bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
75 Gbit/s transmission over single mode fibre links using 8‐PAM and 8‐AACC modulations
Authors: Dong‐Nhat N. , Nguyen L. , Malekmohammadi A. 
Published: January 2017

Absolute added correlative coding with eight levels has been proposed and demonstrated numerically at bit rates of 30 and 60 Gbps back‐to‐back, and up to 75 Gbps over 2000 and 3000 m standard single‐mode fibre using a single‐drive multiple quantum‐well Mach–Zehnder modulator. The transmission performance is compared with the conventional eight‐level pulse amplitude modulation.
Investigation of severity of voltage flicker caused by second harmonic
Authors: Goh Zai Peng , Radzi Mohd Amran Mohd , Hizam Hashim , Abdul Wahab Noor Izzri 
Published: January 2017

Second harmonic produces asymmetrical waveform which leads to fluctuation of root‐means‐square (rms) value with certain frequency. Meanwhile, function of weighting filter in flickermeter is designed for sixth‐order low‐pass filtering function with frequency to be limited to 35 Hz, signal with frequency ranging from 35 to 100 Hz, at certain gain, still can pass through. Since the second harmonic produces fluctuation of rms value with 50 Hz, there is high possibility that it can be passed by this filter and thus resulting in flicker detection. Therefore, this study points out a worthwhile research gap to justify that the presence of the second harmonic can directly increase severity of voltage flicker. In addition, further simulation work using semi‐converter has been carried out, as one of main even harmonic sources, in order to justify the concept. To practically validate the concept, Fluke power analyser 435 series II and programmable alternative current source are utilised in the experimental setup. In the main finding, it is confirmed that severity of the voltage flicker increases directly with the presence of the second harmonic and it also formed a clear relationship between short‐term perceptibility (Pst) and percentage of the second harmonic component.
Imaging proteins at the single-molecule level
Authors: Longchamp Jean-Nicolas , Rauschenbach Stephan , Abb Sabine , Escher Conrad , Latychevskaia Tatiana , Kern Klaus , Fink Hans-Werner 
Published: January 2017

Significance
We report a method to image and reveal structural details of proteins on a truly single-molecule level. Low-energy electron holography is used to image individual proteins electrospray deposited on freestanding graphene. In contrast to the current state of the art in structural biology, we do away with the need for averaging over many molecules. This is crucial because proteins are flexible objects that can assume distinct conformations often associated with different functions. Proteins are also the targets of almost all the currently known and available drugs. The design of new and more effective drugs relies on the knowledge of the targeted proteins structure in all its biologically significant conformations at the best possible resolution.
Final report on the torque comparison EURAMET.M.T-S2, measurand torque: 10 N·m, 20 N·m, 40 N·m, 60 N·m, 80 N·m, and 100 N·m
Authors: Röske Dirk 
Published: January 2017

The purpose of the EURAMET comparison EURAMET.M.T-S2 was to compare the measuring capabilities up to 100 N·m of a reference-type torque calibration machine of ZAG, Slovenia, with the torque standard machine of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB, Braunschweig, Germany) acting as pilot laboratory. A very stable TT1 torque transducer with well-known properties and two torque measuring bridges was used as travelling standard.
According to the technical protocol, torque steps of at least 10 N·m, 20 N·m, 40 N·m, 60 N·m, 80 N·m, and 100 N·m had to be measured both in clockwise and anticlockwise directions. For each of the torque steps and both senses of direction of the torque vector, En values were calculated.
The results are in general in good agreement with the claimed measurement uncertainties except for the very first measurement at ZAG with additional support and four plate couplings. It seems to be sufficient in a vertical set-up (vertical torque axis) to use only two flexible couplings and there is no need for a further support between the transducers. The measurements with two couplings fulfill the requirement to the En value and support ZAG's claimed uncertainties of measurement.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Characterizing the magnetic field and spectral variability of the rigidly rotating magnetosphere star HD 345439
Authors: Hubrig S. , Kholtygin A. F. , Schöller M. , Ilyin I. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
A team involved in the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE), one of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III programmes, recently announced the discovery of two rare rigidly rotating magnetosphere stars, HD 345439 and HD 23478. Near-infrared spectra of these objects revealed emission-line behaviour identical to that previously discovered in the helium-strong star σ Ori E, which has a strong magnetic field and rotates fast. A single spectropolarimetric observation of HD 345439 with the FOcal Reducer low dispersion Spectrograph (FORS 2) at the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in 2014 over 88 min indicated that HD 345439 may host a strong, rapidly varying magnetic field. In this work, we present the results of our spectropolarimetric monitoring of this star with FORS 2, which revealed the presence of a strong longitudinal magnetic field dominated by a dipolar component. The analysis of spectral variability indicates an opposite behaviour of He and Si lines, which is usually attributed to differences in the distribution of surface He and Si abundance spots.
Premature Coronary Artery Disease and ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in a 24-Year-Old Man With Perinatally Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Case Report
Authors: Griffith David C. , Aronis Konstantinos N. , Orozco Angela M. , Traill Thomas A. , Manabe Yukari C. , Agwu Allison L. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Although evidence of subclinical atherosclerosis in perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV) is available, myocardial infarction has not been described in this population. We report a case of myocardial infarction in a patient with PHIV with a brief literature review.
Infection-Related Hospital Admissions After Prostate Biopsy in United States Men
Authors: Evans Richard , Loeb Aram , Kaye Keith S. , Cher Michael L. , Martin Emily T. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Antibiotic prophylaxis during prostate biopsy is widespread; however, rates of postbiopsy infections have been rising. In an analysis of insurance claims data for 515045 prostate biopsies, 1.55% were hospitalized with infectious complications, with a mean total payment $14498.96. Infection was the second most common reason for 30-day hospital readmission.
Diethylstilbestrol
Authors: Conlon J. Leocadia 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a synthetic estrogen given to pregnant women to prevent miscarriages and preterm labor; the drug was used between 1941 and 1971 in the United States and into the 1980s in other countries. DES exposure is associated with significant long-term health effects, including increased risk for breast cancer, cervical and vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma, reproductive tract abnormalities, infertility, poor pregnancy outcomes, and early menopause. This article reviews the potential health risks associated with DES exposure, how to assess which patients are at risk, and management recommendations for patients exposed to DES.
Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury and the Associations With Risk Behavior in Adolescence and Young Adulthood: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kennedy Eleanor , Cohen Miriam , Munafò Marcus 
Published: January 2017

Objective:
To systematically review the evidence that childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with risk behavior in adolescence and young adulthood. Risk behavior included one or more of the following: use of substances, including alcohol, tobacco, and illicit substances; involvement in criminal behavior; and behavioral issues with conduct.

Methods:
A literature search was conducted using these terms: child, pediatric, traumatic brain injury, head injury, adolescent, psychosocial, antisocial, conduct, substance use. Studies describing original research were included if they reported outcomes over the age of 13 years in participants who sustained a TBI between birth and age 13 years.

Results:
Six journal articles were reviewed based on 4 separate studies. Three articles indicated a relationship between childhood TBI and increased problematic substance use in adolescence and young adulthood. Three articles supported an association between childhood TBI and later externalizing behavior; however, 2 articles did not support this link.

Conclusion:
More research is warranted to explore the association between childhood TBI and later risk behavior as the relationship is not currently understood. Future research should build on existing longitudinal research with continued use of medical records for identifying TBI and inclusion of a non-brain-related trauma group to control for general injury effects.
Brain substrates of reward processing and the μ-opioid receptor: a pathway into pain?
Authors: Nees Frauke , Becker Susanne , Millenet Sabina , Banaschewski Tobias , Poustka Luise , Bokde Arun , Bromberg Uli , Büchel Christian , Conrod Patricia J. , Desrivières Sylvane , Frouin Vincent , Gallinat Jürgen , Garavan Hugh , Heinz Andreas , Ittermann Bernd , Martinot Jean-Luc , Papadopoulos Orfanos Dimitri , Paus Tomáš , Smolka Michael N. , Walter Henrik , Whelan Rob , Schumann Gunter , Flor Herta ,   the IMAGEN consortium
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe processing of reward and reinforcement learning seems to be important determinants of pain chronicity. However, reward processing is already altered early in life and if this is related to the development of pain symptoms later on is not known. The aim of this study was first to examine whether behavioural and brain-related indicators of reward processing at the age of 14 to 15 years are significant predictors of pain complaints 2 years later, at 16 to 17 years. Second, we investigated the contribution of genetic variations in the opioidergic system, which is linked to the processing of both, reward and pain, to this prediction. We used the monetary incentive delay task to assess reward processing, the Children's Somatization Inventory as measure of pain complaints and tested the effects of 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs1799971/rs563649) of the human μ-opioid receptor gene. We found a significant prediction of pain complaints by responses in the dorsal striatum during reward feedback, independent of genetic predisposition. The relationship of pain complaints and activation in the periaqueductal gray and ventral striatum depended on the T-allele of rs563649. Carriers of this allele also showed more pain complaints than CC-allele carriers. Therefore, brain responses to reward outcomes and higher sensitivity to pain might be related already early in life and may thus set the course for pain complaints later in life, partly depending on a specific opioidergic genetic predisposition.
β-Adrenergic Receptor Blockers Reduce the Occurrence of Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars after Cardiac Device Implantation: A Single-Institution Case-Control Study
Authors: Enoshiri Tatsuki , Naitoh Motoko , Yamawaki Satoko , Kawaguchi Atsushi , Aya Rino , Noda Kazuo , Katayama Yasuhiro , Doi Takahiro , Kawaji Tetsuma , Suzuki Shigehiko 
Published: January 2017

Background:
Keloids and hypertrophic scars are characterized by excessive proliferation of fibroblasts; abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix; and clinical findings of raised, red, itchy, and painful lesions. There are few sufficient interventions for keloids, and the development of new therapeutic agents is urgently needed. Several studies suggest that a therapeutic possibility is β-adrenergic receptor blocker treatment.

Methods:
In this single-center case-control study, patients who had undergone cardiac device implantation 7 to 23 months earlier were identified. The implantation incision scars of the patients were deemed to be normal or abnormal depending on their redness. The cases (abnormal scars) and controls (normal scars) were compared in terms of their β-blocker use rates.

Results:
Of the 45 eligible patients, 12 and 33 patients were cases and controls, respectively. The cases tended to be less likely to have taken blockers than the controls (25 percent versus 45.5 percent). This difference became significant when the patients whose scars were diagnosed 7 or 8 months after implantation were excluded from the analysis: the age-adjusted odds ratios of the patients who were diagnosed 8 to 23 and 9 to 23 months after implantation were 0.10 (95 percent CI, 0.00 to 0.83; p = 0.0309) and 0.11 (95 percent CI, 0.00 to 0.98; p = 0.047), respectively.

Conclusions:
β-Blockers may be an effective alternative modality for preventing and treating keloids and hypertrophic scars. Large-scale multicenter prospective studies that use histology to diagnose scars and diagnose the postoperative scars at the most suitable period are needed to confirm the effectiveness of blockers for abnormal scars.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, III.
Distribution Pattern of the Superior and Inferior Labial Arteries: Impact for Safe Upper and Lower Lip Augmentation Procedures
Authors: Cotofana Sebastian , Pretterklieber Bettina , Lucius Runhild , Frank Konstantin , Haas Maximilian , Schenck Thilo L. , Gleiser Corinna , Weyers Imke , Wedel Thilo , Pretterklieber Michael 
Published: January 2017

Background:
Understanding the precise position and course of the superior and inferior labial arteries within the upper lip and the lower lip is crucial for safe and complication-free applications of volumizing materials.

Methods:
One hundred ninety-three anatomical head specimens (56.5 percent female cadavers) of Caucasian ethnicity were investigated in this large multicenter anatomical study. In total, six 3-cm-long vertical incisions were performed on each lip (midline and 1 cm medial to the angles of the mouth) to identify the position of the superior and inferior labial arteries in relation to the orbicularis oris muscle.

Results:
Three different positions of the superior and inferior labial arteries were identified: submucosal (i.e., between the oral mucosa and the orbicularis oris muscle in 78.1 percent of the cases), intramuscular (i.e., between the superficial and deep layers of the orbicularis oris muscle in 17.5 percent of the cases), and subcutaneous (i.e., between the skin and the orbicularis oris muscle in 2.1 percent of the cases). The variability in changing the respective position along the labial course was 29 percent for the total upper and 32 percent for the total lower lip. The midline location was identified in both the upper and lower lips to be the most variable.

Conclusions:
Based on the results of this investigation, a safer location for the application of volumizing material is the subcutaneous plane in the paramedian location of both the upper lip and the lower lip. Care has to be taken when aiming to inject in the midline, as the artery can be identified more frequently in superficial positions.
Hebbian plasticity requires compensatory processes on multiple timescales
Authors: Zenke Friedemann , Gerstner Wulfram 
Published: January 2017

We review a body of theoretical and experimental research on Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity, starting from a puzzling observation: while homeostasis of synapses found in experiments is a slow compensatory process, most mathematical models of synaptic plasticity use rapid compensatory processes (RCPs). Even worse, with the slow homeostatic plasticity reported in experiments, simulations of existing plasticity models cannot maintain network stability unless further control mechanisms are implemented. To solve this paradox, we suggest that in addition to slow forms of homeostatic plasticity there are RCPs which stabilize synaptic plasticity on short timescales. These rapid processes may include heterosynaptic depression triggered by episodes of high postsynaptic firing rate. While slower forms of homeostatic plasticity are not sufficient to stabilize Hebbian plasticity, they are important for fine-tuning neural circuits. Taken together we suggest that learning and memory rely on an intricate interplay of diverse plasticity mechanisms on different timescales which jointly ensure stability and plasticity of neural circuits.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Integrating Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity’.
Interactions between ecological, evolutionary, and environmental processes unveil complex dynamics of island biodiversity
Authors: Sarmento Cabral Juliano , Wiegand Kerstin , Kreft Holger 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTAimsUnderstanding how biodiversity emerges and varies in space and time is central to ecology and biogeography. Multiple processes affect biodiversity at different scales and organizational levels, hence progress in understanding biodiversity dynamics requires the integration of these underlying processes. Here we present BioGEEM (BioGeographical Eco-Evolutionary Model), a spatially-explicit, process-based model that integrates all processes hypothesized to be relevant for biodiversity dynamics and that can be used to evaluate their relative roles.LocationHypothetical oceanic islandsMethodsThe model is stochastic, grid-based, and integrates ecological (metabolic constraints, demography, dispersal, and competition), evolutionary (mutation and speciation), and environmental (geo-climatic dynamics) processes. Plants on oceanic islands served as model system. We used the full model to test hypotheses about emergent patterns at different spatio-temporal scales and organizational levels (populations, species, communities, and assemblages), switching off processes to assess the importance 1) of competition for realistic population and range dynamics; 2) metabolic constraints for endemism and community composition; 3) environmental dynamics and 4) speciation for biogeographical patterns.ResultsThe full model generated multiple patterns matching empirical and theoretical expectations. For example, populations were largest on young, species-poor islands. Species, particularly endemics, were better able to fill their potential range on small, species-poor islands. Richness gradients peaked at mid-elevations. The proportion of endemics was highest on old, large, and isolated environments within the islands. Species and trait richness showed unimodal temporal trends. Switching off selected processes affected these patterns, and we found most of our hypotheses supported.Main conclusionsIntegrating ecological, evolutionary, and environmental processes is essential to simultaneously generate realistic spatio-temporal dynamics at population, species, community, and assemblage level. Finally, large-scale biodiversity dynamics emerged directly from biological processes which make this mechanistic model a valuable ‘virtual long-term field station’ to study the linkages between biogeography and ecology.
Specific T cell factors exist
Authors: Hoffmann Geoffrey W. , Gorczynski Reginald M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe symmetrical immune network theory has been developed since 1975 and is based on the existence of specific T cell factors. The existence of specific T cell factors is controversial. We confirm the existence of these specific immune system components by demonstrating that a rigorous 1975 experiment by Takemori and Tada can be reproduced. We also briefly review how specific T cell factors play a role in the induction of specific tolerance and in the induction of immunity according to the symmetrical immune network theory.
Non-annual seasonality of influenza-like illness in a tropical urban setting
Authors: Lam Ha Minh , Wesolowski Amy , Hung Ngyuyen Thanh , Nguyen Tran Dang , Nhat Nguyen Thi Duy , Todd Stacy , Vinh Dao Nguyen , Vy Nguyen Ha Thao , Thao Tran Thi Nhu , Thanh Nguyen Thi Le , Tin Phan Tri , Minh Ngo Ngoc Quang , Bryant Juliet E , Buckee Caroline O , Ngoc Tran Van , Chau Nguyen Van Vinh , Thwaites Guy E , Farrar Jeremy , Tam Dong Thi Hoai , Vinh Ha , Boni Maciej F 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn temperate countries, influenza and other viral respiratory diseases often have distinct seasonal peaks occurring during colder, wintertime months. However, little is known about the dynamics of influenza and viral respiratory disease dynamics in the tropics, despite high morbidity and a clear epidemiological link between tropical and temperate countries. In temperate countries, the dynamics of influenza and other respiratory diseases are often analyzed using syndromic surveillance data describing influenza-like illness (ILI) as ILI is highly correlated with virological surveillance for influenza. To obtain a detailed picture of respiratory disease incidence patterns in a large tropical city, we established an mHealth study in community outpatient clinics in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (11N latitude). From August 2009 through December 2015, clinics reported daily case numbers of ILI using standard mobile-phone SMS messaging. A subset of these clinics performed molecular diagnostics for influenza A and B viruses. Unlike the annual patterns seen in temperate countries, ILI activity in Ho Chi Minh City exhibited strong non-annual periodicity and was not correlated with PCR-confirmed influenza. The dominant periodicity in the data was approximately 200 days. This was confirmed by a time series decomposition, a step-wise regression analysis on annual and non-annual covariates, and a forecasting exercise showing that forecasting was 30% to 40% more accurate when a 200-day non-annual cycle was included in the forecast. This suggests, for the first-time, that a non-annual cycle may be an essential driver of ILI dynamics in the tropics. This raises new questions about the seasonality and drivers of respiratory disease transmission in tropical countries.
Histone H4 acetylation regulates behavioral inter-individual variability in zebrafish
Authors: Román Angel-Carlos , Vicente-Page Julián , Pérez-Escudero Alfonso , Carvajal-González Jose M. , Fernández-Salguero Pedro M. , de Polavieja Gonzalo G. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTAnimals can show very different behaviors even in isogenic populations, but the underlying mechanisms to generate this variability remain elusive. We found that laboratory and isogenic zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae showed consistent individual behaviors when swimming freely in identical wells or in reaction to stimuli. We also found that this behavioral inter-individual variability was reduced when we impaired the histone deacetylation pathway. Individuals with high levels of histone H4 acetylation, and specifically H4K12, behaved similar to the average of the population, but those with low levels deviated from it. More precisely, we found a set of genomic regions whose histone H4 acetylation is reduced with the distance between the individual and the average population behavior. We found evidence that this modulation depends on a complex of Yin-yang 1 (YY1) and histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) that binds to and deacetylates these regions. These changes were not only maintained at the transcriptional level but also amplified, as most target regions were located near genes encoding transcription factors. We suggest that stochasticity in the histone deacetylation pathway participates the generation of genetic-independent behavioral inter-individual variability.