Classes and phyla of the kingdom Fungi
Authors: Wijayawardene Nalin N. , Hyde Kevin D. , Mikhailov Kirill V. , Péter Gábor , Aptroot André , Pires-Zottarelli Carmen L. A. , Goto Bruno T. , Tokarev Yuri S. , Haelewaters Danny , Karunarathna Samantha C. , Kirk Paul M. , de A. Santiago André L. C. M. , Saxena Ramesh K. , Schoutteten Nathan , Wimalasena Madhara K. , Aleoshin Vladimir V. , Al-Hatmi Abdullah M. S. , Ariyawansa Kahandawa G. S. U. , Assunção Amanda R. , Bamunuarachchige Thushara C. , Baral Hans-Otto , Bhat D. Jayarama , Błaszkowski Janusz , Boekhout Teun , Boonyuen Nattawut , Brysch-Herzberg Michael , Cao Bin , Cazabonne Jonathan , Chen Xue-Mei , Coleine Claudia , Dai Dong-Qin , Daniel Heide-Marie , da Silva Suzana B. G. , de Souza Francisco Adriano , Dolatabadi Somayeh , Dubey Manish K. , Dutta Arun K. , Ediriweera Aseni , Egidi Eleonora , Elshahed Mostafa S. , Fan Xinlei , Felix Juliana R. B. , Galappaththi Mahesh C. A. , Groenewald Marizeth , Han Li-Su , Huang Bo , Hurdeal Vedprakash G. , Ignatieva Anastasia N. , Jerônimo Gustavo H. , de Jesus Ana L. , Kondratyuk Serhii , Kumla Jaturong , Kukwa Martin , Li Qirui , Lima Juliana L. R. , Liu Xiao-Yong , Lu Wenhua , Lumbsch H. Thorsten , Madrid Hugo , Magurno Franco , Marson Guy , McKenzie Eric H. C. , Menkis Audrius , Mešić Armin , Nascimento Elaine C. R. , Nassonova Elena S. , Nie Yong , Oliveira Naasson V. L. , Ossowska Emilia A. , Pawłowska Julia , Peintner Ursula , Pozdnyakov Igor R. , Premarathne Bhagya M. , Priyashantha A. K. Hasith , Quandt C. Alisha , Queiroz Mariana B. , Rajeshkumar Kunhiraman C. , Raza Mubashar , Roy Niranjan , Samarakoon Milan C. , Santos Alessandra A. , Santos Lidiane A. , Schumm Felix , Selbmann Laura , Selçuk Faruk , Simmons D. Rabern , Simakova Anastasia V. , Smith Maudy Th. , Sruthi Onden Paraparath , Suwannarach Nakarin , Tanaka Kazuaki , Tibpromma Saowaluck , Tomás Elias O. , Ulukapı Merve , Van Vooren Nicolas , Wanasinghe Dhanushka N. , Weber Evi , Wu Qianzhen , Yang Er Fu , Yoshioka Ryuichi , Youssef Noha H. , Zandijk Annemarie , Zhang Gui-Qing , Zhang Jin-Yong , Zhao Heng , Zhao RuiLin , Zverkov Oleg A. , Thines Marco , Karpov Sergey A. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractFungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms with an estimated number of species in the range of 2–3 million. The higher-level ranking of fungi has been discussed in the framework of molecular phylogenetics since Hibbett et al., and the definition and the higher ranks (e.g., phyla) of the ‘true fungi’ have been revised in several subsequent publications. Rapid accumulation of novel genomic data and the advancements in phylogenetics now facilitate a robust and precise foundation for the higher-level classification within the kingdom. This study provides an updated classification of the kingdom Fungi, drawing upon a comprehensive phylogenomic analysis of Holomycota, with which we outline well-supported nodes of the fungal tree and explore more contentious groupings. We accept 19 phyla of Fungi, viz. Aphelidiomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Basidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Entorrhizomycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota, Sanchytriomycota, and Zoopagomycota. In the phylogenies, Caulochytriomycota resides in Chytridiomycota; thus, the former is regarded as a synonym of the latter, while Caulochytriomycetes is viewed as a class in Chytridiomycota. We provide a description of each phylum followed by its classes. A new subphylum, Sanchytriomycotina Karpov is introduced as the only subphylum in Sanchytriomycota. The subclass Pneumocystomycetidae Kirk et al. in Pneumocystomycetes, Ascomycota is invalid and thus validated. Placements of fossil fungi in phyla and classes are also discussed, providing examples.