bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing Lead Poisoning Risk Assessment Methods: Census Block Group Characteristics vs. Zip Codes as Predictors
Authors: Kaplowitz Stan A. , Perlstadt Harry , Post Lori A. 
Published: July 2017

Objective. We determined which children should be tested for elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) in the face of financial and practical barriers to universal screening efforts and within 2009 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations allowing health departments to develop BLL screening strategies. Methods. We used the Michigan database of BLL tests from 1998 through 2005, which contains address, Medicaid eligibility, and race data. Linking addresses to U.S. Census 2000 data by block group provided neighborhood sociodemographic and housing characteristics. To derive an equation predicting BLL, we treated BLL as a continuous variable and used Hierarchical Linear Modeling to estimate the prediction equation. Results. Census block groups explained more variance in BLL than tracts and much more than dichotomized zip code risk (which is current pediatric practice). Housing built before 1940, socioeconomic status and racial/ethnic characteristics of the block group, child characteristics, and empirical Bayesian residuals explained more than 41% of the variance in BLL during 1998–2001. By contrast, zip code risk and Medicaid status only explained 15% of the BLL variance. An equation using 1998–2001 BLL data predicted well for BLL tests performed in 2002–2005. While those who received BLL tests had above-average risk, this method produced minimal bias in using the prediction equation for all children. Conclusions. Our equation offers better specificity and sensitivity than using dichotomized zip codes and Medicaid status, thereby identifying more high-risk children while also offering substantial cost savings. Our prediction equation can be used with a simple Internet-based program that allows health-care providers to enter minimal information and determine whether a BLL test is recommended.
Institutional Racism and Pregnancy Health: Using Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Data to Develop an Index for Mortgage Discrimination at the Community Level
Authors: Mendez Dara D. , Hogan Vijaya K. , Culhane Jennifer 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. We used Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data to demonstrate a method for constructing a residential redlining index to measure institutional racism at the community level. We examined the application of the index to understand the social context of health inequities by applying the residential redlining index among a cohort of pregnant women in Philadelphia. Methods. We used HMDA data from 1999–2004 to create residential redlining indices for each census tract in Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania. We linked the redlining indices to data from a pregnancy cohort study and the 2000 Census. We spatially mapped the levels of redlining for each census tract for this pregnancy cohort and tested the association between residential redlining and other community-level measures of segregation and individual health. Results. From 1999–2004, loan applicants in Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, of black race/ethnicity were almost two times as likely to be denied a mortgage loan compared with applicants who were white (e.g., 1999 odds ratio [OR] = 2.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.63, 2.28; and 2004 OR=2.26, 95% CI 1.98, 2.58). The majority (77.5%) of the pregnancy cohort resided in redlined neighborhoods, and there were significant differences in residence in redlined areas by race/ethnicity ( p<0.001). Among the pregnancy cohort, redlining was associated with residential segregation as measured by the percentage of black population (r=0.155), dissimilarity (r=0.250), exposure (r=–0.115), and isolation (r=0.174) indices. Conclusions. The evidence of institutional racism may contribute to our understanding of health disparities. Residential redlining and mortgage discrimination against communities may be a major factor influencing neighborhood structure, composition, development, and wealth attainment. This residential redlining index as a measure for institutional racism can be applied in health research to understand the unique social and neighborhood contexts that contribute to health inequities.
Spatial Visualization of Multivariate Datasets: An Analysis of STD and HIV/AIDS Diagnosis Rates and Socioeconomic Context Using Ring Maps
Authors: Fede Ana Lòpez-De , Stewart John E. , Hardin James W. , Mayfield-Smith Kathy , Sudduth Dawn 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. We used existing data systems to examine sexually transmitted disease (STD) and HIV/AIDS diagnosis rates and explore potential county-level associations between HIV/AIDS diagnosis rates and socioeconomic disadvantage. Methods. Using South Carolina county data, we constructed multivariate ring maps to spatially visualize syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and HIV/AIDS diagnosis rates; gender- and race-specific HIV/AIDS diagnosis rates; and three measures of socioeconomic disadvantage—an unemployment index, a poverty index, and the Townsend index of social deprivation. Statistical analyses were performed to quantitatively assess potential county-level associations between HIV/AIDS diagnosis rates and each of the three indexes of socioeconomic disadvantage. Results. Ring maps revealed substantial spatial association in STD and HIV/AIDS diagnosis rates and highlighted large gender and racial disparities in HIV/AIDS across the state. The mean county-level HIV/AIDS diagnosis rate (per 100,000 population) was 24.2 for males vs. 11.2 for females, and 34.8 for African Americans vs. 5.2 for white people. In addition, ring map visualization suggested a county-level association between HIV/AIDS diagnosis rates and socioeconomic disadvantage. Significant positive bivariate relationships were found between HIV/AIDS rate categories and each increase in poverty index category (odds ratio [OR] = 2.03; p=0.006), as well as each increase in Townsend index of social deprivation category (OR=4.98; p<0.001). A multivariate ordered logistic regression model in which all three socioeconomic disadvantage indexes were included showed a significant positive association between HIV/AIDS and Townsend index categories (adjusted OR=6.10; p<0.001). Conclusions. Ring maps graphically depicted the spatial coincidence of STD and HIV/AIDS and revealed large gender and racial disparities in HIV/AIDS across South Carolina counties. This spatial visualization method used existing data systems to highlight the importance of social determinants of health in program planning and decision-making processes.
An Explanation for the Recent Increase in the Fall Death Rate among Older Americans: A Subgroup Analysis
Authors: Hu Guoqing , Baker Susan P. 
Published: July 2017

Objective. We sought to explain the recent increase in the death rate from falls among Americans aged 65 years and older. Methods. Using the CDC WONDER online database, a longitudinal analysis of subgroups of fall mortality based on the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) was conducted in older adults and in younger people. We used linear regression to examine the statistical significance of trends in mortality rates during 1999–2007. Results. The overall mortality rate from falls increased by 55% among older Americans (≥65 years of age) during 1999–2007, from 29 per 100,000 population to 45 per 100,000 population. For those aged ≥65 years, the largest increase by far (698%) occurred in the subgroup “other falls on the same level,” followed by a moderate increase in falls involving wheelchairs or furniture (48%). The steepest increases at all ages occurred from 1999 to 2000, after ICD-10 took effect. State-level analysis confirmed the findings for the entire United States. From 1999 to 2007, total mortality from falls decreased by 5% in people younger than 45 years of age and increased by 44% for those aged 45–64 years; mortality from “other falls on the same level” increased by 202% and 431%, respectively, in these age groups. Conclusions. Because the reported minor increases in emergency department and hospitalization rates for falls were insignificant, the almost sevenfold increase in death rates from “other falls on the same level” strongly suggests an effect of improved reporting quality.
Health, Chronic Conditions, and Behavioral Risk Disparities among U.S. Immigrant Children and Adolescents
Authors: Singh Gopal K. , Yu Stella M. , Kogan Michael D. 
Published: July 2017

Objective. We examined differentials in the prevalence of 23 parent-reported health, chronic condition, and behavioral indicators among 91,532 children of immigrant and U.S.-born parents. Methods. We used the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health to estimate health differentials among 10 ethnic-nativity groups. Logistic regression yielded adjusted differentials. Results. Immigrant children in each racial/ethnic group had a lower prevalence of depression and behavioral problems than native-born children The prevalence of autism varied from 0.3% among immigrant Asian children to 1.3%–1.4% among native-born non-Hispanic white and Hispanic children Immigrant children had a lower prevalence of asthma, attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; developmental delay; learning disability; speech, hearing, and sleep problems; school absence; and ≥1 chronic condition than native-born children, with health risks increasing markedly in relation to mother's duration of residence in the U.S. Immigrant children had a substantially lower exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, with the odds of exposure being 60%–95% lower among immigrant non-Hispanic black, Asian, and Hispanic children compared with native non-Hispanic white children. Obesity prevalence ranged from 7.7% for native-born Asian children to 24.9%–25.1% for immigrant Hispanic and native-born non-Hispanic black children. Immigrant children had higher physical inactivity levels than native-born children; however, inactivity rates declined with each successive generation of immigrants. Immigrant Hispanic children were at increased risk of obesity and sedentary behaviors. Ethnic-nativity differentials in health and behavioral indicators remained marked after covariate adjustment. Conclusions. Immigrant patterns in child health and health-risk behaviors vary substantially by ethnicity, generational status, and length of time since immigration Public health programs must target at-risk children of both immigrant and U.S.-born parents.
Enhanced Chronic Hepatitis C Surveillance in New York City, April 2009–January 2011
Authors: Drezner Kate , Bornschlegel Katherine , McGibbon Emily , Balter Sharon 
Published: July 2017

Objective. We analyzed and evaluated enhanced chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) surveillance in New York City (NYC), which involved detailed investigations on a sample of newly reported HCV patients. Methods. Beginning in July 2009, we generated a simple random sample bimonthly from all patients newly reported with a positive HCV test. We administered questionnaires to clinicians and patients to collect clinical and epidemiological information on patients diagnosed from April 2009 to January 2011 and evaluated the staff resources required to conduct enhanced surveillance. Results. Of 205 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 40 (19.5%) tested HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA) negative. For the remaining 165 patients, questionnaires were completed by 164 clinicians (99.4%) and 77 patients (46.7%). Many patients (54.0%) were born between 1945 and 1964, and most patients were Hispanic (32.7%) or non-Hispanic black (32.7%). Common risk factors were injection (43.0%) and intranasal (33.9%) drug use. One-third of patients were diagnosed in nontraditional medical settings including substance abuse/detoxification centers (25.0%), jail/prison (6.7%), and psychiatric facilities (1.8%). Of 98 patients with positive HCV RNA tests, 38.8% were immune to hepatitis A and 39.8% were immune to hepatitis B. Investigators required approximately 3.5 hours to complete each investigation and averaged 50 days from assignment to completion. Conclusions. Although conducting enhanced HCV surveillance requires significant resources, investigating a representative sample provides detailed information about NYC's HCV population. Surveillance data have been used to plan educational initiatives for clinicians and patients, which may have led to increased awareness of HCV status, improved patient support, and better overall care.
Electronic Health Information Quality Challenges and Interventions to Improve Public Health Surveillance Data and Practice
Authors: Dixon Brian E. , Siegel Jason A. , Oemig Tanya V. , Grannis Shaun J. 
Published: July 2017

Objective. We examined completeness, an attribute of data quality, in the context of electronic laboratory reporting (ELR) of notifiable disease information to public health agencies. Methods. We extracted more than seven million ELR messages from multiple clinical information systems in two states We calculated and compared the completeness of various data fields within the messages that were identified to be important to public health reporting processes We compared unaltered, original messages from source systems with similar messages from another state as well as messages enriched by a health information exchange (HIE). Our analysis focused on calculating completeness (i e, the number of nonmissing values) for fields deemed important for inclusion in notifiable disease case reports. Results. The completeness of data fields for laboratory transactions varied across clinical information systems and jurisdictions. Fields identifying the patient and test results were usually complete (97%–100%). Fields containing patient demographics, patient contact information, and provider contact information were suboptimal (6%–89%). Transactions enhanced by the HIE were found to be more complete (increases ranged from 2% to 25%) than the original messages. Conclusion. ELR data from clinical information systems can be of suboptimal quality. Public health monitoring of data sources and augmentation of ELR message content using HIE services can improve data quality.
Rates of Substance Use of American Indian Students in 8th, 10th, and 12th Grades Living on or near Reservations: Update, 2009–2012
Authors: Stanley Linda R. , Harness Susan D. , Swaim Randall C. , Beauvais Fred 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. Understanding the similarities and differences between substance use rates for American Indian (AI) young people and young people nationally can better inform prevention and treatment efforts. We compared substance use rates for a large sample of AI students living on or near reservations for the years 2009–2012 with national prevalence rates from Monitoring the Future (MTF). Methods. We identified and sampled schools on or near AI reservations by region; 1,399 students in sampled schools were administered the American Drug and Alcohol Survey. We computed lifetime, annual, and last-month prevalence measures by grade and compared them with MTF results for the same time period. Results. Prevalence rates for AI students were significantly higher than national rates for nearly all substances, especially for 8th graders. Rates of marijuana use were very high, with lifetime use higher than 50% for all grade groups. Other findings of interest included higher binge drinking rates and OxyContin® use for AI students. Conclusions. The results from this study demonstrate that adolescent substance use is still a major problem among reservation-based AI adolescent students, especially 8th graders, where prevalence rates were sometimes dramatically higher than MTF rates. Given the high rates of substance use-related problems on reservations, such as academic failure, delinquency, violent criminal behavior, suicidality, and alcohol-related mortality, the costs to members of this population and to society will continue to be much too high until a comprehensive understanding of the root causes of substance use are established.
Prognostic factors in advanced head and neck cancer patients undergoing multimodality therapy
Authors: Mick Rosemarie , Vokes Everett E. , Weichselbaum Ralph R. , Panje William R. 
Published: July 2017

A retrospective analysis was performed to investigate potential prognostic factors for complete remission to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and overall survival in patients with previously untreated stage III and stage IV head and neck cancer. Eighty consecutive patients were treated in one of two studies investigating three or four courses of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Before local therapy with surgery and/or radiotheapy, 29% attained a complete remission. No strong significant and independent predictor of complete remission was identified. Only nodal stage (N) was found moderately associated with complete remission (p= 0.06). Node‐negative patients had higher remission rates. Less important predictors were tumor stage (T) and site of disease; nasopharyngeal patients had superior remission rates (56%). With a median followup of 45 months and estimated 3‐year survival rate of 38% (median 23.7 months), individual factors predictive of survival included pretherapy weight loss, performance status, alcohol use, pretherapy serum albumin level, site of disease, and N stage. In multivariate testing weight loss was identified as the strongest independent predictor of survival (p< 0.0001) and surpassed other health status measures, such as performance status and serum albumin level. In addition, N stage (p= 0.019) and alcohol use (p= 0.017) were found to be predictive. A cross‐classification by N stage and weight loss revealed risk groups with distinctly different prognoses, which may be useful for design and analysis in future trials.
Adhesively Bonded Assemblies with Identical Nondeformable Adherends and Nonhomogeneous Adhesive Layer: Predicted Thermal Stresses in the Adhesive
Authors: Suhir E. 
Published: July 2017

We consider a thermoelastic problem for an adhesively bonded assembly with identical nondeformable adherends and nonhomogeneous adhesive layer: its midportion has a larger coefficient of thermal expansion (contraction), larger Young's modulus and smaller Poisson's ratio than the peripheral portions. An elongated assembly is examined, and the case when the assembly is manufactured at an elevated temperature and is subsequently cooled down to a low temperature is addressed. The objective of the analysis was to develop a simple stress model for the evaluation of the thermally induced stresses and displacements in the adhesive layer. These arise because of the thermal contraction mismatch of the adhesive material with the material of the adherends, as well as because of the mismatch of the material in the midportion of the adhesive layer with the material in the peripheral portions. We conclude that sufficiently long peripheral portions can reduce substantially the stresses and the distortions of the cross-sections in the mid-portion of the adhesive layer, thereby resulting in a situation when an appreciable inner region of the midportion has a uniform state of stress and strain, and next-to-zero longitudinal displacements. The obtained results can be helpful in the analysis and design of adhesively bonded assemblies of the type in question.
Non-Isothermal Desorption of Carbon Dioxide from Polish Coals with Different Texture
Authors: Nodzenski Adam 
Published: July 2017

Energy & Environment, Vol. 6, No.3, 1995, pp. 237–246 The following corrections are required: (a) Equation 1 should read: [Formula: see text] (b) Heading for Table 2 should read: Coefficients of equation (1) (c) Bottom of page 244, for “Tm” read Tm. (d) Caption to Figure 5. ◯-◯-◯ - W430, ▪-▪-▪ - NR126, •-•-• - Th, Δ-Δ-Δ — Vi.
In at the sharp end: skin piercing and tattooing
Authors: Robinson Bryan 
Published: July 2017

This is a report of a meeting about skin piercing and tattooing, which was held at the Friends Meeting House, London on 22 March 2001. Regulation, audited hygiene training and licensing are urgently needed to support the truly professional practitioners of tattooing and skin piercing. Whatever one's personal view of these processes, the demand for them is abundant — and the health of practitioners and customers alike must be safeguarded.
Utilisation of surveillance to support the need for a 24-hour domestic service within a large acute NHS Trust
Authors: C Askew , C Cook , J McHugh , J Atkinson , R Koerner 
Published: July 2017

C ontinuous surveillance of ‘alert organisms’ and ‘alert conditions’ is an essential component in the prevention and control of infection within hospitals. The objective of this type of surveillance is the early detection and prevention of outbreaks (National Audit Office, 2000). It is also used to assess the effect of any preventative and control strategy. Infection control surveillance data can also be applied as an effective tool when planning some services for hospitals. Surveillance data was used to support the need for a 24-hour domestic service within a large acute NHS Trust by liaising with the domestic service contractors and the Trust's domestic monitoring team.
Natropalermoite,
Na2SrAl4(PO4)4(OH)4,
a new mineral isostructural with palermoite, from the Palermo No. 1 mine,
Groton, New Hampshire, USA
Authors: Schumer Benjamin N. , Yang Hexiong , Downs Robert T. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractNatropalermoite, ideally
Na2SrAl4(PO4)4(OH)4,
the Na-analogue of palermoite, is a new mineral from the Palermo No. 1 mine,
Groton, New Hampshire, USA. Associated minerals are palermoite, eosphorite
and quartz. Natropalermoite crystal sare prismatic with striations parallel
to the direction of elongation (the a axis) up to 200 μm ×
50 μm × 45 μm in size. The mineral is colourless, transparent with a white
streak and vitreous lustre and is visually indistinguishable from
palermoite. It is brittle with subconchoidal fracture and has a Mohs
hardness of 5.5. Cleavage is perfect on {001}, fair on {100} and no parting
was observed. The calculated density is 3.502 g cm–3.
Natropalermoite is biaxial (–), α = 1.624(1), β = 1.641(1), γ = 1.643(1)
(589nm), 2Vmeas = 43(4)°, 2Vcalc = 38°. An electron
microprobe analysis yielded an empirical formula (based on 20 O apfu) of
(Na1.69Li0.31)∑2.00(Sr0.95Mg0.04Ca0.02Ba0.01)∑1.02(Al3.82Mn0.03Fe0.03)∑3.88(P1.01O4)4(OH)4.Natropalermoite is orthorhombic, space group Imcb,
a = 11.4849(6), b = 16.2490(7),
c = 7.2927(4) Å, V = 1360.95(17)
Å3, Z = 4. Natropalermoite is isotypic with
palermoite, but substitution of the larger Na for Li results in substantial
increase of the b cell parameter. Four of the seven Na–O
distances are longer than their equivalents in palermoite, resulting in a
more regular 7-fold coordination polyhedron about Na. The eight strongest
peaks in the calculated X-ray powder diffraction are [dcalc(Å),Irel%, (hkl)]: [3.128, 100, (321)], [4.907, 68,
(121)], [3.327, 48, (022)], [4.689, 45, (220)], [3.078, 45, (202)], [2.453,
38, (242)], [2.636, 35, (411)], [2.174, 35, (422)].