bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historia de la investigación española en psicología vista a través de las principales revistas científicas del área durante el período 2003-2012.
Authors: Osca-Lluch Julia , Gonzalez Sala Fancisco , Fonseca Baeza Sara , Civera Mollá Cristina 
Published: August 2017

La abundancia y nivel de las publicaciones científicas, constituye un indicador de la capacidad, trayectoria y calidad científica de un país, área temática o grupo de investigación. El grado de visibilidad internacional de una revista es un importante indicador sobre su calidad y cada vez es más considerado por las agencias de evaluación de los meritos científicos. Este estudio ofrece un análisis de la evolución de la actividad española en psicología, vista a través de su producción científica en las revistas de psicología recogidas en las base de datos JCR del SSCI (Social Sciences Citation Index) y del SCI (Science Citation Index) durante los años 2003-2012.	Los resultados indican un crecimiento en la producción científica española en este período y un crecimiento en el número de revistas españolas y latinoamericanas en las bases de datos JCR (SCI y SSCI), lo que es un indicador del esfuerzo que están realizando los editores de las revistas de estos países en cuidar los aspectos formales de las publicaciones y aumentar su calidad, obteniendo una mayor proyección internacional y un aumento de su presencia en bases de datos internacionales.	El comportamiento de los investigadores en psicología, es diferente, dependiendo de las áreas temáticas. Como conclusión destacar que a lo largo del período estudiado se observa un aumento en el número de revistas utilizadas para publicar los trabajos de psicología. Durante el quinquenio 2008-2012 las revistas más utilizadas por los investigadores españoles fueron las editadas en España, Francia, Inglaterra, Estados Unidos y Colombia.
Capsule Type and Amount Affect Shedding and Transmission of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Zafar M. Ammar , Hamaguchi Shigeto , Zangari Tonia , Cammer Michael , Weiser Jeffrey N. 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT

The capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
is characterized by its diversity, as it has over 95 known serotypes, and the variation in its thickness as it surrounds an organism. While within-host effects of CPS have been studied in detail, there is no information about its contribution to host-to-host transmission. In this study, we used an infant mouse model of intralitter transmission, together with isogenic capsule switch and
cps
promoter switch constructs, to explore the effects of CPS type and amount. The determining factor in the transmission rate in this model is the number of pneumococci shed in nasal secretions by colonized hosts. Two of seven capsule switch constructs showed reduced shedding. These constructs were unimpaired in colonization and expressed capsules similar in size to those of the wild-type strain. A
cps
promoter switch mutant expressing ~50% of wild-type amounts of CPS also displayed reduced shedding without a defect in colonization. Since shedding from the mucosal surface may require escape from mucus entrapment, a mucin-binding assay was used to compare capsule switch and
cps
promoter switch mutants. The CPS type or amount constructs that shed poorly were bound more robustly by immobilized mucin. These capsule switch and
cps
promoter switch constructs with increased mucin-binding affinity and reduced shedding also had lower rates of pup-to-pup transmission. Our results demonstrate that CPS type and amount affect transmission dynamics and may contribute to the marked differences in prevalence among pneumococcal types.

IMPORTANCE
Streptococcus pneumoniae
, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, is readily transmitted, especially among young children. Its structurally and antigenically diverse capsular polysaccharide is the target of currently licensed pneumococcal vaccines. Epidemiology studies show that only a subset of the >95 distinct serotypes are prevalent in the human population, suggesting that certain capsular polysaccharide types might be more likely to be transmitted within the community. Herein, we used an infant mouse model to show that both capsule type and amount are important determinants in the spread of pneumococci from host to host. Transmission rates correlate with those capsule types that are better at escaping mucus entrapment, a key step in exiting the host upper respiratory tract. Hence, our study provides a better mechanistic understanding of why certain pneumococcal serotypes are more common in the human population.
Pharmacodynamics of the Orotomides against
Aspergillus fumigatus
: New Opportunities for Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Fungal Disease
Authors: Hope William W. , McEntee Laura , Livermore Joanne , Whalley Sarah , Johnson Adam , Farrington Nicola , Kolamunnage-Dona Ruwanthi , Schwartz Julie , Kennedy Anthony , Law Derek , Birch Michael , Rex John H. 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT

F901318 is an antifungal agent with a novel mechanism of action and potent activity against
Aspergillus
spp. An understanding of the pharmacodynamics (PD) of F901318 is required for selection of effective regimens for study in phase II and III clinical trials. Neutropenic murine and rabbit models of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis were used. The primary PD endpoint was serum galactomannan. The relationships between drug exposure and the impacts of dose fractionation on galactomannan, survival, and histopathology were determined. The results were benchmarked against a clinically relevant exposure of posaconazole. In the murine model, administration of a total daily dose of 24 mg/kg of body weight produced consistently better responses with increasingly fractionated regimens. The ratio of the minimum total plasma concentration/MIC (
C
min
/MIC) was the PD index that best linked drug exposure with observed effect. An average
C
min
(mg/liter) and
C
min
/MIC of 0.3 and 9.1, respectively, resulted in antifungal effects equivalent to the effect of posaconazole at the upper boundary of its expected human exposures. This pattern was confirmed in a rabbit model, where
C
min
and
C
min
/MIC targets of 0.1 and 3.3, respectively, produced effects previously reported for expected human exposures of isavuconazole. These targets were independent of triazole susceptibility. The pattern of maximal effect evident with these drug exposure targets was also apparent when survival and histopathological clearance were used as study endpoints. F901318 exhibits time-dependent antifungal activity. The PD targets can now be used to select regimens for phase II and III clinical trials.

IMPORTANCE
Invasive fungal infections are common and often lethal. There are relatively few antifungal agents licensed for clinical use. Antifungal drug toxicity and the emergence of drug resistance make the treatment of these infections very challenging. F901318 is the first in a new class of antifungal agents called the orotomides. This class has a novel mechanism of action that involves the inhibition of the fungal enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. F901318 is being developed for clinical use. A deep understanding of the relationship between dosages, drug concentrations in the body, and the antifungal effect is fundamental to the identification of the regimens to administer to patients with invasive fungal infections. This study provides the necessary information to ensure that the right dose of F901318 is used the first time. Such an approach considerably reduces the risks in drug development programs and ensures that patients with few therapeutic options can receive potentially life-saving antifungal therapy at the earliest opportunity.
The Fusion Loops of the Initial Prefusion Conformation of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Fusion Protein Point Toward the Membrane
Authors: Fontana Juan , Atanasiu Doina , Saw Wan Ting , Gallagher John R. , Cox Reagan G. , Whitbeck J. Charles , Brown Lauren M. , Eisenberg Roselyn J. , Cohen Gary H. 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT
All enveloped viruses, including herpesviruses, must fuse their envelope with the host membrane to deliver their genomes into target cells, making this essential step subject to interference by antibodies and drugs. Viral fusion is mediated by a viral surface protein that transits from an initial prefusion conformation to a final postfusion conformation. Strikingly, the prefusion conformation of the herpesvirus fusion protein, gB, is poorly understood. Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a model system for herpesviruses, causes diseases ranging from mild skin lesions to serious encephalitis and neonatal infections. Using cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging, we have characterized the structure of the prefusion conformation and fusion intermediates of HSV-1 gB. To this end, we have set up a system that generates microvesicles displaying full-length gB on their envelope. We confirmed proper folding of gB by nondenaturing electrophoresis-Western blotting with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) covering all gB domains. To elucidate the arrangement of gB domains, we labeled them by using (i) mutagenesis to insert fluorescent proteins at specific positions, (ii) coexpression of gB with Fabs for a neutralizing MAb with known binding sites, and (iii) incubation of gB with an antibody directed against the fusion loops. Our results show that gB starts in a compact prefusion conformation with the fusion loops pointing toward the viral membrane and suggest, for the first time, a model for gB’s conformational rearrangements during fusion. These experiments further illustrate how neutralizing antibodies can interfere with the essential gB structural transitions that mediate viral entry and therefore infectivity.

IMPORTANCE
The herpesvirus family includes herpes simplex virus (HSV) and other human viruses that cause lifelong infections and a variety of diseases, like skin lesions, encephalitis, and cancers. As enveloped viruses, herpesviruses must fuse their envelope with the host membrane to start an infection. This process is mediated by a viral surface protein that transitions from an initial conformation (prefusion) to a final, more stable, conformation (postfusion). However, the prefusion conformation of the herpesvirus fusion protein (gB) is poorly understood. To elucidate the structure of the prefusion conformation of HSV type 1 gB, we have employed cryo-electron microscopy to study gB molecules expressed on the surface of vesicles. Using different approaches to label gB’s domains allowed us to model the structures of the prefusion and intermediate conformations of gB. Overall, our findings enhance our understanding of HSV fusion and lay the groundwork for the development of new ways to prevent and block HSV infection.
Understanding the challenges to caring for low birthweight babies in rural southern Malawi: a qualitative study exploring caregiver and health worker perceptions and experiences
Authors: Koenraads Marianne , Phuka John , Maleta Kenneth , Theobald Sally , Gladstone Melissa 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundLow birthweight (LBW) babies account for >80% of neonatal mortality in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia and those who survive the neonatal period are still at risk of detrimental outcomes. LBW is a major public health problem in Malawi and strongly contributes to the country’s high neonatal mortality rate. We aimed to get a better understanding of the care of LBW babies in rural Malawi in order to inform action to improve their outcomes.MethodsQualitative methods were used to identify challenges faced by caregivers and health workers within communities and at the rural facility level. We conducted 33 in-depth interviews (18 with caregivers; 15 with health workers) and 4 focus group discussions with caregivers. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and translated. Thematic analysis was used to index the data into themes and develop a robust analytical framework.ResultsCaregivers referred to LBW babies as weak, with poor health, stunted growth, developmental problems and lack of intelligence. Poor nutrition of the mother and illnesses during pregnancy were perceived to be important causes of LBW. Discrimination and stigma were described as a major challenge faced by carers of LBW babies. Problems related to feeding and the high burden of care were seen as another major challenge. Health workers described a lack of resources in health facilities, lack of adherence to counselling provided to carers and difficulties with continuity of care and follow-up in the community.ConclusionThis study highlights that care of LBW babies in rural Malawi is compromised both at community and rural facility level with poverty and existing community perceptions constituting the main challenges. To make progress in reducing neonatal mortality and promoting better outcomes, we must develop integrated community-based care packages, improve care at facility level and strengthen the links between them.
Good practice or positive action? Using Q methodology to identify competing views on improving gender equality in academic medicine
Authors: Bryant Louise D , Burkinshaw Paula , House Allan O , West Robert M , Ward Vicky 
Published: August 2017

ObjectivesThe number of women entering medicine has increased significantly, yet women are still under-represented at senior levels in academic medicine. To support the gender equality action plan at one School of Medicine, this study sought to (1) identify the range of viewpoints held by staff on how to address gender inequality and (2) identify attitudinal barriers to change.DesignQ methodology. 50 potential interventions representing good practice or positive action, and addressing cultural, organisational and individual barriers to gender equality, were ranked by participants according to their perception of priority.SettingThe School of Medicine at the University of Leeds, UK.ParticipantsFifty-five staff members were purposively sampled to represent gender and academic pay grade.ResultsPrincipal components analysis identified six competing viewpoints on how to address gender inequality. Four viewpoints favoured positive action interventions: (1) support careers of women with childcare commitments, (2) support progression of women into leadership roles rather than focus on women with children, (3) support careers of all women rather than just those aiming for leadership, and (4) drive change via high-level financial and strategic initiatives. Two viewpoints favoured good practice with no specific focus on women by (5) recognising merit irrespective of gender and (6) improving existing career development practice. No viewpoint was strongly associated with gender, pay grade or role; however, latent class analysis identified that female staff were more likely than male to prioritise the setting of equality targets. Attitudinal barriers to the setting of targets and other positive action initiatives were identified, and it was clear that not all staff supported positive action approaches.ConclusionsThe findings and the approach have utility for those involved in gender equality work in other medical and academic institutions. However, the impact of such initiatives needs to be evaluated in the longer term.
Is atmospheric pollution exposure during pregnancy associated with individual and contextual characteristics? A nationwide study in France
Authors: Ouidir Marion , Lepeule Johanna , Siroux Valérie , Malherbe Laure , Meleux Frederik , Rivière Emmanuel , Launay Ludivine , Zaros Cécile , Cheminat Marie , Charles Marie-Aline , Slama Rémy 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundExposure to atmospheric pollutants is a danger for the health of pregnant mother and children. Our objective was to identify individual (socioeconomic and behavioural) and contextual factors associated with atmospheric pollution pregnancy exposure at the nationwide level.MethodAmong 14 921 women from the French nationwide ELFE (French Longitudinal Study of Children) mother-child cohort recruited in 2011, outdoor exposure levels of PM2.5, PM10(particulate matter <2.5 µm and <10 µm in diameter) and NO2(nitrogen dioxide) were estimated at the pregnancy home address from a dispersion model with 1 km resolution. We used classification and regression trees (CART) and linear regression to characterise the association of atmospheric pollutants with individual (maternal age, body mass index, parity, education level, relationship status, smoking status) and contextual (European Deprivation Index, urbanisation level) factors.ResultsPatterns of associations were globally similar across pollutants. For the CART approach, the highest tertile of exposure included mainly women not in a relationship living in urban and socially deprived areas, with lower education level. Linear regression models identified different determinants of atmospheric pollutants exposure according to the residential urbanisation level. In urban areas, atmospheric pollutants exposure increased with social deprivation, while in rural areas a U-shaped relationship was observed.ConclusionWe highlighted social inequalities in atmospheric pollutants exposure according to contextual characteristics such as urbanisation level and social deprivation and also according to individual characteristics such as education, being in a relationship and smoking status. In French urban areas, pregnant women from the most deprived neighbourhoods were those most exposed to health-threatening atmospheric pollutants.
Simple and Green Synthesis of Boron-, Sulfur-, and Nitrogen-Co-Doped Carbon Dots as Fluorescent Probe for Selective and Sensitive Detection of Sunset Yellow
Authors: Huang Ying , Cheng Zhengjun 
Published: August 2017

Herein, we have reported the synthesis of boron-, sulfur-, and nitrogen-co-doped carbon dots (B/S/N-CDs) by one-step hydrothermal method using D-([Formula: see text])-maltose monohydrate, boracic acid, and thiocarbamide as the precursors. The prepared B/S/N-CDs possess good water dispersibility, excellent pH stabilities, and resistance to photobleaching. Furthermore, the transmission electron microscope image indicates that the B/S/N-CDs are homogeneously spherical and show good dispersion. Noticeably, the B/S/N-CDs show bright blue photoluminescence with a quantum yield of 8.9% in aqueous solution and can be used as a potent photoluminescent probe for selective and sensitive detection of sunset yellow (SY). Compared with other food colors, SY can dramatically quench the fluorescence of B/S/N-CDs. Meanwhile, the fluorescence intensity displays a good linear response with SY concentration in the range of 0–70[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M ([Formula: see text]) and the detection limit is as low as 4.65[Formula: see text]nM. The B/S/N-CDs can also be applied for the detection of SY in mineral water and business drink with satisfactory recovery. Our study has demonstrated that the B/S/N-CDs may have wide application values in medical detection, environmental monitoring, and related researches.
Neonate morphology and development in pterosaurs: evidence from a Ctenochasmatid embryo from the Early Cretaceous of Argentina
Authors: Codorniú Laura , Chiappe Luis , Rivarola David 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

We report on a diminutive pterosaur specimen (MIC-V246), from the Lower Cretaceous Lagarcito Formation, which has anatomical features and general proportions that agree with those of other juvenile specimens of the filter-feeding pterosaur
Pterodaustro guinazui
. MIC-V246 is nearly complete, with the majority of its bones in natural articulation. The specimen is preserved within a small oval surface inferred to demarcate the outline of an egg. It includes remains of the skull and mandible, some cervical, dorsal, sacral and caudal vertebrae, ribs, gastralia, both shoulder girdles, part of the ilium, and the forelimbs and hindlimbs. The skeleton is arranged in a position similar to that of avian embryos, with the wings folded sideways, the hindlimbs flexed, and the skull tucked beneath a wing. The bones are partially covered by an irregularly distributed substance differing in texture and colour from the bony elements, and identified as remnants of the eggshell. The diminutive size of the skeleton, along with its arrangement and morphology, support the identification of this specimen as one of the very few pterosaur embryos known worldwide. Its similarity in size to other
Pterodaustro
specimens interpreted as hatchlings suggests that MIC-V246 was near hatching when it died.
Intrinsic frequency biases and profiles across human cortex
Authors: Mellem Monika S. , Wohltjen Sophie , Gotts Stephen J. , Ghuman Avniel Singh , Martin Alex 
Published: August 2017

Recent findings in monkeys suggest that intrinsic periodic spiking activity in selective cortical areas occurs at timescales that follow a sensory or lower order-to-higher order processing hierarchy (Murray JD, Bernacchia A, Freedman DJ, Romo R, Wallis JD, Cai X, Padoa-Schioppa C, Pasternak T, Seo H, Lee D, Wang XJ. Nat Neurosci 17: 1661–1663, 2014). It has not yet been fully explored if a similar timescale hierarchy is present in humans. Additionally, these measures in the monkey studies have not addressed findings that rhythmic activity within a brain area can occur at multiple frequencies. In this study we investigate in humans if regions may be biased toward particular frequencies of intrinsic activity and if a full cortical mapping still reveals an organization that follows this hierarchy. We examined the spectral power in multiple frequency bands (0.5–150 Hz) from task-independent data using magnetoencephalography (MEG). We compared standardized power across bands to find regional frequency biases. Our results demonstrate a mix of lower and higher frequency biases across sensory and higher order regions. Thus they suggest a more complex cortical organization that does not simply follow this hierarchy. Additionally, some regions do not display a bias for a single band, and a data-driven clustering analysis reveals a regional organization with high standardized power in multiple bands. Specifically, theta and beta are both high in dorsal frontal cortex, whereas delta and gamma are high in ventral frontal cortex and temporal cortex. Occipital and parietal regions are biased more narrowly toward alpha power, and ventral temporal lobe displays specific biases toward gamma. Thus intrinsic rhythmic neural activity displays a regional organization but one that is not necessarily hierarchical. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The organization of rhythmic neural activity is not well understood. Whereas it has been postulated that rhythms are organized in a hierarchical manner across brain regions, our novel analysis allows comparison of full cortical maps across different frequency bands, which demonstrate that the rhythmic organization is more complex. Additionally, data-driven methods show that rhythms of multiple frequencies or timescales occur within a particular region and that this nonhierarchical organization is widespread.