bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Command hallucinations, schizophrenia and sexual assaults
Authors: Jones Gareth , Huckle Phil , Tanaghow Amgad 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCommand hallucinations have been implicated in some cases of physical assault by patients with schizophrenia. This paper is, to our knowledge, the first in the literature to describe sexual assault and this form of psychopathology.A brief series of four young male patients with schizophrenia who attempted and, in one case, succeeded in sexually assaulting young women as a direct response to command type or imperative auditory hallucinations is described.All four patients had limited or no sexual experience prior to the incidents described and their illness has attacked them at their “psychological Achilles heel”.All four had lengthy in-patient admissions and proved quite resistant to conventional treatments.We would suggest that command hallucinations need to be taken very seriously: some patients do as their voices command.
The phenomena of “bingeing”
Authors: Ballard Clive G , Mohan Ramilgan N C , McGibben Laurence , Kurian Matthew , Silveira W Raza 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDifferent authors have used markedly different definitions of bingeing. Probably the most widely used of the current definitions is the DSM III R definition which states that a large amount of food must be consumed over a short period of time. Three case histories and a case vignette are used to illustrate the different clinical syndromes which may include bingeing, when bingeing is defined in this way. The authors argue that cognitive constructs are a more precise way of defining bingeing within the context of eating disorders.
School refusal, parental control and wider systems: lessons from the management of two cases
Authors: Coulter Stephen 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTwo cases of school refusal are presented. From the experience of these two cases, and support from the literature, early assessment of parental control in cases of school refusal is advocated. When parental control, even with professional therapeutic support, is not sufficient to effect an early return to school, intervention in the wider systems which are organised around the problem is recommended.
Children's sexual behaviour and knowledge: a community study
Authors: Fitzpatrick Carol , Deehan Ann , Jennings Siobhan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjective: To provide contemporary information on sexual behaviour and knowledge among normal Irish children, as perceived by their parents.Method: The study was carried out in an Eastern Health Board urban Community Care Area. The parents of a random sample of all three year olds, and all seven and 12 year olds attending mainstream primary schools within the community care area formed the study population. A semi structured interview was used, covering demographic data, general play, sexual knowledge, sexual behaviour and family behaviour.Results: A total of 233 parents participated, giving a 67% response rate. Approximately 40% of children in each age group were reported by their parents as showing interest in their own genitalia, this being significantly more common in boys. Approximately one half of three year olds were reported by parents as engaging in play with their own genitalia, this activity becoming increasingly uncommon in the older age groups. Sexual play with other children was reported by 12.5% of parents, and was significantly more likely among the three year olds and amongst boys. Explicit sexual behaviour involving older children, such as oral genital contact or attempted intercourse, were not reported for any child. Interest in genitalia of family members was very common in three year olds, while touching genitalia of family members was unusual. Approximately one third of parents had had some discussion with their older girls about pubertal bodily changes, but male adolescent bodily changes were rarely discussed. Mothers were the usual source of information on sexual matters to children of both sexes.Conclusions: Sexual interest and exploration are common is young children, while explicit sexual behaviours which come to adult attention are unusual. Little discussion takes place between parents and older children, particularly boys, about specific aspects of reproduction including pubertal bodily changes.
Alcoholism diagnosis and Celtic names
Authors: Carney Michael WP , Sheffield Brian F 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjective: To investigate assertions that Celts have higher rates of alcoholism and mental illness than non-Celts.Method: The records of 3,000 admissions to Northwick Park Hospital Psychiatric Unit, Harrow (a North West London suburban middle class borough research hospital with a strictly defined catchment area – the London Borough of Harrow: population 200,000), from June 1987 for three years under the clinical care of four consultant psychiatrists, were examined.Results: There were 683 with non-Celtic names and 175 with Celtic names (16.7%) (data on 10 patients incomplete). 306 (35%) of non-Celts and 88 (50%) of Celts were aged under 40 years. Alcohol dependence (ICD 303) was significantly commoner (p<0.001) among the Celts (35.3%) than among the non-Celts (12.9%). There were highly significant excesses (p<0.001) of native-born Celts with ICD 303 (54%) compared with non-Celts 12.9% or with Celts born outside Celtdom (23%). Patients with Norman names tended to follow the Celts in these respects. There were no differences with respect to the prevalence of psychosis or other ICD categories among Celts and non-Celts.Conclusion: Doctors should be aware of the high prevalence of alcoholic dependence among people with Celtic names, whether these were born in Celtic countries or not, entertain a high index of diagnostic suspicion and take preventative measures accordingly. However, we found no excess of other categories of psychiatric disorder among Celts as compared with non-Celts. Patients with Norman-derived names seemed to follow the Celts in these respects.
The use of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in an outpatient alcohol treatment clinic
Authors: Vassilas Christopher A , Nicol Andrew , Short Clare 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectives: To validate the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HAD) in an outpatient alcohol treatment centre.Methods: Forty three patients referred to an alcohol outpatient treatment centre completed the HAD which was validated against the external criteria of the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale and the Clinical Anxiety Scale.Results: The HAD performed well operating at a cut-off of 7/8 for the depression scale and for the anxiety scale of the HAD the optimal cut-off value was 10/11.Conclusion: The HAD is acceptable to patients and its use in alcohol treatment clinics is recommended as a screening instrument for anxiety and depression which can easily be administered by non-psychiatrists.
Anxiety disorder in dementia
Authors: Ballard Clive G , Mohan Ramalingam NC , Patel Abdul , Graham Candida 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjective: To estimate the prevalence of anxiety disorders and to explore several potential aetiological factors. Method: Ninety two consecutive patients assessed at a day hospital for patients with probable dementia were interviewed using the CAMDEX schedule. Fifty eight patients gave a sufficiently reliable interview and had a first degree relative in close contact as an informant and were hence included in the study group. The prevalence of RDC generalised anxiety disorder in this group was determined. Type of dementia, severity of dementia and insight were explored as possible aetiological factors. Results: The prevalence of RDC generalised anxiety disorder was 31%. Fifty percent of these patients suffered from anxiety symptoms in the context of RDC major depression. Anxiety disorders were most common in those with mild dementia and in those who retained insight, both showing a trend towards a significant association with anxiety. Conclusions: Anxiety disorders are very common in dementia sufferers particularly in those with mild dementia. Further research is needed in this area, particularly with respect to treatment.
The day hospital in psychiatry of old age – what difference does it make?
Authors: Corcoran Eleanor , Guerandel Alice , Wrigley Margo 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjective: Two day hospitals were established in North Dublin in 1989 to play a key role in the first old age psychiatry service in the Republic of Ireland. The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics and needs of day hospital attenders, to carry out a preliminary evaluation of the role of the day hospitals in meeting these needs, and make recommendations for future developments. Method: All 237 regular attenders between March 1989 and 1992 were included. Demographic, social, medical and psychiatric data including CAGE questionnaire, Folstein mini-mental state, and Clifton Assessment Procedures for the Elderly survey version, were recorded at initial assessment. Data on duration and outcome of attendance, use of inpatient, general hospital and community care services were collected from a retrospective study of records and subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The average age was 78 years (SD 6yrs); 139 (59%) patients had organic and 98 (41%) had functional psychiatric disorders; 198 (84%) patients had a medical problem. In the functional group, 24 (25%) required acute admission; 70 (71%) patients were managed in the community. Twenty eight (29%) patients required residential care or had died on average 8 months after initial contact. In the group with dementia 104 (75%) had CAPE scores C/D/E at initial assessment, indicating high dependency. Eighty eight (63%) patients were in residential care or dead on average 8 months later. Conclusions: Day hospital treatment enabled elderly patients with functional psychiatric illness to be treated in the community with low usage of beds. It provided only short/medium term care for patients with dementia, who had little support from statutory services. A comprehensive network of services is necessary to support highly dependent patients in the community.
A sceptical reflection on the diagnosis of multiple personality disorder
Authors: Aldridge-Morris Ray 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMultiple personality disorder (MPD) is being diagnosed with increasing frequency, especially in North America. However, soaring estimates of its current prevalence are accompanied by considerable controversy and heated debate. The author presents a number of grounds on which it seems reasonable to base a sceptical view of the validity of this disorder as a naturally occurring diagnostic entity.
Capgras syndrome associated with a frontal lobe tumour
Authors: Durani Shiban K , Ford Rodney , Sajjad S H A 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe report a case of the Capgras Syndrome in a 67 year old woman who was found to have a glioma of the left frontal lobe. Our case illustrates the multiplicity of possible aetiological factors which frequently coexist in this condition and make any assessment of possible pathogenetic mechanisms difficult. However, there appears to be a consensus of recent neuro-imaging studies that frontal lobe pathology may be important. The possible relevance of this is discussed together with a suggestion for further elucidation of the origin of the delusion.
Bio-psycho-social interactions in anxiety and panic disorders: a speculative perspective
Authors: Lader Malcolm 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAnxiety states comprise three components, the subjective, the physiological and the behavioural. Anxiety disorders differ from normal anxiety in that cognitive clues inducing the emotion are covert. Anxiety can be induced by a variety of chemical agents, including the catecholamines, caffeine, lactate and some beta-carbolines. Models can be built up from the standpoints of Schachter, Lader and Matthews, and Clark to provide a cohesive theoretical framework for anxiety and panic disorders. Both pharmacological and psychological treatments are effective in these conditions and the model can incorporate the mode of action of these therapies. The ultimate goal is a holistic concept of anxiety combining the bio-psycho-social approaches.
Recombinant DNA and the major psychiatric disorders
Authors: Gill Michael 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe two major psychiatric disorders, schizophrenia and the major affective disorders are among the most common genetic conditions in man. The precise biochemical defects which cause these disorders are unknown. This article reviews the new recombinant DNA techniques and their application to date in attempting to locate the genes responsible for these disorders. As has been demonstrated for other genetic conditions, these techniques may help to elucidate the biochemical defects which lead to the development of the more genetic forms of these psychiatric illnesses.
Saussure and psychoanalytic feminism — a made match
Authors: Cox Olga 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOver the past thirty years Lacanian psychoanalysis, by mapping psychoanalytic concepts onto the terminology of modern linguistics has seemed to radically alter the former, and to a large extent has done so. However, Lacan's insistence that we are formed by, and enmeshed in, language, occults an opposite truth; one that is evidenced by the history of politics and of art, and although psychoanalysis has traditionally remained rigidly apolitical, concentrating on the private and familial rather than the public sphere, it can hardly avoid, even in this sphere, a confrontation with the politics of feminism. Because of its particular appropriation of ‘word’ and ‘language’, Lacanian psychoanalysis finds itself in a contraditory position here. In the private sphere it liberates the little girl by the true ‘word’, while continuing to maintain, in the wider world of language, a now archaic discourse which subsumes both discourses into one, masculine one.
The effect of antidepressant treatment on alpha2 adrenoceptor function in DSM 111 major depression
Authors: Barry Siobhan , Dinan Timothy G. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTwenty-one drug free patients fulfilling the DSM-111-R criteria for major depressive disorder were administered an alpha2 adrenoceptor challenge test. They were then treated with an antidepressant or ECT. Six weeks later, alpha2 function was again tested and found to be universally downregulated in treatment responders. Those who failed to respond to treatment (33%) had evidence of continuing alpha2 adrenoceptor activity. These results suggest central noradrenergic overactivity as a possible mechanism for depression, which runs counter to the classic catecholamine hypothesis.
Significant life events and pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: D'Arcy Mary , Keane Petrina , Clancy Luke 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe relationship between significant life events and pulmonary tuberculosis was studied with a view to ascertaining whether such events were more prevalent in patients with tuberculosis than in patients with other respiratory diseases. The study was carried out at Peamount Chest Hospital, Newcastle, Co. Dublin. Sixty-five patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and 45 patients with non-tuberculous respiratory diseases were interviewed. We found that there was a significant increase in life events in patients with active tuberculosis when compared with non-tuberculous patients.
The patient and the community: priorities for protection
Authors: Taylor Pamela J 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMan functions both as an individual and as part of his group, the two roles sometimes leading to conflicting needs. If mental disorder contributes to such conflict then a psychiatrist may be expected to take a leading role in arbitrating between the needs and rights of the individual patient before him and the needs and rights of society. This is not an easy task. This paper seeks to clarify the range of roles the psychiatrist may have to adopt when attempting such a task: his role as an individual, as a member of the general public, as an agent of the patient, as an agent of the patient's representative or even as an agent of state authority or society. Some of the dilemmas that arise in each of these roles are discussed.
Further support from an Irish psychiatric hospital for lack of value of routine serological tests for syphilis
Authors: O'Neill Therese , McCaffrey Brian 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSince the establishment of St. Brendan's Hospital in 1815 many changes have been seen in the pattern of psychiatric illness but none as dramatic as that of neurosyphilis. When Professor John Dunne first worked there in 1922, 20% of the patients suffered from general paralysis of the insane (G.P.I.) for which there was no cure. Around this time Wagner Von Jauregg – a Viennese physician, observed that patients who had suffered malaria during war did not suffer from G.P.I. He introduced malarial therapy successfully for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1927. Professor Dunne introduced this therapy into St. Brendan's after visiting Wagner Von Jauregg in Vienna. Unfortunately the mosquitos used would not bite! He resorted to injecting malarial infected blood. Only benign tertian malaria was effective and it is believed that the high temperatures induced – 40-41°C killed the spirochaete. This was followed by quinine treatment for malaria. The treatment was very successful but superceded in latter years by penicillin. The incidence of syphilis fell dramatically from 1942-1977, although recently it has been reported that it is rising in females and heterosexual males.One hundred consecutive samples routinely tested for syphilis (using the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) and Treponema Pallidum Haemagglutination (TPHA) test), between January and April 1988 were examined. Ninety-eight were negative for VDRL and TPHA. Two patients, both male, revealed evidence of previous infection i.e. VDRL neg, TPHA positive with Fluorescent Treponema Antibody tests (FTABS) reactive and FTA IGM negative in both cases. Neither of the two patients had any signs or symptoms suggestive of neurosyphilis.
Gasser
Authors: Breathnach C. S. 
Published: March 2016

Herbert Spencer Gasser (1888-1963) deserves to be remembered for introducing the oscilloscope into biology and medicine; with a prototype still in the early stages of development he overcame the evanescent nature of the nerve impulse and thus opened the way to the study of cellular electrical potentials in the nervous system. In tracing the origins of the cortical extracellular currents reflected in the waves of the scalp electroencephalogram the oscilloscope has been indispensable.The graphic methods developed in the nineteenth century were adequate (indeed, admirable) for recording events that were measured in seconds but even the Einthoven string galvanometer that conquered millivolt changes was defeated when the unit on the time scale was the millisecond. The stream of electrons from the cathode in an evacuated (Crookes) tube, which incidentally excited X-rays in Roentgen's tube and served for amplification purposes in the thermionic valve, provided the answer. Progressive refinement of Karl Ferdinand Braun's (1850-1918) original 1897 invention into the cathode ray oscilloscope had the versatility required to follow biological processes that had previously been inaccessible because of the exceeding brevity of their duration. The realisation that the oscilloscope would capture fleeting clinical and experimental events we owe to Herbert Gasser.Herbert Spencer Gasser was born on 5 July 1888 in the small Wisconsin town of Platteville. After local schooling he entered the nascent medical school of the University of Wisconsin at Madison where Joseph Erlanger (1874-1965) had just set up the department of physiology. After completing his clinical under-graduate course at Johns Hopkins Medical School in 1915 Gasser returned for a year to Madison before rejoining Erlanger who had moved in 1910 to Washington University in St. Louis.
The clinical characteristics of patients with obsessive compulsive disorder: a descriptive study of an Irish sample
Authors: Lucey James V , Butcher Gerard , Clare Anthony W , Dinan Timothy G 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjective: To describe the clinical characteristics and demographic details of a sample of patients with a principal diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Method: A retrospective review of fifty patients with DSM-III-R OCD referred to the Department of Behaviour Therapy at St. Patrick's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland between 1990 and 1991. Standard clinical ratings were made before and after treatment. Ratings used included the Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (MOCI), the Fear Questionnaire (FQ), and the Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive score (YBOCS). Results: The male to female ratio was almost equal and the mean duration of illness was 6.1 (SD 11 years). OCD presented in isolation in a minority of cases (14%). A life time history of at least one other DSM-III-R axis I diagnosis, especially depression, was found in 72% of patients. Co-morbid Gilles de la Tourettes syndrome or epilepsy was rare. The majority of patients were on medication prior to presentation (78%). Levels of symptomatology were reduced in 91% of patients who completed treatment. Conclusions: Epidemiological research into the mass aspects of this disorder is required.
Depression in anabolic steroid withdrawal
Authors: Cowan Colin B 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA case is described of a severe depressive episode following withdrawal from anabolic steroids which were being misused to enhance body-building. The subject was a twenty-two year old unemployed male who had left school without formal qualifications and had been brought up by his grandparents since his parents' separation. He had been a bodybuilder for four years and misused combinations of oral and parenteral anabolic steroids in increasing doses for two years. His depressive symptoms included lowered mood, loss of energy, anhedonia, suicidal preoccupations, disturbed sleep, poor appetite and impaired concentration. It is proposed that unusually prolonged exposure to steroids followed by withdrawal was the most likely cause of the depression in this case and that biological vulnerability to affective disorder may explain the severity of the episode. Misuse of steroids needs to be considered in young physically active people presenting with depression.
Delusional disorder in tropical spastic paraparesis
Authors: Mahmood Ahmed , Brennan Anthony , Stanley Anne , Ballard Clive G , Malik Athar , Mohan Ramalingam N C 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA case of delusional disorder in a patient with the demyelinating disease tropical spastic paraparesis is presented. Only one similar case has previously been described. The implications are discussed.
Canine Capgras
Authors: Wright Barry , Mindham Richard , Burn Wendy 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTwo separate cases are reported in which a woman believed that her pet dog had been replaced by an identical double. The psychodynamic issues which these reports raise are discussed. In the Capgras delusion the double is usually a key figure in the life of the patient. These reports highlight the fact that this key figure may be a domestic animal.
Familial dementia with Pick's cells – a case report of probable familial Pick's disease
Authors: Gaughran Fiona , Keohane Catherine , Buckley Mary 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe clinical and pathological features are described in a case of prolonged dementia in a 59 year old man with familial dementia and extrapyramidal disorder. Postmortem examination showed severe fronto-temporal and basal ganglia atrophy, with many “ballooned neurons” in the residual cortex most likely representing Pick's disease. The differential diagnosis is discussed and aspects of this rare condition are reviewed.