bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Smokeless Tobacco Users: Results of Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Global Data
Authors: Gupta Ruchika , Gupta Sanjay , Sharma Shashi , Sinha Dhirendra N , Mehrotra Ravi 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Background
Use of smokeless tobacco (SLT) products has been linked to multiple adverse effects, especially precancer and cancer of oral cavity. However, the association of SLT use with risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) is shrouded with controversy due to conflicting results in the literature. The present meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the risk of CHD among adult ever-users of SLT products along with sub-group analysis.

Methods
The analysis included studies retrieved from a systematic literature search for published articles assessing risk of CHD with SLT use. Two authors independently extracted risk estimates and study characteristics of the included studies. Summary relative risks were estimated using the random-effect model.

Results
Twenty studies from four WHO regions were included in the analysis. The summary risk of CHD in SLT users was not significantly positive (1.05, 95% CI = 0.96 to 1.15) although a higher risk of fatal CHD was seen (1.10, 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.20). The risk was significant for users in European Region (1.30, 95% CI = 1.14 to 1.47). The results remained unchanged even after strict adjustment for smoking. Product-wise analysis revealed a significant positive association of fatal CHD with snus/snuff use (1.37, 95% CI = 1.14 to 1.61). The SLT-attributable fraction of fatal CHD was calculated to be 0.3%, highest being for European region (5%).

Conclusion
A significant positive association was detected between SLT use and risk of fatal CHD, especially for European users and those consuming snus/snuff. In view of the positive association even after strict adjustment for smoking, these results underscore the need for inclusion of cessation efforts for smokeless tobacco in addition to smoking for control of fatal cardiovascular diseases.

Implications
The present meta-analysis demonstrates a global perspective of association between coronary heart disease (CHD) and use of smokeless tobacco (SLT), especially for fatal cardiac events, even with strict adjustment for smoking. There appears to be some difference in this effect based on the type of SLT product used. These results highlight the independent deleterious effect of SLT products on the outcome of CHD and might help to resolve the long-standing controversy regarding the association of SLT with the risk of CHD. Hence, we propose that in addition to smoking, cessation efforts should be directed towards SLT products as well, for control of cardiovascular diseases.
What Will It Take to Reduce HIV Incidence in the United States: A Mathematical Modeling Analysis
Authors: Perry Allison , Kasaie Parastu , Dowdy David W , Shah Maunank 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Background
The National HIV/AIDS Strategy has set ambitious goals to improve the epidemic in the United States. However, there is a paucity of usable program-level benchmarks tied to population-level epidemiologic goals. Our objective was to define tangible benchmarks for annual rates along the care continuum that are likely to translate to meaningful reductions in incidence.

Methods
We used a validated mathematical model of HIV transmission and care engagement to characterize care continuum parameters that would translate into 50% reductions in incidence by 2025, compared with a base case scenario of the current US care continuum. We generated a large pool of simulations in which rates of screening, linkage, and retention in care were varied across wide ranges to evaluate permutations that halved incidence by 2025.

Results
Among all simulations, 7% achieved a halving of incidence. It was impossible for our simulations to achieve this target if the annual rate of disengagement from care exceeded 20% per year, even at high rates of care reengagement. When retention in care was 95% per year and people living with HIV (PLWH) out of care reengaged within 1.5 years (on average), the probability of halving incidence by 2025 was approximately 90%.

Conclusions
HIV programs should aim to retain at least 95% of PLWH in care annually and reengage people living with HIV into care within an average of 1.5 years to achieve the goal of halving HIV incidence by 2025.
Albedo of an irradiated plane-parallel atmosphere with finite optical depth
Authors: Fukue Jun 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
We analytically derive albedo for a plane-parallel atmosphere with finite optical depth, irradiated by an external source, under the local thermodynamic equilibrium approximation. Albedo is expressed as a function of the photon destruction probability ε and optical depth τ, with several parameters such as dilution factors of the external source. In the particular case of the infinite optical depth, albedo A is expressed as $A=[1 + (1-W_J/W_H)\sqrt{3\varepsilon }/3]/(1+\sqrt{3\varepsilon })$, where WJ and WH are the dilution factors for the mean intensity and Eddington flux, respectively. An example of a model atmosphere is also presented under a gray approximation.
Associations of Gross Motor Delay, Behavior, and Quality of Life in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Hedgecock James B , Dannemiller Lisa A , Shui Amy M , Rapport Mary Jane , Katz Terry 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Background
Young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often have gross motor delays that may accentuate problem daytime behavior and health–related quality of life (QoL).

Objective
The objective of this study was to describe the degree of gross motor delays in young children with ASD and associations of gross motor delays with problem daytime behavior and QoL. The primary hypothesis was that Gross motor delays significantly modifies the associations between internalizing or externalizing problem daytime behavior and QoL.

Design
This study used a cross-sectional, retrospective analysis.

Methods
Data from 3253 children who were 2 to 6 years old and who had ASD were obtained from the Autism Speaks Autism Treatment Network and analyzed using unadjusted and adjusted linear regression. Measures included the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, 2nd edition, gross motor v-scale score (VABS-GM) (for Gross motor delays), the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) (for Problem daytime behavior), and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) (for QoL).

Results
The mean VABS-GM was 12.12 (SD = 2.2), representing performance at or below the 16th percentile. After adjustment for covariates, the internalizing CBCL t score decreased with increasing VABS-GM (β = − 0.64 SE = 0.12). Total and subscale PedsQL scores increased with increasing VABS-GM (for total score: β = 1.79 SE = 0.17; for subscale score: β = 0.9–2.66 SE = 0.17–0.25). CBCL internalizing and externalizing t scores decreased with increasing PedsQL total score (β = − 0.39 SE = 0.01; β = − 0.36 SE = 0.01). The associations between CBCL internalizing or externalizing t scores and PedsQL were significantly modified by VABSGM (β = − 0.026 SE = 0.005]; β = − 0.019 SE = 0.007).

Limitations
The study lacked ethnic and socioeconomic diversity. Measures were collected via parent report without accompanying clinical assessment.

Conclusions
Cross motor delay was independently associated with Problem daytime behavior and QoL in children with ASD. Gross motor delay modified the association between Problem daytime behavior and QoL. Children with ASD and co–occurring internalizing Problem daytime behavior had greater Gross motor delays than children without internalizing Problem daytime behavior; therefore, these children may be most appropriate for early physical therapist evaluation.
Analysis of Acetabular Ossification From the Triradiate Cartilage and Secondary Centers
Authors: Parvaresh Kevin C. , Pennock Andrew T. , Bomar James D. , Wenger Dennis R. , Upasani Vidyadhar V. 
Published: January 2018

Background:
Acetabular development is a complex process that involves both endochondral growth from the triradiate cartilage (TRC) and intramembranous growth from the primary and secondary ossification centers of the innominate bones. Ponseti and others have described these centers including their contribution toward the development of normal acetabular shape. Prior studies have not utilized advanced imaging to study the appearance and closure of these secondary centers. The purpose of this study was to determine the chronological age at which the secondary ossification centers of the acetabulum appear and close and where there are any sex differences.

Methods:
Patients who underwent abdominal and pelvic computed tomography (CT) scans between January 2009 and December 2014 at a pediatric hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Patients between age 6 and 16 years with adequate imaging of acetabulum were included. CT scans were assessed for the appearance and closure of the 3 acetabular secondary ossification centers [anterior (os pubis), superior (os ilium), and posterior (os ischium)] and closure of the TRC.

Results:
A total of 159 CT scans met inclusion criteria (66 males and 93 females). The median age of appearance of the secondary ossification centers was: posterior (10.1 females, 12.8 males), anterior (10.7 females, 13.4 males), and superior (11.1 females, 13.6 males). The median age of closure of the secondary ossification centers was: posterior (12.8 females, 13.6 males), anterior (12.8 females, 13.9 males), superior (14.5 females, 13.9 males), and TRC (14.5 females, 14.3 males). Most ossification centers in females appeared and closed approximately 2 to 3 years before males.

Conclusions:
Secondary ossification centers in the acetabulum appear sequentially (first posterior, then anterior, then superior), with almost all centers closing just before TRC. Closure occurs earlier in females than males. Knowledge of these centers and their closure patterns allows better radiologic readings (especially CT studies) and understanding of acetabular growth, allowing more informed management of childhood hip conditions including dysplasia, trauma, and over-use sports injuries.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—Diagnostic.
Punctuated 88% Phenol Peeling for the Treatment of Facial Photoaging: A Clinical and Histopathological Study
Authors: de Mendonça Maria Cristina C. , Segheto Natália N. , Aarestrup Fernando M. , Aarestrup Beatriz J.V. 
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND
Phenol peeling is considered an important agent in the treatment of facial rejuvenation; however, its use has limitations due to its high potential for side effects.

OBJECTIVE
This article proposes a new peeling application technique for the treatment of photoaging, aiming to evaluate, clinically and histopathologically, the efficacy of a new way of applying 88% phenol, using a punctuated pattern.

METHODS
The procedure was performed in an outpatient setting, with female patients, on static wrinkles and high flaccidity areas of the face. Accompanying photographs and skin samples were taken for histopathological analysis before and after treatment.

RESULTS
It was shown that 88% phenol applied topically using a punctuated technique is effective in skin rejuvenation.

CONCLUSION
The authors thus suggest, based on this new proposal, that further studies be conducted with a larger group of patients to better elucidate the action mechanisms of 88% phenol. This new form of application considerably reduced patients' withdrawal from their regular activities, besides reducing the cost, compared with the conventional procedure.
Role of Nonsurgical Chin Augmentation in Full Face Rejuvenation: A Review and Our Experience
Authors: Vanaman Wilson Monique J. , Jones Isabela T. , Butterwick Kimberly , Fabi Sabrina G. 
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND
The chin is a critical component to the perception of facial attractiveness. Dermal fillers offer a nonsurgical, temporary method of correcting mild to moderate chin retrusion and resorption. Thus far, discussion of this procedure has been largely limited to the plastic surgery and otolaryngology literature.

OBJECTIVE
To review pertinent aspects of anatomy, patient evaluation, injection technique, concomitant therapies, and complications in chin augmentation using injectable fillers.

METHODS
A brief review of the literature surrounding chin augmentation using injectable fillers, as well as the authors' experience in this area, is provided.

RESULTS
Chin augmentation using injectable fillers can be performed effectively and safely with adequate background knowledge of the regional anatomy and appropriate patient selection. The authors discuss both injection techniques in the published literature and their own approach. Potential complications and concomitant therapies are also reviewed.

CONCLUSION
As chin augmentation is increasingly recognized as an essential component to complete facial aesthetic rejuvenation, dermatologic surgeons should be familiar with how to safely and effectively perform augmentation with injectable fillers to achieve an optimal cosmetic outcome.
A Pilot Examination of the Methods Used to Counteract Insider Threat Security Risks Associated with the Use of Radioactive Materials in the Research and Clinical Setting
Authors: Tsenov B.G. , Emery R.J. , Whitehead L.W. , Gonzalez J. Reingle , Gemeinhardt G.L. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
While many organizations maintain multiple layers of security control methodologies to prevent outsiders from gaining unauthorized access, persons such as employees or contractors who have been granted legitimate access can represent an “insider threat” risk. Interestingly, some of the most notable radiological events involving the purposeful contamination or exposure of individuals appear to have been perpetrated by insiders. In the academic and medical settings, radiation safety professionals focus their security efforts on (1) ensuring controls are in place to prevent unauthorized access or removal of sources, and (2) increasing security controls for the unescorted accessing of large sources of radioactivity (known as “quantities of concern”). But these controls may not completely address the threat insiders represent when radioactive materials below these quantities are present. The goal of this research project was to characterize the methodologies currently employed to counteract the insider security threat for the misuse or purposeful divergence of radioactive materials used in the academic and medical settings. A web-based survey was used to assess how practicing radiation safety professionals in academic and medical settings anticipate, evaluate, and control insider threat security risks within their institutions. While all respondents indicated that radioactive sources are being used in amounts below quantities of concern, only 6 % consider insider threat security issues as part of the protocol review for the use of general radioactive materials. The results of this survey identify several opportunities for improvement for institutions to address security gaps.
American Urogynecologic Society Prolapse Consensus Conference Summary Report
Authors: Siddiqui Nazema Y. , Gregory W. Thomas , Handa Victoria L. , DeLancey John O.L. , Richter Holly E. , Moalli Pamela , Barber Matthew D. , Pulliam Samantha , Visco Anthony G. , Alperin Marianna , Medina Carlos , Fraser Matthew O. , Bradley Catherine S. 
Published: January 2018

Objectives
The 2016 American Urogynecologic Society Prolapse Consensus Conference brought together thought leaders in the field of pelvic organ prolapse (POP). The goal was to identify critical areas of need for future research. This article summarizes the findings.

Methods
Prior to the conference, 5 major focus areas were identified. Focus areas were explored over the 2-day conference. Clinicians, clinical and basic science researchers, and representatives from government agencies, industry, patient advocacy groups, and the public convened to identify the major gaps in knowledge in each of these focus areas.

Results
The 5 major topics were as follows: (1) mechanistic research on pelvic supportive structures and how these are altered with pregnancy, delivery, and aging; (2) novel prostheses or implants that address pathophysiology and provide mechanical support; (3) large-scale community-based research; (4) clinical trials to optimize outcomes after POP surgery; and (5) evidence-based quality measures for POP outcomes. Key recommendations were made for each topic.

Conclusions
Critical gaps in our knowledge were identified. These limit scientific discovery across all 5 topic areas. Further scientific progress would be advanced by (1) developing a standardized group of POP outcomes and quality measures for large trials and community-based research, (2) creating specimen biorepositories that are integrated with robust clinical data, and (3) developing collaborative teams with expertise from a variety of disciplines, convened to tackle our most challenging and complex scientific questions.
Modeling sound attenuation in heterogeneous environments for improved bioacoustic sampling of wildlife populations
Authors: Royle J. Andrew 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAcoustic sampling methods are becoming increasingly important in biological monitoring. Sound attenuation is one of the most important dynamics affecting the utility of bioacoustic data as it directly affects the probability of detection of individuals from bioacoustic arrays and especially the localization of acoustic signals necessary in telemetry studies. Therefore, models of sound attenuation are necessary to make efficient use of bioacoustic data in ecological monitoring and assessment applications. Models of attenuation in widespread use are based on Euclidean distance between source and sensor, which is justified under spherical attenuation of sound waves in homogeneous environments. In some applications there are efforts to evaluate the detection range of sensors in response to local environmental characteristics at the sensor or at sentinel source locations with known environmental characteristics. However, attenuation is a function of the total environment between source and sensor, not just their locations. In this paper I develop a model of signal attenuation based on a non-Euclidean cost-weighted distance metric which contains resistance parameters that relate to environmental heterogeneity in the vicinity of an array. Importantly, these parameters can be estimated by maximum likelihood using experimental data from an array of fixed sources, thus allowing investigators who use bioacoustic methods to devise explicit models of sound attenuationin situ. In addition, drawing on analogy with classes of models known as spatial capture-recapture, I show that parameters of the non-Euclidean model of attenuation can be estimated when source locations areunknown. Thus, the models can be applied to real field studies which require localization of signals in heterogeneous environments.
Cytokinin activity ofN6-benzyladenine derivatives assayed by interaction with the receptorsin planta, in vitro, andin silico
Authors: Savelieva Ekaterina M. , Oslovsky Vladimir E. , Karlov Dmitry S. , Kurochkin Nikolay N. , Getman Irina A. , Lomin Sergey N. , Sidorov Georgy V. , Mikhailov Sergey N. , Osolodkin Dmitry I. , Romanov Georgy A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBiological effects of hormones in both plants and animals are based on high-affrnity interaction with cognate receptors resulting in their activation. The signal of cytokinins, classical plant hormones, is perceived inArabidopsisby three homologous membrane receptors: AHK2, AHK3, and CRE1/AHK4. To study the cytokinin–receptor interaction, we used 25 derivatives of potent cytokininN6-benzyladenine (BA) with substituents in the purine heterocycle and/or in the side chain. The study was focused primarily on individual cytokinin receptors fromArabidopsis. The mainin plantaassay system was based onArabidopsisdouble mutants retaining only one isoform of cytokinin receptors and harboring cytokinin-sensitive reporter gene. Classical cytokinin biotest withAmaranthusseedlings was used as an additional biotest. In parallel, the binding of ligands to individual cytokinin receptors was assessed in thein vitrotest system. Quantitative comparison of results of different assays confirmed the partial similarity of ligand-binding properties of receptor isoforms. Substituents at positions 8 and 9 of adenine moiety, elongated linker up to 4 methylene units, replacement ofN6by sulfur or oxygen, resulted in suppression of cytokinin activity of the derivative towards all receptors. Introduction of a halogen into position 2 of adenine moiety, on the contrary, often increased the ligand activity, especially toward AHK3. Features both common and distinctive of cytokinin receptors inArabidopsisandAmaranthuswere revealed, highlighting species specificity of the cytokinin perception apparatus. Correlations between extent of compound binding to a receptorin vitroand its ability to activate the same receptorin plantawere evaluated for each AHK protein. Interaction patterns between individual receptors and ligands were rationalized by structure analysis and molecular docking in sensory modules of AHK receptors. The best correlation between docking scores and specific binding was observed for AHK3. In addition, receptor-specific ligands have been discovered with unique properties to predominantly activate or block distinct cytokinin receptors. These ligands are promising for practical application and as molecular tools in the study of the cytokinin perception by plant cells.Graphical abstractIndividual cytokinin receptors fromArabidopsiswere assayedin planta,in vitroandin silicowith 25 different 6-benzyladenine derivatives, new receptor-specific cytokinins were revealed.
Listeria monocytogenesInlP interacts with afadin and facilitates basement membrane crossing
Authors: Faralla Cristina , Bastounis Effie E. , Ortega Fabian E. , Light Samuel H. , Rizzuto Gabrielle , Nocadello Salvatorre , Anderson Wayne F. , Robbins Jennifer R. , Theriot Julie A. , Bakardjiev Anna I. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTDuring pregnancy, the placenta protects the fetus against the maternal immune response, as well as bacterial and viral pathogens. Bacterial pathogens that have evolved specific mechanisms of breaching this barrier, such asListeria monocytogenes, present a unique opportunity for learning how the placenta carries out its protective function. We previously identified theL. monocytogenesprotein Internalin P (InlP) as a secreted virulence factor critical for placental infection (1). Here, we show that InlP, but not the highly similarL. monocytogenesinternalin Lmo2027, binds to human afadin (encoded byAF-6), a protein associated with cell-cell junctions. A crystal structure of InlP reveals several unique features, including an extended leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain with a distinctive Ca2+-binding site. Despite afadin’s involvement in the formation of cell-cell junctions, MDCK epithelial cells expressing InlP displayed a decrease in the magnitude of the traction stresses they could exert on deformable substrates, similar to the decrease in traction exhibited byAF-6knock-out MDCK cells.L. monocytogenes ΔinlPmutants were deficient in their ability to form actin-rich protrusions from the basal face of polarized epithelial monolayers, a necessary step in the crossing of such monolayers (transcytosis). A similar phenotype was observed for bacteria expressing an internal in-frame deletion ininlP(inlPDLRR5) that specifically disrupts its interaction with afadin. However, afadin deletion in the host cells did not rescue the transcytosis defect. We conclude that secreted InlP targets cytosolic afadin to specifically promoteL. monocytogenestranscytosis across the basal face of epithelial monolayers, which may contribute to the crossing of the basement membrane during placental infection.