bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rectal cancer survival in the United States by race and stage, 2001 to 2009: Findings from the CONCORD‐2 study
Authors: Joseph Djenaba A. , Johnson Chris J. , White Arica , Wu Manxia , Coleman Michel P. 
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUNDIn the first CONCORD study, 5‐year survival for patients with diagnosed with rectal cancer between 1990 and 1994 was <60%, with large racial disparities noted in the majority of participating states. We have updated these findings to 2009 by examining population‐based survival by stage of disease at the time of diagnosis, race, and calendar period.METHODSData from the CONCORD‐2 study were used to compare survival among individuals aged 15 to 99 years who were diagnosed in 37 states encompassing up to 80% of the US population. We estimated net survival up to 5 years after diagnosis correcting for background mortality with state‐specific and race‐specific life table. Survival estimates were age‐standardized with the International Cancer Survival Standard weights. We present survival estimates by race (all, black, and white) for 2001 through 2003 and 2004 through 2009 to account for changes in collecting the data for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Summary Stage 2000.RESULTSThere was a small increase in 1‐year, 3‐year, and 5‐year net survival between 2001‐2003 (84.6%, 70.7%, and 63.2%, respectively), and 2004‐2009 (85.1%, 71.5%, and 64.1%, respectively). Black individuals were found to have lower 1‐year, 3‐year, and 5‐year survival than white individuals in both periods; the absolute difference in survival between black and white individuals declined only for 5‐year survival. Black patients had lower 5‐year survival than whites at each stage at the time of diagnosis in both time periods.CONCLUSIONSThere was little improvement noted in net survival for patients with rectal cancer, with persistent disparities noted between black and white individuals. Additional investigation is needed to identify and implement effective interventions to ensure the consistent and equitable use of high‐quality screening, diagnosis, and treatment to improve survival for patients with rectal cancer. Cancer 2017;123:5037‐58. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Disparities in breast cancer survival in the United States (2001‐2009): Findings from the CONCORD‐2 study
Authors: Miller Jacqueline W. , Smith Judith Lee , Ryerson A. Blythe , Tucker Thomas C. , Allemani Claudia 
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUNDReducing breast cancer incidence and achieving equity in breast cancer outcomes remains a priority for public health practitioners, health care providers, policy makers, and health advocates. Monitoring breast cancer survival can help evaluate the effectiveness of health services, quantify inequities in outcomes between states or population subgroups, and inform efforts to improve the effectiveness of cancer management and treatment.METHODSWe analyzed breast cancer survival using individual patient records from 37 statewide registries that participated in the CONCORD‐2 study, covering approximately 80% of the US population. Females were diagnosed between 2001 and 2009 and were followed through December 31, 2009. Age‐standardized net survival at 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years after diagnosis was estimated by state, race (white, black), stage at diagnosis, and calendar period (2001‐2003 and 2004‐2009).RESULTSOverall, 5‐year breast cancer net survival was very high (88.2%). Survival remained remarkably high from 2001 through 2009. Between 2001 and 2003, survival was 89.1% for white females and 76.9% for black females. Between 2004 and 2009, survival was 89.6% for white females and 78.4% for black females.CONCLUSIONSBreast cancer survival was more than 10 percentage points lower for black females than for white females, and this difference persisted over time. Reducing racial disparities in survival remains a challenge that requires broad, coordinated efforts at the federal, state, and local levels. Monitoring trends in breast cancer survival can highlight populations in need of improved cancer management and treatment. Cancer 2017;123:5100‐18. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Population‐based cancer survival in the United States: Data, quality control, and statistical methods
Authors: Allemani Claudia , Harewood Rhea , Johnson Christopher J. , Carreira Helena , Spika Devon , Bonaventure Audrey , Ward Kevin , Weir Hannah K. , Coleman Michel P. 
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUNDRobust comparisons of population‐based cancer survival estimates require tight adherence to the study protocol, standardized quality control, appropriate life tables of background mortality, and centralized analysis. The CONCORD program established worldwide surveillance of population‐based cancer survival in 2015, analyzing individual data on 26 million patients (including 10 million US patients) diagnosed between 1995 and 2009 with 1 of 10 common malignancies.METHODSIn this Cancer supplement, we analyzed data from 37 state cancer registries that participated in the second cycle of the CONCORD program (CONCORD‐2), covering approximately 80% of the US population. Data quality checks were performed in 3 consecutive phases: protocol adherence, exclusions, and editorial checks. One‐, 3‐, and 5‐year age‐standardized net survival was estimated using the Pohar Perme estimator and state‐ and race‐specific life tables of all‐cause mortality for each year. The cohort approach was adopted for patients diagnosed between 2001 and 2003, and the complete approach for patients diagnosed between 2004 and 2009.RESULTSArticles in this supplement report population coverage, data quality indicators, and age‐standardized 5‐year net survival by state, race, and stage at diagnosis. Examples of tables, bar charts, and funnel plots are provided in this article.CONCLUSIONSPopulation‐based cancer survival is a key measure of the overall effectiveness of services in providing equitable health care. The high quality of US cancer registry data, 80% population coverage, and use of an unbiased net survival estimator ensure that the survival trends reported in this supplement are robustly comparable by race and state. The results can be used by policymakers to identify and address inequities in cancer survival in each state and for the United States nationally. Cancer 2017;123:4982‐93. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Prostate cancer survival in the United States by race and stage (2001‐2009): Findings from the CONCORD‐2 study
Authors: Steele C. Brooke , Li Jun , Huang Bin , Weir Hannah K. 
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUNDThe 5‐year relative survival for prostate cancers diagnosed between 1990 and 1994 in the United States was very high (92%); however, survival in black males was 7% lower compared with white males. The authors updated these findings and examined survival by stage and race.METHODSThe authors used data from the CONCORD‐2 study for males (ages 15‐99 years) who were diagnosed with prostate cancer in 37 states, covering 80% of the US population. Survival was adjusted for background mortality (net survival) using state‐specific and race‐specific life tables and was age‐standardized. Data were presented for 2001 through 2003 and 2004 through 2009 to account for changes in collecting SEER Summary Stage 2000.RESULTSAmong the 1,527,602 prostate cancers diagnosed between 2001 and 2009, the proportion of localized cases increased from 73% to 77% in black males and from 77% to 79% in white males. Although the proportion of distant‐stage cases was higher among black males than among white males, they represented less than 6% of cases in both groups between 2004 and 2009. Net survival exceeded 99% for localized stage between 2004 and 2009 in both racial groups. Overall, and in most states, 5‐year net survival exceeded 95%.CONCLUSIONSProstate cancer survival has increased since the first CONCORD study, and the racial gap has narrowed. Earlier detection of localized cancers likely contributed to this finding. However, racial disparities also were observed in overall survival. To help understand which factors might contribute to the persistence of this disparity, states could use local data to explore sociodemographic characteristics, such as survivors’ health insurance status, health literacy, treatment decision‐making processes, and treatment preferences. Cancer 2017;123:5160‐77. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Disparities in ovarian cancer survival in the United States (2001‐2009): Findings from the CONCORD‐2 study
Authors: Stewart Sherri L. , Harewood Rhea , Matz Melissa , Rim Sun Hee , Sabatino Susan A. , Ward Kevin C. , Weir Hannah K. 
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUNDOvarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer death among women in the United States. This study reports ovarian cancer survival by state, race, and stage at diagnosis using data from the CONCORD‐2 study, the largest and most geographically comprehensive, population‐based survival study to date.METHODSData from women diagnosed with ovarian cancer between 2001 and 2009 from 37 states, covering 80% of the US population, were used in all analyses. Survival was estimated up to 5 years and was age standardized and adjusted for background mortality (net survival) using state‐specific and race‐specific life tables.RESULTSAmong the 172,849 ovarian cancers diagnosed between 2001 and 2009, more than one‐half were diagnosed at distant stage. Five‐year net survival was 39.6% between 2001 and 2003 and 41% between 2004 and 2009. Black women had consistently worse survival compared with white women (29.6% from 2001‐2003 and 31.1% from 2004‐2009), despite similar stage distributions. Stage‐specific survival for all races combined between 2004 and 2009 was 86.4% for localized stage, 60.9% for regional stage, and 27.4% for distant stage.CONCLUSIONSThe current data demonstrate a large and persistent disparity in ovarian cancer survival among black women compared with white women in most states. Clinical and public health efforts that ensure all women who are diagnosed with ovarian cancer receive appropriate, guidelines‐based treatment may help to decrease these disparities. Future research that focuses on the development of new methods or modalities to detect ovarian cancer at early stages, when survival is relatively high, will likely improve overall US ovarian cancer survival. Cancer 2017;123:5138‐59. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Characterization of retinal ganglion cell, horizontal cell, and amacrine cell types expressing the neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase Ret
Authors: Parmhans Nadia , Sajgo Szilard , Niu Jingwen , Luo Wenqin , Badea Tudor Constantin 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWe report the retinal expression pattern of Ret, a receptor tyrosine kinase for the glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family ligands (GFLs), during development and in the adult mouse. Ret is initially expressed in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), followed by horizontal cells (HCs) and amacrine cells (ACs), beginning with the early stages of postmitotic development. Ret expression persists in all three classes of neurons in the adult. Using RNA sequencing, immunostaining and random sparse recombination, we show that Ret is expressed in at least three distinct types of ACs, and ten types of RGCs. Using intersectional genetics, we describe the dendritic arbor morphologies of RGC types expressing Ret in combination with each of the three members of the POU4f/Brn3 family of transcription factors. Ret expression overlaps with Brn3a in 4 RGC types, with Brn3b in 5 RGC types, and with Brn3c in one RGC type, respectively. Ret+ RGCs project to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), pretectal area (PTA) and superior colliculus (SC), and avoid the suprachiasmatic nucleus and accessory optic system. Brn3a+ Ret+ and Brn3c+ Ret+ RGCs project preferentially to contralateral retinorecipient areas, while Brn3b+ Ret+ RGCs shows minor ipsilateral projections to the olivary pretectal nucleus and the LGN. Our findings establish intersectional genetic approaches for the anatomic and developmental characterization of individual Ret+ RGC types. In addition, they provide necessary information for addressing the potential interplay between GDNF neurotrophic signaling and transcriptional regulation in RGC type specification.
A multithreading and hashing technique for indexing Target‐Decoy peptides databases
Authors: Maabreh Majdi , Irshid Hafez , Gupta Ajay , Alasmadi Izzat 
Published: December 2017

SummaryTarget‐Decoy database is currently the method of choice to assess the quality of Proteins' search engines. Decoy versions of real peptides are generated and injected to the same database of real ones with different labels. Quality of search engines results is assessed based on the number of decoys retrieved as hits. In Crux‐Tide search engine, which is one of the fastest search engines currently available, the process of indexing and generating decoys is computationally expensive. In this paper, we analyze the serial algorithm in detail and show improvement possibilities, and then describe a parallel‐shared memory solution using OpenMP. To completely break up the dependency in the serial algorithms, a clever hashing technique is utilized to localize the process. The parallel solution and the hashing technique together are able to reduce the computation cost by approximately 70‐80% using few threads. Besides the parallelization, we redesign part of the serial code so that the memory consumption becomes more efficient. The parallel version can index the same files using around two‐third of the memory space that the serial version consumes. This solution could impact and support future distributed developments of Crux‐Tide searching phase, where each parallel unit could rank the observed spectra independently.
Corn Lecithin for Injection from Deoiled Corn Germ: Extraction, Composition, and Emulsifying Properties
Authors: Liu Hongcheng , Liu Tingting , Fan Hongxiu , Gou Mengxing , Li Guijie , Ren Huahua , Wang Dawei , Cheng Zhiqiang 
Published: December 2017

Although the lipid fraction of corn germ is rich in lecithin, this material is usually discarded with the residual pulp during industrial corn oil extraction processes. In this study, corn germ, after deoiling by supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2), is used as a raw material to prepare corn lecithin for injection. The physicochemical properties, phospholipid composition, fatty acid composition, and emulsifying properties of the corn lecithin for injection is analyzed. The phospholipid and phosphatidylcholine contents in the prepared corn lecithin are 95.96% and 78.37%, respectively. Linoleic acid (45.99%) and oleic acid (22.31%) is the main unsaturated fatty acids, and the ratio of n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to n‐3 PUFA (i.e., n‐6/n‐3) of 6.00 is in accord with World Health Organization recommendations. Emulsions stabilized with the corn lecithin for injection is optically characterized and microscopically inspected, and the droplet size distribution is determined. The results shows that an increase in the corn lecithin concentration lead to a decrease in droplet diameter and an increase in emulsion stability. Furthermore, the corn lecithin for injection creates a more stable emulsion than injection‐grade egg yolk lecithin.Practical Applications: The use of lecithins as emulsifiers for parenteral emulsions was advocated because these materials, typically obtained from egg yolks or soybeans, can be readily metabolized. In this study, we explore the possibility of recovering an important value‐added substance, corn lecithin for injection, which is separated from the corn germ waste generated during corn oil production. The corn lecithin for injection has excellent potential for use as a natural emulsifier in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries.In this study, the possibility of preparing high purity corn lecithin for injection from corn germ that is deoiled by supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) is examined. The physicochemical properties, phospholipid composition, fatty acid composition, and emulsifying properties of the corn lecithin for injection is analyzed. Through these efforts, a valuable by‐product of corn oil manufacture is recovered that serves as an attractive, alternative source of injection‐grade lecithin for a wide variety of industrial uses.
A multidirectional conditional spectrum
Authors: Nievas Cecilia , Sullivan Timothy 
Published: December 2017

SummaryThis paper presents a procedure to generate multidirectional conditional spectra (MDCS) that allow for the characterisation of seismic demands at different angles of incidence. Being conditional on a particular period and its direction of maximum response, it is considered to be a natural evolution of the conditional spectrum to account for the effects of directionality, that is, the variation of seismic demands as a function of the angle of incidence of ground motions, which can have a significant effect on the performance of different kinds of structures. The three main components needed for the generation of MDCS are explained in detail. Monte Carlo simulations are conducted using different sampling methods to assess the effects of incorporating the correlation between demands at different orientations for the same oscillator period, and a novel correlation model is proposed for this purpose. The statistical characteristics of MDCS, their relation with the conditional spectrum, the advantages of the MDCS over previous definitions of orientation‐specific spectra, and prospective future developments are discussed.
Insightful investigation of smoke suppression behavior and mechanism of polystyrene with ferrocene: An important role of intermediate smoke
Authors: Li Zhi , Expósito Daniel Fernández , González Alejandro Jiménez , Wang De‐Yi 
Published: December 2017

SummaryAiming to investigate the smoke suppression mechanism of ferrocene in model polystyrene (PS) during combustion, we exploited the vapor‐phase and condensed‐phase behaviors. Cone calorimeter testing result showed that 3 wt% ferrocene imparted PS with 56.9% reduction in total smoke production. The analysis of the char after cone calorimeter testing demonstrated that the condensed‐phase smoke suppression mechanism was weak owing to the absence of charring behavior. The vapor‐phase mechanism was focused on the analysis of the small‐molecule smoke precursors and initially formed smoke intermediates. Transmission electron microscopy of initially formed smoke intermediates of PS/3Ferrocene revealed that enormous γ‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles from ferrocene participated in the initial formation of smoke intermediates, which subsequently underwent notable thermal oxidation degradation with decreased smoke residue. Thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results manifested that the small‐molecule smoke precursors remained almost unchanged with addition of ferrocene. Conclusively, the smoke suppression mechanism with ferrocene predominantly originated from the intensive thermal oxidation of smoke intermediates, which opened a viable route for excellent smoke suppression design.
In vivo evidence supporting a metastasis suppressor role for Stard13 (Dlc2) in ErbB2 (Neu) oncogene induced mouse mammary tumors
Authors: Basak Pratima , Leslie Heather , Dillon Rachelle L. , Muller William J. , Raouf Afshin , Mowat Michael R. A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractOverexpression of dominant oncogenes and the loss of tumor suppressor genes are basic genetic events in the acquisition of the malignant phenotype. The erb‐b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ERBB‐2) proto‐oncogene is overexpressed in 20‐30% of human breast cancers. The StAR related lipid transfer domain containing 13 gene (STARD13), also known as Deleted in Liver Cancer‐2 (DLC‐2), maps to chromosome band 13q12.3 and is frequently downregulated in human cancers, including 72% of breast cancers. It encodes a RhoGAP protein with sterile α motif (SAM) and StAR‐related lipid transfer (START) domains. The objective of this study was to determine if loss of Stard13 plays a role in mammary tumor progression using transgenic mice expressing the activated ErbB‐2 (Neu) oncogene and Cre recombinase (NIC) in mammary epithelium under transcriptional control of the murine mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter (MMTV‐NIC). These mice were crossed with a conditional Stard13 knockout mouse (floxed exon 3), resulting in simultaneous Neu expression and Stard13 deletion, specifically in the mammary epithelium. We found that loss of Stard13 did not alter tumor growth nor significantly modify overall survival and tumor free survival. However, there was an increase in the total number of lung metastases in the Stard13 heterozygous or homozygous mice compared with the parental MMTV‐NIC strain. Altogether our results indicate that Stard13 acts as a metastasis suppressor rather than a tumor suppressor gene, in Neu oncogene induced mammary tumorigenesis.
Lithospheric mantle processes beneath Kurose islet, Southwest Japan
Authors: Nguyen The Cong , Kil Youngwoo , Seol Junghwan 
Published: December 2017

Upper mantle xenoliths enclosed in Cenozoic alkali basalts in Southwest Japan were found at Kurose Islet. The xenoliths consist primarily of harzburgite and minor lherzolite and exhibit a porphyroclastic texture. Trace element data showing relative depletion in light rare earth elements (REEs) and general spoon‐shaped patterns suggest that xenoliths experienced depletion and slight enrichment processes. Incompatible trace element patterns for the spinel peridotite xenoliths indicate varying degrees of modification by fractional melting (from 6 to 11%). The Kurose spinel peridotites appear to have undergone melt extraction followed by an episode of cryptic mantle metasomatism. A nearby silicate melt may have been the metasomatic agent affecting spinel peridotites. The spinel peridotites originated from depths of 48 to 51 km at equilibrium temperatures ranging from 1030 to 1082 °C.
Petrogenesis of pillow basalts in West Junggar, NW China: Constraints from geochronology, geochemistry, and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes
Authors: Yang Gaoxue , Li Yongjun , Tong Lili , Wang Zuopeng , Xu Qian 
Published: December 2017

West Junggar is located at the southwest margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and includes Silurian pillow basalts of the Mayilashan Formation. The petrogenesis and tectonic setting of these pillow basalts are important for the understanding of the tectonic evolution and metallogeny of the West Junggar area. This paper presents geochronological, geochemical, and whole‐rock Sr–Nd–Pb isotope data from the pillow basalts of the Mayilashan Formation. Zircon LA‐ICP‐MS U–Pb dating of a pillow basalt, which is in conformable contact with the chert, suggests that they were erupted at 437.2 ± 2.2 Ma marking the timing of generation of these rocks as Middle Silurian. Geochemically, all the pillow basalts bear the signature of ocean island basalt (OIB), and are characterized by alkaline affinity with high concentrations of TiO2 (3.28–4.12 wt.%), LILE and LREE enrichment and HREE depletion ((La/Yb)N = 5.5–7.3), with very weak Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.96–1.06), and no obvious Nb, Ta, or Ti negative anomalies. Their Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions ((87Sr/86Sr)I = 0.7037–0.7051, εNd(t) = 1.9–2.9, 206Pb/204Pbi = 17.74–18.22, 207Pb/204Pbi = 15.48–15.52, and 208Pb/204Pbi = 36.49–37.86) show Dupal‐like isotopic signature of ophiolites in the southern Paleo‐Asian Ocean. These characteristics indicate that the magmas were derived from a deep OIB reservoir, that is, a depleted but slightly heterogeneous asthenospheric mantle source with ~5–15% partial melting of garnet and spinel lherzolite. Our obtained results, in conjunction with previous published data, allow us to suggest that the alkaline pillow basalts formed in a seamount within an intraoceanic setting, where a larger number of seamounts with different ages occurred in the Paleo‐Asian Ocean.