bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wash-in and wash-out of sevoflurane in a test-lung model: A comparison between Aisys and FLOW-i
Authors: Jakobsson Petter , Lindgren Madleine , Jakobsson Jan G. 
Published: March 2017

Background:Modern anaesthesia workstations are reassuringly tight and are equipped with effective gas monitoring, thus providing good opportunities for low/minimal flow anaesthesia. A prerequisite for effective low flow anaesthesia is the possibility to rapidly increase and decrease gas concentrations in the circle system, thereby controlling the depth of anaesthesia. Methods:We studied the wash-in and wash-out of sevoflurane in the circle system with fixed fresh gas flow and vaporizer setting. We compared two modern anaesthesia work stations, the Aisys (GE, Madison, WI, USA) and FLOW-i (Maquet, Solna, Sweden) in a test lung model. Results: We found fresh-gas flow to have, as expected, a major influence on wash-in, as well as wash-out of sevoflurane. The wash-in time to reach a stable circle 1 MAC (2.1%) decreased from an average of 547 ± 83 seconds with a constant fresh gas flow of 300 ml/min and vaporizer setting of 8%, to a mean of 38 ± 6 seconds at a fresh gas flow of 4 L/min. There were only minor differences between the two works-stations tested; the Aisys was slightly faster at both 300 and 4 L/min flow. Time to further increase circle end-tidal concentration from 1-1.5 MAC showed likewise significant associations to fresh gas and decreased from 330 ± 24 seconds at 300 ml/L to less than a minute at constant 4 L/min (17 ± 11 seconds), without anaesthetic machine difference. Wash-out was also fresh gas flow dependent and plateaued at 7.5 L/min. Conclusions: Circle system wash-in and wash-out show clear fresh gas dependency and varies somewhat between the Aisys and Flow-i. The circle saturation, reaching 1 MAC end-tidal or increasing from 1-1.5 MAC can be achieved with both work-stations within 1.5 minutes at a constant fresh gas flow of 2 and 4 L/min. Wash-out plateaued at 7.5 L/min.
Spinal osteotomies: indications, limits and pitfalls
Authors: Kose Kamil Cagri , Bozduman Omer , Yenigul Ali Erkan , Igrek Servet 
Published: March 2017

The aims of spinal deformity surgery are to achieve balance, relieve pain and prevent recurrence or worsening of the deformity. The main types of osteotomies are the Smith-Petersen osteotomy (SPO), pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO), bone-disc-bone osteotomy (BDBO) and vertebral column resection (VCR), in order of increasing complexity. SPO is a posterior column osteotomy in which the posterior ligaments and the facet joints are removed and correction is performed through the disc space. A mobile anterior disc is essential. SPO is best in patients with +6-8 cm C7 plumbline. The amount of correction is 9.3° to 10.7°/level (1°/mm bone). PSO is a technique where the posterior elements and pedicles are removed. Then a triangular wedge through the pedicles is removed and the posterior spine is shortened using the anterior cortex as a hinge. The ideal candidates are patients with a severe sagittal imbalance. A single level osteotomy can produce 30° 40° of correction. A single level osteotomy may restore global sagittal balance by an average of 9 cm with an upper limit of 19 cm. BDBO is an osteotomy done above and below a disc level. A BDBO provides correction rates in the range of 35° to 60°. The main indications are deformities with the disc space as the apex and severe sagittal plane deformities. VCR is indicated for rigid multi-planar deformities, sharp angulated deformities, hemivertebra resections, resectable spinal tumours, post-traumatic deformities and spondyloptosis. The main indication for a VCR is fixed coronal plane deformity. The type of osteotomy must be chosen mainly according to the aetiology, type and apex of the deformity. One may start with SPOs and may gradually advance to complex osteotomies.Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2017;2:73-82.DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.2.160069
Subjects of, or subject to, policy reform? A Foucauldian discourse analysis of regulation and resistance in UK narratives of educational impacts of welfare cuts: The case of the ‘bedroom tax’
Authors: Burman Erica , Greenstein Anat , Bragg Joanna , Hanley Terry , Kalambouka Afroditi , Lupton Ruth , McCoy Lauren , Sapin Kate , Winter Laura 
Published: March 2017

This paper draws on material generated from a qualitative study of educational impacts of a British welfare reform affecting housing rent subsidy, size and location commonly known as ‘the bedroom tax’ (Bragg et al., 2015), which was partly taken as a topic for study specifically because of its iconic status as a controversial and unpopular welfare ‘reform’ (or cut). The analysis draws on Foucauldian understandings of subjectification or subject-formation - as elaborated both from within and in relation to the social (Foucault, 1970; 1983; Ball, 1990; Olssen, 2006; Popkewitz & Brennan, 1998), read through new and newly available perspectives (Allen, 2015; Pêcheux, 2014). This approach is applied to discuss how those addressed by educational policy, and also as research participants, are both subject to prevailing political and practice-oriented discourses (of educational ‘problems’, and of the neoliberal frameworks by which poverty and welfare cuts are discussed), but also – at times – how they can become the subject of – in the sense of reformulating – these discourses in their accounts of everyday activities. After outlining our approach and the context for the study, we focus on four examples drawn from the narratives of the various stakeholders in the study – parents/carers, school staff and other community-based organisations as illustrations of how this discursive approach can provide rich readings of relevance to educational policy debates. From these we not only take further discussions of the production and regulation of subjectivities via social and educational policy practices, but also offer indicative glimpses of resistance to this as expressed by those who are its primary subjects, and where in one case such resistance brings our own research commitments under critical scrutiny. As such, the contribution of this article is both topic-related (concerning the educational impacts of policy) but, crucially, also conceptual and methodological, in motivating for a Foucauldian-influenced discursive approach that is sensitive to struggle and resistance.
Intentionality, Privilege and World Pluralism: Reply to Beillard
Authors: Nulty Timothy J. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
I respond to Julian Beillard’s (2016) critique of my arguments (2009, 2015) for a plurality of worlds. My initial arguments deployed the notions of relevant similarity and primitive triangulation found in the later writings of Donald Davidson. More specifically, I address Beillard’s claims that my use of intentionality to develop further Davidson’s concept of primitive triangulation is incoherent and leads to empirically absurd results. I argue that Beillard’s two main arguments—the causal objection and the coherence objection – fail due to a limited and erroneous understanding of the forms of intentionality relevant to primitive triangulation. I argue Beillard unjustifiably privileges one form of intentionality as the standard for what counts as real in a given world. Some of Beillard’s claims might in fact commit him to the world pluralism I advocate.
Stability of 25 mg/mL Azacitidine Suspensions Kept in Fridge after Freezing
Authors: Balouzet Clara , Chanat Cédric , Jobard Marion , Brandely-Piat Marie-Laure , Chast François 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAzacitidine is supplied as lyophilized powder to be reconstituted with sterile water for injection. The molecule is very unstable in aqueous medium (temperature-dependent process). Advance preparation and leftover management are made difficult by such poor stability. This study evaluates the stability of 25 mg/mL azacitidine suspensions kept for a 1-month period at –20 °C, followed by a 5-day period at 5 °C. Three batches of 7 polypropylene syringes were filled with 2 mL of Vidaza
The unappreciated roles of the cholecystokinin receptor CCK(1) in brain functioning
Authors: Ballaz Santiago 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The CCK(1) receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor activated by the sulfated forms of cholecystokinin (CCK), a gastrin-like peptide released in the gastrointestinal tract and mammal brain. A substantial body of research supports the hypothesis that CCK(1)r stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic secretion in the gut, as well as satiety in brain. However, this receptor may also fulfill relevant roles in behavior, thanks to its widespread distribution in the brain. The strategic location of CCK(1)r in mesolimbic structures and specific hypothalamic and brainstem nuclei lead to complex interactions with neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate, as well as hypothalamic hormones and neuropeptides. The activity of CCK(1)r maintains adequate levels of dopamine and regulates the activity of serotonin neurons of raphe nuclei, which makes CCK(1)r an interesting therapeutic target for the development of adjuvant treatments for schizophrenia, drug addiction, and mood disorders. Unexplored functions of CCK(1)r, like the transmission of interoceptive sensitivity in addition to the regulation of hypothalamic hormones and neurotransmitters affecting emotional states, well-being, and attachment behaviors, may open exciting roads of research. The absence of specific ligands for the CCK(1) receptor has complicated the study of its distribution in brain so that research about its impact on behavior has been published sporadically over the last 30 years. The present review reunites all this body of evidence in a comprehensive way to summarize our knowledge about the actual role of CCK in the neurobiology of mental illness.
Investigation of lactose hydrolysis by crude extract of Trichoderma viride ATCC 32098
Authors: Bilkay Isil Seyis 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Objective
Aim of this study was to find the optimum pH, temperature and incubation conditions for efficient lactose hydrolysis by beta-galactosidase produced by Trichoderma viride ATCC 32098. In addition, enzymatic lactose hydrolysis in milk, whey and lactose solutions were studied and compared.

Material and methods

Trichoderma viride ATCC 32098 was incubated at 30°C for 8 days on a rotary shaker. Lactose hydrolysis was calculated based on the amount of glucose measured. Hydrolysis was carried out in lactose solution, milk and whey.

Results
Maximum efficiency was observed at pH 5.0 and at 60°C. Agitation increases lactose hydrolysis slightly. When enzymatic lactose hydrolysis in milk, whey and lactose solutions were studied, it was observed that after 26 h, hydrolyses in lactose solution and whey were almost 100% and hydrolysis in milk was 92%.

Conclusion
It can be concluded that the enzyme produced from T. viride ATCC 32098 in this study is a good alternative for use in lactose hydrolysis.
Transgenic Monkey Model of the Polyglutamine Diseases Recapitulating Progressive Neurological Symptoms
Authors: Tomioka Ikuo , Ishibashi Hidetoshi , Minakawa Eiko N. , Motohashi Hideyuki H. , Takayama Osamu , Saito Yuko , Popiel H. Akiko , Puentes Sandra , Owari Kensuke , Nakatani Terumi , Nogami Naotake , Yamamoto Kazuhiro , Noguchi Satoru , Yonekawa Takahiro , Tanaka Yoko , Fujita Naoko , Suzuki Hikaru , Kikuchi Hisae , Aizawa Shu , Nagano Seiichi , Yamada Daisuke , Nishino Ichizo , Ichinohe Noritaka , Wada Keiji , Kohsaka Shinichi , Nagai Yoshitaka , Seki Kazuhiko 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAge-associated neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and the polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases, are becoming prevalent as a consequence of elongation of the human lifespan. Although various rodent models have been developed to study and overcome these diseases, they have limitations in their translational research utility owing to differences from humans in brain structure and function and in drug metabolism. Here, we generated a transgenic marmoset model of the polyQ diseases, showing progressive neurological symptoms including motor impairment. Seven transgenic marmosets were produced by lentiviral introduction of the human ataxin 3 gene with 120 CAG repeats encoding an expanded polyQ stretch. Although all offspring showed no neurological symptoms at birth, three marmosets with higher transgene expression developed neurological symptoms of varying degrees at 3–4 months after birth, followed by gradual decreases in body weight gain, spontaneous activity, and grip strength, indicating time-dependent disease progression. Pathological examinations revealed neurodegeneration and intranuclear polyQ protein inclusions accompanied by gliosis, which recapitulate the neuropathological features of polyQ disease patients. Consistent with neuronal loss in the cerebellum, brain MRI analyses in one living symptomatic marmoset detected enlargement of the fourth ventricle, which suggests cerebellar atrophy. Notably, successful germline transgene transmission was confirmed in the second-generation offspring derived from the symptomatic transgenic marmoset gamete. Because the accumulation of abnormal proteins is a shared pathomechanism among various neurodegenerative diseases, we suggest that this new marmoset model will contribute toward elucidating the pathomechanisms of and developing clinically applicable therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.
The Isl1-Lhx3 Complex Promotes Motor Neuron Specification by Activating Transcriptional Pathways that Enhance Its Own Expression and Formation
Authors: Erb Madalynn , Lee Bora , Yeon Seo So , Lee Jae W. , Lee Seunghee , Lee Soo-Kyung 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMotor neuron (MN) progenitor cells rapidly induce high expression of the transcription factors Islet-1 (Isl1), LIM-homeobox 3 (Lhx3), and the transcriptional regulator LMO4, as they differentiate. While these factors are critical for MN specification, the mechanisms regulating their precise temporal and spatial expression patterns are not well characterized. Isl1 and Lhx3 form the Isl1-Lhx3 complex, which induces the transcription of genes critical for MN specification and maturation. Here, we report thatIsl1,Lhx3, andLmo4are direct target genes of the Isl1-Lhx3 complex. Our results show that specific genomic loci associated with these genes recruit the Isl1-Lhx3 complex to activate the transcription ofIsl1,Lhx3, andLmo4in embryonic MNs of chick and mouse. These findings support a model in which the Isl1-Lhx3 complex amplifies its own expression through a potent autoregulatory feedback loop and simultaneously enhances the transcription ofLmo4. LMO4 blocks the formation of the V2 interneuron-specifying Lhx3 complex. In developing MNs, this action inhibits the expression of V2 interneuron genes and increases the pool of unbound Lhx3 available to incorporate into the Isl1-Lhx3 complex. Identifying the pathways that regulate the expression of these key factors provides important insights into the genetic strategies utilized to promote MN differentiation and maturation.
O lugar dos direitos na moralidade polÃtica
Authors: de Vita Ã�lvaro 
Published: March 2017

O que queremos dizer quando dizemos que um indivÃduo A tem direito a X? O artigo discute esta questÃ£o esclarecendo os fundamentos dos direitos (em particular, mas nÃ£o sÃ³, dos direitos humanos) e a importÃ¢ncia e o papel das pretensÃµes de direito na avaliaÃ§Ã£o normativa da aÃ§Ã£o polÃtica. O argumento Ã© o de que esse esforÃ§o de esclarecimento Ã© necessÃ¡rio Ã utilizaÃ§Ã£o eficaz da linguagem dos direitos. E oferece recursos suficientes para rejeitar trÃªs tipos de objeÃ§Ã£o muitas vezes feitas Ã noÃ§Ã£o de direitos humanos: a de que nÃ£o Ã© universalizÃ¡vel; a de individualismo moral; e a que sustenta que a avaliaÃ§Ã£o da aÃ§Ã£o polÃtica, de teor conseqÃ¼encial, nÃ£o comporta o recurso a princÃpios, tais como esses direitos acima de tudo sÃ£o.
An Exploration of Contingent Faculty Experiences at a Private, Liberal Arts College
Authors: Vicente Dr. Erin 
Published: March 2017

<p>Both internal and external factors have incited higher education institutions to reevaluate and restructure antiquated policies and practices that influence contingent faculty support systems and contingent faculty interpersonal relationships with their institutional community members. Higher education institutions now employ over a half million contingent faculty nationwide, with numbers of contingent faculty hiring continuing to grow (Maldonado &amp; Riman, 2009).</p><p>Currently, much of the research on contingent faculty stresses the use of contingent faculty and full-time faculty perceptions of contingent faculty at the community college level (Meixner, 2010; Tomanek, 2010; Wallin, 2004). Differences between full-time and contingent faculty are difficult to label because of the diversity of contingent faculty motivations (Gappa, Austin, &amp; Trice, 2005; Wagoner, 2007). Therefore, depending on how researchers conduct their study questions contingent faculty either seem satisfied, vulnerable and disenfranchised, or somewhere in the middle which produces a confusing picture of contingent faculty experiences (Wagoner, 2007; Waltman et al., 2012). This qualitative study explores contingent faculty experiences at a single institution through their own voice. Focus on an interpretative phenomenological approach allows for rich, descriptive storytelling that communicates the uniqueness and distinctiveness of the contingent faculty’s experiences, and their perceptions of how they identify and connect with their institutional support systems and institutional members. Such specificity also highlights the institution’s cultural values and norms. While some shared experiences were similar among contingent faculty, there were also experiences unique to the individual. Exploration of contingent faculty voice is imperative in driving institutional platforms that aid in creating positive institutional support systems for contingent faculty. </p>
The Differences of the Behavioral Factors of Midwifes in UCI village and non UCI
Authors: Wati Siti Fatma , Wahjuni Chatarina Umbul 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT2-3 millions of people in all groups of age die every year caused by the diseases that can be prevented by immunization: diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus and measles. It is due to the UCI village target from year to year are not increased properly. One of the reasons of the unattainable UCI’s target is due to the factor of the officers. This research aims to determine the differences of the characteristic and the behavioral of the officers in UCI village as well as non-UCI in the District of Pasuruan (Kabupaten Pasuruan). The research is conducted by using the design of cross sectional. The samples in this study were 76 village midwifes. Sampling was stratified random sampling method. Data were analyzed using chi square statistical test. The independent variabel is the status of village UCI. The dependent variable is the characteristics of the village midwifes ( age, background of the knowledge, work experiences, employment status, training and double/dual duty), knowledge, action and attitude. There are significant differences in some variables of obstetricians such as the work experiences (p=0,023), the employment status (p=0,030), the double/dual duty (p=0,013), the knowledge (p=0,003), the action (p=0,017), and the behavior (p=0,045). Meanwhile, several variables have not significant differences, such as the age (p=0,193), the knowledge (p=0,185), the training activity (p=0,762), and the behavioral (0,219). Based on the brief explanation above, we can draw the conclusion that there are the differentiations in UCI village as well as non UCI village from the officers including the factors of the work experiences, the staffing, the double duty, the knowledge, the action and behavior. The policy so that the obstetricians will focus on running the programs in accordance with the skills.Keywords: the characteristic, the duty, the behavioral, the status of UCI villages, the village midwifes.
MOXIBUSTION HAS A POSITIVE EFFECT ON PULMONARY FIBROSIS: AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH
Authors: Cheng Lin , Li Rong , Zhou Mijuan , Li Fuhong , Chang Quanying , Li Cuixia , Lu Xuejing 
Published: March 2017

Background: An increasing number of people suffered idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and the current treatment was far from
clinical satisfaction. Moxibustion, another effective and safe unconventional therapy, had been introduced to treat this refractory
disease. The study aimed to investigate the effect of moxibustion on a bleomycin A5-induced pulmonary fibrosis model”. Please add
a” before bleomycin A5. Please capital Eosin in Hematoxylin and Eosin (H.E.) staining.
Materials and Methods: Sprague-dawley (SD) rats were randomly allocated to the blank group, model group, moxibustion group,
and prednisone group, for which they received no treatment, modeling, moxibustion treatment and prednisone treatment. After
four-week treatment, the rats were euthanized for Hematoxylin and Eosin (H.E.) staining, and TGF-β1 and IFN-γ protein and
mRNA detection in lungs.
Results: In the model group, TGF-β1 was significantly increased and IFN-γ was significantly decreased at both protein and mRNA
levels in comparison to the blank group. In the moxibustion and prednisone groups, however, TGF-β1 was decreased and IFN-γ was
increased at both protein and mRNA levels in comparison to the model group. Compared with prednisone, moxibustion showed
comparable effect in lowing TGF-β1 (P>0.05) and better effect in up-regulating IFN-γ (P
ANALYSIS OF PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOIDS OF WILD EPHEDRA ALATA PLANT EXTRACTS BY LC/PDA AND LC/MS AND THEIR ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
Authors: Al-Rimawi Fuad , Abu-Lafi Saleh , Abbadi Jehad , Alamarneh Ayman A.A. , Sawahreh Raneen A. , Odeh Imad 
Published: March 2017

Background: Ephedra is among Palestinian medicinal plants that are traditionally used in folkloric medicine for
treating many diseases. Ephedra is known to have antibacterial and antioxidant effects. The goal of this study is to
evaluate the antioxidant activity of different extracts from the Ephedra alata plant growing wild in Palestine, and to
analyze their phenolic and flavonoid constituents by HPLC/PDA and HPLC/MS.
Materials and Methods: Samples of the Ephedra alata plant grown wild in Palestine were extracted with three
different solvents namely, 100% water, 80% ethanol, and 100% ethanol. The extracts were analyzed for their total
phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity (AA), as well as phenolic and flavonoids
content by HPLC/PDA/MS.
Results: The results revealed that the polarity of the extraction solvent affects the TPC, TFC, and AA of extracts. It
was found that both TPC and AA are highest for plant extracted with 80% ethanol, followed by 100% ethanol, and
finally with 100% water. TFC however was highest in the following order: 100% ethanol > 80% ethanol > water.
Pearson correlation indicated that there is a significant correlation between AA and TPC, but there is no correlation
between AA and TFC. Simultaneous HPLC-PDA and UHPLC-MS analysis of the ethanolic plant extracts revealed the
presence of Luteolin-7-O-glucuronide flavone, Myricetin 3-rhamnoside and some other major polyphenolic
compounds that share myricetin skeleton.
Conclusion Ephedra alata extract is rich in potent falvonoid glycosidic compounds as revealed by their similar
overlaid UV-Vis spectra and UHPLC-MS results. On the basis of these findings, it is concluded that Ephedra alata
constitutes a natural source of potent antioxidants that may prevent many diseases and could be potentially used in
food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products.