bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smart Kick Detection - First Step on the Well-Control-Automation Journey
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: December 2016

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE/IADC 173052, “Smart Kick Detection—First Step on the Well-Control- Automation Journey,” by J.D. Brakel, SPE, and B.A. Tarr, SPE, Shell; W. Cox, Noble Drilling Services; and F. Jørgensen, SPE, and H.V. Straume, National Oilwell Varco, prepared for the 2015 SPE/IADC Drilling Conference and Exhibition, London, 17–19 March. The paper was peer reviewed and published in the September 2015 issue of SPE Drilling & Completion.
On the basis of safety performance results achieved through automation downstream, an operator set out to achieve the same advances in its upstream business. Automating the initial well-control response to an influx was the initial focus area, with the goal of assisting personnel in identifying and stopping any influx without delay. This led to collaboration between an operator, a rig contractor, and a rig-equipment supplier. This paper describes the development, deployment, and field testing of the first upgraded kick-detection system from this collaboration.
Introduction
Kick detection is a critical activity during well construction that typically involves the driller monitoring various inputs to determine if there is any indication of an influx of formation fluids into the well. From a kick-detection perspective, the majority of well-construction operations can be categorized into one of the following three activities that require the driller to use different kick-detection methods:
Drilling or circulating
Making connections
Tripping in or out
The primary kick indicators for drilling or circulating are increase in mud-return- flow rate (vs. mud flow in) and pit gain. While making connections, continued return flow with pumps off and pit gain are the primary indicators. While tripping in or out, continued return flow and trip-tank gain (vs. expected change) are the primary indicators.
Given the challenge of finding a way to automate the initial well-control response to a kick, it soon became apparent that setting a goal to provide the driller with a reliable kick-detection system that uses the three different methods, as currently taught for each of the listed activities, would be a good starting point.
To better understand what a “smart kick-detection system” might look like for a deepwater floating rig, the essential kick-detection and well-shut-in response steps were identified for each of the three relevant well-construction activities listed.
By combining these steps with appropriate reliability data, it was possible to conduct a sensitivity analysis on a number of the key variables to help define the opportunities for designing reliability into any new kick-detection system.
Plasma-Based Tool Facilitates Plugging and Abandonment
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: December 2016

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 175431, “Use of Plasma-Based Tool for Plugging and Abandonment,” by Matus Gajdos, SPE, Tomas Kristofic, Slavomir Jankovic, Gabriel Horvath, and Igor Kocis, GA Drilling, prepared for the 2015 SPE Offshore Europe Conference and Exhibition, Aberdeen, 8–11 September. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
Plugging and abandonment (P&A) is the largest category of decommissioning expenditures, representing 40–44% of the total investment. If the well operator performs P&A inadequately, results may include water flows, gas or oil seeps from the seabed, or underground crossflow between formations, with a huge effect on the environment and marine life. This paper presents current advances in the development of a plasma-based milling tool and its use in casing-section milling for P&A.
Introduction
Only 7% of existing North Sea installations have been decommissioned, which creates an enormous opportunity for companies engaged in such a business. Naturally, operators worldwide are seeking effective solutions that would cut the massive expenses of decommissioning.
Each P&A job depends on well construction, well location, production history, casing condition, and many other factors. From time to time, there is an option to use a rigless solution for P&A. In this case, the well is plugged without pulling tubular or milling casing. Cement plugs are set directly to the production string, and, after successful pressure tests of the plugs, wellhead and casing strings are cut with a special device a few feet under the seabed and removed to surface. P&A in a wet-tree scenario is more expensive. Because all operations occur under water, remotely operated vehicles are needed. For this type of P&A, the deployment of a heavy rig is preferred, which is more expensive. Present casing-milling technology consists of using the common casing-section mill. This mill is a hydraulically actuated tool used for milling a section in casing or tubing. The main part of the mill consists of milling knives dressed with tungsten carbide. Once the casing mill is run into the hole to the desired depth, the circulation of drilling mud starts.
Soil Mineralogy of a Vernal Pool Catena in Southern California
Authors: Hawkins W.A. , Graham R.C. 
Published: December 2016

Core Ideas
Soil mineralogy, as with morphology, varies with slope position in the vernal pool watershed.
Vernal pool soil mineralogy is determined by parent material, weathering, relative solubility of elements, and hydrology.
Kaolin dominates on upper slope positions; smectite dominates on lower slope positions.
Vernal pools are seasonal wetlands that are noted for their unique flora and fauna. Soils are critical to the hydrologic function of the vernal pools, but few studies have examined the mineralogy of vernal pool soils in detail. In this study, the soil mineralogy of a vernal pool catena on basalt in southern California was investigated to identify the mineral components, their origin, and their relationship to the soil hydrologic environment. Kaolin and smectite are found in the soil clay fraction throughout the catena. Kaolin, derived from plagioclase weathering, is the predominant clay mineral in the loamy upper slope soils. Excess silica and other soluble cations from the weathering of plagioclase and pyroxene are carried in throughflow to the lower slope positions where they precipitate primarily as smectite, producing clayey Vertisols. Minor amounts of quartz and biotite are present in the soils, apparently from eolian deposition. The biotite is interpreted to weather to vermiculite, and subsequently to a trioctahedral smectite, which is found in both upper and lower slope soils. Slope wash has transported soil material, including trioctahedral smectite and kaolin, from the upper slope to lower slope soils. Two dioctahedral smectite species are distinguished in the basin soils based on d(060) spacings and are interpreted to have neoformed and transformed from biotite or pyroxene. The mineralogy of the vernal pool catena is differentiated by pedogenic processes related to mineral weathering, relative solubility of released elements, slope wash, and soil hydrology.
Parallel disasters: Wars and biodiversity loss in mountain areas
Authors: Schirone Bartolomeo , Al-Hirsh Iman , Al-Qaddi Nisreen , Battisti Corrado , Vessella Federico , Marras Tatiana , Ortolani Maria Raffaella 
Published: December 2016

It is widely accepted that the Mediterranean Basin is a prominent hotspot of biodiversity hosting a significant richness of plant lineages and fauna.Â Projected trends in the context of global change suggest this area will cope with strong increases in temperature and decreases in precipitation with consequent effects on forests and ecosystem services. Upward shifts of species range and/or mass extinction are expected to occur on a broad scale, especially in the Mediterranean.Â Here, mountain ecosystems would undergo the most severe reduction and fragmentation events.Â Further human based impacts aggravate the effects of global warming.Â Among them, wars and civil disorders seriously affect mountain landscapes, marking them over time.Presently, many threats of war are occurring in the Mediterranean and mostly in mountain areas at a high level of biodiversity. Furthermore, these same scenarios are overlapped with global warming, thus exposing many species to an actual risk of extinction.The aim of this study was to find a solution to the disturbances created in the forest ecosystem by the consequences of war of an identified area in the Mediterranean basin.
THE POWER OF PRODUCT LEADERSHIP IN GENERATING CUSTOMERS’ INTENTIONS TO BUY: THE CASE OF DAGADU
Authors: Santosa Markus Surkamta Eric 
Published: December 2016

Marketing products is frequently not easy. Besides the need for brands and/or products to be recognized by consumers, they must be prominent among the other brands and/or products, which hopefully in turn will develop an interest in them and the intention to buy. The prominent brands and/or products usually become so because they comprise of a number of factors, such as good quality, good design, and good customer value. In addition, the performances of thebrands and/or products really meet the consumers’ expectations, and conform to the consumers perceptions of them. While the consumers’ intentions to buy are generally generated by their attitudes and subjective norms, the purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of product leadership in producing the customers’ intention to buy through the customers’ perception of value and quality. Data were acquired from a sample which consisted of 100 respondents who were interested in and wanted to buy Dagadu T-shirts. The sample itself was withdrawn by using the judgment method. The data were then analyzed using Amos 5.0 and SPSS 16.0. The result showed that product leadership affected consumers’ perception of value and quality, which sequentially generated the consumers’ intention to buy through the consumers’ attitude and subjective norm.Keywords: product leadership, perceived quality, perceived value, intention to buy
Influence of Exposing Root Canal Dentin to Calcium Hydroxide on Its Flexural Strength
Authors: Ratih Diatri Nari 
Published: December 2016

Calcium hydroxide has been used extensively in endodontic treatments, for instance as an intra-canal dressing; however, the exposure of root canal dentin to calcium hydroxide may affect its flexural strength and could have important clinical implications for endodontic treatment. The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the influence of calcium hydroxide on the flexural strength of root canal dentin.Seventy-two extracted single-rooted human mandibular premolars were used in this study. Each tooth was instrumented using crown-down technique and was irrigated using sterile saline. The teeth were assigned into three groups of 24 each. The prepared root canal system of each tooth was filled with calcium hydroxide mixed with sterile saline (group 1), a calcium hydroxide commercially available product (UltraCal®) (group 2) or saline solution (group 3, as control). The apices and access opening were sealed using composite resin, and the teeth were immersed in artificial saliva. After 7, 14 and 30 days of immersion, the inner root canal dentin of 8 teeth respectively from each group were sectioned to create dentin bars (1 X 1 mm, with 7 mm in length). Each dentin bar then was subjected to a three-point bending flexural test using MTS (Universal Testing Machine). Data gathered were then analyzed using two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test with the level of significance of 95%. The results showed that exposure to calcium hydroxide either using calcium hydroxide mixed with sterile saline or UltraCal® for 14 and 30 days can reduce flexural strength of root canal dentin compared to control group (p<0.05). In contrast, after 7 days exposure, there was no significantly different of flexural strength between three groups (p>0.05). It can be concluded that calcium hydroxide reduced the flexural strength of root canal dentin. The longer the exposure to calcium hydroxide would produce a greater effect on flexural strength of root canal dentin.
Effects of Lidocaine Concentration on Streptococcus Mutans Bacteria
Authors: Haryono Muhammad Wildan Hari Subagya , Rahajoe Poerwati Soetji 
Published: December 2016

Lidocaine is one of the local anesthetics agents that are frequently used in dentistry. Streptococcus mutan is a gram-positive, facultatively an aerobic bacterium commonly found in human oral cavity. The study aims to find out the effects of Lidocaine concentration against Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The study used experimental design with liquid and solid dilution method to find out bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal effects of Lidocaine concentration. The test bacteria used in the study are the ones, which have been compared with Mcfarland standard solution with 10μCFU/ML concentration. The Lidocaine concentrations were 2%, 1%,0.5%, 0.25%, 0.125%, 0.0625%, 0.03125%, 0.015625%, and 0.007812%. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney methods were used for the statistical test. The result of the study suggests that Lidocaine concentration has effects against Streptococcus mutans bacteria in the concentrations of 2%, 1% and 0.5%, to inhibit bacterial growth (p<0.05), but there was no bacteriocidal potential of Lidocaine concentration against Streptococcus mutans bacteria (p>0.05).
Systemic IL-1β and TNF-α Productions of E. coli Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Periodontitis Model on Rats
Authors: Jonarta Alma Linggar , Asmara Widya , Astuti Indwiani , Tandelilin Regina TC 
Published: December 2016

Periodontal disease, a common inflammatory oral disease involved periodontal tissues, has been linked with the evidence of some systemic disorders. Recently, periodontal disease has been suspected as a trigger of systemic disorders. Penetration of bacterial products, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) may reach into deeper periodontal tissues. Therefore there may affect systemic blood and cytokines production. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and Tumour Nuclear Factor-α (TNF-α) are known as pro-inflammatory cytokines. The production of systemic IL-1β and TNF-α of E. coli lipopolysaccharide-induced periodontitis model on rats was investigated in this research. Fifteen male Wistar rats, aged 6-8 weeks used for this study were divided into 3 groups. For group 1 and 2, silk ligature 3/0 were inserted in interdental area between upper right molar 1 and 2. First and second group received solution containing 10μg/ml and 1mg/ml E. coli lipopolysaccharide, respectively, mixedwith 2% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) diluted in 100μl of phosphate buffer saline (PBS). The solution was topically applied on gingival tissues around the gingival sulcus, a single topical application of solution onceper 2 days for 14 days. Untreated subjects were used as negative control. On day 15, the blood was collected from vena orbitalis, and rats were sacrificed. The blood serum of each group was divided into 2 groups andcultured for 4 hours with or without 20μl of 100ng/ml of E. coli LPS. ELISA techniques were used to measure the cytokine productions of the supernatant. The data was analysed using Repeated Measure ANOVA. This study showed that there was a significant increase of IL-1β production on low dose of LPS compared to control and high dose of LPS groups (p<0.05). Whereas TNF-α not significantly showed increasing trend. The increasing trend of pro-inflammatory cytokine productions, such as IL-1β and TNF-α, on LPS-induced periodontitis model in this experiment supports the previous studies about the contribution of periodontal disease in the pathogenesis of systemic diseases.
Effect of Allicin for Re-epithelialization During Healing in Oral Ulcer Model
Authors: Novianty Renny Ayu , Chrismawaty Bernadetta Esty , Subagyo Goeno 
Published: December 2016

Allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate) is the main component of fresh garlic with multi-bioactivities as therapeutic agent. Recently, allicin is being proposed as alternative therapy for aphthous ulcer. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of topical allicin in aqueous garlic extract on re-epithelialization during healing of acetic acid induced oral ulcer model. Thirty males SD rats aged 2 months were equally divided into two groups as experimental and control groups. After sedated with 0.2 ml intramuscular Ketamine injection, ulcer model was made by applying 99.5% glacial acetic acid-moistened paper disc on rat buccal mucosa. This would gene- rate an immediate necrotic tissue, which produced a single crateriform ulcer in each of the experimental rats for the next two days. In the experimental group, one drop of allicin was applied twice daily onto the lesion. Three rats in each group were sacrificed on days 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 after induction and were recorded as H0, H1, H4,H7 dan H10 groups, respectively. The tissue samples from buccal mucosa were processed for HematoxylinEosin (HE) staining, and then evaluated histologically. Re-epithelialization was assessed by measuring the thickness of the epithelium using an ocular micrometer under a light microscope. Data were analyzed statistically by Independent t-test with significant p-values of <0.05 (95%). Based on histological findings and trend graphs, it can be concluded that the topical application of allicin can accelerate re-epithelialization of ulcer healing process. This study suggests that allicin in aqueous garlic extract could be developed as therapeuticagent for aphthous ulcer
Novel Protein Glycan–Derived Markers of Systemic Inflammation and C-Reactive Protein in Relation to Glycemia, Insulin Resistance, and Insulin Secretion
Authors: Lorenzo Carlos , Festa Andreas , Hanley Anthony J. , Rewers Marian J. , Escalante Agustin , Haffner Steven M. 
Published: December 2016

OBJECTIVE
N-acetylglucosamine/galactosamine (GlycA) and sialic acid (GlycB) moieties of glycosylated serum proteins are nonspecific measures of inflammation, but conclusive data on their relationship with insulin resistance or insulin secretion are missing. Therefore, we aimed to examine the relation of GlycA, GlycB, and C-reactive protein (CRP) to direct measures of insulin sensitivity (insulin sensitivity index [SI]) and insulin secretion (acute insulin response [AIR]).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This study used cross-sectional analyses and included 1,225 participants with and without type 2 diabetes in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). SI and AIR were measured using the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test, and GlycA and GlycB were measured using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

RESULTS
GlycA and GlycB had a strong correlation with CRP (r = 0.60 [P &lt; 0.001] and r = 0.46 [P &lt; 0.001], respectively). In a linear regression model with both GlycA and CRP as independent variables, GlycA (β × 1 SD, −0.04 ± 0.02; P &lt; 0.01) and CRP (−0.06 ± 0.02; P &lt; 0.001) were independently associated with SI even after adjusting for demographics, smoking, physical activity, plasma glucose, and BMI. However, neither CRP nor GlycA had an independent relationship with AIR.

CONCLUSIONS
GlycA may complement CRP in evaluating the relationship between inflammation, glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance.
Role of Single Dose Preoperative Ceftriaxone in the Control of Surgical Site Infection in a Tertiary Level Hospital
Authors: Rahman Mohammad Mushfiqur , Rahman Md Mazedur , Munim Mamun Ibn , Haque Md Shariful 
Published: December 2016

Post-surgical wou infection is a crucial factor in surgical practice. Prolong use of postoperative antibiotic is common practice in our surgical world. This causes financial burden to our patients a antibiotic resistance. But international journals a literatures suggest using antibiotics as prophylaxis only at the time of operation a no further postoperative antibiotic is needed in clean contaminated surgery. This comparative cross-sectional study was done at the department of surgery, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College Hospital from 1st July 2007 to 30th June 2008. A total number of 100 patients of clean-contaminated elective laparotomy were selected. Patients were ra omly divided into two groups, in Group-I (got single dose preoperative Inj. Ceftriaxone) a in group-II (got single dose preoperative Inj. Ceftriaxone followed by Inj. Ceftriaxone for 2 days a then Cap. Cefxime for next 5 days). There is no statistically significant difference in outcome between two groups. So, single dose preoperative Inj. Ceftriaxone (1gm) is sufficient as a prophylaxis of surgical site infection in clean-contaminated elective surgery.Faridpur Med. Coll. J. Jan 2016;11(1): 6-10
A NEW LOOK AT THE INTEGRATED RADIO/MICROWAVE CONTINUUM SPECTRUM OF GALACTIC SUPERNOVA REMNANT IC 443
Authors: Onić D. , Urošević D. , Leahy D. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
Recent observations of the microwave sky, by space telescopes such as the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe and Planck, have opened a new window into the analysis of continuum emission from supernova remnants (SNRs). In this paper, different emission models that can explain the characteristic shape of currently known integrated radio/microwave continuum spectrum of the Galactic SNR IC 443 are tested and discussed. In particular, the possibility is emphasized that the slight bump in the integrated continuum of this remnant around 20–70 GHz is genuine and that it can be explained by the contribution of an additional emission mechanism such as spinning dust. We find that adding a spinning dust component to the emission model improves the fit of the integrated spectrum of this SNR while at the same time preserving the physically probable parameter values. Finally, models that include the high-frequency synchrotron bending of the IC 443 radio to microwave continuum are favored.
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY OF SYMBIOTIC STARS. XI. ORBITS FOR SOUTHERN S-TYPE SYSTEMS: HEN 3-461, SY MUS, HEN 3-828, AND AR PAV
Authors: Fekel Francis C. , Hinkle Kenneth H. , Joyce Richard R. , Wood Peter R. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
Employing new infrared radial velocities, we have computed spectroscopic orbits of the cool giants in four southern S-type symbiotic systems. The orbits for two of the systems, Hen 3-461 and Hen 3-828, have been determined for the first time, while orbits of the other two, SY Mus and AR Pav, have previously been determined. For the latter two systems, we compare our results with those in the literature. The low mass of the secondary of SY Mus suggests that it has gone through a common envelope phase. Hen 3-461 has an orbital period of 2271 days, one of the longest currently known for S-type symbiotic systems. That period is very different from the orbital period proposed previously from its photometric variations. The other three binaries have periods between 600 and 700 day, values that are typical for S-type symbiotic orbits. Basic properties of the M giant components and the distance to each system are determined.