bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Loss Shocks in Export Credit Insurance Markets: Evidence From a Global Insurance Group
Authors: van der Veer Koen J. M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPrivate export credit insurance—covering the risk of nonpayment—plays an important role in facilitating international trade, especially within Europe. Due to lack of data, however, little is known about the influence of loss shocks on export credit insurance markets. This article studies the effect of claims on the availability and premium of export credit insurance, using unique bilateral country‐level data covering worldwide insurance underwriting from 1992 to 2006 by a leading trade credit insurance group. Applying fixed effects models at the country subsidiary level, I find that a doubling of the claims ratio on insured exports between a pair of countries results, on average, in a decline in the subsidiary's share of bilateral exports insured by about 11 percent and rise in premium level by about 4 percent. These claims effects increase when the insurer makes a loss and rise with the size of the loss. Importantly, evidence shows that an extreme loss shock in one market also increases the claims sensitivity of insurance coverage on exports to other markets, suggesting a role for capital constraints. Overall, these results help our understanding of potential trade finance constraints in times of crisis, such as during the 2008–2009 global trade collapse.
Complex plant community responses to modifications of disturbance and nutrient availability in productive permanent grasslands
Authors: Louault Frédérique , Pottier Julien , Note Priscilla , Vile Denis , Soussana Jean‐François , Carrère Pascal 
Published: January 2017

AbstractQuestionDo the effects of grazing and fertilization on taxonomic and functional diversity follow the dynamic equilibrium model?LocationLong‐term permanent upland grasslands, Massif‐central, France.MethodsOver 8 yr, we monitored vegetation changes in 24 experimental plots in two productive grasslands after modification of grazing intensity (including abandonment) or fertilization regime (including cessation of fertilization). Botanical surveys and plant trait measurements (LDMC, SLA and reproductive plant height) were performed within each plot. We analysed taxonomic responses using PRC and functional responses from observed temporal changes of CWM traits and Rao index.ResultsGrazing abandonment led to significant reductions in species richness and functional convergence toward taller plants with higher LDMC in both grasslands. Intermediate and high grazing pressure did not differ but showed strong variations in taxonomic diversity between years. Changes in functional vegetation structure were mostly driven by species turnover and weakly influenced by intraspecific trait variability. Community responses to modified fertilization regime were more complex, with strong differences between the two mown grasslands. Species richness did not change significantly although species evenness decreased in the highly fertilized treatments (NPK), particularly in the most productive grassland. Here, functional changes were largely driven by intraspecific trait variability. Both functional divergence and convergence were found for different traits. In NPK, grassland assemblages converged toward taller plants while SLA diverged.ConclusionsIn our upland study system the different components of grassland diversity responded differently, in terms of direction or rate of change and mostly under extreme modifications of management. Following abandonment, the observed patterns suggest a prominent and consistent role of competitive exclusion, as expected under the DEM. However, our findings also suggest the role of additional processes, especially the importance of niche differentiation, for our mown grassland under NPK. Timing and net effects of these combined assembly drivers were sensitive to even slight differences in initial productivity and species composition.
Dynamic remodeling of arteriolar collaterals after acute occlusion in chick chorioallantoic membrane
Authors: Xiang Weiwei , Reglin Bettina , Nitzsche Bianca , Maibier Martin , Rong Wen Wei , Hoffmann Björn , Ruggeri Alfredo , Guimarães Pedro , Secomb Timothy W. , Pries Axel R. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTObjectiveAfter arteriolar occlusion, collaterals enlarge and initially elevated WSS normalizes. While most previous studies focused on endpoints of such adaptive changes in larger collaterals, the present investigation aimed to continuously determine the relation between WSS and diameter in microvascular collaterals during adaptive reactions.MethodsIn Hamburger‐Hamilton stage 40 CAMs, junction points between arteriolar segments were identified and the third upstream segment on one side was occluded. Intravital microscopy recordings were taken for 24 hours post‐occlusion. Segment diameter and blood velocity were measured: WSS and capillary density were calculated.ResultsAfter occlusion, vascular diameters exhibited an immediate decrease, then increased with a time constant of 2.5 ± 0.8 hours and reached a plateau of up to 60% above baseline after about 7 hours. Vascular tone showed no significant change. WSS exhibited an immediate increase post‐occlusion and linearly returned to baseline after about 12 hours. Local WSS change and diameter change rate showed similar patterns during the initial but not the later phase of post‐occlusive adaptation.ConclusionsCAM collaterals undergo fast structural remodeling within 24 hours post‐occlusion. This remodeling might be driven by local WSS and by other regulators within the vascular network.
N‐acetyl‐seryl‐aspartyl‐lysyl‐proline mediates the anti‐fibrotic properties of captopril in unilateral ureteric obstructed BALB/C mice
Authors: Chan Gary C.W. , Wu Hao Jia , Chan Kam Wa , Yiu Wai Han , Zou Ailis , Huang Xiao Ru , Lan Hui Yao , Lai Kar Neng , Tang Sydney C.W. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAimAngiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) are widely used to deter the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Besides controlling hypertension and reduction of intra‐glomerular pressure, ACEi appear to have anti‐fibrotic effects in the renal cortex. N‐acetyl‐seryl‐aspartyl‐lysyl‐proline (Ac‐SDKP), an endogenous tetrapeptide that is degraded by ACE, has also been shown to ameliorate the pro‐fibrotic phenotype displayed in CKD in our recent study. Whether the anti‐fibrotic properties of ACEi are mediated by Ac‐SDKP has not been fully investigated.MethodsTo delineate the role of Ac‐SDKP in ACE blockade, 12‐week‐old male BALB/c mice underwent sham operation or unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO). UUO mice were subjected to: (i) vehicle; (ii) captopril or (iii) captopril in conjunction with S17092, a prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor. After 7 days, mice were sacrificed and kidneys harvested for analyses.ResultsAfter UUO, there were heightened expressions of collagen I, collagen III, fibronectin and α‐SMA associated with significant levels of tubulointerstitial injury on histological examination. Furthermore, p44/42 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF‐β1) signalling were upregulated. These were significantly ameliorated by captopril treatment alone but unaffected by co‐administration of captopril with S17092. Captopril treatment had resulted in elevated urinary Ac‐SDKP levels, an effect that was eliminated by the co‐administration with S17092.ConclusionThis study allowed the investigation of the renoprotective property of ACEi in the absence of Ac‐SDKP and proved conclusively that Ac‐SDKP is the prime anti‐fibrotic mediator of captopril, acting via p44/42 MAPK and TGF‐β1 signalling pathways. Future research to expand CKD armamentarium should explore the utility of augmenting Ac‐SDKP levels.
Is Hemodialysis Patient Survival Dependent upon Small Solute Clearance (Kt/V)?
Authors: Davenport Andrew 
Published: January 2017

AbstractSmall solute clearance achieved during a single hemodialysis session has been traditionally evaluated by urea clearance, normalized for total body water (Kt/Vurea) for more than 30 years. By consensus, the target sessional KtVurea for thrice weekly treatments has been increased from 0.9 to 1.2 over the years. Although this is supported by observational studies, there is a fundamental lack of prospective studies to support this threshold target. In clinical practice achieving sessional Kt/Vurea targets are most closely followed in the US. Yet there appears to be a paradox in that by following Kt/Vurea targets in the US hemodialysis patient survival is better for men and the obese, the opposite of what is seen in the general population. Delivery of a lower dose of hemodialysis to women and smaller men can be explained by underestimation of total body water. The advent of bioimpedance techniques which can measure both body water and body composition will potentially allow a rescaling and re‐evaluation of the importance of small solute clearances (Kt/Vurea) in the hemodialysis patient population.
Association between adolescent sport activities and lumbar disk degeneration among young adults
Authors: Takatalo J. , Karppinen J. , Näyhä S. , Taimela S. , Niinimäki J. , Blanco Sequeiros R. , Tammelin T. , Auvinen J. , Tervonen O. 
Published: January 2017

The relationship between different sport activities and lumbar intervertebral disk degeneration (DD) is largely unknown. We evaluated whether adolescent participation in different sports is associated with lumbar DD in a population‐based birth cohort of young adults. A total of 558 young adults (325 females and 233 males) underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, 1.5‐T scanner). A DD sum score, based on the Pfirrmann grading, was calculated for all lumbar levels. The sum score was categorized into no DD, 1, 2, or at least 3. Participation in different sport activities was self‐reported by postal surveys at 16, 18, and 19 years, and three groups were formed based on participation frequency in 11 sports: (a) highly active (at least twice a week), (b) moderately active (2‐4 times a month), and (c) inactive (maximum once a month). Cumulative odds ratios (COR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained for each sport by ordinal logistic regression, adjusting for gender, body mass index, age, socioeconomic status, smoking, and other sports. Highly active participation in jogging/running and swimming was associated with a higher DD sum score (COR: 3.0; 95% CI: 1.4‐6.3 and 5.0; 1.7‐15.2, respectively) compared to inactive participation, whereas highly active participation in skating showed low COR. In conclusion, running and swimming at least twice a week in early adulthood are potentially associated with lumbar DD. Follow‐up studies with MRI are needed to show whether frequent exposure to running or swimming has further effect on the integrity of lumbar intervertebral disks.
What Can and Can't Crowding Theories Tell Us about Farmers’ ‘Environmental’ Intentions in Post‐Agri‐Environment Scheme Contexts?
Authors: Darragh Helena S. , Emery Steven B. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe termination of the Entry Level Stewardship (ELS) Agri‐Environment Scheme in England provides a unique opportunity for testing and exploring the so‐called crowding‐out theory. The theory posits that payment for the provision of public goods leads to a reduction in the intrinsic motivation for their supply. Through a small qualitative case‐study in Southwest England we explore farmers’ intentions to continue with ‘environmental behaviours’ following the cessation of ELS. Contrary to the crowding‐out theory we find that farmers will continue with longstanding ‘environmental practices’ that were financially rewarded by the ELS, but will pick and choose whether to continue with newly introduced practices depending on how they fit with farmers’ existing cultural, economic and instrumental priorities. Moreover, we argue that the crowding‐out theory is based on a set of assumptions and simplifications that do not adequately help us interpret the relationship between farmers’ motives, practices and intentions. In particular, we show that intrinsic and extrinsic motives cannot straightforwardly be separated and that definitions of what constitutes an ‘environmental behaviour’ are far more complex than is often assumed.
A computational interactome for prioritizing genes associated with complex agronomic traits in rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Liu Shiwei , Liu Yihui , Zhao Jiawei , Cai Shitao , Qian Hongmei , Zuo Kaijing , Zhao Lingxia , Zhang Lida 
Published: January 2017

SummaryRice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most important staple foods for more than half of the global population. Many rice traits are quantitative, complex and controlled by multiple interacting genes. Thus, a full understanding of genetic relationships will be critical to systematically identify genes controlling agronomic traits. We developed a genome‐wide rice protein–protein interaction network (RicePPINet, http://netbio.sjtu.edu.cn/riceppinet) using machine learning with structural relationship and functional information. RicePPINet contained 708 819 predicted interactions for 16 895 non‐transposable element related proteins. The power of the network for discovering novel protein interactions was demonstrated through comparison with other publicly available protein–protein interaction (PPI) prediction methods, and by experimentally determined PPI data sets. Furthermore, global analysis of domain‐mediated interactions revealed RicePPINet accurately reflects PPIs at the domain level. Our studies showed the efficiency of the RicePPINet‐based method in prioritizing candidate genes involved in complex agronomic traits, such as disease resistance and drought tolerance, was approximately 2–11 times better than random prediction. RicePPINet provides an expanded landscape of computational interactome for the genetic dissection of agronomically important traits in rice.
Emergence of Epidemic Zika Virus Transmission and Congenital Zika Syndrome: Are Recently Evolved Traits to Blame?
Authors: Weaver Scott C. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT

The mechanisms responsible for the dramatic emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV), accompanied by congenital Zika syndrome and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), remain unclear. However, two hypotheses are prominent: (i) evolution for enhanced urban transmission via adaptation to mosquito vectors, or for enhanced human infection to increase amplification, or (ii) the stochastic introduction of ZIKV into large, naive human populations in regions with abundant
Aedes aegypti
populations, leading to enough rare, severe infection outcomes for their first recognition. Advances in animal models for human infection combined with improvements in serodiagnostics, better surveillance, and reverse genetic approaches should provide more conclusive evidence of whether mosquito transmission or human pathogenesis changed coincidentally with emergence in the South Pacific and the Americas. Ultimately, understanding the mechanisms of epidemic ZIKV emergence, and its associated syndromes, is critical to predict future risks as well as to target surveillance and control measures in key locations.
Estimating the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes using population level pharmacy claims data: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Sinnott Sarah-Jo , McHugh Sheena , Whelton Helen , Layte Richard , Barron Steve , Kearney Patricia M 
Published: January 2017

ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes using a national pharmacy claims database.Research design and methodsWe used data from the Health Service Executive-Primary Care Reimbursement Service database in Ireland for this cross-sectional study. Prevalent cases of type 2 diabetes were individuals using an oral hypoglycemic agent, irrespective of insulin use, in 2012. Incident cases were individuals using an oral hypoglycemic agent in 2012 who had not used one in the past. Population level estimates were calculated and stratified by age and sex.ResultsIn 2012, there were 114 957 prevalent cases of type 2 diabetes giving a population prevalence of 2.51% (95% CI 2.49% to 2.52%). Among adults (≥15yrs), this was 3.16% (95% CI 3.15% to 3.18%). The highest prevalence was in those aged 70+ years (12.1%). 21 574 people developed type 2 diabetes in 2012 giving an overall incidence of 0.48% (95% CI 0.48% to 0.49%). In adults, this was 0.60% (95% CI 0.60% to 0.61%). Incidence rose with age to a maximum of 2.08% (95% CI 2.02% to 2.15%) in people aged 65–69 years. Men had a higher prevalence (2.96% vs 2.04%) and incidence (0.54% vs 0.41%) of type 2 diabetes than women.ConclusionsPharmacy claims data allow estimates of objectively defined type 2 diabetes at the population level using up-to-date data. These estimates can be generated quickly to inform health service planning or to evaluate the impact of population level interventions.
Adverse drug reactions to anticoagulants in Spain: analysis of the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Data (2010–2013)
Authors: Carrasco-Garrido P , Hernández-Barrera V , Esteban-Hernández J , Jiménez-Trujillo I , Álvaro-Meca A , López de Andrés A , de Miguel Diez J , Rodríguez Barrios J M , Muñoz Robles J A , Jiménez-García R 
Published: January 2017

ObjectiveTo describe and analyse hospitalisations for adverse drug reactions (ADRs) involving anticoagulants. We also analysed the progress of the reactions over time, the factors related with ADRs.DesignA retrospective, descriptive, epidemiological study.SettingThis study used the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database (Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos, CMBD), over a 4-year period.ParticipantsWe selected CMBD data corresponding to hospital discharges with a diagnosis of ADRs to anticoagulants (International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) code E934.2) in any diagnostic field during the study period.Main outcome measuresWe calculated the annual incidence of ADRs to anticoagulants according to sex and age groups. The median lengths of hospital stay and in-hospital mortality (IHM) were also estimated for each year studied. Bivariate analyses of the changes in variables according to year were based on Poisson regression. IHM was analysed using logistic regression models. The estimates were expressed as ORs and their 95% CI.ResultsDuring the study period, 50 042 patients were hospitalised because of ADRs to anticoagulants (6.38% of all ADR-related admissions). The number of cases increased from 10 415 in 2010 to 13 891 in 2013. Cumulative incidence of ADRs to anticoagulants was significantly higher for men than women and in all age groups. An adjusted multivariate analysis revealed that IHM did not change significantly over time. We observed a statistically significant association between IHM and age, with the highest risk for the ≥85 age group (OR 2.67; 95% CI 2.44 to 2.93).ConclusionsThe incidence of ADRs to anticoagulants in Spain increased from 2010 to 2013, and was significantly higher for men than women and in all age groups. Older patients were particularly susceptible to being hospitalised with an adverse reaction to an anticoagulant.
Redefining the child pedestrian safety paradigm: identifying high fatality concentrations in urban areas
Authors: Ferenchak Nicholas N , Marshall Wesley E 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesChild pedestrians are some of the most vulnerable users of our transportation systems, and they deserve particular attention when we consider traffic safety. The objective of this work is to identify urban locations in which child pedestrians are at particular risk for fatal collisions with vehicles.MethodsThis paper examines 30 years of crash data for six American cities to locate areas with high child pedestrian fatality concentrations. Phase I of the study, which examines Denver, Colorado, USA, reveals higher concentrations of child pedestrian fatalities around parks as compared with other areas that children have been shown to frequent. In phase II of the study, we specifically examine fatality concentrations near parks as compared with schools.ResultsStatistical analyses suggest that, once exposure is controlled for, child pedestrian fatalities concentrate around parks in densities 1.04–2.23 times higher than around schools. Also, the concentration of child pedestrian fatalities around parks is 1.16–1.81 times higher than the respective citywide concentration.ConclusionTraffic risks for children around parks deserve further examination as we pursue the goals of Vision Zero and child safety on our streets.
A pericentric inversion of chromosome X disruptingF8and resulting in haemophilia A
Authors: Xin Yu , Zhou Jingyi , Ding Qiulan , Chen Changming , Wu Xi , Wang Xuefeng , Wang Hongli , Jiang Xiaofeng 
Published: January 2017

AimsThe frequency of X chromosome pericentric inversion is much less than that of autosome chromosome. We hereby characterise a pericentric inversion of X chromosome associated with severe factor VIII (FVIII) deficiency in a sporadic haemophilia A (HA) pedigree.MethodsPCR primer walking and genome walking strategies were adopted to identify the exact breakpoints of the inversion. Copy number variations (CNVs) of theF8and the whole chromosomes were detected by AccuCopy and Affymetrix CytoScan High Definition (HD) assays, respectively. A karyotype analysis was performed by cytogenetic G banding technique.ResultsWe identified a previously undescribed type of pericentric inversion of the X chromosome [inv(X)(p11.21q28)] in the proband with FVIII:C <1%. One breakpoint was located in the intron 7 of theF8, which disrupted the transcription of theF8,and the other located in the upstream of thePFKFB1of the X chromosome. The inversion segment was approximately 64.4% of the total chromosomal length. The karyotype analysis of the X chromosome confirmed the pericentric inversion of the X chromosome in the proband and his mother. A haplotype analysis traced the inversion to his maternal grandfather, who was not a somatic mosaic of the inversion. This finding indicated that the causative mutation may originate from his germ cells or a rare possibility of germ-cell mosaicism.ConclusionsThe characterisation of pericentric inversion involvingF8extended the molecular mechanisms causing HA. The pericentric inversion rearrangement involvesF8by non-homologous end joining is responsible for pathogensis of severe HA.
FDA Approval Summary: Sonidegib for Locally Advanced Basal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Casey Denise , Demko Suzanne , Shord Stacy , Zhao Hong , Chen Huanyu , He Kun , Putman Alexander , Helms Whitney , Keegan Patricia , Pazdur Richard 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
On July 24, 2015, the FDA approved sonidegib (ODOMZO; Novartis) for the treatment of patients with locally advanced basal cell carcinoma (laBCC) not amenable to curative surgery or radiotherapy. The approval was based on data from one randomized, double-blind, noncomparative trial of two doses of sonidegib administered to 230 hedgehog inhibitor–naïve patients with metastatic basal cell carcinoma (mBCC, n = 36) or laBCC (n = 194). Patients were randomized 2:1 to receive sonidegib 800 mg (n = 151) or 200 mg (n = 79) daily. The objective response rate (ORR) for patients with laBCC was 58% [95% confidence interval (CI), 45–70] in the 200 mg group and 44% (95% CI, 35–53) in the 800 mg group. The median duration of response for patients with laBCC was nonestimable (NE) in the 200 mg arm and 15.7 months (95% CI, NE) in the 800 mg arm. The ORR for patients with mBCC was 8% (95% CI, 0.2–36) and 17% (95% CI, 5–39) in patients treated with 200 and 800 mg, respectively. The most common adverse events occurring in ≥10% of patients were muscle spasms, alopecia, dysgeusia, nausea, fatigue, increased serum creatine kinase, decreased weight, and diarrhea. Clin Cancer Res; 23(10); 2377–81. ©2017 AACR.