bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Steinernema nguyeni n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from South Africa
Authors: Malan Antoinette P. , Knoetze Rinus , Tiedt Louwrens R. 
Published: March 2016

Steinernema nguyenin. sp. was recovered by baiting from beneath anOlea africanatree in South Africa. The combination of morphological and molecular features suggests thatS. nguyenin. sp. is a member of thefeltiae-kraussei-oregonensegroup, clustering with members of this group in Clade III. The new species is morphologically characterised by the infective juvenile body length of 737 (673-796) μm and the number of ridges in the infective juvenile lateral field is 2, 8, 2. The male of the first generation can be recognised by the spicule length of 66 (58-75) μm and a gubernaculum length of 43 (30-55) μm. The first generation female can be recognised by the vulval lips only slightly protruding and the presence of low, double-flapped epiptygmata. Analysis of the ITS and D2-D3 regions of the ribosomal DNA confirms thatS. nguyenin. sp. differs from all other knownSteinernemaspecies.
Extracranial injections of botulinum neurotoxin type A inhibit intracranial meningeal nociceptors’ responses to stimulation of TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels: Are we getting closer to solving this puzzle?
Authors: Zhang XiChun , Strassman Andrew M , Novack Victor , Brin Mitchell F , Burstein Rami 
Published: March 2016

Background Administration of onabotulinumtoxinA (BoNT-A) to peripheral tissues outside the calvaria reduces the number of days chronic migraine patients experience headache. Because the headache phase of a migraine attack, especially those preceded by aura, is thought to involve activation of meningeal nociceptors by endogenous stimuli such as changes in intracranial pressure (i.e. mechanical) or chemical irritants that appear in the meninges as a result of a yet-to-be-discovered sequence of molecular/cellular events triggered by the aura, we sought to determine whether extracranial injections of BoNT-A alter the chemosensitivity of meningeal nociceptors to stimulation of their intracranial receptive fields. Material and methods Using electrophysiological techniques, we identified 161 C- and 135 Aδ-meningeal nociceptors in rats and determined their mechanical response threshold and responsiveness to chemical stimulation of their dural receptive fields with TRPV1 and TRPA1 agonists seven days after BoNT-A administration to different extracranial sites. Two paradigms were compared: distribution of 5 U BoNT-A to the lambdoid and sagittal sutures alone, and 1.25 U to the sutures and 3.75 U to the temporalis and trapezius muscles. Results Seven days after it was administered to tissues outside the calvaria, BoNT-A inhibited responses of C-type meningeal nociceptors to stimulation of their intracranial dural receptive fields with the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin and the TRPA1 agonist mustard oil. BoNT-A inhibition of responses to capsaicin was more effective when the entire dose was injected along the suture lines than when it was injected into muscles and sutures. As in our previous study, BoNT-A had no effect on non-noxious mechanosensitivity of C-fibers or on responsiveness of Aδ-fibers to mechanical and chemical stimulation. Discussion This study demonstrates that extracranial administration of BoNT-A suppresses meningeal nociceptors’ responses to stimulation of their intracranial dural receptive fields with capsaicin and mustard oil. The findings suggest that surface expression of TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels in dural nerve endings of meningeal nociceptors is reduced seven days after extracranial administration of BoNT-A. In the context of chronic migraine, reduced sensitivity to molecules that activate meningeal nociceptors through the TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels can be important for BoNT-A’s ability to act as a prophylactic.
Modification of Knee Flexion Angle Has Patient-Specific Effects on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk Factors During Jump Landing
Authors: Favre Julien , Clancy Caitlin , Dowling Ariel V. , Andriacchi Thomas P. 
Published: March 2016

Background: The incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries may be decreased through the use of intervention programs that focus on increasing the knee flexion angle during jump landing, which decreases strain on the ACL. Purpose: To investigate whether intervention training designed to change the knee flexion angle during landing causes secondary changes in other known measures associated with the risk of ACL injuries and to examine the time points when these secondary measures change. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 39 healthy recreational athletes performed a volleyball block jump task in an instrumented gait laboratory. The participants first completed the jumps without any modification to their normal landing technique. They were then given oral instruction to land softly and to increase their knee flexion angle during landing. Lower body kinematics and kinetics were measured before and after the modification using an optoelectronic motion capture system. Results: The knee flexion angle after the modification significantly increased from 11.2° to 15.2° at initial contact and from 67.8° to 100.7° at maximum flexion, and the time between initial contact and maximum flexion increased from 177.4 to 399.4 milliseconds. The flexion modification produced a substantial reduction in vertical ground-reaction force (243.1 to 187.8 %BW) with a concomitant reduction in the maximum flexion moment. Interestingly, the flexion modification only affected the abduction angle and abduction moment for the group of participants that landed in an initial adducted position before the modification and had no significant effect on the group that landed in an abducted position. Conclusion: Increasing the knee flexion angle during jump landing may be an effective intervention to improve knee biomechanical risk factors associated with an ACL injury. However, the fact that the flexion modification only influenced critical risk factors (the abduction angle and abduction moment) in participants who initially landed in an adducted position suggests that the selection of interventions to prevent ACL injuries should account for patient-specific characteristics. Clinical Relevance: The study helps elucidate how increasing the knee flexion angle affects lower body biomechanics and provided evidence for the need to introduce patient-specific strategies for preventing ACL injuries.
The Golden Virtue of Eclecticism in Economics John R. Commons Award Lecture
Authors: Samuelson Paul A. 
Published: March 2016

This award consists of no stipend for the recipient—rather travel money for graduate students presenting papers at the Meetings in 2001 and 2002 will be given in the name of the Commons award recipient. As we all know, ODE exists to honor students. This year's Commons award winner has arguably had more influence on students during the past fifty years than any other economist. We all became acquainted with him when we were undergraduates—via a book simply titled Economics. When we first started graduate school we met him again with a book known as Foundations. And when we started course work in our fields, in field after field we encountered seminal papers he had written. For example: in Public Finance “The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure”; in International Economics “International Trade and the Equalization of Factor Prices.” The list goes on and on and on—but I won't. It is my distinct privilege to be able to introduce this year's John R. Commons award winner: Prof. Paul Samuelson.
Long Run Aggregate Supply Verticality: Fact or Fiction?
Authors: Walker John F. , Vatter Harold G. 
Published: March 2016

A presumed “long run” aggregate supply curve has become an accepted and widely incorporated construct in contemporary macroeconomics. Unfortunately, that theoretical model, with its vertical supply curve, has been subjected to hardly any empirical testing. The major thrust of the present analysis is to determine whether such testing will show if continued use of the concept is warranted as a virtual representation of the actual economy. The critique herein stresses the necessity for a clock-time format to examine the empirical adequacy of the LRAS construct. Using an arbitrarily chosen four year, minimal, “long run” model period, divided into two appropriate biennia of stipulated change, the analysis finds the LRAS curve empirically unsupported over the crucial second biennia.
The Determinants of Health Status in Sub-Saharan Africa (Ssa)
Authors: Fayissa Bichaka , Gutema Paulos 
Published: March 2016

This study examines the determinants of health status (as measured by life expectancy at birth) in SSA based on the Grossman (1972) theoretical model which considers the economic (the ratio of health expenditure to GDP and the per capita food availability index), social (the illiteracy rate and alcohol consumption), and environmental factors (urbanization rate and carbon dioxide emission per capita index). The coefficients of the health status function are estimated by one-way and two-way panel data analyses. The two-way random-effect model results suggest that a decrease in illiteracy rate and an increase in the food availability index are well positively associated with improvements in life expectancy at birth. Overall results also suggest that a health policy that may focus on the provision of health services, family planning programs, and emergency aids to the exclusion of other demographic issues may serve little in schemes aimed at improving the current health status of the region.
South Africa's Manufactured International Trade in the Post-Sanctions Epoch: Patterns and Potentials
Authors: Weiner Ross D. , Roxo Trevor , Kellman Mitchell 
Published: March 2016

We identify those sectors of the South African economy in which the country exhibits a comparative advantage. This is accomplished through the development of an index of Regional Revealed Comparative Advantage, based in the work of Richardson and Zhang (2001). South Africa's comparative advantage is associated with products servicing producers and high in capital intensity. The pattern of comparative advantage in South Africa differs from those patterns found to be typical of “developing countries in general, and from those describing the “flying geese” dynamic changes of East Asian NICs as well as other Asian countries. An important contribution of this paper is a demonstration of a high degree of compatibility of projected shifts in competitiveness patterns developed utilizing (solely) trade data and RRCA methodology with patterns developed (solely) utilizing relative unit labor measures.
Resources and Economic Growth
Authors: Solow Robert M. 
Published: March 2016

Editor’s Introduction Originally published in Volume 22, Number 2, Fall 1978, pages 5-11. Robert Solow (born 1924) is one of the most honored economists of all time. In 1961 he received the John Bates Clark medal given by the American Economic Association for significant contributions to the field by an American economist under the age of forty. Several Clark medal recipients have gone on to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, including Professor Solow in 1987 for his work in economic growth. His work was again honored in 2014 when he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award presented by the United States. The Solow Growth Model, originally developed in the 1950s, is one of the most widely applied theories in modern economics. In this paper, Professor Solow examines how future economic growth and development is constrained if the natural resource base narrows over time. Professor Solow then applies a variant of his eponymous growth model to analyze the relationship between the ratio of nonrenewable resource inputs to GNP in the United States over the middle half of the twentieth century.
Institutions and Economic Theory
Authors: North Douglass C. 
Published: March 2016

Editor’s Introduction Originally published in Volume 36, Number 1, Spring 1992, pages 3-6. Omicron Delta Epsilon presented Douglass North (1920-2015) with the John R. Commons award in 1992 for his contributions to the economics profession. The following year he shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Robert Fogel. The Nobel honored their work in applying economic theory and quantitative methods to the study of economic history and institutional change. As a pioneer in what has become known as cliometrics (named for the classical muse of history, Clio), Professor North’s scholarship focused on how human institutions and their organizational structures influence economic and societal outcomes. He is widely recognized as one of the founders of the New Institutional Economics school of thought. In this paper, his Commons Award lecture, Professor North describes and discusses his views on the limitations of neoclassical economics that are rooted in the assumption of instrumental rationality. His discourse on culturally influenced mental models and the limitations of our ability to process complex information presages the ongoing revolution in behavioral economics. This paper remains as timely today as it did when it first appeared in The American Economist.
My Life Philosophy
Authors: Samuelson Paul A. 
Published: March 2016

Editor’s Introduction Originally published in Volume 27, Number 2, Fall 1983, pages 5-12. Nobel laureate Paul Samuelson (1915-2009) was one of the most influential economists of the twentieth century. He is considered the leading figure in the formal development of the neoclassical synthesis which bridges the Keynsian perspective of macroeconomics with neoclassical theories. The results of this work dominated the thinking of public policymakers for decades. His seminal book, Foundations of Economic Analysis (1947), continues to be widely read today. Professor Samuelson is also acknowledged as the author of the world’s best-selling textbook in the field, simply titled Economics and originally published in 1948. This text has sold over four million copies through nineteen editions. In this paper, Professor Samuleson provides a glimpse into his deeply held beliefs and values that directed his professional life. Along the way, he recounts the events and economists that shaped his thinking and directed his path and provides the reader with insight into how he worked. This article is one of a long series of articles commissioned by then Editor-in-Chief Michael Szenberg who asked eminent economists to share their life stories and philosophies with the readers of The American Economist.
The Effect of Indivisibilities in Consumer Choice Theory
Authors: Gordon Edward 
Published: March 2016

Consumer choice theory is normally based on the assumption that the domain of commodity mixes which can be chosen is continuously divisible (dense). The effects on consumer choice behavior recently attributed by Harwitz to indivisibilities are shown to be due to the removal of strong convexity and strict monotonicity from the expressed binary preference properties. A binary preference axiomatic treatment is presented which is applicable in the presence of indivisibilities. Tolerance to indivisibilities in the decision domain is accomplished with three binary preference axioms which are sufficient to assure the existence of a utility function. One axiom is added for the budget constraint and another to cover the expenditure minimization concept of rational behavior. With these five axioms, Samuelson's weak axiom and fundamental theorem of consumer behavior can be extended to be applicable with indivisibilities in the decision domain.
Effects of LEP G2548A and LEPR Q223R Polymorphisms on Serum Lipids and Response to Simvastatin Treatment in Chinese Patients With Primary Hyperlipidemia
Authors: Li Kang , Liu Yanhong , Venners Scott A. , Hsu Yi-Hsiang , Jiang Shanqun , Weinstock Justin , Sun Yiyang , Wang Binyan , Xu Xiping 
Published: March 2016

Objectives: To investigate whether LEP G2548A and LEPR Q223R polymorphisms influence serum lipid levels and whether the 2 polymorphisms affect the efficacy of simvastatin treatment in Chinese patients with primary hyperlipidemia. Methods: We used an extreme sampling approach by selecting 212 individuals from the top and bottom 15% of adjusted lipid-lowering response residuals to simvastatin (n = 106 in each group of good or bad response) from a total of 734 samples with primary hyperlipidemia. They were treated with simvastatin orally 20 mg/d. Fasting serum lipids were measured at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. Genotyping was carried out using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results: More patients in the good response group (27%) had LEPR Q223R than in the bad response group (16%, P = .046). Secondary stratified analyses showed that patients carrying the RR genotype of the LEPR Q223R gene had significantly higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels than those with the QR genotype at baseline ( P = .034) among good responders. After 29 consecutive days of treatment with simvastatin, patients carrying the RR genotype had a significantly larger decrease in triglycerides (change: −0.74 ± 0.92, P = .036) and total cholesterol levels (change: −1.77 ± 0.68, P = .023) compared with those carrying QR genotype among bad responders. After Bonferroni correction, the results were not statistically significant. Conclusion: LEPR Q223R polymorphism, but not LEP G2548A, could modulate the efficacy of simvastatin in Chinese patients with primary hyperlipidemia.
Harmonizing routinely collected health information for strengthening quality management in health systems: requirements and practice
Authors: Prodinger Birgit , Tennant Alan , Stucki Gerold , Cieza Alarcos , Üstün Tevfik Bedirhan 
Published: March 2016

Objective Our aim was to specify the requirements of an architecture to serve as the foundation for standardized reporting of health information and to provide an exemplary application of this architecture. Methods The World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) served as the conceptual framework. Methods to establish content comparability were the ICF Linking Rules. The Rasch measurement model, as a special case of additive conjoint measurement, which satisfies the required criteria for fundamental measurement, allowed for the development of a common metric foundation for measurement unit conversion. Secondary analysis of data from the North Yorkshire Survey was used to illustrate these methods. Patients completed three instruments and the items were linked to the ICF. The Rasch measurement model was applied, first to each scale, and then to items across scales which were linked to a common domain. Results Based on the linking of items to the ICF, the majority of items were grouped into two domains, Mobility and Self-care. Analysis of the individual scales and of items linked to a common domain across scales satisfied the requirements of the Rasch measurement model. The measurement unit conversion between items from the three instruments linked to the Mobility and Self-care domains, respectively, was demonstrated. Conclusions The realization of an ICF-based architecture for information on patients’ functioning enables harmonization of health information while allowing clinicians and researchers to continue using their existing instruments. This architecture will facilitate access to comprehensive and consistently reported health information to serve as the foundation for informed decision-making.
Zirconosilicates in the kakortokites of the Ilímaussaq complex, South Greenland: Implications for fluid evolution and high-field-strength and rare-earth element mineralization in agpaitic systems
Authors: Borst A. M. , Friis H. , Andersen T. , Nielsen T. F. D. , Waight T. E. , Smit M. A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe layered agpaitic nepheline syenites (kakortokites) of the Ilímaussaq complex, South Greenland, host voluminous accumulations of eudialyte-group minerals (EGM). These complex Na-Ca-zirconosilicates contain economically attractive levels of Zr, Nb and rare-earth elements (REE), but have commonly undergone extensive autometasomatic/hydrothermal alteration to a variety of secondary mineral assemblages. Three EGM alteration assemblages are recognized, characterized by the secondary zirconosilicates catapleiite, zircon and gittinsite. Theoretical petrogenetic grid models are constructed to assess mineral stabilities in terms of component activities in the late-stage melts and fluids. Widespread alteration of EGM to catapleiite records an overall increase in water activity, and reflects interaction of EGM with late-magmatic Na-, Cl- and F-rich aqueous fluids at the final stages of kakortokite crystallization. Localized alteration of EGM and catapleiite to the rare Ca-Zr silicate gittinsite, previously unidentified at Ilímaussaq, requires an increase in CaO activity and suggests post-magmatic interaction with Ca-Sr bearing aqueous fluids. The pseudomorphic replacement of EGM in the kakortokites was not found to be associated with significant remobilization of the primary Zr, Nb and REE mineralization, regardless of the high concentrations of potential transporting ligands such as F and Cl. We infer that the immobile behaviour essentially reflects the neutral to basic character of the late-magmatic fluids, in which REE-F compounds are insoluble and remobilization of REE as Cl complexes is inhibited by precipitation of nacareniobsite-(Ce) and various Ca-REE silicates. A subsequent decrease in F– activity would furthermore restrict the mobility of Zr as hydroxyl-fluoride complexes, and promote precipitation of the secondary zirconosilicates within the confines of the replaced EGM domains.
Men with severe hemophilia in the United States: birth cohort analysis of a large national database
Authors: Mazepa Marshall A. , Monahan Paul E. , Baker Judith R. , Riske Brenda K. , Soucie J. Michael 
Published: March 2016

Key PointsProspectively collected data on demographics, complications, and mortality are described for 4899 US men with severe hemophilia. Analyzing multiple birth cohorts of US men with severe and mild hemophilia demonstrates ongoing morbidity in need of surveillance.
Physical activity assessed in routine care predicts mortality after a COPD hospitalisation
Authors: Moy Marilyn L. , Gould Michael K. , Liu In-Lu Amy , Lee Janet S. , Nguyen Huong Q. 
Published: March 2016

The independent relationship between physical inactivity and risk of death after an index chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) hospitalisation is unknown.We conducted a retrospective cohort study in a large integrated healthcare system. Patients were included if they were hospitalised for COPD between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2011. All-cause mortality in the 12 months after discharge was the primary outcome. Physical activity, expressed as self-reported minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), was routinely assessed at outpatient visits prior to hospitalisation. 1727 (73%) patients were inactive (0 min of MVPA per week), 412 (17%) were insufficiently active (1–149 min of MVPA per week) and 231 (10%) were active (≥150 min of MVPA per week). Adjusted Cox regression models assessed risk of death across the MVPA categories.Among 2370 patients (55% females and mean age 73±11 years), there were 464 (20%) deaths. Patients who were insufficiently active or active had a 28% (adjusted HR 0.72 (95% CI 0.54–0.97), p=0.03) and 47% (adjusted HR 0.53 (95% CI 0.34–0.84), p<0.01) lower risk of death, respectively, in the 12 months following an index COPD hospitalisation compared to inactive patients.Any level of MVPA is associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality after a COPD hospitalisation. Routine assessment of physical activity in clinical care would identify persons at high risk for dying after COPD hospitalisation.