bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding of Strain Effects in the Electrochemical Reduction of CO2: Using Pd Nanostructures as an Ideal Platform
Authors: Huang Hongwen , Jia Huanhuan , Liu Zhao , Gao Pengfei , Zhao Jiangtao , Luo Zhenlin , Yang Jinlong , Zeng Jie 
Published: February 2017

AbstractTuning the surface strain of heterogeneous catalysts represents a powerful strategy to engineer their catalytic properties by altering the electronic structures. However, a clear and systematic understanding of strain effect in electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide is still lacking, which restricts the use of surface strain as a tool to optimize the performance of electrocatalysts. Herein, we demonstrate the strain effect in electrochemical reduction of CO2 by using Pd octahedra and icosahedra with similar sizes as a well‐defined platform. The Pd icosahedra/C catalyst shows a maximum Faradaic efficiency for CO production of 91.1 % at −0.8 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (vs. RHE), 1.7‐fold higher than the maximum Faradaic efficiency of Pd octahedra/C catalyst at −0.7 V (vs. RHE). The combination of molecular dynamic simulations and density functional theory calculations reveals that the tensile strain on the surface of icosahedra boosts the catalytic activity by shifting up the d‐band center and thus strengthening the adsorption of key intermediate COOH*. This strain effect was further verified directly by the surface valence‐band photoemission spectra and electrochemical analysis.
Segmental Distribution of Myosin Heavy Chain Isoforms Within Single Muscle Fibers
Authors: Zhang Ming , Gould Maree 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTDespite many studies looking at the distribution of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms across a transverse section of muscle, knowledge of MHC distribution along the longitudinal axis of a single skeletal muscle fiber has been relatively overlooked. Immunocytochemistry was performed on serial sections of rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle to identify MHC types I, IIA, IIX, IIY, and IIB. Sixteen fascicles which contained a total of 362 fibers were randomly and systematically sampled from the three EDL muscles. All MHC type I and type II isoforms were expressed. Segmental expression occurred within a very limited segment. MHC isoform expression followed the accepted traditional order from I⇔IIA⇔IIX⇔IIB, however, in some samples expression of an isoform was circumvented from IIB to I or from I to IIB directly. Segmental distribution of MHC isoforms along a single muscle fiber may be because of the myonuclear domain. Anat Rec, 300:1636–1642, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Production of taxadiene by engineering of mevalonate pathway in Escherichia coli and endophytic fungus Alternaria alternata TPF6
Authors: Bian Guangkai , Yuan Yujie , Tao Hui , Shi Xiaofei , Zhong Xiaofang , Han Yichao , Fu Shuai , Fang Chengxiang , Deng Zixin , Liu Tiangang 
Published: February 2017

AbstractTaxol (paclitaxel) is a diterpenoid compound with significant and extensive applications in the treatment of cancer. The production of Taxol and relevant intermediates by engineered microbes is an attractive alternative to the semichemical synthesis of Taxol. In this study, based on a previously developed platform, the authors first established taxadiene production in mutant E. coli T2 and T4 by engineering of the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. The authors then developed an Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated transformation (ATMT) method and verified the strength of heterologous promoters in Alternaria alternata TPF6. The authors next transformed the taxadiene‐producing platform into A. alternata TPF6, and the MVA pathway was engineered, with introduction of the plant taxadiene‐forming gene. Notably, by co‐overexpression of isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (Idi), a truncated version of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA reductase (tHMG1), and taxadiene synthase (TS), the authors could detect 61.9 ± 6.3 μg/L taxadiene in the engineered strain GB127. This is the first demonstration of taxadiene production in filamentous fungi, and the approach presented in this study provides a new method for microbial production of Taxol. The well‐established ATMT method and the known promoter strengths facilitated further engineering of taxaenes in this fungus.
Timing of completion lymphadenectomy after positive sentinel node biopsy in patients with melanoma
Authors: Oude Ophuis C M C , van Akkooi A C J , Rutkowski P , Powell W E M , Robert C , Testori A , van Leeuwen B L , Siegel P , Eggermont A M M , Verhoef C , Grünhagen D J 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

Background
Nodal staging with sentinel node biopsy (SNB) and completion lymph node dissection (CLND) provides prognostic information to patients with melanoma and their physicians. It is not known whether the timing of CLND is associated with survival outcome and/or CLND tumour load. This study investigated whether CLND timing is associated with CLND tumour load, disease-free survival (DFS) and/or melanoma-specific survival (MSS).

Methods
A retrospective cohort of patients with SNB-positive melanoma from nine European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Melanoma Group centres undergoing surgery between 1993 and 2009 were examined. Patients were selected based on availability of CLND and follow-up data. The CLND interval was defined as the number of days between diagnosis and CLND. Patient and tumour characteristics were collected. Five-year DFS and MSS rates were calculated. Cox and logistic regression analysis were performed, adjusting for known prognostic/predictive indicators.

Results
A total of 784 patients were included in the study. Their median age was 51 (i.q.r. 40–62) years, and 418 patients (53·3 per cent) were men. Median Breslow thickness was 3·0 (i.q.r. 2·0–5·0) mm, and 148 patients (18·9 per cent) had a residual tumour load. Median CLND interval was 84 (i.q.r. 65–105) days. Five-year DFS and MSS rates were not significantly different for patients operated on with a median CLND interval of less than 84 days and those with an interval of at least 84 days (DFS: 54·2 versus 53·3 per cent respectively; MSS: 66·9 versus 65·1 per cent). In a multivariable Cox model, CLND interval was not a significant prognostic indicator. CLND interval was negatively correlated with identification of positive non-sentinel nodes, but following adjustment for known risk factors this effect was no longer found.

Conclusion
The time interval between diagnosis of melanoma and CLND did not influence CLND tumour load, DFS or MSS.
Randomized clinical trial of mesh fixation with glue or sutures for Lichtenstein hernia repair
Authors: Hoyuela C , Juvany M , Carvajal F , Veres A , Troyano D , Trias M , Martrat A , Ardid J , Obiols J , López-Cano M 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

Background
Pain is the most likely reason for delay in resuming normal activities after groin hernia repair. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether the use of glue to fix the mesh instead of sutures reduced acute postoperative pain after inguinal hernia repair. Secondary objectives were to compare postoperative complications, chronic pain and early recurrence rates during 1-year follow-up.

Methods
Some 370 patients who underwent Lichtenstein hernia repair were randomized to receive either glue (Histoacryl®) or non-absorbable polypropylene sutures for fixation of lightweight polypropylene mesh. Postoperative complications, pain and recurrence were evaluated by an independent blinded observer.

Results
Postoperative pain at 8 h, 24 h, 7 days and 30 days was less when glue was used instead of sutures for all measures (P &lt; 0·001). The operation was significantly quicker using glue (mean(s.d.) 35·3(8·7) min versus 39·9(11·1) min for sutures; P &lt; 0·001). There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of postoperative complications, chronic pain and early recurrence at 1-year follow-up.

Conclusion
Atraumatic mesh fixation with glue was quicker and resulted in less acute postoperative pain than sutures for Lichtenstein hernia repair. Registration number: NCT02632097 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Acute kidney injury and mortality 1 year after major non-cardiac surgery
Authors: O'Connor M E , Hewson R W , Kirwan C J , Ackland G L , Pearse R M , Prowle J R 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

Background
Even mild and transient acute kidney injury (AKI), defined by increases in serum creatinine level, has been associated with adverse outcomes after major surgery. However, characteristic decreases in creatinine concentration during major illness could confound accurate assessment of postoperative AKI.

Methods
In a single-hospital, retrospective cohort study of non-cardiac surgery, the association between postoperative AKI, defined using the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria, and 1-year survival was modelled using a multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis. Factors associated with development of AKI were examined by means of multivariable logistic regression. Temporal changes in serum creatinine during and after the surgical admission in patients with and without AKI were compared.

Results
Some 1869 patients were included in the study, of whom 128 (6·8 per cent) sustained AKI (101 stage 1, 27 stage 2–3). Seventeen of the 128 patients with AKI (13·3 per cent) died in hospital compared with 16 of 1741 (0·9 per cent) without AKI (P &lt; 0·001). By 1 year, 34 patients with AKI (26·6 per cent) had died compared with 106 (6·1 per cent) without AKI (P &lt; 0·001). Over the 8–365 days after surgery, AKI was associated with an adjusted hazard ratio for death of 2·96 (95 per cent c.i. 1·86 to 4·71; P &lt; 0·001). Among hospital survivors without AKI, the creatinine level fell consistently (median difference at discharge versus baseline –7 (i.q.r. –15 to 0) µmol/l), but not in those with AKI (0 (–16 to 26) µmol/l) (P &lt; 0·001).

Conclusion
Although the majority of postoperative AKI was mild, there was a strong association with risk of death in the year after surgery. Underlying decreases in serum creatinine concentration after major surgery could lead to underestimation of AKI severity and overestimation of recovery.
Long‐chain unsaturated fatty acids as possible important metabolites for primary angle‐closure glaucoma based on targeted metabolomic analysis
Authors: Rong Shengzhong , Li Yang , Guan Yue , Zhu Lili , Zhou Qiang , Gao Mucong , Pan Hongzhi , Zou Lina , Chang Dong 
Published: February 2017

AbstractPrimary angle‐closure glaucoma (PACG) is a severe chronic neurodegenerative disease in Asia. Identification of important metabolites associated with PACG is crucial for early intervention and advancing knowledge of the disease mechanism. We applied gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) for targeted metabolomic analysis on serum samples from 38 newly diagnosed PACG patients and 48 controls. Palmitoleic acid (PA), linoleic acid (LA), γ‐linolenic acid (GLA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) were identified as important metabolites associated with PACG. PA and GLA were significantly elevated (p < 0.05), while LA and ARA showed a significantly decreased trend (p < 0.05) in PACG group compared with the control group. Also, significant negative correlations were observed between LA and ARA levels and intraocular pressure of the left eye (rs = −0.750, p < 0.001; rs = −0.729, p < 0.001) and the right eye (rs = −0.786, p < 0.001; rs = −0.764, p < 0.001). Serum GLA level was positively correlated with intraocular pressure of the left eye (rs = 0.233, p = 0.031) and the right eye (rs = 0.226, p = 0.036). Our findings revealed a significant difference of the serum free fatty acid metabolic profiles between PACG patients and control subjects. Furthermore, PA, LA, ARA and GLA appear to have clinical applications for the screening of PACG.
Magnetic Cube‐Shaped NiFe2O4 Nanoparticles: An Effective Model Catalyst for Nitro Compound Reduction
Authors: Dey Chaitali , Chaudhuri Arka , Ghosh Ajay , Goswami Madhuri Mandal 
Published: February 2017

AbstractNoble‐metal nanocatalysts are quite popular, but the use of magnetic catalysts composed of ferrite materials is rare. Here, we have synthesized transition‐metal‐based cube‐shaped nanoparticles of approximately 11 nm in size, the so‐called magnetic nickel ferrite nanocatalyst (NFNC), by a new method and shown its use in the reduction of nitroaromatic compounds. The NFNC was characterized by using XRD, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, TEM, and field‐emission SEM to confirm the structural features and morphology of the particles. The catalytic activity of NFNC was investigated in the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol to 4‐aminophenol by monitoring the reaction by using UV/Vis spectroscopy. The catalytic activity, recyclability and reusability, rate constant of the reaction, and surface area were investigated in detail to understand the catalytic phenomenon. We measured up to 30 cycles of the catalytic reaction using our NFNC, which shows the high stability of the catalyst. BET analysis of the NFNC shows a surface area of 54.60 m2 g−1. Our NFNC has many advantages because it is prepared easily, cost effective, highly stable, and environmentally compatible. The magnetic properties of the NFNC help us to separate the particles easily after its use in the reduction without disturbing the final product.
Concerning the Role of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in SN1 Reactions
Authors: Qiao Yun X. , Theyssen Nils , Eifert Tobias , Liauw Marcel A. , Franciò Giancarlo , Schenk Karolin , Leitner Walter , Reetz Manfred T. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA series of SN1‐type reactions has been studied under various conditions to clarify the role of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as reaction medium for this kind of transformations. The application of scCO2 did not result in higher yields in any of the experiments in comparison to those under neat conditions or in the presence of other inert compressed gases. High‐pressure UV/Vis spectroscopic measurements were carried out to quantify the degree of carbocation formation of a highly SN1‐active alkyl halide as a function of the applied solvent. No measureable concentration of carbocations could be detected in scCO2, just like in other low polarity solvents. Taken together, these results do not support the previously claimed activating effect via enhanced SN1 ionization due to the quadrupolar moment of the supercritical fluid.
The effect of error orientation, motivation to learn, and social support on training transfer intentions: A moderated mediation model
Authors: Lauzier Martin , Mercier Geneviève 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis study aims to assess whether trainees’ errors orientation can influence their motivation to learn and their intention to transfer training. Data were collected from 275 trainees participating in a corporate training program offered by a Canadian government agency. Results show that the concept of learning by error positively influences trainees’ levels of motivation and their intention to transfer learning. Results also confirm the mediating role of motivation between the concept of learning by error and the intention of transferring learning. Finally, results confirm the moderating role of social support on the relationship between motivation to learn and the intention to transfer learning. Practical and theoretical implications of these results are discussed. Copyright © 2017 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence that Acetonitrile is Sensitive to Different Interaction Sites of Ionic Liquids as Revealed by Excess Spectroscopy
Authors: Zhou Yu , Zheng Yan‐Zhen , Zhang Tian , Deng Geng , Yu Zhi‐Wu 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBy studying the interactions between an ionic liquid, 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and a co‐solvent acetonitrile, the C≡N stretching vibration is found to be sensitive to different interaction sites as shown by excess infrared spectroscopy. Four existing forms of acetonitrile molecules are identified and a detailed transformation process of the ionic liquid upon dilution is obtained. Such characteristics of the nitrile group are discussed from the viewpoint of its ability to form hydrogen bonds with proton donors. It is believed that this is due to the intermediate charge donating ability of the C≡N group as compared with other groups such as S=O, CH3, and aromatic C−H.
Benchmark Performance of Global Switching versus Local Switching for Trajectory Surface Hopping Molecular Dynamics Simulation: Cis↔Trans Azobenzene Photoisomerization
Authors: Yue Ling , Yu Le , Xu Chao , Lei Yibo , Liu Yajun , Zhu Chaoyuan 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA newly developed global switching algorithm that does not require calculation of nonadiabatic coupling vectors reduces computational costs significantly. However, the accuracy of this simplest nonadiabatic molecular dynamic method has not been extensively compared with the conventional Tully's fewest switches. It is necessary to demonstrate the accuracy of this global switching algorithm. An extensive comparison between local and global switching on‐the‐fly trajectory surface hopping molecular dynamics is performed for cis‐to‐trans (800 sampling trajectories) and trans‐to‐cis (600 sampling trajectories) azobenzene photoisomerization at the OM2/MRCI level. The global switching algorithm is coded into the Newton‐X program package. Excellent agreement between the two switching algorithms is obtained not only for highly averaged quantities of quantum yields and lifetimes, but also for detailed contour patterns of product distributions, hopping spot distributions and hopping directions in terms of conical intersections between ground and the first excited states. Therefore, the global switching trajectory surface hopping method can be applied to larger complex systems in which nonadiabatic coupling is not available for excited‐state molecular dynamic simulations.
Psychophysical measurement of marmoset acuity and myopia
Authors: Nummela Samuel U. , Coop Shanna H. , Cloherty Shaun L. , Boisvert Chantal J. , Leblanc Mathias , Mitchell Jude F. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTThe common marmoset has attracted increasing interest as a model for visual neuroscience. A measurement of fundamental importance to ensure the validity of visual studies is spatial acuity. The marmoset has excellent acuity that has been reported at the fovea to be nearly half that of the human (Ordy and Samorajski []: Vision Res 8:1205–1225), a value that is consistent with them having similar photoreceptor densities combined with their smaller eye size (Troilo et al. []: Vision Res 33:1301–1310). Of interest, the marmoset exhibits a higher proportion of cones than rods in peripheral vision than human or macaque, which in principle could endow them with better peripheral acuity depending on how those signals are pooled in subsequent processing. Here, we introduce a simple behavioral paradigm to measure acuity and then test how acuity in the marmoset scales with eccentricity. We trained subjects to fixate a central point and detect a peripheral Gabor by making a saccade to its location. First, we found that accurate assessment of acuity required correction for myopia in all adult subjects. This is an important point because marmosets raised in laboratory conditions often have mild to severe myopia (Graham and Judge []: Vision Res 39:177–187), a finding that we confirm, and that would limit their utility for studies of vision if uncorrected. With corrected vision, we found that their acuity scales with eccentricity similar to that of humans and macaques, having roughly half the value of the human and with no clear departure for higher acuity in the periphery. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 300–313, 2017
Temporal changes in physiology and haematology in response to high‐ and micro‐doses of recombinant human erythropoietin
Authors: Clark Brad , Woolford Sarah M. , Eastwood Annette , Sharpe Ken , Barnes Peter G. , Gore Christopher J. 
Published: February 2017

There is evidence to suggest athletes have adopted recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) dosing regimens that diminish the likelihood of being caught by direct detection techniques. However, the temporal response in physiology, performance, and Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) parameters to such regimens is not clearly understood. Participants were assigned to a high‐dose only group (HIGH, n = 8, six rHuEPO doses of 250 IU/kg over two weeks), a combined high micro‐dose group (COMB, n = 8, high‐dose plus nine rHuEPO micro‐doses over a further three weeks), or one of two placebo control groups who received saline in the same pattern as the HIGH (HIGH‐PLACEBO, n = 4) or COMB (COMB‐PLACEBO, n = 4) groups. Temporal changes in physiology and performance were tracked by graded exercise test (GXT) and haemoglobin mass assessment at baseline, after high dose, after micro‐dose (COMB and COMB‐PLACEBO only) and after a four‐week washout. Venous blood samples were collected throughout the baseline, rHuEPO administration, and washout periods to determine the haematological and ABP response to each dosing regimen. Physiological adaptations induced by a two‐week rHuEPO high‐dose were maintained by rHuEPO micro‐dosing for at least three weeks. However, all participants administered rHuEPO registered at least one suspicious ABP value during the administration or washout periods. These results indicate there is sufficient sensitivity in the ABP to detect use of high rHuEPO doping regimens in athletic populations and they provide important empirical examples for use by anti‐doping experts. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protease/peptidase (Flavourzyme) pretreatment on palm kernels improves the aroma of resultant palm kernel oil after kernel roasting
Authors: Zhang Wencan , Zhao Fangju , Yang Tiankui , Liu Shaoquan 
Published: February 2017

The aroma of palm kernel oil (PKO) affects its application. Aiming to improve its aroma quality, the effects of protease/peptidase (Flavourzyme) pretreatment on the palm kernels (PK) before kernel roasting were investigated. The results showed that more pyrazines (6.7‐, 10‐, 3.4‐fold) were found in PKO derived from treated PK after light, medium, and dark kernel roasting, respectively, compared to the corresponding control, as detected by headspace (HS) – solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography (GC) – mass spectrometer (MS), and flame ionisation detector (FID) (HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS/FID). Principal component analysis (PCA) based on aroma‐active compounds revealed that after kernel roasting, the control oil was more correlated with O‐heterocyclic compounds while the oil from treated PK was more closely related to N‐heterocyclic compounds. Sensory evaluation further indicated that after Flavourzyme pretreatment, the obtained PKO (with medium kernel roasting degree) possessed more nutty, roasty, and caramelic flavor notes. These aroma changes could be attributed to the altered aroma precursors in PK due to Flavourzyme treatment, of which 1.5‐ and 20.7‐fold increments of soluble sugars and free amino acids were found. This study demonstrated that by enriching thermal reaction reactants, Flavourzyme is capable of positively modifying the aroma of PKO after kernel roasting.Practical applications: Flavourzyme pretreatment followed by roasting rendered the resultant PKO a more nutty, roasty, and caramelic aroma. Such improvement in aroma would not only be beneficial for the current utilization of PKO especially in bakery and confectionery areas, but also widen the scope of its applications. Besides, enzyme pretreatment combined with the thermal reactions, which was the first time applied in the aroma modification of seeds oils, was demonstrated to be an effective approach for aroma modulation.Flavourzyme pretreatment of palm kernel (PK) was proved to be able to significantly increase the content of pyrazine in the resultant palm kernel oil (PKO) after different degrees of kernel roasting. As expected, more nutty, roasty, and caramelic sensory notes were found in PKO produced by enzyme treated PK than that of the control.