bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensorimotor Perineuritis – An Autoimmune Disease?
Authors: Bourque Christopher N. , Anderson Brian A. , del Campo C. Martin , Sima Anders A. F. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT:The literature contains a single description of sensory perineuritis (Asbury et al 1972). These patients demonstrated a painful, distal, sensory neuropathy, and examination of peripheral nerve biopsies revealed focal thickening and inflammatory infiltrates of the perineurium. We report a patient with sensorimotor peripheral nerve dysfunction, accompanied by progressive slowing of nerve conduction velocity. Examination of a sural nerve biopsy demonstrated focal thickening of the perineurium, inflammatory infiltrates, and necrosis of perineurial cells. Immunohistology revealed a patchy precipitation of IgG and IgM on perineurial cells. Ultrastructurally, mononuclear cells were found adjacent to perineurial cells undergoing necrosis. The patient showed gradual improvement partially coinciding with a course of steroid therapy. We suggest that this neuropathy is caused by damage to the perineurial barrier possibly by an immune-mediated destruction of perineurial cells and subsequent compression of the endoneurial content by perineurial scarring.
Treatment of Subacute Polyneuritis with Corticosteroids
Authors: Newman M. J. , Nelson N. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryA study of the course of 17 patients with subacute polyneuritis was undertaken. Ten were given corticosteroids. Assessment of time of turnaround, that is the beginning of clinical improvement, showed that some patients responded promptly to steroids whereas a few did not. A comparison of turnaround times between the treated and untreated cases shows a statistically significant effect of steroids in hastening the onset of recovery. This is not due to bias in selection of those for steroid treatment.
Critères investigation et de traitement de l'atheromatose carotidienne
Authors: Duplantis Fernand , Rousseau Suzanne , Roy Louis E. , Boileau Jean , Lemieux Lionel H. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThis retrospective study concerning 102 patients was undertaken to study the therapeutic decisions in these patients when they presented with symptoms of cerebral vascular insufficiency, mostly from the territory of the carotid artery, either transient or accompanied by a deficit. The current literature on the subject is also mentioned. The clinical outcome with regard to the quality of life, seems to have been better in patients who were subjected to carotid endar terectomies than in those who received medical treatment.
Measurement of Ataxia and Related Neurological Signs in the Laboratory Rat
Authors: Jolicoeur F.B. , Rondeau D.B. , Hamel E. , Butterworth R. F. , Barbeau A. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe purpose of the present study was to design a standard battery of tests capable of quantitatively characterizing ataxia and concomitant neurological signs in the rat. In addition to a systematic analysis of the walking gait of animals, tests for activity, catalepsy, rigidity, and various reflexive responses were included in the battery. The standardization and validation of the test system was performed by determining and comparing profiles of neurobehavioral effects produced by 3-acetyl pyridine, acrylamide, pyrithiamine, and thiamine deficiency, four experimental treatments reported to induce ataxia in animals. Results indicate that profiles of neurobehavioral disturbances accompanying ataxia in animals varied distinctively with each experimental treatment.
Brain Neurotransmitter Receptors in Friedreich's Ataxia
Authors: Reisine I. D. , Azari J. , Johnson P.C. , Barbeau A. , Huxtable R. , Yamamura H.I. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe binding of ‘H-quinu-clidinyl henzilate. a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist, ofxH-dihydroalprenolol, a beta adrenergic antagonist, and of﹜H-flunitrazepam, a ligand which labels benzodiazepine receptors, was examined in several regions of control and Fried-retch's ataxia (FA) brains.yH-Quinuclidi-nyl henzilate binding appeared to increase in the inferior olivory nucleus, anterior and posterior cerebellar vermi but was unaltered m the dentate nucleus and cerebellar hemisphere of FA brain. The binding of1H-dihydroalprenolol seemed to increase in the inferior olivary nucleus yet was not different from controls in the dentate nucleus, cerebellar hemisphere, anterior and posterior cerebellar vermi of FA brains. * H-Flunitrazepam binding was slightly lowered in the inferior olivary and dentate nuclei but was unchanged in the other FA brain regions examined. The present study suggests possible trends in neurotransmitter receptor alterations in post-mortem brain tissue of FA patients.
Evidence for an Altered Physical State of Membrane Proteins in Erythrocytes in Friedreich's Ataxia
Authors: Butterfield D. A. , Leung P. K. , Markesbery W. R. , Barbeau A. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryElectron spin resonance, scanning electron microscopic, and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic studies of erythrocytes in Friedreich's ataxia have been performed. No alteration in the physical state of membrane lipids, in morphology, or in the staining profile of erythrocytes in Friedreich's ataxia could be demonstrated. An altered conformation and I or organization of proteins in ery-throcyte membranes in this disorder was suggested by spin labeling studies(P < 0.025), favoring the possibility of a generalized membrane abnormality in Friedreich's ataxia. These findings are discussed in relation to other inherited neurological diseases where similar studies have been performed.
Behaviour Therapy in Japan: Beyond the Cultural Impediments
Authors: Sakano Yuji 
Published: July 2016

The fourth World Congress of Behaviour Therapy held at the Gold Coast was a great success as the first worldwide congress on behaviour therapy in South East Asia and Oceania countries. The fact that an academic association can sponsor a world congress is a good index of the level of development of a host academic association as a leader in that field. We can say that the ABMA has come to play a leading and important role in behaviour therapy in the world.Lovibond's paper (Lovibond, 1993), based on his keynote address at the Fourth World Congress of Behaviour Therapy, is interesting for an understanding of not only the current status of behaviour therapy in Australia, but also for typical courses of the development of behaviour therapy in many countries where behaviour therapy has not been a major clinical approach, having been “imported” from countries where behaviour therapy has been highly developed from early times.The courses of the development of behaviour therapy in Australia and Japan are considerably similar, that is, clinical psychologists in both countries have tried to develop a scientific clinical psychology since the dawning of behaviour therapy, as Lovibond (1993) has pointed out. However, there are some differences between these countries on the current status of behaviour therapy. In order to compare the courses of the development and the current status of behaviour therapy in both countries, an introduction to a brief history of behaviour therapy in Japan might be helpful.
On the Relationship of Psychiatric Diagnosis to Behavioural Assessment
Authors: Jackson Henry J. , Tierney David 
Published: July 2016

In this article we address the relationship between behavioural assessment and psychiatric diagnosis. We argue that a diagnostic formulation should be made prior to behavioural assessment but consider diagnosis as complementary to traditional behavioural assessment. Implicit in our proposal, is the notion that behavioural practitioners should be thoroughly conversant with the various forms of psychopathology, and be able to identify the signs and symptoms that cluster together to constitute a clinical syndrome or disorder. The same practitioners should be able to differentiate the signs and symptoms of one syndrome or disorder from another. It is further proposed that behavioural practitioners need to be aware of the limitations and boundaries of their particular approaches and concede the value of other treatment approaches (especially chemotherapy) derived from different theoretical perspectives (Hersen 1979, 1981; Kazdin and Hersen, 1980). Such approaches may assume priority in the treatment of certain disorders, e.g., the first-rank symptoms of schizophrenia.The term diagnosis means “to know through” and is simply a hypothesis about the nature of a problem (Rush, 1982). Ideally, a diagnosis should simplify complex data; provide information about the likely outcome of a particular psychiatric disorder with and without treatment; allow improved prognostic judgements; assist in the selection of appropriate treatments; allow communication between professionals; and lead to improved clinical strategies (Kendell, 1974; Rush, 1982).
A Case of Misperception: Comment on Smith, Henriques and Parsonson (1985)
Authors: Sandford Donald A. , Elzinga Rob H. 
Published: July 2016

The article by Smith, Henriques and Parsonson (1985) published in Behaviour Change raises some interesting points, not the least of which is the validity of one of the major conclusions drawn by the authors. They claim “The results of this study indicate that the two treatment conditions employed were not equally effective in increasing the subject's range of supination” (p.56). Putting the clinical utility of their study aside, data available suggest this conclusion is unwarranted.Essentially, the three conditions (Tml, Tm2, Bl) may be considered to be components of a multiple schedule. Thus, the functional relationship between behaviour and a specific intervention is established if the behaviour co-varies in a predictable fashion with changes in experimenter operations (treatment). On the face of it, the data of Smith et al., appear to meet this criterion.However, when these same data are plotted in order of presentation, with the data for each session within each condition averaged so as to reduce variability, a different possibility emerges. (See Figure 1.) There is steady improvement in the subject's performance over time, regardless of which treatment condition is in effect in a particular session. These are parallelled with slow increments in baseline response rates. This strongly suggests generalization between conditions or a treatment process common to both interventions.
Hostis not Inimicus: Toward a Theory of the Public in the Work of Carl Schmitt
Authors: Kennedy Ellen 
Published: July 2016

Der Krieg ist durchaus nicht Ziel und Zweck oder gar Inhalt der Politik, wohl aber ist er die als reale Möglichkeit immer vorhandene Voraussetzung, die das menschliche Handeln und Denken in eigenartiger Weise bestimmt und dadurch ein spezifisch politisches Verhalten bewirkt.In an early review of the Verfassungslehre (1928), Margit Kraft-Fuchs criticizes Carl Schmitt's argument as circular and illogical. While claiming to establish an entirely new constitutional theory, not a general theory of the state, Schmitt in fact relies on a tautology and derives “an is from an ought”. Quoting Schmitt's argument in Der Wert des Staates und die Bedeutung des Einzelnen (1914) that “The mere actuality of power at no point provides a justification unless it assumes a norm by reference to which its claim is legitimated”, Kraft-Fuchs concludes that it is “astonishing he has forgotten this basic logical insight between 1914 and 1928.”
Our Adversary System: In Search of a Foundation
Authors: Belliotti Raymond A. 
Published: July 2016

Rhetoric in praise of “our adversary system” flows freely in the prose of many legal insiders. But unexamined rhetoric, like self-praise, is of itself of little recommendation.I will here (I) state and explain the four defining characteristics of our adversary system: (A) formal proceedings, (B) partisan presentation, (C) a neutral, passive fact finder, and (D) principles of professional responsibility. I will then (II) state, explain, and analyze critically the most common justifications advanced in defense of our adversary system: (A) the truth rationale, (B) the rights rationale, (C) the autonomy rationale, (D) the lawyer as friend rationale, (E) the ritualistic function rationale, (F) the dispute rationale, and (G) the pragmatic rationale. I conclude (III) that to date no convincing justification has been advanced which argues persuasively that our adversary system has independent value or that it serves important societal objectives better than other existing or possible legal systems.
Against Just Desert
Authors: Christie Nils 
Published: July 2016

In an Icelandic saga there is a story of Torgeir, a young man of high rank, who one day as part of his morning activities cut off the head of a serf. Asked why he did this, answered—and it sounds better in Norwegian—“Fordi han sto sa lagelig til for hugg”: because he stood there so well suited for a cut. That was the end of the story.One episode, yet representative both for Viking-time and later epochs. Up until 1766 it was a matter of course that people of high rank received less severe punishments than those of low rank. Fragments of this basic principle are still preserved in the Norwegian constitution where it is explicitly stated the King cannot be blamed or brought before any court of law.
Taxing Inherited Wealth: A Philosophical Argument
Authors: Duff David G. 
Published: July 2016

Tax reform is, as it should be, a major issue on the political agenda. Wealth taxation should form part of the basis of that agenda if any of the goals, particularly that of equality of opportunity, which we cherish as a civilized and democratic society, are to be realized.Maureen A. Maloney,“Distributive Justice: That is the Wealth Tax Issue,”(1988) 20 Ottawa L. Rev. 601 at 635.After two decades of decline and indifference in the Anglo-American world, the subject of taxing inherited wealth has recently begun to resurface. In the past five years, the number of books and articles on the topic has shown a noticeable increase. And in Ontario, Canada’s most populous and industrialized province, the unexpected election of the New Democratic Party in September 1991, promising to reintroduce a provincial succession duty, has put the issue back on the political agenda.
Law, Autonomy, and Reason
Authors: Halpin Andrew 
Published: July 2016

Joseph Raz’s recent discussion of law’s autonomy and public practical reasons, in response to an essay by Gerald Postema, provides further illumination of Raz’s own view of the nature of law; it forcefully challenges Postema’s purported identification of the defining task of law; and it clarifies the relationships between a number of strands, or theses, that enter the debate over an appropriate theoretical model for law. It is not necessary to locate this discussion within the more general setting of the conflict between Natural Law and Positivism—nor is it in any case clear that that sharp contrast is sustainable. Within the traditionally accentuated divide between Natural Law and Positivism, to talk of the autonomy of law would be taken as a simple positivist proclamation against the subjugation of law to moral standards. What emerges from Raz’s article is a subtle interplay between different characteristics and expressions of the law, which is capable of entertaining moral influence and social objective whilst retaining clear theses that seek to capture the distinctively legal nature of the phenomenon under investigation.In Raz’s recent article, the distinctive nature of law is still linked to an idea of autonomy expounded in terms of the sources thesis and the pre-emption thesis. The former identifies legal materials with legal sources free from the constraints of a further evaluative check, and the latter provides legal reasons to act for those subject to the law free from the consideration of further extra-legal factors. The greater sophistication of this concept of autonomy rests on the allowance Raz gives to the impact of moral factors and issues of social cooperation on legal reasoning, and his acknowledgment that legal reasoning itself is not autonomous.
Equality and Egalitarianism: Framing the Contemporary Debate
Authors: Griffith William B. 
Published: July 2016

For really I think that the poorest he that is in England hath a life to live, as the greatest he....Col. Rainborough, in the Putney Debates (1647)The ideal of equality is one of the great themes in the culture of American public life…from the earliest colonial beginnings, equality has been a rallying cry, a promise, an article of national faith.K. Karst(1989)…[T]he error of believing that there are powerful moral reasons for caring about equality is far from innocuous. In fact this belief tends to do significant harm.H.Frankfurt (1987)Is equality the name of one coherent program or is it the name of a system of mutually antagonistic claims upon society and government?D. Raeetal. (1981)The purpose of this paper is to attempt to lay out a framework, both analytical and historical, in terms of which deeply conflicting and surprisingly complicated claims about equality and egalitarianism may be discussed. My aim is to help to make more intelligible what is at issue in contemporary disputes, and hence what kinds of arguments and evidence bear on and might illuminate these competing claims. I then exploit this conceptual framework to sketch a way of organizing some of the voluminous literature in the on-going debate about equality, that is, to bring into focus thedimension(s)in which the issues are being joined, and from whichhistorical traditionan argument emerges, in hopes of clarifying these debates.
Between Globalism and Territoriality: The emergence of an international constitution and the challenge of ecological legitimacy.
Authors: M’Gonigle Michael 
Published: July 2016

This paper is being written as the implications of September 11 continue to reverberate worldwide, its consequences going who knows where. Nothing, we are told, will be the same again. One aspect of this change will be how we think about international society, including its legal character. In this quest to understand international law in this changing, and uncertain, context, this paper posits a different sort of analysis, one that addresses the dialectical tension between globalism and territorialism. Globalism describes the emerging globally comprehensive legal (and political and economic) regime organized around expanding forms of centralized power. In contrast, territorialism describes an incipient movement to support a diversity of social and physical realms of authority rooted in a geographic tapestry of self-maintaining forms of place-based power. Both terms describe competing forces of social organization such as customary versus bureaucratic forms of regulation. These forces have long existed in a dialectical tension that, neither separate nor distinct, interpenetrate in countless aspects of political and economic life.This dialectical tension permeates human history, but its operational character has been little considered, and its significance little understood. The conception of “territory” is a particularly complex one (especially when understood in its full historical sweep) that has a strong relevance to that foundational concern of international law, sovereignty. Externally, the territorial state is the legal subject. The challenge of this paper is to convey a vision and analytical framework that seeks to understand territory in a fuller sense than is traditionally used. To do so, this paper rechacterizes the increasingly centralized power structure from the perspective of ecological political economy. This perspective is particularly relevant to this age of ecological limits and global constitutionalism.Based on this ecological analysis, the paper proposes a notion of territoriality that gives prominence to the state’s historical other--place-based institutions of cultural and community authority. A territorial framework is then presented as an alternative conception of international ordering to that embodied by globalism. In its self-maintaining diversity, plurality of discursive practices/ways of knowing, and wariness towards the universalizing state-centered system, the territorial approach seeks to put in practice many lessons of the postmodern critique. To pursue this line of enquiry exposes to scrutiny a host of foundational beliefs and assumptions about modern economic and political life. Nevertheless, at the beginning of the 21st century such enquiry is again critically important for international lawyers because the sustainability of continued centralized growth is in question, while its momentum into a constitutional dead-end resists re-direction.
Legal Positivism and Scottish Common Sense Philosophy
Authors: Roberts Thomas 
Published: July 2016

This paper identifies a volitional theory of meaning common to speech act theory and legal positivism, represented by Hart and Kelsen. This model is compared and contrasted with the model of social operations developed by Reid, a Common Sense Enlightenment philosopher. Whereas the former subscribes to the view that meaning is generated by acts of will, the latter finds meaning to consist of the dual elements of sign and ‘directedness’.The ability of positivist theories to provide a structural account of the difference between legal rules and other rules is inextricably linked to this commitment to the volitional theory of meaning. The commitment to the volitional view however leads to problems in requiring that some kind of authority be presupposed in for plain rules to attain legal force. Such authority can only be established with recourse to further rules (thus falling into a malign infinite regress) or must be accepted as a matter of faith. Reid's criterion of direction however vitiates the need for an authority, instead accounting for social communication in general, and rules in particular, in terms of sociological factors. Although no comprehensive critique of the volitional theory is proposed, Reid's model is preferable on the grounds of explanatory richness.The core claims of the paper are that: (a) legal positivism necessarily subscribes to the volitional theory of meaning; (b) rejection of the volitional theory necessarily entails rejection of the positivist view that legal and non-legal rules can be differentiated on structural grounds (c) another counter-model exists which avoids some of the pitfalls of the volitional theory; (d) if the volitional theory is rejected then the existence of rules can only be accounted for in a 'strong' sociological sense and legal theory must accordingly accept the dominant role of sociology in conceptualising the nature of rules.
From Apology to Utopia and the Inner Life of International Law
Authors: RASULOV AKBAR 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA certain body of mythology has emerged in recent years around Martti Koskenniemi's From Apology to Utopia (FATU). At its heart lies a group of received wisdoms that tell us that FATU should essentially be considered a work of postmodern scholarship, that it provides a typical illustration of the so-called deconstructivist approach, and that its single most significant contribution to the field of international legal theory lies in its discussion of the subject of legal indeterminacy. In this article, I seek to challenge and displace this set of narratives, by excavating and restoring to the surface FATU's original intellectual project: a highly ambitious attempt to revive the traditional enterprise of ‘legal science’ by marrying Kelsenian legal positivism with Saussurean structuralist semiotics. In doing so, it succeeded in developing a set of analytical idioms and reasoning protocols that gave the international law profession not only a reason but also the necessary intellectual materials to revolutionize its day to day understanding of the essential character of international legal practice. Thus, far from being a manifestation of any kind of postmodernist sensibility, FATU, I am going to argue, represents, in fact, the exact opposite of it.