bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical and experimental study on the effect of the external strong magnetic field on the shaped charge jet
Authors: Ma B. , Huang Z. X. , Zu X. D. , Xiao Q. Q. , Jia X. 
Published: February 2017

The external strong magnetic field coupling with shaped charge is an effectively method to increase the penetration capability of the shaped charge jet. In this study, a theoretical model was developed to analyze the effect of the external strong magnetic field on breakup time and inhibition of rotation and drift of the shaped charge jet. The discharge current of the circuit system and the magnetic field of the shaped charge jet undergoing were calculated in detail. A series of depth of penetration (DOP) experiments were conducted to analyze the coupling mechanism between the external magnetic field and the shaped charge jet. Theoretical and experimental results indicated that the external strong magnetic field coupling with shaped charge jet can effectively improve the stability of the shaped charge jet, which the magnetic field can delay its breakup time and inhibit its rotation and drift. The ability of penetration of the jet produced by the Ø56 mm shaped charge is increased by 69.13% under the action of the external magnetic field.
Chapter 2 Introduction to the geography and geomorphology of the Andaman–Nicobar Islands
Authors: Bandopadhyay P. C. , Carter A. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The geography and the geomorphology of the Andaman–Nicobar accretionary ridge (islands) is extremely varied, recording a complex interaction between tectonics, climate, eustacy and surface uplift and weathering processes. This chapter outlines the principal geographical features of this diverse group of islands.
Chapter 8 Mithakhari deposits
Authors: Bandopadhyay P. C. , Carter A. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The rocks assigned to the Mithakhari Mélange are composed of conglomerates, gritty and coarse- to fine-grained volcano-lithic to quartzo-feldspathic sandstones, andesitic tuff, siltstone, mudstones, shale, carbonaceous shale and limestones. They occur as coherent and chaotic units as part of the regionally extensive mélange terrane and include olistoliths of pre-ophiolite metasedimentary rocks, ophiolitic ultramafics and basalts, and pelagic-hemipelagic sediments. This chapter describes and assesses the established lithostratigraphic units and examines their palaeontology, geochemistry and geochronology. Focusing on the units with a strong arc signature we consider environments of deposition and palaeogeography. We confirm the existence of active andesite volcanism on the arc massif located east of Andaman arc on the western margin of the Burma–Thai–Malaya peninsula during the Eocene–Oligocene, before the opening of the Andaman Sea in the mid-Miocene, and argue that the Namunagarh Grit, dominated by pyroclast-rich gravity flows, should be treated as a separate unit in studies of Tertiary stratigraphy of Andaman Island. Consideration of the other established units (Hope Town conglomerate and Lipa Shale) suggest these associated rocks types are localized, commonplace and unlikely to be stratigraphically related.
From thrombosis to fibrosis in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Bochenek Magdalena , Rosinus Nico , Lankeit Mareike , Hobohm Lukas , Bremmer Felix , Schütz Eva , Klok Frederikus , Horke Sven , Wiedenroth Christoph , Münzel Thomas , Lang Irene , Mayer Eckhard , Konstantinides Stavros , Schäfer Katrin 
Published: February 2017

SummaryThe pathomechanisms underlying the development of thrombofibrotic pulmonary artery occlusions in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH) are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to allocate distinct cellular processes playing a role in thrombus resolution, such as inflammation, hypoxia, proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis, to different stages of thrombofibrotic remodelling. A total of 182 pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) specimens were collected from 31 CTEPH patients. To facilitate co-localisation, Tissue MicroArrays were prepared and processed for (immuno)-histochemistry and confocal fluorescence microscopy. Murine venous thrombus formation and resolution was examined after inferior vena cava ligation. PEA tissues exhibited five morphologically distinct regions predominantly consisting of either fibrin-, erythrocyte- or extracellular matrix-rich thrombus, myofibroblasts, vessels or fibrotic tissue, and were found to resemble chronological stages of thrombus resolution in mice. Cellularity was highest in vessel-rich regions, and numerous cells were strongly positive for HIF1α or HIF2α as well as markers of activated VEGF signalling, including endothelial nitric oxide synthase. On the other hand, negative regulators of angiogenic growth factor signalling and reactive oxygen species were also highly expressed. Immune cells, primarily macrophages of the M2 subtype and CD117 haematopoietic progenitors were detected and highest in vascularised regions. Our findings demonstrate the simultaneous presence of different stages of thrombus organisation and suggest that hypoxia-induced endothelial, mesenchymal and immune cell activation may contribute to thrombofibrosis in CTEPH. This systematic histological characterisation of the material obstructing pulmonary vessels in CTEPH may provide a valuable basis for further studies aimed at determining causal factors underlying this disease.Supplementary Material to this article is available online at www.thrombosis-online.com.
Preterm Delivery and Maternal Cardiovascular Disease in Young and Middle-Aged Adult Women
Authors: Tanz Lauren J. , Stuart Jennifer J. , Williams Paige L. , Rimm Eric B. , Missmer Stacey A. , Rexrode Kathryn M. , Mukamal Kenneth J. , Rich-Edwards Janet W. 
Published: February 2017

Background:
Preterm delivery has been shown to be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but it is unknown whether this risk remains after adjustment for prepregnancy lifestyle and CVD risk factors.

Methods:
We examined the association between history of having delivered an infant preterm (<37 weeks) and CVD in 70 182 parous women in the Nurses’ Health Study II. Multivariable Cox proportional-hazards models were used to estimate hazards ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CVD events (myocardial infarction and stroke, n=949); we also adjusted for intermediates to determine the proportion of the association between preterm and CVD accounted for by postpartum development of CVD risk factors.

Results:
After adjusting for age, race, parental education, and prepregnancy lifestyle and CVD risk factors, preterm delivery in the first pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of CVD (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.16–1.72) in comparison with women with a term delivery (≥37 weeks) in the first pregnancy. When preterm delivery was split into moderate preterm (≥32 to <37 weeks) and very preterm (<32 weeks), the HRs were 1.22 (95% CI, 0.96–1.54) and 2.01 (95% CI, 1.47–2.75), respectively. The increased rate of CVD in the very preterm group persisted even among women whose first pregnancy was not complicated by hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.38–2.93). In comparison with women with at least 2 pregnancies, all of which were delivered at term, women with a preterm first birth and at least 1 later preterm birth had a HR of CVD of 1.65 (95% CI, 1.20–2.28). The association between moderate preterm first birth and CVD was accounted for in part by the development of postpartum chronic hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and changes in body mass index (proportion accounted for, 14.5%; 95% CI, 4.0–41.1), as was the very-preterm-CVD relationship (13.1%; 95% CI, 9.0–18.7).

Conclusions:
Preterm delivery is independently predictive of CVD and may be useful for CVD prevention efforts. Because only a modest proportion of the preterm-CVD association was accounted for by development of conventional CVD risk factors, further research may identify additional pathways.
Anti-Müllerian Hormone Trajectories Are Associated With Cardiovascular Disease in Women
Authors: de Kat Annelien C. , Verschuren W. Monique , Eijkemans Marinus J.C. , Broekmans Frank J.M. , van der Schouw Yvonne T. 
Published: February 2017

Background:
Earlier age at menopause is widely considered to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the underlying mechanisms of this relationship remain undetermined. Indications suggest that anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), an ovarian reserve marker, plays a physiological role outside of the reproductive system. Therefore, we investigated whether longitudinal AMH decline trajectories are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) occurrence.

Methods:
This study included 3108 female participants between 20 and 60 years of age at baseline of the population-based Doetinchem Cohort. Participants completed ≥1 of 5 consecutive quinquennial visits between 1987 and 2010, resulting in a total follow-up time of 20 years. AMH was measured in 8507 stored plasma samples. Information on total CVD, stroke, and coronary heart disease was obtained through a hospital discharge registry linkage. The association of AMH trajectories with CVD was quantified with joint modeling, with adjustment for age, smoking, oral contraceptive use, body mass index, menopausal status, postmenopausal hormone therapy use, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose levels.

Results:

By the end of follow-up, 8.2% of the women had suffered from CVD, 4.9% had suffered from coronary heart disease, and 2.6% had experienced a stroke. After adjustment, each ng/mL lower
log
AMH level was associated with a 21% higher risk of CVD (hazard ratio, 1.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.07–1.36) and a 26% higher risk of coronary heart disease (hazard ratio, 1.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.08–1.46). Each additional ng/mL/year decrease of
log
AMH was associated with a significantly higher risk of CVD (hazard ratio, 1.46; 95% confidence interval, 1.14–1.87) and coronary heart disease (hazard ratio, 1.56; 95% confidence interval, 1.15–2.12). No association between AMH and stroke was found.

Conclusions:
These results indicate that AMH trajectories in women are independently associated with CVD risk. Therefore, we postulate that the decline of circulating AMH levels may be part of the pathophysiology of the increased cardiovascular risk of earlier menopause. Confirmation of this association and elucidation of its underlying mechanisms are needed to place these results in a clinical perspective.
Discrimination and Telomere Length Among Older Adults in the United States
Authors: Liu Sze Yan , Kawachi Ichiro 
Published: February 2017

Objectives: Chronic stress from experiencing discrimination can lead to long-term changes in psychological and physiologic responses, including shorter leukocyte telomere length. We examined the association between leukocyte telomere length and variations in the association by race or type of discrimination. Methods: Our study consisted of 3868 US-born non-Hispanic black (hereinafter, black) and non-Hispanic white (hereinafter, white) adult participants from the 2008 Health and Retirement Study biomarker sample with complete sociodemographic and discrimination information. We examined major lifetime unfair treatment and everyday discrimination. Coarsened exact matching matched exposed and unexposed participants on several sociodemographic factors. Coarsened exact matching creates analytic weights for the matched data sets. We applied weighted linear regression to the matched data sets. We conducted 2 subanalyses in which we matched on potential mediators—physical activity, smoking status, and obesity—and examined if racism was associated with shorter telomere length compared with other attributes. All analyses were stratified by race. Results: We found no difference in telomere length for black and white participants reporting major lifetime unfair treatment (β = 0.09; 95% CI, –0.33 to 0.15) or everyday discrimination (β = 0.04; 95% CI, –0.12 to 0.40). Everyday discrimination was associated with shorter leukocyte telomere length among black people (β = –0.23; 95% CI, –0.44 to –0.01) but not among white people (β = 0.05; 95% CI, –0.01 to 0.10). Matching on potential mediators generally decreased the effect estimate among black people. Conclusions: Experiencing everyday discrimination was associated with shortened telomere length among older black adults. Further research is needed to understand the adverse physiologic effects of discrimination to create effective interventions.
A systematic review of the effects of modifiable risk factor interventions on the progression of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Hempel Susanne , Graham Glenn D , Fu Ning , Estrada Elena , Chen Annie Y , Miake-Lye Isomi , Miles Jeremy N V , Shanman Roberta , Shekelle Paul G , Beroes Jessica M , Wallin Mitchell T 
Published: February 2017

Background: Several risk factors are associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) progression and may be amenable to intervention. Objective: To systematically review the evidence for interventions targeting risk factors for MS progression. Methods: We searched six databases and existing reviews till March 2015 and consulted with experts to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions targeting MS risk factors (PROSPERO 2015:CRD42015016461). Results: In total, 37 RCTs met inclusion criteria. Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores after exercise interventions did not differ compared with untreated controls (standardized mean differences (SMDs): 0.02; confidence interval (CI): −0.40, 0.44; I2: 0%; seven RCTs; very low quality of evidence (QoE)). Dietary interventions did not show a statistically significant effect on the relative risk (RR) of progression (RR: 0.86; CI: 0.67, 1.05; I2: 0%; four RCTs; moderate QoE) compared to placebo. EDSS scores after vitamin D supplementation were not significantly different from placebo (SMD: −0.15; CI: −0.33, 0.02; I2: 0%; five RCTs; very low QoE). Conclusion: We did not identify any risk factor interventions with significant effects on MS progression, but the overall QoE was limited. More adequately powered trials are needed on vitamin D supplementation, long-term exercise, and smoking cessation.
The Athletic Shoe in Football
Authors: Jastifer James , Kent Richard , Crandall Jeff , Sherwood Chris , Lessley David , McCullough Kirk A. , Coughlin Michael J. , Anderson Robert B. 
Published: February 2017

Background: Foot and ankle injuries are common in sports, particularly in cleated athletes. Traditionally, the athletic shoe has not been regarded as a piece of protective equipment but rather as a part of the uniform, with a primary focus on performance and subjective feedback measures of comfort. Changes in turf and shoe design have poorly understood implications on the health and safety of players. Evidence Acquisition: A literature search of the MEDLINE and PubMed databases was conducted. Keywords included athletic shoewear, cleated shoe, football shoes, and shoewear, and search parameters were between the years 2000 and 2016. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 5. Results: The athletic shoe is an important piece of protective sports equipment. There are several important structural considerations of shoe design, including biomechanical compliance, cleat and turf interaction, and shoe sizing/fit, that affect the way an athlete engages with the playing surface and carry important potential implications regarding player safety if not understood and addressed. Conclusion: Athletic footwear should be considered an integral piece of protective equipment rather than simply an extension of the uniform apparel. More research is needed to define optimal shoe sizing, the effect that design has on mechanical load, and how cleat properties, including pattern and structure, interact with the variety of playing surfaces.
Old age psychiatry and geriatric medicine: Shared challenges, shared solutions?
Authors: Fisher James , Teodorczuk Andrew 
Published: February 2017

SummaryThe co-occurrence of physical and mental ill health means there is considerable overlap between the patients that geriatric medicine and old age psychiatry serve. In this editorial we detail similarities between the specialisms, highlight the common challenges facing them and argue that closer alignment holds the potential to improve patient care.
A Two-Time-Scale Approach to Time-Varying Queues in Hospital Inpatient Flow Management
Authors: Dai J. G. , Shi Pengyi 
Published: February 2017

We analyze a time-varying Mperi/Geo2timeScale/N queueing system. The arrival process is periodic Poisson. The service time of a customer has components in different time scales: length of stay (LOS) in days and departure time (hdis) in hours. This queueing system has been used to study patient flows from the emergency department (ED) to hospital inpatient wards. In that setting, the LOS of a patient is simply the number of days she spends in a ward, and her departure time hdis is the discharge hour on the day of her discharge. We develop a new analytical framework that can perform exact analysis on this novel queueing system. This framework has two steps: first analyze the midnight customer count process and obtain its stationary distribution, then analyze the time-dependent customer count process to compute various performance measures. We also develop approximation tools that can significantly reduce the computational time. In particular, via Stein’s method, we derive explicit expressions to approximate the stationary distribution of the midnight count. We provide error bounds for these approximations and numerically demonstrate that they are remarkably accurate for systems with various sizes and load conditions. Our theoretical and numerical analysis have produced a number of insights that can be used to improve hospital inpatient flow management. We find that the LOS term affects the overnight wait caused by the mismatch between daily arrivals and discharges, whereas the hdis term affects the intraday wait caused by the nonsynchronization between the arrival and discharge time patterns. Thus, reducing LOS or increasing capacity can impact the daily average performance significantly; shifting the discharge timing to earlier times of a day can alleviate the peak congestion in the morning and mainly affects the time-dependent performance. The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2016.1566 .
Impact of a maternal sepsis training package on maternity staff compliance with Trust guidelines
Authors: Bolger Sarah , Rhodes Alison , Coward Melanie 
Published: February 2017

Background Maternal sepsis is the leading cause of direct maternal death in the UK. Cost-effective training for staff is essential in providing safe, high-quality maternity care. Aims This project aimed to examine the impact of a maternal sepsis training package, provided during the period 1 April – 30 September 2013 (quarters 2–3), on maternity staff's compliance with the Trust's maternal sepsis guideline, as documented in maternity notes. Methods An audit was undertaken of the staff compliance rates for the Trust's maternal sepsis guideline (on which the training package is based) recorded in maternal notes during the period 1 January – 31 December 2013 (quarters 1–4). Data were analysed to investigate significance. Findings There was no statistically significant increase in compliance with the guideline from quarter 1 through to quarter 4. Conclusions Despite its limitations, this audit suggests the training has not had a significant impact on practice. When an initiative starts to deliver results that are not providing value for money, reassessing services in the interest of quality care must be the priority.
Estimating Stellar Parameters and Interstellar Extinction from Evolutionary Tracks
Authors: Sichevsky S. , Malkov O. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Developing methods for analyzing and extracting information from modern sky surveys is a challenging task in astrophysical studies. We study possibilities of parameterizing stars and interstellar medium from multicolor photometry performed in three modern photometric surveys: GALEX, SDSS, and 2MASS. For this purpose, we have developed a method to estimate stellar radius from effective temperature and gravity with the help of evolutionary tracks and model stellar atmospheres. In accordance with the evolution rate at every point of the evolutionary track, star formation rate, and initial mass function, a weight is assigned to the resulting value of radius that allows us to estimate the radius more accurately. The method is verified for the most populated areas of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram: main-sequence stars and red giants, and it was found to be rather precise (for main-sequence stars, the average relative error of radius and its standard deviation are 0.03% and 3.87%, respectively).
Development of the Creative Self-Concept
Authors: Karwowski Maciej 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Although the creative self-concept is more and more intensively studied in the creativity literature, little is known about its developmental characteristics. In three studies presented in this paper, several hypotheses concerning the development of the creative self-concept are tested. Specifically examined are hypotheses regarding the growing specificity and clarity of the creative self-concept during development (Studies 1 and 2) and changes in it during the lifespan (Study 3).The results show that although the creative selfconcept is formed at about 10 years of age, by 12 years old it remains somewhat poorly clarified. Changes in the creative self-concept are observed mainly in the transition period between late adolescence and early adulthood (when it grows) and medium and late adulthood (when it diminishes). Creativity - a specific interplay between imagination, improvisation, and innovation
Creative Engagement in Everyday Life – Learning from Aesthetic Experience
Authors: Pałęga Anna K. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In recent years the concept of aesthetics has become broader and more focused on the aesthetic experience resulting from the interaction between the person and the environment. A lot has been written about the way people experience settings that are explicitly designed as sites for aesthetic engagement, such as museums and art galleries, but very little attention has been given to ordinary people and how they make sense of such experiences in their everyday lives. This research study explores the everyday aesthetic experiences that lay people find meaningful in their daily encounters through a phenomenological approach. The findings indicate that everyday aesthetic experiences result from being open to creatively engage, are a blend of serendipitous events and planned encounters and a significant dimension of lived experience.