bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DESENVOLVIMENTO DO MÉTODO DE DATAÇÃO QUÍMICA U-Th-Pb DE MONAZITA POR MICROSSONDA ELETRÔNICA NA UFMG
Authors: Chaves Alexandre de Oliveira , Oliveira Elizabeth Kerpe de , Garcia Luiz Rodrigues Armoa 
Published: January 2016

O método de datação química U-Th-Pb (não-isotópica) de monazita por microssonda eletrônica vem sendo desenvolvido há pelomenos 20 anos e já tem o reconhecimento da comunidade geológica por apresentar resultados que se equivalem à geocronologia isotópicaU-Pb. Este mineral contém quantidades negligenciáveis de chumbo comum, guardando apenas Pb radiogênico proveniente do Th e U destemineral. O desenvolvimento deste método no Laboratório de Microanálises do Departamento de Física da Universidade Federal de MinasGerais mostra que os dados químicos de U, Th e Pb de cristais de monazita fornecidos por sua microssonda eletrônica produzem idadesnão-isotópicas para eles que se equiparam às idades isotópicas U-Pb produzidas pela técnica LA-ICP-MS. Grãos de monazita de placersmarinhos de Buena (RJ) isotopicamente datados pelo método U-Pb com idades entre 530 e 580 Ma foram quimicamente datadas na UFMGentre 505 e 580 Ma. Estes resultados são consideravelmente compatíveis e colocam o referido laboratório a disposição da comunidadegeocientífica para obtenção de idades de cristais de monazita.Palavras-Chave: MONAZITA, DATAÇÃO QUÍMICA, MICROSSONDA ELETRÔNICA, UFMG ABSTRACTDEVELOPMENT OF THE MONAZITE U-Th-Pb CHEMICAL DATING METHOD BY USING ELECTRON MICROPROBE AT UFMG. Themonazite U-Th-Pb chemical dating method (non-isotopic) by electron microprobe has been developed for about 20 years and has theacceptance of the geological community by presenting results that are equivalent to the isotope U-Pb geochronology. This mineral containsnegligible amounts of common lead, keeping only radiogenic Pb from the Th and U of this mineral. The development of this method in themicroanalysis laboratory of the Physics Department- UFMG shows that the monazite U, Th and Pb chemical data provided by itsmicroprobe produce non-isotopic ages for it that are similar to the U-Pb isotopic ages produced by LA-ICP-MS technique. Monazite grainsfrom marine placers of Buena (RJ) isotopically dated by method U-Pb between 530 and 580 Ma were chemically dated at UFMG between505 and 580 Ma. These results are consistent each other and put the laboratory available to the geoscience community as a tool inobtaining monazite ages.Keywords: MONAZITE, CHEMICAL DATING, ELECTRON MICROPROBE, UFMG
MODELAGEM DA GEODIVERSIDADE NA ÁREA DE PROTEÇÃO AMBIENTAL SUL DA REGIÃO METROPOLITANA DE BELO HORIZONTE – MG
Authors: Pereira Eric Oliveira , Azevedo Úrsula Ruchkys de , Ondicol Ramón Pellitero 
Published: January 2016

O termo geodiversidade vem sendo utilizado de forma análoga ao uso do termo biodiversidade para designar a diversidadenatural da componente abiótica da natureza, composta pelos solos, pelas rochas, pelas formas de relevo, entre outros elementos. A Áreade Proteção Ambiental Sul – APA Sul, localizada no Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, possui um rico patrimônio natural, principalmenteno que se refere aos elementos geológicos. Sua geodiversidade inclui afloramentos, solos, cachoeiras e diversas feições de relevo. Estetrabalho objetiva modelar a geodiversidade da APA Sul a partir da quantificação de índices adaptando métodos já aplicados para outrosestudos. A avaliação quantitativa da geodiversidade, cujos métodos ainda estão em evolução, confirmou a riqueza da área em termos dediversidade abiótica e contribui para indicação de áreas prioritárias para geconservação.Palavras-chave: geoconservação, sistema de informação geográfica, análise ambiental, cartografia, patrimônio geológico. ABSTRACTGEODIVERSITY ON ÁREA DE PROTEÇÃO AMBIENTAL SUL – APA SUL OF RMBH. The geodiversity term has been used similarly touse of the biodiversity term to designate the natural diversity of the abiotic component including the soils, rocks, landsforms, amongothers. The Área de Proteção Ambiental Sul – APA Sul, located in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, has a rich natural heritage,especially with regard to geological elements. This geodiversity includes outcrops, soils, waterfalls and several features typical of the relief.This paper aims to model the geodiversity of APA Sul from quantifying indices adapting methods already applied to other studies. Thequantitative assessments of geodiversity, whose methods are still evolving, confirmed the richness of the area in terms of geodiversity andfor identify priority areas for geonconservation.Keywords: geoconservation, geographic information systems, environmental analysis, cartography, geological heritage.
Terminologia gramatical luso-castelhana dos inícios: de Antonio de Nebrija a João de Barros
Authors: Gómez Asencio José , Gonçalves Maria Filomena 
Published: January 2016

RESUMO:
Este artigo trata da terminologia gramatical de Antonio de Nebrija (1441?-1522) e João de Barros (1496?-1570), autores respectivamente da Grammatica sobre la lengua castellana (1492) e da Grammatica da lingua portuguesa (1540). O objectivo deste estudo é precisamente demonstrar a relação entre a doutrina e a “(meta)terminologia” destes dois gramáticos peninsulares, em cujas obras se detectam, a par de singularidades próprias de cada gramático, muitos pontos de convergência, quer no plano conceptual quer no plano estritamente terminológico. Dada a semelhança entre as duas línguas românicas – castelhano e português – a possível existência de um “fundo terminológico” partilhado é relevante para ambas as tradições metalinguísticas, tanto mais que muita dessa terminologia continua a ser usada nos nossos dias. Por último, importa averiguar onde, como e em que medida Nebrija terá funcionado como um modelo para João de Barros.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE:
terminologia; gramática castelhana; gramática portuguesa; Nebrija; João de Barros.
Information technology in the banking sector: Review of mobile banking
Authors: Cavus Nadire , Christina Dambudzo Netsai Chingoka 
Published: January 2016

<p>This paper is written to state the advantages and disadvantages, the different models to test the effects of individual’s intention to adopt mobile banking, the different technologies that are being implemented currently by banks and what the future holds for mobile banking. Information Technology (IT) has evolved over time and has changed the way business is conducted. The way people conduct business has been made easier and more efficient. IT has opened many doors for new technologies that are used within business and for individual use; the Banking sector is of no exception. Mobile banking is the fastest growing channel of banking as a result few people are walking into bank branches nowadays. Banks now need to remain relevant by catering to the needs and expectations of the customers and to the technology advancements. By providing better services and products customers are able to utilise. The role of IT in the banking sector can be divided into two categories: Communication and connectivity, and individual and business transactions. IT enables for sophisticated products to be developed with better frameworks, execution of dependable strategies and help with communication so to connect with people from different countries, businesses across the globe, geographical distance and diverse markets. </p><p> </p><p> Keywords: mobile banking, information technology, it, mobile banking adoption, mobile banking application, mobile payment</p>
Penetration testing on cloud---case study with owncloud
Authors: Xu Wenjuan , Groves Brian , Kwok Willson 
Published: January 2016

<p><strong> </strong></p><p>The cloud computing techniques bring different security challenges. In this paper, we set up ownCloud as the example cloud computing infrastructure. Then we present our work process and results of a series of penetration testing performed on the ownCloud. We also analyse these results and give key recommendations for addressing the identified vulnerabilities.</p><p> </p><p> Keywords: cloud computing, security, penetration tesing, owncloud</p>
Teachers beliefs and technology use in kindergarten and elementary classrooms
Authors: Abu Al Rub Majedah Fawzi 
Published: January 2016

With the increased availability of technology in today’s schools, concerns arise over whether teachers are effectively incorporating technology tools into their instruction in order to advance student learning and engagement. This project was designed to examine the types of educational technology practices that kindergarten and elementary teachers in Denver, Colorado, USA, implement in their classrooms and their beliefs concerning the implementation of educational technology in their classrooms.Teacher participants were interviewed to evaluate the types of technology they utilize in their lessons and their beliefs concerning the implementation of technology. The researcher found that teacher participants integrate a variety of technology into their classrooms. The results also showed that the participants are committed to utilize technology because they strongly believe that it benefits students. However, the results showed that there is a distinct difference concerning how technology is utilized in the classroom among the participants. Keywords: teachers’ beliefs, technology use, kindergarten and elementary students
Microseismic Closure Window Better Characterizes Hydraulic Fracture Geometry
Authors: Liu Songxia , Valkó Peter P. , McKetta Steven , Liu Xiaoda 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Many studies have assessed microseismic (MS) interpretation, and its source mechanisms in hydraulically fractured shale wells. However, the ability to derive stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) and fracture geometry from MS data is still controversial. This is because MS events not only come from the induced main fractures of the current stage, but they also result from reactivation of natural fractures (NF) or faults, previous hydraulic fractures (HF), stratigraphic boundaries, or other operational noise. MS data of adjacent stages tend to overlap each other severely, masking the real SRV of the current stage. Simulated complex fracture networks using MS data always yield higher production results when compared to actual production. We address these issues with an efficient MS interpretation method.
This method divides the MS events into three windows using an Excel-VBA program: the Pad Window, the Proppant Window, and the Closure Window. These windows are based on the fracture stimulation job record for each stage. The Closure Window includes only the events from the end of pumping until the end of shut-in of the current stage. During the Closure Window, i.e., shut-in time before flowback, leakoff into the formation matrix can cause micropores to enlarge, resulting in MS events with compensated linear vector dipole (CLVD) and isotropic (ISO) sources (crack opening mechanisms). Leakoff can also cause slippage of pre-existing NF and result in MS events with double-couple (DC) source. These fractures are secondary fractures with potential to transport fluid and facilitate the induced major fractures. When all of the fluid leaks off at positions along the main fractures, the fracture will close, which may trigger MS events with CLVD and ISO source mechanisms.
We extracted the MS events in the Closure Window and eliminated those events induced by previous stages, NF, and pumping noise. Thus, we reduced the MS cloud overlap of different stages and increased the accuracy of the inferred fracture geometry and SRV. Case applications on several shale wells were used to test this method. On the basis of the results, we suggest continued monitoring MS events after the end of proppant pumping.
The method developed in this study can process any MS data and the associated fracture stimulation job data to segregate the three MS event windows. The Closure MS Window will indicate fracture geometry more accurately, and thus enhance optimization of hydraulic fracturing design and the prediction of hydrocarbon production.
Novel Evaluation Method of Fracturing Fluid Additives on Barnett and Marcellus Outcrop Shale Cores Using NMR Technique
Authors: Kim Jihye , Gomaa Ahmed M. , Zhang Hao , Nelson Scott G. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Because of the unique characteristics of shale formations including low permeability, existence of micro-fractures, and sensitivity to the contact fluids, it is difficult to evaluate the complex microscopic interactions between fracturing fluids and the formation in a traditional laboratory setting. Prior work (SPE 174186) demonstrated the value of using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to evaluate the interaction between a shale formation and fracturing fluid components, such as clay control agents and surfactants. In this work, we expand the research to study more fluids and better understand why the performance of surfactants and clay inhibitors vary in a particular shale sample. The current work builds on the prior study by adding more fluid variations and further analyses of the fluids' surface tension, micelle size, and the core samples' mineral composition.
Outcrop cores from the Barnett and Marcellus shales were evaluated in this study. Cores were submerged in various fracturing fluids under different experimental conditions: pressure of 400 psi, temperatures from 150 to 250 °F, and fluid contact times from 2 to 16 days.
Due to the variations of mineral composition and reservoir properties in different shale formations, the selection of surfactants used in the fracturing fluids can be optimized based on the characteristics of each shale reservoir. For example, for the Barnett outcrop cores tested, the majority of the tested surfactants increased flowback recovery, which indicates that a reduction in surface tension is more influential. For a clay-rich core like the Barnett, the use of permanent clay inhibitors was critical to inhibit clay damage more permanently for treatments that last longer. In contrast, the Marcellus cores tested did not indicate clay damage with any type of clay inhibitor tested. However, a low molecular-weight clay inhibitor is recommended for maximum flowback recovery bcause of the extremely low permebility.
This work extends understanding of fracturing fluid additives that, in many cases, are currently selected solely based on minimal testing and experience gained from conventional formations, rather than demonstrated performance in a particular shale formation. Moreover, this work opens an opportunity to customize fracturing fluids and services for enhanced fluid recovery by evaluating actual reservoir core from the given area of interest.
The Science of Proppant Conductivity Testing- Lessons Learned and Best Practices
Authors: Duenckel Robert , Moore Nick , O'Connell Lisa , Abney Kathy , Drylie Stephen , Chen Feiyan 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The testing of proppants to determine conductivity and permeability at closure stress is an important aspect of the design and evaluation of hydraulic fractures. The data obtained from these tests are important for proppant suppliers and manufacturers in evaluating their sources of supply or in adjusting or modifying manufacturing processes. For the operator it is a basis for comparing performance, quality and value. An understanding of how this data is obtained and its limitations is important in its use and application. The knowledge gained in the industries' understanding of the behavior of proppants has led to modifications and improvements to the conductivity testing apparatus and in test procedures.
Critical components of the equipment and test procedures, including loading of the cell, flow rates and cell design, will affect the test results to a greater or lesser degree. Thus it is important to clearly take into account the various components of the cell and how they may influence conductivity measurements. Further, the standard conductivity apparatus can be used to evaluate various proppant damage mechanisms such as gel damage, embedment, spalling, and stress cycling. At the same time an understanding of the limitations of the data must be appreciated to avoid misuse and misapplication. And while improvements have been made to the acquisition of this data, there remain some barriers to test repeatability that are inherent to the materials being evaluated.
Hydraulic Fracture Modeling Workflow and Toolkits for Well Completion Optimization in Unconventionals
Authors: Bai Taixu , Will Johannes , Eckardt Stefan , GmbH Dynardo , Chang Dahai , Lake Ed , Madyarov Andrew , Xiao Xiaohui , Fay Mathew , Meij Robert , Yuan Roger , Gao Yi , Chu Joanne 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Unconventional reservoirs produce substantial quantities of oil and gas. These reservoirs are usually characterized by ultra-low matrix permeability. Most unconventional reservoirs are hydraulically fractured in order to establish more effective flow from the reservoir and fracture networks to the wellbores. The success of hydraulic fracture stimulation in horizontal wells has the potential to dramatically change the oil and gas production landscape across the globe and the impacts will endure for decades to come.
For a given field development project, the economics are highly dependent completion establishing effective and retained contact with the hydrocarbon bearing rocks. Well and completion design parameters that influence the economic success of the field development include well orientation and landing zone, stage spacing and perforation cluster spacing, fluid volume, viscosity and pumping rate, and proppant volume, size and ramping schedule. Optimization of these design parameters to maximize asset economic value is key to the success of every unconventional asset.
To achieve an optimal completion design for an asset, the current industry practice is to conduct a large number of field trials that require high capital investment and long cycle-time, and most importantly, significantly erode the project value. The workflow and toolkits shown in this paper offer a much cheaper and faster alternative approach in which to develop an optimal well completion design for EUR and unit development cost (UDC) improvements. It provides an integrated well placement and completion design optimization process that integrates geomechanics descriptions, formation characterizations, flow dynamics, microseismic event catalogues, hydraulic fracturing monitoring data, well completion and operational parameters in a modeling environment with optimization capability. The model is built upon a 3D geological model with multi-disciplinary inputs including formation properties, in-situ stresses, natural fracture descriptions, and well and completion parameters (i.e., well orientation, landing interval, fluid rate and volume, perforation spacing, and stage spacing). Upon calibrating with the hydraulic fracturing diagnosis data, the model provides optimized well completion design, and guidance on data acquisition and diagnostic needs to achieve EUR performance at optimized costs.
Field trials based on recommendations from the approach have yielded encouraging production uplift and have led to a significant reduction in the number of trials and cost compared to the commonly used trial-and-error approach. We believe it is technically feasible to derive an optimal completion design using a subsurface based forward modeling approach which will deliver significant value to the industry.
Unlocking Tight Chalk Potential in Mature North Sea Oilfield Through Effective Acid Fracturing
Authors: Doghmi A. , Davies A. Y. , Rylance M. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The Mungo Field is a medium-sized oil field with a primary gas cap located in the Central North Sea. It has been developed as part of the Eastern Trough Area Project (ETAP) via a Normally Unmanned Installation (NUI) which is positioned directly above the field, with production tied back ca. 20 km to the ETAP Central Processing Facility (CPF).
Hydrocarbons are trapped in a pierced four-way dip closure against the Mungo salt diapir. The principal reservoir of the Mungo field is the steeply-dipping Palaeocene sands of the Sele, Lista and Maureen Formations, which overlie the Ekofisk, Tor and Hod Formations of the Chalk Group. The Palaeocene sandstone reservoir has been developed under combined water and gas injection since 1998. The underlying tight Chalk reservoir contains a poorly understood but potentially very substantial oil resource (estimated at 30 – 300 MM.bbls STOIIP). Direct development of the Chalk within the Mungo field has been very limited to date, with little offtake and few completions.
There have been a number of key challenges to overcome in order to demonstrate that the Chalk can be efficiently developed on Mungo. These challenges include the ability to achieve economic well production rates combined with demonstrable recovery of oil from the low permeability chalk matrix, given that there is very little evidence of natural fracturing. This is most accurately described in the definition and selection of an appropriate and efficient completion approach; a process and case history which this paper will fully detail. There are several features that make development of the Mungo Chalk both appealing and compelling, including the proximity/connection to existing infrastructure (with reducing throughput) and penetration of the Chalk by some existing Mungo development wells. This combination offers a unique potential suite of opportunities for low cost intervention, appraisal and subsequent development via recompletion.
In 2015, BP performed a Chalk appraisal test in an existing Mungo producer, W169 (22/20-A19), including the pumping of two distinct acid fracturing stages, a flow-back/clean-up, stable rate well-test and a long term shut in for a PBU. The W169 well was selected as the candidate well, as it intersected 220 m of the chalk sequence, including the Hod, Tor and Ekofisk formations. This paper presents the full sequence and details of this Mungo Chalk reservoir evaluation process. The information provided will describe the approaches taken to the design, the planning and the execution of cost-effective stacked, multi-zone acid-fracturing operations. Finally, the paper will close-out with the results of the operations and post job analysis, and provide an overview of future potential that has been unlocked by this sequence of operations.