bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hodgkin lymphoma: A clinicopathological and immunophenotypic study
Authors: Konkay Kaumudi , Paul Tara Roshni , Uppin Shantveer G , Rao Digumarti Raghunadha 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Introduction: The diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is defined in terms of its microscopic appearance (histology) and the expression of cell surface markers (immunophenotype). Aims and objectives: This study aims to analyze the clinical features, histomorphology, and immunoprofile of over 200 patients of HL diagnosed over a period of 4 years at our institute and to determine relative frequency of various histological subtypes (based on WHO classification) in relation to age and sex distribution in this part of the country. Materials and Methods: All HL cases diagnosed between January 2006 and December 2009 were retrieved from hospital records. The histopathology of both lymph node and bone marrow biopsy (where ever available) along with immunohistochemistry (CD15, CD30, CD20, and ALK) were reviewed. Results: There was a bimodal age distribution. HL affected people a decade earlier than in the western population. The most common presenting complaint was cervical lymphadenopathy. Mixed cellularity was the most frequent subtype (67%), followed by nodular sclerosing subtype (23.5%). Group A (CD15+, CD30+, CD20−), which represents the archetypical immunophenotype of classical HL (CHL) was the most common type (60.6%). The number of CD15 negative CHL was 35.8% and CD20 positive CHL was 17.5%. CD15 negativity with CD20 positivity was seen in 5% CHL. One out of seven CD20 positive CHL patients showed relapse. Conclusion: In this paper, we have discussed in detail about various clinical and histopathological parameters of HL and their relative frequency in various histological subtypes. This paper is being presented as it is a rather large study from India taking into consideration the clinical, pathologic, and immunophenotypic profile of the patients.
La Sociedad para la Protección de Edificios Antiguos (SPAB)
Authors: Slocombe Matthew 
Published: February 2016

<p>En 1877, un pequeño grupo de pioneros entusiastas pusieron en práctica en Inglaterra las ideas del crítico de arte John Ruskin e ‘inventaron’ el primer movimiento de conservación de edificios del país. Esta organización – la SPAB – sigue viva en la actualidad. Este artículo examina cómo las ideas originales de la Sociedad – establecidas en su Manifiesto – han guiado a las labores de conservación en el Reino Unido y otros países. Hoy en día, el trabajo de la sociedad se ha expandido para abarcar la educación y formación, y responde a los nuevos retos que afrontan los edificios históricos, como la necesidad de reducir las emisiones de carbono mejorando la eficiencia energética del parque inmobiliario.</p>
Influence of environmental factors on spectral characteristics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in Inner Mongolia Plateau, China
Authors: Wen Z. D. , Song K. S. , Zhao Y. , Du J. , Ma J. H. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Spectral characteristics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) were examined in conjunction with environmental factors in the waters of rivers and terminal lakes within the Hulun Buir plateau, northeast China. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorous (TP) were significantly higher in terminal lakes than rivers waters (p  <  0.01). Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that non-water light absorption and anthropogenic nutrient disturbances were the likely causes of the diversity of water quality parameters. CDOM absorption in river waters was significantly lower than terminal lakes. Analysis of the ratio of absorption at 250 to 365 nm (E250 : 365), specific ultraviolet (UV) absorbance (SUVA254), and the spectral slope ratio (Sr) indicated that CDOM in river waters had higher aromaticity, molecular weight, and vascular plant contribution than in terminal lakes. Furthermore, results showed that DOC concentration, CDOM light absorption, and the proportion of autochthonous sources of CDOM in plateau waters were all higher than in other freshwater rivers reported in the literature. The strong evapoconcentration, intense ultraviolet irradiance, and landscape features of the Hulun Buir plateau may be responsible for the above phenomenon. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that the environmental variables total suspended matter (TSM), TN, and electrical conductivity (EC) had a strong correlation with light absorption characteristics, followed by total dissolved solid (TDS) and chlorophyll a. In most sampling locations, CDOM was the dominant non-water light-absorbing substance. Light absorption by non-algal particles often exceeded that by phytoplankton in the plateau waters. Study of these optical–physicochemical correlations is helpful in the evaluation of the potential influence of water quality factors on non-water light absorption in cold plateau water environments. The construction of a correlation between DOC concentration and water quality factors may help contribute to regional estimates of carbon sources and fate for catchment carbon budget assessments.
Application and analysis of debris-flow early warning system in Wenchuan earthquake-affected area
Authors: Liu D. L. , Zhang S. J. , Yang H. J. , Zhao L. Q. , Jiang Y. H. , Tang D. , Leng X. P. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract. The activities of debris flow (DF) in the Wenchuan earthquake-affected area significantly increased after the earthquake on 12 May 2008. The safety of the lives and property of local people is threatened by DFs. A physics-based early warning system (EWS) for DF forecasting was developed and applied in this earthquake area. This paper introduces an application of the system in the Wenchuan earthquake-affected area and analyzes the prediction results via a comparison to the DF events triggered by the strong rainfall events reported by the local government. The prediction accuracy and efficiency was first compared with a contribution-factor-based system currently used by the weather bureau of Sichuan province. The storm on 17 August 2012 was used as a case study for this comparison. The comparison shows that the false negative rate and false positive rate of the new system is, respectively, 19 and 21 % lower than the system based on the contribution factors. Consequently, the prediction accuracy is obviously higher than the system based on the contribution factors with a higher operational efficiency. On the invitation of the weather bureau of Sichuan province, the authors upgraded their prediction system of DF by using this new system before the monsoon of Wenchuan earthquake-affected area in 2013. Two prediction cases on 9 July 2013 and 10 July 2014 were chosen to further demonstrate that the new EWS has high stability, efficiency, and prediction accuracy.
Contributing factors to the failure of an unusually large landslide triggered by the 2014 Ludian, Yunnan, China, Ms  =  6.5 earthquake
Authors: Chang Z. F. , Chen X. L. , An X. W. , Cui J. W. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract. The 3 August 2014 Ludian, China, Ms  =  6.5 earthquake caused many large landslides. The biggest occurred at Hongshiyan near the epicenter, had a volume of 1.0  ×  107 m3 and dammed the Niulanjiang River, creating a large lake. Post-event field investigations yielded detailed data on the following aspects: rock structure of the landslide, the local lithology and geometry of the area around the landslide dam and composition and grain sizes of the debris avalanche. Based on these data, this work analyzes the geology and topography of the Hongshiyan area, and explores reasons for the occurrence of an unusually large landslide at this location. Our analysis suggests the following conditions are responsible for this catastrophic event. (1) Due to recent crustal deformation, intense incision on the river increased topographic relief with steep slopes and scarps. (2) Combined structures, including unloading fissures, high-angle joints and low-angle beds along the river, as well as an upper-strong and lower-weak interlayer structure on the slope, especially the existence of weak layers in the slope, are important factors that contribute to this large failure. (3) Hongshiyan lies near an active fault, where intense crustal deformation has resulted in rock fractures and weathering, and frequent earthquakes may progressively reduce the strength of the slope. (4) During the Ms  =  6.5 earthquake, the terrain and site conditions led to abnormally strong ground shaking. The combined impacts of these factors triggered a very large landslide during a moderate-sized earthquake.
Frozen Section Analysis of Unusual Small Testicular Tumor Masses: Report of 3 Cases
Authors: Giunchi Francesca , Vasuri Francesco , Colecchia Maurizio , Gentile Giorgio , Garofalo Marco , Schiavina Riccardo , Fiorentino Michelangelo 
Published: February 2016

Purpose Nonpalpable tumors of the testis are generally incidental findings on ultrasound examination. Most of these tumors are benign but some turn out to be germinal tumors at histology. Therefore, intraoperative histopathologic analysis of nonpalpable testicular lesions is pivotal for guiding a testis-sparing surgical approach. Methods We report clinical and pathologic characteristics of 3 small nodules of the testis with challenging histologic features at intraoperative frozen section examination and peculiar histology. One was a known testicular mass, undertreated for 5 years, whose enlargement worried the patient, while the other 2 were incidental findings during clinical testicular examination for non-neoplastic diseases. Conclusions The 3 cases reported are characterized by small size, which limited the accuracy of preoperative ultrasound diagnosis. Intraoperative frozen section examination was able to rule out a diagnosis of germ cell malignancy in all cases, but diagnosis was conclusive only at histology. Knowledge of unexpected rare testicular lesions is of great relevance at the time of frozen section examination in view of conservative surgical strategy.
“[T]o bind together in mutual helpfulness”: Genre and/as Social Action in the Victorian Antivivisection Press
Authors: Hamilton Susan 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
This article examines how the monthly journals The Zoophilist and the Home Chronicler contributed to the antivivisectionist movement in the late 1800s. Each displays distinct approaches to the serial forms of publication, carefully positioning readers of antivivisection materials to do things differently in relation to the world of advocacy, their feelings about the animals at the center of the movement, and the possibilities for and conception of intervention.
Climate-Driven Landformof the Ejina Basin (NW China) in Central Asia and Its Paleoenvironmental Implications
Authors: Zhu Bingqi 
Published: February 2016

<p>Though neotectonic activity is believed to be the major factor in the evolution of the topography of the Ejina Basin in Central Asia, detailed documentation and analysis of climatic landscape features and their environmental implications are lacking. The present study is a site-specific documentation of landforms developed in the wide part of the Ejina Basin, with the aim to identify the climatic landforms based on the method of climatic geomorphology and to evaluate its landscape evolution and response to palaeoclimate changes. The morphodynamics of older landscapes are recognized by making comparison with the present climate and its corresponding landscapes. Clear evidences testifying the basin-scale shifting and transformation of different morphoclimatic zones in the basin are observed, which prove that the main geomorphic unit is changed from an alluvial-lacustrine plain to a desert plain. The coexistence of diverse landscapes and the consequent geomorphodiversity in the basin should be a compound result of surficial processes other than glaciations. The climate and hydrological conditions of the basin during the last glaciation and during the Early Holocene were much better than at present, possibly having an average annual precipitation ranged between 60~350 mm on <del cite="mailto:unknown" datetime="2015-11-27T09:00"> </del>the basin during ca. 39-23 ka BP but great fluctuations during Holocene. The periods of lower aridity during the late Pleistocene in the bain could be induced by an increase of the westerlies and a weakening of the Asian winter monsoon on the arid areas of the central Asia.</p>
O CONCEITO DE CONSUMIDOR NA JURSIPRUDÊNCIA DO STJ: CRÔNICA DE UMA JORNADA INACABADA
Authors: Pasqualotto Adalberto De Souza , Carvalho Volgane Oliveira 
Published: February 2016

<p>O direito do consumidor no Brasil surgiu no bojo da Constituição de 1988 e desenvolveu-se com a entrada em vigor do CDC, em 1991. Assim, a construção dos conceitos básicos da disciplina é um processo que ainda não conheceu seu epílogo. Continuam em formação, por exemplo, conceitos importantes como “destinatário final”, “consumidor intermediário” e, por conseguinte, também o de “consumidor”. Nos últimos anos, a jurisprudência do Superior Tribunal de Justiça apresentou variações, passando por três fases. Em uma primeira etapa, filiou-se à teoria maximalista, que admitia a possibilidade de pessoas jurídicas que explorassem atividades econômicas serem reconhecidas como destinatário final de um produto ou serviço. Uma segunda fase, mais identificada com a teoria finalista, limitou o conceito de destinatário final, mas criou a ideia de consumidor intermediário. Por fim, o Tribunal aderiu à teoria finalista aprofundada, que reconhece como destinatário final pessoas jurídicas exploradoras de atividade econômica que estejam em situação de vulnerabilidade frente ao fornecedor do produto ou serviço. O presente trabalho pretende analisar o comportamento jurisprudencial do STJ nos últimos anos com relação à fixação do conceito de consumidor, verificar se há distinção verdadeira entre as teorias apresentadas e determinar se as alterações na composição da corte exerceram influência significativa sobre as decisões acerca do tema. <strong></strong></p>
The role of partners’ educational attainment in the association between HIV and education amongst women in seven sub‐Saharan African countries
Authors: Harling Guy , Bärnighausen Till 
Published: February 2016

IntroductionIndividuals’ educational attainment has long been considered as a risk factor for HIV. However, little attention has been paid to the association between partner educational attainment and HIV infection.MethodsWe conducted cross‐sectional analysis of young women (aged 15–34) in 14 Demographic and Health Surveys from seven sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) countries with generalized HIV epidemics. We measured the degree of similarity in educational attainment (partner homophily) in 75,373 partnerships and evaluated the correlation between homophily and female HIV prevalence at the survey cluster level. We then used logistic regression to assess whether own and partner educational attainment was associated with HIV serostatus amongst 38,791 women.ResultsEducational attainment was positively correlated within partnerships in both urban and rural areas of every survey (Newman assortativity coefficients between 0.09 and 0.44), but this correlation was not ecologically associated with HIV prevalence. At the individual level, larger absolute differences between own and partner educational attainment were associated with significantly higher HIV prevalence amongst women. This association was heterogeneous across countries, but not between survey waves. In contrast to other women, for those aged 25–34 who had secondary or higher education, a more‐educated partner was associated with lower HIV prevalence.ConclusionsHIV prevalence amongst women in SSA is associated not only with one's own education but also with that of one's partner. These findings highlight the importance of understanding how partners place individuals at risk of infection and suggest that HIV prevention efforts may benefit from considering partner characteristics.
Effects of erbium doping of indium tin oxide electrode in resistive random access memory
Authors: Chen Po-Hsun , Chang Kuan-Chang , Chang Ting-Chang , Tsai Tsung-Ming , Pan Chih-Hung , Lin Chih-Yang , Jin Fu-Yuan , Chen Min-Chen , Huang Hui-Chun , Lo Ikai , Zheng Jin-Cheng , Sze Simon M. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Identical insulators and bottom electrodes were fabricated and capped by an indium tin oxide (ITO) film, either undoped or doped with erbium (Er), as a top electrode. This distinctive top electrode dramatically altered the resistive random access memory (RRAM) characteristics, for example, lowering the operation current and enlarging the memory window. In addition, the RESET voltage increased, whereas the SET voltage remained almost the same. A conduction model of Er-doped ITO is proposed through current–voltage (I–V) measurement and current fitting to explain the resistance switching mechanism of Er-doped ITO RRAM and is confirmed by material analysis and reliability tests.
Ab initio study of carrier mobility of few-layer InSe
Authors: Sun Chong , Xiang Hui , Xu Bo , Xia Yidong , Yin Jiang , Liu Zhiguo 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
On the basis of the density functional theory coupled with the Boltzmann transport equation with relaxation time approximation, we investigate the electronic structure and predict the electron mobility of few-layer InSe. Few-layer InSe has a tunable band gap on thickness. At the same time, it possesses a high carrier mobility on the order of 103 cm2 V−1 s−1. As we demonstrated, few-layer InSe has potential applications for next-generation electronic materials owing to its considerable band gap and high carrier mobility.
Study of enhanced photovoltaic behavior in InGaN-based solar cells by using SiNx insertion layer: Influence of dislocations
Authors: Lee Seunga , Honda Yoshio , Amano Hiroshi , Jang Jongjin , Nam Okhyun 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Using a SiN
x
insertion layer to reduce dislocations, enhanced photovoltaic properties could be obtained in p–i–n InGaN/GaN heterojunction solar cell. To investigate the influence of the dislocations on the photovoltaic behaviors, a sample grown without SiN
x
insertion layer was identically prepared for comparison. From optical properties measurements, the reduction in the number of non-radiative centers and a stronger In localization effect was shown in the sample with SiN
x
insertion layer. However, the quantum confined stark effect was almost negligible in both the samples. Electrical properties measurement showed reduced saturation current and increased shunt resistance in the sample with SiN
x
insertion layer due to the reduced dislocation density. By comparing these results and using a numerical model, the influence of the dislocation density on the different photovoltaic properties such as open-circuit voltage and fill factor has been confirmed.
Ultrafast photoexcited dynamics probe of blends of conjugated polymerpoly{bi(dodecyl)thiophene-thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione} and fullerenes for photovoltaic applications with broadband sub-10-fs visible pulse
Authors: Kao Chih-Hsien , Yabushita Atsushi , Su Yu-Wei , Wei Kung-Hwa , Lee Yu-Hsien , Kobayashi Takayoshi 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Conjugated polymers have been widely studied as active materials for organic solar cells, which are a promising replacement for silicon solar cells. A novel electron donor polymer of poly{bi(dodecyl)thiophene-thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione} (PBTTPD) blended with an electron acceptor, [6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM), gave a device power conversion efficiency as high as 7.3%. In the present work, we performed time-resolved absorption change spectroscopy at various mixture ratios of PC71BM in the PBTTPD/PC71BM blend. Among the obtained time constants, the shortest (60 fs) and the longest (500 fs and 15 ps) were assigned to the production and relaxation of charge-transfer (CT) states, respectively. The PC71BM blended with PBTTPD was found to suppress interchain carrier transport and increase intrachain carrier transport. The prolonged lifetime of the CT state in the equally blended PBTTPD/PC71BM film increases the probability of charge separation and thus increases the power conversion efficiency of the device.
Mössbauer study of electrochemically deposited amorphous iron-sulfide-oxide thin films
Authors: Ichimura Masaya , Kajima Takahiro , Kawai Shoichi , Mibu Ko 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Iron-sulfide-oxide thin films, which are promising candidates for solar cell materials, were deposited by electrochemical deposition. As-deposited and annealed films were characterized by Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman scattering at room temperature. The as-deposited film is amorphous, and the oxygen content is about 1/4 of the sulfur content (S/Fe ≈ 1.5, O/Fe ≈ 0.4). The Mössbauer spectrum for the as-deposited film is a doublet with a broad line profile having hyperfine parameters similar to those of FeS2 pyrite or marcasite. This indicates that Fe atoms are in the Fe2+ low-spin state, as in FeS2.
A statistical study of whistler waves observed by Van Allen Probes (RBSP) and lightning detected by WWLLN
Authors: Zheng Hao , Holzworth Robert H. , Brundell James B. , Jacobson Abram R. , Wygant John R. , Hospodarsky George B. , Mozer Forrest S. , Bonnell John 
Published: February 2016

Abstract Lightning‐generated whistler waves are electromagnetic plasma waves in the very low frequency (VLF) band, which play an important role in the dynamics of radiation belt particles. In this paper, we statistically analyze simultaneous waveform data from the Van Allen Probes (Radiation Belt Storm Probes, RBSP) and global lightning data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN). Data were obtained between July to September 2013 and between March and April 2014. For each day during these periods, we predicted the most probable 10 min for which each of the two RBSP satellites would be magnetically conjugate to lightning producing regions. The prediction method uses integrated WWLLN stroke data for that day obtained during the three previous years. Using these predicted times for magnetic conjugacy to lightning activity regions, we recorded high time resolution, burst mode waveform data. Here we show that whistlers are observed by the satellites in more than 80% of downloaded waveform data. About 22.9% of the whistlers observed by RBSP are one‐to‐one coincident with source lightning strokes detected by WWLLN. About 40.1% more of whistlers are found to be one‐to‐one coincident with lightning if source regions are extended out 2000 km from the satellites footpoints. Lightning strokes with far‐field radiated VLF energy larger than about 100 J are able to generate a detectable whistler wave in the inner magnetosphere. One‐to‐one coincidences between whistlers observed by RBSP and lightning strokes detected by WWLLN are clearly shown in the L shell range of L = 1–3. Nose whistlers observed in July 2014 show that it may be possible to extend this coincidence to the region of L≥4.