bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Devising Nature
Authors: Berryman Sylvia 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Beauty, it is often said, lies in the eyes of the beholder. When we consider the reception of ancient Greek technologies that are said to imitate living beings, it turns out that the notion of animation likewise appears to obey no formula, but depends on the judgement of the observer. We can nonetheless ask why so much value and significance are added to mechanical devices by what, from a technical point of view, are decorative elements. Some technological animations of antiquity were designed simply to amuse. While historians of technology used to bemoan the obsession with ‘mere toys’ in ancient technology, I suggest that the role of ancient Greek working-artifacts as pure entertainment should conversely be taken seriously, since it may reveal something about the reception of such devices amongst non-expert observers. I suggest that mechanical imitations of living beings are amusing exactly because of the tension between make-believe and common sense, between credulity and incredulity. The amusement derives from the fact that observers simultaneously see that moving devices mimic the movements of humans or animals, while also noticing that the appearances is illusory, created by a clever contrivance that invites the observer to fill in any lacunae. The internal tension in the observer between credulity and incredulity creates the humour; humour indicates, conversely, that both aspects of this tension are being experienced. This analysis accounts for the fascination that ancient Greek automata still exert today, even upon audiences accustomed to much more sophisticated technologies.
The Psychiatric Phenomena of Encephalitis Lethargica
Authors: Foley Paul Bernard 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Following its first description in 1917, encephalitis lethargica was an epidemic infectious disease, primarily in Europe and North America, until the mid-1920s. The acute stage of the illness was dominated either by lethargy and oculomotor pareses or by hyperkinetic phenomena, its chronic phase by post-encephalitic parkinsonism. Its neuropathology was limited to the brainstem, but the disorder also elicited a range of mental and psychiatric signs and symptoms, some unique to the new disease (including bradyphrenia, loss of drive and impaired volition, and behavioral changes), some that combined neurologic and psychiatric features in a hitherto unknown manner (in particular, oculogyric crises), and others that were previously associated with hysteria and psychotic disorders and consequently regarded as functional rather than neurologic in nature.
The Associations between Herpes Simplex Virus and Neurocognitive and Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Authors: Eslick Guy D. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
A member of the Herpesviridae family of viruses, herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common infection among humans. Infection with HSV is lifelong, and there currently is no cure. HSV can be transmitted vertically and impacts infants with neurological complications that can continue into adulthood. In adults, findings from studies investigating associations between HSV-1 seropositivity and dementia have been consistent. While the strength of the association is not exceptionally strong, the anatomical and biological factors such as the relationship with apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele carriers associated with this infectious link with Alzheimer’s disease are impressive. Future research focusing on potential mechanisms underlying the association of HSV-1 with dementia, with a greater emphasis on potential vaccine development and antiviral therapy, is needed.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Nweke Martins , Hedges Dawson W. , Gale Shawn D. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
First identified in the early 1980s, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects an estimated 40 million people worldwide. While combined antiretroviral therapy improves the lifespan of people living with HIV, the disease itself remains incurable. Despite the use of combined antiretroviral therapy, HIV-associated neurocognitive dysfunction (HAND) affects approximately 20–50 percent of HIV patients. Although antiretroviral therapy appears to have decreased the incidence of HIV-associated dementia, it does not seem to have decreased the incidence and prevalence of asymptomatic and mild HAND. HAND is characterized by deficits in attention, concentration, psychomotor processing, and memory. In addition to HAND, HIV is associated with depression, apathy, mania, and psychosis. Additional research into treatment for the neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric deficits associated with HIV is needed.
Neurocognitive, Neuropsychiatric, and Neurological Aspects of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1
Authors: Erickson Lance D. , Hedges Dawson W. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
A member of the Retroviridae family and infecting approximately 5–10 million people globally, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is implicated in the etiology of several neurological disorders, including human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), a progressive myelopathy found in a small subset of patients with HTLV-1. Although not all studies have been consistent, increasing evidence suggests that HAM/TSP and HTLV-1 infection in otherwise asymptomatic carriers can be associated with cognitive deficits. HAM/TSP also has been associated with progressive cognitive impairment and possibly with vascular dementia. Further, HTLV-1 might be associated with depression and anxiety, although not all studies have found such associations. HTLV-1 appears to result in oxidative stress, white matter lesions in a high percentage of patients with and without HAM/TSP, and in inflammatory changes. Emerging findings indicate that HTLV-1 results in a significant burden of neurological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive dysfunction.
Whipple’s Disease
Authors: Panegyres Peter K. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Whipple’s disease (WD) of the brain is an extraordinary infectious disease caused by the bacillus Tropheryma whipplei. WD is difficult to diagnose and may lead to disability and death if unrecognized. Central nervous system involvement may occur secondary to gastrointestinal or arthritic infections or as the even more obscure entity of primary WD of the brain. WD has multifarious presentations in the central nervous system from the effects of mass lesions with seizures, stroke-like phenomena, and meningoencephalitis to masquerading as almost every neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric syndrome including amnesia, rapidly progressive dementia, frontotemporal dementia, prosopagnosia, Korsakoff’s syndrome, Klüver–Bucy syndrome, Lewy body disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, limbic encephalitis, normal-pressure hydrocephalus, dementia–parkinsonism–motor neuron disease complex, and rhombencephalitis. WD must enter the differential diagnosis in the assessment of patients with the suspicion of neurodegenerative disorders, especially if magnetic resonance imaging reveals patchy nodular contrast enhancement with cerebral atrophy, particularly in the frontal and temporal regions, eye movement abnormalities, and oculomasticatory myorhythmia. Cerebrospinal fluid polymerase chain reaction for Tropheryma whipplei DNA confirms the diagnosis. If recognized early, WD of the central nervous system is treatable and curable by antibiotics providing there is a high index of suspicion for the diagnosis. Remember to always ask: could it be WD?
Neurocognitive Dysfunction Associated with Tuberculous Meningitis
Authors: Dian Sofiati , Ong Paulus Anam 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Cognitive impairment is commonly reported among tuberculous meningitis (TBM) survivors. Motor control, memory, language, attention, and decision-making are a few of the complex functions of the human brain that may be affected by TBM. Focal lesions or diffuse processes due to invasion by Mycobacterium tuberculosis may underline these cognitive deficits. While measuring the function in the acute phase is difficult due to TBM hyperinflammation, it may be relevant for prompt detection and intervention in the post-acute phase preparing for the patients’ long-term function when they return to productive daily activities. The best tools to identify detailed impairment that can guide the clinician toward a personal cognitive rehabilitation program await further research, especially ones that are affordable for the low-resource population where TBM is predominant.
Cerebral Malaria and Its Neuroinflammatory, Cognitive, and Neuropsychiatric Associations
Authors: Boivin Michael J. , Stiles Jonathan K. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is one of the most common childhood encephalopathies, with severe malaria accounting for a significant number of hospital admissions in endemic malarial areas, the majority of which are in sub-Saharan Africa. The overview provided in this chapter is guided by the assumption that the neuropsychological and neurodevelopmental effects of severe malaria should be considered as part of a syndrome, the severity of which can be related to clinical and immunopathogenic biomarkers during acute illness. This is because the proximal neuropathological mechanisms must be disentangled from the more distal effects of long-term neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive outcomes that implicate a variety of pathways for at-risk children. This systematic review of these brain and behavior effects is embedded within a consideration of the evidence for the use of both adjuvant therapies during the acute phase and behavioral or rehabilitative interventions after recovery for CM survivors. Computerized cognitive rehabilitation training has been used as a sensitive means of characterizing the benefit of such interventions in the remediation of long-term neurocognitive sequelae of CM and of severe malaria anemia in early childhood. The chapter concludes by providing an introductory overview of one of the more promising innovative lines of research for adjuvant therapy, that of the protective role of neuregulin-1 against CM-induced neuronal injury and behavioral sequelae. The scale-up and global accessibility of computerized cognitive rehabilitation training mobile apps might be a potential way to gauge the dynamic neurocognitive functional benefits of such new and innovative therapies in remediating neurocognitive sequelae for CM survivors and other brain infectious prevalent in tropical regions.
Neurocognitive and Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Human African Trypanosomiasis
Authors: Ngarka Leonard , Njamnshi Alfred K. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei, human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness is transmitted by the tsetse fly (Glossina species) in sub-Saharan Africa. HAT has two clinical stages: an early or hemolytic stage and a late or neurologic stage, although the two stages generally overlap. HAT can result in abnormalities in the sleep–wake cycle characterized by direct transition from a waking state to rapid eye movement sleep. In addition, HAT can result in deficits in neuropsychiatric function including aggression, mood swings, emotional lability, apathy, mania, confusion, and hallucinations. Sensory deficits including paresthesia can occur, as can pyramidal and extrapyramidal motor symptoms. Although the incidence of HAT is decreasing, additional research into its prevention and treatment are needed.
Effects of Infectious Diseases on Child and Brain Development and Their Association with Poverty
Authors: Gale Shawn D. , Hedges Dawson W. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Infectious diseases affect a large number of people including children worldwide, and infections during gestation and childhood can adversely affect brain development, resulting in cognitive and neuropsychiatric deficits. Numerous factors including climate change can increase the risk of maternal and childhood infection particularly in conditions of poverty and in low- and middle-income regions. Maternal and early childhood infections from cytomegalovirus, rubella, Zika virus, Epstein–Barr virus, Lyme disease, malaria, Toxoplasma gondii, toxocariasis, and maternal genital infections can affect fetal and child brain development and result in cognitive and neuropsychiatric dysfunction. Maternal gestational and childhood infections likely contribute to the overall burden of neuropsychiatric disease and cognitive dysfunction, suggesting fetal and early childhood origins for some neuropsychiatric and cognitive disorders. Treatment and prevention of maternal infectious diseases provide potentially effective methods of reducing the overall burden of neuropsychiatric disease and cognitive dysfunction.
Leuthen
Authors: Otte T. G. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Leuthen (1757) is one of the best-known battles of the Seven Years’ War, the most consequential conflict in continental Europe between the Thirty Years’ War and the wars of Revolutionary and then Napoleonic France. Leuthen confirmed the reputation of Frederick II of Prussia as one of history’s greatest military commanders. His victory rested on superior drill and firepower, intelligent use of the terrain, and his perfecting of the ‘oblique battle order’. But faulty intelligence and flawed decision-making on the Austrian side were no less important. Leuthen was of profound significance for the war and for the future course of European history. Frederick’s victory reversed the military dynamic of the current conflict. It kept Prussia in the war, preserved the existence of the Prussian state, and laid the foundations of its further rise. It also ensured Britain’s final commitment to what was becoming a global conflict. The significance of Prussia’s victory extended beyond the military sphere. The ‘Leuthen myth’, encapsulated in the evocative image of Frederick’s exhausted grenadiers intoning the church hymn ‘Now thank ye all our Lord’, shaped political and historical disputes in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Germany. It also influenced the intellectual assumptions that underpinned Prusso-German war planning before the First World War. The ‘Chorale of Leuthen’ provided the accompanying chords of German cultural developments up to the collapse of the Third Reich in the burning ruins of Berlin. But even to the present day its echo can still be heard. As with other great battles, Leuthen is constantly reassessed and rewritten as an element of national culture and identity.
War in the Holy Roman Empire
Authors: Otte T. G. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the contemporary context of the Seven Years’ War, the bellicosity of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in general, and the developments in Central Europe in particular, in both their internal (German) and their wider (European) contexts. Further, it examines the rise of Brandenburg-Prussia and the emergence of the Austro-Prussian antagonism in the affairs of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. This is followed by an analysis of the different patterns of military conscription and bureaucratic centralization in the two leading German states, before concluding with a discussion of contemporary warfighting doctrines and practices.
European blame games
Authors: Heinkelmann-Wild Tim , Rittberger Berthold , Zangl Bernhard , Kriegmair Lisa 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter spells out the book’s main theoretical assumptions and arguments, as well as its research strategy. We conceive of the public as the stage where blame attributions are voiced and their plausibility assessed by various political and societal actors. The chapter outlines two mechanisms—the learning and the constraining mechanism—which cause blame games to gravitate towards true responsibilities. It then conceptualizes three different types of European blame games—scapegoat games, renegade games, and diffusion games—which are characterized by their distinct blame targets and their concomitant blame narratives. Subsequently, the chapter outlines the book’s empirical strategy to analyse European blame games.
Glorification Spells from a Priestly Milieu in Ancient Egypt
Authors: Gill Ann-Katrin , Smith Mark 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This volume presents the first comprehensive edition of an ancient Egyptian ritual composition entitled the Glorification Recited on Each Due Occasion of the Embalming Place, a collection of glorification spells attested in five papyri from around 300 bce. These spells preserve and transmit religious ideas which resonated with the ancient Egyptians for millennia. The collection and adaptation of them into a single coherent ritual work bear witness to the remarkable creativity of the priests and scribes of the latest periods of Egyptian history. Much of this process may be attributable to members of a single family or a small circle of colleagues living in a particular place during a circumscribed period of time, highlighting the importance of individual or small-group agency, not only in preserving and transmitting religious traditions, but in transforming them as well. Glorification spells were recited in the embalming place and elsewhere. They were intended not only to revivify those to whom they were addressed, restoring their mental and physical faculties, but to secure their elevation to a new, exalted status, that of an akh, or glorified spirit, as well, which integrated the beneficiary within the hierarchy of gods and other glorified spirits in the next world. The book places the Glorification Recited on Each Due Occasion of the Embalming Place in its wider historical, religious, and sociological context. It should be of interest not only to Egyptologists but to scholars in a wide range of neighbouring disciplines as well.
Bathild of Francia
Authors: Moreira Isabel 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Slave, Merovingian queen, regent, and banished widow, Queen Balthild (d. 680) was a Catholic saint to the French, and murderer and “Jezebel” to the English. She was an important figure in her time. Yet, because of the remote time period, and the specialized nature of the sources, she is little known outside the field of Merovingian studies. This book (Balthild of Francia) seeks to remedy that obscurity through a cultural biography that explores the life and times of a queen who lived at the end of the late Roman era when the Frankish elite were connected by trade, religion, and political aspirations to the Mediterranean and Byzantine world. Balthild was a slave bought for a “low price” who, as queen regent, prohibited the slave trade in her kingdom and undertook policies aimed at mitigating the suffering of those who, like herself, had experienced dislocation from home and loss of protection. The documentary and material sources for the life and times of this seventh-century queen are exceptionally well preserved. Indeed, as a result of new scientific methods and new approaches to archaeology, she is someone about whose life and environment we continue to know more.
Abolitionist Icon
Authors: Moreira Isabel 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the evolution of Balthild’s reputation from royal founder to proto-abolitionist. In the early modern era her convent, Chelles, became an important royal institution at a time when the rise of slave ownership in the colonies worked in parallel with the French myth that there were no slaves in France. Balthild’s life and actions contributed to this myth. After the destruction of the convent of Chelles in the French Revolution, Balthild’s cult and relics survived through the actions of the nuns and priests of Chelles. Under Napoleon her life was given a gothic, romantic form. Mid-century, her life became a favored subject of pious biography. In the last years of the July monarchy, King Louis-Philippe commissioned the sculptures of illustrious women for the Luxembourg Gardens in Paris. The commission of Balthild’s statue was undertaken by Victor Thérasse, who presented her as an abolitionist. Monuments recognizing France’s role in the slave are few and contentious: Balthild’s statue is a strange but historic attempt to project abolitionist sentiment into the public space.
Introduction
Authors: Wilks Jennifer M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The introduction positions the original versions of Carmen not as master narratives but as palimpsests, multifaceted, multilayered texts whose adaptations have taken on lives of their own and themselves inspired new work. The chapter sketches the origins of Prosper Mérimée’s novella and Georges Bizet’s opera before offering a brief survey of the most well-known productions and adaptations on stage and screen. It then delves into the histories of race in Spain and France, where the experiences of the Roma and people of African descent have paralleled each other and intersected in striking ways. Nineteenth-century Paris, for example, was home to a diverse, vibrant artistic community that included both Spanish expatriates and Black French notables. The chapter concludes by considering Carmen as an infinitely adaptable figure whose story has become an interpretive tool, one that is particularly apt for examining shifting notions of race, gender, and freedom in locations around the African diaspora.
Carmen in Context
Authors: Wilks Jennifer M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 centers the issue of context to explore how Carmen has been a story of adaptation and difference from its inception. Although the now canonical status of Bizet’s opera and iconic quality of its principal character suggest stability, examining the time and place in which Mérimée and Bizet created their respective works reveals otherwise. Nineteenth-century French identity was continually in flux and under construction, and the Paris of Mérimée and Bizet’s times, especially within their respective artistic circles, was dynamic and diverse. How, then, might one use the artists’ biographies to reframe their depictions of Carmen? In Mérimée’s case, his extensive study and travel were complemented by his friendship with Spanish noblewoman (and mother of the future French Empress Eugénie) Doña María Manuela Kirkpatrick, Countess of Montijo, as well as by his regular engagement of sex workers. Bizet, in turn, traveled less widely, and his perceptions of gender and society were influenced by a group of women closer to home: his mother Aimée, his wife Geneviève and mother-in-law Léonie, and public figures such as Célestine Galli-Marié, the star mezzo-soprano who originated the role of Carmen and, in the process, became Bizet’s champion at the Opéra-Comique. Consequently, while Mérimée’s and Bizet’s most famous protagonist has become an emblem of stereotyped Romani womanhood, the character also reflects the former’s negotiation of the ethno-racial, gender, and socioeconomic differences of his time and the latter’s reconsideration of and, eventually, deep appreciation for, the unconventional women in his personal and professional circles.