bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An intercomparison of long‐term planetary boundary layer heights retrieved from CALIPSO, ground‐based lidar, and radiosonde measurements over Hong Kong
Authors: Su Tianning , Li Jing , Li Chengcai , Xiang Pengzhan , Lau Alexis Kai‐Hon , Guo Jianping , Yang Dongwei , Miao Yucong 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) is a very important parameter in the atmosphere, because it determines the range where the most effective dispersion processes take place, and serves as a constraint on the vertical transport of heat, moisture, and pollutants. As the only space‐borne lidar, Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization onboard Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) measures the vertical distribution of aerosol signals and thus offers the potential to retrieve large‐scale PBLH climatology. In this study, we explore different techniques for retrieving PBLH from CALIPSO measurements and validate the results against those obtained from ground‐based micropulse lidar (MPL) and radiosonde (RS) data over Hong Kong, where long‐term MPL and RS measurements are available. Two methods, namely maximum standard deviation (MSD) and wavelet covariance transform (WCT), are used to retrieve PBLH from CALIPSO. Results show that the RS‐ and MPL‐derived PBLHs share similar interannual variation and seasonality and can complement each other. Both MSD and WCT perform reasonably well compared with MPL/RS products, especially under sufficient aerosol loading. Uncertainties increase when aerosol loading is low and the CALIPSO signal consequently becomes noisier. Overall, CALIPSO captures the general PBLH seasonal variability over Hong Kong, despite a high bias in spring and a low bias in summer. The spring high bias is likely associated with elevated aerosol layers due to transport, while the summer low bias can be attributed to higher noise level associated with weaker aerosol signal.
Deepwater carbonate ion concentrations in the western tropical Pacific since 250 ka: Evidence for oceanic carbon storage and global climate influence
Authors: Qin Bingbin , Li Tiegang , Xiong Zhifang , Algeo Thomas J. , Chang Fengming 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe present new “size‐normalized weight” (SNW)‐Δ[CO32−] core‐top calibrations for three planktonic foraminiferal species and assess their reliability as a paleo‐alkalinity proxy. SNWs of Globigerina sacculifer and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei can be used to reconstruct past deep Pacific [CO32−], whereas SNWs of Pulleniatina obliquiloculata are controlled by additional environmental factors. Based on this methodological advance, we reconstruct SNW‐based deepwater [CO32−] for core WP7 from the western tropical Pacific since 250 ka. Secular variation in the SNW proxy documents little change in deep Pacific [CO32−] between the Last Glacial Maximum and the Holocene. Further back in time, deepwater [CO32−] shows long‐term increases from marine isotope stage (MIS) 5e to MIS 3 and from early MIS 7 to late MIS 6, consistent with the “coral reef hypothesis” that the deep Pacific Ocean carbonate system responded to declining shelf carbonate production during these two intervals. During deglaciations, we have evidence of [CO32−] peaks coincident with Terminations 2 and 3, which suggests that a breakdown of oceanic vertical stratification drove a net transfer of CO2 from the ocean to the atmosphere, causing spikes in carbonate preservation (i.e., the “deglacial ventilation hypothesis”). During MIS 4, a transient decline in SNW‐based [CO32−], along with other reported [CO32−] and/or dissolution records, implies that increased deep‐ocean carbon storage resulted in a global carbonate dissolution event. These findings provide new insights into the role of the deep Pacific in the global carbon cycle during the late Quaternary.
Th‐Pb ion probe dating of zoned hydrothermal monazite and its implications for repeated shear zone activity: An example from the Central Alps, Switzerland
Authors: Bergemann C. , Gnos E. , Berger A. , Whitehouse M. , Mullis J. , Wehrens P. , Pettke T. , Janots E. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractTh‐Pb age dating of zoned hydrothermal monazite from alpine‐type fissures/clefts is a powerful tool for constraining polyphase deformation at temperatures below 350°C and presents an alternative to K/Ar and 40Ar/39Ar dating techniques for dating brittle tectonics. This study considers the relationship between cleft orientations in ductile shear zones and cleft mineral crystallization during subsequent brittle overprinting. In the Grimsel area, located in the Aar Massif of the Central Alps, horizontal clefts formed during a primary thrust dominated deformation, while younger and vertically oriented clefts developed during secondary strike‐slip movements. The change is due to a switch in orientation between the principal stress axes σ2 and σ3. The transition is associated with monazite crystallization and chloritization of biotite at around 11.5 Ma. Quartz fluid inclusion data allow a link between deformation stages and temperatures to be established and indicate that primary monazite crystallization occurred in both cleft systems at 300–350°C. While cleft monazite crystallization ceases at ~11 Ma in inactive shear zones, monazite growth, and/or dissolution‐reprecipitation continues under brittle deformation conditions in vertical clefts during later deformation until ~7 Ma. This younger shear zone activity occurs in association with dextral strike‐slip movement of the Rhone‐Simplon fault system. With the exception of varying Th/U values correlated with the degree of oxidation, there is only limited compositional variation in the studied cleft monazites.
Comparison of linear and nonlinear programming approaches for “worst case dose” and “minmax” robust optimization of intensity‐modulated proton therapy dose distributions
Authors: Zaghian Maryam , Cao Wenhua , Liu Wei , Kardar Laleh , Randeniya Sharmalee , Mohan Radhe , Lim Gino 
Published: March 2017

AbstractRobust optimization of intensity‐modulated proton therapy (IMPT) takes uncertainties into account during spot weight optimization and leads to dose distributions that are resilient to uncertainties. Previous studies demonstrated benefits of linear programming (LP) for IMPT in terms of delivery efficiency by considerably reducing the number of spots required for the same quality of plans. However, a reduction in the number of spots may lead to loss of robustness. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the performance in terms of plan quality and robustness of two robust optimization approaches using LP and nonlinear programming (NLP) models. The so‐called “worst case dose” and “minmax” robust optimization approaches and conventional planning target volume (PTV)‐based optimization approach were applied to designing IMPT plans for five patients: two with prostate cancer, one with skull‐based cancer, and two with head and neck cancer. For each approach, both LP and NLP models were used. Thus, for each case, six sets of IMPT plans were generated and assessed: LP‐PTV‐based, NLP‐PTV‐based, LP‐worst case dose, NLP‐worst case dose, LP‐minmax, and NLP‐minmax. The four robust optimization methods behaved differently from patient to patient, and no method emerged as superior to the others in terms of nominal plan quality and robustness against uncertainties. The plans generated using LP‐based robust optimization were more robust regarding patient setup and range uncertainties than were those generated using NLP‐based robust optimization for the prostate cancer patients. However, the robustness of plans generated using NLP‐based methods was superior for the skull‐based and head and neck cancer patients. Overall, LP‐based methods were suitable for the less challenging cancer cases in which all uncertainty scenarios were able to satisfy tight dose constraints, while NLP performed better in more difficult cases in which most uncertainty scenarios were hard to meet tight dose limits. For robust optimization, the worst case dose approach was less sensitive to uncertainties than was the minmax approach for the prostate and skull‐based cancer patients, whereas the minmax approach was superior for the head and neck cancer patients. The robustness of the IMPT plans was remarkably better after robust optimization than after PTV‐based optimization, and the NLP‐PTV‐based optimization outperformed the LP‐PTV‐based optimization regarding robustness of clinical target volume coverage. In addition, plans generated using LP‐based methods had notably fewer scanning spots than did those generated using NLP‐based methods.
A Polystyrene‐Supported Phase‐Transfer Catalyst for Asymmetric Michael Addition of Glycine‐Derived Imines to α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Miguélez Javier , Miyamura Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Shū 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA 2‐oxopyrimidinium salt was immobilized onto a polystyrene‐derived polymer to generate a heterogeneous catalyst that effectively promoted the asymmetric Michael addition of glycine‐derived imines to α,β‐unsaturated ketones. The reactions proceeded smoothly to afford the desired adducts, (S)‐tert‐butyl 2‐[(diarylmethylidene)amino]‐5‐oxoalkanoates, in high yields and with high enantioselectivities (up to 92% ee). The polymer catalyst could be recovered and reused at least five times without significant loss of activity or selectivity.magnified image
Describing Trajectories of Homeless Service Use in Hawai‘i Using Latent Class Growth Analysis
Authors: Gleason Kristen , Barile John P. , Baker Charlene K. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe State of Hawai‘i, like many other areas across the United States, has large numbers of individuals and families experiencing homelessness, many of whom seek support through statewide shelters and services. This study explored the diversity of ways in which individuals and families moved through Hawai‘i's homeless service system. Using administrative data, a cohort of new service users was tracked across time to trace the developmental trajectories of their homeless service use. The sample consisted of adults who had entered the service system for the first time in the fiscal year (FY) of 2010 (N = 4655). These individuals were then tracked through the end of FY 2014, as they used emergency shelter, transitional shelter, and outreach services. A latent class growth analysis was conducted and identified four distinct patterns of service use: low service use (n = 3966, 85.2%); typical transitional shelter use (n = 452, 9.7%); atypical transitional use (n = 127, 2.7%), and potential chronic service use (n = 110, 2.4%). Multinomial logistic regression models were then used to determine if select demographic, family, background experience (e.g., education, employment), or health variables were associated with class membership. The distinct profiles for class membership are discussed.
Metal‐Free Hypervalent‐Iodine‐Promoted C3 Difluorination and C2 Oxidation of N‐Substituted Indoles
Authors: Sun Xin , Zhao Xiao‐Jing , Wu Bin 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA metal‐free, highly regioselective C3 difluorination and C2 oxidation of N‐substituted indoles, with the aid of in situ generated PhIF2 in the presence of two types of fluorinating agents, was reported. This reaction provided 3,3‐difluoro‐2‐oxindoles with yields up to 64 % under mild reaction conditions. A mechanism for this reaction was proposed.
Effiziente chemoenzymatische Synthese von Dihydroartemisinaldehyd
Authors: Demiray Melodi , Tang Xiaoping , Wirth Thomas , Faraldos Juan A. , Allemann Rudolf K. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractArtemisinin aus der Pflanze Artemisia annua ist das wirkungsvollste Arzneimittel zur Behandlung von Malaria. Die Sesquiterpen‐Cyclase Amorphadien‐Synthase, ein Cytochrom‐abhängiges CYP450 und eine Aldehyd‐Reduktase wandeln in der Pflanze Farnesyl‐Diphosphat (FDP) in Dihydroartemisinaldehyd (DHAAl) um, welches ein Schlüsselzwischenprodukt in der Biosynthese von Artemisinin und eine halbsynthetische Vorstufe in der chemischen Synthese des Arzneimittels ist. Hier berichten wir über einen chemoenzymatischen Prozess, der in der Lage ist, DHAAl nur mithilfe der Sesquiterpen‐Synthase aus einem gezielt synthetisierten, hydroxylierten FDP‐Derivat herzustellen. Dieser Prozess, der die natürliche Sequenz aus Cyclisierung von FDP und Oxidation des Kohlenwasserstoffs umkehrt, stellt eine wesentliche Verbesserung der DHAAl‐Synthese dar und zeigt das Potenzial neuer Substrate in der Terpen‐Synthase‐katalysierten Synthese hochwertiger Naturstoffe auf.
Interactions of Renal‐Clearable Gold Nanoparticles with Tumor Microenvironments: Vasculature and Acidity Effects
Authors: Yu Mengxiao , Zhou Chen , Liu Li , Zhang Shanrong , Sun Shasha , Hankins Julia D. , Sun Xiankai , Zheng Jie 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe success of nanomedicines in the clinic depends on our comprehensive understanding of nano–bio interactions in tumor microenvironments, which are characterized by dense leaky microvasculature and acidic extracellular pH (pHe) values. Herein, we investigated the accumulation of ultrasmall renal‐clearable gold NPs (AuNPs) with and without acidity targeting in xenograft mouse models of two prostate cancer types, PC‐3 and LNCaP, with distinct microenvironments. Our results show that both sets of AuNPs could easily penetrate into the tumors but their uptake and retention were mainly dictated by the tumor microvasculature and the enhanced permeability and retention effect over the entire targeting process. On the other hand, increased tumor acidity indeed enhanced the uptake of AuNPs with acidity targeting, but only for a limited period of time. By making use of simple surface chemistry, these two effects can be synchronized in time for high tumor targeting, opening new possibilities to further improve the targeting efficiencies of nanomedicines.
Iron‐Catalyzed gem‐Specific Dimerization of Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Liang Qiuming , Osten Kimberly M. , Song Datong 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe report a gem‐specific homo‐ and cross‐dimerization of terminal alkynes catalyzed by a well‐defined iron(II) complex containing Cp* and picolyl N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands, and featuring a piano‐stool structure. This catalytic system requires no additives and is compatible with a broad range of substrates, including those with polar functional groups such as NH and OH.
Facile patterning and transfer printing of ferroelectric P (VDF‐TrFE) microstructures by topographic dewetting and Rayleigh‐Plateau instability
Authors: Kim Inkyoung , Khang Dahl‐Young 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTFacile microscale patterning of ferroelectric P(VDF‐TrFE) thin films are presented. Simple spin‐coating of the polymer solution on a patterned stamp has led to a variety of features due to the topographic dewetting. The effects of important experimental parameters, such as polymer solution concentration, spin speed, and stamp geometry, are systematically examined and the results are presented as morphological phase diagrams. Further, the dewetted cylindrical lines on the stamp protrusions are found to undergo Rayleigh‐Plateau instability, which leads to the break‐up of lines into dots in a row. The various pattern features formed on structured stamp has then been successfully transfer‐printed onto various substrates such as Si, glass, polymers. The P(VDF‐TrFE) micropatterns have shown more uniform ferroelectric performances than those of unpatterned film, due likely to confinement effect. The proposed simple patterning and transfer‐printing of ferroelectric polymer thin films can be found very useful in various emerging applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45028.
Compressive moduli and network parameters of N‐isopropylacrylamide hydrogels copolymerized by monoesters of itaconic acid and crosslinked with tetraallylammonium bromide
Authors: Kozbekçi Cansu , Şenkal B. Filiz , Erbil Candan 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThe present study focuses on the mechanical properties of hydrophilically or hydrophobically modified poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) hydrogels, and all discussions on their improved mechanical strengths are based on the conformational effects of hydrophobic side chains attached to the comonomers and the structural differences between the crosslinkers. Three different types of monoalkyl itaconates, bearing octyl (Oc), cetyl (Ce), and cyclohexyl (CH) groups as comonomers, were used to prepare the copolymeric PNIPAAm hydrogels crosslinked with N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (BIS) and tetraallylammonium bromide (TAB) as neutral tetrafunctional and ionic octafunctional crosslinkers, respectively. The most striking result is the compressive E modulus of TAB‐crosslinked PNIPAAm hydrogel containing 10 mol % of mOcI. It reaches nearly 1.0 MPa and is independent of the temperature and pH of the swelling/shrinking medium. The result was discussed in terms of the inter/intramolecular interactions between hydrophobic octyl groups adopting a rod‐like conformation in the case of 25 °C/distilled deionized water (DDW) and 37 °C/DDW combinations. Further, it was observed that the electrostatic repulsive forces between the carboxylate groups on mOcI units could be suppressed even at 37 °C and pH 9 due to the rod‐like conformations of C8H17 groups. Its micrographs under bright‐field and polarized light supported the presence of an ordered anisotropic phase and multiple associations of extended, hydrophobic side chains. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45039.
Reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotubes nanohybrids as preformed reinforcement for polystyrene composites
Authors: Wang Baichen , Li Junjie , Liu Yongna , Gao Yu 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThree‐dimensional carbon nanohybrids constructed by reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are prepared via simultaneous hydrothermal and chemical reduction reactions. The macroscopic rGO/CNTs monolith is used as the preformed reinforcement for polystyrene (PS) composites to function as the continuous conductive pathway. During hydrothermal reaction, interconnected network consisting of rGO and CNTs, driven by the hydrophobic and π‐π interactions, is formed and then frozen by the following freeze‐drying processing. Fourier transform infrared and X‐ray diffraction results confirm that CNTs play an important role in tuning the amphiphilicity and pore structure of the as‐prepared rGO/CNTs nanohybrids. rGO/CNTs/PS composites prepared via vacuum‐assisted impregnation process exhibit the highest electrical conductivity of 1.21 × 10−3 S m−1, which is 11 orders of magnitude higher than that of neat PS. The functional synergies of rGO and CNTs are identified to establish an efficient route for improving the electrical property of polymer based composites. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45054.
Positional Changes of the Ocular Organs During Craniofacial Development
Authors: Osaka Miho , Ishikawa Aoi , Yamada Shigehito , Uwabe Chigako , Imai Hirohiko , Matsuda Tetsuya , Yoneyama Akio , Takeda Tohoru , Takakuwa Tetsuya 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThe present study aimed to describe the positional changes of the ocular organs during craniofacial development; moreover, we examined the relationships among the ocular organs and other internal structures. To do this, we traced the positions of the ocular organs in 56 human early fetal samples at different stages of development using high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging and phase‐contrast X‐ray computed tomography. The eyes were located on the lateral side in the ventral view at Carnegie stage (CS) 16, and then changed their positions medially during development. The eyes remained in the neurocranium until CS17. However, the eyes changed their positions medially and caudally in the viscerocranium after CS18. The positional relationship between the eyes and pituitary gland changed in the lateral view as development progressed. Specifically, they were close to each other at CS17, but moved apart during the later stages of development. These positional changes were also demonstrated quantitatively with morphometric analyses. Based on the present data, the positional changes of the eyes can be categorized into phases, as follows: Phase 1, dramatic positional changes (early fetal period until CS23); and Phase 2, mild positional changes (stabilized; early fetal period after CS23). Notably, all absolute lengths measured in the present study linearly increased as the crown‐rump length increased irrespective of the phase, while features of the measured angles and ratios differentially changed in Phases 1 and 2. The present data may help improve our understanding of both the normal and abnormal development of the ocular organs and craniofacial area. Anat Rec, 300:2107–2114, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A network‐based dynamic air traffic flow model for short‐term en route traffic prediction
Authors: Chen Dan , Hu Minghua , Ma Yuanyuan , Yin Jianan 
Published: March 2017

SummaryThis paper presents a dynamic network‐based approach for short‐term air traffic flow prediction in en route airspace. A dynamic network characterizing both the topological structure of airspace and the dynamics of air traffic flow is developed, based on which the continuity equation in fluid mechanics is adopted to describe the continuous behaviour of the en route traffic. Building on the network‐based continuity equation, the space division concept in cell transmission model is introduced to discretize the proposed model both in space and time. The model parameters are sequentially updated based on the statistical properties of the recent radar data and the new predicting results. The proposed method is applied to a real data set from Shanghai Area Control Center for the short‐term air traffic flow prediction both at flight path and en route sector level. The analysis of the case study shows that the developed method can characterize well the dynamics of the en route traffic flow, thereby providing satisfactory prediction results with appropriate uncertainty limits. The mean relative prediction errors are less than 0.10 and 0.14, and the absolute errors fall in the range of 0 to 1 and 0 to 3 in more than 95% time intervals respectively, for the flight path and en route sector level. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors using homogenous cell‐based assays in quantitative high‐throughput screening platforms
Authors: Li Shuaizhang , Huang Ruili , Solomon Samuel , Liu Yitong , Zhao Bin , Santillo Michael F. , Xia Menghang 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAcetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an enzyme responsible for metabolism of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter associated with muscle movement, cognition, and other neurobiological processes. Inhibition of AChE activity can serve as a therapeutic mechanism, but also cause adverse health effects and neurotoxicity. In order to efficiently identify AChE inhibitors from large compound libraries, homogenous cell‐based assays in high‐throughput screening platforms are needed. In this study, a fluorescent method using Amplex Red (10‐acetyl‐3,7‐dihydroxyphenoxazine) and the Ellman absorbance method were both developed in a homogenous format using a human neuroblastoma cell line (SH‐SY5Y). An enzyme‐based assay using Amplex Red was also optimized and used to confirm the potential inhibitors. These three assays were used to screen 1368 compounds, which included a library of pharmacologically active compounds (LOPAC) and 88 additional compounds from the Tox21 program, at multiple concentrations in a quantitative high‐throughput screening (qHTS) format. All three assays exhibited exceptional performance characteristics including assay signal quality, precision, and reproducibility. A group of inhibitors were identified from this study, including known (e.g. physostigmine and neostigmine bromide) and potential novel AChE inhibitors (e.g. chelerythrine chloride and cilostazol). These results demonstrate that this platform is a promising means to profile large numbers of chemicals that inhibit AChE activity.