bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food-Borne Pathogens and Contaminants in Raw Milk – A Review
Authors: Zastempowska Ewa , Grajewski Jan , Twarużek Magdalena 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The aim of the present review is to highlight the threats to human health posed by consumption of milk and dairy products. The interest in drinking raw milk has been growing in some societies as many people believe it has health benefits. Raw milk is promoted as ‘health food’ despite the fact that it poses a realistic microbiological hazard for the consumers’ health or life. Food-borne disease outbreaks associated with Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli, Brucella melitensis, Mycobacterium bovis and tick-borne encephalitis virus have been traced to the consumption of raw milk, however, many other microorganisms that can be present in milk are considered as potential food-borne pathogens to humans. The other common causative agents in food-borne disease outbreaks are bacterial toxins produced by Bacillus, Clostridium and Staphylococcus spp. Some of the milk pathogens harbour antimicrobial resistant genes, which can be transferred to commensal bacteria. Most dangerous are methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and extended spectrum beta lactamase/AmpC gene-carrying bacteria from the family of Enterobacteriaceae, which might negatively affect the treatment of infections in humans. Fungi are not considered as food-borne pathogens for humans, however their secondary metabolites, mycotoxins, constitute a potential threat to public health. Mycotoxins or their metabolites detected so far in milk samples include aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, zearalenone and its metabolites, fumonisins, de-epoxy-deoxynivalenol and cyclopiazonic acid.
Association of Gene Coding for Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein (MTP) and Meat Texture Characteristic in Pig
Authors: Ropka-Molik Katarzyna , Podstawski Przemysław , Piórkowska Katarzyna , Tyra Mirosław 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The microsomal triglyceride transfer protein via participation in transport of neutral lipids between membrane vesicle is essential for assembly of chylomicrons, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). In human and pigs, it has been confirmed that mutations within MTTP locus affected lipid-transfer activity of this protein. The aim of the present study was to establish potential influences of ENSSSCP00000009789.2:p.Leu840Phe polymorphism on a panel of meat texture parameters measured in two muscles: m. longissimus lumborum and m. semimembranosus. The research performed on 410 pigs showed that investigated missense polymorphism was associated with meat texture profile parameters – TPA (hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, resilience, chewiness) as well as firmness and toughness estimated in loin muscle. In whole analyzed population, the meat of pigs with CC genotype was characterized by significantly the lowest value of TPA characteristic and this trend was also confirmed in two breeds (Puławska and Large White pigs). In turn, the results obtained for firmness and toughness parameters in longissimus lumborum were not consistent across the different populations studied. Our research, in connection with previous studies, indicated that the MTTP gene may be considered as a candidate gene responsible for pork quality traits and pinpointed a need for further analysis in order to select useful genetic markers associated with meat quality parameters.
Measuring Innovation in Mountain Destinations
Authors: Lencsésová Zuzana 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Innovation is an important tool for increasing the competitiveness of businesses or tourism destinations. In the mountain destinations the innovation has to be implemented in accordance to the principles of sustainable development. It is therefore necessary to measure the innovation rate and to explain the influence of various innovations groups on the development of mountain destinations.
The aim of the paper is to explore the structure of innovations in the Slovak and Swiss mountain destinations and to find out their innovation rate. In the context of measuring the innovations, two fundamental approaches are explained. The innovations implemented in 34 Slovak and 29 Swiss mountain destinations in 2013 are analysed on the basis of the information published in annual reports, which were complemented by the interviews with the managers of mountain destinations. The identified innovations are classified into innovations groups and ranked. The innovation rate in the defined innovations groups and the comprehensive innovation rate for all mountain destinations are detected. The article also explains the connection between the innovation rate and the destination life cycle phase.
Calculation of available water supply in crop root zone and the water balance of crops
Authors: Haberle Jan , Svoboda Pavel 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Determination of the water supply available in soils for crops is important for both the calculation of water balance and the prediction of water stress. An approach to calculations of available water content in layers of the root zone, depletion of water during growth, and water balance, with limited access to data on farms, is presented. Soil water retention was calculated with simple pedotransfer functions from the texture of soil layers, root depth, and depletion function were derived from observed data; and the potential evapotranspiration was calculated from the temperature. A comparison of the calculated and experimental soil water contents showed a reasonable fit.
Relationship between tree bark surface temperature and selected meteorological elements
Authors: Středa Tomáš , Litschmann Tomáš , Středová Hana 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The results were obtained by measurements in 2014 and 2015 in an apple orchard in Starý Lískovec and Těšetice (South Moravia, Czech Republic, Central Europe) into fertile planting of apple trees. The results show that the bark surface temperature during the year slightly differs from the surrounding air temperature. In addition, it is in average a few tenths of a °C higher in the period before the onset of the vegetation and several tenths of a degree lower during vegetation. Causes of these differences appear to be associated with the flow of sap as well as with foliage. Although it can be reasonably assumed that the temperature of the bark surface on the south side will be significantly affected by the global radiation, our measurements did not demonstrate this dependency. It appears that the wind speed had significantly larger influence on the temperature differences in the non-vegetation period as at speeds over 3.5 m s−1, the drop of temperature is so significant that the bark surface is colder than the surrounding air. Comparison of the development of sums of daily and hourly effective temperatures above 10 °C has shown that where daily values do not show significant differences, hourly values differed so prominently that the calculated date of emergence of adult codling moth in the bark surface was approximately one week earlier than with the use of data for air temperatures.
Modes and Noise Propagation in Phase Space
Authors: Ben-Benjamin J. S. , Cohen L. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe show that phase space methods developed for quantum mechanics, such as the Wigner distribution, can be effectively used to study the evolution of nonstationary noise in dispersive media. We formulate the issue in terms of modes and show how modes evolve and how they are effected by sources.We show that each mode satisfies a Schrödinger type equation where the “Hamiltonian” may not be Hermitian. The Hamiltonian operator corresponds to dispersion relationwhere thewavenumber is replaced by the wavenumber operator. A complex dispersion relation corresponds to a non Hermitian operator and indicates that we have attenuation. A number of examples are given.
The analytical design method of railway route’s
main directions intersection area
Authors: Koc Wladysław 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The paper presents a design method related to
railway track sections situated in a bend. In the method
advantage is taken of an analytical form of description by
using appropriate mathematical formulae. This may becomeparticularly
usefulwhen the investigations are based
on the data obtained from mobile satellite measurements.
In the paper attention is concentrated on an universal approach
creating an opportunity to diversify the type and
length of the transition curves in use. The design procedure
of the geometric lay-out is allocated to a particular local
system of coordinates to be followed by a special transfer
of the obtained solution to the national frame of space
references 2000. The adopted course of procedure together
with adequate theoretical relations has been provided. All
the study has been illustrated with calculation examples
based on data obtained from the railway line in operation.
Study of anti-cancer properties of green silver nanoparticles against MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines
Authors: Rajawat Shweta , Kurchania Rajnish , Rajukumar Katherukamen , Pitale Shreyas , Saha Sonali , Qureshi M.S. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn the present work, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using an easy, simple, and environment-friendly method based on principles of green chemistry in the absence of a sophisticated laboratory, and their anti-cancer properties were studied. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using electrolytic deposition. As-synthesized nanoparticles were capped using black tea leaf extract. MTT assay was used to investigate anti-cancer activity. X-ray diffraction graphs show highly pure as-synthesized silver nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy images show well-dispersed spherical nanoparticles, with an average size of 9 and 15 nm, corresponding to different values of parameters used in the synthesis. For the MCF-7 cancer cell lines, 100% growth inhibition is obtained. The 50% growth inhibition concentration values against MCF-7 cancer cell lines were obtained at 70- and 30-fold dilutions of colloidal silver of almost the same concentration, 178 μg/ml, for both configurations. Silver nanoparticles can be synthesized, and their morphology can be tuned using the electrolytic deposition method with black tea leaf extract as capping agent. Silver nanoparticles with an average size of 9 nm are more effective those with an average size of 15 nm. The synthesis method is faster, cheaper, and environment friendly and renders a treatment option that can have high accessibility, reduced harmful side effects, and increased economic benefits.
Simulation of CO2 enrichment and climate change impacts on soybean production
Authors: Fu Tongcheng , Ha Bokeun , Ko Jonghan 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The potential doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentration and associated changes in temperature and precipitation are crucial issues for agricultural productivity. The CROPGRO-Soybean model in decision support system for agro-technology transfer v4.5 to simulate soybean (Glycine max cv. Pioneer 93B15) grown in an elevated CO2 environment was calibrated and validated. Crop growth and yield data were obtained from a series of experiments conducted in central Illinois at the soybean free air CO2 enrichment facility from 2002 to 2006. The model was applied to simulate the possible impacts of climate change on soybean yield in the region for the future years of 2080-2100, centred on 2090. The model reproduced the measured soybean growth and yield well under ambient and elevated CO2 conditions. For the period from 2081 to 2100, soybean yield was projected to decrease due to elevated temperature but to increase due to elevated precipitation and CO2 concentration, achieving counterbalance. The adverse impacts of the warming conditions on soybean yield can be mitigated by late planting within an optimum planting range (day of year 145 to 152) as a management option, as well as by controlling genetic responses to thermal days in the reproductive stage.
Impact of temperature on the biological properties of soil
Authors: Borowik Agata , Wyszkowska Jadwiga 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine the response of soil microorganisms and enzymes to the temperature of soil. The effect of the temperatures: 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25°C on the biological properties of soil was investigated under laboratory conditions. The study was performed using four different soils differing in their granulometric composition. It was found that 15°C was the optimal temperature for the development of microorganisms in soil. Typically, in the soil, the highest activity of dehydrogenases was observed at 10-15°C, catalase and acid phosphatase – at 15°C, alkaline phosphatase at 20°C, urease and β-glucosidase at 25°C. The highest colony development index for heterotrophic bacteria was recorded in soils incubated at 25°C, while for actinomycetes and fungi at 15°C. The incubation temperature of soil only slightly changed the ecophysiological variety of the investigated groups of microorganisms. Therefore, the observed climate changes might have a limited impact on the soil microbiological activity, because of the high ability of microorganisms to adopt. The response of soil microorganisms and enzymes was more dependent on the soil granulometric composition, organic carbon, and total nitrogen than on its temperature.
Irrigation and fertigation scheduling under drip irrigation for maize crop in sandy soil
Authors: Ibrahim Mahmoud M. , El-Baroudy Ahmed A. , Taha Ahmed M. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Field experiments was conducted to determine the best irrigation scheduling and the proper period for injecting fertilizers through drip irrigation water in a sandy soil to optimize maize yield and water productivity. Four irrigation levels (0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2) of the crop evapotranspiration and two fertigation periods (applying the recommended fertilizer dose in 60 and 80% of the irrigation time) were applied in a split-plot design, in addition to a control treatment which represented conventional irrigation and fertilization of maize in the studied area. The results showed that increasing the irrigation water amount and the fertilizer application period increased vegetative growth and yield. The highest grain yield and the lowest one were obtained under the treatment at 1.2 and of 0.6 crop evapotranspiration, respectively. The treatment at 0.8 crop evapotranspiration with fertilizer application in 80% of the irrigation time gave the highest water productivity (1.631 kg m−3) and saved 27% of the irrigation water compared to the control treatment. Therefore, this treatment is recommended to irrigate maize crops because of the water scarcity conditions of the studied area.
Statistical modelling of agrometeorological time series by exponential smoothing
Authors: Murat Małgorzata , Malinowska Iwona , Hoffmann Holger , Baranowski Piotr 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Meteorological time series are used in modelling agrophysical processes of the soil-plant-atmosphere system which determine plant growth and yield. Additionally, long-term meteorological series are used in climate change scenarios. Such studies often require forecasting or projection of meteorological variables, eg the projection of occurrence of the extreme events. The aim of the article was to determine the most suitable exponential smoothing models to generate forecast using data on air temperature, wind speed, and precipitation time series in Jokioinen (Finland), Dikopshof (Germany), Lleida (Spain), and Lublin (Poland). These series exhibit regular additive seasonality or non-seasonality without any trend, which is confirmed by their autocorrelation functions and partial autocorrelation functions. The most suitable models were indicated by the smallest mean absolute error and the smallest root mean squared error.
Partially Anticipated Monetary Policy Shocks – Are They Stabilizing or Destabilizing?
Authors: Offick Sven , Wohltmann Hans-Werner 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This paper uses a dynamic framework of a small open economy to study the volatility effects of partially anticipated monetary policy shocks in which the public has imperfect information about the size and/or the timing of the future expansionary policy intervention. Our two main results are as follows: (i) Partially anticipated monetary policy shocks may be stabilizing, i. e. lead to a lower volatility than a fully anticipated monetary policy shock of the same form. (ii) However, we typically obtain a trade off in volatilities such that a simultaneous stabilization of inflation and output is not possible. If the public underestimates (overestimates) the size of the shock, output (inflation) may be stabilized. Our results imply that the central bank may have an incentive to withhold information from the public about the true central bank’s intention.
Spinal and Shoulder Girdle Range of Motion in Elite Female Volleyball Athletes
Authors: Hawrylak Arletta , Wojna Dorota , Chromik Krystyna 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

Introduction.
Doing asymmetric sports when one suffers from body asymmetry may cause body posture disorders. The aim of the study was to assess the spinal and shoulder complex mobility of professionally trained volleyball athletes compared to that of their peers who do not practise any sports.

Material and methods.
The study involved 60 participants divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of 30 girls aged 14 years. The average height in the group was 176.37 ± 6.29 cm, and the average body mass was 64.53 ± 7.12 kg. Group 2 consisted of 30 girls aged 15.6 ± 1.12 years who did not practise any sports. The average body height in this group was 159.37 ± 3.33 cm, and the average body mass was 51.83 ± 4.03 kg. The dominant limb was defined on the basis of lateralization. The spinal range of motion was measured by means of a Saunders digital inclinometer, and the shoulder complex range of motion was examined using the goniometric method. Means and standard deviations were calculated, and Student’s t-test was applied in order to determine the differences between the two groups.

Results.
The differences in the values obtained in the two groups for the spinal range of motion in the sagittal plane were statistically significant only for the range of lumbar spine bending and extension. It was found that group 1 had a higher range of spine mobility in the frontal and transverse planes, and the differences were statistically significant in all the assessed ranges towards the dominant limb. An analysis of the shoulder girdle range of motion in the groups revealed that the differences were also statistically significant in all of the examined ranges.

Conclusion.
Professional volleyball practice can cause an increase in spine flexibility in most of its ranges, and the shoulder girdle range of motion in female volleyball players can exceed population norms, especially for the upper dominant limb.
Biomechanical Assessment of the Strength of Volleyball Players in Different Stages of the Training Macrocycle
Authors: Śliwa Marcin , Sacewicz Tomasz 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

Introduction.
In order to help volleyball players achieve superior results, their coaches are constantly seeking new training methods. One of the methods used to improve the effectiveness of the training that is being implemented is conducting tests which make it possible to assess the player’s locomotor system in terms of its motor and biomechanical functions. The aim of the study was to determine the torque of the knee flexor and extensor muscles of volleyball players in three stages of the annual macrocycle.

Material and methods.
The study involved 14 volleyball players. Torque was assessed using the BIODEX System 4 Pro at the angular velocities of 60°/s and 180°/s, in three periods of the annual training macrocycle.

Results.
After the preparatory training period, there was a statistically significant increase in the torque of the flexor and extensor muscles of the lower limbs, both for the lower velocity (p ≤ 0.02 for the right limb and p ≤ 0.024 for the left limb) and the higher one (p ≤ 0.03 for the right limb and p ≤ 0.034 for the left limb). After the preliminary round, statistically insignificant changes were found for the torque values obtained at both velocities.

Conclusions.
The study showed that frequent monitoring of players can help assess their strength capacity in a more reliable way. The results of such measurements carried out in different periods of the volleyball season can help evaluate the players’ strength at a given moment, verify and modify the training methods which are being used, and approach each player individually.
About a Method of the Estimation of the Recreational and Health Value of a Protected Area
Authors: Mazurkiewicz Ludwik , Pacelt Justyna 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

Introduction.
Recreation is very popular in protected areas where the number of visitors is increasing from year to year. They are attracted by benefits provided by natural resources in the form of favorable conditions to spend time for leisure. These benefits have a specified value which is known as a recreational one. In this paper a method is presented how to measure it.

Material and methods.
The method is an extension of an approach known as the travel cost method. The extension consists in taking additional assumptions into account like needs that drive people to recreate in protected areas and as a result the recreational and health value of the area is estimated more precisely. The calculation was realized on data collected by a survey based on an interview questionnaire among 60 respondents in the Kampinoski National Park in the second half of July 2014.

Results.
The recreational and health value estimated on the results obtained from 60 respondents amounted to 235 837 PLN and 165 194 PLN respectively. The article presents also more detailed calculations of the selected surveys.

Conclusions.
The factors which contribute in a decisive way into the area recreational and health value are the number of visits, the share of a health motive and the length of stay. There are also other factors of lesser contribution into the value like: the time of getting the area, the cost of its reaching and the sum respondents declared to pay for the area protection.
Antiproliferative effects of triterpenoidal derivatives, obtained from the marine sponge Siphonochalina sp., on human hepatic and colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Abdel-Lateff Ahmed , Al-Abd Ahmed M. , Alahdal Abdulrahman M. , Alarif Walied M. , Ayyad Seif-Eldin N. , Al-Lihaibi Sultan S. , Hegazy Mohamed E. , Al Mohammadi Ameen , Abdelghany Tamer M. , Abdel-Naim Ashraf B. , Moustafa Mohamed A.A. , Banjer Zainy M. , Azhar Ahmad S. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Three triterpenoidal derivatives [Sipholenol A (1), sipholenol L (2) and sipholenone A (3)] were isolated from the Red Sea sponge Siphonochalina sp. The structures were determined based on spectroscopic measurements (NMR, UV, IR and MS). The isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against three cancer cell lines; HepG2, Caco-2 and HT-29. Moreover, the effects of these metabolites on cell cycle progression as well as cell cycle regulating proteins were assessed. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 showed moderate activity against HepG2 cells with IC50 values of 17.18 ± 1.18, 24.01 ± 0.59 and 35.06 ± 1.10 μM, respectively. Compounds 1 and 2 exerted a considerable antiproliferative effect with IC50 values of 4.80 ± 0.18 and 26.64 ± 0.30 μM, respectively, against Caco-2 cells. Finally, 1 and 2 exhibited antiproliferative activity against colorectal cancer cells (HT-29) with IC50 values of 24.65 ± 0.80 and 4.48 ± 0.1 μM, respectively. Cell cycle analysis indicated that these compounds induced cell cycle arrest particularly in G0/G1 and S phases. Furthermore, the triterpenoids increased the expression of cyclin-B1, cyclin-D1 and cleaved caspase-3, as determined by immunofluorescence, indicating an important role of apoptosis in cell death induced by these compounds.