bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional cerebral space theory: Towards an integration of theory and mechanisms of left hemineglect, anosognosia, and anosodiaphoria
Authors: Smith Andrew J. , Campbell Ransom W. , Harrison Patti Kelly , Harrison David W. 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND: The current case study presents a 43 year old African American woman admitted to a Tertiary Care Rehabilitation unit at a major medical center for concerns over left-sided anesthesia and weakness. Head scans indicate a right middle cerebral arterial distribution infarct altering blood flow in temporal, parietal, and occipital regions in the right cerebral hemisphere. OBJECTIVE: Physician and therapist reports (i.e., speech and occupational therapists) referred the patient for a neuropsychological evaluation for concerns over the patient’s capacity to recognize the severity of her deficits and self-care, with potential rule-outs indicated by the extant literature on right CVA for anosognosia, anosodiaphoria, and left hemibody/hemispace neglect. METHODS: The current case integrates interdisciplinary physician notation, magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiogram, observations and reports from speech and occupational therapy, and neuropsychological assessment via standardized tests and neurobehavioral syndrome analysis. RESULTS: Evidence was found for co-occurring syndromes of moderate anosognosia, anosodiaphoria, and left hemibody/hemispatial neglect derived from shared functional cerebral space with overlapping temporal, parietal, and occipital damage. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical implications are discussed, including recommendations for therapy approaches based on functional cerebral space theory that may indicate the use of known techniques (e.g., for left hemibody neglect) that may also have therapeutic implications for treating other, more mercurial co-occurring syndromes of anosognosia and anosodiaphoria.
Effect of normal-walking-pattern-based functional electrical stimulation on gait of the lower extremity in subjects with ischemic stroke: A self controlled study
Authors: Xu Benlei , Yan Tiebin , Yang Yuanle , Ou Ruiqing , Huang Shuping 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND: Functional electrical stimulation is a widely used technique for rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of walking-pattern-based four-channel functional electric stimulation and its influence on the gait features of stroke patients with hemiplegia. METHODS: A total of 21 stroke patients with hemiplegia were enrolled into the study. The walking gaits of patients were investigated before, during and after walking-pattern-based FES treatment using the gait analysis system. The changes of gait indexes were comparatively analyzed. RESULTS: After walking-pattern-based FES therapy, the pace, stride rate, gait cycle, and step length of stroke patients with hemiplegia were 50.19 ± 14.45 cm/s, 36.85 ± 5.85 time/min, 1.6643 ± 0.2626 sec, 80.3333 ± 15.1438 cm, respectively. The motion range of hip and knee joint were 47.5238 ± 10.7453, 56.7619 ± 14.5255, respectively. We found these indexes were significantly improved compared with those before FES treatment ( P <  0.05). The single swing rate (injured extremity/uninjured extremity) after FES treatment was 1.5589 ± 0.4550. The statistical results showed that the gait cycle, pace, stride rat, and single swing rate (injured extremity/uninjured extremity) were significantly improved after FES treatment ( P <  0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that walking-paradigm based FES we developed is effective for treating stroke patients during rehabilitation.
Best facilitated cortical activation during different stepping, treadmill, and robot-assisted walking training paradigms and speeds: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy neuroimaging study
Authors: Kim Ha Yeon , Yang Sung Phil , Park Gyu Lee , Kim Eun Joo , You Joshua (Sung) Hyun 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND: Robot-assisted and treadmill-gait training are promising neurorehabilitation techniques, with advantages over conventional gait training, but the neural substrates underpinning locomotor control remain unknown particularly during different gait training modes and speeds. OBJECTIVE: The present optical imaging study compared cortical activities during conventional stepping walking (SW), treadmill walking (TW), and robot-assisted walking (RW) at different speeds. METHODS: Fourteen healthy subjects (6 women, mean age 30.06, years ± 4.53) completed three walking training modes (SW, TW, and RW) at various speeds (self-selected, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 km/h). A functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) system determined cerebral hemodynamic changes associated with cortical locomotor network areas in the primary sensorimotor cortex (SMC), premotor cortex (PMC), supplementary motor area (SMA), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and sensory association cortex (SAC). RESULTS: There was increased cortical activation in the SMC, PMC, and SMA during different walking training modes. More global locomotor network activation was observed during RW than TW or SW. As walking speed increased, multiple locomotor network activations were observed, and increased activation power spectrum. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first empirical evidence highlighting the neural substrates mediating dynamic locomotion for different gait training modes and speeds. Fast, robot-assisted gait training best facilitated cortical activation associated with locomotor control.
Novel kinematic indices for quantifying movement agility and smoothness after cervical Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: de los Reyes-Guzmán Ana , Dimbwadyo-Terrer Iris , Pérez-Nombela Soraya , Monasterio-Huelin Félix , Torricelli Diego , Pons José Luis , Gil-Agudo Angel 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND: After cervical Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), upper limb movements made by patients have a lack of smoothness and a hand velocity profile characterized by a high number of velocity peaks. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present paper is to propose three novel kinematic indices for quantifying movement agility and smoothness, and to analyze their discriminative capability between healthy and pathological people. METHODS: 18 people, healthy and two groups of patients with cervical SCI, participated in the study. Kinematic indices in relation to movement agility and smoothness were computed from hand trajectories and velocity profiles during the performance of the ADL of drinking from a glass. RESULTS: The proposed indices discriminated between healthy and SCI people. The results are greater in healthy than SCI people. Both smoothness indices detected significant differences between healthy and both SCI groups. Moreover, the Agility index showed capacity for discriminating between both patients groups. CONCLUSIONS: The main contribution of this research consists on the proposal of kinematic indices from experimental data, whose results are dimensionless and relative to a pattern of healthy subjects. We hope that kinematic indices proposed are a step toward the standardization of the quantitative assessment of movement characteristics and functional impairments.
Psychometric testing of the modified Care Dependency Scale (Neuro-CDS)
Authors: Piredda Michela , Biagioli Valentina , Gambale Giulia , Porcelli Elisa , Barbaranelli Claudio , Palese Alvisa , De Marinis Maria Grazia 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND: Effective measures of nursing care dependency in neurorehabilitation are warranted to plan nursing interventions to help patients avoid increasing dependency. OBJECTIVE: The Care Dependency Scale (CDS) is a theory-based, comprehensive tool to evaluate functional disability. This study aimed to modify the CDS for neurological and neurorehabilitation patients (Neuro-CDS) and to test its psychometric properties in adult neurorehabilitation inpatients. METHODS: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed using a Maximum Likelihood robust (MLR) estimator. The Barthel Index (BI) was used to evaluate concurrent validity. Stability was measured using the Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: The sample included 124 patients (mean age = 69.7 years, 54% male). The EFA revealed a two-factor structure with good fit indexes, Factor 1 ( Physical care dependence) loaded by 11 items and Factor 2 ( Psycho-social care dependence) loaded by 4 items. The correlation between factors was 0.61. Correlations between Factor 1 and the BI and between Factor 2 and the BI were r = 0.843 and r = 0.677, respectively ( p <  0.001). The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were 0.99 and 0.88 (Factor 1 and 2). The ICC was 0.98. CONCLUSIONS: The Neuro-CDS is multidimensional, valid, reliable, straightforward, and able to measure care dependence in neurorehabilitation patients as a basis for individualized and holistic care.
Interactive virtual feedback improves gait motor imagery after spinal cord injury: An exploratory study
Authors: Roosink Meyke , Robitaille Nicolas , Jackson Philip L. , Bouyer Laurent J. , Mercier Catherine 
Published: March 2016

Purpose: Motor imagery can improve motor function and reduce pain. This is relevant to individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) in whom motor dysfunction and neuropathic pain are prevalent. However, therapy efficacy could be dependent on motor imagery ability, and a clear understanding of how motor imagery might be facilitated is currently lacking. Thus, the aim of the present study was to assess the immediate effects of interactive virtual feedback on motor imagery performance after SCI. Methods: Nine individuals with a traumatic SCI participated in the experiment. Motor imagery tasks consisted of forward (i.e. simpler) and backward (i.e. more complex) walking while receiving interactive versus static virtual feedback. Motor imagery performance (vividness, effort and speed), neuropathic pain intensity and feasibility (immersion, distraction, side-effects) were assessed. Results: During interactive feedback trials, motor imagery vividness and speed were significantly higher and effort was significantly lower as compared static feedback trials. No change in neuropathic pain was observed. Adverse effects were minor, and immersion was reported to be good. Conclusions: This exploratory study showed that interactive virtual walking was feasible and facilitated motor imagery performance. The response to motor imagery interventions after SCI might be improved by using interactive virtual feedback.
Neuroprotection and anti-seizure effects of levetiracetam in a rat model of penetrating ballistic-like brain injury
Authors: Caudle Krista L. , Lu Xi-Chun M. , Mountney Andrea , Shear Deborah A. , Tortella Frank C. 
Published: March 2016

Purpose: We assessed the therapeutic efficacy of FDA-approved anti-epileptic drug Levetiracetam (LEV) to reduce post-traumatic nonconvulsive seizure (NCS) activity and promote neurobehavioral recovery following 10% frontal penetrating ballistic-like brain injury (PBBI) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: Experiment 1 anti-seizure study: 50 mg/kg LEV (25 mg/kg maintenance doses) was given twice daily for 3 days (LEV3D) following PBBI; outcome measures included seizures incidence, frequency, duration, and onset. Experiment 2 neuroprotection studies: 50 mg/kg LEV was given twice daily for either 3 (LEV3D) or 10 days (LEV10D) post-injury; outcome measures include motor (rotarod) and cognitive (water maze) functions. Results: LEV3D treatment attenuated seizure activity with significant reductions in NCS incidence (54%), frequency, duration, and delayed latency to seizure onset compared to vehicle treatment. LEV3D treatment failed to improve cognitive or motor performance; however extending the dosing regimen through 10 days post-injury afforded significant neuroprotective benefit. Animals treated with the extended LEV10D dosing regimen showed a twofold improvement in rotarod task latency to fall as well as significantly improved spatial learning performance (24%) in the MWM task. Conclusions: These findings support the dual anti- seizure and neuroprotective role of LEV, but more importantly identify the importance of an extended dosing protocol which was specific to the therapeutic targets studied.
The role of auditory feedback in music-supported stroke rehabilitation: A single-blinded randomised controlled intervention
Authors: van Vugt F.T. , Kafczyk T. , Kuhn W. , Rollnik J.D. , Tillmann B. , Altenmüller E. 
Published: March 2016

Purpose: Learning to play musical instruments such as piano was previously shown to benefit post-stroke motor rehabilitation. Previous work hypothesised that the mechanism of this rehabilitation is that patients use auditory feedback to correct their movements and therefore show motor learning. We tested this hypothesis by manipulating the auditory feedback timing in a way that should disrupt such error-based learning. Methods: We contrasted a patient group undergoing music-supported therapy on a piano that emits sounds immediately (as in previous studies) with a group whose sounds are presented after a jittered delay. The delay was not noticeable to patients. Thirty-four patients in early stroke rehabilitation with moderate motor impairment and no previous musical background learned to play the piano using simple finger exercises and familiar children’s songs. Results: Rehabilitation outcome was not impaired in the jitter group relative to the normal group. Conversely, some clinical tests suggests the jitter group outperformed the normal group. Conclusions: Auditory feedback-based motor learning is not the beneficial mechanism of music-supported therapy. Immediate auditory feedback therapy may be suboptimal. Jittered delay may increase efficacy of the proposed therapy and allow patients to fully benefit from motivational factors of music training. Our study shows a novel way to test hypotheses concerning music training in a single-blinded way, which is an important improvement over existing unblinded tests of music interventions.
A low-cost system for coil tracking during transcranial magnetic stimulation
Authors: Washabaugh Edward P. , Krishnan Chandramouli 
Published: March 2016

Purpose: Accurate coil placement over a target area is critical during transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), as small deviations can alter testing outcomes. Accordingly, frameless stereotaxic systems (FSS) are recommended for reliable coil placement during TMS applications. However, FSS is not practical due to the cost associated with procuring such systems. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a low-cost TMS coil tracking approach using simple webcams and an image processing algorithm in LabVIEW Vision Assistant. Methods: A system was created using two webcams, retroreflective markers, and computer stereovision, for tracking the TMS coil over a target area. Accuracy of the system was validated in both the global and local reference frames, while repeatability was measured within- and between-days for placement of the TMS coil over the target area relative to the head. The feasibility of our system was also verified by collecting motor evoked potentials (MEPs) of first dorsal interosseous muscle from human subjects. Results: The results of this study indicated that the system was highly accurate and repeatable, and could track the coil position with <5 mm error and orientation <1.1° error from the target. We also observed larger and more consistent MEPs when stimulating the brain using feedback from the coil tracking system than when the examiner attempted to stimulate without any feedback. Conclusion: The findings suggest that webcam-based coil tracking is a feasible low-cost solution to track coil positions during TMS procedures.
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) induces inhibition of Col-II and COMP expression in the chondrocytes
Authors: Li Tao , Yang Guang , Dong Chang-jun , Li Bin , Zhang Li-ting 
Published: March 2016

<p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is the disease of joints which results in articular cartilage degradation and remodeling of bones accompanied by joint pain and stiffness. Chloroquine (CQ) analogs like hydroxychloroquine have been used for the treatment of systemic lupus rheumatoid polyarthritis and erythematosus. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) on the level of collagen type II (Col-II) and oligo­meric matrix protein COMP expression in chondrocytes of knee osteoarthritis. The rate of growth in cartilage cells was analyzed using MTT assay where as the Col-2 and COMP expression levels were detected by RT-PCR and western blotting analyses. For the determination of MMP-13 expression, ELISA test was used. The results revealed a no significant change in the rate of cartilage cell proliferation in HCQ treated compared to the untreated cells. HCQ treatment exhibited concentration and time-dependent effect on the inhibition of Col-2 and COMP expression in chondrocytes. However, its treatment caused a significant enhancement in the expression levels of MMP-13 compared to the untreated cells. Therefore, HCQ promotes expression of MMP-13 and reduces Col-2 and COMP expression levels in the chondrocytes without any significant change in the growth of the cells.</p><p> </p>
THE ANATOMY OF A LONG GAMMA-RAY BURST: A SIMPLE CLASSIFICATION SCHEME FOR THE EMISSION MECHANISM(S)
Authors: Bégué D. , Burgess J. Michael 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
Ultra-relativistic motion and efficient conversion of kinetic energy to radiation are required by gamma-ray burst (GRB) observations, yet they are difficult to simultaneously achieve. Three leading mechanisms have been proposed to explain the observed emission emanating from GRB outflows: radiation from either relativistic internal or external shocks, or thermal emission from a photosphere. Previous works were dedicated to independently treating these three mechanisms and arguing for a sole, unique origin of the prompt emission of GRBs. In contrast, herein, we first explain why all three models are valid mechanisms and that a contribution from each of them is expected in the prompt phase. Additionally, we show that a single parameter, the dimensionless entropy of the GRB outflow, determines which mechanism contributes the most to the emission. More specifically, internal shocks dominate for low values of the dimensionless entropy, external shocks for intermediate values, and finally, photospheric emission for large values. We present a unified framework for the emission mechanisms of GRBs with easily testable predictions for each process.
THE NEXT GENERATION VIRGO CLUSTER SURVEY. VII. THE INTRINSIC SHAPES OF LOW-LUMINOSITY GALAXIES IN THE CORE OF THE VIRGO CLUSTER, AND A COMPARISON WITH THE LOCAL GROUP
Authors: Sánchez-Janssen Rubén , Ferrarese Laura , MacArthur Lauren A. , Côté Patrick , Blakeslee John P. , Cuillandre Jean-Charles , Duc Pierre-Alain , Durrell Patrick , Gwyn Stephen , McConnacchie Alan W. , Boselli Alessandro , Courteau Stéphane , Emsellem Eric , Mei Simona , Peng Eric , Puzia Thomas H. , Roediger Joel , Simard Luc , Boyer Fred , Santos Matthew 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
We investigate the intrinsic shapes of low-luminosity galaxies in the central 300 kpc of the Virgo Cluster using deep imaging obtained as part of the Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS). We build a sample of nearly 300 red-sequence cluster members in the yet-unexplored −14 < M

g
< −8 mag range, and we measure their apparent axis ratios, q, through Sérsic fits to their two-dimensional light distribution, which is well described by a constant ellipticity parameter. The resulting distribution of apparent axis ratios is then fit by families of triaxial models with normally distributed intrinsic ellipticities, E = 1 − C/A, and triaxialities, T = (A
2 − B
2)/(A
2 − C
2). We develop a Bayesian framework to explore the posterior distribution of the model parameters, which allows us to work directly on discrete data, and to account for individual, surface-brightness-dependent axis ratio uncertainties. For this population we infer a mean intrinsic ellipticity

=

and a mean triaxiality

=

. This implies that faint Virgo galaxies are best described as a family of thick, nearly oblate spheroids with mean intrinsic axis ratios 1:0.94:0.57. The core of Virgo lacks highly elongated low-luminosity galaxies, with 95% of the population having q > 0.45. We additionally attempt a study of the intrinsic shapes of Local Group (LG) satellites of similar luminosities. For the LG population we infer a slightly larger mean intrinsic ellipticity

=

, and the paucity of objects with round apparent shapes translates into more triaxial mean shapes, 1:0.76:0.49. Numerical studies that follow the tidal evolution of satellites within LG-sized halos are in good agreement with the inferred shape distributions, but the mismatch for faint galaxies in Virgo highlights the need for more adequate simulations of this population in the cluster environment. We finally compare the intrinsic shapes of NGVS low-mass galaxies with samples of more massive quiescent systems, and with field, star-forming galaxies of similar luminosities. We find that the intrinsic flattening in this low-luminosity regime is almost independent of the environment in which the galaxy resides, but there is a hint that objects may be slightly rounder in denser environments. The comparable flattening distributions of low-luminosity galaxies that have experienced very different degrees of environmental effects suggest that internal processes are the main drivers of galaxy structure at low masses, with external mechanisms playing a secondary role.
PERSISTENT ASYMMETRIC STRUCTURE OF SAGITTARIUS A* ON EVENT HORIZON SCALES
Authors: Fish Vincent L. , Johnson Michael D. , Doeleman Sheperd S. , Broderick Avery E. , Psaltis Dimitrios , Lu Ru-Sen , Akiyama Kazunori , Alef Walter , Algaba Juan Carlos , Asada Keiichi , Beaudoin Christopher , Bertarini Alessandra , Blackburn Lindy , Blundell Ray , Bower Geoffrey C. , Brinkerink Christiaan , Cappallo Roger , Chael Andrew A. , Chamberlin Richard , Chan Chi-Kwan , Crew Geoffrey B. , Dexter Jason , Dexter Matt , Dzib Sergio A. , Falcke Heino , Freund Robert , Friberg Per , Greer Christopher H. , Gurwell Mark A. , Ho Paul T. P. , Honma Mareki , Inoue Makoto , Johannsen Tim , Kim Junhan , Krichbaum Thomas P. , Lamb James , León-Tavares Jonathan , Loeb Abraham , Loinard Laurent , MacMahon David , Marrone Daniel P. , Moran James M. , Mościbrodzka Monika , Ortiz-León Gisela N. , Oyama Tomoaki , Özel Feryal , Plambeck Richard L. , Pradel Nicolas , Primiani Rurik A. , Rogers Alan E. E. , Rosenfeld Katherine , Rottmann Helge , Roy Alan L. , Ruszczyk Chester , Smythe Daniel L. , SooHoo Jason , Spilker Justin , Stone Jordan , Strittmatter Peter , Tilanus Remo P. J. , Titus Michael , Vertatschitsch Laura , Wagner Jan , Wardle John F. C. , Weintroub Jonathan , Woody David , Wright Melvyn , Yamaguchi Paul , Young André , Young Ken H. , Zensus J. Anton , Ziurys Lucy M. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
The Galactic Center black hole Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) is a prime observing target for the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), which can resolve the 1.3 mm emission from this source on angular scales comparable to that of the general relativistic shadow. Previous EHT observations have used visibility amplitudes to infer the morphology of the millimeter-wavelength emission. Potentially much richer source information is contained in the phases. We report on 1.3 mm phase information on Sgr A* obtained with the EHT on a total of 13 observing nights over four years. Closure phases, which are the sum of visibility phases along a closed triangle of interferometer baselines, are used because they are robust against phase corruptions introduced by instrumentation and the rapidly variable atmosphere. The median closure phase on a triangle including telescopes in California, Hawaii, and Arizona is nonzero. This result conclusively demonstrates that the millimeter emission is asymmetric on scales of a few Schwarzschild radii and can be used to break 180° rotational ambiguities inherent from amplitude data alone. The stability of the sign of the closure phase over most observing nights indicates persistent asymmetry in the image of Sgr A* that is not obscured by refraction due to interstellar electrons along the line of sight.