bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aberrant
DNA
Methylation and Histone Modifications in Cancer
Authors: Hudler Petra 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) methylation of cytosines in CpG dinucleotides and post‐translational modifications of histone amino acids are epigenetic mechanisms that are in normal cells involved in specific cell functions, particularly in regulation of transcription and maintenance of stable chromatin. The epigenetic code is highly dynamic and enables the cells to regulate their responses to the intrinsic or environmental signals. Aberrations of DNA methylation patterns and histone modifications are major features observed in all types of cancer. Integrated research of genomic alterations, erroneous gene expression and modifications of epigenomes in cancer cells has revealed the complexity and heterogeneity of this disease. Some of the novel therapeutic and diagnostic approaches based on aberrant promoter hypermethylation and histone modifications, particularly acetylation, have already been translated into a clinical setting, whereas a number of others are being examined in clinical trials.

Key Concepts

DNA methylation and histone modifications cooperate in regulation of certain cell functions and responses.

Cancer development and progression are characterised by diverse aberrations in epigenetic profiles.

Changes in DNA methylation profiles could be used to define specific subsets of cancers, which harbour characteristic genetic alterations.

Hypermethylation or hypomethylation of gene promoters, resulting in silencing or activating the gene transcription, respectively, are fundamental in the identification of novel tumour suppressors and oncogenes.

Unravelling the functional consequences of methylation signature in nonpromoter regions is complex and will require further research efforts to discern their role in healthy and diseased cells.

Epigenetic profiling of cancers has already identified and is still identifying novel targets for the development of therapeutic and diagnostic approaches.
Biosensors
Authors: Hajek Kathrin , Schmittlein Carina , Oberleitner Maximilian , Shin Ik‐Soo , Wegener Joachim 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Next to chromatography, spectroscopy or microscopy biosensors complete the available collection of tools to chemically analyse a complex sample. By definition, biosensors are compact analytical devices incorporating a biological or biologically derived sensing element intimately associated with a physicochemical transducer. The latter turns molecular recognition or biological response into a measurable, mostly electronic signal. Typical applications comprise pathogen detection, environmental monitoring, drug or toxicity screening as well as the analysis of clinical samples. This article gives a short overview about (1) general concepts of biosensor design, (2) biological components that are used for sensing, (3) the most important technical transducers and (4) some applications of molecular and cell‐based biosensors.

Key Concepts

A biosensor is a device that consists of (1) a biological element, which is used to specifically capture, convert or sense a target analyte and (2) a physicochemical transducer to convert the interaction with the analyte into a detectable signal.

The group of biological sensing elements comprises biomolecules like antibodies, enzymes, nucleic acids or living bacteria, archaeans or eukaryotic cells. Even cell aggregates, tissues or organs may serve for biorecognition and sensing.

Molecular biosensors detect target analytes either by capturing (antibodies, DNA, aptamers) or converting them (enzymes).

Cell‐based biosensors indicate the presence of the analyte by expression of reporter genes or an integrated, often generic (w)holistic response of cell physiology.

Electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric or calorimetric transducers are applied to quantify the interaction between analyte and sensing element.
Overview of Neuroethics
Authors: Purcell Ryan H , Wolpe Paul R 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Neuroethics is a subfield of bioethics, and examines the intersection of neuroscience, ethics, philosophy, social science, and law. Neuroethics largely deals with (1) the ethical and social challenges raised by new discoveries and inventions in neuroscience and neurotechnology and (2) the implications of neuroscientific discoveries for our conceptions of topics such as free will, consciousness, religious experience, and morality, among others. As neuroscientists continue to expand our understanding of the human brain, and as neurotechnologies allow us to manipulate or alter cognitive and affective functioning, it is important to continue the neuroethical discussion of whether to allow certain interventions, how to apply our neuroscientific knowledge and technology, and what these new discoveries mean for the human condition and human flourishing.

Key Concepts

Neuroethics is a growing field that examines the ethics of neuroscience and the intersection of neuroscience, philosophy, and society.

Neuroscience is increasingly crossing over into law and society, creating a need to understand the societal implications of neuroscientific progress.

Neuroethicists also study the neuroscience of ethics and morality.

Neuroethicists evaluate both practical, technological issues and more conceptual or philosophical issues.

The study of the brain presents a unique set of issues and challenges compared with other bodily organs.
Social Studies of Autism
Authors: Hollin Gregory JS 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by socio‐communicative impairments and restricted interests and repetitive behaviours. While autism is today diagnosed in approximately 1 in 100 children, and retrospectively observed throughout history, it was described for the first time only in the 1940s and seen only rarely until more recently still. Broad social, and specific scientific, developments led to the contemporary form and shape of autism. Social developments include the advent of psychology, the onset of compulsory education and the widespread deinstitutionalisation that occurred in the 1960s. Consideration of scientific change is centred on the move away from psychoanalytic concepts and towards the methods of biology and cognitive psychology. These changes are placed into dialogue with the self‐advocacy movement and consideration of the ethical and conceptual challenges that these movements have ushered in.

Key Concepts

Autism is understood as a neurodevelopmental disorder. This means that autism is a lifelong condition, diagnosable from childhood, which primarily affects the brain.

Autism was first described comparatively recently – in 1943 – and the believed cause, symptoms and prevalence of the condition have altered significantly since this point. This suggests that certain social and scientific developments were required to make autism thinkable.

The emergence of the psy‐disciplines, which claimed expertise over the mind, and compulsory education, which made children visible to society, were of importance to an early recognition of autism.

Widespread deinstitutionalisation in the 1960s – where individuals were moved from hospitals and asylums into the community – made the social impairments associated with autism increasingly visible and significant.

Psychoanalytical methods – which place emphasis upon detailed analysis of individual patients – were largely supplanted by statistical methods in the mid‐twentieth century. This methodological change was associated with significant changes in core autism symptomology.

A further, crucial change has been the importance of self‐advocacy groups. These groups have contested the claim that autism is a form of disability and instead argued that it is a form of difference.
Molecular Genetics of Meningioma
Authors: Smith Miriam J 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Meningiomas are the most common primary brain tumours in the adult central nervous system. These tumours are not normally malignant, but can cause brain invasion and lead to various motor and sensory deficits, which are dependent on tumour location. Meningiomas are normally single, sporadic tumours, but can occur as multiple meningiomas. Neurofibromatosis type 2 (
NF2
) mutations are the most common genetic cause of meningiomas and multiple meningiomas usually occur within the context of NF2 disease. Recent studies have identified a variety of other, less common, germline and somatic mutations in meningioma disease, showing that alternative mechanisms exist for the initiation and progression of meningioma growth. These discoveries will be useful for determining individual risk and prognosis and to develop individualised therapeutic strategies based on specific meningioma subtypes.

Key Concepts

Meningiomas are the most common tumours in the adult central nervous system.

Most meningiomas are solitary tumours.

The neurofibromatosis type 2 gene is the most common cause of meningiomas.

Rare non‐NF2 meningioma predisposition genes can cause hereditary meningioma disease.

A range of somatic alterations in meningiomas may cause tumour development via differing cellular pathways.
Role of Endogenous Retroviruses in Human Genetic Diseases
Authors: Lin Audrey T , Magiorkinis Gkikas 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

It is now increasingly realised that many repetitive elements such as endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), remnants of ancient retroviral infections, can contribute to the host's genetic and transcriptional identity in complex ways. There is growing evidence that specific ERVs are not genomic ‘junk’, but have biological significance in humans. Some ERVs have been ‘co‐opted’ for human biological processes, and the nucleic acids and proteins of these ERVs are able to modify human gene expression and regulatory networks in a cell and tissue‐specific manner, with implications for healthy development, immune function and susceptibility to diseases. Ongoing research explores the possibility that aberrant expression of HERVs would contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of inflammatory disorders, including cancers, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and schizophrenia.

Key Concepts

Some HERVs have been ‘co‐opted’ for human biological processes such as placentogenesis, innate immunity pathways, anticancer mechanisms and central nervous system function.

ERVs provide a genetic reservoir for promoters, transcription start sites, enhancers and alternative splice donors and acceptors for regulating host gene expression.

HERV‐K (HML‐2), the youngest HERV in the human genome, is polymorphic in the human population, meaning that not everyone has the same HERV integration at the same chromosomal position.

Np9 and Rec, accessory proteins encoded by HERV‐K (HML‐2), are associated with specific human cancers in several ways: their expression is upregulated, they interact with specific cancer biomarkers and they impact signalling pathways that are implicated with cancer.

Specific HERV LTRs help regulate the innate immune response by acting as a reservoir of interferon‐inducible enhancers.

HERV transcripts play a role in priming and activating B‐cell responses in a T‐cell‐independent pathway against specific pathogens.

Ongoing research explores the possibility that aberrant expression of HERVs would contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of inflammatory disorders, including cancers, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and schizophrenia.
Adaptive output regulation for offshore managed pressure drilling
Authors: Mahdianfar Hessam , Pavlov Alexey 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThis paper deals with output regulation problem for an offshore managed pressure drilling system subject to sinusoidal disturbances. The disturbance is caused by the heave motion of the floating drilling rig during pipe connections, and the objective is to maintain a constant pressure at the bottom of the well. The controller for the heave disturbance attenuation consists of three cascaded parts. First, a nonlinear inversion element is applied to invert nonlinearity of choke. Second, an adaptive compensator is designed based on internal model, and certainty equivalence principles for asymptotic rejection of time‐varying heave disturbance. Third, an output feedback controller is synthesized for providing stability and improving transient performance of closed‐loop system. Robust stability of closed‐loop system is analyzed using edge theorem. Simulation results of the combined adaptive output regulator are presented, which show satisfactory set‐point tracking and attenuation of the heave disturbance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism and hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal function in Filipino young adult males
Authors: Ryan Calen P. , McDade Thomas W. , Gettler Lee T. , Eisenberg Dan T. A. , Rzhetskaya Margarita , Hayes M. Geoffey , Kuzawa Christopher W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectivesTestosterone (T), the primary androgenic hormone in males, is stimulated through pulsatile secretion of LH and regulated through negative feedback inhibition at the hypothalamus and pituitary. The hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal (HPG) axis also controls sperm production through the secretion of follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH). Negative feedback in the HPG axis is achieved in part through the binding of T to the androgen receptor (AR), which contains a highly variable trinucleotide repeat polymorphism (AR‐CAGn). The number of repeats in the AR‐CAGn inversely correlates with transcriptional activity of the AR. Thus, we predicted longer AR‐CAGn to be associated with higher T, LH, and FSH levels.MethodsWe examined the relationship between AR‐CAGn and total plasma T, LH, and FSH, as well as “bioavailable” morning (AM‐T) and evening (PM‐T) testosterone in 722 young (21.5 ± 0.5 years) Filipino males.ResultsThere was no relationship between AR‐CAGn and total T, AM‐T, or LH (P > .25 for all). We did observe a marginally non‐significant (P = .066) correlation between AR‐CAGn and PM‐T in the predicted direction, and a negative correlation between AR‐CAGn and FSH (P = .005).ConclusionsOur results both support and differ from previous findings in this area, and study parameters that differ between our study and others, such as participant age, sample time, and the role of other hormones should be considered when interpreting our findings. While our data point to a modest effect of AR‐CAGn on HPG regulation at best, the AR‐CAGn may still affect somatic traits by regulating androgenic activity at peripheral tissues.
Simultaneous H2 Generation and Biomass Upgrading in Water by an Efficient Noble‐Metal‐Free Bifunctional Electrocatalyst
Authors: You Bo , Jiang Nan , Liu Xuan , Sun Yujie 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAs an environmentally friendly approach to generate H2, electrocatalytic water splitting has attracted worldwide interest. However, its broad employment has been inhibited by costly catalysts and low energy conversion efficiency, mainly due to the sluggish anodic half reaction, the O2 evolution reaction (OER), whose product O2 is not of significant value. Herein, we report an efficient strategy to replace OER with a thermodynamically more favorable reaction, the oxidation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), catalyzed by 3D Ni2P nanoparticle arrays on nickel foam (Ni2P NPA/NF). HMF is one of the primary dehydration intermediates of raw biomass and FDCA is of many industrial applications. As a bifunctional electrocatalyst, Ni2P NPA/NF is not only active for HMF oxidation but also competent for H2 evolution. In fact, a two‐electrode electrolyzer employing Ni2P NPA/NF for simultaneous H2 and FDCA production required a voltage at least 200 mV smaller compared with pure water splitting to achieve the same current density, as well as exhibiting robust stability and nearly unity Faradaic efficiencies.
Metallvermittelte Eintopfsynthese von Isoporphyrin‐Komplexen
Authors: Schweyen Peter , Hoffmann Martin , Krumsieck Jens , Wolfram Benedikt , Xie Xiulan , Bröring Martin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractEs wurden meso‐Arylisoporphyrine mit exocyclischem Pyrrolyl‐ oder Dipyrrinylsubstituenten am sp3‐Kohlenstoffatom als Zink‐ und Cadmiumkomplexe bei einer Variation der Alder‐Longo‐Porphyrinsynthese isoliert. Entscheidend bei der Bildung und Stabilisierung dieser Isoporphyrine im Eintopf‐Verfahren ist die Gegenwart von Metallacetaten während des Ringschlusses zum Makrocyclus. Die charakteristischen Q‐Banden der neuen Isoporphyrine werden erwartungsgemäß im Nah‐Infrarot‐Bereich zwischen λ=750 und 880 nm gefunden. Alle isolierten Derivate sind stabil an Luft und unter gängigen Laborbedingungen, und erste chemische Transformationen wie BF2‐Koordination, Transmetallierung oder Ligandenaustausch konnten durchgeführt werden.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Cycloisomerization and Parallel Kinetic Resolution of Racemic Oxabicycles
Authors: Loh Charles C. J. , Schmid Matthias , Webster Robert , Yen Andy , Yazdi Shabnam K. , Franke Patrick T. , Lautens Mark 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWhile desymmetrizations by intermolecular asymmetric ring‐opening reactions of oxabicyclic alkenes with various nucleophiles have been reported over the past two decades, the demonstration of an intramolecular variant is unknown. Reported herein is the first rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric cycloisomerization of meso‐oxabicyclic alkenes tethered to bridgehead nucleophiles, thus providing access to tricyclic scaffolds through a myriad of enantioselective C−O, C−N, and C−C bond formations. Moreover, we also demonstrate a unique parallel kinetic resolution, whereby racemic oxabicycles bearing two different bridgehead nucleophiles can be resolved enantioselectively.
Metal‐Assisted One‐Pot Synthesis of Isoporphyrin Complexes
Authors: Schweyen Peter , Hoffmann Martin , Krumsieck Jens , Wolfram Benedikt , Xie Xiulan , Bröring Martin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractZinc and cadmium complexes of meso‐arylisoporphyrins carrying a pyrrolyl or dipyrrinyl substituent at the sp3 carbon atom were obtained through a simple one‐pot variation of the Alder–Longo porphyrin synthesis. Key to the formation and stabilization of isoporphyrins is the presence of metal acetates during the oxidative macrocyclization step. The characteristic Q‐bands of isoporphyrins are found in the NIR region between 750 nm and 880 nm. All of the isolated pyrrolyl‐ and dipyrrinyl‐appended isoporphyrins are stable under typical laboratory conditions and allow chemical transformations like BF2 coordination, transmetalation, and ligand exchange.
Solid‐to‐Liquid Charge Transfer for Generating Droplets with Tunable Charge
Authors: Sun Yajuan , Huang Xu , Soh Siowling 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCharged liquid droplets are typically generated by a high‐voltage power supply. Herein, a previously unreported method is used for charging liquid droplets: by transferring charge from an insulating solid surface charged by contact electrification to the droplets. Charging the solid surface by contact electrification involves bringing it into contact with another solid surface for generating static charge. Subsequently, water droplets that flow across the surface are found to be charged—thus, the charge is readily transferred from solid to liquid. The charge of the droplets can be tuned continuously from positive to negative by varying the way the solid surface is charged. The amount of charge generated is sufficient for manipulating, coalescing, and sorting the water droplets by solid surfaces charged by contact electrification. This method of generating charged droplets is general, simple, inexpensive, and does not need any additional equipment or power supply.
Topotactic Consolidation of Monocrystalline CoZn Hydroxides for Advanced Oxygen Evolution Electrodes
Authors: Wang Jing , Tan Chuan Fu , Zhu Ting , Ho Ghim Wei 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe present a room temperature topotactic consolidation of cobalt and zinc constituents into monocrystalline CoZn hydroxide nanosheets, by a localized corrosion of zinc foils with cobalt precursors. By virtue of similar lattice orientation and structure coordination, the hybrid hydroxides amalgamate atomically without phase separation. Importantly, this in situ growth strategy, in combination with configurable percolated nanosheets, renders a high areal density of catalytic sites, immobilized structures, and conductive pathways between the nanosheets and underlying foils—all of which allow monocrystalline CoZn hydroxide nanosheet materials to function as effective electrodes for electrochemical oxygen evolution reactions. This convenient and eco‐friendly topotactical transformation approach facilitates high‐quality single crystal growth with improved multiphase purity and homogeneity, which can be extended to other transition metals for the fabrication of advanced functional nanocomposites.
Triphenylphosphinopalladium(II) complexes with ONO‐donor ligands: syntheses, structures and catalytic applications in CC cross‐coupling reactions
Authors: Prabhu Rupesh Narayana , Babu G. Narendra , Pal Samudranil 
Published: July 2016

Reactions of 1‐((2‐hydroxy‐5‐R‐phenylimino)methyl)naphthalen‐2‐ols (H2Ln, n = 1–3 for R = H, Me, Cl, respectively) with [Pd(PPh3)2Cl2] and Et3N in toluene under reflux produced three new mononuclear square‐planar palladium(II) complexes with the general formula [Pd(Ln)(PPh3)] (1, R = H; 2, R = Me; 3, R = Cl). All the complexes were characterized using elemental analysis, solution conductivity and various spectroscopic (infrared, UV–visible and NMR) measurements. Molecular structures of 1, 2, 3 were confirmed using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. In each complex, the fused 5,6‐membered chelate rings forming phenolate‐O, azomethine‐N and naphtholate‐O donor (Ln)2− and the PPh3 form a square‐planar ONOP coordination environment around the metal centre. Infrared and NMR spectroscopic features of 1, 2, 3 are consistent with their molecular structures. Electronic spectra of the three complexes display several strong primarily ligand‐centred absorption bands in the range 322–476 nm. All the complexes were found to be effective catalysts for carbon–carbon cross‐coupling reactions of arylboronic acids with aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes to form the corresponding diaryl ketones. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of diatomite inorganic fillers on the properties of a melamine–urea–formaldehyde resin
Authors: Li Xiaona , Luo Jing , Li Jianzhang , Gao Qiang 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTIn this study, a low‐cost diatomite was used to partly substitute wheat flour as one type of melamine–urea–formaldehyde (MUF) resin filler. Five‐ply plywood was fabricated, and its performance was measured. The crystallinity, fracture surface, and functional groups were tested to determine the effects of diatomite on the performance of the MUF resin. The results show that diatomite was well distributed in the MUF resin system and formed an embedding structure; this improved the wet shear strength of the resulting plywood by 33% to 1.36 MPa. Diatomite captured the free formaldehyde in the resin and the microporous structure formed in the resin accelerate formaldehyde release of the plywood. Consequently, the formaldehyde emission of the plywood was reduced. The diatomite partly replaced wheat flour as an MUF resin filler and could be applied in the plywood industry. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44095.