bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exposure‐Response of Palonosetron for Prevention of Chemotherapy‐Induced Nausea and Vomiting in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Wang Jian , Mehrotra Nitin , Kim Insook , Lee Sue‐Chih , Sohrabi Farrokh , He Ruyi , Mulberg Andrew , Sinha Vikram , Ahn Hae‐Young , Bashaw Dennis , Griebel Donna 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTObjectives:Extrapolation of efficacy from adult populations to pediatrics may be appropriate if it is reasonable to assume that the 2 populations have similar disease progression and response to intervention. When full extrapolation of efficacy is deemed appropriate, the pediatric dose can be determined by “matching” exposure to a drug with that observed in adult patients. This approach has been used in certain therapeutic areas to alleviate the burden of pediatric clinical trials. We present here a case in which exposure matching is not appropriate.Methods:Data analyses including pharmacokinetics and exposure‐response were performed using data obtained from 2 pediatric chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting trials for intravenously administered palonosetron (Aloxi; a 5‐HT3 receptor antagonist) injection and the results were compared with adult findings.Results:At the approved doses for adults (0.25 mg) and pediatric patients (20 μg/kg), mean systemic exposure (area under the curve) of palonosetron in pediatric patients was approximately 3‐fold higher than that in adults, whereas the response rate was similar between the 2 populations. Across pediatric patients, those younger than 6 years of age appeared to have a higher response than those ages 6 years or older, even though estimated systemic exposure was comparable between these age groups.Conclusions:Overall, these analyses provide an example in which pediatric and adult exposure data alone are insufficient to adequately identify effective pediatric doses and raise questions about the appropriateness of exposure matching for other drugs in the same therapeutic class. In such cases, pediatric dose‐ranging and efficacy studies are needed.
Ultrasonography and Computed Tomographic Manifestations of Abdominal Sarcoidosis in Children
Authors: Morel Baptiste , Sileo Chiara , Epaud Ralph , Blondiaux Eléonore , Nathan Nadia , Corvol Harriet , Tounian Patrick , Le Pointe Hubert Ducou 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTObjectives:Sarcoidosis is a multisystem, granulomatous inflammatory disease affecting both pediatric and adult patients. So far in children, very few radiological descriptions of abdominal sarcoidosis manifestations have been reported. The present study describes the frequency and the appearance of abdominal radiologic manifestations in pediatric patients with histologically proven sarcoidosis.Methods:We reviewed retrospectively all of the radiological examinations of 22 patients ages 1 to 15 years at diagnosis with proven sarcoidosis evaluated in a university pediatric hospital between 1994 and 2014. The locations of biopsies and the angiotensin‐converting enzyme level were reported. The size, shape, and parenchymal homogeneity of the liver and spleen, the presence of abdominal lymph nodes, and abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract were tabulated.Results:The study included 22 children (mean age: 9.9 ± 2.8 years). The liver was the most frequent location of biopsy (12/22), even without radiological involvement. Abdominal manifestations were present in 11 of 22 children with sarcoidosis. Hepatomegaly was the most frequent abnormality, reported in 8 of 11 cases either homogeneous (n = 7) or nodular (n = 1). Homogeneous lymph node enlargement was noted in 6 of 11 cases and splenomegaly in 4 of 11 cases. No calcification was observed. All patients with initial abdominal sarcoidosis had simultaneous thoracic involvement.Conclusions:Abdominal manifestations in children sarcoidosis are frequent but often nonspecific. Nodular hepatosplenomegaly is rare. All of our patients with abdominal abnormalities had a more specific associated thoracic involvement. Awareness of this association could assist the clinicians in assessing the initial diagnosis of abdominal sarcoidosis in children.
Long-term Effectiveness of Modified Electroconvulsive Therapy Compared With Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the Treatment of Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Jin Xi-long , Xu Wei-qin , Le Ya-juan , Dai Xiong-kai 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This retrospective study recruited 150 patients with recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD) who received modified electroconvulsive therapy (MECT) and 150 cases treated with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), which aimed to compare the short- and long-term effectiveness, as well as economic outcomes, of MECT and rTMS with a large sample size in patients with recurrent MDD. The results showed that the response rate of patients in the rTMS group was lower than that in the MECT group (46.0% vs 58.7%, p < 0.05). Patients in the rTMS group had elevated rate of dizziness, but reduced rates of poor memory and headache, as well as lower costs compared with the MECT group (p < 0.05). Importantly, we found that the relapse-free survival of patients was similar between the rTMS and MECT groups in the long term. In conclusion, rTMS is an alternative method for MECT in the treatment of patients with recurrent MDD.
Outcomes Following Single and Recurrent In-Hospital Cardiac Arrests in Children With Heart Disease: A Report From American Heart Association’s Get With the Guidelines Registry–Resuscitation
Authors: Gupta Punkaj , Pasquali Sara K. , Jacobs Jeffrey P. , Jacobs Marshall L. , Tang Xinyu , Gossett Jeffrey M. , Gaynor J. William , Praestgaard Amy H. , Schexnayder Stephen M. , Berg Robert A. , Nadkarni Vinay M. 
Published: February 2016

Objectives:
Little is known regarding patient characteristics and outcomes associated with cardiac arrest in hospitalized children with underlying heart disease. We described clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes in cardiac patients with both single and recurrent cardiac arrests.

Design:
Retrospective analysis evaluating characteristics and outcomes in single versus recurrent arrest groups in unadjusted and adjusted analyses.

Setting:
American Heart Association’s Get with the Guidelines–Resuscitation registry (2000–2010).

Patients:
Children younger than 18 years, identified with medical or surgical cardiac disease and one or more in-hospital cardiac arrest.

Interventions:
None.

Measurement and Main Results:
One thousand eight hundred and eighty-nine patients with 2,387 cardiac arrests from 157 centers met inclusion criteria: 1,546 (82%) with a single arrest and 343 (18%) with a recurrent arrest. More than two thirds of recurrent cardiac arrests occurred in ICUs, and those with recurrent arrest had a higher prevalence of baseline comorbidities (e.g., more likely to be mechanically ventilated and receiving vasoactive infusions). Overall survival to hospital discharge was 51%, and was lower in the recurrent versus single arrest group (41% vs 53%; p < 0.001). In analysis adjusted for baseline comorbidities, there was no longer a statistically significant association between recurrent arrest and survival (odds ratio, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.33–1.63; p = 0.45). In stratified analysis, the relationship between recurrent arrest and lower survival was more prominent in the surgical-cardiac (odds ratio, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.14–1.11; p = 0.09) versus medical-cardiac (odds ratio, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.28–3.30; p = 0.95) group.

Conclusions:
In this large multicenter study, half of pediatric cardiac patients who suffered a cardiac arrest survived to hospital discharge. Lower survival in the group with recurrent arrest may be explained in part by the higher prevalence of baseline comorbidities in these patients, and surgical cardiac patients appeared to be at greatest risk. Further study is necessary to develop strategies to reduce subsequent mortality in these high-risk patients.
Cyberoperations and international humanitarian law
Authors: Pipyros Kosmas , Mitrou Lilian , Gritzalis Dimitris , Apostolopoulos Theodoros 
Published: February 2016

Purpose
– The increasing number of cyber attacks has transformed the “cyberspace” into a “battlefield”, bringing out “cyber warfare” as the “fifth dimension of war” and emphasizing the States’ need to effectively protect themselves against these attacks. The existing legal framework seem inadequate to deal effectively with cyber operations and, from a strictly legal standpoint, it indicates that addressing cyber attacks does not fall within the jurisdiction of just one legal branch. This is mainly because of the fact that the concept of cyber warfare itself is open to many different interpretations, ranging from cyber operations performed by the States within the context of armed conflict, under International Humanitarian Law, to illicit activities of all kinds performed by non-State actors including cybercriminals and terrorist groups. The paper initially presents major cyber-attack incidents and their impact on the States. On this basis, it examines the existing legal framework at the European and international levels. Furthermore, it approaches “cyber warfare” from the perspective of international law and focuses on two major issues relating to cyber operations, i.e. “jurisdiction” and “attribution”. The multi-layered process of attribution in combination with a variety of jurisdictional bases in international law makes the successful tackling of cyber attacks difficult. The paper aims to identify technical, legal and, last but not least, political difficulties and emphasize the complexity in applying international law rules in cyber operations.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper focuses on the globalization of the “cyber warfare phenomenon” by observing its evolutionary process from the early stages of its appearance until today. It examines the scope, duration and intensity of major cyber-attacks throughout the years in relation to the reactions of the States that were the victims. Having this as the base of discussion, it expands further by exemplifying “cyber warfare” from the perspective of the existing European and International legal framework. The main aim of this part is to identify and analyze major obstacles that arise, for instance in terms of “jurisdiction” and “attribution” in applying international law rules to “cyber warfare”.

Findings
– The absence of a widely accepted legal framework to regulate jurisdictional issues of cyber warfare and the technical difficulties in identifying, with absolute certainty, the perpetrators of an attack, make the successful tackling of cyber attacks difficult.

Originality/value
– The paper fulfills the need to identify difficulties in applying international law rules in cyber warfare and constitutes the basis for the creation of a method that will attempt to categorize and rank cyber operations in terms of their intensity and seriousness.
From “great expectations” to “hard times”
Authors: Hanage Richard , Scott Jonathan M , Davies Mark A.P. 
Published: February 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate how digital creative graduates develop new businesses on graduating from university, and how their creative, business and personal lives interact until their nascent ventures fail financially.

Design/methodology/approach
– Seven digital creative nascent graduate entrepreneurs were followed for up to five years. Although independently assessed as having promise of business success, they were young and lacked business experience. They were followed through six-monthly semi-structured interviews which investigated their business, creative and personal development. The interviews were transcribed and key statements manually coded and extracted for analysis to identify issues, tipping points and outcomes.

Findings
– The primary contribution is the finding that, despite a promising beginning and very generous start-up support, all seven nascent ventures failed financially and most were closed down in favour of employment, particularly when personal issues such as parenthood sharpened the need for stable levels of income. The graduates demonstrated weaknesses in their commercial skills, especially selling (human capital) and insufficient utilization of networks (social capital) so that in the mainly mature low entry-barrier markets they were entering they were at a disadvantage from the outset. The research has also demonstrated the value of a real-time longitudinal qualitative approach to investigating businesses from business start-up to eventual exit.

Practical implications
– The insights gained have practical implications for start-up and survival support for creative graduate businesses, as well as raising issues about the effectiveness of postgraduate entrepreneurship education and cultural policy relating to this economically important sub-sector.

Originality/value
– The longitudinal approach has brought new insights and indicates several areas where more research would be valuable, especially in dealing with the consequences of unsuccessful nascent business ventures.
Entrepreneurs’ optimism, cognitive style and persistence
Authors: Adomako Samuel , Danso Albert , Uddin Moshfique , Damoah John Ofori 
Published: February 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine the moderating effects of cognitive style dimensions on the relationship between entrepreneurs’ optimism and persistence.Design/methodology/approach– This theoretically derived research model is empirically validated using survey data from 198 small and medium-sized enterprises in Ghana.Findings– The study’s empirical findings are that the relationship between entrepreneurs’ optimism and entrepreneurial persistence is enhanced at higher levels of cognitive planning and creating styles. Somewhat interestingly, cognitive knowing style negatively moderates the relationship between optimism and entrepreneurial persistence.Research limitations/implications– The cross-sectional design of the study does not permit causal inferences to be made regarding the variables examined. Future studies may use longitudinal design to examine the causal links of the variables.Practical implications– The results of this paper can assist entrepreneurs and policy-makers in understanding the dynamics and processes involved in entrepreneurial decision making. The understanding of this issue can promote the development and maintenance of entrepreneurial ventures.Originality/value– The paper has a strong theoretical value as it relies on cognitive explanations of human behaviour, and seeks to advance the theoretical field by demonstrating the value of cognitive style within the domain of entrepreneurship.
Information and consumer willingness to pay for biofortified yellow cassava: evidence from experimental auctions in Nigeria
Authors: Oparinde Adewale , Banerji Abhijit , Birol Ekin , Ilona Paul 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn this article, we use the Becker‐DeGroot‐Marschak mechanism to estimate consumer demand for biofortified yellow cassava varieties in two states of Nigeria: Imo in the southeast and Oyo in the southwest. These two states exhibit distinct habitual product color preferences for staple food made with cassava. We estimate the effect of nutrition information campaigns and nature of planting material delivery institutions on consumer demand. Willingness to pay estimations account for the effect of product endowment, censoring in bids and nonpayment. In Oyo, consumers are willing to pay a premium for light yellow cassava variety even in the absence of nutrition information. The article finds that nutrition information results in a large and significant price premium for biofortified cassava in both states, and the nature of delivery institution has no significant effect.
Age at adiposity rebound and body mass index trajectory from early childhood to adolescence; differences by breastfeeding and maternal immigration background
Authors: Besharat Pour M. , Bergström A. , Bottai M. , Magnusson J. , Kull I. , Moradi T. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryObjectiveThis paper aims to assess association between breastfeeding and maternal immigration background and body mass index development trajectories from age 2 to 16 years.MethodsA cohort of children born in Stockholm during 1994 to 1996 was followed from age 2 to 16 years with repeated measurement of height and weight at eight time points (n = 2278). Children were categorized into groups by breastfeeding status during the first 6 months of life and maternal immigration background. Body mass index (BMI) trajectories and age at adiposity rebound were estimated using mixed‐effects linear models.ResultsBody mass index trajectories were different by breastfeeding and maternal immigration status (P‐value < 0.0001). Compared with exclusively breastfed counterparts, never/short breastfed children of Swedish mothers had a higher BMI trajectory, whereas never/short breastfed children of immigrant mothers followed a lower BMI trajectory. Ages at adiposity rebound were earlier for higher BMI trajectories regardless of maternal immigration background.ConclusionDifferences in BMI trajectories between offspring of immigrant and of Swedish mothers suggest a lack of beneficial association between breastfeeding and long‐term BMI development among children of immigrant mothers. Given the relation between long‐term BMI development and risk of overweight/obesity, these differences challenge the notion that exclusive breastfeeding is always beneficial for children's BMI development and subsequent risk of overweight/obesity.
A methodological review of qualitative case study methodology in midwifery research
Authors: Atchan Marjorie , Davis Deborah , Foureur Maralyn 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimTo explore the use and application of case study research in midwifery.BackgroundCase study research provides rich data for the analysis of complex issues and interventions in the healthcare disciplines; however, a gap in the midwifery research literature was identified.DesignA methodological review of midwifery case study research using recognized templates, frameworks and reporting guidelines facilitated comprehensive analysis.Data SourcesAn electronic database search using the date range January 2005–December 2014: Maternal and Infant Care, CINAHL Plus, Academic Search Complete, Web of Knowledge, SCOPUS, Medline, Health Collection (Informit), Cochrane Library Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, Wiley online and ProQuest Central.Review MethodsNarrative evaluation was undertaken. Clearly worded questions reflected the problem and purpose. The application, strengths and limitations of case study methods were identified through a quality appraisal process.ResultsThe review identified both case study research's applicability to midwifery and its low uptake, especially in clinical studies. Many papers included the necessary criteria to achieve rigour. The included measures of authenticity and methodology were varied. A high standard of authenticity was observed, suggesting authors considered these elements to be routine inclusions. Technical aspects were lacking in many papers, namely a lack of reflexivity and incomplete transparency of processes.ConclusionThis review raises the profile of case study research in midwifery. Midwives will be encouraged to explore if case study research is suitable for their investigation. The raised profile will demonstrate further applicability; encourage support and wider adoption in the midwifery setting.
Electrophysiological and morphological changes in colonic myenteric neurons from chemotherapy‐treated patients: a pilot study
Authors: Carbone S. E. , Jovanovska V. , Brookes S. J. H. , Nurgali K. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundPatients receiving anticancer chemotherapy experience a multitude of gastrointestinal side‐effects. However, the causes of these symptoms are uncertain and whether these therapeutics directly affect the enteric nervous system is unknown. Our aim was to determine whether the function and morphology of myenteric neurons are altered in specimens of the colon from chemotherapy‐treated patients.MethodsColon specimens were compared from chemotherapy‐treated and non‐treated patients following colorectal resections for removal of carcinoma. Intracellular electrophysiological recordings from myenteric neurons and immunohistochemistry were performed in whole mount preparations.Key ResultsMyenteric S neurons from chemotherapy‐treated patients were hyperexcitable; more action potentials (11.4 ± 9.4, p < 0.05) were fired in response to depolarising current pulses than in non‐treated patients (1.4 ± 0.5). The rheobase and the threshold to evoke action potentials were significantly lower for neurons from chemotherapy‐treated patients compared to neurons from non‐treated patients (p < 0.01). Fast excitatory postsynaptic potential reversal potential was more positive in neurons from chemotherapy‐treated patients (p < 0.05). An increase in the number of neurons with translocation of Hu protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus was observed in specimens from chemotherapy‐treated patients (103 ± 25 neurons/mm2, 37.2 ± 7.0%, n = 8) compared to non‐treated (26 ± 5 neurons/mm2, 11.9 ± 2.7%, n = 12, p < 0.01). An increase in the soma size of neuronal nitric oxide synthase‐immunoreactive neurons was also observed in these specimens.Conclusions & InferencesThis is the first study suggesting functional and structural changes in human myenteric neurons in specimens of colon from patients receiving anticancer chemotherapy. These changes may contribute to the causation of gastrointestinal symptoms experienced by chemotherapy‐treated patients.
Canine Stifle Biomechanics Associated With a Novel Extracapsular Articulating Implant Predicted Using a Computer Model
Authors: Bertocci Gina E. , Brown Nathan P. , Embleton Neil A. , Barkowski Veronica J. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveTo evaluate the influence of the Simitri Stable in Stride™ extracapsular articulating implant (EAI) on canine stifle biomechanics in the cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL)‐deficient stifle using a 3‐dimensional (3D) quasi‐static rigid body canine pelvic limb computer model simulating the stance phase of gait.Study DesignComputer simulations.AnimalsFive‐year‐old neutered male golden retriever (33 kg).MethodsThe EAI was implemented in a previously developed 3D CrCL‐deficient canine pelvic limb computer simulation model. Ligament loads, relative tibial translation, and relative tibial rotation were determined and compared to the CrCL‐intact and CrCL‐deficient stifle.ResultsThe EAI significantly increased peak caudal cruciate and medial collateral ligament loads, significantly changed when peak lateral collateral ligament load occurred, and did not significantly affect peak patellar ligament load compared to the CrCL‐intact stifle. Compared to the CrCL‐deficient stifle, peak caudal cruciate, lateral collateral, and medial collateral ligament loads significantly decreased in the EAI‐managed stifle. Despite decreased peak caudal cruciate ligament loading, the EAI‐managed stifle generated local maxima that exceeded those of the CrCL‐deficient stifle at various intervals of stance. Peak relative tibial translation and rotation significantly decreased in the EAI‐managed stifle compared to the CrCL‐deficient stifle.ConclusionModel‐predicted stifle biomechanics differed after EAI system application in the CrCL‐deficient stifle, but were not restored to that of the CrCL‐intact stifle.