bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular circadian rhythm shift due to bright light exposure before bedtime is related to subthreshold bipolarity
Authors: Cho Chul-Hyun , Moon Joung-Ho , Yoon Ho-Kyoung , Kang Seung-Gul , Geum Dongho , Son Gi-Hoon , Lim Jong-Min , Kim Leen , Lee Eun-Il , Lee Heon-Jeong 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis study examined the link between circadian rhythm changes due to bright light exposure and subthreshold bipolarity. Molecular circadian rhythms, polysomnography, and actigraphy data were studied in 25 young, healthy male subjects, divided into high and low mood disorder questionnaire (MDQ) score groups. During the first 2 days of the study, the subjects were exposed to daily-living light (150 lux) for 4 hours before bedtime. Saliva and buccal cells were collected 5 times a day for 2 consecutive days. During the subsequent 5 days, the subjects were exposed to bright light (1,000 lux), and saliva and buccal cell samples were collected in the same way. Molecular circadian rhythms were analyzed using sine regression. Circadian rhythms of cortisol (F = 16.956, p < 0.001) and relative PER1/ARNTL gene expression (F = 122.1, p < 0.001) showed a delayed acrophase in both groups after bright light exposure. The high MDQ score group showed a significant delay in acrophase compared to the low MDQ score group only in salivary cortisol (F = 8.528, p = 0.008). The high MDQ score group showed hypersensitivity in cortisol rhythm shift after bright light exposure, suggesting characteristic molecular circadian rhythm changes in the high MDQ score group may be related to biological processes downstream from core circadian clock gene expression.
Switching of both local ferroelectric and magnetic domains in multiferroic Bi0.9La0.1FeO3 thin film by mechanical force
Authors: Jia Tingting , Kimura Hideo , Cheng Zhenxiang , Zhao Hongyang 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCross-coupling of ordering parameters in multiferroic materials by multiple external stimuli other than electric field and magnetic field is highly desirable from both practical application and fundamental study points of view. Recently, mechanical force has attracted great attention in switching of ferroic ordering parameters via electro-elastic coupling in ferroelectric materials. In this work, mechanical force induced both polarization and magnetization switching were visualized in a polycrystalline multiferroic Bi0.9La0.1FeO3 thin film using a scanning probe microscopy system. The piezoresponse force microscopy and magnetic force microscopy responses suggest that both the ferroelectric domains and the magnetic domains in Bi0.9La0.1FeO3 film could be switched by mechanical force as well as by electric field. High tip stress applied on our thin film is demonstrated as able to induce ferroelastic switching and thus induce both ferroelectric dipole and magnetic spin flipping, as a consequence of electro-elastic coupling and magneto-electric coupling. The demonstration of mechanical force control of both the ferroelectric and the magnetic domains at room temperature provides a new freedom for manipulation of multiferroics and could result in devices with novel functionalities.
On the Thermal and Thermodynamic (In)Stability of Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskites
Authors: Brunetti Bruno , Cavallo Carmen , Ciccioli Andrea , Gigli Guido , Latini Alessandro 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe interest of the scientific community on methylammonium lead halide perovskites (MAPbX3, X = Cl, Br, I) for hybrid organic-inorganic solar cells has grown exponentially since the first report in 2009. This fact is clearly justified by the very high efficiencies attainable (reaching 20% in lab scale devices) at a fraction of the cost of conventional photovoltaics. However, many problems must be solved before a market introduction of these devices can be envisaged. Perhaps the most important to be addressed is the lack of information regarding the thermal and thermodynamic stability of the materials towards decomposition, which are intrinsic properties of them and which can seriously limit or even exclude their use in real devices. In this work we present and discuss the results we obtained using non-ambient X-ray diffraction, Knudsen effusion-mass spectrometry (KEMS) and Knudsen effusion mass loss (KEML) techniques on MAPbCl3, MAPbBr3 and MAPbI3. The measurements demonstrate that all the materials decompose to the corresponding solid lead (II) halide and gaseous methylamine and hydrogen halide and the decomposition is well detectable even at moderate temperatures (~60 °C). Our results suggest that these materials may be problematic for long term operation of solar devices.
Is Neuromuscular Blocker Necessary in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair with Percutaneous Internal Ring Suturing?
Authors: İnce İlker , Ahiskalioglu Elif , Oral Akgun , Aksoy Mehmet , Yiğiter Murat , Celikkaya Mehmet , Salman Ahmet , Ahiskalioglu Ali 
Published: August 2016

Purpose The aim of this study is to evaluate operating conditions during general anesthesia with or without neuromuscular blocker (NMB) in patients undergoing percutaneous internal ring suturing (PIRS).
Materials and Methods In this study, 40 patients, with American Society of Anesthesiologists I and II between the ages of 1 and 12 years, were randomly assigned to two groups to receive muscle relaxant with endotracheal tube (ETT) (ETT group) or without muscle relaxant with supreme laryngeal mask airway (sLMA) (LMA group). Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen (Fio
2 0.3–0.5), thiopental sodium, fentanyl, and rocuronium in ETT group. In LMA group, same protocol was used without rocuronium. Heart rate, blood pressure, peak airway pressure, end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2), and Spo
2 were recorded before and during pneumoperitoneum maintained at a pressure of 8 to 10 mm Hg. Duration of surgery, recovery time, anesthetic time, and grade of quality view were also recorded. Airway problems (cough, hoarseness, laryngospasm, and aspiration) were recorded.
Results In LMA group, there was a statistically significant reduction in recovery time versus ETT group (11.6 ± 4.08 vs. 17.15 ± 5.32 minutes; p = 0,001). There were no statistically significant differences grade of quality view between the two groups (p = 0.548). There were no statistically significant differences in oxygen saturation (Spo
2), peak airway pressure, and EtCO2 between the two groups before or during insufflation (p > 0.05). Postoperative airway complications were significantly more prevalent in the ETT group. There was no case of inadequate ventilation, regurgitation, or aspiration recorded.
Conclusion sLMA is safe and suitable alternative to ETT and NMB is not necessary in general anesthesia with sLMA, pediatric patients undergoing laparoscopic hernia repair with PIRS.
ECIL guidelines for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with haematological malignancies and stem cell transplant recipients
Authors: Alanio Alexandre , Hauser Philippe M. , Lagrou Katrien , Melchers Willem J. G. , Helweg-Larsen Jannik , Matos Olga , Cesaro Simone , Maschmeyer Georg , Einsele Hermann , Donnelly J. Peter , Cordonnier Catherine , Maertens Johan , Bretagne Stéphane 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe Fifth European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL-5) convened a meeting to establish evidence-based recommendations for using tests to diagnose Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) in adult patients with haematological malignancies. Immunofluorescence assays are recommended as the most sensitive microscopic method (recommendation A-II). Real-time PCR is recommended for the routine diagnosis of PCP (A-II). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid is recommended as the best specimen as it yields good negative predictive value (A-II). Non-invasive specimens can be suitable alternatives (B-II), acknowledging that PCP cannot be ruled out in case of a negative PCR result (A-II). Detecting β-d-glucan in serum can contribute to the diagnosis but not the follow-up of PCP (A-II). A negative serum β-d-glucan result can exclude PCP in a patient at risk (A-II), whereas a positive test result may indicate other fungal infections. Genotyping using multilocus sequence markers can be used to investigate suspected outbreaks (A-II). The routine detection of dihydropteroate synthase mutations in cases of treatment failure is not recommended (B-II) since these mutations do not affect response to high-dose co-trimoxazole. The clinical utility of these diagnostic tests for the early management of PCP should be further assessed in prospective, randomized interventional studies.
Neuroanatomy
Authors: Mahadevan Vishy 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The nervous system is descriptively divided into the central nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system comprising 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, the ganglia associated with the cranial and spinal nerves, and the right and left sympathetic chains and parasympathetic nerves. The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by three, concentrically arranged layers of protective membranes: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. Between the arachnoid mater and pia mater is the subarachnoid space in which is contained cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Besides serving as a ‘cushion’ for the brain and spinal cord within their respective bony enclosures, CSF plays an important role in the exchange of nutrients and waste metabolites between the blood and neurons of the brain and spinal cord.
Metabolic pathways, nutrition, and abnormalities
Authors: Harmey Judith H. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Metabolic pathways are highly coordinated and regulated to meet the body’s energy requirements throughout the day and night, and provide molecules required for tissue growth and maintenance. When nutrients are plentiful anabolic processes build up stores (glycogen, fats) which can be used catabolically to generate energy when nutrients are scarce. High-energy molecules generated by the oxidation of nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) are used as an energy source for processes such as active transport and muscle contraction. During the breakdown of nutrients, energy is captured in the form of electrons by electron carriers such as NAD+ in redox reactions. Transfer of these electrons through the complexes of the electron transport chain results in a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This proton motive force is used to drive oxidative phosphorylation forming adenosine triphosphate. Diabetes is described as an example of metabolic abnormality with brief descriptions of obesity and inborn errors of metabolism.
Cardiovascular
Authors: Bradford Aidan 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter describes the heart cycle including the details of the electrocardiogram, pressure and volume changes that occur in the atria, ventricles, and aorta, and the relationship of these changes to each other along with movements of the heart valves, the heart sounds, and murmurs. The electrophysiology of the sinoatrial node and ventricular muscle action potential is delineated including the phases of the action potential and the ion movements that cause these phases. The electrocardiogram is described including the underlying electrophysiology, methods of recording and lead systems, normal and abnormal waveforms, the electrical axis, and arrhythmogenesis. Arterial baroreceptors and their effects on the sympathetic innervation of the heart and blood vessels and on the parasympathetic innervation of the heart are described. Baroreflex control of heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, venous return, and blood pressure is explained as well as intrinsic control of cardiac output (i.e. Starling’s law). Preload, afterload, and contractility are defined. Factors that determine venous return are outlined (pressure gradient, nervous control, muscle pump, respiratory pump, gravity). Control of tissue blood flow by autoregulation (myogenic mechanism as well as by vasodilator metabolites) and control of cardiac output, venous return, and blood pressure are explained. Fundamental haemodynamic principles are defined such as Poiseuille’s law, Reynold’s number, and Laplace’s law. The Starling forces that regulate exchange between capillaries and interstitial fluid and the role of these forces in oedema formation are outlined. The chapter concludes with a description of the physiology of the cerebral and coronary circulations.
Respiratory
Authors: Bradford Aidan 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The chapter begins with a description of the primary, accessory, and airway respiratory muscles and their actions and the pressure changes that occur in the alveoli and in the pleural space during breathing and during a simple and tension pneumothorax. The lung volumes and capacities, respiratory frequency, and minute ventilation are defined along with forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), the FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio, peak expiratory flow, anatomical and physiological dead space, and alveolar ventilation. The use of FEV1 and the FEV1/FVC ratio to distinguish obstructive from restrictive diseases is described. Concepts such as compliance, lung recoil, and the role of surface tension, Laplace’s law, and surfactant are explained along with airway resistance (neural control, radial traction, silent zone), ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch, the gradients of blood flow, ventilation, and V/Q ratio from apex to base, venous admixture, hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, wasted ventilation, and shunting. The transport of oxygen, the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve, the Bohr effect, abnormal oxygen transport (such as anaemia, methaemoglobinaemia, carboxyhaemoglobinaemia, and sickle cell anaemia), carbon dioxide transport, and the Haldane effect are detailed. The control of breathing by means of respiratory centres (pre-Botzinger, pneumotaxic and apneustic centres), airway and lung receptors (Hering–Breuer inflation, irritant and J receptors) and peripheral (carotid and aortic bodies), and central chemoreceptors is explained along with abnormal control such as with oxygenation in chronic asphyxia and Cheyne–Stokes breathing. The chapter ends with an outline of the acute and chronic effects of altitude on the respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, and central nervous systems including the effects of acute and chronic mountain sickness.
Blood-borne viruses
Authors: Burton-Fanning Shirelle , Waugh Sheila 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The principal viruses transmitted via blood are hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These viruses are of particular importance in surgical practice because of the potential for transmission during invasive procedures. Prevalence and incidence varies geographically and within particular risk groups, and transmission may be vertical, sexual, or parenteral. HBV infection is more likely to be cleared by a patient than HCV. HIV infection is chronic. Specialist treatment is available for all viruses and aims for long-term disease-free survival. The risk of transmission in the healthcare setting can be reduced by following infection control guidance. Healthcare workers with blood-borne viruses are not prohibited from working but may be restricted from working in particularly settings. Risk of transmission following an exposure incident varies, with HBV being most easily transmitted. Post-exposure prophylaxis is available for HIV and HBV but not HCV. Pre-exposure vaccination against HBV is available to provide immunity to those at risk.
Hepatobiliary and pancreatic disorders
Authors: Jones Robert P. , Dunne Declan , Poston Graeme J. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Hepatobiliary and pancreatic disorders are common. Gallstones afflict a quarter of the population by the age of 80, and cholecystectomy is one of the most commonly performed general surgical operations. Acute cholecystitis and acute pancreatitis remain frequent causes for emergency admission to hospital. While these conditions, and their common complications remain within the remit of the general or upper gastrointestinal surgeon, cancers of, and trauma to, the liver, bile ducts, and pancreas are increasingly in the domain of the specialist hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgeon, even to the point where many such surgeons now designate themselves as hepatobiliary or pancreatic surgeons.
Acute limb ischaemia
Authors: Beckitt Timothy A. , Smith Frank C. T. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Acute limb ischaemia is a life- and limb-threatening condition with a mortality rate as high as 22%. Historically, the leading cause was embolization due to rheumatic heart disease, and whilst the underlying source of emboli remains primarily cardiac, the majority of cases of acute limb ischaemia are now secondary to underlying atherosclerosis. Rapid assessment of limb viability and systemic anticoagulation are essential as patients may require immediate intervention. Surgical embolectomy or bypass remain the mainstay for emergency intervention, but for the limb that is not immediately threatened, catheter-directed thrombolysis presents an alternative. Completion angiography is essential following both embolectomy and thrombolysis. Successful reperfusion carries a significant risk of compartment syndrome and consideration should be given to prophylactic fasciotomies in severe ischaemia.
Common fractures and complications
Authors: Sharma Hemant , Sherman Kevin 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The successful treatment of a patient with a fracture depends on selecting the most appropriate treatment method for the bony injury itself and the careful management of the inevitable associated soft tissue injuries. Many fractures can be treated in more than one way and the method chosen will depend upon many factors. These factors may include the patient’s occupation, general health, the configuration of the fracture, and the integrity of surrounding soft tissue structures.The individual patient’s attitude to relative risk is also important when obtaining informed consent. The management of a fracture involves taking a relevant history, assessing the nature and extent of the injury including both bony and the soft tissue components, dealing expeditiously with any findings that may threaten life or limb or that may lead to an eventual adverse outcome, initial and then definitive treatment. Consideration should also be given to prevention of future injuries.
Soft tissue masses
Authors: Kang Mandeep , Ward David 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Soft tissue tumours are a large and heterogeneous group of neoplasms with numerous histological subtypes. Malignant soft tissue masses account for less than 1% of all malignant tumours but they are life-threatening and pose a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. There is an association of soft tissue tumour development with exposure to certain chemicals, high-dose radiation, some viral infections, and specific genetic abnormalities. In most cases, the aetiology is unknown. They are classified according to various parameters including location, growth pattern, likelihood of recurrence, presence and distribution of metastatic disease, patient age, and prognosis. Patients initially may be asymptomatic during the early stages of tumour development. As the mass matures and grows, discomfort may ensue from pressure exerted upon surrounding structures. Diagnosis is generally confirmed via an accumulation of tests, including radiological analysis, tissue biopsy, and sentinel lymph node investigation. Benign soft tissue masses are common and can either be left untreated or treated by surgery alone. Malignant soft tissue masses require a multidisciplinary and multimodality approach for clinical evaluation and management. The mainstay of treatment is surgical excision or tumour debulking with adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy.
Principles of chemotherapy
Authors: Jones Robert P. , McWhirter Derek , Poston Graeme J. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Systemic therapies (chemotherapy and biological therapies) have improved significantly over the last twenty years for the treatment of solid (within the domain of the surgeon) cancers. While very few of these tumours (including some germ cell tumours and lymphomas) might be curable with systemic therapy alone, systemic treatments play an increasingly important role in reducing the risk of recurrent disease after apparently successful cancer surgery, either administered before surgery in the neo-adjuvant setting, or after surgery in the adjuvant setting. Furthermore, many patients who present with disease so advanced that initially it is not amenable to surgery with curative intent might be brought to surgery with a good response following induction chemotherapy. In addition, systemic therapies now frequently offer significant prolongation of life when administered in the palliative setting to those patients whose cancers have progressed beyond the capabilities of the surgeon to achieve cure.
Hormonal therapy in cancer
Authors: Dunne Declan , McWhirter Derek , Poston Graeme J. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Surgical resection remains the gold standard of curative treatment for most solid organ cancers. However, a large proportion of patients are not suitable for curative surgical intervention, and in those who are, the addition of medical therapy in the perioperative setting may improve outcomes. In tumours arising from hormonally active tissue, manipulation of endocrine pathways can significantly alter tumour progression and tumour related symptoms. Endocrine or hormonal therapy is commonly used in breast cancer, prostate cancer and neuroendocrine tumours, targeted at hormone receptors expressed by the individual tumour.
History taking and information gathering
Authors: Marshall Michelle , Woodley Caroline 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Good history-taking is paramount in developing a differential diagnosis, and its importance cannot outweigh the signs elicited on physical examination and the results obtained from diagnostic tests. In this chapter we consider both the content of the surgical history and the processes employed when obtaining a history, highlighting the use of good communication skills. The objectives for the history-taking part of any consultation are to develop an effective doctor-patient relationship, to obtain an accurate and comprehensive picture of the patient’s medical condition, and to understand how the disease impacts on the patient as an individual. The initial stages of the consultation will set the scene for all future encounters with the patient. It is essential that the clinician and patient work in partnership to obtain the best clinical and psychological outcome.
Nutritional management of the surgical patient
Authors: Soop Mattias , Carlson Gordon 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Malnutrition increases postoperative morbidity and mortality and early intervention reduces this risk. Plasma protein concentrations and body weight are unreliable because underlying disease frequently alters them. Simple scoring systems such as the MUST score are reliable and should be incorporated into routine care. Most patients can safely resume an oral diet soon after surgery and feeding proximal to a new small or large bowel anastomosis is safe and advantageous. Contraindications include patients with a new anastomosis in the upper gastrointestinal tract, postoperative small bowel obstruction, and ileus. In acute intestinal failure, artificial nutritional support (enteral and/or parenteral) must be commenced at an appropriate time.. Common complications include catheter related sepsis, refeeding syndrome, hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, and liver steatosis. Close collaboration with a nutrition support team is essential.