bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synergistic Effect of a Molecular Cocatalyst and a Heterojunction in a 1 D Semiconductor Photocatalyst for Robust and Highly Efficient Solar Hydrogen Production
Authors: Jiang Daochuan , Irfan Rana Muhammad , Sun Zijun , Lu Dapeng , Du Pingwu 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPhotocatalytic production of hydrogen by water splitting is a promising pathway for the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy. However, the photocatalytic conversion efficiency is often limited by the sluggish transfer of the photogenerated charge carriers, charge recombination, and subsequent slow catalytic reactions. Herein, we report a highly active noble‐metal‐free photocatalytic system for hydrogen production in water. The system contains a water‐soluble nickel complex as a molecular cocatalyst and zinc sulfide on 1D cadmium sulfide as the heterojunction photocatalyst. The complex can efficiently transport photogenerated electrons and holes over a heterojunction photocatalyst to hamper charge recombination, leading to highly improved catalytic efficiency and durability of a heterojunction photocatalyst– molecular cocatalyst system. The results show that under optimal conditions, the average apparent quantum yield was approximately 58.3 % after 7 h of irradiation with monochromatic 420 nm light. In contrast, the value is only 16.8 % if the molecular cocatalyst is absent. Such a remarkable performance in a molecular cocatalyst‐based photocatalytic system without any noble metal loading has, to the best of our knowledge, not been reported to date.
Structure–Reactivity Correlations in Vanadium‐Containing Catalysts for One‐Pot Glycerol Oxidehydration to Acrylic Acid
Authors: Chieregato Alessandro , Bandinelli Claudia , Concepción Patricia , Soriano M. Dolores , Puzzo Francesco , Basile Francesco , Cavani Fabrizio , Nieto José M. López 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe design of suitable catalysts for the one‐pot conversion of glycerol into acrylic acid (AA) is a complex matter, as only fine‐tuning of the redox and acid properties makes it possible to obtain significant yields of AA. However, fundamental understanding behind the catalytic phenomenon is still unclear. Structure–reactivity correlations are clearly behind these results, and acid sites are involved in the dehydration of glycerol into acrolein with vanadium as the main (or only) redox element. For the first time, we propose an in‐depth study to shed light on the molecular‐level relations behind the overall catalytic results shown by several types of V‐containing catalysts. Different multifunctional catalysts were synthesized, characterized (>X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, temperature‐programmed reduction, and temperature‐programmed desorption of ammonia), and tested in a flow reactor. Combining the obtained results with those acquired from an in situ FTIR spectroscopy study with acrolein (a reaction intermediate), it was possible to draw conclusions on the role played by the various physicochemical features of the different oxides in terms of the adsorption, surface reactions, and desorption of the reagents and reaction products.
Direct Hydrogen Evolution from Saline Water Reduction at Neutral pH using Organic Photocathodes
Authors: Haro Marta , Solis Claudia , Blas‐Ferrando Vicente M. , Margeat Olivier , Dhkil Sadok Ben , Videlot‐Ackermann Christine , Ackermann Jörg , Di Fonzo Fabio , Guerrero Antonio , Gimenez Sixto 
Published: October 2016

AbstractHere, we have developed an organic photocathode for water reduction to H2, delivering more than 1 mA cm−2 at 0 V versus RHE and above 3 mA cm−2 at −0.5 V versus RHE with moderate stability under neutral pH conditions. The initial competitive reduction of water to H2 and ZnO to metallic Zn is responsible for the dynamic behaviour of both photocurrent and Faradaic efficiency of the device, which reaches 100 % Faradaic efficiency after 90 min operation. In any case, outstanding stable H2 flow of approximately 2 μmol h−1 is measured over 1 h at 0 V versus RHE and at neutral pH, after equilibrium between the Zn2+/Zn0 concentration in the AZO film is reached. This achievement opens new avenues for the development of allsolution‐processed organic photoelectrochemical cells for the solar generation of H2 from sea water.
Elimination of erroneous results in flow cytometry caused by antibody binding to Fc receptors on human monocytes and macrophages
Authors: Andersen Morten N. , Al‐Karradi Sinan N. H. , Kragstrup Tue W. , Hokland Marianne 
Published: October 2016

AbstractNonspecific binding of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to Fc‐receptors on leukocytes is an important cause of background fluorescence in flow cytometry, and failing to block such nonspecific binding can lead to erroneous results. A major part of previous studies on blocking reagents for flow cytometry have been done in mice, and published results are not completely in agreement. In humans, Fc‐receptors are found on most leukocytes, with highest abundance on monocytes/macrophages. Therefore, in the present study our aim was to thoroughly investigate the efficiency of different commonly used blocking reagents regarding inhibition of nonspecific binding of mouse mAbs to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) and monocyte‐derived macrophages (MDMs). Monocytes and MDMs showed strong nonspecific binding of IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes, but not IgG2b. In contrast, B‐cells, T‐cells, and NK‐cells did not substantially bind any of the mouse isotype control antibodies evaluated (IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b). Importantly, we show that binding of IgG1 and IgG2a to monocytes and MDMs can be eliminated by blocking, either with a commercial Fc‐blocking reagent, with mouse or human serum, or with mouse or human IgG in high concentration. Previously, isotype controls have been widely used in flow cytometry assays. However, we show that such controls may be highly unreliable, and we believe they should not be used as gating controls, or to determine background signal. Based on these results, as well as considerations of price and applicability, our recommendation is not to use isotypes as gating controls in flow cytometry, but instead to use 100 μg/mL of purified human IgG as blocking reagent for elimination of nonspecific binding of mouse mAbs to human MNCs and MDMs. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Evaluation of new markers for minimal residual disease monitoring in B‐cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: CD73 and CD86 are the most relevant new markers to increase the efficacy of MRD 2016; 00B: 000–000
Authors: Tembhare Prashant R. , Ghogale Sitaram , Ghatwai Nisha , Badrinath Yajamanam , Kunder Nikesh , Patkar Nikhil V. , Bibi Asma R. , Chatterjee Gaurav , Arora Brijesh , Narula Gaurav , Banawali Shripad , Deshpande Nilesh , Amare Prathibha , Gujral Sumeet , Subramanian Papagudi G. 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundMultiparametric flow cytometry (MFC) is a popular technique for minimal residual disease (MRD) analysis. However, its applicability is still limited to 90% of B‐cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCPALL) due to two major issues, i.e. a proportion of cases do not express adequate leukemia associated immunophenotype (LAIPs) with currently used markers and drug‐induced antigen modulation. Hence, the incorporation of additional reliable markers is required for the further improvement of MFC‐based MRD evaluation. We studied the utility of new markers in improvising MFC‐based MRD detection in BCPALL.MethodsExpression‐patterns of six new markers, i.e. CD24, CD44, CD72, CD73, CD86, and CD200 were studied in leukemic‐blasts from ninety childhood BCPALL patients and in hematogones from 20 uninvolved staging bone marrow (BM) and ten postinduction non‐BCPALL BM samples using eight‐color MFC. The utility of these new markers in the day 35 postinduction MRD evaluation was determined.ResultsFrequencies of LAIPs of CD73, CD86, CD72, CD44, CD200, and CD24 in diagnostic samples were 76.7, 56.7, 55.6, 50, 28.9, and 20%, respectively. Differential expression of all new markers was highly significant (P < 0.01) between early (CD10+ CD19+ CD34+) hematogones, late (CD10+ CD19+ CD34−) hematogones and BCPALL blasts except between early hematogones and BCPALL blasts for CD200 (P = 0.1). In MRD‐positive samples, CD73 showed the maximum (83%) frequency of LAIP and CD86 showed the highest (100%) stability of aberrant expression. Inclusion of CD73 and CD86 increased the applicability of MFC–MRD assay to 98.9% MRD samples.ConclusionCD73 and CD86 are the most relevant markers to incorporate in the routine MRD evaluation of BCPALL. © 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Electrical and optical clock and data recovery in optical access networks: a comparative study
Authors: Abd El‐Khaleq Esraa , El‐Sayed Yasmine , Ismail Tawfik , Mostafa Hassan 
Published: October 2016

SummaryClock and data recovery (CDR) is an essential part in high‐speed telecommunication systems. The CDR is used to extract the clock and re‐time the received data, which allows a synchronous operation to recover the transmitted signal. In optical access networks, electrical CDR or optical CDR implementations can be used. However, there are no clear guidelines or recommendations on which CDR implementation should be adopted for better performance. These missing clear recommendations are because the electrical CDR requires electronics design expertise whereas the optical CDR requires optical design expertise. Consequently, in this paper, an all‐digital CDR, designed and implemented on the field‐programmable gate array platform, and an optical CDR, developed by using fiber Bragg grating technology on the OptiSystem platform, are presented. Furthermore, the integration of these 2 CDR implementations with the optical access network is implemented, and their performance is evaluated for various transmission rates and communication distances. Finally, a comparative study in terms of the bit error rate between the all‐digital CDR and the optical CDR is presented.
The “when” and the “where” of single‐trial allocentric spatial memory performance in young children: Insights into the development of episodic memory
Authors: Ribordy Lambert Farfalla , Lavenex Pierre , Banta Lavenex Pamela 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAllocentric spatial memory, “where” with respect to the surrounding environment, is one of the three fundamental components of episodic memory: what, where, when. Whereas basic allocentric spatial memory abilities are reliably observed in children after 2 years of age, coinciding with the offset of infantile amnesia, the resolution of allocentric spatial memory acquired over repeated trials improves from 2 to 4 years of age. Here, we first show that single‐trial allocentric spatial memory performance improves in children from 3.5 to 7 years of age, during the typical period of childhood amnesia. Second, we show that large individual variation exists in children's performance at this age. Third, and most importantly, we show that improvements in single‐trial allocentric spatial memory performance are due to an increasing ability to spatially and temporally separate locations and events. Such improvements in spatial and temporal processing abilities may contribute to the gradual offset of childhood amnesia.
Improved management of small pelagic fisheries through seasonal climate prediction
Authors: Tommasi Désirée , Stock Charles A. , Pegion Kathleen , Vecchi Gabriel A. , Methot Richard D. , Alexander Michael A. , Checkley David M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPopulations of small pelagic fish are strongly influenced by climate. The inability of managers to anticipate environment‐driven fluctuations in stock productivity or distribution can lead to overfishing and stock collapses, inflexible management regulations inducing shifts in the functional response to human predators, lost opportunities to harvest populations, bankruptcies in the fishing industry, and loss of resilience in the human food supply. Recent advances in dynamical global climate prediction systems allow for sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly predictions at a seasonal scale over many shelf ecosystems. Here we assess the utility of SST predictions at this “fishery relevant” scale to inform management, using Pacific sardine as a case study. The value of SST anomaly predictions to management was quantified under four harvest guidelines (HGs) differing in their level of integration of SST data and predictions. The HG that incorporated stock biomass forecasts informed by skillful SST predictions led to increases in stock biomass and yield, and reductions in the probability of yield and biomass falling below socioeconomic or ecologically acceptable levels. However, to mitigate the risk of collapse in the event of an erroneous forecast, it was important to combine such forecast‐informed harvest controls with additional harvest restrictions at low biomass.
Changing climate mediates sapsucker (Aves:Sphyrapicus) hybrid zone movement
Authors: Billerman Shawn M. , Murphy Melanie A. , Carling Matthew D. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractHybrid zones, where two divergent taxa meet and interbreed, offer unique opportunities to investigate how climate contributes to reproductive isolation between closely related taxa and how these taxa may respond to climatic changes. Red‐naped (Sphyrapicus nuchalis) and Red‐breasted (Sphyrapicus ruber) sapsuckers (Aves: Picidae) hybridize along a narrow contact zone that stretches from northern California to British Columbia. The hybrid zone between these species has been studied extensively for more than 100 years and represents an excellent system for investigations of the evolution of reproductive isolation. Shifts in the proportions of phenotypes at hybrid localities since 1910 that were inferred using specimens from museum collections were confirmed using species distribution models. We predicted the historical, current, and future distributions of parental and hybrid sapsuckers using Random Forests models to quantify how climate change is affecting hybrid zone movement in the Pacific Northwest. We found observed distribution shifts of parental sapsuckers were likely the result of climate change over the past 100 years, with these shifts predicted to continue for both sapsuckers over the next 80 years. We found Red‐breasted Sapsuckers are predicted to continue to expand, while Red‐naped Sapsuckers are predicted to contract substantially under future climate scenarios. As a result of the predicted changes, the amount of overlap in the distribution of these sapsuckers may decrease. Using hybrid phenotypes, we found the climate niche occupied by the hybrid zone is predicted to disappear under future conditions. The disappearance of this climate niche where the two parental species come into contact and hybridize may lead to a substantial reduction in genetic introgression. Understanding the impacts of global climate change on hybrid zones may help us to better understand how speciation has been shaped by climate in the past, as well as how evolution may respond to climate change in the future.
Sexual maturity and shape development in cranial appendages of extant ruminants
Authors: Calamari Zachary T. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMorphological disparity arises through changes in the ontogeny of structures; however, a major challenge of studying the effect of development on shape is the difficulty of collecting time series of data for large numbers of taxa. A proxy for developmental series proposed here is the age at sexual maturity, a developmental milestone potentially tied to the development of structures with documented use in intrasexual competition, such as cranial appendages in Artiodactyla. This study tested the hypothesis that ruminant cranial appendage shape and size correlate with onset of sexual maturity, predicting that late sexual maturity would correlate with larger, more complicated cranial appendages. Published data for cranial appendage shape and size in extant taxa were tested for correlations with sexual maturity using linear mixed‐effect models and phylogenetic generalized least‐squares analyses. Ancestral state reconstructions were used to assess correlated variables for developmental shifts indicative of heterochrony. These tests showed that phylogeny and body mass were the most common predictors of cranial appendage shape and sexual maturity was only significant as an interaction with body mass. Nevertheless, using developmental milestones as proxies for ontogeny may still be valuable in targeting future research to better understand the role of development in the evolution of disparate morphology when correlations exist between the milestone and shape.
Climate change is advancing spring onset across the U.S. national park system
Authors: Monahan William B. , Rosemartin Alyssa , Gerst Katharine L. , Fisichelli Nicholas A. , Ault Toby , Schwartz Mark D. , Gross John E. , Weltzin Jake F. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMany U.S. national parks are already at the extreme warm end of their historical temperature distributions. With rapidly warming conditions, park resource management will be enhanced by information on seasonality of climate that supports adjustments in the timing of activities such as treating invasive species, operating visitor facilities, and scheduling climate‐related events (e.g., flower festivals and fall leaf‐viewing). Seasonal changes in vegetation, such as pollen, seed, and fruit production, are important drivers of ecological processes in parks, and phenology has thus been identified as a key indicator for park monitoring. Phenology is also one of the most proximate biological responses to climate change. Here, we use estimates of start of spring based on climatically modeled dates of first leaf and first bloom derived from indicator plant species to evaluate the recent timing of spring onset (past 10–30 yr) in each U.S. natural resource park relative to its historical range of variability across the past 112 yr (1901–2012). Of the 276 high latitude to subtropical parks examined, spring is advancing in approximately three‐quarters of parks (76%), and 53% of parks are experiencing “extreme” early springs that exceed 95% of historical conditions. Our results demonstrate how changes in climate seasonality are important for understanding ecological responses to climate change, and further how spatial variability in effects of climate change necessitates different approaches to management. We discuss how our results inform climate change adaptation challenges and opportunities facing parks, with implications for other protected areas, by exploring consequences for resource management and planning.
A joint model of species interaction dynamics for multistate processes incorporating imperfect detection
Authors: Jones Jay E. , Kroll Andrew J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe dynamics of species interactions are critical to understanding community ecology. Although species co‐occurrence models have long been available, recent methodological advances support extensions to incorporate temporal population dynamics with variation in the observation process. Contemporary dynamic co‐occurrence models often focus on simple presence/absence despite evidence that the influence of interactions may extend beyond species presence to behaviors influencing fitness such as mating success or recruitment. Here, we propose a joint model of species interaction dynamics that extends to multistate processes for each species, while limiting the attendant combinatorial expansion in the number of parameters. In our model, one or more states of a subordinate species are assumed to depend on the state of a dominant species, but a reciprocal dependency does not exist. This model results in a more concise representation of dominant‐subordinate species interactions compared with other approaches, which should aid in model setup, fitting, and interpretation. The basic framework we outline can be fit in either Bayesian or maximum‐likelihood modes of inference, can include interaction lag effects, and deals efficiently with cases where data are missing for one species but not the other. We evaluate interactions between the northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) and barred owl (Strix varia)—the latter species is considered to be dominant—using long‐term empirical data collected in Oregon, USA. Our results suggest state‐specific interactions between the two species where barred owls are associated with declines in spotted owl pairings, but not necessarily occupancy.
Assessing impacts to primary productivity at the park edge in Murchison Falls Conservation Area, Uganda
Authors: Fuda Rebecca K. , Ryan Sadie J. , Cohen Jonathan B. , Hartter Joel , Frair Jacqueline L. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractHuman activities around parks can alter vegetation patterns within them, resulting in edge effects that degrade their ability to sustain ecological processes and support biodiversity. We quantified vegetation patterns and edge effects over a large geographic extent in Murchison Falls Conservation Area, Uganda, using freely available remotely sensed data. Over a 13‐yr period, we quantified seasonal patterns in productivity using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), comparing the park exterior, a boundary zone ≤10 km from the border inside the park, and the park interior. To identify the extent of edge effects, we further fit mixed models by vegetation type within 1‐km bands within the boundary zone. Productivity was higher in the park interior than exterior in both wet and dry seasons, and in the wet season, it was also lower in the boundary zone than the interior. NDVI variability differed between seasons; it declined from exterior to interior in the wet season, but was highest in the boundary zone and similar between interior and exterior during the dry season. Within the boundary zone, edge effects varied by land cover type and extended 4–6 km into MFCA. Abrupt differences in vegetation patterns between the park and adjacent unprotected areas indicated a “hard edge” in this system. While hard edges are readily apparent, the subtle changes in productivity that extend into and degrade park systems are harder to detect. We demonstrated a low‐cost and novel approach to detect such effects using readily available satellite imagery, which indicated human influence affecting 29–40% of the park. As human populations grow, parks will become further isolated, and measuring and managing edge effects may be crucial to achieving conservation objectives.