bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thinking about Oneself
Authors: Musholt Kristina 
Published: January 2016

A novel theory of self-consciousness and its development that integrates philosophical considerations with recent findings in the empirical sciences.
In this book, Kristina Musholt offers a novel theory of self-consciousness, understood as the ability to think about oneself. Traditionally, self-consciousness has been central to many philosophical theories. More recently, it has become the focus of empirical investigation in psychology and neuroscience. Musholt draws both on philosophical considerations and on insights from the empirical sciences to offer a new account of self-consciousness—the ability to think about ourselves that is at the core of what makes us human.
Examining theories of nonconceptual content developed in recent work in the philosophy of cognition, Musholt proposes a model for the gradual transition from self-related information implicit in the nonconceptual content of perception and other forms of experience to the explicit representation of the self in conceptual thought. A crucial part of this model is an analysis of the relationship between self-consciousness and intersubjectivity. Self-consciousness and awareness of others, Musholt argues, are two sides of the same coin.
After surveying the philosophical problem of self-consciousness, the notion of nonconceptual content, and various proposals for the existence of nonconceptual self-consciousness, Musholt argues for a non-self-representationalist theory, according to which the self is not part of the representational content of perception and bodily awareness but part of the mode of presentation. She distinguishes between implicitly self-related information and explicit self-representation, and describes the transitions from the former to the latter as arising from a complex process of self–other differentiation. By this account, both self-consciousness and intersubjectivity develop in parallel.
Transportation and Revolt
Authors: Shell Jacob 
Published: January 2016

How political regimes have responded when certain modes of transportation—from carrier pigeons to canal boats—have been associated with politically subversive activities.
During World War I, German soldiers shot down carrier pigeons for fear the birds were carrying enemy communiqués; in Mexico, the United States, and other countries, mules were used for smuggling and secret travel in mountainous areas; in the British Empire in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the British feared that supplies for anti-imperialist rebellion were being transported by canal. In this book, Jacob Shell argues that many political regimes have historically associated certain modes of transportation with revolt or with subversive activities—and have responded by acting to destroy or curtail those modes of transportation.
Constructing a conceptual framework linking physical geography with the politics of mobility, Shell presents historical examples of the secret, subversive mobilization of people and cargo across watery spaces and harsh terrain, carried by watercraft and transport animals including pigeons, mules, camels, elephants, and sled dogs. Efforts to suppress such clandestine mobilities ranged from the violent (the shooting of pigeons) to the indirect—curtailing financial support, certain kinds of social knowledge, or schemes for infrastructural development. To show how such efforts at immobilization could affect cities and urban transportation, Shell looks at the Port of New York in the early twentieth century, where potentially transformative plans for inner-city freight transportation were rejected—likely, Shell argues, due to fears of anarchist activities. The innovative argument advanced by Shell in Transportation and Revolt challenges conventional wisdom about the supposed obsolescence of transport methods that have become marginalized in the modern era.
European Climate Leadership in Question
Authors: Torney Diarmuid 
Published: January 2016

An analysis of the European Union's engagement with China and India on climate change policy that sheds light on Europe's claim to international climate leadership.
The European Union has long portrayed itself as an international leader on climate change. In this book, the first systematic assessment of Europe's claim to climate leadership, Diarmuid Torney analyzes the EU's engagement with China and India on climate policies from 1990 to the present.
Torney develops an analytical framework for assessing EU climate leadership that charts the factors driving the EU's engagement with China and India, the form of the engagement, and the Chinese and Indian response. He argues that EU engagement was driven by a desire to build its international role, growing concern regarding climate impacts, and an interest in the economic opportunities provided by the transition to a low-carbon global economy. European engagement with China and India took the form of institutionalized dialogue and capacity-building, with more extensive contact with China than with India. He finds little evidence of coherence between the EU's external climate change policies and other policy areas. Indeed, the overriding priority in both relationships was the deepening of trade.
Torney shows that China responded to the EU with limited normative emulation and lesson drawing; India's principal response was resistance. He argues that both European leadership on climate change and Chinese and Indian “followership” were severely constrained by a variety of factors, including the nature and extent of the EU's capabilities and the domestic politics, normative frames, and material interests of China and India, which did not align with the EU's agenda.
Compositional dependence of optical transition energies in highly mismatched Zn1−
xCdxTe1−
yOy alloys
Authors: Tanaka Tooru , Mizoguchi Kosuke , Terasawa Toshiki , Okano Yuuki , Saito Katsuhiko , Guo Qixin , Nishio Mitsuhiro , Man Yu Kin , Walukiewicz Wladek 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Highly mismatched Zn1−

x
Cd
x
Te1−

y
O
y
layers with a wide range of Cd and O compositions of 0–0.7 and 0.005–0.02, respectively, were grown by molecular beam epitaxy for the application of intermediate band solar cells. The electron transition energies from the valence band (VB) to E
− and E
+ bands decreased with increasing Cd content. The variation of the transition energies was consistent with the theoretical calculation based on the band anticrossing model. The magnitude of the optical absorption due to electron transitions from the VB to E
− band was strongly dependent on the Cd content because of the changing character of the E
− band.
Effect of Low‐Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound on Distraction Osteogenesis Treatment Time
Authors: Raza Hasnain , Saltaji Humam , Kaur Harmanpreet , Flores-Mir Carlos , El-Bialy Tarek 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesThe objectives of this systematic review with a meta‐analysis were to critically analyze the available scientific literature regarding the effects of low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound (US) on stimulating bone regeneration and bone maturation during distraction osteogenesis in humans and to determine whether the stimulatory effect of low‐intensity pulsed US can effectively reduce the associated treatment time.MethodsStudies were considered for inclusion if they were randomized clinical trials that examined the effect of low‐intensity pulsed US on distraction osteogenesis compared to conventional distraction osteogenesis. The primary outcome was reduced treatment time. Study selection, risk of bias assessment, and data extraction were performed in duplicate. A random‐effects meta‐analysis model was used when more than 3 trials were eligible for a quantitative analysis and considering the expected differences in interventions and measurement tools.ResultsFive randomized clinical trials, with a moderate to high risk of bias, met the eligibility criteria. Four trials examining tibial distraction osteogenesis in 118 patients were combined in a meta‐analysis. A statistically significant difference for reduced treatment time between distraction osteogenesis with low‐intensity pulsed US and standard distraction osteogenesis was evident (mean difference, −15.236 d/cm; random‐effects 95% confidence interval, −19.902 to −10.569 d/cm; P < .0001). As for the mandible, only 1 clinical trial was available, which showed no significant effect of low‐intensity pulsed US therapy on distraction osteogenesis.ConclusionsCurrent available evidence suggests that low‐intensity pulsed US therapy may provide a reduction in the overall treatment time for tibial distraction osteogenesis. However, this conclusion should be considered with caution, given the moderate to high risk of bias in the included randomized clinical trials.
Sonographic Findings of Morbidly Adherent Placenta in the First Trimester
Authors: Rac Martha W. F. , Moschos Elysia , Wells C. Edward , McIntire Donald D. , Dashe Jodi S. , Twickler Diane M. 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between first‐trimester sonographic findings and morbidly adherent placenta at delivery.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective review of all first‐trimester sonographic examinations from pregnancies that underwent third‐trimester sonography for placenta previa or low‐lying placenta between September 1997 and October 2011. Only women with a prior cesarean delivery were included. Transabdominal and transvaginal images from these first‐trimester studies were reviewed for the following sonographic parameters: distance from the inferior border of the gestational sac to the external cervical os, location of the decidua basalis, presence of anechoic areas, uterine‐bladder interface irregularity, and smallest anterior myometrial thickness. Morbidly adherent placentation was confirmed on histologic examination of hysterectomy specimens. Statistical methods included univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsThirty‐nine patients met inclusion criteria, of whom 14 (36%) had confirmed placental invasion. The number of prior cesarean deliveries was significantly associated with placental invasion (P < .0001). The only first‐trimester sonographic finding associated with invasion was the smallest anterior myometrial thickness measured in the sagittal plane (P< .02). Multivariate analysis based on these two variables yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.94 (95% confidence interval, 0.87–1.00) and significantly improved the prediction of placental invasion compared to using the number of prior cesarean deliveries alone.ConclusionsIn women with persistent placenta previa or low‐lying placenta and prior cesarean delivery, the smallest anterior myometrial thickness on first‐trimester sonography significantly improved detection of morbidly adherent placenta.
How Does Subclinical Hyperthyroidism Affect Right Heart Function and Mechanics?
Authors: Tadic Marijana , Celic Vera , Cuspidi Cesare , Ilic Sanja , Zivanovic Vladimir , Marjanovic Tamara 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesRight heart function and mechanics have not been investigated in patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism. Our aim was to investigate right ventricular (RV) and right atrial (RA) function and deformation as evaluated by 3‐dimensional echocardiography (3DE) and speckle‐tracking 2‐dimensional echocardiography (2DE) in these individuals.MethodsWe included 39 untreated women with endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism and 39 healthy women matched by age. All participants underwent laboratory analyses that included thyroid hormone levels and comprehensive 2DE and 3DE examinations.ResultsThree‐dimensional echocardiographic RV volumes were significantly elevated in the patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism (P < .05), whereas the 3DE RV ejection fraction was reduced in this group, but with borderline significance. Two‐dimensional echocardiographic longitudinal RV and RA strain were significantly reduced in the patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism. Two‐dimensional echocardiographic RV systolic and early diastolic strain rates were reduced, whereas late diastolic strain rates were increased in the patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism. The same changes were detected in RA mechanics among the patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism. The thyrotropin (TSH) level correlated with the left ventricular mass index, transmitral early diastolic peak flow velocity (E)/late diastolic flow velocity (A) ratio, tricuspid E/A ratio, 2DE RV global strain, 2DE RA, strain, and 3DE RV end‐diastolic volume. A multivariate regression analysis showed that the mitral E/A ratio, 2DE RV global strain, and 3DE RV end‐diastolic volume were independently associated with the TSH level.ConclusionsRight ventricular and RA function as evaluated by 3DE and speckle‐tracking 2DE is significantly impaired in patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism. The TSH level correlated with parameters for RV function and mechanics in the whole study population.
Application of Quasistatic Ultrasound Elastography for Examination of Scrotal Lesions
Authors: Zeng Bidan , Chen Fei , Qiu Shaodong , Luo Yanhua , Zhu Zhimin , Chen Rui , Mao Lin 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to investigate the value of applying quasistatic ultrasound elastography for examination of scrotal lesions, to investigate the features of normal testes on quasistatic elastography, and to establish whether testicular and epididymal lesions had specific quasistatic elastographic features.MethodsWe screened 1073 patients who underwent color Doppler sonographic examinations of the testes and epididymides in our hospital and performed quasistatic elastography to evaluate their sonographic features. Measurement data were expressed as mean ± SD. For intergroup comparisons, we used paired t tests and independent‐samples t tests, with P < .05 considered significant.ResultsQuasistatic elastography did not reveal any testicular or epididymal abnormalities in 625 cases. Seven cases showed testicular torsion; 3 cases showed testicular space‐occupying lesions (1 case each of a testicular teratoma, testicular seminoma, and testicular endodermal sinus tumor); 176 cases showed epididymal lesions (138 cases of caudal epididymal inflammatory masses, 37 cases of caput epididymal cysts, and 1 case of an epididymal lymphangioma); and 262 cases showed varicocele. The normal testicular elastographic appearance showed a 3‐ring structure: red surrounding bands with a blue edge region and a green central area. The stiffness in cases of testicular torsion, testicular space‐occupying lesions, and epididymal lesions was increased, whereas caput epididymal cysts of different diameters appeared either as green, blue‐green‐red, or “scooped out.” Elastographic results for patients with varicocele were not different from those for normal testes.ConclusionsQuasistatic elastography can reflect the relative stiffness of the testis and its surrounding tissues, thus providing a novel, reliable, convenient, and noninvasive method for clinical detection of testicular stiffness and related pathologic changes.
A comparison of opioid use between WCB recipients and other Manitobans for knee, shoulder, back and carpal tunnel release procedures
Authors: Kraut Allen , Raymond Colette B. , Ekuma Okechukwu , Shafer Leigh Anne 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundThis study's objectives were to evaluate whether WCB claimants with conditions requiring certain surgical procedures are more likely to be prescribed outpatient opioids than other Manitobans and whether those prescribed opioids are more likely to still be on opioid medications 6 months post procedure.MethodsWe compared 7,246 WCB claims for a number of surgical procedures to 65,032 similar procedures performed in other Manitobans. Logistic regression was used to explore the association between being a WCB claimant and being prescribed opioids, while controlling for type of surgical procedure and other potential confounders.ResultsWCB claimants were more likely than other Manitobans to be prescribed opioids (adjusted OR 1.38; 95%CI 1.30–1.47). Amongst those prescribed opioids, the odds of being still on opioids 6 months post‐procedure were not significantly elevated for WCB claimants (adjusted OR 1.09 95%CI 0.97–1.23).ConclusionsWCB claimants are prescribed opioids more often than non‐claimants for similar procedures. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:257–263, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. American Journal of Industrial Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unreported workers’ compensation claims to the BLS Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses: Establishment factors
Authors: Wuellner Sara E. , Adams Darrin A. , Bonauto David K. 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundStudies suggest employers underreport injuries to the Bureau of Labor Statistics Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII); less is known about reporting differences by establishment characteristics.MethodsWe linked SOII data to Washington State workers’ compensation claims data, using unemployment insurance data to improve linking accuracy. We used multivariable regression models to estimate incidence ratios (IR) of unreported workers’ compensation claims for establishment characteristics.ResultsAn estimated 70% of workers’ compensation claims were reported in SOII. Claims among state and local government establishments were most likely to be reported. Compared to large manufacturing establishments, unreported claims were most common among small educational services establishments (IR = 2.47, 95%CI: 1.52–4.01) and large construction establishments (IR = 2.05, 95%CI: 1.77–2.37).ConclusionsUnderreporting of workers’ compensation claims to SOII varies by establishment characteristics, obscuring true differences in work injury incidence. Findings may differ from previous research due to differences in study methods. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:274–289, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. American Journal of Industrial Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of Active‐Site Modification and Quaternary Structure on the Regioselectivity of Catechol‐O‐Methyltransferase
Authors: Law Brian J. C. , Bennett Matthew R. , Thompson Mark L. , Levy Colin , Shepherd Sarah A. , Leys David , Micklefield Jason 
Published: January 2016

AbstractCatechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT), an important therapeutic target in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, is also being developed for biocatalytic processes, including vanillin production, although lack of regioselectivity has precluded its more widespread application. By using structural and mechanistic information, regiocomplementary COMT variants were engineered that deliver either meta‐ or para‐methylated catechols. X‐ray crystallography further revealed how the active‐site residues and quaternary structure govern regioselectivity. Finally, analogues of AdoMet are accepted by the regiocomplementary COMT mutants and can be used to prepare alkylated catechols, including ethyl vanillin.
A Theranostic Agent Combining a Two‐Photon‐Absorbing Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy and a Gadolinium(III) Complex for MRI Detection
Authors: Schmitt Julie , Heitz Valérie , Sour Angélique , Bolze Frédéric , Kessler Pascal , Flamigni Lucia , Ventura Barbara , Bonnet Célia S. , Tóth Éva 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe convergent synthesis and characterization of a potential theranostic agent, [DPP‐ZnP‐GdDOTA]−, which combines a diketopyrrolopyrrole‐porphyrin component DPP‐ZnP as a two‐photon photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT) with a gadolinium(III) DOTA complex as a magnetic resonance imaging probe, is presented. [DPP‐ZnP‐GdDOTA]− has a remarkably high longitudinal water proton relaxivity (19.94 mm−1 s−1 at 20 MHz and 25 °C) for a monohydrated molecular system of this size. The Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation Dispersion (NMRD) profile is characteristic of slow rotation, related to the extended and rigid aromatic units integrated in the molecule and to self‐aggregation occurring in aqueous solution. The two‐photon properties were examined and large two‐photon absorption cross‐sections around 1000 GM were determined between 910 and 940 nm in DCM with 1 % pyridine and in DMSO. Furthermore, the new conjugate was able to generate singlet oxygen, with quantum yield of 0.42 and 0.68 in DCM with 1 % pyridine and DMSO, respectively. Cellular studies were also performed. The [DPP‐ZnP‐GdDOTA]− conjugate demonstrated low dark toxicity and was able to induce high one‐photon and moderate two‐photon phototoxicity on cancer cells.
Mechanochemical Synthesis of 3d Transition‐Metal–1,2,4‐Triazole Complexes as Precursors for Microwave‐Assisted and Thermal Conversion to Coordination Polymers with a High Influence on the Dielectric Properties
Authors: Brede Franziska A. , Heine Johanna , Sextl Gerhard , Müller‐Buschbaum Klaus 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe complexes [MCl2(TzH)4] (M=Mn (1), Fe (2); TzH=1,2,4‐1H‐triazole) and [ZnCl2(TzH)2] (3) have been obtained by mechanochemical reactions of the corresponding divalent metal chloride and 1,2,4‐1H‐triazole. They were successfully used as precursors for the formation of coordination polymers either by a microwave‐assisted reaction or by thermal conversion. For manganese, the conversion directly yielded
[MnCl2TzH] (4), whereas for the iron‐containing precursor,
[FeCl2TzH] (6), was formed via the intermediate coordination polymer
[FeCl(TzH)2]Cl (5). For cobalt, the isotypic polymer
[CoCl(TzH)2]Cl (7) was obtained, but exclusively by a microwave‐induced reaction directly from CoCl2. The crystal structures were resolved from single crystals and powders. The dielectric properties were determined and revealed large differences in permittivity between the precursor complexes and the rigid chain‐like coordination polymers. Whereas the monomeric complexes exhibit very different dielectric behaviour, depending on the transition metal, from “low‐k” to “high‐k” with the permittivity ranging from 4.3 to >100 for frequencies of up to 1000 Hz, the coordination polymers and complexes with strong intermolecular interactions are all close to “low‐k” materials with very low dielectric constants up to 50 °C. Therefore, the conversion procedures can be used to deliberately influence the dielectric properties from complex to polymer and for different 3d transition‐metal ions.
Large‐Scale Synthesis of Helicene‐Like Molecules for the Design of Enantiopure Thin Films with Strong Chiroptical Activity
Authors: Bensalah‐Ledoux Amina , Pitrat Delphine , Reynaldo Thibault , Srebro‐Hooper Monika , Moore Barry , Autschbach Jochen , Crassous Jeanne , Guy Stéphan , Guy Laure 
Published: January 2016

AbstractHelicenes are fascinating molecules owing to their unusual properties and applications in many fields from catalysis to organic electronics. Herein, we report a straightforward pathway for the synthesis of helicene‐like molecules on a gram scale in an enantiopure form. Thin‐film materials with good propagating optical properties and very high chiroptical responses have been grown by using pulsed laser ablation without altering the structure or the enantiopurity of the molecules. Moreover, electronic and vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopies coupled with theoretical calculations enabled some dependences of the chiroptical properties with the structure to be highlighted, for example, effects of rigidification, aromatization, or the state of matter (liquid versus solid).