bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the importance of spatial resolution and other factors through global sensitivity analysis of a flood inundation model
Authors: Thomas Steven Savage James , Pianosi Francesca , Bates Paul , Freer Jim , Wagener Thorsten 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWhere high‐resolution topographic data are available, modelers are faced with the decision of whether it is better to spend computational resource on resolving topography at finer resolutions or on running more simulations to account for various uncertain input factors (e.g., model parameters). In this paper we apply global sensitivity analysis to explore how influential the choice of spatial resolution is when compared to uncertainties in the Manning's friction coefficient parameters, the inflow hydrograph, and those stemming from the coarsening of topographic data used to produce Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). We apply the hydraulic model LISFLOOD‐FP to produce several temporally and spatially variable model outputs that represent different aspects of flood inundation processes, including flood extent, water depth, and time of inundation. We find that the most influential input factor for flood extent predictions changes during the flood event, starting with the inflow hydrograph during the rising limb before switching to the channel friction parameter during peak flood inundation, and finally to the floodplain friction parameter during the drying phase of the flood event. Spatial resolution and uncertainty introduced by resampling topographic data to coarser resolutions are much more important for water depth predictions, which are also sensitive to different input factors spatially and temporally. Our findings indicate that the sensitivity of LISFLOOD‐FP predictions is more complex than previously thought. Consequently, the input factors that modelers should prioritize will differ depending on the model output assessed, and the location and time of when and where this output is most relevant.
Data processing for a small‐scale long‐term coastal ocean observing system near Mobile Bay, Alabama
Authors: Tzeng Mimi W. , Dzwonkowski Brian , Park Kyeong 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe oceanographic community routinely collects time series data of hydrography, water current velocity, and other basic physical, chemical, and biological properties of the marine environment. Such data are essential for establishing baseline characteristics of marine and estuarine ecosystems. However, the task of taking the raw data files as downloaded from a variety of instruments from multiple manufacturers, and converting them into file formats that can be used to address specific research questions, can be highly complex and time consuming. To illustrate some of these complexities, we have thoroughly documented the data processing steps for a small coastal ocean observing system near Mobile Bay, Alabama, that has been in operation since 2004. Our goals were to produce documentation and data provenance in sufficient detail for full science reproducibility of all studies that use data from this system, provide a template for other ocean observation operations, and highlight a need for better recognition of the significant amount of time and expertise often required to do both the data processing and the documentation for long‐term observational systems.
Will China be the first to initiate climate engineering?
Authors: Moore John C. , Chen Ying , Cui Xuefeng , Yuan Wenping , Dong Wenjie , Gao Yun , Shi Peijun 
Published: November 2016

AbstractOver the last 30 years, China has industrialized more rapidly than any other society in history and become the world's largest emitter of CO2. This has demonstrated unprecedented ability to change the socioeconomic landscape, produced great wealth, and led to some catastrophic environmental damage. This is the background that has motivated several authors to postulate that China would initiate geoengineering using solar radiation management. But will China be the first to pioneer climate engineering? The answer, we argue here, is likely to be “no!” We reach this conclusion from an analysis of the historic philosophical tradition that informs the Chinese world view, China's experience of mega‐engineering projects both ancient and modern, and the policies implemented over the last 60 years. The debate on geoengineering has to‐date been almost exclusively Euro‐American, but China has mega‐engineering experience, huge resources, and a radically different world‐view that needs to be acknowledged. Furthermore we contend that these experiences can be useful internationally in helping to frame the debate on climate mitigation from the perspective of the earth as shared, multiuse and finite.
Trichodesmium latitudinal distribution on the shelf break in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean during spring and autumn
Authors: Detoni Amália Maria Sacilotto , Ciotti Áurea Maria , Calil Paulo H. R. , Tavano Virginia Maria , Yunes João Sarkis 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe report Trichodesmium slicks in the South Atlantic associated with fronts produced by the southward displacement of the Brazil Current. For the first time, a relatively high spatial sampling grid of trichomes density is shown over an undersampled region with regard to Trichodesmium. In this study, the distributions of Trichodesmium along the southeastern Brazilian continental shelf break were characterized during four oceanographic cruises and related to seawater temperature, upper layer nutrient concentrations and wind dynamics. Meridional changes in the densities of trichomes followed an expected trend with higher (lower) values found in warmer (colder) and more saline (less saline) water masses. Between 23° and 28°S, large accumulations of trichomes were associated with high temperature, increased phosphate concentrations (>0.08 μM), nitrogen below 2.4 μM, and low wind speeds (<11 m s−1). Maximum densities of 212.6 × 105 trichomes L−1, which are considerably larger than those reported in other studies in subtropical oceans, occurred at stations showing weak water column stability and higher phosphate levels over the upper 25 m. We suggest that shelf break dynamics, which drive and modulate the intensity of the shelf break upwelling, as well as wind divergence at spatial scales of approximately 600 km2, associated with mesoscale activities, may favor Trichodesmium growth and accumulation. On the other hand, Trichodesmium densities were low at latitudes between 28° and 33°S, likely due to either or both the lowest sea surface temperatures and/or out‐competition by the faster‐growing nondiazotrophs.
Deep carbon cycle recorded by calcium‐silicate rocks (rodingites) in a subduction‐related ophiolite
Authors: Dai J. G. , Wang C. S. , Liu S. A. , Qian X. Y. , Zhu D. C. , Ke S. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCarbon cycling in subduction zones remains poorly constrained due to the lack of relevant geological records. Here we report magnesium isotope data (δ26MgDSM3) from calcium‐silicate rocks (rodingites) from the Xigaze ophiolite, southern Tibet, which is thought to represent remnants of Neo‐Tethyan oceanic lithosphere. Behaviors of immobile trace elements in rodingites resemble those of their mafic dike protoliths, showing subduction‐related signatures. The majority of rodingites exhibits low δ26Mg values of −0.72‰ to −0.33‰ with a weighted average of −0.47 ± 0.11‰ (2 SD), significantly lighter than that of their protoliths (−0.31 ± 0.03‰). This difference likely reflects the interaction of the protolith with isotopically light carbonate fluids. Modeling indicates that this hypothesis requires the input of 5 to 15 wt % carbonates during rodingitization. Our study suggests that rodingite may represent a previously unrecognized reservoir of dissolved Ca from subducted carbonates.
A multievent study of the coincidence of heliospheric current sheet and stream interface
Authors: Huang Jia , Liu Yong C.‐M. , Qi Zhaohui , Klecker Berndt , Marghitu Octav , Galvin Antoinette B. , Farrugia Charles J. , Li Xiaoyu 
Published: November 2016

AbstractGenerally, the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) is separated from the stream interface (SI) at about 1 AU. A recent study found an event where the HCS coincides with the SI, and in which the HCS is separated from the true sector boundary (TSB), defined by the switch of suprathermal electron pitch angle distributions. We present a multievent study by using STEREO, ACE, and Wind data during 2007 to 2010 to investigate whether other classes of such coincidence cases exist, as well as their stability. We find coincidence cases related to ideal HCSs, separated TSB and HCS, or heat flux dropouts in the vicinity; therefore, we define them as types I, II, and III. Among the nine coincidence cases, there are seven type I, one type II, and one type III. For each type, a possible schematic origin is presented. We also compared the observations on different spacecraft. Only two out of nine cases are observed by several spacecraft with a large separation, indicating that the coincidence structures are usually unstable. The study also shows that the coincidence cases have a variable connection with pseudostreamers. Interchange reconnection and pseudostreamers could play a role in forming these coincidence cases and lead to different configurations in different situations.
Modeling of ground albedo neutrons to investigate seasonal cosmic ray‐induced neutron variations measured at high‐altitude stations
Authors: Hubert G. , Pazianotto M. T. , Federico C. A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis paper investigates seasonal cosmic ray‐induced neutron variations measured over a long‐term period (from 2011 to 2016) in both the high‐altitude stations located in medium geomagnetic latitude and Antarctica (Pic‐du‐Midi and Concordia, respectively). To reinforce analysis, modeling based on ground albedo neutrons simulations of extensive air showers and the solar modulation potential was performed. Because the local environment is well known and stable over time in Antarctica, data were used to validate the modeling approach. A modeled scene representative to the Pic‐du‐Midi was simulated with GEANT4 for various hydrogen properties (composition, density, and wet level) and snow thickness. The orders of magnitudes of calculated thermal fluence rates are consistent with measurements obtained during summers and winters. These variations are dominant in the thermal domain (i.e., En < 0.5 eV) and lesser degree in epithermal and evaporation domains (i.e., 0.5 eV < En < 0.1 MeV and 0.1 MeV < En < 20 MeV, respectively). Cascade neutron (En > 20 MeV) is weakly impacted. The role of hydrogen content on ground albedo neutron generation was investigated with GEANT4 simulations. These investigations focused to mountain environment; nevertheless, they demonstrate the complexity of the local influences on neutron fluence rates.
Thermospheric parameters long‐term variations retrieved from ionospheric observations in Europe
Authors: Mikhailov A. V. , Perrone L. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractRecently developed method to retrieve thermospheric parameters (Tex, O, O2, and N2) and the total solar EUV flux with λ < 1050 Å from routine foF1 ionosonde observations has been applied to monthly median foF1 data on Rome, Slough/Chilton, and Juliusruh stations to analyze long‐term trends in the thermospheric parameters. For the first time exospheric temperature and neutral composition were obtained for June noontime conditions over the period of ~ 5 solar cycles. The retrieved parameter manifested solar cycle and long‐term (some solar cycles) variations with a rising phase in 1965–1985 and falling phase in 1985–2008. The retrieved thermospheric parameters were shown to be close to the MSIS‐86 model ones exhibiting very small (<1% per decade) and statistically insignificant linear trends estimated either over all 56 years or only over the years of solar minimum. No peculiarities in long‐term variations in relation with the last deep solar minimum have been revealed. The source of the thermospheric parameter long‐term trends is the Sun, i.e., they have a natural (not anthropogenic) origin and are mainly controlled by long‐term variations of solar and geomagnetic activity.
Tectonic tremor along the northern Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand, between 2010 and 2015
Authors: Todd Erin K. , Schwartz Susan Y. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe present the first comprehensive tectonic tremor catalog for the northern Hikurangi Margin obtained from the systematic analysis of data from the New Zealand Seismic Network between 2010 and 2015. The recent densification of this array along the northern Hikurangi Margin has allowed for the detection and location of tectonic tremor associated with 20 out of 26 identified transients in the continuous GPS record along the east coast of the Raukumara Peninsula. Eighteen of these transients have never been reported in the literature and are likely to be slow slip events with magnitudes smaller than those previously studied. We also investigate the spatiotemporal relationships between shallow, offshore slow slip, tectonic tremor, and earthquakes for the duration of the study period.
Detection of a gas flaring signature in the AERONET optical properties of aerosols at a tropical station in West Africa
Authors: Fawole Olusegun G. , Cai Xiaoming , Levine James G. , Pinker Rachel T. , MacKenzie A. R. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe West African region, with its peculiar climate and atmospheric dynamics, is a prominent source of aerosols. Reliable and long‐term in situ measurements of aerosol properties are not readily available across the region. In this study, Version 2 Level 1.5 Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) data were used to study the absorption and size distribution properties of aerosols from dominant sources identified by trajectory analysis. The trajectory analysis was used to define four sources of aerosols over a 10 year period. Sorting the AERONET aerosol retrievals by these putative sources, the hypothesis that there exists an optically distinct gas flaring signal was tested. Dominance of each source cluster varies with season: desert‐dust (DD) and biomass burning (BB) aerosols are dominant in months prior to the West African Monsoon (WAM); urban (UB) and gas flaring (GF) aerosol are dominant during the WAM months. BB aerosol, with single scattering albedo (SSA) at 675 nm value of 0.86 ± 0.03 and GF aerosol with SSA (675 nm) value of 0.9 ± 0.07, is the most absorbing of the aerosol categories. The range of Absorption Angstrӧm Exponent (AAE) for DD, BB, UB and GF classes are 1.99 ± 0.35, 1.45 ± 0.26, 1.21 ± 0.38 and 0.98 ± 0.25, respectively, indicating different aerosol composition for each source. The AAE (440–870 nm) and Angstrӧm Exponent (AE) (440–870 nm) relationships further show the spread and overlap of the variation of these optical and microphysical properties, presumably due in part to similarity in the sources of aerosols and in part, due to mixing of air parcels from different sources en route to the measurement site.
Dry layers in the tropical troposphere observed during CONTRAST and global behavior from GFS analyses
Authors: Randel William J. , Rivoire Louis , Pan Laura L. , Honomichl Shawn B. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe Convective Transport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) experiment was an aircraft‐based field campaign conducted from Guam (14°N, 145°E) during January–February 2014. Aircraft measurements included over 80 vertical profiles from the boundary layer to the upper troposphere (~15 km). A large fraction of these profiles revealed layered structures with very low water vapor (relative humidity <20%) and enhanced ozone, primarily in the lower‐middle troposphere (~3–9 km). Comparing CONTRAST water vapor measurements with co‐located profiles from National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Forecast System (GFS) analyses, we find good agreement for dry layers, including profile‐by‐profile comparisons and statistical behavior. We then utilize GFS data to evaluate the frequency of occurrence and 3‐D structure of dry layers for the CONTRAST period to provide perspective to the campaign measurements and evaluate the global climatological behavior based on a longer record. GFS data show that dry layers occur ~50–80% of the time in the subtropical troposphere, maximizing on the equatorward side of the subtropical jets in the winter hemisphere. Subtropical dry layers occur most frequently over isentropic levels ~320–340 K, which extend into the extratropical upper troposphere‐lower stratosphere (UTLS). Similar statistical behavior of dry, ozone‐rich layers is found in long‐term balloon measurements from Reunion Island (21°S, 56°E). The climatologically frequent occurrence of dry, ozone‐rich layers, plus their vertical and spatial structures linked to the subtropical jets, all suggest that dry layers are linked to quasi‐isentropic transport from the extratropical UTLS and suggest a ubiquitous UTLS influence on the subtropical middle troposphere.
McMaster Modular Assessment Program (McMAP) Through the Years: Residents' Experience With an Evolving Feedback Culture Over a 3‐year Period
Authors: Li Shelly‐Anne , Sherbino Jonathan , Chan Teresa M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundAssessing resident competency in emergency department settings requires observing a substantial number of work‐based skills and tasks. The McMaster Modular Assessment Program (McMAP) is a novel, workplace‐based assessment (WBA) system that uses task‐specific and global low‐stakes assessments of resident performance. We describe the evaluation of a WBA program 3 years after implementation.MethodsWe used a qualitative approach, conducting focus groups with resident physicians in all 5 postgraduate years (n = 26) who used McMAP as part of McMaster University's emergency medicine residency program. Responses were triangulated using a follow‐up written survey. Data were analyzed using theory‐based thematic analysis. An audit trail was reviewed to ensure that all themes were captured.ResultsFindings were organized at the level of the learner (residents), faculty, and system. Residents identified elements of McMAP that were perceived as supporting or inhibiting learning. Residents shared their opinions on the feasibility of completing daily WBAs, perceptions and utilization of rating scales, and the value of structured feedback (written and verbal) from faculty. Residents also commented extensively on the evolving and improving feedback culture that has been created within our system.ConclusionThe study describes an evolving culture of feedback that promotes the process of informed self‐assessment. A programmatic approach to WBAs can foster opportunities for feedback although barriers must still be overcome to fully realize the potential of a continuous WBA system. A professional culture change is required to implement and encourage the routine use of WBAs. Barriers, such as familiarity with assessment system logistics, faculty member discomfort with providing feedback, and empowering residents to ask faculty for direct observations and assessments must be addressed to realize the potential of a programmatic WBA system. Findings may inform future research in identifying key components of successful implementation of a programmatic workplace‐based assessment system.
Ultrahigh‐Resolution Diffusion‐Ordered Spectroscopy
Authors: Foroozandeh Mohammadali , Castañar Laura , Martins Lucas G. , Sinnaeve Davy , Poggetto Guilherme Dal , Tormena Claudio F. , Adams Ralph W. , Morris Gareth A. , Nilsson Mathias 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDiffusion‐ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) is an effective method for the analysis of intact mixtures, but the quality of results is critically limited by resolution in the NMR dimension. A new experiment integrating diffusion weighting into the PSYCHE method for pure shift NMR spectroscopy allows DOSY spectra to be measured with ultrahigh NMR resolution at improved sensitivity.
Behavior‐associated Neuronal Activation After Kainic Acid‐induced Hippocampal Neurotoxicity is Modulated in Time
Authors: Aguilar‐Arredondo Andrea , López‐Hernández Fernanda , García‐Velázquez Lizbeth , Arias Clorinda , Zepeda Angélica 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTKainic acid‐induced (KA) hippocampal damage leads to neuronal death and further synaptic plasticity. Formation of aberrant as well as of functional connections after such procedure has been documented. However, the impact of such structural plasticity on cell activation along time after damage and in face of a behavioral demand has not been explored. We evaluated if the mRNA and protein levels of plasticity‐related protein synaptophysin (Syp and SYP, respectively) and activity‐regulated cytoskeleton‐associated protein mRNA and protein levels (Arc and Arc, respectively) in the dentate gyrus were differentially modulated in time in response to a spatial‐exploratory task after KA‐induced hippocampal damage. In addition, we analyzed Arc+/NeuN+ immunopositive cells in the different experimental conditions. We infused KA intrahippocampally to young‐adult rats and 10 or 30 days post‐lesion (dpl) animals performed a hippocampus‐activating spatial‐exploratory task. Our results show that Syp mRNA levels significantly increase at 10dpl and return to control levels after 30dpl, whereas SYP protein levels are diminished at 10dpl, but significantly increase at 30dpl, as compared to 10dpl. Arc mRNA and protein levels are both increased at 30dpl as compared to sham. Also the number of NeuN+/Arc+ cells significantly increases at 30dpl in the group with a spatial‐exploratory demand. These results provide information on the long‐term modifications associated to structural plasticity and neuronal activation in the dentate gyrus after excitotoxic damage and in face of a spatial‐exploratory behavior. Anat Rec, 300:425–432, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microalgal cultivation with waste streams and metabolic constraints to triacylglycerides accumulation for biofuel production
Authors: Ge Shijian , Champagne Pascale , Plaxton William C. , Leite Gustavo B. , Marazzi Francesca 
Published: November 2016

AbstractGlobal increases in the generation of waste streams, including liquid, gaseous, and solid waste, have been posing serious challenges for waste management as a result of their potential impacts on receiving environments and climate change. The conversion of waste streams into useful bioenergy, biofuels, and bioproducts through recycling and/or recovery has been presented as a promising alternative. Coupling the bioremediation of waste streams with microalgae‐based biofuel production, offers an alternative strategy to achieve waste‐to‐biofuel and bioenergy. A group of unicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes, microalgae require relatively simple nutrients and inorganic carbon sources to support their growth, while accumulating several biofuel precursors, such as starch or storage lipids. This review summarizes the current approaches to microalgal biomass production using waste streams, including waste‐water; waste or CO2‐enriched gas (flue gas and biogas); waste organics (i.e., crude glycerol); and waste heat, as well as the primary common operational challenges and corresponding mitigation strategies involved in cultivation approaches. Moreover, microalgal metabolic pathways supporting the biosynthesis of energy‐rich molecules such as triacylglycerides (TAG) and starch are discussed. Metabolic constraints and potential approaches for the enhancement of microalgal TAG accumulation are systematically and critically analyzed. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd