bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental perfusion system utilizing the rabbit Vx‐2 carcinoma: II. Correlative studies of in vitro sterilization of Vx‐2 cells with results of perfusions in rabbits and in patients
Authors: Mori Shyunichi , Clarkson Bayard , O'Connor Annabel , Lawrence Waiter 
Published: January 2016

The effect of exposure to six chemotherapeutic agents incubated with Vx‐2 carcinoma cells in vitro has been determined by injecting cells into rabbits. 5x‐Fluoro‐2'‐deoxyuridine, methotrexate, and cyclophosphamide failed to cause sterilization of Vx‐2 cells in vitro and had little influence on subsequent tumor growth. HN2, actinomycin D, and mitomycin C all produced sterilization of Vx‐2 cells during in vitro incubation. The minimal sterilizing concentration of each of these drugs was established.The results of the in vitro tests were compared with the plasma concentration in the perfusion circuit during experimental rabbit hind limb perfusions as well as during pelvic perfusions in patients using these same drugs when suitable assay procedures were available (5‐fluoro‐2'‐deoxyuridine, methotrexate, actinomycin D, and mitomycin C).Except for cyclophosphamide, there was generally good correlation between the results of the in vitro tests with Vx‐2 cells and the therapeutic effect of perfusions.
Clinical investigation of a new phenothiazine compound, methdilazine
Authors: Taylor Cyril , Gardier Robert W. , Stoelting Vergil K. , Dallas Mary E. 
Published: January 2016

The applicability of new phenothiazine compound, methdilazine, to the clinical practice of anesthesiology was examined in 527 adult patients. Methdilazine in a dose of 25 mg. by intramuscular injection, when combined with 50 mg. of meperidine, was found to be a useful drug for the preanesthetic preparation of the surgical patient. The patients who had received methdilazine were more drowsy after operation than those in the placebo group but could be readily aroused. The preanesthetic administration of the drug did not appear to offer any protection against postoperative emesis.The use of methdilazine in the prevention of postoperative emesis was studied follOWing the intramuscular injection of 12.5 mg. at the termination of anesthesia. There was a significant decrease in emetic symptoms in the 3 hour postoperative period. Postanesthetic drowsiness and hypotension were minimal. Methdilazine was administered to patients during the first 24 hour postoperative period. These patients were given 50 mg. of meperidine whenever they requested an analgesic drug to relieve their pain. It was found that the patients who had received methdilazine had a significantly greater requirement for meperidine than those in the placebo group. It was concluded that methdilazine exhibited analgesic antagonism.
Human pharmacology of tranquilizing drugs
Authors: Domino Edward F. 
Published: January 2016

The widespread confusion in the classification of various tranquilizing drugs is due to the fact that there are no specific tranquilizers at this time. All available drugs have numerous pharmacologic actions in addition to ataraxia. Some of the newer drugs used to relieve anxiety are related pharmacologically to the well‐known classic sedative and soporific compounds. Some agents, like chlorpromazine and reserpine, etc., have much less soporific effect but do have other marked pharmacologic actions. The position of the reviewer is that there are no truly specific tranquilizers and that most central nervous system depressants in proper dose or circumstance may be used clinically in man to relieve anxiety and produce tranquilization. The concept of the dose‐response relationship of these agents is discussed. Drugs with relatively flat dose‐response curves for central nervous system depression tend to be the most useful in relieving anxiety without producing too many undesirable actions.The pharmacology of several selected agents and related congeners is discussed in detail. These include the substituted phenothiazines, the Rauwolfia alkaloids, meprobamate, and chlordiazepoxide.
Acetohexamide: Comparison with other sulfonylurea compounds in the treatment of diabetes mellitus
Authors: Boshell Buris R. , Wilensky Allan S. , Barrett James C. , Almon John V. 
Published: January 2016

A new oral hypoglycemic agent, acetohexamide, is compared with four other sulfonylurea drugs in 70 patients with diabetes mellitus, the majority of whom had had either primary or secondary failure with other oral hypoglycemic compounds.Of the 70 patients studied, 43 per cent responded to acetohexamide, maintaining fasting blood sugar levels under 160 mg. per 100 ml. Only 24 per cent of the 70 patients maintained fasting blood sugar levels under 120 mg. per 100 ml. The primary response to acetohexamide was equal to or better than that noted in the patients treated with chlorpropamide, tolbutamide, azepinamide, and cycloheptolamide. Approximately 25 per cent of patients who had failed to respond to other sulfonylurea compounds responded to acetohexamide.Preliminary studies reveal no serious toxicity. No consistent effects on serum cholesterol levels or thyroid activity were noted.
Estimating the acceptability of morphine and noracymethadol in postpartum patients
Authors: Gruber Charles M. , Baptisti Arthur 
Published: January 2016

Single oral doses of morphine and noracymethadol were administered to postpartum patients for the relief of pain. Change in pain intensity was found to be directly proportional and relief of pain was found to be inversely proportional to initial pain. Effectiveness was determined by summing these two estimates of analgesia. Drug effectiveness was estimated 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 hours after administration. The frequency and intensity of other symptoms were estimated 6 hours after drug administration. A double‐blind control was used.Capsules containing blank were administered to 200 patients. Doses of 15, 30, 60, and 90 mg. morphine were administered to 50 patients (6 patients received 120 mg.). Doses of 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 30 mg. noracymethadol were each administered to 50 patients (18 received 40 mg.).
Effects of addiction to intravenous heroin on patterns of physical activity in man
Authors: Fraser H. F. , Jones B. E. , Rosenberg D. E. , Thompson A. K. 
Published: January 2016

Physical activity measurements were made during 30 days of placebo administration followed by 60 days of addiction to intravenous heroin. The experimental design was double‐blind. Five prisoner addicts served as subjects. The daily measures of activity selected were: (a) hours lying horizontal on the bed, (b) hours of sleep, (c) hours off the research ward, and (d) miles recorded on a pedometer.The several activity measurements correlated well. The experiments indicate that techniques may be used to measure major daily activities which require minimal directed participation by the subject and which do not Significantly influence degree and quality of activity. Compared with placebo, heroin increased activity when given in single intravenous doses or in repeated doses for 3 or 4 days, but depressed activity when chronically administered over a longer interval. When patients chronically received heroin they showed a pronounced tendency to retreat from all forms of activity and social contacts, and to go to their rooms to lie alone on their beds, eyes closed, frequently with radios turned on, “nodding” (sedated, but usually not sleeping).Clinical observations and pursuit rotor tests indicate that the depressant effects on activity observed during chronic heroin administration were not due to debility or to psychomotor impairment but rather suggest a reduced responsiveness of the patient to ambient stimuli.
Hemolytic effects of drugs and chemical agents
Authors: Prankerd T. A. J. 
Published: January 2016

Three different modes of action may be envisaged by which red cells are destroyed in the body by chemical agents. In the first instance there may be a direct interaction between cell and drug, in the second the cell may be predisposed to damage by its own inherent chemical abnormality, whereas, in the third, cell destruction is brought about by the formation of a red cell antibody. These different mechanisms are discussed and, where possible, chemical agents known to produce hemolytic reactions are considered as illustrations of these mechanisms. Since our knowledge of pathogenesis must succeed our knowledge of the occurrence of disease, it is impossible in many instances to ascribe a particular mechanism to a particular agent.The rapid growth of knowledge in this field has revealed chemical bases for individual susceptibility to several groups of drugs and has had wide repercussions in other scientific fields.
Observations on the human pharmacology and addictiveness of methotrimeprazine
Authors: Fraser H. F. , Rosenberg D. E. 
Published: January 2016

Methotrimeprazine, a derivative of chlorpromazine, has been evaluated for addictiveness by subcutaneous administration to former opiate addicts. It does not induce morphinelike effects when given in single doses, and only partially suppresses abstinence from morphine. When given chronically its effects were disliked and it did not induce physical dependence. Therefore, it does not possess morphinelike addictiveness.Sedation and postural hypotension are conspicuous pharmacologic effects of methotrimeprazine, and may greatly impair its clinical usefulness. Insofar as evaluated, rectal body temperature, respiratory rate, and systolic blood pressure (horizontal) were not affected by methotrimeprazine. No extrapyramidal symptoms were observed. All subjects retained a good appetite, and showed a moderate gain in body weight while receiving methotrimeprazine chronically.
III. Pentobarbital sodium in prolonged‐action form compared with conventional capsules: Serum levels of drug and clinical effects following acute doses
Authors: Hollister Leo E. , Kanter Saul L. , Clyde Dean J. 
Published: January 2016

Twelve subjects were given acute 200 mg. doses of pentobarbital sodium in four trials at weekly inteTIJals. Two doses were administered as conventional capsules; two as proprietary prolonged‐action preparations (Gradumet). The order of administration was randomized.Mean serum levels of pentobarbital sodium were cOnsistently higher following the capsules, although only significantly greater than from the prolonged‐action medication at 2 hours. First trials of the capsules showed significantly higher levels of the drug than second trials at 4, 8, and 24 hours. No significant differences were found between successive trials of prolonged action medications; however, the range of serum levels was COnsiderable, with much variation within as well as between subjects. Global estimates of the effects indicated that for most subjects the capsule dose had greater intensity and duration. Capsules also appeared to have appreciably more effect as determined by the Clyde mood scale at 2 and 4 hours, but less at 8 hours.No advantage could be found for the prolonged‐action form, which appeared slightly less efficient than the capsules. Biologic variability between trials using the same subject may supersede any advantages of specific pharmaceutical preparations of drug.
Evaluation of actinospectacin in urinary tract infections
Authors: Vineyard John P. , Mays Benita M. , Sanford Jay P. 
Published: January 2016

Actinospectacin is a broad‐spectrum antibiotic which has been demonstrated to be effective in vitro against a variety of gram‐negative bacteria.A comparison of the in vitro activity of actinospectacin with other antibiotics against 827 recent clinical isolates of gram‐negative bacteria demomtrated that 41.6 per cent were inhibited by 20 I‐'g per milliliter or less of antinospectacin; this activity was intermediate in comparison to that of agents now in use. Sixteen patients with urinary tract infectiom were treated and clinical improvement occurred in all, with bacteriologic cure in 9. The occurrence of actinospectacin‐resistant organisms in 5 patients suggests that the in vivo development of resistance will limit the usefulness of this drug as the sole antimicrobial agent in the therapy of urinary tract infections.
The modern treatment of shock based on physiologic principles
Authors: Lillehei Richard C. , Longerbeam Jerrold K. , Bloch Jack H. , Manax William G. 
Published: January 2016

The hemodynamic disturbances resulting from shock due to hemorrhage or endotoxins and the results of several methods of treatment are presented. The experimental data indicate that vasopressors intensify the visceral vasoconstriction, ischemia, and loss of capillary integrity characteristic of severe shock. The benefical effects of corticosteroids or phenoxybenzamine combined with volume replacement are indicated.The hemodynamics of shock appear to be similar in man and animals, although the visceral organ which suffers the greatest insult varies among the species. This concept of a basic hemodynamic mechanism of shock gains further support from the fact that the same therapy in dog and man produces similar results.In treating patients with actual or suspected bacterial shock, we prefer a regimen of hydrocortisone, plasma to replace volume loss, specific antibiotic therapy, and surgical intervention when necessary to eliminate the source of infection. Hydrocortisone is used in preference to phenoxybenzamine because it has a more subtle effect on vascular tone and is less likely to cause further hypotension. Plasma is preferred to low molecular dextran because of our concern over the combined effects of endotoxin shock and dextran on basic blood clotting mechanisms in man.
Drebrin coordinates the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton during the initiation of axon collateral branches
Authors: Ketschek Andrea , Spillane Mirela , Dun Xin‐Peng , Hardy Holly , Chilton John , Gallo Gianluca 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTDrebrin is a cytoskeleton‐associated protein which can interact with both actin filaments and the tips of microtubules. Its roles have been studied mostly in dendrites, and the functions of drebrin in axons are less well understood. In this study, we analyzed the role of drebrin, through shRNA‐mediated depletion and overexpression, in the collateral branching of chicken embryonic sensory axons. We report that drebrin promotes the formation of axonal filopodia and collateral branches in vivo and in vitro. Live imaging of cytoskeletal dynamics revealed that drebrin promotes the formation of filopodia from precursor structures termed axonal actin patches. Endogenous drebrin localizes to actin patches and depletion studies indicate that drebrin contributes to the development of patches. In filopodia, endogenous drebrin localizes to the proximal portion of the filopodium. Drebrin was found to promote the stability of axonal filopodia and the entry of microtubule plus tips into axonal filopodia. The effects of drebrin on the stabilization of filopodia are independent of its effects on promoting microtubule targeting to filopodia. Inhibition of myosin II induces a redistribution of endogenous drebrin distally into filopodia, and further increases branching in drebrin overexpressing neurons. Finally, a 30 min treatment with the branch‐inducing signal nerve growth factor increases the levels of axonal drebrin. This study determines the specific roles of drebrin in the regulation of the axonal cytoskeleton, and provides evidence that drebrin contributes to the coordination of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton during the initial stages of axon branching. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 1092–1110, 2016
Glacier–groundwater stress gradients control alpine river biodiversity
Authors: Khamis Kieran , Brown Lee E. , Hannah David M. , Milner Alexander M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn alpine river networks, water source (i.e. snow, ice or groundwater) plays a major role in influencing flow regimes, benthic habitat and macro‐invertebrate community structure. Across these systems, a natural stress gradient can be conceptualized, from rivers fed exclusively by meltwater (harsh habitat) to those with no melt input (relatively benign, groundwater fed). However, despite the current context of rapid glacier retreat, our understanding of linkages between meltwater contributions, physico‐chemical habitat and biodiversity remains limited. To address this research gap, habitat characteristics and macro‐invertebrate community structure were studied at 26 sites (five river basins) in the French Pyrénées across a meltwater gradient from 0% to 99%. A combination of generalized regression models and multivariate analyses showed that the stress gradient was associated with the following: (i) linear responses of key physico‐chemical habitat variables, in particular bed stability, (ii) unimodal responses at the community level (e.g. richness and total density peaks at 40–60% meltwater contribution), and (iii) both unimodal and monotonic responses at the level of individual taxa. Sites characterized by high contributions of meltwater, although species poor, were important for beta diversity because of their specialist endemic fauna. Our findings suggest that continued glacier and snowpack retreat due to expected future climate change are likely to lead to more homogeneous alpine river habitats (i.e. reduced meltwater–groundwater stress gradient breadth). As a result, increased alpha diversity is expected as previously harsh habitats become more favourable; however, an associated decrease in beta diversity is likely as glacial stream specialists become replaced by generalists. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cryogenic Nanothermometer Based on the MIL‐103(Tb,Eu) Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Ananias Duarte , Brites Carlos D. S. , Carlos Luís D. , Rocha João 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe microporous metal–organic framework MIL‐103 doped with Tb3+ and Eu3+, formulated as [(Tb0.95Eu0.05)(btb)(H2O)]·(solv)x [H3btb = 1,3,5‐tris(4‐carboxyphenyl)benzene; solv = H2O, CH3OH] has been shown to be a good platform for luminescent ratiometric thermometry. Although operative over a wide range of temperatures (10–320 K), this material exhibits, in the cryogenic range (<100 K), one of the best performances of metal–organic frameworks, with a relative thermal sensitivity of 2.85 % K–1 at 14 K. The material exists in the form of nanoparticles, suitable for nanothermometry applications (e.g., microfluidics). Moreover, as MIL‐103 is nanoporous, its use as a multisensing platform deserves further consideration in the near future.
Hydrophilic Ethylene‐Glycol‐Based Ruthenium Sensitizers for Aqueous Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Cisneros Robin , Beley Marc , Lapicque François , Gros Philippe C. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Philippe C. Gros from Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France. The cover image shows the application of new hydrophilic ruthenium complexes as sensitizers in water‐based dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).
Handedness Preferences of Heterochiral Helical Peptides Containing Homochiral Peptide Segments
Authors: Demizu Yosuke , Yamashita Hiroko , Misawa Takashi , Doi Mitsunobu , Oba Makoto , Tanaka Masakazu , Kurihara Masaaki 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA homochiral L‐Leu‐L‐Leu‐Aib segment was incorporated into the N‐ or C‐termini of left‐handed (M) helical peptides (D‐Leu‐L‐Leu‐Aib)n. We then investigated the preferred conformations of two sets of three peptides; i.e., Boc‐L‐Leu‐L‐Leu‐Aib‐(D‐Leu‐L‐Leu‐Aib)n‐OMe (n = 1: 1; 2: 2; 3: 3) and Boc‐(D‐Leu‐L‐Leu‐Aib)n‐L‐Leu‐L‐Leu‐Aib‐OMe (n = 1: 4; 2: 5; 3: 6), in solution and in the crystalline state. Nonapeptide 2 and dodecapeptide 3, each containing an N‐terminal L‐Leu‐L‐Leu‐Aib segment, formed left‐handed (M) helices as the preferred secondary structures in solution. In the crystalline state, nonapeptide 2 folded into an (M) α‐helical structure. Peptides 4–6, each containing a C‐terminal L‐Leu‐L‐Leu‐Aib segment, formed roughly equivalent amounts of right‐handed (P) and (M) helices.
Potentiometric Sensing of Aspirin Metabolite in Human Plasma and Pharmaceutical Preparations Using Co(III)‐complex Based Electrodes: Experimental and Quantum Chemical Calculations
Authors: Shehab Ola R. , Mansour Ahmed M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThree novel poly vinyl chloride (PVC) (A), carbon paste (CP) (B), and coated glassy carbon‐MWCNT (CGC) (C) salicylate (sal−) sensors based on new synthesized [Co(L2Cl)Cl3(H2O)] ⋅ H2O complex (L2Cl=(1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐ylmethyl)‐N‐(2‐chloro‐phenyl)‐ amine)), o‐nitrophenyloctyl ether as a mediator and tridodecylmethylammonium chloride as a cationic additive were successfully used for determination of sal− in human plasma and pharmaceutical formulations. The sal−‐sensors exhibited enhanced sensitivity with slope of −63.5, −60.5 and −58.9 mV/decade and detection limit of 1.0×10−5, 4.0×10−7, and 1.0×10−6 mol L−1 for A–C sensors respectively. Quantum chemical calculations were carried out by HF and DFT/B3LYP methods to explore and investigate the interaction between the receptor and the different anions. The intermolecular H‐bond created between the uncoordinated CO of salicylate group and the secondary amino group in the complex is the key factor of the selectivity of the proposed sensor. A linear relation is established between the natural charge on the Co center and the value of the binding energy, where the decrease in positive charge is associated by an increase in the anion binding energy.
Association between depression and neuropathy in people with type 2 diabetes: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Bartoli Francesco , Carrà Giuseppe , Crocamo Cristina , Carretta Daniele , La Tegola Davide , Tabacchi Tommaso , Gamba Pierluigi , Clerici Massimo 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveDepression and neuropathy are frequent complications of type 2 diabetes. The current meta‐analysis aimed to estimate the association between depression and neuropathy in subjects with type 2 diabetes.MethodsWe systematically searched electronic databases for articles published up to February 2015, providing data on the association between depression and neuropathy in individuals with type 2 diabetes. No language restrictions were applied. The meta‐analysis generated random‐effect odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Risk of publication bias and heterogeneity were estimated using the Egger test and I2 index, respectively. Leave‐one‐out analysis was performed. Data were analysed using stata.ResultsThirteen studies were included in the meta‐analysis. Data on the association between depression and neuropathy were available for 3898 individuals with type 2 diabetes. Pooled analysis showed an association between depression and neuropathy, with an odds ratio of 2.01 (95% CI: 1.60–2.54; p < 0.001). There was no risk of publication bias (p = 0.064), and heterogeneity was moderate (I2 = 44.5%). Leave‐one‐out analysis confirmed consistency of the findings. The association appeared partly influenced by age, because studies selecting older people (sample mean age > 65 years) showed a slightly higher estimate for the association.ConclusionsWe found an association between depression and neuropathy among people with type 2 diabetes. Because of the cross‐sectional nature of included studies, the relationship between these two conditions might be bidirectional. Further research exploring factors that might moderate or mediate this association is needed. Targeted interventions for comorbid depression and neuropathy should be implemented in clinical practice. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.