bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences in the hydrological cycle and sensitivity between multiscale modeling frameworks with and without a higher‐order turbulence closure
Authors: Xu Kuan‐Man , Li Zhujun , Cheng Anning , Blossey Peter N. , Stan Cristiana 
Published: August 2017

AbstractCurrent conventional global climate models (GCMs) produce a weak increase in global‐mean precipitation with anthropogenic warming in comparison with the lower tropospheric moisture increases. The motive of this study is to understand the differences in the hydrological sensitivity between two multiscale modeling frameworks (MMFs) that arise from the different treatments of turbulence and low clouds in order to aid to the understanding of the model spread among conventional GCMs. We compare the hydrological sensitivity and its energetic constraint from MMFs with (SPCAM‐IPHOC) or without (SPCAM) an advanced higher‐order turbulence closure. SPCAM‐IPHOC simulates higher global hydrological sensitivity for the slow response but lower sensitivity for the fast response than SPCAM. Their differences are comparable to the spreads of conventional GCMs. The higher sensitivity in SPCAM‐IPHOC is associated with the higher ratio of the changes in latent heating to those in net atmospheric radiative cooling, which is further related to a stronger decrease in the Bowen ratio with warming than in SPCAM. The higher sensitivity of cloud radiative cooling resulting from the lack of low clouds in SPCAM is another major factor in contributing to the lower precipitation sensitivity. The two MMFs differ greatly in the hydrological sensitivity over the tropical lands, where the simulated sensitivity of surface sensible heat fluxes to surface warming and CO2 increase in SPCAM‐IPHOC is weaker than in SPCAM. The difference in divergences of dry static energy flux simulated by the two MMFs also contributes to the difference in land precipitation sensitivity between the two models.
Variability in mid‐depth ventilation of the western Atlantic Ocean during the last deglaciation
Authors: Voigt I. , Cruz A. P. S. , Mulitza S. , Chiessi C. M. , Mackensen A. , Lippold J. , Antz B. , Zabel M. , Zhang Y. , Barbosa C. F. , Tisserand A. A. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractNegative stable carbon isotopic excursions have been observed throughout most of the mid‐depth (~1000–3000 m) Atlantic Ocean during Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1) and the Younger Dryas (YD). Although there is an agreement that these mid‐depth excursions were in some way associated with a slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), there is still no consensus on the precise mechanism(s). Here we present benthic stable carbon and oxygen isotopic (δ13C and δ18O) records from five cores from the western equatorial Atlantic (WEA). Together with published benthic isotopic records from nearby cores, we produced a WEA depth transect (~800–2500 m). We compare HS1 and YD data from this transect with data from previously published North and South Atlantic cores and demonstrate that the largest negative δ13C excursions occurred in the WEA during these times. Moreover, our benthic δ18O records require the presence of two water masses flowing from the Southern Ocean, bisected by a Northern Component Water (NCW). Given that δ18O is a conservative water mass tracer, we suggest that δ13C was decoupled from water mass composition and does not correspond to simple alternations between northern and southern sourced waters. Instead, δ13C behaved non‐conservatively during HS1 and the YD. Consistently with our new 231Pa/230Th record from the WEA transect, that allowed the reconstruction of AMOC strength, we hypothesize that the negative δ13C excursions reflect an increase in the residence time of NCW in response to a weakened AMOC, allowing for a marked accumulation of 13C‐depleted respired carbon at the mid‐depth WEA.
Scaling Effects on the Electrochemical Stimulation Performance of Au, Pt, and PEDOT:PSS Electrocorticography Arrays
Authors: Ganji Mehran , Tanaka Atsunori , Gilja Vikash , Halgren Eric , Dayeh Shadi A. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe efficacy of electrical brain stimulation in combatting neurodegenerative diseases and initiating function is expected to be significantly enhanced with the development of smaller scale microstimulation electrodes and refined stimulation protocols. These benefits cannot be realized without a thorough understanding of scaling effects on electrochemical charge injection characteristics. This study fabricates and characterizes the electrochemical stimulation capabilities of Au, Pt, poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS/Au), and PEDOT:PSS/Pt electrode arrays in the 20–2000 µm diameter range. This study observes substantial enhancement in charge injection capacity up to 9.5× for PEDOT:PSS microelectrodes compared to metal ones, and 88% lower required power for injecting the same charge density. These significant benefits are strongest for electrode diameters below 200 µm. Detailed quantitative analyses are provided, enabling optimization of charge injection capacity with potential bias and symmetric and asymmetric pulse width engineering for all diameters. These systematic analyses inform the optimal design for acute and potentially chronic implants in regards to safety and clinically effective stimulation protocols, ensure the longevity of the electrodes below critical electrochemical limits of stimulation, and demonstrate that the material choice and pulse design can lead to more energy efficiency stimulation protocols that are of critical importance for fully implanted devices.
Multifunctional Neural Interfaces for Closed‐Loop Control of Neural Activity
Authors: Chapman Christopher A. R. , Goshi Noah , Seker Erkin 
Published: August 2017

AbstractMicrofabrication and nanotechnology have significantly expanded the technological capabilities for monitoring and modulating neural activity with the goal of studying the nervous system and managing neurological disorders. This feature article initially provides a tutorial‐like review of the prominent technologies for enabling this two‐way communication with the nervous system via electrical, chemical, and optical means. Following this overview, the article discusses emerging high‐throughput methods for identifying device attributes that enhance the functionality of interfaces. The discussion then extends into opportunities and challenges in integrating different device functions within a small footprint with the goal of closed‐loop control of neural activity with high spatiotemporal resolution and reduced adverse tissue response. The article concludes with an outline of future directions in the development and applications of multifunctional neural interfaces.
Carrier‐Type Modulation and Mobility Improvement of Thin MoTe2
Authors: Qu Deshun , Liu Xiaochi , Huang Ming , Lee Changmin , Ahmed Faisal , Kim Hyoungsub , Ruoff Rodney S. , Hone James , Yoo Won Jong 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA systematic modulation of the carrier type in molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2) field‐effect transistors (FETs) is described, through rapid thermal annealing (RTA) under a controlled O2 environment (p‐type modulation) and benzyl viologen (BV) doping (n‐type modulation). Al2O3 capping is then introduced to improve the carrier mobilities and device stability. MoTe2 is found to be ultrasensitive to O2 at elevated temperatures (250 °C). Charge carriers of MoTe2 flakes annealed via RTA at various vacuum levels are tuned between predominantly pristine n‐type ambipolar, symmetric ambipolar, unipolar p‐type, and degenerate‐like p‐type. Changes in the MoTe2‐transistor performance are confirmed to originate from the physical and chemical absorption and dissociation of O2, especially at tellurium vacancy sites. The electron branch is modulated by varying the BV dopant concentrations and annealing conditions. Unipolar n‐type MoTe2 FETs with a high on–off ratio exceeding 106 are achieved under optimized doping conditions. By introducing Al2O3 capping, carrier field effect mobilities (41 for holes and 80 cm2 V−1 s−1 for electrons) and device stability are improved due to the reduced trap densities and isolation from ambient air. Lateral MoTe2 p–n diodes with an ideality factor of 1.2 are fabricated using the p‐ and n‐type doping technique to test the superb potential of the doping method in functional electronic device applications.
Locking and Unlocking the Molecular Spin Crossover Transition
Authors: Zhang Xin , Costa Paulo S. , Hooper James , Miller Daniel P. , N'Diaye Alpha T. , Beniwal Sumit , Jiang Xuanyuan , Yin Yuewei , Rosa Patrick , Routaboul Lucie , Gonidec Mathieu , Poggini Lorenzo , Braunstein Pierre , Doudin Bernard , Xu Xiaoshan , Enders Axel , Zurek Eva , Dowben Peter A. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe Fe(II) spin crossover complex [Fe{H2B(pz)2}2(bipy)] (pz = pyrazol‐1‐yl, bipy = 2,2′‐bipyridine) can be locked in a largely low‐spin‐state configuration over a temperature range that includes temperatures well above the thermal spin crossover temperature of 160 K. This locking of the spin state is achieved for nanometer thin films of this complex in two distinct ways: through substrate interactions with dielectric substrates such as SiO2 and Al2O3, or in powder samples by mixing with the strongly dipolar zwitterionic p‐benzoquinonemonoimine C6H2(—⋯ NH2)2(—⋯ O)2. Remarkably, it is found in both cases that incident X‐ray fluences then restore the [Fe{H2B(pz)2}2(bipy)] moiety to an electronic state characteristic of the high spin state at temperatures of 200 K to above room temperature; that is, well above the spin crossover transition temperature for the pristine powder, and well above the temperatures characteristic of light‐ or X‐ray‐induced excited‐spin‐state trapping. Heating slightly above room temperature allows the initial locked state to be restored. These findings, supported by theory, show how the spin crossover transition can be manipulated reversibly around room temperature by appropriate design of the electrostatic and chemical environment.
High‐Resolution Spin‐on‐Patterning of Perovskite Thin Films for a Multiplexed Image Sensor Array
Authors: Lee Woongchan , Lee Jongha , Yun Huiwon , Kim Joonsoo , Park Jinhong , Choi Changsoon , Kim Dong Chan , Seo Hyunseon , Lee Hakyong , Yu Ji Woong , Lee Won Bo , Kim Dae‐Hyeong 
Published: August 2017

AbstractInorganic–organic hybrid perovskite thin films have attracted significant attention as an alternative to silicon in photon‐absorbing devices mainly because of their superb optoelectronic properties. However, high‐definition patterning of perovskite thin films, which is important for fabrication of the image sensor array, is hardly accomplished owing to their extreme instability in general photolithographic solvents. Here, a novel patterning process for perovskite thin films is described: the high‐resolution spin‐on‐patterning (SoP) process. This fast and facile process is compatible with a variety of spin‐coated perovskite materials and perovskite deposition techniques. The SoP process is successfully applied to develop a high‐performance, ultrathin, and deformable perovskite‐on‐silicon multiplexed image sensor array, paving the road toward next‐generation image sensor arrays.
Revealing Minor Electrical Losses in the Interconnecting Layers of Organic Tandem Solar Cells
Authors: Prosa Mario , Li Ning , Gasparini Nicola , Bolognesi Margherita , Seri Mirko , Muccini Michele , Brabec Christoph J. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe interconnection layer (ICL) of organic multijunction solar cells represents one of the most delicate parts to ensure an efficient device operation. In view of pushing the efficiencies toward the theoretical limit, the individuation of minor losses affecting the ICL operation is of crucial importance. However, the difficulties arising from its position within the complex device structure typically hamper an accurate and selective investigation of the ICL. Here, a method based on the analysis of the photo‐generated current density–voltage (Jph–V) response of solar cells, in the region of bias over the open‐circuit voltage, is proved to individuate minor electrical losses within the ICL. Interestingly, the proposed method is demonstrated to effectively operate on tandem substructures, where different ICLs are investigated through the combination of materials having diverse characteristics. Furthermore, the use of a complementary investigation technique based on electroluminescence (EL) analysis allows to distinguish the specific nature of the electrical losses. The combination of Jph–V and EL analyses represents an elegant and advanced approach to shed light on the quality of ICLs in tandem substructures by avoiding the fabrication of the more complex tandem architecture.
A Low Cost Desktop Electrochemical Metal 3D Printer
Authors: Chen Xiaolong , Liu Xinhua , Childs Peter , Brandon Nigel , Wu Billy 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAdditive manufacturing (AM), or 3D printing as it is more commonly known, is the process of creating 3D objects from digital models through the sequential deposition of material in layers. Electrochemical 3D printing is a relatively new form of AM that creates metallic structures through electrochemical reduction of metal ions from solutions onto conductive substrates. The advantage of this process is that a wide range of materials and alloys can be deposited under ambient conditions without thermal damage and more importantly at low cost, as this does not require expensive laser optics or inert gas environments. Other advantages include the fact that this process can be both additive and subtractive through reversal of potential allowing for recycling of components through electrochemical dissolution. However, one main limitation of this technology is speed. Here, a novel electrochemical 3D printer design is proposed using a meniscus confinement approach which demonstrates deposition rates three orders of magnitude higher than equivalent systems due to improved mass transport characteristics afforded through a mechanical electrolyte entrainment mechanism. Printed copper structures exhibit a polycrystalline nature, with decreasing the grain size as the potential is increased resulting in a higher Vickers hardness and electronic resistivity.
Hierarchical Multicomponent Electrode with Interlaced Ni(OH)2 Nanoflakes Wrapped Zinc Cobalt Sulfide Nanotube Arrays for Sustainable High‐Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Syed Junaid Ali , Ma Jun , Zhu Baogang , Tang Shaochun , Meng Xiangkang 
Published: August 2017

AbstractHigh energy density, fast recharging ability, and sustained cycle life are the primary requisite of supercapacitors (SCs); these necessities can be fulfilled by engineering a smart current collector with hierarchical combination of different active materials. This study reports a multicomponent design of hierarchical zinc cobalt sulfide (ZCS) hollow nanotube arrays wrapped with interlaced ultrathin Ni(OH)2 nanoflakes for high‐performance electrodes. The ZCS exhibits a unique pentagonal cross‐section and a rough surface that facilitates the deposition of Ni(OH)2 nanoflakes with a thickness of 7.5 nm. The ZCS/Ni(OH)2 hierarchical electrode exhibits a high specific capacitance of 2156 F g−1 and excellent cyclic stability with 94% retention over 3000 cycles. This is attributed to enhanced redox reactions, the direct growth of arrays on 3D porous foam acting as a “superhighway” for electron transport, and the increased availability of electrochemical active sites provided by the ultrathin Ni(OH)2 flakes that also sustain the stability of the electrode by sacrificing themselves during long charge/discharge cycles. Symmetric SCs are assembled to achieve high energy density of 74.93 W h kg−1 and exhibit superior cyclic stability of 78% retention with 81% coulombic efficiency over 10 000 cycles.
Injury risk factors to farm and ranch operators in the Central United States
Authors: Jadhav Rohan , Achutan Chandran , Haynatzki Gleb , Rajaram Shireen , Rautiainen Risto 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundThis study focused on risk factors for serious injuries in farm and ranch operators in the central United States.MethodsThe Central States Center for Agricultural Safety and Health, in collaboration with the National Agricultural Statistics Service, sent mail surveys to 6953, 6912, and 6912 farms/ranches in 2011‐2013, respectively, covering seven Midwestern states.ResultsThe average survey response rate was 35%. The average annual incidence rate (injuries/100 workers) was 6.91 for all injuries and 2.40 for serious injuries. Univariate analyses determined several demographic and farm production‐related risk factors for serious injury. Adjusted analysis showed a greater risk of serious injury for operators of age 45‐54 years (vs. 65 and higher), those who worked 75‐99% of their time (vs. less time), and those who operated larger land areas (vs. smaller).ConclusionThe identified risk factors should be considered when targeting injury prevention programs.
Stability of Optically Injected Two‐State Quantum‐Dot Lasers
Authors: Meinecke Stefan , Lingnau Benjamin , Röhm André , Lüdge Kathy 
Published: August 2017

AbstractSimultaneous two‐state lasing is a unique property of semiconductor quantum‐dot (QD) lasers. This not only changes steady‐state characteristics of the laser device but also its dynamic response to perturbations. In this paper we investigate the dynamic stability of QD lasers in an external optical injection setup. Compared to conventional single‐state laser devices, we find a strong suppression of dynamical instabilities in two‐state lasers. Furthermore, depending on the frequency and intensity of the injected light, pronounced areas of bistability between both lasing frequencies appear, which can be employed for fast optical switching in all‐optical photonic computing applications. These results emphasize the suitability of QD semiconductor lasers in future integrated optoelectronic systems where a high level of stability is required.
Preparation of ibuprofen‐loaded HDPE tubular devices for application as urinary catheters
Authors: Vieira Edna Silva , Salmoria Gean Vitor , de Mello Gindri Izabelle , Kanis Luiz Alberto 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTIn this study, high‐density polyethylene tubes with the incorporation of ibuprofen (IBP) were investigated with a view to their application as urinary catheters. The melt extrusion process was used to prepare the urinary catheters, and the influence of the manufacturing parameters on the material properties was evaluated. Samples prepared at lower temperature resulted in a more homogeneous material with a smoother surface, lower crystallinity, and better mechanical properties. The drug release was faster in the first 4 days, due to the accumulation of the drug on the outer surface of tubes. The concentration of IBP released was similar to the drug content in commercially available topic formulations (5%). Furthermore, after 2 days of immersion, the release achieved the concentration known to inhibit bacterial growth (6 mg/mL). These characteristics indicate that this material has good potential for application in urinary catheters. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45661.
The Forgotten Nitroaromatic Phosphines as Weakly Donating P‐ligands: An N‐Aryl‐benzimidazolyl Series in RhCl(CO) Complexes
Authors: Zhu Chongwei , Gras Emmanuel , Duhayon Carine , Lacassin Francis , Cui Xiuling , Chauvin Remi 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe coordination chemistry of a priori weakly σ‐donating nitroaromatic phosphines is addressed through a series of nitro‐substituted (N‐phenyl‐benzimidazol‐1‐yl)diphenylphosphines in RhI complexes. From a set of seven such phosphines L=Lxyz(′) (x, y, z=0 or 1=number of NO2 substituents at the 5, 6 and N‐Ph para positions, respectively), including the non‐nitrated parent L000 and its dicationic N‐methyl counterpart L000′, three LRhCl(COD) and seven L2RhCl(CO) complexes have been obtained in 72–95 % yield. Despite of a cis orientation of the L and CO ligands, the C=O IR stretching frequency νCO varies in the expected sense, from 1967±1 cm−1 for Lxy0 to 1978±1 cm−1 for Lxy1, and 2005 cm−1 for L000′. The 103Rh NMR chemical shift δRh varies from −288 ppm for L000 to −316±1 ppm for L10z or L01z, and −436 ppm for L000′. The νCO and δRh probes thus reveal moderate but systematic variations, and act as “orthogonal” spectroscopic indicators of the presence of nitro groups on the N‐Ph group and the benzimidazole core, respectively. For the dicationic ligand L000′, a tight electrostatic sandwiching of the Rh‐Cl bond by the benzimidazole moities is evidenced by X‐ray crystallography (RhClδ−⋅⋅⋅CN2+ ≈3.01 Å). Along with the LRhCl(CO) complexes, dinuclear side‐products (μ‐CO)(RhClL)2 were also obtained in low spectroscopic yield: for the dinitro ligand L=L011, a unique 1:6.7 clathrate structure, with dichloromethane as solvate, is also revealed by X‐ray crystallography.
Anilines as C‐Nucleophiles in Ir‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Asymmetric Allylic Substitution Reactions
Authors: Zhao Zheng‐Le , Gu Qing , Wu Xin‐Yan , You Shu‐Li 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAnilines generally act as N‐nucleophiles in transition‐metal‐catalyzed allylic substitution reactions. In this paper, a highly enantioselective intramolecular Friedel–Crafts‐type allylic alkylation of aniline derivatives was realized by using an iridium catalyst derived from [Ir(cod)Cl]2 and (Ra)‐BHPphos. Various tetrahydroisoquinilin‐5‐amines were obtained in moderate to good yields, excellent enantioselectivity and regioselectivity under mild reaction conditions. BHPphos=N‐benzhydryl‐N‐phenyldinaphthophosphoramidite.
Potential Application of Redox Mediators and Metabolic Uncouplers in Environmental Research – A Review
Authors: Baskaran Suganya , Subramani Vishal Bellie , Detchanamurthy Swaminathan , Rangasamy Parthiban 
Published: August 2017

AbstractRedox mediators (electronophores) and metabolic uncouplers (protonophores) play a major role in the sub‐atomic particle transportation in chemical and biological processes. Application areas include activated sludge treatment, excess biomass removal, bio‐filtration of gaseous pollutants, electricity generation by means of solar or microbial fuel cell (MFCs), biosensors, and dye degradation. Through a detailed review of peer‐reviewed and environmental literature, redox mediators and metabolic uncouplers, their mode of action as well as major factors influencing the redox mediators and metabolic uncouplers are discussed. This review article will help researchers to enhance their understanding of the application of redox mediators and metabolic uncouplers in environmental research.
Metal‐Free Reduction of Phosphine Oxides, Sulfoxides, and N‐Oxides with Hydrosilanes using a Borinic Acid Precatalyst
Authors: Chardon Aurélien , Maubert Orianne , Rouden Jacques , Blanchet Jérôme 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe general reduction of phosphine oxides, sulfoxides, and amine N‐oxides was achieved by combining bis(2‐chlorophenyl)borinic acid with phenylsilane. The reaction was shown to tolerate a wide range of substrates and could be performed under mild conditions, with only 2.5 mol % of the easily synthesized catalyst. Mechanistic investigations pointed to a key borohydride as the real catalyst and at bis(2‐chlorophenyl)borinic acid as a precatalyst.