bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prepoznavanje in prostorska razmestitev konfliktov na podeželju // Identification and spatial distribution of conflicts in rural areas
Authors: Guštin Špela , Potočnik Slavič Irma 
Published: January 2016

Privlačno večfunkcijsko slovensko podeželje je hkrati tudi stičišče interesov različnih akterjev (kmetje, podjetniki, lastniki sekundarnih bivališč, okoljevarstveniki, obiskovalci, lokalna samouprava, investitorji). Medsebojna prepletenost interesov socialnih skupin in njihovih raznovrstnih zahtev oziroma pričakovanj glede rabe podeželskih virov pogosto vodi v konfliktne situacije, ki zahtevajo celostno geografsko obravnavo. Prispevek se osredotoča na prepoznavanje in prostorsko razmestitev konfliktov na podeželju Občine Izola, njihovo časovno razsežnost in vzročno-posledično povezanost na podlagi večletne analize regionalnega časopisa (2008–2014). Poznavanje interesov in konfliktov, ki nastajajo med akterji oziroma socialnimi skupinami, pomaga pri odločanju o prihodnjem razvoju in trajnostni rabi podeželskih virov.Attractive and multifunctional Slovenian rural areas often perform as a junction of various stakeholders (farmers, entrepreneurs, second home owners, environmentalists, tourists, local authorities, investors, etc.) and their interests. Interrelations among interests of social groups and their diverse requests or expectations towards the use of rural resources very often lead into conflict situations which ask for holistic geographical analysis. The paper focuses on identification and spatial distribution of conflicts in rural areas of the Municipality of Izola (Slovenia), their spatial dimension, cause-effect connection on the basis of regional newspaper content analysis (2008–2014). Knowledge on interests and conflicts among stakeholders or social groups contributes to decision-making process on future development and sustainable use of rural resources.
Multiple Inflammatory Cytokines Converge To Regulate CD8+ T Cell Expansion and Function during Tuberculosis
Authors: Booty Matthew G. , Nunes-Alves Cláudio , Carpenter Stephen M. , Jayaraman Pushpa , Behar Samuel M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe differentiation of effector CD8+ T cells is a dynamically regulated process that varies during different infections and is influenced by the inflammatory milieu of the host. In this study, we define three signals regulating CD8+ T cell responses during tuberculosis by focusing on cytokines known to affect disease outcome: IL-12, type I IFN, and IL-27. Using mixed bone marrow chimeras, we compared wild-type and cytokine receptor knockout CD8+ T cells within the same mouse following aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Four weeks postinfection, IL-12, type 1 IFN, and IL-27 were all required for efficient CD8+ T cell expansion in the lungs. We next determined if these cytokines directly promote CD8+ T cell priming or are required only for expansion in the lungs. Using retrogenic CD8+ T cells specific for the M. tuberculosis Ag TB10.4 (EsxH), we observed that IL-12 is the dominant cytokine driving both CD8+ T cell priming in the lymph node and expansion in the lungs; however, type I IFN and IL-27 have nonredundant roles supporting pulmonary CD8+ T cell expansion. Thus, IL-12 is a major signal promoting priming in the lymph node, but a multitude of inflammatory signals converge in the lung to promote continued expansion. Furthermore, these cytokines regulate the differentiation and function of CD8+ T cells during tuberculosis. These data demonstrate distinct and overlapping roles for each of the cytokines examined and underscore the complexity of CD8+ T cell regulation during tuberculosis.
Ergodic-nonergodic transition in tapped granular systems: The role of persistent contacts
Authors: Gago Paula A. , Maza Diego , Pugnaloni Luis A. 
Published: January 2016

Static granular packs have been studied in the last three decades in the frame of a modified equilibrium statistical mechanics that assumes ergodicity as a basic postulate. The canonical example on which this framework is tested consists in the series of static configurations visited by a granular column subjected to taps. By analyzing the response of a realistic model of grains, we demonstrate that volume and stress variables visit different regions of the phase space at low tap intensities in different realizations of the experiment. We show that the tap intensity beyond which sampling by tapping becomes ergodic coincides with the forcing necessary to break all particle-particle contacts during each tap. These results imply that the well-known "reversible" branch of tapped granular columns is only valid at relatively high tap intensities.Received: 2 November 2015, Accepted: 22 December 2015; Edited by: C. S. O'Hern; Reviewed by: A. Baule, Queen Mary University of London, UK.; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4279/PIP.080001Cite as: P A Gago, D. Maza, L A Pugnaloni, Papers in Physics 8, 080001 (2016)This paper, by P A Gago, D. Maza, L A Pugnaloni, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0.
Mainstreaming in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Obstacles Facing Learning Disabilities Resource Room
Authors: Al-Zoubi Suhail Mahmoud , Bani Abdel Rahman Majdoleen Sultan 
Published: January 2016

<p>The aim of this study was to identify the obstacles facing learning disabilities resource room (LDRR). The sample of the study consisted of 42 teachers working in learning disabilities resource room (LDRR) at Najran in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). A questionnaire was developed and distributed to the sample of the study. The results indicated that there were obstacles facing LDRR related to learning disabilities teacher, collaboration of others, and facilities and equipment. </p>
The Validity and Reliability of Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy Module Development for University Support Staff
Authors: Abdul Jalil Nurul Iman , Mahfar Mastura 
Published: January 2016

<p>This study introduces the Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy Module for university support staff in lessening their irrational beliefs and job stress which more emphasize on cognitive aspect beside emotion and behavioural aspects. The Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (REBT) which introduced by Albert Ellis (1994) was employed as a guideline in developing the module. The process of module’s development content was compiled based on the four sub modules, namely Self-acceptance, Feelings, Beliefs and Disputation which adapted from previous REBT practitioners and researchers. After the module developed, the analysis of validity and reliability were tested. The content validity of the module was evaluated by five experts and the result indicated that the value of validity coefficient is high which is .91. Meanwhile, the reliability analysis was tested by employing a questionnaire based on the steps of module’s activity. The result showed that the value of reliability coefficient is also high which is .98. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that the REBT Module has a high validity and reliability which can be utilized by support staff at university. </p>
Protein-G-based human immunoglobulin G biosensing by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
Authors: Tsugimura Kaiki , Ohnuki Hitoshi , Endo Hideaki , Tsuya Daijyu , Izumi Mitsuru 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
A highly sensitive biosensor based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was developed for the determination of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). Protein G, which specifically binds to IgG, was employed as the molecular receptor. Protein G was covalently immobilized on interdigitated electrodes through a mixed self-assembled monolayer (SAM) composed of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) and 6-mercaptohexanol. It was found that the mixing ratio of the SAM markedly affected the sensor performance. The sample prepared on 25% MUA SAM exhibited a linear behavior in the concentration range of 0.01–10 ng/mL, which is a record low detection for EIS-based IgG sensors. On the other hand, the sample on 100% MUA SAM showed no IgG-sensing action. A possible mechanism of the mixing ratio that affects the sensing performance was proposed.
On the propagation and mode conversion of auroral medium frequency bursts
Authors: Broughton M. C. , LaBelle J. , Kim E.‐H. , Yoon P. H. , Johnson J. R. , Cairns I. H. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAuroral medium frequency (MF) bursts are broadband, impulsive radio emissions associated with local substorm onsets. MF bursts consist of a characteristic fine structure whereby the higher frequencies arrive 10–100 ms before the lower frequencies. LaBelle (2011a) proposed that MF bursts originate as Langmuir/Z mode waves on the topside of the ionosphere that mode‐convert to LO mode waves and propagate to ground level, with the fine structure resulting by propagation delays due to the topside ionospheric density profile. We investigate three aspects of this mechanism. First, full‐wave calculations are used to simulate the MF burst fine structure using a realistic ionospheric density profile. The delay between the highest and lowest frequencies is 21 ms. This value is smaller than the experimentally determined delays of ∼100 ms presented in Bunch and LaBelle (2009), but differences between the topside electron number density profile used in the simulations and the number density profile during disturbed conditions make comparisons only approximate. Second, the Landau damping of Langmuir/Z mode waves on the topside ionosphere is calculated, assuming the electron distribution function consists of a cold background population (ne0) and a warm secondary population (nse). The Landau damping is small when nse/ne0 = 0.04% (consistent with Maggs and Lotko (1981)) but is significant when nse/ne0 > 0.4%. Finally, full‐wave calculations are used to determine the mode conversion efficiency from Langmuir/Z mode waves to LO mode waves. These imply that waves would suffer an attenuation of wave energy density of approximately 5–10% if they are generated with their wave vectors in a narrow cone centered around the local magnetic field. Taken together, these calculations suggest that for small values of nse/ne0 <0.4%, the mechanism proposed by LaBelle (2011a) is a plausible explanation for the origin of MF bursts.
The Antarctic Slope Current near 30°E
Authors: Dong Jun , Speer Kevin , Jullion Loic 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe Antarctic Slope Current flows westward above the continental slope of Antarctica, entering the Weddell Sea near 30°E and supplying dense water to the deep overturning cell there, and contributing to global Antarctic Bottom Water formation. Observations from the 2008 I6S hydrographic section are used to investigate the strength of the Slope Current near 30°E. A prominent topographic feature, the Gunnerus Bank, diverts the Slope Current upstream of this longitude, and has a large effect on the current's structure, splitting it into a coastal and offshore component. The bank also enhances water mass mixing and lateral exchange across the slope. As part of the 2008 occupation, an additional line was made along the crest of the bank, forming a closed volume over the western side. By combining hydrographic and Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler measurements in this box using an inverse method, the Slope Current transport is estimated to be 9.6 ± 2.3 Sv; the transport associated with the Antarctic Slope Front is 4.0 ± 0.3 Sv, of which 1.8 ± 0.3 Sv enters the Weddell Gyre as recently formed dense water.
The 2011 Tohoku tsunami south of Oahu: High‐frequency Doppler radio observations and model simulations of currents
Authors: Benjamin L. R. , Flament P. , Cheung K. F. , Luther D. S. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA 16 MHz high‐frequency Doppler radio (HFDR) deployed on the south shore of Oahu (Hawaii) detected oscillatory radial currents following the arrival of the 2011 Tohoku tsunami. The observations over a two‐dimensional area provided an opportunity for intercomparison with the spatial patterns of currents and the resonant modes predicted by a nonhydrostatic model. Over the 50 m deep Penguin Bank, extending west from Molokai, the observed currents are intensified in two areas: 43 min period currents of 0.27 m s−1 lasting 6 h are observed on the south part of the bank, while 27 min period currents of 0.14 m s−1 lasting 2 h are observed on the north. The spatial EOFs suggest that standing full‐waves and 3/2 waves formed over the bank. Modeled currents over Penguin Bank are similar to the observations but their north‐south asymmetry is less pronounced than observed. Nearshore, observed alongshore currents showed long‐period oscillations of 43 min that stretched along the entire coastline, while modeled currents show strong evidence for edge waves. EOF analysis of the nearshore signal suggests that the HFDR and model reveal different processes. The discrepancy might be attributed to the fact that both the Penguin Bank and nearshore observations are limited by HFDR sensitivity to azimuthal sidelobe contamination and decreased angular resolution at high steering angles.
Dispersion of a tracer in the deep Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Ledwell James R. , He Ruoying , Xue Zuo , DiMarco Steven F. , Spencer Laura J. , Chapman Piers 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA 25 km streak of CF3SF5 was released on an isopycnal surface approximately 1100 m deep, and 150 m above the bottom, along the continental slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico, to study stirring and mixing of a passive tracer. The location and depth of the release were near those of the deep hydrocarbon plume resulting from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil well rupture. The tracer was sampled between 5 and 12 days after release, and again 4 and 12 months after release. The tracer moved along the slope at first but gradually moved into the interior of the Gulf. Diapycnal spreading of the patch during the first 4 months was much faster than it was between 4 and 12 months, indicating that mixing was greatly enhanced over the slope. The rate of lateral homogenization of the tracer was much greater than observed in similar experiments in the open ocean, again possibly enhanced near the slope. Maximum concentrations found in the surveys had fallen by factors of 104, 107, and 108, at 1 week, 4 months, and 12 months, respectively, compared with those estimated for the initial tracer streak. A regional ocean model was used to simulate the tracer field and help interpret its dispersion and temporal evolution. Model‐data comparisons show that the model simulation was able to replicate statistics of the observed tracer distribution that would be important in assessing the impact of oil releases in the middepth Gulf.
Observed evidence of the anomalous South China Sea western boundary current during the summers of 2010 and 2011
Authors: Shu Yeqiang , Xue Huijie , Wang Dongxiao , Xie Qiang , Chen Ju , Li Jian , Chen Rongyu , He Yunkai , Li Daning 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSeven years of directly measured current data from a mooring in the Xisha area of the South China Sea (SCS), together with shipboard ADCP and satellite data, have shown the western boundary current (WBC) anomaly and its vertical structure during the summers of 2010 and 2011. The observed WBC presented obvious year‐to‐year variability, especially in the summer. Overall, the summer mean velocity at the mooring site over 7‐year (2007–2013) was northeastward. The moored ADCP showed that the northeastward velocity was particularly strong in the summer of 2010, but the increase was confined in the upper 120 m. In contrast, the northeastward current disappeared throughout the observed depth range (from 50 to 450 m) in the summer of 2011. Even at the deepest observed position, the monthly velocity anomalies reached 14 cm s−1 westward and 12 cm s−1 southward in the zonal and meridional directions, respectively. Both the Vietnam offshore current (VOC) and double gyres in the western SCS disappeared and the southern anticyclonic gyre expanded to strengthened the northward WBC in the summer of 2010. However, in summer of 2011, the VOC intensified, and the northern cyclonic gyre enlarged with its northern edge reaching 18°N, slightly north of mooring site, which weakened the northeastward WBC. The observed SCS circulation anomalies during 2010 and 2011 were mainly induced by the basin‐scale wind field anomalies associated with the 2009/2010 El Niño and 2010/2011 La Niña.
High‐resolution NU‐WRF simulations of a deep convective‐precipitation system during MC3E: Further improvements and comparisons between Goddard microphysics schemes and observations
Authors: Tao Wei‐Kuo , Wu Di , Lang Stephen , Chern Jiun‐Dar , Peters‐Lidard Christa , Fridlind Ann , Matsui Toshihisa 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe Goddard microphysics was recently improved by adding a fourth ice class (frozen drops/hail). This new 4ICE scheme was developed and tested in the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) model for an intense continental squall line and a moderate, less organized continental case. Simulated peak radar reflectivity profiles were improved in intensity and shape for both cases, as were the overall reflectivity probability distributions versus observations. In this study, the new Goddard 4ICE scheme is implemented into the regional‐scale NASA Unified‐Weather Research and Forecasting (NU‐WRF) model, modified and evaluated for the same intense squall line, which occurred during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E). NU‐WRF simulated radar reflectivities, total rainfall, propagation, and convective system structures using the 4ICE scheme modified herein agree as well as or significantly better with observations than the original 4ICE and two previous 3ICE (graupel or hail) versions of the Goddard microphysics. With the modified 4ICE, the bin microphysics‐based rain evaporation correction improves propagation and in conjunction with eliminating the unrealistic dry collection of ice/snow by hail can replicate the erect, narrow, and intense convective cores. Revisions to the ice supersaturation, ice number concentration formula, and snow size mapping, including a new snow breakup effect, allow the modified 4ICE to produce a stronger, better organized system, more snow, and mimic the strong aggregation signature in the radar distributions. NU‐WRF original 4ICE simulated radar reflectivity distributions are consistent with and generally superior to those using the GCE due to the less restrictive domain and lateral boundaries.
Robust boundary stabilization of a vibrating rectangular plate using disturbance adaptation
Authors: Tavasoli Ali 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThis paper considers robust boundary control with disturbance adaptation to stabilize the vibration of a rectangular plate under disturbances with unknown upper‐bounds. Disturbances are considered to be distributed both over the plate interior domain and along the boundary (in‐domain and boundary distributed disturbances). Applying Hamilton's principle, the dynamics of the plate is represented in the form of a fourth‐order partial differential equation subject to static and dynamic boundary conditions. The proposed model considers the membrane effect of axial force and the effect of actuator mass dynamics on the plate vibration. A robust boundary control is established that stabilizes the plate in presence of both in‐domain and boundary disturbances. A rigorous Lyapunov stability analysis shows that the vibration of the plate is uniformly ultimately bounded and converges to the vicinity of zero by proper selection of control gains. For the vanishing in‐domain disturbances, it is seen that exponential stability is achieved by the proposed control. Next, a disturbance adaptation law is introduced to stabilize the plate vibration in response to disturbances with unknown bounds, and the stability of the robust boundary control with disturbance adaptation is studied using Lyapunov. Simulation results verify the efficiency of the suggested control. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalytic One‐Pot Oxetane to Carbamate Conversions: Formal Synthesis of Drug Relevant Molecules
Authors: Guo Wusheng , Laserna Victor , Rintjema Jeroen , Kleij Arjan W. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractOxetanes are versatile building blocks in drug‐related synthesis to induce property‐modulating effects. Whereas related oxiranes are widely used in coupling chemistry with carbon dioxide (CO2) to afford value‐added commodity chemicals, oxetane/CO2 couplings remain extremely limited despite the recent advances in the synthesis of these four‐membered heterocycles. Here we report an effective one‐pot three‐component reaction (3CR) strategy for the coupling of (substituted) oxetanes, amines and CO2 to afford a variety of functionalized carbamates with excellent chemoselectivity and good yields. The process is mediated by an aluminium‐based catalyst under relatively mild conditions and the developed catalytic methodology can be applied to the formal synthesis of two pharmaceutically relevant carbamates with the 3CR being a key step.magnified image
Midazolam dose correlates with abnormal hippocampal growth and neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants
Authors: Duerden Emma G. , Guo Ting , Dodbiba Lorin , Chakravarty M. Mallar , Chau Vann , Poskitt Kenneth J. , Synnes Anne , Grunau Ruth E. , Miller Steven P. 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveVery preterm‐born neonates (24–32 weeks of gestation) are exposed to stressful and painful procedures during neonatal intensive care. Analgesic and sedation therapies are essential, and opiates and benzodiazepines are commonly used. These medications may negatively impact brain development. The hippocampus may be especially vulnerable to the effects of pain and analgesic and/or sedative therapies and contribute to adverse outcomes. The effect of invasive procedures and analgesic–sedative exposure on hippocampal growth was assessed, as was that of hippocampal growth on neurodevelopmental outcome.MethodsA total of 138 neonates (51% male, median gestational age = 27.7 weeks) underwent magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) scans, early in life (postmenstrual age [PMA] = 32.3 weeks) and at term‐equivalent age (PMA = 40.2 weeks). Volumes and DTI measures of axial diffusivity, radial diffusivity, and mean diffusivity (MD) were obtained from the hippocampus. Cognitive, language, and motor abilities were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development–III at 18.7 months median corrected age. Models testing the association of invasive procedures with hippocampal volumes and DTI measures accounted for birth gestational age, sex, PMA, dose of analgesics/sedatives (fentanyl, morphine, midazolam), mechanical ventilation, hypotension, and surgeries.ResultsTotal midazolam dose predicted decreased hippocampal volumes (β = −1.8, p < 0.001) and increased MD (β = 0.002, p = 0.02), whereas invasive procedures did not (β = 0, p > 0.5 each). Lower cognitive scores were associated with hippocampal growth (β = −0.31, p = 0.003), midazolam dose (β = −0.27, p = 0.03), and surgery (β = −8.32, p = 0.04).InterpretationMidazolam exposure was associated with macro‐ and microstructural alterations in hippocampal development and poorer outcomes consistent with hippocampal dysmaturation. Use of midazolam in preterm neonates, particularly those not undergoing surgery, is cautioned. Ann Neurol 2016;79:548–559