bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prenatal growth stages show the development of the ruminant bony labyrinth and petrosal bone
Authors: Costeur Loïc , Mennecart Bastien , Müller Bert , Schulz Georg 
Published: October 2016

AbstractFoetuses are a source of scientific information to understand the development and evolution of anatomical structures. The bony labyrinth, surrounding the organ of balance and hearing, is a phylogenetically and ecologically informative structure for which still little concerning growth and shape variability is known in many groups of vertebrates. Except in humans, it is poorly known in many other placentals and its prenatal growth has almost never been studied. Ruminants are a diversified group of placentals and represent an interesting case study to understand the prenatal growth of the ear region. We computed tomography ‐scanned five cow foetuses and an adult petrosal bone (Bos taurus, Artiodactyla, Mammalia), and describe the bony labyrinth when already ossified. The foetuses encompass the second half of the 9.3‐month‐long gestation period of the cow. They were sampled at different ontogenetic stages to understand how and when the petrosal bone and bony labyrinth ossify in ruminants. The petrosal bone and bony labyrinth ossify within about 20 days in the fourth month of gestation. The bony labyrinth is already fully ossified at least in the 6th month, while only the cochlea, most of the vestibule and the common crus are already ossified at the beginning of the 4th month. The pars canalicularis of the petrosal thus ossifies at last. The size and volume of the bony labyrinth stay similar from the 6th month (possibly even from the 5th). From the end of the 4th month of gestation, a progressive lengthening of the cochlear aqueduct and endolymphatic sac occurs, culminating in the adult form and partly explaining the larger volume of the later. The inner ear in the cow ossifies quickly during the gestation period, being fully ossified around mid‐gestation time, as in humans. The adult size and most of its volume are reached by mid‐gestation time while the petrosal bone and skull still grow. A negative ontogenetic allometry between the bony labyrinth and the petrosal bone and skull is thus observed. It matches the evolutionary negative allometry of the structure observed in earlier studies. Few changes occur after ossification is achieved; only open structures (i.e. cochlear aqueduct and endolymphatic sac) continue to grow after birth and reflect size increase of the petrosal bone.
Self‐management programmes in temporomandibular disorders: results from an international Delphi process
Authors: Durham J. , Al‐Baghdadi M. , Baad‐Hansen L. , Breckons M. , Goulet J. P. , Lobbezoo F. , List T. , Michelotti A. , Nixdorf D. R. , Peck C. C. , Raphael K. , Schiffman E. , Steele J. G. , Story W. , Ohrbach R. 
Published: October 2016

SummarySelf‐management (SM) programmes are commonly used for initial treatment of patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The programmes described in the literature, however, vary widely with no consistency in terminology used, components of care or their definitions. The aims of this study were therefore to construct an operationalised definition of self‐management appropriate for the treatment of patients with TMD, identify the components of that self‐management currently being used and create sufficiently clear and non‐overlapping standardised definitions for each of those components. A four‐round Delphi process with eleven international experts in the field of TMD was conducted to achieve these aims. In the first round, the participants agreed upon six principal concepts of self‐management. In the remaining three rounds, consensus was achieved upon the definition and the six components of self‐management. The main components identified and agreed upon by the participants to constitute the core of a SM programme for TMD were as follows: education; jaw exercises; massage; thermal therapy; dietary advice and nutrition; and parafunctional behaviour identification, monitoring and avoidance. This Delphi process has established the principal concepts of self‐management, and a standardised definition has been agreed with the following components for use in clinical practice: education; self‐exercise; self‐massage; thermal therapy; dietary advice and nutrition; and parafunctional behaviour identification, monitoring and avoidance. The consensus‐derived concepts, definitions and components of SM offer a starting point for further research to advance the evidence base for, and clinical utility of, TMD SM.
Crestal Bone Loss under Delayed Loading of Full Thickness Versus Flapless Surgically Placed Dental Implants in Controlled Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Parallel Group Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Yadav Rohit , Agrawal Kaushal Kishor , Rao Jitendra , Anwar Mohd , Alvi Habib Ahmed , Singh Kalpana , Himanshu D. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPurposeTo compare crestal bone loss around dental implants using a delayed loading protocol. Bone loss was compared in patients following conventional full thickness flap and flapless surgery in controlled type 2 diabetic patients.Materials and MethodsEighty‐eight type 2 diabetic patients satisfying predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected for this single center, parallel group study after obtaining institutional review board approval and informed consent. These patients were randomly divided into two groups. Group I consisted of patients undergoing full thickness flap surgery for implant placement, and group II consisted of patients undergoing flapless surgery for implant placement. The mean age, duration of diabetes, glycosylated hemoglobin levels, and male‐to‐female ratio in both groups were matched and compared statistically. Dental implants were placed followed by delayed loading (4 months) in both groups. Crestal bone loss was assessed with intraoral periapical radiographs with the help of computer software (DBSWIN viewer). Actual implant length acted as the radiographic index, and implant‐abutment junctions were used as a reference point for all measurements. Mesial and distal bone levels at baseline, 6, and 12 months post implant placement of the two groups were determined. Mesial and distal crestal bone loss from baseline to 6 and 12 months were calculated and compared with Tukey test using SPSS v15.0 statistical analysis software.ResultsTukey test revealed similar (not statistically different) mean mesial crestal bone loss between the two groups after 6 months (0.47 ± 0.08 mm vs. 0.36 ± 0.13 mm, p = 0.576) and after 12 months (1.56 ± 0.25 mm vs. 1.50 ± 0.22 mm, p = 0.891). The mean distal bone loss resulting between the two groups was not statistically different at 6 months (0.44 ± 0.08 mm vs. 0.35 ± 0.12 mm, p = 0.687) and at 12 months (1.57 ± 0.23 mm vs. 1.61 ± 0.22 mm, p = 0.947).ConclusionsThe results of this clinical randomized control trial indicated that in controlled type 2 diabetic patients, levels of crestal bone loss around dental implants placed following conventional full thickness flap surgery was comparable to crestal bone loss around dental implants placed with the flapless surgical technique. More clinical studies are required regarding controlled type 2 diabetics with larger sample sizes, for long time periods to obtain more predictable results.
USDA Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program Is More Effective in Town and Rural Schools Than Those in More Populated Communities
Authors: Lin Yi‐Chun , Fly Alyce D. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDWe attempted to determine effects of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program (FFVP) on variety and frequency of fruit and vegetable intake by students in schools from different locales.METHODSData were derived from the 2011‐2012 Indiana FFVP Student Survey completed by 4229 fourth‐sixth graders. Effects were studied within 2 groups, 39 city and suburb schools, and 12 town and rural schools. Differences in students' responses over time to 2 items measuring variety and 10 items measuring fruit and vegetable intake frequency were determined with multilevel regression models.RESULTSTown and rural students were 1.2 times more likely to eat different kinds of fruit (p = .04) and vegetables (p = .01) daily, and increased fruit (+1.0 time/day; p < .01) and vegetable intake frequency (+0.5 times/day; p = .03). City and suburb students increased fruit intake frequency (∼0.8 times/day; p < .01) but not vegetable intake frequency or daily variety (p > .05).CONCLUSIONSFFVP improved fruit and vegetable eating behaviors in the “town and rural” group, but was only partially effective in the “city and suburb” group. Strategies to implement FFVP may need to differ depending on school locale.
Ethnic disparities in infectious disease hospitalisations in the first year of life in New Zealand
Authors: Hobbs Mark R , Morton Susan MB , Atatoa-Carr Polly , Ritchie Stephen R , Thomas Mark G , Saraf Rajneeta , Chelimo Carol , Harnden Anthony , Camargo Carlos A , Grant Cameron C 
Published: October 2016

AimInfectious disease (ID) hospitalisation rates are increasing in New Zealand (NZ), especially in pre‐school children, and Māori and Pacific people. We aimed to identify risk factors for ID hospitalisation in infancy within a birth cohort of NZ children, and to identify differences in risk factors between ethnic groups.MethodsWe investigated an established cohort of 6846 NZ children, born in 2009–2010, with linkage to a national data set of hospitalisations. We used multivariable logistic regression to obtain odds ratios (OR) for factors associated with ID hospitalisation in the first year of life, firstly for all children, and then separately for Māori or Pacific children.ResultsIn the whole cohort, factors associated with ID hospitalisation were Māori (OR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.17–1.89) or Pacific (2.51; 2.00–3.15) versus European maternal ethnicity, male gender (1.32; 1.13–1.55), low birthweight (1.94, 1.39–2.66), exclusive breastfeeding for <4 months (1.22, 1.04–1.43), maternal experience of health‐care racism (1.60, 1.19–2.12), household deprivation (most vs. least deprived quintile of households (1.50, 1.12–2.02)), day‐care attendance (1.43, 1.12–1.81) and maternal smoking (1.55, 1.26–1.91).Factors associated with ID hospitalisation for Māori infants were high household deprivation (2.16, 1.06–5.02) and maternal smoking (1.48, 1.02–2.14); and for Pacific infants were delayed immunisation (1.72, 1.23–2.38), maternal experience of health‐care racism (2.20, 1.29–3.70) and maternal smoking (1.59, 1.10–2.29).ConclusionsMāori and Pacific children in NZ experience a high burden of ID hospitalisation. Some risk factors, for example maternal smoking, are shared, while others are ethnic‐specific. Interventions aimed at preventing ID hospitalisations should address both shared and ethnic‐specific factors.
Development of the Teen Oral Health‐Related Quality of Life Instrument
Authors: Wright Wanda G. , Spiro Avron , Jones Judith A. , Rich Sharron E. , Garcia Raul I. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to develop the Teen Oral Health‐Related Quality of Life instrument (TOQOL) and demonstrate its validity and reliability in a diverse sample of 13–18‐year‐old adolescents.MethodsA total of 363 adolescents aged 13–18 years participated in this cross sectional study. Oral screening examinations were conducted to collect oral health status data. Adolescents completed the TOQOL and a generic measure of health‐related quality of life, the PedsQL. The psychometric properties of the TOQOL were evaluated in terms of face, content, convergent, concurrent and discriminant validity in addition to internal reliability.ResultsThe 16‐item TOQOL covers five domains: Physical functioning, Role functioning, Social functioning, Oral problems, and Emotional functioning. The total scale and subscales showed satisfactory reliability with Cronbach alpha ranging from 0.75 to 0.92. TOQOL scores showed significant associations with perceived oral health status and the PedsQL (convergent validity) and discriminated well between adolescents with caries and adolescents who were caries free (discriminate validity).ConclusionThe TOQOL is a valid and reliable oral health‐related quality of life measurement that can be recommended for self‐report in adolescents aged 13‐18 years.
Effect of solvent on retarding the release of diltiazem HCl from Polyox-based liquisolid tablets
Authors: Kaialy Waseem , Bello Hussaini , Asare-Addo Kofi , Nokhodchi Ali 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this work was to investigate the use of liquisolid technique to sustain the release of a model highly soluble drug, diltiazem HCl, from liquisolid matrices containing Polyox, a recently proposed matrix-forming hydrophilic polymer as an alternative to hypromellose.

Methods
Polyox-based liquisolid formulations prepared using several non-volatile solvents (i.e. polysorbate 80, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 200 and polyethylene glycol 600) and then characterised using differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction. The influence of solvent on retarding the release of diltiazem HCl from Polyox-based liquisolid tablets compared to conventional physical mixture tablets was studied.

Key findings
Liquisolid tablets exhibited greater retarding properties compared to conventional tablets. The use of polysorbate produced a slower release pattern of the drug from diltiazem hydrochloride (DTZ) liquisolid tablets compared to propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol (200 and 600). The release retardation was decreased with the increase in the concentration of the drug within drug:solvent liquid medication used. Solid-state analysis suggested the presence of a fraction of the drug mass in a solubilised state within polysorbate in liquisolid powders.

Conclusion
Polyox-based matrix tablets prepared using liquisolid technique in the presence of a carefully selected non-volatile solvent could produce desirable, more sustained release profiles of highly water-soluble drugs compared to conventional physical mixture tablets.
Physical compatibility of total parenteral nutrition and drugs in Y-site administration to children from neonates to adolescents
Authors: Staven Vigdis , Iqbal Herra , Wang Siri , Grønlie Ingrid , Tho Ingunn 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Objectives
Infusion of precipitate or destabilized emulsion can be harmful. The purpose of this study was to obtain Y-site compatibility data on intravenous drugs and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) relevant for children.

Methods
Two three-in-one TPN admixtures (Olimel N5E and Numeta G16E) used for children of different age groups were tested with ten drugs (ampicillin, ceftazidime, clindamycin, dexamethasone, fluconazole, fosphenytoin, furosemide, metronidazole, ondansetron and paracetamol). Drug : TPN ratios were estimated from a wide range of age and weight classes, and the most extreme mixing ratios (drug &gt; TPN, TPN &gt; drug) in addition to 1 + 1 were chosen. Assessment of potential precipitation was performed by subvisual particle counting, visual examinations and measurements of turbidity and pH. Emulsion stability was investigated by estimation of percentage of droplets above 5 μm (PFAT5), mean droplet diameter and pH measurements. Complimentary theoretical evaluations were performed.

Key findings
Ampicillin, fosphenytoin and furosemide precipitated when mixed with TPN. The results for ceftazidime, clindamycin, dexamethasone, fluconazole, metronidazole, ondansetron and paracetamol suggest that they were compatible with either TPN in the tested concentrations. None of the drugs were found to destabilize the emulsions.

Conclusion
Three drugs showed clear signs of precipitation when mixed with TPN and these products should not be co-administered in the same infusion line.
Future warming and acidification effects on anti‐fouling and anti‐herbivory traits of the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus (Phaeophyceae)
Authors: Raddatz Stefanie , Guy‐Haim Tamar , Rilov Gil , Wahl Martin 
Published: October 2016

Human‐induced ocean warming and acidification have received increasing attention over the past decade and are considered to have substantial consequences for a broad range of marine species and their interactions. Understanding how these interactions shift in response to climate change is particularly important with regard to foundation species, such as the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus. This macroalga represents the dominant habitat former on coastal rocky substrata of the Baltic Sea, fulfilling functions essential for the entire benthic community. Its ability to withstand extensive fouling and herbivory regulates the associated community and ecosystem dynamics. This study tested the interactive effects of future warming, acidification, and seasonality on the interactions of a marine macroalga with potential foulers and consumers. F. vesiculosus rockweeds were exposed to different combinations of conditions predicted regionally for the year 2100 (+∆5°C, +∆700 μatm CO2) using multifactorial long‐term experiments in novel outdoor benthic mesocosms (“Benthocosms”) over 9–12‐week periods in four seasons. Possible shifts in the macroalgal susceptibility to fouling and consumption were tested using consecutive bioassays. Algal susceptibility to fouling and grazing varied substantially among seasons and between treatments. In all seasons, warming predominantly affected anti‐fouling and anti‐herbivory interactions while acidification had a subtle nonsignificant influence. Interestingly, anti‐microfouling activity was highest during winter under warming, while anti‐macrofouling and anti‐herbivory activities were highest in the summer under warming. These contrasting findings indicate that seasonal changes in anti‐fouling and anti‐herbivory traits may interact with ocean warming in altering F. vesiculosus community composition in the future.
Extruded snacks from whole wheat supplemented with textured soy flour: Effect on instrumental and sensory textural characteristics
Authors: Rodríguez‐Vidal Arturo , Martínez‐Flores Héctor Eduardo , González Jasso Eva , Velázquez de la Cruz Gonzalo , Ramírez‐Jiménez Aurea K. , Morales‐Sánchez Eduardo 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe quality of extruded snacks can be affected not only by processing conditions, but also by some factors like the concentration and type of ingredients incorporated in their formulation and the working conditions used. Although the process conditions have been established with measurable textural properties, sensory qualities have not been correlated with these responses in expanded extruded snacks made with added functional ingredients. Therefore, in this study the effect of adding textured soy flour (TSF) and whole wheat flour (WWF) to refined wheat flour in the production of extruded snacks and expanded with hot air was evaluated. A response surface design using two levels with five central points was applied to obtain the best combinations of functional ingredients added, holding the parameters of the extrusion process and moisture of treatments. Some texture characteristics and sensory analysis were used as response variables, such as, hardness, fracturability, toughness, crispness, granularity, and chewiness. Likewise, the rate of expansion was evaluated. The results showed that the level of substitution of WWF, especially levels of 15%, had a significant effect on the hardness perceived by the panelist during sensory evaluation. The TSF at concentrations of ≥15%, favored the fracturability and crispness of the samples. It was found that the best expansion index was with the combination of 5% TSF and 15% WWF. Although a correlation between instrumental and sensory tests carried out on the extruded snacks expanded was not found.Practical applicationsThe physical characteristics of the extruded snacks such as expansion, hardness, and density are important parameters in terms of consumer acceptability of the final product as well as their functional properties. In other words, the appearance and texture are two of the most important attributes that can be seen in snack foods. In particular, the texture can be measured by intrinsic tests: objective (instrumental) and subjective (sensory). That is because the instrumental analysis provides parameters such as firmness, brittleness, consistency, chewiness, among others, when subjected to different stress, strain, and strain rates at the snacks. Similarly, sensory analysis, allows us to see features that include mechanical attributes (concerning the reaction to the applied force), geometric attributes (concerning the shape, size, and orientation of the particles within the food), and attributes related to the perception of moisture or fat content.
Assessing the Reliability of Water‐Test Kits for Use in Pond Aquaculture
Authors: Naigaga Shamim , Boyd Claude E. , Gaillard Philippe , Abdelrahman Hisham A. , Molnar Joseph J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWater‐analysis kits are useful for practical aquaculture only if they provide equivalent decision‐making as compared to standard water‐analysis methods. This study used weighted Cohen's kappa (κ) statistics to compare management decisions made by farmers who used water‐analysis kits (e.g., Seneye slide kit, Tetra EasyStrips, API test strips, Seachem Ammonia Alert, Salifert Profi test kit, and Hach dissolved oxygen (DO) and alkalinity kit) and decisions made by those who used standard methods. The decisions made by farmers were similar for water‐analysis kits and standard methods, except for Tetra and API test strips, when measuring nitrate concentrations. The highest conformity between the two methods (κ‐value = 1.0, P < 0.0001) was obtained with the Hach and Salifert Profi test kits (for measuring DO) and the API test strip (for measuring total hardness). The rapid, simple measurements by the kits appear suitable for use by farmers if they are properly maintained and manufacturer's instructions are followed.
Correlation patterns in roe deer cranium: sexual dimorphism across different habitats
Authors: Milošević‐Zlatanović S. , Tomašević Kolarov N. , Vukov T. , Stamenković S. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractComplex evolutionary interactions can cause differential responses of males and females to environmental factors which result in variations of the degree of sexual dimorphism across different habitats. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus is an excellent model species for analyzing sexual dimorphism in the context of habitat variability as the most widespread ungulate species in Europe. The impact of three different habitat types (closed, intermediate and open) on the level of cranial integration in roe deer and patterns between sexes was tested by analyzing 761 adult craniums from 11 roe deer populations in Serbia. Our results confirmed higher level of integration and more pronounced sexual dimorphism in closed habitats in comparison with open habitats. Males also showed different patterns of integration across habitats than females. The general consistency of results across different tests suggests that patterns of integration between sex and habitat groups tend to be different for males and females from different habitat types. When faced with strong selective pressures, patterns of correlations among skeletal elements can evolve even within a species as an indirect influence of social organization through habitat and sexual selection. We propose that cranial integration in roe deer evolved according to the predictions of the adaptive model of phenotypic differentiation within a taxon in closed habitats channeled by stabilizing selection. The different patterns of cranial integration between sexes after successful colonization of intermediate and open habitats can be explained by a change in overall selective pressures to disruptive/directional selection, thus breaking up observed patterns of integration, since they are treated as a constraint in changed circumstances.