bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PLASMA EFFECTS ON EXTRAGALACTIC ULTRAHIGH-ENERGY COSMIC-RAY HADRON BEAMS IN COSMIC VOIDS. II. KINETIC INSTABILITY OF PARALLEL ELECTROSTATIC WAVES
Authors: Krakau S. , Schlickeiser R. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
The linear instability of an ultrarelativistic hadron beam in the unmagnetized intergalactic medium (IGM) is investigated with respect to the excitation of parallel electrostatic and electromagnetic fluctuations. This analysis is important for the propagation of extragalactic ultrarelativistic cosmic rays from their distant sources to Earth. As opposed to the previous paper, we calculate the minimum instability growth time for Lorentz-distributed cosmic rays which traverse the hot IGM. The growth times are orders of magnitude higher than the cosmic-ray propagation time in the IGM. Since the backreaction of the generated plasma fluctuations (plateauing) lasts longer than the propagation time, the cosmic-ray hadron beam can propagate to the Earth without losing a significant amount of energy to electrostatic turbulence.
Mots pour maux
Authors: Grillo Éric 
Published: February 2016

On s’intéresse ici à l’humanitaire en tant que formation discursive, fort du constat que le discours humanitaire occupe une place centrale dans la nouvelle configuration idéologique contemporaine puisque c’est désormais dans le « langage » et la « dramaturgie » de l’humanitaire que tendent à se (re)formuler les « grandes questions » socio-politiques de notre temps : l’asile, l’accueil des migrants, la question des réfugiés, la pauvreté, la précarité, l’assistance aux populations les plus vulnérables, les relations Nord-Sud, etc. Adoptant une perspective résolument pragmatique, on tente de comprendre pourquoi c’est précisément dans ce langage-là que se formule l’idéologie de notre temps. On avance l’hypothèse que c’est en vertu de son potentiel rhétorique que le « langage » de l’humanitaire devient idéologiquement opératoire : en se déployant dans la forme d’une rhétorique de la souffrance, le « langage » de l’humanitaire construit une vision du monde capable d’endosser les trois fonctions (d’intégration, de légitimation, de distorsion) qu’assume traditionnellement une formation idéologique.
Database of Bird Flight Initiation Distances to Assist in Estimating Effects from Human Disturbance and Delineating Buffer Areas
Authors: Livezey Kent B. , Fernández-Juricic Esteban , Blumstein Daniel T. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologists determine effects from disturbance to threatened and endangered bird species, and staffs of federal and state agencies estimate these effects when delineating protective buffers around habitat of bird species of concern on land management areas. These efforts can be informed by the distances at which human activities cause birds to react or move away. To that end, here we present a database of published alert distances (distances at which birds exposed to an approaching human activity exhibit alert behavior), flight initiation distances (distances at which birds exposed to an approaching human activity initiate escape behavior), and minimum approach distances (distances at which humans should be separated from wildlife). The database distinguishes between nesting and nonnesting situations. The nesting database includes 578 alert distances and 2,177 flight initiation distances from 45 studies representing 11 orders, 27 families, and 49 species of birds. The nonnesting database comprises 1,419 alert distances and 34,775 flight initiation distances from 50 studies representing 19 orders, 89 families, and 650 species.
L’odyssée africaine d’un cordophone rudimentaire, le « luth à pique intérieure »
Authors: Baroin Catherine 
Published: February 2016

Le « luth à pique intérieure », selon la typologie communément admise, se définit par le montage de son manche. Au lieu de traverser la caisse de part en part, celui-ci s’arrête au niveau d’un orifice percé dans la peau tendue sur la caisse. Les cordes passent par cet orifice et sont fixées à l’autre extrémité du manche au moyen de lanières. Des données et des hypothèses sont présentées sur l’origine probablement très ancienne de ce luth. Selon la forme du chevalet, en éventail ou cylindrique, il se répartit en deux catégories dont la distribution géographique actuelle en Afrique est différente. L’examen de ces deux catégories ouvre le champ à de nouvelles hypothèses sur la diffusion de ces instruments, par comparaison avec la harpe et la lyre.
Description of five new species ofHeliuraButler (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Arctiini: Ctenuchina), with discussion onH. pierus(Cramer) and theH. stolli(Rothschild) species group
Authors: Pinheiro Lívia R. , Cerda Jean-Aimé , Duarte Marcelo 
Published: February 2016

AbstractFivenew speciesofHeliuraButler (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) are described:H. laguerreiPinheiro and Cerda,H. beneluziPinheiro and Cerda,Heliura crameriPinheiro and Cerda,H. nigriventrisPinheiro and Duarte, andH. pauloiPinheiro and Duarte. The last three species are placed in theH. stolli(Rothschild) species group, which is delimited for the first time and discussed. The other known species that are also part of this group are redescribed, and an identification key is provided.Heliura pieroidesRothschild is a revalidated combination.Heliura parcipunctais a new combination.Heliura pierusCramer is considered aspecies inquirenda. Illustrations of habitus and genitalia of the species treated herein are provided whenever possible.
Activation of Nod1 Signaling Induces Fetal Growth Restriction and Death through Fetal and Maternal Vasculopathy
Authors: Inoue Hirosuke , Nishio Hisanori , Takada Hidetoshi , Sakai Yasunari , Nanishi Etsuro , Ochiai Masayuki , Onimaru Mitsuho , Chen Si Jing , Matsui Toshiro , Hara Toshiro 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIntrauterine fetal growth restriction (IUGR) and death (IUFD) are both serious problems in the perinatal medicine. Fetal vasculopathy is currently considered to account for a pathogenic mechanism of IUGR and IUFD. We previously demonstrated that an innate immune receptor, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-1 (Nod1), contributed to the development of vascular inflammations in mice at postnatal stages. However, little is known about the deleterious effects of activated Nod1 signaling on embryonic growth and development. We report that administration of FK565, one of the Nod1 ligands, to pregnant C57BL/6 mice induced IUGR and IUFD. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that maternally injected FK565 was distributed to the fetal tissues across placenta. In addition, maternal injection of FK565 induced robust increases in the amounts of CCL2, IL-6, and TNF proteins as well as NO in maternal, placental and fetal tissues. Nod1 was highly expressed in fetal vascular tissues, where significantly higher levels of CCL2 and IL-6 mRNAs were induced with maternal injection of FK565 than those in other tissues. Using Nod1-knockout mice, we verified that both maternal and fetal tissues were involved in the development of IUGR and IUFD. Furthermore, FK565 induced upregulation of genes associated with immune response, inflammation, and apoptosis in fetal vascular tissues. Our data thus provided new evidence for the pathogenic role of Nod1 in the development of IUGR and IUFD at the maternal-fetal interface.
In Vivo Visualizing the IFN-β Response Required for Tumor Growth Control in a Therapeutic Model of Polyadenylic-Polyuridylic Acid Administration
Authors: Nocera David Andrés , Roselli Emiliano , Araya Paula , Nuñez Nicolás Gonzalo , Lienenklaus Stefan , Jablonska Jadwiga , Weiss Siegfried , Gatti Gerardo , Brinkmann Melanie M. , Kröger Andrea , Morón Gabriel , Maccioni Mariana 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The crucial role that endogenously produced IFN-β plays in eliciting an immune response against cancer has recently started to be elucidated. Endogenous IFN-β has an important role in immune surveillance and control of tumor development. Accordingly, the role of TLR agonists as cancer therapeutic agents is being revisited via the strategy of intra/peritumoral injection with the idea of stimulating the production of endogenous type I IFN inside the tumor. Polyadenylic-polyuridylic acid (poly A:U) is a dsRNA mimetic explored empirically in cancer immunotherapy a long time ago with little knowledge regarding its mechanisms of action. In this work, we have in vivo visualized the IFN-β required for the antitumor immune response elicited in a therapeutic model of poly A:U administration. In this study, we have identified the role of host type I IFNs, cell populations that are sources of IFN-β in the tumor microenvironment, and other host requirements for tumor control in this model. One single peritumoral dose of poly A:U was sufficient to induce IFN-β, readily visualized in vivo. IFN-β production relied mainly on the activation of the transcription factor IFN regulatory factor 3 and the molecule UNC93B1, indicating that TLR3 is required for recognizing poly A:U. CD11c+ cells were an important, but not the only source of IFN-β. Host type I IFN signaling was absolutely required for the reduced tumor growth, prolonged mice survival, and the strong antitumor-specific immune response elicited upon poly A:U administration. These findings add new perspectives to the use of IFN-β–inducing compounds in tumor therapy.
Seasonal abundance & role of predominant Japanese encephalitis vectors Culex tritaeniorhynchus & Cx. gelidus Theobald in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Ramesh D. , Muniaraj M. , Samuel P. Philip , Thenmozhi V. , Venkatesh A. , Nagaraj J. , Tyagi B.K. 
Published: February 2016

Background & objectives:
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. The first major JE outbreak occurred in 1978 and since 1981 several outbreaks had been reported in the Cuddalore district (erstwhile South Arcot), Tamil Nadu, India. Entomological monitoring was carried out during January 2010 - March 2013, to determine the seasonal abundance and transmission dynamics of the vectors of JE virus, with emphasis on the role of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. gelidus.

Methods:
Mosquito collections were carried out fortnightly during dusk hours in three villages viz. Soundara Solapuram, Pennadam, Erappavur of Cuddalore district. Mosquitoes were collected during dusk for a period of one hour in and around the cattle sheds using oral aspirator and torch light. The collected mosquitoes were later identified and pooled to detect JE virus (JEV) infection by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results:
A total of 46,343 mosquitoes comprising of 25 species and six genera were collected. Species composition included viz, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (46.26%), Cx. gelidus (43.12%) and other species (10.62%). A total of 17,678 specimens (403 pools) of Cx. gelidus and 14,358 specimens (309 pools) of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were tested, of which 12 pools of Cx. gelidus and 14 pools of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were positive for JE virus antigen. The climatic factors were negatively correlated with minimum infection rate (MIR) for both the species, except mean temperature (P<0.05) for Cx. gelidus.

Interpretation & conclusions:
High abundance of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. gelidus was observed compared to other mosquito species in the study area. Detection of JEV antigen in the two species confirmed the maintenance of virus. Appropriate vector control measures need to be taken to reduce the vector abundance.
Appropriate Use Criteria in Echocardiography: An Observational Institutional Study with the Perspective of a Quality Improvement Project
Authors: Rameh Vanessa , Kossaify Antoine 
Published: February 2016

Background Appropriate use criteria (AUC) in echocardiography are essential tools for aligning the indications of echocardiography with the best clinical standards, improving clinical outcome, restraining abuse, and preserving health-care resources. Objectives The aim of this study was to ascertain the AUC for transthoracic echocardiography in a university hospital and create a quality improvement project (QIP). Methods The assessment of 501 inpatients who received transthoracic cardiac echo was conducted according to the 2011 AUC report. Indications were classified as appropriate, uncertain, or inappropriate, and patients not matching any of the abovementioned divisions were grouped in the nonfitting category. Results Of the 501 eligible patients, 374 patients (74.66%) were in the appropriate group, 85 patients (16.96%) in the inappropriate group, 20 patients (3.99%) in the uncertain group, and 22 patients (4.39%) in the nonfitting category. Discussion Interpretation and analysis of the obtained results are presented, along with the results of many comparable studies; moreover, a QIP was set up accordingly. Conclusion AUC are useful to assess local practice, preserve health-care resources, and improve clinical outcome.
Imigração e reconhecimento de direitos: o desafio do Brasil na era da (in)tolerância
Authors: Lopes Olsen Ana Carolina 
Published: February 2016

Desde a criação do Estado Moderno, as categorias “nacional” e “estrangeiro” delimitam os sujeitos de direitos como cidadãos, em contraposição ao estrangeiro. Dentre as várias evidências desta dicotomia, a cultura é elemento diferenciador, mas, ao mesmo tempo, pode reunir povos diferentes em função da globalização, o que tem se dado através da assimilação cultural dos imigrantes, e não de uma integração que respeite suas diferenças. Em quaisquer dos casos, não há equiparação de direitos entre estrangeiros e nacionais. Recentemente, com a intensificação dos processos migratórios, desenvolveu-se um sistema internacional de proteção dos direitos humanos, segundo o qual qualquer pessoa é sujeito de direitos, independente de nacionalidade. Esse discurso, todavia, não tem atingido a realidade dos imigrantes que morrem em busca de países que lhes garantam a sobrevivência – o que leva a questionar a posição adotada pelo Brasil a fim de promover o reconhecimento de direitos aos imigrantes. Apesar da adesão a tratados internacionais de direitos humanos, verifica-se que o Brasil ainda não tem legislação doméstica plenamente adequada à tutela dessas pessoas. O estudo demonstra que as mudanças normativas são importantes, mas estarão fadadas ao fracasso se não forem acompanhadas por uma cultura de tolerância e solidariedade, com respeito às diferenças entre os povos.
A influência do biopoder na economia: o tempo livre vigiado e consumido
Authors: Semeghini Pereira Marcela Andresa 
Published: February 2016

O presente artigo versou sobre o biopoder, denominação proposta por Michel Foucault, que traz reflexões sobre ações disciplinares e vigilantes que interferem nas características vitais da existência humana. Foucault considera o poder disciplinar como método fundamental para a implantação do capitalismo industrial e da sociedade que ele dá origem e o desenvol- vimento e exercício deste não deve ser dissociado da consolidação de aparatos particulares de conhecimento e da formação das ciências humanas. O saber também é um instrumento de poder que criou técnicas para disciplinar o corpo individual do trabalhador, técnicas de racionalização e de economia estrita de um poder que deveria se exercer mediante todo um sistema de vigilância, de hierarquias, de inspeções, ou seja, uma tecnologia disciplinar para dar suporte ao mundo do trabalho. O lazer, como tempo de vida e reflexão crítica ao biopo- der implica fruição da vida humano-genérica, isto é, vida social plena de relações humanas interpessoais e é também o principal momento de desenvolvimento das potencialidades do homem. Concluiu-se que direito precisa garantir o lazer, notando mais a humanidade e dar- se conta de que, o seu principal foco são os seres humanos, além de que o trabalhador necessita despertar sua humanidade. O método utilizado foi o dialético, para compreensão do homem enquanto ser histórico, pesquisa bibliográfica em livros de sociologia, filosofia e política.
The Transition to Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Davies Freya , Wood Fiona , Brain Katherine E. , Edwards Michelle , Jones Rhiannon , Wallbank Rachel , Robertson Neil P. , Edwards Adrian 
Published: February 2016

Background: Identifying the transition from relapsing-remitting to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) can be challenging for clinicians. Little previous research has explored how professionals experience working with patients during this specific stage of the disease. We explored the experiences of a group of multidisciplinary professionals who support patients in the transition to SPMS to describe this stage from a professional perspective.
Methods: This qualitative semistructured interview study included 11 professionals (medical, nursing, and allied health professionals; specialists and generalists) working with patients with MS in South Wales, United Kingdom. Thematic analysis of the interview data was performed.
Results: Two overarching themes were identified: the transition and providing support. The transition theme comprised issues related to recognizing and communicating about SPMS. Uncertainty influenced recognizing the transition and knowing how to discuss it with patients. The providing support theme included descriptions of challenging aspects of patient care, providing support for caregivers, using the multidisciplinary team, and working within service constraints. Providing adequate psychological support and engaging patients with self-management approaches were seen as particularly challenging.
Conclusions: Caring for patients in the transition to SPMS generates specific challenges for professionals. Further research on health-care interactions and patients'/professionals' experiences regarding the transition phase may help identify strategies for professional development and learning and how to optimize the patient experience at this difficult stage of disease.
A Qualitative Study of Multiple Health Behaviors in Adults with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Plow Matthew A. , Golding Meghan 
Published: February 2016

Background: Evidence regarding inflammatory pathways, elevated cardiovascular risk, and negative effects of secondary conditions on disability progression provide a strong rationale for promoting multiple health behaviors in adults with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, many unanswered questions remain about the best ways to design multiple behavior change interventions for adults with MS. We sought to identify facilitators and barriers to engaging in multiple health behaviors (physical activity, nutrition, and sleep) and to gain further insights into how to develop multiple health behavior change interventions based on preferences of adults with MS.
Methods: Focus groups and one-on-one interviews were conducted with 17 participants with MS.
Results: Five qualitative themes were identified as either facilitating or hindering engagement in multiple health behaviors: 1) roles, priorities, and preferences; 2) sense of duty; 3) the fatigue and mobility problem; 4) taking control; and 5) resiliency. Participants identified advantages and disadvantages of delivery formats (eg, face-to-face group vs. telephone), frequency of contacts, and intervention strategies based on their individual circumstances and obligations. Participants felt that discussing the benefits of engaging in multiple health behaviors, developing action plans, accommodating preferences, and addressing health problems would be helpful strategies to include in a multiple behavior change intervention.
Conclusions: These findings indicate that there may be common facilitators and barriers that can be targeted to promote multiple behavior changes. Future research should explore the best ways to tailor multiple behavior change interventions to preferences, symptoms, psychological traits, and social cognitions.
Exercise Training in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Pilutti Lara A. , Paulseth John E. , Dove Carin , Jiang Shucui , Rathbone Michel P. , Hicks Audrey L. 
Published: February 2016

Background: There is evidence of the benefits of exercise training in multiple sclerosis (MS); however, few studies have been conducted in individuals with progressive MS and severe mobility impairment. A potential exercise rehabilitation approach is total-body recumbent stepper training (TBRST). We evaluated the safety and participant-reported experience of TBRST in people with progressive MS and compared the efficacy of TBRST with that of body weight–supported treadmill training (BWSTT) on outcomes of function, fatigue, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL).
Methods: Twelve participants with progressive MS (Expanded Disability Status Scale scores, 6.0–8.0) were randomized to receive TBRST or BWSTT. Participants completed three weekly sessions (30 minutes) of exercise training for 12 weeks. Primary outcomes included safety assessed as adverse events and patient-reported exercise experience assessed as postexercise response and evaluation of exercise equipment. Secondary outcomes included the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite, the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, and the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life–54 questionnaire scores. Assessments were conducted at baseline and after 12 weeks.
Results: Safety was confirmed in both exercise groups. Participants reported enjoying both exercise modalities; however, TBRST was reviewed more favorably. Both interventions reduced fatigue and improved HRQOL (P ≤ .05); there were no changes in function.
Conclusions: Both TBRST and BWSTT seem to be safe, well tolerated, and enjoyable for participants with progressive MS with severe disability. Both interventions may also be efficacious for reducing fatigue and improving HRQOL. TBRST should be further explored as an exercise rehabilitation tool for patients with progressive MS.
Nitriding characteristics of 4H-SiC irradiated with remote nitrogen plasmas
Authors: Shimabayashi Masaharu , Kurihara Kazuaki , Horikawa Yoshimine , Sasaki Koichi 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
We examined the atomic concentrations and the weight densities of SiC surfaces irradiated with remote nitrogen plasmas. The unique approach of this work is that we compared the SiC surface irradiated with atomic nitrogen with that irradiated with a mixture of atomic nitrogen and molecular nitrogen in the metastable

state. As a result, it was found that molecular nitrogen in the

state has a higher efficiency than atomic nitrogen in the nitriding of SiC surfaces. The weight density measurements have revealed the removal of Si and C from the SiC surface by the irradiation of remote nitrogen plasma. These results suggest that the formation of volatile molecules is less significant when the SiC surface is irradiated with molecular nitrogen in the metastable

state.