bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gerenciamento de injeção de água: análise qualitativa a partir dos resultados da salinidade da água produzida e testes com traçadores
Authors: Andrião Zandonade Tatiani , Alfredo Sanjombi Bernabé 
Published: September 2016

Apesar de todos os avanços na indústria do petróleo, a eficiência da recuperação secundária nos reservatórios tem seu valor mais frequente entre 30 a 50% quando utilizados os métodos convencionais. O fato de saber que a acumulação existe e não é totalmente aproveitada chama atenção, e as pesquisas voltadas a tais métodos mostram sua importância no mercado. A injeção de água é o método mais utilizado no mundo e é o foco deste trabalho. Um grande volume de água é constantemente produzido, já que este líquido está diretamente associado à produção de óleo e gás. Em campos offshore, geralmente a água produzida apresenta salinidade alta – acima de 30.000 mg/L – e pode ser reinjetada para manutenção de pressão do reservatório. Inicialmente, a injeção é realizada utilizando a água do mar. Devido a este fator, com o passar do tempo a água produzida começa a apresentar características tanto da água de formação quanto da água do mar. O comportamento do fluido injetado é algo difícil de se prever devido à grande anisotropia dos reservatórios, heterogeneidade e estruturas de camadas (layers). O método em estudo tem como objetivo auxiliar no estudo do comportamento dessa água de injeção pelo caminho percorrido, sabendo que o avanço da água do mar no reservatório pode ser acompanhado indiretamente pela determinação da salinidade (cloreto) da água produzida nos poços, desde que se conheçam as composições das águas da formação e da água do mar injetada, dessulfatada ou não. O princípio básico deste método é a geração de um histórico com os dados coletados de salinidade da água produzida de poços reais, G e M, do campo Taz a fim de realizar o acompanhamento e análise de suas variações ao longo do tempo. Esse histórico, de forma isolada, chama atenção para um indício de produção da água injetada, mas em conjunto com os resultados dos testes com traçadores tornou-se possível comprovar a chegada dessa água em superfície, além de permitir uma análise qualitativa e revelar que a água produzida é proveniente do poço real injetor U. Tal método revelou-se como uma poderosa ferramenta para descrever o reservatório, investigar inesperadas anomalias no escoamento, verificar suspeitas de barreiras geológicas e canais de fluxo. Palavras chave: Injeção de Água. Reinjeção. Água Produzida. Água do Mar. Salinidade. Testes de Traçadores.
Estudo de Balanço de Materiais em Reservatórios de Gás Não Associado
Authors: Bissoli da Silva Flávia 
Published: September 2016

A estimativa de reservas trata-se da determinação dos fluidos economicamente viáveis que podem ser extraídos de um reservatório, sendo um procedimento facilitador das tomadas de decisões, relacionadas principalmente à fase de explotação. Existem diversos métodos que permitem a estimativa dos volumes passíveis de recuperação, salientando que estimativas de reservas faz referência à análise econômica, tais como o Método Volumétrico, Analogia e Análise de Curvas de Declínio. Para conduzir a estimativa (para determinar o volume passível de recuperação), foi utilizado o Método do Balanço de Materiais, que se trata da lei da conservação de massa, comparando a massa de fluido existente no reservatório à depleção decorrente da produção, aplicado a um reservatório de gás não-associado (especificamente gás condensado), caracterizado por volumes reduzidos de óleo existentes e um maior interesse econômico na produção de gás. O balanço de materiais fundamenta-se na lei da conservação de massa, e para o seu desenvolvimento leva-se em consideração as propriedades da rocha e o comportamento do fluido, ambos em função da pressão, sendo que as propriedades rocha-fluido e o histórico de produção são influenciados pelos mecanismos de produção atuantes. Tal equação é amplamente utilizada quando certos parâmetros do reservatório não estão disponíveis. Reservatórios de gás condensado possuem características que exigem a alteração da Equação de Balanço de Materiais Generalizada, a mesma se adapta às características implícitas aos diferentes tipos de reservatório, e para o caso em questão - gás condensado, é necessário determinar primeiramente os volumes de água e condensado correspondentes à fase gasosa e que dão origem a líquidos em condições de superfície. Aplicou-se o método a um campo offshore produzido por um único poço. Após a realização do estudo, foi possível comprovar que o campo é de fato promissor, apresentando fatores como volume original, fator de recuperação e fração recuperada altamente significativos para possível aplicação de investimentos relacionados à produção.
Corrosion Analysis of an Experimental Noble Alloy on Commercially Pure Titanium Dental Implants
Authors: Bortagaray Manuel Alberto , Ibañez Claudio Arturo Antonio , Ibañez Maria Constanza , Ibañez Juan Carlos 
Published: September 2016

Objective:To determine whether theNoble Bond®Argen®alloy was electrochemically suitable for the manufacturing of prosthetic superstructures over commercially pure titanium (c.p. Ti) implants. Also, the electrolytic corrosion effects over three types of materials used on prosthetic suprastructures that were coupled with titanium implants were analysed:Noble Bond®(Argen®),Argelite 76sf +®(Argen®), and commercially pure titanium.Materials and Methods:15 samples were studied, consisting in 1 abutment and one c.p. titanium implant each. They were divided into three groups, namely:Control group:five c.p Titanium abutments (B&W®),Test group 1:fiveNoble Bond®(Argen®) cast abutments and,Test group 2:fiveArgelite 76sf +®(Argen®) abutments. In order to observe the corrosion effects, the surface topography was imaged using a confocal microscope. Thus, three metric parameters (Sa: Arithmetical mean height of the surface.Sp: Maximum height of peaks.Sv: Maximum height of valleys.), were measured at three different areas: abutment neck, implant neck and implant body. The samples were immersed in artificial saliva for 3 months, after which the procedure was repeated. The metric parameters were compared by statistical analysis.Results:The analysis of the Sa at the level of theimplant neck, abutment neck and implant body,showed no statistically significant differences on combining c.p. Ti implants with the three studied alloys. The Sp showed no statistically significant differences between the three alloys. The Sv showed no statistically significant differences between the three alloys.Conclusion:The effects of electrogalvanic corrosion on each of the materials used when they were in contact with c.p. Ti showed no statistically significant differences.
Asymmetry in Identification of Multiplicity Errors in Conceptual Models of Business Processes
Authors: Dunn Cheryl L. , Gerard Gregory J. , Grabski Severin V. , Boss Scott R. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
Business rules can be represented by multiplicities in a Unified Modeling Language (UML) class diagram. Diagrams containing erroneous multiplicities may be implemented as an inefficient/ineffective database. System validators must be able to validate such diagrams, including multiplicities, to prevent the implementation of design errors. Prior research reveals conflicting evidence regarding the expected accuracy in validating minimum multiplicities, indicating a need for additional research to further our understanding. Ontology research claims that multiplicities that depict optional participation are ambiguous and lead to poorer understanding and accuracy compared to multiplicities that depict mandatory participation. However, other research has reported better accuracy validating multiplicities that depict optional participation compared to mandatory participation. We conducted an experiment to help resolve this apparent contradiction, and to explore whether any asymmetry exists in accuracy for maximum multiplicity validation. Results indicate an asymmetry for validation of minimum multiplicities such that accuracy is greatest when the underlying semantics represent mandatory participation. Results also indicate an asymmetry for validation of maximum multiplicities such that accuracy is greatest when the underlying semantics represent flexible participation. Given that many business relationships call for optional minimum participation and that many business relationships call for restrictive maximum participation, these error identification asymmetries are cause for concern.
Institutional Ownership and CEO Equity Incentives
Authors: Bratten Brian , Xue Yanfeng 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
This study provides new evidence on the relation between institutional ownership and the equity incentives provided to CEOs by their portfolio holdings of stock and stock options. We show that when firms' CEOs have abnormally high equity incentives, higher institutional ownership is associated with a larger reduction in the incentives. Conversely, when firms' CEOs have abnormally low equity incentives, higher institutional ownership is associated with a larger increase in these incentives. To achieve this, we find that firms with higher institutional ownership that have abnormally high (low) incentives experience a greater reduction (increase) in CEO annual option grants and a substitution between CEO equity-based compensation and cash-based compensation. Our findings highlight the important role of institutional investors in enhancing efficiency in the top executives' compensation contracting process.
JEL Classifications: G30; G34; J33; L25; M41.
Patterns of Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Decline Leading to End-Stage Renal Disease in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Skupien Jan , Warram James H. , Smiles Adam M. , Stanton Robert C. , Krolewski Andrzej S. 
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE
The patterns of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in patients with type 1 diabetes has not been conclusively described. Decline could be linearly progressive to ESRD but with a variable rate. Conversely, decline may be linear but interrupted by periods of plateaus or improvements.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This observational study included 364 patients with type 1 diabetes attending the Joslin Clinic who developed ESRD between 1991 and 2013. We retrieved serum creatinine measurements from clinic visits or research examinations up to 24 years (median 6.7 years) preceding the onset of ESRD. Using serial measurements of serum creatinine to estimate renal function (eGFR), we used regression-based spline methods and a data smoothing approach to characterize individual trajectories of eGFR over time for the 257 patients with five or more data points.

RESULTS
The rate of eGFR decline per year ranged widely, from −72 to −2 mL/min/1.73 m2 (median −8.5). The trajectories, as characterized with linear regression-based spline models, were linear or nearly so for 87% of patients, accelerating for 6%, and decelerating for 7%. Smoothed trajectories evaluated by a Bayesian approach did not significantly depart from a linear fit in 76%.

CONCLUSIONS
The decline of eGFR in type 1 diabetes is predominantly linear. Deviations from linearity are small, with little effect on the expected time of ESRD. A single disease process most likely underlies renal decline from its initiation and continues with the same intensity to ESRD. Linearity of renal decline suggests using slope reduction as the measure of effectiveness of interventions to postpone ESRD.
Efficacy and Safety of LixiLan, a Titratable Fixed-Ratio Combination of Insulin Glargine Plus Lixisenatide in Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled on Basal Insulin and Metformin: The LixiLan-L Randomized Trial
Authors: Aroda Vanita R. , Rosenstock Julio , Wysham Carol , Unger Jeffrey , Bellido Diego , González-Gálvez Guillermo , Takami Akane , Guo Hailing , Niemoeller Elisabeth , Souhami Elisabeth , Bergenstal Richard M. ,   on behalf of the LixiLan-L Trial Investigators
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE
This study was conducted to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of LixiLan (iGlarLixi), a novel, titratable, fixed-ratio combination of insulin glargine (iGlar) (100 units) and lixisenatide, compared with iGlar in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on basal insulin with or without up to two oral glucose-lowering agents.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
After a 6-week run-in when iGlar was introduced and/or further titrated, and oral antidiabetic drugs other than metformin were stopped, 736 basal insulin-treated patients (mean diabetes duration 12 years, BMI 31 kg/m2) were randomized 1:1 to open-label, once-daily iGlarLixi or iGlar, both titrated to fasting plasma glucose &lt;100 mg/dL (&lt;5.6 mmol/L) up to a maximum dose of 60 units/day. The primary outcome was change in HbA1c levels at 30 weeks.

RESULTS
HbA1c decreased from 8.5% (69 mmol/mol) to 8.1% (65 mmol/mol) during the run-in period. After randomization, iGlarLixi showed greater reductions in HbA1c from baseline compared with iGlar (–1.1% vs. –0.6%, P &lt; 0.0001), reaching a mean final HbA1c of 6.9% (52 mmol/mol) compared with 7.5% (58 mmol/mol) for iGlar. HbA1c &lt;7.0% (53 mmol/mol) was achieved in 55% of iGlarLixi patients compared with 30% on iGlar. Mean body weight decreased by 0.7 kg with iGlarLixi and increased by 0.7 kg with iGlar (1.4 kg difference, P &lt; 0.0001). Documented symptomatic hypoglycemia (≤70 mg/dL) was comparable between groups. Mild gastrointestinal adverse effects were very low but more frequent with iGlarLixi.

CONCLUSIONS
Compared with iGlar, a substantially higher proportion of iGlarLixi-treated patients achieved glycemic targets with a beneficial effect on body weight, no additional risk of hypoglycemia, and low levels of gastrointestinal adverse effects in inadequately controlled, basal insulin-treated, long-standing type 2 diabetes.
An In Situ Study of the Influence of Staining Beverages on Color Alteration of Bleached Teeth
Authors: Briso AL , Fagundes TC , Gallinari MO , Moreira J , de Almeida LCAG , Rahal V , Gonçalves RS , Santos PH dos 
Published: September 2016

SUMMARY
The aim of this study was to evaluate overall color change in bovine tooth fragments submitted to dental bleaching treatment performed simultaneously with the ingestion of beverages containing dyes. For this purpose, tooth fragments assembled into intraoral devices were submitted to at-home dental bleaching using 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) for 14 days and to immersion in staining beverages for 10 minutes daily. The specimens were divided into the following study groups according to bleaching treatment and staining substance (n=12): G I (negative control): no bleaching + distilled water; G II (positive control): bleaching + distilled water; G III: bleaching + coffee; and G IV: bleaching + grape juice. Twelve volunteers used the device continually, except during meals, oral hygiene, dental bleaching, and pigment challenge. Color readings were performed using a spectrophotometer both before the bleaching treatment and after each treatment week. The results were submitted to the normality test. The data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance and the Tukey or Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (α=0.05). All bleached groups showed similar ΔE results at the end of treatment. Staining beverages generated negative ΔL mean values, and the lowest result was obtained in the treatment with coffee after 14 days. The Δa values in the groups that received treatment with staining beverages were higher when compared to the control groups. Dental bleaching associated with the consumption of staining substances may not affect overall tooth color change by the end of the treatment, although the consumption of staining substances did influence the different color dimensions.
Sensitivity and specificity of manual and automated measurements of reticulocyte parameters for classification of anemia in dogs: 174 cases (1993–2013)
Authors: Paltrinieri Saverio , Rossi Gabriele , Manca Michela , Scarpa Paola , Vitiello Tiziana , Giordano Alessia 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess sensitivity and specificity of manual and automated measurements of reticulocyte percentage, number, and production index for classification of anemia in dogs.
DESIGN Retrospective case series
SAMPLE 174 blood smears from client-owned dogs with anemia collected between 1993 and 2013 for which reticulocyte parameters were determined manually (nonregenerative anemia, 22; preregenerative anemia, 23; regenerative anemia, 28) or with an automated laser-based counter (nonregenerative anemia, 66; preregenerative anemia, 17; regenerative anemia, 18).
PROCEDURES Diagnostic performance was evaluated with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves by considering preregenerative anemia as nonregenerative or regenerative. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive likelihood ratio were calculated by use of cutoffs determined from ROC curves or published reference limits.
RESULTS Considering preregenerative anemia as non regenerative, areas under the curve (AUCs) for reticulocyte percentage, number, and production index were 97%, 93%, and 91% for manual counting and 93%, 90%, and 93% for automated counting. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive likelihood ratio were 82% to 86%, 82% to 87%, and 4.6 to 6.4, respectively. Considering preregenerative anemia as regenerative, AUCs were 77%, 82%, and 80% for manual counting and 81%, 82%, and 92% for automated counting. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive likelihood ratio were 72% to 74%, 76 to 87%, and 2.7 to 6.2, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Whereas all reticulocyte parameters identified regeneration in anemic dogs, the performance of specific parameters was dependent on the method used. Findings suggested that lower cutoffs than published reference limits are preferred for reticulocyte number and production index and higher cutoffs are preferred for reticulocyte percentage. Reticulocyte production index may be useful when the pretest probability of regeneration is moderate.
Women in Movement
Authors: Carneiro Sueli , Camargo Regina 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This essay seeks to define the course of Brazilian black women's struggle within the national feminist movement. It questions the classic feminist perspective founded on a supposedly universal notion of woman that takes Western white women as its paradigm, obscuring the perception of the multiple intra- and inter-gender contradictions brought about by racial issues. Given these contradictions, black women are called upon to establish themselves as a new political entity, bearing a new agenda that derives from a specific identity wherein the variables of gender, race, and class interact, posing new and more complex challenges to our society efforts in attaining equitability of gender and race.
Beyond the Flesh: Contemporary Representations of the Black Female Body in Afro-Brazilian Literature
Authors: de Araújo Flávia Santos 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This essay takes an intersectional and transnational approach to analyze how selected poetic texts by contemporary Afro-Brazilian writers Conceição Evaristo, Esmeralda Ribeiro Cristiane Sobral, Miriam Alves, and Elisa Lucinda (re)design portrayals of Afro-descendant/black female bodies. As cultural artifacts, I argue that these poetic/political constructs give evidence of Afro- Brazilian female bodies as historical: on one hand, they represent the embodiment of “otherness” as they historically differ from the standards of (white) “normalcy;” on the other hand, they carry both the silenced histories of racial and sexual exploitation and the appeal of hyper-sexualized and exoticized stereotypes. I am also interested in discussing how these writings/writers articulate notions and images connected to discourses of mestiçagem in order to rewrite black women's bodies into new historical perspectives; how they question long-established national narratives of racial harmony; and how they build dialogues with a more diasporic understanding of black women's cultural and political networking across the Americas. Finally, this essay explores the ways in which contemporary Afro-Brazilian literature opens to the reaffirmation of black female subjectivities from multiple cultural perspectives and identities.
The Practicalities of Assessing Freezing of Gait
Authors: Barthel Claudia , Mallia Elizabeth , Debû Bettina , Bloem Bastiaan R. , Ferraye Murielle Ursulla 
Published: September 2016

Background: Freezing of gait (FOG) is a mysterious, complex and debilitating phenomenon in Parkinson’s disease. Adequate assessment is a pre-requisite for managing FOG, as well as for assigning participants in FOG research. The episodic nature of FOG, as well as its multiple clinical expressions make its assessment challenging. Objective: To highlight the available assessment tools and to provide practical, experience-based recommendations for reliable assessment of FOG. Methods: We reviewed FOG assessment from history taking, questionnaires, lab and home-based measurements and examined how these methods account for presence and severity of FOG, their limits and advantages. The practicalities for their use in clinical and research practice are highlighted. Results: According to the available assessment tools severity of FOG is marked by one or a combination of multiple clinical expressions including frequency, duration, triggering circumstances, response to levodopa, association with falls and fear of falling, or need for assistance to avoid falls. Conclusions: To date, a unique methodological tool that encompasses the entire complexity of FOG is lacking. Combining methods should give a better picture of FOG severity, in accordance with the precise clinical or research context. Further development of any future assessment tool requires understanding and thorough analysis of the specific clinical expressions of FOG.
CONSTRAINING WARM DARK MATTER MASS WITH COSMIC REIONIZATION AND GRAVITATIONAL WAVES
Authors: Tan Wei-Wei , Wang F. Y. , Cheng K. S. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
We constrain the warm dark matter (WDM) particle mass with observations of cosmic reionization and CMB optical depth. We suggest that the gravitational waves (GWs) from stellar-mass black holes (BHs) could give a further constraint on WDM particle mass for future observations. The star formation rates (SFRs) of Population I/II (Pop I/II) and Population III (Pop III) stars are also derived. If the metallicity of the universe is enriched beyond the critical value of

, the star formation shifts from Pop III to Pop I/II stars. Our results show that the SFRs are quite dependent on the WDM particle mass, especially at high redshifts. Combined with the reionization history and CMB optical depth derived from the recent Planck mission, we find that the current data require the WDM particle mass to be in a narrow range of

. Furthermore, we suggest that the stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) produced by stellar BHs could give a further constraint on the WDM particle mass for future observations. For

, with Salpeter (Chabrier) initial mass function (IMF), the SGWB from Pop I/II BHs has a peak amplitude of

at

, while the GW radiation at

Hz is seriously suppressed. For

, the SGWB peak amplitude is the same as that for

, but a little lower at low frequencies. Therefore, it is hard to constrain the WDM particle mass by the SGWB from Pop I/II BHs. To assess the detectability of the GW signal, we also calculate the signal-to-noise ratios (S/N), which are

and

for

and

for the Einstein Telescope with Salpeter (Chabrier) IMF, respectively. The SGWB from Pop III BHs is very dependent on the WDM particle mass, the GW strength could be an order of magnitude different, and the frequency band could be two times different for

and

. Moreover, the SGWB from Pop III BHs with

could be detected by the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna for one year of observation, but it cannot be detected for those with

.