bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal dynamics of bacterial microbiota in the human oral cavity determined using an in situ model of dental biofilms
Authors: Wake Nanako , Asahi Yoko , Noiri Yuichiro , Hayashi Mikako , Motooka Daisuke , Nakamura Shota , Gotoh Kazuyoshi , Miura Jiro , Machi Hiroyuki , Iida Tetsuya , Ebisu Shigeyuki 
Published: August 2016

AbstractNumerous studies on oral biofilms have been performed in vitro, although it is difficult to mimic the oral environment. Here we used an in situ model to conduct a quantitative analysis and comprehensive identification of bacterial communities over time by performing deep sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. We show here that the number of viable bacteria in supragingival biofilms increased in two steps. Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, as well as confocal laser scanning microscopy, we detected gram-positive cocci during the first 8 h. The biofilm was subsequently covered with a thick matrix-like structure composed of different bacterial morphotypes that diversified as the number of bacteria increased. Streptococcus accounted for >20% of the population until 16 h, and obligate anaerobes such as Fusobacterium, Prevotella and Porphyromonas predominated after 48 h, and this increase was statistically significant after 96 h (P<0.05). Together, our data demonstrate that an initial population of facultative anaerobic bacteria was replaced with a population of gram-negative anaerobic bacteria during oral biofilm formation. This study, therefore, contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the composition of the bacterial microbiota involved in the health of the human oral cavity.
Worldwide impact of aerosol’s time scale on the predicted long-term concentrating solar power potential
Authors: Ruiz-Arias Jose A. , Gueymard Christian A. , Santos-Alamillos Francisco J. , Pozo-Vázquez David 
Published: August 2016

AbstractConcentrating solar technologies, which are fuelled by the direct normal component of solar irradiance (DNI), are among the most promising solar technologies. Currently, the state-of the-art methods for DNI evaluation use datasets of aerosol optical depth (AOD) with only coarse (typically monthly) temporal resolution. Using daily AOD data from both site-specific observations at ground stations as well as gridded model estimates, a methodology is developed to evaluate how the calculated long-term DNI resource is affected by using AOD data averaged over periods from 1 to 30 days. It is demonstrated here that the use of monthly representations of AOD leads to systematic underestimations of the predicted long-term DNI up to 10% in some areas with high solar resource, which may result in detrimental consequences for the bankability of concentrating solar power projects. Recommendations for the use of either daily or monthly AOD data are provided on a geographical basis.
“Non-Toxic” Proteins of the Botulinum Toxin Complex Exert In-vivo Toxicity
Authors: Miyashita Shin-Ichiro , Sagane Yoshimasa , Suzuki Tomonori , Matsumoto Takashi , Niwa Koichi , Watanabe Toshihiro 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) causes muscle paralysis and is the most potent toxin in nature. BoNT is associated with a complex of auxiliary “Non-Toxic” proteins, which constitute a large-sized toxin complex (L-TC). However, here we report that the “Non-Toxic” complex of serotype D botulinum L-TC, when administered to rats, exerts in-vivo toxicity on small-intestinal villi. Moreover, Serotype C and D of the “Non-Toxic” complex, but not BoNT, induced vacuole-formation in a rat intestinal epithelial cell line (IEC-6), resulting in cell death. Our results suggest that the vacuole was formed in a manner distinct from the mechanism by which Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin (VacA) and Vibrio cholerae haemolysin induce vacuolation. We therefore hypothesise that the serotype C and D botulinum toxin complex is a functional hybrid of the neurotoxin and vacuolating toxin (VT) which arose from horizontal gene transfer from an ancestral BoNT-producing bacterium to a hypothetical VT-producing bacterium.
Tsr Chemoreceptor Interacts With IL-8 Provoking E. coli Transmigration Across Human Lung Epithelial Cells
Authors: Han Bing , Li Manshu , Xu Yonghao , Islam Diana , Khang Julie , Del Sorbo Lorenzo , Lee Warren , Szaszi Katalin , Zhong Nanshan , Slutsky Arthur S. , Li Yimin , Zhang Haibo 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBacterial colonization of epithelial surfaces and subsequent transmigration across the mucosal barrier are essential for the development of infection. We hypothesized that the methyl-accepting proteins (MCPs), known as chemoreceptors expressed on Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacterial surface, play an important role in mediating bacterial transmigration. We demonstrated a direct interaction between human interleukin-8 (IL-8) and Tsr receptor, a major MCP chemoreceptor. Stimulation of human lung epithelial cell monolayer with IL-8 resulted in increased E. coli adhesion and transmigration of the native strain (RP437) and a strain expressing only Tsr (UU2373), as compared to a strain (UU2599) with Tsr truncation. The augmented E. coli adhesion and migration was associated with a higher expression of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6 and production of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and a lower expression of the tight junction protein claudin-1 and the plasma membrane protein caveolin-1 in lung epithelial cells. An increased E. coli colonization and pulmonary cytokine production induced by the RP437 and UU2373 strains was attenuated in mice challenged with the UU2599 strain. Our results suggest a critical role of the E. coli Tsr chemoreceptor in mediating bacterial colonization and transmigration across human lung epithelium during development of pulmonary infections.
Hierarchical Mesoporous 3D Flower-like CuCo2O4/NF for High-Performance Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Jadhav Harsharaj S. , Pawar Sambhaji M. , Jadhav Arvind H. , Thorat Gaurav M. , Seo Jeong Gil 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTernary spinel CuCo2O4 nanostructure clenches great potential as high-performance electrode material for next-generation energy storage systems because of its higher electrical conductivity and electrochemical activity. Carbon free and binder free 3D flower-like CuCo2O4 structure are grown on nickel foam (NF) via a facile hydrothermal synthesis method followed by annealing. The obtained CuCo2O4/NF is directly used as electrode for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) and supercapacitors (SCs) application. The electrochemical study of 3D flower-like CuCo2O4 as an electrode for LIB and SC shows highly mesoporous unique architecture plays important role in achieving high capacity/capacitance with superior cycle life. The high surface area and mesoporous nature not only offer sufficient reaction sites, but also can accelerate the liquid electrolyte to penetrate electrode and the ions to reach the reacting sites. In outcome, it exhibits highest capacity of 1160 mA h g−1 after 200 cycles when used as an anode for LIB and specific capacitance of 1002 F g−1 after 3000 cycles. The superior electrochemical of synthesized material is attributed to direct contact of electrode active material with good intrinsic electrical conductivity to the underneath conductive NF substrate builds up an express path for fast ion and electron transfer.
Creation of artificial skyrmions and antiskyrmions by anisotropy engineering
Authors: Zhang S. , Petford-Long A. K. , Phatak C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTopologically non-trivial spin textures form a fundamental paradigm in solid-state physics and present unique opportunities to explore exciting phenomena such as the topological Hall effect. One such texture is a skyrmion, in which the spins can be mapped to point in all directions wrapping around a sphere. Understanding the formation of these spin textures and their energetic stability, is crucial in order to control their behavior. In this work, we report on controlling the perpendicular anisotropy of continuous Co/Pt multilayer films with ion irradiation to form unique spin configurations of artificial skyrmions and antiskyrmions that are stabilized by their demagnetization energy. We elucidate their behavior using aberration-corrected Lorentz transmission electron microscopy. We also discuss the energetic stability of these structures studied through in-situ magnetizing experiments performed at room temperature, combined with micromagnetic simulations that successfully reproduce the spin textures and behavior. This research offers new opportunities towards creation of artificial skyrmion or antiskyrmion lattices that can be used to investigate not only fundamental properties of their interaction with electron currents but also technological applications such as artificial magnonic crystals.
Recessed‐channel reconfigurable field‐effect transistor
Authors: Kim S. , Kim S.W. 
Published: August 2016

A new reconfigurable field‐effect transistor (RFET) named as recessed‐channel RFET (RC‐RFET) is introduced herein to improve scalability, current drivability and subthreshold swing (S). There are two distinct features which allow RC‐RFET to show enhanced performance than conventional RFET. First, a novel structure based RC and stacked gates increases effective channel length which results in suppressed short‐channel‐effect without any integration density penalty. Second, the switching mechanism of RC‐RFET (thermionic emission) differs from that of conventional RFET (Schottky barrier tunnelling). It enables RC‐RFET to overcome the fundamental limit of S degradation as a function of gate voltage and promises higher ON–OFF current ratio (ION/IOFF) and its low‐power applications. As a result, the RC‐RFET shows ION/IOFF higher than 107, small drain induced barrier lowering about 15 mV/V and ideal S (∼63 mV/decade) for 50 nm gate length.
Athletic Population with Spondylolysis: Review of Outcomes following Surgical Repair or Conservative Management
Authors: Panteliadis Pavlos , Nagra Navraj S. , Edwards Kimberley L. , Behrbalk Eyal , Boszczyk Bronek 
Published: August 2016

Study Design Narrative review. Objective The study aims to critically review the outcomes associated with the surgical repair or conservative management of spondylolysis in athletes. Methods The English literature listed in MEDLINE/PubMed was reviewed to identify related articles using the term “spondylolysis AND athlete.” The criteria for studies to be included were management of spondylolysis in athletes, English text, and no year, follow-up, or study design restrictions. The references of the retrieved articles were also evaluated. The primary outcome was time to return to sport. This search yielded 180 citations, and 25 publications were included in the review. Results Treatment methods were dichotomized as operative and nonoperative. In the nonoperative group, 390 athletes were included. A combination of bracing with physical therapy and restriction of activities was used. Conservative measures allowed athletes to return to sport in 3.7 months (weighted mean). One hundred seventy-four patients were treated surgically. The most common technique was Buck's, using a compression screw (91/174). All authors reported satisfactory outcomes. Time to return to play was 7.9 months (weighted mean). There were insufficient studies with suitably homogenous subgroups to conduct a meta-analysis. Conclusion There is no gold standard approach for the management of spondylolysis in the athletic population. The existing literature suggests initial therapy should be a course of conservative management with thoracolumbosacral orthosis brace, physiotherapy, and activity modification. If conservative management fails, surgical intervention should be considered. Two-sided clinical studies are needed to determine an optimal pathway for the management of athletes with spondylolysis.
Analogy motor learning by young children: a study of rope skipping
Authors: Tse Andy C. Y. , Fong Shirley S. M. , Wong Thomson W. L. , Masters Rich 
Published: August 2016

AbstractResearch in psychology suggests that provision of an instruction by analogy can enhance acquisition and understanding of knowledge. Limited research has been conducted to test this proposition in motor learning by children. The purpose of the present study was to examine the feasibility of analogy instructions in motor skill acquisition by children. Thirty‐two children were randomly assigned to one of the two instruction protocols: analogy and explicit instruction protocols for a two‐week rope skipping training. Each participant completed a pretest (Lesson 1), three practice sessions (Lesson 2–4), a posttest and a secondary task test (Lesson 5). Children in the analogy protocol displayed better rope skip performance than those in the explicit instruction protocol (p < .001). Moreover, a cognitive secondary task test indicated that children in the analogy protocol performed more effectively, whereas children in the explicit protocol displayed decrements in performance. Analogy learning may aid children to acquire complex motor skills, and have potential benefits related to reduced cognitive processing requirements.
The Association of Chronic Topical Prostaglandin Analog Use With Meibomian Gland Dysfunction
Authors: Mocan Mehmet C. , Uzunosmanoglu Enes , Kocabeyoglu Sibel , Karakaya Jale , Irkec Murat 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:
To evaluate the association of long-term prostaglandin analog (PGA) use with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) in medically treated glaucoma patients.

Materials and Methods:
This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted at a single academic setting. In total, 70 eyes of 70 patients with a medical diagnosis of glaucoma who were on long-term (>12 mo) topical hypotensive medication(s) were included. Patients were classified based on whether they were on PGA or non-PGA class of medication(s). MGD was defined based on meibomian gland terminal duct obstruction and graded between 1 and 5 based on severity. For all subjects, ocular surface disease index questionnaire, break-up time, lissamine green staining, and Schirmer test (under topical anesthesia) was administered. Student t test, Mann-Whitney U test, and χ2 test was used in statistical evaluations. Forty-five age-matched healthy control subjects who were not on any topical medications were also included.

Results:
In total, 25 patients (35.7%) were on PGA monotherapy, 21 (30.0%) were treated with fixed or unfixed PGA combination regimens, and 24 (34.3%) were on non-PGA medications. MGD prevalence was higher in patients treated with PGA monotherapy (92.0%) compared with those receiving non-PGA therapy (58.3%) (P=0.02). Obstructive type of MGD was detected in the majority of patients treated with PGAs (95.7%). Grade 2 and 3 MGD was noted in 80.5% of patients on PGA. Patients on PGA had worse ocular surface disease index and ocular surface test results (P<0.001) compared with those of control subjects.

Conclusions:
Long-term administration of PGA is associated with obstructive type of MGD.
Randomized-controlled trial of rifaximin versus norfloxacin for secondary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Authors: Elfert Asem , Abo Ali Lobna , Soliman Samah , Ibrahim Shimaa , Abd-Elsalam Sherief 
Published: August 2016

Background and aims
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a serious complication of liver cirrhosis with a high recurrence rate and a marked increase in mortality. Norfloxacin is used widely for the secondary prophylaxis of SBP; however, its extensive long-term use has led to an increase in the incidence of quinolone-resistant and Gram-positive SBP. Rifaximin is a nonabsorbable broad-spectrum antibiotic and does not appear to promote emergence of resistance. The aim of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of rifaximin versus norfloxacin for the secondary prevention of SBP in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites.

Materials and methods
Two hundred and sixty two cirrhotic patients with ascites and a previous episode of SBP were assigned randomly to receive either 1200 mg rifaximin or 400 mg of norfloxacin daily for 6 months. All patients were monitored clinically each month and with ascitic fluid examination at the end of 2 and 6 months if not clinically suspected of recurrence earlier.

Results
Recurrence of SBP was significantly lower in the rifaximin group (3.88 vs. 14.13%) compared with the norfloxacin group (P=0.04). The mortality rate was significantly decreased in the rifaximin group (13.74 vs. 24.43%) compared with the norfloxacin group (P=0.044). The causes of death between the two groups did not show a significant difference (P=0.377), but encephalopathy-related deaths were three folds higher in the norfloxacin group. There was a significant decrease in the side effects in the rifaximin group versus the norfloxacin group (P=0.033).

Conclusion
Rifaximin was more effective than norfloxacin in the secondary prevention of SBP. Encephalopathy-related mortality and side effects were fewer in the rifaximin group.
Cost-Effectiveness of Dual Antimicrobial Therapy for Gonococcal Infections Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in the Netherlands
Authors: Xiridou Maria , Lugnér Anna , de Vries Henry J.C. , van Bergen Jan E.A.M. , Götz Hannelore M. , van Benthem Birgit H.B. , Wallinga Jacco , van der Sande Marianne A.B. 
Published: August 2016

Background
In response to the rising threat of resistance to first-line antibiotics for gonorrhea, international guidelines recommend dual antimicrobial therapy. However, some countries continue to recommend monotherapy. We assess the cost-effectiveness of dual therapy with ceftriaxone and azithromycin compared with monotherapy with ceftriaxone, for control of gonorrhea among men who have sex with men in the Netherlands.

Methods
We developed a transmission model and calculated the numbers of new gonorrhea infections, consultations at health care specialists, tests, and antibiotic doses. With these numbers, we calculated costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) with each treatment; and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of dual therapy compared to monotherapy. The impact of gonorrhea on human immunodeficiency virus transmission was not included in the model.

Results
In the absence of initial resistance, dual therapy can delay the spread of ceftriaxone resistance by at least 15 years, compared to monotherapy. In the beginning, when there is no resistance, dual therapy results in high additional costs, without any QALY gains. When resistance spreads over time, the additional costs of dual therapy decline, the gained QALYs increase, the ICER drops off and, after 50 years, falls below €20,000 per QALY gained. If azithromycin resistance is initially prevalent, resistance to the first-line treatment rises almost equally fast with both treatment strategies and the ICER remains extremely high.

Conclusions
Compared with ceftriaxone monotherapy, dual therapy with ceftriaxone and azithromycin can considerably delay the spread of ceftriaxone resistance, but may only be cost-effective in the long run and in the absence of initial resistance.
Earlier Detection of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Through Routine Hepatitis C Virus Antibody Screening of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Men Who Have Sex With Men Attending A Sexually Transmitted Infection Outpatient Clinic: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: van Rooijen Martijn , Heijman Titia , de Vrieze Nynke , Urbanus Anouk , Speksnijder Arjen , van Leeuwen Petra , de Vries Henry , Prins Maria 
Published: August 2016

Background
In 2007, routine hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody testing was introduced for men who have sex with men (MSM) with a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive or unknown status attending a Dutch sexually transmitted infection (STI) outpatient clinic. We evaluated whether this screening resulted in additional and earlier HCV diagnoses among MSM who also attend HIV clinics.

Methods
At first STI consultation, HIV-positive MSM and MSM opting-out of HIV testing (HIV-status-unknown) were tested for HCV antibodies (anti-HCV). During follow-up consultations, only previously HCV-negative men were tested. Retrospectively, STI clinic and HIV clinic HCV diagnosis dates were compared.

Results
One hundred twelve (6.4%) of 1742 (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.3–7.6%) HIV-positive and 3 (0.7%) of 446 (95% CI, 0.2–2.0%) HIV-status-unknown MSM tested anti–HCV-positive at first consultation. During follow-up consultations, 32 HIV-positive (incidence HCV-positive: 2.35/100 person years (PY) (95% CI, 1.66–3.33)) and 0 (1-sided, 97.5% CI, 0.0–3.76) HIV-status-unknown MSM became anti–HCV-positive. Four (11.8%) of 34 HIV-positive MSM notified by their sexual partner of HCV tested anti–HCV-positive.
Of 163 HIV-positive MSM with HCV antibodies, 78 reported a history of HCV. HCV diagnosis data at the HIV clinic was requested for the remaining 85 MSM and available for 54 MSM. Of these 54 MSM, 28 (51.9%) had their first HCV diagnosis at the STI clinic, of whom 7 concurrently with HIV. At their next scheduled HIV clinic consultation, 3 HCV cases probably would have been missed.

Conclusions
The introduction of routine anti-HCV testing at the STI outpatient clinic resulted in additional and earlier HCV detection among HIV-positive MSM. Testing should be continued among HIV-positive MSM, at least for those not (yet) under the care of an HIV clinic and those notified of HCV by their sexual partner.
Admission Pao 2 and Mortality in Critically Ill Children: A Cohort Study and Systematic Review
Authors: Raman Sainath , Prince Nicholas J. , Hoskote Aparna , Ray Samiran , Peters Mark J. 
Published: August 2016

Objective:
To describe the relationship between Pao
2 at intensive care admission and mortality in critically ill children and to review systematically the literature describing this relationship.

Design:
Cohort study: A review of consecutive tertiary pediatric intensive care admissions (January 2004 to December 2014) in a single center. The relationship between admission Pao2 and crude and standardized mortality was explored using nonlinear regression. Systematic review: A search of MEDLINE (1950 to January 2015), EMBASE (1980 to January 2015), Cochrane and Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects databases was undertaken using the following terms: “hyperoxia,” “hypoxia,” “critically ill children,” “pediatric intensive care,” “mortality,” and/or “survival.”

Setting:
Tertiary PICU.

Patients:
Patients younger than 18 years of age.

Interventions:
The association of hyperoxia (Pao
2, > 300 torr [40 kPa]) and hypoxia (Pao
2, < 60 torr [8 kPa] or peripheral oxygen saturations, < 90%) to mortality in critically ill children was explored.

Measurements and Main Results:
Cohort study: Of 14,321 admissions, 7,410 children had recorded Pao
2 and Fio
2 at admission. Crude mortality was 7.4% (555/7,410). This varied with admission Pao
2 from 15.4% (204/1,324) in the hypoxia group (< 8 kPa) to 5.3% (287/5,385) with normoxia and 9.1% (64/701) in the hyperoxic group (> 40 kPa). Nonlinear regression displayed a “U-shaped” relationship between Pao
2 and crude and case-mix adjusted mortality. Systematic review: Fourteen studies and one conference abstract were eligible for inclusion. Eleven studies (n = 5,280) relate to hypoxia with combined odds ratio for death, of 3.13 (95% CI, 1.79–5.48; p < 0.001) compared to normoxia. Six studies (n = 2,012) relate to hyperoxia and suggest no effect on mortality compared to normoxia (odds ratio, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.42–3.17; p = 0.77).

Conclusions:
Hypoxia at admission is associated with increased mortality in critically ill children, whereas the association with hyperoxia is less clear. The cohort study demonstrated a U-shaped association between admission Pao
2 and mortality. Further examination is needed to explore the effect of hyperoxia upon mortality prediction accuracy.