bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
X‐ray Powder Diffraction for Characterization of Raw Materials in Banknotes
Authors: Marabello Domenica , Benzi Paola , Lombardozzi Antonietta , Strano Morela 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe report about the X‐ray powder diffraction characterization of crystalline materials used to produce genuine and counterfeit banknotes, performed with a single‐crystal diffractometer that permits fast and nondestructive measurements in different 0.5‐mm sized areas; 20‐euro denomination genuine banknotes were analyzed, and results were compared with counterfeit banknotes. The analysis shows that the papers used to print real banknotes are composed, as expected, of cotton‐based cellulose and titanium dioxide as crystalline additive, but different polymorphs of TiO2 for different emission countries are evidenced. The counterfeit banknotes are composed of cellulose based on wood pulp; moreover, an unexpected significant quantity of TiO2 was found to be mixed with calcite, indicating that the paper employed by forgers is not simply a common low‐cost type. The crystalline index and intensity ratios between the peaks attributable to cellulose and fillers can provide additional information to trace back paper suppliers for forensic purposes.
Effects of Cremation on Fetal Bones
Authors: Zana Michela , Magli Francesca , Mazzucchi Alessandra , Castoldi Elisa , Gibelli Daniele , Caccia Giulia , Cornacchia Francesca , Gaudio Daniel A. , Mattia Mirko , Cattaneo Cristina 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe charring process is a weak point of anthropological analysis as it changes bone morphology and reduces information obtainable, specially in fetuses. This experiment aims at verifying the conservation of fetal bones after cremation. A total of 3138 fetuses of unknown sex and age were used, deriving from legal and therapeutic abortions from different hospitals of Milan. Cremations took place in modern crematoria. Nine cremation events were analyzed, each ranging from 57 to 915 simultaneously cremated fetuses. During the cremations, 4356 skeletal remains were recovered, 3756 of which (86.2%) were morphologically distinguishable. All types of fetal skeletal elements were found, with the exception of some cranial bones. Only 3.4% of individuals could be detected after the cremation process, because of the prevalence of abortions under 12 lunar weeks. All fire alterations were observed and the results were statistically analyzed. This pilot study confirmed the possibility of preservation of fetal skeletal elements after cremation.
The abundance and diversity of Odonata along an altitudinal gradient in East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Leksono Amin Setyo , Feriwibisono Bambang , Arifianto Teguh , Pratama Ahmad Febri 
Published: January 2017

AbstractOdonate diversity in East Java was surveyed, and samplings were made during 2 years in ten sites along an altitudinal gradient. The characteristics of odonate assemblages in East Java were analyzed regarding of the number of individuals, the number of species, and Shannon's diversity index. The differences in abundance, species richness, and diversity between study sites were analyzed by an independent t‐test. There were 3270 individuals of Odonata belong to 30 species, 7 families and 2 suborders identified from all study sites. The abundance, species richness and diversity of Odonata varied between study sites. The greatest abundance of Odonata was found in Malang Coban Talun (MCT) (148.8 ± 9.5), while the lowest was in South Beach Forest (SBF) (14.4 ± 3.6). The highest species richness and diversity was found in Malang Paddy Field (MPF) (richness =14.4 ± 0.8 and H′ = 2.4 ± 0.1), while the lowest was found in South Coastal Area (SCA) (richness =2.8 ± 0.1 and H′ = 0.4 ± 0.1). A significant positive correlation was detected between the elevation and overall odonate abundance (P < 0.05), while there was not significant correlation between that and odonate species richness and diversity.
A systematic review of cognitive effects of exercise in depression
Authors: Brondino N. , Rocchetti M. , Fusar‐Poli L. , Codrons E. , Correale L. , Vandoni M. , Barbui C. , Politi P. 
Published: January 2017

ObjectiveThe aim of the present systematic review and meta‐analysis was to evaluate the impact of physical exercise on cognitive symptoms in depressed adult patients.MethodsSystematic literature search was performed in Web of Science™ and CINAHL from inception to August 2016. Two reviewers independently selected randomized trials evaluating the effect of exercise on cognitive functions in patients with a validated diagnosis of depression. Outcome measures included global cognition and different cognitive domains (speed of processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal and visual memory, and reasoning).ResultsEight trials met inclusion criteria (637 patients). A fixed‐effects model showed absence of beneficial effect on global cognition (Hedges’ g = 0.07, 95% CI −0.08 to 0.24, I2 = 0%) as well as on specific cognitive domains. Sensitivity analyses did not show an impact of exercise in studies with shorter intervention duration compared to longer trials (between group heterogeneity Q = 3.564, df = 1, P = 0.059), single session per week compared to multiple sessions (Q = 2.691, df = 1, P = 0.101) and low exercise intensity compared with moderate/high intensity (Q = 2.952, df = 1, P = 0.086).ConclusionOur meta‐analysis did not observe a substantial benefit of physical exercise on cognitive symptoms in depression.
Precision medicine in allergic disease—food allergy, drug allergy, and anaphylaxis—PRACTALL document of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology
Authors: Muraro A. , Lemanske R. F. , Castells M. , Torres M. J. , Khan D. , Simon H.‐U. , Bindslev‐Jensen C. , Burks W. , Poulsen L. K. , Sampson H. A. , Worm M. , Nadeau K. C. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis consensus document summarizes the current knowledge on the potential for precision medicine in food allergy, drug allergy, and anaphylaxis under the auspices of the PRACTALL collaboration platform. PRACTALL is a joint effort of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, which aims to synchronize the European and American approaches to allergy care. Precision medicine is an emerging approach for disease treatment based on disease endotypes, which are phenotypic subclasses associated with specific mechanisms underlying the disease. Although significant progress has been made in defining endotypes for asthma, definitions of endotypes for food and drug allergy or for anaphylaxis lag behind. Progress has been made in discovery of biomarkers to guide a precision medicine approach to treatment of food and drug allergy, but further validation and quantification of these biomarkers are needed to allow their translation into practice in the clinical management of allergic disease.
The Great War of Enclosure: Securing the Skies
Authors: Shaw Ian G.R. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractSwarms of police drones, fleets of overhead delivery bots, and flocks of private security drones are set to multiply the complex interfaces between state, capital, and sense. This paper explores the military and economic enclosure of the atmosphere by drones. For centuries, capitalist enclosure has privatized and secured common spaces: territorializing new power relations into the soil. Enclosure now operates through an increasingly atmospheric spatiality. The birth of airpower enabled new vertical regimes of state power, capital accumulation, and violence. Now, drones are materializing both intimate and pervasive colonizations of local, national, and international airspace. Crucially, this discloses new morphologies and ontologies of urban (in)security, in which an atmospheric state polices deterritorialized aerial circulations. Such a reenchanted atmosphere collapses the geopolitical and geoeconomic in uncertain robotic orbits. This paper, which connects past and present, is driven by a deeper concern for the existential dimensions of dronified skyscapes, subjects, and violence.
Experimental patch testing with chromium‐coated materials
Authors: Bregnbak David , Thyssen Jacob P. , Jellesen Morten S. , Zachariae Claus , Johansen Jeanne D. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryBackgroundChromium coatings on metal alloys can be decorative, and prevent corrosion and metal ion release. We recently showed that handling of a chromium‐containing disc resulted in chromium deposition on the skin.ObjectivesTo examine patch test reactivity to chromium‐coated discs.MethodsWe included 15 patients: 10 chromium‐allergic patients, and 5 patients without chromium allergy. All were patch tested with potassium dichromate, cobalt chloride, nickel sulfate, and nine different metallic discs. The chromium‐allergic patients were also patch tested with serial dilutions of potassium dichromate.ResultsPositive/weaker reactions were observed to disc B (1 of 10), disc C (1 of 10), and disc D, disc E, and disc I (4 of 10 each). As no controls reacted to any of the discs, the weak reactions indicate allergic reactions. Positive patch test reactions to 1770 ppm chromium(VI) in the serial dilutions of potassium dichromate were observed in 7 of 10 patients. When the case group was narrowed down to include only the patients with a current positive patch test reaction to potassium dichromate, elicitation of dermatitis by both chromium(III) and chromium(VI) discs was observed in 4 of 7 of patients.ConclusionsMany of the patients reacted to both chromium(III) and chromium(VI) surfaces. Our results indicate that both chromium(VI) and chromium(III) pose a risk to chromium‐allergic patients.
International Demand For Spanish University Education: an analysis in the context of the European Higher Education Area
Authors: Rincón Virginia , Barrutia Jon 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn the current context of globalisation it seems inevitable that the international openness of universities would also lead to efforts to attract foreign students. In the case of Spain, this is more necessary, insofar as the drop in population, the existence of other quality educational offerings, and the greater number of public and private universities have made students a target to compete for. Cutbacks in public funds have accentuated this trend. This article analyses the international demand at Spanish universities in order to determine whether there are significant differences because of the level of local competition faced by universities and public or private ownership. The Herfindhal index and analysis of variance are used to this end. Using data from the Statistics on University Students for the 2005‐2006 and 2011‐2012 academic years, we found that the creation of the European Higher Education Area partially affected international demand at Spanish universities. The overall international attractiveness of the Spanish university system improved considerably and universities have assumed an international view, regardless of the competition in their respective areas. Therefore, local competition is no longer a decisive factor to explain the international demand. In contrast, although public or private ownership does not determine the international attractiveness of universities, it does serve to explain their type of international demand.
Validation of automated latex von Willebrand factor activity assay in a new prospective study including post‐treatment patient samples
Authors: Ettel M. , Nardi M. A. , McVoy L. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryIntroductionVon Willebrand disease (VWD) is the most prevalent inherited bleeding disorder. Diagnosis requires measurement of VWF–platelet binding function, for which VWF ristocetin cofactor activity (VWF:RCo) is the reference method. Recently, an automated latex particle‐enhanced immunoturbidimetric von Willebrand factor activity assay (VWF:Ab) has been validated showing superior characteristics. We further validate VWF:Ab in a prospective study including post‐treatment patient samples.MethodsA total of 1151 samples were collected from patients tested for VWD, including 119 samples from patients treated with desmopressin or VWF replacement product. All samples were tested for VWF:Ab and VWF:RCo, and the methods were compared using linear regression. Imprecision, linearity and lower detection limit were determined for both assays.ResultsVWF:Ab showed improved precision compared to VWF:RCo. Linear regression of VWF:Ab and VWF:RCo across all samples exhibited good agreement (R2 = 0.89) with statistical significance (P < 0.001) and bias of −8.7. Concordance was high in classifying samples as normal or abnormal. Analysis of treated samples showed excellent agreement (R2 = 0.91) with statistical significance (P < 0.001) and bias of −4.3.ConclusionsOur analysis validates the VWF:Ab assay in a prospective study of a large cohort of patient samples and extends these results to post‐treatment patient samples.
Support workers in community mental health teams for older people: roles, boundaries, supervision and training
Authors: Wilberforce Mark , Abendstern Michele , Tucker Sue , Ahmed Saima , Jasper Rowan , Challis David 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAimsThe aim of this study was to explore the support worker functions in community mental health teams for older adults in relation to roles, boundaries, supervision and training.BackgroundSupport workers in community mental health teams provide important help to older people with complex mental and physical health needs in their own homes. Their numbers have grown substantially in recent years, but without professional registration there is concern that boundaries with qualified practitioners are insufficiently clear and that they do not receive the support they require.DesignQualitative research using interview data and thematic framework analysis investigated support workers’ and registered practitioners’ perspectives on roles, boundaries, supervision and training.MethodsSemi‐structured face‐to‐face interviews were undertaken in 2011, with 42 members of nine teams spread across England, including support workers and community mental health nurses. Coding of transcribed audio‐recordings and subsequent analysis was undertaken by four researchers.ResultsSupport workers undertook diverse roles and had considerable autonomy over their duties. Participants agreed about what tasks support workers should not undertake, yet there was evidence of ‘negotiated’ boundaries and examples of these being breached. Lines of authority were complex, yet support workers were supported through open communication with the wider team. Training was problematic, with few courses tailored for support workers and efforts towards formal qualification hindered by low pay and time pressures.ConclusionLocal and national attention is needed to prevent ‘drift’ into activities that both support workers and registered practitioners consider outside their remit. Barriers to training and further qualification need to be addressed.
Pattern of novel object exploration in cynomolgus monkey Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Zou Hong , Liu Ming , Luan Yi , Xie Qinglian , Cheng Zhiheng , Zhao Guoping , Jin Meilei , Guo Ning , Jin Gang Jason , Yu Lei 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackgroundPrimates exhibit substantial capacity for behavioral innovation, expanding the diversity of their behavioral repertoires, and benefiting both individual survival and species development in evolution. Novel object exploration is an integral part of behavioral innovation. Thus, qualitative and quantitative analysis of novel object exploration helps to better understand behavioral innovation.MethodsTo study the pattern of novel object exploration, two different sized balls were sequentially introduced to singly caged cynomolgus monkeys. Two aspects of monkeys’ behaviors were analyzed: the types of motor activities in toy playing and whether there is an orderly sequence of such motor activities during novelty exploration.ResultsFour types of behavioral activities (oral contact, gross and fine forelimb motor, and hind limb motor) followed a pattern: first forelimb gross motor and oral contact, followed by forelimb fine motor and hind limb activities. Oral contact appeared to be an important behavior in monkeys’ repertoire of novelty exploratory behaviors, both as an early appearing activity, and showing a consistent pattern of high cumulative time for two different novel objects.ConclusionsThese results provide a profile of novel object exploratory behaviors in cynomolgus monkeys, contributing to a better understanding of this aspect of behavioral innovation.
The Flash Crash: High‐Frequency Trading in an Electronic Market
Authors: KIRILENKO ANDREI , KYLE ALBERT S. , SAMADI MEHRDAD , TUZUN TUGKAN 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTWe study intraday market intermediation in an electronic market before and during a period of large and temporary selling pressure. On May 6, 2010, U.S. financial markets experienced a systemic intraday event—the Flash Crash—where a large automated selling program was rapidly executed in the E‐mini S&P 500 stock index futures market. Using audit trail transaction‐level data for the E‐mini on May 6 and the previous three days, we find that the trading pattern of the most active nondesignated intraday intermediaries (classified as High‐Frequency Traders) did not change when prices fell during the Flash Crash.
Impact of salivary enzyme activity on the oral perception of starch containing foods
Authors: Bridges John , Smythe John , Reddrick Raven 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIt has long been held that product developers should not rely solely on instrumental measures of texture. This study examined the widely accepted effects of salivary α amylase on mouth thinning during oral processing. To understand this phenomenon, 13 descriptive panelists were trained to manipulate starch thickened semisolid foods and note when changes in the perceived thickness occurred. The panelists were subsequently grouped based on their reports of how quickly these foods broke down in their oral cavity. The accepted effect of salivary α amylase was then analyzed and found to be consistent across the starch thickened foods examined but different among the panelists. Thus it became clear that starch containing foods with long residence times in the mouth can be perceived differently among people based on their amylase activity, making descriptive profiling difficult to calibrate. This study suggests that classic sensory techniques could also have limitations when considering the oral processing of starchy foods, especially those with long residence times in the oral cavity. Panelists' individual salivary amylase activity was not measured in this study.Practical applicationsFood texture is an important sensory attribute that affects consumers' acceptance of products. Semisolid foods such as puddings and yogurts are expected to thin as the food is manipulated in the mouth. By the same token, starch systems in chewy candies can also be impacted over long periods of mastication. Understanding the impact of salivary amylase on how quickly these foods breakdown is important to developing foods that will be acceptable to consumers. Developers with an understanding of the effects salivary amylase has on various starches can lead them to design products that perform more consistently across individuals with different activity levels of salivary α amylase.
Defining the end‐point of mastication: A conceptual model
Authors: Gray‐Stuart Eli M. , Jones Jim R. , Bronlund John E. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe great risks of swallowing are choking and aspiration of food into the lungs. Both are rare in normal functioning humans, which is remarkable given the diversity of foods and the estimated 10 million swallows performed in a lifetime. Nevertheless, it remains a major challenge to define the food properties that are necessary to ensure a safe swallow. Here, the mouth is viewed as a well‐controlled processor where mechanical sensory assessment occurs throughout the occlusion‐circulation cycle of mastication. Swallowing is a subsequent action. It is proposed here that, during mastication, temporal maps of interfacial property data are generated, which the central nervous system compares against a series of criteria in order to be sure that the bolus is safe to swallow. To determine these criteria, an engineering hazard analysis tool, alongside an understanding of fluid and particle mechanics, is used to deduce the mechanisms by which food may deposit or become stranded during swallowing. These mechanisms define the food properties that must be avoided. By inverting the thinking, from hazards to ensuring safety, six criteria arise which are necessary for a safe‐to‐swallow bolus. A new conceptual model is proposed to define when food is safe to swallow during mastication. This significantly advances earlier mouth models.Practical applicationsThe conceptual model proposed in this work provides a framework of decision‐making to define when food is safe to swallow. This will be of interest to designers of dietary foods, foods for dysphagia sufferers and will aid the further development of mastication robots for preparation of artificial boluses for digestion research. It enables food designers to influence the swallow‐point properties of their products. For example, a product may be designed to satisfy five of the criteria for a safe‐to‐swallow bolus, which means the sixth criterion and its attendant food properties define the swallow‐point. Alongside other organoleptic factors, these properties define the end‐point texture and enduring sensory perception of the food.
Ultraviolet Radiation‐Induced Downregulation of SERCA2 Mediates Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Basal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Ahmad Israr , Muneer Kashiff M. , Chang Michelle E. , Nasr Hana M. , Clay Jacqueline M. , Huang Conway C. , Yusuf Nabiha 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBasal cell carcinomas (BCCs) account for majority of skin malignancies in the United States. The incidence of BCCs is strongly associated with exposure of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Nucleotide‐binding domain, leucine‐rich‐repeat‐containing family, pyrin domain‐containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays an important role in innate immune responses. Different stimuli such as toxins, microorganisms and particles released from injured cells activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. Activated NLRP3 results in activation of caspase‐1, which cleaves pro‐IL‐1β to active IL‐1β. In this study, we have shown that NLRP3 is expressed in human basal cell carcinomas. The proximal steps in activation of NLRP3 inflammasome are not well understood. Here, we have attempted to elucidate a critical role for Ca2+ mobilization in activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by UVB exposure using HaCaT keratinocytes. We have demonstrated that UVB exposure blocks Ca2+ mobilization by downregulating the expression of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase (SERCA2), a component of store‐operated Ca2+ entry that leads to activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.