bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChatGPT-4 Omni Performance in USMLE Disciplines and Clinical Skills: Comparative Analysis
Authors: Bicknell Brenton T , Butler Danner , Whalen Sydney , Ricks James , Dixon Cory J , Clark Abigail B , Spaedy Olivia , Skelton Adam , Edupuganti Neel , Dzubinski Lance , Tate Hudson , Dyess Garrett , Lindeman Brenessa , Lehmann Lisa Soleymani 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background
Recent studies, including those by the National Board of Medical Examiners, have highlighted the remarkable capabilities of recent large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT in passing the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE). However, there is a gap in detailed analysis of LLM performance in specific medical content areas, thus limiting an assessment of their potential utility in medical education.

Objective
This study aimed to assess and compare the accuracy of successive ChatGPT versions (GPT-3.5, GPT-4, and GPT-4 Omni) in USMLE disciplines, clinical clerkships, and the clinical skills of diagnostics and management.

Methods
This study used 750 clinical vignette-based multiple-choice questions to characterize the performance of successive ChatGPT versions (ChatGPT 3.5 [GPT-3.5], ChatGPT 4 [GPT-4], and ChatGPT 4 Omni [GPT-4o]) across USMLE disciplines, clinical clerkships, and in clinical skills (diagnostics and management). Accuracy was assessed using a standardized protocol, with statistical analyses conducted to compare the models’ performances.

Results
GPT-4o achieved the highest accuracy across 750 multiple-choice questions at 90.4%, outperforming GPT-4 and GPT-3.5, which scored 81.1% and 60.0%, respectively. GPT-4o’s highest performances were in social sciences (95.5%), behavioral and neuroscience (94.2%), and pharmacology (93.2%). In clinical skills, GPT-4o’s diagnostic accuracy was 92.7% and management accuracy was 88.8%, significantly higher than its predecessors. Notably, both GPT-4o and GPT-4 significantly outperformed the medical student average accuracy of 59.3% (95% CI 58.3‐60.3).

Conclusions
GPT-4o’s performance in USMLE disciplines, clinical clerkships, and clinical skills indicates substantial improvements over its predecessors, suggesting significant potential for the use of this technology as an educational aid for medical students. These findings underscore the need for careful consideration when integrating LLMs into medical education, emphasizing the importance of structured curricula to guide their appropriate use and the need for ongoing critical analyses to ensure their reliability and effectiveness.
Nuevas observaciones en la corteza continental transicional del sur del Golfo de México y sus implicaciones en los modelos de margen continental
Authors: Rosales Rodríguez Joel 
Published: September 2024

La interpretación de las propiedades físicas de la corteza y manto comúnmente se hace a partir de la asociación de velocidades sísmicas con la mineralogía de las rocas ígneas que las constituyen, dado que los afloramientos de corteza o manto exhumados o pozos que cortan las rocas de basamento continental u oceánico son escasos. La corteza oceánica del Golfo de México se caracteriza por velocidades sísmicas de 6.1-6.9 km/s, asociadas a gabros. Se observan diferencias en el rango de velocidades sísmicas entre la porción oriental y occidental de la corteza oceánica, tanto a nivel de corteza como en el manto. Se identifican anomalías de velocidades sísmicas entre la corteza y el manto, principalmente en áreas cercanas al límite corteza oceánica-continental. Estas anomalías de velocidades sísmicas se asocian a intrusiones máficas ocurridas durante la apertura del Golfo de México. Estas intrusiones también se interpretan en la base de la corteza a partir del modelado magnético de un perfil en el sur del Golfo de México. Con el modelado magnético se interpreta manto serpentinizado en el área de la Anomalía Magnética de Campeche. Con ambas interpretaciones se sugieren dos periodos de evolución tectónica del Golfo de México; el primer periodo es asociado a un margen continental no volcánico, en el cual ocurre la exhumación y la serpentinización del manto, el segundo periodo asociado a un margen volcánico en el cual ocurre la intrusión de rocas máficas cercanas al límite corteza oceánica-continental y la rotación de Yucatán.
Medical survey on Cardiovascular Disorders
Authors: Satyanarayana T. , Palepu Swathi , Parvathi Tallapureddy , Chandra Krishna Kambampati , Parveen Shaik , Prathyusha Burugu 
Published: September 2024

Recent studies in India indicate raising trends of cardiovascular disorders like hyper tension, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia. Even in rural areas continuous monitoring of the cardio vascular disorders situation is required by repeated cross sectional studies in both urban, rural to plan control measures. Aim of the study to make a survey on cardio vascular disorders in local hospitals of aroghya and spandana hosipital in khammam. A cross sectional study was carried out in khammam region in the rural field practice area of Mother Teresa Pharmacy College in Sathupally, India. All adults and olders of both genders were included and screened for cardio vascular disorders by hosipital survey. Conclusion: It was observed that cardiovascular disorders can be treated within time and proper medication. Awareness should be created among the population regarding prevention of cardiovascular disorders. Even though proper medication are there, in some cases like heart attack and congestive heart failure the death rate is very high. This is because the patient is not able to reach the hospitals in time, not changing their life style modifications, continuing their habits like smoking and alcohol consumption and lack of frequent medical checkups. Hence the sincere advise to all the patients those are in the risk of cardiovascular disorders must have to keep the corresponding medicines like nitroglycerine tablets (Isosorbide dinitrate) with them of their pocket every time, avoiding of their habits of smoking and alcohol consumption, intake of low calorie diet and maintain their regular medical checkups.
Keywords: Cross sectional study, Cardiovascular Disorders, Smoking and Alcohol consumption
Quality Assurance and Quality Management in Pharmaceutical Science and Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Kushare Swati , Darekar Avinash , Saudagar Ravindranath 
Published: September 2024

Affection affirmation (QA) is aimed at ensuring affection analysis results. The purpose of affection affirmation is to accord relevant, reliable, appropriate analysis after-effects which are interpreted correctly. Affection affirmation involves activities both central and alfresco laboratory, acceptable class convenance and able administration skill. The WHO analogue of affection affirmation is a absolute action area by the affection of lab letters can be guaranteed. I capital to animadversion on the beat entitled, “An in-flight absorption on affirmation and quality.”The acreage of Affection Administration has abounding methods to abate and anticipate defects in any industry. Some of the best accepted methods today are Six Sigma, Lean Enterprise, and Benchmarking. There is a abundance of accurate affirmation to appearance how these methods accept helped the bloom affliction industry even out defects, waste, basis causes, and optimal solutions, application anarsenal of administration tools.
Keywords: Affection assurance, quality management, pharmaceutical industry.
Development and characterization of controlled release bilayered tablets of Citicoline sodium
Authors: Rayakwar Neetesh , Dangi Yuvraj Singh 
Published: September 2024

Objectives: The aim of present investigation was formulation development and evaluation of bi-layer tablets of citicoline sodium. Materials and Methods: An aqueous granulation process was adopted to formulate citicoline sodium (CTS) bilayer tablets. Wet granulation method has been utilized for the formulation of bilayer CTS tablet. Citicoline sodium, microcrystalline cellulose (pH 101 & 102), HPMC K4, K15, K-100, PVP K-30, Magnesium stearate, cross-carmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate and red oxide were used for preparation. Pre-formulation studies of citicoline sodium and drug excipient compatibility study was carried to optimize the formulation variables. Two layers, immediate release (IR layer) and sustained release (SR) has been developed and evaluated for the various parameters e.g. micromeritic properties, percentage yield, particle size, hardness, thickness, weight variation, percent friability and percent assay, In-vitro dissolution and In-vitro release studies. Result and Discussion: Pre-formulation study of citicoline sodium denotes that evaluated parameters confirm the suitability and compliance of drug with polymers. Drug excipient compatibility study through the DSC confirmed that polymer, excipient and drug were compatible with each other and no incompatibility issue found during the preparation of formulation. FT-IR study is also executed to confirm the drug-excipient incompatibility. In all physical mixtures of drug and polymer, there was neither masking of single characteristic peak nor existence of additional peak in drug spectra; this has proven that drug and polymers are compatible with each other. Hardness 10-11 kg/cm2, thickness 7.3-7.4 mm, percent weight variation 1.2%, friability 0.1-0.3%, assay was 99-101% denotes the successful development of CTS tablets. Conclusion: These all parameters denote that the formulation has optimized, evaluated and were in the standard range. Hence, this optimized bilayer tablet formulation could be a potential formulation to promote sustained release, promote delivery of drugs from a single dosage form to improve patient compliance and give better disease management.
Keywords: Citicoline sodium, bi-layer tablet, DSC, immediate release, sustain release.
Formulation and evaluation of immediate release tablet of zopiclone using wet granulation method
Authors: Bhatt Rajesh , Sharma Aditya , Kumar Prevesh , Upadhyay Sukirti , Upadhyay Prashant 
Published: September 2024

Zopiclone, a cyclopyrolone, is a non-benzodiazepine derivative used as a hypnotic agent in the treatment of short term insomnia. The main objective of the present investigation was to formulate a pharmaceutically active stable and bioequivalent immediate release (IR) tablets of zopiclone using wet granulation method. The prepared formulations were evaluated using various physical parameters, equipment, dissolution study and drug release profile. The basic approach used in development of zopiclone IR tablets was that the use of superdisintegrants as like Corn starch (maize) and Sodium starch glycolate which provide instant disintegration after administration. In-vitro dissolution testing study was carried out for 1 hours using 0.1N HCl in a dissolution apparatus for evaluation of Drug release. On the basis of the dissolution profile, F3 gives a better result and were found 100 % release in just 20 minutes and also found that as the polymer ratio were increases the drug release rate also increased from the formulation.
Keywords: Hypnotic agent, immediate release, Wet granulation Method, Non-benzodiazepine derivative, Superdisintegrants, Zopiclone
Novel verdicts of nifedipine encapsulated with cyclodextrin in new-fangled form of microsponges
Authors: Thakur Suchi , Jain NIlesh , Jain Deepti , Jain Surendra Kumar 
Published: September 2024

The fundamental approach for the microsponge technologies arises in solid dosage forms because they showing a promising technology for nifedipine drug in hypertension control. As nifedipine drug is chosen due to its hydrophobic nature second short half-life, third low remark in plasma concentration. Cyclodextrin-based microsponges with different polymer are novel finding in the microsphere technology, the crosslinking of polymers blends with respect to cyclodextrin will enhance the entrapment of nifedipine drug in the new-fangled form by emulsification solvent method and futher Lyophilization. The different microsponges batches are formulated the optimize batch was MN3 with angle of repose; 21.80 ± 0.63., Hausner ratio 1.132, Carrs index 0.132 and higher % drug content (80.5 ± 0.97 %). showed 99.41 ± 1.05 % drug release during 36 hr in vitro release . After that the stability data disclose superior drug retention of loaded nifedipine, besides consistent in vitro release pattern over a period of 90 days.
Keywords: Microsponges, Cyclodextrin, Polymers, Nifedipine
Ayurveda and modern management of Fistula: A literary review
Authors: Oza Bharat Kailash 
Published: September 2024

Fistula is a Marmaasrita Vyadhi which mainly affects Guda & Basti, it involve formation of excess tract, painful openings around anal region, discharge & burning sensation, pus formation and bed smell near anal parts. Ayurveda considered this disease amongst one of the Ashta Mahagada. The traditional medical science; ayurveda as well as modern medical science described various therapeutic modalities for the management of fistula including surgical and non-surgical interventions. In a view to explore literary contribution in this area present article summarized some important ayurveda and modern approaches used for the treatment of fistula.
Keywords: Ayurveda, Fistula, Bhagandara, Arsha.
A review on Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.)
Authors: Kavyashree MR , Harini A , Hegde Prakash L , Pradeep Dr. 
Published: September 2024

Ocimum sanctum Linn is one of the important medicinal plant; known as holy basil. It is commonly available and cultivated across the India and it is having many therapeutic usages. And it is widely used in Ayurveda for the treatment of various disorders. It is extensively used as antioxidant, immune-modulatory, antipyretic, anticancer, chemo-preventive, radio-protective, anti-hypertensive and cardio protective and antimicrobial activity etc. The present article provides all necessary information regarding its classical literature and research updates on Phytoconstituents and pharmacological activities.

Keywords: Ayurveda, Tulasi, Ocimum sanctum Linn.
Development and evaluation of clozapine intranasal mucoadhesive in situ gels for brain targeting
Authors: Ravikrishna Velupula , Krishnaveni Janapareddi 
Published: September 2024

Blood brain barrier, poor solubility and low bioavailability (<27%) due to hepatic metabolism are major constraints of clozapine (CZP) oral tablets for their clinical application in the treatment of psychosis. Therefore, the study aims to develop pluronic based thermosensitive mucoadhesive in situ gel of clozapine for brain targeting through intranasal olfactory pathway. The objective of the present study was to develop an aqueous and oil based thermosensitive mucoadhesive in situ gel of clozapine for intranasal delivery and to evaluate the gels for in vitro characterization and ex vivo permeation in comparison to drug solution. The aqueous and oil based in situ gel systems were developed by cold method using water and oleic acid as solvents respectively. Combination of Pluronic F-127 and F-68 (20:2) were used as thermosensitive gelling agents. Labrasol and Transcutol P at 1:1 ratio were employed as co solvents for the solubilisation of drug. The prepared in situ gels were evaluated for clarity, gelation temperature (Tsol-gel), gelation time (GT), gel strength (GS), pH, viscosity, mucoadhesive strength and ex vivo drug permeation studies. The effect of mucoadhesive agents like Chitosan, Sodium-β- glycerophosphate and Polyox WSR303 on gelation temperature (Tsol-gel) and drug permeation was also evaluated. The optimized aqueous in situ gel with 0.5% chitosan (Fa15) showed viscosity 554.66±8.73cP at 31oC; mucoadhesive strength 5114.91±107.37dynes/cm2, gelation temperature (Tsol-gel) 29.6±1.7 oC and gelation time (GT) 69±5 sec. The flux was found to be 243.46 µg/cm2/hr which was significantly high (p<0.0001) compared to drug solution and the enhancement ratio(ER) was found to be 2.28 folds to the drug solution whereas the oil gel showed flux of 190.34 µg/cm2/hr and enhancement ratio was found to be1.64 folds to the drug solution. The results indicated that the hydrogels are potential carriers than oil gels for delivery of clozapine via intranasal route.
Keywords: Clozapine, in situ gels, nasal drug delivery, olfactory pathway, brain targeting, psychosis
Kidney injury molecule-1 and its diagnostic ability in various clinical conditions
Authors: Vijayasimha M , Jha R K 
Published: September 2024

Objectives: This review evaluates the diagnostic ability of Kidney Injury Molecule 1 (Kim-1) in various clinical conditions. Methods: We screened literature in electronic database from January 2016 to March 2016 by the words “Kidney Injury Molecule-1”or “Kim-1” and “Acute Kidney Injury”. Specific studies were selected for inclusion if they were published in English journals, in which Kim-1 was measured for diagnosis of various forms of Acute Kidney Injury in different articles.
Results: There were eight articles which met the selection criteria for inclusion in our study. Compared to non acute kidney injury (AKI) patients, Kim-1 raised significantly in different forms of AKI patients.
Conclusions: Kidney Injury Molecule-1 is a new emerging urinary biomarker in the early detection of acute kidney injury and repair of kidney cells as well. Kim-1 can detect acute tubular necrosis, a useful marker for renal proximal tubular injury and it can restore morphological integration of kidney cells followed by ischemic injury. Kim-1 can detect nephrotoxic injury and injury caused by various drugs as well.
Keywords: Kidney injury Molecule, Acute Kidney Injury
Analgesic activity of poly herbal formulation in experimental rats by acetic acid induced writhing test model and Hot plate model
Authors: Sharma Shrishti , Khare Salaj , Dubey B.K , Joshi Amit , Jain Amit 
Published: September 2024

To evaluate analgesic activity of a polyherbal formulation-PHF [hydro-alcoholic extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (50mg), Fennel seeds (50mg), Prosopis cineraria (50mg), & Ficus racemosa (50mg)] compare it with Diclofenac Na by using Eddys hot plate and writhing test in Adult Wistar rats. Rats were divided into four groups of 6 each for both tests. PHF (250, 300 mg/kg, p.o. body weight) and Diclofenac Na (50 mg/kg, p.o.) made as suspensions prepared in 1% carboxy methyl cellulose (control) and were fed to rats orally. The physicochemical evaluations carried out in terms of loss on drying, ash value, extractive values and acid insoluble ash value ect. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents was determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids. Analgesic activity was assessed by counting the number of writhes induced by 0.7% acetic acid (10 ml/kg) in the 30 min. Number of writhing and percentage protection against writhing was evaluated. In Eddys hot plate method, they were placed individually on hot plate maintained at a temperature of 55 ± 0.5 ºC. The latency to lick the paw (reaction time) was noted at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. The cut off time was set at 20 sec to avoid damage to the skin. In acetic acid writhing method, PHF (250, 300 mg/kg, p. o.) significantly (p < 0.001) decreased the number of writhing 39±1.55*, 29.0±0.43*resp. Maximum percentage of inhibition of writhing response shown by Diclofenac Na was 73.03 %. In hot plate method, PHF showed a significant increase in the elevated basal reaction time at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. The results indicated that the poly-herbal formulation possesses good analgesic activity in the experimental animal models.
Keyword: Analgesic activity, Physicochemical evaluations, Phytochemical analysis, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Fennel seeds, Prosopis cineraria, Ficus racemosa
HPTLC method development for the simultaneous determination of Pregabalin and Amitryptyline hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage forms
Authors: More Sunil , Tamboli Ashpak , Amol Vhanmane , Patil Snehal 
Published: September 2024

A simple, selective, precise high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method with densitometry at λ= 205 nm was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of Pregabalin and Amitryptyline Hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage form. Chromatographic separation of the drugs were performed on aluminum plates precoated with silica gel 60 F254 used as stationary phase and the chromatogram was developed using Toluene: Methanol: Formic acid (7: 2.5: 0.5 v/v/v) and 20 ml of mobile phase was used per chromatography run. The system was found to give a compact band for Pregabalin (Rf =0.27±0.03) and Amitryptyline Hydrochloride (Rf =0.68±0.03). The validated lowest limit of detection was 45.097ng/spot and 12.614ng/spot wherenas lowest limit of quantification was 136.659ng/spot and 38.224ng/spot for Pregabalin and Amitryptyline Hydrochloride respectively. The percentage recovery for Pregabalin was found to be 99.91 (at 50%), 99.39 (at 100%), 99.27(at 150%) and 100.42 (at 50%), 100.63 (at 100%), 100.97(at 150%) for Amitryptyline Hydrochloride. Statistical analysis proved that the method is selective, precise and accurate for the estimation of Pregabalin and Amitryptyline Hydrochloride.
Keywords: Pregabalin (PRGB), Amitryptyline Hydrochloride (AMTR), HPTLC, Pharmaceutical formulation.
Formulation and Development OF BCS Class II Drug
Authors: Marapur S C , Jat Rakesh Kumar , Patil J S 
Published: September 2024

The aim of this research was to develop and evaluate liquisolid compacts of Voriconazole a BCS class II drug. The series of formulations containing Voriconazole drug were formulated by using aerosil a colloidal silicone dioxide and avicel PH microcrystalline cellulose in different ratios by using suitable solvent. Solubility studies were performed in propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol (PEG-200, 400, 600) for the choice of the best non volatile liquid to dissolve Voriconazole. On the basis of the solubility data PEG 600 was chosen as a good solvent for the Voriconazole. Voriconazole was dissolved in solvent PEG 600 for the preparation of solution of drug. Formulated compacts were evaluated for all post compression parameters and the in-vitro drug release study was carried out. All the formulations have shown a very good drug release in 15 min except compressibility problems due to higher loading factor of liquid vehicle for the formulations. The selected formulation FV10 containing 30% of drug solution has shown good drug release of 100.2.% in 15 min compared to dissolution of pure drug and marketed tablet which shown 58.5.5% and 70..6 % respectively.No interactions were found between drug and polymers in FITR as well as DSC. XRD of selected formulation shows that drug present in the formulation is in amorphous form.
Keywords: Voriconazole HCl, Avicel PH, Aerosil 200, Poly-Ethylene Glycol 600, liquisolid compacts.