bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mountbatten's Response to the Communal Riots in the Punjab, 20 March to 15 August 1947: An Overview
Authors: CHAWLA MUHAMMAD IQBAL 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMountbatten once said, “I sincerely hope that His Majesty's Government will support me should this eventuality arise. But I feel that if we can blot out 10,000 fanatics in the first round we may stop four hundred million people from being involved in war”.1Despite his strong commitment and prompt responses to the communal riots, Mountbatten's inability to prevent the massacres, especially brutal and widespread in the Punjab, and in the rest of the country in general, invited criticism of his role as the last leader of British India. It is important, therefore, to analyze the dynamics of the communal violence in the Punjab and Mountbatten's response to it. This paper attempts to understand Mountbatten's reading of Punjab's communal problem and his efforts to deal with it. It also analyzes the measures he took to curb and eradicate violence which resulted from that. Hence, this study fills an important gap in our existing historical literature and helps in revising prevailing views about Mountbatten's real role in dealing with the communal riots in the Punjab.
Investigating patient recruitment to radiotherapy clinical trials
Authors: Thompson Emma , Clarkson Melanie 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundRadiotherapy randomised controlled trials provide evidence to support the development of new techniques and dose/fractionation regimens. Some radiotherapy trials have previously had to close early or revise targets due to low recruitment rates. Many authors have recommended research into recruitment strategies for many areas of medicine, however little work has been carried out in the specific field of radiotherapy.MethodUsing a survey of research radiographers followed by radiotherapy patient interviews, this project provides perspectives on motives for patient participation in radiotherapy clinical trials, and how to best support people through this decision-making process.FindingsThe main factors influencing participation identified by the radiographers were altruism, treatment fatigue and concerns about the trial arms, lack of resources and lack of commitment from some medical colleagues. For patients the main factors were mainly emotional; altruism, and fears for efficacy of different trial arms featured, with requests for timely communication of trial information.ConclusionWe recommend that strategies should be offered proactively to support patients through the decision-making process when considering trial participation. Research radiographers are ideally qualified to offer support and expert knowledge to these patients.
Radiotherapy couches: is kevlar an obstacle? Attenuation study of three different tabletops
Authors: Silva Célia , Mateus Dalila , Vieira Sandra , Rodrigues Milton , Eiras Margarida , Greco Carlo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroductionTreatment tabletops are usually made of carbon fibre due to its high mechanical strength and rigidity, low specific density, extremely light and regularly considered radiotranslucent. Our clinic acquired a Calypso 4D Localization System where electromagnetic (EM) frequencies to detect implanted transponders in the patient are used. Carbon fibre is an electrical conductive material which interferes with EM frequencies. Therefore, in order to be able to use the Calypso System the carbon fibre tabletop in the treatment room must be replaced. It is our goal to determine the attenuation of the new, non-carbon fibre, tabletop in treatment delivery.Materials and MethodsMeasurements were performed using an ionisation chamber inserted in a slab phantom positioned at the isocenter for 6, 10 MV, 6 and 10 flattening filter free (FFF) MV photon beams. These measurements were performed with and without tabletop for 0°, 30° and 60° beam angle for a True Beam STx linac, for 5×5 cm2 and 10×10 cm2 field size beams. The attenuation was calculated for each measurement for each tabletop.ResultsAt 0° incidence on the Exact IGRT Couch, the measured attenuation for 10×10 cm2 was 2·8 and 2·1% for 6 and 10 MV beams, respectively. For the same field size was measured 3·3 and 2·6% attenuation for 6 and 10 FFF MV beams, respectively. At the same incidence and regarding the other tabletops, the calculated attenuation is lower. For 10×10 cm2 field, there is 2·0, 1·4, 2·1 and 2·6% attenuation for 6, 10 MV, 6 and 10 FFF MV energy beams on the kVueTM Universal Couch. For the KvueTM Calypso® Couch 10×10 cm2 irradiation field, the measurements were 1·6, 1·3, 1·9 and 1·5%, respectively. This tendency is observed for all gantry angles.DiscussionThe attenuation outputs were definitely higher for the Varian Exact IGRT Couch when compared with the kVue tabletops. The attenuation measurements for the kVue tabletops were closer to each other. Nevertheless kVueTM Calypso® Varian tabletop showed smaller mean attenuation of the beams than kVueTM Universal Tip Insert for all measurements.ConclusionsThere was no loss in treatment quality administration due to beam attenuation in the tabletop when tabletops were exchanged because of Calypso system integration. There is no need to change between kVue tabletops whenever there is a regular treatment or a Calypso System guided treatment.
‘If you have good skin, you are god. If you have bad skin, you are a piece of rubbish’. Mastery of shame and anger in treatment-resistant body dysmorphic disorder: a single case study
Authors: Sündermann Oliver , Wheatley Jonathan , Veale David 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBody dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by a preoccupation with a perceived flaw in one's appearance, and is often emotionally linked with early adverse experiences. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is effective but may not resolve shame and anger that can be at the emotional root of BDD. This paper presents a single-case study of a 25-year-old man with a history of treatment-resistant BDD characterized by a preoccupation with facial skin linked to a developmental history of sexual abuse and bullying. He was treated at a national residential specialist unit for 16 weeks during which time he received three individual 1-hour weekly CBT sessions (42 sessions overall), and participated in the residential group programme and therapeutic community. CBT was enhanced using imagery rescripting, compassion-focused therapy and family work to specifically target shame and anger-based past experiences. Severity of BDD was assessed with the BDD-Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (BDD-YBOCS) at pre-, mid-, post-, 3-month and 18-month follow-ups; a weekly self-report measure (Appearance Anxiety Inventory), and a client-drawn self-portrait of his perceived skin flaws at pre- and post-treatment. Treatment outcome was positive. The BDD-YBOCS dropped 94% from the extremely severe range pre-treatment to the sub-clinical range post-treatment. BDD symptoms improved progressively throughout treatment, and when the emotions of anger and shame were resolved (as reported by the client) fell to the non-clinical range. Gains were maintained at 18-month follow-up. We conclude that enhancing CBT for BDD using emotion-focused techniques is to be recommended, particularly when emotional memories continue to affect body shame.
Broadband, sensitive and spectrally distinctive SnS2 nanosheet/PbS colloidal quantum dot hybrid photodetector
Authors: Gao Liang , Chen Chao , Zeng Kai , Ge Cong , Yang Dun , Song Haisheng , Tang Jiang 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPhotodetectors convert photons into current or voltage outputs and are thus widely used for spectroscopy, imaging and sensing. Traditional photodetectors generally show a consistent-polarity response to incident photons within their broadband responsive spectrum. Here we introduced a new type of photodetector employing SnS2 nanosheets sensitized with PbS colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) that are not only sensitive (~105 A W−1) and broadband (300–1000 nm) but also spectrally distinctive, that is, show distinctive (positive or negative) photoresponse toward incident photons of different wavelengths. A careful mechanism study revealed illumination-modulated Schottky contacts between SnS2 nanosheets and Au electrodes, altering the photoresponse polarity toward incident photons of different wavelengths. Finally, we applied our SnS2 nanosheet/PbS CQDs hybrid photodetector to differentiate the color temperature of emission from a series of white light-emitting diodes (LEDs), showcasing the unique application of our novel photodetectors.
Regulation of claudin/zonula occludens-1 complexes by hetero-claudin interactions
Authors: Schlingmann Barbara , Overgaard Christian E. , Molina Samuel A. , Lynn K. Sabrina , Mitchell Leslie A. , Dorsainvil White StevenClaude , Mattheyses Alexa L. , Guidot David M. , Capaldo Christopher T. , Koval Michael 
Published: July 2016

AbstractClaudins are tetraspan transmembrane tight-junction proteins that regulate epithelial barriers. In the distal airspaces of the lung, alveolar epithelial tight junctions are crucial to regulate airspace fluid. Chronic alcohol abuse weakens alveolar tight junctions, priming the lung for acute respiratory distress syndrome, a frequently lethal condition caused by airspace flooding. Here we demonstrate that in response to alcohol, increased claudin-5 paradoxically accompanies an increase in paracellular leak and rearrangement of alveolar tight junctions. Claudin-5 is necessary and sufficient to diminish alveolar epithelial barrier function by impairing the ability of claudin-18 to interact with a scaffold protein, zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1), demonstrating that one claudin affects the ability of another claudin to interact with the tight-junction scaffold. Critically, a claudin-5 peptide mimetic reverses the deleterious effects of alcohol on alveolar barrier function. Thus, claudin controlled claudin-scaffold protein interactions are a novel target to regulate tight-junction permeability.
Bat trait, genetic and pathogen data from large-scale investigations of African fruit bats, Eidolon helvum
Authors: Peel Alison J. , Baker Kate S. , Hayman David T. S. , Suu-Ire Richard , Breed Andrew C. , Gembu Guy-Crispin , Lembo Tiziana , Fernández-Loras Andrés , Sargan David R. , Fooks Anthony R. , Cunningham Andrew A. , Wood James L. N. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBats, including African straw-coloured fruit bats (Eidolon helvum), have been highlighted as reservoirs of many recently emerged zoonotic viruses. This common, widespread and ecologically important species was the focus of longitudinal and continent-wide studies of the epidemiological and ecology of Lagos bat virus, henipaviruses and Achimota viruses. Here we present a spatial, morphological, demographic, genetic and serological dataset encompassing 2827 bats from nine countries over an 8-year period. Genetic data comprises cytochrome b mitochondrial sequences (n=608) and microsatellite genotypes from 18 loci (n=544). Tooth-cementum analyses (n=316) allowed derivation of rare age-specific serologic data for a lyssavirus, a henipavirus and two rubulaviruses. This dataset contributes a substantial volume of data on the ecology of E. helvum and its viruses and will be valuable for a wide range of studies, including viral transmission dynamic modelling in age-structured populations, investigation of seasonal reproductive asynchrony in wide-ranging species, ecological niche modelling, inference of island colonisation history, exploration of relationships between island and body size, and various spatial analyses of demographic, morphometric or serological data.
Forming heterojunction: an effective strategy to enhance the photocatalytic efficiency of a new metal-free organic photocatalyst for water splitting
Authors: Li Hengshuai , Hu Haiquan , Bao Chunjiang , Guo Feng , Zhang Xiaoming , Liu Xiaobiao , Hua Juan , Tan Jie , Wang Aizhu , Zhou Hongcai , Yang Bo , Qu Yuanyuan , Liu Xiangdong 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPhotocatalytic water splitting is a new technology for the conversion and utilization of solar energy and has a potential prospect. One important aspect of enhancing the photocatalytic efficiency is how to improve the electron-hole separation. Up to now, there is still no ideal strategy to improve the electron-hole separation. In this article, for metal-free organic photocatalysts, we propose a good strategy- forming heterojunction, which can effectively improve the electron-hole separation. We provide a metal-free organic photocatalyst g-C12N7H3 for water splitting. The stability of g-C12N7H3 has been investigated, the X-ray diffraction spectra has been simulated. Using first-principles calculations, we have systematically studied the electronic structure, band edge alignment, and optical properties for the g-C12N7H3. The results demonstrated that g-C12N7H3 is a new organocatalyst material for water splitting. In order to enhance the photocatalytic efficiency, we provided four strategies, i.e., multilayer stacking, raising N atoms, forming g-C9N10/g-C12N7H3 heterojunction, and forming graphene/g-C12N7H3 heterojunction. Our research is expected to stimulate experimentalists to further study novel 2D metal-free organic materials as visible light photocatalysts. Our strategies, especially forming heterojunction, will substantially help to enhance the photocatalytic efficiency of metal-free organic photocatalyst.
Unique proteome signature of post-chemotherapy ovarian cancer ascites-derived tumor cells
Authors: Ahmed Nuzhat , Greening David , Samardzija Chantel , Escalona Ruth M. , Chen Maoshan , Findlay Jock K. , Kannourakis George 
Published: July 2016

AbstractEighty % of ovarian cancer patients diagnosed at an advanced-stage have complete remission after initial surgery and chemotherapy. However, most patients die within <5 years due to episodes of recurrences resulting from the growth of residual chemoresistant cells. In an effort to identify mechanisms associated with chemoresistance and recurrence, we compared the expression of proteins in ascites-derived tumor cells isolated from advanced-stage ovarian cancer patients obtained at diagnosis (chemonaive, CN) and after chemotherapy treatments (chemoresistant/at recurrence, CR) by using in-depth, high-resolution label-free quantitative proteomic profiling. A total of 2,999 proteins were identified. Using a stringent selection criterion to define only significantly differentially expressed proteins, we report identification of 353 proteins. There were significant differences in proteins encoding for immune surveillance, DNA repair mechanisms, cytoskeleton rearrangement, cell-cell adhesion, cell cycle pathways, cellular transport and proteins involved with glycine/proline/arginine synthesis in tumor cells isolated from CR relative to CN patients. Pathway analyses revealed enrichment of metabolic pathways, DNA repair mechanisms and energy metabolism pathways in CR tumor cells. In conclusion, this is the first proteomics study to comprehensively analyze ascites-derived tumor cells from CN and CR ovarian cancer patients.
Combretastatin A-4 efficiently inhibits angiogenesis and induces neuronal apoptosis in zebrafish
Authors: Shi Yun-Wei , Yuan Wei , Wang Xin , Gong Jie , Zhu Shun-Xing , Chai Lin-Lin , Qi Jia-Ling , Qin Yin-Yin , Gao Yu , Zhou Yu-Ling , Fan Xiao-Le , Ji Chun-Ya , Wu Jia-Yi , Wang Zhi-Wei , Liu Dong 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCis-stilbene combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) and a large group of its derivant compounds have been shown significant anti-angiogenesis activity. However the side effects even the toxicities of these chemicals were not evaluated adequately. The zebrafish model has become an important vertebrate model for evaluating drug effects. The testing of CA-4 on zebrafish is so far lacking and assessment of CA-4 on this model will provide with new insights of understanding the function of CA-4 on angiogenesis, the toxicities and side effects of CA-4. We discovered that 7–9 ng/ml CA-4 treatments resulted in developmental retardation and morphological malformation, and led to potent angiogenic defects in zebrafish embryos. Next, we demonstrated that intraperitoneal injection of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg CA-4 obviously inhibited vessel plexus formation in regenerated pectoral fins of adult zebrafish. Interestingly, we proved that CA-4 treatment induced significant cell apoptosis in central nervous system of zebrafish embryos and adults. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the neuronal apoptosis induced by CA-4 treatment was alleviated in p53 mutants. In addition, notch1a was up-regulated in CA-4 treated embryos, and inhibition of Notch signaling by DAPT partially rescued the apoptosis in zebrafish central nervous system caused by CA-4.
Asymmetric distribution of Spalt in Drosophila wing squamous and columnar epithelia ensures correct cell morphogenesis
Authors: Tang Wenqian , Wang Dan , Shen Jie 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe Drosophila wing imaginal disc is a sac-like structure that is composed of two opposing cell layers: peripodial epithelium (PE, also known as squamous epithelia) and disc proper (DP, also known as pseudostratified columnar epithelia). The molecular mechanism of cell morphogenesis has been well studied in the DP but not in the PE. Although proper Dpp signalling activity is required for proper PE formation, the detailed regulation mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we found that the Dpp target gene sal is only expressed in DP cells, not in PE cells, although pMad is present in the PE. Increasing Dpp signalling activity cannot activate Sal in PE cells. The absence of Sal in the PE is essential for PE formation. The ectopic expression of sal in PE cells is sufficient to increase the PE cell height. Down-regulation of sal in the DP reduced DP cell height. We further demonstrated that the known PE cell height regulator Lines, which can convert PE into a DP cell fate, is mediated by sal mis-activation in PE because sal-RNAi and lines co-expression largely restores PE cell morphology. By revealing the microtubule distribution, we demonstrated that Lines- and Sal-heightened PE cells are morphologically similar to the intermediate cell with cuboidal morphology.
Bimetallic Metal-Organic Frameworks for Controlled Catalytic Graphitization of Nanoporous Carbons
Authors: Tang Jing , Salunkhe Rahul R. , Zhang Huabin , Malgras Victor , Ahamad Tansir , Alshehri Saad M. , Kobayashi Naoya , Tominaka Satoshi , Ide Yusuke , Kim Jung Ho , Yamauchi Yusuke 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSingle metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), constructed from the coordination between one-fold metal ions and organic linkers, show limited functionalities when used as precursors for nanoporous carbon materials. Herein, we propose to merge the advantages of zinc and cobalt metals ions into one single MOF crystal (i.e., bimetallic MOFs). The organic linkers that coordinate with cobalt ions tend to yield graphitic carbons after carbonization, unlike those bridging with zinc ions, due to the controlled catalytic graphitization by the cobalt nanoparticles. In this work, we demonstrate a feasible method to achieve nanoporous carbon materials with tailored properties, including specific surface area, pore size distribution, degree of graphitization and content of heteroatoms. The bimetallic-MOF-derived nanoporous carbon are systematically characterized, highlighting the importance of precisely controlling the properties of the carbon materials. This can be done by finely tuning the components in the bimetallic MOF precursors and thus designing optimal carbon materials for specific applications.
A novel alignment-free method for detection of lateral genetic transfer based on TF-IDF
Authors: Cong Yingnan , Chan Yao-ban , Ragan Mark A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLateral genetic transfer (LGT) plays an important role in the evolution of microbes. Existing computational methods for detecting genomic regions of putative lateral origin scale poorly to large data. Here, we propose a novel method based on TF-IDF (Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency) statistics to detect not only regions of lateral origin, but also their origin and direction of transfer, in sets of hierarchically structured nucleotide or protein sequences. This approach is based on the frequency distributions of k-mers in the sequences. If a set of contiguous k-mers appears sufficiently more frequently in another phyletic group than in its own, we infer that they have been transferred from the first group to the second. We performed rigorous tests of TF-IDF using simulated and empirical datasets. With the simulated data, we tested our method under different parameter settings for sequence length, substitution rate between and within groups and post-LGT, deletion rate, length of transferred region and k size and found that we can detect LGT events with high precision and recall. Our method performs better than an established method, ALFY, which has high recall but low precision. Our method is efficient, with runtime increasing approximately linearly with sequence length.
Memory window engineering of Ta2O5−x oxide-based resistive switches via incorporation of various insulating frames
Authors: Lee Ah Rahm , Baek Gwang Ho , Kim Tae Yoon , Ko Won Bae , Yang Seung Mo , Kim Jongmin , Im Hyun Sik , Hong Jin Pyo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThree-dimensional (3D) stackable memory frames, including nano-scaled crossbar arrays, are one of the most reliable building blocks to meet the demand of high-density non-volatile memory electronics. However, their utilization has the disadvantage of introducing issues related to sneak paths, which can negatively impact device performance. We address the enhancement of complementary resistive switching (CRS) features via the incorporation of insulating frames as a generic approach to extend their use; here, a Pt/Ta2O5−x/Ta/Ta2O5−x/Pt frame is chosen as the basic CRS cell. The incorporation of Ta/Ta2O5−x/Ta or Pt/amorphous TaN/Pt insulting frames into the basic CRS cell ensures the appreciably advanced memory features of CRS cells including higher on/off ratios, improved read margins and increased selectivity without reliability degradation. Experimental observations identified that a suitable insulating frame is crucial for adjusting the abrupt reset events of the switching element, thereby facilitating the enhanced electrical characteristics of CRS cells that are suitable for practical applications.
DIC image reconstruction using an energy minimization framework to visualize optical path length distribution
Authors: Koos Krisztian , Molnár József , Kelemen Lóránd , Tamás Gábor , Horvath Peter 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLabel-free microscopy techniques have numerous advantages such as low phototoxicity, simple setup and no need for fluorophores or other contrast materials. Despite their advantages, most label-free techniques cannot visualize specific cellular compartments or the location of proteins and the image formation limits quantitative evaluation. Differential interference contrast (DIC) is a qualitative microscopy technique that shows the optical path length differences within a specimen. We propose a variational framework for DIC image reconstruction. The proposed method largely outperforms state-of-the-art methods on synthetic, artificial and real tests and turns DIC microscopy into an automated high-content imaging tool. Image sets and the source code of the examined algorithms are made publicly available.