bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlations between personality traits and specific groups of alpha waves in the human EEG
Authors: Johannisson Tomas 
Published: July 2016

Background.Different individuals have alpha waves with different wavelengths. The distribution of the wavelengths is assumed to be bell-shaped and smooth. Although this view is generally accepted, it is still just an assumption and has never been critically tested. When exploring the relationship between alpha waves and personality traits, it makes a huge difference if the distribution of the alpha waves is smooth or if specific groups of alpha waves can be demonstrated. Previous studies have not considered the possibility that specific groups of alpha waves may exist.Methods.Computerized EEGs have become standard, but wavelength measurements are problematic when based on averaging procedures using the Fourier transformation because such procedures cause a large systematic error. If the actual wavelength is of interest, it is necessary to go back to basic physiology and use raw EEG signals. In the present study, measurements were made directly from sequences of alpha waves where every wave could be identified. Personality dimensions were measured using an inventory derived from the International Personality Item Pool.Results.Recordings from 200 healthy individuals revealed that there are three main groups of alpha waves. These groups had frequencies around 8, 10, and 12 waves per second. The middle group had a bimodal distribution, and a subdivision gave a total of four alpha groups. In the center of each group, the degree of extraversion was high and the degree of neuroticism was low. Many small differences in personality traits were found when the centers were compared with one another. This gave four personality profiles that resemble the four classical temperaments. When people in the surrounding zones were compared with those in the centers, relatively large differences in personality traits were found.Conclusions.Specific groups of alpha waves exist, and these groups have to be taken into account when correlations are made to personality dimensions and temperament types. There is a link between alpha waves and personality traits, and this link implies that there is an underlying relationship. To explain the nature of this relationship, there are two hypotheses that can be applied. One of these deals with the general organization of the forebrain and the other explains why the brain generates alpha waves.
I. Inquisitio as a Tool of Royal Governance under the Carolingian and Ottonian Kings
Authors: Bachrach David S. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The inquest (Latin inquisitio) was an important administrative tool in the hands of government officials of the later Roman empire and of the Regnum Francorum. Imperial and royal officials used inquests to safeguard the fisc, and also to assure accurate tax assessments. Scholars long have recognized that the inquest also served similar roles in the hands of government officials in the Carolingian empire during the reigns of Charlemagne and Louis the Pious. By contrast, most specialists in the history of the east Frankish kingdom and of its German successor under the Ottonian dynasty have argued that the lands east of the Rhine lacked the sophisticated administrative institutions that were characteristic Carolingian government in the first half of the ninth century. This study offers a corrective to the traditional view that both the eastern Carolingians and the Ottonians presided over administratively backward realms. It was rather the case that the eastern Carolingian rulers and their Ottonian successors used inquisitiones to safeguard the royal fisc from misuse, neglect, and theft. In addition, these rulers used inquests to maintain control over the assets of ecclesiastical institution.
III. Inklusion und Exklusion
Authors: Breustedt Sonja 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Inclusion and Exclusion - The legal position of citizens and Beisassen, denizens and foreigners in late-mediaeval Frankfurt am Main. In the Middle Ages, most denizens in German towns were burghers, but also other groups such as Jews, denizens without citizenship or Beisassen (residents without full rights of citizenship). The Beisassen of Frankfurt were neither artisans nor poor people. Some depended on other lords or other towns, mostly the county of Hanau, which impeded them to become burghers of Frankfurt; others didn't want to. After 1498 the Beisassen - now called Beisitz - obtained legal relationship for limited time periods each.
VII. Zum Städelschen Beerbungsfall
Authors: Noda Ryuichi 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The Staedel Heritage Case. Japanese civil code § 42 stems from German civil code § 84: J.F. Städel established, in his testament, both the foundation of the Städel-art institute at Frankfurt on Main, and that it should be his testamentary heir. Follows the rather complicated Städel-case 1817-1828. In 1826, an attorney at the Higher Court of appeal pointed out an analogy to the postumus heir. The analogy was taken up by the first draft of the Civil code, then disappeared. The drafter of the Japanese civil code adopted it without giving it much thought.
VIII. Der Rechtsstreit um die Verletzung der belgischen Neutralität im Ersten Weltkrieg
Authors: Wampach Christophe 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The legal discussion on the breach of Belgian neutrality in World War I: This paper focuses on the legal quarrel which ensued from the violation of neutral Belgium in 1914. The aim is to understand why the German argumentation failed to assert the legality of the invasion in international law. To this end, three main arguments put forward by the German legal scholars to justify the breach of Belgium’s neutrality are reviewed, as well as the reply of the allied jurists.
Forschen ohne historisch-kritische Textgrundlage: der Dekretalenteil der Collectio Hispana
Authors: Scherer Cornelia 
Published: July 2016

AbstractResearch on the decretal part of the Collectio Hispana. The essay considers the question how to deal with the divergent state of the edition of the various parts of the Collectio Hispana. The major part of the collection is already available in a historico-critical edition by Martínez Díez/ Rodríguez, while it is still necessary to consult the bilingual edition of Vives for some councils and the edition of González, which dates from the beginning of the 19th century, for the decretals. Based on two selected decretals (which are printed in the appendix) a possible handling of this problem will be presented: The edition by González is compared with four selected manuscripts to verify the reliability of the text. Thereby, a precautious usage of his compilation will be recommended: Apparently the text as a whole is reliable. The two major problems are the normalized spelling making the edition unusable for philological questions, as well as González’ choosing of a Leithandschrift in which the decretals and their index appear in a form differing substantially from the other manuscripts. Therefore, the appearance of this part within the edition does not correspond to the majority of its manuscripts.
Archiepiscopal and Papal Involvement in Episcopal Elections: The Origins and Reception of Lateran IV cc. 23–24 from the Third Lateran Council to the Liber Sextus
Authors: Larson Atria A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractConstitutions 23 and 24 of the Fourth Lateran Council dealt with episcopal elections, providing the proper timeframe and three possible electoral procedures, respectively. Although the former stipulated that an electoral body’s proximate superior was to gain the potestas eligendi and thus make an appointment if the electoral body failed to elect within the specified three months, the latter constitution was far less explicit about to whom the power to elect devolved if an electoral body did not follow proper procedure. The former constitution also failed to identify clearly which office constituted the ‘proximate superior’. Both constitutions were based in some sense on recent conciliar decrees (from the Third Lateran Council) or pre-1215 decretals issued from Innocent III’s curia. Since both constitutions lacked certain points of legal precision, several more decretals and conciliar decrees were needed in the thirteenth century before it was fully and clearly decided when the power to elect devolved to the metropolitan and when it devolved to the pope. A constitution by Boniface VIII in the Liber Sextus finally resolved the matter. This essay traces this development.
Vom Allgemeinbekannten zum Gerichtsbekannten: Das allmähliche Verschwinden der Notorietät und die Veränderungen des römisch-kanonischen Beweisrechts in der Frühen Neuzeit
Authors: Schmoeckel Mathias 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFrom the wellknown to the notorious: The gradual decline of notoriety and changes in romancanon law of proof in the Early New Age. With the establishment of procedural natural rights at the beginning of the 14
Die Bedeutung der Reformation Luthers für die kirchenrechtliche Entwicklung in den Niederlanden
Authors: Selderhuis Herman J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe Impact of Luther’s Reformation on the development of Church Law in the Netherlands. This essay describes how essential the specific history of the reformation in the Netherlands was for the developments of reformed church law in that country. The Dutch reformation was relatively late and was more Calvinistic than Lutheran. Calvin’s model of structuring the church, the essential effect of the refugee situation of many reformed believers and the fact that the revolt as well as the reformation were movements mainly ,from below‘, result in a church polity with the following characteristics: self-government of each individual congregation, active involvement of all church members, independence towards political authorities and a presbyterial-synodical church organisation. This church model was reached through a series of synodical meetings that started in the 1560ies and came to a conclusion at the Synod of Dordt in 1618/1619.
Miszellen. Raimundus Lullus on Canon Law
Authors: Ramis-Barceló Rafael 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article gives an overview of the use of canon law in the Art of Raimundus Lullus, explaining the relevance of canon law for his plan to reform the Church, and Lullus’ progressive comprehension and adoption of the culture of ius commune. Some examples extracted from his works are reviewed and commented in order to understand the place of Lullus in the history of canon law.
„Selbstbericht“ Ulrich Stutz
Authors: Waldhoff Christian 
Published: July 2016

Abstract„Selfdescription“ Ulrich Stutz. Ulrich Stutz closed his „selfdiscription“ in May 1934 and handed it to the library of the University of Basel with the remark „strictly confidential during the lifetime of the author“. It has been quoted very rarely and is published here for the first time. Ulrich Stutz is not only the founder of the history of canon law, but he was also for a long time its spiritus rector. The „selfdiscription“ is preceded by brief remarks on the life and work of this great scholar.
La sigla nr nella formula in ius dell’actio depositi riportata da Gaio (inst. 4,47): difesa di un dato testuale
Authors: Cristaldi Salvatore Antonio 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe abbreviation nr in the formula in ius of the actio depositi as reported by Gaius (inst. 4,47): in defense of a text. According to a widespread doctrine the abbreviation nr in the formula of the actio depositi in Gai. inst. 4,47 has to be eliminated. This article argues for an opposite approach and for a conservative reading of the Gaius Veronensis. In fact, this abbreviation should be deemed as necessary within the wording used to introduce the formula in ius of actio depositi.
Das arbitrium boni viri bei Cervidius Scaevola
Authors: Baldus Christian 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe arbitrium boni viri in Cervidius Scaevola: The complex relationship between arbiter and arbitrium (boni viri) intrigued Gerardo Broggini in his 1957 monograph „Iudex arbiterve“. He tried, taking into consideration both phenomena, to describe a process of objectivisation based on the intentions of the parties. An analysis of some succession law cases, however, gives no reliable foundations for such a dependency at least of the category arbitrium boni viri on party autonomy. A conscious use of the category by the jurists (here Cervidius Scaevola) seems more likely: in order to balance the roles in legal conflicts and to maintain the jurist’s position. However, an (albeit puzzling) source on arbitratus might give another hint: Possibly Scaevola treated certain cases of arbitration according to the same principles he also applied in arbitrium boni viri cases.
Vom Seedarlehen zur Versicherung in der mittelalterlichen Rechtswissenschaft
Authors: Lohsse Sebastian 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe Evolution from Sea Loans to Insurance in the Medieval Legal Discourse. In medieval law sea loan contracts are faced with the canon law prohibition of usury. The lender thus may not claim any interest on the loan. Moreover, by the decretal Naviganti the lender is also charged with usury when asking for a compensation for taking over the risk of transport by ship. The article considers the question of how and on which basis jurists subsequently justified the legitimacy of such a premium for the adoption of risk and how thereby the insurance contract originated as a spin-off of the sea loan.
The dependence of precipitation and its footprint on atmospheric temperature in idealized extratropical cyclones
Authors: Phibbs Samuel , Toumi Ralf 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFlood hazard is a function of the magnitude and spatial pattern of precipitation accumulation. The sensitivity of precipitation to atmospheric temperature is investigated for idealized extratropical cyclones, enabling us to examine the footprint of extreme precipitation (surface area where accumulated precipitation exceeds high thresholds) and the accumulation in different‐sized catchment areas. The mean precipitation increases with temperature, with the mean increase at 5.40%/°C. The 99.9th percentile of accumulated precipitation increases at 12.7%/°C for 1 h and 9.38%/°C for 24 h, both greater than Clausius‐Clapeyron scaling. The footprint of extreme precipitation grows considerably with temperature, with the relative increase generally greater for longer durations. The sensitivity of the footprint of extreme precipitation is generally super Clausius‐Clapeyron. The surface area of all precipitation shrinks with increasing temperature. Greater relative changes in the number of catchment areas exceeding extreme total precipitation are found when the domain is divided into larger rather than smaller catchment areas. This indicates that fluvial flooding may increase faster than pluvial flooding from extratropical cyclones in a warming world. When the catchment areas are ranked in order of total precipitation, the 99.9th percentile is found to increase slightly above Clausius‐Clapeyron expectations for all of the catchment sizes, from 9 km2 to 22,500 km2. This is surprising for larger catchment areas given the change in mean precipitation. We propose that this is due to spatially concentrated changes in extreme precipitation in the occluded front.
Sleep Increases Susceptibility to the Misinformation Effect
Authors: Calvillo Dustin P. , Parong Jocelyn A. , Peralta Briana , Ocampo Derrick , Van Gundy Rachael 
Published: July 2016

SummaryWhen individuals witness an event and are exposed to misleading postevent information, they often incorporate the misleading information into their memory for the original event, a phenomenon known as the misinformation effect. The present study examined the role of sleep in the misinformation effect. Participants (N = 177) witnessed two events; were exposed to misleading postevent information immediately, 12 hours later the same day, 12 hours later the next day, or 24 hours later; and then took a recognition test. All groups demonstrated the misinformation effect, and this effect was larger in groups with an overnight retention interval. Signal detection analyses revealed that sleep decreased sensitivity. These results suggest that sleep increases susceptibility to the misinformation effect, which may occur because sleep results in gist‐based representations of original events or because sleep improves learning of postevent information. Implications for interviewing eyewitnesses are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dental remains of cebid platyrrhines from the earliest late Miocene of Western Amazonia, Peru: Macroevolutionary implications on the extant capuchin and marmoset lineages
Authors: Marivaux Laurent , Adnet Sylvain , Altamirano‐Sierra Ali J. , Pujos François , Ramdarshan Anusha , Salas‐Gismondi Rodolfo , Tejada‐Lara Julia V. , Antoine Pierre‐Olivier 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectivesUndoubted fossil Cebidae have so far been primarily documented from the late middle Miocene of Colombia, the late Miocene of Brazilian Amazonia, the early Miocene of Peruvian Amazonia, and very recently from the earliest Miocene of Panama. The evolutionary history of cebids is far from being well‐documented, with notably a complete blank in the record of callitrichine stem lineages until and after the late middle Miocene (Laventan SALMA). Further documenting their evolutionary history is therefore of primary importance.MaterialRecent field efforts in Peruvian Amazonia (Contamana area, Loreto Department) have allowed for the discovery of an early late Miocene (ca. 11 Ma; Mayoan SALMA) fossil primate‐bearing locality (CTA‐43; Pebas Formation). In this study, we analyze the primate material, which consists of five isolated teeth documenting two distinct Cebidae:Cebussp., a medium‐sized capuchin (Cebinae), andCebuellasp., a tiny marmoset (Callitrichinae).ResultsAlthough limited, this new fossil material of platyrrhines contributes to documenting the post‐Laventan evolutionary history of cebids, and besides testifies to the earliest occurrences of the modernCebuellaandCebus/Sapajuslineages in the Neotropics. Regarding the evolutionary history of callitrichine marmosets, the discovery of an 11 Ma‐old fossil representative of the modernCebuellapushes back by at least 6 Ma the age of theMico/Cebuelladivergence currently proposed by molecular biologists (i.e., ca. 4.5 Ma). This also extends back to > 11 Ma BP the divergence betweenCallithrixand the common ancestor (CA) ofMico/Cebuella, as well as the divergence between the CA of marmosets andCallimico(Goeldi's callitrichine).DiscussionThis discovery from Peruvian Amazonia implies a deep evolutionary root of theCebuellalineage in the northwestern part of South America (the modern western Amazon basin), slightly before the recession of the Pebas mega‐wetland system (PMWS), ca. 10.5 Ma, and well‐before the subsequent establishment of the Amazon drainage system (ca. 9–7 Ma). During the late middle/early late Miocene interval, the PMWS was seemingly not a limiting factor for dispersals and widespread distribution of terrestrial mammals, but it was also likely a source of diversification via a complex patchwork of submerged/emerged lands varying through time.
Molecular Engineering of Trifunctional Supported Catalysts for the Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols
Authors: Fernandes Antony E. , Riant Olivier , Jensen Klavs F. , Jonas Alain M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe describe a simple and general method for the preparation and molecular engineering of supported trifunctional catalysts and their application in the representative Cu/TEMPO/NMI‐catalyzed aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol. The methodology allows in one single step to immobilize, with precise control of surface composition, both pyta, CuI, TEMPO, and NMI sites on azide‐functionalized silica particles. To optimize the performance of the heterogeneous trifunctional catalysts, synergistic interactions are finely engineered through modulating the degree of freedom of the imidazole site as well as tuning the relative surface composition, leading to catalysts with an activity significantly superior to the corresponding homogeneous catalytic system.
FeCl3‐Catalyzed Ring‐Closing Carbonyl–Olefin Metathesis
Authors: Ma Lina , Li Wenjuan , Xi Hui , Bai Xiaohui , Ma Enlu , Yan Xiaoyu , Li Zhiping 
Published: July 2016

AbstractExploiting catalytic carbonyl–olefin metathesis is an ongoing challenge in organic synthesis. Reported herein is an FeCl3‐catalyzed ring‐closing carbonyl–olefin metathesis. The protocol allows access to a range of carbo‐/heterocyclic alkenes with good efficiency and excellent trans diastereoselectivity. The methodology presents one of the rare examples of catalytic ring‐closing carbonyl–olefin metathesis. This process is proposed to take place by FeCl3‐catalyzed oxetane formation followed by retro‐ring‐opening to deliver metathesis products.
Quantitative relation between the relaxation time and the strain rate for polymeric solids under quasi‐static conditions
Authors: Chen Jinhan , Hu Hongjiu , Li Shuang , Zhang Kefeng 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTRelaxation time is an essential physical quantity reflecting the hysteresis of the microstructure of materials. To associate the relaxation time with the strain rate, the stress–strain curves of six types of polymers at low strain rate were normalized, and a nondimensional generalized Maxwell model incorporating strain‐rate‐dependent relaxation times was obtained by the internal variable theory of irreversible thermodynamics. The results indicate that the constitutive equation may capture well the normalized stress–strain behaviors that are not related to the strain rate. The ratio of the initial modulus to the secant modulus at the maximum stress was also found to not rely on the strain rate anymore. Furthermore, strain‐rate independence occurred only when the relaxation time was proportional to the time interval for stress from zero to the maximum stress. The relaxation time varied in a power law with the strain rate. The explicit relation is helpful for providing a concise and promising solution for predicting the quasi‐static mechanical response of viscoelastic solids. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44114.
Bi‐anchoring Organic Dyes that Contain Benzimidazole Branches for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells: Effects of π Spacer and Peripheral Donor Groups
Authors: Bodedla Govardhana Babu , Thomas K. R. Justin , Fan Miao‐Syuan , Ho Kuo‐Chuan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBenzimidazole‐branched bi‐anchoring organic dyes that contained triphenylamine/phenothiazine donors, 2‐cyanoacrylic acid acceptors, and various π linkers were synthesized and examined as sensitizers for dye‐sensitized solar cells. The structure–activity relationships in these dyes were systematically investigated by using absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and density functional theory calculations. The wavelength of the absorption peak was more‐heavily influenced by the nature of the π linker than by the nature of the donor. For a given donor, the absorption maximum (λmax) was red‐shifted on changing the π linker from phenyl to 2,2′‐bithiophene, whilst the dyes that contained triphenylamine units displayed higher molar extinction coefficients (ϵ) than their analogous phenothiazine‐based triphenylamine dyes, which led to good light‐harvesting properties in the triphenylamine‐based dyes. Electrochemical data for the dyes indicated that the triphenylamine‐based dyes possessed relatively low‐lying HOMOs, which could be beneficial for suppressing back electron transfer from the conduction band of TiO2 to the oxidized dyes, owing to facile regeneration of the oxidized dye by the electrolyte. The best performance in the DSSCs was observed for a dye that possessed a triphenylamine donor and 2,2′‐bithiophene π linkers. Electron impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies revealed that the use of triphenylamine as the donor and phenyl or 2,2′‐bithiophene as the π linkers was beneficial for disrupting the dark current and charge‐recombination kinetics, which led to a long electron lifetime of the injected electrons in the conduction band of TiO2.