bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The symbolic violence of setting: A Bourdieusian analysis of mixed methods data on secondary students’ views about setting
Authors: Archer Louise , Francis Becky , Miller Sarah , Taylor Becky , Tereshchenko Antonina , Mazenod Anna , Pepper David , Travers Mary‐Claire 
Published: January 2018

‘Setting’ is a widespread practice in the UK, despite little evidence of its efficacy and substantial evidence of its detrimental impact on those allocated to the lowest sets. Taking a Bourdieusian approach, we propose that setting can be understood as a practice through which the social and cultural reproduction of dominant power relations is enacted within schools. Drawing on survey data from 12,178 Year 7 (age 11/12) students and discussion groups and individual interviews with 33 students, conducted as part of a wider project on secondary school grouping practices, we examine the views of students who experience setting, exploring the extent to which the legitimacy of the practice is accepted or challenged, focusing on students’ negative views about setting. Analyses show that privileged students (White, middle class) were most likely to be in top sets whereas working‐class and Black students were more likely to be in bottom sets. Students in the lowest sets (and boys, Black students and those in receipt of free school meals) were the most likely to express negative views of setting and to question the legitimacy and ‘fairness’ of setting as a practice, whereas top‐set students defended the legitimacy of setting and set allocations as ‘natural’ and ‘deserved’. This paper argues that setting is incompatible with social justice approaches to education and calls for the foregrounding of the views of those who are disadvantaged by the practice as a tool for challenging the doxa of setting.
Reduced Graphene Oxide‐Cadmium Sulfide Nanorods Decorated with Silver Nanoparticles for Efficient Photocatalytic Reduction Carbon Dioxide Under Visible Light
Authors: Zhu Zezhou , Han Ying , Chen Caiping , Ding Zhengxin , Long Jinlin , Hou Yidong 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPhotocatalytic CO2 reduction is an attractive approach for the direct conversion of solar energy into chemical fuels. In this study, we synthesized a composite material that consists of Ag, reduced graphene oxide (RGO), and CdS nanorods as a photocatalyst for CO2 reduction. The morphological, structural, optical, and electrochemical properties of the resultant nanocomposite (Ag‐RGO‐CdS) were investigated by using various physical techniques (e.g., XRD, SEM, TEM, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy). Our results indicate that the Ag‐RGO‐CdS nanocomposites exhibit an enhanced photocatalytic activity for the conversion of CO2 into CO, and the optimum activity is achieved over 1.0 wt %Ag‐3.0 wt %RGO‐CdS. This enhanced performance can be ascribed to the multifunctional promoting effects of RGO and Ag in the composite. On one hand, RGO and Ag can act as electron acceptors, which enhances the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers. On the other hand, the incorporation of RGO and Ag can improve the adsorption and activation of CO2, which results in the enhancement of the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO. Furthermore, a possible mechanism for photocatalytic CO2 reduction over the Ag‐RGO‐CdS nanocomposites was proposed. This study demonstrates a semiconductor‐based hybrid for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction by virtue of the combinational effect of dual cocatalysts.
Electrochemistry of Polyoxometalates: From Fundamental Aspects to Applications
Authors: Ueda Tadaharu 
Published: January 2018

AbstractElectrochemistry of polyoxometalates is very rich, as many of them can accommodate many electrons without their structure changing. Recently, extensive attention has been paid to the development of new‐generation batteries including fuel cells and redox flow batteries with polyoxometalates as catalysts. On the other hand, the detailed voltammetric behavior of polyoxometalates still remains unclear although a huge number of polyoxometalates have been prepared and characterized. This Review addresses the electrochemical properties of various polyoxometalates from fundamental and practical points of view.
SnS/SnSb@C Nanofibers with Enhanced Cycling Stability via Vulcanization as an Anode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhu Jian , Shang Chaoqun , Wang Zhenyu , Zhang Junjun , Liu Ying , Gu Shuai , Zhou Liangjun , Cheng Hua , Gu Yingying , Lu Zhouguang 
Published: January 2018

AbstractExploring resource‐abundant and high‐performance anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries remains a critical challenge in current research. For example, the practical applications of sodium‐ion batteries are restricted by the severe volume variation of active materials on the anode, which often results in irreversible capacity loss and poor cycling performance. Utilizing the different redox potential of metals is shown to be an effective way to alleviating volume changes. Here, we demonstrate that SnS/SnSb‐nanoparticle‐decorated carbon nanofibers (SnS/SnSb@C) prepared via vulcanization are a promising candidate as the anode material for sodium‐ion batteries. The resultant SnS/SnSb@C composites show an impressive electrochemical performance, featuring a large discharge capacity (1028 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1), rate capability (159 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1), and excellent cycling stability (270 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1 after 200 cycles). The different sodiation/desodiation potential of Sn and Sb in the SnS/SnSb@C composite helps to alleviate the volume expansion during cycling, and the defects within carbon nanofibers caused by sulfur doping further promote fast ion and electron transport in sodium‐ion batteries.
K3Li3Gd7(BO3)9: A New Gadolinium‐Rich Orthoborate for Cryogenic Magnetic Cooling
Authors: Xia Mingjun , Shen Shipeng , Lu Jun , Sun Young , Li Rukang 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMagnetic cooling technology based on magnetocaloric effect (MCE) has attracted great interest in obtaining extremely low temperatures, for example, for space exploration. Here, we grew a new gadolinium‐rich orthoborate K3Li3Gd7(BO3)9 (1) as a promising cryogenic magnetic coolant. It exhibits a complicated three dimensional framework constructed from BO3 groups and gadolinium‐oxygen chains. The Gd−O chain consists of two types of clusters of Gd3O20 and Gd3O19 interconnection by Gd(4)O8 polyhydron. Due to its high gadolinium concentration, a large −ΔSm of 56.6 J kg−1 K−1 for 1 was obtained at 2 K and ΔH=7 T, much larger than that of the commercial benchmark Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG) crystal (38.4 J kg−1 K−1), suggesting it to be an excellent MCE material.
Nickel‐Catalyzed C−S Bond Formation via Decarbonylative Thioetherification of Esters, Amides and Intramolecular Recombination Fragment Coupling of Thioesters
Authors: Lee Shao‐Chi , Liao Hsuan‐Hung , Chatupheeraphat Adisak , Rueping Magnus 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA nickel catalyzed cross‐coupling protocol for the straightforward C−S bond formation has been developed. Various mercaptans and a wide range of ester and amide substrates bearing various substituents were tolerated in this process which afforded products in good to excellent yields. Furthermore, an intramolecular protocol for the synthesis of thioethers starting from thioesters has been developed. The utility of this protocol has been demonstrated in a new synthetic protocol of benzothiophene.
Features of Auxiliaries That Enable Native Chemical Ligation beyond Glycine and Cleavage via Radical Fragmentation
Authors: Loibl Simon F. , Dallmann Andre , Hennig Kathleen , Juds Carmen , Seitz Oliver 
Published: January 2018

AbstractNative chemical ligation (NCL) is an invaluable tool in the total chemical synthesis of proteins. Ligation auxiliaries overcome the requirement for cysteine. However, the reported auxiliaries remained limited to glycine‐containing ligation sites and the acidic conditions applied for cleavage of the typically applied N‐benzyl‐type linkages promote side reactions. With the aim to improve upon both ligation and cleavage, we systematically investigated alternative ligation scaffolds that challenge the N‐benzyl dogma. The study revealed that auxiliary‐mediated peptide couplings are fastest when the ligation proceeds via 5‐membered rather than 6‐membered rings. Substituents in α‐position of the amine shall be avoided. We observed, perhaps surprisingly, that additional β‐substituents accelerated the ligation conferred by the β‐mercaptoethyl scaffold. We also describe a potentially general means to remove ligation auxiliaries by treatment with an aqueous solution of triscarboxyethylphosphine (TCEP) and morpholine at pH 8.5. NMR analysis of a 13C‐labeled auxiliary showed that cleavage most likely proceeds through a radical‐triggered oxidative fragmentation. High ligation rates provided by β‐substituted 2‐mercaptoethyl scaffolds, their facile introduction as well as the mildness of the cleavage reaction are attractive features for protein synthesis beyond cysteine and glycine ligation sites.
Syntheses of Amino‐Substituted Iridabenzofurans and Subsequent Selective N‐Functionalisation
Authors: Frogley Benjamin J. , Perera Lakshika C. , Wright L. James 
Published: January 2018

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of L. J. Wright at the University of Auckland. The image depicts fused‐ring metallabenzenes undergoing remarkable transformations. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201704677.
Selective Binding and Precipitation of Cesium Ions from Aqueous Solutions: A Size‐Driven Supramolecular Reaction
Authors: Bengiat Ravell , Bogoslavsky Benny , Mandler Daniel , Almog Joseph 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe nuclear disasters of Chernobyl and Fukushima presented an urgent need for finding solutions to treatment of radioactive wastes. Among the by‐products of nuclear fission is radioactive 137Cs, which evokes an environmental hazard due to its long half‐life (>30 years) and high solubility in water. In this work, a water‐soluble organic ligand, readily obtained from alloxan and 1,3,5‐benzenetriol, has been found to selectively bind and precipitate Cs+ ions from aqueous solutions. The special rigid structure of the ligand, which consists of a “tripodal” carbonyl base above and below an aromatic plane, contributes to the size‐driven selectivity towards the large Cs+ ions and the formation of a giant, insoluble supramolecular complex. In addition to the low costs of the ligand, high yields and effectiveness in precipitating Cs+ ions, the Cs‐complex revealed a high endurance to continuous doses of γ‐radiation, increasing its potential to act as a precipitating agent for 137Cs.
Effects of metalaxyl enantiomers stress on root activity and leaf antioxidant enzyme activities in tobacco seedlings
Authors: Fang Song , Tao Yi , Zhang Yizhi , Kong Fanyu , Wang Yunbai 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe objective of this experiment was to study the effects of metalaxyl enantiomers on the activity of roots and antioxidative enzymes in tobacco seedlings. Water culture experiment was conducted to analyze the effects of different concentrations of metalaxyl enantiomers (30 and 10 mg L−1) on root activity and leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of tobacco seedlings. The results showed that metalaxyl significantly inhibited root activity and significantly improved leaf SOD, POD, and CAT activities and MDA content. A better physiological response in tobacco seedlings was observed at 30 mg L−1 than at 10 mg L−1 metalaxyl. The stereoselectivity for different enantiomers had no obvious effect on root activity and the leaf POD activity, but it affected significantly the SOD and CAT activities and MDA content. The SOD activity was promoted more by R‐enantiomer than by S‐enantiomer at 30 mg L−1 metalaxyl, and the same effect was observed on CAT activity from the beginning to the end of the stress period. The MDA content under the stress by R‐enantiomer was higher than that under the stress by S‐enantiomer at 10 mg L−1 metalaxyl.
Efficiently Cooperative Energy Transfer Up‐Conversion Luminescence in Tb3+ /Yb3+ Co‐Doped Cubic Na5Lu9F32 Single Crystals by Vertical Bridgman Method
Authors: He Shinan , Xia Haiping , Zhang Jianli , Zhu Yongsheng , Chen Baojiu 
Published: January 2018

AbstractTb3+/Yb3+ co‐doped Na5Lu9F32 single crystals with ≈1.0 mol% Tb3+ concentrations and various Yb3+ are prepared by Bridgman method. Several visible up‐conversion (UC) luminescence are observed following the excitation of 980 nm laser diode (LD) as well as its pump power dependence on UC emission of the crystals. The quadratic dependence of pump power on UC emission reveals that two‐photon UC processes are mainly responsible for the 486 nm and 543 nm emissions of Tb3+/Yb3+ co‐doped system in Na5Lu9F32 single crystals. It is proposed that cooperative energy transfer (CET) from two excited Yb3+ ions to the ground state of Tb3+ ions is in charge of the ≈486 nm, ≈543 nm and ≈620 nm, which are attributing to 5D4 → 7F6, 5D4 → 7F4 and 5D4 → 7F3, respectively, are obtained in Tb3+/Yb3+ doped Na5Lu9F32 single crystals. Furthermore, a favorable yellowish green light performance can be achieved with certain Yb3+ concentrations and 1.0 mol% Tb3+ co‐doped samples, and its external quantum efficiency approached to 1.25% under 5.5 W cm−2 980 nm excitation which makes further research valuable in developing processable UC materials for electro‐optical devices.
Synthesis, Growth and Optical, Mechanical, Electrical and Surface Properties of an Inorganic New Nonlinear Optical Crystal: Sodium Cadmium Tetra Chloride (SCTC)
Authors: Packiya raj M. , Ravi Kumar S.M. , Sivavishnu D. , Kubendiran T. , Anbarasi A. , Allen Moses S.E. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA new inorganic nonlinear optical single crystal of sodium cadmium tetra chloride (SCTC) is successfully grown from aqueous solution by the slow evaporation technique at room temperature. The crystalline nature of the grown crystal is analyzed by powder X‐ray diffraction. The lattice parameters and crystal system is confirmed by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Optical transmission study on SCTC crystal shows high transmittance in the entire UV–Vis region. The mechanical strength of the grown crystal is estimated by Vicker's microhardness test. The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of the crystal is measured by Kurtz's powder technique infers that the crystal has nonlinear optical (NLO) efficiency 1.75 times that of KDP. The variation of dielectric constant and dielectric loss as a function of log frequency at various temperature reveals that the crystal shows normal dielectric behaviour. The growth process of SCTC crystal is analysed by etching study. The features of surface of grown crystal is analysed by SEM/EDAX spectrum. The third order nonlinear optical property is investigated for the grown crystal by z – scan technique and the results indicates that SCTC crystal should be a promising material for nonlinear optical device applications.
Two Stages Statistical Fault Analysis Method for Midori and Its Evaluation
Authors: NOZAKI YUSUKE , IKEZAKI YOSHIYA , YOSHIKAWA MASAYA 
Published: January 2018

SUMMARYThe risk of an illegal attack against the sensor devices used by the sensor network has been recently reported. Therefore, it is important that a security countermeasure by using an encryption technique. Then, lightweight block ciphers, which can realize low power, small area, and low latency, have been attracted attention as security countermeasures. Midori is a lightweight block cipher designed for the low power. Regarding the hardware security, the threat of fault analysis for a cryptographic circuit is pointed out. It is important that the tamper resistance verification of lightweight block ciphers against the fault analysis for the security of the future sensor devices. However, the fault analysis for lightweight block ciphers has barely been studied. Therefore, this study proposes a new fault analysis method for Midori. The proposed method performs the statistical analysis for the estimation of the key. Moreover, the proposed method performs two stages statistical fault analysis to analyze the all secret keys of Midori. Simulation results demonstrated the validity of the proposed method and the vulnerability of Midori against the proposed method.
Phospholipid Complex of ICA and ICA II Prepared by Wet Media Milling for Improving Bioavailability
Authors: Pan Caiyun , Cao Xiuxiu , Tang Lihua , Zhang Yu , He Haibing , Yin Tian , Piao Hongyu , Tang Xing 
Published: January 2018

In order to enhance the lipophilicity and thus oral bioavailability of icariin (ICA) and icariside II (ICA II) of total flavonoids of epimedium (TFE), a total flavonoids of epimedium–phospholipid complex (TFE‐PLC) is prepared by wet media milling. The stabilizers Aerosi and SDS are used to formulate TFE‐PLC nanosuspensions (TFE‐PLC–Ns) to improve the dispersion of TFE–PLC. FTIR and DSC data confirms the formation of TFE‐PLC. The oil solubility of ICA and ICA II in the complex in octanol is improved nearly four times over that in TFE. The logP of ICA in TFE‐PLC is significantly increased with a value from 1.61 to 2.02 at pH 4.5, and ICA II, from 3.24 to 4.77. The mean diameter of the TFE‐PLC‐Ns is reduced from 6.166 to 0.424 μm, and its dissolution is improved over TFE. In the in vivo evaluation, TFE‐PLC‐Ns exhibits a considerable enhancement with larger AUC0–t and shorter Tmax than TFE and TFE‐PLC. The relative bioavailability of ICA in TFE‐PLC and TFE‐PLC‐Ns are 181.75 and 249.05%, respectively, and for ICA II are 401.63 and 684.70%, respectively. Therefore, it suggests that TFE‐PLC‐Ns has possibilities in enhancing oral bioavailability of TFE, which may be due to its improved lipophilicity and wettability.Practical Applications: The oral bioavailability of ICA and ICA II in TFE are very low due to their poor lipophilicity and cell permeability. Here, TFE‐PLC‐Ns is proposed, which is prepared by wet media milling for improving lipophilic properties and oral bioavailability. In addition, some proofs of TFE‐PLC are investigated in detail, and TFE‐PLC‐Ns significantly increased the oral bioavailability of ICA and ICA II in TFE. Therefore, the authors recommend a potential drug vehicle of TFE‐PLC‐Ns for oral administration of ICA and ICA II, and a novel method of phospholipid complex preparation for industrial manufacture.In this article, the total flavonoids of epimedium–phospholipid complex (TFE‐PLC) is prepared to enhance the lipophilicity of icariin (ICA) and icariside II (ICA II) in TFE. Aerosi and SDS are used to formulate TFE‐PLC nanosuspensions (TFE‐PLC‐Ns) to improve the dispersion of TFE‐PLC. And finally, TFE‐PLC‐Ns exhibits enhanced oral bioavailability of ICA and ICA II compared with them in TFE and TFE‐PLC.
About the Technological Readiness of the H2 Generation by Hydrolysis of B(−N)−H Compounds
Authors: Demirci Umit B. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAt the beginning of the new millennium, hydrolysis of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) was presented as a promising on‐board technology to generate H2 for light‐duty vehicles. Years later, other B(−N)−H compounds (e.g., lithium borohydride (LiBH4) and ammonia borane (NH3BH3)) emerged as attractive alternatives whereas NaBH4 was struggling with several issues jeopardizing its implementation. Actually, efforts in the research and development of H2 generation by hydrolysis of B(−N)−H compounds have been intensive since the advent of NaBH4 almost 20 years ago. There may be a question with respect to this: What is the technological readiness of the promising hydrolytic B(−N)−H compounds? This Review aims at providing relevant elements in response to this question. In the first part, the most mature B(−N)−H compounds are discussed at length. In the second part, a survey of all other candidates is proposed. It is concluded that NaBH4 is the best hydrolytic B(−N)−H compound for marketing on a broad scale, but there are still key challenges to address.
Methylated PACs are more potent than their parent compounds: A study of aryl hydrocarbon receptor–mediated activity, degradability, and mixture interactions in the H4IIE-luc assay
Authors: Lam Monika M. , Bülow Rebecca , Engwall Magnus , Giesy John P. , Larsson Maria 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Twenty-six polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs; including native polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs], hydroxylated PAHs, alkylated and oxygenated PAHs, and [alkylated] heterocyclic compounds) were investigated for their aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated potencies in the H4IIE-luc bioassay. Potential degradabilities of PACs were investigated by use of various durations of exposure (24, 48, or 72 h), and various mixtures of PACs including PAHs, alkylated and oxygenated PAHs, and heterocyclic compounds were tested for their joint AhR-mediated potency. Additive behaviors of PACs in mixtures were studied by comparing observed mixture potencies with mixture potencies predicted by use of the concentration addition model. Methylated derivatives were more potent than their parent compounds in the H4IIE-luc assay. A time-dependent decrease in relative potency was observed for all AhR-active compounds, which may be indicative of in vitro biotransformation. Monomethylated compounds seemed to be more rapidly transformed than analogous unsubstituted compounds. In addition, the results showed that the predictive power of the concentration addition model increased with the number of compounds, suggesting additivity in multicomponent mixtures. Due to the greater potency of methylated derivatives and their ubiquitous occurrence, there is a need for further research on the toxicity and mixture behavior of these environmentally and toxicologically relevant compounds. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1409–1419. © 2018 SETAC
Abstract
Mixture interactions of polycyclic aromatic compounds in the H4IIE-luc assay.
Carbon‐Based Sunlight Absorbers in Solar‐Driven Steam Generation Devices
Authors: Dao Van‐Duong , Choi Ho‐Suk 
Published: January 2018

AbstractCarbon‐based sunlight absorbers in solar‐driven steam generation have recently attracted much attention due to the possibility of huge applications of low‐cost steam for medical sterilization or sanitization, seawater desalination, chemical distillation, and water purification. In this minireview, recent developments in carbon‐based sunlight absorbers in solar‐driven steam generation systems are reviewed, including graphene, graphite, carbon nanotubes, other carbon materials, and carbon‐based composite materials, highlighting important contributions worldwide that promise low‐cost, efficient, robust, reusable, chemically stable, and excellent broadband solar absorption. Furthermore, the crucial challenges associated with employing carbon materials in this field are emphasized.