bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Myth of Effective Veto Power under the Rule of Consensus. Dynamics and Democratic Legitimacy of Collective Decision-Making by “Tacit Consent”
Authors: Krick Eva 
Published: April 2017

Cette étude discute l’hypothèse courante selon laquelle la règle de décision par consensus, par laquelle les décisions sont prises par « consentement tacite », c’est-à-dire sans vote et en absence d’une dissidence ouverte, attribue un pouvoir de veto à chaque décideur. Elle aborde cette hypothèse d’un point de vue conceptuel, analytique et empirique et réévalue la valeur démocratique de cette règle de décision et son applicabilité empirique. L’argument principal de l’étude est que les options de veto sont restreintes par mille façons sous la règle du consensus, ce qui rend cette hypothèse du consentement trompeuse. Nous montrons que le pouvoir de veto en cas de décisions collectives prises selon la règle de consensus est limité par divers mécanismes et normes sociales, qu’il est en outre réparti de façon asymétrique parmi les décideurs, et en outre désactivé, dans une majorité de cas, par « l’ombre du vote majoritaire ». L’examen des dimensions de la légitimité démocratique en termes d’intrants et de résultats montre que l’égalité de participation et d’influence et les normes de transparence et de responsabilité sont violées en raison des options de la règle du veto et d’un ordre ambigu de préférences découlant de la logique particulière de cette règle de décision. L’efficacité de cette règle est néanmoins forte et l’engagement du groupe n’est pas inférieur à ce qu’on observe dans des situations où s’applique la règle du vote. Compte tenu des points forts et des points faibles de cette règle décisionnelle, sa pertinence dans divers contextes politiques est discutée.
Hydromorphological restoration stimulates river ecosystem metabolism
Authors: Kupilas Benjamin , Hering Daniel , Lorenz Armin W. , Knuth Christoph , Gücker Björn 
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Both ecosystem structure and functioning determine ecosystem status and are important for the provision of goods and services to society. However, there is a paucity of research that couples functional measures with assessments of ecosystem structure. In mid-sized and large rivers, effects of restoration on key ecosystem processes, such as ecosystem metabolism, have rarely been addressed and remain poorly understood. We compared three reaches of the third-order, gravel-bed river Ruhr in Germany: two reaches restored with moderate (R1) and substantial effort (R2) and one upstream degraded reach (D). Hydromorphology, habitat composition, and hydrodynamics were assessed. We estimated gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) using the one-station open-channel diel dissolved oxygen change method over a 50-day period at the end of each reach. Moreover, we estimated metabolic rates of the combined restored reaches (R1 + R2) using the two-station open-channel method. Values for hydromorphological variables increased with restoration intensity (D  <  R1  <  R2). Restored reaches had lower current velocity, higher longitudinal dispersion and larger transient storage zones. However, fractions of median travel time due to transient storage were highest in R1 and lowest in R2, with intermediate values in D. The share of macrophyte cover of total wetted area was highest in R2 and lowest in R1, with intermediate values in D. Station R2 had higher average GPP and ER than R1 and D. The combined restored reaches R1 + R2 also exhibited higher GPP and ER than the degraded upstream river (station D). Restoration increased river autotrophy, as indicated by elevated GPP : ER, and net ecosystem production (NEP) of restored reaches. Temporal patterns of ER closely mirrored those of GPP, pointing to the importance of autochthonous production for ecosystem functioning. In conclusion, high reach-scale restoration effort had considerable effects on river hydrodynamics and ecosystem functioning, which were mainly related to massive stands of macrophytes. High rates of metabolism and the occurrence of dense macrophyte stands may increase the assimilation of dissolved nutrients and the sedimentation of particulate nutrients, thereby positively affecting water quality.
The Determinants of Voting Behaviour: Evidences from the 2015 Elections in Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Ogbogu Christiana O. , Olaoye Jesutola A. 
Published: April 2017

This study identified the determinants of voting behavior of electorates in the year 2015 general election in Oyo State, Nigeria. This was done with a view to ascertain whether gender, age and personal ideology affected the voting behavior of the electorates in the election process. The study which is a survey generated its primary data through the administration of questionnaire on 640 randomly selected electorates from 3 randomly selected local government in Oyo State, Nigeria. The retrieved data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics in the form of means, standard deviation, t-test and multiple regression.The results revealed that age (β = 0.158; t = 4.051; P<0.05) and personal ideology (-0.135; t = -3.472; P<0.05) significantly predicted electorates’ voting behavior, while gender (β = 0.068; t = 1.748, P>0.05) did not directly predict the voting behavior of the electorates. This implied that there was no significant difference between the voting behavior of the male and female electorates (t = -1.488; P >0.05).The study concluded that the Nigerian government needs to harness efforts in educating her citizenry on the essence of voting as a civic duty which should not be affected by age, or gender. This would improve the personal ideology of the electorates to the level that guarantees sustenance of democracy.
Ni verticale, ni horizontale : la gouvernance communautaire au sein de la francophonie en situation minoritaire au Canada
Authors: Forgues Éric 
Published: April 2017

Dans cet article, nous proposons quelques pistes qui permettront de saisir certains enjeux qui se posent à l’égard du mode de gouvernance qui se met en place au sein du milieu associatif francophone en situation minoritaire. Deux voies principales guideront notre réflexion : le mode de coordination de l’action qui sous-tend les pratiques de gouvernance, et les rapports qui unissent l’État fédéral canadien au milieu associatif francophone. Notre hypothèse est la suivante : dans la gouvernance communautaire actuelle du milieu associatif francophone, l’État se réserve un pouvoir sous l’empire duquel il oriente l’organisation même des organismes francophones. Le partage du pouvoir, qui constitue l’une des caractéristiques principales de la gouvernance, se limite essentiellement à la collation de responsabilités en matière de gestion des activités communautaires de ces organismes. Dans cette perspective, nous constatons l’existence d’un alourdissement appréciable des exigences administratives. Toutefois, des efforts sont déployés pour ancrer la gouvernance dans des pratiques de consultation, de concertation et de délibération auprès des organismes et de la population francophone minoritaire. Effectivement, ce sont les organismes eux-mêmes qui participent pour l’essentiel aux consultations et qui déterminent les orientations du développement communautaire. Ainsi, l’analyse nous amène à nuancer l’idée que, telle qu’elle s’exerce dans le milieu associatif francophone, la gouvernance serait horizontale.
Le droit à la ville « Made in Québec » : un exercice de gouvernance marqué par le pragmatisme? Le cas de Montréal
Authors: Lamarche Lucie 
Published: April 2017

Lucie Lamarche (Chaire Gordon F. Henderson en droits de la personne, Université d’Ottawa) se penche sur les conséquences, pour la gouvernabilité municipale, de l’adoption en 2006 de la Charte montréalaise des droits et responsabilités des et des citoyennes. Parmi les dimensions de la gouvernabilité affectées par ce changement de normativité, l’auteure retient principalement, pour les fins de l’analyse, celles de la relation à l’espace, de la subsidiarité, du déplacement du contrôle de la normativité en matière de droits humains des citadins, ainsi que celles de la participation et de la démocratisation des processus d’élaborations de politiques publiques. Comme le mentionne Lamarche, l’adoption de cette Charte n’a pas qu’une seule portée symbolique, au demeurant importante : par-delà cette dernière, elle modifie la gestion de la ville de Montréal et de ses arrondissements.
La théorie de l’énoncé et la thématique de la gouvernance organisationnelle : un point de vue méthodologique
Authors: Jebbour Benaissa 
Published: April 2017

Dans les disciplines descriptives, comme les sciences de gestion/politique, les questions relatives aux langages de l’objet et les systèmes symboliques imposent de la rigueur scientifique aux confins des considérations linguistiques et extralinguistiques. C’est notamment le cas de la thématique de la gouvernance organisationnelle. L’objet de cet article est de proposer une méthodologie de recherche à cet égard en usant d’une théorie de l’énoncé. Par ce détour, on montre que dans le sens d’une expression, deux attitudes philosophiques peuvent non seulement cohabiter dans l’énoncé‐type mais aussi que l’une ne peut se passer de l’autre : la phénoménologie herméneutique et la philosophie analytique de l’action. Une telle complémentarité anticipe dès lors des découvertes analytiques et phénoménologiques, et dont la synthèse réside dans la philosophie politique. On montrera que la théorie de l’énoncé permette d’aborder aisément l’ontologie de l’action, et qu’en se faisant, elle défriche le terrain de l’investigation scientifique par recours à l’opérateur de cohérence.
Bringing the transgovernmental in: the public service in the Canada-United States relationship
Authors: Gattinger Monica 
Published: April 2017

This article examines an often-overlooked dimension of Canada-United States relations : relations between Canadian and American public servants. Meetings between political leaders of Canada and the US may make front-page headlines, but it is the myriad of networks and interconnections between Canadian and American public servants that constitute the lion’s share of bilateral activity. Notwithstanding the multitude of daily cross-border, inter-departmental, and inter-agency interactions, there has been relatively little systematic theoretical or empirical attention to the public sector dimension of Canada-US relations. Public administration scholars tend to train their sights on the domestic level and pay little or no attention to the public management dimension of international affairs. A recently edited volume studying contemporary Canadian public administration does not examine these relations. International relations scholars, for their part, tend to oversimplify domestic politics and policy institutions. This text contributes to bridging this gap in the literature. It builds on the concept of transgovernmentalism, relations between legislative, executive, regulatory, and judicial players with their international counterparts. It examines the mechanisms and processes by which public sector players interact across borders (e.g., informal relations, formal agreements, joint organizations, etc.). The article explores the relationship between the degree of bilateral policy coordination in a policy field or issue area and the mechanisms of transgovernmental activity characterizing cross-border relations in that policy domain.
Gouvernance partenariale et performance organisationnelle : les enseignements des privatisations passées
Authors: Chatelin Céline 
Published: April 2017

Cet article traite deux questions, l’une relative à la problématique fondamentale du lien entre propriété et performance dans le cas emblématique de la privatisation, l’autre relative à la portée explicative de la théorie de la gouvernance. En reconsidérant le débat traditionnel fondé sur le « simple » transfert de propriété au profit d’agents privés, notre réflexion relève d’une analyse des règles du jeu organisationnel qui gouvernent le processus de décision. Dans une perspective partenariale de la valeur, quid des effets de la privatisation sur le processus décisionnel et sur ses interactions avec les mécanismes de gouvernance qui sont supposés l’encadrer ? Ce renouvellement de perspective offre en retour, une opportunité de statuer sur la théorie de la gouvernance partenariale. Cet article sollicite ainsi une réflexion ouverte sur les axes de recherche de la théorie de la gouvernance dans la compréhension d’une logique continue d’adaptation de l’entreprise à son environnement.
Comparison of Maternal and Fetal Outcomes in Pregnancies with Preterm Premature Rupture of Membrane (PPROM) Terminating in 34th or 36th Gestational Weeks: A Clinical Trial
Authors: Abbasalizadeh Shamsi , Bagherifard Rana , Mahdavi Farshad , Abbasaizadeh Fatemeh , Raouf Shiva 
Published: April 2017

present study, we aimed at studying maternal and neonatal outcomes in patients with terminated pregnancy in 34th and 36th gestational weeks. Materials and methods: 40 pregnant women, with PPROM who underwent pregnancy termination at 34 group (A) or 36 group (B) gestational weeks, were included to be evaluated and compared for maternal and neonatal outcomes. Type of delivery, birth complications, chorioamnoionitis, endometritis, sepsis, maternal mortality, infant gender, birth weight, Apgar scores, respiratory distress syndrome, Meconium-stained amniotic fluid, NICU admission, abruption, umbilical cord prolapse, maternal and neonatal outcomes were compared between the two groups. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding maternal age, level of education, or gravity. The percentage of cases with birth weight between 1500 and 2500 g was significantly higher in group A P<0.001). Frequency of NICU admission in group A was significantly more than group B (P<0.001). In conclusion: Termination of pregnancy at 36 weeks compared to 34 weeks in pregnant women with PPROM is preferred in terms of neonatal outcomes and it is recommended; also, there might be no preference in terms of maternal outcomes.
Melanogenesis‐Inhibitory and Cytotoxic Activities of Limonoids, Alkaloids, and Phenolic Compounds from Phellodendron amurense Bark
Authors: Akihisa Toshihiro , Yokokawa Satoru , Ogihara Eri , Matsumoto Masahiro , Zhang Jie , Kikuchi Takashi , Koike Kazuo , Abe Masahiko 
Published: April 2017

Four limonoids, 1 – 4, five alkaloids, 5 – 9, and four phenolic compounds, 10 – 13, were isolated from a MeOH extract of the bark of Phellodendron amurense (Rutaceae). Among these, compound 13 was new, and its structure was established as rel‐(1R,2R,3R)‐5‐hydroxy‐3‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenyl)‐6‐methoxy‐1‐(methoxycarbonylmethyl)indane‐2‐carboxylic acid methyl ester (γ‐di(methyl ferulate)) based on the spectrometric analysis. Upon evaluation of compounds 1 – 13 against the melanogenesis in the B16 melanoma cells induced with α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH), four compounds, limonin (1), noroxyhydrastinine (6), haplopine (7), and 4‐methoxy‐1‐methylquinolin‐2(1H)‐one (8), exhibited potent melanogenesis‐inhibitory activities with almost no toxicity to the cells. Western blot analysis revealed that compound 6 inhibited melanogenesis, at least in part, by inhibiting the expression of protein levels of tyrosinase, TRP‐1, and TRP‐2 in α‐MSH‐stimulated B16 melanoma cells. In addition, when compounds 1 – 13 were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against leukemia (HL60), lung (A549), duodenum (AZ521), and breast (SK‐BR‐3) cancer cell lines, five compounds, berberine (5), 8, canthin‐6‐one (9), α‐di‐(methyl ferulate) (12), and 13, exhibited cytotoxicities against one or more cancer cell lines with IC50 values in the range of 2.6 – 90.0 μm. In particular, compound 5 exhibited strong cytotoxicity against AZ521 (IC50 2.6 μm) which was superior to that of the reference cisplatin (IC50 9.5 μm).
Hybrid finite difference/finite element immersed boundary method
Authors: Griffith Boyce E , Luo Xiaoyu 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe immersed boundary method is an approach to fluid‐structure interaction that uses a Lagrangian description of the structural deformations, stresses, and forces along with an Eulerian description of the momentum, viscosity, and incompressibility of the fluid‐structure system. The original immersed boundary methods described immersed elastic structures using systems of flexible fibers, and even now, most immersed boundary methods still require Lagrangian meshes that are finer than the Eulerian grid. This work introduces a coupling scheme for the immersed boundary method to link the Lagrangian and Eulerian variables that facilitates independent spatial discretizations for the structure and background grid. This approach uses a finite element discretization of the structure while retaining a finite difference scheme for the Eulerian variables. We apply this method to benchmark problems involving elastic, rigid, and actively contracting structures, including an idealized model of the left ventricle of the heart. Our tests include cases in which, for a fixed Eulerian grid spacing, coarser Lagrangian structural meshes yield discretization errors that are as much as several orders of magnitude smaller than errors obtained using finer structural meshes. The Lagrangian‐Eulerian coupling approach developed in this work enables the effective use of these coarse structural meshes with the immersed boundary method. This work also contrasts two different weak forms of the equations, one of which is demonstrated to be more effective for the coarse structural discretizations facilitated by our coupling approach.
Withaferin-A kills cancer cells with and without telomerase: chemical, computational and experimental evidences
Authors: Yu Yue , Katiyar Shashank P , Sundar Durai , Kaul Zeenia , Miyako Eijiro , Zhang Zhenya , Kaul Sunil C , Reddel Roger R , Wadhwa Renu 
Published: April 2017

AbstractMaintenance of telomere length is the most consistent attribute of cancer cells. Tightly connected to their capacity to overcome replicative mortality, it is achieved either by activation of telomerase or an Alternative mechanism of Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT). Disruption of either of these mechanisms has been shown to induce DNA damage signalling leading to senescence or apoptosis. Telomerase inhibitors are considered as potential anticancer drugs but are ineffective for ALT cancers (~15% of all cancers). Withaferin-A (Wi-A), a major constituent of the medicinal plant, Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), has been shown to exert anti-tumour activity. However, its effect on either telomerase or ALT mechanisms has not been investigated. Here, by using isogenic cancer cells with/without telomerase, we found that Wi-A caused stronger cytotoxicity to ALT cells. It was associated with inhibition of ALT-associated promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies, an established marker of ALT. Comparative analyses of telomerase positive and ALT cells revealed that Wi-A caused stronger telomere dysfunction and upregulation of DNA damage response in ALT cells. Molecular computational and experimental analyses revealed that Wi-A led to Myc-Mad mediated transcriptional suppression of NBS-1, an MRN complex protein that is an essential component of the ALT mechanism. The results suggest that Wi-A could be a new candidate drug for ALT cancers.
Role of chiral quantum Hall edge states in nuclear spin polarization
Authors: Yang Kaifeng , Nagase Katsumi , Hirayama Yoshiro , Mishima Tetsuya D. , Santos Michael B. , Liu Hongwu 
Published: April 2017

AbstractResistively detected NMR (RDNMR) based on dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) in a quantum Hall ferromagnet (QHF) is a highly sensitive method for the discovery of fascinating quantum Hall phases; however, the mechanism of this DNP and, in particular, the role of quantum Hall edge states in it are unclear. Here we demonstrate the important but previously unrecognized effect of chiral edge modes on the nuclear spin polarization. A side-by-side comparison of the RDNMR signals from Hall bar and Corbino disk configurations allows us to distinguish the contributions of bulk and edge states to DNP in QHF. The unidirectional current flow along chiral edge states makes the polarization robust to thermal fluctuations at high temperatures and makes it possible to observe a reciprocity principle of the RDNMR response. These findings help us better understand complex NMR responses in QHF, which has important implications for the development of RDNMR techniques.
Real-time Crystal Growth Visualization and Quantification by Energy-Resolved Neutron Imaging
Authors: Tremsin Anton S. , Perrodin Didier , Losko Adrian S. , Vogel Sven C. , Bourke Mark A.M. , Bizarri Gregory A. , Bourret Edith D. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractEnergy-resolved neutron imaging is investigated as a real-time diagnostic tool for visualization and in-situ measurements of “blind” processes. This technique is demonstrated for the Bridgman-type crystal growth enabling remote and direct measurements of growth parameters crucial for process optimization. The location and shape of the interface between liquid and solid phases are monitored in real-time, concurrently with the measurement of elemental distribution within the growth volume and with the identification of structural features with a ~100 μm spatial resolution. Such diagnostics can substantially reduce the development time between exploratory small scale growth of new materials and their subsequent commercial production. This technique is widely applicable and is not limited to crystal growth processes.
Complementary spin transistor using a quantum well channel
Authors: Park Youn Ho , Choi Jun Woo , Kim Hyung-jun , Chang Joonyeon , Han Suk Hee , Choi Heon-Jin , Koo Hyun Cheol 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIn order to utilize the spin field effect transistor in logic applications, the development of two types of complementary transistors, which play roles of the n- and p-type conventional charge transistors, is an essential prerequisite. In this research, we demonstrate complementary spin transistors consisting of two types of devices, namely parallel and antiparallel spin transistors using InAs based quantum well channels and exchange-biased ferromagnetic electrodes. In these spin transistors, the magnetization directions of the source and drain electrodes are parallel or antiparallel, respectively, depending on the exchange bias field direction. Using this scheme, we also realize a complementary logic operation purely with spin transistors controlled by the gate voltage, without any additional n- or p-channel transistor.