bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overrepresentation of Adopted Children Attending a Children's Mental Health Centre
Authors: Jerome Laurence 
Published: April 2017

A retrospective analysis was made of case records of children attending a Children's Mental Health Centre during the years 1959 to 1973. Annual comparisons were made between the numbers of adopted, children seen in the province of Ontario and within the clinic setting. The results indicated that over a fifteen year period the adopted children in the clinic were seen with twice the expected annual incidence predicted from the community rates. “So far as it is known, the proportion of successful and unsuccessful adoptions does not seem unsatisfactory. This result is in accordance with clinical experience which does not suggest that an undue proportion of adopted children are referred to child guidance clinics.” Bowlby (1951)
Is there a Relationship between Sexual Abuse or Incest and Eating Disorders?
Authors: Sloan G. , Leichner P. 
Published: April 2017

The significance of sexual conflicts in many patients with eating disorders has been well documented. However, even when these have been considered to have some degree of etiological importance, the occurrence of actual sexual trauma or incest in the early lives of these patients has been generally neglected in the literature. At one point in time, it was noted that five of six patients on an inpatient unit for eating disorders revealed an early history of sexual abuse or incest. These five cases are described. A parallel is drawn between the psychological problems experienced by victims of childhood sexual abuse and by patients with anorexia nervosa and/or bulimia. Our suspicion that these experiences may not be atypical led to the present article, which has implications for the investigation and management of eating-disordered patients.
Nurses’ Response to Doctors’ Orders for Close Observation
Authors: Aidroos Nafees 
Published: April 2017

Informal observation seemed to show that doctors’ orders for close observation were treated in a manner different from other orders for patient care. A subsequent formal study involved 26 nurses over a four-month period. Data was collected by direct observation and through brief interviews with the nurses. A shift or part-shift involving a nurse and his patient on close observation was defined as the observation unit. Only 23% of the 284 observation units complied approximately with hospital policies for close observation. Forty-one percent of the observation units were recorded as totally non-compliant. No observation unit fulfilled the policy requirements in the strictest sense. Nurses provided close observation for almost as many patients on general observation as they gave general observation to those for whom close observation had been ordered. These data suggest that in most cases nurses use something other than doctors’ orders to determine the observation needs of their patients. The author suggests that doctors’ orders for close and general observation be abandoned and that only orders for constant observation be retained, in conformity with what is already going on.
A Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit in a General Hospital Setting
Authors: Warneke L. 
Published: April 2017

A twelve month period of the functioning of a psychiatric intensive care unit in a general hospital is reviewed. The unit has actually been functioning for about three and a half years. Although there were growing pains initially, the unit has become an integral part of the psychiatric inpatient service. It serves to provide intensive care to acutely inpatients and provides a safe, secure environment. It also reduces the number of disturbed patients on the two general units. Very disturbed patients are expertly managed by the staff and a surprisingly low percentage of patients have to be transferred to the local mental hospital under certification. The experience demonstrates that a psychiatric intensive care unit based on a general medical intensive care unit model can function well with benefit both to patients and staff.
Combination of Trazodone and Phenothiazines: A Possible Additive Hypotensive Effect
Authors: Asayesh K. 
Published: April 2017

Trazodone a triazolepyridine derivative is known for its therapeutic effect in the treatment of depression since early 60's. It has little catecholamine potentiation or anticholinergic action. It has been reported to have less severe cardiotoxic effect. Mild or transient as well as orthostatic hypotension may be its main cardiovascular complication. Additive hypotensive side effect following combined use of Trazodone and Phenothiazine in two hospitalized patients was observed and documented. Each case is detailed. While the mechanism of action of both agents and their effect on α 1 and α 2 adrenergic receptors has been described, some suggestions are made to explain a possible mechanism for the observed side effect. This finding might be implemented into further research work.
The Classification of Disturbed Personality Functioning in Early Adolescence
Authors: Korenblum M. , Golombek H. , Marton P. , Stein B. 
Published: April 2017

This study describes disturbed personality functioning in early adolescence. A non-clinical sample of 63 thirteen year olds underwent a semi-structured psychiatric interview as part of a longitudinal study investigating the relationship between competence in personality functioning and development. The presence of personality disturbance was determined by two psychiatrists who rated the adolescents on a personality functions scale. The raters then described the type of disturbance using Axis II of DSM-III as a guideline. Forty-six percent of the sample were found to have some degree of disturbed personality functioning. Of these, over one-half fell into a cluster comprised of avoidant, dependent, compulsive, or passive-aggressive types, while another third were characterized by antisocial tendencies. Severity of disturbance was not related to type of disturbance. Ratings of behaviour by teachers and parents supported the division of subjects with personality dysfunction into two broad groups: an anxious, fearful, “quiet” cluster; and a group of more “acting out”, disturbing individuals. However, parents and teachers could not distinguish the “quiet” group from teenagers who were free of disturbed personality functioning. These data indicate that it is possible to classify a segment of a non-clinical population of young adolescents who had personality dysfunction using Axis II of DSM-III as a guideline. Furthermore, such a group of teenagers is not homogeneous. They distribute themselves into internalizing and externalizing clusters.
A Grand Mal Seizure Associated with Desipramine and Haloperidol*
Authors: Mahr Gregory C. , Berchou Richard , Balon Richard 
Published: April 2017

Authors describe a case of grand mal seizure associated with administration of desipramine and haloperidol. Neuroleptic induced inhibition of desipramine metabolism is discussed as a possible explanation of unusually high desipramine plasma level of 610 ng/ml at the day of seizure.
Epilepsy-Aphasia Syndrome in Children: An Unusual Presentation to Psychiatry*
Authors: White H. , Sreenivasan U. 
Published: April 2017

This paper describes the psychiatric and clinical manifestations of the epilepsy-aphasia syndrome which occurs in children. In 1957, Landau and Kleffner reported the development of receptive and expressive aphasia at 5 to 6 years of age, in six children with normal language development at that time. Since this first report, further accounts of acquired language disabilities associated with EEG abnormalities have appeared. However, the clinical syndrome remains ill defined and its pathophysiology is poorly understood. There are no reported cases of this syndrome presenting initially to psychiatry. This paper reports a child who presented to psychiatry with severe aggression associated with the clinical syndrome of epilepsy-aphasia. The discussion examines the relationships between the aggressive behavior and the EEG findings and aphasia.
Belegaled: Mental Health and the Law in the United States, 1986
Authors: Rappeport Jonas R. 
Published: April 2017

Kenneth Gray, an attorney as well as a psychiatrist, was the leader in the development of law and psychiatry in Canada prior to his death in 1970. He lived during the post WWII years which saw a phenomenal growth of psychiatry as well as the beginnings of the modern era of a renewed concern for human rights. This later concern has caused the belegalment of many areas of psychiatric practice. Kenneth Gray would have to learn a new set of rules for commitment, the use of ECT and informed consent. He would discover that a patient has a right to treatment that must be buttressed by an individual treatment plan. He would discover that a committed patient has a right to refuse treatment and that some courts in the United States have said that anti-psychotic medications are mind-altering and thus an invasion of the patients 1st amendment rights. He would see untreated refusing patients languishing in the hospital or the homeless mentally ill on the streets because of restrictive commitment laws. As an attorney he would also be concerned about the proposed solution to the homeless, outpatient commitment. He certainly would have been impressed with some of the recent decisions in the United States on our duty to warn or protect known and unknown victims. Seeing patients’ advocates on the hospital wards would be a real surprise to him. These controls on the practice of psychiatry for the protection of our patients cut both ways. Dr. Gray's medical/legal education would be tested to its full.
Improving the Income Support of the Chronically Mentally Ill: A Model Program to Address the Needs of the Ex-Psychiatric Patient
Authors: Boydell Katherine M. , Trainor John N. 
Published: April 2017

Interest in developing support services for the long-term mentally ill has increased in recent years. One of the most important aspects of support essential to the basic community survival of the chronic patient is income maintenance. Unfortunately, support in this area has been declining for this population. The purpose of this paper is to briefly outline the decline in the overall well-being of patients who rely on social assistance, describe a model income maintenance program established in a provincial psychiatric hospital, and, to evaluate the program's success in alleviating the financial problems of the long-term mentally ill. The income maintenance program described has proven to be a successful method of improving the economic situation of the long-term mentally ill. In its first 30 months of operation, the income status of over 3,000 patients has been systematically reviewed and 77% of those eligible have been converted to higher social assistance rates. The conversion has resulted in a 30 to 40% increase in income for the patients involved. The program has also contributed to improved relations with hospital staff and social assistance offices.
Criminalization of the Mentally Ill: Part II. Initial Detention
Authors: Arboleda-Florez J. , Holley H.L. 
Published: April 2017

In 1939 Penrose explained the correlation between crime and mental illness in terms of an administrative rather than an etiological link. Penrose's theory encompasses the idea that social standards for defining aberrant behaviour change as do the administrative facilities designed to control such behaviour. Social groups cope with individuals who display undesirable behaviour in one of two ways. They define the behaviour as incompetent and invoke the mental health system or they define the behaviour as criminal and employ the jail. Penrose documented an inverse relationship between these facilities whereby the population of mental hospitals increases as the population of jails decreases, and vice versa, depending on the prevailing laws, funding or stage of development of either system. The actual size of the population requiring institutional care, however, remains stable forcing individuals to transmigrate from one system to the other in order to obtain institutional support. Over the past two decades, increasing numbers of mentally ill have found their way into jails, however, little systematic evidence has been produced to document the process followed by these individuals as they move through the justice-correctional system, or how their psychiatric needs are met. The authors have conducted a prospective longitudinal investigation to document the transmigration † of mental patients through the criminal justice system and have followed a cohort of individuals arrested in the City of Calgary during the month of October, 1984. Arresting officers were asked to complete a special study form to identify individuals who, in their perception, displayed mentally disordered behaviour during the arrest. Arrest reports were also collected and demographic, clinical, and legal outcome variables were abstracted from the computerized files of the Department of the Solicitor General of Alberta.
Can Psychological Assessment Address Borderline Phenomena?
Authors: Wallace Jean E. , Martin Sandie 
Published: April 2017

Literature about psychological test findings in borderline disorders reflects changes in the meaning of the term and can be confusing when viewed from today's prespective. Most descriptions have referred to a concept of borderline schizophrenia. This paper reviews psychological assessment of borderline patients by means of the Rorschach, by using WAIS/Rorschach patterns, and, post-DSM-III, by using the MMPI. It focuses on the Rorschach's sensitivity to several dimensions relevant to borderline pathology. The concept that borderline disorders can include mild forms of affective and schizophrenic illness was examined by applying a Rorschach content scoring system to a borderline sample. The findings demonstrate Rorschach ability to identify borderline subtypes and offer independent validation of affective and schizotypal subtypes in the borderline realm.
Biological Markers in Borderline Personality Disorders: An Overview
Authors: Steiner Meir , Links Paul S. , Korzekwa Marilyn 
Published: April 2017

The state of knowledge in the area of suggested biological markers that may delineate subpopulations of patients with borderline personality disorders (BPD) is reviewed. There is widespread disagreement as to the specificity of these markers. The clinical implications of Axis I — Axis II, state vs. trait, acute vs. chronic, and definite vs. probable diagnoses, all seem to contribute to the confusion in this area. Some patients with BPD and with schizotypal personality disorders (SPD) share neuroendocrine abnormalities with affective disorders (AD) and schizophrenic (SCH)patients respectively. This interface and/or potential overlap between personality disorders (PD) and the major mental disorders is discussed with special reference to the DST, TRH/TSH test, and REM latency which have already been established as valuable biological markers for certain subtypes of depression. In contrast, biologic abnormalities observed in chronic schizophrenia are also present in some SPD patients. Current data are supportive of the hypothesis that some PD patients are independent whereas others are genetically related to the major mental disorders.
A Survey of Child Psychiatry Teaching in Canada
Authors: Macleod R.J. 
Published: April 2017

This article describes the findings of a survey of Child Psychiatry Training Programs conducted by the Education and Training Committee of the Canadian Academy of Child Psychiatry. The objectives of the Committee are identified to include teaching programs for career trainees, residents in general psychiatry, and special groups such as pediatric and family medicine residents. Information obtained on available programs for each group is outlined.
A Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Alprazolam and Desipramine in Depressed Outpatients
Authors: Remick Ronald A. , Keller F. Douglas , Buchanan R.A. , Gibson R.E. , Fleming J.A.E. 
Published: April 2017

Fifty-two adult depressed outpatients fulfilling Research Diagnostic Criteria for Definite Major Depressive Disorder were enrolled in a double-blind study comparing the antidepressant effects of alprazolam versus desipramine. Twenty-nine patients completed the seven week (one week placebo followed by six weeks of active drug) study. The mean daily dose of alprazolam and desipramine at study termination was 3.34 mg and 192 mg respectively. Based on psychometric ratings of depression (Hamilton Scale) and severity of illness (Clinical Global Impressions) there was no significant difference between alprazolam and desipramine at the end of six weeks of active drug treatment. Both medications were well tolerated with drowsiness being the most common side effect of alprazolam, and insomnia, dry mouth, and constipation, the complaints most associated with desipramine.
Psychiatric Epidemiology
Authors: Bland Roger C. 
Published: April 2017

In this paper, some of the basic concepts of epidemiology are presented. Their applicability to psychiatry is outlined, and the definitions of terms are given. Various methods of epidemiological investigation are discussed. The background for the development of recent prevalence studies, including advances in diagnostic methods and case ascertainment, are given in some detail, and some recent results are presented. Additional areas of investigation are discussed more briefly.
Beaumont's Contribution to Gastric Psychophysiology: A Reappraisal
Authors: Mai François M. 
Published: April 2017

William Beaumont's monograph on the physiology of digestion which was first published in 1833, has become a classic in its field. In a series of experiments over a 10 year period on Alexis St. Martin, a 19 year old Canadian voyageur with a traumatic gastric fistula, Beaumont was the first to describe many important aspects of the digestive process. In two of the 238 experiments Beaumont noted gastric physiological changes induced by emotional arousal, these being bile reflux and delayed gastric emptying. Elsewhere in the book, but not in experimental context, Beaumont referred to non-specific changes in coloration and secretion of the mucous membrane induced by emotion. Modern gastric psychophysiological research has shown that emotional arousal increases, and withdrawal decreases, gastric acid secretion. It has also been shown conclusively that emotion can cause a reflux of bile into the stomach and it may delay gastric emptying. Although the main thrust of Beaumont's work was physiological, he must be credited with being the first investigator to draw attention to the role of emotional arousal in the digestive process.
Traitement de la Schizophrénie: Vers une Nouvelle Synthèse des Données
Authors: Sidoun Paul , Lalonde Et Pierre 
Published: April 2017

One can say that a new approach of long-term treatment of schizophrenia is born. In the last years many authors developed a psychoeducational point of view based on the concept of expressed emotions. These works are quite unknown by the French psychiatrists. However, this new way of treating schizophrenics is a very complete pattern. It includes and integrates many datas from psychophysiology to family functioning and seems very promising. The main studies are presented and discussed here.
Dépression Majeure Chez L'Enfant: Validation du Syndrome et Traitement Pharmacologique
Authors: Goulet Jean 
Published: April 2017

The concept of childhood depression has been the object of controversies over many years. Recent developments have permitted rapid progress in many areas of research.The author offers an update on the validity of the diagnosis of major depression in childhood and on pharmacological treatment. He then attempts to delineate the uses and limitations of this therapeutic approach. In the latter part, practical advice on the use of drugs in childhood depression is given.
Family Background and Physical Health of Adolescents Admitted to an Inpatient Psychiatric Unit, I: Principal Caregivers
Authors: Merskey Helen S. , Swart G.T. 
Published: April 2017

A retrospective chart review of 100 consecutive adolescents discharged from a provincial psychiatric hospital adolescent unit was conducted. At the time of admission, eighty-four percent no longer lived with one or both of the biological parents. The children remained with the mother more often than with the father. However, boys who had lost their principal male caregiver more often acquired a new one, compared with girls. The latter tended to remain more in a single-mother home. Thirty jour patients were no longer in the care of either parent at admission. Seventy jour had a conduct disorder. Members of this group were more likely to have lost one or both parents. Recent loss of a parent seemed to be related to a combined diagnosis of depression and conduct disorder. Parental loss was not prominent among one class of the patients with conduct disorder — those with under-socialized aggressive disorders. The latter were often still in their intact biological family of origin, and in four instances they presented serious cases of aggressive actions in the absence of any history of parental deprivation.
DSM-III-R and the Phenomenology of Childhood Bereavement: A Review
Authors: Vida Stephen , Grizenko Natalie 
Published: April 2017

The literature on the phenomenology of childhood bereavement is reviewed. Several authors, particularly in the psychoanalytic literature, have suggested or supported the concept of “absence of grief” in children, based on the postulate that children are unable to tolerate the intense affects of mourning. More recently, systematic studies of nonclinical samples of bereaved children have found “absence of grief” to be uncommon, with most children in fact showing features such as sadness, crying, irritability, and a wide variety of other affective and behavioural symptoms. There does not appear to be a coherent syndrome of childhood bereavement, although tentative associations have been found between some phenomenological features and various child-related, family-related, societal, and circumstantial factors. The level of overall psychological adjustment after parental loss is both variable and controversial. Several tentative predictors of adverse reactions have been described. The possible place of childhood bereavement in current nosology is discussed. Preliminary evidence suggests that the phenomenology of childhood bereavement differs considerably from the DSM-III-R description of “uncomplicated bereavement.” Recent evidence suggests that the DSM-III-R concept of uncomplicated bereavement needs to be expanded to include many of the affective and behavioural features of childhood bereavement, although confirmatory controlled research is required. Suggestions for improvement of research designs are made.
Suicidal Attempts by Ingestion of Various Substances in 2050 Children and Adolescents in Greece
Authors: Papathomopoulos Evangelos , Vlachos Pavlos , Kalamara Demetra , Papadatos Constantinos 
Published: April 2017

This study investigates suicidal attempts by ingestion of drugs or other chemicals in 2050 children and adolescents (312 boys and 1738 girls) under seventeen years of age as seen over a six year period, 1977–1982, at the Poison Control Center, “P.A. Kyriakou” Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece. Demographic, clinical, psychosocial and cultural data were presented and discussed. It is the authors' opinion that more attention should be paid to the increased incidence of suicidal attempts in younger persons and therefore the urgent need for early recognition and prevention of this event is necessary. This is the first broad study of its kind in Greece which reflects a segment of the psycho-biosocial developments in this country.