bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regression Analysis for Secondary Response Variable in A Case-Cohort Study
Authors: Pan Yinghao , Cai Jianwen , Kim Sangmi , Zhou Haibo 
Published: December 2017

SummaryCase-cohort study design has been widely used for its cost-effectiveness. In any real study, there are always other important outcomes of interest beside the failure time that the original case-cohort study is based on. How to utilize the available case-cohort data to study the relationship of a secondary outcome with the primary exposure obtained through the case-cohort study is not well studied. In this article, we propose a non-parametric estimated likelihood approach for analyzing a secondary outcome in a case-cohort study. The estimation is based on maximizing a semiparametric likelihood function that is built jointly on both time-to-failure outcome and the secondary outcome. The proposed estimator is shown to be consistent, efficient, and asymptotically normal. Finite sample performance is evaluated via simulation studies. Data from the Sister Study is analyzed to illustrate our method.
Tree species diversity alters plant defense investment in an experimental forest plantation in southern Mexico
Authors: Rosado‐Sánchez Silvia , Parra‐Tabla Víctor , Betancur‐Ancona David , Moreira Xoaquín , Abdala‐Roberts Luis 
Published: December 2017

AbstractHow plant species diversity affects traits conferring herbivore resistance (e.g., chemical defenses), as well as the mechanisms underlying such effects, has received little attention. One potential mechanism for the effect of diversity on plant defenses is that increased plant growth at high diversity could lead to reduced investment in defenses via growth–defense trade‐offs. We measured tree growth (diameter at breast height) and collected leaves to quantify total phenolics in 2.5‐year‐old plants of six tropical tree species (N = 597 plants) in a young experimental plantation in southern Mexico. Selected plants were classified as monocultures or as polycultures represented by mixtures of four of the six species examined. Tree species diversity had a significant negative effect on total phenolics, where polycultures exhibited a 13 percent lower mean concentration than monocultures. However, there was marked variation in the effects of diversity on defenses among tree species, with some species exhibiting strong reductions in phenolic levels in mixtures, whereas others were unresponsive. In addition, tree species diversity had no effect on growth, nor was the negative effect of diversity on chemical defenses mediated by a growth–defense trade‐off. These results demonstrate that tree diversity can alter investment in chemical defenses in long‐lived tree species but that such effect may not always be under strong control by plant endogenous resource allocation trade‐offs. Regardless of the underlying mechanism, these findings have important implications for predicting effects on consumers and ecosystem function.
The Trouble With Quantifiers: Exploring Children's Deficits in Scalar Implicature
Authors: Horowitz Alexandra C. , Schneider Rose M. , Frank Michael C. 
Published: December 2017

Adults routinely use the context of utterances to infer a meaning beyond the literal semantics of their words (e.g., inferring from “She ate some of the cookies” that she ate some, but not all). Contrasting children's (N = 209) comprehension of scalar implicatures using quantifiers with contextually derived ad hoc implicatures revealed that 4‐ to 5‐year‐olds reliably computed ad hoc, but not scalar, implicatures (Experiment 1). Unexpectedly, performance with “some” and “none” was correlated (Experiments 1 and 2). An individual differences study revealed a correlation between quantifier knowledge and implicature success (Experiment 3); a control study ruled out other factors (Experiment 4). These findings suggest that some failures with scalar implicatures may be rooted in a lack of semantic knowledge rather than general pragmatic or processing demands.
Predicting reactivity threshold in children with anaphylaxis to peanut
Authors: Reier‐Nilsen T. , Michelsen M. M. , Lødrup Carlsen K. C. , Carlsen K.‐H. , Mowinckel P. , Nygaard U. C. , Namork E. , Borres M. P. , Håland G. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryBackgroundPeanut allergy necessitates dietary restrictions, preferably individualized by determining reactivity threshold through an oral food challenge (OFC). However, risk of systemic reactions often precludes OFC in children with severe peanut allergy.ObjectiveWe aimed to determine whether clinical and/or immunological characteristics were associated with reactivity threshold in children with anaphylaxis to peanut and secondarily, to investigate whether these characteristics were associated with severity of the allergic reaction during OFC.MethodsA double‐blinded placebo‐controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) with peanut was performed in 96 5‐ to 15‐year‐old children with a history of severe allergic reactions to peanut and/or sensitization to peanut (skin prick test [SPT] ≥3 mm or specific immunoglobulin E [s‐IgE] ≥0.35 kUA/L). Investigations preceding the DBPCFC included a structured interview, SPT, lung function measurements, serological immunology assessment (IgE, IgG and IgG4), basophil activation test (BAT) and conjunctival allergen provocation test (CAPT). International standards were used to define anaphylaxis and grade the allergic reaction during OFC.ResultsDuring DBPCFC, all 96 children (median age 9.3, range 5.1‐15.2) reacted with anaphylaxis (moderate objective symptoms from at least two organ systems). Basophil activation (CD63+ basophils ≥15%), peanut SPT and the ratio of peanut s‐IgE/total IgE were significantly associated with reactivity threshold and lowest observed adverse events level (LOAEL) (all P < .04). Basophil activation best predicted very low threshold level (<3 mg of peanut protein), with an optimal cut‐off of 75.8% giving a 93.5% negative predictive value. None of the characteristics were significantly associated with the severity of allergic reaction.Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceIn children with anaphylaxis to peanut, basophil activation, peanut SPT and the ratio of peanut s‐IgE/total IgE were associated with reactivity threshold and LOAEL, but not with allergy reaction severity.
In women with PCOS, waist circumference is a better surrogate of glucose and lipid metabolism than disease status per se
Authors: Pazderska Agnieszka , Kyaw Tun Tommy , Phelan Niamh , McGowan Anne , Sherlock Mark , Behan LucyAnn , Boran Gerard , Gibney James 
Published: December 2017

SummaryObjectiveCardiometabolic abnormalities are recognized in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, over‐emphasis on PCOS as a risk factor potentially results in over‐investigation and treatment of some women with and under‐recognition of cardiometabolic risk in obese women without PCOS. Our objective was to explore the association between waist circumference (WC) and indices of glucose and lipid metabolism in women with and without PCOS.Design, patients and measurements(i) An exploratory cross‐sectional study investigating association of potential cardiometabolic risk markers (PCOS status, anthropometric measures, hsCRP, HOMA‐IR, SHBG, testosterone) with indices of glucose (frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test) and lipid metabolism (postprandial studies and lipoprotein particle size) in 61 women with (n = 29) and without (n = 32) PCOS; (ii) a cross‐sectional study in 103 PCOS women and 102 BMI‐matched controls to explore if between‐group differences in indices of lipid and glucose metabolism persist after adjusting for WC. NIH criteria were used for PCOS diagnosis.ResultsStudy 1: Univariate correlations and stepwise regression modelling identified waist circumference (WC), as a better surrogate than PCOS status, independently predicting multiple variables of glucose and lipid metabolism.Study 2: Fasting insulin and triglyceride, hsCRP and insulin resistance (according to HOMA‐IR and SiM [Avignon index]) were greater, while fasting HDL was lower in women with PCOS compared to BMI‐matched women without PCOS. None of these differences persisted when a subset of 80 women with PCOS was compared with 80 women without PCOS, pair‐matched for WC.ConclusionSome cardiometabolic abnormalities in PCOS are related to central obesity, and following adjustment for WC does not differ from normal subjects. Waist circumference measurement has potential to take precedence over PCOS status as part of the assessment of cardiometabolic risk in reproductive‐age women.
An assessment of threats to terrestrial protected areas
Authors: Schulze Katharina , Knights Kathryn , Coad Lauren , Geldmann Jonas , Leverington Fiona , Eassom April , Marr Melitta , Butchart Stuart H. M. , Hockings Marc , Burgess Neil D. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractProtected areas (PAs) represent a cornerstone of efforts to safeguard biodiversity, and if effective should reduce threats to biodiversity. We present the most comprehensive assessment of threats to terrestrial PAs, based on in situ data from 1,961 PAs across 149 countries, assessed by PA managers and local stakeholders. Unsustainable hunting was the most commonly reported threat and occurred in 61% of all PAs, followed by disturbance from recreational activities occurring in 55%, and natural system modifications from fire or its suppression in 49%. The number of reported threats was lower in PAs with greater remoteness, higher control of corruption, and lower human development scores. The main reported threats in developing countries were linked to overexploitation for resource extraction, while negative impacts from recreational activities dominated in developed countries. Our results show that many of the most serious threats to PAs are difficult to monitor with remote sensing, and highlight the importance of in situ threat data to inform the implementation of more effective biodiversity conservation in the global protected area estate.
Is prolonged cold ischemia a contraindication to using kidneys from acute kidney injury donors?
Authors: Orlando Giuseppe , Khan Muhammad A. , El‐Hennawy Hany , Farney Alan C. , Rogers Jeffrey , Reeves‐Daniel Amber , Gautreaux Michael D. , Doares William , Kaczmorski Scott , Stratta Robert J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractTo determine the impact of prolonged cold ischemia time (CIT) on the outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI) renal grafts, we therefore performed a single‐center retrospective analysis in adult patients receiving kidney transplantation (KT) from AKI donors. Outcomes were stratified according to duration of CIT. A total of 118 patients receiving AKI grafts were enrolled. Based on CIT, patients were stratified as follows: (i) <20 hours, 27 patients; (ii) 20‐30 hours, 52 patients; (iii) 30‐40 hours, 30 patients; (iv) ≥40 hours, nine patients. The overall incidence of delayed graft function DGF was 41.5%. According to increasing CIT category, DGF rates were 30%, 42%, 40%, and 78%, respectively (P = .03). With a mean follow‐up of 48 months, overall patient and graft survival rates were 91% and 81%. Death‐censored graft survival (DCGS) rates were 84% and 88% for patients with and without DGF (P = NS). DCGS rates were 92% in patients with CIT <20 hours compared to 85% with CIT >20 hours (P = NS). In the nine patients with CIT >40 hours, the 4‐year DCGS rate was 100%. We conclude that prolonged CIT in AKI grafts may not adversely influence outcomes and so discard of AKI kidneys because of projected long CIT is not warranted when donors are wisely triaged.
Are government‐approved products containing new psychoactive substances perceived to be safer and more socially acceptable than alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs? Findings from a survey of police arrestees in New Zealand
Authors: Rychert Marta , Wilkins Chris , Parker Karl , Witten Karen 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIntroduction and AimsIn July 2013, New Zealand passed the Psychoactive Substances Act (PSA), which established a legal regulated market for government‐approved products containing new psychoactive substances (NPS). One of the aims of the PSA was to separate the market for approved NPS products from unapproved products and illegal drugs. The aim of this study was to explore perceived health risks and social acceptability of government‐approved NPS compared to unapproved NPS and other drugs.Design and MethodsAbout 834 police arrestees were surveyed about the health risks and social acceptability of regularly using nine drug types, including approved and unapproved synthetic cannabinoids (SC) and ‘party pills’ (PP) under the interim PSA regime. Statistical analyses included fitted analysis of variance and logistic ordinal regression models.ResultsApproved SC were considered riskier to health than (natural) cannabis, alcohol, approved and unapproved PP, tobacco and ecstasy, but safer than unapproved SC and methamphetamine. Younger participants (16–29 years) were more likely than older participants (30+ years) to give approved SC a high health‐risk score. Approved SC were considered less socially acceptable than alcohol, tobacco and cannabis, but more socially acceptable than methamphetamine, unapproved SC and unapproved PP. Frequent SC users were more likely to rate the social acceptability of approved legal SC higher than other drug users. Approved PP received more positive health and social acceptability scores than approved SC.Discussion and ConclusionsThe PSA was partially successful at separating approved NPS from other drugs. High health‐risk and low social acceptability scores for approved SC may reflect the absence of product testing during the interim PSA market.
“Mummy, keep it steady”: phonetic variation shapes word learning at 15 and 17 months
Authors: Escudero Paola , Mulak Karen E. , Elvin Jaydene , Traynor Nicole M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractFifteen‐month‐olds have difficulty detecting differences between novel words differing in a single vowel. Previous work showed that Australian English (AusE) infants habituated to the word‐object pair DEET detected an auditory switch to DIT and DOOT in Canadian English (CanE) but not in their native AusE (Escudero et al., ). The authors speculated that this may be because the vowel inherent spectral change variation (VISC) in AusE DEET is larger than in CanE DEET. We investigated whether VISC leads to difficulty in encoding phonetic detail during early word learning, and whether this difficulty dissipates with age. In Experiment 1, we familiarized AusE‐learning 15‐month‐olds to AusE DIT, which contains smaller VISC than AusE DEET. Unlike infants familiarized with AusE DEET (Escudero et al., ), infants detected a switch to DEET and DOOT. In Experiment 2, we familiarized AusE‐learning 17‐month‐olds to AusE DEET. This time, infants detected a switch to DOOT, and marginally detected a switch to DIT. Our acoustic analysis showed that AusE DEET and DOOT are differentiated by the second vowel formant, while DEET and DIT can only be distinguished by their changing dynamic properties throughout the vowel trajectory. Thus, by 17 months, AusE infants can encode highly dynamic acoustic properties, enabling them to learn the novel vowel minimal pairs that are difficult at 15 months. These findings suggest that the development of word learning is shaped by the phonetic properties of the specific word minimal pair.
Maternal hyperoxygenation: A potential therapy for congenital heart disease in the fetuses? A systematic review of the current literature
Authors: Co‐Vu Jennifer , Lopez‐Colon Dalia , Vyas Himesh V. , Weiner Natalie , DeGroff Curt 
Published: December 2017

ObjectivesTo assess efficacy, safety, outcomes, and intrauterine complications following maternal hyperoxygenation (MH) therapy in fetuses with congenital heart disease (CHD).MethodsA systematic review was performed following an electronic search of databases. Articles were published before January 1, 2017, in an English‐language and non–English‐language journals (with English translations), and included human fetuses and expectant mothers with a fetal diagnosis of CHD who received MH.ResultsNinety‐six articles were identified; 72 were excluded and 24 full‐text articles were reviewed. Only 9 articles met inclusion criteria and were analyzed. A total of 270 fetuses underwent MH therapy: 169 had CHD, and 101 had normal heart anatomies. Seven studies used fetal echocardiography, while 2 studies used cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). The mean gestational age at therapy was 33.4 weeks (26–38 weeks). Majority of MH protocols used 100% FiO2 with non‐rebreather face mask at 8 L of flow, achieving 60%–70% FiO2, or maternal PaO2 goal of 250 mm Hg. No significant adverse events were reported. Four studies reported increased size of the hypoplastic cardiac structures after MH. Three studies utilized acute MH to risk stratify hypoplastic left heart syndrome fetuses. Two studies assessed acute MH in the setting of CMR.ConclusionThe current evidence for MH therapy suggests an increase in pulmonary blood flow, and venous return, ductal flow, and heart dimensions in fetuses. MH has potential as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool in fetuses with CHD. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to ascertain whether MH therapy provides improved outcomes on fetuses with certain types of CHD.
An Archetypal Phenomenology of Skholé
Authors: Kennedy David 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn this essay David Kennedy argues that children represent one vanguard of an emergent shift in Western subjectivity, and that adult–child dialogue, especially in the context of schooling, is a key locus for the epistemological change that implies. Following Herbert Marcuse's invocation of a “new sensibility,” Kennedy argues that the evolutionary phenomenon of neoteny — the long formative period of human childhood and the paedomorphic character of humans across the life cycle — makes of the adult–child collective of school a primary site for the reconstruction of belief. After exploring child–adult dialogue more broadly as a form of dialectical interaction between what John Dewey called “impulse” and “habit,” Kennedy identifies three key dimensions of dialogic schooling, all of which are grounded in a fourth: the form of dialogical group discourse called community of philosophical inquiry (CPI), which is based on the problematization and reconstruction of concepts through critical argumentation. As a discourse model, CPI grounds practice in all of the dialogic school's emergent curricular spaces, whether science or mathematics, whether literature, art, or philosophy. Second, CPI opens a functional space for shared decision making and collaborative governance, making of school an exemplary model of direct democracy. Finally, CPI as a site for the critical interrogation of concepts encountered in the curriculum (such as “alive,” “justice,” “system,” and “biosphere”) and as a site for democratic governance leads naturally to expression in activist projects that model an emergent “new reality principle” through concrete solutions to practical problems on local and global levels.
Dynamics underlying interictal to ictal transition in temporal lobe epilepsy: insights from a neural mass model
Authors: Fan Xiaoya , Gaspard Nicolas , Legros Benjamin , Lucchetti Federico , Ercek Rudy , Nonclercq Antoine 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWe propose an approach that combines a neural mass model and clinical intracranial electroencephalographic (iEEG) recordings to explore the potential pathophysiological mechanisms (at the neuronal population level) of ictogenesis. Thirty iEEG recordings from 10 temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients around seizure onset were investigated. Physiologically meaningful parameters [average excitatory (Ae), slow (B), and fast (G) inhibitory synaptic gain] were identified during interictal to ictal transition. Four ratios (Ae/G, Ae/B, Ae/(B + G), and B/G) were derived from these parameters, and their evolution over time was analyzed. The excitation/inhibition ratio increased around seizure onset and decreased before seizure offset, indicating the impairment and re‐emergence of excitation/inhibition balance around seizure onset and before seizure offset, respectively. Moreover, the slow inhibition may have an earlier effect on excitation/inhibition imbalance. We confirm the decrease in excitation/inhibition ratio upon seizure termination in human temporal lobe epilepsy, as revealed by optogenetic approaches both in vivo in animal models and in vitro. The increase in excitation/inhibition ratio around seizure occurrence could be an indicator to detect seizures.
TGF‐β2 and TGF‐β3 from cultured β‐amyloid‐treated or 3xTg‐AD‐derived astrocytes may mediate astrocyte–neuron communication
Authors: Tapella Laura , Cerruti Matteo , Biocotino Isabella , Stevano Alessio , Rocchio Francesca , Canonico Pier Luigi , Grilli Mariagrazia , Genazzani Armando A. , Lim Dmitry 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAstrocytes participate in the development and resolution of neuroinflammation in numerous ways, including the release of cytokines and growth factors. Among many, astrocytes release transforming growth factors beta (TGF‐β) TGF‐β1, TGF‐β2 and TGF‐β3. TGF‐β1 is the most studied isoform, while production and release of TGF‐β2 and TGF‐β3 by astrocytes have been poorly characterized. Here, we report that purified cultures of hippocampal astrocytes produce mainly TGF‐β3 followed by TGF‐β2 and TGF‐β1. Furthermore, astrocytes release principally the active form of TGF‐β3 over the other two. Changes in release of TGF‐β were sensitive to the calcineurin (CaN) inhibitor FK506. Starvation had no effect on TGF‐β1 and TGF‐β3 while TGF‐β2 mRNA was significantly up‐regulated in a CaN‐dependent manner. We further investigated production and release of astroglial TGF‐β in Alzheimer's disease‐related conditions. Oligomeric β‐amyloid (Aβ) down‐regulated TGF‐β1, while up‐regulating TGF‐β2 and TGF‐β3, in a CaN‐dependent manner. In cultured hippocampal astrocytes from 3xTg‐AD mice, TGF‐β2 and TGF‐β3, but not TGF‐β1, were up‐regulated, and this was CaN‐independent. In hippocampal tissues from symptomatic 3xTg‐AD mice, TGF‐β2 was up‐regulated with respect to control mice. Finally, treatment with recombinant TGF‐βs showed that TGF‐β2 and TGF‐β3 significantly reduced PSD95 protein in cultured hippocampal neurons, and this effect was paralleled by conditioned media from Aβ‐treated astrocytes or from astrocytes from 3xTg‐AD mice. Taken together, our data suggest that TGF‐β2 and TGF‐β3 are produced by astrocytes in a CaN‐dependent manner and should be investigated further in the context of astrocyte‐mediated neurodegeneration.
Unexpected spatial stability of water chemistry in headwater stream networks
Authors: Abbott Benjamin W. , Gruau Gérard , Zarnetske Jay P. , Moatar Florentina , Barbe Lou , Thomas Zahra , Fovet Ophélie , Kolbe Tamara , Gu Sen , Pierson‐Wickmann Anne‐Catherine , Davy Philippe , Pinay Gilles 
Published: December 2017

AbstractUnderstanding how water and solutes enter and propagate through freshwater landscapes in the Anthropocene is critical to protecting and restoring aquatic ecosystems and ensuring human water security. However, high hydrochemical variability in headwater streams, where most carbon and nutrients enter river networks, has hindered effective modelling and management. We developed an analytical framework informed by landscape ecology and catchment hydrology to quantify spatiotemporal variability across scales, which we tested in 56 headwater catchments, sampled periodically over 12 years in western France. Unexpectedly, temporal variability in dissolved carbon, nutrients and major ions was preserved moving downstream and spatial patterns of water chemistry were stable on annual to decadal timescales, partly because of synchronous variation in solute concentrations. These findings suggest that while concentration and flux cannot be extrapolated among subcatchments, periodic sampling of headwaters provides valuable information about solute sources and subcatchment resilience to disturbance.