bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mitotic Activity in Juvenile Benign Nevi
Authors: Brown Megan Anne , Tallon Ben 
Published: July 2016

Abstract:
Melanocytic nevi are submitted for histological evaluation primarily to exclude a malignant process. Mitotic figures are one of the factors used in this assessment. However, there is a lack of data on mitotic activity in juvenile benign nevi. The authors assessed 114 cases of benign melanocytic nevi in children aged 0–15 (inclusive) years old by counting the mitoses present in 2 sections of hematoxylin and eosin–stained tissue. The authors then calculated the proportion of cases in which mitotic activity was present, and the average number of mitoses per case for each age group to get the mitotic rate. The authors found that there was at least 1 mitoses present in 40.4% of cases, and that the mitotic rate decreases in older children compared with younger children. This highlights the need for careful consideration of the significance of a mitotic figure in juvenile pigmented lesions, to ensure the lesion is not overinterpreted as malignant.
Do Cancer-Related Beliefs Influence the Severity, Incidence, and Persistence of Psychological Symptoms?
Authors: Desautels Caroline , Trudel-Fitzgerald Claudia , Ruel Sophie , Ivers Hans , Savard Josée 
Published: July 2016

Background:
Previous studies have suggested that negative beliefs about cancer may impair patients’ psychological well-being, but only a few of these studies focused on specific psychological symptoms, and many were cross-sectional.

Objective:
The aim of this study was to investigate longitudinally the relationship of cancer-related cognitions with the severity, incidence, and persistence of anxiety, fear of cancer recurrence, depression, and insomnia symptoms during an 18-month period.

Methods:
Patients scheduled to undergo surgery for cancer (N = 962) completed a questionnaire assessing cancer-related cognitions at baseline (T1), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the severity subscale of the Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory, and the Insomnia Severity Index at baseline (T1) and 2 (T2), 6 (T3), 10 (T4), 14 (T5), and 18 (T6) months later.

Results:
Group × time factorial analyses using mixed models revealed that participants endorsing more negative cancer-related cognitions consistently reported more severe symptoms throughout the 18-month period. Logistic regression analyses suggested that endorsing more negative cancer-related cognitions at T1 significantly increased incidence and persistence rates of clinical levels of psychological symptoms.

Conclusions:
These findings suggest that the endorsement of negative cancer-related beliefs at the perioperative period influences the longitudinal evolution of anxiety, fear of cancer recurrence, depression, and insomnia symptoms in the following months.

Implications for Practice:
These results highlight the relevance of using cognitive restructuring early during the cancer care trajectory to potentially revise erroneous beliefs about cancer and prevent the incidence and persistence of psychological disturbances over time.
Effect of Botulinum Toxin Type A on TGF-β/Smad Pathway Signaling: Implications for Silicone-Induced Capsule Formation
Authors: Kim Sena , Ahn Moonsang , Piao Yibo , Ha Yooseok , Choi Dae-Kyoung , Yi Min-Hee , Shin Nara , Kim Dong Woon , Oh Sang-Ha 
Published: July 2016

Background:
One of the most serious complications of breast surgery using implants is capsular contracture. Several preventive treatments have been introduced; however, the mechanism of capsule formation has not been resolved completely. The authors previously identified negative effects of botulinum toxin type A on capsule formation, expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. Thus, the authors investigated how to prevent capsule formation by using botulinum toxin type A, particularly by means of TGF-β1 signaling, in human fibroblasts.

Methods:
In vitro, cultured human fibroblasts were treated with TGF-β1 and/or botulinum toxin type A. Expression of collagen, matrix metalloproteinase, and Smad was examined by Western blotting. The activation of matrix metalloproteinase was observed by gelatin zymography. In vivo, the effect of botulinum toxin type A on the phosphorylation of Smad2 in silicone-induced capsule formation was evaluated by immunocytochemistry.

Results:
In vitro, the phosphorylation of Smad2 was inhibited by botulinum toxin type A treatment. The expression levels of collagen types 1 and 3 were inhibited by botulinum toxin type A treatment, whereas those of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 were enhanced. Gelatin zymography experiments confirmed enhanced matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity in collagen degradation. In vivo, botulinum toxin type A treatment reduced capsule thickness and Smad2 phosphorylation in silicone-induced capsules.

Conclusion:
This study suggests that botulinum toxin type A plays an important role in the inhibition of capsule formation through the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, V.
Autologous Fat Grafting for Pedal Fat Pad Atrophy: A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Gusenoff Jeffrey A. , Mitchell Ryan T. , Jeong Kwonho , Wukich Dane K. , Gusenoff Beth R. 
Published: July 2016

Background:Pedal fat pad atrophy is associated with pain, decreased tissue thickness, and increased foot pressures. To date, no objective studies investigating the use of fat grafting to the forefoot have been performed. The authors hypothesize that pedal fat grafting can reduce pain, increase tissue thickness, and decrease pedal pressures.Methods:A prospective randomized study was performed to assess tissue thickness, pain, and foot pressures. Group 1 underwent fat grafting immediately with 1-year follow-up, and group 2 underwent conservative management for 1 year.Results:Thirteen patients (two men and 11 women) constituted group 1 and 12 patients (four men and eight women) constituted group 2. Ten patients in group 1 underwent bilateral injections with a mean volume of 4.8 cc per foot. Mean follow-up time was 11.1 ± 5.4 months for group 1 and 13.8 ± 4.2 months for group 2. At 1 year, group 1 demonstrated improved foot function (p= 0.022), pain (p= 0.022), and work/leisure activities (p= 0.021). Group 1 had no change in tissue thickness, whereas in group 2, the right third metatarsal tissue thickness decreased significantly (p= 0.036). Foot pressures in group 1 did not improve; however, group 2 had a significant increase in left foot pressure (p= 0.011). When comparing the groups at 1 year, group 2 had significantly higher foot pressures and forces than group 1 (p< 0.05).Conclusions:Pedal fat grafting significantly improves pain and disability outcomes, and prevents against worsening foot pressures. Future analysis will reveal whether fat grafting has lasting efficacy.CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:Therapeutic, II.
Metabolic Syndrome After HIV Acquisition in South African Women
Authors: Sobieszczyk Magdalena E. , Werner Lise , Mlisana Koleka , Naicker Nivashnee , Feinstein Addi , Gray Clive M. , Masson Lindi , Passmore Jo-Ann S. , Williamson Carolyn , Abdool Karim Quarraisha , Abdool Karim Salim S. , Garrett Nigel J. 
Published: July 2016

Background:
Noncommunicable diseases are common among chronically infected patients with HIV in the developed world, but little is known about these conditions in African cohorts. We assessed the epidemiology of metabolic syndrome among young South African women during the first 3 years after HIV acquisition.

Methods:
A total of 160 women were followed prospectively in the CAPRISA 002 Acute Infection study. Metabolic syndrome was defined as a constellation of hyperlipidemia, hypertension, hyperglycemia/diabetes, and abdominal obesity. Time trends were assessed using generalized estimation equation models.

Results:
Median age was 24 years and body mass index 27 kg/m2. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome at infection was 8.7% increasing to 19.2% over 36 months (P = 0.001). The proportion of women with body mass index >30 kg/m2 increased from 34.4% to 47.7% (P = 0.004), those with abnormal waist circumference and elevated blood pressure increased from 33.5% to 44.3% (P = 0.060) and 23.8% to 43.9% (P < 0.001), respectively. Incidence of metabolic syndrome was 9.13/100 person-years (95% CI: 6.02 to 13.28). Predictors of metabolic syndrome were age (per year increase odds ratio (OR) = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.16), time postinfection (per year OR = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.12 to 1.92), family history of diabetes (OR = 3.13; 95% CI: 1.71 to 5.72), and the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*81:01 allele (OR = 2.95; 95% CI: 1.21 to 7.17), whereas any HLA-B*57 or B*58:01 alleles were protective (OR = 0.34; 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.77). HIV-1 RNA (OR = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.62 to 1.27) and CD4 count (OR = 1.03; 95% CI: 0.95 to 1.11) did not predict metabolic syndrome.

Conclusions:
The high burden of metabolic conditions in young South African HIV-infected women highlights the need to integrate noncommunicable disease and HIV care programs. Interventions to prevent cardiovascular disease must start at HIV diagnosis, rather than later during the disease course.
Optimizing Infant HIV Diagnosis in Resource-Limited Settings: Modeling the Impact of HIV DNA PCR Testing at Birth
Authors: Chiu Alexander , Modi Surbhi , Rivadeneira Emilia D. , Koumans Emilia H. 
Published: July 2016

Background:
Early antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in HIV-infected infants significantly improves survival but is often delayed in resource-limited settings. Adding HIV testing of infants at birth to the current recommendation of testing at age 4–6 weeks may improve testing rates and decrease time to ART initiation. We modeled the benefit of adding HIV testing at birth to the current 6-week testing algorithm.

Methods:
Microsoft Excel was used to create a decision-tree model of the care continuum for the estimated 1,400,000 HIV-infected women and their infants in sub-Saharan Africa in 2012. The model assumed average published rates for facility births (42.9%), prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission utilization (63%), mother-to-child-transmission rates based on prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission regimen (5%–40%), return of test results (41%), enrollment in HIV care (52%), and ART initiation (54%). We conducted sensitivity analyses to model the impact of key variables and applied the model to specific country examples.

Results:
Adding HIV testing at birth would increase the number of infants on ART by 204% by age 18 months. The greatest increase is seen in early ART initiations (543% by age 3 months). The increase would lead to a corresponding increase in survival at 12 months of age, with 5108 fewer infant deaths (44,550, versus 49,658).

Conclusion:
Adding HIV testing at birth has the potential to improve the number and timing of ART initiation of HIV-infected infants, leading to a decrease in infant mortality. Using this model, countries should investigate a combination of HIV testing at birth and during the early infant period.
Inosine Triphosphate Pyrophosphohydrolase Expression: Decreased in Leukocytes of HIV-Infected Patients Using Combination Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Peltenburg N. Chantal , Leers Mathie P. G. , Bakker Jaap A. , Lowe Selwyn H. , Vroemen Wim H. M. , Paulussen Aimée D. C. , van den Bosch Bianca J. C. , Bierau Jörgen , Verbon Annelies 
Published: July 2016

Objective:
In HIV-infected patients, the enzyme Inosine triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase (ITPase), involved in purine nucleotide homeostasis, was found to be decreased in erythrocytes. Since purine analogues are pivotal in the HIV treatment, a better understanding of ITPase expression in CD4+ lymphocytes may lead to better understanding of nucleotide metabolism and (adverse) effects.

Design:
Cross-sectional, cohort, observational study.

Methods:
HIV-infected and control patients above 18 years were included. All DNA samples were genotyped for the 2 functional ITPA SNPs; c.94C>A (rs1127354) and g.IVS+21A>C (rs7270101). ITPase expression was determined by flow cytometry in all leukocyte subsets.

Results:
Fifty-nine HIV-infected patients and 50 controls were included. Leukocyte subtype distribution showed no difference in monocytes and granulocytes, but lymphocytes were higher in HIV-infected patients (P < 0.001). ITPase expression was highest in activated monocytes and lowest in lymphocytes. In HIV-infected patients, the percentage of ITPase positive cells was less in all leukocyte and lymphocyte subsets compared with controls (P < 0.01). In HIV-infected patients, 97.4% of CD4+ lymphocytes were ITPase positive versus 99.9% in controls (P = 0.002) and 85.9% versus 99.6% of CD8+ lymphocytes (P < 0.0001), respectively. Stratification according to genotype revealed no significant differences in ITPase expression in leukocytes in HIV-infected and control patients.

Conclusions:
HIV-infection seems to be interfering with the nucleotide metabolism in leukocytes, including CD4+ lymphocytes, by decreasing ITPase expression, independently of ITPA genotype. Given that active metabolites of purine-analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors are potential substrates for ITPase, these results warrant further research towards effectiveness and adverse events of purine analogues and ITPase activity.
Research Registries: A Tool to Advance Understanding of Rare Neuro-Ophthalmic Diseases
Authors: Blankshain Kimberly D. , Moss Heather E. 
Published: July 2016

Background:
Medical research registries (MRR) are organized systems used to collect, store, and analyze patient information. They are important tools for medical research with particular application to the study of rare diseases, including those seen in neuro-ophthalmic practice.

Evidence Acquisition:
Evidence for this review was gathered from the writers' experiences creating a comprehensive neuro-ophthalmology registry and review of the literature.

Results:
MRR are typically observational and prospective databases of de-identified patient information. The structure is flexible and can accommodate a focus on specific diseases or treatments, surveillance of patient populations, physician quality improvement, or recruitment for future studies. They are particularly useful for the study of rare diseases. They can be integrated into the hierarchy of medical research at many levels provided their construction is well organized and they have several key characteristics including an easily manipulated database, comprehensive information on carefully selected patients, and comply with human subjects regulations. MRR pertinent to neuro-ophthalmology include the University of Illinois at Chicago neuro-ophthalmology registry, Susac Syndrome Registry, Intracranial Hypertension Registry, and larger-scale patient outcome registries being developed by professional societies.

Conclusion:
MRR have a variety of forms and applications. With careful planning and clear goals, they are flexible and powerful research tools that can support multiple different study designs, and this can provide the potential to advance understanding and care of neuro-ophthalmic diseases.
Are foundation species effects different than those of dominant species? A case study of ant assemblages in northeastern North American forests
Authors: Record Sydne , McCabe Tempest , Baiser Benjamin , Ellison Aaron M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFoundation species uniquely control associated biodiversity through non-trophic effects, whereas dominant species are locally abundant but are replaceable in ecological systems. Long-term data on ant assemblages at the Harvard Forest Hemlock Removal Experiment (HF-HeRE) and the Black Rock Future of Oak Forests Experiment (BRF-FOFE) provide insights into how ant assemblages change and reassemble following the loss of a foundation species (Tsuga canadensis) or a dominant genus (Quercus). At HF-HeRE, removal ofT. canadensistrees resulted in taxonomic and functional shifts in ant assemblages relative to control stands. In contrast, ant assemblages at BRF-FOFE varied little regardless of whether oaks or non-oaks were removed from the canopy. Non-trophic effects of foundation species were stronger than indirect trophic effects on taxonomic and functional diversity of ant assemblages. In contrast, non-trophic effects of dominant species were weaker than indirect trophic effects on ant taxonomic diversity and some measures of ant functional diversity.Statement of authorshipA.M. Ellison and S. Record conceived the study. A.M. Ellison, T. 17 McCabe, and S. Record collected field data. T. McCabe and S. Record did the taxonomic diversity analyses. B. Baiser and S. Record did the functional diversity analyses. All authors contributed to drafts of the manuscript.Data accessibilityAll data (i.e., ant and trait) and R code are available from the Harvard Forest Data Archive (http://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data-archive), datasets HF-118 (HF-HeRE) and HF-097 (BRF-FOFE). Nomenclature follows Bolton (2016); voucher specimens are stored at the Harvard Forest and at the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Chaotic provinces in the kingdom of the Red Queen
Authors: Schenk Hanna , Traulsen Arne , Gokhale Chaitanya S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe interplay between parasites and their hosts is found in all kinds of species and plays an important role in understanding the principles of evolution and coevolution. Usually, the different genotypes of hosts and parasites oscillate in their abundances. The well-established theory of oscillatory Red Queen dynamics proposes an ongoing change in frequencies of the different types within each species. So far, it is unclear in which way Red Queen dynamics persists with more than two types of hosts and parasites. In our analysis, an arbitrary number of types within two species are examined in a deterministic framework with constant or changing population size. This general framework allows for analytical solutions for internal fixed points and their stability. For more than two species, apparently chaotic dynamics has been reported. Here we show that even for two species, once more than two types are considered per species, irregular dynamics in their frequencies can be observed in the long run. The nature of the dynamics depends strongly on the initial configuration of the system; the usual regular Red Queen oscillations are only observed in some parts of the parameter region.
Decoupling sensory from decisional choice biases in perceptual decision making
Authors: Linares Daniel , Aguilar-Lleyda David , López-Moliner Joan 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTThe contribution of sensory and decisional processes to perceptual decision making is still unclear, even in simple perceptual tasks. When decision makers need to select an action from a set of balanced alternatives, any tendency to choose one alternative more often— choice bias—is consistent with a bias in the sensory evidence, but also with a preference to select that alternative independently of the sensory evidence. To decouple sensory from decisional biases, here we asked humans to perform a simple perceptual discrimination task with two symmetric alternatives under two different task instructions. The instructions varied the response mapping between perception and the category of the alternatives. We found that from 32 participants, 30 exhibited sensory biases and 15 decisional biases. The decisional biases were consistent with a criterion change in a simple signal detection theory model. Perceptual decision making, thus, even in simple scenarios, is affected by sensory and decisional choice biases.IMPACT STATEMENTPerceptual decision making, even in simple scenarios, is affected by sensory and decisional choice biases.
Lateral pressure profile in bent lipid membranes and mechanosensitive channels gating
Authors: Drozdova Anna A. , Mukhin Sergei I. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis review describes the analytical calculation of lateral pressure profile in the hydrophobic part of the lipid bilayer with finite curvature based on previously developed microscopic model for lipid hydrocarbon chains. According to this theory the energy per unit chain is represented as energy of flexible string (Euler’s elastic beam of finite thickness) and interaction between chains is considered as an entropic repulsion. This microscopic theory allows to obtain expression for lateral pressure distribution in bent bilayer if treating a bending as a small deviation from the flat membrane conformation and using perturbation theory. Because lateral pressure distribution is related to elastic properties of lipid bilayer then the first moment of lateral pressure and the expression for bending modulus may be derived from this theoretical model. Finally one can estimate the energy difference between two various conformational states of mechanosensitive channel embedded into the bilayer with pressure profile Пt(z).
Towards an emotional stress test: a reliable, non-subjective cognitive measure of anxious responding
Authors: Aylward Jessica , Robinson Oliver J 
Published: July 2016

AbstractResponse to stress is a key factor in mood and anxiety disorder aetiology. Current measures of stress-response are limited because they largely rely on retrospective self-report. Objectively quantifying individual differences in stress response would be a valuable step towards improving our understanding of disorder vulnerability. Our goal is to develop a reliable, objective, within-subject probe of stress response. To this end, we examined stress-potentiated performance on an inhibitory control task from baseline to 2-4 weeks (n=50) and again after 5-9 months (n=22) as well as examining population measures for a larger sample (n=165). Replicating previous findings, threat of shock improved distractor accuracy and slowed target reaction time on this task. Critically, both within-subject self-report measures of stress (ICC=0.74) and stress-potentiated task performance (ICC=0.58) showed clinically useful test-retest reliability. Threat-potentiated task performance may therefore hold promise as a non-subjective measure of individual stress-reactivity.
Making the case for manager delegation of authority
Authors: Lyons Paul R. 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present some of the foundational characteristics of the effective delegation of authority. Taken from a broad array of research and opinion, the fundamental aspects are given clear exposition.

Design/methodology/approach
Addressed in this paper are several areas that establish the basis for effective delegation to include the psychology of delegation, potential benefits, delegation and high performance human resource management practices, and fears of actually delegating authority.

Findings
Findings are grounded on actual practices which have been researched. There is a “science” to manager delegation of authority, and the critical information about how to delegate is presented.

Originality/value
This work gives shape to the actions that help to create effective delegation. There are many benefits that accrue from effective delegation, and these benefits are often under-represented.