bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Elimination of Wall Effects in Axial-Flow Compressor Stages
Authors: Stephenson J. M. 
Published: August 2016

Compressor stages are usually designed on the assumption that the gas velocity is nowhere affected by the friction at the walls. The only way in which viscosity is taken into account is in the assumed efficiency, and in a guessed “work-done factor,” which ensures that by aiming high the required work is actually attained.It is known that the radial profile of the axial velocity component becomes more and more peaked through successive stages of a compressor, so that the assumptions just quoted become very inaccurate. It is possible that the efficiency of a stage could be raised considerably if the axial velocity profile were controlled; moreover up to 20 per cent. more work could be done if a “ work-done factor ” did not have to be applied.
Design for Production
Authors: Keen E. D. 
Published: August 2016

The title of the paper infers that, in general, aircraft design is not fundamentally suitable for production and, for various reasons, design for quick and easy production must be the result of compromise. In practice optimum design and easy production never seem to coincide exactly. Refinement of design for production covers many broad conceptions.In its broadest sense it should be the uppermost consideration from the very beginning of the design of the prototypes. The primary object of designing any new aircraft, civil or military, is to be able to produce a series of the most efficient fully approved and tested production aircraft at the highest possible rate in the shortest possible time. The first part of the paper, therefore, deals with the design and production planning phases of a new aircraft when, by joint consultation with the production departments, the design is viewed from the production angle from the outset.
Reinforced Elliptical Holes in Stressed Plates
Authors: Hicks Raymond 
Published: August 2016

SummaryThis paper considers the problem of a reinforced elliptical hole in a plate under the action of a principal stress system of the type found in cylindrical and ellipsoidal pressure vessels. That is, stress systems in which the ratio of the principal stresses is not greater than two to one. It is shown that when the ratio of the major and minor axes of the ellipse can be chosen arbitrarily, practical reinforcements can be designed to give a maximum stress around the hole which is only slightly greater than the maximum stress in a similarly loaded plate with no hole. General expressions are obtained for the stress distribution in the plate around the hole, for the stress acting on a normal cross section of the reinforcement, and for the cross-sectional area of a reinforcement which gives a small stress concentration. These are used to find the variation in the stress distribution around the hole due to reinforcements having different cross-sectional areas when the applied principal stresses are in the ratio of two to one and Poisson's ratio for the material of the plate and reinforcement has practical values.
Plastics Structures
Authors: Hulbert G. C. 
Published: August 2016

More than two years ago Pollard in a paper given to the Society made out the case for the use of fibre-reinforced plastics in the structural field. He and others have shown that materials based on strong, inert fibres, such as glass or asbestos, have mechanical properties which, when stabilised by suitable resins, permit them to function with a high degree of efficiency within certain well defined parameters of loading.Four distinct groups of resin are used in combination with such fibres, phenolic, polyester, epoxide and silicone. With the present exception of silicone resins, each can be used at low or even contact pressures during moulding and thus do not impose serious processing limitation upon the size, quantity or complexity of the structures which can be contemplated.
Air-Cooled Engines in Service
Authors: Fedden A. H. R. 
Published: August 2016

It is now rather more than three years since I last had the honour of presenting a paper before this Society dealing with air-cooled aero engines. At that time the air-cooled engine had not fully won a place “in the sun,” which may be fairly stated to be the case to-day.For some years after the war there was a considerable aversion towards the air-cooled aero engine owing to certain types which had been developed during the war which were supposedly air-cooled, but in reality obtained the greater portion of their cooling by means of exorbitant fuel and oil consumption. As lately as four years ago the practical advantages of the air-cooled engine were only tentatively appreciated by the aircraft constructor, and naturally, owing to his somewhat painful experiences in the past in respect of unreliability and high fuel consumption; it required some missionary work and proof in order to persuade him that the new family of air-cooled engines would really perform in the way their designers claimed for them.
Note on the Motion Inside a Region of Recirculation (Cavity Flow)
Authors: Squire H. B. 
Published: August 2016

It is shown that the flow in a region of recirculation may be divided into a core, in which the vorticity may be constant, and a boundary layer surrounding the core. An approximate solution is given for the flow inside a circular cylinder with partly fixed and partly moving walls.Flow patterns which include regions of recirculation occur frequently, for example, behind bluff bodies, in sharp bends, and in sudden expansions in ducts. Little is known about this type of flow, which will be referred to, for brevity, as ‘cavity’ flow. It used to be thought that the velocities in the ‘ cavity ’ were small compared with the stream velocity, but it is now known that the maximum velocity in the cavity may be about 30 per cent. of the stream velocity. This implies that the motion within the cavity cannot be neglected.
The Use of Light Alloys in Aircraft from the Point of View of Corrosion
Authors: Sutton H. 
Published: August 2016

A meeting of the Royal Aeronautical Society was held in the rooms of the Royal Society of Arts, John Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2, on Thursday, October 18th.The President (Colonel the Master of Sempill): Dr. Schutte, the President of the German Aeronautical Society, had stated that his Council had scanned the list of lectures to be delivered to the Royal Aeronautical Society during the present session, and had come to the conclusion that Mr. Sutton’s lecture was from their point of view one of the most interesting. That indicated how very closely they were following the Society’s work, and how extremely interested they were in the problem of corrosion. Having in view the increasing popularit} in this country of marine type aircraft, the investigations of light alloys assumed ever greater importance than previously, if that were possible.He was sorry to be compelled to leave the meeting early in order to represent the Society at a function of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, and he asked Mr. Pye (Deputy Director of Scientific Research), Air Ministry, acting for Major H. E. Wimperis (Director of Scientific Research), to preside.
Aerodynamics of a Spinning Sphere
Authors: Maccoll John W. 
Published: August 2016

The full equations of motion for the flow of a viscous fluid have proved too complicated for any general solution to be obtained. It is to be doubted if, in. the near future, the problem of fluid motion will be solved in a general manner, although solutions for a few special cases may be found. In view of this it is of some value to investigate experimentally certain cases which are likely to prove of mathematical interest at a later date; this paper deals with such a problem. By means of the results obtained experimentally the mathematical analysis may be guided along the right lines and a satisfactory analytical solutioa of the problem be obtained.The instrument used in exploring the fluid motion has a special interest of its own as it may prove of use in further aerodynamical investigations where the flow is of three–dimensional character. The development of this instrument, and its performance when tested, are described in Part I.The experiments for the measurement of the forces on the spinning sphere are described in Part II.
The Use of Barometric Charts in the Navigation of Airships
Authors: Silvester Norman L. 
Published: August 2016

Experience has shown how dependent is the airship upon weather conditions —more particularly for a safe ascent and descent. The numerous experiments with windscreens, tractors, mooring posts and landing gear emphasise the difficulty of handling an airship on the ground and of manoeuvring it in and out of its shed.It is in the endeavour to minimise these risks that this study has been undertaken. In the discussion as to the most advisable course for an airship to adopt for its own safety when surprised by unfavourable weather, it should be remembered that in all the examples which follow, it is a case of “making the best of a bad job”; and that no pilot would wittingly leave his base with the knowledge of such bad weather impending except under pressure of war time necessity. It is hoped to demonstrate that in some cases it might be possible by skilful navigation, aided by the frequent communication of isobaric charts by wireless telegraphy and by accurate positions given frequently by the same means, for a pilot to keep in the air during the passage of bad weather and thus avoid the risk of wreck by attempting a premature landing.
The Use of the Wind Channel for Performance Prediction
Authors: Pierson R. K. 
Published: August 2016

In general, the designer of an aeroplane has fixed for him the engine, the useful load, the strength factors, and the landing speed.A weight estimate is prepared, in the process of which it would appear that the power loading, and the wing loading for the chosen section, fix themselves automatically; in practice, as we all know, the designer has a certain scope for variation of these, in addition to the choice of wing section.
Epidemiological features and spatio-temporal clusters of hand-foot-mouth disease at town level in Fuyang, Anhui Province, China (2008–2013)
Authors: MAO Y. J. , SUN L. , XIE J. G. , YAU K. K. W. 
Published: August 2016

SUMMARYHand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is a frequently occurring epidemic and has been an important cause of childhood mortality in China. Given the disease's significant impact nationwide, the epidemiological characteristics and spatio-temporal clusters in Fuyang from 2008 to 2013 were analysed in this study. The disease exhibits strong seasonality with a rising incidence. Of the reported HFMD cases, 63·7% were male and 95·2% were preschool children living at home. The onset of HFMD is age-dependent and exhibits a 12-month periodicity, with 12-, 24- and 36-month-old children being the most frequently affected groups. Across the first 60 months of life, children born in April [relative risk (RR) 8·18], May (RR 9·79) and June (RR 8·21) exhibited an elevated infection risk of HFMD relative to January-born children; the relative risk compared with the reference (January-born) group was highest for children aged 24 months born in May (RR 34·85). Of laboratory-confirmed cases, enterovirus 71 (EV71), coxsackie A16 (Cox A16) and other enteroviruses accounted for 60·1%, 7·1% and 32·8%, respectively. Spatio-temporal analysis identified one most likely cluster and several secondary clusters each year. The centre of the most likely cluster was found in different regions in Fuyang. Implications of our findings for current and future public health interventions are discussed.
Depositional history of sedimentary sterols around Penguin Island, Antarctica
Authors: Ceschim Liziane M.M. , Dauner Ana L.L. , Montone Rosalinda C. , Figueira Rubens C.L. , Martins César C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractLipid biomarkers are potential tools for identifying the sources, diagenesis and reactivity of organic matter (OM) in marine systems, including in Antarctica where the particular environmental characteristics have motivated several studies of organic markers. Sedimentary sterol distributions were determined in two sediment cores (PGI-1 and PGI-2) collected from the marine environment around Penguin Island, Antarctica, during the 2007–08 summer. The cores were sectioned at 1 cm intervals and the sterols were analysed using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The results indicate that the sterols were subjected to decades of degradation and transformation with depth in both cores. However, an expected progressive conversion of stenols to stanols (evaluated by 5α-stanols/Δ5-stenols ratio) within the deepest sediment layers was not clear, suggesting low degradation rates. In PGI-1, the deposition of large quantities of penguin guano affected the distribution of sterols and, consequently, primary production was favoured by the ornithogenic soil input. The results contribute to the understanding of the current processes associated with primary sources and transformation of OM in this important region of the Antarctic environment.
Loading Strategies in Acute Mania
Authors: Carroll Brendan T. , Thalassinos Arthur , Fawver Jay D. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTreatment of acute mania has been greatly influenced by loading strategies. Loading has potential benefits, including rapid symptom reduction in mania and a shortened length of stay. Disadvantages include an increased likelihood of adverse effects of the medications. Loading strategies for lithium, valproic acid (divalproex sodium), carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, olanzapine, and haloperidol decanoate in the treatment of acute mania are discussed. Recent studies high-light this treatment option for selected patients. It is the unique properties of the medications that influence their use in loading. Issues in patient selection for loading strategies with each medication are also considered.
What Would It Take for Electrophysiology to Become Clinically Useful?
Authors: Somoza Eugene , Kim Sunme 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTIn this article we discuss the procedures that should be followed in order to develop diagnostic tests based on electro-physiologic parameters that would be useful to practicing psychiatrists in their efforts to diagnose mental disorders. To do this, we start by giving an overview of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, with which a candidate diagnostic test can be characterized mathematically. This methodology allows for an estimate of the overall discriminating power of the diagnostic test and thus can be used to compare the performance of one diagnostic test with that of another. However, ROC analysis cannot be used for optimizing a given diagnostic test (ie, determining the “best” cut-off) and, because it does not incorporate Bayes' theorem, it cannot be used to compare the performances of diagnostic tests when it is given to different risk groups for the target disorder. Both of these problems can be solved by using the concept of information theory. The equation for information gain automatically takes Bayes' theorem into consideration and also provides an intrinsic criterion for finding the cutoff that best discriminates between individuals who do and those who do not have the target disorder. Neither ROC analysis nor information theory are model dependent; however, if the equation for the frequency distribution of the electrophysiologic variable is known for the disease-positive and disease-negative populations, the calculations are greatly simplified. Therefore, the assumption is often made that both of these distributions (or transformations of the distributions) are Gaussian. However, studies have shown that the results of ROC analysis are quite robust to deviations from normality of the underlying distributions.
Radioligands for PET and SPECT Imaging of the Central Noradrenergic System
Authors: McConathy Jonathan , Kilts Clinton D. , Goodman Mark M. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTIn the central nervous system, the neurotransmitter norepinephrine is involved in normal physiology, neuropsychiatric disorders, and the effects of numerous drugs. Although alterations of the central noradrenergic system are involved in the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of mood disorders, the basis and nature of these changes remain unresolved. Positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging agents will be valuable for further elucidating the roles of norepinephrine in health and disease. This review discusses PET and SPECT radioligands that have been developed for the enzymes, receptors, and transporters involved in noradrenergic neurotransmission. Currently, imaging agents that exhibit specific in vivo uptake in the brain have been described for monoamine oxidase A and β-adrenergic receptors, but have not undergone detailed evaluation or experimental application. Based on the successful development and utilization of in vivo imaging agents for elements of the central dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems, PET and SPECT radioligands are expected to serve as new tools for studying the physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology of the central noradrenergic system.
An Immunologic Theory for the Development of Some Cases of Autism
Authors: Warren Reed P. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAutism is a severe developmental disorder likely resulting from a combination of biologic and genetic mechanisms including an environmental stimulus. This article presents an immunologic theory for the development of some cases of autism and circumstantial biologic evidence in support of this theory. A summary of some of the latest related findings obtained in the laboratory of the author is also presented. The intent of this article is to stimulate interest in the concept that abnormalities of the immune system are involved in autistic symptoms and to provide an impetus for additional studies in this area. Such studies may provide a novel approach to the treatment of some autistic individuals.
The Unified Theory of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Yaryura-Tobias José A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractVarious theories exist concerning the philosophical, biopsychosocial, and anatomic aspects of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The heterogeneous symptomatology of OCD and the complex interaction between the brain as a physical structure and the mind demands a theory fo OCD that recognizes the disorder as a unified emergent property. A unified theory of OCD is proposed, which incorporates the neurochemical, neuroanatomic, and psychatric underpinnings of this disorder, explor the methods by which OCD pathologies impact the neuroanatomic circuits of the brain, and explains how, through its symptmatology, OCD is “communicated” by the mind to the outside world.
Neurochemical and Behavioral Effects Related to 5-HT1B/1D Receptors
Authors: Briley Mike , Moret Chantal 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe lack of selective agonists and antagonists for serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptors has made it difficult to determine the neurochemical, behavioral, and clinical effects controlled by 5-HT1B/1D receptors. However, by combining data from various compounds with different receptor affinity profiles, it is possible to tentatively determine those effects that result from interactions at the 5-HT1B/1D receptors.This discussion contains a review of the in vitro and in vivo neuropharmacology of the 5-HT1B/1D group of receptor subtypes, and attempts to identify their possible functions and potential implications in central nervous system disorders.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Oxytocin Levels in Trichotillomania
Authors: Epperson C. Neill , Carpenter Linda , North William G. , McDougle Christopher J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSeveral lines of evidence suggest that the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) may be involved in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive behavior in humans and repetitive grooming behavior in animals. Trichotillomania (TTM), which is characterized by chronic hair pulling, may be conceptualized as a disorder of pathologic grooming. To investigate the role of OT in TTM, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of OT in nine women with TTM and nine healthy female controls were measured. Early findings from this ongoing study fail to demonstrate a significant difference in CSF OT levels between women with TTM and healthy female controls.
Trazodone Augmentation in OCD: A Case Series Report
Authors: Marazziti Donatella , Gemignani Alfredo , Dell'Osso Liliana 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBased on previous evidence that trazodone may have antiobsessional properties, the authors assessed trazodone augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) therapy in five cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder. All patients showed symptomatic improvement after trazodone was added to treatment with various SSRIs, and in many cases, trazodone also improved the tolerability of SSRI therapy.
Epidemiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Cross Culture and Economy
Authors: Black Donald W. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis manuscript summarizes the presentations of an international panel of experts, representing France, Hungary, India, South Africa, and the United States, on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD is culturally universal but probably heterogeneous. New data presented concern a follow-up study from a joint Yale-Brown clinical project; a prevalence study in Hungary; a molecular genetics study from South Africa; a comorbidity study from India; a clinical study from Paris comparing OCD with subclinical OCD; a discussion of compulsive buying as a cross-cultural phenomenon; and survey results showing the impact of OCD on quality of life and economic variables. A roundtable discussion led to a consensus that researchers must continue to: (1) investigate the prevalence of OCD in non Western samples and in less developed countries; (2) collect clinical data on OCD in child and adolescent samples, as well as in off-spring of adults with OCD; (3) refine the concept of age of onset; (4) study the impact of OCD on quality of life and the economy; (5) investigate the validity of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum in epidemiologic and clinical samples and develop appropriate instruments for its assessment; (6) study personality disorder and how it affects treatment response, and examine its prevalence in epidemiologic samples; (7) explore the concept of OCD heterogeneity, which may reflect differing etiologies but may also suggest differential treatment strategies; (8) conduct follow-up studies, particularly now that effective treatments may alter course of illness; and, finally, (9) investigate treatment response and whether certain subtypes demand unique approaches.
Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Montgomery Stuart A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAll the research to date implicates serotonin as the major neurotransmitter involved in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Much of the evidence has come from clinical treatment studies, which have shown the specific antiobsessional effect of drugs that are potent inhibitors of serotonin reuptake. Only the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and the potent inhibitors of serotonin reuptake have been shown to be effective in treating patients with OCD. Serotonin receptor inhibitors and SSRIs have been thoroughly investigated in short- and long-term placebo-controlled studies and all have been found to be effective in OCD.