bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vertebrate Embryo: Craniofacial Development
Authors: Francis‐West Philippa , Crespo‐Enriquez Ivan 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Craniofacial development requires the co‐ordinated integration of signals from the endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm, neuroectoderm and neural crest cells (NCCs). Reflecting this complexity, craniofacial abnormalities are leading causes of birth defects and infant mortality. As the craniofacial complex shares tissue origins with the heart, craniofacial defects are often linked to cardiac defects. The key steps in craniofacial development and evolution include the generation, migration and differentiation of NCCs, and the dynamic interplay between signals in the NCC and the endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. The NCC determine species diversity whilst signals from the endoderm determine which facial structures are formed. Reflecting the evolutionary novelty of the head, the mechanisms of musculoskeletal development are also distinct from the trunk.

Key Concepts

The vertebrate head arose due to the evolution of neural crest and sensory placodes.

Neural crest cells are a transient population of multipotent cells that give rise to most of the derivatives of the face and neck.

The neck and lower jaw are formed from pharyngeal arches, transient structures that arise in a rostral‐caudal sequence. The pharyngeal arches initially consist of mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm and neural crest. Each of these tissue layers gives rise to different derivatives.

The cranial neural crest arises from the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. The neural crest streams migrate along stereotypical paths into the developing face and pharyngeal arches.

Patterning of the pharyngeal arches 2, 3, 4 and 6 is determined by
Hox
genes.

The developing face (pharyngeal arch 1 or mandibular primordia, maxillary primordia, lateral and medial processes) does not express Hox genes. The face is patterned by homeobox genes.

Growth factors, for example SHH, FGF8, ENDOTHELIN‐1 and BMP4 control the growth of the face (cell survival and proliferation) through epithelial–mesenchymal signalling interactions and patterning via regulation of homeobox gene expression.

Signals from the early endoderm pattern the facial primordia, for example medial nasal process (nasal septum) versus the mandibular primordia (Meckel's cartilage).

The neural crest determines the shape of the face, that is characteristic species shape. These effects are mediated, in part, by BMP4 expression and the positioning of the FEZ, a growth zone in the upper face.

The cranial mesoderm and cranial NCC are required for both the development of the head and heart and therefore, cardiac and craniofacial abnormalities often occur together. The development of some cardiac muscles and cranial striated muscles has shared molecular requirements.
C
aldicoprobacteraceae
Authors: Yokoyama Hiroshi , Wagner Isaac D. , Wiegel Juergen 
Published: December 2016

Cal.di.co.pro.bac.te.ra.ce'ae. N.L. masc. n.
Caldicoprobacter
, type genus of the family; suff. ‐
aceae
, ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Caldicoprobacteraceae
, the
Caldicoprobacter
family.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Clostridiales / Caldicoprobacteraceae
The family Caldicoprobacteraceae of the order Clostridiales and the phylum Firmicutes, contains, so far, only one genus, Caldicoprobacter, with thermophilic/extreme thermophilic anaerobes with chemoheterotrophic metabolism. Spores observed in some species. Type genusCaldicoprobacter, type species C. oshimai.
Triumvirate, Second
Authors: Welch Kathryn 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

The “Second” Triumvirate was an extraordinary magistracy whereby Antonius, Lepidus, and Octavianus jointly wielded consular power as a Board of Three Men tasked with reestablishing order in the Roman state. After they defeated Brutus and Cassius, the leading assassins of Gaius Julius Caesar, the three men split the government of the Roman Empire among them. However, rivalry among them was rife. Lepidus was relegated in 36
bce
. In 31
bce
, open warfare broke out between Antonius and Octavianus. Octavianus’ victory over Antonius at Actium allowed his eventual domination of the Roman world.
Messene (city and region)
Authors: Brown Amelia R. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Messene, founded in 369
bce
, was the central city‐state of ancient Messenia in the southwestern Peloponnese of Greece. The excavated site, with extensive ruins of the Hellenistic and Roman eras, lies below Mount Ithome's sanctuary of Zeus, a spiritual and military center for resistance to Sparta before the foundation of the city. Pausanias and epigraphy are the main sources for Messene's political and religious development. The site has a well‐preserved stadium, fortification walls, Asklepieion, Agora, and theater.
Apollo Ptoion sanctuary
Authors: Jacquemin Anne 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

The Apollo Ptoion Sanctuary in north‐western Boiotia was known for its oracle, which was consulted by the Boiotian League and cities, and by Mardonios in 479
bce
. After the Archaic period, the supra‐regional reputation of the sanctuary declined, but during the Hellenistic period it was the place of Boiotian affirmation, with regular consecrations of tripods and musical games. In Roman times, private generosity allowed celebration to continue until the late third century. The exact chronological relation between the Apollo and Hero Ptoios sanctuaries are not yet resolved.
Quintus Mucius Scaevola
Authors: Frier Bruce W. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractQ. Mucius Scaevola, called Quintus Mucius the Pontifex by subsequent authors, is the most important figure in shaping the emergence of jurisprudence as a systematic discipline during the later Roman Republic. This article discusses his background and political career, his writings, and other contributions to legal science, as well as his influence on subsequent jurists.
Igaedis
Authors: Carvalho Pedro C. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

The present village of Idanha‐a‐Velha, located in the interior of Portugal, between the rivers Tagus and Douro, was, in Roman times, the capital of
civitas Igaeditanorum
– one of the most important
civitates
of the northwestern interior of the province of Lusitania. Igaedis was the probable name of this city, which ruled over a vast territory with significant gold‐mining activity. Of the few remaining buildings of this ancient city, the forum and the walls stand out, along with a truly exceptional epigraphic collection, with over 250 inscriptions.
A Four‐Component Reaction Strategy for Pyrimidine Carboxamide Synthesis
Authors: Guo Wei , Liao Jianhua , Liu Dongqing , Li Jiawei , Ji Fanghua , Wu Wanqing , Jiang Huanfeng 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDemonstrated herein is a highly effective 3 starting materials–4 component reaction (3SM‐4CR) strategy for the synthesis of pyrimidine carboxamides from amidines, styrene, and N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) by a palladium‐catalyzed oxidative process. This transformation represents the first example of employing DMF as a dual synthon, a one‐carbon‐atom synthon and amide synthon, and was proven by isotope‐labeling experiments. Additionally, the combination of C−H bond functionalization and cross‐dehydrogenative coupling processes affords four chemical bond formations. This sequential 3SM‐4CR strategy features inexpensive, readily available starting materials, green oxidants, as well as atom and step economy. It leads to the preparation of pyrimidine carboxamides and has potential applications in the pharmaceutical industry.
Porous TiO2 Nanotubes with Spatially Separated Platinum and CoOx Cocatalysts Produced by Atomic Layer Deposition for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
Authors: Zhang Jiankang , Yu Zhuobin , Gao Zhe , Ge Huibin , Zhao Shichao , Chen Chaoqiu , Chen Shuai , Tong Xili , Wang Meihua , Zheng Zhanfeng , Qin Yong 
Published: December 2016

AbstractEfficient separation of photogenerated electrons and holes, and associated surface reactions, is a crucial aspect of efficient semiconductor photocatalytic systems employed for photocatalytic hydrogen production. A new CoOx/TiO2/Pt photocatalyst produced by template‐assisted atomic layer deposition is reported for photocatalytic hydrogen production on Pt and CoOx dual cocatalysts. Pt nanoclusters acting as electron collectors and active sites for the reduction reaction are deposited on the inner surface of porous TiO2 nanotubes, while CoOx nanoclusters acting as hole collectors and active sites for oxidation reaction are deposited on the outer surface of porous TiO2 nanotubes. A CoOx/TiO2/Pt photocatalyst, comprising ultra‐low concentrations of noble Pt (0.046 wt %) and CoOx (0.019 wt %) deposited simultaneously with one atomic layer deposition cycle, achieves remarkably high photocatalytic efficiency (275.9 μmol h−1), which is nearly five times as high as that of pristine TiO2 nanotubes (56.5 μmol h−1). The highly dispersed Pt and CoOx nanoclusters, porous structure of TiO2 nanotubes with large specific surface area, and the synergetic effect of the spatially separated Pt and CoOx dual cocatalysts contribute to the excellent photocatalytic activity.
Data‐driven soft‐sensor modelling for air cooler system pH values based on a fast search pruned‐extreme learning machine
Authors: Ye Yisha , Ren Jia , Wu Xuehua , Ou Guofu , Jin Haozhe 
Published: December 2016

AbstractFailures caused by acid erosion corrosion occur frequently in air cooler systems because of the use of increasingly low‐quality crude oil with high sulfur, acid and chlorine content. The pH value is one of the key parameters used to evaluate the corrosion risk of an air cooler. However, this value is difficult to measure online because of the severe measurement environment, which includes high temperatures, high pressures and corrosion risks. In this paper, a pH soft‐sensor modelling method for an air cooler system in a refinery production processing is developed. Using modelling and simulation in Aspen together with site data, the correlated influence factors are determined first. Then, a soft‐sensor model based on a fast search pruned‐extreme learning machine is proposed in which the pruning problem of hidden‐layer nodes with random weights is solved by adopting the fast search density peak clustering algorithm. The proposed fast search pruned‐extreme learning machine can improve the model's prediction performance by pruning redundant hidden layer nodes with a simpler structure. The feasibility and efficiency of the developed method are demonstrated by the results in the form of benchmark data and real air cooler system data. Copyright © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Programming of macro/micro scale information on shape memorizing polyvinyl acetate film
Authors: Li Zhenpeng , Rahman Md. Arifur , Olah Andrew , Baer Eric 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThe shape memory behavior of polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), both at macroscale and microscale, is presented. PVAc films exhibited excellent efficiency in programming macroscale deformation. Cyclic tensile tests on PVAc films revealed the importance of molecular weight in programming macroscale deformation in film. PVAc film with the highest molecular weight (∼228 kDa) exhibited maximum durability in programming macroscale deformation. This gives an important insight to the discovery of new shape memory polymers since chain entanglements in high molecular weight glassy polymers can impart shape memory behavior. In addition, such shape memory behavior can be exploited to imprint and tune microscale patterns on the film. Microprismatic patterns were embossed and programmed on shape memorizing PVAc films. Two different test methodologies were used to study the programmability of patterns on PVAc films. Pattern programming was significantly affected by the method used. In both cases, recovery time and temperature were two important parameters to determine the efficiency of programming. In addition, optical properties of PVAc films could be switched between reflective and transparent by programming patterns on the surface of the film. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44659.
Controlled release and intracellular protein delivery from mesoporous silica nanoparticles
Authors: Deodhar Gauri V , Adams Marisa L , Trewyn Brian G 
Published: December 2016

AbstractProtein therapeutics are promising candidates for disease treatment due to their high specificity and minimal adverse side effects; however, targeted protein delivery to specific sites has proven challenging. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) have demonstrated to be ideal candidates for this application, given their high loading capacity, biocompatibility, and ability to protect host molecules from degradation. These materials exhibit tunable pore sizes, shapes and volumes, and surfaces which can be easily functionalized. This serves to control the movement of molecules in and out of the pores, thus entrapping guest molecules until a specific stimulus triggers release. In this review, we will cover the benefits of using MSN as protein therapeutic carriers, demonstrating that there is great diversity in the ways MSN can be used to service proteins. Methods for controlling the physical dimensions of pores via synthetic conditions, applications of therapeutic protein loaded MSN materials in cancer therapies, delivering protein loaded MSN materials to plant cells using biolistic methods, and common stimuli‐responsive functionalities will be discussed. New and exciting strategies for controlled release and manipulation of proteins are also covered in this review. While research in this area has advanced substantially, we conclude this review with future challenges to be tackled by the scientific community.
Radial Access Optimization in the Nascent Post‐Adoption Era
Authors: Segrest J. Hudson , Hillegass William B. 
Published: December 2016

Key Points

Post‐procedural upper extremity dysfunction (UED) remains one of the few potential questions about the overall benefits of the transradial approach (TRA) to endovascular procedures compared to femoral (TFA).
Data on UED is limited, but the most comprehensive study curiously shows similar incidence of post‐procedural UED with TFA as TRA.
The effects of trAnsRadial perCUtaneouS coronary intervention on upper extremity function (ARCUS) study will investigate whether patient characteristics influence radial access outcomes such as UED.
ARCUS may herald a post‐radial‐adoption era of more detailed strategies for radial access optimization, typical of a maturing technology.
Dynamic Sheaths, in the Nick of Time or Past Their Prime?
Authors: Krajcer Zvonimir , Parekh Dhaval 
Published: December 2016

Key Points

Risk factors for vascular complications include a sheath to femoral artery ratio (SFAR) > 1.05, use of sheaths >19 Fr, peripheral artery disease, female gender, and a learning curve.
High rates of technical and procedural success were achieved with low rates of major vascular and bleeding complications. However, SFAR > 1.05, gender, diabetes, renal insufficiency, calcification, tortuosity, or aneurysm were not independent risk factors in this study.
Despite an SFAR > 1.05 in 23 patients, increased rates of vascular complications were not seen using the SoloPath sheath. These findings may increase the pool of transfemoral TAVI patients.
Post PCI Angina
Authors: Al Badri Ahmed , Henry Timothy D. 
Published: December 2016

Key Points

Based on a multi‐payer claims database, post‐PCI angina (or chest pain) was frequent, occurring in 28% of patients at 1‐year and 40% at 3 years.
Patients with post‐PCI angina had more physician and emergency department visits, diagnostic testing, (including repeat cardiac catheterization 29 vs. 4%) and hospitalizations at 1‐year leading to markedly higher total direct medical costs.
These results should stimulate further research into the etiology of post‐PCI angina and strategies to decrease both the frequency and the significant economic burden associated with the challenging problem.
Synthesis of Novel Hybrids of Thymoquinone and Artemisinin with High Activity and Selectivity Against Colon Cancer
Authors: Fröhlich Tony , Ndreshkjana Benardina , Muenzner Julienne K. , Reiter Christoph , Hofmeister Elisabeth , Mederer Sandra , Fatfat Maamoun , El‐Baba Chirine , Gali‐Muhtasib Hala , Schneider‐Stock Regine , Tsogoeva Svetlana B. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractColorectal cancer causes 0.5 million deaths each year. To combat this type of cancer the development of new specific drug candidates is urgently needed. In the present work seven novel thymoquinone–artemisinin hybrids with different linkers were synthesized and tested for their in vitro anticancer activity against a panel of various tumor cell lines. The thymoquinone–artesunic acid hybrid 7 a, in which both subunits are connected via an ester bond, was found to be the most active compound and selectively decreased the viability of colorectal cancer cells with an IC50 value of 2.4 μm (HCT116) and 2.8 μm (HT29). Remarkably, hybrid 7 a was up to 20‐fold more active than its parent compounds (thymoquinone and artesunic acid), while not affecting nonmalignant colon epithelial HCEC cells (IC50>100 μm). Moreover, the activity of hybrid 7 a was superior to that of various 1:1 mixtures of thymoquinone and artesunic acid. Furthermore, hybrid 7 a was even more potent against both colon cancer cell lines than the clinically used drug 5‐fluorouracil. These results are another excellent proof of the hybridization concept and confirm that the type and length of the linker play a crucial role for the biological activity of a hybrid drug. Besides an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), elevated levels of the DNA‐damage marker γ‐H2AX were observed. Both effects seem to be involved in the molecular mechanism of action for hybrid 7 a in colorectal cancer cells.
Searching the Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI) Resources for Information on Mouse Biology from Genotype to Phenotype
Authors: Shaw David R. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI) resource provides the research community with access to information on the genetics, genomics, and biology of the laboratory mouse. Core data in MGI include gene characterization and function, phenotype and disease model descriptions, DNA and protein sequence data, gene expression data, vertebrate homologies, SNPs, mapping data, and links to other bioinformatics databases. Semantic integration is supported through the use of standardized nomenclature, and through the use of controlled vocabularies such as the mouse Anatomical Dictionary, the Mammalian Phenotype Ontology, and the Gene Ontologies. MGI extracts and organizes data from primary literature. MGI data are shared with and widely displayed from other bioinformatics resources. The database is updated weekly with curated annotations, and regularly adds new datasets and features. This unit provides a guide to using the MGI bioinformatics resource. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploring FlyBase Data Using QuickSearch
Authors: Marygold Steven J. , Antonazzo Giulia , Attrill Helen , Costa Marta , Crosby Madeline A. , dos Santos Gilberto , Goodman Joshua L. , Gramates L. Sian , Matthews Beverley B. , Rey Alix J. , Thurmond Jim ,   the FlyBase Consortium
Published: December 2016

AbstractFlyBase (flybase.org) is the primary online database of genetic, genomic, and functional information about Drosophila species, with a major focus on the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. The long and rich history of Drosophila research, combined with recent surges in genomic‐scale and high‐throughput technologies, mean that FlyBase now houses a huge quantity of data. Researchers need to be able to rapidly and intuitively query these data, and the QuickSearch tool has been designed to meet these needs. This tool is conveniently located on the FlyBase homepage and is organized into a series of simple tabbed interfaces that cover the major data and annotation classes within the database. This unit describes the functionality of all aspects of the QuickSearch tool. With this knowledge, FlyBase users will be equipped to take full advantage of all QuickSearch features and thereby gain improved access to data relevant to their research. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Redox‐Neutral Rhodium‐Catalyzed [4+1] Annulation through Formal Dehydrogenative Vinylidene Insertion
Authors: Liu Huan , Song Shengjin , Wang Cheng‐Qiang , Feng Chao , Loh Teck‐Peng 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA synthetic protocol for the expedient construction of 5‐methylene‐1H‐pyrrol‐2(5H)‐one derivatives through rhodium‐catalyzed [4+1] annulation with gem‐difluoroacrylate as the C1 component was reported. By taking advantage of the twofold C−F bond cleavage occurring during the annulation, this reaction not only allows the synthesis of these heterocyclic compounds under overall oxidant‐free conditions but also renders the transformation stereospecific. The very mild reaction conditions employed ensure compatibility with a wide variety of synthetically useful functional groups.
Morphology Engineering: A Route to Highly Reproducible and High Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Bi Dongqin , Luo Jingshan , Zhang Fei , Magrez Arnaud , Athanasopoulou Evangelia Nefeli , Hagfeldt Anders , Grätzel Michael 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDespite the rapid increase in the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSC), they still suffer from low lab‐to‐lab or people‐to‐people reproducibility. Aiming for a universal condition to high‐performance devices, we investigated the morphology evolution of a composite perovskite by tuning annealing temperature and precursor concentration of the perovskite film. Here, we introduce thermal annealing as a powerful tool to generate a well‐controlled excess of PbI2 in the perovskite formulation and show that this benefits the photovoltaic performance. We demonstrated the correlation between the film microstructure and electronic property and device performance. An optimized average grain size/thickness aspect ratio of the perovskite crystallite is identified, which brings about a highly reproducible power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.5 %, with a certified value of 19.08 %. Negligible hysteresis and outstanding morphology stability are observed with these devices. These findings lay the foundation for further boosting the PCE of PSC and can be very instructive for fabrication of high‐quality perovskite films for a variety of applications, such as light‐emitting diodes, field‐effect transistors, and photodetectors.
An optimal real‐time pricing algorithm under load uncertainty and user number variation in smart grid
Authors: Ahmadzadeh Sahar , Yang Kun 
Published: December 2016

SummaryThe progress of real‐time communication systems for smart grid has led to the importance of real‐time pricing becoming more highlighted. There are many investigations that have already been done. Real‐time pricing frameworks have proposed an implemented distributed algorithm with or without consideration of effect of load uncertainty. In some existing literature the effect of different types of load uncertainty models on average consumption and generated capacity is considered. However, the number of users is considered to be constant. In this paper, it is assumed that the number of users is varying independently and randomly. In this case the effect of variation of number of users on the basis of Poisson process and uniform distribution is compared with results from previous works, when bounded uncertainty model was applied for added noise to the consumption. Simulation results indicate that when users vary on the basis of Poisson distribution, the waste of energy decreases and the welfare increases.