bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Draft Genome Sequence of Enterococcus mundtii QAUEM2808, Isolated from Dahi, a Fermented Milk Product
Authors: Farah N. , Mehdi A. , Soomro S. I. , Soomro N. I. , Tareb R. , Desmasures N. , Vernoux J. P. , Bakhtiar S. M. , Imran M. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

Enterococcus mundtii
QAUEM2808 has been isolated from dahi, an indigenous fermented milk product of Pakistan. Here, we report the draft genome sequence for this strain, which consists of 160 contigs corresponding to 2,957,514 bp and a G+C content of 38.5%.
Comparison of BacT/Alert FAN and FAN Plus Bottles with Conventional Medium for Culturing Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Yoo In Young , Chun Sejong , Song Dong Joon , Huh Hee Jae , Lee Nam Yong 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

We compared the BacT/Alert system FAN and FAN Plus media to conventional media for culturing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with 2,545 samples. FAN/FAN Plus bottles showed better performance for isolating microorganisms in CSF than conventional media (positive rate, 7.2% [182/2,545] versus 3.1% [80/2,545]). The incremental recovery rate of
Cryptococcus neoformans
from FAN Plus bottles was higher than that from FAN bottles.
Altered Glycosylation Patterns Increase Immunogenicity of a Subunit Hepatitis C Virus Vaccine, Inducing Neutralizing Antibodies Which Confer Protection in Mice
Authors: Li Dapeng , von Schaewen Markus , Wang Xuesong , Tao Wanyin , Zhang Yunfang , Li Li , Heller Brigitte , Hrebikova Gabriela , Deng Qiang , Ploss Alexander , Zhong Jin , Huang Zhong 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global health problem for which no vaccine is available. HCV has a highly heterogeneous RNA genome and can be classified into seven genotypes. Due to the high genetic and resultant antigenic variation among the genotypes, inducing antibodies capable of neutralizing most of the HCV genotypes by experimental vaccination has been challenging. Previous efforts focused on priming humoral immune responses with recombinant HCV envelope E2 protein produced in mammalian cells. Here, we report that a soluble form of HCV E2 (sE2) produced in insect cells possesses different glycosylation patterns and is more immunogenic, as evidenced by the induction of higher titers of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against cell culture-derived HCV (HCVcc) harboring structural proteins from a diverse array of HCV genotypes. We affirm that continuous and discontinuous epitopes of well-characterized bNAbs are conserved, suggesting that sE2 produced in insect cells is properly folded. In a genetically humanized mouse model, active immunization with sE2 efficiently protected against challenge with a heterologous HCV genotype. These data not only demonstrate that sE2 is a promising HCV vaccine candidate, but also highlight the importance of glycosylation patterns in developing subunit viral vaccines.

IMPORTANCE
A prophylactic vaccine with high efficacy and low cost is urgently needed for global control of HCV infection. Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies against most HCV genotypes has been challenging due to the antigenic diversity of the HCV genome. Here, we refined a high-yield subunit HCV vaccine that elicited broadly neutralizing antibody responses in preclinical trials. We found that soluble HCV E2 protein (sE2) produced in insect cells is distinctly glycosylated and is more immunogenic than sE2 produced in mammalian cells, suggesting that glycosylation patterns should be taken into consideration in efforts to generate antibody-based recombinant vaccines against HCV. We further showed that sE2 vaccination confers protection against HCV infection in a genetically humanized mouse model. Thus, our work identified a promising broadly protective HCV vaccine candidate that should be considered for further preclinical and clinical development.
Road log
Authors: Davis Richard A. , Emerson Norlene 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This road log is different than most in a variety of ways. It is similar in that the stops are numbered in a certain order. That is because each stop must have some identification and numbers are the simplest and easiest to follow. Mileage is provided between stops, not in a cumulative fashion. This makes it easy to arrange the stops to suit the specific leader(s) and students. Those who use this field guide can choose to visit the stops in any order that they wish. The complete trip is designed to take two full field days, but stops can be visited in any fashion that suits the wishes and schedule of the group. There are a few alternate stops that may be used in addition to or in lieu of some of the regular stops. The estimated time necessary to spend at each stop is indicated in the log to help in organizing your trip. The total estimated time of the combined stops is ~12–14 hours. This does not include any travel time or lunch stops so that leaders can develop their own plans. Unless indicated in the figure caption, all figures herein are those of the co-authors. The trip starts at the intersection of Wisconsin Highway 33 with Interstates I-90 and I-94 (Appendix Figure A1.) Enjoy!
Can ultrasound imaging predict the development of Achilles and patellar tendinopathy? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: McAuliffe Seán , McCreesh Karen , Culloty Fiona , Purtill Helen , O'Sullivan Kieran 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundUltrasound (US) imaging is commonly used to visualise tendon structure. It is not clear whether the presence of structural abnormalities in asymptomatic tendons predicts the development of future tendon symptoms in the Achilles or patellar tendon.AimTo perform a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the ability of US imaging to predict future symptoms of patellar or Achilles tendinopathy.MethodsProspective studies that performed US imaging of Achilles OR patellar tendon structure among asymptomatic patients at baseline and a clinical measure of pain and/or function at follow-up were included. Study quality was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool by two independent reviewers, and predictive ability of US was assessed using meta-analyses.ResultsThe majority of participants in the review were from sporting populations. Meta-analysis revealed that tendon abnormalities on US are associated with future symptoms of both patellar and Achilles tendinopathy (RR=4.97, 95% CI 3.20 to 7.73). Subgroup analysis indicated that tendon abnormalities at baseline were associated with an increased risk of both Achilles (RR=7.33, 95% CI 2.95 to 18.24) and patellar (RR=4.35, 95% CI 2.62 to 7.23) tendinopathy.ConclusionsThis systematic review and meta-analysis indicates that tendon abnormalities visualised using US in asymptomatic tendons are predictive of future tendinopathy and are associated with at least a fourfold increased risk.ImplicationsIdentification of at-risk athletes using screening tools such as US may allow preventative programmes to be implemented. However, it is clear that other factors beyond tissue structure are involved in the development of lower limb tendinopathy.
Proportion of neonatal readmission attributed to length of stay for childbirth: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Metcalfe Amy , Mathai Matthews , Liu Shiliang , Leon Juan Andres , Joseph K S 
Published: September 2016

ObjectiveMost literature on length of stay (LOS) for childbirth focuses on ‘early’ discharge as opposed to ‘optimal’ time of discharge and has conflicting results due to heterogeneous definitions of ‘early’ discharge and differing eligibility criteria for these programmes. We aimed to determine the LOS associated with the lowest neonatal readmission rate following childbirth by examining the incidence pattern of neonatal readmission for different LOS using the Kitagawa decomposition.DesignRetrospective cohort study using administrative hospitalisation data.SettingCanada (excluding Quebec) from 2003 to 2010.PatientsTerm, singleton live births without congenital anomalies.InterventionsLOS for childbirth.Main outcome measureNeonatal readmissions within 30 days of birth.Results1 875 322 live births were included. Neonatal LOS peaked at day 1 (47.3%) after vaginal birth and day 3 (49.3%) following caesarean section; 4.2% of infants were readmitted following vaginal birth and 2.2% after caesarean section. In 2008–2010, most readmissions occurred among infants discharged in the first 2 days (83.8%) following a vaginal birth and among infants discharged in the first 3 days (81.7%) following a caesarean birth. Readmissions increased from 4.1% in 2003–2005 to 4.6% in 2008–2010 among vaginal births and from 2.0% to 2.4% among caesarean births and occurred mostly due to changes in the day-specific readmission rates and not due to reductions in LOS.ConclusionsPatterns of readmission suggest that readmission rates are lowest following a 1–2-day stay following a vaginal birth and a 2–4-day stay following a caesarean birth given the outpatient support in the community.
Obstacle course runs: review of acquired injuries and illnesses at a series of Canadian events (RACE)
Authors: Hawley Alana , Mercuri Mathew , Hogg Kerstin , Hanel Erich 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundThe growing popularity of obstacle course runs (OCRs) has led to significant concerns regarding their safety. The influx of injuries and illnesses in rural areas where OCRs are often held can impose a large burden on emergency medical services (EMS) and local EDs. Literature concerning the safety of these events is minimal and mostly consists of media reports. We sought to characterise the injury and illness profile of OCRs and the level of medical care required.MethodsThis study analysed OCR events occurring in eight locations across Canada from May to August 2015 (total 45 285 participants). Data were extracted from event medical charts of patients presenting to the onsite medical team, including injury or illness type, onsite treatment and disposition.ResultsThere were 557 race participants treated at eight OCR events (1.2% of all participants). There were 609 medical complaints in total. Three quarters of injuries were musculoskeletal in nature. Eighty-nine per cent returned to the event with no need for further medical care. The majority of treatments were completed with first aid and basic medical equipment. Eleven patients (2% of patients) required transfer to hospital by EMS for presentations including fracture, dislocation, head injury, chest pain, fall from height, and abdominal pain.ConclusionsWe found that 1.2% of race participants presented to onsite medical services. The majority of complaints were minor and musculoskeletal in nature. Only 2% of those treated were transferred to hospital through EMS. This is consistent with other types of mass gathering events.
“I wasn't texting; I was just reading an email …”: a qualitative study of distracted driving enforcement in Washington State
Authors: Nevin Paul E , Blanar Laura , Kirk Annie Phare , Freedheim Amy , Kaufman Robert , Hitchcock Laura , Maeser Jennifer D , Ebel Beth E 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundIn response to the rise of distracted driving, many countries and most US states have adopted laws to restrict the use of handheld phones for drivers. Specific provisions of each law and the overall social mores of distracted driving influence enforceability and impact.ObjectivesIdentify multilevel interdependent factors that influence distracted driving enforcement through the perspective of police officers.Design/methodsWe conducted focus group discussions with active duty law enforcement officers from three large Washington State counties. Our thematic analysis used descriptive and pattern coding that placed our findings within a social ecological framework to facilitate targeted intervention development.ResultsParticipants reported that the distracted driving law posed challenges for consistent and effective enforcement. They emphasised the need to change social norms around distracted driving, similar to the shifts seen around impaired driving. Many participants were themselves distracted drivers, and their individual knowledge, attitude and beliefs influenced enforcement. Participants suggested that law enforcement leaders and policymakers should develop and implement policies and strategies to prioritise and motivate increased distracted driving enforcement.ConclusionsIndividual, interpersonal, organisational and societal factors influence enforcement of distracted driving laws. Targeted interventions should be developed to address distracted driving and sustain effective enforcement.
Association of clot burden score with radiographic and clinical outcomes following Solitaire stent retriever thrombectomy: analysis of the SWIFT PRIME trial
Authors: Mokin Maxim , Levy Elad I , Siddiqui Adnan H , Goyal Mayank , Nogueira Raul G , Yavagal Dileep R , M Pereira Vitor , Saver Jeffrey L 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundThe clot burden score (CBS) was developed as a tool to evaluate the extent of intracranial thrombus burden in patients with anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke. CBS is based on the presence or absence of contrast opacification on CT angiography (CTA). Its value in predicting radiographic and clinical outcomes in patients given endovascular stroke therapy remains unknown.ObjectiveTo evaluate the relationship between CBS and outcomes after stent retriever thrombectomy in the interventional arm of the SWIFT PRIME trial.MethodsCBS was calculated for the endovascular arm (IV tissue plasminogen activator plus Solitaire stent retriever) of SWIFT PRIME using baseline CTA. The cohort of 69 patients was divided into three groups according to their CBS values: CBS 0–5 (n=14), CBS 6–7 (n=23), and CBS 8–9 (n=32).ResultsThe mean age of the 69 patients who formed the study cohort was 63.2±13.1 years, mean National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 16.8±4.5, and 55% of the patients were male. There was no difference in clinical characteristics among the three groups, except for the baseline Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (p=0.049). The site of proximal occlusion varied significantly among the three groups (p<0.001). Rates of successful recanalization (TICI 2b/3), complete recanalization (TICI 3 only) and of good clinical outcome at 3 months were similar among the three groups (p=0.24, p=0.35, and p=0.52, respectively).ConclusionsThe combination of IV thrombolysis and stent retriever thrombectomy with the Solitaire device is highly effective in achieving successful recanalization and a good clinical outcome throughout the entire range of CBS values.
Influence of CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms on clinical outcomes of intracranial aneurysms treated with stent-assisted coiling
Authors: Ge Huijian , Lv Xianli , Ren Hui , Jin Hengwei , Jiang Yuhua , He Hongwei , Liu Peng , Li Youxiang 
Published: September 2016

ObjectiveTo investigate the influence of CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms on clinical outcomes of intracranial aneurysms treated with stent-assisted coiling.MethodsBetween September 2014 and October 2015, we prospectively recruited 215 patients with intracranial aneurysms who were treated with stent-assisted coiling. CYP2C19 genotypes were determined and clopidogrel response was tested. The primary endpoints included symptomatic or silent ischemic events, and bleeding events. The secondary endpoint was clinical outcome at 3 months.ResultsOf the 215 patients, 108 (50.2%) were classified as intermediate metabolizers (IMs, CYP2C19*1/*2, *1/*3), 76 (35.3%) as extensive metabolizers (EMs, CYP2C19*1/*1) and 31 (14.4%) as poor metabolizers (PMs, CYP2C19*2/*2, *2/*3, *3/*3). Carriers of CYP2C19 loss-of-function (LOF) alleles (*2 or *3, p=0.001), especially PMs (p=0.004), had an increased risk for clopidogrel resistance. After the procedures, cerebral ischemic events occurred in 69 patients (32.1%) and bleeding was seen in 20 patients (9.3%). In comparison with IMs and PMs, EMs had a lower risk for ischemic events (21.1% vs 37.0% and 41.9%, p=0.02 and 0.027, respectively) and a relatively higher risk for bleeding events (18.4% vs 5.6% and 0%, p=0.006 and 0.01, respectively). Based on multivariate analysis, the carriage of CYP2C19 LOF alleles (p=0.032) and clopidogrel resistance (p=0.047) were considered as predictors of cerebral ischemic events, and EMs were significantly associated with bleeding (p=0.002). Posterior circulation aneurysms (p=0.038), hemorrhagic history (p=0.001) and poor metabolic genotypes (p=0.001) could result in poor clinical outcomes (modified Rankin Scale >2).ConclusionsCYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms had significant influence on the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel, and could be considered as risk factors of ischemic or bleeding events and even clinical outcomes of patients with intracranial aneurysms treated with stent-assisted coiling.
Three-dimensional Distinct Element Method modelling of the growth of normal faults in layered sequences
Authors: Schöpfer Martin P. J. , Childs Conrad , Manzocchi Tom , Walsh John J. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The growth of normal faults in mechanically layered sequences is numerically modelled using three-dimensional Distinct Element Method (DEM) models, in which rock comprises an assemblage of bonded spherical particles. Faulting is induced by movement on a pre-defined normal fault at the model base whilst a constant confining pressure is maintained by applying forces to particles lying at the model top. The structure of the modelled fault zones and its dependency on confining pressure, sequence (net:gross) and fault obliquity are assessed using various new techniques that allow (a) visualization of faulted horizons, (b) quantification of throw partitioning and (c) determination of the fault zone throw beyond which theoretical juxtaposition sealing occurs along the entire zone length. The results indicate that fault zones become better localized with increasing throw and confinement. The mechanical stratigraphy has a profound impact on fault zone structure and localization: both low and high net:gross sequences lead to wide and relatively poorly localized faults. Fault strands developing above oblique-slip normal faults form, on average, normal to the greatest infinitesimal stretching direction in transtensional zones. The model results are consistent with field observations and results from physical experiments.
Palaeoecology of Ediacaran metazoan reefs
Authors: Wood Rachel 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Terminal Ediacaran metazoan reefs (
c.
548–541 Ma) can be locally substantial and the skeletal metazoans
Cloudina riemkeae, C. hartmannae, Namacalathus
and
Namapoikia
produced diverse reef types with complex ecologies in association with varied microbialite support or influence. In the Nama Group, Namibia, metazoan reefs grew in three associations with differing dominant frameworks: (1) monospecific aggregations of
Cloudina
; (2)
Cloudina–Namacalathus
–thrombolite assemblages; and (3) thrombolite-dominated metazoan communities.
Cloudina hartmannae
formed monospecific reefs up to 7 m wide and 3 m high with no microbialite component. The synoptic relief was probably <1 m.
Cloudina riemkeae
formed densely aggregating assemblages associated with microbialites and thrombolites, each from 30 to 100 mm high, which successively colonized former generations. Isolated
Namacalathus
either intergrew with
C. riemkeae
or formed dense, low-relief, monospecific aggregations succeeding
C. riemkeae
frameworks. Thrombolite-dominated metazoan reefs reached up to 20 m in height and width, with a synoptic relief of up to several metres.
Cloudina
and
Namacalathus
grew closely associated with these framework thrombolites and
Namapoikia
, which was encrusting and modular, reached up to 1 m in size and occupied neptunian dykes and fissures.
Cloudina
and
Namacalathus
also grow cryptically, either as pendent aggregations from laminar crypt ceilings in microbial framework reefs, or as clusters associated with thrombolite attached to neptunian dyke walls.
Characterization of organic matter in the Torridonian using Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Muirhead D. K. , Parnell J. , Spinks S. , Bowden S. A. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The degree of structural order in the organic carbon preserved in grey–black shales of the Neoproterozoic Torridon Group was characterized using Raman spectroscopy. All the samples contained kerogen rather than graphite, which is consistent with a low level of metamorphism. Samples of shale from the Diabaig Formation from six widely separated localities exhibited a consistently greater structural order than shales from five localities in formations higher in the Torridon Group. This supports previous models invoking an unconformity between the Diabaig Formation and the rest of the Torridon Group. The data further suggested that the Diabaig Formation experienced an additional episode of heating in the late stages of Grampian deformation.
Contrasting microfossil preservation and lake chemistries within the 1200–1000 Ma Torridonian Supergroup of NW Scotland
Authors: Wacey David , Brasier Martin , Parnell John , Culwick Timothy , Bowden Stephen , Spinks Sam , Boyce Adrian J. , Davidheiser-Kroll Brett , Jeon Heejin , Saunders Martin , Kilburn Matt R. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Oxygenation of the Proterozoic atmosphere caused the progressive build-up of dissolved sulphate on the continents and in marine environments. However, oxygen levels in the Proterozoic were low enough to allow the early burial of biological material into low redox potential environments where permineralization and the authigenic replacement of organic material, including micro-organisms, occurred by a range of minerals. Consequently, microbial sulphate reduction caused the widespread degradation of organic matter and, where iron was available, the precipitation of pyrite. By contrast, where sulphate levels were low, early preservation by other minerals (e.g. phosphate or silica) could be excellent. We show, using two Proterozoic lake sequences with low and high sulphate chemistries, but with otherwise similar characteristics, that microbial sulphate reduction caused a profound loss of morphological detail and diversity within preserved microfossils. The results could imply that there is a significant bias in the Proterozoic fossil record towards low sulphate environments, which were in reality relatively scarce.
The Emerging Role of B Cells in Tumor Immunity
Authors: Tsou Peiling , Katayama Hiroyuki , Ostrin Edwin J. , Hanash Samir M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThere is increasing evidence supporting a role for B cells in tumor immunology. Paraneoplastic syndromes occurring before a cancer diagnosis have pointed to the potential for harnessing the humoral immune response for early cancer detection. The presence of tumor-infiltrating B lymphocytes has been linked to a favorable clinical outcome in many types of cancers. However, B cells represent a heterogeneous population with functionally distinct subsets, and the balance among subtypes impacts tumor development. Here, we review recent findings related to B cells and to the humoral immune response in cancer and their translational significance. Cancer Res; 76(19); 5597–601. ©2016 AACR.