bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic diversity of apple‐ and crabapple‐infecting isolates of Venturia inaequalis in Pennsylvania, the United States, determined by microsatellite markers
Authors: Sitther V. , Garrido Haro P. A. , Molineros J. E. , Garzon C. D. , Jiménez‐Gasco M. M. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryApple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis is the most destructive disease of apple worldwide. In this study, genetic diversity of 101 V. inaequalis isolates from cultivated apples and ornamental crabapples in Pennsylvania (PA, USA) was characterized using 14 microsatellite markers. A total of 157 alleles ranging from 5 (Vitg9/99) to 26 (Vica10/154) per locus were detected. Regardless of the host of origin, isolates were grouped into five clusters, which were largely supported by STRUCTURE and principal coordinate analysis. Cluster analyses based on genetic distances and population structure analysis suggest very small differentiation (PhiPT ranging from 0.016 to 0.103, depending on the population comparison) between apple and crabapple isolates of V. inaequalis. Pairwise comparisons among populations from different locations showed very low differentiation, and POPGENE analysis indicated frequent migration of alleles (Nm = 1.47). In pathogenicity tests using a detached leaf assay, isolates of V. inaequalis from crabapple caused characteristic scab symptoms on apple and were highly virulent. Results of the study indicate that scab lesions in crabapple trees in close vicinity to apple orchards could serve as reservoirs for spread of the pathogen. Movement of inoculum among locations and between hosts may be responsible for the limited population structure observed. Understanding the population structure of V. inaequalis isolates is significant for apple scab management as crabapples are often used as pollinizers and rootstock in apple orchards, and as ornamental trees.
Habitat use and movement patterns of small (age‐0) juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) relative to the Kuroshio
Authors: Fujioka Ko , Fukuda Hiromu , Furukawa Seishiro , Tei Yaoki , Okamoto Suguru , Ohshimo Seiji 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe habitat use of Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis; PBF) in nursery waters off the southern coast of Japan was investigated using archival tags over a 3 year study period (2012–2015), and the data were used to examine the free‐ranging habitat preferences of PBF and the relationship between their horizontal movements and the path of the Kuroshio off the Pacific coast of Japan. The path of the Kuroshio fluctuated seasonally, leading to changes in water temperature that strongly influenced the habitat use of small PBF (2–3 months after hatching). Most PBF were present in coastal waters inshore of the path of the current, and their habitat use changed in response to the distance of the current from the coast. The Kuroshio typically flowed along the coast from summer to autumn, and PBF remained in the coastal waters off Kochi Prefecture during this period. In contrast, PBF quickly moved eastward in winter when the current moved away from the coast. Throughout the winter and spring, the area of habitat use extended widely from the eastern end of the southern coast of Japan (the Boso Peninsula) to the offshore Kuroshio‐Oyashio transition region. These findings suggest that the seasonal habitat use and movement behavior of juvenile PBF are influenced by the distance of the Kuroshio axis from the coast, and the ultimate drivers are likely variations in oceanographic conditions and prey availability along the southern coast of Japan.
Improved diagnostic stratification of digitised Barrett's oesophagus biopsies by p53 immunohistochemical staining
Authors: van der Wel Myrtle J , Duits Lucas C , Pouw Roos E , Seldenrijk Cornelis A , Offerhaus G J A , Visser Mike , ten Kate Fiebo J , Biermann Katharina , Brosens Lodewijk A A , Doukas Michael , Huysentruyt Clement , Karrenbeld Arend , Kats‐Ugurlu Gursah , van der Laan Jaap S , van Lijnschoten G (Ineke) , Moll Freek C P , Ooms Ariadne H A G , van der Valk Hans , Tijssen Jan G , Bergman Jacques J , Meijer Sybren L 
Published: January 2018

AimsInterobserver agreement for dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus (BO) is low, and guidelines advise expert review of dysplastic cases. The aim of this study was to assess the added value of p53 immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the homogeneity within a group of dedicated gastrointestinal (GI) pathologists.Methods and resultsSixty‐single haematoxylin and eosin (HE) slide referral BO cases [20 low‐grade dysplasia (LGD); 20 high‐grade dysplasia (HGD); and 20 non‐dysplastic BO reference cases] were digitalised and independently assessed twice in random order by 10 dedicated GI pathologists. After a ‘wash‐out’ period, cases were reassessed with the addition of a corresponding p53 IHC slide. Outcomes were: (i) proportion of ‘indefinite for dysplasia’ (IND) diagnoses; (ii) interobserver agreement; and (iii) diagnostic accuracy as compared with a consensus ‘gold standard’ diagnosis defined at an earlier stage by five core expert BO pathologists after their assessment of this case set. Addition of p53 IHC decreased the mean proportion of IND diagnoses from 10 of 60 to eight of 60 (P = 0.071). Mean interobserver agreement increased significantly from 0.45 to 0.57 (P = 0.0021). The mean diagnostic accuracy increased significantly from 72% to 82% (P = 0.0072) after p53 IHC addition.ConclusionAddition of p53 IHC significantly improves the histological assessment of BO biopsies, even within a group of dedicated GI pathologists. It decreases the proportion of IND diagnoses, and increases interobserver agreement and diagnostic accuracy. This justifies the use of accessory p53 IHC within our upcoming national digital review panel for BO biopsy cases.
Accuracy and reliability of a hand‐held in vivo skin indentation device to assess skin elasticity
Authors: Virén T. , Iivarinen J. T. , Sarin J. K. , Harvima I. , Mayrovitz H. N. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of a hand‐held indentation device for fast and reliable determination of skin stiffness.MethodsDevice accuracy to indentation depths of 0.6 and 1.3 mm was first evaluated on plastic foam materials with mechanical properties verified by a laboratory material testing device. Subsequently, the device's sensitivity to detect age‐related changes in skin stiffness was evaluated among 46 healthy women (18–79 years). Finally, the reproducibility of the method was tested with six healthy subjects.ResultsHigh correlation was detected between indentation stiffness of reference material and Young's modulus determined with mechanical testing device (0.6 mm indenter: r = 0.97, P = 0.05; 1.3 mm indenter: r = 0.98, P = 0.04). Age‐related decrease of 38% in skin stiffness was observed in healthy volunteers (P < 0.05). The coefficient of variation for 0.6 and 1.3 mm indenters was 7.4% and 8.5%, respectively. No trend related to hysteresis effect was observed from repeated measurements.ConclusionsThe presented indentation technique was accurate against the laboratory material testing device. Furthermore, skin changes related to ageing could be detected with the indentation technique. The new device was found to be feasible for monitoring skin stiffness in cosmetics and clinical conditions.
Human dendritic cell subsets: an update
Authors: Collin Matthew , Bigley Venetia 
Published: January 2018

SummaryDendritic cells (DC) are a class of bone‐marrow‐derived cells arising from lympho‐myeloid haematopoiesis that form an essential interface between the innate sensing of pathogens and the activation of adaptive immunity. This task requires a wide range of mechanisms and responses, which are divided between three major DC subsets: plasmacytoid DC (pDC), myeloid/conventional DC1 (cDC1) and myeloid/conventional DC2 (cDC2). Each DC subset develops under the control of a specific repertoire of transcription factors involving differential levels of IRF8 and IRF4 in collaboration with PU.1, ID2, E2‐2, ZEB2, KLF4, IKZF1 and BATF3. DC haematopoiesis is conserved between mammalian species and is distinct from monocyte development. Although monocytes can differentiate into DC, especially during inflammation, most quiescent tissues contain significant resident populations of DC lineage cells. An extended range of surface markers facilitates the identification of specific DC subsets although it remains difficult to dissociate cDC2 from monocyte‐derived DC in some settings. Recent studies based on an increasing level of resolution of phenotype and gene expression have identified pre‐DC in human blood and heterogeneity among cDC2. These advances facilitate the integration of mouse and human immunology, support efforts to unravel human DC function in vivo and continue to present new translational opportunities to medicine.
Experiencing primitive accumulation as alienation: Mangrove forest privatization, enclosures and the everyday adaptation of bodies to capital in ruralSenegal
Authors: Hiraldo Rocío 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis paper examines primitive accumulation by studying changes in fishermen and mollusc collectors' labour before and after the privatization of 1,800 hectares of mangrove forest in rural Senegal through the creation of a tourism‐oriented protected area. Locating this privatization within a broader context of capital's enclosures, the paper shows a process of depeasantization, labour intensification (via the multiplication of petty commodity production activities and proletarianization) and changing socioecological relations. This is a process where enclosures continuously alienate workers by separating them not necessarily from the land, but, more generally, from the conditions of their labour even when these are already commodified. As workers cope with alienation, they encounter it anew, contributing to capital's survival through their search for money and other commodities (i.e., means of production and subsistence). Workers' everyday adaptations to capital, and hence alienation, need to become central in future research on primitive accumulation and agrarian change.
Prevalence of tinnitus according to temporomandibular joint disorders and dental pain: The Korean National Population‐based Study
Authors: Kim Y. H. , Park Y. G. , Han K. D. , Vu D. , Cho K. H. , Lee S. Y. 
Published: January 2018

SummarySome studies have reported that temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) is related to tinnitus. However, there is no study of the relationship and prevalence of dental pain and tinnitus. We evaluated the associations between the prevalence of tinnitus and TMD and dental pain by analysing the Korean national health survey. We analysed totally 11 745 participants. The presence of tinnitus, TMD symptoms and dental pain was surveyed by self‐assessment questionnaires from all the participants. Multivariable regression analysis was applied to acquire odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The prevalence of tinnitus was higher in the subjects with dental pain (21.1%), TMD (22.5%) and both symptoms (31.2%) than subjects without those symptoms (19.6%). After adjusting for all covariates, subjects with TMD had tinnitus 1.6 times more than subjects without TMD. In the subanalysis, age group more than 65 years, women, and obese subjects had tinnitus more than men, age group <65, and non‐obese subjects, respectively. TMD alone and both dental pain and TMD were associated with tinnitus (OR = 1.389 and 95% CI 1.054‐1.832 and 2.206 and 1.637‐2.974, respectively). Subjects with TMD had more tinnitus than subjects without TMD. Moreover, subjects with dental pain in addition to TMD had increased prevalence of tinnitus than TMD alone.
Group identity in a network formation game with cost sharing
Authors: Dev Pritha 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis paper introduces the choice of group identity, which is comprised of characteristics and commitments to these characteristics, in a network formation model where links costs are shared. Players want to link to the largest group given that linking costs for players of the same (different) characteristic are decreasing (increasing) in their commitments. The equilibrium concepts used are Nash equilibrium as well as one that looks for stability allowing for bilateral negotiations. Conditions are shown under which the endogenous choice of characteristics and commitments allow for multiple groups with segregated or connected networks. When group identity is partly endogenous, such that characteristics are fixed and players only choose commitment, it is shown that the equilibrium population commitment profile dictates whether the resulting network is segregated or connected. When group identity is fully endogenous, it is shown that multiple groups and segregated networks are possible equilibrium outcomes but such outcomes are not stable unless the group size additionally affects the costs of link formation.
Modulation of broilers’ caecal microflora and metabolites in response to a potential probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
Authors: Cao G. T. , Zhan X. A. , Zhang L. L. , Zeng X. F. , Chen A. G. , Yang C. M. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryStudies have found that a dietary supplement of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens improved the growth performance, increased the nutrient digestibility of hosts and modulated the intestinal microflora. A total of 360 1‐day‐old Ross broilers were randomly divided into three treatments: a control group with a basal diet, an antibiotic group with a basal diet and added colistin sulphate, and a probiotics group with a basal diet and added Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The HiSeq high‐throughput sequencing analysis of 16S rRNA was used to investigate the differences in birds’ caecal microflora, and metabolomics was used to analyse changes in caecal metabolites. Results showed that the supplementation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens significantly improved the BW and ADG compared with the control birds. Results of sequencing indicated that (i) 645, 670, 596 unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were found in birds supplemented with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on day 7, 21 and 42, separately, (ii) due to the diversity and relative abundance of the birds’ caecal microflora, the OTUs of the caecal microflora clustered according to age and treatment, except on day 42, (iii) among the six predominate families (Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Lactobacillaceae and Rikenellaceae), the supplementation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens significantly increased Enterobacteriaceae on day 42, (iv) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens increased the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium and Ruminococcus on day 21, increased the Faecalibacterium and Blautia and decreased the Ruminococcus on day 42. The metabolomics of caecal metabolites showed that the dietary Bacillus amyloliquefaciens changed the caecal metabolites involved of amino acid metabolism and glyceride metabolism, and the antibiotics changed the caecal metabolites that were related to carbohydrates and amino acid metabolism on day 21.
The evolution ofHomo Discens: natural selection and human learning
Authors: Kivinen Osmo , Piiroinen Tero 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis article takes an evolutionary “reverse engineering” standpoint onHomo discens, learning man, to track down the (learning) mechanisms that played a pivotal role in the natural selection of human being. The approach is “evolutionary sociological”—as opposed to gene‐centred or psychologising—and utilises notions of co‐evolutionary organism–environment transactions and niche construction. These are compatible with a Deweyan theory of action, which entails that in action one cannot but learn and one can only learn in action. Special attention is paid to apprentice‐like learning‐by‐doing peculiar to human socio‐cultural niches since the Pleistocene, which has permitted each subsequent generation to learn the many habits and skills needed in utilising the affordances of action that constitute their ecological niche. Affordances and actions have changed over the history of human–environment transactions, but the core mechanisms of human learning have not changed much. It is increasingly important to appreciate these mechanisms now in the global age “knowledge society,” which is in a way similar to the Pleistocene era: characterised by uncertainty and life‐determining problem‐situations without any ready‐made solutions, it calls for capacities to adapt to changing circumstances, and thus apprentice‐like learning in action supported by savvy epistemological engineering of learning environments.
MiR‐492 regulates metastatic properties of hepatoblastoma via CD44
Authors: von Frowein Julia , Hauck Stefanie M. , Kappler Roland , Pagel Philipp , Fleischmann Katrin K. , Magg Thomas , Cairo Stefano , Roscher Adelbert , von Schweinitz Dietrich , Schmid Irene 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackground & AimsMicroRNAs are important genetic regulators of physiological and pathophysiological processes including cancer initiation and progression of hepatoblastoma, the most common liver tumour in childhood. We aimed to identify malignant and metastasis promoting effects of miR‐492, a miRNA, previously reported to be overexpressed in metastatic hepatoblastoma. Furthermore, we intended to evaluate its diagnostic and prognostic potential.MethodsStable and transient overexpression of miR‐492 in two liver tumour cell lines HepT1 and HUH7 was used to analyse features of metastatic tumour progression such as proliferation, anchorage‐independent growth, migration and invasion. Via a mass spectrometry based proteomic screen, we investigated miRNA‐492‐dependent effects on proteome level and explored the underlying biology. One of the predicted target genes, CD44, was experimentally validated via luciferase assays. Diagnostic and prognostic properties of miR‐492 were studied in hepatoblastoma tumour samples.ResultsWe show that miR‐492 significantly enhances cell proliferation, anchorage‐independent growth, migration and invasion of hepatoblastoma cells. We also identified and validated CD44, a transmembrane adhesion receptor for hyaluronan, as direct and functional target of miR‐492. This miRNA has a strong direct impact on two CD44 isoforms (standard and v10). High miR‐492 expression correlates with high‐risk or aggressive tumours and further bears potential for predicting reduced event‐free survival.ConclusionsWe identified miR‐492 and its target CD44 as regulators of a number of biological features important for malignancy and metastasis. Furthermore, we demonstrated the diagnostic and prognostic potential of miR‐492, a promising novel therapeutic target and biomarker for hepatoblastoma.
Mg‐rich harzburgites from Vesta: Mantle residua or cumulates from planetary differentiation?
Authors: Hahn Timothy M. , Lunning Nicole G. , McSween Harry Y. , Bodnar Robert J. , Taylor Lawrence A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe describe petrographic, electron microprobe, and laser ablation ICP‐MS analyses of Mg‐rich harzburgite clasts in the Dominion Range 2010 howardites, and conclude that they are xenolithic samples of the vestan mantle. Key chemical and petrologic characteristics of these rocks provide tests for differentiation models. Our results indicate the mantle of Vesta formed through variable degrees of partial melting, which left behind a harzburgite and possibly dunite residuum. The Mg‐rich clasts are composed of orthopyroxene and olivine, with minor clinopyroxene, FeNi metal, and distinctive pyroxene–chromite symplectites. We use mineral chemistry to demonstrate the absence of a genetic link between diogenites and the Mg‐rich harzburgites. We propose a secondary origin for the formation of symplectites: interaction of silicate and metallic melts during primordial differentiation and core formation. The occurrence of FeNi metal containing ~1.5 wt% Cr within the assemblage indicates a very reducing environment during mantle differentiation (≪IW). Our study suggests that Vesta did not experience complete melting early in its history, and instead supports the formation of a shallow magma ocean.
Victims, Their Stories, and Our Rights
Authors: Bufacchi Vittorio 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDiana Meyers argues that breaking the silence of victims and attending to their stories are necessary steps towards realizing human rights. Yet using highly personal victims' stories to promote human rights raises significant moral concerns, hence Meyers suggests that before victims' stories can be accessed and used, it is morally imperative that requirements of informed consent and non‐retraumatization are secured. This article argues that while Meyers' proviso is important, and necessary, it may not be sufficient. First, one potential problem with seeking to secure “informed consent” is that one has to ask for the consent, and in the act of asking one is potentially retraumatizing the victim. Secondly, the assumption that victims have ownership right over their stories, which is a key premise in Meyers's argument, is much more problematic than may appear.
Victims' Stories and the Postcolonial Politics of Empathy
Authors: Khader Serene J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis paper discusses Diana Meyers's book in light of postcolonial feminist insights. It argues that though Meyers's defense of empathy is admirably sensitive to the ways philosophical concepts and popular discourses can undermine our empathetic capacities, building a human rights culture requires attention to the relational and distributional dimensions of empathy. Meyers's criticism of the expectation of moral purity from victims attests to the richness of her work on agency and helps dismantle unduly narrow conceptions of who counts as a victim of a human rights violation. Meyers's argument for empathy over sympathy is especially useful for understanding culturally encoded forms of degradation. However, human rights violations are caused not only by empathy deficits; they are caused also by empathy excesses toward some people and savior mentalities that can coexist with empathy. Empathy should be supplemented by a political analysis that helps us identify the causes of global injustice.
The impact of alternative donor types on viral infections in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Atay D. , Akcay A. , Erbey F. , Ozturk G. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractViral infections remain one of the most important complications following allogeneic HSCT. Few reports compare virus infection between different donor types in pediatric patients. We retrospectively analyzed viral infections and the outcome of one hundred and seventy‐one pediatric patients (median 7.38 years) who underwent allogeneic HSCT from matched related donor (MRD, n = 71), 10 of 10 HLA allele‐matched unrelated donors (MUD1; n = 29), 9 of 10 HLA allele‐matched unrelated donors (MUD2; n = 40), and haploidentical donors (n = 31). PCR screening for BK virus, adenovirus, Epstein‐Barr virus, parvovirus B19, human herpesvirus 6, and CMV were performed routinely weekly. Infections between 0‐30, 31‐100, and 101 days‐2 years were identified separately. BK virus and CMV reactivations were significantly low in MRD transplant patients (P = .046 and P < .0001, respectively), but incidences of all virus infections between MUD1, MUD2, and haplo‐HSCT were found statistically not different. The OS was found to be affected by having one or multiple virus infection (P = .04 and P = .0008). Despite antiviral prophylaxis and treatments, post‐transplant viral infections are associated with reduced overall survival. Haplo‐HSCT is comparable with MUD transplantation in the setting of viral infections. A larger study group and prospective studies are needed to confirm this observation.