bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spinal accessory nerve to triceps muscle transfer using long autologous nerve grafts for recovery of elbow extension in traumatic brachial plexus injuries
Authors: Bulstra Liselotte F. , Rbia Nadia , Kircher Michelle F. , Spinner Robert J. , Bishop Allen T. , Shin Alexander Y. 
Published: December 2017

OBJECTIVEReconstructive options for brachial plexus lesions continue to expand and improve. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and quality of restored elbow extension in patients with brachial plexus injuries who underwent transfer of the spinal accessory nerve to the motor branch of the radial nerve to the long head of the triceps muscle with an intervening autologous nerve graft and to identify patient and injury factors that influence functional triceps outcome.METHODSA total of 42 patients were included in this retrospective review. All patients underwent transfer of the spinal accessory nerve to the motor branch of the radial nerve to the long head of the triceps muscle as part of their reconstruction plan after brachial plexus injury. The primary outcome was elbow extension strength according to the modified Medical Research Council muscle grading scale, and signs of triceps muscle recovery were recorded using electromyography.RESULTSWhen evaluating the entire study population (follow-up range 12–45 months, mean 24.3 months), 52.4% of patients achieved meaningful recovery. More specifically, 45.2% reached Grade 0 or 1 recovery, 19.1% obtained Grade 2, and 35.7% improved to Grade 3 or better. The presence of a vascular injury impaired functional outcome. In the subgroup with a minimum follow-up of 20 months (n = 26), meaningful recovery was obtained by 69.5%. In this subgroup, 7.7% had no recovery (Grade 0), 19.2% had recovery to Grade 1, and 23.1% had recovery to Grade 2. Grade 3 or better was reached by 50% of patients, of whom 34.5% obtained Grade 4 elbow extension.CONCLUSIONSTransfer of the spinal accessory nerve to the radial nerve branch to the long head of the triceps muscle with an interposition nerve graft is an adequate option for restoration of elbow extension, despite the relatively long time required for reinnervation. The presence of vascular injury impairs functional recovery of the triceps muscle, and the use of shorter nerve grafts is recommended when and if possible.
Anatomical and technical factors associated with superior facet joint violation in lumbar fusion
Authors: Teles Alisson R. , Paci Michael , Gutman Gabriel , Abduljabbar Fahad H. , Ouellet Jean A. , Weber Michael H. , Golan Jeff D. 
Published: December 2017

OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomical and surgical risk factors for screw-related facet joint violation at the superior level in lumbar fusion.METHODSThe authors conducted a retrospective review of a consecutive series of posterior lumbar instrumented fusions performed by a single surgeon. Inclusion criteria were primary lumbar fusion of 1 or 2 levels for degenerative disorders. The following variables were analyzed as possible risk factors: surgical technique (percutaneous vs open screw placement), depth of surgical field, degree of anterior slippage of the superior level, pedicle and facet angle, and facet degeneration of the superior level. Postoperative CT scans were evaluated by 2 independent reviewers. Axial, sagittal, and coronal views were reviewed. Pedicle screws were graded as intra-articular if they clearly interposed between the superior and inferior facet joints of the superior level. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the factors associated with this complication.RESULTSOne hundred thirty-one patients were included. Interobserver reliability for facet joint violation assessment was high (κ = 0.789). The incidence of superior facet joint violation was 12.59% per top-level screw (33 of 262 proximal screws). The rate of facet violation was 28.0% in the percutaneous technique group (14 of 50 patients) and 12.3% in the open surgery group (10 of 81 patients) (OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.09–4.21; p = 0.024). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, independent predictors of facet violation were percutaneous screw placement (adjusted OR 3.31, 95% CI 1.42–7.73; p = 0.006), right-side pedicle screw (adjusted OR 3.14, 95% CI 1.29–7.63; p = 0.011), and facet angle > 45° (adjusted OR 10.95, 95% CI 4.64–25.84; p < 0.0001).CONCLUSIONSThe incidence of facet joint violation was higher in percutaneous minimally invasive than in open technique for posterior lumbar spine surgery. Also, coronal orientation of the facet joint is a significant risk factor independent of the surgical technique.
A Spectroscopic Search for AGN Activity in the Reionization Era
Authors: Laporte Nicolas , Nakajima Kimihiko , Ellis Richard S. , Zitrin Adi , Stark Daniel P. , Mainali Ramesh , Roberts-Borsani G. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The ubiquity of Lyman alpha (Lyα) emission in a sample of four bright [O iii]-strong star-forming galaxies with redshifts above seven has led to the suggestion that such luminous sources represent a distinct population compared with their fainter, more numerous counterparts. The presence of Lyα emission within the reionization era could indicate that these sources created early ionized bubbles due to their unusually strong radiation, possibly because of the presence of active galactic nuclei. To test this hypothesis, we secured long integration spectra with XSHOOTER on the VLT for three

sources selected to have similar luminosities and prominent excess fluxes in the IRAC 3.6 or 4.5 μm band, usually attributed to strong [O iii] emission. We secured additional spectroscopy for one of these galaxies at z = 7.15 using MOSFIRE at the Keck telescope. For the most well-studied source in our sample with the strongest IRAC excess, we detect significant nebular emission from He ii and N v indicative of a non-thermal source. For the other two sources at z = 6.81 and z = 6.85, for which no previous optical/near-infrared spectroscopy was available, Lyα is seen in one and C iii] emission in the other. Although based on a modest sample, our results further support the hypothesis that the phenomenon of intense [O iii] emission is associated preferentially with sources lying in early ionized bubbles. However, even though one of our sources at z = 7.15 suggests the presence of non-thermal radiation, such ionized bubbles may not uniquely arise in this manner. We discuss the unique advantages of extending such challenging diagnostic studies with JWST.
General Physical Properties of CGRaBS Blazars
Authors: Paliya Vaidehi S. , Marcotulli L. , Ajello M. , Joshi M. , Sahayanathan S. , Rao A. R. , Hartmann D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
We present the results of a multi-frequency, time-averaged analysis of blazars included in the Candidate Gamma-ray Blazar Survey catalog. Our sample consists of 324 γ-ray detected (γ-ray loud) and 191 γ-ray undetected (γ-ray quiet) blazars; we consider all the data up to 2016 April 1. We find that both the γ-ray loud and γ-ray quiet blazar populations occupy similar regions in the WISE color–color diagram, and γ-ray loud sources are brighter in the radio and X-ray bands. A simple one-zone synchrotron inverse-Compton emission model is applied to derive the physical properties of both populations. We find that the central black hole mass and accretion disk luminosity (

L

disk

) computed from the modeling of the optical-UV emission with a Shakura–Sunyaev disk reasonably matches that estimated from the optical spectroscopic emission-line information. A significantly larger Doppler boosting in the γ-ray loud blazars is noted, and their jets are more radiatively efficient. On the other hand, the γ-ray quiet objects are more MeV-peaked and thus could be potential targets for next-generation MeV missions. Our results confirm earlier findings about the accretion-jet connection in blazars; however, many of the γ-ray quiet blazars tend to deviate from the recent claim that the jet power exceeds

L

disk

in blazars. A broadband study, considering a larger set of γ-ray quiet objects and also including BL Lacs, will be needed to confirm/reject this hypothesis as well as to verify the evolution of the powerful high-redshift blazars into their low-power nearby counterparts.
2FGL J0846.0+2820: A New Neutron Star Binary with a Giant Secondary and Variable γ-Ray Emission
Authors: Swihart Samuel J. , Strader Jay , Johnson Tyrel J. , Cheung C. C. , Sand David , Chomiuk Laura , Wasserman Asher , Larsen Søren , Brodie Jean P. , Simonian Gregory V. , Tremou Evangelia , Shishkovsky Laura , Reichart Daniel E. , Haislip Joshua 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
We present optical photometric and spectroscopic observations of the likely stellar counterpart to the unassociated Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) γ-ray source 2FGL J0846.0+2820, selected for study based on positional coincidences of optical variables with unassociated LAT sources. Using optical spectroscopy from the SOAR telescope, we have identified a late-G giant in an eccentric (e = 0.06) 8.133-day orbit with an invisible primary. Modeling the spectroscopy and photometry together led us to infer a heavy neutron star primary of

and a partially stripped giant secondary of

. Hα emission is observed in some of the spectra, perhaps consistent with the presence of a faint accretion disk. We find that the γ-ray flux of 2FGL J0846.0+2820 dropped substantially in mid-2009, accompanied by an increased variation in the optical brightness, and since then, it has not been detected by Fermi. The long period and giant secondary are reminiscent of the γ-ray bright binary 1FGL J1417.7–4407, which hosts a millisecond pulsar (MSP) apparently in the final stages of the pulsar recycling process. The discovery of 2FGL J0846.0+2820 suggests the identification of a new subclass of MSP binaries that are the likely progenitors of typical field MSPs.
Homologous Circular-ribbon Flares Driven by Twisted Flux Emergence
Authors: Xu Z. , Yang K. , Guo Y. , Zhao J. , Zhao Z. J. , Kashapova L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
In this paper, we report two homologous circular-ribbon flares associated with two filament eruptions. They were well observed by the New Vacuum Solar Telescope and the Solar Dynamics Observatory on 2014 March 5. Prior to the flare, two small-scale filaments enclosed by a circular pre-flare brightening lie along the circular polarity inversion line around the parasitic polarity, which has shown a continuous rotation since its first appearance. Two filaments eventually erupt in sequence associated with two homologous circular-ribbon flares and display an apparent writhing signature. Supplemented by the nonlinear force-free field extrapolation and the magnetic field squashing factor investigation, the following are revealed. (1) This event involves the emergence of magnetic flux ropes into a pre-existing polarity area, which yields the formation of a 3D null-point topology in the corona. (2) Continuous input of the free energy in the form of a flux rope from beneath the photosphere may drive a breakout-type reconnection occurring high in the corona, supported by the pre-flare brightening. (3) This initiation reconnection could release the constraint on the flux rope and trigger the MHD instability to first make filament F1 lose equilibrium. The subsequent more violent magnetic reconnection with the overlying flux is driven during the filament rising. In return, the eruption of filament F2 is further facilitated by the reduction of the magnetic tension force above. These two processes form a positive feedback to each other to cause the energetic mass eruption and flare.
The Combined Ultraviolet, Optical, and Near-infrared Light Curves of the Kilonova Associated with the Binary Neutron Star Merger GW170817: Unified Data Set, Analytic Models, and Physical Implications
Authors: Villar V. A. , Guillochon J. , Berger E. , Metzger B. D. , Cowperthwaite P. S. , Nicholl M. , Alexander K. D. , Blanchard P. K. , Chornock R. , Eftekhari T. , Fong W. , Margutti R. , Williams P. K. G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
We present the first effort to aggregate, homogenize, and uniformly model the combined ultraviolet, optical, and near-infrared data set for the electromagnetic counterpart of the binary neutron star merger GW170817. By assembling all of the available data from 18 different papers and 46 different instruments, we are able to identify and mitigate systematic offsets between individual data sets and to identify clear outlying measurements, with the resulting pruned and adjusted data set offering an opportunity to expand the study of the kilonova. The unified data set includes 647 individual flux measurements, spanning 0.45–29.4 days post-merger, and thus has greater constraining power for physical models than any single data set. We test a number of semi-analytical models and find that the data are well modeled with a three-component kilonova model: a “blue” lanthanide-poor component (

cm2 g−1) with

and

an intermediate opacity “purple” component (

cm2 g−1) with

and

and a “red” lanthanide-rich component (

cm2 g−1) with

and

. We further explore the possibility of ejecta asymmetry and its impact on the estimated parameters. From the inferred parameters we draw conclusions about the physical mechanisms responsible for the various ejecta components, the properties of the neutron stars, and, combined with an up-to-date merger rate, the implications for r-process enrichment via this channel. To facilitate future studies of this keystone event we make the unified data set and our modeling code public.
The Peculiar Physics of GRB 170817A and Their Implications for Short GRBs
Authors: Bégué D. , Burgess J. Michael , Greiner J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The unexpected nearby gamma-ray burst (GRB) GRB 170817A associated with the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory binary neutron star merger event GW170817 presents a challenge to the current understanding of the emission physics of short GRBs. The event’s low luminosity but similar peak energy compared to standard short GRBs are difficult to explain with current models, challenging our understanding of the GRB emission process. Emission models invoking synchrotron radiation from electrons accelerated in shocks and photospheric emission are particularly challenging explanations for this burst.
La diplomatie du Saint-Siège
Authors: Joubert Bruno 
Published: December 2017

La diplomatie du Saint-Siège reste un objet mal identifié. Au service d’une entité internationale souveraine mais religieuse, elle est d’abord une diplomatie ecclésiale qui ne s’engage dans les affaires temporelles internationales qu’au nom du « bien commun », en défendant des principes tels que le refus de la guerre ou la défense des droits humains. Tout en suivant cette ligne directrice, la diplomatie de François tente, avec un élan renouvelé, d’endiguer les dérives de la mondialisation, de faire progresser le dialogue avec l’orthodoxie ou l’islam et de contribuer à la paix.
El emprendedor, su proyecto y sus limitantes desde un enfoque dinámico y cognitivo: reflexiones de una intervención en campo
Authors: Ramirez Juan Morua 
Published: December 2017

Après une intervention sur le terrain avec un groupe d’entrepreneurs, nous avons noté que les phénomènes dynamiques, régulièrement non-linaires, causent des modifications à leurs projets ; ces phénomènes sont liés aux éléments hétérogènes à gérer et à l’incertitude propre de ce genre de projets et en même temps, nous avons observé que les entrepreneurs en action n’ont pas pu avoir un projet clair ou leur projet original a été rapidement abandonné en agissant au fur et à mesure que les problèmes arrivaient. Cette communication a l’intention d’offrir une réflexion autour des faits observés sur le terrain, spécifiquement sur le projet entrepreneurial et ses limitateurs. Inscrits dans une approche cognitive de l’entrepreneuriat et d’une approche sur la dynamique des systèmes, nous proposons un cadre de réflexion utile pour anticiper l’émergence des limiteurs de la performance dans les projets entrepreneuriaux.
Commissioner Selection and Deregulation of US Gas Utilities
Authors: Hlásny Vladimír 
Published: December 2017

Le présent article se propose d’évaluer le rôle des motifs de réélection des commissaires de la fonction publique d’État dans la déréglementation du marché américain de la distribution de gaz au cours des vingt dernières années. Ces motifs de réélection peuvent affecter le choix des commissaires quant à la date et au type de régime règlementaire – restructuration de la vente au détail, plafonnement des prix ou réglementation progressive – à adopter pour déréglementer certains services publics. Le système de sélection des commissaires, le calendrier des élections et la composition des commissions sont évalués comme des facteurs politiques. Il ressort que la fréquence des élections est positivement liée au risque de déréglementation, bien qu’avec des délais différents. Dans les périodes d’élections, le risque de plafonnement des prix augmente immédiatement, tandis que celui des restructurations augmente dans les années qui suivent. Les élections favorisent un plafonnement des prix, tandis que les nominations par l’État favorisent la restructuration. Les commissions à tendance démocrates favorisent le plafonnement des prix au détriment de la restructuration.
Altered Marginal Zone B Cell Selection in the Absence of IκBNS
Authors: Ádori Monika , Pedersen Gabriel K. , Ádori Csaba , Erikson Elina , Khoenkhoen Sharesta , Stark Julian M. , Choi Jin Huk , Dosenovic Pia , Karlsson Mikael C. I. , Beutler Bruce , Karlsson Hedestam Gunilla B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Marginal zone (MZ) B cells reside in the splenic MZ and play important roles in T cell–independent humoral immune responses against blood-borne pathogens. IκBNS-deficient bumble mice exhibit a severe reduction in the MZ B compartment but regain an MZ B population with age and, thus, represent a valuable model to examine the biology of MZ B cells. In this article, we characterized the MZ B cell defect in further detail and investigated the nature of the B cells that appear in the MZ of aged bumble mice. Flow cytometry analysis of the splenic transitional B cell subsets demonstrated that MZ B cell development was blocked at the transitional-1 to transitional-2–MZ precursor stage in the absence of functional IκBNS. Immunohistochemical analysis of spleen sections from wild-type and bumble mice revealed no alteration in the cellular MZ microenvironment, and analysis of bone marrow chimeras indicated that the MZ B cell development defect in bumble mice was B cell intrinsic. Further, we demonstrate that the B cells that repopulate the MZ in aged bumble mice were distinct from age-matched wild-type MZ B cells. Specifically, the expression of surface markers characteristic for MZ B cells was altered and the L chain Igλ+ repertoire was reduced in bumble mice. Finally, plasma cell differentiation of sorted LPS-stimulated MZ B cells was impaired, and aged bumble mice were unable to respond to NP-Ficoll immunization. These results demonstrate that IκBNS is required for an intact MZ B cell compartment in C57BL/6 mice.
Corrosive Injuries of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Meena Babu Lal , Narayan Kumar Shwetanshu , Goyal Gopal , Sultania Surendar , Nijhawan Sandeep 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTCorrosive injury of the upper gastrointestinal tract is a worldwide clinical problem, mostly occurring in children. Alkaline agents produce deeper injuries whereas acidic agents produce superficial injuries usually. Hoarseness, stridor, and respiratory distress indicate airway injury. Dysphagia, odynophagia, and drooling of saliva suggest esophageal injury whereas abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting are indicative of stomach injury. X-rays should be done to rule out perforation. Endoscopy is usually recommended in the first 12–48 h although it is safe up to 96 h after caustic ingestion. Endoscopy should be performed with caution and gentle insufflation. Initial management includes getting intravenous access and replacement of fluids. Hyperemia and superficial ulcerations have excellent recovery while deeper injuries require total parenteral nutrition or feeding jejunostomy. Patients suspected of perforation should be subjected to laparotomy. Common complications after corrosive injury are esophageal stricture, gastric outlet obstruction, and development of esophageal and gastric carcinoma.
Empirical methods for the estimation of Southern Ocean CO2: support vector and random forest regression
Authors: Gregor Luke , Kok Schalk , Monteiro Pedro M. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract. The Southern Ocean accounts for 40 % of oceanic CO2 uptake, but the estimates are bound by large uncertainties due to a paucity in observations. Gap-filling empirical methods have been used to good effect to approximate pCO2 from satellite observable variables in other parts of the ocean, but many of these methods are not in agreement in the Southern Ocean. In this study we propose two additional methods that perform well in the Southern Ocean: support vector regression (SVR) and random forest regression (RFR). The methods are used to estimate ΔpCO2 in the Southern Ocean based on SOCAT v3, achieving similar trends to the SOM-FFN method by Landschützer et al. (2014). Results show that the SOM-FFN and RFR approaches have RMSEs of similar magnitude (14.84 and 16.45 µatm, where 1 atm  =  101 325 Pa) where the SVR method has a larger RMSE (24.40 µatm). However, the larger errors for SVR and RFR are, in part, due to an increase in coastal observations from SOCAT v2 to v3, where the SOM-FFN method used v2 data. The success of both SOM-FFN and RFR depends on the ability to adapt to different modes of variability. The SOM-FFN achieves this by having independent regression models for each cluster, while this flexibility is intrinsic to the RFR method. Analyses of the estimates shows that the SVR and RFR's respective sensitivity and robustness to outliers define the outcome significantly. Further analyses on the methods were performed by using a synthetic dataset to assess the following: which method (RFR or SVR) has the best performance? What is the effect of using time, latitude and longitude as proxy variables on ΔpCO2? What is the impact of the sampling bias in the SOCAT v3 dataset on the estimates? We find that while RFR is indeed better than SVR, the ensemble of the two methods outperforms either one, due to complementary strengths and weaknesses of the methods. Results also show that for the RFR and SVR implementations, it is better to include coordinates as proxy variables as RMSE scores are lowered and the phasing of the seasonal cycle is more accurate. Lastly, we show that there is only a weak bias due to undersampling. The synthetic data provide a useful framework to test methods in regions of sparse data coverage and show potential as a useful tool to evaluate methods in future studies.