bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Denervation effectively aggravates rat experimental periodontitis
Authors: Yu X. , Gong Z. , Lin Q. , Wang W. , Liu S. , Li S. 
Published: June 2017

BackgroundNerve and its related factors in the occurrence and development of periodontitis are worthy of further study. Denervation research is a useful addition to nerve and innervation studies. The aim of this study is to establish a rat model of inferior alveolar nerve transection combined with ligature‐induced periodontitis to elucidate the effects of denervation on ligature‐induced rat periodontitis.Material and MethodsSixty‐four Wistar rats were distributed to the four groups randomly: ligation (L); denervation (D); ligation+denervation (LD); and normal (N) as control. A ligation‐inducing rat experimental periodontitis model was established in the L and LD groups. Rats in the D and LD groups also underwent the transection of the right inferior alveolar nerve simultaneously. Four weeks after the operation, the mandibles were taken out for micro‐computed tomography analysis. Osteoclast number was observed through TRAP staining. The gingival tissues around the first molars were homogenized and measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for interleukin (IL)‐1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α. Collagen fibers were observed using Picro‐Sirius Red staining. Nuclear factor (NF)‐κB p65 and IκBα phosphorylation and osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL) ratio in the gingival tissues were detected by western blotting.ResultsDenervation strongly promoted ligature‐induced alveolar bone loss in the LD group. The alveolar bone loss of the LD group was significantly increased compared with the L group. Furthermore, denervation aggravated trabecular bone breakdown in the bone specific parameters, including percentage bone area, trabecular thickness and bone mineral density. Increased TRAP‐positive osteoclasts were detected in alveolar bone of the LD group. More serious collagen fiber destructions and increased expressions of IL‐1β and TNF‐α were found in the LD group. NF‐κB p65 and IκBα phosphorylation were also significantly upregulated in the LD group. OPG/RANKL ratio in the gingival extracts was markedly decreased in the LD group compared with the L group. Decreased OPG/RANKL ratio was observed in the D group, compared with the N group.ConclusionDenervation effectively aggravates ligature‐induced rat periodontitis by the NF‐κB signaling pathway for excessive production of IL‐1β and TNF‐α and increased osteoclasts for decreased OPG/RANKL ratio. The rat model of inferior alveolar nerve transection that combined ligature‐induced periodontitis provides an animal model to observe further the change of nerve‐related factors in the occurrence and development of periodontitis, so as to select positive nerve‐related factors to regulate inflammation and promote periodontal regeneration in the future.
Delivery mode and breastfeeding outcomes among new mothers in Nicaragua
Authors: Kiani Sara N. , Rich Katherine M. , Herkert Darby , Safon Cara , Pérez‐Escamilla Rafael 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBreastfeeding has been shown to benefit infants and mothers. Women who have caesarean deliveries (C‐sections) are expected to be less likely to initiate and continue breastfeeding than those who have vaginal deliveries. Given the high rate of C‐sections in Nicaragua, the importance of breastfeeding, and the centrality of culture in choices about breastfeeding, this study sought to examine if mode of delivery relates with breastfeeding initiation and exclusivity in Nicaragua. Two hundred fifty mothers were surveyed about birth experiences and breastfeeding behaviour in 3 public clinics in León, Nicaragua, between June and August 2015. Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association of mode of delivery with initiation of breastfeeding within 1 hr of birth (early initiation) and exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months post‐partum. The rate of early initiation was 68.8% and that of exclusively breastfeeding for 6 months was 12.7%. Mode of delivery was not significantly associated with early initiation (p = .383) or exclusive breastfeeding (p = .518). Early initiation was negatively associated with prelacteal feeding, AOR = 0.30, 95% CI [0.16, 0.58]; p = .001. Mothers who had perceived their infants as large at birth were significantly less likely to exclusively breastfeed for 6 months, AOR (95%CI) = 0.25 (0.06–0.97); p = 0.046. Mode of delivery was not significantly associated with optimal breastfeeding initiation and exclusivity among mothers in Nicaragua. The 2 risk factors identified for delayed initiation of breastfeeding and lack of exclusive breastfeeding were prelacteal feeding and maternal perception of a large infant at birth, respectively.
Childhood preoperative anxiolysis: Is sedation and distraction better than either alone? A prospective randomized study
Authors: Sola Chrystelle , Lefauconnier Audrey , Bringuier Sophie , Raux Olivier , Capdevila Xavier , Dadure Christophe 
Published: June 2017

SummaryBackgroundPreoperative anxiety management receives special attention in pediatric anesthesia. Different pharmacological and nonpharmacological techniques can be employed. This study was designed to assess three different strategies for childhood preoperative anxiolysis: midazolam premedication, midazolam in combination with portable Digital Video‐Disk player, or video distraction strategy alone.MethodsIn this prospective randomized study, children aged 2‐12 years were assigned to one of the three study groups. The primary outcome was a change in preoperative children's anxiety, from baseline (before transfer to the preanesthetic holding area) to separation from parents, assessed by the Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (mYPAS) and the Visual Analog Anxiety Scale (VAS‐Anxiety). Delirium emergence, postoperative pain, and parental satisfaction were also collected.ResultsOne hundred and thirty‐five patients were enrolled. The three preventive strategies allowed control of preoperative distress. Within the three study groups, no significant change was objectified in the anxiety level from baseline to separation from parents (mean change in mYPAS midazolam group: 2.4 95% CI [−1.7 to 6.3]; midazolam+Digital Video‐Disk group: −1.0 95% CI [−5.9 to 3]; and Digital Video‐Disk group: 1.4 95% CI [−4 to 6.7]). Comparison of change in preoperative children's anxiety between the groups did not show any difference. Emergence delirium, postoperative pain scores, and analgesic consumption were similar between the groups and parents' satisfaction was excellent.ConclusionBoth pharmacological premedication and video distraction are effective strategies for controlling preoperative childhood anxiety. The combination of midazolam and Digital Video‐Disk player was not better than either alone.
Taxonomical diversity of Pseudo‐nitzschia from the Central Adriatic Sea
Authors: Arapov Jasna , Skejić Sanda , Bužančić Mia , Bakrač Ana , Vidjak Olja , Bojanić Natalia , Ujević Ivana , Gladan Živana N. 
Published: June 2017

SUMMARYThe aim of our research was to study the composition of Pseudo‐nitzschia species during a period when neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) was present in shellfish. Sampling was conducted in Kaštela Bay (Central Adriatic Sea), between November 2015 and January 2016. Concentrations of DA analyzed in various shellfish species were low, below the regulatory limit, while the highest abundance of Pseudo‐nitzschia spp. reached 1.85 × 105 cells L−1 in the surface layer, at the beginning of November. Within the temperature and salinity range recorded during the investigated period, a positive correlation of Pseudo‐nitzschia spp. abundance was recorded with temperature. Morphological analyses by scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of five Pseudo‐nitzschia species that had already been reported in the Adriatic Sea – P. calliantha, P. delicatissima, P. fraudulenta, P. pseudodelicatissima
/P. cuspidata and P. subfraudulenta – as well as an unknown Pseudo‐nitzschia sp. The composition of the Pseudo‐nitzschia assemblage changed over the investigated period. The species P. pseudodelicatissima/P.cuspidata was found throughout the entire period and the highest diversity was noticed in January, when all six observed species were recorded. These results represent the first taxonomical investigation of the genus Pseudo‐nitzschia in Kaštela Bay, as well as the first report of DA in shellfish from this area.
Stability and reliability of error‐related electromyography over the corrugator supercilii with increasing trials
Authors: Elkins‐Brown Nathaniel , Saunders Blair , He Frank , Inzlicht Michael 
Published: June 2017

AbstractElectromyographic activity over the corrugator supercilii (cEMG), the primary facial muscle involved in negative emotions, is increased during the commission of errors on speeded reaction‐time tasks. In the present paper, data from two previously published studies were reanalyzed to investigate the reliability and stability of error‐related, correct‐related, and difference cEMG across increasing numbers of trials. For a modified go/no‐go and a flanker task, we found that error‐related cEMG was highly stable and reliable in 14 trials, and correct‐related cEMG between 56 and 82 trials, respectively. Given the typical number of trials used in studies of cognitive control, these findings suggest that many investigations of error monitoring are already sufficient to obtain acceptable error‐ and correct‐related cEMG signals. Error‐related cEMG activity is relatively easy to measure and, as such, it shows great promise for future research investigating the cognitive and affective mechanisms of error monitoring.
Froude supercritical flow bedforms in deepwater slope channels? Field examples in conglomerates, sandstones and fine‐grained deposits
Authors: Ono Kenya , Plink‐björklund Piret 
Published: June 2017

AbstractActive margin continental slope outcrops from the Eocene Juncal Formation, the Eocene La Jolla Group and the Miocene Capistrano Formation display sedimentary structures and depositional geometries that suggest deposition from Froude supercritical flow, based on comparison to strata produced by flume experiments. These deposits range from boulder‐size soft clasts and cobble‐size hard clasts to silt and mud, and display long‐wavelength and low‐amplitude convex‐up and concave‐up geometries that range from centimetre to hundreds of metres scale, low‐angle foresets and backsets, and common internal and bounding erosion surfaces from centimetres to tens of metres in depth. In places, planar laminations, structureless beds and normally graded beds are laterally or vertically associated with such structures. In other places, consistent backsets or deep and steep‐sided scours occur. This study aimed to discuss the origin of the observed bedforms, contributed to recognition of supercritical flow deposits on continental slopes and expanded the outcrop examples of supercritical flow deposits to silt and mud. This work implies that the erosive and powerful Froude supercritical flow turbidity currents may have a substantial impact on erosional and depositional dynamics on deepwater slopes, especially on active margins due to the steep gradients and high sediment supply.
Evaluation of the Nigerian Urban Reproductive Health Initiative (NURHI) Program
Authors:   Measurement, Learning and Evaluation Project Nigeria Team
Published: June 2017

AbstractGaps remain in understanding whether family planning (FP) programs can change urban women's FP behaviors. Even less is known about what works among poor urban women. This article presents results of the impact evaluation of the Nigerian Urban Reproductive Health Initiative (NURHI). Findings are based on recently collected longitudinal data from women and facilities in six cities in Nigeria. Over the four‐year follow‐up period, there was an increase of about ten percentage points in modern method use. Impact evaluation analyses using fixed‐effects regression methods indicate that both demand‐ and supply‐side program activities increased modern method use. Radio, television, community events, and living near program‐enrolled health facilities all significantly increased modern method use or were related to a desire for no more children among all women and among poor women. Results are discussed with an eye toward the design and scale‐up of future family planning programs in urban Nigeria and elsewhere in sub‐Saharan Africa.
Media work in change: Understanding the role of media professionals in times of digital transformation and convergence
Authors: Malmelin Nando , Villi Mikko 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis article discusses media work and the changes that have swept the media industry from the vantage point of professionals working in media companies and organisations. The concept of media work guides towards new understanding about the media industry and media professions under digital transition. Media work indicates a move towards more diversified job tasks, closer cooperation among different media professions, increased commercial thinking, and interaction with audiences.
The sociology of U.S. gun culture
Authors: Yamane David 
Published: June 2017

AbstractDespite the fact that a robust culture centered on the legal ownership and use of guns by law‐abiding gun owners exists in the United States, there is no sociology of U.S. gun culture. Rather, the social scientific study of guns is dominated by criminological and epidemiological studies of gun violence. As a corrective to this oversight, I outline what a sociology of U.S. gun culture should look like. In the first section, I give a brief history of U.S. gun culture from the founding era through the 1960s. Guns began as tools of necessity in the colonies and on the frontier, but evolved into equipment for sport hunting and shooting, as well as desired commodities for collecting. The second section examines these recreational pursuits which formed the core of U.S. gun culture for most of the 20th century. Although recreation remains an important segment, the central emphasis of U.S. gun culture has gradually shifted to armed self‐defense over the course of the past half‐century. The third section examines the rise of this culture of armed citizenship, what I call “Gun Culture 2.0,” the current iteration of the country's historic gun culture. I conclude by suggesting important avenues for future research.
Changing tides: Mothers’ supportive emotion socialization relates negatively to third‐grade children's social adjustment in school
Authors: Castro Vanessa L. , Halberstadt Amy G. , Garrett‐Peters Patricia T. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractParents’ supportive reactions to children's negative emotions are thought to promote children's social adjustment. Research heretofore has implicitly assumed that such reactions are equally supportive of children's adjustment across ages. Recent findings challenge this assumption, suggesting that during middle childhood, socialization practices previously understood as supportive may in fact impede children's social adjustment. We explored this possibility in a sample of 203 third‐grade children and their mothers. Using structural equation modeling, we tested associations between mothers’ supportive (i.e., problem‐ and emotion‐focused) reactions to children's negative emotions and children's social skills and problems as reported by mothers and teachers. Mothers’ supportive reactions predicted greater social adjustment in children as reported by mothers. Inverse associations, however, were found with teachers’ reports of children's social adjustment: mothers’ supportive reactions predicted fewer socioemotional skills and more problem behaviors. These contrasting patterns suggest potential unperceived costs associated with mothers’ supportiveness of children's negative emotions for third‐grade children's social adjustment in school and highlight the importance of considering associations between socialization practices and children's various social contexts. The findings also highlight a need for greater consideration of what supportiveness means across different developmental periods.
Welfare Chauvinism in Populist Radical Right Platforms: The Role of Redistributive Justice Principles
Authors: Ennser‐Jedenastik Laurenz 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWelfare chauvinism has become an important element in the agenda of the populist radical right. This article proposes a novel argument to explain variation in the strength of welfare chauvinist appeals across social policy programmes. It theorizes that the redistributive justice principles (equity, equality, and need) that underpin a social programme matter. Equality‐ and need‐based programmes are more likely to contradict a nativist worldview in principle or practice, whereas equity‐based schemes are less vulnerable to welfare chauvinistic appeals. As a consequence, welfare chauvinism should be targeted at social policies that provide universal or means‐tested benefits. Insurance‐based systems are more likely to be immune. This argument is tested through a qualitative content analysis of populist radical right election manifestos in four West European democracies. The results show that insurance‐based systems (pensions, unemployment) are less likely to attract welfare chauvinism, whereas universal healthcare and means‐tested social assistance programmes are more prone to draw nativist appeals. Universal family allowances, however, are less likely to attract welfare chauvinism than predicted by the theory.
Analogy and Abstraction
Authors: Gentner Dedre , Hoyos Christian 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA central question in human development is how young children gain knowledge so fast. We propose that analogical generalization drives much of this early learning and allows children to generate new abstractions from experience. In this paper, we review evidence for analogical generalization in both children and adults. We discuss how analogical processes interact with the child's changing knowledge base to predict the course of learning, from conservative to domain‐general understanding. This line of research leads to challenges to existing assumptions about learning. It shows that (a) it is not enough to consider the distribution of examples given to learners; one must consider the processes learners are applying; (b) contrary to the general assumption, maximizing variability is not always the best route for maximizing generalization and transfer.
GBF1 differentially regulates CAT2 and PAD4 transcription to promote pathogen defense in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Giri Mrunmay K. , Singh Nidhi , Banday Zeeshan Z. , Singh Vijayata , Ram Hathi , Singh Deepjyoti , Chattopadhyay Sudip , Nandi Ashis K. 
Published: June 2017

SummaryG‐BOX BINDING FACTOR 1 (GBF1) influences light‐regulated seedling development in Arabidopsis, and inhibits CATALASE 2 (CAT2) expression during senescence. CAT2 functions as a scavenger of hydrogen peroxide. The role of GBF1 in the defense response is not known. We report here that GBF1 positively influences the defense against virulent and avirulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae. The gbf1 mutants are susceptible, whereas GBF1 over‐expresser transgenic plants are resistant to bacterial pathogens. GBF1 negatively regulates pathogen‐induced CAT2 expression and thereby positively regulates the hypersensitive response. In addition to CAT2 promoter, GBF1 binds to the G‐box‐like element present in the intron of PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 (PAD4). This association of GBF1 with PAD4 intron is enhanced upon pathogenesis. GBF1 positively regulates PAD4 transcription in an intron‐dependent manner. GBF1‐mediated positive regulation of PAD4 expression is also evident in gbf1 mutant and GBF1 over‐expression lines. Similar to pad4 mutants, pathogen‐induced camalexin and salicylic acid (SA) accumulation, and expression of SA‐inducible PATHOGENESIS RELATED1 (PR1) gene are compromised in the gbf1 mutant. Exogenous application of SA rescues the loss‐of‐defense phenotypes of gbf1 mutant. Thus, altogether, our results demonstrate that GBF1 is an important component of the plant defense response that functions upstream of SA accumulation and, by oppositely regulating CAT2 and PAD4, promotes disease resistance in Arabidopsis.
Phytochelatin synthase OsPCS1 plays a crucial role in reducing arsenic levels in rice grains
Authors: Hayashi Shimpei , Kuramata Masato , Abe Tadashi , Takagi Hiroki , Ozawa Kenjirou , Ishikawa Satoru 
Published: June 2017

SummaryReduction of the level of arsenic (As) in rice grains is an important challenge for agriculture. A recent study reported that the OsABCC1 transporter prevents the accumulation of As in grains by sequestering As–phytochelatin complexes into vacuoles in the upper nodes. However, how phytochelatins are provided in response to As remains unclear. Here, we show that the phytochelatin synthase OsPCS1 plays a crucial role in reducing As levels in rice grains. Using a forward genetic approach, we isolated two rice mutants (has1andhas2) in which As levels were much higher in grains but significantly lower in node I compared with the wild type. Map‐based cloning identified the genes responsible asOsABCC1inhas1andOsPCS1inhas2. The levels of As in grains and node I were similar between the two mutants, suggesting that OsABCC1 preferentially cooperates with OsPCS1 to sequester As, although rice has another phytochelatin synthase, OsPCS2. Anin vitrophytochelatin synthesis assay indicated that OsPCS1 was more sensitive to activation by As than by cadmium, whereas OsPCS2 was more weakly activated by As than by cadmium. Transgenic plants highly expressingOsPCS1showed significantly lower As levels in grains than did wild‐type plants. Our results provide new knowledge of the relative contribution of ricePCSparalogs to As sequestration and suggest a good candidate tool to reduce As levels in rice grains.
Prospective evaluation of toceranib phosphate in metastatic canine osteosarcoma
Authors: Laver T. , London C. A. , Vail D. M. , Biller B. J. , Coy J. , Thamm D. H. 
Published: June 2017

Efficacious therapies for measurable metastatic canine osteosarcoma (OSA) are generally lacking. Preliminary retrospective studies suggested that approximately 50% of dogs with measurable metastaticOSAexperienced clinical benefit (objective response or clinically meaningful disease stabilisation) following toceranib (TOC) treatment. The purpose of this clinical trial was to prospectively evaluate the clinical outcome followingTOCtreatment in dogs with measurable pulmonary metastaticOSA. A secondary goal was to identify potential biomarkers of clinical benefit by measuring changes in plasma vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and circulating regulatory T‐cell (Treg) percentage.Twenty‐two dogs with pulmonary metastasis from appendicularOSAhaving undergone previous amputation were treated prospectively withTOC. Adverse events (AEs) were common but predominantly low grade. Nine patients were withdrawn from the study prior to the week 8 assessment of response either due to progressive disease (PD), decreased quality of life or owner perceived unacceptableAEs. Of the patients evaluable for disease progression at week 8 (or earlier), 3/17 (17.6 %) had stable disease with the remainder havingPD. The median progression‐free survival time for all patients was 57 days (range 7‐176 days) with a median overall survival time of 89 days (range 7‐574 days). PlasmaVEGFconcentrations were significantly elevated in patients after 4 weeks ofTOCtreatment, but no changes were observed in percentage of Treg in peripheral blood. Overall, the results of this clinical trial do not support the use ofTOCas single agent therapy for canine metastaticOSA.