bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ADHD across the lifespan
Authors: Goodman David W. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic neuropsychiatric condition that affects most patients throughout their lives and is associated with substantial underachievement and psychosocial dysfunction. Furthermore, ADHD is associated with a greater likelihood for psychiatric comorbidity and substance related disorders. Primary care practitioners are at the forefront of helping patients with ADHD manage their symptoms and overcoming functional impairments. The differential diagnosis of ADHD is challenging and the presentation of the illness is similar to other psychiatric conditions (e.g. ADHD in adults may appear similar to mood episodes, anxiety, or personality disorder). The developmental trajectory of ADHD appears to be moderated by family environment, personality characteristics, life events, and adaptive skills. The pharmacological treatment of ADHD is highly effective with stimulants as recommended first-line medications. The clinical use of these medications will be highlighted in this chapter along with behavioural/psychotherapeutic interventions individualized for patients and families.
Trauma and stressor-related disorders
Authors: Mello Andrea Feijo , Yeh Mary Sau Ling 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
After a traumatic event most people experience a period of distress, and usually a resilient response is observed and no intervention is necessary. However, one-fifth of subjects can develop an Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) within the first month after exposure, and if the reaction lasts for more than a month, a diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is usually made. Despite its prevalence, PTSD is likely to be under-recognized and under-treated, mostly in primary care settings. Primary care physicians can play an important role in identifying people with symptoms of ASD and PTSD, early detection and collaborative care treatment may improve prognosis.
Bipolar disorder
Authors: Neto Paulo R. Nunes , Köhler Cristiano A. , Berk Michael , Carvalho André F. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a prevalent, chronic, and recurring mental disorder. Individuals with BD spend about half of their lifetime with affective symptoms, and depressive symptoms predominate over its long-term course. Residual symptoms and mixed states are also common. Evidence indicates that a significant proportion of individuals with BD seek treatment in primary care (PC) settings. Nevertheless, BD frequently goes under-recognized in PC settings and is not always properly treated. Patients with BD can be misdiagnosed as having unipolar depression or schizophrenia, and people with other disorders such as borderline personality disorder can have symptoms that overlap with BD. Consequently, general practitioners play a significant role in the management of patients with BD and severe or refractory cases should be referred to specialized care. This chapter provides a clinical overview of the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of BD in PC.
Somatic symptom and related disorders
Authors: Murray Alexandra , Toussaint Anne , Löwe Bernd 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Somatoform disorders are common in primary care and are associated with impairment and high health care costs. The biopsychosocial approach is central to the foundations of optimal care for these patients. Potential psychosocial influences on patient suffering should be identified and discussed early in the diagnostic process which is consistent with the new emphasis on positive psychological symptoms in DSM-5. Primary care practitioners (PCPs) should use a stepped-care approach when considering treatment depending on risk profiles. While patients with lower severity can be managed by the PCP, patients with a higher risk profile may need psychotherapy or other specialist care. Psychotherapy, new generation antidepressants, and natural pharmacological products are potentially effective interventions. This chapter also describes Sofu-Net, an example of a complex intervention to help strengthen the connection and communication between PCPs and psychotherapists. An alternative collaborative care approach integrates mental health care and management into primary care.
Motivational interviewing: Its role for the management of mental disorders in primary care
Authors: Haibach Jeffrey P. , DiNapoli Elizabeth A. , Finnell Deborah S. , Kasckow John W. , Gordon Adam J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
People with mental disorders are more likely than those without mental disorders to have a higher prevalence of both physical health problems and health-risk behaviours. Maintaining healthy behaviours is also important for maintaining optimum mental health. Motivational interviewing (MI) is one of the leading counselling methods for the management of mental disorders, and is used successfully in primary care. MI is predominately intended to promote health behaviour change and treatment engagement through a collaborative patient-provider relationship. This chapter serves as an overview and primer for MI with presentation of the MI method, processes and skills, a case example demonstration, methods for evaluation of practitioner competence and proficiency, and a brief narrative review of MI research. Using MI, practitioners can better motivate patients to utilize health services and to improve their health-related behaviour for the management of mental disorders through primary care.
Late-life depression
Authors: Fußer Fabian , Karakaya Tarik , Pantel Johannes 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Depression is one of the most prevalent mental diseases in late life, and is a tremendous burden on patients, their families and carers, and the healthcare system. Late-life depression (LLD) often affects people with chronic somatic illnesses, cognitive impairment, and disability. In the elderly, core symptoms of depression are much less pronounced. Instead, unspecific somatic complaints and cognitive impairment may dominate the clinical presentation, and a significant proportion of individuals with LLD goes undiagnosed. This may lead to increased mortality rates, in part attributed to the deleterious consequences of LLD on comorbid somatic illnesses or increased suicide rates. In order to improve prognosis, general practitioners in primary care settings have a prominent but challenging role in recognizing LLD. The diagnostic challenge also includes the differential diagnosis between depression, dementia, and delirium. The optimal management of LLD may include antidepressant drugs, non-pharmacological interventions such as psychotherapy (e.g. cognitive-behavioural therapy), as well as physical exercise.
Untoward side effects of psychiatric drugs
Authors: Sharma Manu S. , Passos Ives Cavalcante , Carvalho André F. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Adverse effects are an unavoidable risk of medication treatment. Clinical trials alone do not adequately assess the entire side effect profile, and it is important to pay attention to post-marketing surveillance and long-term follow up studies. Psychotropic medications are responsible for a wide variety of adverse effects, which can affect almost any part/system of the body. Adverse effects can vary from mild nausea and vomiting to life-threatening blood dyscrasias and arrhythmias. A high number of adverse effects are associated with the action of the psychotropic medications on their primary targets outside the brain, and the additional action on the autonomic nervous system. In order to minimize the risk of adverse effects most psychotropic medications should be started with low-dose trials followed by slow titration. Care should be taken to look for drug-drug interactions and pre-existing medical and metabolic conditions which may pre-dispose a patient to certain adverse effects.
Drug interactions involving psychotropic drugs
Authors: Madhusoodanan Subramoniam , Tsoy-Podosenin Marina , Steinberg Leah R. , Tandan Nitin 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter covers the various drug interactions of psychotropic agents with other drugs, over the counter (OTC) medications, food substances, herbals, alcohol, and smoking. The basic mechanisms of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and other interactions are discussed. The disease states and age-related changes underlying the drug interactions in the elderly are briefly addressed. Drug interactions discussed have been classified as severe, moderate, or mild, according to the severity of their anticipated clinical consequences. Serious complications including death may occur in severe interactions involving cardiovascular drugs. A thorough understanding of the basis of drug interactions, and patient participation in the treatment are vital. It is also particularly important to compile a list of medications, including OTC and herbal drugs, currently taken by the patient.
Positron annihilation in the nuclear outflows of the Milky Way
Authors: Panther Fiona H , Crocker Roland M , Birnboim Yuval , Seitenzahl Ivo R , Ruiter Ashley J 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Observations of soft gamma rays emanating from the Milky Way from SPI/INTEGRAL reveal the annihilation of ∼2 × 1043 positrons every second in the Galactic bulge. The origin of these positrons, which annihilate to produce a prominent emission line centred at 511 keV, has remained mysterious since their discovery almost 50 yr ago. A plausible origin for the positrons is in association with the intense star formation ongoing in the Galactic centre. Moreover, there is strong evidence for a nuclear outflow in the Milky Way. We find that advective transport and subsequent annihilation of positrons in such an outflow cannot simultaneously replicate the observed morphology of positron annihilation in the Galactic bulge and satisfy the requirement that 90 per cent of positrons annihilate once the outflow has cooled to 104 K.
X-ray mapping of the stellar wind in the binary PSR J2032+4127/MT91 213
Authors: Petropoulou M , Vasilopoulos G , Christie I M , Giannios D , Coe M J 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
PSR J2032+4127 is a young and rapidly rotating pulsar on a highly eccentric orbit around the high-mass Be star MT91 213. X-ray monitoring of the binary system over an ∼4000 d period with Swift has revealed an increase of the X-ray luminosity which we attribute to the synchrotron emission of the shocked pulsar wind. We use Swift X-ray observations to infer a clumpy stellar wind with r−2 density profile and constrain the Lorentz factor of the pulsar wind to 105 &lt; γw &lt; 106. We investigate the effects of an axisymmetric stellar wind with polar gradient on the X-ray emission. Comparison of the X-ray light curve hundreds of days before and after the periastron can be used to explore the polar structure of the wind.
Antimicrobial Resistance of Sterile Site Infections in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review
Authors: Workneh Meklit , Katz Morgan J , Lamorde Mohammed , Cosgrove Sara E , Manabe Yukari C 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSparse data exist from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) on the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). A prior review of antimicrobial resistance in SSA from 1990 to 2013 showed a high prevalence of AMR to commonly used antibiotics in this setting. We reviewed the literature published since 2013. Four databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and African Journals Online) were searched for articles between February 2013 and March 2016 with a focus on sterile site infections (bacteremia, urinary tract infections [UTIs], and meningitis). We focused on the original World Health Organization–identified priority pathogens and antibiotics, prior to the release of the most recently updated and expanded list in 2017. There were 19 eligible studies: bacteremia (12), UTI (6), and meningitis (1). Eight studies were from Western and Central Africa, 8 from Eastern Africa, and 4 from Southern Africa. Prevalence of Escherichia coli resistance to third-generation cephalosporins ranged from 0% to 75%. No studies reported resistance to carbapenems among Klebsiella spp. Prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance ranged from 8.3% to 100% among E. coli and 0% to 15% among Salmonella spp. Prevalence of resistance to penicillin among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates ranged from 25% to 100%. Testing for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase was reported in 7 studies (range, 1.3–60% among tested isolates). Methods for evaluating AMR varied across studies; standardized approaches are needed in the region. Testing for mechanisms of resistance is low even in research settings, but important mechanisms of resistance such as ESBL production are present.
Partisan differences and the interventionist state in advanced democracies
Authors: Schmitt Carina , Zohlnhöfer Reimut 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe present new evidence on whether political parties still matter in economic policy-making. We investigate four policy instruments (changes in product market regulation (PMR), subsidies, business taxation, social spending) in 21 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries between 1980 and 2015. We systematically consider how cabinet duration and the challenges of globalization, the European Union and economic problems (debt, unemployment, economic growth) condition partisan differences. Partisan differences only really make themselves felt after about one term in office. Moreover, with the exception of PMR, partisan differences tend to become more pronounced as globalization increases while European integration does not condition partisan effects. The conditioning effect of domestic economic problems on partisan differences depends on a policy instrument’s salience. In highly salient issue areas (social expenditure, corporate taxation), we only find partisan differences when problems are low; in contrast, economic problems emphasize partisan differences in non-salient issue areas (PMR, subsidies).
Nail and Locking Plate for Periprosthetic Fractures
Authors: Kanabur Pratik , Sandilands Scott M. , Whitmer Kelley K. , Owen Trevor M. , Coniglione Franco M. , Shuler Thomas E. 
Published: November 2017

Summary:
The incidence of periprosthetic fractures have been increasing, and in patients with osteopenic bone, high body mass index, or a combination both, they are difficult to treat and pose a high risk for malunion. Previous studies have compared the use of locking plates and intramedullary nails, and have found that each has its own strengthens and drawbacks, but neither is superior in terms of treating periprosthetic fractures. Here, we present the technique and series of patients treated with a combination of a retrograde intramedullary nail and flare-to-flare lateral locking plate without the use of allograft or autograft supplementation.
Adding Satellite Rods to Standard Two-rod Construct With the Use of Duet Screws
Authors: Zhu Ze-zhang , Chen Xi , Qiu Yong , Chen Zhong-hui , Li Song , Xu Liang , Sun Xu 
Published: November 2017

Study Design.
A retrospective matched-cohort comparative study.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to compare the surgical results after the use of duet screw based satellite rods and bilateral satellite rods (S-RC) versus a standard two-rod construct (2-RC) across osteotomy sites in a matched cohort with Scheuermann kyphosis (SK).

Summary of Background Data.
Multiple Ponte osteotomies are frequently employed to correct SK via a posterior-only approach, with a 2-RC across the osteotomy sites. Whereas, correction rate and junction problems remain as the major concerns.

Methods.
This study reviewed a consecutive series of patients with SK who had undergone posterior-only correction with multilevel Ponte osteotomy between 2009 and 2014 and had been followed over 24 months. Twenty-two patients receiving placement with an S-RC with the use of duet screws were identified and closely matched with 22 patients with a 2-RC in terms of age, apex, and magnitude of kyphosis. Comparisons were made with regards to deformity magnitude, correction results, complications, and clinical outcomes between the two groups.

Results.
No significant difference was found between groups in preoperative patient's factors (age, gender, apex, magnitude of kyphosis, and SRS-22 scores) and surgical factors (blood loss, operation time, osteotomy levels, and fused levels). Compared with the 2-RC group, the S-RC group had higher correction rate (55.4% ± 7.5% vs. 46.2% ± 5.1%, P < 0.001), less correction loss (1.0 ± 0.8° vs. 2.4 ± 1.4°, P < 0.001) during the follow-up, and higher improvement of back pain as well (P < 0.05). None were detected with pseudarthrosis or implant failure in either group, but proximal junctional kyphosis was less frequently seen in S-RC group (1 of 22) than 2-RC group (7 of 22) (P < 0.05).

Conclusion.
As a safe method, use of S-RC is effective in providing increased kyphotic correction across multiple Ponte osteotomy levels, and improving patient-reported outcomes of management satisfaction and back pain. The biomechanical benefits of stress dispersion, coupled with increased stability and weight bearing ability, make it a powerful technique preventing correction loss and proximal junctional kyphosis.

Level of Evidence: 3
Common Variant of POC5 Is Associated With the Susceptibility of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Xu Leilei , Sheng Fei , Xia Chao , Li Yetian , Feng Zhenhua , Qiu Yong , Zhu Zezhang 
Published: November 2017

Study Design.
A case-control study.

Objective.
To validate the relationship between POC5 and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in the Chinese patients and to further investigate the functional role of POC5.

Summary of Background Data.
Three rare functional variants in the POC5 were recently reported to be strongly associated with the disease in a large family with multiple members affected with idiopathic scoliosis. To our knowledge, the association between the mutations of POC5 and AIS remains undetermined in the Chinese population.

Methods.
Single nucleotide variants c.1336G>A, c.1286C>T, and c.1363G>C of POC5 were genotyped in 2432 patients with AIS and 2292 healthy controls using multiple ligase detection reactions. Common variants covering POC5 gene were genotyped in 1446 patients and 2080 controls. The mRNA expression of POC5 was determined in the paraspinal muscles collected from 98 patients and 28 controls. The Student t test was used to compare mRNA expression level between the patients and the controls. In addition, the POC5 expression was compared among different genotypes of the remarkably associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with analysis of variance test.

Results.
There was no case of mutation for the three reported variants of POC5. SNP rs6892146 was observed to have significantly different distribution of minor allele frequency in the two group (0.485 vs. 0.446, P = 0.004). The mRNA expression of POC5 was 1.5-fold higher in patients than in the controls (0.00012 ± 0.00009 vs. 0.00008 ± 0.00006, P = 0.02). Patients with genotype GG have a significantly increased expression of POC5 than those with CC (0.00014 ± 0.00007 vs. 0.00009 ± 0.00007, P = 0.03).

Conclusion.
Common variant rs6892146 of POC5 is associated with the development of AIS in the Chinese population. Targeted regional sequencing of POC5 may help identify novel mutations associated with AIS.

Level of Evidence: 4
Tranexamic Acid Decreases Visible and Hidden Blood Loss Without Affecting Prethrombotic State Molecular Markers in Transforaminal Thoracic Interbody Fusion for Treatment of Thoracolumbar Fracture-Dislocation
Authors: Wang Wentao , Duan Kun , Ma Minjie , Jiang Yong , Liu Tuanjiang , Liu Jijun , Hao Dingjun 
Published: November 2017

Study Design.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Objective.
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid (TXA) administered during the surgical correction of thoracolumbar fracture–dislocation.

Summary of Background Data.
Thoracolumbar fracture-dislocation surgery is generally associated with substantial blood loss and a high risk of deep vein thrombosis. TXA has been shown to improve hemostasis in surgical procedures.

Methods.
We investigated 80 patients with thoracolumbar fracture-dislocation who underwent transforaminal thoracic interbody fusion between March 2014 and December 2016. The patients were randomized into the TXA (n = 39) and Placebo (n = 41) groups, according to whether they did or did not receive pre- and intraoperative TXA treatment. The two groups were compared for demographic characteristics as well as pre- and postoperative levels of prethrombosis-state molecular markers and visible and hidden blood loss volumes. Additionally, the prevalence of TXA-related complications was determined.

Results.
The two groups did not differ significantly in demographic characteristics. The visible blood loss (intra- and postoperative bleeding during the first 24 h), hidden blood loss, and true total blood loss during surgery in the TXA group were significantly lower than those in the Placebo group (835 ± 180.3 mL, 351 ± 82.3 mL, 1385 ± 102.3 mL vs. 1155 ± 175.3 mL, 564 ± 170.5 mL, 1683 ± 121.0 mL, respectively; P < 0.01). Furthermore, the levels of the prethrombosis-state molecular markers GMP-140, fibrinogen, fibrin degradation products, and D-dimer were higher in the TXA group than in the Placebo group, although the differences were not significant (P > 0.05). No significant intergroup differences were noted in the prevalence of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolus during the study period.

Conclusion.
TXA significantly reduced visible and hidden blood loss without affecting the prethrombosis-state molecular markers in transforaminal thoracic interbody fusion or causing any notable adverse effects.

Level of Evidence: 3
Craniofacial Reconstruction by a Cost-Efficient Template-Based Process Using 3D Printing
Authors: Msallem Bilal , Beiglboeck Fabian , Honigmann Philipp , Jaquiéry Claude , Thieringer Florian 
Published: November 2017

Summary:
Craniofacial defects often result in aesthetic and functional deficits, which affect the patient’s psyche and wellbeing. Patient-specific implants remain the optimal solution, but their use is limited or impractical due to their high costs. This article describes a fast and cost-efficient workflow of in-house manufactured patient-specific implants for craniofacial reconstruction and cranioplasty. As a proof of concept, we present a case of reconstruction of a craniofacial defect with involvement of the supraorbital rim. The following hybrid manufacturing process combines additive manufacturing with silicone molding and an intraoperative, manual fabrication process. A computer-aided design template is 3D printed from thermoplastics by a fused deposition modeling 3D printer and then silicone molded manually. After sterilization of the patient-specific mold, it is used intraoperatively to produce an implant from polymethylmethacrylate. Due to the combination of these 2 straightforward processes, the procedure can be kept very simple, and no advanced equipment is needed, resulting in minimal financial expenses. The whole fabrication of the mold is performed within approximately 2 hours depending on the template’s size and volume. This reliable technique is easy to adopt and suitable for every health facility, especially those with limited financial resources in less privileged countries, enabling many more patients to profit from patient-specific treatment.