bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the execution of parallel programs on multiprocessor systems—a queuing theory approach
Authors: Baccelli François , Liu Zhen 
Published: July 2002

The new class of queuing models, calledSynchronized Queuing Networks, is proposed for evaluating the performance of multiprogrammed and multitasked multiprocessor systems, where workloads consists of parallel programs of similar structure and where the scheduling discipline is first-come-first-serve.Pathwise evolution equations are established for these networks that capture the effects of competition for processors and the precedence constraints governing tasks executions.A general expression is deduced for the stability condition of such queuing networks under general statistical assumptions (basically the stationarity and the ergodicity of input sequences), which yields the maximum program throughput of the multiprocessor system, or equivalently, the maximum rate at which programs can be executed or submitted. The proof is based on the ergodic theory of queues.Basic integral equations are also derived for the stationary distribution of important performance criteria such as the workload of the queues and program response times. An iterative numerical schema that converges to this solution is proposed and various upper and lower bounds on moments are derived using stochastic ordering techniques.
Travels and Adventures in an Unchartable Field
Authors: Smedley Audrey 
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text]There was considerable optimism about the future of anthropology when I came into the field over forty years ago, at a time when World War II was still a meaningful memory, the Korean War was a subject of great agony, and Vietnam was not yet part of our consciousness. During the late 1950s I had developed an interest in experiencing other cultures, and this led me to the field of international studies and indirectly to anthropology. Anthropology seemed a very positive way to get to know about other peoples and their ways of life. Such knowledge would create greater understanding among all peoples, and particularly, it had the potential for reducing friction and avoiding conflict. Naively, I think, some of my contemporaries and I believed that the field would grow and become a powerful influence in international relations, providing the knowledge and strategies for establishing communication among peoples and promoting peaceful coexistence. We were very young then and inexperienced. In this overview I touch on only some of the high points of my experiences in anthropology over the past decades and briefly comment on some of my reactions to developments in the field.
STRUCTURE-BASED PERSPECTIVES ON B12-DEPENDENT ENZYMES
Authors: Ludwig Martha L. , Matthews Rowena G. 
Published: July 2002

Two X-ray structures of cobalamin (B12) bound to proteins have now been determined. These structures reveal that the B12cofactor undergoes a major conformational change on binding to the apoenzymes of methionine synthase and methylmalonyl–coenzyme A mutase: The dimethylbenzimidazole ligand to the cobalt is displaced by a histidine residue from the protein. Two methyltransferases from archaebacteria that catalyze methylation of mercaptoethanesulfonate (coenzyme M) during methanogenesis have also been shown to contain histidine-ligated cobamides. In corrinoid iron-sulfur methyltransferases from acetogenic and methanogenic organisms, benzimidazole is dissociated from cobalt, but without replacement by histidine. Thus, dimethylbenzimidazole displacement appears to be an emerging theme in cobamide-containing methyltransferases. In methionine synthase, the best studied of the methyltransferases, the histidine ligand appears to be required for competent methyl transfer between methyl- tetrahydrofolate and homocysteine but dissociates for reductive reactivation of the inactive oxidized enzyme. Replacement of dimethylbenzimidazole by histidine may allow switching between the catalytic and activation cycles.The best-characterized B12-dependent mutases that catalyze carbon skeleton rearrangement, for which methylmalonyl–coenzyme A mutase is the prototype, also bind cobalamin cofactors with histidine as the cobalt ligand, although other cobalamin-dependent mutases do not appear to utilize histidine ligation. It is intriguing to find that mutases, which catalyze homolytic rather than heterolytic cleavage of the carbon-cobalt bond, can use this structural motif. In methylmalonylCoA mutase a significant feature, which may be important in facilitating homolytic cleavage, is the long cobalt-nitrogen bond linking histidine to the cofactor. The intermediate radical species generated in catalysis are sequestered in the relatively hydrophilic core of an α/β barrel domain of the mutase.
Seismic Imaging of Mantle Plumes
Authors: Nataf Henri-Claude 
Published: July 2002

The mantle plume hypothesis was proposed thirty years ago by Jason Morgan to explain hotspot volcanoes such as Hawaii. A thermal diapir (or plume) rises from the thermal boundary layer at the base of the mantle and produces a chain of volcanoes as a plate moves on top of it. The idea is very attractive, but direct evidence for actual plumes is weak, and many questions remain unanswered. With the great improvement of seismic imagery in the past ten years, new prospects have arisen. Mantle plumes are expected to be rather narrow, and their detection by seismic techniques requires specific developments as well as dedicated field experiments. Regional travel-time tomography has provided good evidence for plumes in the upper mantle beneath a few hotspots (Yellowstone, Massif Central, Iceland). Beneath Hawaii and Iceland, the plume can be detected in the transition zone because it deflects the seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 km depths. In the lower mantle, plumes are very difficult to detect, so specific methods have been worked out for this purpose. There are hints of a plume beneath the weak Bowie hotspot, as well as intriguing observations for Hawaii. Beneath Iceland, high-resolution tomography has just revealed a wide and meandering plume-like structure extending from the core-mantle boundary up to the surface. Among the many phenomena that seem to take place in the lowermost mantle (or D″), there are also signs there of the presence of plumes. In this article I review the main results obtained so far from these studies and discuss their implications for plume dynamics. Seismic imaging of mantle plumes is still in its infancy but should soon become a turbulent teenager.
The Raising Analysis of Relative Clauses: A Reply to Borsley
Authors: Bianchi Valentina 
Published: July 2002

Borsley (1997) criticizes the raising analysis of relative clauses revived by Kayne (1994) in the framework of antisymmetry theory. Most of his remarks concern the analysis of English headed relative clauses.This article presents a revised version of Kayne's proposal that provides an answer to these criticisms. It is argued that the raising approach is indeed tenable and that the analysis of this empirical domain is fully consistent with the restrictiveness of the antisymmetry theory.
Retrieval Success is Accompanied by Enhanced Activation in Anterior Prefrontal Cortex During Recognition Memory: An Event-Related fMRI Study
Authors: McDermott Kathleen B. , Jones Todd C. , Petersen Steven E. , Lageman Sarah K. , Roediger Henry L. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Neural regions associated with retrieval success were identified using event-related fMRI procedures and randomly ordered trials on a recognition memory test. Differences between hits and correct rejections (CRs) occurred in multiple regions, including bilateral anterior and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, bilateral inferior parietal cortex, and right superior parietal cortex (all hits &gt; CRs), and right occipital cortex (CRs &gt; hits). The hit &gt; CR pattern is not compromised by time-on-task explanations because response latencies for correctly rejected words exceeded those for hits. Converging evidence for the claim that the hit &gt; CR pattern identified neural correlates of retrieval success was obtained by unconfounding item history and retrieval success. That is, we implemented a third condition in which nonstudied words were presented, yet retrieval success was hypothesized to facilitate CRs of these lures. Specifically, when confronted with a familiar, yet nonstudied word, (e.g., nosedive after studying nosebleed and skydive), subjects might adopt a strategy whereby they recall the studied word(s) that gave rise to the familiarity (nosebleed, skydive) and thereby reject the lure. This method of instantiating retrieval success under conditions in which the target word had not been studied offers converging evidence for the claim that anterior-prefrontal cortex (among other regions) demonstrates enhanced activation during retrieval success.
The Influence of Stimulus Deviance on Electrophysiologic and Behavioral Responses to Novel Events
Authors: Daffner Kirk R. , Scinto Leonard F.M. , Calvo Vivian , Faust Robert , Mesulam M. Marsel , West W. Caroline , Holcomb Phillip J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
This study investigated the role of stimulus deviance in determining electrophysiologic and behavioral responses to “novelty.” Stimulus deviance was defined in terms of differences either from the immediately preceding context or from long-term experience. Subjects participated in a visual event-related potential (ERP) experiment, in which they controlled the duration of stimulus viewing with a button press, which served as a measure of exploratory behavior. Each of the three experimental conditions included a frequent repetitive background stimulus and infrequent stimuli that deviated from the background stimulus. In one condition, both background and deviant stimuli were simple, easily recognizable geometric figures. In another condition, both background and deviant stimuli were unusual/unfamiliar figures, and in a third condition, the background stimulus was a highly unusual figure, and the deviant stimuli were simple, geometric shapes. Deviant stimuli elicited larger N2-P3 amplitudes and longer viewing durations than the repetitive background stimulus, even when the deviant stimuli were simple, familiar shapes and the background stimulus was a highly unusual figure. Compared to simple, familiar deviant stimuli, unusual deviant stimuli elicited larger N2-P3 amplitudes and longer viewing times. Within subjects, the deviant stimuli that evoked the largest N2-P3 responses also elicited the longest viewing durations. We conclude that deviance from both immediate context and long-term prior experience contribute to the response to novelty, with the combination generating the largest N2-P3 amplitude and the most sustained attention. The amplitude of the N2-P3 may reflect how much “uncertainty” is evoked by a novel visual stimulus and signal the need for further exploration and cognitive processing.
Brain Areas Involved in Perception of Biological Motion
Authors: Grossman E. , Donnelly M. , Price R. , Pickens D. , Morgan V. , Neighbor G. , Blake R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
These experiments use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to reveal neural activity uniquely associated with perception of biological motion. We isolated brain areas activated during the viewing of point-light figures, then compared those areas to regions known to be involved in coherent-motion perception and kinetic-boundary perception. Coherent motion activated a region matching previous reports of human MT/MST complex located on the temporo-parieto-occipital junction. Kinetic boundaries activated a region posterior and adjacent to human MT previously identified as the kinetic-occipital (KO) region or the lateral-occipital (LO) complex. The pattern of activation during viewing of biological motion was located within a small region on the ventral bank of the occipital extent of the superior-temporal sulcus (STS). This region is located lateral and anterior to human MT/MST, and anterior to KO. Among our observers, we localized this region more frequently in the right hemisphere than in the left. This was true regardless of whether the point-light figures were presented in the right or left hemifield. A small region in the medial cerebellum was also active when observers viewed biological-motion sequences. Consistent with earlier neuroimaging and single-unit studies, this pattern of results points to the existence of neural mechanisms specialized for analysis of the kinematics defining biological motion.
The Effects of Presentation Rate During Word and Pseudoword Reading: A Comparison of PET and fMRI
Authors: Mechelli Andrea , Friston Karl J. , Price Cathy J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The effect of stimulus rate and its interaction with stimulus type on brain activity during reading was investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This (i) enabled the segregation of brain regions showing differential responses, (ii) identified the optimum experimental design parameters for maximizing sensitivity, and (iii) allowed us to evaluate further the sources of discrepancy between positron emission tomography (PET) and fMRI signals. The effect of visual word rate has already been investigated in a previous PET study. However, rate effects can be very different in PET and fMRI, as seen in previous studies of auditory word processing. In this work, we attempt to replicate rate-sensitive activations observed with PET using fMRI. Our objective was to characterize the discrepancies in regionally specific rate-sensitive effects between the two imaging modalities. Subjects were presented with words and pseudowords at varying rates while performing a silent reading task. The analysis specifically identified regions showing (i) an effect of stimulus rate on brain activity during reading; (ii) modulation of this effect by word type; and (iii) increased activity during reading relative to rest, but with no dependence on stimulus rate. The results identified similar effects of rate for words and pseudowords (no interactions between rate and word type reached significance). Irrespective of word type, strong positive linear effects of rate (i.e., activity increasing with rate) were detected in visual areas, right superior temporal gyrus, and bilateral precentral gyrus. These findings replicate the results of the previous PET study, confirming that activation in regions associated with visual processing and response generation increases with the number of stimuli. Likewise, we detected rate-independent effects reported in the previous PET study in bilateral anterior middle temporal, inferior frontal, and superior parietal regions. These results differentiate the functionally specific responses in rate-dependent and rate-independent areas. However, for negative effects of rate, fMRI did not replicate the effects seen in PET, suggesting some form of hemodynamic “rectification.” The discussion focuses on differences between evoked rCBF and BOLD signals.
The Speed of Sight
Authors: Keysers C. , Xiao D.-K. , Földiák P. , Perrett D. I. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Macaque monkeys were presented with continuous rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) sequences of unrelated naturalistic images at rates of 14-222 msec/image, while neurons that responded selectively to complex patterns (e.g., faces) were recorded in temporal cortex. Stimulus selectivity was preserved for 65% of these neurons even at surprisingly fast presentation rates (14 msec/image or 72 images/sec). Five human subjects were asked to detect or remember images under equivalent conditions. Their performance in both tasks was above chance at all rates (14-111 msec/image). The performance of single neurons was comparable to that of humans and responded in a similar way to changes in presentation rate. The implications for the role of temporal cortex cells in perception are discussed.
Increased Brain Activity in Frontal and Parietal Cortex Underlies the Development of Visuospatial Working Memory Capacity during Childhood
Authors: Klingberg Torkel , Forssberg Hans , Westerberg Helena 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify changes in brain activity associated with the increase in working memory (WM) capacity that occurs during childhood and early adulthood. Functional MRI (fMRI) was used to measure brain activity in subjects between 9 and 18 years of age while they performed a visuospatial WM task and a baseline task. During performance of the WM task, the older children showed higher activation of cortex in the superior frontal and intraparietal cortex than the younger children did. A second analysis found that WM capacity was significantly correlated with brain activity in the same regions. These frontal and parietal areas are known to be involved in the control of attention and spatial WM. The development of the functionality in these areas may play an important role in cognitive development during childhood.
Environmental Supply‐Chain Management in the Computer Industry:A Transaction Cost Economics Perspective
Authors: Rosen Christine Meisner , Bercovitz Janet , Beckman Sara 
Published: July 2002

SummaryOur article uses the theory of transaction cost economics as a conceptual basis for examining the contracting mechanisms by which firms in the computer industry structure programs to encourage their suppliers to improve their environmental management systems and/or the environmental quality of their products. We explore the economic transactions hazards associated with asking suppliers to invest in the specialized technologies required to improve environmental performance of products and management practices and the relational contracting mechanisms computer industry firms are using to protect themselves against these hazards. We also describe the importance the managers we interviewed attributed to various transactions hazards and their perceptions of how well their firms were coping with them. We conclude by discussing questions for future research. By using TCE to frame our analysis of how computer manufacturers are structuring their relationships with their suppliers in the environmental area, we hope to show how social science theory can be used to enrich and increase the practicality of the work done by engineers and others in the mainstream areas of the industrial ecology field.
Analyzing, Mapping, and Managing Environmental Impacts along Supply Chains
Authors: Faruk Adam C. , Lamming Richard C. , Cousins Paul D. , Bowen Frances E. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThis article reports on research toward a pragmatic and credible means for analyzing, mapping, and managing environmental impacts along supply chains. The results of this research include a management tool called “ecological supply chain analysis” (EcoSCAn) that is presented here for the first time. Its structure bears a passing resemblance to that used in some streamlined life‐cycle assessments, but its operation and purpose are quite different. The EcoSCAn tool frames a comparative environmental analysis of products capable of performing broadly equivalent functions. The analysis occurs over complete extended supply chains and within defined supply chain stages at a product level and, to some extent, at a site level. The results are mapped with data confidence indicators. A range of tactical and, where data quality is sufficient, strategic supply chain actions are prompted. Actions to mitigate environmental stress are possible in the absence of good quality data across entire product life cycles, although the extent to which management actions are limited is made plain.
Environmentally Conscious Product Design: A Collaborative Internet‐based Modeling Approach
Authors: Borland Nick , Wallace David 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThis paper proposes a computer‐based method for providing product designers with real‐time environmental impact assessment. In this concurrent modeling approach, environmental experts build life‐cycle models, define their interfaces, and publish them as distributed objects on the Internet. Traditional designers integrating these objects into their design models have access to the impact assessment methods provided by the environmental expert. In this paradigm, the focus shifts from providing techniques that let non‐expert designers perform life‐cycle impact assessments to tools that facilitate timely communication and information transfer between designers and appropriate environmental experts. Establishing real‐time communication between the product design models and the environmental life‐cycle models is the primary focus of this paper. Methods for establishing and maintaining the interaction between life‐cycle and product design models are described. A beverage container design example illustrates how this collaborative approach can use environmental and traditional design goals to determine effective tradeoffs between design alternatives.
APPROPRIATING THE PAST: TWENTIETH-CENTURY RECONSTRUCTION OF PRE-MODERN ISLAMIC THOUGHT
Authors: Dallal Ahmad 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis essay examines the writings of the famous twentieth-century salafī, Rashīd Ridā, in which he discussed and reconstructed the views of Shawkānī, one of the leading thinkers of the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-centuries, on the subject of legal analogy (qiyās). Shawkānī had opposed the introduction of new laws through qiyās on the grounds that it arrogates to humans a right to legislate which is reserved to God. Ridā, however, mistakenly implied that Shawkānī had advocated a separation between 'ibādāt and mu'āmalāt, allowing the use of qiyās in the latter case. I argue that Ridā's reconstruction of Shawkānī was driven by his desire to find Islamic models that corresponded to the European institutions of the nation state: in an age in which the powers of the nation state were increasing dramatically, a jurisdiction that covered "all aspects of life" would have seemed more appropriate to Ridā than a legal code which does not purport to exhaust all aspects of this life.
SEVEN SUGGESTIONS IN CATULLUS
Authors:   Trappes-Lomax
Published: July 2002

XI, 11-12; read
Gallias et horribiles Britannos / ultima rerum
. XXX, 4; read
caelicolas latent
. LXIII, 54; delete. LXXXII, 3; read
eripere id noli
. LXXXIV, 5-6; delete. XCI, 3; read
constantemque putarem
. CXVI, 7; read
nos contra ista iniecta tua evitabimus tela
.
Incidental textual comment and/or suggestion is made with reference to Germanicus 333 and 457-8, and to Ovid
Trist
III, 4, 27.
ÉCOUTE ISRAËL (DEUT. VI 4)
Authors: Bord Lucien-Jean , Hamidović David 
Published: July 2002

AbstractL'affirmation monothéiste de Dt. vi 4 est-elle aussi évidente que l'habitude d'un texte lu et relu peut le laisser paraître? Le verset pose quelques problèmes: le sens du mot unique, l'élision simple ou double de l'auxiliaire être, la signification exacte de la formule yhwh notre Dieu et le but visé par les créateurs de la formule. A partir de quatre possibilités de lecture du Shema, nous dégageons, en prenant en compte chaque mot, toute la richesse de ce qui constitue une très forte interpellation d'Israël, devant être comprise dans un contexte de procès d'Alliance, et une réponse quant à l'unicité divine.
DEMOCRACY, COSMOLOGY, AND THE GREAT WORK OF THOMAS BERRY
Authors: Bede Scharper Stephen 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn this review essay, Thomas Berry's The Great Work is contextualized within Berry's overarching cosmological project. Special attention is paid to Berry's critique of economic corporations, as well as his interpretation of globalization and his assessment of an alleged decline of the nation state, claims that run counter to certain contemporary social scientific research offering more complex depictions of such phenomena. The critique of democracy in Berry's work, and its potential implications, is also critically addressed.