bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships between the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, precipitation, and nitrogen wet deposition rates in the contiguous United States
Authors: Nergui Tsengel , Evans R. David , Adam Jennifer C. , Chung Serena H. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractHuman activities have significantly increased reactive nitrogen (N) in the environment, leading to adverse effects on various ecosystems. We used 1979–2012 seasonal inorganic N wet deposition data from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program to evaluate the relationship between the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and N wet deposition in the contiguous U.S. The correlations between precipitation and inorganic N wet deposition were the strongest and most spatially extensive during winter; up to 62% and 53% of the 2 to 6 year variations of precipitation and N wet deposition rates, respectively, in the Rocky Mountains, along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico and near the Great Lakes, can be explained by variation in the NINO3.4 climate index, which was used as a measure of ENSO activity. During El Niño winters, precipitation and N wet deposition rates were higher than normal in the southern U.S., while La Niña events brought higher precipitation and N wet deposition to the Rocky Mountains and Great Lakes regions. Wintertime N wet deposition correlations held through springtime in the Great Lakes and the northeast; however, correlations between NINO3.4 and precipitation were not significant at most sites, suggesting factors besides precipitation amount contributed to the 2 to 6 year variation of N wet deposition in these regions. As the frequency, strength, and types of ENSO change in the future, interannual variability of N wet deposition will be affected, indirectly affecting spatial distribution of dry N deposition and potentially changing the overall spatial patterns of N deposition.
The influence of declining sea ice on shipping activity in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Pizzolato Larissa , Howell Stephen E. L. , Dawson Jackie , Laliberté Frédéric , Copland Luke 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSignificant attention has focused on the potential for increased shipping activity driven by recently observed declines in Arctic sea ice cover. In this study, we describe the first coupled spatial analysis between shipping activity and sea ice using observations in the Canadian Arctic over the 1990–2015 period. Shipping activity is measured by using known ship locations enhanced with a least cost path algorithm to generate ship tracks and quantified by computing total distance traveled in kilometers. Statistically significant increases in shipping activity are observed in the Hudson Strait (150–500 km traveled yr−1), the Beaufort Sea (40–450 km traveled yr−1), Baffin Bay (50–350 km traveled yr−1), and regions in the southern route of the Northwest Passage (50–250 km traveled yr−1). Increases in shipping activity are significantly correlated with reductions in sea ice concentration (Kendall's tau up to −0.6) in regions of the Beaufort Sea, Western Parry Channel, Western Baffin Bay, and Foxe Basin. Changes in multiyear ice‐dominant regions in the Canadian Arctic were found to be more influential on changes to shipping activity compared to seasonal sea ice regions.
Performance of a space‐based wavelet compressor for plasma count data on the MMS Fast Plasma Investigation
Authors: Barrie A. C. , Smith S. E. , Dorelli J. C. , Gershman D. J. , Yeh P. , Schiff C. , Avanov L. A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractData compression has been a staple of imaging instruments for years. Recently, plasma measurements have utilized compression with relatively low compression ratios. The Fast Plasma Investigation (FPI) on board the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission generates data roughly 100 times faster than previous plasma instruments, requiring a higher compression ratio to fit within the telemetry allocation. This study investigates the performance of a space‐based compression standard employing a Discrete Wavelet Transform and a Bit Plane Encoder (DWT/BPE) in compressing FPI plasma count data. Data from the first 6 months of FPI operation are analyzed to explore the error modes evident in the data and how to adapt to them. While approximately half of the Dual Electron Spectrometer (DES) maps had some level of loss, it was found that there is little effect on the plasma moments and that errors present in individual sky maps are typically minor. The majority of Dual Ion Spectrometer burst sky maps compressed in a lossless fashion, with no error introduced during compression. Because of induced compression error, the size limit for DES burst images has been increased for Phase 1B. Additionally, it was found that the floating point compression mode yielded better results when images have significant compression error, leading to floating point mode being used for the fast survey mode of operation for Phase 1B. Despite the suggested tweaks, it was found that wavelet‐based compression, and a DWT/BPE algorithm in particular, is highly suitable to data compression for plasma measurement instruments and can be recommended for future missions.
Elasticity of ferropericlase and seismic heterogeneity in the Earth's lower mantle
Authors: Yang Jing , Lin Jung‐Fu , Jacobsen Steven D. , Seymour Nikki M. , Tkachev Sergey N. , Prakapenka Vitali B. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDeciphering the origin of seismic heterogeneity has been one of the major challenges in understanding the geochemistry and geodynamics of the deep mantle. Fully anisotropic elastic properties of constituent minerals at relevant pressure‐temperature conditions of the lower mantle can be used to calculate seismic heterogeneity parameters in order to better understand chemically and thermally induced seismic heterogeneities. In this study, the single‐crystal elastic properties of ferropericlase (Mg0.94Fe0.06)O were measured using Brillouin spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction at conditions up to 50 GPa and 900 K. The velocity‐density results were modeled using third‐order finite‐strain theory and thermoelastic equations along a representative geotherm to investigate high pressure‐temperature and compositional effects on the seismic heterogeneity parameters. Our results demonstrate that from 660 to 2000 km, compressional wave anisotropy of ferropericlase increased from 4% to 9.7%, while shear wave anisotropy increased from 9% to as high as 22.5%. The thermally induced lateral heterogeneity ratio (RS/P = ∂lnVS/∂lnVP) of ferropericlase was calculated to be 1.48 at ambient pressure but decreased to 1.43 at 40 GPa along a representative geotherm. The RS/P of a simplified pyrolite model consisting of 80% bridgmanite and 20% ferropericlase was approximately 1.5, consistent with seismic models at depths from 670 to 1500 km, but showed an increased mismatch at lower mantle depths below ~1500 km. This discrepancy below mid‐lower mantle could be due to either a contribution from chemically induced heterogeneity or the effects of the Fe spin transition in the deeper parts of the Earth's lower mantle.
Evaluation of the WRF‐lake model over a highland freshwater lake in southwest China
Authors: Xu Lujun , Liu Huizhi , Du Qun , Wang Lei 
Published: November 2016

AbstractEvaluation of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model version 3.7.1 lake model performance on lake physical processes and lake‐atmosphere interaction at Erhai Lake was conducted with in situ observation data sets over the lake to verify the model results. The lake model with default parameters presented significant negative bias during the day and positive bias during the night on lake surface temperature. Calibrations of water absorption and extinction coefficients, surface roughness length, and eddy diffusion coefficient were carried out to correct this bias. The added absorption and extinction coefficients increased solar radiation in upper water layer, leading to a little higher surface temperature. Compared to constant surface roughness lengths, parameterization of roughness lengths as functions of friction velocity and fetch length significantly improved simulations of lake surface temperature and sensible heat flux. In Erhai Lake, eddy diffusion coefficient of the Henderson‐Sellers parameterization is smaller than that in deep lakes. The eddy diffusion coefficient was reduced by a factor of 0.05 in dry season and 0.02 in wet season, respectively, to restrict mixing strength, generating a reasonable diurnal range with observed surface temperature. The adjusted parameter simulations matched better with in situ observations in diurnal cycle of temperature and surface heat fluxes but still overestimated wind speed. Topographic correction is effective to correct the bias, indicating that topographic correction over complex terrain was necessary.
Statistical retrieval of thin liquid cloud microphysical properties using ground‐based infrared and microwave observations
Authors: Marke Tobias , Ebell Kerstin , Löhnert Ulrich , Turner David D. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn this article, liquid water cloud microphysical properties are retrieved by a combination of microwave and infrared ground‐based observations. Clouds containing liquid water are frequently occurring in most climate regimes and play a significant role in terms of interaction with radiation. Small perturbations in the amount of liquid water contained in the cloud can cause large variations in the radiative fluxes. This effect is enhanced for thin clouds (liquid water path, LWP <100 g/m2), which makes accurate retrieval information of the cloud properties crucial. Due to large relative errors in retrieving low LWP values from observations in the microwave domain and a high sensitivity for infrared methods when the LWP is low, a synergistic retrieval based on a neural network approach is built to estimate both LWP and cloud effective radius (reff). These statistical retrievals can be applied without high computational demand but imply constraints like prior information on cloud phase and cloud layering. The neural network retrievals are able to retrieve LWP and reff for thin clouds with a mean relative error of 9% and 17%, respectively. This is demonstrated using synthetic observations of a microwave radiometer (MWR) and a spectrally highly resolved infrared interferometer. The accuracy and robustness of the synergistic retrievals is confirmed by a low bias in a radiative closure study for the downwelling shortwave flux, even for marginally invalid scenes. Also, broadband infrared radiance observations, in combination with the MWR, have the potential to retrieve LWP with a higher accuracy than a MWR‐only retrieval.
Spatial‐temporal variation of near‐surface temperature lapse rates over the Tianshan Mountains, central Asia
Authors: Shen Yan‐Jun , Shen Yanjun , Goetz Jason , Brenning Alexander 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAdequate estimates of near‐surface temperature lapse rate (γlocal) are needed to represent air temperature in remote mountain regions with sparse instrumental records such as the mountains of central Asia. To identify the spatial and temporal variations of γlocal in the Tianshan Mountains, long‐term (1961–2011) daily maximum, mean, and minimum temperature (Tmax, Tmean, and Tmin) data from 17 weather stations and 1 year of temperature logger data were analyzed considering three subregions: northern slopes, Kaidu Basin, and southern slopes. Simple linear regression was performed to identify relationships between elevation and temperature, revealing spatial and seasonal variations in γlocal. The γlocal are higher on the southern slopes than the northern slopes due to topography and regional climate conditions. Seasonally, γlocal are more pronounced higher in the summer than in the winter months. The γlocal are generally higher for Tmax than Tmean and Tmin. The Kaidu Basin shows similar seasonal variability but with the highest γlocal for Tmean and Tmin occurring in the spring. Formation of γlocal patterns is associated with the interactions of climate factors in different subregions. Overall, annual mean γlocal for Tmax, Tmean, and Tmin in the study's subregions are lower than the standard atmospheric lapse rate (6.5°C km−1), which would therefore be an inadequate choice for representing the near‐surface temperature conditions in this area. Our findings highlight the importance of spatial and temporal variations of γlocal in hydrometeorological research in the data‐sparse Tianshan Mountains.
Three‐dimensional turbulence‐resolving modeling of the Venusian cloud layer and induced gravity waves
Authors: Lefèvre Maxence , Spiga Aymeric , Lebonnois Sébastien 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe impact of the cloud convective layer of the atmosphere of Venus on the global circulation remains unclear. The recent observations of gravity waves at the top of the cloud by the Venus Express mission provided some answers. These waves are not resolved at the scale of global circulation models (GCM); therefore, we developed an unprecedented 3‐D turbulence‐resolving large‐eddy simulations (LES) Venusian model using the Weather Research and Forecast terrestrial model. The forcing consists of three different heating rates: two radiative ones for solar and infrared and one associated with the adiabatic cooling/warming of the global circulation. The rates are extracted from the Laboratoire de Météorlogie Dynamique Venus GCM using two different cloud models. Thus, we are able to characterize the convection and associated gravity waves in function of latitude and local time. To assess the impact of the global circulation on the convective layer, we used rates from a 1‐D radiative‐convective model. The resolved layer, taking place between 1.0 × 105 and 3.8 × 104 Pa (48–53 km), is organized as polygonal closed cells of about 10 km wide with vertical wind of several meters per second. The convection emits gravity waves both above and below the convective layer leading to temperature perturbations of several tenths of kelvin with vertical wavelength between 1 and 3 km and horizontal wavelength from 1 to 10 km. The thickness of the convective layer and the amplitudes of waves are consistent with observations, though slightly underestimated. The global dynamics heating greatly modify the convective layer.
Bed conditions of Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica
Authors: Brisbourne A. M. , Smith A. M. , Vaughan D. G. , King E. C. , Davies D. , Bingham R. G. , Smith E. C. , Nias I. J. , Rosier S. H. R. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAlthough 90% of Antarctica's discharge occurs via its fast‐flowing ice streams, our ability to project future ice sheet response has been limited by poor observational constraints on the ice‐bed conditions used in numerical models to determine basal slip. We have helped address this observational deficit by acquiring and analyzing a series of seismic reflection profiles to determine basal conditions beneath the main trunk and tributaries of Pine Island Glacier (PIG), West Antarctica. Seismic profiles indicate large‐scale sedimentary deposits. Combined with seismic reflection images, measured acoustic impedance values indicate relatively uniform bed conditions directly beneath the main trunk and tributaries, comprising a widespread reworked sediment layer with a dilated sediment lid of minimum thickness 1.5 ± 0.4 m. Beneath a slow‐moving intertributary region, a discrete low‐porosity sediment layer of 7 ± 3 m thickness is imaged. Despite considerable basal topography, seismic observations indicate that a till layer at the ice base is ubiquitous beneath PIG, which requires a highly mobile sediment body to maintain an abundant supply. These results are compatible with existing ice sheet models used to invert for basal shear stress: existing basal conditions upstream will not inhibit further rapid retreat of PIG if the high‐friction region currently restraining flow, directly upstream of the grounding line, is breached. However, small changes in the pressure regime at the bed, as a result of stress reorganization following retreat, may result in a less‐readily deformable bed and conditions which are less likely to maintain high ice‐flow rates.
Improving the lake scheme within a coupled WRF‐lake model in the Laurentian Great Lakes
Authors: Xiao Chuliang , Lofgren Brent M. , Wang Jia , Chu Philip Y. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn this study, a one‐dimensional (1‐D) thermal diffusion lake model within the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was investigated for the Laurentian Great Lakes. In the default 10‐layer lake model, the albedos of water and ice are specified with constant values, 0.08 and 0.6, respectively, ignoring shortwave partitioning and zenith angle, ice melting, and snow effect. Some modifications, including a dynamic lake surface albedo, tuned vertical diffusivities, and a sophisticated treatment of snow cover over lake ice, have been added to the lake model. A set of comparison experiments have been carried out to evaluate the performances of different lake schemes in the coupled WRF‐lake modeling system. Results show that the 1‐D lake model is able to capture the seasonal variability of lake surface temperature (LST) and lake ice coverage (LIC). However, it produces an early warming and quick cooling of LST in deep lakes, and excessive and early persistent LIC in all lakes. Increasing vertical diffusivity can reduce the bias in the 1‐D lake but only in a limited way. After incorporating a sophisticated treatment of lake surface albedo, the new lake model produces a more reasonable LST and LIC than the default lake model, indicating that the processes of ice melting and snow accumulation are important to simulate lake ice in the Great Lakes. Even though substantial efforts have been devoted to improving the 1‐D lake model, it still remains considerably challenging to adequately capture the full dynamics and thermodynamics in deep lakes.
Gold(I)‐Catalysed Cyclisation of Alkynoic Acids: Towards an Efficient and Eco‐Friendly Synthesis of γ‐, δ‐ and ϵ‐Lactones
Authors: Gasperini Danila , Maggi Lorenzo , Dupuy Stéphanie , Veenboer Richard M. P. , Cordes David B. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Nolan Steven P. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe improved synthesis of γ‐, δ‐ and ϵ‐lactones using a dinuclear N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐gold(I) catalyst is reported. This solvent‐free process provides access to γ‐ and δ‐lactones in high regio‐ and stereoselectivity. Reactions were performed at low catalyst loadings and without the need for any additives. The use of a digold pre‐catalyst provides a new synthetic route to functionalised ϵ‐lactones, poorly accessible using previous methodologies.magnified image
Copper‐Catalyzed Three‐Component One‐Pot Synthesis of Aryl Sulfides with Sulfur Powder under Aqueous Conditions
Authors: Xiao Fuhong , Chen Shuqing , Li Cheng , Huang Huawen , Deng Guo‐Jun 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA copper‐catalyzed three‐component (arenes, iodohydrocarbon, and sulfur powder) synthesis of substituted aryl sulfides has been developed. Water is used as the green solvent in a simple and environmentally friendly procedure. Various functional groups attached to the substrates were well tolerated in this process to afford the corresponding products in moderate to good yields.magnified image
Air Stable Iron(II) PNP Pincer Complexes as Efficient Catalysts for the Selective Alkylation of Amines with Alcohols
Authors: Mastalir Matthias , Stöger Berthold , Pittenauer Ernst , Puchberger Michael , Allmaier Günter , Kirchner Karl 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA series of well‐defined iron(II) complexes of the types [Fe(PNP)Br2] and [Fe(PNP)(CO)Br2] with PNP pincer ligands based on triazine and pyridine backbones were prepared and fully characterized. These complexes were tested as catalysts for the alkylation of amines by alcohols. The high‐spin complexes [Fe(PNP)Br2] are catalytically inactive. The low‐spin complexes [Fe(PNP)(CO)Br2] bearing a carbonyl co‐ligand efficiently and selectively convert primary alcohols and aromatic and benzylic amines selectively into mono‐N‐alkylated amines in good to excellent isolated yields. A mechanistic proposal is given.magnified image
Enhanced mechanical properties of styrene–butadiene rubber with low content of bacterial cellulose nanowhiskers
Authors: Yin Biao , Li Geng , Wang Dongni , Wang Liping , Wang Jingyi , Jia Hongbing , Ding Lifeng , Sun Dongping 
Published: November 2016

AbstractStyrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) nano‐composites were prepared through mixing SBR latex with bacterial cellulose whiskers (BCWs). BCWs were extracted from the residual bacterial cellulose (BC) that was treated with acid hydrolysis. A rod‐like nanofiber structure of BCWs was observed by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. BCWs maintained the crystal structure in BCWs/SBR nano‐composites as confirmed by X‐ray diffraction patterns. The dispersion of BCWs in SBR matrix was further detected with field emission scan electron microscope. BCWs acted as a multifunctional physical cross‐linker in the SBR matrix, the combination of BCW reinforcement and increased effective cross‐linking density of the rubber network with incorporating BCWs would cause a more effective transfer of stresses from matrix to filler. Compared with neat SBR, the tensile strength and tear strength of SBR/BCW nano‐composite with 2.5 phr (parts per hundred rubber) BCWs were increased by 319% and 182%, respectively.
Impact of total body irradiation on successful neutrophil engraftment in unrelated bone marrow or cord blood transplantation
Authors: Nakasone Hideki , Shigeo Fuji , Yakushijin Kimikazu , Onizuka Makoto , Shinohara Akihito , Ohashi Kazuteru , Miyamura Koichi , Uchida Naoyuki , Takanashi Minoko , Ichinohe Tatsuo , Atsuta Yoshiko , Fukuda Takahiro , Ogata Masao ,   On Behalf of the Complication Working Group of Japanese Society for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
Published: November 2016

AbstractTotal body irradiation (TBI) has been thought to promote donor cell engraftment in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) from alternative donors. However, recent progress in HCT strategies may affect the clinical significance of TBI on neutrophil engraftment. With the use of a Japanese transplant registry database, we analyzed 3933 adult recipients (>15 y.o.) who underwent HCT between 2006 and 2013 from an 8/8 HLA‐matched unrelated bone marrow donor (MUD, n = 1367), an HLA‐mismatched unrelated bone marrow donor (MMUD, n = 1102), or unrelated cord blood (CBT, n = 1464). Conditioning regimens were divided into five groups: High‐TBI‐(>8Gy), Low‐TBI‐ (≤8Gy), and no‐TBI‐myeloablative conditioning (MAC), and Low‐TBI‐ and no‐TBI‐reduced‐intensity conditioning (RIC). In both MUD and MMUD, neutrophil engraftment rate was >90% in each of the five conditioning groups, and TBI was not associated with prompt neutrophil engraftment in multivariate analyses. Conversely, in CBT, TBI regimens had a higher rate of day‐30 neutrophil engraftment than no‐TBI‐regimens: 78% in High‐TBI‐MAC, 83% in Low‐TBI‐MAC, and 76% in Low‐TBI‐RIC versus 65% in No‐TBI‐MAC, and 68% in No‐TBI‐RIC (P < .001). Multivariate analyses in CBT demonstrated that TBI‐regimens were significantly associated with a higher rate of neutrophil engraftment. Subsequently focusing on CBT patients alone, TBI‐regimens were significantly associated with a higher rate of neutrophil engraftment in patients who received CBT with a 4/6 or less HLA allele‐match, or who had anti‐HLA antibodies. In summary, TBI‐regimens had no impact on neutrophil engraftment in the current practice of unrelated bone marrow transplantation. However, in CBT, TBI is still necessary to enhance engraftment.