bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease: The Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Jones Miranda R. , Magid Hoda S. , Al‐Rifai Mahmoud , McEvoy John W. , Kaufman Joel D. , Hinckley Stukovsky Karen D. , Szklo Moyses , Polak Joseph , Burke Gregory L. , Post Wendy S. , Blaha Michael J. , Navas‐Acien Ana 
Published: December 2016

Background

Few studies have evaluated the association between secondhand smoke (
SHS
) and subclinical cardiovascular disease among ethnically diverse populations. This study assesses the impact of
SHS
on inflammation and atherosclerosis (carotid intima‐media thickness, coronary artery calcification, and peripheral arterial disease).

Methods and Results

We examined 5032 nonsmoking adults aged 45 to 84 years without prior cardiovascular disease participating in the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (
MESA
) from 2000 to 2002.
SHS
exposure was determined by self‐report, and urinary cotinine was measured in a representative subset (n=2893). The multi‐adjusted geometric mean ratios (95% CIs) for high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein and interleukin‐6 comparing 407 participants with
SHS
≥12 h/wk versus 3035 unexposed participants were 1.13 (1.02–1.26) and 1.04 (0.98–1.11), respectively. The multi‐adjusted geometric mean ratio for carotid intima‐media thickness was 1.02 (0.97–1.07). Fibrinogen and coronary artery calcification were not associated with
SHS
. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (ankle‐brachial index ≤0.9 or ≥1.4) was associated with detectable urinary cotinine (odds ratio, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.09–4.04) but not with self‐reported
SHS
. Urinary cotinine was not associated with inflammation or carotid intima‐media thickness.

Conclusions

Despite limited exposure assessment, this study supports the association of
SHS
exposure with inflammation and peripheral arterial disease.
間接題元語義地圖之修訂及其在漢語比較語法與歷史語法研究中的作用
Authors: Zhang Min 
Published: December 2016

This paper presents a revised version of the semantic map for oblique roles originally proposed by Haspelmath (2003) for instrumental and related functions and expanded by M. Zhang (M. Zhang 2008a, 2010) to accommodate more roles, particularly the Chinese-specific oblique role generally known among Chinese linguists aschùzhìshì shòushì處置式受事 “pretransitive/disposal patient.” My purpose is twofold: (1) to demonstrate the usefulness of a “bottom-up” approach to the semantic map model as an innovative tool for the study of comparative Chinese dialectal and diachronic grammar; and (2) to discuss particular issues pertaining to the construction and revision of the oblique-role map, and to illustrate how such a map can contribute to our understanding of the typology and diachrony of oblique markers across regional varieties of Chinese.為確定漢語特有的「處置式受事」角色的類型學地位，筆者（張敏2008–2010）曾將  Haspelmath（2003）提出的工具語及相關功能語義地圖擴充為一個初步的間接題元語義地圖。本文對該圖作出進一步修訂,旨在（1）為漢語方言比較語法和歷史語法學界推介一種簡便易行的「自下而上」的語義地圖建構方法，（2）探討間接題元語義地圖建構及修訂中遇到的一些疑難問題，並說明該圖在漢語方言間接題元標記的共時及歷時研究中的作用。(This article is in English.)
海南閩語結果結構
Authors: Lee Hui-chi 
Published: December 2016

This paper introduces the resultative constructions in Hainan Min which have not been seriously examined in previous studies. The serial verb construction (SVC) is the main mechanism by which resultatives are expressed in Hainan Min. This special syntactic structure is examined in Hainan Min and compared to two other Chinese dialects: Taiwan Southern Min and Cantonese. I speculate that the unusual serial verb construction resultatives are associated with the preservation of a historical form and language contact. Diachronic Chinese data are given to evince thatSVCs existed early in archaic Chinese. In addition, it is argued that language contact with the native language (Hlai) also contributes to the preservation of this historic remnant.本文介紹海南閩語的結果結構。這個語法結構在過去的文獻中並未清楚的描述及討論過。本研究使用的材料大多是作者田野調查後的語料。田調的結果發現，海南閩語的結果結構主要是以連動結構來表現。以連動結構來表達結果，在現代漢語中，是一種很特殊的方式。本文因此比較了相關的漢語方言：台灣閩南語及粵語。同時，還考察了古漢語的歷時語料，發現連動結果句型應是一種存古現象。除了歷史因素外，本文還主張語言接觸也影響了連動結果句型的存古。因此，本文還探討了海南島上的黎語之結果結構。(This article is in English.)
廣西欽州漢佬話的語言成分來源及詞彙整合
Authors: Luo Yuyan 
Published: December 2016

The Hanlao language in Qinzhou city of Guangxi Province is a language blending the Zhuang language and Han dialects. The part of Han comes mainly from Cantonese, Pinghua and Hakka. Different source dialects influence Hanlao in distinctive levels. The core vocabulary of Hanlao language is mainly influenced by Zhuang, the influence of which becoming weaker towards the periphery. On the contrary, the Han dialects mainly affect the peripheral words of the Hanlao language. Hanlao thus obtains its present form through the restructuring of various source languages in a complex way.
廣西欽州漢佬話是一種融合壯語、漢語的語言，漢語主要來自粵語、平話和客家話。各種來源語言在漢佬話中所處的地位不同：壯語的影響主要在核心詞部分，越往外圍影響越小；漢語則相反，核心詞部分影響小，越往外圍影響越大。各種來源語言經過了複雜的整合過程形成了漢佬話如今的面貌。(This article is in Chinese.)
Evaluating Four Remote Sensing Methods for Estimating Surface Air Temperature on a Regional Scale
Authors: Liu Suhua , Su Hongbo , Tian Jing , Zhang Renhua , Wang Weizhen , Wu Yueru 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSurface air temperature is a basic meteorological variable to monitor the environment and assess climate change. Four remote sensing methods—the temperature–vegetation index (TVX), the univariate linear regression method, the multivariate linear regression method, and the advection-energy balance for surface air temperature (ADEBAT)—have been developed to acquire surface air temperature on a regional scale. To evaluate their utilities, they were applied to estimate the surface air temperature in northwestern China and were compared with each other through regressive analyses, t tests, estimation errors, and analyses on estimations of different underlying surfaces. Results can be summarized into three aspects: 1) The regressive analyses and t tests indicate that the multivariate linear regression method and the ADEBAT provide better accuracy than the other two methods. 2) Frequency histograms on estimation errors show that the multivariate linear regression method produces the minimum error range, and the univariate linear regression method produces the maximum error range. Errors of the multivariate linear regression method exhibit a nearly normal distribution and that of the ADEBAT exhibit a bimodal distribution, whereas the other two methods display negative skewness distributions. 3) Estimates on different underlying surfaces show that the TVX and the univariate linear regression method are significantly limited in regions with sparse vegetation cover. The multivariate linear regression method has estimation errors within 1°C and without high levels of errors, and the ADEBAT also produces high estimation errors on bare ground.
A Numerical Study on Rapid Intensification of Typhoon Vicente (2012) in the South China Sea. Part I: Verification of Simulation, Storm-Scale Evolution, and Environmental Contribution
Authors: Chen Xiaomin , Wang Yuqing , Zhao Kun , Wu Dan 
Published: December 2016

Typhoon Vicente (2012) underwent an extreme rapid intensification (RI) over the northern South China Sea just before its landfall in south China. The extreme RI, the sudden track deflection, and the inner- and outer-core structures of Vicente were reasonably reproduced in an Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) Model simulation. The evolutions of the axisymmetric inner-core radar reflectivity and the primary circulation of the simulated Vicente before its landfall were verified against the Doppler radar observations. Two intensification stages were identified: 1) the asymmetric intensification stage (i.e., RI onset), represented by a relatively slow intensification rate accompanied by a distinct eyewall contraction; and 2) the axisymmetric RI stage with very slow eyewall contraction. Results from a storm-scale tangential wind tendency budget indicated that the primary spinup mechanism during the first stage was the radial eddy momentum transport, which was beneficial to accelerate primary circulation inside the radius of maximum wind (RMW) and thus conducive to eyewall contraction. In contrast, the principal spinup mechanism during the second stage was mainly ascribed to the forced secondary circulation in response to diabatic heating in the eyewall and boundary layer friction, which efficiently transported the absolute angular momentum radially inward and vertically upward to increase the primary circulation in the eyewall region throughout the troposphere. Further analysis revealed that the interaction between the monsoon circulation and storm-scale vorticity anomalies played an important role in erecting the tilted vortex and spinning up the midtropospheric TC circulation during the first stage.
Climate Events and Impact on Cropping Activities of Small-Scale Farmers in a Part of Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Eludoyin Adebayo Oluwole , Nevo Augustina Olichikwu , Abuloye Peter Adeolu , Eludoyin Oyenike Mary , Awotoye Olusegun Olufemi 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The study examined the variations of selected climatic variables (rainfall and temperature) and the perceptions of small-scale farmers on the effects of extreme climate condition on cropping activities in the rain forest ecological region in southwest Nigeria. The area is characterized by three different subecological strata (the mountainous Akoko region in the north, the southern coastal area, and the middle, relatively lowland and more urbanized area) whose effects on the climate are made explicit in the relatively different values of the climate variables. Analysis of the responses to questions on perceptions of extreme climate effects indicated that about 70% of the farmers were aware of the effects of extreme climate events on crop production and yield, and over 50% indicated that too early rainfall, late rainfall, prolonged dryness after an initial rainfall, excessive rainfall, and windstorms were the common weather-related causes of low crop yields. More than 76% of the farmers changed planting dates and diversified their crops as mitigation measures, while about 72% adopted mulching and intercropping as adaptation strategies against extreme weather conditions. Only less than 20% had access to government support facilities and modern infrastructure. The study concluded that although the farmers respond to variable and extreme climate events in the study area, the responses, being not adequately supported by adequate farming infrastructure, do not guarantee sustainable food security in the region.
acdc – Automated Contamination Detection and Confidence estimation for single-cell genome data
Authors: Lux Markus , Krüger Jan , Rinke Christian , Maus Irena , Schlüter Andreas , Woyke Tanja , Sczyrba Alexander , Hammer Barbara 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Background
A major obstacle in single-cell sequencing is sample contamination with foreign DNA. To guarantee clean genome assemblies and to prevent the introduction of contamination into public databases, considerable quality control efforts are put into post-sequencing analysis. Contamination screening generally relies on reference-based methods such as database alignment or marker gene search, which limits the set of detectable contaminants to organisms with closely related reference species. As genomic coverage in the tree of life is highly fragmented, there is an urgent need for a reference-free methodology for contaminant identification in sequence data.

Results
We present acdc, a tool specifically developed to aid the quality control process of genomic sequence data. By combining supervised and unsupervised methods, it reliably detects both known and de novo contaminants. First, 16S rRNA gene prediction and the inclusion of ultrafast exact alignment techniques allow sequence classification using existing knowledge from databases. Second, reference-free inspection is enabled by the use of state-of-the-art machine learning techniques that include fast, non-linear dimensionality reduction of oligonucleotide signatures and subsequent clustering algorithms that automatically estimate the number of clusters. The latter also enables the removal of any contaminant, yielding a clean sample. Furthermore, given the data complexity and the ill-posedness of clustering, acdc employs bootstrapping techniques to provide statistically profound confidence values. Tested on a large number of samples from diverse sequencing projects, our software is able to quickly and accurately identify contamination. Results are displayed in an interactive user interface. Acdc can be run from the web as well as a dedicated command line application, which allows easy integration into large sequencing project analysis workflows.

Conclusions
Acdc can reliably detect contamination in single-cell genome data. In addition to database-driven detection, it complements existing tools by its unsupervised techniques, which allow for the detection of de novo contaminants. Our contribution has the potential to drastically reduce the amount of resources put into these processes, particularly in the context of limited availability of reference species. As single-cell genome data continues to grow rapidly, acdc adds to the toolkit of crucial quality assurance tools.
The legacies of slavery in and out of Africa
Authors: Bertocchi Graziella 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe slave trades out of Africa represent one of the most significant forced migration experiences in history. In this paper, I illustrate their long-term consequences on contemporaneous socio-economic outcomes, drawing from my own previous work on the topic and from an extensive review of the available literature. I first consider the influence of the slave trade on the “sending” countries in Africa, with attention to their economic, institutional, demographic, and social implications. Next, I evaluate the consequences of the slave trade on the “receiving” countries in the Americas. Here, I distinguish between the case of Latin America and that of the USA. Overall, I show that the slave trades exert a lasting impact along several contemporaneous socio-economic dimensions and across diverse areas of the world.JEL Classification:J47, J15, O15, N30, P48, Z10
Efficient gravity inversion of basement relief using a versatile modeling algorithm
Authors: Silva João B. C. , Santos Darcicléa F. 
Published: December 2016

We have developed a novel approach to compute, in an efficient and versatile way, the gravity anomaly produced by an arbitrary, discrete 3D distribution of density contrast. The method allows adjustable precision and is particularly suited for the interpretation of sedimentary basins. Because the gravity field decays with the square of the distance, we use a discrete Green’s operator that may be made much smaller than the whole study area. For irregularly positioned observations, this discrete Green’s operator must be computed just at the first iteration, and because each of its horizontal layers presents a center of symmetry, only one-eighth of its total elements need to be calculated. Furthermore, for gridded data on a plane, this operator develops translation symmetry for the whole region of interest and has to be computed just once for a single arbitrary observation position. The gravity anomaly is obtained as the product of this small operator by any arbitrary density contrast distribution in a convolution-like operation. We use the proposed modeling to estimate the basement relief of a [Formula: see text] basin with density contrast varying along [Formula: see text] only using a smaller Green’s operator at all iterations. The median of the absolute differences between relief estimates, using the small and a large operator (the latter covering the whole basin) has been approximately 9 m for a 3.6 km deep basin. We also successfully inverted the anomaly of a simulated basin with density contrast varying laterally and vertically, and a real anomaly produced by a steeply dipping basement. The proposed modeling is very fast. For 10,000 observations gridded on a plane, the inversion using the proposed approach for irregularly spaced data is two orders of magnitude faster than using an analytically derived fitting, and this ratio increases enormously with the number of observations.
Prdm16 is crucial for progression of the multipolar phase during neural differentiation of the developing neocortex
Authors: Inoue Mayuko , Iwai Ryota , Tabata Hidenori , Konno Daijiro , Komabayashi-Suzuki Mariko , Watanabe Chisato , Iwanari Hiroko , Mochizuki Yasuhiro , Hamakubo Takao , Matsuzaki Fumio , Nagata Koh-ichi , Mizutani Ken-ichi 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
The precise control of neuronal migration and morphological changes during differentiation is essential for neocortical development. We hypothesized that the transition of progenitors through progressive stages of differentiation involves dynamic changes in levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), depending on cell requirements. We found that progenitors had higher levels of mtROS, but that these levels were significantly decreased with differentiation. The Prdm16 gene was identified as a candidate modulator of mtROS using microarray analysis, and was specifically expressed by progenitors in the ventricular zone. However, Prdm16 expression declined during the transition into NeuroD1-positive multipolar cells. Subsequently, repression of Prdm16 expression by NeuroD1 on the periphery of ventricular zone was crucial for appropriate progression of the multipolar phase and was required for normal cellular development. Furthermore, time-lapse imaging experiments revealed abnormal migration and morphological changes in Prdm16-overexpressing and -knockdown cells. Reporter assays and mtROS determinations demonstrated that PGC1α is a major downstream effector of Prdm16 and NeuroD1, and is required for regulation of the multipolar phase and characteristic modes of migration. Taken together, these data suggest that Prdm16 plays an important role in dynamic cellular redox changes in developing neocortex during neural differentiation.
Renal disease pathophysiology and treatment: contributions from the rat
Authors: Mullins Linda J. , Conway Bryan R. , Menzies Robert I. , Denby Laura , Mullins John J. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThe rat has classically been the species of choice for pharmacological studies and disease modeling, providing a source of high-quality physiological data on cardiovascular and renal pathophysiology over many decades. Recent developments in genome engineering now allow us to capitalize on the wealth of knowledge acquired over the last century. Here, we review rat models of hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, and acute and chronic kidney disease. These models have made important contributions to our understanding of renal diseases and have revealed key genes, such as Ace and P2rx7, involved in renal pathogenic processes. By targeting these genes of interest, researchers are gaining a better understanding of the etiology of renal pathologies, with the promised potential of slowing disease progression or even reversing the damage caused. Some, but not all, of these target genes have proved to be of clinical relevance. However, it is now possible to generate more sophisticated and appropriate disease models in the rat, which can recapitulate key aspects of human renal pathology. These advances will ultimately be used to identify new treatments and therapeutic targets of much greater clinical relevance.
Microglia activation in a pediatric rabbit model of tuberculous meningitis
Authors: Tucker Elizabeth W. , Pokkali Supriya , Zhang Zhi , DeMarco Vincent P. , Klunk Mariah , Smith Elizabeth S. , Ordonez Alvaro A. , Penet Marie-France , Bhujwalla Zaver , Jain Sanjay K. , Kannan Sujatha 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
Central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis (TB) is the most severe form of extra-pulmonary TB and disproportionately affects young children where the developing brain has a unique host response. New Zealand white rabbits were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis via subarachnoid inoculation at postnatal day 4-8 and evaluated until 4-6 weeks post-infection. Control and infected rabbit kits were assessed for the development of neurological deficits, bacterial burden, and postmortem microbiologic and pathologic changes. The presence of meningitis and tuberculomas was demonstrated histologically and by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The extent of microglial activation was quantified by in vitro immunohistochemistry as well as non-invasive in vivo imaging of activated microglia/macrophages with positron emission tomography (PET). Subarachnoid infection induced characteristic leptomeningeal and perivascular inflammation and TB lesions with central necrosis, a cellular rim and numerous bacilli on pathologic examination. Meningeal and rim enhancement was visible on MRI. An intense microglial activation was noted in M. tuberculosis-infected animals in the white matter and around the TB lesions, as evidenced by a significant increase in uptake of the tracer 124I-DPA-713, which is specific for activated microglia/macrophages, and confirmed by quantification of Iba-1 immunohistochemistry. Neurobehavioral analyses demonstrated signs similar to those noted in children with delayed maturation and development of neurological deficits resulting in significantly worse composite behavior scores in M. tuberculosis-infected animals. We have established a rabbit model that mimics features of TB meningitis in young children. This model could provide a platform for evaluating novel therapies, including host-directed therapies, against TB meningitis relevant to a young child's developing brain.
Rab2a and Rab27a cooperatively regulate the transition from granule maturation to exocytosis through the dual effector Noc2
Authors: Matsunaga Kohichi , Taoka Masato , Isobe Toshiaki , Izumi Tetsuro 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
Exocytosis of secretory granules entails budding from the trans-Golgi network, sorting and maturation of cargo proteins, and trafficking and fusion to the plasma membrane. Rab27a regulates the late steps in this process, such as granule recruitment to the fusion site, whereas Rab2a functions in the early steps, such as granule biogenesis and maturation. Here, we demonstrate that these two small GTPases simultaneously bind to Noc2 (also known as RPH3AL) in a GTP-dependent manner, although Rab2a binds only after Rab27a has bound. In pancreatic β-cells, the ternary Rab2a–Noc2–Rab27a complex specifically localizes on perinuclear immature granules, whereas the binary Noc2–Rab27a complex localizes on peripheral mature granules. In contrast to the wild type, Noc2 mutants defective in binding to Rab2a or Rab27a fail to promote glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Although knockdown of any component of the ternary complex markedly inhibits insulin secretion, only knockdown of Rab2a or Noc2, and not that of Rab27a, impairs cargo processing from proinsulin to insulin. These results suggest that the dual effector, Noc2, regulates the transition from Rab2a-mediated granule biogenesis to Rab27a-mediated granule exocytosis.