bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Délibération et circulation des idées entre l’Aile ouest et la Situation Room
Authors: Pitrou Perig 
Published: December 2015

À travers l’analyse de quelques séquences de The West Wing se déroulant dans la Situation Room, je souhaite réfléchir à la façon dont sont mis en scène les processus de délibération lorsque des conflits graves, mettant en danger la sécurité intérieure ou extérieure, doivent être traités par le pouvoir exécutif. Comment se manifestent les doutes et les cas de conscience ? Quels sont les dispositifs – techniques, interactionnels, rituels – grâce auxquels ils sont surmontés ? Quels sont les agents mobilisés pour parvenir à un tel résultat ? Comment les idées circulent-elles le long de la hiérarchie et, en retour, comment se distribuent les responsabilités, une fois les décisions prises ? Tels seront quelques uns des problèmes abordés. Plus largement, il s’agira de faire contraster la spécificité des prises de décision guidées par l’expérience des militaires avec les contextes, plus quotidiens, dans lesquels les suggestions des conseillers convergent vers le Président afin de l’orienter dans sa réflexion. Dans ce contexte de tension, voire d’antagonisme, le rôle central joué par le Droit et le Constitution sera mis en évidence.
Association Patterns in Open Data to Explore Ciprofloxacin Adverse Events
Authors: Yildirim P. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryBackground: Ciprofloxacin is one of the main drugs to treat bacterial infections. Bacterial infections can lead to high morbidity, mortality, and costs of treatment in the world. In this study, an analysis was conducted using the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) database on the adverse events of ciprofloxacin.Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore unknown associations among the adverse events of ciprofloxacin, patient demographics and adverse event outcomes.Methods: A search of FDA AERS reports was performed and some statistics was highlighted. The most frequent adverse events and event outcomes of ciprofloxacin were listed, age and gender specific distribution of adverse events are reported, then the apriori algorithm was applied to the dataset to obtain some association rules and objective measures were used to select interesting ones. Furthermore, the results were compared against classical data mining algorithms and discussed.Results: The search resulted in 6 531 reports. The reports included within the dataset consist of 3 585 (55.8%) female and 2 884 (44.1%) male patients. The mean age of patients is 54.59 years. Preschool child, middle aged and aged groups have most adverse events reports in all groups. Pyrexia has the highest frequency with ciprofloxacin, followed by pain, diarrhoea, and anxiety in this order and the most frequent adverse event outcome is hospitalization. Age and gender based differences in the events in patients were found. In addition, some of the interesting associations obtained from the Apriori algorithm include not only psychiatric disorders but specifically their manifestation in specific gender groups.Conclusions: The FDA AERS offers an important data resource to identify new or unknown adverse events of drugs in the biomedical domain. The results that were obtained in this study can provide valuable information for medical researchers and decision makers at the pharmaceutical research field.
Dissolving Innovation in Meltwater: Copyright and Online Search
Authors: Herman Bill D. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Internet search engines serve an ever-more-pressing need. They rely heavily on leeway under copyright law; in the United States, that primarily means fair use. A 2013 decision, Associated Press v. Meltwater, advances an unsupported, highly limiting interpretation of fair use as it applies to search. Of particular concern, the court artificially constrains which services meet the legally favorable standard of having a transformative purpose. The ruling also provides too much protection for highly factual works. This article offers a detailed critique of the court's analysis and a discussion of the ruling's broader context and significance for news producers and search firms.
Diabetinės neuropatijos problema ir gydymo ypatumai
Authors: Aleknaitė Aistė , Andrijauskaitė Monika , Simanauskas Kazys , Siradzė Gintarė 
Published: December 2015

Darbo tikslas. Nustatyti diabetinės neuropatijos (DN) dažnį ir pasireiškimą tarp CD sergančiųjų ir įvertinti skirtą gydymą.
Tyrimo metodika. Darbas atliktas 2010–2013 m. VULSK „Šeimos medicinos centre“. Peržiūrėtos 253 asmenų, sergančių cukriniu diabetu, ambulatorinės kortelės. Duomenys išanalizuoti naudojant SPSS 21 programą. Skirtumas tarp grupių vertintas taikant statistikos metodą – χ2 testą.
Rezultatai. Nustatyta, kad DN dažnis, sergančiųjų 1 tipo CD, sudarė 77,4 %, 2 tipo CD – 58,5 %. Kojų polineuropatija nustatyta 61,4 % 1 tipo CD, 46,67 % 2 tipo CD pacientų, tirpimas – 35,4 % 1 tipo CD, 29,0 % 2 tipo CD pacientų. Neurologo konsultacija paskirta 90,2 % 1 tipo CD, 72,6 % 2 tipo CD pacientų. Dažniausiai skirtas medikamentinis gydymas B grupės vitaminais (1 tipo CD – 46,0 %, 2 tipo CD – 39,4 %).
Išvados. DN labai paplitusi CD komplikacija, daugiausia pasireiškianti kojų polineuropatija, o labiausiai varginantis simptomas – tirpimas. Daugeliu atvejų skirtas medikamentinis gydymas B grupės vitaminais.
High-risk prostate cancer: factors predicting biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Ulys Albertas , Ulytė Agnė , Dziameshka Pavel , Sukonko Oleg , Krasny Sergei , Polyakov Sergei , Smailytė Giedrė 
Published: December 2015

Background/objective. Predictive criteria are needed to evaluate the risk of disease progression after radical prostatectomy. Such criteria would help to select patients most likely to benefit from adjuvant or multimodality treatment. Our aim was to identify predictive factors for biochemical recurrence among the pre- and post-operative parameters in high-risk prostate cancer patients after radical prostatectomy.
Methods. Data on high-risk prostate cancer patients between 2005 and 2009 were retrospectively reviewed in two cancer centers: National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania, and N. N. Alexandrov National Cancer Centre of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus. 199 patients were selected for the study. The pre-operative independent variables were T stage, pretreatment PSA level and Gleason score. Surgical margins and perineural invasion were additionally known for 122 patients. The outcomes measured were biochemical recurrence free and overall survival. The mean follow-up time was 5.8 years.
Results. Lower T stage (p = 0.001) and pretreatment PSA (p = 0.0001) were associated with better survival. In the multivariate analysis of pre-operative factors, high T stage (p = 0.008) and pretreatment PSA (p = 0.009) were predictive of biochemical recurrence. When postoperative parameters were included in the multivariate analysis, only pretreatment PSA (p = 0.01), positive surgical margins (p = 0.003) and perineural invasion (p = 0.03) remained relevant independent predictors of biochemical recurrence.
Conclusions. Pretreatment PSA, positive surgical margins and perineural invasion were independent predictors of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy in high-risk prostate cancer patients, while the T stage became insignificant after adjusting for postoperative parameters.
Investigating the performance of simplified neutral‐ion collisional heating rate in a global IT model
Authors: Zhu Jie , Ridley Aaron J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe Joule heating rate has usually been used as an approximate form of the neutral‐ion collisional heating rate in the thermospheric energy equation in global thermosphere‐ionosphere models. This means that the energy coupling has ignored the energy gained by the ions from collisions with electrons. It was found that the globally averaged thermospheric temperature (Tn) was underestimated in simulations using the Joule heating rate, by about 11% when F10.7=110 solar flux unit (sfu, 1 sfu = 10−22 W m−2 Hz−1) in a quiet geomagnetic condition. The underestimation of Tn was higher at low latitudes than high latitudes, and higher at F region altitudes than at E region altitudes. It was found that adding additional neutral photoelectron heating in a global IT model compensated for the underestimation of Tn using the Joule heating approximation. Adding direct photoelectron heating to the neutrals compensated for the indirect path for the energy that flows from the electrons to the ions then to the neutrals naturally and therefore was an adequate compensation over the dayside. There was a slight dependence of the underestimation of Tn on F10.7, such that larger activity levels resulted in a need for more compensation in direct photoelectron heating to the neutrals to make up for the neglected indirect heating through ions and electrons.
Metal‐Free α‐C(sp3)−H Functionalized Oxidative Cyclization of Tertiary N,N‐Diarylamino Alcohols: Construction of N,N‐Diarylaminotetrahydropyran Scaffolds
Authors: Afzal Sualiha , Venkanna Arramshetti , Park Hyeung‐geun , Kim Mi‐hyun 
Published: December 2015

AbstractHerein, we report an efficient synthetic method for the preparation of anomeric N,N‐diarylaminotetrahydropyran scaffolds. The free radical 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy (TEMPO)/hypervalent iodine(III)‐ or TEMPO/I2‐mediated oxidative cyclization of tertiary amino alcohols was used to construct N,N‐diarylaminotetrahydropyrans through α‐C(sp3)−O bond formation, with the loss of only two H atoms. This efficient synthetic method broadens the scope of viable α‐C(sp3)−H functionalized amines to include conformational‐bias‐free substrates.
Bismuth Undecahydro‐closo‐dodecaborane: A Retainable Intermediate of B−H Bond Activation by Bismuth(III) Cations
Authors: Zimmermann Lucas W. , Van Nguyen‐Duc , Gudat Dietrich , Schleid Thomas 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe [B12H12]2− anion shows an extensive substitutional chemistry based on its three‐dimensional aromaticity. The replacement of functional groups can be attained by electrophilically induced substitution caused by Brønsted or Lewis acidic electrophiles (e.g. Pt2+). Until now, it was impossible to structurally characterize a metal‐substituted [B12H12]2− cage. When an aqueous solution containing both Bi3+ cations and [B12H12]2− anions was heated, the charge‐neutral bismuth undecahydro‐closo‐dodecaborane BiB12H11 was obtained, representing a new class of metalated [B12H12]2− clusters. The title compound was characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopic methods. Compared to the typical B−H bond, the short B−Bi single bond (230 pm) exhibits inverted polarity.
A Universal Polymerase Chain Reaction Developer
Authors: Valentini Paola , Pompa Pier Paolo 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe versatility of PCR, the gold standard for amplification of DNA targets, is hampered by the laborious, multi‐step detection based on gel electrophoresis. We propose a one‐step, one‐tube method for the rapid (5 min) naked‐eye detection of PCR products, based on controlled aggregation of gold nanoparticles. Our method is universal, instrument‐free, and ultra‐sensitive, as it could detect as low as 0.01 zeptomoles of HIV template DNA in an excess of interfering human genomic DNA.
Construction and optimization of an efficient amplification method of a random ssDNA library by asymmetric emulsion PCR
Authors: Shao Keke , Shi Xinhui , Zhu Xiangjun , Cui Leilei , Shao Qixiang , Ma Da 
Published: December 2015

AbstractConstruction of a random ssDNA sublibrary is an important step of the aptamer screening process. The available construction methods include asymmetric PCR, biotin–streptavidin separation, and lambda exonuclease digestions, in which PCR amplification is a key step. The main drawback of PCR amplification is overamplification increasing nonspecific hybridization among different products and by‐products, which may cause the loss of potential high‐quality aptamers, inefficient screening, and even screening failure. Cycle number optimization in PCR amplification is the main way to avoid overamplification but does not fundamentally eliminate the nonspecific hybridization, and the decreased cycle number may lead to insufficient product amounts. Here, we developed a new method, “asymmetric emulsion PCR,” which could overcome the shortcomings of conventional PCR. In asymmetric emulsion PCR, different templates were separated by emulsion particles, allowing single‐molecule PCR, in which each template was separately amplified, and the nonspecific hybridization was avoided. Overamplification or formation of by‐products was not observed. The method is so simple that direct amplification of 40 or more cycles can provide a high‐quality ssDNA library. Therefore, the asymmetric emulsion PCR would improve the screening efficiency of systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment.
Über Oxidsysteme mit Übergangsmetallen in verschiedenen Oxydationsstufen und ihr elektrisches Verhalten V. Das System Mn(MnxV2−x)O4
Authors: Reuter Bertold , Riedel Erwin 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSpinelle des Systems Mn(MnxVx+4V2‐2x+3)O4 wurden bei 1000 °C im Bereich 0≤x≤0,68 erhalten. Die Tetraederplätze des Spinellgitters werden von Mn2+‐Ionen besetzt. Für den Spinell der Phasengrenze Mn(Mn0,68V0,660,68V0,64+3)O4 wurde der Sauerstoffparameter zu u = 0,391 bestimmt. Im gesamten Mischkristallbereich wurde p‐Leitung gefunden. Der spezifische Widerstand ρ und die Aktivierungsenergie q zeigen ein Minimum bei x ∼ 0,2 (ρ = 10 Ωcm, q = 0,18 eV). Die thermoelektrische Kraft für Proben mit x > 0,2 ist zwischen 20 und 120°C temperaturunabhängig und nimmt mit wachsendem x ab. Die elektronischen Eigenschaften zeigen, daß lokalisierte d‐Elektronenniveaus vorliegen. Ein Vergleich der kristallchemischen und elektronischen Eigenschaften der Systeme Me(MexVx+4V2‐2x+3)O4 (Me = Cd, Mn, Mg‐Ni, Co) läßt eine ähnliche x‐Abhängigkeit und eine systematische Anderung elektronischer Eigenschaften bei konstanten x‐Werten von den V‐V‐Abständen erkennen.
Bildungsenthalpien und Mesomerieenergien von π‐Bindungssystemen 2. Mitteilung: Zur Mesomeriestabilisierung des 1,3‐Dithiol‐thions‐(2)
Authors: Geiseler G. , Schaffernicht H. , Walther H.‐J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEs wurden die Verbrennungs‐ und Sublimationsenthalpien von 1,3‐Dithiolan‐thion‐(2), 1,3‐Dithian‐thion‐(2), 4,5‐Tetramethylen‐1,3‐dithiola‐thion‐(2) und 4,5‐Tetramethylen‐1,3‐dithiol‐thion‐(2) bestimrat. Aus den hieraus ermittelten Bildungsenthalpien der gasförmigen Verbindungen errechnet sich für die Mesomerieenergie des 4,5‐Tetramethylen‐1,3‐dithiol‐thions(2) ein Wert in der Nähe von Null. Es muß daher angenommen werden, daß im mesomeriestabilisierten 1,3‐Dithiolium‐Kation die Delokalisierungsenergie durch die notwendige Ladungstrennung und eine gegebenenfalls durch Kompression des Bindungsgerüstes herrührende Energieaufnahme nahezu kompensiert wird.
A Continuous Cathodic Reflux Method for the Separation of Lithium Isotopes by Countercurrent Exchange Electrolysis
Authors: van Bennekom A. J. , Arkenbout G. J. , Smit W. M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractContinuing the work on the separation of lithium isotopes by means of countercurrent exchange electrolysis n‐propylamine has been investigated as a solvent for the electrolyte phase.The vapour‐liquid equilibrium diagram of the system n‐propylamine‐water has been determined. From this diagram it has been derived, that a transfer of lithium salts from n‐propylamine into water combined with a complete recovery of sufficiently waterfree propylamine can be obtained by means of a simple stripping column. Combination of this stripping column with a continuously operating electrolyser has led to a completely continuous cathodic reflux system.A new electrolyser has been developed. The application of a mercury jet electrode and the introduction of a pretreated tube of an iron‐nickel‐cobalt alloy in the amalgam outlet appeared to be important improvements.The complete set up has been tested in a separation experiment lasting sixty hours, during which time the lithium‐6 content of the reflux section decreased from 7.4% down to 4.2%.The elementary separation factor derived from CCEE experiments without reflux appeared to be 1.043 ± 0.013.It may be concluded, that by applying n‐propylamine instead of dimethyl‐formamide and by introducing the stripping‐ and electrolysis procedures described the automation of the process and the reliability of the apparatus have been considerably improved.
Die katalytische Oxydation von Benzol und Maleinsäureanhydrid an verschiedenen Vanadiumoxiden
Authors: Schaefer H. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDie Aktivität und Spezifität verschiedener Vanadiumoxide für die katalytische Gasphasenoxydation von Benzol und Maleinsäureanhydrid durch Sauerstoff wurde untersucht. Die Untersuchung wurde mit Hilfe der mikrokatalytischen Technik an Oxiden der Zusammensetzung VO2,60 bis 1,50 durchgeführt. Hierbei ergab sich, daß in Gegenwart von VO1,99 Benzol am leichtesten und im Hinblick auf die Maleinsäureanhydridbildung mit größter Spezifität oxydiert wird. Für die Oxydation von Maleinsäureanhydrid wurde an den Kontakten der Zusammensetzung VO2,50 bis 1,99 kein ausgeprägtes Maximum der Aktivität gefunden. Die beobachteten Aktivitätsfolgen und Spezifitäten werden diskutiert.
Energieübertragung für ein System gekoppelter Oszillatoren mit zwei Kopplungskonstanten II
Authors: Siré E. O. , Hensel V. , Kohlmaier G. H. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEin eindimensionales System von linear angeordneten harmonischen Oszillatoren, die untereinander ebenfalls harmonisch gekoppelt sind, wird als vielatomiges Molekül‐ bzw. Festkörpermodell benutzt, um sowohl die intramolekulare Energiewanderung als auch die bei Stoßprozessen stattfindende intermolekulare Schwingungsenergieübertragung zu beschreiben. Bei dem diskutierten Modell lassen sich zwei Grenzfälle unterscheiden; nämlich der Fall der starken Kopplung, bei dem die Oszillatorfederkonstante wesentlich kleiner ist als die Kopplungskonstante, was auf das Modell der homogenen Kette führt; und andererseits der Fall der schwachen Kopplung, der als Modellsystem schwach gekoppelter Oszillatoren interpretiert werden kann.
The Enthalpy Effect on Forming Diluted Solid Solutions of Two 4d and 5d Transition Metals
Authors: Niessen Anton K. , Miedema Andries R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPredictions of the enthalpies of solution in the solid state will be presented for arbitrary combinations of 4d and 5d transition metals. The approach is similar to the one used in a previous paper on combinations of two 4d metals. In addition to the contribution stemming from the chemical interaction, which is equal to the enthalpy of solution in the liquid state, the enthalpy of solution in the solid state contains two other terms. The first of these accounts for the elastic energy arising from the atomic size mismatch, where this size mismatch has been corrected for volume changes that accompany the alloy formation. The second term takes into account the variation of the structure dependent energy in relation to the number of d‐electrons per atom. – The predictions are generally in good agreement with the solubilities found in the respective phase diagrams. For two systems, Zr in Pt and Pt in Nb, that on first sight present exceptions, preliminary experiments indicate that parts of the respective phase diagrams have to be revised. The structure‐dependent contribution manifests itself not only in the limiting solubilities in the main crystal structures of the pure metals, but also in the existence of disordered intermediate phases and may also be responsible for the anomalously large entropy of fusion recently observed for some transition metals.
Ce3+/Tb3+ non‐/single‐/co‐doped K‐Lu‐F materials: synthesis, optical properties, and energy transfer
Authors: Cao Chunyan , Xie An , Noh Hyeon Mi , Jeong Jung Hyun 
Published: December 2015

AbstractUsing a hydrothermal method, Ce3+/Tb3+ non‐/single‐/co‐doped K‐Lu‐F materials have been synthesized. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results suggest that the Ce3+ and/or Tb3+ doping had great effects on the crystalline phases of the final samples. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) images indicated that the samples were in hexagonal disk or polyhedron morphologies in addition to some nanoparticles, which also indicated that the doping also had great effects on the sizes and the morphologies of the samples. The energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) patterns illustrated the constituents of different samples. The enhanced emissions of Tb3+ were observed in the Ce3+/Tb3+ co‐doped K‐Lu‐F materials. The energy transfer (ET) efficiency ηT were calculated based on the fluorescence yield. The ET mechanism from Ce3+ to Tb3+ was confirmed to be the dipole–quadrupole interaction inferred from the theoretical analysis and the experimental data. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation on the interaction of letrozole with herring sperm DNA through spectroscopic and modeling methods
Authors: Huang Yan‐Mei , Zheng Shou‐Jun , Yan Jin , Yang Hong‐Qin , Wu Di , Wang Qing , Li Hui 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe interaction of letrozole, an efficient and safe aromatase inhibitor, with herring sperm DNA (hsDNA) was investigated in vitro through spectroscopy analysis and molecular modeling to elucidate the binding mechanism of anticancer drugs and DNA. The binding constant and the number of binding sites were 2.13 × 104 M−1 and 1.09, respectively, at 298 K. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH and ΔS) exhibited negative values, which indicated that binding was spontaneous and Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bond were the main interaction forces. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and other spectroscopy analysis methods illustrated that letrozole could intercalate into the phosphate backbone of hsDNA and interact with the nitrogenous bases. Consistent with the experimental findings, molecular modeling results demonstrated that the interaction was dominated by intercalation and hydrogen bonding. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optogenetics Comes of Age: Novel Inhibitory Light‐Gated Anionic Channels Allow Efficient Silencing of Neural Function
Authors: Peralvárez‐Marín Alex , Garriga Pere 
Published: December 2015

AbstractOptogenetics, the developing field of research that uses light‐switchable biochemical tools in a sophisticated technological approach to monitor or control neural function, is rapidly evolving with the discovery and development of novel microbial rhodopsins. Light‐absorbing membrane proteins, as tools for brain research, are promoting new applications within the discipline of optogenetics. Light‐gated rhodopsin ion channels with better intrinsic light sensitivity and improved resolution are needed to overcome some of the current limitations of existing molecules. The recent discovery of light‐gated inhibitory anion channels opens new opportunities for studying physiological neural processes and, at the same time, represent a powerful approach for elucidating the mechanisms of neurological and mental disorders that could benefit from this approach.
Adult hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis causing multi organ dysfunction in a patient with multiple autoimmune disorders: when the immune system runs amok
Authors: Fleischmann Robert , Böhmerle Wolfgang , von Laffert Maximilian , Jöhrens Korinna , Mengel Annerose , Hotter Benjamin , Lindenberg Robert , Scheibe Franziska , Köhnlein Martin , von Bahr Greenwood Tatiana , Henter Jan Inge , Meisel Andreas 
Published: December 2015

Key Clinical MessageWe report a case of several autoimmune disorders eventually presenting as severe multi organ dysfunction syndrome caused by adult hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Clinical and laboratory tests might lead to fatal misinterpretation without awareness of its diagnostic evaluation, as HLH shares common features with sepsis and immune‐mediated systemic inflammatory response syndromes.