bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regard critique sur le label « études critiques de sécurité »
Authors: Simonneau Damien 
Published: March 2016

Dans le champ des études stratégiques et de sécurité, le label « critique » est accolé à des travaux ayant réussi au cours des vingt dernières années à déconstruire les pratiques et discours de sécurité dominants. L’argument développé dans cet article est que le label peut être décortiqué conformément à trois postures scientifiques. La première est de nature ontologique : les « critiques » s’inscrivant dans l’élargissement du concept de sécurité dans l’après-guerre froide. La deuxième est de nature épistémologique et renvoie aux débats entre positivisme et postpositivisme sur le rapport aux savoirs en la matière. Enfin, la troisième relève de l’engagement intellectuel et motive des réflexions sur les méthodes mobilisées et sur la contestation des politiques de sécurité.
Les concepts, parent pauvre des études (critiques) de sécurité ? Proposition pour une archéologie des savoirs de la sécurité
Authors: Bonditti Philippe 
Published: March 2016

Malgré l’extraordinaire développement du champ des « études de sécurité », les concepts et les savoirs de la sécurité demeurent trop peu étudiés. Partant de ce constat, nous proposons, dans cet article à vocation programmatique, de poser les bases d’une étude historique de l’émergence et de la transformation des concepts et des savoirs de la sécurité ; étude que nous travaillons à situer à l’intérieur d’une approche de la sécurité par les pratiques. Pour cela, nous formulons d’abord une critique épistémologique de la Securitization Theory pour affirmer l’utilité d’une approche par les pratiques. Nous introduisons ensuite notre conception du concept, son rapport à la connaissance, au(x) savoir(s) et à la pratique. Enfin, nous nous efforçons de définir le domaine empirique d’une telle étude historique, en fait archéologique (au sens de Foucault), des concepts et des savoirs de la sécurité.
Les sciences humaines et la critique de la raison stratégique
Authors: Wasinski Christophe 
Published: March 2016

Faut-il tenir pour acquis le raisonnement stratégique qui affirme que la violence militaire est un moyen rationnellement utilisable au service de fins politiques ? Cet article traite ce problème à partir d’une relecture de travaux issus des sciences humaines (histoire, anthropologie ou encore études en communication) autres que les Relations internationales. À l’aide de ceux-ci, il met en évidence le fait que le raisonnement stratégique doit sa continuité aux intérêts de certains acteurs responsables de cadrages très sélectifs, pour ne pas dire biaisés, des effets de l’usage de la force. Pour prendre la pleine mesure de ce phénomène, une perspective dédisciplinarisée, voire indisciplinée, s’impose.
Les études stratégiques sont-elles rationalistes et matérialistes ? « Nouvelles études de sécurité » et pensée stratégique
Authors: Vennesson Pascal 
Published: March 2016

Les tenants des « nouvelles études de sécurité » ont au cours des deux dernières décennies avancé une critique de grande ampleur de la contribution de la stratégie à l’étude de la sécurité internationale et, plus généralement, des relations internationales dans leur ensemble. Ils estiment que le soubassement épistémologique des études stratégiques, spécifiquement leurs postulats rationaliste et matérialiste, constitue un grave handicap. Toutefois, ce défi vigoureux et influent n’a, jusqu’à présent, pas été relevé. On montrera ici que les études stratégiques échappent très largement aux accusations des tenants de la sécurité élargie et on répondra aux objections épistémologiques qu’ils ont avancées.
Des études critiques de sécurité au démantèlement de la sécurité
Authors: Çalkivik Asli 
Published: March 2016

Le projet d’une approche critique de la sécurité est devenu un domaine de recherche dynamique, donnant naissance à des sous-champs distincts tels que les études féministes de sécurité et les études critiques du terrorisme. Mais un nombre croissant de chercheurs critiques ont commencé à remettre en question les réalisations de ce programme de recherche au cours des dernières années. Ils soulignent la façon dont les discours critiques sur la sécurité prennent l’apparence d’une nouvelle orthodoxie et deviennent complices de la reproduction des rapports de pouvoir existants. D’autres vont plus loin encore et déclarent la « mort » des approches critiques de la sécurité. Dans cet article, je passe en revue ces débats émergents sur le goulot d’étranglement rencontré par les études critiques de la sécurité et je détaille les critiques concernant l’état actuel des études critiques de sécurité.
Construction et légitimation initiales des standards transnationaux de responsabilité des entreprises : entre actions intentionnelles et contraintes institutionnelles
Authors: Stamm Christoph 
Published: March 2016

Les acteurs engagés dans le processus de construction d’une norme transnationale dans le domaine de la responsabilité des entreprises (rse) effectuent différentes formes de travail institutionnel afin de mener leur projet à terme. En mettant l’accent sur les processus et sur les acteurs, cette recherche compare la mise en oeuvre de deux standards : le Pacte mondial (Global Compact) de l’onuet la normeiso26000 de l’Organisation internationale de normalisation. L’analyse approfondit notre compréhension des liens entre les types de travail institutionnel et les différentes dimensions de la légitimité. Elle révèle les mécanismes de légitimation dans la construction initiale d’une normerse. Si le travail institutionnel est toujours d’une importance cruciale, il prend différentes formes selon les conditions propres à chaque initiative.
Gas flow dependence of atmospheric pressure plasma needle discharge characteristics
Authors: Qian Muyang , Yang Congying , Liu Sanqiu , Chen Xiaochang , Ni Gengsong , Wang Dezhen 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In this paper, a two-dimensional coupled model of neutral gas flow and plasma dynamics is presented to explain the gas flow dependence of discharge characteristics in helium plasma needle at atmospherics pressure. The diffusional mixing layer between the helium jet core and the ambient air has a moderate effect on the streamer propagation. The obtained simulation results present that the streamer shows the ring-shaped emission profile at a moderate gas flow rate. The key chemical reactions which drive the streamer propagation are electron-impact ionization of helium neutral, nitrogen and oxygen molecules. At a moderate gas flow rate of 0.5 slm, a significant increase in propagation velocity of the streamer is observed due to appropriate quantity of impurities air diffuse into the helium. Besides, when the gas flow rate is below 0.35 slm, the radial density of ground-state atomic oxygen peaks along the axis of symmetry. However, when the gas flow rate is above 0.5 slm, a ring-shaped density distribution appears. The peak density is on the order of 1020 m−3 at 10 ns in our work.
Combined surface-activated bonding technique for low-temperature hydrophilic direct wafer bonding
Authors: He Ran , Fujino Masahisa , Yamauchi Akira , Suga Tadatomo 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
A combined surface-activated bonding technique is studied for surface activation and water management to improve the hydrophilic SiO2–SiO2 bonding quality. Prebonding treatment involving a Si-containing Ar beam bombardment and prebonding attach-detach is employed prior to wafer bonding in vacuum. The results of bonding strength measurement, Monte Carlo simulation, and surface analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy are reported. A mechanism is proposed to better understand the nature of the hydrophilic bonding at low temperatures of no more than 200 °C. We suggest that the Si-containing Ar beam modifies the SiO2 surfaces by Si enrichment to make them more reactive for OH adsorption, while the prebonding attach and detach facilitate a further increase in the number of OH and the removal of excess trapped H2O prior to bonding, respectively. As a consequence, SiO2–SiO2 bonding strength close to the Si bulk fracture energy can be achieved after low-temperature annealing.
Study on initial current leakage spots in CoFeB-capped MgO tunnel barrier by conductive atomic force microscopy
Authors: Sato Soshi , Honjo Hiroaki , Ikeda Shoji , Ohno Hideo , Endoh Tetsuo , Niwa Masaaki 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Although a microscopic study on a MgO tunnel barrier by atomic force microscopy has been required to study the reliability of magnetic tunnel junctions, the deterioration of bare MgO due to the adsorption of H2O and CO2 has been a problem. For an accurate evaluation of the initial current leakage spots distributed in a MgO tunnel barrier, a CoFeB-capped MgO tunnel barrier structure is proposed for evaluation by means of conductive atomic force microscopy. The CoFeB capping layer thickness was optimized to be 2.0 nm to prevent H2O and CO2 adsorption on the MgO and to minimize the series resistance due to the capping layer. The initial current leakage spot density of the MgO tunnel barrier with the optimized CoFeB capping layer exponentially increased as the thickness of the MgO tunnel barrier decreased from 1.6 to 0.8 nm, and was 157 spots/µm2 at the MgO thickness of 1.2 nm and the bias voltage of 0.5 V.
Improved linearity and reliability in GaN metal–oxide–semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistors using nanolaminate La2O3/SiO2 gate dielectric
Authors: Hsu Ching-Hsiang , Shih Wang-Cheng , Lin Yueh-Chin , Hsu Heng-Tung , Hsu Hisang-Hua , Huang Yu-Xiang , Lin Tai-Wei , Wu Chia-Hsun , Wu Wen-Hao , Maa Jer-Shen , Iwai Hiroshi , Kakushima Kuniyuki , Chang Edward Yi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Improved device performance to enable high-linearity power applications has been discussed in this study. We have compared the La2O3/SiO2 AlGaN/GaN metal–oxide–semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistors (MOS-HEMTs) with other La2O3-based (La2O3/HfO2, La2O3/CeO2 and single La2O3) MOS-HEMTs. It was found that forming lanthanum silicate films can not only improve the dielectric quality but also can improve the device characteristics. The improved gate insulation, reliability, and linearity of the 8 nm La2O3/SiO2 MOS-HEMT were demonstrated.
Two-dimensional characterization of ion-implantation damage in GaN Schottky contacts using scanning internal photoemission microscopy
Authors: Shiojima Kenji , Murase Shingo , Yamamoto Shingo , Mishima Tomoyoshi , Nakamura Tohru 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Nitrogen-ion-implantation damage on GaN has been clearly visualized using scanning internal photoemission microscopy. Ni Schottky contacts were formed on selectively N-ion-implanted n-GaN surfaces at 80 keV with an ion dose of 1 × 1014 or 1 × 1015 cm−2, and a photocurrent was detected by focusing and scanning a laser beam over the contacts. We found that the photocurrent decreased in the implanted regions due to an increase in the Schottky barrier and carrier depletion. Photocurrent maps showed that the induced damage did not spread from the implanted regions within the spatial resolution of the equipment. We confirmed that this method is a powerful tool for mapping implanted highly resistive regions.
High-power and high-temperature operation of an InGaN laser over 3 W at 85 °C using a novel double-heat-flow packaging technology
Authors: Nozaki Shinichiro , Yoshida Shinji , Yamanaka Kazuhiko , Imafuji Osamu , Takigawa Shinichi , Katayama Takuma , Tanaka Tsuyoshi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In this paper, we present a novel double-heat-flow (DHF) packaging technology of an indium gallium nitride (InGaN) laser diode (LD) promising for high-power and high-temperature operation. The LD chip on a submount is covered by another III–nitride ceramic submount, which reduces the thermal resistance, facilitating the assembly in a commercial compact package. A DHF LD operates with a maximum output power of over 3 W at 85 °C as well as that of 1.9 W even at 140 °C.
Mapping of Si/SiC p–n heterojunctions using scanning internal photoemission microscopy
Authors: Shingo Masato , Liang Jianbo , Shigekawa Naoteru , Arai Manabu , Shiojima Kenji 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We demonstrated the two-dimensional characterization of p+-Si/n−-SiC heterointerfaces by scanning internal photoemission microscopy (SIPM). In internal photoemission spectra, a linear relationship was found between the square root of photoyield (Y) and photon energy, and the threshold energy (qV
th) was reasonably obtained to be 1.34 eV. From the SIPM results, Y and qV
th maps were successfully obtained, and nanometer-deep gaps in the junction were sensitively visualized as a pattern. These results suggest that this method is a powerful tool for investigating the inhomogeneity of heterojunctions as well as their carrier transport properties.
Electronic and optical characteristics of an m-plane GaN single crystal grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy on a GaN seed synthesized by the ammonothermal method using an acidic mineralizer
Authors: Kojima Kazunobu , Tsukada Yusuke , Furukawa Erika , Saito Makoto , Mikawa Yutaka , Kubo Shuichi , Ikeda Hirotaka , Fujito Kenji , Uedono Akira , Chichibu Shigefusa F. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Fundamental electronic and optical properties of a low-resistivity m-plane GaN single crystal, which was grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy on a bulk GaN seed crystal synthesized by the ammonothermal method in supercritical ammonia using an acidic mineralizer, were investigated. The threading dislocation and basal-plane staking-fault densities of the crystal were around 104 cm−2 and less than 100 cm−1, respectively. Oxygen doping achieved a high electron concentration of 4 × 1018 cm−3 at room temperature. Accordingly, a photoluminescence (PL) band originating from the recombination of hot carriers was observed at low temperatures, even under weak excitation conditions. The simultaneous realization of low-level incorporation of Ga vacancies (VGa) less than 1016 cm−3 was confirmed by using the positron annihilation technique. Consistent with our long-standing claim that VGa complexes are the major nonradiative recombination centers in GaN, the fast-component PL lifetime of the near-band-edge emission at room temperature longer than 2 ns was achieved.
On the utility of the ionosonde Doppler‐derived EXB drift during the daytime
Authors: Joshi L. M. , Sripathi S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractVertical EXB drift measured using the ionosonde Doppler sounding during the daytime suffers from an underestimation of the actual EXB drift because the reflection height of the ionosonde signals is also affected by the photochemistry of the ionosphere. Systematic investigations have indicated a fair/good correlation to exist between the C/NOFS and ionosonde Doppler‐measured vertical EXB drift during the daytime over magnetic equator. A detailed analysis, however, indicated that the linear relation between the ionosonde Doppler drift and C/NOFS EXB drift varied with seasons. Thus, solar, seasonal, and also geomagnetic variables were included in the Doppler drift correction, using the artificial neural network‐based approach. The RMS error in the neural network was found to be smaller than that in the linear regression analysis. Daytime EXB drift was derived using the neural network which was also used to model the ionospheric redistribution in the SAMI2 model. SAMI2 model reproduced strong (weak) equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) for cases when neural network corrected daytime vertical EXB drift was high (low). Similar features were also observed in GIM TEC maps. Thus, the results indicate that the neural network can be utilized to derive the vertical EXB drift from its proxies, like the ionosonde Doppler drift. These results indicate that the daytime ionosonde measured vertical EXB drift can be relied upon, provided that adequate corrections are applied to it.
Dynamics of the opposite‐verging subduction zones in the Taiwan region: Insights from numerical models
Authors: Lin Shu‐Chuan , Kuo Ban‐Yuan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe Taiwan mountain belt between the Eurasian and the Philippine Sea plate is a rare example for an orogen bracketed by two opposite‐verging subduction zones. The influences of the double subduction zones on regional dynamics have long remained unknown. In this study lithospheric deformation and mantle circulation in the Taiwan region are calculated with double subduction‐collision models. The results show that the limitedly deformed subducted Eurasian plate separates the highly deforming orogen above from the highly deforming mantle below. The edge flow driven by the rollback of the Philippine Sea slab dominates in the asthenosphere primarily as a result of the longer slab if the gap between the two slabs beneath Taiwan is sufficiently wide. The induced toroidal current gives rise to a pattern of seismic anisotropy compatible with that measured with teleseismic phases and coincidentally accordant with the strike of the orogen. The additional presence of a frequently hypothesized lithospheric fragment or slab tear disrupts the toroidal circulation and mars the model predictions for seismic anisotropy. We found that the rollback of the Eurasian slab deflects the plate downward and neutralizes the uplift, posing difficulty to models with Eurasian slab extending too far north. These results bolster the view that the Taiwan mountain belt is a subduction‐dominated orogen and both subduction zones play a key role on regional dynamics. Conceptual models specifically developed for large‐scale continent‐continent collision zones that have been commonly applied to the Taiwan region are inadequate for this ocean‐continent, opposite‐verging subduction‐collision system.
Simulating the Black Saturday 2009 smoke plume with an interactive composition‐climate model: Sensitivity to emissions amount, timing, and injection height
Authors: Field Robert D. , Luo Ming , Fromm Mike , Voulgarakis Apostolos , Mangeon Stéphane , Worden John 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe simulated the high‐altitude smoke plume from the early February 2009 Black Saturday bushfires in southeastern Australia using the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first single‐plume analysis of biomass burning emissions injected directly into the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) using a full‐complexity composition‐climate model. We compared simulated carbon monoxide (CO) to a new Aura Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer/Microwave Limb Sounder joint CO retrieval, focusing on the plume's initial transport eastward, anticyclonic circulation to the north of New Zealand, westward transport in the lower stratospheric easterlies, and arrival over Africa at the end of February. Our goal was to determine the sensitivity of the simulated plume to prescribed injection height, emissions amount, and emissions timing from different sources for a full‐complexity model when compared to Aura. The most realistic plumes were obtained using injection heights in the UTLS, including one drawn from ground‐based radar data. A 6 h emissions pulse or emissions tied to independent estimates of hourly fire behavior produced a more realistic plume in the lower stratosphere compared to the same emissions amount being released evenly over 12 or 24 h. Simulated CO in the plume was highly sensitive to the differences between emissions amounts estimated from the Global Fire Emissions Database and from detailed, ground‐based estimates of fire growth. The emissions amount determined not only the CO concentration of the plume but also the proportion of the plume that entered the stratosphere. We speculate that this is due to either or both nonlinear CO loss with a weakened OH sink or plume self‐lofting driven by shortwave absorption of the coemitted aerosols.
Ultrafast Multidimensional Laplace NMR Using a Single‐Sided Magnet
Authors: King Jared N. , Lee Vanessa J. , Ahola Susanna , Telkki Ville‐Veikko , Meldrum Tyler 
Published: March 2016

AbstractLaplace NMR (LNMR) consists of relaxation and diffusion measurements providing detailed information about molecular motion and interaction. Here we demonstrate that ultrafast single‐ and multidimensional LNMR experiments, based on spatial encoding, are viable with low‐field, single‐sided magnets with an inhomogeneous magnetic field. This approach shortens the experiment time by one to two orders of magnitude relative to traditional experiments, and increases the sensitivity per unit time by a factor of three. The reduction of time required to collect multidimensional data opens significant prospects for mobile chemical analysis using NMR. Particularly tantalizing is future use of hyperpolarization to increase sensitivity by orders of magnitude, allowed by single‐scan approach.
Multi‐stimuli responsive shape memory polymers synthesized by using reaction‐induced phase separation
Authors: Zhang Yufen , Jiang Xue , Wu Ronglan , Wang Wei 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThermo‐induced multishape memory polymers are a growing focus of smart materials because of its promising applications. Multishape memory effect is generally attained by using polymers with broad phase transition and multiphase polymers. The latter is of particular interest for copolymerization and polymer compositing. One requirement has to be fulfilled to achieve multishape memory effect, which is to have two reversible phase transitions. In this study, we report synthesis of polymer composite composed of strong segregated polymers by using reaction‐induced phase separation. We demonstrate the method by using polyurethane (PU) and poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA). With adjusting the weight ratio, the polymer composites exhibit a phase spectrum from phase separation to miscible composite. The composite with PU/PMAA =3:1 demonstrated triple‐shape memory effect. Based on the results, we argued the effect of segregation on the shape memory effect for polymer composites. With the addition of PMAA, the polymer composite also exhibits pH/water‐induced shape memory effect. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43534.
Thermal stability, flame retardance, and mechanical properties of polyamide 66 modified by a nitrogen–phosphorous reacting flame retardant
Authors: Lyu Wenyan , Cui Yihua , Zhang Xujie , Yuan Jingyao , Zhang Wei 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTFlame‐retardant polyamide 66 (PA66) was prepared by the polymerization between PA66 prepolymer and N‐benzoic acid (ethyl‐N‐benzoic acid formamide) phosphamide (NENP). Compared with the pure PA66, the flame‐retardant PA66 exhibited better thermal stability, as indicated by thermogravimetric analysis results. The limiting oxygen index was 28% and the UL‐94 test results of the flame‐retardant PA66 indicated a V‐0 rating when the content of the NENP prepolymer was 5 wt %. The flammability and flame‐retardant mechanism of PA66 were also studied with cone calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy/energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, respectively. The mechanical properties results show that the flame‐retardant PA66 resin had favorable mechanical properties. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43538.