bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elevated seasonal temperatures eliminate thermal barriers of reproduction of a dominant invasive species: A community state change for northern communities?
Authors: Dijkstra Jennifer A. , Westerman Erica L. , Harris Larry G. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAimCouple field and modelling studies to evaluate the effects of rising water temperature on reproduction of a dominant marine species and how temperature induced changes in a species' phenology may affect fouling communities that occur along a temperature gradient.LocationNorth western Atlantic.MethodsWe examined the interaction between maximum and seasonal elevations in seawater temperature and reproductive phenology of a global invader to forecast the effect of climate warming on traits associated with the spread and establishment (i.e., growth and reproduction) of an invasive species. We then coupled these data with a study of early succession along a temperature gradient to forecast invasion success in species assemblages across a range of latitudes.ResultsElevated seasonal temperature will lead to greater asexual reproduction and to multi‐annual sexual reproduction in areas that currently have bi‐annual or annual reproduction. The output from our model combined with our field studies of early succession in communities suggest that in colder environments, communities may be more affected by climate‐induced shifts in reproductive phenology as they have more free space at the beginning of the growing season and fewer competitively superior species.Main conclusionsPredicted elevated water temperature will eliminate the thermal barriers that limit reproductive success of a cosmopolitan invasive species. Increased reproduction combined with limited biological resistance in regions with cooler water temperatures may lead to a community state change.
Assessing land‐use effects on European plant diversity using a biome‐specific countryside species–area model
Authors: Gerstner Katharina , Levers Christian , Kuemmerle Tobias , Václavík Tomáš , Pereira Henrique M. , Seppelt Ralf 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAimLand‐use change is considered a major threat to biodiversity. Species–area relationships (SARs), which are often used to assess biodiversity changes, assume that land use leads to the loss of natural habitats. Yet, in regions with long land‐use histories, such as Europe, many species have persisted in, or even depend on, landscapes heavily influenced by land use (i.e., countryside landscapes). Here, we develop a SAR model that considers the conservation value of such landscapes, and we assess how land use affects plant‐species richness at broad spatial scales.LocationCountries in the European Union (EU‐27).MethodsWe first predicted species richness at a 50 × 50 km resolution using a biome‐specific SAR and used these predictions as a baseline estimate for (semi‐)natural vegetation. Then, we parameterized a countryside SAR (sensu Pereira & Daily, 2006) with habitat affinities derived from a meta‐analysis. We estimated changes in species richness as the difference in predictions between the two SAR models.ResultsAt a 50 × 50 km resolution, predicted species richness has increased by up to 184 species due to land use in 73% of all cells across Europe compared to the (semi‐)natural baseline. However, our model also highlights regions with dramatic species losses (in 25% of cells, losses of up to 900 species) due to an unfavourable combination of land‐use changes. Averaged across all cells, we predict a loss of 26 plant species (SD = 119, median = 49).Main conclusionsAdopting the countryside SAR model to broader spatial scales overcomes the unrealistic assumptions of previous approaches about generally negative effects of land use. Our approach predicts how local‐scale land‐use effects translate to biodiversity changes at broader geographic scales. Thus, it allows land‐use scenarios being studied in relation to their trade‐offs with biodiversity and can be used to target conservation efforts across large areas.
Clinical psychopathology in youth at familial high risk for psychosis
Authors: Shah Jai L. , Tandon Neeraj , Montrose Debra M. , Mermon Diana , Eack Shaun M. , Miewald Jean , Keshavan Matcheri S. 
Published: September 2017

AimWhile the course of psychopathology has been explored from an index mental health diagnosis onwards, there are few detailed, prospective studies of the occurrence of clinical psychopathology in youth with familial risk for severe mental illnesses such as psychosis. We sought to describe the appearance of Axis I psychopathology in a unique sample of adolescents with a family history of schizophrenia (FHR).MethodsOne hundred and sixty two first‐ and second‐degree relatives (mean age 15.7 ± 3.6; range 8‐25) of probands with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were assessed at baseline and annual intervals for up to 3 years, focusing on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM‐IV‐TR) Axis I psychopathology.ResultsFourteen individuals (8.6%) developed a psychotic disorder. One hundred and five subjects (65%) met criteria for an Axis I disorder over the course of the study, the most common of which was a depressive episode (40 subjects; 25%). Of the 148 individuals who did not develop psychosis, 91 (61%) had one or more Axis I disorders compared with 10/14 converters who had a comorbid Axis I disorder (71%). Ordered by increasing age of onset, diagnoses included cognitive and externalizing disorders, anxiety disorders, affective disorders, substance use disorders and psychotic disorders.ConclusionsIn addition to an elevated risk of psychosis, young FHR relatives manifest a broad range of non‐psychotic Axis I psychopathology in childhood and adolescence. This breadth of diagnoses has implications for the structure and function of mental health services for young people.
Stereo‐EEG: Diagnostic and therapeutic tool for periventricular nodular heterotopia epilepsies
Authors: Mirandola Laura , Mai Roberto F. , Francione Stefano , Pelliccia Veronica , Gozzo Francesca , Sartori Ivana , Nobili Lino , Cardinale Francesco , Cossu Massimo , Meletti Stefano , Tassi Laura 
Published: September 2017

SummaryObjectivePeriventricular nodular heterotopias (PNHs) are malformations of cortical development related to neuronal migration disorders, frequently associated with drug‐resistant epilepsy (DRE). Stereo‐electroencephalography (SEEG) is considered a very effective step of the presurgical evaluation, providing the recognition of the epileptogenic zone (EZ). At the same time, via the intracerebral electrodes it is possible to perform radiofrequency thermocoagulation (SEEG‐guided RF‐TC) with the aim of ablating and/or disrupting the EZ. The purpose of this study was to evaluate both the relationships between PNH and the EZ, and the efficacy of SEEG‐guided RF‐TC.MethodsTwenty patients with DRE related to PNHs were studied. Inclusion criteria were the following: (1) patients with epilepsy and PNHs (unilateral or bilateral, single or multiple nodules) diagnosed on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); (2) SEEG recordings available as part of the presurgical investigations, with at least one intracerebral electrode inside the heterotopia; (3) complete surgical workup with SEEG‐guided RF‐TC and/or with traditional neurosurgery, with a follow‐up of at least 12 months.ResultsComplex and heterogenic epileptic networks were found in these patients. SEEG‐guided RF‐TC both into the nodules and/or the cortex was efficacious in the 76% of patients. Single or multiple, unilateral or bilateral PNHs are the most suitable for this procedure, whereas patients with PNHs associated with complex cortical malformations obtained excellent outcome only with traditional resective surgery.SignificanceEach patient had a specific epileptogenic network, independent from the number, size, or location of nodules and from the cortical malformation associated with. SEEG‐guided RF‐TC appears as a new and very effective diagnostic and therapeutic approach for DRE related to PNHs.
“At Such a Good School, Everybody Needs It”: Contested Meanings of Prescription Stimulant Use in College Academics
Authors: Cooper Amy , McGee Lisa 
Published: September 2017

AbstractApproximately 15% of US college students have used Adderall or other stimulant medications without a prescription or not as prescribed. The development of college academics into a field of practice amenable to unauthorized pharmaceutical intervention suggests a growing acceptance of pharmaceutical self‐fashioning among young people in the United States. However, analyzing illicit stimulant use from college students’ perspectives, we documented significant contestation over the practice's acceptability. For some, unauthorized stimulant use violated the rules of fair play, but for others it was an understandable strategy to gain an edge and maximize one's “return on investment.” Viewing college academics in market‐oriented terms encouraged students to understand illicit stimulant use as an expectable (if not always morally acceptable) strategy for managing the competition of college life and a postrecession job market. This analysis shows how the moral valence of unauthorized stimulant use is strongly shaped by the sociocultural context that shapes people's realities.
Leaving Family to Return to Family: Roots Migration Among Second‐Generation Italian‐Australians
Authors: Sala Emanuela , Baldassar Loretta 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis article examines “roots migration” (visits and repatriations) of second‐generation Italian‐Australians to their ancestral homeland. Despite the current economic climate, these young adults have moved to Italy, hence their motivation for migration goes beyond economic drivers and is best explained by psychosocial factors. Drawing on ethnographic analysis, our aim is to highlight the importance of the dimension of the family, which has tended to be implicitly rather than explicitly studied, within the transnational social field and imaginary. Family is a somewhat contradictory factor that generates ties to the ancestral homeland, leading us to apply a psychosocial approach comprising an analysis of affective and relational dimensions through the lens offamilial habitus. Our findings highlight how family is the major motivation for roots migration involving an interconnected process of moving away from (the migrant) family and of moving to (the homeland) family as a culturally appropriate way of gaining independence.
Treatment of mycotic tracheitis in a horse with fluconazole and systemic iodine
Authors: Wallace M. A. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryFungal infections of the equine trachea have been rarely reported. This case report describes the successful treatment of a mare with fungal infection of the trachea that had severe diffuse granulomatous thickening, erosions and haemorrhage of the proximal half of the trachea. The horse was treated with oral fluconazole and systemic iodine therapy. Serial endoscopic examinations confirmed rapid resolution of the condition.
Influence of filler size on the mechanical properties of cement‐based composites
Authors: Restuccia L. , Ferro G.A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractNano inclusion of various particles in cement‐based materials has been widely investigated during the last decade, as they have the capability to enhance several properties of composites. However, obtaining nano‐sized particles means a high expenditure of energy, related to their functionalization and grinding process.The main theme of this research is to evaluate the mechanical properties of cement‐based composites with coarse particles of pyrolyzed hazelnut shells, already investigated at the nanoscale. In this research activity, the particle size distribution used is in the range from some micron up to 140 μm. The experimental results demonstrate that it is possible to use pyrolyzed materials with coarser particle size, guaranteeing the improvement of the mechanical properties in terms of flexural and compressive strength, but not in terms of ductility, as obtained by using smaller particles.
Natural disturbances are spatially diverse but temporally synchronized across temperate forest landscapes in Europe
Authors: Senf Cornelius , Seidl Rupert 
Published: September 2017

AbstractNatural disturbance regimes are changing substantially in forests around the globe. However, large‐scale disturbance change is modulated by a considerable spatiotemporal variation within biomes. This variation remains incompletely understood particularly in the temperate forests of Europe, for which consistent large‐scale disturbance information is lacking. Here, our aim was to quantify the spatiotemporal patterns of forest disturbances across temperate forest landscapes in Europe using remote sensing data and determine their underlying drivers. Specifically, we tested two hypotheses: (1) Topography determines the spatial patterns of disturbance, and (2) climatic extremes synchronize natural disturbances across the biome. We used novel Landsat‐based maps of forest disturbances 1986–2016 in combination with landscape analysis to compare spatial disturbance patterns across five unmanaged forest landscapes with varying topographic complexity. Furthermore, we analyzed annual estimates of disturbances for synchronies and tested the influence of climatic extremes on temporal disturbance patterns. Spatial variation in disturbance patterns was substantial across temperate forest landscapes. With increasing topographic complexity, natural disturbance patches were smaller, more complex in shape, more dispersed, and affected a smaller portion of the landscape. Temporal disturbance patterns, however, were strongly synchronized across all landscapes, with three distinct waves of high disturbance activity between 1986 and 2016. All three waves followed years of pronounced drought and high peak wind speeds. Natural disturbances in temperate forest landscapes of Europe are thus spatially diverse but temporally synchronized. We conclude that the ecological effect of natural disturbances (i.e., whether they are homogenizing a landscape or increasing its heterogeneity) is strongly determined by the topographic template. Furthermore, as the strong biome‐wide synchronization of disturbances was closely linked to climatic extremes, large‐scale disturbance episodes are likely in Europe's temperate forests under climate changes.
Biorefinery for combined production of jet fuel and ethanol from lipid‐producing sugarcane: a techno‐economic evaluation
Authors: Kumar Deepak , Long Stephen P. , Singh Vijay 
Published: September 2017

AbstractReplacing fossil fuels with an economically viable green alternative at scale has proved most challenging in the aviation sector. Recently sugarcane, the most productive crop on the planet, has been engineered to accumulate lipids. This opens the way for production of far more industrial vegetable oil per acre than previously possible. This study performs techno‐economic feasibility analysis of jet fuel production from this new cost efficient and high yield feedstock. A comprehensive process model for biorefinery producing hydrotreated jet fuel (from lipids) and ethanol (from sugars), with 1 600 000 MT yr−1lipid‐cane processing capacity, was developed inSuperProDesigner. Considering lipid‐cane development is continuing for higher oil concentrations, analysis was performed with lipid‐cane containing 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% lipids. Capital investments for the biorefinery ranged from 238.1 to 351.2 millionUSD, with jet fuel capacities of 12.6–50.5 million liters (correspondingly ethanol production of nil to 102.6 million liters). The production cost of jet fuel for different scenarios was estimated $0.73 to $1.79 per liter ($2.74 to $6.76 per gal) of jet fuel. In all cases, the cost of raw materials accounted for more than 70% of total operational cost. Biorefinery was observed self‐sustainable for steam and electricity requirement, because of in‐house steam and electricity generation from burning of bagasse. Minimum fuel selling prices with a 10% discount rate for 20% lipid case was estimated $1.40/L ($5.31/gal), which was lower than most of the reported prices of renewable jet fuel produced from other oil crops and algae. Along with lower production costs, lipid‐cane could produce as high as 16 times the jet fuel (6307 L ha−1) per unit land than that of other oil crops and do so using low‐value land unsuited to most other crops, while being highly water and nitrogen use efficient.
Comprehensive histopathological comparison of epidermotropic/dermal metastatic melanoma and primary nodular melanoma
Authors: Skala Stephanie L , Arps David P , Zhao Lili , Cha Kelly B , Wang Min , Harms Paul W , Andea Aleodor A , Fullen Douglas R , Chan May P 
Published: September 2017

AimsMetastatic melanoma involving the epidermis and/or upper dermis may show significant histological overlap with primary cutaneous melanoma, especially the nodular subtype. Proper histopathological classification is crucial to appropriate staging and management, but is often challenging. The aim of this study was to identify helpful histopathological features for differentiating epidermotropic/dermal metastatic melanoma (EDMM) and primary nodular melanoma (PNM).Methods and resultsA cohort of EDMMs (n = 74) and PNMs (n = 75) was retrospectively reviewed for various histopathological features, and the data were compared between groups by the use of univariate analysis. Features significantly associated with EDMM included a tumour size of <2 mm, an absence of tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes and plasma cells, monomorphism, and involvement of adnexal epithelium. Features associated with PNM included a polypoid (exophytic) configuration, prominent tumour‐infiltrating plasma cells (TIPs), a tumour size of >10 mm, ulceration, epidermal collarettes, a higher mitotic rate, necrosis, multiple phenotypes, significant pleomorphism, and lichenoid inflammation. In multivariate analysis, a logistic regression model including large tumour size, ulceration, prominent TIPs, lichenoid inflammation and epidermal collarettes was highly predictive of PNM. Six (8%) EDMMs from three patients showed an ‘epidermal‐only’ or ‘epidermal‐predominant’ pattern closely simulating in‐situ or microinvasive melanoma. Two of these cases were tested by fluorescence in‐situ hybridisation, which confirmed clonal relationships with their corresponding primary melanomas.ConclusionsThis is the first comprehensive histopathological comparison of EDMM and PNM. Recognition of the above histopathological associations should aid in the correct classification and staging of cutaneous melanoma. Epidermotropic metastatic melanomas may occasionally show an epidermal‐only/epidermal‐predominant pattern; accurate diagnosis requires prudent clinical correlation and, when necessary, ancillary molecular tests.
Diagnostic accuracy of immunofluorescence versus immunoperoxidase staining to distinguish immune complex‐mediated glomerulonephritis and C3 dominant glomerulopathy
Authors: Bouatou Yassine , Kers Jesper , Chevalier‐Florquin Marie S N , Claessen Nike , Nguyen Tri Q , Damman Jeffrey , Proença Henrique , Roelofs Joris J T H , Florquin Sandrine 
Published: September 2017

AimsThe technique used for classification of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) has been changed from an electron microscopy‐based to an immunofluorescence (IF)‐based semiquantitative technique with immunoperoxidase (IP) staining as a backup option when IF is not possible. Since data on that matter is lacking, our aims were to study the interobserver variability, the correlation and the reclassification of MPGN based on these two techniques.Methods and resultsWe retrospectively analysed cases of type 1 MPGN. We repeated IF staining and performed IP staining for IgG, kappa, lambda, C3c and C4d in 35 renal biopsies, among which 19 biopsies had matched IP and IF samples. We observed substantial to near‐perfect agreement among the seven observers for both IF and IP (W coefficients from 0.66 for IF lambda to 0.89 for IF C4d). Of the 19 cases with matched IP and IF samples, five (26%) turned out to have different diagnoses on IF and on IP. Also, the ability of C4d to discriminate immune complex‐mediated glomerulonephritis (ICGN) from C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) was poor, with areas under the curve of 0.44 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.24–0.63] and 0.66 (95% CI 0.50–0.81) for the receiver operating characteristic curves of IF and IP respectively. Limitations include the fact that no clinical data regarding complement activation were available.ConclusionThe diagnosis of ICGN versus C3GN depends on the immunochemical technique used. Also, the use of C4d failed to discriminate ICGN from C3G in our study. Further validation studies are required to avoid misdiagnosis based on kidney biopsy.
Properties of BioRoot RCS, a tricalcium silicate endodontic sealer modified with povidone and polycarboxylate
Authors: Siboni F. , Taddei P. , Zamparini F. , Prati C. , Gandolfi M. G. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAimTo evaluate the chemical and physical properties of a tricalcium silicate root canal sealer containing povidone and polycarboxylate (BioRoot RCS), a calcium silicate MTA‐based sealer containing a salicylate resin (MTA Fillapex), a traditional eugenol‐containing sealer (Pulp Canal Sealer) and an epoxy resin‐based root canal sealer (AH Plus).MethodologyCalcium release, pH, setting time, water sorption, volume of open pores, volume of impervious portion, apparent porosity and weight loss were measured. The ability to nucleate calcium phosphates (CaP) after ageing 28 days in a simulated body fluid was evaluated using ESEM‐EDX and micro‐Raman spectroscopy. Data were statistically analysed (P = 0.05) using one‐way anova (setting time, radiopacity, solubility, water sorption, porosity) or two‐way anova (ion release tests).ResultsBioRoot RCS had a final setting time of 300 min and adequate radiopacity (5.2 mm Al). It demonstrated the highest (P < 0.05) and more prolonged ability to release calcium ions (721 ppm at 3 h) and to increase the pH (11–12) (P < 0.05); B‐type carbonated apatite deposits were found on aged BioRoot RCS (biointeractivity‐related CaP‐forming ability). A final setting time of 270 min and good calcium release (17.4 ppm at 3 h) were measured for MTA Fillapex; apatite deposits were present on aged samples. No calcium release and no alkalizing activity were measured for Pulp Canal Sealer and AH Plus; no CaP nucleation was detected on aged Pulp Canal Sealer, and some apatite deposits were found on aged AH Plus (chemi/physisorption‐related CaP‐deposition). Higher and significantly different (P < 0.05) porosity, water sorption and solubility were measured for the two calcium silicate sealers, especially for BioRoot RCS.ConclusionsBioRoot RCS had bioactivity with calcium release, strong alkalizing activity and apatite‐forming ability, and adequate radiopacity.