bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A fuzzy logic and game theory based adaptive approach for securing opportunistic networks against black hole attacks
Authors: Chhabra Anshuman , Vashishth Vidushi , Sharma Deepak Kumar 
Published: December 2017

SummaryOpportunistic networks (OppNets) are networks that can be used in situations of sparse network connectivity. Strategies for implementing secure transmission of messages in OppNets offer complex and distinctive problems that are wholly different from traditional networks using TCP/IP protocols for data transmission. In this paper, a security protocol named FuzzyPT is proposed which combats black hole attacks in OppNets. The defense mechanism is based on the information extracted from messages in the buffer, potential threat (PT) messages, and fuzzy logic. Fuzziness aids the system in being adaptive by modeling the character of nodes as either benign or malicious. It provides the network with the ability to judge the character of nodes based on relationships between different parameters instead of basing this decision on fixed conditions. FuzzyPT is observed to reduce erroneous decision‐making and decrease the number of false positives and false negatives in the system. An evolutionary game theoretic model is applied, which analyzes the decision‐making ability of relays in choosing varied strategies while forwarding messages. The evolutionary stable state is computed for the protocol, which verifies the proposition that a majority of the relays will cooperate by forwarding messages. The efficiency of the protocol is judged on various grounds such as delivery probability, network overhead ratio, packets dropped, and transmission latency. It is observed that the proposed game theoretic protocol outperforms an existing acknowledge and evolutionary game theory–based security protocol in terms of all the aforementioned performance characteristics.
Green‐shifting ofSWS2A opsin sensitivity and loss of function ofRH2‐A opsin in flounders, genusVerasper
Authors: Kasagi Satoshi , Mizusawa Kanta , Takahashi Akiyoshi 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWe identified visual opsin genes for three flounder species, including the spotted halibut (Verasper variegatus), slime flounder (Microstomus achne), and Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Structure and function of opsins for the three species were characterized together with those of the barfin flounder (V. moseri) that we previously reported. All four flounder species possessed five basic opsin genes, includinglws,sws1,sws2,rh1, andrh2. Specific features were observed inrh2andsws2. Therh2‐a, one of the three subtypes ofrh2, was absent in the genome ofV. variegatusand pseudogenized inV. moseri. Moreover,rh2‐amRNAwas not detected inM. achneandP. olivaceus, despite the presence of a functional reading frame. Analyses of the maximum absorption spectra (λmax) estimated byin vitroreconstitution indicated thatSWS2A ofM. achne(451.9 nm) andP. olivaceus(465.6 nm) were blue‐sensitive, whereas inV. variegatus(485.4 nm), it was green‐sensitive and comparable toV. moseri(482.3 nm). Our results indicate that although the four flounder species possess a similar opsin gene repertoire, theSWS2A opsin of the genusVerasperis functionally green‐sensitive, while its overall structure remains conserved as a blue‐sensitive opsin. Further, therh2‐afunction seems to have been reduced during the evolution of flounders. λmaxvalues of predicted ancestralSWS2A of Pleuronectiformes and Pleuronectidae was 465.4 and 462.4 nm, respectively, indicating that these were blue‐sensitive. Thus, the green‐sensitiveSWS2A is estimated to be arisen in ancestralVeraspergenus. It is suggested that the sensitivity shift ofSWS2A from blue to green may have compensated functional reduction inRH2‐A.
Polygyny does not explain the superior competitive ability of dominant ant associates in the African ant‐plant, Acacia (Vachellia) drepanolobium
Authors: Boyle John H. , Martins Dino J. , Pelaez Julianne , Musili Paul M. , Kibet Staline , Ndung'u S. Kimani , Kenfack David , Pierce Naomi E. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe Acacia drepanolobium (also known as Vachellia drepanolobium) ant‐plant symbiosis is considered a classic case of species coexistence, in which four species of tree‐defending ants compete for nesting space in a single host tree species. Coexistence in this system has been explained by trade‐offs in the ability of the ant associates to compete with each other for occupied trees versus the ability to colonize unoccupied trees. We seek to understand the proximal reasons for how and why the ant species vary in competitive or colonizing abilities, which are largely unknown. In this study, we use RADseq‐derived SNPs to identify relatedness of workers in colonies to test the hypothesis that competitively dominant ants reach large colony sizes due to polygyny, that is, the presence of multiple egg‐laying queens in a single colony. We find that variation in polygyny is not associated with competitive ability; in fact, the most dominant species, unexpectedly, showed little evidence of polygyny. We also use these markers to investigate variation in mating behavior among the ant species and find that different species vary in the number of males fathering the offspring of each colony. Finally, we show that the nature of polygyny varies between the two commonly polygynous species, Crematogaster mimosae and Tetraponera penzigi: in C. mimosae, queens in the same colony are often related, while this is not the case for T. penzigi. These results shed light on factors influencing the evolution of species coexistence in an ant‐plant mutualism, as well as demonstrating the effectiveness of RADseq‐derived SNPs for parentage analysis.
Human‐mediated introduction of introgressed deer across Wallace's line: Historical biogeography of Rusa unicolor and R. timorensis
Authors: Martins Renata F. , Schmidt Anke , Lenz Dorina , Wilting Andreas , Fickel Joerns 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn this study we compared the phylogeographic patterns of two Rusa species, Rusa unicolor and Rusa timorensis, in order to understand what drove and maintained differentiation between these two geographically and genetically close species and investigated the route of introduction of individuals to the islands outside of the Sunda Shelf. We analyzed full mitogenomes from 56 archival samples from the distribution areas of the two species and 18 microsatellite loci in a subset of 16 individuals to generate the phylogeographic patterns of both species. Bayesian inference with fossil calibration was used to estimate the age of each species and major divergence events. Our results indicated that the split between the two species took place during the Pleistocene, ~1.8 Mya, possibly driven by adaptations of R. timorensis to the drier climate found on Java compared to the other islands of Sundaland. Although both markers identified two well‐differentiated clades, there was a largely discrepant pattern between mitochondrial and nuclear markers. While nDNA separated the individuals into the two species, largely in agreement with their museum label, mtDNA revealed that all R. timorensis sampled to the east of the Sunda shelf carried haplotypes from R. unicolor and one Rusa unicolor from South Sumatra carried a R. timorensis haplotype. Our results show that hybridization occurred between these two sister species in Sundaland during the Late Pleistocene and resulted in human‐mediated introduction of hybrid descendants in all islands outside Sundaland.
Functional and phenotypical analysis of IL‐6‐secreting CD4+ T cells in human adipose tissue
Authors: de Jong Anja J. , Pollastro Sabrina , Kwekkeboom Joanneke C. , Andersen Stefan N. , Dorjée Annemarie L. , Bakker Aleida M. , Alzaid Fawaz , Soprani Antoine , Nelissen Rob G.H.H. , Mullers Jan B. , Venteclef Nicolas , de Vries Niek , Kloppenburg Margreet , Toes René E.M. , Ioan‐Facsinay Andreea 
Published: December 2017

AbstractEmerging evidence indicates that a dynamic interplay between the immune system and adipocytes contributes to the disturbed homeostasis in adipose tissue of obese subjects. Recently, we observed IL‐6‐secretion by CD4+ T cells from the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of the infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) of knee osteoarthritis patients directly ex vivo. Here we show that human IL‐6+CD4+ T cells from SVF display a more activated phenotype than the IL‐6− T cells, as evidenced by the expression of the activation marker CD69. Analysis of cytokines secretion, as well as expression of chemokine receptors and transcription factors associated with different Th subsets (Treg, Th1, Th2, Th17 and Tfh) revealed that IL‐6‐secreting CD4+ T cells cannot be assigned to a conventional Th subset. TCRβ gene analysis revealed that IL‐6+ and IL‐6−CD4+ T cells appear clonally unrelated to each other, suggesting a different specificity of these cells. In line with these observations, adipocytes are capable of enhancing IL‐6 production by CD4+ T cells. Thus, IL‐6+CD4+ T cells are TCRαβ T cells expressing an activated phenotype potentially resulting from an interplay with adipocytes that could be involved in the inflammatory processes in the OA joint.
Electrochemical Characterization and Electrocatalytic Application of Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized with Different Stabilizing Agents
Authors: Sierra‐Rosales Paulina , Torres Rodrigo , Sepúlveda Carlos , Kogan Marcelo J. , Arturo Squella Juan 
Published: December 2017

AbstractGold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have unique properties, making them attractive for electronic and energy‐conversion devices and as (electro)catalysts for electrochemical sensors. In addition to the size and shape of AuNPs, the electrocatalytic properties of AuNP‐sensors are also determined by the stabilizing agent used in their synthesis. Here, AuNPs were synthesized with citrate, alginate and quercetin, obtaining spherical and negatively charged nanoparticles. The AuNPs were used to modify glassy carbon electrodes (AuNPs/GCE), which were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical techniques. The AuNPs/GCE showed aggregates of different sizes and degrees of dispersion on the electrode surface depending on the stabilizing agent. The AuNP's aggregates affect the homogeneity of the film, the reproducibility of the electrodes and their response in buffer solution. Finally, to evaluate the electrocatalytic ability of the AuNPs/GCE, we studied the oxidation of two analytes with opposite charges: (1) sunset yellow (negative) and (2) hydrazine (positive). Compared with GCE, the AuNPs/GCE showed good electrocatalytic properties for hydrazine, increasing the current up to 50 % and shifting the potential by almost 400 mV, depending on the AuNP used. For the negatively charged analyte, the current decreased up to 50 % and no shift in potential was observed. Thus, the electrocatalytic properties of the AuNPs showed to be highly dependent on the nature of the analyte.
Dual Amplified Electrochemical Immunosensor for Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen Detection Using Hemin/G‐Quadruplex Immobilized onto Fe3O4‐AuNPs or (Hemin‐Amino‐rGO‐Au) Nanohybrid
Authors: Alizadeh Negar , Hallaj Rahman , Salimi Abdollah 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA sensitive electrochemical immunosensor for Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) detection was fabricated based on hemin/G‐quadruplex interlaced onto Fe3O4‐AuNPs or hemin ‐amino‐reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite (H‐amino‐rGO‐Au). G‐quadruplex DNAzyme, which is composed of hemin and guanine‐rich nucleic acid, is an effective signal amplified tool for its outstanding peroxidase activity and Fe3O4‐AuNPs or (H‐amino‐rGO‐Au) nanocomposites with quasi‐enzyme activity provide appropriate support for the immobilization of hemin/G‐quadruplex. The target protein was sandwiched between the primary antibody immobilized on the GO and secondary antibody immobilized on the Fe3O4‐AuNPs or (H‐amino‐rGO‐Au) nanocomposites and glutaraldehyde was used as linking agent for the immobilization of primary antibody on the surface of GO. Both Fe3O4‐AuNPs and H‐amino‐rGO‐Au nanocomposite and also hemin/G‐quadruplex can cooperate the electrocatalytic reduction of H2O2 in the presence of methylene blue as mediator. The proposed immunosensor has a wide linear dynamic range of 0.1 pg/ml to 300 pg/ml with a detection limit of 60 fg/ml when Fe3O4‐AuNPs was used for immobilization of hemin/G‐quadruplex, while the dynamic range and DL were 0. 1–1000 pg/mL and 10 fg/mL, respectively in the presence of H‐amino‐rGO‐ Au nanocomposite as platform for immobilizing of hemin/G‐quadruplex. The proposed immunosensor was also used for analysis of HBsAg in spiked human serum samples with satisfactory results.
Biomolecular Release from Alginate‐modified Electrode Triggered by Chemical Inputs Processed through a Biocatalytic Cascade – Integration of Biomolecular Computing and Actuation
Authors: Okhokhonin Andrey V. , Domanskyi Sergii , Filipov Yaroslav , Gamella Maria , Kozitsina Alisa N. , Privman Vladimir , Katz Evgeny 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBiocatalytic cascades involving more than one or two enzyme‐catalyzed step are inefficient inside alginate hydrogel prepared on an electrode surface. The problem originates from slow diffusion of intermediate products through the hydrogel from one enzyme to another. However, enzyme activity can be improved by surface immobilization. We demonstrate that a complex cascade of four consecutive biocatalytic reactions can be designed, with the enzymes immobilized in an LBL‐assembled polymeric layer at the alginate‐modified electrode surface. The product, hydrogen peroxide, then induces dissolution of iron‐cross‐linked alginate, which results in release process of entrapped biomolecular species, here fluorescently marked oligonucleotides, denoted F‐DNA. The enzymatic cascade can be viewed as a biocomputing network of concatenated AND gates, activated by combinations of four chemical input signals, which trigger the release of F‐DNA. The reactions, and diffusion/release processes were investigated by means of theoretical modeling. A bottleneck reaction step associated with one of the enzymes was observed. The developed system provides a model for biochemical actuation triggered by a biocomputing network of reactions.
1500 years of lake sedimentation due to fire, earthquakes, floods and land clearance in the Oregon Coast Range: geomorphic sensitivity to floods during timber harvest period
Authors: Richardson K.N.D. , Hatten J.A. , Wheatcroft R.A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSediment cores retrieved from landslide‐dammed Loon Lake recorded events back to the 5th century AD in a forested, mountainous catchment, thereby providing an opportunity to compare the impacts of known recent perturbations, including floods and timber harvesting with those of an early period in the cores, floods, fires, and earthquakes. High‐resolution multi‐parameter (grain size, %TC, %TN, and magnetic susceptibility) data allowed the core stratigraphy to be classified as background sedimentation and events. 137Cs and radiocarbon dating, as well as a varved record in the last 75 years provided age control. Mean mass accumulation rate from 1939 to 1978 AD, the time of peak timber harvest and a cool wet phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, was 0.79 (0.74–0.92, 95% C.L.) g cm‐2 y‐1, significantly higher than mean rates of both the more recent contemporary period (coincident with the passing of the legislation that regulated harvesting practices in the region), 1979–2012 AD, at 0.58 (0.48‐0.70) and the entire early period, 0.44 (0.41–0.46). Several event deposits are coeval with independently estimated ages of eight Cascadia subduction zone earthquakes in the early period, including the 1700 AD Mw 9.0 event. These deposits are predominantly formed by hyperpycnal flows, as are the known event deposits in the contemporary period. The high mass accumulation rate and greater frequency of thick event deposits during the early contemporary period point to the extraordinary role of timber harvesting in priming the landscape for subsequent sedimentary delivery during floods. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immer dem Licht nach!
Authors: Kugler Sabine , Deuerling Steffi , Van Opdenbosch Daniel , Zollfrank Cordt 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAuf der Suche nach innovativen Wegen zur Materialsynthese führen Wissenschaftler verschiedenste Technologien und Ansätze zusammen – von Zucker produzierenden Einzellern über Bioschablonen bis zum 3‐D‐Druck. In ganz neuer Weise genutzt wird dabei die Sensitivität von Mikroorganismen wie Rotalgen oder Cyanobakterien.
Metasomatic alteration of volcanic‐sedimentary terrane in the Early Devonian: Implication for the formation of the Mengxi porphyry copper deposit, eastern Junggar, Central Asian Orogenic Belt
Authors: Zhang Haidong , Wang Dequan , Wang Ruimei , Liu Jianchao , Li Rongxi 
Published: December 2017

The Mengxi porphyry copper deposit, situated in the eastern Junggar, Central Asian Orogenic Belt, is not a typical porphyry copper deposit, and the origin of the deposit has been a topical debate for a decade. The ore bodies of the Mengxi porphyry copper deposit mainly developed in the volcanic‐sedimentary terrane (Huangcaopo Group) near a granite porphyry, with strong wall‐rock alteration as well as vertical zonation and fracture‐related vein fillings. The result of zircon U–Pb dating indicates that the granite porphyry was emplaced at 432.6 ± 6.7 Ma. The granite porphyry has relatively low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.70465–0.70537), high whole‐rock ƐNd(t) values (−2.2 to 6.6), and similar geochemical affinities of adakites and Andean island arc volcanic rocks, indicating that the Mengxi granite porphyry was derived from the partial melting of the upper mantle modified by slab‐derived fluids, with negligible assimilation of crust. Pyrites from the porphyry and volcanic‐sedimentary terrane have a similar δ34S and Pb isotopic compositions, indicating that different pyrites may have similar source. Based on the detailed field investigation, observed mineral assemblages, and crosscutting relationships, massive fine anhedral chalcopyrite and bornite disseminated in the Huangcaopo Formation, chalcopyrite as inclusion in pyrite veins in the contact zone, and the amount of Cu‐bearing minerals increased from terrane to veins have been recognized. All these observations reveal that the ore‐forming materials of the Mengxi copper deposit were mainly derived from the metasomatic alteration of the Huangcaopo Group triggered by the extensive Early Devonian tectonic‐magmatic events.
Sorting into payment schemes and medical treatment: A laboratory experiment
Authors: Brosig‐Koch Jeannette , Kairies‐Schwarz Nadja , Kokot Johanna 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn this study, we introduce the opportunity for physicians to sort into capitation or fee‐for‐service payment. Using a controlled medically framed laboratory experiment with a sequential within‐subject design allows isolating sorting from incentive effects. We observe a strong preference for fee‐for‐service payment, which does not depend on subjects' prior experience with one of the two payment schemes. Further, we identify a significant sorting effect. Subjects choosing capitation deviate ex ante less from patient‐optimal medical treatment than subjects who sort into fee‐for‐service payment. Particularly the latter become even less patient‐oriented after introducing the choice option. Consequently, the opportunity to choose between fee‐for‐service and capitation payment worsens patient treatment, if at all. Our results hold for medical and for nonmedical students.
Centralisation of acute stroke services in London: Impact evaluation using two treatment groups
Authors: Friebel Rocco , Hauck Katharina , Aylin Paul 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe bundling of clinical expertise in centralised treatment centres is considered an effective intervention to improve quality and efficiency of acute stroke care. In 2010, 8 London Trusts were converted into Hyper Acute Stroke Units. The intention was to discontinue acute stroke services in 22 London hospitals. However, in reality, provision of services declined only gradually, and 2 years later, 15% of all patients were still treated in Trusts without a Hyper Acute Stroke Unit. This study evaluates the impact of centralising London's stroke care on 7 process and outcome indicators using a difference‐in‐difference analysis with two treatment groups, Hyper Acute and discontinued London Trusts, and data on all stroke patients recorded in the hospital episode statistics database from April 2006 to April 2014. The policy resulted in improved thrombolysis treatment and lower rates of pneumonia in acute units. However, 6 indicators worsened in the Trusts that were meant to discontinue services, including deaths within 7 and 30 days, readmissions, brain scan rates, and thrombolysis treatment. The reasons for these results are difficult to uncover and could be related to differences in patient complexity, data recording, or quality of care. The findings highlight that actual implementation of centralisation policies needs careful monitoring and evaluation.
Yarning quiet ways: Aboriginal carers’ views on talking to youth about sexuality and relationships
Authors: Vujcich Daniel , Lyford Marilyn , Bellottie Chontarle , Bessarab Dawn , Thompson Sandra 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIssue addressedResearch suggests that young Indigenous people want carers to take a more active role in discussions about sexual health. The aim of this study was to ascertain carers’ perspectives of: the importance of providing young people with information about sex and sexual health; what they want young people to know about sex and sexual health; and facilitators and barriers to discussing sex and sexual health with youth.MethodsThirteen focus groups and three interviews were conducted with 81 carers in four rural and urban regions of Western Australia. Data were coded using a thematic approach, analysed using inductive Framework Analysis, and interpreted using the Aboriginal Family Wellbeing Model of Empowerment.ResultsMany participants recognised the need for talking with young people about sex, and said they drew upon resources such as books, pamphlets and television and used humour to impart lessons. However, a large proportion of participants reported difficulties in educating youth about sex. Participants noted that colonisation had disrupted traditional structures for educating young people, and that sex was a challenging topic. The forced removal of children had interfered with Indigenous family structures and deprived some participants of the opportunity to acquire knowledge and skills from their own parents.ConclusionsOur findings emphasise the potential role of culture and empowerment in further improving outcomes related to relationships and sexual health. There is a need for more research into models of culturally‐empowering, family‐centred strategies for improving the sexual literacy of Indigenous youth.