bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cellular and Morphological Alterations in the Vastus Lateralis Muscle as the Result of ACL Injury and Reconstruction
Authors: Noehren Brian , Andersen Anders , Hardy Peter , Johnson Darren L. , Ireland Mary Lloyd , Thompson Katherine L. , Damon Bruce 
Published: September 2016

Background:
Individuals who have had an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear and reconstruction continue to experience substantial knee extensor strength loss despite months of physical therapy. Identification of the alterations in muscle morphology and cellular composition are needed to understand potential mechanisms of muscle strength loss, initially as the result of the injury and subsequently from surgery and rehabilitation.

Methods:
We performed diffusion tensor imaging-magnetic resonance imaging and analyzed muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis of both the affected and unaffected limbs before surgery and again from the reconstructed limb following the completion of rehabilitation. Immunohistochemistry was done to determine fiber type and size, Pax-7-positive (satellite) cells, and extracellular matrix (via wheat germ agglutinin straining). Using the diffusion tensor imaging data, the fiber tract length, pennation angle, and muscle volume were determined, yielding the physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA). Paired t tests were used to compare the effects of the injury between injured and uninjured limbs and the effects of surgery and rehabilitation within the injured limb.

Results:
We found significant reductions before surgery in type-IIA muscle cross-sectional area (CSA; p = 0.03), extracellular matrix (p < 0.01), satellite cells per fiber (p < 0.01), pennation angle (p = 0.03), muscle volume (p = 0.02), and PCSA (p = 0.03) in the injured limb compared with the uninjured limb. Following surgery, these alterations in the injured limb persisted and the frequency of the IIA fiber type decreased significantly (p < 0.01) and that of the IIA/X hybrid fiber type increased significantly (p < 0.01).

Conclusions:
Significant and prolonged differences in muscle quality and morphology occurred after ACL injury and persisted despite reconstruction and extensive physical therapy.

Clinical Relevance:
These results suggest the need to develop more effective early interventions following an ACL tear to prevent deleterious alterations within the quadriceps.
Acute Scaphoid Fractures
Authors: Tait Mark A. , Bracey John W. , Gaston R. Glenn 
Published: September 2016

➢ Nondisplaced scaphoid fractures can be effectively treated nonoperatively, with union rates approaching or, in some series, exceeding the rates attained with operative intervention.➢ The evidence supports equal outcomes when using a short arm or long arm cast for the closed treatment of nondisplaced scaphoid fractures. Also, equivalent outcomes have been demonstrated with or without a thumb spica component to the cast.➢ Operative intervention is the recommended treatment for displaced scaphoid fractures.➢ Advanced imaging should be obtained if clinical suspicion is present for a scaphoid fracture with negative radiographs more than 2 weeks after the injury. In some settings, it may even be more cost-effective to obtain advanced imaging sooner.
Field Test of Experimental Submersible Pump Completion in Unconventional Well
Authors: Dam J. Van , Kasten A.. , Singal K.. , Reeves B.. , Tsakalakos L.. , Collins C.. , Rohlman E.. , Koleman K.. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Problematic performance of traditional pumping equipment in unconventional plays has led to an increased focus on obtaining a better understanding of multiphase flow behavior through horizontal wellbores. A collaborative test campaign was initiated so that improved production technologies may be developed. Measurement of the impact of gas slugging on lift system performance was identified as the primary goal of the testing.
A test well with significant gas slugging was produced using the latest ESP gas handling technology introduced to the industry. The system was fitted with two sets of hi-fidelity flow measurement sensors, capable of measuring gas holdup and flow regime in real-time as the well was produced. The first set of flow sensors was installed below the pump, and the second set of sensors was installed around the heel of the well extending into the lateral portion. A subsequent test was conducted with experimental completion hardware designed to avoid the uptake of gas slugs.
The production results and lessons learned from lifting oil and gas from an unconventional well will be discussed, including gas lift, newly introduced gas handling ESP technology, and experimental ESP completion hardware.
New understanding of fundamental multiphase flow behavior through horizontal wells will be presented. Phenomena observed in laboratory experiments will be compared against field test measurements. Analytical models for characterizing gas slugging behavior, calibrated against field test measurements, will be discussed.
Sucker Rod Pumping in the Eagle Ford Shale Field Study
Authors: Clarke Fred , Malone Leslie 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This paper presents a study of Sucker Rod Pump (SRP) systems operating in Murphy Oil's Eagle Ford unconventional shale wells located in South Texas, USA. Lessons learned and recommended practices will be shared which were developed to improve SRP system performance and reduce system failure frequency. The company installed its first SRP during 2012. This system incorporated a variable speed drive (VSD), portable generator and electric prime mover. Murphy currently produces more than 550 wells using SRP systems across the Eagle Ford over a widely dispersed geographic region.
As the number of SRP installations grew, early life and repeat failures started to occur. The most frequent types of failure are discussed in this paper. Lessons learned and recommended practices are shared. A study of the entire SRP was conducted which included the surface and downhole equipment, variable speed drive (VSD) and operating strategy. A data base was created to document information on every installation and failure. Equipment sub-systems were created to help with analysis and included the tubing, sucker rods and bottomhole pump.
A new set of guidelines and strategies have been developed to enhance overall system reliability and operation. The failure data base has proven critical to identify performance gaps and specific opportunities to improve the SRP system. The data base revealed 52% of all failures are related to the pump system, 22% are tubing system and 26% are sucker rod system. The failure frequency is now visible for each Murphy operating area and sub-system which helps further identify opportunities for reliability improvement. These efforts have resulted in a failure frequency reduction of 50% from 2014 to 2016.
A number of challenges have been addressed to achieve successful SRP operation in Murphy's Eagle Ford shale wells. Following traditional best practices and "rules of thumb" have not always delivered expected performance and run life. This paper discusses key factors identified during the continuous improvement journey and provides operators a benchmark of SRP system in a similar application.
Identifying a Flowing Temperature Model for Gas Lift Designs in the Permian Basin
Authors: Wildman Sam L. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
For gas-lifted wells in the Permian basin, there can be big differences in the operating casing pressure, depending on which temperature models are used for the design.
Empirical data was collected from fiber optic and temperature surveys in flowing wells in the Midland and Delaware basins. Comparisons were then made to the standard enthalpy balance equation, Beggs and Shiu's correlation, and the Hassan & Kabir (2007) correlation. From these comparisons the model providing the best match to measured data was identified.
Geothermal temperature varies widely throughout the Permian basin – even between benches. This poses a challenge for predicting gas-lift operating pressures in this area, since the majority of the gas-lifted wells in the Permian basin use an IPO (injection pressure operated) type of gas-lift valve. An IPO valve has a dome that is nitrogen-charged, but nitrogen is sensitive to temperature, which makes proper flowing temperature modeling a critical element of the design process. When a temperature model has not yet been defined for an area, it is common to use a conservative safety factor, but this can result in a low operating casing pressure, which wastes the energy of the compressed gas.
This paper identifies a method for determing the best flowing temperature model and includes a model, not typical to the gas lift industry, for use in creating gas-lift designs in the Permian Basin. The proper model allows the design engineer the ability to predict operating parameters without fear of locking gas-lift valves out because of temperature, enabling them to use maximum available operating casing pressure for better lift.
Proactive Rod Pump Optimization: Leveraging Big Data to Accelerate and Improve Operations
Authors: Palmer Tyler , Turland Mark 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
As the first decade of the US shale revolution continues, rod pump systems are still the prominent form of artificial lift. Technological advancements in diagnostic tools for rod pump systems, such as fluid level guns and dynamometers, have enabled operators to make better decisions on a well level. Larger scale tools, such as programmable logic controllers coupled with SCADA systems, allow for better decision-making on a multi-well level. While these solutions are proven within the industry, they can become increasingly difficult to keep up with as well counts increase and as equipment types vary.
As the shale revolution commenced, a data science revolution materialized. The concepts of big data, data mining, cloud computing, and predictive analytics continued to expand beyond the tech space into all industries. Naturally, some of these ‘big data’ concepts worked their way into the oil and gas space. While early iterations of big data implementation in oil and gas focused on large-scale projects, certain components now appear in US onshore operations.
This paper presents a case history on how a US onshore operator took a three-step approach to optimize over one hundred rod pump wells spanning across two states.
Data consolidation: joining SCADA, well test, and well equipment databases Automated workflows: calculations using consolidated operational data to generate a ‘recommended optimization action’ for each rod pump system Interactive data visualization: interface for decision-makers to view aggregated results, with the ability to drill-down to specific well level details (using TIBCO Spotfire software)
This approach led to increased unit runtimes, decreased unit cycling, improved production/equipment surveillance, and increased staff productivity. The ultimate goal is to increase profitability by decreasing lifting costs and increasing operating efficiency.
The content in this paper is catered to teams working with assets that utilize rod pump artificial lift systems. Nevertheless, it may be beneficial to any teams who are looking to create more value from existing operational data.
Using Liquid Inflow Method to Optimize Progressive Cavity Pumps
Authors: Mehegan L.. , Woolsey K. A. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to discuss a method to perform automatic and ongoing testing to determine a well's liquid inflow. The paper will further demonstrate how to automate wells using progressing cavity pumps by automatically identifying changes of well liquid inflow in real time and applying these changes to inflow performance relationship calculations, liquid level calculations, and pump performance analysis.
To correctly determine pump efficiency, pump slippage and cavity fillage must first be understood. By comparing the surface liquid production rate at two different speeds with the manufacturers’ theoretical pump displacement, an accurate pump slippage value can be determined. To determine the inflow value, the well has to be pumped down to the pump intake level (pump off condition). At this condition, the maximum flow that can be obtained from the well will match the inflow from the reservoir to the wellbore. Therefore, the measurement of the outflow will equate the inflow at that moment. Maintaining liquid production equal to or slightly less than the wells current inflow ensures that the well is constantly optimized. Matching pump speed to well production capacity will achieve a safe minimum bottomhole pressure. Performing the slippage and inflow test at regularly scheduled intervals will ensure that when a wells liquid production surges, or declines, the PCP system matches the adjusted production capacity.
Previously, when PCP automation systems used pump efficiency information to monitor a well, slippage and cavity fillage was not taken into consideration. Pump liquid production could vary drastically in these systems. Because efficiency values varied over pumping speeds, it was difficult for one to determine true well inflow and match capacity.
Real world data, gathered from a pilot project conducted with Pioneer Natural Resources, will be used to demonstrate the determination of well liquid inflow. Real-time data points gathered using SCADA system telemetry, such as measured bottomhole pressure, actual liquid production at surface, pump cavity fillage and slippage, will be trended together over time. The paper will also include operator observations and acoustical fluid level determination data.
Defining the Artificial Lift System Selection Guidelines for Horizontal Wells
Authors: Valbuena J.. , Pereyra E.. , Sarica C.. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This study presents a methodology to define the most adequate artificial lift technique based on the method limitation itself, suitability coefficient (based on an attributes table) and economic analysis towards horizontal wells configuration. The technical limitations of each method have been determined based on physical principles and experience reported in open literature. An attribute matrix has been generated based on the information provided in open literature. A breakdown of operational and capital cost is proposed to compare the equivalent cost of each method based on how long the method will last and how often well interventaions are required. A field example is presented to demonstrate the use of the proposed methodology.
Pressure Drop Prediction in Vertical Wells under Foam Flow Conditions
Authors: Ajani Abdulkamil , Kelkar Mohan 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Foam lift is a cost effective methodology for unloading gas wells. When injected continuously or intermittently to de-liquefy vertical gas wells, foam reduces the gravitational gradient and increases the frictional gradient, thus, the critical velocity at which liquid loading occurs is shifted to lower gas velocities. Currently, no methodology exists to predict the onset of liquid loading and the pressure drop in vertical gas wells under foam flow conditions.
To address this, we measured several foam flow characteristics in both bench top and large scale facilities using Anionic, two Amphoteric, Sulphonate and Cationic surfactants. We used the bench top facility to measure foam carryover capacity as a function of time and surfactant concentration. We used the large scale facility to measure liquid holdup, pressure drop, fraction of gas trapped in foam and foam holdup in 40 feet 2-inch and 4-inch tubing.
We developed closure relationships for liquid hold up, foam holdup, fraction of gas trapped in the foam and interfacial friction factor under foam flow by combining the bench top data with the data collected in the large scale experiments. A new transition criterion was developed to predict the onset of liquid loading under foam flow. Using a force balance over the gas core in annular flow, we developed a new procedure to calculate the pressure drop under foam flow conditions. In a different paper, our own experimental data was compared with our model and the results are satisfactory. In this study, these models were used to predict the onset of liquid loading and the pressure drop in seventeen vertical gas wells under surfactant application without plunger lift application. The wells considered have varying surfactant injection rates, daily gas rate, daily tubing and casing pressures. While there is no field data to compare the predicted critical velocity under foam flow, the predicted critical velocity under foam flow performed favorably when compared with experimentally observed critical velocity. Our pressure drop model was able to predict the field pressure drop within reasonable limits by application of appropriate scaling factor which is explained in this study.
The procedure developed is the only one currently available to calculate the transition boundary and pressure drop under foam flow conditions using the bench top facility data. It is superior to conventional annular flow pressure drop prediction models.
Prediction of Onset of Liquid Loading in Vertical, Inclined and Near Horizontal Wells
Authors: Shekhar Shashank , Kelkar Mohan 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Every gas well will suffer from liquid loading problem as the rate from the well declines. Every gas well produces some produced water (if not also condensate) and that water cannot be carried to the surface at lower gas flow rates. Liquid loading results in premature abandonment of a gas well as the liquid accumulates at the bottom of the well. With the proliferation of horizontal wells producing from gas reservoirs, it is not only important to predict the liquid loading in these wells but also the vertical location where the liquid loading is initiated. The proposed methodology predicts the liquid loading in inclined wells and also the location where it is initiated. The method is superior to commonly used technique of Turner et al. equation which is valid for vertical wells. We have validated the method by applying it to the literature data as well as to large number of horizontal wells.
The haemodynamic relevance of peri‐operative arrhythmia in a patient with concomitant Brugada and Sick Sinus Syndrome
Authors: Johannsen Anders , Friederich Patrick 
Published: September 2016

SummaryPeri‐operative monitoring of brain oxygen saturation with near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used to identify episodes where the brain oxygen supply is low. We describe a 46‐year‐old patient with Brugada and Sick Sinus Syndrome suffering from sinus arrest during an elective rotator cuff operation in the deck chair position, with a concomitant fall in brain oxygen saturation. This case illustrates that peri‐operative NIRS monitoring can help identify the haemodynamic relevance of cardiac events in patients at risk and can support therapeutic decision‐making.
Mobilização de óleo retido em microcavidades mediante injeção de fluidos não-Newtonianos inelásticos
Authors: Pena Mariana Dias , Romero Oldrich Joel , Ribeiro Daniel da Cunha 
Published: September 2016

O deslocamento de petróleo contido na rocha-reservatório, provocado pela injeção de fluidos, pode ser estudado tanto na escala macroscópica quanto na microscópica. A forma macroscópica é a que ocorre em escala de campo e é a forma tradicional de estudo dos softwares de simulação de reservatórios. Na microescala é onde fenômenos relacionados com o deslocamento podem ser identificados e para sua compreensão precisam de uma abordagem diferenciada. Estes fenômenos são por exemplo o trapeamento e/ou movimentação do óleo em microcavidades ou dead ends. É nesta escala, da ordem de 100 m, que o balanço das forças de capilaridade e principalmente das forças viscosas são importantes. Quando o fluido injetado tem características elásticas, como é o caso de soluções poliméricas, o balanço de forças é alterado. Neste contexto, o objetivo principal deste trabalho consiste em aprofundar os estudos referentes ao deslocamento de óleo trapeado em um micro poro mediante a injeção de fluidos não-Newtonianos, visando identificar como a alteração das propriedades do fluido injetado favorece a movimentação deste óleo. Para isto, considera-se que o comportamento do fluido injetado é governado pelo modelo de Carreau-Yasuda e escoa em uma microcavidade quadrada, que representa um “poro morto” contendo óleo. Desta forma condições semelhantes às encontradas em reservatórios de petróleo podem ser recriadas. As equações governantes são resolvidas utilizando o software FLUENT. Resultados iniciais considerando fluidos Newtonianos mostram que a invasão da microcavidade pelo fluido injetado é potencializada com a diminuição do número de Reynolds. Deste modo, o aumento da recuperação do óleo trapeado é favorecido por um baixo número de Reynolds. Palavras chave: EOR; Eficiência de recuperação; Micro escala; Simulação numérica; FLUENT.
Post-Chornobyl Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Kovalenko A. Ye. , Tarashchenko Yu. M. 
Published: September 2016

Recent studies have confirmed that an increase in the number of patients with papillary thyroid cancer is due to the effects of the Chornobyl accident, and a cohort of persons who lived in the areas being exposed to radioactive contamination in 1986 has an increased risk of thyroid carcinoma even 30 years after the disaster.The objective of the research was to evaluate the results of treatment as well as to determine an optimal protocol of diagnosis, therapy and monitoring of patients with thyroid papillary carcinoma developed among the population of Ukraine in the period after the Chornobyl disaster.Materіals and methods. The analysis of treatment of 6,239 patients with papillary thyroid cancer during 1990-2015 was made. Follow-up period lasted from 1 to 25 years after initial surgery, on average 11.8±2.1 years. The age of patients ranged from 7 to 74 years. The mean age was 38.3±7.4 years. There were 5,003 (80.2%) females and 1,236 (19.8%) males. Results. Papillary thyroid carcinomas of the early period of the accident were characterized by a short latency period, high biological potential of malignancy with high level of invasiveness (extrathyroidal invasion in 51.7%; regional lymphatic metastases in 36.7%; distant metastases to the lungs in 5.2%). Over time, an improvement in the quality of ultrasound and cytological diagnosis allowed increasing the number of surgeries performed at the early stages of carcinoma development (up to 59.8% of cases). All patients underwent surgical treatment: thyroidectomy (84.6%), neck dissection of different lengths (27.8%), hemithyroidectomy in case of low-risk minimally invasive carcinoma (15.4%). In the group of pediatric patients at the time of the Chornobyl accident, the cumulative 15-year survival rate according to Kaplan-Meier method was 98.9%.Conclusions. In case of preoperative cytologic diagnosis of “thyroid carcinoma” in patients who were children at the time of the Chornobyl accident, it is mandatory to perform total thyroidectomy in combination with preventive central neck dissection (level VI lymph nodes) regardless of the degree of tumor spread. Modified lateral neck dissection is indicated in case of confirmation of metastases. Further ablative radioiodine therapy allows evaluating the effectiveness of treatment according to the level of serum thyroglobulin and antibodies thereto, and early detection and surgical removal of iodine-refractory metastases does not affect survival rates.