bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Total Household Decolonization on Clearance of Colonization With Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Cluzet Valerie C. , Gerber Jeffrey S. , Metlay Joshua P. , Nachamkin Irving , Zaoutis Theoklis E. , Davis Meghan F. , Julian Kathleen G. , Linkin Darren R. , Coffin Susan E. , Margolis David J. , Hollander Judd E. , Bilker Warren B. , Han Xiaoyan , Mistry Rakesh D. , Gavin Laurence J. , Tolomeo Pam , Wise Jacqueleen A. , Wheeler Mary K. , Hu Baofeng , Fishman Neil O. , Royer David , Lautenbach Ebbing ,   for the CDC Prevention Epicenters Program
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVETo determine the impact of total household decolonization with intranasal mupirocin and chlorhexidine gluconate body wash on recurrent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection among subjects with MRSA skin and soft-tissue infection.DESIGNThree-arm nonmasked randomized controlled trial.SETTINGFive academic medical centers in Southeastern Pennsylvania.PARTICIPANTSAdults and children presenting to ambulatory care settings with community-onset MRSA skin and soft-tissue infection (ie, index cases) and their household members.INTERVENTIONEnrolled households were randomized to 1 of 3 intervention groups: (1) education on routine hygiene measures, (2) education plus decolonization without reminders (intranasal mupirocin ointment twice daily for 7 days and chlorhexidine gluconate on the first and last day), or (3) education plus decolonization with reminders, where subjects received daily telephone call or text message reminders.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURESOwing to small numbers of recurrent infections, this analysis focused on time to clearance of colonization in the index case.RESULTSOf 223 households, 73 were randomized to education-only, 76 to decolonization without reminders, 74 to decolonization with reminders. There was no significant difference in time to clearance of colonization between the education-only and decolonization groups (log-rank P=.768). In secondary analyses, compliance with decolonization was associated with decreased time to clearance (P=.018).CONCLUSIONSTotal household decolonization did not result in decreased time to clearance of MRSA colonization among adults and children with MRSA skin and soft-tissue infection. However, subjects who were compliant with the protocol had more rapid clearanceTrial registration. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00966446Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;1–8
Introduction
Authors: Denzer LaRay 
Published: July 2016

The story of the imposition of colonial rule and its impact on African peoples has been told at length in numerous volumes. A half century of European control resulted in the successful implanting of European capitalist infrastructure throughout the African continent. The degree of success depended on many variables–ecology, mineral resources, agricultural productivity, the absence or presence of white settlers, African cultural attitudes, European administrative acumen, and, to a certain extent, luck and chance. The main goals of the colonial system were to replace a subsistence economy with a cash economy, to spread Christianity and western education and to inculcate a western mode of thought concerning government and development. Like it or not, African peoples experienced escalating socioeconomic changes which emanated from vaguely understood sources, had unanticipated consequences, and transformed their ideas and manners. How did ordinary people cope in this situation? What was the range of their options? The papers presented in this special issue seek to address these questions.The papers collected here originate from the symposium, “Grassroots Involvement in Modern Africa,” sponsored by the African Studies Council of the University of Minnesota and held in Minneapolis on February 28/29, 1980. The symposium's central theme dealt with the question of how ordinary people operated within the context of the socioeconomic and political changes that took place in modern Africa from colonial times to the present era of independence. Ordinary folk–farmers, market women, clerks, laborers, domestic servants, beer brewers, drivers, school teachers, and the like–helped create their own history and restructure their own societies. They bore the brunt of the far-reaching changes which took place after the colonial conquest and they continue to do so to the present day.
Creating Modernities through Conversation Groups: The Everyday Worlds of Hausa Migrants in Niamey, Niger
Authors: Youngstedt Scott M. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract:This article focuses on how Hausa men in Niamey, Niger, use street sidehira(“conversation”) groups to navigate their lives as migrants and to experience, negotiate, and create their own understandings of modernity. In Niamey, hira groups are the most important institution of public culture. More than any other aspect of Hausa social organization, hira groups bring together, in a concentrated fashion, circulating people and circulating ideas and thus offer a prime localized entry into the global reality of modernity.
African Universities: Our Needs and Our Priorities
Authors: Porter Arthur T. 
Published: July 2016

I would like, first of all, to express my profound sympathy to Mrs. Ida Brown and the children of my former mentor, Professor William O. Brown. Also to the Center and this our University for the loss of its founder Director of the African Studies Program and pioneer scholar in the field of African studies. I feel very honoured indeed that I have been invited to give this memorial lecture.
I first met Professor William Brown in September, 1951 when, as part of a tour of European centres of learning with programmes on Africa, he came to the Department of Social Anthropology at Edinburgh University. As the Professor and the lecturer in the Department were both away, it fell to me to show him round the Department and talk about our work; but, as I had only just been appointed to the Department, we spoke more about Africa than about the Department's programme.
This acquaintance was deepened into a lasting friendship when, in the Spring of 1953, I had the privilege of entertaining him as my house guest when he visited Sierra Leone. In the evenings we spent together in Freetown, I got to know Bill Brown; I got to know him as a man dedicated to and genuinely interested in the advancement of Africa. His was not merely an antiquarian interest; nor was he only interested in the kinship structures and anthropological tidbits of the African societies. He saw the Africans as personalities, as human beings, pursuing the same goal as others, and wanting for themselves the same rewards out of life. Those were the colonial days but, even in those days, Bill Brown was already deeply interested in the development of the African countries into viable nation states. It is not surprising, therefore, that this Center, under his leadership as its first Director, did not develop any narrow parochial interest, but studied Africa from a broader dimension, giving equal importance to historical, economic, political, as well as sociological factors in the development of Africa from traditionalism to modernity.
Scientific Research Centers in Africa
Authors: Smith Dorothy 
Published: July 2016

In July-August, 1964 at Lagos, 28 countries participated in a UNESCO -United Nations Economic Commission for Africa-sponsored “International Conference on the Organization of Research and Training in Africa in Relation to the Study, Conservation, and Utilization of Natural Resources.” The following is from a resolution of that conference:
Conscious of the importance of natural resources to the national heritage of each country … Considering that development and social progress depend upon the wise exploitation of these resources … Proclaims … that extension of scientific and technical research on natural resources constitutes a factor essential to such development … Recommends that governments should devote continued and very large-scale efforts to the promotion of science and technical research….
This recognition by governments of the need to increase scientific research programs, of their responsibility for the organization of scientific research, and of the need to establish a balance between fundamental and applied research implies a previous or existing situation with a different approach which should be examined and also indicates a necessity for changes in outlook, the results of which can be followed for years to come.
The Position of Research in African Archaeology: Future Developments and Needs
Authors: Clark J. Desmond 
Published: July 2016

This report is the result of discussions and recommendations of the Archaeology Committee of the African Studies Association, which met in Chicago early in April, 1966. African archaeology is at present an international discipline producing close collaboration among scientists from different countries, and the future of archaeological research in the continent can best be viewed as an international exercise in which American palaeo-anthropologists are beginning to play an increasingly important part. These brief notes attempt to synthesize the present position in African prehistoric studies, to show the general direction in which these are being developed, and to indicate immediate priorities in basic research and training.
The 1965 Wenner-Gren Conference on African archaeology and evolutionary studies showed that palaeo-anthropology and the closely associated studies of stratigraphers and palaeontologists are now entering upon a new stage of precision in analysis, dating, and interpretation. It emphasized the absolute necessity for new basic research to be undertaken, organized as a series of team projects.
New discoveries have resulted in revised concepts of the origin and evolution of animal species, vegetation patterns, landscape features, and of man himself and his culture. This more precise knowledge has underlined the need above all to review the revised dating of human and cultural evolution in the light of the geophysical methods that now provide an absolute time scale. This is equally as applicable to archaeologists and ethnohistorians concerned with later prehistoric times as it is to those dealing with the study of early man.
African States and The Burdens They Bear
Authors: Emerson Rupert 
Published: July 2016

In the early years of decolonization, following North African, Sudanese, and Ghanaian independence, the new African governments seemed to have an encouraging stability and set off on democratic and constitutional paths which gave evidence of promising well for the future. The turmoil which developed in the Congo immediately after independence stood out in contrast to the relative solidity of other states and found its explanation primarily in the shortcomings of the kind of rule which Belgium had imposed. Elsewhere the nationalist leaders who had led the struggle for freedom from alien domination continued in power and enhanced the sense that the new Africa was making headway.
More recently, things fall apart. Mutinies, assassinations, coups and attempted coups, and military takeovers have shaken confidence in Africa's ability to make speedy and consistent progress toward the goal it has set itself. It seemed at first as if the transition from colonialism to independence, from older worlds to modernity, might be an easier process than was feared by the pessimists, among whom, on the whole, I would number myself. Where does one have to look to find the reasons for the interruptions in the advance, or at all events for the change in direction, of so many African states? A fruitful field of inquiry, I am sure, is an examination of some of the problems confronting the new governments which were the successors to the colonial regimes in Africa, and the conditions under which they entered the world and must carry on their business. If I may give away my theme at the start, it would be essentially that governments have in a variety of ways been overloaded and unable to carry the burdens which they have assumed and which they have had thrust upon them.
The Teaching of African Languages in the United States Since 1961
Authors: Stevick Earl W. 
Published: July 2016

This report covers the teaching of African languages in American universities and by the United States Government since September, 1961. It is based on 100 percent response to a questionnaire circulated in the spring of 1966. Data are for languages actually taken for credit, not for those that were offered but did not materialize, or that were taken on an informal basis.
The principal facts about university programs are summarized in the accompanying graph. The number of student-semester-hours is shown as a solid line, the number of schools as a broken line, and the number of different languages as a dotted line.
The most obvious trend is, of course, rapid growth. The number of schools that teach African languages and the number of languages taught have more than doubled in five years, and the number of student-semester-hours has increased nearly sevenfold. Another major trend is toward maturity. The ratio of languages to schools has remained nearly constant at about 1.4, while the number of student-semester-hours per language has risen from 57 in 1961 to 172 in 1965. The increase in number of schools and number of languages seems to be leveling off, but the number of student-semester-hours is rising at an increasing rate.
Report on the African Research Committee Conference on the African Iron Age
Authors: Willett Frank , Fagan Brian M. 
Published: July 2016

This conference was held at the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, December 8 to 10, 1966, under the cochairmanship of Professor Frank Willett (Northwestern University) and Dr. Brian M. Fagan (University of Illinois). Thirteen persons in some way associated with Iron Age archaeology were official participants, and there were six observers who also contributed to the discussions. The names of these participants are listed at the end of this article. Their primary concern was with the archaeology of Africa since the origins of food production, with special reference to the Iron Age.
As a guideline the participants were given brief reports on four recent conferences which had touched on the problems of African Iron Age archaeology. Terminology and research needs, primarily for the Stone Age, were topics at the Wenner Gren Symposium on the African Quaternary held at Burg Wartenstein, Austria, in July, 1965. The results of this symposium were reviewed at the meeting of West African archaeologists in Sierra Leone during June, 1966. This meeting also expressed concern at the shortage of manpower and resources in West African archaeology, especially in the French-speaking territories, and training facilities and other terminological problems were also discussed. The difficulties of communication and training, especially in related disciplines, were discussed by a group attending an ARC meeting on the African Arts in March, 1966.
French Provincial Centers of Documentation and Research on Africa
Authors: Dauphin Joanne Coyle 
Published: July 2016

This article, the first of a series of three, is a checklist of French institutions outside of Paris which undertake research or documentation activities on the African continent. The second article will list institutions in the Paris area; and the third, unaffiliated periodicals.
Although many of the scholars and librarians interviewed expressed a growing interest in other parts of the continent, the major focus of activity remains “Afrique francophone,” i.e., the former French colonies south of the Sahara and Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. A few centers, following the lead of the Secrétariat d'Etat chargé de la Coopération, are also interested in the former Belgian colonies.
The material is based on a series of field trips to Le Havre, Lyon, Marseille, Aix-en-Provence, and Bordeaux between September 1965 and April 1966, extensive correspondence, and research in relevant reference works when necessary. The centers visited were without exception extremely helpful and were interested to know more about research on Africa in the United States.
Michigan State University
Authors: de Benko Eugene , Wells Margo A. 
Published: July 2016

The area of international programs, as part of a rapidly developing university, has become increasingly important to Michigan State University, in East Lansing, in the last two decades. Faculty research abroad has been a primary factor in the growth of private and federal agency-sponsored technical assistance programs in educational activities overseas. Projects in Turkey, Pakistan, India, Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan, Okinawa, Guatemala, Colombia, Brazil, and Nigeria have been and are being conducted in the fields of business administration, public administration, agriculture, community development, education, and general university development. Continued outside financial assistance has enabled further enlargement of such programs on the campus as a whole.
The initiation of the African Studies Center at Michigan State University in 1960 owes much to an offer from the U.S. Office of Education to support the teaching of West African languages on campus. By coincidence, this occurred at the same time that the University was engaged in two closely related projects: the ICA (AID) contract of establishing and developing the University of Nigeria at Nsukka and the initiation of a Ford Foundation-supported research program for African studies.
New courses and additional teaching staff now allow for specialized courses in the departments of linguistics and Oriental and African languages, political science, history, anthropology, and geography. Much research is emerging from the Center's activity. In 1963-1964, for example, field research was under way in education, fisheries and wildlife, political science, economics, history, and geography, and there were four projects in the area of languages and linguistics.
Belgian Centers of Documentation and Research on Africa
Authors: Dauphin Joanne Coyle 
Published: July 2016

During the past few years, there have been many changes in orientation and in nomenclature among former Belgian “colonial” institutions. The tendency has been to extend an interest in the Congo and in Central Africa more generally to the entire “Third,” or developing, World. This tendency is reflected both in the assistance activities of public and private bodies and in the organization of research and documentation.
The checklist that follows attempts to describe the present situation in the field, though it is by no means exhaustive. The material is based on a short trip to Brussels by the compiler, extensive correspondence, and the helpful cooperation of the various institutions. Any errors are the responsibility of the compiler alone.
Information for the entries is arranged as follows (any nonrelevant categories are dropped out):
Name of institution (former name), address.
Person responsible for documentation.
(a) Size of collection on African subjects.
(b) Special subject fields.
(c) Bibliographical publications.
(d) Periodicals and serials; other publications of interest.
(e) Projects in process or planned.
(f) Further information of interest to Africanists.
Children's Literature about Africa
Authors: Schmidt Nancy J. 
Published: July 2016

Although the quantity of children's literature about Africa has been increasing rapidly in recent years--probably more has been published since 1960 than in the preceding three decades--the total volume is small and mediocre. Children's literature in this discussion refers to books written especially for children up to twelve or thirteen years of age. Somewhat over half the books which have been written for this age group are geographies, animal stories, and factual compendia with titles like First Book of Liberia, Getting to Know Tanganyika, Land and People of South Africa, and so on. Young persons are likely to use such books in connection with school assignments or purely for pleasure (in the case of animal stories), but they will gain little understanding of African peoples and cultures from them.
The smaller segment of children's books about Africa is comprised of storybooks and factual presentations of African history and contemporary African life. Some of these books are sufficiently attractive to catch the attention of library users and of children whose parents are affluent enough to buy books for them. But do these books help create an understanding of the peoples and cultures of Africa? This question is especially pertinent since school curricula still devote relatively little attention to Africa, despite its increased importance on the world scene, and television, radio, movies, and other mass media to which children have access often do little or nothing to promote an understanding of Africa and its people.
Government-sponsored Research on Africa
Authors: Baum Robert D. 
Published: July 2016

There is an increasing need of the government to know more about Africa. Trying to look ahead, many of us can see, for example, continued instability on the continent, with weak, fragile states grappling with the problems of achieving national cohesion. As we confront the problems arising from this instability, the gaps in our knowledge and understanding are vast and our need to know will probably continue to be much greater than our capacity to find the answers.
The African Studies Association's forthcoming book The African World: A Survey of Social Research has symbolic as well as substantive value for FAR insofar as it demonstrates how a group with widely diversified disciplines, interests, and missions can devise effective channels of communication to share a clearer understanding of each participant's special problems and objectives. The ASA asked the specialists in each of the 18 disciplines represented in this book to discuss, in relatively simple language and for the benefit of those in other disciplines, the problems they study in Africa, their methods, successes, and major failures.
Gas chromatographic analysis to compare the fatty acid composition of fifteen lichen species, with a focus onStereocaulon
Authors: VU Thi Huyen , CATHELINE Daniel , DELMAIL David , BOUSTIE Joël , LEGRAND Philippe , LOHÉZIC-LE DÉVÉHAT Françoise 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe composition of fatty acids (FAs) is known to discriminate families within genera of bacteria, fungi, octocorals and algae. Here, we applied the more sensitive gas chromatographic (GC) analysis to investigate the taxonomic value of using FA composition to discriminate 15 species of lichen, including three chlorolichens (twoCladoniaspecies andStereocaulon scutelligerum), nine tripartite lichens (Stereocaulonspecies) and three cyanolichens (Lichina pygmaea,Collema cristatum,Peltigera membranacea). One macroscopic cyanobacterium (Nostocsp.), corresponding to the photobiont partner ofPeltigeraandCollemacyanolichens, was included for comparison. Five lipid extraction methods were evaluated, usingStereocaulon scutelligerum. Shaking at 80 °C with chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v) was the most efficient and reproducible method. The total FA composition of the 16 species was compared, using GC coupled with flame ionization detection or mass spectrometry. A statistical hierarchical cluster analysis was used to determine the similarity between the FA profiles, based on total, saturated, unsaturated and branched-chain FAs (BCFAs). The BCFA profile allowed a distinction between theStereocaulonspecies and the cyanolichens, in contrast to all the other types of FAs. A detailed characterization of eight FA subclasses, provided by the GC analysis, suggested a preferential pathway for the biogenesis of unsaturated FAs through desaturases, which was especially favoured in the cyanolichens.