bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stolpersteine bei der Interpretation des populationsattributablen Risikos
Authors: Kowall B. , Stang A. 
Published: May 2016

ZusammenfassungPopulationsattributable Risiken (PARs) werden in den Gesundheitswissenschaften häufig herangezogen, weil sie eine scheinbar einfache Antwort auf die Frage geben, welcher Anteil der Fälle einer Erkrankung in einer Population vermieden werden könnte, wenn ein oder mehrere Risikofaktoren für diese Erkrankung eliminiert würden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden einige Probleme von PARs erläutert, die sich daraus ergeben, dass Krankheiten durch mehrere Ursachen hervorgerufen werden. Darüber hinaus werden Voraussetzungen diskutiert, die erfüllt sein müssen, damit für Präventionsmaßnahmen berechnete Werte von PARs eine realistische Aussage darüber erlauben, um welchen Anteil eine Krankheitslast reduziert werden kann.
Online canteens: awareness, use, barriers to use, and the acceptability of potential online strategies to improve public health nutrition in primary schools
Authors: Wyse Rebecca , Yoong Sze Lin , Dodds Pennie , Campbell Libby , Delaney Tessa , Nathan Nicole , Janssen Lisa , Reilly Kathryn , Sutherland Rachel , Wiggers John , Wolfenden Luke 
Published: May 2016

Issue addressedThis study of primary school principals assessed the awareness, use, barriers to use and acceptability of online canteens.MethodsA telephone survey of 123 primary school principals within the Hunter New England Region of New South Wales, Australia was conducted from September 2014 to November 2014.ResultsFifty‐six percent of principals were aware of the existence of online canteens, with 8% having implemented such a system, and 38% likely to do so in the future. Medium/large schools were more likely to be aware of or to use online canteens, however there were no differences in awareness or use in relation to school rurality or socioeconomic advantage. Principals cited parent internet access as the most commonly identified perceived barrier to online canteen use, and the majority of principals (71–93%) agreed that it would be acceptable to implement a range of consumer behaviour strategies via an online canteen.ConclusionsStudy findings suggest that despite relatively low levels of current use, online canteens have the potential to reach a large proportion of school communities in the future, across geographical and socioeconomic divides, and that the nutrition interventions which they have the capacity to deliver are considered acceptable to school principals.So what?Online canteens may represent an opportunity to deliver nutrition interventions to school communities. Future research should examine the feasibility and potential effectiveness of interventions delivered via this modality.
Coordinated beating of algal flagella is mediated by basal coupling
Authors: Wan Kirsty Y. , Goldstein Raymond E. 
Published: May 2016

SignificanceIn areas as diverse as developmental biology, physiology, and biomimetics, there is great interest in understanding the mechanisms by which active hair-like cellular appendages known as flagella or cilia are brought into coordinated motion. The prevailing theoretical hypothesis over many years is that fluid flows driven by beating flagella provide the coupling that leads to synchronization, but this is surprisingly inconsistent with certain experimentally observed phenomena. Here we demonstrate the insufficiency of hydrodynamic coupling in an evolutionarily significant range of unicellular algal species bearing multiple flagella, and suggest that the key additional ingredient for precise coordination of flagellar beating is provided by contractile fibers of the basal apparatus.
Mesolimbic neuropeptide W coordinates stress responses under novel environments
Authors: Motoike Toshiyuki , Long Jeffrey M. , Tanaka Hirokazu , Sinton Christopher M. , Skach Amber , Williams S. Clay , Hammer Robert E. , Sakurai Takeshi , Yanagisawa Masashi 
Published: May 2016

Significance
The study proposes a physiological role for neuropeptide W (NPW) in modulating mouse behaviors under stress. We found that NPW-producing neurons (which are a small subset of mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons) exclusively innervate the extended central amygdala, where the peptide plays an essential role in stress-induced inhibition of the amygdala neurons. The response of NPW-null mice to either formalin-induced pain stimuli or to a live rat (a potential predator) was abnormal when they were placed in a novel environment: They failed to show the normal self-protective and aversive reactions. In contrast, the behavior of NPW-null mice in a habituated environment was normal. These results demonstrate a critical role of NPW in the gating of stressful stimuli during exposure to novel environments.
Origins of ultralow velocity zones through slab-derived metallic melt
Authors: Liu Jiachao , Li Jie , Hrubiak Rostislav , Smith Jesse S. 
Published: May 2016

SignificanceNearly three decades ago, seismologists discovered peculiarly dense and slow patches just above Earth’s core−mantle boundary (CMB), known as the ultralow velocity zones (ULVZs). The origin of the ULVZs has remained enigmatic because silicate partial melt models face challenges in accounting for the nonubiquitous occurrence of ULVZs and explaining the observed density excess, whereas iron-rich solid models may have difficulty reproducing the sound velocity observations. Here we propose hypotheses involving slab-derived metallic melt as a critical component to explain the density and velocity features of the ULVZs. These hypotheses differ fundamentally from existing models and may provide insights into the influence of the deep carbon cycle on Earth’s dynamics.
Electron tomography reveals the fibril structure and lipid interactions in amyloid deposits
Authors: Kollmer Marius , Meinhardt Katrin , Haupt Christian , Liberta Falk , Wulff Melanie , Linder Julia , Handl Lisa , Heinrich Liesa , Loos Cornelia , Schmidt Matthias , Syrovets Tatiana , Simmet Thomas , Westermark Per , Westermark Gunilla T. , Horn Uwe , Schmidt Volker , Walther Paul , Fändrich Marcus 
Published: May 2016

Significance
Although considerable previous efforts have been dedicated to studying the molecular assembly of individual amyloid fibrils, much less is known about their 3D arrangement within a pathological deposit. In this study, we use electron tomography, an extremely powerful method for studying the detailed structure of cellular assemblies or macromolecular complexes, to unravel the superstructure of fibril networks. The structural views provided by our analysis enable a better understanding of the properties and pathogenic features of amyloid fibrils. The fibril network structure is also a crucial determinant of possible applications of such fibrils in the field of biotechnology or material sciences.
TPC2 controls pigmentation by regulating melanosome pH and size
Authors: Ambrosio Andrea L. , Boyle Judith A. , Aradi Al E. , Christian Keith A. , Di Pietro Santiago M. 
Published: May 2016

Significance
Melanin pigments are synthesized in skin and hair cells called melanocytes and provide color to skin and hair and protection against UV rays. Inadequate protection poses the risk of accumulating genetic mutations in the DNA of skin cells, which can lead to skin cancer. It can also reduce folate levels, which then causes birth defects. Therefore, understanding pigmentation is important for human health. There are several protein components of the machinery that regulates human pigmentation that work in unknown ways. Two-pore channel 2 (TPC2) is one of them. Here we found that TPC2 is located in compartments inside melanocytes known as melanosomes, where melanin is synthesized. TPC2 regulates the pH and size of melanosomes, thus controlling the amount of melanin produced.
Straining soft colloids in aqueous nematic liquid crystals
Authors: Mushenheim Peter C. , Pendery Joel S. , Weibel Douglas B. , Spagnolie Saverio E. , Abbott Nicholas L. 
Published: May 2016

Significance
Liquid crystals (LCs) are anisotropic, viscoelastic fluids that can be used to direct colloids (e.g., metallic nanorods) into organized assemblies with unusual optical, mechanical, and electrical properties. In past studies, the colloids have been sufficiently rigid that their individual shapes and properties have not been strongly coupled to elastic stresses imposed by the LCs. Herein, we explore how soft colloids (micrometer-sized shells formed from phospholipids) behave in LCs. We reveal a sharing of strain between the LC and shells, resulting in formation of spindle-like shells and other complex shapes and also, tuning of properties of the shells (e.g., barrier properties). These results hint at previously unidentified designs of reconfigurable soft materials with applications in sensing and biology.
Modeling when, where, and how to manage a forest epidemic, motivated by sudden oak death in California
Authors: Cunniffe Nik J. , Cobb Richard C. , Meentemeyer Ross K. , Rizzo David M. , Gilligan Christopher A. 
Published: May 2016

Significance
We use sudden oak death in California to illustrate how mathematical modeling can be used to optimize control of established epidemics of invading pathogens in complex heterogeneous landscapes. We use our statewide model—which has been parameterized to pathogen spread data—to address a number of broadly applicable questions. How quickly must management start? When is an epidemic too large to prevent further spread effectively? How should local treatment be deployed? How does this depend on the budget and level of risk aversion? Where should treatment be targeted? How should expenditure be balanced on detection and treatment? What if the budget changes over time? The underlying principles are important for management of all plant disease epidemics in natural ecosystems.
Control of serotonin transporter phosphorylation by conformational state
Authors: Zhang Yuan-Wei , Turk Benjamin E. , Rudnick Gary 
Published: May 2016

Significance
Mutations in serotonin transporter (SERT) affecting regulation of a cGMP-dependent signaling pathway have been associated with psychiatric disorders. Earlier studies provided preliminary evidence that cGMP stimulates phosphorylation of SERT in a transmembrane helix. Transporters like SERT function by undergoing a cycle of conformational changes as they move their substrate (in this case the neurotransmitter 5-HT) across the membrane. This work shows that SERT conformation dramatically affects phosphorylation, which is stimulated when the transporter is in a conformation known to increase during 5-HT transport. The results suggest a novel mechanism of regulation in which transport of 5-HT increases the level of an inward-open SERT conformation that provides accessibility of the phosphorylation site to a kinase.
Characterization of the reaction of decoupling ubiquinone with bovine mitochondrial respiratory complex I
Authors: Masuya Takahiro , Okuda Kenji , Murai Masatoshi , Miyoshi Hideto 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
We previously produced the unique ubiquinone QT (“decoupling” quinone), the catalytic reduction of which in NADH-quinone oxidoreduction with bovine heart mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) is completely decoupled from proton translocation across the membrane domain. This feature is markedly distinct from those of typical short-chain quinones such as ubiquinone-1. To further characterize the features of the QT reaction with complex I, we herein synthesized three QT analogs, QT2–QT4, and characterized their electron transfer reactions. We found that all aspects of electron transfer (e.g. electron-accepting activity and membrane potential formation) vary significantly among these analogs. The features of QT2 as decoupling quinone were slightly superior to those of original QT. Based on these results, we conclude that the bound positions of QTs within the quinone binding cavity susceptibly change depending on their side-chain structures, and the positions, in turn, govern the behavior of QTs as electron acceptors.
ASAFE: ancestry-specific allele frequency estimation
Authors: Zhang Qian S. , Browning Brian L. , Browning Sharon R. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Summary: In a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of an admixed population, such as Hispanic Americans, ancestry-specific allele frequencies can inform the design of a replication GWAS. We derive an EM algorithm to estimate ancestry-specific allele frequencies for a bi-allelic marker given genotypes and local ancestries on a 3-way admixed population, when the phase of each admixed individual’s genotype relative to the pair of local ancestries is unknown. We call our algorithm Ancestry Specific Allele Frequency Estimation (ASAFE). We demonstrate that ASAFE has low error on simulated data.
Availability and implementation: The R source code for ASAFE is available for download at https://github.com/BiostatQian/ASAFE
Contact: qszhang@uw.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Trends in Critical Care Beds and Use Among Population Groups and Medicare and Medicaid Beneficiaries in the United States: 2000–2010
Authors: Halpern Neil A. , Goldman Debra A. , Tan Kay See , Pastores Stephen M. 
Published: May 2016

Objectives:
To analyze patterns of critical care medicine beds, use, and costs in acute care hospitals in the United States and relate critical care medicine beds and use to population shifts, age groups, and Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries from 2000 to 2010.

Design:
Retrospective study of data from the federal Healthcare Cost Report Information System, American Hospital Association, and U.S. Census Bureau.

Subjects:
None.

Interventions:
None.

Setting:
Acute care U.S. hospitals with critical care medicine beds.

Measurements and Main Results:
From 2000 to 2010, U.S. hospitals with critical care medicine beds decreased by 17% (3,586–2,977), whereas the U.S. population increased by 9.6% (282.2–309.3M). Although hospital beds decreased by 2.2% (655,785–641,395), critical care medicine beds increased by 17.8% (88,235–103,900), a 20.4% increase in the critical care medicine-to-hospital bed ratio (13.5–16.2%). There was a greater percentage increase in premature/neonatal (29%; 14,391–18,567) than in adult (15.9%; 71,978–83,417) or pediatric (2.7%; 1,866–1,916) critical care medicine beds. Hospital occupancy rates increased by 10.4% (58.6-64.6%), whereas critical care medicine occupancy rates were stable (range, 65–68%). Critical care medicine beds per 100,000 total population increased by 7.4% (31.3–33.6). The proportional use of critical care medicine services by Medicare beneficiaries decreased by 17.3% (37.9–31.4%), whereas that by Medicaid rose by 18.3% (14.5–17.2%). Between 2000 and 2010, annual critical care medicine costs nearly doubled (92.2%; $56–108 billion). In the same period, the proportion of critical care medicine cost to the gross domestic product increased by 32.1% (0.54–0.72%).

Conclusions:
Critical care medicine beds, use, and costs in the United States continue to rise. The increasing use of critical care medicine by the premature/neonatal and Medicaid populations should be considered by healthcare policy makers, state agencies, and hospitals as they wrestle with critical care bed growth and the associated costs.
Polymorphisms in CYP19A1 and NFKB1 genes are associated with cutaneous melanoma risk in southern Brazilian patients
Authors: Escobar Gabriela F. , Arraes Jose Aroldo A. , Bakos Lucio , Ashton-Prolla Patricia , Giugliani Roberto , Callegari-Jacques Sidia Maria , Santos Sidney , Bakos Renato M. 
Published: May 2016

Background
Melanoma is the leading cause of death from skin cancers and its etiology is complex. Recent discoveries related to genetic risk factors are helping us to understand melanoma pathogenesis better. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) has a critical role in immunity, inflammation, and tumor growth. The 94ins/del ATTG (rs28362491) polymorphism located in the NFKB1 gene has been associated to various cancers and the ATTG2/ATTG2 genotype was correlated to melanoma risk in Sweden. The CYP19A1 gene encodes the enzyme aromatase, which is active in malignant melanoma tissue. In addition, the CYP19A1 TCT insertion/deletion variant in intron 4 (rs11575899) has been associated with an increased incidence of cancer, albeit with conflicting results. The goal of this study was to investigate possible associations between these two gene variants and melanoma.

Methods
In this case–control study, we evaluated 117 cutaneous melanoma patients and 116 controls from southern Brazil. Genotyping of rs28362491 and rs11575899 was carried out by means of PCR amplification and capillary electrophoresis. Logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios (ORs) of melanoma, according to genotypes.

Results
We identified an association between the ATTG2/ATTG2 and melanoma [OR=1.78; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06–3.00; P=0.03]. In addition, there was a dose effect: for each ins allele in the genotype, the risk for melanoma increased (OR=1.51; 95% CI: 1.08–2.11; P=0.017). As regards the CYP19A1 variant, genotype 11 (del/del) was more frequent in patients than in controls (OR=1.85; 95% CI 1.06–3.22; P=0.03).

Conclusion
The NFKB1 ATTG2/ATTG2 and CYP19A1 del/del genotypes are significantly associated with melanoma and could be genetic markers of melanoma susceptibility in southern Brazilian population.
Colorectal Cancer Surgery in the Very Elderly: Nonagenarians
Authors: Yap Raymond , Oliva Karen , Wilkins Simon , McMurrick Paul J. 
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND:
Surgery in the very elderly is a topic that has not been well studied, despite the steady rise in this population. With the rise in this population, there is now discussion on the safety of surgery in this cohort for colorectal cancer.

OBJECTIVE:
The purpose of this study was to investigate elective and nonelective colorectal cancer surgery outcomes in patients aged ≥90 years at both private and public hospitals in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

DESIGN:
This was a retrospective analysis of patients aged ≥90 years who were included in the prospectively maintained Cabrini Monash University Department of Surgery colorectal neoplasia database for patients entered between January 2010 and February 2015. Comorbidity, ASA score, acuity of surgery, treatment, mortality, morbidity, and survival were analyzed.

SETTINGS:
This study was conducted in a tertiary referral hospital.

PATIENTS:
A total of 48 patients were identified from the database. The majority of these patients were women (58.0%), ASA score III to IV (91.7%), and treated in an elective setting (79.2%). The median age was 91.8 years.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
We measured 30-day mortality, 180-day mortality, and perioperative morbidity.

RESULTS:
Thirty-day mortality rate was 2.1%. The 180-day mortality rate was 10.4%. A total of 29.2% of patients had a perioperative complication. Median follow-up was 21 months (range, 13–54 months). In 180-day mortality, minimally invasive surgery was associated with a lower mortality rate vs open surgery (p = 0.043). Perioperative complications were associated with nonelective surgery (p = 0.045), open surgery procedures (p = 0.014), and higher stages of disease (p = 0.014). A total of 81.3% of patients were able to return home after surgery.

LIMITATIONS:
This was a retrospective study with the usual limitations; however, these have been minimized with the use of a high-quality, prospective data collection database. The median follow-up was 21 months.

CONCLUSIONS:
Colorectal surgery was generally safe for nonagenarians in this study. This study demonstrates that excellent outcomes can be achieved in a selected group. Additional prospective studies with larger numbers and 5-year follow-up are recommended.
Long-term outcomes of modified laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy for advanced pelvic organ prolapse: a 3-year prospective study
Authors: Liang Shuo , Zhu Lan , Song Xiaochen , Xu Tao , Sun Zhijing , Lang Jinghe 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Objective:
The aim of the study was to evaluate the anatomical and functional outcomes of modified laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (MLSC) for the treatment of advanced pelvic organ prolapse (POP).

Methods:
From May 2009 to September 2012, a consecutive prospective observational study of 30 participants was conducted to evaluate MLSC as a treatment for symptomatic advanced POP at Peking Union Medical College Hospital. The Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) classification was used to determine the POP stage. Validated tools were used to evaluate symptoms (Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory, PFDI-20) and sexual function (Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire, PISQ-12). Measurements were recorded preoperatively and then at 3 months and yearly after surgery. We compared the follow-up results with the preoperative data.

Results:
All participants completed a 3-year clinical follow-up routine. The anatomical results at 3 months showed significant improvements (P < 0.05) compared with the preoperative results based on the POP-Q measurements. This improvement remained significant after 3 years (P < 0.05). The anatomical cure rate was 100% and 96.7% at 3 months and 3 years after surgery, respectively. Pelvic floor function remained significantly improved after surgery compared with preceding surgery (P < 0.05) according to the following measures: PFDI-20 (106.2 vs 36.0), Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory-6 (POPDI-6, 47.9 vs 13.7), Colorectal-Anal Distress Inventory-8 (CRADI-8, 29.2 vs 9.2), and Urinary Distress Inventory-6 (UDI-6, 29.2 vs 13.2). The participants maintained a high level of sexual function (PISQ-12: 29.0 vs 35.1, P < 0.05). One case of mesh exposure (3.3%) and two cases of de novo dyspareunia (8.7%) were observed.

Conclusions:
MLSC seems to be a safe and effective procedure that achieves good long-term anatomical and functional results.
Evaluation and management of thyroid nodules in children
Authors: Bauer Andrew J. , Francis Gary L. 
Published: May 2016

Purpose of review
The review is focused on new information about the presentation and management of thyroid nodules in children and adolescents.

Recent findings
Palpable thyroid nodules are uncommon in children but many children have nodules detected by radiologic imaging. How to evaluate them, when to suspect thyroid cancer, and how best to follow apparently benign nodules has become an area of great interest. The American Thyroid Association recently published treatment guidelines for children with thyroid nodules and cancers but much has been learned since that publication.

Summary
Personal and family history, ultrasound features, and fine needle aspiration cytology are used to determine the risk of cancer in thyroid nodules, which are then managed according to cancer risk.
Adaptively introgressed Neandertal haplotype at the OAS locus functionally impacts innate immune responses in humans
Authors: Sams Aaron J. , Dumaine Anne , Nédélec Yohann , Yotova Vania , Alfieri Carolina , Tanner Jerome E. , Messer Philipp W. , Barreiro Luis B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe 2’-5’ oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) locus encodes for three OAS enzymes (OAS1-3) involved in innate immune response. This region harbors high amounts of Neandertal ancestry in non-African populations; yet, strong evidence of positive selection in the OAS region is still lacking. Here we used a broad array of selection tests in concert with neutral coalescent simulations to firmly demonstrate a signal of adaptive introgression at the OAS locus. Furthermore, we characterized the functional consequences of the Neandertal haplotype in the transcriptional regulation of OAS genes at baseline and infected conditions. We found that cells from people with the Neandertal-like haplotype express lower levels ofOAS3upon infection, as well as distinct isoforms ofOAS1andOAS2.Notably, the Neandertal-introgressed haplotype reintroduced an ancestral splice variant ofOAS1encoding a more active protein, suggesting that adaptive introgression occurred as a means to resurrect adaptive variation that had been lost outside Africa.