bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current Concepts in Tall Stature and Overgrowth Syndromes
Authors: Drop S.L.S. , Greggio N. , Cappa M. , Bernasconi S. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In this overview an update is given on the pathogenesis, classification and differential diagnosis of overgrowth syndromes. In addition, height prognosis and therapeutic modalities available for managing mainly constitutional tall stature are discussed. Constitutional tall stature comprises normal variants in which one or both parents are tall. Primary disorders may have a prenatal onset and may be of chromosomal or genetic origin. Secondary overgrowth syndromes are most often the result of hormonal disturbances. Height prediction plays a key role in the management of tall children. Prediction equation models have been developed based on the growth data of healthy tall children. There is general agreement that a favourable effect on reducing ultimate height is obtained using high doses of sex steroids (girls 100-300 μg ethinyl- oestradiol; boys testosterone (T) ester depot preparations 250-1000 mg/month), the height reduction being greater when the treatment is started at a lower chronological and/or bone age. An alternative is the induction of puberty with low doses of sex steroids (girls 5-50 μg ethinyloestradiol; boys T esters 25-50 mg/m2/3 wk). In addition orthopaedic procedures have been suggested, but there is limited experience. Although psychosocial factors constitute the main reason for treating tall stature, extensive psychological investigations before or during height limiting therapy are lacking. Moreover, there are no objective data indicating lifelong psychosocial damage resulting from being tall.
Isolated Growth Hormone Deficiency in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Argente J. , Abusrewil S.A.S. , Bona G. , Chiarelli F. , Kelnar C.J.H. , Skordis N. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Although it is difficult to reach international agreement on the definition of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in children and adolescents, great efforts to do so have been made during the last two decades. A somewhat limited definition of GHD is: a combination of auxological, clinical, biochemical and metabolic abnormalities caused by lack or insufficiency of GH secretion that results in a decrease in the production of GH-dependent hormones and growth factors. Its aetiology is very complex. Therefore, specific studies must be performed during different periods of childhood (neonatal, prepubertal and pubertal periods). Auxological parameters, particularly growth velocity (GV), are still considered the best clinical measures for analysing human growth. The spectacular advances in our understanding of molecular biology during the past twenty years have allowed, and will continue to allow, a more and more precise diagnosis of the molecular anomalies of human growth. This will, in turn, allow changes caused by genetic lesions to be more efficiently distinguished from those due to nutritional, organic, tumoural, psychological or traumatic causes. Our knowledge of the molecular bases of undergrowth due to a deficiency in GH has developed as a result of the localisation and characterisation of human genes which code for proteins implicated in the hormonal regulation of growth. These genes include pituitary GH (GH1), pituitary transcription factor 1 (Pit-1), the prophet of Pit-1 (PROP-1), the pituitary; transcription factor LHX3, the transcription factor HESX1 and the GH-releasing hormone receptor (GHRHr). In addition, magnetic resonance imaging is the best available imaging method for the evaluation of size and structure of the pituitary and the parasellar region.
Multiple Pituitary Hormone Deficiency: Management of Puberty for Optimal Auxological Results
Authors: Stanhope R. , De Luca F. , Delemarre-Van de Waal H.A. , Liotta A. , Noijavaara E. , Salvatoni A. , Wu F. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The overview in this paper focuses on ways of achieving optimal auxological results in puberty, principally in idiopathic and congenital multiple pituitary hormone deficiency (MPHD), suggested by the co-authors. We agreed that diagnosing gonadotrophin insufficiency/deficiency is difficult in young children and should be repeated in late prepuberty, but a firm diagnosis of MPHD helps avoid endocrine re-testing at the end of growth. The hypothalamic-pituitary axis must be reassessed periodically in evolving endocrinopathies, though current practice varies widely. Optimum age to induce puberty is 11-12 years in girls and 13-14 boys, and sex steroids are the preferred agents. Short-course testosterone to increase micropenis size is advantageous, but inducing early testicular maturation is not known to improve later fertility. There is also little evidence for increasing the dose of GH during puberty, though therapy should continue to final height, and possibly until peak bone mass is achieved. Delaying puberty is an option in septo-optic dysplasia, and minimising the dose of hydrocortisone is crucial in treating ACTH/ cortisol insufficiency. Many unresolved questions remain in this difficult area.
The prominence of spoken language elements in a sign language
Authors: Bank Richard , Crasborn Onno , van Hout Roeland 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCode-blendsin sign languages consist of simultaneously articulated manual signs and spoken language words. These “mouthings” (typically silent articulations) have been observed for many different sign languages. The present study aims to investigate the extent of such bimodal code-mixing in sign languages by investigating the frequency of mouthings produced by deaf users of Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT), their co-occurrence with pointing signs, and whether any differences can be explained by sociolinguistic variables such as regional origin and age of the signer. We investigated over 10,000 mouth actions from 70 signers, and found that the mouth and the hands are equally active during signing. Moreover, around 80 % of all mouth actions are mouthings, while the remaining 20 % are unrelated to Dutch. We found frequency differences between individual signers and a small effect for level of education, but not for other sociolinguistic variables. Our results provide genuine evidence that mouthings form an inextricable component of signed interaction. Rather than displaying effects of competition between languages or spoken language suppression, NGT signers demonstrate the potential of the visual modality to conjoin parallel information streams.
Concept of experimental preparation for treating dentin hypersensitivity
Authors: Tanasiewicz Marta , Gibas Mirosław , Skucha-Nowak Małgorzata , Twardawa Henryk , Machorowska-Pieniążek Agnieszka 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Background
Dentinal hypersensitivity (DH) is a diagnostic and therapeutic problem that is now appearing more frequently in modern dentistry. The aim of this work was to elaborate formulation of a new, original desensitizing preparation with prolonged action based on the knowledge of similar commercializations and to compare their performance in vitro.

Methodology
The analyses were performed with the aid of NMR spectroscopy. The experimental and commercial preparations were examined in vitro after thermocycling on human teeth by optical microscopy. The presence of the material on tooth tissue, its ability to penetrate into the tooth structure and its layer thickness were subjected to statistical analysis.

Results
A detailed knowledge on composition of commercial material was achieved from spectroscopic measurements. A new adhesive monomer was synthesized and incorporated into an experimental desensitizing formulation. The new monomer appeared to have comparable performance to the commercial one when regarding the affinity to tooth tissue and resistance to thermocycling.

Conclusions
The experimental formulation comprising a new adhesive monomer seems to be promising and could be applied in dental practice providing that biocompatibility is satisfactory.
Growth and characterization studies of a novel luminescent acetate-bridged barium(II) complex: poly[(μ-diacetato)(tetraphthalato)pentabarium(II)]
Authors: Soumya Mol Ushakumari S. , Nair Remya M. , Drisya Ravikumar , Satheesh Chandran Prasanna R. , Sudarsanakumar Malieyeckal R. , Ng Seik Weng , Prathapachandra Kurup Malieyeckal R. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA novel coordination polymer, poly[(μ-diacetato)(tetraphthalato)pentabarium(II)], with acetate bridged moiety has been successfully grown by gel diffusion technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the compound crystallizes in triclinic space group
Harvesting the loss: surface plasmon-based hot electron photodetection
Authors: Li Wei , Valentine Jason G. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Although the nonradiative decay of surface plasmons was once thought to be only a parasitic process within the plasmonic and metamaterial communities, hot carriers generated from nonradiative plasmon decay offer new opportunities for harnessing absorption loss. Hot carriers can be harnessed for applications ranging from chemical catalysis, photothermal heating, photovoltaics, and photodetection. Here, we present a review on the recent developments concerning photodetection based on hot electrons. The basic principles and recent progress on hot electron photodetectors are summarized. The challenges and potential future directions are also discussed.
Crystal structure of poly-[triaqua-(μ4-5′-carboxy-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2,3,3′-tricarboxylate-κ6
O
1,O
2:O
3,O
4:O
5:O
6)praseodymium(III), C16H13O11Pr
Authors: Li Rong Fang , Liu Xin Fang , Feng Xun 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
C16H13O11Pr, triclinic, P1̅, a = 6.915(3) Å, b = 10.895(4) Å, c = 11.644(4) Å, α = 94.137(5)°, β = 101.152(5)°, γ = 96.831°, V = 850.61(5) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0352, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0737, T = 293(2)K.
Crystal structure of bis(μ-nitrato-κ2
O:O)-bis[1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane-κ2
P,P′]disilver(I) dicloromethane monosolvate, C54H64B20Cl4O6P4Ag2
Authors: Yanfei Wang , Xin Wang , Qianqian Gao , Liguo Yang 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
C54H64B20Cl4O6P4Ag2, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 10.1200(10) Å, b = 11.9101(11) Å, c = 14.4999(15) Å, α = 86.432(2)°, β = 80.670(1)°, γ = 84.031(2)°, V = 1713.4(3)Å3, Z = 1, Rgt(F) = 0.0535, wRref(F2) = 0.1544, T = 298 K.
Crystal structure of N,N-diethyl-5-bromo-3,4-dihydro-2,4-dioxopyrimidine-1(2H)-carboxamide, C9H12BrN3O3
Authors: Wu Guang-Hui , Shi Xian-Bo , Lian Yu-Feng , Xiang Hua-Bin , Xiong Jing 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
C9H12BrN3O3, monoclinic, P21/c, a = 12.0359(15) Å, b = 5.4815(6) Å, c = 20.1931(18) Å, β = 120.780(5)°, V = 1144.6(2) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0234, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0984, T = 298(2) K.
Crystal structure of 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylthiourea, C9H11ClN2S
Authors: El-Hiti Gamal A. , Smith Keith , Alshammari Mohammed B. , Hegazy Amany S. , Kariuki Benson M. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
C9H11ClN2S, monoclinic, Pc (no. 7), a = 14.8440(4) Å, b = 7.2002(2) Å, c = 10.0920(2) Å, β = 99.733(2)°, V = 1063.10(5) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0399, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1099, T = 296(2) K.
Solution of time fractional Black-Scholes European option pricing equation arising in financial market
Authors: Ravi Kanth A.S.V. , Aruna K. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we present fractional differential transform method (FDTM) and modified fractional differential transform method (MFDTM) for the solution of time fractional Black-Scholes European option pricing equation. The method finds the solution without any discretization, transformation, or restrictive assumptions with the use of appropriate initial or boundary conditions. The efficiency and exactitude of the proposed methods are tested by means of three examples.
Effect of equilibration time on the properties of reheat blown 2L pet bottles
Authors: Kim S.L. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Thermal gradients in the walls of polyester parisons play a major role in determining the morphology and superstructure in the walls of the stretch blow molded bottles. This is associated with both the variation in material characteristics with temperature and the greater stretch ratios on the inner surface of the bottle. The influence of thermal equilibration time following a constant preheating period on bottle appearance, void content, oxygen permeability and other bottle characteristics was studied.
Dynamics, heat transfer and structure development in tubular film extrusion of polymer melts: a mathematical model and predictions
Authors: Kanai Toshitaka , White James L. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
A theoretical model of the dynamics, heat transfer and crystallization processes in tubular film extrusion is presented. It is presumed that the polymer melts flow behavior is dominated by the temperature dependence of its rheological properties, as opposed to the specific rheological model used to represent it. Specifically we presume the melt is a Newtonian fluid with a temperature dependent viscosity, characterized by an activation energy of viscous flow E. The shape of the bubble and radius and film thickness profiles are primarily influenced by E. Crystallization makes a second order correction. Detailed comparisons are made to experimental investigations for low density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene and high density polyethylene and generally good agreement is found.
A Stochastic Dynamics Simulation of Viscoelastic Properties of Polymer Blends: Intermolecular Interaction Effects
Authors: Kim Taehyung , Choi Kyoungsei , Ho Jo Won 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Stochastic dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the viscoelastic properties of polymer blends. In this simulation, three model systems with different intermolecular interactions are used to examine the effect of intermolecular interaction on the viscoelastic properties of polymer blends. Structural information such as the radius of gyration, orientation factor and radial distribution function of polymers is calculated from computer simulations as a function of shear rate and then is related to simulated viscoelastic properties of polymer blends. The effect of intermolecular interaction on the viscosity becomes different depending upon the magnitude of shear rate. At lower shear rate regions, more attractive intermolecular interaction results in lower viscosity due to chain stretching. But, at higher shear rate regions, more attractive interaction results in higher viscosity due to more dense packing of chains induced by the intermolecular attraction.
Structure-Property Relationships of Poly(Butylene Terephthalate)/Polyolefin Blends
Authors: Lee D.S. , Doo J.K. , Kim B. , Kim J. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Structure-property relationships of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) / polyolefin (PO) (80/20) blends modified by a reactive compatibilizer, ethylene-acrylic ester-glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (BAG), were investigated as part of studies on toughening of PBT. POs used for the study were ethylene propylene rubber (EPR), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and high-density polyethylene (HDPE), whose deformabilities were different at room temperature. It was observed that the particle size of PO in the discrete phase was the smallest when the EAG content was 8~12 wL%. Shear viscosity of the blends increased as the particle size was decreased. It seems that the morphology and rheological properties of the blends were affected by graft copolymers formed in situ from EAG and PBT during melt mixing. Brittle-tough transition of impact strength of the PBT/EPR/EAG blends was observed when the EAG content was increased from 0 to 4 wt% at room temperature. However, blends of PBT/LDPE/EAG and PBT/HDPE/EAG showed brittle-tough transition with increasing the EAG content from 8 wt% to 12 wt%. It is postulated that toughening of the PBT depends on the deformability of the discrete PO particle as well as its size.
Friction and Wear of Rubber Compounds Containing Powdered Polynorbornene Vulcanizate
Authors: Kaang Shinyoung , Cho Jaepyoung , Kim Seungjai , Nah Changwoon , Cho Choon Tack 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
An investigation on the frictional performance of a natural rubber compound containing polynorbomene (PN) vulcanizate powder was carried out at various temperatures between -20°C and 60°C. The glass transition temperature, Tg, of the PN vulcanizate was 15°C. At temperatures below its Tg, the frictional coefficient of the composite significantly increased to the extent of 10% with a 10 phr addition of PN vulcanizate powder, while the wear rates were not greatly affected. The wear behavior of the composite was strongly dependent on the frictional work input.
Properties of Flame-Retarding Blends of Polycarbonate and Poly(Acrylonitrile-butadiene-Styrene)
Authors: Jung Hyun Chul , Kim Woo Nyon , Lee Chang Ryong , Suh Kwang S. , Kim Sung-Ryong 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Limiting oxygen index (LOI) value, glass transition temperature (Tg), thermal degradation profile, morphology, and tensile strength and elongation at break of the flame-retarding polycarbonate (PC)-poly(acrylonitrile- butadiene-styrene) (ABS) (7/3) blends were studied. The flame retardants used were huntite-hydromagnetite compounds (HHM), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), zinc stannate, and antimony trioxide. The LOI values were increased with the increase of TPP content, but they did not change significantly when the HHM was used as a flame retardant Glass transition temperatures of the flame-retarding PC-ABS (7/3) blends were decreased significantly when TPP was added to the blends. This is mainly due to the plasticizing effect of the TPP on the PC-ABS (7/3) blends. In the flame-retarding PC-ABS (7/3) blends, the LOI value, tensile strength, and elongation at break were measured and found to be 24.6 - 31.6%, 41.4 - 50.3 MPa, and 2.16 - 33.7%, respectively. These LOI values and mechanical properties were achieved when the TPP, zinc stannate, and antimony trioxide were used as flame retardants, and when dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt and dimethylsulfone were used as additives into the PC-ABS (7/3) blends.
Flame-Retarding Properties of a New Phosphorus- Containing Monomer Used as Hardener in an Epoxy System
Authors: La Rosa A.D. , Failla S. , Finocchiaro P. , Recca A. , Siracusa V. , Carter J.T. , McGrail P.T. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
A new ortho-hydroxy-aryl-phosphonate additive was used to improve the flame resistance of an epoxy/anhydride system. Thermal, rheological, L.O.l. and SEM experiments were carried out to show that the P-additive acts not only as a flame retardant but also as a curing agent.
On the Flow of a Polymer Melt Passing Over a Transverse Slot
Authors: Wu G.H. , Chen C.K. , Ju S.H. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The phenomenon of hole pressure occurs whenever a polymeric or viscoelastic liquid flows over a depression in a conduit wall. Numerical simulations undertaken for the flow of an aqueous polyacrylamide melt passing over a transverse slot arc considered here. The fluid model used for this study is a White-Metzner constitutive equation describing the non-Newtonian behavior of the melt. The results were computed by an elastic-viscous split-stress finite clement method (EVSS-FEM). a mixed finite clement method incorporating the non-consistent streamline upwind scheme. For verification, the numerical algorithm was first applied to compute the corresponding flow of the upper-convected Maxwell fluid model, a special case of the Whitc-Metzner model characterized by constant viscosity and relation time. The resulting hole pressure (Ph) was evaluated for various Deborah numbers (De) and compared with the analytical prediction derived from the Higashitani-Pritchard (HP) theory. The agreement was found to be satisfactory for creeping flow in the low De range, for which the HP theory is valid. Subsequently, the hole pressure of this flow problem was predicted. The streamlines and pressure distribution along the channel walls arc also presented. Furthermore, the effects of fluid elasticity, shear thinning, the exponent in the viscosity function and the relaxation-time function, and slot geometry on the hole pressure were investigated.
Recent Advances of the Asymmetric Bisazo Derivatives of Arsenazo and Phosphonazo as Chromogenic Reagents in Analytical Chemistry
Authors: Pan Jiao-Mai , Hsu Chung-Gin , Ou Zhong-Ping 
Published: November 2016

Summary
The asymmetric bisazo derivatives of Arsenazo and Phosphonazo have been widely used as chromogenic reagents in spectrophotometric determination of thorium, uranium, rare earth elements and other heavy metals. They exhibit advantages over the symmetric reagents such as Arsenazo m and Chlorophosphonazo III both in sensitivity and selectivity. The following is a brief introduction and short review on these reagents concerning their structures, analytical characteristics, synthesis, purification and application. 182 references mainly published in the past decade are presented.
Complex effects of apoplexy secondary to pituitary adenoma
Authors: Zhang Rui-Cheng , Mu Ying-Feng , Dong Jing , Lin Xiao-Qian , Geng De-Qin 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPituitary adenoma apoplexy is a well-known clinical syndrome induced by insulin infusion, cardiac surgery, trauma, and hypothalamic releasing factors. Pituitary apoplexy can cause secondary cerebral infarct and internal carotid artery occlusion. With blockade of tumor perfusion, apoplexy triggers a sudden onset of headache, visual impairment, cranial nerve palsy, disturbances of consciousness, eyelid ptosis, and hemiparesis. However, pituitary adenoma cells with high metabolic demand cannot survive with deficient blood supply and glucose concentrations. Moreover, a number of case reports have shown that spontaneous remission of syndromes, such as acromegaly, may be caused by pituitary adenoma after apoplexy. Therefore, understanding mechanism that underlies the balance between pituitary adenoma apoplexy and subsequent spontaneous remission of syndromes may suggest new approaches for treatment of pituitary adenoma apoplexy.
Sprachökonomie und Natürlichkeit im Bereich der Morphologie
Authors: Werner Otmar 
Published: November 2016

Summary
The concept of linguistic “naturalness” and “natural change” has its origin in phonology: there it now not only involves the simplification of “difficult” sounds, but also phonotactic reductions which then in turn can produce highly marked units. In the ‘Eighties’, the theory of “morphological naturalness” was then put forward, with the initial postulate that all natural morphological change aims at 1 : 1 agglutination and iconic representation of the contents. Inflection which is fused and opaque on the surface is considered to be the result of disrupting sound change. Following this view, phonological naturalness and morphological naturalness stand in permanent conflict with one another. Later revisions of these proposals tried to close the gap between theory and real morphological change but continued to assume that simplicity and uniformity of the system were the aim. Arguing against these approaches, 1 propose that a good morphological theory should be able to account for increases and reductions in morphological complexity, diversity and irregularity in its own terms. This can he achieved by using conceptions of sign-theory and language economy based on both the language system and its usage with its different and changing frequencies. These are crucial in deciding whether a word-stem and its inflection are to be more condensed and therefore more irregular (up to root inflection and suppletion) or more expanded and regular (up to agglutination or syntactic; chains). A theory which upholds these principles of economy and thus more closely reflects the realities of morphological change would to my mind - if we want to use the term at all - better deserve the epithet “natural”.