bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social health insurance development in Mongolia: Opportunities and challenges in moving towards Universal Health Coverage
Authors: Bayarsaikhan Dorjsuren , Kwon Soonman , Chimeddagva Dashzeveg 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMongolia achieved high population coverage under mandatory health insurance relatively quickly. This fact was viewed by policy‐ and decision‐makers as a central issue for health financing reform in Mongolia. Health insurance brought many new features for health service planning, provision, funding and resource management. Based on initial achievements, health insurance came to be strategically considered as the vehicle for achieving universal coverage. The article analyses developments in Mongolia's health insurance over the last decade along with the core policy dimensions of Universal Health Coverage. It examines various reform approaches and the numerous amendments to laws that have been implemented during this period and discusses new opportunities as well as challenges. The analytical review and findings discussed suggest that Mongolia has a need for evidence‐based policy decisions and informed political support, with health insurance backed by robust institutional and administrative capacities. More generally, it also emphasizes that health policy goals and objectives can be attained by strengthening and making transparent and publicly‐accountable all health system financing functions and arrangements. The policy analysis, experiences, lessons and proposed strategies presented with regard to Mongolia intend to stimulate wider discussions on health insurance development as well as promote continuing focused research on specific aspects of health insurance and public financing reform.
Six into One: The Contradictory Art School Curriculum and how it Came About
Authors: Houghton Nicholas 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article reports historical research which sought to understand the present‐day post‐secondary art curriculum through analysing its history in terms of changes in conceptions of art. It found that there have been six distinctive curricula: Apprentice, Academic, Formalist, Expressive, Conceptual and Professional. As a new curriculum has been introduced, it has co‐existed with much contained in a previous one. Most of the curriculum changes have taken place in the past 65 years. During this time, there has been a massive expansion in the education of artists and at the same time art schools accommodated first modernism and then post‐Duchampian aesthetics. A conclusion is that this has made for a very crowded curriculum. Moreover, despite there being an ever increasing choice of things a student might learn, it appears that there is nothing which all students have to learn. It can be problematic that one part of the curriculum is in contradiction to another part, and moreover this lack of a core raises fundamental, ontological questions about what art as a discipline is.
Mapping Invitations to Participate: An Investigation in Museum Interpretation
Authors: Lenz Kothe Elsa 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis a/r/tographic inquiry delves into questions about participatory art museum practice, specifically seeking to understand the nature of invitations to participate. Utilising drawings, writing and mapping of embodied participation, questions of how individuals are invited to participate in various locations and how these invitations inform the work of art museums that engage in participatory practice are considered. Conditions for participation, including familiarity, personalisation, enthusiasm, playfulness, narrative, uniqueness, sociability and listening, as well as anti‐invitations that contradict moves toward participation, are discussed in relation to examples from the study and scholarly writing. The purpose of this article is twofold: first, to share research about participatory practice in various locations and its implications for art museums, and second, to explore the potential of arts‐based research methodologies, particularly a/r/tography, for art museum education research.
Constructions of Roles in Studio Teaching and Learning
Authors: Belluigi Dina Zoe 
Published: February 2016

AbstractVarious constructions of supervisors and students emerge from education literature on art, design and architecture studio pedagogy. Constructions of the supervisor within the studio and during assessment are considered, with a discussion of the threads which underpin them. This is followed by a discussion of some of the current dominant constructions of the student, and possible effects of these roles and relationships on their engagement with learning. As many of these constructions may be inherited or unconscious, a concern for the agency of those involved to rupture, subvert, rescript or resist such constructions motivates this research, while acknowledging that this may be limited by structural and cultural contexts.
‘Before I realised they were all women… I expected it to be more about materials’: Art, Gender and Tacit Subjectivity
Authors: Hames Hannah 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article discusses a critical discourse analysis research activity undertaken with a group of undergraduate primary trainees with an art specialism. The research activity involved the use of two contrasting texts discussing the work of Karla Black, Becky Beasley and Claire Barclay. The article explores how the positioning of the two texts affected the student teachers’ ability to engage effectively with ‘women's art’ on a personal and critical level, revealing some highly subjective views and raising questions around intertextuality; particularly how an individual's understanding of contexts, meanings and histories can inform collective interpretation and highlight existing subjectivity. The article subsequently identifies that although students were keen to talk about careful selection of texts, the benefits of using multiple sources and the risks of intertextual and ‘subliminal’ contamination, they were unable to reflect critically upon their own gendered reading of the texts. It concludes that this may well be a signifier of the problem – that the student teachers did not really see a problem at all.
Supporting Creative Responses in Design Education – The Development and Application of the Graphic Design Composition Method
Authors: Lu Hui‐Ping , Chen Jun‐Hong , Lee Chang‐Franw 
Published: February 2016

AbstractInspiration is the primary element of good design. Designers, however, also risk not being able to find inspiration. Novice designers commonly find themselves to be depressed during the conceptual design phase when they fail to find inspiration and the information to be creative. Accordingly, under the graphic design parameter, we have developed the ‘Analytic Composition Method (ACM)’ to guide novice designers in gradually breaking through their usual modes of thinking to construct their own methods of composition. This method provides a variety of creative modes for the design field. Three stages are presented in this study. A design method is first constructed based on the results of a pretest and the existing composition methods of graphical design. We then apply the design method to three iterations of graphic design instruction. Lastly, we conduct an expert interview to evaluate the usefulness of this method. The following are the results obtained. 1. Most of the participants tested sought inspiration visually; they usually began their design process from image data and do not use the data beyond imagery. 2. The results of teaching activities show that using this method as a tool for graphic design enables various sources of inspiration to generate different modes of thinking and creative expression. 3. Our method could potentially be used for basic composition training and project design execution. However, the application of this method may vary with different design objectives.
Envisioning the Future: Working toward Sustainability in Fine Art Education
Authors: Clarke Angela , Hulbert Shane 
Published: February 2016

AbstractFine art education provides students with opportunities to acquire knowledge and skills to respond creatively to their experience of society and culture. Fostering creative ways of knowing, thinking and doing requires studio learning conditions that promote the exploration of embodied perceptions, material sensibilities and conceptual ideas that are provisional, socially constructed and ever changing. Traditionally, art schools provided these conditions unchallenged because they were autonomous. Since the 1980s, however, art schools have been integrated into the academy, and face increasing pressure to meet the institutional demands of being in a university. Some argue this changed status means the academy, with its research and pedagogic traditions, is actually straitjacketing creativity. Furthermore, contemporary art practice has changed as artists are increasingly experimenting with interdisciplinary modes of working.This article discusses a two‐year major change initiative, undertaken within an urban Australian art school, designed to respond to this complex set of changed circumstances. It considers ways to address institutional compliance and viability demands while maintaining deeply held values about how to foster creativity in undergraduate students. The outcome is a new organising structure and renewed curriculum for the largest programme offering in the school: the fine art undergraduate degree. Educational renewal is conceptualised as a creative process and the approach to change is thus adapted from creative research methodologies. By treating pedagogy and curriculum design as a creative process, this change initiative, rather than straitjacketing creativity, has re‐envisioned an epistemological framework for undergraduate fine art that will sustain creativity education into the future.
Vitamin D and its receptor regulate lipopolysaccharide‐induced transforming growth factor‐β, angiotensinogen expression and podocytes apoptosis through the nuclear factor‐κB pathway
Authors: Xu Lijuan , Zhang Pengyuan , Guan Hongyu , Huang Zhimin , He Xiaoying , Wan Xuesi , Xiao Haipeng , Li Yanbing 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAims/IntroductionTo investigate the effects of vitamin D and its receptor on cytokines expression and podocytes apoptosis.Materials and MethodsCultured mouse podocytes were pre‐incubated with vitamin D or transiently transfected with small interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA) to knock down the vitamin D receptor. Lipopolysaccharide was used to mimic the inflammation status of diabetes.ResultsIn a lipopolysaccharide‐induced state, expressions of transforming growth factor‐β, angiotensinogen and vascular endothelial growth factor were similarly increased. Transforming growth factor‐β and angiotensinogen levels originally elevated by lipopolysaccharide challenge were distinctly reduced after pre‐incubation with vitamin D. Whereas after vitamin D receptor small interfering (si)RNA transfection, the aforementioned cytokines had opposite changes as expected. However, neither vitamin D pretreatment nor vitamin D receptor siRNA transfection influenced the previously increased vascular endothelial growth factor expression at messenger RNA or protein levels. When pretreated with vitamin D, decreases were observed for phosphorylated inhibitor‐κB and the inhibitor kinase proteins. After siRNA transfection, those proteins levels were further elevated. The originally increased transforming growth factor‐β and angiotensinogen levels as a result of lipopolysaccharide stimulation were reduced at both the messenger RNA and protein levels after the specific inhibition of the nuclear factor‐κB pathway with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate. The apoptosis rate of podocytes was decreased in a parallel manner after vitamin D pre‐incubation, and increased after siRNA transfection, which was also suppressed by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate.ConclusionsVitamin D and its receptor might be involved in the progression of diabetic nephropathy by regulating transforming growth factor‐β, angiotensinogen expression and apoptosis of podocytes. The processes are mediated through the signaling of nuclear factor‐κB pathway.
Prevalence of rosacea in the general population of Germany and Russia – The RISE study
Authors: Tan J. , Schöfer H. , Araviiskaia E. , Audibert F. , Kerrouche N. , Berg M. ,   the RISE study group
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundThere is an unmet need for general population‐based epidemiological data on rosacea based on contemporary diagnostic criteria and validated population survey methodology.ObjectiveTo evaluate the prevalence of rosacea in the general population of Germany and Russia.MethodsGeneral population screening was conducted in 9–10 cities per country to ensure adequate geographic representation. In Part I of this two‐phase study, screening of a representative sample of the general population (every fifth person or every fifth door using a fixed‐step procedure on a random route sample) was expedited with use of a questionnaire and algorithm based on current diagnostic criteria for rosacea. Of the subjects that screened positive in the initial phase, a randomly selected sample (every third subject) t`hen underwent diagnostic confirmation by a dermatologist in Part II.ResultsA total of 3052 and 3013 subjects (aged 18–65 years) were screened in Germany and Russia respectively. Rosacea prevalence was 12.3% [95%CI, 10.2–14.4] in Germany and 5.0% [95%CI, 2.8–7.2] in Russia. The profile of subjects with rosacea (75% women; mean age of 40 years; mainly skin phototype II or III, majority of subjects with sensitive facial skin) and subtype distribution were similar. Overall, 18% of subjects diagnosed with rosacea were aged 18–30 years. Over 80% were not previously diagnosed. Within the previous year, 47.5% of subjects had received no rosacea care and 23.7% had received topical and/or systemic drugs. Over one‐third (35% Germany, 43% Russia) of rosacea subjects reported a moderate to severe adverse impact on quality of life.ConclusionRosacea is highly prevalent in Germany (12.3%) and Russia (5.0%). The demographic profile of rosacea subjects was similar between countries and the majority were previously undiagnosed.
Economy‐wide Material Flow Indicators on a Sectoral Level and Strategies for Decreasing Material Inputs of Sectors
Authors: Kovanda Jan , Weinzettel Jan 
Published: February 2016

SummaryThe article presents a method for the calculation of selected economy‐wide material flow indicators (namely, direct material input [DMI] and raw material input [RMI]) for economic sectors. Whereas sectoral DMI was calculated using direct data from statistics, we applied a concept of total flows and a hybrid input‐output life cycle assessment method to calculate sectoral RMI. We calculated the indicators for the Czech Republic for 2000–2011. We argue that DMI of economic sectors can be used for policies aiming at decreasing the direct input of extracted raw materials, and imported raw materials and products, whereas sectoral RMI can be better used for justifying support for or weakening the role of individual sectors within the economy. High‐input material flows are associated in the Czech Republic with the extractive industries (agriculture and forestry, the mining of fossil fuels [FFs], other types of mining, and quarrying), with several manufacturing industries (manufacturing of beverages, basic metals, motor vehicles or electricity, and gas and steam supply) and with construction. Viable options for reducing inputs of agricultural biomass include changes in people's diet toward a lower amount of animal‐based food and a decrease in the wasting of food. For FFs, one should think of changing the structure of total primary energy supply toward cleaner gaseous and renewable energy sources, innovations in transportation systems, and improvements in overall energy efficiency. For metal ores, viable options include technological changes leading to smaller and lighter products, as well as consistent recycling and use of secondary metals.
Descriptive Analysis of A Complex Product Space: Drug–Beverage Mixtures
Authors: Pense‐Lheritier Anne‐Marie , Vallet Thibault , Aubert Arnaud , Courne Marie‐Anne , Lavarde Marc 
Published: February 2016

AbstractChemical submission is increasing by an occurring phenomenon that consists in administering psychoactive substances for criminal intent to an unaware victim. This diversion is usually achieved by adding a drug to the drink of the potential victim. This study aims essentially at providing a sensory method that would allow the detection of the sensory changes due to the drug. The complexity of this study stemmed from the large number of beverages and potential drugs that can be used for this ill‐intentioned act. The alcoholic beverages and soft drinks studied here were selected as a result of an on‐line survey, followed by a sorting task study, to which various drugs were added. A visual sensory profile was performed for all the different drug–beverage mixtures. The experienced sensory panel agreed on a lexicon of nine attributes that would allow the drug–beverage mixture to be characterized. A multivariate analysis was performed to study the effect of both the sample (drug–beverage pairs) and the panelists on the sensory profile. The pharmaceutical forms of the drug clearly impacted the following attributes: spotted surface, particles on the surface, suspended particles, cloudiness and sediment. The beverages also had an influence on the visual characteristics of the mixtures concerning opacity, color and effervescence.Practical ApplicationResults of this study showed that visual sensory modification of drinks depends on both the drug and the beverage which suggests that the formulation of a drug must be designed to impact different sensory attributes. From a practical standpoint, both the sensory method and the lexicon presented in this article may be useful for researchers when developing drugs as these can be named according to the specific sensory changes created when mixed in beverages.
The Place of Construction in Sociological Realism
Authors: Martignani Luca 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn the contemporary epistemological debate on social reality, characterized by the crisis of post‐modern theories and the emergence of new forms of realism, are there any approaches not acknowledging some specific ontological character to the construction of social objects? The question is apparently rhetorical, but the implication of this problem are not obvious. In the sociological literature the opposition between reality and construction is not clearly defined. Sometimes it is considered a dichotomy, in other situations the synthesis of alternative theses in a dialectical horizon. The more systematic attempt considers reality and construction as analytical macro‐dimensions where the relation between social ontology and epistemology operates. From this stance, the acknowledgement of the role of social construction in a wider realist horizon is the true overtaking of postmodern philosophy. If it is true that facts exist beyond representations, it is also true that representations themselves have a specific effect on reality, who continually re‐structures itself around specific relations of emergent power. Stating that reality is socially constructed is an evident limit of postmodern theories. On the other hand, stating that only facts exist constitute an impoverishment of realism and its replacement in neo‐positivism. Social phenomena are real because they are based on specific properties of the inter‐subjective construction of social reality. This thesis represents the revitalization of an advanced, anti‐positivistic realism and the definition of the specificity of social objects. The aim of this essay is to search for a specific place of construction within the development of realist social ontology.
Genomics of clinal variation in Drosophila: disentangling the interactions of selection and demography
Authors: Flatt Thomas 
Published: February 2016

Clines in phenotypes and genotype frequencies across environmental gradients are commonly taken as evidence for spatially varying selection. Classical examples include the latitudinal clines in various species of Drosophila, which often occur in parallel fashion on multiple continents. Today, genomewide analysis of such clinal systems provides a fantastic opportunity for unravelling the genetics of adaptation, yet major challenges remain. A well‐known but often neglected problem is that demographic processes can also generate clinality, independent of or coincident with selection. A closely related issue is how to identify true genic targets of clinal selection. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, three studies illustrate these challenges and how they might be met. Bergland et al. report evidence suggesting that the well‐known parallel latitudinal clines in North American and Australian D. melanogaster are confounded by admixture from Africa and Europe, highlighting the importance of distinguishing demographic from adaptive clines. In a companion study, Machado et al. provide the first genomic comparison of latitudinal differentiation in D. melanogaster and its sister species D. simulans. While D. simulans is less clinal than D. melanogaster, a significant fraction of clinal genes is shared between both species, suggesting the existence of convergent adaptation to clinaly varying selection pressures. Finally, by drawing on several independent sources of evidence, Božičević et al. identify a functional network of eight clinal genes that are likely involved in cold adaptation. Together, these studies remind us that clinality does not necessarily imply selection and that separating adaptive signal from demographic noise requires great effort and care.
Connectivity in the cold: the comparative population genetics of vent‐endemic fauna in the Scotia Sea, Southern Ocean
Authors: Roterman C. N. , Copley J. T. , Linse K. T. , Tyler P. A. , Rogers A. D. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe report the first comparative population genetics study for vent fauna in the Southern Ocean using cytochrome C oxidase I and microsatellite markers. Three species are examined: the kiwaid squat lobster, Kiwa tyleri, the peltospirid gastropod, Gigantopelta chessoia, and a lepetodrilid limpet, Lepetodrilus sp., collected from vent fields 440 km apart on the East Scotia Ridge (ESR) and from the Kemp Caldera on the South Sandwich Island Arc, ~95 km eastwards. We report no differentiation for all species across the ESR, consistent with panmixia or recent range expansions. A lack of differentiation is notable for Kiwa tyleri, which exhibits extremely abbreviated lecithotrophic larval development, suggestive of a very limited dispersal range. Larval lifespans may, however, be extended by low temperature‐induced metabolic rate reduction in the Southern Ocean, muting the impact of dispersal strategy on patterns of population structure. COI diversity patterns suggest all species experienced demographic bottlenecks or selective sweeps in the past million years and possibly at different times. ESR and Kemp limpets are divergent, although with evidence of very recent ESR‐Kemp immigration. Their divergence, possibility indicative of incipient speciation, along with the absence of the other two species at Kemp, may be the consequence of differing dispersal capabilities across a ~1000 m depth range and/or different selective regimes between the two areas. Estimates of historic and recent limpet gene flow between the ESR and Kemp are consistent with predominantly easterly currents and potentially therefore, cross‐axis currents on the ESR, with biogeographic implications for the region.