bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Results and evaluation of a first‐in‐human study of RG7342, an mGlu5 positive allosteric modulator, utilizing Bayesian adaptive methods
Authors: Sturm Stefan , Delporte Marie‐Laure , Hadi Salah , Schobel Scott , Lindemann Lothar , Weikert Robert , Jaeschke Georg , Derks Michael , Palermo Giuseppe 
Published: November 2017

AimThe objectives of this first‐in‐human study were to evaluate the safety and tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of single ascending oral doses of RG7342, a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) for the treatment of schizophrenia, in healthy male subjects.MethodsThis was a single‐centre, randomized, double‐blind, adaptive study of 37 subjects receiving single ascending oral doses of RG7342 (ranging from 0.06–1.2 mg, n = 27) or placebo (n = 10). A modified continual reassessment method, with control for the probability of overdosing based on the occurrence of dose‐limiting events (DLEs), was applied to inform the subsequent dose decisions for RG7342.ResultsDLEs consisted of dizziness, nausea and vomiting, and the incidence and severity of these adverse events increased in a concentration‐dependent manner. RG7342 doses of 1.2 mg under fasting conditions, which reached a mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 10.2 ng ml–1, were not tolerated (four out of six subjects experienced DLEs). RG7342 showed dose‐proportional pharmacokinetics, with rapid absorption and a biphasic decline, and a mean terminal half‐life estimated to be >1000 h.ConclusionsSingle oral doses of RG7342 were generally tolerated up to 0.6 mg under fasting and 0.9 mg under fed conditions in healthy subjects. Bayesian adaptive methods describing the probability of DLEs were applied effectively to support dose escalation. MTDs (fasting, fed) were associated with a Cmax of 6.5 ng ml–1. The development of RG7342 was discontinued owing to the potential challenges associated with a long half‐life in context of the observed adverse events.
An oral epidemiological comparison of Chinese and New Zealand adults in 2 key age groups
Authors: He Songlin , Thomson William Murray 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectivesTo use recent national survey data to compare dentition status and oral diseases in China and New Zealand (NZ), with a particular focus on differences by sex and education level.MethodsWe undertook secondary analysis of representative data from oral health surveys conducted in 2009 in Sichuan (China) and NZ. Both surveys had an oral examination component and collected detailed demographic data. Socioeconomic position in this analysis was represented by the highest level of education completed. Participants were allocated to 1 of 3 comparable ordinal categories of years of education (primary, middle or tertiary). Analyses used survey weights.ResultsThe proportion of Chinese who had been educated to only primary level was 3 times higher than that among their NZ counterparts, and the proportion with a tertiary education was correspondingly lower. In the 35‐44 age group, the dentate proportions were similar, although the mean number of teeth was higher in China than in NZ. There were substantial differences in dental caries experience, with the mean DMFT in NZ being almost 3 times that observed in China. New Zealanders had more filled teeth, but the prevalence of 1+ missing teeth was lower. Periodontitis was more common in the NZ sample than in the Chinese one, although the extent of bleeding on probing was almost 3 times higher among the latter. For the 65‐74 age group, there were significant differences in dentition status, with greater tooth retention among Chinese people. There were also significant differences in dental caries experience, with Chinese 65‐ to 74‐year‐olds having more decayed teeth but fewer filled or missing teeth, and lower DMFT scores, on average. Periodontal health was better among the New Zealanders. There were notable differences by sex and education level.ConclusionsThe differences observed in this study provide strong support for using broader sociocultural models of oral health.
Context and Perceptual Salience Influence the Formation of Novel Stereotypes via Cumulative Cultural Evolution
Authors: Hutchison Jacqui , Cunningham Sheila J. , Slessor Gillian , Urquhart James , Smith Kenny , Martin Douglas 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe use a transmission chain method to establish how context and category salience influence the formation of novel stereotypes through cumulative cultural evolution. We created novel alien targets by combining features from three category dimensions—color, movement, and shape—thereby creating social targets that were individually unique but that also shared category membership with other aliens (e.g., two aliens might be the same color and shape but move differently). At the start of the transmission chains each alien was randomly assigned attributes that described it (e.g., arrogant, caring, confident). Participants were given training on the alien‐attribute assignments and were then tested on their memory for these. The alien‐attribute assignments participants produced during test were used as the training materials for the next participant in the transmission chain. As information was repeatedly transmitted an increasingly simplified, learnable stereotype‐like structure emerged for targets who shared the same color, such that by the end of the chains targets who shared the same color were more likely to share the same attributes (a reanalysis of data from Martin et al., which we term Experiment 1). The apparent bias toward the formation of novel stereotypes around the color category dimension was also found for objects (Experiment 2). However, when the category dimension of color was made less salient, it no longer dominated the formation of novel stereotypes (Experiment 3). The current findings suggest that context and category salience influence category dimension salience, which in turn influences the cumulative cultural evolution of information.
Incidence and radiologic‐pathological features of lung cancer in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Liu Yan , Zhu Min , Geng Jing , Ban Chengjun , Zhang Shu , Chen Wenhui , Ren Yanhong , He Xuan , Chen Wang , Dai Huaping 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the incidence and risk factors of lung cancer in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and to learn the clinical, imaging and pathological features and of lung cancer in IPF.MethodsThe study population included consecutive 268 IPF patients. Of them, 46 patients had pathologically or cytologically proven lung cancer. The demographic, clinical, HRCT and pathological features in patients with IPF and lung cancer were analysed and compared with the patients with IPF alone.ResultsOf 268 IPF patients, 46 patients were diagnosed as IPF with lung cancer, accounted for 17.16%. 45.65% were adenocarcinoma. Lung cancer located mostly in the peripheral area and lower lobes of lungs consistent with IPF affected area. Old age and heavy smoking were risk factors of lung cancer developing in IPF. Chest pain and haemoptysis were more frequent in IPF patients with lung cancer than without lung cancer (P = .000). Nodular or mass shadows were found only in IPF patients with lung cancer (P = .000). The levels of CEA and CA125 in IPF patients were much higher in IPF patients with lung cancer (P ≤ .001). The median survival time was 36.2 ± 22.7 months in IPF patients, longer than 6.9 ± 3.3 months in IPF patients with lung cancer (P < .001).ConclusionsLung cancer frequently develops in patients with IPF, which is mainly adenocarcinoma, located in IPF affected area. Chest pain and haemoptysis are potential indicative of lung cancer developing in patients with IPF as atypical nodes or masses located in the peripheral areas and lower lobes on chest HRCT.
A retrospective analysis of post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder following liver transplantation
Authors: Fararjeh Feras Al , Mahmood Shameem , Tachtatzis Phaedra , Yallop Deborah , Devereux Stephen , Patten Piers , Agrawal Kosh , Suddle Abid , O'Grady John , Heaton Nigel , Marcus Robert , Kassam Shireen 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate response rates and survival in adults developing post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) following liver transplantation.MethodsPatients were identified retrospectively and data collected through local liver and haematology electronic databases and pharmacy records.ResultsForty‐five patients were identified. The median age at first transplant and at development of PTLD was 48 and 54 years, respectively, with the median time from transplant to PTLD diagnosis of 56 months. The majority of cases (76%) were monomorphic B‐cell lymphomas, and 36% of tumours were EBV positive. Treatment involved reduction in immune‐suppression (RIS) in 30 (67%) with RIS the only treatment in 3. Ten (22%) patients were treated with rituximab alone, 13 (29%) with chemotherapy alone and 14 (31%) patients were treated with rituximab and chemotherapy. Twenty‐six (58%) patients achieved a complete response (CR). At a median follow‐up of 27 months, the median overall survival (OS) was 50 months. Response and OS were not associated with clinical factors or the use of rituximab.ConclusionOutcomes reported in this study are favourable and comparable to those reported previously. The addition of rituximab did not appear to have improved outcomes in this series, although a significant proportion of patients were able to avoid chemotherapy.
Absolute auditory threshold: testing the absolute
Authors: Heil Peter , Matysiak Artur 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe mechanisms underlying the detection of sounds in quiet, one of the simplest tasks for auditory systems, are debated. Several models proposed to explain the threshold for sounds in quiet and its dependence on sound parameters include a minimum sound intensity (‘hard threshold’), below which sound has no effect on the ear. Also, many models are based on the assumption that threshold is mediated by integration of a neural response proportional to sound intensity. Here, we test these ideas. Using an adaptive forced choice procedure, we obtained thresholds of 95 normal‐hearing human ears for 18 tones (3.125 kHz carrier) in quiet, each with a different temporal amplitude envelope. Grand‐mean thresholds and standard deviations were well described by a probabilistic model according to which sensory events are generated by a Poisson point process with a low rate in the absence, and higher, time‐varying rates in the presence, of stimulation. The subject actively evaluates the process and bases the decision on the number of events observed. The sound‐driven rate of events is proportional to the temporal amplitude envelope of the bandpass‐filtered sound raised to an exponent. We find no evidence for a hard threshold: When the model is extended to include such a threshold, the fit does not improve. Furthermore, we find an exponent of 3, consistent with our previous studies and further challenging models that are based on the assumption of the integration of a neural response that, at threshold sound levels, is directly proportional to sound amplitude or intensity.
Marine management affects the invasion success of a non‐native species in a temperate reef system in California, USA
Authors: Caselle Jennifer E. , Davis Kathryn , Marks Lindsay M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractDespite promises that ‘healthy’ marine systems show increased resilience, the effects of ecosystem management strategies on invasion success in marine systems is still unclear. We show that resistance to the invasive alga, Sargassum horneri, in a temperate reef system occurs through alternate mechanisms in different ecosystem states. In an old marine protected area (MPA), invasion of S. horneri was suppressed, likely due to competitive pressure from native algae, resulting from protection of urchin predators. In a nearby fished urchin barren, invasion of S. horneri was also suppressed, due to herbivory by urchins whose predators are fished. Within newer MPAs with intermediate levels of interacting species, S. horneri was abundant. Here, neither competition from native algae nor herbivory was sufficient to prevent invasion. We confirm that invasion in marine systems is complex and show that multiple mechanisms in single systems must be considered when investigating biotic resistance hypotheses.
Présence de Siphonatrophia cupressi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) en Tunisie
Authors: Ben Halima‐Kamel M. , Mdellel L. 
Published: November 2017

Siphonatrophia cupressi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) now present in TunisiaThis paper reports for the first time the presence of Siphonatrophia cupressi (Swain, 1918) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Tunisia on Cupressus sempervirens L. (Cupressaceae). A brief description of its distribution and associated parasitoids is given.
Quantitative image analysis of protein expression and colocalisation in skin sections
Authors: Zhang Hanqian , Ericsson Maja , Virtanen Marie , Weström Simone , Wählby Carolina , Vahlquist Anders , Törmä Hans 
Published: November 2017

AbstractImmunofluorescence (IF) and in situ proximity ligation assay (isPLA) are techniques that are used for in situ protein expression and colocalisation analysis, respectively. However, an efficient quantitative method to analyse both IF and isPLA staining on skin sections is lacking. Therefore, we developed a new method for semi‐automatic quantitative layer‐by‐layer measurement of protein expression and colocalisation in skin sections using the free open‐source software CellProfiler. As a proof of principle, IF and isPLA of ichthyosis‐related proteins TGm‐1 and SDR9C7 were examined. The results indicate that this new method can be used for protein expression and colocalisation analysis in skin sections.
Personalized question recommendation for English grammar learning
Authors: Fang Lanting , Tuan Luu Anh , Hui Siu Cheung , Wu Lenan 
Published: November 2017

AbstractLearning English grammar is a very challenging task for many students especially for nonnative English speakers. To learn English well, it is important to understand the concepts of the English grammar with lots of practise on exercise questions. Previous recommendation systems for learning English mainly focused on recommending reading materials and vocabulary. Different from reading material and vocabulary recommendations, grammar question recommendation should recommend questions that have similar grammatical structure and usage to the question of interest. The content similarity calculation methods used in existing recommendation methods cannot represent the similarity between grammar questions effectively. In this paper, we propose a content‐based approach for personalized grammar question recommendation, which recommends similar grammatical structure and usage questions for further practising. Specifically, we propose a novel structure namedparse‐key treeto capture the grammatical structure and usage of grammar questions. We then propose 3 measures to compute the similarity between the question query and database questions for grammar question recommendation. Additionally, we incorporated the proposed recommendation method into a Web‐based English grammar learning system and presented its performance evaluation in this paper. The experimental results have shown that the proposed approach outperforms other classical and state‐of‐the‐art methods in recommending relevant grammar questions.
Spontaneous fracture of the genial tubercles of the mandible: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Wan Clifton , Bowe Conor , Madhavarajan Satish 
Published: November 2017

ObjectiveTo present a case of spontaneous fracture of the genial tubercles of the mandible and a review of the literature.BackgroundResorption of the mandible is well documented in edentulous patients. During this process, the genial tubercles, origin for both genioglossus and geniohyoid muscles, become more prominent and prone to trauma especially from poorly fitted lower full dentures and lead to fracture and separation of the genial tubercles from the mandible.Materials and MethodsAn 85 year old patient with the above presentation was monitored and documented to present this case report. A literature search was carried out to identify any previous reports of this type of fracture, and their diagnosis and treatment modalities.ResultsThis case is extremely rare with only 17 cases reported in the literature.ConclusionAlthough rare, fractured genial tubercles should be considered in the differential diagnosis for a painful swelling in the floor of the mouth in the edentulous patient.
Chicken breast quality – normal, pale, soft and exudative (PSE) and woody – influences the functional properties of meat batters
Authors: Chen Hongqiang , Wang HuHu , Qi Jun , Wang Mengyao , Xu Xinglian , Zhou Guanghong 
Published: November 2017

SummaryThree classes (normal, PSE‐like and woody, thirty for per class) of fresh chicken breast meats were selected from a Chinese processing plant. Then, three classes of chicken breast meats were used to prepare meat batters and meatballs. This study investigated the effects of three classes of chicken breast meat on the physicochemical properties, water distribution, protein secondary structures and microstructures of meatballs. PSE‐like and woody meatballs both had lower water holding capacity and textural properties than normal meatballs. Furthermore, the free water mobility and proportion in PSE‐like and woody meatballs were increased (P < 0.05). According to near‐infrared spectroscopy results, the intensity of the 1940‐nm bands of PSE‐like and woody classes both increased. Both PSE‐like and woody meatballs formed more aggregated gel matrices than normal class. PSE‐like and woody classes had higher α‐helix and lower β‐structure contents (P < 0.05). Overall, compared with normal meatballs, PSE‐like and woody meatballs showed inferior functional properties.
Early improvement of storage or voiding symptoms by tadalafil predicts treatment outcomes in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms from benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Yokoyama Osamu , Ozeki Akichika , Suzuki Nahoko , Murakami Masahiro 
Published: November 2017

ObjectivesTo determine whether early changes in International Prostate Symptom Score predict final improvement in the quality of life and treatment satisfaction of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms from benign prostatic hyperplasia receiving tadalafil.MethodsThis post‐hoc analysis of three randomized‐controlled trials of tadalafil for lower urinary tract symptoms from benign prostatic hyperplasia used subpopulations based on treatment status (tadalafil, placebo) and region (Japan, Asia). Logistic regression, principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis were applied to individual International Prostate Symptom Score and Patient Global Impression of Improvement response scores.ResultsFrom logistic regression, most individual International Prostate Symptom Score items predicted either International Prostate Symptom Score remitter or responder status; only International Prostate Symptom Score Quality of Life predicted Patient Global Impression of Improvement responder status in tadalafil‐treated patients. Among tadalafil‐treated patients, principal component analysis showewd that improvement of International Prostate Symptom Score items 2, 4, 7 and International Prostate Symptom Score Quality of Life at early visits were associated with Patient Global Impression of Improvement (final visit), whereas International Prostate Symptom Score items 1, 3, 5 and 6 at early visits were associated with total International Prostate Symptom Score at the final visit. No clear predictive items for Patient Global Impression of Improvement and total International Prostate Symptom Score existed for placebo‐treated patients. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed that the closest association was between International Prostate Symptom Score Quality of Life and International Prostate Symptom Score item 7 in placebo‐ and tadalafil‐treated patients, which supports the principal component analysis results.ConclusionsEarly changes of storage and voiding symptoms by tadalafil might lead to treatment satisfaction and overall International Prostate Symptom Score improvement, respectively. This finding could help physicians predict tadalafil treatment outcomes for patients with lower urinary tract symptoms from benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Identification and initial characterization of novel neural immediate early genes possibly differentially contributing to foraging‐related learning and memory processes in the honeybee
Authors: Ugajin A. , Uchiyama H. , Miyata T. , Sasaki T. , Yajima S. , Ono M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractDespite possessing a limited number of neurones compared to vertebrates, honeybees show remarkable learning and memory performance, an example being ‘dance communication’. In this phenomenon, foraging honeybees learn the location of a newly discovered food source and transmit the information to nestmates by symbolic abdomen vibrating behaviour, leading to navigation of nestmates to the new food source. As an initial step toward understanding the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying the sophisticated learning and memory performance of the honeybee, we focused on the neural immediate early genes (IEGs), which are specific genes quickly transcribed after neural activity without de novo protein synthesis. Although these have been reported to play an essential role in learning and memory processes in vertebrates, far fewer studies have been performed in insects in this regard. From RNA‐sequencing analysis and subsequent assays, we identified three genes, Src homology 3 (SH3) domain binding kinase, family with sequence similarity 46 and GB47136, as novel neural IEGs in the honeybee. Foragers and/or orientating bees, which fly around their hives to memorize the positional information, showed induced expression of these IEGs in the mushroom body, a higher‐order centre essential for learning and memory, indicating a possible role for the novel IEGs in foraging‐related learning and memory processes in the honeybee.
Fabrication and properties of CNT/Ni/Y/ZrB2 nanocomposites reinforced in situ
Authors: Jin Hua , Li Zhewen , Wang Liuwei , Zeng QinXuan 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) were synthesized in situ by chemical vapor deposition of methane over nano‐ZrB2 matrix using Ni/Y catalysts. Well‐grown CNTs with tangled and long bodies and mainly composed of well‐crystallized graphite were obtained when the Ni content reaches 10 wt%. The CNT/ZrB2 nanocomposites obtained by spark plasma sintering at 1400°C exhibited full density and optimal mechanical properties. The flexural strength and fracture toughness of the nanocomposites were 1184 ± 52 MPa and 10.8 ± 0.3 MPa·m1/2, respectively. Results indicated that the dispersion of CNTs in situ can improve composite performance, rendering the mechanical properties of the CNT/ZrB2 nanocomposites synthesized in situ considerably superior to those of monolithic ZrB2 nanoceramics and CNT/ZrB2 nanocomposites synthesized using the traditional method. The toughening mechanisms included crack deflection, crack bridging, CNT debonding, pull‐out, and fracture.