bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Cell Cultures and Vaccinia Virus Stocks
Authors: Cotter Catherine A. , Earl Patricia L. , Wyatt Linda S. , Moss Bernard 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe culturing of cell lines used with vaccinia virus, both as monolayer and in suspension, is described. The preparation of chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) is presented for use in the production of the highly attenuated and host range‐restricted modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) strain of vaccinia virus. Protocols for the preparation, titration, and trypsinization of vaccinia virus stocks, as well as viral DNA preparation and virus purification methods are also included. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fine‐scale distribution of moisture in the surface of a degraded blanket bog and its effects on the potential spread of smouldering fire
Authors: Prat‐Guitart Nuria , Belcher Claire M. , Thompson Dan K. , Burns Paul , Yearsley Jon M. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractDuring rain‐free periods, the water table in peatlands falls and the moisture content (MC) of top 10 cm, including the moss layer, depends upon the hydrophysical properties and the responses of the local composition of species to water deficit. Thus, the ecosystem becomes vulnerable to surface peat fires. The spread of such fires is often irregular; however, there is little understanding of how the fine‐scale variation of peatMCcan affect the spread of smouldering fire.We analyse the fine‐scale distribution of surfaceMCfrom a degraded blanket bog (i.e., horizontal intervals of 10 cm), thus indirectly analysing the effect of fine‐scaleMCdistribution on peat fire spread. We determine the relationship of vegetation and microtopography to the spatial distribution of near surfaceMCand the moisture gradient around patches of dry peat (less than 250%MC, moisture content in a dry mass basis). We found that theMCof the surface peat was distributed in clusters with dry patches (less than 250%MC) averaging 40 ± 15 cm in size. TheMCgradient surrounding dry patches was 10 ± 7%MC∙cm−1. A mixed‐effects model showed that dry patches were associated with lawns (of feather moss orSphagnum) and hummocks of feather moss. Our model showed that wet patches were associated with both hummocks and hollows ofSphagnum. Therefore, the characterization of the surfaceMCin a fine‐scale is critical if we are to understand the spread of fires in peatlands.
Diatoms to human uses: linking nitrogen deposition, aquatic eutrophication, and ecosystem services
Authors: Rhodes Charles , Bingham Andrew , Heard Andrea M. , Hewitt Julie , Lynch Jason , Waite Randall , Bell Michael D. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractNitrogen (N) loading to aquatic ecosystems can lead to eutrophication, changing the ecosystem within a waterbody, including primary productivity, water clarity, and food web dynamics. Nutrient loading often first affects the primary productivity of aquatic systems through shifts in phytoplankton communities. However, ecologically important changes in phytoplankton are often not relatable to the general public—whose behavior would need to change to alter patterns of nutrient loading. Therefore, we use the STressor–Ecological Production function–final ecosystem Services Framework to develop 154 chains that link changes in biological indicators of aquatic eutrophication (a shift in phytoplankton community) to final ecosystem services that people use or appreciate. We identify 13 ecological production functions (EPF) within three different ecosystems (alpine lakes, lakes, and estuaries) that connect changes in phytoplankton and algae to ecological endpoints that the general public and policy makers can appreciate. Using the Final Ecosystem Goods and Services Classification System, we identify 18 classes of human beneficiaries that potentially will be impacted by a change in one of these endpoints. We further assign strength‐of‐science scores to each link within the EPFs for the 154 chains according to how well each link is supported by current peer‐reviewed literature. By identifying many pathways through which excess N loading in U.S. surface waters can affect ecosystems and ultimately the beneficiaries of ecosystem services, this work intends to draw attention to gaps in empirical ecological literature that constrain understanding of the magnitude of effects that excess N loading can have on human well‐being. Results highlight the importance of intersections between the natural and social sciences when managers and policy makers evaluate impacts from ecological stressors. A balance between knowledgeable specialists proved key to applying this approach and will continue to remain important.
Prospective study of the feasibility and effectiveness of a second‐trimester quadruple test for Down syndrome in Thailand
Authors: Kaewsuksai Peeranan , Jitsurong Siroj 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of a quadruple test for Down syndrome in the second trimester of pregnancy in clinical settings in Thailand.MethodsFrom October 2015 to September 2016, a prospective study was undertaken in 19 hospitals in Songkhla province, Thailand. Women with a singleton pregnancy of 14–18 weeks were enrolled and underwent the quadruple test. The risk cutoff value was set at 1:250. All women with a positive test (risk ≥1:250) were offered amniocentesis. Women were followed up until delivery.ResultsAmong 2375 women, 206 (8.7%) had a positive quadruple test; 98 (47.6%) of these women voluntarily underwent amniocentesis. Overall, seven pregnancies were complicated with chromosomal abnormalities (2.9 cases in 1000), including four cases of Down syndrome (1.7 in 1000) and three of other abnormalities. The detection, false‐positive, and accuracy rates of the quadruple test for Down syndrome were 75.0%, 8.6%, and 91.4%, respectively.ConclusionThe quadruple test was found to be a feasible and efficient method for screening for Down syndrome in the second trimester of pregnancy in a Thai clinical setting. The test should be performed for pregnant women before an invasive test for Down syndrome.
An investigation of shock wave therapy and low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound on fracture healing under reduced loading conditions in an ovine model
Authors: Gadomski Benjamin C. , McGilvray Kirk C. , Easley Jeremiah T. , Palmer Ross H. , Jiao Jian , Li Xiaofei , Qin Yi‐Xian , Puttlitz Christian M. 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTThe use of shock wave therapy (SWT) and low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) as countermeasures to the inhibited fracture healing experienced during mechanical unloading was investigated by administering treatment to the fracture sites of mature, female, Rambouillet Columbian ewes exposed to partial mechanical unloading or full gravitational loading. The amount of fracture healing experienced by the treatment groups was compared to controls in which identical surgical and testing protocols were administered except for SWT or LIPUS treatment. All groups were euthanized after a 28‐day healing period. In vivo mechanical measurements demonstrated no significant alteration in fixation plate strains between treatments within either partial unloading group. Similarly, DXA BMD and 4‐point bending stiffness were not significantly altered following either treatment. μCT analyses demonstrated lower callus bone volume for treated animals (SWT and LIPUS, p < 0.01) in the full gravity group but not between reduced loading groups. Callus osteoblast numbers as well as mineralized surface and bone formation rate were significantly elevated to the level of the full gravity groups in the reduced loading groups following both SWT and LIPUS. Although no increase in 4‐week mechanical strength was observed, it is possible that an increase in the overall rate of fracture healing (i.e., callus strength) may be experienced at longer time points under partial loading conditions given the increase in osteoblast numbers and bone formation parameters following SWT and LIPUS. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:921–929, 2018.
Application of Computer‐Aided Diagnosis on Breast Ultrasonography: Evaluation of Diagnostic Performances and Agreement of Radiologists According to Different Levels of Experience
Authors: Cho Eun , Kim Eun‐Kyung , Song Mi Kyung , Yoon Jung Hyun 
Published: August 2017

ObjectivesTo investigate the feasibility of a computer‐aided diagnosis (CAD) system (S‐Detect; Samsung Medison, Co, Ltd, Seoul, Korea) for breast ultrasonography (US), according to radiologists with various degrees of experience in breast imaging.MethodsFrom December 2015 to March 2016, 119 breast masses in 116 women were included. Ultrasonographic images of the breast masses were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed by 2 radiologists specializing in breast imaging (7 and 1 years of experience, respectively) and S‐Detect, according to the individual ultrasonographic descriptors from the fifth edition of the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System and final assessment categories. Diagnostic performance and the interobserver agreement among the radiologists and S‐Detect was calculated and compared.ResultsAmong the 119 breast masses, 54 (45.4%) were malignant, and 65 (54.6%) were benign. Compared to the radiologists, S‐Detect had higher specificity (90.8% compared to 49.2% and 55.4%) and positive predictive value (PPV; 86.7% compared to 60.7% and 63.8%) (all P < .001). Both radiologists had significantly improved specificity, PPV, and accuracy when using S‐Detect compared to US alone (all P < .001). The area under the receiving operating characteristic curves of the both radiologists did not show a significant improvement when applying S‐Detect compared to US alone (all P > .05). Moderate agreement was seen in final assessments made by each radiologist and S‐Detect (κ = 0.40 and 0.45, respectively).ConclusionsS‐Detect is a clinically feasible diagnostic tool that can be used to improve the specificity, PPV, and accuracy of breast US, with a moderate degree of agreement in final assessments, regardless of the experience of the radiologist.
Impact of glacial meltwater on spatiotemporal distribution of copepods and their grazing impact in Young Sound NE, Greenland
Authors: Middelbo Ane Bruun , Sejr Mikael Kristian , Arendt Kristine Engel , Møller Eva Friis 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe melting of sea ice, increased terrestrial runoff and meltwater from the Greenland Ice Sheet contribute to increased freshening and stratification of Arctic seas. However, the impacts on ecosystem structure and carbon cycling are still poorly quantified. We studied copepod abundance, grazing, and carbon turnover in Young Sound, Northeast Greenland, during the ice‐free period from mid‐July to early October 2014 at four stations along the freshwater gradient from the inner fjord to the Greenland Sea. Freshwater enters the fjord as surface runoff from land‐terminating glaciers and forms a surface layer of high turbidity and low salinity limiting light availability and nutrient replenishment. This resulted in the inner station consistently having lower biomass of chlorophyll a, (average 21 mg m−2) compared to the outer station (47 mg m−2) and phytoplankton cells smaller than 10 μm constituted 89% at the inner station compared to 59% at the outer station. Copepod grazing rates were low on these small cells, which resulted in low copepods community grazing at the freshwater impacted site in the inner fjord. Daily grazing impact by copepods was about half of the daily primary production during July and August in the outer region of the fjord, but grazing impact was always less than 10% of the daily primary production in the inner fjord and in the late part of the open water season at all stations. Our study shows that meltwater driven stratification results in dominance of small phytoplankton cells, which directly impacts secondary producers and reduces transfer to higher trophic levels.
Swimming speeds of Mediterranean settlement‐stage fish larvae nuance Hjort's aberrant drift hypothesis
Authors: Faillettaz Robin , Durand Elysanne , Paris Claire B. , Koubbi Philippe , Irisson Jean‐Olivier 
Published: August 2017

AbstractHistorically, the mortality of early‐life stages of marine fishes was supposed to be mostly caused by poor feeding during a critical period and aberrant drifting away from favorable recruitment areas. While fish larvae may display remarkable swimming abilities, Hjort's aberrant drift hypothesis has rarely been tested. In this study, we measured critical swimming speed (Ucrit) of settlement‐stage larvae of six coastal, warm temperate Mediterranean fish species, for which no data were previously available (Sparidae: Boops boops, Diplodus annularis, Spicara smaris, Spondyliosoma cantharus; Pomacentridae: Chromis chromis; Mugilidae sp.). Their swimming speeds were comparable with those of other temperate species, but also with the speeds of tropical species, which are considered as very fast swimmers. Mugilidae were the fastest (29.2 cm s−1), followed by Pomacentridae (22.8 cm s−1) and Sparidae (11.6 cm s−1). Most larvae swam in an inertial regime (Reynolds number > 1000). Those swimming speeds were then implemented in a Lagrangian model of the competency period of these species, set in the same area (the Ligurian Sea) and at the same time (June 2014) as the observations. In this modeling experiment, directional swimming strongly increased the proportion of successful settlers, independent of mesoscale hydrological structures. Fish larvae could settle on the coast from as far as tens of kilometers offshore, in just 4 d. These findings suggest that aberrant drift is unlikely to occur for strong swimming temperate larvae and show that larval behavior should be considered on equal footing with ocean currents when assessing larval fish dispersal.
Coexisting depressive symptoms do not limit the benefits of chronic neuromodulation: A study of over 200 patients
Authors: Killinger Kim A. , Fergus Jonathan , Edwards Luke , Boura Judith A. , Bartley Jamie , Gupta Priyanka , Tomakowsky Janice , Gilleran Jason , Peters Kenneth M. 
Published: August 2017

AimsTo examine the relationship between coexisting depressive symptoms and outcomes after staged neuromodulation procedures for refractory urological symptoms.MethodsAdults who enrolled in a prospective database and completed a Personal Health Questionnaire Depression Scale (PHQ‐8) at baseline were reviewed. The PHQ‐8 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD‐7) assessed depressive/anxiety symptoms pre and 6 months post device implant. Urological symptoms were assessed with The Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Index/Problem Index (ICSI‐PI) and Overactive Bladder Questionnaire (OAB‐q) at baseline, 3 and 6 months, and Global Response Assessments (GRA) post implant. Subjects, grouped by PHQ <10 and PHQ ≥10, were compared with Pearson's Chi‐square, Fisher's Exact or Wilcoxon rank test, and Spearman's correlations.ResultsIn 117 PHQ <10 and 84 PHQ ≥10 patients, age differed (mean 59 vs 52 years; P = 0.001), and PHQ <10 had lower GAD‐7, ICSI‐PI, and OAB‐q scores at baseline (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0003, and P < 0.0008, respectively). Implantation rates were similar between groups. Reoperation and complication rates within the first 6 months did not differ, similar proportions (majority) were improved on the GRA at each time point, and ICSI‐PI and OAB‐q scores improved significantly. PHQ scores only improved significantly for those with baseline PHQ ≥10. Baseline PHQ strongly correlated with GAD‐7 at baseline and 6 months, and baseline ICSI‐PI. Change in PHQ positively correlated with the change in GAD‐7, 6 month ICSI‐PI, and change in ICSI‐PI from baseline to 6 months.ConclusionsCoexisting depressive symptoms do not limit the efficacy of neuromodulation and PHQ improvements correlate with improved anxiety and bladder symptoms.
Photovoltaics in the assessment of wireless sensor network reliability with changing environmental conditions
Authors: Kassan R. , Châtelet E. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis paper presents a reliability assessment of a wireless sensor network (WSN) equipped with mini photovoltaic cells (PV‐WSN) under natural environmental conditions while accounting for different types of system failures. In particular, our assessment considers the hardware specifications of the sensors, photovoltaic (PV) specifications, the use of rechargeable batteries, communication protocols, and various elements required for efficient detection of environmental conditions. We accomplished this by developing a simulator that generated data for 2 broad WSN conditions: (1) WSN without PV and (2) WSN with PV. The dynamic source routing protocol was employed for these simulations, and the following variables were assessed for both conditions: WSN reliability, the impact of energy consumption on the network, and the types of failures that lead to sensor unavailability. The following assumptions were made to run the simulation: the distribution of WSN nodes is random, with 1 sink node per rectangular cluster, the sensor nodes are structurally and functionally identical, environmental interference and suboptimal orientation impair PV cell recharge capacity randomly, and no communication loss occurs. Our reliability assessment assumed extreme environmental conditions and further made assessments of component reliability that included the following parameters: sensor and PV cell hardware specifications, the rechargeable nature of PV cell batteries for different sensor activity states, the availability of sunlight for powering PV cells, and the energy efficiency of PV cells. We found that network lifetime was prolonged for the PV‐WSN condition over the WSN without PV condition, introducing a role for PV cells as potential energy sources for WSNs.
Relating Environmental Performance of Nation States to Income and Income Inequality
Authors: Morse Stephen 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis paper explores a number of ways in which environmental quality can be represented by indicators within empirical attempts to look for a relationship between environmental performance, income and income inequality. A total of 16 environmental performance indicators were selected where data were available at the national scale (180 countries), all of which were components of the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) published in early 2016, and included as dependent variables with income/capita (GDP/capita) and distribution of income (Gini coefficient) spanning nearly 20 years as independent variables. Data were analysed using principal component regression. The results generate a rather complex picture, whereby some of the EPI component indicators, notably those in the Environmental Health category, have a relationship with income and income distribution, while others, especially those centred on Ecosystem Vitality, do not. The paper provides some of the first published evidence for a relationship between environmental performance and income distribution and discusses some of the possible causal factors. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
In Situ Generation of Core‐Shell Protein‐Based Microcapsules with Regulated Ion Absorbance Capacity
Authors: Zhou Pei , Wang Lei , Wu Guangyu , Zhou Yuting , Hegazy Mohammad , Huang Xin 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn this study, we presented a way to generate organic/protein hybrid core‐shell micro‐compartment structure by in situ generating poly(o‐phenylenediamine) (POPD) nanoparticles inside a robust and flexible protein‐based shell. Both the size and number of the generated POPD core inside the protein microcapsules could be well varied by using different oxidants including, H2O2, tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) and glucose oxidase (GO)/ glucose (Glu). Significantly, via operating the membrane permeability by either the cleavage of the conjugated polymer or additional formation of tannic acid/Fe3+ complex outer shell, the adsorption capacity towards Cu2+ of the constructed multiple cores in single shell model could be well modulated. In general, our studies contribute to the establishment of an improved model with its potential applications in catalysis system, biotechnology and biomedicine.
Grow Bimetallic Platinum‐Iridium Alloy on Reduced Graphene Oxide to Construct Hetero‐Atomic Bridge Catalysis toward Efficient Electrooxidation of Methanol
Authors: Zhou Ling , Zhao Zhi Liang , Zhang Lian Ying , An Hong Ming , Li Chang Ming 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBimetallic platinum‐iridium (PtIr) alloy on carbon has been reported to reduce Pt loading toward electrooxidation of ammonia. Herein ultra‐small bimetallic platinum‐iridium (PtIr) alloy nanocrystals are directly and uniformly grown on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by a one‐pot solvothermal approach, and further used as a catalyst toward electrooxidation of methanol for the first time. The optimal Pt in PtIr/rGO can be as low as 80% while delivering extraordinarily higher catalytic current density than Pt/rGO and commercial Pt/C catalysts by 1.5 times and 2.6 times, respectively, and much better durability. Differently from the ammonia oxidation on PtIr/C, the remarkable improved electrocatalytic performance of Pt4Ir1/rGO with a much lower loading of Pt is mainly attributed to heteroatomically bridged catalysis of the Ir−Pt alloy, in which ‐OH easily forms on Ir surface via the atomic bridge to oxidize CO absorbed on Pt surface for greatly boosting the catalytic performance of methanol oxidation. The highly conductive graphene support also has positive impact on the excellent catalytic performance. This work provides a facile approach to fabricate low‐loaded Pt but highly active anode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells, and the hetero‐atomic bridged catalytic process in an electrode kinetics may make a universal significance.
Caryosyntrips: a radiodontan from the Cambrian of Spain, USA and Canada
Authors: Pates Stephen , Daley Allison C. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractCaryosyntrips appendages have previously been reported from the Burgess Shale (Cambrian, Stage 5), British Columbia, Canada. New specimens of the genus are here reported from the Wheeler Formation (Cambrian, Drumian) and Langston Formation, Spence Shale Member (Cambrian, Stage 5), Utah, USA. The original Burgess Shale specimens are re‐examined alongside the new specimens. Caryosyntrips is shown to have paired ventral spines on each podomere. Three species of Caryosyntrips are recognized: C. serratus Daley & Budd, C. camurus sp. nov. and C. durus sp. nov., differentiated by the overall shape of their appendages and arrangement of dorsal and ventral spines. These differences have potential implications for the feeding methods employed by different species of Caryosyntrips. A specimen collected from the upper Valdemiedes Formation of Spain (Cambrian, Stage 4), previously described as the lobopodian Mureropodia apae Gámez Vintaned et al., is reinterpreted as a Caryosyntrips appendage. This identification is supported by the overall shape of the fossil, and the presence, orientation and length:width ratio of ventral spines. However the dorsal surface of the appendage is not well preserved, and the appendage and its ventral spines are larger than those of other known Caryosyntrips. Therefore it is left in open nomenclature as C. cf. camurus. These new finds increase the temporal range of Caryosyntrips (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4 to Series 3, Drumian) and the geographical range to a new continent: Gondwana.