bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Neuropsychological Correlates of Borderline Personality Disorder and Suicidal Behaviour
Authors: LeGris Jeannette , van Reekum Rob 
Published: January 2017

Objective: In subjects with borderline personality disorder (BPD), compared with subjects who attempted suicide, to review neuropsychological (NP) function that may predispose to suicidal behaviour along a continuum of high and low lethality. Method: We undertook electronic searches of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Biosos Reviews, and Cinhal. The searches were restricted to English-language publications from 1985 onward. The search terms borderline personality disorder, suicide, suicide attempt, self-harm behaviour, neuropsychological, executive function (EF), neurocognitive, and neuropsychological function produced 29 neuropsychology studies involving BPD and 7 neuropsychology studies of suicide attempters, regardless of psychiatric diagnosis. Results: Of the BPD studies, 83% found NP impairment in one or more cognitive domains, irrespective of depression, involving specific or generalized deficits linked to the dorsolateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal regions. The functions most frequently reported (in 71% to 86% of BPD studies) are response-inhibitory processes affecting executive function performance that requires speeded attention and visuomotor skills. Decision making and visual memory impairment are also most frequently affected; 60% to 67% of BPD studies report attentional impairment, verbal memory impairment, and visuospatial organizational impairment. Least affected processes in BPD appear to involve spatial working memory, planning, and possibly, IQ. The similarities in NP deficits found in BPD and suicide-attempt studies involve decision making and Trails performances. BPD studies, however, reflect more frequent impairment on the Stroop Test and Wisconsin Card Sort Test performance than the suicide-attempt studies, whereas verbal fluency appears to be more frequently impaired in those attempting suicide. Conclusions: Impaired EF and disinhibitory processes, as indicated by verbal fluency, Trails, and Stroop performance, primarily associated with dorsolateral prefrontal cortical regions may represent a dominant executive pathway to suicide attempt. A primary motivational inhibitory pathway involving conflictual, affective, and reflexive decision-making processes associated with orbitofrontal brain regions, in combination with significant cognitive rigidity, may influence the repetitive expression of self-harm or low-lethality suicidal behaviour. The hypothesis of a specific trait-like cognitive vulnerability for suicidal behaviour involving dysregulatory, disinhibiting pathways awaits confirmation.
Suicide and its Prevention among Older Adults
Authors: Heisel Marnin J 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To review the research on the epidemiology, risk and resiliency, assessment, treatment, and prevention of late-life suicide. Method: I reviewed mortality statistics. I searched MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases for research on suicide risk and resiliency and for randomized controlled trials with suicidal outcomes. I also reviewed mental health outreach and suicide prevention initiatives. Results: Approximately 12/100 000 individuals aged 65 years or over die by suicide in Canada annually. Suicide is most prevalent among older white men; risk is associated with suicidal ideation or behaviour, mental illness, personality vulnerability, medical illness, losses and poor social supports, functional impairment, and low resiliency. Novel measures to assess late-life suicide features are under development. Few randomized treatment trials exist with at-risk older adults. Conclusions: Research is needed on risk and resiliency and clinical assessment and interventions for at-risk older adults. Collaborative outreach strategies might aid suicide prevention.
Profile of a Metropolitan North American Immigrant Suicidal Adolescent Population
Authors: Greenfield Brian , Rousseau Cécile , Slatkoff Joshua , Lewkowski Maxime , Davis Michael , Dube Sébastien , Lashley Myrna E , Morin Isabelle , Dray Patti , Harnden Bonnie 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Canadian immigrant adolescents have a lower suicide rate than their nonimmigrant peers. We conducted a hypothesis-generating analysis to determine whether this lower rate correlated with level of drug use and (or) with diagnostic and demographic characteristics of Canadian immigrant adolescents presenting to an emergency room for crisis assessment. Method: Known risk factors for suicide were compared among immigrant youth, North American youth, and a culturally mixed group of youth at baseline and at 6-month follow-up. Results: The immigrant group was only differentiated by a lower rate of reported drug use. Conclusion: The lower rate of reported drug use at the time of crisis may contribute to the lower suicide rate among immigrants.
The Epidemiology of Psychological Problems in the Elderly
Authors: Streiner David L , Cairney John , Veldhuizen Scott 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To determine the prevalence of mood, anxiety, and other disorders in the population of Canadians aged 55 years and over. Method: We undertook an analysis of the Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Well-Being (CCHS 1.2). Results: There was a linear decrease for all disorders after age 55 years. This was true for men and women; for anglophones, francophones, and allophones; and for both people born in Canada and people who immigrated to Canada after age 18 years. Consistent with previous research, the prevalences were higher for women than men. Immigrants reported fewer problems than nonimmigrants, with the differences decreasing with age. Francophones of both sexes reported more mood disorder than anglophones, but francophone men had less anxiety disorder than anglophone men. Conclusions: Unlike other studies that have found an upturn in the prevalence of depression and anxiety in the elderly, our results indicate a steady decrease in these disorders. Our findings are discussed in terms of explanations for age-related differences in psychiatric disorders.
The Metabolic Effects of Antipsychotic Medications
Authors: Newcomer John W , Haupt Dan W 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: To review current evidence for the hypothesis that treatment with antipsychotic medications may be associated with increased risks for weight gain, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to examine the relation of adiposity to medical risk. Methods: We identified relevant publications through a search of MEDLINE from the years 1975 to 2006, using the following primary search parameters: “diabetes or hyperglycemia or glucose or insulin or lipids” and “antipsychotic.” Meeting abstracts and earlier nonindexed articles were also reviewed. We summarized key studies in this emerging literature, including case reports, observational studies, retrospective database analyses, and controlled experimental studies. Results: Treatment with different antipsychotic medications is associated with variable effects on body weight, ranging from modest increases (for example, less than 2 kg) experienced with amisulpride, ziprasidone, and aripiprazole to larger increases during treatment with agents such as olanzapine and clozapine (for example, 4 to 10 kg). Substantial evidence indicates that increases in adiposity are associated with decreases in insulin sensitivity in individuals both with and without psychiatric disease. The effects of increasing adiposity, as well as other effects, may contribute to increases in plasma glucose and lipids observed during treatment with certain antipsychotics. Conclusion: Treatment with certain antipsychotic medications is associated with metabolic adverse events that can increase the risk for metabolic syndrome and related conditions such as prediabetes, T2DM, and cardiovascular disease.
Metabolic Monitoring for Patients Treated with Antipsychotic Medications
Authors: Cohn Tony A , Sernyak Michael J 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: Metabolic side effects of antipsychotic treatment include weight gain, dyslipidemia and increased susceptibility to diabetes. Patients with schizophrenia have increased coronary heart disease mortality and reduced life expectancy. There is an urgent clinical need to monitor antipsychotic-treated patients for metabolic disturbance. Our objectives were to review published international monitoring guidelines, establish goals for metabolic monitoring, and make recommendations for practice. Method: We reviewed the major published consensus guidelines for metabolic monitoring of patients treated with antipsychotic medications and selectively reviewed practice guidelines for the management of diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Results: Patients with serious mental illness have markedly elevated rates of metabolic disturbance and limited access to general medical care. Monitoring, but not necessarily medical treatment of metabolic disorder, falls within the scope of psychiatric practice and should include screening for metabolic disturbance as well as tracking the effects of antipsychotic treatment. In addition, psychiatrists and psychiatric services should work toward facilitating patients' access to medical care. There is considerable consensus in the published guidelines. Areas of dissent include which patients to monitor, the utility of glucose tolerance testing, and the point at which to consider switching antipsychotics. Conclusion: We encourage clinicians to adopt a structured system for conducting and recording metabolic monitoring and to develop collaborations with family physicians, diabetes specialists, dieticians, and recreation therapists to facilitate appropriate medical care for antipsychotic-treated patients.
Long-Acting Injectable Risperidone Compared with Zuclopenthixol in the Treatment of Schizophrenia with Substance Abuse Comorbidity
Authors: Rubio Gabriel , Martínez Isabel , Ponce Guillermo , Jiménez-Arriero Miguel Angel , López-Muñoz Francisco , Álamo Cecilio 
Published: January 2017

Objective: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of long-acting risperidone and zuclopenthixol in subjects with schizophrenia and substance abuse. Method: A total of 115 subjects with schizophrenia and substance use disorders were enrolled for an open, randomized, controlled, 6-month follow-up study. Fifty-seven subjects were selected for treatment with long-acting injectable risperidone, while another 58 were treated with zuclopenthixol-depot. Results: Long-acting risperidone patients presented fewer positive urine tests (8.67 compared with 10.36, P = 0.005), showed improved scores on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, and showed better compliance with the Substance Abuse Management program. The use of long-acting risperidone and less severe dependence explained the outcome at the end of the follow-up. Conclusions: Long-acting injectable risperidone was more effective than zuclopenthixol-depot in improving substance abuse and schizophrenia symptoms in subjects with dual diagnosis.
Oxcarbazepine in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: A Review
Authors: Pratoomsri Wetid , Yatham Lakshmi N , Bond David J , Lam Raymond W , Sohn Chang-Ho 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To review the data on the efficacy of oxcarbazepine (OXC) in bipolar disorder (BD) and to provide recommendations for clinicians on the use of this medication in treating BD. Method: Using the terms oxcarbazepine and bipolar disorder, oxcarbazepine and mania, or oxcarbazepine and bipolar depression, we conducted a computer-aided search of MEDLINE for the years 1950 to 2005. Results: Case reports, retrospective chart reviews, open prospective studies, and double-blind studies reported the efficacy and effectiveness of OXC in treating BD. The data indicate that OXC has efficacy in treating acute mania and may be a useful add-on in treating acute bipolar depression and in BD prophylaxis. OXC is generally well-tolerated. Conclusion: We recommend using OXC as monotherapy or as add-on therapy in refractory mania, but we recommend it be used predominantly as an add-on treatment for other phases of BD in patients who have not improved with well-established treatments or in patients who have difficulty tolerating adequate dosages. Objectifs: Examiner les données sur l'efficacité de l'oxcarbazépine (OXC) dans le trouble bipolaire (TB) et fournir des recommandations aux cliniciens sur l'utilisation de ce médicament pour traiter le TB. Méthode: Nous avons mené une recherche informatique dans MEDLINE recouvrant les années 1950 à 2005, à l'aide des termes oxcarbazépine et trouble bipolaire, oxcarbazépine et manie, ou oxcarbazépine et dépression bipolaire. Résultats: Des études de cas, des études de dossiers rétrospectives, des études prospectives ouvertes et des études à double insu portaient sur l'efficacité et l'utilité de l'OXC dans le traitement du TB. Les données indiquent que l'OXC est efficace pour traiter la manie aiguë et peut être un ajout utile pour traiter la dépression bipolaire aiguë et pour la prophylaxie du TB. L'OXC est généralement bien tolérée. Conclusion: Nous recommandons l'utilisation de l'OXC comme monothérapie ou comme ajout à la thérapie de la manie réfractaire, mais nous recommandons de l'utiliser principalement comme ajout au traitement d'autres phases du TB, chez des patients qui ne se sont pas améliorés avec les traitements bien établis ou chez les patients qui ont de la difficulté à tolérer les doses adéquates.
Metareview on Short-Term Effectiveness and Safety of Antidepressants for Depression: An Evidence-Based Approach to Inform Clinical Practice
Authors: Cipriani Andrea , Geddes John R , Furukawa Toshi A , Barbui Corrado 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: To examine the available scientific literature for answers to clinically relevant questions regarding the effectiveness and tolerability of antidepressant drugs (ADs) for the acute phase treatment of depression and to assess the degree to which the literature supports the findings. Methods: We used several sources to identify primary reviews: MEDLINE (1955 to April 2006), EMBASE (1980 to April 2006), PsycINFO (1980 to April 2006), and the Cochrane Library 2006 Issue 1. Additional searches were also carried out on the following databases of the National Health Service Centre for Reviews and Dissemination: Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Health Technology Assessment, and Turning Research into Practice. We also searched the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence guidance website. We carried out a metareview of selected high-quality systematic reviews of short-term pharmacologic interventions with ADs for major depression. To assess efficacy, we followed the hierarchy of evidence proposed by the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine (Oxford), including only reviews of randomized controlled trials. To assess tolerability, we also considered observational data when randomized evidence was not available. Results: There was randomized evidence that ADs are efficacious in primary care settings and that there may be small, but clinically important, differences in efficacy between ADs. There was no good evidence that an AD combined with an antipsychotic is superior to AD monotherapy in cases of psychotic depression or that intravenous administration leads to more rapid response. There was evidence that monoamine oxidase inhibitors are superior to tricyclic antidepressants, but not to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), in treating atypical depression. There is some evidence of harm related to the use of SSRIs in pregnancy but not to their use when breastfeeding. There is evidence that SSRIs may increase suicidal thoughts, but not actual suicide, in early-phase therapy. Conclusions: We found a substantial body of evidence regarding the benefits and harms of ADs in the treatment of depressive disorder. Nonetheless, there remains considerable residual uncertainty. The evidence is inadequate for generally applicable recommendations; in most cases, the balance between risks and benefits will need to be considered for individual patients. Clinicians should also be guided by the recommendations and warnings issued by drug regulatory authorities.
Psychosocial Outcomes following Electroconvulsive Therapy in a Community Setting: Retrospective Chart Review with 2-Year Follow-up
Authors: Mathew Biju , Dawson Marliese Y , Kozanitis Chris , Bright Britt , Gopinath HV , Raffa Jesse D , Yatham Lakshmi N , Lam Raymond W 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) continues to be one of the most effective biological therapies for patients with mood disorders. Numerous studies address clinical response; however, few have examined psychosocial or occupational outcomes following ECT, especially in community settings. This study aimed to examine these outcomes in short- and long-term naturalistic follow-up of ECT conducted in a community hospital. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted of all patients who received ECT at Ridge Meadows Hospital in Maple Ridge, British Columbia, between January 1997 and December 2003. Charts were evaluated with the Clinical Global Impression (CGI), Global Assessment of Functioning, and Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scales prior to ECT and at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years post-ECT. Results: A total of 90 patients with mood disorders underwent ECT; 86.5% were rated on the CGI as “markedly ill” to “among the most extremely ill” at baseline. All clinical ratings improved at every follow-up point, and by the end of 24 months, 56.6% of patients were rated as “much improved” or “very much improved” on the CGI. Similarly, the measures of psychosocial functioning also showed significant improvement throughout the follow-up period. Conclusions: These findings show that substantial and meaningful improvement occurred in clinical and psychosocial outcomes after ECT conducted in a community hospital. These changes were robust and stable over the 2-year follow-up period. Limitations of the study include the retrospective ratings, the open-label use of ECT, and the naturalistic treatment in follow-up.
The Association between Pathological Gambling and Attempted Suicide: Findings from a National Survey in Canada
Authors: Newman Stephen C , Thompson Angus H 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To examine the association between pathological gambling (PG) and attempted suicide in a nationally representative sample of Canadians. Methods: Data came from the Canadian Community Health Survey, Cycle 1.2, conducted in 2002, in which 36 984 subjects, aged 15 years or older, were interviewed. Logistic regression was performed with attempted suicide (in the past year) as the dependent variable. The independent variables were PG, major depression, alcohol dependence, drug dependence, and mental health care (in the past year), as well as a range of sociodemographic variables. Survey weights and bootstrap methods were used to account for the complex survey design. Results: In the final logistic regression model, which included terms for PG, major depression, alcohol dependence, and mental health care, as well as age, sex, education, and income, the odds ratio for PG and attempted suicide was 3.43 (95% confidence interval, 1.37 to 8.60). Conclusions: PG (in the past year) and attempted suicide (in the past year) are associated in a nationally representative sample of Canadians. However, it is not possible to say from these data whether this represents a causal relation.
Symptomatologie et adaptation psychosociale des adolescents ayant un trouble dépressif cooccurrent à un trouble de comportement perturbateur
Authors: Toupin Jean , Le Corff Yann , Pauzé Robert 
Published: January 2017

Objectif: Décrire la symptomatologie ainsi que l'adaptation psychologique, sociale et scolaire spécifique des adolescents qui présentent un trouble dépressif cooccurrent à un trouble de comportement perturbateur, de même que leur situation familiale. Méthode: Cette étude compare, à l'aide de régressions logistiques binomiales, des adolescents ayant un trouble dépressif cooccurrent à un trouble de comportement perturbateur ( n = 25) avec des adolescents ayant les mêmes difficultés de comportement, sans trouble dépressif cooccurrent ( n = 99). Les effets d'interactions en fonction du sexe sont étudiés. Résultats: Bien que les deux groupes aient plusieurs caractéristiques similaires, les jeunes ayant un double diagnostic ont plus de symptômes d'opposition et une estime de soi plus faible. Les analyses ne révelent aucun effet d'interaction selon la variable sexe. Conclusions: Les adolescents des deux groupes profiteraient d'interventions similaires relativement aux troubles de comportement perturbateurs et de certaines difficultés associées, soit la consommation de substances psychoactives, la fréquentation de pairs déviants et le fonctionnement scolaire problématique. Une attention particuliere doit être portée aux adolescents ayant un trouble dépressif surajouté, vu la symptomatologie oppositionnelle plus marquée et l'estime de soi plus faible.
Disordered Eating in Jewish Adolescent Girls
Authors: Pinhas Leora , Heinmaa Margus , Bryden Pier , Bradley Susan , Toner Brenda 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: To examine the presence and nature of disordered eating attitudes and behaviours among Jewish Canadian adolescents, as compared with non-Jewish Canadian adolescents in an urban community. A secondary goal was to examine whether rates of eating-disordered behaviour differed among the adolescents based on the degree of Jewish religious observance. Method: High school students ( n = 868) from the Toronto area completed a demographic and religious practice questionnaire together with the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), a self-report test that discriminated adolescents with syndromal eating disorders from normal adolescents. Results: Jewish females aged 13 to 20 years, but not males, reported significantly more disordered eating behaviours and attitudes, compared with their non-Jewish female counterparts. Twenty-five percent of Jewish females, as compared with 18% of non-Jewish females, scored above the clinical cut-off for the EAT. No differences in vulnerability to disordered eating were found within the group of Jewish females or males related to their degree of religious observance. Conclusions: Adolescent Jewish females, but not males, appear to be at greater risk for abnormal attitudes and behaviours related to eating, compared with their non-Jewish female peers. While the reasons for this finding are unclear, this study is a step toward improving understanding of the relations between sex, culture, religion, and the development of eating disorders. Culturally sensitive and sex-specific prevention strategies and treatment interventions are indicated.