bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cohesion in an Undisturbed Sensitive Clay
Authors: Crawford Carl B. 
Published: November 2015

The true cohesion of an undisturbed, sensitive clay was measured by compression testing of laboratory specimens at very low effective stresses. On the basis of modern ideas, the measured cohesion may be visualized as a frictional resistance mobilized by the arrangement of, and the intrinsic stresses between, individual soil particles. This concept, supported by observed fracture patterns in the laboratory and in the field, is considered to lead to a better fundamental understanding of the strength of undisturbed clay. Extrapolation of strength theories developed for remoulded clays to the assessment of undisturbed, sensitive clays is refuted. La cohésion vraie d'une argile intacte et sensible fut mesurée au moyen d'essais de compression, á tension efficace trés basse, sur des échantillons de laboratoire. Selon les idées contemporaines, la cohésion mesurée peut étre comparé á une friction mobiliske par l'arrangement des particules individuelles et les tensions intrinséques entre elles. Ce concept soutenu par le genre de ruptures observées in situ et en laboratoire, conduit á une meilleure compréhension fondamentale de la résistance d'une argile intacte. L'extrapolation des théories de résistance pour les argiles remaniées dans le domaine des argiles intactes et sensibles est réfutée.
Shaking table testing of geotechnical models
Authors: Wood David Muir , Crewe Adam , Taylor Colin 
Published: November 2015

Shaking tables provide one means of obtaining data from physical models of geotechnical systems under simulated earthquake loading. While there may be challenges in ensuring exact scaling of all aspects of a geotechnical system between prototype and model, the large size of the shaking table models does give a good basis for validation of numerical modelling strategies. A shear stack provides a means of creating a mass of soil which can approximate the free field of the real world. Observations of the performance of the Bristol shear stack are presented and compared qualitatively with patterns of behaviour observed in laboratory simple shear tests. The results of some tests on model gravity retaining walls performed using the shear stack are used to show the relevance of simple models of geotechnical system performance and to illustrate the difficulty of correlating system performance with individual parameters of input time histories.
Catalogue of scaling laws and similitude questions in geotechnical centrifuge modelling
Authors: Garnier J. , Gaudin C. , Springman S.M. , Culligan P.J. , Goodings D. , Konig D. , Kutter B. , Phillips R. , Randolph M.F. , Thorel L. 
Published: November 2015

Some forty years ago, when geotechnical centrifuge modelling had been rediscovered and was being developed once more after the early work of Phillips (1869), only a few studies were devoted to the questions and concerns about scaling laws and similitude conditions. During the first decades, it was relatively easy for researchers to keep themselves informed about the main outcomes of these studies and to take them into account when designing new centrifuge model tests. This is obviously not true today following the welcome growth in terms of the large number of centrifuge facilities now in operation around the world. It is increasingly difficult, but yet absolutely essential, to know about the relevant developments concerning studies into the scaling laws and, furthermore, into the limits of the domains of the use of centrifuge modelling. On the other hand, new media offers a significant opportunity to provide this resource to the physical modelling community. New topics are investigated by many researchers as they become more inventive in the ways in which geotechnical centrifuge modelling is applied to solve pressing problems within geotechnical engineering, and across other disciplines too. Innovative work presenting comparisons between centrifuge model tests and true scale tests are providing original data on the validity of the scaling factors. During the TC2 meeting at St John’s (Canada) in July 2002, the first author, J. Garnier (LCPC), suggested making an inventory of the scaling laws and similitude questions relating to centrifuge modelling. The aim of this catalogue is to present the questions already solved (with inclusion of the references of the papers where the results have been presented) and the unsolved problems (on which research should continue). The first draft of this catalogue is now available and it is hoped that it will become a useful tool for scientists and researchers involved in centrifuge modelling. Of course, this catalogue will be regularly updated, every four years during the International Conferences on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics. The latest version of the catalogue is available on the TC2 website ( www.tc2.civil.uwa.edu.au ).
The protection and manipulation of electrical-resistance strain gauges of the bonded-wire type for use in concrete, particularly for internal strain measurement
Authors: Hondros G. 
Published: November 2015

Summary This report descrihes techniques whereby electrica/resistance strain gauges, of the bonded-wire type, can be used to measure strain at any point in a concrete or reinforced concrete member. Some observations are recorded on long-time stability of gauges and instances are recorded where they have been successfully employed to measure internal concrete strains and strains in reinforcing bars.
La animación a la lectura como fórmula para captar lectores (¿Hace ruido? ¿se puede cambiar el diseño?)
Authors: Rodríguez Rodríguez Claudia 
Published: November 2015

A la luz de la diversidad de prácticas de lectura del mundo de hoy se cuestiona la concepción y el quehacer de la animación de la lectura y se proponen algunas pautas para su diseño. La lectura como placer, las construcciones sociales sobre ella y la homogeneización de los lectores son los referentes para plantearse por qué y para qué hay que formar lectores.
Influence of diprospan on the clinical course of erosive and ulcerative forms of oral lichen planus
Authors: Чуйкин С. , Chuykin S. , Акмалова Г. , Akmalovа G. , Чернышева Н. , Chernysheva N. 
Published: November 2015

<p>Lichen planus – a chronic inflammatory dermatosis with lesions of the skin, mucous membranes and skin appendages. Erosive and ulcerative form of oral lichen has a high risk of oncogenic transformation (from 1,1 to 7% of cases), is accompanied by significant morbidity and torpid course, polymorphism of clinical manifestations and low efficiency of treatment. The drug of choice for the treatment of lichen planus of the oral mucosa is diprospan - the strongest and safest corticosteroid, which achieves the effect of a small number of injections. The aim of study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using diprospana in patients with erosive and ulcerative form of the OLP. Efficiency of using of diprospana was studied in 15 patients OLP, which amounted to group 1: received intramuscular injection of 1 ml of diprospana once a month. 11 patients with erosive and ulcerative form make up the control group. The effectiveness of the therapy was evaluated in the dynamics of 7, 14, 21 th, days of treatment, as well as 1,5 and 2,5 months after treatment. The high efficiency of diprospana is fixed in complex therapy of erosive and ulcerative forms OLP, which was confirmed by positive clinical dynamics in all patients. On the 21-day treatment of erosive and ulcerative areas recovered in 13 patients, swelling, pain symptom was stopped completely in all patients of the main group, which was significantly greater than in the comparison group - in 3 patients. Two patients who has not recovered erosive and ulcerative areas completely was made second injection of diprospan after 1 month, after which came recovering of lesions.</p>
Complex clinical and instrumental stomatological survey of musicians, playing copper wind instruments
Authors: Золотницкий И. , Zolotnitskiy I. , Лебеденко И. , Lebedenko I. 
Published: November 2015

<p>We carried out the complex clinical-instrumential survey of hard tooth tissues, dentures, tissues and organes of oral cavity of young and middle working aged patients-musicians, who play copper wind instruments. We estimated adaptational-compensational abilities of tissues and organes of oral cavity of young and middle working aged patients-musicians, who play copper wind instruments, according to blood filling of regional blood vessels and reaction of supporting apparatus of parodontium, speed of salivation before and after stimulation by playing on musical instrument. In the result of the survey of patients we formed hypothetical morpho-functional stomatological portrait (status) of musician, who play copper wind instruments.</p>
Validation of Chromosomal Locations of 90K Array Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in US Wheat
Authors: Liu Shuyu , Assanga Silvano Ocheya , Dhakal Smit , Gu Xiangkun , Tan Chor‐Tee , Yang Yan , Rudd Jackie , Hays Dirk , Ibrahim Amir , Xue Qingwu , Chao Shiaoman , Devkota Ravindra , Shachter Cody , Huggins Trevis , Mohammed Suheb , Fuentealba Maria Pilar 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTMapping single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) can help to develop high throughput molecular markers for important traits. The 90K Infinium iSelect SNP array was used to screen three recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations derived from three crosses, CO 960293‐2/'TAM 111’ (CT), ‘TAM 112’/TAM 111 (TT), and ‘Halberd’/'Len’ (HL). The objective of this study was to compare and validate the chromosomal locations of mapped SNPs in wheat. A set of 152, 124, and 180 RILs were used in CT, TT, and HL. Among the 91,829 SNPs, 54,258 SNPs were called at least in one mapping population. A set of 5950, 4861, and 8376 SNPs were mapped onto chromosomes of CT, TT, and HL, respectively, with a total of 15,604 unique SNPs. Only 374 SNPs (2.4%) were commonly mapped across three populations, and 3025 SNPs (19.4%) were mapped across all combinations of two of the three populations. The number of uniquely mapped SNPs specific to each population was 3291 (21.1%) in CT, 2418 (15.5%) in TT, and 6224 (40.0%) in HL. With known chromosomal locations of the mapped 40K out of 90K array SNPs, linkage groups in all three mapping populations were assigned onto chromosomes. More than 76% of the mapped SNPs have consistent chromosomal locations with the previously mapped 40K SNPs. A set of 2190 (14.0%) unique newly mapped SNPs and 1316 (8.4%) SNPs mapped onto multiple chromosomes were presented. These chromosome maps are essential for the discoveries of genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL) of important traits in wheat.
Nitrogen Rate Required for Acceptable St. Augustinegrass and Associated Nitrate Leaching
Authors: Shaddox Travis W. , Bryan Unruh J. , Trenholm Laurie E. , McGroary Pauric , Cisar John L. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThe recommended N rates for St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum [Walt.] Kuntze.) vary in Florida. This research, conducted in Fort Lauderdale, Citra, and Jay, FL, (2006–2008), aimed to determine the minimum N rate necessary for acceptable St. Augustinegrass and to determine the influence of N and irrigation rate on NO3–N leaching. Urea was applied in Fort Lauderdale, Citra, and Jay at 98, 196, 294, and 588; 49, 196, 343, and 490; and 49, 98, 196, and 294 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively, based on best management practices. Irrigation was 2.5 mm d–1 and 13.0 mm three times weekly in Fort Lauderdale; 13 mm twice weekly and 26 mm wk–1 in Citra and Jay. In Fort Lauderdale and Jay, lower than recommended N rates mostly produced acceptable turfgrass. Applications of 196 kg N ha−1 (Fort Lauderdale) and 98 kg N ha−1 (Jay) were the lowest rates producing acceptable turf. In Citra, 65% more N was required for acceptable turf than the recommended minimum . Leaching from all N rates was similar, except when N rates exceeded recommendations or when turfgrass exhibited herbicide stress. The high irrigation rate doubled NO3–N leaching compared to the low rate in Fort Lauderdale; irrigation frequency had no influence on leaching in Citra or Jay. The predicted minimum N rate for acceptable turf in Fort Lauderdale was <98 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (lower than in Citra; more than in Jay). In stressed turf, additional N conferred little benefit to quality and increased leaching.
Upper airway assessment using four different maxillary expanders in cleft patients: A cone-beam computed tomography study
Authors: Mordente Carolina Morsani , Palomo Juan Martin , Horta Martinho Campolina Rebello , Souki Bernardo Quiroga , Oliveira Dauro Douglas , Andrade Ildeu 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTObjective: To evaluate the anterior and posterior maxillary width, the nasal passage volume, the oropharyngeal minimum axial area, and volume changes in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients treated with one of the following four expanders: Hyrax, Fan-Type, inverted mini-hyrax supported on the first permanent molars (iMini-M), or inverted mini-hyrax supported on the first premolars (iMini-B).Materials and Methods: A total of 40 patients with transverse maxillary deficiency who were submitted for rapid maxillary expansion were divided in four groups according to type of expander used. Cone-beam computed tomography images were taken before and 3 months after expansion. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the differences among the groups, and paired t-tests were used to evaluate the changes in each group.Results: All groups showed a significant increase in the anterior maxillary width, with no intergroup differences. The iMini-B was the only group that did not show a significant increase in the posterior maxillary width. The intergroup comparison demonstrated differences among all groups except between Hyrax and iMini-M, which showed the greatest posterior expansions. The intragroup analysis showed a significant increase in the nasal passage volume in hyrax and inverted mini-hyrax on the molar groups, but the intergroup comparison revealed a significant difference only between Fan-Type and inverted mini-hyrax on the molars. None of the expanders caused significant changes in the oropharyngeal measurements.Conclusions: Only the Hyrax and inverted mini-hyrax on the molar expanders effectively increased the nasal passage volume, and none of the expanders evaluated in this study modified the oropharyngeal airway.
Biochemical Studies on Curing and Fermentation Processing Periods of Different Tobacco Plant (Nicotianatabacum L.) Cultivars
Authors: Szedljak I , Koehegyi KS , Kosary J 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
We studied the changes in the activity of the enzymes polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POX), the concentration of total soluble phenolic compounds and soluble protein content in different tobacco cultivars (Virginia and Burley) during curing. The curing procedure was a special combination of open-air-curing and fluecuring methods and a long fermentation period. In the curing period the changes in data suggested a combination of the biochemical processes and the direct effect of oxygen. A slight increase then a decrease in the concentrations of both total soluble phenolic compounds and the soluble protein content were detected. In this period we found no correlation between the concentration of total soluble phenolic compounds, the decreasing PPO and the increasing POX activity. In the fermentation period a deactivation of the enzymes (PPO and POX) and a decrease in the concentration of both total soluble phenolic compounds and soluble protein content were found, because the fermentation is not a biochemically-regulated process. Moreover, these results suggest that the end of curing period is the most favourable time for protein isolation from different tobacco cultivars.
Influence of Trap Position with respect to Height and Placement Surface on Capture of the Tobacco Moth, Ephestiaelutella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in Pheromone Traps
Authors: Imai T , Kasaishi Y , Fukushima T 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The efficacy of pheromone traps is affected by trap placement and pest biology, as well as by the trap and lure design. We evaluated the effect of trap height and placement in relation to surfaces on tobacco moth catches using release-capture experiments. Six traps were mounted vertically in a 9 × 15 × 4.2-5.8 m shed on a wall at heights of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 m. More catches were obtained near the ceiling and at 1 m above the floor in the dark. Catches at 1 m were negligible when light shone through the upper windows. In a 42.3 × 36.5 × 4 m tobacco warehouse, the respective efficacies of aerially suspended traps and surface-mounted traps were examined. The number of catches obtained using traps mounted on pillars was significantly higher than that obtained in traps suspended from poles. These results suggest practical considerations for monitoring in warehouses. We recommend eliminating any night lighting and placing traps on surfaces, such as walls and stored commodities, at higher positions that are within reach (1 m) to facilitate convenient inspection.
EDITORS’ NOTE
Authors: Heller WD , Scherer G 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
In this issue of Beiträge, we publish as a Commentary the oral presentation of Wolfram Röper entitled ‘Ten Years and More of ‘Biosciences’ in CORESTA - A Brief Historic Overview’, held at the CORESTA Meeting in Sapporo, Japan, September 23-27, 2012. We chose do so because this article deviates in its structure from a regular scientific publication in Beiträge. Nevertheless, we as Editors believe that this text is of interest to many scientists involved in tobacco research, in particular the younger colleagues, since, in our view, it impressively shows the increasing importance of the ‘biosciences’ for the development, evaluation and regulation of tobacco products. It is highly likely that the ‘biosciences’ will play an equal (or perhaps an even more important) role in the characterization of tobacco products in the future as did the physical and chemical sciences in the past.
We want to inform our readers that Professor John Gorrod has decided to step down as a member of the Advisory Board of Beiträge for reasons of age. Professor Gorrod, who is one of the best known nicotine researchers, was a member of the Advisory Board since September 2001. During that time, he had reviewed numerous manuscripts for Beiträge. We would like to thank Professor Gorrod for his valuable work for our Journal and wish him all the best for his well-earned retirement.
Formation of Dihydroxybenzenes in Cigarette Smoke. Part 2. Contribution from Quinic Acid and Myo-Inositol
Authors: Moldoveanu SC , Davis MF 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Formation of dihydroxybenzenes in cigarette smoke is a subject of considerable interest because some dihydroxybenzenes are co-carcinogens, (e.g., catechol and certain alkylcatechols), and others such as hydroquinone can form metabolites that have toxic or carcinogenic properties. This present study describes the contribution of tobacco quinic acid (or (1S,3R,4S,5R)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid) and myo-inositol (or (1R,2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol) to the formation of dihydroxybenzenes in cigarette smoke. The study is a continuation of a previous one showing the contribution of chlorogenic acid and rutin as precursors for these compounds (6). The yields of dihydroxybenzenes formed by pyrolysis of quinic acid and myo-inositol are relatively high and both quinic acid and myo-inositol can be present in some tobacco types at levels as high as 1% by weight. The level of these compounds makes them potentially important contributors to the formation of dihydroxybenzenes in cigarette smoke. Similar to the previous study on other dihydroxybenzene precursors from tobacco, this present study was done in three parts: 1) pyrolytic evaluation of the amount of dihydroxybenzenes in smoke generated from isolated quinic acid and myoinositol; 2) analysis of smoke from cigarettes made from a variety of tobaccos (14 single grades) and two blended cigarettes, followed by correlations of dihydroxybenzene yields from these cigarettes with the level of quinic acid and myo-inositol in the tobaccos; 3) addition of quinic acid or myo-inositol to several tobaccos followed by the smoking of the spiked cigarettes and measurement of the dihydroxybenzenes yield increase. The study performed on a variety of single-grade tobacco cigarettes and for two blended-tobacco cigarettes (one being the 2R4F Kentucky reference) shows that the contribution of quinic acid and of inositol to the formation of catechol and hydroquinone in smoke depends on the blend, as previously shown for chlorogenic acid and rutin. The study results suggest that quinic acid and myo-inositol may be major contributors to the formation of dihydroxybenzenes in cigarette smoke. Although the calculations do not provide precise numbers for the contribution of quinic acid and inositol to the formation of dihydroxybenzenes, these results suggest that the contribution could be as high as 50 to 60% of the level of dihydroxybenzenes.
Assessment of Cigarette Smoking in Epidemiologic Studies
Authors: Weitkunat R , Coggins CRE , Sponsiello-Wang Z , Kallischnigg G , Dempsey R 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The assessment of cumulative exposure based on collecting information on the history of active cigarette smoking has been and is being undertaken in a variety of ways. While a very detailed assessment may be required for studies with a focus on particular aspects of smoking behavior and history, comparability of measurements and results across studies remains a primary concern. Addressing the problem of heterogeneity of exposure assessment across studies can be achieved by a core set of questions that cover the major dimensions of cigarette smoking, and yet comply with current criteria used for defining smoking history and status. In studies where no very high level of exposure assessment is required or where smoking is not the major subject of investigation, a practical standardized core set of questions appears to be of considerable value, in particularwith regard to making results more comparable across studies.