bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Telegraphy is an occult art: Cromwell
Fleetwood Varley and the diffusion of electricity
to the other world
Authors: NOAKES RICHARD J. 
Published: July 2002

In May 1862 Desmond G. Fitzgerald, the editor of the Electrician, lamented thattelegraphy has been until lately an art occult even to many of the votaries of electrical science.
Submarine telegraphy, initiated by a bold and tentative process – the laying of the Dover cable in
the year 1850 – opened out a vast field of opportunity both to merit and competency, and to
unscrupulous determination. For the purposes of the latter, the field was to be kept close [sic], and
science, which can alone be secured by merit, more or less ignored.To Fitzgerald, the ‘occult’ status of the telegraph looked set to continue, with recent
reports of scientific counterfeits, unscrupulous electricians and financially motivated
saboteurs involved in the telegraphic art. Nevertheless, Fitzgerald reassured his readers
that the confidence of ‘those who act for the public’ had been restored by earnest
electricians, whose ‘moral cause’ would ultimately be felt and who
‘may be safely trusted even in matters where there is an option
between a private interest and a public benefit’.
As a prominent crusader for the telegraph, Fitzgerald voiced the concerns of many
electricians seeking public confidence and investment in their trade in the wake of the failed
submarine telegraphs of the 1850s. The spread of proper knowledge about the telegraph
would hinge on securing an adequate supply of backers and the construction of telegraphy
as a truly moral cause – an art cleansed of fraudsters, ignoramuses and dogmatists.
Thermal evolution of two textural types of mafic granulites in
the North China craton: evidence for both mantle plume and
collisional tectonics
Authors: ZHAO GUOCHUN , WILDE SIMON A. , CAWOOD PETER A. , LU LIANGZHAO 
Published: July 2002

Mafic granulites from the North China craton can be divided into two textural types,
referred to as A- and B-types. A-type mafic granulites display garnet+quartz symplectic coronas, and
outcrop in the eastern and western zones of the craton, whereas B-type mafic granulites exhibit
orthopyroxene+plagioclase±clinopyroxene symplectites or coronas, and are mainly exposed in the
central zone of the craton. Most A-type mafic granulites preserve the prograde (M1), peak (M2) and
post-peak near-isobaric cooling (M3) assemblages, which are represented respectively by inclusions
of hornblende+plagioclase+quartz, a peak mineralogy of
orthopyroxene+clinopyroxene+plagioclase+quartz+garnet, and overprinted by garnet+quartz
symplectic coronas. These mineral assemblages and their P–T (pressure-temperature) estimates define anticlockwise P–T evolutionary paths.
The B-type mafic granulites preserve the peak (M1), post-peak near-isothermal decompression (M2)
and cooling (M3) assemblages, which are represented by the peak assemblage of
orthopyroxene+clinopyroxene+plagioclase+quartz+garnet±hornblende, post-peak
orthopyroxene+plagioclase±clinopyroxene symplectites or coronas, and later hornblende+plagioclase+magnetite symplectites,
respectively. These mineral assemblages and their P–T estimates define clockwise P–T paths.The anticlockwise P–T paths of the A-type mafic granulites in the eastern and western zones of the
North China craton are consistent with a model of underplating and intrusion of mantle-derived
magmas. In combination with lithological, structural and geochronological data, the eastern and western
zones of the North China craton are considered to represent two continental blocks that developed
through the interaction of mantle plumes with the lithosphere from the Palaeoarchaean to the
Neoarchaean era. The B-type mafic granulites and associated rocks in the central zone represent a
magmatic arc that was metamorphosed and deformed during amalgamation of the eastern and western
continental blocks in the late Palaeoproterozoic era. The mineral reaction relations and clockwise
P–T paths of the B-type mafic granulites from the central zone record the tectonothermal history of
the collision that resulted in the final assembly of the North China craton at c. 1800 Ma.
Quantitative evaluation of Linum usitatissimum

varieties for dual-purpose traits
Authors: FOSTER R. , POONI H. S. , MACKAY I. J. 
Published: July 2002

New uses of natural fibres in industrial

processes have increased the demand for linseed fibre which

is normally discarded. In this investigation, 18 linseed and 10 flax

varieties are evaluated for 13

developmental, seed yield and fibre yield traits

with a view to identifying suitable genotypes which

may have high yields of both seed and fibre, and

therefore can be used as dual-purpose varieties

and/or are likely to provide a suitable foundation for

breeding new cultivars with an ability to

produce high yields for seed as well as fibre.Comparison of linseed and flax varieties has revealed

that the two plant types have diversified to

a great extent, particularly for those traits which have

been subjected to direct or indirect selection

during the past decades. However, considerable variation still

exists among the linseed and flax

varieties, and linseed shows more heritable variation than flax,

for both seed and fibre traits. On the

other hand, persistent selection of linseed and flax

for commercially desirable phenotypes has not

modified the genetic correlations to any appreciable level

and both crops display almost identical

correlations which do not differ significantly for any

pair of traits. None of the flax or linseed varieties

has shown such outstanding performance for seed yield as well as

fibre weight which would have

allowed them to be considered suitable for cultivation as a dual-purpose
variety.

In general,

linseed × linseed and linseed × flax crosses would constitute better

source materials for breeding high

yielding dual-purpose cultivars compared to flax × flax crosses, particularly

when seed will be the

primary commercial product and fibre/straw a secondary commodity

of such varieties.
Effect of cultivar and fungicide treatment on the yield
and nutritive value of winter and spring oat grains
grown in England and Wales, 1989–91
Authors: HAIGH P. M. , BRADSHAW N. J. 
Published: July 2002

The effect of a comprehensive (three-spray) fungicide programme

on yield, specific weight (SW),
1000-grain weight (TGW), nutritive value and yield of both winter and spring
oat grains was
investigated over a 3-year period (1989–91). With winter oats,
four cultivars (Aintree, Image or
Pennal, Solva and Kynon), were tested at each of three sites
(Gwent, Hereford and Kent). Similarly
for spring oats, four cultivars (Dula, Keeper, Rollo and Rhiannon)
were tested at each of three sites
(Cornwall, North Yorkshire and Wales).On winter oats, fungicide treatment produced a significant increase

(P<0·05) in grain yield, but
did not on spring oats. Fungicide treatment produced no significant
effect on SW, TGW or nutritive
value of the winter or spring oats. With winter oats, but not with
spring oats, fungicide treatment
produced a significant increase (P<0·05) in the
yield of digestible (DE) and metabolizable (ME)
energy for pigs and ruminants respectively.The naked oats, Kynon and Rhiannon, had a significantly lower
yield, higher SW and lower TGW
than the other conventional cultivars (P<0·05).
Their oil, fatty acid, protein, DE and ME contents
were also significantly higher than the other cultivars
(P<0·05). Nevertheless, the yield of protein,
DE and ME tended to be less from naked oats than from some of the other
cultivars tested.On winter oats, TGW, protein content and protein yield, dry
matter (DM) and fatty acid content
and on spring oats, yield, TGW, ME yield, DM, oil, fatty acid, protein,
DE and ME all varied
between years. With winter oats, oil content and energy values
were negatively correlated with yield
and positively correlated with SW. With spring oats, DE and ME
were positively correlated with SW. It was concluded that, on winter oats, fungicide treatment was
worthwhile in terms of grain yield,
but this was not the case for spring oats. Also with winter oats,
but not spring oats, fungicides gave
useful increases in the yield of energy. The naked oats, Kynon and Rhiannon,
had a distinct
advantage in terms of nutritive value, but their low yield
compared with the conventional cultivars tended to negate this benefit.
Estimating the costs associated with endemic diseases of dairy cattle
Authors: BENNETT RICHARD M. , CHRISTIANSEN KATHY , CLIFTON-HADLEY RICHARD S. 
Published: July 2002

A number of endemic diseases of dairy cattle cause significant losses to the dairy
industry in the mainland UK (England, Scotland and Wales), both in terms of the
reductions in output levels or wastage of resources incurred and the resource costs of
disease prevention and treatment (Esslemont & Spincer, 1993; Esslemont &
Kossaibati, 1996). Various studies have estimated the costs associated with different
diseases (Bennett, 1992). However, these studies use different methods of assessment,
relate to different populations at risk, refer to different points in time and utilize
different ways of measuring disease and valuations of the effects of disease on
production. Thus, it is difficult to use these studies for any comparative assessment
of the magnitude of output losses and resource wastage incurred as a result of
different diseases. Such information is useful in exploring both the economic
consequences of diseases and the potential benefits of research on improved disease
control (Howe, 1991; McInerney, 1996).This paper presents analyses of the impacts on production of five endemic
diseases and conditions of dairy cattle in mainland UK: bovine viral diarrhoea
(BVD), fasciolosis, lameness, leptospirosis and mastitis (including summer mastitis).
These analyses follow from a preliminary economic study of the impacts on livestock
production of some 30 non-notifiable diseases and conditions of farm animals
(Bennett et al. 1997). The study was funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries
and Food in the UK, with the (eventual) aim of providing information to policy
makers that might help them to reach decisions on allocating funds to research into
livestock diseases. Full details of the analyses are available from the website address
given at the end of this paper.
Margaret de Lacy and the Hospital
of St John at Aconbury, Herefordshire
Authors: NICHOLSON H. J. 
Published: July 2002

On 10 October 1216, eight days before his death, King John sent
instructions to Walter de Lacy, sheriff of Hereford, by letters
patent:Know that for the sake of God we have conceded to Margaret de Lacy three
carucates of land to be assarted and cultivated in our forest of Aconbury, to
build there a certain religious house for the souls of William de Braose her father,
Matilda her mother and William her brother. And we instruct you to assign those
three carucates of land in the aforesaid forest to the same Margaret.For the historian of King John, this concession indicates that the king was
at last prepared to restore to his favour the Braoses and the Lacys, Welsh
Marcher lords and barons of Ireland, who had spectacularly fallen from favour in 1208.
Yet for the historian of the military orders and of
monastic orders in general, it marks the beginning of a relationship
between a patron and a religious house which gives a valuable insight into
how that relationship could go badly wrong.
Motion and expansion of a viscous vortex ring. Part 1. A higher-order asymptotic formula for the velocity
Authors: FUKUMOTO YASUHIDE , MOFFATT H. K. 
Published: July 2002

A large-Reynolds-number asymptotic solution of the Navier–Stokes equations is
sought for the motion of an axisymmetric vortex ring of small cross-section embedded
in a viscous incompressible fluid. In order to take account of the influence of elliptical
deformation of the core due to the self-induced strain, the method of matched of matched
asymptotic expansions is extended to a higher order in a small parameter
ε = (v/Γ)1/2, where v is the kinematic viscosity of fluid and
Γ is the circulation. Alternatively, ε is regarded as a
measure of the ratio of the core radius to the ring radius, and our
scheme is applicable also to the steady inviscid dynamics.We establish a general formula for the translation speed of the ring valid up to third
order in ε. This is a natural extension of Fraenkel–Saffman's first-order formula, and
reduces, if specialized to a particular distribution of vorticity in an inviscid fluid, to
Dyson's third-order formula. Moreover, it is demonstrated, for a ring starting from an
infinitely thin circular loop of radius R0, that viscosity acts, at third order, to expand
the circles of stagnation points of radii Rs(t) and
R˜s(t) relative to the laboratory
frame and a comoving frame respectively, and that of peak vorticity of radius
R˜p(t) as
Rs ≈ R0
+ [2 log(4R0/√vt)
+ 1.4743424] vt/R0, R˜s ≈ R0
+ 2.5902739 vt/R0, and
Rp ≈ R0
+ 4.5902739 vt/R0. The growth of the radial centroid of vorticity, linear in
time, is also deduced. The results are compatible with the experimental results of
Sallet & Widmayer (1974) and Weigand & Gharib (1997).The procedure of pursuing the higher-order asymptotics provides a clear picture
of the dynamics of a curved vortex tube; a vortex ring may be locally regarded as a
line of dipoles along the core centreline, with their axes in the propagating direction,
subjected to the self-induced flow field. The strength of the dipole depends not only
on the curvature but also on the location of the core centre, and therefore should
be specified at the initial instant. This specification removes an indeterminacy of the
first-order theory. We derive a new asymptotic development of the Biot-Savart law
for an arbitrary distribution of vorticity, which makes the non-local induction velocity
from the dipoles calculable at third order.
Refounding the African state and local self-governance: the neglected foundation
Authors: Wunsch James S. 
Published: July 2002

The political revolution of contemporary Africa has so far largely been
limited to the centre and to re-establishing the same institutional forms and
processes which failed Africa in the 1960s. These regimes are already showing
signs of erosion. This problem can be understood through the theory of
public goods. Key collective or ‘public’ goods problems impede the collective
action necessary for institutional development. Top-down strategies cannot
surmount these problems because they cannot integrate and unify the population
or structure consensual and sustained collective action.As currently constituted, national levels of government in Africa will be
poor partners with local communities in development, be it of democracy or
of the economy. In many cases, national regimes only exist at all because
minimal contributing sets or political monopolists controlled, were given, or
mobilised the resources to establish constituting rule systems which they used
to sustain their existing relative advantages during the break-up of imperial
systems. As this advantage is usually at the expense of the majority which
lives outside the capitals, resources and policies to improve these areas are
slow in coming. The slow, bottom-up process by which a true public constitution
is built, one which reflects and elaborates generally held values, is
built on existing political relationships, and protects social diversity, has
never been allowed to develop.Refounding the African state must resolve these problems if it is to succeed.
Ethnically and religiously diverse peoples will rule themselves better under
federal and consociational systems which give local leaders space to lead local
institutional development, authority to play a role in national governance, a
process to develop consensus on central policy and to check the centre when
there is no consensus. This requires a foundation of viable, real, developed
structures of local governance if it is to succeed.
Social support deficits, loneliness and life events as risk
factors for depression in old age. The Gospel Oak Project VI
Authors: PRINCE M. J. , HARWOOD R. H. , BLIZARD R. A. , THOMAS A. , MANN A. H. 
Published: July 2002

Background. A companion paper reported a very strong
cross-sectional association between handicap and late-life depression.
Adjusting for handicap weakened associations between sociodemographic
variables and depression. It was unclear whether handicap was a
confounder, or a useful summary variable, mediating the effect of a
range of sociodemographic disadvantages. This paper focusses on the
cross-sectional relationship between depression and demographic
variables, social support, and life events.Method. A community survey of all residents over the age
of 65 years of an electoral district in London, UK.Results. There was a moderate association between
SHORT-CARE pervasive depression and the number of life events
experienced over the previous year. Personal illness, bereavement and
theft were the most salient events. There was a stronger, graded,
relationship between the number of social support deficits (SSDs) and
depression. Number of SSDs also related to age, handicap, loneliness
and use of homecare services. Loneliness was itself strongly
associated with depression; odds ratio 12·4
(7·6–20·0).Conclusions. Problems of collinearity, and the
cross-sectional design of the study limited interpretation of the
exact nature of the relationship between social support, loneliness,
handicap and depression. However, the clustering of these four factors
can be used to define a large part of the elderly population with a
poor quality of life. An important avenue for future research will be
the development and implementation of population intervention
strategies designed to address some or all of these problems among
older people in general.
Cognitive impairment in the euthymic phase of affective disorder
Authors: KESSING LARS VEDEL 
Published: July 2002

Background. A review of studies of cognition in the
euthymic phase of unipolar and bipolar
affective disorder reveals diverging results.Methods. The study was designed as a controlled cohort study,

with the Danish psychiatric case
register of admissions used to identify patients and the Danish
civil register to identify controls.
Patients who were hospitalized between 19 and 25 years ago with
an affective diagnosis and who
at interviews fulfilled criteria for a primary affective unipolar
or bipolar disorder, according to ICD-10, were compared with age- and
gender-matched controls. Interviews and assessment of the
cognitive function were made in the euthymic phase of the disorder.
In all, 118 unipolar patients,
28 bipolar patients and 58 controls were included. Analyses were
adjusted for differences in the level
of education and for subclinical depressive and anxiety symptoms.Results. Patients with recurrent episodes were significantly

more impaired than patients with a
single episode and more impaired than controls. Also, within patients
the number of prior episodes
seemed to be associated with cognitive outcome. There was no difference
in the severity of the
dysfunction between unipolar and bipolar patients.Conclusions. Cognitive impairment in out-patients with
unipolar and bipolar disorder appears to
be associated with the number of affective episodes.
The epidemiology of blood-injection-injury phobia
Authors: BIENVENU O. JOSEPH , EATON WILLIAM W. 
Published: July 2002

Background. We report the prevalence, clinical characteristics,

frequency of mental health
treatment, demographic correlates, frequency of co-morbid psychiatric conditions,
and general
health ramifications of DSM-IV blood-injection-injury phobia in the general
population.Method. The Diagnostic Interview Schedule (version III-R),
which
included questions on blood-injection-injury phobia, was administered to
1920 subjects in the
Baltimore ECA Follow-up Study.Results. The estimated unweighted lifetime prevalence of
blood-injection-injury phobia was 3·5%.
The median age of onset was 5·5 years; 78% had had symptoms within

the last 6 months. Subjects
with blood-injection-injury phobia (cases) had higher lifetime histories

of fainting and seizures than
those without (non-cases). None reported seeking mental health treatment

specifically for phobia.
Prevalences were lower in the elderly and higher in females and persons

with less education. Cases had
significantly higher than expected lifetime prevalences of other
psychiatric conditions, including
marijuana abuse/dependence, major depression, obsessive–compulsive

disorder, panic disorder,
agoraphobia, social phobia and other simple phobia. Cases and
non-cases did not differ with regard
to usual health-care settings, regular care for specific medical
conditions, numbers of out-patient
visits or hospitalizations, or previous general anaesthesia or
live births. However, diabetics with
blood-injection-injury phobia had higher than expected rates of macrovascular
complications.Conclusion. Blood-injection-injury phobia is common, especially

in females and those with less
education, and it is associated with several co-morbid psychiatric conditions.
No strong, broad
general health ramifications of this phobia are apparent. However,
diabetics with this phobia appear
at particular risk for complications; this deserves further study.
Emotional bias and inhibitory control processes in
mania and depression
Authors: MURPHY F. C. , SAHAKIAN B. J. , RUBINSZTEIN J. S. , MICHAEL A. , ROGERS R. D. , ROBBINS T. W. , PAYKEL E. S. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Despite markedly different clinical presentations, few studies have reported differences
in neuropsychological functioning between mania and depression. The disinhibited behaviour
characteristic of mania and evidence that subgenual prefrontal cortex is differentially activated in
mania and depression both suggest that dissociable deficits will emerge on tasks that require
inhibitory control and are subserved by ventromedial prefrontal cortex.Methods. Manic patients and controls undertook computerized neuropsychological tests of
memory and planning ability. In addition, manic and depressed patients were directly compared
with controls on a novel affective shifting task that requires inhibitory control over different
components of cognitive and emotional processing.Results. Manic patients were impaired on tests of memory and planning. Importantly, affective
shifting performance of manic patients differed from that of depressed patients. Manic patients were
impaired in their ability to inhibit behavioural responses and focus attention, but depressed patients
were impaired in their ability to shift the focus of attention. Depressed patients exhibited an affective
bias for negative stimuli, and we believe this to be the first demonstration of an affective bias for
positive stimuli in manic patients.Conclusions. Observed impairments on tests of memory and planning suggest a global pathology
for mania consistent with previous profiles for this disorder and similar to established profiles for
depression. The results on the affective shifting task demonstrate the presence of mood-congruent
bias and dissociable components of inhibitory control in mania and depression. Against a
background of memory and planning impairments in the two groups, these findings are consistent
with a role for the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in mediating mood–cognition relationships.