bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SELECTION OF AN ANTIRETROVIRAL REGIMEN BASED ON THE RESISTANCE DATA
Authors: YURIN O. G. , LADNAYA N. N. , SUVOROVA Z. K. 
Published: May 2017

As part of the global strategy against HIV, UNAIDS formulated the 90-90--90 targets. The targets mean that 90% of people living with HIV and receiving treatment should have achieved viral suppression. One of the main obstacles to achieving the goal is HIV resistance to antiretroviral therapy. It occurs when the virus mutates and affinity of active ingredients of drugs for the corresponding viral proteins is reduced. Drugs differ by the genetic barrier. Non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors lose their ability to inhibit the replication after a single mutation, and ritonavir- boosted protease inhibitors - after 5--8th mutation. The key factor for adequate viral suppression and reduction of risks is good adherence to treatment. Medication non-adherence creates a favorable environment in the body for the evolution of the virus. In the Russian Federation, the prevalence of primary resistance reaches 6.02%, and poor adherence equals 26%. The data and the results of examinations for mutations should be considered when selecting an antiretroviral regimen and approach to patient to improve adherence.
THE EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN GUIDELINES FOR TREATMENT OF HIV INFECTION
Authors: YURIN O. G. , EFREMOVA O. S. 
Published: May 2017

The guidelines for treatment of patients with HIV infection developed in the United States (DHHS) and the European Union (EACS) are the most globally recognised. They are used in the development of many national guidelines, including those in Russia. The guidelines of the European Union and the United States are specific in that they are characterized by high scientific validity and target countries with high income per capita. In the process of the guidelines evolution, they tended to update the recommended drugs with more efficient, safe and easy to use medications; they expanded the list of indications for antiretroviral therapy to the extent that it was recommended to all HIV patients regardless of clinical manifestations and the level of CD4 cells. The article also analyzes the changes that the guidelines underwent over the past 6 years. There are recent versions of the guidelines.
RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTION IN INFANTS
Authors: YEVDOKIMOV K. V. , ROVNIY V. B. , BABACHENKO I. V. , SHARIPOVA E. V. 
Published: May 2017

The review focuses on respiratory syncytial virus infection (RSVI) and, based on the literature and authors' own observations, highlights epidemiological aspects and risk factors for RSVI (including severe forms of the infection), the specific clinical manifestations, challenges of laboratory diagnostics, and the benefits of various methods and their relevance in clinical practice. The available types of RSVI therapies are discussed based on meta-analyses of the data. The authors emphasize the importance of palivizumab in the specific passive prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children from risk groups.
PROGNOSTIC INDICES AND MARKERS OF SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION IN PATIENTS WITH COPD AND CAD
Authors: IGNATOVA G. L. , ANTONOV V. N. 
Published: May 2017

The article discusses the problem of COPD combined with CAD, determination of inflammatory markers and the prognostic BODE, DOSE and ADO indices. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of PCV13 immunization on clinical and functional manifestations of systemic inflammation in patients with COPD and CAD, as well as the relationship with the prognostic markers. Material and methods: The study included 36 male patients with COPD and 36 patients with COPD and CAD, FC II-III stable angina who were treated at Regional Clinical Hospital _4 in Chelyabinsk during the period 2015--2016. Conclusions: 1. Patients with COPD combined with CAD had statistically significant clinical and functional disorders manifested by an increase in the degree of dyspnea and reduction in FEV1. 2. In patients with COPD concomitant with CAD, against the background of the comorbidities, the levels of systemic inflammation markers — C-reactive protein, fibrinogen and procalcitonin — were more overt than in patients only with COPD. 3. Monitoring changes in procalcitonin levels could be used as an additional highly informative method for estimating the probability of the presence of bacterial inflammation and effectiveness of therapy. 4. The prognostic BODE, DOSE and ADO indices tend to decrease unidirectionally under the impact of vaccination with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. 5. PCV13 can reduce the level of systemic inflammation within 1 year after its application.
HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF HEMORRHAGIC FEVER ETIOLOGY WITH RENAL SYNDROME
Authors: TKACHENKO E. A. , ISHMUKHAMETOV A. A. 
Published: May 2017

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is an acute viral disease of zoonotic nature, characterized by systemic lesions of small vessels, hemorrhagic diathesis, hemodynamic disorders and a peculiar renal disease (interstitial nephritis with acute renal failure).
COMBINED VACCINES BUBO-M AND BUBO-COC IN THE NATIONAL VACCINATION SCHEDULE
Authors: FELDBLUM I. V. , SUBBOTINA K. A. , MARKOVICH N. I. , ISAEVA N. V. , SEMERIKOV V. V. 
Published: May 2017

The article summarizes the results of randomized clinical and epidemiological field studies to assess the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the national combined vaccines against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus and hepatitis B - Bubo-M and Bubo-Coc, and the experience of their use within the National Vaccination Schedule.
Hydrogeochemistry and groundwater mixing close to an oil field: an example from Asmari karstic aquifer, Khuzestan, Iran
Authors: Rouhi H. , Kalantari N. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Both carbonate (as the oil-gas reservoir) and evaporite rocks (as caprock) coexist in the Masjed Soleyman oil field. The Asmari karstic aquifer is formed within Oligo-Miocene carbonate rocks in the south of the oil reservoir. A mixing between fresh karstic groundwater and oil-field brines is to be expected because of underground migration of the brines toward the aquifer. This process can reduce the groundwater quality by both increasing the water salinity and by adding hydrocarbon and sulfur contaminants into the groundwater. Tembi river contains saline water that can affect groundwater resources. Leaking of these brines into the aquifer was distinguished using total dissolved solids, the relative concentration of major elements, bromide ion (as a trace element), total organic carbon, ion ratios, and mixing curve diagrams. The polluted zone was determined by tracking the hydrochemistry changes across the groundwater flow direction. The volume percentage of different water sources in mixed groundwater was calculated and validated using PHREEQC software. The results revealed that the contribution of the oil-field brine in the groundwater is much lower than the salty river brine, but even this low amount has a considerable impact on water quality by increasing water salinity and adding hydrocarbon and sulfur into the groundwater.
In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Different Plant Hormones on the Growth and Toxicity of Nigrospora Spp. on Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)
Authors: Abass Mohammed H. 
Published: May 2017

Objective:The profound negative impact of chemical fungicides on human and animal health, as well as, the whole agroecosystem encouraged tremendous efforts to find alternative approaches to suppress the growth of plant pathogens.Method:Recently, plant hormones have been considered to reduce fungal severity. Five different plant hormones namely 2, 4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid); BAP (6- Benzylaminopurine); Dicamba (3,6- Dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid, 3,6-Dichloro-o-anisic acid); IAA (Indole-2-acetic acid) and SA (Salicylic acid) were selected to examine their antifungal activity against the growth of two species of date palm fungal pathogenNigrosporaspp.Results:Results showed that SA at 50 ppm was sufficient to inhibit the mycelium growth ofN. oryzaecompletely, while withN. sphaerica; the treatments of 2, 4-D (40-50 ppm) and SA (40-50 ppm) led to similar complete inhibition results of mycelium growth. The data of BAP and IAA indicated no toxic effect toward mycelium growth of the pathogens. Similar trends of results have been obtained for phytotoxicity bioassay which performed on detached date palm leaves, 2, 4-D and SA at 30 ppm led to a complete inhibition for the production of toxins in the culture ofN. oryzaeandN. sphaerica.Conclusion:58% significant reduction in toxin production was obtained with Dicamba 30 ppm. Results presented here reveal the antifungal activity of different plant hormones inin vitroexperiments, and are important to examine their efficiency in farther field studies on date palm.
Un intento de reconstrucción de la contabilidad del chamán Makuna que habita en las selvas del Vaupés en la Amazonia colombiana
Authors: Fuentes Quintero Jenny Alexandra , Peña Arenas Flor Ángela 
Published: May 2017

A partir del libro Etnografía Makuna (Århem, Cayón, Angulo & García, 2004), entre otras investigaciones pertinentes sobre etnografía amazónica, este trabajo explora las principales teorías y cuestiones relativas a la reconstrucción del carácter multidimensional de la medición contable en los Makuna o (la Gente de Agua), desde una perspectiva comparada entre Occidente y los saberes ancestrales y tradicionales de este grupo étnico tukano que vive en las selvas del Vaupés colombiano.
Dos jardines de la modernidad: la India en Octavio Paz
Authors: López Cafaggi Carlos Eduardo 
Published: May 2017

Este artículo indaga en la percepción que Octavio Paz tenía sobre la India, ahondando en su experiencia personal como viajero y, eventualmente, embajador de México en este país. La mayor parte del texto cuestiona mediante la teoría poscolonial el sesgo eurocéntrico que el escritor mexicano reproduce en Vislumbres de la India. No obstante, también hago una revisión crítica de su poemario Ladera Este, contrastando en ambos casos la afinidad y distancia del poeta hacia su sujeto de estudio y devoción. El propósito de este trabajo no es sólo destacar la importancia que la India tenía en Octavio Paz (un elemento a menudo olvidado en la crítica literaria), sino también evaluar estética y académicamente sus acercamientos a ella.
Inmigración y envejecimiento en Estados Unidos. Una relación por descubrir /// Immigration and Aging in the United States of America. A Relationship to Discover
Authors: Canales Alejandro I. 
Published: May 2017

En Estados Unidos el avance del envejecimiento de la población blanca es tal que ya se expresa en importantes déficits de población en edades activas y reproductivas. En este contexto, la inmigración latinoamericana ha permitido cubrir estos desequilibrios aportando, por un lado, los volúmenes de población necesarios para mantener los niveles de reproducción demográfica y, por otro, proveyendo los contingentes de fuerza de trabajo requeridos para mantener el dinamismo económico. Sin embargo, este sistema de complementariedad demográfica no está exento de tensiones y contradicciones. La masividad de la migración, como su mayor natalidad y fecundidad, pueden derivar en una situación donde la tradicional primacía de la población blanca pudiera verse cuestionada por el crecimiento de la población de origen latino. Las más recientes proyecciones demográficas indican un avance en ese sentido. En este artículo documentamos esta situación. AbstractIn the United States the aging of the white population is already generating significant demographic deficits, specially in population in active and reproductive ages. In this context, Latin American immigration has helped to cover these imbalances by providing, on the one hand, the volumes needed to maintain population levels of demographic re-production, while providing contingent workforce needed to maintain economic dynamism. However, this demographic complementarity is not absent from tensions and contradictions. Large volumes of migration with their higher levels of birth and fertility, could lead in the near future to a situation where the traditional primacy of the white population could be challenged by the growth of the Latino population. Recent population projections indicate a step in that direction. In this article we document this situation using official statistics of the Census Bureau of the United States.
Research on the Governance Mechanism of Venture Capital Network
Authors: Huixia Zou , Lingwei Jiang 
Published: May 2017

According to this article, core venture capital enterprise, government, technologist, other related enterprise, agent organization and financing institution etc. compose a venture capital network. The market demand is uncertain; the human resource is proprietary; the task is complicated; the freguent trading the frequency is multifarious in venture capital network. Interactive mechanism, trust mechanism, moderated & integration mechanism, incentive mechanism and maintenance mechanism constitute a governance mechanism of venture capital network. Among them, the trust mechanism is the foundation, interactive mechanism, moderated & integration mechanism are a core, incentive mechanism is the lubricant, maintenance mechanism is the guarantee.
Políticas educacionais inclusivas em tempos neoliberais: o dito, não dito e o mal dito
Authors: Witeze Erika Marinho , Silva Régis Henrique dos Reis 
Published: May 2017

Este artigo analisa as bases legais e ideológicas das políticas educacionais inclusivas implementadas a partir da década de 1990 no Brasil. A partir de uma discussão sobre os desafios enfrentados pelo sistema educacional brasileiro no atendimento a alunos com deficiências, transtornos globais de desenvolvimento e altas habilidades/superdotação na atualidade, veremos quais as possibilidades e limites do discurso em defesa da diversidade no contexto neoliberal. Recorrendo às orientações trazidas pela Política Nacional de Educação Especial na Perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva e pelo mais recente Plano Nacional de Educação (2014-2024), problematizaremos o alinhamento da educação especial inclusiva com as teorias pedagógicas pós-modernas, bem como o acirramento dos processos de exclusão e marginalização de alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais dentro e fora da escola. Ademais, veremos como a transformação da inclusão em argumento do senso comum inibe as potencialidades emancipadoras e humanizadoras da educação, abordando as contribuições trazidas pela pedagogia histórico-crítica e pela teoria histórico-cultural. Palavras-chave: Políticas inclusivas. Educação especial. Neoliberalismo.
PEMBUATAN APLIKASI CAR STORAGE DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE FIFO ( FIRST IN FIRST OUT ) BERBASIS WEB
Authors: Prasetya Eka Budhy 
Published: May 2017

AUTO2000 adalah jaringan jasa penjualan, perawatan, perbaikan dan penyediaan suku cadang TOYOTA yang manajemennya ditangani penuh oleh PT Astra International Tbk. PT.AUTO 2000 merupakan sebuah dealer mobil merk TOYOTA yang tersebar di beberapa daerah. PT.AUTO 2000 selalu berusaha untuk meningkatkan penjualannya dengan memperhatikan stock unit mobil yang tersedia. Dalam sistem pengolahan car storage, masalah yang ada saat ini adalah Jika ada mobil yang harus keluar dari gudang, terkadang itu bukan merupakan mobil yang pertama masuk dalam gudang. Sehingga dapat menimbulkan kerugian jika terjadi penyusutan pada stock yang lama. Dan sistem yang ada belum bersifat online sehingga jika kepala gudang ingin mengecek ketersediaan unit harus menunggu email stock unit dari admin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan sebuah sistem aplikasi yang dapat memberikan data yang akurat dimana unit yang pertama masuk merupakan unit yang pertama keluar dengan menggunakan metode FIFO (First In First Out ) dan implementasinya adalah berupa aplikasi web yang dibangun menggunakan bahasa pemrograman PHP.
McNamara’s Cephalometric Analysis of Adult Brahmins of Kathmandu
Authors: Pradhan Resina , Rajbhandari Anjana , Shrestha Situ Lal 
Published: May 2017

Introduction: Appropriate comparison of an individual’s craniofacial structure can be made when evaluated relative to his/her comparable peer group. However, McNamara’s Caucasian norms are being used for adult Brahmins cephalometric analysis.Objective: To determine cephalometric norms using McNamara’s analysis in adult Brahmins of Kathmandu and to compare the values within the group and with Caucasians. Materials & Method: Screening of 850 individuals aged 18-27 years was performed. Inclusion criteria were Angle’s Class I molar and canine relation with normal overjet and overbite, symmetric face with acceptable profile, without craniofacial abnormalities, orthodontic/surgical treatment in the past and without proximal caries or prosthesis. Lateral digital cephalometric radiographs of 41 selected adult Brahmins of Kathmandu (23 males and 18 females) were manually traced. Comparative test was conducted within adult Brahmins of Kathmandu and with Caucasian group at significance level p≤0.05.Result: Adult male Brahmins of Kathmandu were found to have larger craniofacial measurements: Effective Mandibular Length (p≤0.001), Maxillo-mandibular Differential (p≤0.05) and Lower Anterior Facial Height (p≤0.01) than adult female Brahmins of Kathmandu. Adult Brahmins were found to have smaller craniofacial measurements compared to Caucasians.Conclusion: Gender and ethnic diversity must be considered during orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning for an individual.
Comparison of Reproducibility of Nasolabial Angle Constructed by Anatomic point method and Tangent line method
Authors: Giri Jamal , Pokharel Prabhat Ranjan , Gyawali Rajesh , Bhattarai Bhushan , Shrestha Gunjan Kumar 
Published: May 2017

Introduction: Investigators have drawn nasolabial angle using different soft tissue landmarks. This has created confusion among the orthodontic students and clinicians regarding its construction.Objective: To evaluate two commonly used methods of constructing the nasolabial angle in order to establish a single reproducible method. Materials & Method: Lateral cephalograms of 120 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment were obtained from the records of the patients. Soft tissue profile on the lateral cephalograms were traced manually by the principal investigator. All the tracings were photocopied and 6 copies of each tracing were made. Nasolabial angles were constructed and measured on photocopied copies of the tracings first using the anatomic point method and then using the tangent line method by the principal investigator and another investigator independently. Result: The average nasolabial angle values for anatomic point method and tangent line method were found to be 94.32° ± 14.05° and 92.4° ± 14.59° respectively. The intra-class correlation coefficient demonstrated excellent intra-observer and interobserver agreement among the two methods of nasolabial angle construction.Conclusion: Both anatomic point method and tangent line method of nasolabial angle construction have excellent reproducibility in terms of intra-observer and inter-observer agreement.
Preparing Soft Magnetic Composites for Structural and Micromechanical Investigations
Authors: Schwark T. , Müller M. , Mine Y. , Kreuter T. , Kraft O. , Schwaiger R. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Soft Magnetic Composites (SMC) consist of pure iron particles with an inorganic phosphorous coating and an additional iron oxide layer at the boundaries between them. It should be specified if the iron oxide is at the boundary of iron and the phosphorous coating or at the outer layer. It is assumed that it's a layer between the iron and the phosphorous layer. This combination of “ductile” and “brittle” constituents represents a challenge for preparing a specimen suitable for both microstructural and micromechanical studies. In particular for micromechanical tests, such as microcompression, microcantilever beam bending, micro tensile tests, and nanoindentation, the quality of the surface is critical. We demonstrate the effect of different surface preparation methods both on the microstructure and the mechanical properties. Mechanical polishing with two different end-polishing steps and combinations of mechanical polishing and ion-beam polishing are compared. Electron microscopy clearly showed the damaged or deformed surface layer of SMC specimens polished only mechanically, which significantly affected the mechanical properties as determined by nanoindentation. The microstructure of the particles was examined with electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy revealing a subgrain structure within the particles. While the boundaries do not exhibit any cracks after indentation, the hardness of the boundaries and the adjacent material is clearly enhanced.
Cracks in Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel Components
Authors: Freitag C. , Panzenböck M. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Again and again, components fail due to sudden crack initiation. In the present case, a hot-dip galvanized structural hollow section failed. It was manufactured from unalloyed structural steel of the type S355J0. Hydrogen plays a decisive role in this failure which results from a time-delayed damage of the material.
Round Robin Test on the “Analysis of Graphite Shapes by Means of Microscopic Images of Cast Iron Samples” in the DGM Working Group “Quantitative Structural Analysis” of the Expert Committee Materialography
Authors: Sonntag U. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
One of the main topics the working group “Quantitative Structural Analysis“ deals with is cast iron. The examination of metallographic 2D sections in order to eventually thus deduce the material properties of the three dimensional microstructure is common practice. Based on the results of a round robin test already performed in 2014, one of the then used samples was three-dimensionally measured in the IABG [1]. Using the thus obtained image data, a comparison between the 2D and 3D measurement results was performed in the second round robin test presented here. For the parameters graphite fraction and graphite size, a very good agreement could be achieved. However, there were important variations for the shape classification and the determination of the particle density. The main cause for this is the lack of appropriate specifications in the standard. Thus, the working group should further intensify the existing contact with the respective standardization bodies.
Neurodegenerative Markers are Increased in Postmortem BA21 Tissue from African Americans with Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Ferguson Sherry A. , Panos John J. , Sloper Daniel , Varma Vijayalakshmi 
Published: May 2017

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) presents with an earlier onset age and increased symptom severity in African Americans and Hispanics. Objective: Although the prevalence of plaques and tangles may not exhibit ethnicity-related differences, levels of neurodegenerative proteins have not been described. Methods: Here, levels of five proteins (i.e., S100B, sRAGE, GDNF, Aβ40, and Aβ42) and the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio were measured in postmortem samples of the middle temporal gyrus (BA21) from age-matched African Americans and Caucasians with AD ( n = 6/gender/ethnicity). Results: S100B levels were increased 17% in African Americans ( p < 0.003) while sRAGE was mildly decreased ( p < 0.09). Aβ42 levels were increased 121% in African Americans ( p < 0.02), leading to a 493% increase in the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio ( p < 0.002). Analysis of GDNF levels did not indicate any significant effects. There were no significant effects of gender and no significant ethnicity with gender interactions on any analyte. Effect size calculations indicated “medium” to “very large” effects. Conclusion: S100B is typically elevated in AD cases; however, the increased levels in African Americans here may be indicative of increased severity in specific populations. Increased Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios in the current study are compatible with increased disease severity and might indicate increased AD pathogenesis in African Americans. Overall, these results are compatible with a hypothesis of increased neuroinflammation in African Americans with AD.