bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three shades of grey: detecting brain abnormalities in children with autism using source‐, voxel‐ and surface‐based morphometry
Authors: Pappaianni Edoardo , Siugzdaite Roma , Vettori Sofie , Venuti Paola , Job Remo , Grecucci Alessandro 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAutistic spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interactions, communication and stereotyped behaviour. Recent evidence from neuroimaging supports the hypothesis that ASD deficits in adults may be related to abnormalities in a specific frontal–temporal network [Autism‐specific Structural Network (ASN)]. To see whether these results extend to younger children and to better characterize these abnormalities, we applied three morphometric methods on brain grey matter (GM) of children with and without ASD. We selected 39 sMRI images of male children with ASD and 42 typically developing (TD) from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange database. We used source‐based morphometry (SoBM), a whole‐brain multivariate approach to identify GM networks, voxel‐based morphometry (VBM), a voxel‐wise comparison of the local GM concentration and surface‐based morphometry (SuBM) for the estimation of the cortical parameters. SoBM showed a bilateral frontal–parietal–temporal network different between groups, including the inferior–middle temporal gyrus, the inferior parietal lobule and the postcentral gyrus; VBM returned differences only in the right temporal lobe; SuBM returned a thinning in the right inferior temporal lobe thinner in ASD, a higher gyrification in the right superior parietal lobule in TD and in the middle frontal gyrus in ASD. For the first time, we investigated the brain abnormalities in children with ASD using three morphometric techniques. The results were relatively consistent between methods, stressing the role of an Autism‐specific Structural Network in ASD individuals. We also make methodological speculations on the relevance of using multivariate and whole‐brain neuroimaging analysis to capture ASD complexity.
Ipsilateral corticotectal projections from the primary, premotor and supplementary motor cortical areas in adult macaque monkeys: a quantitative anterograde tracing study
Authors: Fregosi Michela , Rouiller Eric M. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe corticotectal projection from cortical motor areas is one of several descending pathways involved in the indirect control of spinal motoneurons. In non‐human primates, previous studies reported that cortical projections to the superior colliculus (SC) originated from the premotor cortex (PM) and the primary motor cortex, whereas no projection originated from the supplementary motor area (SMA). The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare the properties of corticotectal projections originating from these three cortical motor areas in intact adult macaques (n = 9). The anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine was injected into one of these cortical areas in each animal. Individual axonal boutons, both en passant and terminaux, were charted and counted in the different layers of the ipsilateral SC. The data confirmed the presence of strong corticotectal projections from the PM. A new observation was that strong corticotectal projections were also found to originate from the SMA (its proper division). The corticotectal projection from the primary motor cortex was quantitatively less strong than that from either the premotor or SMAs. The corticotectal projection from each motor area was directed mainly to the deep layer of the SC, although its intermediate layer was also a consistent target of fairly dense terminations. The strong corticotectal projections from non‐primary motor areas are in position to influence the preparation and planning of voluntary movements.
Low‐dose fractionated irradiation promotes axonal regeneration beyond reactive gliosis and facilitates locomotor function recovery after spinal cord injury in beagle dogs
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Xiong Ying , Zhu Bo , Zhu Bifeng , Tian Daishi , Wang Wei 
Published: September 2017

AbstractInjury to the adult central nervous system (CNS) results in the formation of glial scar tissues. Glial scar‐induced failure of regenerative axon pathfinding may limit axon regrowth beyond the lesion site and cause incorrect reinnervation and dystrophic appearance of stalled growth after CNS trauma. Glial scars also upregulate chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) and expression of proinflammatory factor(s) that form a barrier to axonal regeneration. Therefore, interventions for glial scarring are an attractive strategy for augmenting axonal sprouting and regeneration and overcoming the physical and molecular barriers impeding functional repair. The glial reaction occurs shortly after spinal cord injury (SCI) and can persist for days or weeks with upregulation of cell cycle proteins. In this study, we utilised Beagle dogs to establish a preclinical SCI model and examine the efficacy of low‐dose fractionated irradiation (LDI) treatment, which was performed once a day for 14 days (2 Gy per dose, 28 Gy in total). Low‐dose fractionated irradiation is a stable method for suppressing cell activation and proliferation through interference in the cell cycle. Our results demonstrated that LDI could reduce astrocyte and microglia activation/proliferation and attenuate CSPGs and IL‐1β expression. Low‐dose fractionated irradiation also promoted and provided a pathway for long‐distance axon regeneration beyond the lesion site, induced reinnervation of axonal targets and restored locomotor function after SCI in Beagle dogs. Taken together, our findings suggest that LDI would be a promising therapeutic strategy for targeting glial scarring, promoting axon regeneration and facilitating reconstruction of functional circuits after SCI.
Power and coherence of cortical high‐frequency oscillations during wakefulness and sleep
Authors: Cavelli Matías , Rojas‐Líbano Daniel , Schwarzkopf Natalia , Castro‐Zaballa Santiago , Gonzalez Joaquín , Mondino Alejandra , Santana Noelia , Benedetto Luciana , Falconi Atilio , Torterolo Pablo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractRecently, a novel type of fast cortical oscillatory activity that occurs between 110 and 160 Hz (high‐frequency oscillations (HFO)) was described. HFO are modulated by the theta rhythm in hippocampus and neocortex during active wakefulness and REM sleep. As theta‐HFO coupling increases during REM, a role for HFO in memory consolidation has been proposed. However, global properties such as the cortex‐wide topographic distribution and the cortico‐cortical coherence remain unknown. In this study, we recorded the electroencephalogram during sleep and wakefulness in the rat and analyzed the spatial extent of the HFO band power and coherence. We confirmed that the HFO amplitude is phase‐locked to theta oscillations and is modified by behavioral states. During active wakefulness, HFO power was relatively higher in the neocortex and olfactory bulb compared to sleep. HFO power decreased during non‐REM and had an intermediate level during REM sleep. Furthermore, coherence was larger during active wakefulness than non‐REM, while REM showed a complex pattern in which coherence increased only in intra and decreased in inter‐hemispheric combination of electrodes. This coherence pattern is different from gamma (30–100 Hz) coherence, which is reduced during REM sleep. This data show an important HFO cortico‐cortical dialog during active wakefulness even when the level of theta comodulation is lower than in REM. In contrast, during REM, this dialog is highly modulated by theta and restricted to intra‐hemispheric medial‐posterior cortical regions. Further studies combining behavior, electrophysiology and new analytical tools are needed to plunge deeper into the functional significance of the HFO.
A review of joint attention and social‐cognitive brain systems in typical development and autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Mundy Peter 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis article provides a review of the increasingly detailed imaging literature on the neurodevelopment of joint attention. Many findings from this literature support and inform the hypothesis that the neurodevelopment of joint attention contributes to the functional development of neural systems for human social cognition. Joint attention begins to develop by 5 months of age and is tantamount to the ability to adopt a common perspective with another person. It involves a whole‐brain system with nodes in the: (a) dorsal and medial frontal cortex, (b) orbital frontal/insula cortex, (c) anterior/posterior cingulate cortex, (d) superior temporal cortex, (e) precuneus/parietal cortex, and (f) amygdala and striatum. This system integrates triadic information processing about (a) self‐attention/action, (b) information about others’ attention/action during social interactions that involve, (c) coordinated attention as well as processing a common referent in space. The results of this new imaging literature have the potential to advance current models of social cognition and the social brain, which rarely consider the contribution of the cognitive neurodevelopment of joint attention. The new neuroscience of joint attention is also extremely valuable for clinical research on social‐cognitive neurodevelopmental disorders. This is most clearly the case for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) because it is consistent with the hypothesis of substantial functional neurodevelopmental continuity between the preschool impairments of joint attention, and childhood theory of mind ability that characterizes the development of ASD.
Neural responses to linguistic stimuli in children with and without autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Finch Kayla H. , Tager‐Flusberg Helen , Nelson Charles A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAtypical neural responses to language have been found in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and in their unaffected siblings. However, given that language difficulties are often seen in these children, it is difficult to interpret whether these neural differences are a result of the diagnosis of ASD or impairments in their language abilities. In this study, we recorded event‐related potentials (ERPs) from four groups of 36‐month‐olds: low‐risk control (LRC), high risk for ASD defined as having an older sibling with ASD (HRA) but who do not have ASD or milder autism‐like symptoms (HRA‐Typ), HRA children who do not have ASD but exhibit milder autism‐like symptoms (HRA‐Atyp) and HRA children diagnosed with ASD (ASD). Children listened to words expected to be acquired early (e.g. ball) and words expected to be acquired late (e.g. calf). ERPs were analysed over time windows sensitive to word processing as well as frontal and temporo‐parietal sites over the left and right hemispheres. When controlling for language abilities, there were group differences within the temporo‐parietal sites. Specifically, the HRA‐Atyp group showed a different timed response to late words compared to the ASD and LRC groups. In addition, we found a relation between neural responses in the left frontal sites and ASD severity. Our results suggest that both language abilities and ASD diagnoses are important to consider when interpreting neural differences in lexical processing.
Non‐stick properties of thin‐film coatings on dental‐restorative instruments
Authors: Leppäniemi Jarmo , Hoshian Sasha , Suomalainen Kimmo , Luoto Toni , Jokinen Ville , Koskinen Jari 
Published: September 2017

The non‐stick properties of thin‐film coatings on dental‐restorative instruments were investigated by static contact‐angle measurement using dental filler resin as well as by scanning electron microscopy of the amount of sticking dental restorative material. Furthermore, using a customized dipping measurement set‐up, non‐stick properties were evaluated by measuring force‐by‐time when the instrument was pulled out of restorative material. Minor improvements in non‐stick properties were obtained with commercial diamond‐like carbon and commercial polytetrafluoroethylene‐based coatings. Major improvements were obtained with an in‐house fabricated superhydrophobic coating prepared by a multistep process consisting of surface microstructuring by etching in hydrogen fluoride (HF): hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (1:1; vol/vol), atomic layer deposition of a 7 nm coating of aluminium oxide and titanium oxide, and a self‐assembled monolayer of fluorinated organosilicon. Superhydrophobic coatings provide a possible future solution to prevent unwanted adnerence of composite restorative material to dental instruments.
Global patterns of β‐diversity along the phylogenetic time‐scale: The role of climate and plate tectonics
Authors: Mazel Florent , Wüest Rafael O. , Lessard Jean‐Philippe , Renaud Julien , Ficetola Gentile Francesco , Lavergne Sébastien , Thuiller Wilfried 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAimWe aimed to assess the relative influence of the historical and contemporary processes determining global patterns of current β‐diversity. Specifically, we quantified the relative effects of contemporary climate and historical plate tectonics on β‐diversity at different phylogenetic scales.LocationGlobal.Time PeriodContemporaneous.Major taxa studiedMammals and birds.MethodsWe analysed the current β‐diversity patterns of birds and mammal assemblages at sequential depths in the phylogeny, that is, from the tips to deeper branches. This was done by slicing bird and mammal phylogenetic trees into 66 time slices of 1 Ma (from 0 to 65 Ma) and recording the branches within each slice. Using global distribution data, we defined the branches’ geographical distribution as the union of the corresponding downstream species distributions. For each time slice, we (a) computed pairwise β‐diversity across all the grid cells for the whole world and (b) estimated the correlation between this β‐diversity matrix and contemporary climatic and geographical distances, and past geological distances, a proxy for plate tectonics.ResultsContemporary climate best explained the β‐diversity of shallow branches (i.e., species). For mammals, the geographical isolation of landmasses generated by plate tectonics best explained the β‐diversity of deeper branches, whereas the effect of past isolation was weaker for birds.Main conclusionsOur study shows that the relative influence of contemporary climate and plate tectonics on the β‐diversity of bird and mammal assemblages varies along the phylogenetic time‐scale. Our phylogenetic time‐scale approach is general and flexible enough to be applied to a broad spectrum of study systems and spatial scales.
Effectiveness of a new tool for self‐evaluation of adherence to antimuscarinic drug treatment in older patients of both sexes with urge incontinence
Authors: Kosilov Kirill , Loparev Sergay , Kuzina Irina , Kosilova Liliya , Ivanovskaya Marina , Prokofyeva Alexandra 
Published: September 2017

AimThe present study was a comparison of the validity of the Medication Adherence Self‐Report Inventory (MASRI) questionnaire with other methods of assessing adherence to antimuscarinic drugs treatment in older patients with urge incontinence.MethodsThe experiment involved 733 men and women aged >65 years who had noted no less than one urge incontinence episode per day. At the beginning of the experiment, and after 4, 8 and 12 weeks, their adherence to treatment was monitored using the MASRI.ResultsThe construct validity of the tool was confirmed by data on the correlation of the percentage of non‐adherent patients according to the MASRI and the percentage of patients having a belief barrier on the Brief Medication Questionnaire screen (r= 0.89,P≤ 0.01;r= 0.91,P≤ 0.01; andr= 0.91,P≤ 0.05 at the 4th, 8th and 12th week of the follow up). The hypothesis of competitive validity was supported by comparing the percentage of non‐adherent patients according to the MASRI and the number of missed doses on the Brief Medication Questionnaire screen (r= 0.94,P≤ 0.01;r= 0.85,P≤ 0.05; andr= 0.7,P≤ 0.05), and according to a visual count of pills. The area under the curve at the 4th, 8th, and 12th week was 0.95 ± 0.04, 0.92 ± 0.03 and 0.94 ± 0.04, respectively.ConclusionThe MASRI questionnaire has high validity, and is effective for evaluating adherence to treatment among older patients with urge incontinence taking antimuscarinic drugs. Using the MASRI would imply lower costs and greater availability of diagnostics, and it is the tool of choice in clinical practice.Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 115–122.
A Raman spectroscopic investigation of the mechanism of the reduction in hair with thioglycerol and the accompanying disulphide conformational changes
Authors: Kuzuhara A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of our research was to investigate the reduction mechanism of thioglycerol (TG) on hair keratin fibres.MethodsThe structure of cross‐sections at various depths of virgin white human hair resulting from the permanent waving process with TG was directly analysed at the molecular level using Raman spectroscopy. Also, the penetration of TG for the cross‐sectional samples dyed with methylene blue was observed by optical microscopy.ResultsThe gauche–gauche–gauche (GGG) and gauche–gauche–trans (GGT) conformations of disulphide (–SS–) groups remarkably decreased, while the trans–gauche–trans (TGT) conformation increased by performing the reduction process with TG. In addition, the disconnected –SS– content at various depths of the hair sample reduced with TG adjusted to pH 9.0 with ammonia solution was clearly increased compared with that of the hair sample reduced with TG adjusted to pH 9.0 with monoethanolamine. In the case of adjusting to pH 9.0 with ammonia solution, the tensile strength of the waved hair treated with TG was strong compared with that of the waved hair treated with thioglycolic acid (TGA), but the waving efficiency of the waved hair treated with TG was nevertheless higher than that of the waved hair treated with TGA.ConclusionThe author concluded that the waved virgin human hair treated with TG adjusted to pH 9.0 with ammonia solution was less damaged as compared with the waved hair treated with TGA, despite its good waving efficiency, as not only were the GGG and GGT conformations disconnected, but they were also changed to the TGT conformation by performing the reduction process with TG.
Maca (Lepidium meyenii) as a source of macamides and polysaccharide in combating of oxidative stress and damage in human erythrocytes
Authors: Lin Lianzhu , Huang Jiayi , Sun‐Waterhouse Dongxiao , Zhao Mouming , Zhao Kun , Que Junjie 
Published: September 2017

SummaryMaca is known to be rich in macamides. The objective of this study was to analyse macamide profiles of macas with different colours cultivated in Yunnan, China, and commercial Peru maca by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activities of water, citric acid and alkali‐extracted polysaccharides from Yunnan and Peru macas were evaluated via DPPH radical scavenging activity, oxygen radical absorbance capacity and erythrocyte haemolysis inhibition effect assays. Six major macamides present in Peru maca were also found dominant in Yunnan maca at comparable concentrations. Maca polysaccharide effectively scavenging DPPH and peroxyl radicals protected the erythrocytes against H2O2‐induced haemolysis by inhibition of malondialdehyde (MDA) generation. Citric acid extraction was found the most suitable preparation method for generating heteropolysaccharide with strong antioxidant activity. Black maca cultivated in Yunnan possessing the most abundant macamides and polysaccharide with strong antioxidant activity could be developed as functional foods.
In vitro regulation of enzymatic release of glucose and its uptake by Fenugreek microgreen and Mint leaf extract
Authors: Wadhawan Surbhi , Tripathi Jyoti , Gautam Satyendra 
Published: September 2017

SummaryFenugreek microgreen and mint leaf displayed antidiabetic potential during in vitro assays including cell line‐based analysis. Aqueous fenugreek microgreen extract (FME) (2 mg mL−1) inhibited α‐amylase by 70%. It also enhanced glucose uptake in L6 cells by 25% at 10 mg mL−1 which further improved to 44% in the presence of insulin. On the other hand, fresh mint leaf extract (MLE) inhibited α‐glucosidase up to 90% and increased glucose uptake by 15% in HepG2 cells. Besides, both these extracts also inhibited nonenzymatic glycation of protein. FME and MLE were also found to have high levels of total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidants which could play a possible role in the observed antidiabetic activity. As blood glucose levels in diabetes can be regulated by inhibition of enzymes regulating carbohydrate metabolism and improving glucose uptake in cells, the findings indicate a complimentary therapeutic role of these two dietary herbs in diabetes.
MILD HÆMOPHILIA‐A CLINICAL AND LABORATORY STUDY
Authors: PITNEY W. R. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryIn a series of 65 patients suffering from hæmophilia (AHG deficiency), 19 (29%) were found to have a normal whole‐blood coagulation time. These patients suffered from a mild form of the disease as assessed clinically and on the results of laboratory tests. Ages ranged from nine to sixty‐seven years. Seventeen families were involved; in eight of these other members were affected.Hæmorrhagic episodes were mostly related to periods when the hæmostatic mechanism was placed under stress, as after tooth extraction or surgical procedures. Spontaneous hæmorrhages and hæmarthroses were uncommon symptoms.The whole blood coagulation time was normal in all 19 patients. The prothrombin consumption index was normal (0% to 40%) in 13 patients and borderline (20% to 40%) in seven. The result of the thrombin generation test was normal in to of 15 patients tested. The most reliable method for diagnosis was the thromboplastin‐generation test. This test gave abnormal findings in 15 patients, and with a modification involving use of a greater dilution of plasma gave an abnormal result in all patients.Plasma AHG concentrations have been measured in these patients, and the results confirm that at least 30% AHG is necessary for normal hæmostasis.
AUTOERYTHROCYTE SENSITIZATION WITH A CIRCULATING FIBRINOLYTIC FACTOR
Authors: REED C. S. H. , FIRKIN B. G. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryA woman, aged forty years, had suffered painful spontaneous bruising from the time of the menarche at the age of fourteen years. Prior to this and subsequently she had suffered a number of episodes of severe bleeding, usually two or three days after minor surgery or confinement. At the time of study she had suffered an intracranial hemorrhage.Autoerythrocyte sensitization and also a circulating fibrinolytic factor were demonstrated. This factor was thought to be associated with her red cells. Infusion of human serum albumin was associated with subjective and objective improvement.
THE MECHANISM OF SODIUM RETENTION IN CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER WITH ASCITES: THE EFFECT OF ACETAZOLAMIDE (“DIAMOX”) ON URINARY ELECTROLYTES
Authors: HECKER R. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryAcetazolamide is shown to increase the urinary excretion of sodium and the sodium to potassium ratio in seven normal subjects and five cirrhotic patients without ascites. In seven cirrhotic patients with ascites the urinary output of sodium and the sodium to potassium ratio were low initially, and were unchanged by acetazolamide.The subjects with ascites had no evidence of renal disease, and the failure to excrete sodium must be attributed to an extrarenal factor. These observations are compatible with the hypothesis that there is an excessive secretion of aldosterone, though they do not indicate the cause. It is not necessarily lowering of plasma sodium level, as the abnormality of sodium and potassium excretion was also noted in one subject with a high normal plasma level. Liver disease also is not essential, as similar sodium retention occurred in one subject whose ascites was due to extrahepatic portal hypertension.Acetazolamide is found not to be a good diuretic in patients suffering from liver disease.