bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolated neonatal MRI punctate white matter lesions in very preterm neonates and quality of life at school age
Authors: Arberet C. , Proisy M. , Fausser J.L. , Curt M. , Bétrémieux P. , Tréguier C. , Rozel C. , Pladys P. 
Published: August 2017

OBJECTIVE: To study the quality of life at school age of very preterm infants presenting isolated punctate periventricular white matter lesions (IPWL) on late-preterm or term magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: In 1996–2000, 16 of the 131 very preterm neonates explored by MRI were found to have IPWL. At the age of 9–14, 12 children from the IPWL group were compared with 54 children born preterm but with a normal MRI (no lesion). Quality of life (Health Status Classification System Pre School questionnaire), school performance, and motor outcome were investigated. RESULTS: Overall quality of life did not differ between the groups (classified as perfect in 2/12 of the IPWL vs 20/54 in the no-lesion). The sub-items mobility and dexterity differed significantly between the two groups, with impairment in the IPWL group ( p < 0.001 and p < 0.05). This group also displayed higher levels of motor impairment: they began walking later [20(4) vs. 15(3) months), p < 0.01], had higher frequencies of cerebral palsy (6/12 vs. 2/54, p < 0.05), and dyspraxia (4/12 vs. 0/54, p < 0.001). The rate of grade retention did not differ between the groups (3/12 in the IPWL group vs. 17/54 in the no-lesions group) but, as expected, was higher than that of the French general population (17.4%) during the study period. CONCLUSION: This long-term follow-up study detected no increase in the risk of subsequent cognitive impairment in very preterm infants with IPWL, but suggests that these children may have a significantly higher risk of dyspraxia, and motor impairment.
Optimization of the Low-Speed Link Throughput for Voice Services
Authors: Mazálek A. , Bešťák R. , Vránová Z. , Plátěnka V. 
Published: August 2017

The weak point of the field network is represented by E12 low-speed relay links. The situation requires savings of the bandwidth. For this purpose, the necessary bandwidth for voice transmission up to the level of the physical layer has been analyzed. As a suitable solution of network throughput increase, we propose the change of a Voice Payload Size. After finding the optimal Voice Payload Size, tests were carried out to verify the impact of the Voice Payload Size on call quality. A packet loss rate is chosen as a parameter for modelling real traffic. To obtain the expected voice quality, the E-model according to the G.107 Recommendation is applied. The theoretical results are compared with practical measurements, when using the proprietary Cisco Packet Loss Concealment algorithm to evaluate the voice quality. The results obtained have confirmed the suitability of the solution.
Des bourgeois et des princes
Authors: Le Roux Nicolas 
Published: August 2017

De 1614 à 1617, Paris vécut dans une situation très tendue. Pour saisir la façon dans les soulèvements des princes et la mort de Concini furent ressentis dans la capitale, on peut se pencher sur le journal inédit de l’avocat Laurent Bouchel. Celui-ci était proche des partisans de Condé et des adversaires de Concini, mais il éprouvait un sentiment de révulsion devant les violences. Il s’offusque spécialement des atteintes portées aux cours de justice et, s’il apprécie les arguments hostiles au Florentin, il n’en désapprouve pas moins les déprédations attribuées au « menu peuple », conformément aux représentations que les gens de loi se faisaient de cette entité déraisonnable.
Seasonal variations in high time-resolved chemical compositions, sources, and evolution of atmospheric submicron aerosols in the megacity Beijing
Authors: Hu Wei , Hu Min , Hu Wei-Wei , Zheng Jing , Chen Chen , Wu Yusheng , Guo Song 
Published: August 2017

Abstract. A severe regional haze problem in the megacity Beijing and surrounding areas, caused by fast formation and growth of fine particles, has attracted much attention in recent years. In order to investigate the secondary formation and aging process of urban aerosols, four intensive campaigns were conducted in four seasons between March 2012 and March 2013 at an urban site in Beijing (116.31° E, 37.99° N). An Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry (HR-ToF-AMS) was deployed to measure non-refractory chemical components of submicron particulate matter (NR-PM1). The average mass concentrations of PM1 (NR-PM1+black carbon) were 45.1 ± 45.8, 37.5 ± 31.0, 41.3 ± 42.7, and 81.7 ± 72.4 µg m−3 in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. Organic aerosol (OA) was the most abundant component in PM1, accounting for 31, 33, 44, and 36 % seasonally, and secondary inorganic aerosol (SNA, sum of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) accounted for 59, 57, 43, and 55 % of PM1 correspondingly. Based on the application of positive matrix factorization (PMF), the sources of OA were obtained, including the primary ones of hydrocarbon-like (HOA), cooking (COA), biomass burning OA (BBOA) and coal combustion OA (CCOA), and secondary component oxygenated OA (OOA). OOA, which can be split into more-oxidized (MO-OOA) and less-oxidized OOA (LO-OOA), accounted for 49, 69, 47, and 50 % in four seasons, respectively. Totally, the fraction of secondary components (OOA+SNA) contributed about 60–80 % to PM1, suggesting that secondary formation played an important role in the PM pollution in Beijing, and primary sources were also non-negligible. The evolution process of OA in different seasons was investigated with multiple metrics and tools. The average carbon oxidation states and other metrics show that the oxidation state of OA was the highest in summer, probably due to both strong photochemical and aqueous-phase oxidations. It was indicated by the good correlations (r = 0.53–0.75, p < 0.01) between LO-OOA and odd oxygen (Ox =  O3 + NO2), and between MO-OOA and liquid water content in aerosols. BBOA was resolved in spring and autumn, influenced by agricultural biomass burning (e.g., field preparation burnings, straw burning after the harvest). CCOA was only identified in winter due to domestic heating. These results signified that the comprehensive management for biomass burning and coal combustion emissions is needed. High concentrations of chemical components in PM1 in Beijing, especially in winter or in adverse meteorological conditions, suggest that further strengthening the regional emission control of primary particulate and precursors of secondary species is expected.
Optimizing hydroxyl airglow retrievals from long-slit astronomical spectroscopic observations
Authors: Franzen Christoph , Hibbins Robert Edward , Espy Patrick Joseph , Djupvik Anlaug Amanda 
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Astronomical spectroscopic observations from ground-based telescopes contain background emission lines from the terrestrial atmosphere's airglow. In the near infrared, this background is composed mainly of emission from Meinel bands of hydroxyl (OH), which is produced in highly excited vibrational states by reduction of ozone near 90 km. This emission contains a wealth of information on the chemical and dynamical state of the Earth's atmosphere. However, observation strategies and data reduction processes are usually optimized to minimize the influence of these features on the astronomical spectrum. Here we discuss a measurement technique to optimize the extraction of the OH airglow signal itself from routine J-, H-, and K-band long-slit astronomical spectroscopic observations. As an example, we use data recorded from a point-source observation by the Nordic Optical Telescope's intermediate-resolution spectrograph, which has a spatial resolution of approximately 100 m at the airglow layer. Emission spectra from the OH vibrational manifold from v′  =  9 down to v′  =  3, with signal-to-noise ratios up to 280, have been extracted from 10.8 s integrations. Rotational temperatures representative of the background atmospheric temperature near 90 km, the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region, can be fitted to the OH rotational lines with an accuracy of around 0.7 K. Using this measurement and analysis technique, we derive a rotational temperature distribution with v′ that agrees with atmospheric model conditions and the preponderance of previous work. We discuss the derived rotational temperatures from the different vibrational bands and highlight the potential for both the archived and future observations, which are at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions, to contribute toward the resolution of long-standing problems in atmospheric physics.
High-resolution global grids of revised Priestley–Taylor and Hargreaves–Samani coefficients for assessing ASCE-standardized reference crop evapotranspiration and solar radiation
Authors: Aschonitis Vassilis G. , Papamichail Dimitris , Demertzi Kleoniki , Colombani Nicolo , Mastrocicco Micol , Ghirardini Andrea , Castaldelli Giuseppe , Fano Elisa-Anna 
Published: August 2017

Abstract. The objective of the study is to provide global grids (0.5°) of revised annual coefficients for the Priestley–Taylor (P-T) and Hargreaves–Samani (H-S) evapotranspiration methods after calibration based on the ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers)-standardized Penman–Monteith method (the ASCE method includes two reference crops: short-clipped grass and tall alfalfa). The analysis also includes the development of a global grid of revised annual coefficients for solar radiation (Rs) estimations using the respective Rs formula of H-S. The analysis was based on global gridded climatic data of the period 1950–2000. The method for deriving annual coefficients of the P-T and H-S methods was based on partial weighted averages (PWAs) of their mean monthly values. This method estimates the annual values considering the amplitude of the parameter under investigation (ETo and Rs) giving more weight to the monthly coefficients of the months with higher ETo values (or Rs values for the case of the H-S radiation formula). The method also eliminates the effect of unreasonably high or low monthly coefficients that may occur during periods where ETo and Rs fall below a specific threshold. The new coefficients were validated based on data from 140 stations located in various climatic zones of the USA and Australia with expanded observations up to 2016. The validation procedure for ETo estimations of the short reference crop showed that the P-T and H-S methods with the new revised coefficients outperformed the standard methods reducing the estimated root mean square error (RMSE) in ETo values by 40 and 25 %, respectively. The estimations of Rs using the H-S formula with revised coefficients reduced the RMSE by 28 % in comparison to the standard H-S formula. Finally, a raster database was built consisting of (a) global maps for the mean monthly ETo values estimated by ASCE-standardized method for both reference crops, (b) global maps for the revised annual coefficients of the P-T and H-S evapotranspiration methods for both reference crops and a global map for the revised annual coefficient of the H-S radiation formula and (c) global maps that indicate the optimum locations for using the standard P-T and H-S methods and their possible annual errors based on reference values. The database can support estimations of ETo and solar radiation for locations where climatic data are limited and it can support studies which require such estimations on larger scales (e.g. country, continent, world). The datasets produced in this study are archived in the PANGAEA database (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.868808) and in the ESRN database (http://www.esrn-database.org or http://esrn-database.weebly.com).
Characterization of the structure and cross‐shore transport properties of a coastal upwelling filament using three‐dimensional finite‐size Lyapunov exponents
Authors: Bettencourt João H. , Rossi Vincent , Hernández‐García Emilio , Marta‐Almeida Martinho , López Cristóbal 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe three‐dimensional structure, dynamics, and dispersion characteristics of a simulated upwelling filament in the Iberian upwelling system are analyzed using Lagrangian tools. We used a realistic regional simulation of the western Iberian shelf which is concomitant with an in situ oceanographic campaign that surveyed the area. We compute 3‐D fields of finite‐size Lyapunov exponents (FSLE) from 3‐D velocity fields and extract the field's ridges to study the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of the Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCSs) evolving around the filament. We find that the most intense curtain‐like LCSs delimit the boundaries of the whole filamentary structure whose general properties match well the observations. The filament interior is characterized by small dispersion of fluid elements. Furthermore, we identify a weak LCS separating the filament into a warmer vein and a colder filament associated with the interaction of a mesoscale eddy with the upwelling front. The cold upwelled water parcels move along the filament conserving their density. The filament itself is characterized by small dispersion of fluid elements in its interior. The comparison of LCSs with potential temperature and salinity gradient fields shows that the outer limits of the filament coincide with regions of large hydrographic gradients, similar to those observed, explaining the isolation of the interior of the filament with the surrounding waters. We conclude that the Lagrangian analysis used in this work is useful in explaining the dynamics of cross‐shore exchanges of materials between coastal regions and the open ocean due to mesoscale processes.
Thermohaline staircases in the Amundsen Basin: Possible disruption by shear and mixing
Authors: Guthrie John D. , Fer Ilker , Morison James H. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAs part of the 2013 and 2014 North Pole Environmental Observatories (NPEO) in the Amundsen Basin of the Arctic Ocean, two similar temperature microstructure experiments were performed with different results. In 2013, vertical fluxes were through a thermohaline staircase, and in 2014, the thermohaline staircase was largely absent. Here we investigate the reasons for this difference. The 2013 data set was characterized by an extensive thermohaline staircase, indicative of the diffusive convective type of double diffusion (DC), from 120 to 250 m depths. The staircase was absent above 200 m in 2014, even though analysis of density ratio, Rρ, still shows high susceptibility to DDC. In the depth range of interest, survey‐averaged Rρ = 3.8 in 2013 and Rρ = 3.6 in 2014, indicating that the temperature‐salinity structure in the pycnocline was not the cause of the lack of a staircase in 2014. We propose that exceptionally weak turbulent mixing, even for the typically quiescent Arctic Ocean, allowed formation of the staircase in 2013. Average thermal diffusivity, KT, between 50 and 120 m is elevated in 2014, 2 × 10−5 m2 s−1, compared to 2013, 1 × 10−6 m2 s−1. However, vertical Atlantic Water (AW) DC heat fluxes in 2013 are remarkably consistent with turbulent heat fluxes in 2014. Similar data sets collected in 2007 and 2008 both resemble 2014, showing consistently higher mixing values compared to 2013. The suppression of turbulence during NPEO 2013 resulted from increased near‐surface stratification, possibly caused by a different large‐scale circulation pattern that year.
Late‐summer biogeochemistry in the Mertz Polynya: East Antarctica
Authors: Shadwick E. H. , Tilbrook B. , Currie K. I. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA marked reconfiguration of the Mertz Polynya following the 2010 calving of the Mertz Glacier Tongue has been associated with a decrease in the size and activity of the polynya. We report observations of the oceanic carbonate (CO2) system in late‐summer 2013, the third post‐calving summer season. Estimates of seasonal net community production (NCP) based on inorganic carbon deficits and the oxygen‐argon ratio indicate that the waters on the shelf to the east of Commonwealth Bay (adjacent to the Mertz Glacier) remain productive compared to pre‐calving conditions. The input of residual or excess alkalinity from melting sea ice is found to contribute to the seasonal enhancement of carbonate saturation state and pH in shelf waters. Mean rates of NCP in 2012–2013 are more than twice as large as those observed in the pre‐calving summers of 2001 and 2008 and suggest that the new (post‐calving) configuration of the polynya favors enhanced net community production and a stronger surface ocean sink for atmospheric CO2 due at least in part to the redistribution of sea ice and associated changes in summer surface stratification.
The origins of the anomalous warming in the California coastal ocean and San Francisco Bay during 2014–2016
Authors: Chao Yi , Farrara John D. , Bjorkstedt Eric , Chai Fei , Chavez Francisco , Rudnick Daniel L. , Enright Wendy , Fisher Jennifer L. , Peterson William T. , Welch Gregory F. , Davis Curtiss O. , Dugdale Richard C. , Wilkerson Frances P. , Zhang Hongchun , Zhang Yinglong , Ateljevich Eli 
Published: August 2017

AbstractDuring 2014 exceptionally warm water temperatures developed across a wide area off the California coast and within San Francisco Bay (SFB) and persisted into 2016. Observations and numerical model output are used to document this warming and determine its origins. The coastal warming was mostly confined to the upper 100 m of the ocean and was manifested strongly in the two leading modes of upper ocean (0–100 m) temperature variability in the extratropical eastern Pacific. Observations suggest that the coastal warming in 2014 propagated into nearshore regions from the west while later indicating a warming influence that propagated from south to north into the region associated with the 2015–2016 El Niño event. An analysis of the upper ocean (0–100 m) heat budget in a Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) simulation confirmed this scenario. The results from a set of sensitivity runs with the model in which the lateral boundary conditions varied supported the conclusions drawn from the heat budget analysis. Concerning the warming in the SFB, an examination of the observations and the heat budget in an unstructured‐grid numerical model simulation suggested that the warming during the second half of 2014 and early 2016 originated in the adjacent California coastal ocean and propagated through the Golden Gate into the Bay. The finding that the coastal and Bay warming are due to the relatively slow propagation of signals from remote sources raises the possibility that such warming events may be predictable many months or even several seasons in advance.
Ultralow Thermal Conductivity of Single‐Crystalline Porous Silicon Nanowires
Authors: Zhao Yunshan , Yang Lina , Kong Lingyu , Nai Mui Hoon , Liu Dan , Wu Jing , Liu Yi , Chiam Sing Yang , Chim Wai Kin , Lim Chwee Teck , Li Baowen , Thong John T. L. , Hippalgaonkar Kedar 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPorous materials provide a large surface‐to‐volume ratio, thereby providing a knob to alter fundamental properties in unprecedented ways. In thermal transport, porous nanomaterials can reduce thermal conductivity by not only enhancing phonon scattering from the boundaries of the pores and therefore decreasing the phonon mean free path, but also by reducing the phonon group velocity. Herein, a structure–property relationship is established by measuring the porosity and thermal conductivity of individual electrolessly etched single‐crystalline silicon nanowires using a novel electron‐beam heating technique. Such porous silicon nanowires exhibit extremely low diffusive thermal conductivity (as low as 0.33 W m−1 K−1 at 300 K for 43% porosity), even lower than that of amorphous silicon. The origin of such ultralow thermal conductivity is understood as a reduction in the phonon group velocity, experimentally verified by measuring the Young's modulus, as well as the smallest structural size ever reported in crystalline silicon (<5 nm). Molecular dynamics simulations support the observation of a drastic reduction in thermal conductivity of silicon nanowires as a function of porosity. Such porous materials provide an intriguing platform to tune phonon transport, which can be useful in the design of functional materials toward electronics and nanoelectromechanical systems.
Rational Design of Glucose‐Responsive Insulin Using Pharmacokinetic Modeling
Authors: Bakh Naveed A. , Bisker Gili , Lee Michael A. , Gong Xun , Strano Michael S. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA glucose responsive insulin (GRI) is a therapeutic that modulates its potency, concentration, or dosing of insulin in relation to a patient's dynamic glucose concentration, thereby approximating aspects of a normally functioning pancreas. Current GRI design lacks a theoretical basis on which to base fundamental design parameters such as glucose reactivity, dissociation constant or potency, and in vivo efficacy. In this work, an approach to mathematically model the relevant parameter space for effective GRIs is induced, and design rules for linking GRI performance to therapeutic benefit are developed. Well‐developed pharmacokinetic models of human glucose and insulin metabolism coupled to a kinetic model representation of a freely circulating GRI are used to determine the desired kinetic parameters and dosing for optimal glycemic control. The model examines a subcutaneous dose of GRI with kinetic parameters in an optimal range that results in successful glycemic control within prescribed constraints over a 24 h period. Additionally, it is demonstrated that the modeling approach can find GRI parameters that enable stable glucose levels that persist through a skipped meal. The results provide a framework for exploring the parameter space of GRIs, potentially without extensive, iterative in vivo animal testing.
Enhanced Stability and Electrochemical Performance of Carbon‐Coated Ti3+ Self‐Doped TiO2‐Reduced Graphene Oxide Hollow Nanostructure‐Supported Pt‐Catalyzed Fuel Cell Electrodes
Authors: Sung Chang Hyun , Boppella Ramireddy , Yoo Jai‐Wook , Lim Dong‐Hee , Moon Byung‐Moo , Kim Dong Ha , Kim Jin Young 
Published: August 2017

AbstractStable alternative catalyst supports to replace conventional carbon‐based materials in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are being explored to achieve dramatic improvements in the performance and durability of fuel cells. Herein, conductive Ti3+ self‐doped and carbon‐coated TiO2‐reduced graphene oxide (rGO) hollow nanosphere‐supported Pt nanoparticles (Pt/rGO/TiO2) are investigated as cathode electrocatalysts for PEMFCs. Importantly, the rGO/TiO2 hollow nanospheres display excellent electrochemical stability under high potential cycling (1.2–1.7 V) compared with conventional carbon black (CB) support materials that normally induce electrochemical corrosion during fuel cell operation. The Pt/rGO/TiO2 is tested to establish its catalytic activity and stability using accelerated durability testing that mimics the conditions and degradation modes encountered during long‐term fuel cell operation. The Pt/rGO/TiO2 cathode catalyst demonstrates comparable catalytic activity toward oxygen reduction and exhibits much higher stability than the Pt/CB one at high potentials in terms of minimal loss of the Pt electrochemical surface area. More importantly, Pt/rGO/TiO2 displays a negligible voltage drop over long‐term cycling during practical fuel cell operation. The high stability of the Pt/rGO/TiO2 electrocatalyst synthesized in this investigation offers a new approach to improve the reliability and durability of PEMFC cathode catalysts.