bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential Sensitivity to Context: Implications for Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Bush Nicole R. , Boyce W. Thomas 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThenature versus nurturedebate is centuries old, yet accumulating evidence from the past few decades has made real the current position that variation in the onset and course ofmosthuman disorders will be most likely ultimately explained by interactions among biological and environmental forces. This chapter outlines some of the theories and empirical evidence for biology and context interactions in the etiology of healthy and pathological psychosocial development. We review evidence for differential susceptibility to both negative and positive contexts, spanning extreme adversity and psychosocial interventions, conferred by sensitivity across a broad range of biological systems, and occurring throughout development. We also highlight evidence for environmental shaping of physiological reactivity, and the manner in which this conditional adaptation confers both risk and protective factors for organisms in future contexts. Throughout, we highlight the conceptual and methodological controversies in this work and translational implications. Finally, we describe the challenges awaiting a new generation of investigators and theorists poised to bring the nature–nurture discussion into its next evolutionary form.
Animal Models of Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Howell Brittany R. , Neigh Gretchen N. , Sánchez Mar M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn the last decade much progress has been made in research using animal models of developmental psychopathology. The field has moved from the demonstration of long‐term impacts of early adversity on behavioral and physiological development and the role of genetic risks for vulnerability, to including transgenerational transmission of stress‐induced phenotypes through epigenetic modifications. Additional and critical paradigm shifts have also taken place, including increased focus on ecologically and ethologically valid animal models, research on resilience, the adolescent transition as a period of brain and behavioral reorganization, and sex differences. In this chapter we review recent literature using rodent and nonhuman primate animal models that examines the biological mechanisms through which the early environment programs neurobehavioral, cognitive, and physiological development. We discuss the evolutionary role of this plasticity on behavioral development, as it has an adaptive value in changing environments. Because of maternal care's critical role in early environment, we focus on models that study the effects of mother–infant relationship disruption and dissect the mechanisms by which maternal care regulates the development of brain circuits that control emotional and social behaviors of relevance for developmental psychopathology. Finally, we discuss developmental sensitive/critical periods as windows of opportunity for plastic adaptation of developing organisms to the environment that, if taken too far—as in the case of early traumatic experiences such as childhood maltreatment—lead to maladaptive developmental trajectories (psychopathology, pathophysiology). Animal models of early life adversity are paramount to understand the basic mechanisms and principles that translate early experience into developmental outcomes in our own species.
The Role of Early Nutritional Deficiencies in the Development of Psychopathology
Authors: Schmidt Adam T. , Osterholm Erin A. , Georgieff Michael K. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractLack of adequate nutrition is a serious public health concern in both developing and developed countries. In developing countries, this condition usually takes the form of generalized malnutrition (including deficiencies in both macronutrients and micronutrients). In developed countries, strict micronutrient deficiencies are more common. Early nutritional deficits are associated with disturbances in cognitive development and to the later development of psychopathology. Following a brief historical overview, the authors present a review of the studies directly linking early malnutrition to the later development of various types of psychopathologies including schizophrenia spectrum disorders, antisocial behavior and other externalizing disorders, substance use disorders, and internalizing disorders such as depression. To provide a wider context, the discussion progresses to a review of the effects of early malnutrition on cognitive development surveying both human and animal studies. This is followed by a brief exploration of the effects of generalized malnutrition on the neurobiology of the developing nervous system including a summary of the effects of specific micronutrient deficiencies. The chapter concludes with an examination of potential mechanisms to explain the contribution of nutritional deficits to the development of psychopathology. Translational implications for the study of developmental psychopathology are also discussed.
Anxiety Regulation: A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective
Authors: Tone Erin B. , Garn Cheryl L. , Pine Daniel S. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis chapter examines the cognitive and neural mechanisms through which humans regulate anxiety over the course of the life span. We first define salient terms and concepts that are at the heart of our review and the models on which we rely to describe emotion and anxiety regulation, focusing on common manifestations of anxiety across development. We then review the literature on the regulation of anxiety and fear. In particular, we attend to the ways varied anxiety regulation strategies and their neural correlates vary across development. In the final section, we discuss contexts, both intrapersonal and interpersonal, that may facilitate or inhibit the use of different regulatory mechanisms and strategies among individuals experiencing anxiety across the life span.
Typical and Atypical Brain Development Across the Life Span in a Neural Network Model of Psychopathology
Authors: Ganzel Barbara , Morris Pamela 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn this chapter, we present a developmentally sensitive diathesis–stress model of psychopathology—triple network allostasis—the core components of which are the canonical large‐scale networks of the brain. In doing so, we highlight the role of the brain in diathesis–stress processes through the integration of two major theoretical advances, the introduction of allostasis in stress research and recognition of the central role of large‐scale neural networks in psychopathology We incorporate these approaches into our life span model of modulated allostasis to produce an allostatic diathesis–stress model based on the large‐scale functional architecture of the brain. Through the concept ofdynamic diathesis, we link life span development, current contextual risk and resources, prior life experience, and stress physiology into a working diathesis–stress model that predicts mental state, psychopathology onset, and future mental health. Predictions from this model are testable and evidence from the extant literature is reviewed.
The Neurodevelopmental Process of Self‐Organization
Authors: Tucker Don M. , Luu Phan , Poulsen Catherine 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe understanding of neural development can now be framed in general, organismic terms that allow psychological development to be described in the same framework as brain development. The mechanisms of brain growth and differentiation are regulated by both genetic factors and epigenetic factors that are highly responsive to the child's environment. The embryological differentiation of the brain is a process of self‐organization. Similarly, the development of the child's personality after birth continues this process, with each experience consolidated in the synaptic architecture of the child's brain—the self—in a way that shapes the capacity for further self‐organization. Developmental psychopathology can therefore be understood most clearly in relation to disorders of the normal ontogenetic process. We suggest that this ontogenetic process involves specific mechanisms of self‐regulating neural activity, and thus neural plasticity, that are commonly recognized in psychological terms as patterns of externalizing and internalizing in relation to the social environment.
Integration of Developmental Neuroscience and Contextual Approaches to the Study of Adolescent Psychopathology
Authors: Monahan Kathryn C. , Guyer Amanda E. , Silk Jennifer , Fitzwater Tamara , Steinberg Laurence 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAdolescence is a period of transformation, marked by significant changes in biology, cognition, and contextual experiences. In recent years, advances in neuroscience have increased our understanding of how developmental changes at the biological level place adolescents at risk for psychopathology. Paradoxically, these same changes that place a youth at risk for psychopathology are also indicative of increased plasticity during the adolescent years, potentially signaling adolescence as a key developmental period for potential intervention efforts. The present chapter integrates the last ten years of research on developmental neuroscience with the study of contextual influences on psychopathology. We hope to stimulate an active line of new research that integrates the study of developmental neuroscience with context, promoting better understanding of effective means of preventing psychopathology during adolescence.
Stress Neurobiology and Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Jacoby Noémie , Overfeld Judith , Binder Elisabeth B. , Heim Christine M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractEarly‐life stress (ELS), such as childhood abuse and neglect is a well‐established risk factor for the development of psychiatric and medical conditions. In the present chapter, we will focus on the biological embedding of maltreatment during development, which is thought to underlie the increased long‐term risk for several disorders. Specifically, we will discuss the effects of ELS on the functioning of the main stress regulatory systems resulting in a persistent dysregulation of stress processing. Further, we will discuss findings that focus on structural and functional changes of brain regions that are involved in the regulation of stress and emotion. Given that some individuals remain resilient despite of significant exposure to ELS, whereas others develop disorders, we next focus on factors that mediate the emergence of interindividual differences in the effects of ELS including the role of sensitive periods, sex, and the individual genotype. Finally, we will discuss more recent insights into the molecular mechanisms of gene regulation by stress that may account for the development of altered stress responsiveness and risk for psychiatric and medical disorders after ELS, including epigenetic programming with long‐term impact on gene expression. We will conclude this chapter by discussing the implications of insights from neurobiological research on the long‐term consequences of ELS for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to prevent or reverse the detrimental long‐term consequences and thereby reduce the manifestation of negative health outcomes in these victims.
Psychophysiological Methods and Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Zisner Aimee R. , Beauchaine Theodore P. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPsychophysiology—the study of interactions between physiological systems and psychological states and traits—has a long history of use in psychopathology research. Developmental psychopathologists routinely use psychophysiological methods to investigate how individual‐level vulnerabilities (e.g., neural, autonomic) interact with environmental risk factors (e.g., familial, social) to shape and maintain maladaptive behavior. Two overarching goals of such research are to (1) elucidate the etiology and course of psychopathology, including mechanisms of equifinality and multifinality; and (2) prospectively identify individuals who are most vulnerable to psychopathology. In this chapter, we describe several peripheral psychophysiological methods (e.g., cardiovascular, electrodermal, pupillary, electromyographic), review research contexts in which these methods are used, and offer suggestions for designing and executing developmentally sensitive quasi‐experiments aimed at furthering our understanding of emerging psychopathology.
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Bernier Raphael , Dawson Geraldine 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an umbrella term that refers to a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairments in social communication and a restricted range of interests and behaviors. The core social communication impairments, identified through the application of developmental principles to understanding psychopathological presentation, include disruptions in social attention, joint attention, face and emotion perception, and imitation that result in reduced social‐emotional reciprocity and use of nonverbal behaviors as well as impaired peer relationships. Core characteristics also include disruptions in play, atypical language use and repetitive and restricted interests and behaviors. The clinical presentation of ASD is highly heterogeneous reflecting the now understood conception that ASD is likely a collection of complex developmental disabilities. This clinical variability reflects different etiological contributions, individual differences in the age of onset and treatment response, and developmental symptom profiles of social‐emotional development that have been observed among individuals with ASD. Etiological research has highlighted the contribution of genetic and environmental risk factors while brain studies have illuminated several neural systems structured and functioning atypically in ASD. Despite the variability in clinical presentation, behaviorally based treatments have emerged as an effective treatment for many children with ASD.
Childhood Exposure to Interpersonal Trauma
Authors: Lieberman Alicia F. , Chu Ann T. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractYoung children are too often exposed to interpersonal trauma, with deleterious consequences in multiple areas of functioning that manifest over a lifetime. This paper outlines the prevalence of childhood abuse and witnessing domestic violence in the context of single traumatic events as well as chronic exposure to cumulative trauma. We review research findings on various outcomes of experiencing interpersonal trauma in childhood including manifestations in biological and psychosocial domains. As research methodology has advanced, the field is accumulating knowledge in biological correlates including brain anatomy and physiology, the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis, and gene by environment interactions. Additionally, the field is moving beyond broad correlates to examining how psychosocial variables might interact with a range of contextual factors such as demographic variables and caregiving relationships. We conclude with a review of prevention and intervention programs that have demonstrated efficacy or effectiveness in ameliorating the negative impact of childhood exposure to interpersonal trauma. Together, the literature point to the urgent need to address the development and implementation of effective clinical treatments and in public policy initiatives to protect maltreated children.
Child Maltreatment and Developmental Psychopathology: A Multilevel Perspective
Authors: Cicchetti Dante , Toth Sheree L. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn this chapter, we provide an overview of the historical issues accompanying the study of child maltreatment and address advances and challenges that have emerged over decades of research in this area. A developmental psychopathology perspective provides a framework for discussing etiological models, psychological and biological sequelae, and methodological considerations, as well as for highlighting implications for intervention and social policy. The utilization of a multilevel perspective that integrates socioemotional, cognitive, psychophysiological, neurobiological, and genetic levels of analysis infused throughout our discussion of research. We conclude by proffering recommendations for research initiatives that will continue to advance the field and ultimately improve the lives of children who have been victimized by abuse and neglect.
Alcohol Use and the Alcohol Use Disorders Over the Life Course: A Cross‐Level Developmental Review
Authors: Zucker Robert A. , Hicks Brian M. , Heitzeg Mary M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe review the diagnostic criteria and core defining characteristics of the alcohol use disorder (AUD) phenotype and briefly characterize the epidemiology of alcohol use, problems, and disorder. We also describe the heterogeneity that exists in emergence and course of both nonspecific and alcohol‐specific risk, and summarize the evidence for cross‐level causal influences for these multiple phenotypes from early childhood to late adulthood. Separate sections address the genetic etiology of behavioral risk, and the salience of individual differences in the neural circuitry of risk for underlying problem use and addiction. Last, we assemble the empirical findings that have individually characterized segments of the dense causal network of gene x brain x behavior x environment x development pathways that define the multilevel, interactive matrix for behavioral undercontrol, alcohol problems, and alcohol use disorder.
Bipolar Disorder from a Developmental Psychopathology Perspective: Focusing on Phenomenology, Etiology, and Neurobiology
Authors: Klimes‐Dougan Bonnie , Kennedy Kevin P. , Cullen Kathryn R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to consider how a developmental psychopathology perspective can advance our understanding of bipolar disorder. In this chapter we start by discussing the phenomenology of the disorder. As this is a field in which scientific controversies abound, this section begins by placing bipolar disorder in a historical context. We consider the origins of current clinical diagnostic approaches and evaluate newly emerging empirical approaches that utilize dimensions of symptoms, behaviors, and neurobiological indexes. We then review prominent etiological theories of the illness, including work on environmental stressors and hazards as well as behavioral and genetic approaches. We highlight some of the most promising theories that account for both environmental and biological mechanisms of bipolar disorder. Additionally, because bipolar disorder can be considered a neurodevelopmental disorder, biological mechanisms are also discussed in the context of brain imaging research. We conclude the chapter with suggestions for translational research by considering how these developmental and neurodevelopmental models can inform intervention science and help identify promising new directions for future research.
Childhood Adversity and Adult Physical Health
Authors: Ehrlich Katherine B. , Miller Gregory E. , Chen Edith 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The experience of early adversity is a risk factor for a diverse set of poor outcomes across development, including poor physical health in adulthood. This chapter provides a critical review of studies examining the connections between exposure to adversity in childhood and physical health in adulthood. We discuss the varied ways that children encounter stressful experiences and adverse conditions in their daily lives, focusing on chronic and severe stressors. We then review evidence for links between childhood adversity and chronic diseases of aging, with a focus on cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders. We describe conceptual models that help guide empirical investigation of the processes through which early adversity influences later health. We also review biological mechanisms that play an intermediary role in translating psychosocial stress into health problems, which can help explain how early adversity “gets under the skin” and influences the onset of disease in adulthood.
Poverty and the Development of Psychopathology
Authors: Wadsworth Martha E. , Evans Gary W. , Grant Kathryn , Carter Jocelyn S. , Duffy Sophia 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPoverty and low socioeconomic status (SES) play a profound role in the etiology and trajectories of child psychopathology. In order to better understand how poverty/SES can influence child psychopathology, we first describe the individual and social costs of SES‐related psychopathology before summarizing the internalizing and externalizing symptoms associated with childhood deprivation across the life stages of early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence. Next, underlying mediating processes that help explain how deprivation leads to psychopathology as well as moderating factors that alter the course of SES impacts on child and youth psychopathology are discussed. Primary mediators include parenting, stress, executive functioning and coping, as well as the brain. Moderators discussed include gender, ethnicity, social support, coping, and social context (e.g., school, community). Implications for intervention science and policy are presented and an outline of future directions is presented.
Determinants of Parenting
Authors: Bornstein Marc H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe first section of this chapter on determinants of parenting presents a brief overview of cognitions and practices that principally instantiate parenting and then discusses parents, the principal actors in the human drama of caregiving. As a transition to the main focus of the chapter on the multiple determinants of parenting, the chapter next addresses a series of methodological concerns useful in understanding and unpackaging determinants of parenting and point to some gaps in the literature that suggest future directions of research in the field. The chapter then turns to its main concern:— a in‐depth review of the multiple determinants of parenting in parents, in children, and in diverse contexts. The chapter then tackles translational implications of the multilevel approach to determinants of parenting and concludes with a concise overview of central considerations in the field.
Resilience in Development: Progress and Transformation
Authors: Masten Ann S. , Cicchetti Dante 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis chapter reviews origins and progress in resilience science, with an emphasis on progress over the past decade in theory, findings, and translational applications for strategic intervention. In alignment with prevailing concepts in developmental systems theory, human resilience is defined as the potential or manifested capacity of an individual to adapt successfully through multiple processes to experiences that threaten his or her function, survival, or development. Resilience pathways, developmental cascades, gene‐environment interactions, and other models salient in current resilience theory are delineated, including new approaches to testing resilience‐related processes in such models. Findings on promotive and protective effects are discussed, focusing on widely replicated adaptive processes that develop in children, their families, other relationships, and key contexts as children develop. Resilience processes involving families, schools, peers, culture, and other socioecological systems are highlighted. Genetic and neurobiological processes are reviewed as a growingedge of resilience science. Intervention research based on resilience theory is discussed, together with translational implications for practice and policy based on the expanding body of knowledge about resilience processes. The chapter concludes with a review of enduring controversies, a summary of progress, and directions for the future.