bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teenage Mothers Today: What We Know and How It Matters
Authors: Mollborn Stefanie 
Published: November 2016

AbstractOver the past two decades, births to U.S. teenagers have fallen and no longer follow overall fertility patterns. Yet the unique challenges faced by teenage mothers and their families justify continued research. Across disciplines, newer work has furthered our understanding of teenage motherhood today. In this article, I highlight four areas of progress: processes of selection into teenage motherhood, the broader consequences of teenage childbearing beyond the socioeconomic realm, heterogeneity of effects, and the application of life course principles. Emerging societal trends such as complex family structures, a stalled recovery from the recession for families of low socioeconomic status, and a rapidly evolving political environment for reproductive health care continue to challenge the lives of teenage mothers. Given that the consequences for teenagers of becoming mothers may change, continued research is needed. Shifts in policy to favor supporting teenage mothers and addressing the causes of both teenage pregnancy and social disadvantage may help improve the lives of these mothers and their families.
Children's Sympathy, Guilt, and Moral Reasoning in Helping, Cooperation, and Sharing: A 6‐Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Malti Tina , Ongley Sophia F. , Peplak Joanna , Chaparro Maria P. , Buchmann Marlis , Zuffianò Antonio , Cui Lixian 
Published: November 2016

This study examined the role of sympathy, guilt, and moral reasoning in helping, cooperation, and sharing in a 6‐year, three‐wave longitudinal study involving 175 children (Mage 6.10, 9.18, and 12.18 years). Primary caregivers reported on children's helping and cooperation; sharing was assessed behaviorally. Child sympathy was assessed by self‐ and teacher reports, and self‐attributed feelings of guilt–sadness and moral reasoning were assessed by children's responses to transgression vignettes. Sympathy predicted helping, cooperation, and sharing. Guilt–sadness and moral reasoning interacted with sympathy in predicting helping and cooperation; both sympathy and guilt–sadness were associated with the development of sharing. The findings are discussed in relation to the emergence of differential motivational pathways to helping, cooperation, and sharing.
Young Children Want to See Others Get the Help They Need
Authors: Hepach Robert , Vaish Amrisha , Grossmann Tobias , Tomasello Michael 
Published: November 2016

Children's instrumental helping has sometimes been interpreted as a desire to complete action sequences or to restore the physical order of things. Two‐year‐old children (n = 51) selectively retrieved for an adult the object he needed rather than one he did not (but which equally served to restore the previous order of things), and those with greater internal arousal (i.e., pupil dilation) were faster to help. In a second experiment (n = 64), children's arousal increased when they witnessed an adult respond inappropriately to another adult's need. This was not the case in a nonsocial control condition. These findings suggest that children's helping is not aimed at restoring the order of things but rather at seeing another person's need fulfilled.
Staphylococcus aureus‐derived membrane vesicles exacerbate skin inflammation in atopic dermatitis
Authors: Jun S. H. , Lee J. H. , Kim S. I. , Choi C. W. , Park T. I. , Jung H. R. , Cho J. W. , Kim S. H. , Lee J. C. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryBackgroundSkin colonization or infection with Staphylococcus aureus is known to trigger aggravation of atopic dermatitis (AD). However, the exact mechanisms by which S. aureus can worsen AD are unknown.ObjectiveWe investigated whether and how S. aureus‐derived membrane vesicles (MVs) contribute to worsening of AD.MethodsImmunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscopic analyses were performed to detect staphylococcal protein A (SPA) in the epidermis of AD lesions. HaCaT cells were treated with S. aureus MVs and were analysed for the expression of cytokine genes. Immunopathology and cytokine gene profiles were analysed after topical application of S. aureus MVs to AD‐like skin lesions in a mouse model.ResultsThe MV component SPA was detected in the keratinocytes as well as in the intercellular space of the epidermis of AD lesions colonized with S. aureus. Intact MVs from S. aureus delivered their components to keratinocytes and stimulated pro‐inflammatory cytokine gene expression in vitro. A knock‐down of Toll‐like receptor 2 or nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain 2 using small interfering RNAs suppressed interleukin‐8 gene expression. Topical application of intact S. aureus MVs to AD‐like skin lesions in the mouse model induced massive infiltration of inflammatory cells and the resulting eczematous dermatitis. This inflammatory reaction was associated with a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response and enhanced expression of chemokine genes in AD‐like skin lesions.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceThis study showed the importance of S. aureus MVs as a potent mediator for worsening of AD among many exogenous worsening factors of AD. Thus, S. aureus MVs may be regarded as one of the therapeutic targets for the management of AD aggravation.
Emerging ocular biomarkers of Alzheimer disease
Authors: van Wijngaarden Peter , Hadoux Xavier , Alwan Mostafa , Keel Stuart , Dirani Mohamed 
Published: November 2016

AbstractInterest in reliable biomarkers of Alzheimer disease, the leading cause of dementia, has been fuelled by challenges in diagnosing the disease and monitoring disease progression as well as the response to therapy. A range of ocular manifestations of Alzheimer disease, including retinal and lens amyloid‐beta accumulation, retinal nerve fiber layer loss, and retinal vascular changes, have been proposed as potential biomarkers of the disease. Herein, we examine the evidence regarding the potential value of these ocular biomarkers of Alzheimer disease.
A novel method for treatment of chronic anal fissure: adipose‐derived regenerative cells – a pilot study
Authors: Andjelkov K. , Sforza M. , Barisic G. , Soldatovic I. , Hiranyakas A. , Krivokapic Z. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAimThe purpose of this study was to investigate the safety and feasibility of autologous adipose‐derived regenerative cells (ADRC) in the treatment of chronic anal fissure.MethodA prospective pilot study was conducted in six patients with chronic anal fissures at the First Surgical Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia and at the BelPrime Clinic, Belgrade, Serbia. All patients were candidates for surgical treatment. The average duration of symptoms was 24 months. Pain assessment was quantified using a visual analogue scale and bowel continence was assessed using the Wexner incontinence score. Both were assessed before treatment and during each postoperative outpatient visit. Liposuction was performed under local or general anaesthesia. Extraction of ADRC was achieved with a closed automated medical device. The fat and ADRC were injected subcutaneously into the edge of the fissure. The rest of the pellet was infiltrated into the internal anal sphincter. The study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02628522).ResultsComplete healing of the anal fissure and the disappearance of symptoms was achieved in all patients. The average time to complete pain cessation was 33.7 ± 15.0 days. All fissures healed after 3 months and remained healed 12 months after the procedure. There were no complications related to the procedure.ConclusionThe application of ADRC may be an alternative to lateral sphincterotomy and a reliable procedure which avoids faecal incontinence.
Imitation, Inspiration, and Creation: Cognitive Process of Creative Drawing by Copying Others' Artworks
Authors: Okada Takeshi , Ishibashi Kentaro 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTo investigate the cognitive processes underlying creative inspiration, we tested the extent to which viewing or copying prior examples impacted creative output in art. In Experiment 1, undergraduates made drawings under three conditions: (a) copying an artist's drawing, then producing an original drawing; (b) producing an original drawing without having seen another's work; and (c) copying another artist's work, then reproducing that artist's style independently. We discovered that through copying unfamiliar abstract drawings, participants were able to produce creative drawings qualitatively different from the model drawings. Process analyses suggested that participants' cognitive constraints became relaxed, and new perspectives were formed from copying another's artwork. Experiment 2 showed that exposure to styles of artwork considered unfamiliar facilitated creativity in drawing, while styles considered familiar did not do so. Experiment 3 showed that both copying and thoroughly viewing artwork executed using an unfamiliar style facilitated creativity in drawing, whereas merely thinking about alternative styles of artistic representation did not do so. These experiments revealed that deep encounters with unfamiliar artworks—whether through copying or prolonged observation—change people's cognitive representations of the act of drawing to produce novel artwork.
Mismatch between Habitat Science and Habitat Directive: Lessons from the French (Counter) Example
Authors: Jeanmougin Martin , Dehais Camille , Meinard Yves 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe European Habitat Directive encompasses a conservation policy devoted to conserve habitats rather than single species. This ambition has strong ecological justifications, and inspires other initiatives such as the IUCN red list of ecosystems. Evaluating this policy is therefore pivotal to identify and reproduce best practices. However, the habitat aspect of this policy has so far not been systematically assessed. To make up for this lacuna, we take advantage of decision‐aiding methodologies to introduce a new normative framework. According to this framework, a conservation policy is positively evaluated if it contributes to conservation, is science‐based, operational, and legitimate. Based on an exploration of the published literature and unpublished reports and databases, we identify knowledge gaps plaguing the European habitat conservation policy. We argue that, due to these knowledge gaps, the contribution of this policy to the conservation of habitats is unproven, it is not science‐based, not operational and not legitimate. Our study draws heavily on the French implementation. Analyzing this example, we highlight knowledge gaps that carry lessons for European conservation policies as a whole, but also for conservation initiatives focused on habitats in a broader geographical and political context. We then identify concrete means to strengthen habitats conservation policies.
The contribution of alcohol use and other lifestyle factors to socioeconomic differences in all‐cause mortality in a Swedish cohort
Authors: Sydén Lovisa , Landberg Jonas 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIntroduction and AimsA relationship between socioeconomic position (SEP) and mortality has been found in high‐income countries. One possible explanation is socioeconomic differentials in health behaviours. The aim was to investigate to what degree the association between SEP and all‐cause mortality is explained by differences in alcohol use and other lifestyle factors.Design and MethodsThe study was based on data from a large public health survey from Stockholm County in 2002, with 5 year follow‐up for all‐cause mortality. Proportional hazard models estimated the effect of education, occupational class and income on all‐cause mortality, before and after adjusting for alcohol use (both separate and combined effects of levels and patterns of drinking), smoking, physical activity and body mass index.ResultsThe prevalence of lifestyle factors showed a marked social gradient. All three SEP indicators showed higher mortality for the most disadvantaged SEP group than in the least disadvantaged group. Adjusting for a combined measure of alcohol use attenuated the SEP differences in mortality by a fifth, whereas adjusting for volume of consumption resulted in considerably smaller attenuations. Adjusting for smoking resulted in attenuations of 6–18%. In the fully adjusted model, physical activity and body mass index did not account for the socioeconomic differences in mortality beyond that of alcohol and smoking.‬Discussion and ConclusionsIrrespective of whether SEP is defined by education, occupational class or income, the unequal distribution of hazardous alcohol use and smoking contributes to a notable proportion of the socioeconomic differences in mortality in Sweden. [Sydén L, Landberg J. The contribution of alcohol use and other lifestyle factors to socioeconomic differences in all‐cause mortality in a Swedish cohort. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;00:000‐000]
Mother still knows best: Maternal influence uniquely modulates adolescent reward sensitivity during risk taking
Authors: Guassi Moreira João F. , Telzer Eva H. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAdolescent decision‐making is highly sensitive to input from the social environment. In particular, adult and maternal presence influence adolescents to make safer decisions when encountered with risky scenarios. However, it is currently unknown whether maternal presence confers a greater advantage than mere adult presence in buffering adolescent risk taking. In the current study, 23 adolescents completed a risk‐taking task during an fMRI scan in the presence of their mother and an unknown adult. Results reveal that maternal presence elicits greater activation in reward‐related neural circuits when making safe decisions but decreased activation following risky choices. Moreover, adolescents evidenced a more immature neural phenotype when making risky choices in the presence of an adult compared to mother, as evidenced by positive functional coupling between the ventral striatum and medial prefrontal cortex. Our results underscore the importance of maternal stimuli in bolstering adolescent decision‐making in risky scenarios.
Seeing behind the surface: communicative demonstration boosts category disambiguation in 12‐month‐olds
Authors: Kovács Ágnes M. , Téglás Ernő , Gergely György , Csibra Gergely 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn their first years, infants acquire an incredible amount of information regarding the objects present in their environment. While often it is not clear what specific information should be prioritized in encoding from the many characteristics of an object, different types of object representations facilitate different types of generalizations. We tested the hypotheses that 1‐year‐old infants distinctively represent familiar objects as exemplars of their kind, and that ostensive communication plays a role in determining kind membership for ambiguous objects. In the training phase of our experiment, infants were exposed to movies displaying an agent sorting objects from two categories (cups and plates) into two locations (left or right). Afterwards, different groups of infants saw either an ostensive or a non‐ostensive demonstration performed by the agent, revealing that a new object that looked like a plate can be transformed into a cup. A third group of infants experienced no demonstration regarding the new object. During test, infants were presented with the ambiguous object in the plate format, and we measured generalization by coding anticipatory looks to the plate or the cup side. While infants looked equally often towards the two sides when the demonstration was non‐ostensive, and more often to the plate side when there was no demonstration, they performed more anticipatory eye movements to the cup side when the demonstration was ostensive. Thus, ostensive demonstration likely highlighted the hidden dispositional properties of the target object as kind‐relevant, guiding infants’ categorization of the foldable cup as a cup, despite it looking like a plate. These results suggest that infants likely encode familiar objects as exemplars of their kind and that ostensive communication can play a crucial role in disambiguating what kind an object belongs to, even when this requires disregarding salient surface features.
Coconut milk and probiotic milk as storage media to maintain periodontal ligament cell viability: an in vitro study
Authors: Saini Divya , Gadicherla Prahlad , Chandra Prakash , Anandakrishna Latha 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackground/AimThe viability of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells is a significant determinant of the long‐term prognosis of replanted avulsed teeth. A storage medium is often required to maintain the viability of these cells during the extra‐alveolar period. Many studies have been carried out to search for the most suitable storage medium for avulsed teeth, but an ideal solution has not yet been found. The purpose of the study was to compare and analyze the ability of coconut milk and probiotic milk to maintain PDL cell viability.MethodologyIn an in vitro setting, 69 caries free human premolars with normal periodontium that had been extracted for orthodontic purposes were randomly divided into two experimental groups on the basis of storage media used (i.e., coconut milk or probiotic milk) and a Hanks’ balanced salt solution (HBSS) control group (23 samples per group). Immediately after extraction, the teeth were stored dry for 20 min and then immersed for 30 min in one of the storage media. The teeth were then subjected to collagenase–dispase assay and labeled with 0.5% trypan blue staining solution for determination of cell viability. The number of viable cells was counted under a light microscope and statistically analyzed using anova and post hoc Tukey test (P ≤ 0.05).ResultsStatistical analysis demonstrated there was a significant difference (P < 0.001) between coconut milk and probiotic milk as well as HBSS in maintaining cell viability. However, there was no significant difference between probiotic milk and HBSS in ability to maintain PDL cell viability (P > 0.05).ConclusionCoconut milk may not be suitable as an interim transport media due to poor maintenance of cell viability. However, probiotic milk was able to maintain PDL cell viability as well as HBSS.
Electrophysiological correlates of decision making impairment in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Azcárraga‐Guirola Elisa , Rodríguez‐Agudelo Yaneth , Velázquez‐Cardoso Julia , Rito‐García Yamel , Solís‐Vivanco Rodolfo 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAlthough previous studies have shown that patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) may exhibit impaired decision making (DM), the specific neuro‐cognitive processes that underlie this deficiency remain unknown. Inefficient DM may occur due to poor option assessment or a deficit in the evaluation of choice outcomes. This study uses, for the first time, the event‐related potential (ERP) technique to analyze these DM subprocesses in patients with MS. Sixteen MS patients and nineteen control subjects performed a DM task based on the Iowa Gambling Task while a digital EEG was recorded. The P3b was analyzed as an index of option assessment, and both the feedback‐related negativity (FRN) and P3b were considered markers for choice outcome evaluation. We found that MS patients made a larger number of unfavorable choices during the DM task (P = 0.02), with no differences between groups for reaction times. There were no significant differences in P3b for option assessment between the groups. In the control group, the type of feedback (gain, loss, or nothing) modified the FRN (F = 3.72, P = 0.033) and the P3b (F = 3.15, P = 0.059). This effect was not observed in the MS group. Also, FRN latencies were shorter in the MS group compared to controls (P = 0.047). Finally, lesions in temporal regions revealed by MRI were associated with DM both in behavioral and electrophysiological terms. We conclude that the DM impairment of patients with MS may be due to a deficit in their evaluation of choice outcomes or a general alteration in emotional reactivity.
Sex differences in depolarizing actions of GABAA receptor activation in rat embryonic hypothalamic neurons
Authors: Mir Franco R. , Carrer Hugo F. , Cambiasso María J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractGABAA receptor activation exerts trophic actions in immature neurons through depolarization of resting membrane potential. The switch to its classical hyperpolarizing role is developmentally regulated. Previous results suggest that a hormonally biased sex difference exists at the onset of the switch in hypothalamic neurons. The aim of this work was to evaluate sex differences in GABAA receptor function of hypothalamic neurons before brain masculinization by gonadal hormones. Hypothalamic cells were obtained from embryonic day 16 male and female rat foetuses, 2 days before the peak of testosterone production by the foetal testis, and grown in vitro for 9 days. Whole‐cell and perforated patch‐clamp recordings were carried out in order to measure several electrophysiological parameters. Our results show that there are more male than female neurons responding with depolarization to muscimol. Additionally, among cells with depolarizing responses, males have higher and longer lasting responses than females. These results highlight the relevance of differences in neural cell sex irrespective of exposure to sex hormones.
Structural studies of protein arginine methyltransferase 2 reveal its interactions with potential substrates and inhibitors
Authors: Cura Vincent , Marechal Nils , Troffer‐Charlier Nathalie , Strub Jean‐Marc , van Haren Matthijs J. , Martin Nathaniel I. , Cianférani Sarah , Bonnefond Luc , Cavarelli Jean 
Published: November 2016

PRMT2 is the less‐characterized member of the protein arginine methyltransferase family in terms of structure, activity, and cellular functions. PRMT2 is a modular protein containing a catalytic Ado‐Met‐binding domain and unique Src homology 3 domain that binds proteins with proline‐rich motifs. PRMT2 is involved in a variety of cellular processes and has diverse roles in transcriptional regulation through different mechanisms depending on its binding partners. PRMT2 has been demonstrated to have weak methyltransferase activity on a histone H4 substrate, but its optimal substrates have not yet been identified. To obtain insights into the function and activity of PRMT2, we solve several crystal structures of PRMT2 from two homologs (zebrafish and mouse) in complex with either the methylation product S‐adenosyl‐L‐homocysteine or other compounds including the first synthetic PRMT2 inhibitor (Cp1) studied so far. We reveal that the N‐terminal‐containing SH3 module is disordered in the full‐length crystal structures, and highlights idiosyncratic features of the PRMT2 active site. We identify a new nonhistone protein substrate belonging to the serine‐/arginine‐rich protein family which interacts with PRMT2 and we characterize six methylation sites by mass spectrometry. To better understand structural basis for Cp1 binding, we also solve the structure of the complex PRMT4:Cp1. We compare the inhibitor–protein interactions occurring in the PRMT2 and PRMT4 complex crystal structures and show that this compound inhibits efficiently PRMT2. These results are a first step toward a better understanding of PRMT2 substrate recognition and may accelerate the development of structure‐based drug design of PRMT2 inhibitors.DatabaseAll coordinates and structure factors have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank: zPRMT21‐408‐SFG = 5g02; zPRMT273‐408‐SAH = 5fub; mPRMT21‐445‐SAH = 5ful; mPRMT21‐445‐Cp1 = 5fwa, mCARM1130‐487‐Cp1 = 5k8v.