia Samir , Tchetche Didier , Rodés-Cabau Josep , Fiorina Claudia , Nombela-Franco Luis , De Marco Federico , de Jaegere Peter P. , Chakravarty Tarun , Vaquerizo Beatriz , Colombo Antonio , Svensson Lars , Lange Rüdiger , Nickenig Georg , Möllmann Helge , Walther Thomas , Della Rosa Francesco , Elhmidi Yacine , Dvir Danny , Brambilla Nedy , Immè Sebastiano , Sgroi Carmelo , Gulino Simona , Todaro Denise , Pilato Gerlando , Petronio Anna Sonia , Tamburino Corrado 
Published: August 2016

Background—
Transcatheter aortic valves can degenerate in a manner similar to surgical bioprostheses.

Methods and Results—
Clinical and echocardiographic outcomes of patients who underwent redo transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) procedures >2 weeks post procedure were collected from 14 centers. Among 13 876 patients, 50 (0.4%) underwent redo TAVR procedure at participating centers. Indications for redo TAVR were moderate–severe prosthetic aortic valve stenosis (n=10, 21.7%), moderate–severe central prosthetic aortic valve regurgitation (n=13, 28.3%), and moderate–severe paraprosthetic aortic valve regurgitation (n=25, 50.0%). The index TAVR was most commonly a Medtronic CoreValve (N=38, 76.0%), followed by Edwards SAPIEN-type valves (n=12, 24.0%) and Portico (n=1, 2.0%). The redo TAVR device was most commonly a CoreValve/Evolut R (n=29, 58.0%), followed by a SAPIEN-type valve (n=20,40.0%) or a Boston Lotus valve (n=1, 2.0%). In 40 patients (80.0%), redo TAVR was performed using the identical device type or that of the succeeding generation. Valve performance was uniformly good after redo TAVR (mean transvalvular gradient post redo TAVR: 12.5±6.1 mm Hg). At hospital discharge, all patients remained alive, with 1 nondisabling stroke (2.0%) and 1 life-threatening bleed (2.0%). Permanent pacemaker implantation was required in 3 out of 35 patients without a prior pacemaker (8.6%). Late survival was 85.1% at a median follow-up of 1589 days (range: 31–3775) after index TAVR and 635 days (range: 8–2460) after redo TAVR.

Conclusions—
Redo TAVR for the treatment of postprocedural and late occurrence of paravalvular regurgitation and transcatheter aortic valve prosthesis failure seems to be safe, and it is associated with favorable acute and midterm clinical and echocardiographic outcomes.
Long-Term Survival Among Patients With Myocardial Infarction Before Age 50 Compared With the General Population
Authors: Schmidt Morten , Szépligeti Szimonetta , Horváth-Puhó Erzsébet , Pedersen Lars , Bøtker Hans Erik , Sørensen Henrik Toft 
Published: August 2016

Background—
The long-term prognosis for young myocardial infarction (MI) survivors remains poorly understood.

Methods and Results—
We conducted a nationwide population-based cohort study using prospectively collected medical data from all hospitals in Denmark during 1980 to 2009. We examined 30-year cause-specific death rates among 21 693 MI patients <50 years versus 216 930 sex- and age-matched people from the general population. We calculated mortality rate ratios (MRRs) based on Cox regression. Between 1980 to 1989 and 2000 to 2009, MI mortality declined from 12.5% to 3.2% within 30 days, 5.1% to 1.6% within 31 to 365 days, and 24.2% to 8.9% within 1 to 10 years. Compared with the general population, the MRR adjusted for sex, age, and cardiovascular and noncardiovascular comorbidity decreased 4.5-fold within 30 days (from 468 to 97), 3-fold within 31 to 365 days (from 11.32 to 3.70), and 2.5-fold within 1 to 10 years (from 4.77 to 1.89). The remaining 1.89-fold increased mortality rate among 1-year survivors in 2000 to 2009 corresponded to 6 additional deaths each year per 1000 patients compared with the general population. Long-term causes of death were primarily because of cardiovascular and chronic pulmonary diseases. The excess 10-year MRR among 1-year survivors was consistent within MI subtypes, did not differ substantially between comorbidity categories, but was higher for women than men (3-fold versus 1.7-fold).

Conclusions—
The long-term mortality rate after MI before age 50 has decreased remarkably over the last 3 decades, but remains increased relative to the general population, mainly because of deaths from ischemic heart disease and other smoking-related diseases.
Impact of Optimal Medical Therapy in the Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Study
Authors: Resor Charles D. , Nathan Ashwin , Kereiakes Dean J. , Yeh Robert W. , Massaro Joseph M. , Cutlip Donald E. , Gabriel Steg P. , Hsieh Wen-Hua , Mauri Laura 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Continued dual antiplatelet therapy and optimal medical therapy (OMT) improve outcomes in selected patient populations with established coronary heart disease, but whether OMT modifies the treatment effect of dual antiplatelet therapy is unknown.

Methods:
The DAPT (Dual Antiplatelet Therapy) Study, a double-blind trial, randomly assigned 11 648 patients who had undergone coronary stenting and completed 1 year of dual antiplatelet therapy without major bleeding or ischemic events to an additional 18 months of continued thienopyridine or placebo. OMT was defined as a combination of statin, β-blocker, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker use in patients with an American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association class I indication for each medication. Per protocol, all patients were treated with 75 to 325 mg aspirin daily. End points included myocardial infarction, major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, and Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Arteries moderate or severe bleeding events.

Results:

Of 11 643 randomly assigned patients with complete medication data, 63% were on OMT. Between 12 and 30 months, continued thienopyridine reduced myocardial infarction in comparison with placebo in both groups (on OMT 2.1% versus 3.3%, hazard ratio [HR], 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48–0.86;
P
=0.003; off OMT 2.2% versus 5.2%, HR, 0.41; CI, 0.29–0.58;
P
<0.001; interaction
P
=0.103). Comparing continued thienopyridine versus placebo, rates of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events were 4.2% versus 5.0% among patients on OMT (HR, 0.82; CI, 0.66–1.02;
P
=0.077) and 4.5% versus 7.0% among those off OMT (HR, 0.63; CI, 0.49–0.82;
P
<0.001; interaction
P
=0.250); rates of bleeding for thienopyridine versus placebo in patients on OMT were 2.2% versus 1.0% (HR, 2.13; CI, 1.43–3.17;
P
<0.001), and in patients off OMT were 2.8% versus 2.2% (HR, 1.30; CI, 0.88–1.92;
P
=0.189; interaction
P
=0.073). Overall, patients on OMT had lower rates of myocardial infarction (2.7% versus 3.7%,
P
=0.003), major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (4.6% versus 5.7%,
P
=0.007), and bleeding (1.6% versus 2.5%,
P
<0.001) in comparison with patients off OMT. Rates of stent thrombosis (0.8% versus 1.0%,
P
=0.171) and death (1.6% versus 1.9%,
P
=0.155) did not differ.

Conclusions:
Continued thienopyridine therapy reduced the rate of myocardial infarction regardless of OMT status and had consistent effects on reduction in major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events and increased bleeding.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
http://clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00977938.
Prasugrel Versus Ticagrelor in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated With Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Motovska Zuzana , Hlinomaz Ota , Miklik Roman , Hromadka Milan , Varvarovsky Ivo , Dusek Jaroslav , Knot Jiri , Jarkovsky Jiri , Kala Petr , Rokyta Richard , Tousek Frantisek , Kramarikova Petra , Majtan Bohumil , Simek Stanislav , Branny Marian , Mrozek Jan , Cervinka Pavel , Ostransky Jiri , Widimsky Petr 
Published: August 2016

Background:

No randomized head-to-head comparison of the efficacy and safety of ticagrelor and prasugrel has been published in the 7 years since the higher efficacy of these newer P2Y
12
inhibitors were first demonstrated relative to clopidogrel.

Methods:
This academic study was designed to compare the efficacy and safety of prasugrel and ticagrelor in acute myocardial infarction treated with primary or immediate percutaneous coronary intervention. A total of 1230 patients were randomly assigned across 14 sites to either prasugrel or ticagrelor, which was initiated before percutaneous coronary intervention. Nearly 4% were in cardiogenic shock, and 5.2% were on mechanical ventilation. The primary end point was defined as death, reinfarction, urgent target vessel revascularization, stroke, or serious bleeding requiring transfusion or prolonging hospitalization at 7 days (to reflect primarily the in-hospital phase). This analysis presents data from the first 30 days (key secondary end point). The total follow-up will be 1 year for all patients and will be completed in 2017.

Results:

The study was prematurely terminated for futility. The occurrence of the primary end point did not differ between groups receiving prasugrel and ticagrelor (4.0% and 4.1%, respectively; odds ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.55–1.73;
P
=0.939). No significant difference was found in any of the components of the primary end point. The occurrence of key secondary end point within 30 days, composed of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or stroke, did not show any significant difference between prasugrel and ticagrelor (2.7% and 2.5%, respectively; odds ratio, 1.06; 95% confidence interval, 0.53–2.15;
P
=0.864).

Conclusions:
This head-to-head comparison of prasugrel and ticagrelor does not support the hypothesis that one is more effective or safer than the other in preventing ischemic and bleeding events in the acute phase of myocardial infarction treated with a primary percutaneous coronary intervention strategy. The observed rates of major outcomes were similar but with broad confidence intervals around the estimates. These interesting observations need to be confirmed in a larger trial.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT02808767.
Physical Activity, Parental History of Premature Coronary Heart Disease, and Incident Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study
Authors: Florido Roberta , Zhao Di , Ndumele Chiadi E. , Lutsey Pamela L. , McEvoy John W. , Windham B. Gwen , Pankow James S. , Guallar Eliseo , Michos Erin D. 
Published: August 2016

Background

The effects of some atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (
ASCVD
) risk factors vary according to whether an individual has a family history (
FH
x) of premature coronary heart disease (
CHD
). Physical activity (
PA
) is associated with reduced risk of
ASCVD
, but whether this association varies by
FH
x status is not well established.

Methods and Results

We evaluated 9996 participants free of
ASCVD
at baseline.
FH
x of premature
CHD
was defined as
CHD
occurring in a father before age 55 or mother before age 60.
PA
, assessed by a Baecke questionnaire, was converted into minutes/week of moderate or vigorous exercise and categorized per American Heart Association guidelines as recommended, intermediate, or poor. Incident
ASCVD
was defined as incident myocardial infarction, fatal
CHD
, or stroke. Multivariable‐adjusted Cox hazard models were used. The mean age was 54±6 years, 56% were women, and 21% of black race. Participants with and without a
FH
x of premature
CHD
reported similar levels of
PA
at baseline (423 versus 409 metabolic equivalents of task×min/week, respectively,
P
=0.852), and ≈40% of both groups met American Heart Association recommended
PA
levels. Over a mean follow−up of 20.9 years, there were 1723 incident
ASCVD
events. Compared to those with poor
PA
adherence to American Heart Association guidelines, participants who reported
PA
at recommended levels had significantly lower risk of incident
ASCVD
after adjustment for demographics and lifestyle factors (hazard ratio 0.84, 95%
CI
0.74–0.94), but this association was not modified by
FH
x status (
P
−interaction=0.680).

Conclusions

PA
was associated with a reduced risk of
ASCVD
among individuals with and without a
FH
x of premature
CHD
.
Gut Microbiota Promote Angiotensin II–Induced Arterial Hypertension and Vascular Dysfunction
Authors: Karbach Susanne H. , Schönfelder Tanja , Brandão Ines , Wilms Eivor , Hörmann Nives , Jäckel Sven , Schüler Rebecca , Finger Stefanie , Knorr Maike , Lagrange Jeremy , Brandt Moritz , Waisman Ari , Kossmann Sabine , Schäfer Katrin , Münzel Thomas , Reinhardt Christoph , Wenzel Philip 
Published: August 2016

Background
The gut microbiome is essential for physiological host responses and development of immune functions. The impact of gut microbiota on blood pressure and systemic vascular function, processes that are determined by immune cell function, is unknown.

Methods and Results

Unchallenged germ‐free mice (
GF
) had a dampened systemic T helper cell type 1 skewing compared to conventionally raised (
CONV
‐R) mice. Colonization of
GF
mice with regular gut microbiota induced lymphoid
mRNA
transcription of T‐box expression in T cells and resulted in mild endothelial dysfunction. Compared to
CONV
‐R mice, angiotensin
II
(Ang
II
; 1 mg/kg per day for 7 days) infused
GF
mice showed reduced reactive oxygen species formation in the vasculature, attenuated vascular
mRNA
expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (
MCP
‐1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and
NADPH
oxidase subunit Nox2, as well as a reduced upregulation of retinoic‐acid receptor‐related orphan receptor gamma t (Rorγt), the signature transcription factor for interleukin (IL)‐17 synthesis. This resulted in an attenuated vascular leukocyte adhesion, less infiltration of Ly6G
+
neutrophils and Ly6C
+
monocytes into the aortic vessel wall, protection from kidney inflammation, as well as endothelial dysfunction and attenuation of blood pressure increase in response to Ang
II
. Importantly, cardiac inflammation, fibrosis and systolic dysfunction were attenuated in
GF
mice, indicating systemic protection from cardiovascular inflammatory stress induced by AngII.

Conclusion

Gut microbiota facilitate Ang
II
‐induced vascular dysfunction and hypertension, at least in part, by supporting an
MCP
‐1/
IL
‐17 driven vascular immune cell infiltration and inflammation.
Mapping Rainfall Feedback to Reveal the Potential Sensitivity of Precipitation to Biological Aerosols
Authors: Morris Cindy E. , Soubeyrand Samuel , Bigg E. Keith , Creamean Jessie M. , Sands David C. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The aerosols that influence the initiation and amount of precipitation are cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), giant CCN, and ice nuclei. Aerosols are ever-present, their properties are variable, and their abundance is dynamic. Therefore, the extent of their impact on the outcome of meteorological contexts that are favorable for rain are difficult to specify. Rainfall can generate aerosols. Those of biological origin that are generated after rainfall can accumulate in a persistent manner over several weeks. Based on a recently developed index of rainfall feedback that focuses on persistent feedback effects and that represents the a priori sensitivity of rainfall to aerosols— of biological origin in particular—we mapped the intensity and patterns of rainfall feedback at 1,250 sites in the western United States where 100-year daily rainfall data were available and where drought is critically severe. This map reveals trends in feedback related to orographic context, geographical location, and season, among other trends. We describe an open-access tool (http://w3.avignon.inra.fr/rainfallfeedback/index.html) for mapping rainfall feedback on a planetary scale to provide a framework for future research to generate hypotheses and to establish rationale to choose field sites for experimentation. This will contribute to the long-term goal of developing a robust understanding of specific and contextual aerosol effects on rainfall applicable to forecasting and to land-use management.
Closure Schemes for Stably Stratified Atmospheric Flows without Turbulence Cutoff
Authors: Li Dan , Katul Gabriel G. , Zilitinkevich Sergej S. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Two recently proposed turbulence closure schemes are compared against the conventional Mellor–Yamada (MY) model for stably stratified atmospheric flows. The Energy- and Flux-Budget (EFB) approach solves the budgets of turbulent momentum and heat fluxes and turbulent kinetic and potential energies. The Cospectral Budget (CSB) approach is formulated in wavenumber space and integrated across all turbulent scales to obtain flow variables in physical space. Unlike the MY model, which is subject to a “critical gradient Richardson number,” both EFB and CSB models allow turbulence to exist at any gradient Richardson number and predict a saturation of flux Richardson number () at sufficiently large . The CSB approach further predicts the value of and reveals a unique expression linking the Rotta and von Kármán constants. Hence, all constants in the CSB model are nontunable and stability independent. All models agree that the dimensionless sensible heat flux decays with increasing . However, the decay rate and subsequent cutoff in the MY model appear abrupt. The MY model further exhibits an abrupt cutoff in the turbulent stress normalized by vertical velocity variance, while the CSB and EFB models display increasing trends. The EFB model produces a rapid increase in the ratio of turbulent potential energy and vertical velocity variance as is approached, suggesting a strong self-preservation mechanism. Vertical anisotropy in the turbulent kinetic energy is parameterized in different ways in MY and EFB, but this consideration is not required in CSB. Differences between EFB and CSB model predictions originate from how the vertical anisotropy is specified in the EFB model.
The Relationship between Soil Moisture and LAI in Different Types of Soil in Central Eastern China
Authors: Liu Li , Zhang Renhe , Zuo Zhiyan 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
As important parameters in the land–atmosphere system, both soil moisture (SM) and vegetation play a significant role in land–atmosphere interactions. Using observational data from clay and sand stations over central eastern China, the relationship between leaf area index (LAI) and SM (LAI–SM) in different types of soil was investigated. The results show that the LAI–SM correlation is significantly positive in clay but not significant in sand. The physical causes for the discrepant LAI–SM correlations in different types of soil were explored from the perspectives of evapotranspiration (ET) and soil water retention. In clay stations, increasing LAI is associated with greater soil-water-retention capacity. Although the increasing LAI corresponds to increasing ET, the impact of ET on SM is weak because of the small particle size of soil. Consequently, the LAI–SM relationship in clay is significantly positive. In sand stations, ET is negatively correlated with SM owing to the large soil particle size, resulting in a negative LAI–SM correlation in sand. However, soil water retention is weakened by the increased LAI, which may be an important factor causing the insignificant LAI–SM correlation in sand.
Forcing of the Atlantic Equatorial Deep Jets Derived from Observations
Authors: Claus Martin , Greatbatch Richard J. , Brandt Peter , Toole John M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe equatorial deep jets (EDJs) are a ubiquitous feature of the equatorial oceans; in the Atlantic Ocean, they are the dominant mode of interannual variability of the zonal flow at intermediate depth. On the basis of more than 10 years of moored observations of zonal velocity at 23°W, the vertically propagating EDJs are best described as superimposed oscillations of the 13th to the 23rd baroclinic modes with a dominant oscillation period for all modes of 1650 days. This period is close to the resonance period of the respective gravest equatorial basin mode for the dominant vertical modes 16 and 17. It is argued that since the equatorial basin mode is composed of linear equatorial waves, a linear reduced-gravity model can be employed for each baroclinic mode, driven by spatially homogeneous zonal forcing oscillating with the EDJ period. The fit of the model solutions to observations at 23°W yields a basinwide reconstruction of the EDJs and the associated vertical structure of their forcing. From the resulting vertical profile of mean power input and vertical energy flux on the equator, it follows that the EDJs are locally maintained over a considerable depth range, from 500 to 2500 m, with the maximum power input and vertical energy flux at 1300 m. The strong dissipation closely ties the apparent vertical propagation of energy to the vertical distribution of power input and, together with the EDJs’ prevailing downward phase propagation, requires the phase of the forcing of the EDJs to propagate downward.
Validation of Ocean Color Remote Sensing Reflectance Using Autonomous Floats
Authors: Gerbi Gregory P. , Boss Emmanuel , Werdell P. Jeremy , Proctor Christopher W. , Haëntjens Nils , Lewis Marlon R. , Brown Keith , Sorrentino Diego , Zaneveld J. Ronald V. , Barnard Andrew H. , Koegler John , Fargher Hugh , DeDonato Matthew , Wallace William 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe use of autonomous profiling floats for observational estimates of radiometric quantities in the ocean is explored, and the use of this platform for validation of satellite-based estimates of remote sensing reflectance in the ocean is examined. This effort includes comparing quantities estimated from float and satellite data at nominal wavelengths of 412, 443, 488, and 555 nm, and examining sources and magnitudes of uncertainty in the float estimates. This study had 65 occurrences of coincident high-quality observations from floats and MODIS Aqua and 15 occurrences of coincident high-quality observations floats and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS). The float estimates of remote sensing reflectance are similar to the satellite estimates, with disagreement of a few percent in most wavelengths. The variability of the float–satellite comparisons is similar to the variability of in situ–satellite comparisons using a validation dataset from the Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY). This, combined with the agreement of float-based and satellite-based quantities, suggests that floats are likely a good platform for validation of satellite-based estimates of remote sensing reflectance.