bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food safety in Thailand 4: comparison of pesticide residues found in three commonly consumed vegetables purchased from local markets and supermarkets in Thailand
Authors: Wanwimolruk Sompon , Phopin Kamonrat , Boonpangrak Somchai , Prachayasittikul Virapong 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundThe wide use of pesticides raises concerns on the health risks associated with pesticide exposure. For developing countries, like Thailand, pesticide monitoring program (in vegetables and fruits) and also the maximum residue limits (MRL) regulation have not been entirely implemented. The MRL is a product limit, not a safety limit. The MRL is the maximum concentration of a pesticide residue (expressed as mg/kg) recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission to be legally permitted in or on food commodities and animal feeds (Codex Alimentarius Commission, 2015; European Commission, 2015). MRLs are based on supervised residue trial data where the pesticide has been applied in accordance with GAP (Good Agricultural Practice). This study aims at providing comparison data on pesticide residues found in three commonly consumed vegetables (Chinese kale, pakchoi and morning glory) purchased from some local markets and supermarkets in Thailand.MethodsThese vegetables were randomly bought from local markets and supermarkets. Then they were analyzed for the content of 28 pesticides by using GC-MS/MS.ResultsTypes of pesticides detected in the samples either from local markets or supermarkets were similar. The incidence of detected pesticides was 100% (local markets) and 99% (supermarkets) for the Chinese kale; 98% (local markets) and 100% (supermarkets) for the pakchoi; and 99% (local markets) and 97% (supermarkets) for the morning glory samples. The pesticides were detected exceeding their MRL at a rate of 48% (local markets) and 35% (supermarkets) for the Chinese kale; 71% (local markets) and 55% (supermarkets) for the pakchoi, and 42% (local markets) and 49% (supermarkets) for the morning glory.DiscussionThese rates are much higher than those seen in developed countries. It should be noted that these findings were assessed on basis of using criteria (such as MRL) obtained from developed countries. Our findings were also confined to these vegetables sold in a few central provinces of Thailand and did not reflect for the whole country as sample sizes were small. Risk assessment due to consuming these pesticide contaminated vegetables, still remains to be evaluated. However, remarkably high incidence rates of detected pesticides give warning to the Thai authorities to implement proper regulations on pesticide monitoring program. Similar incidence of pesticide contamination found in the vegetables bought from local markets and supermarkets raises question regarding the quality of organic vegetables domestically sold in Thailand. This conclusion excludes Thai export quality vegetables and fruits routinely monitored for pesticide contamination before exporting.
Comparison of Ultrasound‐Guided to Fluoroscopy‐Guided Biceps Tendon Sheath Therapeutic Injection
Authors: Petscavage-Thomas Jonelle , Gustas Cristy 
Published: September 2016

ObjectivesBiceps tendinitis is a source of anterior shoulder pain and is amenable to therapeutic injection. Studies have shown greater accuracy with image‐guided compared to unguided injection of the biceps tendon sheath. There is no literature comparing ultrasound‐guided to fluoroscopy‐guided biceps tendon sheath injection. The purpose of this study was to compare clinical outcomes, complication rates, procedure success rates, and financial costs of the two imaging‐guided methods.MethodsA 10‐year retrospective review of the picture archiving and communication system was performed to identify patients who underwent image‐guided proximal biceps tendon sheath injection. Two radiologists reviewed the picture archiving and communication system and clinical notes to record pain relief, complications, fluoroscopy time, first‐pass success rate (defined as injection into the sheath on the first needle pass), final success rate (needle placement in the tendon sheath on the final needle pass), and average costs.ResultsFifty fluoroscopy‐guided and 53 ultrasound‐guided cases were identified. There was no statistically significant difference in pain relief or complications. The first‐pass success rate was 90.6% for ultrasound compared to 74.0% for fluoroscopy. The final‐pass success rate was 98.2% for ultrasound versus 92.0% for fluoroscopy. The mean fluoroscopy time was 57.6 seconds. Ultrasound showed preinjection abnormalities of the biceps tendon in 47.5% of cases.ConclusionsCompared to fluoroscopy‐guided biceps tendon sheath injection, ultrasound had higher initial‐ and final‐pass success rates, visualized abnormalities before injection, and had similar pain relief and complication rates. Ultrasound is more accurate and has greater diagnostic benefits than unguided or fluoroscopy‐guided biceps tendon sheath injection.
Atmospheric forcing during active convection in the Labrador Sea and its impact on mixed‐layer depth
Authors: Schulze Lena M. , Pickart Robert S. , Moore G. W. K. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractHydrographic data from the Labrador Sea collected in February–March 1997, together with atmospheric reanalysis fields, are used to explore relationships between the air‐sea fluxes and the observed mixed‐layer depths. The strongest winds and highest heat fluxes occurred in February, due to the nature and tracks of the storms. While greater numbers of storms occurred earlier and later in the winter, the storms in February followed a more organized track extending from the Gulf Stream region to the Irminger Sea where they slowed and deepened. The canonical low‐pressure system that drives convection is located east of the southern tip of Greenland, with strong westerly winds advecting cold air off the ice edge over the warm ocean. The deepest mixed layers were observed in the western interior basin, although the variability in mixed‐layer depth was greater in the eastern interior basin. The overall trend in mixed‐layer depth through the winter in both regions of the basin was consistent with that predicted by a 1‐D mixed‐layer model. We argue that the deeper mixed layers in the west were due to the enhanced heat fluxes on that side of the basin as opposed to oceanic preconditioning.
Which weather systems are projected to cause future changes in mean and extreme precipitation in CMIP5 simulations?
Authors: Utsumi Nobuyuki , Kim Hyungjun , Kanae Shinjiro , Oki Taikan 
Published: September 2016

AbstractFuture changes in precipitation due to climate change are of great concern to society. However, questions such as “Which weather systems will cause which changes?” and “Is the relative importance of these weather systems likely to change in the future?” have not been addressed fully yet. Here we present the first global estimates of the relative contributions of different weather systems (i.e., tropical cyclones, extratropical cyclones including fronts, and others) to changes in annual mean and extreme precipitation in the late 21st century using multimodel projections of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5. Although the models present biases in tropical cyclones over southern hemisphere, in particular, the representations of global weather system patterns are comparable to the reanalysis data. Total precipitation from tropical cyclones decreases (increases) in the tropics (subtropics) and that from extratropical cyclones including fronts decreases (increases) on the equatorial (poleward) side of the storm tracks. In addition, the mean intensity and frequency of system‐wise precipitation can change significantly even without considerable changes in annual amounts. We found that the subtropics, particularly in the Pacific and North Atlantic, are the regions where the proportions of precipitation by weather systems in annual mean and extreme precipitation display notable changes, suggesting distinct shifts in climate regimes. These regions have a common feature: they undergo the influence of several distinct weather systems in the present climate. In regions where climate regime shifts are projected, even the weather systems that have a minor contribution to precipitation in the present climate may cause considerable changes in annual and extreme precipitation.
A stochastic basis to the spatially uniform distribution of randomly generated Ionian paterae
Authors: Shoji D. , Hussmann H. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDue to its tidally heated interior, Io is a geologically very active satellite that bears many volcanic features. It is observed that the mean nearest neighbor distance of each volcanic feature, called a patera, is larger than that of a random distribution, which implies that the spatial distribution of paterae is uniform rather than random. However, it is uncertain how the paterae are organized into a uniform distribution. We suggest the mechanism of Io's uniformly distributed paterae considering localized obliteration of old features. Instead of geological modeling, we performed stochastic simulations and statistical analyses for the obliteration of quiescent paterae. Monte Carlo calculations with Gaussian obliteration probability show that if the width of obliteration probability is approximately 80 km and the volcanic generation rate is ∼5.0 × 10−6 km−2 Ma−1, uniform distribution and the observed number density of paterae are attained at the 2σ level on a time scale of approximately 6 Myr. With this generation rate and width of the obliteration probability, the averaged distance of one patera to the nearest patera (mean nearest neighbor distance) is approximately 200 km, which is consistent with the observed value. The uniformity of the distribution is maintained once it is achieved. On regional scales, Io's paterae would naturally evolve from random into uniform distributions by the obliteration of old and quiescent features.
Seasonal variations of halite saturation in the Dead Sea
Authors: Sirota Ido , Arnon Ali , Lensky Nadav G. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractHypersaline lakes and seas were common in the past, precipitating thick evaporitic salt deposits. The only modern analogue for the paleolimnology of deep salt‐saturated aquatic environments exists in the Dead Sea. In this study, we present new insights from the Dead Sea on the role of seasonal thermohaline stratification and water balance on the seasonal and depth variations of the degree of saturation of halite (salt) and the rate of halite growth along the water column. We developed methodologies to accurately determine the empirical degree of halite saturation of the lake based on high accuracy densitometry, and to quantify halite growth rate along the water column. During summer, the epilimnion is undersaturated and halite is dissolved, whereas during winter the entire water column is supersaturated and crystallizes halite. This result is not trivial because the variations in the water balance suggest the opposite; summer is associated with higher loss of water by evaporation from the lake compared to the winter. Hence, the thermal effect overcomes the hydrological balance effect and thus governs the seasonal saturation cycle. The hypolimnion is supersaturated with respect to halite and crystallizes throughout the year, with higher super saturation and higher crystallization rates during winter. During summer, simultaneous opposing environments coexist—an undersaturated epilimnion that dissolves halite and a supersaturated hypolimnion that crystallizes halite, which results in focusing of halite deposits in the deep hypolimnetic parts of the evaporitic basins and thinning the shallow epilimnetic deposits.
Longitudinal profile of iron accumulation in good‐grade subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Scherfler Christoph , Schiefecker Alois Josef , Delazer Margarete , Beer Ronny , Bodner Thomas , Spinka Georg , Kofler Mario , Pfausler Bettina , Kremser Christian , Schocke Michael , Benke Thomas , Gizewski Elke R. , Schmutzhard Erich , Helbok Raimund 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectiveMRI parameters of iron concentration (R2*, transverse relaxation rate), microstructural integrity (mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy), as well as gray and white matter volumes were analyzed in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and uncomplicated clinical course to detect the evolution of brain tissue changes 3 weeks and 12 months after ictus.MethodsMRI scans of 14 SAH patients (aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery, n = 5; no aneurysm n = 9) were compared with 14 age‐matched healthy control subjects. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) was applied to objectively identify focal changes of MRI parameters throughout the entire brain and to correlate image parameters with neuropsychological measures.ResultsSPM localized significant bilateral increases in R2* signal within the white matter compartment of the temporal and parietal lobe and the cingulate gyrus (P < 0.001) which did not change significantly at 12 months. Significant gray matter volume reduction of the left insula and superior temporal gyrus (P < 0.001), as well as decreases in fractional anisotropy of the cingulate gyrus (P < 0.01) were also evident at 12 months. Significant correlations were found between fractional anisotropy signal alterations adjacent to the left middle and superior frontal gyrus and cognitive parameters of executive dysfunction (P < 0.001).InterpretationThe study indicates that iron is trapped predominantly throughout large portions of the white matter compartment in SAH patients at 12 months postbleeding. Increased disintegration of fiber tracts colocalizing with iron overload and correlating with lower executive function performance suggests that the white matter compartment is primarily susceptible toward long‐term damage in patients with good clinical grade SAH.
DNA‐Nanogele als Falle für Karzinogene: ein bioinspiriertes, generisches Konzept mit hoher Effizienz
Authors: Topuz Fuat , Singh Smriti , Albrecht Krystyna , Möller Martin , Groll Jürgen 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPolycyclische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAHs) sind allgegenwärtige Schadstoffe in der Umwelt und insbesondere im Trinkwasser. Nach Kontakt von PAHs mit DNA bilden sich als erster Schritt der toxischen Wirkung schnell stabile PAH‐DNA‐Zusammenlagerungen. In dieser Arbeit wurden hydrophile DNA‐Nanogele hergestellt, um den Komplexierungsprozess als eine biomimetische Reinigungsmethode zu nutzen. Der Ansatz ist dabei nicht auf die Adsorption an der Nanogeloberfläche beschränkt, sondern beruht auf der Wechselwirkung zwischen PAHs mit der gesamten Netzwerkstruktur der mit Wasser gequollenen Hydrogelnetzwerke. Die Aufnahme von bis zu 720 μg PAH pro Gramm DNA belegt eine Reinigungskapazität von 1 mg DNA pro Liter Wasser mit einer kritischen, potentiell krebsauslösenden PAH‐Konzentration von 600 ng L−1. Aufgrund der kurzen Diffusionswege erfolgt die schnelle Aufnahme von PAHs mit einer 50 %igen Beladung nach 15 min. Daneben könnten DNA‐Nanogele für die allgemeine Entgiftung von Trinkwasser hilfreich sein, da die meisten bekannten Moleküle, die starke Wechselwirkungen mit DNA zeigen, Mutagene sind.
A Lanthipeptide‐like N‐Terminal Leader Region Guides Peptide Epimerization by Radical SAM Epimerases: Implications for RiPP Evolution
Authors: Fuchs Sebastian W. , Lackner Gerald , Morinaka Brandon I. , Morishita Yohei , Asai Teigo , Riniker Sereina , Piel Jörn 
Published: September 2016

AbstractRibosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptide natural products (RiPPs) exhibit diverse structures and bioactivities and are classified into distinct biosynthetic families. A recently reported family is the proteusins, with the prototype members polytheonamides being generated by almost 50 maturation steps, including introduction of d‐residues at multiple positions by an unusual radical SAM epimerase. A region in the protein‐like N‐terminal leader of proteusin precursors is identified that is crucial for epimerization. It resembles a precursor motif previously shown to mediate interaction in thioether bridge‐formation in class I lanthipeptide biosynthesis. Beyond this region, similarities were identified between proteusin and further RiPP families, including class I lanthipeptides. The data suggest that common leader features guide distinct maturation types and that nitrile hydratase‐like enzymes are ancestors of several RiPP classes.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed sp2‐C−H Activation: Intermolecular Heterocyclization with Allenes at Room Temperature
Authors: Thrimurtulu Neetipalli , Dey Arnab , Maiti Debabrata , Volla Chandra M. R. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe reactivity of allenes in transition‐metal‐catalyzed C−H activation chemistry is governed by the formation of either alkenyl–metal (M–alkenyl) or metal–π‐allyl intermediates. Although either protonation or a β‐hydride elimination is feasible with a M–alkenyl intermediate, cyclization has remained unexplored to date. Furthermore, due to the increased steric hindrance, the regioselectivity for the intramolecular cyclization of the metal–π‐allyl intermediate was hampered towards the more substituted side. To address these issues, a unified approach to synthesize a diverse array of biologically and pharmaceutically relevant heterocyclic moieties by cobalt‐catalyzed directed C−H functionalization was envisioned. Upon successful implementation, the present strategy led to the regioselective formation of dihydroisoquinolin‐1(2H)‐ones, isoquinolin‐1(2H)‐ones, dihydropyridones, and pyridones.
Molecular Conductance through a Quadruple‐Hydrogen‐Bond‐Bridged Supramolecular Junction
Authors: Wang Lin , Gong Zhong‐Liang , Li Shu‐Ying , Hong Wenjing , Zhong Yu‐Wu , Wang Dong , Wan Li‐Jun 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA series of self‐complementary ureido pyrimidinedione (UPy) derivatives modified with different aurophilic anchoring groups were synthesized. Their electron transport properties through the quadruple hydrogen bonds in apolar solvent were probed employing the scanning tunneling microscopy break junction (STMBJ) technique. The molecule terminated with a thiol shows the optimal electron transport properties, with a statistical conductance value that approaches 10−3 G0. The 1H NMR spectra and control experiments verify the formation of quadruple hydrogen bonds, which can be effectively modulated by the polarity of the solvent environment. These findings provide a new design strategy for supramolecular circuit elements in molecular electronics.
Synthesis of Aminoboronic Acid Derivatives from Amines and Amphoteric Boryl Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Diaz Diego B. , Scully Conor C. G. , Liew Sean K. , Adachi Shinya , Trinchera Piera , St. Denis Jeffrey D. , Yudin Andrei K. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractHerein, we demonstrate the use of α‐boryl aldehydes and acyl boronates in the synthesis of aminoboronic acid derivatives. This work highlights the untapped potential of boron‐substituted iminium ions and offers insights into the behavior of N‐methyliminodiacetyl (MIDA) boronates during condensation and tautomerization processes. The preparative value of this contribution lies in the demonstration that various amines, including linear and cyclic peptides, can be readily conjugated with boron‐containing fragments. A mild deprotection of amino MIDA‐boronates enables access to α‐ and β‐aminoboronic acids in high chemical yields. This simple process should be applicable to the synthesis of a wide range of bioactive molecules as well as precursors for cross‐coupling reactions.
Polymer and Mesoporous Silica Microspheres with Chiral Nematic Order from Cellulose Nanocrystals
Authors: Wang Pei‐Xi , Hamad Wadood Y. , MacLachlan Mark J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPolymer microspheres with chiral nematic order were obtained from an emulsion polymerization technique using cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as the template. The growth of the liquid crystals from tiny tactoids to droplets with spherical symmetry was captured and investigated by both optical and electron microscopy for the first time. The size of the microspheres could be tuned between tens and hundreds of micrometers; to obtain single, integrated chiral nematic kernels, the size of water droplets in the emulsion should be similar to that of CNC tactoids. Through a double‐matrix templating method, novel silica microspheres with chiral nematic order were fabricated, which showed a high surface area and mesoporosity. The methods developed here may help to reveal the evolution of other self‐assembling systems, and these materials have potential applications in optical devices and chiral separations.
NMR Structure of a Triangulenium‐Based Long‐Lived Fluorescence Probe Bound to a G‐Quadruplex
Authors: Kotar Anita , Wang Baifan , Shivalingam Arun , Gonzalez‐Garcia Jorge , Vilar Ramon , Plavec Janez 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAn NMR structural study of the interaction between a small‐molecule optical probe (DAOTA‐M2) and a G‐quadruplex from the promoter region of the c‐myc oncogene revealed that they interact at 1:2 binding stoichiometry. NMR‐restrained structural calculations show that binding of DAOTA‐M2 occurs mainly through π–π stacking between the polyaromatic core of the ligand and guanine residues of the outer G‐quartets. Interestingly, the binding affinities of DAOTA‐M2 differ by a factor of two for the outer G‐quartets of the unimolecular parallel G‐quadruplex under study. Unrestrained MD calculations indicate that DAOTA‐M2 displays significant dynamic behavior when stacked on a G‐quartet plane. These studies provide molecular guidelines for the design of triangulenium derivatives that can be used as optical probes for G‐quadruplexes.
Metallfreie Aktivierung von Wasserstoff, Kohlenstoffdioxid und Ammoniak durch das offenschalige Singulett‐Biradikaloid [P(μ‐NTer)]2
Authors: Hinz Alexander , Schulz Axel , Villinger Alexander 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDas offenschalige Singulett‐Biradikaloid [P(μ‐NTer)]2 (Ter=2,6‐Bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)phenyl) wurde in der Aktivierung kleiner stabiler Moleküle eingesetzt, wobei schnelle Reaktionen mit H2, CO2 und NH3 beobachtet wurden. Wasserstoff reagiert bei Raumtemperatur mit [P(μ‐NTer)]2 zu [HP(μ‐NTer)]2, wohingegen die Freisetzung von Wasserstoff bei Temperaturen oberhalb 60 °C gefunden wurde. [P(μ‐NTer)]2, eine Verbindung mit Phosphor in der ungewöhnlichen Oxidationsstufe +II, konnte Kohlenstoffdioxid reduzieren, wobei die zwitterionische Verbindung [OP(μ‐NTer)2P] und Kohlenstoffmonoxid erhalten wurden. Die Reaktion von [P(μ‐NTer)]2 mit Ammoniak führte zur Bildung eines Azadiphosphiridins, nachdem der zentrale P2N2‐Heterocyclus eine Umlagerung durchlaufen hatte.
DNA Nanogels To Snare Carcinogens: A Bioinspired Generic Approach with High Efficiency
Authors: Topuz Fuat , Singh Smriti , Albrecht Krystyna , Möller Martin , Groll Jürgen 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are combustion‐related pollutants and are ubiquitous in the environment, including in sources of drinking water. Upon contact with DNA, stable PAH–DNA adducts form rapidly as the first step towards their toxic effects. In this work, we prepared hydrophilic DNA nanogels to exploit this generic complexation process as a biomimetic scavenging method. This approach relies on interaction between PAHs and the complete network that constitutes the water‐swollen nanogels, and is not restricted to interfacial adsorption. Up to 720 μg of PAH per gram of DNA nanogel are taken up, meaning that 1 mg of DNA nanogel is sufficient to purify a liter of water containing the critical PAH concentration for cancer risk (600 ng L−1). As a result of short diffusion pathways, PAH uptake is rapid, reaching 50 % loading after 15 minutes. Beyond PAHs, DNA nanogels may be useful for the generic detoxification of water containing genotoxins, since most known molecules that strongly associate with DNA are mutagenic.