bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Added Soy Presscake and Soy Flour on Some Physical and Sensory Properties of Corn Tortillas
Authors: Wu Mingjue , Arntfield Susan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCorn tortillas fortified with soybean presscake (SP) and defatted soy flour (SF) were studied and compared. Texture, including firmness and cohesiveness, and color, using a CIE L*a*b*, were determined instrumentally. Physical properties such as size, thickness, and rollability, were also investigated. A consumer acceptance test was conducted to evaluate the acceptance of tortillas at high levels of soy fortification (35% SF and 40% SP). Tortillas fortified with soy were found to be smaller and thicker with increased firmness and cohesiveness. Tortillas made with SF showed the poorest rollability, and were almost unrollable at high SF fortification levels (30% and 35%). Soy fortified tortillas were more red and yellow than control corn tortillas. In the consumer acceptance test, 40% SP and 35% SF had high overall acceptability scores (6 to 6.6 on a 9‐point scale) based on all participants (n = 76). In addition, overall flavor and texture of both soy fortified corn tortillas scored above 6. Thus, while fortification with SP and SF had significant effects on tortilla size, thickness, firmness, cohesiveness, rollability, and color, these changes were acceptable to consumers.
Diffusion‐weighted MRI for hepatocellular carcinoma screening in chronic liver disease: Direct comparison with ultrasound screening
Authors: Sutherland Tom , Watts Jane , Ryan Marno , Galvin Angela , Temple Faye , Vuong Jason , Little Andrew Francis 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIntroductionUltrasound is a widely utilized method of screening patients with chronic liver disease for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the sensitivity of ultrasound for small tumours is limited. We have prospectively compared ultrasound screening with diffusion‐weighted (DWI) MRI for detecting HCC.MethodsPatients with chronic liver disease referred for ultrasound screening underwent a liver ultrasound and a liver MRI comprising free breathing DWI. Each test was independently read to determine the accuracy of each modality for detecting HCC.ResultsOne hundred and ninety‐two patients were recruited and HCC was diagnosed in six patients (3%); all of whom were detected at ultrasound screening, and five detected at MRI screening. Ultrasound had false‐positive studies 20 times (10%) while DWI MRI had three false‐positive examinations (2%) p≥0.05. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values for ultrasound are 100%, 90%, 23% and 100%, respectively, while for MRI are 83%, 98%, 63% and 99%.ConclusionIn patients with chronic liver disease undergoing surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma, DWI MRI screening shows similar sensitivity to screening ultrasound but with a significantly lower false‐positive rate.
Rapid annotation of nifH gene sequences using classification and regression trees facilitates environmental functional gene analysis
Authors: Frank Ildiko E. , Turk‐Kubo Kendra A. , Zehr Jonathan P. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryThe nifH gene is a widely used molecular proxy for studying nitrogen fixation. Phylogenetic classification of nifH gene sequences is an essential step in diazotroph community analysis that requires a fast automated solution due to increasing size of environmental sequence libraries and increasing yield of nifH sequences from high‐throughput technologies. A novel approach to rapidly classify nifH amino acid sequences into well‐defined phylogenetic clusters that provides a common platform for comparative analysis across studies is presented. Phylogenetic group membership can be accurately predicted with decision tree‐type statistical models that identify and utilize signature residues in the amino acid sequences. Our classification models were trained and evaluated with a publicly available and manually curated nifH gene database containing cluster annotations. Model‐independent sequence sets from diverse ecosystems were used for further assessment of the models’ prediction accuracy. The utility of this novel sequence binning approach was demonstrated in a comparative study where joint treatment of diazotroph assemblages from a wide range of habitats identified habitat‐specific and widely‐distributed diazotrophs and revealed a marine – terrestrial distinction in community composition. Our rapid and automated phylogenetic cluster assignment circumvents extensive phylogenetic analysis of nifH sequences; hence, it saves substantial time and resources in nitrogen fixation studies.
Differential role of hypothalamic orexin/hypocretin neurons in reward seeking motivated by cocaine versus palatable food
Authors: Martin‐Fardon Rémi , Cauvi Gabrielle , Kerr Tony M. , Weiss Friedbert 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHypothalamic orexin/hypocretin (Orx/Hcrt) neurons are thought to mediate both food‐reinforced behaviors and behavior motivated by drugs of abuse. However, the relative role of the Orx/Hcrt system in behavior motivated by food versus drugs of abuse remains unclear. This investigation addressed this question by contrasting hypothalamic Orx/Hcrt neuronal activation associated with reinstatement of reward seeking induced by stimuli conditioned to cocaine (COC) versus highly palatable food reward, sweetened condensed milk (SCM). Orx/Hcrt neuronal activation in the lateral hypothalamus, dorsomedial hypothalamus and perifornical area, determined by dual c‐fos/orx immunocytochemistry, was quantified in rat brains, following reinstatement of reward seeking induced by a discriminative stimulus (S+) conditioned to COC or SCM. The COC S+ and SCM S+ initially produced the same magnitude of reward seeking. However, over four subsequent tests, behavior induced by the SCM S+ decreased to extinction levels, whereas reinstatement induced by the COC S+ perseverated at undiminished levels. Following both the first and fourth tests, the percentage of Orx/Hcrt cells expressing Fos was significantly increased in all hypothalamic subregions in rats tested with the COC S+ but not rats tested with the SCM S+. These findings point toward a role for the Orx/Hcrt system in perseverating, compulsive‐like COC seeking but not behavior motivated by palatable food. Moreover, analysis of the Orx/Hcrt recruitment patterns suggests that failure of Orx/Hcrt neurons in the lateral hypothalamus to respond to inhibitory inputs from Orx/Hcrt neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus/perifornical area may contribute to the perseverating nature of COC seeking.
mGluR2/3 mediates short‐term control of nicotine‐seeking by acute systemic N‐acetylcysteine
Authors: Moro Federico , Orrù Alessandro , Marzo Claudio Marcello , Di Clemente Angelo , Cervo Luigi 
Published: August 2016

AbstractChronic self‐administration of nicotine induces maladaptive changes in the cortico‐accumbal glutamate (Glu) network. Consequently, re‐exposure to nicotine‐associated cues raises extracellular Glu in the nucleus accumbens reinstating drug‐seeking. Restoring basal concentrations of extracellular Glu, thereby increasing tonic activation of the presynaptic group II metabotropic Glu receptors (mGluR2/3) with N‐acetylcysteine (N‐AC), might offer a valid therapeutic approach for maintaining smoking abstinence. Although N‐AC modulates nicotine‐seeking behavior by drug‐associated stimuli in abstinent rats, it is still unclear whether it occurs through activation of mGluR2/3. Male Wistar rats were trained to associate discriminative stimuli (SDs) with the availability of intravenous nicotine (0.03 mg/kg/65 µl/2‐second/infusion) or oral saccharin (100 µl of 50 mg/l) self‐administration versus non‐reward. Reinforced response was followed by a cue signaling 20‐second time‐out (CSs). Once the training criterion was met, rats underwent lever press extinction, without reinforcers, SDs and CSs. Re‐exposure to nicotine or saccharin SD+/CS+, but not non‐reward SD−/CS−, revived responding on the previously reinforced lever. Acute N‐AC, 100 but not 60 or 30 mg/kg i.p., reduced cue‐induced nicotine‐seeking. N‐AC 100 mg/kg did not modify cue‐induced saccharin‐seeking behavior or influenced locomotor activity. Blocking mGluR2/3 with the selective antagonist LY341495, 1 mg/kg i.p., completely prevented the antirelapse activity of N‐AC. The finding that N‐AC prevents cue‐induced nicotine‐seeking by stimulating mGluR2/3 might indicate a therapeutic opportunity for acute cue‐controlled nicotine‐seeking. Future studies could evaluate the persistent effects of chronic N‐AC in promoting enduring suppression of nicotine‐cue conditioned responding.
Understanding conservationists’ perspectives on the new‐conservation debate
Authors: Holmes George , Sandbrook Chris , Fisher Janet A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA vibrant debate about the future direction of biodiversity conservation centers on the merits of the so‐called new conservation. Proponents of the new conservation advocate a series of positions on key conservation ideas, such as the importance of human‐dominated landscapes and conservation's engagement with capitalism. These have been fiercely contested in a debate dominated by a few high‐profile individuals, and so far there has been no empirical exploration of existing perspectives on these issues among a wider community of conservationists. We used Q methodology to examine empirically perspectives on the new conservation held by attendees at the 2015 International Congress for Conservation Biology (ICCB). Although we identified a consensus on several key issues, 3 distinct positions emerged: in favor of conservation to benefit people but opposed to links with capitalism and corporations, in favor of biocentric approaches but with less emphasis on wilderness protection than prominent opponents of new conservation, and in favor of the published new conservation perspective but with less emphasis on increasing human well‐being as a goal of conservation. Our results revealed differences between the debate on the new conservation in the literature and views held within a wider, but still limited, conservation community and demonstrated the existence of at least one viewpoint (in favor of conservation to benefit people but opposed to links with capitalism and corporations) that is almost absent from the published debate. We hope the fuller understanding we present of the variety of views that exist but have not yet been heard, will improve the quality and tone of debates on the subject.
Prey partitioning and use of insects by juvenile sockeye salmon and a potential competitor, threespine stickleback, in Afognak Lake, Alaska
Authors: Richardson Natura , Beaudreau Anne H. , Wipfli Mark S. , Finkle Heather 
Published: August 2016

AbstractFreshwater growth of juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) depends upon the quality and quantity of prey and interactions with potential competitors in the foraging environment. To a large extent, knowledge about the ecology of lake‐rearing juvenile sockeye salmon has emerged from studies of commercially important runs returning to deep nursery lakes, yet information from shallow nursery lakes (mean depth ≤ 10 m) is limited. We examined seasonal and ontogenetic variation in diets of juvenile sockeye salmon (N = 219, 30–85 mm) and an abundant potential competitor, threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus; N = 198, 42–67 mm), to understand their foraging ecology and potential trophic interactions in a shallow Alaska lake. This study revealed that adult insects made up 74% of all sockeye salmon diets by weight and were present in 98% of all stomachs in Afognak Lake during the summer of 2013. Diets varied temporally for all fishes, but small sockeye salmon (<60 mm) showed a distinct shift in consumption from zooplankton in early summer to adult insects in late summer. We found significant differences in diet composition between sockeye salmon and threespine stickleback and the origin of their prey indicated that they also separated their use of habitat on a fine scale; however, the two species showed overlap in size selectivity of zooplankton prey. Considering that aquatic insects can be a primary resource for juvenile sockeye salmon in Afognak Lake, we encourage the development of nursery lake carrying capacity models that include aquatic insects as a prey source for sockeye salmon.
Anagrelide reduces thrombotic risk in essential thrombocythaemia vs. hydroxyurea plus aspirin
Authors: Dombi Péter , Illés Árpád , Demeter Judit , Homor Lajos , Simon Zsofia , Karadi Eva , Udvardy Miklos , Egyed Miklos 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the reduction in thrombotic events (TE) in patients with essential thrombocythaemia (ET) treated with anagrelide versus hydroxyurea + aspirin (HU + ASA).MethodsA questionnaire was developed using 2008 WHO diagnostic criteria, and thrombotic risk factors were stratified according to Landolfi criteria. Through questionnaire completion, clinicians at Hungarian haematological centres entered data into the Hungarian MPN Registry on patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Based on ET registry data, TEs in anagrelide‐treated patients (n = 139) were compared with HU + ASA‐treated patients (n = 141).ResultsPatients were followed up for (median) 6 yr. TEs were reported in significantly fewer anagrelide‐treated patients versus HU + ASA (15.1% versus 49.6%; P < 0.001). Numbers of major arterial and major venous events were similar between the groups, although there were over fivefold more minor arterial and minor venous events in the HU + ASA group (P < 0.001). While median age at diagnosis was older and length of follow‐up shorter in the HU + ASA group (P < 0.05), this did not influence TE incidence; medication and TE before diagnosis only influenced TE incidence.ConclusionsAnagrelide significantly decreased the number of patients experiencing minor arterial and minor venous TEs versus HU + ASA over 6 yr. Risk of TE after diagnosis was significantly increased if the patient had TE before diagnosis.
The intimate and controversial relationship between voltage‐gated proton channels and the phagocyte NADPH oxidase
Authors: DeCoursey Thomas E. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryOne of the most fascinating and exciting periods in my scientific career entailed dissecting the symbiotic relationship between two membrane transporters, the Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced form (NADPH) oxidase complex and voltage‐gated proton channels (HV1). By the time I entered this field, there had already been substantial progress toward understanding NADPH oxidase, but HV1 were known only to a tiny handful of cognoscenti around the world. Having identified the first proton currents in mammalian cells in 1991, I needed to find a clear function for these molecules if the work was to become fundable. The then‐recent discoveries of Henderson, Chappell, and colleagues in 1987–1988 that led them to hypothesize interactions of both molecules during the respiratory burst of phagocytes provided an excellent opportunity. In a nutshell, both transporters function by moving electrical charge across the membrane: NADPH oxidase moves electrons and HV1 moves protons. The consequences of electrogenic NADPH oxidase activity on both membrane potential and pH strongly self‐limit this enzyme. Fortunately, both consequences specifically activate HV1, and HV1 activity counteracts both consequences, a kind of yin–yang relationship. Notwithstanding a decade starting in 1995 when many believed the opposite, these are two separate molecules that function independently despite their being functionally interdependent in phagocytes. The relationship between NADPH oxidase and HV1 has become a paradigm that somewhat surprisingly has now extended well beyond the phagocyte NADPH oxidase – an industrial strength producer of reactive oxygen species (ROS) – to myriad other cells that produce orders of magnitude less ROS for signaling purposes. These cells with their seven NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoforms provide a vast realm of mechanistic obscurity that will occupy future studies for years to come.
Human neutrophils and oral microbiota: a constant tug‐of‐war between a harmonious and a discordant coexistence
Authors: Uriarte Silvia M. , Edmisson Jacob S. , Jimenez‐Flores Emeri 
Published: August 2016

SummaryNeutrophils are a major component of the innate host response, and the outcome of the interaction between the oral microbiota and neutrophils is a key determinant of oral health status. The composition of the oral microbiome is very complex and different in health and disease. Neutrophils are constantly recruited to the oral cavity, and their protective role is highlighted in cases where their number or functional responses are impeded, resulting in different forms of periodontal disease. Periodontitis, one of the more severe and irreversible forms of periodontal disease, is a microbial‐induced chronic inflammatory disease that affects the gingival tissues supporting the tooth. This chronic inflammatory disease is the result of a shift of the oral bacterial symbiotic community to a dysbiotic more complex community. Chronic inflammatory infectious diseases such as periodontitis can occur because the pathogens are able to evade or disable the innate immune system. In this review, we discuss how human neutrophils interact with both the symbiotic and the dysbiotic oral community; an understanding of which is essential to increase our knowledge of the periodontal disease process.
Factors Influencing Diaphragmatic Compound Motor Action Potentials During Cryoballoon Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: SHARMA PARIKSHIT S. , PADALA SANTOSH K. , THOMPSON J. JENKINS , GUNDA SAMPATH , KONERU JAYANTHI N. , ELLENBOGEN KENNETH A. 
Published: August 2016

Factors Influencing Diaphragmatic CMAPIntroductionThe diaphragmatic compound motor action potentials (CMAPs) have been used to predict and prevent phrenic nerve injury (PNI) during cryoballoon ablation of right pulmonary veins. We sought to assess factors that influence the amplitude of the surface CMAP recordings.Methods and ResultsWe analyzed CMAPs from consecutive patients undergoing cryoballoon ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. CMAP recordings were obtained using electrocardiography electrodes positioned in the “modified lead I” method while stimulating the right PN, until loss of capture (ascertained by palpation and fluoroscopy of the right hemi‐diaphragm). A total of 55 patients (age 63 ± 11 years; 60% men; body mass index [BMI] 31 ± 6) had adequate CMAP recordings and were included for evaluation of CMAP signals. CMAPs demonstrated 2 distinct components, an early higher amplitude signal (pacing artifact) and a later lower amplitude signal (true diaphragmatic CMAP). There was no significant change in the true CMAP recording amplitude with decrease in stimulus strength (P = 0.1). There was no impact of BMI on CMAP amplitude (P = 0.93). There was a significant phasic respiratory variation in CMAP amplitude with a mean decrease in CMAP amplitude of 10.8% (range: 8–12%) with inspiration lasting an average of 2 beats (P < 0.001). A decrease in CMAP amplitude of >30% was noted in 6 cases (11%) and termination of cryoablation prevented PNI.ConclusionDiaphragmatic CMAP amplitude is not affected by stimulus strength or BMI. There is a significant respirophasic decrease in CMAP signal amplitude with inspiration. It is important to be aware of this variation to avoid premature termination of cryoablation.
The Impact of Azilsartan Medoxomil Treatment (Capsule Formulation) at Doses Ranging From 10 to 80 mg: Significant, Rapid Reductions in Clinic Diastolic and Systolic Blood Pressure
Authors: Perez Alfonso , Cao Charlie 
Published: August 2016

In this phase 2, multicenter, parallel‐group, double‐blind, dose‐ranging study, hypertensive adults (n=449) were randomized to receive one of five doses of a capsule formulation of azilsartan medoxomil (AZL‐M; 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 mg), olmesartan medoxomil (OLM) 20 mg, or placebo once daily. The primary endpoint was change in trough clinic diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at week 8. AZL‐M provided rapid statistically and clinically significant reductions in DBP and systolic blood pressure (SBP) vs placebo at all doses except 5 mg. Placebo‐subtracted changes were greatest with the 40 mg dose (DBP, −5.7 mm Hg; SBP, −12.3 mm Hg). Clinic changes with AZL‐M (all doses) were statistically indistinguishable vs OLM, although there were greater reductions with AZL‐M 40 mg using 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure. Adverse event frequency was similar in the AZL‐M and placebo groups. Based on these and other findings, subsequent trials investigated the commercial AZL‐M tablet in the dose range of 20 to 80 mg/d.
Effectiveness of a secondary prevention protocol for occupational contact dermatitis
Authors: Mauro M. , De Giusti V. , Bovenzi M. , Larese Filon F. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundOccupational skin diseases are often responsible for sick leave or job changes, affect mostly young subjects, are costly to society and have been reported as significant predictor of unemployment.ObjectivesTo assess, over time, the course of occupational hand dermatitis (OHD) after a specific training, by means of follow‐up visits and TEWL measurement, to evaluate skin barrier integrity and if preventive measures for hand skin care provided may influence the course of the disease.MethodsWorkers with a diagnosis of OHD from January 2011 to December 2013 were contacted by telephone, filled in a questionnaire (NOSQ‐2002) and were invited to a training course on prevention of skin dermatitis, and to a new clinical evaluation with TEWL measurement. Workers who joined the training programme were asked to undergo a new evaluation after 3 months. A total of 65 subjects without contact dermatitis were recruited as control group.ResultsOne hundred and one subjects from 143 workers, who were contacted, filled in the questionnaire. Sixty‐five of them followed the training course and underwent a new clinical evaluation withTEWL measurements.Ongoing symptoms of subjects decreased from 60.0% to 42.3% 3 months after the training, and the subgroup which strictly adhered to the recommendations given achieved better results (61.9% of symptoms improvement when compared to 29.0% obtained in subjects with partial adhesion to the protocol). TEWL values changed from 21.3 ± 9.6 to 18.6 ± 7.2 g/m²/h (P = 0.001) on the hands and from 16.6 ± 9.0 to 10.5 ± 4.6 g/m²/h (P = 0.001) on the forearm, confirming the skin barrier improvement.ConclusionsOur secondary prevention intervention was effective, leading to a reduction in clinical signs of dermatitis. TEWL measurement is a useful tool to evaluate skin integrity, mostly in apparently healthy skin, which may have a compromised barrier function, resulting in an exacerbation of the dermatitis.