bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Redox interventions to increase exercise performance
Authors: Reid Michael B. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSkeletal muscle continually produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) derivatives. Both oxidant cascades have complex effects on muscle contraction, metabolic function and tissue perfusion. Strenuous exercise increases oxidant production by muscle, limiting performance during endurance exercise tasks. Conversely, redox interventions that modulate ROS or NO activity have the potential to improve performance. Antioxidants have long been known to buffer ROS activity and lessen oxidative perturbations during exercise. The capacity to enhance human performance varies among antioxidant categories. Vitamins, provitamins and nutriceuticals often blunt oxidative changes at the biochemical level but do not enhance performance. In contrast, reduced thiol donors have been shown to delay fatigue or increase endurance under a variety of experimental conditions. Dietary nitrate supplementation has recently emerged as a second redox strategy for increasing endurance. Purified nitrate salts and nitrate‐rich foods, notably beetroot and beetroot juice, are reported to lessen the oxygen cost of exercise, increase efficiency, and enhance performance during endurance tasks. These findings are exciting but enigmatic since nitrate per se has little bioactivity and cannot be converted to NO by mammalian cells. Overall, the available data suggest exercise endurance can be augmented by redox‐active supplements, either reduced thiol donors or dietary nitrates. These findings have clear implications for athletes seeking a competitive edge. More importantly, interventions that increase endurance may benefit individuals whose physical activity is limited by illness, ageing, or frailty.
image
Is acute idiopathic pericarditis associated with recent upper respiratory tract infection or gastroenteritis? A case–control study
Authors: Rey Florian , Delhumeau-Cartier Cecile , Meyer Philippe , Genne Daniel 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess the association of a clinical diagnosis of acute idiopathic pericarditis (AIP), and a reported upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) or gastroenteritis (GE) in the preceding month.DesignPatients who were hospitalised with a first diagnosis of AIP were retrospectively compared with a control group of patients admitted with deep vein thrombosis (DVT), matched by gender and age.SettingPrimary and secondary care level; one hospital serving a population of about 170 000.ParticipantsA total of 51 patients with AIP were included, of whom 46 could be matched with 46 patients with control DVT. Only patients with a complete review of systems on the admission note were included in the study.Main outcome measureConditional logistic regression was used to assess the association of a clinical diagnosis of AIP and an infectious episode (URTI or GE) in the month preceding AIP diagnosis.ResultsPatients with AIP had more often experienced a recent episode of URTI or GE than patients with DVT (39.1% vs 10.9%, p=0.002). The multivariate conditional regression showed that AIP was independently associated with URTI or GE in the last month preceding diagnosis (OR=37.18, 95% CI=1.91 to 724.98, p=0.017).ConclusionsThis is, to the best of our knowledge, the first study demonstrating an association between a recent episode of URTI or GE and a clinical diagnosis of AIP.
Influence of the practice setting on diagnostic prediction rules using FENO measurement in combination with clinical signs and symptoms of asthma
Authors: Schneider Antonius , Wagenpfeil Gudrun , Jörres Rudolf A , Wagenpfeil Stefan 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesTo evaluate the influence of the practice setting on diagnostic accuracy of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) for diagnosing asthma; and to develop prediction rules for diagnostic decision-making including clinical signs and symptoms (CSS).SettingPatients from 10 general practices and 1 private practice of 5 pneumologists in ambulatory care.Participants553 patients, 57.9% female. Consecutive inclusion of diagnostic-naive patients suspected of suffering from obstructive airway disease. Exclusion criteria were respiratory tract infections within the last 6 weeks.InterventionsThe index test was FENO measurement. Reference standard was the Tiffeneau ratio (forced expiratory volume in 1 s/vital capacity) or airway resistance as assessed by whole body plethysmography, with additional bronchoprovocation or bronchodilator testing.Primary and secondary outcome measuresAsthma as determined by pneumologists, who were blind to FENO measurement results. Prediction rules were derived from multiple logistic regression analysis. A freely available calculator that allows computing all combinations was developed.ResultsThe practice setting only had minor influence on sensitivities of FENO cut-off points. In the final model (n=472), allergic rhinitis, wheezing and previous medication were positively associated with asthma. Increasing age and recurrent respiratory tract infections were negatively associated. The area under the curve (AUC) of FENO (AUC=0.650; 95% CI 0.599 to 0.701) increased significantly (p<0.0001) when combined with CSS (AUC=0.753; 95% CI 0.707 to 0.798). Presence of wheezing and allergic rhinitis allowed ruling in asthma with FENO>30 ppb. Ruling out with FENO<16 ppb in patients <43 years was only possible without allergic symptoms when recurrent respiratory tract infections were present.ConclusionsFENO results should be interpreted in the context of CSS to enhance their diagnostic value in primary care. The final diagnostic model appears as a sound algorithm fitting well to the established diagnostic rules related to CSS of asthma. FENO appears more effective for ruling in asthma than for ruling it out.
Incidence and lifetime costs of injuries in the United States
Authors: Corso P , Finkelstein E , Miller T , Fiebelkorn I , Zaloshnja E 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundStandardized methodologies for assessing economic burden of injury at the national or international level do not exist.ObjectiveTo measure national incidence, medical costs, and productivity losses of medically treated injuries using the most recent data available in the United States, as a case study for similarly developed countries undertaking economic burden analyses.MethodThe authors combined several data sets to estimate the incidence of fatal and non-fatal injuries in 2000. They computed unit medical and productivity costs and multiplied these costs by corresponding incidence estimates to yield total lifetime costs of injuries occurring in 2000.Main outcome measuresIncidence, medical costs, productivity losses, and total costs for injuries stratified by age group, sex, and mechanism.ResultsMore than 50 million Americans experienced a medically treated injury in 2000, resulting in lifetime costs of $406 billion; $80 billion for medical treatment and $326 billion for lost productivity. Males had a 20% higher rate of injury than females. Injuries resulting from falls or being struck by/against an object accounted for more than 44% of injuries. The rate of medically treated injuries declined by 15% from 1985 to 2000 in the US. For those aged 0–44, the incidence rate of injuries declined by more than 20%; while persons aged 75 and older experienced a 20% increase.ConclusionsThese national burden estimates provide unequivocal evidence of the large health and financial burden of injuries. This study can serve as a template for other countries or be used in intercountry comparisons.
Cyclin E1 Inhibition can Overcome Sorafenib Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells Through Mcl-1 Suppression
Authors: Hsu Chiun , Lin Liang-In , Cheng Yu-Che , Feng Zi-Rui , Shao Yu-Yun , Cheng Ann-Lii , Ou Da-Liang 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Purpose: To clarify the effects of cyclin E1 suppression on antitumor efficacy of sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma cells and to explore the potential of combining sorafenib with cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibition in therapy.
Experimental Design: The effects of cyclin E1 suppression on sorafenib-induced apoptosis were tested in both sorafenib-sensitive (Huh-7 and HepG2, IC50 5–6 μmol/L) and sorafenib-resistant (Huh-7R and HepG2R, IC50 14–15 μmol/L) hepatocellular carcinoma cells. The activity of pertinent signaling pathways and the expression of cell cycle and apoptosis-related proteins were measured using Western blotting. Efficacy of sorafenib combined with the pan-CDK inhibitor flavopiridol was tested both in vitro and in xenograft experiments. The pertinent downstream mediators of antitumor efficacy were tested in transient transfection and RNA interference experiments.
Results: Cyclin E1 mRNA and protein expressions were suppressed after sorafenib treatment in sorafenib-sensitive but not in sorafenib-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Changes in cyclin E2 or D1 were not correlated with sorafenib sensitivity. The knockdown of cyclin E1 expression reversed the resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma cells to sorafenib in terms of cell growth and apoptosis induction, whereas the overexpression of cyclin E1 increased the resistance to sorafenib. The growth-inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing effects of sorafenib were enhanced by flavopiridol, and Mcl-1 suppression was determined to play a critical role in mediating this enhancing effect.
Conclusions: The cyclin E1 suppression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells may serve as a pharmacodynamic biomarker for predicting sorafenib efficacy. The combination of sorafenib and CDK inhibitors may improve the efficacy of sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res; 22(10); 2555–64. ©2015 AACR.
Dietary Consumption of Black Raspberries or Their Anthocyanin Constituents Alters Innate Immune Cell Trafficking in Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Peiffer Daniel S. , Wang Li-Shu , Zimmerman Noah P. , Ransom Benjamin W.S. , Carmella Steven G. , Kuo Chieh-Ti , Chen Jo-Hsin , Oshima Kiyoko , Huang Yi-Wen , Hecht Stephen S. , Stoner Gary D. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Freeze-dried black raspberries (BRB), their component anthocyanins (AC), and a metabolite of BRB ACs, protocatechuic acid (PCA), inhibit the development of esophageal cancer in rats induced by the carcinogen, N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA). All three components reduce inflammation in the esophagus and in plasma. The present study determined the relation of changes in inflammatory markers to infiltration of innate immune cells into NMBA-treated esophagus. Rats were injected with NMBA (0.35 mg/kg) for 5 weeks while on control diet. Following NMBA treatment, rats were fed diets containing 6.1% BRB powder, an AC-rich fraction of BRBs (3.8 μmol/g), or 500 ppm PCA. At weeks 15, 25, and 35, inflammatory biomarker expression in the plasma and esophagus was quantified, and infiltration of immune cells in the esophagus was examined. At all three time points, BRB, AC, and PCA similarly affected cytokine production in the esophagus and plasma of NMBA-treated rats, relative to the NMBA-only control. These included decreased expression of the proinflammatory cytokine IL1β and increased expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10. Moreover, all three diets also increased the expression of IL12, a cytokine that activates both cytolytic natural killer and CD8+ T cells. In addition, the three diets also decreased infiltration of both macrophages and neutrophils into the esophagus. Overall, our results suggest that another mechanism by which BRBs, ACs, and PCA inhibit NMBA-induced esophageal tumorigenesis is by altering cytokine expression and innate immune cell trafficking into tumor tissues. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(1); 72–82. ©2015 AACR.
Estratégias discursivas do pathos na Folha de S. Paulo: a emoção como argumento no jornalismo
Authors: Fernandes Adélia Barroso 
Published: November 2015

O <em>pathos</em>, ou a emoção, é uma condição necessária (e não uma contradição aparente) do discurso jornalístico e promove uma ligação entre os interlocutores num contrato de comunicação. O jornalismo impresso pode utilizar-se dos efeitos da dramatização e do ludismo, por exemplo, buscando tocar o afeto do receptor, provocar nele certo estado emocional que seja favorável a uma visada de influência do produtor da notícia. Explicitaremos algumas formas de patemização, tentando recuperar pistas da emoção em alguns dados lexicais e sintáticos e no uso de termos comuns partilhados na nossa cultura. Para isso, tomaremos dois corpora publicados no jornal <em>Folha de S.Paulo: uma matéria de 2008, intitulada <em>“Aluna com paralisia depende da mãe para assistir à aula”</em>, e uma crítica do ombudsman a essa notícia.</em>
Outros agentes na comunidade interpretativa do jornalismo
Authors: Leal Bruno Souza , Jácome Phellipy 
Published: November 2015

<p>O artigo retoma o conceito de “comunidade interpretativa” proposto por Barbie Zelizer e propõe sua ampliação, sob uma perspectiva que busca apreender os processos de circulação e autenticação dos valores que regulam os modos como o jornalismo apreende e constrói as realidades. Nesse sentido, o alargamento do conceito indica outros<br />importantes agentes nessa “comunidade”, como as fontes, os “leitores” e as mídias noticiosas, deixando entrever uma rede mais ampla de interações que conformam e tornam multifacetados os contornos dos fenômenos jornalísticos.</p>
Batalhas de afirmação, batalhas de institucionalidade: uma análise discursiva de performances da resistência no Duelo de MC’s
Authors: Albuquerque Carolina Abreu 
Published: November 2015

<p>Sob o pano teórico dos estudos culturais, este trabalho pretende fazer uma abordagem acerca das performances de jovens rappers que se apresentam no Duelo de MC’s, evento de hip hop organizado semanalmente em Belo Horizonte, debaixo do Viaduto Santa Tereza, um dos cartões postais da cidade. Através da apropriação de ferramentas do método etnográfico e da análise discursiva, tal como proposta por Stuart Hall (2002), o trabalho busca compreender como os MC’s constroem, em sua performance, uma ideia de resistência, reivindicando um lugar para si no espaço urbano.</p>
Formas bastardas: reportagem e vida anônima
Authors: Serelle Marcio 
Published: November 2015

<p>A reportagem tem sido considerada, desde sua ascensão na modernidade, uma “forma bastarda”, por sua condição híbrida entre ficção e narração do fato. Este artigo sustenta, a partir da investigação da própria noção de bastardia, que há uma articulação entre o “gênero impuro” de algumas reportagens e sua orientação para iluminar a vida anônima social, em sua precariedade. Como textos de intervenção, essas narrativas instauram sua própria ordem do sensível – que se difere da do literário – ao jogarem luz sobre espaços e pessoas invisíveis socialmente. Chega-se, assim, neste ensaio, à noção deslocadora de “campo” em Giorgio Agamben (2010), como zonas de exceção em nossa sociedade, habitadas pela vida aquém da cidadania, e que a reportagem contemporânea persevera em denunciar.</p>
Definiteness-indefiniteness category and logical quantification
Authors: Koseska-Toszewa Violetta 
Published: November 2015

Definiteness-indefiniteness category and logical quantificationThis work has been written within the “Logic and Language” project, realized under a cooperation agreement between the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Bulgarian Language of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. The publication of a many-volume Bulgarian Polish Grammar (12 monographs), and of a Polish-Bulgarian Contrastive Grammar, from now on: Synthesis, is completed. Theories of mathematical logic are satisfied in perfect way in a natural language, which is shown by our understanding of the semantic definiteness / indefiniteness category as a system of scope-based quantification notions. A natural language complements and modifies logical theories. For example, understanding of the definiteness / indefiniteness category as a sentence category follows from the language material, especially in article languages. In such languages, quantification of the predicate is a necessary prerequisite for interpretation. Also introduction of the notions of strong and weak quantification meanings is motivated, for example, by the need to distinguish between the meanings of expressions like Pol. pewien x, jakiś x / Bulg. njakoj x, njakakyv x on the nominal phrase level, and by understanding of the ambiguity of quantification expressions like Bulg. vinagi, ponjakoga / Pol. zawsze, czasami. The fact of treating the definiteness / indefiniteness category as a sentence category expands understanding of the incomplete quantification notion also with respect to the verbal phrase, rather than, as in Ajdukiewicz’s approach, with respect to the nominal phrase only. Similarly, a proper name in a natural language is not a unique name, like in mathematical logic, but requires additional unique quantification. A network-based description of time is the first attempt at this type of description in the subject literature. In the present article, I stress that fact that quantification of states and events understood as in Petri net theory reveals the dependence between the aspectual and temporal meanings of verb, and proves that the information on time and aspect need not be dealt with separately.
Otitis Media and Developmental Disability
Authors: Kudrjavcev Tatiana , Schoenberg Bruce S. 
Published: November 2015

Review of the literature indicates that: a) otitis media is a common disorder with risk being highest in the pre- and early school years, b) no marked differences in sex distribution of incidence exist, c) frequent recurrences are the hallmark of this disease, and d) mild hearing deficit lasting for months is not uncommon. A retrospective study in a defined population is suggested as an initial effort to investigate the proposed associations between developmental disability and hearing loss, developmental disability and history of otitis media, and finally, hearing loss and a history of otitis media. Such an approach, however, a) could not determine the absolute risk of developmental disability in children with otitis media, and b) would underestimate the frequency of otitis media, since occult otitis media would not be thus identified. The determination of an accurate incidence of otitis media and of the absolute risk of developmental disability in children with otitis media calls for a prospective study. Such an investigation is likely to be justified only as a part of a collaborative study designed to measure multiple outcomes from a limited number of antecedents.
Energy Damage and the Ten Countermeasure Strategies
Authors: Haddon William 
Published: November 2015

A major class of ecologic phenomena involves the transfer of energy in such ways and amounts, and at such rapid rates, that inanimate or animate structures are damaged. The harmful interactions with people and property of hurricanes, earthquakes, projectiles, moving vehicles, ionizing radiation, lightning, conflagrations, and the cuts and bruises of daily life illustrate this class. There are ten strategies for reducing the human and other losses that make this class of social concern. These are identified in logical sequence and copiously illustrated by tactics widely employed. The reduction of animate and inanimate damage due to interaction with most environmental hazards, including pollutants, drugs, and microorganisms can be approached in the same manner, as can strategies for population control. Appendices provide additional examples and four illustrative case studies concerned, respectively, with reducing: losses associated with femoral fractures among the elderly; thermal energy damage to children and others; drownings; mob damage to the White House or other private or public building.
Factors Affecting Distance Estimation in Sporting Activities
Authors: Rogers Jon G. , Price D. M. 
Published: November 2015

Skill in estimating distances is essential for professional athletes as well as many nonathletes. How this skill can be acquired was considered by the authors in an experimental study. Three factors (target size, target distance, and the use of instruments) were investigated using a factorial design with repeated measures. The instruments consisted of two portable range finders employing different principles: coincident image and stadiametric ranging. Both instruments are commercially available. Those were compared with the performance of the naked eye. Sixteen subjects each made 12 range estimates; subjects were not given performance feedback following trials. No significant differences were found between performances using either instrument or the unaided eye. Subjects, on the average, made more accurate estimates with the stadiametric instruments for both targets at both distances. The unaided eye was consistently least accurate. Subjects preferred the coincident image device over the stadiametric one. Recommendations were made for a training technique that would utilize the latter device and immediate feedback to train athletes in distance-judging skills. In general, it was found that training would be most parsimonious if subjects alternated between the stadiametric device and the unaided eye.
An Applied Intersystem Congruence Model of Play, Recreation, and Leisure
Authors: Levy Joseph 
Published: November 2015

Scholarly writings on the causes and effects of play, recreation, and leisure from Aristotle' Ethics to the most contemporary articulation on Leisure and the Quality of Life have been of a philosophical, speculative, and logical nature. But there has been little effort devoted to empirically validating or systematically researching what motivates people to become involved in certain forms of leisure and what are the effectsof participation in these activities. The purpose of the present paper is three-fold: (1) to propose an applied intersystem congruence model of play; (2) to discuss some empirical evidence which offers preliminary evidence for the intersystem congruence model of play; and (3) to suggest some problems for further consideration.
Derivation and Application of a Steady Stale Mathematical Model of an Isopropanol-Acetne Reactor
Authors: Hazlerigg A. D. G. , Poll A. , Potter C. J. , Smith W. 
Published: November 2015

As a part of the study of the computer control and optimisation of a pilot scale plant, a mathematical model is derived for the steady-state of the process in which acetone and methyl-isobutyl ketone are made from isopropanol by heterogeneous catalysis in a tubular reactor. Using the model as an analogue computer program, the kinetics of the two reactions involved have been evaluated from results taken from a laboratory reactor. Using these kinetics and the model written as a digital computer program, the behaviour of a pilot-scale reactor has been calculated and this is compared with measured performance. A phase-space analysis of the model is made to illustrate how this technique may be used to predict the expected control characteristics of the process.