bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rheological Modeling of Polymeric Melts in Extruders upon Two-Dimensional Shear Flow
Authors: Hosseini H. , Aseyev V. , Berdyshev B. V. , Borisov A. A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The rheological modeling of a polymer melt in the course of its extrusion through a circular cylindrical channel inside a shaping die equipped with a rotating mandrel and a rotating or stationary nozzle is investigated. This paper attempts to provide a detailed rheological description of the physical processes of a polymer melt based on Leonov model inside the channel of an extruder under its kinematic deformation upon two-dimensional shear flow. Based on the obtained rheological equations of state, the flow process can be described in a form of dependencies reflecting kinematics of complex polymer deformation in the die channel. These expressions allow estimation of the velocity distribution for the flow elements within the channel as well as of the flow-pressure characteristics of the process. A quantitative relation between flow characteristics, rheological properties of polymer, and technical parameters of the channel of an extruder was determined. Comparison of this theoretical model with experimental results validates the suggested model.
Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Polyethylene Parts by Rotomolding
Authors: Ortega Z. , Díaz N. , Alemán-Domínguez M. E. , Romero A. , Monzón M. D. , Gómez-Tejedor J. A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In this study, the feasibility of obtaining superhydrophobic polyethylene parts by rotational molding has been confirmed. The superhydrophobicity is obtained through the surface modification of the thermoplastic by using a microrough aluminium mold. The treatment used to create the microroughness of the mold was an electrochemical process followed by heating at 180 °C. Once the superhydrophobic aluminium mold has been prepared, several rotomolding cycles were carried out. The mold was then used for obtaining rotomolded test cube parts using a conventional polyethylene grade. The behavior of the parts under a water jet show a superhydrophobic behavior of the surface, fact confirmed by the measurement of contact angles above 145°.
Ethnoscience et sciences cognitives
Authors: Friedberg Claudine 
Published: March 2016

Ethnoscience and cognitive sciences
From its beginning, in the 1950s, research in ethnoscience has kept a very close relationship with the cognitive sciences. These ties have evolved because of the manner in which the researchers have considered the relationships between the building of knowledge and the cognitive mechanisms.
The analysis of the relationships implies that one should study the problem of biological determinism, at the brain or at the environmental level, and brings up the research on «universals ».
We will study specially the processes that are in action in the classification of plants by distinguishing three aspects : 1) perception/identification ; 2) denomination ; 3) references to a genus.
Present interest in popular, naturalistic know-how in the management and utilization of the environment, brings forth an increase in studies on the evolution of the representations according to practices and vice-versa.
The flagellum and tempers of some male tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae)
Authors: Freitag Richard 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe male flagellum of 32 North American tiger beetle (Cicindela Linnaeus; Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae) species was examined with a scanning electron microscope for new, stable characters that might be useful in studies of taxonomy and functional morphology. Two sets of characters were observed, shape and size of the flagellum, and the form and distribution of tempers (micro teeth-like structures on the surface of the flagellum). These characteristics were surprisingly uniform for most species. It is inferred that the inner walls of the female spermatheca duct are gripped by the male flagellum, achieved either by flexing the inserted temper-free long flagellum, or direct insertion by the temper-covered short flagellum. It is proposed that an inverse relationship pattern exists between the elongate temper-free flagellum, and the temper-covered shorter flagellum.
Usp9X Is Required for Lymphocyte Activation and Homeostasis through Its Control of ZAP70 Ubiquitination and PKCβ Kinase Activity
Authors: Naik Edwina , Dixit Vishva M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
To achieve a durable adaptive immune response, lymphocytes must undergo clonal expansion and induce a survival program that enables the persistence of Ag-experienced cells and the development of memory. During the priming phase of this response, CD4+ T lymphocytes either remain tolerized or undergo clonal expansion. In this article, we show that Usp9X functions as a positive regulatory switch during T lymphocyte priming through removal of inhibitory monoubiquitination from ZAP70. In the absence of Usp9X, an increased amount of ZAP70 localized to early endosomes consistent with the role of monoubiquitin in endocytic sorting. Usp9X becomes competent to deubiquitinate ZAP70 through TCR-dependent phosphorylation and enhancement of its catalytic activity and association with the LAT signalosome. In B lymphocytes, Usp9X is required for the induction of PKCβ kinase activity after BCR-dependent activation. Accordingly, in Usp9X knockout B cells, there was a significant reduction in phospho-CARMA1 levels that resulted in reduced CARMA1/Bcl-10/MALT-1 complex formation and NF-κB–dependent cell survival. The pleiotropic effect of Usp9X during Ag-receptor signaling highlights its importance for the development of an effective and durable adaptive immune response.
Mozingo Studies I. Ice phenology and limnological legacies in a mid-continental reservoir
Authors: Haberyan Kurt A. 
Published: March 2016

<p>Long-term, integrated records of limnology are rare in the central United States. Mozingo Lake is a reservoir in northwestern Missouri that was sampled regularly since its creation in 1994. Physical data were collected during 121 visits and compared to meteorological observations. July hypolimnetic temperatures have risen rapidly (2.4°C / decade: P=0.037), suggesting weakened summer stratification in the future. Winter conditions were rarely correlated with lake conditions in the following July; the exception is July epilimnion temperature, which correlated with ice-over date, January hypolimnion temperature, and ice duration (P=0.006, 0.010, and 0.024). In contrast, winter ice-over date was best correlated with air temperature in the preceding July (P=0.006); other factors were not significantly correlated, including fall air temperatures, July epilimnion temperatures, and October water column temperatures. Analysis of air temperatures preceding ice-over revealed that the strongest correlation was with a 68-day average air temperature of 4.8°C. July air temperatures, along with ice-over date, correlated with January ice thickness and ice duration (P=0.014 and 0.001, respectively). This suggests that a warm July is associated with a mild winter, a relationship confirmed by a significant correlation (P=0.011). Ice thickness, ice duration, and ice-out date also correlated with winter air temperature (P≤0.003 for each). It therefore appears that summer conditions influence winter conditions which, in turn, influence certain lake conditions in the following summer; this observation indicates that winter conditions may not reset physical parameters in lakes. Legacies thus may span various intervals, ranging from a week to a year or more. Although the Mozingo Lake record is brief (20 years), it suggests directions for longer-term studies. Multi-year legacy effects have rarely been documented, but in Mozingo Lake they suggest that a single strong climatic anomaly may affect the lake for several years. </p>
Erratum - Assessing the effects of climate and volcanism on diatom and chironomid assemblages in an Andean lake near Quito, Ecuador
Authors: Michelutti Neal , Lemmen Jillian L. , Cooke Colin A. , Hobbs William O. , Wolfe Alexander P. , Smol John P. 
Published: March 2016

<p>This corrects the article entitled “Assessing the effects of climate and volcanism on diatom and chironomid assemblages in an Andean lake near Quito, Ecuador” by the authors Neal Michelutti, Jillian L. Lemmen, Colin A. Cooke, William O. Hobbs, Alexander P. Wolfe, Joshua Kurek, John P. Smol, published with DOI 10.4081/jlimnol.2015.1323. The map in Fig. 1 was incorrectly labelled and the correct version of Fig. 1 is presented below.</p>
Custom made profile projector: A new, innovative, and economical way to evaluation of tooth enamel loss after acid etching: An in vitro study
Authors: Patil Harshal Ashok , Chitko Shrikant S. , Kerudi Veerendra V. , Patil Neeraj S. , Maheshwari Amit , Singh Ruchika 
Published: March 2016

Introduction
Aim of this in vitro study is to evaluate the loss of tooth enamel after acid etching using a custom made profile projector (×100).

Materials and Methods
Twenty human extracted maxillary and mandibular premolars were collected, and each tooth was mounted on an acrylic block (2 cm × 1 cm) along with a 0.8 mm stainless steel wire partially embedded in acrylic in front of the buccal surface of the teeth. The 0.8 mm wire was used for reference; the image appeared on the projection screen was 80 mm implying that magnification ×100 has been achieved. Fabrication of custom made profile projector followed the principles of optics. Two projections of each sample before and after etching were projected. The projection was recorded using tracing paper. The difference between the two tracings before and after etching was measured using a millimeter scale. This reading was converted into microns, i.e., 1 mm = 10 μ.

Results
The statistical method used for this study is a measure of central tendency. The research shows that the average enamel loss was around 15.25 microns. The median is a value at the midpoint of the group, and median for enamel loss is 15 μ Mode for enamel loss is 15 μ that means most frequent or most repetitive enamel loss is 15 μ. The maximum enamel loss was 25 μ, and minimum of that was 10 μ.

Conclusions
The results of this study indicate that etching enamel with 37% phosphoric acid for 30 s loses 15 μ of surface enamel using an economical and efficient custom made profile projector.
With Regard to the Chromic Luvisols in Romania
Authors: Stănilă Anca-Luiza 
Published: March 2016

There are many written reports concerning the formation and the distribution of chromic luvisols of Romania. In many cases it cases it has been apreciated the fact that their presence would due to some specific condition, the stress being focused on the Mediterranean nuance of climate.Newer pedological studies show that these soils have a distribution area more restrained. In fact they appear within some narrow interfluves or marginal stripes of some well drained interfluves formed at their surface of loess or loess-like deposits.A major role in their formation is that soil climate expressed by a definitive hydrical regime, probably an alternotranspercolative one.The colour intensity seems to be influenced both by the hydration state of iron and of iron content of parent material. Iron hydroxide suffers a rapid dehydration under prolonged drought condition of soil; they turn into rusty sesquioxides of goethite type, hydrohematite type, inducing to the soil the reddish brown colour.In a more recent work N. Florea and M. Cicotti (1976) stated that chromic luvisols should not be regarded as a zona structured soil formed in the current area, but as a largely inherited, developed under different climates.
Prototipo didáctico de sistema de bombeo de agua con energía solar fotovoltaica
Authors: Reyes Aguilera Edwin Antonio 
Published: March 2016

Con el presente estudio se pretende exponer de manera clara y ejemplificada buena parte de la información necesaria para la puesta en marcha y simulación de un sistema de bombeo autónomo con bomba sumergible alimentado por un generador solar fotovoltaico o alimentado con baterías. En el proceso de la investigación se examinaron los datos de manera científica o más específicamente en forma numérica, la investigación se realizó de manera práctica y aplicada, y consistió en, construir un prototipo de bombeo solar fotovoltaico y una parte experimental que se llevó a cabo para la validación del prototipo, utilizando para ello equipos de medición de variables meteorológicas y de medición. Este estudio se plantea a modo de guía para facilitar la enseñanza-aprendizaje en los estudiantes a fin de implementar sistemas que contribuyan a mejorar tanto las condiciones de vida como la formación de la población de los países con menor nivel de desarrollo tecnológico en cuanto a materia de abastecimiento de agua, como el nuestro.
Resumen del conversatorio sobre Geopolítica: Los casos de Medio Oriente y Ucrania con el Dr. Augusto Zamora. Ex embajador de Nicaragua en España
Authors: López Eduardo 
Published: March 2016

A inicios de septiembre del año en curso, el Dr. Augusto Zamora, ex-embajador de Nicaragua en España,conversó con docentes y estudiantes de nuestra facultad, sobre temas de carácter internacional y que hoy están siendo focos de tensión. Se refirió a la compleja problemática que hoy vive el Medio Oriente y las diferentes posiciones políticas, religiosas, económicas y étnicas, donde cada país de la zona, defiende sus intereses que se remonta siglos atrás, también se refirió a los casos de Crimea y Ucrania, a los países emergentes, América Latina y desde luego a Estados Unidos como potencia generadora de conflictos en el mundo. Hizo alusión a la geografía, como disciplina de enorme importancia en la actualidad, señalando a propósito de lo geográfico, que el continente americano, tenía una situación muy particular dado que era el más aislado del mundo y que eso tenía sus consecuencias en la realidad geopolítica actual.
Introduction: Anna M. Cienciala (1929–2014)
Authors: Pease Neal 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
When Anna M. Cienciala, professor emerita of history at the University of Kansas, died unexpectedly in December 2014, the loss was respectfully acknowledged in an obituary notice in The Polish Review (vol. 60, no. 1, 2015), as befit her stature in the field of Polish and eastern European history. But the suggestion quickly emerged that the passing of someone so prominent in the history of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America and its journal called for something more, so I invited a number of scholars and acquaintances to offer contributions to an issue of the Review that would be largely dedicated to a tribute to her career. The response was more than generous. In fact, word got around, and we received additional submissions, unsolicited but fully welcome and worthy of inclusion, motivated by spontaneous respect for the accomplished historian and mentor being honored. The result is the following section, the collaboration of ten colleagues, friends, beneficiaries, and admirers of Professor Cienciala.
Anna M. Cienciala’s Cooperation with the Literary Institute in Maisons-Laffitte in Light of the Correspondence with Jerzy Giedroyc
Authors: Stobiecki Rafał 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This article examines the relationship of Anna Cienciala with the influential publications of the Literary Institute in Maisons- Laffitte, France, as reflected in her correspondence with the publications’ editor, Jerzy Giedroyc. Their exchanges spanned a quarter century. Although the collaboration between Cienciala and Giedroyc was not as extensive as that between the institute and other Polish scholars living abroad and was not without tension in some respects, both historian and editor demonstrated great mutual personal and professional respect for each other.
Gdańsk, Story of a City When Diplomatic History and Personal Narrative Intersect
Authors: Clark Elizabeth Morrow 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This article relates the contributions of Professor Anna M. Cienciala to the study of Polish diplomatic history, her influence on the discipline, and the relationship between her personal narrative and her professional career. It focuses on the theses of her books Poland and the Western Powers and Keys to Polish Foreign Policy as well as articles, chapters, and document collections she produced over her career, as related to the history of her birth city, Danzig/Gdańsk. The article considers Professor Cienciala’s long career as a teacher and her dedication to improving the political and scholarly understanding of the Second Republic. Professor Cienciala was greatly respected in American, British, and Polish circles, and her influence can be traced in foundational attitudes toward early twentieth- century Poland in the work of such diverse scholars as Jan Karski, Roger Moorhouse, and Marek Kornat. Her dedication to teaching about Poland extended past her retirement and lives on in lessons and lectures she compiled for distribution online in the early years of the Internet. Finally, the author fondly remembers Professor Cienciala’s own tales of her life in Danzig/Gdańsk and how her search for meaning in the experiences of her own past has left a profound legacy of scholarship and understanding for Polish studies.
De zorgplicht van de franchisegever: bijzonder of niet?
Authors: Schwegler A.M.A. 
Published: March 2016

De zorgplicht van de franchisegever: bijzonder of niet?
Op 17 februari jl. werd na een moeizame periode van consultatie de Nederlandse Franchise Code geïntroduceerd. In ‘De zorgplicht van de franchisegever: bijzonder of niet?’ bespreekt Angela Schwegler de precontractuele zorgplicht van de franchisegever die een exploitatieprognose aan een potentiële franchisenemer verstrekt. De positie van de franchisenemer en met name zijn eigen verantwoordelijkheid, dient bij een eventuele wettelijke verankering van de Nederlandse Franchise Code en de rol die deze code zal gaan spelen in de rechtspraak, aldus de auteur, niet uit het oog verloren te worden. Want, zo concludeert zij, “de zorgplicht van de franchisegever, die is zo bijzonder niet”.
Threshold-voltage instability in 4H-SiC MOSFETs with nitrided gate oxide revealed by non-relaxation method
Authors: Sometani Mitsuru , Okamoto Dai , Harada Shinsuke , Ishimori Hitoshi , Takasu Shinji , Hatakeyama Tetsuo , Takei Manabu , Yonezawa Yoshiyuki , Fukuda Kenji , Okumura Hajime 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The threshold-voltage (V
th) shift of 4H-SiC MOSFETs with Ar or N2O post-oxidation annealing (POA) was measured by conventional sweep and non-relaxation methods. Although the V
th shift values of both samples were almost identical when measured by the sweep method, those for the Ar POA samples were larger than those for the N2O POA samples when measured by the non-relaxation method. Thus, we can say that investigating the exact V
th shifts using only the conventional sweep method is difficult. The temperature-dependent analysis of the V
th shifts measured by both methods revealed that the N2O POA decreases charge trapping in the near-interface region of the SiO2.
Investigation of 4H-SiC insulated-gate bipolar transistor turn-off performance for achieving low power loss
Authors: Navarro Dondee , Pesic Iliya , Morikawa Yoji , Furui Yoshiharu , Miura-Mattausch Mitiko 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The dynamic characteristics of a 4H-SiC insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) at pulse switching is investigated by incorporating reported measurements of the interface defect density to device simulation. Different trap features such as energy states and trap time constants are investigated to determine the influence of traps on circuit performance. The capture cross-section parameter used in the simulation depicts the probability of traps to trap/detrap carriers which relates to the carrier trap time constant. It is demonstrated that trapped carriers from the on-state condition cause enhanced generation current during the off-state condition, which give rise to undesired leakage current in addition to the threshold voltage shift previously reported. The device power dissipation is increased by a factor of 100 due to the defects.
<b>Gazzâlî’ye Göre Akıl ve Dinî Bilgi Kaynağı Olarak Aklın Önemi</b> / <i>The Intelect and its Value as a Source of Religious Knowledge According to al-Ghazzali</i>
Authors: Yıldız Mustafa 
Published: March 2016

<p><strong>Gazzâlî’ye Göre Akıl ve Dinî Bilgi Kaynağı Olarak Aklın Önemi / The Intelect and its Value as a Source of Religious Knowledge According to al-Ghazzali</strong></p><p><strong>Öz </strong></p><p>Bu makalede Gazzâlî'nin dinî bilgi kaynağı olarak akla ne ölçüde önem verdiği konusu ele alınmaktadır. Makalede, Gazzâlî’ye göre dinî bilginin elde edilmesinde kelamî akıl (garize) anlayışının yeterli olmadığı ileri sürülmüştür. Gazzâlî bu eksikliği gidermek için kelamcıların akıl anlayışına filozofların akıl anlayışını ve sufilerin kalp anlayışını eklemek suretiyle yeni bir akıl anlayışı geliştirmiştir. Makale, Gazzâlî’nin ortaya koymuş olduğu bu akıl anlayışını detaylı bir şekilde incelemektedir. Makalenin giriş bölümünde dinî bilginin kaynağı ile ilgili olarak kelamcıların, filozofların ve sufilerin görüşlerine yer verilmiştir. Makalenin gelişme bölümünde ise Gazzâlî’ye göre akıl ile bilgi arasındaki ilişki ele alınmıştır. Bu bölümde Gazzâlî’nin akıl kelimesine yüklediği farklı anlamlar, mülk ve melekût âlemlerini anlamada aklın rolü ve kalp, ruh, nefis gibi kavramlara yüklediği anlamlar incelenmiştir. Daha sonra bilginin elde edilme yöntemleri ve Gazzâlî’nin bu konudaki değerlendirmelerine yer verilmiştir. Sonuç bölümünde ise Gazzâlî’nin akıl konusundaki düşüncelerinin dinî bilgi ve iman ile nasıl ilişkilendirildiği tartışılmıştır. </p><p><strong>The Intelect and its Value as a Source of Religious Knowledge According to al-Ghazzali </strong></p><p><strong>Abstract </strong></p><p>This paper deals with how much importance is given to intellect as a source of religious knowledge by al-Ghazzali. The paper suggests that according to al-Ghazzali ghariza, the term which denotes the theologians’ understanding of intellect, is insufficient to acquire religious knowledge. Accordingly, he proposed a new understanding of intellect to overcome this insufficiency by combining it with the rationale soul of philosophers and the Sufis’ understanding of heart. This paper examines this novel understanding of intellect as proposed by al-Ghazzali in detail. In the introduction section, the views of theologians, philosophers and sufis about intellect as a source of religious knowledge are presented. In the development section, relations between the intellect and knowledge are discussed with respect to al-Ghazzali. In this section, Ghazzali’s varying use of the term intellect, its role in the understanding of the world of dominion and the world of sovereignity, and what he means with such terms like heart, soul, and self are examined. Afterwards, the methods of knowledge acquisition and al-Ghazzali’s position in this respect are given. In the conclusion section, it is explored how al-Ghazzali’s opinions about intellect are connected with religious knowledge and faith. </p>