bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Properties of Sub-galactic Clumps at 0.5 ≤ Z ≤ 1.5 in the UVUDF
Authors: Soto Emmaris , Mello Duilia F. de , Rafelski Marc , Gardner Jonathan P. , Teplitz Harry I. , Koekemoer Anton M. , Ravindranath Swara , Grogin Norman A. , Scarlata Claudia , Kurczynski Peter , Gawiser Eric 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
We present an investigation of clumpy galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field at

in the rest-frame far-ultraviolet (FUV) using Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 broadband imaging in F225W, F275W, and F336W. An analysis of 1404 galaxies yields 209 galaxies that host 403 kpc scale clumps. These host galaxies appear to be typical star-forming galaxies, with an average of 2 clumps per galaxy and reaching a maximum of 8 clumps. We measure the photometry of the clumps and determine the mass, age, and star formation rates (SFR) using the spectral energy distribution fitting code FAST. We find that clumps make an average contribution of 19% to the total rest-frame FUV flux of their host galaxy. Individually, clumps contribute a median of 5% to the host galaxy SFR and an average of ∼4% to the host galaxy mass, with total clump contributions to the host galaxy stellar mass ranging widely from lower than 1% up to 93%. Clumps in the outskirts of galaxies are typically younger, with higher SFRs, than clumps in the inner regions. The results are consistent with clump migration theories in which clumps form through violent gravitational instabilities in gas-rich turbulent disks, eventually migrate toward the center of the galaxies, and coalesce into the bulge.
The Interaction of Relativistic Spacecrafts with the Interstellar Medium
Authors: Hoang Thiem , Lazarian A. , Burkhart Blakesley , Loeb Abraham 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The Breakthrough Starshot initiative aims to launch a gram-scale spacecraft to a speed of v ∼ 0.2c, capable of reaching the nearest star system, α Centauri, in about 20 years. However, a critical challenge for the initiative is the damage to the spacecraft by interstellar gas and dust during the journey. In this paper, we quantify the interaction of a relativistic spacecraft with gas and dust in the interstellar medium (ISM). For gas bombardment, we find that damage by track formation due to heavy elements is an important effect. We find that gas bombardment can potentially damage the surface of the spacecraft to a depth of ∼0.1 mm for quartz material after traversing a gas column of

along the path to α Centauri, whereas the effect is much weaker for graphite material. The effect of dust bombardment erodes the spacecraft surface and produces numerous craters due to explosive evaporation of surface atoms. For a spacecraft speed

, we find that dust bombardment can erode a surface layer of ∼0.5 mm thickness after the spacecraft has swept a column density of

, assuming the standard gas-to-dust ratio of the ISM. Dust bombardment also damages the spacecraft surface by modifying the material structure through melting. We calculate the equilibrium surface temperature due to collisional heating by gas atoms as well as the temperature profile as a function of depth into the spacecraft. Our quantitative results suggest methods for damage control, and we highlight possibilities for shielding strategies and protection of the spacecraft.
Central Engine and Host Galaxy of RXJ 1301.9+2747: A Multiwavelength View of a Low-mass Black Hole Active Galactic Nuclei with Ultra-soft X-Ray Emission
Authors: Shu X. W. , Wang T. G. , Jiang N. , Wang J. X. , Sun L. M. , Zhou H. Y. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
RXJ 1301.9+2747 is an optically identified very-low-mass AGN candidate with

, which shows extremely soft X-ray emission and unusual X-ray variability in the form of short-lived flares. We present an analysis of multiwavelength observations of RXJ 1301.9+2747 in order to study the properties of the active nucleus and its host galaxy. The UV-to-X-ray spectrum in the quiescent state can be well and self-consistently described by a thermal and a Comptonized emission from the accretion disk, with the black body dominating ∼70% of the X-rays in the 0.2–2 keV. The same model can describe the X-ray spectrum in the flare state, but the Comptonized component becomes dominant (∼80%). The best fit implies an Eddington ratio of ∼0.14 and a black-hole mass of

M
⊙, in agreement with the estimation from the optical data within errors. However, the best-fitting model under predicts the optical flux for the HST point source by a factor of ∼2. The excess of nuclear optical emission could be attributed to a nuclear stellar cluster, which is frequently seen in low-mass AGNs. The X-ray to optical spectral slope (

) is lower than in most other active galaxies, which may be attributed to intrinsically X-ray weakness due to very little hot and optically thin coronal emission. We performed a pilot search for weak or hidden broad emission lines using optical spectropolarimetry observations, but no polarized broad lines are detected. The host galaxy appears to be a disk galaxy with a boxy pseudobulge or nuclear bar accounting for ∼15% of the total starlight, which is consistent with the general characteristics of the host of low-mass AGNs.
Body Mass, Wing Length, and Condition of Wintering Ducks Relative to Hematozoa Infection
Authors: Fleskes Joseph P. , Ramey Andrew M. , Reeves Andrew B. , Yee Julie L. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Waterfowl managers lack information regarding factors that may be reducing the positive response of waterfowl body condition to habitat improvements. Protozoan blood parasites (i.e., hematozoa) are commonly found in birds and have been related to reduced body mass, wing length, and body condition. We studied relationships between 12 measures of hematozoa infection and body mass, wing length, and body mass divided by wing length (i.e., body condition index) of the five most common duck species (northern pintail [Anas acuta], mallard [A. platyrhynchos], green-winged teal [A. crecca], American wigeon [A. americana], northern shoveler [A. clypeata]) wintering in the Central Valley of California during October 2006–January 2007. After accounting for variation due to species, age–sex cohort, Central Valley region, and month, wing length, body mass, and body condition index were found to be negatively related to infection by Leucocytozoon and by “any hematozoa” but not related to infection by only Plasmodium or Haemoproteus, or coinfections of greater than one genus or parasite haplotype (albeit few ducks had Plasmodium or Haemoproteus infection or coinfections). Evidence of a negative relationship with infection was stronger for body mass and body condition index than for wing length and indicated that the relationships varied among species, age–sex cohorts, regions, and months. Compared with uninfected ducks, hematozoa-infected duck body mass, wing length, and body condition index was −1.63% (85% CI = −2.79% to −0.47%), −0.12% (−0.41% to 0.17%), and −1.38% (−2.49% to −0.26%), respectively. Although seemingly small, the −1.63% difference in body mass represents a large percentage (e.g., 38% for northern pintail) of the observed increase in wintering duck body mass associated with Central Valley habitat improvements. Because infection prevalence and relationship to body condition might change over time because of climate or other factors, tracking hematozoa infection prevalence might be important to inform and accurately assess the effect of conservation programs designed to improve waterfowl body condition.
The Human Rights in OIC, A Gradually Movement but in Progress
Authors: Majid Bozorgmehri 
Published: February 2017

Comprising 57 member states, the Organization for Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is the second largest intergovernmental organization in the world after the United Nations. Its membership extends from Southeast Asia, South Asia and the Middle East to Africa, Eurasia, the Balkans and South America.In 2005, OIC launched a reform program that culminated in adopting a revised Charter in 2008 replacing the Charter of 1972. The new Charter seemed to reflect an increased prominence for human rights within the OIC, and it paved the way for the establishment of the OIC’s Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission (IPHRC). In addition to the stipulation that IPHRC will be one of the eleven primary organs of the OIC, the new Charter expresses the OIC’s determination to “promote human rights and fundamental freedoms, good governance, rule of law, democracy and accountability”, and “safeguard and promote the rights of women and their participation in all spheres of life” in member States in accordance with domestic legislation. In addition to these transformations, OIC appear to be more willing to engage with civil society organizations on human rights. It is in this context, and the increasing need to understand the OIC, particularly its human rights mechanisms and discourse, this paper tries to have a general analysis on subject.It should be noted that for some researchers (Mayer.2015) the OIC’s record is shown to be full of confusing and even self-contradictory statements on Islam and human rights. For them, OIC is not a competent organization for promoting the Human Rights as a universal value.As our major question, the paper seeks to evaluate the index growth of human rights and their criteria in OIC. Which are the main instruments for protection of Human Rights in OIC? Has OIC been successful in promotion of Human rights in the Member States and in the world?To carry out the research, a descriptive and analytical method is selected and based on OIC documents, it will be a documented analysis.
Global bounds on nitrogen gas emissions from humid tropical forests
Authors: Brookshire E. N. J. , Gerber S. , Greene W. , Jones R. T. , Thomas S. A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDenitrification and hydrologic leaching are the two major pathways by which nitrogen (N) is lost from the terrestrial biosphere. Humid tropical forests are thought to dominate denitrification losses from unmanaged lands globally, but there is large uncertainty about the range and key drivers of total N gas emissions across the biome. We combined pantropical measures of small watershed stream chemistry with ecosystem modeling to determine total N gas losses and associated uncertainty across humid tropical forests. Our calculations reveal that denitrification in soils and along hydrologic flow paths contributes on average >45% of total watershed N losses. However, when denitrification occurs exclusively in shallow soils, simulations indicate that gas emissions would exceed N inputs and render plants severely N limited, which contradicts observations of widespread N sufficiency in tropical forests. Our analyses suggest an upper bound on soil denitrification of ~80% of total external N losses beyond which tropical plant growth would be compromised.
Risk factors for malignant mesothelioma in people with no known exposure to asbestos
Authors: Musk Bill , Gordon Len , Alfonso Helman , Reid Alison , Olsen Nola , Mina Robin , Franklin Peter , Peters Susan , Brims Fraser , Hui Jennie , de Klerk Nicholas 
Published: February 2017

ObjectivesMalignant mesothelioma (MM) is a rare and generally fatal cancer, usually caused by asbestos, although about 5–10% of cases report no asbestos exposure. This study aimed to identify sources whereby people in Western Australia (WA) may be unknowingly exposed to asbestos or to other exposures which may cause MM.MethodsCases with no known asbestos exposure were selected from the WA Mesothelioma Register (WAMR). Matched controls were selected from hospital patients admitted for conditions unrelated to asbestos. Occupational histories were coded by an industrial hygienist. Data were analyzed using conditional logistic regression.ResultsThirty‐eight MM participants and 134 controls were recruited. Risk of MM was increased (OR = 3.1, 95%CI 1.0–9.6) after no known, but likely, exposure to asbestos at work.ConclusionsBecause of its extensive use, few people in WA have never been exposed to asbestos. Unrecognized exposure may cause most MM cases initially regarded as “no exposure.” Am. J. Ind. Med. 60:432–436, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation of Zn2SnO4/SnO2@Mn2O3 Microbox Composite Materials with Enhanced Lithium‐Storage Properties
Authors: Li Qingyuan , Wang Yong , Wang Dongxia , Guo Wenbin , Zhang Fanchao , Wang Chao , Niu Shanshan 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn this work, the composite materials of Zn2SnO4/SnO2@Mn2O3 microboxes have been synthesized after the calcination of precursor Zn2SnO4/SnO2@MnCO3, which is prepared by using a simple hydrothermal process. Preliminary results of the electrochemical performances of Zn2SnO4/SnO2@Mn2O3 microboxes, Zn2SnO4/SnO2 microboxes, and Mn2O3 nanoparticles have been also reported. On the one hand, the robust ZTO/SnO2 hollow microboxes can not only buffer the volume variation, but also efficiently prevent the aggregation of Mn2O3 nanoparticles. On the other hand, Mn2O3 nanoparticles provide more active sites, owing to the nanostructures of Mn2O3, as well as consolidate the hollow cubic structure during the lithium insertion/extraction process. In virtue of the synergistic effects of Zn2SnO4/SnO2 and Mn2O3, the Zn2SnO4/SnO2@Mn2O3 microboxes exhibit a higher initial discharge capacity (1505.3 mAhg−1) as well as a better cycling performance (597.2 mAhg−1 after 100 cycles) and rate capacity compared to Zn2SnO4/SnO2 and Mn2O3.
The A Priori Design and Selection of Ionic Liquids as Solvents for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
Authors: Kunov‐Kruse Andreas J. , Weber Cameron C. , Rogers Robin D. , Myerson Allan S. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn this paper we derive a straightforward computational approach to predict the optimal ionic liquid (IL) solvent for a given compound, based on COSMO‐RS calculations. These calculations were performed on 18 different active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) using a matrix of 210 hypothetical ILs. These results indicated that the 18 APIs could be classified into three distinct categories based on their relative hydrogen bond donating or accepting ability, with similar optimal IL solvent predictions within each class. Informed by these results, a family of strongly hydrogen bond donating ILs based on the N‐alkylguanidinium cation were prepared and characterized. The solubility of the APIs in each of these classes was found to be qualitatively consistent with the predictions of the COSMO‐RS model. The suitability of these novel guanidinium salts as crystallization solvents was demonstrated by the use of N‐butylguanidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide for the purification of crude fenofibrate using dimethylsulfoxide as an antisolvent, which resulted in good yields and excellent purities. Finally, a simple descriptor based model is proposed to suggest the best IL solvent for arbitrary APIs.
Estimating regional losses of soil water due to the conversion of agricultural land to forest in China's Loess Plateau
Authors: Jia Xiaoxu , Wang Yunqiang , Shao Ming'an , Luo Yi , Zhang Chencheng 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAfforestation on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) has been extensively implemented by the central government over the past decades to control soil erosion. The conversion of agricultural land to forest, however, has led to decreases in soil‐water storage (SWS), which may in turn limit tree growth and threaten the health of ecosystems in the region. This study estimated the regional patterns of losses of soil water (ΔSWS) following conversions across the CLP. Soil‐water content at 0–5.0 m was measured in 169 forests on the plateau, and the initial preafforestation SWS at each sample site was then estimated using stepwise regression. The mean ΔSWS in the 1.0‐ to 5.0‐m profile across the study area was 203.7 mm, with an estimated annual average ΔSWS rate of 16.2 mm/year. ΔSWS and its main contributing factors varied amongst 3 rainfall zones. ΔSWS generally increased with mean annual precipitation (MAP). ΔSWS depended primarily on tree age in the >550 mm MAP zone and on slope gradient and initial SWS in the <450 mm MAP zone. This result suggested that the vegetation might be more important than soil or topographic properties for estimating ΔSWS following the conversion of farmland in the wettest area of the CLP. Our study also suggests that MAP, tree age, slope gradient, and initial SWS have important effects on ΔSWS, which vary with rainfall. Understanding the regional hydrological effects of afforestation is necessary for the efficient management of soil‐water resources on the CLP and in other water‐limited regions.
The interactive effect of demographic and clinical factors on hippocampal volume: A multicohort study on 1958 cognitively normal individuals
Authors: Ferreira Daniel , Hansson Oskar , Barroso José , Molina Yaiza , Machado Alejandra , Hernández‐Cabrera Juan Andrés , Muehlboeck J‐Sebastian , Stomrud Erik , Nägga Katarina , Lindberg Olof , Ames David , Kalpouzos Grégoria , Fratiglioni Laura , Bäckman Lars , Graff Caroline , Mecocci Patrizia , Vellas Bruno , Tsolaki Magda , Kłoszewska Iwona , Soininen Hilkka , Lovestone Simon , Ahlström Håkan , Lind Lars , Larsson Elna‐Marie , Wahlund Lars‐Olof , Simmons Andrew , Westman Eric ,   and for the AddNeuroMed consortium, for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI),   for the Australian Imaging Biomarkers and Lifestyle Study of Ageing (AIBL) research group
Published: February 2017

AbstractAlzheimer's disease is characterized by hippocampal atrophy. Other factors also influence the hippocampal volume, but their interactive effect has not been investigated before in cognitively healthy individuals. The aim of this study is to evaluate the interactive effect of key demographic and clinical factors on hippocampal volume, in contrast to previous studies frequently investigating these factors in a separate manner. Also, to investigate how comparable the control groups from ADNI, AIBL, and AddNeuroMed are with five population‐based cohorts. In this study, 1958 participants were included (100 AddNeuroMed, 226 ADNI, 155 AIBL, 59 BRC, 295 GENIC, 279 BioFiNDER, 398 PIVUS, and 446 SNAC‐K). ANOVA and random forest were used for testing between‐cohort differences in demographic‐clinical variables. Multiple regression was used to study the influence of demographic‐clinical variables on hippocampal volume. ANCOVA was used to analyze whether between‐cohort differences in demographic‐clinical variables explained between‐cohort differences in hippocampal volume. Age and global brain atrophy were the most important variables in explaining variability in hippocampal volume. These variables were not only important themselves but also in interaction with gender, education, MMSE, and total intracranial volume. AddNeuroMed, ADNI, and AIBL differed from the population‐based cohorts in several demographic‐clinical variables that had a significant effect on hippocampal volume. Variability in hippocampal volume in individuals with normal cognition is high. Differences that previously tended to be related to disease mechanisms could also be partly explained by demographic and clinical factors independent from the disease. Furthermore, cognitively normal individuals especially from ADNI and AIBL are not representative of the general population. These findings may have important implications for future research and clinical trials, translating imaging biomarkers to the general population, and validating current diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease and predementia stages.
A comparative study of mud‐like and coralliform calcium carbonate gallbladder stones
Authors: Ma Rui‐Hong , Luo Xiao‐Bing , Wang Xiao‐Feng , Qiao Tie , Huang Hai‐Yi , Zhong Hai‐Qiang 
Published: February 2017

AbstractTo gain insight to underlying mechanism of the formation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) gallbladder stones, we did comparative study of stones with mud appearance and those with coralliform appearance. A total of 93 gallbladder stones with mud appearance and 50 stones with coralliform appearance were analyzed. The appearance, color, texture, and the detection of Clonorchis sinensis eggs by microscopic examination were compared between the two groups. Then, the material compositions of stones were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and the spectrogram characteristics were compared. Moreover, microstructure characteristics of the two kinds of stones were observed and compared with Scanning Electron Microscopy. Mud‐like gallbladder stones were mainly earthy yellow or brown with brittle or soft texture, while coralliform stones were mainly black with extremely hard texture, the differences between the two groups was significant (p < .05). The analytic results of FTIR spectroscopy showed that 95.7% (89/93) of the mud‐like gallbladder stones were CaCO3 stones, and mainly aragonite; while all of the coralliform stones were CaCO3 stones, and mainly calcite (p < .05). Meanwhile, microscopic examination indicated that the detection rate of Clonorchis sinensis eggs in mud‐like CaCO3 stones was lower than that in coralliform CaCO3 stones (p < .05), and that in aragonite CaCO3 stones was lower than that in calcite CaCO3 stones(p < .05). Mud‐like CaCO3 stones mainly happened to patients with cystic duct obstruction. Clonorchis sinensis infection was mainly associated with coralliform (calcite) CaCO3 stones. Cystic duct obstruction was mainly associated with mud‐like (aragonite) CaCO3 stones.
Can Statistical Capacity Building Help Reduce Procyclical Fiscal Policy?
Authors: Tapsoba Sampawende J.‐A. , Noumon Codjo Neree , York Robert C. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractFew papers have attempted to assess the role of ‘capacity’, especially in the area of macroeconomic statistics. Consequently, we make an attempt to advance this literature through the construction of a ‘statistical capacity building index’ and then test its explanatory power on the cyclicality of government spending. Using panel data from 62 developing countries, we find evidence that improvements in this index are associated with less procyclicality of government spending over the period 1990–2012, with the significance of this relationship dependent upon the quality of administrative and technical capacity of budgetary institutions. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.