bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Main Theses of the Armenian Translation of the Definitions by Hermes Trismegistus
Authors: DOLUKHANYAN Aelita 
Published: March 2017

Academician Sen Arevshatyan, a great connoisseur of medieval philosophy, enumerates a series of philosophical and theological works, translated in the middle of the 5th century and the beginning of the 6th century, the texts of which have been preserved only in Armenian. Among them one shall cite seven works by Philo of Alexandria and the Definitions by Hermes Trismegistus.
The text of the Hermes’ work, which has an international value, was prepared to publication by academician Hacob Manandyan and it was printed in the journal “Banber Matenadarani” (“The Messenger of the Matenadaran”). To prepare the critical text of the work under study H. Manand­yan has utilized six manuscripts kept in the Mashtots Matenadaran of Yerevan, the most ancient of which was written in the 13th century, before 1282.
The Definitions by Hermes Trismegistus were translated into Old Armenian at the second half of the 5th century. Translations made in that period from Greek and Hellenic works have deeply influenced Armenian authors of the Golden Age.
The careful study of this philosophical treaty shows numerous relations between this work and those of the Armenian authors of the 5th century and the following period.
The Armenian translation of Hermes Trismegistus’ work proves how much the scientific thought was developed in Armenia still in the 5th century. The fact of the translation of the Definitions by Hermes Trismegistus shows that in the 5th century Neo-Platonism was among the fundamental directions of Armenian philosophy and it is not fortuitous that David the Invincible became the greatest figure of this philosophical direction in Armenia
Attention et simultanéité intellectuelle chez Descartes , Clauberg et Spinoza
Authors: Dubouclez Olivier 
Published: March 2017

Cet article examine le traitement donné par Descartes et certains de ses successeurs d’une question classique, quoique peu étudiée, celle de savoir si l’on peut penser plusieurs choses à la fois. Le thème d’une saisie simultanée est central dans la théorie cartésienne de la connaissance, en particulier dans les Regulæ , où il s’appuie sur le recours à une attention divisée. Restreignant ce pouvoir à la seule imagination, Clauberg voit dans le corps vivant le paradigme de la simultanéité. Spinoza offre quant à lui un point de vue synthétique : la simultanéité dans le corps et l’esprit sont des expressions de la puissance individuelle et de son progrès. L’attention n’est plus comme chez Descartes une condition de la simultanéité intellectuelle, mais un obstacle qu’il s’agit de surmonter pour comprendre plus et mieux.
Attention et aperception selon Leibniz : aspects cognitifs et éthiques
Authors: Pelletier Arnaud 
Published: March 2017

Leibniz n’a traité nulle part systématiquement de l’attention. Pourtant, en suivant le fil conducteur de l’attention comprise comme réflexion à soi et à ses propres actes, cet article montre qu’elle soulève différents problèmes liés à la constitution progressive du lexique de l’aperception. Le problème éthique d’un défaut d’attention amène Leibniz à reconnaître un mode non réfléchi de celle-ci, à en trouver le ressort naturel dans la constitution du corps percevant, et à la distinguer de l’aperception comprise comme réflexion à ce qui est en soi : non pas réflexion morale sur ses propres actes, mais saisie des idées innées et de leur liaison, qui fondent la personnalité morale. Il faut alors refuser l’interprétation récente qui propose d’étendre l’aperception aux âmes animales sous prétexte qu’elles auraient de la sensation : dans la langue philosophique de Leibniz, le chien s’aperçoit de sa douleur et peut y prêter attention ; il n’en a pas d’aperception.
Connotations of the Word ‘fruit’ in the Holy Quran: An Analytical Study
Authors: AlBzour Salahaldeen Mohammad 
Published: March 2017

The rhetorical language is one of the miraculous matters in the Holy Quran and the term ‘fruit’ iseloquently used in the Holy Quran. In this research, the analytical method has been followed that attempts to make use of statistical analysis of the word ‘fruit’ as mentioned in the Holy Quran. This research aims to draw special attention to the significances of the word ‘fruit’ in the Holy Quran and to clarify what the place of revelation of surahs, the context of verses and the addressee could add to the connotations of the word 'fruit'. Accordingly, two responses have been adopted according to the meanings of the word ‘fruit’ to achieve the aims, first, connotations of the word ‘fruit’ as the sweet and juicy part of a plant, second, connotations of the word ‘fruit’ as useful crops and others. Anyway, the results show that the word ‘fruit’ is foremost used to indicate the reward of the people of Paradise and to indicate Allah’s ability in creating, then respectively comes the others. In addition to, with reference to the place of revelation and the addressee, the results bring to light that these things add extra information to the connotations and make the word ‘fruit’ more meaningful. Finally, the results display that the connotations of the word ‘fruit’ can sometimes be understood within the same context where the word is mentioned in and it is necessary to refer to previous contexts to grasp the connotations at other times.
Liver fibrosis regression and progression during controlled hepatitis B virus infection among HIV–HBV patients treated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in France: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Boyd Anders , Bottero Julie , Miailhes Patrick , Lascoux‐Combe Caroline , Rougier Hayette , Girard Pierre‐Marie , Serfaty Lawrence , Lacombe Karine 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIntroduction: Long‐term tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) use has been associated with significant regression of liver fibrosis during hepatitis B virus (HBV) mono‐infection, yet little is known during HIV–HBV coinfection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the evolution of liver fibrosis and its determinants in TDF‐treated coinfected patients.Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 167 HIV–HBV‐infected patients initiating TDF‐containing antiretroviral therapy were included. Fibrosis was assessed using the FibroTest® at baseline and every six to twelve months. Risk factors for fibrosis progression (F0–F1–F2 to F3–F4) and regression (F3–F4 to F0–F1–F2) were evaluated.Results: At baseline, 134 (80.2%) patients had detectable HBV‐DNA (median = 4.93 log10 IU/mL, IQR = 2.94–7.15) and 104 (62.3%) had hepatitis B “e” antigen‐positive serology. Median follow‐up was sixty months (IQR = 36–93). In the 47 (28.1%) patients with F3–F4 baseline fibrosis, 7/47 (14.9%) regressed to F0–F1–F2 at last follow‐up visit. Fibrosis regression was significantly associated with higher CD4+ cell counts (P = 0.009) and lower fasting triglyceride levels (P = 0.007) at TDF‐initiation. In the 120 (71.9%) patients with F0–F1–F2‐baseline fibrosis, 20/120 (16.7%) progressed to F3–F4 at last follow‐up visit. Fibrosis progression was associated with male gender (P = 0.01), older age (P = 0.001), from low/moderate HBV‐endemic country (P = 0.007), lower nadir CD4+ cell count (P = 0.03), higher fasting glycaemia (P = 0.03) and anaemia (P = 0.004) at TDF‐initiation. Control of HBV replication at end of follow‐up was extensive (88.1%), while no HBV‐related factors emerged as predictors of progression/regression. Incidence of severe liver‐related events was low (n = 4, rate = 0.5/100 person‐years).Conclusions: Liver fibrosis levels are stable for most coinfected patients undergoing TDF, despite control of HBV replication. Nevertheless, a concerning amount of liver fibrosis progression did occur, which could be partly explained by metabolic abnormalities and past severe immunosuppression and requires further evaluation.
Simultaneous event‐specific estimates of transport, loss, and source rates for relativistic outer radiation belt electrons
Authors: Schiller Q. , Tu W. , Ali A. F. , Li X. , Godinez H. C. , Turner D. L. , Morley S. K. , Henderson M. G. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe most significant unknown regarding relativistic electrons in Earth's outer Van Allen radiation belt is the relative contribution of loss, transport, and acceleration processes within the inner magnetosphere. Detangling each individual process is critical to improve the understanding of radiation belt dynamics, but determining a single component is challenging due to sparse measurements in diverse spatial and temporal regimes. However, there are currently an unprecedented number of spacecraft taking measurements that sample different regions of the inner magnetosphere. With the increasing number of varied observational platforms, system dynamics can begin to be unraveled. In this work, we employ in situ measurements during the 13–14 January 2013 enhancement event to isolate transport, loss, and source dynamics in a one‐dimensional radial diffusion model. We then validate the results by comparing them to Van Allen Probes and Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms observations, indicating that the three terms have been accurately and individually quantified for the event. Finally, a direct comparison is performed between the model containing event‐specific terms and various models containing terms parameterized by geomagnetic index. Models using a simple 3/Kp loss time scale show deviation from the event‐specific model of nearly 2 orders of magnitude within 72 h of the enhancement event. However, models using alternative loss time scales closely resemble the event‐specific model.
Coherency and ellipticity of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves: Satellite observations and simulations
Authors: Remya B. , Lee K. H. , Lee L. C. , Tsurutani B. T. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractCoherency (C) and ellipticity (ε) of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are studied using Cassini data in the Earth's dayside low‐latitude magnetosphere from L = 7 to 10. The results are compared with linear kinetic theory, 1‐D and 2‐D simulations. The EMIC waves are observed to occur in packets with multiple wave cycles. The wave cycles within a wave packet are observed to have the same general propagation angle
and polarization. In observations and 2‐D simulations, EMIC waves have a mixture of circular and elliptical polarization for
°. This scattered ellipticity values are due to the superposition of multiple wave modes. For wave propagation angles 30°
°, the waves are highly elliptical (0.2<|ε|<0.7), where ε is the ratio of minor to major axis of the polarization ellipse. For
°, the waves are nearly linearly polarized (|ε|≤0.1). This general trend is in good agreement with linear kinetic theory and 1‐D simulations. Observations indicate right‐hand (RH) wave packets to be interspersed with the left‐hand (LH) wave packets. We show for the first time from linear theory that ion temperature anisotropies can generate RH waves at large propagation angles and for plasma beta βi>0.05. The observed mixture of RH and LH waves in the magnetosphere could be due to this direct generation of RH waves. Observations and simulations show that EMIC waves are coherent with 0.5 < C < 1.0 for
°. Here C is measured as the maximum value of cross‐correlation coefficient between the transverse magnetic field components of the wave.
Identifying intervals of temporally invariant field‐aligned currents from Swarm: Assessing the validity of single‐spacecraft methods
Authors: Forsyth C. , Rae I. J. , Mann I. R. , Pakhotin I. P. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractField‐aligned currents (FACs) are a fundamental component of coupled solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere. By assuming that FACs can be approximated by stationary infinite current sheets that do not change on the spacecraft crossing time, single‐spacecraft magnetic field measurements can be used to estimate the currents flowing in space. By combining data from multiple spacecraft on similar orbits, these stationarity assumptions can be tested. In this technical report, we present a new technique that combines cross correlation and linear fitting of multiple spacecraft measurements to determine the reliability of the FAC estimates. We show that this technique can identify those intervals in which the currents estimated from single‐spacecraft techniques are both well correlated and have similar amplitudes, thus meeting the spatial and temporal stationarity requirements. Using data from European Space Agency's Swarm mission from 2014 to 2015, we show that larger‐scale currents (>450 km) are well correlated and have a one‐to‐one fit up to 50% of the time, whereas small‐scale (<50 km) currents show similar amplitudes only ~1% of the time despite there being a good correlation 18% of the time. It is thus imperative to examine both the correlation and amplitude of the calculated FACs in order to assess both the validity of the underlying assumptions and hence ultimately the reliability of such single‐spacecraft FAC estimates.
Multi‐instrument observation of simultaneous polar cap auroras on open and closed magnetic field lines
Authors: Reidy J. A. , Fear R. C. , Whiter D. K. , Lanchester B. S. , Kavanagh A. J. , Paxton L. J. , Zhang Y. , Lester M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis paper presents observations of polar cap auroral features on 19 January 2008, evaluated using multiple instruments with near‐simultaneous observations in both hemispheres. Analysis of the features indicates that there are at least two formation mechanisms/types of polar cap aurora occurring simultaneously on different magnetic field topologies (one on open and the other on closed magnetospheric field lines). Two high‐latitude structures were observed on opposing sides of the northern hemisphere polar cap in the same time interval. The structure on the duskside was formed on closed field lines that protruded into the polar cap and was generated by the precipitation of electrons with energies varying between 2 and 11 keV consistent with an identified mechanism for the formation of transpolar arcs. However, the structure did not extend fully across to the dayside of the auroral oval but rather stayed at ∼80° magnetic latitude for a minimum duration of 40 min. Thus, this structure is an example of a “failed” transpolar arc. The structure on the dawnside of the polar cap was associated with low‐energy electron precipitation (less than 1 keV) and no associated ion signatures, which is consistent with it being a common low‐intensity arc formed by accelerated polar rain on open field lines. The two separate types of polar cap auroras formed during the same interval, demonstrating the complexity of the solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling during the interval.
Interhemispheric study of polar cap patch occurrence based on Swarm in situ data
Authors: Spicher A. , Clausen L. B. N. , Miloch W. J. , Lofstad V. , Jin Y. , Moen J. I. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe Swarm satellites offer an unprecedented opportunity for improving our knowledge about polar cap patches, which are regarded as the main space weather issue in the polar caps. We present a new robust algorithm that automatically detects polar cap patches using in situ plasma density data from Swarm. For both hemispheres, we compute the spatial and seasonal distributions of the patches identified separately by Swarm A and Swarm B between December 2013 and August 2016. We show a clear seasonal dependency of patch occurrence. In the Northern Hemisphere (NH), patches are essentially a winter phenomenon, as their occurrence rate is enhanced during local winter and very low during local summer. Although not as pronounced as in the NH, the same pattern is seen for the Southern Hemisphere (SH). Furthermore, the rate of polar cap patch detection is generally higher in the SH than in the NH, especially on the dayside at about 77° magnetic latitude. Additionally, we show that in the NH the number of patches is higher in the postnoon and prenoon sectors for interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By<0 and IMF By>0, respectively, and that this trend is mirrored in the SH, consistent with the ionospheric flow convection. Overall, our results confirm previous studies in the NH, shed more light regarding the SH, and provide further insight into polar cap patch climatology. Along with this algorithm, we provide a large data set of patches automatically detected with in situ measurements, which opens new horizons in studies of polar cap phenomena.
A micromechanical model of rate and state friction: 1. Static and dynamic sliding
Authors: Perfettini Hugo , Molinari Alain 
Published: March 2017

AbstractRate and state friction has been extensively used to explain many features of the seismic cycle but the scaling of the experimentally derived parameters a, b and dc for real faults is problematic. The purpose of this paper is to present a micromechanical model for rate and state friction in which the contact between the two surfaces occur via plastic and elastic contacts. Shear deformation is accommodated in the bulk of cylindrical contacts rather than at the surface of the contact, as done classically. Assuming that the viscoplastic response is governed by the J2 plastic flow theory, we retrieve the rate and state framework. Unlike previous works, we identify the state variable as representing the changes of plastic contact area. In our model, all macroscopic frictional parameters of the rate and state framework are related to the parameters of the elementary contacts. We provide a derivation of the aging evolution law for the state variable and propose a new evolution law that reconciles the aging, Linker‐Dieterich and Nagata evolution laws. We discuss the scaling of the frictional parameters for active faults and landslides. The a and b parameters should have comparable value at fault scale since friction is mostly controlled by plastic contacts at large normal stress (typically hundreds of MPa). Our model predicts that the critical slip distance dc should be scale independent and controlled solely by the plastic contacts.
Size limits for rounding of volcanic ash particles heated by lightning
Authors: Wadsworth Fabian B. , Vasseur Jérémie , Llewellin Edward W. , Genareau Kimberly , Cimarelli Corrado , Dingwell Donald B. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractVolcanic ash particles can be remelted by the high temperatures induced in volcanic lightning discharges. The molten particles can round under surface tension then quench to produce glass spheres. Melting and rounding timescales for volcanic materials are strongly dependent on heating duration and peak temperature and are shorter for small particles than for large particles. Therefore, the size distribution of glass spheres recovered from ash deposits potentially record the short duration, high‐temperature conditions of volcanic lightning discharges, which are hard to measure directly. We use a 1‐D numerical solution to the heat equation to determine the timescales of heating and cooling of volcanic particles during and after rapid heating and compare these with the capillary timescale for rounding an angular particle. We define dimensionless parameters—capillary, Fourier, Stark, Biot, and Peclet numbers—to characterize the competition between heat transfer within the particle, heat transfer at the particle rim, and capillary motion, for particles of different sizes. We apply this framework to the lightning case and constrain a maximum size for ash particles susceptible to surface tension‐driven rounding, as a function of lightning temperature and duration, and ash properties. The size limit agrees well with maximum sizes of glass spheres found in volcanic ash that has been subjected to lightning or experimental discharges, demonstrating that the approach that we develop can be used to obtain a first‐order estimate of lightning conditions in volcanic plumes.
Composition and variability of the Denmark Strait Overflow Water in a high‐resolution numerical model hindcast simulation
Authors: Behrens Erik , Våge Kjetil , Harden Benjamin , Biastoch Arne , Böning Claus W. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe upstream sources and pathways of the Denmark Strait Overflow Water and their variability have been investigated using a high‐resolution model hindcast. This global simulation covers the period from 1948 to 2009 and uses a fine model mesh (1/20°) to resolve mesoscale features and the complex current structure north of Iceland explicitly. The three sources of the Denmark Strait Overflow, the shelfbreak East Greenland Current (EGC), the separated EGC, and the North Icelandic Jet, have been analyzed using Eulerian and Lagrangian diagnostics. The shelfbreak EGC contributes the largest fraction in terms of volume and freshwater transport to the Denmark Strait Overflow and is the main driver of the overflow variability. The North Icelandic Jet contributes the densest water to the Denmark Strait Overflow and shows only small temporal transport variations. During summer, the net volume and freshwater transports to the south are reduced. On interannual time scales, these transports are highly correlated with the large‐scale wind stress curl around Iceland and, to some extent, influenced by the North Atlantic Oscillation, with enhanced southward transports during positive phases. The Lagrangian trajectories support the existence of a hypothesized overturning loop along the shelfbreak north of Iceland, where water carried by the North Icelandic Irminger Current is transformed and feeds the North Icelandic Jet. Monitoring these two currents and the region north of the Iceland shelfbreak could provide the potential to track long‐term changes in the Denmark Strait Overflow and thus also the AMOC.
Detailed spatiotemporal impacts of El Niño on phytoplankton biomass in the South China Sea
Authors: Siswanto Eko , Ye Haijun , Yamazaki Dai , Tang DanLing 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe lagging and leading correlations among satellite observations, reanalyzed biogeophysical data, and the Nino3.4 El Niño index were investigated to reveal the impacts of El Niño on the phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a [Chl a]) in the South China Sea (SCS), in an attempt to identify the probable responsible factors in greater spatiotemporal detail. A basin‐scale high Chl a concentration during the developing phase of El Niño changed to basin‐scale low Chl a during the weakening phase. Cyclonic wind circulation in the northern basin, increased wind speed in the southern basin, and strengthened upwelling off the Vietnamese coast likely caused a basin‐scale nutrient increase during the developing phase of an El Niño event; the opposite conditions led to low nutrient levels during the weakening phase. Decreases in Chl a east of the Vietnamese coast and northwest of Borneo Island were due to decreases in nutrients supplied by rivers. These spatiotemporal changes are considered biogeophysical responses to a variety of types of El Niño. Regardless of the El Niño type, reanalyzing biogeophysical data sets during central Pacific warming separately from those during eastern Pacific warming is recommended for a more robust understanding of the detailed spatiotemporal impacts of different El Niño types on the biogeophysical environment of the SCS.