bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cumulative ADHD medication use and risk of type 2 diabetes in adults: a Swedish Register study
Authors: Dong Zihan , Zhang Le , Li Lin , Liu Shengxin , Brikell Isabell , Kuja-Halkola Ralf , D’Onofrio Brian M , Butwicka Agnieszka , Gudbjornsdottir Soffia , Larsson Henrik , Chang Zheng , Du Rietz Ebba 
Published: September 2024

BackgroundLittle is known about the impact of cumulative attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication use on the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D).ObjectiveThe objective is to examine the association between cumulative use of ADHD medication and risk of incident T2D.MethodsA nested case–control study was conducted in a national cohort of individuals aged 18–70 years with incident ADHD (n=138 778) between 2007 and 2020 through Swedish registers. Individuals with incident T2D after ADHD were selected as cases (n=2355) and matched with up to five controls (n=11 681) on age at baseline, sex and birth year. Conditional logistic regression models examined the association between cumulative duration of ADHD medication use and T2D.FindingsCompared with no use, a decreased risk of T2D was observed for those on cumulative use of ADHD medications up to 3 years (ORs: 0<duration≤1 year, 0.79 (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.91); 1<duration≤3 years, 0.80 (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.92); duration>3 years, 0.97 (95% CI, 0.84 to 1.12)). When investigating medication types separately, methylphenidate showed results similar to main analyses, lisdexamfetamine showed no association with T2D, whereas long-term (>3 years) use of atomoxetine was associated with an increased risk of T2D (OR: 1.44 (95% CI, 1.01 to 2.04)).ConclusionCumulative use of ADHD medication does not increase the risk for T2D, with the exception of long-term use of atomoxetine.Clinical implicationsFindings suggest that clinicians should be aware of the potential risk of T2D associated with the cumulative use of atomoxetine among patients with ADHD; however, further replication is strongly needed.
Neonatal encephalopathy: a systematic review of reported treatment outcomes
Authors: Quirke Fiona , Biesty Linda , Battin Malcolm , Bloomfield Frank Harry , Daly Mandy , Finucane Elaine , Healy Patricia , Hurley Tim , Kirkham Jamie J , Molloy Eleanor , Haas David M , Meher Shireen , Ní Bhraonáin Elaine , Walker Karen , Webbe James , Devane Declan 
Published: September 2024

BackgroundNeonatal encephalopathy (NE) is a multi-organ condition potentially leading to death or long-term neurodisability. Therapeutic hypothermia is the standard treatment for NE; however, long-term impairments remain common. Studies of new treatments for NE often measure and report different outcomes. Core outcome sets (COSs), a minimum set of outcomes to be measured and reported in all studies for a condition, address this problem. This paper aimed to identify outcomes reported (primary, secondary, adverse events and other reported outcomes) in (1) randomised trials and (2) systematic reviews of randomised trials of interventions for the treatment of NE in the process of developing a COS for interventions for the treatment of NE.MethodsWe completed a systematic search for outcomes used to evaluate treatments for NE using MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. Two reviewers screened all included articles independently. Outcomes were extracted verbatim, similar outcomes were grouped and outcome domains were developed.Results386 outcomes were reported in 116 papers, from 85 studies. Outcomes were categorised into 18 domains. No outcome was reported by all studies, a single study reported 11 outcomes and it was not explicitly stated that outcomes had input from parents.DiscussionHeterogeneity in reported outcomes means that synthesis of studies evaluating new treatments for NE remains difficult. A COS, that includes parental/family input, is needed to ensure consistency in measuring and reporting outcomes, and to enable comparison of randomised trials.
Impact of imaging biomarkers from body composition analysis on outcome of endovascularly treated acute ischemic stroke patients
Authors: Styczen Hanna , Maus Volker , Weiss Daniel , Goertz Lukas , Hosch René , Rubbert Christian , Beck Nikolas , Holtkamp Mathias , Salhöfer Luca , Schubert Rosa , Deuschl Cornelius , Nensa Felix , Haubold Johannes 
Published: September 2024

BackgroundWe investigate the association of imaging biomarkers extracted from fully automated body composition analysis (BCA) of computed tomography (CT) angiography images of endovascularly treated acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients regarding angiographic and clinical outcome.MethodsRetrospective analysis of AIS patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy (MT) at three tertiary care-centers between March 2019–January 2022. Baseline demographics, angiographic outcome and clinical outcome evaluated by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at discharge were noted. Multiple tissues, such as muscle, bone, and adipose tissue were acquired with a deep-learning-based, fully automated BCA from CT images of the supra-aortic angiography.ResultsA total of 290 stroke patients who underwent MT due to cerebral vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation were included in the study. In the univariate analyses, among all BCA markers, only the lower sarcopenia marker was associated with a poor outcome (P=0.007). It remained an independent predictor for an unfavorable outcome in a logistic regression analysis (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.3 to 0.9, P=0.044). Fat index (total adipose tissue/bone) and myosteatosis index (inter- and intramuscular adipose tissue/total adipose tissue*100) did not affect clinical outcomes.ConclusionAcute ischemic stroke patients with a lower sarcopenia marker are at risk for an unfavorable outcome. Imaging biomarkers extracted from BCA can be easily obtained from existing CT images, making it readily available at the beginning of treatment. However, further research is necessary to determine whether sarcopenia provides additional value beyond established outcome predictors. Understanding its role could lead to optimized, individualized treatment plans for post-stroke patients, potentially improving recovery outcomes.
Exploring the Influence of Demographic Factors and Flourishing on Workplace Distractions: A Cross‐Country Analysis
Authors: Shdaifat Emad , Shudayfat Tamadur , Al-Shdayfat Noha , Alotaibi Nora , Alduhaileb Mona 
Published: September 2024

Objective: To explore the influence of demographic factors and flourishing on workplace distractions in a cross‐country analysis of Saudi Arabia and Jordan.Methods: This cross‐sectional comparative study was conducted in two government hospitals: one in eastern Saudi Arabia and the other in northern Jordan. Data were collected from the nurses using convenience sampling. The required sample size was determined using the G∗Power software, with a target of 242 nurses per country, resulting in 484 participants. Ultimately, the final sample consisted of 437 nurses: 222 from Saudi Arabia and 215 from Jordan. Two online instruments were used to collect data on the distractions and flourishing.Results: The study found that “using the Internet” and “using the phone” were the most time‐consuming distractions among nurses, while “watching TV” was the least time‐consuming. There were significant associations between demographics and distractions, with participants from Saudi Arabia having lower distraction scores than participants from Jordan. Younger participants were more distracted than older participants, whereas male participants were more distracted than female participants were. Smokers and individuals with less expertise exhibit higher levels of distraction. Furthermore, degree of education was associated with higher levels of distraction. Nurses in Saudi Arabia experience a much greater loss of productivity due to distractions than their Jordanian counterparts. Regression analysis revealed that experience, “Mental and Physical Health” domain scores, smoking status, and educational level all highly predicted distraction levels among Saudi Arabian and Jordanian nurses, accounting for approximately 9.6% of the differences in distraction.Conclusion: In this cross‐country study on workplace distractions among Saudi and Jordanian nurses, “using the Internet” and “using the phone” emerged as the most time‐consuming distractions. Younger age, male sex, smoking, and less experience are associated with higher distraction levels. Additionally, higher education levels were linked to increased distraction. Implementing employee flourishing activities can help reduce distractions and enhance productivity. This study offers valuable insights into improving nurses’ performance and well‐being.
Retained Foreign Body in the Breast Following a Motor Vehicle Collision: A Case Report
Authors: Bresciani Daniela , Tsai Jacqueline 
Published: September 2024

Background: Unintentionally retained foreign bodies in the breast are a rare phenomenon. Most reported cases are iatrogenically derived from surgeries and procedures. Only a handful of reported cases refer to noniatrogenic causes, including bullets, a sewing needle, and a headscarf pin. However, there are no reports to date that describe a retained foreign body in the breast after a motor vehicle collision or a similar traumatic event or from a decorative steering wheel emblem decal.Case Description: We report the case of a 25‐year‐old female who was involved in a motor vehicle collision with airbag deployment that led to a left breast retained foreign body, a steering wheel emblem decal. On presentation to the emergency room, she reported left chest pain associated with a puncture wound lateral to the left nipple. Imaging at that time was consistent with a metallic object embedded in the subcutaneous tissue of the left breast. Four months after the accident, the patient continued having daily burning pain in the associated area. As such, surgical excision was recommended, and wire‐localized excision of the foreign body was subsequently performed. Grossly, the foreign body appeared as a metallic object with rhinestones, which the patient confirmed was a decorative emblem decal that was on her steering wheel. The postoperative course was uncomplicated, and follow‐up examinations revealed resolution of the left breast pain.Conclusions: This case underscores a unique presentation after a common accident—a retained foreign body in the breast after a motor vehicle collision—and its successful surgical intervention leading to a favorable postoperative course. Notably, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration recently advised drivers against adding decorative emblem decals to their steering wheels for this reason. The case therefore highlights safety precautions that should be taken regarding the addition of this type of accessory.
The Tumor Immune Microenvironment Drives Survival Outcomes and Therapeutic Response in an Integrated Molecular Analysis of Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Skubleny Daniel , Purich Kieran , McLean David R. , Martins-Filho Sebastiao N. , Buttenschoen Klaus , Haase Erika , McCall Michael , Ghosh Sunita , Spratlin Jennifer L. , Schiller Dan E. , Rayat Gina R. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Purpose:
We performed an integrated analysis of molecular classification systems proposed by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), the Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG), and the tumor microenvironment (TME) score to identify which classification scheme(s) are most promising to pursue in subsequent translational investigations.

Experimental Design:
Supervised machine learning classifiers were created using 10-fold nested cross-validation for TCGA, ACRG, and TME subtypes and applied to 2,202 patients with gastric cancer from 11 separate publicly available datasets. Overall survival was assessed with a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model. A propensity score–matched analysis was performed to evaluate the subgroup effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on molecular subtypes. A public external cohort comprised of metastatic gastric cancer treated with immunotherapy was used to externally validate the molecular subtypes.

Results:
Classification models for TCGA, ACRG, and TME achieved an accuracy ± SD of 89.5% ± 0.04, 84.7% ± 0.04, and 89.3% ± 0.02, respectively. We identified the TME score as the only significantly prognostic classification system [HR, 0.54 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39–0.74); global Wald test P &lt; 0.001]. In our subgroup analysis, patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy achieved greater survival with increasing TME score (HR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.29–0.74; interaction P &lt; 0.05). The combination of TME-high and microsatellite instability scores significantly outperformed microsatellite instability as a univariable predictor of immunotherapy response.

Conclusions:
We conclude that the TME score is a predominate driver of prognosis as well as chemotherapy- and immunotherapy-related outcomes in gastric cancer. This article provides a foundation for additional analyses and translational work.
Determinants of Violence in  India: Role of Economic and  Ethnic Factors
Authors: Shukla Shashank Shekhar , Bhattacharya Kaushik 
Published: September 2024

The article examines what type of individuals face violence in India. We specify and estimate a probit model where the probability that a person would face violence depends on several individual, regional and institutional variables. The empirical application of this model on the India Human Development Survey (IHDS) data set for the year 2011–2012 reveals the presence of an important interaction between economic and ethnic factors. We find that violence against a ‘backward’ social group increases when it becomes upwardly mobile. In the case of forward castes, a reverse pattern is seen. Among ethnic measures, fractionalisation turned out to be the most important one in our study. Polarisation turned out to be statistically significant only when regions affected by violent separatist or political movements were treated with a dummy variable. Interestingly, as predicted by Esteban and Ray (2011) , the Gini coefficient based on consumption did not turn out to be significant. Among other variables, political activism, access to sanitation and the number of adult males in a household were important determinants of susceptibility to violence. Ongoing feuds in the village and radical or separatist movements in a state also increased susceptibility to violence. JEL Codes: Z13, Z18, D31, D74
The human dimension of smart cities: Examining antecedents of citizens’ smart city policy literacy
Authors: Lee Danbee , Kang Minsung Michael , Kim Hannah June 
Published: September 2024

This study directs its focus toward the human aspect of smart cities, a domain that has received comparatively scant attention in the existing body of literature. Using policy literacy theory, encompassing the citizens’ perceptions regarding policies through the lens of their understanding, we delve into four predictors of smart city policy literacy, (1) demographics, (2) socioeconomic status, (3) geographic factors and (4) attitudes toward government. Using a national survey, we find that gender, age, income, education, marital status and the reputation of an organization are meaningfully associated with policy literacy. These findings underscore the nuanced nature of the human aspect, highlighting the significance of heterogeneous individual dispositions of smart cities. Against the backdrop of ongoing debates questioning the validity of a one-size-fits-all approach, our study embraces the multifaceted and personalized attributes of the citizenry, acknowledging the imperative role of the human dimension in designing smart cities. Points for practitioners: • Analyzing the policy literacy of citizens in the context of smart cities holds significant implications for public managers and officials, as it unveils the practical utilization of policies by service recipients. • Leveraging policy literacy theory, this research investigates individuals’ smart city policy literacy and finds meaningful associations with gender, age, income, education, marital status and organizational reputation. • Acknowledging the varied viewpoints on smart cities and the limitations of a uniform approach is essential for policymakers and practitioners. This underscores the necessity of placing equal emphasis on the human aspect, taking into account the personalized needs and preferences of citizens.
Magnitude, Extent, and Burden of Substance-use Disorders in West Bengal: Findings from the National Mental Health Survey (NMHS), 2016
Authors: Basu Aniruddha , Jayashankar Pavithra , Guin Aparajita , Sarkar Sukanto , Saha Pradip Kumar , Misra Raghunath , Sinha Debasish , Neogi Rajarshi , Saha Soumyadeep , Benegal Vivek , Rao Girish N , Varghese Mathew , Gururaj Gopalkrishna 
Published: September 2024

Introduction: Substance-use disorders (SUDs) are a public health problem. The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) and National Family Health Survey (NFHS) provide evidence of high usage. Hence, the National Mental Health Survey (NMHS) WB data were analyzed to estimate the prevalence, pattern, disability burden, and service utilization of SUD. Methodology: The usual NMHS methodology was used. Four districts were selected, and thereafter, a multistage random sampling was done. The validated Bengali version of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and other instruments like the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), disability, and health care utilization modules were used. Results: A total of 2,646 eligible members (age >18 years as per 2011 census) were interviewed. It was found that alcohol use as per MINI at least 3 drinks of alcohol within 3 hours on 3 or more occasions was 3.9%, and the weighted prevalence of alcohol-use disorder (AUD) and tobacco-use disorder (TUD) was 3.04% and 14%, respectively. The AUD and TUD prevalence was lower than the national prevalence, yet they were more prevalent in urban areas than in the national trend. The ratio of women to men suffering from AUD in WB (1:5) was one of the highest in the country (all India average 1:18). Also, the treatment gap of 89.2% was more than the national average. Discussion: SUDs are an important public health problem in the state of WB, which requires further research, particularly among women, comorbid psychiatric disorders, and in urban areas.
Outcomes After Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation of the Medial Femoral Condyle in Patients With Varus and Nonvarus Alignment
Authors: Wang Tim , Gao Sean L. , McCauley Julie C. , Densley Sebastian M. , Bugbee William D. 
Published: September 2024

Background: Fresh osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation is an effective technique for the treatment of focal chondral and osteochondral defects in the knee. Coronal-plane malalignment leads to increased contact forces within a compartment and subsequently the cartilage repair site and may lead to higher failure rates. However, the magnitude of the effect of coronal-plane malalignment on graft survivorship and clinical outcomes has not been well characterized. Purpose: To evaluate how varus malalignment affects graft survival and patient-reported outcomes after isolated OCA transplantation of the medial femoral condyle (MFC). Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 70 patients (74 knees) who underwent primary OCA transplantation of the MFC between 2005 and 2019 were identified from a prospectively collected single-surgeon cartilage registry with a minimum 2-year follow-up. Coronal-plane alignment was evaluated utilizing standing hip-to-ankle radiographs. OCA failure, defined as removal of the graft or conversion to arthroplasty, and reoperations were recorded. Patient-reported outcomes were obtained preoperatively and postoperatively using the International Knee Documentation Committee score, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, modified Merle d’Aubigné–Postel score, and overall patient satisfaction score. Results: The mean mechanical tibiofemoral angle for patients with varus alignment was 3.9° of varus (range, 1.1° to 8.9°) and for patients with nonvarus alignment it was 0.02° of valgus (range, 3.6° varus to 4.6° valgus). Graft survivorship was 95.3% in the varus group and 95.8% in the nonvarus group ( P = .918) at 5 years postoperatively. Reoperations after OCA transplantation occurred in 14.0% of the varus group and 22.6% of the nonvarus group ( P = .336). The mean International Knee Documentation Committee total score improved from 45.2 preoperatively to 74.8 at latest follow-up in the varus group and from 40.5 preoperatively to 72.3 at latest follow-up in the nonvarus group. Patient satisfaction was >85%. Conclusion: Patients undergoing isolated OCA transplantation of the MFC had high rates (>90%) of graft survivorship and significant improvements in pain and function. Patients with mild preexisting varus malalignment were found to have no difference in the failure rate or clinical outcomes compared with patients with nonvarus alignment.
Analysis of the Effect of Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study on the Outcome and Volume of Carotid Endarterectomy
Authors: Darling R. Clement , Kreienberg Paul B. , Roddy Sean P. , Paty Philip S.K. , Chang Benjamin B. , Lloyd William E. , Shah Dhiraj M. 
Published: September 2024

Recent studies have demonstrated the benefits of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and risk factor control in preventing stroke in asymptomatic patients. In this study, the effect of the asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis study (ACAS) on the frequency of CEAs performed and the outcome of such procedures on symptomatic and asymptomatic patients were analyzed. From 1990 to 1996, all patients undergoing CEA were prospectively entered into a computerized vascular registry. The number of procedures, indications, demographics, and early and late results were analyzed and compared with similar data compiled prior to the ACAS study. The total volume of CEAs performed increased from 66 in 1990 to 719 in 1996 (ratio 1:12.3). The ratio of symptomatic to asymptomatic patients changed from 1.75:1 in 1990 to 1:1.52 in 1996. The combined stroke/mortality rate dropped from 4.75% in 1990 to 2.15% in 1996. The stroke mortality in the asymptomatic group decreased significantly from 4.3 to 1.9% in the pre and post-ACAS groups respectively ( P < 0.0005). The stroke mortality of symptomatic patients remained constant at 2.1 and 1.4% respectively. Since the completion of ACAS in 1993, the number of CEAs performed on our service has increased tenfold. An increase in volume has translated into an improved stroke/mortality rate and significantly decreased length of stay.