bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Collecting Duct Nitric Oxide Synthase 1ß Activation Maintains Sodium Homeostasis During High Sodium Intake Through Suppression of Aldosterone and Renal Angiotensin II Pathways
Authors: Hyndman Kelly A. , Mironova Elena V. , Giani Jorge F. , Dugas Courtney , Collins Jessika , McDonough Alicia A. , Stockand James D. , Pollock Jennifer S. 
Published: October 2017

Background
During high sodium intake, the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system is downregulated and nitric oxide signaling is upregulated in order to remain in sodium balance. Recently, we showed that collecting duct nitric oxide synthase 1β is critical for fluid‐electrolyte balance and subsequently blood pressure regulation during high sodium feeding. The current study tested the hypothesis that high sodium activation of the collecting duct nitric oxide synthase 1β pathway is critical for maintaining sodium homeostasis and for the downregulation of the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system–epithelial sodium channel axis.

Methods and Results

Male control and collecting duct nitric oxide synthase 1β knockout (
CDNOS
1
KO
) mice were placed on low, normal, and high sodium diets for 1 week. In response to the high sodium diet, plasma sodium was significantly increased in control mice and to a significantly greater level in
CDNOS
1
KO
mice.
CDNOS
1
KO
mice did not suppress plasma aldosterone in response to the high sodium diet, which may be partially explained by increased adrenal

AT
1R

expression. Plasma renin concentration was appropriately suppressed in both genotypes. Furthermore,
CDNOS
1
KO
mice had significantly higher intrarenal angiotensin
II
with high sodium diet, although intrarenal angiotensinogen levels and angiotensin‐converting enzyme activity were similar between knockout mice and controls. In agreement with inappropriate renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system activation in the
CDNOS
1
KO
mice on a high sodium diet, epithelial sodium channel activity and sodium transporter abundance were significantly higher compared with controls.

Conclusions
These data demonstrate that high sodium activation of collecting duct nitric oxide synthase 1β signaling induces suppression of systemic and intrarenal renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system, thereby modulating epithelial sodium channel and other sodium transporter abundance and activity to maintain sodium homeostasis.
Social Cohesion, Religious Beliefs, and the Effect of Protestantism on Suicide
Authors: Becker Sascha O. , Woessmann Ludger 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
In an economic theory of suicide, we model social cohesion of the religious community and religious beliefs about afterlife as two mechanisms by which Protestantism increases suicide propensity. We build a unique microregional data set of 452 Prussian counties for 1816 to 1821 and 1869 to 1871, when religiousness was still pervasive. Exploiting the concentric dispersion of Protestantism around Wittenberg, our instrumental variable model finds that Protestantism had a substantial positive effect on suicide. Results are corroborated in first-difference models. Tests relating to the two mechanisms based on historical church attendance data and modern suicide data suggest that the sociological channel plays the more important role.
Performance in Mixed-Sex and Single-Sex Competitions: What We Can Learn from Speedboat Races in Japan
Authors: Booth Alison , Yamamura Eiji 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
In speedboat racing in Japan, men and women compete under the same conditions and are randomly assigned to mixed-sex or single-sex groups for each race. We use a sample of over 140,000 individual-level records to examine how male-dominated circumstances affect women’s racing performance. Our fixed-effects estimates reveal that women’s race time is slower in mixed-sex than all-women races, whereas men’s race time is faster in mixed-sex than men-only races. The same result is found for place in race. Moreover, in mixed-sex races, men are more aggressive, as proxied by lane changing, than women in spite of the risk of being penalized for rule infringement.
Coupling of Stratospheric Warmings with Mesospheric Coolings in Observations and Simulations
Authors: Zülicke Christoph , Becker Erich , Matthias Vivien , Peters Dieter H. W. , Schmidt Hauke , Liu Han-Li , Ramos Laura de la Torre , Mitchell Daniel M. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The vertical coupling between the stratosphere and the mesosphere is diagnosed from polar cap temperatures averaged over 60°–90°N with a new method: the joint occurrence of a warm stratosphere at 10 hPa and a cold mesosphere at 0.01 hPa. The investigation of an 11-yr-long dataset (2004–15) from Aura-MLS observations shows that such mesospheric coupling days appear in 7% of the winter. During major sudden stratospheric warming events mesospheric couplings are present with an enhanced average daily frequency of 22%. This daily frequency changes from event to event but broadly results in five of seven major warmings being classified as mesospheric couplings (2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2013). The observed fraction of mesospheric coupling events (71%) is compared with simulations of the Kühlungsborn Mechanistic Circulation Model (KMCM), the Hamburg Model of the Neutral and Ionized Atmosphere (HAMMONIA), and the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). The simulated fraction of mesospheric coupling events ranges between 57% and 94%, which fits the observations. In searching for causal relations weak evidence is found that major warming events with strong intensity or split vortices favor their coupling with the upper mesosphere. More evidence is found with a conceptual model: an effective vertical coupling between 10 and 0.01 hPa is provided by deep zonal-mean easterlies at 60°N, which are acting as a gravity-wave guide. The explained variance is above 40% in the four datasets, which indicates a near-realistic simulation of this process.
Why are Temperature and Upward Wave Activity Flux Positively Skewed in the Polar Stratosphere?
Authors: Watt-Meyer Oliver , Kushner Paul J. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The distribution of temperatures in the wintertime polar stratosphere is significantly positively skewed, which has important implications for the characteristics of ozone chemistry and stratosphere–troposphere coupling. The typical argument for why the temperature distribution is skewed is that radiative balance sets a firm lower limit, while planetary wave driving can force much larger positive anomalies in temperature. However, the distribution of the upward Eliassen–Palm (EP) flux is also positively skewed, and this suggests that dynamics may play an important role in setting the skewness of the temperature distribution. This study explains the skewness of the upward EP flux distribution by appealing to the ideas of linear interference. In this framework, fluxes are decomposed into a linear term (LIN) that measures the coherence of the wave anomaly and the climatological wave and an additional nonlinear term (NONLIN) that depends only on the wave anomaly. It is shown that when filtered by wavenumber, there is a clear nonlinear dependence between LIN and NONLIN: the terms cancel when LIN is negative, but they reinforce each other when LIN is positive. This leads to the positive skewness of the upward wave activity flux. A toy model of wave interference is constructed, and it is shown that the westward vertical tilt of the climatological wave is the key ingredient to a positively skewed upward EP flux distribution. The causes of the skews of the LIN and NONLIN distributions themselves are shown to be related to relationships between wave phase and amplitude, and wave phase and vertical tilt, respectively.
On How the Middle Atmospheric Residual Circulation Responds to the Solar Cycle Close to the Solstices
Authors: Karlsson Bodil , Kuilman Maartje 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
During high solar activity, the atmosphere receives more energy from the sun, particularly in the form of shortwave radiation. Most notable is the effect in the middle and upper atmosphere, which in general shows a positive temperature response due to physical and chemical processes that are intensified at high solar activity. It is thus surprising that a clear solar cycle signal is absent in the summer polar mesosphere region in spite of it being illuminated around the clock. In this study, it is investigated how the circulation in the summer mesosphere is affected by changes in the solar flux using a 30-yr run from the nudged version of the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM30). It is found that—in July—the solar cycle signal from direct solar heating is counteracted by an enhanced residual circulation, which adiabatically cools the region at a higher rate when the solar activity is above average. The dynamical cooling is partly initiated in the Southern Hemisphere winter stratosphere.
Investigating the Variability of High-Elevation Seasonal Orographic Snowfall Enhancement and Its Drivers across Sierra Nevada, California
Authors: Huning Laurie S. , Margulis Steven A. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
While orographically driven snowfall is known to be important in mountainous regions, a complete understanding of orographic enhancement from the basin to the mountain range scale is often inhibited by limited distributed data and spatial and/or temporal resolutions. A novel, 90-m spatially distributed snow water equivalent (SWE) reanalysis was used to overcome these limitations. Leveraging this SWE information, the interannual variability of orographic gradients in cumulative snowfall (CS) was investigated over 14 windward (western) basins in the Sierra Nevada in California from water years 1985 to 2015. Previous studies have not provided a detailed multidecadal climatology of orographic CS gradients or compared wet-year and dry-year orographic CS patterns, distributions, and gradients across an entire mountain range. The magnitude of seasonal CS gradients range from over 15 cm SWE per 100-m elevation to under 1 cm per 100 m with a 31-yr average of 6.1 cm per 100 m below ~2500 m in the western basins. The 31-yr average CS gradients generally decrease in higher elevation zones across the western basins and become negative at the highest elevations. On average, integrated vapor transport and zonal winds at 700 hPa are larger during wet years, leading to higher orographically driven CS gradients across the Sierra Nevada than in dry years. Below ~2500 m, wet years yield greater enhancement (relative to dry years) by factors of approximately 2 and 3 in the northwestern and southwestern basins, respectively. Overall, the western Sierra Nevada experiences about twice as much orographic enhancement during wet years as in dry years below the elevation corresponding to the 31-yr average maximum CS.
An Enhanced Optical Flow Technique for Radar Nowcasting of Precipitation and Winds
Authors: Bechini Renzo , Chandrasekar V. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe atmospheric state evolution is an inherently highly complex three-dimensional problem that numerical weather prediction (NWP) models attempt to solve. Although NWP models are being successfully employed for medium- and long-range forecast, their short-duration forecast (or nowcast) capabilities are still limited because of model initialization challenges. On the lower end of the complexity scale, nowcasting by extrapolation of two-dimensional weather radar images has long been the most effective tool for nowcasting precipitation. Attempts are being made to take advantage of both approaches by blending extrapolation and numerical model forecasts. In this work a different approach is presented, relying on the additional Doppler radar wind information and a simplified modeling of basic physical processes. Instead of mixing the outputs of different forecasts as in blended approaches, the idea behind this study is to combine extrapolation and precipitation modeling in a new technique with a higher level of complexity with respect to conventional nowcasting methods, although still much simpler than NWP models. As a preliminary step, the Variational Doppler Radar Analysis System (VDRAS) is used to provide an initial analysis exploiting all the available dual-polarization and Doppler radar observations. The rainwater and wind fields are then advected using an optical flow technique that is subject to simplified physical interactions. As a result precipitation and wind nowcasting are obtained and are successively validated up to a 1-h lead time, showing potential improvement upon standard extrapolation.
Verification of Gridded Wind Forecasts in Complex Alpine Terrain: A New Wind Verification Methodology Based on the Neighborhood Approach
Authors: Skok Gregor , Hladnik Veronika 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA novel wind verification methodology is presented and analyzed for six surface wind cases in the greater Alpine region as well as an idealized setup. The methodology is based on the idea of the fractions skill score, a neighborhood-based spatial verification metric frequently used for verifying precipitation. The new score avoids the problems of traditional nonspatial verification metrics (the “double penalty” problem and the failure to distinguish between a “near miss” and much poorer forecasts) and can distinguish forecasts even when the spatial displacement of wind patterns is large. Moreover, the time-averaged score value in combination with a statistical significance test enables different wind forecasts to be ranked by their performance.
Cancer information seeking and scanning: Sources and patterns
Authors: Barnes Laura LB , Khojasteh Jam J , Wheeler Denna 
Published: October 2017

Objective: This study aimed to identify predominant search patterns in a recent search for health information and a potential search for strongly needed cancer information, to identify the commonly scanned sources of information that may represent stable elements of the information fields characteristic of these patterns, and to evaluate whether search patterns are the same for cancer patients and non-patients. Design: Analysis of Health Information National Trends Survey 4 Cycle 2 (HINTS 4.2) data, a nationally representative survey administered by the US National Cancer Institute. Methods: The search patterns of individuals responding to survey questions about a recent search for health information and a hypothetical search for strongly needed cancer information were identified by cross-classifying the first source of information to be consulted in both search contexts. Using a mixed-model repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), we evaluated the relationship between search patterns and scanned sources of cancer information. Results: Five predominant search patterns or groups were evident: Internet–doctor (29%), Internet–Internet (25%), doctor–doctor (16%), Internet–cancer organisation (6%) and print–doctor (6%) for recent search and for the hypothetical search for strongly needed information, respectively. Patterns did not vary by presence/absence of cancer diagnosis. Information search groups differed both demographically and in the sources of information scanned. Patterns were replicated in data from two additional HINTS surveys which differed in the wording of the focal questions. Conclusion: Differences among the patterns in various health-related attitudes and behaviours are identified. Implications for patient engagement in shared decision-making, particularly in the presence of rapid developments in health information technology, are discussed.
Social inclusion and relationship satisfaction of patients with a severe mental illness
Authors: Koenders Jitske F , de Mooij Liselotte D , Dekker Jack M , Kikkert Martijn 
Published: October 2017

Background: Research suggests that patients with a severe mental illness (SMI) are among the most social excluded in society. However, comparisons of social network composition and relationship satisfaction between SMI patients and a control group are rare. Aims: Our aim was to compare differences in size, satisfaction and composition of the social network between patients with SMI and a control group. Potential sociodemographic and clinical risk factors in relation to social network size in SMI patients were explored. Methods: The sample consisted of a control group ( N = 949) and SMI patients ( N = 211) who were under treatment in Dutch mental health care institutions. In these groups, network size, relationship satisfaction, sociodemographic and clinical (patients only) characteristics were assessed. Results: Social network size was 2.5 times lower in SMI patients, which was also reflected in a lower relationship satisfaction. The composition of the social network of SMI patients differs from that of controls: patients’ network seems to consist of a smaller part of friends. Different risk factors were associated with the impoverishment of the social network of family, friends and acquaintances of patients with SMI. Conclusion: SMI patients have very small networks compared to controls. This may be a problem, given the ongoing emphasis on outpatient treatment of SMI patients and self-dependence. This outcome advocates for more attention to social isolation of SMI patients and involvement of family in the treatment and aftercare of SMI patients.
Preconditioning potential of purmorphamine: a hedgehog activator against ischaemic reperfusion injury in ovariectomised rat heart
Authors: Sharma Shweta , Kaur Avileen , Sharma Saurabh 
Published: October 2017

Objective: The present study was been designed to investigate the role and pharmacological potential of hedgehog in oestrogen-deficient rat heart. Methods: Oestrogen deficiency was produced in female Wistar rats by the surgical removal of both ovaries and these animals were used four weeks later. Isolated rat heart was subjected to 30 min ischaemia followed by 120 min of reperfusion (I/R). The heart was subjected to pharmacological preconditioning with the hedgehog agonist purmorphamine (1μM) and GDC-0449, a hedgehog antagonist, in the last episode of reperfusion before I/R. Myocardial infarction was assessed in terms of the increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine kinase-MB (CK-MB), myeloperoxidase (MPO) level and infarct size (triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining). Immunohistochemistry analysis was done for the assessment of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α level in cardiac tissue. eNOS expression was estimated by rt-PCR. Results: Pharmacological preconditioning with purmorphamine significantly attenuated I/R-induced myocardial infarction, TNF-α, MPO level and release of LDH and CK-MB compared to the I/R control group. However, GDC-0449 prevented the ameliorative preconditioning effect of estradiol. Conclusion: It may be concluded that the hedgehog agonist purmorphamine prevents the ovariectomised heart from ischaemic reperfusion injury.
Postpartum hemorrhage from non-uterine arteries: clinical importance of their detection and the results of selective embolization
Authors: Kim Jeong-Eun , So Young Ho , Kim Byoung Jae , Kim Sun Min , Choi Young Ho , Sung Chang Kyu 
Published: October 2017

Background Identification of the source of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is important for embolization because PPH frequently originates from non-uterine arteries. Purpose To evaluate the clinical importance of identifying the non-uterine arteries causing the PPH and the results of their selective embolization. Material and Methods This retrospective study enrolled 59 patients who underwent embolization for PPH from June 2009 to July 2016. Angiographic findings and medical records were reviewed to determine whether non-uterine arteries contributed to PPH. Arteries showing extravasation or hypertrophy accompanying uterine hypervascular staining were regarded as sources of the PPH. The results of their embolization were analyzed. Results Of 59 patients, 19 (32.2%) underwent embolization of non-uterine arteries. These arteries were ovarian (n = 7), vaginal (n = 5), round ligament (n = 5), inferior epigastric (n = 3), cervical (n = 2), internal pudendal (n = 2), vesical (n = 1), and rectal (n = 1) arteries. The embolic materials used included n-butyl cyanoacrylate (n = 9), gelatin sponge particles (n = 8), gelatin sponge particles with microcoils (n = 1), and polyvinyl alcohol particles (n = 1). In 13 patients, bilateral uterine arterial embolization was performed. Re-embolization was performed in two patients with persistent bleeding. Hemostasis was achieved in 17 (89.5%) patients. Two patients underwent immediate hysterectomy due to persistent bleeding. One patient experienced a major complication due to pelvic organ ischemia. One patient underwent delayed hysterectomy for uterine infarction four months later. Conclusion Non-uterine arteries are major sources of PPH. Detection and selective embolization are important for successful hemostasis.
Pharmacists' Dispensing Accuracy in a High-Volume Outpatient Pharmacy Service: Focus on Risk Management
Authors: Guernsey Brock G. , Ingrim Naomi B. , Hokanson James A. , Doutré William H. , Bryant Stephen G. , Blair Charles W. , Galvan Eustacio 
Published: October 2017

A 12-day peer-review audit was performed in the outpatient pharmacy of a large teaching hospital. The audit process was not masked, that is, the pharmacists were aware of the peer-review evaluation. During the 12-day period, 9394 prescription forms and their corresponding pharmaceutical products were examined manually before being delivered to the patient. A total of 1165 (12.4 percent) dispensing errors were detected, with 141 (1.5 percent) of these considered potentially serious. Seventy-six prescriptions contained two errors and four prescriptions contained three. A linear relationship (r2 = 0.78; P < 0.001) existed between the number of potentially serious errors and the total number of prescriptions filled. There were no statistically significant differences in the dispensing-error rate for the eight pharmacists audited. There was a trend for the number of pharmacist-hours containing at least one potentially serious dispensing error to increase as the prescription-filling rate accelerated. Outpatient pharmacies with high volumes should set a limit to the number of prescriptions filled by their pharmacists and should experiment with quality assurance systems to reduce dispensing errors and subsequent legal liabilities.
Ticlopidine as a Hemorrhagic Risk Factor in Coronary Surgery
Authors: Criado Antonio , Juffé Alberto , Cannona Juan , Otero Carlos , Avello Fernando 
Published: October 2017

We retrospectively reviewed the postoperative hemorrhagic risk in patients undergoing surgery for coronary revascularization who had received platelet antiaggregants preoperatively. A significant increase in postoperative hemorrhage and a higher percentage of reoperations for this reason was observed in the patients treated with ticlopidine. However, there were no major differences in the platelet counts among the groups compared.
Cost of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Cesarean Section
Authors: Ford Larry C. 
Published: October 2017

Two hundred sixty-three patients were randomly assigned to receive either piperacillin or cefoxitin for prophylaxis in cesarean section. Although both drugs were considered effective, piperacillin achieved a level of 98 percent satisfactory prophylaxis compared with only 91 percent for cefoxitin. Costs of prophylactic failure in cesarean section were calculated and then assessed for four different antibiotic regimens (based on 100 patients). Because of its high failure rate, ampicillin was the most expensive antibiotic; piperacillin was the least expensive. It was suggested that highly effective prophylaxis with an antibiotic agent such as piperacillin can result in significant cost savings when used for high-risk patients undergoing cesarean section.