bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF PHYTONE THROUGH MELDRUM′S ACID
Authors: RANGAISHENVI M. V. , KAMATH S. V. , PHADKE A. S. , KULKARNI S. N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAus dem Säurecitlorid (I) wird mit Hilfe von Meldrumsäure der β‐Ketoester (III) hergestellt, der durch Alkylierung mit (IV), Verseifen und Decarboxylieren in das Keton (Va) übergeführt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES. XXXXII. SYNTHESIS OF CHLAMYDOCIN AND EPICHLAMYDOCIN
Authors: SCHMIDT U. , BEUTTLER T. , LIEBERKNECHT A. , GRIESSER H. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract[)as Vinylketon (I) addiert H(′l zu einem Chlorethylderivan das direkt in das Ketal (IIa) umgewandelt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: APPLICATIONS OF RADICAL ADDITION REACTIONS TO THE SYNTHESIS OF A C‐GLUCOSIDE AND A FUNCTIONALIZED AMINO ACID
Authors: ADLINGTON R. M. , BALDWIN J. E. , BASAK A. , KOZYROD R. P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAus dem Selenoglucosid (I) und Acrylsäuremethylester (II) erhält man das (′Glucosid (III) sowie die Verbindung (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: HYPOGLYCEMIC COMPOUNDS. SULFANILYLUREA DERIVATIVES CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS AND DIPEPTIDES. I
Authors: VICENTINI C. B. , GUARNERI M. , SARTO G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAcetylsulfanilamid (I) reagiert mit Cyelohexylisoeyanat (II) zum Harnstoff (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SOME NEW 2‐(AMINOACYL‐ AND DIPEPTIDYL‐)AMINOPYRAZINE DERIVATIVES
Authors: EL‐NAGGAR A. M. , ABD EL‐SALAM A. M. , AHMED F. S. M. , LATIF M. S. , EL‐CADY F. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAminopyrazin (I) reagiert mit N‐geschützten Aminosäuren (H) in Gegenwart von Dicyclohexylearbodiimid (DCC) zu den Amiden (IIIa) bzw. (IIIb), von denen die Phthalylderivate (IIIa) mit Hydrazin in die freien Amine (IV) übergeführt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF SOME 2‐ AND 4‐METHOXYACETYLAMINOBENZENESULFONYL AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES AND THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY
Authors: EL‐NAGGAR A. M. , EL‐HADDAD A. F. , EL‐GHAFFAR S. A. , EL SAYED R. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDurch Reaktion der Stilfonsiiurechloride (I) mit Z‐Aminopyridin, den isomeren Anisidinen und Aminosäuren erhält man die Sulfonsäure‐arnide (II)‐(IV).
ChemInform Abstract: APPROACH TO THE PSEUDODISACCHARIDES PRESENT IN (OXY)APRAMYCIN. SYNTHESIS OF A 4‐O‐AMINOOCTODIOSYL‐2‐DEOXYSTREPTAMINE FROM PAROMAMINE
Authors: MARTIN O. R. , SZAREK W. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAusgehend von Paromamin (Ia) werden über die Derivate (Ib)‐(Id) die Verbindungen (le) und (II) dargestellt, von denen (II) über (III) und (V) zu der im Titel genannten Verbindung (VII) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: C‐NUCLEOSIDE SYNTHESIS. 19. STEREOCONTROLLED GENERAL SYNTHESIS OF PYRIMIDINE C‐NUCLEOSIDES HAVING BRANCHED‐CHAIN SUGAR MOIETIES
Authors: SATO T. , WATANABE M. , KOBAYASHI H. , NOYORI R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDurch Umsetzung der aus den bekannten Lactonen (l l erhältlichen Derivate (III) mit Harnstoff.
ChemInform Abstract: C‐NUCLEOSIDE SYNTHESIS. 20. GENERAL SYNTHESIS OF HOMO‐C‐NUCLEOSIDES
Authors: SATO T. , NOYORI R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDer aus dem Ester (Ia) über die Stufen (lb)‐(ld) erhältliche Homoester (le) wird zum Enolether (IIa) umgesetzt, dessen Reaktion mit Harnstoff, Thioharnstoff bzw. Guanidin (III) nach anschließender Hydrolyse zu Homopseudouridin (IVa) bzw. den Analogen (IVb), (IVc) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF N‐(NUCLEOSIDYL)‐α‐AMINO ACIDS USING TRIOCTYLMETHYLAMMONIUM SALTS OF α‐AMINO ACIDS
Authors: SCHROEDER F. R. + , CRAMER F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAdenosin (Ia) wird in das 8‐Brom‐adenosin (Ib) übergeführt und dieses mit dem Trioctylmethyl‐ammonium‐ Salz des GIyCIIIS (II), dessen Herstellung beschrieben ist, in hoher Ausbeute zu (III) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: THE USE OF THE P‐NITROPHENYLETHOXYCARBONYL GROUP FOR AMINO PROTECTION IN CYTIDINE AND ADENOSINE CHEMISTRY
Authors: HIMMELSBACH F. , PFLEIDERER W. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAus dem Desoxycytidin (Ia) bzw. Cytidin (Ib) erhält man mit dem Benzotriazol‐carbonsäure‐p‐nitrophenylethyl‐ester (H) die Substitutionsprodukte (III).
ChemInform Abstract: THE NORBORNADIENE ROUTE TO PROSTAGLANDIN I2 AND OTHER PROSTAGLANDINS. PREPARATION AND REARRANGEMENT OF 7‐SUBSTITUTED NORBORNADIENES
Authors: BAXTER A. D. , ROBERTS S. M. , SCHEINMANN F. , WAKEFIELD J. , NEWTON R. F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDas tert.‐Butoxy‐norbomadien (II) reagiert über das entsprechende Chlorid mit (I) zum Acetylenderivat (III), das über (IV) zum Aldehyd (V) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: THE STRUCTURES OF DIAZAQUINOMYCINS A AND B, NEW ANTIBIOTIC METABOLITES
Authors: OMURA S. , NAKAGAWA A. , AOYAMA H. , HINOTOZAWA K. , SANO H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDie Strukturen der antibiotisch wirksamen Inhaltsstoffe Diazachinomycin A und Baus Streptomyces sp.
ChemInform Abstract: AN EFFICIENT SYNTHETIC ROUTE TO (.+‐.)‐NANAOMYCIN A
Authors: KOMETANI T. , TAKEUCHI Y. , YOSHII E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract1‐Naphthol (Ia) liefert nach Veretherung (Ib), das zu den Estern (II) gespalten und anschließend mit Wasserstoffperoxid zu (III) oxidiert und umgelagert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF ACYLPOLYAMINES: ACETYLSPERMIDINES AND C12:0 ACARNIDINE
Authors: BOUKOUVALAS J. , GOLDING B. T. , MCCABE R. W. , SLAICH P. K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAus den Aldehyden (I), deren Herstellung angegeben ist, werden mit den entsprechenden Aminen die Schiff‐Basen (II) hergestellt, die in die Acetylspermidine (IV) bzw. das Aearnidin (IVb) übergeführt werden.
Biodegradable Polysaccharides for Controlled Drug Delivery
Authors: Pushpamalar Janarthanan , Veeramachineni Anand Kumar , Owh Cally , Loh Xian Jun 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPolysaccharides are ideal candidates for drug delivery and biomedical applications as they are easily obtained from natural sources. Furthermore, they can be subjected to a wide range of chemical and enzymatic reactions, they have biocompatible and biodegradable properties and have inherently low immunogenicity. Polysaccharides are potentially the materials of choice for the development of “smart” delivery systems, which are capable of releasing, at the appropriate time and site of action, an encapsulated drug. This Review examines various aspects of the crosslinking of polysaccharides, either for a single polysaccharide or mixtures, and also natural–synthetic hybrids. The Review focuses on the strategies for using these biodegradable polymers for controlled drug delivery, and examines in particular polysaccharide–drug conjugates, the encapsulation of drugs in hydrogels and aerogels, and the self‐assembly of polysaccharide drug‐loaded nanoparticles.
A 1.2 V 83 dB DR single‐ended input SC ΔΣ modulator including a large‐swing analog buffer for portable ECG applications
Authors: Duan Quanzhen , Jung Youngjae , Choi Danbi , Roh Jeongjin , Kim Jongpal 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThis study proposes a subsystem consisting of an analog buffer and a single‐ended input to a fully differential ΔΣ modulator to obtain low‐power consumption for portable electrocardiogram applications. With the proposed subsystem, the need for an inverting amplifier is avoided, and low‐power consumption is achieved. The ΔΣ modulator with a second order, 1 bit, and cascade of integrators feedforward structure consumes a low power, in which an inverting and a non‐inverting path implement a single‐ended input to fully‐differential signals. A double sampling technique is proposed for a digital‐to‐analog converter feedback circuit to reduce the effect of the reference voltage, reduce the amplifier requirements, and obtain low‐power consumption. Input‐bias and output‐bias transistors working in the weak‐inversion region are implemented to obtain an extremely large swing for the analog buffer. At a supply voltage of 1.2 V, signal bandwidth of 250 Hz, and sampling frequency of 128 kHz, the measurement results show that the modulator with a buffer achieves a 77 dB peak signal‐to‐noise‐distortion ratio, an effective‐number‐of‐bits of 12.5 bits, an 83 dB dynamic range, and a figure‐of‐merit of 156 dB. The total chip size is approximately 0.28 mm2 with a standard 0.13 µm Complementary Metal‐Oxide‐Silicon (CMOS) process. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The demographic consequences of growing older and bigger in oyster populations
Authors: Moore Jacob L. , Lipcius Romuald N. , Puckett Brandon , Schreiber Sebastian J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractStructured population models, particularly size‐ or age‐structured, have a long history of informing conservation and natural resource management. While size is often easier to measure than age and is the focus of many management strategies, age‐structure can have important effects on population dynamics that are not captured in size‐only models. However, relatively few studies have included the simultaneous effects of both age‐ and size‐structure. To better understand how population structure, particularly that of age and size, impacts restoration and management decisions, we developed and compared a size‐structured integral projection model (IPM) and an age‐ and size‐structured IPM, using a population of Crassostrea gigas oysters in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. We analyzed sensitivity of model results across values of local retention that give populations decreasing in size to populations increasing in size. We found that age‐ and size‐structured models yielded the best fit to the demographic data and provided more reliable results about long‐term demography. Elasticity analysis showed that population growth rate was most sensitive to changes in the survival of both large (>175 mm shell length) and small (<75 mm shell length) oysters, indicating that a maximum size limit, in addition to a minimum size limit, could be an effective strategy for maintaining a sustainable population. In contrast, the purely size‐structured model did not detect the importance of large individuals. Finally, patterns in stable age and stable size distributions differed between populations decreasing in size due to limited local retention and populations increasing in size due to high local retention. These patterns can be used to determine population status and restoration success. The methodology described here provides general insight into the necessity of including both age‐ and size‐structure into modeling frameworks when using population models to inform restoration and management decisions.
Threshold effects of habitat fragmentation on fish diversity at landscapes scales
Authors: Yeager Lauren A. , Keller Danielle A. , Burns Taylor R. , Pool Alexia S. , Fodrie F. Joel 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHabitat fragmentation involves habitat loss concomitant with changes in spatial configuration, confounding mechanistic drivers of biodiversity change associated with habitat disturbance. Studies attempting to isolate the effects of altered habitat configuration on associated communities have reported variable results. This variability may be explained in part by the fragmentation threshold hypothesis, which predicts that the effects of habitat configuration may only manifest at low levels of remnant habitat area. To separate the effects of habitat area and configuration on biodiversity, we surveyed fish communities in seagrass landscapes spanning a range of total seagrass area (2–74% cover within 16 000‐m2 landscapes) and spatial configurations (1–75 discrete patches). We also measured variation in fine‐scale seagrass variables, which are known to affect faunal community composition and may covary with landscape‐scale features. We found that species richness decreased and the community structure shifted with increasing patch number within the landscape, but only when seagrass area was low (<25% cover). This pattern was driven by an absence of epibenthic species in low‐seagrass‐area, highly patchy landscapes. Additional tests corroborated that low movement rates among patches may underlie loss of vulnerable taxa. Fine‐scale seagrass biomass was generally unimportant in predicting fish community composition. As such, we present empirical support for the fragmentation threshold hypothesis and we suggest that poor matrix quality and low dispersal ability for sensitive taxa in our system may explain why our results support the hypothesis, while previous empirical work has largely failed to match predictions.
Planting and Irrigation Methods for Cotton in Southern Xinjiang, China
Authors: Zhong Ruisen , Tian Fuqiang , Yang Pengnian , Yi Qiuxiang 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn order to provide a scientific technology reference for cotton planting and management in southern Xinjiang that is based on practical investigations and existing achievements, cotton planting and irrigation methods were divided into four groups. In addition, the applications of these methods are discussed. The four types of cotton‐planting methods are as follows: (i) one film + no pipes + four rows; (ii) one film + single pipe + four rows; (iii) one film + double pipes + four rows; and (iv) double films + double pipes + four rows. The four types of cotton field irrigation methods are as follows: (i) winter irrigation (spring irrigation) + routine flooding irrigation; (ii) winter irrigation (spring irrigation) + drip irrigation under mulch; (iii) seeding after drip irrigation + drip irrigation under mulch; and (iv) dry seeding before drip irrigation + drip irrigation under mulch. The planting and irrigation methods for cotton supplement each other and are coupled based on local climate, soil, surface water and groundwater conditions. In addition, the most scientifically reasonable, cost‐effective, water‐saving and productive methods must be selected. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Association Between Trabecular Bone Score and Lumbar Spine Volumetric BMD Is Attenuated Among Older Men With High Body Mass Index
Authors: Langsetmo Lisa , Vo Tien N , Ensrud Kristine E , Taylor Brent C , Cawthon Peggy M , Schwartz Ann V , Bauer Douglas C , Orwoll Eric S , Lane Nancy E , Barrett-Connor Elizabeth , Schousboe John T ,   for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Research Group
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Trabecular bone score (TBS) has been proposed as a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) derived measure of underlying quality of trabecular bone; however, TBS is not considered valid for those with body mass index (BMI) &gt;37 kg/m2. Our objective was to determine the association between TBS and lumbar spine (trabecular) volumetric BMD (LS-VBMD) and to examine whether the association varied by BMI and body composition among older men below this clinical threshold. We used regression models to study 3479 men age ≥65 years enrolled in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study who had TBS from spine DXA scans, LS-VBMD from central quantitative computed tomography, measures of trunk fat and lean mass from DXA, and BMI &lt;37 kg/m2. TBS was categorized as normal (n = 925), partially degraded (n = 1747), and degraded (n = 807). TBS was inversely related to BMI, trunk fat mass, and trunk lean mass (all p &lt; 0.001). The relationship between TBS and LS-VBMD was nonlinear with magnitude of effect (slope of regression line using standardized variables) ranging from 0.07 (95% CI, –0.02 to 0.15) among those with degraded TBS up to 0.71 (95% CI, 0.54 to 0.89) among those with normal TBS. The relationship was still nonlinear after adjusting for age, clinical site, and either BMI, trunk lean mass, or trunk fat mass. The magnitude of effect relating TBS and LS-VBMD also decreased with increasing BMI (interaction, p = 0.090) and increasing trunk lean mass (interaction, p = 0.001), but not with increasing trunk fat mass (interaction, p = 0.224). In summary, the strength of the association between TBS and LS-VBMD among older men was variable and dependent on BMI and body composition, particularly trunk lean mass. The clinical utility of TBS among older men may be somewhat limited among men with high BMI or high trunk lean mass. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Does Fundraising Professionalization Pay?
Authors: Betzler Diana , Gmür Markus 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAlthough fundraising organizations in the third sector have gone through a progressive professionalization process, it remains unclear whether this development has led to any financial benefits. This article focuses on the question of whether or not it pays off for fundraising organizations to invest in professionalization. The data for this study come from 165 organizations representing 45 percent of the Swiss fundraising market. We first propose the term “organizational fundraising capability” as a new construct for measuring the degree of professionalization and rationalization in fundraising management. We then analyze its relationship to overall net revenue from donations as well as the growth of net revenue from donations. Our analysis indicates that, in addition to organizational size measured by total revenue, revenue share from donations, and expansion strategy, fundraising capability makes an important contribution to explaining both an institution's net revenue from fundraising and the level of increase in net donations. The consequences for the development of professionalization and rationalization in fundraising are discussed.
Believing in food addiction: Helpful or counterproductive for eating behavior?
Authors: Ruddock Helen K. , Christiansen Paul , Jones Andrew , Robinson Eric , Field Matt , Hardman Charlotte A. 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveObesity is often attributed to an addiction to food, and many people believe themselves to be “food addicts.” However, little is known about how such beliefs may affect dietary control and weight management. The current research examined the impact of experimentally manipulating participants' personal food addiction beliefs on eating behavior.MethodsIn two studies, female participants (study 1: N = 64; study 2: N = 90) completed food‐related computerized tasks and were given bogus feedback on their performance which indicated that they had high, low, or average food addiction tendencies. Food intake was then assessed in an ad libitum taste test. Dietary concern and time taken to complete the taste test were recorded in study 2.ResultsIn study 1, participants in the high‐addiction condition consumed fewer calories than those in the low‐addiction condition, F(1,60) = 7.61, P = 0.008, ηp2 = 0.11. Study 2 replicated and extended this finding, showing that the effect of the high‐addiction condition on food intake was mediated by increased dietary concern, which reduced the amount of time participants willingly spent exposed to the foods during the taste test, b = −0.06 (0.03), 95% confidence interval = −0.13 to −0.01.ConclusionsBelieving oneself to be a food addict is associated with short‐term dietary restriction. The longer‐term effects on weight management now warrant attention.
International Student Mobility and After‐Study Lives: the Portability and Prospects of Overseas Education in Asia
Authors: Collins Francis L. , Ho Kong Chong , Ishikawa Mayumi , Ma Ai‐Hsuan Sandra 
Published: May 2016

AbstractOver the last few decades, international student mobility has come to be increasingly viewed in both scholarly and policy discourse as a valorised pathway to personal development, career success, and class reproduction. This framing of international study has been particularly prominent in accounts of mobility to Anglophone universities that have dominated the literature to date. Yet, despite these claims, most research has been undertaken with current students, and hence, the significance of international study has remained speculative and caught up with dominant discourses that tend to valorise this form of mobility. In this paper, we subject these claims to critical examination by analysing the narratives of alumni who have studied overseas in three leading universities in East Asia. We focus, in particular, on the ways in which international student mobility articulates through after‐study lives in terms of the forms of situated learning and cultural capital expressed by alumni, the geographical configurations and circulations that shape the portability of education, and altered sensibility and onward mobilities that are generated through international study. Through this discussion, we demonstrate that international study often does have value in after‐study lives, but that this value is highly situated in the networks and spaces that alumni move through and enact. Our paper then demonstrates that there is nothing automatic about the portability of overseas education, and that there is a need for scholars to examine not only student mobility itself but the way this unfolds into after‐study lives. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Impact of Formal and Informal Distance on Gender Equality Approaches: The Case of a British MNC in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alhejji Hussain , Ng Eddy S. , Garavan Thomas , Carbery Ronan 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis study explores the forces that promote and hinder gender equality efforts of a multinational corporation (MNC) operating in the Middle East. Specifically, we draw from a case study to document the formal and informal pressures exerted on a British MNC operating in Saudi Arabia to better understand the multiple forces that influence gender equality approaches in the host country. Our findings suggest that while formal institutions such as the legal requirements and localization policies support gender equality, informal forces that are rooted in the cultural norms and traditions are formidable in hindering such efforts and in reinforcing the status quo. The insights generated from our study have the potential to inform public policy makers and organizational decision makers to locate the right policy tool to promote gender equality. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.