bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Persistent erectile dysfunction in men exposed to the 5α-reductase inhibitors, finasteride, or dutasteride
Authors: Kiguradze Tina , Temps William H. , Yarnold Paul R. , Cashy John , Brannigan Robert E. , Nardone Beatrice , Micali Giuseppe , West Dennis Paul , Belknap Steven M. 
Published: March 2017

ImportanceCase reports describe persistent erectile dysfunction (PED) associated with exposure to 5α-reductase inhibitors (5α-RIs). Clinical trial reports and the manufacturers’ full prescribing information (FPI) for finasteride and dutasteride state that risk of sexual adverse effects is not increased by longer duration of 5α-RI exposure and that sexual adverse effects of 5α-RIs resolve in men who discontinue exposure.ObjectiveOur chief objective was to assess whether longer duration of 5α-RI exposure increases risk of PED, independent of age and other known risk factors. Men with shorter 5α-RI exposure served as a comparison control group for those with longer exposure.DesignWe used a single-group study design and classification tree analysis (CTA) to model PED (lasting ≥90 days after stopping 5α-RI). Covariates included subject attributes, diseases, and drug exposures associated with sexual dysfunction.SettingOur data source was the electronic medical record data repository for Northwestern Medicine.SubjectsThe analysis cohorts comprised all men exposed to finasteride or dutasteride or combination products containing one of these drugs, and the subgroup of men 16–42 years old and exposed to finasteride ≤1.25 mg/day.Main outcome and measuresOur main outcome measure was diagnosis of PED beginning after first 5α-RI exposure, continuing for at least 90 days after stopping 5α-RI, and with contemporaneous treatment with a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor (PDE5I). Other outcome measures were erectile dysfunction (ED) and low libido. PED was determined by manual review of medical narratives for all subjects with ED. Risk of an adverse effect was expressed as number needed to harm (NNH).ResultsAmong men with 5α-RI exposure, 167 of 11,909 (1.4%) developed PED (persistence median 1,348 days after stopping 5α-RI, interquartile range (IQR) 631.5–2320.5 days); the multivariable model predicting PED had four variables: prostate disease, duration of 5α-RI exposure, age, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Of 530 men with new ED, 167 (31.5%) had new PED. Men without prostate disease who combined NSAID use with >208.5 days of 5α-RI exposure had 4.8-fold higher risk of PED than men with shorter exposure (NNH 59.8, allp< 0.002). Among men 16–42 years old and exposed to finasteride ≤1.25 mg/day, 34 of 4,284 (0.8%) developed PED (persistence median 1,534 days, IQR 651–2,351 days); the multivariable model predicting PED had one variable: duration of 5α-RI exposure. Of 103 young men with new ED, 34 (33%) had new PED. Young men with >205 days of finasteride exposure had 4.9-fold higher risk of PED (NNH 108.2,p< 0.004) than men with shorter exposure.Conclusion and relevanceRisk of PED was higher in men with longer exposure to 5α-RIs. Among young men, longer exposure to finasteride posed a greater risk of PED than all other assessed risk factors.
Modeling slow‐slip segmentation in Cascadia subduction zone constrained by tremor locations and gravity anomalies
Authors: Li Duo , Liu Yajing 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAlong‐strike segmentation of slow‐slip events (SSEs) and nonvolcanic tremors in Cascadia may reflect heterogeneities of the subducting slab or overlying continental lithosphere. However, the nature behind this segmentation is not fully understood. We develop a 3‐D model for episodic SSEs in northern and central Cascadia, incorporating both seismological and gravitational observations to constrain the heterogeneities in the megathrust fault properties. The 6 year automatically detected tremors are used to constrain the rate‐state friction parameters. The effective normal stress at SSE depths is constrained by along‐margin free‐air and Bouguer gravity anomalies. The along‐strike variation in the long‐term plate convergence rate is also taken into consideration. Simulation results show five segments of ∼Mw6.0 SSEs spontaneously appear along the strike, correlated to the distribution of tremor epicenters. Modeled SSE recurrence intervals are equally comparable to GPS observations using both types of gravity anomaly constraints. However, the model constrained by free‐air anomaly does a better job in reproducing the cumulative slip as well as more consistent surface displacements with GPS observations. The modeled along‐strike segmentation represents the averaged slip release over many SSE cycles, rather than permanent barriers. Individual slow‐slip events can still propagate across the boundaries, which may cause interactions between adjacent SSEs, as observed in time‐dependent GPS inversions. In addition, the moment‐duration scaling is sensitive to the selection of velocity criteria for determining when SSEs occur. Hence, the detection ability of the current GPS network should be considered in the interpretation of slow earthquake source parameter scaling relations.
Stable water isotopes and large‐scale vertical motions in the tropics
Authors: Torri Giuseppe , Ma Ding , Kuang Zhiming 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA complete understanding of the interaction between convection and the large‐scale circulation in the tropics remains an outstanding problem. Although there is evidence that the vertical structure of convective heating has great influence in the large‐scale response and that this structure also presents considerable geographical variations, more need to be done. One of the questions that are still unanswered is how the vertical structure of the convective heating, or, similarly, of vertical velocity, varies across the tropical Pacific. Here it is suggested that some light can be shed on this debate by considering stable water isotopes. Because these tend to be progressively less abundant with increasing height, precipitation associated with top heavy profiles should be expected to be more depleted than that associated with bottom heavy profiles. This claim is verified with a variety of data: first, using observations from IAEA/WMO Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation stations; then, using a simple model based on the budget of water isotopes in precipitation; finally, using a more complex isotope‐enabled general circulation model. Evidence provided by these sources confirms that different structures of vertical velocities are associated with different isotopic abundances, with top heavy profiles giving rise to more depleted rainfall. Finally, the data from over the Pacific, although scarce, seem to suggest that precipitation in the eastern part is more enriched than in the western, thus hinting at velocity profiles over the East being more bottom heavy than over the West Pacific.
Top‐down estimate of methane emissions in California using a mesoscale inverse modeling technique: The San Joaquin Valley
Authors: Cui Yu Yan , Brioude Jerome , Angevine Wayne M. , Peischl Jeff , McKeen Stuart A. , Kim Si‐Wan , Neuman J. Andrew , Henze Daven K. , Bousserez Nicolas , Fischer Marc L. , Jeong Seongeun , Michelsen Hope A. , Bambha Ray P. , Liu Zhen , Santoni Gregory W. , Daube Bruce C. , Kort Eric A. , Frost Gregory J. , Ryerson Thomas B. , Wofsy Steven C. , Trainer Michael 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe quantify methane (CH4) emissions in California's San Joaquin Valley (SJV) by using 4 days of aircraft measurements from a field campaign during May–June 2010 together with a Bayesian inversion method and a mass balance approach. For the inversion estimates, we use the FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model (FLEXPART) to establish the source‐receptor relationship between sampled atmospheric concentrations and surface fluxes. Our prior CH4 emission estimates are from the California Greenhouse Gas Emissions Measurements (CALGEM) inventory. We use three meteorological configurations to drive FLEXPART and subsequently construct three inversions to analyze the final optimized estimates and their uncertainty (one standard deviation). We conduct May and June inversions independently and derive similar total CH4 emission estimates for the SJV: 135 ± 28 Mg/h in May and 135 ± 19 Mg/h in June. The inversion result is 1.7 times higher than the prior estimate from CALGEM. We also use an independent mass balance approach to estimate CH4 emissions in the northern SJV for one flight when meteorological conditions allowed. The mass balance estimate provides a confirmation of our inversion results, and these two independent estimates of the total CH4 emissions in the SJV are consistent with previous studies. In this study, we provide optimized CH4 emissions estimates at 0.1° horizontal resolution. Using independent spatial information on major CH4 sources, we estimate that livestock contribute 75–77% and oil/gas production contributes 15–18% of the total CH4 emissions in the SJV. Livestock explain most of the discrepancies between the prior and the optimized emissions from our inversion.
Repeated Measurements, Design and Analysis for
Authors: Wiener Laura E. , Koch Gary G. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis article discusses important aspects of the design and statistical analysis of repeated measurements studies. The scope of study designs includes split‐plot experiments, longitudinal studies, crossover study designs, and sources of variability studies. Analysis methodologies are organized by univariate and multivariate methods, along with comparable nonparametric strategies. ANOVA and ANCOVA methods are discussed for univariate summary functions of the repeated measurements for each subject, while mixed models for repeated measurements (MMRM) are presented for continuous outcome data and generalized estimating equations (GEE) are presented for categorical outcome data. Nonparametric methods include versions of the extended Mantel–Haenszel statistic, extensions of the Wilcoxon signed ranks statistic, the multivariate Kruskal–Wallis statistic, and multivariate Mann–Whitney estimators. Nine examples are provided to illustrate applications of the statistical methods to specific study designs.
Media Use:
U
nited
K
ingdom
Authors: Gunter Barrie 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Media use in the United Kingdom has a history spanning 200 years, but has witnessed the most dramatic transformation over the last decade of the twentieth century and early years of the twenty‐first century. The numbers of print publications, radio stations, and TV channels have expanded but the greatest change of all has accompanied the emergence of the Internet and mobile technology. In the digital online world, formerly distinct media that operated in different markets and were consumed in different modalities now compete directly for audiences over the same technology platforms. They have also been confronted with competition for consumers from new suppliers that have entered from outside the traditional media industries. These changes have altered the media consumption patterns of people in the United Kingdom by giving them more choices of content and ways and places of consumption.
Media Use:
S
candinavia and the
B
altic
S
tates
Authors: Kaun Anne 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Media and communication studies in Scandinavia and the Baltic states has a relatively short institutional history but has been flourishing, particularly since the mid‐1990s. One key perspective in developing a (critical) understanding of media usage is mediatization, which is particularly rooted in the Scandinavian research tradition of media and communications but has also flourished within the Baltic states. This entry briefly presents the notion of mediatization from a Scandinavian perspective and discusses some adaptations in the Baltic states. It also reviews dominant trends and patterns in media usage in Scandinavia and the Baltic states and concludes by presenting major research hubs in the area.
Political Economy of Communication and Culture:
L
atin
A
merica
Authors: Bolaño César , Távora Bruna , Cabral Adilson , Oliveira Paulino Fernando 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The question of media effects pertains to all areas of the communication field. It must be understood in a historical perspective and also as a theoretical and epistemological challenge to the Latin American context. This entry presents a broad view of the most important theoretical perspectives of the Latin American field. It then considers theories of cultural studies and reception. Finally, it addresses the importance of the political economy of communication and culture, which, though it has traditionally not focused its reflections on the issue of mediation (except for one case, which will be considered here), is fundamental to the epistemological delimitation of the communication field and will be presented here as an alternative paradigm.
News Media Use: International Comparative Research
Authors: Esser Frank , Steppat Desiree 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis entry discusses the current state of research on news media use from an international comparative perspective. Although mono‐national studies on news consumption are easy to obtain anywhere, international comparative research in this area can be considered a real shortcoming. This entry presents an overview of important comparative analyses that consider media use for political information as their key variable and that were published between 2006 and 2016. In this short time span, fundamental changes in news media habits can be identified across media systems around the world. The entry discusses the research questions and methods of these studies, as well as their findings and shortcomings. In conclusion, opportunities and challenges for future studies in the field of international comparative media use research are addressed.
Globalization and
A
mericanization
Authors: Chadha Kalyani 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Globalization implies a world reconfigured economically, politically, and culturally. Crucially implicated in this process are media and communication technologies, which are widely accepted as sine qua nons of globalization. A substantial thrust of the globalization debate within communications research has thus centered on examining the role of media and communication in the transformations of cultural landscapes all over the world. On one side of this debate are scholars who argue that globalization results in the growth of global cultural uniformity and homogeneity. On the other are theorists who argue that globalization reduces cultural coherence in all societies and gives rise to cultural hybridization. Since the late 1990s, however, some scholars have sought to move away from this polarized debate by suggesting a middle ground between these positions by linking local dynamics manifest at the micro level to the operation of macro forces, notably the workings of global capitalism.
Measuring Media Use
Authors: Marshall Laura H. , Southwell Brian G. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMeasuring media use has been a central activity for mass media organizations for at least a century. Advertisers and media researchers around the world often need to know how many people—and who—have engaged with particular media content. Despite these needs, measuring media use continues to be a challenging area of research. Audience measurement professionals continue to draw upon self‐report survey techniques and have been active in developing new measurement technology.
Media Effects: Methods of Hypothesis Testing
Authors: Arendt Florian , Matthes Jörg 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
One defining element of science is the systematic observation of real‐world phenomena using rigorous research methods. Media effects researchers mostly relied on experiments and surveys. While experiments have most of the time been used to investigate short‐term effects, surveys have been used to reveal longer term effects as well. Further, other methods such as observation of actual behavior, epidemiological approaches, and meta‐analyses are used as supplements to obtain a more thorough understanding of the phenomena of interest. Although current media effects research has a diverse methodological toolbox, future research should pay greater attention to the replication of previous findings, multimethod approaches (to increase confidence in the revealed effects), and moderation and mediation analyses (to study the mechanisms by which the effects operate as well as their boundary conditions). Future research should also apply more dynamic perspectives, analyze nonlinear effects, and use implicit measures as a supplement to explicit self‐report measures.
Cultivation Theory: Idea, Topical Fields, and Methodology
Authors: Morgan Michael , Shanahan James , Signorielli Nancy 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Cultivation is the research field that investigates relationships between media exposure (usually television) and beliefs about the world. Heavy viewers of television often hold beliefs that are congruent with what they experience on television. Cultivation has investigated media effects in relation to violence, sex role perceptions, political attitudes, and many other domains. The idea of
mainstreaming
suggests that heavy viewers, in subgroups that would otherwise differ, are more likely to hold similar conceptions about the world than light viewers. Despite the emergence of many new technologies and dramatic transformations in the TV industry, the theory and practice of cultivation analysis remain relevant in the changing media world.
Framing: Media Frames
Authors: D'Angelo Paul 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
A media frame is a written, spoken, graphical, or visual message modality that a communicator, by means of a technological channel, uses to contextualize a topic, such as a person, event, episode, or issue, within a text. Frames of emphasis and frames of equivalency are the two main types of media frames. The bulk of research on media framing deals with emphasis frames. Media frames are communicated in texts situated within various topic domains, including news, sports, entertainment, and advertising. Because a media frame contextualizes a topic in terms of a value, theme, stereotype, ideological principle, or visual icon, detecting it depends on careful and systematic observation of framing devices in mediated texts. Content analysts use a wide range of qualitative and quantitative techniques that incorporate both inductive and deductive approaches in order to identify framing devices located within mediated texts.
Multistep Flow of Communication: Online Media and Social Navigation
Authors: Stansberry Kathleen 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The process of message dissemination has been a rich area of mass media scholarship since the early twentieth century, but the popularity of social media and rise in participatory communication have brought renewed interest to the topic. This entry explores the study of information flow and social navigation in online spaces. It describes the ways that information flow theory has been used to conceptualize the transmission of information in Web‐based communication, considers the emergence of social navigation research, and looks at emerging scholarship in the field.
Diffusion Theories: News Diffusion
Authors: Cohen Yoel 
Published: March 2017

AbstractNews diffusion is a branch of mass communications research dealing with how news is circulated among publics. Two phases of research have occurred in news diffusion research. The first phase began after World War II and continued to the 1980s, and the second began with the arrival of the Internet and social media in the 1990s. Key questions raised during the first phase of diffusion research included whether media or interpersonal ties are the sources of information about an event; the type of event; and media structure. In the second phase, citizen journalists and others became participants in the news production and diffusion process—which until the advent of new media had been entirely controlled by professional journalists.
Exemplification Theory
Authors: Brosius Hans‐Bernd , Peter Christina 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Exemplification theory investigates why and under which conditions people integrate single‐case information provided by the news into their personal judgments. These so‐called exemplars are widely used by journalists to make news reports more vivid and comprehensible. Research has consistently shown that, when forming judgments, people strongly rely on these exemplars, even if they contradict more valid base‐rate information. Exemplars are often selected one‐sidedly, and this can lead to a distorted perception of public opinion and influence people's personal opinions.
Parasocial Interaction and Beyond: Media Personae and Affective Bonding
Authors: Konijn Elly A. , Hoorn Johan F. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn research covering media entertainment, media effects, and media psychology, many concepts denote the state of viewers in response to media personae in a way that resembles human–human interaction. One such concept is parasocial interaction (PSI). This entry positions PSI in its original academic context of the 1950s, when mass communication emerged as a new discipline. Central to the notion of PSI is how the persona is defined; this is also discussed within its original academic context, with further reflections on how it has been used in subsequent studies. Thus far, media personae have been evaluated using a dimensional view. Discrepancies with media figures presented through sophisticated new technology are reviewed in the context of contemporary mediated communication. From there, the entry summarizes findings into an up‐to‐date media psychological approach to explaining how viewers become affectively attached to media figures: A theory of affective bonding. The perspective is the experiences of the media user rather than the media's techniques, and may jumpstart future research and novel hypotheses.
M
c
L
uhan,
M
arshall
Authors: Murdock Graham 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

This entry traces the evolution of McLuhan's approach to media effects, from his early work on advertising and the engineering of consumption through successive stages in the development of his later argument that “the medium is the message” and that the most important and far‐reaching impacts of media are attributable to way their core technologies privilege particular senses and modes of experience that then provide the essential building blocks for intellectual and institutional formations. On this basis he argues that the introduction of the alphabet and its later mechanization in printing dismantled the auditory, inclusive, and communal culture of tribal societies, imposing a rationalized and hierarchical culture based around visuality, which is now being undermined in turn by new electronic media offering the possibility of
retribalization
and the formation of a
global village
. This perspective, which is deeply rooted in McLuhan's religious faith, is open to strong charges of reductionism and determinism.
Mediatization
Authors: Hjarvard Stig 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMediatization research shares media effects studies' ambition of answering the difficult questions with regard to whether and how media matter and influence contemporary culture and society. The two approaches nevertheless differ fundamentally in that mediatization research seeks answers to these general questions by distinguishing between two concepts: mediation and mediatization. The media effects tradition generally considers the effects of the media to be a result of individuals being exposed to media content (i.e., effects are seen as an outcome of mediated communication). Mediatization research is concerned with long‐term structural changes involving media, culture, and society (i.e., the influences of the media are understood in relation to how media are implicated in social and cultural changes and how these processes come to create new conditions for human communication and interaction). From the perspective of mediatization research, the most importanteffectof the media stems from their embeddedness in culture and society.