bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Introduction to the Flow about Plane Swept-back Wings at Transonic Speeds
Authors: Rogers E. W. E. , Hall I. M. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryA brief survey is made of the way the flow develops about wings with leading edges swept at about 50° as the stream Mach number rises from a subsonic to a supersonic value. The shock pattern which occurs may be complex. Three aspects of the wing flow are discussed in more detail, including the possible conditions for shock-induced separation of the surface boundary layer. The effect of the changing flow pattern on the overall wing lift, drag and pitching moment is commented upon.
Some Problems of Polar Missile Control
Authors: Best D. 
Published: July 2016

A polar-controlled missile is one in which manoeuvre is carried out by rotations about roll and pitch axes, that is, in the manner of a conventional aeroplane. This paper discusses some problems in the application of this form of control to homing missiles.In comparison with the alternative Cartesian configuration, this method presents some special design problems. In the former case, it is often possible to resolve the motion into two planes and consider the pitch and yaw control systems as independent two-dimensional problems. This simplification is not possible in the case of polar control and it is usually necessary to consider the whole three-dimensional system. The equations of motion which result are, in general, not susceptible to analysis. Because of this, the design of control systems requires extensive use of simulators.
The Initial Instability of an Elastic Sheet Reinforced by Stringers and Skew Ribs
Authors: Pope G. G. 
Published: July 2016

This note is devoted to the analysis of the initial buckling of an elastic sheet reinforced by a uniform non-buckling grid of stringers and skew ribs. The stringers and ribs enter the analysis through their influence on the stresses in the unbuckled sheet. Combinations of the following loadings in the plane of the reinforced sheet are considered: —
(i) uniform direct loading normal to the ribs,(ii) uniform shear loading relative to axes perpendicular and parallel to the ribs.
Engines for Supersonic Air Liners
Authors: Jamison R. R. , Lane R. J. 
Published: July 2016

The 1,158th lecture to be given before the Society, “Engines for Supersonic Air Liners” by Dr. R. R. Jamison, B.Sc., F.R.Ae.S., A.R.I.C. and Mr. R. J. Lane, Diploma of Graduate Studies (Birmingham), G.I.Mech.E., of Bristol Siddeley Engines Ltd., was given on 24th March 1960, at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1 Birdcage Walk, London, S.W.I. The Chair was taken by Air Commodore F. R. Banks, C.B., O.B.E., C.G.I.A., F.R.Ae.S., Hon.F.I.A.S., M.I.Mech.E., M.Inst.Pet., Vice-President of the Society.Introducing the lecturers, Air Commodore Banks said that after receiving his education at the South African College and the University of Cape Town, Dr. Jamison joined Rolls-Royce in 1937 and had remained with that Company until 1950, when he joined Bristol Aero-Engines Ltd.–now Bristol Siddeley Engines Ltd. He was Assistant Chief Engineer and Head of the Ram-jet Department and since 1950 had been working on ram-jet development. He and his team were regarded as the specialists in this country–and probably in Europe– on controllable ram-jets. Mr. Lane, joint author with Dr. Jamison of the lecture, had graduated from the University of Birmingham and had served his apprenticeship at the Royal Ordnance Factory before joining Bristols. He was now working on ram-jet dynamics and gas-dynamics of ram-jets with Bristol Siddeley Engines Ltd.
Structural Aluminium Alloys For High Speed Flight
Authors: Doyle W. M. 
Published: July 2016

There is a scarcity of specific design data which can be presented to the aircraft designer to enable him to assess the most suitable structural aluminium alloy for a high speed civilian transport aircraft. The problem is essentially due to the relatively low range of elevated temperatures, in which he is interested, coupled with the very long life requirements for a commercial transport aircraft flying at speeds at which it is possible to consider the use of aluminium alloys.Although the firm with which the author is associated has a vast experience in the development and knowledge of aluminium alloys for aero-engine and gas turbine purposes, it has never been required, in the past, to consider engine applications much below about 200°C, and the design data, which was determined over many years and provided as a service, satisfied the engine designers if the period of test was up to 1,000 hours. On the other hand, to the designer of aircraft for subsonic flight, kinetic heating is no problem at all, and he is quite satisfied with a knowledge of the room temperature properties of the various alloys.
The Difference Function Approach to the Overall Aerodynamics of Guided Missiles
Authors: Forster C. A. , Southgate A. C. 
Published: July 2016

Summary:With cruciform missiles it is usual to express overall aerodynamic forces and moments in terms of aileron, elevator and rudder angles. It is shown that an alternative formulation in terms of individual control angles is both more general and more revealing.The fundamental assumption is that the overall coefficients can be expressed sufficiently accurately as the sum of independent control effects and of the mutual interference between adjacent controls. This assumption has been found to be valid over quite wide regions of supersonic Mach number, body incidence and control deflection for some typical cruciform rear control missiles. In principle the method applies at all speeds and to all types of layout, but it seems likely to be less widely applicable at subsonic and transonic speeds and to moving wing and canard layouts. The region of applicability is ultimately a matter of experimental investigation for each missile.This new approach gives a clearer understanding of cross-coupling effects, simplifies and improves the accuracy of a mathematical model of the aerodynamic characteristics, and facilitates the interpolation of wind tunnel test measurements. These measurements are made on configurations with two adjacent controls deflected and the other two controls either always undeflected or always removed. The test programme can be matched more easily to the aerodynamic characteristics, and the testing time is much the same or significantly less than for a comparable programme involving combinations of aileron, elevator and rudder settings. Greater demands on experimental accuracy are imposed, however.There is considerable scope for research work in investigating the applicability of the new technique to various types of missile layouts and to assessing the relative merits of having the two dummy controls undeflected or removed.
I did eat my vegetables. Agreement between parent and child food intake diaries
Authors: Rangelov Natalie , Suggs L Suzanne , Marques-Vidal Pedro 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the level of agreement between children and their parents when reporting a child’s food consumption.DesignCross-sectional study in which children and parents independently completed 7 d food diaries describing the foods and drinks the child consumed at every meal and snack. The association between child and parent reporting was assessed for nineteen food groups using Kendall’s tau-b non-parametric correlations, Spearman’s rank correlations, kappa coefficients and Lin’s concordance measure of agreement. Results were also stratified by gender of the child and his/her grade at school.SettingHouseholds in Ticino, Switzerland, April–June 2014.SubjectsTwo hundred and ninety-nine children aged 6–12 years and one of their parents participated, with 264 providing complete data (35 % completion rate).ResultsResults showed a high level of agreement between child and parent reporting. Spearman correlations ranged from 0·55 (sauces) and 0·57 (fatty meat) to 0·80 (fruit), 0·83 (starchy foods) and 0·84 (pastries). All nineteen Spearman correlations were significant at the 0·001 level. Kendall’s tau-b correlations ranged from 0·44 (fat meat) to 0·81 (puff pastry). Kappa values showed low to high levels of agreement, ranging from 0·15 (sweets) to 0·77 (puff pastry). Lin’s concordance correlation coefficients ranged from 0·39 (whole grains) to 0·86 (puff pastry).ConclusionsWhen assessing the eating behaviour of children using a 7 d food diary, children’s reports might be as reliable as their parents’.
EXCLUSIVELY INDEXICAL DEDUCTION
Authors: DEKKER PAUL 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper presents a proof system for discourse representation theoretic reasoning and dynamic predicate logical inference. It gives a sound and complete characterization of the dynamic declaration of discourse referents and the essentially indexical means to refer back to them. The indexical outlook upon discourse reference is argued to further our understanding of some issues deemed relevant both theoretically (philo-logically) and practically (computationally).
Single-pixel three-dimensional imaging with time-based depth resolution
Authors: Sun Ming-Jie , Edgar Matthew P. , Gibson Graham M. , Sun Baoqing , Radwell Neal , Lamb Robert , Padgett Miles J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTime-of-flight three-dimensional imaging is an important tool for applications such as object recognition and remote sensing. Conventional time-of-flight three-dimensional imaging systems frequently use a raster scanned laser to measure the range of each pixel in the scene sequentially. Here we show a modified time-of-flight three-dimensional imaging system, which can use compressed sensing techniques to reduce acquisition times, whilst distributing the optical illumination over the full field of view. Our system is based on a single-pixel camera using short-pulsed structured illumination and a high-speed photodiode, and is capable of reconstructing 128 × 128-pixel resolution three-dimensional scenes to an accuracy of ∼3 mm at a range of ∼5 m. Furthermore, by using a compressive sampling strategy, we demonstrate continuous real-time three-dimensional video with a frame-rate up to 12 Hz. The simplicity of the system hardware could enable low-cost three-dimensional imaging devices for precision ranging at wavelengths beyond the visible spectrum.
Patients with genetically heterogeneous synchronous colorectal cancer carry rare damaging germline mutations in immune-related genes
Authors: Cereda Matteo , Gambardella Gennaro , Benedetti Lorena , Iannelli Fabio , Patel Dominic , Basso Gianluca , Guerra Rosalinda F. , Mourikis Thanos P. , Puccio Ignazio , Sinha Shruti , Laghi Luigi , Spencer Jo , Rodriguez-Justo Manuel , Ciccarelli Francesca D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSynchronous colorectal cancers (syCRCs) are physically separated tumours that develop simultaneously. To understand how the genetic and environmental background influences the development of multiple tumours, here we conduct a comparative analysis of 20 syCRCs from 10 patients. We show that syCRCs have independent genetic origins, acquire dissimilar somatic alterations, and have different clone composition. This inter- and intratumour heterogeneity must be considered in the selection of therapy and in the monitoring of resistance. SyCRC patients show a higher occurrence of inherited damaging mutations in immune-related genes compared to patients with solitary colorectal cancer and to healthy individuals from the 1,000 Genomes Project. Moreover, they have a different composition of immune cell populations in tumour and normal mucosa, and transcriptional differences in immune-related biological processes. This suggests an environmental field effect that promotes multiple tumours likely in the background of inflammation.
End-Cretaceous extinction in Antarctica linked to both Deccan volcanism and meteorite impact via climate change
Authors: Petersen Sierra V. , Dutton Andrea , Lohmann Kyger C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe cause of the end-Cretaceous (KPg) mass extinction is still debated due to difficulty separating the influences of two closely timed potential causal events: eruption of the Deccan Traps volcanic province and impact of the Chicxulub meteorite. Here we combine published extinction patterns with a new clumped isotope temperature record from a hiatus-free, expanded KPg boundary section from Seymour Island, Antarctica. We document a 7.8±3.3 °C warming synchronous with the onset of Deccan Traps volcanism and a second, smaller warming at the time of meteorite impact. Local warming may have been amplified due to simultaneous disappearance of continental or sea ice. Intra-shell variability indicates a possible reduction in seasonality after Deccan eruptions began, continuing through the meteorite event. Species extinction at Seymour Island occurred in two pulses that coincide with the two observed warming events, directly linking the end-Cretaceous extinction at this site to both volcanic and meteorite events via climate change.
IRS1 deficiency protects β-cells against ER stress-induced apoptosis by modulating sXBP-1 stability and protein translation
Authors: Takatani Tomozumi , Shirakawa Jun , Roe Michael W. , Leech Colin A. , Maier Bernhard F. , Mirmira Raghavendra G. , Kulkarni Rohit N. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractEndoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is among several pathological features that underlie β-cell failure in the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Adaptor proteins in the insulin/insulin-like-growth factor-1 signaling pathways, such as insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1) and IRS2, differentially impact β-cell survival but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we report that β-cells deficient in IRS1 (IRS1KO) are resistant, while IRS2 deficiency (IRS2KO) makes them susceptible to ER stress-mediated apoptosis. IRS1KOs exhibited low nuclear accumulation of spliced XBP-1 due to its poor stability, in contrast to elevated accumulation in IRS2KO. The reduced nuclear accumulation in IRS1KO was due to protein instability of Xbp1 secondary to proteasomal degradation. IRS1KO also demonstrated an attenuation in their general translation status in response to ER stress revealed by polyribosomal profiling. Phosphorylation of eEF2 was dramatically increased in IRS1KO enabling the β-cells to adapt to ER stress by blocking translation. Furthermore, significantly high ER calcium (Ca2+) was detected in IRS1KO β-cells even upon induction of ER stress. These observations suggest that IRS1 could be a therapeutic target for β-cell protection against ER stress-mediated cell death by modulating XBP-1 stability, protein synthesis, and Ca2+ storage in the ER.
The 14th Ile residue is essential for Leptin function in regulating energy homeostasis in rat
Authors: Xu Shuyang , Zhu Xianmin , Li Hong , Hu Youtian , Zhou Jinping , He Di , Feng Yun , Lu Lina , Du Guizhen , Hu Youjin , Liu Tiancheng , Wang Zhen , Ding Guohui , Chen Jiayu , Gao Shaorong , Wu Fang , Xue Zhigang , Li Yixue , Fan Guoping 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLEPTIN (LEP) is a circulating hormone released primarily from white adipocytes and is crucial for regulating satiety and energy homeostasis in humans and animals. Using the CRISPR technology, we created a set of Lep mutant rats that carry either null mutations or a deletion of the 14th Ile (LEP∆I14) in the mature LEP protein. We examined the potential off-target sites (OTS) by whole-genome high-throughput sequencing and/or Sanger-sequencing analysis and found no OTS in mutant rats. Mature LEP∆I14 is incessantly produced and released to blood at a much elevated level due to the feedback loop. Structure modeling of binding conformation between mutant LEP∆I14 and LEPTIN receptor (LEPR) suggests that the conformation of LEP∆I14 impairs its binding with LEPR, consistent with its inability to activate STAT3-binding element in the luciferase reporter assay. Phenotypic study demonstrated that Lep∆I14 rats recapitulate phenotypes of Lep-null mutant rats including obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hepatic steatosis, nephropathy and infertility. Compared to the existing ob/ob mouse models, this Lep∆I14/∆I14 rat strain provides a robust tool for further dissecting the roles of LEP in the diabetes related kidney disease and reproduction problem, beyond its well established function in regulating energy homeostasis.
LOCC indistinguishable orthogonal product quantum states
Authors: Zhang Xiaoqian , Tan Xiaoqing , Weng Jian , Li Yongjun 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe construct two families of orthogonal product quantum states that cannot be exactly distinguished by local operation and classical communication (LOCC) in the quantum system of "Equation missing"2k+i ⊗ "Equation missing"2l+j (i, j ∈ {0, 1} and i ≥ j ) and "Equation missing"3k+i ⊗ "Equation missing"3l+j (i, j ∈ {0, 1, 2}). And we also give the tiling structure of these two families of quantum product states where the quantum states are unextendible in the first family but are extendible in the second family. Our construction in the quantum system of "Equation missing"3k+i ⊗ "Equation missing"3l+j is more generalized than the other construction such as Wang et al.’s construction and Zhang et al.’s construction, because it contains the quantum system of not only "Equation missing"2k ⊗ "Equation missing"2l and "Equation missing"2k+1 ⊗ "Equation missing"2l but also "Equation missing"2k ⊗ "Equation missing"2l+1 and "Equation missing"2k+1 ⊗ "Equation missing"2l+1. We calculate the non-commutativity to quantify the quantumness of a quantum ensemble for judging the local indistinguishability. We give a general method to judge the indistinguishability of orthogonal product states for our two constructions in this paper. We also extend the dimension of the quantum system of "Equation missing"2k ⊗ "Equation missing"2l in Wang et al.’s paper. Our work is a necessary complement to understand the phenomenon of quantum nonlocality without entanglement.
Continuous hydrogenation of ethyl levulinate to γ-valerolactone and 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran over alumina doped Cu/SiO2 catalyst: the potential of commercialization
Authors: Zheng Junlin , Zhu Junhua , Xu Xuan , Wang Wanmin , Li Jiwen , Zhao Yan , Tang Kangjian , Song Qi , Qi Xiaolan , Kong Dejin , Tang Yi 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHydrogenation of levulinic acid (LA) and its esters to produce γ-valerolactone (GVL) and 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran (2-MTHF) is a key step for the utilization of cellulose derived LA. Aiming to develop a commercially feasible base metal catalyst for the production of GVL from LA, with satisfactory activity, selectivity and stability, Al2O3 doped Cu/SiO2 and Cu/SiO2 catalysts were fabricated by co-precipitation routes in parallel. The diverse physio-chemical properties of these two catalysts were characterized by XRD, TEM, dissociative N2O chemisorptions and Py-IR methods. The catalytic properties of these two catalysts were systematically assessed in the continuous hydrogenation of ethyl levulinate (EL) in a fixed-bed reactor. The effect of acidic property of the SiO2 substrate on the catalytic properties was investigated. To justify the potential of its commercialization, significant attention was paid on the initial activity, proper operation window, by-products control, selectivity and stability of the catalyst. The effect of reaction conditions, such as temperature and pressure, on the performance of the catalyst was also thoroughly studied. The development of alumina doped Cu/SiO2 catalyst strengthened the value-chain from cellulose to industrially important chemicals via LA and GVL.
Origin of Nanobubbles Electrochemically Formed in a Magnetic Field: Ionic Vacancy Production in Electrode Reaction
Authors: Aogaki Ryoichi , Sugiyama Atsushi , Miura Makoto , Oshikiri Yoshinobu , Miura Miki , Morimoto Ryoichi , Takagi Satoshi , Mogi Iwao , Yamauchi Yusuke 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAs a process complementing conventional electrode reactions, ionic vacancy production in electrode reaction was theoretically examined; whether reaction is anodic or cathodic, based on the momentum conservation by Newton’s second law of motion, electron transfer necessarily leads to the emission of original embryo vacancies and dielectric polarization endows to them the same electric charge as trans- ferred in the reaction. Then, the emitted embryo vacancies immediately receive the thermal relaxation of solution particles to develop steady-state vacancies. After the vacancy production, nanobubbles are created by the collision of the vacancies in a vertical magnetic field.
Genome-scale DNA variant analysis and functional validation of a SNP underlying yellow fruit color in wild strawberry
Authors: Hawkins Charles , Caruana Julie , Schiksnis Erin , Liu Zhongchi 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFragaria vesca is a species of diploid strawberry being developed as a model for the octoploid garden strawberry. This work sequenced and compared the genomes of three F. vesca accessions: ‘Hawaii 4′, ‘Rügen’ and ‘Yellow Wonder’. Genome-scale analyses of shared and distinct SNPs among these three accessions have revealed that ‘Rügen’ and ‘Yellow Wonder’ are more similar to each other than they are to ‘Hawaii 4’. Though all three accessions are inbred seven generations, each accession still possesses extensive heterozygosity, highlighting the inherent differences between individual plants even of the same accession. The identification of the impact of each SNP as well as the large number of Indel markers provides a foundation for locating candidate mutations underlying phenotypic variations among these F. vesca accessions and for mapping new mutations generated through forward genetics screens. Through systematic analysis of SNP variants affecting genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulation, a candidate SNP in FveMYB10 was identified and then functionally confirmed to be responsible for the yellow color fruits made by many F. vesca accessions. As a whole, this study provides further resources for F. vesca and establishes a foundation for linking traits of economic importance to specific genes and variants.
Multivariate Neural Representations of Value during Reward Anticipation and Consummation in the Human Orbitofrontal Cortex
Authors: Yan Chao , Su Li , Wang Yi , Xu Ting , Yin Da-zhi , Fan Ming-xia , Deng Ci-ping , Hu Yang , Wang Zhao-xin , Cheung Eric F. C. , Lim Kelvin O. , Chan Raymond C. K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe role of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in value processing is a focus of research. Conventional imaging analysis, where smoothing and averaging are employed, may not be sufficiently sensitive in studying the OFC, which has heterogeneous anatomical structures and functions. In this study, we employed representational similarity analysis (RSA) to reveal the multi-voxel fMRI patterns in the OFC associated with value processing during the anticipatory and the consummatory phases. We found that multi-voxel activation patterns in the OFC encoded magnitude and partial valence information (win vs. loss) but not outcome (favourable vs. unfavourable) during reward consummation. Furthermore, the lateral OFC rather than the medial OFC encoded loss information. Also, we found that OFC encoded values in a similar way to the ventral striatum (VS) or the anterior insula (AI) during reward anticipation regardless of motivated response and to the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and the VS in reward consummation. In contrast, univariate analysis did not show changes of activation in the OFC. These findings suggest an important role of the OFC in value processing during reward anticipation and consummation.