bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The whole atmosphere response to changes in the Earth's magnetic field from 1900 to 2000: An example of “top‐down” vertical coupling
Authors: Cnossen Ingrid , Liu Hanli , Lu Hua 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe study the effects of changes in the Earth's magnetic field between 1900 and 2000 on the whole atmosphere (0–500 km altitude), based on simulations with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model eXtension. Magnetic field changes directly affect the temperature and wind in the upper atmosphere (> ~110 km) via Joule heating and the ion drag force. However, we also find significant responses in zonal mean temperature and zonal wind in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) middle‐ to high‐latitude troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere of up to ±2 K and ±2 m/s, as well as regionally significant changes in Northern Hemisphere (NH) polar surface temperatures of up to ±1.3 K, in December‐January‐February. In the SH, changes in gravity wave filtering in the thermosphere induce a change in the residual circulation that extends down into the upper mesosphere, where further changes in the mean wind climatology are generated, together with changes in local planetary wave generation and/or amplification and gravity wave filtering. This induces further changes to a residual circulation cell extending down into the troposphere. However, inaccuracies in the simulated SH upper mesospheric wind climatology probably mean that the simulated temperature and wind responses in the SH lower and middle atmosphere are also inaccurate. The NH middle atmosphere response is zonally asymmetric, consisting of a significant change in the positioning and shape of the upper stratospheric polar vortex, which is dynamically consistent with the surface temperature response. However, the downward coupling mechanism in the NH is generally less clear.
On the deterministic and stochastic use of hydrologic models
Authors: Farmer William H. , Vogel Richard M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractEnvironmental simulation models, such as precipitation‐runoff watershed models, are increasingly used in a deterministic manner for environmental and water resources design, planning, and management. In operational hydrology, simulated responses are now routinely used to plan, design, and manage a very wide class of water resource systems. However, all such models are calibrated to existing data sets and retain some residual error. This residual, typically unknown in practice, is often ignored, implicitly trusting simulated responses as if they are deterministic quantities. In general, ignoring the residuals will result in simulated responses with distributional properties that do not mimic those of the observed responses. This discrepancy has major implications for the operational use of environmental simulation models as is shown here. Both a simple linear model and a distributed‐parameter precipitation‐runoff model are used to document the expected bias in the distributional properties of simulated responses when the residuals are ignored. The systematic reintroduction of residuals into simulated responses in a manner that produces stochastic output is shown to improve the distributional properties of the simulated responses. Every effort should be made to understand the distributional behavior of simulation residuals and to use environmental simulation models in a stochastic manner.
Metabolic outcomes of workers according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations in Korea
Authors: Lee Wanhyung , Yeom Hyungseon , Yoon Jin‐Ha , Won Jong‐Uk , Jung Pil Kyun , Lee June‐Hee , Seok Hongdeok , Roh Jaehoon 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundOccupation influences the risk for developing chronic metabolic diseases.MethodsWe compared the prevalence of MetS by International Standard Classification of Occupations using the nationally representative data in Korea (KNHANES). We enrolled 16,763 workers (9,175 males; 7,588 females) who had measurements for the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria III and other variables. OR and 95%CIs for MetS and its components were estimated according to occupation using the multiple logistic regression models.ResultsThe occupational groups with the highest age‐standardized prevalence of MetS were lower skilled white‐collar men (31.1 ± 2.4%) and green‐collar women (24.2 ± 2.9%). Compared with the unskilled male blue‐collar group, which had the lowest prevalence of MetS, the OR (95%CIs) of MetS in men were 1.77 (1.45–2.15) in higher skilled white‐collar, 1.82 (1.47–2.26) in lower‐skilled white‐collar, 1.63 (1.32–2.01) in pink‐collar and 1.37 (1.13–1.66) in skilled blue‐collar workers in final logistic regression model.ConclusionsMetS and its components vary by occupational category and gender in ways that may guide health interventions. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:685–694, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Foremen's intervention to prevent falls and increase safety communication at residential construction sites
Authors: Kaskutas Vicki , Buckner‐Petty Skye , Dale Ann Marie , Gaal John , Evanoff Bradley A. 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundThis research aimed to improve residential construction foremen's communication skills and safety behaviors of their crewmembers when working at heights.MethodsEighty‐four residential construction foremen participated in the 8‐hr fall prevention and safety communication training. We compared pre‐ and post‐intervention surveys from foremen and their crewmembers to measure the effect of training.ResultsForemen and crewmembers’ ratings showed improvements in fall prevention knowledge, behaviors, and safety communication and were sustained 6‐months post‐training, with emphasized areas demonstrating larger increases. Ratings were similar between foremen and crewmembers, suggesting that the foremen effectively taught their crew and assigned accurate ratings. Based upon associations between safety behaviors and reported falls observed in prior research, we would expect a 16.6% decrease in the one year cumulative incidence of self‐reported falls post‐intervention.ConclusionsThis intervention improved safety knowledge and behaviors of a large number of workers by training construction foremen in fall prevention and safety communication skills. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:823–831, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Work‐related deaths among youth: Understanding the contribution of US child labor violations
Authors: Rauscher Kimberly J. , Myers Douglas J. , Miller Mary E. 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundEvidence shows that violations of the United States (US) child labor regulations are common. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the magnitude and nature of work‐related deaths among youth involving violations of US child labor regulations.MethodsWe analyzed Census of Fatal Occupational Injury data from 2001 to 2012 using descriptive statistics and Chi‐square tests.ResultsBetween 2001 and 2012, 406 workers under age 18 were recorded in the CFOI as having suffered a fatal work‐related injury. Among these cases, 233 were covered by the US child labor regulations. Forty‐three percent of these cases involved at least one violation. The majority of cases that were not covered by the regulations involved decedents working on their family's farms (N = 139).ConclusionsViolations of federal child labor regulations are a significant contributor to work‐related deaths among youth in the United States. Increased investment in enforcement is needed to prevent further young worker deaths involving child labor violations. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:959–968, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bone remodeling is reduced in high stress regions of the cercopithecoid mandible
Authors: Lad Susan E. , Daegling David J. , McGraw W. Scott 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectivesIndependent lines of evidence suggest that osteonal bone remodeling is a function of both mechanical (i.e., changes in stress) and non‐mechanical (i.e., metabolic needs related to calcium liberation) factors. The degree to which secondary bone reflects mechanical factors, however, is incompletely understood despite the common assumption that the stress environment mediates remodeling activity. Here, we investigate whether there are remodeling differences between regions of primate mandibular bone known to have distinct stress environments.MethodsOsteon density, osteon fragment density, and relative osteonal area are measured as indicators of remodeling activity from postcanine and symphyseal thin sections of four sympatric monkey species (N = 20 total) from Taï Forest, Côte dʼIvoire:Piliocolobus badius,Colobus polykomos,Cercocebus atys,Cercopithecus diana. Subfamily and regional effects were assessed by two‐way ANOVA.ResultsSymphyseal bone has lower osteonal density, fragment density and relative osteonal area than postcanine bone in all species, indicating relatively low remodeling activity in symphyseal bone, despite the likelihood of relatively high stresses in its lingual cortex. Subfamily differences in postcanine remodeling are significant in that colobines exhibit greater remodeling than cercopithecines.DiscussionThe data suggest that high strains are not requisite for bone remodeling. How the lingual symphysis negotiates a high strain environment without the reparative benefit of remodeling is yet to be elucidated, but the data prompt reevaluation of the relationship of targeted remodeling to stress histories. Differences in osteonal bone density between taxa might reflect feeding or dietary influences on remodeling activity, but sample composition prevents parsing behavioral from other taxon‐specific effects.
Electromagnetic characterization of bianisotropic metasurfaces on refractive substrates: General theoretical framework
Authors: Albooyeh M. , Tretyakov Sergei , Simovski Constantin 
Published: June 2016

We present a general methodology for electromagnetic homogenization and characterization of bianisotropic metasurfaces formed by regular or random arrangements of small arbitrary inclusions at interfaces of two different isotropic media. The approach unites and generalizes the earlier theories developed independently by two joint research groups: that of profs. Holloway and Kuester and that of profs. Simovski and Tretyakov. We analyze the features of both formalisms and discuss their peculiarities in several example cases. Our theory can be used in the analysis and synthesis of a wide spectrum of metasurfaces.
image
Metabolic Labeling and Imaging of N‐Linked Glycans in Arabidopsis Thaliana
Authors: Zhu Yuntao , Wu Jie , Chen Xing 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMolecular imaging of glycans has been actively pursued in animal systems for the past decades. However, visualization of plant glycans remains underdeveloped, despite that glycosylation is essential for the life cycle of plants. Metabolic glycan labeling in Arabidopsis thaliana by using N‐azidoacetylglucosamine (GlcNAz) as the chemical reporter is reported. GlcNAz is metabolized through the salvage pathway of N‐acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and incorporated into N‐linked glycans, and possibly intracellular O‐GlcNAc. Click‐labeling with fluorescent probes enables visualization of newly synthesized N‐linked glycans. N‐glycosylation in the root tissue was discovered to possess distinct distribution patterns in different developmental zones, suggesting that N‐glycosylation is regulated in a developmental stage‐dependent manner. This work shows the utility of metabolic glycan labeling in elucidating the function of N‐linked glycosylation in plants.
Construction of Chiral Tri‐ and Tetra‐Arylmethanes Bearing Quaternary Carbon Centers: Copper‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Propargylation of Indoles with Propargylic Esters
Authors: Tsuchida Kouhei , Senda Yasushi , Nakajima Kazunari , Nishibayashi Yoshiaki 
Published: June 2016

AbstractCopper‐catalyzed enantioselective propargylation of indoles with propargylic esters and sequential Huisgen cycloaddition with azides lead to the construction of chiral triarylmethanes, bearing a quaternary carbon center, with high to excellent enantioselectivities. The result described herein can be used in the enantioselective preparation of a tetraarylmethane.
Monomeric Chini‐Type Triplatinum Clusters Featuring Dianionic and Radical‐Anionic π*‐Systems
Authors: Barnett Brandon R. , Rheingold Arnold L. , Figueroa Joshua S. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractOwing to their unique topologies and abilities to self‐assemble into a variety of extended and aggregated structures, the binary platinum carbonyl clusters [Pt3(CO)6]n2− (“Chini clusters”) continue to draw significant interest. Herein, we report the isolation and structural characterization of the trinuclear electron‐transfer series [Pt3(μ‐CO)3(CNArDipp2)3]n− (n=0, 1, 2), which represents a unique set of monomeric Pt3 clusters supported by π‐acidic ligands. Spectroscopic, computational, and synthetic investigations demonstrate that the highest‐occupied molecular orbitals of the mono‐ and dianionic clusters consist of a combined π*‐framework of the CO and CNArDipp2 ligands, with negligible Pt character. Accordingly, this study provides precedent for an ensemble of carbonyl and isocyanide ligands to function in a redox non‐innocent manner.
Tuning the Reactivity of Ultrathin Oxides: NO Adsorption on Monolayer FeO(111)
Authors: Merte Lindsay R. , Heard Christopher J. , Zhang Feng , Choi Juhee , Shipilin Mikhail , Gustafson Johan , Weaver Jason F. , Grönbeck Henrik , Lundgren Edvin 
Published: June 2016

AbstractUltrathin metal oxides exhibit unique chemical properties and show promise for applications in heterogeneous catalysis. Monolayer FeO films supported on metal surfaces show large differences in reactivity depending on the metal substrate, potentially enabling tuning of the catalytic properties of these materials. Nitric oxide (NO) adsorption is facile on silver‐supported FeO, whereas a similar film grown on platinum is inert to NO under similar conditions. Ab initio calculations link this substrate‐dependent behavior to steric hindrance caused by substrate‐induced rumpling of the FeO surface, which is stronger for the platinum‐supported film. Calculations show that the size of the activation barrier to adsorption caused by the rumpling is dictated by the strength of the metal–oxide interaction, offering a straightforward method for tailoring the adsorption properties of ultrathin films.
Phase Transition of a Structure II Cubic Clathrate Hydrate to a Tetragonal Form
Authors: Takeya Satoshi , Fujihisa Hiroshi , Yamawaki Hiroshi , Gotoh Yoshito , Ohmura Ryo , Alavi Saman , Ripmeester John A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe crystal structure and phase transition of cubic structure II (sII) binary clathrate hydrates of methane (CH4) and propanol are reported from powder X‐ray diffraction measurements. The deformation of host water cages at the cubic–tetragonal phase transition of 2‐propanol+CH4 hydrate, but not 1‐propanol+CH4 hydrate, was observed below about 110 K. It is shown that the deformation of the host water cages of 2‐propanol+CH4 hydrate can be explained by the restriction of the motion of 2‐propanol within the 51264 host water cages. This result provides a low‐temperature structure due to a temperature‐induced symmetry‐lowering transition of clathrate hydrate. This is the first example of a cubic structure of the common clathrate hydrate families at a fixed composition.
Kinetics of the Antibody Recognition Site in the Third IgG‐Binding Domain of Protein G
Authors: Pratihar Supriya , Sabo T. Michael , Ban David , Fenwick R. Bryn , Becker Stefan , Salvatella Xavier , Griesinger Christian , Lee Donghan 
Published: June 2016

AbstractProtein dynamics occurring on a wide range of timescales play a crucial role in governing protein function. Particularly, motions between the globular rotational correlation time (
) and 40 μs (supra‐
window), strongly influence molecular recognition. This supra‐
window was previously hidden, owing to a lack of experimental methods. Recently, we have developed a high‐power relaxation dispersion (RD) experiment for measuring kinetics as fast as 4 μs. For the first time, this method, performed under super‐cooled conditions, enabled us to detect a global motion in the first β‐turn of the third IgG‐binding domain of protein G (GB3), which was extrapolated to 371±115 ns at 310 K. Furthermore, the same residues show the plasticity in the model‐free residual dipolar coupling (RDC) order parameters and in an ensemble encoding the supra‐
dynamics. This β‐turn is involved in antibody binding, exhibiting the potential link of the observed supra‐
motion with molecular recognition.
Spatially Separated Photosystem II and a Silicon Photoelectrochemical Cell for Overall Water Splitting: A Natural–Artificial Photosynthetic Hybrid
Authors: Wang Wangyin , Wang Hong , Zhu Qingjun , Qin Wei , Han Guangye , Shen Jian‐Ren , Zong Xu , Li Can 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIntegrating natural and artificial photosynthetic platforms is an important approach to developing solar‐driven hybrid systems with exceptional function over the individual components. A natural–artificial photosynthetic hybrid platform is formed by wiring photosystem II (PSII) and a platinum‐decorated silicon photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell in a tandem manner based on a photocatalytic‐PEC Z‐scheme design. Although the individual components cannot achieve overall water splitting, the hybrid platform demonstrated the capability of unassisted solar‐driven overall water splitting. Moreover, H2 and O2 evolution can be separated in this system, which is ascribed to the functionality afforded by the unconventional Z‐scheme design. Furthermore, the tandem configuration and the spatial separation between PSII and artificial components provide more opportunities to develop efficient natural–artificial hybrid photosynthesis systems.
Flexible Zirconium Metal‐Organic Frameworks as Bioinspired Switchable Catalysts
Authors: Yuan Shuai , Zou Lanfang , Li Haixia , Chen Ying‐Pin , Qin Junsheng , Zhang Qiang , Lu Weigang , Hall Michael B. , Zhou Hong‐Cai 
Published: June 2016

AbstractFlexible metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are highly desirable in host–guest chemistry owing to their almost unlimited structural/functional diversities and stimuli‐responsive pore architectures. Herein, we designed a flexible Zr‐MOF system, namely PCN‐700 series, for the realization of switchable catalysis in cycloaddition reactions of CO2 with epoxides. Their breathing behaviors were studied by successive single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses. The breathing amplitudes of the PCN‐700 series were modulated through pre‐functionalization of organic linkers and post‐synthetic linker installation. Experiments and molecular simulations confirm that the catalytic activities of the PCN‐700 series can be switched on and off upon reversible structural transformation, which is reminiscent of sophisticated biological systems such as allosteric enzymes.
Temperature dependent dielectric properties of self‐standing and flexible poly(vinylidene fluoride) films infused with Er3+ doped GeO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Kar Epsita , Bose Navonil , Das Sukhen , Mukherjee Nillohit , Mukherjee Sampad 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThe synthesis of Er3+@GeO2 and Er3+@SiO2 nanoparticle impregnated self‐standing poly(vinylidene fluoride) films by a facile solution casting technique has been reported. The prepared films were thoroughly characterized using X‐ray diffraction technique, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The optical properties were evaluated using UV–Vis spectroscopy. Detailed study on the temperature dependent dielectric properties of the composite films with different Er3+ content were also investigated to establish the electrical properties of the same, which revealed the presence of different relaxation processes, namely,
and ρ. Due to the smaller size, Er3+@SiO2 was found to disperse better in the PVDF matrix than Er3+@GeO2, which resulted in higher dielectric constant of the former at 300 K. At higher temperature (403 K), the behavior was reversed due to the formation of larger sized low mobility complexes. An investigation on ac conductivity proved the conduction mechanism for neat as well as composite PVDF films to follow the Correlated Barrier Hopping model. The loading of Er3+@GeO2 and Er3+@SiO2 nanoparticles in the PVDF matrix significantly enhances the dielectric properties without losing the flexibility of the composite films. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44016.
Protected areas and freshwater provisioning: a global assessment of freshwater provision, threats and management strategies to support human water security
Authors: Harrison Ian J. , Green Pamela A. , Farrell Tracy A. , Juffe‐Bignoli Diego , Sáenz Leonardo , Vörösmarty Charles J. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Protected areas, although often terrestrially focused and less frequently designed to protect freshwater resources, can be extremely important for conserving freshwater biodiversity and supporting human water security necessary for people to survive and thrive.
This study measured the quantity of water that is being provided by protected areas to areas downstream, and how threatened protected areas are in terms of their water provision.
Building on a Freshwater Provision Index, the numbers of people who live downstream from these protected areas around the world were then assessed. The same process was applied to areas where there are no protected areas.
Protected areas deliver 20% of the global total of approximately 40 000 km3 year−1 of continental runoff. More than one‐quarter of water provisions supplied by the world's protected areas are exposed to low levels of threat and less than 10% are exposed to high levels of threat; this is compared with higher levels of threat for provisions from non‐protected areas, where nearly one quarter of the provisions are exposed to high threat and only 10% are exposed to low threat.
Nearly two‐thirds of the global population is living downstream of the world's protected areas as potential users of freshwater provisions supplied by these areas. Despite the overall large volume of low‐threat water supplied by protected areas, globally 80% of the downstream human community users receive water from upstream protected areas under high threat, and no continent has less than 59% of its downstream users receiving water from upstream protected areas under high threat.
Globally, increased attention to reduce the threats to fresh water in areas under protection, as well as designation and management of additional areas, are needed to safeguard freshwater flows, and support biodiversity conservation and the provision of freshwater ecosystem services.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.