bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Posttraumatic Hydrocephalus: Risk Factors, Treatment Modalities, and Prognosis
Authors: Yerramneni Vamsi , Kotha Vamsi 
Published: October 2017

Background Posttraumatic hydrocephalus (PTH) is a rare clinicopathological entity seen as a sequel of head injury (HI). The described incidence in literature is 7 to 29%.
Aims and Objectives To study the incidence, risk factors, treatment options, and prognosis.
Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed our HI database from our institution and identified patients with PTH. The data were obtained from the case files, radiologic records, telephonic interviews, and letters.
Results PTH was diagnosed in 32 patients with mean age being 33.7 ± 16.0 years. Severe HI was present in 22(68.75%) patients, and all of them underwent decompressive craniectomy (DC). Remaining patients had either cranial base repair for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak or conservative management. Average duration for development of PTH after the HI was 11.05 ± 0.58 months in DC group and 17.0 ± 1.25 months in the non-DC group. Patients were treated by CSF diversion (ventriculoperitoneal [VP] or thecoperitoneal shunt) and lumbar subarachnoid drainage in the perioperative period of cranioplasty. Average interval between DC and cranioplasty was 6.21 ± 14.0 months. Mean follow-up was 72.23 ± 0.67 months and observed mortality was 32%. Statistical analysis showed correlation between severity of HI, DC, and development of PTH. DC also had correlation with early development of PTH.
Conclusion The incidence of PTH is low and the etiology is multifactorial. Severe HI, DC, and delayed cranioplasty (>6 months) are associated with higher chances of PTH development. Though VP shunt placement is the established treatment modality, temporary lumbar subarachnoid drain placement in perioperative period of cranioplasty in selected cases is an option.
Step-Ladder Expansive Cranioplasty: A Study on a Cadaveric Model
Authors: Sengupta Sudip , Tandon Sanjeev , Sahi Indra 
Published: October 2017

AbstractNotwithstanding the ongoing debates on the necessity, indication, extent, and technique of achieving decompressive hemicraniectomy (DC), any procedure that can deliver the envisaged advantages of a DC, without having to take up the patient for a second surgery in the form of cranioplasty, can be of a great advantage in situations in which DC is being used.Step-ladder expansive cranioplasty has been proposed as an effective single-step alternative to DC and cranioplasty at a later date, resulting in a fixed but assured volume augmentation. Recently, a case report has emerged documenting a successfully managed case of acute subdural hematoma (SDH) using this technique. In the present in vitro study, an attempt has been made to evaluate different variants of step-ladder expansive cranioplasty constructs using cadaver and clay models.The findings suggest that the cranial volume expansion in step-ladder expansive cranioplasty is not dependent solely on the patient's skull bone thickness. If the clinical trials prove the procedure to be safe, it can be used at one end, as an alternative to preserving the bone flap at another site prior to cranioplasty, and as a complete one-stage alternative to DC and cranioplasty at a later date, on the other.
Anterior Encephalocele and Its Association with MTHFR Polymorphisms: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Dutta Hemonta , Borbora Debasish , Baruah Mauchumi , Narain Kanwar 
Published: October 2017

Background Neural tube defects (NTDs) are thought to be associated with genetic defects and environmental factors. This study aims to determine the association of MTHFR gene polymorphisms and maternal body mass index (BMI) with anterior encephalocele (AE).
Methods Blood samples of 20 patients (out of 41 children) were available for genetic analysis. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood samples using Wizard genomic DNA purification kit. The MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms genotyping protocols were adapted from Cicek et al. Eighty-two age- (1–14 years) and sex-matched apparently healthy children were taken as controls. We assessed the nutritional status of all the volunteers by measuring their BMI and then classified according to WHO BMI cutoff points.
Results Nasofrontal AE was seen mostly among the female cases while among males, nasoethmoidal AE was predominant. We observed a weak association between MTHFR 677CT genotype and AE. In the case of MTHFR A1298C, both the 1298AC and 1298CC genotypes increased the risk of acquiring AE by several folds. Multivariate analysis revealed that both 1298AC and 1298CC genotypes increased the risk of acquiring AE. However, only 1298AC was significantly associated with the risk of AE. The study also showed significantly low BMI among the children and their mothers.
Conclusion There is a strong association between MTHFR A1298C polymorphism and the risk of anterior encephalocele in this community. The C677T polymorphism, however, did not constitute a genetic risk factor in this study. Children with AE also had significantly low BMI.
Royal language and reported discourse in sixteenth-century correspondence
Authors: Evans Mel 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This paper investigates the formal and functional dimensions of reported discourse in sixteenth-century correspondence. It focuses on how letter-writers report the utterances – spoken, thought and written – of high-status sources (namely, the king or queen), in order to assess how the early modern reporting system compares with the present-day equivalent. The early modern values of authenticity, verbatim reporting and verbal authority are examined. The results taken from the Parsed Corpus of Early English Correspondence (PCEEC) suggest that early modern writers prefer to present royal language using indirect reports with semi-conventionalised linguistic features that clearly mark the authority of the source. Only an elite few, associated with the Court, use direct speech. The paper suggests that reporting practices distinguish between speech and writing, with the latter showing nascent signs of anxiety over verbatim reporting. I argue that these trends arise from the larger cultural shift from oral to written records taking place throughout the early modern period.
Colloquialization in journalistic writing
Authors: Rühlemann Christoph , Hilpert Martin 
Published: October 2017

AbstractRecent analyses of written text types have discovered significant frequency increases of colloquial or conversational elements, such as contractions, personal pronouns, questions or the progressive. This trend is often referred to as colloquialization. This paper presents a new perspective on colloquialization, with a special focus on the discourse markerwell. The paper is divided into two parts. In the first part, we present new evidence of colloquialization on the basis of the TIME Magazine Corpus (Davies 2007), which allows analyses of diachronic change in recent written American English. The focus of our analysis is on highly frequent “inserts” (Biber et al. 1999: 56), which are elements such as discourse markers (e.g.,wellandoh), backchannels (yeah, uh-huh, etc.), and hesitators (uhandum, etc.). We conclude that inserts significantly increase diachronically in TIME. In the second part of the paper, we focus on the elementwellin its function as a discourse marker. Through a combination of quantitative and qualitative analytical steps, we analyze its diachronic development in terms of its structural contexts and its pragmatic functions, fleshing out how the process of colloquialization has affected its usage in recent written American English. We argue that the integration of corpus linguistic and pragmatic methods in this case study represents a new step towards the field of corpus pragmatics, that is, “the rapprochement between corpus linguistics and pragmatics and an integration of their key methodologies” (Rühlemann and Aijmer 2014: 23).
How the initiation and resolution of repair sequences act as a device for the co-construction of membership and identity
Authors: Huensch Amanda 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis conversation analytic paper investigates how speakers self-position or are other-positioned as members of a certain social group (e.g., competent speakers of a language) through other-initiated repair. Findings illustrate the complexity of linguistic membership categories by demonstrating that they continually shift depending on local interactional goals and documenting how shifts are accomplished. The different levels and types of linguistic and cultural knowledge that are invoked in instances of repair on specific lexical items demonstrate the complexity of linguistic membership categorization, and this indicates a need to problematize the use of a priori and overly-vague labels like ‘non-native speaker’. Findings contribute to our understanding of the functions of other-initiated repair and the mechanisms of co-constructing membership (categorization) and thus social identity in interaction. They also raise questions about the relationship between amounts and types of knowledge and further our understanding of the construction of expert/novice categories via knowledge displays and negotiation.
“Are men sexually harassed?”
Authors: Mueni Joy , Clifton Jonathan 
Published: October 2017

AbstractSinceMacKinnon’s (1979)ground-breaking work in which she coined the term sexual harassment, there has been very little consensus as to what it actually is. Using callers’ stories of male sexual harassment taken from Kenyan talk radio, the purpose of this paper is to analyse the in situ production of an emic definition of (male) sexual harassment. Further, using positioning theory as a methodology, this paper aims (1) to make visible the gendered identity work that defining, or not defining, an event as male sexual harassment occasions and (2) to show how hegemonic masculinity is achieved through stories and their evaluation by the radio host and other callers who talk certain masculinities into being as normative and others as deviant.
Experiencing the interpreter’s role
Authors: Hokkanen Sari 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis paper proposes an affective approach to examining the interpreter’s role. More specifically, it suggests that, by considering the interpreters’ subjective feelings of involvement and detachment related to an interpreted event, we can examine the ways in which their role is constructed, within and through a combination of personal, social, and material factors related to the setting and the interpreter’s working conditions. As an example, I take the case of simultaneous interpreting in two religious settings, which I have studied with autoethnography. Thus, I analyze my experiences of interpreting in two religious settings and contrast these experiences to an “ideal” model of the interpreter’s role in such settings: that of the fully involved participant. The analysis indicates that, while an internalized ideal model of role may provide a point of reference for reflection, the actual experience of role emerges in a complicated interaction between personal, social, and material aspects.
Socio-technical issues in professional translation practice
Authors: Ehrensberger-Dow Maureen , Massey Gary 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAccording to the International Ergonomics Association, a focus on organizational ergonomics recognizes that people work within socio-technical systems that encompass tools, equipment, and computer interfaces as well as other actors in their professional environment and networks. In recent research, we have started investigating such socio-technical factors from an ergonomic perspective. Observations at professional workplaces, responses to questionnaires, and in-depth interviews with translators suggest that their perceived self-determination is more important to the success of socio-technical change than the technological developments themselves. A lack of involvement in decision-making at the workflow level may explain why so many translators have been resistant to taking new technology on board. We discuss how a feedback culture could mitigate many socio-technical issues by giving translators a voice in change and empowering them to contribute to organizational learning and growth.
Knowing in translation practice
Authors: Olohan Maeve 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis paper addresses the relationship between practice and knowledge in translation. It employs practice theory to conceptualize ‘knowing-in-practice’, introducing a theoretical approach to translation studies that enables an analytical focus on the practice of translating, rather than on the cognitive processes of translators or the textual features of translations. Against this practice-theoretical backdrop, knowing is construed as an emergent phenomenon that is sited in translation practice. Drawing on an empirical analysis of translating in a research organization, the paper then illustrates how this situated and embodied knowing is materially and discursively mediated and transpires in translation practice. Through its interdisciplinary approach, this research offers new sociological perspectives on the human and material interdependencies constituting translation in the workplace.
War and cultural heritage: the case of religious monuments.
Authors: Mylonopoulos D. , Moira P. , Kikilia K. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract

This chapter outlines the various international agreements, treaties and legal frameworks governing the treatment of cultural sites in general and religious sites in particular, during times of war. The chapter highlights cases where the destruction of religious sites has been punished by international war tribunals, but equally it notes systematic international weaknesses in site protection; for example, whereby internal disputes in countries do not involve international conflict and thus are not in violation of agreed regulations.
Finite Distortion Sobolev Mappings between Manifolds are Continuous
Authors: Goldstein Paweł , Hajłasz Piotr , Reza Pakzad Mohammad 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWe prove that if $M$ and $N$ are Riemannian, oriented $n$-dimensional manifolds without boundary and additionally $N$ is compact, then Sobolev mappings in $W^{1,n}(M,N)$ of finite distortion are continuous. In particular, $W^{1,n}(M,N)$ mappings with almost everywhere positive Jacobian are continuous. This result has been known since 1976 in the case of mappings in $W^{1,n}(\Omega,{\mathbb R}^n)$, where $\Omega\subset{\mathbb R}^n$ is an open set. The case of mappings between manifolds is much more difficult.
Viruses
Authors: Török M. Estée , Cooke Fiona J. , Moran Ed 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of viruses, starting with the basics of virology, before moving on to a systematic overview of each virus, covering important aspects of epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features of infection, diagnosis, and treatment and prevention. This chapter also includes prion disease, even if the causative agent is not a virus.
Sexually transmitted infections
Authors: Török M. Estée , Cooke Fiona J. , Moran Ed 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This chapter covers the diagnosis and management of sexually transmitted infections, including bacterial vaginosis, with causes including vaginal discharge, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. The chapter also covers vulvovaginal candidiasis, genital warts or anogenital warts caused by human papillomavirus, tropical genital ulceration (which is commoner in patients presenting with sexually transmitted infections in the developing world and is an important factor in the spread of HIV), genital herpes, pelvic inflammatory disease, toxic shock syndrome, gonorrhoea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, and syphilis.
Pregnancy and childhood
Authors: Török M. Estée , Cooke Fiona J. , Moran Ed 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This chapter covers congenital infections, maternal infections associated with neonatal morbidity, management of rash contact in pregnancy, rash illnesses in pregnancy, prevention of congenital and perinatal infections, chorioamnionitis, puerperal sepsis, neonatal sepsis, viral causes of childhood illness, enteroviral infections, and bacterial causes of childhood illness.
Quantifying the impact of mergers on the angular momentum of simulated galaxies
Authors: Lagos Claudia del P. , Stevens Adam R. H. , Bower Richard G. , Davis Timothy A. , Contreras Sergio , Padilla Nelson D. , Obreschkow Danail , Croton Darren , Trayford James W. , Welker Charlotte , Theuns Tom 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWe use eagle to quantify the effect galaxy mergers have on the stellar specific angular momentum of galaxies, jstars. We split mergers into dry (gas-poor)/wet (gas-rich), major/minor and different spin alignments and orbital parameters. Wet (dry) mergers have an average neutral gas-to-stellar mass ratio of 1.1 (0.02), while major (minor) mergers are those with stellar mass ratios ≥0.3 (0.1–0.3). We correlate the positions of galaxies in the jstars–stellar mass plane at z = 0 with their merger history, and find that galaxies of low spins suffered dry mergers, while galaxies of normal/high spins suffered predominantly wet mergers, if any. The radial jstars profiles of galaxies that went through dry mergers are deficient by ≈0.3 dex at r ≲ 10 r50 (with r50 being the half-stellar mass radius), compared to galaxies that went through wet mergers. Studying the merger remnants reveals that dry mergers reduce jstars by ≈30 per cent, while wet mergers increase it by ≈10 per cent, on average. The latter is connected to the build-up of the bulge by newly formed stars of high rotational speed. Moving from minor to major mergers accentuates these effects. When the spin vectors of the galaxies prior to the dry merger are misaligned, jstars decreases by a greater magnitude, while in wet mergers corotation and high orbital angular momentum efficiently spun-up galaxies. We predict what would be the observational signatures in the jstars profiles driven by dry mergers: (i) shallow radial profiles and (ii) profiles that rise beyond ≈10 r50, both of which are significantly different from spiral galaxies.
Caring for Cows in a Time of Rinderpest: Non-academic Veterinary Practitioners in the County of Flanders, 1769–1785
Authors: Van Roosbroeck Filip 
Published: October 2017

Summary
Non-academically trained practitioners of early modern veterinary medicine are still commonly described in decidedly unflattering terms; their practices often conceived of as folkloristic or otherwise static and unchanging. This article examines a group of such veterinary practitioners in the county of Flanders, known as cow masters. It argues that the medicine they practised was theoretically sophisticated and in line with contemporary mainstream medicine, while they made use of a variety of newly available chemical and exotic remedies. It is postulated that these newer remedies augmented the market for specialised practitioners, which has important implications for the history of medicine as a whole.
Geographic Variance of Cost Associated With Hysterectomy
Authors: Sheyn David , Mahajan Sangeeta , Billow Megan , Fleary Alexandra , Hayashi Emi , El-Nashar Sherif A. 
Published: October 2017

(Abstracted from Obstet Gynecol 2017;129:844–853)
With recent changes in access to health care services and the aging populations in the United States, increasing attention is being given to understanding factors contributing to the cost of health care. A recent study conducted by the National Academy of Medicine assessed Medicare costs across the country and found significant geographic variation in cost in the United States.
Anesthetic Cream Use During Office Pessary Removal and Replacement: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Taege Susanne K. , Adams William , Mueller Elizabeth R. , Brubaker Linda , Fitzgerald Colleen M. , Brincat Cynthia 
Published: October 2017

(Abstracted from Obstet Gynecol 2017;130:190–197)
An inexpensive, nonsurgical treatment option for pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence is the vaginal pessary; these are especially for women with severe medical comorbidities that make them poor surgical candidates. Although attempts at pessary fitting are successful in nearly 90% of patients, approximately half discontinue use within 24 months after fitting.
Effect of an Internet-Based Program on Weight Loss for Low-Income Postpartum Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Phelan Suzanne , Hagobian Todd , Brannen Anna , Hatley Karen E. , Schaffner Andrew , Muñoz-Christian Karen , Tate Deborah F. 
Published: October 2017

(Abstracted from JAMA 2017;317(23):2381–2391)
Postpartum weight retention increases the lifetime risk of obesity, and this risk seems to be highest among low-income women. The current clinical trial aimed to test if an Internet-based weight loss program in addition to a special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children (WIC program) could aid low-income postpartum women in greater weight loss than the WIC program alone.
Buprenorphine for the Treatment of the Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
Authors: Kraft Walter K. , Adeniyi-Jones Susan C. , Chervoneva Inna , Greenspan Jay S. , Abatemarco Diane , Kaltenbach Karol , Ehrlich Michelle E. 
Published: October 2017

(Abstracted from N Engl J Med 2017;376:2341–2348)
Neonates born to women who are addicted to opioids are at high risk of developing neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Traditional treatment commonly includes the use of morphine, but this treatment often leads to a prolonged hospitalization.
Estimated Perinatal HIV Infection Among Infants Born in the United States, 2002–2013
Authors: Taylor Allan W. , Nesheim Steven R. , Zhang Xinjian , Song Ruiguang , FitzHarris Lauren F. , Lampe Margaret A. , Weidle Paul J. , Sweeney Patricia 
Published: October 2017

(Abstracted from JAMA Pediatr 2017;171(5):435–442)
Robust interventions to prevent perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission are well understood and have been available for a number of years. Reduction of maternal HIV viral load using antiretroviral (ARV) therapeutics has become accepted practice in pregnant women similarly to how it is used in nonpregnant women.
Etiology and Clinical Presentation of Birth Defects: Population Based Study
Authors: Feldkamp Marcia L. , Carey John C. , Byrne Janice L. B. , Krikov Sergey , Botto Lorenzo D. 
Published: October 2017

(Abstracted from BMJ 2017;357:j2249)
Major birth defects occur in 1 in 33 births and are the leading cause of infant mortality in the United States. Birth defects are an increasing public health challenge because of their worldwide societal impact and relatively static occurrence rates despite widespread medical advancements.