bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of integrated child development scheme on child malnutrition in West Bengal, India
Authors: Dutta Arijita , Ghosh Smritikana 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWith child malnutrition detected as a persistent problem in most of the developing countries, public policy has been directed towards offering community‐based supplementary feeding provision and nutritional information to caregivers. India, being no exception, has initiated these programs as early as 1970s under integrated child development scheme. Using propensity score matching technique on primary data of 390 households in two districts of West Bengal, an Eastern state in India, the study finds that impact of being included in the program and receiving supplementary feeding is insignificant on child stunting measures, though the program can break the intractable barriers of child stunting only when the child successfully receives not only just the supplementary feeding but also his caregiver collects crucial information on nutritional awareness and growth trajectory of the child. Availability of regular eggs in the feeding diet too can reduce protein‐related undernutrition. Focusing on just feeding means low depth of other services offered under integrated child development scheme, including pre‐school education, nutritional awareness, and hygiene behavior; thus repealing a part of the apparent food‐secure population who puts far more importance on the latter services.
Population genomics fits the bill: genetics of adaptive beak variation in Darwin's finches
Authors: Mundy Nicholas I. 
Published: October 2016

Darwin's finches are an iconic case of adaptive radiation. The size and shape of their beaks are key adaptive traits related to trophic niche that vary among species and evolve rapidly when the food supply changes. Building on recent studies, a paper in this issue of Molecular Ecology (Chaves et al. ) investigates the genomic basis of beak size variation in sympatric populations of three species of ground finch (Geospiza) by performing a Genome‐wide association study using RAD‐seq data. The authors find that variation in a small number of markers can explain a substantial proportion of variation in beak size. Some of these markers are in genomic regions that have previously been implicated in beak size variation in Darwin's finches, whereas other markers have not, suggesting both conservation and divergence in the genetic basis of morphological evolution. Overall, the study confirms that loci of large effect are involved in beak size variation, which helps to explain the high heritability and rapid response to selection of this trait. The independent identification of regions containing HMGA2 and DLK1 loci in a GWAS makes them prime targets for functional studies. The study also shows that under the right conditions, RAD‐seq can be a viable alternative to genome sequencing for GWAS in wild vertebrate populations.
Forest ecosystems of temperate climatic regions: from ancient use to climate change
Authors: Gilliam Frank S. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryHumans have long utilized resources from all forest biomes, but the most indelible anthropogenic signature has been the expanse of human populations in temperate forests. The purpose of this review is to bring into focus the diverse forests of the temperate region of the biosphere, including those of hardwood, conifer and mixed dominance, with a particular emphasis on crucial challenges for the future of these forested areas. Implicit in the term ‘temperate’ is that the predominant climate of these forest regions has distinct cyclic, seasonal changes involving periods of growth and dormancy. The specific temporal patterns of seasonal change, however, display an impressive variability among temperate forest regions. In addition to the more apparent current anthropogenic disturbances of temperate forests, such as forest management and conversion to agriculture, human alteration of temperate forests is actually an ancient phenomenon, going as far back as 7000 yr before present (bp). As deep‐seated as these past legacies are for temperate forests, all current and future perturbations, including timber harvesting, excess nitrogen deposition, altered species’ phenologies, and increasing frequency of drought and fire, must be viewed through the lens of climate change.

Contents

Summary
871

I.
Introduction
871

II.
A brief biogeography and history of temperate forests
874

III.
Climate, soils, composition and land use
875

IV.
Climate change
878

V.
Epilogue
882

Acknowledgements
884

References
884
Indium Mineralization in Copper–Tin Stratiform Skarn Ores at the Saishitang–Rilonggou Ore Field, Qinghai, Northwest China
Authors: Liu Jianping , Gu Xiangping , Shao Yongjun , Feng Yuzhou , Lai Jianqing 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe Saishitang–Rilonggou Ore Field (SROF), which includes the Saishitang, Tongyugou, and Rilonggou ore deposits as well as other scattered occurrences, is located in the Elashan region in Qinghai Province, and is a significant Cu–Sn ore field in NW China. These ores are hosted in stratiform skarn deposits with the main metals being Cu and Sn, as well as Zn, Pb, Au, Ag, and trace elements (e.g. Ga, Ge, Se, and In). Bulk‐rock geochemical analyses of 50 ore samples from the three deposits show that In contents in the Saishitang deposit range from 0.03 to 39 ppm (average 12.7 ppm, n = 19), with 1000 In/Zn values that vary from >0.01 to 29.83 (average 4.29). Indium contents in the Tongyugou deposit vary from 7.51 to 131 ppm (average 28.37 ppm, n = 13), with 1000 In/Zn values from 0.74 to 48 (average 17.55). Finally, indium contents in the Rilonggou deposit vary from 0.73 to 120 ppm (average 36.15 ppm, n = 18), with 1000 In/Zn values from 0.33 to 47 (average 8.52). Indium is hosted mainly in sphalerite, while some other In‐bearing minerals (e.g., roquesite, stannoidite, and stannite) are present locally within the ore field. Roquesite, which replace or fill bornite, occurs in bornite‐rich ores in the Saishitang deposit. This is the first reported Chinese locality of roquesite. Based on previously reported Zn resources, a total of 136 tons of In is calculated to be hosted in the SROF, with 30, 66, and 40 tons of In attributed to the Saishitang, Tongyugou, and Rilonggou deposits, respectively. The differences in indium contents among the deposits and their respective geological histories and characteristics suggest that the origin of indium relates to volcanogenic metallogenesis in an early Permian volcano‐sedimentary basin. Based on the evaluation of In resources, future mining operations should include the recovery of indium in the Tongyugou and Rilonggou deposits.
The Nucleus Deposit: Superposed Au–Ag–Bi–Cu Mineralization Systems at Freegold Mountain, Yukon, Canada
Authors: Bineli Betsi Thierry , Lentz David R. , Mcfarlane Chris 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn this paper we present titanite U–Pb (both single crystal CA ID‐TIMS and in situ LA ICP‐MS) data, coupled with ore and gangue mineralogy and geochemical (both lithogeochemistry and microanalysis) data from the Nucleus Au–Ag–Bi–Cu deposit, in the Yukon (Canada) portion of the Tintina Au province. Arsenic‐bearing Au–Ag–Bi–Cu mineralization at Nucleus consists of two distinct styles of mineralization including: (i) reduced Au skarn and sulfide replacement; and (ii) a relatively shallow‐emplaced (as supported by textures and temperature of formation), vein‐controlled mineralization occurring mainly as veins and veinlets of various shapes (sheeted, single, stockworks, and crustiform), breccias, and disseminations. Whereas Au, Bi, and Cu mineralization from skarn is associated with hydrous retrograde alteration phases (actinolite, ferro‐actinolite, hastingsite, cannilloite, and hornblende), numerous alteration types are associated with the vein‐controlled style of mineralization and these include: biotite, phyllic, argillic, propylitic, carbonate, and quartz (silicification) alterations. The mineralization–alteration processes took place over a wide temperature range that is bracketed between 340 and 568°C, as indicated by chlorite and arsenopyrite geothermometers. The Au‐rich Nucleus deposit is characterized by anomalously high content of As and Bi (as much as 1 %), and whereas Au moderately correlates with Bi (r = 0.40) in the skarn mineralization style (where native Au is spatially associated with native Bi and Bi‐bearing sulfides), the two elements correlate poorly (r = 0.14) in the vein‐controlled type, in which native Bi‐ and Bi‐sulfide‐bearing veins are locally observed. Sphalerite from the vein‐controlled mineralized type is Fe‐rich (9.92–10.54 mol % FeS) indicative of low sulfidation conditions, as well as high temperature, with the latter further supported by arsenopyrite geothermometry (up to 491°C), low Ag content (3–7 wt.%) in Au, and the high gold fineness (926–964). Whereas molybdenite Re–Os ages from quartz‐molybdenite veins range from 75.8 to 76.2 ± 0.3 Ma, titanite from the skarn type mineralization recorded CA ID‐TIMS and LA ICP‐MS U–Pb ages of 182.6 ± 2.4 Ma and 191.0 ± 1.5 Ma, respectively, thus precluding any genetic link between the two spatially associated styles of mineralization from the Nucleus deposit area. The Au–Ag–Bi–Cu Nucleus deposit is therefore regarded as a superposed system in which two mineralization types, without any petrogenetic relationship, overlapped, possibly with remobilization of early‐formed mineralization.
Tumor regrowth and development of keratinocytic neoplasms in patients under smoothened inhibition: in vivo assessment with reflectance confocal microscopy
Authors: Alarcon I. , Pasquali P. , Malvehy J. , Puig S. 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundThe regrowth of a tumor after complete clinical response and the development of keratinocytic neoplasms while patients are still undergoing continuous vismodegib have stressed the importance of the accurate monitoring to detect recurrences earlier and ensure the best possible outcome.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to determine the role of reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) in monitoring the response of locally advanced basal cell carcinoma (laBCC) to vismodegib and to discard secondary resistance.MethodsSeven patients presenting with nine laBCC, were prospectively included and their response to this drug was assessed by means of clinical examination, dermoscopy, and RCM. The study was conducted at the Melanoma Unit in Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, between June 2012 and March 2013.ResultsHistologically confirmed lesion 10 mm or larger in diameter for which surgery was contraindicated and radiation therapy was inappropriate. The median patient age was 73 years and the most common histological type was infiltrating BCC. RCM allowed the identification of residual tumor in two lesions and to confirm complete response in the other four cases. Two patients developed new lesions within the tumor bed, they were assessed by RCM showing features of actinic keratosis which were confirmed by histopathology.ConclusionThe use of in vivo RCM allowed the characterization of the dynamic morphologic changes in tumor response helping to better define partial response and to differentiate it from secondary resistance. Another interesting observation was the recognition of a phenomenon characterized by the development of keratinocytic neoplasms within the tumor bed.
FLOOD FLOW CHARACTERISTICS AND BED LOAD TRANSPORT IN NON-VEGETATED COMPOUND STRAIGHT CHANNELS
Authors: Jumain Mazlin , Ibrahim Zulkiflee , Ismail Zulhilmi , Samsudin Mohd Fuad , Tajol Anuar Muhd Zubair , Harun Sobri , Makhtar Md Ridzuan , Abd Rahman Mohd Suhaimi 
Published: October 2016

Floods are the most common natural disasters in Malaysia and have damaged structures, infrastructures, crops and even causes fatalities. It may also lead to erosion and sedimentation in rivers and this will result to complex river behaviour. A hydraulic laboratory experimental study was carried out. Also, flood flow and sediment transport in straight compound channels involving flow resistance, distribution of depth-averaged velocity, stream-wise vorticity patterns, channel bed morphology and bed load transport rate in non-vegetated compound straight mobile bed channels were investigated. The finding showed that the Darcy Weisbach friction factor f increased by 40% and 54% for floodplain and main channel, respectively when relative flood flow depth increase from 0.30 to 0.50. The small bed load transport rates of 0.09 g/s and 0.03 g/s for shallow and deep overbank flows, respectively were measured due to effect of very gentle or mild channel bed slope which was fixed at a gradient of 0.1%.
PORT CAPACITY FORECASTING AND THE IMPACT OF THE DREDGING WORKS ON PORT SEA OPERATIONS USING DISCRETE EVENT SIMULATION
Authors: Souf-Aljen Atef Salem , Maimun Adi , Rahimuddin Rahimuddin , Zairie Noor 
Published: October 2016

Continuous capacity expansion is vital for ports to handle future growth due to the increase in volume of maritime transport and size of the vessels. Some improvements and developments are required for the port to enhance its capacity throughput. In order to accommodate huge vessels without any restrictions, there is a need to deepen the channels. Furthermore, there is also need to widen the channel to prevent congestions. However, dredging work for deepening the harbour waters will reduce the utilization of the berths and navigational areas. This will significantly affect the port capacity and hence its income. In this paper a simulation program based on queuing theory and discrete event simulation is developed and used for forecasting port throughput and simulating dredging conditions. Data from a container port and an Automatic Identification System (AIS) were utilised to develop the simulation program in MATLAB-Simulink. Using this tool, port capacity was simulated and the effect of dredging on port capacity was studied. An appropriate period of time needed for dredging is determined by taking into considerations the blocking of some berths and limiting the number of vessels passing the channels during the dredging operations. The results from the simulations could then be used for planning the dredging works
Derivation of formulas to calculate the saturation correction of ionization chambers in pulsed beams of short, nonvanishing pulse durations
Authors: Karsch Leonhard 
Published: October 2016

PurposeGas‐filled ionization chambers are the most important radiation detectors in radiotherapy. The collected charge at the electrodes does not represent the total released charge due to the unavoidable recombination processes. This needs to be considered for precise dose measurements. A quantitative description and correction of the recombination effects is established for two cases: continuous radiation exposure and pulsed radiation fields of single pulses with vanishing pulse duration. This work derives formulas for calculating the saturation correction for pulsed beams of nonvanishing pulse duration.MethodsRecursive formulas are derived describing the spatio‐temporal development of the charge density distributions in plane‐parallel ionization chambers starting at neglected recombination. Pulse duration dependent effective chamber parameters are calculated, by comparing the coefficients of a series expansion for small recombination effects. These parameters are used afterward in the known formula for the saturation correction factor for pulsed irradiation with increased recombination effects which was established with the assumption of vanishing pulse duration.ResultsThe formulas should be valid for pulse durations shorter than half the collection time of the chamber. They allow calculating the saturation correction factor for pulsed beams of nonvanishing pulse duration and arbitrary pulse dose, if chamber, beam, and filling gas parameters are known. The filling gas parameters could be determined from experimental data. The calculation results are in good agreement with already published experimental and simulated results for a Roos chamber.ConclusionsThe new formulas can be applied to determine the expected saturation correction for pulsed beams of different pulse duration and pulse dose including new beams at accelerators of new technologies. More experimental validation by using other chambers and an extension of the new formalism to pulse durations longer than half the collection time of the chamber is desired.
Systems-level analysis of mechanisms regulating yeast metabolic flux
Authors: Hackett Sean R. , Zanotelli Vito R. T. , Xu Wenxin , Goya Jonathan , Park Junyoung O. , Perlman David H. , Gibney Patrick A. , Botstein David , Storey John D. , Rabinowitz Joshua D. 
Published: October 2016

Quantitation of metabolic pathway regulationAlthough metabolic biochemical pathways are well understood, less is known about precisely how reaction rates or fluxes through the various enzymes are controlled. Hackettet al.developed a method to quantitate such regulatory influence in yeast. They monitored concentrations of metabolites, enzymes, and potential regulators by LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry) and isotope ratio measurements for 56 reactions, over 100 metabolites, and 370 metabolic enzymes in yeast in 25 different steady-state conditions. Bayesian analysis was used to examine the probability of regulatory interactions. Regulation of flux through the pathways was predominantly controlled by changes in the concentration of small-molecule metabolites rather than changes in enzyme abundance. The analysis also revealed previously unrecognized regulation between pathways.Science, this issue p.432
Rapid Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing during an Investigation of Hospital-Acquired Human Parainfluenza Virus 3 Infections
Authors: Greninger Alexander L. , Zerr Danielle M. , Qin Xuan , Adler Amanda L. , Sampoleo Reigran , Kuypers Jane M. , Englund Janet A. , Jerome Keith R. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is increasingly used for the unbiased detection of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and eukaryotic parasites in clinical samples. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of clinical bacterial isolates has been shown to inform hospital infection prevention practices, but this technology has not been utilized during potential respiratory virus outbreaks. Here, we report on the use of mNGS to inform the real-time infection prevention response to a cluster of hospital-acquired human parainfluenza 3 virus (HPIV3) infections at a children's hospital. Samples from 3 patients with hospital-acquired HPIV3 identified over a 12-day period on a general medical unit and 10 temporally associated samples from patients with community-acquired HPIV3 were analyzed. Our sample-to-sequencer time was <24 h, while our sample-to-answer turnaround time was <60 h with a hands-on time of approximately 6 h. Eight (2 cases and 6 controls) of 13 samples had sufficient sequencing coverage to yield the whole genome for HPIV3, while 10 (2 cases and 8 controls) of 13 samples gave partial genomes and all 13 samples had >1 read for HPIV3. Phylogenetic clustering revealed the presence of identical HPIV3 genomic sequence in the two of the cases with hospital-acquired infection, consistent with the concern for recent transmission within the medical unit. Adequate sequence coverage was not recovered for the third case. This work demonstrates the promise of mNGS for providing rapid information for infection prevention in addition to microbial detection.
Development of a Sensitive and Specific Serological Assay Based on Luminex Technology for Detection of Antibodies to Zaire Ebola Virus
Authors: Ayouba Ahidjo , Touré Abdoulaye , Butel Christelle , Keita Alpha Kabinet , Binetruy Florian , Sow Mamadou S. , Foulongne Vincent , Delaporte Eric , Peeters Martine 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
The recent Zaire Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak in West Africa illustrates clearly the need for additional studies with humans and animals to elucidate the ecology of Ebola viruses (EBVs). In this study, we developed a serological assay based on the Luminex technology. Nine recombinant proteins representing different viral regions (nucleoprotein [NP], 40-kDa viral protein [VP40], and glycoprotein [GP]) from four of the five EBV lineages were used. Samples from 94 survivors of the EBOV outbreak in Guinea and negative samples from 108 patients in France were used to calculate test performance for EBOV detection and cross-reaction with other Ebola virus lineages. For EBOV antibody detection, sensitivities of 95.7%, 96.8%, and 92.5% and specificities of 94.4%, 95.4%, and 96.3% for NP, GP, and VP40, respectively, were observed. All EBOV-negative samples that presented a reaction, except for one, interacted with a single antigen, whereas almost all samples from EBOV survivors were simultaneously reactive with NP and GP (90/94) or with NP, GP, and VP40 (87/94). Considering as positive for past EBOV infection only samples that reacted with EBOV NP and GP, sensitivity was 95.7% and specificity increased to 99.1%. Comparing results with commercial EBOV NP and GP enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs; Alpha Diagnostic, San Antonio, TX), lower sensitivity (92.5%) and high specificity (100%) were observed with the same positivity criteria. Samples from EBOV survivors cross-reacted with GP from Sudan Ebola virus (GP-SUDV) (81.9%), GP from Bundibugyo Ebola virus (GP-BDBV) (51.1%), GP from Reston Ebola virus (GP-RESTV) (9.6%), VP40-SUDV (76.6%), and VP40-BDBV (38.3%). Overall, we developed a sensitive and specific high-throughput serological assay, and defined an algorithm, for epidemiological surveys with humans.