bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Our Experience on Silicone Y-Stent for Severe COPD Complicated With Expiratory Central Airway Collapse
Authors: Ozgul Mehmet A. , Cetinkaya Erdogan , Cortuk Mustafa , Iliaz Sinem , Tanriverdi Elif , Gul Sule , Ozgul Guler , Onaran Hilal , Abbasli Kenan , Dincer Huseyin E. 
Published: December 2016

Background:
Expiratory central airway collapse (ECAC) is abnormal central airway narrowing during expiration. ECAC involves 2 different pathophysiological entities as tracheobronchomalacia and excessive dynamic airway collapse (EDAC). Although the exact cause is unknown, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is frequently accompanied by ECAC. Although there are various publications on the relationship between COPD and ECAC, there are very few data for stent placement in patients with tracheobronchomalacia accompanied severe COPD. We share our results for stenting in ECAC among patients with severe COPD.

Methods:
The data in this case series were collected retrospectively. The ECAC diagnosis was made during flexible bronchoscopy with severe COPD. Silicone Y-stents were placed via rigid bronchoscopy under general anesthesia.

Results:
A total of 9 patients’ (7 men) data were evaluated with an average age of 67±10.73 years. One patient experienced stent migration on the second day of stenting prompting stent removal. Another patient died 1 month after stenting. Consequently, we evaluated the follow-up data of remaining 7 patients. The changes in forced expiratory volume 1 was not significant for these 7 cases (P=0.51). The modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) score improvement was statistically significant (P=0.03). Functional status improvement was observed in 4 of 7 patients. Of the 7 patients, mean additional follow-up bronchoscopic interventions requirement was 2.2 times.

Conclusions:
Our study showed significant decrease in mMRC score with stenting for ECAC in severe COPD. For 2 patients, we experienced severe complications during short-term follow-up period after stenting. Additional follow-up bronchoscopic interventions were required.
Pulmonologist-Performed Per-Esophageal Needle Aspiration of Parenchymal Lung Lesions Using an EBUS Bronchoscope
Authors: Steinfort Daniel P. , Farmer Michael W. , Irving Louis B. , Jennings Barton R. 
Published: December 2016

Background:
Transesophageal introduction of the endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) videobronchoscope allows pulmonologists to perform endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration (EUS-B-FNA) of mediastinal lesions. Safety, diagnostic accuracy, and feasibility of EUS-B-FNA in evaluation of pulmonary parenchymal lesions are not established.

Methods:
All patients undergoing pulmonologist-performed EUS-B-FNA of parenchymal lung lesions at 2 tertiary centers were included in this prospective observational cohort study.

Results:
EUS-B-FNA sampling of parenchymal lesions was performed in 27 patients. Mean (±SD) lesion size was 36±16 mm. Seven lesions were ≤18 mm. Pneumothorax occurred in 1 patient (3.7%, 95% confidence interval, 0.001%-19%). Ten target lesions (36%) were in locations inaccessible to bronchoscopic sampling via the airways, and 9 lesions were inaccessible to EBUS-guided transbronchial needle aspiration and in locations associated with low diagnostic yield from radial EBUS. EUS-B-FNA was diagnostic in 26 patients (96%), and sensitivity of EUS-B-FNA was 100% (95% confidence interval, 87%-100%) for both lung cancer (n=21) and for pulmonary metastatic lesions (n=5).

Conclusions:
Pulmonologist-performed EUS-B-FNA is safe and accurate in the evaluation parenchymal lung lesions. Diagnostic accuracy is high. EUS-B-FNA may achieve access to sites not amenable to other forms of bronchoscopic sampling, or increase diagnostic accuracy in patients where anatomic position predicts a low diagnostic yield.
Genotypic complexity of Fisher’s geometric model
Authors: Hwang Sungmin , Park Su-Chan , Krug Joachim 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTFisher’s geometric model was originally introduced to argue that complex adaptations must occur in small steps because of pleiotropic constraints. When supplemented with the assumption of additivity of mutational effects on phenotypic traits, it provides a simple mechanism for the emergence of genotypic epistasis from the nonlinear mapping of phenotypes to fitness. Of particular interest is the occurrence of reciprocal sign epistasis, which is a necessary condition for multipeaked genotypic fitness landscapes. Here we compute the probability that a pair of randomly chosen mutations interacts sign-epistatically, which is found to decrease with increasing phenotypic dimensionn, and varies non-monotonically with the distance from the phenotypic optimum. We then derive expressions for the mean number of fitness maxima in genotypic landscapes composed of all combinations ofLrandom mutations. This number increases exponentially withL, and the corresponding growth rate is used as a measure of the complexity of the landscape. The dependence of the complexity on the model parameters is found to be surprisingly rich, and three distinct phases characterized by different landscape structures are identified. Our analysis shows that the phenotypic dimension, which is often referred to as phenotypic complexity, does not generally correlate with the complexity of fitness landscapes and that even organisms with a single phenotypic trait can have complex landscapes. Our results further inform the interpretation of experiments where the parameters of Fisher's model have been inferred from data, and help to elucidate which features of empirical fitness landscapes can be described by this model.
Histone H3K4 and H3K36 methylation promotes recruitment, but not activity, of the NuA3 histone acetyltransferase complex inS. cerevisiae
Authors: Martin Benjamin J.E. , McBurney Kristina L. , Maltby Vicki E. , Jensen Kristoffer N. , Brind’Amour Julie , Howe LeAnn J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractHistone post-translational modifications (PTMs) alter chromatin structure by promoting the interaction of chromatin-modifying complexes with nucleosomes. The majority of chromatin-modifying complexes contain multiple domains that preferentially interact with modified histones, leading to speculation that these domains function in concert to target nucleosomes with distinct combinations of histone PTMs. InS. cerevisiae, the NuA3 histone acetyltransferase complex contains three domains, the PHD finger in Yng1, the PWWP domain in Pdp3, and the YEATS domain in Taf14, whichin vitrobind to H3K4 methylation, H3K36 methylation, and acetylated and crotonylated H3K9 respectively. However the relativein vivocontributions of these histone PTMs in targeting NuA3 is unknown. Here we show thatin vivoH4K4 and H3K36 methylation, but not acetylated or crotonylated H3K9, recruit NuA3 to transcribed genes. Through genome-wide colocalization and by mutational interrogation, we demonstrate that the PHD finger of Yng1, and the PWWP domain of Pdp3 independently target NuA3 to H3K4 and H3K36 methylated chromatin respectively. In contrast, we find no evidence to support the YEATS domain of Taf14 functioning in NuA3 recruitment. Collectively our results suggest that the presence of multiple histone-PTM binding domains within NuA3, rather than restricting it to nucleosomes containing distinct combinations of histone PTMs, can serve to increase the range of nucleosomes bound by the complex. Interestingly however, the simple presence of NuA3 is insufficient to ensure acetylation of the associated nucleosomes, suggesting a secondary level of acetylation regulation that does not involve control of HAT-nucleosome interactions
Inference of Multiple-wave Admixtures by Length Distribution of Ancestral Tracks
Authors: Ni Xumin , Yang Xiong , Yuan Kai , Feng Qidi , Guo Wei , Ma Zhiming , Xu Shuhua 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThe ancestral tracks in admixed genomes are of valuable information for population history inference. A few methods have been developed to infer admixture history based on ancestral tracks. Nonetheless, these methods suffered the same flaw that only population admixture history under some specific models can be inferred. In addition, the inference of history might be biased or even unreliable if the specific model is deviated from the real situation. To address this problem, we firstly proposed a general discrete admixture model to describe the admixture history with multiple ancestral populations and multiple-wave admixtures. We next deduced the length distribution of ancestral tracks under the general discrete admixture model. We further developed a new method,MultiWaver, to explore the multiple-wave admixture histories. Our method could automatically determine an optimal admixture model based on the length distribution of ancestral tracks, and estimate the corresponding parameters under this optimal model. Specifically, we used a likelihood ratio test (LRT) to determine the number of admixture waves, and implemented an expectation??maximization (EM) algorithm to estimate parameters. We used simulation studies to validate the reliability and effectiveness of our method. Finally, good performance was observed when our method was applied to real datasets of African Americans, Mexicans, Uyghurs, and Hazaras.
Effects of miRNAs on myocardial apoptosis by modulating mitochondria related proteins
Authors: Zhao Yanfang , Ponnusamy Murugavel , Dong Yanhan , Zhang Lei , Wang Kun , Li Peifeng 
Published: December 2016

SummaryMyocardial apoptosis play a vital role in pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis (mitochondrial apoptosis pathway) and abnormal mitochondrial fission and fusion have a detrimental effect on cells under a variety of intracellular stresses including hypoxia, oxidative stress, drug toxicity or DNA damage and contributes to the development of heart failure (HF), myocardial infarction (MI), diabetic cardiomyopathy and ischaemia/reperfusion injury (I/R). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous short non‐coding RNAs, which target 3′‐untranslated region of mRNA to switch off gene expression. They play crucial roles in regulating complicated cardiac signalling and transcriptional events during cardiac development as well as in diseased condition. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanism of mitochondrial apoptosis in cardiac cells and influence of miRNAs on them. MiRNAs regulate cardiac mitochondrial apoptosis by exert their effects on mitochondrial fission and fusion, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and Ca2+ homeostasis, Bcl‐2 family members, and other mitochondrial function proteins. This advancement in understanding mechanism of cardiac cells death provides us new therapy targets for cardiovascular diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunctions.
The Ecology Of Neighborhood Participation and The Reproduction Of Political Conflict
Authors: Deener Andrew 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBuilding on three years of participant observation and 30 life‐history interviews with activists in the Los Angeles community of Venice, this article introduces an ecological perspective to examine neighborhood participation and the reproduction of political conflict. As the official local space of community politics, the city‐funded Venice Neighborhood Council has experienced dramatic conflict. Observers have framed the conflict as occurring between liberal and conservative groups. Despite the history of conflict between so‐called ‘groups', the individuals involved are in flux. Venice is a complex arrangement of different neighborhoods and multiple interests. Tensions between long‐term neighborhood affiliations, formal bureaucracy and grassroots organizations affect how activists weigh competing associations embedded in the spatial landscape. The ecology of neighborhood participation underscores that conflict is not an outcome of stable substantive positions, but rather it occurs as the reassembling of overlapping and competing interests over time.
A Large‐Sample Test of a Semi‐Automated Clavicle Search Engine to Assist Skeletal Identification by Radiograph Comparison
Authors: D'Alonzo Susan S. , Guyomarc'h Pierre , Byrd John E. , Stephan Carl N. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn 2014, a morphometric capability to search chest radiograph databases by quantified clavicle shape was published to assist skeletal identification. Here, we extend the validation tests conducted by increasing the search universe 18‐fold, from 409 to 7361 individuals to determine whether there is any associated decrease in performance under these more challenging circumstances. The number of trials and analysts were also increased, respectively, from 17 to 30 skeletons, and two to four examiners. Elliptical Fourier analysis was conducted on clavicles from each skeleton by each analyst (shadowgrams trimmed from scratch in every instance) and compared to the search universe. Correctly matching individuals were found in shortlists of 10% of the sample 70% of the time. This rate is similar to, although slightly lower than, rates previously found for much smaller samples (80%). Accuracy and reliability are thereby maintained, even when the comparison system is challenged by much larger search universes.
Medicolegal Implications of Nosocomial Infections: A Case Report of Aspergillus Contamination during Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Tuchtan Lucile , Piercecchi‐Marti Marie‐Dominique , Dumon Henri , Métras Dominique , Léonetti Georges , Bartoli Christophe 
Published: December 2016

AbstractNosocomial infections have become a major issue of public health and lead to an increasing number of suits for damages. We present a rare case of Aspergillus contamination during cardiac surgery, describe the medicolegal investigation, and present the new system for compensation of bodily injury after nosocomial infection in France, based on the law of March 4, 2002 on patient rights and quality in the health system. This case demonstrates the limits of compensation for nosocomial infections on the grounds of national solidarity. The expert report requested by the regional commission for conciliation and compensation is of fundamental importance in enabling the commission to decide between fault and inherent risk of treatment.
Engineering Ashbya gossypii strains for de novo lipid production using industrial by‐products
Authors: Lozano‐Martínez Patricia , Buey Rubén M , Ledesma‐Amaro Rodrigo , Jiménez Alberto , Revuelta José Luis 
Published: December 2016

SummaryAshbya gossypii is a filamentous fungus that naturally overproduces riboflavin, and it is currently exploited for the industrial production of this vitamin. The utilization of A. gossypii for biotechnological applications presents important advantages such as the utilization of low‐cost culture media, inexpensive downstream processing and a wide range of molecular tools for genetic manipulation, thus making A. gossypii a valuable biotechnological chassis for metabolic engineering. A. gossypii has been shown to accumulate high levels of lipids in oil‐based culture media; however, the lipid biosynthesis capacity is rather limited when grown in sugar‐based culture media. In this study, by altering the fatty acyl‐CoA pool and manipulating the regulation of the main ∆9 desaturase gene, we have obtained A. gossypii strains with significantly increased (up to fourfold) de novo lipid biosynthesis using glucose as the only carbon source in the fermentation broth. Moreover, these strains were efficient biocatalysts for the conversion of carbohydrates from sugarcane molasses to biolipids, able to accumulate lipids up to 25% of its cell dry weight. Our results represent a proof of principle showing the promising potential of A. gossypii as a competitive microorganism for industrial biolipid production using cost‐effective feed stocks.
Hot Off the Press: Which Febrile Children With Sickle Cell Disease Need a Chest X‐Ray?
Authors: Morgenstern Justin , Heitz Corey , Milne William K. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis retrospective chart review examined the rate of acute chest syndrome (ACS) in febrile children (aged 3 months to 21 years) with sickle cell disease and used recursive partitioning to determine which clinical factors were predictive of a diagnosis of ACS. Over the course of 2 years, 697 children made 1,837 visits to one of two pediatric emergency departments. ACS was diagnosed in 185 (10%) of the visits.
Heavy alcohol use in adolescence is associated with altered cortical activity: a combined TMS–EEG study
Authors: Kaarre Outi , Kallioniemi Elisa , Könönen Mervi , Tolmunen Tommi , Kekkonen Virve , Kivimäki Petri , Heikkinen Noora , Ferreri Florinda , Laukkanen Eila , Määttä Sara 
Published: December 2016

AbstractLong‐term alcohol use affects cognitive and neurophysiological functioning as well as structural brain development. Combining simultaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) recording with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) enables direct, in vivo exploration of cortical excitability and assessment of effective and functional connectivity. In the central nervous system, the effects of alcohol are particularly mediated by alterations in gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurotransmission, and TMS‐evoked potentials (TEPs) N45 and N100 in EEG are known to reflect GABAergic function. However, no previous studies have examined the effects of long‐term alcohol use in adolescence on TEPs. In this study, a total of 27 young adults with heavy alcohol use in adolescence and 25 age‐matched, gender‐matched and education‐matched controls with little or no alcohol use participated in TMS–EEG measurements. The motor cortex (M1) was stimulated with an intensity of 90 percent of the resting motor threshold of the abductor pollicis brevis muscle. No significant differences were found in the resting motor threshold, TEP latencies or neuropsychological functioning between the groups. We observed an increase in the global mean field power in the time window of 54‐ to 75‐millisecond post‐TMS, as well as significant topographical differences in the P60 and N100 in those with a history of heavy drinking. Furthermore, there was a marked increase in the GABAergic N45 amplitude in alcohol users. These findings suggest that long‐term alcohol use in adolescence, even when not meeting the diagnostic criteria for a disorder, is associated with changes in connectivity and cortical excitability.
A comparison of two models of dental care for Aboriginal communities in New South Wales
Authors: Gwynne K , McCowen D , Cripps S , Lincoln M , Irving M , Blinkhorn A 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundAboriginal people, and particularly those in rural areas, continue to suffer very high levels of dental disease despite significant reductions in the wider Australian population in the past 30 years. Until recently, there has been a shortage of oral health clinicians and the majority have provided care in major cities. The NSW Government funded various models of care for rural and regional areas and vulnerable population groups including Aboriginal people. This study utilizes a comparative retrospective analysis to compare two models of oral health care for Aboriginal people including those living in rural NSW to inform future policy decisions.MethodsTwo models (Model A ‐ Fly in Fly out and Model B ‐ Collective impact) of public oral health care for Aboriginal patients in NSW were examined using publicly available descriptive information. Two years of funding and Dental Weighted Activity Units (DWAUs) data were analysed for the two different models and regression analysis was used to compare the trends of monthly time series of DWAUs.ConclusionsBased on the standardized national weighted pricing for public dentistry, model B offers significantly more services for less financial resources.
Conscientious Objection to Vaccination
Authors: Clarke Steve , Giubilini Alberto , Walker Mary Jean 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTVaccine refusal occurs for a variety of reasons. In this article we examine vaccine refusals that are made on conscientious grounds; that is, for religious, moral, or philosophical reasons. We focus on two questions: first, whether people should be entitled to conscientiously object to vaccination against contagious diseases (either for themselves or for their children); second, if so, to what constraints or requirements should conscientious objection (CO) to vaccination be subject. To address these questions, we consider an analogy between CO to vaccination and CO to military service. We argue that conscientious objectors to vaccination should make an appropriate contribution to society in lieu of being vaccinated. The contribution to be made will depend on the severity of the relevant disease(s), its morbidity, and also the likelihood that vaccine refusal will lead to harm. In particular, the contribution required will depend on whether the rate of CO in a given population threatens herd immunity to the disease in question: for severe or highly contagious diseases, if the population rate of CO becomes high enough to threaten herd immunity, the requirements for CO could become so onerous that CO, though in principle permissible, would be de facto impermissible.
The Effect of Hierarchical Micro/Nanotextured Titanium Implants on Osseointegration Immediately After Tooth Extraction in Beagle Dogs
Authors: Fu Qian , Bellare Anuj , Cui Yajun , Cheng Bingkun , Xu Shanshan , Kong Liang 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundOwing to simplify the operation and shorten the overall duration of treatment, immediate implantation earned much satisfactory from patients and dentists. The results of immediate implantation determined by osseointegration, we fabricated a micro/nanotextured titanium implants to improve osseointegration immediately after tooth extraction.PurposeThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hierarchical micro/nanotextured titanium implant on osseointegration immediately after tooth extraction.Material and MethodsThe micro/nanotextured titanium implants were fabricated by etching with 0.5 wt% hydrofluoric (HF) acid followed by anodization in HF electrolytes. Implants with a machined surface as well as implants a microtextured surface prepared by 0.5 wt% HF etching served as control groups. The machined, microtextured, and micro/nanotextured implants were inserted into fresh sockets immediately after tooth extraction in beagle dogs. Twelve weeks after implantation, the animals were sacrificed for micro‐CT scanning, histological analysis and biomechanical test.ResultsThe micro‐CT imaging revealed that the bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) in the micro/nanotextured group was significantly higher than that in the machined group and microtextured group, and the trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) in the micro/nanotextured group was significantly lower than that in the other groups. For the histological analysis, the bone‐to‐implant contact in the machined, micro and micro/nanotextured groups were 47.13 ± 6.2%, 54.29 ± 4.18%, and 63.38 ± 7.63%, respectively, and the differences significant. The maximum pull‐out force in the machined, micro, and micro/nanotextured groups were 216.58 ± 38.71 N, 259.42 ± 28.93 N, and 284.73 ± 47.09 N, respectively.ConclusionsThe results indicated that implants with a hierarchical micro/nanotextured can promote osseointegration immediately after tooth extraction.