bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends and characteristics of short‐term and frequent representations to emergency departments: A population‐based study from New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Dinh Michael M , Berendsen Russell Saartje , Bein Kendall J , Chalkley Dane , Muscatello David , Paoloni Richard , Ivers Rebecca 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study is to describe the trends and characteristics of short‐term and frequent representations to EDs in New South Wales, Australia.MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis of a linked population‐based registry of ED representations in New South Wales, conducted as part of the Demand for Emergency Services in Years 2010–2014 project. Trend analysis of unplanned representations to ED within 3 days of discharge from ED, readmission to an in‐patient unit within 30 days of index in‐patient admission from ED and demographic data and trends for frequent and very frequent ED presenters is discussed.ResultsA total of 10 798 797 ED presentations were identified from 4 188 283 individual patients. Within 1 year, 48.9% of ED presentations had a previous presentation, and 4.9% had represented within 3 days of a previous presentation. The readmission rate within 30 days was 2.8%, the proportion of frequent (representing 5212 [0.1%] individual patients) and very frequent representations (representing 1186 [0.03%] individual patients) were 1.7% and 1.0%, respectively. The overall rate of representations within 3 days has decreased from 5.1% in 2010 to 4.7% in 2014 (P < 0.001). The rate of readmissions within 30 days has increased from 2.4% in 2010 to 3.1% in 2014 (P < 0.001).ConclusionsIn this population‐based study, short‐term representations were highest in the infant patient population, in‐patient readmission rates were highest in the elderly and very frequent representations to ED were characterised by middle‐aged patients with mental health or drug and alcohol related presentations.
Relationship between dental caries and metabolic syndrome among 13 998 middle‐aged urban Chinese
Authors: Cao Xia , Wang Dongliang , Zhou Jiansong , Yuan Hong , Chen Zhiheng 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe association between dental caries and metabolic syndrome (MetS) is inconsistent. The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between dental caries and MetS and its components in a middle‐aged Chinese population.MethodsA cross‐sectional analysis was performed of 13 998 participants aged 45–65 years undergoing a health check during 2013–14. An index variable of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) was calculated. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) after adjustment for sex, age, education level, dietary habits, alcohol use, smoking, physical activity, and periodontitis.ResultsOf the 13 998 participants, 6164 had dental caries and 7834 did not; 3571 had MetS, whereas 10 427 did not. Participants with severe caries showed a higher prevalence of MetS, abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia than those with mild or no caries (all P < 0.01). Adjusted ORs for MetS for those with two or more dental caries and those with two or more DMFT were 1.12 (95 % CI 1.14–1.74) and 1.09 (95 % CI, 0.89–1.21), respectively (P
trend < 0.001). Stratified analysis by individual MetS components showed that caries were associated with MetS among subjects with hyperglycemia (OR 1.14 [95%CI, 0.98–1.34]; P < 0.001). However, there was no significant relationship between caries and abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and elevated blood pressure (adjusted ORs [95 % CIs] 0.98 [0.82–1.16], 1.01 [0.85–1.19], 0.84 [0.70–1.00], and 0.96 [0.86–1.13], respectively; all P > 0.05).ConclusionsDental caries were associated with MetS among middle‐aged Chinese in the present study.
Clinical outcomes of video‐assisted thoracic surgery and stereotactic body radiation therapy for early‐stage non‐small cell lung cancer: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Ma Longfei , Xiang Jiaqing 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundWe compared video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SABR) to explore clinical outcomes in the treatment of patients with early stage NSCLC.MethodsMajor medical databases were systematically searched to identify studies on VATS and SBRT published between January 2010 and October 2015. English publications of stage I and II NSCLC with adequate patients and SBRT doses were included. A multivariate random effects model was used to perform meta‐analysis to compare overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) between VATS and SBRT, adjusting for median age and operable patient numbers.ResultsThirteen VATS (3436 patients) and 24 SBRT (4433) studies were eligible. The median age and follow‐up duration was 68 years and 42 months for VATS and 74 years and 29.4 months for SBRT patients. After adjusting for the proportion of operable patients and median age, the estimated OS rates at one, two, three, and five years with VATS were 94%, 89%, 84%, and 69% compared with 96%, 94%, 89%, and 82% for SBRT. The estimated DFS rates at one, two, three, and five years with VATS were 97%, 93%, 87%, and 77% compared with 86%, 80%, 73%, and 58% for SBRT.ConclusionBefore adjustment, patients treated with SBRT had poorer clinical outcomes compared to those treated with VATS. A substantial difference between median age and operability exists between patients treated with SBRT and VATS. After adjusting for these differences, OS and DFS did not differ significantly between the two techniques.
Macrosomia and haemodynamic instability may represent risk factors for subcutaneous fat necrosis in asphyxiated newborns treated with hypothermia
Authors: Courteau C , Samman K , Ali N , Riley P , Wintermark P 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimTo identify additional risk factors other than asphyxia and hypothermia in newborns developing subcutaneous fat necrosis (SCFN).MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study of all term asphyxiated newborns treated with hypothermia from 2008 to 2015. The presence and location of SCFN were recorded at the time of discharge or at follow‐up visits. To identify the risk factors for developing SCFN, we compared the perinatal characteristics of those newborns who developed SCFN with those who did not.ResultsThe newborns developing SCFN had significantly higher birthweights compared with those newborns who did not develop SCFN. Among the newborns with a birthweight equal or superior to the 90th percentile, those who developed SCFN had a significantly higher use of inotropic support and higher maximum troponin levels during their initial hospitalisation.ConclusionA higher birthweight represented an independent risk factor for developing SCFN in asphyxiated newborns treated with hypothermia. When macrosomia is present, other risk factors related to haemodynamic instability during the initial hospitalisation may also increase the risk of developing SCFN.
Prescribing trends of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications in UK primary care, 1995–2015
Authors: Renoux Christel , Shin Ju‐Young , Dell'Aniello Sophie , Fergusson Emma , Suissa Samy 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of the present study was to describe the prescription of medications for attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the UK between 1995 and 2015.MethodsUsing the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), we defined a cohort of all patients aged 6–45 years, registered with a general practitioner between January 1995 and September 2015. All prescriptions of methylphenidate, dexamphetamine/lisdexamphetamine and atomoxetine were identified and annual prescription rates of ADHD were estimated using Poisson regression.ResultsWithin a cohort of 7 432 735 patients, we identified 698 148 prescriptions of ADHD medications during 41 171 528 person‐years of follow‐up. Usage was relatively low until 2000, during which the prescription rate was 42.7 [95% confidence interval (CI) 20.9, 87.2] prescriptions per 10 000 persons, increasing to 394.4 (95% CI 296.7, 524.2) in 2015, corresponding to an almost 800% increase (rate ratio 8.87; 95% CI 7.10, 11.09). The increase was seen in all age groups and in both sexes but was steepest in boys aged 10–14 years. The prescription rate in males was almost five times that of females. Methylphenidate remained the most prescribed drug during the 20‐year study period, representing 88.9% of all prescriptions in the 6–24‐year‐old group, and 63.5% of all prescriptions in adults (25–45 years of age).ConclusionsPrescription rates of ADHD medications have increased dramatically in the past two decades. This may be due, at least in part, to both an increase in the number of patients diagnosed with ADHD over time and a higher percentage of those patients treated with medication.
Adapting and evaluating a tree of life group for women with learning disabilities
Authors: Randle‐Phillips Cathy , Farquhar Sarah , Thomas Sally 
Published: May 2016

Accessible summary

The tree of life group is based on ideas from narrative therapy.

Narrative therapy is about using stories about ourselves to understand how we make sense of our lives.

We ran a tree of life group for women with learning disabilities.

In the group, people drew trees to show different things that were important in their lives.

People liked hearing about each others' lives and hearing what other people liked about their trees.

AbstractBackground: This study describes how a specific narrative therapy approach called ‘the tree of life’ was adapted to run a group for women with learning disabilities. The group consisted of four participants and ran for five consecutive weeks.Materials and Methods: Participants each constructed a tree to represent their lives and presented their tree to the group who responded with positive feedback and affirming statements. This led to discussion about overcoming the storms of life and a celebration of the journey the group had been through together.Key Results: Although no change was found on quantitative measures of well‐being and self‐esteem, participants reported benefitting from the peer support and social connectedness that the group offered, particularly in relation to themes of loss and change in their lives.Conclusions: ‘The tree of life’ approach has potential value as an intervention for people with learning disabilities. The benefits and challenges of this approach within the context of working with people with learning disabilities are discussed.
Is a mid‐level dental provider model acceptable to potential patients?
Authors: Phillips Elizabeth , Shaefer H. Luke , Aksu Mert N. , Lapidos Adrienne 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectiveThis study aims to assess patient attitudes toward mid‐level dental providers, known as dental therapists (DTs), by surveying those likely to be their patients. The recent adoption of accreditation standards by the Commission on Dental Accreditation has reignited a debate surrounding the state‐by‐state legalization of DTs in the United States; while the dental profession is divided on DTs, it is important to understand how potential patients may view the DT model.MethodsA questionnaire that asks about oral health experience, and comfort with the model of a dually trained dental therapist–hygienist, based on a provided definition, was administered to 600 patients and their waiting room companions at a large urban university‐based dental clinic.ResultsForty percent of respondents indicated they would be comfortable being treated by a DT for all 7 of the procedures referenced, and over 75% were comfortable with each of 5 procedures. Having caps or crowns placed was the only treatment about which respondents were evenly divided. Factors associated with greater odds of comfort with various procedures include being uninsured and being under the age of 65. Uninsured patients were 1.5 to 2 times more likely than privately insured patients to accept a DT.ConclusionsThe introduction of mid‐level dental providers is a strategy that those lacking regular care appear on the whole to be comfortable with.
Endogenous interleukin-22 protects against inflammatory bowel disease but not autoimmune cholangitis in dominant negative form of transforming growth factor beta receptor type II mice
Authors: Yang G-X , Sun Y , Tsuneyama K , Zhang W , Leung P S C , He X-S , Ansari A A , Bowlus C , Ridgway W M , Gershwin M E 
Published: May 2016

Summary
During chronic inflammation, interleukin (IL)-22 expression is up-regulated in both CD4 and CD8 T cells, exerting a protective role in infections. However, in autoimmunity, IL-22 appears to have either a protective or a pathogenic role in a variety of murine models of autoimmunity and, by extrapolation, in humans. It is not clear whether IL-22 itself mediates inflammation or is a by-product of inflammation. We have taken advantage of the dominant negative form of transforming growth factor beta receptor type II (dnTGF-βRII) mice that develop both inflammatory bowel disease and autoimmune cholangitis and studied the role and the biological function of IL-22 by generating IL-22–/– dnTGF-βRII mice. Our data suggest that the influence of IL-22 on autoimmunity is determined in part by the local microenvironment. In particular, IL-22 deficiency exacerbates tissue injury in inflammatory bowel disease, but has no influence on either the hepatocytes or cholangiocytes in the same model. These data take on particular significance in the previously defined effects of IL-17A, IL-12p40 and IL-23p19 deficiency and emphasize that, in colitis, there is a dominant role of IL-23/T helper type 17 (Th17) signalling. Furthermore, the levels of IL-22 are IL-23-dependent. The use of cytokine therapy in patients with autoimmune disease has significant potential, but must take into account the overlapping and often promiscuous effects that can theoretically exacerbate inflammation.
SNOT‐22 in a control population
Authors: Erskine S.E. , Hopkins C. , Clark A. , Anari S. , Kumar N. , Robertson A. , Sunkaraneni S. , Wilson J.A. , Carrie S. , Kara N. , Ray J. , Smith R. , Philpott C.M. ,   the CRES Group
Published: May 2016

ObjectivesTo assess SNOT‐22 and its subscales in a non‐rhinosinusitis UK‐wide population.DesignSelf‐reported questionnaire.SettingBased from 30 ENT departments around the UK.Participants250 Non‐rhinosinusitis adults – no self‐reported nasal problems in the past, no chronic conditions undergoing active treatment and no hospital admissions in the preceding 12 months.Main outcome measuresSNOT‐22, SF‐36.ResultsThe mean SNOT‐22 total score overall was 12.0. The mean was 10.2 for males with a median of 6.5 and a mean of 13.2 for females with a median of 9. Females scored significantly more highly than males on the sleep/fatigue and facial domains.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate differences in SNOT‐22 amongst males and females. These data can be used in future studies for comparison with different disease populations with rhinosinusitis.
The role of an activity monitor in the objective evaluation of patients with pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Okumus Gulfer , Aslan Goksen Kuran , Arseven Orhan , Ongen Gul , Issever Halim , Kiyan Esen 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIntroductionPatients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) show no symptoms at rest, but symptoms are triggered by physical activities.ObjectivesThe primary aim of our study was to assess physical activity of patients with PH by using an activity monitor. The secondary aim was to evaluate the correlation between the activity monitor parameters and 6‐min walk distance (6MWD), activity of daily living (ADL), quality of life, WHO functional class and PH classification.MethodsThirty‐eight patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and seven patients with chronic thromboembolic PH were included in the study. Physical activity was assessed using a SenseWear arm band. A 6‐min walk test was performed. Daily living activities were assessed using the ‘nottingham extended activity of daily living index’ (NEADL). For quality of life assessments, ‘Minnesota living with heart failure’ (MLHF) and ‘Short form‐36’ (SF‐36) surveys were used.ResultsPhysical activity, exercise capacity, quality of life and contribution to ADL were lower in patients with PH. These data were associated with the 6MWD, quality of life and ADL index scores. We also found weak and moderate correlations between activity monitor data and SF‐36 sub‐group scores, MLHF and NEADL scores (P < 0.05). For the group with PAH, idiopathic PAH patients had more exercise capacity and total energy expenditure compared with patients with scleroderma‐associated PAH.ConclusionCorrelation between activity monitor data and 6MWD, most of SF‐36 sub‐group scores, MLHF scores and NEADL index scores suggest that activity monitor can be used in the evaluation of patients with PH.
Outcomes of kidney transplants and risk of infection transmission from increased infectious risk donors
Authors: Limkemann Ashley J. , Wolfe Luke , Sharma Amit , King Anne L. , Behnke Martha , Shah Mili Jay , Posner Marc P. , Cotterell Adrian H. , Bhati Chandra S. , Gupta Ankur , Kumar Dhiren , Gupta Gaurav 
Published: May 2016

AbstractConcern over transmission of viral infections has been reported to result in higher discard rates of high infectious risk kidneys (HIR) although data on actual viral transmission rates are lacking. At our center, we performed 89 HIR and 533 non‐HIR kidney transplants (KTs) between 2004 and 2011. Follow‐up screening labs in recipients of HIR kidneys tested for human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus did not reveal any cases of viral transmission over median follow‐up of 4.3 years. Patient and graft outcomes were similar at 5 years between HIR and non‐HIR KTs. An updated analysis of the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network (OPTN) registry of deceased‐donor kidney transplants between 2008 and 2012 included 57 526 transplants was performed. Retrospective calculation of KDRI (kidney donor risk index) differed (P<.001) between all groups with median KDRI of 0.99 for HIR kidneys, 1.07 for non‐HIR standard criteria donor kidneys, and 1.81 for non‐HIR expanded criteria donor (ECD) kidneys. This was reflected in the significantly improved 5‐year graft survival for HIR KTs when compared with non‐HIR ECD KTs (84% vs 78%; P<.001). Our data can guide counseling of KT candidates about the safety and benefits of HIR kidneys.
A novel anatomical ceramic root canal simulator for endodontic training
Authors: Robberecht L. , Chai F. , Dehurtevent M. , Marchandise P. , Bécavin T. , Hornez J.‐C. , Deveaux E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIntroductionEndodontic therapy is often complicated and technically demanding. The aim of this study was to develop a reproducible biomimetic root canal model for pre‐clinical and postgraduate endodontic training.Material and MethodsA specific ceramic shaping technique (3D printing and slip casting of a root canal mould) was developed to reproduce canal systems with the desired shape and complexity using a microporous hydroxyapatite (HAp)‐based matrix. The microstructural morphology, pore size and porosity, as well as the Vickers microhardness of the ceramic simulators (CS) were assessed and were compared with natural dentin and commercial resin blocks. The reproducibility of the root canal shapes was assessed using the Dice–Sørensen similarity index. Endodontic treatments, from refitting the access cavity to obturation, were performed on the CS. Each step was controlled by radiography.ResultsMany properties of the CS were similar to those of natural dental roots, including the mineral component (HAp), porosity (20%, porous CS), pore size (3.4 ± 2.6 μm) and hardness (120.3 ± 18.4 HV).DiscussionWe showed that it is possible to reproduce the radio‐opacity of a tooth and variations in root canal morphology. The endodontic treatments confirmed that the CS provided good tactile sensation during instrumentation and displayed suitable radiological behaviour.ConclusionsThis novel anatomic root canal simulator is well suited for training undergraduate and postgraduate students in endodontic procedures.
Pembrolizumab in classical Hodgkin's lymphoma
Authors: Maly Joseph , Alinari Lapo 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPembrolizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1), a key immune‐inhibitory molecule expressed on T cells and implicated in CD4+ T‐cell exhaustion and tumor immune‐escape mechanisms. Classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL) is a unique B‐cell malignancy in the sense that malignant Reed–Sternberg (RS) cells represent a small percentage of cells within an extensive immune cell infiltrate. PD‐1 ligands are upregulated on RS cells as a consequence of both chromosome 9p24.1 amplification and Epstein–Barr virus infection and by interacting with PD‐1 promote an immune‐suppressive effect. By augmenting antitumor immune response, pembrolizumab and nivolumab, another monoclonal antibody against PD‐1, have shown significant activity in patients with relapsed/refractory cHL as well as an acceptable toxicity profile with immune‐related adverse events that are generally manageable. In this review, we explore the rationale for targeting PD‐1 in cHL, review the clinical trial results supporting the use of checkpoint inhibitors in this disease, and present future directions for investigation in which this approach may be used.
Costs of reproduction can explain the correlated evolution of semelparity and egg size: theory and a test with salmon
Authors: Kindsvater Holly K. , Braun Douglas C. , Otto Sarah P. , Reynolds John D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSpecies’ life history traits, including maturation age, number of reproductive bouts, offspring size and number, reflect adaptations to diverse biotic and abiotic selection pressures. A striking example of divergent life histories is the evolution of either iteroparity (breeding multiple times) or semelparity (breed once and die). We analysed published data on salmonid fishes and found that semelparous species produce larger eggs, that egg size and number increase with salmonid body size among populations and species and that migratory behaviour and parity interact. We developed three hypotheses that might explain the patterns in our data and evaluated them in a stage‐structured modelling framework accounting for different growth and survival scenarios. Our models predict the observation of small eggs in iteroparous species when egg size is costly to maternal survival or egg number is constrained. By exploring trait co‐variation in salmonids, we generate new hypotheses for the evolution of trade‐offs among life history traits.