bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vessel Wall Enhancement and Blood–Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier Disruption After Mechanical Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Renú Arturo , Laredo Carlos , Lopez-Rueda Antonio , Llull Laura , Tudela Raúl , San-Roman Luis , Urra Xabier , Blasco Jordi , Macho Juan , Oleaga Laura , Chamorro Angel , Amaro Sergio 
Published: February 2017

Background and Purpose—
Less than half of acute ischemic stroke patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy obtain permanent clinical benefits. Consequently, there is an urgent need to identify mechanisms implicated in the limited efficacy of early reperfusion. We evaluated the predictors and prognostic significance of vessel wall permeability impairment and its association with blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) disruption after acute stroke treated with thrombectomy.

Methods—
A prospective cohort of acute stroke patients treated with stent retrievers was analyzed. Vessel wall permeability impairment was identified as gadolinium vessel wall enhancement (GVE) in a 24- to 48-hour follow-up contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, and severe BCSFB disruption was defined as subarachnoid hemorrhage or gadolinium sulcal enhancement (present across >10 slices). Infarct volume was evaluated in follow-up magnetic resonance imaging, and clinical outcome was evaluated with the modified Rankin Scale at day 90.

Results—
A total of 60 patients (median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, 18) were analyzed, of whom 28 (47%) received intravenous alteplase before mechanical thrombectomy. Overall, 34 (57%) patients had GVE and 27 (45%) had severe BCSFB disruption. GVE was significantly associated with alteplase use before thrombectomy and with more stent retriever passes, along with the presence of severe BCSFB disruption. GVE was associated with poor clinical outcome, and both GVE and severe BCSFB disruption were associated with increased final infarct volume.

Conclusions—
These findings may support the clinical relevance of direct vessel damage and BCSFB disruption after acute stroke and reinforce the need for further improvements in reperfusion strategies. Further validation in larger cohorts of patients is warranted.
Behaviour, Development and Evolution
Authors: Bateson Patrick 
Published: February 2017

The role of parents in shaping the characters of their children, the causes of violence and crime, and the roots of personal unhappiness are central to humanity. Like so many fundamental questions about human existence, these issues all relate to behavioural development. In this lucid and accessible book, eminent biologist Professor Sir Patrick Bateson suggests that the nature/nurture dichotomy we often use to think about questions of development in both humans and animals is misleading. Instead, he argues that we should pay attention to whole systems, rather than to simple causes, when trying to understand the complexity of development.
In his wide-ranging approach Bateson discusses why so much behaviour appears to be well- designed. He explores issues such as ‘imprinting’ and its importance to the attachment of offspring to their parents; the mutual benefits that characterise communication between parent and offspring; the importance of play in learning how to choose and control the optimal conditions in which to thrive; and the vital function of adaptability in the interplay between development and evolution.
Bateson disputes the idea that a simple link can be found between genetics and behaviour. What an individual human or animal does in its life depends on the reciprocal character of its transactions with the world about it. This knowledge also points to ways in which an animal's own behaviour can provide the variation that influences the subsequent course of evolution.
This has relevance not only for our scientific approaches to the systems of development and evolution, but also on how humans change institutional rules that have become dysfunctional, or design public health measures when mismatches occur between themselves and their environments. It affects how we think about ourselves and our own capacity for change.
Wallenstein
Authors: Schiller Friedrich 
Published: February 2017

By the time Frederich Schiller came to write the Wallenstein trilogy, his reputation as one of Germany’s leading playwrights was all but secured. Consisting of Wallenstein’s Camp, The Piccolomini and The Death of Wallenstein, this suite of plays appeared between 1798 and 1799, each production under the original direction of Schiller’s collaborator and mentor, Johann Wolfgang (von) Goethe. Across the three plays, which are now commonly performed and printed together, Schiller charts the thwarted rebellion of General Albrecht von Wallenstein. Based loosely on the events of the Thirty Years' War, the trilogy provides a unique vantage on an army’s loyalty to their commander and the machinations and intrigues of international diplomacy, giving insight into the military hero who is placed on the threshold between these forces as they are increasingly pitted against one another.
The Wallenstein trilogy, formally innovative and modern beyond its time, is a brilliant study of power, ambition and betrayal. In this new translation—the latest in a long line of distinguished English translations of the play, starting with Coleridge's in Schiller's lifetime—Flora Kimmich succeeds in rendering what is often a difficult source text into language that is at once accessible and enjoyable. Coupled with a complete and careful commentary and a glossary, both of which are targeted to undergraduates, and accompanied by an authoritative introductory essay by Roger Paulin, this edition also includes embedded readings in German of the play and links to the original German text. It will be an invaluable resource for students of German, European literature and history, and military history, as well as to all readers approaching this important set of plays for the first time.
Characterizing Ventilation and Exposure in Street Canyons Using Lagrangian Particles
Authors: Lo K. W. , Ngan K. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe residence time measures the rate at which a pollutant escapes from a region of interest. Previous studies of urban ventilation have estimated the mean residence time from Eulerian data by assuming a spatially homogeneous pollutant field. Using a large-eddy simulation and a Lagrangian particle model, the residence and exposure times are calculated for an idealized street canyon in the skimming-flow region and a deep street canyon within a realistic urban area. For both domains, the mean residence time is on the order of a canyon circulation time scale, while the mean exposure time, which includes re-entrainment and characterizes the total time spent by a pollutant in a region of interest, is about 20% longer. Intensive quantities such as the Lagrangian visitation factor and return coefficient indicate that re-entrainment is modest. Probability distribution functions of the exposure and residence times are nearly exponential for both domains, in accord with pure diffusion and single-time-scale, vertical-exchange parameterizations. It is argued that, by analogy with Brownian motion, the mean residence and exposure times are set primarily by the mean circulation rather than the turbulence when the flow approximates that within a two-dimensional street canyon.
Ceilometer-Based Analysis of Shanghai’s Boundary Layer Height (under Rain- and Fog-Free Conditions)
Authors: Peng Jie , Grimmond C. S. B. , Fu Xinshu , Chang Yuanyong , Zhang Guangliang , Guo Jibing , Tang Chenyang , Gao Jie , Xu Xiaodong , Tan Jianguo 
Published: February 2017

AbstractTo investigate the boundary layer dynamics of the coastal megacity Shanghai, China, backscatter data measured by a Vaisala CL51 ceilometer are analyzed with a modified ideal curve fitting algorithm. The boundary layer height zi retrieved by this method and from radiosondes compare reasonably overall. Analyses of mobile and stationary ceilometer data provide spatial and temporal characteristics of Shanghai’s boundary layer height. The consistency between when the ceilometer is moving and stationary highlights the potential of mobile observations of transects across cities. An analysis of 16 months of zi measured at the Fengxian site in Shanghai reveals that the diurnal variation of zi in the four seasons follows the expected pattern; for all seasons zi starts to increase at sunrise, reflecting the influence of solar radiation. However, the boundary layer height is generally higher in autumn and winter than in summer and spring (mean hourly averaged zi for days with low cloud fraction at 1100–1200 local time are 900, 654, 934, and 768 m for spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively). This is attributed to seasonal differences in the dominant meteorological conditions, including the effects of a sea breeze at the near-coastal Fengxian site. Given the success of the retrieval method, other ceilometers installed across Shanghai are now being analyzed to understand more about the spatial dynamics of zi and to investigate in more detail the effects of prevailing mesoscale circulations and their seasonal dynamics.
Rain Evaporation Rate Estimates from Dual-Wavelength Lidar Measurements and Intercomparison against a Model Analytical Solution
Authors: Lolli S. , Di Girolamo P. , Demoz B. , Li X. , Welton E. J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractRain evaporation, while significantly contributing to moisture and heat cloud budgets, is a still poorly understood process with few measurements presently available. Multiwavelength lidars, widely employed in aerosols and clouds studies, can also provide useful information on the microphysical characteristics of light precipitation, for example, drizzle and virga. In this paper, lidar measurements of the median volume raindrop diameter and rain evaporation rate profiles are compared with a model analytical solution. The intercomparison reveals good agreement between the model and observations, with a correlation between the profiles up to 65% and a root-mean-square error up to 22% with a 5% bias. Larger discrepancies are due to radiosonde soundings different air masses and model assumptions no more valid along the profile as nonsteady atmosphere and/or appearance of collision–coalescence processes. Nevertheless, this study shares valuable information to better characterize the rain evaporation processes.
Differentiation of ductal carcinoma in situ versus fibrocystic changes by magnetic resonance imaging: are there pathognomonic imaging features?
Authors: Dietzel Matthias , Kaiser Clemens G , Wenkel Evelyn , Clauser Paola , Uder Michael , Schulz-Wendtland Rüdiger , Baltzer Pascal AT 
Published: February 2017

Background In breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) remains controversial; the most challenging cause of false-positive DCIS diagnosis is fibrocystic changes (FC). Purpose To search for typical and pathognomonic patterns of DCIS and FC using a standard clinical MRI protocol. Material and Methods Consecutive patients scheduled for breast MRI (standardized protocols @ 1.5T: dynamic-T1-GRE before/after Gd-DTPA [0.1 mmol/kg body weight (BW)]; T1-TSE), with subsequent pathological sampling, were investigated. Sixteen MRI descriptors were prospectively assessed by two experienced radiologists in consensus (blinded to pathology) and explored in patients with DCIS (n = 77) or FC (n = 219). Univariate and multivariate statistics were performed to identify the accuracy of descriptors (alone, combined). Furthermore, pathognomonic descriptor-combinations with an accuracy of 100% were explored (χ2 statistics; decision trees). Results Six breast MRI descriptors significantly differentiated DCIS from FC ( Pcorrected < 0.05; odds ratio < 7.9). Pathognomonic imaging features were present in 33.8% (n = 100) of all cases allowing the identification of 42.9% of FC (n = 94). Conclusion Pathognomonic patterns of DCIS and FC were frequently observed in a standard clinical MRI protocol. Such imaging patterns could decrease the false-positive rate of breast MRI and hence might help to decrease the number of unnecessary biopsies in this clinically challenging subgroup.
Effect of a low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field on expression and secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α in nucleus pulposus cells
Authors: Zou Jun , Chen Yufeng , Qian Jiale , Yang Huilin 
Published: February 2017

Objective To investigate changes in nucleus pulposus cell expression and secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α following stimulation with a low-frequency (LF) pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF). Methods Primary rat nucleus pulposus cells were isolated and cultured in vitro, followed by stimulation with LF-PEMFs at a frequency of 2 Hz and different intensities, ranging from 0.5–3.0 A/m. Cells were observed for morphological changes, and proliferation rates were measured by cell viability counts. Expression of IL-1β and TNF-α within the nucleus pulposus cells was measured using western blotting, and levels of IL-1β and TNF-α secreted in the culture media were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Stimulation of nucleus pulposus cells with LF-PEMFs did not appear to affect cell morphology or nucleus pulposus cell IL-1β and TNF-α expression levels. LF-PEMFs did not significantly affect cell proliferation, however, levels of IL-1β and TNF-α secreted into the culture media were found to be significantly reduced in an intensity-dependent manner. Conclusion Low-frequency PEMF stimulation may inhibit secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α in cultured nucleus pulposus cells.
Association between patency of the circle of Willis and diabetes mellitus in patients with cerebral ischaemic stroke
Authors: Chi Ying , Lu Zu-neng 
Published: February 2017

Objective To examine patency of the cerebral anterior and posterior communicating arteries in patients with ischaemic stroke with or without diabetes mellitus. Methods This retrospective study included patients with acute ischaemic stroke treated between July 2011 and May 2016. Cerebral infarction was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. Anterior and posterior communicating-artery patency was determined using magnetic resonance angiography. Vessels were defined as patent or occluded. Results Out of 1 406 patients, incidence of vertebral basilar artery brain infarction and posterior cerebral artery brain infarction were significantly higher in patients with diabetes versus those without diabetes (35.5% versus 22.3% and 11.7% versus 6.8%, respectively). Among patients with posterior cerebral artery brain infarction, anterior and posterior communicating-artery patency rates were higher in patients with diabetes versus those without diabetes (66.7 versus 23.5% and 33.3% versus 5.9% [bilateral], respectively). Among patients with vertebral basilar artery infarction and posterior cerebral artery P1 segment infarction, patency rate of the anterior communicating artery was higher in patients with diabetes versus those without diabetes (55.7% versus 45.9%). Conclusion Among patients with ischaemic stroke, patency rate of the circle of Willis may be higher in patients with diabetes than those without diabetes.
Assessment of unilateral neglect in stroke: Simplification and structuring of test items
Authors: Donoso Brown Elena V , Powell Janet M 
Published: February 2017

Statement of context Unilateral neglect is a complex impairment that is common after stroke and limits occupational performance. Sensitive assessment of unilateral neglect is critical for planning treatment and ensuring safe community discharge. Critical reflection on practice This reflection describes unexpected findings in the assessment of neglect with two individuals in the acute phase of recovery post-stroke. When trialing a new activity-based test battery, we observed few neglect behaviors during test tasks despite observation of multiple neglect behaviors outside of the testing situation. Upon reflection, we better understood how simplification and structuring of test items and environments could impact the observation and assessment of neglect behaviors. Implications for practice This practice analysis further supports the use of multiple assessments when evaluating unilateral neglect and specifically encourages the inclusion of assessment methods that maintain the complexity of everyday tasks and environments.
Legal Reasoning and Legal Integration
Authors: Hage Jaap 
Published: February 2017

According to Legrand, harmonization of European private law by means of a European Civil Code would not work, because of the different legal cultures (mentalités) within which such a code would have to operate. In the civil law tradition, legal reasoning on the basis of such a code would be deductive in the sense of the application of rules that are posited prior to the cases to which they should be applied. In the common law tradition, the starting point of legal reasoning is in the cases themselves. As a consequence, common law reasoning would abstract less from the peculiarities of individual cases. The main point of this paper is that Legrand's picture of civil law reasoning is based on the subsumption model of rule application, which does not allow adaptation of the law to the needs of concrete cases other than through the limited possibilities of interpretation. It is argued that this picture is wrong. As an alternative, the reason-based model of rule application is proposed, which allows legal decision makers much more leeway to tailor the law to the needs of concrete cases. In a comparison with case-based reasoning it is argued that rule-based reasoning, according to the reason-based model, gives the decision maker the same leeway. The final conclusion is that possible differences in legal culture between the civil law and the common law tradition are not rooted in the distinction between rule-based reasoning and case-based reasoning, and are therefore merely contingent. There is no reason why the introduction of a European Civil Code could not overcome the differences between the two traditions. Whether this would be desirable is a different question.
The Relevance of Reverence; Undue Influence Civilian Style
Authors: du Plessis J. , Zimmermann R. 
Published: February 2017

Persons in positions of authority are able to engender feelings of reverence in others. Such reverence, unfortunately, can lead to exploitation. For many centuries, courts and legal writers have struggled to come to terms with this problem. Reverence does not fit comfortably into the traditional niches of metus (because it does not necessarily involve fear instilled by threats of harm) and dolus (since inducing fear is not the same as deception). Yet, at times, it simply cannot be ignored in assessing the validity of a contract. This article shows that medieval and early modern civil lawyers re-interpreted the Roman concepts of metus and dolus to provide relief to those whose contractual intention had been severely and detrimentally distorted by feelings of reverence. However, from about the 17th century onwards the inchoate civilian notion of undue influence gradually withered away, and it was only in England that a more mature doctrine of undue influence evolved. The mixed legal systems of Scotland and South Africa, faced with insufficiently developed rules of Roman-Scots and Roman-Dutch law, were bound to be attracted by the English concept which they eventually decided to embrace. But it was not a complete reception. Neither Scots nor South African law make use of the presumptions of impropriety which characterize undue influence in English law. Yet, the works of medieval and early modern lawyers reveal that the use of presumptions is by no means alien to the civilian tradition, and that they can be employed usefully to assist those who might otherwise find it difficult to prove that they have been exposed to a kind of influence which, in all likelihood, has to be characterized as ‘undue’. The position in English law merely reflects what in civilian systems has always been regarded as the appropriate solution in cases of contracts affected by metus. The experiences in South Africa and Scotland also contain a lesson for the broader comparative community, for they appear to confirm the wisdom of accepting a notion of undue influence into a set of principles of European private law.
Tracking Judicial Dialogue — The Scope for Preliminary Rulings from the Italian Constitutional Court
Authors: Dani Marco 
Published: February 2017

In cases 102–103/2008 for the first time the Italian Constitutional Court has referred a question to the Court of Justice under the Article 234 EC procedure. This article analyses this decision in light of previous contrary case law and argues that, insofar as supremacy will be construed according to the Simmenthal doctrine, the scope for preliminary ruling from that Constitutional Court will be rather narrow, as mainly limited to principaliter proceedings. Such a conclusion brings about an important theoretical implication. Constitutional Courts such as the Italian one will face difficulties in interacting directly with the Court of Justice and, notably, in conveying at supranational level the authentic versions of national constitutional traditions. Conversely, ordinary courts seem in a better position to play a similar role. As a consequence, if we want the Court of Justice to modify its octroyée methodology of construing common constitutional traditions, we have to place all our stakes on a judicial dialogue based on ordinary courts as the privileged interface between the EU and national constitutional environments.
Hedge Funds and Private Equity Funds under Scrutiny in the Netherlands
Authors: Hament Joost S. 
Published: February 2017

Last year the Dutch Enterprise Chamber (Ondernemingskamer) of the Amsterdam Court of Appeal (DEC) ruled in several inquiry procedures (enquêteprocedures) with regard to companies wherein a private equity fund and a hedge fund participated. In these procedures the strategy as set out and followed by the management board was questioned. The rulings emphasize the importance the DEC attaches to the management board as a gatekeeper of the corporate interest (vennootschappelijk belang) which includes, among others, the interests of the employees. These rulings further confirm existing case law with respect to the corporate interest. This may have implications for active shareholders – among others private funds and hedge funds – investing in Dutch companies. Private equity funds and hedge funds are subject to public debate with respect to their role and strategies. The industry has responded to this by way of self-imposed best practices. Recently, the European Commission has proposed the directive on Alternative Investment Fund Management, which lays down specific information requirements with respect to hedge funds and private equity. This article describes the recent rulings of the DEC. It also addresses the best-practices as well as the proposed AIFM directive. It will be assessed that both from case law and the proposed directive, the fund industry should be aware of the role they fulfil in the companies under their management.