bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Platte TFI Program: Innovative Solutions to Hydrostatic Testing
Authors: Yasinko Ed A. , Vieth Patrick H. , Dick Dean D. , Nidd Phil G. , Pierantoni Troy D. 
Published: October 2016

Platte Pipe Line experienced an operational failure in July 1997. This failure was attributable to operational pressure cycle fatigue crack growth of a hook-crack in the longitudinal seam weld. This defect had grown to failure over a 24-year time period since it had been hydrostatically tested in 1973. In response to this failure, the Department of Transportation (DOT) Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) issued a corrective order to verify the integrity of this pipeline through either hydrostatic testing or an approved in-line inspection program.
An emerging technology, a Transverse Field Inspection (TFI) tool, was identified as a possible solution to this problem. Even though this inspection tool had not been used previously to identify seam-weld defects, this technology certainly showed promise. The results of our program show that the TFI program resulted in less impact on the operations of this pipeline and provided greater assurance than hydrostatic testing for the long-term operational reliability of this pipeline system. This paper describes the steps required to use this inspection tool for the Platte Pipe Line rehabilitation program.
Fast UT: A New Ultrasonic Inspection Technique
Authors: Sikorski Steve L. , Pfannenstiel Rick 
Published: October 2016

The method discussed in this paper uses a simple and concise procedure, which is effective and reliable for locating tip-diffracted signals. The technique utilizes refracted longitudinal waves to both detect and size planar flaws.
Confusing signals which are traditionally associated with angled L-wave techniques, due to mode conversion and direct shear wave reflections, are significantly reduced, while enhancing the ability to detect tip signals by using the FAST™ technique. This technique increases the speed of detection and simplifies sizing compared to traditional shear wave examinations and/or other advanced techniques. FAST™ is an acronym for Flaw Analysis and Sizing Technique.
Local Stress Effects on MFL Signals
Authors: Clapham L. , Plotnikov A. , Atherton D. L. 
Published: October 2016

Of these various factors that influence the Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) signal, stress is the most complex and the least understood. Pipe wall operating stresses may exceed 70% of the yield strength, but much higher local stress levels are present around defects because of stress concentrations. Understanding how these stresses affect MFL signals is crucial to accurate defect depth predictions.
We have conducted a number of studies that investigate the effects of bulk and local stresses on magnetic behaviour and MFL signals. Both single defects and interacting (2-hole) defects have been investigated. In addition to MFL studies, we have used a Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) measurement technique to characterize magnetic behaviour of the sample in response both to local and bulk stresses. In general we find that, for typical inspection geometry (axial magnetizing field and hoop stress) the MFL signal decreases as stress increases. At high flux densities stress effects diminish, but are still significant. Although the general trends described above are common to all defects, different types of defects (through wall hole, blind hole, interacting defects) all display uniquely different MFL stress responses. We attribute this to the difference in local stress distributions (stress concentrations) around these defects.
Enhanced Pipeline Integrity at Lower Cost: A Pipeline Integrity Prioritization Model
Authors: Burdylo Ron S. , Van Aelst Audrey L. L. 
Published: October 2016

Strategic, focussed application of pipeline integrity monitoring and mitigation techniques will significantly improve pipeline integrity program effectiveness while reducing overall maintenance costs. These achievements have been demonstrated through the development of Maintenance Prioritization Models (MPM) that pinpoint areas along the pipeline with the highest susceptibility to failure and identify the most cost effective mitigation strategy.
A MPM identifies areas along the pipeline that exhibit a higher relative susceptibility to failure and consequence in the event of a pipeline rupture. Used as part of the owner’s pipeline integrity management program, it assists with optimization, planning and focusing of integrity related preventative maintenance activities. Areas that require short-term mitigation are identified and maintenance budgeting and planning can be prioritized while long-term planning needs are forecast. It enables integrity engineers to manage resources more efficiently by focusing on areas of highest need, thereby extending the useful life of the pipeline section that will, in turn, extend its revenue generation capabilities.
Case History of Local Wrinkling of a Pipeline
Authors: Wilkie S. A. , Doblanko R. M. , Fladager S. J. 
Published: October 2016

Enbridge Pipelines (NW) Inc. (formerly Interprovincial Pipe Line (NW) Ltd.) owns and operates a buried 323mm diameter crude oil pipeline from Norman Wells, NWT to Zama, AB. The pipeline is approximately 869 km in length, with the route following a portion of the Mackenzie River Valley in the Northwest Territories. The pipeline routing is through discontinuous permafrost that has the potential to interact with the pipeline through frost heave, slope movement and thaw settlement that can produce extreme structural stresses in the pipe wall. Given the proper conditions, these stresses may localize and the pipeline will deform plastically, causing pipe wall wrinkling.
This paper reviews the general structural design and discusses the inspection and monitoring of the structural integrity of the pipeline, as well as the intervention criteria used to determine when structural mitigation is required. This case study will discuss the discovery of a wrinkle from internal inspection pig data, field dig verification, installation and monitoring of field instrumentation and the pipeline repair technique that was utilized.
Pipeline Inspection and Rehabilitation Using Clock Spring®
Authors: Porter Patrick C. , Mitchell Jesse L. 
Published: October 2016

This paper reviews the Clock Spring® repair system showing how it works and how it can be an effective component of a pipeline integrity program. It also outlines a Pipeline Integrity Program that is effective for TEPPCO and can be helpful to pipeline operators in the development of other pipeline integrity programs.
Using high-resolution magnetic flux leakage inspection tools and the Clock Spring® pipeline repair system, TEPPCO’s ten-year pipeline integrity program is ahead of schedule and significantly under budget. The use of advanced technology, combined with efficient planning, has yielded a unique systematic approach to pipeline integrity enhancement.
Aging, Pressure and Temperature Effects on the Thermal Performance of an Insulated Flowline
Authors: Wang X. , Perera M. R. , Prescott C. N. , Raborn G. O. 
Published: October 2016

Flowline thermal insulation is essential for deepwater field development when long distance subsea tieback is required. Proper flowline insulation design can prevent hydrate and wax formation during production, as well as provide sufficient time, in the event of an unplanned well shut-in, for resuming production before the product temperature drops below the critical temperatures. Although many insulated flowline configurations, (i.e., insulated pipe-in-pipe and insulated multi-flowline bundle) have been installed, insulation designs are usually based on insulation material technical data obtained at standard conditions. Few publications are available on the effects of insulation material aging, operation temperature, and environmental pressure (in the case of a pressurized annulus of pipe-in-pipe or bundle) on the flowline insulation performance.
In this paper, such effects on the thermal insulation properties of an insulated flowline, in both steady state and cool down conditions, are discussed. Insulation material thermal conductivity test data are presented at various pressures, temperatures, and aging effects (duration between manufacture and test). The test data are applied to typical flowline insulation designs and comparisons made with cases when these effects are neglected. Based on the test and analysis results, recommendations are made for insulated flowline designs.
Understanding the Physical Phenomena of Pipeline Decompression
Authors: Zhou X. L. , Moore R. G. , King G. G. 
Published: October 2016

Pipeline decompression is an important aspect of risk assessment during the design and operation of high-pressure gas transmission pipelines. As numerical simulation technology improves, more sophisticated multiphase decompression flow models are emerging. A complete understanding of physical phenomena occurring during rapid pipeline decompression is essential in developing an accurate, advanced and fundamentally sound multiphase flow model.
Pipeline decompression is a complex process that involves many thermodynamic and hydrodynamic non-equilibrium phenomena that govern the characteristics of fluid flow in the pipe. It is affected by parameters such as pipeline geometry, heat transfer, fluid characteristics, and various interactions between them.
In this paper, we describe and discuss the pipeline decompression process, critical flow phenomena, fluid phase behavior, thermodynamic and hydrodynamic non-equilibria, characteristics of fluid mechanics, heat transfer and pipeline mechanics. Hopefully, this will enhance understandings of the predictive capabilities and limitations of various types of pipeline decompression models currently used for this process.
The Business of Pipeline Simulation
Authors: Wike Andrew 
Published: October 2016

Pipeline simulation is the creation and operation of a “virtual pipeline” that closely replicates the physical pipeline and its operation. Pipeline simulation uses mathematics, specifically the laws of fluid mechanics and conservation of mass and energy to represent the hydraulic behavior of the fluid. A simulation can be as simple as calculating pressure drop in a single pipeline segment, or as complex as taking live measurement data from an operating pipeline network and using these data to drive a virtual pipeline side-by-side with its real-world counterpart. A virtual pipeline is also an extremely effective tool for training pipeline operators.
Critics of Information Services (IS) departments coined the phrase “islands of automation” to characterize the uncoordinated evolution of their Information Technology (IT) infrastructures. Pipeline simulation, as a compute-intensive application, has been critically dependent on the available IT platforms, and has been marooned on these islands for years. This paper charts how the application of simulation technology has changed over time as the available IT platforms have evolved. It offers suggestions as to how, in the coming years, pipeline simulation applications will be freed from these technology shackles as IS departments embrace new architectures in response to corporate business requirements.
Modeling and Optimization of Potable Water Network
Authors: Djebedjian Berge , Herrick Ahmed , Rayan Magdy Abou 
Published: October 2016

A potable water network hydraulic analysis is presented in this paper. A mathematical model was developed, the model treats looped network. A computer program is developed in order to facilitate water distribution system design, which satisfies all constraints including pipe diameter and nodal pressure.
An optimization technique is developed in order to evaluate the optimum network configuration and cost, the parameters are pipe diameter, flow rate, corresponding pressure and hydraulic losses. A non-linear technique was adopted in the solution. The model uses the sequential unconstrained minimization technique (SUMT) of Fiacco and McCormick (1964) to solve the optimal design of network. The adopted optimization technique decreases the required number of design iterations which for example may reach 1.48 billion iterations for a network with 8 pipes and a set of 14 available commercial pipes.
The initially assumed pipe diameters are successively adjusted to suit the existing standard commercial pipe diameters. The technique was applied on a simple case study of gravity-fed network.
The objective of the present investigation is to present a practical tool to help in the optimization of water distribution system, design and operation.
MOPICO: Operating Experience With a Unique Pipeline Compressor System
Authors: Ryrie John , McLean George S. 
Published: October 2016

This Paper presents the main design features and describes operating experience to date of a unique gas pipeline compression system marketed under the name MOPICO (Motor Pipeline Compressor). MOPICO has been developed jointly by four companies in USA and Europe. A prototype unit was works tested in 1990 and subsequently installed as an extension to an existing gas booster station in Alabama, where it has been in industrial operation since 1991.
The main elements of the motor/compressor design and the overall system performance capabilities are described briefly. Operational experience on a grass-roots station equipped with three units connected in series in a booster station in the US north east, and two single unit stations in the Province of Quebec are presented in detail.
Totally Enclosed Inline Electric Motor Driven Gas Compressors
Authors: Miller Harry , Johnson Anders T. , Ahrens Markus , Flanery T. Kenton 
Published: October 2016

A team forms to address the challenge of low cost, low maintenance gas compression that can be quickly ramped up to meet peak demands. The Natural Gas Industry recognizes the importance of efficient, flexible compression equipment for the transmission of gas. In the early 1900s the Gas Industry met its compression objectives with many small reciprocating compressor units. As competition increased, Gas Companies began employing more cost effective larger units 3.7 MW (5,000 bhp) and eventually gas turbines 11+ MW (15,000+ bhp) became the prime mover of choice. While gas fired engine driven compressors are convenient for gas companies; they are becoming increasingly difficult to install. Environmental restrictions have tightened making permitting difficult. The larger gas turbine units seemed a solution because they were the low capital cost prime mover and clean burning. However, gas turbines have not yet achieved the high degree of flexibility and fuel efficiency gas transporters hoped. Flexibility has become an increasingly important issue because of the new “Peaking Power Plants” that are coming online. Gas companies are trying to solve the problem of low cost, low maintenance compression that can be quickly ramped up to meet peak demands. The idea of using electric motors to drive compressors to minimize the environmental, regulatory, and maintenance issues is not new. The idea of installing an electrically powered, highly flexible, efficient, low maintenance compressor unit directly into the pipeline feeding the load, possibly underground where it won’t be seen or heard, is a new and viable way for the gas and electric industries to do business together.
This paper examines the application of totally enclosed, variable speed electric motor driven gas compressors to applications requiring completely automated, low maintenance, quick response gas pressure boosters. In this paper we will describe how a natural gas transporter, compressor manufacturer, motor manufacturer, and power company have teamed up to design the world’s first gas compressor that can be installed directly in the pipeline. We will discuss methodologies for installing the proposed compressor, the environmental benefits — no emissions, a small footprint, minimal noise — and the benefit of being able to install compression exactly where it is needed to meet the peaking requirements of today’s new loads.
A Performance Comparison of Aero-Derivative Gas Turbines and Electric Variable Speed Drives in Pipeline Compressor Duty on TransCanada’s Canadian Mainline
Authors: Betts Robert , Duchon Guenther , Williams David L. 
Published: October 2016

Since the early 1960’s, the use of aero-derivative and industrial gas turbines on TransCanada’s natural gas transmission system has been the norm, with a total of 245 units installed to date. In 1996 and 1997 the company installed six high-speed, 30.6 MW, variable speed, electric drive systems. In the same time period eight aero-derivative gas turbines of similar power, with Dry Low Emissions, were installed.
After an elapse of three years running time we now have enough data to compare the performance of the two different compressor drivers.
A comparison of the performance of the two prime movers is made in a number of different ways. Operation and maintenance costs of the two different systems are considered, including the fuel costs of the natural gas and electricity, from three different Canadian electric power utilities.
Economic Justification of Mechanical Dry Seals for Centrifugal Compressors
Authors: Sears John , Hosking Derek 
Published: October 2016

This paper discusses an approach to calculate the economic justification for using mechanical dry seals in centrifugal compressors. This evaluation is based on the full dry gas seal system cost compared to the associated operational and maintenance savings over standard oil seal systems. The economic evaluation is applicable for both the retrofit of existing equipment and for the installation into new equipment. However, the focus of this paper is on the cost savings with respect to the dry gas seal retrofits. Although the economic justifications are shown for centrifugal compressors in pipeline and refinery services, the same basic philosophy can be used to evaluate the economic justification of dry gas seals for compressors in other types of service.
Different areas of potential cost savings and environmental drivers are discussed, including a method calculating the associated savings. In addition, an example calculation for a specific compressor is presented. It must be emphasized that the economic benefits and the associated costs are highly dependent on the type and size of compressor as well as the particular application.
Refurbishment of Rolls-Royce 501 Turbo-Generators for Oil Production in Ecuador
Authors: Ascherl Mike J. , Kendig Bryan K. 
Published: October 2016

During 1997–1999 an energy company based in Calgary, Alberta, Canada added approximately 17.5 megawatts of electrical generating capacity to its oil production facility in Ecuador. Reservoir pressure was insufficient to permit free flow into the transportation pipeline. Therefore, a series of motor driven, bottom hole pumps had been installed. As is typical with many remote well sites, an electricity source was not available to achieve reliable operation of the bottom hole pumps. Therefore, a decision was made to install seven (7) refurbished on-site turbo-generator sets. The turbo-generators are based on the Rolls-Royce 501K gas generator, were commissioned during the first half of 2000, and today provide electricity for the facility.
This paper discusses the refurbishment of the turbo-generator sets. The refurbishment is a noteworthy achievement given the fact that the units sat idle for many years within the unprotected environment of the Venezuelan rain forest. The refurbishment methods and technologies are discussed. Factory test data are also presented.
Draft Genome Sequence of a
Pseudomonas
sp. Strain Carrying
bla
IMP-25
and
bla
VIM-2
Carbapenemase Genes from Hospital Sewage
Authors: Hu Yiyi , Wu Wenjing , Feng Yu , Zhang Xiaoxia , Zong Zhiyong 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas
strain WCHP16 recovered from hospital sewage in West China Hospital, Chengdu, China was found to carry two carbapenemase genes
bla
IMP-25
and
bla
VIM-2
. Here, we report its 5.7-Mb draft genome sequence, comprising 141 contigs and an average 59.53% G+C content. The genome contained 5,504 coding sequences and 67 tRNA genes.
Complete Genome Sequence of
Capripoxvirus
Strain KSGP 0240 from a Commercial Live Attenuated Vaccine
Authors: Vandenbussche Frank , Mathijs Elisabeth , Haegeman Andy , Al-Majali Ahmad , Van Borm Steven , De Clercq Kris 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
Capripoxviruses cause economically important diseases in domestic ruminants in regions endemic for these viruses. We report here the complete genome sequence of the KSGP 0240 vaccine strain from the live attenuated vaccine Kenyavac (JOVAC).
Complete Genome Sequence of a Low-Virulence Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Strain
Authors: Dobler G. , Bestehorn M. , Antwerpen M. , Överby-Wernstedt A. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

We report here the complete genome sequence (GenBank accession no. KX268728) of tick-borne encephalitis strain HB171/11, isolated from an
Ixodes ricinus
tick from a natural focus where human neurological disease is rare. The strain shows unique characteristics in neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Fungus
Paraphoma
sp. B47-9, a Producer of a Biodegradable Plastic–Degrading Enzyme
Authors: Sameshima-Yamashita Yuka , Koike Hideaki , Koitabashi Motoo , Saika Azusa , Morita Tomotake , Yarimizu Tohru , Kitamoto Hiroko 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Paraphoma
sp. B47-9 is a producer of a biodegradable plastic–degrading enzyme. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of this strain. The draft genome assembly has a size of 39.3 Mb with a GC content of 52.4% and consists of 185 scaffolds.
Evidence of lateral thermomechanical erosion of basalt by Fe-Ni-Cu sulfide melt at Kambalda, Western Australia
Authors: Staude Sebastian , Barnes Stephen J. , Le Vaillant Margaux 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The Fe-Ni-Cu sulfide ores at Kambalda, Western Australia, are interpreted to be the result of thermomechanical erosion of underlying rocks by the host komatiite lava flows. However, there is a long-standing argument about the extent of the erosion process, and the degree to which the linear embayments that host the ores were eroded by lava as opposed to formed by tectonic processes. This controversy has fundamental implications for the origin of magmatic sulfide ore, as well as for sinuous rilles on terrestrial planets. The controversy at Kambalda hinges on pinchout features, where sulfide ore at the edges of embayments penetrates laterally into footwall rocks. The most recently published studies of these features interpret them as forming by thrusting of basalts over sulfide-komatiite contacts along the margins of tectonic embayments. Field evidence and X-ray fluorescence element mapping on underground exposures in the Moran deposit demonstrate that sulfide liquid melted its way both downward and laterally into basalt, generating complex plumose melt layers, melt emulsions, and hybridized chromite-decorated contacts. These observations confirm an origin for the pinchouts by thermomechanical erosion, driven by the high temperature, high density, and low viscosity of the sulfide melt. They also provide some intriguing insights into the nature of interactions between sulfide melt and melting silicate rocks in magmatic Ni-Cu-platinum group element sulfide ore deposits in general.