bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecological equivalence of species within phytoplankton functional groups
Authors: Mutshinda Crispin M. , Finkel Zoe V. , Widdicombe Claire E. , Irwin Andrew J. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThere are tens of thousands of species of phytoplankton found throughout the tree of life. Despite this diversity, phytoplankton are often aggregated into a few functional groups according to metabolic traits or biogeochemical role. We investigate the extent to which phytoplankton species dynamics are neutral within functional groups.Seasonal dynamics in many regions of the ocean are known to affect phytoplankton at the functional group level leading to largely predictable patterns of seasonal succession. It is much more difficult to make general statements about the dynamics of individual species.We use a 7‐year time series at station L4 in the Western English Channel with 57 diatom and 17 dinoflagellate species enumerated weekly to test whether the abundance of diatom and dinoflagellate species varies randomly within their functional group envelope or whether each species is driven uniquely by external factors.We show that the total biomass of the diatom and dinoflagellate functional groups is well predicted by irradiance and temperature and quantify trait values governing the growth rate of both functional groups. The biomass dynamics of the functional groups are not neutral and each has their own distinct responses to environmental forcing. Compared to dinoflagellates, diatoms have faster growth rates and grow faster under lower irradiance, cooler temperatures, and higher nutrient conditions.The biomass of most species varies randomly within their functional group biomass envelope, most of the time. As a consequence, modellers will find it difficult to predict the biomass of most individual species. Our analysis supports the approach of using a single set of traits for a functional group and suggests that it should be possible to determine these traits from natural communities.
Urban Poverty, Segregation and Social Networks in São Paulo and Salvador, Brazil
Authors: Marques Eduardo 
Published: January 2016

AbstractGeneral consensus exists concerning the relevance of networks and space in poverty situations, despite a considerable dispute on the prominence of each element. While social‐support and poverty debates highlight the joint importance of space and networks, the research agenda on contemporary communities suggests that networks have recently started replacing space in social integration. These debates mainly consider networks and ties normatively and are restricted to the global North, hampering the formulation of comparative interpretations and more theoretical conclusions. This article discusses the relationship between space, sociability and poverty, based on research results on networks of poor individuals in two major Brazilian metropolises—Salvador and São Paulo. Research indicates the existence of great heterogeneity in the networks of poor individuals, although with substantial differences, on average, to middle‐class individuals. Certain types of networks and sociability are systematically associated with better living conditions, employment and income. Additionally, network mobilization by individuals presents important regularities associated with social mechanisms, understood as regular patterns that trigger or cause certain results. These mechanisms explain to a great extent the heterogeneity of networks, and mediate the individual's access to opportunities and everyday assistance. They therefore contribute decisively to the production (and reproduction) of urban poverty.
A Real Effects Perspective to Accounting Measurement and Disclosure: Implications and Insights for Future Research
Authors: KANODIA CHANDRA , SAPRA HARESH 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTAccounting measurement and disclosure rules have a significant impact on the real decisions that firms make. In this essay, we provide an analytical framework to illustrate how such real effects arise. Using this framework, we examine three specific measurement issues that remain controversial: (1) How does the measurement of investments affect a firm's investment efficiency? (2) How does the measurement and disclosure of a firm's derivative transactions affect a firm's choice of intrinsic risk exposures, risk management strategy, and the incentive to speculate? (3) How could marking‐to‐market the asset portfolios of financial institutions generate procyclical real effects? We draw upon these real effects studies to generate sharper and novel insights that we believe are useful not only for the development of accounting standards, but also for guiding future empirical research.
Obligatory parthenogenesis and TE load: Bacillus stick insects and the R2 non‐LTR retrotransposon
Authors: Bonandin Livia , Scavariello Claudia , Mingazzini Valentina , Luchetti Andrea , Mantovani Barbara 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTransposable elements (TEs) are selfish genetic elements whose self‐replication is contrasted by the host genome. In this context, host reproductive strategies are predicted to impact on both TEs load and activity. The presence and insertion distribution of the non‐LTR retrotransposon R2 was here studied in populations of the strictly bisexual Bacillus grandii maretimi and of the obligatory parthenogenetic Bacillus atticus atticus. Furthermore, data were also obtained from the offspring of selected B. a. atticus females. At the population level, the gonochoric B. g. maretimi showed a significantly higher R2 load than the obligatory parthenogenetic B. a. atticus. The comparison with bisexual and unisexual Bacillus rossius populations showed that their values were higher than those recorded for B. a. atticus and similar, or even higher, than those of B. g. maretimi. Consistently, an R2 load reduction is scored in B. a. atticus offspring even if with a great variance. On the whole, data here produced indicate that in the obligatory unisexual B. a. atticus R2 is active and that mechanisms of molecular turnover are effective. Furthermore, progeny analyses show that, at variance of the facultative parthenogenetic B. rossius, the R2 activity is held at a lower rate. Modeling parental‐offspring inheritance, suggests that in B. a. atticus recombination plays a major role in eliminating insertions rather than selection, as previously suggested for unisexual B. rossius progeny, even if in both cases a high variance is observed. In addition to this, mechanisms of R2 silencing or chances of clonal selection cannot be ruled out.
Changes in the Bioactive Compounds Content of Soybean as a Function of Grain Moisture Content and Temperature during Long‐Term Storage
Authors: Ziegler Valmor , Vanier Nathan Levien , Ferreira Cristiano Dietrich , Paraginski Ricardo Tadeu , Monks Jander Luis Fernandes , Elias Moacir Cardoso 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSoybean is a rich source of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, isoflavones, carotenoids, and tocopherols. The amount of bioactive compounds in freshly harvested soybeans and their derived products has been determined; however, when they are used in the food industry, soybeans are generally stored prior to being processed. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of soybean moisture content (12%, 15%, and 18%) and storage temperature (11, 18, 25, and 32 °C) on the free phenolic, total flavonoid, vanillic acid, total carotenoid, and δ‐ and γ‐tocopherol content of soybeans stored for 12 mo. Moreover, the ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities of phenolic extracts were determined. There was an increase in free phenolics and total flavonoids in the stored grains compared with the grains on the 1st d of storage. Vanillic acid showed a decrease in soybeans stored at 15% and 18% moisture content and 25 or 32 °C, which indicated some degradation into other metabolites. Total carotenoid content decreased as a function of storage temperature and showed some temperature‐dependent degradation. The δ‐ and γ‐tocopherol content also tended to decrease in grains stored at 15% or 18% moisture content or 25 or 32 °C, regardless of the moisture content studied.
Expression of Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors on and Intracellular Cytokine Production by NK Cells in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Chiba Hitomi , Fukui Atsushi , Fuchinoue Kohei , Funamizu Ayano , Tanaka Kanji , Mizunuma Hideki 
Published: January 2016

ProblemTo determine the role of peripheral blood NK (pNK) cells in putative etiology of gestational diabetes, the expression of surface markers on pNK cells and the percentage of cytokine‐producing pNK cells in women at 12 weeks of pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) were studied.Method of studyMulticolor flow cytometry was used to analyze the expression of NK cell surface receptors (CD16, NKp46, and NKp30) and intracellular cytokines (IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, TGF‐β, and VEGF) in pNK cells (CD56dim and CD56bright) at 12 weeks of pregnancy with GDM (n = 7) and non‐GDM (n = 28).ResultsCD56bright/CD16− NK and CD56bright/NKp46+ NK cell percentage were significantly lower in GDM women than that in non‐GDM women. IFN‐γ‐ and TNF‐α‐producing CD56+ cells, respectively, were significantly high, while TGF‐β‐ and VEGF‐producing CD56+ cells and CD56bright cells, respectively, were significantly low in GDM women.ConclusionsWomen with GDM possibly have abnormal NK cell function for the expression of surface receptors and cytokine production.
Obstetrical outcome in women with urinary tract infections in childhood
Authors: Gebäck Carin , Hansson Sverker , Martinell Jeanette , Milsom Ian , Sandberg Torsten , Jodal Ulf 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIntroductionUrinary tract infections (UTI) during childhood can result in permanent renal damage, with possible implications for future pregnancies. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate pregnancy outcomes in women followed after their first UTI in childhood.Material and methodsA cohort of 72 parous women was followed from their first UTI in childhood up to a median age of 41 years. Clinical data were obtained from antenatal and hospital records. Renal damage was evaluated by a 99mTc‐dimercaptosuccinic acid scan. Pregnancy blood pressure (BP), complications and UTIs were compared between women with and without renal damage.ResultsAll women completed the investigations, 48 with and 24 without renal damage. No woman, irrespective of presence or absence of renal damage, was diagnosed with hypertension before the first pregnancy. Pregnancy‐related hypertension was diagnosed in 10 of 151 pregnancies, all in women with renal damage. Preeclampsia occurred in four women. Women with renal damage had significantly higher systolic BP measured at the last antenatal visit of their first pregnancy, compared with women without renal damage (p = 0.005). During subsequent pregnancies both systolic and diastolic BP were significantly higher in women with than without renal damage (p = 0.02 and p = 0.03, respectively).ConclusionIn this population‐based follow‐up study we found a large proportion of women with renal damage after UTI in childhood. Women with renal damage had significantly higher BP during pregnancy compared with women without renal damage. Pregnancy‐related hypertension was recorded only in women with renal damage. However, pregnancy complications, including preeclampsia, were few.
Hypothermic Machine Perfusion Reduced Inflammatory Reaction by Downregulating the Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 in a Reperfusion Model of Donation After Cardiac Death
Authors: Fu Zhen , Ye Qifa , Zhang Yang , Zhong Zibiao , Xiong Yan , Wang Yanfeng , Hu Long , Wang Wei , Huang Wei , Ko Dicken Shiu‐Chung 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe exact mechanism by which hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) improves the graft quality in kidney transplantation of donation after cardiac death (DCD) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP‐9) and inflammatory reaction in kidney ischemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury injury followed by cold storage (CS) or HMP model of DCD. New Zealand white rabbit kidneys were subjected to 35 min of warm ischemia and 1 h reperfusion, then preserved by either 1 h reperfusion (sham‐operated group), 4 h CS or 4 h HMP in vivo. Kidneys were reperfused 24 h followed by further analysis. No treatment was given to rabbits in the normal control group. The expression of MMP‐9, nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB), and MMP‐2 mRNA were detected by real‐time PCR (RT‐PCR). MMP‐9 was located by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence methods. Tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured by kits for each groups. Compared with the CS group, the expression of MMP‐9 and NF‐κB mRNA were downregulated in HMP group (P < 0.05). In contrast, expression of MMP‐2 mRNA had no statistical significance between CS group and HMP group (P > 0.05). In normal control and sham‐operated groups, a low level of MMP‐9 expression was detected in glomeruli. However, positive signals of MMP‐9 were mostly located in the tubulointerstitium and the vascular wall of CS and HMP groups. Expression of TNF‐α, IL‐6, MDA, and activity of MPO decreased while activity of SOD in the HMP group increased in contrast to the CS group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, inflammatory cytokines mediated MMP‐9 expression through NF‐κB band to MMP‐9 promoter region, resulting in renal injury. Therefore, HMP reduced inflammatory reaction by downregulating the expression of MMP‐9, which may be the mechanism of kidney protection in I/R injury.
Peripheral Veno‐Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation as a Bridge to Decision for Pediatric Fulminant Myocarditis
Authors: Okada Noritaka , Murayama Hiroomi , Hasegawa Hiroki , Kawai Satoru , Mori Hiromitsu , Yasuda Kazushi 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIt is essential to establish an appropriate initial treatment strategy for pediatric fulminant myocarditis. We reviewed eight cases of pediatric fulminant myocarditis that required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) from 2012 to 2015. The median age was 8 years (range 3 months–13 years), and the median body surface area was 0.89 m2 (range 0.35–1.34 m2). Peripheral veno‐arterial ECMO was initially applied, and we evaluated whether heart decompression was sufficient. If the pump flow was insufficient, central cannulation was performed via median sternotomy (central ECMO). The need for subsequent ventricular assist device (VAD) support was determined 72 h after ECMO initiation. Six patients were bridged to recovery using peripheral ECMO support only (for 3–11 days), whereas two required VAD support. One patient was switched to central ECMO before VAD implantation. Three patients died of multiorgan failure, even though cardiac function recovered in two of those patients. The duration from hospital arrival to ECMO initiation was shorter in the survival (3.3 ± 1.3 h; range 1.6–4.7 h) than in the nonsurvival group (32 ± 28 h; range 0.7–55 h). Peripheral ECMO can be useful as a bridge to decision for pediatric fulminant myocarditis, which is frequently followed by a successful bridge to recovery. It is important to determine whether ECMO support should be initiated before organ dysfunction advances to preserve organ function, which provides a better bridge to subsequent VAD therapy and heart transplant or recovery.
Biomechanical Analysis of Implanted Clavicle Hook Plates With Different Implant Depths and Materials in the Acromioclavicular Joint: A Finite Element Analysis Study
Authors: Lee Cheng‐Hung , Shih Cheng‐Min , Huang Kui‐Chou , Chen Kun‐Hui , Hung Li‐Kun , Su Kuo‐Chih 
Published: January 2016

AbstractClinical implantation of clavicle hook plates is often used as a treatment for acromioclavicular joint dislocation. However, it is not uncommon to find patients that have developed acromion osteolysis or had peri‐implant fracture after hook plate fixation. With the aim of preventing complications or fixation failure caused by implantation of inappropriate clavicle hook plates, the present study investigated the biomechanics of clavicle hook plates made of different materials and with different hook depths in treating acromioclavicular joint dislocation, using finite element analysis (FEA). This study established four parts using computer models: the clavicle, acromion, clavicle hook plate, and screws, and these established models were used for FEA. Moreover, implantations of clavicle hook plates made of different materials (stainless steel and titanium alloy) and with different depths (12, 15, and 18 mm) in patients with acromioclavicular joint dislocation were simulated in the biomechanical analysis. The results indicate that deeper implantation of the clavicle hook plate reduces stress on the clavicle, and also reduces the force applied to the acromion by the clavicle hook plate. Even though a clavicle hook plate made of titanium alloy (a material with a lower Young's modulus) reduces the force applied to the acromion by the clavicle hook plate, slightly higher stress on the clavicle may occur. The results obtained in this study provide a better reference for orthopedic surgeons in choosing different clavicle hook plates for surgery.
Effect of Manuka honey gel on the transforming growth factor β1 and β3 concentrations, bacterial counts and histomorphology of contaminated full‐thickness skin wounds in equine distal limbs
Authors: Bischofberger AS , Dart CM , Horadagoda N , Perkins NR , Jeffcott LB , Little CB , Dart AJ 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of 66% Manuka honey gel on the concentrations of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 andTGF‐β3, bacterial counts and histomorphology during healing of contaminated equine distal limb wounds.MethodsIn this experimental study of 10 Standardbred horses, five full‐thickness skin wounds (2 × 1.5 cm) were created on one metacarpus and six similar wounds were created on the contralateral metacarpus. Wounds were assigned to three groups: non‐contaminated control wounds; contaminated control wounds; contaminated wounds treated daily with 1 mLManuka honey gel topically for 10 days. For the contaminated wounds, faeces were applied for 24 h after wound creation. In five horses wounds were bandaged and in the other five horses wounds were left without a bandage. Biopsies were taken on days 1, 2, 7 and 10 after wounding to evaluate the effects of Manuka honey gel, wound contamination and bandaging onTGF‐β1 andTGF‐β3 concentrations, aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts, and histomorphology.ResultsManuka honey gel had no significant effect onTGF‐β1 andTGF‐β3 concentrations or wound bacterial counts. Manuka honey gel decreased wound inflammation (days 7, 10), increased angiogenesis (days 2, 7, 10), increased fibrosis and collagen organisation (day 7) and increased epithelial hyperplasia (days 7, 10).ConclusionsTreatment with Manuka honey gel resulted in a more organised granulation tissue bed early in wound repair, which may contribute to enhanced healing of equine distal limb wounds.
B cells establish, but do not maintain, long‐lived murine anti‐peanut IgEa
Authors: Moutsoglou D. M. , Dreskin S. C. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryBackgroundPeanut allergy (PNA) has been reported to be transferred to tolerant recipients through organ and bone marrow (BM) transplantation. The roles T and B cells play in establishing, and the roles B cell subsets play in maintaining lifelong anti‐peanut IgE levels are unknown.ObjectivesTo determine the cellular requirements for the transfer of murine PNA and to determine the role CD20+ cells play in maintaining long‐lived anti‐peanut IgE levels.MethodsWe developed a novel adoptive transfer model to investigate the cellular requirements for transferring murine PNA. We also treated peanut‐allergic (PA) mice with anti‐CD20 antibody and measured IgE levels throughout treatment.ResultsPurified B220+ cells from PA splenocytes and purified CD4+ cells from naïve (NA) splenocytes are the minimal requirements for the adoptive transfer of PNA. Prolonged treatment of allergic mice with anti‐CD20 antibody results in significant depletion of B cell subsets but does not affect anti‐peanut IgE levels, symptoms, or numbers of IgE antibody secreting cells (ASCs) in the BM. Adoptive transfer of BM and spleen cells from allergic donors treated with anti‐CD20 antibody does not result in the transfer of PNA in NA recipients, demonstrating that anti‐CD20 antibody treatment depletes B cells capable of differentiating into peanut‐specific IgE ASCs.Conclusions and Clinical RelevancePeanut allergy can be established in a NA hosts with B220+ cells from PA donors and CD4+ cells from peanut‐NA donors. However, long‐term depletion of B220+ cells with anti‐CD20 antibody does not affect anti‐peanut IgE levels. These results highlight a novel role for B cells in the development of PNA and provide evidence that long‐lived anti‐peanut IgE levels may be maintained by long‐lived ASCs.
Implant‐retained prostheses: ball vs. conus attachments – A randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Cepa Sandy , Koller Beatrice , Spies Benedikt Christopher , Stampf Susanne , Kohal Ralf‐Joachim 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate implant survival, peri‐implant tissue conditions, prosthodontic maintenance requirements and patient satisfaction of two differently retained implant‐supported mandibular overdentures (IOD) after the 3 years of observation.Materials and methodsTwenty‐five patients with edentulous mandibles received two implants each. Twelve patients were randomly selected to receive ball attachments, whereas 13 patients received prefabricated coni. Implant survival, peri‐implant parameters (modified Plaque Index, Bleeding on Probing, modified Gingival Index, probing depth and marginal bone loss) and patient satisfaction were assessed. Additionally, prosthodontic maintenance was monitored. Clinical and radiographic follow‐ups were performed 1, 2 and 3 years after prosthetic delivery. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to calculate complication rates.ResultsAfter a mean observation period of 29.6 months, an implant survival rate of 100% could be observed. There were no significant differences in the peri‐implant parameters. During the observation period, six patients with conus attachment refused to further participate in follow‐ups due to dissatisfaction with their treatment and had to be regarded as dropouts. Based on the Kaplan–Meier method, inacceptable retention was calculated for 80% and 75% of the patients in the ball and the conus groups, respectively. Patient satisfaction was 64% for the ball‐ and 100% for the conus‐retained IODs, the latter only respecting five of initially 13 patients.ConclusionThe evaluated treatment method revealed high implant survival rates, but the prosthetic reconstruction required intensive maintenance. Therefore, a trend toward the reduced patient satisfaction was observed, and the promoted economy of the evaluated attachment systems should be questioned. For the conical attachment, the recommendation of the manufacturer is to use four interforaminal implants to support a removable prostheses.