bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methods in the Philosophy of Literature and Film
Authors: Currie Gregory 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis article discusses methods in the philosophy of literature and film (PLF). It begins by providing some background on PLF and how it differs from those philosophically influenced projects for understanding and interpreting literature and film most often undertaken by film and literary scholars. It then reviews the history of the study of literature and film before considering how particular filmic or literary works might function as evidence for, or as things to be explained by, general claims offered within PLF. It examines the claim that literary and filmic works may themselves be sources of philosophical ideas and, sometimes, contributions to philosophy itself. It then describes Darwinian approaches to PLF. Finally, it considers the role of empirical evidence in assessing claims about the value of literature as a source of knowledge.
Philosophy and Psychology
Authors: Antony Louise , Rey Georges 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPhilosophy and psychology have always been inseparable, particularly with regard to issues of methodology. The chapter begins with a brief history of the a priori and introspectivist traditions of both, and of the various forms of behaviorism that were a reaction to them. It then turns to the “computational” and “functionalist” approaches to the mind that grew out of the development of the computer and especially the linguistic work of Noam Chomsky. These blossomed into the research program of “cognitive science” that combines work in linguistics, psychology, neuroscience, biology, and computer science to empirically address questions about the nature and architecture of the mind, and issues in semantics, epistemology, and moral psychology. the chapter concludes by briefly discussing two important cases concerning the nature of consciousness, its supposed “unity,” and various forms of self-blindness, which raise surprising empirical questions about our introspective access to our mental states.
The Pragmatic Method
Authors: Jackman Henry 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis article examines the pragmatic method and its application in solving philosophical problems. While classical pragmatism quickly became identified with the theory of truth that dominated critical discussions of it, both of its founders, Charles Sanders Peirce and William James, understood pragmatism essentially as a method. The article begins with an overview of pragmatism and the “Pragmatic Maxim”. In particular, it compares Peirce’s conceptions of pragmatism with James’s view that the pragmatic method would allow us to resolve many disputes in philosophy, and argues that their differences undermine any purely ‘Peircian’ reading of James’s Pragmatic Maxim. It then examines the advantages and drawbacks of three other readings of James’s maxim: the “activist” reading, the “subjectivist” reading, and the “practical” reading.
Boundary Spanning in Higher Education
Authors: McMinn Jamie G. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The decision to become an administrator in higher education is one that faculty members may consider. There are many factors that influence this decision, and it is important to understand the benefits and costs to one’s teaching, scholarship, and personal life while pursuing administrative paths. This chapter addresses some of these factors, combining personal experience and the experiences shared by colleagues, while also reviewing the literature on academic administration and offering personal reflections on why a faculty member would consider making the transition to administration. Higher education administration is not for everyone, but with careful consideration of one’s goals and values, it can be a rewarding endeavor.
Jesuits and Africa
Authors: Mkenda Festo 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Jesuits have commanded scholarly attention in recent years, with Jesuit studies almost becoming an independent academic discipline. However, their involvement in Africa remains largely unstudied, even though they were in parts of the continent for close to two centuries. Moreover, after their restoration in 1814, the Jesuits played a significant role in the evangelization of Africa. This essay is an overview of Jesuit presence in Africa over the centuries. While it gives more prominence to the historical missions of the pre-suppression period in Congo, Angola, Mozambique, and Ethiopia, it also covers more recent presence in Madagascar, southern Africa and Egypt, and concludes with a brief analysis of the state of the Society of Jesus in Africa today. The essay underscores the challenge of locating Jesuit records related to Africa and the importance of understanding early missionary efforts on the African continent for the benefit of similar efforts in our time.
Neural Correlates of Wakefulness, Sleep, and General Anesthesia
Authors: Pal Dinesh , Silverstein Brian H. , Lee Heonsoo , Mashour George A. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Background
Significant advances have been made in our understanding of subcortical processes related to anesthetic- and sleep-induced unconsciousness, but the associated changes in cortical connectivity and cortical neurochemistry have yet to be fully clarified.

Methods
Male Sprague–Dawley rats were instrumented for simultaneous measurement of cortical acetylcholine and electroencephalographic indices of corticocortical connectivity—coherence and symbolic transfer entropy—before, during, and after general anesthesia (propofol, n = 11; sevoflurane, n = 13). In another group of rats (n = 7), these electroencephalographic indices were analyzed during wakefulness, slow wave sleep (SWS), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.

Results
Compared to wakefulness, anesthetic-induced unconsciousness was characterized by a significant decrease in cortical acetylcholine that recovered to preanesthesia levels during recovery wakefulness. Corticocortical coherence and frontal–parietal symbolic transfer entropy in high γ band (85 to 155 Hz) were decreased during anesthetic-induced unconsciousness and returned to preanesthesia levels during recovery wakefulness. Sleep-wake states showed a state-dependent change in coherence and transfer entropy in high γ bandwidth, which correlated with behavioral arousal: high during wakefulness, low during SWS, and lowest during REM sleep. By contrast, frontal–parietal θ connectivity during sleep-wake states was not correlated with behavioral arousal but showed an association with well-established changes in cortical acetylcholine: high during wakefulness and REM sleep and low during SWS.

Conclusions
Corticocortical coherence and frontal–parietal connectivity in high γ bandwidth correlates with behavioral arousal and is not mediated by cholinergic mechanisms, while θ connectivity correlates with cortical acetylcholine levels.
Perioperative Aspirin for Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Eikelboom John W. , Kearon Clive , Guyatt Gordon , Sessler Daniel I. , Yusuf Salim , Cook Deborah , Douketis James , Patel Ameen , Kurz Andrea , Allard Rene , Jones Philip M. , Dennis Rodolfo J. , Painter Thomas W. , Bergese Sergio D. , Leslie Kate , Wijeysundera Duminda N. , Balasubramanian Kumar , Duceppe Emmanuelle , Miller Scott , Diedericks Johan , Devereaux P. J. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Background
The PeriOperative ISchemia Evaluation-2 (POISE-2) trial compared aspirin with placebo after noncardiac surgery.

Methods
The authors randomly assigned 10,010 patients undergoing noncardiac surgery to receive 200 mg aspirin or placebo 2 to 4 h before surgery and then 100 mg aspirin daily or placebo daily for up to 30 days after surgery. Herein, the authors report the effect of aspirin on venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, as well as an updated pooled analysis of randomized trials of antiplatelet therapy for VTE prevention in noncardiac surgery patients.

Results
Six thousand five hundred forty-eight patients (65.4%) received anticoagulant prophylaxis. VTE occurred in 53 patients (1.1%) allocated to aspirin and in 60 patients (1.2%) allocated to placebo (hazard ratio, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.61 to 1.28). Major or life-threatening bleeding occurred in 312 patients (6.3%) allocated to aspirin and in 256 patients (5.1%) allocated to placebo (hazard ratio, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.44). Concomitant use of anticoagulant prophylaxis did not modify the effect of aspirin on VTE or bleeding. Pooled analysis of the POISE-2 and Pulmonary Embolism Prevention trials demonstrated that symptomatic VTE occurred in 173 (1.3%) of 13,724 patients allocated to aspirin and in 246 (1.8%) of 13,730 patients allocated to placebo (odds ratio, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.89; heterogeneity P = 0.27; I2 = 17%); the impact of aspirin was very similar in those who did and did not receive pharmacologic prophylaxis. Pooled estimates for symptomatic VTE were similar to the pooled estimates for any deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism from the POISE-2 trial, Pulmonary Embolism Prevention trial, and the Antiplatelet Trialists’ Collaboration meta-analysis.

Conclusions
Aspirin in the POISE-2 trial did not reduce VTE, but two thirds of patients received anticoagulant prophylaxis, there were few VTE events, and results were consistent with a wide range of aspirin effects. A pooled analysis of the randomized trials demonstrates evidence for the efficacy of aspirin for VTE prevention in hospitalized surgical patients.
Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score Is Superior to the Obstetric-Specific Sepsis in Obstetrics Score in Predicting Mortality in Septic Obstetric Patients
Authors: Aarvold Alice B. R. , Ryan Helen M. , Magee Laura A. , von Dadelszen Peter , Fjell Chris , Walley Keith R. 
Published: September 2016

Objectives:
Mortality prediction scores have been used for a long time in ICUs; however, numerous studies have shown that they over-predict mortality in the obstetric population. With sepsis remaining a major cause of obstetric mortality, we aimed to look at five mortality prediction scores (one obstetric-based and four general) in the septic obstetric population and compare them to a nonobstetric septic control group.

Subject and Design:
Women in the age group of 16–50 years with an admission diagnosis or suspicion of sepsis were included. In a multicenter obstetric population (n = 797), these included all pregnant and postpartum patients up to 6 weeks postpartum. An age- and gender-matched control nonobstetric population was drawn from a single-center general critical care population (n = 2,461). Sepsis in Obstetric Score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Scores were all applied to patients meeting inclusion criteria in both cohorts, and their area under the receiver-operator characteristic curves was calculated to find the most accurate predictor.

Measurements and Main Results:
A total of 146 septic patients were found for the obstetric cohort and 299 patients for the nonobstetric control cohort. The Sepsis in Obstetric Score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Scores gave area under the receiver-operator characteristic curves of 0.67, 0.68, 0.72, 0.79, and 0.84 in the obstetric cohort, respectively, and 0.64, 0.72, 0.61, 0.78, and 0.74 in the nonobstetric cohort, respectively. The Sepsis in Obstetric Score performed similarly to all the other scores with the exception of the Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score, which was significantly better (p < 0.05).

Conclusion:
The Sepsis in Obstetric Score, designed specifically for sepsis in obstetric populations, was not better than general severity of illness scoring systems. Furthermore, the Sepsis in Obstetric Score performance was no different in an obstetric sepsis population compared to a nonobstetric sepsis population. The Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score is a simple organ-based score, and this result supports the use of organ-based outcome predictors in ICU even in an obstetric sepsis population.
Methemoglobinemia Caused by Portable Dialysis in the Critically Ill
Authors: Medarov Boris I. , Pahwa Suneet , Reed Stephanie , Blinkhorn Richard , Rane Neha , Judson Marc A. 
Published: September 2016

Objective:
To evaluate the root cause of a series of methemoglobinemia cases in a medical ICU.

Results:
We report a sentinel case of methemoglobinemia that was associated with dialysis sessions using a portable dialysis unit in our hospital. This led to the identification of four additional patients who developed methemoglobinemia while undergoing portable dialysis. We determined that these episodes were caused by inadequate clearance of chloramine from the tap water used for portable dialysis. Introduction of larger capacity carbon filters into the portable dialysis systems resulted in no further cases of methemoglobinemia at our institution.

Conclusions:
Clinicians should be aware of municipal tap water as a potential cause of methemoglobinemia and monitor for excessive levels of oxidants in dialysis water sources. The capacity of the hemodialysis equipment to clear chloramine can vary as a function of external factors. Using a reliable test method to identify chloramines in the water prior to entering the hemodialysis equipment is essential.
Cisplatin and Cetuximab Treatment for Metastatic Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review
Authors: Trodello Cameron , Pepper Jon-Paul , Wong Michael , Wysong Ashley 
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common form of skin cancer and metastasizes in 2% to 5% of cases.

OBJECTIVE
Systematic evaluation of published cases of metastatic cSCC (mSCC) treated with cisplatin or cetuximab from 1989 to 2014.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A literature search was performed to identify cases of mSCC treated with cisplatin or cetuximab. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, response rates, and disease-free survivals were extracted.

RESULTS
A total of 60 cases of mSCC treated with cisplatin and 9 cases treated with cetuximab reported in the literature from 1989 to 2014 were included in the analysis. Patients treated with cetuximab obtained a complete response of 67%, an overall response of 78%, and a median disease-free survival of 25 (range 3–48) months. Patients treated with cisplatin obtained a complete response of 22%, an overall response of 45%, and a median disease-free survival of 14.6 (range 3–112) months.

CONCLUSION
Head-to-head prospective clinical studies between cetuximab and cisplatin are needed to determine which is more efficacious. In addition, prospective tumor registries and randomized controlled trials should be developed in order to establish the ideal systemic regimen in cSCC.
A Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Low-Level Laser Therapy in the Treatment of Hair Loss
Authors: Gupta Aditya K. , Foley Kelly A. 
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND
Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is currently in use to stimulate hair growth and is quickly gaining in popularity due to the ease of use and absence of side effects. In 2015 alone, the number of LLLT devices with the Food and Drug Administration clearance has doubled.

OBJECTIVE
To consolidate evidence and establish which data are still required for the widespread acceptance of LLLT for hair loss therapy.

METHODS AND MATERIALS
A thorough search of the PubMed database was conducted to obtain studies investigating LLLT for androgenetic alopecia in men and women.

RESULTS
Nine trials were identified for comb and helmet/cap devices, five of which were randomized controlled trials. Data comparison across LLLT trials and with traditional hair loss therapy (minoxidil, finasteride) was not straight forward because there was a lack of visual evidence, sample sizes were low, and there were large variations in study duration and efficacy measurements.

CONCLUSION
There are a number of unanswered questions about the optimum treatment regimen, including maintenance treatment and the long-term consequences of LLLT use. Moving forward, protocols should be standardized across trials. Moreover, it is recommended that future trials include visual evidence and trial duration be expanded to 12 months.
Antipsychotic Response Worsens With Postmenopausal Duration in Women With Schizophrenia
Authors: González-Rodríguez Alexandre , Catalán Rosa , Penadés Rafael , Ruiz Cortés Victoria , Torra Mercè , Seeman Mary V. , Bernardo Miquel 
Published: September 2016

Background
The loss of estrogens in the menopause may lead to increased vulnerability for psychotic relapse, poor clinical outcome, and a need for increased antipsychotic dose. However, confounders such as cumulative estrogen exposure and time since menopause have been inadequately studied. Our aim was to investigate potential variables capable of influencing antipsychotic response in a sample of postmenopausal women with schizophrenia.

Methods
Sixty-four postmenopausal schizophrenic women were followed in a 12-week prospective treatment-by-clinical requirement study. Duration of reproductive years was considered an indirect measure of lifetime cumulative estrogens exposure. Psychopathological assessment included the following: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Personal and Social Performance, and Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia Scale. Response was defined as a reduction of 30% or more of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total scores. Antipsychotic adherence was assessed by plasma level monitoring at 4 weeks. Regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between potential confounding factors and antipsychotic response.

Results
Forty-two participants (66%) were found to be antipsychotic responders. Time since menopause was significantly and negatively associated with overall antipsychotic response, explaining almost 42% of the variance of the model used. Smoking and cumulative estrogen exposures were associated with improvement in negative symptoms. Smoking and time since menopause were associated with improvement in excitement symptoms, and smoking was positively associated with improvement in depressive and cognitive symptoms.

Discussion
Time since menopause was significantly negatively associated with antipsychotic response in postmenopausal schizophrenic women, suggesting a decline in antipsychotic response after menopause. The neurobiological basis for antipsychotic response may include a role for estrogen and nicotine receptors.
An Assessment of the Quality Oncology Practice Initiative: Lessons Learned From a Detailed Assessment of a Well-Established Profession-Based Performance Measurement Program
Authors: Barysauskas Constance M. , Dalby Carole K. , Catalano Paul J. , Jacobson Joseph O. 
Published: September 2016

Background:
National performance measurement programs used to improve quality and/or accountability are prevalent. Professional society-based programs largely assess practice or provider performance. We tested the limitations of the Quality Oncology Practice Initiative (QOPI), a well-established program.

Methods:
We investigated the potential limitations of the QOPI limited sampling strategy and end-of-life (EOL) metrics through a retrospective review of all decedents meeting the QOPI eligibility criteria at a large three-site community oncology practice. Relative precision for each EOL metric was measured and simulated scenarios modeled via log-normal distributions were compared.

Results:
A total of 246 deaths were identified; only 14% of decedents were included in the QOPI limited sample. Important differences in relative precision between samples were evident. Chemotherapy administered at the EOL was 2.8 times greater among the full cohort compared to the sample.

Conclusion:
The limited sampling strategy demonstrated the lack of precision explained by sampling variability confounded in smaller sample sizes. Our analyses demonstrated that practices reporting the same metric may stem from very different underlying distributions, which limits the ability to understand complex practice patterns and improve care. These findings may be of significance to other performance measurement programs that utilize similar testing strategies.
Sonazoid-enhanced ultrasonography guidance improves the quality of pathological diagnosis in the biopsy of focal hepatic lesions
Authors: Eso Yuji , Takai Atsushi , Takeda Haruhiko , Matsumoto Tomonori , Lee Minami , Inuzuka Tadashi , Takahashi Ken , Ueda Yoshihide , Marusawa Hiroyuki , Seno Hiroshi 
Published: September 2016

Background/aim
Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (US) has improved the detection and characterization of focal hepatic lesions. Recently, the importance of obtaining high-quality samples in the biopsy of hepatic lesions has been increasing not only in the field of pathological diagnosis but also in molecular analysis for predicting the effectiveness of anticancer agents and molecular targeted drugs. We evaluated the utility of Sonazoid-enhanced ultrasonography (SEUS) in guiding percutaneous biopsy of focal hepatic lesions by comparing the results of histopathological diagnosis between B-mode US and SEUS guidance.

Methods and materials
This retrospective study examined 121 focal hepatic lesions in 108 patients (mean age: 63.8 years) referred for US-guided percutaneous biopsy. The technical success rate was defined as the percentage of the lesions diagnosed clearly at the initial biopsy.

Results
Among 121 lesions, 56 lesions were subjected to biopsy with B-mode US guidance whereas 65 were subjected to SEUS guidance. The technical success rate was significantly higher under SEUS guidance than under B-mode US guidance (92.3 vs. 76.8%, respectively, P<0.05). When biopsies were performed to diagnose or rule out malignancy in indeterminate lesions, the technical success rate was also significantly higher under SEUS guidance than under B-mode US guidance (100 vs. 73.9%, respectively, P<0.05). SEUS guidance resulted in a significantly higher rate of successful single-puncture attempts compared with B-mode US guidance (55.4 vs. 35.7%, respectively, P<0.05).

Conclusion
SEUS guidance is recommended for more accurate localization of suitable hepatic lesion biopsy areas as it increases conspicuity and differentiates viable areas from denaturalization or necrosis.