bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Common Foreign and Security Policy: The Consequences of the Court's Extended Jurisdiction
Authors: Eckes Christina 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDespite the explicit exclusion of its jurisdiction, the Court of Justice of the European Union exercises judicial control over Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). This article examines and explains how the Court's extended jurisdiction contributes to the juridification, judicialisation and constitutionalisation of the EU's compound CFSP structures. It first lays the groundwork by explaining the link between constitutionalisation and democratic legitimation and setting out the Court's formal jurisdiction over CFSP under Article 40 Treaty on European Union and Articles 218(11) and 275(2) Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The centre piece of the article then identifies how the Court's jurisdiction has expanded since the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, points at additional ‘substantive’ avenues of judicial review on the basis of access to information and access to justice, and analyses the effects of the Court of Justice of the European Union's extended jurisdiction for CFSP.
The Principle of Solidarity and Fairness in Sharing Responsibility: More than Window Dressing?
Authors: Küçük Esin 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe lack of fairness in asylum responsibility sharing within the EU has been a persistent problem demanding an urgent solution. This article seeks to inform the on‐going debate on European solidarity instruments from a constitutional law perspective by taking the principle of solidarity and fair sharing of responsibility pursuant to Article 80 TFEU as its reference point. The article sees this principle as an important mechanism in both the enhancement of fairness in responsibility sharing and the protection of refugees. It argues that the combined reading of Article 80 TFEU and the Charter of Fundamental Rights provides a strong reason to doubt the constitutionality of the Dublin III Regulation, and any decision reforming the asylum regime should take this view into account. Despite its limited enforceability, Article 80 TFEU can play an important role as an interpretation tool, in particular in the assessment of the legality of solidarity instruments.
European Citizenship and EU Immigration: A Demoi‐cratic Bridge between the Third Country Nationals' Right to Belong and the Member States' Power to Exclude
Authors: Strumia Francesca 
Published: December 2016

AbstractEuropean citizenship entails, for EU nationals, a right to belong across borders. This article questions the implications of this latter right for the status of third country nationals in the EU. It contributes to address a gap between the literature on European citizenship and the literature on the admission and civic integration of third country nationals. The article begins by tracing a disconnect in the rules and narratives on admission and naturalisation of third country nationals in the EU. This is a disconnect between logics of individual rights protection, which European citizenship infiltrates, and logics of state sovereignty and governmental discretion, which otherwise dominate relevant rules and narratives. The article relies on the political science literature on mutual recognition and demoicracy to reinterpret European citizenship's norm of belonging across borders so as to reconcile the disconnect. Ultimately, the theoretical bridge that the article draws between citizenship narratives and immigration narratives offers a novel perspective on the tension between liberal values and integration discourses in Europe. It also sets out a possible frame to begin rethinking rules of engagement and cooperation in the context of the EU common immigration policy.
Biotic disturbances in Northern Hemisphere forests – a synthesis of recent data, uncertainties and implications for forest monitoring and modelling
Authors: Kautz Markus , Meddens Arjan J. H. , Hall Ronald J. , Arneth Almut 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimBiotic disturbances (BD, including insects, pathogens and wildlife herbivory) can alter forest structure and the capability of forests to deliver ecosystem services. Impact assessments, however, are limited by the lack of reliable and timely disturbance data at large spatial scales. This review synthesizes empirical data on the magnitude and distribution of spatio‐temporal impacts of BD.LocationNorthern Hemisphere.MethodsBased on large‐scale, multi‐year BD data sets, covering c. 46% of the global forest, we calculated annual disturbance fractions Df (percentage of forest area affected) and their inter‐annual variability at a grid cell resolution of 1°. The impact of BD on forest carbon pools was determined by overlaying Df with data on forest cover and carbon density.ResultsOverall, 43.9 million hectares (Mha) (Df = 2.6%) of forests were affected annually by BD, particularly by insects (36.5 Mha, Df = 2.2%). Our synthesis demonstrates that fractions affected by BD (1) vary greatly over space and time, mainly in response to ephemeral bark beetle and defoliator outbreaks, (2) show temporal trends that are inconsistent across regions, yet are largely increasing over recent decades, and (3) are substantially higher than Df caused by fire and other abiotic disturbances. Tree mortality was estimated over an area of 3.3 Mha year−1 (medium estimate which assumed mortality at 7.5% of the affected area), with associated committed carbon fluxes from living biomass to litter and the atmosphere at 129.9 Mt C year−1.Main conclusionsBD are key drivers of forest dynamics, making a contribution to tree mortality of a similar magnitude to fire. Despite inherent uncertainties, the data reported can be used to improve the representation of BD in global ecosystem models. Our findings call for future forest monitoring approaches to provide accessible, precise and consistent data on the occurrence and severity of BD which are harmonized across jurisdictions.
Antibiotics in Endodontics: a review
Authors: Segura‐Egea J. J. , Gould K. , Şen B. Hakan , Jonasson P. , Cotti E. , Mazzoni A. , Sunay H. , Tjäderhane L. , Dummer P. M. H. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe overuse of antibiotics and the emergence of antibiotic‐resistant bacterial strains is a global concern. This concern is also of importance in terms of the oral microbiota and the use of antibiotics to deal with oral and dental infections. The aim of this paper was to review the current literature on the indications and use of antibiotics and to make recommendations for their prescription in endodontic patients. Odontogenic infections, including endodontic infections, are polymicrobial, and in most cases, the prescription of antibiotics is empirical. This has led to the increasing use of broad‐spectrum antibiotics even in cases where antibiotics are not indicated, such as symptomatic irreversible pulpitis, necrotic pulps and localized acute apical abscesses. In case of discrete and localized swelling, the primary aim is to achieve drainage without additional antibiotics. Adjunctive antibiotic treatment may be necessary in the prevention of the spread of infection, in acute apical abscesses with systemic involvement and in progressive and persistent infections. Medically compromised patients are more susceptible to complication arising from odontogenic infections and antimicrobials have a more specific role in their treatment. Therefore, antibiotics should be considered in patients having systemic diseases with compromised immunity or in patients with a localized congenital or acquired altered defence capacity, such as patients with infective endocarditis, prosthetic cardiac valves or recent prosthetic joint replacement. Penicillin VK, possibly combined with metronidazole to cover anaerobic strains, is still effective in most cases. However, amoxicillin (alone or together with clavulanic acid) is recommended because of better absorption and lower risk of side effects. In case of confirmed penicillin allergy, lincosamides such as clindamycin are the drug of choice.
Parental and child genetic contributions to obesity traits in early life based on 83 loci validated in adults: the FAMILY study
Authors: Li A. , Robiou‐du‐Pont S. , Anand S. S. , Morrison K. M. , McDonald S. D. , Atkinson S. A. , Teo K. K. , Meyre D. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryBackgroundThe genetic influence on child obesity has not been fully elucidated.ObjectiveThis study investigated the parental and child contributions of 83 adult body mass index (BMI)‐associated single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to obesity‐related traits in children from birth to 5 years old.MethodsA total of 1402 individuals were genotyped for 83 SNPs. An unweighted genetic risk score (GRS) was generated by the sum of BMI‐increasing alleles. Repeated weight and length/height were measured at birth, 1, 2, 3 and 5 years of age, and age‐specific and sex‐specific weight and BMI Z‐scores were computed.ResultsThe GRS was significantly associated with birthweight Z‐score (P = 0.03). It was also associated with weight/BMI Z‐score gain between birth and 5 years old (P = 0.02 and 6.77 × 10−3, respectively). In longitudinal analyses, the GRS was associated with weight and BMI Z‐score from birth to 5 years (P = 5.91 × 10−3 and 5.08 × 10−3, respectively). The maternal effects of rs3736485 in DMXL2 on weight and BMI variation from birth to 5 years were significantly greater compared with the paternal effects by Z test (P = 1.53 × 10−6 and 3.75 × 10−5, respectively).ConclusionsSNPs contributing to adult BMI exert their effect at birth and in early childhood. Parent‐of‐origin effects may occur in a limited subset of obesity predisposing SNPs.
Health information quality of websites on periodontology
Authors: Bizzi Isabella , Ghezzi Pietro , Paudyal Priyamvada 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimThis study aimed to assess the quality of the information available on the Web on gum disease.MethodsThe term “gum disease” was searched in Google and in MedlinePlus. The first 200 websites were analysed by the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) criteria and the Health On the Net Foundation (HONCode) certification, instruments for assessing quality of health information. Data were analysed the Mann–Whitney test or Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by the Dunn's test, using the GraphPad Prism Software version 6.ResultsMedlinePlus presented a significantly higher JAMA score than Google. Google's first 10 results had a higher JAMA score than the remaining websites. Journalism and health portals the most reliable affiliations, while commercial and dental practices had low JAMA scores. JAMA score was significantly higher in websites with the HONCode certification compared to the ones without it.ConclusionCurrently, there are concerns regarding patients' use of the Internet for accessing health information. However, the conclusion we can make is that Google seems to favour websites with high quality information, at least in terms of JAMA score or HONCode accreditation. The JAMA score of dental practices' websites could be improved by providing basic information such as authorship and date.
Randomized Trial of the Family Intervention: Telephone Tracking—Caregiver for Dementia Caregivers: Use of Community and Healthcare Resources
Authors: Tremont Geoffrey , Davis Jennifer D. , Ott Brian R. , Galioto Rachel , Crook Cara , Papandonatos George D. , Fortinsky Richard H. , Gozalo Pedro , Bishop Duane S. 
Published: December 2016

ObjectivesTo examine the effects of a telephone‐delivered intervention, Family Intervention: Telephone Tracking—Caregiver (FITT‐C), on community support and healthcare use by dementia caregivers.DesignRandomized, controlled trial.SettingAcademic medical center.ParticipantsDyads (n = 250) of distressed informal dementia caregivers and care recipients.InterventionCaregivers were randomly assigned to receive the FITT‐C (n = 133) or telephone support (TS; n = 117). Both groups received 16 telephone contacts from a master's‐level therapist over 6 months. The FITT‐C intervention provided psychoeducation, problem solving, and other directive approaches based on assessment of critical areas (e.g., mood, behavior, family functioning, social support). TS provided supportive therapeutic strategies.MeasurementsOutcome variables were caregiver report of community support service use, number of visits to the emergency department (ED) for caregivers and care recipients, and hospital stays for caregivers during the interventions.ResultsIntervention groups did not differ in demographic characteristics, use of support services, or use of healthcare resources at baseline. Caregivers who received the FITT‐C used community support services at end of treatment significantly more than those receiving TS (P = .02). FITT‐C caregivers had a significantly lower rate of ED visits (rate difference 9.5%, P = .048) and hospital stays (rate difference 11.4%, P = .01) over the 6‐month course of the intervention than TS caregivers. Care recipient use of community or medical resources did not differ according to group.ConclusionAn entirely telephone‐delivered intervention was effective in increasing caregiver engagement in community resources and reducing caregiver use of hospital‐based healthcare resources. Results highlight the potential effect of FITT‐C on healthcare use.
Physician Participation in Meaningful Use and Quality of Care for Medicare Fee‐for‐Service Enrollees
Authors: Jung Hye‐Young , Unruh Mark Aaron , Vest Joshua R. , Casalino Lawrence P. , Kern Lisa M. , Grinspan Zachary M. , Bao Yuhua , Kaushal Rainu ,   the HITEC Investigators
Published: December 2016

ObjectivesThe Meaningful Use initiative has made nearly $30 billion available through incentive programs to encourage provider adoption and use of electronic health records. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of outpatient physicians' participation in Meaningful Use on the quality of care provided to Medicare fee‐for‐service (FFS) enrollees.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingOne hundred percent inpatient and outpatient Medicare FFS claims covering the period January 2010 through December 2012.Participants303,110 Medicare FFS enrollees from New York State.MeasurementsHospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSCs), diabetic retinopathy screening, diabetic nephropathy screening, colorectal cancer screening, and influenza vaccinations.ResultsPhysician participation in the Meaningful Use initiative was not associated with reductions in ACSC‐related hospitalizations (0.0 percentage points, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.0–0.1) or ED visits (0.0 percentage points, 95% CI: 0.0–0.1) relative to the comparison group. Meaningful Use participation was associated with higher odds of colorectal cancer screening (odds ratio (OR): 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1–1.4) relative to the comparison group, but not for diabetic retinopathy screening (OR: 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0–1.2), diabetic nephropathy screening (OR: 1.0, 95% CI: 0.8–1.2), or influenza vaccinations (OR: 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0–1.2). Similar results were found in secondary analyses of dually‐eligible beneficiaries participating in both Medicare and Medicaid.ConclusionPhysician participation in Meaningful Use was not associated with substantial improvements on six quality measures.
cDNA microarray assays to evaluate immune responses following intracranial injection of baculoviral vectors in non‐human primates
Authors: Balasundaram Ghayathri , Kwang Timothy Weixin , Wang Shu 
Published: December 2016

AbstractRecombinant insect baculoviral vectors efficiently transduce several types of cells in the brain and can possibly be used in gene therapy for brain disorders. However, together with contaminating insect cell proteins, they trigger immune responses that might damage host brain cells. To substantially reduce unwanted immune responses due to the insect cell impurities, we purified and concentrated baculoviral vectors by combining an ion‐exchange membrane chromatography method with high‐speed centrifugation and demonstrated reduced immune responses of the vector preparations in the mouse brain. To verify the suitability of using these viral vectors for gene therapy strategies in the brain, we evaluated immune reactions and vector toxicity upon acute administration of baculoviral vectors into the brains of cynomolgus macaques. We demonstrated that the virus inoculation caused no abnormalities to non‐human primates but induced host anti‐viral responses in the brain. With global cellular gene expression profiling, using cDNA microarray technology, we detected that the affected genes were mainly associated with innate immunity, involving the genes of RIG‐1‐like receptor signaling pathway as the major interferon production pathway. These findings in non‐human primates, which share close physiological and genomic similarities with man, may better mimic the responses to baculoviral transduction in the human brain and should be useful in guiding rational therapeutic applications of baculoviral vectors to treat brain disorders.
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Knowledge level of nurses in Jordan on ventilator‐associated pneumonia and preventive measures
Authors: Hassan Zeinab M , Wahsheh Moayad A 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTBackgroundVentilator‐associated pneumonia is the most prevalent infection in Intensive Care Units, with the highest mortality rate; crude mortality rates may be as high as 20–75%. Many practices such as prevention measures (e.g. hand washing, wearing gloves, suctioning, elevated head of bed between 30° and 45°) have demonstrated an effect of reducing the incidence of this infection.AimsTo identify the level of nurses' knowledge of ventilator‐associated pneumonia and prevention measures before an educational programme, identify the level of nurses' knowledge on ventilator‐associated pneumonia and prevention post an educational programme and identify the reasons for not applying ventilator‐associated pneumonia prevention measures among nurses in Jordan.DesignPre‐ and post‐intervention observational study.MethodData based on a self‐reported questionnaire from 428 nurses who worked in intensive care units were analysed. PowerPoint lectures, videos, printed materials and electronic materials were used in the intervention. Paired t‐tests were used to test research questions.ResultsMore than three‐quarters of nurses had a low knowledge level regarding pathophysiology, risk factors and ventilator‐associated pneumonia preventative measures. Nurses showed significant improvements in mean scores on the knowledge level of ventilator‐associated pneumonia and prevention measures after an educational programme (p < 0.05). The main reasons for not applying prevention measures were the lack of time and no followed protocols in the units.ConclusionHealth education programmes about ventilator‐associated pneumonia must be conducted among nurses in Jordan through continuous education.Relevance to clinical practiceHospital and nursing administrators should be actively involved in educational programmes and in assuring support for continuing education. Protocol for ventilator‐associated pneumonia prevention should be developed based on current evidence‐based guidelines
Water supply and demand remain coordinated during breakdown of the global scaling relationship between leaf size and major vein density
Authors: Schneider Julio V. , Habersetzer Jörg , Rabenstein Renate , Wesenberg Jens , Wesche Karsten , Zizka Georg 
Published: December 2016

Summary

Vein networks that disobey the global scaling of major vein density with leaf size shed light on functional constraints of vein network formation in dicotyledons. Understanding their evolution, distribution and impact on vein–stomata–climate associations is an important contribution to our global view of vein network organization.

Based on vein traits of 55 species of pantropical Ochnaceae, stomata and climatic niche data, and a dated molecular phylogeny, we unveil major structural shifts in vein networks through deep time, relationships between leaf size, vein and stomata traits, and their interplay with climate.

Dense 2° veins, reduction of minor veins and the associated breakdown of vein–leaf size scaling evolved multiple times independently in Ochnaceae. In spite of the drastic changes in vein architecture in this venation type, vein and stomatal densities remain correlated.

Our study demonstrates that shortening the major vein–stomata distance is economically not less advantageous than by increasing minor vein density, as illustrated by the same degree of coordination between vein and stomatal densities and the similar construction costs across networks with dense 2° veins and those with ‘normally’ spaced 2° veins.
Nasal obstructive disorders induce medical treatment failure in paediatric persistent allergic rhinitis (The NODPAR Study)
Authors: Mariño‐Sánchez Franklin S. , Valls‐Mateus Meritxell , Ruiz‐Echevarría Karen , Alobid Isam , Cardenas‐Escalante Paulina , Jiménez‐Feijoo Rosa , Lozano‐Blasco Jaime , Giner‐Muñoz María T. , Rodríguez‐Jorge Jesús , Haag Oliver , Plaza‐Martin Ana M. , Mullol Joaquim 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundAllergic rhinitis (AR) is the most common chronic disease among children. To characterize the disease, a modified classification of severity (m‐ARIA) has recently been validated in AR children. When medical treatment fails, surgery for nasal obstructive disorders (NOD) may be a therapeutic option. Our objective was to assess the prevalence of NOD and their influence in medical treatment response among children with persistent AR (PER).MethodsIn a prospective, real‐life study, 130 paediatric PER patients (13.1 ± 2.8 years, females 31.5%, severe rhinitis 49%) referred from Allergy to ENT department were assessed for their response (R, responders; NR, non‐responders) to medical treatment (intranasal steroids and antihistamines or antileukotrienes) by direct questioning and nasal symptom visual analogue scale, the presence of NOD (septal deformity, turbinate enlargement and adenoidal hyperplasia), comorbidities, nasal symptoms, rhinitis severity (modified ARIA criterion) and asthma control (International Consensus On Pediatric Asthma criterion).ResultsAfter 2 months of treatment, the NR group presented a higher prevalence of obstructive septal deformity and severe inferior turbinate enlargement when compared with the R group. Higher septal deformity and turbinate enlargement scores were strongly associated with treatment refractoriness. The prevalence of severe PER was also higher for the NR group. Higher asthma control scores were associated with the probability of treatment‐induced improvement.ConclusionsIn paediatric PER patients, medical therapy refractoriness was associated with NOD, mainly septal deformity and turbinate enlargement. In those patients, ENT examination will facilitate an early NOD diagnosis in order to indicate potential corrective surgery.