bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and appraisal of a hand hygiene teaching approach for medical students: a qualitative study
Authors: Kaur Rajneesh , Razee Husna , Seale Holly 
Published: May 2016

Background: Poor hand hygiene (HH) practices among medical students have previously been attributed to students not being exposed to sufficient teaching materials during their training. Aim: To develop and evaluate a teaching module directed at improving the knowledge and attitudes of undergraduate medical students towards HH. Methods: The HH teaching module was designed based on educational materials used by the World Health Organization and other patient safety organisations. The development was also informed by the findings from two previous studies including qualitative interviews with staff and students and a survey of Australian medical schools. In-depth group interviews were undertaken with 24 undergraduate medical students. Results: Favourable feedback was received from the interviewed medical students towards the developed scenario-based learning activity; however, the group interview activity was not received well by students. They suggested that the HH teaching activities should be compulsory and not optional for medical students. In order to reinforce good HH practices and to improve knowledge around HH and healthcare-associated infections, they felt that the activities should be repeated during each phase of their degree. Conclusions: There is a need to change the approach to training in education, particularly to engage students in topics such as HH which are often seen as unimportant.
First Clinical Experience with Retrospective Flash Glucose Monitoring (FGM) Analysis in South Africa
Authors: Distiller Larry A. , Cranston Iain , Mazze Roger 
Published: May 2016

Background: In 2014, an innovative blinded continuous glucose monitoring system was introduced with automated ambulatory glucose profile (AGP) reporting. The clinical use and interpretation of this new technology has not previously been described. Therefore we wanted to understand its use in characterizing key factors related to glycemic control: glucose exposure, variability, and stability, and risk of hypoglycemia in clinical practice. Methods: Clinicians representing affiliated diabetes centers throughout South Africa were trained and subsequently were given flash glucose monitoring readers and 2-week glucose sensors to use at their discretion. After patient use, sensor data were collected and uploaded for AGP reporting. Results: Complete data (sensor AGP with corresponding clinical information) were obtained for 50 patients with type 1 (70%) and type 2 diabetes (30%), irrespective of therapy. Aggregated analysis of AGP data comparing patients with type 1 versus type 2 diabetes, revealed that despite similar HbA1c values between both groups (8.4 ± 2 vs 8.6 ± 1.7%, respectively), those with type 2 diabetes had lower mean glucose levels (9.2 ± 3 vs 10.3 mmol/l [166 ± 54 vs 185 mg/dl]) and lower indices of glucose variability (3.0 ± 1.5 vs 5.0 ± 1.9 mmol/l [54 ± 27 vs 90 ± 34.2 mg/dl]). This highlights key areas for future focus. Conclusions: Using AGP, the characteristics of glucose exposure, variability, stability, and hypoglycemia risk and occurrence were obtained within a short time and with minimal provider and patient input. In a survey at the time of the follow-up visit, clinicians indicated that aggregated AGP data analysis provided important new clinical information and insights.
A comparison of clinical parameters at presentation, pathological outcomes and biochemical relapse between NHS and private patients undergoing radical prostatectomy at a single centre in the United Kingdom
Authors: Robinson Simon , Laniado Marc , Farooq Assad , Motiwala Hanif , Omar Mohamed , Summers Dominic , Rao Amrith , Ali Mufeed , Meiers Isabelle , Karim Omer 
Published: May 2016

Objective: We studied our hypothesis that patients with private health insurance (PHI) with prostate cancer present with more favourable pathological outcomes. Patients and methods: Data were analysed from 554 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy from 2002 to 2010. A total of 328 patients under the NHS and 226 men had PHI. Two groups were compared for age, PSA, Gleason score, number of cores involved, maximum tumour length on biopsy core, socioeconomic status, imaging and pathological outcomes. Results: PHI presented at a younger age (63 vs 61, p = 0.008) and lower mean PSA (9.5 vs 8.04, p = 0.0005). Staging MRI showed a significant difference in usage (77% vs 45% p < 0.001). Importantly there was significant difference in the total tumour volume (4 cc vs 8 cc, p = 0.001). There were significantly more wealthy patients being seen privately ( p < 0.0001). However, on the final Cox regression model only grade, stage and insurance status were significant predictors of BCR. Conclusions: Patients with PHI were younger, had a lower presenting PSA and were wealthier. There is a significant difference in the social profile seen, but wealth itself is not protective yet health insurance is. Insurance status and not social status represents a factor in predicting final pathological outcomes after RRP.
Burden of genetic risk variants in multiple sclerosis families in the Netherlands
Authors: Mescheriakova Julia Y , Broer Linda , Wahedi Simin , Uitterlinden André G , van Duijn Cornelia M , Hintzen Rogier Q 
Published: May 2016

Background Approximately 20% of multiple sclerosis patients have a family history of multiple sclerosis. Studies of multiple sclerosis aggregation in families are inconclusive. Objective To investigate the genetic burden based on currently discovered genetic variants for multiple sclerosis risk in patients from Dutch multiple sclerosis multiplex families versus sporadic multiple sclerosis cases, and to study its influence on clinical phenotype and disease prediction. Methods Our study population consisted of 283 sporadic multiple sclerosis cases, 169 probands from multiplex families and 2028 controls. A weighted genetic risk score based on 102 non-human leukocyte antigen loci and HLA-DRB1*1501 was calculated. Results The weighted genetic risk score based on all loci was significantly higher in familial than in sporadic cases. The HLA-DRB1*1501 contributed significantly to the difference in genetic burden between the groups. A high weighted genetic risk score was significantly associated with a low age of disease onset in all multiple sclerosis patients, but not in the familial cases separately. The genetic risk score was significantly but modestly better in discriminating familial versus sporadic multiple sclerosis from controls. Conclusion Familial multiple sclerosis patients are more loaded with the common genetic variants than sporadic cases. The difference is mainly driven by HLA-DRB1*1501. The predictive capacity of genetic loci is poor and unlikely to be useful in clinical settings.
Does Repair of a Hill-Sachs Defect Increase Stability at the Glenohumeral Joint?
Authors: Bakshi Neil K. , Jolly John T. , Debski Richard E. , Sekiya Jon K. 
Published: May 2016

Background: The effect of osteoallograft repair of a Hill-Sachs lesion and the effect of allograft fit on glenohumeral translations in response to applied force are poorly understood. Purpose: To compare the impact of a 25% Hill-Sachs lesion, a perfect osteoallograft repair (PAR) of a 25% Hill-Sachs lesion, and an “imperfect” osteoallograft repair (IAR) of a 25% Hill-Sachs lesion on glenohumeral translations in response to a compressive load and either an anterior or posterior load in 3 clinically relevant arm positions. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A robotic/universal force-moment sensor testing system was used to apply joint compression (22 N) and an anterior or posterior load (44 N) to cadaveric shoulders (n = 9) with the skin and deltoid removed (intact) at 3 glenohumeral joint positions (abduction/external rotation): 0°/0°, 30°/30°, and 60°/60°. The 25% bony defect state, PAR state, and IAR state were created and the loading protocol was performed. Translational motion was measured in each position for each shoulder state. A nonparametric repeated-measures Friedman test with a Wilcoxon signed-rank post hoc test was performed to compare the biomechanical parameters ( P < .05). Results: Compared with the defect shoulder, the PAR shoulder had significantly less anterior translation with an anterior load in the 0°/0° (15.3 ± 8.2 vs 16.6 ± 9.0 mm, P = .008) and 30°/30° (13.6 ± 7.1 vs 14.2 ± 7.0 mm, P = .021) positions. Compared with IAR, the PAR shoulder had significantly less anterior translation with an anterior load in the 0°/0° (15.3 ± 8.2 vs 16.6 ± 9.0 mm, P = .008) and 30°/30° (13.6 ± 7.1 vs 14.4 ± 7.1 mm, P = .011) positions, and the defect shoulder had significantly less anterior translation with an anterior load in the 30°/30° (14.2 ± 7.0 vs 14.4 ± 7.0 mm, P = .038) position. Conclusion: PAR resulted in the least translational motion at the glenohumeral joint. The defect shoulder had significantly less translational motion at the joint compared with the IAR. An IAR resulted in the most translational motion at the glenohumeral joint. This demonstrates the biomechanical importance of performing an osteoallograft repair in which the allograft closely matches the Hill-Sachs defect and fully restores the preinjury state of the humeral head. Clinical Relevance: This study demonstrates the importance of performing an osteoallograft repair of a Hill-Sachs defect that closely matches the preinjury state and restores normal humeral head anatomy.
Metastasis: new functional implications of platelets and megakaryocytes
Authors: Leblanc Raphael , Peyruchaud Olivier 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPlatelets are essential components of hemostasis. Due to a plethora of factors released on activation, platelet functions are also connected to tumor growth, notably by acting on angiogenesis. It is now well recognized that major roles of platelets in the poor outcome of cancer patients occurs during hematogenous dissemination of cancer cells. In this review, we describe recent insights into the molecular mechanisms supporting the prometastatic activity of platelets. Platelets have been shown to promote survival of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the bloodstream by conferring resistance to the shear stress and attack from natural killer cells. Recently, platelets were found to promote and/or maintain the state of epithelial to mesenchymal transition on CTCs through platelet secretion of transforming growth factor β in response to CTC activation. At a later stage in the metastatic process, platelets promote extravasation and establishment of metastatic cells in distant organs as observed in bone. This particular environment is also the site of hematopoiesis, megakaryocytopoiesis, and platelet production. Increasing the number of megakaryocytes (MKs) in the bone marrow results in a high bone mass phenotype and inhibits skeletal metastasis formation of prostate cancer cells. As a result of their specific location in vascular niches in the bone marrow, MK activity might contribute to the “seed and soil” suitability between CTCs and bone. In conclusion, recent findings have made a great advance in our knowledge on how platelets contribute to the metastatic dissemination of cancer cells and that may support the development of new antimetastasis therapies.
Phylogenetic placement and generic re‐circumscriptions of the multilocular generaArenifera,OctopomaandSchlechteranthus(Aizoaceae: Ruschieae): Evidence from anatomical, morphological and plastid DNA data
Authors: Powell Robyn F. , Boatwright James S. , Klak Cornelia , Magee Anthony R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractRuschieae is the largest tribe in the highly speciose subfamily Ruschioideae (Aizoaceae). A generic‐level phylogeny for the tribe was recently produced, providing new insights into relationships between the taxa.Octopoma and Areniferaare woody shrubs with multilocular capsules and are distributed across the Succulent Karoo.Octopomawas shown to be polyphyletic in the tribal phylogeny, but comprehensive sampling is required to confirm its polyphyly.Areniferahas not previously been sampled and therefore its phylogenetic placement in the tribe is uncertain. In this study, phylogenetic sampling for nine plastid regions (atpB‐rbcL, matK, psbJ‐petA, rpl16, rps16, trnD‐trnT, trnL‐F, trnQUUG‐rps16, trnS‐trnG) was expanded to include all species of Octopoma and Arenifera, to assess phylogenetic placement and relationships of these genera. Three phylogenetic analyses were carried out, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. Leaf anatomical sections were studied to further inform generic circumscriptions. The phylogenies showedOctopomato be polyphyletic, with the type,O. octojuge, and the relatedO. nanum, resolved as sister toZeuktophyllumandSmicrostigma, while the other species were placed in theConophytum‐clade.Areniferawas also shown to be polyphyletic, with the type,A. pillansii, placed in the xeromorphic‐clade, and the remainder of the species recovered among theOctopomaspecies in theConophytum‐clade (forming theOctopoma subglobosum–Arenifera spinescenssubclade). Generic affinities of theO. subglobosum–A. spinescenssubclade were assessed in relation to the sister taxonSchlechteranthus. The leaf anatomy was found to be informative within the study group. Bladder cells were observed inArenifera pillansii, a hypodermis in Little KarooOctopoma(O. octojuge, O. nanum, O. quadrisepalum) and epidermal cells forming blunt papillae inSchlechteranthusand theO. subglobosum–A. spinescenssubclade. Upon assessment of the anatomical, morphological and phylogenetic data,Schlechteranthusis here expanded to include the species in theO. subglobosum–A. spinescenssubclade. Eight new combinations are made inSchlechteranthus. As a result,Areniferais again monotypic and the circumscription ofOctopomais refined to include three species restricted to the Little Karoo. Two subgenera withinSchlechteranthuss.1. (subg.Schlechteranthus, subg.Microphyllus) are erected to accommodate differences in leaf size, capsule size, closing body size and locule number.
Relationships among wild relatives of the tomato, potato, and pepino
Authors: Tepe Eric J. , Anderson Gregory J. , Spooner David M. , Bohs Lynn 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWith ca. 200 species, the informally named Potato clade represents one of the larger subgroups of the estimated 1500 species of Solanum. Because its members include the potato (S. tuberosum), tomato (S. lycopersicum), and pepino (S. muricatum), it is the most economically important clade in the genus. These crop species and their close relatives have been the focus of intensive research, but relationships among major lineages of the Potato clade remain poorly understood. In this study, we use sequences from the nuclear ITS and waxy (GBSSI), and plastid trnT‐trnF and trnS‐trnG to estimate a phylogeny and further explore relationships within the Potato clade. With increased sampling over past studies, the Potato clade emerges as a strongly supported clade and comprises 12–13 subclades which, for the most part, correspond to traditionally recognized sections. Solanum sect. Regmandra is sister to the rest of the lineages of the Potato clade which are, in turn, organized into two major subclades: (1) sections Anarrhichomenum, Articulatum, Basarthrum, Etuberosum, Juglandifolia, Lycopersicoides, Lycopersicon, and Petota, and (2) sections Herpystichum and Pteroidea. As in all other studies including these groups, sections Etuberosum, Juglandifolia, Lycopersicoides, Lycopersicon, and Petota form a strongly supported clade. Solanum oxycoccoides, a high‐elevation species endemic to north‐central Peru, was tentatively assigned to several groups within Solanum based on morphological evidence, but instead the species represents an independent lineage within the Potato clade, sister to the first major subclade. A key to the sections of the Potato clade is provided.
When bears feast and bulls run free: Bridging the gap between metaphor theory and core ideals in journalism practice in financial news reporting
Authors: O’Mara-Shimek Michael 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Research in Cognitive Linguistics, Discourse Analysis and Frame Analysis has demonstrated that the use of metaphor in news reporting influences and affects how readers understand economic realities and their subsequent behaviours as consumers. However, to what degree are these advances reflected in the policies of financial news reporters and their editors? Analysing a corpus of journalism practices, ideals, principles and ethics declarations of the major and representative financial news media sources, this research seeks to determine whether metaphor is contemplated in their journalism policies and, if so, how. With the exception of a brief mention of metaphor in Reuters, the results appear to indicate a gap between metaphor theory and journalism praxis. Across the board, metaphor is not taken into account and thus no considerations are offered for its effective and ethical use. This research attempts to bridge the gap by identifying core common ethical principles in journalistic practice and how awareness and conversation between metaphor theorists and financial news reporters and their editors concerning metaphor would further the pursuit of core journalism standards to ultimately better serve the needs of news consumers.
Loss of CLPP alleviates mitochondrial cardiomyopathy without affecting the mammalian UPRmt
Authors: Seiferling Dominic , Szczepanowska Karolina , Becker Christina , Senft Katharina , Hermans Steffen , Maiti Priyanka , König Tim , Kukat Alexandra , Trifunovic Aleksandra 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe mitochondrial matrix protease CLPP plays a central role in the activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) in Caenorhabditis elegans. Far less is known about mammalian UPRmt signaling, although similar roles were assumed for central players, including CLPP. To better understand the mammalian UPRmt signaling, we deleted CLPP in hearts of DARS2‐deficient animals that show robust induction of UPRmt due to strong dysregulation of mitochondrial translation. Remarkably, our results clearly show that mammalian CLPP is neither required for, nor it regulates the UPRmt in mammals. Surprisingly, we demonstrate that a strong mitochondrial cardiomyopathy and diminished respiration due to DARS2 deficiency can be alleviated by the loss of CLPP, leading to an increased de novo synthesis of individual OXPHOS subunits. These results question our current understanding of the UPRmt signaling in mammals, while introducing CLPP as a possible novel target for therapeutic intervention in mitochondrial diseases.
Resolving the Conflict Between Associative Overdominance and Background Selection
Authors: Zhao Lei , Charlesworth Brian 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In small populations, genetic linkage between a polymorphic neutral locus and loci subject to selection, either against partially recessive mutations or in favor of heterozygotes, may result in an apparent selective advantage to heterozygotes at the neutral locus (associative overdominance) and a retardation of the rate of loss of variability by genetic drift at this locus. In large populations, selection against deleterious mutations has previously been shown to reduce variability at linked neutral loci (background selection). We describe analytical, numerical, and simulation studies that shed light on the conditions under which retardation vs. acceleration of loss of variability occurs at a neutral locus linked to a locus under selection. We consider a finite, randomly mating population initiated from an infinite population in equilibrium at a locus under selection. With mutation and selection, retardation occurs only when S, the product of twice the effective population size and the selection coefficient, is of order 1. With S &gt;&gt; 1, background selection always causes an acceleration of loss of variability. Apparent heterozygote advantage at the neutral locus is, however, always observed when mutations are partially recessive, even if there is an accelerated rate of loss of variability. With heterozygote advantage at the selected locus, loss of variability is nearly always retarded. The results shed light on experiments on the loss of variability at marker loci in laboratory populations and on the results of computer simulations of the effects of multiple selected loci on neutral variability.
Gingival Margin Stability After Mucogingival Plastic Surgery. The Effect of Manual Versus Powered Toothbrushing: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Acunzo Raffaele , Limiroli Enrico , Pagni Giorgio , Dudaite Adele , Consonni Dario , Rasperini Giulio 
Published: May 2016

Background: Oscillating‐rotating power toothbrushes have been proven to be clinically efficacious. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, a clinical evaluation of the safety of these toothbrushes after surgical root coverage procedures has not been published. The aim of this study is to evaluate the gingival margin (GM) stability with the use of an oscillating‐rotating toothbrush compared with a manual toothbrush.Methods: Sixty healthy individuals with at least one Miller Class I or II gingival recession underwent a surgical root coverage procedure. Soft‐bristle manual and powered toothbrushes were given to participants randomly assigned to control and test groups, respectively. Full‐mouth plaque score (FMPS), full‐mouth bleeding score (FMBS), probing depth (PD), and recession depth (RD) were recorded at baseline and 1, 3, and 6 months after completion of the surgical procedure. Data analyses were performed using linear random‐intercept models to take into account within‐participant correlations over time. Temporal trend differences across treatments by including treatment–time interaction terms were then tested using a global Wald test.Results: Use of a powered toothbrush resulted in a significantly greater reduction of recorded periodontal clinical indices compared with a manual device (FMPS, P = 0.05; FMBS, P = 0.005; RD, P = 0.004). No significant differences were noticed between the two experimental groups both for PD (P = 0.03) and clinical attachment level (P = 0.11). Complete root coverage was significantly higher in participants who used the powered toothbrush compared with the manual toothbrush at 6 months (control, 66.67%; test, 96.67%; P = 0.002).Conclusion: Use of an oscillating‐rotating powered toothbrush with a soft‐bristle head resulted in higher GM stability after root coverage procedures compared with the use of a manual soft‐bristled toothbrush.
Minorités actives et résilience dans la vie et l’œuvre de Serge Moscovici
Authors: Seca Jean-Marie 
Published: May 2016

Nous décrirons d’abord les caractéristiques du modèle d’analyse des minorités actives et ses relations avec la théorie des représentations sociales chez Serge Moscovici. On définira de façon plus précise les éléments essentiels de sa théorisation, centrée sur la régénération cognitive des minorités (parvenir à une conduite consistance, fondée sur un nomos défini par l’intellectualisation/mise en images fortes d’une expérience de vie). Nous mettrons ensuite en relation cette dernière spécificité (nécessité de devenir une « minorité active ») avec la biographie de Moscovici en affirmant que l’on peut arrimer, à l’avenir, les théories de la résilience à celle des mouvements sociaux et des minorités actives.