bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exports: A Viable Business Proposition
Authors: Ahuja Shobha 
Published: January 2017

The purpose of the paper is to ascertain whether the corporate sector has demonstrated the ability to generate net foreign exchange earnings from exports. While analysing export performance, the paper concludes that except for traditional exports, a large number of diversified exportables made by corporates, experience a net outflow off oreign exchange. At the disaggregated level, the ownership pattern shows that while the Indian corporate sector has achieved a significant reduction in net foreign exchange spending in the post-liberalisation period, the same cannot be said about the foreign and the government sectors. The reason why large corporates display a lackluster export performance is because exports are not perceived as a viable business option. This is so because the profitability of exports does not compare favourably with sales in the domestic market. Besides, exports continue to be burdened by cumbersome procedures and infrastructure bottlenecks which raise the transaction costs. Nevertheless, corporates need to devise strategies to give a thrust to exports in order to meet the challenge of competition.
Automobile Collisions on Purpose
Authors: Severy Derwyn M. 
Published: January 2017

This paper presents a brief discussion of some of the findings from forty-eight full-scale automobile collision experiments conducted at UCLA during the past ten years. These experiments have provided critically needed data on physical factors relating to vehicular collision dynamics and attending motorist injuries. Use of both human subjects and anthropometric dummies facilitate procurement of critically needed data on the relation of design to injury causation. Specific data derived from these experiments include deceleration patterns for different locations on the motorist and car structure, the relation of impact speed to car deformation and repair costs, the performance of motorist restraining devices and the interaction of human and dummy motorists with their cars' interior and external environment during collisions.
Dynamic Vision—The Legibility of Equally Spaced Alphanumeric Symbols
Authors: Lippert S. 
Published: January 2017

A. trial study was conducted on the ability of observers to identify moving targets consisting of alphanumeric symbols. The targets, randomly assigned, were regularly spaced on an endless belt which was viewed from a constant distance. The target subtended an angle of 39 min. The space between targets subtended an angle of 51 min. The targets moved vertically from top to bottom in the frontal plane. Six subjects were tested on criteria of zero legibility and 100 per cent legibility when the targets were viewed through apertures 2 in. wide and 2 in., 8 in., and 20 in. high. Performance was measured in terms of the angular velocity of the targets past the observer's eyes. As aperture height increased both legibility criteria could be met at higher angular velocities of the stimulus materials. The mean angular velocities for the zero legibility criterion were approximately three times as great as for the 100 per cent legibility criterion.
Increasing Voice Communication Channels Using Man's Binaural Listening Capability
Authors: Rappaport Maurice 
Published: January 2017

Sending voice messages over pairs of channels makes available more channels for communication than would be possible if channels were used in a conventional manner and only one message was sent over one channel. Although this means that all channels under the dual channel system must carry several messages simultaneously, it is shown that for subjects wearing earphones, message intelligibility remains remarkably higher than if the same number of messages are sent over a single channel. The superiority of the dual channel method is attributed primarily to the unique capability of the human ear-brain system to perceive diotic signals as being located in the center of the head while all dichotic signals are perceived as being off to the side of the head. Where seven voices are talking simultaneously intelligibility of messages under the dual channel method of transmission is about 94 percent as compared to 11 percent under the single channel method. Practical implications of these findings for a number of military and civilian communication situations are discussed.
The Effect of Color Coding on Performance of an Alphabetic Filing Task
Authors: Konz Stephan A. , Koe Bruce A. 
Published: January 2017

Color coding in filing tasks has often been accepted as superior to no color coding. The purpose of this experiment was to explore the effect of filing names, typical of a telephone directory, color coded on the first letter and on the second letter of the last name. A no-color-code condition was used as a control. Rate of production, number of errors, magnitude of errors, and user preference served as criteria. Twenty-two subjects filed 375 appropriately color-striped IBM cards into a box of IBM cards appropriately coded. The rate of performance and subject preferences indicated that the second-letter code was better than the other two conditions. Based on quantity of errors, the first- and second-letter codes were significantly (α < .05) better than the no-color-code condition. Considering the magnitude of errors, the first-letter code was significantly better than the two other codes. The results of this experiment suggest a color-coded filing system based on a simple first-letter scheme would significantly reduce the magnitude and quantity of high inconvenience cost errors over the conventional no-color-code system …
Optimum Knob Crowding
Authors: Bradley James V. 
Published: January 2017

Reach time, turning time, and inadvertent touching of adjacent controls (i.e., errors) were measured while a standard setting was made with one of several closely spaced knobs. The variables manipulated were spacing between knobs, knob diameter, and knob configuration. Performance improved rapidly with increasing distance between knob edges up to an interperipheral distance of 1 in., after which performance continued to improve but at a much slower rate. For equal amounts of panel space consumed by several closely crowded knobs, ¼-in. diameter knobs were more nearly error free than were the larger diameter knobs tested. For equal distances between knob edges, however, performance improved with increasing knob diameter. These results apply only to knobs capable of being operated by moderate torque. It was found that the frequency with which a crowding knob is inadvertently touched is strongly affected by the angular position which it occupies with respect to the operated knob but is practically independent of the presence of other crowding knobs at the same distance from the operated knob.
Real-Time Processing for Rotor-Angle and Rotorspeed Signal Estimation in Noisy Environment
Authors: Ho P. T. , Tso S. K. 
Published: January 2017

Real-time processing for rotor-angle and rotor-speed signal estimation in noisy environment The paper discusses the hardware and software designs to improve the precision of transducers for real-time rotor-angle and rotor-speed small-signal measurements under noisy conditions. Advantage is taken of the spare processing power in microprocessor-based digital controllers to achieve design simplicity and economy. The signals are estimated with minimum delay.
Harmonic Response and Terminal Resonances of High Voltage Transformers
Authors: Qin Jiang , Bodger P. S. 
Published: January 2017

Harmonic response and terminal resonances of high voltage transformers The first terminal resonance of distribution transformers is evaluated to be above a useful harmonic frequency band, whereas a testing transformer exhibits a low order harmonic resonance. A simple formula relating the first terminal resonance of a transformer to its name place is derived.
Lowpass to Bandpass and Bandstop Transformation: Relations of Coefficients and Poles
Authors: Palomera-GarcíA Rogelio 
Published: January 2017

Lowpass to bandpass or bandstop transformation: relations of coefficients and poles This work deals with algebraic formulae that relate coefficients of bandpass (bandstop) functions with those of the prototype lowpass function under frequency transformation, and also the algebraic formulae relating the poles (and zeros) of the original and transformed functions. These formulae are easy to use with programmable calculators. Examples are given.
Linear Modelling of Op-Amps
Authors: Carlosena Alfonso , Martinez Pedro 
Published: January 2017

Linear modelling of op-amps The aim of this paper is to show the importance of using appropriate modelling for the active elements in op-amp based active circuits. It is shown, through the example of a sinusoidal oscillator, how the ideal model is only valid for low frequency operations. A much better approximation can be obtained by using a single pole model.
Analysis and Design of Analogue Electronic Circuits Using DPI Methods—Part 1
Authors: Asamoah F. 
Published: January 2017

Analysis and design of analogue electronic circuits using D.P.I. methods—Part 1 A method of calculating voltages and currents in analogue circuits is presented. The procedure shows how the necessary circuit equations may be written by inspection without the use of loop or node analysis. Examples are given to illustrate the method.
Assertive Logic, A Logical Approach or to be High is to be Not Low
Authors: Taschetta Joseph J. 
Published: January 2017

Assertive logic, a logical approach Assertive logic can become a most useful tool by simplifying complex logic circuitry. In assertive logic, all combinational circuitry can be viewed as an AND, OR, or NOT operation and is invaluable when mixing systems of negative and positive logic. This approach has been proven to be a good foundation to understanding logic fundamentals.
Ultrastructure of Rat Lungs following Exposure to o-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile (CS)
Authors: Colgrave H. F. , Creasey J. M. 
Published: January 2017

Three groups of 18 rats were exposed respectively to very large doses of o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) of 90 000, 60 000 and 30 000 mg min per m3 and then sacrificed at intervals from 15 min to 2 days, after which lungs were examined macroscopically, by electron microscopy and conventional histology. Distress appeared to be maximal between 18–36 hr after exposure, when a total of 6 deaths occurred; 4 after a dosage of 90 000 mg min per m3 and 2 after a dosage of 60 000 mg min per m3. In animals that died there was severe congestion and areas of alveolar haemorrhage, with some interstitial oedema. Survivors showed less marked pulmonary congestion, haemorrhage and oedema. Electron micrographs revealed changes to the alveolar epithelium and interstitium in the form of accumulation of fluid between the membrane layers and collagen-containing areas of the septum. The presence of fluid was associated with degenerative changes of the epithelium and endothelium leading to rupture or dissolution of the capillary wall, so allowing the extravasation of red blood cells and fluid into the alveolar space. This study showed that death after exposure to very high concentrations of CS grenade smoke is accompanied by congestion and severe capillary damage giving rise to pulmonary oedema and haemorrhage. Lung appearances of animals which survived the period of maximum distress suggest that the induced damage is transient. Only if the smoke was used in confined spaces or was deployed in wildly unreasonable concentrations, where persons involved were unable to escape, would the conditions of this investigation even begin to be approached.
Sudden Natural Death Due to Pulmonary Thromboembolism in the Medical Examiner's Jurisdiction
Authors: Copeland Arthur R. 
Published: January 2017

A study of sudden natural death due to pulmonary thromboembolism was performed on the case files of the office of the Medical Examiner of Metropolitan Dade County in Miami, Florida; 150 cases which occurred during the five-year period 1982–6 were analysed. The average male victim was 63·4 years of age, 174·5 cm (68·7 in) in height, 78·0 kg (172 lb) in weight with a 475·5-gram (16·77 oz) heart, and with mild or moderate coronary artery disease. Racially, 42 per cent of the male victims were black and 58 per cent of them were white. The average female victim was 61·9 years of age, 162·3 cm (63·9 in) in height, 76·5 kg (168·7 lb) in weight with a 382·4-gram (13·49 oz) heart, and with mild or moderate coronary artery disease. Racially, the female group was approximately evenly divided between blaks and whites. In further analysis of the scene circumstances of the terminal event and the past medical history of the victim, approximately 21 per cent of the victims had had surgery or hospitalization within the 120 days preceeding demise. Only 4·7 per cent of the victims were taking anticoagulant medication at the time of their demise. A discussion ensues comparing these data to those from other studies and considering what role the forensic pathologist can have in future work on this phenomenon.
Rape — A Comparison of Stranger and Acquaintance Assaults
Authors: Bownes Ian T. , O'Gorman Ethna C. , Sayers Angela 
Published: January 2017

One of the variables that influences victim trauma in rape attacks is the relationship between assailant and victim (Ellis, 1981). Rapes by strangers have been shown to involve more violence and trauma (Katz and Mazur, 1979). Rapes by acquaintances may involve a betrayal of trust. The study compares 21 rape attacks where the assailant was known to the victim with 30 attacks where the assailant was a stranger. Three main elements of each assault are described: the contextual nature of the rape encounter, the assault characteristics (force, injuries, nature of sexual activity) and the post-rape behaviour. Significant differences were found between the two groups in each of these respects. Contact between rapist and victim took place in a social setting immediately prior to the assault in significantly more of the acquaintance rapes. Significantly more of the stranger rapes involved the display of a weapon. Coercive reciprocation of sexual activity occurred in proportionately more of stranger rapes. The role of verbal aggression was more prominent in acquaintance rapes. Significantly more of the acquaintance rapists (95% as opposed to 17%) interacted with the victim after the overtly sexual part of the attack. Two types of behaviour were displayed in almost equal proportions. Conciliatory/non-threatening behaviour consistent with a distorted affirmation of a person-orientated relationship with the victim was displayed by 43% of these assailants; 48% displayed threatening behaviour. We believe that stranger and acquaintance rapes can be clearly differentiated in terms of the behavioural dimensions of the assault. An understanding of such differences has implications for professionals involved in the assessment and treatment of sexual offenders and their victims.
Routine Use of Ultraviolet Light in Medicolegal Examinations to Evaluate Stains and Skin Trauma
Authors: Lynnerup Niels , Hjalgrim Henrik , Eriksen Birthe 
Published: January 2017

The use of ultraviolet light induced fluorescence as an aid in forensic medical examinations of rape victims was evaluated preliminarily in a retrospective, non-consecutive study. In a four-month period, 17 cases were referred by the police for examinations at the Institute of Forensic Pathology. Ultraviolet light illumination (UVI) was used in seven cases, and in six cases fluorescent skin areas were observed. The fluorescence was due to lesions in four cases and stainings with saliva and semen in other two cases. In at least two cases, skin trauma detected with UVI were unobserved in ordinary light. It is concluded that UVI should be a routine part of forensic medical examinations. It may assist the forensic medical examiner in finding skin trauma and in locating stains, thus enabling retrieval of material for serological analyses. UVI is simple to carry out, requiring only a small, portable ultraviolet light source.
Establishing a Viral Hepatitis Prevention and Control Program: Florida's Experience
Authors: Baldy Linda M. , Urbas Cheryl , Harris Jennie L. , Jones T. Stephen , Reichert Philip E. 
Published: January 2017

In 1999, the Florida State Legislature established and funded the statewide Hepatitis Prevention Program (HPP) to address growing concern about hepatitis C virus (HCV) and its potential public health burden. HPP supports county health departments' (CHDs') provision of viral hepatitis prevention services to at-risk adults through free hepatitis A and B vaccine in most CHDs and hepatitis serologic testing and statewide viral hepatitis-related education, consultation, and referral services. Some CHDs are directly funded by HPP. In 2001–2005, HPP support helped CHDs provide 59,228 hepatitis A and 74,039 hepatitis B vaccinations statewide. In 2005, HPP supported almost 17,000 hepatitis B and C tests. From January to June 2005, 1,603 positive HCV tests were reported, a 9.5% seropositivity rate. With $24 million from the Florida State Legislature through 2006, HPP has helped CHDs statewide provide substantial viral hepatitis prevention services to at-risk adults.
Low Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Antibody in Men Who Have Sex with Men Who Do Not Inject Drugs
Authors: Buffington Joanna , Murray Paula J. , Schlanger Karen , Shih Linda , Badsgard Tracy , Hennessy Robin R. , Wood Robert , Weisfuse Isaac B. , Gunn Robert A. 
Published: January 2017

Objective. It is well documented that injection drug users (IDUs) have a high prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV). Sexual transmission of HCV can occur, but studies have shown that men who have sex with men (MSM) without a history of injection drug use are not at increased risk for infection. Still, some health-care providers believe that all MSM should be routinely tested for HCV infection. To better understand the potential role of MSM in risk for HCV infection, we compared the prevalence of antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) in non-IDU MSM with that among other non-IDU men at sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) counseling and testing sites in three cities. Methods. During 1999–2003, public health STD clinics or HIV testing programs in Seattle, San Diego, and New York City offered counseling and testing for anti-HCV for varying periods to all clients. Sera were tested using enzyme immunoassays, and final results reported using either the signal-to-cutoff ratio or recombinant immunoblot assay results. Age, sex, and risk information were collected. Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results. Anti-HCV prevalence among IDUs (men and women) was between 47% and 57% at each site, with an overall prevalence of 51% (451/887). Of 1,699 non-IDU MSM, 26 (1.5%) tested anti-HCV positive, compared with 126 (3.6%) of 3,455 other non-IDU men (prevalence ratio 0.42, 95% confidence interval 0.28, 0.64). Conclusion. The low prevalence of anti-HCV among non-IDU MSM in urban public health clinics does not support routine HCV testing of all MSM.
National Trends in Occupational Injuries before and after 1992 and Predictors of Workers' Compensation Costs
Authors: Bhushan Abhinav , Leigh J. Paul 
Published: January 2017

Objective. Numbers and costs of occupational injuries and illnesses are significant in terms of morbidity and dollars, yet our understanding of time trends is minimal. We investigated trends and addressed some common hypotheses regarding causes of fluctuations. Methods. We pulled data on incidence rates (per 100 full-time employed workers) for injuries and illnesses from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and on costs and benefits from the National Academy of Social Insurance for 1973 through 2007. Rates reflected all injury and illness cases, lost work-time cases, and cases resulting in at least 31 days away from work. We adjusted dollar costs (premiums) and benefits for inflation and measured them per employed worker. We plotted data in time-trend charts and ran linear regressions. Results. From 1973 to 1991, there was a weak to nonexistent downward trend for injury and illness rates, and rates were strongly and negatively correlated with the unemployment rate. From 1992 to 2007, there were strong, consistent downward trends, but no longer were there statistically significant correlations with unemployment. Significant predictors (and signs) of workers' compensation premiums for 1973–2007 included medical price inflation (positive), number of lost-time injuries (positive), the Dow Jones Industrial Average (negative), and inflation-adjusted interest rate on U.S. Treasury bonds (negative). Dollars of benefits were positively and significantly predicted by medical inflation and number of lost-time cases. For 1992–2007, the Dow Jones variable was the only robust predictor of premiums; the number of injuries was not a significant positive predictor. Conclusion. We had two major conclusions. First, the year 1992 marked a sharp contrast in trends and correlations between unemployment and incidence rates for occupational injuries and illnesses. Second, for the entire time period (1973–2007), insurance carriers' premiums were strongly associated with returns on investments.
Recruitment-Adjusted Estimates of HIV Prevalence and Risk among Men Who Have Sex with Men: Effects of Weighting Venue-Based Sampling Data
Authors: Jenness Samuel M. , Neaigus Alan , Murrill Christopher S. , Gelpi-Acosta Camila , Wendel Travis , Hagan Holly 
Published: January 2017

Objectives. We investigated the impact of recruitment bias within the venue-based sampling (VBS) method, which is widely used to estimate disease prevalence and risk factors among groups, such as men who have sex with men (MSM), that congregate at social venues. Methods. In a 2008 VBS study of 479 MSM in New York City, we calculated venue-specific approach rates (MSM approached/MSM counted) and response rates (MSM interviewed/MSM approached), and then compared crude estimates of HIV risk factors and seroprevalence with estimates weighted to address the lower selection probabilities of MSM who attend social venues infrequently or were recruited at high-volume venues. Results. Our approach rates were lowest at dance clubs, gay pride events, and public sex strolls, where venue volumes were highest; response rates ranged from 39% at gay pride events to 95% at community-based organizations. Sixty-seven percent of respondents attended MSM-oriented social venues at least weekly, and 21% attended such events once a month or less often in the past year. In estimates adjusted for these variations, the prevalence of several past-year risk factors (e.g., unprotected anal intercourse with casual/exchange partners, ≥5 total partners, group sex encounters, at least weekly binge drinking, and hard-drug use) was significantly lower compared with crude estimates. Adjusted HIV prevalence was lower than unadjusted prevalence (15% vs. 18%), but not significantly. Conclusions. Not adjusting VBS data for recruitment biases could overestimate HIV risk and prevalence when the selection probability is greater for higher-risk MSM. While further examination of recruitment-adjustment methods for VBS data is needed, presentation of both unadjusted and adjusted estimates is currently indicated.