bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Currents and associated electron scattering and bouncing near the diffusion region at Earth's magnetopause
Authors: Lavraud B. , Zhang Y. C. , Vernisse Y. , Gershman D. J. , Dorelli J. , Cassak P. A. , Dargent J. , Pollock C. , Giles B. , Aunai N. , Argall M. , Avanov L. , Barrie A. , Burch J. , Chandler M. , Chen L.‐J. , Clark G. , Cohen I. , Coffey V. , Eastwood J. P. , Egedal J. , Eriksson S. , Ergun R. , Farrugia C. J. , Fuselier S. A. , Génot V. , Graham D. , Grigorenko E. , Hasegawa H. , Jacquey C. , Kacem I. , Khotyaintsev Y. , MacDonald E. , Magnes W. , Marchaudon A. , Mauk B. , Moore T. E. , Mukai T. , Nakamura R. , Paterson W. , Penou E. , Phan T. D. , Rager A. , Retino A. , Rong Z. J. , Russell C. T. , Saito Y. , Sauvaud J.‐A. , Schwartz S. J. , Shen C. , Smith S. , Strangeway R. , Toledo‐Redondo S. , Torbert R. , Turner D. L. , Wang S. , Yokota S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBased on high‐resolution measurements from NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, we present the dynamics of electrons associated with current systems observed near the diffusion region of magnetic reconnection at Earth's magnetopause. Using pitch angle distributions (PAD) and magnetic curvature analysis, we demonstrate the occurrence of electron scattering in the curved magnetic field of the diffusion region down to energies of 20 eV. We show that scattering occurs closer to the current sheet as the electron energy decreases. The scattering of inflowing electrons, associated with field‐aligned electrostatic potentials and Hall currents, produces a new population of scattered electrons with broader PAD which bounce back and forth in the exhaust. Except at the center of the diffusion region the two populations are collocated and appear to behave adiabatically: the inflowing electron PAD focuses inward (toward lower magnetic field), while the bouncing population PAD gradually peaks at 90° away from the center (where it mirrors owing to higher magnetic field and probable field‐aligned potentials).
Terrestrial contribution to the heterogeneity in hydrological changes under global warming
Authors: Kumar Sanjiv , Zwiers Francis , Dirmeyer Paul A. , Lawrence David M. , Shrestha Rajesh , Werner Arelia T. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis study investigates a physical basis for heterogeneity in hydrological changes, which suggests a greater detectability in wet than dry regions. Wet regions are those where atmospheric demand is less than precipitation (energy limited), and dry regions are those where atmospheric demand is greater than precipitation (water limited). Long‐term streamflow trends in western North America and an analysis of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) climate models at global scales show geographically heterogeneous detectability of hydrological changes. We apply the Budyko framework and state‐of‐the‐art climate model data from CMIP5 to quantify the sensitivity and detectability of terrestrial hydrological changes. The Budyko framework quantifies the partitioning of precipitation into evapotranspiration and runoff components. We find that the terrestrial hydrological sensitivity is 3 times greater in regions where the hydrological cycle is energy limited rather than water limited. This additional source (the terrestrial part) contributes to 30–40% greater detectability in energy‐limited regions. We also quantified the contribution of changes in the catchment efficiency parameter that oppose the effects of increasing evaporative demand in global warming scenarios. Incorporating changes to the catchment efficiency parameter in the Budyko framework reduces dry biases in global runoff change projections by 88% in the 21st century.
Review: Ras GTPases and myosin: Qualitative conservation and quantitative diversification in signal and energy transduction
Authors: Mueller Matthias P. , Goody Roger S. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTMost GTPases and many ATPases belong to the P‐loop class of proteins with significant structural and mechanistic similarities. Here we compare and contrast the basic properties of the Ras family GTPases and myosin, and conclude that there are fundamental similarities but also distinct differences related to their specific roles. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 422–430, 2016.
Treatment trends and survival effects of chemotherapy for hypopharyngeal cancer: Analysis of the National Cancer Data Base
Authors: Kuo Phoebe , Sosa Julie A. , Burtness Barbara A. , Husain Zain A. , Mehra Saral , Roman Sanziana A. , Yarbrough Wendell G. , Judson Benjamin L. 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUNDThe current study was performed to characterize trends and survival outcomes for chemotherapy in the definitive and adjuvant treatment of hypopharyngeal cancer in the United States.METHODSA total of 16,248 adult patients diagnosed with primary hypopharyngeal cancer without distant metastases between 1998 and 2011 were identified in the National Cancer Data Base. The association between treatment modality and overall survival was analyzed using Kaplan‐Meier survival curves and 5‐year survival rates. A multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed on a subset of 3357 cases to determine the treatment modalities that predict improved survival when controlling for demographic and clinical factors.RESULTSThere was a significant increase in the use of chemotherapy with radiotherapy both as definitive treatment (P<.001) and as adjuvant chemoradiotherapy with surgery (P=.001). This was accompanied by a decrease in total laryngectomy/pharyngectomy rates (P<.001). Chemoradiotherapy was associated with improved 5‐year survival compared with radiotherapy alone in the definitive setting (31.8% vs 25.2%; log rank P<.001). Similarly, in multivariateanalysis, definitive radiotherapy was found to be associated with compromised survival compared with definitive chemoradiotherapy (hazard ratio, 1.51; P<.001).CONCLUSIONSSurvival analysis revealed that overall 5‐year survival rates were higher for chemoradiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in the definitive setting, but were comparable between surgery with chemoradiotherapy and surgery with radiotherapy. Cancer 2016;122:1853–60. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Intratumoral heterogeneity: Role of differentiation in a potentially lethal phenotype of testicular cancer
Authors: Tu Shi‐Ming , Bilen Mehmet Asim , Hess Kenneth R. , Broaddus Russell R. , Kopetz Scott , Wei Chongjuan , Pagliaro Lance C. , Karam Jose A. , Ward John F. , Wood Christopher G. , Rao Priya , Tu Zachary H. , General Rosale , Chen Adrienne H. , Nieto Yago L. , Yeung Sai‐ching J. , Lin Sue‐Hwa , Logothetis Christopher J. , Pisters Louis L. 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUNDIntratumoral heterogeneity presents a major obstacle to the widespread implementation of precision medicine. The authors assessed the origin of intratumoral heterogeneity in nonseminomatous germ cell tumor of the testis (NSGCT) and identified distinct tumor subtypes and a potentially lethal phenotype.METHODSIn this retrospective study, all consecutive patients who had been diagnosed with an NSGCT between January 2000 and December 2010 were evaluated. The histologic makeup of primary tumors and the clinical course of disease were determined for each patient. A Fine and Gray proportional hazards regression analysis was used to determine the prognostic risk factors, and the Gray test was used to detect differences in the cumulative incidence of cancer death. In a separate prospective study, next‐generation sequencing was performed on tumor samples from 9 patients to identify any actionable mutations.RESULTSSix hundred fifteen patients were included in this study. Multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of yolk sac tumor in the primary tumor (P = .0003) was associated with an unfavorable prognosis. NSGCT could be divided into 5 subgroups. Patients in the yolk sac‐seminoma subgroup had the poorest clinical outcome (P = .0015). These tumors tended to undergo somatic transformation (P < .0001). Among the 9 NSGCTs that had a yolk sac tumor phenotype, no consistent gene mutation was detected.CONCLUSIONSThe current data suggest that intratumoral heterogeneity is caused in part by differentiation of pluripotent progenitor cells. Integrated or multimodal therapy may be effective at addressing intratumoral heterogeneity and treating distinct subtypes as well as a potentially lethal phenotype of NSGCT. Cancer 2016;122:1836–43. © 2016 The Authors. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
The cytomorphological features of low‐grade urothelial neoplasms vary by specimen type
Authors: Zhang Mingjuan L. , Rosenthal Dorothy L. , VandenBussche Christopher J. 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUNDUrinary tract (UT) cytology has been used successfully to diagnose high‐grade urothelial carcinoma but is reported to have poor sensitivity for low‐grade urothelial neoplasms (LGUNs). However, the literature has shown that LGUN may be associated with atypical findings in UT specimens. The authors determined which features were most commonly observed, and whether the method of specimen procurement had an effect.METHODSA total of 326 specimens were identified over an 8‐year period. One hundred fifty‐three specimens were reviewed and graded for cellularity, number of tissue fragments (TFs), degeneration, inflammation, hyperchromasia, nuclear pleomorphism, nuclear border irregularity, nuclear size, cytoplasmic tails, nuclear eccentricity, and high‐grade features.RESULTSOf the 153 specimens, 86 specimens (56.2%) demonstrated cellular atypia; of those, 51.2% were voided urine (VU) and 31.4% were UT washing (UW) specimens. The majority of specimens had many cells (46.5%), many single cells (44.2%), few to moderate TFs (46.5% and 27.9%, respectively), mild hyperchromasia (52.3%), mild nuclear pleomorphism (51.2%), mild nuclear border irregularity (60.5%), cytoplasmic tails (51.2%), and few to moderate eccentric nuclei (37.2% and 36.1%, respectively). The presence of TFs, cytoplasmic tails, and eccentric and enlarged nuclei were significantly more common in UW versus VU specimens (P = .036, .012, .014, and .027, respectively) and in UW versus benign UW controls (P = .001, .002, .002, and .003, respectively).CONCLUSIONSApproximately 50% of UT specimens with LGUN on follow‐up demonstrated atypical features. Based on comparison with benign UW controls, TFs, cytoplasmic tails, nuclear eccentricity, and enlarged nuclei were more pronounced in neoplastic UW than VU specimens, suggesting that the method of urine specimen procurement affects the presence of certain low‐grade features. Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:552‐64. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Dietary Lipid and Carbohydrate Interactions: Implications on Lipid and Glucose Absorption, Transport in Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) Juveniles
Authors: Castro Carolina , Corraze Geneviève , Basto Ana , Larroquet Laurence , Panserat Stéphane , Oliva‐Teles Aires 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA digestibility trial was performed with gilthead sea bream juveniles (IBW = 72 g) fed four diets differing in lipid source (fish oil, FO; or a blend of vegetable oil, VO) and starch content (0 %, CH−; or 20 %, CH+) to evaluate the potential interactive effects between carbohydrates and VO on the processes involved in digestion, absorption and transport of lipids and glucose. In fish fed VO diets a decrease in lipid digestibility and in cholesterol (C), High Density Lipoprotein(HDL)‐C and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)‐C (only in CH+ group) were recorded. Contrarily, dietary starch induced postprandial hyperglycemia and time related alterations on serum triacylglycerol (TAG), phospholipid (PL) and C concentrations. Fish fed a CH+ diet presented lower serum TAG than CH− group at 6 h post‐feeding, and the reverse was observed at 12 h post‐feeding for TAG and PL. Lower serum C and PL at 6 h post‐feeding were recorded only in VOCH+ group. No differences between groups were observed in hepatic and intestinal transcript levels of proteins involved in lipid transport and hydrolysis (FABP, DGAT, GPAT, MTP, LPL, LCAT). Lower transcript levels of proteins related to lipid transport (ApoB, ApoA1, FABP2) were observed in the intestine of fish fed the CH+ diet, but remained unchanged in the liver. Overall, transcriptional mechanisms involved in lipid transport and absorption were not linked to changes in lipid serum and digestibility. Dietary starch affected lipid absorption and transport, probably due to a delay in lipid absorption. This study suggests that a combination of dietary VO and starch may negatively affect cholesterol absorption and transport.
Predicting suitable timing for artificial reproductive technology treatment in aged infertile women
Authors: Akino Nana , Isono Wataru , Wada‐Hiraike Osamu 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIt has been widely accepted that the age of women plays a fundamental role in fecundity, and age‐related fertility decline has one of the most significant and detrimental effects on the success rate of infertility treatment. Therefore, treatment cycles of non‐in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment for infertile women of advanced aged have been limited due to their lack of efficacy, and they are often optimized, compared to IVF/ICSI treatment. Recent trends in infertility treatment apparently indicate that IVF/ICSI treatment, including egg donation, is frequently offered to aged women for first‐line management, despite its heavy burden, but hasty IVF/ICSI treatment should be avoided, considering its socioeconomic problems. It is important to distinguish women who could conceive by non‐IVF/ICSI treatment, although the optimization of non‐IVF/ICSI treatment protocols remains poorly understood. This review focuses on extracting aged patients who have higher chance of conceiving with non‐IVF/ICSI treatment and providing necessary and sufficient infertility treatment. After initial evaluation for fertility, including tubal factor, male factor, the presence of endometriosis and/or adenomyosis, and ovarian reserve, the outcomes of fertility treatment can be predicted to some extent in aged infertile women.
An appendix adenocarcinoma mimicking appendicitis
Authors: Wang Ho‐Li , Lin Chen‐Kun , Lin Chun‐Che 
Published: March 2016

SummaryCancer of the appendix is very rare and is typically found incidentally in approximately 1% of patients who received appendectomies. Most of appendiceal tumors are carcinoid, adenoma, and lymphoma. Adenocarcinoma of the appendix accounts for only 10% of all primary appendiceal cancers and the treatment remains controversial. In this article, we report a 67‐year‐old man who presented with symptoms of appendicitis that was diagnosed as adenocarcinoma of the appendix Stage II. The patient was treated with right hemicolectomy. To date he remains asymptomatic.
Handrub Consumption Mirrors Hand Hygiene Compliance
Authors: Haubitz Sebastian , Atkinson Andrew , Kaspar Tanja , Nydegger Doris , Eichenberger Anne , Sommerstein Rami , Marschall Jonas 
Published: March 2016

We assessed handrub consumption as a surrogate marker for hand hygiene compliance from 2007 to 2014. Handrub consumption varied substantially between departments but correlated in a mixed effects regression model with the number of patient-days and the observed hand hygiene compliance. Handrub consumption may supplement traditional hand hygiene observations.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:707–710
The Impact of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) Flags on Hospital Operations
Authors: Shenoy Erica S. , Lee Hang , Hou Taige , Ware Winston , Ryan Erin E. , Hooper David C. , Walensky Rochelle P. 
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVETo determine the impact of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusand vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (MRSA/VRE) designations, or flags, on selected hospital operational outcomes.DESIGNRetrospective cohort study of inpatients admitted to the Massachusetts General Hospital during 2010–2011.METHODSOperational outcomes were time to bed arrival, acuity-unrelated within-hospital transfers, and length of stay. Covariates considered included demographic and clinical characteristics: age, gender, severity of illness on admission, admit day of week, residence prior to admission, hospitalization within the prior 30 days, clinical service, and discharge destination.RESULTSOverall, 81,288 admissions were included. After adjusting for covariates, patients with a MRSA/VRE flag at the time of admission experienced a mean delay in time to bed arrival of 1.03 hours (9.63 hours [95% CI, 9.39–9.88] vs 8.60 hours [95% CI, 8.47–8.73]). These patients had 1.19 times the odds of experiencing an acuity-unrelated within-hospital transfer [95% CI, 1.13–1.26] and a mean length of stay 1.76 days longer (7.03 days [95% CI, 6.82–7.24] vs 5.27 days [95% CI, 5.15–5.38]) than patients with no MRSA/VRE flag.CONCLUSIONSMRSA/VRE designation was associated with delays in time to bed arrival, increased likelihood of acuity-unrelated within-hospital transfers and extended length of stay. Efforts to identify patients who have cleared MRSA/VRE colonization are critically important to mitigate inefficient use of resources and to improve inpatient flow.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2016;37:782–790
Costs of Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs at US Children’s Hospitals
Authors: Zachariah Philip , Newland Jason G. , Gerber Jeffrey S. , Saiman Lisa , Goldman Jennifer L. , Hersh Adam L. ,   SHARPS Collaborative Project Group
Published: March 2016

The costs of antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) in children’s hospitals have not been described previously. We assessed ASP costs using an online survey administered to ASP leaders at U.S. children’s hospitals. ASP costs varied from $17,000 to $388,500 annually (median, $187,400). Overall costs were not correlated with hospital size.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2016;37:852–854
Dynamic binomials with an application to gender bias analysis
Authors: Ferreira Eva , Stute Winfried 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe analyze the dynamics of a stochastic process driven by binomial random variables, where the probability of success depends on the past realization. We study the limit behavior when the group size is fixed but the number of iterations increases. It will become apparent that the so-called policy function and its fixed point play an outstanding role. Some applications to a statistical analysis of gender bias are also briefly discussed.
A finite exact algorithm to solve a dice game
Authors: Crocce Fabián , Mordecki Ernesto 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We provide an algorithm to find the value and an optimal strategy of the Ten Thousand dice game solitaire variant in the framework of Markov control processes. Once an optimal critical threshold is found, the set of nonstopping states of the game becomes finite and the solution is found by a backwards algorithm that gives the values for each one of these states of the game. The algorithm is finite and exact. The strategy to find the critical threshold comes from the continuous pasting condition used in optimal stopping problems for continuous-time processes with jumps.
Point process approach to modeling and analysis of general cascading failure models
Authors: Lee Hyunju , Cha Ji Hwan 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
A cascading failure is a failure in a system of interconnected parts in which the failure of a part can trigger the failure of successive parts. Although an initial and introductory approach for probabilistic modeling and analysis of the cascading failures was suggested in the literature, any general framework and fundamental results have yet to be reported. In this paper, applying the point process approach, we suggest a general framework for modeling and analysis of the cascading failures. Furthermore, a new concept of 'information-based residual lifetime' will be defined and discussed.
Tail asymptotics for the supremum of an infinitely divisible field with convolution equivalent Lévy measure
Authors: Rønn-Nielsen Anders , Jensen Eva B. Vedel 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We consider a continuous, infinitely divisible random field in Rd given as an integral of a kernel function with respect to a Lévy basis with convolution equivalent Lévy measure. For a large class of such random fields we compute the asymptotic probability that the supremum of the field exceeds the level x as x → ∞. Our main result is that the asymptotic probability is equivalent to the right tail of the underlying Lévy measure.
An Euler–Poisson scheme for Lévy driven stochastic differential equations
Authors: Ferreiro-Castilla A. , Kyprianou A. E. , Scheichl R. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We describe an Euler scheme to approximate solutions of Lévy driven stochastic differential equations (SDEs) where the grid points are given by the arrival times of a Poisson process and thus are random. This result extends the previous work of Ferreiro-Castilla et al. (2014). We provide a complete numerical analysis of the algorithm to approximate the terminal value of the SDE and prove that the mean-square error converges with rate O(n-1/2). The only requirement of the methodology is to have exact samples from the resolvent of the Lévy process driving the SDE. Classical examples, such as stable processes, subclasses of spectrally one-sided Lévy processes, and new families, such as meromorphic Lévy processes (Kuznetsov et al. (2012), are examples for which our algorithm provides an interesting alternative to existing methods, due to its straightforward implementation and its robustness with respect to the jump structure of the driving Lévy process.
Ordering scalar products with applications in financial engineering and actuarial science
Authors: You Yinping , Li Xiaohu 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In this paper we build the increasing convex (concave) order for the scalar product of random vectors with an upper (lower) tail permutation decreasing joint density. As applications, we revisit allocations of portfolio risks in financial engineering and of coverage limits and deductibles in insurance. Some related results in the literature are substantially updated.
The Early Eighteenth-Century German Confessional Crisis: The Juridification of Religious Conflict in the Reconfessionalized Politics of the Holy Roman Empire
Authors: Milton Patrick 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe success of the treaties of Westphalia in preserving the religious peace in the Holy Roman Empire after 1648 has been a popular scholarly theme. Many historians also realize, however, that confessional tensions and confrontations persisted well into the eighteenth century. Exploring an early eighteenth-century German confessional crisis centered in the Palatinate, this article focuses on the degree to which judicial, political, and diplomatic mechanisms successfully regulated and deescalated confessional strife. In short, it looks at the “juridification” of confessional conflict in the Empire. In so doing, it addresses a number of underresearched themes, such as the reactions of the Catholic princes and the Emperor, the internal dynamics within theCorpus Evangelicorum, as well as the international dimension of European great power politics. This not only provides a multiangle analysis of a crisis that saw the emergence of a new regime in the politics of religion, but also offers greater insight into the relationship between the powerful, militarized Protestant territorial-states of northern Germany and the Habsburg emperorship, specifically with regard to the judicial authority of the latter.