bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of (Dihydrogen)(hydrido)iron(II) Complexes Bearing Chiral Diphos­phanes
Authors: Feliz Marta , Estevan Francisco 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe heterolytic cleavage of molecular hydrogen by [Fe(H2O)6][BF4]2 and the chiral phosphane (+)‐1,2‐bis[(2R,5R)‐2,5‐dimethylphospholano]benzene [(R,R)‐Me‐DuPhos] or its enantiomer [(S,S)‐Me‐DuPhos] yields the (dihydrogen)(hydrido)iron complexes [FeH(η2‐H2){(R,R)‐Me‐DuPhos}2]BF4 ([R,R‐1]BF4) and [FeH(η2‐H2){(S,S)‐Me‐DuPhos}2]BF4 ([S,S‐1]BF4), respectively. These complexes are fluxional in solution at room temperature, and the trans isomers are observed at 200 K. The (Λ)‐cis‐[R,R‐1]BF4 complex was identified crystallographically as the only stereoisomer at room temperature. The energetic and structural differences between the cis (Λ and Δ) and trans isomers were analyzed from a computational (DFT) perspective. The coordinated dihydrogen is displaced by CO or CH3CN ligands to form a mixture of cis and trans isomers of FeH(L)[(R,R)‐Me‐DuPhos]2BF4 {L = CO ([R,R‐2]BF4), CH3CN ([R,R‐3]BF4)} or FeH(L)[(S,S)‐Me‐DuPhos]2BF4 {L = CO ([S,S‐2]BF4), CH3CN ([S,S‐3]BF4)} complexes, and the cis isomers are the major ones. The formation of trans‐[FeH(NMe3)(Me‐DuPhos*)2]BF4 is suggested for the reaction of [R,R‐1]BF4 and [S,S‐1]BF4 with NMe3 {Me‐DuPhos* = [(R,R)‐Me‐DuPhos] or [(S,S)‐Me‐Duphos]}.
Robust Room Temperature Hysteresis in an FeIII Spin Crossover Metallomesogen
Authors: Fitzpatrick Anthony J. , Martinho Paulo N. , Gildea Brendan J. , Holbrey John D. , Morgan Grace G. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe high temperature magnetic and structural properties of an amphiphilic iron(III) spin crossover complex are reported. Thermal cycling reveals a scan rate‐dependent 20 K thermal hysteresis in the mT vs. T data close to room temperature. A fast scan rate is essential for the hysteresis but it is robust and reproducible after multiple thermal cycles. Differential scanning calorimetry and cross polarized microscopy are used to show that the magnetic switching aligns with a material state change from solid to ordered liquid phase on warming.
Effect of transect location, transect spacing and interpolation methods on river bathymetry accuracy
Authors: Glenn Jill , Tonina Daniele , Morehead Mark D. , Fiedler Fritz , Benjankar Rohan 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDigital elevation models (DEMs) of river channel bathymetries are developed by interpolating elevations between data collected at discrete points or along transects. The accuracy of interpolated bathymetries depends on measurement error, the density and distribution of point data, and the interpolation method. Whereas point measurement errors can be minimized by selecting the most efficient equipment, the effect of data density and interpolation method on river bathymetry is relatively unknown. Thus, this study focuses on transect‐based collection methods and investigates the effects of transect location, the spacing between transects, and interpolation methods on the accuracy of interpolated bathymetry. This is accomplished by comparing four control bathymetries generated from accurate and high resolution, sub‐meter scale data to bathymetries interpolated from transect data extracted from the control bathymetries using two transect locating methods and four interpolation methods. The transect locating methods are a morphologically‐spaced and an equally‐spaced model. The four interpolation methods are Ordinary Kriging, Delaunay Triangulation, and Simple Linear, which are applied in curvilinear coordinates (Delaunay Triangulation is also applied in Cartesian coordinates), and Natural Neighbor only in Cartesian Coordinates. The bathymetric data were obtained from morphologically simple and complex reaches of a large (average bankfull width = 90 m) and a small (average bankfull width = 17 m) river. The accuracy of the developed DEMs is assessed using statistical analysis of the differences between the control and interpolated bathymetries and hydraulic parameters assessed from bankfull water surface elevations. Results indicate that DEM accuracy is not influenced by the choice of transect location method (with same averaged cross‐section spacing) or a specific interpolation method, but rather by the coordinate system for which the interpolation method is applied and the spacing between transects. They also show negligible differences between the mean depths and surface areas calculated from bathymetries with dense or coarse spacing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An approach for measuring confinement and assessing the influence of valley setting on river forms and processes
Authors: Fryirs Kirstie A. , Wheaton Joseph M. , Brierley Gary J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractValley setting and confinement (or lack thereof) are primary controls on river character and behaviour. Although there are various proxies for valley confinement, direct measures that quantify the nature and extent of confinement are generally lacking and/or inconsistently described. As such they do not lend themselves to consistent analysis over large spatial scales. Here we clearly define forms of confinement to aid in quantification of degrees of confinement. Types of margin that can induce confinement are differentiated as a valley margin, valley bottom margin, and/or anthropogenic margin. Such margins sometimes overlap and share the same location, and in other situations are separated, giving immediate clues as to the valley setting. We apply this framework to examples from Australia, United States and New Zealand, showing how this framework can be applied across the spectrum of river diversity. This method can help to inform interpretations of reach‐scale river behaviour, highlighting the role of antecedent controls on contemporary forms and processes. Clear definitions of confinement are shown to support catchment‐scale analysis of river patterns along longitudinal profiles, and appraisals of the geomorphic effectiveness of floods and sediment flux in catchments (e.g. process zone distribution, lateral sediment inputs and (dis)connectivity). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple‐access relay channels with non‐causal channel state information at the relay
Authors: Osmani‐Bojd Mohammad , Hodtani Ghosheh Abed 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we study state‐dependent multiple‐access relay channel (MARC). (i) Inner and outer bounds are derived for two‐user state‐dependent discrete memoryless MARC in which channel state information is known non‐causally at the relay (informed relay). The inner bound is obtained by using decode and forward strategy and a combination of binning scheme and codeword splitting. Also, by applying Fano's inequality, we obtain an outer bound for state‐dependent MARC with channel state at the relay. (ii) Furthermore, we extend the results of discrete alphabet to Gaussian case as a discrete time and continuous alphabet model. Our general Gaussian results subsume previous special ones and specifically gives a general version for the Costa's theorem. (iii) We show numerically that the achievable rate region of Gaussian MARC with cognition of the relay about interference is larger than the achievable rate region of Gaussian MARC without any knowledge about interference. Also, by numerical examples, we investigate the capacity‐achieving case in high signal to noise ratios at the relay. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improve the mechanical property and flame retardant efficiency of the composites of poly(lactic acid) and resorcinol di(phenyl phosphate) (RDP) with ZnO‐coated kenaf
Authors: Zhou Lu , Ju Yaqing , Liao Fenghui , Yang Yuanyuan , Wang Xinlong 
Published: December 2015

SummaryThe kenaf coated with zinc oxide (ZnO) was prepared and characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The ZnO‐coated kenaf and the flame retardant resorcinol di(phenyl phosphate) were blended with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) by solution compounding and melt blending to prepare the flame‐retarded PLA composites. The thermal stability, the mechanical property, and the flame retardancy of the PLA composites were improved evidently. The tensile strength of the prepared PLA composites could reach up to 62.3 MPa in comparison with 55.4 MPa of the pure PLA. The dense and compact char residues were observed after the combustion of the PLA composites containing ZnO‐coated kenaf, whereas there were serious dripping phenomena and no char formation during the combustion of the pure PLA. The use of ZnO‐coated kenaf could increase flame retardant efficiency obviously. The mechanism of flame retardancy was discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a creep‐free stress‐strain law for fire analysis of steel structures
Authors: Torić Neno , Sun Rui Rui , Burgess Ian W. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryThis paper presents a practical procedure for obtaining creep‐free stress‐strain laws for steel exposed to fire, on the basis of codified stress‐strain laws that consider creep implicitly. The applicability of the proposed procedure has been tested on two commonly used stress‐strain laws for steel at elevated temperature, the Eurocode 3 law and a Ramberg–Osgood model, both of which have implicit consideration of creep. The simulation of two published steel coupon experiments on steel of grades S275 and S355 shows that both the Eurocode and Ramberg–Osgood stress‐strain laws produce inaccurate predictions of creep in fire at elevated temperatures. The proposed procedure was thereby used to extract the implicit creep according to the heating rates of the transient coupon tests and to derive the creep‐free stress‐strain laws. It has been shown that, by combining the creep‐free stress strain law obtained by the proposed methodology with an explicit creep model, a more realistic prediction of steel behaviour in the selected coupon test studies can be achieved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trimethoprim: Mechanisms of Action, Antimicrobial Activity, Bacterial Resistance, Pharmacokinetics, Adverse Reactions, and Therapeutic Indications
Authors: Gleckman Richard , Blagg Noel , Joubert Dennis W. 
Published: December 2015

Trimethoprim has recently been marketed as a single‐entity product for the treatment of initial episodes of uncomplicated symptomatic urinary tract infections; it was previously available only in combination with sulfamethoxazole. Trimethoprim exerts antimicrobial activity by blocking the reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate, the active form of folic acid, by susceptible organisms. It has inhibitory activity for most gram‐positive aerobic cocci and some gram‐negative aerobic bacilli. Resistance to trimethoprim may be either intrinsic or acquired. Acquired resistance most commonly stems from a chromosomal mutation that results in the production of a dihydrofolate reductase enzyme which is less vulnerable to trimethoprim inhibition.Gastrointestinal intolerance and skin eruptions are the most common untoward reactions resulting from the administration of trimethoprim. Trimethoprim constitutes very effective therapy for women with acute symptomatic urinary tract infections caused by E. coli, and the compound compares favorably with alternative standard agents, such as ampicillin and cephalexin. The safety of trimethoprim in the pregnant woman has not been established. Since indiscriminate use of trimethoprim could foster the emergence of trimethoprim resistance, thereby negating the value of both trimethoprim and trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim should only be prescribed for well defined indications. Trimethoprim is currently being investigated as definitive therapy for a wide range of infections, including bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, bacterial pneumonia, and typhoid fever. Initial reports are encouraging. (Pharmacotherapy 1981;1:14–20)
Chemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, Adverse Effects, and Efficacy of the Antidepressant Maprotiline Hydrochloride
Authors: Wells Barbara G. , Gelenberg Alan J. 
Published: December 2015

Maprotiline, a tetracyclic antidepressant with sedative properties, exhibits strong inhibitory effects on norepinephrine uptake across nerve cell membranes but interferes relatively little with serotoninergic mechanisms. The biological half‐life of unchanged maprotiline in blood averages 43 hours. Though several studies suggest a more rapid onset of antidepressant effects with maprotiline than with amitriptyline or imipramine, this issue remains unresolved.The adverse effect profile of maprotiline is similar to that of the tricyclic antidepressants, except that rashes are about twice as frequent with maprotiline as with amitriptyline or imipramine. The most frequent adverse reactions are anticholinergic effects and sedation. Data suggest less frequent and severe anticholinergic side effects with maprotiline than with amitriptyline. Maprotiline may be less likely to induce orthostatic hypotension and tachycardia than standard tricyclic antidepressants, but clinically important differences in cardiovascular effects remain to be conclusively demonstrated. Many patients benefit from the convenience of once daily dosing.Maprotiline is comparable in antidepressant efficacy to the tricyclic antidepressants.
Clinical Management of Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: Fang Leslie S. T. , Tolkoff‐Rubin Nina E. , Rubin Robert H. 
Published: December 2015

The clinical management of urinary tract infection has changed considerably over the last two decades due to the recognition of several important factors:
All urinary tract infections are not the same; in particular, deep tissue infection of the kidney and/or prostate requires a very different form of clinical management than does superficial mucosal infection of the bladder.
Consistent with these differences, it is now clear that conventional 7–14 day treatment courses are not ideal for most forms of urinary tract infections; deep tissue infection requires more intensive therapy and superficial mucosal infection needs less intensive therapy.
In particular, single dose antimicrobial therapy has been a major advance in the management of the most common form of urinary tract infection — acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection of the adult female; such therapy is safe, effective, inexpensive, and the response provides useful clinical information.
The recognition of the etiology of the acute urethral syndrome in most patients (true bacteriuria or Chlamydia trachomatis infection) had led to an effective therapeutic approach to this problem.
A logical approach to the problem of recurrent urinary tract infection has emerged that is both cost‐effective and clinically effective.
Finally, a clearer picture of those populations that would benefit most from anatomical study of the urinary tract has been developed.With these advances, this most common of bacterial infections affecting man throughout his lifespan has become much easier to control.
Cinoxacin: Mechanism of Action, Spectrum of Activity, Pharmacokinetics, Adverse Reactions, and Therapeutic Indications
Authors: Scavone Joseph M. , Gleckman Richard A. , Fraser Donald G. 
Published: December 2015

Cinoxacin, a chemotherapeutic agent that inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis, has recently been approved for the treatment of initial and recurrent bacterial urinary tract infections. Although closely related to nalidixic acid, cinoxacin possesses some distinct characteristics: rapid attainment of therapeutic urinary concentrations and greater activity against strains of Enterobacteriaceae that cause urinary tract infections. Biopharmaceutical properties include serum protein binding of approximately 70%, 50–60% excretion of intact drug in the urine of patients with normal renal function, and an elimination half‐life of approximately one hour. The elimination half‐life is increased in patients with decreased renal function and when probenecid is coadministered.Adverse events occur infrequently and consist of nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, and hypersensitivity reactions. The drug compares favorably with standard therapies for the treatment of bacterial cystitis and recurrent urinary tract infections. Initial studies demonstrate that cinoxacin has substantial efficacy as a prophylactic agent for those women who experience recurrent, symptomatic urinary tract infections.
Etoposide: A Semisynthetic Epipodophyllotoxin Chemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, Adverse Effects and Use as an Antineoplastic Agent
Authors: Sinkule Joseph A. 
Published: December 2015

Etoposide (VP 16) is a semi‐synthetic derivative of 4'‐demethylepipodophyllotoxin, a naturally occurring compound synthesized by the North American May apple (Podophyllum peltatum) and the Indian species Podophyllum emodi Wallich. Although podophyllotoxins are classical spindle poisons causing inhibition of mitosis by blocking mitrotubular assembly, etoposide inhibits cell cycle progression at a premitotic phase (late S and G2), probably via inhibition of DNA synthesis. There appears to be a selective antileukemic dose response relationship when compared to normal hematopoietic elements. Etoposide is effective when administered orally at about twice the recommended parenteral dosage. Schedule dependency in both animal models and clinical trials has been observed; multiple dosing over three to five consecutive days is superior to weekly single dose administration. Etoposide's dose‐limiting toxicity is myelosuppression (leukopenia), which is quite predictable; alopecia and GI toxicity (nausea, vomiting, stomatitis) occur in about 20–30% of patients given recommended dosages.Etoposide appears to be one of the most active drugs for small cell lung cancer, testicular carcinoma (the Food and Drug Administration approved indication), ANLL and malignant lymphoma. Etoposide also has demonstrated activity in refractory pediatric neoplasms, hepatocellular, esophageal, gastric and prostatic carcinoma, ovarian cancer, chronic and acute leukemias and non‐small cell lung cancer, although additional single and combination drug studies are needed to substantiate these data. Its contribution in front‐line combination chemotherapeutic regimens for these cancers will be better defined in the forthcoming years.Etoposide appears to have minimal activity in breast cancer and, based on current data, it is inactive against malignant melanoma, colorectal adenocarcinoma and cancer of the head and neck, although the dosage and schedules used in many of the Phase II studies may have been suboptimal.
Piretanide: A Loop‐Active Diuretic
Authors: Marsh James D. , Smith Thomas W. 
Published: December 2015

Piretanide is a high‐ceiling, loop‐active diuretic that has been developed for treatment of congestive heart failure, hypertension and edematous states caused by renal and hepatic diseases. Piretanide is structurally related to furosemide and bumetanide; when administered orally, 6 mg of piretanide is as effective as 40 mg of furosemide, and when administered intravenously, 12 mg of piretanide is as effective as 40 mg of furosemide.Piretanide enhances water and sodium excretion in patients with congestive heart failure, with nephrotic syndrome and with cirrhosis and ascites. Adverse effects reported to date are limited to those attributable to excess loss of fluid and electrolytes. Under some conditions, piretanide appears to be less potassium wasting than thiazide diuretics or other loop‐active diuretics.
Bitolterol Mesylate: A Beta‐adrenergic Agent; Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Adverse Effects and Clinical Efficacy in Asthma
Authors: Walker Susannah B. , Kradjan Wayne A. , Bierman C. Warren 
Published: December 2015

Bitolterol, (3–4 diester colterol) is a new β2‐adrenergic agonist. Since it in itself is biologically inactive, bitolterol is considered a pro‐drug. When administered it is activated within the lung by esterase hdyrolysis to the active compound colterol catecholamine N‐t‐butyl‐arterenol). In preclinical and clinical studies to date, bitolterol has proved to be an effective bronchodilator for adult and pediatric patients with chronic stable asthma and for some with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Bitolterol has been compared with other β2 agents, including isoproterenol, metaproterenol and albuterol. There is no evidence for cardiotoxicity when bitolterol is used in combination with theophylline in human studies. It is effective for control of exercise‐induced asthma.
The Neglected Laboratory Test The Semen Analysis
Authors: CHONG AUGUSTO P. , WALTERS CLIFFORD A. , WEINRIEB SHELLEY A. 
Published: December 2015

Sixty‐four laboratories from Connecticut, Massachusetts, and California were involved in a comparison of the types of semen analyses offered. The collected data indicate that there is a wide range of normal values for each parameter considered in a semen analysis.Very few laboratories gave simple and precise instructions for collection of the specimen. In many instances there was no record of the collection time or of the arrival time of the specimen at the laboratory. Most laboratories did not report motility or forward progression at time intervals, and abnormal morphology was not broken down according to the types of abnormalities involved.These data indicate the absolute need for adequate standardization of this important test, which is the basis upon which the clinician makes the important decision of implicating the male partner in the couple's infertility problem.
Androgen Receptor Levels and Androgen Contents in the Prostate Lobes of Intact and Testosterone‐treated Noble Rats
Authors: HO SHUK‐MEI , DAMASSA DAVID , KWAN PAUL W.L. , SETO HENRY S.K. , LEAV IRWIN 
Published: December 2015

Plasma testosterone (T) levels were correlated with androgen receptors, tissue content of T, and 5α‐dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the three anatomically‐discrete prostate lobes of intact and castrated Noble (Nb) rats bearing T‐filled silastic capsules. Differences in androgen receptor content and tissue androgen levels were observed among the three prostatic lobes of intact Nb rats. Total (cytosolic and nuclear) androgen receptor levels were highest in the ventral prostate followed by the dorsolateral and anterior prostate lobes. In the ventral and anterior prostate, androgen receptors were found to be equally distributed between cytosols and nuclear extracts, whereas in the dorsolateral prostate, androgen receptors were predominantly nuclear (cytosolic: nuclear = 1:5). The ventral prostate had the highest total androgen content and DHT was the major tissue androgen in all three lobes. The ratio of tissue DHT:T varied among the lobes; the highest value was observed in the dorsolateral prostate. The higher proportions of nuclear androgen receptor, as well as the elevated tissue DHT:T found in the dorsolateral prostate compared to other lobes, suggest that differences in the androgen activation process may exist between the dorsolateral prostate and other prostatic lobes.Despite lower plasma and tissue T levels, the DHT content, weight and cytodifferentiation in all lobes of T‐treated castrated rats closely approximated the situation found in intact animals. Total androgen receptor levels were, however, elevated in all prostatic lobes of T‐treated, castrated rats as compared to intact controls. These increases were primarily attributed to the augmented levels of androgen receptor in the nuclear extracts of the three prostate lobes. Exposure of the prostate to a constant level of T, produced by silastic implantation, might be responsible for the higher total androgen receptor levels and enhanced nuclear androgen receptor retention found in the prostates of T‐treated, castrated rats.