bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interleukin 1-Beta (IL-1β) Production by Innate Cells Following TLR Stimulation Correlates With TB Recurrence in ART-Treated HIV-Infected Patients
Authors: Thobakgale Christina , Naidoo Kewreshini , McKinnon Lyle R. , Werner Lise , Samsunder Natasha , Karim Salim Abdool , Ndung'u Thumbi , Altfeld Marcus , Naidoo Kogieleum 
Published: September 2016

Background:
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of global morbidity and mortality, especially in the context of HIV coinfection because immunity is not completely restored following antiretroviral therapy (ART). The identification of immune correlates of risk for TB disease could help in the design of host-directed therapies and clinical management. This study aimed to identify innate immune correlates of TB recurrence in HIV+ ART-treated individuals with a history of previous successful TB treatment.

Methods:
Twelve participants with a recurrent episode of TB (cases) were matched for age, sex, time on ART, pre-ART CD4 count with 12 participants who did not develop recurrent TB in 60 months of follow-up (controls). Cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells from time-points before TB recurrence were stimulated with ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLR) including TLR-2, TLR-4, and TLR-7/8. Multicolor flow cytometry and intracellular cytokine staining were used to detect IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-12, and IP10 responses from monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs).

Results:
Elevated production of IL-1β from monocytes following TLR-2, TLR-4, and TLR-7/8 stimulation was associated with reduced odds of TB recurrence. In contrast, production of IL-1β from both monocytes and mDCs following Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) stimulation was associated with increased odds of TB recurrence (risk of recurrence increased by 30% in monocytes and 42% in mDCs, respectively).

Conclusion:
Production of IL-1β by innate immune cells following TLR and BCG stimulations correlated with differential TB recurrence outcomes in ART-treated patients and highlights differences in host response to TB.
Brief Report: Flow Rate of Cerebrospinal Fluid Through a Spinal Needle Can Accurately Predict Intracranial Pressure in Cryptococcal Meningitis
Authors: Boyles Tom H. , Gatley Elizabeth , Wasserman Sean , Meintjes Graeme 
Published: September 2016

Background:
Patients with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis (CM) commonly present with raised intracranial pressure (ICP). Aggressive management of raised ICP reduces mortality but requires manometers, which are unavailable in most resource-limited settings. The law of Poiseuille states that the rate of flow of liquid through a tube is directly proportional to the difference in pressure between each end, and it may be possible to indirectly determine ICP by measuring flow of CSF through a spinal needle rather than using a manometer.

Methods:
A convenience sample of CM patients requiring lumbar puncture (LP) (with 22-G spinal needle) for ICP measurement and control were enrolled. ICP was first measured using a narrow bore manometer. After removing the manometer, the number of drops of CSF flowing from the spinal needle in 15 seconds was counted.

Results:
Thirty-two patients had 89 LPs performed (range, 1–23). Fifty-four had high opening pressure with a CSF flow rate of 16–200 drops/min, and 35 had normal pressure with a CSF flow rate of 8–140 drops/min. Area under the fitted receiver operator character curve was 0.89. A flow rate cutoff to define high pressure of ≥40 drops/min correctly classified 75 of 89 LPs (accuracy 84%).

Conclusions:
It is technically feasible to indirectly estimate CSF pressure to an accuracy that is clinically useful by counting drops of CSF flowing from a spinal needle. The optimal cutoff value for defining high pressure using a standard 22-G spinal needle is ≥40 drops/min. These findings have the potential to improve CM management in resource-limited settings.
Necrotizing Autoimmune Myopathy
Authors: Carroll Matthew B. , Newkirk Michelle R. , Sumner Nathan S. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Necrotizing autoimmune myopathy (NAM) is a recently recognized entity within the spectrum of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Diagnosis critically rests on histopathologic demonstration of macrophage predominant myocyte destruction, with few to no lymphocytes. We report our experience with identifying and treating this subset of inflammatory myositis, highlighting the importance of muscle biopsy in diagnosis, association with statin use and malignancy, and challenges of therapy.
We present 3 cases that presented to 2 hospitals within our academic system in calendar year 2014 with acute/subacute onset of profound proximal muscle weakness and markedly elevated creatine kinase levels. All patients had been exposed to statins for varying periods. While each electromyogram (EMG) study showed changes with a diffuse inflammatory myopathy, it was not until muscle biopsy was performed when histopathologic features consistent with NAM solidified the diagnosis in all 3 cases. While high-dose glucocorticoids helped provide some degree of improvement in symptoms, none of our cases returned to their preillness baseline independent functioning. Additional immunosuppressive therapy was considered in each case but limited because of comorbidities.
These cases demonstrate the importance of pursuing muscle biopsy in all patients with proximal muscle weakness and markedly elevated creatine kinase levels. While symptoms appear consistent with polymyositis, only through muscle biopsy can the diagnosis of NAM be made. Statins have been implicated in NAM, acting through an antibody-dependent mechanism. Combination immunosuppressive therapy has been advocated, but our patient’s comorbidities precluded safe use of medications beyond glucocorticoids.
PANLAR Consensus Recommendations for the Management in Osteoarthritis of Hand, Hip, and Knee
Authors: Rillo Oscar , Riera Humberto , Acosta Carlota , Liendo Verónica , Bolaños Joyce , Monterola Ligia , Nieto Edgar , Arape Rodolfo , Franco Luisa M. , Vera Mariflor , Papasidero Silvia , Espinosa Rolando , Esquivel Jorge A. , Souto Renee , Rossi Cesar , Molina José F. , Salas José , Ballesteros Francisco , Radrigan Francisco , Guibert Marlene , Reyes Gil , Chico Araceli , Camacho Walter , Urioste Lorena , Garcia Abraham , Iraheta Isa , Gutierrez Carmen E. , Aragón Raúl , Duarte Margarita , Gonzalez Margarita , Castañeda Oswaldo , Angulo Juan , Coimbra Ibsen , Munoz-Louis Roberto , Saenz Ricardo , Vallejo Carlos , Briceño Julio , Acuña Ramón P. , De León Anibal , Reginato Anthony M. , Möller Ingrid , Caballero Carlo V. , Quintero Maritza 
Published: September 2016

Objective
The objective of this consensus is to update the recommendations for the treatment of hand, hip, and knee osteoarthritis (OA) by agreeing on key propositions relating to the management of hand, hip, and knee OA, by identifying and critically appraising research evidence for the effectiveness of the treatments and by generating recommendations based on a combination of the available evidence and expert opinion of 18 countries of America.

Methods
Recommendations were developed by a group of 48 specialists of rheumatologists, members of other medical disciplines (orthopedics and physiatrists), and three patients, one for each location of OA. A systematic review of existing articles, meta-analyses, and guidelines for the management of hand, hip, and knee OA published between 2008 and January 2014 was undertaken. The scores for Level of Evidence and Grade of Recommendation were proposed and fully consented within the committee based on The American Heart Association Evidence-Based Scoring System. The level of agreement was established through a variation of Delphi technique.

Results
Both “strong” and “conditional” recommendations are given for management of hand, hip, and knee OA and nonpharmacological, pharmacological, and surgical modalities of treatment are presented according to the different levels of agreement.

Conclusions
These recommendations are based on the consensus of clinical experts from a wide range of disciplines taking available evidence into account while balancing the benefits and risks of nonpharmacological, pharmacological, and surgical treatment modalities, and incorporating their preferences and values. Different backgrounds in terms of patient education or drug availability in different countries were not evaluated but will be important.
Defining Expertise in Gynecologic Surgery: Perspectives of Expert Gynecologic Surgeons
Authors: Hardré Patricia L. , Nihira Mikio , LeClaire Edgar , Moen Michael 
Published: September 2016

Objective
The aim of this study was to describe how professional expertise is defined and understood among gynecologic surgeons and what experiential factors contribute to that understanding.

Methods
Semistructured interviews with 16 experts in Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery were conducted to identify how expertise in their field is defined, recognized, and assessed. Independent thematic analysis of the interview transcripts was performed by each member of the research team and then distilled and synthesized into convergent themes.

Results
Experts described surgical expertise as difficult to define but with several dominant themes including knowledge, technical skills, clinical experience, adaptability, continuous learning, communication, and professional recognition. Expertise requires judgment in applying technical skills to meet each patient's specific needs. Experts described unique ways of seeing and thinking during surgery, characterized by spatial awareness of relevant anatomy, temporal awareness of future changes, and rapidly adaptive application of their skills enabling them to do difficult tasks with fluidity, making the tasks seem easy to observers. These expert surgeons acknowledged that achieving expertise requires hard work and maintaining expertise requires continuous learning, highlighted by challenge seeking to do the most difficult tasks in their field. They also noted the importance of effective communication of their knowledge to others, which contributes to their perception as experts by colleagues in the field.

Conclusions
Surgical expertise is a complex phenomenon with several meaningful themes. Understanding the authentic nature of surgical expertise can be used to support the development of competencies and the effective mentoring of promising surgical trainees to achieve surgical expertise.
Four birds with one stone? Reparative, neuroplastic, cardiorespiratory, and metabolic benefits of aerobic exercise poststroke
Authors: Ploughman Michelle , Kelly Liam P. 
Published: September 2016

Purpose of review
Converging evidence from animal models of stroke and clinical trials suggests that aerobic exercise has effects across multiple targets.

Recent findings
The subacute phase is characterized by a period of heightened neuroplasticity when aerobic exercise has the potential to optimize recovery. In animals, low intensity aerobic exercise shrinks lesion size and reduces cell death and inflammation, beginning 24 h poststroke. Also in animals, aerobic exercise upregulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor near the lesion and improves learning. In terms of neuroplastic effects, clinical trial results are less convincing and have only examined effects in chronic stroke. Stroke patients demonstrate cardiorespiratory fitness levels below the threshold required to carry out daily activities. This may contribute to a ‘neurorehabilitation ceiling’ that limits capacity to practice at a high enough frequency and intensity to promote recovery. Aerobic exercise when delivered 2–5 days per week at moderate to high intensity beginning as early as 5 days poststroke improves cardiorespiratory fitness, dyslipidemia, and glucose tolerance.

Summary
Based on the evidence discussed and applying principles of periodization commonly used to prepare athletes for competition, we have created a model of aerobic training in subacute stroke in which training is delivered in density blocks (duration × intensity) matched to recovery phases.
Unsteady solute dispersion in non-Newtonian fluid flow in a tube with wall absorption
Authors: Rana Jyotirmoy , Murthy P. V. S. N. 
Published: September 2016

The theory of miscible dispersion in a straight circular pipe with interphase mass transfer that was investigated by Sankarasubramanian & Gill (1973
Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A
333, 115–132. (
doi:10.1098/rspa.1973.0051
); 1974
Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A
341, 407–408. (
doi:10.1098/rspa.1974.0195
)) in Newtonian fluid flow is extended by considering various non-Newtonian fluid models, such as the Casson (Rana & Murthy 2016
J. Fluid Mech.
793, 877–914. (
doi:10.1017/jfm.2016.155
)), Carreau and Carreau–Yasuda models. These models are useful to investigate the solute dispersion in blood flow. The three effective transport coefficients, i.e. exchange, convection and dispersion coefficients, are evaluated to analyse the dispersion process of solute. The convection and dispersion coefficients are determined asymptotically at large time which is sufficient to understand the nature of the solute dispersion process in a tube. The axial mean concentration is analysed, using the asymptotic expressions for these three coefficients. The effect of the wall absorption parameter, Weissenberg number, power-law index, Yasuda parameter and Peclet number on the dispersion process is discussed clearly in this study. A comparative study of the solute dispersion among the Newtonian and all other non-Newtonian models is presented. At low shear rate, it is observed that Carreau fluid behaves like Newtonian fluid, whereas the other fluids exhibit significant differences during the solute dispersion. This study may be applicable to understand the dispersion process of drugs in the blood stream.
Translational control ofgurkenmRNA inDrosophiladevelopment
Authors: Derrick Christopher J. , Weil Timothy T. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTLocalised mRNA translation is a widespread mechanism for targeting protein synthesis, important for cell fate, motility and pathogenesis. InDrosophila,the spatiotemporal control ofgurken/TGF-αmRNA translation is required for establishing the embryonic body axes. A number of recent studies have highlighted key aspects of the mechanism ofgurkenmRNA translational control at the dorsoanterior corner of the mid-stage oocyte. Orb/CPEB and Wispy/GLD-2 are required for polyadenylation ofgurkenmRNA, but mis-localisedgurkenmRNA in the oocyte is not fully polyadenylated1. At the dorsoanterior corner, Orb andgurkenmRNA have been shown to be enriched at the edge of Processing bodies, where translation occurs2. Over-expression of Orb in the adjacent nurse cells, wheregurkenmRNA is transcribed, is sufficient to cause mis-expression of Gurken protein3. Inorbmutant egg chambers, reducing the activity of CK2, a Serine/Threonine protein kinase, enhances polarity defects, consistent with a phenotype relating to a mutation of a factor involved ingurkentranslation4. Here we show that sites phosphorylated by CK2 overlap with active Orb and with Gurken protein expression. We also consolidate the current literature into a working model forgurkenmRNA translational control and review the role of kinases, cell cycle factors and polyadenylation machinery highlighting a multitude of conserved factors and mechanisms in theDrosophilaegg chamber.
Flexible identities and cross-border knowledge networking
Authors: Moore Fiona 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to explore and discuss the use of the flexible, discursive nature of ethnic identity as a means of facilitating the construction and use of transnational knowledge networks.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper examines the influence of “intangibles” on international business (IB), using a case study examining how Taiwanese people in London construct and use their professional networks for knowledge management. The methodology is ethnographic, including participant-observation, interviews and archival research.

Findings
Taiwanese businesspeople in London used their ethnic identity for networking, not only within the Taiwanese community, but also combined different identities to network through different groups. The findings suggest that the flexible nature of identity provides a means by which knowledge networks can be constructed across borders, providing insight into the actual processes through which knowledge is transferred in IB.

Research limitations/implications
An identity approach can add a more nuanced analysis of real-life situations to the more traditional culture-focused approach. Greater methodological variety is needed if IB studies are to incorporate more complex perspectives on cross-cultural management, and to develop this study’s conclusions.

Practical implications
Managers who are aware of the complexities of ethnic identity can exploit these among themselves and their employees to seek out new sources of knowledge.

Originality/value
This paper provides insight into the means and processes through which transnational networks are constructed and knowledge shared across borders, and the seldom-analysed role of identity, in this case ethnic identity, in these phenomena.
Corporate social responsibility, governance and stakeholders: a bank in the upbeat of the crisis
Authors: de Graaf Frank Jan 
Published: September 2016

PurposeUsing the global financial crisis as a critical event and based on institutional theory and stakeholder theory, this paper aims to explore the relationship between corporate governance and corporate social responsibility (CSR). The question is how stakeholders can influence corporate responses to societal change by using their position in the governance structure.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis is based on a historical analysis of data collected mainly between 2002 and 2004. The historical perspective enables an understanding of the response of the company to environmental changes.FindingsThe approach enables researchers to relate the normative component of CSR to specific governance mechanisms. These governance mechanisms are specified in direct and indirect influence pathways. Historical data shed light on how, in the upbeat of the crisis, stakeholders have influenced the principles and policies of the ING Group, a Dutch financial company.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper suggests that stakeholders influence principles – normative assumptions that guide corporate decisions – mainly in dialogue-based meetings (direct influence pathways). Companies are made accountable in indirect influence pathways such as regulations. The author also demonstrates that a historical approach enables an understanding of long-term historical developments and the linking of corporate policies to the normative assumptions of stakeholders.Practical implicationsIf stakeholders wish to assess the social responsibility of a company, then they should assess the governance structure in relation to the principles and policies. The power structure within a company and that within the institutional framework in which the company operates (the governance system) strongly influences how a company executes its social responsibilities.Social implicationsThe paper demonstrates how stakeholders can use the governance structure to influence a bank. If society – or a specific group in society – wants banks to play a different role, this paper points to what could be the levers of change in the governance system and the governance structure.Originality/valueInsights into the complex relationship between corporate governance and the processes in which the social responsibilities of a company are developed.
Nonexperimental research: strengths, weaknesses and issues of precision
Authors: Reio Thomas G. 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
Nonexperimental research, defined as any kind of quantitative or qualitative research that is not an experiment, is the predominate kind of research design used in the social sciences. How to unambiguously and correctly present the results of nonexperimental research, however, remains decidedly unclear and possibly detrimental to applied disciplines such as human resource development. To clarify issues about the accurate reporting and generalization of nonexperimental research results, this paper aims to present information about the relative strength of research designs, followed by the strengths and weaknesses of nonexperimental research. Further, some possible ways to more precisely report nonexperimental findings without using causal language are explored. Next, the researcher takes the position that the results of nonexperimental research can be used cautiously, yet appropriately, for making practice recommendations. Finally, some closing thoughts about nonexperimental research and the appropriate use of causal language are presented.

Design/methodology/approach
A review of the extant social science literature was consulted to inform this paper.

Findings
Nonexperimental research, when reported accurately, makes a tremendous contribution because it can be used for conducting research when experimentation is not feasible or desired. It can be used also to make tentative recommendations for practice.

Originality/value
This article presents useful means to more accurately report nonexperimental findings through avoiding causal language. Ways to link nonexperimental results to making practice recommendations are explored.
HR practice, organisational commitment & citizenship behaviour
Authors: Chang Kirk , Nguyen Bang , Cheng Kuo-Tai , Kuo Chien-Chih , Lee Iling 
Published: September 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between HR practice (four aspects), organisational commitment and citizenship behaviour at primary schools in Taiwan. The four human resource (HR) aspects include: recruitment and placement (RP), teaching, education and career (TEC) development, support, communication and retention (SCR), and performance and appraisal (PA).Design/methodology/approachWith the assistance from the school HR managers and using an anti-common method variance strategy, research data from 568 incumbent teachers in Taiwan are collected, analysed and evaluated.FindingsDifferent from prior studies, highlighting the merits of HR practice, the study discovers that HR practice may not necessarily contribute to citizenship behaviour. Teachers with positive perceptions of RP and TEC are more likely to demonstrate citizenship behaviour, whereas teachers with positive perceptions of SCR and PA are not. In addition, the study finds three moderators: affective organisational commitment (AOC), rank of positions, and campus size. The analysis shows that teachers with more AOC, higher positions and from smaller campus are more likely to demonstrate organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB).Originality/valueThe study provides a closer look at the HR-OCB relationship in Taiwan. It reveals that a positive perception of HR practice may not necessarily contribute to OCB occurrence. In addition, the results indicate that teachers have different views about varying HR aspects. Specifically, aspects of RP and TEC development receive relatively higher levels of positive perception, whereas aspects of SCR and PA receive relatively lower levels of positive perception. Questions arise as to whether HR practice may lead to more OCB at primary schools. If this statement is true, school managers shall think further of how to promote OCB using other policies, rather than relying on the HR practice investigated here.