bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asset Integrity Management and Life Extension of Gas Distribution Facilities and Pipeline Network
Authors: Nezamian A. , Rodriques C. , Nezamian M. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Gas processing facilities and pipeline networks play a key role in energy distribution. There is an ever increasing need to extend the life of the aging networks beyond their original design life and operators are continually looking for requalification and extension of the service life aimed at ensuring the integrity, functionality and availability of the network for the extended operating life. In order to ensure technical and operational integrity of this ageing infrastructure, the fitness for service of these systems is required be maintained for the intended service life.
Maximising the availability and functionality of the network, whilst operating safely and with minimal impact on the environment, is a major concern for requalification and life extension. Gas processing asset integrity management (AIM) and pipeline integrity management (PIM) consist of inspection, testing, maintenance and repair programs are critical to ensure integrity and sustainability in gas production. The AIM program is to assess and report upon the risks imposed on the community by natural gas supply facilities, and based on the available information; identify opportunities for improvements to ensure the risks to the community are as low as reasonably as practicable (ALARP) (UPSTREAM NATURAL GAS SAFETY REPORT 2001). Detailed integrity assessments are needed to demonstrate that there is sufficient technical, operational and organisational integrity to continue safe operation throughout an extended service life. Information on characteristic data, condition data, historical performance, maintenance management and inspection and testing results are required to assess the current state and to predict the future state of the network subsystems and critical components and the possible extension of service life. Effective record keeping and ongoing analysis of data are key inputs to a successful life extension program (Nezamian and Altmann 2013).
This paper presents state of art practices in life extension of existing gas distribution and pipeline facilities and an overview of a customised life extension methodology to address risk factors to the integrity of a gas distributio and associated facilities. It covers the required procedures and re-assessment criteria for a life cycle cost effective approach to decide on life extension in particular the one with the importance such critical subsystems.
Zero Offset VSP in a Deviated Well and Q Factor Estimation
Authors: Oriach N. , Gallai-Ragobar N. , Romero J. , Archie C. L. , Ramdin K. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) is a technique in geophysical exploration, which involves recording downgoing and upgoing wavefields propagating through the stratigraphic section. In a Zero Offset VSP the receivers are located in the wellbore, allowing the wavefront produced by the source to have a shorter path to reach them. As a primary consequence of that, there is less attenuation of of high frequencies, which means better resolution. A Time – Depth relationship and a corridor stack are generated in to correlate with surface seismic at 1D response (i.e. well seismic tie). However, a rig-source VSP survey acquired taken on deviated wells can also provide a 2D image below the wellbore trajectory.
A rig-source VSP was conducted on a deviated well in a field located in the Gulf of Paria, Trinidad and Tobago. Three (3) component data was recorded and 3-C processing was used to obtain a corridor stack as well as a 2D image. This information is to assist in the reservoir delineation and characterization, as well as in the development of a velocity model for ongoing 3D seismic processing in this field.
This 2D image has a frequency content of approximately about 90Hz, which showed higher frequencies in comparison to surface seismic acquired in 2005. The correlation of the image with the seismic section was excellent, illustrating deep structural features with better resolution than seen on surface seismic. In addition, Q absorption values using spectral and multi-spectral methods were calculated, resulting in values of 63.00 and 62.85 respectively. This was interpreted as medium values of absorption for these formations. The Q values are presently being used to balance amplitudes in an ongoing 3D seismic processing project.
This example confirmed the importance of the VSP as an excellent tool for calibration, interpretation and processing of seismic data that will ensure more accurate planning and placement of new wells.
Quantifying The Value Of Seismic Re-Processing And Inversion: A Case Study From Block 22 And NCMA-4, Offshore Tobago
Authors: Nagassar V. T. , Moonan X. , Kimber R. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Determining whether a seismic re-processing and inversion project has delivered its technical objectives is fairly straightforward. A comparison and analysis of the structural and stratigraphic imaging, reflector continuity, bandwidth, noise content and synthetic well ties can all be used to determine technical success. It is sometimes more difficult, however, to quantify the value derived from the new seismic products. The value proposition is particularly relevant when seeking approval for future re-processing projects especially in the current difficult economic climate. We present an example from offshore Trinidad where the value of a seismic reprocessing and inversion project have been quantified by reviewing the impact decisions made as a direct result of the new data has had on the cost and Net Present Value of the project.
The Cassra and Iris fields are Pliocene and Pleistocene aged gas sands deposited in a shallow marine environment and basin floor setting respectively and are located 15-20km off the north coast of Tobago. Both fields are covered by 3D seismic data and are currently in the pre-development project phase. A post migration gather conditioning and inversion project has recently been completed over both fields with the primary objective of improving the pre-stack data and subsequent inversion products for reservoir characterization, dynamic simulation and development well planning. A full re-interpretation on the new data is ongoing but initial observations have already dramatically influenced field development decisions.
Detailed mapping of the reservoir on improved resolution data allows for a confident assessment of reservoir architecture, mapping of individual sedimentary clinoforms and determining the areal extent of individual sand bodies. This has changed our views on the risk of reservoir compartmentalization and when integrated with other data types have influenced the development concept and well count required to develop these fields. A seismically derived net pay estimate on both fields has also influenced project volumes and an assessment of the Net Present Value (NPV) impact of the volume change has also been used to quantify the value of the new data.
The financial impact of the new data as a result of changes to the field development plan may be either positive or negative in terms of overall development cost, but provides an indication of the true value of the data. This is based on the premise that if the new data merely confirms the existing interpretation and has not impacted any business decisions, then no additional value has truly been achieved.
Specifically, we aim to answer the question most managers will pose…‥"You have spent a lot of time, money and effort on this project and delivered some imaging improvements, but what value has it brought and why should I spend any more money on another project?" We hope to answer that question!
Unlocking the Potential of the Basal Sands, Paria Sub-Basin, Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Moonan X. , Kimber R. , Nagassar V. T. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In 1971, the Bluewater III semi-submersible rig drilled the first wildcat well, KK6-1, some 40km north west of Tobago's Buccoo Reef, in the Paria Sub-Basin of the North Coast Marine Area, resulting in the Orchid discovery. The subsequent appraisal well, KK6-2 discovered gas in a series of stacked Late Miocene (NC30) – Pliocene (NC80) sandstones. The lowermost and thickest of these gas charged sandstones was found unconformably overlying Cretaceous metamorphic basement, and has since been termed the Basal Sand.
In 2011 a 4370sqkm 3D seismic survey was jointly acquired over NCMA and Block-22 by Niko Resources and Centrica Energy, allowing for extensive regional mapping and the potential to resolve the Orchid Basal Sand gas discovery. Detailed mapping on basement revealed extensive areas with pronounced dendritic drainage, potential islands and shelfal platforms. Seismic amplitude extractions at this interval point to a number of low impedance anomalies, one of which ties very well to the KK6-2 gas discovery.
In the absence of Basal Sand core at Orchid, present day analogues were selected for reservoir sampling and analysis. Integration of regional well data, sea bed samples, ocean current data, seismic impedance volumes, thin sections from side wall cores and cuttings as well as palinspastic restorations resulted in the generation of a regional NC30 Basal Sand gross depositional map, depicting the drowned mountain ridge of ‘Isla de la Asumpción', carbonate mounds and potential Orchid Basal Sand look-alike plays within the Paria Sub-Basin.
An Integrated Reservoir Analysis to Evaluate Water Flooding and Define Remaining Potential of the Teak Field, Trinidad & Tobago
Authors: Atienza Juan , Vitarella Laura , Segnini Carlos , Singh Anjani Kumar , Alkatiri Fauzi , Oviedo Javier , Vela Rafael 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Teak, Samaan and Poui (TSP) are mature fields off the South-East coast of Trinidad, which currently produce near to 14,000 bopd with an average Water Cut of 85%. Their production started in 1972 and peaked at 143,300 bopd in 1978.
The 0/1L Sand, in the Teak field, has accumulated over 72 MMBO and displays a low reservoir pressure, yet it still contributes with almost 10% of the total current production of TSP. Secondary recovery was implemented in TSP since the late 1970s; some 21 MMBO are estimated to have been recovered from Sand 0/1L, in the Teak Field, thanks to the Water Flooding campaign, which was active between 1977 and 1998.
Repsol E&P T&T ltd., operator of the TSP asset, has identified the potential for increased oil recovery by means of waterflooding. Evaluating injectivity of those wells that are available for injection is the starting point of the current strategy. Additionally, Repsol's Technology Center in Madrid has been contacted to perform a specialized water characterization and compatibility analysis, which is currently ongoing. The focus of this paper however is the subsurface.
Initially, the reservoir pressure and production behaviour has been analysed to estimate pressures and analyse block connectivity. Together with this a first one-dimensional material balance model was created to preliminarily evaluate performance. A multi-layer Water Flood pattern simulator, which has proven very useful in understanding past performance, was one of the main tools of the analysis. Finally, a full 3D model is currently being tuned to obtain definite production profiles. Furthermore, the value of detail model preparation was proven by the identification of potential workover candidates. Remaining oil was identified in bypassed areas and in zones previously interpreted as gas bearing.
The main goal of this paper is to understand past performance of waterflooding as the key to defining the remaining potential.
An Alternative Workflow to Calculate Permeability from the Resistivity Logs and Improve the Flow Unit Definition in the Teak Field, Trinidad & Tobago.
Authors: Vitarella Laura , Atienza Juan , Meduri Giovanni , Vela Rafael 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Teak, Samaan and Poui (TSP) is a mature field off the South-East coast of Trinidad, which currently produces near to 14,000 bopd with an average Water Cut of 85%. In production since 1972, it peaked at 143,300 bopd in 1978.
Repsol E&P T&T has been looking to increase oil recovery by unlocking the remaninig potencial of their reservoirs in Sands 01, 02, 1/2 and 2. An interdisciplinary and detailed study was generated between several disciplines, including geology, petrophysics and reservoir engineering, to re-evaluate these sands, where a waterflooding project had been implemented between the 70's and 90's with seemingly good results.
A Static Model was generated starting from a detailed well by well analysis (well logs and core information, seismic, production and pressure data, etc…), where some problems, related to uncertantly in the Structural Model and to the interpretation of the input data had to be overcome. This paper explains the workflow that was used to create this static model.
First, the originally suspected several Oil Water Contacts (OWCs) had to be analyzed. The area is affected by several fault blocks with varying juxtaposition of the geological layers, which lead to the interpretation, in previous studies, of several contacts. A solution to this and to the effect that this juxtaposition has in the flow within the reservoir and in the pressure distribution is analyzed in this paper.
The next step was to reach to a rock type definition based on k/phi relations and a J Function (J(Sw)), with the challenge of having insufficient Core Data and Pc curves. An additional challenge faced was the questionable resistivity logs, which are suspected to have been affected by drilling mud throughout the successive drilling campaigns.
Then, in order to define permeability and water saturation models, an alternative workflow was tested and implemented. This method includes conventional rock typing analysis (Pc derived J(Sw)) and extrapolation of these results to the wells. This, together with the resistivity logs (Sw), has been used to compute permeability above the OWC. Threrefore, this allows us to calculate permeability first, and then use it in the J function to calculate the water saturation that will be input into the model.
Finally, a Lorenz plot was built to define flow units and identify the possible water injection paths.
Comparing the Feasibility of Two CO2 EOR Processes: Continuous vs W.A.G Injection on A Field Onshore Trinidad
Authors: Hernandez J. J. , Julien G. , Noel L. , Alexander D. , Seetahal S. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Two Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods were analyzed for producing hydrocarbons from a newly discovered JLG field using analogous information from a reservoir of similar geologic characteristics as those in southern part of Trinidad. Continuous CO2 injection and water alternating gas (WAG) were modelled after primary recovery using CMG-GEM. The feasibility of these processes were determined using the overall cumulative production and CO2 storage capacities. Injection time for each EOR strategy was simulated for a ten-year period. The comparisons were done using various hydrocarbon pore volumes (HCPV), injection times, WAG cycles and WAG ratios to analyze the production curves and the amount of sequestered CO2.
The results showed that reservoir had an 18.2% recovery factor (OOIP was 29,750 MSTB) from primary production. From the models developed, immiscible continuous CO2 injection was the most feasible EOR process coupled with sequestered. This model produced the highest incremental oil recovery of 26.3%, which corresponded to a cumulative oil production of 13,286 MSTB (44.66% recovery). A total of 284.11 MMSCF (14992.6 metric tons) of CO2 (16% storage) was also stored. Hence, an immiscible continuous injection process can be more economically feasible since it requires a smaller volume of CO2 and produces a greater volume of hydrocarbons for similar type fields. This is further supported by the feasibility analysis, which showed that the continuous CO2 immiscible injection process would produce a net present value (NPV) of US$ 355M, with an internal rate of return (IRR) of 83.9%.
Infectious and Non-infectious Etiologies of Cardiovascular Disease in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Chastain Daniel B. , King S. Travis , Stover Kayla R. 
Published: June 2016

Background:Increasing rates of HIV have been observed in women, African Americans, and Hispanics, particularly those residing in rural areas of the United States. Although cardiovascular (CV) complications in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have significantly decreased following the introduction of antiretroviral therapy on a global scale, in many rural areas, residents face geographic, social, and cultural barriers that result in decreased access to care. Despite the advancements to combat the disease, many patients in these medically underserved areas are not linked to care, and fewer than half achieve viral suppression.Methods:Databases were systematically searched for peer-reviewed publications reporting infectious and non-infectious etiologies of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients. Relevant articles cited in the retrieved publications were also reviewed for inclusion.Results:A variety of outcomes studies and literature reviews were included in the analysis. Relevant literature discussed the manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of infectious and non-infectious etiologies of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients.Conclusion:In these medically underserved areas, it is vital that clinicians are knowledgeable in the manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of CV complications in patients with untreated HIV. This review summarizes the epidemiology and causes of CV complications associated with untreated HIV and provide recommendations for management of these complications.
Current concepts in the diagnosis and pathobiology of intraepithelial neoplasia: A review by organ system
Authors: Voltaggio Lysandra , Cimino‐Mathews Ashley , Bishop Justin A. , Argani Pedram , Cuda Jonathan D. , Epstein Jonathan I. , Hruban Ralph H. , Netto George J. , Stoler Mark H. , Taube Janis M. , Vang Russell , Westra William H. , Montgomery Elizabeth A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAnswer questions and earn CME/CNEIn this report, a team of surgical pathologists has provided a review of intraepithelial neoplasia in a host of (but not all) anatomic sites of interest to colleagues in various medical specialties, namely, uterine cervix, ovary, breast, lung, head and neck, skin, prostate, bladder, pancreas, and esophagus. There is more experience with more readily accessible sites (such as the uterine cervix and skin) than with other anatomic sites, and the lack of uniform terminology, together with divergent biology in various sites, makes it difficult to paint a unifying, relevant portrait. The authors' aim was to provide a framework from which to move forward as we care for patients with such precancerous lesions. CA Cancer J Clin 2016;66:408–436. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Calcium entry blocking activity of the <i>Elaeagnus umbellata</i> fruit extract explains its use in diarrhea and gut spasm
Authors: Rafique Nayyab , Khan Taous , Shah Abdul Jabbar 
Published: June 2016

<p class="Abstract">This study was aimed to explore the pharmacological basis of potential medicinal use of <em>Elaeagnus umbellata</em> in gut disorders. Crude extract of <em>E. umbellata</em>, which was found positive for flavonoids, terpenoids and tannins, provided 9.9-71.9% protection in castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice, like verapamil. In isolated rabbit jejunum preparations, crude extract caused inhibition of spontaneous and high K<sup>+</sup>-induced contractions, with respective EC<sub>50</sub> values of 0.3 (0.1-0.5) and 0.5 mg/mL, suggesting Ca<sup>++</sup> channel blockade (CCB). Pretreatment of tissue with crude extract (0.1–1 mg/mL) caused a rightward shift in Ca<sup>++</sup> concentration-response curves. With the exception of aqueous fraction, <em>n</em>-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate inhibited spontaneous and high K<sup>+</sup>-induced contractions and displaced rightward Ca<sup>++</sup> concentration-response curves. Extract was found safe up to 10 mg/kg in mice. Our data shows that anti-diarrheal effect of crude extract of <em>E. umbellate</em> is due to CCB-mediated spasmolytic effect, concentrated in the ethyl acetate fraction and suggests its medicinal importance in diarrhea and spasm.</p><p><strong>Video Clip</strong></p><p><a href="https://youtube.com/v/Qo_y3ULC4E0">Isolation of rat jejunum</a>: 2 min 32 sec </p>
L'autorité judiciaire de la prévôté-le-comte de Valenciennes sur les échevinages ruraux (deuxième moitié du XIVe siècle).
Authors: Pavot Catherine 
Published: June 2016

De rechtsmacht van het grafelijk provoostambt van Valenciennes op de landelijke schepenbanken (tweede helft 15de eeuw).
De boekhouding van het gerecht van het grafelijk provoostschap van Valenciennes toont het verschil tussen het henegouwse recht en de rechtspraak van van de omringende landelijke schepenbanken. Het recht herstellen was niet alleen een strijd van de grafelijke provoost tegen de onregelmatigheden of de onwetenheid van de rurale schepenen. Het gerecht heeft, naast een lucratief belang, ook een politieke draagkracht in de strijd tussen de graaf en het machtige magistraat van Valenciennes. Dat staat op zijn onafhankelijkheid en kan zijn invloed in 300 dorpen laten gelden.
La Scarpe et les gens de rivière aux XIVe et XVe siècles.
Authors: Plouchard Philippe 
Published: June 2016

Comme tous les fleuves du Moyen Age, la Scarpe était une de ces artères vitales où s'écoulaient les grands flux commerciaux. Elle était devenue indispensable pour le grand commerce céréalier réunissant les zones de production au Sud du fleuve et les marchés de consommateurs des grandes villes de la Flandre septentrionale. Pièce maîtresse de l'économie douaisienne de la fin du Moyen Age, la navigation reçut un appui inconditionnel du magistrat de la ville. Toute entrave à la « libre navigation » était aussitôt interprétée comme une agression contre la cité et suscitait une vive réaction des autorités. Pour éviter ces écueils, Douai s'efforçait de développer une politique de contrôle de la rivière en amont comme en aval.
Aux « travailleurs de la terre » des plateaux voisins correspondaient les « travailleurs de l'eau » de la vallée. Et d'abord, les métiers de la navigation fluviale (navieurs, haleurs, charpentiers de nefs) qui occupaient une grande partie des gens de rivière et s'étaient organisés et structurés pour faire face à la concurrence et défendre droits et privilèges. Face à ces exploitants mobiles de la Scarpe, défenseurs de la libre circulation, se retrouvaient répartis au long de la rivière les semeurs d'obstacles, les pêcheurs, les meuniers et les agents seigneuriaux des péages. Les eaux de la Scarpe et de son réseau hydrographique devenaient la source même de très nombreux conflits dont le règlement était finalement confié à la justice. Une aubaine pour l'historien d'aujourd'hui !
Une ville face à la lèpre : Lille à la fin du Moyen Age.
Authors: Clauzel Denis 
Published: June 2016

Hantise des gens du Moyen Age, la lèpre a retenu l'attention des historiens. Mais si le mal est bien connu, les gens qui en sont atteints, ou supposés tels, conservent l'anonymat. La documentation financière, particulièrement riche à Lille, permet de lever en partie ce voile.
Ici, la lèpre, en dépit de son obsolescence, continue de faire peur à la fin du Moyen Age. Chacune des grandes mortalités qui assombrissent le XIVe siècle s'accompagne d'une fièvre de dépistage des ladres. Coupable en puissance, le lépreux est le bouc émissaire tout désigné d'une société incapable de comprendre les maux qui l'assaillent.
Mais graduellement, les gens « mis en examen » sont de moins en moins nombreux et, au terme de diagnostics savamment « rodés », de plus en plus souvent relaxés. Les victimes des mesures d'exclusion propres au traitement de la lèpre se raréfient. Elles peuvent aussi, selon la position qu'elles occupent dans l'échelle sociale, bénéficier de certaines faveurs, notamment d'une hospitalisation hors des cadres traditionnellement prévus à cet effet.