bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two-color 3D–3D fusion of selective rotational cerebral angiograms: a novel approach to imaging in cerebrovascular neurosurgery
Authors: Jalali Ali , Srinivasan Visish M , Chinnadurai Ponraj , Kan Peter , Arthur Adam , Duckworth Edward A M 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundSince its introduction, digital subtraction angiography has been considered the gold standard in diagnostic imaging for neurovascular disease. Modern post-processing techniques have made angiography even more informative to the cerebrovascular neurosurgeon or neurointerventionalist. Open neurosurgical procedures such as aneurysm clipping, extirpation of arteriovenous malformations, and extracranial–intracranial bypass remain important techniques in the armamentarium of a comprehensive cerebrovascular neurosurgeon. In-depth study of the anatomy of vascular pathology prior to and after surgery, often via selective cerebral angiography, is a critical component of surgical planning. However, when a vascular lesion or relevant anatomical region is perfused by two or more vascular territories, each selective angiographic imaging volume may provide an incomplete anatomical picture.MethodsAn institutional database was searched for cases in which thesyngoInspace 3D–3D fusion software was used and assisted in diagnosis and surgical management.ResultsIn the six cases reviewed, the 3D–3D fusion imaging was crucial in understanding the anatomy of the vascular lesion and aided in surgical decision-making. The cases included two unique anterior communicating artery aneurysms, an arteriovenous malformation, an extracranial–intracranial bypass, and an angiographically negative subarachnoid hemorrhage.ConclusionsThis is a novel strategy of combining two independently acquired selective cerebral angiography volumes to create a more accurate representation of the vascular anatomy. Given the increasing availability of the relevant image acquisition and processing technologies, we propose this strategy as a valuable adjunct in cerebrovascular procedures.
Recent Developments of Entrepreneurship in Poland: The Country Entrepreneurial Profile
Authors: Ruminski Robert 
Published: November 2015

This paper is concerned with entrepreneurship and its development in Poland - one of the fastest growing EU economies and the key market player in Central and Eastern Europe. The issues of growth and development perspectives of enterprises as well as their role in growth creation are investigated. Special emphasis is put on measures of entrepreneurship, determinants of its development, the country’s competitive position and the conditions for the development of entrepreneurship. Moreover, the perception of business by society is discussed. The support of the Special Economic Zones, the cluster initiatives and the state policy are important for entrepreneurs and they contribute to further business development. Poland is seeing positive rates of development despite the recent economic downturn. Its high level of competitiveness, strong economic fundamentals and high flexibility will allow to benefit from the global recovery over the next few years. In order to evaluate the development potential of enterprises and the business environment, a SWOT analysis of the Polish SMEs was conducted.
Checkpoint Kinase 2 Negatively Regulates Androgen Sensitivity and Prostate Cancer Cell Growth
Authors: Ta Huy Q. , Ivey Melissa L. , Frierson Henry F. , Conaway Mark R. , Dziegielewski Jaroslaw , Larner James M. , Gioeli Daniel 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in American men, and curing metastatic disease remains a significant challenge. Nearly all patients with disseminated prostate cancer initially respond to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), but virtually all patients will relapse and develop incurable castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). A high-throughput RNAi screen to identify signaling pathways regulating prostate cancer cell growth led to our discovery that checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2) knockdown dramatically increased prostate cancer growth and hypersensitized cells to low androgen levels. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the effects of CHK2 were dependent on the downstream signaling proteins CDC25C and CDK1. Moreover, CHK2 depletion increased androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity on androgen-regulated genes, substantiating the finding that CHK2 affects prostate cancer proliferation, partly, through the AR. Remarkably, we further show that CHK2 is a novel AR-repressed gene, suggestive of a negative feedback loop between CHK2 and AR. In addition, we provide evidence that CHK2 physically associates with the AR and that cell-cycle inhibition increased this association. Finally, IHC analysis of CHK2 in prostate cancer patient samples demonstrated a decrease in CHK2 expression in high-grade tumors. In conclusion, we propose that CHK2 is a negative regulator of androgen sensitivity and prostate cancer growth, and that CHK2 signaling is lost during prostate cancer progression to castration resistance. Thus, perturbing CHK2 signaling may offer a new therapeutic approach for sensitizing CRPC to ADT and radiation. Cancer Res; 75(23); 5093–105. ©2015 AACR.
p53: Protection against Tumor Growth beyond Effects on Cell Cycle and Apoptosis
Authors: Wang Xuyi , Simpson Evan R. , Brown Kristy A. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 has established functions in cancer. Specifically, it has been shown to cause cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to DNA damage. It is also one of the most commonly mutated or silenced genes in cancer and for this reason has been extensively studied. Recently, the role of p53 has been shown to go beyond its effects on cell cycle and apoptosis, with effects on metabolism emerging as a key contributor to cancer growth in situations where p53 is lost. Beyond this, the role of p53 in the tumor microenvironment is poorly understood. The publication by Wang and colleagues demonstrates for the first time that p53 is a key negative regulator of aromatase and, hence, estrogen production in the breast tumor microenvironment. It goes further by demonstrating that an important regulator of aromatase, the obesity-associated and tumor-derived factor prostaglandin E2, inhibits p53 in the breast adipose stroma. This review presents these findings in the context of established and emerging roles of p53 and discusses possible implications for the treatment of breast cancer. Cancer Res; 75(23); 5001–7. ©2015 AACR.
The Immune Checkpoint Regulator PD-L1 Is Highly Expressed in Aggressive Primary Prostate Cancer
Authors: Gevensleben Heidrun , Dietrich Dimo , Golletz Carsten , Steiner Susanne , Jung Maria , Thiesler Thore , Majores Michael , Stein Johannes , Uhl Barbara , Müller Stefan , Ellinger Jörg , Stephan Carsten , Jung Klaus , Brossart Peter , Kristiansen Glen 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Purpose: Therapies targeting the programmed death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway promote anti-tumor immunity and have shown promising results in various tumors. Preliminary data further indicate that immunohistochemically detected PD-L1 may be predictive for anti-PD-1 therapy. So far, no data are available on PD-L1 expression in primary prostate cancer.
Experimental Design: Following validation of a monoclonal antibody, immunohistochemical analysis of PD-L1 expression was performed in two independent, well-characterized cohorts of primary prostate cancer patients following radical prostatectomy (RP), and resulting data were correlated to clinicopathological parameters and outcome.
Results: In the training cohort (n = 209), 52.2% of cases expressed moderate to high PD-L1 levels, which positively correlated with proliferation (Ki-67, P &lt; 0.001), Gleason score (P = 0.004), and androgen receptor (AR) expression (P &lt; 0.001). Furthermore, PD-L1 positivity was prognostic for biochemical recurrence [BCR; P = 0.004; HR, 2.37; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.32–4.25]. In the test cohort (n = 611), moderate to high PD-L1 expression was detected in 61.7% and remained prognostic for BCR in univariate Cox analysis (P = 0.011; HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.10–2.02). The correlation of Ki-67 and AR with PD-L1 expression was confirmed in the test cohort (P &lt; 0.001). In multivariate Cox analysis of all patients, PD-L1 was corroborated as independently prognostic for BCR (P = 0.007; HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.11–1.92).
Conclusions: We provide first evidence that expression of the therapy target PD-L1 is not only highly prevalent in primary prostate cancer cells but is also an independent indicator of BCR, suggesting a biologic relevance in primary tumors. Further studies need to ascertain if PD-1/PD-L1–targeted therapy might be a treatment option for hormone-naïve prostate cancers. Clin Cancer Res; 22(8); 1969–77. ©2015 AACR.
Towards Health for All: WHO and IMIA Intensify Collaboration
Authors: Geissbuhler A. , Haux R. , Kwankam S. Y. 
Published: November 2015

Summary

Objective:
To intensify the collaboration between WHO, the World Health Organization, and IMIA, the International Medical Informatics Association.

Methods:
Identifying key areas of collaboration and publishing a joint communiqué during Medinfo 2007 in Brisbane, Australia.

Results and Conclusions:
WHO and IMIA have identified three keyareas of joint work for the next three years: the Global Observatory for eHealth, the use of I CT for the development of the health and health care workforce, and sharing eHealth products and services related to intellectual property for development.
Psychosocial Factors, Exercise Adherence, and Outcomes in Heart Failure Patients
Authors: Cooper Lauren B. , Mentz Robert J. , Sun Jie-Lena , Schulte Phillip J. , Fleg Jerome L. , Cooper Lawton S. , Piña Ileana L. , Leifer Eric S. , Kraus William E. , Whellan David J. , Keteyian Steven J. , O’Connor Christopher M. 
Published: November 2015

Background—
Psychosocial factors may influence adherence with exercise training for heart failure (HF) patients. We aimed to describe the association between social support and barriers to participation with exercise adherence and clinical outcomes.

Methods and Results—

Of patients enrolled in Heart Failure: A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise Training (HF-ACTION), 2279 (97.8%) completed surveys to assess social support and barriers to exercise, resulting in the perceived social support score (PSSS) and barriers to exercise score (BTES). Higher PSSS indicated higher levels of social support, whereas higher BTES indicated more barriers to exercise. Exercise time at 3 and 12 months correlated with PSSS (
r
= 0.09 and
r
= 0.13, respectively) and BTES (
r
=−0.11 and
r
=−0.12, respectively), with higher exercise time associated with higher PSSS and lower BTES (All
P
<0.005). For cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization, there was a significant interaction between the randomization group and BTES (
P
=0.035), which corresponded to a borderline association between increasing BTES and cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization in the exercise group (hazard ratio 1.25, 95% confidence interval 0.99, 1.59), but no association in the usual care group (hazard ratio 0.83, 95% confidence interval 0.66, 1.06).

Conclusions—
Poor social support and high barriers to exercise were associated with lower exercise time. PSSS did not impact the effect of exercise training on outcomes. However, for cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization, exercise training had a greater impact on patients with lower BTES. Given that exercise training improves outcomes in HF patients, assessment of perceived barriers may facilitate individualized approaches to implement exercise training therapy in clinical practice.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00047437.
Bursaphelenchus kesiyae n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae), isolated from dead wood of Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon (Pinaceae) from Vietnam, with proposal of new subgroups in the B. fungivorus group
Authors: Kanzaki Natsumi , Aikawa Takuya , Maehara Noritoshi , Thu Pham Quang 
Published: November 2015

Bursaphelenchus kesiyae n. sp. is described. The new species was isolated from dead wood of Pinus kesiya during a field survey of nematodes associated with dead pine trees (Pinus spp.). The new species is medium- to large-sized for the genus, with males 690-1059 μm and females 837-1122 μm in body length, and has four lateral lines, six male genital papillae (P1 ventral single papilla is missing or vestigial), a mitten-shaped spicule with clear dorsal and ventral limbs, an indistinctive small and narrow bursal flap, vulva lacking any flap apparatus, and female tail long, tapering and straight or slightly ventrally curved. Based upon its diagnostic morphological characters, the new species belongs to the B. fungivorus group and is closely related to B. thailandae and B. parathailandae, with which it forms a cryptic species complex. However, the new species is distinguished from these two species by the morphology of the male bursal flap and several morphometric values, i.e., the bursal flap of the new species is inconspicuous, or almost lost in many individuals. Molecular phylogenetic analysis inferred from near-full-length SSU and D2-D3 LSU supported the morphological observations, i.e., the new species is molecularly similar to B. thailandae and B. parathailandae, but could be distinguished phylogenetically. Further, differences in molecular sequences in SSU and D2-D3 LSU between the new species and its close relatives are slightly higher than those between B. xylophilus and B. mucronatus, thus, identification of the species status for B. kesiyae n. sp. is considered warranted.
Legal Status of Taiping Island under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Authors: Song Yann-huei 
Published: November 2015

The government of the Philippines argues in the South China Sea arbitration case that all features in the Spratly archipelago are incapable of sustaining human habitation or economic life of their own. Even the largest feature in the Spratlys, that is, Taiping Island (Itu Aba), is a “rock” and accordingly, cannot generate maritime entitlement to a 200 nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone (eez) under unclos.
Is Taiping Island an “island” or a “rock” under the unclos? Is Taiping Island capable of sustaining human habitation or economic life of its own? Is Taiping Island entitled to generate a 200-nm eez or a continental shelf? The purpose of this article is to answer these questions from the perspective of Taiwan. It is Taiwan’s position that Taiping Island is “a full-fledged island” and therefore can generate a 200-nm eez in accordance with Article 121 of unclos.
The Studies of Precipitation, Flooding, and Rainfall Extremes across Disciplines (SPREAD) Workshop: An Interdisciplinary Research and Education Initiative
Authors: Schumacher Russ S. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Floods and flash floods are, by their nature, a multidisciplinary problem: they result from a convergence of atmospheric conditions, the underlying topography, hydrological processes, and the built environment. Research aimed at addressing various aspects of floods, on the other hand, often follows paths that do not directly address all of these fundamental connections. With this in mind, the NSF-sponsored Studies of Precipitation, Flooding, and Rainfall Extremes Across Disciplines (SPREAD) workshop was organized and held in Colorado during the summers of 2013 and 2014. SPREAD brought together a group of 27 graduate students from a wide variety of academic disciplines, but with the unifying theme being research interests in extreme precipitation or flooding. During the first meeting of the workshop, groups of graduate student participants designed interdisciplinary research projects that they then began work on over the intervening year, with the second meeting providing a venue to present their results. This article will outline the preliminary findings of these research efforts. Furthermore, the workshop participants had the unique and meaningful experience of visiting several locations in Colorado that had flooded in the past, and then visiting them again in the aftermath of the devastating 2013 floods. In total, the workshop resulted in several fruitful research activities that will advance understanding of precipitation and flooding. Even more importantly, the workshop fostered the development of a network of early-career researchers and practitioners who will be “multilingual” in terms of scientific disciplines, and who are poised to lead within their respective careers and across the scientific community.
Quasigeostrophic Diagnosis of Mixed Layer Dynamics Embedded in a Mesoscale Turbulent Field
Authors: Chavanne Cédric P. , Klein Patrice 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA quasigeostrophic model is developed to diagnose the three-dimensional circulation, including the vertical velocity, in the upper ocean from high-resolution observations of sea surface height and buoyancy. The formulation for the adiabatic component departs from the classical surface quasigeostrophic framework considered before since it takes into account the stratification within the surface mixed layer that is usually much weaker than that in the ocean interior. To achieve this, the model approximates the ocean with two constant stratification layers: a finite-thickness surface layer (or the mixed layer) and an infinitely deep interior layer. It is shown that the leading-order adiabatic circulation is entirely determined if both the surface streamfunction and buoyancy anomalies are considered. The surface layer further includes a diabatic dynamical contribution. Parameterization of diabatic vertical velocities is based on their restoring impacts of the thermal wind balance that is perturbed by turbulent vertical mixing of momentum and buoyancy. The model skill in reproducing the three-dimensional circulation in the upper ocean from surface data is checked against the output of a high-resolution primitive equation numerical simulation.
A New Class of Quality Controls for Micrometeorological Data in Complex Tropical Environments
Authors: Rollenbeck Rütger , Trachte Katja , Bendix Jörg 
Published: November 2015

AbstractQuality control is a particularly demanding problem for micrometeorological studies in complex environments. With the transition to electronic sensing and storage of climate data in high temporal resolution, traditional approaches of homogenization are insufficient for addressing the small-scale variability and spatial heterogeneity of the data. This problem can be successfully addressed by introducing a new class of control procedures based on the physical and climatological relations between different climate variables. The new approach utilizes knowledge about the interdependency of air temperature, precipitation, radiation, relative air humidity, cloud cover, and visibility to develop empirical functions for determining the probability margins for the co-occurrence of specific conditions in tropical mountains and deserts. It can also be applied to other geographic settings by adjusting the parameters derived from the data itself. All procedures are integrated into a processing chain with feedback loops and combined with conventional logical and statistical checks, which enables it to detect small errors that normally pass unnoticed. The algorithms are also adapted to incorporate the short time steps of the original data to retain the potential for detailed process analyses.
Identification and Reduction of Retracker-Related Noise in Altimeter-Derived Sea Surface Height Measurements
Authors: Zaron Edward D. , deCarvalho Robert 
Published: November 2015

AbstractData from the Jason-2 calibration/validation mission phase have been analyzed to identify the correlation between sea surface height (SSH) and significant wave height (SWH) errors. A cross-spectral analysis indicates that the SSH and SWH errors are nearly white and significantly correlated at scales from 12 to 100 km, consistent with the hypothesized error source, the waveform retracker. Because of the scale separation between the SWH signal and noise, it is possible to correct the SSH data by removing the SSH noise correlated with the SWH noise. Such a correction has been implemented using the empirical correlation found during the Jason-2 calibration orbit phase and applied to independent data from other phases of the Jason-1 mission. The efficacy of the correction varies geographically, but variance reductions between 1.6 and 2.2 cm2 have been obtained, corresponding to reductions of 20%–27% in the noise floor of along-track spectra. The corrections are obtained from and applied to conventional, 1 Hz, altimetry data and lead to improvements in the signal-to-noise ratio for identification of high-frequency narrowband processes—for example, internal tides—from these data.
Exploring the role of occupation for spouse-carers before and after the death of a spouse with dementia
Authors: Mattock Sarah , McIntyre Anne 
Published: November 2015

Introduction When a person with dementia dies, their former spouse-carer can find their personal resources so depleted that re-engaging in life can be difficult, leaving their mental health vulnerable. This qualitative study aimed to explore whether the occupations of spouse-carers contribute in the transition to the post-care period. Method Purposive sampling was used to recruit nine spouse-carers, who were between 1 and 5 years post-bereavement, via two branches of the Alzheimer’s Society, in the United Kingdom. In-depth interviews collected data for this interpretative phenomenological study, which were subject to template analysis. Findings Exploration of the data produced themes of continuity, roles and occupations, support and change and transition. Many of the findings supported published literature. However, a new finding emerged, where spouse-carers’ engagement in a ‘sustaining occupation’ (researcher’s term) appeared to counter the effect of role overload. Conclusion Four key ways that occupations of spouse-carers contributed to the transition to post-care were identified: ‘sustaining occupations’; occupations that maintain spouse-carers’ identity; continuing bonds with the deceased care-recipient; developing new roles. The first two of these began before bereavement and assisted in equipping spouse-carers for the transition to post-care. The second two followed bereavement and enabled spouse-carers to build confidence and re-engage with life.
Legislative regulation of global value chains to protect workers: A preliminary assessment
Authors: Rawling Michael 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis article argues for domestic legislative regulation of global value chains to protect offshore workers. First, it outlines the policy reasons necessitating such legislation. Empirical evidence confirms that global value chains are a dominant feature of the global economy. It is contended that lead firms wield influence in global value chains in a manner which leads to poor outcomes for offshore workers. Second, the article sets out the minimum steps necessary for a domestic state to attribute the responsibility for transparency of global value chains to lead firms. Then, it proceeds to explore the possibilities and limits of the proposed scheme of regulation. Despite some complexities with implementing the scheme, it is argued that if domestic legislative regulation of global value chains strengthens even to a small extent the monitoring of global labour issues, it is worth pursuing.