bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Interactome of the Glucocorticoid Receptor and Its Influence on the Actions of Glucocorticoids in Combatting Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases
Authors: Petta Ioanna , Dejager Lien , Ballegeer Marlies , Lievens Sam , Tavernier Jan , De Bosscher Karolien , Libert Claude 
Published: May 2016

SUMMARYGlucocorticoids (GCs) have been widely used for decades as a first-line treatment for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, their use is often hampered by the onset of adverse effects or resistance. GCs mediate their effects via binding to glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a transcription factor belonging to the family of nuclear receptors. An important aspect of GR's actions, including its anti-inflammatory capacity, involves its interactions with various proteins, such as transcription factors, cofactors, and modifying enzymes, which codetermine receptor functionality. In this review, we provide a state-of-the-art overview of the protein-protein interactions (PPIs) of GR that positively or negatively affect its anti-inflammatory properties, along with mechanistic insights, if known. Emphasis is placed on the interactions that affect its anti-inflammatory effects in the presence of inflammatory and microbial diseases.
Metabolic and Community Synergy of Oral Bacteria in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Flynn Kaitlin J. , Baxter Nielson T. , Schloss Patrick D. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

The oral periodontopathic bacterium
Fusobacterium nucleatum
has been repeatedly associated with colorectal tumors. Molecular analysis has identified specific virulence factors that promote tumorigenesis in the colon. However, other oral community members, such as members of the
Porphyromonas
spp., are also found with
F. nucleatum
on colonic tumors, and thus, narrow studies of individual pathogens do not take community-wide virulence properties into account. A broader view of oral bacterial physiology and pathogenesis identifies two factors that could promote colonization and persistence of oral bacterial communities in the colon. The polymicrobial nature of oral biofilms and the asaccharolytic metabolism of many of these species make them well suited to life in the microenvironment of colonic lesions. Consideration of these two factors offers a novel perspective on the role of oral microbiota in the initiation, development, and treatment of colorectal cancer.
Socioeconomic status and glycemic control in adult patients with type 2 diabetes: a mediation analysis
Authors: Houle Janie , Lauzier-Jobin François , Beaulieu Marie-Dominique , Meunier Sophie , Coulombe Simon , Côté José , Lespérance François , Chiasson Jean-Louis , Bherer Louis , Lambert Jean 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to examine the contribution of health behaviors (self-management and coping), quality of care, and individual characteristics (depressive symptoms, self-efficacy, illness representations) as mediators in the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and glycemic control.MethodsA sample of 295 adult patients with type 2 diabetes was recruited at the end of a diabetes education course. Glycemic control was evaluated through glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Living in poverty and education level were used as indicators of SES.ResultsBootstrapping analysis showed that the significant effects of poverty and education level on HbA1cwere mediated by avoidance coping and depressive symptoms. The representation that diabetes is unpredictable significantly mediated the relationship between living in poverty and HbA1c, while healthy diet mediated the relationship between education level and HbA1c.ConclusionsTo improve glycemic control among patients with low SES, professionals should regularly screen for depression, offering treatment when needed, and pay attention to patients' illness representations and coping strategies for handling stress related to their chronic disease. They should also support patients in improving their self-management skills for a healthy diet.
Simulated presence therapy for dementia: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Abraha Iosief , Rimland Joseph M , Lozano-Montoya Isabel , Dell'Aquila Giuseppina , Vélez-Díaz-Pallarés Manuel , Trotta Fabiana M , Cherubini Antonio 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionThe majority of patients with dementia develop behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Non-pharmacological interventions are an appealing alternative for the treatment of BPSD in patients with dementia. Simulated presence therapy (SPT) is a simple and inexpensive non-pharmacological intervention that can be used to treat BPSD. We propose a Cochrane protocol for the collection and assessment of evidence concerning the efficacy of SPT to treat relevant outcomes in people with dementia.Methods and analysisWe will search the following electronic databases: the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group's Specialised Register MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, LILACS, CENTRAL and a number of trial registers as well as grey literature sources. We will include randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials (including cross-over studies) that evaluated SPT in people with dementia. Comparators such as usual care with no additional activity, or any activity that differs in content and approach from SPT, but is additional to usual care, will be considered. The primary outcomes of interest will comprise behavioural and psychological symptoms, as measured by relevant scales, and quality of life. Two review authors working independently and in tandem will be involved in title and abstract screening, full-text screening and data abstraction. Where possible, quantitative data will be pooled, and relative risk and mean difference with 95% CI will be employed for dichotomous and continuous data, respectively. Assessment of risk of bias will be performed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool and the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval is not required. The final results of this systematic review will be presented to the Cochrane Library and will also be disseminated at relevant conference presentations.Trial registration numberCRD42015029778.
Hyaluronan synthase 2 is an adverse prognostic marker in androgen receptor-negative breast cancer
Authors: Zhang Hong , Tsang Julia Y S , Ni Yun-Bi , Chan Siu-Ki , Chan Kui-Fat , Cheung Sai-Yin , Tse Gary M 
Published: May 2016

AimsThe important role of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2), an isozyme responsible for hyaluronan synthesis, in cancer has been increasingly recognised. However, only a few studies with inconsistent results have been reported in breast cancers. With a large cohort, we aim to determine the clinical significance of HAS2 in breast cancers.MethodsWe examined HAS2 expression in 1142 breast cancers using immunohistochemistry.ResultsHAS2 was associated with both prognostically favourable (androgen receptor (AR), p<0.001) and unfavourable (basal and epithelial mesenchymal transition markers, p≤0.039) biomarkers. In addition, HAS2 showed differential associations with various features and outcome between AR+ and AR− subgroups. HAS2+AR− breast cancers showed significantly worse outcome than other subgroups, and HAS2+AR− subgroup was an independent adverse prognostic factor for disease-free survival (HR 1.309, p=0.046). Interestingly, HAS2 was associated with many poor prognostic features (including higher grade, lymphovascular invasion, basal-like breast cancer subtype, high Ki67 and basal marker expression) only in AR−, but not AR+ breast cancers.ConclusionsHAS2 has been proposed to be a target for therapeutic intervention in cancer. Our findings suggested a possible antagonistic role of AR pathway on HAS2 function. It will be interesting to further investigate their precise interaction, which may have important implication in HAS2 targeting.
Right Ventricular Functional Reserve in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Hsu Steven , Houston Brian A. , Tampakakis Emmanouil , Bacher Anita C. , Rhodes Parker S. , Mathai Stephen C. , Damico Rachel L. , Kolb Todd M. , Hummers Laura K. , Shah Ami A. , McMahan Zsuzsanna , Corona-Villalobos Celia P. , Zimmerman Stefan L. , Wigley Fredrick M. , Hassoun Paul M. , Kass David A. , Tedford Ryan J. 
Published: May 2016

Background—
Right ventricular (RV) functional reserve affects functional capacity and prognosis in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). PAH associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc-PAH) has a substantially worse prognosis than idiopathic PAH (IPAH), even though many measures of resting RV function and pulmonary vascular load are similar. We therefore tested the hypothesis that RV functional reserve is depressed in SSc-PAH patients.

Methods and Results—

RV pressure-volume relations were prospectively measured in IPAH (n=9) and SSc-PAH (n=15) patients at rest and during incremental atrial pacing or supine bicycle ergometry. Systolic and lusitropic function increased at faster heart rates in IPAH patients, but were markedly blunted in SSc-PAH. The recirculation fraction, which indexes intracellular calcium recycling, was also depressed in SSc-PAH (0.32±0.05 versus 0.50±0.05;
P
=0.039). At matched exercise (25 W), SSc-PAH patients did not augment contractility (end-systolic elastance) whereas IPAH did (
P
<0.001). RV afterload assessed by effective arterial elastance rose similarly in both groups; thus, ventricular-vascular coupling declined in SSc-PAH. Both end-systolic and end-diastolic RV volumes increased in SSc-PAH patients to offset contractile deficits, whereas chamber dilation was absent in IPAH (+37±10% versus +1±8%,
P
=0.004, and +19±4% versus –1±6%,
P
<0.001, respectively). Exercise-associated RV dilation also strongly correlated with resting ventricular-vascular coupling in a larger cohort.

Conclusions—
RV contractile reserve is depressed in SSc-PAH versus IPAH subjects, associated with reduced calcium recycling. During exercise, this results in ventricular-pulmonary vascular uncoupling and acute RV dilation. RV dilation during exercise can predict adverse ventricular-vascular coupling in PAH patients.
Increasing Incidence of Hospitalization for Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack in Young Adults: A Registry‐Based Study
Authors: Tibæk Maiken , Dehlendorff Christian , Jørgensen Henrik S. , Forchhammer Hysse B. , Johnsen Søren P. , Kammersgaard Lars P. 
Published: May 2016

Background

Studies have reported increasing incidence of ischemic stroke in adults younger than 50 to 55 years. Information on temporal trends of other stroke subtypes and transient ischemic attack (
TIA
) is sparse. The aim of this study was to investigate temporal trends of the incidence of hospitalizations for
TIA
and stroke including sex‐ and subtype‐specific trends in young adults aged 15 to 30 years.

Methods and Results

From the Danish National Patient Register, we identified all cases of first‐ever stroke and
TIA
(age 15–30 years) in Denmark, who were hospitalized during the study period of 1994 to 2012. Incidence rates and estimated annual percentage changes (
EAPCs
) were estimated by using Poisson regression. During the study period, 4156 cases of first‐ever hospitalization for stroke/
TIA
were identified. The age‐standardized incidence rates of hospitalizations for stroke increased significantly (
EAPC
1.83% [95%
CI
1.11–2.55%]) from 11.97/100 000 person‐years (
PY
) in 1994 to 16.77/100 000
PY
in 2012.
TIA
hospitalizations increased from 1.93/100 000
PY
in 1994 to 5.81/100 000
PY
in 2012 and after 2006 more markedly in men than in women (
EAPC
16.61% [95%
CI
10.45–23.12%]). The incidence of hospitalizations for ischemic stroke was markedly lower among men, but increased significantly from 2006 (
EAPC
14.60% [95%
CI
6.22–23.63%]). The incidences of hospitalizations for intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage remained stable during the study period.

Conclusions

The incidence rates of first‐time hospitalizations for ischemic stroke and
TIA
in young Danish adults have increased substantially since the mid 1990s. The increase was particularly prominent in the most recent years.
Trends in Acute Ischemic Stroke Hospitalizations in the United States
Authors: Ramirez Lucas , Kim‐Tenser May A. , Sanossian Nerses , Cen Steven , Wen Ge , He Shuhan , Mack William J. , Towfighi Amytis 
Published: May 2016

Background

Population‐based studies have revealed declining acute ischemic stroke (
AIS
) hospitalization rates in the United States, but no study has assessed recent temporal trends in race/ethnic‐, age‐, and sex‐specific
AIS
hospitalization rates.

Methods and Results

Temporal trends in hospitalization for
AIS
from 2000 to 2010 were assessed among adults ≥25 years using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Age‐, sex‐, and race/ethnic‐specific and age‐adjusted stroke hospitalization rates were calculated using the weighted number of hospitalizations and
US
census data. From 2000 to 2010, age‐adjusted stroke hospitalization rates decreased from 250 to 204 per 100 000 (overall rate reduction 18.4%). Age‐specific
AIS
hospitalization rates decreased for individuals aged 65 to 84 years (846 to 605 per 100 000) and ≥85 years (2077 to 1618 per 100 000), but increased for individuals aged 25 to 44 years (16 to 23 per 100 000) and 45 to 64 years (149 to 156 per 100 000). Blacks had the highest age‐adjusted yearly hospitalization rates, followed by Hispanics and whites (358, 170, and 155 per 100 000 in 2010). Age‐adjusted
AIS
hospitalization rates increased for blacks but decreased for Hispanics and whites. Age‐adjusted
AIS
hospitalization rates were lower in women and declined more steeply compared to men (272 to 212 per 100 000 in women versus 298 to 245 per 100 000 in men).

Conclusions
Although overall stroke hospitalizations declined in the United States, the reduction was more pronounced among older individuals, women, Hispanics, and whites. Renewed efforts at targeting risk factor control among vulnerable individuals may be warranted.
Monsoon Convection in the Maritime Continent: Interaction of Large-Scale Motion and Complex Terrain
Authors: Chang Chih-Pei , Lu Mong-Ming , Lim Hock 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The Asian monsoon is a planetary-scale circulation system powered by the release of latent heat, but important features of deep convection and rainfall distribution cannot be adequately represented by the large-scale patterns. This is mainly due to the strong influences of terrain that are important across a wide range of horizontal scales, especially over the Maritime Continent where the complex terrain has a dominant effect on the behavior of convective rainfall during the boreal winter monsoon. This chapter is a review and summary of published results on the effects on monsoon convection due to interactions between the Maritime Continent terrain and large-scale transient systems.
The Maritime Continent topographic features strongly affect both the demarcation of the boreal summer and winter monsoon regimes and the asymmetric seasonal marches during the transition seasons. In the western part of the region, the complex interactions that lead to variability in deep convection are primarily controlled by the cold surges and the synoptic-scale Borneo vortex. The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) reduces the frequency of weaker surges through an interference with their structure. It also influences convection, particularly on the diurnal cycle and when synoptic activities are weak. When both surges and the Borneo vortex are present, interactions between these circulations with the terrain can cause the strongest convection, which has included Typhoon Vamei (2001), which is the only observed tropical cyclone that developed within 1.5° of the equator.
The cold surges are driven by midlatitude pressure rises associated with the movement of the Siberian high. Rapid strengthening of surge northeasterly winds can be explained as the tropical response via a geostrophic adjustment process to the pressure forcing in the form of an equatorial Rossby wave group. Dispersion of meridional modes leads to a northeast–southwest orientation that allows the surge to stream downstream through the similarly oriented South China Sea. This evolution leads to a cross-equatorial return flow and a cyclonic circulation at the equator, and thus a mechanism for equatorial cyclogenesis. Although the narrow width of the southern South China Sea facilitates strengthening of the cold surge, it also severely restricts the likelihood of cyclone development so that Vamei remains to be the only typhoon observed in the equatorial South China Sea.
Climate variations from El Niño–Southern Oscillation to climate change may impact the interactions between the large-scale motion and Maritime Continent terrain because they lead to changes in the mean flow. The thermodynamic effects on the interaction between MJO and the monsoon surges and Borneo vortex over the complex terrain also need to be addressed. These and other questions such as any possible changes in the likelihood of equatorial tropical cyclogenesis as a result of climate change are all important areas for future research.
The Effects of Past Hurricane Experiences on Evacuation Intentions through Risk Perception and Efficacy Beliefs: A Mediation Analysis
Authors: Demuth Julie L. , Morss Rebecca E. , Lazo Jeffrey K. , Trumbo Craig 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIndividuals’ past experiences with a hazard can encompass many different aspects, which can influence how they judge and respond to a future hurricane risk. This study, which utilizes survey data from coastal residents who are at risk from hurricanes, adds to understanding of past hazard experience in two ways. First, it examines six different aspects of people’s past hurricane experiences and the relationships among them. Then, it draws on risk theories of behavioral responses to explore how these different experiences influence people’s evacuation intentions for a hypothetical hurricane as mediated through multiple dimensions of risk perception (cognitive, negative affective) and efficacy beliefs (self efficacy, response efficacy). The results suggest that people can experience emotional or otherwise severe impacts from a hurricane even if they do not have experiences with evacuation, property damage, or financial loss. The results also reveal that different past hurricane experiences operated through different combinations of mediating variables to influence evacuation intentions. Some of these processes enhanced intentions; for instance, experience with evacuation, financial loss, or emotional impacts heightened negative affective risk perceptions, which increased evacuation intentions. Other processes dampened evacuation intentions; for instance, people with past hurricane-related emotional impacts had lower self efficacy, which decreased evacuation intentions. In some cases, these enhancing and dampening processes competed. Exploring people’s different past weather experiences and the mechanisms by which they can influence future behaviors is important for more deeply understanding populations at risk and how they respond to weather threats.
The Impact of Neighborhood Context on Spatiotemporal Patterns of Burglary
Authors: Nobles Matt R. , Ward Jeffrey T. , Tillyer Rob 
Published: May 2016

Objectives: Examine how neighborhoods vary in the degree to which they experience repeat/near repeat crime patterns and whether theoretical constructs representing neighborhood-level context, including social ecology and structural attributes, can explain variation in single incidents and those linked in space and time. Methods: Examine social, structural, and environmental design covariates from the American Community Survey to assess the context of near repeat burglary at the block group level. Spatially lagged negative binomial regression models were estimated to assess the relative contribution of these covariates on single and repeat/near repeat burglary counts. Results: Positive and consistent association between concentrated disadvantage and racial heterogeneity and all types of burglaries was evident, although the effects for other indicators, including residential instability, family disruption, and population density, varied across classifications of single and repeat/near repeat burglaries. Conclusions: Repeat/near repeat burglary patterns are conditional on the overall level and specific dimensions of disorganization, holding implications for offender-focused as well as community-focused explanations. This study contributes greater integration between the study of empirically observed patterns of repeats and community-based theories of crime, including collective efficacy.
A qualitative evaluation of the Scottish Staff and Associate Specialist Development Programme
Authors: Cleland Jennifer , Burr Jacqueline , Johnston Peter 
Published: May 2016

Background and Aims The continued professional development of staff and associate specialist doctors in the UK was ill served prior to the introduction of the new staff and associate specialist doctor’s contract in 2008. The aim of this study was to independently evaluate NHS Education for Scotland’s approach to improving professional development for staff and associate specialist doctors, the staff and associate specialist Professional Development Fund. Methods Semi-structured telephone interviews with key stakeholders, framed by a realistic approach to evaluate what works, for whom and in how and under what circumstances. An inductive and data-driven thematic analysis was carried out and then the realist framework was applied to the data. Results We interviewed 22 key stakeholders: staff and associate specialist doctors, staff and associate specialist educational advisors, programme architects and clinical directors, between end February and May 2014. The resultant data indicated five broad themes: organisational barriers to continued professional development for staff and associate specialist doctors, the purpose of funding, gains from funding, the need for better communication about the staff and associate specialist Programme Development Fund, and the interplay between individual and systems factors. Conclusion The staff and associate specialist Programme Development Fund has changed the opportunities available to staff and associate specialist doctors in Scotland and, in that sense, has changed the context for this group – or at least those who have realised the opportunities.