bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hyphenation of supercritical fluid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for fast determination of four aflatoxins in edible oil
Authors: Lei Fang , Li Chenglong , Zhou Shuang , Wang Dan , Zhao Yunfeng , Wu Yongning 
Published: August 2016

RationaleAflatoxins (AFTs) are of great concern all over the world. Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) has the advantage of fast, high resolution and excellent compatibility with a broad range of organic solvents and samples, thus hyphenating SFC with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) can be used for the easy and fast determination of AFTs in edible oils.MethodsEdible oil was spiked with isotope‐labeled aflatoxin standards, diluted with hexane and extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction was directly loaded to an SFC apparatus and separated on a UPC2 2‐EP column with CO2‐methanol gradient elution. A post‐column make‐up flow was introduced to facilitate mass spectrometry performance, and the mixture was analyzed by MS/MS with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source.ResultsThe SFC conditions including separation column, modifier and sample solvent were optimized, and the four target aflatoxins were baseline separated. The ESI interface parameters were also investigated, implicating the make‐up flow as a critical factor for sensitive determination by SFC‐MS/MS. The LOQs for the AFTs were 0.05–0.12 μg L−1, while the RSDs were lower than 8.5%.ConclusionsSupercritical fluid chromatography was successfully coupled to tandem mass spectrometry to establish a simple, fast and sensitive method for the analysis of four aflatoxins in edible oil. This shows the combination of SFC‐MS/MS has great potential in determination of trace contaminants in food. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast quantitative analysis of ginsenosides in Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Mayer) by using solid‐phase methylation coupled to direct analysis in real time
Authors: Liu Wenlong , He Yangfang , Li Lele , Liu Shuying 
Published: August 2016

RationalA fast quantitative method for ginsenosides is essential to minimize analysis time; direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART‐MS) has the potential to be used for this purpose.MethodsHowever, in order to produce ginsenosides, a derivatization such as methylation is required because the strong polarity of ginsenosides makes it difficult to desorp and ionize them in DART‐MS. The main objectives of this study were to achieve fast detection and quantitative analysis of ginsenosides by using DART‐MS; solid‐phase methylation of ginsenosides has been accomplished in a reaction column; methylated products of ginsenosides Rb1, Rd, Re, Rf and Rg1 were analyzed by applying DART‐MS where samples could be detected after methylation without the need for further purification. For quantitative analysis, deuterated methylated ginsenosides were prepared by using the solid‐phase methylation method and used as internal standards to improve repeatability in DART‐MS.ResultsMethylated ginsenosides produced protonated molecules [M + H]+ and fragment ions in DART‐MS. Two pairs of ginsenoside isomers, Rd/Re (C48H82O18, MW 946) and Rf/Rg1(C42H72O14, MW 800), could be discriminated based on their characteristic fragments in tandem mass spectrometry. By using deuterated methylated ginsenosides as internal standards, fast quantitative analysis of ginsenosides Rb1, Re and Rg1 in Asian ginseng was achieved by DART‐MS.ConclusionsDART‐MS is a feasible technique for fast quantitative analysis of ginsenosides by assisted methylation and the deuterated internal standard technique. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of ester position in isomeric (O‐acyl)‐hydroxy fatty acids by ion trap mass spectrometry
Authors: Marshall David L. , Saville Jennifer T. , Maccarone Alan T. , Ailuri Ramesh , Kelso Michael J. , Mitchell Todd W. , Blanksby Stephen J. 
Published: August 2016

Rationale(O‐acyl)‐hydroxy fatty acids (OAHFAs) are a recently discovered class of endogenous lipids, generating significant interest for their correlation with enhanced glucose tolerance. Structural variants that differ in the position of the ester linkage have been described, including the ω‐OAHFA sub‐class, that plays a key role in stabilizing the human tear film. Developing analytical tools for rapid and unambiguous structural elucidation of OAHFAs is essential to understanding their diverse physiological functions.MethodsCommercially available and synthesized OAHFA standards were dissolved in chloroform and subsequently diluted into methanol with 1.5 mM ammonium acetate. Negative ion collision‐induced dissociation (CID) MSn spectra were acquired using chip‐based nano‐electrospray ionization (Advion TriVersa NanoMate) coupled to an Orbitrap Elite mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific).ResultsMajor product ions observed during CID of [OAHFA – H]− ions readily identify the constituent fatty acid and hydroxy fatty acid; however, isomers are not easily distinguished. Interrogation of the hydroxy fatty acid and dehydrated hydroxy fatty acid product ions by MSn and ion‐molecule reactions yielded diagnostic ions that readily pinpoint hydroxylation position and, thus, the OAHFA ester location. Conversely, these ions are characteristically absent in the MS3 spectra of ω‐OAHFAs. Unimolecular dissociation mechanisms are proposed, which are shown to be consistent with prior isotopic labelling experiments.ConclusionsA mechanistic rationale is provided to explain the unimolecular dissociation of [OAHFA – H]− ions in an ion trap mass spectrometer, thus enabling near‐complete de novo structural elucidation of OAHFAs in shotgun lipidomics workflows, even if synthetic standards are unavailable for comparison. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bare Writing: Comparing Multiliteracies Theory and Nonrepresentational Theory Approaches to a Young Writer Writing
Authors: Smith Amanda R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn this article, the author argues that new theoretical approaches to literacy are necessary for making visible the affective, embodied, and noncognitive domains of textual meaning making that are often obscured in traditional approaches. To experiment with this argument, the author conducted two analyses on the same data set, using multiliteracies theory and nonrepresentational theory as respective lenses through which to view the data. The data were from a three‐year virtual ethnographic case study that the author conducted of Emily, a young writer, while she wrote a series of young adult gothic novels. These side‐by‐side analyses demonstrated how different views of Emily as an author emerged through each treatment of the data. In the analysis via the multiliteracies theory, she was shown to be a shrewd consumer and designer of multimodal compositions. The analysis via the nonrepresentational theory revealed Emily's writing to be produced through its participation with affective intensities, objects, and her haunting by novels’ characters in a process that the author calls bare writing. The author suggests that nonrepresentational theory provides an alternative model for the research of literacies that instantiates an ontological view of literacies, thereby including more people and more texts in the everyday doing of literacies.
Tuning Aggregation‐Induced Emission of 2,3‐Napthalimide by Employing Cyclodextrin Nanocavities
Authors: Arathi Anil S. , Mallick Suman , Koner Apurba L. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAggregation‐induced emissive properties of an environment sensitive 2,3‐Napthalimide based intramolecular charge‐transfer dye in water at neutral pH has been investigated. Further, a reversible tuning of aggregation‐induced optical properties using Cyclodextrin encapsulation is presented. This method has the potential for tuning the optical properties of other chromophoric molecules by varying the cavity size of macrocyclic host molecule.
Clinical, Anatomical, and Pathological Grading Score to Predict Technical Difficulty in Laparoscopic Splenectomy for Non‐traumatic Diseases
Authors: Rodriguez‐Otero Luppi Carlos , Targarona Soler Eduardo M. , Balague Ponz Carmen , Pantoja Millán Juan Pablo , Turrado Rodriguez Victor , Pallares Segura Jose Luis , Bollo Rodriguez Jesus , Trias Folch Manel 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackground
We aimed to develop a grading system based on preoperative parameters that would predict surgical difficulty and morbidity in elective laparoscopic splenectomy.
Study designWe retrospectively assessed morbidity in 439 patients who underwent laparoscopic splenectomy for benign and malignant disorders between 1993 and 2013. Medical and surgical records were reviewed and analyzed. We compared preoperative data concerning demographic, clinical, pathological, anatomical, laboratory, and radiological factors with three surgical outcomes: operative time, intraoperative bleeding, and surgical conversion. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify statistically significant variables. A logistic regression model was used to identify determinant variables and to compose a predictive score. External validation of the score was performed using an independent cohort of 353 patients.ResultsFour preoperative parameters (age, male sex, type of pathology, and spleen size based on final spleen weight) were significantly related with operative time, operative bleeding, and conversion to open surgery. Using these results, we developed a classification system with three levels of difficulty: low (≤4 points), medium (4.5–5.5 points), and high (≥6 points), based on the four preoperative parameters. The correlation was highly significant (p = <0.001) according to Spearman’s correlation. The area under the ROC curve was 0.671 (95 % CI 0.596–0.745). The external validation showed significant correlations with the present model.ConclusionsThe grading score described here is simple to calculate from the physical examination, laboratory tests, and US or CT images, and we believe it could be useful to preoperatively assess the technical complexity of laparoscopic splenectomy.
Improved glycerol to ethanol conversion byE. coliusing a metagenomic fragment isolated from an anaerobic reactor
Authors: Loaces Inés , Rodríguez Cecilia , Amarelle Vanesa , Fabiano Elena , Noya Francisco 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCrude glycerol obtained as a by-product of biodiesel production is a reliable feedstock with the potential to be converted into reduced chemicals with high yields. It has been previously shown that ethanol is the primary product of glycerol fermentation by Escherichia coli. However, few efforts were made to enhance this conversion by means of the expression of heterologous genes with the potential to improve glycerol transport or metabolism. In this study, a fosmid-based metagenomic library constructed from an anaerobic reactor purge sludge was screened for genetic elements that promote the use and fermentation of crude glycerol by E. coli. One clone was selected based on its improved growth rate on this feedstock. The corresponding fosmid, named G1, was fully sequenced (41 kbp long) and the gene responsible for the observed phenotype was pinpointed by in vitro insertion mutagenesis. Ethanol production from both pure and crude glycerol was evaluated using the parental G1 clone harboring the ethanologenic plasmid pLOI297 or the industrial strain LY180 complemented with G1. In mineral salts media containing 50 % (v/v) pure glycerol, ethanol concentrations increased two-fold on average when G1 was present in the cells reaching up to 20 g/L after 24 h fermentation. Similar fermentation experiments were done using crude instead of pure glycerol. With an initial OD620 of 8.0, final ethanol concentrations after 24 h were much higher reaching 67 and 75 g/L with LY180 cells carrying the control fosmid or the G1 fosmid, respectively. This translates into a specific ethanol production rate of 0.39 g h−1 OD−1 L−1.
Grain yield performance and flowering synchrony of CIMMYT’s tropical maize (Zea mays L.) parental inbred lines and single crosses
Authors: Worku Mosisa , Makumbi Dan , Beyene Yoseph , Das Biswanath , Mugo Stephen , Pixley Kevin , Bänziger Marianne , Owino Fidelis , Olsen Michael , Asea Godfrey , Prasanna Boddupalli M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMaize production constraints in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are being addressed by CIMMYT and partners through an array of projects, focusing on developing and evaluating parental inbred lines and single-crosses as well as formulating, evaluating and releasing high-yielding and stress resilient hybrids adapted to different agro-ecologies. The objectives of the present study were to (1) evaluate the grain yield performance of parental elite inbred lines developed over the years, and single crosses; and (2) ascertain the flowering synchrony among inbred lines and single-cross hybrid parents. Parental inbred lines and single-crosses were evaluated at seven locations in two countries in 2014. Combined analysis of variance revealed differences (P < 0.01) among genotypes for grain yield (GY) and among different years/era of release of the inbred lines. The improvement in GY of inbred lines was estimated to be 1.4 % per year. Under irrigated conditions GY of some single-cross hybrids was over 16 t ha−1. Some single-cross and inbred line parents showed acceptable flowering synchrony, good producibility, and stable performance across testing environments, suggesting that these have high potential for seed production. Further research is needed to determine the physiological and morphological characteristics that contributed to the GY improvement in the parental inbred lines. Information generated from this study will enhance the use of CIMMYT’s tropical mid-altitude parental germplasm by breeders working in both private and public breeding programs for developing and deploying high-yielding maize hybrids for the benefit of small-scale farmers in SSA.
Blending of Palm Mid‐Fraction, Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Kernel Oil or Palm Stearin for Cocoa Butter Alternative
Authors: Biswas N. , Cheow Y. L. , Tan C. P. , Siow L. F. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis study evaluated the physicochemical properties of palm mid‐fraction (PMF), refined bleached deodorized palm kernel oil (RBDPKO) and refined bleached deodorized palm stearin (RBDPS) as binary mixtures in terms of their fatty acid compositions (GC), triacylglycerols (HPLC), solid fat contents (p‐NMR), melting behaviors (DSC) and polymorphisms (XRD) for cocoa butter (CB) alternative formulations. All the PMF/RBDPKO and RBDPS/RBDPKO blends showed mixtures of short/long‐chain fatty acids with corresponding triacylglycerols. 10–70 % PMF in RBDPKO showed a eutectic effect between 20 and 30 °C. However, a monotectic effect was observed at 10–15 °C for 20–40 % PMF in RBDPKO and 40–80 % of RBDPS in RBDPKO. For PMF/RBDPS blends, a monotectic effect was observed at less than 30 °C. Broad endotherms at 20–38 °C were observed for 30–50 % RBDPS in RBDPKO which are closer to CB, with polymorphs of β′1 > β′2 ≫ β2 based on XRD analysis. 50–80 % PMF in RBDPS exhibited significantly higher contents of long‐chain fatty acids with the exception of stearic and lower constituents of monounsaturated triacylglycerols compared to CB. Broad endotherms were observed at 20–38 °C for 50–80 % PMF in RBDPS which are closer to CB, with β′1 ≫ β′2 > β2. Therefore, 20–40 % PMF in RBDPKO, 30–50 % RBDPS in RBDPKO and 50–80 % PMF in RBDPS could be used as CB substitutes because of their comparable physicochemical behaviors.
Differentiation of Mechanically and Chemically Extracted Hazelnut Oils Based on their Sterol and Wax Profiles
Authors: Gumus Cansu Ekin , Yorulmaz Asli , Tekin Aziz 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe sterol and wax content of solvent extracted (SEHO) and cold pressed hazelnut oils (CPHO) were compared. A total of 48 samples from 19 hazelnut varieties were collected for two successive crop years from four different geographical districts in Turkey. Hazelnuts were processed to oil with a laboratory scale press, than the remaining oil in cake was extracted with n‐hexane. CPHO and SEHO were evaluated for their wax, sterol and squalene contents. Results showed that sterol, squalene and wax contents of all individual cultivars were higher in SEHO than those of CPHO, indicating the higher solubility of these compounds in solvent. Total sterol contents ranged between 1088.56 (Kargalak)—1609.39 mg/kg (Mincane) for CPHO and 1590.86 (Çakıldak)—2897.26 mg/kg (Mincane) for SEHO. Hazelnut oils were found to be richer of C36‐38 esters than C40‐46 group. Total wax content was between 24.19 (Kargalak)—94.58 mg/kg (Kuş) for CPHO and 81.46 (Kargalak)—160.92 mg/kg (Akçakoca) for SEHO. The squalene amounts of the samples obtained by hexane extraction were between 499.75 (Allahverdi)—885.36 mg/kg (Cavcava), while it varied between 288.55 (Kargalak)—647.68 mg/kg (Mincane) in cold pressed oils. Significant and obvious variations between SEHO and CPHO were verified by principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis. Geographical discrimination was also achieved by discriminant analysis.
Selective inhibition of metabotropic glutamate type 1 alpha receptor (mGluR1α) reduces cell proliferation and migration following status epilepticus in early development
Authors: Friedman L.K. , Sharma A. , Corcia M. , Webster T. , Qazi L. , Simsovits D. , Khalil Y. , Hu S. , Kantrowitz M. , Hong H. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe present study examined whether a single or multiple episode(s) of status epilepticus induced with kainic acid (KA) during the first 3 weeks of postnatal (P) development would aberrantly stimulate proliferation zones that alters migration to potentially injured areas and whether they would be blocked by selective Group I mGluR antagonists. mGluR1α (LY367385) and mGluR5 (MPEP) antagonists were administered 2 h following KA‐induced status epilepticus and animals were examined after 7 days. Proliferating cells of the subventricular zone (SVZ), third ventricle, hippocampus, amygdala cortical complex were analyzed with the proliferative marker, Ki67; and two complementary retrograde dye tracers. Proliferation increased in extrahippocampal limbic structures when KA was administered on P13 or P20 which correlated with number of injured cells at the older age. LY367385 post‐treatment caused striking decreases in proliferation in all limbic structures in the presence and absence of injury, whereas a reduction with MPEP was observed only within the amygdala cortical complex (Amg/ERcx) in the presence of multiple seizures (3 × KA). After 3 × KA and LY367385 post‐treatments, diminished co‐staining of dye tracers with Ki67 was observed within the Amg/ERcx despite high levels of progenitors marked by the retrograde tracers in this region. This indicates that not only was local proliferation within the SVZ and distant structures inhibited, but also that migration itself was reduced indirectly since there were less cells to migrate from the SVZ. Co‐labeling with biomarkers provided evidence for neuronal differentiation suggesting potential aberrant integration may occur in distant locations, and that targeting of mGluR1α receptors may be a potential therapeutic strategy for future development.
Trends in physiological coagulation factors in Japanese patients receiving novel oral anticoagulants
Authors: Nagao Tomoyuki , Hunakubo Hiroshi , Suzuki Mayu , Kataoka Takashi , Okumura Satoshi , Shinoda Norihiro , Harada Ken , Kato Bunichi , Kato Masataka , Marui Nobuyuki , Sakai Shinichi , Amano Tetsuya , Murohara Toyoaki 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about physiological anticoagulation effects via antithrombin III (AT III) and protein C/S (PC/PS) in patients using new oral anticoagulants (NOACs).MethodsWe evaluated 120 consecutive patients with non‐valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) receiving NOACs. Patients were randomly divided into three groups: a dabigatran group (DG, N=40), a rivaroxaban group (RG, N=40) or an apixaban group (AG, N=40). A warfarin group (WG, N=40) was matched with NOAC groups for age, sex and type of AF during the same time period. Blood samples were obtained in pretreatment, trough and peak phases to measure the activity of physiological coagulation inhibitors, including AT III and PC/PS or thrombus formation markers such as D‐dimer and thrombin–antithrombin complex (TAT).ResultsD‐dimer, TAT and AT III values for the NOAC groups were equivalent in the peak and trough phases. PC/PS activity in both phases was equally maintained in the pretreatment phase in the NOAC groups, while the activity in the WG was significantly suppressed in steady state. Moreover, no differences in trends for PC/PS activity were observed among NOAC groups.ConclusionsPC/PS activity was constant in both peak and trough phases in the patients on NOACs compared with activity of those on warfarin. In addition, there was no difference in the findings among NOACs.
Linear analysis of 170 GHz cylindrical and confocal gyrotron
Authors: Yang Youwei , Yu Sheng 
Published: August 2016

In this paper, the mode density, coupling coefficient, eigenfrequencies, quality factors and starting currents of a 170 GHz cylindrical and confocal gyrotron are studied based on the linear theory. Results show that the mode density in the confocal cavity greatly decrease due to the diffraction properties. Modes in the confocal cavity have lower quality factors than the modes in cylindrical cavity, hence the starting currents are higher than the latter. The confocal gyrotron is more stable than the cylindrical gyrotron when operating at large current. Meanwhile, through altering the mirror width, quality factors together with the starting current of the confocal modes are adjustable.
Versus de mensibus
Authors: Hennig John 
Published: August 2016

In many medieval calendars the calendar proper for each month is preceded or followed by a verse (or several verses) treating of one (or one each) of the following subjects:
(a)the zodiacal sign(b)the number of solar days(c)the number of lunar days(d)the position of the nones(e)the Greek, Hebrew, and Egyptian names(f)the Roman traditions of the name and significance of the month(g)the climatic conditions (aeris qualitates)(h)the evil days (dies Aegyptiaci).The study of medieval calendars has been so much preoccupied with their chronological and heortological aspects that, to my knowledge, these verses have never been the subject of a comprehensive investigation. In many editions they have been omitted as extraneous matter.
KAMEDO Report No. 87: Bomb Attack in Finnish Shopping Center, 2002
Authors: Deverell Edward , Örtenwall Per , Almgren Ola , Riddez Louis 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe detonation of a bomb in a shopping center in Vantaa, Finland, took place on 11 October 2002. Seven people died as a result and > 160 people required medical attention. Because the rescue teams were inadequately trained to respond to terrorist attacks, the event was handled according to protocol. A number of problems arose, including: people from different rescue agencies were difficult to distinguish from each other; there was inadequate communication between the incident site and the main hospital; relatives of victims were not kept informed; and psychiatric problems in the wake of the disaster were not addressed sufficiently.