bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overproduction, purification and characterization of human interferon alpha2a-human serum albumin fusion protein produced in methilotropic yeast Pichia pastoris
Authors: Ningrum R A , Santoso A , Herawati N 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Human interferon alpha2a (hIFNα2a) is a therapeutic protein that used in cancer and hepatitis B/C therapy. The main problem of using hIFNα-2a is its short elimination half life due to its low molecular weight. Development of higher molecular weight protein by albumin fusion technology is a rational strategy to solve the problem. In our previous research we constructed an open reading frame (ORF) encoding hIFNα2a-human serum albumin (HSA) fusion protein that expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) protease deficient strain SMD1168. This research was performed to overproduce, purify and characterize the fusion protein. To overproduce the protein, cultivation was performed in buffered complex medium containing glyserol (BMGY) for 24 h and protein overproduction was applied in buffered complex medium containing methanol (BMMY) for 48 hours at 30°C. The fusion protein was purified by blue sepharose affinity chromatography. Molecular weight characterization by SDS PAGE corresponds with its theoretical size, 85 kDa. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the fusion protein was recognized by anti hIFNα2 and anti HSA monoclonal antibody as well. Amino acid sequence of the fusion protein was determined by LC MS/MS2 mass spectrometry with trypsin as proteolitic enzyme. There were three fragments that identified as hIFNα2a and seven fragments that identified as HSA. Total identified amino acids were 150 residues with 20% coverage from total residues. To conclude, hIFNα2a-HSA fusion protein was overproduced, purified and characterized. Characterization based on molecular weight, antibody recognition and amino acid sequence confirmed that the fusion protein has correct identity as theoretically thought.
Bistability, Causality, and Complexity in Cortical Networks: An In Vitro Perturbational Study
Authors: D'Andola Mattia , Rebollo Beatriz , Casali Adenauer G , Weinert Julia F , Pigorini Andrea , Villa Rosa , Massimini Marcello , Sanchez-Vives Maria V 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Measuring the spatiotemporal complexity of cortical responses to direct perturbations provides a reliable index of the brain's capacity for consciousness in humans under both physiological and pathological conditions. Upon loss of consciousness, the complex pattern of causal interactions observed during wakefulness collapses into a stereotypical slow wave, suggesting that cortical bistability may play a role. Bistability is mainly expressed in the form of slow oscillations, a default pattern of activity that emerges from cortical networks in conditions of functional or anatomical disconnection. Here, we employ an in vitro model to understand the relationship between bistability and complexity in cortical circuits. We adapted the perturbational complexity index applied in humans to electrically stimulated cortical slices under different neuromodulatory conditions. At this microscale level, we demonstrate that perturbational complexity can be effectively modulated by pharmacological reduction of bistability and, albeit to a lesser extent, by enhancement of excitability, providing mechanistic insights into the macroscale measurements performed in humans.
Desingularizing $\boldsymbol{b^m}$-Symplectic Structures
Authors: Guillemin Victor , Miranda Eva , Weitsman Jonathan 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
A $2n$-dimensional Poisson manifold $(M ,\Pi)$ is said to be $b^m$-symplectic if it is symplectic on the complement of a hypersurface $Z$ and has a simple Darboux canonical form at points of $Z$ which we will describe below. In this article, we will discuss a desingularization procedure which, for $m$ even, converts $\Pi$ into a family of symplectic forms $\omega_{\epsilon}$ having the property that $\omega_{\epsilon}$ is equal to the $b^m$-symplectic form dual to $\Pi$ outside an $\epsilon$-neighborhood of $Z$ and, in addition, converges to this form as $\epsilon$ tends to zero in a sense that will be made precise in the theorem below. We will then use this construction to show that a number of somewhat mysterious properties of $b^m$-manifolds can be more clearly understood by viewing them as limits of analogous properties of the $\omega_{\epsilon}$’s. We will also prove versions of these results for $m$ odd; however, in the odd case the family $\omega_{\epsilon}$ has to be replaced by a family of “folded” symplectic forms.
The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in the Business and Human Rights Treaty Negotiations
Authors: Bernaz Nadia , Pietropaoli Irene 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn June 2014, the UN Human Rights Council established an intergovernmental working group to elaborate a treaty on business and human rights. In July 2015, the working group held its first session launching the negotiations process—the culmination of a global movement of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that over the last four decades have called for greater corporate accountability for human rights violations. The advocacy activities of the Treaty Alliance, an alliance of NGOs that supports the development of the treaty, were pivotal to the tabling of the resolution establishing the working group. These organizations now have the opportunity to engage with the negotiations process, both formally and informally, through consultations, advocacy, and lobbying. This article considers the impact NGOs may have in the drafting negotiations of the proposed treaty. It identifies several lobbying and advocacy strategies that were successful in previous international law-making processes and discusses the extent to which they could be applied to the current negotiations. It presents the benefits of an NGO coalition, of formal and informal lobbying strategies, and of the development of a common NGOs and friendly states framework. It analyses the reasons for Western states’ opposition and suggests lobbying strategies that may overcome it. Recognizing the unique subject matter of this treaty, it also focuses on lobbying corporate actors, and explores the complementarity between the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and the treaty and the need for NGOs to support both. The article concludes on the necessity to compromise on essential points if a treaty is ever to emerge.
A Retrospective Propensity Score-Matched Early Thromboembolic Event Analysis of Prothrombin Complex Concentrate vs Fresh Frozen Plasma for Warfarin Reversal Prior to Emergency Neurosurgical Procedures
Authors: Agarwal Prateek , Abdullah Kalil G , Ramayya Ashwin G , Nayak Nikhil R , Lucas Timothy H 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Reversal of therapeutic anticoagulation prior to emergency neurosurgical procedures is required in the setting of intracranial hemorrhage. Multifactor prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) promises rapid efficacy but may increase the probability of thrombotic complications compared to fresh frozen plasma (FFP).

OBJECTIVE
To compare the rate of thrombotic complications in patients treated with PCC or FFP to reverse therapeutic anticoagulation prior to emergency neurosurgical procedures in the setting of intracranial hemorrhage at a level I trauma center.

METHODS
Sixty-three consecutive patients on warfarin therapy presenting with intracranial hemorrhage who received anticoagulation reversal prior to emergency neurosurgical procedures were retrospectively identified between 2007 and 2016. They were divided into 2 cohorts based on reversal agent, either PCC (n = 28) or FFP (n = 35). The thrombotic complications rates within 72 h of reversal were compared using the χ2 test. A multivariate propensity score matching analysis was used to limit the threat to interval validity from selection bias arising from differences in demographics, laboratory values, history, and clinical status.

RESULTS
Thrombotic complications were uncommon in this neurosurgical population, occurring in 1.59% (1/63) of treated patients. There was no significant difference in the thrombotic complication rate between groups, 3.57% (1/28; PCC group) vs 0% (0/35; FFP group). Propensity score matching analysis validated this finding after controlling for any selection bias.

CONCLUSION
In this limited sample, thrombotic complication rates were similar between use of PCC and FFP for anticoagulation reversal in the management of intracranial hemorrhage prior to emergency neurosurgical procedures.
Accuracy in Identifying the Source of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in the Setting of Multiple Intracranial Aneurysms
Authors: Orning Jennifer L , Shakur Sophia F , Alaraj Ali , Behbahani Mandana , Charbel Fady T , Aletich Victor A , Amin-Hanjani Sepideh 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Subarachnoid hemorrhage cases with multiple cerebral aneurysms frequently demonstrate a hemorrhage pattern that does not definitively delineate the source aneurysm. In these cases, rupture site is ascertained from angiographic features of the aneurysm such as size, morphology, and location.

OBJECTIVE
To examine the frequency with which such features lead to misidentification of the ruptured aneurysm.

METHODS : Records of patients who underwent surgical clipping of a ruptured aneurysm at our institution between 2004 and 2014 and had multiple aneurysms were retrospectively reviewed. A blinded neuroendovascular surgeon provided the rupture source based on the initial head computed tomography scans and digital subtraction angiography images. Operative reports were then assessed to confirm or refute the imaging-based determination of the rupture source.

RESULTS
One hundred fifty-one patients had multiple aneurysms. Seventy-one patients had definitive hemorrhage patterns on initial computed tomography scans and 80 patients had nondefinitive hemorrhage patterns. Thirteen (16.2%) of the cases with nondefinitive hemorrhage patterns had discordance between the imaging-based determination of the rupture source and intraoperative findings of the true ruptured aneurysm, yielding an imperfect positive predictive value of 83.8%. Of all multiple aneurysm cases with subarachnoid hemorrhage treated by surgical or endovascular means at our institution, 4.3% (13 of 303) were misidentified.

CONCLUSION
Morphological features cannot reliably be used to determine rupture site in cases with nondefinitive subarachnoid hemorrhage patterns. Microsurgical clipping, confirming obliteration of the ruptured lesion, may be preferentially indicated in these patients unless, alternatively, all lesions can be contemporaneously and safely treated with endovascular embolization.
Prosodically Defective Morphemes and blocking
Authors: Zimmermann Eva 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe predictions of multiple interacting Prosodically Defective Morphemes are discussed in this chapter. For one, there are instances where several morphemes in a language are lexically marked exceptions to an MLM process. This can follow, it is shown, if those morphemes are prosodically defective themselves. A very interesting instance of such an effect can be found in Aymara where a so-called ’rescuer morpheme’ exists whose only surface effect is to block an expected MLM pattern. On the other hand, there are cases where lexical allomorphy between different MLM processes can be found. It is shown that again the exceptional behaviour of some morphemes in the presence of a triggering Prosodically Defective Morpheme follows if those morphemes themselves are prosodically defective. The chapter hence strengthens the role of phonological representation and shifts the burden of various (apparently morphological) idiosyncratic lexical information to the phonological representation of the morphemes in question.
The complete empirical picture of MLM and the linearization of morphemes
Authors: Zimmermann Eva 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis chapter presents the representative data set of MLM phenomena which is the base for the theoretical arguments put forth in this book. After giving some general background information about the data set and how it is genetically and areally balanced, the empirical generalizations about (un)attested MLM patterns that can be drawn from this data set are discussed in detail, with a special focus on the positions in the base that are possible and frequent targets for MLM operations. Two main generalizations hold for the MLM patterns in the data set: MLM patterns show a strong edge bias and are far more frequently attested at the right edge of their base than on the left edge. How the locality restriction for MLM follows from the theoretical assumptions about morpheme linearization and especially the assumption of the RecoverableMorphemeOrderCondition proposed in this book is shown in detail.
A critical review of alternative accounts
Authors: Zimmermann Eva 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis chapter argues that the theory of PDM is preferable over alternative accounts both in terms of theoretical economy and empirical coverage. The four most important existing theoretical OT alternatives to account for MLM are introduced which includes analyses for which it has been claimed that they are able to account for non-concatenative morphology in general and/or length-manipulation in specific: Transderivational Antifaithfulness (Alderete, 2001), a RealizeMorpheme-based theory (Kurisu, 2001), cophonology theory (Inkelas and Zoll, 2007), and morpheme-specific constraints (Pater, 2009). It is shown that all these four accounts suffer from severe over- and/or undergeneration problems if they are tested against the full typology of attested MLM patterns. Their empirical coverage is put to the test with three case studies for which detailed PDM analyses were presented in previous chapters: the ‘rescuer morpheme’ in Aymara, non-concatenative allomorphy in Upriver Halkomelem, and long epenthetic vowels in Southern Sierra Miwok.
Relativistic Wave Equations
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Relativistically covariant wave equations for scalar, spinor, and vector fields. Plane wave solutions and Green’s functions. The Klein–Gordon equation. The Dirac equation and the Clifford algebra of γ matrices. Symmetries and conserved currents. Hamiltonian and Lagrangian formulations. Wave equations for spin-1 fields.
Towards a Relativistic Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Towards a relativistic quantum mechanics. Klein–Gordon and the problems of the probability current and the negative energy solutions. The Dirac equation and negative energies. P, C, and T symmetries. Positrons. The Schrödinger equation as the non-relativistic limit of relativistic equations. Majorana and Weyl equations. Relativistic corrections in hydrogen-like atoms. The Dirac equation as a quantum system with an infinite number of degrees of freedom.
Fermions and Functional Formalism
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The introduction of spinor fields and the problem of the positivity of the energy. Need for anti-commutators. Calculus in a Grassmannian manifold, the Berezin integral. Clifford algebras. Quantum mechanics and quantum field theory with fermions. The use of path integrals.
A First Glance at Renormalisation and Symmetry
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The fate of the classical symmetries in a quantum field theory after renormalisation. Global symmetries versus gaugec symmetries. The Adler–Bell–Jackiw anomaly. The breaking of scale invariance and the Callan–Symanzik equation. The example of a non-perturbative anomaly.
Quantum Field Theories with a Large Number of Fields
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The large N limit of field theories is studied for fields belonging to the vector representation of O(N) and the adjoint representation of SU(N). The first case gives a solvable model while in the second case a classical field theory may emerge with the commutators replaced by Poisson brackets.
The Existence of Field Theories beyond the Perturbation Expansion
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The standard model of fundamental interactions. A brief summary of the phenomenology of weak interactions. The construction of the electroweak theory and its experimental consequences. The deep inelastic scattering data as a motivation for quantum chromodynamics. Asymptotic freedom and the parton model. Quantum chromodynamics formulated on a space–time lattice. Non-trivial gauge field configurations and instantons. The meaning of the winding number. The strong CP problem and axions.
The History and Politics of Energy Transitions
Authors: Sovacool Benjamin K. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
According to some definitions, an energy transition refers to the time that elapses between the introduction of a new primary energy source, or prime mover, and its rise to claiming a substantial share of the overall energy market. According to one academic view, energy transitions take an incredibly long time to occur. Another view argues the opposite. It suggests that there have been many transitions at varying scales that have occurred quite quickly—that is, between a few years and a decade or so, or within a single generation. This chapter holds that both sides are partly right, and partly wrong. After presenting evidence in support of either thesis, it elucidates four lessons for energy analysts and policymakers.
Support Policies for Renewables: Instrument Choice and Instrument Change from a Public Choice Perspective
Authors: Gawel Erik , Strunz Sebastian , Lehmann Paul 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This chapter frames the transition towards clean energies as a sequential process of instrument choice and instrument change. First, regulators decide how to initiate the transition away from fossil energies. Here, support policies for renewable electricity are politically convenient because they face low resistance from fossil energies’ interest groups. In the second stage, regulators need to adapt support policies for renewables to challenges arising along the transition pathway. This theoretical two-stage framework is empirically substantiated by tracing the development of support policies in Germany. Against the backdrop of this analysis, small-step policies that could foster the energy transition process are pointed out.
Understanding Indicator Choice for the Assessment of RD&D Financing of Low-Carbon Energy Technologies
Authors: Sonnenschein Jonas 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Rapid decarbonization requires additional research, development, and demonstration of low-carbon energy technologies. Various financing instruments are in place to support this development. They are frequently assessed through indicator-based evaluations. There is no standard set of indicators for this purpose. This study looks at the Nordic countries, which are leading countries with respect to eco-innovation. Different indicators to assess financing instruments are analysed with respect to their acceptance, the ease of monitoring, and their robustness. None of the indicators emerges as clearly superior from the analysis. Indicator choice is subject to trade-offs and leaves room for steering evaluation results in a desired direction. The study concludes by discussing potential policy implications of biases in indicator-based evaluation.
An Enquiry into the Political Economy of the Global Clean Energy Transition Policies and Nigeria’s Federal and State Governments’ Fiscal Policies
Authors: Agu David Onyinyechi , Ogbeide-Osaretin Evelyn Nwamaka 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
In order to implement clean energy transition programmes, the national and sub-national governments in Nigeria will incur certain costs. Similarly, failure to implement the policies will come with some costs. This chapter therefore considers the fiscal policy implications of Nigerian governments’ implementation of clean energy transition policies in the country. The analysis also reveals that the observed reluctance of Nigerian governments in implementing the policies is obviously unconnected with their dependence on oil revenues. The study further shows the fiscal policy implications of Nigerian governments’ inaction especially when other countries implement their clean energy transition policies. The study concludes that to implement clean energy policies, Nigerian governments may not necessarily increase cost, but prioritize clean energy projects.
European Energy Security
Authors: Heshmati Almas , Abolhosseini Shahrouz 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This chapter reviews relevant literature on the current state and effectiveness of developing renewable energy on energy security in general, and on energy security in the European Union (EU) in particular. The chapter elaborates on primary energy import sources, possible alternatives, and how energy security is affected by the sources of supply. It also gives an analysis of the effects of the Ukrainian crisis, the isolation of Iran on diversification sources, and on European energy security. It examines EU’s energy policy, analyses the best motivation for a new energy policy direction within Europe, and suggests alternative solutions for enhanced energy supply security. The aim is to suggest suitable solutions for energy security in Europe through energy supply diversification. Supply diversification includes alternative energy corridors for reducing dependency on Russia as a supplier and enhancing the power generated by renewable energy sources under the European Union 2020 strategy.
Incumbency and the Legal Configuration of Hydrocarbon Infrastructure
Authors: Astoria Ross 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Incumbency is usually understood as an entity’s power to preclude economic competition through legislative rent seeking or price manipulation, and monopolistic electrical power utilities are a frequently presented as the prototypical example of such incumbency. However, whether this sort of economic incumbency is an impediment to the transition to a clean energy infrastructure is contingent upon the particular utility. In contrast, in this chapter the author argues that hydrocarbon energy infrastructure is itself entrenched in law. The economic perspective abstracts from the law and therefore fails to recognize that the presently existing legally organized electrical power markets are not a neutral field, but presuppose and support hydrocarbon generation. To transition to clean energy, then, law and regulations must be reconfigured around the features of renewable energy generation and infrastructure.
Falling Oil Prices and Sustainable Energy Transition
Authors: Asmelash Henok Birhanu 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The growing recognition that fossil-fuel subsidies are economically inefficient and harmful for the environment has led to widespread calls for—and efforts to bring about- the phasing out of fossil-fuel subsidies over the last few years. Despite these efforts, however, fossil-fuel subsidies remain prevalent around the world. The existing international legal framework is too weak and fragmented to support fossil-fuel subsidy reform efforts and an international agreement is essential. This chapter explores, from a sustainable energy transition perspective, the challenges and prospects of and avenues for negotiating a binding multilateral agreement on fossil-fuel subsidies. The chapter posits that the Friends of Fossil-Fuel Subsidy Reform are in a position to take the lead and that the ball is in the court of the World Trade Organization (WTO).