bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dentition status and treatment needs of human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients on anti retro viral therapy in Raichur taluk, Karnataka, India: A cross sectional study
Authors: Muralidharan Shrikanth , Acharya Arunkumar , Margabandhu Shanthi 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: The aim of the study was to assess the dentition status and the treatment needs of the HIV-positive patients on ART for more than a year in Raichur, Karnataka. Materials and Methods: Convenience sampling was followed. The sample size was 170. The dentition status and treatment needs of the patients were recorded as per the WHO guidelines. Results: The overall prevalence of dental caries was 79.4%. Males had higher percentage of dental caries than the females, and this was found to be statistically significant. The prevalence of dental caries was higher among the participants who used finger to clean their teeth compared to the toothbrush, neem stick, and charcoal users, and this was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: Higher prevalence of dental caries was observed among the study population. Most of them required some type of treatment. Patients with a low CD4 count required higher treatments than the others.
Cytotoxic evaluation of a new ceramic-based root canal sealer on human fibroblasts
Authors: Chakar Sandra , Changotade Sylvie , Osta Nada , Khalil Issam 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of a new bioceramic-based root canal sealer (BioMM) by direct and indirect contact with human fibroblasts and to compare it with a zinc oxide-eugenol sealer, the Pulp Canal Sealer-extended working time (PCS-EWT). Materials and Methods: Cell viability was assessed through direct and indirect contact between human fibroblasts and sealer. Direct contact was performed at 24 h, whereas the indirect contact was performed at 24 and 48 h at different concentrations: 100%, 50%, and 25%. After direct contact, 3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used and the optical density was measured by a spectrophotometer. Giemsa stain was also performed for a qualitative evaluation of the cells.Statistical Analysis Used: Shapiro–Wilk test was used to verify the normality of distribution of the variable. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and Tukey tests using SPSS for Windows software 18.0. The significance level used was P < 0.05.Results: Direct contact showed a significantly higher cell viability with BioMM as compared to PCS-EWT (P = 0.002). Cell viability at 24 h was significantly higher with BioMM compared to PCS-EWT for the concentrations of 50% (P = 0.004) and 25% (P = 0.003), whereas no significant difference was noted at 100% (P = 0.141). Cell viability at 48 h was significantly higher with BioMM as compared to PCS-EWT at 25% (P = 0.007). No significant difference was observed at 100% (P = 0.484) and 50% (P = 0.185).Conclusion: BioMM may be considered minimally cytotoxic if accidentally extruded into the periapical tissues.
Cone beam computed tomographic evaluation of styloid process: A retrospective study of 1000 patients
Authors: Donmez Merve , Okumus Ozlem , Pekiner Filiz Namdar 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT
Objective: The styloid process (SP) is a bony projection, located just anterior to the stylomastoid foramen, the normal length of which is approximately 20–30 mm. The length of SP when exceeds 30 mm it is said to “elongated.” The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess the prevalence of elongated SP (ESP) by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) examination in Turkish subpopulation and its relation to gender and age. Materials and Methods: This study analyzed CBCT of 1000 patients who were randomly selected to participate and were aged from 14 to 78 years. Any radiograph with questionable SP was excluded from the study. The apparent length and thickness of the SP were measured by two dental and maxillofacial radiologists. The ESP was classified with radiographic appearance-based morphology of elongation. The data were analyzed with the IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0. Results: The mean age of patients was 42.49 ± 14.83 years. The length of SP was measured over 30 mm in 151 patients (15.1%). A total of 151 CBCT showed ESP, of which 87 (57.6%) were noticed in males and 64 (42.4%) in female patients. The length of right-sided SP ranged from 30.05 to 85.49 mm and left-sided SP from 30.14 to 83.72 mm. Conclusion: CBCT is a valuable diagnostic imaging tool which makes accurate length measurements. It is important for the clinicians to be aware of natural variations of the SP whose clinical importance is not well understood.
Development of a Multi-Domain Assessment Tool for Quality Improvement Projects
Authors: Rosenbluth Glenn , Burman Natalie J. , Ranji Sumant R. , Boscardin Christy K. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT

Background
Improving the quality of health care and education has become a mandate at all levels within the medical profession. While several published quality improvement (QI) assessment tools exist, all have limitations in addressing the range of QI projects undertaken by learners in undergraduate medical education, graduate medical education, and continuing medical education.

Objective
We developed and validated a tool to assess QI projects with learner engagement across the educational continuum.

Methods
After reviewing existing tools, we interviewed local faculty who taught QI to understand how learners were engaged and what these faculty wanted in an ideal assessment tool. We then developed a list of competencies associated with QI, established items linked to these competencies, revised the items using an iterative process, and collected validity evidence for the tool.

Results
The resulting Multi-Domain Assessment of Quality Improvement Projects (MAQIP) rating tool contains 9 items, with criteria that may be completely fulfilled, partially fulfilled, or not fulfilled. Interrater reliability was 0.77. Untrained local faculty were able to use the tool with minimal guidance.

Conclusions
The MAQIP is a 9-item, user-friendly tool that can be used to assess QI projects at various stages and to provide formative and summative feedback to learners at all levels.
Not Just Cause and Effect: Resituating Martha Nussbaum's Defense of Novels as Moral Philosophy in a Hermeneutical Framework
Authors: Van Dyk Tricia 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis article brings Martha Nussbaum's defense of novels as contributors to moral philosophy into conversation with Lambert Zuidervaart's theories of artistic truth and ethical responsibility in art and society. Nussbaum's defense of novels as moral philosophy emphasizes the integrality of form and content and is founded on her understanding of normativity as immanent and revisable, rather than transcendent and eternal. Her discussion of fiction, however, focuses on the “impact” of reading novels on the individual, which may seem to imply a direct, causal connection between reading and becoming a better person. In contrast, Zuidervaart argues that art, including literature, is thoroughly hermeneutical. This means that a causal model is not capable of successfully framing the relationship between literature and moral philosophy. A thoroughly articulated hermeneutical model for the interaction between fiction and normativity would make Nussbaum's theory more convincing.
MUDANÇAS SOCIOECONÔMICAS E NA GESTÃO DE RESÍDUOS APÓS IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DE UMA COOPERATIVA DE RECICLAGEM
Authors: Ravanello Bárbara , Maas Greyce 
Published: June 2017

Foram analisadas as mudanças socioeconômicas com os antigos catadores e atuais cooperados e as mudanças na coleta e destinação dos resíduos sólidos urbanos após a implementação de uma cooperativa de reciclagem em União da Vitória – PR. Foram entrevistados 70% dos cooperados e analisados os dados da Prefeitura Municipal e da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente referentes à quantificação dos resíduos. O percentual de resíduos coletados encaminhados para usinas de separação de recicláveis aumentou de 2% para 16%. Dos resíduos recicláveis coletados, 71% são enviados para reciclagem e 29% para aterro sanitário. A média per capita de resíduos recicláveis recuperados é de 25,56 kg.hab-1.ano-1, superior à média nacional e da região sul. A cooperativa proporcionou melhoria na qualidade de vida dos cooperados, relacionada a formalização do trabalho, melhoria dos salários, na saúde e segurança, além de influenciar positivamente na satisfação com a atividade desenvolvida.
A escolha dos “ungidos”: nepotismo e carisma a serviço do poder político-religioso pentecostal
Authors: Souza Josué de 
Published: June 2017

O presente trabalho é um desdobramento da pesquisa de mestrado: Religião, Poder Político e Desenvolvimento: Uma leitura a partir de um movimento pentecostal no Estado de Santa Catarina/Brasil – IEAD vinculado ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional – PPGDR da Universidade Regional de Blumenau - FURB. Durante a pesquisa buscamos investigar práticas e mecanismos de legitimação sociopolítica pentecostal. A metodologia utilizada foi bibliográfica, documental e social. Foram entrevistados onze lideranças políticas e religiosas vinculados a Convenção das Assembleias de Deus de Santa Catarina e do Sul do Oeste do Paraná (CIADESP) e da Convenção Geral das Assembleias de Deus do Brasil (CGADB). Os resultados apontam que a partir dos anos setenta há no interior do campo religioso pentecostal uma transformação doutrinária que altera o perfil sociológico pentecostal de religião de negação do mundo para religião de afirmação do mundo. Outro fenômeno é estratégias e mecanismos políticos de ocupação de espaço na esfera política. O capital religioso é transformado em capital político. A intersecção destes dois fenômenos é uma das chaves de interpretação do crescente protagonismo político e social dos pentecostais no Brasil. O recorte pretendido no presente trabalho é demonstrar que no campo religioso pentecostal as relações de parentescos incidem no recrutamento e seleção de elites religiosas e políticas.
Fusion Energy Harnessing, Reactor Technology, and Sustainability
Authors: Dobran Flavio 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe energy produced from the controlled thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen isotopes can replace fossil fuels and become a sustainable energy source. The fusion of deuterium and tritium has been achieved in several experimental reactors where the plasmas are confined with magnetic fields and there is high optimism that this will also be achieved with laser and ion beams. The plasma confinements and reactor technologies of tokamaks and stellarators are paving the way for building demonstration fusion reactors and subsequently commercial fusion power plants. Following a review of the magnetic and inertial plasma confinement concepts, the reactor technologies that implement these concepts are assessed for producing sustained plasma ignition, external plasma heating, control of plasma instabilities, developments of low‐activation and high strength materials, coolants for removing fusion energy from the reactor, and breeding tritium in the blanket of the reactor for achieving fuel self‐sufficiency. Sustainability of fusion energy requires the long‐term availability of fusion fuels and reactor components materials, social acceptability, minimization of waste products, and safe operation of fusion power plants. These and other issues considered strongly suggest that the fusion energy will become a viable energy source for human development.
Plant Safety
Authors: Prugh Richard W. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
State and federal authorities require chemical and petrochemical companies to develop process safety management policies and practices to protect workers and the public from accidents. Furthermore, increased hazards to the environment from wastes and undesired by‐products are concerns that need to be addressed.
The main objective of this article is to provide information on accident prevention, with particular emphasis on chemical process safety. This typically requires special safety systems to ensure safe operation and close monitoring of temperature and pressure limits. Another objective is to increase appreciation to the many variables involved in handling of chemicals, to show how these variables can be quantified with respect to safety criteria, and to illustrate their application to process safety.
Reverse Osmosis
Authors: Kucera Jane 
Published: June 2017

AbstractReverse osmosis is a membrane‐based separation technology, which was developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s, with rapid advancements in the technology through the 1980s. A highly effective and cost‐efficient technology, reverse osmosis is used industrially for desalination of seawater and brackish water, wastewater recovery and reuse, municipal drinking water treatment, and other applications.Membrane materials and types of modules used in reverse osmosis, as well as theoretical and operational aspects, general design considerations, and economics are reviewed in this article. A discussion of membrane transport theory, flux‐limiting conditions caused by concentration polarization, and membrane fouling is also included.
Temperature Measurement
Authors: White D.R. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThermodynamic temperature is defined in terms of the rate of change of energy with entropy, and can be equated with the mean translational kinetic energy of unbound atoms and molecules. Practical temperature measurements are made on the International Temperature Scale of 1990,ITS‐90, an empirical approximation to the thermodynamic scale.ITS‐90 defines the temperature scale from 0.65 K upward based on a variety of thermometers, including platinum resistance thermometers and spectral band radiation thermometers. Measurements made using other thermometers such as industrial platinum resistance thermometers, industrial radiation thermometers, thermistors, thermocouples, and liquid‐in‐glass thermometers should be traceable toITS‐90. Advice on using, calibrating, and interpreting measurements from these thermometers is given.
Geochemistry
Authors: White William M. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractGeochemistry is a subdiscipline of chemistry whose objective is understanding the processes occurring on and in the earth, its evolution, and its cosmic environment, and to using that understanding to better the human condition. It naturally divides into (a) low‐temperature or environmental geochemistry, focused on processes at or near the earth's solid surface, including the “critical zone,” the oceans, and the atmosphere, and (b) high‐temperature geochemistry focused on processes such as hydrothermal ore deposition, magmatism, and metamorphism. Isotope geochemistry takes advantage of naturally occurring variations in the isotopic composition of elements resulting from natural, nuclear, and chemical processes to further understand earth processes, both in the near‐surface environment and the earth's deep interior. Geochemistry has greatly enhanced our knowledge of nucleosynthesis, solar system formation, plate tectonics, geologic time, biological evolution, and human origins. Of particular interest in geochemistry are geochemical cycles, such as the carbon cycle, in which carbon in various chemical forms is cycled between the atmosphere, the biosphere, the ocean, sediments, and the earth's deep interior and in doing so regulates Earth's climate. Continuous geochemical research is necessary to ensure future supplies of resources critical to modern society and mitigation of the effects of recovery, use, and disposal of those resources that are critical to human health and happiness.
Oil and Gas: Well Integrity Standards
Authors: Reinicke Kurt M. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA successful deep fluid mining requires containment and control of the fluids in the necessary wells under anticipated operating conditions, known as well integrity. To achieve well integrity, barriers are used in the form of physical components, operational practices, human resources, or organizational measures that contribute to the well system reliability and prevent or stop uncontrolled fluid flow.This contribution describes the use of physical components, ie, well barriers, and operational practices, ie, operational barriers, to achieve and maintain well integrity distinguishing well life cycle phases and well types. The work is based on recent publications of the International Organization for StandardizationISO, largely in line with standards of the American Petroleum InstituteAPI, the Norwegian organizationNORSOK, the British organization Oil & GasUK, and the GermanBVEG.
Air Conditioning Systems: Cooling and Dehumidification
Authors: Chua K.J. , Bui D.T. , Kum Ja M. , Islam M.R. , Oh S.J. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAir conditioning is essential for maintaining thermal comfort in indoor environments.In tropical climates, the energy consumed due to heating, ventilation, and air‐conditioning (HVAC) can exceed 50% of the total energy consumption of a building. Therefore, there is tremendous potential to improve the efficiency of air‐conditioning systems for building applications.This article focuses on recent developments in air‐conditioning systems, particularly innovative technologies in cooling and dehumidification including adsorption cooling and dew point evaporative cooling and new generations of solid‐based desiccant dehumidifiers, liquid‐based desiccants and novel membranes that are able to sieve water vapor when a trans membrane pressure is applied. The principles behind these technologies and recent progresses in terms of performance testing and improved efficiency are discussed.
Modeling the air‐sea feedback system of Madeira Island
Authors: Pullen Julie , Caldeira Rui , Doyle James D. , May Paul , Tomé Ricardo 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA realistic nested data‐assimilating two‐way coupled ocean/atmosphere modeling study (highest resolution 2 km) of Madeira Island was conducted for June 2011, when conditions were favorable for atmospheric vortex shedding. The simulation's island lee region exhibited relatively cloud‐free conditions, promoting warmer ocean temperatures (∼2°C higher than adjacent waters). The model reasonably reproduced measured fields at 14 meteorological stations, and matched the dimensions and magnitude of the warm sea surface temperature (SST) wake imaged by satellite. The warm SSTs in the wake are shown to imprint onto the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over several diurnal cycles by modulating the ABL depth up to ∼200–500 m. The erosion and dissipation of the warm ocean wake overnight was aided by atmospheric drainage flow and offshore advection of cold air (ΔT = 2°C) that produced strong upward heat fluxes (∼50 W/m2 sensible and ∼250 W/m2 latent) on an episodic basis. Nevertheless, the warm wake was never entirely eroded at night due to the cumulative effect of the diurnal cycle. The spatial pattern of the diurnal warming varied day‐to‐day in location and extent. Significant mutual interaction of the oceanic and atmospheric boundary layers was diagnosed via fluxes and temperature cross sections and reinforced by sensitivity runs. The simulation produces for the first time the interactive nature of the ocean and atmosphere boundary layers in the warm wake region of an island with complex terrain.
Toward low‐cloud‐permitting cloud superparameterization with explicit boundary layer turbulence
Authors: Parishani Hossein , Pritchard Michael S. , Bretherton Christopher S. , Wyant Matthew C. , Khairoutdinov Marat 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSystematic biases in the representation of boundary layer (BL) clouds are a leading source of uncertainty in climate projections. A variation on superparameterization (SP) called “ultraparameterization” (UP) is developed, in which the grid spacing of the cloud‐resolving models (CRMs) is fine enough (250 × 20 m) to explicitly capture the BL turbulence, associated clouds, and entrainment in a global climate model capable of multiyear simulations. UP is implemented within the Community Atmosphere Model using 2° resolution (∼14,000 embedded CRMs) with one‐moment microphysics. By using a small domain and mean‐state acceleration, UP is computationally feasible today and promising for exascale computers. Short‐duration global UP hindcasts are compared with SP and satellite observations of top‐of‐atmosphere radiation and cloud vertical structure. The most encouraging improvement is a deeper BL and more realistic vertical structure of subtropical stratocumulus (Sc) clouds, due to stronger vertical eddy motions that promote entrainment. Results from 90 day integrations show climatological errors that are competitive with SP, with a significant improvement in the diurnal cycle of offshore Sc liquid water. Ongoing concerns with the current UP implementation include a dim bias for near‐coastal Sc that also occurs less prominently in SP and a bright bias over tropical continental deep convection zones. Nevertheless, UP makes global eddy‐permitting simulation a feasible and interesting alternative to conventionally parameterized GCMs or SP‐GCMs with turbulence parameterizations for studying BL cloud‐climate and cloud‐aerosol feedback.
Tip‐EnhancedRaman Scattering: Principles, Instrumentation, and the Application toe Biological Systems
Authors: Lipiec Ewelina W. , Wood Bayden R. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractTip‐enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) is a near field technique that has revolutionized molecular imaging. New developments in the technology and methodologies have recently seen unprecedented improvements in spatial resolution. This article outlines the basic theory of TERS, highlighting some of the pivotal studies in the field. This article starts with an explanation on how TERS is able to surpass the limitations of classical Raman spectroscopy such as diffraction limit and the small Raman scattering cross‐section to generate signal enhancement at nanometer resolution. This article then describes three physical phenomena including localized plasmon resonance, optical nanoantenna resonance, and the lightening rod effect to explain the enhancement generated in a TERS experiment. In the second part of this article, the application of TERS for investigating biological molecules and subcellular components is discussed along with the important methodological considerations when recording measurements of these biological complex systems. Finally, a number of pivotal studies investigating the structure of DNA, proteins, peptides, and single cells are highlighted.
Nested Cavity Optical Parametric Oscillators – A Tunable Frequency Synthesizer for Gas Sensing
Authors: Godard Antoine , Raybaut Myriam , Lefebvre Michel 
Published: June 2017

AbstractNowadays, active optical detection of molecular species is a strong field of research driven by a great number of applications coming from various sectors: environment, industrial process monitoring, defense and security, food industry, or biomedical. Active methods provide local or remote gas detection with high species discrimination, thanks to the highly selective response of rovibrational absorption lines. However, addressing a wide range of molecular signatures with an active method remains challenging as it requires the implementation of a ‘tunable frequency synthesizer’ covering the mid‐infrared domain where most absorption transitions lie.This article deals with an original architecture based on the parametric conversion of a primary radiation delivered in the near infrared from a well‐matured laser. Taking advantage of the nonresonant feature of the down‐frequency conversion process, a wide spectral coverage is obtained (2–10 µm), while a pure radiation is achieved at a low threshold of oscillation, thanks to a doubly resonant optical parametric device using two nested cavities. After a general introduction of the principle of mode selection in such a nested cavity optical parametric oscillator (OPO), various gas sensing applications that have been performed over the past decade are reported for both local and remote sensing.