bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vegetative Buffer Strips for Reducing Herbicide Transport in Runoff: Effects of Buffer Width, Vegetation, and Season
Authors: Lerch R.N. , Lin C.H. , Goyne K.W. , Kremer R.J. , Anderson S.H. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe effectiveness of vegetative buffer strips (VBS) for reducing herbicide transport has not been well documented for runoff prone soils. A multi‐year plot‐scale study was conducted on an eroded claypan soil with the following objectives: (1) assess the effects of buffer width, vegetation, and season on runoff transport of atrazine (ATR), metolachlor (MET), and glyphosate; (2) develop VBS design criteria for herbicides; and (3) compare differences in soil quality among vegetation treatments. Rainfall simulation was used to create uniform antecedent soil water content and to generate runoff. Vegetation treatment and buffer width impacted herbicide loads much more than season. Grass treatments reduced herbicide loads by 19‐28% and sediment loads by 67% compared to the control. Grass treatments increased retention of dissolved‐phase herbicides by both infiltration and adsorption, but adsorption accounted for the greatest proportion of retained herbicide load. This latter finding indicated VBS can be effective on poorly drained soils or when the source to buffer area ratio is high. Grass treatments modestly improved surface soil quality 8‐13 years after establishment, with significant increases in organic C, total N, and ATR and MET sorption compared to continuously tilled control. Herbicide loads as a function of buffer width were well described by first‐order decay models which indicated VBS can provide significant load reductions under anticipated field conditions.
Sap flow variation in selected riparian woodland species in the Okavango Delta, Botswana
Authors: Lubinda Aobakwe K. , Murray‐Hudson Mike , Green Steve 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIn the tropical Okavango Delta, transpiration by trees is an important process partly responsible for maintaining the basin as a freshwater environment. Quantification of evapotranspiration from terrestrial landforms of the delta, fringed by riparian woodlands, is one of the main contributors to uncertainty in current hydrological modelling. We investigated sap flow of common trees in the distal, mid‐ and upper delta in July–August 2012, November–December 2012 and February–April 2013 using the compensation heat pulse velocity method. In the distal delta, four Diospyros mespiliformis individuals of different sizes were studied. Four trees of different species were studied in the mid‐ and upper delta. Sap flow density (SFD; flow per unit cross‐sectional area) was used as a common unit to facilitate comparison. Sap flow varied with tree size, species, season and location. It was positively correlated with tree size (r2 = 0.67). Sap flow variation between seasons and across locations in all the species studied indicated two distinct groups. Group 1 transpired the least during the hottest season, November–December, and Group 2 the most. In Group 1, the highest average SFD was 1.17 l cm−2 day−1 during July–August; in Group 2, it was 1.07 l cm−2 day−1 during November–December. Changes in the hydrology of the delta would negatively affect the riparian woodland.
Ketamine versus midazolam in bipolar depression with suicidal thoughts: A pilot midazolam‐controlled randomized clinical trial
Authors: Grunebaum Michael F. , Ellis Steven P. , Keilp John G. , Moitra Vivek K. , Cooper Thomas B. , Marver Julia E. , Burke Ainsley K. , Milak Matthew S. , Sublette M. Elizabeth , Oquendo Maria A. , Mann J. John 
Published: April 2017

ObjectivesTo evaluate feasibility and effects of a sub‐anesthetic infusion dose of ketamine versus midazolam on suicidal ideation in bipolar depression. Neurocognitive, blood and saliva biomarkers were explored.MethodsSixteen participants with bipolar depression and a Scale for Suicidal Ideation (SSI) score of ≥4 were randomized to ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) or midazolam (0.02 mg/kg). Current pharmacotherapy was maintained excluding benzodiazepines within 24 hours. The primary clinical outcome was SSI score on day 1 post‐infusion.ResultsResults supported feasibility. Mean reduction of SSI after ketamine infusion was almost 6 points greater than after midazolam, although this was not statistically significant (estimate=5.84, SE=3.01, t=1.94, P=.074, 95% confidence interval ([CI)]=−0.65 to 12.31). The number needed to treat for response (SSI <4 and at least 50% below baseline) was 2.2, and for remission (SSI=0) was 3.2. The strongest neurocognitive correlation was between memory improvement on the Selective Reminding Test (SRT) and reduction in SSI score on day 1 after ketamine (ρ=−.89, P=.007). Pre‐ to post‐infusion decrease in serum brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) correlated with reduction in SSI from baseline to day 1 after ketamine (n=5, ρ=0.90, P=.037) but not midazolam (P=.087).ConclusionsThe study demonstrated feasibility. Suicidal thoughts were lower after ketamine than after midazolam at a trend level of significance, likely due to the small pilot sample. Memory improvement and BDNF are promising biomarkers. Replication is needed in an adequately powered full‐scale trial.
Individual, social, and family factors associated with high school dropout among low‐SES youth: Differential effects as a function of immigrant status
Authors: Archambault Isabelle , Janosz Michel , Dupéré Véronique , Brault Marie‐Christine , Andrew Marie Mc 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundIn most Western countries, the individual, social, and family characteristics associated with students’ dropout in the general population are well documented. Yet, there is a lack of large‐scale studies to establish whether these characteristics have the same influence for students with an immigrant background.AimsThe first aim of this study was to assess the differences between first‐, second‐, and third‐generation‐plus students in terms of the individual, social, and family factors associated with school dropout. Next, we examined the differential associations between these individual, social, and family factors and high school dropout as a function of students’ immigration status.SampleParticipants were 2291 students (54.7% with an immigrant background) from ten low‐SES schools in Montreal (Quebec, Canada).MethodIndividual, social, and family predictors were self‐reported by students in secondary one (mean age = 12.34 years), while school dropout status was obtained five or 6 years after students were expected to graduate.ResultsResults of logistic regressions with multiple group latent class models showed that first‐ and second‐generation students faced more economic adversity than third‐generation‐plus students and that they differed from each other and with their native peers in terms of individual, social, and family risk factors. Moreover, 40% of the risk factors considered in this study were differentially associated with first‐, second‐, and third‐generation‐plus students’ failure to graduate from high school.ConclusionThese results provide insights on immigrant and non‐immigrant inner cities’ students experiences related to school dropout. The implications of these findings are discussed.
PREDICTING STOCK RETURNS AND VOLATILITY WITH INVESTOR SENTIMENT INDICES: A RECONSIDERATION USING A NONPARAMETRIC CAUSALITY‐IN‐QUANTILES TEST
Authors: Balcilar Mehmet , Gupta Rangan , Kyei Clement 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTEvidence of monthly stock returns predictability based on popular investor sentiment indices, namely SBW and SPLS as introduced by Baker and Wurgler (2006, 2007) and Huang et al. (2015) respectively are mixed. While, linear predictive models show that only SPLS can predict excess stock returns, nonparametric models (which accounts for misspecification of the linear frameworks due to nonlinearity and regime changes) finds no evidence of predictability based on either of these two indices for not only stock returns, but also its volatility. However, in this paper, we show that when we use a more general nonparametric causality‐in‐quantiles model of Balcilar et al., (forthcoming), in fact, both SBW and SPLS can predict stock returns and its volatility, with SPLS being a relatively stronger predictor of excess returns during bear and bull regimes, and SBW being a relatively powerful predictor of volatility of excess stock returns, barring the median of the conditional distribution.
Cytotoxic CD8+T cell ablation enhances the capacity of regulatory T cells to delay viral elimination in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis
Authors: Ciurkiewicz Malgorzata , Herder Vanessa , Khan Muhammad Akram , Uhde Ann‐Kathrin , Teich René , Floess Stephan , Baumgärtner Wolfgang , Huehn Jochen , Beineke Andreas 
Published: April 2017

AbstractTheiler's murine encephalomyelitis (TME) of susceptible mouse strains is a commonly used infectious animal model for multiple sclerosis. The study aim was to test the hypothesis whether cytotoxic T cell responses account for the limited impact of regulatory T cells on antiviral immunity in TME virus‐induced demyelinating disease (TMEV‐IDD) resistant C57BL/6 mice. TME virus‐infected C57BL/6 mice were treated with (i) interleukin‐2/‐anti‐interleukin‐2‐antibody‐complexes to expand regulatory T cells (“Treg‐expansion”), (ii) anti‐CD8‐antibodies to deplete cytotoxic T cells (“CD8‐depletion”) or (iii) with a combination of Treg‐expansion and CD8‐depletion (“combined treatment”) prior to infection. Results showed that “combined treatment”, but neither sole “Treg‐expansion” nor “CD8‐depletion,” leads to sustained hippocampal infection and virus spread to the spinal cord in C57BL/6 mice. Prolonged infection reduces myelin basic protein expression in the spinal cord together with increased accumulation of β‐amyloid precursor protein in axons, characteristic of myelin loss and axonal damage, respectively. Chronic spinal cord infection upon “combined treatment” was also associated with increased T and B cell recruitment, accumulation of CD107b+ microglia/macrophages and enhanced mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)‐1α, IL‐10 and tumor necrosis factor α. In conclusion, data revealed that the suppressive capacity of Treg on viral elimination is efficiently boosted by CD8‐depletion, which renders C57BL/6 mice susceptible to develop chronic neuroinfection and TMEV‐IDD.
Understanding structure–function relationships of the human neuronal acetylcholine receptor: insights from the first crystal structures of neuronal subunits
Authors: Giastas Petros , Zouridakis Marios , Tzartos Socrates J 
Published: April 2017

Nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) are the best studied members of the superfamily of pentameric ligand‐gated ion channels (pLGICs). Neuronal nAChRs regulate neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release in the nervous system and form either homo‐ or hetero‐pentameric complexes with various combinations of the 11 neuronal nAChR subunits (α2–7, α9, α10 and β2–4) known to exist in humans. In addition to their wide distribution in the nervous system, neuronal nAChRs have been also found in immune cells and many peripheral tissues. These nAChRs are important drug targets for neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases (e.g. Alzheimer's, schizophrenia) and substance addiction (e.g. nicotine), as well as in a variety of diseases such as chronic pain, auditory disorders and some cancers. To decipher the functional mechanisms of human nAChRs and develop efficient and specific therapeutic drugs, elucidation of their high‐resolution structures is needed. Recent studies, including the X‐ray crystal structures of the near‐intact α4β2 nAChR and of the ligand‐binding domains of the α9 and α2 subunits, have advanced our knowledge on the detailed structure of the ligand‐binding sites formed between the same and different subunits and revealed many other functionally important interactions. The aim of this review is to highlight some of the structural and functional findings of these studies and to compare them with recent breakthrough findings on other pLGIC members and earlier data from their homologous ACh‐binding proteins.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.11/issuetoc
Inhibition of transmembrane member 16A calcium‐activated chloride channels by natural flavonoids contributes to flavonoid anticancer effects
Authors: Zhang Xuan , Li Honglin , Zhang Huiran , Liu Yani , Huo Lifang , Jia Zhanfeng , Xue Yucong , Sun Xiaorun , Zhang Wei 
Published: April 2017

Background and PurposeNatural flavonoids are ubiquitous in dietary plants and vegetables and have been proposed to have antiviral, antioxidant, cardiovascular protective and anticancer effects. Transmembrane member 16A (TMEM16A)‐encoded Ca2+‐activated Cl− channels play a variety of physiological roles in many organs and tissues. Overexpression of TMEM16A is also believed to be associated with cancer progression. Therefore, inhibition of TMEM16A current may be a potential target for cancer therapy. In this study, we screened a broad spectrum of flavonoids for their inhibitory activities on TMEM16A currents.Experimental ApproachA whole‐cell patch technique was used to record the currents. The BrdU assay and transwell technique were used to investigate cell proliferation and migration.Key ResultsAt a concentration of 100 μM, 10 of 20 compounds caused significant (>50%) inhibition of TMEM16A currents. The four most potent compounds ‐ luteolin, galangin, quercetin and fisetin – had IC50 values ranging from 4.5 to 15 μM). To examine the physiological relevance of these findings, we also studied the effects of these flavonoids on endogenous TMEM16A currents in addition to cell proliferation and migration in LA795 cancer cells. Among the flavonoids tested, we detected a highly significant correlation between TMEM16A current inhibition and cell proliferation or reduction of migration.Conclusions and ImplicationsThis study demonstrates that flavonoids inhibit TMEM16A currents and suggests that flavonoids could have anticancer effects via this mechanism.
ZY15557, a novel, long acting inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase‐4, for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Jain Mukul R , Joharapurkar Amit A , Kshirsagar Samadhan G , Patel Vishal J , Bahekar Rajesh H , Patel Harilal V , Jadav Pradip A , Patel Pankaj R , Desai Ranjit C 
Published: April 2017

Background and PurposeDipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)‐4 inhibitors increase levels of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) and provide clinical benefit in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. As longer acting inhibitors have therapeutic advantages, we developed a novel DPP‐4 inhibitor, ZY15557, that has a sustained action and long half‐life.Experimental ApproachWe studied the potency, selectivity, efficacy and duration of action of ZY15557, in vitro, with assays of DPP‐4 activity. In vivo, the pharmacodymamics and pharmacokinetics of ZY15557 were studied, using db/db mice and Zucker fatty rats, along with normal mice, rats, dogs and non‐human primates.Key ResultsZY15557 is a potent, competitive and long acting inhibitor of DPP‐4 (Ki 5.53 nM; Koff 3.2 × 10−4·s−1, half‐life 35.8 min). ZY15557 treatment inhibited DPP‐4 activity, and enhanced active GLP‐1 and insulin in mice and rats, providing dose‐dependent anti‐hyperglycaemic effects. Anti‐hyperglycaemic effects were also observed in db/db mice and Zucker fatty rats. Following oral dosing, ZY15557 significantly inhibited plasma DPP‐4 activity, determined ex vivo, in mice and rats for more than 48 h, and for up to 168 h in dogs and non‐human primates. Allometric scaling predicts a half‐life for ZY15557 in humans of up to 60 h.Conclusions and ImplicationsZY15557 is a potent, competitive and long acting DPP‐4 inhibitor. ZY15557 showed similar DPP‐4 inhibition across different species. ZY15557 showed excellent oral bioavailability in preclinical species. It showed a low plasma clearance (CL) and large volume of distribution (Vss) across species, resulting in an extended half‐life.
The Sensitive Period for Tactile Remapping Does Not Include Early Infancy
Authors: Azañón Elena , Camacho Karla , Morales Marta , Longo Matthew R. 
Published: April 2017

Visual input during development seems crucial in tactile spatial perception, given that late, but not congenitally, blind people are impaired when skin‐based and tactile external representations are in conflict (when crossing the limbs). To test whether there is a sensitive period during which visual input is necessary, 14 children (age = 7.95) and a teenager (LM; age = 17.38) deprived of early vision by cataracts, and whose sight was restored during the first 5 months and at age 7, respectively, were tested. Tactile localization with arms crossed and uncrossed was measured. Children showed a crossing effect indistinguishable from a control group (Ns = 28, age = 8.24), whereas LM showed no crossing effect (Ns controls = 14, age = 20.78). This demonstrates a sensitive period which, critically, does not include early infancy.
Caregiver Talk and Medical Risk as Predictors of Language Outcomes in Full Term and Preterm Toddlers
Authors: Adams Katherine A. , Marchman Virginia A. , Loi Elizabeth C. , Ashland Melanie D. , Fernald Anne , Feldman Heidi M. 
Published: April 2017

This study examined associations between caregiver talk and language skills in full term (FT) and preterm (PT) children (n = 97). All‐day recordings of caregiver–child interactions revealed striking similarities in amount of caregiver talk heard by FT and PT children. Children who heard more caregiver talk at 16 months demonstrated better knowledge‐ and processing‐based language skills at 18 months. The unique contributions of caregiver talk were tempered by medical risk in PT children, especially for processing speed. However, there was no evidence that birth status or medical risk moderated the effects of caregiver talk. These findings highlight the role of caregiver talk in shaping language outcomes in FT and PT children and offer insights into links between neurodevelopmental risk and caregiver–child engagement.
License to Kill?—Disease Eradication Programs May Not be in Line with the Convention on Biological Diversity
Authors: Hochkirch Axel , Beninde Joscha , Fischer Marietta , Krahner André , Lindemann Cosima , Matenaar Daniela , Rohde Katja , Wagner Norman , Wesch Charlotte , Wirtz Sarah , Zink Andreas , Lötters Stefan , Schmitt Thomas , Proelss Alexander , Veith Michael 
Published: April 2017

AbstractGlobal human population growth is associated with many problems, such as food and water provision, political conflicts, spread of diseases, and environmental destruction. The mitigation of these problems is mirrored in several global conventions and programs, some of which, however, are conflicting. Here, we discuss the conflicts between biodiversity conservation and disease eradication. Numerous health programs aim at eradicating pathogens, and many focus on the eradication of vectors, such as mosquitos or other parasites. As a case study, we focus on the “Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign,” which aims at eradicating a pathogen (Trypanosoma) as well as its vector, the entire group of tsetse flies (Glossinidae). As the distribution of tsetse flies largely overlaps with the African hotspots of freshwater biodiversity, we argue for a strong consideration of environmental issues when applying vector control measures, especially the aerial applications of insecticides. Furthermore, we want to stimulate discussions on the value of species and whether full eradication of a pathogen or vector is justified at all. Finally, we call for a stronger harmonization of international conventions. Proper environmental impact assessments need to be conducted before control or eradication programs are carried out to minimize negative effects on biodiversity.
Asymmetric changes in circulating insulin levels after an increase compared with a reduction in insulin pump basal rate in people with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: McAuley S. A. , Ward G. M. , Horsburgh J. C. , Gooley J. L. , Jenkins A. J. , MacIsaac R. J. , O'Neal D. N. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAimsTo investigate circulating insulin profiles after a clinically relevant insulin pump basal rate increase vs a reduction, and the associated glucose responses.MethodsA cohort of 12 adults with Type 1 diabetes undertook this two‐stage university hospital study using Accu‐Chek pumps (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) and insulin aspart. An insulin basal rate change of 0.2 unit/h (increase in first stage, reduction in second stage) was implemented at ~09:30 h, after a single overnight basal rate (without bolus insulin), while fasting participants rested. Frequent venous samples for the assessment of plasma free insulin, glucose and cortisol were collected from 60 min before until 300 min after rate change. The primary outcome was time to steady‐state insulin.ResultsThe 0.2‐unit/h rate change represented a mean ± sd alteration of 23 ± 6%. After the rate increase, the median (interquartile range) times to 80% and 90% steady‐state insulin were 170 (45) min and 197 (87) min, respectively. By contrast, after rate reduction, 80% steady‐state insulin was not achieved. After the rate increase, mean ± se insulin levels increased by 4.3 ± 3.1%, 12.0 ± 2.9% and 25.6 ± 2.6% at 60, 120 and 300 min, respectively (with no significant difference until 180 min). After the rate reduction, insulin decreased by 8.3 ± 3.0% at 300 min (with no significant difference until 300 min). After rate reduction, glucose levels paradoxically declined by 17.4 ± 3.7% after 300 min; cortisol levels also fell during observation (P = 0.0003).ConclusionsThe time to circulating insulin change after a 0.2‐unit/h basal rate change was substantial, and was greater after a reduction than after an increase. Counter‐regulatory hormone circadian variation may affect glycaemia when implementing minor changes at low basal rates. Both direction of basal rate change, and time of day, warrant consideration when anticipating the clinical effects of basal rate changes.
Tomato‐mediated interactions between root herbivores and aphids: insights into plant defence signalling
Authors: Coppola Valentina , Soler Roxina , Rao Rosa , Corrado Giandomenico 
Published: April 2017

AbstractReactions of plants to insect pests include the activation of a local and systemic defence response. This response is based on transcriptional changes that are mainly controlled and coordinated by phytohormones. The above‐ and belowground part of plants can be challenged by different insects and therefore, the defence response to one attacker can influence other insects. The study of plant‐mediated interaction between pests that are physically or temporally separated yielded a variety of outcomes, with positive, negative, and neutral effects described in the literature. In this study, we examined possible plant‐mediated interactions between above‐ and belowground insect pests with different feeding guilds in tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae). Root feeding by Agriotes lineatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Elateridae) larvae caused a decrease in the development rate, fertility, and weight in Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). To gain insights into the plant systemic signalling mechanisms, we also performed a time‐course expression analysis of defence‐related phytohormone marker genes. The result indicated a dynamic systemic response in leaves following root herbivory, which comprises the activation of genes dependent on different molecular pathways involved in plant stress response. Our work demonstrated that root herbivory increased aphid resistance in tomato and that a combination of signals enables the communication between below‐ and aboveground pests with different feeding guilds.