bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Rapid Method for Determination of the Main Conjugated Linoleic Acid Precursors (C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3) in Forage by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis with Ultraviolet Detection Using Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection as a Comparative Method
Authors: de Jesus Coelho Castro Renata , Sobrinho Fausto Souza , Sundfeld da Gama Marco Antônio , Takabayashi Sato Renata , Lavorato Lima Larissa , Leal de Oliveira Marcone Augusto 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
A rapid method has been proposed for determination of the main conjugated linoleic acid precursors such as linoleic (C18:2 n-6) and linolenic (C18:3 n-3) acids in forages by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with direct UV detection at 200 nm. Among the fatty acids found in forages, C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 have received particular attention due to their roles as precursors for the synthesis of conjugated linoleic acid, a class of health-enhancing compounds that is predominantly found in dairy products. The electrolyte background consisted of 12.0 mmol/L tetraborate buffer (pH 9.2) added to 12.0 mmol/L Brij 35®, 17% acetonitrile, and 33% methanol. Under the optimized conditions, the baseline separation of C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 was achieved within 4 min. The CZE-UV method was compared to GC with a flame ionization detector, which is the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS 996.06) official method for fatty acid analysis. The methods did not show any evidence of significant differences within 95% confidence interval (P &gt; 0.05). The CZE-UV method was successfully applied to the analysis of 80 genotypes of Brachiaria ruzizienses clones submitted to a genetic improvement program in agricultural research.
Method for the Analysis of Cannabinoids and Terpenes in Cannabis
Authors: Giese Matthew W , Lewis Mark A , Giese Laura , Smith Kevin M 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The requirements for an acceptable cannabis assay have changed dramatically over the years resulting in a large number of laboratories using a diverse array of analytical methodologies that have not been properly validated. Due to the lack of sufficiently validated methods, we conducted a single- laboratory validation study for the determination of cannabinoids and terpenes in a variety of commonly occurring cultivars. The procedure involves high- throughput homogenization to prepare sample extract, which is then profiled for cannabinoids and terpenes by HPLC-diode array detector and GC-flame ionization detector, respectively. Spike recovery studies for terpenes in the range of 0.03–1.5% were carried out with analytical standards, while recovery studies for Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, cannabidiolic acid, Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid, and cannabigerolic acid and their neutral counterparts in the range of 0.3–35% were carried out using cannabis extracts. In general, accuracy at all levels was within 5%, and RSDs were less than 3%. The interday and intraday repeatabilities of the procedure were evaluated with five different cultivars of varying chemotype, again resulting in acceptable RSDs. As an example of the application of this assay, it was used to illustrate the variability seen in cannabis coming from very advanced indoor cultivation operations.
Determination of Dufulin Residue in Vegetables, Rice, and Tobacco Using Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Li Yanjiao , Lu Ping , Hu Deyu , Bhadury Pinaki S , Zhang Yuping , Zhang Kankan 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
A rapid and accurate LC/MS/MS method using positive electrospray ionization was established for the determination of residues of the novel plant antiviral agent dufulin in samples of tobacco leaf (dry), tomato, cucumber, and rice. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile; cleaned up by dispersive SPE using primary secondary amine, C18, and graphitized carbon black sorbents; separated on a C18 column; and confirmed by multiple reaction monitoring mode MS with a matrix effect of –21.5–19.6%. The method showed satisfactory linearity (R2 ≥0.9912) for the target compound. The LOD and the LOQ were 0.05 and 0.15 μg/kg, respectively. The mean recoveries from four matrixes varied from 71.9 to 93.6% with intraday RSD in the range of 2.9 to 9.0% and interday RSD 6.9 to 15.2%. The method was successfully applied for analysis of dufulin in actual trial samples.
Determination of Chromium, Selenium, and Molybdenum in Infant Formula and Adult Nutritional Products by Inductively Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectrometry: Collaborative Study, Final Action 2011.19
Authors: Pacquette Lawrence H , Thompson Joseph J ,   Collaborators:, Farrow M , Feller M , Fenpeng Y , Gray M , Malaviole I , Mittal A , Mould D , Xiang F , Yadlapalli S , Zhang S , Zhang Y 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
AOAC First Action Method 2011.19: Chromium, Selenium, and Molybdenum in Infant Formula and Adult Nutritional Products, was collaboratively studied. This method uses microwave digestion of samples with nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and internal standard followed by simultaneous detection of the elements by an inductively coupled plasma (ICP)/MS instrument equipped with a collision/ reaction cell. During this collaborative study, nine laboratories from four different countries, using seven different models of ICP/MS instruments, analyzed blind duplicates of seven infant, pediatric, and adult nutritional formulas. One laboratory's set of data was rejected in its entirety. The method demonstrated acceptable repeatability and reproducibility and met the AOAC Stakeholder Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals (SPIFAN) Standard Method Performance Requirements (SMPRs®) for almost all of the matrixes analyzed. The Cr, Mo, and Se SPIFAN requirement for repeatability was ≤5% RSD. The SMPR called for a reproducibility of ≤15% RSD for products with ultratrace element concentrations above the targeted LOQ of 20 μg/kg Cr/Mo and 10 μg/kg Se (as ready-to-feed). During this collaborative study, RSDr ranged from 1.0 to 7.0% and RSDR ranged from 2.5 to 13.4% across all three ultratrace elements.
Determination of Minerals and Trace Elements in Infant Formula and Adult/Pediatric Nutritional Formula by Inductively Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectrometry A Performance Evaluation: Single-Laboratory Validation, First Action 2015.06
Authors: Thompson Joseph J , Pacquette Lawrence , Brunelle Sharon L 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
A method for determination of 12 minerals and trace elements (Na, Mg, P, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, and Mo) in infant formula and adult/ pediatric nutritional formula was developed and evaluated in a single-laboratory validation. Some additional reproducibility data were obtained from a small interlaboratory study. The method involves microwave digestion of the sample followed by inductively coupled plasma/MS and uses Ge and Te as internal standards. The method is an extension of Official MethodSM 2011.19 and was compared to AOAC Standard Method Performance Requirements (SMPRs®) 2011.009 and 2014.004 developed by the AOAC Stakeholder Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals (SPIFAN). Repeatability precision for the 12 elements in 11 SPIFAN matrixes and National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1849a was &lt;5%, meeting the SMPR criterion for repeatability. Intermediate reproducibility (8 days, two analysts, two instruments) in the 11 SPIFAN matrixes was &lt;5% for nine (Na, Mg, P, K, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se) of the 12 elements in all 11 matrixes. The mean reproducibility across 6–7 laboratories and seven SPIFAN matrixes ranged from 2.5% for Cu to 7.1% for P. Recovery from spiked matrixes varied from 90.1 to 109%, and accuracy of determination using SRM 1849a ranged from 96.2 to 107.7%, meeting the requirement of 90–110% recovery/accuracy.
Determination of Ochratoxin A in Pig Kidneys by Immunoaffinity Cleanup and Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Hou YaLi , Zhou Jinhui , Li YuPing , Xie JiangHua , Zhou Li , Lv FengLin 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
An accurate method was developed for determining ochratoxin A (OTA) in pig kidney using an immunoaffinity column for cleanup and ultra-HPLC/MS/MS for identification and quantification. Mean recoveries of OTA from kidney samples fortified at 0.10–5 μg/kg levels ranged from 74 to 92%, with RSDs of 4.6–7.5%. The LOD was estimated to be 0.03 μg/kg and the LOQ was 0.10 μg/kg based on an S/N in kidney of 3:1 and 10:1, respectively. The developed method was used for the determination of OTA in pig kidney. A survey of the OTA content of pig kidneys slaughtered in Chongqing, China, revealed that 35 out of 40 analyzed samples were contaminated; the OTA concentration in kidney ranged from trace level (0.03–0.1) to 0.323 μg/kg. This method was shown to be useful for accurately evaluating the intake of OTA from pig kidneys.
Intraportal Infusion of Bone Marrow Mononuclear or CD133+ Cells in Patients With Decompensated Cirrhosis: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Mohamadnejad Mehdi , Vosough Massoud , Moossavi Shirin , Nikfam Sepideh , Mardpour Soura , Akhlaghpoor Shahram , Ashrafi Mandana , Azimian Vajiheh , Jarughi Neda , Hosseini Seyedeh-Esmat , Moeininia Fatemeh , Bagheri Mohamad , Sharafkhah Maryam , Aghdami Nasser , Malekzadeh Reza , Baharvand Hossein 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe present study assessed the effects of intraportal infusions of autologous bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (MNCs) and/or CD133+ cells on liver function in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. We randomly assigned 27 eligible patients to a placebo, MNCs, and/or CD133+ cells. Cell infusions were performed at baseline and month 3. We considered the absolute changes in the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores at months 3 and 6 after infusion as the primary outcome. The participants and those who assessed the outcomes were unaware of the treatment intervention assignments. After 6 months, 9 patients were excluded because of liver transplantation (n = 3), hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 1), loss to follow-up (n = 3), and death (n = 2). The final analysis included 4 patients from the CD133+ group, 8 from the MNC group, and 6 from the placebo group. No improvement was seen in the MELD score at month 6 using either CD133+ cells or MNC infusions compared with placebo. However, at month 3 after infusion, a trend was seen toward a higher mean absolute change in the MELD score in patients who had received CD133+ cells compared with placebo (−2.00 ± 1.87 vs. −0.13 ± 1.46; p = .08). No significant adverse events occurred in the present study. A transient improvement in the MELD score was observed in subjects treated with CD133+ cells but not in the MNC or placebo group. Although the study was not powered to make definitive conclusions, the data justify further study of CD133+ therapy in cirrhotic patients.SignificanceCell therapy is a new approach in liver disease. Several clinical experiments have been reported on the safety of bone marrow-derived stem cells to treat liver disorders. However, the effectiveness of these approaches in the long-term follow-ups of patients initiated controversial discussions among the scientific community. A double-blind randomized controlled trial was designed to address this concern scientifically. A transient improvement in the patients' signs occurred; however, for a sustainable result, more work is needed. The results of multiple administrations of cells reported in the present study can be compared with the results from other single-injection studies.
Investigating the Geochemical Alterations in an Aquifer Due to Long-Term Sequestration of CO2 Using Time-Lapse Seismic Information
Authors: Han Sang H. , Srinivasan Sanjay 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The effects of chemical interaction between injected CO2, brine, and formation rocks are often ignored in sequestration studies because chemical reactions are assumed to be localized to carbonate rocks that make up only a small proportion of the potential reservoirs. It is conjectured in this work that long-term exposure of certain types of clays and cement material to CO2-brine mixtures can induce chemical reactions and subsequent alteration of rock properties that can be subsequently detected in time-lapse seismic surveys. This is demonstrated using a case-study structured after the Cranfield field injection site. Geochemical alterations of the reservoir rock are quantified by performing reactive transport simulations and subsequently rock physics models are used to translate the altered petrophysical properties into seismic responses. The study quantifies the long-term geochemical effects of CO2 injection on the seismic response and conversely, presents an approach to infer the reservoir regions contacted by the CO2-saturated brine based on the observed seismic response and a unique model selection algorithm.
Time-lapse or passive seismic monitoring is an effective method for mapping the progress of the CO2 plume through the subsurface. But, because of the lack of resolution of the seismic information, it is necessary to use the seismic information together with prior geologic knowledge about the surface in order to identify if there is any migration of CO2 into regions that might be deemed sensitive e.g. overlying aquifers or faults. Because of uncertainties in the prior geologic description of the reservoir, the feasibility of implementing a model selection process is explored in this work. The model selection procedure utilizes the observed well data and reference seismic map to select a subset of models that represent the posterior geologic uncertainty. The flow simulation of CO2 injection and forward seismic modeling were repeated on the posterior models, and the seismic responses were compared for the reaction and non-reaction cases.
The study showed that the effects of geochemical reactions and the resultant impact on petrophysical properties and fluid saturation distribution were visible in the seismic response. Major differences in seismic responses were detected in regions of the reservoir where significant amount of minerals were dissolved and precipitated. These regions were at the top of the reservoir due to the reactions caused by the buoyant CO2 plume. The presence of carbonate facies, even in small proportion, plays an important role in geochemical reactions and their effect is manifested at the seismic scale. The results of this time-lapse study can provide new interpretation of events observed in time-lapse seismic data that might lead to a better assessment of leakage pathways and other risks.
Effects of compression at elevated temperature for electrophorically deposited TiO2-based dye-sensitized solar cell
Authors: Choudhury Md. Shamimul Haque , Kishi Naoki , Soga Tetsuo 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
In this investigation, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were prepared by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of commercially available nanometer-sized titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (anatase, ST01) on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates. The rate of cathodic electrophoretic deposition of TiO2 nanoparticle agglomerates and the density of the obtained films were explored as a function of the applied electric field, keeping optimized suspension compositions, such as the particle concentration and the type of solvent. Optimized deposition conditions were found to result in homogeneous, well-controlled, mesoporous TiO2 thick-film photoanodes. Compression of the prepared glass substrate TiO2 photoanode at elevated temperature was commenced as a promising postdeposition surface treatment. The photovoltaic performance characteristics of DSSC prepared by this method were found to be considerably improved compared with those of DSSCs prepared by high-temperature postannealing and compression at room temperature. Surface morphologies were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and significant improvement was observed after compression as well as compression at elevated temperature.
Apoptotic effects on cultured cells of atmospheric-pressure plasma produced using various gases
Authors: Tominami Kanako , Kanetaka Hiroyasu , Kudo Tada-aki , Sasaki Shota , Kaneko Toshiro 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This study investigated the effects of low-temperature atmospheric-pressure plasma on various cells such as rat fibroblastic Rat-1 cell line, rat neuroblastoma-like PC12 cell line, and rat macrophage-like NR8383 cell line. The plasma was irradiated directly to a culture medium containing plated cells for 0–20 s. The applied voltage, excitation frequency, and argon or helium gas flow were, respectively, 3–6 kV, 10 kHz, and 3 L/min. Cell viability and apoptotic activity were evaluated using annexin-V/propidium iodide staining. Results showed that the low-temperature atmospheric-pressure plasma irradiation promoted cell death in a discharge-voltage-dependent and irradiation-time-dependent manner. Furthermore, different effects are produced depending on the cell type. Moreover, entirely different mechanisms might be responsible for the induction of apoptosis in cells by helium and argon plasma.
Incremental dynamical downscaling for probabilistic analysis based on multiple GCM projections
Authors: Wakazuki Y. , Rasmussen R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA dynamical downscaling method for probabilistic regional‐scale climate change projections was developed to cover the inherent uncertainty associated with multiple general circulation model (GCM) climate simulations. The climatological increments estimated by GCM results were statistically analyzed using the singular vector decomposition. Both positive and negative perturbations from the ensemble mean with the magnitudes of their standard deviations were extracted and added to the ensemble mean of the climatological increments. The analyzed multiple modal increments were utilized to create multiple modal lateral boundary conditions for the future climate regional climate model (RCM) simulations by adding them to reanalysis data. The incremental handling of GCM simulations realized approximated probabilistic climate change projections with the smaller number of RCM simulations. For the probabilistic analysis, three values of a climatological variable simulated by RCMs for a mode were analyzed under an assumption of linear response to the multiple modal perturbations.
Nitrous oxide production by nitrification and denitrification in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific oxygen minimum zone
Authors: Ji Qixing , Babbin Andrew R. , Jayakumar Amal , Oleynik Sergey , Ward Bess B. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe Eastern Tropical South Pacific oxygen minimum zone (ETSP‐OMZ) is a site of intense nitrous oxide (N2O) flux to the atmosphere. This flux results from production of N2O by nitrification and denitrification, but the contribution of the two processes is unknown. The rates of these pathways and their distributions were measured directly using 15N tracers. The highest N2O production rates occurred at the depth of peak N2O concentrations at the oxic‐anoxic interface above the oxygen deficient zone (ODZ) because slightly oxygenated waters allowed (1) N2O production from both nitrification and denitrification and (2) higher nitrous oxide production yields from nitrification. Within the ODZ proper (i.e., anoxia), the only source of N2O was denitrification (i.e., nitrite and nitrate reduction), the rates of which were reflected in the abundance of nirS genes (encoding nitrite reductase). Overall, denitrification was the dominant pathway contributing the N2O production in the ETSP‐OMZ.
Evidence for added value of convection‐permitting models for studying changes in extreme precipitation
Authors: Meredith Edmund P. , Maraun Douglas , Semenov Vladimir A. , Park Wonsun 
Published: December 2015

AbstractClimate model resolution can affect both the climate change signal and present‐day representation of extreme precipitation. The need to parametrize convective processes raises questions about how well the response to warming of convective precipitation extremes is captured in such models. In particular, coastal precipitation extremes can be sensitive to sea surface temperature (SST) increase. Taking a recent coastal precipitation extreme as a showcase example, we explore the added value of convection‐permitting models by comparing the response of the extreme precipitation to a wide range of SST forcings in an ensemble of regional climate model simulations using parametrized and explicit convection. Compared at the same spatial scale, we find that the increased local intensities of vertical motion and precipitation in the convection‐permitting simulations play a crucial role in shaping a strongly nonlinear extreme precipitation response to SST increase, which is not evident when convection is parametrized. In the convection‐permitting simulations, SST increase causes precipitation intensity to increase only until a threshold is reached, beyond which further SST increase does not enhance the precipitation. This flattened response results from an improved representation of convective downdrafts and near‐surface cooling, which damp the further intensification of precipitation by stabilizing the lower troposphere locally and also create cold pools that cause subsequent convection to be triggered at sea, rather than by the coastal orography. These features are not well represented in the parametrized convection simulations, resulting in precipitation intensity having a much more linear response to increasing SSTs.
A growing importance of large fires in conterminous United States during 1984–2012
Authors: Yang Jia , Tian Hanqin , Tao Bo , Ren Wei , Pan Shufen , Liu Yongqiang , Wang Yuhang 
Published: December 2015

AbstractFire frequency, extent, and size exhibit a strong linkage with climate conditions and play a vital role in the climate system. Previous studies have shown that the frequency of large fires in the western United States increased significantly since the mid‐1980s due to climate warming and frequent droughts. However, less work has been conducted to examine burned area and fire emissions of large fires at a national scale, and the underlying mechanisms accounting for the increases in the frequency of large fires are far from clear. In this study, we integrated remote‐sensed fire perimeter and burn severity data sets into the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model to estimate carbon emissions from large fires (i.e., fires with size larger than 1000 acres or 4.05 km2) in conterminous United States from 1984 to 2012. The results show that average area burned by large fires was 1.44 × 104 km2 yr−1 and carbon emissions from large fires were 17.65 Tg C yr−1 during the study period. According to the Mann‐Kendall trend test, annual burned area and pyrogenic carbon emissions presented significant upward trends at the rates of 810 km2 yr−1 and 0.87 Tg C yr−1, respectively. Characteristic fire size (fire size with the largest contribution to the total burned area) in the period of 2004–2012 increased by 176.1% compared to the period of 1984–1993. We further found that the larger fires were associated with higher burn severity and occurred more frequently in the warmer and drier conditions. This finding implies that the continued warming and drying trends in the 21st century would enhance the total burned area and fire emissions due to the contributions of larger and more severe wildfires.