bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anthropological Ethics and the Communicative Affordances of Audio‐Video Recorders in Ethnographic Fieldwork: Transduction as Theory
Authors: Black Steven P. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTThis article contributes to the development of professional anthropological discourses about audio‐video recording technologies in ethnographic research. Synthesizing scholarship on ethnographic partiality, doing ethnography in sound, and multimedia technologies, the article reflexively applies the concepts of transduction and affordance to analyze how recorders may be theorized as part of fieldwork encounters. This is based on fieldwork with a Zulu gospel choir comprised of people living with HIV in South Africa. Here, I discuss how research participants guided my use of recorders amid inequality and HIV stigma. I analyze the ethical‐communicative affordances of recording technologies, examining how the design of audio‐video technologies intersects with cultural and communicative conventions for use and evaluation of use of these technologies. This analysis suggests that the ethical‐communicative affordances of transducers yield both an extension of an ethnographer's social self and a disconnect from that self in ways that can be productively navigated during fieldwork. [ethnographic methods, technology, stigma, ethics]
Antilipolytic effects of 1,8‐naphthyridine derivatives β‐adrenoceptor antagonists in rat white adipocytes
Authors: Aljamal Jalal A. , Badawneh Muwaffag 
Published: January 2017

The rat fat cell β‐adrenoceptors were investigated by studying the effects of new 1,8‐naphthyridine derivatives synthesized starting from 7‐amino‐2‐chloro‐3‐phenyl‐1,8‐naphthyridine on lipolysis induced by isoprenaline, and alprenolol. Lipolysis induced by isoprenaline agonist was competitively antagonized by the 1,8‐naphthyridine analogue with a 7‐hydroxy‐2‐(4′‐methoxybenzylamine)‐6‐nitro‐3‐phenyl substituent designated as 3. In contrast, 10, 50, and 100 μm of 7‐methoxy and 7‐ethoxy derivatives did not modify the concentration–response curve of isoprenaline. A rightward shift of the curve was, however, observed with 50 μm of a 7‐methoxy‐2‐(4′‐methoxybenzylamine)‐6‐amino‐3‐phenyl substituent designated as 10. The selective β1‐AR antagonist, 7‐hydroxy‐4‐morpholinomethyl‐2‐piperazino‐1,8‐naphthyridine slightly reduced isoprenaline‐induced lipolysis only at high doses. Alprenolol‐mediated lipolytic effect was antagonized by derivative 3, 10 and the selective β3‐AR antagonist SR 59,230A, but resistant to the selective β1‐AR antagonist 7‐hydroxy‐4‐morpholinomethyl‐2‐piperazino‐1,8‐naphthyridine. The results provide preliminary pharmacological evidence for the antilipolytic effect of the newly synthesized 1,8‐naphthyridine derivatives on rat fat cells. The analogues designated as 3 and 10 were the most potent antagonists of this series.
Clinical importance of cross‐sectional area of intercostal muscles in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Ju Sunmi , Lee Seung Jun , Park Mi Jung , Cho Yu Ji , Jeong Yi Yeong , Jeon Kyung Nyeo , Bae Kyungsoo , Lee Jong Deog , Kim Ho Cheol 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIntroductionLimb muscle wasting is one of main systemic manifestation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the change of respiratory muscle is unclear.ObjectivesThis study assessed the cross‐sectional area (CSA) of the intercostal muscles (ICMs) in patients with COPD, using chest computed tomography (CT) and determined its association with the clinical characteristics of COPD.MethodsThey retrospectively reviewed 60 patients with stable COPD and compared them with 30 controls. CSA (mm2) of the ICM on chest CT was measured at the midline level of the lateral arch of the bilateral first rib with a 3‐mm slice thickness by using CT histogram software. The association with the clinical characteristics of COPD and with the control groups was assessed.ResultsCSA of the ICM and the CSA/body mass index (BMI) were lower in the COPD group than in the control group. Patients with Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage 4 had a significantly lower CSA of the ICM than patients with stage 1, 2, and 3. CSA of the ICM was positively associated with FEV1, %FEV1 predicted, FEV1/FVC ratio, and BMI and negatively associated with age. However, there were no associations with PaO2, PaCO2, smoking status, 6‐minute walk test, frequency of acute exacerbation of COPD, and serum C‐reactive protein level.ConclusionIntercostal muscle atrophy occurs in COPD patients and is associated with severity of airway obstruction, BMI, and increasing age.
Preliver transplant red cell distribution width predicts postliver transplant mortality
Authors: Caire M. Thure , Kumar Ambuj , Stravitz R. Todd , Kemmer Nyingi 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPurposePrognostication following liver transplantation is limited. Red cell distribution width (RDW) has been associated with morbidity and mortality in a variety of diseases. We hypothesize RDW is predictive of mortality postliver transplantation.MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study of all consecutive liver transplantation recipients at a tertiary care center from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012. The primary end point was association of RDW with one‐year mortality. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann‐Whitney test, independent samples t test, and regression analysis. Discrimination was assessed by calculating area under receiver operating curves (AUC). A P‐value <.05 was considered significant.ResultsRDW was positively associated with one‐year mortality (P<.001). The mean difference for survivors compared to nonsurvivors was 3.9% (95% CI 1.9%‐5.9%). The AUC for RDW was 0.831 (95% CI 0.727‐0.935), compared to 0.723 (0.539‐0.908) for total bilirubin and 0.704 (0.479‐0.929) for the international normalized ratio.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first report of an association of RDW with post‐LT mortality and the results show the predictive value of pre‐LT RDW for one‐year mortality.
Fatigue performance of adhesively bonded single lap joints with non‐flat sinusoid interfaces
Authors: Ayatollahi M R , Samari M , Razavi N , da Silva L F M 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe role of a sinusoid interface shape on the load bearing capacity and fatigue life of adhesively bonded single lap joints (SLJs) was investigated numerically and experimentally. Aluminium adherends with wavy interfaces were tested under both quasi‐static and fatigue loading conditions. The experimental results showed that the non‐flat SLJs were indeed much stronger than the conventional flat joints. In order to fully demonstrate the advantage of the non‐flat sinusoid SLJ over the conventional SLJ, comparative fatigue tests with different loading levels were performed to determine the durability performance of the SLJs with non‐flat interfaces. The experimental results revealed that the non‐flat SLJ had considerably higher fatigue life than the conventional lap joint.
Optimized logic rules reveal interferon‐γ‐induced modes regulated by histone deacetylases and protein tyrosine phosphatases
Authors: Van Twisk Daniel , Murphy Shawn P. , Thakar Juilee 
Published: January 2017

SummaryThe pro‐inflammatory cytokine interferon‐γ(IFN‐γ) is critical for activating innate and adaptive immunity against tumours and intracellular pathogens. Interferon‐γis secreted at the fetal–maternal interface in pregnant women and mice. The outer layer of the placenta in contact with maternal blood is composed of semi‐allogeneic trophoblast cells, which constitute the fetal component of the fetal–maternal interface. The simultaneous presence of pro‐inflammatoryIFN‐γand trophoblast cells at the fetal–maternal interface appears to represent an immunological paradox, for trophoblastic responses toIFN‐γcould potentially lead to activation of maternal immunity and subsequent attack of the placenta. However, our previous studies demonstrate thatIFN‐γresponsive gene (IRG) expression is negatively regulated in human and mouse trophoblast cells. In human cytotrophoblast and trophoblast‐derived choriocarcinoma cells, janus kinase signalling is blocked by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), whereas in mouse trophoblast, histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitIRGexpression. Here, we used genome‐wide transcriptional profiling to investigate the collective roles ofPTPs andHDACs on regulation ofIRGexpression in human choriocarcinoma cells. Logic‐rules were optimized to derive regulatory modes governing gene expression patterns observed upon different combinations of treatment withPTPandHDACinhibitors. The results demonstrate thatIRGs can be divided into several categories in human choriocarcinoma cells, each of which is subject to distinct mechanisms of repression. Hence, the regulatory modes identified in this study suggest that human trophoblast and choriocarcinoma cells may evade the potentially deleterious consequences of exposure toIFN‐γby using several overlapping mechanisms to blockIRGexpression.
When Ventricular Safety Standby Does Not Work
Authors: HALDAR SHOUVIK K. , STEED BRIANNE , WATKINS SHEILA , NAIR KRISHNAKUMAR 
Published: January 2017

Ventricular Safety StandbyDual chamber pacemakers have inbuilt advanced safety systems such as ventricular safety standby (crosstalk detection) to prevent ventricular oversensing resulting in inappropriate pacing inhibition. We describe a case where this safety mechanism does not reliably work and the management required to rectify the situation in an educational format.
Pain underreporting associated with profound intellectual disability in emergency departments
Authors: Amor‐Salamanca A. , Menchon J. M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackgroundLittle information is available regarding the visits made by persons with profound intellectual disability (PID) to general hospital emergency departments (ED). This study aims to know whether persons with PID who attend ED are given the same type of diagnoses as people with no such disability.MethodsOver a period of 18 months, we gathered data from all non‐scheduled visits to an ED by persons with PID to identify the reason for consultation (according to the classification used by the Spanish Society for Emergency Nursing) and the final diagnosis upon discharge. The results were compared with data obtained from a control group of people with no ID who attended an ED for any reason during the same period.ResultsSomatic complaints were the main reason for ED attendance among persons with PID (90% of consultations). These complaints were more often related to the central nervous system than was the case among non‐ID patients (16 vs. 4.7%), whereas other kinds of non‐central nervous system somatic complaint were less common among persons with PID (74 vs. 91%). A diagnosis implying physical pain was given less often to people with PID than to controls (3 vs. 20%).ConclusionsThe results suggest that persons with PID are less able to conceptualise and communicate information about their symptoms, especially as regards pain, and that this influences the diagnosis they are given when attending an ED. Professionals working in this environment need to be aware of this possibility so as not to underestimate or overlook such symptoms and the illnesses related to them.
Bilateral Hippocampal Restricted Diffusion: Same Picture Many Causes
Authors: Bhattacharyya Shamik , Gholipour Taha , Colorado Rene A. , Klein Joshua P. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTWith some regularity, we have encountered the unusual imaging abnormality of bilateral hippocampal restricted diffusion, either in isolation or in combination with other coincident abnormalities. In this retrospective case series, we examine clinical and imaging data to explore potential etiologies and clinical implications of this imaging finding. Sixteen cases with the imaging abnormality are presented, with etiologies including hypoxemia, hypoxemia‐ischemia, and seizures.
The role of molecular pain biomarkers in temporomandibular joint internal derangement
Authors: Ernberg M. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryThere is evidence that low‐grade inflammation may be responsible for pain and development of degenerative changes in temporomandibular joint internal derangement. This article reviews the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms behind TMJ internal derangements. A non‐systematic search was carried out in PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane library for studies regarding pathophysiological mechanisms behind internal derangements focusing on pain‐mediating inflammatory and cartilage‐degrading molecules. Recent data suggest that release of cytokines may be the key event for pain and cartilage destruction in TMJ internal derangements. Cytokines promote the release of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and due to hypoxia, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is released. This activates chondrocytes to produce MMPs and reduce their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) as well as the recruitment of osteoclasts, ultimately leading to cartilage and bone resorption. Also, proteoglycans have an important role in this process. Several cytokines, MMPs, TIMPs and VEGF have been identified in higher concentrations in the TMJ synovial fluid of patients with painful internal derangements and shown to be associated with the degree of degeneration. Other molecules that show elevated levels include hyaluronic acid synthase, disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTs), aggrecan, fibromodulin, biglycan and lumican. Taken together, more or less pronounced inflammation of TMJ structures with release of cytokines, MMPs and other molecular markers that interact in a complex manner may be responsible for tissue degeneration in internal derangements. As internal derangements may be symptom‐free, the degree of inflammation, but also other mechanisms, may be important for pain development.
Chloroplast: the Trojan horse in plant–virus interaction
Authors: Bhattacharyya Dhriti , Chakraborty Supriya 
Published: January 2017

SummaryThe chloroplast is one of the most dynamic organelles of a plant cell. It carries out photosynthesis, synthesizes major phytohormones, plays an active part in the defence response and is crucial for interorganelle signalling. Viruses, on the other hand, are extremely strategic in manipulating the internal environment of the host cell. The chloroplast, a prime target for viruses, undergoes enormous structural and functional damage during viral infection. Indeed, large proportions of affected gene products in a virus‐infected plant are closely associated with the chloroplast and the process of photosynthesis. Although the chloroplast is deficient in gene silencing machinery, it elicits the effector‐triggered immune response against viral pathogens. Virus infection induces the organelle to produce an extensive network of stromules which are involved in both viral propagation and antiviral defence. From studies over the last few decades, the involvement of the chloroplast in the regulation of plant–virus interaction has become increasingly evident. This review presents an exhaustive account of these facts, with their implications for pathogenicity. We have attempted to highlight the intricacies of chloroplast–virus interactions and to explain the existing gaps in our current knowledge, which will enable virologists to utilize chloroplast genome‐based antiviral resistance in economically important crops.
Autonomy of Theories: An Explanatory Problem
Authors: Batterman Robert W. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis paper aims to draw attention to an explanatory problem posed by the existence of multiply realized or universal behavior exhibited by certain physical systems. The problem is to explain how it is possible that systems radically distinct at lower‐scales can nevertheless exhibit identical or nearly identical behavior at upper‐scales (typically everyday length and time scales). Theoretically this is reflected by the fact that continuum theories such as fluid mechanics are spectacularly successful at predicting, describing, and explaining fluid behaviors despite the fact that they do not recognize the discrete (atomic/molecular) nature of fluids. A standard attempt to reduce one (continuum) theory to another (atomic/molecular theory), is shown to fail to answer the appropriate question about autonomy.
Interventions for the management of oral lichen planus: a review of the conventional and novel therapies
Authors: Gupta S , Ghosh S , Gupta S 
Published: January 2017

ObjectiveThis narrative review focuses on the rationale and role of conventional and newer therapies in the management of oral lichen planus (OLP) with emphasis on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reported over two decades.Materials and MethodsLiterature search was conducted to identify RCTs for the management of OLP from 1 January 1995 to 31 December 2015; Medline and Cochrane databases complemented with manual search were used. Primary outcome as resolution of pain was evaluated with the analysis of clinical resolution of erythema and ulceration as secondary outcome.ResultsThe search provided 260 abstracts, of which 70 full‐text articles were included. Majority of trials used topical steroids with very few trials on newer therapies. It was found that topical steroids are effective for symptomatic management of OLP with equal efficacy shown by topical calcineurin inhibitors and retinoids. However, the side effect of transient burning sensation with relapse was more with calcineurin inhibitors.ConclusionAlthough the newer therapies offer advantage over steroids for the management of OLP in recalcitrant cases, extensive lesions, and cases unresponsive to steroids, but sufficient clinical data on their use are still lacking. Hence, more RCTs with large sample size, adequate treatment duration, and long‐term follow‐up are required for clinical utility.
User Fee Abolition and the Demand for Public Health Care
Authors: Koch Steven F. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis research examines the effect of the abolition of user fees in South Africa, a policy implemented in 1994 for uninsured children under the age of six and the elderly uninsured, as well as pregnant and nursing mothers. The analysis focuses on the implementation of the policy and the use of curative public healthcare services by children following strict and fuzzy regression discontinuity designs. The estimates point to statistically insignificant average and local average policy effects, even though the policy appears to have been implemented reasonably effectively, albeit imperfectly. In other words, the policy did not, on average, affect the use of curative public healthcare, at least for those children who should have benefited from the policy.
Earthquake imprints on a lacustrine deltaic system: The Kürk Delta along the East Anatolian Fault (Turkey)
Authors: Hubert‐Ferrari Aurélia , El‐Ouahabi Meriam , Garcia‐Moreno David , Avşar Ulaş , Altınok Sevgi , Schmidt Sabine , Fagel Nathalie , Çağatay M. Namık 
Published: January 2017

AbstractDeltas contain sedimentary records that are not only indicative of water‐level changes, but also particularly sensitive to earthquake shaking typically resulting in soft‐sediment‐deformation structures. The Kürk lacustrine delta lies at the south‐western extremity of Lake Hazar in eastern Turkey and is adjacent to the seismogenic East Anatolian Fault, which has generated earthquakes of magnitude 7. This study re‐evaluates water‐level changes and earthquake shaking that have affected the Kürk Delta, combining geophysical data (seismic‐reflection profiles and side‐scan sonar), remote sensing images, historical data, onland outcrops and offshore coring. The history of water‐level changes provides a temporal framework for the depositional record. In addition to the common soft‐sediment deformation documented previously, onland outcrops reveal a record of deformation (fracturing, tilt and clastic dykes) linked to large earthquake‐induced liquefactions and lateral spreading. The recurrent liquefaction structures can be used to obtain a palaeoseismological record. Five event horizons were identified that could be linked to historical earthquakes occurring in the last 1000 years along the East Anatolian Fault. Sedimentary cores sampling the most recent subaqueous sedimentation revealed the occurrence of another type of earthquake indicator. Based on radionuclide dating (137Cs and 210Pb), two major sedimentary events were attributed to the ad 1874 to 1875 East Anatolian Fault earthquake sequence. Their sedimentological characteristics were determined by X‐ray imagery, X‐ray diffraction, loss‐on‐ignition, grain‐size distribution and geophysical measurements. The events are interpreted to be hyperpycnal deposits linked to post‐seismic sediment reworking of earthquake‐triggered landslides.
ANO1 in intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal plays a key role in the generation of slow waves and tone in the internal anal sphincter
Authors: Cobine C. A. , Hannah E. E. , Zhu M. H. , Lyle H. E. , Rock J. R. , Sanders K. M. , Ward S. M. , Keef K. D. 
Published: January 2017

Key points
The internal anal sphincter develops tone important for maintaining high anal pressure and continence. Controversy exists regarding the mechanisms underlying tone development.
We examined the hypothesis that tone depends upon electrical slow waves (SWs) initiated in intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC‐IM) by activation of Ca2+‐activated Cl− channels (ANO1, encoded by Ano1) and voltage‐dependent L‐type Ca2+ channels (CavL, encoded by Cacna1c).
Measurement of membrane potential and contraction indicated that ANO1 and CavL have a central role in SW generation, phasic contractions and tone, independent of stretch.
ANO1 expression was examined in wildtype and Ano1/+egfp mice with immunohistochemical techniques. Ano1 and Cacna1c expression levels were examined by quantitative PCR in fluorescence‐activated cell sorting.
ICC‐IM were the predominant cell type expressing ANO1 and the most likely candidate for SW generation. SWs in ICC‐IM are proposed to conduct to smooth muscle where Ca2+ entry via CavL results in phasic activity that sums to produce tone.
AbstractThe mechanism underlying tone generation in the internal anal sphincter (IAS) is controversial. We examined the hypothesis that tone depends upon generation of electrical slow waves (SWs) initiated in intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC‐IM) by activation of Ca2+‐activated Cl− channels (encoded by Ano1) and voltage‐dependent L‐type Ca2+ channels (encoded by Cacna1c). Phasic contractions and tone in the IAS were nearly abolished by ANO1 and CavL antagonists. ANO1 antagonists also abolished SWs as well as transient depolarizations that persisted after addition of CavL antagonists. Tone development in the IAS did not require stretch of muscles, and the sensitivity of contraction to ANO1 antagonists was the same in stretched versus un‐stretched muscles. ANO1 expression was examined in wildtype and Ano1/+egfp mice with immunohistochemical techniques. Dual labelling revealed that ANO1 expression could be resolved in ICC but not smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the IAS and rectum. Ano1, Cacna1c and Kit gene expression were the same in extracts of IAS and rectum muscles. In IAS cells isolated with fluorescence‐activated cell sorting, Ano1 expression was 26.5‐fold greater in ICC than in SMCs while Cacna1c expression was only 2‐fold greater in SMCs than in ICC. These data support a central role for ANO1 and CavL in the generation of SWs and tone in the IAS. ICC‐IM are the probable cellular candidate for ANO1 currents and SW generation. We propose that ANO1 and CavL collaborate to generate SWs in ICC‐IM followed by conduction to adjacent SMCs where phasic calcium entry through CavL sums to produce tone.