bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rule reversal: Ecogeographical patterns of body size variation in the common treeshrew (Mammalia, Scandentia)
Authors: Sargis Eric J. , Millien Virginie , Woodman Neal , Olson Link E. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThere are a number of ecogeographical “rules” that describe patterns of geographical variation among organisms. The island rule predicts that populations of larger mammals on islands evolve smaller mean body size than their mainland counterparts, whereas smaller‐bodied mammals evolve larger size. Bergmann's rule predicts that populations of a species in colder climates (generally at higher latitudes) have larger mean body sizes than conspecifics in warmer climates (at lower latitudes). These two rules are rarely tested together and neither has been rigorously tested in treeshrews, a clade of small‐bodied mammals in their own order (Scandentia) broadly distributed in mainland Southeast Asia and on islands throughout much of the Sunda Shelf. The common treeshrew, Tupaia glis, is an excellent candidate for study and was used to test these two rules simultaneously for the first time in treeshrews. This species is distributed on the Malay Peninsula and several offshore islands east, west, and south of the mainland. Using craniodental dimensions as a proxy for body size, we investigated how island size, distance from the mainland, and maximum sea depth between the mainland and the islands relate to body size of 13 insular T. glis populations while also controlling for latitude and correlation among variables. We found a strong negative effect of latitude on body size in the common treeshrew, indicating the inverse of Bergmann's rule. We did not detect any overall difference in body size between the island and mainland populations. However, there was an effect of island area and maximum sea depth on body size among island populations. Although there is a strong latitudinal effect on body size, neither Bergmann's rule nor the island rule applies to the common treeshrew. The results of our analyses demonstrate the necessity of assessing multiple variables simultaneously in studies of ecogeographical rules.
Cardiolipin activates antigen‐presenting cells via TLR2‐PI3K‐PKN1‐AKT/p38‐NF‐kB signaling to prime antigen‐specific naïve T cells in mice
Authors: Cho Jung‐Ah , Kim Tae‐Joo , Moon Hye‐Jung , Kim Young‐Joo , Yoon Hye‐Kyung , Seong Seung‐Yong 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMitochondrial defects and antimitochondrial cardiolipin (CL) antibodies are frequently detected in autoimmune disease patients. CL from dysregulated mitochondria activates various pattern recognition receptors, such as NLRP3. However, the mechanism by which mitochondrial CL activates APCs as a damage‐associated molecular pattern to prime antigen‐specific naïve T cells, which is crucial for T‐cell‐dependent anticardiolipin IgG antibody production in autoimmune diseases is unelucidated. Here, we show that CL increases the expression of costimulatory molecules in CD11c+ APCs both in vitro and in vivo. CL activates CD11c+ APCs via TLR2‐PI3K‐PKN1‐AKT/p38MAPK‐NF‐κB signaling. CD11c+ APCs that have been activated by CL are sufficient to prime H‐Y peptide‐specific naïve CD4+ T cells and OVA‐specific naïve CD8+ T cells. TLR2 is necessary for anti‐CL IgG antibody responses in vivo. Intraperitoneal injection of CL does not activate CD11c+ APCs in CD14 KO mice to the same extent as in wild‐type mice. CL binds to CD14 (Kd = 7 × 10−7 M). CD14, but not MD2, plays a role in NF‐kB activation by CL, suggesting that CD14+ macrophages contribute to recognizing CL. In summary, CL activates signaling pathways in CD11c+ APCs through a mechanism similar to gram (+) bacteria and plays a crucial role in priming antigen‐specific naïve T cells.
Morphodynamic effects of riparian vegetation growth after stream restoration
Authors: Vargas‐Luna Andrés , Crosato Alessandra , Anders Niels , Hoitink Antonius J.F. , Keesstra Saskia D. , Uijttewaal Wim S.J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe prediction of the morphological evolution of renaturalized streams is important for the success of restoration projects. Riparian vegetation is a key component of the riverine landscape and is therefore essential for the natural rehabilitation of rivers. This complicates the design of morphological interventions, since riparian vegetation is influenced by and influences the river dynamics. Morphodynamic models, useful tools for project planning, should therefore include the interaction between vegetation, water flow and sediment processes. Most restoration projects are carried out in USA and Europe, where rivers are highly intervened and where the climate is temperate and vegetation shows a clear seasonal cycle. Taking into account seasonal variations might therefore be relevant for the prediction of the river morphological adaptation. This study investigates the morphodynamic effects of riparian vegetation on a re‐meandered lowland stream in the Netherlands, the Lunterse Beek. The work includes the analysis of field data covering 5 years and numerical modelling. The results allow assessment of the performance of a modelling tool in predicting the morphological evolution of the stream and the relevance of including the seasonal variations of vegetation in the computations. After the establishment of herbaceous plants on its banks, the Lunterse Beek did not show any further changes in channel alignment. This is here attributed to the stabilizing effects of plant roots together with the small size of the stream. It is expected that the morphological restoration of similarly small streams may result in important initial morphological adaptation followed by negligible changes after full vegetation establishment. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grazing impacts on gully dynamics indicate approaches for gully erosion control in northeast Australia
Authors: Wilkinson Scott N. , Kinsey‐Henderson Anne E. , Hawdon Aaron A. , Hairsine Peter B. , Bartley Rebecca , Baker Brett 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDrainage network extension in semi‐arid rangelands has contributed to a large increase in the amount of fine sediment delivered to the coastal lagoon of the Great Barrier Reef, but gully erosion rates and dynamics are poorly understood. This study monitored annual erosion, deposition and vegetation cover in six gullies for 13 years, in granite‐derived soils of the tropical Burdekin River basin. We also monitored a further 11 gullies in three nearby catchments for 4 years to investigate the effects of grazing intensity. Under livestock grazing, the long‐term fine sediment yield from the planform area of gullies was 6.1 t ha‐1 yr‐1. This was 7.3 times the catchment sediment yield, indicating that gullies were erosion hotspots within the catchment. It was estimated that gully erosion supplied between 29 and 44% of catchment sediment yield from 4.5% of catchment area, of which 85% was derived from gully wall erosion. Under long‐term livestock exclusion gully sediment yields were 77% lower than those of grazed gullies due to smaller gully extent, and lower erosion rates especially on gully walls. Gully wall erosion will continue to be a major landscape sediment source that is sensitive to grazing pressure, long after gully length and depth have stabilised. Wall erosion was generally lower at higher levels of wall vegetation cover, suggesting that yield could be reduced by increasing cover. Annual variations in gully head erosion and net sediment yield were strongly dependent on annual rainfall and runoff, suggesting that sediment yield would also be reduced if surface runoff could be reduced. Deposition occurred in the downstream valley segments of most gullies. This study concludes that reducing livestock grazing pressure within and around gullies in hillslope drainage lines is a primary method of gully erosion control, which could deliver substantial reductions in sediment yield. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The efficacy of financial futures as a hedging tool in electricity markets
Authors: Hanly Jim , Morales Lucia , Cassells Damien 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis paper estimates and applies a risk management strategy for electricity spot exposures using futures hedging. We apply our approach to 3 of the most actively traded European electricity markets, Nordpool, APXUK, and Phelix. We compare both optimal hedging strategies and the hedging effectiveness of these markets for 2 hedging horizons, weekly and monthly using both Variance and Value at Risk. Our key finding is that electricity futures can effectively manage risk only for specific time periods when using hedging strategies that have been very successful in financial and other commodity markets. More generally, they are ineffective as a risk management tool when compared with other energy assets. This is especially true at the weekly frequency. We also find significant differences in both the optimal hedge ratios and the hedging effectiveness of the different electricity markets. Better performance is found for the Nordpool market, whereas the poorest performer in hedging terms is the Phelix market.
Effects of IL-10 and Th2 cytokines on human Mφ phenotype and response to CSF1R inhibitor
Authors: Pradel Leon P , Franke Andreas , Ries Carola H 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Tumor-associated Mφs display a plastic phenotype that is regulated by the local tumor milieu. Gene expression analysis and functional characterization of Mφs exposed in vitro to individual cytokines aids to delineate the cross-talk between defined cytokines shaping the complex Mφ phenotype. Human monocyte-derived Mφs can be differentiated in vitro with the T helper cell type 2 response cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 or the immunosuppressive IL-10. Notably, only the latter subset undergoes apoptosis when treated with the CSF 1 receptor (CSF1R) blocking antibody emactuzumab. However, under physiologic conditions, the Mφ phenotype is regulated by cytokine combination. Hence, in this study, we characterized the plasticity of IL-4 or IL-13-differentiated Mφs upon exposure to the immunosuppressive IL-10. Although IL-4-differentiated Mφs sustained their molecular phenotype in the presence of IL-10, IL-13-differentiated Mφs were skewed towards the IL-10 phenotype. Gene expression profiling revealed unique IL-4+IL-10 and IL-13+IL-10 Mφ signatures associated with up-regulation of canonical NF-κB or Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways, respectively. Although IL-10 was able to alter the surface marker and gene expression profile of IL-13-differentiated Mφs, addition of IL-10 did not restore emactuzumab susceptibility. Combining NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibitors with emactuzumab had no effect on viability. On average 3–5% of cancer patients overexpressed IL-4, IL-13, or IL-10 mRNA in silico. Although a small patient subset overexpressed IL-10+IL-13, IL-4+IL-10 lacked co-expression. In vitro characterization of CSF1R inhibitor-refractory Mφ phenotypes can support novel pharmacological approaches to specifically target these cells.
Synthesis of C‐14 labeled GABAA α2/α3 selective partial agonists and the investigation of late‐occurring and long‐circulating metabolites of GABAA receptor modulator AZD7325
Authors: Artelsmair Markus , Gu Chungang , Lewis Richard J. , Elmore Charles S. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAnxiolytic activity has been associated with GABAA α2 and α3 subunits. Several target compounds were identified and required in C‐14 labeled form to enable a better understanding of their drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic properties. AZD7325 is a selective GABAA α2 and α3 receptor modulator intended for the treatment of anxiety through oral administration. A great number of AZD7325 metabolites were observed across species in vivo, whose identification was aided by [14C]AZD7325. An interesting metabolic cyclization and aromatization pathway leading to the tricyclic core of M9 and the oxidative pathways to M10 and M42 are presented.
Projected signals in climate extremes over China associated with a 2 °C global warming under two RCP scenarios
Authors: Sui Yue , Lang Xianmei , Jiang Dabang 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTUsing daily output from 29 climate models provided by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5, we project signals in 12 extreme temperature indices and 12 extreme precipitation indices relative to 1986–2005 over China associated with a 2 °C global warming above pre‐industrial levels under representative concentration pathways 4.5 (RCP4.5) and 8.5 (RCP8.5). The model output reflects the following projected changes: (1) It is robust and statistically significant that warm extremes are more frequent, more persistent, and more intense than those during the baseline period of 1986–2005, and local signals emerge from natural internal variability over most of China. In particular, southern China faces severe heat stress in summer based on warm extreme indices. (2) It is robust and statistically significant that there are fewer cold extremes in China. Most models show no significant changes in the longest duration and intensity of most cold extremes in southern China and northwest China. (3) The multi‐model median shows that more frequent and more intense wet extremes that deliver greater amounts of extreme precipitation occur in China, with a regional mean increase of 16.7–42.8 mm (8–42%) in total amount of annual wet extremes, but these changes are not significant and do not exceed natural internal variability over most of the country. Spatially, the Tibetan Plateau and northeast China have robust and significant changes in part of precipitation extremes, and some changes begin to emerge from natural internal variability at local scale. There are benefits to limiting global warming for China, including less frequent and less persistent warm extremes when comparing 1.5 °C with 2 °C of global warming and a later occurrence of significant changes in climate extremes when compared an intermediate mitigation scenario RCP4.5 with a high emission scenario RCP8.5.
Machine learning for identifying Randomized Controlled Trials: An evaluation and practitioner's guide
Authors: Marshall Iain J. , Noel‐Storr Anna , Kuiper Joël , Thomas James , Wallace Byron C. 
Published: January 2018

Machine learning (ML) algorithms have proven highly accurate for identifying Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) but are not used much in practice, in part because the best way to make use of the technology in a typical workflow is unclear. In this work, we evaluate ML models for RCT classification (support vector machines, convolutional neural networks, and ensemble approaches). We trained and optimized support vector machine and convolutional neural network models on the titles and abstracts of the Cochrane Crowd RCT set. We evaluated the models on an external dataset (Clinical Hedges), allowing direct comparison with traditional database search filters. We estimated area under receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) using the Clinical Hedges dataset.We demonstrate that ML approaches better discriminate between RCTs and non‐RCTs than widely used traditional database search filters at all sensitivity levels; our best‐performing model also achieved the best results to date for ML in this task (AUROC 0.987, 95% CI, 0.984‐0.989). We provide practical guidance on the role of ML in (1) systematic reviews (high‐sensitivity strategies) and (2) rapid reviews and clinical question answering (high‐precision strategies) together with recommended probability cutoffs for each use case. Finally, we provide open‐source software to enable these approaches to be used in practice.
Spice model for detection of dynamic threshold voltage shift during failure analysis of oxide TFT‐based AMD gate drivers
Authors: Lee Won‐Seok , Mativenga Mallory , Kang Jong‐Suk , Tak Nam‐Kyun , Choi In‐Chol , Kim Jin‐Young , Han Ji‐Ung , Choi Jin‐Hyung , Hwang Man‐Gyu 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe present an accelerated SmartSpice model that can detect dynamic threshold voltage shift (ΔVth)‐related failure of an oxide thin‐film transistor (TFT)‐based gate driver. During gate driver operation, the alternating HIGH and LOW input signals repeatedly stress and relax the TFT components of the gate driver. Because oxide TFTs do not recover completely during the LOW input level, ΔVth cumulated during the HIGH input levels may result in failure of gate drivers. For correct failure analysis, a TFT model that can detect dynamic ΔVth is, therefore, needed to replace current TFT models, as they cannot account for dynamic ΔVth. The model presented herein works correctly with varying temperature and input signals of any shape.
Tourists' perceived value and destination revisit intentions: The moderating effect of domain‐specific innovativeness
Authors: de Oliveira Santini Fernando , Ladeira Wagner Junior , Sampaio Claudio Hoffmann 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis paper examines the moderating effect of domain‐specific innovativeness and the relationship between perceived value (utilitarian/hedonic) and the intention to revisit destinations. The results show that perceived value has a direct effect on destination revisit intentions, whereas utilitarian perceptions (γ = .330, p < .001) are found to have a stronger effect than hedonic perceptions (γ = .204, p < .001). The moderator variable has a significant and positive effect on the relationship between perceived hedonic value and intentions to revisit destinations. By contrast, domain‐specific innovativeness negatively moderates the relationship between perceived utility value and destination revisit intentions.
Rapid increases in fine root biomass and production following cessation of anthropogenic disturbances in degraded forests
Authors: Feng Chun , Wang Zhe , Zhu Qi , Fu Songling , Chen Han Y. H. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDespite the critical importance of fine roots (FRs, ø ≤ 2 mm) in terrestrial carbon and nutrient cycling, we know little about FR dynamics following cessation of anthropogenic disturbances in degraded forests. We hypothesized that (a) FR biomass and production increase rapidly following cessation of anthropogenic disturbances and then decline with stands ageing and (b) FR mortality and turnover are highest in degraded forests due to recurring disturbances. We used a replicated chronosequence to examine the effect of cessation of disturbances on FR dynamics by sampling stands with ongoing anthropogenic disturbances such as fuelwood collection and domestic animal grazing and stands after 6, 11, 21, and 31 years prohibited from anthropogenic disturbances using mountain closure in subtropical forests of eastern China. We found that FR biomass and production increased rapidly from stands without closure to those after 6 years of closure. As stands overmatured, biomass and production declined and stabilized thereafter. Both FR mortality and turnover decreased over time from stands without closure and after 6 years of closure to those closed for longer times. Biomass, production, and mortality correlated positively with the proportion of bamboo, overstorey species richness, and herb layer cover, whereas turnover rate correlated negatively with stand density and basal area. Our results show evidence for rapid increases in FR biomass and production following cessation of anthropogenic disturbances. Our results suggest that stand‐level FR dynamics following mountain closure are influenced by changes in overstorey species composition and richness and understorey vegetation cover.
Microalgal‐driven pH changes in the boundary layer lead to apparent increases in Pb internalization by a unicellular alga in the presence of citrate
Authors: Sánchez‐Marín Paula , Liu Fengjie , Chen Zhongzhi , Fortin Claude , Campbell Peter G. C. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSeveral cases have been described in the literature where different ligands enhanced lead (Pb) bioavailability over what would have been expected on the basis of equilibrium models such as the biotic ligand model (BLM). These exceptions compromise the development of BLMs for this metal, and mechanistic knowledge of the involved processes is still insufficient. The present study shows that the hydrophilic organic ligand citrate enhances Pb internalization by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for both the wild and the wall‐less strains. Despite the high Pb internalization fluxes shown by this alga, which may be near the limits set by diffusion through the boundary layer, and its capacity to assimilate citrate (and potentially Pb‐citrate complexes), neither of these mechanisms could quantitatively account for the observed increase in Pb internalization in the presence of this ligand. However, algal‐driven pH increases in the boundary layer and concomitant changes in Pb speciation successfully explained the observed results. This study suggests that information on bulk solution chemistry is not enough to predict metal bioavailability for organisms that can substantially modify the chemical composition of their boundary layer, as observed for C. reinhardtii.
Use of principal component analysis to extract environmental information from lake water isotopic compositions
Authors: Kopec B. G. , Feng X. , Posmentier E. S. , Chipman J. W. , Virginia R. A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractLake water hydrogen (δD) and oxygen (δ18O) isotopic ratios have been widely used to study the hydrologic cycle. In a given region, δD and δ18O values from multiple lakes are often correlated and define a local evaporation line (LEL). The slope of and extension of each lake along this line contain information of many variables with entangled effects of important lake fluxes (e.g., evaporation). We present a new method to extract regional and local (a particular lake) environmental information based on principal component analyses (PCAs) of the δD‐δ18O relationships. Water of up to 30 lakes in West Greenland was sampled every summer for 5 yr, and measured for δD and δ18O values. For a given year, PCA yields values of the first (Enrichment) and second (Deviance) principal components for each lake. In addition, we obtain the slope of the line along the first eigenvector, which is similar, but not identical, to the LEL. We refer to this line as the regional isotopic enrichment line (RIEL), and demonstrate that the RIEL slope changes interannually with the dominant atmospheric circulation patterns affecting regional humidity, specifically the North Atlantic Oscillation and frequency of sea breezes. The Deviance of a lake correlates strongly with its longitude and surface area, both of which influence local humidity and isotopic ratios of vapor. Conversely, Enrichment carries little extractable environmental information because it is controlled by many variables of competing effects. This method can be widely applied to both modern hydrological studies and paleoclimate reconstructions using lake sediments.