bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leptin-Induced CART (Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript) Is a Novel Intraovarian Mediator of Obesity-Related Infertility in Females
Authors: Ma Xiaoting , Hayes Emily , Prizant Hen , Srivastava Rajesh K. , Hammes Stephen R. , Sen Aritro 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Obesity is considered detrimental to women's reproductive health. Although most of the attention has been focused on the effects of obesity on hypothalamic function, studies suggest a multifactorial impact. In fact, obesity is associated with reduced fecundity even in women with regular cycles, indicating that there may be local ovarian effects modulating fertility. Here we describe a novel mechanism for leptin actions directly in the ovary that may account for some of the negative effects of obesity on ovarian function. We find that normal cycling, obese, hyperleptinemic mice fed with a high-fat diet are subfertile and ovulate fewer oocytes compared with animals fed with a normal diet. Importantly, we show that leptin induces expression of the neuropeptide cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) in the granulosa cells (GCs) of ovarian follicles both in vitro and in vivo. CART then negatively affects intracellular cAMP levels, MAPK signaling, and aromatase mRNA expression, which leads to lower estradiol synthesis in GCs and altered ovarian folliculogenesis. Finally, in human samples from patients undergoing in vitro fertilization, we show a significant positive correlation between patient body mass index, CART mRNA expression in GCs, and CART peptide levels in follicular fluid. These observations suggest that, under obese conditions, CART acts as a local mediator of leptin in the ovary to cause ovarian dysfunction and reduced fertility.
Radiographic and functional outcome of posterolateral lumbosacral fusion for low grade isthmic spondylolisthesis in children and adolescents
Authors: Tsirikos A. I. , Sud A. , McGurk S. M. 
Published: January 2016

Aims We reviewed 34 consecutive patients (18 female-16 male) with isthmic spondylolysis and grade I to II lumbosacral spondylolisthesis who underwent in situ posterolateral arthodesis between the L5 transverse processes and the sacral ala with the use of iliac crest autograft. Ten patients had an associated scoliosis which required surgical correction at a later stage only in two patients with idiopathic curves unrelated to the spondylolisthesis. Methods No patient underwent spinal decompression or instrumentation placement. Mean surgical time was 1.5 hours (1 to 1.8) and intra-operative blood loss 200 ml (150 to 340). There was one wound infection treated with antibiotics but no other complication. Radiological assessment included standing posteroanterior and lateral, Ferguson and lateral flexion/extension views, as well as CT scans. Results A solid posterolateral fusion was confirmed in all patients at mean latest follow-up of 4.7 years (3.4 to 9.8) beyond skeletal maturity into early adult life. Fusion of the isthmic lesion was documented in nine patients bilaterally and eight patients unilaterally. The poor fusion rate across the spondylolysis has not affected the excellent functional results of the procedure, which in our series depended on achieving a stable lumbosacral junction. Conclusion Quality of life assessment demonstrated significant improvement in all functional scores and high patient satisfaction with 28 patients returning to previous sports activities at an elite competitive level. Take home message: Posterolateral arthrodesis in situ with autologous iliac crest bone without instrumentation has achieved a solid fusion between the L5 transverse processes and the sacral ala in patients with grade I to II isthmic lumbosacral spondylolisthesis and this has produced excellent clinical outcomes and high patient satisfaction. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:88–96.
Significant reduction in the incidence of C5 palsy after cervical laminoplasty using chilled irrigation water
Authors: Takenaka S. , Hosono N. , Mukai Y. , Tateishi K. , Fuji T. 
Published: January 2016

Aims The aim of this study was to determine whether chilled irrigation saline decreases the incidence of clinical upper limb palsy (ULP; a reduction of one grade or more on manual muscle testing; MMT), based on the idea that ULP results from thermal damage to the nerve roots by heat generated by friction during bone drilling. Methods Irrigation saline for drilling was used at room temperature (RT, 25.6°C) in open-door laminoplasty in 400 patients (RT group) and chilled to a mean temperature of 12.1°C during operations for 400 patients (low-temperature (LT) group). We assessed deltoid, biceps, and triceps brachii muscle strength by MMT. ULP occurring within two days post-operatively was categorised as early-onset palsy. Results The incidence of ULP (4.0% vs 9.5%, p = 0.003), especially early-onset palsy (1.0% vs 5.5%, p < 0.001), was significantly lower for the LT group than for the RT group. Multivariate analysis indicated that RT irrigation saline use, concomitant foraminotomy, and opened side were significant predictors for ULP. Discussion Using chilled irrigation saline during bone drilling significantly decreased the ULP incidence, particularly the early-onset type, and shortened the recovery period for ULP. Chilled irrigation saline can thus be recommended as a simple method for preventing ULP. Take home message: Chilled irrigation during laminoplasty reduces C5 palsy. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:117–24.
Early mobilisation of thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurology
Authors: Jaffray D. C. , Eisenstein S. M. , Balain B. , Trivedi J. M. , Newton Ede M. 
Published: January 2016

AimsThe authors present the results of a cohort study of 60 adult patients presenting sequentially over a period of 15 years from 1997 to 2012 to our hospital for treatment of thoracic and/or lumbar vertebral burst fractures, but without neurological deficit.MethodAll patients were treated by early mobilisation within the limits of pain, early bracing for patient confidence and all progress in mobilisation was recorded on video. Initial hospital stay was one week. Subsequent reviews were made on an outpatient basis.ResultsThe mean duration from admission to final follow-up was three months, and longer follow-up was undertaken telephonically. The mean kyphosis deformity on arrival was 17.4° (5° to 29°); mean kyphosis at final discharge three months later was 19.5° (1° to 28°). Spinal canal encroachment had no influence on successful functional recovery.DiscussionPain has not been a significant problem for any patient, irrespective of the degree of kyphosis and no patient has a self-perception of clinical deformity. In all, 11 patients took occasional analgesia. All patients returned to their original work level or better. Two patients died 2.5 years after treatment, from unrelated causes. Take home message: The natural history of thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurology would appear to be benign. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:97–101.
Placement of the acetabular component
Authors: Beverland D. E. , O’Neill C. K. J. , Rutherford M. , Molloy D. , Hill J. C. 
Published: January 2016

Ideal placement of the acetabular component remains elusive both in terms of defining and achieving a target. Our aim is to help restore original anatomy by using the transverse acetabular ligament (TAL) to control the height, depth and version of the component. In the normal hip the TAL and labrum extend beyond the equator of the femoral head and therefore, if the definitive acetabular component is positioned such that it is cradled by and just deep to the plane of the TAL and labrum and is no more than 4mm larger than the original femoral head, the centre of the hip should be restored. If the face of the component is positioned parallel to the TAL and psoas groove the patient specific version should be restored. We still use the TAL for controlling version in the dysplastic hip because we believe that the TAL and labrum compensate for any underlying bony abnormality. The TAL should not be used as an aid to inclination. Worldwide, > 75% of surgeons operate with the patient in the lateral decubitus position and we have shown that errors in post-operative radiographic inclination (RI) of > 50° are generally caused by errors in patient positioning. Consequently, great care needs to be taken when positioning the patient. We also recommend 35° of apparent operative inclination (AOI) during surgery, as opposed to the traditional 45°. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B(1 Suppl A):37–43.
Ceramic on ceramic arthroplasty of the hip
Authors: Sentuerk U. , von Roth P. , Perka C. 
Published: January 2016

The leading indication for revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) remains aseptic loosening owing to wear. The younger, more active patients currently undergoing THA present unprecedented demands on the bearings. Ceramic-on-ceramic (CoC) bearings have consistently shown the lowest rates of wear. The recent advances, especially involving alumina/zirconia composite ceramic, have led to substantial improvements and good results in vitro. Alumina/zirconia composite ceramics are extremely hard, scratch resistant and biocompatible. They offer a low co-efficient of friction and superior lubrication and lower rates of wear compared with other bearings. The major disadvantage is the risk of fracture of the ceramic. The new composite ceramic has reduced the risk of fracture of the femoral head to 0.002%. The risk of fracture of the liner is slightly higher (0.02%). Assuming that the components are introduced without impingement, CoC bearings have major advantages over other bearings. Owing to the superior hardness, they produce less third body wear and are less vulnerable to intra-operative damage. The improved tribology means that CoC bearings are an excellent choice for young, active patients requiring THA. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B(1 Suppl A):14–17.
The effects of various physical non-operative modalities on the pain in osteoarthritis of the knee
Authors: Cherian J. J. , Jauregui J. J. , Leichliter A. K. , Elmallah R. K. , Bhave A. , Mont M. A. 
Published: January 2016

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of various non-operative modalities of treatment (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS); neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES); insoles and bracing) on the pain of osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. We conducted a systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to identify the therapeutic options which are commonly adopted for the management of osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. The outcome measurement tools used in the different studies were the visual analogue scale and The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index pain index: all pain scores were converted to a 100-point scale. A total of 30 studies met our inclusion criteria: 13 on insoles, seven on TENS, six on NMES, and four on bracing. The standardised mean difference (SMD) in pain after treatment with TENS was 1.796, which represented a significant reduction in pain. The significant overall effect estimate for NMES on pain was similar to that of TENS, with a SMD of 1.924. The overall effect estimate of insoles on pain was a SMD of 0.992. The overall effect of bracing showed a significant reduction in pain of 1.34. Overall, all four non-operative modalities of treatment were found to have a significant effect on the reduction of pain in OA of the knee. This study shows that non-operative physical modalities of treatment are of benefit when treating OA of the knee. However, much of the literature reviewed evaluates studies with follow-up of less than six months: future work should aim to evaluate patients with longer follow-up. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B(1 Suppl A):89–94.
Minimising the risk of infection
Authors: Heller S. , Rezapoor M. , Parvizi J. 
Published: January 2016

The purpose of this article is to provide the reader with a seven-step checklist that could help in minimising the risk of PJI. The check list includes strategies that can be implemented pre-operatively such as medical optimisation, and reduction of the bioburden by effective skin preparation or actions taking during surgery such as administration of timely and appropriate antibiotics or blood conservation, and finally implementation of post-operative protocols such as efforts to minimise wound drainage and haematoma formation. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B(1 Suppl A):18–22.
The obese patient
Authors: Perry K. I. , MacDonald S. J. 
Published: January 2016

Obesity is a worldwide epidemic that has both economic and health implications of enormous consequence. The obese patients tend to have earlier symptoms related to osteoarthritis, more peri-operative medical problems, higher rates of infection and more technical difficulties intra-operatively following hip and knee arthroplasty. Nevertheless, these patients have good long-term clinical outcomes and implant survival rates and are often some of the most satisfied patients after joint arthroplasty. Therefore, obese patients should not be denied surgery based on their weight alone. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B(1 Suppl A):3–5.
Total shoulder arthroplasty with a second-generation tantalum trabecular metal-backed glenoid component
Authors: Merolla G. , Chin P. , Sasyniuk T. M. , Paladini P. , Porcellini G. 
Published: January 2016

AimsWe evaluated clinical and radiographic outcomes of total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) using the second-generation Trabecular Metal (TM) Glenoid component. The first generation component was withdrawn in 2005 after a series of failures were reported. Between 2009 and 2012, 40 consecutive patients with unilateral TSA using the second-generation component were enrolled in this clinical study. The mean age of the patients was 63.8 years (40 to 75) and the mean follow-up was 38 months (24 to 42).MethodsPatients were evaluated using the Constant score (CS), the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score and routine radiographs.ResultsSignificant differences were found between the pre- and post-operative CS (p = 0.003), ASES (p = 0.009) scores and CS subscores of pain (p < 0.001), strength (p < 0.001) and mobility items (p < 0.05). No glenoid or humeral components migrated. Posterior thinning of the keel and slight wear at the polyethylene-TM interface was observed in one patient but was asymptomatic. Radiolucent lines were found around three humeral (< 1.5 mm) and two glenoid components (< 1 mm) and all were asymptomatic.DiscussionTSA with the second-generation TM Glenoid component results in satisfactory to excellent clinical performance, function, and subjective satisfaction at a mean follow-up of about three years. Radiographic changes were few and did not affect the outcome. Take home message: This paper highlights that the second generation Trabecular Metal Glenoid has better outcomes than those reported with the first-generation component. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:75–80.
Coalescent Times and Patterns of Genetic Diversity in Species with Facultative Sex: Effects of Gene Conversion, Population Structure, and Heterogeneity
Authors: Hartfield Matthew , Wright Stephen I , Agrawal Aneil F 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMany diploid organisms undergo facultative sexual reproduction. However, little is currently known concerning the distribution of neutral genetic variation among facultative sexual organisms except in very simple cases. Understanding this distribution is important when making inferences about rates of sexual reproduction, effective population size, and demographic history. Here we extend coalescent theory in diploids with facultative sex to consider gene conversion, selfing, population subdivision, and temporal and spatial heterogeneity in rates of sex. In addition to analytical results for two-sample coalescent times, we outline a coalescent algorithm that accommodates the complexities arising from partial sex; this algorithm can be used to generate multisample coalescent distributions. A key result is that when sex is rare, gene conversion becomes a significant force in reducing diversity within individuals. This can reduce genomic signatures of infrequent sex (i.e., elevated within-individual allelic sequence divergence) or entirely reverse the predicted patterns. These models offer improved methods for assessing null patterns of molecular variation in facultative sexual organisms.
Coalescence with Background and Balancing Selection in Systems with Bi- and Uniparental Reproduction: Contrasting Partial Asexuality and Selfing
Authors: Agrawal Aneil F , Hartfield Matthew 
Published: January 2016

AbstractUniparental reproduction in diploids, via asexual reproduction or selfing, reduces the independence with which separate loci are transmitted across generations. This is expected to increase the extent to which a neutral marker is affected by selection elsewhere in the genome. Such effects have previously been quantified in coalescent models involving selfing. Here we examine the effects of background selection and balancing selection in diploids capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction (i.e., partial asexuality). We find that the effect of background selection on reducing coalescent time (and effective population size) can be orders of magnitude greater when rates of sex are low than when sex is common. This is because asexuality enhances the effects of background selection through both a recombination effect and a segregation effect. We show that there are several reasons that the strength of background selection differs between systems with partial asexuality and those with comparable levels of uniparental reproduction via selfing. Expectations for reductions in Ne via background selection have been verified using stochastic simulations. In contrast to background selection, balancing selection increases the coalescence time for a linked neutral site. With partial asexuality, the effect of balancing selection is somewhat dependent upon the mode of selection (e.g., heterozygote advantage vs. negative frequency-dependent selection) in a manner that does not apply to selfing. This is because the frequency of heterozygotes, which are required for recombination onto alternative genetic backgrounds, is more dependent on the pattern of selection with partial asexuality than with selfing.
CHARACTERIZATION OF BENTHIC ANIMAL RESOURCES AT THE DE GI LAGOON, BINH DINH PROVINCE
Authors: Ngai Phan Duc , Tuan Vo Si , Long Nguyen Van , Tuyen Hua Thai , Hong Phan Thi Kim 
Published: January 2016

The characterization of the benthic animal resouces at the De Gi lagoon was determined by four investigations and surveys from 2009 - 2011 and 2015. The results have pointed out 10 benthic animal species that have primarily economic value at the De Gi lagoon including: 5 Bivalvia species, 1 Gastropoda species, 4 Crustacea species. Bivalve group possesses 64% of the entire commercial yield of benthic animal (1,037.5 tons/year), Gari elongata possesses 71% of the entire bivalve yield and possesses 45% of the entire commercial yield of benthic animal. The seed yield of bivalves group (Crassostrea cf. lugubris) possesses 87% of the entire seed yield of benthic animal (4,133,600 individuals/year). Penaeus monodon is the special benthic animal resource of De Gi lagoon. The majority of benthic animal resources are epifauna, inhabit tidal area and concentrate in sandy tidal flats. The results of this study will provide the scientific basis for further studies on the trophic relationship, food web and data for planning, zoning and appropriate priexploitation of fisheries resources.
RELAÇÕES SOLO-SUPERFÍCIES GEOMÓRFICAS NA PORÇÃO NORTE DA BACIA DO RIBEIRÃO CHIQUEIRO – GOUVEIA, MG
Authors: Diniz Alisson Duarte , Oliveira Cristiane Valéria de , Augustin Cristina H. R. R. 
Published: January 2016

O objetivo desse artigo é de mostrar a relação entre as superfícies geomórficas e as classes de solos na porção norte da bacia do Ribeirão Chiqueiro, Gouveia (MG). O estudo e mapeamento dos solos da região demonstraram que os aspectos pedológicos estão fortemente associados às formas do relevo e a litologia.Os Latossolos Vermelhos encontram-se em áreas de rochas metabásicas, em relevo suave ondulado e onduladocom vertentes convexas retilíneas e convexo - convexas. Os Latossolos Vermelho  Amarelos estão em áreas de granito, em relevo suave ondulado e ondulado com vertentes convexas retilíneas extensas e maishomogêneas. Os Cambissolos estão localizados em relevo ondulado e forte ondulado, apresentando encostas convexo - convexas curtas, em áreas de granitos e xistos. Em relação aos Neossolos Litólicos, a fortedeclividade, associada ao relevo montanhoso e ao clima frio de altitude, e mesmo o relevo plano sobre umalitologia resistente ao intemperismo, proporcionaram o pouco desenvolvimento desses solos. Os Neossolos Flúvicos estão relacionados às regiões de terraços e são caracterizados por camadas intercaladas de areia grossa e areia fina. ABSTRACT:This article aimed reports the relationship between landform and soils in the northerly part of Ribeirão Chiqueiro basin, Gouveia, MG. The results showed that the regions soils are associated to the landformsand to the lithology. The Red Latosol is found on basic and metabasic rocks areas, in gentle undulatingrelief and undulating relief characterized by convex  convex and convex rectilinear slopes. The Red Yellow Latosol develops on granites, in undulating gentle landform, with convex rectilinear slopes, extensive andmore homogeneous. The Cambisols are found in undulating forms, presenting short convex  convex slopes,in granite and schist areas. Concerning the Lithosols, steep slope, associated to the mountain relief and highaltitude climate conditions, and even to the flat landform upon a lithology resistant to the weathering,provided a little development of these soils. Fluvial soils are associated to terrace areas, being characterized by little development.