A novel method for single whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) transcriptomes reveals an eleven amino acid deletion in theNusGprotein in the bacterial endosymbiontPortiera aleyrodidaru
Authors: Sseruwagi P. , Wainaina J. M. , Ndunguru J. , Tumuhimbise R. , Tairo F. , Guo J. , Vrielink A. , Blythe A. , Kinene T. , De Marchi B. , Kehoe M.A. , Tanz S.K. , Boykin L.M. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackgroundBemisia tabacispecies (whiteflies) are the world’s most devastating insect pests within crops in the tropics. They cause billions of dollars (US) of damage each year and are leaving farmers in the developing world food insecure. Understanding the genetic and transcriptomic composition of these insect pests, the viruses they transmit and the microbiota is crucial to sustainable insect and virus management solutions for farmers. Currently, publically available transcriptome data forB. tabacihas been generated from pooled samples (mainly inbred lab colonies) consisting of several individuals because whiteflies are small (approximately 0.2 mm wide and 0.1 mm in height). Pooling individuals can lead to high heterozygosity and skewed representation of the genetic diversity. The ability to extract enough RNA from a single whitefly has remained elusive due to their small size and technology limitations. Therefore, the understanding of whitefly-microbiotad-viral species composition of an individual field-collected whitefly has also remained unknown. In this study, we developed a single whitefly RNA extraction procedure and subsequently successfully sequenced the transcriptome of four individual adult SubdSaharan Africa (SSA1)B. tabaci.ResultsTranscriptome sequencing on individual whiteflies resulted in between 39-42 million raw reads.De novoassembly of trimmed reads yielded between 65,000-162,000 transcripts across all fourB. tabacitranscriptomes. In addition, Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrion cytochrome I oxidase (mtCOI) grouped the four whiteflies within the SSA1 clade. BLAST searches on assembled transcripts within the four individual transcriptomes identified five endosymbionts; the primary endosymbiontPortiera,aleyrodidarumand four secondary endosymbionts:Arsenophonus, Wolbachia, Rickettsia,andCardinium spp.These five endosymbionts were predominant across all four SSA1B. tabacistudy samples with prevalence levels of between 54.1d75%. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence alignments of theNusG gene ofP. aleyrodidarumfor the SSA1B. tabacitranscriptomes of samples WF2 and WF2b revealed an eleven amino acid residue deletion that was absent in samples WF1 and WF2a. Comparison of the protein structure of theNusG protein fromP. aleyrodidarumin SSA1 with knownNusG structures showed the deletion resulted in a shorter D loop. AlthoughNusG is key in regulating of transcription elongation, it is believed that the shortening of the loop region in the N-terminal domain is unlikely to affect transcription termination. Therefore, the effect of variability in this region across species is unknown.ConclusionIn this study, we optimised a single whitefly high quality RNA extraction procedure and successfully carried out individual whitefly transcriptome sequencing on adultB. tabaciwhiteflies. This enabled the detection of unique genetic differences in theNusG genes of the primary endosymbiontP. aleyrodidarumin four field-collected SSA1 whiteflies that may not have been detected using lab-pooledB. tabaciisolines. The use of field-collected specimens means that both time and money will be saved in future studies using single whitefly transcriptomes in monitoring vector and viral interactions. In addition, the methods we have developed here are applicable to any small organism where RNA quantity has limited transcriptome studies.