bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Normative Judgments and Individual Essence
Authors: De Freitas Julian , Tobia Kevin P. , Newman George E. , Knobe Joshua 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA growing body of research has examined how people judge the persistence of identity over time—that is, how they decide that a particular individual is the same entity from one time to the next. While a great deal of progress has been made in understanding the types of features that people typically consider when making such judgments, to date, existing work has not explored how these judgments may be shaped by normative considerations. The present studies demonstrate that normative beliefs do appear to play an important role in people's beliefs about persistence. Specifically, people are more likely to judge that the identity of a given entity (e.g., a hypothetical nation) remains the same when its features improve (e.g., the nation becomes more egalitarian) than when its features deteriorate (e.g., the nation becomes more discriminatory). Study 1 provides a basic demonstration of this effect. Study 2 shows that this effect is moderated by individual differences in normative beliefs. Study 3 examines the underlying mechanism, which is the belief that, in general, various entities are essentially good. Study 4 directly manipulates beliefs about essence to show that the positivity bias regarding essences is causally responsible for the effect.
Seeking International Agreement on What it Means To be “Native”
Authors: Gilroy James J. , Avery Julian D. , Lockwood Julie L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe management of harmful nonnative species is a priority for governments worldwide. However, confusion concerning what constitutes a “native” species has led to ambiguous or even contradictory wording in adopted legislation. A key issue concerns the treatment of species dispersing beyond their normal ranges in response to global change. Range‐expanding species can have negative impacts on the ecosystems they colonize, prompting some authorities to class them as “nonnatives.” However, range‐shifts are becoming increasingly necessary for species persistence in response to climate and habitat change. Distinguishing these “desirable” range‐shifts from other human‐driven introductions is therefore a core requirement of legislation. Here, we propose a simplified framework that can be applied unambiguously across the policy arena. We suggest that the “nonnative” moniker should apply exclusively to species transported outside their native range by direct transport (defined herein), leaving species moving via unassisted dispersal as “natives,” even if they are responding indirectly to anthropogenic change. We believe that widespread adoption of this simplified approach will facilitate more consistent multinational policies to target problematic invasive species.
Cordoniform morphea: a clinicopathologic study of two cases presenting with the rope sign
Authors: Tomasini Carlo 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundMorphea clinically presenting as cordoniform lesions has not been described previously in the literature.ObjectiveOur goal was to describe the clinicopathologic features of morphea presenting with cord‐like cutaneous lesions.MethodsThe clinical notes of 420 patients with a diagnosis of morphea seen during the previous 10 years were reviewed to identify any cases that had cordoniform lesions at presentation.ResultsTwo adult patients (one male and one female) were identified. Both patients presented with chronic, slightly burning, bilateral, erythematous, linear or curvilinear elevated cutaneous indurations on the lateral chest wall strikingly reminiscent interstitial granulomatous dermatitis with arthritis. Histopathologically, typical changes of deep morphea with a band‐like involvement only of the lower part of the reticular dermis and the superficial hypodermis and a remarkable perineural arrangement of the lymphoplasmocytic infiltrate were observed. The presence of Borrelia in skin biopsy samples of both patients was shown by immunohistochemistry and focus floating microscopy. In one patient, the presence of Borrelia afzelii DNA in the cutaneous biopsy was shown by polymerase chain reaction.ConclusionsCordoniform morphea is an exceedingly unusual and previously undescribed clinicopathologic presentation of morphea where Borrelia infection may play a causal role.
Exercise as an intervention for first‐episode psychosis: a feasibility study
Authors: Firth Joseph , Carney Rebekah , Elliott Rebecca , French Paul , Parker Sophie , McIntyre Rebecca , McPhee Jamie S. , Yung Alison R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAimExercise can improve psychiatric symptoms, neurocognitive functioning and physical health in schizophrenia. However, the effects in early psychosis have not been explored. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of an exercise intervention for early psychosis and to determine if it was associated with changes in physical and mental health.MethodsThirty‐one patients with first‐episode psychosis (FEP) were recruited from early intervention services to a 10‐week exercise intervention. The intervention group received individualized training programmes, aiming to achieve ≥90 min of moderate‐to‐vigorous activity each week, using exercise programmes tailored to individual preferences and needs. A comparison FEP sample from the same services (n = 7) received treatment as usual.ResultsRates of consent and retention in the exercise group were 94% and 81%, respectively. Participants achieved an average of 107 min of moderate‐to‐vigorous exercise per week. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total scores reduced by 13.3 points after 10 weeks of exercise, which was significantly greater than the treatment as usual comparison group (P = 0.010). The greatest differences were observed in negative symptoms, which reduced by 33% in the intervention group (P = 0.013). Significant improvements were also observed in psychosocial functioning and verbal short‐term memory. Increases in cardiovascular fitness and processing speed were positively associated with the amounts of exercise achieved by participants.ConclusionIndividualized exercise training could provide a feasible treatment option for improving symptomatic, neurocognitive and metabolic outcomes in FEP.
Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Gd2Zr2O7/YSZ Multilayered Thermal Barrier Coatings
Authors: Mahade Satyapal , Li Ran , Curry Nicholas , Björklund Stefan , Markocsan Nicolaie , Nylén Per 
Published: March 2016

Efficiency of a gas turbine can be increased by increasing the operating temperature. Yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is the standard thermal barrier coating (TBC) material used in gas turbine applications. However, above 1200°C, YSZ undergoes significant sintering and CMAS (calcium magnesium alumino silicate) infiltration. New ceramic materials of rare earth zirconate composition such as gadolinium zirconate (GZ) are promising candidates for thermal barrier coating applications (TBC) above 1200°C. Suspension plasma spray of single‐layer YSZ, double‐layer GZ/YSZ, and a triple‐layer TBC comprising denser GZ on top of GZ/YSZ TBC was attempted. The overall coating thickness in all three TBCs was kept the same. Isothermal oxidation performance of the three TBCs along with bare substrate and bond‐coated substrate was investigated for time intervals of 10 h, 50 h, and 100 h at 1150°C in air environment. Weight gain/loss analysis was carried out by sensitive weighing balance. Microstructural analysis was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As‐sprayed single‐layer YSZ and double‐layer GZ/YSZ showed columnar microstructure, whereas the denser layer in the triple‐layer TBC was not columnar. Phase analysis of the top surface of as‐sprayed TBCs was carried out using XRD. Porosity measurements were made by water intrusion method. In the weight gain analysis and SEM analysis, multilayered TBCs showed lower weight gain and lower TGO thickness compared to single‐layer YSZ.
Roles of the Laodelphax striatellus Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule in Rice stripe virus infection of its insect vector
Authors: Zhang F. , Li Q. , Chen X. , Huo Y. , Guo H. , Song Z. , Cui F. , Zhang L. , Fang R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe arthropod Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam) mediates pathogen‐specific recognition via an extensive protein isoform repertoire produced by alternative splicing. To date, most studies have focused on the subsequent pathogen‐specific immune response, and few have investigated the entry into cells of viruses or endosymbionts. In the present study, we cloned and characterized the cDNA of Laodelphax striatellus Dscam (LsDscam) and investigated the function of LsDscam in rice stripe virus (RSV) infection and the influence on the endosymbiont Wolbachia. LsDscam displayed a typical Dscam domain architecture, including 10 immunoglobulin (Ig) domains, six fibronectin type III domains, one transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic tail. Alternative splicing occurred at the N‐termini of the Ig2 and Ig3 domains, the complete Ig7 domain, the transmembrane domain and the C‐terminus, comprising 10, 51, 35, two and two variable exons, respectively. Potentially LsDscam could encode at least 71 400 unique isoforms and 17 850 types of extracellular regions. LsDscam was expressed in various L. striatellus tissues. Knockdown of LsDscam mRNA via RNA interference decreased the titres of both RSV and Wolbachia, but did not change the numbers of the extracellular symbiotic bacterium Acinetobacter rhizosphaerae. Specific Dscam isoforms may play roles in enhancing the infection of vector‐borne viruses or endosymbionts.
Gender‐Related Factors for Depressive Symptoms in Turkish Adolescents
Authors: Alpaslan Ahmet Hamdi , Kocak Ugur , Avci Kadriye 
Published: March 2016

PROBLEMCurrently more adolescents suffer from mental health problems than compared to the past.PURPOSEThis study was designed to extend the knowledge of depressive symptoms in adolescence and to determine the gender‐related factors associated with it.METHODSThe study sample consisted of (N = 487) adolescents. The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ‐S), and UCLA loneliness scale (UCLA‐LS) were completed by the participants.FINDINGSAmong the study population, 26.6% (n = 130) scored ≥19 on the CDI, which was the cut‐off point. UCLA‐LS, hyperactivity and conduct problems, and peer problems subscale scores of SDQ‐S were found significantly higher in males (p < .05). Emotional symptoms, pro‐social behavior subscale scores of SDQ‐S, and a family member, a friend subscale scores of MSPSS were found significantly higher in females (p < .05). For males, loneliness and hyperactivity and conduct problems, while for females, emotional symptoms and loneliness (p < .05) were predictive variables. Pro‐social behavior and perceived family member support were protective variables for females scoring high enough to be diagnosed with depression (p < .05).CONCLUSIONWe suggest further studies to confirm these results as well as establishing strategies for better detection of depressive symptoms when working on adolescents.
Evolutionary routes to stable ownership
Authors: Hare D. , Reeve H. K. , Blossey B. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOwnership can evolve in potentially any species. Drawing on insights from across disciplines, we distinguish between possession and ownership and present species‐neutral criteria for ownership, defined as respect for possession. We use a variant of the tug‐of‐war evolutionary game to demonstrate how ownership can evolve in the form of a new, biologically realistic strategy, Restraint With Retaliation (RWR). In our game, resource holding potential (RHP) is assumed to be equal between interactants, and resource holding asymmetry determines whether ownership is adaptive. RWR will be evolutionarily stable when the ratio of resource holdings between interactants is relatively low, but not when this ratio is sufficiently high. We offer RWR as one evolutionary route to ownership among many, and discuss how ownership unites previously described behavioural phenomena across taxa. We propose that some but not all mechanisms of territory formation and maintenance can be considered ownership, and show that territories are not the only resources that can be owned. We argue that ownership can be a powerful cooperative solution to tragedies of the commons and problems of collective action throughout the biological world. We advance recent scholarship that has begun to investigate the biological importance of ownership, and we call for a comprehensive account of its evolutionary logic and taxonomic distribution. We propose that ownership should be considered a fundamental, unifying biological phenomenon.
Energetic Calculation of an Apple Chopper with Zigzagging Knife Location in the Cutting Unit
Authors: Antonov Nikolay M. , Lebed Nikita I. , Makarov Aleksey M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe authors propose an apple chopper with zigzagging location of the knives in the cutting unit, which is designed for obtaining slices with their further processing. The article shows the results of the researches to determine the energy parameters of the cutting process of apple fruits of variety Jonathan by means of the chopper developed in comparison with the traditional location of knives in a single plane. A graphical analysis of the data obtained is given. The comparative parameters obtained characterize, in the full extent, the energy consumption of the cutting process of the chopper proposed in comparison with the traditional location of knives in a single plane, namely: the product frictional force on the knives, the cutting power, the influence of the knife height on the frictional force and the influence of the knife thickness on the frictional force. The analysis of the rated and experimental data results is given.Practical ApplicationIt is recommended by authors to use the zigzagging cutting unit developed, which allows to eliminate structure destruction of fruits to be processed, with the purpose to increase the quality of the product to be obtained by cutting vegetables and fruits into slices of different thickness. This destruction leads to higher juice separation during the operation process. The use of vegetable and fruit chopper with a zigzagging cutting unit developed by the authors allows to reduce the frictional force on the knives and, consequently, the total energy consumption as well, which is proved by energy calculation.
Optimization of Upstream Process Parameters for Enhanced Production of Thermostable Milk Clotting Enzyme from Bacillus Subtilis MTCC 10422
Authors: Narwal Rajesh Kumari , Bhushan Bharat , Pal Ajay , Malhotra Sarla Popli 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe process protocol of high titer milk clotting enzyme (MCE) production from Bacillus subtilis was delineated through optimizing different energy sources and growth conditions like incubation period, temperature and pH. The culture broth showed maximum production of MCE at pH 6.0 and temperature 40C after 48 h of incubation with the yield of 191.55 U/mL. Quantitative comparison of MCE activity before and after optimization revealed 7.46‐fold increase in MCE production after the process conditions were standardized. The characteristics of MCE viz. broad pH and temperature stability could make it useful as a new source of milk coagulant in dairy processing.Practical ApplicationsEach microbial strain is unique in its molecular, biochemical and metabolic enzyme production properties. These production characteristics would have to offer competitive advantages over the existing products of un‐optimized medium. This warrants thorough study of isolated microbial species under variable growth conditions. Fungal MCEs have been widely reported. The Milk Clotting Activity (MCA) and MCA per Proteolytic Activity (PA) index of the bacterium under study are comparable to that of many fungal reports and better than quite a few bacterial MCEs. Bacillus subtilis can be a promising microorganism for MCE production and has a good probability of successful use in cheese production.
Immunocytochemical localization of kisspeptin and kisspeptin receptor in the primate testis
Authors: Irfan Shahzad , Ehmcke Jens , Shahab Muhammad , Wistuba Joachim , Schlatt Stefan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundHypothalamic kisspeptin–kisspeptin receptor signalling in primates ensures the successful progression into puberty during development and maintenance of reproductive capacity during adulthood. Human testis has been shown to express high‐to‐moderate levels of kisspeptin and kisspeptin receptor gene expression. In this study, we aimed at characterizing the localization of kisspeptin and kisspeptin receptor in adult primate testis tissue.MethodsImmunocytochemistry was performed on paraffin‐embedded testicular sections from adult rhesus monkeys and from common marmoset monkeys.ResultsKisspeptin receptor was detected in Sertoli cells in the periphery of the seminiferous tubules in adult testes of both species. In contrast, kisspeptin was not localized in the seminiferous epithelium and was detected only in the interstitial compartment of the adult rhesus monkey testis.ConclusionKisspeptin receptor and kisspeptin are localized in the testis of Old World and New World primates.
In vivo assessment of riluzole as a potential therapeutic drug for spinocerebellar ataxia type 3
Authors: Schmidt Jana , Schmidt Thorsten , Golla Matthias , Lehmann Lisa , Weber Jonasz Jeremiasz , Hübener‐Schmid Jeannette , Riess Olaf 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSpinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is an autosomal dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder for which no curative therapy is available. The cause of this disease is the expansion of a CAG repeat in the so‐called ATXN3 gene leading to an expanded polyglutamine stretch in the ataxin‐3 protein. Although the function of ataxin‐3 has been defined as a deubiquitinating enzyme, the pathogenic pathway underlying SCA3 remains to be deciphered. Besides others, also the glutamatergic system seems to be altered in SCA3. The antiglutamatergic substance riluzole has thus been suggested as a potential therapeutic agent for SCA3. To assess whether riluzole is effective in the treatment of SCA3 in vivo, we used a phenotypically well‐characterized conditional mouse model previously generated by us. Treatment with 10 mg/kg riluzole in the drinking water was started when mice showed impairment in rotarod performance. Post‐symptomatic treatment with riluzole carried out for a period of 10 months led to reduction of the soluble ataxin‐3 level and an increase in ataxin‐3 positive accumulations, but did not improve motor deficits measured by rotarod. There was also no positive effect on home cage behavior or body weight. We even observed a pronounced reduction of calbindin expression in Purkinje cells in riluzole‐treated mice. Thus, long‐term treatment with riluzole was not able to alleviate disease symptoms observed in transgenic SCA3 mice and should be considered with caution in the treatment of human patients.
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Assessing riluzole as a potential treatment for spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) had no beneficial, but rather a worsening effect on our transgenic SCA3 mouse model. We hypothesize that: Riluzole treatment enhanced glutamate release in ATXN3‐expressing cells leading to an increased Ca2+ influx resulting in Purkinje cell damage shown by loss of calbindin expression.
Titanium ions form particles that activate and execute interleukin‐1β release from lipopolysaccharide‐primed macrophages
Authors: Pettersson M. , Kelk P. , Belibasakis G. N. , Bylund D. , Molin Thorén M. , Johansson A. 
Published: March 2016

Background and ObjectivePeri‐implantitis is a destructive inflammatory process characterized by destruction of the implant‐supporting bone. Inflammasomes are large intracellular multiprotein complexes that play a central role in innate immunity by activating the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Although inflammasome activation has previously been linked to periodontal inflammation, there is still no information on a potential association with peri‐implantitis. The aim of this study was to examine cytotoxic and proinflammatory effects, including inflammasome activation, of metals used in dental implants, in anin vitromodel, as well as from clinical tissue samples.Material and methodsHuman macrophages were exposed to different metals [titanium (Ti), cobalt, chromium and molybdenum] in a cell‐culture assay. Cytotoxicity was determined using the neutral red uptake assay. Cytokine secretion was quantified using anELISA,and the expression of genes of various inflammasome components was analysed usingquantitative PCR. In addition, the concentrations of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and Ti in mucosal tissue samples taken in the vicinity of dental implants were determined usingELISAand inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, respectively.ResultsTi ions in physiological solutions stimulated inflammasome activation in human macrophages and consequentlyIL‐1β release. This effect was further enhanced by macrophages that have been exposed to lipopolysaccharides. The proinflammatory activation caused by Ti ions disappeared after filtration (0.22 μm), which indicates an effect of particles. Ti ions alone did not stimulate transcription of the inflammasome components. The Ti levels of tissue samples obtained in the vicinity of Ti implants were sufficiently high (≥ 40 μm)to stimulate secretion ofIL‐1β from human macrophagesin vitro.ConclusionTi ions form particles that act as secondary stimuli for a proinflammatory reaction.
Trends in autopsy‐verified dementia prevalence over 29 years of the Hisayama study
Authors: Honda Hiroyuki , Sasaki Kensuke , Hamasaki Hideomi , Shijo Masahiro , Koyama Sachiko , Ohara Tomoyuki , Ninomiya Toshiharu , Kiyohara Yutaka , Suzuki Satoshi O. , Iwaki Toru 
Published: March 2016

We investigated the trends in dementia over the past 29 years in the town of Hisayama, Japan using 1266 autopsy specimens. The Hisayama study is a prospective cohort study of lifestyle‐related diseases that was started in 1961. Clinical examination of dementia was started in 1985 with five detailed cross‐sectional assessments conducted in 1985, 1992, 1998, 2005 and 2012. To examine the trends in dementia, we divided the 1266 autopsy samples into five groups according to the year of death: I (1986–1991, 257 cases), II (1992–1997, 268 cases), III (1998–2004, 318 cases), IV (2005–2011, 296 cases) and V (2012–2014, 127 cases). The prevalence of all‐cause dementia significantly increased over time (28.4% in group I, 22.4% in group II, 32.1% in group III, 30.1% in group IV, 51.2% in group V; P for trend <0.001). A similar trend was observed for Alzheimer's disease (AD) (15.2%, 11.9%, 17.3%, 20.6% and 33.1%, respectively; P for trend <0.001). A significant increasing trend was observed in both men and women. A rapid increase in senile dementia of the NFT type (SD‐NFT) in recent years was notable. Vascular dementia was the most common type of dementia in men prior to 2004; however, its prevalence decreased over time. Our study revealed that tauopathies, including AD and SD‐NFT, significantly increased in the aged Japanese population over the course of this study. The neuritic plaque pathology of AD was associated with metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and abnormal lipid metabolism, whereas the risk factors for tau pathology remain unclear. Although aging is considered one of the important risk factors accelerating tau pathology, there could be other risk factors associated with lifestyle diseases.