bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐Tariff Measures, Specific Trade Concerns and Tariff Reduction
Authors: Orefice Gianluca 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis paper studies the determinants of the recent proliferation of Specific Trade Concerns raised at the WTO on non‐tariff trade measures (NTMs), with a focus on sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) and technical barriers to trade (TBTs). Even though NTMs are imposed de jure to protect consumers from unhealthy products, they increase trade costs de facto. So, when tariff protection lowers, NTMs become effective barriers to trade and the exporting countries can complain at the dedicated committee at the WTO (STCs). Therefore, we study whether STCs are raised by exporting countries as a consequence of tariff reductions in importing countries, that is when non‐tariff measures become barriers to trade. Using a recent database on STCs over the period 1996–2010, we find empirical evidence that SPS and TBT concerns are raised by exporting country as a consequence of importer's tariff cut.
Prophylactic RhCE and Kell antigen matching: impact on alloimmunization in transfusion‐dependent patients with myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Lin Y. , Saskin A. , Wells R. A. , Lenis M. , Mamedov A. , Callum J. , Buckstein R. 
Published: October 2016

Background and ObjectivesThirty to 80 per cent of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) become transfusion‐dependent and are at risk for red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization. This study compared alloimmunization rates in transfusion‐dependent patients with MDS at an institution with a policy of prophylactic antigen matching for RhCE and K (PAM) with those transfused at institutions without such a policy (non‐PAM).Materials and MethodsTransfusion records were retrospectively reviewed to determine total number of RBC transfusions received, whether RBC phenotyping was performed, the type and date of first alloantibody development and receipt of prophylactic antigen matching for RhCE and K.ResultsIn 176 transfusion‐dependent patients with MDS, the overall rate of new alloimmunization was 17%; the majority of patients (87%) developed at least one alloantibody to Rh or Kell antigens. The alloimmunization rate at the institution with a PAM policy was 11% compared with 23% at non‐PAM institutions (P = 0·06). The rate of Rh/K alloimmunization was 7 vs. 22%, respectively (P = 0·008). No patient who received PAM developed a Rh/K alloantibody.ConclusionThe rate of alloimmunization was 11% at an institution with a PAM policy which was non‐significantly lower than 23% at institutions without a PAM policy. However, rates of Rh/K alloimmunization were significantly lower. Such a policy should be considered in transfusion‐dependent patients with MDS, although further studies on cost‐effectiveness and careful consideration of resource availability in the local context are required.
Serum soluble urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor as a serum marker of inflammatory response that leads to tissue damage and surgical complication
Authors: Tognoli Emiliano , Luigi Giuseppe Leoni Matteo , Morelli Daniele , Sottotetti Elisa , Martinetti Antonia , Signoroni Stefano , Galeone Carlotta , Gallino Gianfranco 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTUnrestrained activation of the proteolytic systems in anastomotic tissue during repair has been implicated in the pathogenesis of anastomotic leakage. We hypothesized that this mechanism may promote an up‐regulation of the urokinase‐type plasminogen activator system and a spillover of soluble urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) into blood. In this retrospective analysis patients with anastomotic leakage were compared with a group of matched uncomplicated patients. Anastomotic leakage complicated patients had significantly higher suPAR (p = 0.04) levels until day 3 after surgery. The area under the receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) for suPAR was higher than that CRP (0.874 vs. 0.836). Their analysis suggests the possible use of suPAR as serum marker to characterize the persistent inflammatory response that lead to tissue damage and surgical complication.
Unwrapping 3D complex hollow organs for spatial dose surface analysis
Authors: Witztum A. , George B. , Warren S. , Partridge M. , Hawkins M. A. 
Published: October 2016

PurposeToxicity dose–response models describe the correlation between dose delivered to an organ and a given toxic endpoint. Duodenal toxicity is a dose limiting factor in the treatment of pancreatic cancer with radiation but the relationship between dose and toxicity in the duodenum is not well understood. While there have been limited studies into duodenal toxicity through investigations of the volume of the organ receiving dose over a specific threshold, both dose‐volume and dose‐surface histograms lack spatial information about the dose distribution, which may be important in determining normal tissue response. Due to the complex geometry of the duodenum, previous methods for unwrapping tubular organs for spatial modeling of toxicity are insufficient. A geometrically robust method for producing 2D dose surface maps (DSMs), specifically for the duodenum, has been developed and tested in order to characterize the spatial dose distribution.MethodsThe organ contour is defined using Delaunay triangulation. The user selects a start and end coordinate in the structure and a path is found by regulating both length and curvature. This path is discretized and rays are cast from each point on the plane normal to the vector between the previous and the next point on the path and the dose at the closest perimeter point recorded. These angular perimeter slices are “unwrapped” from the edge distal to the pancreas to ensure the high dose region (proximal to the tumor) falls in the centre of the dose map. Gamma analysis is used to quantify the robustness of this method and the effect of overlapping planes.ResultsThis method was used to extract DSMs for 15 duodena, with one esophagus case to illustrate the application to simpler geometries. Visual comparison indicates that a 30 × 30 map provides sufficient resolution to view gross spatial features of interest. A lookup table is created to store the area (cm2) represented by each pixel in the DSMs in order to allow spatial descriptors in absolute size. The method described in this paper is robust, requires minimal human interaction, has been shown to be generalizable to simpler geometries, and uses readily available commercial software. The difference seen in DSMs due to overlapping planes is large and justifies the need for a solution that removes such planes.ConclusionsThis is the first time 2D dose surface maps have been produced for the duodenum and provide spatial dose distribution information which can be explored to create models that may improve toxicity prediction in treatments for locally advanced pancreatic cancer.
Primary care interventions to reduce cardiovascular risk behaviours in adolescents: a protocol for a systematic review
Authors: Haller Dagmar M , Pfarrwaller Eva , Cerutti Bernard , Gaspoz Jean-Michel 
Published: October 2016

IntroductionHealth-compromising behaviours are often acquired in adolescence. Alongside broader public health interventions, preventive interventions within primary care have the potential to encourage long-lasting behaviour change by tailoring messages to each individual. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of primary care interventions in reducing the 3 main cardiovascular risk behaviours (smoking, low physical activity and unhealthy diet) in adolescents aged 10–19 years. It is also to identify successful initiatives and ingredients for such success that could be replicated in primary care.Methods and analysisThis systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. The following databases will be searched for articles published between January 1990 and December 2016: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ClinicalTrials.gov, ISRCTN registry. Our search will focus on randomised and cluster randomised controlled trials of interventions conducted in primary care practices to reduce the 3 main cardiovascular risk behaviours in adolescents aged 10–19 years, compared with active (information leaflet, etc) or passive (usual care, etc) control conditions. The primary outcomes will be smoking, physical activity and diet, measured either objectively or by self-report. Secondary outcomes such as body mass index or insulin resistance will also be examined. 2 reviewers will independently screen articles, extract relevant data and assess study quality using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. A meta-analysis will be considered if the number of studies is sufficient and outcomes are sufficiently homogeneous. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria will be used to assess the quality of the evidence.Ethics and disseminationThis systematic review will add to our knowledge on the prevention of cardiovascular disease early in life and these findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and presentations at relevant conferences.Study registration numberPROSPERO CRD42016028045.
Stress fracture and premenstrual syndrome in Japanese adolescent athletes: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Takeda Takashi , Imoto Yoko , Nagasawa Hiroyo , Takeshita Atsuko , Shiina Masami 
Published: October 2016

ObjectivesTo investigate the relationship between the occurrence of stress fracture and premenstrual syndrome (PMS)/premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) in Japanese adolescent athletes.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingOsaka, Japan.ParticipantsA school-based survey on menstruation and school life was conducted using a sample of 1818 Japanese female students who belonged to two public high schools in Japan. Among them, we recruited 394 athletes who had regular menstrual cycles (25–38 days) and completed a questionnaire about their premenstrual symptoms and their competitive career.Main outcome measurePremenstrual symptoms and the occurrence of stress fracture.ResultsThe prevalences of moderate-to-severe PMS and PMDD were 8.9% and 1.3%, respectively, which were the same as in collegiate athletes in a previous study. Premenstrual symptoms disturbed ‘Work efficiency or productivity, home responsibilities’, ‘Relationships with coworkers or family’ and ‘Athletic performance in training or competition’ more severely than menstrual pain (p=0.031, p=0.004 and p<0.001, respectively). 66 athletes (16.8%) reported having experienced a stress fracture. The severity of ‘Overeating or food cravings’, ‘Physical symptoms’ and ‘Performance in training or competition’ in athletes with previous stress fractures were much higher than in those without a history of stress fractures (p=0.015, p=0.008 and p=0.006, respectively). In terms of premenstrual symptoms, ‘Physical symptoms’ was associated with an increased risk of stress fractures in athletes (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.62).ConclusionsThe results from this study indicated that premenstrual symptoms may affect athletic performance and has the risk of stress fractures in adolescent athletes.
Integration of oral health into primary care: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Emami Elham , Harnagea Hermina , Girard Felix , Charbonneau Anne , Voyer René , Bedos Christophe Pierre , Chartier Martin , Wootton John , Couturier Yves 
Published: October 2016

IntroductionIntegrated care has been introduced as a means of improving health outcomes and access to care, and reducing the cost of healthcare. Despite its importance, the integration of oral health into primary care is still an emerging healthcare pathway. This scoping review protocol has been developed and funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research to provide an evidence-based synthesis on a primary oral healthcare approach and its effectiveness in improving oral health outcomes.Methods and analysisThe 6-stage framework developed by Levacet alunderpins this scoping review. We will identify relevant existing theories, programmes and original research through a comprehensive and systematic search of electronic databases such as OVID (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane databases), NCBI (PubMed), EBSCOhost (CINAHL), ProQuest, Databases in Public Health, Databases of the National Institutes of Health (health management and health technology) and relevant organisational websites and other sources of grey literature. All types of studies from 1978 to May 2016 in the French and English languages will be included. Using the Rainbow conceptual model of integrative primary care, a qualitative descriptive approach and thematic analysis will be used to synthesise the literature. Implementing novel healthcare models necessitates identifying barriers, sharing knowledge and delivering information. The integration of oral healthcare into primary care is an approach that promotes breaking the boundaries separating oral healthcare professionals and primary care. It creates opportunities for the dental workforce to become more involved in community-based practice and to assume shared responsibility with healthcare professionals to address the unmet oral health needs of those experiencing vulnerability and marginalisation.Ethics and disseminationThe scoping study has received approval from the Université de Montréal's Institutional Review Board (#14–097-CERES-D). The findings will be disseminated through publications and presentations in provincial, national and international research symposiums and professional meetings.
The influence of procedural volume and proficiency gain on mortality from upper GI endoscopic mucosal resection
Authors: Markar Sheraz R , Mackenzie Hugh , Ni Melody , Huddy Jeremy R , Askari Alan , Faiz Omar , Griffin S Michael , Lovat Laurence , Hanna George B 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveEndoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is established for the management of benign and early malignant upper GI disease. The aim of this observational study was to establish the effect of endoscopist procedural volume on mortality.DesignPatients undergoing upper GI EMR between 1997 and 2012 were identified from the Hospital Episode Statistics database. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality and secondary outcomes were 90-day mortality, requirement for emergency intervention and elective cancer re-intervention. Risk-adjusted cumulative sum (RA-CUSUM) analysis was used to assess patient mortality risk during initial stage of endoscopist proficiency gain and the effect of endoscopist and hospital volume. Mortality was compared before and after the change point or threshold in the RA-CUSUM curve.Results11 051 patients underwent upper GI EMR. Endoscopist procedure volume was an independent predictor of 30-day mortality. Fifty-eight per cent of EMR procedures were performed by endoscopists with annual volume of 2 cases or less, and had a higher 30-day and 90-day mortality rate for patients with cancer, 6.1% vs 0.4% (p<0.001) and 12% vs 2.1% (p<0.001), respectively. The requirement for emergency intervention after EMR for cancer was also greater with low volume endoscopists (1.8% vs 0.1%, p=0.002). In patients with cancer, the RA-CUSUM curve change points for 30-day mortality and elective re-intervention were 4 cases and 43 cases, respectively.ConclusionsEMR performed by high volume endoscopists is associated with reduced adverse outcomes. In order to reach proficiency, appropriate training and procedural volume accreditation training programmes are needed nationally.
Diffraction as a critical element in soft scattering
Authors: Maor Uri ,   Collaboration with E. Gotsman And E. Levin
Published: October 2016

Gribov’s partonic Pomeron provides the foundations of updated models which incorporate soft and hard scattering, so as to reproduce the recent LHC p-p cross sections. Explicitly, total, elastic, inelastic and diffrative data. Leading models are: GLM (Gotsman, Levin, Maor), KMR (Khoze, Martin, Ryskin), Kaidalov-Poghosyan and Ostapchenco. None of these models in their pre-LHC versions reproduced the TOTEM, ALICE, ATLAS and CMS soft LHC data, needing considerable reconstructions, either in the fitting procedures (GLM), or in the details of the theoretical models. In the following, I shall relate mostly to the GLM model, emphasizing the critical role of the diffractive channels.
Does the sensorimotor system minimize prediction error or select the most likely prediction during object lifting?
Authors: Cashaback Joshua G. A. , McGregor Heather R. , Pun Henry C. H. , Buckingham Gavin , Gribble Paul L. 
Published: October 2016

The human sensorimotor system is routinely capable of making accurate predictions about an object's weight, which allows for energetically efficient lifts and prevents objects from being dropped. Often, however, poor predictions arise when the weight of an object can vary and sensory cues about object weight are sparse (e.g., picking up an opaque water bottle). The question arises, what strategies does the sensorimotor system use to make weight predictions when one is dealing with an object whose weight may vary? For example, does the sensorimotor system use a strategy that minimizes prediction error (minimal squared error) or one that selects the weight that is most likely to be correct (maximum a posteriori)? In this study we dissociated the predictions of these two strategies by having participants lift an object whose weight varied according to a skewed probability distribution. We found, using a small range of weight uncertainty, that four indexes of sensorimotor prediction (grip force rate, grip force, load force rate, and load force) were consistent with a feedforward strategy that minimizes the square of prediction errors. These findings match research in the visuomotor system, suggesting parallels in underlying processes. We interpret our findings within a Bayesian framework and discuss the potential benefits of using a minimal squared error strategy. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using a novel experimental model of object lifting, we tested whether the sensorimotor system models the weight of objects by minimizing lifting errors or by selecting the statistically most likely weight. We found that the sensorimotor system minimizes the square of prediction errors for object lifting. This parallels the results of studies that investigated visually guided reaching, suggesting an overlap in the underlying mechanisms between tasks that involve different sensory systems.
Rhythm generation, coordination, and initiation in the vocal pathways of male African clawed frogs
Authors: Yamaguchi Ayako , Cavin Barnes Jessica , Appleby Todd 
Published: October 2016

Central pattern generators (CPGs) in the brain stem are considered to underlie vocalizations in many vertebrate species, but the detailed mechanisms underlying how motor rhythms are generated, coordinated, and initiated remain unclear. We addressed these issues using isolated brain preparations of Xenopus laevis from which fictive vocalizations can be elicited. Advertisement calls of male X. laevis that consist of fast and slow trills are generated by vocal CPGs contained in the brain stem. Brain stem central vocal pathways consist of a premotor nucleus [dorsal tegmental area of medulla (DTAM)] and a laryngeal motor nucleus [a homologue of nucleus ambiguus (n.IX-X)] with extensive reciprocal connections between the nuclei. In addition, DTAM receives descending inputs from the extended amygdala. We found that unilateral transection of the projections between DTAM and n.IX-X eliminated premotor fictive fast trill patterns but did not affect fictive slow trills, suggesting that the fast and slow trill CPGs are distinct; the slow trill CPG is contained in n.IX-X, and the fast trill CPG spans DTAM and n.IX-X. Midline transections that eliminated the anterior, posterior, or both commissures caused no change in the temporal structure of fictive calls, but bilateral synchrony was lost, indicating that the vocal CPGs are contained in the lateral halves of the brain stem and that the commissures synchronize the two oscillators. Furthermore, the elimination of the inputs from extended amygdala to DTAM, in addition to the anterior commissure, resulted in autonomous initiation of fictive fast but not slow trills by each hemibrain stem, indicating that the extended amygdala provides a bilateral signal to initiate fast trills. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Central pattern generators (CPGs) are considered to underlie vocalizations in many vertebrate species, but the detailed mechanisms underlying their functions remain unclear. We addressed this question using an isolated brain preparation of African clawed frogs. We discovered that two vocal phases are mediated by anatomically distinct CPGs, that there are a pair of CPGs contained in the left and right half of the brain stem, and that mechanisms underlying initiation of the two vocal phases are distinct.
Eating Disorders and Breast Cancer
Authors: O'Brien Katie M. , Whelan Denis R. , Sandler Dale P. , Weinberg Clarice R. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Background: Eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa affect overall and reproductive health and may also affect breast cancer risk. We studied the association between self-reported eating disorders and breast cancer risk in a prospective cohort study.
Methods: In 2003–2009, the Sister Study enrolled women ages 35–74 years who had a sister with breast cancer but had never had it themselves. Using data from 47,813 women, we estimated adjusted HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between eating disorders and invasive breast cancer over a median of 5.4 years of follow-up.
Results: Three percent (n = 1,569) of participants reported a history of an eating disorder. Compared with women who never had an eating disorder, women who reported eating disorders in the past had reduced breast cancer risk (HR = 0.62; 95% CI, 0.42–0.92).
Conclusions: In this large prospective, observational cohort study, we observed an inverse association between having a history of an eating disorder and invasive breast cancer.
Impact: Historical eating disorders may be associated with a long-term reduction in breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(2); 206–11. ©2016 AACR.