bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur hydrochloride and ceftiofur sodium after administration to water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Nie Haiying , Feng Xin , Peng Jianbo , Liang Liu , Lu Chunyan , Tiwari Roshan V. , Tang Shusheng , He Jiakang 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate pharmacokinetics and bioavailability after administration of ceftiofur hydrochloride and ceftiofur sodium to water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
ANIMALS 5 healthy adult water buffalo (3 males and 2 nonlactating females).
PROCEDURES All animals received a dose (2.2 mg/kg) of 3 ceftiofur products (2 commercially available suspensions of ceftiofur hydrochloride [CEF1 and CEF2, IM] and ceftiofur sodium [CEF3, IV]). Blood samples were collected for up to 196 hours. Concentrations of ceftiofur in plasma were determined by use of high-performance liquid chromatography, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated on the basis of noncompartmental methods.
RESULTS Most of the pharmacokinetic parameters, except for bioavailability and the area under the concentration–time curve extrapolated to infinity, were significantly different between the 2 products administered IM. Mean ± SD bioavailability of CEF1 and CEF2 was 89.57 ± 32.84% and 86.28 ± 11.49%, respectively, which indicated good absorption of both products. In addition, there was a longer drug residence time for CEF1 than for CEF2. Data analysis for CEF1 revealed a flip-flop phenomenon.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this study, there was good absorption of CEF1, and CEF1 had a longer drug residence time in vivo than did CEF2. On the basis of pharmacokinetic parameters and the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility, a dosage regimen of 2.2 mg/kg administered at 48- and 36-hour intervals for CEF1 and CEF2, respectively, could be an appropriate choice for the treatment of buffalo with infectious diseases.
Corporal Punishment in Japan
Authors: Miller Aaron L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis article is about the controversial educational practice of corporal punishment – known astaibatsuin Japan – which challenged me to reflect upon my anthropological heart and find my anthropological identity. Corporal punishment is a practice around which many ideas and discourses about education, social order, human rights and even power swirl, and it is therefore an inherently sociocultural practice wherever it takes place. Like other forms of violence, it also poses a personal challenge to anthropologists who observe it in practice and have to decide whether to remain an observing bystander. At one time, I made that choice. In this article, I explain why I no longer do.
Sincipital Encephaloceles: A Study of Associated Brain Malformations
Authors: Achar Shashidhar Vedavyas , Dutta Hemonta Kumar 
Published: May 2016

Objective:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the associated intracranial malformations in patients with sincipital encephaloceles.

Materials and Methods:
A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted over 8 years from June 2007 to May 2015 on 28 patients. The patients were evaluated by either computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging whichever was feasible. Encephaloceles were described with respect to their types, contents, and extensions. A note was made on the associated malformations with sincipital encephaloceles.

Results:
Fifty percent of the patients presented before the age of 3 years and both the sexes were affected equally. Nasofrontal encephalocele was the most common type seen in 13 patients (46.4%), and corpus callosal agenesis (12 patients) was the most common associated malformation. Other malformations noted were arachnoid cyst (10 patients), hydrocephalus (7 patients), and agyria-pachygyria complex (2 patients).

Conclusion:
Capital Brain malformations are frequently encountered in children with sincipital encephaloceles. Detail radiological evaluation is necessary to plan treatment and also to prognosticate such rare malformations.
The Influence of Fasting in Summer on Amniotic Fluid During Pregnancy
Authors: Altunkeser Ayşegül , Körez Muslu Kazım 
Published: May 2016

Objectives:
Ramadan is a holy month in which eating and drinking are forbidden from dawn to sunset. In this study, we investigated using ultrasonography (USG) whether fasting in summer (as occurred in Ramadan 2014) had an influence on the volume of amniotic fluid during pregnancy.

Materials and Methods:
The study included 119 pregnant women in total who were admitted to our department with a request of obstetric USG between June 28, 2014, and July 27, 2014. The fasting group included 61 pregnant women and the control group of 58 pregnant women. In our study, all the fasting pregnant women had Sahur (predawn meal eaten before starting fasting) and Iftar (the evening meal for fast-breaking) every day, regularly. The women in the control group did not fast. In addition to amniotic fluid index and fetal biometric measurements during Ramadan, amniotic fluid volume was measured ultrasonographically throughout pregnancy. All ultrasound examinations were performed at least 8 h after Sahur during Ramadan. Chi-square test was utilized to compare the measurements of amniotic fluid volume, and Mann–Whitney U-test was utilized to analyze the differences in fetal growth data. Moreover, difference was considered statistically significant when the P value was <0.05.

Results:
The mean age was 25.7 years in the fasting group and 25.8 years in the control group. Other characteristics and mean gestational weeks of the two groups were similar. Ultrasonographically, there was no significant difference between two groups in respect to amniotic fluid amount during pregnancy (P = 0.7). There was no significant difference with regard to fetal growth parameters either (P > 0.05).

Conclusion:
In pregnant women who had regular predawn and fast-breaking meals, fasting in summer did not elicit alteration in the amount of amniotic fluid throughout pregnancy.
Modeling debris-covered glaciers: response to steady debris deposition
Authors: Anderson Leif S. , Anderson Robert S. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Debris-covered glaciers are common in rapidly eroding alpine landscapes. When thicker than a few centimeters, surface debris suppresses melt rates. If continuous debris cover is present, ablation rates can be significantly reduced leading to increases in glacier length. In order to quantify feedbacks in the debris–glacier–climate system, we developed a 2-D long-valley numerical glacier model that includes englacial and supraglacial debris advection. We ran 120 simulations on a linear bed profile in which a hypothetical steady state debris-free glacier responds to a step increase of surface debris deposition. Simulated glaciers advance to steady states in which ice accumulation equals ice ablation, and debris input equals debris loss from the glacier terminus. Our model and parameter selections can produce 2-fold increases in glacier length. Debris flux onto the glacier and the relationship between debris thickness and melt rate strongly control glacier length. Debris deposited near the equilibrium-line altitude, where ice discharge is high, results in the greatest glacier extension when other debris-related variables are held constant. Debris deposited near the equilibrium-line altitude re-emerges high in the ablation zone and therefore impacts melt rate over a greater fraction of the glacier surface. Continuous debris cover reduces ice discharge gradients, ice thickness gradients, and velocity gradients relative to initial debris-free glaciers. Debris-forced glacier extension decreases the ratio of accumulation zone to total glacier area (AAR). Our simulations reproduce the "general trends" between debris cover, AARs, and glacier surface velocity patterns from modern debris-covered glaciers. We provide a quantitative, theoretical foundation to interpret the effect of debris cover on the moraine record, and to assess the effects of climate change on debris-covered glaciers.
Assessing the Development of Scientific Literacy among Undergraduates College of Education
Authors: Al-Momani Fayhaa N. Nayef 
Published: May 2016

<p>The purpose of this study was to assess the development of scientific literacy among scientific departments at Najran University College of education, as well as the effects of demographic variables on it. The Sample of the study consisted of (20%) of the study population which included all students at scientific department (Physics, chemistry, Math's) of the college of education chosen randomly. To achieve these objectives (yes/ no) test, multiple choice as well as one open ended question was employed. After being analyzed, results showed the students scientific literacy develops through their university study years particularly during the late years, however what is gained through time did not exceed (10%), meanwhile the general level of scientific literacy was accepted and within employment scientific literacy according to Bybee scale among most of the students.</p><p>Results found no specific variable affecting scientific literacy among students except number of scientific courses studied by students; however its effect was weak. Finally, the study recommended the necessity of reconsidering teachers preparing program at college of education, as well as the addition of scientific literacy course in their study, in addition to improving academic courses at scientific departments, while connecting them to society issues.</p><p> </p>
De arbitrageovereenkomst in (overname)contracten
Authors: Timmer L.J.E. 
Published: May 2016

De arbitrageovereenkomst in (overname)contracten
De geschillenclausule wordt door transactieadvocaten regelmatig behandeld als een boilerplate-bepaling, waar de litigators zich over mogen ontfermen op het moment dat er een geschil ontstaat. De keuze voor arbitrage of overheidsrechtspraak kan echter van enorm belang zijn voor contractspartijen als er een conflict ontstaat.Deze bijdrage beoogt de juristen en advocaten die in de praktijk betrokken zijn bij het opstellen van overnamecontracten of handelsovereenkomsten een handvat te bieden bij het opstellen van de geschillenclausule en inzicht te geven in de overwegingen die ten grondslag (zouden moeten) liggen aan het opstellen van een arbitrageclausule.
Steroidogenic Factor 1, Pit-1, and Adrenocorticotropic Hormone: A Rational Starting Place for the Immunohistochemical Characterization of Pituitary Adenoma
Authors: McDonald William C. , Banerji Nilanjana , McDonald Kelsey N. , Ho Bridget , Macias Virgilia , Kajdacsy-Balla Andre 
Published: May 2016

Context.—Pituitary adenoma classification is complex, and diagnostic strategies vary greatly from laboratory to laboratory. No optimal diagnostic algorithm has been defined.Objective.—To develop a panel of immunohistochemical (IHC) stains that provides the optimal combination of cost, accuracy, and ease of use.Design.—We examined 136 pituitary adenomas with stains of steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1), Pit-1, anterior pituitary hormones, cytokeratin CAM5.2, and α subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin. Immunohistochemical staining was scored using the Allred system. Adenomas were assigned to a gold standard class based on IHC results and available clinical and serologic information. Correlation and cluster analyses were used to develop an algorithm for parsimoniously classifying adenomas.Results.—The algorithm entailed a 1- or 2-step process: (1) a screening step consisting of IHC stains for SF-1, Pit-1, and adrenocorticotropic hormone; and (2) when screening IHC pattern and clinical history were not clearly gonadotrophic (SF-1 positive only), corticotrophic (adrenocorticotropic hormone positive only), or IHC null cell (negative-screening IHC), we subsequently used IHC for prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and cytokeratin CAM5.2.Conclusions.—Comparison between diagnoses generated by our algorithm and the gold standard diagnoses showed excellent agreement. When compared with a commonly used panel using 6 IHC for anterior pituitary hormones plus IHC for a low-molecular-weight cytokeratin in certain tumors, our algorithm uses approximately one-third fewer IHC stains and detects gonadotroph adenomas with greater sensitivity.
Congress announcement: PHARM Connect Congress for Enlarged Europe 2012
Authors: Maina Silvia 
Published: May 2016

PHARM Connect Congress for Enlarged Europe 2012 is a must-attend event for Pharmaceutical industry professionals. Over two days (8-9 February, in Budapest), the conference will include the most up-to-date market insights into R&D, Production, Packaging, Supply Chain and Quality Management-related topics.
De la traduction juridique à la jurilinguistique : la quête de l’équivalence
Authors: Gémar Jean-Claude 
Published: May 2016

Dans un pays où règnent un bilinguisme officiel et un bijuridisme d’État, la traduction n’est jamais loin et l’opération traduisante passe alors obligatoirement par la comparaison des droits. Ces deux activités sont plus étroitement liées qu’on ne le pense. Aussi n’est-il guère étonnant que, parmi les comparatistes, on trouve des spécialistes avertis de la traduction juridique et que des traducteurs soient formés à la jurilinguistique. Le Canada s’est illustré de longue date dans ces deux domaines. En deux siècles de pratique, il a décliné toute la gamme de procédés et méthodes de traduction de ses textes juridiques. À l’origine, littérale et servile, la manière de traduire est aujourd’hui plus libre. L’équivalence – dont nous évoquons la saga – est devenue « fonctionnelle » ; la corédaction (bilingue anglais-français) est apparue dans le processus de production des lois. Mais l’équivalence des textes n’en est pas moins problématique et la question de l’interprétation du texte, traduit ou corédigé, n’est pas tranchée pour autant. En droit, l’opération traduisante requiert le savoir-faire du jurilinguiste pour produire l’équivalence « fonctionnelle » des textes, soit un rapport harmonieux entre la lettre et l’esprit du message que porte le droit. On avancera que le traducteur-jurilinguiste peut produire, au terme de son analyse, la « haute » traduction que, selon R. Sacco, seul un comparatiste peut produire.
La investigación sobre la traducción entre catalán y español: estudios traductológicos
Authors: García de Toro Cristina 
Published: May 2016

Cet article constitue la deuxième partie d’une vaste recherche consacrée aux travaux sur la traduction entre le catalan et l’espagnol, aussi bien ceux qui se fondent sur la linguistique que ceux qui se basent sur l’approche traductologique. La première : « La investigación sobre la traducción entre catalán y español : estudios lingüísticos », qui abordait la recherche faite dans le domaine de la linguistique, a été publié dans un numéro antérieur. La deuxième est cet article qui s’occupe de la recherche effectuée en traductologie. Le but du premier article était d’offrir une approximation de ce champ d’étude à partir d’une approche linguistique. Le but de ce deuxième article est de compléter la cartographie de la recherche en étudiant les travaux du domaine traductologique. Les travaux se fondant sur la traductologie sont centrés sur la description des caractéristiques spécifiques de la traduction entre le catalan et l’espagnol, tout en l’intégrant dans une théorie générale de la traduction. Bien que l’intérêt pour la traduction entre le catalan et l’espagnol soit relativement jeune, nous comptons avec des approches historiques et des approches fondées sur l’enseignement de cette paire de langues. Une troisième ligne de recherche est constituée par les réflexions que la pratique de la traduction suscite dans les milieux professionnels. Donc, la structure de l’article suit ces trois approches : études historiques, études descriptives des variétés de traduction et études appliquées. Nous établirons des dénominateurs communs entre les travaux étudiés qui nous aideront à définir les voies de recherche actuelles et à ébaucher les voies futures.
Le « pari de la transition » dans la sociologie française. L’exemple de Georges Friedmann
Authors: Mattern Julien 
Published: May 2016

La notion de « transition » n’est pas un concept récent. Omniprésente dans le discours prospectiviste depuis un demi-siècle, elle appartient plus largement au temps long de l’industrialisation des sociétés humaines, et joue un rôle décisif dans l’orientation théorique de bon nombre de fondateurs des sciences sociales en France (notamment Comte, Tocqueville, Durkheim). Cet article propose un retour sur l’idée classique, développée en 1950 par Georges Friedmann, d’une transition entre « milieu naturel » et « milieu technique ». Tout en ayant d’incontestables vertus descriptives, cette idée suggérait qu’il serait possible de concilier la poursuite du développement techno-scientifique, la maîtrise de la nature et la démocratie. Les évolutions récentes de nos sociétés nous invitent pour le moins à davantage de prudence, et à considérer plutôt l’usage de la notion de transition comme partie intégrante du processus de « désinhibition » face aux risques ayant contribué à nous conduire dans une impasse écologique.
On sharp vorticity gradients in elongating baroclinic eddies and their stabilization with a solid‐body rotation
Authors: Sutyrin Georgi G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWide compensated vortices are not able to remain circular in idealized two‐layer models unless the ocean depth is assumed to be unrealistically large. Small perturbations on both cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies grow slower if a middle layer with uniform potential vorticity (PV) is added, owing to a weakening of the vertical coupling between the upper and lower layers and a reduction of the PV gradient in the deep layer. Numerical simulations show that the nonlinear development of the most unstable elliptical mode causes self‐elongation of the upper vortex core and splitting of the deep PV anomaly into two corotating parts. The emerging tripolar flow pattern in the lower layer results in self‐intensification of the fluid rotation in the water column around the vortex center. Further vortex evolution depends on the model parameters and initial conditions, which limits predictability owing to multiple equilibrium attractors existing in the dynamical system. The vortex core strips thin filaments, which roll up into submesoscale vortices to result in substantial mixing at the vortex periphery. Stirring and damping of vorticity by bottom friction are found to be essential for subsequent vortex stabilization. The development of sharp PV gradients leads to nearly solid‐body rotation inside the vortex core and formation of transport barriers at the vortex periphery. These processes have important implications for understanding the longevity of real‐ocean eddies.
Things we do not yet understand about solar driving of the radiation belts
Authors: Kessel Mona 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis commentary explores how close we are to predicting the behavior of the radiations belts—the primary science objective of NASA's Van Allen Probes mission. Starting with what we know or think we know about competing sources, enhancement, transport, and loss, I walk through recent papers that have improved our understanding and then focus on flux dropouts as one particular yardstick of success. I mention a new paradigm for electrons and the importance of reliably matching models and observations for different solar inputs. Although the case for prediction remains a work in progress, there are encouraging signs of progress.
Toward reliable automated estimates of earthquake source properties from body wave spectra
Authors: Ross Zachary E. , Ben‐Zion Yehuda 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe develop a two‐stage methodology for automated estimation of earthquake source properties from body wave spectra. An automated picking algorithm is used to window and calculate spectra for both P and S phases. Empirical Green's functions are stacked to minimize nongeneric source effects such as directivity and are used to deconvolve the spectra of target earthquakes for analysis. In the first stage, window lengths and frequency ranges are defined automatically from the event magnitude and used to get preliminary estimates of the P and S corner frequencies of the target event. In the second stage, the preliminary corner frequencies are used to update various parameters to increase the amount of data and overall quality of the deconvolved spectral ratios (target event over stacked Empirical Green's function). The obtained spectral ratios are used to estimate the corner frequencies, strain/stress drops, radiated seismic energy, apparent stress, and the extent of directivity for both P and S waves. The technique is applied to data generated by five small to moderate earthquakes in southern California at hundreds of stations. Four of the five earthquakes are found to have significant directivity. The developed automated procedure is suitable for systematic processing of large seismic waveform data sets with no user involvement.
A framework based on 2‐D Taylor expansion for quantifying the impacts of subpixel reflectance variance and covariance on cloud optical thickness and effective radius retrievals based on the bispectral method
Authors: Zhang Z. , Werner F. , Cho H.‐M. , Wind G. , Platnick S. , Ackerman A. S. , Di Girolamo L. , Marshak A. , Meyer K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe bispectral method retrieves cloud optical thickness (τ) and cloud droplet effective radius (re) simultaneously from a pair of cloud reflectance observations, one in a visible or near‐infrared (VIS/NIR) band and the other in a shortwave infrared (SWIR) band. A cloudy pixel is usually assumed to be horizontally homogeneous in the retrieval. Ignoring subpixel variations of cloud reflectances can lead to a significant bias in the retrieved τ and re. In the literature, the retrievals of τ and re are often assumed to be independent and considered separately when investigating the impact of subpixel cloud reflectance variations on the bispectral method. As a result, the impact on τ is contributed only by the subpixel variation of VIS/NIR band reflectance and the impact on re only by the subpixel variation of SWIR band reflectance. In our new framework, we use the Taylor expansion of a two‐variable function to understand and quantify the impacts of subpixel variances of VIS/NIR and SWIR cloud reflectances and their covariance on the τ and re retrievals. This framework takes into account the fact that the retrievals are determined by both VIS/NIR and SWIR band observations in a mutually dependent way. In comparison with previous studies, it provides a more comprehensive understanding of how subpixel cloud reflectance variations impact the τ and re retrievals based on the bispectral method. In particular, our framework provides a mathematical explanation of how the subpixel variation in VIS/NIR band influences the re retrieval and why it can sometimes outweigh the influence of variations in the SWIR band and dominate the error in re retrievals, leading to a potential contribution of positive bias to the re retrieval. We test our framework using synthetic cloud fields from a large‐eddy simulation and real observations from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer. The predicted results based on our framework agree very well with the numerical simulations. Our framework can be used to estimate the retrieval uncertainty from subpixel reflectance variations in operational satellite cloud products and to help understand the differences in τ and re retrievals between two instruments.