bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discovery of the Sub-second Linearly Polarized Spikes of Synchrotron Origin in the UV Ceti Giant Optical Flare
Authors: Beskin G. , Karpov S. , Plokhotnichenko V. , Stepanov A. , Tsap Yu. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractDuring our optical monitoring of UV Ceti, iconic late-type flaring star, with high temporal resolution using the Russian 6-m telescope in 2008, we detected a giant flare with the amplitude of about 3 magnitudes in U band. Near flare maximum, more than a dozen of spike bursts have been discovered with triangular shapes and durations from 0.6 to 1.2 s and maximal luminosities in the range (1.5–8) × 1027 erg s−1. For the half of these events, the linear polarization exceeds 35% with significance better than 5σ. We argue that these events are synchrotron emission of electron streams with the energies of several hundred MeV moving in the magnetic field of about 1.4 kG. Emission from such ultra-relativistic (with energies far exceeding 10 MeV) particles is being routinely observed in solar flares, but has never been detected from UV Ceti-type stars. This is the first ever detection of linearly polarized optical light from the UV Ceti-type stars which indicates that at least some fraction of the flaring events on these stars is powered by a non-thermal synchrotron emission mechanism.
Divisorial Models of Normal Varieties
Authors: Urbinati Stefano 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe prove that the canonical ring of a canonical variety in the sense of de Fernex and Hacon is finitely generated. We prove that canonical varieties are Kawamata log terminal (klt) if and only if is finitely generated. We introduce a notion of nefness for non-ℚ-Gorenstein varieties and study some of its properties. We then focus on these properties for non-ℚ-Gorenstein toric varieties.
TRAITORS AND THE MEANING OF TREASON IN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY’S GREAT WAR
Authors: Cornwall Mark 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTTreason is a ubiquitous historical phenomenon, one particularly associated with regime instability or wartime loyalties. This paper explores the practice and prosecution of treason in the last decades of the Habsburg monarchy with a special focus on some notorious wartime treason trials. It first sets the rhetoric and law of treason in a comparative historical context before assessing the legal framework supplied by the Austrian penal code of 1852. Although the treason law was exploited quite arbitrarily after 1914, the state authorities in the pre-war decade were already targeting irredentist suspects due to major anxiety about domestic and foreign security. In the Great War, the military were then given extensive powers to prosecute all political crimes including treason, causing a string of show-trials of Bosnian Serbs and some leading Czech politicians. By 1917–18, however, this onslaught on disloyalty was backfiring in the wake of an imperial amnesty: as loyalties shifted away from the Habsburg regime, the former criminals themselves proudly began to assume the title of ‘traitor’. The paper is a case-study of how regimes in crisis have used treason as a powerful moral instrument for managing allegiance. It also offers a new basis for understanding instability in the late Habsburg monarchy.
Short timescale dynamics of phytoplankton in Fildes Bay, Antarctica
Authors: Egas Claudia , Henríquez-Castillo Carlos , Delherbe Nathalie , Molina Ernesto , Dos Santos Adriana Lopes , Lavin Paris , De La Iglesia Rodrigo , Vaulot Daniel , Trefault Nicole 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPhytoplankton is responsible for most primary production in Antarctica, but the short timescale dynamics of its size structure and composition are poorly described and understood. The abundance and composition of phytoplankton in Fildes Bay, western Antarctic Peninsula, was followed for 12 days during the summer using a range of methods, including size fractionation of chlorophyll, microscopy, flow cytometry and terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of the plastid 16S rRNA gene. A rapid increase in biomass and cell abundance occurred in response to a vertical mixing event. This increase also resulted in a shift in composition from diatoms to Prymnesiophyceae, and then back to diatoms as the water column re-stratified. Our results show a strong dominance of nanophytoplankton represented by Thalassiosira and Phaeocystis. The rapid response of the phytoplankton suggests that it is well adapted to short-term environmental changes.
Kant’s Causal Power Argument Against Empirical Affection
Authors: Indregard Jonas Jervell 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA well-known trilemma faces the interpretation of Kant’s theory of affection, namely whether the objects that affect us are empirical, noumenal or both. I argue that, according to Kant, the things that affect us and cause representations in us are not empirical objects. I articulate what I call the Causal Power Argument, according to which empirical objects cannot affect us because they do not have the right kind of power to cause representations. All the causal powers that empirical objects have are moving powers, and such powers can only have spatial effects. According to Kant, however, the representations that arise in us as a result of the affection of our sensibility are non-spatial. I show that this argument is put forward by Kant in a number of passages, and figures as a decisive reason for rejecting empirical affection and instead endorsing affection by the things in themselves.
Visualization of Cellular Components in a Mammalian Cell with Liquid-Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Besztejan Stephanie , Keskin Sercan , Manz Stephanie , Kassier Günther , Bücker Robert , Venegas-Rojas Deybith , Trieu Hoc K. , Rentmeister Andrea , Miller R. J. Dwayne 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe present liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (liquid-cell TEM) imaging of fixed and non-fixed prostate cancer cells (PC3 and LNCaP) with high resolution in a custom developed silicon nitride liquid cell. Fixed PC3 cells were imaged for 90–120 min without any discernable damage. High contrast on the cellular structures was obtained even at low electron doses (~2.5 e−/nm2 per image). The images show distinct structures of cell compartments (nuclei and nucleoli) and cell boundaries without any further sample embedding, dehydration, or staining. Furthermore, we observed dynamics of vesicles trafficking from the cell membrane in consecutive still frames in a non-fixed cell. Our findings show that liquid-cell TEM, operated at low electron dose, is an excellent tool to investigate dynamic events in non-fixed cells with enough spatial resolution (few nm) and natural amplitude contrast to follow key intracellular processes.
Nanoscale Stoichiometric Analysis of a High-Temperature Superconductor by Atom Probe Tomography
Authors: Pedrazzini Stella , London Andrew J. , Gault Baptiste , Saxey David , Speller Susannah , Grovenor Chris R. M. , Danaie Mohsen , Moody Michael P. , Edmondson Philip D. , Bagot Paul A. J. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe functional properties of the high-temperature superconductor Y1Ba2Cu3O7−δ(Y-123) are closely correlated to the exact stoichiometry and oxygen content. Exceeding the critical value of 1 oxygen vacancy for every five unit cells (δ>0.2, which translates to a 1.5 at% deviation from the nominal oxygen stoichiometry of Y7.7Ba15.3Cu23O54−δ) is sufficient to alter the superconducting properties. Stoichiometry at the nanometer scale, particularly of oxygen and other lighter elements, is extremely difficult to quantify in complex functional ceramics by most currently available analytical techniques. The present study is an analysis and optimization of the experimental conditions required to quantify the local nanoscale stoichiometry of single crystal yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) samples in three dimensions by atom probe tomography (APT). APT analysis required systematic exploration of a wide range of data acquisition and processing conditions to calibrate the measurements. Laser pulse energy, ion identification, and the choice of range widths were all found to influence composition measurements. The final composition obtained from melt-grown crystals with optimized superconducting properties was Y7.9Ba10.4Cu24.4O57.2.
Differential effects of patient symptom subtypes on informal hospice caregiver depression
Authors: Wilkes Chelsey M. , Washington Karla T. , Palmer William M. , Parker Oliver Debra , Demiris George , Craig Kevin 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTObjective:Researchers sought to determine the extent to which burden related to patients' symptom subtypes could predict informal hospice caregiver depression, and to illustrate the differences between caregivers who experience suicidal ideation and those who do not.Method:Informal caregivers recruited from a not-for-profit community-based hospice agency participated in a cross-sectional survey. Self-report questionnaires assessed caregiver burden associated with patient symptomatology (via a modified version of the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale–Short Form) and caregiver depressive symptoms, including suicidal ideation (measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire–9). Multiple regressions evaluated the unique predictability of patients' symptom subtypes on caregiver depression. Exploratory analyses examined mean differences of study variables between participants who did and did not endorse suicidal ideation.Results:Caregiver burden related to patients' psychological symptoms accounted for significant variance in caregiver depression scores when controlling for burden related to physical symptoms. Among 229 caregivers (M age = 61.4 years), 12 reported suicidal ideation, where 6 of the 12 were male, despite male caregivers comprising less than 20% of the total sample.Significance of results:Burden associated with patients' psychological symptoms uniquely contributed to caregiver depression, further highlighting the clinical utility and necessity for hospice providers to address the emotional needs of patients and their caregivers alike. Developing clinical procedures to identify and respond to such needs would not only behoove hospice agencies, but it would likely enhance the caregiving experience holistically, which might be particularly imperative for male caregivers.
Sticking together: inter-species aggregation of bacteria isolated from iron snow is controlled by chemical signaling
Authors: Mori Jiro F , Ueberschaar Nico , Lu Shipeng , Cooper Rebecca E , Pohnert Georg , Küsel Kirsten 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Marine and lake snow is a continuous shower of mixed organic and inorganic aggregates falling from the upper water where primary production is substantial. These pelagic aggregates provide a niche for microbes that can exploit these physical structures and resources for growth, thus are local hot spots for microbial activity. However, processes underlying their formation remain unknown. Here, we investigated the role of chemical signaling between two co-occurring bacteria that each make up more than 10% of the community in iron-rich lakes aggregates (iron snow). The filamentous iron-oxidizing Acidithrix strain showed increased rates of Fe(II) oxidation when incubated with cell-free supernatant of the heterotrophic iron-reducing Acidiphilium strain. Amendment of Acidithrix supernatant to motile cells of Acidiphilium triggered formation of cell aggregates displaying similar morphology to those of iron snow. Comparative metabolomics enabled the identification of the aggregation-inducing signal, 2-phenethylamine, which also induced faster growth of Acidiphilium. We propose a model that shows rapid iron snow formation, and ultimately energy transfer from the photic zone to deeper water layers, is controlled via a chemically mediated interplay.
Delaying histone deacetylase response to injury accelerates conversion into repair Schwann cells and nerve regeneration
Authors: Brügger Valérie , Duman Mert , Bochud Maëlle , Münger Emmanuelle , Heller Manfred , Ruff Sophie , Jacob Claire 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe peripheral nervous system (PNS) regenerates after injury. However, regeneration is often compromised in the case of large lesions, and the speed of axon reconnection to their target is critical for successful functional recovery. After injury, mature Schwann cells (SCs) convert into repair cells that foster axonal regrowth, and redifferentiate to rebuild myelin. These processes require the regulation of several transcription factors, but the driving mechanisms remain partially understood. Here we identify an early response to nerve injury controlled by histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), which coordinates the action of other chromatin-remodelling enzymes to induce the upregulation of Oct6, a key transcription factor for SC development. Inactivating this mechanism using mouse genetics allows earlier conversion into repair cells and leads to faster axonal regrowth, but impairs remyelination. Consistently, short-term HDAC1/2 inhibitor treatment early after lesion accelerates functional recovery and enhances regeneration, thereby identifying a new therapeutic strategy to improve PNS regeneration after lesion.
Spin Seebeck effect and thermoelectric phenomena in superconducting hybrids with magnetic textures or spin-orbit coupling
Authors: Bathen Marianne Etzelmüller , Linder Jacob 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe theoretically consider the spin Seebeck effect, the charge Seebeck coefficient, and the thermoelectric figure of merit in superconducting hybrid structures including either magnetic textures or intrinsic spin-orbit coupling. We demonstrate that large magnitudes for all these quantities are obtainable in Josephson-based systems with either zero or a small externally applied magnetic field. This provides an alternative to the thermoelectric effects generated in high-field (~1 T) superconducting hybrid systems, which were recently experimentally demonstrated. The systems studied contain either conical ferromagnets, spin-active interfaces, or spin-orbit coupling. We present a framework for calculating the linear thermoelectric response for both spin and charge of a system upon applying temperature and voltage gradients based on quasiclassical theory which allows for arbitrary spin-dependent textures and fields to be conveniently incorporated.
Global solar wind variations over the last four centuries
Authors: Owens M. J. , Lockwood M. , Riley P. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe most recent “grand minimum” of solar activity, the Maunder minimum (MM, 1650–1710), is of great interest both for understanding the solar dynamo and providing insight into possible future heliospheric conditions. Here, we use nearly 30 years of output from a data-constrained magnetohydrodynamic model of the solar corona to calibrate heliospheric reconstructions based solely on sunspot observations. Using these empirical relations, we produce the first quantitative estimate of global solar wind variations over the last 400 years. Relative to the modern era, the MM shows a factor 2 reduction in near-Earth heliospheric magnetic field strength and solar wind speed, and up to a factor 4 increase in solar wind Mach number. Thus solar wind energy input into the Earth’s magnetosphere was reduced, resulting in a more Jupiter-like system, in agreement with the dearth of auroral reports from the time. The global heliosphere was both smaller and more symmetric under MM conditions, which has implications for the interpretation of cosmogenic radionuclide data and resulting total solar irradiance estimates during grand minima.
Investigation on LiBH4-CaH2 composite and its potential for thermal energy storage
Authors: Li Yang , Li Ping , Qu Xuanhui 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe LiBH4/CaH2composite are firstly studied as Concentrating Solar Power Thermal Storage Material. The LiBH4/CaH2composite according to the stoichiometric ratio are synthesized by high-energy ball milling method. The kinetics, thermodynamics and cycling stability of LiBH4/CaH2composite are investigated by XRD (X-ray diffraction), DSC (Differential scanning calorimeter) and TEM (Transmission electron microscope). The reaction enthalpy of LiBH4/CaH2composite is almost 60 kJ/mol H2and equilibrium pressure is 0.482 MPa at 450 °C. The thermal storage density of LiBH4/CaH2composite is 3504.6 kJ/kg. XRD results show that the main phase after dehydrogenation is LiH and CaB6. The existence of TiCl3and NbF5can effectively enhance the cycling perfomance of LiBH4/CaH2composite, with 6–7 wt% hydrogen capacity after 10 cycles. The high thermal storage density, high working temperature and low equilibrium pressure make LiBH4/CaH2composite a potential thermal storage material.
BMP2-coprecipitated calcium phosphate granules enhance osteoinductivity of deproteinized bovine bone, and bone formation during critical-sized bone defect healing
Authors: Liu Tie , Zheng Yuanna , Wu Gang , Wismeijer Daniel , Pathak Janak L. , Liu Yuelian 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMost materials used clinically for filling critical-sized bone defects (CSBD), such as deproteinized bovine bone (DBB), lack osteoinductivity so that their therapeutic effects are far from satisfactory. The effect of bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2)-coprecipitated biomimetic calcium phosphate granules (BMP2-cop.BioCaP) on osteoinduction of DBB graft(s) during CSBD healing is still unknown. We investigated whether BMP2-cop.BioCaP affects the osteoinductivity of DBB, bone formation, and foreign body reaction during CSBD healing. DBB + BMP2-cop.BioCaP, DBB, DBB + BMP2, DBB + BioCaP, and autologous bone grafts were implanted in the CSBD of sheep. Bone formation, DBB/BioCaP degradability, foreign body reaction, and osteoinductivity of DBB were analyzed histologically and histomorphometrically at week 4 and 8. Combination of BMP2-cop.BioCaP and DBB healed CSBD as effectively as autologous bone grafts. About 95% of the BMP2-cop.BioCaP had been degraded and replaced by new bone at week 8 in the DBB + BMP2-cop.BioCaP-group. Foreign body reaction was reduced in the DBB + BMP2-cop.BioCaP-group compared to the other groups. The independent use of the BMP2-cop.BioCaP did not achieve a satisfactory bone repair. In conclusion, the BMP2-cop.BioCaP showed good degradability and biocompatibility, and enhanced osteoinductivity of DBB during CSBD healing in sheep, suggesting BMP2-cop.BioCaP as a potential osteoinducer to enhance the therapeutic effects of the graft materials in clinic.
Polystyrene-based Hollow Microsphere Synthesized by γ-ray Irradiation-assisted Polymerization and Self-Assembly and Its Application in Detection of Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Fan Wenhui , Li Qing , Hu Liang , Yan Siqi , Wen Wanxin , Chai Zhifang , Liu Hanzhou 
Published: January 2017

AbstractTo simply and multitudinously synthesize hollow microspheres in a pure system is important for relevant research and application. Here, a simple and novel one-pot synthetic strategy to prepare polystyrene (PS) hollow microspheres via irradiation-assisted free-radical polymerizing and self-assembly (IFPS) approach under γ-ray irradiation with no additives introduced into the system is presented. And PS/2,5-Diphenyloxazole (PPO) fluorescent microspheres have been prepared successfully by IFPS reaction, which can be used as scintillators for the detection of ionizing radiation. A linear relationship between emitted luminescence and dose-activity in water is obtained, which suggests that composite microspheres could be used as liquid scintillation in specific environment.
Class I-restricted T-cell responses to a polymorphic peptide in a gene therapy clinical trial for α-1-antitrypsin deficiency
Authors: Calcedo Roberto , Somanathan Suryanarayan , Qin Qiuyue , Betts Michael R. , Rech Andrew J. , Vonderheide Robert H. , Mueller Christian , Flotte Terence R. , Wilson James M. 
Published: January 2017

Significance
The use of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene therapy to treat monogenic disorders is currently being tested in phase I, II, and III clinical trials. An immune response to the newly introduced gene product remains a potential problem because of the patient’s lack of central and peripheral tolerance to foreign epitopes. In this study, we show the induction of a T-cell response to the therapeutic product in a α-1-antitrypsin (AAT)-deficient subject receiving AAV1-AAT treatment. The response was directed to an AAT epitope upstream of the mutation and was associated with a polymorphism present in the subject but not in the wild-type AAT therapeutic product. Our study highlights the importance of considering polymorphisms in the targeted population when designing a transgene.
Seafood prices reveal impacts of a major ecological disturbance
Authors: Smith Martin D. , Oglend Atle , Kirkpatrick A. Justin , Asche Frank , Bennear Lori S. , Craig J. Kevin , Nance James M. 
Published: January 2017

Significance
Coastal hypoxia is a growing problem worldwide, but economic consequences for fisheries are largely unknown. We provide evidence that hypoxia causes economic effects on a major fishery that was once the most valuable fishery in America. Our analysis is also a breakthrough in causal inference for coupled human-natural systems. Although establishing causality with observational data is always challenging, feedbacks across the human and natural systems amplify these challenges and explain why linking hypoxia to fishery losses has been elusive. We offer an alternative approach using a market counterfactual that is immune to contamination from feedbacks in the coupled system. Natural resource prices can thus be a means to assess the significance of an ecological disturbance.
TIR-only protein RBA1 recognizes a pathogen effector to regulate cell death inArabidopsis
Authors: Nishimura Marc T. , Anderson Ryan G. , Cherkis Karen A. , Law Terry F. , Liu Qingli L. , Machius Mischa , Nimchuk Zachary L. , Yang Li , Chung Eui-Hwan , El Kasmi Farid , Hyunh Michael , Osborne Nishimura Erin , Sondek John E. , Dangl Jeffery L. 
Published: January 2017

SignificanceMulticellular organisms must have complex immune systems to detect and defeat pathogens. Plants rely on nucleotide binding site leucine rich repeat (NLR) intracellular receptors to detect pathogens. For hundreds of years, plant breeders have selected for disease-resistance traits derived from NLR genes. Despite the molecular cloning of the first NLRs more than 20 y ago, we still do not understand how these sensors function at a mechanistic level. Here, we identified a truncated NLR protein that activates cell death in response to a specific pathogen effector. Understanding how truncated NLRs function will provide a better mechanistic understanding of the plant immune system and an expanded toolkit with which to engineer disease resistance rationally in crops.
Systematic dissection of genomic features determining transcription factor binding and enhancer function
Authors: Grossman Sharon R. , Zhang Xiaolan , Wang Li , Engreitz Jesse , Melnikov Alexandre , Rogov Peter , Tewhey Ryan , Isakova Alina , Deplancke Bart , Bernstein Bradley E. , Mikkelsen Tarjei S. , Lander Eric S. 
Published: January 2017

Significance
A central question in biology is how transcription factors (TFs) recognize specific binding sites in enhancers and regulate gene expression. In general, only a fraction of potential binding sites for TFs are occupied in a particular cell type. TF affinity for a motif site, local interactions among TFs, and larger-scale chromatin accessibility can influence binding, although the relative contributions of these factors is unclear. Moreover, little is known about how specific combinations of TFs control quantitative gene expression once bound. Here, we use large-scale synthetic biology approaches to explore the features that govern TF binding vs. enhancer activity. This approach provides a paradigm for systematic study of key regulatory sequences within enhancers and how they interact to influence gene expression.