bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimizing HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis implementation among men who have sex with men in a large urban centre: a dynamic modelling study
Authors: MacFadden Derek R , Tan Darrell H , Mishra Sharmistha 
Published: September 2016

IntroductionOnce‐daily tenofovir/emtricitabine‐based pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can reduce HIV acquisition in men who have sex with men (MSM), by 44% in the iPrEx trial, and reaching up to 99% with high adherence. We examined the potential population‐level impact and cost‐effectiveness of different PrEP implementation strategies.MethodsWe developed a dynamic, stochastic compartmental model of HIV transmission among the estimated 57,400 MSM in Toronto, Canada. Parameterization was performed using local epidemiologic data. Strategies examined included (1) uniform PrEP delivery versus targeting the highest risk decile of MSM (with varying coverage proportions); (2) increasing PrEP efficacy as a surrogate of adherence (44% to 99%); and (3) varying HIV test frequency (once monthly to once yearly). Outcomes included HIV infections averted and the incremental cost ($CAD) per incremental quality‐adjusted‐life‐year (QALY) gained over 20 years.ResultsUse of PrEP among all HIV‐uninfected MSM at 25, 50, 75 and 100% coverage prevented 1970, 3427, 4317, and 4581 infections, respectively, with cost/QALY increasing from $500,000 to $800,000 CAD. Targeted PrEP for the highest risk MSM at 25, 50, 75 and 100% coverage prevented 1166, 2154, 2816, and 3012 infections, respectively, with cost/QALY ranging from $35,000 to $70,000 CAD. Maximizing PrEP efficacy, in a scenario of 25% coverage of high‐risk MSM with PrEP, prevented 1540 infections with a cost/QALY of $15,000 CAD. HIV testing alone (Q3 months) averted 898 of infections with a cost savings of $4,000 CAD per QALY.ConclusionsThe optimal implementation strategy for PrEP over the next 20 years at this urban centre is to target high‐risk MSM and to maximize efficacy by supporting PrEP adherence. A large health benefit of PrEP implementation could come from engaging undiagnosed HIV‐infected individuals into care.
An Economist in the Real World
Authors: Basu Kaushik 
Published: September 2016

An economist's perspective on the nuts and bolts of economic policymaking, based on his experience as the Chief Economic Adviser in India.
In December 2009, the economist Kaushik Basu left the rarefied world of academic research for the nuts and bolts of policymaking. Appointed by the then Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh, to be chief economic adviser (CEA) to the Government of India, Basu—a theorist, with special interest in development economics, and a professor of economics at Cornell University—discovered the complexity of applying economic models to the real world. Effective policymaking, Basu learned, integrates technical knowledge with political awareness. In this book, Basu describes the art of economic policymaking, viewed through the lens of his two and a half years as CEA.
Basu writes from a unique perspective—neither that of the career bureaucrat nor that of the traditional researcher. Plunged into the deal-making, non-hypothetical world of policymaking, Basu suffers from a kind of culture shock and views himself at first as an anthropologist or scientist, gathering observations of unfamiliar phenomena. He addresses topics that range from the macroeconomic—fiscal and monetary policies—to the granular—designing grain auctions and policies to assure everyone has access to basic food. Basu writes about globalization and India's period of unprecedented growth, and he reports that at a dinner hosted by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, President Obama joked to him, “You should give this guy some tips”—“this guy” being Timothy Geithner. Basu describes the mixed success of India's anti-poverty programs and the problems of corruption, and considers the social norms and institutions necessary for economic development. India is, Basu argues, at an economics crossroad. As CEA from 2009 to 2012, he was present at the creation of a potential economic powerhouse.
Plantations and Protected Areas
Authors: Bennett Brett M. 
Published: September 2016

How global forest management shifted from an integrated conservation model to a bifurcated system of timber plantations and protected areas.
Today, the world's forests are threatened by global warming, growing demand for wood products, and increasing pressure to clear tropical forests for agricultural use. Economic globalization has enabled Western corporations to export timber processing jobs and import cheap wood products from developing countries. Timber plantations of exotic, fast-growing species supply an ever-larger amount of the world's wood. In response, many countries have established forest areas protected from development. In this book, Brett Bennett views today's forestry issues from a historical perspective. The separation of wood production from the protection of forests, he shows, stems from entangled environmental, social, political, and economic factors. This divergence—driven by the concomitant intensification of production and creation of vast protected areas—is reshaping forest management systems both public and private.
Bennett shows that plantations and protected areas evolved from, and then undermined, an earlier integrated forest management system that sought both to produce timber and to conserve the environment. He describes the development of the science and profession of forestry in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Europe; discusses the twentieth-century creation of timber plantations in the Americas, Asia, Africa, and Australia; and examines the controversies over deforestation that led to the establishment of protected areas. Bennett argues that the problems associated with the bifurcation of forest management—including the loss of forestry knowledge necessary to manage large ecosystems for diverse purposes—suggest that a more integrated model would be preferable.
Fighting King Coal
Authors: Bell Shannon Elizabeth 
Published: September 2016

An examination of why so few people suffering from environmental hazards and pollution choose to participate in environmental justice movements.
In the coal-mining region of Central Appalachia, mountaintop-removal mining and coal-industry-related flooding, water contamination, and illness have led to the emergence of a grassroots, women-driven environmental justice movement. But the number of local activists is small relative to the affected population, and recruiting movement participants from within the region is an ongoing challenge.
In Fighting King Coal, Shannon Elizabeth Bell examines an understudied puzzle within social movement theory: why so few of the many people who suffer from industry-produced environmental hazards and pollution rise up to participate in social movements aimed at bringing about social justice and industry accountability. Using the coal-mining region of Central Appalachia as a case study, Bell investigates the challenges of micromobilization through in-depth interviews, participant observation, content analysis, geospatial viewshed analysis, and an eight-month “Photovoice” project—an innovative means of studying, in real time, the social dynamics affecting activist involvement in the region. Although the Photovoice participants took striking photographs and wrote movingly about the environmental destruction caused by coal production, only a few became activists. Bell reveals the importance of local identities to the success or failure of local recruitment efforts in social movement struggles, ultimately arguing that, if the local identities of environmental justice movements are lost, the movements may also lose their power.
Crowdsourced Health
Authors: Yom-Tov Elad 
Published: September 2016

How data from our health-related Internet searches can lead to discoveries about diseases and symptoms and help patients deal with diagnoses.
Most of us have gone online to search for information about health. What are the symptoms of a migraine? How effective is this drug? Where can I find more resources for cancer patients? Could I have an STD? Am I fat? A Pew survey reports more than 80 percent of American Internet users have logged on to ask questions like these. But what if the digital traces left by our searches could show doctors and medical researchers something new and interesting? What if the data generated by our searches could reveal information about health that would be difficult to gather in other ways? In this book, Elad Yom-Tov argues that Internet data could change the way medical research is done, supplementing traditional tools to provide insights not otherwise available. He describes how studies of Internet searches have, among other things, already helped researchers track to side effects of prescription drugs, to understand the information needs of cancer patients and their families, and to recognize some of the causes of anorexia.
Yom-Tov shows that the information collected can benefit humanity without sacrificing individual privacy. He explains why people go to the Internet with health questions; for one thing, it seems to be a safe place to ask anonymously about such matters as obesity, sex, and pregnancy. He describes in detrimental effects of “pro-anorexia” online content; tells how computer scientists can scour search engine data to improve public health by, for example, identifying risk factors for disease and centers of contagion; and tells how analyses of how people deal with upsetting diagnoses help doctors to treat patients and patients to understand their conditions.
Vision
Authors: Dowling John E. , Dowling Joseph L. 
Published: September 2016

Descriptions of basic visual mechanisms and related clinical abnormalities, by a neuroscientist and an ophthalmologist.
Over the past fifty years, enormous progress has been made in understanding visual mechanisms and treating eye disorders. And yet the scientist is not always aware of the latest clinical advances and the clinician is often not up to date on the basic scientific discoveries. Writing in nontechnical language, John and Joseph Dowling, a neuroscientist and an ophthalmologist, examine vision from both perspectives, providing concise descriptions of basic visual mechanisms and related clinical abnormalities. Thus, an account of the photoreceptors is followed by a consideration of retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration; an explanation of the retina's function is followed by details of glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy.
The authors begin with the cornea and lens, which project an image on the light-sensitive elements inside the eye, the photoreceptors, and how that process can be compromised by such disorders as cataracts and corneal disease. They go on to describe, among other things, how the photoreceptors capture light; retinal and visual cortical anatomy and physiology; and higher level visual processing that leads to perception. Cortical disorders such as amblyopia are discussed as well as specific deficits such as the inability to recognize faces, colors, or moving objects. Finally, they survey the evolution of our knowledge of vision, and speculate about future advances.
Variability of fire carbon emissions in equatorial Asia and its nonlinear sensitivity to El Niño
Authors: Yin Yi , Ciais Philippe , Chevallier Frederic , van der Werf Guido R. , Fanin Thierry , Broquet Gregoire , Boesch Hartmut , Cozic Anne , Hauglustaine Didier , Szopa Sophie , Wang Yilong 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe large peatland carbon stocks in the land use change‐affected areas of equatorial Asia are vulnerable to fire. Combining satellite observations of active fire, burned area, and atmospheric concentrations of combustion tracers with a Bayesian inversion, we estimated the amount and variability of fire carbon emissions in equatorial Asia over the period 1997–2015. Emissions in 2015 were of 0.51 ± 0.17 Pg carbon—less than half of the emissions from the previous 1997 extreme El Niño, explained by a less acute water deficit. Fire severity could be empirically hindcasted from the cumulative water deficit with a lead time of 1 to 2 months. Based on CMIP5 climate projections and an exponential empirical relationship found between fire carbon emissions and water deficit, we infer a total fire carbon loss ranging from 12 to 25 Pg by 2100 which is a significant positive feedback to climate warming.
Global composites of surface wind speeds in tropical cyclones based on a 12 year scatterometer database
Authors: Klotz Bradley W. , Jiang Haiyan 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA 12 year global database of rain‐corrected satellite scatterometer surface winds for tropical cyclones (TCs) is used to produce composites of TC surface wind speed distributions relative to vertical wind shear and storm motion directions in each TC‐prone basin and various TC intensity stages. These composites corroborate ideas presented in earlier studies, where maxima are located right of motion in the Earth‐relative framework. The entire TC surface wind asymmetry is down motion left for all basins and for lower strength TCs after removing the motion vector. Relative to the shear direction, the motion‐removed composites indicate that the surface wind asymmetry is located down shear left for the outer region of all TCs, but for the inner‐core region it varies from left of shear to down shear right for different basin and TC intensity groups. Quantification of the surface wind asymmetric structure in further stratifications is a necessary next step for this scatterometer data set.
Mass loading at the magnetopause through the plasmaspheric plume
Authors: Wang Yan , Tu Jiannan , Song Paul 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAn investigation of the transport of the plasmaspheric plasma to the dayside magnetopause under disturbed geomagnetic conditions associated with plasmaspheric plumes is conducted by numerical simulations using the Dynamic Fluid‐Kinetic (DyFK) model. The simulations present the field‐aligned density distributions and kinetic features of multiple ion species (H+/He+/O+) in a plasmaspheric flux tube that corotates while convecting toward the dayside magnetopause. The simulations show that the plasmaspheric plume can provide an equatorial magnetopause plasma density which is up to 3 orders of magnitude higher than that under the typical conditions. With the effects of wave‐particle interaction included, such mass loading through the plasmaspheric plume is even stronger. The local reconnection rate at the location where the plasmaspheric plume mass loads at the dayside magnetopause may decrease by 90%, depending on the geomagnetic activities, the outer plasmaspheric density, and the level and spatial span of the wave‐particle interaction.
Equatorial E region electric fields at the dip equator: 1. Variabilities in eastern Brazil and Peru
Authors: Moro J. , Denardini C. M. , Resende L. C. A. , Chen S. S. , Schuch N. J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe equatorial electrojet (EEJ) is an intense eastward ionospheric electric current centered at about 105 km of altitude along the dip equator, set up by the global neutral wind dynamo that generates the eastward zonal (Ey) and the daytime vertical (Ez) electric fields. The temporal variation of the EEJ is believed to be well understood. However, the longitudinal variability of the Ey and Ez between 100 and 110 km is still quite scarce. Due to their importance overall phenomenology of the equatorial ionosphere, we investigate the variabilities of the Ey and Ez inferred from measurements of the Doppler frequency of Type II echoes provided by coherent backscatter radars installed in locations close to the magnetic equator in the eastern Brazil (2.33°S, 44.20°W) and Peru (11.95°S, 76.87°W). This study is based on long‐term (609 days for both systems) radar soundings collected from 2001 to 2010. The variabilities of the electric fields are studied in terms of the position of the soundings with respect to the dip equator and the magnetic declination angle. Among the results, Ey and Ez show longitudinal dependence, being higher in Peru than east Brazil. Under quiet geomagnetic activity, the mean diurnal variations of Ey ranged from 0.21 to 0.35 mV/m between 8 and 18 h (LT) in Brazil and from 0.23 mV/m to 0.45 mV/m in Peru, while the mean diurnal variations of the Ez ranges from 7.09 to 8.80 mV/m in Brazil and from 9.00 to 11.18 mV/m in Peru.
High‐resolution CSR GRACE RL05 mascons
Authors: Save Himanshu , Bettadpur Srinivas , Tapley Byron D. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe determination of the gravity model for the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) is susceptible to modeling errors, measurement noise, and observability issues. The ill‐posed GRACE estimation problem causes the unconstrained GRACE RL05 solutions to have north‐south stripes. We discuss the development of global equal area mascon solutions to improve the GRACE gravity information for the study of Earth surface processes. These regularized mascon solutions are developed with a 1° resolution using Tikhonov regularization in a geodesic grid domain. These solutions are derived from GRACE information only, and no external model or data is used to inform the constraints. The regularization matrix is time variable and will not bias or attenuate future regional signals to some past statistics from GRACE or other models. The resulting Center for Space Research (CSR) mascon solutions have no stripe errors and capture all the signals observed by GRACE within the measurement noise level. The solutions are not tailored for specific applications and are global in nature. This study discusses the solution approach and compares the resulting solutions with postprocessed results from the RL05 spherical harmonic solutions and other global mascon solutions for studies of Arctic ice sheet processes, ocean bottom pressure variation, and land surface total water storage change. This suite of comparisons leads to the conclusion that the mascon solutions presented here are an enhanced representation of the RL05 GRACE solutions and provide accurate surface‐based gridded information that can be used without further processing.
Prediction of a piston–die press product using batch population balance model
Authors: Rosales‐Marín G. , Delgadillo J. A. , Tuzcu E. T. , Pérez‐Alonso C. A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIt is known that between 40 and 70% of the energy consumed in a mineral processing complex is used for size reduction. Hence, the size reduction modeling is an important task that has been undertaken for decades to improve efficiencies and aid in decreasing operating costs. In this study, piston–die experiment size distribution was modeled by using a novel method: combination of throughput model and specific power consumption model, together with the population balance modeling. The copper ore samples were compressed up to 0.9166 kWh/t (600 kN compressing force), under universal tension machine. Coarse (−19 + 6.3 mm), medium (−4.75 + 0.6 mm), and fine (+0.425–0.038 mm) particle size distributions were tested in an iron piston–die press. The diameter used for the experimental setup was 0.125 m, and the height was 0.075 m. Different specific energies—0.0046 to 0.9166 kWh/t—were utilized. Experimental data for remaining subsets were used for validation of simulation results obtained by the model. It is concluded that the combination of throughput model and specific power consumption model, together with the population balance model, successfully predicted the piston–die experimental size distributions. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of the fluid flow and heat transfer in shell‐and‐tube heat exchangers with different baffles and tubes: simulation and experimental studies
Authors: Liu Jiuyi , Qian Caifu 
Published: September 2016

AbstractLarge‐and‐small‐hole (LASH) baffle is a new shell‐side fluid flow‐guide structure, and corrugated tube is the widely used as the heat transfer enhancement tube. In this paper, numerical simulations and experimental studies were carried out for the fluid flow and heat transfer in six shell‐and‐tube heat exchangers designed with LASH baffles, segmental LASH baffles, traditional single‐segmental baffles, and corrugated and plain tubes. It is found that under the same fluid flow conditions, the tube vibration in the heat exchangers with LASH baffles are significantly reduced and the shell‐side pressure drops are decreased compared with those having the conventional single‐segmental baffles. In terms of the overall heat transfer coefficient, the heat exchangers with the corrugated tubes are much better than those with the plain tubes. Heat exchangers with the LASH baffles and corrugated tubes have the best comprehensive properties and thus will inspire broader application for engineering considerations. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From Free Speech to IS – Pathological Regression of Some Traumatized Adolescents from a Migrant Background in Germany
Authors: Leuzinger‐Bohleber Marianne 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIslamic fundamentalism is a contemporary dangerous form of extreme restriction of “free speech”. In Germany, 700 Islamists from Germany are fighting in Syria and Iraq, including a number of women. Most of the German Islamists' personal histories highlight the importance of their radicalization in the course of their adolescent search for identity. Many youth who turn to Islam are socially isolated, and do not succeed in forming relationships to friends and love‐objects. Many experience a severe adolescent crisis. They are won over by the Islamic State's powerful message of a return to the “Golden Age” of Islam. Why is this Islamic ideology so fascinating for them? What imaginary worlds and emotions are activated by it? Why is the rigid restriction of “free speech” so attractive for some of them? These are questions psychoanalysis can address. Here I explore some unconscious sources of Fundamentalism and the process of radicalization in adolescence. We analysts must explain what we understand of their radicalization so that teachers, social pedagogues and social workers can better recognize and reflect upon the problems some adolescents in their charge may encounter in the process of restructuring their age‐appropriate identity. Supervision by well‐trained child development mental health professionals can help pedagogues to better understand unconscious determinants of what derails their students' adolescent development.
The Freedom to Speak: Psychopolitical Meanings in Argentine History
Authors: Hollander Nancy Caro 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIt is important to understand how three registers – the psychological, the political and the ideological – converge to frame unconscious life in ways that either inhibit or facilitate individual and group capacities to exercise free speech and free association. Here a model for assessing how these registers of human affect and behavior either facilitate these freedoms of expression or sabotage them in favor of submission to authority is suggested. The discussion is positioned in the context of two traumatic periods in Argentine history, namely the military dictatorship's Dirty War (1976–1983) and the country's complete economic collapse in 2001.