bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New insights into corneal lymphangiogenesis
Authors: Chen L. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryLymphatic research has progressed rapidly in recent years. The cornea provides an ideal tissue for lymphatic study due to its accessible location, transparent nature, and lymphatic‐free but‐inducible features. Once induced by an inflammatory, infectious, chemical or immunogenic insult, corneal lymphatics enhance high volume delivery of antigens and immune cells, and accelerate transplant rejection. Our research goal is to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms of corneal lymphangiogenesis and to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention. This presentation will introduce our recent advances in corneal lymphatic research and the implications in both ocular and non‐ocular diseases.
Behçet's disease, VKH, sarcoidosis
Authors: Khairallah M. , Khochtali S. , Abroug N. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryOcular involvement associated with Behçet disease is characterized by a relapsing remitting panuveitis with diffuse vitritis, retinal infiltrates, and occlusive vasculitis. Proper management relies on the early use of immunosuppressive drugs in combination with corticosteroids and administration of biologic agent in resistant and severe posterior segment involvement. VKH disease is a bilateral panuveitis that may be associated with extraocular manifestations. Exudative retinal detachment, associated with typical imaging findings, is the most specific feature to acute VKH disease. Sunset glow fundus is typical to chronic VKH disease. Complications are more likely to occur in the chronic recurrent phase. The mainstay of treatment for acute VKH disease relies on systemic corticosteroid therapy for at least 6 months. Immunosuppressive therapy is mainly used in chronic recurrent disease.Main ocular features of sarcoidosis include bilateral granulomatous anterior uveitis, vitritis with snowballs, multifocal chorioretinitis, and segmental periphlebitis. Diagnosis may be challenging in the absence of apparent systemic involvement. Treatment of sarcoidosis relies on corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents, in severe cases.
Orbital pathology: Differential diagnostic challenges
Authors: Heegaard S. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryPurposeTo present the most important and frequent orbital tumors that the clinician will encounter.MaterialBoth the clinical data as well as the pathological description will be described in detail. Especially differential diagnostic challenging cases will be presented.ResultsClinical pearls on how to differentiate the different orbital tumors will be given.ConclusionThe correlation between clinical features and the pathological characteristics is presented in this lecture.
Retinal oxygen extraction
Authors: Werkmeister R. , Aschinger G. , Linsenmeier R. , Schmetterer L. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryAdequate function of the retina is dependent on proper oxygen supply. A number of common sources of blindness go hand in hand with abnormalities in perfusion and alterations in oxygenation. In humans, the inner retina is oxygenated via the retinal circulation.In this talk, a method to calculate total retinal oxygen extraction based on measurement of total retinal blood flow using dual‐beam bidirectional Doppler OCT and measurement of oxygen saturation by spectrophotometry is presented. Eight healthy subjects were included in the study and breathed ambient room air and 100%, respectively, while perfusion and oxygenation parameters were measured. Total retinal blood flow was 44.3 ± 9.0 μl/min during baseline and decreased to 18.7 ± 4.2 μl/min during 100% oxygen breathing. A pronounced decrease in retinal oxygen extraction from 2.33 ± 0.51 μl(O2)/min to 0.88 ± 0.14 μl(O2)/min during breathing of 100% oxygen was calculated.The introduced approach that allows measuring retinal oxygen extraction in humans, may have considerable potential for diagnosis, and risk stratification treatment monitoring in patients with retinal vascular disease.
Surgical management in orbital tumors
Authors: Briscoe D. 
Published: September 2016

SummarySurgical management of orbital tumors is based on several basic principles.A thorough clinical history and examination should be made before viewing imaging.The location of the mass with regard to the optic nerve and the involvement of the extraconal or intraconal space are factors which will determine the surgical approach taken.In addition a tumor involving the surgical apex of the orbit should be carefully considered before operation. The use of small minimal incisions give better results and less morbidity, and should be used where possible. Video presentations of approaches and pictures of numerous cases are presented.
Treat & extend versus PRN in AMD
Authors: Pruente C. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryBasically 3 different approaches to anti‐VEGF treatment in AMD are in clinical use, a fixed regimen using monthly or bi‐monthly injections (IVI), a PRN strategy and a Treat and Extend (T&E) regimen.T&E is a proactive and individualized anti‐VEGF treatment regimen. Basically IVI are performed monthly until stability is achieved. When disease activity is stable or the retina is dry the interval for the next IVI and control visit is extended by 1 or 2 weeks. The maximum tolerated interval usually is 12 weeks during the first 2 years of treatment. If activity reoccurs the interval is shortened by 1 to 4 weeks. In consequence this means each visit includes a diagnostic examination and an IVI, independently of the status of disease activity.Evidence for T&E is limited as there are no randomized controlled studies available. However it is frequently used in clinical routine. Results from extensive case series in the literature demonstrate better functional outcome compared to PRN, less visits compared to PRN and fixed strategies and a mean number of about 6–8 injections during the first year of treatment.
The electrophysiology of patients with nyctalopia
Authors: Holder G. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThe lecture will use a case‐based approach to demonstrate the value of electrophysiological testing in the diagnosis and management of patients with nyctalopia. The diagnostic features of various inherited and acquired diseases will be described, including photoreceptor dystrophies, congenital stationary night blindness, fundus albipunctatus, melanoma associated retinopathy, vitamin A deficiency and others.
General structure and function of the retina
Authors: Grzybowski A. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThe invention of the ophthalmoscope in the 19th century led to the development of ophthalmology as a discipline. The retina is an accessible part of the central nervous system and has consequently been studied extensively. There is now a growing use of OCT to obtain information related to brain neurodegenerative disorders like multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson diseases as well as migraine.Two aspects of human retinal structure based on physiology and morphology can be distinguished. They are the various retinal layers that consist of either neuron perikarya or neuronal processes. The other, is the distinction between central (macula, fovea) and periphery parts of the retina. Major cell‐types in the retina are pigment epithelial, photoreceptor, horizontal, bipolar, amacrine, ganglion and glial cells and an understanding of their roles in healthy and unhealthy retina remains a challenge. Ocular photoreception for example, was thought to be mediated exclusively by rods and cones until the beginning of the 21st century and only recently have photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGCs) been discovered. The aim is to discuss certain aspects of retinal structure related to function.
Difficulties in the diagnosis of achromic fundus lesions and hemorragic lesions
Authors: Desjardins L. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryAchromic choroidal lesions can be an achromic melanoma, a choroidal hemangioma or a metastasis. It is rarer to have scleritis ar the origin of an achromic chorodal mass but this can be seen in sarcoidosis rarelyAchromic choroidal melanomas are not rare. They are often mushroom shape and have a typical ultrasonographic aspect. In the presence of an achromic melanoma, it is always important to rule out the possibility of a metastasis by doing a chest and abdominal CT.Metastasis are easy to diagnose when they occur in a patient with known metastatic disease, when they are multiple or bilateral. They are trickier when they are unique with no known previous cancer. This is quite frequent in lung cancer where the choroidal mass is often the first manifestationChoroidal hemangioma have a typical orange color and can be easily diagnosed by indocyanin green angiography (early hyper and wash out on the late phase)Hemorragic mass are frequent in older patient, especially in case of diabetes and high blood pressure. If there is a doubt MRI with gadolinium injections or dopler ultrasonography can easily differentiate a hematoma from, a choroidal tumor
Update in medical management of Graves' orbitopathy
Authors: Salvi M. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryManagement of GO must be based on the assessment of activity and severity of the disease. Activity is usually assessed with the Clinical Activity Score (CAS), while severity is classified, according to EUGOGO as mild, moderate‐to‐severe and sight‐threatening. Prompt restoration of stable euthyroidism is recommended in the presence of GO. In moderate‐severe disease, steroids have been widely employed because of their anti‐inflammatory activity, although 20–30% of patients are not responsive or present with disease reactivation at the end of therapy. Some novel immunosuppressors have been employed in clinical studies and showed interesting results. Potential targets for therapy in GO are the TSH and the IGF‐1 receptor on the fibroblasts, inflammatory cytokines, B and T cells and the PIK3/mTORC1 signaling cascades for adipogenesis. A recent open study has shown that tocilizumab, an anti‐sIL‐6R antibody, inactivates GO. Consistent data on the efficacy of rituximab have been reported over the past decade and more recently in randomized controlled trials. The availability of new therapies will expand the therapeutic options for GO patients and allow clinicians to really personalize the treatment to better suit the patients’ unmet needs.
Moderate to severe dry eye – a promising indication for scleral lenses
Authors: Doan S. , Delcampe A. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThe space between the scleral lens and the ocular surface is called the reservoir and can be filled with aqueous agents, thus allowing for a permanent hydration of the cornea. This property is a major advantage of scleral lenses in dry eye. Furthermore, the lenses protect the epithelium from lid frictions and may also promote corneal epithelial growth. Finally, scleral lenses decrease sensory nerve stimulation, decreasing symptoms, even in moderate dry eye patients.
Cell lines of conjunctival tumours and their potential use in research
Authors: Jager M.J. , Cao J. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryConjunctival melanoma is a rare malignancy, which may give rise to metastases. An effective treatment of these metastases is as yet lacking. Conjunctival melanoma have been found to share specific mutations with cutaneous melanoma, such as mutations in the BRAF genes. As specific treatments have been developed for cutaneous melanoma, one can either try these in patients, or find ways to screen drugs in models of conjunctival melanoma. Models include the use of conjunctiva melanoma cell lines, which can be grown in vitro or as xenografts in immunodeficient mice, in zebrafish, or in egg embryos. As there are only a few cell lines available, one may consider developing xenografts from freshly‐obtained conjunctival melanoma, and then try to grow new cell lines, or trst drugs directly on these xenografts.Using three cell lines with different growth characteristics, we studied the effect of several drugs on cell growth and apoptosis, and we determined immunological characteristics of these cell lines.
Controversies in the use of NSAIDs
Authors: Pleyer U. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryPseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME) remains the most common cause of poor visual outcome following cataract surgery. Whereas acute PCME may resolve spontaneously, some patients will suffer from vision impairment and are difficult to treat. Even though PCME has been already described 50 years ago, its pathophysiology remains uncertain and a multitude of mechanisms have been suggested. As broad as the mechanisms, are the options to treat this condition. Topical nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids either as mono‐ or combined therapy are commonly used as first line approach. When ineffective, systemic treatment with these agents might be an option. Alternatively, intravitreal application of corticosteroids and anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (anti‐VEGF) may offer an effective choice, when first line treatment failed. A critical evaluation of the current knowledge reveals that the optimal treatment of PCME remains unclear and needs further investigation. In addition, prevention should be of foremost importance and is also an open issue. Identification of risk factors, application of NSAIDs and consequent follow up are probably essential steps to avoid this complication.
It′s not just keratokonus – some general fitting techniques for scleral lenses in so many scenarios
Authors: Carrasquillo K.G. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryScleral lenses are receiving wide attention and traction among clinicians treating complex corneal disease for numerous reasons. The fact that they provide same benefits of a gas permeable rigid optical surface as corneal RGPs, renders them a viable alternative to treat distorted corneas. However, the fact that they vault the cornea, rest entirely on the sclera and hold a fluid reservoir over the cornea expands the use and benefits these lenses offer when treating ocular surface disease. Providing the cornea with the appropriate microenvironment to promote healing and protecting the ocular surface from the environment or lids and lid margins, these lenses are proving to be a powerful tool for the treatment of complex corneal disease, even in cases recalcitrant to conventional therapy, surgical and/or topical. We show cases where scleral lenses have been successful in treating not only RGP failures for distorted corneas, but also in cases of severe dry eye secondary to GVHD, Sjorgrens, rheumatoid arthritis, in limbal stem cell deficiency from SJS and chemical burn, in neurotrophic keratitis from Familial Dysautonomia, HSV, diabetes, acoustic neuroma, and severe exposure from facial paralysis, and/or trauma.
You Tube: Different tubes for different glaucomas: Non valved Tube&Plate implants
Authors: Duch S. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThis course aims to introduce to the glaucoma surgeon in the valve and shunts procedures. The rationale and the understanding of the basic technique will be discussed, as well as the different tricks to individualize this surgery to any type of patient. Videos and open discussion will allow the audience to participate in the clinical cases presented during the course.
Myopic Retinal detachment
Authors: Berrod J.P. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryHalf non traumatic retinal detachment (RD) happens in myopic eyes with a ten folds risk in eyes over three diopters. Most of RD are related with an atrophic round hole or a horseshoe tear in the periphery. Retinal detachments in highly myopic eyes are characterized by the location of the breaks posteriorly to the equator, the presence of para vascular breaks, or the presence of posterior pole RD without break associated with staphyloma or foveoschisis. Treatment of RD is challenging because of the difficulty of placing a posterior buckle, the increased risk of anterior segment ischemia and a higher risk of PVR in case of relapse. Most of patients are treated by primary vitrectomy with the use of dye or triamcinolone to facilitate visualization of posterior hyaloid during cortical vitreous peeling. The primary success rate ranges between 75 and 90% after single procedure using gas tamponnade. Encircling band, macular buckling, or silicone oil are only used if a second procedure is needed.
Laser Trabeculoplasty Is the glaucoma fraternity completely convinced?
Authors: Gazzard G. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryLaser Trabeculoplasty: drop‐free nirvana or false‐hope?Evolution of laser trabeculoplasty continues, as does debate about its place in the glaucoma treatment hierarchy.Evidence of clinical effectiveness, patient choice, cost‐effectiveness and impact on health‐related quality of life guide treatment choices: I shall review the latest developments in the science of laser treatments to the trabecular meshwork.
The genetic pathophysiology of dominant optic atrophy
Authors: Lenaers G. , Charif M. , Amati‐Bonneau P. , Chao de la Barca J. , Procaccio V. , Gerber S. , Kaplan J. , Roubertie A. , Meunier I. , Reynier P. , Rozet J.M. , Hamel C. , Bonneau D. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryInherited Optic Neuropathies are blinding diseases related to mitochondrial dysfunctions jeopardizing retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival. There are two main forms: the Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) related to mutations in the mitochondrial genome, and the Kjer dominant optic atrophy (DOA) related to mutations in nuclear genes.Since the initial discovery of the OPA1 gene in 2000 as the major gene causing DOA, the use of WES and re‐sequencing chips disclosed many novel genes responsible for DOA. Interestingly, most of them are involved in mitochondrial dynamics, suggesting that the equilibrium between fission and fusion is crucial for RGC physiology. In this respect, using fluorescence and electron microscopy, we showed that the structure of mitochondria is drastically different according to the myelination status of RGC axons, possibly correlating anterograde and retrograde mitochondrial transport to mitochondrial dynamics. Further metabolomics analysis of an Opa1 mouse model identified specific signatures in the plasma and optic nerve, emphasizing the consequence of mitochondrial shape on metabolic pathways, and revealing biomarkers of the disease.
Transduction of corneal endothelial cells with AAV2 vectors
Authors: Gruenert A. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThis talk deals with transduction of corneal endothelial cells with different kinds of AAV2 vectors. Data of a human corneal endothelial cell line as well as of human donor cornea endothelium will be presented. Furthermore, ways of optimizing transduction efficiency and feasibility of AAV2‐mediated gene therapy will be discussed.
Central keratoconus and bilateral asymmetry of keratoconus
Authors: Langenbucher A. , Szentmary N. , Eppig T. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryToday, different measurement techniques are used in clinical routine for detection and monitoring of keratoconus and progression of the disease. In this talk we describe topo‐ and tomographical paramenters for centered or decentered corneal ectasia in terms of central and classical keratoconus. We demonstrate how to evaluate progression of keratoconus and side asymmetry in bilateral keratoconus. With the use of modern tomographical instruments, ophthalmologists are able to differentiate entities such as central or classical keratoconus.
How to calculate pseudophakic and phakic toric implants?
Authors: Langenbucher A. , Szentmary N. , Eppig T. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryDifferent calculation modalities for pseudophakic and phakic toric lens implants are discussed: what are the benefits and drawbacks of formula‐based and raytracing techniques? How could we set‐up our own calculation sheet in a standard PC software package? A step‐by‐step calculation is shown in a clinical example. When do we need customized software? How can we evaluate residual refractive error after axis displacement of the toric lens implant? A list of commercial and non‐commercial online calculators for toric lenses is shown.
Evidence for apoptosis in the lens after in vivo exposure to ultraviolet radiation
Authors: Talebizadeh N. , Yu Z. , Kronschläger M. , Galichanin K. , Söderberg P. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThe eye is exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in daylight. Epidemiological studies suggest a dose dependent association between UVR and cataract development. Experimental data confirm that UVR induces damage in the lens epithelium and trigger apoptosis. The time delay between exposure and onset of apoptosis in the lens varies depending on the dosage of UVR. The higher the in vivo UVR dose, the faster the onset of apoptosis and the development of lens opacification. Apoptotic events in the epithelium precede macroscopic cataractogenesis. Lens epithelium is a primary target for UVR exposure. Immunohistochemistry shows that the expression of apoptotic markers, caspase 3 and p53, increase in the lens epithelium after radiation. TUNEL‐labeling visualizes the transient increase of apoptosis products after UVR. After higher doses of UVR, apoptosis features are observed 1 h after radiation. Transmission electron microscopy shows the multi‐layered stack of epithelial cells, membrane infolds, nuclear fragmentation and chromatin condensation, phagosomes and apoptotic bodies, phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies and pyknosis. UVR causes apoptosis in the lens epithelial cells. The onset of apoptosis depends on the radiation dose.
Keratokonus – the killing application for most contact lenses is the prototypical job for sclerals
Authors: Nau C. , Schornack M. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryUse of blown glass shells, the precursors of scleral lenses, for management of keratoconus was first described in the late 1800's. Keratoconus has been a leading indication for scleral lenses throughout the history of the devices, both prior to and following the introduction of rigid gas permeable scleral lenses in 1983. Scleral lenses offer several benefits compared to corneal lenses for primary corneal ectasia. They do not require alignment with a highly irregular corneal surface, and are instead supported by the conjunctival tissue overlying the relatively regular sclera. They offer excellent comfort and lens stability. Scleral lenses do not touch the cornea, so may be less likely to lead to corneal epitheliopathy or scarring. Unlike corneal transplantation, scleral lenses can immediately provide improvement in the quality of vision, and are considerably less invasive. Furthermore, scleral lenses may provide improved ocular comfort for patients with concurrent keratoconus and atopic disease of the lids and adnexa. This presentation will review and summarize visual and ocular outcomes of scleral lens therapy for management of exposure keratopathy at the Mayo Clinic.
Agonistic β2 receptor autoantibodies in ocular hypertension and open‐angle glaucoma
Authors: Hohberger B. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryPathogenesis of glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness, is widely unknown till now. An involvement of immunological processes is discussed. Agonistic autoantibodies against β2‐adrenergic receptor autoantibodies (β2‐AABs) were found in a high rate of 69% in sera of glaucoma suspects and 78% in glaucoma patients, yet not in normals. β2‐AABs were of subclass type IgG3, interacting with the second extracellular loop of β2‐adrenergic receptor. Immunadsorption of AABs in 5 patients with primary open‐angle glaucoma resulted in a transient reduction of intraocular pressure. As β2‐AABs are involved in the regulation of aqueous humor dynamics and show a strong correlation with retinal capillary flow, a potential influence of β2‐AABs on retinal microcirculation and involvement in the pathogenesis of glaucoma is suggested.