bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nanoenvironmental effect in AOT reverse micelles on the triplet excited state properties of flavins and quenching by molecular oxygen
Authors: Valle Lorena , Morán Vieyra Faustino E. , Borsarelli Claudio D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe triplet quantum yield (ΦT) and lifetime (τT) of the lowest excited triplet state of the flavins (3F*), for example, lumiflavin, riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide, and flavin adenine dinucleotide were determined by laser‐flash photolysis experiments in Aerosol‐OT reverse micelles (AOT RM) dispersed in n‐hexane as function of the amount of water dissolved w0 = [H2O]/[AOT]. The energy‐transfer quenching of 3F* by triplet molecular oxygen 3O2 to produce singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) was also evaluated by applying a simple pseudophase model for the 3O2 partition between the organic solvent and the AOT RM. The quantum yield of 1O2 generation by the flavins was also calculated. The results are discussed as a function of the nanoenvironmental changes produced in the constrained aqueous interior of the AOT RM as the amount of dispersed water increases. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analytical investigation on shape configuration of CFRP strips on lateral loading capacity of strengthened RC shear wall
Authors: Delnavaz Ali , Hamidnia Mohammad 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn the past few years, the use of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) has increased, because of their high strength, in concrete elements such as shear walls. In this study, the behaviour of a shear wall strengthened with different layout configurations of CFRP under lateral loading was investigated. For this purpose, a model is first verified in laboratory work, then in the next step the models were analysed by increasing the number of fibre layers and the effect of fibre layers on shear wall capacity was studied. Sliding between fibres and concrete was neglected. Also the effect of increasing the concrete strength of a reinforced concrete (RC) wall on CFRP strengthening was studied. In all models, comparisons were made between the results of CFRP configurations in increasing lateral strength and also ductility. Finally, by comparing the results, the best fibre configuration was determined based on the maximum load capacity.
Performance of the IOTA ADNEX model in preoperative discrimination of adnexal masses in a gynecological oncology center
Authors: Araujo K. G. , Jales R. M. , Pereira P. N. , Yoshida A. , de Angelo Andrade L. , Sarian L. O. , Derchain S. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo evaluate the performance of the International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) ADNEX model in the preoperative discrimination between benign ovarian (including tubal and para‐ovarian) tumors, borderline ovarian tumors (BOT), Stage I ovarian cancer (OC), Stage II–IV OC and ovarian metastasis in a gynecological oncology center in Brazil.MethodsThis was a diagnostic accuracy study including 131 women with an adnexal mass invited to participate between February 2014 and November 2015. Before surgery, pelvic ultrasound examination was performed and serum levels of tumor marker CA 125 were measured in all women. Adnexal masses were classified according to the IOTA ADNEX model. Histopathological diagnosis was the gold standard. Receiver–operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the model to classify tumors into different histological types.ResultsOf 131 women, 63 (48.1%) had a benign ovarian tumor, 16 (12.2%) had a BOT, 17 (13.0%) had Stage I OC, 24 (18.3%) had Stage II–IV OC and 11 (8.4%) had ovarian metastasis. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.92 (95% CI, 0.88–0.97) for the basic discrimination between benign vs malignant tumors using the IOTA ADNEX model. Performance was high for the discrimination between benign vs Stage II–IV OC, BOT vs Stage II–IV OC and Stage I OC vs Stage II–IV OC, with AUCs of 0.99, 0.97 and 0.94, respectively. Performance was poor for the differentiation between BOT vs Stage I OC and between Stage I OC vs ovarian metastasis with AUCs of 0.64.ConclusionThe majority of adnexal masses in our study were classified correctly using the IOTA ADNEX model. On the basis of our findings, we would expect the model to aid in the management of women with an adnexal mass presenting to a gynecological oncology center. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Power considerations for λ inflation factor in meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies
Authors: GEORGIOPOULOS GEORGIOS , EVANGELOU EVANGELOS 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThe genomic control (GC) approach is extensively used to effectively control false positive signals due to population stratification in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, GC affects the statistical power of GWAS. The loss of power depends on the magnitude of the inflation factor (λ) that is used for GC. We simulated meta-analyses of different GWAS. Minor allele frequency (MAF) ranged from 0·001 to 0·5 and λ was sampled from two scenarios: (i) random scenario (empirically-derived distribution of real λ values) and (ii) selected scenario from simulation parameter modification. Adjustment for λ was considered under single correction (within study corrected standard errors) and double correction (additional λ corrected summary estimate). MAF was a pivotal determinant of observed power. In random λ scenario, double correction induced a symmetric power reduction in comparison to single correction. For MAF <5%, GC significantly reduced power for genetic risks ranging from 1·2 to 1·4 (n = 10–20). Rising MAF attenuated the correction effect of λ adjustment. Moderate λ approach yielded more conservative results for population stratification adjustment, especially for MAF <5%. Large λ approach yielded an approximate two fold decrease in power when compared to moderate λ approach and almost four fold when the original random λ scenario was considered. Meta-analysis power can be adequate to detect significant variants even for double GC correction when effect size exceeds >1·2 and MAF >5%. Our results provide a quick but detailed index for power considerations of future meta-analyses of GWAS that enables a more flexible design from early steps based on the number of studies accumulated in different groups and the λ values observed in the single studies.
On the degrees of polynomial divisors over finite fields
Authors: WEINGARTNER ANDREAS 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe show that the proportion of polynomials of degree n over the finite field with q elements, which have a divisor of every degree below n, is given by cqn−1 + O(n−2). More generally, we give an asymptotic formula for the proportion of polynomials, whose set of degrees of divisors has no gaps of size greater than m. To that end, we first derive an improved estimate for the proportion of polynomials of degree n, all of whose non-constant divisors have degree greater than m. In the limit as q → ∞, these results coincide with corresponding estimates related to the cycle structure of permutations.
Genetic structure of Patagonian toothfish populations from otolith DNA
Authors: Toomey Lola , Welsford Dirk , Appleyard Sharon A. , Polanowski Andrea , Faux Cassandra , Deagle Bruce E. , Belchier Mark , Marthick James , Jarman Simon 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe Patagonian toothfish,Dissostichus eleginoides, is a valuable fishery species and has a discontinuous distribution across the Southern Ocean. Identification of the genetic stock structure of toothfish would allow evaluation of the suitability of the spatial scale at which fisheries management operates. Genetic subdivision seems likely given the species distribution. Population genetics studies of this species have been performed; however, they have been limited by sample size, spatial coverage and/or the type of markers investigated. As a potential solution, we developed methods for extracting toothfish DNA from otoliths that are available in large numbers from collections held at several research institutes. Genetic differentiation between the three oceanic sectors was investigated. Four mitochondrial and four nuclear markers with multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms were sequenced by high throughput sequencing for samples from six locations. Genetic differentiation was found between three sectors with nuclear markers. However, only the Pacific sector was differentiated from other sectors with mitochondrial markers. This study demonstrates the usefulness of otolith DNA as a means of increasing sample sizes for population genetics research of fish. Additionally, the combination of nuclear and mitochondrial markers may allow insight into how the observed differences in movements between male and female toothfish impact population structure.
Alterations in antioxidant and oxidant status of children after on-pump surgery for cyanotic and acyanotic congenital heart diseases
Authors: Altin Firat H. , Yildirim Hayriye A. , Tanidir Ibrahim C. , Yildiz Okan , Kahraman Meliha Z. , Ozturk Erkut , Celebi Sinem B. , Kyaruzi Mugisha , Bakir İhsan 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectiveOxidative stress refers to an imbalance between reactive oxidative species and antioxidants. In this case-controlled, prospective, observational study, we investigated the total oxidant status, total antioxidant status, oxidative stress index, and albumin and C-reactive protein levels of children with cyanotic and acyanotic congenital heart diseases who had undergone on-pump cardiac surgery.MethodThe study groups consisted of 60 patients with congenital heart disease, who were operated under cardiopulmonary bypass, and a control group of 30 healthy individuals. The patients were classified into two groups. Among them, one was a patient group that consisted of 30 patients with acyanotic congenital heart disease and the other group consisted of 30 patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease. In the patient groups, blood samples were collected before surgery and at one and 24 hours following surgery. In control groups, blood samples were collected once during hospital admission.ResultsNo statistically significant differences were found between the groups in terms of baseline total oxidant status, total antioxidant status, and oxidative stress index values. Regarding the postoperative first-hour and 24-hour total oxidant status and total antioxidant status levels as well as oxidative stress index values, there were no significant differences between the groups, except for an increase in total antioxidant status levels (p=0.002) 24 hours after surgery in cyanotic patients.ConclusionThere was no difference between oxidative stress status of cyanotic and acyanotic congenital heart disease patients and healthy individuals. Oxidative stress status of cyanotic and acyanotic patients does not change after cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass.
Integrated common‐mode inductor design for parallel interleaved converters
Authors: Hedayati Mohammad Hassan , John Vinod 
Published: May 2016

Paralleling power converters can increase the power rating and reliability of the overall system. Interleaving the carrier in parallel converters helps in reduction of output current distortion, and in reduction of electromagnetic interference noise. This study presents a common‐mode inductor design for parallel interleaved converters, which integrates the inter‐phase and boost inductors together in a novel structure. It is shown that the proposed magnetic structure accommodates a wider range of desirable electromagnetic parameters. Step‐by‐step design procedure of the proposed integrated common‐mode inductor (ICMI) is presented. The proposed ICMI design results in fewer components, reduces the size and the cost of overall system. The proposed ICMI is compared with a design available in literature using an example. Existing design procedure imposes constraints on the core geometry that are not suitable for high‐power designs. The proposed design makes use of standard C cores that improves manufacturability. Experimental results from a 7.5 kVA parallel single‐phase power converter show the effectiveness of the proposed ICMI.
Discovering Causally Complex Essences
Authors: Bronstein David 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter closely examines Aristotle’s account of inquiry in Posterior Analytics 2.8. It focuses on his account of how we discover by demonstration the causally complex essences of demonstrable attributes (such as eclipse and thunder). This discovery occurs at Stage 4 (of 5) in the Socratic Picture of the order of inquiry. Aristotle’s account is examined in light of the puzzles about demonstration and definition raised in Posterior Analytics 2.3–7. The chapter argues that Aristotle describes two routes to knowledge of causally complex essences. Both routes begin with the grasp of a preliminary account, and both solve the instance of Meno’s Paradox that arises from Posterior Analytics 2.2.
Subject-Kinds and their Existence
Authors: Bronstein David 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Stage 1 in the Socratic Picture of the order of inquiry, when we seek whether a subject-kind (such as triangle or animal) exists. Distinctions are made between primary and subordinate subject-kinds on the one hand and between subject-kinds in general and their demonstrable attributes on the other. The chapter also discusses a number of passages in the Posterior Analytics in which, it is argued, Aristotle describes how students of a science learn by demonstration. The chapter ends with a speculative account of how we discover the existence of subject-kinds (subordinate (i.e., species) and primary (i.e., genera)).
Metallic Compounds
Authors: Ladd Mark 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Chapter 5 is devoted to the properties of the metallic bond and semiconductors. The Drude–Lorentz free-electron model is discussed together with its applications. The Hall effect demonstrates the need for a refinement of the theory, which leads into a study first of the wave-mechanical free-electron theory, density of states and the Fermi–Dirac distribution. Then, it is followed by the band theory of metals, semiconductors and superconductors. Einstein and Debye models for heat capacity are compared. Fuel cells, batteries and solar cells are studied and their properties compared. The physical and structural characteristics of the metallic bond are discussed. Alloy systems are treated, particularly the Ag–Cd, Cu–Au and Cu–Zn systems. Their characteristics are discussed in terms of the Hume-Rothery rules and their explanation in band theory.
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
Authors: Ladd Mark 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Nanoscience and nanotechnology are introduced and compared. The physics of small systems introduces quantum dots and their applications. Carbon is discussed in terms of carbon black, graphite and graphene, and applications of graphene in chemical sensing and other fields are described. Carbon nanotubes and nanowires are discussed and illustrated. The topics in this chapter are under extensive current investigations and a number of recent developments are introduced. Graphite intercalation compounds, their structure and properties are treated, and the magnetic properties of chemical systems described in relation to nanosize materials. Nanopolymers and the fabrication of nanomaterials are outlined.
Poverty in Ethiopia, 2000–11
Authors: Stifel David , Woldehanna Tassew 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, the Ethiopian economy has experienced strong economic growth and structural improvements. Rapid infrastructure growth, increased agricultural production and commercialization, better-functioning food markets, and a strong social safety net programme are all part of the changing economic landscape that is paying dividends in terms of poverty reduction. Yet measuring these dividends in Ethiopia is complicated by conceptual and practical data-related issues. This is not surprising, given the complexity of measuring poverty in a manner that is consistent over time and space, yet is also sensitive to local conditions. In this chapter a utility-consistent approach to calculating poverty lines is used to analyse poverty in Ethiopia. Poverty reduction has been steady but uneven. Although data comparability issues warrant care in determining the degree to which monetary poverty fell, the broader body of evidence paints a picture of substantive welfare improvements.
Burkina Faso
Authors: Grimm Michael , Wetta Claude , Nikiema Aude 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Burkina Faso has experienced significant aggregate growth over the past two decades, but the growth has not transformed into poverty reduction. Key obstacles preventing escape from poverty are high population growth, combined with the absence of major technological change in agriculture and any significant structural transformation of the urban economy. Continuously rising food prices and droughts maintain child malnutrition and mortality at high levels, threatening political and social stability. The growth had basically two sources: a massive migration of people from the rural agricultural sector to the urban informal sector, and agricultural production of food crops and cotton, both fuelled by a massive expansion of cultivable land. Dealing with Malthusian forces is the main challenge for Burkina Faso in the decade to come.
Assessing Progress in Welfare Improvements in Zambia
Authors: Masumbu Gibson , Mahrt Kristi 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter analyses poverty in Zambia during 1996–2010. Recent growth and consumption poverty trends are reviewed, with evaluation of the distribution and evolution of multidimensional household welfare. Recognizing the importance of non-monetary dimensions of poverty, the first-order dominance approach is employed to assess multidimensional welfare—an approach which allows multidimensional welfare comparisons across populations without imposing assumptions about the relative importance of each welfare dimension. The comparisons—five household-level binary indicators measuring welfare in water, sanitation, shelter, energy, and education form the basis of analysis—generate information about the relative welfare of the nine provinces and their performance over time. The welfare of households is also evaluated across rural agricultural strata and urban housing cost areas.
Incomes, Inequality, and Poverty in Kenya
Authors: Bigsten Arne , Manda Damiano Kulundu , Mwabu Germano , Wambugu Anthony 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
During the twentieth century there were dramatic changes in the structure of Kenya’s economy and in the sectorial allocation of labour. Kenya started out with almost the whole of its labour force in agriculture and related activities, but a century later more than half of the labour force is in formal or informal non-agricultural activities. The share of agriculture in gross domestic product has fallen from above three-quarters to about a quarter. This structural transformation has driven the changes in incomes, income distribution, and poverty. This chapter seeks to measure and explain changes in incomes, inequality, and poverty in Kenya. It starts from a very long-term perspective covering the twentieth century, then focuses on a more detailed analysis of the recent period for which data are available.
Politics and Writing
Authors: Pearson Roger 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter describes how Chateaubriand, the celebrated author of the Génie du christianisme, sought a central role in the affairs of the nation; how, following his break with Napoleon in 1804 and a period in opposition, he subsequently rose to prominence during the Restoration as a governnment minister and parliamentary lawgiver; and how in 1830, following the July Revolution and the installation of the Bourgeois Monarchy, he withdrew from active politics and became the living emblem of the Legitimist cause. In his Mémoires d’outre-tombe, in which this political career is extensively related, he constructs a retrospective self-portrait as the poète maudit, the unacknowledged legislator for whom literature had provided the surer platform from which to serve as lawgiver and moral guide to the nation and for whom poetry remained the most powerful expression of human spiritual longing.
1789 and After
Authors: Pearson Roger 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the preceding account of the poet as lawgiver in post-revolutionary France under four headings: the poet as politician; the poet as champion of justice; the poet as moral and religious commentator; and the poet as officiant of uncertainty. Aspects of the public careers and literary works of Chateaubriand, Staël, Lamartine, Hugo, and Vigny are compared and contrasted under these headings and situated within a broader narrative in which the poet’s authority comes to be seen to derive no longer from God but from humanity itself, and in which the poet-lawgiver, forsaking direct political engagement, privileges poetry as an alternative and more effective legislation. Poetry ceases to be a tool of ideology and aspires to be a powerful independent instrument of moral progress, non-denominational religious feeling, and secular surmise about the meanings of life. The poet moves beyond melancholy and, anticipating Baudelaire, towards a positive poetics of conjecture.
Routines as Process
Authors: Feldman Martha S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter traces how scholarship over time has taken into consideration the process-oriented nature of routines. The tracing includes the behavioral theory of the firm, evolutionary economics, and routine dynamics. Elaborating and building on the routine dynamics perspective, the chapter suggests that further process orientation is possible through a deeper understanding of action as doings and sayings that display a spectrum of intentionality, control over the body, and social autonomy. Actions have three features that are particularly useful for a process orientation to routines: they are constitutive; they transcend dualisms; and they are relational. The theoretical, rhetorical, and methodological changes entailed in moving from one kind of process orientation to another are discussed.
Transformation of Independent Oscillatory Inputs into Temporally Precise Rate Codes
Authors: Tingley David , Alexander Andrew A. , Quinn Laleh K. , Chiba Andrea A. , Nitz Douglas 
Published: May 2016

AbstractComplex behaviors demand temporal coordination among functionally distinct brain regions. The basal forebrain’s afferent and efferent structure suggests a capacity for mediating such coordination. During performance of a selective attention task, synaptic activity in this region was dominated by four amplitude-independent oscillations temporally organized by the phase of the slowest, a theta rhythm. Further, oscillatory amplitudes were precisely organized by task epoch and a robust input/output transform, from synchronous synaptic activity to spiking rates of basal forebrain neurons, was identified. For many neurons, spiking was temporally organized as phase precessing sequences against theta band field potential oscillations. Remarkably, theta phase precession advanced in parallel to task progression, rather than absolute spatial location or time. Together, the findings reveal a process by which associative brain regions can integrate independent oscillatory inputs and transform them into sequence-specific, rate-coded outputs that are adaptive to the pace with which organisms interact with their environment.