bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poroelastic response of mid‐ocean ridge hydrothermal systems to ocean tidal loading: Implications for shallow permeability structure
Authors: Barreyre Thibaut , Sohn Robert A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe use the time delay between tidal loading and exit‐fluid temperature response for hydrothermal vents to model the poroelastic behavior and shallow upflow zone (SUZ) effective permeability structure of three mid‐ocean ridge (MOR) sites with different spreading rates. Hydrothermal vents at Lucky Strike field exhibit relatively small phase lags corresponding to high SUZ effective permeabilities of ≥ ~10−10 m2, with variations that we interpret as resulting from differences in the extrusive layer thickness. By contrast, vents at East Pacific Rise site exhibit relatively large phase lags corresponding to low SUZ effective permeabilities of ≤ ~10−13 m2. Vents at Main Endeavour field exhibit both high and low phase lags, suggestive of a transitional behavior. Our results demonstrate that tidal forcing perturbs hydrothermal flow across the global MOR system, even in places where the tidal amplitude is very low, and that the flow response can be used to constrain variations in SUZ permeability structure beneath individual vent fields.
Forecasting and remote sensing outer belt relativistic electrons from low Earth orbit
Authors: Chen Yue , Reeves Geoffrey D. , Cunningham Gregory S. , Redmon Robert J. , Henderson Michael G. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis study demonstrates the feasibility and reliability of using observations from low Earth orbit (LEO) to forecast and nowcast relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt. We first report a high cross‐energy, cross‐pitch‐angle coherence discovered between the trapped MeV electrons and precipitating approximately hundreds (~100s) of keV electrons—observed by satellites with very different altitudes—with correlation coefficients as high as ≳ 0.85. Based upon the coherence, we then tested the feasibility of applying linear prediction filters to LEO data to predict the arrival of new MeV electrons during geomagnetic storms, as well as their evolving distributions afterward. Reliability of these predictive filters is quantified by the performance efficiency with values as high as 0.74 when driven merely by LEO observations (or up to 0.94 with the inclusion of in situ MeV electron measurements). Finally, a hypothesis based upon the wave‐particle resonance theory is proposed to explain the coherence, and a first‐principle electron tracing model yields supporting evidence.
Resonant scattering of central plasma sheet protons by multiband EMIC waves and resultant proton loss timescales
Authors: Cao Xing , Ni Binbin , Liang Jun , Xiang Zheng , Wang Qi , Shi Run , Gu Xudong , Zhou Chen , Zhao Zhengyu , Fu Song , Liu Jiang 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis is a companion study to Liang et al. (2014) which reported a “reversed” energy‐latitude dispersion pattern of ion precipitation in that the lower energy ion precipitation extends to lower latitudes than the higher‐energy ion precipitation. Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves in the central plasma sheet (CPS) have been suggested to account for this reversed‐type ion precipitation. To further investigate the association, we perform a comprehensive study of pitch angle diffusion rates induced by EMIC wave and the resultant proton loss timescales at L = 8–12 around the midnight. Comparing the proton scattering rates in the Earth's dipole field and a more realistic quiet time geomagnetic field constructed from the Tsyganenko 2001 (T01) model, we find that use of a realistic, nondipolar magnetic field model not only decreases the minimum resonant energies of CPS protons but also considerably decreases the limit of strong diffusion and changes the proton pitch angle diffusion rates. Adoption of the T01 model increases EMIC wave diffusion rates at > ~ 60° equatorial pitch angles but decreases them at small equatorial pitch angles. Pitch angle scattering coefficients of 1–10 keV protons due to H+ band EMIC waves can exceed the strong diffusion rate for both geomagnetic field models. While He+ and O+ band EMIC waves can only scatter tens of keV protons efficiently to cause a fully filled loss cone at L > 10, in the T01 magnetic field they can also cause efficient scattering of ~ keV protons in the strong diffusion limit at L > 10. The resultant proton loss timescales by EMIC waves with a nominal amplitude of 0.2 nT vary from a few hours to several days, depending on the wave band and L shell. Overall, the results demonstrate that H+ band EMIC waves, once present, can act as a major contributor to the scattering loss of a few keV protons at lower L shells in the CPS, accounting for the reversed energy‐latitude dispersion pattern of proton precipitation at low energies (~ keV) on the nightside. The pitch angle coverage for H+ band EMIC wave resonant scattering strongly depends on proton energy, L shell, and field model. He+ and O+ band EMIC waves tend to cause efficient scattering loss of protons at higher energies, thereby importantly contributing to the isotropic distribution of higher energy (> ~ 10 keV) protons at higher L shells on the nightside where the geomagnetic field line is highly stretched. Our results also suggest that scattering by H+ band EMIC waves may significantly contribute to the formation of the reversed‐type CPS proton precipitation on the dawnside where both the wave activity and occurrence probability is statistically high.
STEREO database of interplanetary Langmuir electric waveforms
Authors: Briand C. , Henri P. , Génot V. , Lormant N. , Dufourg N. , Cecconi B. , Nguyen Q. N. , Goetz K. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis paper describes a database of electric waveforms that is available at the Centre de Données de la Physique des Plasmas (CDPP, http://cdpp.eu/). This database is specifically dedicated to waveforms of Langmuir/Z‐mode waves. These waves occur in numerous kinetic processes involving electrons in space plasmas. Statistical analysis from a large data set of such waves is then of interest, e.g., to study the relaxation of high‐velocity electron beams generated at interplanetary shock fronts, in current sheets and magnetic reconnection region, the transfer of energy between high and low frequencies, the generation of electromagnetic waves. The Langmuir waveforms were recorded by the Time Domain Sampler (TDS) of the WAVES radio instrument on board the STEREO mission. In this paper, we detail the criteria used to identify the Langmuir/Z‐mode waves among the whole set of waveforms of the STEREO spacecraft. A database covering the November 2006 to August 2014 period is provided. It includes electric waveforms expressed in the normalized frame
with B and Vsw the local magnetic field and solar wind velocity vectors, and the local magnetic field in the variance frame, in an interval of ±1.5 min around the time of the Langmuir event. Quicklooks are also provided that display the three components of the electric waveforms together with the spectrum of E∥, together with the magnitude and components of the magnetic field in the 3 min interval, in the variance frame. Finally, the distribution of the Langmuir/Z‐mode waves peak amplitude is also analyzed.
Grain size distribution uncertainty quantification in volcanic ash dispersal and deposition from weak plumes
Authors: Pardini Federica , Spanu Antonio , de' Michieli Vitturi Mattia , Salvetti Maria Vittoria , Neri Augusto 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe present the results of uncertainty quantification and sensitivity analysis applied to volcanic ash dispersal from weak plumes with focus on the uncertainties associated to the original grain size distribution of the mixture. The Lagrangian particle model Lagrangian Particles Advection Code is used to simulate the transport of inertial particles under the action of realistic atmospheric conditions. The particle motion equations are derived by expressing the particle acceleration as the sum of forces acting along its trajectory, with the drag force calculated as a function of particle diameter, density, shape, and Reynolds number. Simulations are representative of a weak plume event of Mount Etna (Italy) and aimed at quantifying the effect on the dispersal process of the uncertainty in the mean and standard deviation of a lognormal function describing the initial grain size distribution and in particle sphericity. In order to analyze the sensitivity of particle dispersal to these uncertain variables with a reasonable number of simulations, response surfaces in the parameter space are built by using the generalized polynomial chaos expansion technique. The mean diameter and standard deviation of particle size distribution, and their probability density functions, at various distances from the source, both airborne and on ground, are quantified. Results highlight that uncertainty ranges in these quantities are drastically reduced with distance from source, making them largely dependent just on the location. Moreover, at a given distance from source, the distribution is mostly controlled by particle sphericity, particularly on the ground, whereas in air also mean diameter and sorting play a main role.
High‐resolution satellite‐gauge merged precipitation climatologies of the Tropical Andes
Authors: Manz Bastian , Buytaert Wouter , Zulkafli Zed , Lavado Waldo , Willems Bram , Robles Luis Alberto , Rodríguez‐Sánchez Juan‐Pablo 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSatellite precipitation products are becoming increasingly useful to complement rain gauge networks in regions where these are too sparse to capture spatial precipitation patterns, such as in the Tropical Andes. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (TPR) was active for 17 years (1998–2014) and has generated one of the longest single‐sensor, high‐resolution, and high‐accuracy rainfall records. In this study, high‐resolution (5 km) gridded mean monthly climatological precipitation is derived from the raw orbital TPR data (TRMM 2A25) and merged with 723 rain gauges using multiple satellite‐gauge (S‐G) merging approaches. The resulting precipitation products are evaluated by cross validation and catchment water balances (runoff ratios) for 50 catchments across the Tropical Andes. Results show that the TPR captures major synoptic and seasonal precipitation patterns and also accurately defines orographic gradients but underestimates absolute monthly rainfall rates. The S‐G merged products presented in this study constitute an improved source of climatological rainfall data, outperforming the gridded TPR product as well as a rain gauge‐only product based on ordinary Kriging. Among the S‐G merging methods, performance of inverse distance interpolation of satellite‐gauge residuals was similar to that of geostatistical methods, which were more sensitive to gauge network density. High uncertainty and low performance of the merged precipitation products predominantly affected regions with low and intermittent precipitation regimes (e.g., Peruvian Pacific coast) and is likely linked to the low TPR sampling frequency. All S‐G merged products presented in this study are available in the public domain.
Small‐Scale Biomass Combustion
Authors: Gaderer Matthias 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn this chapter, a review is provided of the state of the art for combusting biomass at small scale to produce heat or heat and power. First, explanations are provided of the biomass which is used, and of the principles of combustion and the firing systems. The functionality of traditionally fireplaces, log wood combustors and comfortable automatically fed combustors are also explained in detail, and special furnaces for straw are described. Increases in the thermal efficiency of boilers and in the reduction of emissions, especially of particulate matter, are also described, together with details of the technology employed to reduce such emissions.
BLEVE‐Fireball
Authors: Planas Eulàlia , Casal Joaquim 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe BLEVE (boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion) can occur with almost any liquid contained in a closed vessel, at a temperature well above its boiling point at atmospheric pressure. If the vessel fails, the vapor will expand and the superheated liquid will undergo a quick flash vaporization; the associated sudden increase in volume will originate an overpressure wave, that is, an explosion. This explosion can occur with any liquid, be it flammable or not, but if flammable then it will be followed by a fireball. The couple BLEVE‐fireball can occur both in fixed plants and in transportation by rail or road. Knowledge of this type of accident has improved significantly during past decades, and measures to reduce its risk have consequently improved. Nevertheless, it still occurs from time to time and its consequences can still be very severe. In this chapter, a description of this phenomenon is provided, together with a review of the diverse methods employed to evaluate the mechanical, thermal and fragment rocket effects associated with this accident. Some recommendations concerning the management of these types of emergency are also provided.
Dioxins
Authors: Kulkarni Prashant Shripad 
Published: January 2016

AbstractDioxins mainly include polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and the “dioxin‐like” biphenyls (polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs). These highly toxic and ubiquitous compounds are generated from municipal solid waste incineration processes, industrial and chemical manufacturing, and metallurgical operations. In this chapter, the structure, occurrence and types of dioxin group chemicals are first discussed, and details of their toxicity and risk assessment provided. A role of the Ah (dioxin) receptor inside the cell is described in brief. The toxic equivalence factor for the most common isomers and congeners of the dioxins family is presented, together with the current status on dioxins limits imposed in various countries. The sources of dioxins, such as combustion, industrial and reservoir processes, are broadly classified, and the various factors that affect their emission from combustion sources are discussed in detail. The remediation, reduction and prevention technologies currently available for dioxins formation and emission from the important resources such as flue gas, fly ash and soil are described.
Transformation of Biomass (Pyrolysis, Gasification, Combustion)
Authors: Ramsurn Hema , Gupta Ram B. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBiomass is one of the largest primary resources available, and its use results in no net carbon emissions and lower SOxand NOx. However, the transformation of biomass into fuels is very challenging because of its complex lignocellulosic structure. Although biological processes have been used to convert biomass, they require catalysts which are usually selective and generate low yields of the desired products. Thermochemical routes include gasification, pyrolysis and combustion, all of which are energy‐intensive. Although combustion, through co‐firing of biomass and coal, is the only proven technology, improvements are still needed to reduce environmental impacts. Research is also being conducted to implement sufficient gas mixing in the furnaces, as well as optimization of the furnace design. Because of its greater overall conversion efficiency and proven gasifier performance, gasification is more likely to be commercially viable; however, pyrolysis has great potential to produce liquid fuels as well as value‐added products. Further research is needed to investigate catalytic gasification and pyrolytic processes and the catalytic upgrading of the bio‐oils and gases produced.
CO2‐Rich Combustion
Authors: Jayanti Sreenivas 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe atmospheric concentration of CO2is only around 400 ppm, and is often neglected in combustion calculations. CO2‐rich combustion arises in two important contexts, namely syngas combustion and exhaust gas recirculation. Syngas is produced through the gasification of coal, biomass, petroleum (pet) coke and other opportunity fuels, and may contain between 10% and 40% CO2by volume. The CO2content in exhaust gas from fossil fuel combustion varies in the range of 5% to 15% by volume (on a wet basis), the lower end occurring in gas turbines and the higher end in case of coal combustion. In power plants involving CO2capture using oxy‐fuel combustion, the concentration of CO2in the exhaust gas can be as high as 80–85%. When this is recirculated to moderate the flame temperature in oxy‐fuel combustion, the CO2concentration in the combustion environment can be in the range of 50–70%. The presence of CO2in significant quantities in the combustion environment can alter the characteristics of the flame, such as flame length, temperature and appearance, stability, extinction, and soot formation. These aspects are discussed in this chapter, with attention primarily focused on non‐premixed flames, which are industrially important.
Synergistic Rhodium/Phosphoric Acid Catalysis for the Enantioselective Addition of Oxonium Ylides to ortho‐Quinone Methides
Authors: Alamsetti Santosh Kumar , Spanka Matthias , Schneider Christoph 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe report herein a powerful and highly stereoselective protocol for the domino‐type reaction of diazoesters with ortho‐quinone methides generated in situ to furnish densely functionalized chromans with three contiguous stereogenic centers. A transition‐metal and a Brønsted acid catalyst were shown to act synergistically to produce a transient oxonium ylide and ortho‐quinone methide, respectively, in two distinct cycles. These intermediates underwent subsequent coupling in a conjugate‐addition–hemiacetalization event in generally good yield with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity.
Tandem Allylboration–Prins Reaction for the Rapid Construction of Substituted Tetrahydropyrans: Application to the Total Synthesis of (−)‐Clavosolide A
Authors: Millán Alba , Smith James R. , Chen Jack L.‐Y. , Aggarwal Varinder K. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTetrahydropyrans are common motifs in natural products and have now been constructed with high stereocontrol through a three‐component allylboration‐Prins reaction sequence. This methodology has been applied to a concise (13 steps) and efficient (14 % overall yield) synthesis of the macrolide (−)‐clavosolide A. The synthesis also features an early stage glycosidation reaction to introduce the xylose moiety and a lithiation‐borylation reaction to attach the cyclopropyl‐containing side chain.
Site‐fidelity and movement patterns of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in central Argentina: essential information for effective conservation
Authors: Vermeulen Els , Balbiano Alejandro , Belenguer Florencia , Colombil Daniel , Failla Mauricio , Intrieri Edgardo , Bräger Stefan 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

The effectiveness of conservation measures such as marine protected areas (MPAs) for the conservation of cetaceans is determined by how well their home range or critical habitat is covered. The present study seeks to provide information on the site‐fidelity and movement patterns of individual bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in central Argentina.
Between 2007 and 2013, photo‐identification data of bottlenose dolphins were collected in four study sites some 90–200 km apart from each other along the central Argentinean coast.
Results show long‐term site‐fidelity (over 5 years) in one of the study areas. Re‐sighting rates further suggest the existence of different sub‐populations of bottlenose dolphins, but also confirm some connectivity (with movements over 200–290 km) and thus potential for gene flow within the region.
Considering the population declines of bottlenose dolphins in Argentina, information on site‐fidelity and movement patterns will be of value to improve the effectiveness of existing MPAs for the conservation of the species as well as prioritizing areas for increased research.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metal Oxide/Graphene Composites for Supercapacitive Electrode Materials
Authors: Jeong Gyoung Hwa , Baek Seungmin , Lee Seungyeol , Kim Sang‐Wook 
Published: January 2016

AbstractGraphene composites with metal or metal oxide nanoparticles have been extensively investigated owing to their potential applications in the fields of fuel cells, batteries, sensing, solar cells, and catalysis. Among them, much research has focused on supercapacitor applications and have come close to realization. Composites include monometal oxides of cobalt, nickel, manganese, and iron, as well as their binary and ternary oxides. In addition, their morphological control and hybrid systems of carbon nanotubes have also been investigated. This review presents the current trends in research on metal oxide/graphene composites for supercapacitors. Furthermore, methods are suggested to improve the properties of electrochemical capacitor electrodes.
Photoinduced Processes of Supramolecular Nanoarrays Composed of Porphyrin and Benzo[ghi]perylenetriimide Units through Triple Hydrogen Bonds with One‐Dimensional Columnar Phases
Authors: Sakai Hayato , Ohkubo Kei , Fukuzumi Shunichi , Hasobe Taku 
Published: January 2016

AbstractOne‐dimensional supramolecular columnar phases composed of porphyrins (electron donor: D) and benzo[ghi]perylenetriimides (electron acceptor: A) through triple hydrogen bonds have been successfully constructed to perform sequential light‐harvesting and electron‐transfer processes. A series of benzo[ghi]peryleneimide derivatives have been synthesized to examine the substituent effects such as imide and nitrile groups on the spectroscopic and electrochemical properties. Then, formation of the 1:1 supramolecular complex between zinc porphyrin and benzo[ghi]perylenetriimide derivatives through triple hydrogen bonds was confirmed by Job's plot of 1H NMR titration. Next, the one‐dimensional supramolecular nanoarrays were successfully prepared in a mixed solvent. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurement suggested that these nanoarrays contained one‐dimensional columnar phases composed of stacked donor and acceptor layers. Finally, femtosecond transient absorption and electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements clearly indicated that photoinduced electron transfer occurred via the singlet excited states in the supramolecular columns.
Trajectory Control of Snake‐Like Robots in Natural Oscillation
Authors: Jin Huifeng , Zhu Lijun , Chen Zhiyong 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA class of body movement patterns called natural oscillation has been revealed to mimic the gaits observed in many animals. In this paper, we introduce an additional higher level control loop that is capable of manipulating a robot's motion orientation. With such a new orientation turning functionality, a snake‐like robot is able to achieve trajectory tracking while maintaining its body in a natural oscillation gait. The effectiveness of the control design is illustrated by some case studies with various trajectories.