bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inequalities in English child protection practice under austerity: A universal challenge?
Authors: Bywaters Paul , Brady Geraldine , Bunting Lisa , Daniel Brigid , Featherstone Brid , Jones Chantel , Morris Kate , Scourfield Jonathan , Sparks Tim , Webb Calum 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe role that area deprivation, family poverty, and austerity policies play in the demand for and supply of children's services has been a contested issue in England in recent years. These relationships have begun to be explored through the concept of inequalities in child welfare, in parallel to the established fields of inequalities in education and health. This article focuses on the relationship between economic inequality and out‐of‐home care and child protection interventions. The work scales up a pilot study in the West Midlands to an all‐England sample, representative of English regions and different levels of deprivation at a local authority (LA) level. The analysis evidences a strong relationship between deprivation and intervention rates and large inequalities between ethnic categories. There is further evidence of the inverse intervention law (Bywaters et al., 2015): For any given level of neighbourhood deprivation, higher rates of child welfare interventions are found in LAs that are less deprived overall. These patterns are taking place in the context of cuts in spending on English children's services between 2010–2011 and 2014–2015 that have been greatest in more deprived LAs. Implications for policy and practice to reduce such inequalities are suggested.
Bird‐community responses to habitat creation in a long‐term, large‐scale natural experiment
Authors: Whytock Robin C. , Fuentes‐Montemayor Elisa , Watts Kevin , Barbosa De Andrade Patanjaly , Whytock Rory T. , French Paul , Macgregor Nicholas A. , Park Kirsty J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractEcosystem function and resilience are compromised when habitats become fragmented due to land‐use change. This has led to national and international conservation strategies aimed at restoring habitat extent and improving functional connectivity (i.e., maintaining dispersal processes). However, biodiversity responses to landscape‐scale habitat creation and the relative importance of spatial and temporal scales are poorly understood, and there is disagreement over which conservation strategies should be prioritized. We used 160 years of historic post‐agricultural woodland creation as a natural experiment to evaluate biodiversity responses to habitat creation in a landscape context. Birds were surveyed in 101 secondary, broadleaf woodlands aged 10–160 years with ≥80% canopy cover and in landscapes with 0‐17% broadleaf woodland cover within 3000 m. We used piecewise structural equation modeling to examine the direct and indirect relationships between bird abundance and diversity, ecological continuity, patch characteristics, and landscape structure and quantified the relative conservation value of local and landscape scales for bird communities. Ecological continuity indirectly affected overall bird abundance and species richness through its effects on stand structure, but had a weaker influence (effect size near 0) on the abundance and diversity of species most closely associated with woodland habitats. This was probably because woodlands were rapidly colonized by woodland generalists in ≤10 years (minimum patch age) but were on average too young (median 50 years) to be colonized by woodland specialists. Local patch characteristics were relatively more important than landscape characteristics for bird communities. Based on our results, biodiversity responses to habitat creation depended on local‐ and landscape‐scale factors that interacted across time and space. We suggest that there is a need for further studies that focus on habitat creation in a landscape context and that knowledge gained from studies of habitat fragmentation and loss should be used to inform habitat creation with caution because the outcomes are not necessarily reciprocal.
Learning Object Names at Different Hierarchical Levels Using Cross‐Situational Statistics
Authors: Chen Chi‐hsin , Zhang Yayun , Yu Chen 
Published: July 2017

AbstractObjects in the world usually have names at different hierarchical levels (e.g., beagle, dog, animal). This research investigates adults' ability to use cross‐situational statistics to simultaneously learn object labels at individual and category levels. The results revealed that adults were able to use co‐occurrence information to learn hierarchical labels in contexts where the labels for individual objects and labels for categories were presented in completely separated blocks, in interleaved blocks, or mixed in the same trial. Temporal presentation schedules significantly affected the learning of individual object labels, but not the learning of category labels. Learners' subsequent generalization of category labels indicated sensitivity to the structure of statistical input.
Intra‐ and inter‐observer reproducibility of CINtec®PLUS in ThinPrep® cytology preparations
Authors: McMenamin M. , McKenna M. , McDowell A. , Dawson C. , McKenna R. 
Published: July 2017

BackgroundThis study evaluated the intra‐ and inter‐observer reproducibility of the dual‐stain biomarker, CINtec® PLUS cytology in ThinPrep® specimens, for improved specificity in the detection of cervical disease in women testing human papillomavirus (HPV) positive.MethodsA total of 972 cases of HPV‐positive women from a triage and primary HPV screening population were selected from an ongoing study evaluating the clinical performance of CINtec® PLUS cytology. For reproducibility analyses, three cytotechnologists rescreened sets of slides which they had previously reported themselves and which were previously reported by each of the other cytotechnologists. The original results of slides previously screened by each of the three cytotechnologists were also compared with the results of an expert reference evaluator.ResultsIntra‐ and inter‐observer agreement for paired evaluations between reviewers ranged from 82.8% to 94.9% (kappa 0.65‐0.91) and 89.2% to 93% (kappa 0.83‐0.88), respectively. Reproducibility analyses between the cytotechnologists and the reference evaluator revealed agreements ranging from 95.5% to 98% (kappa 0.89‐0.96).ConclusionEvaluation of the dual‐stain biomarker showed a high level of agreement across all evaluators suggesting that CINtec® PLUS cytology will perform well in the hands of cytotechnologists and pathologist reviewers and could be introduced into cellular pathology laboratories that employ ThinPrep® LBC with a minimum effort.
Diagnostic performance of routine esophagogastroduodenoscopy using magnifying endoscope with narrow‐band imaging for gastric cancer
Authors: Yoshimizu Shoichi , Yamamoto Yorimasa , Horiuchi Yusuke , Omae Masami , Yoshio Toshiyuki , Ishiyama Akiyoshi , Hirasawa Toshiaki , Tsuchida Tomohiro , Fujisaki Junko 
Published: July 2017

Background and AimIn Japan, an increase in the number of routine esophagogastroduodenoscopy procedures is expected because several studies have reported that endoscopy screening has reduced gastric cancer mortality. Magnifying narrow‐band imaging has been reported to be effective for accurate diagnosis of gastric abnormalities such as cancers, adenomas, and intestinal metaplasia. However, the efficacy of this method in routine esophagogastroduodenoscopy has not been clarified.MethodsWe divided 3763 patients into two groups. The non‐magnification group included 1842 patients who underwent endoscopy screening using GIF‐H260/LUCERA‐SPECTRUM between October 2014 and February 2015, whereas the magnification group included 1921 patients who underwent screening using GIF‐H290Z/LUCERA‐ELITE between March 2015 and May 2015. In the magnification group, diagnosis of cancer was conducted using the VS classification system. We did not carry out a biopsy when results were confirmed as non‐cancer using magnifying narrow‐band imaging. If cancer was diagnosed, or when a cancer or non‐cancer diagnosis was difficult, we carried out a biopsy. We analyzed and compared the diagnostic performance between the two groups.ResultsGastric biopsy rate was significantly lower in the magnification group (29%) than in the non‐magnification group (41%) (P < 0.001). Positive predictive value (PPV) for gastric cancer was significantly higher in the magnification group (5.5%) than in the non‐magnification group (2.5%) (P < 0.001). Furthermore, PPV for gastric epithelial neoplasia was significantly higher in the magnification group (7.9%) than in the non‐magnification group (3.2%) (P < 0.001).ConclusionMagnifying narrow‐band imaging improves the diagnostic performance of routine esophagogastroduodenoscopy.
Decision making in NICE single technological appraisals: How does NICE incorporate patient perspectives?
Authors: Hashem Ferhana , Calnan Michael W. , Brown Patrick R. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractContextThe National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) has an explicit mandate to include patient and public involvement in the appraisal of medicines to be available for funding on the NHS. NICE involves an appraisal committee who are required to take on board experiential evidence from patient experts alongside population‐based evidence on clinical and cost‐effectiveness when making a decision whether to fund a drug.ObjectiveThis paper considers how NICE Single Technological Appraisal (STA) committees attempt to incorporate the views of patients in making decisions about funding medicines on the NHS.MethodsA prospective design was employed to follow three pharmaceutical products involving three different appraisal committees. Three data collection methods were used: analysis of documentary evidence sent by NICE, non‐participant unstructured observations of the open and closed sessions of meetings and qualitative interviews.Settings and participantsUnstructured non‐participant observations were carried out at nine STA meetings, and 41 semi‐structured interviews were undertaken with committee members from NICE's STA committees, patient experts, analysts from NICE's project team and drug manufacturers.ResultsOur analysis showed how the committees displayed a preference for an ideal‐type of patient representative, disagreement among the committee when weighing‐up patient statements in the STA process and more pre‐preparation support for patient involvement.ConclusionsAlthough NICE has attempted to adopt an approach flexible to patients and carers through formal decision‐making arrangements that incorporate patient views, nonetheless, the processes of the STAs can in fact undermine the very evidence collected from patient representatives.
Urodynamics of men with urinary retention
Authors: Guo David P , Comiter Craig V , Elliott Christopher S 
Published: July 2017

ObjectivesTo describe the urodynamic characteristics of men with urinary retention, and to show the diverse treatment plans based on urodynamic findings.MethodsWe carried out a 3‐year retrospective review of men with urinary retention who were referred to our clinic for urodynamic evaluation. Men with a history of neurogenic voiding dysfunction or major pelvic surgery were excluded. Multichannel videourodynamic studies were carried out, and the subsequent treatment modality offered was recorded.ResultsA total of 67 men with urinary retention and a median age of 68 years underwent urodynamic evaluation. The median maximum flow rate was 3 mL/s, and the median detrusor pressure at maximum flow was 54 cm H2O. Bladder outlet obstruction was diagnosed in 60%. Detrusor underactivity was present in 73% according to the bladder contractility index; however, just 29% were classified as having detrusor underactivity according to isometric detrusor pressure, an alternative measure of contractility. A total of 76% of patients had low detrusor reserve (<20 cm H2O). Based on urodynamic findings, just 57% of patients were offered de‐obstructive surgery.ConclusionsIn the present cohort, just 60% of men with urinary retention showed urodynamic evidence of bladder outlet obstruction. Depending on how contractility is measured (bladder contractility index vs isometric detrusor pressure), the rate of detrusor underactivity varies. The majority of men with retention had a low detrusor reserve. Given the wide spectrum of urodynamic findings in men with retention, surgical intervention might not be necessary for all. Furthermore, a careful consideration of urodynamics can assist in the selection of optimal treatment.
Reproductive and recruitment dynamics of clionaid sponges on oyster reefs in North Carolina
Authors: Stubler Amber D. , Robertson Heather , Styron Henry J. , Carroll John M. , Finelli Christopher M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBoring sponges belonging to the family Clionaidae have become a destructive nuisance to eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) aquaculture and restoration efforts in the southeastern USA. Clionaid sponges colonize the inner layers of oyster shells and remove carbonate material, compromising the quality and marketability of the oyster; however, relatively little is known about reproduction and recruitment of these sponges. Using histological techniques, reproductive activity of clionaid sponges was monitored at two sites (Cedar Island and Masonboro Sound) in coastal North Carolina. Sponge recruitment to limestone tiles (5×5 cm), oyster shells, and clam shells was monitored in 2013 and 2014; recruitment to the limestone tiles was statistically higher than recruitment to clam or oyster shells. Overall, seasonal patterns in reproduction and recruitment of clionaid sponges were generally similar at the two sites. Three species of clionaid sponge were found during field sampling (Cliona celata, C. lobata, and C. truitti), and reproductive activity (eggs and spermatocysts) of these species was observed from April to November, with peak reproduction occurring from June to September for C. lobata and from August to September for C. celata. Recruitment peaked in late summer/early fall. Additionally, the relationship between environmental conditions (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and chlorophyll a) and clionaid recruitment was explored using a regression model. At Cedar Island, the best‐fit model included salinity and dissolved oxygen, while the best‐fit model at Masonboro Sound included temperature, pH, and salinity. The data from this study show that the primary reproduction and recruitment pulses occur in the fall for local clionaids, and thus mitigation strategies should be applied in the late fall or winter to minimize infestations.
Class Size at University
Authors: Huxley Gervas , Mayo Jennifer , Peacey Mike W. , Richardson Maddy 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAn effective higher education market should increase educational standards. For universities to fulfil this role, students need reliable information about the teaching on offer at different universities, but no such data are currently available. We define a measure of teaching that weights contact hours by their intensity and collect a new data set that allows comparison of teaching across universities and across three departments.No two universities offer identical teaching. There is large variation in contact hours and even larger variation in teaching intensity, across both universities and departments. We combine our data with existing data to investigate the relationship that teaching has with university and student characteristics. We find that how much teaching students receive is uncorrelated with tuition fee; that teaching has little predictive power in explaining student satisfaction; and that physics students consistently receive more teaching than either economics or history students.
Multi‐century stasis in C3 and C4 grass distributions across the contiguous United States since the industrial revolution
Authors: Griffith Daniel M. , Cotton Jennifer M. , Powell Rebecca L. , Sheldon Nathan D. , Still Christopher J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimsUnderstanding the functional response of ecosystems to past global change is crucial to predicting performance in future environments. One sensitive and functionally significant attribute of grassland ecosystems is the percentage of species that use the C4 versus C3 photosynthetic pathway. Grasses using C3 and C4 pathways are expected to have different responses to many aspects of anthropogenic environmental change that have followed the industrial revolution, including increases in temperature and atmospheric CO2, changes to land management and fire regimes, precipitation seasonality, and nitrogen deposition. In spite of dramatic environmental changes over the past 300 years, it is unknown if the C4 grass percentage in grasslands has shifted.LocationContiguous United States of America.MethodsHere, we used stable carbon isotope data (i.e. δ13C) from 30 years of soil samples, as well as herbivore tissues that date to 1739 CE, to reconstruct coarse‐grain C3 and C4 grass composition in North American grassland sites to compare with modern vegetation. We spatially resampled these three datasets to a shared 100‐km grid, allowing comparison of δ13C values at a resolution and extent common for climate model outputs and biogeographical studies.ResultsAt this spatial grain, the bison tissue proxy was superior to the soil proxy because the soils reflect integration of local carbon inputs, whereas bison sample vegetation across landscapes. Bison isotope values indicate that historical grassland photosynthetic‐type composition was similar to modern vegetation.Main conclusionsDespite major environmental change, comparing modern plot vegetation data to three centuries of bison δ13C data revealed that the biogeographical distribution of C3 and C4 grasses has not changed significantly since the 1700s. This is particularly surprising given the expected CO2 fertilization of C3 grasses. Our findings highlight the critical importance of capturing the full range of physiological, ecological and demographical processes in biosphere models predicting future climates and ecosystems.
Designing healthy ice creams with linear programming: An application using traditional Portuguese products
Authors: Lopes Inês , Martins Isabel , Mesquita Marta , Valença de Sousa Vasco , Ferreira‐Dias Suzana 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe aim of this study was to propose a user friendly computer‐aided tool based on linear programming (LP) models to design ice creams. Using this methodology, healthy ice cream can be obtained by minimizing the calorie content of the formulations subject to nutritional and technological requirements. New requirements, proposed by ice cream developers, are added to the LP models, in particular, constraints on fiber and sugar alcohol contents, fat to protein ratio, freezing point depression factor and relative sweetness. LP models for Water Ice, Milk Ice, Ice Cream, Dairy Ice, Sorbet and Artisanal Ice Cream were formulated. These models were used to produce ice creams including traditional Portuguese products (chick pea, tomato jam, apple jam, honey, carob, Azorean green, and black teas), unusual in ice cream manufacturing. An optimization solver in Excel environment was applied to solve the models. The optimal blends were tested in an ice‐cream pilot‐plant.Practical applicationsThe use of linear programming models in ice‐cream design allows a rapid examination and evaluation of all possible blend combinations and a swift determination of the best mixes in terms of calorie value. These models can be easily adapted to other objective functions (e.g. cost reduction, sensory acceptance), ingredient replacement and changes in requirement constraints. With the Solver tool from Excel, there is no need to acquire specific additional software to perform ice cream optimization. Moreover, this approach can be extended to other fields of food engineering for product development and optimization.
Adjunctive use of chromoendoscopy may improve the diagnostic performance of narrow‐band imaging for small sessile serrated adenoma/polyp
Authors: Chang Li‐Chun , Tu Chia‐Hung , Lin Been‐Ren , Shun Chia‐Tung , Hsu Weng‐Feng , Liang Jin‐Tung , Wang Hsiu‐Po , Wu Ming‐Shiang , Chiu Han‐Mo 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackground and AimEndoscopic diagnosis of sessile serrated adenoma/polyp (SSA/P) is challenging because of their subtle appearance. Narrow‐band imaging (NBI) is useful for diagnosis, but its utility with concurrent chromoendoscopy (CE), especially to detect small SSA/P, is unproven.MethodsThis prospective study enrolled 367 consecutive patients who underwent screening colonoscopy with the finding of serrated polyps. Patients were divided into derivation and validation cohorts: Diagnostic criteria using different endoscopic modalities were generated by regression analysis in the derivation cohort and were validated in the validation cohort for sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy.ResultsThere were 180 patients with 119 SSA/P and 147 hyperplastic polyps (HP) in the derivation cohort and 187 patients with 177 SSA/P and 125 HP in the validation cohort. With white‐light endoscopy plus NBI, mucus cap, surface grooves, and expanded crypt were most associated with SSA/P. With white‐light endoscopy plus CE, II‐O pit pattern, mucus cap, and superficial telangiectasia were most associated with SSA/P. With the combined use of these three modalities, II‐O pit pattern, mucus cap, and surface grooves were most associated with SSA/P. For large serrated polyp, NBI in combination with CE had a better accuracy than NBI alone (91% vs 86%, P = 0.025) to distinguish SSA/P from HP. CE alone had a better accuracy than NBI alone for distinguishing small SSA/P from small HP (85% vs 72%, P < 0.0001).ConclusionCompared with NBI alone, adjunctive use of CE can improve the diagnostic accuracy for distinguishing SSA/P from HP, especially for small SSA/P.
Rural Veterans' dental utilization, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, 2014
Authors: Wiener R. Constance , Shen Chan , Sambamoorthi Usha , Findley Patricia A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIntroductionRural residents are overrepresented in the military; however, access to Veteran services is limited in rural areas. There is a need to identify rural Veteran healthcare utilization. This study addresses that need and has two purposes: a) to determine if there is an association between rural dwelling and Veteran utilization of dental services; and b) to determine if there is an association between rural dwelling and the oral health outcome of missing teeth.MethodsData from the 2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey were used in this study. Chi square and logistic regression analyses were conducted.FindingsRural Veterans were less likely to have a dental visit during the previous year as compared with metropolitan Veterans in unadjusted analysis (Odds ratio = 0.71, 95% Confidence Interval, 0.64, 0.77) and in adjusted analysis [0.87 (95% Confidence Interval, 0.78, 0.96)]. In cases in which all teeth were missing, rural Veterans had an unadjusted odds ratio of 1.79 [95% Confidence Interval, 1.55, 2.08] and an adjusted odds ratio of 1.37 [95% Confidence Interval, 1.17, 1.62] as compared with metropolitan Veterans.Discussion and policy implicationsThe Veterans Health Administration develops policies for establishing centers for care for Veterans. The policy development should take into consideration that rural Veterans have not been as likely as urban Veterans to utilize dental services and have poorer oral health outcomes.