bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Curriculum development through critical collaborative professional enquiry
Authors: Drew Valerie , Priestley Mark , Michael Maureen K. 
Published: October 2016

Purpose– In recent years, there has been considerable interest within education policy in collaborative professional enquiry/inquiry methodologies, both as an alternative to top-down implementation of change and for the purpose of fostering educational improvement. However, researchers have been critical of this approach, pointing to various concerns: these include the risk of reducing a developmental methodology to an instrumental means for delivering policy, as well as issues around sustainability of practices. The purpose of this paper is to describe a Scottish university/local authority partnership, which developed an approach entitled Critical Collaborative Professional Enquiry, designed to address some of these concerns. The paper also reports on empirical outcomes related to the partnership project.Design/methodology/approach– This interpretivist study generated qualitative data from multiple sources, utilising a range of methods including semi-structured interviews with teachers and school leaders, evaluation surveys and analysis of artefacts developed during the inquiry phases of the project.Findings– This programme exerted a powerful effect on the teachers who participated. The research suggests that teachers developed better understandings of the curriculum, and of curriculum development processes. There is evidence of innovation in pedagogy, some sustained and radical in nature, and further evidence of changes to the cultures of the participating schools, for example, a shift towards more democratic ways of working.Originality/value– This paper reports upon an original approach to curriculum development, with considerable potential to transform the ways in which schools approach innovation.
Cohort patterns in Rana tadpole metamorphosis
Authors: Loman J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis study explores the cohort patterns in a size versus time plot of individual metamorphs of Rana tadpoles. This meta‐study was based on a number of studies where any of three species of Rana tadpoles were raised in tanks under various treatments (variation in source pond, tadpole density, drying regime, hatching date, food level and competitors). A frequent pattern was found where there was an initial decrease in metamorph size as more slowly developing tadpoles metamorphosed. This negative trend sometimes changed to positive as later metamorphs appeared. The later metamorphs were often as large, or even larger, than those first to metamorphose, giving the plot a U‐shaped pattern. Also, a number of field studies of two of the Rana species’ were analysed for the same aspect. The U‐shaped pattern was much rarer but it did occur. A positive linear slope, rather than a negative one, was also found occasionally. A large number of factors affect the growth and development rates in tadpoles, adaptively and non‐adaptively, and thus determine their size at the time of metamorphosis. How these can contribute to the found metamorphosis patterns is discussed.
Ralstonia solanacearum virulence in tomato seedlings inoculated by leaf clipping
Authors: Kumar R. , Barman A. , Phukan T. , Kabyashree K. , Singh N. , Jha G. , Sonti R. V. , Genin S. , Ray S. Kumar 
Published: October 2016

Ralstonia solanacearum is a phytopathogenic bacterium that colonizes the xylem vessels of host plants leading to a lethal wilt disease. Although several studies have investigated the virulence of R. solanacearum on adult host plants, infection studies of this pathogen on the seedling stages of hosts are less common. In a preliminary observation, inoculation of R. solanacearum F1C1 on 6‐ to 7‐day‐old tomato seedlings by a simple leaf‐clip strategy resulted in a lethal pathogenic condition in seedlings that eventually killed these seedlings within a week post‐inoculation. This prompted testing of the effect of this inoculation technique in seedlings from different cultivars of tomato and similar results were obtained. Colonization and spread of the bacteria throughout the infected seedlings was demonstrated using gus‐tagged R. solanacearum F1C1. The same method of inoculating tomato seedlings was used with R. solanacearum GMI1000 and independent mutants of R. solanacearum GMI1000, deficient in the virulence genes hrpB, hrpG, phcA and gspD. Wildtype R. solanacearum GMI1000 was found to be virulent on tomato seedlings, whereas the mutants were found to be non‐virulent. This leaf‐clip technique, for inoculation of tomato seedlings, has the potential to be a valuable approach, saving time, space, labour and costs.
Anisotropy of dose contributions—An instrument to upgrade real time IMRT and VMAT adaptation?
Authors: Bratengeier Klaus , Holubyev Kostyantyn 
Published: October 2016

PurposeTo suggest a definition of dose deposition anisotropy for the purpose of ad hoc adaptation of intensity modulated arc therapy (IMRT) and volumetric arc therapy (VMAT), particularly in the vicinity of important organs at risk (OAR), also for large deformations.MethodsBeam's‐eye‐view (BEV) based fluence warping is a standard adaptation method with disadvantages for strongly varying OAR shapes. 2‐Step‐adaptation overcomes these difficulties by a deeper analysis of the 3D properties of adaptation processes, but requires separate arcs for every OAR to spare, which makes it impractical for cases with multiple OARs. The authors aim to extend the 2‐Step method to arbitrary intensity modulated plan by analyzing the anisotropy of dose contributions. Anisotropy was defined as a second term of Fourier transformation of gantry angle dependent dose contributions. For a cylindrical planning target volume (PTV) surrounding an OAR of varying diameter, the anisotropy and the dose‐normalized anisotropy were analyzed for several scenarios of optimized fluence distributions. 2‐Step adaptation to decreasing and increasing OAR diameter was performed, and compared to a usual fluence based adaptation method. For two clinical cases, prostate and neck, the VMAT was generated and the behavior of anisotropy was qualitatively explored for deformed organs at risk.ResultsDose contribution anisotropy in the PTV peaks around nearby OARs. The thickness of the “anisotropy wall” around OAR increases for increasing OAR radius, as also does the width of 2‐Step dose saturating fluence peak adjacent to the OAR [K. Bratengeier et al., “A comparison between 2‐Step IMRT and conventional IMRT planning,” Radiother. Oncol. 84, 298–306 (2007)]. Different optimized beam fluence profiles resulted in comparable radial dependence of normalized anisotropy. As predicted, even for patient cases, anisotropy was inflated even more than increasing diameters of OAR.ConclusionsFor cylindrically symmetric cases, the dose distribution anisotropy defined in the present work implicitly contains adaptation‐relevant information about 3D relationships between PTV and OAR and degree of OAR sparing. For more complex realistic cases, it shows the predicted behavior qualitatively. The authors claim to have found a first component for advancing a 2‐Step adaptation to a universal adaptation algorithm based on the BEV projection of the dose anisotropy. Further planning studies to explore the potential of anisotropy for adaptation algorithms using phantoms and clinical cases of differing complexity will follow.
A study of the midpoint dose to CTDIvol ratio: Implications for CT dose evaluation
Authors: Li Xinhua , Yang Kai , Liu Bob 
Published: October 2016

PurposeIn multidetector CT, the volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) is reported for each scan series and dose conversion factors are used for the size‐specific dose estimate (SSDE) and scanner‐independent organ dose evaluation. This study aimed at examining the dependencies of conversion factors on scan length, tube voltage, and subject size. The results may be insightful for evaluating the dose from CT examinations with large variations in patient size and scan length.MethodsA previously developed Monte Carlo simulation program was used to simulate single rotation axial scans of two standard CTDI phantoms [material polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), diameters 16 and 32 cm] and multiple water cylinders at five tube voltages (70, 80, 100, 120, and 140 kV). The resultant longitudinal dose profiles were used to calculate CTDIL(water)/CTDIw (PMMA), where L was dose integration length. The ratio was equal to the midpoint dose DL(0) (water) to CTDIvol ratio in a CT scan series with a scan length equal to L.ResultsFor water phantom diameters from 11 to 50 cm and scan lengths from 15 to 30 cm, the changes of DL(0)/CTDIvol from that of 120 kV and 20‐cm scan length were between −18.4% and 11.7%. This was consistent with the CTDIvol to SSDE conversion factors of AAPM Report No. 204. For scan lengths less than 15 cm, DL(0)/CTDIvol decreased considerably as L decreased. DL(0)/CTDIvol was shown to be 17.3%–31.4% lower for L = 5 cm than for L = 15 cm, when the tube voltage was 120 kV and phantom diameter ranged from 11 to 50 cm. As tube voltage increased from 80 to 140 kV, DL(0)/CTDIvol decreased at small diameters while it increased at large diameters. The change was 9.4% with a diameter of 18 cm and a scan length of 20 cm and 17.6% with a diameter of 40 cm and a scan length of 30 cm.ConclusionsThe midpoint dose to CTDIvol ratio varies widely across the clinical scan lengths from a few millimeters to about 1 m and varies moderately across tube voltages from 70 to 140 kV. The comprehensive data provided in the Appendix can be used for assessing the dose from short‐length scans and improving the dose evaluation in CT.
Integrative Development of a TLR8 Agonist for Ovarian Cancer Chemoimmunotherapy
Authors: Monk Bradley J. , Facciabene Andrea , Brady William E. , Aghajanian Carol A. , Fracasso Paula M. , Walker Joan L. , Lankes Heather A. , Manjarrez Kristi L. , Danet-Desnoyers Gwenn-äel H. , Bell-McGuinn Katherine M. , McCourt Carolyn K. , Malykhin Alexander , Hershberg Robert M. , Coukos George 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Purpose: Immunotherapy is an emerging paradigm for the treatment of cancer, but the potential efficacy of many drugs cannot be sufficiently tested in the mouse. We sought to develop a rational combination of motolimod—a novel Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) agonist that stimulates robust innate immune responses in humans but diminished responses in mice—with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD), a chemotherapeutic that induces immunogenic cell death.
Experimental Design: We followed an integrative pharmacologic approach including healthy human volunteers, non-human primates, NSG-HIS (“humanized immune system”) mice reconstituted with human CD34+ cells, and patients with cancer to test the effects of motolimod and to assess the combination of motolimod with PLD for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
Results: The pharmacodynamic effects of motolimod monotherapy in NSG-HIS mice closely mimicked those in non-human primates and healthy human subjects, whereas the effects of the motolimod/PLD combination in tumor-bearing NSG-HIS mice closely mimicked those in patients with ovarian cancer treated in a phase Ib trial (NCT01294293). The NSG-HIS mouse helped elucidate the mechanism of action of the combination and revealed a positive interaction between the two drugs in vivo. The combination produced no dose-limiting toxicities in patients with ovarian cancer. Two subjects (15%) had complete responses and 7 subjects (53%) had disease stabilization. A phase II study was consequently initiated.
Conclusions: These results are the first to demonstrate the value of pharmacologic approaches integrating the NSG-HIS mouse, non-human primates, and patients with cancer for the development of novel immunomodulatory anticancer agents with human specificity. Clin Cancer Res; 23(8); 1955–66. ©2016 AACR.
THE SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS OF ASSOCIATIVE DE IN MANDARIN DISCOURSE
Authors: CHAPPELL Hilary , THOMPSON Sandra A. 
Published: October 2016

Nous examinons dans cet article l'emploi du morphème "associatif de en mandarin. Il s'agit de la première analyse de discours fondée sur un important corpus d'exemples écrits et parlés.
Nous nous servons d'un modèle probabiliste pour démontrer que la présence ou l'absence de de dans les phrases nominales associatives est un phénomène complexe qui est déterminé par l'interaction de variables linguistiques telles que (i) le facteur pragmatique de l'"information flow"; (ii) les propriétés sémantiques du nom principal et (iii) des propriétés structurelles et combinatoires de la phrase nominale.
Pour l'explication des résultats concernant les propriétés sémantiques du déterminant et du déterminé dans cette construction associative, nous employons également une hierarchie d'égocentricité et une théorie de l'iconicité.
Time-Varying Response of ENSO-Induced Tropical Pacific Rainfall to Global Warming in CMIP5 Models. Part II: Intermodel Uncertainty
Authors: Huang Ping 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAnomalous rainfall in the tropical Pacific driven by El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a crucial pathway of ENSO’s global impacts. The changes in ENSO rainfall under global warming vary among the models, even though previous studies have shown that many models project that ENSO rainfall will likely intensify and shift eastward in response to global warming. The present study evaluates the robustness of the changes in ENSO rainfall in 32 CMIP5 models forced under the representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario. The robust increase in mean-state moisture dominates the robust intensification of ENSO rainfall. The uncertain amplitude changes in ENSO-related SST variability are the largest source of the uncertainty in ENSO rainfall changes through influencing the amplitude changes in ENSO-driven circulation variability, whereas the structural changes in ENSO SST and ENSO circulation enhancement in the central Pacific are more robust than the amplitude changes. The spatial pattern of the mean-state SST changes—the departure of local SST changes from the tropical mean—with an El Niño–like pattern is a relatively robust factor, although it also contains pronounced intermodel differences. The intermodel spread of historical ENSO circulation is another noteworthy source of the uncertainty in ENSO rainfall changes. The intermodel standard deviation of ENSO rainfall changes increases along with the increase in global-mean surface temperature. However, the robustness of enhanced ENSO rainfall changes in the central-eastern Pacific is almost unchanged, whereas the eastward shift of ENSO rainfall is increasingly robust along with the increase in global-mean surface temperature.
Characteristics of a Spectral Inverse of the Laplacian Using Spherical Harmonic Functions on a Cubed-Sphere Grid for Background Error Covariance Modeling
Authors: Song Hyo-Jong , Kwon In-Hyuk , Kim Junghan 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In this study, a spectral inverse method using spherical harmonic functions (SHFs) represented on a cubed-sphere grid (SHF inverse) is proposed. The purpose of the spectral inverse method studied is to help with data assimilation. The grid studied is the one that results from a spectral finite element decomposition of the six faces of the cubed sphere on Gauss–Legendre–Lobatto (GLL) points with equiangular gnomonic projection. For a given discretization of the cube in this form, as the total wavenumber of the test functions increases, there comes a point at which the cube’s eigenstructure fails to be able to replicate the spherical harmonic functions. The authors call this point a limit wavenumber in using the SHF inverse. In common with the authors’ previous research, the allowable total wavenumber of the SHF inverse increases more effectively with an enhanced polynomial order. The use of the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the Laplacian, discretized on the grid spacing used in this study, to the Poisson equation is compared with the benchmark set by using the spherical harmonics solution to the problem. In terms of accuracy, the SHF inverse is superior to a direct inverse of the Laplacian using eigendecomposition. The feasibility of SHF inverse in operational implementation is examined under a massive computational environment.
Prevalence and Surgical Implications of Dural Enhancement at the Porus Acusticus in Vestibular Schwannomas
Authors: Patel Neil S. , Van Abel Kathryn M. , Link Michael J. , Driscoll Colin L. W. , Van Gompel Jamie J. , Neff Brian A. , Lane John I. , Carlson Matthew L. 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveDemonstrate the association of radiographic dural enhancement with increased tumor adherence at the porus acusticus, which may influence completeness of resection and facial nerve outcome.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingAcademic referral center.Subjects and MethodsA total of 205 consecutive patients with histopathologically confirmed vestibular schwannoma (VS) were evaluated. Patients with tumors exhibiting dural enhancement on postgadolinium T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging were identified and compared with matched controls. Completeness of resection, intraoperative details, and facial nerve outcomes were analyzed.ResultsExcluding strictly intracanalicular tumors (n = 32, 16%) and those with NF2 (n = 10, 4.9%), the presence of dural enhancement was radiographically confirmed in 16 (9.8%) cases. Paired analysis did not reveal significant baseline differences between cases and controls. Subtotal resection was performed in 5 (31%) of the 16 patients with tumors exhibiting dural enhancement, in contrast to 1 (3%) of the matched controls (P =. 01). Four (25%) demonstrated increased tumor adherence at the porus acusticus intraoperatively, compared with 1 control (3%, P =. 04). Long‐term facial nerve function was similar between cases and controls (81% vs 84% House‐Brackmann I‐II function, P = 1.00).ConclusionDural enhancement is present in approximately 10% of extracanalicular VS. Dural enhancement at the porus acusticus may represent hypervascularity, dural reaction, or infiltration, and portends increased tumor adherence and greater likelihood of subtotal resection to preserve facial nerve function. To our knowledge, this is the first series that reports the prevalence of this phenomenon in VS and the potential surgical implications. Recognition preoperatively may be valuable toward patient counseling.
Equilibrium thermodynamics of wood moisture revisited: presentation of a simplified theory
Authors: Willems Wim 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of a wood specimen is known to be a function of the (absolute) temperature T and humidity h of the environment. In the present paper, it is directly derived from equilibrium thermodynamics that EMC is more specifically a function of the water chemical potential μ=RT ln h (Polanyi’s postulate). It is shown that wood moisture thermodynamics then becomes considerably simplified, allowing the calculation of the energy of wood-water interactions from the data of a single-temperature moisture adsorption. A critical comparative analysis on the theoretically calculated adsorption enthalpy and published data, obtained from isosteric and calorimetric measurements, is given. It is deduced from the theory that all bound moisture is non-freezing and that the heat capacities of bound and free wood moisture are equal.
Deriving the scale of finiteness from parasitic syncretism
Authors: Jablonska Patrycja 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to establish the hierarchy of “finiteness” in Polish based on “morphological” considerations relating to syncretism and alternations, which were taken to be the interface between the lexicon and syntax. The paper focuses on parasitic stem syncretism within the paradigm of eight verb forms in Polish. The eight forms exhibit numerous stem syncretism patterns where one stem forms a “parasitic” base for the formation of another verb. The major point is to argue for a scale of degrees of finiteness rather than any categorical two-way distinction between finite and non-finite forms. The paper suggests various new topics for further research, e. g. how person hierarchy relates to the finiteness hierarchy.
Structural diversity in echinocandin biosynthesis: the impact of oxidation steps and approaches toward an evolutionary explanation
Authors: Hüttel Wolfgang 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Echinocandins are an important group of cyclic non-ribosomal peptides with strong antifungal activity produced by filamentous fungi from Aspergillaceae and Leotiomycetes. Their structure is characterized by numerous hydroxylated non-proteinogenic amino acids. Biosynthetic clusters discovered in the last years contain up to six oxygenases, all of which are involved in amino acid modifications. Especially, variations in the oxidation pattern induced by these enzymes account for a remarkable structural diversity among the echinocandins. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of echinocandin biosynthesis with a special focus on diversity-inducing oxidation steps. The emergence of metabolic diversity is further discussed on the basis of a comprehensive overview of the structurally characterized echinocandins, their producer strains and biosynthetic clusters. For the pneumocandins, echinocandins produced by Glarea lozoyensis, the formation of metabolic diversity in a single organism is analyzed. It is compared to two common models for the evolution of secondary metabolism: the ‘target-based’ approach and the ‘diversity-based’ model. Whereas the early phase of pneumocandin biosynthesis supports the target-based model, the diversity-inducing late steps and most oxidation reactions best fit the diversity-based approach. Moreover, two types of diversity-inducing steps can be distinguished. Although incomplete hydroxylation is a common phenomenon in echinocandin production and secondary metabolite biosynthesis in general, the incorporation of diverse hydroxyprolines at position 6 is apparently a unique feature of pneumocandin biosynthesis, which stands in stark contrast to the strict selectivity found in echinocandin biosynthesis by Aspergillaceae. The example of echinocandin biosynthesis shows that the existing models for the evolution of secondary metabolism can be well applied to parts of the pathway; however, thus far, there is no comprehensive theory that could explain the entire biosynthesis.