bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gentamicin Vestibulotoxicity
Authors: Halmagyi G. Michael , Fattore Costantino M. , Curthoys Ian S. , Wade Steven 
Published: January 2017

We reviewed 36 patients with gentamicin vestibulotoxicity to determine its relationship to gentamicin dosage, serum gentamicin levels, and the development of gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Thirty of the patients had received intravenous or intramuscular gentamicin; six had received intraperitoneal gentamicin. Sixteen of the 30 patients treated with intramuscular or intravenous gentamicin had received less than the recommended maximum dose of 5 mg/kg/day for less than the recommended maximum period of 10 days. Nephrotoxicity as well as vestibulotoxicity developed in 16 of these 30 patients. Gentamicin vestibulotoxicity was not recognized before discharge from hospital in 32 of the 36 patients. We conclude that as far as the vestibular system is concerned there is no safe gentamicin dose and no safe serum gentamicin level, and there is an increased risk of vestibulotoxicity in patients in whom nephrotoxicity develops. Physicians who use gentamicin should become more aware of the clinical features of vestibulotoxicity because stopping gentamicin as soon as symptoms of vestibulotoxicity appear could prevent permanent impairment of vestibular function.
Intraoperative Monitoring of the Visual Evoked Potential during Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Herzon Garrett D. , Zealear David L. 
Published: January 2017

Iatrogenic blindness resulting from conventional and endoscopic sinus surgery continues to be a major concern to the head and neck surgeon. A new electrophysiologic monitoring technique has been developed that can help avoid damage to the optic nerve and visual system. The approach involves monitoring the visual evoked potential with presentation of flash stimuli to the eyes. Thirty patients with chronic sinusitis underwent endoscopic sinus surgery with visual evoked potential monitoring. The procedures were carried out with patients under intravenous general anesthesia. Needle cortical electrodes were placed in the scalp. A modified light‐emitting diode array/goggle was positioned in front of the patient's closed eyes. A triggered flash of 2 Hz was delivered through the goggle to stimulate the patient's retina. Cortical responses were amplified and averaged for 100 trials. Amplitude and peak‐latency changes were monitored to alert the surgeon to any change in the visual response during the surgical dissection. Although no changes in response were noted during dissection, cold‐water irrigation and reflected telescopic light could produce variations in the recorded responses, as will be discussed. Visual evoked potential monitoring may prevent a surgeon from continuing a bilateral procedure when there is indication of iatrogenic visual loss from dissection on the first side. Visual evoked potential also reassures the operator that no damage has occurred to the visual pathway at the conclusion of a case. Methods, case selection, operative technique, and documentation of monitoring will be discussed.
Complications of Ethmoidectomy: A Survey of Fellows of the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery
Authors: Kennedy David W. , Shaman Paul , Han Wei , Selman Heather , Deems Daniel A. , Lanza Donald C. 
Published: January 2017

A survey regarding complications of sinus surgery was mailed to 6969 otolaryngologists; 3933 responses (56.44%) were obtained, and 3043 of these physicians (77.37%) reported that they performed ethmoidectomy. Completed questionnaires were available for review from 42.21% of all Academy fellows (2942 physicians). Responses were tabulated and summarized question by question. Physicians generally did not rate their residency training in ethmoidectomy highly. The survey confirmed that there has been a marked rise in the frequency of ethmoidectomy and in the amount of training in ethmoidectomy since 1985. Empirical complication rates were calculated for different procedures and time periods. Poisson regression models were then constructed to describe the rate of complications under varying conditions such as the type of surgery performed, time period, experience and training of the surgeon, and type of complication encountered. The models permitted determination of the statistical significance of variables in relation to Incidence of complications. The study did not demonstrate a clear and consistent statistical relationship between the incidence of complications, the type of surgery performed, and the quality of training. Moreover, physicians who provided data from record review tended to report higher rates than those who estimated responses. The majority of physicians discussed specific potential complications with their patients before surgery and routinely performed preoperative computed tomography. The study demonstrated that physicians who experienced complications at higher rates were more likely to discuss these complications with patients before surgery.
Organizational Structure and Crosscultural Management: The Case of Credit Suisse's Project Copernicus in Singapore
Authors: Jacob Nina 
Published: January 2017

This paper explores the linkage between organizational structure and cross-cultural management. It suggests that a fluid and continuously evolving structure enables effective crosscultural management. In support of this proposition, the paper reports on the experience of one of the world's largest financial services corporations – a Swiss Bank. The bank adopted a different type of organizational structure for one of its units. This new structure was different from the traditional bureaucracy it had used throughout the 150 years of its existence. It was observed to be an emergent structure, evolving in response to the stimulants provided by its various cultural constituents. It was also flexible, allowing it to assimilate when necessary, the inputs provided by its diverse cultural constituents, and discard when necessary, the structural features which no longer served any useful purpose. This paper discusses and analyses the experience of Credit Suisse Private Banking's Project Copernicus in Singapore, (October 2000 – December 2001). The principal findings of this paper are: Traditional modes of organizational structure are not appropriate for the management of diversity. Fluid and amorphous organizational structures provide the context within which crosscultural management can be effected. There is a symbiotic relationship between organizational structure and organizational members' cultural heritage. The author had earlier highlighted (2005) the fact that current cross-cultural management research emphasises the need for multiculturalism. Multiculturalism is the management of subcultures within an entity like the nation-state. Organizational structures need to be designed keeping in mind the dynamics of interacting sub-cultures within a multicultural organization. An analysis of the case study embedded in this paper reveals that cross-cultural management is facilitated by: The co-evolution of organizational structure and management practices. In other words, organizational structure need not be durable as has traditionally been the case. Additionally, it need not precede the creation and operationalization of management practices. Allowing individual members' cultural heritage to influence the evolving nature of organizational structure. Thus a manager entering a multicultural organization would try and align himself⁄herself with the existing structure. Co-terminously, he⁄she would impact on the structure's design. The impact would have cultural underpinnings. Enacting an organizational structure that overtly takes into account the cultural conditioning of individual members. Thus two managers from different cultures experiencing difficulty in interacting with each other may both have to adapt and change in order to sresolve discord as well as to find a fit with the organization. Meanwhile, the amorphous nature of the organizational structure makes possible the improvisation that accompanies managers' attempts to find a fit.
Toward a Grounded Theory of Effective Business Incubation
Authors: Maital Shlomo , Ravid Shmuel , Seshadri D V R , Dumanis Alon 
Published: January 2017

Business incubators are found all over the world. Yet, to date, no viable integrative theory of effective business incubation exists. This essay outlines a grounded theory of incubation, driven by case studies, empirical results, and field work, based on three main principles that generalize across countries and cultures. They are: The paradox of market emulation: Successful incubators both emulate market conditions and shield their ‘infants’ from them. Managing this paradox is fraught with difficulty, not the least because it is often not explicitly recognized. Resolving the key make-or-break constraint: In every country, there are many constraints that hinder ultimate business success of incubator projects, but there is one key constraint that always ‘resonates’, i.e., that dominates the attention and concern of project managers. In India, this constraint is funding. In Israel, where the VC industry is mature and liquid, funding is not a major constraint (though as always and everywhere, raising money is a major challenge), but experienced managerial capacity is the resonating factor. Hence, a theory of incubation should include principles that guide identification of the key ‘resonating’ constraint and provide direction toward reducing or eliminating it. Alignment with local and national cultures: Culture is a shared, learned, symbolic system of values, beliefs, and attitudes that shapes and influences perception and behaviour. Culture is how values drive behaviour. In national studies of incubation, it is strongly evident how powerfully national culture acts as a mediating variable between, for instance, incubator operations and processes and the national and global business environment. Hence, a theory of incubation should include answers to the following question: How can incubator processes align well with elements of national and local culture, in order to: reinforce those aspects of the culture that act positively to help incubator projects attain success mitigate or eliminate those aspects of culture that act negatively, and lead to failure? It is hoped that this work will stimulate other scholars to seek even more important general principles, leading to a powerful general theory of business incubation.
The Role the Static Maximization Approach Plays in Neoclassical Analyses
Authors: Toboso Fernando 
Published: January 2017

This is an article on the methodology of economic thought. The critical assessment of the neoclassical research programme contained here basically comes from the contributions of J.M. Buchanan, Nobel prize winner in Economics 1986. These comments are aimed at pointing out the role that the static maximization approach plays in neoclassical analyses since L. Robbins and P. Samuelson’s influential contributions came about after World War II. Just to complement this basic purpose, I present in section 4 the alternative methodological foundations J.M. Buchanan proposes and uses to replace the static maximization approach when building public choice analyses and I sketch in section 5 several personal comments about some explanatory and prescriptive limitations both neoclassical and public choice analyses share. Except in rare and anomalous cases, neither neoclassical nor public choice analyses contain concepts making reference to the non-voluntary or power influences some individuals might exercise over others in their economic interactions. “In a brief treatment it is helpful to make bold charges against ideas or positions taken by leading figures. In this respect I propose to take on Lord Robbins as an adversary and to state, categorically, that his all too persuasive delineation of our subject field has served to retard, rather than to advance, scientific progress.” [Buchanan, J.M. (1964), p. 20.]
Research Note. Vibration Modes of a Human Skull at Low Frequencies. Measurement with Holographic Interferometry
Authors: Kobayashi Fumio , Miyao Masaru , Sakakibara Hisataka , Nakagawa Takeo , Kito Kazuyoshi , Shimosato Kenji , Koide Yoshiki , Sugiyama Satoshi , Hongo Takeo , Oka Tatsu 
Published: January 2017

Vibration modes of a human skull exposed to vibration at low frequencies (20–240 Hz) were studied by means of holographic interferometry. In the frequencies examined, the skull behaved as a single mass and showed rotating vibratory movement around a horizontal or a perpendicular axis which passed near the foramen magnum where the skull was fixed to the vibration-proof table. By measuring the transmissibility of vibration energy through the skull, it was found that there was a resonance at about 80 Hz and that this peak was caused by the structure connecting the basal part of the skull to the supporting stand, which corresponded to the neck. This shows that, although the holographic technique is successful in determining vibration modes, the methods of support and excitation must be carefully validated in order to produce useful results.
Infrasound — Tutorial and Review: Part 1
Authors: Backteman O. , Köhler J. , Sjöberg L. 
Published: January 2017

Infrasound is everywhere. Even in an environment that is very quiet, infrasound levels of 40 dB(IL) (2–20 Hz) can be measured. Results from numerous investigations about the influence of infrasound on people and animals have been published during the last 20 years. What all these investigations have in common is that only short time exposures have been investigated i.e. infrasound exposures during minutes or hours. Discrete frequencies in the range of 4–16 Hz have often been used instead of low frequency random noise spectra. The results of these investigations vary considerably, which may be due to the fact that there has not been equal excitation. In certain experiments and reports the stimuli spectra are often not accounted for. If they are accounted for this is done inadequately. This is also true for the way the results have been treated. Some conclusions that have been made have to be seen as spectacular! Several scientists have pointed out that the results may be caused by stimulus in the audible range, not by infrasound. At the conference “Low frequency noise and hearing” (May 1980 in Aalborg, Denmark), where most of the leading scientists of the low frequency area participated, it was stated that there are people who seem to be more sensitive to low frequency disturbances than others. In general, infrasound should not be a direct problem for normal people, which these research results showed. There was full agreement that there is not enough research being done today on low frequency disturbances in the range of 20–100 Hz. These disturbances cannot be sufficiently indicated by measuring the sound level in dB(A). The participants seemed quite convinced that people are irritated by low frequency disturbances both during work, at home and during leisure time. This has not been sufficiently noted. Most machines in industries and in homes also have frequencies in the region of 50 Hz, e.g. transformers, compressors, diesel- and gas motors, electric motors and fans. The objective of this work has been to make a comprehensive review, especially in accounting for infrasound levels under normal working conditions and in home environment, both in Sweden and in the rest of the world. Due to the fact that the results from different reports are not uniform and often incomplete, a direct comparison of results is not possible.
A Nonlinear Approach to the Stability Analysis of Space Beam Structures
Authors: Borri C. , Chiostrini S. 
Published: January 2017

In the context of a nonlinear stability theory of elastic structures, the geometrically nonlinear formulation of a spatial beam element (recently introduced by several authors) is reviewed for application to a perturbative approach of the post-buckling analysis of space beam grids or frames. The implementation aspects of the procedure in an iterative-incremental algorithm are discussed, and the performances of several implemented iteration strategies are brought out, with the aim of improving the usual known ones. The adopted strategy to detect and trace post-buckling equilibrium paths is then discussed. Finally, some numerical examples are used to demonstrate the characteristics and capabilities of the analytical model.
Distance Education: On Focus and Future
Authors: Gibson Chère Campbell 
Published: January 2017

Evans, T., & Nation, D. (Eds.). (1989). Critical reflections on distance education. Philadelphia: The Falmer Press. Garrison, D. R. (1989). Understanding distance education: A framework for the future. New York: Routledge. Moore, M. G. (Ed.). (1990). Contemporary issues in American distance education. New York: Pergamon Press. Verduin, J. R., & Clark, T. A. (1991). Distance education: The foundations of effective practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Machining Aerospace Materials with Room-Temperature and Cooled Minimal-Quantity Cutting Fluids
Authors: Pejryd L , Beno T , Isaksson M 
Published: January 2017

The impact on the cutting forces and tool wear in the turning of the four most common aero-engine alloys (Inconel 718, Waspaloy, martensitic stainless steel, and titanium alloys) with minimal-quantity cooling lubrication fluids both at room temperature and when cooled have been investigated for different cutting conditions. Parameters such as the fluid-type and cutting insert materials used were varied, as were the cutting parameters. Methods of statistical experimental design were used in order to extract, in the smallest number of experimental runs, the maximum amount of information from the collected data in the presence of noise. In this work, no evidence is found that lubrication plays a significant role during the turning of high-temperature alloys. When using room-temperature liquids, the cutting forces show in most cases either no significant changes or an increase. For the cooled cases, both significantly increasing forces and significantly decreasing forces can be observed. The most favourable industrial result is the reduction in the tool wear that can be seen for the machining of titanium alloys.
A Theoretical Framework for Corporate Governance
Authors: Pande Santosh , Ansari Valeed Ahmad 
Published: January 2017

We lack an overarching and unifying theory of corporate governance. The most popular theoretical framework, the agency theory, led to the evolution of the Anglo-Saxon model of corporate governance that is used widely to help the board of directors in curbing excessive executive power in the hands of management. However, with the blurring of the roles of the principal and the agent, the currently prevalent governance frameworks, based on this theory, have become self limiting and ineffective. Efforts to supplement the agency theory with alternative theoretical frameworks such as the stakeholder theory and the stewardship theory have, at times, tended to place the board of directors in conflict with their legal obligations that requires them to work in the interests of the shareholders. A governance model based on the Gandhian concept of trusteeship, while providing fresh insights, suffers from problems in implementation and remains, at best, an idealistic goal to aim for. We need new theoretical insights that will take us towards a comprehensive theory of governance. This paper seeks to revisit the discussion on the various theoretical frameworks for corporate governance and suggests that a new and different framework is required as the underlying theory for corporate governance. One such framework is based on viewing the �organization as an organism� with its primary focus on the organization�s longevity and growth and which seeks to maximize the long term strategic value for an organization.
Efficacy and Safety of BMY 21,502 in Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Shrotriya Rajesh C , Cutler Neal R , Sramek John J , Veroff Amy E , Hironaka Denise Y 
Published: January 2017

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of BMY 21,502, a nootropic agent, in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer disease. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-nine patients with Alzheimer disease (28 men, 41 women, mean age 72 y, range 54–92, mean Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] score 23.5) were randomized to receive either BMY 21,502 (n = 34) or placebo (n = 35) for 12 weeks of double-blind treatment followed by a 4-week placebo washout period. SETTING: Outpatient research facility. MEASUREMENTS: Primary efficacy assessments were the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS) and the Clinical Global Impressions Scale. The Computerized Neurological Test Battery and MMSE were performed as secondary efficacy measurements. RESULTS: Although overall effects were not statistically significant (p > 0.05), patients taking BMY 21,502 showed a mean change in the ADAS cognitive score of −1.5 points at week 12, compared with −0.5 in patients who received placebo. Patients with moderate dementia (MMSE ≤20) showed a greater change at week 12 with BMY 21,502 (−2.7 points) compared with placebo (+0.3 points), but the difference was not statistically significant. Although BMY 21,502 was well tolerated in general, patients treated with BMY 21,502 experienced higher rates of abnormal liver enzyme concentrations and nausea than did those in the placebo group. There was also a higher rate of discontinuations in the BMY 21,502 group, with 12 of 34 (35%) patients in the BMY 21,502 group discontinuing, compared with 3 of 35 (9%) in the placebo group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study, BMY 21,502 was not found to be significantly superior to placebo during the treatment period. The compound was generally well tolerated, although 8 of 34 (24%) patients discontinued active drug treatment. Further evaluation of BMY 21,502 in a larger study population may be warranted.
Evaluation of Inpatient Depot Antipsychotic Prescribing
Authors: Pabis Dennis J , Dorson Peter G , Crismon M Lynn 
Published: January 2017

OBJECTIVE: To assess the use of fluphenazine decanoate and haloperidol decanoate in an inpatient setting. DESIGN: A prospective observational study conducted over a 3-month period. SETTING: A 400-bed state psychiatric hospital. INTERVENTIONS: The psychiatric pharmacy staff evaluated the medical records and new orders of 30 consecutive patients receiving depot antipsychotic formulations using a detailed evaluation form and the hospital pharmacy computer database. Criteria for evaluation were derived from the medical literature and product information, and included the following areas: diagnosis, stabilization on a short-acting form of the antipsychotic, appropriateness of dosage conversion to depot therapy, concomitant administration of short-acting antipsychotics (and duration of concomitant medications), and plasma concentration monitoring. RESULTS: Only 7 patients (23%) received what would be considered optimal depot antipsychotic therapy. These patients were receiving a stable dosage of a short-acting antipsychotic prior to conversion to depot therapy (i.e., ≥7 d), received optimal dose conversion to a depot form, and received optimum overlap with a short-acting preparation (i.e., overlap ≤7 d with fluphenazine HCl and 7–30 d with haloperidol HCl). When length of stay data were evaluated, no significant differences were observed in patients who received optimal therapy versus those who did not. There was also no difference in length of stay when the study group was compared with an age-, sex-, and diagnosis-matched cohort group. However, quantitatively fewer adverse effects were reported for patients whose treatment was considered optimal on the basis of the evaluation criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Depot antipsychotic therapy frequently did not meet the criteria for optimal use. This did not affect length of hospital stay in these individuals. However, individuals who met the criteria experienced quantitatively fewer adverse events.