bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Anilines as Masked Cross‐Coupling Partners: Design of a Telescoped Three‐Step Flow Diazotization, Iododediazotization, Cross‐Coupling Process
Authors: Teci Matthieu , Tilley Michael , McGuire Michael A. , Organ Michael G. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe conversion of commercially available anilines into biaryl and biarylacetylene products was realized by using a telescoped, three‐reactor flow diazotization/iododediazotization/cross‐coupling process. The segmented flow stream created by off‐gassing during the Sandmeyer sequence was restored to a continuous column of reaction solution by using a specially designed continuous‐flow unit controlled by custom software created in‐house. The resultant aryl iodide was then combined with a stream of cross‐coupling solution that fed into the final reactor. The system proved versatile as modifications to the diazotization/iododediazotization sequence could be made rapidly to account for any substrate specificity (e.g., solubility problems), leading to a wide substrate scope of Suzuki–Miyaura and Sonogashira cross‐coupled products.
A New Member of the Graphene Family: Graphene Acid
Authors: Jankovský Ondřej , Nováček Michal , Luxa Jan , Sedmidubský David , Fila Vlastimil , Pumera Martin , Sofer Zdeněk 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA new member of the family of graphene derivatives, namely, graphene acid with a composition close to C1(COOH)1, was prepared by oxidation of graphene oxide. The synthetic procedure is based on repeated oxidation of graphite with potassium permanganate in an acidic environment. The oxidation process was studied in detail after each step. The multiple oxidations led to oxidative removal of other oxygen functional groups formed in the first oxidation step. Detailed chemical analysis showed only a minor amount of other oxygen‐containing functional groups such as hydroxyl and the dominant presence of carboxyl groups in a concentration of about 30 wt %. Further oxidation led to complete decomposition of graphene acid. The obtained material exhibits unique sorption capacity towards metal ions and carbon dioxide. The highly hydrophilic nature of graphene acid allowed the assembly of ultrathin free‐standing membranes with high transparency.
Heteroleptic Copper Photosensitizers: Why an Extended π‐System Does Not Automatically Lead to Enhanced Hydrogen Production
Authors: Heberle Martin , Tschierlei Stefanie , Rockstroh Nils , Ringenberg Mark , Frey Wolfgang , Junge Henrik , Beller Matthias , Lochbrunner Stefan , Karnahl Michael 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA series of heteroleptic copper(I) photosensitizers of the type [(P^P)Cu(N^N)]+ with an extended π‐system in the backbone of the diimine ligand has been prepared. The structures of all complexes are completely characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X‐ray crystallography. These novel photosensitizers were assessed with respect to the photocatalytic reduction of protons in the presence of triethylamine and [Fe3(CO)12]. Although the solid‐state structures and computational results show no significant impact of the π‐extension on the structural properties, decreased activities were observed. To explain this drop, a combination of electrochemical and photophysical measurements including time‐resolved emission as well as transient absorption spectroscopy in the femto‐ to nanosecond time regime was used. Consequently, shortened excited state lifetimes caused by the rapid depopulation of the excited states located at the diimine ligand are identified as a major reason for the low photocatalytic performance.
Beryllium‐Based Anion Sponges: Close Relatives of Proton Sponges
Authors: Brea Oriana , Corral Inés , Mó Otilia , Yáñez Manuel , Alkorta Ibon , Elguero José 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThrough the use of high‐level ab initio and density functional calculations it is shown that 1,8‐diBeX‐naphthalene (X=H, F, Cl, CN, CF3, C(CF3)3) derivatives behave as anion sponges, very much as 1,8‐bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene derivatives behave as proton sponges. The electron‐deficient nature of the BeX substituents, which favors strong charge transfer from the anion towards the former, results in anion affinities that are among the largest ones reported for single neutral molecules.
Anionic Oligothiophenes Compete for Binding of X‐34 but not PIB to Recombinant Aβ Amyloid Fibrils and Alzheimer's Disease Brain‐Derived Aβ
Authors: Bäck Marcus , Appelqvist Hanna , LeVine Harry , Nilsson K. Peter R. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDeposits comprised of amyloid‐β (Aβ) are one of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and small hydrophobic ligands targeting these aggregated species are used clinically for the diagnosis of AD. Herein, we observed that anionic oligothiophenes efficiently displaced X‐34, a Congo Red analogue, but not Pittsburgh compound B (PIB) from recombinant Aβ amyloid fibrils and Alzheimer's disease brain‐derived Aβ. Overall, we foresee that the oligothiophene scaffold offers the possibility to develop novel high‐affinity ligands for Aβ pathology only found in human AD brain, targeting a different site than PIB.
Steady‐state distribution of air‐core in a hydrocyclone
Authors: Xu Yanxia , Song Xingfu , Sun Ze , Tang Bo , Yu Jianguo 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTThe structure and movements of the air‐core in a hydrocyclone play a key role in the performance and efficiency of separation. The technique of computational fluid dynamics has been used to evaluate the air‐core characteristics and their influence on the internal flow field for the case of a 140 mm hydrocyclone. Through computational analysis for developed flow in a hydrocyclone, the shape, diameter, and steady‐state distribution of the air‐core were analyzed and presented. The steady‐state distribution of the air‐core could be divided into three distinctive parts. Two parts of the air core, on the cylindrical and spigot sections are very stable, and their shape and diameters do not vary over time. For the third part, on the conical section, the dense transient‐state situation of the air‐core has no clear rule. This results in the dense transient internal flow field, meanwhile, the internal flow fields of the other two parts are stable. Based on the calculation, the analysis of steady state of the air‐core has been extended to operational conditions, including inlet velocities, viscosity, and atmospheric pressure. Those operation factors do not have any influence on the steady‐state situation of the air‐core in the developed flow of hydrocyclone. However, diameters of air core change with those factors. Any increase in the inlet velocity will increase the air‐core diameter.
An independent validation of a gene expression signature to differentiate malignant melanoma from benign melanocytic nevi
Authors: Clarke Loren E. , Flake Darl D. , Busam Klaus , Cockerell Clay , Helm Klaus , McNiff Jennifer , Reed Jon , Tschen Jaime , Kim Jinah , Barnhill Raymond , Elenitsas Rosalie , Prieto Victor G. , Nelson Jonathan , Kimbrell Hillary , Kolquist Kathryn A. , Brown Krystal L. , Warf M. Bryan , Roa Benjamin B. , Wenstrup Richard J. 
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUNDRecently, a 23‐gene signature was developed to produce a melanoma diagnostic score capable of differentiating malignant and benign melanocytic lesions. The primary objective of this study was to independently assess the ability of the gene signature to differentiate melanoma from benign nevi in clinically relevant lesions.METHODSA set of 1400 melanocytic lesions was selected from samples prospectively submitted for gene expression testing at a clinical laboratory. Each sample was tested and subjected to an independent histopathologic evaluation by 3 experienced dermatopathologists. A primary diagnosis (benign or malignant) was assigned to each sample, and diagnostic concordance among the 3 dermatopathologists was required for inclusion in analyses. The sensitivity and specificity of the score in differentiating benign and malignant melanocytic lesions were calculated to assess the association between the score and the pathologic diagnosis.RESULTSThe gene expression signature differentiated benign nevi from malignant melanoma with a sensitivity of 91.5% and a specificity of 92.5%.CONCLUSIONSThese results reflect the performance of the gene signature in a diverse array of samples encountered in routine clinical practice. Cancer 2017;123:617–628. © 2016 Myriad Genetics, Inc. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society.
Species mixture effects on flammability across plant phylogeny: the importance of litter particle size and the special role for non‐Pinus Pinaceae
Authors: Zhao Weiwei , Cornwell William K. , van Pomeren Marinda , van Logtestijn Richard S. P. , Cornelissen Johannes H. C. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractFire affects and is affected by plants. Vegetation varies in flammability, that is, its general ability to burn, at different levels of ecological organization. To scale from individual plant traits to community flammability states, understanding trait effects on species flammability variation and their interaction is important. Plant traits are the cumulative result of evolution and they show, to differing extents, phylogenetic conservatism. We asked whether phylogenetic distance between species predicts species mixture effects on litterbed flammability. We conducted controlled laboratory burns for 34 phylogenetically wide‐ranging species and 34 random two‐species mixtures from them. Generally, phylogenetic distance did not predict species mixture effects on flammability. Across the plant phylogeny, most species were flammable except those in the non‐Pinus Pinaceae, which shed small needles producing dense, poorly ventilated litterbeds above the packing threshold and therefore nonflammable. Consistently, either positive or negative dominance effects on flammability of certain flammable or those non‐flammable species were found in mixtures involving the non‐Pinus Pinaceae. We demonstrate litter particle size is key to explaining species nonadditivity in fuelbed flammability. The potential of certain species to influence fire disproportionately to their abundance might increase the positive feedback effects of plant flammability on community flammability state if flammable species are favored by fire.
Effects of gray wolf‐induced trophic cascades on ecosystem carbon cycling
Authors: Wilmers Christopher C. , Schmitz Oswald J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIt is predicted that predator‐induced trophic cascades could have important impacts on ecosystem carbon cycling. Yet the magnitude and direction of predator impacts on carbon cycling have not been widely quantified for terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we report on analyses of the potential for gray wolves to have cascading impacts on ecosystem carbon cycling. Our goal is to provide reasonable first approximations of their potential role in this fundamental ecosystem process. We find that gray wolves could lead to an increase in net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of 24.0–52.0 g C·m−2·yr−1 in Isle Royale's boreal forest, and a decrease in NEP of 30.03–102.88 g C·m−2·yr−1 in Yellowstone's grasslands. If such gray wolf impacts scale up to the broader North American boreal and grassland gray wolf range, these estimates suggest a potential for the indirect effects of wolves on yearly carbon fluxes to be on the same order of magnitude as the fossil fuel emissions of 6–20 million passenger cars per year. While considerable heterogeneity and uncertainty in gray wolf effects is likely to exist over both time and space, our results suggest that it may be worth examining in more detail the potential significance of the indirect effects of top predators on terrestrial ecosystem carbon using more systematic landscape‐scale sampling in locations with and without wolves.
Chronic heart failure as a state of reduced effectiveness of the natriuretic peptide system: implications for therapy
Authors: Díez Javier 
Published: October 2016

AbstractNatriuretic peptides (NPs) promote diuresis, natriuresis and vasodilation in early chronic heart failure (CHF), countering renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) overstimulation. Despite dramatic increases in circulating NP concentrations as CHF progresses, their effects become blunted. Increases in diuresis, natriuresis, and vasodilation after administration of exogenous atrial (ANP) or brain (BNP) natriuretic peptides are attenuated in patients with advanced CHF compared with controls. Several major factors may account for the reduced effectiveness of the natriuretic peptide system (NPS) in CHF. First, there is reduced availability of active forms of NPs, namely BNP. Second, target organ responsiveness becomes diminished. Third, the counter‐regulatory hormones of the RAAS and SNS, and endothelin‐1 become over‐activated. Therefore, pharmacological approaches to enhance the functional effectiveness of the NPS in CHF have been explored in recent years. In terms of clinical outcomes, studies of synthetic BNP, or of neprilysin inhibitors alone or associated with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, have been controversial for several reasons. Recently, however, encouraging results have been obtained with the angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor sacubitril/valsartan. The available data show that treatment with sacubitril/valsartan is associated with increased levels of NPs and their intracellular mediator cyclic guanosine monophosphate, suggesting improved functional effectiveness of the NPS, in addition to beneficial effects on mortality and morbidity outcomes. Therefore, combined targeting of the NPS and RAAS with sacubitril/valsartan emerges as the current optimal approach for redressing the neurohormonal imbalance in CHF.
Validating the 4A's test in screening for delirium in a culturally diverse geriatric inpatient population
Authors: De Jayita , Wand Anne P.F. , Smerdely Peter I. , Hunt Glenn E. 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveTo measure the diagnostic accuracy of the 4A's test in screening for delirium in geriatric inpatients from culturally diverse backgrounds.MethodsA prospective study was conducted with patients admitted to the geriatric and orthogeriatric services of a tertiary teaching hospital. Consenting participants aged 65 years and over were screened for delirium with the 4AT by nursing staff within 72 h of admission. The diagnosis of delirium was made separately by expert assessors, responsible for the participant's clinical care, blinded to the 4AT score, within 30 min of the 4AT assessment using the DSM 5 criteria and the Confusion Assessment Method. Interpreters were used for non‐English speaking patients. The Informant Questionnaire for Cognitive Decline in the Elderly was completed by a carer/relative to assess for probable dementia.ResultsA total of 257 participants (mean age 85) were recruited over five months. Delirium was diagnosed in 159 (62%) by the expert assessors and 158 (62%) by the 4AT assessment. A total of 205 participants (80% of total population) had probable dementia. The sensitivity and specificity of the 4AT were 87% and 80%, respectively, in detecting delirium overall, 86% and 71% in people with probable dementia and 91% and 71% for non‐English speaking participants. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for delirium in the whole population was 0.92, 0.89 in the probable dementia subgroup and 0.90 in non‐English speaking participants.ConclusionsThe 4AT is a sensitive and specific screening tool for delirium in geriatric inpatients, including those with probable dementia or who are non‐English speaking. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The emergence of intracellular metabolite signaling networks
Authors: Xu Wei , Zhao Jianyuan , Zhao Shimin 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe signals of intracellular metabolites are integrated into cellular signaling networks by forming metabolite‐derived posttranslational modifications or by non‐covalently binding to proteins. These signals serve to coordinate cell metabolism and to regulate various aspects of cell physiology. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(11):871–872, 2016
Nutrient Stress During Ontogeny Alters Patterns of Resource Allocation in two Species of Horned Beetles
Authors: Schwab Daniel B. , Moczek Armin P. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTThe elaboration of exaggerated, sexually selected weapons and ornaments often comes at a cost to other traits. For instance, by sustaining the growth of an exaggerated weapon during development, shared and limited resources such as morphogens, growth factors, and nutrients may become depleted and limit the size to which other structures can grow. Such interactions are characteristic of resource allocation trade‐offs, which can constrain the production of phenotypic variation and bias evolutionary trajectories. Across many species of Onthophagus beetles, males produce extravagant horns that are used as weapons in male–male competition over mates. Previous studies have reported resource allocation trade‐offs between horns and both proximally and distally developing structures. However, more recent studies have largely failed to recover these patterns, leading to the hypothesis that trade‐offs may manifest only in certain species, populations, or environmental conditions. Here, we investigate (i) patterns of resource allocation into horns, eyes, and genitalia in Onthophagus gazella and O. taurus, and assess (ii) how these patterns of resource allocation are influenced by nutrient stress during larval development. We find that nutrient stress alters patterns of resource allocation within and among traits, but recover a trade‐off only in the species that invests most heavily into horn production (O. taurus), and in individuals of that species that invested a disproportionately large or small amount of resources into horn growth. These results suggest that resource allocation trade‐offs may not be as prevalent as previously described, and that their presence and magnitude may instead be highly context dependent.
Characterization of autochthonous sweet cherry cultivars (Prunus avium L.) of southern Italy for fruit quality, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity
Authors: Di Matteo Antonio , Russo Rosa , Graziani Giulia , Ritieni Alberto , Di Vaio Claudio 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDCharacterizing germplasm collections of autochthonous cultivars for fruit quality traits could be a successful approach for selection, improvement of organoleptic quality and levels of antioxidants of crop produce, and development of new market opportunities and coherent strategies for conservation and valorization. The aim of the study was the evaluation of fruit physicochemical traits as well as the content of bioactive compounds and the antioxidant capacity in 25 sweet cherry autochthonous cultivars.RESULTSCultivars were a source of statistically significant variation for all evaluated traits. Notably, average fruit ascorbate levels ranged from 34.45 to 244.68 µg g−1 fresh weight (FW) , total flavonoids from 1396.40 to 4694.75 µg quercetin equiv. g−1 FW, monomeric anthocyanins from 4.80 to 360.90 µg g−1 FW, and total antioxidant capacity from 1.53 to 2.58 nmol Trolox equiv. mg−1 FW. Fruit profiling of eight cultivars by high‐resolution mass spectrometry identified a total of eight different anthocyanins and twenty‐five non‐anthocyanin polyphenolic compounds – mostly coumaroylquinic acid and neochlorogenic acid.CONCLUSIONAmong the better‐performing cultivars for fruit quality traits, Mulegnana Nera and Pagliarella shared high fruit levels of phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity. This is a forerunner work on the characterization of genetic resources, which is critical to researchers and breeders for exploitation of the genetic potential of cultivars and for their conservation. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Farmers' Perception about Soil Erosion in Ethiopia
Authors: Nigussie Zerihun , Tsunekawa Atsushi , Haregeweyn Nigussie , Adgo Enyew , Nohmi Makoto , Tsubo Mitsuru , Aklog Dagnachew , Meshesha Derege Tsegaye , Abele Steffen 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSoil erosion is a significant problem in the Ethiopian highlands. The objective of this study was to investigate how farmers perceive the severity of soil erosion in the Upper Blue Nile Basin. The study is based on a detailed survey of 300 households and 1,010 plots owned by these households in three watersheds. Descriptive statistics and a partial proportional odds model were applied to analyze factors that affected farmers' perceived soil erosion severity at the plot‐level. Results showed that variables such as plot distance from the residence, plot shape and position on hill slopes affected farmers' perceptions of soil erosion severity, as well as the amount of rainfall during the growing season. Farmer interaction with extension service agents also affected farmers' perception of soil erosion severity. Despite their expected importance, education and number of livestock owned had no effect on the farmers' perception of soil erosion. The results indicate that farmers' perceptions generally match empirical and theoretical findings on soil erosion determinants; thus, farmers should be considered as important partners not only to counter soil erosion, but also to obtain local expertise on soil erosion severity and restoration of degraded land. © 2016 The Authors. Land Degradation and Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
pH as a key factor defining the niche space of the alpine crustacean species Daphnia tanakai
Authors: Iwabuchi Tsubasa , Togashi Hiroyuki , Okubo Saki , Tsuchiyama Yuka , Yamaguchi Hiroko , Hidema Jun , Urabe Jotaro 
Published: October 2016

AbstractUnderstanding the mechanisms of adaptation of alpine aquatic organisms to the alpine environment, one of the ecosystems most vulnerable to climate change, would help us predict how those organisms would respond to the upcoming climate change. Here, we examined how one of Japan's endemic crustaceans, Daphnia tanakai, which has been found only in alpine lakes and pools in high mountain moors, is adapted to the alpine environment and what restricts its distribution only to the alpine environment. Lab experiments on UVB tolerance and growth rate under different pH and temperature based on the field survey for pools in mountain moors revealed that D. tanakai was differentiated from two low‐altitude species (Daphnia dentifera and Daphnia pulicaria) by its tolerance to low pH such as 4.5, which is equal to the mean pH of pools in the high mountain moors occupied by D. tanakai. The growth rate at pH 4.5 was, however, significantly lower than that at higher pH, suggesting that low pH was not necessarily an optimal condition, and that other factors restrict the distribution to alpine lakes. Vulnerability to invertebrate predators such as Chaoborus was suggested as such a factor by additional experiments on swimming activity and predation and the fact that D. tanakai has only been found in pools without Chaoborus. Because it is known that the pH of alpine lakes is tightly linked with temperature, global warming may diminish the advantage of D. tanakai and allow invasion of alpine lakes by unwelcome predators and competitors from lower altitudes.