bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature dependence of ice-on-rock friction at realistic glacier conditions
Authors: McCarthy C. , Savage H. , Nettles M. 
Published: December 2016

Using a new biaxial friction apparatus, we conducted experiments of ice-on-rock friction in order to better understand basal sliding of glaciers and ice streams. A series of velocity-stepping and slide–hold–slide tests were conducted to measure friction and healing at temperatures between −20°C and melting. Experimental conditions in this study are comparable to subglacial temperatures, sliding rates and effective pressures of Antarctic ice streams and other glaciers, with load-point velocities ranging from 0.5 to 100 µm s−1and normal stressσn = 100 kPa. In this range of conditions, temperature dependences of both steady-state friction and frictional healing are considerable. The friction increases linearly with decreasing temperature (temperature weakening) fromμ = 0.52 at −20°C toμ = 0.02 at melting. Frictional healing increases and velocity dependence shifts from velocity-strengthening to velocity-weakening behaviour with decreasing temperature. Our results indicate that the strength and stability of glaciers and ice streams may change considerably over the range of temperatures typically found at the ice–bed interface.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Microdynamics of ice’.
Recrystallization and damage of ice in winter sports
Authors: Seymour-Pierce Alexandra , Lishman Ben , Sammonds Peter 
Published: December 2016

Ice samples, after sliding against a steel runner, show evidence of recrystallization and microcracking under the runner, as well as macroscopic cracking throughout the ice. The experiments that produced these ice samples are designed to be analogous to sliding in the winter sport of skeleton. Changes in the ice fabric are shown using thick and thin sections under both diffuse and polarized light. Ice drag is estimated as 40–50% of total energy dissipation in a skeleton run. The experimental results are compared with visual inspections of skeleton tracks, and to similar behaviour in rocks during sliding on earthquake faults. The results presented may be useful to athletes and designers of winter sports equipment.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Microdynamics of ice’.
Micromechanics of sea ice frictional slip from test basin scale experiments
Authors: Sammonds Peter R. , Hatton Daniel C. , Feltham Daniel L. 
Published: December 2016

We have conducted a series of high-resolution friction experiments on large floating saline ice floes in an environmental test basin. In these experiments, a central ice floe was pushed between two other floes, sliding along two interfacial faults. The frictional motion was predominantly stick–slip. Shear stresses, normal stresses, local strains and slip displacement were measured along the sliding faults, and acoustic emissions were monitored. High-resolution measurements during a single stick–slip cycle at several positions along the fault allowed us to identify two phases of frictional slip: a nucleation phase, where a nucleation zone begins to slip before the rest of the fault, and a propagation phase when the entire fault is slipping. This is slip-weakening behaviour. We have therefore characterized what we consider to be a key deformation mechanism in Arctic Ocean dynamics. In order to understand the micromechanics of sea ice friction, we have employed a theoretical constitutive relation (i.e. an equation for shear stress in terms of temperature, normal load, acceleration, velocity and slip displacement) derived from the physics of asperity–asperity contact and sliding (Hatton
et al.
2009
Phil. Mag.
89
, 2771–2799 (
doi:10.1080/14786430903113769
)). We find that our experimental data conform reasonably with this frictional law once slip weakening is introduced. We find that the constitutive relation follows Archard's law rather than Amontons' law, with

(where
τ
is the shear stress and
σ
n
is the normal stress) and
n
= 26/27, with a fractal asperity distribution, where the frictional shear stress,
τ = f
fractal
T
ml
w
s
, where
f
fractal
is the fractal asperity height distribution,
T
ml
is the shear strength for frictional melting and lubrication and
w
s
is the slip weakening. We can therefore deduce that the interfacial faults failed in shear for these experimental conditions through processes of brittle failure of asperities in shear, and, at higher velocities, through frictional heating, localized surface melting and hydrodynamic lubrication.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Microdynamics of ice’.
Quantifying variation by the ratio of CSS to UCSS
Authors: Pahlevani M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe variance, the average of squared deviations of data values from their mean, is the most widely used criterion for measuring the variation. Small amounts of the variance indicate that the values tend to be close to the mean and its high amounts are indicative of more dispersion around the mean. However, when dealing with a single variable or variables with different measuring units, variance can not give us a proper understanding of the actual extent of variation. RCU, the ratio of corrected sum of squares (CSS) to the uncorrected sum of squares (UCSS) can quantify variation too. The values of RCU vary from zero, for a situation in which all values are the same, to 100 % when they are completely different or symmetric. To compare the efficiency of RCU and variance for measuring variation, data of seven variables with different units of measurement for 17 wheat cultivars including yield (g/plant), spikes (numbers), height (cm), earliness (days), viability (%), hectoliter (kg/hectoliter) and EC (micromohs/cm) were used. Variance of these variables respectively was 83.34, 72.01, 353.23, 81.48, 5.31, 69.52 and 7167.47. The highest and lowest RCU was obtained for spikes (9.38 %) and viability (0.05 %), respectively. The RCU for yield, height, earliness, hectoliter and EC was 8.97, 2.67, 0.29, 1.30 and 2.85 %, respectively. The RCUs were somewhat similar to coefficient of variation of the variables. Based on the RCU, the extent of variation was medium for spikes and viability and was low for the other variables. As a result RCU could be used as a simple criterion to quantify the actual extent of variation in the data.AbbreviationCSScorrected sum of squaresUCSSuncorrected sum of squaresRCUthe ratio of CSS to UCSSCVcoefficient of variationVARvariance
Evolutionary history of the brown rat: out of southern East Asia and selection
Authors: Zeng Lin , Ming Chen , Li Yan , Su Ling-Yan , Su Yan-Hua , Otecko Newton O. , Dalecky Ambroise , Donnellan Stephen , Aplin Ken , Liu Xiao-Hui , Song Ying , Zhang Zhi-Bin , Esmailizadeh Ali , Sohrabi Saeed S. , Nanaei Hojjat Asadollahpour , Liu He-Qun , Wang Ming-Shan , Atteynine Solimane Ag , Rocamora Gérard , Brescia Fabrice , Morand Serge , Irwin David M. , Peng Ming-sheng , Yao Yong-Gang , Li Hai-Peng , Wu Dong-Dong , Zhang Ya-Ping 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) is found wherever humans live and transmits many diseases, and its breeding produced the laboratory rat used widely in medical research. Here, we sequenced whole genomes from 118 rats to explore the origin and dispersal routes of the brown rat and the domestication of the laboratory rat. We showed that brown rats migrated about 3600 years ago from southern East Asia, rather than Northern Asia as formerly suggested, to the Middle East and then to Europe and Africa. Many genes involved in the immune system experienced positive selection in the wild brown rat, while genes involved in the nervous system and energy metabolism showed evidence of artificial selection during the domestication of laboratory strains. Our findings demystify the puzzling origin and migration of brown rats and reveal the impact of evolution and domestication on this animal.
Case of late‐onset erythropoietic protoporphyria with myelodysplastic syndrome who has homozygous IVS3‐48C polymorphism in the ferrochelatase gene
Authors: Suzuki Hiromi , Kikuchi Katsuko , Fukuhara Noriko , Nakano Hajime , Aiba Setsuya 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe report the case of a 42‐year‐old man with a 5‐year history of myelodysplastic syndrome and photosensitivity who had developed painful erythema and blisters on sun‐exposed sites. Histological examination of a mildly lichenified lesion on the dorsal finger revealed extensive deposits of a hyaline‐like, periodic acid‐Schiff‐positive material around superficial dermal blood vessels. Laboratory tests showed elevated erythrocyte protoporphyrin and normal urinary porphyrins, suggesting a diagnosis of erythropoietic protoporphyria. Late‐onset erythropoietic protoporphyria is rare and is usually associated with an acquired somatic mutation of the ferrochelatase gene secondary to a hematological malignancy such as myelodysplastic syndrome. DNA analysis revealed that our patient has the homozygous IVS3‐48C polymorphism that is a low‐expression variant of wild‐type ferrochelatase allele.
Factors That Distinguish High‐Performing Accountable Care Organizations in the Medicare Shared Savings Program
Authors: D'Aunno Thomas , Broffman Lauren , Sparer Michael , Kumar Sumit R. 
Published: December 2016

ObjectiveTo identify factors that promote the effective performance of accountable care organizations (ACOs) in the Medicare Shared Savings Program.Data Sources/Study SettingData come from a convenience sample of 16 Medicare Shared SavingsACOs that were organized around large physician groups. We use claims data from the Center for Medicaid and Medicare Services and data from 60 interviews at three high‐performing and three low‐performingACOs.Study DesignExplanatory sequential design, using qualitative data to account for patterns observed in quantitative assessment ofACOperformance.Data Collection MethodsA total of 16ACOs were first rank‐ordered on measures of cost and quality of care; we then selected three high and three low performers for site visits; interview data were content‐analyzed.Principal FindingsResults identify several factors that distinguish high‐ from low‐performingACOs: (1) collaboration with hospitals; (2) effective physician group practice prior toACOengagement; (3) trusted, long‐standing physician leaders focused on improving performance; (4) sophisticated use of information systems; (5) effective feedback to physicians; and (6) embedded care coordinators.ConclusionsShorter interventions can improveACOperformance—use of embedded care coordinators and local, regional health information systems; timely feedback of performance data. However, longer term interventions are needed to promote physician–hospital collaboration and skills of physician leaders.CMSand other stakeholders need realistic timelines forACOperformance.
Effects of temperature on fitness costs in chlorpyrifos‐resistant brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)
Authors: Yang Bao‐Jun , Liu Mei‐Ling , Zhang Yi‐Xi , Liu Ze‐Wen 
Published: December 2016

AbstractInsecticide resistance is inevitable if an insecticide is widely used to control insect pests. Fortunately, the resistance‐associated fitness costs often give chances to manage resistances. In most cases, the fitness cost in resistant insects is often evaluated under laboratory conditions for insect development, which limits its practical application in pest control in the field. In a laboratory population R9 with 253‐fold resistance to chlorpyrifos after nine‐generation selection with chlorpyrifos, the relative fitness was only 0.206 under laboratory conditions (25°C, humidity 70%–80% and 16 h light/8 h dark photoperiod), when compared to S9, a susceptible counterpart (resistance ratio = 2.25‐fold) from the same origin as R9 but without any selection with insecticides. Temperatures varied the resistance‐associated fitness costs, with enhanced costs at high temperatures and reduced costs at low temperatures, such as 0.174 at 32°C and 0.527 at 18°C. The copulation rate and fecundity were two key factors for the reduced costs at low temperatures. Another finding was that R9 individuals needed much more time to recover from heat shock than that of S9, but R9 and S9 individuals were similarly sensitive to cold shock. The low fitness cost at low temperatures would increase the overwintering population, which might further increase risks of rapid development and widespread distribution of chlorpyrifos resistance in Nilaparvata lugens.
Does Including Soil Moisture Observations Improve Operational Streamflow Forecasts in Snow‐Dominated Watersheds?
Authors: Harpold Adrian A. , Sutcliffe Kent , Clayton Jordan , Goodbody Angus , Vazquez Shareily 
Published: December 2016

AbstractChanging climate and growing water demand are increasing the need for robust streamflow forecasts. Historically, operational streamflow forecasts made by the Natural Resources Conservation Service have relied on precipitation and snow water equivalent observations from Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL) sites. We investigate whether also including SNOTEL soil moisture observations improve April‐July streamflow volume forecast accuracy at 0, 1, 2, and 3‐month lead times at 12 watersheds in Utah and California. We found statistically significant improvement in 0 and 3‐month lead time accuracy in 8 of 12 watersheds and 10 of 12 watersheds for 1 and 2‐month lead times. Surprisingly, these improvements were insensitive to soil moisture metrics derived from soil physical properties. Forecasts were made with volumetric water content (VWC) averaged from October 1 to the forecast date. By including VWC at the 0‐month lead time the forecasts explained 7.3% more variability and increased the streamflow volume accuracy by 8.4% on average compared to standard forecasts that already explained an average 77% of the variability. At 1 to 3‐month lead times, the inclusion of soil moisture explained 12.3‐26.3% more variability than the standard forecast on average. Our findings indicate including soil moisture observations increased statistical streamflow forecast accuracy and thus, could potentially improve water supply reliability in regions affected by changing snowpacks.
Estimation of Catchment Nutrient Loads in New Zealand Using Monthly Water Quality Monitoring Data
Authors: Snelder T.H. , McDowell R.W. , Fraser C.E. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractCauses of variation between loads estimated using alternative calculation methods and their repeatability were investigated using 20 years of daily flow and monthly concentration samples for 77 rivers in New Zealand. Loads of dissolved and total nitrogen and phosphorus were calculated using the Ratio, L5, and L7 methods. Estimates of loads and their precision associated with short‐term records of 5, 10, and 15 years were simulated by subsampling. The representativeness of the short‐term loads was quantified as the standard deviation of the 20 realizations. The L7 method generally produced more realistic loads with the highest precision and representativeness. Differences between load estimates were shown to be associated with poor agreement between the data and the underlying model. The best method was shown to depend on the match between the model and functional and distributional characteristics of the data, rather than on the contaminant. Short‐term load estimates poorly represented the long‐term load estimate, and deviations frequently exceeded estimated imprecision. The results highlight there is no single preferred load calculation method, the inadvisability of “unsupervised” load estimation and the importance of inspecting concentration‐flow, unit load‐flow plots and regression residuals. Regulatory authorities should be aware that the precision of loads estimated from monthly data are likely to be “optimistic” with respect to the actual repeatability of load estimates.
Adductor canal blocks: changing practice patterns and associated quality profile
Authors: Masaracchia M. M. , Herrick M. D. , Barrington M. J. , Hartmann P. R. , Sites B. D. 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundFemoral nerve blocks have been the gold standard approach for post‐operative analgesia following total knee arthroplasty; however, the adductor canal block has recently gained popularity due to less block‐induced motor weakness. The primary aim of this time‐series analysis was to identify whether regional anesthesia practice changes have occurred for total knee arthroplasty. Our secondary aim was to assess for possible associated changes in safety and quality.MethodsUsing a 20‐member clinical registry, we examined the practice patterns and safety around the performance of adductor canal blocks for all total knee arthroplasties between 18 July 2011 to 9 October 2015. To obtain more information about changes in quality associated with this practice transition, we analyzed clinical outcomes data surrounding all primary total knee arthroplasties from the largest contributing institution.ResultsA total of 6921 blocks were performed for 4822 primary and revision total knee arthroplasties (TKAs). Across the registry, adductor canal block utilization for TKA increased. This was not associated with any increase in immediate or recovery room‐related complications. When analyzing unilateral primary TKAs from the largest surgical volume center (n = 766), there were no statistically significant changes in numeric rating scale scores (5.4 to 4.6, P value = 0.004), length of stay (3.0 to 2.8 days, P value = 0.3), or 30‐day hospital re‐evaluations for pain (2.8–4.9%, P value = 0.1).ConclusionThere was a large increase in the utilization of adductor canal blockade for TKAs among participating registry members. This change in practice was not associated with significant changes in safety or quality.
Landscape and Gentrification: The Picturesque and Pastoral in 1980s New York Cinema
Authors: Andersson Johan 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn this article I discuss 1980s New York cinema through the conceptual lens of landscape, drawing in particular on the interconnected but separate traditions of the pastoral and the picturesque. While the former mode of representing landscape is idealizing (the shepherd/nymph‐motif), the latter with its origins in the period of the enclosures of the English countryside tends to aestheticize poverty and dispossession. This distinction can productively be deployed in relation to tensions between glamorization and exploitation in 1980s New York cinema, which often dealt with the themes of rent, eviction, and unemployment in postindustrial settings. Focusing in particular onDowntown 81(Edo Bertoglio, 1981/2000) andDesperately Seeking Susan(Susan Seidelman, 1985), I argue that the current nostalgia for a pre‐gentrified and less regulated New York in popular culture is dependent on these idealizing and aestheticizing tendencies insofar that they conceal or prettify some of the darker aspects of the period.
Diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus in the Danish National Birth Cohort
Authors: Olsen Sjurdur F. , Houshmand‐Oeregaard Azedeh , Granström Charlotta , Langhoff‐Roos Jens , Damm Peter , Bech Bodil H. , Vaag Allan A. , Zhang Cuilin 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIntroductionThe Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC) contains comprehensive information on diet, lifestyle, constitutional and other major characteristics of women during pregnancy. It provides a unique source for studies on health consequences of gestational diabetes mellitus. Our aim was to identify and validate the gestational diabetes mellitus cases in the cohort.Material and methodsWe extracted clinical information from hospital records for 1609 pregnancies included in the Danish National Birth Cohort with a diagnosis of diabetes during or before pregnancy registered in the Danish National Patient Register and/or from a Danish National Birth Cohort interview during pregnancy. We further validated the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus in 2126 randomly selected pregnancies from the entire Danish National Birth Cohort. From the individual hospital records, an expert panel evaluated gestational diabetes mellitus status based on results from oral glucose tolerance tests, fasting blood glucose and Hb1c values, as well as diagnoses made by local obstetricians.ResultsThe audit categorized 783 pregnancies as gestational diabetes mellitus, corresponding to 0.89% of the 87 792 pregnancies for which a pregnancy interview for self‐reported diabetes in pregnancy was available. From the randomly selected group the combined information from register and interviews could correctly identify 96% (95% CI 80–99.9%) of all cases in the entire Danish National Birth Cohort population. Positive predictive value, however, was only 59% (56–61%).ConclusionsThe combined use of data from register and interview provided a high sensitivity for gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosis. The low positive predictive value, however, suggests that systematic validation by hospital record review is essential not to underestimate the health consequences of gestational diabetes mellitus in future studies.
Food localism and resistance: a revival of agriculture and cross‐border relations in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Yuk Wah 
Published: December 2016

AbstractHong Kong, a part of China, yet separated from it by a borderline and a different social system, relies mostly on China for its fresh food. With a high incidence of food contamination, many Hong Kong people have turned to a new food alternative – locally grown organic vegetables. The number of organic growers has risen significantly over the past decade. This paper examines the emergence of local organic food production in Hong Kong since the turn of the century. Not only is this revival of an interest in agricultural production (manifested in the increase in organic farms and organic food consumers that is related to the global movement of eco‐agriculture), it is also intertwined with a public discourse relating to land preservation, the balance between an agricultural economy and urban development and food localism. Continuous food news revealing the scale of substandard and poisonous food produced in China have escalated the scare surrounding unsafe food and has helped turn consumers to local produce and to build the discourses on food localism. The paper argues that such a local food consciousness has been fed by the local politics of resistance against negative influences from China in the evolving cross‐border relations between China and Hong Kong.
‘Right’ food, ‘Responsible’ citizens: State‐promoted food education and a food dilemma in Japan
Authors: Yotova Maria 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWith increasing food contamination incidences and rising concerns about food safety and the future of Japanese culinary traditions, shokuiku (food education) has become a central motif of the Japan government's food polices in recent years. Trying to navigate consumer choices amidst the increasingly globalised culinary scene and the food fear in the aftermath of the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, the Basic Law on Food Education has interwoven discourses on health, the ‘goodness’ of local food, and the political ideologies of being responsible and patriotic citizens in support of the local economies of Japan. Through an empirical study of the school lunch system, this paper examines how food education policies have become an effective apparatus to instil state ideologies and promote national economic interests. Supposedly, shokuiku aims at promoting food knowledge, quality local foods and the health of the Japanese people, yet, against the backdrop of widespread radiation contamination fears, the rigid policies in food education have posed challenges to the state and generated a ‘food dilemma’ to be faced by many Japanese parents.