bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BACTERIOLOGICAL TESTING OF MILK FOR REGULATORY PURPOSES–USEFULNESS OF CURRENT PROCEDURES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CHANGE
Authors: Johns C. K. 
Published: December 2016

While routine bacteriological tests afford virtually no protection against milk-borne disease, they should reflect insanitary production conditions. Mounting evidence suggests that current tests are doing an indifferent job here. No single test can furnish an adequate picture. we need to reflect the presence of psychrotrophs, thermodurics, mastitis organisms, lactic acid bacteria, etc.
Psychrotrophs, the most important group in refrigerated milk, come mainly from dirty udders and equipment. These deserve major attention. Usefulness of the Standard Plate Count in reflecting their presence would be enhanced by an incubation temperature lower than 32 C. The psychrotrophic count at 7 C for 10 days has obvious limitations. These can be minimized by suggested modifications. Preliminary Incubation (P. I.) at 13 C for 18 hr indirectly reflects psychrotrophs, which multiply rapidly under these conditions. Other procedures suggested include the cytochrome oxidase test, Water Agar test, catalase production, nitrate reduction at 30 C, and a test for sodium desoxycholate-tolerant bacteria. For the detection of thermodurics, a simple nitrate-formate reduction test following P. I. at 22 C for 16 hr has been proposed.
Extensive collaborative testing in various areas should precede the adoption of new methods and standards, while a suitable incentive to producers can greatly encourage sanitary milk production.
SANITATION AND WATER USAGE IN THE PROCESSING OF SOUR CHERRIES1
Authors: Hang Y. D. , Downing D. L. , Splittstoesser D. F. 
Published: December 2016

Surveys were made of four red sour cherry processing plants to obtain information regarding microbial contamination and water usage. With the exception of some long conveyor belts, no single sites were found to be major sources of contamination and the mean count at most stages was under 50,000 per gram.
The primary sources of waste water were the soak tanks, sprays, and flumes. From 600 to over 800 gal of water were discharged per ton of fruit processed; the BOD per ton ranged from 6 to over 10 lb. The study pointed to the soak tanks and pit flumes as possible areas where waste water generation could be reduced.
CONTROL OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN SEMI-PRESERVED MEAT PRODUCTS
Authors: Riemann Han's , Lee W. H. , Genigeorgis C. 
Published: December 2016

Clostridium botulinum and Staphylococcus aureus are naturally occurring contaminants in semi-preserved meat products. They can be inhibited by (a) storage below 3 C, (b) 10% sodium chloride (brine concentration), (c) pH values below 4.5, or (d) proper combinations of these factors. However, most meat products do not have the pH values and brine concentrations required to completely inhibit C. botulinum and S. aureus and there is always a risk of temperature abuse. Improved safety can be achieved by adding 1% or more glucose to the product. The glucose will, in the event of temperature abuse, generally be fermented to lactic acid by the indigenous microflora in the product. As a result, the pH value drops to a level at which the brine concentration is sufficient to inhibit C. botulinum and S. aureus. A better approach to safety is to add, together with glucose, a radiation-killed preparation of lactic acid bacteria, e.g., Pediococcus cerevisiae. Such preparations cause a rapid decline in pH only when the product is exposed to a high temperature, and they are stable during storage of meat products. Addition of irradiated lactic acid bacteria to meat products has not yet been officially approved.
Another way to improve the safety of semi-preserved meat is to add sufficient glucono-delta-lactone to reduce the initial pH of the product to a level at which the salt concentration is inhibitory. Use of larger amounts of glucono-delta-lactone may result in flavor and color problems even when the meat product is kept at refrigeration temperatures.
ROLE OF ENTEROCOCCI IN CHEDDAR CHEESE: GROWTH OF ENTEROCOCCI DURING MANUFACTURE AND CURING1
Authors: Jensen Jane P. , Reinbold G. W. , Washam c. J. , Vedamuthu E. R. 
Published: December 2016

Eight lots of Cheddar cheese were manufactured to determine the microbiological response of two strains each of Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus durans when used as supplemental starters in combination with a commercial lactic culture. Each lot consisted of a control vat of cheese manufactured with the lactic starter only, and an experimental vat of cheese containing the lactic starter and one of the enterococcus strains. Combinations of two curing temperatures ( 7.2 and 12.8 C) and two early cooling treatments (air vs. brine cooling) were used for cheeses from each vat to determine environmentally-induced variability.
Growth patterns were monitored throughout the manufacture period up to the end of pressing, and during curing up to 6 months. Enterococcus populations showed little or no decrease when the cheeses were being pressed, whereas populations in control cheeses decreased over the same period. During curing, control cheeses cured at 7.2 C showed marked population decreases over the 6 months; those cured at 12.8 C showed a rapid decrease followed by an upsurge in population. Populations of S. faecalis in the experimental cheeses decreased only slightly, and S. durans showed almost no decrease. Generally, cheeses cured at 7.2 C showed the greatest numerical survival and there appeared to be no population differences caused by early cooling treatment.
COMMUNITY HEALTH ASPECTS OF WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS
Authors: Walker Bailus , Gordon Theodore J. 
Published: December 2016

Expanding industrial, agricultural, and recreational activities have accentuated a built-in paradox where more and more water is needed but less becomes available at the required quality. It is not only quality that has to be preserved and ameliorated but quantity. Because a certain level of quality can be assured in a technologically advanced era and because proper quantities for the same community activities are reckoned with does not mean that the total water needs of an area have been satisfied. We must also be concerned about equality and this cannot be achieved until water in the proper quality and quantity is available to meet every segment of community need, industrial, domestic, and recreational.
While many of the waterborne diseases have been laid to rest, physicians and other enlightened professional and lay groups have become increasingly concerned about viruses and the wide spectrum of chemicals now reaching the water contact cycle. At the present level of exposure, water pollutants do not seem to have a significant acute effect on community health with the exception of nitrates, which can cause methemoglobinemia and death in infants. Less well-defined, however, is the potential for chronic effects caused by long-term, low-level exposure. Nevertheless, the call is loud and clear for a revision of drinking water standards whose requirement can be translated more directly into measurements of water quality. which will be more refined as to specific contaminants. Equally as loud is the plea for bacterial standards for bathing beaches, based on sound epidemiologic data, How soon these pleas will be heard and responded to is, today, a matter of conjecture.
INHIBITION OF BACTERIA BY SOME VOLATILE AND NON-VOLATILE COMPOUNDS ASSOCIATED WITH MILK
Authors: Kulshrestha D. C. , Marth E. H. 
Published: December 2016

APT broth inoculated with Leuconostoc citrovorum was dispensed into aerosol cans with an epoxy lining. Twenty-five volatile or non-volatile compounds were then added individually to the cans to yield final concentrations of 1, 10, 100, and 1000 ppm of each compound. Compounds tested included fatty acids (formic, acetic, butyric, hexanoic, octanoic, and decanoic), aldehydes (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and glyoxal), ketones (acetone, 2-butanone, and diacetyl), amines (propyl- and hexylamine), alcohols (furfurol, and methanol), sulfur compounds (methylsulfide, methylsulfone, methanethiol, and ethanethiol), acetonitrile, chloroform, ether, and ethylenedichloride. Bacteria were enumerated at intervals and all incubations were at 30 C.
Of the fatty acids tested, decanoic acid was most and butyric acid was least inhibitory to L. citrovorum. Formaldehyde was more inhibitory than glyoxal, acetaldehyde, or propionaldehyde. Diacetyl was more inhibitory than acetone or 2-butanone. Acetonitrile, chloroform, and ether, each at 100 ppm, were generally significantly inhibitory especially late in the incubation. Ethylenedichloride and methylsulfone, both at 10 ppm, also generally significantly inhibited L. citrovorum except early in the incubation. Ethanethiol was usually more effective than methanethiol, which in turn was more detrimental than methylsulfide. Amines were more inhibitory than alcohols, and even at 10 ppm were generally significantly inhibitory. Methanol was more active against L. citrovorum than was furfurol.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Concentrations of Raw Milk in Solutions Containing Ingredients of Detergents1
Authors: RUIZ E. L. , BROOKER D. B. , ANDERSON M. E. , FISCHER J. R. , MARSHALL R. T. 
Published: December 2016

This paper reports effects of concentration of milk, concentration of individual ingredients of detergents, and temperature on transmittance of light at 527 nm through solutions of milk, water, and individual detergent ingredients. Milk in soft water caused the major portion of the variation, more than 99% of the total sum of squares, for each ingredient except sodium hydroxide and wetting agent. Milk contributed 95.7 and 17.9% to the sums of squares for the sodium hydroxide and wetting agent, respectively. Concentration of detergent ingredient and temperature were of practical significance only with wetting agent. Effects of milk on transmittance were significantly different among milk concentrations for all detergent ingredients, except trisodium phosphate in hard water at the lowest concentrations of milk.
Although precipitates contributed to turbidity of solutions containing trisodium phosphate in hard water, milk was responsible for 95.9% of the variance in the sum of squares. Additionally, in hard water milk accounted for 98.9, 99.1 and 99.7% of the sums of squares in analyses of effects on turbidity of sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, and tetrasodium pyrophosphate, respectively. Turbidity increased with time of holding some phosphate solutions, however, this did not appear to pose serious problems in measuring content of milk.
Inhibition of Streptococcus lactis and Salmonella typhimurium by Mixtures of Some Volatile and Non-Volatile Compounds Associated with Milk1
Authors: KULSHRESTHA D. C. , MARTH E. H. 
Published: December 2016

APT broth inoculated with Streptococcus lactis or nutrient broth inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium was dispensed into epoxy-lined aerosol cans. Mixtures consisting of blends of fatty acids (10, 100, and 1000 ppm) containing formic, butyric, hexanoic, octanoic, and decanoic acid; amines (5 ppm) containing propyl- and hexylamine; and aldehydes and ketones (10 ppm) containing formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, 2-butanone, diacetyl, and pentanone were added to cans and they were sealed. Various combinations of fatty acids, amines, and aldehydes and ketones also were tested separately. Bacteria were enumerated at intervals during incubation at 30 or 37 C.
Mixtures of fatty acids at a concentration of 1000 ppm were most detrimental to both organisms. A marked reduction in growth of S. lactis also occurred when 100 and 10 ppm of mixed fatty acids were tested. Growth of S. typhimurium was generally unaffected by 10 ppm of mixed fatty acids. Mixtures of amines and of aldehydes and ketones were more inhibitory to S. typhimurium than to S. lactis. Mixtures of all compounds (fatty acids, amines, aldehydes, and ketones) were significantly inhibitory to both organisms.
The National Dairy Council's Nutrition Research Program and Its Relationship to a National Nutrition Policy
Authors: SPECKMANN ELWOOD W. 
Published: December 2016

During the past decade an intense consumer interest has developed in food, nutrition, and health. Evidence has been accumulated documenting extensive malnutrition within the United States. Although some people are not getting sufficient food, others who have an abundance of foods are not choosing them wisely. Concomitant with these developments is the critical world food situation, in which industrial nations must play a vital role in preventing global starvation before the end of the twentieth century.
Sound nutrition is an integral component in the attainment of optimal health. Therefore, many leaders in the professional community are of the opinion that it is essential for the United States to formulate a National Nutrition Policy which will marshall those resources in industry, government, medical and allied health, and academia necessary to improve our quality of life. A National Nutrition Consortium has been formed to provide technical leadership in this area. Activities in 1974 by the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs and by its Chairman Senator McGovern, as well as by the National Nutrition Consortium, have provided a framework for a National Nutrition Policy.
The purpose of the National Dairy Council's (NDC) Nutrition Research Program is to investigate the nutritional value of dairy foods and define their relationship to the attainment of optimal health, The three fronts of this Program are Grants-in-Aid, Professional Contacts and Support of Scientific and Medical Conferences, and Library Research. The three are integrally related to our efforts to discover, educate, and anwer. The NDC Nutrition Research staff work on a regular basis with national leaders responsible for development and implementation of a National Nutrition Policy, We are an influential nutritional spokesman at the national level responsible for defining how dairy foods will fill a vital nutritional role in carrying out this Policy. We therefore serve as the foundation for the dairy industry's total marketing concept and help to insure a continuing market for dairy foods.
ETHNOCRACY: Exploring and Extending the Concept
Authors: Anderson James 
Published: December 2016

Ethnocracy means ‘government or rule by a particular ethnic group’ or ethnos, specified by language, religion, ‘race’ and/or other components . It has been developed from a general imprecise label into an analytical concept sometimes contrasted with democracy or rule by the demos, the people in general. Primarily it was developed as national ethnocracy for regimes in contemporary national states which claim to be ‘democratic’, and it was mainy pioneered by the Israeli geographer Oren Yiftachel to analyse ethnically-biased policies and the asymmetrical power relations of Israeli Jews and Palestinians. However, it can be extended to several other contexts each of which has its own particular dynamics. Yiftachel himself extended it ‘down’ to city level and specifically urban ethnocracy; and we can further explore how cities and city government can moderate state ethnocracy. But going beyond the national and the urban, and the particularities of the Israeli case, the concept can be enriched in other ways, and I suggest three further extensions: firstly, ‘back’ to imperial ethnocracy which often preceded and gave birth to national ethnocracy; secondly, and more speculatively, it can be extended ‘forwards’ to the (usually mis-named) ‘post-conflict’ or power-sharing stages of ‘peace processes’, to what we might call shared or ‘post-conflict’ ethnocracy; and thirdly, it can perhaps be extended to contemporary religious-political conflicts which are at least partly transnational in character, to what could be called religious or ‘post-national’ ethnocracy. The five variants of ethnocracy and their varied inter-relations can help tie together different features of ethno-national conflicts. However questions remain: about, for instance, the variable and relative importance of ethnicity’s different components; about where to draw the boundary between ethnocracy and democracy; and about possibly rival concepts such as ‘ethnic democracy’ on one side and ‘apartheid’ on the other.Keywords: national, urban, imperial, ‘post-conflict’ and ‘post-national’ ethnocracies; democracy; majoritarianism
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF POLYMER–CARBON NANOMATERIAL COMPOSITES
Authors: Bokobza Liliane , Couzi Michel , Bruneel Jean-Luc 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
Raman spectroscopy is potentially useful in the analysis of polymer composites filled with carbon materials. These carbon materials that display strong resonance-enhanced Raman scattering effects give rise to strong bands even if used at very low filler loading, thus making Raman spectroscopy one of the most important techniques for the analysis of various properties of the composites. Factors that influence the Raman signal are presented and discussed for correct acquisition and interpretation of the spectra of polymer composites. Special attention is given to the characterization of the polymer–filler interface, which has been shown to play a crucial role in the extent of property improvement of the polymeric matrix.
Strengthening Strategic Reward Framework in Health Systems: A Survey of Narok County, Kenya
Authors: Momanyi George O. , Adoyo Maureen A. , Mwangi Eunice M. , Mokua Dennis O. 
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUND: Rewards are used to strengthen good behavior among employees based on the general assumption that rewards motivate staff to improve organizational productivity. However, the extent to which rewards influence motivation among health workers (HWs) has limited information that is useful to human resources (HRs) instruments. This study assessed the influence of rewards on motivation among HWs in Narok County, Kenya. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study done in two sub-counties of Narok County. Data on the rewards availability, rewards perceptions and influence of rewards on performance, as well as motivation level of the HWs, was collected using a self-administered questionnaire with HWs. SPSS version 21 was used to analyze descriptive statistics, and factor analysis and multivariate regression using Eigen vectors was used to assess the relationship between the reward intervention and HWs’ motivation.RESULTS: A majority of HWs 175 (73.8%) had not received a reward for good performance. Only 3 (4.8%) of the respondents who received rewards were not motivated by the reward they received. Overall, reward significantly predicted general motivation (p-value = 0.009).CONCLUSION: In Narok County, the HR’s instruments have not utilized the reward system known to motivate employees. In the study area, hard work was not acknowledged and rewarded accordingly. In addition, there were not sufficient opportunities for promotion in the county. An increased level of reward has the potential to motivate HWs to perform better. Therefore, providing rewards to employees to increase motivation is a strategy that the Narok County health system and its HR management should utilize.
Interfacial interaction in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide/metal oxide heterostructures and its effects on electronic and optical properties: The case of MX2/CeO2
Authors: Yang Ke , Huang Wei-Qing , Hu Wangyu , Huang Gui-Fang , Wen Shuangchun 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Using the density functional theory (DFT), we systematically study the interfacial interaction in monolayer MX2 (M = Mo, W; X = S, Se)/CeO2 heterostructures and its effects on electronic and optical properties. The interfacial interaction in the MX2/CeO2 heterostructures depends largely on chalcogens, and its strength determines the band gap variation and important electronic states at the band edges of the heterostructures. The MX2/CeO2 heterostructures with the same chalcogen have similar absorption spectra, from ultraviolet to near-infrared regions. These results suggest that chalcogens importantly determine the properties of MX2/metal oxide heterostructures.
Effect of N2 flow during deposition on p-type ZnO film
Authors: Lin Chiung-Wei , Liu Bor-Chang 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
In this study, the influence of a nitrogen source on p-type conductive ZnO films was studied. Rapid thermal oxidation was conducted to oxidize ZnN films and convert them to ZnO films. When an as-deposited ZnN film was prepared at a high nitrogen gas flow rate, the converted ZnO film possessed many acceptors and showed stable p-type conduction. This p-type conduction was attributed to the nitrogen gas flow providing many “No” states, which act as acceptors within the processed ZnO film. It was found that the as-deposited ZnN film prepared at a high nitrogen gas flow rate is oxidized slightly so that only a few nitrogen atoms were replaced by oxygen. The carrier concentration and mobility of the optimized oxidized ZnN film were 9.76 × 1017 cm−3 and 62.78 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. A good rectified current–voltage characteristic with a turn-on voltage of 3.65 V was achieved for the optimized ZnO:N/ZnO junction.
Size effect of Raman scattering on CeO2 nanocrystal by hydrothermal method
Authors: Hattori Takashi , Kobayashi Katsutoshi , Ozawa Masakuni 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
In this study, we prepared surface-modified CeO2 nanocrystals (NCs) by a hydrothermal method, and calcined CeO2 NCs at various temperatures between 400 and 1000 °C for 3 h in air to obtain crystal-size-controlled CeO2 NCs. We investigated the correlation between the Raman spectra and the crystal sizes of the CeO2 powder. The peak position of the F2g mode of CeO2 was shifted to lower energies as the crystal size decreased and the peak broadened. The present hydrothermally driven CeO2 NCs showed no change in lattice constant depending on crystal size after heat treatment. The Raman peak position of the F2g mode as a function of inverse CeO2 crystal size corresponded to the models for phonon confinement without the combination of strain and defect effects. Moreover, it was also suggested that the Raman peak width of CeO2 NCs without strain also showed dependence on particle size.
Chronic Stress Exacerbates Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Through Promoting Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Formation
Authors: Huang Huipeng , Deng Xiaohui , Wang Yuge , Shen Shishi , Wang Shisi , Hu Mengyan , Liu Sanxin , Su Xiaotao , Li Chunyi , Li Tiemei , Lu Zhengqi , Cai Wei 
Published: September 2024

AbstractCerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is the leading cause of vascular dementia among the elderly. Neuropsychiatric symptoms are commonly manifested in cerebral amyloid angiopathy patients but are usually considered as consequences of cerebral amyloid angiopathy pathology. Here, it is reported that chronic stress promotes cerebral amyloid angiopathy progression, which enhances deposition of amyloid protein beta (Aβ) in brain blood vessels and exacerbates subsequent brain injury. Mechanistically, neutrophil is implicated in cerebral amyloid angiopathy development. Aβ that accumulates in brain vasculature induces neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) by activating STAT6 signaling, which inhibits neutrophil apoptosis and switches the programmed cell death toward NETosis. During chronic stress, circulatory Norepinephrine (NE) strengthens STAT6 activation in neutrophil and promotes NET formation, thus exacerbates the NET‐dependent angiopathy. It is demonstrated that inhibiting neutrophil chemotaxis towards brain or suppressing NET formation both ameliorate cerebral amyloid angiopathy severity in the context of chronic stress. Therefore, it is proposed that stress‐associated psychological disorders and NETs are promising therapeutic targets in cerebral amyloid angiopathy.