bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Philo of Alexandria
Authors: Sterling Gregory E. 
Published: November 2015

Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 bce–c. 50 ce) was the most prolific commentator on the Pentateuch in the Second Temple Jewish period (539 bce–70/135 ce). Philo was a member of a prominent Jewish family in one of the largest Jewish communities in the early Roman world. An observant Jew who made at least one pilgrimage to the temple, Philo led the Jewish embassy before Caligula following the pogrom in Alexandria in 38 ce. His real contribution lay in his writings; he wrote more than seventy treatises, although a third of these have been lost. The bulk of the treatises belongs to three series of commentaries on the Pentateuch. It is possible, although not provable, that Philo produced these in a school setting similar to the schools of ancient philosophers. His writings constitute a rich deposit of exegetical traditions. He inherited a large number of these exegetical traditions that began as early as the 2nd century bce with the works of Aristobulus and Pseudo-Aristeas. He also developed his own interpretations that primarily focus on the ascent of the soul to God. This point of orientation reflects his familiarity with Hellenistic philosophy, especially Middle Platonism. He had read and digested a number of Plato’s treatises, although he also knew other traditions as well. His creative blend of philosophy and exegesis made him attractive to early Christians who preserved the writings that have come down to us.
Hans Memling
Authors: Kirkland-Ives Mitzi 
Published: November 2015

Hans Memling (b. c. 1440–d. 1494) was a German-born painter active in Bruges, Belgium, from 1465 to his death in 1494. Over the thirty years of his known activity Memling was one of the most successful painters in Bruges, producing works ranging from small devotional panels and individual portraits to large-scale retables for both a local and an international clientele. Memling was especially popular among the communities of foreign merchants and bankers present in Bruges, then among the most important mercantile centers of northern Europe. Memling was respected as one of the best-known northern artists internationally after his death, and ranked alongside such artists as Raphael in the 19th century and considered a paragon of pious medieval Christian artists—appealing to the Romantic tastes of that era—but his critical fortunes turned with 20th-century preferences and he was relegated by some scholars to the second tier of artists. The 500th anniversary of Memling’s death in 1994, however, saw a resurgence of interest in Memling’s work. In the years that have followed a number of high-profile exhibitions and related catalogues and essay collections have contributed greatly to the study of his work and legacy, as have a number of updated catalogues raisonnés. Today Memling is recognized as among the first rank of painters of the last quarter of the 15th century, particularly appreciated as a leading innovator in portraiture—among other contributions developing further the devotional portrait diptych—and credited with the development of novel new compositions (especially ingenious are the narrative panoramas). Memling is also recognized for his place among those northern artists identified as having a strong influence on developments in Italian art in the last quarter of the 15th century through his international clientele and the resulting presence and reception of his work in Florence in particular.
Ferdinand de Saussure
Authors: Joseph John E. 
Published: November 2015

Ferdinand de Saussure (b. 1857–d. 1913) is acknowledged as the founder of modern linguistics and semiology, and as having laid the groundwork for structuralism and post-structuralism. Born and educated in Geneva, in 1876 he went to the University of Leipzig, where he received a doctorate in 1881. While a student there he published the Mémoire sur le système primitif des voyelles dans les langues indo-européennes (1879), which radically reimagined how the original Indo-European vowel system might be reconstructed. During the 1880s Saussure was lecturer in Gothic and Old High German at the École Pratique des Hautes Études in Paris, and he served as adjunct secretary of the Société de Linguistique de Paris and was responsible for the Société’s publications in which a number of his own papers appeared. He also began, but abandoned, several more ambitious projects. In 1891 he returned to Geneva to take up a chair in Sanskrit and comparative Indo-European philology. He began another project on the “double essence” of language that was never completed. His papers on Lithuanian accentuation from this period would earn recognition for “Saussure’s Law,” which applies to historical accent shifts in a particular category of Lithuanian words. The next decade saw him devote his attention to various topics, including local toponyms around Geneva, legends of the Germanic peoples who had settled in the area, and finally the search for anagrams in Greek and Latin poetry, but no publications resulted. In 1907 he was given responsibility for the university’s course in general linguistics, a course meant for students who lacked sufficient grounding in any ancient or medieval language to do in-depth textual study. Saussure had no experience in teaching a course in general linguistics, nor indeed had he ever taken one. Restructuring the course each of the three times he gave it, he brought in sign theory and other aspects of the grammaire générale tradition in which he himself had been taught (see John E. Joseph, Saussure [Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012]) but that linguists had laid aside and forgotten in the intervening decades. Soon after his death in 1913, his colleagues Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye, appreciating the extraordinary nature of his lectures, began gathering his manuscript notes and the notebooks of his students. From these they fashioned the Cours de linguistique générale (Course in general linguistics), published in 1916. It would become one of the most influential books of the twentieth century, not just for linguistics but also across many realms of intellectual endeavor. Many previously unpublished texts by Saussure have been appearing in recent years, principally in the volumes of the Cahiers Ferdinand de Saussure. Various projects are underway for making photographic reproductions of the manuscript material online.
Noninvasive Papillary Basal-like Urothelial Carcinoma: A Subgroup of Urothelial Carcinomas With Immunohistochemical Features of Basal Urothelial Cells Associated With a High Rate of Recurrence and Progression
Authors: Mai Kien T. , Ball Christopher G. , Belanger Eric C. 
Published: November 2015

Background:
We investigated the clinical and pathologic significance of a subgroup of noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinomas (UCs) expressing reactivity to urothelial basal cell markers.

Design:
In total, 302 consecutive cases of noninvasive papillary UC were evaluated immunohistochemically with cytokeratin 5 (CK5)/CD44. Any UC that was reactive for greater than 25% thickness of the urothelium was designated as basal-like urothelial carcinoma (BUC); remaining UC cases were designated as non-BUC. The follow-up period was up to 3 years. Historical review of UC was extended for up to 3 retrospective years.

Results:
Among 302 noninvasive UC, BUC was identified in 33 of 256 (12.9%) low-grade UC and 8 of 46 (17%) high-grade UC (P=0.041). Immunoreactivity for CD44 was similar to that of CK5, but displayed weaker and more diffuse staining. CK20 was reactive in 9 cases, primarily high-grade BUC. Other basal cell markers (34bE12, p63, bcl2, and EP4) were found to be neither sensitive nor specific in detecting UC with high CK5 expression. In comparison with non-BUC, BUC was associated with increased multifocality, larger tumor size, higher recurrence rate, and more frequent upgrading and stage progression. In the follow-up period of 3 years, distant metastasis occurred in 6 cases of which 5 were in the BUC subgroup.

Conclusions:
Our results showed that noninvasive papillary BUC represents a small subset associated with increased risk of tumor recurrence and progression. The aggressive behavior is likely associated with basal-like features of BUC, as seen in carcinomas with basal cell features in other body sites.
Ant And Mite Diversity Drives Toxin Variation In The Little Devil Poison Frog
Authors: McGugan Jenna R. , Byrd Gary D. , Roland Alexandre B. , Caty Stephanie N. , Kabir Nisha , Tapia Elicio E. , Trauger Sunia A. , Coloma Luis A. , O’Connell Lauren A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPoison frogs sequester chemical defenses from arthropod prey, although the details of how arthropod diversity contributes to variation in poison frog toxins remains unclear. We characterized skin alkaloid profiles in the Little Devil frog,Oophaga sylvatica(Dendrobatidae), across three populations in northwestern Ecuador. Using gas chromatography mass spectrometry, we identified histrionicotoxins, 3,5- and 5,8-disubstituted indolizidines, decahydroquinolines, and lehmizidines as the primary alkaloid toxins in theseO. sylvaticapopulations. Frog skin alkaloid composition varied along a latitudinal gradient across populations in a principal component analysis. We also characterized diversity in arthropods isolated from frog stomach contents and confirmedO. sylvaticaspecialize on ants and mites. To test the hypothesis that poison frog toxin diversity reflects species and chemical diversity in arthropod prey, we (1) used liquid chromatography mass spectrometry to chemically profile consumed ants and mites, and (2) used sequencing of cytochrome oxidase 1 to identify individual prey specimens. We show that chemical profiles of consumed ants and mites cluster by frog population, suggesting different frog populations have access to chemically distinct prey. We identified 45 ants and 9 mites isolated from frog stomachs, finding several undescribed species. Finally, by comparing chemical profiles of frog skin and isolated prey items, we were able to trace the arthropod source of four poison frog alkaloids, including 3,5- and 5,8-disubstituted indolizidines and a lehmizidine alkaloid. Together, our data shows the diversity of alkaloid toxins found inO. sylvaticacan be traced to chemical diversity in arthropod prey.
A protein aggregation-dependent scaling-free synaptic facilitation rule for neural network simulations
Authors: Sanguanini Michele , Cattaneo Antonino 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe regulation of mRNA translation at synaptic level is believed to be fundamental in memory and learning at cellular level. A family of RNA binding proteins (RBPs) which emerged to be important during development and in adult neurons is the one of Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation Element Binding proteins (CPEBs).DrosophilaOrb2 (homolog of vertebrate CPEB2 protein and of the neural isoform ofAplysiaCPEB) has been found to be involved in the translation of plasticity-dependent mRNAs and has been associated to Long Term Memory (LTM). Orb2 protein presents two main isoforms, Orb2A and Orb2B, which form an activity induced amyloid-like functional aggregate, which is thought to be the translation-inducing state of the RBP. Here we present a two-states continuous differential model for Orb2A-Orb2B aggregation and we propose it, more generally, as a new synaptic facilitation rule for learning processes involving protein aggregation-dependent plasticity (PADP).
Operational efficiency across the Chinese aerospace industry: a DEA and Malmquist analysis
Authors: Dong Peiwu , Qiao Kai , Yang Mei 
Published: November 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to study the operational efficiency of aerospace industry in China and compare the difference in efficiency between the private aerospace enterprises and the state-owned aerospace enterprises. This paper enriches the study on evaluating the operational efficiency of aerospace industry and develops the theory on aerospace industry management.Design/methodology/approach– The sample comprises all the aerospace enterprises listed in the A share market for which financial data are collected from the RESSET for subsequent analysis. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Malmquist productivity index (MPI) are used to derive findings.Findings– The paper finds both the scale and the technical level of the industry increased during the period, and this was mainly due to the growth of the state-owned enterprises. However, with the increase of scale, the total factor productivity of the sample decreased. This was mainly because the performance of the leading enterprises regressed. Overall, the operational efficiency of the industry was still relatively low. By comparing the private enterprises and the state-owned enterprises, this paper finds, in terms of scale, the private enterprises were far lower than the state-owned enterprises. However, as for operational efficiency, the private was more efficient, which indicates an imbalance in the development of the industry.Originality/value– This paper explores the operational efficiency across the Chinese aerospace industry, a focus currently lacking in research, presenting an overview of the industry and examining the difference in efficiency between the private aerospace enterprises and the state-owned aerospace enterprises to provide policymakers and managers with some practical suggestions to promote the development of the industry.
Unraveling the technological innovation pattern of China’s aerospace: synergy innovation
Authors: Gao Pengbin , Liu Yexin , Li Xiaoli , Wang Yan 
Published: November 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to unravel the technological innovation pattern in China’s aerospace industry. The technological innovation pattern of China’s aerospace industry is identified and its theoretical foundation, structure, philosophy, formation and effects on the development of China’s aerospace industry are explored.

Design/methodology/approach
– First, the theoretical foundation of synergy innovation of China’s aerospace industry is reviewed to further identify the technological innovation pattern. Second, Chinese ancient philosophy (dialectical thinking) is used to explain the structure and process of synergy innovation in China’s aerospace industry. Third, the formation process of synergy innovation is introduced, and, finally, the effects of synergy innovation are discussed.

Findings
– The technological innovation pattern of China’s aerospace industry has undergone an evolutionary process. During this process, China’s aerospace firms have formed a unique technological innovation pattern, synergy innovation, under China’s special political and economic background. The synergy innovation has three characteristics, including original, integrated and application-based. The synergy innovation pattern application is one of the most important reasons behind the great achievements of China’s aerospace industry.

Originality/value
– A unique technological innovation pattern, synergy innovation, is proposed for the first time. A new perspective for understanding innovation is provided by applying the Chinese dialectical thinking to decipher the philosophy of the technological innovation pattern. Based on this, this paper suggests that China’s aerospace industry should follow the situation and apply the synergy innovation pattern to achieve development and growth. This paper also illustrates a multi-method approach and emphasizes the different levels of organizing for innovation.
Control and structure in a professional service firm
Authors: Ang Pauline , Siti-Nabiha A.K , Phua Lian-Kee 
Published: November 2015

Subject area
Accounting and Finance (Performance Management and Management Control System).

Study level/applicability
Postgraduate Students in Business and Management.

Case overview
This is a case of SmartBay System Integrator (SSI), an IT infrastructure system integrator based in Malaysia, a company that was facing declining profit margins. SSI was reputed to be a well-established locally owned system integrators in the northern region of the country, and the services it provided included building IT systems with high-end servers, networking solutions and software applications. Apart from the urgent need to improve sales, SSI intended to reduce the number of one-off customers and resolve the issue of increasing customer complaints. The complaints given to the company by customers revolved around the sluggish response to customers' requests, including delays in quotations and proposals, constant rescheduling of meeting with customers as well as unfavorable perceptions regarding the competency of SSI engineers. This case requires the analysis of the structure and control systems adopted by SSI to determine whether they are appropriate for the nature of the business and have suitable systems in place to resolve the issue of customer complaints.

Expected learning outcomes
This case can be used to teach the use of control systems in managing human resource issues in the context of highly specialised technical professionals in small service firms. In addition, the case also illustrates the need to match an appropriate control system to a specific type of organisational structure. In addition, the case can be relied upon to teach the differences between the various types of organisational structures and the different forms of control systems.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
Albania: which way forward?
Authors: Kume Vasilika 
Published: November 2015

Subject area
Public sector management, policy-making, sustainable development, post-Communism.

Study level/applicability
The case is designed to be used with undergraduate-level and MBA/MPA students. With undergraduate levels, the case can be used on the subject strategic management. In MBA/MPA programs, this case can be used in subjects such as strategic planning for public administration. Here, it can be stressed as being about the problems faced by a country on the long road toward democracy. Issues to be discussed in class include: environmental scanning, competitiveness, public policies and strategic agenda.

Case overview
At the most general level, the case allows for the analysis and evaluation of the strategy and performance of the Albania from 1928 to 2014 along economic, political and social dimensions, using the techniques of country analysis (see Country Analysis Framework, HBS No. 389-080). Depending on time limitations and the particular objectives of the individual instructor, the case can be used to explore all phases of the nation's development or, alternatively, to focus on a specific era, such as Albania, in the way toward a free market economy. The case provides a setting in which to explore the diamond model as a tool for analyzing competitiveness and setting the economic policy agenda. In the Albania case, we highlight diamond analysis in an emerging economy. Albania also highlights the transition from a planned economy to a market economy, and the importance of a cross-border regional integration in competitiveness.

Expected learning outcomes
The case is written to serve a number of purposes: Understanding the problems and challenges to sustainable development, especially in a post-communist emerging economy like Albania. The transition/changes that all policymakers have to go through in their efforts for sustainable development of the country. To discuss production factors and the importance of a growth model based on the production factors.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
Murrah Dairy: Thailand's first and only buffalo milk producer
Authors: Kunapatarawong Rasi 
Published: November 2015

Subject area
Murrah Dairy Company Limited (Murrah Dairy) is a strategy and management case related to entrepreneurship, with a focus on marketing, expansion, strategy and management of a family-run small and medium enterprise (SME).

Study level/applicability
The case is suitable for senior undergraduate and/or graduate MBA strategic management, entrepreneurship and marketing courses.

Case overview
The case is about Murrah Dairy, Thailand's first and only buffalo dairy producer. The company combines the concepts of regular SMEs together with community enterprises to build a business that can be used to achieve community benefits as well as private gains. With 11 years of experience, Murrah Dairy remains the first and only extensive dairy buffalo farm in Thailand. The market is growing, the brand is catching on and the company keeps expanding. Beginning with Murrah Farm in 2003, now Murrah Dairy now operates Murrah Farm, Murrah House and Mini Murrah Farm. The question now is where to go from here and what will it take to grow?

Expected learning outcomes
The expected learning outcomes are the increases in understanding on environment assessment (such as SWOT analysis, Porter's Five Forces, success factors), marketing strategy (product portfolio analysis, market-product analysis) and SME management, as well as abilities to propose growth strategies and marketing strategies for the firm.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
Learning with interactive whiteboards
Authors: Kilic Eylem , Güler Çetin , Çelik H. Eray , Tatli Cemal 
Published: November 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors which might affect the intention to use interactive whiteboards (IWBs) by university students, using Technology Acceptance Model by the structural equation modeling approach. The following hypothesis guided the current study:H1.There is a positive relationship between IWB self-efficacy and perceived learning (PL).H2.There is a positive relationship between IWB self-efficacy and perceived ease of use (PEOU).H3.There is a positive relationship between IWB self-efficacy and perceived usefulness (PU).H4.There is a positive relationship between PL and PEOU.H5.There is a positive relationship between PL and PU. H6. There is a positive relationship between PEOU and attitude.H7.There is a positive relationship between PU and attitude.Design/methodology/approach– A survey method was used to collect the data. Purposive sampling was used, and 416 high-school students participated in the current study. Descriptive statistics and structural equation model conducted to test the proposed model were used in data analysis.Findings– All hypotheses formulated within the scope of the research model were statistically confirmed.H1, which assumed that interactive whiteboard self-efficacy (IWBSE) have had a positive impact on PL, was found to be statistically significant. The impact of IWBSE on PL was 0.61 which means that if IWBSE increases one unit, the impact on PL will be an average of 0.61 points. The relationship between IWBSE, which is expressed inH2andH3, and, respectively, PEOU and PU latent variables, was statistically significant. IWBSE mostly affected PEOU (= 0.51,t= 7.92), and then PU (= 0.16,t= 2.43). The relationship between PL – which is expressed inH4andH5– and, respectively, PEOU and PU latent variables, was statistically significant. IWBSE mostly affected PU (= 0.63,t= 7.94), and then PEOU (= 0.27,t= 3.95).Originality/value– It is aimed to transform the entire classes into computerized classes (Smart Class) around Turkey with FATIH project which includes usage of interactive boards. Because it is a very big project funded by the government, it is important to evaluate its adaptation among teachers and students. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate the factors which might affect the attitude to use IWBs by high-school students.