bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic pulsed thermography for natural cracks inspection
Authors: Gao Yunlai , Tian Gui Yun , Wang Ping , Wang Haitao , Gao Bin , Woo Wai Lok , Li Kongjing 
Published: February 2017

AbstractEmerging integrated sensing and monitoring of material degradation and cracks are increasingly required for characterizing the structural integrity and safety of infrastructure. However, most conventional nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods are based on single modality sensing which is not adequate to evaluate structural integrity and natural cracks. This paper proposed electromagnetic pulsed thermography for fast and comprehensive defect characterization. It hybrids multiple physical phenomena i.e. magnetic flux leakage, induced eddy current and induction heating linking to physics as well as signal processing algorithms to provide abundant information of material properties and defects. New features are proposed using 1st derivation that reflects multiphysics spatial and temporal behaviors to enhance the detection of cracks with different orientations. Promising results that robust to lift-off changes and invariant features for artificial and natural cracks detection have been demonstrated that the proposed method significantly improves defect detectability. It opens up multiphysics sensing and integrated NDE with potential impact for natural understanding and better quantitative evaluation of natural cracks including stress corrosion crack (SCC) and rolling contact fatigue (RCF).
Image reconstruction from photon sparse data
Authors: Mertens Lena , Sonnleitner Matthias , Leach Jonathan , Agnew Megan , Padgett Miles J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe report an algorithm for reconstructing images when the average number of photons recorded per pixel is of order unity, i.e. photon-sparse data. The image optimisation algorithm minimises a cost function incorporating both a Poissonian log-likelihood term based on the deviation of the reconstructed image from the measured data and a regularization-term based upon the sum of the moduli of the second spatial derivatives of the reconstructed image pixel intensities. The balance between these two terms is set by a bootstrapping technique where the target value of the log-likelihood term is deduced from a smoothed version of the original data. When compared to the original data, the processed images exhibit lower residuals with respect to the true object. We use photon-sparse data from two different experimental systems, one system based on a single-photon, avalanche photo-diode array and the other system on a time-gated, intensified camera. However, this same processing technique could most likely be applied to any low photon-number image irrespective of how the data is collected.
DNA methylation governs the dynamic regulation of inflammation by apoptotic cells during efferocytosis
Authors: Notley Clare A. , Jordan Christine K. , McGovern Jenny L. , Brown Mark A. , Ehrenstein Michael R. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractEfficient clearance of apoptotic cells (AC) is pivotal in preventing autoimmunity and is a potent immunosuppressive stimulus. However, activation of cells prior to apoptosis abolishes their immunoregulatory properties. Here we show using the antigen-induced model of arthritis that the degree of DNA methylation within AC confers their immunomodulatory plasticity. DNA isolated from resting and activated AC mimicked their respective immune effects. Demethylation of DNA abrogated the protective effect of AC whereas remethylation of AC DNA reversed the effects of activation and restored the ability to inhibit inflammation. Disease suppression or lack thereof was associated with TGFβ and IL-6 production respectively. Apoptotic CD4+T cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus were demethylated compared to healthy controls and favoured production of IL-6 when cultured with healthy macrophages, in contrast to the TGFβ produced in response to healthy AC. Our data implicate AC DNA methylation as the molecular switch that imprints their regulatory properties.
Climate change is projected to have severe impacts on the frequency and intensity of peak electricity demand across the United States
Authors: Auffhammer Maximilian , Baylis Patrick , Hausman Catherine H. 
Published: February 2017

Significance
The existing empirical literature on the impacts of climate change on the electricity sector has focused on changing electricity consumption patterns. In this paper, we show that incorporating impacts on the frequency and intensity of peak load consumption during hot days implies sizable required investments in peak generating capacity (or major advances in storage technology or the structure of electricity prices), which results in substantially larger impacts than those from just changes in overall consumption.
Cross-cultural regularities in the cognitive architecture of pride
Authors: Sznycer Daniel , Al-Shawaf Laith , Bereby-Meyer Yoella , Curry Oliver Scott , De Smet Delphine , Ermer Elsa , Kim Sangin , Kim Sunhwa , Li Norman P. , Lopez Seal Maria Florencia , McClung Jennifer , O Jiaqing , Ohtsubo Yohsuke , Quillien Tadeg , Schaub Max , Sell Aaron , van Leeuwen Florian , Cosmides Leda , Tooby John 
Published: February 2017

SignificanceCross-cultural tests from 16 nations were performed to evaluate the hypothesis that the emotion of pride evolved to guide behavior to elicit valuation and respect from others. Ancestrally, enhanced evaluations would have led to increased assistance and deference from others. To incline choice, the pride system must compute for a potential action an anticipated pride intensity that tracks the magnitude of the approval or respect that the action would generate in the local audience. All tests demonstrated that pride intensities measured in each location closely track the magnitudes of others’ positive evaluations. Moreover, different cultures echo each other both in what causes pride and in what elicits positive evaluations, suggesting that the underlying valuation systems are universal.
Systematic identification of anti-interferon function on hepatitis C virus genome reveals p7 as an immune evasion protein
Authors: Qi Hangfei , Chu Virginia , Wu Nicholas C. , Chen Zugen , Truong Shawna , Brar Gurpreet , Su Sheng-Yao , Du Yushen , Arumugaswami Vaithilingaraja , Olson C. Anders , Chen Shu-Hua , Lin Chung-Yen , Wu Ting-Ting , Sun Ren 
Published: February 2017

Significance
Understanding how viruses interact with their hosts, especially the mechanisms that restrict virus replication, will provide a molecular basis for vaccine development. However, the search for restriction factors is oftentimes difficult if the virus has already evolved to counteract the restriction. Here, we describe a systematic approach to identify such restriction and counterrestriction mechanisms. We constructed a library of mutant hepatitis C viruses, where each mutant has a 15-nt stretch randomly inserted on the genome. We aimed to identify mutations that lose the anti-IFN function, but maintain replication capacity. We have identified p7 as an immune evasion protein and further characterize the antiviral function of IFI6-16 against hepatitus C virus (HCV) replication.
Selection maintains signaling function of a highly diverged intrinsically disordered region
Authors: Zarin Taraneh , Tsai Caressa N. , Nguyen Ba Alex N. , Moses Alan M. 
Published: February 2017

SignificanceIntrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) are widespread, have diverse functions, and are involved in human disease. Because standard sequence analysis methods identify little sequence homology in IDRs, it is not currently understood whether (or how) the functions of these protein regions are preserved over evolution. Here we show that orthologous IDRs can preserve regulatory functions despite near-complete sequence divergence. This suggests that natural selection maintains aggregate molecular properties in IDRs, which we propose to be quantitative traits. Consistent with this, we find signatures of stabilizing selection on the electrostatic properties of IDRs. Thus, in analogy to the rapid evolution of noncoding DNA in eukaryotic enhancers, divergence in primary amino acid sequence does not imply functional divergence in IDRs.
iPSCs and fibroblast subclones from the same fibroblast population contain comparable levels of sequence variations
Authors: Kwon Erika M. , Connelly John P. , Hansen Nancy F. , Donovan Frank X. , Winkler Thomas , Davis Brian W. , Alkadi Halah , Chandrasekharappa Settara C. , Dunbar Cynthia E. , Mullikin James C. , Liu Paul 
Published: February 2017

Significance
One important unsolved question in the stem cell field is, do induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have more mutations than other cultured somatic cells because of the reprogramming process? In this work, we took a novel approach to interrogate the genome integrity of iPSCs by comparing mutational load of clonal fibroblast lines and iPSC lines derived from the same fibroblast parental cells. Whole exome sequencing demonstrates that iPSCs and clonal fibroblasts have comparable numbers of new mutations, as compared with their parental fibroblasts. Deep, targeted resequencing also shows that greater than 90% of these mutations are random, preexisting sequence variants in small subsets of the parental fibroblast population. Our data strongly suggest that reprogramming process is not mutagenic.
Northward extent of East Asian monsoon covaries with intensity on orbital and millennial timescales
Authors: Goldsmith Yonaton , Broecker Wallace S. , Xu Hai , Polissar Pratigya J. , deMenocal Peter B. , Porat Naomi , Lan Jianghu , Cheng Peng , Zhou Weijian , An Zhisheng 
Published: February 2017

Significance
The magnitude, rate, and extent of past and future East Asian monsoon (EAM) rainfall fluctuations remain unresolved. Here, we present a rainfall reconstruction based on the surface area of a closed-basin lake located at the modern northwestern boundary of the EAM. Our record shows that fluctuations of EAM intensity and spatial extent covaried over the past 125 ka. This record contributes to the resolution of a current controversy concerning the response of the EAM to external climatic forcings. We propose that a substantial decrease in rainfall at 5.5 ka was a major factor leading to a large cultural collapse of the Early Neolithic culture in north China.
Conformational disruption of PI3Kδ regulation by immunodeficiency mutations in
PIK3CD
and
PIK3R1
Authors: Dornan Gillian L. , Siempelkamp Braden D. , Jenkins Meredith L. , Vadas Oscar , Lucas Carrie L. , Burke John E. 
Published: February 2017

Significance
Activated PI3K Delta Syndrome (APDS) is a primary immunodeficiency disease caused by activating mutations in phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Kδ). Activating mutations in either the p110δ catalytic or the p85α regulatory subunit of PI3Kδ result in APDS. Mutations in p85α leading to APDS are surprising, as other p85α-activating mutations are oncogenic when bound to the PI3Kα isoform. Using hydrogen–deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, we determined the molecular mechanisms by which APDS mutations in p110δ or p85α activate PI3Kδ and reveal why the p85α APDS2 mutant primarily activates PI3Kδ. All APDS mutants are potently inhibited by the PI3Kδ-specific inhibitor idelalisib. Together, the biophysical and biochemical data reveal insights into PI3Kδ regulation and provide a possible therapeutic strategy for treating patients with APDS.
Multiple functional self-association interfaces in plant TIR domains
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxiao , Bernoux Maud , Bentham Adam R. , Newman Toby E. , Ve Thomas , Casey Lachlan W. , Raaymakers Tom M. , Hu Jian , Croll Tristan I. , Schreiber Karl J. , Staskawicz Brian J. , Anderson Peter A. , Sohn Kee Hoon , Williams Simon J. , Dodds Peter N. , Kobe Bostjan 
Published: February 2017

SignificanceToll/interleukin-1 receptor/resistance protein (TIR) domains are present in plant and animal innate immunity receptors and appear to play a scaffold function in defense signaling. In both systems, self-association of TIR domains is crucial for their function. In plants, the TIR domain is associated with intracellular immunity receptors, known as nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs). Previous studies from several plant NLRs have identified two distinct interfaces that are required for TIR:TIR dimerization in different NLRs. We show that the two interfaces previously identified are both important for self-association and defense signaling of multiple TIR–NLR proteins. Collectively, this work suggests that there is a common mechanism of TIR domain self-association in signaling across the TIR–NLR class of receptor proteins.
Dynamics of SIV-specific CXCR5+ CD8 T cells during chronic SIV infection
Authors: Mylvaganam Geetha H. , Rios Daniel , Abdelaal Hadia M. , Iyer Smita , Tharp Gregory , Mavigner Maud , Hicks Sakeenah , Chahroudi Ann , Ahmed Rafi , Bosinger Steven E. , Williams Ifor R. , Skinner Pamela J. , Velu Vijayakumar , Amara Rama R. 
Published: February 2017

Significance
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific follicular CD8 T cells represent a unique subset of antiviral CD8 T cells that rapidly expand during pathogenic SIV infection, localize within B-cell follicles, and contribute to control of chronic SIV replication. The potential for these cells to infiltrate sites of ongoing viral replication and viral persistence and the ability to induce these cells by vaccination provide a tremendous opportunity to develop and optimize therapeutic strategies to target and reduce the HIV reservoirs in lymphoid tissues.
An amidase is required for proper intercellular communication in the filamentous cyanobacteriumAnabaenasp. PCC 7120
Authors: Zheng Zhenggao , Omairi-Nasser Amin , Li Xiying , Dong Chunxia , Lin Yan , Haselkorn Robert , Zhao Jindong 
Published: February 2017

SignificanceThe filamentous cyanobacteriumAnabaenahas become a widely studied model to determine the molecular mechanisms involved in establishing and maintaining the pattern of heterocyst differentiation in response to the removal of fixed nitrogen from the environment. Heterocysts develop from vegetative cells, usually spaced about 10 cells apart, converting an oxic cell capable of division into an anoxic factory for nitrogen fixation that does not divide. Genetic analysis to elucidate the mechanisms of intercellular material exchange between heterocysts and vegetative cells is in an early phase. Here we show that an amidase is involved in the function of channels that penetrate the rigid peptidoglycan walls that separate cells in the filaments.
Simultaneous interpreting and religious experience
Authors: Hokkanen Sari 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In this paper, I discuss the volunteer simultaneous church interpreting I conduct as a professionally trained interpreter, using autoethnography as my methodological approach. The aim is to examine how my professional identity and my identity as a Pentecostal Christian coexist in this non-professional interpreting context. Pentecostalism emphasizes personal religious experience, defined as encountering God, making it a salient feature of the social context of the volunteer interpreting context. Therefore, I study spiritual and practical levels of preparation related to simultaneous interpreting at church. In addition, I examine the ways in which a personal religious experience, especially “hearing from God,” can take place while interpreting, which speaks of my active participation in the interpreted service. This paper thus highlights the dynamics of professional and non-professional interpreting as social contexts carrying meaning over to personal practice.
Child language brokering in private and public settings
Authors: Cirillo Letizia 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a survey on child language brokering (CLB) conducted in junior high schools of Emilia Romagna (Northern Italy). Two questionnaires were drafted to investigate the perceptions of young brokers and their teachers on CLB-related issues. The responses gathered so far contribute to shed light on the who, where, when, and what of CLB in Italy, and generally confirm the results obtained by previous studies at both national and international levels. A comparison between the two sets of responses reveals brokers’ and teachers’ somehow different attitudes toward CLB, which deserve further investigation.
Seeing brokering in bright colours
Authors: Torresi Ira 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A recurrent issue in child language brokering (CLB) research is how to best adjust ethnographic methodologies in order to collect data from young children. There are a number of practical considerations in addition to the necessary ethical aspects. Questionnaires and other methods relying on the written word may prove inadequate for first- and second-graders, and even for older bilingual or multilingual children who may not have the same level of literacy in all their languages. Methods relying on the spoken word, such as interviews, focus groups or participant observation, may prove similarly problematic when groups of respondents have mixed language proficiency levels. Artwork elicitation, on the contrary, can be an effective and inclusive way to collect qualitative data about young children’s feelings and perceptions about CLB. It has the potential to elicit visual narratives from large groups of children (e.g. entire classes or schools), while leaving them free to include aspects of the phenomenon being investigated that would otherwise be difficult for them to describe in words. This chapter explores primary school children’s experience of CLB as it emerges from artwork submitted for the “Budding translators” competition described by Antonini (this volume), and proposes an analysis that draws mainly on visual and social semiotics.
Discovery of a magnetic field in the δ Scuti F2m star ρ Pup
Authors: Neiner C. , Wade G. A. , Sikora J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
ρ Pup is a δ Scuti F2 pulsator, known to host a main radial mode as well as non-radial pulsations, with chemical peculiarities typical of evolved Am stars. We present a high-precision spectropolarimetric observations of this star, obtained with ESPaDOnS at the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope in the frame of the BRITE spectropolarimetric survey. A magnetic field is clearly detected in ρ Pup, with a longitudinal field strength below 1 G. This makes ρ Pup the second known magnetic δ Scuti discovered, after HD 188774, and a possible cool evolved counterpart of the recently discovered ultraweakly magnetic Am family.
Commentary: Appropriate Use Criteria for Lumbar Degenerative Scoliosis: Developing Evidence-based Guidance for Complex Treatment Decisions
Authors: Glassman Steven D. , Berven Sigurd H. , Shaffrey Christopher I. , Mummaneni Praveen V. , Polly David W. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Lumbar degenerative scoliosis is a relatively common problem, and is being treated more frequently due to the confluence of an aging population and an increased capacity and willingness to manage difficult problems in older patients. Lumbar degenerative scoliosis is a complex pathology as it often involves the intersection of degenerative spinal stenosis and spinal deformity. While previous studies provide an indication that these patients may benefit from surgical treatment, the substantial variability in treatment underscores the opportunity for improvement. Optimizing treatment for lumbar degenerative scoliosis is critical as surgical intervention, while potentially providing substantial clinical benefit also entails measurable risk and significant expense. In light of these issues, evidence-based guidance generated through Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC) development offers the potential to improve both the quality and cost effectiveness of care.
The lumbar degenerative scoliosis AUC represents a significant step toward evidence-based treatment in spinal surgery. This is the first time that spine societies and industry partners have collaborated to support evidence development. The willingness of all involved to support a completely independent process underlines a commitment to trust the evidence. Subsequent studies may validate and/or refine the AUC recommendations, but the most important result is that the standard for evidence quality has been raised.
Love as a Disposition
Authors: Naar Hichem 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter proposes that the question “What is love?” be given an ontological treatment. Rather than asking whether love can be identified with a familiar mental phenomenon (desire, emotion, etc.), it suggests that we should first ask what kind of phenomenon love is, where a kind should here be understood as the most general category to which a given phenomenon belongs, an inquiry that is largely missing from contemporary discussions about love. After motivating this project, the chapter discusses and rejects a view according to which love is a certain kind of pattern or process, and then argues that love should be conceived of as a certain kind of state, namely a dispositional state.
Leadership and the Politics of Development
Authors: Leftwich Adrian , Lyne De Ver Heather 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the role of leadership in economic development. It first defines leadership as a collective political process, not simply or solely as a function of the attributes, traits, and activities of individuals in the tradition of the “great man/woman” of history. Second, the chapter locates leadership within a theoretical context about how economic and political development happens. Third, the chapter undertakes a political analysis of how actors—as agents (individual and collective)—interpret their interests and ideas, make choices, frame and strategize their activities, and encounter and interact with each other and their interests in the context of different structures of power.
Newton’s Optical Experiments and Theories
Authors: Shapiro Alan E. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter describes Newton’s experimental and theoretical optical investigations. The discussions include his theory of color and the compound nature of white light; his interchanges with the critics of that theory; his methodological concern with certainty and hypotheses; his efforts to explain optical phenomena using a projectile or corpuscular theory of light; his quest to explain refraction and chromatic dispersion; his investigation of the colors of thin plates or the interference of light; his theory of the colors of natural bodies; his work on the colors of thick plates and the theory of fits; and his composition of the Opticks and investigation of diffraction.
Kant’s Foundations for Newtonian Science
Authors: Smith Sheldon R. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Throughout his career, Immanuel Kant was engaged rather closely with Newtonian science. Although Kant adopts many Newtonian principles, most obviously the Newtonian gravitational law, he is also critical of Newton for, among other things, not having provided “metaphysical foundations” for science. Kant’s own attempt to provide such foundations leads him to have a somewhat different picture of the physical world from Newton. This article describes why Kant thought that metaphysical foundations were required and some of the ways this requirement leads Kant toward non-Newtonian views. In particular, it compares and contrasts their views on the nature of matter, force, the laws of nature, and absolute space and absolute motion.