bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theory of the jitter radiation in a magnetized plasma accompanying a temperature gradient
Authors: Hattori Makoto , Fujiki Kazushiro 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The linear stability of a magnetized plasma accompanying a temperature gradient is reexamined by using plasma kinetic theory. We propose that the anisotropic velocity distribution function should be decomposed into two components. One is proportional to the temperature gradient parallel to the background magnetic field. The other is proportional to the temperature gradient perpendicular to the background magnetic field. Since the amplitude of the anisotropic velocity distribution function is proportional to the heat conductivity, and the heat conductivity perpendicular to the magnetic field is strongly reduced, the first component of the anisotropic velocity distribution function is predominant. The anisotropic velocity distribution function induced by the temperature gradient along the background magnetic field drives plasma kinetic instability and circular polarized magnetic plasma waves are excited. We show that the instability is almost identical to the Weibel instability in the weakly magnetized plasma. However, in the case of the instability caused by the temperature gradient, whether wave vectors of modes are parallel to or antiparallel to the background magnetic field, the growth rate of one mode is suppressed and the growth rate of the other mode is enhanced due to the background magnetic field. In the strongly magnetized plasma, one mode is stabilized and only one of the modes remains unstable. The formulae for the jitter radiation spectrum emitted by relativistic electrons when they travel through the magnetized plasma with the plasma waves driven by the instability are deduced at the first time. We show that the synchrotron emission and the jitter radiation are simultaneously emitted from the same relativistic electron. The jitter radiation is expected to be circularly polarized but with a very small polarization degree since almost the same amounts of left-handed and right-handed circular polarized magnetic waves are excited by the instability.
Discrimination betweenOnchocerca volvulusandO. ochengifilarial larvae inSimulium damnosum(s.l.) and their distribution throughout central Ghana using a versatile high-resolution speciation assay
Authors: Doyle Stephen R. , Armoo Samuel , Renz Alfons , Taylor Mark J , Osei-Atweneboana Mike Yaw , Grant Warwick N 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundGenetic surveillance of the human filarial parasite,Onchocerca volvulus, from onchocerciasis endemic regions will ideally focus on genotyping individual infective larval stages collected from their intermediate host, Simuliid blackflies. However, blackflies also transmit otherOnchocercaspecies, including the cattle parasiteO. ochengi, which are difficult to distinguish from the human parasite based on morphological characteristics alone. This study describes a versatile approach to discriminate betweenO. volvulusandO. ochengithat is demonstrated using parasite infective larvae dissected from blackflies.ResultsA speciation assay was designed based on genetic differentiation betweenO. volvulusandO. ochengimitochondrial genome sequences that can be performed in highthroughput high-resolution melt (HRM)- or lower throughput conventional restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses. This assay was validated on 185Onchocercalarvae dissected from blackflies captured from 14 communities in Ghana throughout 2011-13. The frequency ofO. ochengiwas approximately 67 % of all larvae analysed, which is significantly higher than previously reported in this region. Furthermore, the species distribution was not uniform throughout the study region, with 25 %, 47 % and 93 % ofO. volvulusbeing found in the western-most (Black Volta, Tain and Tombe), the central (Pru) and eastern-most (Daka) river basins, respectively.ConclusionsThis tool provides a simple and cost-effective approach to determine the identity and distribution of twoOnchocercaspecies, and will be valuable for future genetic studies that focus on parasites collected from blackflies. The results presented highlight the need to discriminateOnchocercaspecies in transmission studies, as the frequency of each species varied significantly between the communities studied.
The contribution of privatization and competition in the education system to the development of an informal management culture in schools.
A case study in Israel
Authors: Klein Joseph , Shimoni-Hershkoviz Lizi 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
Regulation and privatization of education systems has led to a “league standing” mentality regarding school achievements. The present study examines how school principals deal with the pressures of competition and achievements while aspiring to imbue pupils with values and a broad education.

Design/methodology/approach
12 high school principals were interviewed about external demands imposed on them, their educational policy and modes of operation.

Findings
Publicly, school supervisors advocate a balance between core studies and education for values and enrichment. Informally they pressure principals to allocate maximal resources to preparing for high risk tests at the expense of other educational activities. School administrators and teachers, while dissatisfied with this approach, maintain a covert informal culture that concentrates mainly on external test achievements, which contrasts to their public value-rich educational vision, and undertake actions that raise educational, management and ethical questions.

Research limitations/implications
Understanding school culture requires a grasp of informal external pressures on school staffs and their influence on the gap between a school’s declared and actual policies.

Practical implications
Placing the schools’ informal culture on the research agenda will increase institutional transparency and may contribute to a greater correspondence between school visions advocating knowledge and values, and the policy actually implemented.

Originality/value
Raising this subject for discussion may contribute to a demand for more transparency in how schools allocate their resources. It may also help to increase the correspondence between the values and vision promulgated by schools and the educational policy they actually implement.
The patient
'
s voice in health and social care professional education
Authors: Towle Angela , Farrell Christine , Gaines Martha E , Godolphin William , John Gabrielle , Kline Cathy , Lown Beth , Morris Penny , Symons Jools , Thistlethwaite Jill 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to present a statement about the involvement of patients in the education of health and social care professionals developed at an international conference in November 2015. It aims to describe the current state and identify action items for the next five years.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper describes how patient involvement in education has developed as a logical consequence of patient and public participation in health care and health research. It summarizes the current state of patient involvement across the continuum of education and training, including the benefits and barriers. It describes how the conference statement was developed and the outcome.

Findings
– The conference statement identifies nine priorities for action in the areas of policy, recognition and support, innovation, research and evaluation, and dissemination and knowledge exchange.

Originality/value
– The conference statement represents the first time that an international and multidisciplinary group has worked together to assemble in a single document specific priorities for action to embed the patient’s voice in health professional education.
What patients do and their impact on implementation
Authors: Boaz Annette , Robert Glenn , Locock Louise , Sturmey Gordon , Gager Melanie , Vougioukalou Sofia , Ziebland Sue , Fielden Jonathan 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
– The potential for including patients in implementation processes has received limited attention in the literature. The purpose of this paper is to explore the different roles adopted by 63 patients that emerged during and after four participatory quality improvement interventions, and the nature of their impact upon implementation processes and outcomes.

Design/methodology/approach
– A cross-case ethnographic comparison of Experience-based Co-design in two clinical pathways in two UK NHS Trusts.

Findings
– Two key themes emerge from the data. First, the authors found a range of different roles adopted by patients within and across the four projects; some were happy to share their experiences, others also helped to identify improvement priorities alongside staff whilst others were also involved in developing potential solutions with the staff who had cared for them. A few participants also helped implement those solutions and became “experts by experience” through engaging in the whole co-design process. Second, in terms of the impact of patient engagement with the co-design process whilst the changes championed by patients and carers were often small scale, as co-designers patients provided innovative ideas and solutions. Through their involvement and contributions they also acted as catalysts for broader change in the attitudes of staff by providing a motivation for wider organisational and attitudinal changes.

Research limitations/implications
– The research was conducted in two clinical pathways in two NHS trusts. However, the findings complement and add to the growing body of knowledge on experience based co-design.

Practical implications
– Patient engagement is likely to require support and facilitation to ensure that patients can play a meaningful role as partners and co-designers in service improvement and implementation. Different roles suited particular individuals, with participants stepping in and out of the co-design process at various stages as suited their needs, capacities and (albeit sometimes perceptions re) skills. In this context, facilitation needs to be sensitive to individual needs and flexible to support involvement.

Social implications
– Patients and carers can play active roles in service improvement, particularly where the approach facilitate active engagement as co-designers.

Originality/value
– Analysis of the role patients and carers in implementation and improvement.
Individual intellectual capital versus collective intellectual capital in a meta-organization
Authors: Vale José , Branco Manuel Castelo , Ribeiro João 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to discuss and analyse how intellectual capital (IC) is created and deteriorated in a meta-organization by assessing the interdependency between the collective IC of the meta-organization and the individual IC of its members.

Design/methodology/approach
– A case study conducted in a seaport is adopted to explore how creation or deterioration of IC at one level of analysis affects the IC at the other. Four different illustrations are provided, depicting different instances of articulation between both types of IC.

Findings
– Evidence suggests that, in a meta-organization, IC appears as a function of both individual and collective IC dimensions. Changes in the meta-organization’s IC or in its members’ IC may have different impacts on each other, generating intellectual assets or intellectual liabilities at both levels. Evidence also suggests that those changes in IC should be analysed in a longitudinal way, since both levels affect each other in different ways over time.

Research limitations/implications
– Despite the validity of the interpretations provided in the context of the case study, generalization to other situations should be conducted only in a theoretically framed manner.

Practical implications
– This study provides important strategic and managerial implications for meta-organizations and their members, who are concerned with their performance.

Originality/value
– Although there have been some efforts to apply the traditional IC methodologies to a bigger scope, such as regions or nations, some meso level empirical contexts are yet far unexplored, such as the case of meta-organizations. Furthermore there is a gap in management sciences’ research on seaports.
Managing intellectual capital through a collective intelligence approach
Authors: Secundo Giustina , Dumay John , Schiuma Giovanni , Passiante Giuseppina 
Published: April 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to provide a new framework for managing intellectual capital (IC) inside a university considering the collective intelligence perspective.Design/methodology/approach– The research method uses the fourth stage of IC research and adopts the collective intelligence approach. The underlying assumption behind the framework is to consider the university as a collective intelligence system in which the tangible and intellectual assets are coordinated towards the achievement of strategic goals.Findings– The conceptual framework for IC management harnesses the power of IC, collectively created by the engagement of multiple stakeholders inside the university network. The main components are the final goal of a university (what); the collective human capital to achieve the goal (who); the processes activated inside the university (how); and finally the motivations behind the achievement of the goal (why).Research limitations/implications– The research is exploratory and the framework offers opportunities for refinement. Future research is needed to verify the application of the framework to other organisations in the public sector intended as collective intelligence systems. A new perspective for managing IC in universities adopting the collective intelligence approach is developed. Contribution to the fourth stage (ecosystem) of IC research is highlighted, expanding the concept of IC value creation beyond the university into wider society.Practical implications– The framework can be used to manage IC strategically in all the systems interpreted as collective intelligence systems in which the role of IC creation from multiple actors is relevant. This makes possible the understanding of how IC helps create value for the society and the region in which the university operates.Originality/value– The originality of the paper is in bringing together issues usually dealt within the literature in separate domains, such as IC management and collective intelligence perspective. The concept of collective intelligence remains an unexplored field in relation to IC management in the public sector. The collective intelligence approach provides a novel contribution to managing IC and is intended to inspire future research.
Do all elements of intellectual capital matter for organizational performance? Evidence from Russian context
Authors: Andreeva Tatiana , Garanina Tatiana 
Published: April 2016

Purpose– Intellectual capital (IC) has been argued to be the key element of value creation in contemporary economies and this argument has been widely supported by empirical research, but mainly based on data from developed markets. The question of how IC and its elements work in other contexts remains under-researched and the limited empirical evidence that exists contradicts the conclusions drawn from developed countries. The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical insight into the relationship between three main elements of IC (human, relational and structural) and organizational performance in the particular context of Russian manufacturing companies.Design/methodology/approach– The sample comprises 240 Russian manufacturing companies. The data are collected by survey using the scales already validated in the international context. The authors use a two-step analysis – factor and regression analyses – to answer the research questions.Findings– The findings demonstrate that structural and human capitals positively influence organizational performance, explaining a quarter of its variation, while relational capital does not.Practical implications– The core managerial implication of this study is that developing structural capital is of particular importance for Russian manufacturing companies.Originality/value– The paper contributes to further development of IC theory by investigating its application in the new institutional and cultural context of Russia.
The “Dean’s Squeeze” revisited: a contextual approach
Authors: Alajoutsijärvi Kimmo , Kettunen Kerttu 
Published: April 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework for identifying the primary tensions that business school dean’s encounter when moving between different university contexts.Design/methodology/approach– The paper is part of a larger research project on the development of business schools. This conceptual paper builds on the studies and personal experiences of business schools and their management in a number of different countries, primarily in Europe, North America, Asia, and the Middle East.Findings– The present study argues that as a response to the increasing corporatization of higher education, the university sector has fragmented into at least three identifiable contexts: the traditional research university, the academic capitalist university, and the corporate university. The authors conclude that the match between a dean’s worldview and the university context ultimately determines the appropriateness, survival, and success of deanship.Practical implications– The paper provides practical suggestions for managing business schools. Given that “good” leadership is always context dependent, no single deanship would fit for all business schools. As an outcome, both deans and the selection committees making decisions regarding their recruitment should be sensitive to their worldviews originating from the university contexts in which they previously worked.Originality/value– Emphasizing a contextual approach to business school leadership, this paper proposes a new typology of deanship situations.
Economic geography and multipolar strategies: an empirical analysis
Authors: Caiazza Rosa , Ferrara Graziella 
Published: April 2016

Purpose– In the last years global economy has become more integrated and multidirectional. Thus, in a world characterized by multiples center of economic power, firms need to define multipolar strategies based on geographical diversification in several countries that makes them able to compete with everyone, from everywhere and for everything. Despite of the relevance of such strategies, literature on this topic is almost absent. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approach– Considering the exploratory nature of the research objectives, the authors present a case study for highlighting the main challenges of cross-border M & A under multipolar-world pressures.Findings– The paper evidences new trends in economic geography and multipolar strategies.Originality/value– The paper offers a new perspective on multipolar strategies.
Organizations workforce demographic age preferences: multiple case-studies from Brazil
Authors: Vasconcelos Anselmo Ferreira 
Published: April 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to identify whether there is some common pattern between organizations that give primacy either to younger workforce or to older one.Design/methodology/approach– It depicts the empirical evidence of eight case studies and some theoretical contributions thereof. All case units are considered outstanding employers in Brazil business scenario, given the magnitude of their human resource (HR) feats and society acknowledgements. Taken together, they are eight representative cases derived fromÉpocamagazine and Great Place to Work® Institute 2013 list.Findings– Case units exhibited strongest group age preferences on an ongoing basis. Rather, they depicted an unbalanced labor force demographic age frame for the sake of their own HR choices. As a result, they all could be labeled as age bias companies in a more or less degree. Given that their options (i.e. percentage of preferences) have been somewhat consistent during the period of analysis, one may therefore infer that such options have been buttressed by the leadership held values. Surprisingly, all case units had not provided logical arguments or wise explanations in light of their decisions related to it. Moreover, the companies had not offered compelling evidence that they were implementing robust diversity and inclusion polices aiming to provide an equalitarian treatment to all age groups or that they were at least paying attention to these issues in a coherent form. In fact, they have been astonishingly silent on these matters.Research limitations/implications– The purposeful sample strategy that was carried out in this study does not permit that the results be generalized. Actually, they are derived from only a specific cohort of companies – to some extent, they are outliers in the list of the best organizations to work for in Brazil – that has been noticeable for their extreme workforce age options.Practical implications– The case units sample showed to have huge difficulties to mitigate organizational age bias effects in their headcount. In fact, the majority of the case units that were perused demonstrated to give a consistent priority for either having either younger workforce or older one.Originality/value– Overall, it is expected that this study may contribute to diversity management theory by bringing further knowledge about how some of the best organizations to work for in Brazil implement their workforce demographic age policies.
Fundamental Movement Skills: An Important Focus
Authors: Barnett Lisa M. , Stodden David , Cohen Kristen E. , Smith Jordan J. , Lubans David Revalds , Lenoir Matthieu , Iivonen Susanna , Miller Andrew D. , Laukkanen Arto , Dudley Dean , Lander Natalie J. , Brown Helen , Morgan Philip J. 
Published: April 2016

Purpose:Recent international conference presentations have critiqued the promotion of fundamental movement skills (FMS) as a primary pedagogical focus. Presenters have called for a debate about the importance of, and rationale for teaching FMS, and this letter is a response to that call. The authors of this letter are academics who actively engage in FMS research.Method:We have answered a series of contentions about the promotion of FMS using the peer reviewed literature to support our perspective.Results:We define what we mean by FMS, discuss the context of what skills can be considered fundamental, discuss how the development of these skills is related to broader developmental health contexts, and recommend the use of different pedagogical approaches when teaching FMS.Conclusions:We conclude the promotion of FMS is an important focus in Physical Education (PE) and sport and provide future research questions for investigation.
Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infections in Children
Authors: Doern Christopher D. , Richardson Susan E. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common occurrence in children. The management and laboratory diagnosis of these infections pose unique challenges that are not encountered in adults. Important factors, such as specimen collection, urinalysis interpretation, culture thresholds, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, require special consideration in children and will be discussed in detail in the following review.