bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Next Generation 3D Dropped Object Risk Assessment
Authors: Fossan Ingar , Pappas Jan A. , Nodland Sverre , Dhanabalan Shyam Sundar , Buhugni Anand , Shim Albert 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Offshore operations are continuously heading towards deeper, harsher and more complex environment. As offshore infrastructure is increasingly being transferred to the seabed, it has become more critical to analyze dropped object risks accurately.
Traditionally, a two dimensional approach is used to estimate the risk of dropped objects. This method tends to involve the representation of subsea structures as simple geometrical shapes on a flat elevation. Coupled with selectively defining drop points based on engineering judgment, the risk picture of a hit on the structure from sinking objects is both limited and undervalued due to the limitations of this methodology. Selection and positioning of risers that extend deep into the ocean depths are plagued not only by its unique environmental conditions but also from the nature of its operation and connection points. The screening process involves risers with different profiles and properties, thus dissimilar exposures to dropped objects. This aspect is often overlooked due to the lack of visibility and may adversely impact facility design and resulting operational procedures.
This paper demonstrates the importance of applying innovation and taking advantage of technology to continually add value through enhancing safety with cost effective methods to drive more informed decisions for dropped object risk assessments. Lloyd's Register has packaged its years of experience in this domain into its new software to calculate the risk of exposure and damage to subsea structures such as hydrocarbon risers, umbilicals, mooring lines, subsea valves, templates and more. This methodology is compliant with existing industry practice and is further improved with intuitive visualization and a more comprehensive analysis of the dropped object risk. This new tool utilizes a continuous distribution of drop points defined by, but not limited to, topside crane specifications and their operating profiles. The impact of directional and magnitude of ocean currents on both floating and sinking objects are considered across the entire column. Automation of this task has led to new frontiers in performing parametric studies helping clients identify the risk drivers in the overall picture by introducing site-specific safety improvements for crane operations in the form of easy-to-use visual aids, optimized supply vessel approaches to offshore facility and optimization of subsea infrastructure layouts. These results are presented intuitively through the use of three dimensional plots, polar charts and more.
Fatigue In Fly In Fly Out Operations
Authors: Flower David , Arnulf Laurent , Kumarasamy Devan , Pelat Francois , Phillips Kimberley , Reeves Graham , Schunder-Tatzber Susanne , Steenman Gerald , Kostareli Artemis 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This paper discusses the potential implications of fly-in, fly-out (FIFO) operations is respect of fatigue on the health and performance of individual employees and the operational safety and efficiency in such oil and gas operations.
Several studies have shown that there is an association between working hours, shift work and workers’ health, alertness and performance. Fly-in, fly-out (FIFO) operations transport individuals temporarily to and from the worksite in geographically remote areas, crossing multiple time zones, instead of relocating the employee and their family. Following travel to a different time zone or a change from day shift to night shift, the circadian clock changes and needs time to adjust. During this adjustment period, employees’ alertness and decision-making ability is affected. FIFO workers invariably work shifts, with a 12-hour shift pattern being the most common, particularly in the offshore sector, with individuals often working without rest days during their tour of duty.
This paper defines fatigue, explores its impact on human physiology and introduces the challenges that fatigue presents for both workers and their families in the context of FIFO operations. Careful planning, travel management, diet, sleep environment, lifestyle management, and other important factors are necessary to address fatigue. Fatigue management systems need to be comprehensive and multidisciplinary in nature. Strong leadership support and stakeholder involvement are crucial elements in the implementation of a fatigue risk management system. In addition, training at both the management and operator level is critical to implement fatigue risk controls to adequately address the aspects of FIFO operations both in and outside the workplace.
The paper introduces an IPIECA-IOGP guidance document which provides managers with an outline of the fatigue issues inherent in FIFO operations and guidance on: the nature of fly-in, fly-out operations, travel, fatigue risk management systems, training, accommodation, sleep and fitness for task in relation to FIFO operations. The document includes an extensive and detailed checklist for all personnel with related responsibilities on how to manage FIFO operations and a fatigue impairment checklist for supervisors.
CSR Corporate Social Responsibility or Corporate Sustainability Responsibility
Authors: Smith Hans Christian , Litsheim Bosse 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
How can small and medium sized companies relate to these three letters that have such an extensive meaning? Should they develop a policy and system for meeting the requirements in UN Global Compact and/or the GRI – Global Reporting Initiative? How does personal experience influence the interpretation of policies and actions? What can be done to create meaningful policies and actions in a small and medium sized company to enhance its work with CSR?
In our Master of Management thesis, we have explored how a small business in the fjords of Norway worked with CSR. We interviewed several of its key personnel regarding how they understood CSR, what they did, how the employees in the company responded and how their customers responded to their efforts.
Safety Coach Concept: Creating a Culture of Learning
Authors: Lammerding Benedikt 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Eliminating serious incidents, which includes both - personnel and process safety, remains the most important priority for E&P-industry. This requires a safety culture with an appreciation of a near miss reporting by everyone at each level of an organization.
In Germany ExxonMobil has implemented the Safety Coach Concept, a safety program that helps to engage employees and contractors on peer-to-peer level to share near misses and to learn from those with a higher potential.
To achieve these objectives more than 600 employees and contractors have been trained in small groups of eight to twelve people with a specific focus on hazard and risk identification, effective communication and awareness of personality types. One key objective is actively caring. Each employee - no matter to which company he or she belongs - has the obligation to raise concerns, intervene and stop work, if she or he feels that something is not safe. In this context it is important to provide positive and remedial feedback on near miss reporting and reward good sharing.
In addition company's safety representatives have become safety coaches with dedicated time to observe on a peer-to-peer level within the workgroups on a weekly basis. One of the key advantages is the creation of an environment of trust.
This paper describes the Safety Coach Concept and first results of the near miss reporting and personal accountability in Germany since 2014. It gives an overview about important tools to identify and understand hazards and risks, the so-called Life-Saving-Actions and Risk Tolerance Factors.
This paper gives an outlook on the next evolution of the concept with Process Safety Coaches. It is necessary to create an understanding of barrier health and effectiveness. An important tool is to define these barriers in an asset-specific register for major hazards. Another one is the development of key Process Safety Actions analog to Life-Saving-Actions.
"Sharing Love for Health & Safety," an Innovative Communication Campaign Designed to Create Workforce Engagement Through the Spread of Health and Safety Messages in Unconventional Ways
Authors: Scotti Davide , Matkin Darren , Ruffolo Simona 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Scope of this paper is to share how Saipem has revolutionized (and continues to do so) the language used to communicate health and safety in the workplace, with the aim of instilling passion for these issues in its workers and encouraging them to always, first and foremost, think about how to protect their health and safety as well as those of the people with whom they live and work.
We knew we could not use conventional means of communication to reach this very challenging goal. We decided to find a way to bring a breath of fresh air to an industry that has historically based its communications on rational and procedural methods by innovating our language.
Another key factor for change was creating engagement and aggregation, bringing people together through their passion for health and safety and creating shared values within the company.
This is how health and safety at work became the focus of the "Sharing Love for Health & Safety" campaign which unleashed the creativity and enthusiasm of thousands of people around the world: they made extraordinary material using various artistic forms of expression (ranging from theatre to painting and photography); with the aid of multimedia, organized Flash Mobs; reinvented the Selfie fad and renamed it "Safe-Selfie;" and used famous songs that were inspired by the themes of life and safety.
The "Sharing Love for Health & Safety" campaign, launched by Saipem in 2012 on the World Day for Safety and Health at Work on the 28th of April, is revived each year with new ideas and trends.
The increasingly viral participation by Saipem employees in this initiative is the demonstration of the cultural change initiated by the company. The success of this campaign is the very proof of how a company population, with no sense of geographic or cultural boundaries, can feel united by their shared passion for life, health, well-being and safety.
By studying innovative tools, choosing new universal forms of expression and ways of coming together and aggregating, Saipem has distinguished itself as the company where thousands of people share the same values and focus primarily on health and safety at work.
Naturally the way ahead is long, but the seeds for generating a true cultural revolution have been firmly sown and are starting to germinate.
The Influence of Communicating on Safety Measures on Risk-Taking Behavior
Authors: Groeneweg Jop , Mors Emma ter 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Risk-taking behavior is an important contributing human factor to incidents and notoriously difficult to influence. A basic premise of approaches to improving safety by putting in extra levels of protection (e.g. the Swiss cheese model) is that providing information on the number of layers in place does not influence the risk-taking behavior of employees. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that people have a "hard-wired" optimal perceived risk level: we compensate for risk-reducing measures by taking greater risks until the desired level of risk is again reached (risk homeostasis). The research presented in this paper shows that communicating the quantity of protection measures in place has a clear and substantial effect on risk-taking behavior and performance. Although the limitations of this study should be recognized, organizations might reconsider conveying detailed information to their employees on the number of safety measures adopted. Preserving ignorance among employees of the enhanced protection in place creates a stronger "safety buffer" as it reduces risk-taking behavior and improves employees’ efforts to make sure that the presumed "last" layer will hold. The practical implications for organizations on how to communicate effectively on safety measures will be discussed.
Stakeholder Engagement on Shale Gas in Europe: Has It Already Failed?
Authors: Chaîneau Claude-Henri , Lennock Jean 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The production of natural gas from unconventional sources in the United States, and more generally North America, has put a spotlight on an industry that has been developing in the US for more than 30 years. This industry is a complex web of companies that produce, process and transport gas and oil. It has reshaped the energy supply market in North America and created a new business model. Since 2010, interest in unconventional gas has spiked in Europe with several companies revealing their interest in shale gas. The production of shale gas is characterised by the drilling and fracking of a large number of wells creating a significant footprint on the natural and human environment. This footprint and the perceived environmental impacts associated with it, have transformed engagement between companies and its stakeholders including advocacy groups, NGOs, academics, scientists and politicians. Relationships with communities living close to, or affected by, these activities have also been influenced by the public debate, on the ground protests and widespread communication of ‘facts’ by those against shale gas. The emotional debate has even spilled over into the media: some journalists and publications have become anti-shale gas activists in their own right. Politicians’ opinion appears to be balanced between the pros and cons. Oil and gas companies are increasingly forced to compete for space to present technical approaches, current or future economic benefits as well as their approach to managing positive and negative impacts. This is not facilitated by the ambivalence of elected politicians and government staff towards shale gas exploration. While a heated debate and anti-shale gas activism took place in North America during production, the European protest was in full swing in the early exploration phase. Total has experienced the opposition to shale gas in several countries. In France, a highly charged and emotional debate resulted in a moratorium on hydraulic fracturation and the cancellation of licenses. Having learnt from this experience at home, Total has consistently sought to, or encourage its partners to, proactively engage all stakeholders particularly local communities as well as opposition activists, take part in public debates at national and local levels, and demonstrate transparency through the disclosure of environmental and social studies, and the early sharing of information. However, the force of opposition and criticism remains undiminished and appears to be extending to conventional activities.
Global Environmental Baseline & Monitoring Survey GEMS - Over a Decade of Results Oriented, Monitoring and Assessing the Oil Industry Impacts on the Deep Offshore Environment Case study: Block 17- Girassol field
Authors: Martins Elcio , Manuel Mario , Merzi Thomas , Canovas Sophie , Guillou Anaïs 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present the Affiliate's environmental monitoring strategy and summarize results of indicators to follow up cumulative impacts on deep water environment, between 1998 and 2015, which proved to be rather low or negligible, and acceptable on the long term.
Since February 1998, when the first environmental baseline study (EBS) was performed (in Block 17: Girassol) to describe the initial state of the environment, the Affiliate has been conducting regular offshore monitoring campaigns with the aim of characterizing the water column, and marine sediments around existing installations and developing fields. These surveys are not limited to Block 17, but also extend to other Affiliate offshore blocks in Angola.
In March 2015, the Affiliate's most demanding Global Environmental Baseline & Monitoring Survey (GEMS) was completed, which covered six different offshore blocks, with a work scope ranging between EBS and EMoS (environmental monitoring survey), comprising 226 sampling stations for sediment and benthic macrofauna, 26 for seawater, 17 for phytoplankton and 8 for foraminifera. Another specificity of this latest GEMS was the scientific vessel that was shared among Operators through a joint agreement, of course with some legal and operational constraints considering the socio-geographic context of the project. Technically, besides the Affiliate's required guidelines and rules, the parameters to be tested also had to meet recent regulations from the Ministry of Petroleum. Physico-chemical and biological data obtained over the past 17 years have been used as indicators of environment quality, and its regular monitoring allows assessment of the sensitivity of the marine environment to petroleum activities.
Evaluating Possible Site Locations From a Social Perspective: Reducing Risks and Impacts
Authors: Lennock J. K. , Roeygens J. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
For significant developments, particularly on greenfield sites, an evaluation of technically and financially feasible alternatives is recommended by international and industry organizations such as the International Finance Corporation (IFC) and IPIECA. From a social perspective, this evaluation is the opportunity to identify potentially significant social impacts of the development and how these may be avoided or reduced particularly through the choice of alternative project design elements or modified project locations. The process also facilitates early engagement with stakeholders on project design and impacts.
In two very different social contexts in Africa and Asia, two Total subsidiaries recently undertook a social evaluation of different potential site locations for major installations, well pads, and onshore pipeline routes. In both cases, the social context was complex and significant social impacts for the local population were likely. Risks to the Company's image and reputation were also highlighted. The methodology for the evaluation included the definition of three categories of screening criteria based on: potential interactions between the community and future project facilities, sensitivity of the receiving environment, and the capacity of the community to accommodate changes driven by project facilities. A range of sub criteria allowed a detailed description of the three criteria and a ranking according to a four level evaluation as well as an estimation of probability.
Potential avoidance and mitigation measures for the most significant impacts were identified where possible and, in one of the two cases, cost estimates were presented. While the methodology needed adapting according to the context, the overall approach proved to be robust in the identification of highly sensitive areas from a social perspective. In each case, it was possible to demonstrate social impacts leading to more significant social disruption and the risk of social disarticulation linked with certain sites compared to others. The ability to identify impacts on the population and, subsequently, risks and costs for the Company enabled the modification of preferred sites from a technical perspective in one case. In the second case, a parallel process was applied to evaluate the environmental sensitivities and a combined evaluation presented to the project team. This led to the ex-ante selection of sites with less social and environmental impact.
This paper will describe the methodology that was developed for the social evaluation and its application in two contexts. It adds to the existing body of knowledge on the social evaluation of potential site locations by outlining an approach that may be adapted to very different and complex social contexts.
Improving Environmental Performance by Sharing Information on Offshore Drilling Discharge Environmental Science and Drill Cuttings Treatment Technology
Authors: Zhang Changyong , Brom Roxanna , Getliff Jonathan , Smith Joseph P. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This paper describes literature reviews commissioned by the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (IOGP) and initiated by the IOGP Drilling Waste Management Task Force that address recent environmental science related to the discharge of drill cuttings into the marine environment. The focus is on the environmental effects of discharge of cuttings drilled with non-aqueous drilling fluids, and recent developments in the technology of drilling waste management. The objectives of these reviews are to provide industry with information for improving environmental performance of offshore drilling and to facilitate communication between industry and stakeholders concerning environmental effects of offshore drilling and factors to be considered in decision making related to drilling waste management.
Environmental consultants were engaged to prepare an update of a 2003 review and synthesis of environmental fate and effects of drilling discharges and to prepare a review of recent technology developments applicable to the management of drilling waste. Information sources used in the preparation of the reviews included published and gray literature as well as discussions with industry and technology subject matter experts.
The concept of classifying base fluids according to aromatic content, introduced in 2003, continues to provide a useful framework for discussing the environmental effects of cuttings drilled with nonaqueous drilling fluids. Several large multiyear monitoring programs, covering operations in four geographic regions, where cuttings drilled with very low aromatic content base fluids were used, were reviewed as part of this effort. In most studies, recovery usually began shortly after drilling was completed and was often advanced within a year. Organic loading of sediments was a significant contributor to effects, suggesting that recently introduced treatment technology, such as centrifugal cuttings dryers and thermomechanical cuttings treatment systems, will improve environmental performance in offshore drilling by reducing the organic content of discharged cuttings. Differences among technologies in processing rates, power consumption, air emissions, and requirements for deckspace on drilling rigs are factors for consideration in the selection of cuttings treatment technologies. Sharing this information among companies involved in offshore drilling provides opportunities for improving industry environmental performance.