bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New algae and cyanobacteria to Cuban flora: Strombomonas borysteniensis (Roll) Popova (Euglenophyceae), Anabaenopsis elenkinii Miller and Glaucospira sp. (Cyanobacteria)
Authors: Comas-González Augusto Abilio , Moreira-González Ángel Ramón 
Published: March 2016

Este artículo ofrece resultados basados en observaciones al microscopio óptico de muestras de fitoplancton colectadas en algunas áreas de la empresa Cultisur de cría de camarón blanco (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931) localizada en la región suroriental de Cuba (provincia Granma). Durante el estudio, se halló en muestras de agua dulce a Strombomonas borysteniensis (Roll) Popova (Euglenophyceae). En los estanques de cultivo ocurrieron típicos florecimientos de las cianobacterias Anabaenopsis elenkinii Miller y de una especie de Glaucospira Lagerheim. Estos táxones constituyen nuevos registros para el país. El presente trabajo ofrece las descripciones y comentarios taxonómicos acerca de estas especies.This paper is based on optical microscopy observations of phytoplankton samples collected from few water reservoirs at the shrimp cultures (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931) of Cultisur Enterprise, SE of Cuba. After further studies three species were studied, which were not found in Cuba before: Strombomonas borysteniensis (Roll) Popova (Euglenophyceae) and two cyanobacteria forming typical cyanobacterial water blooms: Anabaenopsis elenkinii Miller and a species of Glaucospira Lagerheim.The present paper offers descriptions and taxonomical comments about these species
A MEMS hardness sensor with reduced contact force dependence based on the reference plane concept aimed for medical applications
Authors: Maeda Yusaku , Terao Kyohei , Shimokawa Fusao , Takao Hidekuni 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In this study, the stable detection principle of a MEMS hardness sensor with “reference plane” structure is theoretically analyzed and demonstrated with experimental results. Hardness measurement independent of contact force instability is realized by the optimum design of the reference plane. The fabricated devices were evaluated, and a “shore A” hardness scale (JIS K 6301 A) was obtained as the reference in the range from A1 to A54 under a stable contact force. The contact force dependence on hardness sensor signals was effectively reduced by 96.6% using our reference plane design. Below 5 N contact force, the maximal signal error of hardness is suppressed to A8. This result corresponds to the detection capability for fat hardness, even when the contact force is unstable. Through experiments, stable detection of human body hardness has been demonstrated without any control of contact force.
Effects of various oxygen partial pressures on Ti-doped ZnO thin film transistors fabricated on flexible plastic substrate
Authors: Cui Guodong , Han Dedong , Yu Wen , Shi Pan , Zhang Yi , Huang Lingling , Cong Yingying , Zhou Xiaoliang , Zhang Xiaomi , Zhang Shengdong , Zhang Xing , Wang Yi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
By applying a novel active layer of titanium zinc oxide (TiZO), we have successfully fabricated fully transparent thin-film transistors (TFTs) with a bottom gate structure fabricated on a flexible plastic substrate at low temperatures. The effects of various oxygen partial pressures during channel deposition were studied to improve the device performance. We found that the oxygen partial pressure during channel deposition has a significant impact on the performance of TiZO TFTs, and that the TFT developed under 10% oxygen partial pressure exhibits superior performance with a low threshold voltage (V
th) of 2.37 V, a high saturation mobility (μsat) of 125.4 cm2 V−1 s−1, a steep subthreshold swing (SS) of 195 mV/decade and a high I
on/I
off ratio of 3.05 × 108. These results suggest that TiZO thin films are promising for high-performance fully transparent flexible TFTs and displays.
Growth of 48 built environment bacterial isolates on board the International Space Station (ISS)
Authors: Coil David A. , Neches Russell Y. , Lang Jenna M. , Brown Wendy E. , Severance Mark , Cavalier Darlene , Eisen Jonathan A. 
Published: March 2016

Background.While significant attention has been paid to the potential risk of pathogenic microbes aboard crewed spacecraft, the non-pathogenic microbes in these habitats have received less consideration. Preliminary work has demonstrated that the interior of the International Space Station (ISS) has a microbial community resembling those of built environments on Earth. Here we report the results of sending 48 bacterial strains, collected from built environments on Earth, for a growth experiment on the ISS. This project was a component of Project MERCCURI (Microbial Ecology Research Combining Citizen and University Researchers on ISS).Results.Of the 48 strains sent to the ISS, 45 of them showed similar growth in space and on Earth using a relative growth measurement adapted for microgravity. The vast majority of species tested in this experiment have also been found in culture-independent surveys of the ISS. Only one bacterial strain showed significantly different growth in space.Bacillus safensisJPL-MERTA-8-2 grew 60% better in space than on Earth.Conclusions.The majority of bacteria tested were not affected by conditions aboard the ISS in this experiment (e.g., microgravity, cosmic radiation). Further work onBacillus safensiscould lead to interesting insights on why this strain grew so much better in space.
Plasma observations during the Mars atmospheric “plume” event of March–April 2012
Authors: Andrews D. J. , Barabash S. , Edberg N. J. T. , Gurnett D. A. , Hall B. E. S. , Holmström M. , Lester M. , Morgan D. D. , Opgenoorth H. J. , Ramstad R. , Sanchez‐Cano B. , Way M. , Witasse O. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe present initial analyses and conclusions from plasma observations made during the reported “Mars plume event” of March–April 2012. During this period, multiple independent amateur observers detected a localized, high‐altitude “plume” over the Martian dawn terminator, the cause of which remains to be explained. The estimated brightness of the plume exceeds that expected for auroral emissions, and its projected altitude greatly exceeds that at which clouds are expected to form. We report on in situ measurements of ionospheric plasma density and solar wind parameters throughout this interval made by Mars Express, obtained over the same surface region but at the opposing terminator. Measurements in the ionosphere at the corresponding location frequently show a disturbed structure, though this is not atypical for such regions with intense crustal magnetic fields. We tentatively conclude that the formation and/or transport of this plume to the altitudes where it was observed could be due in part to the result of a large interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) encountering the Martian system. Interestingly, we note that the only similar plume detection in May 1997 may also have been associated with a large ICME impact at Mars.
GPS scintillations in the high latitudes during periods of dayside and nightside reconnection
Authors: Clausen L. B. N. , Moen J. I. , Hosokawa K. , Holmes J. M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe use an automated procedure to identify periods of enhanced dayside reconnection followed by enhanced nightside reconnection in measurements of the polar cap size by the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment between January 2010 and December 2012; we find 490 such events. We investigate the dynamics of the spatial distributions of the total electron content (TEC) and phase scintillations of Global Positioning System (GPS) signals across the northern polar region and here report three important findings: (1) While a TEC enhancement (due to polar cap patches) propagates across the polar cap during these events, this enhancement is not associated with significant GPS phase scintillations. (2) Instead, a significant impact on GPS signal quality is first found when the TEC enhancements cross the nightside auroral boundary. (3) In combination with upward field‐aligned currents, these TEC enhancements cause the strongest GPS phase scintillations. We conclude that polar cap patches are not, as previously thought, a space weather threat inside the polar cap but instead reveal their biggest impact once they reach the nightside auroral oval, in particular when combined with upward field‐aligned currents.
A method to estimate the neutral atmospheric density near the ionospheric main peak of Mars
Authors: Zou Hong , Ye Yu Guang , Wang Jin Song , Nielsen Erling , Cui Jun , Wang Xiao Dong 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA method to estimate the neutral atmospheric density near the ionospheric main peak of Mars is introduced in this study. The neutral densities at 130 km can be derived from the ionospheric and atmospheric measurements of the Radio Science experiment on board Mars Global Surveyor (MGS). The derived neutral densities cover a large longitude range in northern high latitudes from summer to late autumn during 3 Martian years, which fills the gap of the previous observations for the upper atmosphere of Mars. The simulations of the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique Mars global circulation model can be corrected with a simple linear equation to fit the neutral densities derived from the first MGS/RS (Radio Science) data sets (EDS1). The corrected simulations with the same correction parameters as for EDS1 match the derived neutral densities from two other MGS/RS data sets (EDS2 and EDS3) very well. The derived neutral density from EDS3 shows a dust storm effect, which is in accord with the Mars Express (MEX) Spectroscopy for Investigation of Characteristics of the Atmosphere of Mars measurement. The neutral density derived from the MGS/RS measurements can be used to validate the Martian atmospheric models. The method presented in this study can be applied to other radio occultation measurements, such as the result of the Radio Science experiment on board MEX.
Velocity structure and composition of the lower mantle with spin crossover in ferropericlase
Authors: Wu Zhongqing 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe composition of the Earth's lower mantle (LM) is critical in understanding the Earth's interior and dynamics. Previous reports on the composition of the LM are controversial. The composition of LM, constrained here using high‐temperature and high‐pressure data of the velocities and density of minerals from first‐principles calculations, spans a large range: from pyrolite with ~ 15% ferropericlase (Fp) in weight (wt %) to perovskitic‐rich composition with ~ 10 wt % Fp. Any composition well constrained by preliminary reference Earth model (PREM) has a sufficient amount of Fp to exhibit the positive temperature dependence of VΦ (=
) at the middle LM, leading to the insensitivity of VP to temperature. The depth at which VP is insensitive to temperature variation deepens significantly with increasing temperature because the spin transition in Fp has the positive Clapeyron slope (~17 MPa/K). The Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces below Africa is estimated to be ~ 750 K higher than the ambient mantle.
A neural network‐based method for merging ocean color and Argo data to extend surface bio‐optical properties to depth: Retrieval of the particulate backscattering coefficient
Authors: Sauzède R. , Claustre H. , Uitz J. , Jamet C. , Dall'Olmo G. , D'Ortenzio F. , Gentili B. , Poteau A. , Schmechtig C. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe present study proposes a novel method that merges satellite ocean color bio‐optical products with Argo temperature‐salinity profiles to infer the vertical distribution of the particulate backscattering coefficient (bbp).This neural network‐based method (SOCA‐BBP for Satellite Ocean‐Color merged with Argo data to infer the vertical distribution of the Particulate Backscattering coefficient) uses three main input components: (1) satellite‐based surface estimates of bbpand chlorophyllaconcentration matched up in space and time with (2) depth‐resolved physical properties derived from temperature‐salinity profiles measured by Argo profiling floats and (3) the day of the year of the considered satellite‐Argo matchup. The neural network is trained and validated using a database including 4725 simultaneous profiles of temperature‐salinity and bio‐optical properties collected by Bio‐Argo floats, with concomitant satellite‐derived products. The Bio‐Argo profiles are representative of the global open‐ocean in terms of oceanographic conditions, making the proposed method applicable to most open‐ocean environments. SOCA‐BBP is validated using 20% of the entire database (global error of 21%). We present additional validation results based on two other independent data sets acquired (1) by four Bio‐Argo floats deployed in major oceanic basins, not represented in the database used to train the method; and (2) during an AMT (Atlantic Meridional Transect) field cruise in 2009. These validation tests based on two fully independent data sets indicate the robustness of the predicted vertical distribution of bbp. To illustrate the potential of the method, we merged monthly climatological Argo profiles with ocean color products to produce a depth‐resolved climatology of bbpfor the global ocean.
Understanding the formation and evolution of rain‐formed fresh lenses at the ocean surface
Authors: Drushka Kyla , Asher William E. , Ward Brian , Walesby Kieran 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRain falling on the ocean produces a layer of buoyant fresher surface water, or “fresh lens.” Fresh lenses can have significant impacts on satellite‐in situ salinity comparisons and on exchanges between the surface and the bulk mixed layer. However, because these are small, transient features, relatively few observations of fresh lenses have been made. Here the Generalized Ocean Turbulence Model (GOTM) is used to explore the response of the upper few meters of the ocean to rain events. Comparisons with observations from several platforms demonstrate that GOTM can reproduce the main characteristics of rain‐formed fresh lenses. Idealized sensitivity tests show that the near‐surface vertical salinity gradient within fresh lenses has a linear dependence on rain rate and an inverse dependence on wind speed. Yearlong simulations forced with satellite rainfall and reanalysis atmospheric parameters demonstrate that the mean salinity difference between 0.01 and 5 m, equivalent to the measurement depths of satellite radiometers and Argo floats, is −0.04 psu when averaged over the 20°S–20°N tropical band. However, when averaged regionally, the mean vertical salinity difference exceeds −0.15 psu in the Indo‐Pacific warm pool, in the Pacific and Atlantic intertropical convergence zone, and in the South Pacific convergence zone. In most of these regions, salinities measured by the Aquarius satellite instrument have a fresh bias relative to Argo measurements at 5 m depth. These results demonstrate that the fresh bias in Aquarius salinities in rainy, low‐wind regions may be caused by the presence of rain‐produced fresh lenses.
Structure and evolution of flash flood producing storms in a small urban watershed
Authors: Yang Long , Smith James , Baeck Mary Lynn , Smith Brianne , Tian Fuqiang , Niyogi Dev 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe objective of this study is to examine the structure and evolution of storms that produce flash floods in “small” urban watersheds. The study site is Harry's Brook, a 1.1 km2 urban watershed in Princeton, New Jersey. A catalog of 15 storms is developed for Harry's Brook based on paired observations of streamflow and rainfall. Lagrangian analyses of storm properties are based on storm tracking procedures utilizing 3‐D radar reflectivity observations from the KDIX (Fort Dix, New Jersey) Weather Surveillance Radar, 1988 Doppler. Analyses focus on the storm elements that were responsible for the peak rainfall rates over the watershed. The 22 July 2006 storm, which produced the record flood peak in the catalog (a unit discharge of 26.8 m3 s−1 km−2) was characterized by thunderstorm cells that produced more than 50 cloud‐to‐ground lightning strikes and “collapsed” over Harry's Brook. The 3 June 2006 storm, which produced the third largest flood peak (a unit discharge of 11.1 m3 s−1 km–2), was a “low‐echo centroid” storm with no lightning. We use cloud‐to‐ground flash rate, echo top height, maximum reflectivity, and height of maximum reflectivity as key variables for characterizing convective intensity. Storm motion is examined through a time series of storm speed and direction. The 22 July 2006 and 3 June 2006 storms provide end‐members of storm properties, centering on “convective intensity,” which are associated with flash flooding in small urban watersheds. Extreme 1–15 min rainfall rates are produced by warm season convective systems at both ends of the convective intensity spectrum.
Recovery times of riparian vegetation
Authors: Vesipa R. , Camporeale C. , Ridolfi L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRiparian vegetation is a key element in a number of processes that determine the ecogeomorphological features of the river landscape. Depending on the river water stage fluctuations, vegetation biomass randomly switches between growth and degradation phases and exhibits relevant temporal variations. A full understanding of vegetation dynamics is therefore only possible if the hydrological stochastic forcing is considered. In this vein, we focus on the recovery time of vegetation, namely the typical time taken by vegetation to recover a well‐developed state starting from a low biomass value (induced, for instance, by an intense flood). The analytical expression of the plot‐dependent recovery time is given, the role of hydrological and biological parameters is discussed, and the impact of river‐induced randomness is highlighted. Finally, the effect of man‐induced hydrological changes (e.g., river damming or climate changes) is explored.
Lagrangian temperature and vertical velocity fluctuations due to gravity waves in the lower stratosphere
Authors: Podglajen Aurélien , Hertzog Albert , Plougonven Riwal , Legras Bernard 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWave‐induced Lagrangian fluctuations of temperature and vertical velocity in the lower stratosphere are quantified using measurements from superpressure balloons (SPBs). Observations recorded every minute along SPB flights allow the whole gravity wave spectrum to be described and provide unprecedented information on both the intrinsic frequency spectrum and the probability distribution function of wave fluctuations. The data set has been collected during two campaigns coordinated by the French Space Agency in 2010, involving 19 balloons over Antarctica and 3 in the deep tropics. In both regions, the vertical velocity distributions depart significantly from a Gaussian behavior. Knowledge on such wave fluctuations is essential for modeling microphysical processes along Lagrangian trajectories. We propose a new simple parameterization that reproduces both the non‐Gaussian distribution of vertical velocities (or heating/cooling rates) and their observed intrinsic frequency spectrum.
LADEE/LDEX observations of lunar pickup ion distribution and variability
Authors: Poppe A. R. , Halekas J. S. , Szalay J. R. , Horányi M. , Levin Z. , Kempf S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe report fortuitous observations of low‐energy lunar pickup ion fluxes near the Moon while in the solar wind by the Lunar Dust Experiment (LDEX) on board the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE). We describe the method of observation and the empirical calibration of the instrument for ion observations. LDEX observes several trends in the exospheric ion production rate, including a scale height of approximately 100 km, a positive, linear correlation with solar wind flux, and evidence of a slight enhancement near 7–8 h local time. We compare the LDEX observations to both LADEE Neutral Mass Spectrometer ion mode observations and theoretical models. The LDEX data are best fit by total exospheric ion production rates of ≈6 × 103 m−3 s−1 with dominant contributions from Al+, CO+, and Ar+, although the LDEX data suggest that the aluminum neutral density and corresponding ion production rate are lower than predicted by recent models.
Mobility, Residential
Authors: Gillespie Brian Joseph 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The reasons for residential mobility – a change of residence that takes place locally, often within the same city or neighborhood – are many and varied. Some are purely economic, while others are entirely without economic motivation. Some moves are voluntary; others are involuntary. Some are based on household and family conditions, while others reflect individual preferences. Although residential mobility has been declining recently, rates of relocation are still much higher in the United States than in other countries. There are multiple perspectives on why individuals and families choose to move and the consequences of local residential mobility for children and families.
Midwifery
Authors: Kronenfeld Jennie Jacobs 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Midwifery is an important health‐related profession that provides care to childbearing women during pregnancy, labor, and delivery, and in the postpartum period. In its earlier forms in many countries, and in the United States from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century, it was a job in which women assisted other women with childbirth. Today, it is one of the health professions with formal training paths and roles in the delivery of babies within the US health care system including hospitals. In many other countries, most deliveries are still carried out by midwives, but in the United States the majority of births are delivered by obstetricians, not midwives.
Helicopter Parents
Authors: Zito Rena Cornell 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The term “helicopter parents” refers to a parenting style in which well‐meaning but misguided parents provide excessive support for young and grown children that is characterized by overinvolvement in, and micromanagement of, their children's daily affairs. Most popular accounts and empirical studies of helicopter parenting focus on the parenting of college‐aged youth, with media commentators positing that helicopter parenting harms young people by rendering them overdependent and anxiety‐ridden. The term is typically used pejoratively in media outlets, though social scientists have demonstrated that helicopter parenting produces both positive and negative consequences for parents and the young people over whom they supposedly hover.
Youth
Authors: Aldredge Marcus 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Youth represents a broad stage within the life course and a set of cultural values, ideals, and practices associated with young people. Traditionally the period between childhood and adulthood, youth includes more specific stages such as adolescence, postadolescence, and young adulthood. As the social sciences grew in the early twentieth century, psychology and sociology increasingly examined the stage known as adolescence, while recognizing that the stage doesn't always exist or isn't a cultural universal. Youth culture and subcultures became increasingly more important during the postwar period, but fragmented as the twentieth century passed. Today, this stage is less distinct and is viewed as running later into one's life, containing multiple generations as a whole, but also reflecting divergent and unequal opportunities and lifestyles for people in different segments of society.