bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Foreign Currency Accounts Help Relax Credit Constraints? Evidence from Nepal
Authors: Maskay Nephil Matangi , Steinkamp Sven , Westermann Frank 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe analyse a novel bank‐level data set from Nepal, where domestic and foreign currency (FX) deposits are reported separately on the liability side of commercial bank balance sheets. In a panel regression analysis, we estimate semi‐accounting‐identities that allow us to identify the marginal sources of financing for various asset positions. We find that banks hedge against FX exposure via their sectoral lending composition: banks with a large share of FX deposits primarily lend to firms in traded‐goods sectors. Loans to non‐traded sectors are mostly financed by domestic deposits. While earlier studies have documented a positive impact of FX accounts on financial development, our analysis suggests that this does not need to imply that severely credit constrained sectors are the main beneficiaries of this process.
Reasons of Power: Explaining Non‐cooptation in Participatory Budgeting
Authors: Holdo Markus 
Published: September 2016

AbstractResearch on the use of participatory budgeting (PB) in urban politics has, perhaps not surprisingly, found that PB participants are often coopted by the government. From a realist perspective, however, it is more surprising that cooptation does not always occur and the mechanisms of non‐cooptation are still not well understood. Previous research has often explained successful outcomes in terms of the ideology of incumbents or the strength of social movements demanding participation. In contrast to both these explanations, this article suggests that an important part is played by the political interest of political elite actors in the independence of PB participants from the government. Presenting the case of PB in Rosario, Argentina, the article finds that three conditions made it rational for political actors not to coopt participants. First, a legitimacy crisis created incentives to invest in a new field of state–civil society interaction. Second, state actors involved in the creation of the field came to invest in the meanings and values of the field. Third, the field of PB could produce legitimacy for the government by being perceived as independent. The article reasons that we can expect these mechanisms of non‐cooptation to be at work in much the same way in other places under similar circumstances.
Reducing Young Adults’ Health Care Spending through the ACA Expansion of Dependent Coverage
Authors: Chen Jie , Vargas‐Bustamante Arturo , Novak Priscilla 
Published: September 2016

ObjectiveTo estimate health care expenditure trends among young adults ages 19–25 before and after the 2010 implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) provision that extended eligibility for dependent private health insurance coverage.Data SourcesNationally representative Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data from 2008 to 2012.Study DesignWe conducted repeated cross‐sectional analyses and employed a difference‐in‐differences quantile regression model to estimate health care expenditure trends among young adults ages 19–25 (the treatment group) and ages 27–29 (the control group).Principal FindingsOur results show that the treatment group had 14 percent lower overall health care expenditures and 21 percent lower out‐of‐pocket payments compared with the control group in 2011–2012. The overall reduction in health care expenditures among young adults ages 19–25 in years 2011–2012 was more significant at the higher end of the health care expenditure distribution. Young adults ages 19–25 had significantly higher emergency department costs at the 10th percentile in 2011–2012. Differences in the trends of costs of private health insurance and doctor visits are not statistically significant.ConclusionsIncreased health insurance enrollment as a consequence of the ACA provision for dependent coverage has successfully reduced spending and catastrophic expenditures, providing financial protections for young adults.
Contextual influences on animal decision‐making: Significance for behavior‐based wildlife conservation and management
Authors: OWEN Megan A. , SWAISGOOD Ronald R. , BLUMSTEIN Daniel T. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSurvival and successful reproduction require animals to make critical decisions amidst a naturally dynamic environmental and social background (i.e. “context”). However, human activities have pervasively, and rapidly, extended contextual variation into evolutionarily novel territory, potentially rendering evolved animal decision‐making mechanisms and strategies maladaptive. We suggest that explicitly focusing on animal decision‐making (ADM), by integrating and applying findings from studies of sensory ecology, cognitive psychology, behavioral economics and eco‐evolutionary strategies, may enhance our understanding of, and our ability to predict how, human‐driven changes in the environment and population demography will influence animal populations. Fundamentally, the decisions animals make involve evolved mechanisms, and behaviors emerge from the combined action of sensory integration, cognitive mechanisms and strategic rules of thumb, and any of these processes may have a disproportionate influence on behavior. Although there is extensive literature exploring ADM, it generally reflects a canalized, discipline‐specific approach that lacks a unified conceptual framework. As a result, there has been limited application of ADM theory and research findings into predictive models that can enhance management outcomes, even though it is likely that the relative resilience of species to rapid environmental change is fundamentally a result of how ADM is linked to contextual variation. Here, we focus on how context influences ADM, and highlight ideas and results that may be most applicable to conservation biology.
Progressive‐Change BACIPS: a flexible approach for environmental impact assessment
Authors: Thiault Lauric , Kernaléguen Laëtitia , Osenberg Craig W. , Claudet Joachim 
Published: September 2016

Summary

The Before‐After Control‐Impact Paired Series (BACIPS) design distinguishes natural spatial and temporal variability from variation induced by an environmental impact (or intervention) of interest. BACIPS is a powerful tool to derive inferences about interventions when classic experimental approaches (e.g. which rely on spatial replicates and random assignment of treatments) are not feasible or desirable. Previously applied BACIPS designs generally assume that effects are sudden, constant and long‐lived: that is, that systems exhibit ‘step‐changes’ in response to interventions. However, complex ecological interactions or gradual interventions may create delayed and/or progressive responses, potentially impeding the reliability of classic (step‐change) analyses.

We propose a novel approach, the Progressive‐Change BACIPS, which generalizes and expands the scope of BACIPS analyses. We evaluate the relative performance of this approach using both simulated and real data that exhibit step‐change, linear, asymptotic and sigmoid responses following an intervention. We quantify the statistical power and accuracy of the Progressive‐Change BACIPS under varying initial population densities, intensity of spatial sampling, effect sizes and number of sampling dates After the intervention.

We show that Progressive‐Change BACIPS identified the correct model among the set of candidate models under most conditions and led to accurate estimates of the parameters that were used to generate the simulated data. When data were sparse, and the dynamics complex, simpler (more parsimonious) models were favoured over the more complex models that actually generated the simulated data. Application of the Progressive‐Change BACIPS to existing data sets from the literature led to strong support for specific models (over alternatives) and led to more specific inferences than possible under the classic BACIPS approach.

The Progressive‐Change BACIPS proposed here is more flexible than the original BACIPS formulation because the data are used to inform the form of the final model, rather than having the form of the model imposed on the data. This leads to better estimates of the effects of environmental impacts and the time‐scales over which they operate. As a result, the Progressive‐Change BACIPS should be applicable to a wide range of studies and should help improve investigation of time‐dependent effects. R code to perform Progressive‐Change BACIPS analysis is provided.
The effect of a multidisciplinary obstetric emergency team training program, the In Time course, on diagnosis to delivery interval following umbilical cord prolapse – A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Copson Sean , Calvert Katrina , Raman Puvaneswary , Nathan Elizabeth , Epee Mathias 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundCord prolapse is an uncommon obstetric emergency, with potentially fatal consequences for the baby if prompt action is not taken. Simulation training provides a means by which uncommon emergencies can be practised, with the aim of improving teamwork and clinical outcomes.AimsThis study aimed to determine if the introduction of a simulation‐based training course was associated with an improvement in the management of cord prolapse, in particular the diagnosis to delivery interval. We also aimed to investigate if an improvement in perinatal outcomes could be demonstrated.Materials and methodsA retrospective cohort study was performed. All cases of cord prolapse in the designated time period were identified and reviewed and a comparison of outcome measures pre‐ and post‐training was undertaken.ResultsThirty‐one cases were identified in the pre‐training period, and compared to 64 cases post‐training. Documentation improved significantly post‐training. There were non‐significant improvements in use of spinal anaesthetic, and in the length of stay in the special care neonatal unit. There was a significant increase in the number of babies with Apgar scores less than seven at 5 min. There were no differences in the diagnosis to delivery interval, or in perinatal mortality rates.ConclusionObstetric emergency training was associated with improved teamwork, as evidenced by the improved documentation post‐training in this study, but not with improved diagnosis to delivery interval. Long‐term follow‐up studies are required to ascertain whether training has an impact on longer‐term paediatric outcomes, such as cerebral palsy rates.
In vivo assessment by parents and a physician using the Amsterdam Infant Stool Scale provided better inter‐rater agreement than photographic evaluation
Authors: Wojtyniak Katarzyna , Horvath Andrea , Dziechciarz Piotr 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimThis study assessed the inter‐rater variability of stool assessment, comparing the judgement of parents and a physician using the Amsterdam Infant Stool Scale (AISS) and the evaluation by another physician using photographs.MethodsThe stools of children aged two to 18 months, who were not toilet‐trained, were independently assessed in vivo using the AISS by the parents and the first physician. Another physician, unaware of the results of the in vivo evaluation, assessed two stool photographs taken by the first physician with a smartphone.ResultsHaving analysed 100 stools, we found excellent inter‐rater agreement between the parents and the first physician for consistency (κ: 0.87; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.78–0.95) and colour (κ: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.71–0.91) and good inter‐rater agreement for the amount (κ: 0.79; 95% CI 0.7–0.88). We found moderate inter‐rater agreement between the parents’ in vivo assessment and the second physician's photographic assessment for stool consistency (κ: 0.5; 95% CI 0.36–0.64) and amount (κ: 0.44; 95% CI 0.29–0.59) and a fair inter‐rater agreement for colour (κ: 0.33; 95% CI 0.21–0.45).ConclusionWhen parents and a physician used the AISS under in vivo conditions, there was better inter‐rater agreement than photographic evaluation by a second physician.
Early primary biliary cholangitis is characterised by brain abnormalities on cerebral magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Grover V. P. B. , Southern L. , Dyson J. K. , Kim J. U. , Crossey M. M. E. , Wylezinska‐Arridge M. , Patel N. , Fitzpatrick J. A. , Bak‐Bol A. , Waldman A. D. , Alexander G. J. , Mells G. F. , Chapman R. W , Jones D. E. J. , Taylor‐Robinson S. D. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryBackgroundBrain change can occur in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), potentially as a result of cholestatic and/or inflammatory processes. This change is linked to systemic symptoms of fatigue and cognitive impairment.AimTo identify whether brain change occurs early in PBC. If the change develops early and is progressive, it may explain the difficulty in treating these symptoms.MethodsEarly disease brain change was explored in 13 patients with newly diagnosed biopsy‐proven precirrhotic PBC using magnetisation transfer, diffusion‐weighted imaging and 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results were compared to 17 healthy volunteers.ResultsCerebral magnetisation transfer ratios were reduced in early PBC, compared to healthy volunteers, in the thalamus, putamen and head of caudate with no greater reduction in patients with greater symptom severity. Mean apparent diffusion coefficients were increased in the thalamus only. No 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy abnormalities were seen. Serum manganese levels were elevated in all PBC patients, but no relationship was seen with imaging or symptom parameters. There were no correlations between neuroimaging data, laboratory data, symptom severity scores or age.ConclusionsThis is the first study to be performed in this precirrhotic patient population, and we have highlighted that neuroimaging changes are present at a much earlier stage than previously demonstrated. The neuroimaging abnormalities suggest that the brain changes seen in PBC occur early in the pathological process, even before significant liver damage has occurred. If such changes are linked to symptom pathogenesis, this could have important implications for the timing of second‐line‐therapy use.
Corporate Profit, Social Welfare, and the Logic of Capitalism
Authors: Reiter S. L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBusiness ethics scholars have proposed strategies for mitigating the ill effects brought on by a wealth maximization business strategy by urging managers to either embrace corporate social responsibility (CSR) or to manage according to stakeholder theory. In this article I argue that these strategies are often ineffective in bringing about the behavior they promote because it is antithetical to the nature and logic of capitalism. I examine the organizing principles of capitalism and the role it assigns to capitalists, and juxtapose these with the behavior prescribed by three normative frameworks: strategic management theory (SMT), the CSR initiative, and stakeholder theory. Unlike the behaviors prescribed by the CSR initiative and stakeholder management theory, the behavior prescribed by SMT is consistent with the role of capitalists as defined by the organizing principles of capitalism, and SMT's “rules” have instilled habits that have, in turn, been able to mold managers’ aspirations and purposes. CSR and stakeholder theory must not only combat the habits instilled by the entrenched SMT, they must also find some way of instilling habits that run contrary to those defined by the nature and logic of capitalism itself.
CSR as Value Attunement within Governance Processes: Stakeholder Dialogue, Corporate Principles and Regulation
Authors: de Graaf Frank Jan 
Published: September 2016

AbstractI argue that a governance perspective on corporate social responsibility (CSR) makes it possible to explain why the concept will always be under‐defined, is normative and thus political by nature, and is and should be difficult to measure. The perspective also makes it possible to understand the interaction between corporate values and stakeholders values.In processes of dialogue within governance systems and governance structures, changing insights into the principles of CSR can lead to regulation or its adjustment. Power is important in these dialogues. Principles are at least partly shaped within governance systems and governance structures, and they influence the outcomes of corporate policies. Changes within the regulatory framework could also lead to changes in the principles of CSR.Value attunement processes could lead to regulation, which again influences the governance structures and thus the power of stakeholders within the dialogue. The theoretical model provided helps to analyze why CSR is different in companies, cultures and academic traditions.
Advances in understanding prognosis in myeloma
Authors: Smith Dean , Yong Kwee 
Published: September 2016

SummaryIn the last two decades outcomes in multiple myeloma (myeloma) have greatly improved, due to the introduction of newer, more effective therapies. This improvement is not uniform. Response to treatment and survival remains heterogeneous, with some patients living for 1–2 years whilst others are alive and progression‐free at 10 years. This variation in outcome is due to patient characteristics plus features intrinsic to the myeloma tumour. Alongside the introduction of novel therapies there has been a greater understanding of disease biology and mechanisms of resistance. This has led to an increase in the number of prognostic markers that can be used in myeloma. This is important not only for more accurate counselling of patients in terms of disease outcome, but also in paving the way for risk‐adapted therapy. Both newer and traditional prognostic markers need to be used in the context of planned therapy. Indeed, the prognostic value of certain markers varies according to which therapy the patient receives. As such, these prognostic factors will require constant re‐evaluation as agents with new mechanisms of action are added into the myeloma treatment algorithm. This article summarises current concepts of prognostic markers in myeloma.
Genetic alterations related to BRAF‐FGFR genes and dysregulated MAPK/ERK/mTOR signaling in adult pilocytic astrocytoma
Authors: Pathak Pankaj , Kumar Anupam , Jha Prerana , Purkait Suvendu , Faruq Mohammed , Suri Ashish , Suri Vaishali , Sharma Mehar C. , Sarkar Chitra 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPilocytic astrocytomas occur rarely in adults and show aggressive tumor behavior. However, their underlying molecular‐genetic events are largely uncharacterized. Hence, 59 adult pilocytic astrocytoma (APA) cases of classical histology were studied (MIB‐1 LI: 1%–5%). Analysis of BRAF alterations using qRT‐PCR, confirmed KIAA1549‐BRAF fusion in 11 (19%) and BRAF‐gain in 2 (3.4%) cases. BRAF‐V600E mutation was noted in 1 (1.7%) case by sequencing. FGFR1‐mutation and FGFR‐TKD duplication were seen in 7/59 (11.9%) and 3/59 (5%) cases, respectively. Overall 36% of APAs harbored BRAF and/or FGFR genetic alterations. Notably, FGFR related genetic alterations were enriched in tumors of supratentorial region (8/25, 32%) as compared with other locations (P = 0.01). The difference in age of cases with FGFR1‐mutation (Mean age ± SD: 37.2 ± 15 years) vs. KIAA1549‐BRAF fusion (Mean age ± SD: 25.1 ± 4.1 years) was statistically significant (P = 0.03). Combined BRAF and FGFR alterations were identified in 3 (5%) cases. Notably, the cases with more than one genetic alteration were in higher age group (Mean age ± SD: 50 ± 12 years) as compared with cases with single genetic alteration (Mean age ± SD: 29 ± 10; P = 0.003). Immunopositivity of p‐MAPK/p‐MEK1 was found in all the cases examined. The pS6‐immunoreactivity, a marker of mTOR activation was observed in 34/39 (87%) cases. Interestingly, cases with BRAF and/or FGFR related alteration showed significantly lower pS6‐immunostatining (3/12; 25%) as compared with those with wild‐type BRAF and/or FGFR (16/27; 59%) (P = 0.04). Further, analysis of seven IDH wild‐type adult diffuse astrocytomas (DA) showed FGFR related genetic alterations in 43% cases. These and previous results suggest that APAs are genetically similar to IDH wild‐type adult DAs. APAs harbor infrequent BRAF alterations but more frequent FGFR alterations as compared with pediatric cases. KIAA1549‐BRAF fusion inversely correlates with increasing age whereas FGFR1‐mutation associates with older age. Activation of MAPK/ERK/mTOR signaling appears to be an important oncogenic event in APAs and may be underlying event of aggressive tumor behavior. The findings provided a rationale for potential therapeutic advantage of targeting MAPK/ERK/mTOR pathway in APAs.
Central retinal artery occlusion, an early sign of crizotinib resistance in an alk positive adenocarcinoma of lung: A rare case report
Authors: Madabhavi Irappa , Patel Apurva , Anand Asha , Panchal Harsha , Parikh Sonia 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAbout 4% of non‐small‐cell lung carcinomas involve an EML4‐ALK tyrosine kinase fusion gene and occur almost absolutely in carcinomas arising in non‐smokers. Crizotinib, the first inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), ROS1 and c‐Met receptor kinase, has been used in the treatment of ALK‐positive non‐small cell lung cancer. Side effects of crizotinib mostly consist of grade 1–2 gastrointestinal events (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and constipation), grade 1–2 edema and fatigue; grade 1 visual disorders, rare cases of elevated liver enzymes and pneumonitis. We are presenting a case of adenocarcinoma of lung, who progressed on first‐line chemotherapy and received crizotinib as second line therapy for 9 months. Patient has very good partial response to crizotinib and had some side effects of crizotinib like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, asthenia and anorexia, asymptomatic transaminitis in the first 2 to 3 weeks of therapy and managed symptomatically. But after 9 months, he developed sudden onset left sided vision loss. On fundoscopic examination he was found to have “cherry red spot” and fundus flourescein angiography revealed central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). After 15 days of vision loss patient developed pleural effusion, and pleural fluid cytology was positive for malignant cells. Visual symptoms are very well known in the literature as side effects of crizotinib, but CRAO is not yet been documented. As this patient is not having any prothrombotic state like diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, hyperhomocysteinemia or any genetic disorders except malignancy. Hypercoagulability disorders are known to be commonly associated with a variety of cancer types including lung cancer. This appears to be a sign of early crizotinib resistance in this patient because there was no history of prior hypercoagulable state. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case report in the world literature, as CRAO presenting as a sign of crizotinib resistance in an adenocarcinoma of lung patient who was on crizotinib.