bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biochemical evaluation of interactions between synergistic molecules and phase I enzymes involved in insecticide resistance in B‐ and Q‐type Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Panini Michela , Tozzi Francesco , Zimmer Christoph T , Bass Chris , Field Linda , Borzatta Valerio , Mazzoni Emanuele , Moores Graham 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDMetabolic resistance is an important consideration in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, where an esterase‐based mechanism has been attributed to pyrethroid resistance and over‐expression of the cytochrome P450, CYP6CM1, has been correlated to resistance to imidacloprid and other neonicotinoids.RESULTSIn vitro interactions between putative synergists and CYP6CM1, B and Q‐type esterases were investigated, and structure–activity relationship analyses allowed the identification of chemical structures capable of acting as inhibitors of esterase and oxidase activities. Specifically, methylenedioxyphenyl (MDP) moieties with a polyether chain were preferable for optimum inhibition of B‐type esterase, whilst corresponding dihydrobenzofuran structures were potent for the Q‐esterase variation. Potent inhibition of CYP6CM1 resulted from structures which contained an alkynyl chain with a terminal methyl group.CONCLUSIONSSynergist candidates could be considered for field control of B. tabaci, especially to abrogate neonicotinoid resistance. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
A three‐minute method for high‐throughput quantitative metabolomics and quantitative tracing experiments of central carbon and nitrogen pathways
Authors: Nemkov Travis , Hansen Kirk C. , D'Alessandro Angelo 
Published: February 2017

RationaleThe implementation of mass spectrometry (MS)‐based metabolomics is advancing many areas of biomedical research. The time associated with traditional chromatographic methods for resolving metabolites prior to mass analysis has limited the potential to perform large‐scale, highly powered metabolomics studies and clinical applications.MethodsHere we describe a three‐minute method for the rapid profiling of central metabolic pathways through UHPLC/MS, tracing experiments in vitro and in vivo, and targeted quantification of compounds of interest using spiked in heavy labeled standards.ResultsThis method has shown to be linear, reproducible, selective, sensitive, and robust for the semi‐targeted analysis of central carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Isotopically labeled internal standards are used for absolute quantitation of steady‐state metabolite levels and de novo synthesized metabolites in tracing studies. We further propose exploratory applications to biofluids, cell and tissue extracts derived from relevant biomedical/clinical samples.ConclusionsWhile limited to the analysis of central carbon and nitrogen metabolism, this method enables the analysis of hundreds of samples per day derived from diverse biological matrices. This approach makes it possible to analyze samples from large patient populations for translational research, personalized medicine, and clinical metabolomics applications. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Purpose and Passion: The Rationales of Public Alternative Educators
Authors: Jordan Adam W. , Jordan Kasey H. , Hawley Todd S. 
Published: February 2017

Alternative schools are popular interventions for marginalized students, including students with disabilities, but little research has focused on professionals in these settings. Today, close to 11,000 public alternative schools or programs are believed to exist in the United States education system (Foley & Pang, 2006) and as many as one million students are currently attending alternative learning programs in the United States (Lehr, Tan, & Ysseldyke, 2009). While public alternative schools can vary from one another in many ways, they exist to serve youth marginalized in traditional public settings. In this study, we explore the ways teachers, administrators, and nurses in alternative settings collaborate to support mentally healthy school environments for marginalized student populations. Drawing on the process of rationale development ( Hawley & Crowe, 2016 ; Hawley & Jordan, 2014 ; Shaver, 1977 ; Shaver & Strong, 1982) as rooted in social studies education, we explore the perceived purposes of these professionals as they work with some of the nation's most marginalized children. Through focus groups and one-on-one interviews, the data bridge social studies themes rooted in democracy and equity with special education themes of inclusiveness. This work offers insight into the rationales of teachers and professionals engaged in critical work, and provides a platform for helping professionals undergo the rationale development process.
Anxiety and Depression Among Sexual Minority Women and Men in Sweden: Is the Risk Equally Spread Within the Sexual Minority Population?
Authors: Björkenstam Charlotte , Björkenstam Emma , Andersson Gunnar , Cochran Susan , Kosidou Kyriaki 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

Introduction
Sexual minority individuals have a higher risk of anxiety and depression compared with heterosexuals. However, whether the higher risk is spread equally across the sexual minority population is not clear.

Aim
To investigate the association between sexual orientation and self-reported current anxiety and a history of diagnosis of depression, paying particular attention to possible subgroup differences in risks within the sexual minority population, stratified by sex and to examine participants' history of medical care for anxiety disorders and depression.

Methods
We conducted a population-based study of 874 lesbians and gays, 841 bisexuals, and 67,980 heterosexuals recruited in 2010 in Stockholm County. Data were obtained from self-administered surveys that were linked to nationwide registers.

Main Outcome Measures
By using logistic regression, we compared risks of current anxiety, histories of diagnosed depression, and register-based medical care for anxiety and/or depression in lesbian and gay, bisexual, and heterosexual individuals.

Results
Bisexual women and gay men were more likely to report anxiety compared with their heterosexual peers. Bisexual individuals and gay men also were more likely to report a past diagnosis of depression. All sexual minority groups had an increased risk of having used medical care for anxiety and depression compared with heterosexuals, with bisexual women having the highest risk.

Conclusion
Bisexual women appear to be a particularly vulnerable sexual minority group. Advocating for non-discrimination and protections for lesbian, gay, and bisexual people is a logical extension of the effort to lower the prevalence of mental illness.
Correlation of benign prostatic obstruction‐related complications with clinical outcomes in patients after transurethral resection of the prostate
Authors: Guo Run‐Qi , Yu Wei , Meng Yi‐Sen , Zhang Kai , Xu Ben , Xiao Yun‐Xiang , Wu Shi‐Liang , Pan Bai‐Nian 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe aim to investigate the correlation of benign prostatic obstruction (BPO)‐related complications with clinical outcomes in patients after transurethral resection of the prostate in China. We reviewed the medical history of all patients who underwent surgery from 1992 to 2013. We assessed the preoperative clinical profile, clinical management, and operative complications. Overall, 2271 patients were enrolled in the study. Of these patients, 1193 (52.5%) had no BPO‐related complications and 1078 (46.3%) had BPO‐related complications. Compared with patients without BPO‐related complications, those with BPO‐related complications were older (p = 0.001) and usually had other urologic comorbidities (p = 0.003). Additionally, they tended to have more tissue resected (p < 0.001), a higher American Society of Anesthesiologists grade (p = 0.002), and larger prostates (p < 0.001). Nonetheless, there was no obvious difference in surgical complications between both groups (p > 0.05). Among patients with BPO‐related complications, compared with the bladder stone group, only the bladder stone+ group tended to have a greater urinary infection risk after transurethral resection of the prostate. Compared with patients with one or two BPO‐related complications, those with three BPO‐related complications tended to have a higher risk of pulmonary embolism and acute coronary syndrome (p < 0.05). Despite the widespread use of medication, patients with BPO‐related complications were older and had larger prostates; however, transurethral resection of the prostate is still considered a safe and recommended surgical treatment. Nevertheless, those with three or more complications were at a higher risk of severe complication after surgery, and active surgical intervention is needed once BPO‐related complications develop.
Diseño de un ECOE para evaluar habilidades clínicas en neurología en estudiantes del quinto año
Authors: Hernández Gutiérrez Laura S. , Trejo Juan Andrés , Marín Campos Yolanda 
Published: February 2017

Introducción: Las habilidades clínicas que los alumnos aprenden durante su formación, son las herramientas para el diagnóstico, prevención y tratamiento oportuno de las enfermedades neurológicas. Su evaluación es indispensable en el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje. El Examen Clínico Objetivo Estructurado (ECOE), es una forma de evaluar las habilidades clínicas, puede utilizarse en una evaluación sumativa, como formativa, está constituido por estaciones que forman un circuito, en cada estación el alumno enfrenta un escenario que evalúa la habilidad clínica en tres áreas de dominio: cognitivo, actitudinal y psicomotriz. Su implementación es de gran ayuda en la evaluación de competencias profesionales de un plan de estudios con cualidades clínicas.
Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue diseñar y pilotear un ECOE para evaluar las habilidades clínicas neurológicas en estudiantes del internado médico.
Método: Se formó un comité de examen integrado por 12 expertos en neurología, que se capacitaron para el diseño de un ECOE. Se realizó una tabla de especificaciones de habilidades clínicas para evaluar con los casos clínicos, y se diseñó un ECOE donde se incluyeron siete habilidades clínicas: interrogatorio, exploración física, diagnóstico, tratamiento, interpretación de estudios, toma de decisiones y prevención. En cada estación del examen, se validó su contenido y las listas de cotejo, por el comité. Se aplicó una prueba piloto a 14 estudiantes del internado médico, se obtuvieron los promedios de cada estación y el alfa de Cronbach general de la prueba.
Resultados: Se diseñó un ECOE de 18 estaciones y en la prueba piloto se obtuvo un promedio de 6.53, con un alfa de Cronbach general del examen 0.62.
Conclusiones: El ECOE permite evaluar las habilidades clínicas de forma planificada. Los elementos fundamentales para su diseñó son: el comité de examen, tabla de especificaciones, diseñó de estaciones y logística del examen.
Remarks on W1, p-quasiconvexity, interpenetration of matter, and function spaces for elasticity
Authors: James R.D. , Spector S.J. 
Published: February 2017

We show that, under mild hypotheses on the elastic energy function, the minimizer of the energy in the space

\{\mathbf{f} \in \mathrm{W}^{1,\:p}:\det \:\nabla \:\mathbf{f} > 0,1≦p < n\}

of a nonlinear elastic ball subject to the severe compressive boundary conditions

\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) = \mathrm{\lambda }\:\mathbf{x},\mathrm{\lambda } \ll 1

will not be the expected uniform compression

\mathbf f (\mathbf x) = λ\mathbf x

. To show this, we construct competitors in this space that reduce the energy but interpenetrate matter.

We also prove that the

\mathrm W^{1, p}

-quasiconvexity condition of Ball and Murat [1984] is a necessary condition for a local minimum in a setting that includes nonlinear elasticity. This theorem is well suited to analyses of the formation of voids in nonlinear elastic materials. Our analysis illustrates the delicacy of the choice of function space for nonlinear elasticity.

Résumé

On montre que, sous des hypothèses faibles pour le potentiel d’énergie élastique, le minimum énergétique dans l’espace

\{\mathbf{f} \in \mathrm{W}^{1,\:p}:\det \:\nabla \:\mathbf{f} > 0,1≦p < n\}

pour une sphère élastique soumise à une compression très forte à sa surface

(\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) = \mathrm{\lambda }\:\mathbf{x},\mathrm{\lambda } \ll 1)

n’est pas une compression uniforme

\mathbf f (\mathbf x) = λ\mathbf x

. A cet effet on construit dans cet espace des champs de déplacement à plus faible énergie. Ces champs ne respectent cependant pas la non interpénétrabilité de la matière.

Nous démontrons également que la condition de

\mathrm W^{1, p}

-quasi-convexité de Ball et Murat [1984] est une condition nécessaire d’existence d’un minimum local, ce dans un contexte qui inclue notamment l’élasticité non linéaire. Notre théorème est particulièrement bien adapté à l’analyse de la formation de cavités dans des matériaux non linéairement élastiques. Notre analyse illustre le caractère critique du bon choix d’espace fonctionnel en élasticité non linéaire.
Infinite cup length in free loop spaces with an application to a problem of the N-body type
Authors: Fadell E. , Husseini S. 
Published: February 2017

Cup lengths in the cohomology of the space of free loops (over fields of finite characteristic) are computed and results applied to prove the existence of infinitely many solutions of a Hamiltonian system of

N

-body type.

Résumé

« Cup » longueurs dans la cohomologie de l’espace des lacets libres (sur corps de caractéristique finie) sont obtenues et sont appliquées à démontrer, l’existence d’une infinité de solutions d’un système Hamiltonien à

N

-corps.
POPULATION GROWTH, EMPLOYMENT, AND LIVELIHOODS: THE TRIPLE CHALLENGE
Authors: Cleland John 
Published: February 2017

AbstractOver the next 35 years, the total population of sub-Saharan Africa is projected to increase by 118%, with a greater rise of of 156% of people in the prime working ages. To cope with population growth and exploit the slowly unfolding, favorable change in age structure, countries face a triple challenge. Agricultural productivity has to improve. Prospects are good, though climate change remains a threat. Manufacturing jobs need to be created on a far larger scale than hitherto. Success is uncertain because much depends on foreign investors and the actions of competing low-wage countries in Asia. The third challenge concerns the non-agricultural informal sector, which, even under optimistic assumptions about manufacturing, will continue to provide livelihoods for a large segment of the population. Entrepreneurship needs to be encouraged so that an increasing proportion of family enterprises evolve into larger businesses. There is no blueprint to achieve this evolution and much will depend on the hard work and ingenuity of individuals.
AFRICA'S PROSPECTS FOR ENJOYING A DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND
Authors: Bloom David E. , Kuhn Michael , Prettner Klaus 
Published: February 2017

Abstract:We assess Africa's prospects for enjoying a demographic dividend. While fertility rates and dependency ratios in Africa remain high, they have started to decline. According to UN projections, they will fall further in the coming decades such that by the mid-21st century, the ratio of the working age to dependent population will be greater than in Asia, Europe, and Northern America. This projection suggests Africa has considerable potential to enjoy a demographic dividend. Whether and when it actually materializes, and also its magnitude, hinges on policies and institutions in key realms that include macroeconomic management, human capital, trade, governance, and labor and capital markets. Given strong complementarities among these areas, coordinated policies will likely be most effective in generating the momentum needed to pull Africa's economies out of a development trap.
AFRICA'S PROSPECTIVE URBAN TRANSITION
Authors: Collier Paul 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe headline demographics of sub-Saharan Africa appear to be reason for concern. Looking back, since Independence in the 1960s, the region has been the major exception to the global demographic trend of rising height: In some countries, average height has even been declining [eLife (2016)]. Looking forward, between now and 2050, the population is set to grow more rapidly than that of any other region. But the demographic transition that is typically of most concern to African governments is not about the size or stature of overall population, it is urbanization. Politicians fear the consequences of a restive urban youth: an Arab Spring repeated south of the Sahara. Many would like to slow the pace of urbanization.
URBANIZATION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA AND THE CHALLENGE OF ACCESS TO BASIC SERVICES
Authors: Parienté William 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe majority of the urban population of Sub-Saharan Africa lives in slums where access to basic services, such as water, sanitation, or electricity is low. There is a growing body of evidence showing that access to these basic services has significant effect on the well-being of the poor. As the progress to universal access is still very slow, this essay contributes to the understanding of the persistence of the situation by reviewing the recent empirical evidence on both supply and demand issues related to the provision of basic infrastructure in urban areas of developing countries.
Toward the First International Congress of Africanists
Authors: Potekhin I. I. 
Published: February 2017

(The following article on the forthcoming First International Congress of Africanists is reprinted from the Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, No. 2, 1962, pp. 88-9. Previous accounts of planning for the Congress, by Conrad Reining and William O. Jones, may be found in this Bulletin, October I960 and December 1961.)
African Studies until very recent times were developed as a part of Oriental Studies. To some extent this is explained by the fact that the northern, most developed areas of Africa are populated by Arabic-speaking peoples, and there are not a few reasons for regarding them in historical, cultural, and political aspects as part of the general Arab world. Northern Africa was usually included in the rather vague concept of “the Orient,” and then, this time without any reason for it, the whole continent began to be included in “the Orient.”
But the main reason for including African Studies in Oriental Studies is that the study of the countries of Asia and Africa was pursued primarily by the scientists of the colonial powers, and inasmuch as their work fundamentally served the aims of ruling enslaved countries in the interests of imperialist monopolies, both the great continents were regarded as one single colonial complex.
Species composition and abundance of mosquito larvae in relation with their habitat characteristics in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran
Authors: Nikookar S.H. , Fazeli-Dinan M. , Azari-Hamidian S. , Mousavinasab S.N. , Arabi M. , Ziapour S.P. , Shojaee J. , Enayati A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractMosquitoes transmit a variety of diseases to humans. Their abundance and distribution are related to the characteristics of larval habitats. Mosquito larvae were collected from 120 natural and artificial habitats in 30 villages of 16 counties using standard 350 ml dippers and pipette, on a monthly basis from May–December 2014 in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Larval habitat characteristics were recorded separately, based on the conditions of the habitats (permanent or temporary, stagnant or running), type of habitats (natural or artificial), vegetation, exposure to sun, type of bed, water condition (clear or turbid), expanse (m), depth (cm, m) and temperature (°C) of habitats. The relationship between larval density and environmental variables was assessed by Chi-square tests. Totally, 19,840 larvae from three genera and 16 species were collected and identified.Anopheles maculipennis s.l.andCulex pipienswere the dominant species and collected with the highest density in plain areas. The highest number of larvae were collected from natural habitats (60.34%), including; river edge, marsh, pit and wetlands; with temporary and stagnant water, expanse of 0–5 m, depth of 1–25 cm, without plant, shadow-sun, muddy floor, turbid water, temperature 20–25°C and in sunny conditions. River edge and rice fields forAn. maculipennis s.land, wetlands and discarded tires forCx. pipienswere the main larval habitats in the province. Statistical analysis revealed significant relation between occurrence ofAn. maculipennis s.l., Cx. pipiens, Culex torrentium, Culex mimeticusandCs. annulatawith each of the environmental variables (P< 0.001). These findings are essential in expanding our knowledge of the vectors ecology specially the type of habitat preference and will be beneficial in larval control programs.
The Relationship between IHL and IHRL in Peacekeeping Operations: Articulating the Emerging AU Position
Authors: Fowkes James 
Published: February 2017

AbstractModern peacekeeping is increasingly expansive, and much of it occurs in Africa. The African Union's attitude to the challenges of regulating this modern peacekeeping is therefore an important source for the associated legal debates, but one that is often neglected (in part because the sources are limited and often in draft form). This article seeks to articulate and then critique the AU's emerging view on the application of international humanitarian law and international human rights law to peacekeeping activity and the relationship between the two bodies of law in this context. It argues that the AU's emerging position treats international humanitarian law as a narrowedlex specialis, only displacing international human rights law in relation to peacekeepers while they are actively engaged in armed conflict. Even this position, however, underestimates the extent to which the pervasive rights-based concerns in AU sources imply a still more pervasive application of international human rights law to its peacekeeping activities.
Prehistoric Roads and Tracks in Somerset, England: 2. Neolithic
Authors: Coles John M. , Hibbert F. Alan , Clements Colin F. 
Published: February 2017

The Somerset Levels are the largest area of low-lying ground in south-west England, covering an extensive region between the highlands of Exmoor, the Brendon Hills and the Quantock Hills to the west, and the Cotswold and Mendip Hills to the east (Pl. XXIII, inset). The Quantock Hills and the Mendip Hills directly border the Levels themselves, and reach heights of over 250 metres above sea level. The valley between extends to 27 metres below sea level, but is filled to approximately the height of the present sea by a blue-grey clay. The Levels are bisected by the limestone hills of the Poldens, and both parts have other smaller areas of limestone and sand projecting above the peat deposits that cap the blue-grey clay filling. In this paper we are concerned with the northern part of the Levels, an area at present drained by the River Brue.The flat, peat-covered floor of the Brue Valley is some six kilometres wide and is flanked on the north by the Wedmore Ridge, and on the south by the Polden Hills (Pl. XXIII). In the centre of the valley, surrounded by the peat, is a group of islands of higher ground, Meare, Westhay, and Burtle. These islands, which would always have provided relatively dry ground in the Levels, are linked together by Neolithic trackways of the third millennium B.C. Several of these trackways formed the basis of a paper in these Proceedings in 1968 (Coles and Hibbert, 1968), which continued the work of Godwin and others (Godwin, 1960; Dewar and Godwin, 1963).