bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanism for Multi- Center Capacity Building Gestational Diabetes Program for Physicians in India
Authors: Sharma Megha 
Published: May 2016

M and E for a program requires identification of indicators that measure inputs, process, outputs, and outcomes. The frequency of collecting information for these indicators will vary depending on the level of use, type of indicator as well as time interval over which we expect to see a change in that parameter. For effective M and E of CCGDM a list of indicators and parameters has been finalized. Following tools and techniques will be used for effective monitoring of CCGDM Cycle III.1.Base line & End line Questionnaire: Baseline and End Line survey is employed to assess Knowledge Attitude Practices of GDM among participants. The questionnaire comprises of 20 MCQ’s pertaining to screening, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and management of GDM. Baseline was circulated to all enrolled participants during Module I session just before pre test. End Line questionnaire will be distributed to participants subsequent to completion of Module IV to ascertain the shift of knowledge before and after the course. The responses will be entered in an excel template and analyzed.2. Monitoring Forms and Formats:Standardized forms which help in capturing and collection of data in a systematic and uniform manner PAN India from all stakeholders. Five forms which were used in monitoring of CCGDM Cycle I were: Observers Checklist, Participant Feedback Form, Trainer Feedback Form, Participant Testimonial Form and Trainer Testimonial Form.3. SMS Real Time Monitoring System: The SMS Real Time Monitoring System is a state of the art reporting mechanism which will allow the Observers to report on selected pre-defined parameters during the on-site monitoring of the contact sessions. Each parameter had a pre-defined code which was entered in SMS message and sent to the CCGDM Program Secretariat on a designated number. Each Observers mobile number has been registered with the system and a unique code was maintained throughout the tenure of the program. The Observers use this code developed for the parameters to construct the SMS, which when sent is collected at CCGDM Program Secretariat. This system in turn was allowing for meticulous and timely follow up by the management.End Line Evaluation Survey:The evaluation for CCGDM Cycle III will be conducted in the month of November 2015, following the completion of Module IV in October 2014. The evaluation will enable us to amalgamate the overall experiences of the participants during the program. It will also help us to measure the improvement in the knowledge and skills of all eligible participants of CCGDM Cycle II in the field of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.
Detection of Nicotiana DNA in Tobacco Products Using a Novel Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay
Authors: Korchinski Katie L , Land Adrian D , Craft David L , Brzezinski Jennifer L 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Establishing that a product contains tobacco is a requirement for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's regulation and/or prosecution of tobacco products. Therefore, a multiplex real-time PCR method was designed to determine if Nicotiana (tobacco) DNA is present in tobacco products. The PCR method simultaneously amplifies a 73 bp fragment of the cytochrome P450 monoxygenase CYP82E4 gene and 66 bp fragment in the nia-1 gene for nitrate reductase, which are detected using dual-labeled TaqMan probes. The assay is capable of detecting approximately 7.8 pg purified tobacco DNA, with a similar sensitivity for either gene target while incorporating an internal positive control (IPC). DNA was extracted from prepared tobacco products—including chewing tobacco, pipe tobacco, and snuff—or from the cut fill (no wrapper) of cigarettes and cigars. Of the 13 products analyzed, 12 were positive for both tobacco-specific markers and the IPC. DNA was also extracted from the fill of five varieties of herbal cigarettes, which were negative for both tobacco-specific gene targets and positive for the IPC. Our method expands on current assays by introducing a multiplex reaction, targeting two sequences in two different genes of interest, incorporating an IPC into the reaction, and lowering the LOD and LOQ while increasing the efficiency of the PCR.
The Politics Underlying the Provision of and Changes in Pathology and Laboratory Services in the United States During the Roaring Twenties
Authors: Wright James R. 
Published: May 2016

Context.—Prior to 1900, laboratory tests were simple enough to be performed by clinicians on the wards and most pathologists were academicians with little involvement in patient care issues. In the next 2 decades, laboratory test menus expanded rapidly and the increasing complexity of the tests created a potential niche for clinical pathologists (ie, pathologists providing patient-oriented anatomic and clinical pathology services). In the late 1910s and early 1920s, most of these services were provided by mail-order commercial laboratories or state public health laboratories rather than by hospital-based pathologists.
Objective.—To describe the political events in the 1920s that would drastically alter the practice of pathology and laboratory medicine and that would have been important to the discipline at the time the Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine was being conceived and first published.
Design.—Available primary and secondary historical sources were reviewed.
Results.—In the 1920s, clinical pathologists organized, forming the American Society of Clinical Pathologists, and took on the powerful American Medical Association for permitting advertisements by private laboratories in the pages of the Journal of the American Medical Association that listed test prices as if these were commodities. They found a strong partner in the American College of Surgeons, which was attempting to elevate surgical practice by creating minimum standards for hospitals. Through this symbiotic relationship, hospital-based practice was firmly established and the commercial laboratory model faltered.
Conclusions.—The Roaring Twenties was the time when the practice of pathology and laboratory medicine evolved into what we recognize today.
What isAtraphaxisL. (Polygonaceae, Polygoneae): cryptic taxa and resolved taxonomic complexity instead of the formal lumping and the lack of morphological synapomorphies
Authors: Yurtseva Olga V. , Kuznetsova Oxana I. , Mavrodieva Maria E. , Mavrodiev Evgeny V. 
Published: May 2016

Backgrounds:The recently proposed recircumscription of the genusAtraphaxis(incl.AtraphaxissectionOvczinnikoviaO.V. Yurtseva ex. S. Tavakkoli andPolygonumsect.SpinescentiaBoissier (=A.sect.PolygonoidesS. Tavakkoli, Kaz. Osaloo & Mozaff.) makes this genus fairly heterogeneous and therefore almost undefinable based on morphology. The critical comprehensive reappraisal of the group is necessary.Methods:Using the DNA sequence data (ITS1&2 regions of nrDNA and combinedtrnL intron +trnL–F IGS and rpl32–trnL(UAG)IGS regions of plastid genome), Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian analyses (BI) were applied for phylogenetic reconstructions of the tribe Polygoneae with special attention toAtraphaxis, and related taxa. Maximum parsimony reconstructions of the evolution of perianth morphology and sporoderm ornamentation in the tribe Polygoneae were also performed. Life history, morphology of shoots, leaf blades, ocreas, perianth and achene morphology, ultrasculpture of achene surface, and pollen morphology were compared, and SEM and LM images were provided.Principal findings:The generaAtraphaxisandPolygonumwere found to be widely polyphyletic. The rarest and morphologically remarkable endemic of Tian-Shan and PamirAtraphaxis ovczinnikovii(Atraphaxissect.OvczinnikoviaO.V. Yurtseva ex. S. Tavakkoli) was confirmed to be a sister of the clade (Atraphaxis+Polygonumsect.Spinescentia) in plastid topology. The genusBactria (=Atraphaxissect.Ovczinnikovia), which circumscribes two species, is newly established as a result of this analyses. Morphological data confirm the originality of the taxon.Discussion:We are arguing for a narrow delimitation ofAtraphaxiswith petalloid segments and striato-perforate sporoderm ornamentation as morphological synapomorphies. The recently proposed inclusion ofPolygonumsect.SpinescentiainAtraphaxisis fairly questionable from a morphological standpoint. The rank ofPolygonumsect.Spinescentiarequires further clarification. The generic composition of the tribe Polygoneae also requires future reappraisals.
Observation of a unipolar field‐aligned current system associated with IMF By‐triggered theta auroras
Authors: Watanabe Masakazu , Hairston Marc R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe investigate the existence of a specific field‐aligned current (FAC) system predicted by numerical magnetohydrodynamic simulations in a past study. The FAC system is expected to occur when a drifting θ aurora is formed in response to a stepwise transition of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By during strongly northward IMF periods. When the IMF By changes from positive to negative, a crossbar forms in the Northern Hemisphere that moves dawnward, while in the Southern Hemisphere the crossbar moves in the opposite direction. The crossbar motion reverses when the IMF By changes from negative to positive. The FAC system appears on the trailing side of the drifting crossbar of the θ aurora as it moves either dawnward or duskward. When the θ aurora is drifting dawnward, the FACs flow into the ionosphere. The FAC polarity reverses when the θ aurora is drifting duskward. Using low‐altitude satellite data, we confirmed the real existence of the above model‐predicted FAC system.
Periodic creation of polar cap patches from auroral transients in the cusp
Authors: Hosokawa K. , Taguchi S. , Ogawa Y. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractOn 24 November 2012, an interval of polar cap patches was identified by an all‐sky airglow imager located near the dayside cusp. During the interval, the successive appearance of poleward moving auroral forms (PMAFs) was detected, which are known to represent ionospheric manifestations of pulsed magnetic reconnections at the dayside magnetopause. All of the patches observed during the interval appeared from these transient auroral features (i.e., there was a one‐to‐one correspondence between PMAFs and newly created baby patches). This fact strongly suggests that patches can be directly and seamlessly created from a series of PMAFs. The optical intensities of the baby patches were 100–150 R, which is slightly lower than typical patch luminosity on the nightside and may imply that PMAF‐induced patches are generally low density. The generation of such patches could be explained by impact ionization due to soft particle precipitation into PMAFs traces. In spite of the faint signature of the baby patches, two coherent HF radars of the SuperDARN network observed backscatter echoes in the central polar cap, which represented signatures of plasma irregularities associated with the baby patches. These indicate that patches created from PMAFs have the potential to affect the satellite communications environment in the central polar cap region.
Dynamic rupture processes inferred from laboratory microearthquakes
Authors: Passelègue François. X. , Schubnel Alexandre , Nielsen Stefan , Bhat Harsha S. , Deldicque Damien , Madariaga Raùl 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe report macroscopic stick‐slip events in saw‐cut Westerly granite samples deformed under controlled upper crustal stress conditions in the laboratory. Experiments were conducted under triaxial loading (σ1>σ2=σ3) at confining pressures (σ3) ranging from 10 to 100 MPa. A high‐frequency acoustic monitoring array recorded particle acceleration during macroscopic stick‐slip events allowing us to estimate rupture speed. In addition, we record the stress drop dynamically and we show that the dynamic stress drop measured locally close to the fault plane is almost total in the breakdown zone (for normal stress >75 MPa), while the friction f recovers to values of f > 0.4 within only a few hundred microseconds. Enhanced dynamic weakening is observed to be linked to the melting of asperities which can be well explained by flash heating theory in agreement with our postmortem microstructural analysis. Relationships between initial state of stress, rupture velocities, stress drop, and energy budget suggest that at high normal stress (leading to supershear rupture velocities), the rupture processes are more dissipative. Our observations question the current dichotomy between the fracture energy and the frictional energy in terms of rupture processes. A power law scaling of the fracture energy with final slip is observed over 8 orders of magnitude in slip, from a few microns to tens of meters.
A semianalytical algorithm for quantitatively estimating sediment and atmospheric deposition flux from MODIS‐derived sea ice albedo in the Bohai Sea, China
Authors: Xu Zhantang , Hu Shuibo , Wang Guifen , Zhao Jun , Yang Yuezhong , Cao Wenxi , Lu Peng 
Published: May 2016

AbstractQuantitative estimates of particulate matter [PM) concentration in sea ice using remote sensing data is helpful for studies of sediment transport and atmospheric dust deposition flux. In this study, the difference between the measured dirty and estimated clean albedo of sea ice was calculated and a relationship between the albedo difference and PM concentration was found using field and laboratory measurements. A semianalytical algorithm for estimating PM concentration in sea ice was established. The algorithm was then applied to MODIS data over the Bohai Sea, China. Comparisons between MODIS derived and in situ measured PM concentration showed good agreement, with a mean absolute percentage difference of 31.2%. From 2005 to 2010, the MODIS‐derived annual average PM concentration was approximately 0.025 g/L at the beginning of January. After a month of atmospheric dust deposition, it increased to 0.038 g/L. Atmospheric dust deposition flux was estimated to be 2.50 t/km2/month, similar to 2.20 t/km2/month reported in a previous study. The result was compared with on‐site measurements at a nearby ground station. The ground station was close to industrial and residential areas, where larger dust depositions occurred than in the sea, but although there were discrepancies between the absolute magnitudes of the two data sets, they demonstrated similar trends.
Interannual variability of the South Indian Countercurrent
Authors: Menezes Viviane V. , Phillips Helen E. , Vianna Marcio L. , Bindoff Nathaniel L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn the present work, we investigate the interannual variability of the South Indian Countercurrent (SICC), a major and still understudied current of the Indian Ocean circulation. To characterize the interannual variability of the SICC, four different data sets (altimetry, GLORYS, OFAM3, and SODA) are analyzed using multiple tools, which include Singular Spectrum Analysis and wavelet methods. The quasi‐biennial band dominates the SICC low‐frequency variance, with the main peak in the 1.5–1.8 year interval. A secondary peak (2.1–2.5 year) is only found in the western basin. Interannual and decadal‐type modulations of the quasi‐biennial signal are also identified. In addition, limitations of SODA before the 1960s in the SICC region are revealed. Within the quasi‐biennial band, the SICC system presents two main patterns with a multiple jet structure. One pattern is characterized by a robust northern jet, while in the other the central jet is well developed and northern jet is weaker. In both patterns, the southern jet has always a strong signature. When the northern SICC jet is stronger, the northern cell of the subtropical gyre has a triangular shape, with its southern limb having a strong equatorward slant. The quasi‐biennial variability of the SICC is probably related to the Indian Ocean tropical climate modes that are known to have a strong biennial characteristic.
Simulating the extreme 2013/2014 winter in a future climate
Authors: Rasmijn L. M. , van der Schrier G. , Barkmeijer J. , Sterl A. , Hazeleger W. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHow would the spell of extreme weather observed over North America and western Europe during the 2013/2014 winter manifest itself in a warmer climate? Here a forced sensitivity method is used to calculate optimal model tendency perturbations which result in a simulation which has its upper atmospheric circulation shifted in the direction of the January 2014 jet stream pattern. When applied to a simulation run under present‐day conditions the main features of the observations of this event are reproduced, such as the more zonal position and increased strength of the midlatitude North Atlantic storm track, the anomalous temperature pattern over North America, and the excessive precipitation in parts of Europe. When this method is applied to a future warmer climate, the North Atlantic storm track changes to a more zonal orientation, but its strength does not see the significant increase that is obtained in the present‐day simulations. Despite southward advection of polar air into northeastern America, which has also occurred during the 2013/2014 winter, the associated drop in temperature is less in the future climate compared to the present‐day climate because of Arctic amplification. The less steep drop in temperatures over northeastern America leads to a smaller land‐sea temperature contrast, less baroclinic instability, and a reduced increase of midlatitude storminess. While one may expect the future increased atmospheric moisture content to augment the net precipitation, for this specific event, this effect is counterbalanced by the dynamics, leading to a similar net increase in precipitation in the future simulations compared to the present day.
Biome‐specific scaling of ocean productivity, temperature, and carbon export efficiency
Authors: Britten Gregory L. , Primeau François W. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMass conservation and metabolic theory place constraints on how marine export production (EP) scales with net primary productivity (NPP) and sea surface temperature (SST); however, little is empirically known about how these relationships vary across ecologically distinct ocean biomes. Here we compiled in situ observations of EP, NPP, and SST and used statistical model selection theory to demonstrate significant biome‐specific scaling relationships among these variables. Multiple statistically similar models yield a threefold variation in the globally integrated carbon flux (~4–12 Pg C yr−1) when applied to climatological satellite‐derived NPP and SST. Simulated NPP and SST input variables from a 4×CO2 climate model experiment further show that biome‐specific scaling alters the predicted response of EP to simulated increases of atmospheric CO2. These results highlight the need to better understand distinct pathways of carbon export across unique ecological biomes and may help guide proposed efforts for in situ observations of the ocean carbon cycle.
F region ionosphere effects on the mapping accuracy of SuperDARN HF radar echoes
Authors: Chen X.‐C. , Lorentzen D. A. , Moen J. I. , Oksavik K. , Baddeley L. J. , Lester M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractStructured particle precipitation in the cusp is an important source for the generation of F region ionospheric irregularities. The equatorward boundaries of broad Doppler spectral width in Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) data and the concurrent OI 630.0 nm auroral emission are good empirical proxies for the dayside open‐closed field line boundary. However, SuperDARN currently employs a simple virtual model to determine the location of its echoes, instead of a direct calculation of the radio wave path. The varying ionospheric conditions could influence the final mapping accuracy of SuperDARN echoes. A statistical comparison of the offsets between the SuperDARN Finland radar spectral width boundary (SWB) and the OI 630.0 nm auroral emission boundary (AEB) from a meridian‐scanning photometer (MSP) on Svalbard is performed in this paper. By restricting the location of the 630.0 nm data to be near local zenith where the MSP has the highest spatial resolution, the optical mapping errors were significantly reduced. The variation of the SWB‐AEB offset confirms that there is a close relationship between the mapping accuracy of the HF radar echoes and solar activity. The asymmetric variation of the SWB‐AEB offset versus magnetic local time suggests that the intake of high‐density solar extreme ultraviolet ionized plasma from postnoon at subauroral latitudes could result in a stronger refraction of the HF radar signals in the noon sector, while changing the HF radar operating frequency also has a refraction effect that contributes to the final location of the HF radar echoes.
Impact of the Arrangement of Game Information on Recall Performance of Multiplayer Online Battle Arena Players
Authors: Bonny Justin W. , Castaneda Lisa M. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryIndividuals who have domain‐specific knowledge, such as chess players and dancers, have been found to use schemas to organize and anticipate information. We examined whether multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) game players use a similar strategy. Participants were presented with a memory task where they recalled the status of game features as displayed on a mini‐map. The task contained two conditions: a condition where game features were arranged in a manner consistent with gameplay and a condition where game features were arranged in a random manner. Recall accuracy for highly structured game features was affected by whether a mini‐map was consistent or arbitrarily arranged and varied with participants' MOBA expertise. This is in line with previous expertise research that has found that knowledge of underlying probability structures of events contained within schemas is indicative of domain‐specific knowledge. This suggests that MOBA players can be used to study skill acquisition.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diverticulitis‐induced pylephlebitis possibly misdiagnosed as biliary duct obstruction
Authors: Kashiura Masahiro , Sugiyama Kazuhiro , Akashi Akiko , Hamabe Yuichi 
Published: May 2016

CaseA 59‐year‐old Asian man presented to our emergency department with hypogastrium pain, loss of appetite, and diarrhea. On admission, he was hypotensive and jaundiced. Laboratory test results revealed thrombocytopenia, hypercreatininemia, and hyperbilirubinemia. Color Doppler sonography showed no blood flow in the right and left branches of the portal vein, which seemed similar to biliary obstruction. Enhanced computed tomography showed portal vein thrombi, consistent with pylephlebitis; a broad‐spectrum antibiotic and an anticoagulant were administered.OutcomeThe patient died of multiple organ failure 22 h post‐admission. An autopsy revealed suppurative thrombi in the portal vein, multiple liver abscesses, and diverticulitis in the sigmoid colon.ConclusionPylephlebitis, a rare complication of intra‐abdominal infections, is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Ultrasonography findings mimic those of biliary obstruction. Enhanced computed tomography is useful for diagnosing this condition.