bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oil, Hard Power and U.S. Hegemony
Authors: Nelson Joshua 
Published: October 2017

In late 2014 and early 2015, the United States dramatically increased its presence in the oil market. This tremendous increase in production, which placed the United States ahead of every OPEC country besides Saudi Arabia, caused a global change in supply and demand that dropped the price of crude oil to $58 per barrel. This translated to an average gasoline price of $2.55 per gallon nationally on Dec. 15, 2014. The price drop reverberated throughout the global economy, affecting countries from Malaysia to Norway. In Venezuela, for example, it is estimated that a one dollar drop in the price of oil will cost the country approximately $770 million in annual revenue. The United States’ decision to act influenced the entire world, and this is no surprise – economic control is just one of the many facets of hard power and hegemony.
Vouching for a Head Start Reformation
Authors: Polineni Sai 
Published: October 2017

In the words of Jack Shonkoff, Director of Harvard’s Center on the Developing Child: the quality of the foundation built in early childhood, whether it is strong or fragile, affects future development, health, learning and economic success. With a strong foundation, babies move easily through more and more complex learning stages. And “although it’s never too late to learn new skills since the brain never stops developing, it’s just harder and less effective to build on a weak foundation than it is to get development right the first time”. This speaks to the growing trend and continuation of a national and international effort to restructure our orphanages and homes to better suit the proper developmental needs of children. In conjunction with these changes, the United States government has also increased its focus on improving early childhood education and interactions for those in communities usually bereft of these opportunities. One such program, Head Start, was created in 1965 to prepare low-income students for elementary school. It has evolved and changed over the last five decades and now faces a key juncture that will determine its future.
Midterm results of trochanteric flip osteotomy technique for management of fractures around the hip
Authors: Trikha Vivek , Das Saubhik , Madegowda Arkesh , Agrawal Prabhat 
Published: October 2017

Introduction: In this study, we aimed to investigate safety and efficacy of the trochanteric flip osteotomy with surgical hip dislocation technique in selected displaced acetabular and femoral head fractures with clinico-radiological outcome and potential complications. Materials and methods: We retrospectively reviewed 32 patients from January 2009 to June 2014. Selected displaced acetabular fractures with comminution and/or cranial extension of posterior wall, marginal impaction, intraarticular fragment, femoral head fractures and hip fracture-dislocations were operated by this modified approach of trochanteric flip osteotomy and surgical hip dislocation. Patients were evaluated for fracture reduction, femoral head viability, trochanteric union, abduction power, and functional evaluation was done by Merle d’Aubigné-Postel scoring system. Minimum follow-up was 24 months. Results: Reduction was judged to be anatomical in 84.38% of cases, and within 1-3 millimetres in 9.38% of cases. All osteotomies healed in an anatomical position. Heterotopic ossification was found in 2 patients limited to Brooker class I. Osteonecrosis developed in 1 patient. 2 patients developed arthritis of the hip as sequelae of poor reduction. Abduction power was MRC 5/5 in all except in 1 patient (4/5). Mean Merle d’Aubigné-Postel score was 16.18; overall good to excellent result was achieved in 87.5% of cases. Conclusions: Trochanteric flip osteotomy with surgical dislocation allows better intraarticular assessment, control of intraarticular fragments, assists accurate reduction and the fixation of complex acetabular and femoral head fractures, without compromising femoral head vascularity and abductor strength. This technique has provided excellent midterm results in the management of complex injuries around the hip.
Evidence Based Recommendations for Reducing Head-Neck Taper Connection Fretting Corrosion in Hip Replacement Prostheses
Authors: Wight Christian M. , Lanting Brent , Schemitsch Emil H. 
Published: October 2017

Introduction This systematic review seeks to summarise the published studies investigating prosthetic design, manufacture and surgical technique's effect on fretting corrosion at the head-neck taper connection, and provide clinical recommendations to reduce its occurrence. Methods PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE electronic databases were searched using the terms taper, trunnion, cone and head-neck junction. Articles investigating prosthetic design, manufacture and surgical technique's effect on fretting corrosion were retrieved, reviewed and graded according to OCEBM levels of evidence and grades of recommendation. Results The initial search yielded 1,224 unique articles, and 91 were included in the analysis. Conclusions There is fair evidence to recommend against the use of high offset femoral heads, larger diameter femoral heads, and to pay particular consideration to fretting corrosion's progression with time and risk with heavier or more active patients. Particular to metal-on-metal hip prostheses, there is fair evidence to recommend positioning the acetabular component to minimise edge loading. Particular to metal-on-polyethylene hip prostheses, there is fair evidence to recommend the use of ceramic femoral heads, against use of cast cobalt alloy femoral heads, and against use of low flexural rigidity femoral stems. Evidence related to taper connection design is largely conflicting or inconclusive. Head-neck taper connection fretting corrosion is a multifactorial problem. Strict adherence to the guidelines presented herein does not eliminate the risk. Prosthesis selection is critical, and well-controlled studies to identify each design parameter's relative contribution to head-neck taper connection fretting corrosion are required.
Novel technique for intraoperative sciatic nerve assessment in complex primary total hip arthroplasty: a pilot study
Authors: Shemesh Shai S. , Robinson Jonathan , Overley Samuel , Bronson Michael J. , Moucha Calin S. , Chen Darwin 
Published: October 2017

Introduction: Sciatic nerve injury (SNI) is a potentially devastating complication after total hip arthroplasty (THA). Intraoperative neural monitoring has been found in several studies to be useful in preventing SNI, but can be difficult to implement. In this study, we examine the results of using a handheld nerve stimulator for intraoperative sciatic nerve (SN) monitoring during complex THA requiring limb lengthening and/or significant manipulation of the SN. Methods: A consecutive series of 11 cases (9 patients, 11 hips) with either severe developmental dysplasia of the hip (Crowe 3-4) or other underlying conditions requiring complex hip reconstruction involving significant leg lengthening and/or nerve manipulation. SN function was monitored intraoperatively by obtaining pre- and post-reduction thresholds during component trialing. The results of nerve stimulation were then used to influence intraoperative decision-making. Results: No permanent postoperative SN complications occurred, with an average increase of 28.5 mm in limb length, range (6-51 mm). In 2 out of 11 cases, a change in nerve response was identified after trial reduction, which resulted in an alternate surgical plan (femoral shortening osteotomy and downsizing femoral head). In the remaining cases, the stimulator demonstrated a response consistent with the baseline assessment, assuring that the appropriate lengthening was achieved without SNI. 1 patient had a transient motor and sensory peroneal nerve palsy, which resolved within 2 weeks. Conclusions: The intraoperative use of a handheld nerve stimulator facilitates surgical decision-making and can potentially prevent SNI. The real-time assessment of nerve function allows immediate corrective action to be taken before nerve injury occurs.
Advanced containment methods for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: triple pelvic osteotomy versus Chiari osteotomy
Authors: Rosello Olivier , Solla Federico , Oborocianu Ioana , Chau Edouard , ElHayek Tony , Clement Jean-Luc , Rampal Virginie 
Published: October 2017

Introduction: The goal of intervention in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD) is to prevent femoral head deformation by containing the head within the acetabulum. Currently, surgical containment methods are the mainstay of treatment, and pelvic osteotomies have been shown to be successful. They include triple pelvic osteotomy (TPO), Salter osteotomy, Chiari osteotomy and shelf procedure. The purpose of this study was to compare clinical and radiologic results for Chiari osteotomy and TPO in LCPD. Methods: 29 children treated between 1980 and 2010 for LCPD in 2 centres were reviewed. 19 underwent TPO, and 10, Chiari osteotomy. Two independent observers assessed sequential radiographs and medical data. Each hip was preoperatively classed by clinical data, Catteral, Herring and Salter-Thompson classification, centre-edge angle (CE), and acetabular index (AI). The 2 groups were first tested for their comparability. After surgery the hips were classified by Stulberg classification, CE, AI, Harris Hip Score (HHS) and performance of further surgery. Chiari osteotomy and TPO have been secondary compared on these data by Wilcoxon test. Results: Average follow-up was 4.2 years. The 2 groups were comparable before surgery. At first and last follow-up examination, statistically significantly superior results in patients with TPO regarding Stulberg classification (p = 0.01), AI (p = 0.002), pain (p = 0.02) and function (p = 0.01) in the HHS score were found. No differences were noticed concerning CE angle. Conclusions: In our series, TPO provided better radiologic and clinical outcomes compared to Chiari osteotomy, specially concerning the final Stulberg classification. We concluded that TPO should be preferred when indicated.
Effect of ZrB2 addition on the oxidation behavior of Si-SiC-ZrB2 composites exposed at 1500°C in air
Authors: D’Amico Claudio , Bianchi Giovanni , Padovano Elisa , Biamino Sara , Aversa Alberta , Badini Claudio , Ortona Alberto 
Published: October 2017

Background: Silicon carbide ceramics obtained by reactive infiltration of silicon (SRI) have many industrial applications especially involving severe and high temperature conditions. In this study, the oxidation behavior in air of Si-SiC-ZrB2 systems at a high temperature (1500°C) for dwelling times of up to 48 hours was examined. Methods: The oxidation process was analyzed on the basis of elemental maps and X-ray diffraction patterns taken, respectively, on the core and on the surface of the specimens, together with weight gains and the average thicknesses of the resulting scale. Further, flexural strength at room temperature was examined as a function of different oxidation times. Results: The main chemical reactions and phase transformations involved in the oxidation process are reported. Several oxides were detected on the surface: zirconia, silica, zircon and 3-zirconium monoxide. All of the samples showed a parabolic oxidation kinetics, suggesting that the controlling mechanism was the diffusion; however, even after 48 hours, the oxidation process was not finished – indeed, all of the samples continued to gain weight. Conclusions: The oxidation of Si-SiC-ZrB2 material produced via SRI was slower compared with previously investigated ZrB2-SiC composites processed with a different techniques and tested in similar conditions. The oxidation mechanism was found to be consistent with the convection cells model.
Actinic cystitis: causes, treatment and experience of a single centre in the last five years
Authors: Mangano Mario S. , De Gobbi Alberto , Ciaccia Matteo , Lamon Claudio , Beniamin Francesco , Maccatrozzo Luigino 
Published: October 2017

Introduction: Actinic cystitis (AC) is the manifestation of symptoms and signs following pelvic radiotherapy. Pelvic radiotherapy produces both acute and chronic damage and such damage may have a devastating impact on the quality and on the amount of life of the patient. Objectives: To evaluate the number of radical cystectomies that have become necessary in the last five years in our department for AC after radiation treatment. Materials and methods: From February 2012 to February 2017, 11 patients underwent “open” cystectomy for AC. All patients were studied with radiographic examinations and endoscopy prior to surgery. We retrospectively evaluated the type of primitive cancer, the radiation dose administered, the time between radiation treatment and cystectomy. We also studied the related symptoms that required surgery. Results: The mean age of patients at the time of cystectomy was 75 years. In six patients (54.4%) radiotherapy was performed for prostate cancer, for rectal cancer in two patients (18.1%), and for endometrial cancer in three patients (27.2%). Total radiant dose was different in different patients depending on the type and localization of cancer. The median time between radiotherapy and cystectomy was 111 months (24-256 months). All patients had symptoms before surgery. Seven patients (63.3%) with gross haematuria were treated with endoscopic clot evacuation and fulguration. Discussion: The first approach to patients with AC is often supportive care. Surgery remains the most invasive treatment in the management of those patients who are not responsive to conservative treatments.
Worldliness, Orientalism, Diaspora and Humanism: The Epistemological Radiance of Edward Said's Scholarship
Authors: Abu-Shomar Ayman 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Since the publication of Orientalism in 1978, Edward Said has become an intellectual cause célèbre and, in some quarters, subversive forces have disavowed such a scholarship. Articles and monographs on his work continue to be written, from a variety of positions. Part of this furore involves renewed efforts to locate in his work a moral and humanistic epistemological stance that would balance the relationship between the post-colonial (peripheral) world and the Western canonical tradition as informed by Said's later works. This article engages with Said as the author of a radically secular body of work marked by as comportment towards being, and as an example of an “amateur” critic who “speak[s] truth to power”. It argues that Said instates a critically-interrogative epistemology as antidote to essentialist, politicised, determinist and hegemonic approaches to “reality” and meanings, which are paradigmatically informed by colonialist assumptions. While his theories have been pursued in myriad directions, Said's underlying epistemology remains a strikingly under-researched area. The article thus traces the trajectory of Said's epistemological stance, and argues that the seemingly embryonic nature of his theories is, in fact, rigorous, incremental and systematic in presenting the case for a humanist epistemology of Diaspora. It argues against the view that Said has moved from diagnosing Orientalism (as an essentialised and ideologically-laden project) to espousing Humanism (as a move to the ‘Occident’), and shows that Said's theoretical ardency is consistent and uninterrupted. To trace Said's theoretical trajectory is to rethink the post-colonial consciousness, by revising fundamental epistemic issues in recent interpretations of post-colonial theory and its relation to humanism and diaspora.
The Great War and Modern Amnesia: Studying Pennsylvania's Great War, Part 2
Authors: Gannon Barbara A. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT
This is an introduction to Pennsylvania History's second special edition on Pennsylvania in World War I. While it is uncertain how much residents of the Keystone State remember about the Great War, these volumes hope to remind them of this seminal moment in world history and Pennsylvania's place in it. This second edition highlights important historical issues in this period, including military history, medical history, and women's history. In addition to introducing the following fine articles, this introduction highlights ways we might commemorate the service, suffering, and sacrifices of Pennsylvanians, including use of digital archives in the classroom.
A Window Into Clinical Next-Generation Sequencing–Based Oncology Testing Practices
Authors: Nagarajan Rakesh , Bartley Angela N. , Bridge Julia A. , Jennings Lawrence J. , Kamel-Reid Suzanne , Kim Annette , Lazar Alexander J. , Lindeman Neal I. , Moncur Joel , Rai Alex J. , Routbort Mark J. , Vasalos Patricia , Merker Jason D. 
Published: October 2017

Context.—
Detection of acquired variants in cancer is a paradigm of precision medicine, yet little has been reported about clinical laboratory practices across a broad range of laboratories.

Objective.—
To use College of American Pathologists proficiency testing survey results to report on the results from surveys on next-generation sequencing–based oncology testing practices.

Design.—
College of American Pathologists proficiency testing survey results from more than 250 laboratories currently performing molecular oncology testing were used to determine laboratory trends in next-generation sequencing–based oncology testing.

Results.—
These presented data provide key information about the number of laboratories that currently offer or are planning to offer next-generation sequencing–based oncology testing. Furthermore, we present data from 60 laboratories performing next-generation sequencing–based oncology testing regarding specimen requirements and assay characteristics. The findings indicate that most laboratories are performing tumor-only targeted sequencing to detect single-nucleotide variants and small insertions and deletions, using desktop sequencers and predesigned commercial kits. Despite these trends, a diversity of approaches to testing exists.

Conclusions.—
This information should be useful to further inform a variety of topics, including national discussions involving clinical laboratory quality systems, regulation and oversight of next-generation sequencing–based oncology testing, and precision oncology efforts in a data-driven manner.
Inter-observer reliability of Qualitative Behavioural Assessments (QBA) of housed sheep in Norway using fixed lists of descriptors
Authors: Muri K , Stubsjøen SM 
Published: October 2017

AbstractQualitative Behavioural Assessment (QBA) is a whole-animal approach used to quantify the expressive style of animals’ behaviour. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inter-observer reliability of principal components and individual descriptors from QBA of housed sheep in Norway using a fixed list of descriptors. In part 1, eight animal welfare inspectors from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority scored 12 two-minute video clips, using 12 pre-defined terms. In the second part, three of these observers visited ten sheep farms and scored the behaviour using a modified list of eight terms. The scores for all assessors within each part were analysed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The level of agreement for the first two components and for individual terms was assessed using Kendall's coefficient of concordance (W). In part 1, only seven observers were assessed for reliability of principal components due to missing data, and for these observers the agreement was high for PC1 and moderate for PC2. For the sub-group of three inspectors that also participated in part 2, the reliability was high for both components. In the on-farm assessments in part 2, these three observers obtained only moderate agreement for PC1 and low agreement for PC2. Results illustrate that good reliability can be achieved with QBA for housed sheep using videos, but that equally satisfactory reliability is more difficult to obtain using the method on-farm. The result in part 2 may be related to less-controlled circumstances concerning exactly what the observers see when sheep are kept indoors with high stocking densities, observer drift, and limited between-farm variation, which is a challenge for many types of reliability studies in field conditions.
Determination of swine euthanasia criteria and analysis of barriers to euthanasia in the United States using expert opinion
Authors: Mullins CR , Pairis-Garcia MD , George KA , Anthony R , Johnson AK , Coleman GJ , Rault J-L , Millman ST 
Published: October 2017

AbstractTimely euthanasia on swine farms can help to reduce the incidence of poor welfare outcomes for compromised pigs (Sus scrofa) when recovery is prolonged or impossible. Timely euthanasia relies upon caretakers’ abilities to identify compromised pigs and administer euthanasia in various environments. To determine appropriate timelines and most common reasons for on-farm euthanasia, an online survey was conducted with members of the United States National Pork Board. Additionally, two focus groups were conducted to investigate barriers and possible solutions associated with timely euthanasia. Clinical signs related to poor locomotion (57.6%), prolapses (47.2%), and hernias (43.5%) were identified by the greatest percentage of respondents who believed immediate euthanasia was warranted, while a greater percentage of respondents believed euthanasia was not warranted for clinical signs related to the integumentary (90.3%), reproductive (75.8%), and respiratory (67.5%) systems. The most common reason for euthanasia was poor body condition in pre-weaned piglets and non-ambulatory or severely weak for both breeding and non-breeding pigs. In the focus groups, two themes were identified when evaluating barriers to euthanasia on-farm, and participants agreed that making timely decisions relies upon several dimensions of risk analysis. An unsupportive farm culture was identified as a critical barrier to timely euthanasia decision-making, suggesting that caretaker characteristics may play a role in the success of any timely euthanasia programme. This present study has highlighted areas for future research and demonstrated the need to extend educational efforts both to swine industry leaders and producers to improve overall animal welfare by ensuring timely euthanasia in swine.
Incorporating stakeholder perspectives into the assessment and provision of captive elephant welfare
Authors: Chadwick CL , Williams E , Asher L , Yon L 
Published: October 2017

AbstractRecent concerns over the welfare of elephants in UK zoos have implications for their future in captivity, and it is clear that improvements in welfare should be made. Evidence suggests that the knowledge of experienced stakeholders is vital to captive animal welfare assessment. However, there have been few attempts to consult with zoo personnel and other stakeholders on the assessment of elephant welfare, and much of their valuable knowledge of routine husbandry has not been captured in the published literature. As part of a research project commissioned by the Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs, open response focus groups and workshop discussions were conducted with representatives from 15 UK elephant-holding facilities, and other experts in the welfare and behaviour of captive or free-ranging elephants. Participants described three broad categories of welfare indicators: behavioural, physical and physiological. Resources perceived to be of importance to elephants included aspects of the physical environment, such as feeding opportunities and appropriate substrate, and aspects of the social environment, including group size and relatedness. The data obtained during this study can be used to develop an elephant welfare assessment strategy, informed by the knowledge and expertise of experienced stakeholders, and for consideration of potential changes to guidelines for managing elephants in captivity. Our approach to capturing the views of those who work closely with captive species could be applied elsewhere, in order to draw upon the extensive knowledge of expert stakeholders and consider ways to improve the welfare of captive animals.