bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histone methyltransferase MMSET promotes AID-mediated DNA breaks at the donor switch region during class switch recombination
Authors: Nguyen Hai Vu , Dong Junchao , Panchakshari Rohit A. , Kumar Vipul , Alt Frederick W. , Bories Jean-Christophe 
Published: November 2017

Significance
Activated B lymphocytes produce different classes of antibodies that target specific pathogens. During this process, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are generated at precise regions of the Ig gene and are joined by the classical nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ) pathway to allow class switch recombination (CSR). Defects occurring in these mechanisms are associated with impaired antibody diversification, genomic instability, and cancer. Here, we show that deletion of multiple myeloma SET domain (MMSET), a histone methyltransferase that is deregulated in various lymphoid malignancies, reduces DNA cleavage at the upstream Ig gene region without affecting joining of DSBs by the C-NHEJ pathway. These findings show an important role for the histone methyltransferase activity of MMSET in promoting activation-induced cytidine deaminase-mediated DNA breaks during CSR.
Evidence for rRNA 2′-O-methylation plasticity: Control of intrinsic translational capabilities of human ribosomes
Authors: Erales Jenny , Marchand Virginie , Panthu Baptiste , Gillot Sandra , Belin Stéphane , Ghayad Sandra E. , Garcia Maxime , Laforêts Florian , Marcel Virginie , Baudin-Baillieu Agnès , Bertin Pierre , Couté Yohann , Adrait Annie , Meyer Mélanie , Therizols Gabriel , Yusupov Marat , Namy Olivier , Ohlmann Théophile , Motorin Yuri , Catez Frédéric , Diaz Jean-Jacques 
Published: November 2017

SignificanceTranslational control is a cornerstone of gene-expression regulation in physiological and pathological contexts. The contribution of nonribosomal factors, including messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and mRNA-bound factors, to translational control have been extensively studied. Recently, the hypothesis of a ribosome-mediated regulation emerged, which proposes that cells produce ribosomes of different composition and displaying different translational properties. This work reveals that ribosomal RNA 2′-O-methylation can be modulated in human ribosomes, including at key functional sites for translation, and that changes in the 2′-O-methylation pattern control the intrinsic capabilities of ribosomes to translate mRNAs. This work directly demonstrates the existence of composition-modified ribosomes and their associated change in translational activity as conceptualized by the specialized ribosome concept.
Dynamics and control of gold-encapped gallium arsenide nanowires imaged by 4D electron microscopy
Authors: Chen Bin , Fu Xuewen , Tang Jau , Lysevych Mykhaylo , Tan Hark Hoe , Jagadish Chennupati , Zewail Ahmed H. 
Published: November 2017

SignificanceImaging chemical/physical reaction dynamics at nanoscale interfaces of a composite nanostructure requires resolutions in both space and time. Using single-pulse methodology, we directly and visually capture the irreversible eutectic-related phase reactions of a single, same metal/semiconductor nanowire at nanometer–nanosecond spatiotemporal resolution by 4D electron microscopy. With a nondestructive free-standing sample preparation free from environmental disturbance that is important for statistical investigation, we have both qualitatively and quantitatively elucidated the transient phase reactions and obtained important physical properties of the newly formed phases, such as latent heat and specific heat. Our work provides an efficient way of quantitatively determining physical properties of a nanoscale object with a tiny small quantity, especially when not available in bulk counterparts.
Active turbulence in a gas of self-assembled spinners
Authors: Kokot Gašper , Das Shibananda , Winkler Roland G. , Gompper Gerhard , Aranson Igor S. , Snezhko Alexey 
Published: November 2017

Significance
Turbulent fluid motion is widespread in nature and is observed across diverse length and time scales, ranging from high-Reynolds number hydrodynamics to active fluids, such as bacterial suspensions and cytoskeletal extracts. It is recognized as one of the unsolved challenges in theoretical physics. Here, we explore out-of-equilibrium magnetic colloidal particles at liquid interfaces that exhibit complex collective behavior, resulting in emergence of an active spinner phase. Self-assembled spinners (active spinning without self-propulsion) induce vigorous vortical flows, demonstrating the properties of a 2D hydrodynamic turbulence. Our findings provide insight into the behavior of active spinner liquids and ways to control the collective dynamics and transport in active colloidal materials.
Transcriptome-wide characterization of human cytomegalovirus in natural infection and experimental latency
Authors: Cheng Shu , Caviness Katie , Buehler Jason , Smithey Megan , Nikolich-Žugich Janko , Goodrum Felicia 
Published: November 2017

Significance
Herpesviruses have an extraordinarily complex relationship with their host, persisting for the lifetime of the host by way of a latent infection. Reactivation of replication is associated with significant disease risk, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. We characterize in depth transcriptional profiles of human cytomegalovirus latency. We show that a broad and concordant viral transcriptome is found in both an experimental model of latency and in asymptomatically infected individuals. We further define genes that are differentially regulated during latent and replicative states: candidates for key regulators controlling the switch between latency and reactivation. This work will help understand the persistence of complex DNA viruses and provides a path toward developing antiviral strategies to control herpesvirus entry into and exit from latency.
EMT programs promote basal mammary stem cell and tumor-initiating cell stemness by inducing primary ciliogenesis and Hedgehog signaling
Authors: Guen Vincent J. , Chavarria Tony E. , Kröger Cornelia , Ye Xin , Weinberg Robert A. , Lees Jacqueline A. 
Published: November 2017

Significance
Breast cancer is one the most common cancers and causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Tumor recurrence following therapy is attributed to a subset of tumor-initiating cells (TICs) with stem cell (SC) properties. Similar to normal adult SCs that drive tissue regeneration, TICs regenerate tumors after treatment and thereby enable dissemination throughout the body. Thus, a better appreciation of the mechanisms that induce and maintain SCs in normal and neoplastic tissues is critical for understanding normal tissue regeneration and improving breast cancer therapy. Here we show that key developmental epithelial–mesenchymal transition programs promote stemness of mammary SCs by inducing primary ciliogenesis and Hedgehog signaling. These results provide insights into intraepithelial and intratumoral heterogeneity that have an impact on certain breast cancers.
Nature and origins of the lexicon in 6-mo-olds
Authors: Bergelson Elika , Aslin Richard N. 
Published: November 2017

SignificanceInfants start understanding words at 6 mo, when they also excel at subtle speech–sound distinctions and simple multimodal associations, but don’t yet talk, walk, or point. However, true word learning requires integrating the speech stream with the world and learning how words interrelate. Using eye tracking, we show that neophyte word learners already represent the semantic relations between words. We further show that these same infants’ word learning has ties to their environment: The more they hear labels for what they’re looking at and attending to, the stronger their overall comprehension. These results provide an integrative approach for investigating home environment effects on early language and suggest that language delays could be detected in early infancy for possible remediation.
Superhydrophobic diving flies (
Ephydra hians
) and the hypersaline waters of Mono Lake
Authors: van Breugel Floris , Dickinson Michael H. 
Published: November 2017

Significance
Superhydrophobic surfaces have been of key academic and commercial interest since the discovery of the so-called lotus effect in 1977. The effect of different ions on complex superhydrophobic biological systems, however, has received little attention. By bringing together ecology, biomechanics, physics, and chemistry our study provides insight into the ion-specific effects of wetting in the presence of sodium carbonate and its large-scale consequences. By comparing the surface structure and chemistry of the alkali fly—an important food source for migrating birds—to other species we show that their uniquely hydrophobic properties arise from very small physical and chemical changes, thereby connecting picoscale physics with globally important ecological impacts.
Cholesterol-binding site of the influenza M2 protein in lipid bilayers from solid-state NMR
Authors: Elkins Matthew R. , Williams Jonathan K. , Gelenter Martin D. , Dai Peng , Kwon Byungsu , Sergeyev Ivan V. , Pentelute Bradley L. , Hong Mei 
Published: November 2017

Significance
Cholesterol is important for membrane protein function, but cholesterol-binding structures of membrane proteins are difficult to determine by X-ray crystallography and electron microscopy due to the small size and dynamic nature of cholesterol. We have developed a solid-state NMR approach to determine the cholesterol-binding structure of membrane proteins in lipid bilayers. Applied to the influenza M2 protein, the measured interatomic distances and cholesterol orientational angles indicate that cholesterol binds M2 in a substoichiometric fashion, flanking methyl-rich transmembrane (TM) residues near an amphipathic helix, without requiring a cholesterol recognition sequence motif, and this substoichiometric binding uniquely correlates with membrane curvature generation. These results give unprecedented insights into how cholesterol clusters M2 to the neck of the budding virus to mediate membrane scission.
High postural costs and anaerobic metabolism during swimming support the hypothesis of a U-shaped metabolism–speed curve in fishes
Authors: Di Santo Valentina , Kenaley Christopher P. , Lauder George V. 
Published: November 2017

Significance
Hydrodynamic theory predicts that the energetic costs required for fishes to swim should vary with speed according to a U-shaped curve, with an expected energetic minimum at intermediate cruising speeds. Empirical studies to date do not support this view. Here we report a complete dataset on a swimming batoid fish that shows a clear energetic minimum at intermediate swimming speeds. We also demonstrate that this species uses a combination of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism to fuel steady swimming at each speed, including the slowest speeds tested. This contradicts the widespread assumption that fish use only aerobic metabolism at low speeds. Kinematic data support this nonlinear relationship by also showing a U-shaped pattern to body angle during steady swimming.
Energy decomposition analysis of single bonds within Kohn–Sham density functional theory
Authors: Levine Daniel S. , Head-Gordon Martin 
Published: November 2017

Significance
While theoretical chemists today can calculate the energies of molecules with high accuracy, the results are not readily interpretable by synthetic chemists who use a different language to understand and improve chemical syntheses. Energy decomposition analysis (EDA) provides a bridge between theoretical calculation and practical insight. Most existing EDA methods are not designed for studying covalent bonds. We developed an EDA to characterize single bonds, providing an interpretable chemical fingerprint in the language of synthetic chemists from the quantum mechanical language of theorists.
Beating the curse of dimension with accurate statistics for the Fokker–Planck equation in complex turbulent systems
Authors: Chen Nan , Majda Andrew J. 
Published: November 2017

Significance
Solving the Fokker–Planck equation for high-dimensional complex dynamical systems is an important issue. Effective strategies are developed and incorporated into efficient statistically accurate algorithms for solving the Fokker–Planck equations associated with a rich class of high-dimensional nonlinear turbulent dynamical systems with strong non-Gaussian features. These effective strategies exploit a judicious block decomposition of high-dimensional conditional covariance matrices and statistical symmetry to facilitate an extremely efficient parallel computation and a significant reduction of sample numbers. The resulting algorithms can efficiently solve the Fokker–Planck equation in much higher dimensions even with orders in the millions and thus beat the curse of dimension. Skillful behavior of the algorithms is illustrated for highly non-Gaussian systems in excitable media and geophysical turbulence.
Translating children’s stories from Chinese to English
Authors: Li Li 
Published: November 2017

Translation, according to the German functional approach to Translation Studies, is a purpose-driven interaction that involves many players. Translating children’s stories is no exception. Using her personal experience of translating Mr. Wolf’s Hotline, a book comprising 47 Chinese children’s stories by Wang Yizhen, a contemporary Chinese writer , in light of the Skopos and text-type theories of functional approach in particular, the author has outlined the strategies and methods adopted in her translations in terms of language, structure and culture. With child readers in mind during the translation process, the translator has used rhetorical devices, onomatopoeic words, modal particles, and also changed some of the sentence structures of the stories, such as from indirect sentences into direct quotations, and from declarative sentences into questions. In terms of culture, three aspects, namely, the culture-loaded images, the names of the characters and nursery rhymes are singled out for detailed analyses.Though marginalized, ‘children’s literature is more complex than it seems, even more complex’ (Hunt 2010: 1), and translation of children’s literature is definitely challenging. This paper outlines the strategies and methods the author has adopted in translating some children's stories from Chinese to English.
Inter-country relationship and mass media
Authors: Han Boyeon , Shin Hochang 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This study aims to research mass media communication and multipolar relationships in public diplomacy by using announcement of China Air Defense Identification Zone (CADIZ) in November 2013 as a case. Based on importance of mass mediated public diplomacy, to examine wording and message structure, language analysis program of semantic and ego network is applied. In addition, considering the environment of Korean media, newspapers from democratic and conservative are selected. The CADIZ issue takes place in Northeast Asian region but reactions and the relations of the USA are mainly dealt with. The USA is closely connected to China and Korea and has an important influence as a consultant in the given situation. Moreover, Korean media keep monitoring Japan’s response to refer Korea’s response strategy. Semantic and ego network seem to be powerful when analyzing international conflicts. This research shows that international relationship can be a significant asset to public diplomacy. In short, analyzing multipolar relations seems essential to understand construction of related countries and seek to solve diplomatic conflicts.
Nationalism and international disputes in China
Authors: Tam Lisa , Kim Soojin 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
For decades, the territorial dispute between China and Japan over the sovereignty of the Senkaku Islands has caused diplomatic deteriorations in Sino-Japanese relations. When there is extensive media coverage on news about the dispute, nationalist sentiments in both two countries would be triggered and could be expressed through detrimental behaviors towards transnational corporations (hereinafter TNCs). While TNCs play a significant political function as corporate diplomats for their home countries, they are subject to the risk of crises when their home countries are involved in political and economic conflicts with the foreign countries in which they have operations. Against this backdrop, this paper seeks to examine the roles of TNCs with reference to three cases of nationalism-induced crises in China. It proposes relational principles based on which TNCs could implement strategies to mitigate the damage from nationalism-induced crises and contribute to their home countries’ diplomatic goals as corporate diplomats.
The relevance of motility in language shift research
Authors: Houtkamp Christopher 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMotility (sometimes referred to as ‘mobility capital’ or ‘mobility potential’) is a still understudied and underutilised concept in both migration and sociolinguistic literature. Perhaps even more than actual mobility, it can shed an important light on the possible connection between language and migration. In this theoretical article, it will be argued that motility can both be a potential catalyst for language shift, but can in other instances also contribute to language maintenance. Inspired by Fishman’s Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (GIDS) and Simon and Lewis’ Expanded Graded Intergenerational Scale (EGIDS), it is assumed that the most important factor in processes of language shift is the attitude of parents, in particular their willingness to transmit their heritage language to their children. This willingness is connected with the perception of the value of the heritage language, which might be, in addition to other factors, influenced by the mobility capital the heritage language might give future generations. The interplay between migrant networks in different countries and the country of origin is key in understanding the parents’ decision-making process. Furthermore, the three main features of motility (access, competence and appropriation) fit quite logically in the already existing EGIDS scale. This article thus argues that motility is a valuable and necessary concept for sociolinguistic research and migration scholars alike.
Minority language education in Nepal
Authors: Hildebrandt Kristine A. , Krim Jessica S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This article, a case study in one group of communities of Nepal, considers
minority language education in the face of increasing encroachment of the
dominant and national language Nepali. Our over-arching research question asks,
in the context of local education, what we can observe about the perceived
value, use of, and competition between two local languages (Gurung, Gyalsumdo)
and also between these languages and Nepali (the national language of Nepal) in
the Manang District. We find persistent divisions amongst residents and
educators about the current and future role of local languages.
From planned language to language planning
Authors: Wang Yalan , Liu Haitao 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis paper explores how Esperanto (Esperantists) plays an important role in Chinese language reform during 1911–1958. It divides the period into three stages and describes Esperantists’ activities from three perspectives accordingly: roles, goals/results and motives. The paper reveals Esperantists’ roles have transformed from “people with influence” to “people with expertise” and then “people with power.” From the perspective of goals/results, the first stage failed because it didn’t achieve the goals as expected while the second and third stages were successful. In order to further explain reasons for the failure or success, this article goes on to analyze the three stages from Ager’s7i Model(motives). It shows that these motives as social factors largely affecting language planning are not of paramount importance in accounting for the different results. The paper concludes that the study of planned language will be valuable for language planning through the case of Esperantists’ activities in Chinese language reform and suggests further investigations on different language schemes associated with Esperantists in China.
Subsampling Inference for the Autocorrelations of GARCH Processes*
Authors: McElroy Tucker , Jach Agnieszka 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe provide self-normalization for the sample autocorrelations of power GARCH(p, q) processes whose higher moments might be infinite. To validate the studentization, whose goal is to match the growth rate dependent on the index of regular variation of the process, we substantially extend existing weak-convergence results. Since asymptotic distributions are non-pivotal, we construct subsampling-based confidence intervals for the autocorrelations and cross-correlations, which are shown to have satisfactory empirical coverage rates in a simulation study. The methodology is further applied to daily returns of CAC40 and FTSA100 indices and their squares.
Reprogenetic Technologies
Authors: de Melo-Martín Inmaculada 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter offers a brief description of the main reprogenetic technologies in use today as well as some of the most significant ones being developed. Because of their relevance in the field, particular attention is given to in vitro fertilization (IVF) and preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). The chapter discusses the differences between somatic and germline modifications, the most common uses of reprogenetic technologies today, and some possible and likely future uses. It also includes a description of recent technological advances such as mitochondrial transfer and gene editing techniques.
The Illusion of Control
Authors: de Melo-Martín Inmaculada 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
One of the most common arguments in favor of reprogenetic technologies is their presumed ability to defy the lack of control and the dangers implicit in the “natural lottery” that results from normal human reproduction. This chapter challenges proponents’ claims about the control that reprogenetic technologies will afford us. By proponents’ own account, human beings lack the intellectual wherewithal to aptly control the so-called natural lottery. Even if one were to concede human beings’ wisdom, the degree of control over the natural lottery that reprogenetic technologies are said to grant is illusory, the result of misunderstanding human biology and the role of genetics.
Glut1 Deficiency and the Ketogenic Diets
Authors: Klepper Joerg 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Glucose is the essential fuel for the brain. Transport into brain is exclusively mediated by the facilitative glucose transporter Glut1. Glut1 deficiency results in a “brain energy crisis,” causing global developmental delay, epilepsy, and complex movement disorders including paroxysmal nonepileptic events. Early-onset absence epilepsy, paroxysmal exertion-induced dystonia, and stomatin-deficient cryohydrocytosis have been recognized as variants. Diagnosis is based on phenotype, isolated low CSF glucose, and mutations in the SLC2A1 gene. The condition is treated effectively by classical ketogenic diets providing ketones as an alternative fuel for the brain. The modified Atkins diet in adolescents and adults improves palatability and compliance at the expense of lower ketosis. Dietary treatment is continued into adolescence to meet the energy demand of the developing brain, raising concerns about long-term adverse effects. Current fields of research include novel compounds such as ketoesters and genetic approaches in Glut1-deficient mice as potential treatment options.