bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomy of Old Faithful From Subsurface Seismic Imaging of the Yellowstone Upper Geyser Basin
Authors: Wu Sin‐Mei , Ward Kevin M. , Farrell Jamie , Lin Fan‐Chi , Karplus Marianne , Smith Robert B. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe Upper Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park contains one of the highest concentrations of hydrothermal features on Earth including the iconic Old Faithful geyser. Although this system has been the focus of many geological, geochemical, and geophysical studies for decades, the shallow (<200 m) subsurface structure remains poorly characterized. To investigate the detailed subsurface geologic structure including the hydrothermal plumbing of the Upper Geyser Basin, we deployed an array of densely spaced three‐component nodal seismographs in November of 2015. In this study, we extract Rayleigh wave seismic signals between 1 and 10 Hz utilizing nondiffusive seismic waves excited by nearby active hydrothermal features with the following results: (1) imaging the shallow subsurface structure by utilizing stationary hydrothermal activity as a seismic source, (2) characterizing how local geologic conditions control the formation and location of the Old Faithful hydrothermal system, and (3) resolving a relatively shallow (10–60 m) and large reservoir located ~100 m southwest of Old Faithful geyser.
The Response of Local Precipitation and Sea Level Pressure to Hadley Cell Expansion
Authors: Schmidt Daniel F. , Grise Kevin M. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractNumerous lines of observational evidence suggest that Earth's tropical belt has expanded over the past 30–40 years. It is natural to expect that this poleward displacement should be associated with drying on the poleward margins of the subtropics, but it is less clear to what degree the drying should be zonally symmetric. This study tests the degree to which poleward motion of the Hadley cell boundary is associated with changes in local precipitation or sea level pressure and the degree to which those changes are zonally symmetric. Evidence from both reanalysis data and global climate models reveals that the local changes associated with Hadley cell expansion are mostly confined to certain centers of action which lie primarily over oceans. Consequently, the tropical expansion measured by zonally averaged variables is not associated with systematic drying over subtropical land regions, as is often assumed.
Organic Condensation and Particle Growth to CCN Sizes in the Summertime Marine Arctic Is Driven by Materials More Semivolatile Than at Continental Sites
Authors: Burkart Julia , Hodshire Anna L. , Mungall Emma L. , Pierce Jeffrey R. , Collins Douglas B. , Ladino Luis A. , Lee Alex K. Y. , Irish Victoria , Wentzell Jeremy J. B. , Liggio John , Papakyriakou Tim , Murphy Jennifer , Abbatt Jonathan 
Published: October 2017

AbstractShip‐based aerosol measurements in the summertime Arctic indicate elevated concentrations of ultrafine particles with occasional growth to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) sizes. Focusing on one episode with two continuously growing modes, growth occurs faster for a large, preexisting mode (dp ≈ 90 nm) than for a smaller nucleation mode (dp ≈ 20 nm). We use microphysical modeling to show that growth is largely via organic condensation. Unlike results for midlatitude forested regions, most of these condensing species behave as semivolatile organics, as lower volatility organics would lead to faster growth of the smaller mode. The magnitude of the CCN hygroscopicity parameter for the growing particles, ~0.1, is also consistent with organic species constituting a large fraction of the particle composition. Mixing ratios of common aerosol growth precursors, such as isoprene and sulfur dioxide, are not elevated during the episode, indicating that an unidentified aerosol growth precursor is present in this high‐latitude marine environment.
Quiet and Disturbed Time Characteristics of Blanketing Es (Esb) During Solar Cycle 23
Authors: Yadav V. , Kakad B. , Bhattacharyya A. , Pant T. K. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA sporadic E layer with dense ionization blocks the upper ionospheric layers in ionosonde observations and it is called, blanketing sporadic E (Esb). Although earlier studies have demonstrated that Esb occurrence is dependent on solar activity, seasons, local time, and equatorial electrojet/counter equatorial electrojet (EEJ/CEEJ) strength, the physics behind this dependence is not well established particularly at the dip equatorial stations. Moreover, fewer comprehensive studies are available on Esb. Present work is a detailed statistical study of Esb occurrence and its characteristics during solar cycle 23 (1996–2006) at Indian dip equatorial station Trivandrum (dip latitude 0.5°N). In present study, solar flux dependence of Esb occurrence is clearly evident not only for magnetically quiet but also for the disturbed periods with maximum during low solar activity. Known seasonal peak Esb occurrence during summer (May–August) is found to be dominated by larger percentage of total blanketing events (fbEs ≥ 8 MHz) on magnetically disturbed days as compared to quiet days. We noticed prevalent Esb occurrence in the postmidnight (00–06 India Standard Time) periods during low solar activity. Besides Esb characteristics, the present study aims to investigate effect of solar flux on association of Esb and CEEJ. Coexistence of Esb and CEEJ is emphasized in earlier observational studies. However, any dependence of their association on solar flux is not yet examined. We find that their association is weaker during low solar activity as compared to high solar activity in summer, indicating that Esb occurrence is highly likely on CEEJ days during high solar activity periods.
Structure and Properties of the Foreshock at Venus
Authors: Omidi N. , Collinson G. , Sibeck D. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe interaction of the solar wind with Venus is dominated by the planet's ionosphere that acts as an obstacle to the flow resulting in an induced magnetosphere and bow shock much smaller than their terrestrial counterparts. This study presents a 3‐D electromagnetic hybrid (kinetic ions and fluid electrons) simulation of the solar wind interaction with an unmagnetized obstacle to examine the structure and properties of the Cytherean foreshock during periods of near radial IMF, that is, when it lies upstream of the ionosphere. The interaction between the backstreaming ions and the solar wind results in the generation of two classes of ULF waves: (1) parallel propagating sinusoidal waves with periods ~20–30 s and (2) highly oblique fast magnetosonic waves. The joint nonlinear evolution of these waves results in the formation of structures called foreshock cavitons with dimensions comparable to the size of the planet. Foreshock cavitons are also present in the terrestrial foreshock. The excavation of plasma and magnetic field from their cores leads to lower average densities and magnetic field strengths in the foreshock. As in the case of Earth, this excavation results in the formation of a fast magnetosonic pulse/shock at the edge of the foreshock named the foreshock compressional boundary. Also similar to Earth is the formation of spontaneous hot flow anomalies (SHFAs) as foreshock cavitons approach the bow shock. The size and properties of SHFAs at Venus are comparable to those at Earth, and their existence has recently been established at Mars and Venus in a companion paper.
The Evolution of the Plasma Sheet Ion Composition: Storms and Recoveries
Authors: Denton M. H. , Thomsen M. F. , Reeves G. D. , Larsen B. A. , Henderson M. G. , Jordanova V. K. , Fernandes P. A. , Friedel R. H. W. , Skoug R. M. , Funsten H. O. , MacDonald E. A. , Spence H. A. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe ion plasma sheet (~few hundred eV to ~few tens keV) is usually dominated by H+ ions. Here changes in ion composition within the plasma sheet are explored both during individual events and statistically during 54 calm‐to‐storm events and during 21 active‐to‐calm events. Ion composition data from the HOPE (Helium, Oxygen, Proton, Electron) instruments onboard Van Allen Probes satellites provide exceptional spatial resolution and temporal resolution of the H+, O+, and He+ ion fluxes in the plasma sheet. H+ is shown to be the dominant ion in the plasma sheet in the calm‐to‐storm transition. However, the energy‐flux of each ion changes in a quasi‐linear manner during extended calm intervals. Heavy ions (O+ and He+) become increasingly important during such periods as charge‐exchange reactions result in faster loss for H+ than for O+ or He+. Results confirm previous investigations showing that the ion composition of the plasma sheet can be largely understood (and predicted) during calm intervals from knowledge of (a) the composition of previously injected plasma at the onset of calm conditions and (b) use of simple drift‐physics models combined with calculations of charge‐exchange losses.
Modeling Geomagnetically Induced Currents From Magnetometer Measurements: Spatial Scale Assessed With Reference Measurements
Authors: Butala Mark D. , Kazerooni Maryam , Makela Jonathan J. , Kamalabadi Farzad , Gannon Jennifer L. , Zhu Hao , Overbye Thomas J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractSolar‐driven disturbances generate geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) that can result in power grid instability and, in the most extreme cases, even failure. Magnetometers provide direct measurements of the geomagnetic disturbance (GMD) effect on the surface magnetic field and GIC response can be determined from the power grid topology and engineering parameters. This paper considers this chain of models: transforming surface magnetic field disturbance to induced surface electric field through an electromagnetic transfer function and, then, induced surface electric field to GIC using the PowerWorld simulator to model a realistic power grid topology. Comparisons are made to transformer neutral current reference measurements provided by the American Transmission Company. Three GMD intervals are studied, with the Kp index reaching 8− on 2 October 2013, 7 on 1 June 2013, and 6− on 9 October 2013. Ultimately, modeled to measured GIC correlations are analyzed as a function of magnetometer to GIC sensor distance. Results indicate that modeling fidelity during the three studied GMD intervals is strongly dependent on both magnetometer to substation transformer baseline distance and GMD intensity.
Data Assimilation in the Solar Wind: Challenges and First Results
Authors: Lang Matthew , Browne Philip , van Leeuwen Peter Jan , Owens Mathew 
Published: October 2017

AbstractData assimilation (DA) is used extensively in numerical weather prediction (NWP) to improve forecast skill. Indeed, improvements in forecast skill in NWP models over the past 30 years have directly coincided with improvements in DA schemes. At present, due to data availability and technical challenges, DA is underused in space weather applications, particularly for solar wind prediction. This paper investigates the potential of advanced DA methods currently used in operational NWP centers to improve solar wind prediction. To develop the technical capability, as well as quantify the potential benefit, twin experiments are conducted to assess the performance of the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LETKF) in the solar wind model ENLIL. Boundary conditions are provided by the Wang‐Sheeley‐Arge coronal model and synthetic observations of density, temperature, and momentum generated every 4.5 h at 0.6 AU. While in situ spacecraft observations are unlikely to be routinely available at 0.6 AU, these techniques can be applied to remote sensing of the solar wind, such as with Heliospheric Imagers or interplanetary scintillation. The LETKF can be seen to improve the state at the observation location and advect that improvement toward the Earth, leading to an improvement in forecast skill in near‐Earth space for both the observed and unobserved variables. However, sharp gradients caused by the analysis of a single observation in space resulted in artificial wavelike structures being advected toward Earth. This paper is the first attempt to apply DA to solar wind prediction and provides the first in‐depth analysis of the challenges and potential solutions.
Modeling Geoelectric Fields and Geomagnetically Induced Currents Around New Zealand to Explore GIC in the South Island's Electrical Transmission Network
Authors: Divett T. , Ingham M. , Beggan C. D. , Richardson G. S. , Rodger C. J. , Thomson A. W. P. , Dalzell M. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractTransformers in New Zealand's South Island electrical transmission network have been impacted by geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) during geomagnetic storms. We explore the impact of GIC on this network by developing a thin‐sheet conductance (TSC) model for the region, a geoelectric field model, and a GIC network model. (The TSC is composed of a thin‐sheet conductance map with underlying layered resistivity structure.) Using modeling approaches that have been successfully used in the United Kingdom and Ireland, we applied a thin‐sheet model to calculate the electric field as a function of magnetic field and ground conductance. We developed a TSC model based on magnetotelluric surveys, geology, and bathymetry, modified to account for offshore sediments. Using this representation, the thin sheet model gave good agreement with measured impedance vectors. Driven by a spatially uniform magnetic field variation, the thin‐sheet model results in electric fields dominated by the ocean‐land boundary with effects due to the deep ocean and steep terrain. There is a strong tendency for the electric field to align northwest‐southeast, irrespective of the direction of the magnetic field. Applying this electric field to a GIC network model, we show that modeled GIC are dominated by northwest‐southeast transmission lines rather than east‐west lines usually assumed to dominate.
Asymmetric Dearomative Halogenation of β‐Naphthols: The Axial Chirality Transfer Reaction
Authors: Wang Pengxin , Wang Jie , Wang Linqing , Li Dan , Wang Kezhou , Liu Yuyang , Zhu Haiyong , Liu Xihong , Yang Dongxu , Wang Rui 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAxial naphthols are applied in asymmetric halogenative dearomatization reactions under simple and mild conditions in the work presented herein. The axial‐to‐central chirality conversion is efficiently accomplished, and the desired halogenated dearomatization products are obtained in high yields and enantioselectivities. By using commercially available halogenation reagents, the asymmetric fluorinative, chlorinative and brominative dearomatization reactions of axial naphthols derived from BINOLs are achieved. (BINOL=1,1′‐Bi‐2‐naphthol)magnified image
Decarboxylative Synthesis of Functionalized Oxindoles via An Iron‐Initiated Radical Chain Process and Application in Constructing Diverse Fused‐Indoline Heterocycles
Authors: Cui Zhihao , Du Da‐Ming 
Published: October 2017

AbstractRapid construction of diverse fused‐indoline−heterocycle (FIH) frameworks including high‐value pyrroloindolines, furoindolines and thienoindolines in a two‐step sequence has been described. The key to success hinges on the adoption of peresters as α‐heteroatom alkyl radical precusors, which can smoothly react with N‐arylacrylamides via a radical chain process initiated by inexpensive FeCl2⋅4H2O to afford the functionalized oxindoles, the key intermediates to FIH skeletons. The approach features operationally‐simplicity, broad substrates scope and mild conditions.magnified image
Three‐Component Thieno[2,3‐b]indole Synthesis from Indoles, Alkenes or Alkynes and Sulfur Powder under Metal‐Free Conditions
Authors: Li Bin , Ni Penghui , Huang Huawen , Xiao Fuhong , Deng Guo‐Jun 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA Bronsted acid promoted three‐component synthesis of substituted thieno[2,3‐b]indole has been developed starting from indoles, alkenes or alkynes, and sulfur powder. N,N‐Dimethylformamide plays an important role to convert the starting materials into the fused products. Various functional groups attached to substrates were well tolerated to afford the corresponding products in moderate to good yields under very simple reaction conditions.magnified image
High dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation in nodular lymphocyte‐predominant Hodgkin lymphoma: A retrospective study by the European society for blood and marrow transplantation‐lymphoma working party
Authors: Akhtar Saad , Montoto Silvia , Boumendil Ariane , Finel Herve , Masszi Tamas , Jindra Pavel , Nemet Damir , Fuhrmann Stephan , Beguin Yves , Castagna Luca , Ferrara Felicetto , Capria Saveria , Malladi Ram , Moraleda Jose Maria , Bloor Adrian , Ghesquières Hervé , Meissner Julia , Sureda Anna , Dreger Peter 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWhilst autologous stem cell transplantation (auto‐SCT) is considered standard of care for relapsed/refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma, the role of auto‐SCT in nodular lymphocyte‐predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) is not well defined due to limited data. We report the first study on auto‐SCT for NLPHL with a larger cohort. Eligible for this retrospective registry study were patients reported to the EBMT between 2003 and 2013, aged 18 or older with relapsed/refractory NLPHL who underwent first auto‐SCT with disease chemosensitive to salvage therapy. NLPHL transformed to diffuse large B cell lymphoma were excluded. Sixty patients (83% male; median age 40 years) met the eligibility criteria. The median time between diagnosis and transplant was 21 months (IQR 13–58), and the median number of prior treatment lines was 2 (range 1–5), including rituximab in 63% of the patients. At auto‐SCT, 62% of the patients were in complete remission (CR) and 38% in partial remission. Seventy‐two percent of the patients received BEAM as high‐dose therapy. With a median follow‐up of 56 months (range 3–105), 5‐year progression‐free and overall survival (OS) were 66% and 87%, respectively. Univariate comparisons considering age, time from diagnosis to transplant, prior chemotherapy lines, and prior rituximab use failed to identify significant predictors for any survival endpoint except for being in CR at the time of auto‐SCT (vs PR, P = .049) for OS. Auto‐SCT in patients with relapsed/refractory NLPHL who are sensitive to salvage therapy gives excellent disease control and long‐term survival independent of the time interval between diagnosis and transplant.
One‐Step Reaction for Screening of Chromophores to Improve the Luminescence of Lanthanide Complexes
Authors: Dai Lixiong , Lo Wai‐Sum , Zhang Junhui , Law Ga‐Lai 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA stable cyclen‐based EuIII‐complex precursor was synthesized in a one‐step coupling reaction as a fast‐screening tool and template to select suitable chromophores for sensitizing EuIII luminescence. A library of chromophores was synthesized and screened by either Sonogashira or Suzuki reaction to confirm the proof of concept and the ease of this methodology. The photophysical properties of these corresponding complexes as well as their potential properties for biological applications has been assessed.
Brief Report: Rituximab for the Treatment of Adult‐Onset IgA Vasculitis (Henoch‐Schönlein)
Authors: Maritati Federica , Fenoglio Roberta , Pillebout Evangeline , Emmi Giacomo , Urban Maria L. , Rocco Rossana , Nicastro Maria , Incerti Monia , Goldoni Matteo , Trivioli Giorgio , Silvestri Elena , Mohammad Aladdin J. , Jayne David , Eriksson Per , Segelmark Mårten , Novikov Pavel , Harris Helen , Roccatello Dario , Vaglio Augusto 
Published: October 2017

ObjectiveAdult‐onset IgA vasculitis (Henoch‐Schönlein) (IgAV) is a rare systemic vasculitis characterized by IgA1‐dominant deposits. The treatment of adult‐onset IgAV is controversial and is based on the combination of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents, but many patients have refractory or relapsing disease despite treatment. Rituximab (RTX) is a B cell–depleting antibody of proven efficacy in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis. We undertook this study to test the efficacy and safety of RTX in a multicenter cohort of patients with adult‐onset IgAV.MethodsIn this multicenter observational study, we included patients with adult‐onset IgAV who had received RTX either for refractory/relapsing disease or because they had contraindications to conventional glucocorticoid/immunosuppressive therapy. We analyzed the rates of remission (defined on the basis of the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score [BVAS]) and relapse as well as the variations over time in estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR), proteinuria, C‐reactive protein (CRP) level, BVAS, and prednisone dose.ResultsTwenty‐two patients were included; their median duration of follow‐up was 24 months (interquartile range 18–48 months). Sixteen patients received RTX as add‐on therapy and 6 as monotherapy. Twenty patients (90.9%) achieved remission, and 7 of those 20 patients (35%) had subsequent relapse of disease. There were significant reductions in 24‐hour proteinuria (P < 0.0001), CRP level (P = 0.0005), BVAS (P < 0.0001), and prednisone dose (P < 0.0001) from RTX initiation through the last follow‐up visit; estimated GFR remained stable. RTX was generally well tolerated. One patient died after 60 months of follow‐up.ConclusionOur data suggest that RTX is an effective and safe therapeutic option for adult‐onset IgAV.
Progress in biopharmaceutical development
Authors: Kesik‐Brodacka Malgorzata 
Published: October 2017

AbstractSince its introduction in 1982, biopharmaceutical drugs have revolutionized the treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases and are increasingly used in nearly all branches of medicine. In recent years, the biopharmaceuticals market has developed much faster than the market for all drugs and is believed to have great potential for further dynamic growth because of the tremendous demand for these drugs. Biobetters, which contain altered active pharmaceutical ingredients with enhanced efficacy, will play an important role in the development of biopharmaceuticals. Another significant group of biopharmaceuticals are biosimilars. Their introduction in the European Union and, recently, the Unites States markets will reduce the costs of biopharmaceutical treatment. This review highlights recent progress in the field of biopharmaceutical development and issues concerning the registration of innovative biopharmaceuticals and biosimilars. The leading class of biopharmaceuticals, the current biopharmaceuticals market, and forecasts are also discussed.