bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The free healthcare initiative in Sierra Leone: Evaluating a health system reform, 2010‐2015
Authors: Witter Sophie , Brikci Nouria , Harris Tim , Williams Richard , Keen Sarah , Mujica Ana , Jones Alex , Murray‐Zmijewski Alex , Bale Barbara , Leigh Bailah , Renner Ade 
Published: January 2018

SummaryThis article presents the findings of a theory‐based evaluation of the Sierra Leone Free Health Care Initiative (FHCI), using mixed methods. Analytical approaches included time‐series analysis of national survey data to examine mortality and morbidity trends, as well as modelling of impact using the Lives Saved Tool and expenditure trend analysis. We find that the FHCI responded to a clear need in Sierra Leone, was well designed to bring about needed changes in the health system to deliver services to the target beneficiaries, and did indeed bring funds and momentum to produce important systemic reforms. However, its ambition was also a risk, and weaknesses in implementation have been evident in a number of core areas, such as drugs supply. We conclude that the FHCI was one important factor contributing to improvements in coverage and equity of coverage of essential services for mothers and children. Modelled cost‐effectiveness is high—in the region of US$ 420 to US$ 444 per life year saved. The findings suggest that even—or perhaps especially—in a weak health system, a reform‐like fee removal, if tackled in a systematic way, can bring about important health system gains that benefit vulnerable groups in particular.
Stigma and unmet sexual and reproductive health needs among international migrant sex workers at the Mexico–Guatemala border
Authors: Rocha‐Jiménez Teresita , Morales‐Miranda Sonia , Fernández‐Casanueva Carmen , Brouwer Kimberly C. , Goldenberg Shira M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo explore international migrant sex workers' experiences and narratives pertaining to the unmet need for and access to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) at the Mexico–Guatemala border.MethodsAn inductive qualitative analysis was conducted based on ethnographic fieldwork (2012–2015) including participant observation and audio‐recorded in‐depth interviews. The participants were female sex workers aged 18 years or older and international migrants working at the Mexico–Guatemala border.ResultsIn total, 31 women were included. The greatest areas of unmet need included accessible, affordable, and nonstigmatizing access to contraception and treatment of sexually transmitted infections. On both sides of the border, poor information about the health systems, services affordability, and perceived stigma resulted in barriers to access SRH services, with women preferring to access private doctors in their destination country or delaying uptake of until their next trip home. Financial barriers prevented women from accessing needed services, with most only receiving SRH services in their destination country through public health regulations surrounding sex work or as urgent care.ConclusionsThere is a crucial need to avoid prioritizing vertical disease‐specific services and to promote access to rights‐based SRH services for migrant sex workers in both home and destination settings.
Identification and Characterization of Mononuclear Phagocytes Isolated From Rat Testicular Interstitial Tissues
Authors: Miller Scott C , Bowman Beth M , Roberts Lee K 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Rat testicular interstitial tissues contain numerous mononuclear phagocytelike cells. Dispersed testicular tissues are allowed to settle onto a glass substrate and the strongly adherent cells are identified as the same cells that have been described in vivo, based on the retention of an in vivo marker (plutonium). These putative testicular intersitial tissue macrophages (TIMs) have adhesion and cell surface features characteristic of mononuclear phagocytes, as determined by scanning electron microscopy. Immediately after isolation from testicular tissues. TIMs show a strong staining reaction for nonspecific esterase. These cells have Fc and complement receptors and some express la cell- surface antigens. About two thirds of the TIMs phagocytose sheep red blood cells and most of the cells are capable of nonspecific phagocytosis of polystyrene beads. This study demonstrates that the phagocytic cells found in testicular interstitial tissues have morphological, histochemical, phagocytic, and immunological properties characteristic of functionally active mononuclear phagocytes. These results suggest that these resident mononuclear phagocytes may play a role in immune-related functions in the testis.
Activation of a NADPH Oxidase From Horse Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes in a Cell- Free System
Authors: Heyneman R A , Vercauteren R E 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
A postnuclear cell fraction from resting horse polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes incubated with fatty acid-salt ions such as oleate or linoleate generated a NADPH-dependent oxygen consumption and superoxide production. Oxidative activity was negligible or absent in the postnuclear fraction from mononuclear leukocytes, p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonic acid-treated granulocytes, and granulocytes from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease. Although consistently associated with the membrane fraction from resting PMN leukocytes, the superoxide-generating activity was shown to be dependent on a thus far unknown cytosolic constituent. The apparent Km's for NADPH and NADH (66 and 1,600 µM, respectively), the pH optimum for the reaction (7.0), the cyanide insensitivity, and transient nature of the reaction together with the stoichiometric relationship between oxygen uptake and NADPH oxidation led to the conclusion that in the presence of cytosol a cell-free latent respiratory burst oxidase can be converted into an active enzyme by interaction with oleate micelles.
Secretion of Macrophage-Derived Growth Factor During Acute Lung Injury Induced by Bleomycin
Authors: Kovacs Elizabeth J , Kelley Jason 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Monocytes are capable of producing a growth factor which causes fibroblasts to replicate in vitro. This macrophage-derived growth factor (MDGF) may be particularly important in controlling the proliferation of mesenchymal cells in the pulmonary interstitium following acute lung injury. To evaluate the role of macrophages in modulating the proliferative capacity of fibroblasts, we added serum-free culture medium from lavage-derived rat lung macrophages to confluent monolayers of quiescent adult rat lung fibroblasts and monitored their return to the cell cycle both by 3H-thymidine incorporation and by increases in cell number. Growth factor activity secreted in 24 h by untreated macrophages was compared to that from normal macrophages stimulated in vitro by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and from macrophages retrieved from lungs injured by intratracheal administration of bleomycin. Unstimulated macrophages from control animals secreted minimal amounts of MDGF; addition of LPS to normal macrophages increased MDGF secretion 3- to 4-fold. Adherent cells obtained by lung lavage of bleomycin-treated animals spontaneously secreted near maximal levels of nondialyzable MDGF with little further stimulation by LPS. The MDGF secreted by LPS-stimulated control cells and by macrophages retrieved from injured lungs share identical elution profiles from DEAE-Sepha- cel anionic exchange columns, and heat stability profiles. The substance acts as a competence factor when tested on rat lung fibroblasts. These shared physical and biologic properties suggest that the growth factor secreted by cells lavaged from injured lungs is identical to MDGF secreted in response to LPS. Because MDGF release could not be induced by direct exposure of freshly isolated macrophages to bleomycin, we suggest that augmented release of MDGF is an indirect feature of acute lung injury in this model.
Endothelial Cells Enhance the Human Pokeweed Mitogen Lymphocyte Response
Authors: Shanahan William R , Weston Donna M , Korn Joseph H 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The effect of endothelial cells (EC) on lymphocyte mitogen responses was examined. Irradiated or mitomycin C treated EC were co-cultured with allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM), and proliferative responses to pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were assessed by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Compared to lymphocyte responses in the absence of EC, EC co-culture enhanced PWM responses at 72 hours by 55 ± 28%, 103 ± 24%, and 96 ± 9% at EC:PBM ratios of 1:30, 1:10, and 1:3, respectively. The EC co-culture also resulted in signficant lymphocyte responses to otherwise submitogenic doses of PWM (10−4μ g/ml) as well as an accelerated kinetics of response. There was no effect of EC on PHA responses. The EC effect appeared not to require cell contact for its expression; however, supernates of EC cultures were not capable of reproducing the effect. On a cell-for-cell basis, EC were more potent in enhancing responses of adherent-cell-depleted lymphocytes than either allogeneic or syngeneic monocytes. Fibroblasts could not substitute for EC in enhancing PWM response, suggesting that the effect was not a nonspecific feeder phenomenon. The EC may play a role in modulating some immune responses in vivo, especially those occurring in areas of inflammation, neovascularization, and endothelial cell proliferation.
Enzyme Histochemical Comparison of Biomphalaria glabrata Amebocytes With Human Granuloma Macrophages
Authors: McKerrow James H , Jeong Kathleen H , Beckstead Jay H 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In fresh water snails, amebocytes are the principal cells that react to parasitic infection. Ultrastructurally, amebocytes resemble mammalian macrophages. To clarify the relationship between amebocytes and macrophages, we compared the histochemical staining for seven enzymes in Biomphalaria glabrata snail amebocytes, both in the amebocyte-producing organ (APO) and in the encapsulation reaction formed around parasite sporocysts with the staining in macrophages from the lymph nodes of patients with sarcoid or tuberculosis. Snails were infected with Echinostoma paraensei and Schistosoma mansoni miracidia. APOs and ventricular tissue with encapsulated parasites were fixed and embedded in glycol methacrylate monomer. Hardened blocks were sectioned at 2 μ m and stained for alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, α- naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE), ATPase, peroxidase, 5′nucleotidase, and chloroacetate esterase. The amebocyte-producing organ contained cells that were positive for acid phosphatase, ANAE, and ATPase. Amebocytes in the capsules formed around echinostome sporocysts showed stronger staining for the same three enzymes. Capsules did not form around schistosome sporocysts, but the connective tissue around them contained numerous amebocytes that were also positive for these three enzymes. The amebocyte enzyme histochemistry resembled that in human granuloma macrophages, but differed from that in neutrophils. The increased expression of enzymes in amebocytes involved in the encapsulation reaction as compared to those in the APO was reminiscent of the alterations observed when human monocytes convert to tissue macrophages. These studies support the hypothesis that the amebocyte is an “invertebrate macrophage.”
Effects of N-NitrosodimethyIamine on Cell-Mediated Immunity
Authors: Holsapple Michael P , Bick Peter H , Duke Scherer S 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) exposure altered the cell-mediated immune response of B6C3F1 adult female mice as assessed by several immunological assays. Following 14 daily exposures (i.p.) to 1.5, 3.0, or 5.0 mg DMN/kg, mice exhibited a depression in their lymphoproliferative response to the T-cell mitogens concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin, and in their mixed lymphocyte response to mitomycin-treated DBA-2 spleen cells. The delayed hypersensitivity response (DHR) to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), as measured by vascular permeability changes, was decreased by over 50% at the 5.0-mg/kg dose. When the DHR to KLH was measured by an influx of endogenously 125l- iododeoxyuridine (lUdR)-labelled monocytes, there was a 300% increase in the response of the 5.0-mg-DMN/kg group. Adoptive transfer studies using exogenously radiolabeled (51Cr) bone marrow cells from either vehicle- or DMN-treated (5 mg/kg) donors indicated a &gt;60% reduction in the DHR to KLH in DMN-treated mice (5.0 mg/kg level) regardless of the donor treatment. Animals exposed to DMN exhibited a decreased susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes. The dichotomy in the results of the KLH DHR measured by monocyte influx and the increased resistance to the bacterial challenge were interpreted to reflect an effect on bone marrow. The numbers of granulocyte/ monocyte stem cells were increased in a dose-related fashion in bone marrow from DMN-treated mice. The results indicate that DMN-treatment impairs cell- mediated immunity while increasing the number of bone marrow cells differentiating to form granulocytes or monocytes with an apparent enhancement in functional activity.
Intracellular Activation of Human and Rodent Macrophages by Human Lymphokines Encapsulated in Liposomes
Authors: Kleinerman Eugenie S , Fogler William E , Fidler Isaiah J 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Cell-free culture supernatant fluids rich in macrophage-activating factor (MAF) activity were obtained from mitogen-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (MNL). The MAF preparations were incubated with human peripheral blood monocytes, rat alveolar macrophages (AM), and mouse peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEM). Only human monocytes were rendered tumorilytic against the human A375 melanoma cells, whereas rat AM or mouse PEM were not activated to lyse their respective syngeneic tumor targets. In contrast, once entrapped in multilamellar liposomes, the human MAF activated the human and rodent macrophages to become tumoricidal. The MAF activity was not due to contamination with endotoxins nor to the presence of gamma interferon. These data suggest that in contrast to macrophage surface receptors, which are species specific, the intracellular target sites for human MAF may cross species barriers.
Localization and Characterization of Macrophages in Murine Uterus
Authors: Hunt Joan S , Manning Linda S , Mitchell Deanna , Selanders Jean R , Wood Gary W 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Macrophages are known to be present in the murine uterus and are known to be among those cells comprising the uterine decidual response to pregnancy. The extent of macrophage involvement in the decidual response has not been documented, and there are unresolved questions regarding expression of markers normally associated with macrophages on cells within the decidua.
Using tissue immunohistology, macrophages were identified in virgin and pregnant murine uteri. A significant increase in macrophage density was noted during all stages of pregnancy. When uteri from virgin and pregnant mice were enzymatically digested, 10% of uterine cells from virgin and 22% from pregnant mice expressed macrophage markers (binding of rabbit antimouse macrophage serum, Fc γ receptor expression). Double labeling immunofluorescence demonstrated that the two markers were associated with the same cells. Those results were confirmed in “panning” experiments using a monoclonal antimouse macrophage reagent. In cell suspensions from pregnant murine (C3H/HeN) uteri, 50% of cells exhibiting macrophage markers were I-Ak positive, and macrophages accounted for nearly all I-Ak positive cells in uterine cell suspensions. The results of this study demonstrate that the murine decidual response to pregnancy includes an increase in Fc γ receptor-bearing macrophages and that a relatively high percentage of those macrophages are la positive.
In Vitro Antiviral Properties of Endotoxin-Activated Rat Kupffer Cells
Authors: Keller Françoise , Wild Marie-Thérèse , Kirn André 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Kupffer cells isolated from the liver of normal rats were checked for their antiviral activities. The intrinsic antiviral effect against vaccinia virus was high whether the cells were activated in vitro with endotoxin or not. The expression of the extrinsic antiviral activity measured by mixing isolated Kupffer cells with vaccinia-virus-infected target cells was remarkably enhanced by prior treatment of the Kupffer cells with LPS. Interferon was shown to be not responsible for that inhibitory activity. Different experimental data suggest that the virus replication in the target cells is blocked at a late stage in the replication cycle.
Enhanced Activity of the Macrophage-Like Cell Line J774.1 Following Exposure to Gamma Radiation
Authors: Gallin Elaine K , Green Spencer W , Sheehy Paul A 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Exposure of the macrophage-like cell line J774.1 to 20 gray of cobalt-60 gamma radiation resulted in a block of tritiated thymidine incorporation, along with an increase in cell “activation,” as assessed by increases in lysosomal enzyme and ectoenzyme content, PMA-induced H2O2 production, and NBT staining, ingestion of E(IgG), spreading, and membrane ruffling. These changes are evident within 1 day postradiation and peak at 4 days postradiation.
The Motile Response of Lung Macrophages: Theoretical and Experimental Approaches Using the Linear Under-Agarose Assay
Authors: Stickle Douglas F , Lauffenburger Douglas A , Daniele Ronald P 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The alveolar macrophage plays an important role in the lung's defense against inhaled particles, but few studies have addressed the motile behavior of these cells. In this study, we measured alveolar macrophage random motility using a modification of the under-agarose assay. The cells were exposed to a uniform concentration of F-norleucyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FNLLP) in an agarose system, establishing conditions for stimulated random motility (or chemokinesis). Experimental results were compared with a theoretical model of cell migration. In this model, chemokinesis was expressed as a random motility coefficient, μ, which is the cellular equivalent of a diffusion coefficient for a molecule. The experimental data that described the migration of alveolar macrophages (density profiles) agreed well with the theoretical model. The random motility coefficient ranged from 1 × 10−9 cm2/sec (no FNLLP) to a maximum of 1 × 10−8 cm2/sec at 10−9 M FNLLP. For concentrations of FNLLP greater than 10−9 M, the random motility decreased to a constant value of 3 × 10−9 cm2/sec. The maximum random motility response was observed at an FNLLP concentration one order of magnitude below the measured FNLLP equilibrium dissociation constant, Kd, of 6 × 10−8 M for alveolar macrophages and was essentially constant over a large range of FNLLP concentrations on either side of the Kd value. These results suggest that such a combined experimental and theoretical approach 1) reduces the limitation of previous techniques that depended largely on physical characteristics of the assay and 2) more closely identifies and measures intrinsic properties of cell motility.
Characterization of Human Mononuclear Cells Using Reduced Pyridine Nucleotide Fluorescence and Flow Cytometry
Authors: Bender James G , Van Epps Dennis E , Steinkamp John A 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Peripheral blood monocytes undergo an oxidative burst similar to that seen in neutrophils. The basis for this response appears to be an NAD(P)H oxidase that utilizes reduced NAD(P)H to form superoxide anion. We utilized the unique UV-stimulated fluorescence property of reduced pyridine nucleotides to analyze NAD(P)H utilization in monocytes. UV-stimulated fluorescence in mononuclear cell preparations indicated two populations of cells with the highly fluorescent cells having a Coulter volume consistent with that of monocytes. Dual laser analysis with monoclonal antibodies confirmed that these highly fluorescent cells are monocytes by showing them to be OKM1 +, Leu DR +, and anti-monocyte 0.2 +. Natural killer (NK) cells, as defined by Leu 7, were not found in this highly fluorescent population. Stimulation of mononuclear cells with phorbol myristate acetate caused a fluorescence loss indicative of NAD(P)H oxidation in monocytes but not in lymphocytes. Stimulation with suboptimal concentrations of PMA (1–5 ng/ml) resulted in a dose-dependent fluorescence loss in monocytes that occurred in an all-or-none fashion identical to the pattern observed in neutrophils. Simultaneous measurement of H2O2 production using dichlorofluorescein formation with NAD(P)H fluorescence indicates that oxidant production occurs in a graded manner. This method, then, provides a convenient way to study in single cells the metabolic events involved in depletion and replenishment of NAD(P)H during the oxidative burst and demonstrates an additional means by which to distinguish monocytes from lymphocytes using flow cytometry.
The Effect of Gamma Interferon on IL-1 Secretion of In Vitro Differentiated Human Macrophages
Authors: Haq Amin U , Rinehart John J , Maca Richard D 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
After being cultured overnight, human monocytes lose their ability to secrete interleukin-1 (IL-1) when stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, when these monocytes were cultured for up to 9 days with various concentrations of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), these cells were found to retain their ability to secrete appreciable amounts of IL-1 on LPS stimulation. However, the effect was observed only if the monocytes were exposed to the IFN before LPS stimulation and simultaneous addition of IFN and LPS to macrophages was ineffective. This effect of IFN-gamma was related to the concentration of IFN added to the cultures and was completely neutralized by a monoclonal antibody to IFN-gamma. In addition to inducing IL-1 secretion, IFN-gamma also appeared to increase the overall production of IL-1, since reinduction of IL-1 secretion was not associated with a decrease in intracellular IL-1 content. When these macrophages were initially cultured with IFN-gamma, washed, and further cultured with IFN free medium, these macrophages were found to progressively lose their capacity to secrete IL-1 in response to LPS. Conversely, when monocytes were initially cultured in medium free of IFN, washed, and then further cultured in new medium, but now containing IFN-gamma, these macrophages were found to regain their capacity to secrete IL-1. However, the amount of reinduced IL-1 secretion decreased as the length of the initial culture period without IFN increased, with less than optimal IL-1 secretion occurring if monocytes were allowed to mature for 6 days before IFN-gamma pretreatment. In summary, these studies suggest that IFN-gamma may be important in enhancing IL-1 production and secretion by maturing macrophages and tissue macrophages and consequently may play a role in regulating the accessory cell activity of these cells for a variety of immune responses in vivo.