bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Codification of Private International Law in Israel?
Authors: Vitta Edoardo 
Published: February 2016

In the field of Private International Law, as well as in other branches of the law, Israeli legislation reflects the inheritance of the past. The situation is particularly complex in relation to matters of personal status, where the principle of the personality of the law, characterising the legal set-up of the former Ottoman Empire, still prevails, although modified in various ways by enactments of the Mandatory period and the legislature of Israel. Yet the bulk of conflict rules are drawn from the common law as applied in England, a subsidiary source of legal rules under art. 46 of the Palestine Order-in-Council, 1922–47.The details of the P.I.L. system actually in force in the State of Israel will not be dealt with in this paper. Our discussion will be limited to the main trends.The rules concerning personal status in Israel have their basis in Ottoman law according to which the national law of foreigners was applied to them by the consular courts of their own States. This, the well-known system of the Capitulations, was maintained until the Treaty of Montreux of 8 May 1937.When the British Mandate was set up in Palestine, the pattern obtaining in other territories under British administration was followed: the existing legal framework was retained and merely adapted to the new situation. The relevant Mandatory legislation consisted of the Palestine Order-in-Council 1922 and the Succession Ordinance, 1925. Under these enactments matters of personal status affecting foreigners (other than Moslem foreigners belonging to States who required them to submit in such matters, to the exclusive jurisdiction of the Moslem Religious Courts) were to be tried by the civil courts (the District Courts) according to their national law; if, however, the national law referred the matter to the law of their domicile, such latter law was to be applied.
Should We Have a “General Right to Privacy” In Israel?
Authors: Gavison Ruth 
Published: February 2016

In recent years there has been a growing concern about privacy in many countries. Consequently demands are being made that the law should afford privacy a more adequate protection. This new concern about privacy may seem surprising when we recall that people have always gossipped, that individuals have always sought information about others for various purposes, and that governments have always had an interest in knowing as much as they could about their citizens. The intensity of these recent demands for more legal protection suggests that conditions have changed, and that this change has created new threats for privacy. To deal effectively with these new threats we must first identify and understand them.It appears that a combination of various factors, all of which are somehow related to technological developments, is responsible for arousing this interest in privacy. First is the development of the mass-media, which removed the traditional limitations on dissemination of information, and created an artifical demand for such information. Second is the development of electronic devices enabling invasions of privacy which were hitherto impossible. Third is the development and use of computerised systems for the storage and compilation of information. The threats to privacy are evident. Information about us can be retrieved from the files, or sought by detectives or journalists aided by sophisticated devices against which there is virtually no protection. This information may be used against us or disseminated in the mass-media and thus become “public knowledge”. Movements and conversations may be recorded.
Recent Developments in Israel Criminal Law
Authors: Bein Dan 
Published: February 2016

Criminal liability, in the widest sense has its periods of ebb and flow; thus for a certain length of time it may extend over a greater field of human behaviour and then may withdraw and permit forms of conduct formerly regarded as criminal to be no longer so regarded.Looking at recent developments in Israeli substantive criminal law it appears that we are now in a period of “flow”, which finds its expression in various forms, namely:1) The adoption by the courts of less strict canons of interpretation of criminal legislation;2) The application of general doctrines, especially those of attempt, conspiracy and complicity more widely than before;3) The narrowing down of certain defences;4) The creation of new offences or the amending of existing offences with a view to covering modes of conduct which have not, in the past, been subject to criminal law.5) The broadening of the spatial (or territorial) application of the criminal law. This is generally expressed in Israel—according to English tradition—in terms of the jurisdiction of the courts, but in actual fact it is not a procedural matter but relates to the question of the breadth of the criminal law itself.
The United States — Israel Tax Convention
Authors: Rafael Amnon , Efrati David 
Published: February 2016

The Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the State of Israel with Respect to Taxes on Income has reached its final stages of ratification. This is the third attempt of the two governments to reach agreement on tax questions of mutual interest. The United States Senate failed to ratify the first proposed convention because of the inclusion of a “tax sparing” clause. Although the second attempt would have granted U.S. taxpayers an investment credit for investments in Israel, in lieu of the tax sparing, this substitute was still not considered sufficiently neutral to accord it ratification.The present attempt makes use of the foreign tax credit as its primary means of alleviating double taxation.
Rights and Interests — A Troublesome Distinction Reviewed in the Context of Labour Arbitration and Industrial Action
Authors: Raday Frances 
Published: February 2016

It would seem particularly appropriate following the tribute which appeared in the previous issue of the Israel Law Review, to commence our excursion into Israeli labour law with one of Otto Kahn-Freund's thought-provoking observations.“Over a large area of British industrial relations, the rule-making and the decision-making processes, the, as it were, ‘legislative’ and ‘judicial’ functions are as indistinguishable as they were in the Constitution of medieval England. … And just as in the common law the judge is rule-maker and decision-maker all at once, so in the dynamic system of collective bargaining the parties ignore the difference between interpreting an old rule and making a new one.” Thus, in England, as Professor Kahn-Freund points out, the almost universally accepted distinction between disputes of rights and disputes of interests is not considered relevant.
A Guide to Offences of Threats and Blackmail, or “How to See the Forest for the Trees”
Authors: Bein Dan 
Published: February 2016

The Penal Law, 1977, enumerates no less the sixteen offences containing, in one form or another, the element of threat.Sometimes, threat is the only form taken by the behavioural element of the actus reus, but frequently it appears as an alternative to the use of force or to other forms of behaviour, such as fraud.The reason for the multitude of offences of threat is primarily historical, and to a certain extent, the lack of methodical thought in this area.It would seem to us that the legislator, the courts and scholars who deal with offences of threat must clarify their own basic concepts and must be aware of decisions on the questions of policy confronting them: this would result in an elimination of the duplication, the disappearance of superfluous offences from the law books, and would prevent the confusion sometimes reigning in this area at present.
Attendance at Parliamentary Sessions and The Quorum Rule
Authors: Fast Edna 
Published: February 2016

Sec. 22 of the Knesset Regulations states as follows:Knesset Members must participate as frequently as possible in the plenary sessions of the Knesset and in the meetings of the committees of which they are members.There is, however, no formal sanction—statutory or in the regulations, for enforcing this rule. The lack of formal restrictions on the matter of compulsory attendance expresses itself not only in the absence of a statutory quorum, but in a positive fashion as well, in the rule embodied in sec. 24 of the Basic Law: The Knesset, whereby “The Knesset shall hold debates and pass decisions, whatever the numbers present“. Recently, this section was amended: on July 16, 1980, the Knesset approved the addition of the words, “if there is no contrary provision on this matter in another law” at the end of the section. The amendment was not designed to change the existing legal position, according to which a statutory quorum is not required, but only to open the symbolic door to a future change and to rectify the imprecisions in the law as it was formulated. In the body of the law in which we find exemptions from a compulsory quorum, there are three sections entrenched against amendment by a simple majority or an accidental majority, and they may only be amended by an absolute or special majority at the time of the vote.
The Influences of Constitutional Principles on Civil Procedure in Israel
Authors: Goldstein Stephen 
Published: February 2016

In this article we will attempt to clarify a number of basic constitutional principles as they are reflected in the Israeli system of civil procedure. In so doing, we do not purport to be exhaustive as to the constitutional principles discussed. Rather, we will be selective, and shall place our emphasis on those principles that are most basic to the Israeli system. First, however, we must briefly describe the Israeli constitutional structure. Israel has no written constitution. Nor do any of the Basic Laws, which have a quasi-constitutional standing, specifically treat the issues discussed in this article. Yet, this does not mean that constitutional principles do not influence civil procedure in Israel.First, it should be noted that many constitutional principles, in the broad meaning of this term, i.e., fundamental, structural principles, are embedded in positive Israeli legislative provisions, both of primary and of secondary legislation.
Optical shaping of gas targets for laser–plasma ion sources
Authors: Dover N. P. , Cook N. , Tresca O. , Ettlinger O. , Maharjan C. , Polyanskiy M. N. , Shkolnikov P. , Pogorelsky I. , Najmudin Z. 
Published: February 2016

We report on the experimental demonstration of a technique to generate steep density gradients in gas-jet targets of interest to laser–plasma ion acceleration. By using an intentional low-energy prepulse, we generated a hydrodynamic blast wave in the gas to shape the target prior to the arrival of an intense CO$_{2}$ (${\it\lambda}\approx 10~{\rm\mu}\text{m}$) drive pulse. This technique has been recently shown to facilitate the generation of ion beams by shockwave acceleration (Tresca et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 115 (9), 2015, 094802). Here, we discuss and introduce a model to understand the generation of these blast waves and discuss in depth the experimental realisation of the technique, supported by hydrodynamics simulations. With appropriate prepulse energy and timing, this blast wave can generate steepened density gradients as short as $l\approx 20~{\rm\mu}\text{m}$ ($1/e$), opening up new possibilities for laser–plasma studies with near-critical gaseous targets.
Father, brother, and father-in-law as III-w nouns in Semitic
Authors: Wilson-Wright Aren 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn this paper, I argue that the Semitic kinship terms *ʔab-‘father’, *ʔaḫ-‘brother’, and*ḥam-‘father-in-law’ originally ended in aw, which left traces in several of their forms. In the singular, thewcontracted with the case vowels leaving a distinctive pattern of short and long vowels in the unbound, bound, and suffixal forms. In the plural, thewwas retained in several languages due to the insertion of ana-vowel between the final two root consonants, a common Afro-Asiatic pluralization strategy: *ʔabw- > *ʔabaw. I further suggest that the West Semitic plural morpheme-awwas derived by analogy with the plurals *ʔabawand *ʔaḫaw, and is not, as commonly suggested, an inherited Semitic or Afro-Asiatic plural marker.
Molecular epidemiology ofBartonellaspecies isolated from ground squirrels and other rodents in northern California
Authors: ZIEDINS A. C. , CHOMEL B. B. , KASTEN R. W. , KJEMTRUP A. M. , CHANG C.-C. 
Published: February 2016

SUMMARYBartonellaspp. are endemic in wild rodents in many parts of the world. A study conducted in two northern California counties (Sonoma and Yolo) sampling California ground squirrels (Otospermophilus beecheyi) and four other rodent species (Peromyscus maniculatus, P. boylii, P. trueiandNeotoma fuscipes) led to the isolation of small Gram-negative bacilli which were identified asBartonellaspp. based on colony morphology, polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) and partial gene sequencing. Overall,Bartonellaspp. were isolated from the blood of 71% (32/45) of the ground squirrels and one third (22/66) of the other rodents. PCR–RFLP analysis of thegltA and 16S rRNA genes yielded seven unique profiles, four for the ground squirrels and three for the other rodents. Isolates from each PCR–RFLP profiles were submitted for partial sequencing. Ground squirrel isolates were most closely related toB. washoensis, whereas the other rodent isolates were closest toB. vinsoniisubsp.vinsoniiandB. vinsoniisubsp.arupensis. Two of these three species or subspecies are known zoonotic agents.
SN démonstratifs et anadeixis: sens ‘spatial’, ou valeurs tributaires d'une stratégie pragmatique potentielle?
Authors: CORNISH FRANCIS 
Published: February 2016

RÉSUMÉL'article vise à démontrer que l'emploi des démonstratifs marqués pour la distinction déictique ‘proximal’ vs. ‘distal’ en français et en anglais (ainsi que dans bien d'autres langues encore) ne se laisse pas analyser de manière satisfaisante en fonction du degré de proximité ou de distance du référent visé par rapport au locuteur (ou à l'allocutaire) dans la situation de communication, selon la conception classique. Une analyse plus satisfaisante devrait prendre en compte le projet communicatif du locuteur: implication personnelle forte du locuteur dans le cas du membre proximal de l'opposition, et dissociation subjective ou alignement avec l'allocutaire dans celui du membre distal (non marqué).
“I want to do something better”: Career education, guidance and counselling for young women wtth disabilities in secondary schools
Authors: van Kraayenoord Christina E. 
Published: February 2016

This paper is based on our studySchool subjects, tertiary education, career choice and occupational outcomes: A study of women with sensory and physical disabilities(van Kraayenoord & Bramley, 1993). First, we discuss the literature related to subject selection at high school. The second part of the article examines factors that assist or hinder career choice and development. These factors include specific career aspirations, parents, teachers, career counsellors and gender stereotyping. In the third section of the article we describe the continuum of career education, guidance and counselling that we believe would assist in career decision making if developed in schools. The fourth part of the article makes some specific suggestions related to the nature of assistance that young women with disabilities in secondary school need as part of the process of developing knowledge about work and careers. We argue that changes in practices and attitudes in high schools related to career information and support provided to young women with disabilities will lead to better planned and more effective career paths for these women in the long term.When I was at school, one of the career teachers thought I should … work in the blue collar area, not the white collar area … [and said] ‘No you can't do that’ … I really wanted that too much. I wanted something better. I couldn't argue though. Now I hope that the teacher sees what I am now. Be surprised, perhaps shrink down, realise that she had the wrong thought (van Kraayenoord & Bramley, 1993, p.68.)
Promoting effective coping in adolescents ‘at-risk’ for depression
Authors: Bugalski Kerry , Frydenberg Erica 
Published: February 2016

This study aims to investigate the effect of a coping skills program ‘The Best of Coping: Bright Lives’ on adolescents' coping styles. This study also seeks to determine if groups of adolescents who are more or less resistant to depression show different gains from program participation.Comparisons between changes in coping styles were made between groups of adolescents; those considered at-risk for and resistant to depression, those neither resistant or at-risk for depression, and a male and female group. All students, regardless of group membership, participated in the ‘The Best of Coping: Bright Lives’ program.All participants completed the Adolescent Coping Scale, the Children's Attributional Style Questionnaire and the Perceived Control of Internal States pre and post program.Results show a significant increase in Reference to Others coping post program, for all groups, particularly the males. The ‘at-risk’ group also appeared to show a decrease in the use of ‘Non-Productive’ coping post program, in comparison to the ‘resilient“ group.It appears that positive program effects are greatest for adolescents who are prone to depression and use the most ineffective strategies. This indicates that the program effectively targets the adolescents that need the help the most.
A low-carbohydrate high-fat diet increases weight gain and does not improve glucose tolerance, insulin secretion or β-cell mass in NZO mice
Authors: Lamont B J , Waters M F , Andrikopoulos S 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Background/Objectives:
Dietary guidelines for the past 20 years have recommended that dietary fat should be minimized. In contrast, recent studies have suggested that there could be some potential benefits for reducing carbohydrate intake in favor of increased fat. It has also been suggested that low-carbohydrate diets be recommended for people with type 2 diabetes. However, whether such diets can improve glycemic control will likely depend on their ability to improve β-cell function, which has not been studied. The objective of the study was to assess whether a low-carbohydrate and therefore high-fat diet (LCHFD) is beneficial for improving the endogenous insulin secretory response to glucose in prediabetic New Zealand Obese (NZO) mice.

Methods:
NZO mice were maintained on either standard rodent chow or an LCHFD from 6 to 15 weeks of age. Body weight, food intake and blood glucose were assessed weekly. Blood glucose and insulin levels were also assessed after fasting and re-feeding and during an oral glucose tolerance test. The capacity of pancreatic β-cells to secrete insulin was assessed in vivo with an intravenous glucose tolerance test. β-Cell mass was assessed in histological sections of pancreata collected at the end of the study.

Results:
In NZO mice, an LCHFD reduced plasma triglycerides (P=0.001) but increased weight gain (P<0.0001), adipose tissue mass (P=0.0015), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=0.044) and exacerbated glucose intolerance (P=0.013). Although fasting insulin levels tended to be higher (P=0.08), insulin secretory function in LCHFD-fed mice was not improved (P=0.93) nor was β-cell mass (P=0.75).

Conclusions:
An LCHFD is unlikely to be of benefit for preventing the decline in β-cell function associated with the progression of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes.
MiR-125a promotes paclitaxel sensitivity in cervical cancer through altering STAT3 expression
Authors: Fan Z , Cui H , Yu H , Ji Q , Kang L , Han B , Wang J , Dong Q , Li Y , Yan Z , Yan X , Zhang X , Lin Z , Hu Y , Jiao S 
Published: February 2016

AbstractCervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common malignancies in women. Paclitaxel is the front-line chemotherapeutic agent for treating CC. However, its therapeutic efficacy is limited because of chemoresistance, the mechanism of which remains poorly understood. Here, we used microRNA (miRNA) arrays to compare miRNA expression levels in the CC cell lines, HeLa and CaSki, with their paclitaxel resistance counterparts, HeLa/PR and CaSki/PR. We demonstrate that miR-125a was one of most significantly downregulated miRNAs in paclitaxel-resistant cells, which also acquired cisplatin resistance. And that the upregulation of miR-125a sensitized HeLa/PR and CaSki/PR cells to paclitaxel both in vitro and in vivo and to cisplatin in vitro. Moreover, we determined that miR-125a increased paclitaxel and cisplatin sensitivity by downregulating STAT3. MiR-125a enhanced paclitaxel and cisplatin sensitivity by promoting chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Clinically, miR-125a expression was associated with an increased responsiveness to paclitaxel combined with cisplatin and a more favorable outcome. These data indicate that miR-125a may be a useful method to enable treatment of chemoresistant CC and may also provide a biomarker for predicting paclitaxel and cisplatin responsiveness in CC.
With a little help from DNA barcoding: investigating the diversity of Gastropoda from the Portuguese coast
Authors: Borges Luísa M. S. , Hollatz Claudia , Lobo Jorge , Cunha Ana M. , Vilela Ana P. , Calado Gonçalo , Coelho Rita , Costa Ana C. , Ferreira Maria S. G. , Costa Maria H. , Costa Filipe O. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe Gastropoda is one of the best studied classes of marine invertebrates. Yet, most species have been delimited based on morphology only. The application of DNA barcodes has shown to be greatly useful to help delimiting species. Therefore, sequences of the cytochromecoxidase I gene from 108 specimens of 34 morpho-species were used to investigate the molecular diversity within the gastropods from the Portuguese coast. To the above dataset, we added available COI-5P sequences of taxonomically close species, in a total of 58 morpho-species examined. There was a good match between ours and sequences from independent studies, in public repositories. We found 32 concordant (91.4%) out of the 35 Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) generated from our sequences. The application of a ranking system to the barcodes yield over 70% with top taxonomic congruence, while 14.2% of the species barcodes had insufficient data. In the majority of the cases, there was a good concordance between morphological identification and DNA barcodes. Nonetheless, the discordance between morphological and molecular data is a reminder that even the comparatively well-known European marine gastropods can benefit from being probed using the DNA barcode approach. Discordant cases should be reviewed with more integrative studies.
Occam’s Quantum Strop: Synchronizing and Compressing Classical Cryptic Processes via a Quantum Channel
Authors: Mahoney John R. , Aghamohammadi Cina , Crutchfield James P. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA stochastic process’ statistical complexity stands out as a fundamental property: the minimum information required to synchronize one process generator to another. How much information is required, though, when synchronizing over a quantum channel? Recent work demonstrated that representing causal similarity as quantum state-indistinguishability provides a quantum advantage. We generalize this to synchronization and offer a sequence of constructions that exploit extended causal structures, finding substantial increase of the quantum advantage. We demonstrate that maximum compression is determined by the process’ cryptic order–a classical, topological property closely allied to Markov order, itself a measure of historical dependence. We introduce an efficient algorithm that computes the quantum advantage and close noting that the advantage comes at a cost–one trades off prediction for generation complexity.