bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Fragmentary Terrorist Net Spread over Europe, 1974–1975
Authors: Hijzen Constant Willem 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In light of the continued activities of the Rode Jeugd and their successor, Rode Hulp, the Dutch security service explained more extensively why they took a major interest in collecting intelligence on them. Their Marxist-Leninist ideology accounted for this (as well as the fact that they acted accordingly), but it was also because the more “national and principal” and above all political nature of their violence, their connections with China, the fact that they had established illegal cells, and their connections with the Rote Armee Fraktion. This set them apart from other terrorist groups, even those who committed large-scale attacks, such as the Japanese Red Army (September 1974), the detainees in Scheveningen (who kidnapped a group in December 1974), the South Moluccans (who attacked the Vredespaleis in December 1974), and Al Saiqa. While internationally the BVD helped to set up the first European Course for intelligence officers, domestically the BVD was extremely successful: they thwarted the Al Saiqa plot aimed at hijacking the Warsaw Express from Amsterdam.
Traces from BVD Agents Among South Moluccans
Authors: Hijzen Constant Willem 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In this vignette, an interview with a former intelligence officer and excerpts from several agent operations in South Moluccan communities are used to shed some light on the Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst (BVD)’s operational work against the violent South Moluccan youth. These sources show how difficult it was to separate the wheat from the chaff when it came to rumors about people who were willing “to do something”; real life is confusing and muddled, and clear traces of a more violent future were difficult to come by. In 1975, there was a plan to kidnap Queen Juliana, for instance, but it never became clear how serious were the people who spoke of this plan. During and in the aftermath of the train hijacking in Wijster and hostage-taking at the Indonesian consulate late 1975, in early 1976, the number of traces of people willing to do something skyrocketed.
Conclusion
Authors: Hijzen Constant Willem 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the “contemporary wisdom” that this thorough analysis provides. Above all, it argues that prevention is not necessarily the name of the game. Providing knowledge, context, and support—admittedly, less catchy—can be the name of the game, too, even in urgent and swiftly changing phenomena. Only in some cases can intelligence help authorities act against catastrophic futures, but more often they help these authorities to understand the present. The challenges of the future—besides cyber, hybrid warfare, and espionage for “anti-institutional extremism”—might require exactly what Dutch authorities expected of their security service in the 1970s: a centrally positioned expert, well-embedded internationally, who keeps updating their knowledge through intelligence channels, and who advises and provides context.
Fatalism and the Logic of Time
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Universal fatalism, the thesis that something in the past necessitates the entire future, has been a fear since antiquity. Historically, there have been three arguments for universal fatalism that have been treated independently. One is the argument that the truth of propositions about future events makes those events necessary. The second is that infallible divine foreknowledge necessitates all future human acts. The third is that the history of the world in conjunction with universal causal laws necessitates the entire future. All three arguments depend on a premise of the necessity of the past. The book examines two interpretations of the necessity of the past. The oldest interpretation models it on necessity in the logical sense. The other interprets it as the causal closure of the past. Both interpretations presuppose an arrow of time that leads to inconsistency when combined with entailments between past and future. The problem is much broader than fatalism. It is a problem in the logic of time. The book concludes with conjectures on what is left of the modal, causal, and psychological arrows of time.
Does Time Have an Arrow?
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This short concluding part describes conjectures used in this book on what is left of the arrow of time. It begins with Peter Strawson’s idea of a world of pure sound. Such a world would be a world of pure time and no space. The features of that world tell us what is required of the psychological arrow once a hearer is introduced into the world of pure sound. The conclusion is that there is no psychological arrow. There is no arrow of time.
Introduction
Authors: Josefsson Cecilia 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 outlines the book’s research questions, explains the selection of the Uruguayan case study, and highlights the book’s contributions. The chapter reviews the literature on gender, representation, and electoral gender quotas—one of the recent decades’ most widespread electoral reforms and gender-equitable policy—to point to the lack of studies that focus on the role of men political elites in understanding gender quota policy failure in terms of nonadoption, poor design, and poor implementation. It argues that a focus on status quo defenders’ resistance strategies and how such strategies are adapted over time and across parties can contribute to increasing our understanding of the worldwide variation in gender quota laws and their impact.
Decision-Making
Authors: Josefsson Cecilia 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 focuses on resistance to quotas in the decision-making phase. The chapter takes its starting point in the new mandate period (2005–2010) when the women’s caucus in Parliament makes a new attempt to pass a quota law. Pressure to adopt a quota has increased as the policy idea has become increasingly institutionalized and resistance attached to perceived sanctions: blame. Compared to the policy formulation phase, resistance now takes on more subtle forms as few dare to proclaim that they are against quotas. Due to increased pressure and blame concerns, status quo defenders feel forced to jump on the bandwagon and vote for a proposal they dislike. Yet to limit the policy’s damage, they succeed in reducing the quota to cover only one election and postponing its implementation.
The Social Roots of Authoritarianism
Authors: Forrat Natalia 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Why are some authoritarian regimes highly competitive and others highly unified? Do they function differently? And what does it mean for our understanding of democracy and democratization? The Social Roots of Authoritarianism unpacks the grassroots mechanisms maintaining unity-based and division-based authoritarianisms. It argues that they develop in societies with opposite visions: the state as team leader or the state as outsider. Depending on which vision of the state is dominant in society, autocrats must use different tools to consolidate their regimes or risk pushback. The book demonstrates the grassroots mechanisms of authoritarian power comparing four Russian regions with opposite patterns of electoral performance—the Rostov region, the Kemerovo region, the Republic of Tatarstan, and the Republic of Altai. In two of them, public organizations formed centralized political machines and blended civic and political functions amplified by the teamwork logic. In the other two, clientelistic political machines ruled by the utility maximization logic dominated. The book uses the understanding of how unity-based authoritarianism works to shed new light on the history of state–society relations in Russia, focusing on the conflict between the ideal of a just state and the reality of a repressive state. The theory of unity- and division-based authoritarianisms developed in the book implies that these types of authoritarian regimes miss the opposite elements of democracy, and that democratization depends on cultivating these missing institutions over time.
Conclusion
Authors: Forrat Natalia 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The theory developed in this book is applicable beyond Russia and can explain multiple phenomena beyond political machines. The conclusion uses the examples of China, Iran, Vietnam, and Ukraine to show how the ideal types of statist and antistatist societies can help analyze different countries. It discusses the caveats of such concept application, including coexistence of different logics and the historical dynamics of institutional rivalry. It also illustrates how the theory of statist and antistatist societies can help explain contradictory results related to the relationship between public good provision and political competition and between state institutions and democracy. On both of these topics, research done in statist and antistatist environments comes to opposite conclusions, and spelling out the differences between these environments helps reconcile these findings within one theoretical framework.
Bombing to Provoke
Authors: Sankaran Jaganath 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Bombing to Provoke contends that it is not what aerospace weapons physically do but how they emotionally affect and what they prompt decision-makers in target states to do in response that matters for understanding their provocative and coercive effect. The rapid proliferation and growing sophistication of aerospace weapons—rockets, missiles, and drones—have altered the landscape of warfare. The influence of these weapons on the battlefield is felt profoundly, yet the mechanism of provocation and coercion by which these weapons alter the will of the adversary is poorly understood. Bombing to Provoke argues that aerospace weapons provoke by weaponizing fear and triggering a sense of defenselessness among the targeted population. Aerospace weapons induce fear in an adversary by threatening a chemical, biological, or nuclear strike or demonstrating the ability to bombard repeatedly the target’s economic and political core. The emotion of fear modifies the decision-making calculus of leaders by altering their appraisal and action tendencies. These fears amplify the political vulnerabilities of decision-makers in the target state. The fears and political vulnerabilities provoke the target state to divert substantial military resources to redress the threat. Despite the diversion of military resources, in some instances, if the target state is unable to extinguish the threat, it may be coerced to offer political concessions. The book employs five case studies—World War II, the Iran–Iraq War, the 1991 Gulf War, the Second Lebanon War, and the Yemeni War—to rigorously test and refine the theory.
Hitler’s Weapons of Vengeance
Authors: Sankaran Jaganath 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Hitler’s V-1 and V-2 missile campaigns had a tremendous impact on World War II’s operational and strategic decisions. The aerospace bombardment distracted, delayed, tormented, and provoked the Allied forces. In the months leading up to Operation Overlord—the war plan for landing Allied troops on the beaches of Normandy—British and American leaders constantly feared that the impending German missile bombardment would derail the operation. At the same, British political leaders feared London was the target of Hitler’s vengeance. The fear prevailed despite the limitations of Hitler’s missile arsenal. In an attempt to suppress Hitler’s V-weapons, almost 40% of all Allied reconnaissance missions were diverted to identifying German missile sites. Additionally, between August 1943 and March 1945, Allied forces undertook 68,913 air strike sorties and dropped close to 122,000 tons of bombs on these missile sites.
Missiles and the War of the Cities
Authors: Sankaran Jaganath 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The fear of chemically armed ballistic missile strikes coerced Iran to concede the 1980–1988 Iran–Iraq War begrudgingly. Initially, Iran appeared to be winning the war. It had won several battles and seized vital Iraqi territory. Ayatollah Khomeini had gone so far as to issue a premature fatwa declaring the end of the war. The outlook changed drastically for Iran in 1988. A multitude of factors worked against Iran. The crucial tipping point was Iraq’s newfound ability to threaten Tehran with chemically armed ballistic missile strikes. Iraq’s repeated missile strikes on Tehran and threats of escalation to chemical warfare catalyzed fear among its residents and significantly contributed to Khomeini’s decision to end the war.
Saddam’s Scuds
Authors: Sankaran Jaganath 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In the 1991 Gulf War, Saddam Hussein’s Scud missiles accomplished something that nothing else in Iraq’s armed forces could do. It almost collapsed the US-led Coalition. Saddam Hussein’s Scud missiles did not and could not have mattered from a traditional military perspective that solely measures efficacy in terms of bombardment and damage. But its invulnerability to defenses and other countermeasures enabled it to weaponize fear, threaten strikes on Israel, provoke and capitalize on American and Israeli political vulnerabilities. The Scud missiles effectively weaponized fear of impending chemical warfare. As a result, the US-led Coalition was forced to generate approximately 2,500 anti-Scud sorties. In comparison, there were 2,990 sorties against airfields, 1,370 against surface-to-air missile batteries, 1,170 sorties communication assets, and around 970 sorties against Iraqi nuclear-chemical-biological facilities. The Iraqis had made their “pissant weapons” exceedingly effective tools in provoking the American-led Coalition into a massive diversionary campaign.
Young People, Politics, Social Media
Authors: Kligler-Vilenchik Neta , Literat Ioana 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter sets the stage for understanding the complex landscape of youth political expression in the digital age. It introduces the book’s key argument, that social media platforms can be a valuable space for young people to experiment with their political voice and to hone it through interaction with others, and as a window into some of the crucial political and social concerns on the mind of young people. However, as the chapter argues, seriously considering social media as a space for youth political expression necessitates putting aside dominant normative expectations about the forms that political expression should take. Instead, the aim should be to understand the varied and creative styles of political expression that young people employ, before assessing them vis-à-vis normative models. This chapter also clarifies the book’s core concepts (youth, social media, political expression) while contextualizing youth political expression within broader societal, technological, and academic trajectories.
Analyzing How Different Platforms Shape Political Expression
Authors: Kligler-Vilenchik Neta , Literat Ioana 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Much current scholarship on social media and politics treats “social media” as if it were a unitary phenomenon when, in fact, differences between platforms crucially shape the dynamics of how politics plays out on them. In this chapter, the authors offer a conceptual framework explaining how different platforms enable—as well as constrain—certain forms of political expression, through the interaction between their norms, affordances, and contents. While the Norms-Affordances-Contents (NAC) framework operates on the meso level of the platform, the chapter also considers the framework in relation to the micro level of individuals and the macro level of societies. In the subsequent chapters of the book, this framework is used to analyze the three empirical case studies that follow. The conceptual framework offered here, however, goes beyond these specific platforms and political topics, making a theoretical contribution to our understanding of the practices and dynamics that shape expression on social media more broadly.
And I’m Always Winning Like I’m Donald Trump”
Authors: Kligler-Vilenchik Neta , Literat Ioana 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the short video platform musical.ly (the precursor to TikTok) and the 2016 US presidential election. To understand youth partisan expression at a tense political moment, this chapter looks at how young people from both sides of the political spectrum engaged with the election by creating and reacting to videos hashtagged either #makeamericagreatagain or #notmypresident. The chapter shows how the contents and norms of political expression can vary among subgroups of users on the same platform, even as users—making opposite political claims—leveraged musical.ly’s expressive and connective affordances in very similar ways. In view of musical.ly’s very young demographic, this chapter also considers more deeply the role of social media in young people’s political socialization, discussing media literacy as a way to support youth in engaging in online political expression constructively.
Introduction
Authors: Karanika Andromache 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The introduction presents an overview of our understanding of the ancient Greek wedding as a distinct ritual and how it affected the lives of individuals and the polis. It presents the methodology followed in the entire book as it seeks to trace the wedding song tradition, its imagery, and tropes, but furthermore to explore how ancient Greek literature registered wedding performances in different genres, especially epic, lyric, and drama. The theoretical premises lie in the fact that oral literary texts absorb multiple voices and reactions from the performers and audience. It discusses the entextualization process, as distinct oral performances are lifted from their social context and are reintegrated into other narratives. It also gives an overview of the book, as the materials are divided into four chapters with five sections each.
The Shadow of a Wedding
Authors: Karanika Andromache 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter senses Greek poetics with a focus on epic poetry. Each of the chapter’s five sections examines one sense. “Seeing” explores the theme of viewing a wedding in Iliad 18 (the Shield of Achilles) and the odd encounter between Helen and the elders at the walls of Troy, which retains several wedding performance elements, and concludes with a scene from Praxilla. “Hearing” explores Odyssey 6 and follows Odysseus’s awakening as he hears female voices around him, an episode replete with nuptial elements. “Tasting” examines an until-now neglected detail in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, the recognition scene between mother and daughter and Persephone’s digressing catalogue that captures an expression of trauma. “Touching” discusses the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite and how crystallized vignettes of wedding performances, such as the praise of the bride, have shaped this hymn, whereas the section on “Smelling” explores Sappho fr. 44, a poem that plays with scent.
Transmitted Light Techniques: Brightfield and Darkfield
Authors: Ruzin Steven E. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the basis of transmitted light microscopy. It begins with a description of brightfield imaging and when it is most often used. This includes microscopy of stained histology/tissue sections. Listed are the most commonly used histological dyes and when they are used. The bulk of the chapter is devoted to a description of darkfield (DF) microscopy and its derivatives: Rheinberg, oblique, and selective plane illumination. The first three illumination techniques are dependent on the use of specialized condensers: the annular stop or three types of immersion condensers; all of which are designed to pass light to the sample at an angle greater than the collection angle of the objective. In this way only scattered sample light is visualized. Rheinberg illumination is a colorful modification of DF illumination. Oblique illumination is asymmetric sample illumination. The final technique, selective plane illumination uses a single plane, or sheet of light to illuminate the sample orthogonally allowing only scattered light to be collected by the objective.
Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy, Modulation Contrast Microscopy
Authors: Ruzin Steven E. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter expands on phase contrast microscopy and the concept of interferometry. It describes how a modification of the optics can transform the microscope into a shear interferometer, which allows generation of contrast from transparent microscopic samples. The original modification by Smith in the 1950s used two Wollaston prisms to create and then recombine sheared “difference” images to generate high-resolution, high-contrast images of transparent samples. Nomarski then modified the prism to create a more practical version now known as Nomarski differential interference microscopy (DIC). The chapter includes an extensive description of how DIC uses optical path length, polarized light, and interference to create a pseudo 3D image of transparent, isotropic samples. The major problem concerning DIC is its intolerance to birefringent substances, including plastic. This deficiency has been addressed by the invention of the two disparate techniques of PlasDIC (Carl Zeiss, Inc) and Hoffman modulation contrast microscopy. Both of these birefringent-tolerant techniques are discussed toward the end of this chapter.
Restoration Microscopy
Authors: Ruzin Steven E. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the phenomenon of the point spread function (PSF), which is how light propagates through the optics of the microscope. The mathematical description of the PSF, referred to as the optical transfer function (OTF), can be used computationally to reassign pixel intensity values to a most likely pre-diffraction state. Reassignment is accomplished through the use of several algorithms, which are discussed in detail. These are described, along with the role of estimated system noise in the process of deconvolution, or restoration imaging. There are two iterative procedures: Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and the Iterative Constrained Tikhonov-Miller (ICTM), as well as the non-iterative Wiener deconvolution method. The experimental conditions under which each of these should be used is given. Computer hardware requirements/recommendations and available software are also presented.
Super-Resolution Microscopy
Authors: Ruzin Steven E. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the four main methods of achieving super-resolution, or microscope resolution that is better than what is attainable using diffraction-limited techniques and the Abbe or Rayleigh criteria. In order of discovery and increasing resolution the methods are pixel reassignment imaging, structured illumination microscopy (SIM), stimulated emission depletion microscopy (STED), photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM), and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM). STED, PALM, and STORM rely on the utilization of photo-switchable fluorophores, which is the RESOLFT concept. The maximum resolution that can be attained when using each technique is discussed. For each super-resolution technique, a generic schematic of the microscope and its specialized components is given. When appropriate, their use in biological imaging is also provided.