bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary care clinicians’ experiences prescribing HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis at a specialized community health centre in Boston: lessons from early adopters
Authors: Krakower Douglas S , Maloney Kevin M , Grasso Chris , Melbourne Katherine , Mayer Kenneth H 
Published: October 2016

IntroductionAn estimated 1.2 million Americans have indications for using antiretroviral pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV acquisition. For many of these at‐risk individuals, the best opportunity to learn about and receive PrEP will be during routine visits to their generalist primary care clinicians. However, few generalist clinicians have prescribed PrEP, primarily because of practical concerns about providing PrEP in primary care settings. The experiences of specialized primary care clinicians who have prescribed PrEP can inform the feasibility of PrEP provision by generalists.MethodsDuring January to February 2015, 35 primary care clinicians at a community health centre in Boston that specializes in the care of sexual and gender minorities completed anonymous surveys about their experiences and practices with PrEP provision. Responses were analyzed with descriptive statistics.Results and discussionThirty‐two clinicians (response rate=91%) completed the surveys. Nearly all clinicians (97%) had prescribed PrEP (median 20 patients, interquartile range 11–33). Most clinicians reported testing and risk‐reduction counselling practices concordant with U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for PrEP. Clinicians indicated that patients using PrEP experienced medication toxicities infrequently and generally reported high adherence. However, some clinicians’ practices differed from guideline recommendations, and some clinicians observed patients with increased risk behaviours. Most clinicians (79%) rated PrEP provision as easy to accomplish, and 97% considered themselves likely to prescribe PrEP in the future.ConclusionsIn a primary care clinic with specialized expertise in HIV prevention, clinicians perceived that PrEP provision to large numbers of patients was safe, feasible and potentially effective. Efforts to engage generalist primary care clinicians in PrEP provision could facilitate scale‐up of this efficacious intervention.
Plantar Fasciitis—A Comparison of Treatment with Intralesional Steroids versus Platelet-Rich Plasma
Authors: Acosta-Olivo Carlos , Elizondo-Rodriguez Jorge , Lopez-Cavazos Ricardo , Vilchez-Cavazos Felix , Simental-Mendia Mario , Mendoza-Lemus Oscar 
Published: October 2016

Background:Many treatment options for plantar fasciitis currently exist, some with great success in pain relief. The objective of our study was to compare the use of intralesional steroids with platelet-rich plasma (PRP), using pain scales and functional evaluation, in patients with plantar fasciitis who did not respond to conservative treatment.Methods:A controlled, randomized, blinded clinical assay was performed. Patients were assigned to one of the two groups by selecting a sealed envelope. The steroid treatment group received 8 mg of dexamethasone plus 2 mL of lidocaine as a local anesthetic. The PRP treatment group received 3 mL of PRP activated with 0.45 mL of 10% calcium gluconate. All of the patients were evaluated at the beginning of the study, and at 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks post-treatment with the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Foot and Ankle Disability Index (FADI), and American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale.Results:The right foot was the most frequently affected foot (63%). The average age of the patients was 44.8 years (range, 24–61 years). All scales used (VAS, FADI and AOFAS) showed that the difference was not statistically significant between the two groups.Conclusions:We can conclude that the use of PRP is an effective treatment method for patients with plantar fasciitis who do not respond to conservative treatment because PRP demonstrates an efficacy equal to that of steroids. However, the cost and the time for preparation the PRP are two of the disadvantages of this treatment.
Ultrahigh-density data storage into thin films of fullerene molecules
Authors: Nakaya Masato , Aono Masakazu , Nakayama Tomonobu 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Recording nonvolatile digital data with an aerial density above terabit per square inch (Tbits/in.2), the so-called ultrahigh-density data storage, is one of the key technologies toward a sophisticated information-oriented society in the near future. To overcome the limitation of conventional magnetic data storage, one proposed solution is the use of thin films of functional molecules as recording media, in which each nonvolatile digital datum is stored into a single molecule by controlling its chemical reaction. Here, we show the recent progress in ultrahigh-density data storage using ultrathin films of C60 molecules. In this data storage, binary digits (1 and 0) are stored with an aerial density up to 180 Tbits/in.2 by controlling the bound and unbound states of C60 molecules in the films. Writing and erasing bit data have been carried out by selectively inducing the formation and annihilation of a covalent bond between neighboring C60 molecules, respectively, which are precisely controlled for a designated C60 molecule on the surface of a C60 film using the metal tip of a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) system. It has also been shown that quantum efficiencies of STM-induced intermolecular reactions between C60 molecules are a key factor in determining the speeds of data writing and erasing as well as the reliability of these operations. Controlling the quantum efficiencies of intermolecular reactions by electrostatic charge injection from the conductive substrate to the surface layer of C60 films results in data writing with an operating speed of ∼363 bits/s.
Autogenic entrenchment patterns and terraces due to coupling with lateral erosion in incising alluvial channels
Authors: Malatesta Luca C. , Prancevic Jeffrey P. , Avouac Jean‐Philippe 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe abandonment of terraces in incising alluvial rivers can be used to infer tectonic and climatic histories. A river incising into alluvium erodes both vertically and laterally as it abandons fill‐cut terraces. We argue that the input of sediment from the valley walls during entrenchment can alter the incision dynamics of a stream by promoting vertical incision over lateral erosion. Using a numerical model, we investigate how valley wall feedbacks may affect incision rates and terrace abandonment as the channel becomes progressively more entrenched in its valley. We postulate that erosion of taller valley walls delivers large pulses of sediment to the incising channel, potentially overwhelming the local sediment transport capacity. Based on field observations, we propose that these pulses of sediment can form talus piles that shield the valley wall from subsequent erosion and potentially force progressive channel narrowing. Our model shows that this positive feedback mechanism can enhance vertical incision relative to 1‐D predictions that ignore lateral erosion. We find that incision is most significantly enhanced when sediment transport rates are low relative to the typical volume of material collapsed from the valley walls. The model also shows a systematic erosion of the youngest terraces when river incision slows down. The autogenic entrenchment due to lateral feedbacks with valley walls should be taken into account in the interpretation of complex‐response terraces.
Three‐dimensional outflow jets generated in collisionless magnetic reconnection
Authors: Fujimoto Keizo 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe present study proposes a new theoretical model generating three‐dimensional (3‐D) outflow jets in collisionless magnetic reconnection by means of a large‐scale particle‐in‐cell simulation. The key mechanism is the formation of 3‐D flux ropes arising in the turbulent electron current layer formed around the magnetic x line. The scale of the flux ropes along the current density is determined by the wavelength of an electron flow shear mode which is a macroscopic scale larger than the typical kinetic scales. The 3‐D flux ropes are intermittently ejected from the current layer and regulates the outflow jets into three dimensions. The gross reconnection rate is sufficiently large, since reconnection takes place almost uniformly along the x line.
The effect of subtropical aerosol loading on equatorial precipitation
Authors: Dagan G. , Chemke R. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCloud‐aerosol interactions are considered as one of the largest sources of uncertainties in the study of climate change. Here another possible cloud‐aerosol effect on climate is proposed. A series of large eddy simulations (LES) with bin microphysics reveal a sensitivity of the total atmospheric water vapor amount to aerosol concentration. Under polluted conditions the rain is suppressed and the total amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases with time compared to clean precipitating conditions. Theoretical examination of this aerosol effect on water vapor transport from the subtropics to the tropics, and hence on the equatorial rain and Hadley circulation, is conducted using an idealized general circulation model (GCM). It is shown that a reduction in the subtropical rain amount results in increased water vapor advection to the tropics and enhanced equatorial rain and Hadley circulation. This joins previously proposed mechanisms on the radiative aerosol effect on the general circulation.
Adaptive Chemical Networks under Non‐Equilibrium Conditions: The Evaporating Droplet
Authors: Armao Joseph J. , Lehn Jean‐Marie 
Published: October 2016

AbstractNon‐volatile solutes in an evaporating drop experience an out‐of‐equilibrium state due to non‐linear concentration effects and complex flow patterns. Here, we demonstrate a small molecule chemical reaction network that undergoes a rapid adaptation response to the out‐of‐equilibrium conditions inside the droplet leading to control over the molecular constitution and spatial arrangement of the deposition pattern. Adaptation results in a pronounced coffee stain effect and coupling to chemical concentration gradients within the drop is demonstrated. Amplification and suppression of network species are readily identifiable with confocal fluorescence microscopy. We anticipate that these observations will contribute to the design and exploration of out‐of‐equilibrium chemical systems, as well as be useful towards the development of point‐of‐care medical diagnostics and controlled deposition of small molecules through inkjet printing.
Analysis of synonymous codon usage patterns in the edible fungus Volvariella volvacea
Authors: Jiang Wei , Lv Beibei , Wu Xiao , Wang Jinbin , Wu Guogan , Shi Chunhui , Tang Xueming 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn this study, trends in synonymous codons usage of Volvariella volvecea have been first examined by analysis of complete coding sequences and gene chip data. The results showed that GC content at three codon positions are obviously different and there were several factors shaping the codon usage of V. volvacea genes, including base composition. The comparison of codon usage among four edible fungi such as V. volvacea, Agaricus bisporus, Coprinopsis cinerea, and Pleurotus ostreatus indicated that the similar codon usage pattern was used among V. volvacea, A. bisporus and P. ostreatus, but there was significantly different codon usage pattern of C. cinerea. Two arrays of optimal codons were determined by effective number of codons (ENC) values and gene chip database separately, resulting that most of the ENC‐predicted optimal codons were included in the array of gene chip resulted optimal codons. This study can provide useful information for codon usage pattern analysis and gene transformation of V. volvacea.
Untersuchungen zur Optimierung von Holzfaserdämmstoffen in Abhängigkeit von den Aufschlussbedingungen
Authors: Brombacher Volker , Franco Michel , Krug Detlef , Torres U. Marco , Niemz Peter 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAn industriell und im Labor unter Variation der Zerfaserungsbedingungen hergestelltem Faserstoff und an Faserdämmplatten wurden das Feuchteverhalten und die Wärmeleitfähigkeit bestimmt, um das Dämmverhalten der Faserplatten zu optimieren. Es konnte ein Einfluss des Zerfaserungsdruckes auf die Schüttdichte und die Wärmeleitung nachgewiesen werden. Mit zunehmendem Zerfaserungsdruck steigen die Schüttdichte und die Wärmeleitfähigkeit. Dies korreliert mit der Fasergeometrie. Durch die Zerfaserungsbedingungen kann zudem die Gleichgewichtsfeuchte beeinflusst werden. Mit steigendem Druck sinkt die Gleichgewichtsfeuchte.Investigations on improving wood fiber insulation boards depending on mechanical pulping conditions. In the present paper the moisture behaviour and the thermal conductivity of fiberboards and fibres from industrial production and laboratory samples were measured to improve the insulation properties. The bulk density and the thermal conductivity were found to be dependend on the pressure of the pre‐heating unit. With increasing pressure the bulk density and accordingly the thermal conductivity increased too. In addition the results showed that by varying the pressure the moisture content was influenced. With increasing pressure the moisture content decreased.
Wandkonstruktionen im ariden Klima
Authors: Teimourtash Shabnam 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDie klimatisch effiziente Wandkonstruktion ist einer der entscheidenden Faktoren zur Minderung des Energieverbrauchs. Der winterliche Wärmeschutz der Gebäudehülle wird überall durch den Wärmedurchgangskoeffizienten (U‐Wert) geprüft, um die Wärmedämmfähigkeit der Bauteile zu vergleichen. Der sommerliche Wärmeschutz ist insbesondere in ariden Regionen zu berücksichtigen. Dort herrscht kaltes Winterklima und warmes Sommerklima. Die konventionellen Wände sind hier für ihre hohe Wärmespeicherfähigkeit bekannt. Heute werden jedoch Baustoffe mit niedriger Wärmeleitfähigkeit bevorzugt. Die folgende Studie stellt die heutigen den konventionellen Wandkonstruktionen im Iran bezüglich ihres Wärmeschutzes im Sommer und Winter gegenüber. Der Analyse wird der Vergleich der TTC (thermal time constant), der U‐Werte und eine thermodynamische Simulation zugrunde gelegt. Die Auswertung der Ergebnisse schlägt thermisch geeignete Wandkonstruktionen für aride Regionen vor, die in Vorschriften berücksichtigt werden können.External walls in arid climates. Climate efficient design of external walls is one of the factors influencing energy conservation in buildings. The thermal performance of building envelopes in winter is mainly determined by thermal transmittance (U) to compare the thermal insulation of building materials. In summer the heat transfer through the building envelope should especially be considered in the arid regions. This region has cold winter and warm summer climate. External walls of vernacular buildings here have high thermal capacity. However, building materials with low thermal conductivity are common today. This paper compares the thermal performance of contemporary and conventional external walls in Iran to find an effective solution in both summer and winter. The analysis includes the comparison of TTC (thermal time constant) and U‐values of external walls besides a thermodynamic simulation. The results indicate the thermal properties of external walls enhancing indoor thermal comfort, which can be adopted for energy efficiency standards in the arid regions.
Thermischer Komfort im Sommer – Ergebnisse aus dem Energiemonitoring eines mit Passivhauskomponenten sanierten Bürogebäudes
Authors: Bagherian Behrooz 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDas IWU‐Haus dient seit 2011 als neues Domizil des Instituts Wohnen und Umwelt (IWU) in Darmstadt. Das im Jahr 1962 erbaute Verwaltungsgebäude wurde vor dem Einzug energetisch auf nahezu Passivhaus‐Standard (mittlerer Wärmedurchgangskoeffizient Ū (opak) gemäß Energieeinsparverordnung = 0,11 W/(m2K) bzw. Ū (transparent) = 0,85 W/(m2K)) modernisiert. Hierbei wurde dem sommerlichen Wärmeschutz besondere Bedeutung beigemessen und ein für Büronutzung angemessenes Konzept entwickelt.Die Messergebnisse zeigen, dass durch die Sanierung nach dem Passivhaus‐Standard nicht nur der Energieverbrauch sowie CO2‐Emissionen des Bürogebäudes stark reduziert wurden, sondern zudem ohne Klimatisierung ein ausgezeichnetes sommerliches Raumklima erreicht.Thermal comfort in summer – results from the energy monitoring of an office building refurbished with Passive House components. In 2011 the Institute for Housing and Environment moved to a new domicile in Darmstadt, the so called IWU‐house. Beforehand, the administration building built in 1962 was modernised to almost Passive House standard (average heat transfer coefficient Ū (opaque) = 0.11 W/(m2K) and Ū (transparent) = 0.85 W/(m2K)). Special attention was paid to summer heat protection, and an appropriate concept for office use was developed.The measurement results show that not only the energy consumption and CO2 emissions of the office building were greatly reduced; even without air conditioning the refurbishment with Passive House components also ensures an excellent indoor climate in summer.
Synthesis of ZnSe and ZnSe:Cu quantum dots by a room temperature photochemical (UV‐assisted) approach using Na2SeO3 as Se source and investigating optical properties
Authors: Khafajeh R. , Molaei M. , Karimipour M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn this study, ZnSe and ZnSe:Cu quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized using Na2SeO3 as the Se source by a rapid and room temperature photochemical (UV‐assisted) approach. Thioglycolic acid (TGA) was employed as the capping agent and UV illumination activated the chemical reactions. Synthesized QDs were successfully characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), photoluminescence (PL) and UV–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform‐infrared (FT‐IR), and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX). XRD analysis demonstrated the cubic zinc blend phase QDs. TEM images indicated that round‐shaped particles were formed, most of which had a diameter of about 4 nm. The band gap of the ZnSe QDs was higher than that for ZnSe in bulk. PL spectra indicated an emission with three peaks related to the excitonic, surface trap states and deep level (DL) states. The band gap and QD emission were tunable only by UV illumination time during synthesis. ZnSe:Cu showed green emission due to transition of electrons from the Conduction band (CB) or surface trap states to the 2T2 acceptor levels of Cu2+. The emission was increased by increasing the Cu2+ ion concentration, such that the optimal value of PL intensity was obtained for the nominal mole ratio of Cu:Zn 1.5%.
The productive cellulase binding capacity of cellulosic substrates
Authors: Karuna Nardrapee , Jeoh Tina 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTCellulosic biomass is the most promising feedstock for renewable biofuel production; however, the mechanisms of the heterogeneous cellulose saccharification reaction are still unsolved. As cellulases need to bind isolated molecules of cellulose at the surface of insoluble cellulose fibrils or larger aggregated cellulose structures in order to hydrolyze glycosidic bonds, the “accessibility of cellulose to cellulases” is considered to be a reaction limiting property of cellulose. We have defined the accessibility of cellulose to cellulases as the productive binding capacity of cellulose, that is, the concentration of productive binding sites on cellulose that are accessible for binding and hydrolysis by cellulases. Productive cellulase binding to cellulose results in hydrolysis and can be quantified by measuring hydrolysis rates. In this study, we measured the productive Trichoderma reesei Cel7A (TrCel7A) binding capacity of five cellulosic substrates from different sources and processing histories. Swollen filter paper and bacterial cellulose had higher productive binding capacities of ∼6 µmol/g while filter paper, microcrystalline cellulose, and algal cellulose had lower productive binding capacities of ∼3 µmol/g. Swelling and regenerating filter paper using phosphoric acid increased the initial accessibility of the reducing ends to TrCel7A from 4 to 6 µmol/g. Moreover, this increase in initial productive binding capacity accounted in large part for the difference in the overall digestibility between filter paper and swollen filter paper. We further demonstrated that an understanding of how the productive binding capacity declines over the course of the hydrolysis reaction has the potential to predict overall saccharification time courses. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 533–542. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhanced cellulase recovery without β‐glucosidase supplementation for cellulosic ethanol production using an engineered strain and surfactant
Authors: Huang Renliang , Guo Hong , Su Rongxin , Qi Wei , He Zhimin 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTRecycling cellulases by substrate adsorption is a promising strategy for reducing the enzyme cost of cellulosic ethanol production. However, β‐glucosidase has no carbohydrate‐binding module (CBM). Thus, additional enzymes are required in each cycle to achieve a high ethanol yield. In this study, we report a new method of recycling cellulases without β‐glucosidase supplementation using lignocellulosic substrate, an engineered strain expressing β‐glucosidase and Tween 80. The cellulases and Tween 80 were added to an aqueous suspension of diluted sulfuric acid/ammonia‐treated corncobs in a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process for ethanol production. Subsequently, the addition of fresh pretreated corncobs to the fermentation liquor and remaining solid residue provided substrates with absorbed cellulases for the next SSF cycle. This method provided excellent ethanol production in three successive SSF cycles without requiring the addition of new cellulases. For a 10% (w/v) solid loading, a cellulase dosage of 30 filter paper units (FPU)/g cellulose, 0.5% Tween 80, and 2 g/L of the engineered strain, approximately 90% of the initial ethanol concentration from the first SSF process was obtained in the next two SSF processes, with a total ethanol production of 306.27 g/kg corncobs and an enzyme productivity of 0.044 g/FPU. Tween 80 played an important role in enhancing cellulase recovery. This new enzyme recycling method is more efficient and practical than other reported methods. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 543–551. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.