bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seed and pod development of autumn-sown,
determinate white lupins (Lupinus albus) in relation to
the assimilation and distribution of dry matter and
nitrogen in crops grown at different densities
Authors: MILFORD G. F. J. , SHIELD I. F. , STEVENSON H. J. , SCOTT T. , LEACH J. E. 
Published: July 2002

Pod and seed growth were studied in two experiments in which the plant's source-sink relationships
were modified by (a) manually pruning an autumn-sown, indeterminate white lupin variety, Lunoble,
to a determinate form, and (b) by growing a determinate variety, Lucyane, at densities ranging from
7 to 35 plants/m2. The pruning experiments indicated that the faster pod growth rate of determinate
genotypes was not an inherent genetic trait but an indirect physiological consequence of the plant's
changed architecture. In the density experiment, crop dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) were
maximum at the end of pod extension in late July and similar across the plant density range at c. 12 t
DM and 320 kg N/ha. Therefore, the amount of dry matter per plant decreased proportionately with
the increase in plant number. The DM and N contents of the pod walls were also maximum at the
end of pod extension, but seeds contained only a third of their final DM and a quarter of their final
N. Protein accumulation during the final stages of seed growth, therefore, depended on the
remobilization of nitrogen from other plant organs, primarily the leaves and pod walls. Nitrogen
withdrawn from the leaves accounted for 44% of the gain in the pods, and N withdrawn from pod
walls for 50–60% of the gain in the seed.Seed number/m2 was the major yield component. Seeds and pods mainly aborted during early
development, but seed number per pod was also decreased by some seed abortion after full pod
extension, especially in first-order pods of plants grown at high density. The number of late-aborted
seeds was negatively correlated with the amount of N remobilized from the pod wall. In determinate
lupins, which have highly synchronous flowering and pod development, the large and sudden
remobilization of nitrogen from leaves and pod walls for seed growth and protein accumulation
triggered crop senescence.
Presidents, Precedents and the Use of Military Force
Authors: MERVIN DAVID 
Published: July 2002

In the late summer of 1996 Iraqi troops moved into the Kurdish
“safe
haven” in Northern Iraq, thereby triggering a crisis of national
security
for the United States. Unsurprisingly, this incident led to speculation
in
the media about the nature of President Clinton's response. Would
he be
able to meet this test of his leadership? What form would any military

action take? Would it be strong enough, or would it be an overreaction?

In the event, the president ordered two cruise missile strikes against
Iraqi
defence installations and substantially extended the no-fly zone in
Southern Iraq set up after the Gulf War. These actions were the subject

of debate in the United States Senate and, after some partisan wrangling,

and a few rumbles of complaint about inadequate consultation, a non-binding

resolution endorsing the missile strikes was approved by a vote
of 96–1. But, as was noted by the press, “none of this really
mattered
because such ‘sense of the Senate’ resolutions have no binding
effect and
are largely ignored, even inside the Beltway.”What was striking about this incident was that throughout the crisis
the
United States Congress was little more than a bystander. Inevitably all

eyes turned to the president. It was he and not the national legislature
that
became the focus of public and media attention. Does he have the
mettle
needed? What will he do, and will his actions be sufficient
to deal with the
situation? These were the sort of questions being debated on the talk
shows and in the press. To put it bluntly, at this moment, there was little

interest in what the legislature might say or do, the mighty Congress,
at
this point at least, was reduced to a role comparable, dare it be said,
to that
of the British House of Commons. The situation called for leadership and

decisive action and no one was under any illusion that the legislature

could provide either, only the president was in a position to meet these

needs. When it comes to the making of foreign policy, and particularly

when crises of national security arise, the president, it seems, is inevitably,

the main player, the senior partner.
DETERMINANTS OF CONTRACEPTIVE DISCONTINUATION IN SIX DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Authors: ALI MOHAMED , CLELAND JOHN 
Published: July 2002

This analysis investigates the determinants of contraceptive discontinuation in six developing countries, using data from Phase I surveys of the DHS programme. Cumulative probabilities of discontinuation at 24 months for reasons other than the desire for another child were examined. By this time, typically about 40% of couples have stopped use and most are subsequently at risk of an unwanted conception. Discontinuation of IUD use was found to be less common than for other methods, partly perhaps because cessation of use requires a deliberate decision to have the device removed.The most important results are negative ones. Neither the schooling of couples nor their type of residence exerted appreciable influence on discontinuation. The policy and programme implications are discussed. Prior use of a method, fertility preferences and the related demographic factors of age and family size emerged as pervasive predictors of discontinuation.
Nonlinear interactions in turbulence with strong
irrotational straining
Authors: KEVLAHAN N.K.-R. , HUNT J.C.R. 
Published: July 2002

The rate of growth of the nonlinear terms in the vorticity equation
are analysed
for a turbulent flow with r.m.s. velocity u0 and integral
length scale L subjected to
a strong uniform irrotational plane strain S, where
(u0/L)/S=ε[Lt ]1. The rapid
distortion theory (RDT) solution is the zeroth-order term of the perturbation series
solution in terms of ε. We use the asymptotic form of the convolution
integrals for the leading-order nonlinear terms when
β= exp(−St)[Lt ]1 to determine at what
time t and beyond what wavenumber k (normalized on L)
the perturbation series in
ε fails, and hence derive the following conditions for the validity of
RDT in these
flows. (a) The magnitude of the nonlinear terms of order ε depends
sensitively on the
amplitude of eddies with large length scales in the direction x2 of
negative strain. (b)
If the integral of the velocity component u2 is zero the leading-order
nonlinear terms increase and decrease in the same way as the linear terms, even
those that decrease exponentially. In this case RDT calculations of vorticity
spectra become invalid at a time
tNL∼L/u0k−3
independent of ε and the power law of the initial energy spectrum, but
the calculation of the r.m.s. velocity components by RDT remains accurate until
t=
TNL∼L/u0,
when the maximum amplification of r.m.s. vorticity is
ω/S∼εexp(ε−1)[Gt ]1. (c)
If this special condition does not apply, the leading-order nonlinear terms increase
faster than the linear terms by a factor O(β−1).
RDT calculations of the vorticity spectrum then fail at a shorter time
tNL∼(1/S)
ln(ε−1k−3); in this case
TNL∼(1/S)
ln(ε−1) and the maximum amplification of r.m.s. vorticity is
ω/S∼1. (d) Viscous effects dominate when
t[Gt ](1/S)
ln(k−1(Re/ε)1/2). In
the first case RDT fails immediately in this range, while in the second case
RDT usually fails before viscosity becomes important. The general analytical
result (a) is confirmed by
numerical evaluation of the integrals for a particular form of eddy, while
(a), (b), (c)
are explained physically by considering the deformation of differently oriented
vortex rings. The results are compared with small-scale turbulence approaching
bluff bodies where ε[Lt ]1 and β[Lt ] 1.These results also explain dynamically why the intermediate eigenvector of the
strain S aligns with the vorticity vector, why the greatest increase in
enstrophy production occurs in regions where S has a positive intermediate
eigenvalue; and why large-scale strain S of a small-scale vorticity
can amplify the small-scale strain
rates to a level greater than S – one of the essential
characteristics of high-Reynolds-number turbulence.
The stability of rotating-disc boundary-layer

flow over a compliant wall. Part 1. Type I and II instabilities
Authors: COOPER A. J. , CARPENTER PETER W. 
Published: July 2002

A theoretical study into the effects of wall compliance on

the stability of the rotating-disc boundary layer is described.

A single-layer viscoelastic wall model is coupled to

a sixth-order system of fluid stability equations which take into

account the effects

of viscosity, Coriolis acceleration, and streamline curvature. The coupled
system of

equations is integrated numerically by a spectral Chebyshev-tau technique.Travelling and stationary modes are studied and wall compliance

is found to greatly increase the complexity of the eigenmode spectrum.
It is

effective in stabilizing the

inviscid Type I (or cross-flow) instability. The effect on the

viscous (Type II) eigenmode

is more complex and can be strongly destabilizing. An analysis of the energy
flux

indicates that this destabilization arises as a result of a large degree
of energy

production by viscous stresses at the wall/flow interface.The Type I and II instabilities are shown to be negative and

positive energy waves

respectively. The co-existence of eigenmodes of opposite energy type indicates
the

possibility of modal interaction and coalescence. It is found that, compared
with

the rigid disc, wall compliance promotes the interaction and coalescence
of the

Type I and II eigenmodes. There is an associated strong instability which
appears

to be characterized by marked horizontal motion of the compliant surface.
Modal

coalescence is interpreted physically as producing local algebraic growth
which

could advance the onset of nonlinear effects.
ANNOUNCEMENT
Authors: PAYKEL EUGENE 
Published: July 2002

The first issue of 1997 brings two changes.First, we are pleased to announce a further increase in size. Pressure of excellent quality
manuscript submissions continues to grow, and this year sees a modest increase in size with each
issue around 256 pages. With an earlier increase from four to six issues per year, this represents 40%
growth in the total size of each volume in the last 3 years. We recognize the importance of keeping
publication delays short, and also the importance of maintaining high quality. The new increase in pages will allow only a modest increase in our current acceptance rate, without loss of these ideals,
and the annual volume size is now substantial.Secondly, we adopt structured abstracts with this issue. This format has become widespread in
the last few years. It is better suited to the electronic databases, which are essential for the modern
scientist and scholar, and to the various forms of electronic publishing, which are supplementing,
but not supplanting, the printed page. We are proud of the literary style of our authors and we hope
that the structured format can still accommodate it.
Photosynthetic apparatus of purple bacteria
Authors: Hu Xiche , Ritz Thorsten , Damjanović Ana , Autenrieth Felix , Schulten Klaus 
Published: July 2002

1. Introduction 22. Structure of the bacterial PSU 52.1 Organization of the bacterial PSU 52.2 The crystal structure of the RC 92.3 The crystal structures of LH-II 112.4 Bacteriochlorophyll pairs in LH-II and the RC 132.5 Models of LH-I and the LH-I-RC complex 152.6 Model for the PSU 173. Excitation transfer in the PSU 183.1 Electronic excitations of BChls 22	3.1.1 Individual BChls 22	3.1.2 Rings of BChls 22	3.1.2.1 Exciton states 22	3.1.3 Effective Hamiltonian 24	3.1.4 Optical properties 25	3.1.5 The effect of disorder 263.2 Theory of excitation transfer 29	3.2.1 General theory 29	3.2.2 Mechanisms of excitation transfer 32	3.2.3 Approximation for long-range transfer 34	3.2.4 Transfer to exciton states 353.3 Rates for transfer processes in the PSU 37	3.3.1 Car→BChl transfer 37	3.3.1.1 Mechanism of Car→BChl transfer 39	3.3.1.2 Pathways of Car→BChl transfer 40	3.3.2 Efficiency of Car→BChl transfer 40	3.3.3 B800-B850 transfer 44	3.3.4 LH-II→LH-II transfer 44	3.3.5 LH-II→LH-I transfer 45	3.3.6 LH-I→RC transfer 45	3.3.7 Excitation migration in the PSU 46	3.3.8 Genetic basis of PSU assembly 494. Concluding remarks 535. Acknowledgments 556. References 55Life as we know it today exists largely because of photosynthesis, the process through which
light energy is converted into chemical energy by plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria
(Priestley, 1772; Barnes, 1893; Wurmser, 1925; Van Niel, 1941; Clayton & Sistrom, 1978;
Blankenship et al. 1995; Ort & Yocum, 1996). Historically, photosynthetic organisms are
grouped into two classes. When photosynthesis is carried out in the presence of air it is called
oxygenic photosynthesis (Ort & Yocum, 1996). Otherwise, it is anoxygenic (Blankenship et
al. 1995). Higher plants, algae and cyanobacteria perform oxygenic photosynthesis, which
involves reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate and oxidation of water to produce
molecular oxygen. Some photosynthetic bacteria, such as purple bacteria, carry out
anoxygenic photosynthesis that involves oxidation of molecules other than water. In spite of
these differences, the general principles of energy transduction are the same in anoxygenic and
oxygenic photosynthesis (Van Niel, 1931, 1941; Stanier, 1961; Wraight, 1982; Gest, 1993).
The primary processes of photosynthesis involve absorption of photons by light-harvesting
complexes (LHs), transfer of excitation energy from LHs to the photosynthetic reaction
centers (RCs), and the primary charge separation across the photosynthetic membrane (Sauer,
1975; Knox, 1977; Fleming & van Grondelle, 1994; van Grondelle et al. 1994). In this article,
we will focus on the anoxygenic photosynthetic process in purple bacteria, since its
photosynthetic system is the most studied and best characterized during the past 50 years.
The political meaning of Hong Kong popular music: a review of sociopolitical relations between Hong Kong and the People's Republic of China since the 1980s
Authors: Ho Wai-chung 
Published: July 2002

IntroductionThe aim of this paper is to analyse shifting themes in the meanings of Hong Kong popular songs relating to ideological and political changes in Hong Kong since the 1989 Tiananmen Square incident (TSI). In particular, the paper examines the relationship between Hong Kong and the People's Republic of China (PRC) concerning the transmission of Hong Kong popular music, and argues that Chinese, Hong Kong and Taiwanese popular musics articulate fluctuating political meanings. Attention will be focused predominantly on the lyrics, but some aspects of the music are also invoked. After highlighting the political and cultural relations between Hong Kong and the PRC, I discuss the social transformations and the struggles for democracy delineated in Chinese popular music during the 1989 TSI. This is followed by an examination of the intensification of the conflict between the PRC and Hong Kong over the dissemination of popular songs carrying democratic messages in Hong Kong. Finally, the paper considers the rise of patriotism and/or nationalism through lyrics rooted in the notion of educating Hong Kong Chinese people into accepting the cultural and political identity of mainland China, and the promotion of popular songs in the official language of the PRC, Putonghua, since the late transitional period.
THE USE AND IMPACT OF RAPID HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENTS
Authors: Hailey David , Corabian Paula , Harstall Christa , Schneider Wendy 
Published: July 2002

Objectives: To consider the impact of rapid health technology

assessments undertaken as part of a program in a provincial healthcare

system in response to urgent requests for advice.Methods: Review of the development and preparation of 20 rapid assessment

reports, communication with decision makers within the healthcare

system, and appraisal of data subsequent to preparation of the

reports.Results: Fourteen of the assessments were judged to have

had an influence on policy and other decisions, as judged by

responses from those who had requested advice. Another four were

considered to have provided guidance, while having less immediate

influence on decisions, and two others had no apparent impact.

Quality of the assessments was considered acceptable, on the basis of

literature that subsequently became available and from comments

received.Conclusions: These brief reports are considered to be a

useful component of a health technology assessment program. However,

they should be regarded as provisional appraisals and followed up

with more detailed evaluation where possible.
Expansion of distributional kernels of the type
f(λx, x), as λ → ∞
Authors: ULATE CARLOS M. , ESTRADA RICARDO 
Published: July 2002

Asymptotic analysis and distribution theory are two very useful branches
of
Applied Mathematics. It is only recently, however, that the close ties
between these
theories have been studied in detail [5, 6, 11,
17].Among the various approaches to the distributional theory of asymptotic
expansions [6] gives an analysis based on the moment
asymptotic expansion.
Abating pocket gophers (Thomomys spp.) to regenerate forests in clearcuts
Authors: SMALLWOOD K. SHAWN 
Published: July 2002

Pocket gophers have long suppressed forest regeneration in clearcuts in western North America, despite the application of intensive and costly, large-scale abatement practices, which also kill non-target wildlife and may increase soil erosion. At four national forests in northern California, gophers (Thomomys bottae and T. monticola) on 50 clearcuts were baited with a 0.5% strychnine concentration on wheat or oat groats, which were presented as loose grains or in 1 × 2 cm paraffin pellets for added durability. The various baits and baiting regimes usually reduced gopher abundance by 50-100% within one month. However, gopher populations recovered too quickly to protect seedlings planted for forest regeneration, especially on plots baited with a mechanical burrow-builder. In some plots where abatement was most successful initially, gopher densities increased to levels exceeding those in control plots by 7-13 months later. As gopher populations recovered following abatement, active burrows first appeared at the plot peripheries and advanced toward the plot centres, suggesting that abated territorial residents were replaced by immigrants dispersing from the surrounding landscape.Whereas conventional abatement practices can reduce gopher abundance in clearcuts, the small spatial and temporal scales of application encourage reinvasion of vacated ecological space. These population responses defeat the goal of forest management by increasing gopher density in clearcuts; at the same time the conifer seedlings are vulnerable to gopher predation. Predation of conifer seedlings might be reduced by not abating gophers or by using alternative harvest regimes. These alternative strategies would avoid creating the conditions under which gophers contribute to slowing forest regeneration following timber harvests, and they would avoid the widespread and possibly long-term environmental damage caused by applying acute poisons and by using the burrow-builder.
de Bruijn notation as a nested datatype
Authors: BIRD RICHARD S. , PATERSON ROSS 
Published: July 2002

“I have no data yet. It is a capital mistake to
theorise before one has data.”
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle The Adventures of Sherlock Holmesde Bruijn notation is a coding of lambda terms in which each occurrence of a bound variable
x is replaced by a natural number, indicating the ‘distance’
from the occurrence to the abstraction
that introduced x. One might suppose that in any datatype for representing de Bruijn terms,
the distance restriction on numbers would have to be maintained as an explicit datatype invariant.
However, by using a nested (or non-regular) datatype, we can define a representation in which
all terms are well-formed, so that the invariant is enforced automatically by the type system.
Programming with nested types is only a little more difficult than programming with regular
types, provided we stick to well-established structuring techniques. These involve expressing
inductively defined functions in terms of an appropriate fold function for the type, and using
fusion laws to establish their properties. In particular, the definition of lambda abstraction
and beta reduction is particularly simple, and the proof of their associated properties is
entirely mechanical.
Editorial
Authors: Woodhouse Ken 
Published: July 2002

The last year has seen much change in Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, and this will continue over the next year.At the beginning of last year I took over as Editor from Professor Ray Tallis, whose vision, drive and initiative were instrumental in establishing what Age Ageing has recently referred to as one of the major review journals in the field on gerontology. The year also saw a major change in the section editors, the only one remaining from l’ancien regime being Bob Baldwin, our section editor for Old Age Psychiatry. The contributions of David Barer, Ioan Davies, Emily Grundy, Jackie Oldham and Peter Overstall have been considerable, and their contribution, with Ray, to Reviews cannot be understated.
The influence of plant age on tolerance of rice to injury by the rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Stout M.J. , Rice W.C. , Ring D.R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFor most plant species, tolerance to many types of herbivory increases as plants age, but the applicability of this pattern to root herbivory has not been tested. Injury to roots of rice plants by larvae of the rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel, causes severe reductions in yields in the United States. It is generally thought that young rice plants, because their root systems are smaller, are less tolerant than older plants of root feeding by L. oryzophilus. Field experiments were conducted to test this hypothesis. Plots of rice (4.7 to 6.5 m2) were established and subjected to natural infestations of L. oryzophilus larvae. A soil insecticide was applied to plots at different times during the tillering phase of rice in order to manipulate the timing of weevil infestation. The impact of these treatments (timings of insecticide applications) was assessed by comparing relationships between yield loss and larval pressure for each treatment using analysis of covariance. Yield losses ranged from 13% to over 40% in plots not treated with insecticide. Patterns of yield losses from plots treated with insecticide at different times were best explained by the hypothesis that yield loss is determined both by the age of plants infested and by the size of larvae infesting plants. Young plants appear to be less tolerant than older plants, and feeding by large larvae appears to be more deleterious than feeding by smaller larvae. Management practices that delay infestation of rice by L. oryzophilus until plants are older may be an important component of management programmes for this pest.