bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moral panic, moral regulation, and the civilizing process
Authors: Hier Sean 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article compares two analytical frameworks ostensibly formulated to widen the focus of moral panic studies. The comparative analysis suggests that attempts to conceptualize moral panics in terms of decivilizing processes have neither substantively supplemented the explanatory gains made by conceptualizing moral panic as a form of moral regulation nor provided a viable alternative framework that better explains the dynamics of contemporary moral panics. The article concludes that Elias's meta‐theory of the civilizing process potentially provides explanatory resources to investigate a possible historical‐structural shift towards the so‐called age of (a)moral panic; the analytical demands of such a project, however, require a sufficiently different line of inquiry than the one encouraged by both the regulatory and decivilizing perspectives on moral panic.
Increasing the availability and quality of caesarean section in Tanzania
Authors: Nyamtema A , Mwakatundu N , Dominico S , Mohamed H , Shayo A , Rumanyika R , Kairuki C , Nzabuhakwa C , Issa O , Lyimo C , Kasiga I , van Roosmalen J 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveTo describe the results of increasing availability and quality of caesarean deliveries and anaesthesia in rural Tanzania.DesignBefore‐after intervention study design.SettingsRural Tanzania.MethodsTen health centres located in rural areas were upgraded to provide comprehensive emergency obstetric care (CEmOC) and the four related district hospitals were supported. Upgrading entailed constructing and equipping maternity blocks, operation rooms and laboratories; installing solar systems, backup generators and water supply systems. Associate clinicians were trained in anaesthesia and in CEmOC. Mentoring and audit of reasons for caesarean section (CS) and maternal deaths were carried out. Measures of interest were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical tests.Main outcome measuresTrends in CS rates, proportion of unjustified CS, use of spinal anaesthesia, and the risk of death from complications related to CS and anaesthesia.ResultsDuring the audit period (2012–2014), 5868 of 58 751 deliveries were by CS (10%). The proportion of CS considered to be unjustified decreased from 30 to 17% in health centres (P = 0.02) and from 37 to 20% in hospitals (P < 0.001). Practice of spinal anaesthesia for CS increased from 10% to 64% in hospitals (P < 0.001). Of 110 maternal deaths, 18 (16.4%) were associated with complications of CS, giving a risk of 3.1 per 1000 CS; three (2.7%) were judged to be anaesthetic‐associated deaths with a risk of 0.5 per 1000 caesarean deliveries.ConclusionsIncreasing availability and quality of CS by improving infrastructure, training and audit of reasons for CS is feasible, acceptable and required in low resource settings.Tweetable abstractIncreasing availability and quality of CS in rural Africa is feasible.
Follow Your Heart: Survival Chances and Costs after Heart Attacks—An Instrumental Variable Approach
Authors: Sanwald Alice , Schober Thomas 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveTo determine the effect of heart attack patients’ access to intensive treatment on mortality and costs.Data SourcesAdministrative data of 4,920 patients with acute myocardial infarction from the Austrian Social Security Database and the Upper Austrian Sickness Fund for the period 2002–2011.Study DesignAs treatment intensity in a hospital largely depends on whether it has a catheterization laboratory, we explore the effects of patients’ initial admission to such specialized percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) hospitals. To account for the nonrandom selection of patients into hospitals, we exploit individuals’ place of residence as a source of exogenous variation in an instrumental variable framework.Principal FindingsWe find that the initial admission to PCI hospitals increases patients’ survival chances substantially. The effect on 3‐year mortality is −9.5 percentage points. Subgroup analysis shows the strongest effects in relative terms for patients below the age of 65. We do not find significant effects on long‐term inpatient costs and only marginal increases in outpatient costs.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that place of residence affects the access of patients to invasive heart attack treatment and therefore their chance of survival. We conclude that that providing more patients immediate access to PCI hospitals should be beneficial.
An Android Communication App Forensic Taxonomy
Authors: Azfar Abdullah , Choo Kim‐Kwang Raymond , Liu Lin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDue to the popularity of Android devices and applications (apps), Android forensics is one of the most studied topics within mobile forensics. Communication apps, such as instant messaging and Voice over IP (VoIP), are one popular app category used by mobile device users, including criminals. Therefore, a taxonomy outlining artifacts of forensic interest involving the use of Android communication apps will facilitate the timely collection and analysis of evidentiary materials from such apps. In this paper, 30 popular Android communication apps were examined, where a logical extraction of the Android phone images was collected using XRY, a widely used mobile forensic tool. Various information of forensic interest, such as contact lists and chronology of messages, was recovered. Based on the findings, a two‐dimensional taxonomy of the forensic artifacts of the communication apps is proposed, with the app categories in one dimension and the classes of artifacts in the other dimension. Finally, the artifacts identified in the study of the 30 communication apps are summarized using the taxonomy. It is expected that the proposed taxonomy and the forensic findings in this paper will assist forensic investigations involving Android communication apps.
Molecular and Supermolecular Structure of Commercial Pyrodextrins
Authors: Le Thanh‐Blicharz Joanna , Błaszczak Wioletta , Szwengiel Artur , Paukszta Dominik , Lewandowicz Grażyna 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSize exclusion chromatography with triple detection as well as infrared spectroscopy studies of commercially available pyrodextrins proved that these molecules are characterized not only by significantly lower molecular mass, in comparison to that of native starch, but also by increased branching. Therefore, pyrodextrins adopt a very compact structure in solution and show Newtonian behavior under shear in spite of their molecular masses of tens of thousands Daltons. The results also indicate that 50% reduction of digestibility of pyrodextrins is, to a minor extent, caused by formation of low‐molecular color compounds containing carbonyl functional groups. The main reason is, as postulated in the literature, transglycosidation that leads to decreased occurrence of α‐1,4‐glycoside bonds in the molecular structure. In the process of dextrinization starch also undergoes changes in supermolecular structure, which, however, have no influence on digestibility. Likewise, the effect of formation of low‐molecular colorful compounds containing carbonyl groups is not crucial.
Effect of pioglitazone on metabolic features in endotoxemia model in obese diabetic db/db mice
Authors: Sharma Manoranjan , Mohapatra Jogeswar , Malik Umar , Nagar Jignesh , Chatterjee Abhijit , Ramachandran Balaraman , Jain Mukul R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundInfectious diseases are more frequent in diabetic patients, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Endotoxemia affects glucose metabolism and lipolytic capacity. The aims of the present study were to determine whether endotoxemia exacerbates metabolic features (adipose inflammation, adipogenesis, and insulin resistance [IR]) in an animal model of diabetes (i.e. db/db mice) after acute infection and the effects of pioglitazone.MethodsFemale db/db mice treated with pioglitazone (3 and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) for 14 days were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 200 μg/kg), followed by an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to evaluate the expression of genes in white adipose tissue (WAT) involved in: (i) adipogenesis (lipoprotein lipase [Lpl], fatty acid binding protein‐4 [Ap2] and adiponectin [Adipoq]); (ii) insulin signaling (peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma [Pparg], suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 [Socs3], solute carrier family 2 [facilitated glucose transporter], member 4 [Slc2a4]); and (iii) inflammation (tumor necrosis factor [Tnf], interleukin‐6 [Il6], monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 [Ccl2], cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 [prostaglandin‐endoperoxide synthase 2; Ptgs2]).ResultsExperimental endotoxemia downregulated mRNA expression of Pparg, Slc2a4, Adipoq, Lpl, and Ap2, which coincided with upregulation of Il6, Tnf, Ccl2, Ptgs2, and Socs3 expression. Pioglitazone dose‐dependently decreased Tnf, Il6, Ccl2, Ptgs2, and Socs3 expression in WAT, in association with upregulation of Lpl, Ap2, Slc2a4, and Adipoq expression, indicating improvement in endotoxin‐induced IR.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that LPS challenge exacerbates IR in db/db mice by altering the expression of genes in WAT involved in adipogenesis and inflammation, which is effectively controlled by pioglitazone treatment.
Factors associated with and consequences of open conversion after laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy: initial experience at a single institution
Authors: Goh Brian K. P. , Chan Chung Yip , Lee Ser Yee , Chan Weng Hoong , Cheow Peng Chung , Chow Pierce K. H. , Ooi London L. P. J. , Chung Alexander Y. F. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundLaparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (LDP) is increasingly adopted today. This study aims to determine factors associated with and consequences of open conversion after LDP.MethodsRetrospective review of the first 40 consecutive LDP performed for pancreatic tumors from 2006 to 2015 was performed. Individual surgeon volume was stratified by ≤5 versus >5 cases and institution experience was stratified by two time periods 2006–2010 and 2011–2015.ResultsTwo high‐volume surgeons performed 19 cases with an average case volume of ≥2/year whereas 10 low‐volume surgeons performed 21 cases with an average case volume of <1/year. Median age of patients was 57.6 (range, 21–78) years. LDP was performed for malignancy in four (10%) patients. The median tumor size was 25 (range, 8–75) mm. Eight patients (20%) underwent subtotal pancreatectomies and seven (17.5%) had concomitant surgeries. Eleven (27.5%) LDP were spleen‐saving procedures. Ten (25%) procedures were converted to open. Twenty‐nine (72.5%) patients experienced 90‐day/in‐hospital morbidity of which eight (20%) were major (>grade II). There were 24 (60%) pancreatic fistulas of which 10 (25%) were grade B. Univariate analyses demonstrated that splenectomy (10 (34.5%) versus 0, P = 0.025), individual surgeon volume (<5 cases) (8 (38.1%) versus 2 (10.15%), P = 0.044) and institution experience (5 (55.6%) versus 5 (16.1%), P = 0.016) were factors associated with open conversion after LDP. Open conversion was associated with an increased rate of intra‐operative blood transfusion (P = 0.053).ConclusionsSplenectomy, institution experience and individual surgeon volume were the factors associated with open conversion after LDP.
Prognostic significance of the location of metastatic lymph nodes in patients with adenocarcinoma of the oesophagogastric junction
Authors: Liu Jun‐Feng , Jiang Tao , Shi Zhi‐Hua , Liu Xin‐Bo 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundAdenocarcinoma of the oesophagogastric junction (AEG) potentially metastasizes to lymph nodes (LNs) in the abdomen and thorax. The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of metastatic LN location on prognosis in patients with AEG.MethodsFrom May 2000 to March 2002, 645 patients with AEG underwent resection in our hospital. There were 525 males and 120 females, aged from 31 to 78 years (median = 60 years). Follow‐up was carried out by correspondence every 6 months. N‐classification according to the number (0, 1–2, 3–6, >6; N0–3), station (0, 1, 2, 3; S0–3) or field (0, 1 (abdominal or mediastinal), 2 (abdominal and mediastinal); F0–2) of LN metastasis and other prognostic factors were evaluated by univariate and multivariate survival analyses.ResultsOf the 645 patients, 307 (47.6%) had LN metastasis. The 5‐year survival rate for patients with LN metastases was 16.0% compared to 36.8% for those without LN metastases (P = 0.000). The length of tumour, and the number, station and field of the LN metastasis were independent prognostic factors by multivariate analysis. However, when patients without LN metastasis were excluded from the survival analysis by log‐rank test, there were significant differences only in patients with F1 versus F2 LN metastasis, with 5‐year survival rates of 14.4% and 8.0%, respectively (P = 0.022).ConclusionThe presence of LN metastases concurrently in both the abdomen and mediastinum is a significant adverse prognostic factor for patients with AEG, and should be included in the future TNM staging system.
Effects of inclusion levels of pelleted silvergrass (Miscanthus sinensis Andress.) in the diet on digestibility, chewing activity, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites in breeding Japanese Black cows
Authors: Asano Keigo , Ishida Miho , Ishida Motohiko 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTo examine the effects of inclusion levels of pelleted silvergrass (PS) in the diet on digestibility, ruminal fermentation and nutrient status of breeding Japanese Black cows, four cows were allotted to a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment. Treatments were control fed a diet consisting of 89.4% Sudangrass hay and 10.6% soybean meal on a dry matter (DM) basis, and PS18, PS27 and PS45 fed the diet replaced with 18%, 27% and 45% of control with PS, respectively. The total digestible nutrients (TDN) content of PS was 45.6% on a DM basis. The TDN intakes were significantly decreased by increasing PS level in the diet (P < 0.05), but were higher than the TDN requirement of maintenance cows in all treatments. The total chewing time was decreased significantly by increasing PS level in the diets (P < 0.05). However, the pH and concentration of volatile fatty acid in the ruminal fluid and serum metabolite concentrations were not significantly different among the treatments. The results suggested that including PS up to 45% in the diet did not have adverse effects on the ruminal fermentation and nutrient status in breeding Japanese Black cows at the maintenance stage.
Population pharmacokinetic modelling of the changes in atazanavir plasma clearance caused by ritonavir plasma concentrations in HIV‐1 infected patients
Authors: Moltó José , Estévez Javier A. , Miranda Cristina , Cedeño Samandhy , Clotet Bonaventura , Valle Marta 
Published: July 2016

AimsThe aim of the present study was to develop a simultaneous population pharmacokinetic model for atazanavir (ATV) incorporating the effect of ritonavir (RTV) on clearance to predict ATV concentrations under different dosing regimens in HIV‐1‐infected patients.MethodsA Cross‐sectional study was carried out in 83 HIV‐1‐infected adults taking ATV 400 mg or ATV 300 mg/RTV 100 mg once daily. Demographic and clinical characteristics were registered and blood samples collected to measure drug concentrations. A population pharmacokinetic model was constructed using nonlinear mixed‐effects modelling and used to simulate six dosing scenarios.ResultsThe selected one‐compartmental model described the pharmacokinetics of RTV and ATV simultaneously, showing exponential, direct inhibition of ATV clearance according to the RTV plasma concentration, which explained 17.5% of the variability. A mean RTV plasma concentration of 0.63 mg l–1 predicted an 18% decrease in ATV clearance. The percentages of patients with an end‐of‐dose‐interval concentration of ATV below or above the minimum and maximum target concentrations of 0.15 mg l–1 and 0.85 mg l–1 favoured the selection of the simulated ATV/RTV once‐daily regimens (ATV 400 mg, ATV 300 mg/RTV 100 mg, ATV 300 mg/RTV 50 mg, ATV 200/RTV 100 mg) over the unboosted twice‐daily regimens (ATV 300 mg, ATV 200 mg).ConclusionsA one‐compartment simultaneous model can describe the pharmacokinetics of RTV and ATV, including the effect of RTV plasma concentrations on ATV clearance. This model is promising for predicting individuals' ATV concentrations in clinical scenarios, and supports further clinical trials of once‐daily doses of ATV 300 mg/RTV 50 mg or ATV 200 mg/RTV 100 mg to confirm efficacy and safety.
Comparative testing of reliability and audit utility of ordinal objective calculus complexity scores. Can we make an informed choice yet?
Authors: Jaipuria Jiten , Suryavanshi Manav , Sen Tridib K. 
Published: July 2016

ObjectivesTo assess the reliability of the Guy's Stone Score, the Seoul National University Renal Stone Complexity (S‐ReSC) score and the S.T.O.N.E. scores in percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), and assess their utility in discriminating outcomes [stone free rate (SFR), complications, need for multiple PCNL sessions, and auxiliary procedures] valid across parameters of experience of surgeon, independence from surgical approach, and variations in institution‐specific instrumentation.Patients and methodsA prospectively maintained database of two tertiary institutions was analysed (606 cases). Institutes differed in instrumentation, while the overall surgical team comprised: two trainees (experience <100 cases), two junior consultants (experience 100–200 cases), and two senior surgeons (experience >1000 cases). Scores were assigned and re‐assigned after 4 months by one trainee and an expert surgeon. Inter‐rater and test‐retest agreement were analysed by Cohen's κ and intraclass correlation coefficient. Multivariate logistic regression models were created adjusting outcomes for the institution, comorbidity, Amplatz size, access tract location, the number of punctures, the experience level of the surgeon, and individual scoring system, and receiver operating curves were analysed for comparison.ResultsDespite some areas of inconsistencies, individually all scores had excellent inter‐rater and test‐retest concordance. On multivariable analyses, while the experience of the surgeon and surgical approach characteristics (such as access tract location, Amplatz size, and number of punctures) remained independently associated with different outcomes in varying combinations, calculus complexity scores were found consistently to be independently associated with all outcomes. The S‐ReSC score had a superior association with SFR, the need for multiple PCNL sessions, and auxiliary procedures.ConclusionIndividually all scoring systems performed well. On cross comparison, the S‐ReSC score consistently emerged to be more superiorly associated with all outcomes, signifying the importance of the distributional complexity of the calculus (which also indirectly amalgamates the influence of stone number, size, and anatomical location) in discriminating outcomes. Our study proves the utility of scoring systems in prognosticating multiple outcomes and also clarifies important aspects of their practical application including future roles such as benchmarking, audit, training, and objective assessment of surgical technique modifications.
Quantitative pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic modelling of baclofen‐mediated cardiovascular effects using BP and heart rate in rats
Authors: Kamendi Harriet , Barthlow Herbert , Lengel David , Beaudoin Marie‐Eve , Snow Debra , Mettetal Jerome T , Bialecki Russell A 
Published: July 2016

Background and PurposeWhile the molecular pathways of baclofen toxicity are understood, the relationships between baclofen‐mediated perturbation of individual target organs and systems involved in cardiovascular regulation are not clear. Our aim was to use an integrative approach to measure multiple cardiovascular‐relevant parameters [CV: mean arterial pressure (MAP), systolic BP, diastolic BP, pulse pressure, heart rate (HR); CNS: EEG; renal: chemistries and biomarkers of injury] in tandem with the pharmacokinetic properties of baclofen to better elucidate the site(s) of baclofen activity.Experimental ApproachHan‐Wistar rats were administered vehicle or ascending doses of baclofen (3, 10 and 30 mg·kg−1, p.o.) at 4 h intervals and baclofen‐mediated changes in parameters recorded. A pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic model was then built by implementing an existing mathematical model of BP in rats.Key ResultsFinal model fits resulted in reasonable parameter estimates and showed that the drug acts on multiple homeostatic processes. In addition, the models testing a single effect on HR, total peripheral resistance or stroke volume alone did not describe the data. A final population model was constructed describing the magnitude and direction of the changes in MAP and HR.Conclusions and ImplicationsThe systems pharmacology model developed fits baclofen‐mediated changes in MAP and HR well. The findings correlate with known mechanisms of baclofen pharmacology and suggest that similar models using limited parameter sets may be useful to predict the cardiovascular effects of other pharmacologically active substances.
Pyrazine emission by a tropical firefly: An example of chemical aposematism?
Authors: Vencl Fredric V. , Ottens Kristina , Dixon Marjorie M. , Candler Sarah , Bernal Ximena E. , Estrada Catalina , Page Rachel A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAlthough famous for photic courtship displays, fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) are also notable for emitting strong odors when molested. The identity of volatile emissions and their possible role, along with photic signals, as aposematic warnings of unpalatability have been little explored, especially in tropical species. Pursuant to the observation that the widespread Neotropical fireflies, Photuris trivittata and Bicellonycha amoena, emit pungent odors, glows, and flashes when handled, we investigated their cuticular and headspace chemistry. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses revealed that both fireflies have species‐specific cuticular hydrocarbon profiles. Photuris trivittata headspace was dominated by 2‐methoxy‐3‐(1‐methylpropyl) pyrazine (hereafter, pyrazine), on the order of 1.59 ng/individual and a suite of sesquiterpenes, while B. amoena emitted 3‐methoxy‐2‐butenoic acid methyl ester and a few ketones. This is the first report of such compounds in fireflies. We investigated the role of pyrazine in P. trivittata's interactions with potential predators: sympatric ants, toads, and bats. Solvent‐washed P. trivittata painted with pyrazine incurred lower ant predation than did their solvent‐washed counterparts. Pyrazine significantly repelled ants at baits in concentrations as low as 9.8 × 10−4 ng/μl. The toad, Rhinella marina, readily accepted intact fireflies, pyrazine‐coated and uncoated mealworms. Both Myotis nigricans and Molossus molossus bats rejected fireflies, but accepted both pyrazine‐coated and uncoated mealworms. While pyrazine repels ants, its role as an aposematic signal warning other potential predators of firefly distastefulness requires further investigation. Our results underscore the idea that multiple enemies exert conflicting selection on firefly defenses.