bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accidental awareness during anesthesia in children
Authors: Sury Michael R. J. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThis educational review explores the current understanding of accidental awareness during general anesthesia (AAGA) in children. Estimates of incidence in children vary between 1 in 135 (determined by direct questioning) and 1 in 51 500 (determined from spontaneous reporting). The lessons from the 5th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland show that the characteristics of spontaneous reports of AAGA are extremely variable and relate to the type of procedure and anesthetic technique rather than age group: approximately 50% of experiences were distressing; most lasted less than 5 min; neuromuscular blockade (NMB) combined with pain caused the most distress; most cases (approximately 70%) occur at induction or emergence. The value of depth of anesthesia monitoring in preventing AAGA is uncertain but is probably useful in patients having total intravenous anesthesia and NMB. Reports of AAGA by children should be received sympathetically and a generic protocol for managing distressed patients is presented.
Continuous chest wall ropivacaine infusion for analgesia in children undergoing Nuss procedure: a comparison with thoracic epidural
Authors: Choudhry Dinesh K. , Brenn B. Randall , Sacks Karen , Reichard Kirk 
Published: April 2016

SummaryBackgroundPain following Nuss procedure is severe and its management is challenging. Many different pain treatment modalities are currently being used, but none of them have been found to be ideal.AimIn this retrospective review, we compare our current multimodal approach, which involves continuous ropivacaine infusion through chest wall catheters (CWC), intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia (IV‐PCA), and adjunctive medications (gabapentin and clonidine), with the technique that we used in the past, the thoracic epidural catheter (TEC).MethodsFollowing IRB approval, we performed a retrospective analysis of data on 32 patients who underwent the Nuss procedure at our institution. All children were divided into two groups: TEC group: 0.2% ropivacaine and hydromorphone 10 mcg·ml−1 epidural infusion (n = 15) and CWC group (with IV‐PCA and adjuncts [gabapentin + clonidine]): 0.2% ropivacaine infusion and hydromorphone PCA, oral gabapentin, and transdermal clonidine patch (n = 17).ResultsBoth the groups were demographically similar. Average numeric pain scores were higher in the CWC group only on the day of surgery (mean ± sd: 3.79 ± 1.58 vs 2.68 ± 1.30; 95% CI: −2.16 to −0.05). Pain scores on postoperative day 1 (mean ± sd: 3.40 ± 1.59 vs 3.35 ± 1.32; 95% CI: −1.11 to 1.01), day 2 (mean± sd: 3.39 ± 1.79 vs 2.99 ± 1.06; 95% CI: −1.50 to 0.70), and on the day of discharge (DOD) (mean± sd: 3.25 ± 1.84 vs 3.99 ± 1.28; 95% CI: −0.42 to 1.89) were comparable between the groups. The CWC group needed fewer changes in the therapeutic regimen to maintain acceptable pain relief, had lower incidence of nausea and vomiting, had shorter anesthesia time, total OR time, and hospital length of stay.ConclusionTEC provided better analgesia following the Nuss procedure only on the day of surgery. On the subsequent days until discharge, pain scores were comparable. However, CWC offered other advantages: it was less labor intensive and had fewer side effects, shorter OR time, and shorter hospital stay.
Bowel obstruction without history of laparotomy: Clinical analysis of 70 patients
Authors: Yoshimaru Koichiro , Kinoshita Yoshiaki , Matsuura Toshiharu , Esumi Genshiro , Wada Momoko , Takahashi Yoshiaki , Yanagi Yusuke , Hayashida Makoto , Ieiri Satoshi , Taguchi Tomoaki 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundDetermining the cause of bowel obstruction without a history of laparotomy (BO without HL) is difficult and can result in delay of treatment and development of a potentially life‐threatening situation. We herein investigated the clinical characteristics of pediatric patients who underwent laparotomy due to BO without HL.MethodsAll surgical pediatric patients aged <16 age who were diagnosed with BO without HL between January 2004 and September 2014 were included. Etiology of BO, intraoperative findings and postoperative outcome were investigated retrospectively.ResultsSeventy patients were diagnosed with BO without HL in this period. In these 70 patients, malrotation (n = 34), intussusception (n = 19), internal hernia (n = 6) and Meckel's diverticulum (n = 5) were predominantly identified. Regarding preoperative definitive diagnosis, prevalence of internal hernia, Meckel's diverticulum or idiopathic volvulus was significantly lower than that of malrotation or intussusception (P < 0.05). Intraoperatively, the rates of strangulation and bowel resection were 55.7% and 30.0%, respectively. The optimal time for emergency operation in order to avoid strangulated bowel resection was <19 h from onset of symptoms.ConclusionsMalrotation and intussusception are major causes of BO without HL in children, but internal hernia, Meckel's diverticulum and idiopathic volvulus should always be taken into account, particularly because of the preoperative diagnostic difficulty and resulting high rate of intestinal resection. In order to avoid resection of the bowel, surgery should be done within 19 h before bowel ischemic change occurs.
Early IL‐4 gene expression in abomasum is associated with resistance to Haemonchus contortus in hair and wool sheep breeds
Authors: Jacobs J. R. , Sommers K. N. , Zajac A. M. , Notter D. R. , Bowdridge S. A. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryEarly immune events associated with reduced larval burden remain unclear in parasite‐resistant breeds of sheep. Therefore, our objective was to determine breed differences in immune‐related gene expression following infection with H. contortus. Gene expression in abomasal tissue and mucosa and in abomasal lymph nodes (ALN) was measured in 24 St. Croix (hair) lambs and 24 Dorset x (Finn–Rambouillet) (wool) lambs at 0 (uninfected), 3, 5 and 7 days after infection with 10 000 L3 H. contortus larvae. Expression of IL‐4 in abomasal mucosa was detected on day 3 and increased to day 7 in hair lambs, but was not detectable in wool lambs. Genes that recruit neutrophils (CXCL1) and macrophages (MCP1) were upregulated in abomasal mucosa of hair lambs. Genes associated with alternative macrophage activation (ARG‐1) and eosinophil activation (Gal‐14) were also upregulated in the abomasal mucosa of hair lambs. Tissue remodeling genes (MMP13, PDGF) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) and MCP1 were upregulated in abomasal tissue of wool lambs; these lambs also had greater expression of forkhead box P3 in ALN. These data indicate a role for early IL‐4 expression locally and demonstrate potential downregulation of immunity in wool sheep that could facilitate establishment of H. contortus.
Metabarcoding and development of new real‐time specific assays reveal Phytophthora species diversity in holm oak forests in eastern Spain
Authors: Català S. , Berbegal M. , Pérez‐Sierra A. , Abad‐Campos P. 
Published: April 2016

The evergreen holm oaks (Quercus ilex subsp. ilex and Q. ilex subsp. ballota) are the most representative tree species in the Iberian peninsula and the main tree species in oak‐rangeland ecosystems (dehesas). Oak decline in western, central and southern parts of Spain has been associated with root rot caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi for decades. However, Phytophthora species such as P. quercina and P. psychrophila have recently been found associated with Quercus decline in eastern Spain where calcareous soils are predominant. Soil and root samples from two Quercus forests presenting decline symptoms in two different geographical areas in eastern Spain (Carrascar de la Font Roja and Vallivana) were analysed by amplicon pyrosequencing. Metabarcoding analysis showed Phytophthora species diversity, and revealed that an uncultured Phytophthora taxon, named provisionally Phytophthora taxon ballota, was the predominant species in both areas. In addition, a real‐time PCR assay, based on the pyrosequencing results, was developed for the detection of this uncultured Phytophthora taxon, and also for the detection of P. quercina. TaqMan assays were tested on soil and root samples, and on Phytophthora pure cultures. The new assays showed high specificity and were consistent with metabarcoding results. A new real‐time PCR protocol is proposed to evaluate the implication of different Phytophthora spp. in oak decline in eastern Spain.
Low prevalence of obstructive lung disease in a suburban population of Malaysia: A BOLD collaborative study
Authors: Loh Li Cher , Rashid Abdul , Sholehah Siti , Gnatiuc Louisa , Patel Jaymini H. , Burney Peter 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackground and objectiveAs a Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) collaboration, we studied the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and its associated risk factors in a suburban population in Malaysia.MethodsNonhospitalized men or women of age ≥ 40 years from a Penang district were recruited by stratified simple random sampling. Participants completed detailed questionnaires on respiratory symptoms and exposure to COPD risk factors. Prebronchodilator and post‐bronchodilator spirometry conducted was standardized across all international BOLD sites in device and data quality control.ResultsOf the 1218 individuals recruited for the study, 663 (340 men and 323 women) had complete questionnaire data and acceptable post‐bronchodilator spirometry. The estimated population prevalence of Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) ≥ stage I was 6.5% or 3.4% based on either fixed forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity ratio of <0.7 or National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey‐derived lower limit of normal ratio while the prevalence of GOLD ≥ stage II was either 4.6% or 3.1%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed independent association between all stages of COPD with cigarette smoking pack years (adjusted odds ratio per 10‐year increase: 1.73; 95% confidence interval: 1.09–2.75), use of biomass fuel for cooking (1.61; 1.10–2.36) and exposure to dusty job (1.50; 1.09–2.06).ConclusionThis study represented the first robust population‐based epidemiology data on COPD for Malaysia. Compared with other sites globally, our estimated population prevalence was relatively low. In addition to cigarette smoking, use of biomass fuel and exposure to dusty job represented significant risk to the development of COPD.
The Poor and the Poorest, 50 years on: Evidence from British Household Expenditure Surveys of the 1950s and 1960s
Authors: Gazeley Ian , Gutierrez Rufrancos Hector , Newell Andrew , Reynolds Kevin , Searle Rebecca 
Published: April 2016

SummaryWe re-explore Abel-Smith and Townsend's landmark study of poverty in early post World War 2 Britain. They found a large increase in poverty between 1953–1954 and 1960, which was a period of relatively strong economic growth. Our re-examination is a first exploitation of the data extracted from the recent digitization of the Ministry of Labour's ‘Enquiry into household expenditure’ in 1953–1954. First we closely replicate their results. We find that Abel-Smith and Townsend's method generated a greater rise in poverty than other reasonable methods. Using contemporary standard poverty lines, we find that the relative poverty rate grew only a little at most, and the absolute poverty rate fell, between 1953–1954 and 1961, as might be expected in a period of rising real incomes and steady inequality. We also extend the poverty rate time series of Goodman and Webb back to 1953–1954.
A Novel Principal Component Analysis for Spatially Misaligned Multivariate Air Pollution Data
Authors: Jandarov Roman A. , Sheppard Lianne A. , Sampson Paul D. , Szpiro Adam A. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryWe propose novel methods for predictive (sparse) principal component analysis with spatially misaligned data. These methods identify principal component loading vectors that explain as much variability in the observed data as possible, while also ensuring that the corresponding principal component scores can be predicted accurately by means of spatial statistics at locations where air pollution measurements are not available. This will make it possible to identify important mixtures of air pollutants and to quantify their health effects in cohort studies, where currently available methods cannot be used. We demonstrate the utility of predictive (sparse) principal component analysis in simulated data and apply the approach to annual averages of particulate matter speciation data from national Environmental Protection Agency regulatory monitors.
We Use Bioincompatible Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions
Authors: Troidle Laura , Hansson Joni , Juergensen Peter , Finkelstein Fredric O. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDespite advances in peritoneal dialysis (PD) technique and therapy over the last 40 years, PD therapy for end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) in the United States remains underutilized. One of the major factors contributing to this underutilization involves concerns about technique failure. More physiologic PD solutions, with a lower concentration of glucose degradation products and a neutral pH, exist and are readily available in Europe, Asia, and Australia. Several benefits of these biocompatible solutions exist over the conventional solutions including a slower decline in residual renal function and better maintenance of urine volumes. There may also be a beneficial effect of the biocompatible solutions in limiting the increase in peritoneal transport that is characteristic of patients maintained on conventional solutions. It should be of concern to the US nephrology community that biocompatible PD solutions are unavailable in the United States.
Two‐week inhalation of budesonide increases muscle Na,K ATPase content but not endurance in response to terbutaline in men
Authors: Hostrup M. , Jessen S. , Onslev J. , Clausen T. , Porsbjerg C. 
Published: April 2016

While chronic systemic administration of glucocorticoids increases muscle Na+,K+ ATPase content, such effect is unexplored after therapeutic inhalation. We investigated the effect of therapeutic inhalation of the glucocorticoid budesonide on Na+,K+ ATPase content of skeletal muscle in men. Ten healthy trained subjects, aged 23 ± 4 years (mean ± 95% CI), participated in the study. Before and after 2 weeks of daily inhalation of budesonide (1.6 mg/day), a biopsy was taken from the vastus lateralis muscle for measurement of Na+,K+ ATPase content and blood samples were drawn for determination of plasma budesonide, cortisol, and K+. Subjects' performance during cycling to fatigue at 90% of incremental peak power output (iPPO) was measured in response to 4 mg inhaled terbutaline to maximally stimulate Na+,K+ ATPase activity. Plasma concentrations of budesonide rose to 5.0 ± 1.6 nM with the intervention, whereas no changes were observed in plasma cortisol. Muscle Na+,K+ ATPase content increased (P ≤ 0.01) by 46 ± 34 pmol/(g wet wt) (17% increase) with the intervention. Cycling performance at 90% of iPPO did not change (P = 0.21) with the intervention (203 vs 214 s) in response to terbutaline. The present observations show that therapeutic inhalation of glucocorticoids increases muscle Na+,K+ ATPase content, but does not enhance high‐intensity cycling endurance in response to terbutaline.
Epidemiology and clinical presentation of canine cataracts in France: a retrospective study of 404 cases
Authors: Donzel Elise , Arti Léa , Chahory Sabine 
Published: April 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the epidemiology and the clinical presentation of cataracts in a population of dogs in France.ProceduresRecords of dogs affected by a cataract presented at the Ophthalmology Unit of Alfort Veterinary School during 2009–2012 were reviewed. The etiology was determined for each dog. The signalment of affected dogs, their medical history, age of onset, stage of progression, location of opacities, and ocular lesions associated were evaluated for each etiology.ResultsA total of 2739 dogs were presented at the Ophthalmology Unit from 2009 to 2012. Four hundred and four dogs (14.7%) (716 eyes) were diagnosed with a cataract. The population included 218 males (54%) and 185 females (46%). The gender was not recorded for one dog. The mean age (±SD) of all dogs affected by a cataract was 9 years (±3.9 years). Fifty‐four breeds were represented. The Yorkshire Terrier was the only breed significantly overrepresented. The causes of cataracts observed were breed predisposition (28%), aging (22.8%), progressive retinal atrophy (12.4%), congenital cataract (5%), diabetes mellitus (4.7%), trauma (3.7%), uveitis (3%), and hypocalcemia (0.2%). In 20.3% of the cases, the etiology could not be determined. Ocular lesions associated with cataracts reported were lens luxation or subluxation (11.1%), glaucoma (3.7%), and retinal detachment (4.2%).ConclusionsIn a French population of referred dogs, 14.7% were affected by a cataract. The main causes identified were breed predisposition, aging, and progressive retinal atrophy. A breed predisposition for the Yorkshire Terrier was recorded.
The regulatory niche of intestinal stem cells
Authors: Sailaja Badi Sri , He Xi C. , Li Linheng 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe niche constitutes a unique category of cells that support the microenvironment for the maintenance and self‐renewal of stem cells. Intestinal stem cells reside at the base of the crypt, which contains adjacent epithelial cells, stromal cells and smooth muscle cells, and soluble and cell‐associated growth and differentiation factors. We summarize here recent advances in our understanding of the crucial role of the niche in regulating stem cells. The stem cell niche maintains a balance among quiescence, proliferation and regeneration of intestinal stem cells after injury. Mesenchymal cells, Paneth cells, immune cells, endothelial cells and neural cells are important regulatory components that secrete niche ligands, growth factors and cytokines. Intestinal homeostasis is regulated by niche signalling pathways, specifically Wnt, bone morphogenetic protein, Notch and epidermal growth factor. These insights into the regulatory stem cell niche during homeostasis and post‐injury regeneration offer the potential to accelerate development of therapies for intestine‐related disorders.
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Computational cardiology and risk stratification for sudden cardiac death: one of the grand challenges for cardiology in the 21st century
Authors: Hill Adam P. , Perry Matthew D. , Abi‐Gerges Najah , Couderc Jean‐Philippe , Fermini Bernard , Hancox Jules C. , Knollmann Bjorn C. , Mirams Gary R. , Skinner Jon , Zareba Wojciech , Vandenberg Jamie I. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractRisk stratification in the context of sudden cardiac death has been acknowledged as one of the major challenges facing cardiology for the past four decades. In recent years, the advent of high performance computing has facilitated organ‐level simulation of the heart, meaning we can now examine the causes, mechanisms and impact of cardiac dysfunction in silico. As a result, computational cardiology, largely driven by the Physiome project, now stands at the threshold of clinical utility in regards to risk stratification and treatment of patients at risk of sudden cardiac death. In this white paper, we outline a roadmap of what needs to be done to make this translational step, using the relatively well‐developed case of acquired or drug‐induced long QT syndrome as an exemplar case.
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Biphasic modulation of parallel fibre synaptic transmission by co‐activation of presynaptic GABAA and GABAB receptors in mice
Authors: Howell Rebecca D. , Pugh Jason R. 
Published: April 2016

Key points
Many excitatory synapses co‐express presynaptic GABAA and GABAB receptors, despite their opposing actions on synaptic transmission. It is still unclear how co‐activation of these receptors modulates synapse function.
We measured presynaptic GABA receptor function at parallel fibre synapses onto stellate cells in the cerebellum using whole‐cell patch‐clamp recording and photolytic uncaging of RuBi‐GABA.
Activation of presynaptic GABA receptors results in a transient (∼100 ms) enhancement of synaptic transmission (mediated by GABAA receptors) followed by a long lasting (>500 ms) inhibition of transmission (mediated by GABAB receptors).
When activated just prior to high‐frequency trains of stimulation, presynaptic GABAA and GABAB receptors work together to reduce short‐term facilitation/enhance depression, altering the filtering properties of synaptic transmission.
Inhibition of synaptic transmission by GABAB receptors is more sensitive to GABA than enhancement by GABAA receptors, suggesting GABAB receptors may be activated by ambient GABA or release from greater distances.
AbstractGABAA and GABAB receptors are co‐expressed at many presynaptic terminals in the central nervous system. Previous studies have shown that GABAA receptors typically enhance vesicle release while GABAB receptors inhibit release. However, it is not clear how the competing actions of these receptors modulate synaptic transmission when co‐activated, as is likely in vivo. We investigated this question at parallel fibre synapses in the cerebellum, which co‐express presynaptic GABAA and GABAB receptors. In acute slices from C57BL/6 mice, we find that co‐activation of presynaptic GABA receptors by photolytic uncaging of RuBi‐GABA has a biphasic effect on EPSC amplitudes recorded from stellate cells. Synchronous and asynchronous EPSCs evoked within ∼100 ms of GABA uncaging were increased, while EPSCs evoked ∼300–600 ms after GABA uncaging were reduced compared to interleaved control sweeps. We confirmed these effects are presynaptic by measuring the paired‐pulse ratio, variance of EPSC amplitudes, and response probability. During trains of high‐frequency stimulation GABAA and GABAB receptors work together (rather than oppose one another) to reduce short‐term facilitation when GABA is uncaged just prior to the onset of stimulation. We also find that GABAB receptor‐mediated inhibition can be elicited by lower GABA concentrations than GABAA receptor‐mediated enhancement of EPSCs, suggesting GABAB receptors may be selectively activated by ambient GABA or release from more distance synapses. These data suggest that GABA, acting through both presynaptic GABAA and GABAB receptors, modulate the amplitude and short‐term plasticity of excitatory synapses, a result not possible from activation of either receptor type alone.