bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lymphokines and Platelets Promote Human Monocyte Adherence to Fibrinogen and Fibronectin In Vitro
Authors: Horsburgh Charles R. , Clark Richard A F , Kirkpatrick Charles H 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Monocytes must accumulate in areas of tissue injury and inflammation to effect phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and monokine production. Fibrinogen/fibronectin matrices have been demonstrated in healing wounds and in delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reactions. We have developed an in vitro system for investigation of the ability of fibrinogen and fibronectin matrices to serve as substrata for human peripheral blood monocyte adherence. Monocyte adherence was greatest on matrices of both fibrinogen and fibronectin, less to fibrinogen alone, and least to fibronectin alone. Lymphokines increased adherence of monocytes to all three surfaces but not to albumin-coated surfaces.
Addition of platelets also caused a dose-dependent increase in monocyte adherence to all three surfaces. This increased adherence was not a simple function of arachidonic acid metabolites, stable platelet products, nor monocyte binding sites on the platelet membrane. The effect of platelets was not additive to the effect of lymphokines.
We conclude that fibrinogen and fibronectin provide a framework for monocyte adherence and that factors present in areas of inflammation and wound healing, such as lymphokines and platelets, can augment this adherence. Such adherence facilitates the transformation of monocytes into macrophages in vitro and may also foster such transformation in vivo.
Analysis of Polarization and Orientation of Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes by Computer-Interfaced Video Microscopy
Authors: MacFarlane Gordon D , Herzberg Mark C , Nelson Robert D 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Chemotactic behavior is a complex cellular response to chemical environmental stimuli. For polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), such behavior involves net migration as well as changes in cell shape and cell orientation. Accordingly, we have applied computer-interfaced video microscopy to analyze cell shape and orientation in control and patient PMNs migrating under agarose. From a digitized tracing of the PMNs at the leading front of migration, cells were characterized in terms of area, circumference, and longest dimension. A shape factor and angle of orientation were computed. Numerical shape factors discriminated three PMN morphologies: polar, apolar, and hyperpolar. Only polar cells could be oriented. Orientation of polar cells was defined as toward, away, or disoriented with respect to the chemotactic gradient. Apolar cells were considered to be nonoriented. Of PMNs from healthy controls, 30 ± 5% of the cells were oriented toward and 11 ± 4% of the cells were oriented away from the gradient. For PMNs from patients with localized Juvenile periodontitis, a 40% deficit in net migration was associated with reduced orientation toward (5 ± 2%) and elevated orientation away from the gradient (33 ± 9%). PMNs from a panel of patients with thermal injury showed reduced migration and orientation toward the gradient associated with elevated percentages of apolar cells. Such analysis of PMN polarization and orientation of the leading front permitted calculation of a chemotactic behavior index. Application of this multiparameter index to the analysis of the chemotactic response may identify PMNs that are defective, but not by evaluation of any single variable.
Cell-Bound C3b Stimulates Human Monocyte Release of Prostaglandin E and Thromboxane B2
Authors: Fulford David E , Rutherford R Bruce 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Particle-bound C3b stimulated enhanced release of prostaglandin E and thromboxane B2 (TxB2) from human peripheral blood monocytes in vitro. Particle-bound C3b stimulation was correlated to the ability of the particles to bind to the monocytes. Monocytes stimulated with particle-bound and fluid-phase C3b always released more TxB2 than PGE.
These data suggest that ligation of the C3b receptor on human monocytes results in enhanced arachidonic acid metabolism.
Late Aluminum Therapy Reduces the Cellular Activities of Simple Silicosis in the Sheep Model
Authors: Bégin R , Massé S , Sébastien P , Martel M , Geoffroy M , Labbé J 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
To evaluate the biological effects of aluminum lactate therapy on nodular silicosis, we exposed the tracheal lobe of three groups of sheep containing eight sheep per group to either 11 mg of Al lactate in 100 ml saline (Al group), 100 mg of Minusil-5 in 100 ml saline (Si group), or 100 mg of Minusil-5 in 100 ml saline followed by 11 mg of Al lactate at monthly intervals 4 months after exposure (Si Al-treated group). The lung biological processes were evaluated by sequential lung lavage analyses of cellularity and biochemistry of supernatant and by autopsy analyses of cellularity and biochemistry of supernatant and by autopsy analyses of lung tissue histopathology and quartz content. Al lactate alone did not have any significant effect. Silica exposure produced the silicotic nodules and significant increases on lung lavage of cellularity, enzyme release, surfactant, and glycosaminoglycan accumulations. Al lactate therapy at month 4 after exposure did not decrease the pathological score of disease, but it significantly reduced all markers of cellular hyperactivity. This therapy was associated with a 65% reduction of the quartz retention in lung tissue and might help to prevent long-term progression of the disease process.
Regulation of Human Large Granular Lymphocyte and T Cell Growth and Function by Recombinant Interleukin 2: Induction of Interleukin 2 Receptor and Promotion of Growth of Cells With Enhanced Cytotoxicity
Authors: Yamada Sachihiro , Ruscetti Francis W , Overton W Roy , Herberman Ronald B , Birchenall-Sparks Maria C , Ortaldo John R 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Human large granular lymphocytes (LGL), which account for virtually all natural killer activity, and T cells were separated from low and high density fractions of Percoll gradients, respectively. We were unable to detect interleukin 2 receptors (IL 2R) on fresh LGL and T cells using flow cytometric analysis with anti-Tac monoclonal antibody or radiolabeled probes with [125l]anti-Tac. IL 2R messenger ribonucleic acid was not observed in fresh LGL or T cells. Although Phytohemagglutinin induced the expression of IL 2R on purified LGL and T cells, recombinant IL 2 (rIL 2) alone induced IL 2R messenger ribonucleic acid, IL 2R, and proliferation of LGL but not of T cells. The high level of cytotoxicity of cultured LGL against K562 cells was directly dependent on rIL 2. When T cells were costimulated by Phytohemagglutinin and rIL 2 for 3 days, only very low levels of cytotoxicity were generated. Proliferation and cytotoxicity against K562 cells inhibited the culture of LGL in the presence of anti-Tac antibody for 3 days. LGL began to grow more rapidly after 5 days in culture with rIL 2 alone. When rIL 2 were removed from growing LGL for 1 day, proliferation completely stopped, and cytotoxicity was no longer detected. These data indicate that rIL 2 induces IL 2R expression in fresh LGL at the transcriptional level, promoting growth and enhancing cytotoxicity. More importantly, the presence of rIL 2 is necessary and sufficient to induce proliferation of resting LGL and to maintain the growth of LGL with potent lytic activity.
In Vitro Cultured Human Monocytes Release Fibroblast Proliferation Factor(s) Different From Interleukin 1
Authors: Austgulen Rigmor , Hammerstrøm Jens , Nissen-Meyer Jon 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Human monocytes cultured in vitro released factors with growth stimulatory effect upon human dermal fibroblasts. Monocytes in RPMI 1640 released a growth enhancing activity in nearly constant amounts during in vitro differentiation to macrophage-like cells. The growth stimulatory effect mediated by supernatants was reduced when lipopolysaccha-ride (LPS) or opsonized zymosan particles (OpZ) were added to monocytes during the first 5 days of in vitro culture, thereafter reaching similar levels. The release of interleukin 1 (IL-1) from monocytes was restricted to the first 2 days of culture. IL-1 production by unstimulated monocytes was negligible, while LPS induced a high release of IL-1 from monocytes. A rabbit antibody against human IL-1 abolished the IL-1 activity of the monocyte supernatants as assessed in a mouse thymocyte proliferation assay, but caused only a small reduction of the fibroblast proliferation activity. Thus, the fibroblast growth stimulatory activity mediated by monocytes was caused by factor(s) in addition to IL-1.
Similarities in cAMP Responses Between Murine Lymphoid Cell Lines and Subsets of Mouse Lymphocytes
Authors: Box Rainer Joachim , Portenier Madeleine , Staehelin Matthys 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Intracellular cAMP responses to forskolin (which stimulates independently of hormone receptors) and to several hormones were studied in mouse lymphoid cell lines of B- and T-cell origin and in subpopulations of mouse lymphocytes. In the T-cell lines, isoproterenol caused an increase in cAMP amounting at most to 28% of that caused by 100 μM forskolin. In contrast, in the B-cell lines the increase ranged from 50% to over 100%. In 11 of 13 T-cell lines, forskolin at 1 μM concentration potentiated the isoproterenol response five- to tenfold. Forskolin potentiation was also found in thymocytes and peripheral T-cells but not in B-cell lines. The relative increases in intracellular cAMP evoked by isoproterenol, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and histamine varied markedly from cell line to cell line. For instance, three lines carrying the T-helper cell marker L3T4 responded only to PGE2 and not to isoproterenol, whereas two cell lines carrying the Ly2 marker gave a higher response to isoproterenol than to PGE2. The results indicate that subsets of lymphocytes respond differently to various hormones and that these differences are maintained in continuous cell lines.
Changes in the Biosynthesis of Glycosaminoglycans in Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes in Relation to Their Induction Into the Peritoneal Cavity
Authors: Hasumi Fujio , Mori Yo 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The synthesis and function of dermatan sulfate in peritoneal polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes were studied. The peritoneal PMN leukocytes were obtained at 4, 8, and 16 h after guinea pigs were injected intraperitoneally with cassinate solution, and were incubated with [35S] sulfate or [3H] glucosamine on plastic. The total glycosaminoglycan synthesis and the proportion of dermatan sulfate to total glycosaminoglycans linearly increased with time. In order to clarify the function of the increased dermatan sulfate, peritoneal PMN leukocytes were cultured with [35S] sulfate on plastic or collagen gel. The total glycosaminoglycan synthesis on the collagen gel culture increased 1.5 times compared with that on the plastic culture, and especially, dermatan sulfate synthesis increased twofold. In addition, 65% of dermatan sulfate on the collagen gel culture was found in the cell and the collagenase-soluble fractions. These results indicate that proteodermatan sulfate synthesized by PMN leukocytes interacts with collagen in vitro, and suggest that PMN leukocytes, which migrated to the inflammatory locus, lastly adhere to the injured tissue through the interaction of proteodermatan sulfate synthesized by themselves with collagen fibers exposed in the inflammatory locus.
Glucan: Mechanisms Involved in Its “Radioprotective” Effect
Authors: Patchen M L , D’Alesandro M M , Brook I , Blakely W F , MacVittie T J 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
It has generally been accepted that most biologically derived agents that are radioprotective in the hemopoietic-syndrome dose range (eg. endotoxin, Bacillus Calmette Guerin, Corynebacterium parvum, etc) exert their beneficial properties by enhancing hemopoietic recovery and hence, by regenerating the host’s ability to resist life-threatening opportunistic infections. However, using glucan as a hemopoietic stimulant/radi-oprotectant, we have demonstrated that host resistance to opportunistic infection is enhanced in these mice even prior to the detection of significant hemopoietic regeneration. This early enhanced resistance to microbial invasion in glucan-treated irradiated mice could be correlated with enhanced and/or prolonged macrophage (but not granulocyte) function. These results suggest that early after irradiation glucan may mediate its radioprotection by enhancing resistance to microbial invasion via mechanisms not necessarily predicated on hemopoietic recovery. In addition, preliminary evidence suggests that glucan can also function as an effective free-radical scavenger. Because macrophages have been shown to selectively phagocytize and sequester glucan, the possibility that these specific cells may be protected by virtue of glucan’s scavenging ability is also suggested.
Rat Monocytes in a Model of Combined Injury Express the OX8 Antigen
Authors: Kaffenberger W , Gruber D F , MacVittie T J 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
We have analyzed peripheral blood mononuclear cell preparations from a rat model of combined injury (CI) [whole-body irradiation (500 cGy 60Co) followed by a thermal injury (20% body surface area, dorsal, scald burn)] for the expression of OX8 antigens. Ficoll-separated mononuclear fractions were labeled with monoclonal antibodies MRC OX8, MRC OX19, W3/13 HLK, or W3/25 for flow cytometric analysis. Combined-injury trauma resulted in decreased mononuclear cells to 6% of normal. This effect was due to the rapid decrease in radiosensitive lymphocytes from 83% to 10%. The relative numbers of monocytes increased from a normal 13% to 70% at day 4 after CI. Labeling of cells with OX8 after CI shifted to a population which was significantly larger in volume than normal lymphocytes. At the same time the mean fluorescence intensity of OX8-positive cells was considerably reduced. With the use of a F(ab) fragment of OX8 as a probe, these results could be partially explained as unspecific binding of the whole molecule of OX8 to Fc receptors expressed by activated monocytes. But double-labeling and cell-sorting experiments also revealed the expression of OX8 antigens by a subset of OX8 + / OX19- monocytes after CI.
7C3, A Marker for the Differentiation of Human Macrophage Cell Lines
Authors: Zuckerman Steven H , Tang Julia , Gitter Bruce D , Scheetz Maurice E 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The induction of differentiation in the human monoblastlike cell line U937 by 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3, interferon gamma, or phorbol esters is associated with the expression of a novel surface antigen, 7C3. The expression of 7C3 is maximal after 24 hr and is dependent upon de novo protein synthesis. The appearance of 7C3 during U937 differentiation is inhibited by dexamethasone while the increased expression of the macrophage marker OKM1 is not affected. 7C3 antigen is also expressed on HL60 cells when induced along the macrophage pathway and is expressed weakly on peripheral blood monocytes but not on lymphoid cells or granulocytes. 7C3 expression is sensitive to trypsin and low concentrations of the nonionic detergents NP-40 and Triton X-100. The induction of 7C3 expression may serve as a useful model to understand the regulatory events involved during the early phases of monocyte-macrophage differentiation.
Prostaglandin E2 Production by Mac-2+ Macrophages: Tumor-Induced Population Shift
Authors: Malick Adrien P , Elgert Klaus D , Garner Ronald E , Adkinson N Franklin 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Tumor growth induced a shift in the phenotype of macrophages (MΦ) responsible for factor-mediated suppression of allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR), and the suppression by tumor-bearing host (TBH) Mac-2+ MΦ was in part due to production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal MΦ from normal and TBH BALB/c mice were modulated with anti-Mac-1, -2, or -3 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) or depleted with mAb plus complement and cultured in the presence or absence of indomethacin. Culture supernatants derived from mAb plus complement-depleted Mo were added to the MLR at time of initiation and showed that the suppressor phenotype shifted from Mac-3+ in the normal host to Mac-2+ in the TBH. Mac-1+ MΦ also appeared to be involved in suppression by normal host, but not TBH, MΦ. Loss of MLR suppression (increase in MLR reactivity) correlated with an increase in protein content of the culture supernatants. In an effort to explain both this relationship and the mechanism of MLR suppression, PGE2 levels of culture supernatants were determined by radioimmunoassay. Mac-1+ MΦ were involved in the regulation of PGE2 production in normal hosts, as both activation and depletion caused an increase in PGE2 production. Depletion caused a more dramatic increase in PGE2 production than did activation, suggesting that Mac-1+ MΦ had a dampening effect on PGE2 production. In contrast, no Mac-1+ MΦ-mediated regulatory function occurred in the TBH. Mac-3+ MΦ were involved in the regulation of PGE2 production in both normal and TBH. Mac-2+ MΦ were the primary producers of PGE2 in the TBH, but not in the normal host, as their depletion in the TBH caused a significant loss of PGE2 production. Thus, immunosuppression in the TBH was at least partly due to the inability of Mac-1+ and/or Mac-3+ MΦ to control production of PGE2 by Mac-2+ MΦ.
Role of the Mononuclear Phagocyte System in the Development of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Authors: Roy Sophie , Wainberg Mark A 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This review describes current understanding of the role of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system in the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Monocyte-macrophage like cells have been shown to harbor human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-I) infection in both peripheral blood and bone marrow as well as in target organs such as brain, lungs, lymph nodes, and skin. Mononuclear phagocytes that have been infected by HIV-I do not undergo significant cytopathic changes, suggesting that they may be important viral reservoirs. These and related cells may also promote the slow, persistent nature of HIV-I infections by escaping host immunologic surveillance mechanisms. There is evidence that HIV-I infections in monocytes and premonocytes can initially be latent but progress to an active viral replication state upon differentiation and/or maturation. Functional abnormalities in the mononuclear phagocyte system following infection by HIV-I have also been described, and these may be partially responsible for the severe immunosuppression characteristic of AIDS and AIDS-related disorders. These defects may be mediated by quantitative and qualitative changes in the T-helper population. Although the role of mononuclear phagocytes as viral reservoirs and as mediators of immunosuppression is still largely speculative, increasing evidence suggests that these cells influence the course of HIV-I infections.
Sources of Extracellular Lysosomal Enzymes Released in Organ-Culture by Developing and Healing Inflammatory Lesions
Authors: Kajiki Akira , Higuchi Kazuyuki , Nakamura Masahiro , Liu Louis H , Pula Peggy J , Dannenberg Arthur M 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Developing and healing inflammatory lesions were topically produced in the skin of rabbits by sulfur mustard (SM). After the rabbits were sacrificed, the various lesions were removed and organ-cultured. The organ-culture fluids extracted the extracellular lysosomal enzymes (add phosphatase, β-glucuronidase, β-galactosidase, and lysozyme), so that they could be measured biochemically along with lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), an enzyme marker for cell death. In tissue sections, the number and types of cells were counted, and their lysosomal enzyme content evaluated histochemically.
The culture fluids from peak lesions contained much lower levels of all five enzymes than did culture fluids from healing lesions. When histological-histochemical-biochemical correlations were made, serum, macrophages (MN), and activated fibroblasts (but not tissue PMN) appeared to be major sources of extracellular lysosomal enzymes in peak lesions; and the dead PMN in the crusts and the activated fibroblasts in the tissues appeared to be major sources in healing lesions. The high lysosomal enzyme content of the crusts covering the lesions suggests that this passive barrier may also play an active role in promoting healing and in protecting against invasion by microorganisms.
Distinct Subpopulations of Elicited Human Macrophages in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients and Women Undergoing Laparoscopy: A Study on Peroxidatic Activity
Authors: Bos H J , van Bronswijk H , Helmerhorst T J M , Oe P L , Hoefsmit E C M , Beelen R H J 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The endogenous peroxidatic activity (PA) pattern of peritoneal macrophages from 24 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients and from five healthy women undergoing laparoscopy was studied. In general, the macrophages showed two different PA patterns in vivo: exudate and negative macrophages. However, two of 24 CAPD patients showed resident macrophages, the first described in vivo in man. Since, in general, the examined human peritoneal macrophages are exudate and PA-negative, this suggests, in accordance with the animal model system, that a chronic sterile inflammation exists in the peritoneal cavity of CAPD patients and healthy women undergoing laparoscopy. After 2 hr culture, blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages transformed into cells with the characteristics of exudate-resident and resident macrophages, so isolation procedures that Include short periods of culture can change the developmental stage of human monocytes and macrophages.