bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prostacyclin does not affect sweating but induces skin vasodilatation to a greater extent in older versus younger women: roles of NO and KCa channels
Authors: Fujii Naoto , McNeely Brendan D. , Nishiyasu Takeshi , Kenny Glen P. 
Published: March 2017

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
It remains unknown whether ageing modulates prostacyclin‐induced cutaneous vasodilatation in women.
What is the main finding and its importance?
Prostacyclin induced cutaneous vasodilatation, albeit the magnitude of increase at lower concentrations of prostacyclin was greater in older relative to young women. This response was associated with greater contributions of nitric oxide synthase and calcium‐activated potassium channels. Our results suggest that administration of prostacyclin might be an effective therapy to reverse microvascular hypoperfusion, especially in older women.

We previously reported that prostacyclin induces cutaneous vasodilatation but not sweating in younger and older men. Furthermore, we demonstrated that nitric oxide synthase and calcium‐activated potassium (KCa) channels contribute to the prostacyclin‐induced cutaneous vasodilatation in younger men, although these contributions are diminished in older men. Given that the effects of ageing might differ between men and women, the above results cannot simply be applied to women. In this study, cutaneous vascular conductance and sweat rate were evaluated in younger (mean ± SD, 22 ± 3 years old) and older (55 ± 7 years old) women (10 per group) at four intradermal forearm skin sites treated as follows: (i) lactated Ringer solution without any drug (control); (ii) 10 mm NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine (l‐NNA), a non‐specific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; (iii) 50 mm tetraethylammonium (TEA), a non‐specific KCa channel blocker; or (iv) 10 mm l‐NNA plus 50 mm TEA. All four sites were co‐administered with prostacyclin in an incremental manner (0.04, 0.4, 4, 40 and 400 μm, each for 25 min). Surprisingly, increases in cutaneous vascular conductance in response to 0.04–4 μm prostacyclin were greater in older relative to younger women (all P ≤ 0.05), and these age‐related differences were diminished when both l‐NNA and TEA were administered simultaneously (all P > 0.05). No effect on sweat rate was observed in either group (all concentrations, P > 0.05). We show that although prostacyclin does not mediate sweating, it induces cutaneous vasodilatation, and this response elicited by lower concentrations of prostacyclin is greater in older relative to younger women. This greater cutaneous vasodilatation in older women is likely to be attributable to nitric oxide synthase‐ and KCa channel‐dependent mechanisms.
Unit of Analysis: Impact of Silverman and Solmon’s Article on Field-Based Intervention Research in Physical Education in the U.S.A.
Authors: Li Weidong , Xiang Ping , Chen Yung-Ju , Xie Xiuye , Li Yilin 
Published: March 2017

Purpose:The purposes of this study were to: (a) examine the impact of the Silverman and Solmon article (1998) on how researchers handle the unit of analysis issue in their field-based intervention research in physical education in the United States and summarize statistical approaches that have been used to analyze the data, and (b) provide recommendations for future field-based intervention research and related statistical analysis.Methods:We identified and coded 50 peer-reviewed, field-based intervention research articles with a coding template, published in Journal of Teaching in Physical Education and Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport from 1998 to January 2016.Results:Our findings showed that 60% of the articles disregarded the unit of analysis and 80% of the articles applied the interventions to classes/groups, but used individual students as unit of analysis. Eight statistical modeling and analysis approaches were used to address the unit of analysis issue.Discussion:These findings provide first empirical evidence that the Silverman and Solmon 1998 article had limited impact on how researchers handle unit of analysis in their field-based intervention research in physical education. This suggests that the issue of unit of analysis remains largely unsolved. To address this problem, two experimental designs and corresponding statistical analysis methods were recommended.
Childhood Obesity, Physical Activity, and Exercise
Authors: Nemet Dan 
Published: March 2017

As the incidence of childhood obesity increases, there is a need to promote leisure time physical activity. Traditional approaches to promote the population physical activity levels have shown at best moderate improvements. High percentage of children today carry a cell phone, thus the use of this portable device seems promising for enhancing physical activity. Pokémon Go, is a smartphone game that uses augmented reality, where players are incentivized to get out and walk significant distances to catch the Pokémon. Initial reports suggested increases in the number of steps that players performed, yet this effect of the game was not sustained. Incorporating physical activity into modern technology seems promising, clearly there is need to explore creative ways to achieve a longer term effect.
The Cell Wall Lipid PDIM Contributes to Phagosomal Escape and Host Cell Exit ofMycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Quigley Jeff , Hughitt V. Keith , Velikovsky Carlos A. , Mariuzza Roy A. , El-Sayed Najib M. , Briken Volker 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThe cell wall ofMycobacterium tuberculosisis composed of unique lipids that are important for pathogenesis. Indeed, the first-ever genetic screen inM. tuberculosisidentified genes involved in the biosynthesis and transport of the cell wall lipid PDIM (phthioceroldimycocerosates) as crucial for the survival ofM. tuberculosisin mice. Here we show evidence for a novel molecular mechanism of the PDIM-mediated virulence inM. tuberculosis. We characterized the DNA interaction and the regulon of Rv3167c, a transcriptional repressor that is involved in virulence regulation ofM. tuberculosis, and discovered that it controls the PDIM operon. A loss-of-function genetic approach showed that PDIM levels directly correlate with the capacity ofM. tuberculosisto escape the phagosome and induce host cell necrosis and macroautophagy. In conclusion, our study attributes a novel role of the cell wall lipid PDIM in intracellular host cell modulation, which is important for host cell exit and dissemination ofM. tuberculosis.IMPORTANCEMycobacterium tuberculosisis a major human pathogen that has coevolved with its host for thousands of years. The complex and unique cell wall ofM. tuberculosiscontains the lipid PDIM (phthioceroldimycocerosates), which is crucial for virulence of the bacterium, but its function is not well understood. Here we show that PDIM expression byM. tuberculosisis negatively regulated by a novel transcriptional repressor, Rv3167c. In addition, we discovered that the escape ofM. tuberculosisfrom its intracellular vacuole was greatly augmented by the presence of PDIM. The increased release ofM. tuberculosisinto the cytosol led to increased host cell necrosis. The discovery of a link between the cell wall lipid PDIM and a major pathogenesis pathway ofM. tuberculosisprovides important insights into the molecular mechanisms of host cell manipulation byM. tuberculosis.
Transcriptome Remodeling of
Acinetobacter baumannii
during Infection and Treatment
Authors: Wright Meredith S. , Jacobs Michael R. , Bonomo Robert A. , Adams Mark D. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT

Acinetobacter baumannii
is an increasingly common multidrug-resistant pathogen in health care settings. Although the genetic basis of antibiotic resistance mechanisms has been extensively studied, much less is known about how genetic variation contributes to other aspects of successful infections. Genetic changes that occur during host infection and treatment have the potential to remodel gene expression patterns related to resistance and pathogenesis. Longitudinal sets of multidrug-resistant
A. baumannii
isolates from eight patients were analyzed by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to identify differentially expressed genes and link them to genetic changes contributing to transcriptional variation at both within-patient and population levels. The number of differentially expressed genes among isolates from the same patient ranged from 26 (patient 588) to 145 (patient 475). Multiple patients had isolates with differential gene expression patterns related to mutations in the
pmrAB
and
adeRS
two-component regulatory system genes, as well as significant differences in genes related to antibiotic resistance, iron acquisition, amino acid metabolism, and surface-associated proteins. Population level analysis revealed 39 genetic regions with clade-specific differentially expressed genes, for which 19, 8, and 3 of these could be explained by insertion sequence mobilization, recombination-driven sequence variation, and intergenic mutations, respectively. Multiple types of mutations that arise during infection can significantly remodel the expression of genes that are known to be important in pathogenesis.

IMPORTANCE
Health care-associated multidrug-resistant
Acinetobacter baumannii
can cause persistent infections in patients, but bacterial cells must overcome host defenses and antibiotic therapies to do so. Genetic variation arises during host infection, and new mutations are often enriched in genes encoding transcriptional regulators, iron acquisition systems, and surface-associated structures. In this study, genetic variation was shown to result in transcriptome remodeling at the level of individual patients and across phylogenetic groups. Differentially expressed genes include those related to capsule modification, iron acquisition, type I pili, and antibiotic resistance. Population level transcriptional variation reflects genome dynamics over longer evolutionary time periods, and convergent transcriptional changes support the adaptive significance of these regions. Transcriptional changes can be attributed to multiple types of genomic change, but insertion sequence mobilization had a predominant effect. The transcriptional effects of mutations that arise during infection highlight the rapid adaptation of
A. baumannii
during host exposure.
The prognostic value of MRI in determining reinjury risk following acute hamstring injury: a systematic review
Authors: van Heumen Moniek , Tol Johannes L , de Vos Robert-Jan , Moen Maarten H , Weir Adam , Orchard John , Reurink Gustaaf 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundA challenge for sports physicians is to estimate the risk of a hamstring re-injury, but the current evidence for MRI variables as a risk factor is unknown.ObjectiveTo systematically review the literature on the prognostic value of MRI findings at index injury and/or return to play for acute hamstring re-injuries.Data sourcesDatabases of PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Web of Science, LILACS, SciELO, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, SPORTDiscus and Cochrane Library were searched until 20 June 2016.Study eligibility criteriaStudies evaluating MRI as a prognostic tool for determining the risk of re-injury for athletes with acute hamstring injuries were eligible for inclusion.Data analysisTwo authors independently screened the search results and assessed risk of bias using standardised criteria from a consensus statement. A best-evidence synthesis was used to identify the level of evidence. Post hoc analysis included correction for insufficient sample size.ResultsOf the 11 studies included, 7 had a low and 4 had a high risk of bias. No strong evidence for any MRI finding as a risk factor for hamstring re-injury was found. There was moderate evidence that intratendinous injuries were associated with increased re-injury risk. Post hoc analysis showed moderate evidence that injury to the biceps femoris was a moderate to strong risk factor for re-injury.ConclusionThere is currently no strong evidence for any MRI finding in predicting hamstring re-injury risk. Intratendinous injuries and biceps femoris injuries showed moderate evidence for association with a higher re-injury risk.Systematic review registrationRegistration in the PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews was performed prior to study initiation (registration number CRD42015024620).
Blood flow restriction training in clinical musculoskeletal rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Hughes Luke , Paton Bruce , Rosenblatt Ben , Gissane Conor , Patterson Stephen David 
Published: March 2017

Background and objectiveLow-load exercise training with blood flow restriction (BFR) can increase muscle strength and may offer an effective clinical musculoskeletal (MSK) rehabilitation tool. The aim of this review was to systematically analyse the evidence regarding the effectiveness of this novel training modality in clinical MSK rehabilitation.DesignThis is a systematic review and meta-analysis of peer-reviewed literature examining BFR training in clinical MSK rehabilitation (Research Registry; researchregistry91).Data sourcesA literature search was conducted across SPORTDiscus (EBSCO), PubMed and Science Direct databases, including the reference lists of relevant papers. Two independent reviewers extracted study characteristics and MSK and functional outcome measures. Study quality and reporting was assessed using the Tool for the assEssment of Study qualiTy and reporting in EXercise.EligibilitySearch results were limited to exercise training studies investigating BFR training in clinical MSK rehabilitation, published in a scientific peer-reviewed journal in English.ResultsTwenty studies were eligible, including ACL reconstruction (n=3), knee osteoarthritis (n=3), older adults at risk of sarcopenia (n=13) and patients with sporadic inclusion body myositis (n=1). Analysis of pooled data indicated low-load BFR training had a moderate effect on increasing strength (Hedges’ g=0.523, 95% CI 0.263 to 0.784, p<0.001), but was less effective than heavy-load training (Hedges’ g=0.674, 95% CI 0.296 to 1.052, p<0.001).ConclusionCompared with low-load training, low-load BFR training is more effective, tolerable and therefore a potential clinical rehabilitation tool. There is a need for the development of an individualised approach to training prescription to minimise patient risk and increase effectiveness.
Calf muscle strain injuries in sport: a systematic review of risk factors for injury
Authors: Green Brady , Pizzari Tania 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveTo systematically review the literature to identify risk factors for calf strain injury, and to direct future research into calf muscle injuries.DesignSystematic reviewData sourcesDatabase searches conducted for Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE, AMED, AUSPORT, SportDiscus, PEDro and Cochrane Library. Manual reference checks, ahead of press searches, citation tracking. From inception to June 2016.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesStudies evaluating and presenting data related to intrinsic or extrinsic risk factors for sustaining future calf injury.ResultsTen studies were obtained for review. Subjects across football, Australian football, rugby union, basketball and triathlon were reported on, representing 5397 athletes and 518 calf/ lower leg muscle injuries. Best evidence synthesis highlights chronological age and previous history of calf strain are the strongest risk factors for future calf muscle injury. Previous lower limb injuries (hamstring, quadriceps, adductor, knee) show some limited evidence for an association. Numerous factors lack evidence of an association, including height, weight, gender and side dominance.Summary/conclusionIncreasing age and previous calf strain injury are the most predictive of future calf injury. The overall paucity of evidence and the trend for studies of a high risk of bias show that further research needs to be undertaken.
Supporting the management of type 2 diabetes with pharmacist-led reviews: an observational analysis
Authors: Langran Tim , Nanda Nithya , Bataveljic Attia , Gonzalez-Durio Javier 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveDescribe and assess the impact of a pharmacist-led patient review programme on the management and control of type 2 diabetes (T2D).DesignUncontrolled prospective cohort study with before and after intervention data collection.SettingGeneral practices within NHS Slough Clinical Commissioning Group (CCG).Participants5910 patients with T2D.InterventionsPharmacists reviewed 5910 patients and worked with general practice teams to schedule any of the 9 key care processes recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) that the patients were lacking, to optimise medication and to make other interventions such as providing lifestyle advice.Main outcome measuresThe proportion of patients receiving the NICE-recommended 9 key care processes and proportion of patients whose glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), blood pressure (BP) or total cholesterol (TC) readings were over target before and after the intervention period.ResultsThe proportion of patients receiving all of the NICE-recommended 9 key care processes increased from 46% at project outset in April 2013 to 58% on completion in April 2014 and the percentage of patients achieving HbA1c, BP and TC targets all increased (65% to 70%, 70% to 76%, 78% to 82%, respectively). Quality Outcomes Framework (QOF) data for Slough CCG showed the percentage of diabetic patients achieving target HbA1c, BP and TC readings increased from April 2013 to April 2014, but then diminished in the year after project completion.ConclusionsThe pharmacist-led review increased the number of key care processes administered and improved diabetic control during the year of programme delivery. The improvement abated during the year after, suggesting that such programmes should be ongoing rather than fixed term. The programme combined the strategic drive and project facilitation skills of Slough CCG, the general practice teams' knowledge of their patients and the clinical and information technology skills of an experienced pharmacist team.
Does early intervention improve outcomes in physiotherapy management of lumbar radicular syndrome? A mixed-methods study protocol
Authors: Reddington Michael , Walters Stephen J , Cohen Judith , Baxter Susan 
Published: March 2017

IntroductionLumbar radicular syndrome (LRS) can be a painful and debilitating condition. The optimum management strategies and their timing remain elusive despite extensive research. Surgery provides good short-term outcomes but has concomitant risks and costs. Physiotherapy is commonly practised for patients with LRS but its effects remain equivocal and there is a lack of consensus on the type, duration and timing of physiotherapy intervention. There is a lack of high-quality evidence into new and innovative management strategies and the timings of those strategies for LRS. This pilot trial is an essential preliminary to a definitive randomised controlled trial (RCT) assessing the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of early physiotherapy intervention for patients with LRS. The study will test the protocol, the intervention, the use of outcome measures and the ability to set-up and run the trial to enable refinement of a future definitive RCT.Methods and analysisThis is a mixed-methods study encompassing an external pilot RCT with integrated qualitative interviews with patients, clinicians and other key stakeholders. 80 patients will be recruited from primary care and randomised, after consent into 1 of 2 groups. Both groups will receive individually tailored, goal orientated physiotherapy. The usual care group will begin their physiotherapy 6 weeks after randomisation and the intervention group at 2 weeks after randomisation. Outcome measures will primarily be feasibility parameters including the ability to recruit and retain patients and to deliver the intervention. Data will be collected at baseline, and 6, 12 and 26 weeks following randomisation.Ethics and disseminationThe study has received favourable ethical review from the East of Scotland Research Ethics Service (EoSRES) on the 20 August 2015 (15/ES/0130). Recruitment began on the 1 March 2016 and is expected to close in January 2017. Data collection is anticipated to be complete in July 2017. The study results will be made available to participants, clinicians involved in the study and the wider clinical community through publication in a peer reviewed journal and at conference presentations.Trial registration numberISRCTN: 25018352, Pre-results; Clinical Trials.Gov:NCT02618278Document version V1.1 23.9.2016.
Restrictive versus liberal fluid therapy in major abdominal surgery (RELIEF): rationale and design for a multicentre randomised trial
Authors: Myles Paul , Bellomo Rinaldo , Corcoran Tomas , Forbes Andrew , Wallace Sophie , Peyton Philip , Christophi Chris , Story David , Leslie Kate , Serpell Jonathan , McGuinness Shay , Parke Rachel 
Published: March 2017

IntroductionThe optimal intravenous fluid regimen for patients undergoing major abdominal surgery is unclear. However, results from many small studies suggest a restrictive regimen may lead to better outcomes. A large, definitive clinical trial evaluating perioperative fluid replacement in major abdominal surgery, therefore, is required.Methods/analysisWe designed a pragmatic, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial (the RELIEF trial). A total of 3000 patients were enrolled in this study and randomly allocated to a restrictive or liberal fluid regimen in a 1:1 ratio, stratified by centre and planned critical care admission. The expected fluid volumes in the first 24 hour from the start of surgery in restrictive and liberal groups were ≤3.0 L and ≥5.4 L, respectively. Patient enrolment is complete, and follow-up for the primary end point is ongoing. The primary outcome is disability-free survival at 1 year after surgery, with disability defined as a persistent (at least 6 months) reduction in functional status using the 12-item version of the World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Schedule.Ethics/disseminationThe RELIEF trial has been approved by the responsible ethics committees of all participating sites. Participant recruitment began in March 2013 and was completed in August 2016, and 1-year follow-up will conclude in August 2017. Publication of the results of the RELIEF trial is anticipated in early 2018.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov identifierNCT01424150.