bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen Fertilization for Optimizing the Quality and Yield of Shade Grown Cuban Cigar Tobacco: Required Nitrogen Amounts, Application Schedules, Adequate Leaf Nitrogen Levels, and Early Season Diagnostic Tests
Authors: Borges A , Morejón R , Izquierdo A , Ortega E , Rodés R 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Nitrogen (N) fertilizers have a decisive influence on the yield and quality of tobacco. Yield, percentage of plant N, wrapper leaf quality, and nicotine content are all important quality characteristics in tobacco growing. This work is an attempt to provide a tool for optimizing mineral N nutrition for Cuban cigar tobacco, using a strategy that links N supply with leaf N concentration and wrapper yield. Similar approaches developed worldwide have mainly involved Virginia and Burley tobacco types but not Cuban cigar tobacco. The objective of the current work is to identify the effects of fertilizer N levels and timing of application on each of the mentioned quality factors for shade grown Cuban cigar tobacco. Another purpose is to explore the usefulness of a quick method of assessing the N status of plants based on measuring leaf transmission at two different wavelengths (650 and 940 nm). The experiments were done in the main tobacco growing area of Cuba (Vueltabajo). In each experiment, nine separate treatments were used covering different levels and times of fertilizer N application. The same experiment was carried out in three different years (2005-2006, 2006-2007, 2007-2008) but as the results were similar only one set of data is described (2006-2007). The patterns of response to N fertilizer of all four quality measurements, including yield and wrapper leaf quality, were similar in the different replications of the experiments. The optimal fertilizer level was 140-190 kg N/ha (40% applied on days 8-10 after transplanting and 60% on days 18-20 after transplanting). The optimal N concentration of leaves taken at the central foliar level of the middle stalk position was 4.3-4.7% at harvest time. Leaf transmission measurements by means of the SPAD-502 Chlorophyll Meter in the early stages of growth were correlated with leaf chlorophyll and N concentration and provide an excellent guide for predicting Cuban cigar tobacco wrapper leaf yield.
Arsenic Speciation in Tobacco and Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Liu C , Wright CG , McAdam KG , Taebunpakul C , Heroult J , Braybrook J , Goenaga-Infante H 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Arsenic is one of the metals found in cured tobacco and mainstream cigarette smoke. Levels of arsenic in modern filtered cigarette smoke range from sub-ppm to a few tens of ppms. To enable accurate smoke toxicity assessment on arsenic in cigarette smoke, it is desirable to establish its chemical forms in addition to total quantities because different arsenic compounds possess different toxicological potentials.
Progress has been made on measuring the arsenic speciation in tobacco and mainstream cigarette smoke by using a combination of synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography- inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS). In this paper, we describe the experimental procedures developed together with the main findings. A transient redox transformation between As(V) and As(III) was confirmed in freshly generated mainstream smoke. Potential areas for future research are highlighted in order to further our understanding of the speciation mechanism for arsenic in tobacco products.
Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks
Authors: Klus H , Scherer G , Müller L 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Tobacco additives play an important role in the manufacturing and for the quality of tobacco products, particularly cigarettes and roll-your-own tobaccos. Attention is increasingly given to the potential effects of additives on consumer behavior and health. This review is intended to compile, collate and - to some degree - evaluate the wealth of pertinent scientific information available from the published literature and other special sources. At first, the reasons are set forth for the use of additives in cigarette manufacturing. In response to the growing controversy over the attractiveness and addictiveness of smoking, the clarification of terms and concepts is followed by a detailed discussion of two kinds of substances with particular relevance: Additives like ammonium compounds that are claimed to increase nicotine availability, and additives that are claimed to increase nicotine addictiveness.
The composition and toxicity of mainstream smoke of cigarettes with and without additives are assessed in several respects. The potentials of pyrolysis studies are explored by looking at a number of key studies and some basic considerations regarding in vitro and in vivo toxicity testing are addressed. Five major literature reviews on additives published between 1994 and 2004, and the results of several comprehensive experimental studies covering a large range of additives, released between 2002 and 2012, are dealt with in detail. Single tobacco additives of particular importance (menthol, glycerol, 1,2-propylene glycol, sorbitol, sugars, cocoa, licorice, citric acid, triacetin, and ammonium compounds) are discussed in dedicated chapters, which are generally subdivided into special sections: Use and toxicological assessment; inclusion level in cigarettes, transfer and pyrolysis; attractiveness and addictiveness; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke composition; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke toxicity. Epidemiological findings and data obtained by the biomonitoring of smokers consuming cigarettes with and without additives are compiled and interpreted specifically for American blend cigarettes, Virginia cigarettes, “French” (dark) cigarettes and menthol cigarettes whereby the focus is on the effects of additives on smoking topography and potential health risks.
Opinionated reviews were published in recent years that are compromised by arbitrary selection of sources and unbalanced views. Leaving those unconsidered, the aggregated scientific knowledge shows that tobacco additives have only occasional and limited effects on cigarette mainstream smoke composition, which are almost never reflected in the results of toxicological in vitro assays or in vivo studies. This supports the conclusion that tobacco additives are not likely to increase the known health risks of smoking. There is also no evidence for sustaining claims that certain additives increase nicotine availability or nicotine addictiveness.
Editors’ Note
Authors: Heller WD , Scherer G 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
We were pleased to hear that a longstanding author to Beiträge had received the Tobacco Science Research ConferenceLifetime Achievement Award in 2012 - Dr Serban C. Moldoveanu. Dr Moldoveanu has published 21 papers in our journal. In 14 of these, he was the first author. The first article ofDr Moldoveanu was published in Beiträge in April 2000, the most recent will appear in this issue of Beiträge. We congratulate Dr SerbanModoveanu on being awarded the Tobacco Science Research Conference LifetimeAchievement Award in 2012. We as editors of BeiträgezurTabakforschung International are also a little proud that hehas chosen our Journal for publishing a major part of this tobacco-related work in his successful career. Please also readthe laudation by Dr Anthony R. Gerardi on pages 496 to 497.
Banding on Adolescents: Is Molar Band Height Different than Clinical Crown Height?
Authors: Kafle Dashrath , Agarwal Aradhana , Shrestha Sita , Adhikari Biplov 
Published: November 2015

Introduction: Bonding of the teeth with brackets have eased the orthodontic procedure. However the bonding of molars is not very successful because of the occlusal force, difficulty in moisture control and age factor. Banding is usually the safe option which is again associated with gingival problems.
Objective: To compare the molar band height with that of adolescent maxillary molar height.
Materials & Method: A total of 33 maxillary adolescent casts and 30 average sized molar bands were retrieved from the orthodontic clinic of Kathmandu University Hospital. The height of the tooth as well as molar band were measured at 4 different points: mesio-buccal (MB), disto-buccal (DB), mesio-palatal (MP), disto-palatal (DP) and compared with independent t-test by SPSS software. p-value was kept at 0.01 for significance.
Result: There is no any statistical significant difference between the tooth and band heights at MB, DB and DP points. The difference is found on only one point MP which is statistically significant.
Conclusion: There is a need of separate molar bands for adolescent patients. The band dimension should be reduced occluso-cervically to avoid gingival impingement.
Effect of Heat Sterilization on the Load/Deflection of Heat-activated Orthodontic Wires
Authors: Alavi Shiva , Mousavi Seyyed Mohammad , Shirban Farinaz 
Published: November 2015

Introduction: Some of the orthodontic wires are heat-activated (H-A) wires; sometimes delivered in non-sterile packages and some of whose properties can be influenced by heat treatment.Objective: To assess the heat sterilization effects on the load/deflection (L/D) properties of H-A orthodontic wires before application.Materials & method: Three groups of H-A wires (3 cm length and 0.016 inches diameter) were selected; Group A: Nitinol H-A, Group B: H-A memory wire, Group C: Sentalloy H-A. Forty five samples of each type were prepared and randomly divided into three equal groups of 15 wires. Group 1 was selected as control, Group 2 was sterilized by dry heat (2 hours, 160°c) and Group 3 was sterilized using steam heat (15 PSI, 24 min, 121°c). A universal testing machine was used to determine the load/deflection curve of the samples while immersed in 37°c water bath using 3-bracket bending method. The force levels in loading plateau (LP) and unloading plateau (UP) were determined. One-way ANOVA and Duncan post-hoc were used for data analysis.Result: In group A, LP and UP showed no statistical significant change. In Group B, steam heat decreased LP and UP but dry heat increased UP significantly. In Group C, steam and dry heat decreased UP and LP significantly.Conclusion: It seems that heat sterilization could alter the L/D properties of some H-A wires depending on the type of wires and sterilization method.
Distribution of Malocclusion and Occlusal Traits among Tibetan Adolescents residing in Nepal
Authors: Karki Saujanya , Parajuli Umesh , Kunwar Nischal , Namgyal Kunsang , Wangdu Khamsum 
Published: November 2015

Introduction: Malocclusion is the irregularity of teeth and is considered as oral health problem. Though etiology of malocclusion is multifactorial, it has considerable impact on the self esteem and social adjustment of an individual.Objective: To determine the prevalence of malocclusion and to assess the association between Angle classification of malocclusion and occlusal traits.Materials & Method: A cross sectional study was conducted among 138 Tibetan students of grade 8-12 were selected. Students with history of orthodontic treatment were excluded from the study. Data was recorded and analyzed using SPSS 17.0 and chi square test was used to evaluate the association between Angle classification of malocclusion and occlusal traits.Result: The prevalence of malocclusion was found to be Angle’s Class I (52.90%), Angle’s Class II (5.10%) and Angle’s Class III (9.40%). Occlusal traits such as overbite, increased overjet, openbite, crossbite, displacement and hypodontia was found to be 5.79%, 10.8%, 10.86%, 9.42%, 50,72% and 4.34% respectively.Conclusion: The prevalence of malocclusion among Tibetan adolescent was found to be higher. Hence, oral health awareness, preventive procedures and promotional programs need to be more emphasized.
A Review of Orthodontic Indices
Authors: Gupta Alka , Shrestha Rabindra Man 
Published: November 2015

Orthodontic indices are essential component in assessing severity, complexity and treatment outcome of malocclusion. Moreover, they are useful in evaluating treatment need, funding for treatment cost and public health aspects of orthodontic treatment. The present article reviews orthodontic indices used for clinical and epidemiologic purposes. The article attempts to classify the indices in qualitative and quantitative methods
MRI-guided stereotactic radiofrequency thermocoagulation for 100 hypothalamic hamartomas
Authors: Kameyama Shigeki , Shirozu Hiroshi , Masuda Hiroshi , Ito Yosuke , Sonoda Masaki , Akazawa Kohei 
Published: November 2015

OBJECT
The aim of this study was to elucidate the invasiveness, effectiveness, and feasibility of MRI-guided stereotactic radiofrequency thermocoagulation (SRT) for hypothalamic hamartoma (HH).

METHODS
The authors examined the clinical records of 100 consecutive patients (66 male and 34 female) with intractable gelastic seizures (GS) caused by HH, who underwent SRT as a sole surgical treatment between 1997 and 2013.
The median duration of follow-up was 3 years (range 1–17 years). Seventy cases involved pediatric patients. Ninety percent of patients also had other types of seizures (non-GS). The maximum diameter of the HHs ranged from 5 to 80 mm (median 15 mm), and 15 of the tumors were giant HHs with a diameter of 30 mm or more. Comorbidities included precocious puberty (33.0%), behavioral disorder (49.0%), and mental retardation (50.0%).

RESULTS
A total of 140 SRT procedures were performed. There was no adaptive restriction for the giant or the subtype of HH, regardless of any prior history of surgical treatment or comorbidities. Patients in this case series exhibited delayed precocious puberty (9.0%), pituitary dysfunction (2.0%), and weight gain (7.0%), besides the transient hypothalamic symptoms after SRT. Freedom from GS was achieved in 86.0% of patients, freedom from other types of seizures in 78.9%, and freedom from all seizures in 71.0%. Repeat surgeries were not effective for non-GS. Seizure freedom led to disappearance of behavioral disorders and to intellectual improvement.

CONCLUSIONS
The present SRT procedure is a minimally invasive and highly effective surgical procedure without adaptive limitations. SRT involves only a single surgical procedure appropriate for all forms of epileptogenic HH and should be considered in patients with an early history of GS.
Fiber tracts of the dorsal language stream in the human brain
Authors: Yagmurlu Kaan , Middlebrooks Erik H. , Tanriover Necmettin , Rhoton Albert L. 
Published: November 2015

OBJECT
The aim of this study was to examine the arcuate (AF) and superior longitudinal fasciculi (SLF), which together form the dorsal language stream, using fiber dissection and diffusion imaging techniques in the human brain.

METHODS
Twenty-five formalin-fixed brains (50 hemispheres) and 3 adult cadaveric heads, prepared according to the Klingler method, were examined by the fiber dissection technique. The authors’ findings were supported with MR tractography provided by the Human Connectome Project, WU-Minn Consortium. The frequencies of gyral distributions were calculated in segments of the AF and SLF in the cadaveric specimens.

RESULTS
The AF has ventral and dorsal segments, and the SLF has 3 segments: SLF I (dorsal pathway), II (middle pathway), and III (ventral pathway). The AF ventral segment connects the middle (88%; all percentages represent the area of the named structure that is connected to the tract) and posterior (100%) parts of the superior temporal gyri and the middle part (92%) of the middle temporal gyrus to the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus (96% in pars opercularis, 40% in pars triangularis) and the ventral premotor cortex (84%) by passing deep to the lower part of the supramarginal gyrus (100%). The AF dorsal segment connects the posterior part of the middle (100%) and inferior temporal gyri (76%) to the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus (96% in pars opercularis), ventral premotor cortex (72%), and posterior part of the middle frontal gyrus (56%) by passing deep to the lower part of the angular gyrus (100%).

CONCLUSIONS
This study depicts the distinct subdivision of the AF and SLF, based on cadaveric fiber dissection and diffusion imaging techniques, to clarify the complicated language processing pathways.
Management of arteriovenous malformations in the elderly: a single-center case series and analysis of outcomes
Authors: Pabaney Aqueel H. , Reinard Kevin A. , Kole Max K. , Seyfried Donald M. , Malik Ghaus M. 
Published: November 2015

OBJECT
Treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) in the elderly remains a challenge for cerebrovascular surgeons. In this study the authors reviewed the patient characteristics, treatments, angiographic results, and clinical outcomes in 28 patients over 65 years of age who were treated at Henry Ford Hospital between 1990 and 2014.

METHODS
The bAVM database at the authors’ institution was queried for records of elderly patients with bAVMs, and data regarding patient demographics, presenting symptoms, bAVM angioarchitecture, treatment modalities, angiographic results, clinical outcomes, and treatment complications were tabulated and analyzed.

RESULTS
There were 9 male (32%) and 19 female (68%) patients, with an average age ( ± SD) of 73.0 ± 6.95 years. The most common symptoms on presentation were hemorrhage (36%) and headaches (18%). The bAVMs were equally distributed between the supra- and infratentorial compartments. The most common Spetzler-Martin grade was II, observed in 57% of the patients. Eleven patients (39.3%) underwent resection, 4 patients (14.3%) received standalone radiation therapy, and 13 patients (46%) did not receive treatment or were managed expectantly. Four patients (14.3%) were lost to follow-up. Complete bAVM obliteration was achieved in 87% of the treated patients. None of the patients who received any form of treatment died; the overall mortality rate was 3.6%.

CONCLUSIONS
Surgical management of bAVMs in the elderly can result in complete obliteration and acceptable clinical outcomes.
Short-term mortality following surgical procedures for the diagnosis of pediatric brain tumors: outcome analysis in 5533 children from SEER, 2004–2011
Authors: Hankinson Todd C. , Dudley Roy W. R. , Torok Michelle R. , Patibandla Mohana Rao , Dorris Kathleen , Poonia Seerat , Wilkinson C. Corbett , Bruny Jennifer L. , Handler Michael H. , Liu Arthur K. 
Published: November 2015

OBJECT
Thirty-day mortality is increasingly a reference metric regarding surgical outcomes. Recent data estimate a 30-day mortality rate of 1.4−2.7% after craniotomy for tumors in children. No detailed analysis of short-term mortality following a diagnostic neurosurgical procedure (e.g., resection or tissue biopsy) for tumor in the US pediatric population has been conducted.

METHODS
The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data sets identified patients ≤ 21 years who underwent a diagnostic neurosurgical procedure for primary intracranial tumor from 2004 to 2011. One- and two-month mortality was estimated. Standard statistical methods estimated associations between independent variables and mortality.

RESULTS
A total of 5533 patients met criteria for inclusion. Death occurred within the calendar month of surgery in 64 patients (1.16%) and by the conclusion of the calendar month following surgery in 95 patients (1.72%). Within the first calendar month, patients < 1 year of age (n = 318) had a risk of death of 5.66%, while those from 1 to 21 years (n = 5215) had a risk of 0.88% (p < 0.0001). By the end of the calendar month following surgery, patients < 1 year (n = 318) had a risk of death of 7.23%, while those from 1 to 21 years (n = 5215) had a risk of 1.38% (p < 0.0001). Children < 1 year at diagnosis were more likely to harbor a high-grade lesion than older children (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.5–2.4).

CONCLUSIONS
In the SEER data sets, the risk of death within 30 days of a diagnostic neurosurgical procedure for a primary pediatric brain tumor is between 1.16% and 1.72%, consistent with contemporary data from European populations. The risk of mortality in infants is considerably higher, between 5.66% and 7.23%, and they harbor more aggressive lesions.
Birds from the Azores: An updated list with some comments on species distribution
Authors: Barcelos Luís , Rodrigues Pedro , Bried Joël , Mendonça Enésima , Gabriel Rosalina , Borges Paulo 
Published: November 2015

An updated checklist of the Birds of the Azores is presented based on information compiled from Rodrigues et al. (2010) and from the websites, Azores Bird Club. (2014), Aves dos Açores (2014), Azores Bird Sightings (2014) and Vittery (2014), since 2010.
The checklist has a total of 414 species, including 38 new species.
Almost half of the species and subspecies that occur in the Azores have a Palearctic origin, the remaining ones being essentialy Nearctic and Holarctic species. São Miguel is the island with the highest number of bird species, followed by Terceira, Corvo and Flores islands.
Surgical Correction of Consecutive Esotropia With Unilateral Medial Rectus Recession
Authors: Adamopoulou Chrysavgi , Rao Rajesh C. 
Published: November 2015

Purpose:
Unilateral medial rectus recession is a treatment option to surgically correct consecutive esotropia. This study evaluated the surgical outcomes of patients who underwent unilateral medial rectus recession for the treatment of consecutive esotropia after surgery for intermittent exotropia.

Methods:
The medical records of 16 patients who underwent surgical correction of consecutive esotropia with unilateral medial rectus recession were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with intermittent exotropia who were previously treated with one or multiple surgical procedures (8 bilateral lateral rectus recession, 7 recess-resect procedure, or 1 bilateral medial rectus resection) were included in the study. Three patients were adults and 13 patients were children. The mean age was 5 years for children and 50.3 years for adults. Consecutive esotropia was defined as residual manifest esodeviation of 10 prism diopters (PD) at 6 months postoperatively. Successful correction of consecutive esotropia was defined as the lack of manifest or intermittent tropia and esophoria/exophoria within 8 PD. Patients with monofixational exotropia were excluded from the study.

Results:
Unilateral medial rectus recession was successful in the correction of consecutive esotropia in 10 of 16 cases (62.5%). Six of 16 (37.5%) patients had unsatisfactory postoperative alignment, with 5 patients showing recurrence of exotropia. Only one patient was undercorrected.

Conclusions:
The success rate of surgical correction of consecutive esotropia with single muscle surgery was good. Recurrence of exotropia accounted for most of the failures, and all recurrences occurred in the group of patients initially treated surgically for intermittent exotropia with a recess-resect procedure.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus.
2015;52(6):343–347.]