bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wnt signaling in the vessel wall
Authors: Badimon Lina , Borrell-Pages Maria 
Published: February 2017

Purpose of review
Wnt signaling plays a crucial role during embryogenesis. In an adult, Wnt is mainly associated to cellular proliferation and differentiation mechanisms. Recent data suggest that Wnt signaling is involved in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. However, the roles of Wnt signaling pathways in the vessel wall are poorly understood. This review outlines recent discoveries in understanding the role of Wnt pathways in healthy and atherosclerotic vessels.

Recent findings
In the last years, the involvement of both canonical and noncanonical Wnt pathways in the development of atherosclerotic lesions has been recognized. Indeed, several Wnt pathway components have been shown to participate in the early, intermediate, and late stages of atherosclerosis development. Specifically, the role of the Wnt coreceptors low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 seems to be crucial for atherosclerotic plaque progression.

Summary
Many of the clinical trials developed in the last decade to reduce atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases have been futile or have failed possibly because of a poor understanding of new mechanisms that lead to diseases. The understanding of the signaling pathways involved in human atherosclerosis development should help in the development of future therapies.
Open partial laryngectomy after failure of (chemo) radiation: indications, oncologic and functional outcomes
Authors: Mortuaire Geoffrey , Chevalier Dominique , Mouawad François 
Published: February 2017

Purpose of review
Early-stage squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx can be successfully treated with radiotherapy or surgery (transoral or open approaches). Oncologic results are comparable while functional results may be different according to the volume of resection. In some countries radiotherapy is often preferred as primary treatment. In case of recurrence, surgical salvage is the only option. Careful examination, endoscopic assessment, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging are necessary to assess superficial and deep extensions into the larynx, including cartilage framework and to restage the tumor.

Recent findings
The choice between endoscopic and open partial laryngectomy is based on the extension and characteristics of the tumor. Oncologic results of open approaches are encouraging as local control, survival, and laryngeal preservation rates reported in the literature are close to those obtained in nonpreviously treated patients. Functional results are not significantly worse and major complications in the previously irradiated patients undergoing open neck surgery not increased.
Supracricoid partial surgery seems to be more and more performed.

Summary
With regards to the results, open partial surgery, like in nonpreviously treated patients, is still indicated for the surgical treatment of postradiotherapic recurrent/persistent disease.
Neuroprotective Effect of Modified Electroconvulsive Therapy for Schizophrenia
Authors: Gan Jing-Li , Duan Hui-Feng , Cheng Zheng-Xiang , Yang Jia-Ming , Zhu Xi-Quan , Gao Cun-You , Zhao Lan-Min , Liang Xue-Jun 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The underlying mechanism of modified electroconvulsive therapy (MECT) treatment for drug-resistant and catatonic schizophrenia remains unclear. Here, we aim to investigate whether MECT exerts its antipsychotic effects through elevating N-acetylaspartate (NAA) concentration measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Multiple-voxel 1H-MRS was acquired in the bilateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and thalamus to obtain measures of neurochemistry in 32 MECT, 34 atypical antipsychotic-treated schizophrenic patients, and 34 healthy controls. We found that both MECT and atypical antipsychotic treatments showed significant antipsychotic efficacy. MECT and atypical antipsychotic treatments reversed the reduced NAA/creatine ratio (NAA/Cr) in the left PFC and left thalamus in schizophrenic patients compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, the NAA/Cr ratio after treatments was significant higher in the MECT group, but not in the medication group. Our findings demonstrate that eight times of MECT elevated the relative NAA concentration to display neuroprotective effect, which may be the underlying mechanism of rapid antipsychotic efficacy.
Comfortably Numb
Authors: Mason Tyler B. , Lavender Jason M. , Wonderlich Stephen A. , Steiger Howard , Cao Li , Engel Scott G. , Mitchell James E. , Crosby Ross D. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Evidence suggests that both dissociation and negative affect (NA) may precipitate binge eating. The extent to which dissociation may impact the experience of NA around binge eating is unclear. Women with bulimia nervosa completed a 2-week ecological momentary assessment protocol of dissociation, NA, and binge eating. Multilevel modeling was used to examine dissociation as a moderator of NA before and after binge eating. NA was greater at the time of binge eating for participants higher in average dissociation (between subjects) and when momentary dissociation was greater than one's average (within subjects). The trajectory of NA was characterized by a sharper increase before binge eating for participants higher in average dissociation; the NA trajectories were characterized by sharper increases before and decreases after binge eating when momentary dissociation was greater than one's average. Results support the salience of both dissociation and NA in relation to the occurrence of binge eating.
Sleep Problems in Relation to Smoking and Alcohol Use in Chinese Adolescents
Authors: Chen Hua , Bo Qi-Gui , Jia Cun-Xian , Liu Xianchen 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This study examined sleep patterns and sleep problems in relation to smoking and alcohol use in Chinese adolescents. A questionnaire survey of 2090 adolescent students was conducted in Lijin County, Shandong, China. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. After adjustment for demographics and internalizing and externalizing problems, poor sleep quality was associated with increased risk of smoking (odds ratio [OR], 2.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24–5.40), alcohol use (OR, 2.65; 95% CI, 2.81–3.89), and getting drunk (OR, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.72–4.57); sleeping 7 hours (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.20–2.43) and sleeping 6 hours or less per night on weekdays (OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.25–3.10) were significantly associated with increased risk for alcohol use, and sleeping 6 hours or less per night on weekends (OR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.18–3.70) were significantly associated with increased risk for getting drunk; and hypnotic medication use was significantly associated with ever smoking (OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.08–2.99). These findings highlight the potential role of sleep intervention in the prevention of adolescent substance use.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor–Induced Hyponatremia and the Plastic Surgery Patient
Authors: Levine Steven M. , Sinno Sammy , Cannavo Dominick , Baker Daniel C. 
Published: February 2017

Summary:Cosmetic plastic surgery procedures continue to increase in frequency, and a greater number of them now occur outside of an acute-care hospital setting. In addition, antidepressant use is also rising, with a greater number of patients taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors to aid in a variety of mood and anxiety disorders. Americans spend more than $86 billion each year on antidepressants, as 34 million people in the United States are taking at least one of these medications. Many side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are well known and not clinically relevant to practicing surgeons. Hyponatremia, however, is a well-documented side effect of these medications that has received relatively little attention in the surgical literature. Postoperative hyponatremia results because of a decrease of antidiuretic hormone suppression that occurs with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor administration. Here, the authors first review the literature reporting hyponatremia with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use. The authors then present two cases of severe postoperative hyponatremia after plastic surgery operations. The authors propose that patients using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, especially elderly patients and those undergoing procedures with expected large fluid shifts, should be tested preoperatively and postoperatively for serum sodium levels so that a diagnosis of hyponatremia may be made early and treated before a catastrophic event.CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:Therapeutic, V.
Vagal Regulation of Cardiac Function in Early Childhood and Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescence
Authors: Gangel Meghan J. , Shanahan Lilly , Kolacz Jacek , Janssen James A. , Brown Ashley , Calkins Susan D. , Keane Susan P. , Wideman Laurie 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

Objective
Poor behavioral self-regulation in the first 2 decades of life has been identified as an important precursor of disease risk in adulthood. However, physiological regulation has not been well studied as a disease risk factor before adulthood. We tested whether physiological regulation at the age of 2 years, in the form of vagal regulation of cardiac function (indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia [RSA] change), would predict three indicators of cardiovascular risk at the age of 16 years (diastolic and systolic blood pressure and body mass index).

Methods
Data came from 229 children who participated in a community-based longitudinal study. At the age of 2 years, children were assessed for RSA baseline and RSA change (ln(ms)2) in response to a series of challenge tasks. These same children were assessed again at the age of 16 years for diastolic and systolic blood pressure (millimeters of mercury), height (meters), and weight (kilogram).

Results
Regression analyses revealed that less RSA withdrawal at the age of 2 years predicted higher diastolic blood pressure at the age of 16 years, adjusting for demographic characteristics (B = −3.07, M [S E] = 1.12, p = .006). Follow-up analyses demonstrated that these predictions extended to clinically significant levels of diastolic prehypertension (odds ratio = 0.43, 95% confidence interval = 0.22–0.89). RSA withdrawal did not significantly predict adolescent body mass index or systolic blood pressure.

Conclusions
Vagal regulation of cardiac function in early childhood predicts select indicators of cardiovascular risk 14 years later. Early signs of attenuated vagal regulation could indicate an increased risk for elevated blood pressure before adulthood. Future research should test biological, behavioral, and psychological mechanisms underlying these long-term predictions.
Staphylococcus aureus infections, some second thoughts
Authors: van Wamel Willem J.B. 
Published: February 2017

Purpose of review

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is well known for its ability to cause life-threatening infections. On the other hand, this bacterium can thrive as a commensal on and in human tissues without causing much problems. How big a threat is S. aureus actually? Furthermore, commensalism is associated with biofilms, where can we find them, and which natural and artificial components activate biofilm formation?

Recent findings
Recent findings on S. aureus carriage on skin, mucosa, and in wounds indicate the presence of large numbers of S. aureus, yet its abundance can be without major implications for the host. S. aureus is often present in biofilms, together with other microorganisms, which can stimulate biofilm formation of S. aureus, in addition medicine including antibiotics can do the same.

Summary

S. aureus can cause devastating infections, but when we take into consideration the ubiquitous presence of S. aureus, the risk seems to be relatively low. S. aureus forms biofilms in response to the ‘hazards’ on the human body, and signal to do so can come from various sources. All this has to be taken into consideration when we treat a patient as this might have enormous impact on the outcome.
Comparison of the Speech Results After Correction of Submucous Cleft Palate With Furlow Palatoplasty and Pharyngeal Flap Combined With Intravelar Veloplasty
Authors: Calis Mert , Ustun Galip Gencay , Ozturk Mehtap , Gunaydin Riza Onder , Kulak Kayikci Mavis Emel , Ozgur Figen 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Submucous cleft palate (SMCP) is a relatively rare variant of the common pathology of cleft palate with specific anatomic and clinical features. Even though there are many surgical options defined previously to correct the SMCP, correction of the velopharyngeal insufficiency and obtaining ideal speech results remains as a challenge. The aim of this article was to compare the speech benefits of Furlow double opposing Z plasty and posterior pharyngeal flap operation combined with intravelar veloplasty for the correction of SMCP using objective assessment tools. This study reviewed 29 patients who underwent either superiorly based posterior pharyngeal flap combined with intravelar veloplasty or Furlow palatoplasty for submucous cleft palate repair between years 2005 and 2011. The mean standard deviation age at palate repair was 123.6 ± 65.8 months and the mean follow-up period was 31.2 ± 15.9 months. The postoperative results demonstrated that in both groups significantly correction has been achieved in means of velopharygeal closure (P values for Furlow and pharyngeal flap groups are 0.012 and 0.001 respectively). The correction of the nasalance scores obtained depending on the surgical procedure for /şa/ and /ka/ syllables demonstrated significantly more benefit with pharyngeal flap combined with intravelar veloplasty than Furlow palatoplasty (P = 0.026 for each). In the treatment of submucous clefts, both Furlow palatoplasty and pharyngeal flap procedure combined with intravelar veloplasty appear to be effective whereas for the patients having significant signs of hypernasality, contribution of pharyngeal flap may be taken into consideration.
Factors Influencing Difficulty of Laparoscopic Abdominoperineal Resection for Ultra-Low Rectal Cancer
Authors: Li Qiken , Li Dechuan , Jiang Lai , Qiu Pengnian , Fu Zhixuan , Tang Lilong , Chen Weiping 
Published: February 2017

Purpose:
Our current study was conducted to identify patients’ anatomic, pathologic, and clinical factors to predict difficulty of performing laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection for ultra-low rectal cancer.

Materials and Methods:
Records of 117 consecutive patients with rectal cancer 2 to 5 cm from the anal verge were retrospectively reviewed. Using univariate and multivariate linear or logistic regression models, standardized operative time and blood loss, as well as postoperative morbidity were utilized as endpoints to screen patients’ multiple variables to predict operative difficulty.

Results:
Multivariate linear regression analysis showed body mass index (BMI) (estimate=0.07, P=0.0056), interspinous distance (estimate=−0.02, P=0.0011), tumor distance from anal verge (estimate=−0.17, P=0.0355), prior abdominal surgery (estimate=0.51, P=0.0180), preoperative chemoradiotherapy (estimate=0.67, P=0.0146), and concurrent diseases (hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus) (estimate=0.49, P=0.0122) are predictors for standardized operative time. Age (estimate=0.02, P=0.0208) and concurrent diseases (estimate=0.43, P=0.0476) were factors related to standardized blood loss. BMI (estimate=0.15, P=0.0472) was the only predictor for postoperative morbidity based on logistic regression analysis.

Conclusions:
Age, BMI, interspinous distance, tumor distance from anal verge, prior abdominal surgery, preoperative chemoradiotherapy, and concurrent diseases influence the difficulty of performing laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection for ultra-low rectal cancer. Standardized operative time allows researchers to amass samples by pooling data from all published studies, thus building reliable models to predict operative difficulty for clinical use.
Genome-scale genetic interactions position the Mitotic Exit Network as a major antagonist of transient Topoisomerase II deficiency
Authors: Cristina Ramos-Pérez , W Brown Grant , Félix Machín 
Published: February 2017

AbstractTopoisomerase II (Top2) is the essential protein that resolves DNA catenations. When the Top2 is inactivated, mitotic catastrophe results from massive entanglement of chromosomes. Top2 is also the target of many first-line anticancer drugs, the so-called Top2 poisons. Often, tumours become resistant to these drugs by downregulating Top2. Here, we have compared two isogenic yeast strains carryingtop2thermosensitive alleles that differ in their resistance to Top2 poisons, the broadly-used poison-sensitivetop2-4and the poison-resistanttop2-5. We found thattop2-5transits through anaphase faster thantop2-4. In order to define the biological importance of this difference, we performed genome-scale Synthetic Gene Array (SGA) analyses during chronic sublethal Top2 downregulation and acute, yet transient, Top2 inactivation. We find that downregulation of cell cycle progression, especially the Mitotic Exit Network (MEN), protects against Top2 deficiency. In all conditions, genetic protection was stronger intop2-5, and this correlated with destabilization of anaphase bridges by execution of MEN. We suggest that mitotic exit may be a therapeutic target to hypersensitize cancer cells carrying downregulating mutations inTOP2.
A Supernova at 50 PC: Effects on the Earth’s Atmosphere and Biota
Authors: Melott A.L , Thomas B.C. , Kachelrieß M. , Semikoz D.V. , Overholt A.C. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTRecent60Fe results have suggested that the estimated distances of supernovae in the last few million years should be reduced from ∼100 pc to ∼50 pc. Two events or series of events are suggested, one about 2.7 million years to 1.7 million years ago, and another may at 6.5 to 8.7 million years ago. We ask what effects such supernovae are expected to have on the terrestrial atmosphere and biota. Assuming that the Local Bubble was formed before the event being considered, and that the supernova and the Earth were both inside a weak, disordered magnetic field at that time, TeV-PeV cosmic rays at Earth will increase by a factor of a few hundred. Tropospheric ionization will increase proportionately, and the overall muon radiation load on terrestrial organisms will increase by a factor of ∼150. All return to pre-burst levels within 10kyr. In the case of an ordered magnetic field, effects depend strongly on the field orientation. The upper bound in this case is with a largely coherent field aligned along the line of sight to the supernova, in which case TeV-PeV cosmic ray flux increases are ∼104; in the case of a transverse field they are below current levels. We suggest a substantial increase in the extended effects of supernovae on Earth and in the “lethal distance” estimate; more work is needed. This paper is an explicit followup to Thomas et al. (2016). We also here provide more detail on the computational procedures used in both works.
Assessing reflection
Authors: Cathro Virginia , O’Kane Paula , Gilbertson Deb 
Published: February 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to suggest ways in which business educators can interact successfully with reflective learning journals (RLJs). Specifically, the research was interested in how students used RLJs and how educators assessed these RLJs.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 31 RLJs, submitted as part of an international communication course involving a global virtual team exercise, were analysed. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes discussed by participants, while content analysis, based upon Kolb’s learning cycle, was used to assess the depth of student reflection.FindingsStudents appear to have engaged with depth and understanding and were able to articulate their skill level, but there was variance in their reflective ability across different skills.Practical implicationsAn interpretation of Kolb’s (1984) learning cycle as a method to assist educators to assess RLJs is presented. Specifically, educators need to provide more guidance to students to enhance their ability to reflect. The authors suggest that a rubric based on Kolb could fulfil this objective.Originality/valueThis study responds to the call for more research examining depth of reflection (Lienet al., 2012); it also offers contribution to the variety of models characterising reflective depth (Ash and Clayton, 2009; Chamberlain, 2012; Lienet al., 2012) drawn from experiential learning in the form of written RLJs.
A single‐stranded DNA aptamer against mannose‐capped lipoarabinomannan enhances anti‐tuberculosis activity of macrophages through downregulation of lipid‐sensing nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ expression
Authors: Pan Qin , Yan Jiamin , Liu Qi , Yuan Chunhui , Zhang Xiao‐Lian 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTMannose‐capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) is an immunomodulatory epitope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). An aptamer (ZXL1) that specifically binds to ManLAM from the virulent Mtb H37Rv strain was previously generated and it was found that ZXL1 functions as an antagonist, inhibiting the ManLAM‐induced immunosuppression of DCs. In the present study, it was found that ZXL1 inhibits Mtb entry into murine macrophages and that ZXL1 enhances IL‐1β and IL‐12 mRNA expression and cytokine production in ManLAM‐treated macrophages but decreases IL‐10 production. Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in macrophages was upregulated in the presence of ZXL1 after stimulation with ManLAM. ZXL1 was also found to inhibit expression of lipid‐sensing nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPAR‐γ). These results suggest that ZXL1 promotes anti‐tuberculosis activity through downregulation of PPAR‐γ expression, which may contribute to M1 macrophage polarization and Mtb killing by macrophages.
Culture‐independent genomics of a novel chlamydial pathogen of fish provides new insight into host‐specific adaptations utilized by these intracellular bacteria
Authors: Taylor‐Brown Alyce , Pillonel Trestan , Bridle Andrew , Qi Weihong , Bachmann Nathan L. , Miller Terrence L. , Greub Gilbert , Nowak Barbara , Seth‐Smith Helena M.B. , Vaughan Lloyd , Polkinghorne Adam 
Published: February 2017

SummarySeveral Chlamydiales families are associated with epitheliocystis, a common condition of the fish gill epithelium. These families share common ancestors with the Chlamydiaceae and environmental Chlamydiae. Due to the lack of culture systems, little is known about the biology of these chlamydial fish pathogens. We investigated epitheliocystis in cultured Orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) from North Queensland, Australia. Basophilic inclusions were present in the gills of 22/31 fish and the presence of the chlamydial pathogen in the cysts was confirmed by in situ hybridization. Giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) cultured in the same systems were epitheliocystis free. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed a novel member of the Candidatus Parilichlamydiaceae: Ca. Similichlamydia epinephelii. Using metagenomic approaches, we obtained an estimated 68% of the chlamydial genome, revealing that this novel chlamydial pathogen shares a number of key pathogenic hallmarks with the Chlamydiaceae, including an intact Type III Secretion system and several chlamydial virulence factors. This provides additional evidence that these pathogenic mechanisms were acquired early in the evolution of this unique bacterial phylum. The identification and genomic characterization of Ca. S. epinephelii provides new opportunities to study the biology of distantly‐related chlamydial pathogens while shining a new light on the evolution of pathogenicity of the Chlamydiaceae.