bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using large eddy simulations to reveal the size, strength, and phase of updraft and downdraft cores of an Arctic mixed‐phase stratocumulus cloud
Authors: Roesler Erika L. , Posselt Derek J. , Rood Richard B. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThree‐dimensional large eddy simulations (LES) are used to analyze a springtime Arctic mixed‐phase stratocumulus observed on 26 April 2008 during the Indirect and Semi‐Direct Aerosol Campaign. Two subgrid‐scale turbulence parameterizations are compared. The first scheme is a 1.5‐order turbulent kinetic energy (1.5‐TKE) parameterization that has been previously applied to boundary layer cloud simulations. The second scheme, Cloud Layers Unified By Binormals (CLUBB), provides higher‐order turbulent closure with scale awareness. The simulations, in comparisons with observations, show that both schemes produce the liquid profiles within measurement variability but underpredict ice water mass and overpredict ice number concentration. The simulation using CLUBB underpredicted liquid water path more than the simulation using the 1.5‐TKE scheme, so the turbulent length scale and horizontal grid box size were increased to increase liquid water path and reduce dissipative energy. The LES simulations show this stratocumulus cloud to maintain a closed cellular structure, similar to observations. The updraft and downdraft cores self‐organize into a larger meso‐γ‐scale convective pattern with the 1.5‐TKE scheme, but the cores remain more isotropic with the CLUBB scheme. Additionally, the cores are often composed of liquid and ice instead of exclusively containing one or the other. These results provide insight into traditionally unresolved and unmeasurable aspects of an Arctic mixed‐phase cloud. From analysis, this cloud's updraft and downdraft cores appear smaller than other closed‐cell stratocumulus such as midlatitude stratocumulus and Arctic autumnal mixed‐phase stratocumulus due to the weaker downdrafts and lower precipitation rates.
Lightning Potential Index performances in multimicrophysical cloud‐resolving simulations of a back‐building mesoscale convective system: The Genoa 2014 event
Authors: Lagasio M. , Parodi A. , Procopio R. , Rachidi F. , Fiori E. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSevere weather events are responsible for hundreds of fatalities and millions of euros of damage every year on the Mediterranean basin. Lightning activity is a characteristic phenomenon of severe weather and often accompanies torrential rainfall, which, under certain conditions like terrain type, slope, drainage, and soil saturation, may turn into flash flood. Building on the existing relationship between significant lightning activity and deep convection and precipitation, the performance of the Lightning Potential Index, as a measure of the potential for charge generation and separation that leads to lightning occurrence in clouds, is here evaluated for the V‐shape back‐building Mesoscale Convective System which hit Genoa city (Italy) in 2014. An ensemble of Weather Research and Forecasting simulations at cloud‐permitting grid spacing (1 km) with different microphysical parameterizations is performed and compared to the available observational radar and lightning data. The results allow gaining a deeper understanding of the role of lightning phenomena in the predictability of V‐shape back‐building Mesoscale Convective Systems often producing flash flood over western Mediterranean complex topography areas. Moreover, they support the relevance of accurate lightning forecasting for the predictive ability of these severe events.
Field‐scale observations of a transient geobattery resulting from natural attenuation of a crude oil spill
Authors: Heenan J. W. , Ntarlagiannis D. , Slater L. D. , Beaver C. L. , Rossbach S. , Revil A. , Atekwana E. A. , Bekins B. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWe present evidence of a geobattery associated with microbial degradation of a mature crude oil spill. Self‐potential measurements were collected using a vertical array of nonpolarizing electrodes, starting at the land surface and passing through the smear zone where seasonal water table fluctuations have resulted in the coating of hydrocarbons on the aquifer solids. These passive electrical potential measurements exhibit a dipolar pattern associated with a current source. The anodic and cathodic reactions of this natural battery occur below and above the smear zone, respectively. The smear zone is characterized by high magnetic susceptibility values associated with the precipitation of semiconductive magnetic iron phase minerals as a by‐product of biodegradation, facilitating electron transfer between the anode and the cathode. This geobattery response appears to have a transient nature, changing on a monthly scale, probably resulting from chemical and physical changes in subsurface conditions such as water table fluctuations.
Uncertainty analysis and risk‐based design of detention basin without damage function
Authors: Tung Yeou‐Koung 
Published: April 2017

AbstractRisk‐based analysis provides an economically defensible framework for determining the optimal design of hydrosystems with the minimum total cost including project cost (installation plus operation/maintenance/repair) and failure‐induced expected damage cost. However, failure‐related damage function with good quality may not be widely available in practical applications for assessing annual expected damage cost. In addition to aleatory uncertainty representing natural randomness of hydrologic events, there exists a variety of epistemic uncertainties due to knowledge deficiency from the use of inadequate models, inaccurate model parameters, etc. The presence of epistemic uncertainties could affect the loads and capacity of hydrosystem facilities which, in turn, would affect the value of failure‐induced physical performance indicators. Using detention basin design as an example, this paper presents a systematic framework to integrate aleatory and epistemic uncertainties for the risk‐based design under the condition of no monetary damage function. For illustration, aleatory uncertainty due to randomness of rainfall intensity and epistemic uncertainties caused by runoff coefficient and curve number are considered in risk‐based design of an example detention basin.
Development of a novel low‐radiation‐absorbent lok‐bar to reduce X‐ray scattering and absorption in RapidArc® treatment planning and dose delivery
Authors: Monzen Hajime , Kubo Kazuki , Tamura Mikoto , Hayakawa Masaru , Nishimura Yasumasa 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWe developed a novel low‐radiation‐absorbent lok‐bar (HM‐bar) that is used to secure the immobilizers to the couch. The aim of this study was to investigate the X‐ray scattering and absorption properties of the HM‐bar in computed tomography (CT) simulation and radiotherapy dose delivery using the Varian Exact™ lok‐bar (VL‐bar) as a benchmark. CT images were obtained with or without lok‐bar, and then each image was visually evaluated for artifacts. The attenuation rates for each lok‐bar were measured using a farmer‐type ionization chamber (PTW30013) and the I'mRT phantom (IBA Dosimetry GmbH). Measurement points were between gantry angles of 110 and 180°. The treatment apparatus was a NovalisTx (Brainlab AG); X‐ray energies were set at 6 MV and 10 MV. In the presence of each lok‐bar, the radiation dose was measured in accordance with 10 volumetric modulated arc therapy–stereotactic body radiation therapy (VMAT‐SBRT) plans for lung cancer. Artifacts were seldom observed in the CT scans of the HM‐bar. The attenuation rate of each lok‐bar was higher when the X‐ray energy was set at 6 MV than at 10 MV. The highest attenuation rate in the VL‐bar was observed at a gantry angle of 112°; the rates were 22.4% at 6 MV and 19.3% at 10 MV. Similarly, the highest attenuation rate for the HM‐bar was also observed at a gantry angle of 112°; the rates were 12.2% and 10.1% at 6 MV and 10 MV, respectively. When the VL‐bar was evaluated, the isocenter dose of the VMAT‐SBRT plans was attenuated by 2.6% as a maximum case. In the case of the HM‐bar, the maximum attenuation was 1.4%. In the measurements of each VMAT‐SBRT plan, the difference of the dose attenuation rate between the VL‐bar and HM‐bar was approximately 1%. The HM‐bar could be used to minimize the occurrence of artifacts and provide good images in CT scans regarding radiotherapy planning and dose calculation. It can be used for patient therapy at hospitals to provide accurate dose delivery because of its low X‐ray scattering and absorption characteristics.
Do peer effects mediate the association between family socio‐economic status and educational achievement?
Authors: Chesters Jenny , Daly Anne 
Published: April 2017

AbstractDifferences in levels of academic achievement according to socio‐economic status (SES), and parental education in particular, have been a persistent feature of Australian education systems. Young people with highly educated parents are more likely than their peers with low‐educated parents to attain high levels of achievement at school. Students with low levels of achievement are less likely than their high achieving peers to complete Year 12 and are more likely to experience negative post‐school outcomes. The SES of the neighbourhood, and in particular, the school attended, has also been found to have an effect on levels of both academic achievement and attainment. For this paper, we conduct analyses of National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy test scores for four cohorts of secondary school students attending government schools in the Australian Capital Territory to examine the associations between parental education, school attended and levels of educational achievement. Our findings show that students with university‐educated parents achieve at much higher levels than their peers with low‐educated parents and that attending a school with a higher proportion of students from educationally disadvantaged families has a negative effect on educational achievement.
Intergenerational care as a viable intervention strategy for children at risk of delinquency
Authors: Whitten Tyson , Vecchio Nerina , Radford Katrina , Fitzgerald Janna A. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractLiterature has consistently cited early childhood interventions as an effective method for mitigating or preventing future delinquency in at‐risk children. In this manuscript, we propose an adapted model of Intergenerational Care presenting as a possible intervention strategy for children at risk of delinquency. This model of care draws from programmes that provide formal care and support for older people and young children, with a primary focus on intergenerational interactions that focus on respite day care, community engagement, educational pedagogy across generations and evaluation. Using a specific model of Intergenerational Care, we incorporated three components of existing childhood intervention strategies: preparing for school readiness, promoting social skills with elders and peers, and managing behaviour. While no intervention strategy targeting children at risk of delinquency has made use of intergenerational interactions, the adapted Intergenerational Care model that we propose, with these three components supported by the existing literature, offers a unique and promising approach for preventing future delinquent behaviour in children. Recommendations for longitudinal research are also proposed.
Temperature‐Sensitive Artificial Channels through Pillar[5]arene‐based Host–Guest Interactions
Authors: Wang Rui , Sun Yue , Zhang Fan , Song Miaomiao , Tian Demei , Li Haibing 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIn living systems, temperature‐sensitive ion channels play a vital role in numerous cellular processes and can be controlled by biological ion channels in response to specific temperature stimuli. Facile pillar[5]arene‐based host–guest interactions are introduced into a nanochannel pattern for constructing a temperature‐sensitive artificial channel. Ion transport was switched from cations to anions by controlling the extent of the host bound to the guest with temperature stimuli. This efect is mainly due to the changing of the inner surface charge and wettability of the nanochannel during the process. This study paves a new way for better understanding the mechanism of temperature‐sensitive properties and shows great promise for biomedical research.
Visualization of PVDF nanofibers coated on filter paper using fluorescein silica nanoparticles
Authors: Miyoshi Hirokazu , Yumoto Akira , Shono Masayuki , Ueki Tomoyuki , Itsuki Yoshinori 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTFluorescein silica nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using a silane compound bound between fluorescein‐N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS‐Fluorescein) and 3‐aminopropylorthosilicate by a sol–gel method. The fluorescein‐silica NPs were mixed with a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) solution, and the solution loaded with the NPs was electrospun on a filter paper. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images confirmed the encapsulation of the fluorescein silica NPs in the PVDF nanofibers. Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) images showed fluorescein silica NPs as dots, and photoluminescence (PL) images obtained using a fluoroanalyzer indicated the emission of uniform PL from filter papers coated with fluorescein‐silica‐NP‐encapsulated PVDF nanofibers. It was demonstrated that the fluorescein silica NPs enabled PVDF nanofibers coated on a filter paper to be easily visualized. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45125.
Structural Elucidation of Trace Amounts of Volatile Compounds Using the Crystalline Sponge Method
Authors: Zigon Nicolas , Kikuchi Takashi , Ariyoshi Junko , Inokuma Yasuhide , Fujita Makoto 
Published: April 2017

AbstractVolatile organic compounds are widely present as scents and odors in our daily lives and are readily found in a variety of natural extracts. Because these compounds are highly volatile and usually available only in minute quantities, little attention has been paid to X‐ray diffraction as a technique for their structure determination. Here, we show that the structures of volatile organic compounds are easily elucidated using minute quantities of the compounds and the crystalline sponge method. The compound vapors can be directly absorbed into the sponge crystals, or alternatively, preparative gas chromatography can be used to separate the desired compound from a natural mixture.
Complex regional pain syndrome: The matter of white matter?
Authors: Hotta Jaakko , Zhou Guangyu , Harno Hanna , Forss Nina , Hari Riitta 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIntroductionMany central pathophysiological aspects of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) are still unknown. Although brain‐imaging studies are increasingly supporting the contribution of the central nervous system to the generation and maintenance of the CRPS pain, the brain's white‐matter alterations are seldom investigated.MethodsIn this study, we used diffusion tensor imaging to explore white‐matter changes in twelve CRPS‐type‐1 female patients suffering from chronic right upper‐limb pain compared with twelve healthy control subjects.ResultsTract‐based spatial‐statistics analysis revealed significantly higher mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity in the CRPS patients, suggesting that the structural connectivity is altered in CRPS. All these measures were altered in the genu, body, and splenium of corpus callosum, as well as in the left anterior and posterior and the right superior parts of the corona radiata. Axial diffusivity was significantly correlated with clinical motor symptoms at whole‐brain level, supporting the physiological significance of the observed white‐matter abnormalities.ConclusionsAltogether, our findings further corroborate the involvement of the central nervous system in CRPS.
Reading LINEs within the cocaine addicted brain
Authors: Doyle Glenn A. , Doucet‐O'Hare Tara T. , Hammond Matthew J. , Crist Richard C. , Ewing Adam D. , Ferraro Thomas N. , Mash Deborah C. , Kazazian Haig H. , Berrettini Wade H. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIntroductionLong interspersed element (LINE)‐1 (L1) is a type of retrotransposon capable of mobilizing into new genomic locations. Often studied in Mendelian diseases or cancer, L1s may also cause somatic mutation in the developing central nervous system. Recent reports showed L1 transcription was activated in brains of cocaine‐treated mice, and L1 retrotransposition was increased in cocaine‐treated neuronal cell cultures. We hypothesized that the predisposition to cocaine addiction may result from inherited L1s or somatic L1 mobilization in the brain.MethodsPostmortem medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) tissue from 30 CA and 30 control individuals was studied. An Alexafluor488‐labeled NeuN antibody and fluorescence activated nuclei sorting were used to separate neuronal from non‐neuronal cell nuclei. L1s and their 3' flanking sequences were amplified from neuronal and non‐neuronal genomic DNA (gDNA) using L1‐seq. L1 DNA libraries from the neuronal gDNA were sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq2000. Sequences aligned to the hg19 human genome build were analyzed for L1 insertions using custom “L1‐seq” bioinformatics programs.ResultsPreviously uncataloged L1 insertions, some validated by PCR, were detected in neurons from both CA and control brain samples. Steady‐state L1 mRNA levels in CA and control mPFC were also assessed. Gene ontology and pathway analyses were used to assess relationships between genes putatively disrupted by novel L1s in CA and control individuals. L1 insertions in CA samples were enriched in gene ontologies and pathways previously associated with CA.ConclusionsWe conclude that neurons in the mPFC harbor L1 insertions that have the potential to influence predisposition to CA.
Researching a marginalised group: Reflections on being an outsider
Authors: Grove Jan 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAimReflective practice is common across a range of disciplines requiring self‐examination and exploration of the impact of the researcher on the research and vice versa. This article reflects on the personal issues involved in representing other groups, drawing on experiences of research into same‐sex couple counselling by a straight identified researcher.Design/methodologyA reflective exploration on the experience of conducting in‐depth interviews with participants who had been in same‐sex couple counselling. Data from interviews and an Internet survey, utilising thematic and discourse analysis, are used to illustrate the reflections.ResultsResearchers into Lesbian, Gay or Bisexual (LGB) topics are often assumed to be LGB themselves raising questions of whether or not to ‘come out’ as heterosexual. Therefore, aspects of researching a community as an outsider have an impact on how the researcher presents themselves. Reflections are linked to the researcher's own heterosexual identity development, and on the participants’ responses.Conclusions & implicationsResearching as an outsider requires a reflection on power and the impact of self‐disclosure. This will be an individual process for each researcher at that stage of their own development. Researchers working as an outsider can use heterosexual identity development models to inform their thinking about engaging with potential participants.
The Effects of Secondary Oxides on Copper‐Based Catalysts for Green Methanol Synthesis
Authors: Hayward James S. , Smith Paul J. , Kondrat Simon A. , Bowker Michael , Hutchings Graham J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractCatalysts for methanol synthesis from CO2 and H2 have been produced by two main methods: co‐precipitation and supercritical anti‐solvent (SAS) precipitation. These two methods are compared, along with the behaviour of copper supported on Zn, Mg, Mn, and Ce oxides. Although the SAS method produces initially active material with high Cu specific surface area, they appear to be unstable during reaction losing significant amounts of surface area and hence activity. The CuZn catalysts prepared by co‐precipitation, however, showed much greater thermal and reactive stability than the other materials. There appeared to be the usual near‐linear dependence of activity upon Cu specific area, though the initial performance relationship was different from that post‐reaction, after some loss of surface area. The formation of the malachite precursor, as reported before, is important for good activity and stability, whereas if copper oxides are formed during the synthesis and ageing process, then a detrimental effect on these properties is seen.
Oxygen Vacancies in Reduced Rh/ and Pt/Ceria for Highly Selective and Reactive Reduction of NO into N2 in excess of O2
Authors: Wang Yixiao , Oord Ramon , van den Berg Daniël , Weckhuysen Bert M. , Makkee Michiel 
Published: April 2017

AbstractCurrently commercial NOx removal (DeNOx) abatement systems for lean‐burn engines exceed regulation limits on the road for NOx emissions. Commercial DeNOx catalysts exhibit poor performance in the selective conversion of NO to N2, especially at high temperature and high gas hourly space velocities (GHSV). In this study, oxygen vacancies of reduced ceria and Pt/ or Rh/ceria are found to be the efficient and selective catalytic sites for NO reduction to N2. Even at low concentrations, NO can compete with an excess of O2 at 600 °C and a high GHSV of 170 000 L L−1 h−1, conditions in which SCR and NSR DeNOx system are not able to function well. N2O is not detected over the whole range of conditions, whereas NO2 is only formed upon oxidation of the catalyst, after both NO and O2 start to appear. For consideration of the fuel economy, the working temperature should be between 250 and 600 °C. Above 600 °C, most of the injected fuel was combusted with O2. Below 250 °C, ceria support will not be reduced by fuel and the oxidation rate of the deposited carbon through oxygen from ceria lattice will be too low.
Helical Polyisocyanopeptides as Lyotropic Liquid Crystals for Measuring Residual Dipolar Couplings
Authors: Li Gao‐Wei , Cao Jiang‐Ming , Zong Wen , Hu Li , Hu Mao‐Lin , Lei Xinxiang , Sun Han , Tan Ren Xiang 
Published: April 2017

AbstractResidual dipolar couplings (RDC) emerged to be an important structural parameter for organic and biomolecules. Herein, a new helical polyisocyanopeptide (l,l‐PIAF‐OBn) that forms lyotropic liquid crystals (LLC) in CDCl3 is proposed as a novel weakly orienting medium for acquiring residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) of organic molecules. We demonstrate its application for the structural elucidation of strychnine and triptolide.
Spirobifluorene Regioisomerism: A Structure–Property Relationship Study
Authors: Sicard Lambert , Quinton Cassandre , Peltier Jean‐David , Tondelier Denis , Geffroy Bernard , Biapo Urelle , Métivier Rémi , Jeannin Olivier , Rault‐Berthelot Joëlle , Poriel Cyril 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe present works report the first structure–property relationship study of a key class of organic semiconductors, that is, the four spirobifluorene positional isomers possessing a para‐, meta‐ or ortho‐linkage. The remarkable and surprising impact of the ring bridging and of the linkages on the electronic properties of the regioisomers has been particularly highlighted and rationalised. The impact of the ring bridging on the photophysical properties has been stressed with notably the different influence of the linkages and the bridge on the singlet and triplet excited states. The first member of a new family of spirobifluorenes substituted in the 1‐position, which presents better performance in blue phosphorescent OLEDs than those of its regioisomers, is reported. These features highlight not only the great potential of 1‐substituted spirobifluorenes, but also the remarkable impact of regioisomerism on electronic properties.