bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Symptoms of the naturalisation of the Turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) in Polish forests
Authors: Danielewicz Władysław , Kiciński Piotr , Wiatrowska Blanka 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The Turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.), the natural range of which embraces southern Europe and Asia Minor, belongs to trees rarely introduced into Polish forests. Tree stands where it appears, established before the Second World War, can be found in some 20 localities, mostly in the western part of the country. Because this species is capable of a natural renewal in a woodland environment, a research was made to find in what conditions and how far it undergoes spontaneous naturalisation. Three study sites were chosen in the forests of central Wielkopolska. An inventory was made of mature stands of the Turkey oak and its generative renewal. Plant communities in which the young generation of Q. cerris usually appears were characterised. It was found that self-sown seedlings of this species grew at a distance of up to 2,500 m from parent trees. The highest number and the greatest density of specimens of the secondary generation of the Turkey oak were found at ‘Racot’, which is a 100-hectare, mid-field woodland island where mesotrophic habitats predominate and where about 50% of the area is occupied by communities with manmade pine tree stands. At all sites, Q. cerris penetrates primarily this type of deformed phytocoenoses, developing mostly on former farmland. It has become a permanent component of the underbrush and undergrowth in them, and in some places, it also makes up the tree layer. It was observed that in the study area, it penetrated the woodland environment much more effectively than Quercus rubra, considered an invasive species. The expansion of the Turkey oak in several of the examined localities can be regarded as a basic manifestation of its naturalisation in places where there are phytocoenoses with pine stands in broad-leaf forest habitats in the neighbourhood of parent trees.
Ozone phytotoxicity in the Western Carpathian Mountains in Slovakia
Authors: Bičárová Svetlana , Sitková Zuzana , Pavlendová Hana 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In this work, the response of temperate coniferous forests to ozone air pollution (O3) in the mountain environment of the High Tatra Mts. (Western Carpathians) was analyzed. The modelling of stomatal O3 flux is a complex method for the estimation of phytotoxicity of O3 pollution to forest vegetation. Stomatal flux-based critical levels (CLef) for effects of O3 on radial growth take into account the varying influences of O3 concentration, meteorological variables, soil properties, and phenology. The application of the model DO3SE (Deposition of Ozone for Stomatal Exchange) at five experimental plots with altitudes varying from 810 to 1,778 m a.s.l. along vertical and spatial profile in the High Tatra Mts. revealed the high phytotoxic potential of O3 on spruce forests during the growing season 2014. The accumulated stomatal O3 flux above a threshold of Y (1 nmol m−2 s−1), i.e. POD1 (Phytotoxic Ozone Dose) ranged from 13.6 mmol m−2 at the Kolové pleso site (1,570 m a.s.l.) to 16.2 mmol m−2 at Skalnaté Pleso site (1,778 m a.s.l.). CLef for POD1 (8 mmol m−2) recommended for the protection of spruce forests were exceeded at all experimental plots from early July. Similarly, AOT40 index suggests vulnerability of mountain forests to O3 pollution. AOT40 values increased with altitude and reached values varying from 6.2 ppm h in Stará Lesná (810 m a.s.l.) to 10.7 ppm h at Skalnaté Pleso close to the timber line (1,778 m a.s.l.). Concentration-based critical level (CLec) of 5,000 ppb h was exceeded from June to August and was different for each experimental site.
Forest management economics based on forest typology
Authors: Kupčák Václav , Pulkrab Karel , Sloup Roman , Beníčková Anna 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In forest management, natural conditions have long been systemized by groups of forest habitat types (GFHT). Based on them, appropriate economic measures can be taken and economic efficiency of silviculture calculated. Management intensity, the term related only to timber production in the past, has recently been defined more broadly within the sustainable, close-to-nature forest management concept. It includes economic-ecological and efficient management, and reflects potential production as well as ecological effects of forest stands. Nature and natural development are preferred where artificial interventions are unnecessary (Plíva 2000). This concept uses a specific GFHT as the elementary unit as it allows to exactly identify ecological and economic potential, management measures, quantification and monetary expression of elementary components of economic efficiency. Such optimization of management measures and their economic projections analysis can be considered a comprehensive biological-ecological-economic analysis.
Subgroups of direct products closely approximated by direct sums
Authors: Ferrer Maria , Hernández Salvador , Shakhmatov Dmitri 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Let I be an infinite set, let

{

G
i

:

i
∈
I

}

{\{G_{i}:i\in I\}}

be a family of (topological) groups and let

G
=

∏

i
∈
I

G
i

{G=\prod_{i\in I}G_{i}}

be its direct product.
For

J
⊆
I

{J\subseteq I}

,

p
J

:

G
→

∏

j
∈
J

G
j

{p_{J}:G\to\prod_{j\in J}G_{j}}

denotes the projection.
We say that a subgroup H of
G
is

(i)

uniformly controllable
in G
provided that
for every finite set

J
⊆
I

{J\subseteq I}

there exists a finite set

K
⊆
I

{K\subseteq I}

such that

p
J

⁢

(
H
)

=

p
J

⁢

(

H
∩

⊕

i
∈
K

G
i

)

{p_{J}(H)=p_{J}(H\cap\bigoplus_{i\in K}G_{i})}

,

(ii)

controllable
in G provided that

p
J

⁢

(
H
)

=

p
J

⁢

(

H
∩

⊕

i
∈
I

G
i

)

{p_{J}(H)=p_{J}(H\cap\bigoplus_{i\in I}G_{i})}

for every finite set

J
⊆
I

{J\subseteq I}

,

(iii)

weakly controllable in G
if

H
∩

⊕

i
∈
I

G
i

{H\cap\bigoplus_{i\in I}G_{i}}

is dense in H, when G is equipped with the Tychonoff product topology.

One easily proves that (i)

⇒

{\Rightarrow}

(ii)

⇒

{\Rightarrow}

(iii).
We thoroughly investigate the question as to when these two arrows can be
reversed. We prove that the first arrow can be reversed when H is compact,
but the second arrow cannot be reversed even when H is compact.
Both arrows can be reversed if all groups

G
i

{G_{i}}

are finite.
When

G
i

=
A

{G_{i}=A}

for all

i
∈
I

{i\in I}

, where A is an abelian group, we show that the first arrow can be reversed for all subgroups H of G if and only if
A is finitely generated.
We also describe compact groups topologically isomorphic to a direct product of countably many cyclic groups.
Connections with coding theory are highlighted.
Endpoint estimates for multilinear singular integral operators
Authors: Lin Yan 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In this paper, we establish
three kinds of endpoint estimates for a class of multilinear singular integral operators and obtain the boundedness of this kind of multilinear singular integral operators on the product of BMO spaces, product of LMO spaces, and product of λ-central BMO spaces, respectively.
Moreover, as special cases, the corresponding results of multilinear Calderón–Zygmund operators
can be deduced.
Mineral Phases in Carbonate Rocks of the Górażdże Beds from the Area of Opole Silesia
Authors: Stanienda Katarzyna 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis article presents the results of studies of carbonate rock samples that came from all members of the Górażdże Beds (Lower Muschelkalk – Middle Triassic), taken from the area of the Opole Silesia. Researches allowed the types of mineral phases which built the analyzed rocks to be determined. The limestone samples were collected in the Ligota Dolna Quarry, Strzelce Opolskie Quarry, Wysoka Quarry and the area of Saint Anne Mountain. Thirteen samples were taken from the Ligota Dolna Deposit, 4 samples – in the Strzelce Opolskie Quarry and 5 samples – in the area of St. Anne Mountain. Selected rock samples were examined using a microscope with polarized, transmitted light, FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and microprobe measurements E PMA.The results of the study show that the limestone of the Górażdże Beds from the area of Opole Silesia do not exhibit diversified types according to the Ca and Mg content of. They are characterized by the Ca and Mg high purity of geochemical composition, as well as the domination of the low magnesium calcite. There are lower contents of carbonate phases rich in magnesium – high magnesium calcite (high-Mg calcite, which is also known as magnesio-calcite) and dolomite. The majority of the data was obtained through the results of the FTIR spectroscopy and microprobe measurements. Some information gave the results of microscopic analysis. The results of X-ray diffraction indicate the occurrence only low magnesium calcite in the studied samples. Dolomite was identified in some samples of Górażdże Beds and high magnesium calcite – in sample of the Wysoka Micrite Member. Smaller amounts of non-carbonate phases occurred in the analyzed rocks. Quartz, chalcedony, feldspars, micas and clay minerals were identified among the non-carbonate phases.The small diversification of the geochemical composition of the Górażdże limestones could be connected with their sedimentation environment conditions. These rocks represent the type of barrier sediments, which were formed during the sea transgression.
Characteristics of Ash from the Combustion of Biomass in Fluidized Bed Boilers
Authors: Uliasz-Bocheńczyk Alicja , Pawluk Aleksandra , Pyzalski Michał 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWhen it comes to the production of energy from renewable sources, biomass is the main fuel, burned directly or co-fired with coal, used in the professional power industry. As in the case of coal, the use of biomass in the professional power industry is accompanied by the generation of by-products of the combustion process, primarily in the form of fly ash. These wastes significantly differ from those resulting from coal combustion. Their properties depend primarily on the burned biomass and boiler type. Due to the growing pressure on the use of energy from renewable sources resulting from the Energy Policy of Poland and the requirements imposed by the EU, more and more by-products are produced. Ashes from the co-firing of biomass are relatively well studied, especially when it comes to those resulting from the combustion in conventional boilers. The by-products of biomass combustion are of limited economic use due to their specific characteristics. The ashes resulting from the combustion in fluidized bed boilers are particularly problematic. The paper presents the research results on the basic properties of the three ashes generated from the combustion of biomass in fluidized bed boilers and one ash resulting from the co-firing of biomass with coal in pulverized coal boiler for the same biofuel type. The conducted analysis of the chemical composition has shown a high content of CaO and CaOw, SO3, and K2O and a low content of SiO2and Al2O3compared to ash from co-combustion of biomass. The elemental analysis indicates a high content of: P, S, Cl, K, and Ca and lower content of chromium and cobalt in the ashes generated from burning of biomass when compared with the ashes produced as a result of co-combustion. All the tested ashes have similar granulometric composition. Particular attention was paid to the leachability of pollutants, which is one of the most important factors determining the use of waste in mining technologies, using mainly the mixtures of fly ash and solid waste from calcium-based flue gas desulphurization (10 01 82). The pH of leachates from the analyzed ashes is the lowest for the ashes resulting from the co-combustion of biomass. The pH value of leachates was approximately 12 for all of the tested samples. The results have shown a high leachability of potassium and chlorides, which is characteristic for by-products resulting from the combustion of biomass, and a high leachability of sulphates due to the type of used boilers. The phase composition is dominated by calcium and potassium carbonates, quartz, K2SO4, halite, sylvite, CaO, MgO.
Chemical variability of common skullcap (Scutellaria galericulataL.) wild growing in the area of eastern Poland
Authors: Kosakowska Olga , Bączek Katarzyna , Przybył Jarosław L. , Pióro-Jabrucka Ewelina , Węglarz Zenon 
Published: October 2016

SummaryIntroduction.In the group of plants revealing adaptogenic activity, species belonging toScutellariagenus are considered to be the most important ones. Common skullcap (Scutellaria galericulataL.) is less known species from this genus, growing wild in Poland in wet habitats. Its herb has been used in the past as a sedative and diuretic agent.Objective.The aim of the study was to determine the variability of common skullcap in terms of the accumulation of flavonoids in the herb.Methods.The objects of the study were 17 common skullcap populations growing wild in eastern Poland. At each natural site, the list of main flowering plant species was carried out, according to Braun-Blanquet scale of plant abundance. The total content of flavonoids was determined according to EP 8th. The analysis of flavonoids was carried out using HPLC, Shimadzu chromatograph.Results.The total content of flavonoids ranged from 0.21 to 0.50% dry matter (DM). Using HPLC, eight compounds were identified within the group, with chrysin-7-O-glucuronide (30.91–589.27 mg × 100 g−1DM), baicalin (61.90–482.93 mg × 100 g−1DM) and scutellarin (43.77–213.54 mg × 100 g−1DM) as dominants. Chrysin was the compound which in the highest degree differentiated investigated populations (CV=0.77).Conclusion. Obtained results indicate that investigated common skullcap populations differed in terms of the total content of flavonoids as well as the content of indentified flavonoids in the herb. However, there was no clear relationship between geographical localization of populations and the content of identified flavonoids in raw material.
Morphological and pharmacokinetic properties of oral solid dietary supplements containing plant extracts
Authors: Głogowski Adrian , Marczyński Zbigniew , Kołodziejczyk Michał Krzysztof , Jambor Jerzy , Stefan Marta Kinga , Zgoda Marian Mikołaj 
Published: October 2016

Summary

Introduction: Dietary supplements are a good way to supplement the deficiency of certain micronutrients and organic components (therapeutic agents) in human body. They are most often available in concentrated form as tablets, capsules, powder or liquid.

Objective: To investigate morphological parameters and the pharmaceutical availability of coated tablets – dietary supplements – that contain selected pharmacopeial titrated dry plant extracts.

Methods: Testing of the effective time of the tablet surface erosion was performed in model acceptor fluids using pharmacopeial methods in static (Erweka apparatus) and dynamic (unlimited diffusion method) conditions. Furthermore, morphological parameters of tablets (the original shape of an ellipse) as well as their hardness were determined.

Results: The effective erosion time was determined by conductometric method using carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt (NaCMC) contained in the tablet. The content of gum arabic and NaCMC in the tablet testifies that the granulate was produced using the “wet granulation” technique which resulted in high hardness of original, esthetic, elliptical tablets and in prolonged disintegration time (erosion).

Conclusions: The used excipients: gum arabic and NaCMC for the production of the tested tablets containing selected dry plant extracts result in their high hardness. The tested dietary supplements are characterized by esthetic design, original shape, and prolonged disintegration time which affects the pharmaceutical availability.
Medicinal properties of fungi occurring on Betula sp. trees. A review
Authors: Smolibowska Joanna , Szymański Marcin , Szymański Arkadiusz 
Published: October 2016

Summary
The article presents the chemical costituents and pharmacological properties of polyporoid fungi found on birch, namely Piptoporus betulinus, Inonotus obliquus, Lenzites betulina, Fomes fomentarius, and Trametes versicolor. The in vitro and in vivo studies on the effect of different extracts from above-mentioned fungi on the human organism shown anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial and immunostimulant activity, conditioned by the presence of such compounds as polysaccharides, polyphenols or terpenes. These fungi are commonly found in Poland and may superbly compete with Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) or Lentinula edodes (Shitake) used in Asia for medicinal purposes.
Drivers of Greek and Turkish Defense Spending
Authors: Waszkiewicz Grzegorz 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This paper evaluates the factors responsible for maintaining substantial military expenditures in Greece and Turkey. The presented research encompasses theoretical and empirical aspects. First, defense spending by both countries was analyzed based on statistical data from international sources. Next, the theoretical determinants of budgetary spending are reviewed, which consider political, economic and military factors behind high expenditures on the army in Greece and in Turkey. Finally, Granger causality tests is applied to determine whether a causal relation between variables exists in the case of these two countries.
We conclude that defense expenditures in Greece and Turkey exceed the NATO average, but are relatively low relative to those of selected Middle Eastern countries. Our results indicate that high military spending level in Turkey is mainly driven by national security concerns, whereas an economic driver prevails in Greece.
Exploration of Key Success Factors that Influence Business Performance: The Experiences of Women Micro-entrepreneurs from Mazovia Voivodeship of Poland
Authors: Leszczyński Dariusz 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Women-owned businesses are one of the fastest growing categories of firms in the world, but they are greatly understudied in countries from the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) [Zapalska et al., 2005]. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between business success predictors and the performance of female-owned micro-enterprises from the Mazovia Voivodeship in Poland during the period 2011–2013, using an Internet-based survey questionnaire. The data were collected by the CAWI (computer assisted web interview) and CATI (computer assisted telephone interview) methods. Exploratory factor analysis, correlation coefficients analysis and multivariate regression models were deployed to investigate the empirical data.
This study contributes to the limited body of literature on factors that positively affect the business performance of female entrepreneurial undertakings, using the context of the Polish experiences. Drawing on Gartner’s [1985] typology and “the resource-based view of the firm” theory, a theoretical research model was developed and verified empirically using three multivariate regression models. “Model A” displayed the highest explanatory power of the predicted dependent variable “Composite business performance” (R2 = 42,3).
Our findings suggest that the most successful female business owners in the region were ideally 30–39 years old; completed a university education; had at least three years of business experience; displayed above average entrepreneurial orientation; and adopted a business strategy to deal with competitors. Moreover, the better performing women-owned micro-enterprises hired qualified and experienced employees (“hman capital”); offered products or services to domestic and international customers; were able to attract business sector clients; and had sufficient resources (“financial capital”). It is recommended that this research be replicated in other countries from the CEE region (e.g. Czech Republic) for comparative purposes.
Organizational Culture and Open Innovation Performance in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Poland
Authors: Mazur Jolanta , Zaborek Piotr 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis study investigates the links between organizational culture, the use of open innovation sources and the performance of SMEs. The main hypothesis of the study is that a special type of organizational culture (termed innovative culture), which fosters creativity, learning and inter-employee cooperation – will correspond with a greater scope of open innovation sources and higher levels of innovative, operational and financial performance. The study was based on a representative CATI survey of 473 SMEs operating in manufacturing and services industries in Poland. Our statistical analysis relied on building and testing structural equation model with the AMOS software. The findings confirmed a positive association between innovative culture and the scope of open sources of innovation. However, innovative culture had no direct effect on the percentage of sales from new and modified products, which is often used as a metric of innovativeness, but did show a positive influence on an index of operational performance and ROI. Such statistical patterns suggest that fostering innovative culture is beneficial to a company, though probably not through an increased number of product innovations, but rather via process, administrative and marketing innovations, as well as other gains in efficiency attained due to more streamlined employee cooperation and knowledge exchange. The study adds to the existing body of knowledge in management science by providing a better understanding of mechanisms underlying innovative culture’s impacts on open innovation practices and metrics of operational and financial performance in the context of small and medium enterprises.
Planning a greenway based on an evaluation of visual landscape attractiveness
Authors: Sarnowski Łukasz , Podgórski Zbigniew , Brykała Dariusz 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe potential for using a standardized landscape evaluation method for planning a greenway in a young glacial area in northern Poland is evaluated in this paper. In the evaluation of visual landscape attractiveness (VLA), we took into account not only its natural but also its cultural components. The cultural components were divided into two groups, i.e. increasing and decreasing VLA scores. The sources of data needed for the evaluation included a Vector Smart Map level 2 (VMap L2), aerial photographs and a field survey. The newly-designated greenway links two landscape parks (which play the role of greenspaces) and runs along numerous lakes, forests, rivers, and objects of cultural heritage. The greenway is composed of existing local roads, allowing a more optimal utilisation of natural and cultural resources of the landscape, primarily those located between the selected greenspaces. Using this application, the idea of sustainable development can be implemented, and the overlapping protected areas will not be subject to devitalisation. The VLA method can facilitate multiple greenway designations in other areas.
Challenges Faced in Modern Quality Inspection
Authors: Borkowski Stanisław , Knop Krzysztof 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Point of view, preferences and priorities of quality inspection in modern production systems have changed. Quality inspection in its activities is no longer limited only to the documentation of the past, nor is it seen solely as a tool for the detection of nonconformity. Nowadays, the most important quality inspection function is prevention, whose most important goal is to make it before nonconformity. What is expected from modern quality inspection is that it actively improves the production and quality as well as reduces the costs. The aim of the article is to present requirements, guidelines and challenges in the organization of modern quality inspection in a manufacturing company. The role of quality inspection in the classical model and modern model of quality improvement was presented. Determinants of effective quality inspection were presented, as well. The quality inspection methods that best fit into the paradigm of modern quality inspection, that is source inspection, together with visual management were pointed out.