bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Topological insulators and related phases with strong interactions
Authors: Vishwanath Ashvin 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThese lecture notes are mainly concerned with how the concept of topological insulators is generalized when interactions are included. More generally, the interplay of symmetry and topology is discussed. Traditionally, phases of matter were distinguished on the basis of symmetry alone. On the other hand, fractional quantum Hall phases are examples of topological states whose essential character does not require a discussion of symmetry. However, topological insulators are an example of a new phase of matter that combines both symmetry and topology.
What is life?—70 years after Schrödinger
Authors: Niemi Antti J. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn February 1943, Erwin Schröodinger presented a series of lectures at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies with the title What is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell. The lectures at Les Houches were a celebration of the anniversary of Schrödinger’s lectures, with the underlying theme being that of proteins as an exciting example of a physical system. These lecture notes begin with an explanation of the basic facts about proteins and then turn to addressing proteins from the point of view of a physicist, illustrating how their study brings physics together in a unique fashion with biology, chemistry, applied mathematics, even medical research, with the goal of understanding living matter.
Information and Communication Technology
Authors: Kaila Heidi 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The emergence and development of the information and communication sector has been rapid in rural Viet Nam over 2006–14, and a true information and communication technology (ICT) revolution has taken place. This chapter examines household ownership and use of ICT. It studies the geographic and demographic differences across ownership of technology, especially phones and the Internet, and the determinants of ICT adoption. First, it finds that expansion of telephones has been much more rapid than the expansion of the Internet. Second, it finds that even though in 2014 internet users were relatively wealthier and more educated than households with phones on average, the adoption patterns of these two technologies are very similar. ICT adoption is driven by education and income, as well as wealth and ownership of other technology.
Welfare Dynamics:2006–14
Authors: McKay Andy , Tarp Finn 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Using the five-wave VARHS panel dataset, this chapter analyses the dynamics of household welfare between 2006 and 2014. Welfare is measured based on real per capita food consumption and income, as well as an asset index. A descriptive analysis is presented, along with an econometric analysis of welfare changes according to each measure, comparing the beginning and end of the panel and looking at mobility between waves. While the overall pattern is of strong upward mobility over the period for most households, a significant minority in fact became worse off. Some important factors identified for positive improvements in welfare include education and having household members who migrated elsewhere, while ethnic minority households often have significantly lower welfare growth.
Educational outcomes of a medical physicist program over the past 10 years in Japan
Authors: Kadoya Noriyuki , Karasawa Kumiko , Sumida Iori , Arimura Hidetaka , Kakinohana Yasumasa , Kabuki Shigeto , Monzen Hajime , Nishio Teiji , Shirato Hiroki , Yamada Syogo 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The promotion plan for the Platform of Human Resource Development for Cancer (Ganpro) was initiated by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan in 2007, establishing a curriculum for medical physicists. In this study, we surveyed the educational outcomes of the medical physicist program over the past 10 years since the initiation of Ganpro. The Japan Society of Medical Physics mailing list was used to announce this survey. The questionnaire was created by members of the Japanese Board for Medical Physicist Qualification, and was intended for the collection of information regarding the characteristics and career paths of medical physics students. Students who participated in the medical physics program from 2007 to 2016 were enrolled. Thirty-one universities (17 accredited and 14 non-accredited) were represented in the survey. In total, 491, 105 and 6 students were enrolled in the Master's, Doctorate and Residency programs, respectively. Most students held a Bachelor's degree in radiological technology (Master's program, 87%; Doctorate program, 72%). A large number of students with a Master's degree worked as radiological technologists (67%), whereas only 9% (n = 32) worked as medical physicists. In contrast, 53% (n = 28) of the students with a Doctorate degree worked as medical physicists. In total, 602 students (from 31 universities) completed the survey. Overall, although the number of the graduates who worked as medical physicists was small, this number increased annually. It thus seems that medical institutions in Japan are recognizing the necessity of licensed medical physicists in the radiotherapy community.
Hyperglycemia Aggravates Cerebral Vasospasm after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model
Authors: Huang Yu-Hua , Chung Chia-Li , Tsai Hung-Pei , Wu Shu-Chuan , Chang Chih-Zen , Chai Chee-Yin , Lee Tao-Chen , Kwan Aij-Lie 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Hyperglycemia is common and showed to be risky for poor prognosis in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, the causality and mechanism underlying this observation are not well established.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between hyperglycemia and cerebral vasospasm with its pathogenesis in a rat model of SAH.

METHODS: One-shot SAH model was employed in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Hyperglycemia was triggered by intraperitoneal streptozotocin administration (50 mg/kg) 7 days before SAH induction. The severity of cerebral vasospasm was determined by the cross-sectional area of basilar artery (BA) in male rats randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: control, hyperglycemia only, SAH only, and SAH with hyperglycemia. The expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the BA were analyzed by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS: The mean (standard deviation) blood glucose level was 433.0 (98.3) and 156.5 (31.7) mg/dL in streptozotocin -treated and untreated rats, respectively. Hyperglycemic rats exhibited poorer neurobehavioral performance than normoglycemic rats when subjected to SAH. Hyperglycemia-mediated exacerbation of vasospasm was evident by the greater decrease in the BA cross-sectional area in the hyperglycemic SAH group than in the SAH only group. Furthermore, there was more decreased expression of eNOS and increased expression of iNOS within the vessels of the hyperglycemic SAH rats.

CONCLUSION: Hyperglycemia exacerbated cerebral vasospasm and was associated with poorer neurological outcomes following SAH. Our findings also suggested the nitric oxide pathway as a potential underlying mechanism via the dysregulation of eNOS and iNOS.
Asymptomatic Extracranial Vertebral Artery Disease in Patients with Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis
Authors: Qureshi Adnan I. , Chaudhry Saqib A. , Eckstein Henning , Jansen Olav , Ringleb Peter A. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Extracranial vertebral artery disease is seen in patients with internal carotid artery stenosis, although the clinical significance is not well understood.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and natural history of extracranial vertebral artery disease in patients with recently symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis.

METHODS: We analyzed data collected for patients with recently symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis in the Stent-Protected Angioplasty vs Carotid Endarterectomy trial. We used Cox proportional hazards analysis to compare the relative risk of various endpoints (any stroke, ipsilateral stroke, and death) between the 3 categories of extracranial vertebral artery disease (normal/hypoplastic, moderate/severe stenosis, occlusion) adjusting for age, gender, severity of internal carotid artery stenosis at baseline (<70% and ≥70%), allocated procedure (carotid angioplasty and stent placement or carotid endarterectomy) and hypertension.

RESULTS: Moderate to severe stenosis and occlusion of 1 of both extracranial vertebral arteries were diagnosed in 152 (12.9%) and 57 (4.8%) of 1181 subjects, respectively. Comparing subjects with normal or hypoplastic vertebral artery, there was nonsignificant 30%, 40%, and 50% higher risk of any stroke (hazard ratio [HR] 1.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.7-2.3), ipsilateral stroke (HR 1.4, 95% CI 0.7-2.5), and death (HR 1.5, 95% CI 0.7-3.1) among subjects with moderate to severe vertebral artery stenosis after adjusting for potential confounders.

CONCLUSIONS: There may be an increased risk of stroke and death in patients with symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis with concurrent asymptomatic extracranial vertebral artery stenosis.
Seizure Outcomes in Occipital Lobe and Posterior Quadrant Epilepsy Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Harward Stephen C , Chen William C , Rolston John D , Haglund Michael M , Englot Dario J 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBACKGROUND:Occipital lobe epilepsy (OLE) is an uncommon but debilitating focal epilepsy syndrome with seizures often refractory to medical management. While surgical resection has proven a viable treatment, previous studies examining postoperative seizure freedom rates are limited by small sample size and patient heterogeneity, thus exhibiting significant variability in their results.OBJECTIVETo review the medical literature on OLE so as to investigate rates and predictors of both seizure freedom and visual outcomes following surgery.METHODSWe reviewed manuscripts exploring surgical resection for drug-resistant OLE published between January 1990 and June 2015 on PubMed. Seizure freedom rates were analyzed and potential predictors were evaluated with separate meta-analyses. Postoperative visual outcomes were also examined.RESULTSWe identified 27 case series comprising 584 patients with greater than 1 yr of follow-up. Postoperative seizure freedom (Engel class I outcome) was observed in 65% of patients, and was significantly predicted by age less than 18 yr (odds ratio [OR] 1.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-2.18), focal lesion on pathological analysis (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.58-2.89), and abnormal preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (OR 3.24, 95% 2.03-6.55). Of these patients, 175 also had visual outcomes reported with 57% demonstrating some degree of visual decline following surgery. We did not find any relationship between postoperative visual and seizure outcomes.CONCLUSIONSurgical resection for OLE is associated with favorable outcomes with nearly two-thirds of patients achieving postoperative seizure freedom. However, patients must be counseled regarding the risk of visual decline following surgery.
Early Cranioplasty is Associated with Greater Neurological Improvement: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Malcolm James G , Rindler Rima S , Chu Jason K , Chokshi Falgun , Grossberg Jonathan A , Pradilla Gustavo , Ahmad Faiz U 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy is a common neurosurgical procedure, yet the optimal timing of cranioplasty has not been well established.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether the timing of cranioplasty is associated with differences in neurological outcome.

METHODS
A systematic literature review and meta-analysis was performed using MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane databases for studies reporting timing and neurological assessment for cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy. Pre- and postcranioplasty neurological assessments for cranioplasty performed within (early) and beyond (late) 90 d were extracted. The standard mean difference (SMD) was used to normalize all neurological measures. Available data were pooled to compare pre-cranioplasty, postcranioplasty, and change in neurological status between early and late cranioplasty cohorts, and in the overall population.

RESULTS
Eight retrospective observational studies were included for a total of 528 patients. Studies reported various outcome measures (eg, Barthel Index, Karnofsky Performance Scale, Functional Independence Measure, Glasgow Coma Scale, and Glasgow Outcome Score). Cranioplasty, regardless of timing, was associated with significant neurological improvement (SMD .56, P = .01). Comparing early and late cohorts, there was no difference in precranioplasty neurological baseline; however, postcranioplasty neurological outcome was significantly improved in the early cohort (SMD .58, P = .04) and showed greater magnitude of change (SMD 2.90, P = .02).

CONCLUSION
Cranioplasty may improve neurological function, and earlier cranioplasty may enhance this effect. Future prospective studies evaluating long-term, comprehensive neurological outcomes will be required to establish the true effect of cranioplasty on neurological outcome.
C1 Lateral Mass Displacement and Transverse Atlantal Ligament Failure in Jefferson's Fracture: A Biomechanical Study of the “Rule of Spence”
Authors: Woods Rafeek O , Inceoglu Serkan , Akpolat Yusuf T , Cheng Wayne K , Jabo Brice , Danisa Olumide 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Jefferson's fracture, first described in 1927, represents a bursting fracture of the C1 ring with lateral displacement of the lateral masses. It has been determined that if the total lateral mass displacement (LMD) exceeds 6.9 mm, there is high likelihood of transverse atlantal ligament (TAL) rupture, and if LMD is less than 5.7 mm TAL injury is unlikely. Several recent radiographic studies have questioned the accuracy and validity of the “rule of Spence” and it lacks biomechanical support.

OBJECTIVE
To determine the amount of LMD necessary for TAL failure using modern biomechanical techniques.

METHODS
Using a universal material testing machine, cadaveric TALs were stretched laterally until failure. A high-resolution, high-speed camera was utilized to measure the displacement of the lateral masses upon TAL failure.

RESULTS
Eleven cadaveric specimens were tested (n = 11). The average LMD upon TAL failure was 3.2 mm (±1.2 mm). The average force required to cause failure of the TAL was 242 N (±82 N). From our data analysis, if LMD exceeds 3.8 mm, there is high probability of TAL failure.

CONCLUSION
Our findings suggest that although the rule of Spence is a conceptually valid measure of TAL integrity, TAL failure occurs at a significantly lower value than previously reported (P < .001). Based on our literature review and findings, LMD is not a reliable independent indicator for TAL failure and should be used as an adjunctive tool to magnetic resonance imaging rather an absolute rule.
Considerations for Medical Students and Advisors After an Unsuccessful Match
Authors: Bumsted Tracy , Schneider Benjamin N. , Deiorio Nicole M. 
Published: March 2017

Increasing numbers of graduating U.S. medical students are not securing a graduate medical education (GME) position, even after participating in the National Resident Matching Program (also known as “the Match”) and the Supplemental Offer and Acceptance Program. The reasons for an unsuccessful Match include increasing numbers of applicants compared with nearly unchanging numbers of available GME positions, academic problems or professionalism lapses, and a poor fit between applicants and their first-choice specialty.
In this Perspective, the authors (1) examine the current Match landscape; (2) discuss the environmental factors that affect that Match landscape such as increasing medical school enrollment without a corresponding increase in GME positions; (3) review historical data on unmatched MD students; (4) discuss medical schools’ responsibilities to unmatched students and to society; (5) explore controversial issues related to unmatched students, including graduation delays and altering the Medical Student Performance Evaluation for subsequent Match applications; and (6) outline various pathways for unmatched students to secure a GME position in the future or to pursue an alternative, nonclinical position. Finally, they share guidelines for advising unmatched students in the weeks and months following an unsuccessful Match. These recommendations aim to clarify what options exist, and are practical, for unmatched students, with the hope that further study will enable the development of best practices in this area.
How to Get to the Distal Posterior Tibial Malleolus? A Cadaveric Anatomic Study Defining the Access Corridors Through 3 Different Approaches
Authors: Assal Mathieu , Dalmau-Pastor Miki , Ray Adrien , Stern Richard 
Published: March 2017

Objective:
Our objective is to review the anatomy and exposure of the posterior column and posterior tibial malleolus (the posterior tibial plafond) by defining the access corridors through 3 different approaches—posteromedial, posterolateral, and modified posteromedial.

Methods:
Cadaveric dissection with percentage of posterior tibial malleolus exposed, and strain gauge measurements to evaluate traction on the neurovascular bundle.

Results:
The 3 different approaches are applicable for exposure of different portions of the distal posterior tibial malleolus. Strain gauge measurements reveal the least traction on the flap containing the neurovascular bundle with the modified posteromedial approach (7.0 N) compared with the posteromedial (21.5 N) and posterolateral (16.8 N) approaches. Exposure of the posterior tibial malleolus was greater with the modified posteromedial approach (91%) compared with the other 2 approaches (posteromedial = 64%, posterolateral = 40%).

Conclusions:
Depending on the location of the principal fracture fragments, particularly in high energy ankle and pilon fractures, each of the posterior approaches has its indication, with the modified posteromedial approach revealing more of the posterior anatomy than the other 2 approaches. The latter approach places the least traction on the flap containing the neurovascular bundle.
Improving Pain Management and Long-Term Outcomes Following High-Energy Orthopaedic Trauma (Pain Study)
Authors: Castillo Renan C. , Raja Srinivasa N. , Frey Katherine P. , Vallier Heather A. , Tornetta Paul , Jaeblon Todd , Goff Brandon J. , Gottschalk Allan , Scharfstein Daniel O. , O'Toole Robert V. ,   METRC
Published: March 2017

Summary:
Poor pain control after orthopaedic trauma is a predictor of physical disability and numerous negative long-term outcomes. Despite increased awareness of the negative consequences of poorly controlled pain, analgesic therapy among hospitalized patients after orthopaedic trauma remains inconsistent and often inadequate. The Pain study is a 3 armed, prospective, double-blind, multicenter randomized trial designed to evaluate the effect of standard pain management versus standard pain management plus perioperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or pregabalin in patients of ages 18–85 with extremity fractures. The primary outcomes are chronic pain, opioid utilization during the 48 hours after definitive fixation and surgery for nonunion in the year after fixation. Secondary outcomes include preoperative and postoperative pain intensity, adverse events and complications, physical function, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. One year treatment costs are also compared between the groups.
Predicting Acute Compartment Syndrome (PACS): The Role of Continuous Monitoring
Authors: Schmidt Andrew H. , Bosse Michael J. , Frey Katherine P. , O'Toole Robert V. , Stinner Daniel J. , Scharfstein Daniel O. , Zipunnikov Vadim , MacKenzie Ellen J. ,   METRC
Published: March 2017

Summary:
The diagnosis of acute compartment syndrome (ACS) is a common clinical challenge among patients who sustain high-energy orthopaedic trauma, largely because no validated criteria exist to reliably define the presence of the condition. In the absence of validated diagnostic standards, concern for the potential clinical and medicolegal impact of a missed compartment syndrome may result in the potential overuse of fasciotomy in “at-risk” patients. The goal of the Predicting Acute Compartment Syndrome Study was to develop a decision rule for predicting the likelihood of ACS that would reduce unnecessary fasciotomies while guarding against potentially missed ACS. Of particular interest was the utility of early and continuous monitoring of intramuscular pressure and muscle oxygenation using near-infrared spectroscopy in the timely diagnosis of ACS. In this observational study, 191 participants aged 18–60 with high-energy tibia fractures were prospectively enrolled and monitored for up to 72 hours after admission, then followed for 6 months. Treating physicians were blinded to continuous pressure and oxygenation data. An expert panel of 9 orthopaedic surgeons retrospectively assessed the likelihood that each patient developed ACS based on data collected on initial presentation, clinical course, and known functional outcome at 6 months. This retrospectively assigned likelihood is modeled as a function of clinical data typically available within 72 hours of admission together with continuous pressure and oxygenation data. This study will improve our understanding of the natural history of compartment syndrome and examine the utility of early and continuous monitoring of the physiologic status of the injured extremity in the timely diagnosis of ACS.
Does Orientation of the Femoral Head Affect Acetabular Development? An Experimental Study in Lamb
Authors: Moraleda Luis , Bravo Christian , Forriol Francisco , Albiñana Javier 
Published: March 2017

Background:
Derotational osteotomy of the proximal femur has proved to be effective in the treatment of residual acetabular dysplasia. However, the reason why this osteotomy is effective remains debatable. The purpose of this study is to investigate if an alteration of femoral head orientation affects acetabular growth.

Methods:
A proximal femoral osteotomy was performed in 21 lambs aged 3 months: 5 varus osteotomies (110 degrees), 4 valgus osteotomies (150 degrees), and 12 derotation osteotomies. Results were compared with a control group (5 animals). Osteotomy was fixed with a screw-plate device. Version was controlled intraoperatively with K-wires. Animals were killed 3 months after surgical procedure. A morphometric study of both proximal femur and acetabulum was performed, including deepness, volume and diameters of the acetabulum, neck-shaft angle and femoral version.

Results:
The average neck-shaft angle for the normal, anteversion, and retroversion groups was 129 degrees, whereas it was 110 degrees for the varus group and 149 degrees for the valgus group. The average femoral version for the normal, valgus, and varus groups was 21 degrees of anteversion, whereas it was 38 degrees of anteversion for the so-called anteversion group and 17 degrees of retroversion for the retroversion group. Nor the neck-shaft angle, nor the femoral version correlated with the acetabular anteroposterior diameter (P=0.698, 0.6, respectively), the acetabular inferosuperior diameter (P=0.083, 0.451, respectively) or the acetabular deepness (P=0.14, 0.371, respectively). The neck-shaft angle correlated significantly with acetabular volume (P=0.023), so that the lower the neck-shaft angle, the higher the acetabular volume (r=−0.453). The femoral version did not correlated with acetabular volume (P=0.381).

Conclusions:
Decreasing the neck-shaft angle provokes an increase in acetabular volume, whereas changes in femoral version do not affect the acetabular growth. Extra-articular osteotomies that alter femoral orientation affect intra-articular gross morphology.

Level of Evidence:
Level II—therapeutic study.