bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Ferrara Silvia , Montecchi Barbara , Valério Miguel 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This Introduction briefly outlines the background, aims, and methods of this book. The book was inspired by a seminar series devoted to the invention and development of writing, from its earliest records to more recent newly created scripts, including the alphabet. The seminar series was sponsored by the ERC Consolidator project, INSCRIBE Invention of Scripts and their Beginnings, based at the University of Bologna. The focus is wide but targeted: it runs from invention to decipherment, passing through state-of-the-art approaches in the ways in which we can reconstruct how ancient cultures experienced and gave value to the writing they created. All three subjects of the book—invention, decipherment, and perception—are treated through different case studies of script invention and script practices, from different areas of the world, and from different periods of our history.
The Origins of Chinese Writing
Authors: Demattè Paola 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Though writing is often said to have begun in China with the shell and bone inscriptions of the Shang dynasty (c.1300 bce), archaeological evidence shows that the earliest signs that can be associated with the origins of writing appear during the Late Neolithic (c.3000–2000 bce) in various parts of the territory both in the north and in the south. Neolithic signs are documented on pottery as well as on jade and stone, rarely on bone. These early sign traditions are associated with different neolithic societies that were probably in contact through trade relations. In the early Bronze Age (c.2000), these societies and their sign systems started to coalesce, leading to the emergence of a more integrated urban society and of a functional writing system. Some evidence documenting the continuous development of early Chinese writing from Neolithic signs to the mature system of the Bronze Age is missing from the archaeological records, as it is very likely that documents were kept on perishable material such as bamboo or wooden tablets.
Closing the Gap
Authors: Waal Willemijn 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers a diachronic overview of the use of writing in the Aegean from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age from a Near Eastern perspective. It is generally held that, in the Aegean, the use of writing was very restricted in the Late Bronze Age, and completely absent in the Early Iron Age until the introduction of the alphabet around 800 bce. Here, an alternative scenario is presented, in which, during the Late Bronze Age, the Linear B script was used more extensively than usually assumed, but mainly on perishable materials. It will further be argued that there was no long illiterate ‘Dark Age’ from c.1200 to 800 bce, but that the alphabet was already introduced much earlier, and comparable to Linear B, initially only written on perishable materials.
Deciphering a Writing System
Authors: Adiego Ignasi-Xavier 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents a series of reflections on the decipherment of undeciphered scripts. In contrast to other treatments, where the focus is on famous cases of decipherment and where the cases present the achievement of individual scholars, here the focus is on theoretical and methodological aspects common to different decipherment processes. Constraints and obstacles are analysed, together with the role played by several factors in building, and confirming, linguistic hypotheses. In addition, less-well-known cases are discussed and analysed, as well as the author’s own experience in deciphering the Carian alphabet.
The Cat in the Cretan Hieroglyphic Script
Authors: Weingarten Judith 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is on the earliest widespread writing system on Crete, Cretan Hieroglyphic, which most probably appeared in Middle Minoan II and is found in its most developed form at Knossos, Malia, and Petras. Between fifty and one hundred years later, another script, Linear A, began to be used across the island, and Cretan Hieroglyphic essentially disappeared; with it went the practice of script on seals. All written documents were now written in Linear A. In addition to tablets, there was a rich variety of sealed clay documents, including the Minoan roundel, a document unique to Minoan culture. Based on our examination of the Hieroglyphic cat sign (ma), its use and proposed interpretation as an acrophonic abbreviation or an emblem for wool, we follow the sign into its Linear A manifestation as the syllabogram ma, combined with -ru to spell out the Minoan word MA+RU, the logogram for wool (A 559). In the process, we clarify the possible textile implications of A 301 and A 74 in Linear A administration.
Design and Origins of Linear A Picture-Based Signs
Authors: Montecchi Barbara 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In the second millennium bce, three main scripts were used in the Aegean. Since the time of the first discoveries, spanning the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, scholars have been at great pains to explain how they relate to each other. Sir Arthur Evans treated this issue in strict evolutionary terms, from the ‘primitive pictographic system, the hieroglyphic’ to the ‘advanced linear systems of Classes A and B’. Evans’s terminology has become conventional, and the three scripts are still generally called ‘Cretan Hieroglyphic’, ‘Linear A’, and ‘Linear B’. Nevertheless, the Cretan Hieroglyphic graphic repertoire is not entirely picture based; likewise Linear A is not entirely linear or geometric. Indeed, the selection process for their sign shapes is at the centre of an ongoing debate. The aim of this chapter is to investigate Linear A picture-based phonetic signs by distinguishing those that seem to originate with Cretan Hieroglyphic from the ones that do not, at least on the evidence available so far. The shapes of the latter group will thus be compared to Egyptian scripts and to Egyptian and Aegean material cultures in order to shed new light on their origin and relationship with phonetic values.
IDIOM: A Digital Research Environment for the Documentation and Study of Maya Hieroglyphic Texts and Language
Authors: Prager Christian M. , Diederichs Katja , Grothe Antje , Grube Nikolai , Krempel Guido , Matsumoto Mallory , Mercer Tobias , Vertan Cristina , Wagner Elisabeth 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The Maya hieroglyphic script, an indigenous graphic notation system in the Americas, presents a formidable decipherment challenge. Approximately 40 per cent of its approximately one thousand known signs remain elusive owing to limited comprehension of the Classic Mayan language. Spanning modern-day south-eastern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and western Honduras, the Classic Maya civilization left over ten thousand inscriptions, primarily detailing the lives of political elites. The ‘Text Database and Dictionary of Classic Mayan’ project endeavours to unveil the script’s mysteries via an online text database and dictionary at https://classicmayan.org. Collaborative digital humanities methodologies and tools empower insights into the Maya’s cultural and historical legacy. The project catalogues inscribed artefacts and images in the virtual research environment TextGrid and the ‘Maya Image Archive (MIA)’, enhancing accessibility and collaboration. It further converts Maya hieroglyphic texts into machine-readable XML/TEI format and employs a novel sign classification framework. A new linguistic tool facilitates linguistic analysis and translation, enriching our understanding of Classic Mayan language and culture. Furthermore, the project compiles a vast repository of digitized Maya culture-related images and textual data, accessible online. As of 2024, it focuses on hieroglyphic texts from specific regions, with ongoing transliteration, transcription, and linguistic analysis. This digital approach not only facilitates dynamic Maya script research but also offers a platform for comprehensive source material evaluation and publication.
Looking for Writers in the Archives of King Nestor
Authors: Godart Louis 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The analysis of the tablets drawn up by scribe 602 makes it possible to define the role of this official within the administration of the Mycenaean Palace of Pylos. He was particularly involved in the registration of the collection of bronze taxes within the sanctuaries of the Messenia region as surmised in tablet Jn 829. This scribe was also responsible for the collection of gold by important and secular figures scattered throughout the territory of the state. In addition, the reading of the first line of tablet Ma 397 related to taxation, and the identification of the sign *63 in the sequence a-*63-ta2 (a toponym that elsewhere is spelt a-si-ja-ti-ja) allows us to attribute the phonetic value sja to the sign *63. Finally, the considerations on the paleography of the documents in Linear B, together with the presence in the Ta tablet series of vases adorned with heads of animals comparable to Late Helladic III B1 vessels, suggest that the dating of the palace of Nestor and its demise should be reviewed, and that it should be placed in an earlier phase than hitherto suggested, between the very end of the Late Helladic IIIA2 period and the beginning of the Late Helladic IIIB1 period.
Spaces
Authors: Meer Marcus 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Urban spaces were demarcated and furnished by heraldic signs in a variety of ways. Visible on towers and gates, heraldry identified the city as an entity separate from the countryside, just as it parcelled out smaller, separate spaces—from the municipal arms on the outside of town halls to the arms of guilds and families that marked their halls, houses, and even places of burial in the urban churches. Heraldic signs also served as reminders of the norms, values, and histories associated with interior spaces, and contributed to the communicative effort of identity formation and self-representation at their heart. Importantly, arms rarely appeared in isolation, instead visualizing and celebrating social relations in often complex arrangements of multiple heraldic signs that spoke to this distinguished status—notably ties to larger corporate or municipal bodies, friendship and kinship between fellow burgesses, and links to the nobility and even the monarchy.
Conflicts
Authors: Meer Marcus 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Moments of conflict and crisis reveal the significance of monuments and their heraldic signs in relation to the urban space and questions of power. The display of heraldry gave rise to concerns and confrontations that disrupted the peace and threatened the order of urban society, which is why the authorities had to—or felt they had to—address heraldic matters in court and through legislation. Heraldry’s close relation to individual and collective identity underlay the ability of attacks on arms, whether instigated ‘from below’ or ‘from above’, to express opposition to individuals, institutions, and attempts to claim spaces. This relation was also taken for granted in criticisms and prohibitions that sought to limit the heraldic expression of identities—and their associated ambitions—in the medieval city, where the reality of social fragmentation clashed constantly with ideals of a single communal body united in harmony and embodied by its heraldry.
Crime Fiction in the Caribbean
Authors: Evans Lucy 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Crime Fiction in the Caribbean is the first academic book to focus on crime fiction by anglophone Caribbean writers. Covering novels set in Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, Guyana, Barbados, Grenada, and Haiti, it explores how contemporary writers experiment with the crime genre in order to convey, contextualize, and comment on crime and justice in Caribbean countries. Crime fiction is presented as a versatile mode of writing that can be politically engaged, and that—in a Caribbean context—can expose power structures embedded in the region’s multi-layered history of colonial conquest, genocide of Indigenous populations, plantation agriculture, transatlantic slavery, and indentured labour. The book considers how fiction by anglophone Caribbean writers not only reflects upon the social realities of crime and crime control in the Caribbean, but also at times contests or complicates scholarly, popular, and legal perspectives. It argues that through their engagement with the crime genre, these writers raise pressing questions about what constitutes crime and justice in a Caribbean context, and about accountability. Looking beyond the traditional focus of crime fiction and criminology on individual acts of wrongdoing, their fiction highlights systemic social harms which are rooted in the region’s colonial past. Reading crime fiction through the lens of criminological research, this book brings the study of literary writing into scholarly debate on crime in the Caribbean. At the same time, it extends the global turn in crime fiction studies, focusing on a region that has been sidelined even in studies which examine the genre’s international dimensions.
Environmental crime and eco-noir
Authors: Evans Lucy 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores literary representations of environmental crime. Esther Figueroa’s Limbo: A Novel about Jamaica (2014) foregrounds the damaging effects of tourism and resource extraction. Environmental harms associated with these activities are presented as criminal acts driven by state and corporate interests. Edwidge Danticat’s Claire of the Sea Light (2013) raises questions of culpability and accountability surrounding Haiti’s 2010 earthquake. Danticat’s novel frames ‘natural’ disaster as eco-crime. In both texts, ecocide is presented as an ongoing catastrophe which links past, present, and future. This chapter draws on research in green criminology as well as critical writing on crime fiction and ecology. Figueroa’s and Danticat’s novels are read as eco-noir, a mode of writing that connects noir themes of ambivalence, disillusionment, and cynicism to the darkness of the Anthropocene era. The chapter considers how their fiction resonates with current scholarly, activist, and legal debates on eco-crime and environmental justice.
Epilogue
Authors: Chu Jinyi 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The epilogue reflects on fin-de-siècle Russian culture’s China through its afterlife in the Soviet context: Akhmatova’s mid-twentieth-century translation of the Chinese poet Qu Yuan’s long poem Li Sao or “Overcoming Sorrow” (third century bce), an exiled aristocrat’s patriotic (and allegedly homoerotic) confession to his king. In collaboration with the Soviet Sinologist Nikolai Fedorenko, Akhmatova published the first Russian translation of Li Sao in 1954. This celebrated modernist poet, almost silenced under Stalin, found a rare opportunity for poetic expression in the voice of an ancient Chinese poet. Akhmatova and Fedorenko voiced their different views on translation. For Akhmatova, the chapter argues, China was a geopoetic bridge reconnecting them to the fin-de-siècle cultural milieu, a time and space they could never retrieve.
Curves
Authors: Waleffe Fabian 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Discusses concept and representations of curves. Studies conics and Bézier curves. Investigates geometric properties of curves, arclength, curvature, torsion and the Frenet frame. Moves on to integrals over curves (line integrals) with fundamental examples including area swept by the radius vector, and the winding and turning numbers. Concludes with a discussion of hanging chains and the catenary.
Curvilinear Coordinates
Authors: Waleffe Fabian 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Discusses general coordinates for 3D space, and the geometry of coordinate curves and surfaces. Introduces Jacobian matrices and determinants, tangents and normals bases, that become the covariant and contravariant bases. Formula specific to general orthogonal coordinates are also derived. Considers line, surface and volume elements for general coordinates, then volume integrals and change of variables in multiple integrals.
Fields
Authors: Waleffe Fabian 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This core chapter introduces and illustrates scalar and vector fields. The gradient of a scalar field is discussed with emphasis on geometric aspects. Fundamental gradients and gradient rules are established and their use to simplify calculations is demonstrated. Expression for the gradient in general coordinates are derived. Coordinate velocity and gradient bases are identified with covariant and contravariant bases. The curl and divergence of vector fields are discussed and derived in standard and general coordinates. The Stokes’ and divergence theorems readily follow. Vector identities are derived and their use to simplify calculations is illustrated. Expressions for the Laplacian are derived in standard, orthogonal and curvilinear coordinates for both scalar and vector fields. The heat equation is discussed.
Complex Integration
Authors: Waleffe Fabian 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This final chapter considers integration in the complex plane. Cauchy’s theorem is derived. Poles and singularities of complex functions are discussed. The calculus of residues is explained and illustrated with a few key examples. Cauchy’s formula and the generalized Cauchy formula are derived. Several classic examples of application of complex methods to the calculation of real integrals are presented.
How Do Personal Relationships Make a Moral Difference?
Authors: Stroud Sarah 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
When you share a personal relationship with someone, you often have duties concerning that person which you don’t have with respect to unrelated others. In that sense, personal relationships seem to make a moral difference. But how—that is, by what mechanism—do they make that difference? This chapter offers a precise formulation of the hypothesis that personal relationships do make a moral difference, and it presents four distinct models of how they could do that. Three of these models may look familiar. The fourth sources the moral impact of personal relationships in the actions which become possible only when you have a personal relationship with someone.
Prudence, Beneficence, and Time
Authors: Bradley Ben 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
A standard view about prudence states that an act is prudent if and only if it results in the best life for the agent. Recently this view has been rejected. According to Richard Pettigrew, it is sometimes prudent to refuse to sacrifice one’s present values for the values one will have in the future, even if this results in a worse life overall. According to Dale Dorsey, it is often prudent to refuse to change one’s present values to ones that would be better fulfilled in the future. This chapter argues that these views are mistaken. Against Pettigrew, it is argued that there is a tight connection between prudence and beneficence: roughly, a choice is prudent if and only if it would be chosen by one’s ideal benefactor. Time-relative views such as Pettigrew’s must deny this. Dorsey’s view, on the other hand, is committed to an implausible sort of prudential and beneficial inertia. The standard view does not have these problems, so we are better off keeping it.
The All or Nothing Ranking Reversal and the Unity of Morality
Authors: Tucker Chris 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Supererogatory acts are, in some sense, morally better their non-supererogatory alternatives. In this sense, what is it for one option A to be better than an alternative B? This chapter argues for three main conclusions. First, relative rankings are a type of all-in action guidance. If A is better than B, then morality recommends that you A rather than B. Such all-in guidance is useful when acts have the same deontic status. Second, Right &gt; Wrong: permissible acts are always better than their impermissible alternatives. If Right &gt; Wrong were false, then morality’s deontic verdicts would sometimes conflict with its relative rankings. Such conflict would undermine the thought that morality is a coherent, authoritative guide to action. Third, the All or Nothing Problem is not a counterexample to Right &gt; Wrong, as is commonly thought. Instead, it involves an interesting ranking reversal: whether A &gt; B can depend on whether a certain alternative is added as a third option.
Expressive Duties Are Demandable and Enforceable
Authors: Eskens Romy 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
According to an influential view about directed expressive duties (e.g., duties to express gratitude to benefactors, remorse to victims, forgiveness to wrongdoers), these duties do not have rights as their correlates, because they are not demandable and enforceable. This chapter argues that this view is mistaken. Like other directed duties, directed expressive duties are demandable and enforceable. While this does not entail that these duties have rights as their correlates, it does create a strong presumption of this being the case. This shifts the burden of proof from those who hold that expressive duties correlate with rights to those who deny it.
Why Consequentialize?
Authors: Dreier Jamie 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
To consequentialize a moral theory is to construct a consequentialist version of the theory. The new theory is a ‘version’ of the old in the sense that they deliver the same deontic verdicts on actions: permissible, impermissible, required. This chapter gives some reasons for consequentializing and assesses some obstacles to completing the project consonant with those reasons. It considers the difficulties posed by theoretical verdicts of moral worth, by potential differences between theories not traceable to their ranking of outcomes, and by worries about whether reasons for action are really teleological.
Dominican Christology in the 1240s
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the two most significant Dominican Christologies of the 1240s, namely, those of Richard Fishacre and Albert the Great. Fishacre offers a clear delineation of Lombard’s three theories and accepts the subsistence theory. But he nevertheless sometimes uses the language of the homo assumptus theory, apparently without noticing the incongruity. He maintains, following Hugh of St Cher (on whom he relies in many ways), that the union between person and nature is nothing at all. Albert accepts that the union is a created relation and uses the account of the communication of divine esse as a way of explaining the union. He thus seems to presuppose the kind of distinction between essence and esse introduced into medieval Latin philosophy by the late twelfth-century translation of Avicenna’s philosophy.
Franciscan Christology in the 1240s
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The Franciscans of the 1240s, pre-eminently the Summa halensis and Richard Rufus of Cornwall, all adopt versions of the homo assumptus theory. Rufus does so by explicit appeal to an earlier text that is probably to be identified as the Eulogium written by John of Cornwall. According to the Summa halensis, there is no created tie between the human nature and the divine person. Rather, the nature is ‘drawn’ into the divine person’s esse. The text makes evident the Christological application of the principle that subsistence requires the lack of an inclination to union with another. According to Rufus, the union between Word and human nature is immediate.
Metapontion
Authors: Carter Joseph Coleman 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Metapontion was founded c. 630, about a century after its neighbors Taras and Sybaris; it soon became known for the abundance of its grain production. Although textual sources for Metapontion are scarce, the archaeological record is extraordinarily full and offers particular insight into the diachronic development of the chōra, including a massive flood control and land improvement program carried out in the sixth century. The evidence from Metapontion allows us to see, in more detail than almost any other place, a dominant feature of life in ancient Greece: agricultural activity outside the main urban center.