bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Formal Theories
Authors: Ono Katuzi 
Published: July 2016

The main purpose of the present paper is to introduce a new understanding of formal theories.It has been a traditional pattern of formal theories to presuppose a logic and an axiom system for each formal theory. The axiom system of any formal theory consists of a finite number of axiom schemata in general, but occasionally it can be regarded as consisting of a finite number of axioms. I will call any formal theory of this kind an axiomatic theory or an axiom-schematic theory according as its axiom system is regarded as consisting of a finite number of axioms or as consisting of a finite number of axiom schemata.
An assessment of the value of plasma urea nitrogen and albumin concentrations as monitors of the protein status of sheep
Authors: Sykes A.R. 
Published: July 2016

There are two basic aspects of protein metabolism the measurement of which may assist in improving sheep management, first, the extent to which the daily requirement of the animal is met and secondly, the extent of depletion of body reserves. The need for the latter assessment arises because in some situations in which nutrient requirement and supply are not in phase it is often desirable for economic reasons to utilize the capacity of the animal to deplete and replete its body reserves.Of the major nutrients, the prediction of energy metabolism from plasma parameters has received most attention. Thus the work of Annison (1960), Reid and Hinks (1962), West and Annison (1964) relating Free Fatty Acid (FFA) concentration to rate of fat mobilization allowed the prediction not only of energy balance but also rate of energy reserve mobilisation in controlled nutritional situations (Russel, Doney and Reid, 1967; Russel and Honey, 1969; Robinson, Fraser and Bennett, 1971).
Blood profiles as a guide to nutritional status in the field
Authors: Wilson P.N. , Medd R.K. 
Published: July 2016

The object of this paper is to discuss the practical application of blood profiles and the value of blood profiles as an advisory aid in the field. For this purpose, an attempt has been made to quantify the ‘success rate’ of blood profiles on a case study basis. It is hoped that the paper will serve to stimulate discussion by being as objective as possible. It is not presented as an original scientific paper and should not be interpreted as such.The productivity of the dairy herd is primarily dependent on the metabolic and nutritional status of each dairy cow. All too frequently, there is a tendency for high output demands - milk and calves - to be associated with inadequate feed inputs, resulting in imbalances of body metabolites, which, if sustained, eventually become clinically apparent as ‘production diseases’ such as hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia.
Control, Data Recording and Retrieval - Farmers' Requirements
Authors: Bacon J.K. 
Published: July 2016

The basic requirements of any automated system for collecting and processing data for a diary herd are that:-- it must present the information required for day-to-day management in an easy and readily available form.- it will be justified only if the system provides useful management data that would be more costly to produce in other ways or be impractical to obtain manually- it should be built from a simple base with add-on units to a complete system, to allow for various sizes of herd, levels of technical development and cost. (Inputs could be either from manual records or automatic recorders)- it should provide information on a visual display unit, with lists printed when required- accurate identification is essential especially if automatic identification is used- it should be developed to a fully computerized farm recording system.
National and international policies and legislation
Authors: Revell Brian J. 
Published: July 2016

In considering markets for meat, it is important to distinguish between what a market may want and what it can have. The objectives and operation of national and international policies and legislation are frequently at variance with those of the marketplace. Policies have been designed either to modify market signals or to offset some of their effects, principally on production, but also on consumption and trade. They usually place constraints on availability and/or radically alter price signals to producers. In a recent report (OECD, 1982), it was observed that‘Government intervention in domestic and international meat markets is increasing. All major beef importing countries now control beef imports in some way or another. The introduction of the EEC Sheepmeat Regime could in the future have a major impact on the pattern of sheepmeat trade flows. The importation of meat by many of the newly developed markets is controlled by state trading institutions.’
Tissue quality in lean pigs
Authors: Wood J. D. , Brown A. J. , Enser M. , Jones R. C. D. 
Published: July 2016

Pig carcasses have become progressively leaner over the last 10 years, a necessary trend to satisfy consumer requirements for lean meat. However, this trend has not always been welcomed by the meat trade. For instance, the headline “No to Further Fat Reduction” appeared in the Meat Trades Journal of September 2, 1982. Concern has been expressed over lack of eating quality in very lean pork and certain aspects of lean carcasses as follows:— soft, floppy backfat— carcasses do not set after chilling, making cutting or slicing difficult— separation occurs between backfat layers, between backfat and muscle and between intermuscular fat and muscle.
Food-borne pathogens: limiting the spread
Authors: Cooke E. M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThere are several sources of information on food-borne illness in the United Kingdom. These include laboratory and clinical reports and the results of special studies and surveys.The data are collected, analysed and published, amongst other places, in the Communicable Disease Report and the Public Health Laboratory Service/State Veterinary Service (PHLS/SVS) Salmonella Update. In the latter, animal and human data are brought together. Reported cases of food poisoning represent a small proportion of the total load of disease but are valuable as an indication of trends. The data produced from these sources in relation to salmonellosis, listeriosis, campylobacter and E. coli 0157 infection are described, as are some data about the costs of human salmonellosis. Possible approaches to the reduction of these economically important human diseases are described against a background of the existing advisory and legal structures.
Fat in animal products: facts and perceptions
Authors: Gibney M. J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractEarly research in man at the end of the fifties and beginning of the sixties indicated that the composition of dietary fat influenced plasma cholesterol levels. In effect this research showed that plasma cholesterol was raised by saturated fatty acids (SFA), was lowered by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and was not influenced by monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). Within the SFA it was also observed that the greater the chain length, the lesser the cholesterol raising effect. A quantitative relationship between the change in blood cholesterol (ΔC) resultant from changes in the percentage energy from SFA (ΔS) and PUFA (ΔP) was established as ΔC = 1.3 (2ΔS − ΔP). For the ensuing tivo decades this association dominated nutrition education programmes with the message that ‘saturates or animal fats raise blood cholesterol and polyunsaturates or vegetable oils lower blood cholesterol’.In the 1980s it became evident that the two main fractions of blood cholesterol yielded different risks for coronary heart disease. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol raised the risk and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol lowered the risk. Earlier work on the qualitative effect of dietary fat was now repeated to examine the direction of change of the LDL and HDL subfractions of plasma cholesterol. Broadly speaking these data showed that SFA raised LDL cholesterol and had little effect on HDL cholesterol. PUFA lowered LDL cholesterol but when the intake was high, also lowered HDL cholesterol. Whilst this summarizes events leading up to current thinking on dietary fats and blood cholesterol, it is likely in the near future to be linked to another area of research involving the antioxidant vitamins and pro-vitamins (vitamin E, vitamin C and β-carotene). A growing body of data in the literature indicates a protective effect of antioxidant vitamins in epidemiological trials.Notwithstanding these findings, it is likely that dietary advice will continue to seek a lowering of SFA intake. PUFA intake will be capped and MUFA intake will be a more acceptable alternative. However, with increasing emphasis on antioxidant vitamin status, such advice is likely to be coupled with advice on increased consumption of fruit and vegetables.
The marketing reality of alternative production systems
Authors: Guy R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe establishment by the Real Meat Company of a new ‘brand’ of meat where the quality, purity and welfare are worked up to a standard rather than down to a price is the embodiment of an ‘alternative production system’ for livestock. Any production system needs a market. As a fully independent as well as new company, expansion, development and occasionally survival have depended entirely on how this market can best be served.It is possible to create a secure alternative production system. What is more difficult is to identify correctly the size, loyalty and expectations of the market and find a route to serve them that is convenient. The modern shopper likes easy shopping. No customer likes to take negative attributes into account when choosing a product. Invariably perceived by many as a green get-rich-quick scheme, the controls, attention to detail, complexities of the few retail routes for meat and then portrayal of the ‘message’ to the public have made the Real Meat Company trail at times slow and always arduous. Tor those who support the concept, including the founders, the progress, however difficult, is always rewarding.
Current pig production systems
Authors: Smith A. T. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCurrent pig production systems reflect management decisions taken over a period of many years. The range of constraints on pig producers has grown rapidly and priorities are in the process of change. On the basis of the available evidence, the following conclusions may be made.Less than half the pig breeding enterprises in the United Kingdom use sow housing which involves individual confinement and more than half provide dry sows with bedding. At present, there is a strong current interest in group housing systems.In the parturition and lactating stages, farrowing crates are used in the vast majority of herds and the main current practical interest is in improving crate and pen design and husbandry techniques to assist in minimizing piglet mortality.Less than half of the herds use fully slatted accommodation for newly weaned pigs and nearly one-third provide bedding. In the follow-on stage, less than one-fifth of herds use fully slatted floors and ‘fully controlled environment’ type accommodation.There is strong current interest in fully slatted finishing housing but so far less than one-tenth of herds use it. Nearly two-thirds of herds use finisher houses which are not in the ‘controlled environment’ category.
Climate control systems and equipment — building design, ventilation and air cleaning
Authors: Carpenter G. A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe design of a building affects control of climate in several ways. Its thermal insulation can be impaired by inadequate thickness of insulating material, faulty installation, settling, condensation and destruction by vermin and insects. Also its design interacts with the ventilation system which must take into account not only location, size and shape of the building, but also details such as air leakage, deflection of air jets by obstructions and dimensional changes such as occur in a timber structure. In contrast, a smooth or rough surface can respectively enhance or impede the throw of a jet as required. A permeable floor in a building may help to remove sedimented dust.A ventilation system needs to be matched to the class of livestock. Systems can be classified and described, namely, glass-fibre ceiling, high-speed jet, polythene ducts, recirculation (both damper and twin fans), hybrid (two systems combined), down-jet, Udiflo tent, and automatically controlled natural ventilation. Cyclical timing of fans gives close control of very low ventilation rates for batch rearing. Kennelled accommodation needs improved control for stock and stockman.It may be possible to reduce dust by optimizing the many factors listed that predispose towards lower dust levels. An alternative solution is to use an internal air cleaner. This can be an electrostatic precipitator, a wet scrubber or a dry filter. The latter appears to be the most appropriate and a design that discharges filtered air downwards at a speed of 0–4 m/s towards the stock has been developed and tested in a flat-deck piggery.
Pig housing and the environment — future perspectives
Authors: English P. R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn relation to desirable future developments in the provision of suitable climatic conditions and accommodation for the pig, consideration has been given to the established physiological and behavioural requirements and the extent to which current systems fail to cater for these needs. Suggestions are made for improving the provisions for pigs at various stages of the production process including breeding, pregnancy, parturition and early lactation, weaning and in the growing-finishing period. In formulating future perspectives for accommodating pigs at all stages of the production process, an attempt has been made to maintain an appropriate balance between the objectives of catering more effectively for the requirements of the pig, acceptability from the welfare aspect of both pigs and stockmen, ease of management and cost-effectiveness.
Cerebrospinal fluid analysis for diagnosis of noninflammatory, dementive and psychiatric diseases
Authors: Reiber H. , Otto M. , Bechter K. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract:CSF analysis contributes to differential diagnosis of noninflammatory diseases by: 1) exclusion of a chronic or acute inflammation. 2) detection of particular brain-derived proteins, surrogate markers, corresponding to the suggested diagnosis (tumor, dementia, brain hypoxia, hemorrhage, autoimmune disease, psychiatric disease, metabolic disorder, rhinorhea, Table 1) and 3. differential cell count in CSF.Interpretation of brain-derived proteins in CSF uses absolute concentrations (in contrast to CSF/serum quotients for blood-derived proteins) and must discriminate between different sources: Neuronal or glial proteins like NSE, or tau protein are evaluated using their absolute concentrations in CSF for maximal sensitivity without reference to QAlb. The leptomeningeal proteins like beta trace or cystatin C are evaluated as absolute concentrations with reference to QAlb.As application examples we review the group of dementive and psychiatric diseases.Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease dementia, Lewy-body disease and frontotemporal dementia are the major causes of neurodegenerative memory impairment and dementia. Combined analysis of Tau-Protein and Beta Amyloid 1-42 in CSF represent the classic approach, meanwhile extended with further surrogate markers. In 15% of psychiatric patients with schizophrenic or affective disorders an inflammatory process could be detected which points to a brain-organic involvement. In 24% of these patients with a psychiatric disease a moderately increased albumin quotient was observed as the only unexplained pathological sign. In psychiatric diseases it has to be regarded as a serious deficit not to make at least once a CSF analysis in the patients which could modify the diagnosis (in 6%).
EEG-based brain imaging techniques in psychiatry
Authors: Volpe Umberto 
Published: July 2016

Abstract:Electroencephalography has probably represented the first modern and scientifically sound attempt to functionally explore the in vivo activity of the human brain and it has, since ever, attracted attention of psychiatrists, from both the clinical and the research viewpoint.Probably due to the limitations implied by their traditional low spatial resolution, the use of psychophysiological techniques in psychiatry has been not continuous over the last century; however, the availability of newer EEG-based brain imaging techniques has recently renovated some interest (1)). Furthermore, recent theories proposed that psychopathology may result from the failure to integrate the activity of different areas involved in cognitive processes, rather than from the impairment of one or more brain areas (2)); within this view, a reliable brain imaging tool should be able to explore the dynamics of complex interactions among brain regions, with high sensitivity to the subtle deviation in complex processes that last fractions of seconds; psychophysiological techniques, indeed, offer the possibility to explore the functional correlates of major psychiatric illnesses, as well as to understand of the effects of psychotropic drugs on the central nervous system, with incomparable time resolution. Finally, the recent technical possibility to combine different brain imaging approaches has further fostered a renovated enthusiasm to ward the use of EEG-based techniques in psychiatry.This contribution will provide an historical overview of the EEG-based brain imaging techniques and an update on some recent advances concerning the use of such techniques within the psychiatric field. Finally, some examples of psychophysiological and ''multimodal'' imaging investigations in subjects with different psychiatric conditions will be provided.
Differences in cholesterol and metabolic syndrome between bipolar disorder men with and without suicide attempts
Authors: Vuksan-Ćusa Bjanka , Marčinko Darko , Nad Sanea , Jakovljević Miro 
Published: July 2016

Abstract:Patient with mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components compared to general population. Among psychiatric disorders, bipolar disorder ranks highest in suicidality with a relative risk ratio of completed suicide of about 25 compared to the general population. Regarding the biological hypotheses of suicidality, low blood cholesterol level has been extensively explored, although results are still conflicting. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there were differences in the serum cholesterol levels in hospitalized bipolar disorder men patients with history of suicide attempts (n= 20) and without suicide attempts (n= 20). Additionally, we investigated if there were differences in the prevalence of MetS according to NCEP ATP-III criteria in these two groups of patients. Results of the study indicated significantly lower serum cholesterol levels (P = 0.013) and triglyceride levels (P = 0.047), in the bipolar disorder men with suicide attempts in comparison to bipolar disorder men without suicide attempts. The overall prevalence of MetS was 11/40 (27.5%). On this particular sample it was higher in the non-attempters 8/20 (40.0%) than in attempters 3/20 (15.0%) bipolar men group, but without statistical significance. Lower concentrations of serum cholesterol might be useful biological markers of suicidality in men with bipolar disorder.
Correlations between molecular and clinical data in Huntington's disease and implications for predictive testing
Authors: Claes S. , Decruyenaere M. , Dom R. , Malfroid M. , Evers-Kiebooms G. , Baro F. , Godderis J. , Fryns J-P. , Cassiman J-J. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryHuntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant disorder of the central nervous system, characterised by neurological, cognitive and psychiatric pathology. Recently the causative genetic defect was discovered. We present a retrospective study of 59 HD patients, investigating correlations between molecular and clinical data.The correlation between CAG-repeatlength and age at onset is confirmed. No correlations between this biological marker and other clinical features are found (symptoms at onset, mode of progression of the disease).The consequences of these findings for predictive testing are discussed. Furthermore, a short overview of the predictive testing procedure in the Center for Human Genetics in Leuven (Belgium) is given.
Focus III: Psychogeriatrics and the vulnerable brain
Authors: Sipsma D.H. 
Published: July 2016

In een vergrijzende bevolking neemt de prevalentie van psychogeriatrische patiënten toe. Die toename hangt onder meer samen met de met de leeftijd toenemende kwetsbaarheid van het brein. Deze beschouwing gaat over die samenhang.In 1972 is door de Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie het begrip ‘psychogeriatrie’ omschreven als een tak van de psychiatrie die zieh bezig houdt met die psychische stoornissen die zieh voor het eerst op oudere leeftijd manifesteren en duidelijk oorzakelijk samenhangen met de maatschappelijke, geestelijke en lichamelijke veranderingen in de derde levensfase.
Variability of function during infancy and toddler's age
Authors: Touwen B.C.L. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryAn interactional model of brain function is postulated, in which activity and reactivity are basic properties of the central nervous system from the very beginning. Variability is an essential aspect of normal functioning. Primary or indiscriminate variability consists of the development of many strategies for the execution of motor acts. It is predominant during fetal age and infancy. Toddler age is characterized by secondary or adaptive variability, which reflects the ability to select the adequate strategy at the right moment. This is important for the development of proper planning of movement patterns and is a prerequisite for skill development. Recognition of the types and quality of variability helps to detect developmental disorders at an early age.
Parkinson's disease and depression
Authors: Leentjens A.F.G. , Broek W.W. Van Den 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIn this review article, based on a literature study, present ideas upon the relation between M. Parkinson and concomittant depression are dicussed. After a short introduction, it is demonstrated that epidemiological studies show that a common pathophysiological basis can be assumed. Briefly pheno-menological aspects are mentioned, whereafter the changes in the different neurotransmittersystems are discussed in greater detail. The ratio of dopaminergic and serotonergic activities in the basal ganglia constitute an important determinant for the severity of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Reduced serotonergic metabolism may be a compensatory mechanism for the reduced dopaminergic activity. At the same time, a reduced serotonergic activity can predispose to a depression. Lower activities in parts of the dopaminergic, serotonergic and noradrenergic systems may each be responsible for part of the affective symptomatology in depressed Parkinson patients.