bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE HANLE AND ZEEMAN POLARIZATION SIGNALS OF THE SOLAR Ca II 8542 Å LINE
Authors: Štěpán Jiří , Bueno Javier Trujillo 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
We highlight the main results of a three-dimensional (3D) multilevel radiative transfer investigation about the solar disk-center polarization of the Ca ii 8542 Å line. First, through the use of a 3D model of the solar atmosphere, we investigate the linear polarization that occurs due to the atomic level polarization produced by the absorption and scattering of anisotropic radiation, taking into account the symmetry-breaking effects caused by its thermal, dynamic, and magnetic structure. Second, we study the contribution of the Zeeman effect to the linear and circular polarization. Finally, we show examples of the Stokes profiles produced by the joint action of the atomic level polarization and the Hanle and Zeeman effects. We find that the Zeeman effect tends to dominate the linear polarization signals only in the localized patches of opposite magnetic polarity, where the magnetic field is relatively strong and slightly inclined; outside such very localized patches, the linear polarization is often dominated by the contribution of atomic level polarization. We demonstrate that a correct modeling of this last contribution requires taking into account the symmetry-breaking effects caused by the thermal, dynamic, and magnetic structure of the solar atmosphere, and that in the 3D model used the Hanle effect in forward-scattering geometry (disk-center observation) mainly reduces the polarization corresponding to the zero-field case. We emphasize that, in general, a reliable modeling of the linear polarization in the Ca ii 8542 Å line requires taking into account the joint action of atomic level polarization and the Hanle and Zeeman effects.
NuSTAR OBSERVATIONS OF THE BLACK HOLE GS 1354–645: EVIDENCE OF RAPID BLACK HOLE SPIN
Authors: El-Batal A. M. , Miller J. M. , Reynolds M. T. , Boggs S. E. , Chistensen F. E. , Craig W. W. , Fuerst F. , Hailey C. J. , Harrison F. A. , Stern D. K. , Tomsick J. , Walton D. J. , Zhang W. W. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
We present the results of a NuSTAR study of the dynamically confirmed stellar-mass black hole GS 1354−645. The source was observed during its 2015 “hard” state outburst; we concentrate on spectra from two relatively bright phases. In the higher-flux observation, the broadband NuSTAR spectra reveal a clear, strong disk reflection spectrum, blurred by a degree that requires a black hole spin of

a
=
cJ

/

GM

2

≥
0.98

(

1
σ

statistical limits only). The fits also require a high inclination:

θ
≃
75

(
2
)

◦

. Strong “dips” are sometimes observed in the X-ray light curves of sources viewed at such an angle; these are absent, perhaps indicating that dips correspond to flared disk structures that only manifest at higher accretion rates. In the lower flux observation, there is evidence of radial truncation of the thin accretion disk. We discuss these results in the context of spin in stellar-mass black holes, and inner accretion flow geometries at moderate accretion rates.
“Goldilocks” Theorizing in Supply Chain Research: Balancing Scientific and Practical Utility via Middle‐Range Theory
Authors: Craighead Christopher W. , Ketchen David J. , Cheng Li 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWhile supply chain scholars have made considerable progress in theory building and testing, there has been a relative dearth of middle range theory. Middle‐range theory (MRT) is context‐specific conceptualization providing theoretically grounded insights readily applicable to an empirical context. It promotes rigorous and relevant research, bridges practice and theory, and conveys deeper understanding of how and why phenomena occur. The lack of significant MRT is surprising given the considerable efforts supply chain scholars exert to stay grounded in industry practices. As a result, we put forth a broad call for more middle‐range theorizing and provide guidance on how supply chain scholars may meet this call. Specifically, we describe a MRT lever—theoretical contextualization—that strikes a balance between theory and industry and then present two overarching strategies (bottom‐up and top‐down) for MRT development. We discuss these strategies in the supply chain domain and identify how middle‐range theorizing may be undertaken in four emerging, yet important, topics.
Full Steam Ahead: Firms in the US Economy Adjust Inventory for Changes in Transportation Costs But Not the Reverse
Authors: Swanson David , Williams Brent D. , Gu Jingping , Waller Matthew A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLogistics theory suggests that transportation and inventory policies are jointly considered by managers because these costs have offsetting properties. For example, when inventory is ordered less frequently, total transportation costs are likely to be lower due to economies of scale; yet inventory carrying costs are likely to be higher. This research analyzes aggregate transportation and inventory costs in the United States from 1960 to 2013, finding that, in the US economy as a whole, inventory and transportation costs are in long‐term equilibrium. Furthermore, inventory seems to be adjusted for changes in transportation costs; however, transportation costs are not adjusted for changes in inventory costs.
Supply Chain Cost Minimization by Collaboration between Liner Shipping Companies and Port Operators
Authors: Liu Zhiyuan , Wang Shuaian , Du Yuquan , Wang Hua 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe container handling rates at ports are input for container shipping operations planning by shipping lines. The handling rates are unilaterally determined by port operators. This article points out that it may be possible for port operators to provide higher handling rates at some additional costs. The higher handling rates will enable ships to have more time sailing at sea, leading to less fuel consumption. The reduction in fuel costs for shipping lines may be more significant than the additional costs incurred by port operators. We therefore propose a practical and easy‐to‐implement collaborative mechanism between shipping lines and port operators, where the shipping lines compensate the port operators for their additional costs. As a result, the overall efficiency of container transportation is improved.
AVALIAÇÃO DA TEMPERATURA DE SUPERFÍCIE CONTINENTAL (TSC) E O USO DA TERRA NA BACIA DA USINA HIDRELÉTRICA DE BARRA DOS COQUEIROS (GO), POR MEIO DO SENSORIAMENTO REMOTO (CONTINENTAL SURFACE TEMPERATURE (TSC) ASSESSMENT AND THE USE OF LAND IN THE BASIN OF THE HYDROELECTRIC PLANT OF BARRA DOS COQUEIROS (GO) BY MEANS OF REMOTE SENSING.)
Authors: Pereira Clarissa Cardoso , Mariano Zilda De Fátima , Wachholz Flávio , Cabral João Batista Pereira 
Published: July 2016

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a temperatura de superfície continental (TSC) nos diferentes usos da terra da bacia da Usina Hidrelétrica (UHE) de Barra dos Coqueiros. O uso da terra e estimativa da TSC foram realizados a partir da imagem do Landsat 5, em datas representativas dos períodos chuvoso e seco. A TSC foi calculada a partir da metodologia de Lucena (2012), na qual os dados de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar serviram para obtenção da TSC. Para o período seco, identificaram-se 6 usos (pastagens, matas, agricultura, água, cerrado e área urbana), sendo os mesmos para o período chuvoso, entretanto, com diferença nas áreas de pastagens que diminuíram e de cerrado e mata que aumentaram. A TSC no período chuvoso apresentou dois intervalos, entre 10,0º C e 45,0º C, em que as TSC amenas apresentaram-se nas áreas de lago e as elevadas predominaram na área urbana. A TSC no período seco apresentou intervalo entre 10,0 ºC e 50,0 °C, com valores amenos em área do reservatório e elevado em solo exposto. Constatou-se que a TSC apresentou comportamento espacial de acordo com os diferentes usos da terra e comportamento temporal no período seco e chuvoso, devido às condições da vegetação.
EXPOSIÇÃO DO TRABALHADOR RURAL À RADIAÇÃO ULTRAVIOLETA: ESTUDO NO SUL DE MINAS GERAIS (RURAL WORKER EXPOSURE TO ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION: A STUDY IN THE SOUTH OF MINAS GERAIS)
Authors: Silva Luiz Felipe , Franco Julia Martins , Fernandes Gisele Aparecida , Corrêa Marcelo De Paula 
Published: July 2016

Introdução: Pela natureza da atividade do trabalhador rural, predominatemente em ambientes externos, a exposição à radiação ultravioleta (RUV) se configura como um risco importante. Objetivos: avaliar o nível de exposição à RUV entre trabalhadores rurais. Materiais e métodos: foi realizada avaliação da exposição de 40 trabalhadores rurais à R-UV, com o auxílio do instrumento Solarmeter – Model 6.5, em zona rural de Conceição das Pedras, no sul de Minas Gerais. As doses de RUV eritematosa (RUV-E), expressa em Dose Erimatosa Padrão (DEP), foram calculadas. As medições foram efetuadas nos meses de maio e junho. Aos trabalhadores, foi aplicado questionário para obtenção de variáveis sociodemográficas, agravos associados e fototipos. Resultados: Dos trabalhadores analisados, 20% deles apresentaram 10 eventos de queimaduras ou mais. Sobre histórico familiar de câncer de pele, 22,5% deles manifestaram a ocorrência. Da amostra, 80% dos trabalhadores exercem a atividade com frequência entre às 10h00 e 14h00. Das avaliações realizadas, em três dos quatro dias estudados, a DEP esteve acima de 4,5; faixa de máxima atenção. O fototipo abaixo de III foi observado em 87,5% dos trabalhadores, indicando maior sensibilidade à radiação solar. Para todos os valores registrados de DEP, há risco de desenvolvimento de eritema, para doses entre 2,0 e 4,5 DEP, em fototipos de I a III. Conclusões: Este estudo é uma abordagem inicial, em um tema pouco estudado. Embora a avaliação tenha sido no inverno, os valores observados da dose podem ser considerados importantes, em relação ao risco à saúde.
Transgender women, hormonal therapy and HIV treatment: a comprehensive review of the literature and recommendations for best practices
Authors: Radix Asa , Sevelius Jae , Deutsch Madeline B 
Published: July 2016

IntroductionStudies have shown that transgender women (TGW) are disproportionately affected by HIV, with an estimated HIV prevalence of 19.1% among TGW worldwide. After receiving a diagnosis, HIV‐positive TGW have challenges accessing effective HIV treatment, as demonstrated by lower rates of virologic suppression and higher HIV‐related mortality. These adverse HIV outcomes have been attributed to the multiple sociocultural and structural barriers that negatively affect their engagement within the HIV care continuum. Guidelines for feminizing hormonal therapy among TGW recommend combinations of oestrogens and androgen blockers. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that certain antiretroviral therapy (ART) agents, such as protease inhibitors (PIs), non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and cobicistat, interact with ethinyl estradiol, the key oestrogen component of oral contraceptives (OCPs). The goal of this article is to provide an overview of hormonal regimens used by TGW, to summarize the known drug‐drug interactions (DDIs) between feminizing hormonal regimens and ART, and to provide clinical care recommendations.MethodsThe authors identified English language articles examining DDIs between oestrogen therapy, androgen blockers and ART published between 1995 and 2015 using PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and EBSCOhost.Results and DiscussionPublished articles predominantly addressed interactions between ethinyl estradiol and NNRTIs and PIs. No studies examined interactions between ART and the types and doses of oestrogens found in feminizing regimens. DDIs that may have the potential to result in loss of virologic suppression included ethinyl estradiol and amprenavir, unboosted fosamprenavir and stavudine. No clinically significant DDIs were noted with other anti‐retroviral agents or androgen blockersConclusionsThere are insufficient data to address DDIs between ART and feminizing hormone regimens used by TGW. There is an urgent need for further research in this area, specifically pharmacokinetic studies to study the direction and degree of interactions between oral, injectable and transdermal estradiol and ART. Clinicians need to be vigilant about possible interactions and monitor hormone levels if concerns arise. More research is also needed on the provision of hormone therapy and gender‐affirming care on the long‐term health outcomes of HIV‐positive TGW.
Sexual violence from police and HIV risk behaviours among HIV‐positive women who inject drugs in St. Petersburg, Russia – a mixed methods study
Authors: Lunze Karsten , Raj Anita , Cheng Debbie M , Quinn Emily K , Lunze Fatima I , Liebschutz Jane M , Bridden Carly , Walley Alexander Y , Blokhina Elena , Krupitsky Evgeny , Samet Jeffrey H 
Published: July 2016

IntroductionPolice violence against people who inject drugs (PWID) is common in Russia and associated with HIV risk behaviours. Sexual violence from police against women who use drugs has been reported anecdotally in Russia. This mixed‐methods study aimed to evaluate sexual violence from police against women who inject drugs via quantitative assessment of its prevalence and HIV risk correlates, and through qualitative interviews with police, substance users and their providers in St. Petersburg, Russia.MethodsCross‐sectional analyses with HIV‐positive women who inject drugs (N=228) assessed the associations between sexual violence from police (i.e. having been forced to have sex with a police officer) and the following behaviours: current drug use, needle sharing and injection frequency using multiple regression models. We also conducted in‐depth interviews with 23 key informants, including PWID, police, civil society organization workers, and other stakeholders, to explore qualitatively the phenomenon of sexual violence from police in Russia and strategies to address it. We analyzed qualitative data using content analysis.ResultsApproximately one in four women in our quantitative study (24.1%; 95% CI, 18.6%, 29.7%) reported sexual violence perpetrated by police. Affected women reported more transactional sex for drugs or money than those who were not; however, the majority of those reporting sexual violence from police were not involved in these forms of transactional sex. Sexual violence from police was not significantly associated with current drug use or needle sharing but with more frequent drug injections (adjusted incidence rate ratio 1.43, 95% CI 1.04, 1.95). Qualitative data suggested that sexual violence and coercion by police appear to be entrenched as a norm and are perceived insurmountable because of the seemingly absolute power of police. They systematically add to the risk environment of women who use drugs in Russia.ConclusionsSexual violence from police was common in this cohort of Russian HIV‐positive women who inject drugs. Our analyses found more frequent injection drug use among those affected, suggesting that the phenomenon represents an underappreciated human rights and public health problem. Addressing sexual violence from police against women in Russia will require addressing structural factors, raising social awareness and instituting police trainings that protect vulnerable women from violence and prevent HIV transmission.
Hierarchical Yolk‐Shell Silicon/Carbon Anode Materials Enhanced by Vertical Graphene Sheets for Commercial Lithium‐Ion Battery Applications
Authors: Yu Peilun , Li Zhenwei , Zhang Dongcan , Xiong Qi , Yu Jie , Zhi Chunyi 
Published: September 2024

AbstractYolk‐shell structured silicon/carbon (YS‐Si/C) anode materials show promise for commercial lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) because of their high specific capacity and excellent cycling life. However, their commercialization has not been realized despite nearly a decade of research, primarily due to poor mechanical strength, limited rate capability, and low energy density. This study reports a hierarchical YS‐Si/C anode material synthesized via thermal chemical vapor deposition for the growth of vertical graphene sheets (VGSs), polymer self‐assembly, and one‐step carbonization, which establishes connections between the Si core and carbon shell through VGSs, enhancing the electrochemical and mechanical characteristics of the YS‐Si/C material. The unique material outperforms VGSs‐free composites, which presents a high specific capacity of 1683.2 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, excellent rate performance of 552.2 mAh g−1 at 10 C, and superior capacity retention of 80.1% after 1000 cycles. When matched with LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathodes, the ampere‐hour‐level pouch cell delivers high gravimetric and volumetric energy densities of 429.2 Wh kg−1 and 1083 Wh L−1, respectively. Finite element analysis shows that VGSs reduce stress concentration on the carbon shell, helping hollow materials withstand industrial electrode calendaring. This work demonstrates potential for the commercial application of YS‐Si/C anode materials in practical LIBs.
Simplified Gambogic Acid Prodrug Nanoparticles to Improve Efficiency and Reduce Toxicity for Clinical Translation Potential
Authors: Wang Ruyi , Xiao Yuxiao , Zhang Zhongtao , Huang Xiaoxian , Zhu Wanfang , Ma Xiao , Feng Feng , Liu Wenyuan , Han Lingfei , Qu Wei 
Published: September 2024

AbstractPoor in vivo characteristics of gambogic acid (GA) and difficulties in industrial manufacturing of its nanocarriers have hindered its clinical translation. Therefore, a reproducible nano‐drug delivery system must be developed to realize simpler manufacture and address inherent defects of GA, such as short circulation and severe side effects, in order to facilitate its clinical application. Herein, a drug self‐assembled nanoparticles (NPs) consisting of a hydrophobic prodrug based on GA and oleyl alcohol (OA), as well as vitamin E‐polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) as a shield to improve the stability of the NPs is reported. The preparation method is simple enough to stably facilitate large‐scale manufacturing. The self‐assembled NPs exhibit a remarkably high drug‐loading capacity, and their prolonged circulation enables the NPs to demonstrate superior antitumor efficacy in both cellular and animal models. The flexible hydrophobic long chain wraps GA groups, which mitigates vascular irritation and reduces hemolysis rates. Consequently, the prodrug nano‐system addresses GA‐related concerns regarding stability, efficacy, and safety, offering a simple, stable, and secure nano‐platform for similar candidate drugs.
A Recyclable Ionogel with High Mechanical Robustness Based on Covalent Adaptable Networks
Authors: Fan Xiaotong , Luo Yifei , Li Ke , Wong Yi Jing , Wang Cong , Yeo Jayven Chee Chuan , Yang Gaoliang , Li Jiaofu , Loh Xian Jun , Li Zibiao , Chen Xiaodong 
Published: September 2024

AbstractIonogels are an emerging class of soft materials for flexible electronics, with high ionic conductivity, low volatility, and mechanical stretchability. Recyclable ionogels are recently developed to address the sustainability crisis of current electronics, through the introduction of non‐covalent bonds. However, this strategy sacrifices mechanical robustness and chemical stability, severely diminishing the potential for practical application. Here, covalent adaptable networks (CANs) are incorporated into ionogels, where dynamic covalent crosslinks endow high strength (11.3 MPa tensile strength), stretchability (2396% elongation at break), elasticity (energy loss coefficient of 0.055 at 100% strain), and durability (5000 cycles of 150% strain). The reversible nature of CANs allows the ionogel to be closed‐loop recyclable for up to ten times. Additionally, the ionogel is toughened by physical crosslinks between conducting ions and polymer networks, breaking the common dilemma in enhancing mechanical properties and electrical conductivity. The ionogel demonstrates robust strain sensing performance under harsh mechanical treatments and is applied for reconfigurable multimodal sensing based on its recyclability. This study provides insights into improving the mechanical and electrical properties of ionogels toward functionally reliable and environmentally sustainable bioelectronics.
Microfluidic Platform for Generating and Releasing Patient‐Derived Cancer Organoids with Diverse Shapes: Insight into Shape‐Dependent Tumor Growth
Authors: Kheiri Sina , Yakavets Ilya , Cruickshank Jennifer , Ahmadi Fatemeh , Berman Hal K , Cescon David W. , Young Edmond W.K. , Kumacheva Eugenia 
Published: September 2024

AbstractMulticellular spheroids and patient‐derived organoids find many applications in fundamental research, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. Advances in the understanding and recapitulation of organ functionality and disease development require the generation of complex organoid models, including organoids with diverse morphologies. Microfluidics‐based cell culture platforms enable time‐efficient confined organoid generation. However, the ability to form organoids with different shapes with a subsequent transfer from microfluidic devices to unconstrained environments for studies of morphology‐dependent organoid growth is yet to be demonstrated. Here, a microfluidic platform is introduced that enables high‐fidelity formation and addressable release of breast cancer organoids with diverse shapes. Using this platform, the impact of organoid morphology on their growth in unconstrained biomimetic hydrogel is explored. It is shown that proliferative cancer cells tend to localize in high positive curvature organoid regions, causing their faster growth, while the overall growth pattern of organoids with diverse shapes tends to reduce interfacial tension at the organoid‐hydrogel interface. In addition to the formation of organoids with diverse morphologies, this platform can be integrated into multi‐tissue micro‐physiological systems.
A Diamond Heater‐Thermometer Microsensor for Measuring Localized Thermal Conductivity: A Case Study in Gelatin Hydrogel
Authors: Ma Linjie , Zhang Jiahua , Hao Zheng , Jing Jixiang , Zhang Tongtong , Lin Yuan , Chu Zhiqin 
Published: September 2024

AbstractUnderstanding the microscopic thermal effects of the hydrogel is important for its application in diverse fields, including thermal‐related studies in tissue engineering and thermal management for flexible electronic devices. In recent decades, localized thermal properties, such as thermal conductivity, have often been overlooked due to technical limitations. To tackle this, the study proposes a new hybrid diamond microsensor that is capable of simultaneous temperature control and readout in a decoupled manner. Specifically, the sensor consists of a silicon pillar (heater) at ≈10 microns in length, topped by a micron‐sized diamond particle that contains silicon‐vacancy (SiV) centers (thermometer) with 1.29 temperature measurement sensitivity. Combining this innovative, scalable sensor with a newly established simulation model that can transform heating‐laser‐induced temperature change into thermal conductivity, an all‐optical decoupled method is introduced with ≈0.05 W m−1 K−1 precision, which can reduce laser crosstalk. For the first time, the thermal conductivity change of hydrogels during the gelation process is tracked and the existence of variation is demonstrated. The study introduces a rapid, undisturbed technique for measuring microscale thermal conductivity, potentially serving as a valuable tool for cellular thermometry, and highlights the idea that decoupling can reduce crosstalk from different lasers, which is helpful for quantum sensing.