bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spin-Dependent Transport in Fe/GaAs(100)/Fe Vertical Spin-Valves
Authors: Wong P. K. Johnny , Zhang Wen , Wu Jing , Will Iain G. , Xu Yongbing , Xia Ke , Holmes Stuart N. , Farrer Ian , Beere Harvey E. , Ritchie Dave A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe integration of magnetic materials with semiconductors will lead to the development of the next spintronics devices such as spin field effect transistor (SFET), which is capable of both data storage and processing. While the fabrication and transport studies of lateral SFET have attracted greatly attentions, there are only few studies of vertical devices, which may offer the opportunity for the future three-dimensional integration. Here, we provide evidence of two-terminal electrical spin injection and detection in Fe/GaAs/Fe vertical spin-valves (SVs) with the GaAs layer of 50 nanometers thick and top and bottom Fe electrodes deposited by molecular beam epitaxy. The spin-valve effect, which corresponds to the individual switching of the top and bottom Fe layers, is bias dependent and observed up to 20 K. We propose that the strongly bias- and temperature-dependent MR is associated with spin transport at the interfacial Fe/GaAs Schottky contacts and in the GaAs membranes, where balance between the barrier profiles as well as the dwell time to spin lifetime ratio are crucial factors for determining the device operations. The demonstration of the fabrication and spin injection in the vertical SV with a semiconductor interlayer is expected to open a new avenue in exploring the SFET.
A phloem-limited fijivirus induces the formation of neoplastic phloem tissues that house virus multiplication in the host plant
Authors: Shen Jiangfeng , Chen Xian , Chen Jianping , Sun Liying 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA number of phloem-limited viruses induce the development of tumours (enations) in the veins of host plants, but the relevance of tumour induction to the life cycle of those viruses is unclear. In this study, we performed molecular and structural analyses of tumours induced by rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV, genus Fijivirus) infection in maize plants. The transcript level of the maize cdc2 gene, which regulates the cell cycle, was highly elevated in tumour tissues. Two-dimensional electrophoresis identified 25 cellular proteins with altered accumulation in the tumour tissues. These proteins are involved in various metabolic pathways, including photosynthesis, redox, energy pathways and amino acid synthesis. Histological analysis indicated that the tumours predominantly originated from hyperplastic growth of phloem, but those neoplastic tissues have irregular structures and cell arrangements. Immunodetection assays and electron microscopy observations indicated that in the shoots, RBSDV is confined to phloem and tumour regions and that virus multiplication actively occurs in the tumour tissue, as indicated by the high accumulation of non-structural proteins and formation of viroplasms in the tumour cells. Thus, the induction of tumours by RBSDV infection provides a larger environment that is favourable for virus propagation in the host plant.
Glutamate signals through mGluR2 to control Schwann cell differentiation and proliferation
Authors: Saitoh Fuminori , Wakatsuki Shuji , Tokunaga Shinji , Fujieda Hiroki , Araki Toshiyuki 
Published: July 2016

AbstractRapid saltatory nerve conduction is facilitated by myelin structure, which is produced by Schwann cells (SC) in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Proper development and degeneration/regeneration after injury requires regulated phenotypic changes of SC. We have previously shown that glutamate can induce SC proliferation in culture. Here we show that glutamate signals through metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) to induce Erk phosphorylation in SC. mGluR2-elicited Erk phosphorylation requires ErbB2/3 receptor tyrosine kinase phosphorylation to limit the signaling cascade that promotes phosphorylation of Erk, but not Akt. We found that Gβγ and Src are involved in subcellular signaling downstream of mGluR2. We also found that glutamate can transform myelinating SC to proliferating SC, while inhibition of mGluR2 signaling can inhibit demyelination of injured nerves in vivo. These data suggest pathophysiological significance of mGluR2 signaling in PNS and its possible therapeutic importance to combat demyelinating disorders including Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
Oxidative stress-mediated intrinsic apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells induced by organic arsenicals
Authors: Fan Xiao-Yang , Chen Xin-You , Liu Yu-Jiao , Zhong Hui-Min , Jiang Feng-Lei , Liu Yi 
Published: July 2016

AbstractArsenic trioxide has shown the excellent therapeutic efficiency for acute promyelocytic leukemia. Nowadays, more and more research focuses on the design of the arsenic drugs, especially organic arsenicals, and on the mechanism of the inducing cell death. Here we have synthesized some organic arsenicals with Schiff base structure, which showed a better antitumor activity for three different kinds of cancer cell lines, namely HL-60, SGC 7901 and MCF-7. Compound2a(2-(((4-(oxoarsanyl)phenyl)imino)methyl)phenol) and2b(2-methoxy-4-(((4-(oxoarsanyl)phenyl)imino)methyl)phenol) were chosen for further mechanism study due to their best inhibitory activities for HL-60 cells, of which the half inhibitory concentration (IC50) were 0.77 μM and 0.51 μM, respectively. It was illustrated that2aor2bprimarily induced the elevation of reactive oxygen species, decrease of glutathione level, collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochromec, activation of Caspase-3 and apoptosis, whereas all of the phenomena can be eliminated by the addition of antioxidants. Therefore, we concluded that compound2aand2bcan induce the oxidative stress-mediated intrinsic apoptosis in HL-60 cells. Both the simplicity of structure with Schiff base group and the better anticancer efficiency demonstrate that organic arsenicals are worthy of further exploration as a class of potent antitumor drugs.
Phenotypically distinct helper NK cells are required for gp96-mediated anti-tumor immunity
Authors: Sedlacek Abigail L. , Kinner-Bibeau Lauren B. , Binder Robert J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA number of Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs), in the extracellular environment, are immunogenic. Following cross-presentation of HSP-chaperoned peptides by CD91+ antigen presenting cells (APCs), T cells are primed with specificity for the derivative antigen-bearing cell. Accordingly, tumor-derived HSPs are in clinical trials for cancer immunotherapy. We investigate the role of NK cells in gp96-mediated anti-tumor immune responses given their propensity to lyse tumor cells. We show that gp96-mediated rejection of tumors requires a unique and necessary helper role in NK cells. This helper role occurs during the effector phase of the anti-tumor immune response and is required for T cell and APC function. Gp96 activates NK cells indirectly via APCs to a phenotype distinct from NK cells activated by other mechanisms such as IL-2. While NK cells have both lytic and cytokine producing properties, we show that gp96 selectively activates cytokine production in NK cells, which is important in the HSP anti-tumor immune response, and leaves their cytotoxic capacity unchanged.
Human population history revealed by a supertree approach
Authors: Duda Pavel , Jan Zrzavý  
Published: July 2016

AbstractOver the past two decades numerous new trees of modern human populations have been published extensively but little attention has been paid to formal phylogenetic synthesis. We utilized the “matrix representation with parsimony” (MRP) method to infer a composite phylogeny (supertree) of modern human populations, based on 257 genetic/genomic, as well as linguistic, phylogenetic trees and 44 admixture plots from 200 published studies (1990–2014). The resulting supertree topology includes the most basal position of S African Khoisan followed by C African Pygmies and the paraphyletic section of all other sub-Saharan peoples. The sub-Saharan African section is basal to the monophyletic clade consisting of the N African–W Eurasian assemblage and the consistently monophyletic Eastern superclade (Sahul–Oceanian, E Asian and Beringian–American peoples). This topology, dominated by genetic data, is well-resolved and robust to parameter set changes, with a few unstable areas (e.g., West Eurasia, Sahul–Melanesia) reflecting the existing phylogenetic controversies. A few populations were identified as highly unstable “wildcard taxa” (e.g. Andamanese, Malagasy). The linguistic classification fits rather poorly on the supertree topology, supporting a view that direct coevolution between genes and languages is far from universal.
FNDC5 expression and circulating irisin levels are modified by diet and hormonal conditions in hypothalamus, adipose tissue and muscle
Authors: Varela-Rodríguez B. M. , Pena-Bello L. , Juiz-Valiña P. , Vidal-Bretal B. , Cordido F. , Sangiao-Alvarellos S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIrisin is processed from fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5). However, a controversy exists concerning irisin origin, regulation and function. To elucidate the relationship between serum irisin and FNDC5 mRNA expression levels, we evaluated plasma irisin levels and FNDC5 gene expression in the hypothalamus, gastrocnemius muscle and different depots of adipose tissue in models of altered metabolism. In normal rats, blood irisin levels diminished after 48-h fast and with leptin, insulin and alloxan treatments and serum irisin concentrations increased in diabetic rats after insulin treatment and acute treatments of irisin increased blood insulin levels. No changes were observed during long-term experiments with different diets. We suggested that levels of circulating irisin are the result of the sum of the irisin produced by different depots of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. This study shows for the first time that there are differences in FNDC5 expression depending on white adipose tissue depots. Moreover, a considerable decrease in visceral and epididymal adipose tissue depots correlated with increased FNDC5 mRNA expression levels, probably in an attempt to compensate the decrease that occurs in their mass. Hypothalamic FNDC5 expression did not change for any of the tested diets but increased with leptin, insulin and metformin treatments suggesting that the regulation of central and peripheral FNDC5/irisin expression and functions are different.
Voice analysis as an objective state marker in bipolar disorder
Authors: Faurholt-Jepsen M , Busk J , Frost M , Vinberg M , Christensen E M , Winther O , Bardram J E , Kessing L V 
Published: July 2016

AbstractChanges in speech have been suggested as sensitive and valid measures of depression and mania in bipolar disorder. The present study aimed at investigating (1) voice features collected during phone calls as objective markers of affective states in bipolar disorder and (2) if combining voice features with automatically generated objective smartphone data on behavioral activities (for example, number of text messages and phone calls per day) and electronic self-monitored data (mood) on illness activity would increase the accuracy as a marker of affective states. Using smartphones, voice features, automatically generated objective smartphone data on behavioral activities and electronic self-monitored data were collected from 28 outpatients with bipolar disorder in naturalistic settings on a daily basis during a period of 12 weeks. Depressive and manic symptoms were assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 17-item and the Young Mania Rating Scale, respectively, by a researcher blinded to smartphone data. Data were analyzed using random forest algorithms. Affective states were classified using voice features extracted during everyday life phone calls. Voice features were found to be more accurate, sensitive and specific in the classification of manic or mixed states with an area under the curve (AUC)=0.89 compared with an AUC=0.78 for the classification of depressive states. Combining voice features with automatically generated objective smartphone data on behavioral activities and electronic self-monitored data increased the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of classification of affective states slightly. Voice features collected in naturalistic settings using smartphones may be used as objective state markers in patients with bipolar disorder.
Neurodevelopmental origins of lifespan changes in brain and cognition
Authors: Walhovd Kristine B. , Krogsrud Stine K. , Amlien Inge K. , Bartsch Hauke , Bjørnerud Atle , Due-Tønnessen Paulina , Grydeland Håkon , Hagler Donald J. , Håberg Asta K. , Kremen William S. , Ferschmann Lia , Nyberg Lars , Panizzon Matthew S. , Rohani Darius A. , Skranes Jon , Storsve Andreas B. , Sølsnes Anne Elisabeth , Tamnes Christian K. , Thompson Wesley K. , Reuter Chase , Dale Anders M. , Fjell Anders M. 
Published: July 2016

Significance
Brain and cognition change with age, with early gains and later declines. Attempts have been made to identify age-specific mechanisms, focusing on when and how declines begin in adults. However, even though general cognitive ability declines with age, there is a high stability in individuals’ cognitive ability relative to their same-age peers. Here we show that the relation between brain and cognition appears remarkably stable through the human lifespan. The cortical area change trajectories of higher and lower cognitive ability groups were parallel through life. Birth weight and parental education were identified as predictors, which provides novel evidence for stability in brain–cognition relationships throughout life, and indicates that early life factors impact brain and cognition for the entire life course.
Regulatory role of the respiratory supercomplex factors in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Rydström Lundin Camilla , von Ballmoos Christoph , Ott Martin , Ädelroth Pia , Brzezinski Peter 
Published: July 2016

Significance
The last steps of energy conversion in aerobic eukaryotes take place in cellular organelles called mitochondria. The process involves a number of protein complexes, referred to as the respiratory chain, that reside in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This chain shuttles electrons, which originate from degradation of foodstuff, to the acceptor dioxygen. The process is regulated to optimize the energy supply, depending on requirements and external factors. We found that two small proteins that have been found to associate with the respiratory–enzyme complexes regulate the electron flux at the last two components of the chain. Furthermore, we identified the regulatory mechanism at the molecular level.
Alternative splicing of interleukin-33 and type 2 inflammation in asthma
Authors: Gordon Erin D. , Simpson Laura J. , Rios Cydney L. , Ringel Lando , Lachowicz-Scroggins Marrah E. , Peters Michael C. , Wesolowska-Andersen Agata , Gonzalez Jeanmarie R. , MacLeod Hannah J. , Christian Laura S. , Yuan Shaopeng , Barry Liam , Woodruff Prescott G. , Ansel K. Mark , Nocka Karl , Seibold Max A. , Fahy John V. 
Published: July 2016

SignificanceType 2 inflammation occurs in a large subgroup of asthmatics and is the target of multiple novel therapies for asthma; however, the mechanisms that drive type 2 inflammation in chronic asthma are poorly understood. In this study, we identify a previously unidentified mechanism of IL-33 activity involving alternative RNA transcript splicing and provide evidence that mast cells and basophils are major cellular targets of IL-33 activity driving type 2 cytokine production in stable asthma. These data advance our understanding of the mechanisms of type 2-high asthma and guide the selection of asthmatics likely to benefit from IL-33 inhibitor therapies.
HIF2α–arginase axis is essential for the development of pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Cowburn Andrew S. , Crosby Alexi , Macias David , Branco Cristina , Colaço Renato D. D. R. , Southwood Mark , Toshner Mark , Crotty Alexander Laura E. , Morrell Nicholas W. , Chilvers Edwin R. , Johnson Randall S. 
Published: July 2016

Significance
The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α in pulmonary endothelium of mice influences pulmonary vascular resistance and development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (PH) via an arginase-1–dependent mechanism. The HIF-2α:arginase-1 axis influences the homeostatic regulation of nitric oxide synthesis in the lung. Impaired generation of this vasoactive agent contributes to the initial development and vascular remodeling process of PH.
Human high intelligence is involved in spectral redshift of biophotonic activities in the brain
Authors: Wang Zhuo , Wang Niting , Li Zehua , Xiao Fangyan , Dai Jiapei 
Published: July 2016

Significance
It is still unclear why human beings hold higher intelligence than other animals on Earth and which brain properties might explain the differences. The recent studies have demonstrated that biophotons may play a key role in neural information processing and encoding and that biophotons may be involved in quantum brain mechanism; however, the importance of biophotons in relation to animal intelligence, including that of human beings, is not clear. Here, we have provided experimental evidence that glutamate-induced biophotonic activities and transmission in brain slices present a spectral redshift feature from animals (bullfrog, mouse, chicken, pig, and monkey) to humans, which may be a key biophysical basis for explaining why human beings hold higher intelligence than that of other animals.
Psychometric Functions of Dual-Task Paradigms for Measuring Listening Effort
Authors: Wu Yu-Hsiang , Stangl Elizabeth , Zhang Xuyang , Perkins Joanna , Eilers Emily 
Published: July 2016

Objectives:
The purpose of the study was to characterize the psychometric functions that describe task performance in dual-task listening effort measures as a function of signal to noise ratio (SNR).

Design:
Younger adults with normal hearing (YNH, n = 24; experiment 1) and older adults with hearing impairment (n = 24; experiment 2) were recruited. Dual-task paradigms wherein the participants performed a primary speech recognition task simultaneously with a secondary task were conducted at a wide range of SNRs. Two different secondary tasks were used: an easy task (i.e., a simple visual reaction-time task) and a hard task (i.e., the incongruent Stroop test). The reaction time (RT) quantified the performance of the secondary task.

Results:
For both participant groups and for both easy and hard secondary tasks, the curves that described the RT as a function of SNR were peak shaped. The RT increased as SNR changed from favorable to intermediate SNRs, and then decreased as SNRs moved from intermediate to unfavorable SNRs. The RT reached its peak (longest time) at the SNRs at which the participants could understand 30 to 50% of the speech. In experiments 1 and 2, the dual-task trials that had the same SNR were conducted in one block. To determine if the peak shape of the RT curves was specific to the blocked SNR presentation order used in these experiments, YNH participants were recruited (n = 25; experiment 3) and dual-task measures, wherein the SNR was varied from trial to trial (i.e., nonblocked), were conducted. The results indicated that, similar to the first two experiments, the RT curves had a peak shape.

Conclusions:
Secondary task performance was poorer at the intermediate SNRs than at the favorable and unfavorable SNRs. This pattern was observed for both YNH and older adults with hearing impairment participants and was not affected by either task type (easy or hard secondary task) or SNR presentation order (blocked or nonblocked). The shorter RT at the unfavorable SNRs (speech intelligibility < 30%) possibly reflects that the participants experienced cognitive overload and/or disengaged themselves from the listening task. The implication of using the dual-task paradigm as a listening effort measure is discussed.
Tinnitus and Sleep Difficulties After Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Pierzycki Robert H. , Edmondson-Jones Mark , Dawes Piers , Munro Kevin J. , Moore David R. , Kitterick Pádraig T. 
Published: July 2016

Objectives:
To estimate and compare the prevalence of and associations between tinnitus and sleep difficulties in a sample of UK adult cochlear implant users and those identified as potential candidates for cochlear implantation.

Design:
The study was conducted using the UK Biobank resource, a population-based cohort of 40- to 69-year olds. Self-report data on hearing, tinnitus, sleep difficulties, and demographic variables were collected from cochlear implant users (n = 194) and individuals identified as potential candidates for cochlear implantation (n = 211). These “candidates” were selected based on (i) impaired hearing sensitivity, inferred from self-reported hearing aid use and (ii) impaired hearing function, inferred from an inability to report words accurately at negative signal to noise ratios on an unaided closed-set test of speech perception. Data on tinnitus (presence, persistence, and related distress) and on sleep difficulties were analyzed using logistic regression models controlling for gender, age, deprivation, and neuroticism.

Results:
The prevalence of tinnitus was similar among implant users (50%) and candidates (52%; p = 0.39). However, implant users were less likely to report that their tinnitus was distressing at its worst (41%) compared with candidates (63%; p = 0.02). The logistic regression model suggested that this difference between the two groups could be explained by the fact that tinnitus was less persistent in implant users (46%) compared with candidates (72%; p < 0.001). Self-reported difficulties with sleep were similar among implant users (75%) and candidates (82%; p = 0.28), but participants with tinnitus were more likely to report sleep difficulties than those without (p < 0.001). The prevalence of sleep difficulties was not related to tinnitus persistence (p = 0.28) or the extent to which tinnitus was distressing (p = 0.55).

Conclusions:
The lack of association between tinnitus persistence and sleep difficulties is compatible with the notion that tinnitus is suppressed in implant users primarily during active electrical stimulation and may return when the implant is switched off at night time. This explanation is supported by the similar prevalence of sleep problems among implant users and potential candidates for cochlear implantation, despite differences between the groups in tinnitus persistence and related emotional distress. Cochlear implantation may therefore not be an appropriate intervention where the primary aim is to alleviate sleep difficulties.