bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Many Constitutions of Europe
Authors: Tuori Kaarlo 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The article discusses two main senses of the “many constitutions in Europe.” First, it argues that the European constitution—identified in the article with the constitution of the European Union—should be examined as a multidimensional and multitemporal process of constitutionalization. A distinction is made between the framing juridical and political constitutions, and the sectoral constitutions: micro- and macroeconomic, social, and security constitutions. Second, the article explores the relations between the transnational European and the national member state constitutions. It is claimed that the debate on constitutional pluralism has one-sidedly focused on merely one aspect (the conflictual one) of these relations within merely one (the juridical) constitutional dimension.
Sentencing and Plea Bargaining
Authors: Tata Cyrus , Gormley Jay M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn the daily work of criminal justice, the relationship between plea decision-making and sentencing is important. Meanwhile in the academic and policy literatures, it is one of the most controversial. This essay appraises the international empirical literature and the moral arguments surrounding this plea-dependent (guilty/not guilty) “sentence differential.” Sentence differential is the morally neutral term used here to denote practices variously termed as “sentence discount,” “trial tax/penalty,” “guilty plea discount/reduction,” and “sentence bargain/negotiation.” Section II analyzes whether the sentence differential undermines the presumption of innocence. Section III investigates whether the sentence differential violates legal equality. Section IV assesses the three main justifications for the differential. Section V scrutinizes measurement of the sentence differential. Section VI proposes an agenda for future research, including the need for deeper research into the experiences of and interpretations by defendants of the justice process.
Sentencing of White-Collar Offenders in U.S. Federal Courts
Authors: Albonetti Celesta A. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This paper begins by discussing variables influencing sentence severity imposed in white-collar cases in federal courts. Sentence outcomes imposed under indeterminate, presumptive, and advisory federal sentencing policies are discussed in terms of the effect of defendant characteristics, legally relevant case characteristics, and process-related variables on the probability of imprisonment, length of imprisonment, and probability of receiving a suspended sentence. Federal sentencing guidelines legalities are presented, with attention to white-collar crimes of larceny, embezzlement, counterfeiting, fraud and deceit, and forgery. Attention shifts to legal issues relevant to the adjudication and sentencing of white-collar offenders. The blurring of criminal and civil law in statutory law governing criminal prosecution and sentencing of white-collar offenders is dicussed. In addition, attention is given to both the offense-specific features of the federal sentencing guidelines, to mechanisms of discretion, and guideline departures, as they apply to sentencing in economic crimes.
Multinational Firms and International Business Cycle Transmission*
Authors: Cravino Javier , Levchenko Andrei A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe investigate how multinational firms contribute to the transmission of shocks across countries using a large multicountry firm-level data set that contains cross-border ownership information. We use these data to document two novel empirical patterns. First, foreign affiliate and headquarter sales exhibit strong positive comovement: a 10% growth in the sales of the headquarter is associated with a 2% growth in the sales of the affiliate. Second, shocks to the source country account for a significant fraction of the variation in sales growth at the source-destination level. We propose a parsimonious quantitative model to interpret these findings and to evaluate the role of multinational firms for international business cycle transmission. For the typical country, the impact of foreign shocks transmitted by all foreign multinationals combined is non-negligible, accounting for about 10% of aggregate productivity shocks. On the other hand, since bilateral multinational production shares are small, interdependence between most individual country pairs is minimal. Our results do reveal substantial heterogeneity in the strength of this mechanism, with the most integrated countries significantly more affected by foreign shocks.
Smart and Illicit: Who Becomes an Entrepreneur and Do They Earn More?*
Authors: Levine Ross , Rubinstein Yona 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe disaggregate the self-employed into incorporated and unincorporated to distinguish between “entrepreneurs” and other business owners. We show that the incorporated self-employed and their businesses engage in activities that demand comparatively strong nonroutine cognitive abilities, while the unincorporated and their firms perform tasks demanding relatively strong manual skills. People who become incorporated business owners tend to be more educated and—as teenagers—score higher on learning aptitude tests, exhibit greater self-esteem, and engage in more illicit activities than others. The combination of “smart” and “illicit” tendencies as youths accounts for both entry into entrepreneurship and the comparative earnings of entrepreneurs. Individuals tend to experience a material increase in earnings when becoming entrepreneurs, and this increase occurs at each decile of the distribution.
Recent advances in nuclear medicine in endocrine oncology
Authors: Luster Markus , Pfestroff Andreas , Verburg Frederik A. 
Published: November 2016

Purpose of review
The purpose is to review recent advances concerning the role of nuclear medicine in endocrine oncology.

Recent findings
For 131I therapy of thyroid cancer a thyrotropin (TSH) more than 30 mU/l has for many years been deemed a condition sine qua non. However, new data show that patients with lower TSH levels at the time of ablation have the same rate of successful ablation as those with TSH more than 30 mU/l.
I-124 combined integrated positron emission tomography and computed X-ray tomography was shown to be highly accurate in predicting findings on posttherapy radioiodine scanning and was shown to have a high prognostic power.
In neuroendocrine tumors, long-term complication rates of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy were reported. Furthermore first preclinical and clinical results of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with somatostatin receptor antagonists were published.
In nuclear medicine, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted radionuclide imaging and therapy is of interest. PSMA was shown to also be expressed in neoplasms of the thyroid, the adrenal glands and neuroendocrine tumors.

Summary
Further individualization of thyroid cancer patient care by means of I-124-positron emission tomography and computed X-ray tomography-based selection of the therapeutic strategy is possible. 131I therapy might not require as intensive TSH stimulation as thought previously. For endocrine-related malignancies PSMA targeting deserves further investigation.
Cutaneous Horn of the Eyelid in 13 Cases
Authors: Pointdujour-Lim Renelle , Marous Molly R. , Satija Celine E. , Douglass Alexzandra M. , Eagle Ralph C. , Shields Jerry A. , Shields Carol L. 
Published: November 2016

Introduction:
Cutaneous horn of the eyelid is uncommon. The authors evaluate the features of benign, premalignant, and malignant tumors at the base of cutaneous horn of the eyelid.

Objective:
To describe the clinical and histopathologic features of cutaneous horn of the eyelid.

Design:
A retrospective analysis of 13 cases of cutaneous horn of the eyelid treated between 1994 and 2014 was performed.

Participants:
Thirteen patients participated in this study.

Main outcome measures:
Main outcome measures include clinical and histopathologic features and outcomes of cutaneous horn.

Results:
The mean patient age was 54 years (median 64 years, range 9–91 years), and 6 patients (46%) were women. The cutaneous horn affected the upper (n = 5), lower (n = 6) eyelid, or was not indicated (n = 2). The mean height of the cutaneous horn was 7.6 mm (median 8mm, range 4-12 mm) and mean basal diameter was 3.8 mm (median 3mm, range 2-6 mm). The cutaneous horn was comprised of superficial layers of keratin with hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis overlying a solid tumor at the base in all cases. The tumor base included benign (n = 6, 46%), premalignant (n = 4, 31%), and malignant (n = 3, 23%) conditions. The benign basal lesions included seborrheic keratosis (n = 1), nevus sebaceous of Jadassohn (n = 1), pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia (n = 1), trichilemmoma (n = 1), and inverted follicular keratosis (n = 2). Premalignant basal lesions were actinic keratosis (n = 4), and malignant basal lesions included squamous cell carcinoma (n = 2) and sebaceous gland carcinoma (n = 1).

Conclusions:
The clinical significance of cutaneous horn of the eyelid lies not in the horn itself but the nature of the underlying base. Malignancy was found in 23% of patients.
Comparison of Colorado Microdissection Needle Versus Scalpel Incision for Aesthetic Upper and Lower Eyelid Blepharoplasty
Authors: Arat Yonca O. , Sezenoz Almila S. , Bernardini Francesco P. , Alford Mark A. , Tepeoglu Merih , Allen Richard C. 
Published: November 2016

Purpose:
Traditionally, eyelid skin incisions with electro-cautery devices have been avoided due to the concerns of aesthetically unacceptable scar formation. The purpose of this study is to compare ecchymosis, cosmesis, and histologic tissue damage of incisions made with a scalpel or Colorado needle in patients undergoing upper and lower aesthetic blepharoplasty. To the best of authors’ knowledge, no previous study has been performed before to compare these 2 modalities in aesthetic blepharoplasty surgery.

Methods:
This is a multicenter, prospective, interventional, comparative case series. The study protocol was approved by Institutional Review Board in each institution. Patients underwent bilateral upper and/or transcutaneous lower blepharoplasty with 1 side randomly selected for skin incision with the scalpel, the other side with the Colorado needle. Ecchymosis was evaluated using a 10-point Likert scale and the wounds using a Hollander score. The margins of excised tissues were evaluated histologically.

Results:
A total of 254 eyelids of 101 patients were included in the study. No significant difference was observed in ecchymosis on postoperative day 1 and 7 and scar cosmesis on day 30 and 180 between the 2 techniques. Histologically, necrosis was noted only with the Colorado needle sides (p = 0.001). No adverse events occurred on the Colorado needle side at any time after surgery.

Conclusions:
No clinical difference is noted between Colorado needle and scalpel incisions in terms of ecchymosis and scar cosmesis after aesthetic blepharoplasty.
Analysis of the Duodenal Microbiome in Autistic Individuals
Authors: Kushak Rafail I. , Winter Harland S. , Buie Timothy M. , Cox Stephen B. , Phillips Caleb D. , Ward Naomi L. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTObjectives:There is evidence that symptoms of maldigestion or malabsorption in autistic individuals are related to changes in the indigenous microbiota. Analysis of colonic bacteria has revealed microbial dysbiosis in children with autism; however, characteristics of the duodenal microbiome are not well described. In the present study the microbiome of the duodenal mucosa of subjects with autism was evaluated for dysbiosis, bacteria overgrowth, and microbiota associated with carbohydrate digestion. The relationship between the duodenal microbiome and disaccharidase activity was analyzed in biopsies from 21 autistic subjects and 19 children without autism.Methods:Microbiota composition was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, and disaccharidase activity via biochemical assays.Results:Although subjects with autism had a higher frequency of constipation (P < 0.005), there was no difference in disaccharidase activity between groups. In addition, no differences in microbiome diversity (species richness and evenness) were observed. Bacteria belonging to the genus Burkholderia were more abundant in subjects with autism, whereas members of the genus Neisseria were less abundant. At the species level, a relative decrease in abundance of 2 Bacteroides species and Escherichia coli was found in autistic individuals. There was a positive correlation between the abundance of Clostridium species, and disaccharidase activity, in autistic individuals.Conclusions:There are a variety of changes at the genus and species level in duodenal microbiota in children with autism that could be influenced by carbohydrate malabsorption. These observations could be affected by variations in individual diets, but also may represent a more pervasive dysbiosis that results in metabolites that affect the behavior of autistic children.
Spectral Electroencephalogram Analysis for the Evaluation of Encephalopathy Grade in Children With Acute Liver Failure*
Authors: Press Craig A. , Morgan Lindsey , Mills Michele , Stack Cynthia V. , Goldstein Joshua L. , Alonso Estella M. , Wainwright Mark S. 
Published: November 2016

Objective:
Spectral electroencephalogram analysis is a method for automated analysis of electroencephalogram patterns, which can be performed at the bedside. We sought to determine the utility of spectral electroencephalogram for grading hepatic encephalopathy in children with acute liver failure.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
Tertiary care pediatric hospital.

Patients:
Patients between 0 and 18 years old who presented with acute liver failure and were admitted to the PICU.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Electroencephalograms were analyzed by spectral analysis including total power, relative δ, relative θ, relative α, relative β, θ-to-Δ ratio, and α-to-Δ ratio. Normal values and ranges were first derived using normal electroencephalograms from 70 children of 0–18 years old. Age had a significant effect on each variable measured (p < 0.03). Electroencephalograms from 33 patients with acute liver failure were available for spectral analysis. The median age was 4.3 years, 14 of 33 were male, and the majority had an indeterminate etiology of acute liver failure. Neuroimaging was performed in 26 cases and was normal in 20 cases (77%). The majority (64%) survived, and 82% had a good outcome with a score of 1–3 on the Pediatric Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended at the time of discharge. Hepatic encephalopathy grade correlated with the qualitative visual electroencephalogram scores assigned by blinded neurophysiologists (r
s = 0.493; p < 0.006). Spectral electroencephalogram characteristics varied significantly with the qualitative electroencephalogram classification (p < 0.05). Spectral electroencephalogram variables including relative Δ, relative θ, relative α, θ-to-Δ ratio, and α-to-Δ ratio all significantly varied with the qualitative electroencephalogram (p < 0.025). Moderate to severe hepatic encephalopathy was correlated with a total power of less than or equal to 50% of normal for children 0–3 years old, and with a relative θ of less than or equal to 50% normal for children more than 3 years old (p > 0.05). Spectral electroencephalogram classification correlated with outcome (p < 0.05).

Conclusions:
Spectral electroencephalogram analysis can be used to evaluate even young patients for hepatic encephalopathy and correlates with outcome. Spectral electroencephalogram may allow improved quantitative and reproducible assessment of hepatic encephalopathy grade in children with acute liver failure.
Adult Outcomes After Newborn Respiratory Failure Treated With Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation*
Authors: Engle William A. , West Karen W. , Hocutt Gail A. , Pallotto Eugenia K. , Haney Barbara , Keith Rachel J. , Stewart Dan L. , Knodel Ellen , Suttner Denise , Chapman Rachel , Thomas Alison , Schwerin Beverly , Stork Eileen , Crowley Moira , Piazza Anthony J. , Heard Micheal L. , Gebregziabher Netsanet , Fadel William , Bartlett Robert 
Published: November 2016

Objective:
To describe the outcome of young adults treated for hypoxemic respiratory failure with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as neonates.

Design:
The study was designed as a multisite, cross sectional survey.

Setting:
The survey was completed electronically or on paper by subjects and stored in a secure data base.

Subjects:
Subjects were surviving neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients from eight institutions who were18 years old or older.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
A questionnaire modified from the 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and the 2011 National Health Interview Survey with additional unique questions was completed by subjects. Results were compared to age-matched national Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and National Health Interview Survey data. One hundred and forty-six subjects participated (8.9% of eligible candidates). The age at questionnaire submission was 23.7 ± 2.89 years. Subjects differed statistically from national cohorts by being more satisfied with life (93% vs 84.2%); more educated (some college or degree; 80.1% vs 57.7%); more insured for healthcare (89.7% vs 72.3%); less frequent users of healthcare in the last 12 months (47.3% vs 58.2%); more limited because of physical, mental, and developmental problems (19.9% vs 10.9%); and having more medical complications. Furthermore, learning problems occurred in 29.5% of the study cohort. The congenital diaphragmatic hernia group was generally less healthy and less well educated, but equally satisfied with life. Perinatal variables contributed little to outcome prediction.

Conclusions:
Most young adult survivors in this study cohort treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as neonates are satisfied with their lives, working and/or in college, in good health and having families. These successes are occurring despite obstacles involving health issues such as asthma, attention deficit disorder, learning difficulties, and vision and hearing problems; this is especially evident in the congenital diaphragmatic hernia cohort. Selection bias inherent in such a long-term study may limit generalizability, and it is imperative to note that our sample may not be representative of the whole.
Cimex lectularius (“Bed Bugs”)
Authors: McMenaman Kathryn S. , Gausche-Hill Marianne 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Reports of bed bug infestations in major cities in the United States and abroad have been in the public press. Physicians and other clinicians who care for children need to be able to recognize bed bug bites and understand the social, psychological, and medical implications that this diagnosis will have on patients and their families. In this article, a case presentation serves to guide discussion regarding establishing the diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and the management of bed bug bites and their complications. Integrated pest management programs involving housing managers, residents, and professional pest exterminators provide both chemical and nonchemical solutions for eradication of bed bug infestations.
Qualitative Study About the Experiences of Colleagues of Health Professionals Involved in an Adverse Event
Authors: Ferrús Lena , Silvestre Carmen , Olivera Guadalupe , Mira José Joaquín 
Published: November 2016

Objectives
Identify what occurs among health-care providers (HCPs) after an adverse event (AE) and what colleagues could do to help them.

Method
A qualitative study with participation by physicians and nurses from hospitals and primary care facilities.

Results
Fifteen HCPs and 12 health professionals with quality management responsibilities with between 8 and 30 years of experience participated; 15 (56%) were physicians (9 general practitioners, 3 surgeons, 2 intensivists, and 1 from an emergency unit), and 12 (44%) were nurses (5 worked in primary care and 7 in hospitals). There was consensus that second victims require support from colleagues and management; however, instead, many times they perceive rejection. They experience repetitive thoughts, fear, and loneliness. Formal channels of information favor the implementation of improvements. Health-care providers reported that information about measures for preventing a new adverse event is inaccessible, whereas management said that a change in behavior was necessary to promote a culture of safety. Common informal channels were the hallways and cafeteria. Reactions by colleagues of second victims were of surprise and to avoid involvement.

Conclusions
Organized plans and protocols about what to do to help HCPs after an AE are uncommon. Formal channels of information mitigate rumors and misinformation. Informal channels hinder learning from the experience and strengthening the culture of safety, and they encourage incidents to be hidden. Approaches that permit HCPs involved in an AE to speak about what has happened offer a positive response to their emotional needs.
An unusual case of vaginal myiasis
Authors: Soulsby Hannah , Jones Brian L. , Coyne Michael , Alexander Claire L. 
Published: November 2016

Introduction:
Myiasis, a term used to describe the infestation of a live animal by fly larvae, is rarely reported in human subjects. The adult fly lays its eggs on living tissue that progresses to become larvae that feed on living tissue having gone through three developmental stages known as the first, second and third instar. The larvae become pupae before finally developing into adults.

Case presentation:
We describe an unusual case of a 79-year-old female who collapsed in her garden and lay there for several days before presenting to her local hospital Accident and Emergency department with an infestation of larvae in her vagina labia, identified as those from the Protophormia species northern blowfly. After complete removal of the larvae using tweezers followed by cleansing of the affected area and a course of antibiotics, the patient’s condition improved. A follow-up review by the local gynaecology team revealed no evidence of further infestation.

Conclusion:
It is our understanding that this is the first highly unusual case of a blowfly larvae infestation to be reported in a human within the UK.
Prioritisation of Structural Variant Calls in Cancer Genomes
Authors: Ahdesmäki Miika J , Chapman Brad , Cingolani Pablo E , Hofmann Oliver , Sidoruk Aleksandr , Lai Zhongwu , Zakharov Gennadii , Rodichenko Mikhail , Alperovich Mikhail , Jenkins David , Carr T. Hedley , Stetson Daniel , Dougherty Brian , Barrett J. Carl , Johnson Justin J 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSensitivity of short read DNA-sequencing for gene fusion detection is improving, but is hampered by the significant amount of noise composed of uninteresting or false positive hits in the data. In this paper we describe a tiered prioritisation approach to extract high impact gene fusion events. Using cell line and patient DNA sequence data we improve the annotation and interpretation of structural variant calls to best highlight likely cancer driving fusions. We also considerably improve on the automated visualisation of the high impact structural variants to highlight the effects of the variants on the resulting transcripts. The resulting framework greatly improves on readily detecting clinically actionable structural variants.