bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Staphylococcus lugdunensis: The “Lyon Heart” Pathogen
Authors: Kline Jessica A. , Byrnes Timothy J. , Myers Joseph P. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Staphylococcus lugdunensis is a coagulase-negative Staphylococcus capable of causing infective endocarditis on native as well as prosthetic valves and implanted cardiac devices. It causes acute disease clinically indistinguishable from that caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Bacteremic infections with S. lugdunensis have a high incidence of associated infective endocarditis. Many S. lugdunensis isolates are exquisitely sensitive to penicillin G. Endocarditis caused by S. lugdunensis frequently requires surgical intervention and has a high mortality rate. Case 1: A 48-year-old woman with mitral valve prolapse, S. lugdunensis bacteremia and mitral valve endocarditis. She underwent emergent mitral valve replacement and completed treatment with intravenous nafcillin. Case 2: A 31-year-old woman with spontaneous S. lugdunensis bacteremia and tricuspid valve endocarditis. She was successfully treated medically with 6 weeks of intravenous nafcillin. Case 3: A 44-year-old man with S. lugdunensis endocarditis on congenital bicuspid aortic valve with severe aortic insufficiency. He underwent emergent aortic valve replacement and successfully completed 6 weeks of intravenous nafcillin. Case 4: A 37-year-old woman with spontaneous S. lugdunensis bacteremia and native aortic valve endocarditis. She was successfully treated medically with 6 weeks of intravenous vancomycin. Case 5: A 57-year-old woman with hemodialysis catheter-related S. lugdunensis bacteremia and native mitral valve endocarditis. She was successfully treated medically with 6 weeks of intravenous cefazolin. Staphylococcus lugdunensis is a unique coagulase-negative Staphylococcus first identified in Lyon, France, the modern name for the Roman city of Lugdunum, ergo the organism's name. Since its identification, S. lugdunensis has been described as a “Lion among coagulase-negative staphylococci” and as “a dangerous wolf in sheep's clothing” because of the tendency of clinicians to initially discount positive blood cultures with “coagulase-negative staphylococci” as probable skin contaminants and thereby delay appropriate antimicrobial therapy. We report 5 patients with S. lugdunensis endocarditis and review the adult literature for other reported cases.
Child-Turcotte-Pugh Class is Best at Stratifying Risk in Variceal Hemorrhage
Authors: Fortune Brett E. , Garcia-Tsao Guadalupe , Ciarleglio Maria , Deng Yanhong , Fallon Michael B. , Sigal Samuel , Chalasani Naga P. , Lim Joseph K. , Reuben Adrian , Vargas Hugo E. , Abrams Gary , Lewis Michele D. , Hassanein Tarek , Trotter James F. , Sanyal Arun J. , Beavers Kimberly L. , Ganger Daniel , Thuluvath Paul J. , Grace Norman D. , Groszmann Roberto J. 
Published: October 2016

Goals/Background:
Data on acute variceal hemorrhage (AVH) in the United States is limited and the best method to stratify risk is not clear. Taking advantage of a prospective US cohort study, we aimed to (1) describe clinical outcomes of AVH and their predictors; (2) compare predictors of 6-week mortality.

Study:
Prospective 15-center US cohort of patients with cirrhosis presenting with endoscopically proven AVH, all of whom received antibiotics, vapreotide (a somatostain analog) infusion and endoscopic band ligation. Patients were enrolled between August 2006 and April 2008. Primary outcome was 6-week mortality. Secondary outcome was 5-day treatment failure. The prognostic value of Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) class, Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score and a recent recalibrated MELD were compared.

Results:
Seventy eligible patient were enrolled; 18 (26%) patients died within 6-weeks of index bleed. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were compared between survivors and nonsurvivors. Multivariate models showed that admission CTP or the MELD score (separately) were independent predictors of survival. The discriminative values of CTP (area under receiver operating characteristic: 0.75) and MELD (area under receiver operating characteristic: 0.79) were good and not significantly different (P=0.27). However, calibration (correlation between observed and predicted mortality) test was significantly better for CTP than for MELD, with the recently described recalibrated MELD model having the worst agreement. Predicted mortality for CTP-A was <10%, CTP-B 10% to 30%; and CTP-C >33%.

Conclusions:
AVH mortality of 26% in the United States is in the upper range limit compared with recent series but may be due to inclusion of patients with more advanced cirrhosis. CTP score has the best overall performance in the prediction of 6-week mortality and is best at stratifying risk.
Causal Evaluation of Acute Recurrent and Chronic Pancreatitis in Children
Authors: Gariepy Cheryl E. , Heyman Melvin B. , Lowe Mark E. , Pohl John F. , Werlin Steven L. , Wilschanski Michael , Barth Bradley , Fishman Douglas S. , Freedman Steven D. , Giefer Matthew J. , Gonska Tanja , Himes Ryan , Husain Sohail Z. , Morinville Veronique D. , Ooi Chee Y. , Schwarzenberg Sarah J. , Troendle David M. , Yen Elizabeth , Uc Aliye 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTObjectives:Acute recurrent pancreatitis (ARP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP) have been diagnosed in children at increasing rates during the past decade. As pediatric ARP and CP are still relatively rare conditions, little quality evidence is available on which to base the diagnosis and determination of etiology. The aim of the study was to review the current state of the literature regarding the etiology of these disorders and to developed a consensus among a panel of clinically active specialists caring for children with these disorders to help guide the diagnostic evaluation and identify areas most in need of future research.Methods:A systematic review of the literature was performed and scored for quality, followed by consensus statements developed and scored by each individual in the group for level of agreement and strength of the supporting data using a modified Delphi method. Scores were analyzed for the level of consensus achieved by the group.Results:The panel reached consensus on 27 statements covering the definitions of pediatric ARP and CP, evaluation for potential etiologies of these disorders, and long‐term monitoring. Statements for which the group reached consensus to make no recommendation or could not reach consensus are discussed.Conclusions:This consensus helps define the minimal diagnostic evaluation and monitoring of children with ARP and CP. Even in areas in which we reached consensus, the quality of the evidence is weak, highlighting the need for further research. Improved understanding of the underlying cause will facilitate treatment development and targeting.
TRPV1 antagonist JNJ-39439335 (mavatrep) demonstrates proof of pharmacology in healthy men: a first-in-human, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, sequential group study
Authors: Manitpisitkul Prasarn , Brandt Michael , Flores Christopher M. , Kenigs Velga , Moyer John A. , Romano Gary , Shalayda Kevin , Mayorga Arthur J. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, sequential group, phase 1 study was designed to assess in healthy men, the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and translational pharmacodynamics of JNJ-39439335 (mavatrep), a transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 antagonist; it was preceded by a translational preclinical study which assessed the ability of JNJ-39439335 to block capsaicin-induced flare in rats, providing predictive pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data that informed the subsequent phase 1 clinical study. The clinical study consisted of 2 parts: part 1 assessed pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, including heat pain detection threshold and heat pain tolerance, of JNJ-39439335, and part 2 assessed pharmacodynamic effect of JNJ-39439335 on capsaicin-induced flare and sensory testing on naïve and UVB-sensitized skin in humans. Plasma concentrations of JNJ-39439335 peaked at approximately 2 to 4 hours postdose, then declined multiexponentially, with a prolonged terminal phase (half-life: 30–86 hours). Renal clearance of JNJ-39439335 was negligible. JNJ-39439335 treatment resulted in clear, consistent dose-related increases in heat pain detection threshold, heat pain tolerance, and heat pain latency. JNJ-39439335 reduced the capsaicin-induced flare area and flare intensity, with complete blocking observed in the 50-mg dose group at 144 hours postdose. This was consistent with the capsaicin flare results observed with JNJ-39439335 in rats. The most common adverse events observed in the clinical study were related to increases in body temperature after JNJ-39439335 treatment; these were predominately mild to moderate in severity with no evidence of exposure dependence up to 225 mg. JNJ-39439335 was well tolerated at single doses up to 225 mg, recommending its suitability for further clinical development.
Overview of chytrid emergence and impacts on amphibians
Authors: Lips Karen R. 
Published: October 2016

Chytridiomycosis is an emerging infectious disease of amphibians that affects over 700 species on all continents where amphibians occur. The amphibian–chytridiomycosis system is complex, and the response of any amphibian species to chytrid depends on many aspects of the ecology and evolutionary history of the amphibian, the genotype and phenotype of the fungus, and how the biological and physical environment can mediate that interaction. Impacts of chytridiomycosis on amphibians are varied; some species have been driven extinct, populations of others have declined severely, whereas still others have not obviously declined. Understanding patterns and mechanisms of amphibian responses to chytrids is critical for conservation and management. Robust estimates of population numbers are needed to identify species at risk, prioritize taxa for conservation actions, design management strategies for managing populations and species, and to develop effective measures to reduce impacts of chytrids on amphibians.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Tackling emerging fungal threats to animal health, food security and ecosystem resilience’.
Global food and fibre security threatened by current inefficiencies in fungal identification
Authors: Crous Pedro W. , Groenewald Johannes Z. , Slippers Bernard , Wingfield Michael J. 
Published: October 2016

Fungal pathogens severely impact global food and fibre crop security. Fungal species that cause plant diseases have mostly been recognized based on their morphology. In general, morphological descriptions remain disconnected from crucially important knowledge such as mating types, host specificity, life cycle stages and population structures. The majority of current fungal species descriptions lack even the most basic genetic data that could address at least some of these issues. Such information is essential for accurate fungal identifications, to link critical metadata and to understand the real and potential impact of fungal pathogens on production and natural ecosystems. Because international trade in plant products and introduction of pathogens to new areas is likely to continue, the manner in which fungal pathogens are identified should urgently be reconsidered. The technologies that would provide appropriate information for biosecurity and quarantine already exist, yet the scientific community and the regulatory authorities are slow to embrace them. International agreements are urgently needed to enforce new guidelines for describing plant pathogenic fungi (including key DNA information), to ensure availability of relevant data and to modernize the phytosanitary systems that must deal with the risks relating to trade-associated plant pathogens.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Tackling emerging fungal threats to animal health, food security and ecosystem resilience’.
Tackling emerging fungal threats to animal health, food security and ecosystem resilience
Authors: Fisher Matthew C. , Gow Neil A. R. , Gurr Sarah J. 
Published: October 2016

Emerging infections caused by fungi have become a widely recognized global phenomenon. Their notoriety stems from their causing plagues and famines, driving species extinctions, and the difficulty in treating human mycoses alongside the increase of their resistance to antifungal drugs. This special issue comprises a collection of articles resulting from a Royal Society discussion meeting examining why pathogenic fungi are causing more disease now than they did in the past, and how we can tackle this rapidly emerging threat to the health of plants and animals worldwide.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Tackling emerging fungal threats to animal health, food security and ecosystem resilience’.
The demise of the synapse as the locus of memory: A looming paradigm shift?
Authors: Trettenbrein Patrick Christian 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSynaptic plasticity is widely considered to be the neurobiological basis of learning and memory by neuroscientists and researchers in adjacent fields, though diverging opinions are increasingly being recognised. From the perspective of what we might call “classical cognitive science” it has always been understood that the mind/brain is to be considered a computational-representational system. Proponents of the information-processing approach to cognitive science have long been critical of connectionist or network approaches to (neuro-)cognitive architecture, pointing to the shortcomings of the associative psychology that underlies Hebbian learning as well as to the fact that synapses are practically unfit to implement symbols. Recent work on memory has been adding fuel to the fire and current findings in neuroscience now provide first tentative neurobiological evidence for the cognitive scientists’ doubts about the synapse as the (sole) locus of memory in the brain. This paper briefly considers the history and appeal of synaptic plasticity as a memory mechanism, followed by a summary of the cognitive scientists’ objections regarding these assertions. Next, a variety of tentative neuroscientific evidence that appears to substantiate questioning the idea of the synapse as the locus of memory is presented. On this basis, a novel way of thinking about the role of synaptic plasticity in learning and memory is proposed.
Reconstruction of phylogenetic history to resolve the subspecies anomaly of Pantherine cats
Authors: Das Ranajit , Upadhyai Priyanka 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAll charismatic big cats including tiger (Panthera tigris), lion (Panthera leo), leopard (Panthera pardus), snow leopard (Panthera uncial), and jaguar (Panthera onca) are grouped into the subfamily Pantherinae. Several mitogenomic approaches have been employed to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of the Pantherine cats but the phylogeny has remained largely unresolved till date. One of the major reasons for the difficulty in resolving the phylogenetic tree of Pantherine cats is the small sample size. While previous studies included only 5‐10 samples, we have used 43 publically available taxa to reconstruct Pantherine phylogenetic history. Complete mtDNA sequences were used from all individuals excluding the control region (15,489bp). A Bayesian MCMC approach was employed to investigate the divergence times among different Pantherine clades. Both maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogeny generated a dendrogram:Neofelis nebulosa(Panthera tigris(Panthera onca(Panthera uncia(Panthera leo,Panthera pardus)))), grouping lions with leopards and placing snow leopards as an outgroup to this clade. The phylogeny revealed that lions split from their sister species leopard ~3 Mya and the divergence time between snow leopards and the clade including lions and leopards was estimated to be ~5 Mya. Our study revealed that the morphology-based subspecies designation for both lions and tigers is largely not valid. The estimated tMRCA of 2.9 Mya between Barbary lions and Sub-Saharan African lions depicts the restriction of female-mediated gene flow between the lion populations in the backdrop of the habitat fragmentation taking place from late Pliocene to early to mid-Pleistocene creating islands of forest refugia in central Africa.
Phylodynamics on local sexual contact networks
Authors: Rasmussen David A. , Kouyos Roger , Günthard Huldrych F. , Stadler Tanja 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPhylodynamic models are widely used in infectious disease epidemiology to infer the dynamics and structure of pathogen populations. However, these models generally assume that individual hosts contact one another at random, ignoring the fact that many pathogens spread through highly structured contact networks. We present a new framework for phylodynamics on local contact networks based on pairwise epidemiological models that track the status of pairs of nodes in the network rather than just individuals. Shifting our focus from individuals to pairs leads naturally to coalescent models that describe how lineages move through networks and the rate at which lineages coalesce. These pairwise coalescent models not only consider how network structure directly shapes pathogen phylogenies, but also how the relationship between phylogenies and contact networks changes depending on epidemic dynamics and the fraction of infected hosts sampled. By considering pathogen phylogenies in a probabilistic framework, these coalescent models can also be used to estimate the statistical properties of contact networks directly from phylogenies using likelihood-based inference. We use this framework to explore how much information phylogenies retain about the underlying structure of contact networks and to infer the structure of a sexual contact network underlying a large HIV-1 sub-epidemic in Switzerland.
Lineage structure ofStreptococcus pneumoniaeis driven by immune selection on the groEL heat-shock protein
Authors: Lourenço José , Watkins Eleanor R. , Obolski Uri , Peacock Samuel J. , Morris Callum , Maiden Martin C. J. , Gupta Sunetra 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTPopulations ofStreptococcus pneumoniae(SP) are typically structured into groups of closely related organisms or lineages, but it is not clear whether they are maintained by selection or neutral processes. Here, we attempt to address this question by applying a machine learning technique to SP whole genomes. Our results indicate that lineages evolved through immune selection on the groEL chaperone protein. The groEL protein is part of thegroESLoperon and enables a large range of proteins to fold correctly within the physical environment of the nasopharynx, thereby explaining why lineage structure is so stable within SP despite high levels of genetic transfer. SP is also antigenically diverse, exhibiting a variety of distinct capsular serotypes. Associations exist between lineage and capsular serotype but these can be easily perturbed, such as by vaccination. Overall, our analyses indicate that the evolution of SP can be conceptualized as the rearrangement of modular functional units occurring on several different timescales under different pressures: some patterns have locked in early (such as the epistatic interactions betweengroESLand a constellation of other genes) and preserve the differentiation of lineages, while others (such as the associations between capsular serotype and lineage) remain in continuous flux.
Automated remote focusing, drift correction, and photostimulation to evaluate structural plasticity in dendritic spines
Authors: Smirnov Michael S , Evans Paul R , Garrett Tavita R , Yan Long , Yasuda Ryohei 
Published: October 2016

AbstractLong-term structural plasticity of dendritic spines plays a key role in synaptic plasticity, the cellular basis for learning and memory. The biochemical step is mediated by a complex network of signaling proteins in spines. Two-photon imaging techniques combined with two-photon glutamate uncaging allows researchers to induce and quantify structural plasticity in single dendritic spines. However, this method is laborious and slow, making it unsuitable for high throughput screening of factors necessary for structural plasticity. Here we introduce a MATLAB-based module built for Scanimage to automatically track, image, and stimulate multiple dendritic spines. We implemented an electrically tunable lens in combination with a drift correction algorithm to rapidly and continuously track targeted spines and correct sample movements. With a straightforward user interface to design custom multi-position experiments, we were able to adequately image and produce targeted plasticity in multiple dendritic spines using glutamate uncaging. Our methods are inexpensive, open source, and provides up to a five-fold increase in throughput for quantifying structural plasticity of dendritic spines.
Business models in the business-to-business and business-to-consumer worlds – what can each world learn from the other?
Authors: Stott Ryan Neill , Stone Merlin , Fae Jane 
Published: October 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to identify how managers can apply the results of academic research into the concept of business models for creating and evaluating possible models for their businesses.Design/methodology/approachA review of the literature is followed by two case studies, from the airline and logistics industries, followed by recommendations based on both.FindingsThe findings are that there is relatively weak consensus among academics as to the definition and meaning of a business model and its components, and that the notion of generic business model applies better within rather than between industries, but that the discussion is a very fertile one for developing recommendations for managers.Practical implicationsThe managerial implications of the study are that in their planning and strategizing, managers should factor in a proper analysis of the business model they currently use and one that they could use.Originality/valueThe study provides a useful addition to the literature on the practical implications of business models.
The impact of social media on the B2B CMO
Authors: Bernard Mike 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
The commentary paper aims to delve into how social media are being used by chief marketing officers (CMOs) and shows that while many in business-to-customer have understood how to use social media already, their CMO counterparts in business-to-business (B2B) have not made up their minds. So some key questions are raised about B2B CMOs’ readiness to use social media, what this accomplishes and resulting effects upon the role of the CMO within an organisation.

Design/methodology/approach
The research paper involves use of case studies drawn from IBM experience with social media.

Findings
B2B CMOs are not ready to make use of social media. Even those who are actively engaging are expressing concern that they are pioneering and have not yet put in place a strategy that they are satisfied with. In addition, social media can be used for after-sales service, getting sales leads, engaging with key influencers, building the company’s reputation and enhancing the industry status of key individuals. B2B firms need to exploit the capabilities of processing massive amounts of data to get the most from social media.

Originality/value
The paper brings insights to the challenges facing CMOs of B2B firms when using social media. It provides a better understanding of what should be the role of CMOs in the use of social media. The CMO must be the voice of the customer as well as the custodian of the values that enable effective use of social media. Effective collaboration within the boardroom is essential and if the CMO is not a board member, then the company should consider making that change.