bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Dietary Phenylalanine Restriction On Visual Attention Span In Mentally Retarded Subjects With Phenylketonuria
Authors: Giffin F.D. , Clarke J.T.R. , d'Entremont D.M. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:An ABA within-subject study design was used to assess the effect of dietary phenylalanine restriction on the visual attention span of three mentally retarded males (9, 15, and 21 years old)with phenylketonuria. Visual attention span was measured by recording the amount of time the subjects visually fixated pictures projected on a screen according to a standardized test protocol. After 4-6 weeks of baseline testing (A-phase), each subject was placed on a phenylalaninerestricted diet, designed to maintain plasma phenylalanine levels at 0.3 - 0.9 mM, for 8-14 weeks (B-phase). A return to baseline phenylalanine intake (A-phase) was achieved by surreptitiously adding sufficient L-phenylalanine to the therapeutic diets to increase plasma concentrations of the amino acid to pretreatment levels. Diet treatment (B-phase) was associated with highly significant improvementsin visual attention span in two subjects (multivariate analysis of variance, P <<0.001); the third subject, the most retarded, showed no effect. No objectivelydemonstrable change in behavior was documented in any subject. However, the results support the view that phenylalanine toxicity extends beyond early childhood and that some component of the toxicity is reversible, even in severely retarded patients with phenylketonuria.
Tissue Albumin and Water Content in the Early Stages of Vasogenic Brain Edema Formation
Authors: Pash Michael P. , Tweed W. Arnold 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Brain edema (BE) research lacks quantitative regional methods. We modified the method of Pappius and McCann (1969), who used radioactive iodinated I125 serum albumin (RISA) as a label for vasogenic BE fluid. To correct for intravascular plasma volume we used Cr51 labelled red blood cells and calculated equivalent extravascular plasma volume (EVPV). The modified RISA method was compared with a standard method for measuring increased tissue water, i.e. the change in wef.dry weights. Anesthetized rabbits were subjected to unilateral cortical freeze injury and sacrificed three hours later. The lesion corresponding to the area of blood brain barrier (BBB) breakdown was delineated by Evan's blue staining. That area and the two adjacent poles were sectioned. The contralateral hemisphere was used as the control. Good agreement was found between the two methods. By the modified RISA method, 4.08% of the wet weight of the injured hemisphere was EVPV while the decrease in dry weight corresponded to 5.56% edema. In the freeze lesion, however, where BBB breakdown occurred extravascular (EV)protein exceeded EV water, while adjacent to the lesion in the area with intact BBB, EV water exceeded EV protein. This suggests that the diffusion rate for water through brain tissue exceeds that of albumin in the early stages of vasogenic BE formation. We conclude that the modified RISA method is a satisfactory measure of regional vasogenic BE in acute animal experiments.
A Comparative Study of b- and d-Waves of the Electroretinogram, in Frogs (Rana Catesbeiana)
Authors: Molotchnikoff S. , Guertin-Laurin F. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:The aim of this study was to compare the b- and d- waves of the ERG, evoked respectively by ON and OFF stimuli. The experiements were carried out on frogs. The d-wave is facilitated by light adaptation and relatively high stimulus intensity. The depth profiles of b- and dwaves are different. Aspartic acid abolished only the b-wave whereas nembutal affected the d-wave. These results suggested that b- and d-waves were produced by separate neuronal mechanisms, even though both appeared as positive deflection in the corneal ERG and were sensitive to K+ ion.
Pseudotumor Cerebri
Authors: Moffat F.L. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Pseudotumor cerebri is a clinical syndrome in which signs and, sometimes, symptoms of raised intracranial pressure are present hut in which mental and neurological function are unaffected. Therefore, the diagnosis is reached after mass and other structural causes of raised pressure have been excluded.Many causes of pseudotumour have been suggested, not all of them well documented. Pathogenesis, however, includes cerebral edema, increased cerebral blood volume, and decreased cerebro spinal fluid (CSF) absorption.Except for the risk of vision in a minority of cases, the prognosis is excellent.
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Patients with Aneurysms: Estimation by Xenon 133 Inhalation
Authors: Weir Bryce , Menon Devidas , Overton Thomas 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Seventy six regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) studies were conducted on 32 patients who had a total of 39 aneurysms. Twenty three of these patients were studied pre- and post-operatively. Normal values were obtained from a control group of 33 subjects, each of whom underwent one rCBF study. Flow was reduced following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH); it increased significantly postoperatively. Lower flows were associated with poorer clinical grades. There was a greater variation in regional distribution of flow immediately following SAH than in normals or in patients who had recovered from the acute phase. rCBF studies correlated with CT scans demonstrated that a progressive increase in ventricular size was accompanied by a progressive reduction in flow. In addition, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) was associated with a significant reduction in cerebral blood flow (CBF). No significant correlation between CBF and spasm was demonstrable.
Internal Carotid Artery Embolism by Shotgun Pellet
Authors: Sethi Jitendar M. , Rozdilsky Bohdan 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Various examples of foreign body embolization of cerebral arteries, usually followed by serious consequences, have been reported (Lindberg et al, 1961; Chason et al, 1963; Steele et al, 1972; Wetli et al, 1972). However, a shotgun pellet entering the left atrium of the heart through a gunshot wound of the chest with subsequent embolic occlusion of one of the carotid arteries appears to be unique. It is the subject of this short communication.
Problems in the Diagnosis of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (Steele — Richardson — Olszewski Syndrome)
Authors: Perkin George David , Lees Andrew John , Stern Gerald Malcolm , Kocen Roman Stefan 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Five patients with progressive supranuclear palsy are described, in whom the ophthalmoplegia developed late in the course of the disease. In two, an internuclear component was identified in the ophthalmoplegia, and one patient had an alternating nystagmus of a type not previously described in this condition.The late appearance of the ophthalmoplegia, with a corresponding delay in establishing the diagnosis, is compared to the similar experience of Pfaffenbach et al (1972) in six patients.Other clinical features, previously seldom described, have been encountered. Dysphasia was seen in two cases, both of whom had evidence of cortical atrophy on neuro-radiological investigation. The evidence that cortical changes, in particular the presence of neurofibrillary tangles, may be a specific morphological characteristic of the disease rather than a chance association is discussed. Disorders of respiratory rhythm in four patients were similar to those described by Mastaglia et al. (1973), and indistinguishable from those occurring after encephalitis lethargica.A review of cases resembling progressive supranuclear palsy in the early part of the century fails to show any with post-encephalitic features, nor does a search of reviews of eye movement disorders in encephalitis lethargica and post-encephalitic Parkinsonism provide comparable cases. None of the forty patients with post encephalitic Parkinsonism examined at the Highlands Hospital had a clinical picture resembling progressive supranuclear palsy.It is suggested that neither on clinical nor pathological grounds is it justifiable to equate this disorder with known postencephalitic syndromes.
Long Term Induction of Kindled Seizures in Rats: Interhemispheric Factors
Authors: Nobrega José N. , Gaito John 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Previous research indicated that sequential alternation of stimulation of certain homologous brain areas via chronically implanted electrodes resulted in oscillation of high and low latencies for convulsions. This phenomenon suggested the establishment of interhemispheric facilitatory-inhibitory effects as a result of repeated stimulation of the two brain sites. In the present study, the latency oscillation pattern was observed in split-brain rats as well as in bilaterally stimulated controls, but not in rats stimulated on one side only. Significant differences
were observed between split-brain and control rats in terms of initial kindling rates, duration of convulsions and type of oscillation. Results are discussed in the context of possible interhemispheric mechanisms involved in long term kindling.
Cerebral Hemodynamics in Migraine
Authors: Hachinski V. C. , Olesen J. , Norris J. W. , Larsen B. , Enevoldsen E. , Lassen N. A. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Clinical and angiographic findings in migraine are briefly reviewed in relation to cerebral hemodynamic changes shown by regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) studies. Three cases of migraine studied by the intracarotid xenon 133 method during attacks are reported.In classic migraine, with typical prodromal symptoms, a decrease in cerebral blood flow has been demonstrated during the aura. Occasionally, this flow decrease persists during the headache phase. In common migraine, where such prodr.omata are not seen, a flow decrease has not been demonstrated.During the headache phase of both types of migraine, rCBF has usually been found to be normal or in the high range of normal values. The high values may represent postischemic hyperemia, but are probably more frequently secondary to arousal caused by pain.Thus, during the headache phase rCBF may be subnormal, normal or high. These findings do not exclude the possibility of distension of the larger intracranial arteries during migraine headache, but the angiographic evidence, however limited, does not support this speculation.
A Community Neurologist's Personal Viewpoint on Neurological Training
Authors: Simpson Charles A. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:A study of 200 patients referred to a community neurologist showed that 87.5% of the patients were seen in the office and only 12.5% in hospital. Neurological signs were present in 52% and 28.5% had neurological signs which materially affected the diagnosis. A questionnaire sent to several teaching centers showed that only one center sent students and residents to community neurologists' offices at all and in most centers the resident spent just 10 to 20% of his time seeing out-patients. It was felt that the balance of in-patient/out-patient teaching for students and residents was wrong, and that more emphasis should be placed on the neurological history than on the examination. Proposals are made to involve the community neurologist as well as the academic neurologist in the training of students and residents which would benefit all four groups.
Afterdischarge Thresholds and Kindling Rates in Dorsal and Ventral Hippocampus and Dentate Gyrus
Authors: Racine Ronald , Rose Patty A. , Burnham W. M. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Electrodes were implanted into dorsal hippocampus (CAI), ventral CAI, dorsal dentate gyrus or ventral dentate gyrus. Epileptiform afterdisvharge (AD) thresholds were lower in dorsal areas than in ventral areas. Dorsal areas, however, required a greater number of stimulations to develop (“kindle”) a fully generalized convulsion than did ventral areas. Thresholds and kindling rates in the dentate gyrus were intermediate between dorsal and ventral CAI, except for the ventral dentate which had higher AD thresholds than ventral CAI.Secondary sites within the hippocampus subsequently kindled within a few stimulations following completion of kindling in the primary site, regardless of which hippocampal area served as the primary site.
Seven Cases of Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome: Partial Relief with Clonazepam: A Pilot Study
Authors: Gonce M. , Barbeau A. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:The histories of seven consecutive cases of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome are presented to exemplify the range of clinical manifestations in this disease and to collate preliminary results with the new benzodiazepine, clonazepam, as a possible adjuvant therapy of this disorder. Controlled trials with clonazepam alone and in association with haloperidol are now justified. Five of our 7 patients had a positive family history of tics, and 2 a confirmed family history of gout. Because clonazepam improves myoclonia and tics and because its mechanism of action possibly involves serotonin, we thought it worthwhile to study simultaneously the relative roles of serotonin and dopamine metabolism in the production of tics, and their relationship to possible defects in purine metabolism in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome.
Giant Cell Tumor of the Sphenoid Bone
Authors: Doshi Rasikbala , Chaudhari Abdul Basit , Thomson Gordon 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:The clinical and histological features of two cases of giant cell tumor of the sphenoid bone are described. Both presented with similar symptoms and signs, comparable to previously described cases. The problems in histological differential diagnosis are discussed and radiotherapy as the treatment of choice is suggested.
A Theory of the Mechanism of Cerebral Vasospasm and Its Reversal, the Role of Calcium and Cyclic AMP
Authors: Peterson Eric W. , Leblanc Richard 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:It is proposed that the basic mechanism of vasospasm which sometimes follows subarachnoid hemorrhage is dependent on increased free intracellular calcium ion produced by spasmogens from closely applied extravasated blood. Relaxation of this spasm occurs when the intracellular cyclic AMP levels are raised, resulting in sequestration of calcium ion by the vascular smooth muscle cell sarcoplasmic reticulum.
The Reactivity of Canine Cerebral Arteries to O2 and CO2 in Vitro
Authors: Steinbok P. , Kendall M.J. , Clarke R.J. , Peerless S.J. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:The responses of canine middle cerebral arteries to changes in pCO2 and pO2 were tested in vitro. It was found that there was no response to changes in pCO2 from 38.1 mm. Hg to 26.6 mm. Hg. but there was some constriction of the vessels with lowering of the pCO2 below 26.6 mm. Hg and there was minimal dilatation of the vessels when the pCO2 was increased from 38.1 nan. Hg to 87.2 mm. Hg. There was no reresponse to changes in pO2 from more than 500 mm. Hg to 59.6 mm. Hg, but when pO2 was lowered below 50 mm. Hg there was a sudden, massive constriction of the arteries tested. It is postulated that this constriction is due to build-up of a substance (substances) during a period of hypoxia (pO2 < 50 mm. Hg). The significance of the results obtained are discussed.
Hemodynamic Findings in Friedreich's Ataxia
Authors: Cote M. , Davignon A. , Elias G. , Solignac A. , Geoffroy G. , Lemieux B. , Barbeau A. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Thirteen patients with classical Friedreich's ataxia underwent cardiac catheterization with recordings of retrograde cardiac pressures, measurements of cardiac output and calculation of the left ventricular volumes and mass. The cardiomyopathy in Friedreich's ataxia falls into the hypertrophic group of cardiomyopathies with decreased compliance of ventricular myocardium, varying degrees of concentric and asymmetric hypertrophy and outflow tract obstruction. Although there is no clear parallel between the degree of abnormal hemodynamic findings and the degree of neurological impairment, severely handicapped patients may present a diffusely hypertrophied and hypokinetic left ventricular myocardium.
Clinical Laboratory Findings in Friedreich's Ataxia
Authors: Butterworth R.F. , Shapcott D. , Melançon S. , Breton G. , Geoffroy G. , Lemieux B. , Barbeau A. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:All clinical laboratory tests carried out in 4 groups of patients with the diagnosis of typical or atypical Friedreich's ataxia have been found to be within the normal range. In this prospective study of 50 patients, a number of findings previously reported to be abnormal in the literature, have not been confirmed.
The Placing Reaction in Adult Neurology
Authors: Botez M.I. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:The first description of the placing reaction (PR) in 12 human adult cases is given. The optimum position for eliciting the placing reaction (PR) is the dangling leg posture, i.e. the same as for the forward groping of the foot. There are three forms of PR quite similar to those noticed in animal physiology, i.e. the visual-PR, the dorsum-PR and the sole-PR. The term contact placing is preferred for the last two forms. The PR is encountered only in patients displaying a forward and medial groping of the foot as well as a groping of the hand on the same side. The PR is usually ipsilateral to the main cerebral lesion but there was no single case with a well limited unilateral lesion. An involvement of retrorolandic areas seems to be necessary for the occurrence of PR. It is concluded that both groping phenomena and the PR are highly coordinated reflexes subserving self-preservation and belonging to antigravity mechanisms, i.e. the standing posture.
The Location of Conduction Abnormalities in Human Entrapment Neuropathies
Authors: Brown William F. , Ferguson Gary G. , Jones Michael W. , Yates Stephen K. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Direct stimulation of 23 median, 13 ulnar and 2 peroneal nerves at the time of surgical exploration has been used to locate, and characterize the conduction abnormalities in the
nerves. The most frequent location of the major conduction abnormalities in the median nerve was in the first 1-2 cm distal to the origin of the carpal tunnel. In the ulnar nerve the important conduction abnormalities were located most frequently in the segments 1 cm proximal and distal to the medial epicondyle. In the peroneal nerve the major conduction abnormalities occurred proximal or distal to the entry point of the common peroneal nerve into the peroneus longus
muscle.
Classification of Aphasic Phenomena
Authors: Kertesz Andrew 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:A brief but comprehensive survey of classifying aphasia reveals that most investigators describe at least four major groups, conveniently labelled Broca's, Wernicke's, anomic and global. Conduction and transcortical aphasias are less generally described and modality specific syndromes rarely, if ever, exist purely. The controversy between unifiers and splitters continues but objective numerical taxonomy may solve some of the problems of classification.
The Relative Significance of Factors Affecting Postoperative Survival in Astrocytomas, Grades One and Two
Authors: Weir Bryce , Grace Michael 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:The records of 107 patients with supratentorial astrocytomas, Grades 1 and 2, treated surgically between I960 and 1970 were analyzed. Abstracted clinical data was retrospectively analyzed with respect to the relative significance of different factors affecting survival. Twenty-eight patients were alive at the time of follow-up in 1974. Age, clinical grade at surgery and radiation therapy were the most important determinants of prolonged postoperative survival.The more malignant astrocytomas occurring in the Province of Alberta had previously been reviewed. The present study was carried out to demonstrate the relative influence of histologic grade of astrocytomas and to analyze the factors affecting postoperative survival in the low grade, supratentorial astrocytomas.
Treatment of Experimental Allergic Neuritis With Prednisolone
Authors: Feasby T.E. , Gilbert J.J. , Hahn A.F. , Lovgren D.S. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract:Experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) in Lewis rats was treated with prednisolone given prophylactically or therapeutically. Rats treated from the time of immunization with myelin or after the establishment of clinical disease improved more rapidly than controls. Treatment at the onset of clinical signs resulted in less severe disease and more rapid recovery. Rats treated just prior to the onset of clinical signs (day 10) did not develop significant clinical disease and appeared to have less inflammation in their nerves and nerve roots on microscopic examination.
Massive Necrosis of the Brain in Rabies
Authors: Dolman C.L. , Charlton K.M. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract:A young man developed virologically proved hydrophobic rabies three months after being scratched on the cheek by a bat in Northern Alberta. He became comatose after 8 days and died 5 weeks after vigorous therapy with immune globulin, interferon and Vidarabine, and excellent maintenance of oxygenation. Electroencephalographic deterioration was gradual. At postmortem examination, the brain showed widespread loss of nerve cells, mild diffuse inflammatory changes and no Negri bodies. The lesions of massive laminar necrosis of the cerebral cortex, total loss of Purkinje cells with preservation of the granule cell layer, and severe softening of the amygdala are attributed to direct viral action rather than to anoxia or brain swelling with respirator brain.
Intracranial Endodermal Sinus Tumour — Role for Chemotherapy
Authors: Anderson Brian A. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract:Pineal tumours are commonly of germ cell origin. The endodermal sinus tumour is a rare histologic subtype that is highly malignant and radioresistant. A single case is described and compared to six reported intracranial cases in which chemotherapy was used in addition to surgery and/or radiation. Although a beneficial effect of chemotherapy cannot be proven, the probable benefit in non-CNS cases requires that it be strongly considered. A uniform approach to diagnosis, investigation and treatment for intracranial tumours of this type is suggested.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Amantadine in Fatigue Associated With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors:   The Canadian MS Research Group
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT:One hundred and fifteen patients with definite multiple sclerosis (M.S.) and chronic persistent fatigue were studied. This ten-week cross-over study consisted of a 2-week baseline period and two 3-week treatment periods separated by a 2-week washout. Patients received either amantadine 100 mg bid or matching placebo capsules. Fatigue, the effect of fatigue on an individually pre-selected activity and its effect on activities of daily living, were evaluated. Amantadine produced a small but statistically significant decrease in fatigue. An important placebo effect was noted. Mean fatigue during the washout period was lower than during the placebo run-in period, independently of which treatment had been given first. Side effects were numerous both on amantadine and on placebo. Only insomnia was significantly more common with amantadine.