bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nanotechnology combined therapy: tyrosine kinase‐bound gold nanorod and laser thermal ablation produce a synergistic higher treatment response of renal cell carcinoma in a murine model
Authors: Liu James , Abshire Caleb , Carry Connor , Sholl Andrew B. , Mandava Sree Harsha , Datta Amrita , Ranjan Manish , Callaghan Cameron , Peralta Donna V. , Williams Kristen S. , Lai Weil R. , Abdel‐Mageed Asim B. , Tarr Matthew , Lee Benjamin R. 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveTo investigate tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) and gold nanorods (AuNRs) paired with photothermal ablation in a human metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) mouse model. Nanoparticles have been successful as a platform for targeted drug delivery in the treatment of urological cancers. Likewise, the use of nanoparticles in photothermal tumour ablation, although early in its development, has provided promising results. Our previous in vitro studies of nanoparticles loaded with both TKI and AuNRs and activated with photothermal ablation have shown significant synergistic cell kill greater than each individual arm alone. This study is a translation of our initial findings to an in vivo model.Materials and MethodsImmunologically naïve nude mice (athymic nude‐Foxn1nu) were injected subcutaneously bilaterally in both flanks (n = 36) with 2.5 × 106 cells of a human metastatic renal cell carcinoma cell line (RCC 786‐O). Subcutaneous xenograft tumours developed into 1‐cm palpable nodules. AuNRs encapsulated in human serum albumin protein (HSA) nanoparticles were synthesised with or without a TKI and injected directly into the tumour nodule. Irradiation was administered with an 808‐nm light‐emitting diode laser for 6 min. Mice were humanely killed 14 days after irradiation; tumours were excised, formalin fixed, paraffin embedded, and evaluated for size and the percentage of necrosis by a genitourinary pathologist. The untreated contralateral flank tumours were used as controls.ResultsIn mice that did not receive irradiation, TKI alone yielded 4.2% tumour necrosis on the injected side and administration of HSA‐AuNR‐TKI alone yielded 11.1% necrosis. In the laser‐ablation models, laser ablation alone yielded 62% necrosis and when paired with HSA‐AuNR there was 63.4% necrosis. The combination of laser irradiation and HSA‐AuNR‐TKI had cell kill rate of 100%.ConclusionsIn the absence of laser irradiation, TKI treatment alone or when delivered via nanoparticles produced moderate necrosis. Irradiation with and without gold particles alone also improves tumour necrosis. However, when irradiation is paired with gold particles and drug‐loaded nanoparticles, the combined therapy showed the most significant and synergistic complete tumour necrosis of 100% (P < 0.05). This study illustrates the potential of combination nanotechnology as a new approach in the treatment of urological cancers.
Synthesis of Met‐enkephalin by solution‐phase peptide synthesis methodology utilizing para‐toluene sulfonic acid as N‐terminal masking of l‐methionine amino acid
Authors: Khan Riaz A. 
Published: July 2016

The Met‐enkephalin, Tyr‐Gly‐Gly‐Phe‐Met, was synthesized by the solution‐phase synthesis (SPS) methodology employing ‐OBzl group as carboxyls' protection, while the t‐Boc groups were employed for the N‐terminal α‐amines' protection for the majority of the amino acids of the pentapeptide sequence. The l‐methionine (l‐Met) amino acid was used as PTSA.Met‐OBzl obtained from the simultaneous protection of the α‐amino, and carboxyl group with para‐toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA) and as‐OBzl ester, respectively in a C‐terminal start of the 2 + 2 + 1 fragments condensation convergent synthetic approach. The protection strategy provided a short, single‐step, simultaneous, orthogonal, nearly quantitative, robust, and stable process to carry through the protected l‐methionine and l‐phenylalanine coupling without any structural deformities during coupling and workups. The structurally confirmed final pentapeptide product was feasibly obtained in good yields through the current approach.
Functional brain organization of working memory in adolescents varies in relation to family income and academic achievement
Authors: Finn Amy S. , Minas Jennifer E. , Leonard Julia A. , Mackey Allyson P. , Salvatore John , Goetz Calvin , West Martin R. , Gabrieli Christopher F.O. , Gabrieli John D.E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWorking memory (WM) capacity reflects executive functions associated with performance on a wide range of cognitive tasks and education outcomes, including mathematics achievement, and is associated with dorsolateral prefrontal and parietal cortices. Here we asked if family income is associated with variation in the functional brain organization of WM capacity among adolescents, and whether that variation is associated with performance on a statewide test of academic achievement in mathematics. Participants were classified into higher‐income and lower‐income groups based on family income, and performed a WM task with a parametric manipulation of WM load (N‐back task) during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Behaviorally, the higher‐income group had greater WM capacity and higher mathematics achievement scores. Neurally, the higher‐income group showed greater activation as a function of WM load in bilateral prefrontal, parietal, and other regions, although the lower‐income group exhibited greater activation at the lowest load. Both groups exhibited positive correlations between parietal activations and mathematics achievement scores, but only the higher‐income group exhibited a positive correlation between prefrontal activations and mathematics scores. Most of these findings were maintained when higher‐ and lower‐income groups were matched on WM task performance or nonverbal IQ. Findings indicate that the functional neural architecture of WM varies with family income and is associated with education measures of mathematics achievement.
Healthy overweight/obese youth: early osteosarcopenic obesity features
Authors: Stefanaki Charikleia , Peppa Melpomeni , Boschiero Dario , Chrousos George P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundOsteosarcopenic obesity was recently described as a variant phenotype of obesity, mainly observed in old age. This nested case–control study was performed to detect the differences in body composition between young, healthy overweight/obese and healthy lean populations of both genders. Our null hypothesis was that except for the fat mass, there would be absence of body composition differences, namely skeletal muscle and bone masses, between the groups.MethodsWe used an advanced bio‐impedance device to determine the body composition and measured circulating CRP (hsCRP) and diurnal salivary cortisol concentrations, as indices of inflammation and chronic stress, respectively. Overall, 2551 subjects aged 18–21 years participated in the study.ResultsThe healthy lean group included 1072 participants [900 males (84%) and 172 females (16%)], and the healthy overweight/obese group included 1479 participants [74 males (5%) and 1405 females (95%)]. Healthy overweight/obese participants presented with an increased fat mass (P < 0·001), as expected, but lower muscle (P < 0·001) and bone (P < 0·001) masses than lean controls. These findings were accompanied by increased extracellular water compartments, circulating hsCRP levels and evening salivary cortisol concentrations in the healthy overweight/obese group.ConclusionsOur study suggests that ‘osteosarcopenic’ elements exist even in very young populations. These may represent a ‘precursor’ or forme fruste of the osteosarcopenic obesity phenotype in young healthy overweight/obese subjects, who may progressively develop osteosarcopenia in its full form at an older age. Our study highlights the significance of body composition analysis in medical practice, improving prevention and alleviating later health‐related economic burden.
The EFSA assessment of Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae as biocontrol agent of the invasive alien plant Acacia longifolia: a new area of activity for the EFSA Plant Health Panel?
Authors: Jeger M. J. , Pautasso M. , Stancanelli G. , Vos S. 
Published: July 2016

This paper summarizes the first assessment by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Plant Health (PLH) Panel of a biological control agent (BCA) of an invasive plant. This followed a request by the European Union (EU) Commission to assess the risk to plant health in the EU of an intentional release of the bud‐galling wasp Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae for the control of Acacia longifolia. The EFSA PLH Panel also published a statement on the process of assessing the risk of the intentional releases of BCAs of invasive alien plants. Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae feeds on A. longifolia and Acacia floribunda. Acacia longifolia is an invasive alien plant species that has a negative effect on biodiversity and ecosystems in Portugal, whereas A. floribunda is not invasive in the EU. Both species are cultivated as ornamental plants in some EU countries. Climatic conditions in the EU are suitable for establishment of T. acaciaelongifoliae where host species are present. This BCA is moderately likely to spread in the EU by natural means, but could be intentionally moved to control A. longifolia in other locations. Its potential effects on invasive A. longifolia and on the cultivated ornamentals were assessed. The EFSA PLH Panel has shown with this work how such advice could be provided in the European Union.
The regulation of biological control of weeds in Europe – an evolving landscape
Authors: Shaw R. , Schaffner U. , Marchante E. 
Published: July 2016

After a difficult start, classical biological control of weeds is becoming recognized as an option for management of invasive plants in European Union (EU) Member States with intentional releases in three countries over the past 5 years. Many European countries are benefitting from the presence of Stenopelmus rufinasus, the azolla weevil, which has been accidentally introduced to the region. However, the UK experience with the official release of the psyllid Aphalara itadori against Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) and the subsequent release of the rust Puccinia komarovii var glanduliferae against Impatiens glandulifera showed the regulatory framework that could be followed by EU Member States. This process was followed in advance of the subsequent release of Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae, a specific Australian bud‐galling wasp, against the invasive Acacia longifolia in Portugal. Soon the case of Ophraella communa, another accidental introduction that is severely limiting Ambrosia artemisiifolia populations, will influence affected countries, some of which have been uninterested in this technique until now, to consider the advantages and disadvantages of classical biocontrol. The future looks bright for classical weed biocontrol and the EU Regulation on Invasive Species should further aid this situation.
Treatment of Cluster Headache: The American Headache Society Evidence‐Based Guidelines
Authors: Robbins Matthew S. , Starling Amaal J. , Pringsheim Tamara M. , Becker Werner J. , Schwedt Todd J. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundCluster headache (CH), the most common trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia, is an extremely debilitating primary headache disorder that is often not optimally treated. New evidence‐based treatment guidelines for CH will assist clinicians with identifying and choosing among current treatment options.ObjectivesIn this systematic review we appraise the available evidence for the acute and prophylactic treatment of CH, and provide an update of the 2010 American Academy of Neurology (AAN) endorsed systematic review.MethodsMedline, PubMed, and EMBASE databases were searched for double‐blind, randomized controlled trials that investigated treatments of CH in adults. Exclusion and inclusion criteria were identical to those utilized in the 2010 AAN systematic review.Results and RecommendationsFor acute treatment, sumatriptan subcutaneous, zolmitriptan nasal spray, and high flow oxygen remain the treatments with a Level A recommendation. Since the 2010 review, a study of sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation was added to the current guideline and has been administered a Level B recommendation for acute treatment. For prophylactic therapy, previously there were no treatments that were administered a Level A recommendation. For the current guidelines, suboccipital steroid injections have emerged as the only treatment to receive a Level A recommendation with the addition of a second Class I study. Other newly evaluated treatments since the 2010 guidelines have been given a Level B recommendation (negative study: deep brain stimulation), a Level C recommendation (positive study: warfarin; negative studies: cimetidine/chlorpheniramine, candesartan), or a Level U recommendation (frovatriptan).ConclusionsThis AHS guideline can be utilized for understanding which therapies have superiority to placebo or sham treatment in the management of CH. In clinical practice, these recommendations should be considered in concert with other variables including safety, side effects, patient preferences, clinician experience, cost, and the invasiveness of the intervention. Given the lack of Class I evidence and Level A recommendations, particularly for a number of commonly used preventive therapies, further studies are warranted to demonstrate safety and efficacy for established and emerging therapies.
Living With Cluster Headache: A Qualitative Study of Patients’ Perspectives
Authors: Palacios‐Ceña Domingo , Talavera Blanca , López‐Ruiz Pedro , Gutiérrez‐Viedma Álvaro , Palacios‐Ceña María , Arias José A. , Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas César , Cuadrado María L. 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveOur aim was to explore the views and experiences of a group of Spanish men suffering from cluster headache (CH).BackgroundCH has considerable effects on patients' quality of life, impairs everyday activities, and can modify lifestyle. This is the first time the experience of patients with CH is examined in a clinical study using a qualitative, phenomenological approach.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative phenomenological study exploring how 20 male patients with CH, followed at the Headache Unit of a Spanish hospital, perceived their disease. Data were collected through in‐depth interviews, researchers’ field notes and patients’ personal letters. A systematic text condensation analysis was performed following appropriate guidelines for qualitative research.ResultsMean age was 41.15 years (standard deviation, 11.25). Seventeen patients had episodic CH and three patients had chronic CH. Five main themes describing the significance of suffering CH emerged: (a) meaning of disease, (b) experience of attacks, (c) meaning of treatment, (d) healthcare, and (e) social and family interaction. Patients with CH often live in fear and uncertainty because of their condition. Intensity and frequency of attacks, the use of ineffective treatments, skepticism perceived from social and workplace environments and physician unawareness play a significant role.ConclusionsQualitative research offers insight into the way CH patients experience their disease, and may be helpful in establishing a fruitful relationship with these patients.
Assessment of hepatic fibrosis with superb microvascular imaging in hepatitis C virus‐associated chronic liver diseases
Authors: Koyama Nobuko , Hata Jiro , Sato Tokeshi , Tomiyama Yasuyuki , Hino Keisuke 
Published: July 2016

AimSuperb microvascular imaging (SMI) is an ultrasound Doppler technique using a unique algorithm that allows visualization of minute vessels with slow velocity and minimal motion artifacts. The aim of this preliminary study was to investigate whether SMI could predict liver fibrosis by visualizing the vessels present in the vicinity of the liver surface because the morphology of the peripheral hepatic vasculature is affected by the progression of liver fibrosis.MethodsWe recruited 29 patients with biopsy‐proven chronic hepatitis C or liver cirrhosis C, and 36 patients without liver disease as controls. Using an Aplio 500 ultrasound system with a 7‐MHz or 12‐MHz linear probe, we assessed the vascular shapes and the bifurcation angles of five randomly selected vessels in the vicinity of the liver surface. The vascular shape was scored based on the number of winding and/or irregular vessels.ResultsThe mean vascular score and the mean bifurcation angle were significantly greater in patients with advanced liver fibrosis (3.5 ± 1.1 and 90.5 ± 14.3) than in those with mild‐to‐moderate liver fibrosis (1.3 ± 1.4 and 68.0 ± 16.1) and controls (0.6 ± 0.7 and 62.2 ± 10.5). The area under the receiver–operating curve of the vascular score and the bifurcation angle were 0.88 with 76.5% sensitivity and 83.3% specificity, and 0.87 with 94.1% sensitivity and 75.0% specificity, respectively.ConclusionThe present results indicate that SMI potentially predicts the extent of liver fibrosis by detecting small vessels present in the vicinity of the liver surface.
Physical health promotion for young people at ultra‐high risk for psychosis: An application of the COM‐B model and behaviour‐change wheel
Authors: Carney Rebekah , Bradshaw Tim , Yung Alison R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPeople with psychotic illnesses, such as schizophrenia, have high rates of unhealthy lifestyle factors, such as smoking and physical inactivity. Young people who seek help for mental health care, particularly those at high risk for psychosis, often also display high rates of these unhealthy behaviours. Although healthy living interventions have been applied to people with established psychosis, no attempt has been made to offer them to young people at risk for developing psychosis, despite potential benefits to mental and physical health. We propose that the COM‐B model (consisting of capability, opportunity and motivation) and behaviour‐change wheel might be an appropriate framework that mental health nurses and other health professionals could apply. Using a systematic and theoretically‐based approach to intervention development could result in effective methods of health promotion in this group. Further training and development for mental health nurses could encourage a greater integration of mental and physical health care.
Oral health status in victims of child abuse: a case–control study
Authors: Duda João Gilberto , Biss Stephanye Pinto , Bertoli Fernanda Mara de Paiva , Bruzamolin Carolina Dea , Pizzatto Eduardo , Souza Juliana Feltrin , Losso Estela Maris 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundFew studies have evaluated the oral health status of children with a history of maltreatment.AimThis case–control study evaluated oral health in children who were victims of abuse and in child protective services in Curitiba, Brazil.DesignOne hundred twenty‐two children who were victims of abuse and 240 children with no history of abuse (mean ages, 8.56 and 8.24 years, respectively) were included in the study. Dental caries were assessed according to the Decayed, Missing, or Filled Teeth index (dmft index and DMFT index) by two calibrated examiners. The presence of anterior open bite and posterior crossbite was recorded. Data were analyzed using bivariate and adjusted odds ratios using a multivariate logistic regression model analyses.ResultsIn the case group, we found a higher DMFT index (P < 0.001) and a significantly higher prevalence of missing primary teeth (P = 0.04), untreated decayed permanent teeth (P < 0.001), filled permanent teeth (P < 0.001), and anterior open bite (P = 0.04). Children who were victims of abuse presented an odds ratio of 6.48 (95% CI: 3.52–11.95) for caries in permanent teeth and an odds ratio of 2.28 (95% CI: 1.04–4.99) for open bite.ConclusionVictims of child abuse had a worse oral health status, demonstrating the need to establish special policies for oral healthcare for this population.
A systematic review on methods used to evaluate patient preferences in psoriasis treatments
Authors: Gutknecht M. , Schaarschmidt M.‐L. , Herrlein O. , Augustin M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, recently approved medications undergo the ‘early benefit assessment’ in Germany. Psoriasis treatments differ in a multiplicity of characteristics like side‐effects, beneficial effect, cost and process attributes, which serve to evaluate the patient‐relevant benefit compared to standard treatments. Patient preferences might help to aggregate the various patient‐relevant outcomes into a single measure. In this context, besides the calculation of the quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs), the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG) refers to methods of multi‐criteria decision making or preference evaluation like analytic hierarchy process and conjoint analysis. The objective was to give an overview of methods that have been used in international published studies to evaluate patient preferences in psoriasis treatments. The review is based on a systematic literature research on December 2014 in selected electronic databases, using the keywords ‘psoriasis’ and ‘preferences’ as well as the name of specific methods, known from the literature to evaluate patient preferences. The search resulted 389 hits without duplicates. 21 articles met the inclusion criteria. Depending on the study objective, preferences were elicited for health states, health state domains, treatment attributes or treatment alternatives focusing on different outcomes of preferences. Thereby, different methods were used in included studies. For this reason, there is no single outcome available that might be useful in the benefit assessment of theIQWiG. Willingness‐to‐pay, often included as part of a conjoint analysis, was the predominant method to elicit preferences. So far, the analytic hierarchy process has not been used in psoriasis studies. The use of this method in future studies might provide new essential knowledge in the evaluation of patient preferences in psoriasis treatments. However, a clear assignment when to use which method is not given by theIQWiG and should be prioritized.
Theory, experience and practice
Authors: Loughlin Michael , Fuller Jonathan , Bluhm Robyn , Buetow Stephen , Borgerson Kirstin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDespite its potential hazards, the activity of questioning theoretical frameworks and proposing solutions is necessary if progress is even to be possible. Intellectual history has by no means ended, so we cannot expect to have all the answers, and from time to time the activity of critical questioning will be frustrating. But intellectual progress requires us to continue the process of asking fundamental questions. The alternative to thinking in this way is indeed unthinkable.