bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computer Control at Lockenby Universal Plate Mill
Authors: Hall B. , Shepherd R. 
Published: November 2015

The AEI CON PAC 4060 Computer at Dorman Long's Lackenby Plate Mill has been installed to provide a control system aimed at producing an accurate control of the thickness of hot rolled plate, together with maximizing the mill throughput without exceeding the mechanical or electrical constraints of the mill. This project is running late, partly because a major change to the function of the mill was created when a 4-stand continuous mill was built last year, requiring the Universal Mill to operate sometimes as a reversing rougher and sometimes as a finishing mill, and partly because of instrumentation difficulties. The addition of a second furnace and other plant changes has necessarily required modification to be made to the control. Although the whole project is unfinished a number of functions have been working on-line for the past two years. Our experience connected with developing an on-line system working 24 hours a day on a live mill provides the background against which this general paper has been written. The fully adaptive control is expected to be operating in August, 1969.
The Development of a Laser-Operated Scanning Rod Gauge
Authors: Binks S. D. 
Published: November 2015

Unsatisfactory tests on a rod gauge using bar radiation led to the adoption of a scanning gauge using back illumination. The chosen design employs a helium-neon laser and a multi-face mirror rotated by a synchronous motor driven by a crystal-controlled oscillator. Digital counting techniques are employed to determine bar diameter to better than ± 0.001 in. (±0.025 mm) over a range from 0.2 in. (5 mm) to 1.0 in. (25 mm). In the course of laboratory and on-site testing improved techniques were developed to overcome errors due to rod movement and interference by dirt and water. Results better than required by the specification were obtained. Experience has led to the adoption of an instrument giving a digital output updated every 0.4 to 0.8 s. for indication and a fast (0.01 s. response time) instrument giving an analogue deviation signal for control.
Total Volume and Component Flow Measurement in Industrial Slurries and Suspensions Using Correlation Techniques
Authors: Beck M. S. , Calvert G. , Hobson J. H. , Lee K. T. , Mendies P. J. 
Published: November 2015

Flow velocity can be derived directly from the transit time of natural turbulence signals between two transducers spaced along the direction of flow. The transit time is determined by cross-correlating the transducer outputs with either a special purpose correlator or an on-line computer. Advantages are that the time delay can be measured absolutely by the correlator, the flowmeters are relatively insensitive to the effects of up-stream disturbances, the transducers do not obstruct the flow, and suspensions and slurries can be metered. Results are presented for flow measurement of sand/water slurries using electrical conductivity and ultrasonic transducers, and for heavily loaded gaseous suspensions using capacitance transducers. A low cost mass flowmeter has been devised in which the mass flow of solids in a pneumatic conveyor is derived from measurement of variations in concentration intensity due to turbulence. Results are given for mass flow measurement of foodstuffs (flour, wheat and beans), pulverised fuel, cement and chemicals.
Fluidic Flow Measurement and Control Devices
Authors: Boucher R. F. , Royle J. K. 
Published: November 2015

Some pure fluid digital flowmeters are described and factors determining their accuracy are discussed. One meter under development is described in detail and performance characteristics are given. A new type of vortex flow controller is also described and shown to have advantages in performance and geometry over existing devices. Further improvements in performance and new devices which ease the control and interface problem are discussed. Flow diverters are also described and some characteristics are presented.
Improved Temperature Measurement in Batch Reactors
Authors: Wansborough M. , Maarleveld A. 
Published: November 2015

Good process control can be hindered by the build-up of fouling on temperature measuring elements. The problem can be particularly acute for batch processes, where deposits on the temperature bulbs may lead to dangerous reaction conditions during the start-up, prolongation of the batch cycle time, or off-specification product. A special temperature measuring device has been developed to overcome this variable fouling lag. It has been tested experimentally and found to give a stable, more accurate temperature signal over a wide range of fouling.
Environmental Influences on Pressure Transducer Performance
Authors: Davidson D. P. 
Published: November 2015

The ideal pressure transducer responds to an input of pressure and pressure alone and has a unique, and preferably simple transfer function. The real transducer of course does not achieve this and its accuracy is characterised by the amount by which it deviates from ideal under the effect of pressure, the primary influence, or secondary influences such as temperature. Hysteresis and creep are two of the most serious errors, which occur even under constant environmental conditions, but usually as a result of changing pressure. Non-linearity is not necessarily to be regarded as an error. The errors that occur when the transducer is subjected to changes in a secondary influence such as acceleration, humidity and temperature are generally more severe. It is the purpose of this paper to demonstrate these effects, which fall into three categories: quasi-static changes, transient reversible and irreversible, in descending order of tolerability. As an example, the effect of acceleration may fall into any one of these categories. An inversion of a transducer may cause a steady and entirely reversible change in the output; shaking the device may give rise to a transient output which disappears when the excitation is removed, whereas a sudden and severe shock may irreversibly derange the transducer. In practice, the most important environmental influence is temperature, and the effects are examined in some detail. Thermal errors in the first and last category are well understood and are usually fully covered in manufacturers' specifications, but the most serious errors, and those for which it is most difficult to allow, occur in the second category under conditions of changing temperature. A good understanding of these effects is essential for the design of transducers and their installations.
Measurement of the Angular Displacement of a Platform Mounted on a Flexible Column
Authors: Adams T. P. , Burrows C. R. 
Published: November 2015

The work described in this paper arose from the need to control the orientation of a flexibly mounted platform. In the particular application described here it was not acceptable to use a gyroscope to measure the angular displacement of the platform and an alternative technique was required. The method which was developed is based upon a novel application of strain gauges. The method is described and some experimental results are presented and evaluated.
A Survey of Digital Transducer Instruments Used in the Weighing Industry - Part 2
Authors: Brendel Al 
Published: November 2015

It should be remembered that the information in these two articles surveying digital transducer instruments was written for the American market, but has been included in Measurement and Control to show what is available outside the UK. In fact some are also available here. The number of active digits is not necessarily an indication of the accuracy but of overall sensitivity of the instruments. If one is trying to compare these with European instruments, particularly to those approved to OIML or the BOT standards, the number of digits in these cases is restricted by the maximum error of the instrument. That is to say that if the instrument is being approved for 1 part in 3000 the error should not exceed 1 scale division. This can hardly apply to some of the instruments that are listed in Al Brendel's chart which show performances of 1 part in 40 000. The UK authorities would not normally expect to approve equipment better than 1 part in 5000, the norm being more like 1 part in 3500.
AVTOPS — An Automatic Vehicle Tank Overfill Prevention System
Authors: Baker J N 
Published: November 2015

The increased use of LPG as an automotive fuel coupled with the growth in self-service retailing has refocussed attention on the safety of refuelling operations on the forecourt. One potentially unsafe operation is that of overfilling the vehicle tank. In the liquid phase LPG has a particularly high coefficient of thermal expansion and an overfilled tank, if subjected to a sufficiently large temperature rise, could discharge flammable LPG through its pressure relief valve. The present paper reports the development of an Automatic Vehicle Tank Overfill Prevention System, AVTOPS, designed to prevent this occurrence. The system is entirely self-contained within the forecourt installation and requires no additions or modifications to the customers vehicles, nor any additional action on the part of the customer.
Economics of Gas Flow Measurement
Authors: Peignelin G , Marque D , Smid J , Brandt O , Ballez G , Rombouts P , Musilek O 
Published: November 2015

It seemed very important to have a section on gas flow measurement. The UK's production of natural gas in 1984 was about 35×109 m3 and its consumption about 50×109 m3 with a reserve of about 0.7×1012 m3.* The value of this gas is 0.43 DM/m3† or about £0.12/m3 or about $0.18/m3. Unfortunately we were unable to find anyone able to write a section for this issue in the time available. However, I am grateful to Mr R J Simpson for drawing my attention to a report by Peignelin et al. † The authors have kindly agreed to an edited version of this paper. This paper considers two sizes of metering stations and considers the use of orifice or turbine meters. For these stations it considers investment costs and maintenance costs. It then examines the uncertainty in the energy content determination. The paper concludes that the major uncertainty lies in the flowmeter; that while turbine meter installations seem to be lower in cost than orifice meter installations, reliability must also be taken into account; and the cost of the instrumentation is a small proportion (15–20%) of the total cost of the station — R Baker.
‘Do-it-Yourself’ Measurement and Control CAE Package
Authors: Sydenham P H , Skinner A , Beijer R W 
Published: November 2015

A knowledge-based, Computer Aided Engineering project, denoted DIYM&C, has begun that allows casual users, untrained in measurement, to develop and apply measurement and control in such areas as materials handling, process control, machine tool automation, scientific research and testing. Essential information helps the user, who needs no prior training, to select a system of sensors and actuators. It provides documents for purchasing or self manufacture. It will eventually give guidance for installation, commissioning and for operation of the system with automatic diagnostics and self-calibration. Its current extent covers setting up the system requirement, printing specifications and provision of selection and manufacturing information for pressure, length and temperature sensors. Experience has proven that an effective, generally applicable, designer/users aid can be constructed with reasonable resources. A framework is now ready on which can be developed a more complete support service.
Intelligent Condition Monitoring of Gas Compressor Engines
Authors: Smallman Clive 
Published: November 2015

The intelligent condition monitoring of industrial plant is a rapidly expanding area of research. It combines two radically different disciplines: classical condition monitoring and intelligent knowledge-based systems. The paper presents an overview of the areas of orthodox condition monitoring systems, intelligent knowledge-based systems and intelligent condition monitoring. The paper also includes two examples of the diverse work underway in this area. Finally, there is a discussion of a current British Gas intelligent condition monitoring project, which is investigating the application of intelligent systems techniques to condition monitoring of gas compressor engines. This features a detailed summary of a particular element of the problem area. In addition the nature of the future development of this system is also discussed.
Chemical and Crystallographic Events in the Caries Process
Authors: Legeros R.Z. 
Published: November 2015

The chemical and crystallographic events associated with the caries process can be described based on the results from the following studies: (a) effects of carbonate, magnesium, fluoride, and strontium on the physicochemical properties—lattice parameters, crystallinity (crystal size and strain); dissolution properties of synthetic apatites; (b) factors influencing the in vitro formation and transformation of DCPD, OCP, AP (Ca-deficient apatites), FAP, β-TCMP (Mg-substituted), and CaF2; and (c) studies on properties (crystallinity, composition, chemical, and thermal stabilities) of enamel, dentin, and bone. The dissolution of CO3-rich/Mg-rich/F-poor dental apatite crystals and re-precipitation of CO3-poor/Mg-poor/F-rich apatite in the presence of F- ions in solution contribute to a more acid-resistant surface layer of the caries lesion. Fluoride promotes the formation of less Ca-deficient and more stable apatite crystals. The presence of Ca, P, and F in solution inhibits dissolution of apatite more than does the presence of F alone. Low levels of F in solution promote the formation of (F, OH)-apatite, even under very acid conditions; an increase in F levels causes the formation of CaF2 at the expense of DCPD or apatite, especially in acid conditions. F in apatite and/or in solution suppresses extensive dissolution of dental apatite and enhances the formation of (F, OH)-apatite crystals which are more resistant against acid-dissolution than are F-free apatite crystals.
Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: A New Era in an Old Campaign
Authors: Chafetz Morris E. , Hertzman Marc 
Published: November 2015

On May 14, 1974 the President signed into law the Comprehensive Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1974. This legislation renews and extends the Federal commitment to the fight against alcoholism. This article reviews the major provisions of the Act and suggests how it can be implemented. The Amendments incorporate features of the Model Uniform Act with an incentive for their adoption by the States, an historic first. The essential features include decriminalizing the drunkenness offense and assuring adequate treatment for all alcoholic people. The Amendments also strongly rule out discrimination against alcoholic people and protect the confidentiality of records.
Top and Bottom: How Police Administrators and Public Inebriates View Decriminalization
Authors: Rubington Earl 
Published: November 2015

Decriminalization of public drunkenness implies that police and public inebriates should come into less frequent and less intensive social contact. As these contacts decrease in both frequency and intensity, both parties should be more willing to admit that alcoholics are sick, not criminal. And, as a result, both police and inebriates should be more favorable to the idea of decriminalization. Preliminary results of a study of the effects of decriminalization In Boston lend some support to these expectations. Nine police administrators favor decriminalization and would be more favorable if there were more detoxification facilities. Twenty-one inebriates interviewed in a detoxification center report less frequent contact with, and more consideration from, police patrolmen. Fifteen of the 21 favor decriminalization. Those inebriates who have the highest rates of contact with detoxification facilities are more likely to define themselves as alcoholics.
California Civil Commitment: A Decade Later
Authors: McGlothlin William H. 
Published: November 2015

Both the court criteria for commitment and program policies have undergone significant changes in the past several years. The large majority of current commitments follow a felony conviction and typically occur only when the alternative sentencing disposition is more severe. Civil commitments without a criminal conviction are very rare. Program policy changes have resulted in a parole-incarceration time ratio of nearly 3:1 in comparison to 1:1 prior to 1970. A follow-up study of early commitments found that those continuing in the program generally performed better than a comparable sample discharged shortly after admission. Comparisons under the strict (pre-1970) and more lenient regimens showed roughly comparable behavior, but the availability of methadone maintenance was also a significant factor in reducing heroin use during the latter period.
What Happened in Harlem? Analysis of a Decline in Heroin Use among a Generation Unit of Urban Black Youth
Authors: Boyle John M. , Brunswick Ann F. 
Published: November 2015

The annual prevalence of heroin use among a cross-section of black adolescents and young adults from Harlem fell from eight percent in 1970–71 to less than three and a half percent in 1975–76. The most important component of this change was a sharp decline in the rate of heroin initiation among younger birth cohorts. Controlling for differential opportunity based on age of cohorts, twenty-two percent of this sample who were born in 1952 initiated use of heroin by age 18, compared to three percent of those born in 1957. The explanation that appears most plausible for these findings is that, for most individuals, the actions of initiating and continuing heroin use appear to be a product of rational choice. And the context within which that choice was made was appreciably altered in this generation unit of Harlem youth.
“Time-out”: The Recreational Use of Drugs by Portuguese-American Immigrants in Southeastern New England
Authors: Cabral Stephen L. 
Published: November 2015

This writing will examine the recreational use of alcoholic beverages and marijuana by the Portuguese-American members of a social club located in a coastal city in Southern New England. The ways in which Portuguese-Americans use alcoholic beverages and marijuana to distinguish and to assert reference group identity within their club will also be considered. MacAndrew and Edgerton's (1969) formulation of drunken behavior as a “time-out” will be used as a model to assess the “stoned” behavior of those who smoke marijuana. Conflicting opinions about the use of these licit and illicit substances by Portuguese-American immigrants and their descendants will be critically reviewed. Readers who traditionally think in terms of the effect of a drug will learn here that even the simplest drugs have a wide range of effects depending not only on their chemistry but on the ways in which they are used, the user's attitudes and expectations, society's attitudes and expectations and countless other factors (Brecher et al., 1972: xi). This study will examine the recreational use of two popular drugs, alcohol and marijuana, by Portuguese-American residents of an ethnic neighborhood in a coastal city located in Southeastern New England. For convenience this writing will describe the use of these licit and illicit substances by youths and adult men with the specific socio-cultural context of a well-known men's social club. This enquiry will comment on the significance of the socially organized and controlled use of intoxicating beverages and marijuana for asserting group identity and reinforcing social bonds which distinguish different reference groups within the Portuguese community. MacAndrew and Edgerton's (1969) formulation of drunken behavior as “time-out” will be generalized to the “stoned” behavior of those who smoke marijuana. The utility of this explanatory model to account for conflicting opinions about the use of alcoholic beverages and marijuana by Portuguese-American immigrants will be critically reviewed.
Social Control in Worksettings: Using the Constructive Confrontation Strategy with Problem-Drinking Employees
Authors: Trice Harrison M. , Beyer Janice M. 
Published: November 2015

The article describes two concepts relative to the relationship between social controls and deviant behavior: control-managed and control-produced concepts. It uses both to describe a job-based strategy for intervening in problem-drinking behavior: constructive confrontation. Declining job performance that accompanies alcohol abuse is used as a basis for supervisors' confronting employees about deficiencies in performance and constructively offering alternate courses of behavior, emotional support, and practical assistance designed to help them toward rehabilitation. Article traces the development of the strategy, its relationship to social controls that manage drinking behavior in other cultures, and how it represents similar ways to intervene in pluralistic American society. Here, work settings generate formal expectations of performance combined with informal group pressures to define the lower limits of acceptable behavior. Workplaces are also mechanisms for preventing the progression of deviant drinking by helping to keep employees in nondeviant groups, thereby avoiding the deviant process. Various evaluations of the strategy suggest remarkably favorable outcomes. Article concludes that the strategy represents an application of a social learning paradigm that is currently coming into prominence in the behavorial sciences. Current Employee Assistance Programs have grown from the strategy. They have, however, failed to clearly adopt it, and often have tended to ignore it. In addition, the occupational make up of the movement has generated a cooptation trend that could weaken the strategy, even mark its demise, if current trends continue. We wish to gratefully acknowledge the helpful comments of Professor Paul Roman, and the financial assistance of the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and the Christopher D. Smithers Foundation.
Rethinking the Alcohol Problem: A Natural Processes Model
Authors: Mulford Harold A. 
Published: November 2015

A multivariate natural processes model for thinking about alcohol use and abuse is offered as an alternative to the traditional static-entity, single-cause way of thinking that historically generated a series of formal institutional attacks on different supposed causes of alcohol abuse, but which failed to solve the alcohol problem. The work seeks a model that better fits what is known about the alcohol problem, and one that leads to more effective informal constraints on alcohol abuse. Alcoholics are viewed as being at some stage of an alcoholic process, a rehabilitation process, a labeling process, a clinicalization process and a dissocialization process. This way of thinking challenges the traditional notion that alcoholics are all-of-a-kind entities and that there is a single cause, or even a single set of causes, that account for the drinking of all alcoholics, or that explains the drinking of the same person at different times. Rather, it directs us to consider the dynamics of the changing combinations of interacting social, psychological and physiological forces influencing a person's drinking behavior as he progresses in the several processes.