bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between Changing Societal Economies and Alcohol Use: A Case for Tolerance Quotient Expansion
Authors: Hoffman Eric 
Published: November 2015

This paper presents a general sensitizing model for the analysis of societal differences in alcohol use. This model incorporates three general processes; (1) the relative position of a society within a world-economic system, (2) the effects of such changes upon both societal members and social structure and (c) the potential ameliorative and disintegrative results of alcohol use in the face of such change. These changes and resultant alcohol use are mediated by two general mechanisms. The first is the infusing of a society's industrial products with symbolic meaning and the second is a change in the tolerance quotient level for alcohol use to adjust to individual and system stress. This model is discussed in terms of its potential utility for providing a more general approach for the study of epidemiology of alcohol use. “In broad terms the problem as the sociologist sees it centers on the use and nonuse of alcohol in different societies. Along with his anthropological stablemates he is directly concerned with the use and nonuse of alcohol as they are affected by social organization and culture—culture taken here to mean the patterned regularities of behavior which are socially derived and transmitted cumulatively by societies and groups.” ( Lemert 1956:306)
Observations on the Importance of Social Context in HIV Transmission among Intravenous Drug Users
Authors: Watters John K. 
Published: November 2015

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is arguably the most significant health consequence associated with intravenous drug use. The primary mode for HIV transmission among intravenous drug users (IVDUs) is the sharing of contaminated hypodermic equipment. These activities take place under social conditions that may vary widely among different groups of IVDUs. In 1987, HIV seroprevalence among heterosexual IVDUs was approximately 15% in San Francisco and 50% in New York City. In New York City 31.6% of AIDS cases were diagnosed among heterosexual IVDUs, while 1.3% of AIDS cases fell into the same category in San Francisco. Different trajectories of HIV infection among IVDUs in San Francisco and New York are explored; possible explanations for disparities are considered; and the social contexts and conditions in which risk behavior takes place are discussed. Implications for public health policy, community-based interventions, and the efficacy of needle-exchange programs are explored.
The Synergic Impact of Promotion Intensity and Therapeutic Novelty on Market Performance of Prescription Drug Products
Authors: Murphy Masako Nagasawa , Smith Mickey C. , Juergens John P. 
Published: November 2015

Multiple regression analysis was conducted to study the relationships among promotion intensity, product differentiation based on therapeutic novelty, and sales performance measured in relative market share. Especially, synergic effects of promotion intensity and therapeutic novelty on relative market share were examined. Selected as study drugs were new chemical entity drug products introduced in the United States from 1 January 1973 through 31 December 1982, which were classified into 47 different therapeutic classes. The data were obtained for the six-year period 1983 through 1988. The first multiple regression model was constructed in which relative market share was regressed on promotion and therapeutic novelty. The model explained 20.8% of the total variance. Both promotion and therapeutic novelty had significant, positive main effects on relative market share. The second model included the interaction term of promotion and therapeutic novelty, and explained 21.7% of the total variance. The interaction term was significantly positive, which suggested the synergism between promotion and therapeutic novelty.
Recent Issues and Concerns about Pharmaceutical Industry Promotional Efforts
Authors: Bleidt Barry 
Published: November 2015

Promotional efforts put forth by pharmaceutical manufacturers have accomplished their intended purposes — greatly expanding demand. The strategies and tactics employed are ethical, in most circumstances; however, questions are frequently raised about the possible unscrupulous nature of some methods. Inquiries have been made recently about just how moral some of these activities are and regulatory actions taken against those found to be unacceptable. The drug industry uses many unique promotional techniques that have been evolving over the past several decades. Discussed in this article are such powerful tools as video news releases, “pseudo-scientific” sessions, information exchange programs, using multiple sales forces, and self-competition, among others. The resulting furor over these operations has brought about changes in order to counter the abuses that have occurred. In the realistic view, though, due to the high stakes involved, promotional evolution will continue and new approaches developed, raising different, yet similar, questions. The answer lies within the target markets, prescribers and other practitioners through questioning and maintaining the normal adversarial nature expected in a fiduciary relationship.
A Study of the Deterioration of Fungicide-Treated Fabrics in Soil Burial
Authors: Kempton A. G. , Maisel H. , Kaplan A. M. 
Published: November 2015

Fungicides used to protect textile materials have previously been evaluated on the basis of the rate of tensile strength loss by treated fabrics after exposure to microbiological attack. This approach has been based on the assumption that loss of tensile strength is a gradual process beginning soon after exposure. In the present paper, it is demonstrated that fabrics treated with copper 8-quinolinolate are not susceptible to microbiological attack in soil burial until most of the fungicide has been lost. It is therefore advocated that future attempts to prevent microbiological deterioration by fungicide treatment emphasize the study of factors influencing the permanence of the fungicide on treated material. The method of studying the kinetics of fungicide loss is illustrated with data for residual copper 8-quinolinolate. The loss of this fungicide theoretically appears to be a zero-order reaction, although the experimental persistence curve is slightly curvilinear. The variability that is commonly encountered in soil burial experiments with fungicide-treated fabrics is discussed. It is concluded that variability in tensile measurements is probably the result of the variability in fungicide content, which was observed early in the burial period. An explanation is also offered for the relationship between the slope of the deterioration curve and the variability in individual tensile strength measurements.
Grafting of Poly(1,1-Dihydroperfluoroalkyl Acrylates) on Wool
Authors: Pittman Allen G. 
Published: November 2015

Copolymers of 1,1-dihydroperfluorooctyl acrylate/methacryloyl chloride acted as multipurpose finishing agents for wool. They provided oil and water repellency; resistance to felting shrinkage; and resistance to acid, alkali, and oxidizing media. The hand and flexural rigidity were altered slightly, whereas wrinkle recovery, fabric break, tear strength, and abrasion resistance were not significantly changed. Grafting of the copolymers on wool is presumed to be due mainly to a reaction between copolymer-acid chloride groups with hydroxy and amino groups in keratin. Aside from rendering the polymer insoluble to dry cleaning solvents, grafting permitted the use of smaller amounts of resin for shrinkage protection than was required with nongrafted polymer. The washfastness of the oleophobic-hydrophobic finish was essentially the same in a comparison of a grafted copolymer fluoroalkyl acrylate and a nongrafted homopolymer fluoroalkyl acrylate. No significant differences were noted in the washfastness or fastness to dry cleaning of the oleophobic-hydrophobic finish imparted by a commercial fluorinated acrylic resin (FC 208) when the resin was applied on untreated wool, on shrink resistant wool fabrics, or in conjunction with an interfacial polymerization shrinkproofing technique.
A Quantitative Picture of the Fringed Micellar Model of Cellulose
Authors: Scallan A. M. 
Published: November 2015

Quantitative diagrams of the fringed micellar model have been produced for tire cord, Fortisan, wood cellulose, cotton, ramie and bacterial cellulose, based on the results of the reactivities of these celluloses towards deuterium oxide and acid hydrolysis. The hypothesis has been used that rapid acid hydrolysis occurs in the truly amorphous zones, whereas deuteration occurs not only in these zones but also on the surfaces of the crystallites. It is from this hypothesis that calculations of crystallinity, crystallite width, and crystallite length have been made. The calculated fractional crystallinities of native celluloses are, therefore, in the range of 0.89-0.96, while those of regenerated celluloses range from 0.65 to 0.85. These crystallinities are higher than previously accepted values and are more in keeping with the most recent interpretation of x-ray diffraction patterns. The values of calculated crystallite width were about 17Å for the regenerated celluloses and 32Å for native celluloses. The latter value is close to that currently proposed by electron microscopists. Crystallite lengths were calculated from the levelling-off DP found on acid hydrolysis. The various methods of measuring crystallinity are discussed in terms of the model, as are microfibrils, crystallites, and paracrystalline cellulose.
Evaluation of College Level Coursework for the Gifted Adolescents: An Investigation of Epistemological Stance, Knowledge Gain and Generalization
Authors: Petersen Nicole M. , Brounstein Paul J. , Kimble Gregory A. 
Published: November 2015

The investigation evaluated the proximal and distal effects of an innovative course of study, a college level Introductory Psychology course which was offered to precocious adolescents in a three-week summer session at the Talent Identification Program at Duke University. More specific purposes of the study were to assess level of mastery of the content of the course, retention over time, ability to generalize this content and use it to interpret psychological issues, noncognitive impacts of the course on students' orientation toward psychology and its influence on the students' future plans. The design of the study involved immediate post-course assessments and follow-up assessments at points at six months and 1.5 years remote in time. The same measures were obtained from similar students who did not take the course. Results demonstrated that knowledge gain from course participation was substantial and long-lived. There was a dramatic effect on the quality of the students' understanding and their ability to generalize and apply psychological concepts to real world situations. Although there was loss of factual content over time, level of understanding and ability to generalize and apply material remained relatively constant. There was a slight shift in the students' outlook on psychology as a discipline. Students just completing the course were quite “humanistic” in their outlook. After a six month period their orientation had moved toward the “scientific” pole. In addition, large proportions of students reported that the course had affected their educational plans (50.0%) and career plans (36.7%). This study suggests a model of evaluation for educational programs. By focusing on several factors potentially affected by education we can better understand the full effects of tailored interventions on participants. Such information can serve as a guide to developing more focused and effective educational efforts.
Self-Efficacy as a Mediator in the Creative Productivity of Gifted Children
Authors: Schack Gina D. 
Published: November 2015

This study investigated the relationship between self-efficacy as a creative producer and initiation of independent investigations in areas of personal interest. Subjects were 294 students in grades four through eight who were participants in gifted programs based on the Enrichment Triad Model in eight schools. Path analysis was used to test the influence of grade, sex, years in the gifted program, previous independent projects, self-efficacy as a creative producer before and after a research methodology mini-course, and initiation of an independent project on final efficacy scores as a creative producer. The second analysis examined the role of the first six variables and participation in the research methodology mini-course on subsequent initiation of an independent project. Self-efficacy as a creative producer was a significant predictor of initiation of independent projects and final self-efficacy as a creative producer was higher for students who participated in such projects. The effect of treatment on self-efficacy as a creative producer or subsequent initiation of independent projects was not significant for students who had not started an independent project before the mini-course began, when considered with the other variables in the causal model.
Traumatic Porencephalic Cysts of the Ear Canal: Diagnosis and Therapy
Authors: Konrad Horst R. , Pearson Donald H. , VanWinkle Gregory , Hopla Dan 
Published: November 2015

Porencephalic cysts of the ear canal are a late but unusual complication of temporal bone fractures in which the dura is torn. Since these cysts can develop as late as two and one‐half years after the initial fracture and lead to rupture and meningitis, this complication has potentially serious consequences for the patient.We describe three patients with porencephalic cysts of the ear canal, illustrate the pathogenesis of this lesion, and review the literature. Awareness of these lesions by the head and neck surgeon can lead to prompt diagnosis and treatment in this potentially fatal disorder.
Sphenoethmoidectomy: ITS Role in the Asthmatic Patient
Authors: Friedman William H. , Katsantonis George P. , Slavin Raymond G. , Kannel Philip , Linford Patricia 
Published: November 2015

Fifty patients who underwent intranasal sphenoethmoidectomy at the St Louis University Medical Center between July 1977 and April 1980 have been evaluated with respect to preoperative extent of disease and medication requirement as well as postoperative course and reduction in medication requirements, if any. These patients were followed jointly by the Departments of Allergy and Otolaryngology. Most of these patients were not allergic, and over half had intrinsic asthma. Fifteen of the 50 patients, all asthmatic, gave a history of aspirin sensitivity. Many had had previous nasal surgical treatment for polyps.Patients on large corticosteroid dosages had long‐lasting reductions or elimination of their corticosteroid requirements in most cases. Similarly, most patients had long‐lasting nasal airway improvement and reduction or elimination of recurring sinusitis. Antibiotics and antihistamine‐decongestant preparations were sharply diminished in these patients. Although aspirin sensitivity was associated with some of the more severe asthmatic patients, it appeared not to be a factor in the responses to surgical treatment.
Tympanic Membrane Photography
Authors: Yanagisawa Eiji 
Published: November 2015

Three currently available methods of tympanic membrane photography—Kowa camera photography, microscopic photography, and telescopic photography—are reviewed and their advantages, disadvantages, and results discussed.Telescopic photography produces high‐quality pictures of the “entire” tympanic membrane. It is the most effective and reliable method of tympanic membrane photography available in 1981.
Squamous Carcinoma of the Larynx in Patients Under the Age of 35 Years
Authors: Newman Richard K. , Byers Robert M. 
Published: November 2015

Laryngeal carcinoma usually occurs in men between the ages of 50 and 70. In general, epithelial malignancies other than those involving the skin are rare in the young adult. Those squamous carcinomas arising in the lip, tongue, and tonsil appear to have a poorer prognosis than in the older adult. This study is a review of the medical records of 33 patients under the age of 35 years with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. The follow‐up of the entire series was at least 24 months with an overall survival rate of 81%. These results contrast to five‐year survival rates of 79%, 45%, and 14% of the lip, tongue, and tonsil, respectively, in patients from a similar age group.
Experimental Hypercholesterolemia and Auditory Function in the Chinchilla
Authors: Morizono Tetsuo , Sikora Michael A. 
Published: November 2015

Possible harmful effects of a high‐cholesterol diet on auditory function were suggested by our previous work in rabbits, in which evoked potentials were measured from a chronic electrode inserted into the inferior colliculus. However, serum cholesterol levels in those rabbits tended to be extraordinarily high, ie, more than 1,500 mg/dL. Chinchillas were used in the present work as an animal model to study the relationship between hypercholesterolemia and auditory dysfunction. One percent cholesterol in standard Chinchow was fed to chinchillas for three months. The experimental groups showed a high mean cholesterol level of 437 ± 394 mg/dL (N = 9). Isopotential curve of the cochlear microphonics, threshold of action potentials (AP), and endocochlear DC potential did not differ from those in the control group. When moderately intense sound (12 kHz, 95 dB SPL) was given for ten minutes, however, the reduction in AP threshold was significantly greater (P=.036) in the cholesterol group. It is postulated that hypercholesterolemia may be one of the factors involved in differential susceptibility to noise.
Mechanism of the Production of the Negative Endocochlear DC Potential in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Komune Shizuo , Huangfu Musan , Snow James B. 
Published: November 2015

Changes in endocochlear DC potential (EP) and potassium ion concentrations in endolymph were measured simultaneously during anoxia or during perfusion of the perilymphatic space with furosemide, 10−2 M, in normal and kanamycin‐deafened guinea pigs. The potassium ion conductance (Gk) through the cochlear partitions was calculated. Thirty minutes after the onset of anoxia, the Gk is 22.1 μM/min/mV in normal guinea pigs and 4.8 μM/min/mV in kanamycin‐deafened guinea pigs. At that time the EP is‐29.5 mV in normal guinea pigs and 1.4 mV in kanamycin‐deafened guinea pigs. In the early stage of anoxia the rate of potassium ion concentration decrease in the endolymph per unit time is greater in normal guinea pigs than in kanamycin‐deafened guinea pigs. These results suggest a rapid increase in the permeability of potassium ions in the organ of Corti in the early stage of anoxia might produce a large negative potassium ion diffusion potential or negative EP in normal guinea pigs and the failure to develop the negative EP in kanamycin‐deafened guinea pigs might be due to the lack of such a rapid increase in the permeability because of the loss of the hair cells.
The Survival of Costal Cartilage Graft in Laryngotracheal Reconstruction
Authors: Zalzal George H. , Cotton Robin T. , McAdams A. James 
Published: November 2015

Acquired subglottic stenosis in children is a difficult problem. One of the successful procedures used to correct this condition is an autogenous costal cartilage graft to the subglottis and upper trachea. The fate of the cartilage graft is not known, despite the good results of the procedure. Prompted by recovery of viable cartilage graft from two patients previously operated upon by this procedure, we performed autogenous costal cartilage grafting to the subglottic area of fifty young New Zealand rabbits, with inspection of these grafts at 2‐ and 4‐month postoperative intervals. The purpose of this study is to prove the survival of autogenous costal cartilage grafts in the subglottic area. Gross and histologic examination 2 and 4 months postoperatively showed viable cartilage as well as lining of the graft with respiratory epithelium in the majority of cases.
Posterior semicircular canal occlusion in the normal hearing ear
Authors: Parnes Lorne S. , McClure Joseph A. 
Published: November 2015

This report outlines our experience with posterior semicircular canal occlusion, a new operative procedure for intractable benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). We postulate that the resulting solid canal “plug” prevents endolymph movement within the posterior canal, which effectively fixes the cupula. This selectively abolishes the receptivity of the posterior canal to both angular acceleration and gravity without influencing the other inner ear receptors. We previously reported the success of this procedure in two patients with BPPV and a co‐existing profound sensorineural hearing loss in the affected ear. Since that report, a slightly modified technique has been used to occlude six more posterior canals—five in normal hearing ears. While our follow‐up times range from only 3 to 18 months, all eight patients continue to be relieved of their BPPV. Temporary mixed hearing losses occurred in three of the five ears with normal preoperative hearing. Hearing in all five patients ultimately returned to the preoperative state. We believe this procedure is a simpler and safer alternative to singular neurectomy for the treatment of intractable benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.
A revised speech intelligibility rating (rsir) test: Listeners with normal hearing
Authors: Speaks Charles , Trine Timothy D. , Crain Thomas R. , Niccum Nancy 
Published: November 2015

Two experiments were conducted to examine the intelligibility of 72 passages of connected discourse prepared by Cox and McDaniel1,2 in their development of the Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR) test. Intelligibility was assessed with a method‐of‐adjustment (MOA) procedure in which listeners adjusted the level of a multi‐talker babble until they could just understand 50% of a passage; the measure of intelligibility was the signal‐to‐babble ratio, dB S/B. The objective was to develop a Revised Speech Intelligibility Rating (RSIR) test that would comprise a large number of equivalent passages that produce reliable intelligibility measures. In experiment 1, the S/B ratio was based on the overall root‐mean‐square (rms) levels of speech and babble, as represented by the average level of frequent peaks observed on a VU meter. Across all 72 passages, mean intelligibility was −1.43 dB S/B, and the measure of intelligibility for 42 passages was within ±0.5 dB of the overall mean for all 72 passages. In experiment 2, the S/B ratio was based on long‐term rms levels of speech and babble measured in 16 one‐third‐octave bands, with center frequencies from 160 to 5000 Hz. In an effort to achieve greater equivalence in intelligibility among passages, the overall rms level of each passage was attenuated by the difference between SB16‐band for an individual passage and S/B16‐band for a reference passage. Mean intelligibility across all 72 passages was — 8.06 dB, and the measure of intelligibility was within ±0.5 dB of the overall mean for 64 of the 72 passages. For those 64 passages, the 95% critical difference for five MOAs was 0.72 dB, which corresponds to an estimated percentage critical difference Of 10.8%.