bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
School-based drug education and prevention: the impact of inspection and curriculum provision
Authors: Hargreaves Patrick 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the links between school inspection requirements as represented by Ofsted and the provision of drug education programmes in schools.

Design/methodology/approach
– An examination of relevant guidance from the Department of Education and the school inspection agency Ofsted; and reference to the research literature and evidence base around drug education.

Findings
– The provision of drug education programmes in schools is influenced by the requirements of the national curriculum; and the frameworks used by Ofsted in its inspections. Recent reduction in emphasis on drug education in both sources has reduced the extent and quality of drug education in schools.

Research limitations/implications
– The paper looks at national documentation and conclusions. It is not a quantitative study of school provision – some indication of this is provided by Ofsted reports.

Practical implications
– The paper indicates that reports and conclusions from Ofsted and other bodies, e.g. House of Commons select committees and the ACMD, have in the recent past reported on rather than informed governmental action.

Social implications
– The paper concludes that central government support and professional training and development are essential ingredients in the provision of universal drug education in schools.

Originality/value
– The paper illustrates some of the factors involved in the provision of drug education; the contribution this can make to drug prevention, including harm reduction; and the seeming lack of understanding of education and prevention in the wider professional and political discussions about drugs and their use.
Using drug courts for drug postmarketing surveillance
Authors: Griffin, III O. Hayden , Woodward Vanessa H. 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
– One of the greatest challenges for drug regulation is valid, comprehensive surveillance of drugs after they reach the pharmaceutical market. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new method of individual and aggregate-level postmarket surveillance using data previously (and continuously) collected by drug courts, which are in operation in nearly every geographic corner of the USA.

Design/methodology/approach
– To determine the feasibility of such an undertaking, data were obtained from an urban, southern county drug court. Intake data included all participants from September 2012 to November 2013. The final sample included 532 drug court participants.

Findings
– Intake data were found to include various demographic variables, measures of drug use, and various sociological/criminological variables such as familial and social support, church attendance, and other pertinent variables for studying drug use and crime trends generally.

Practical implications
– By using intake data from drug courts in a manner similar to Uniform Crime Report or National Incident-Based Reporting System, this could add greatly to the understanding of crime and drug use.

Social implications
– The authors purport that a data management system of drug court intake data could provide a cost-efficient and generalizable representation of drug use of those within the criminal justice system.

Originality/value
– Many efforts have been employed in an attempt to better ascertain where high rates of drug use occur. By using drug courts as more than just a system of treatment, postmarketing surveillance could be improved.
Community-based action in Fiji’s Gau Island: a model for the Pacific?
Authors: Remling Elise , Veitayaki Joeli 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
Drawing on qualitative fieldwork on a remote outer island in Fiji, this paper aims to address a shortcoming in the literature on climate adaptation in the Pacific. Internationally community-based adaptation (CBA) is recognised as a promising approach to help vulnerable populations adjust to climate change. However, with pilot projects in their infancy documented experience for Pacific Islands remains scarce. This limits the ability of the region – faced with persisting development challenges and predicted significant climate impacts – to learn from and build on previous experiences and develop robust responses to climate change.

Design/methodology/approach
By using a community-based initiative in response to environmental challenges and unsustainable development as a proxy, the paper interrogates the potential usefulness of the CBA framework for the Pacific and identifies potential strengths and weaknesses. Sketching out the process and its outcomes, it shows how the initiative has resulted in a diversity of strategies, ranging from pollution control measures, to improved governance of resources and community participation in decision making, to livelihood and income diversification.

Findings
Findings indicate that CBA could have a lot of potential for building more resilient communities in the face of climate change and other pressures associated with modernising Pacific societies. However, to be effective, interventions should pay attention to people’s development aspirations; immediate economic, social and environmental benefits; dynamics of village governance, social rules and protocols; and traditional forms of knowledge that can inform sustainable solutions.

Originality/value
The conclusions provide a reflection on the CBA framework in general and make concrete suggestions for practitioners on how the framework could be usefully implemented in the Pacific context.
Testing the role of sport event personality on the development of event involvement and loyalty
Authors: Alexandris Kostas 
Published: May 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to test: the applicability of Aaker’s (1997) brand personality model in the context of mountain running races; and the influence of event personality on event involvement and loyalty.Design/methodology/approach– In total, 177 runners (n=177) at two mountain running races participated in the study and filled the brand personality (Aaker, 1997) and leisure involvement (Kyleet al., 2004a, b) questionnaires.Findings– The confirmatory factor analysis provided support for the factorial validity of the brand personality and event involvement models. The analysis confirmed also the structural model. Four of the five personality facets (excitement, competence, ruggedness and sincerity) significantly influenced the three dimensions of event involvement, which in their turn influenced event loyalty (intention to participate and W-O-M communications).Practical implications– The topic of brand personality is important for building brand equity and guiding market positioning in the growing running races sector. The current study provides event organizers with a tool for measuring the personality of their events. Furthermore, it explains how event personality influences the development of event involvement, which is an important variable for the development of event loyalty.Originality/value– It contributes to the academic literature in two ways: first, the construct of brand personality has not been previously applied in the context of outdoor sport events and especially mountain running races; and second, while it has been theoretically proposed (Aaker, 1997; Keller, 2008) and empirically supported (Eisend and Stokburger-Sauer, 2013) in the general marketing literature that brand personality is associated with positive behavioral and attitudinal (e.g. brand loyalty and brand involvement) outcomes, there has been no published research to test the relationships among brand personality, involvement and loyalty in the context of outdoor sport events.
Impact of construction-related rework on selected Ugandan public projects
Authors: Kakitahi John Muhumuza , Alinaitwe Henry Mwanaki , Landin Anne , Mone Simon James 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper was to assess the magnitude of the impact of construction-related rework on selected project budgets and schedule in public building construction in Uganda. The magnitude of construction-related rework was the mean determined over construction contracts under a selected project and expressed as a percentage of the construction contract sum.

Design/methodology/approach
A single case multi-unit study approach was adopted. A case study protocol was prepared that included a checklist, observation schedules and an interview guide. The three instruments were used to collect data from building contractors and end-users (the teaching staff and medical assistants). Representatives of the client entity and the end-users provided sufficient project documentation and related supplementary information for the study.

Findings
Construction-related rework was predominantly attributable to design information omissions, unacceptable workmanship and inadequate supervision of the contractor. Lightning conductor, electrical and roofing installations were the building elements that had the highest frequency of rework. It was further determined that the mean percentage of rework related impact on project budget and schedule was approximately 4.53 and 8.42 per cent, respectively.

Originality/value
The findings inform policy makers about likely areas that contribute to significant wastage and value loss in quality management of public sector projects. The research advocates for improved data collection protocols, integration of adequate design management and a whole life value philosophy during the public building construction process.
Agricultural practices for food safety threaten pest control services for fresh produce
Authors: Karp Daniel S. , Moses Rebekah , Gennet Sasha , Jones Matthew S. , Joseph Shimat , M'Gonigle Leithen K. , Ponisio Lauren C. , Snyder William E. , Kremen Claire 
Published: May 2016

Summary

Over the past decade, several foodborne disease outbreaks provoked widespread reforms to the fresh produce industry. Subsequent concerns about wildlife vectors and contaminated manures created pressure on growers to discontinue use of manure‐based composts and remove nearby semi‐natural vegetation. Despite widespread adoption, impacts of these practices on ecosystem services such as pest control have not been assessed.

We used a landscape‐scale field experiment to quantify associations between compost applications, semi‐natural vegetation, pest control services and lettuce yields on organic farms throughout California's Central Coast, a region experiencing food safety reforms.

We found that farms with surrounding semi‐natural vegetation supported a diverse arthropod assemblage, whereas a herbivore‐dominated assemblage occupied farms in simplified landscapes. Moreover, predatory arthropods consumed more herbivores at sites with more surrounding non‐crop vegetation and reduced aphid pest infestations in lettuce.

Compost improved lettuce yields by increasing soil nutrients and organic matter, but affected neither pest control nor Escherichia coli prevalence.

Synthesis and applications. Food safety concerns are prompting practices that simplify farms and landscapes. Our results demonstrate that two practices – elimination of manure‐based composts and removal of non‐crop vegetation – are likely having negative impacts on arthropod biodiversity, pest control and soil quality. Critically, our findings and previous research suggest that compost can be applied safely and that habitat removal is likely ineffective at mitigating food safety risk. There is thus scope for co‐managing fresh produce fields for food safety, ecosystem services, and biodiversity through applying appropriately treated composts and stopping habitat removal.
Comparison Between Direct and Video‐assisted Laryngoscopy for Intubations in a Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Eisenberg Matthew A. , Green‐Hopkins Israel , Werner Heidi , Nagler Joshua 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe objective was to compare video‐assisted laryngoscopy (VAL) to direct laryngoscopy (DL) on success rate and complication rate of intubations performed in a pediatric emergency department (ED).MethodsThis is a retrospective cohort study of attempted intubations of children aged 0–18 years in a pediatric ED between 2004 and 2014 with first attempt by an ED provider. In VAL, the laryngoscopist attempts direct visualization of the glottis with a C‐MAC video laryngoscope while the video monitor is used for real‐time guidance by a supervisor, back‐up visualization for the laryngoscopist should the direct view be inadequate, and confirmation of endotracheal tube passage through the vocal cords. We performed univariate comparisons of intubations using DL to intubations using VAL on rates of first‐pass success, complications, and whether the patient was successfully intubated by an ED provider. We then created a logistic regression model to adjust for provider experience level, difficult airway characteristics, and indications for intubation to compare intubations using DL to intubations using VAL for each outcome.ResultsWe identified 452 endotracheal intubations of 422 unique patients, of which 445 intubations had a first attempt by an ED provider. Six intubations were excluded due to insufficient information available in the record. Of the included intubations, 240 (55%) were attempted with DL and 199 (45%) with VAL. The overall first‐pass success rate was 71% in the DL group and 72% in the VAL group. After adjustment for covariates, the first‐pass success rate was similar between laryngoscopy approaches (adjusted odds ratio = 1.23, 95% confidence interval = 0.78 to 1.94).ConclusionsWe found no difference between DL and VAL with regard to first‐pass intubation success rate, complication rate, or rate of successful intubation by ED providers for children undergoing intubation in a pediatric ED.
Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of the Selective Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulator AZD5423 after Inhalation in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Werkström Viktoria , Prothon Susanne , Ekholm Ella , Jorup Carin , Edsbäcker Staffan 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAZD5423 is a selective glucocorticosteroid receptor modulator developed for the inhaled use in asthma and COPD. This study reports the initial, first‐in‐man, single and repeat dose‐escalating studies in healthy male individuals, including one cohort of male Japanese individuals. Inhaled, nebulized AZD5423 was safe and well tolerated up to and including the highest doses tested for up to 2 weeks of once‐daily treatment. Plasma exposure suggested dose‐proportional pharmacokinetics and dose‐related effects on 24‐hr plasma and urine cortisol. There were no or marginal effects on other biomarkers tested (osteocalcin, TRAP5b, DHEA‐S and 4β‐OH‐cholesterol). No clinically relevant differences in safety or pharmacokinetics could be distinguished between the two study populations, although hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) effects appeared to be marginally greater in the Japanese‐ versus the Caucasian‐dominant study population. AZD5423, inhaled via nebulization, can be used in healthy individuals at doses of at least 300 μg for 2 weeks. The effects on the HPA axis reported herein, together with efficacy data reported elsewhere, indicate that benefit–risk ratio may be improved relative to conventional inhaled steroids.
The use of Ethics Decision‐Making Frameworks by Canadian Ethics Consultants: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Kaposy Chris , Brunger Fern , Maddalena Victor , Singleton Richard 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn this study, Canadian healthcare ethics consultants describe their use of ethics decision‐making frameworks. Our research finds that ethics consultants in Canada use multi‐purpose ethics decision‐making frameworks, as well as targeted frameworks that focus on reaching an ethical resolution to a particular healthcare issue, such as adverse event reporting, or difficult triage scenarios. Several interviewees mention the influence that the accreditation process in Canadian healthcare organizations has on the adoption and use of such frameworks. Some of the ethics consultants we interviewed also report on their reluctance to use these tools. Limited empirical work has been done previously on the use of ethics decision‐making frameworks. This study begins to fill this gap in our understanding of the work of healthcare ethics consultants.
Adversaries at the Bedside: Advance Care Plans and Future Welfare
Authors: Kestigian Aidan , London Alex John 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAdvance care planning refers to the process of determining how one wants to be cared for in the event that one is no longer competent to make one's own medical decisions. Some have argued that advance care plans often fail to be normatively binding on caretakers because those plans do not reflect the interests of patients once they enter an incompetent state. In this article, we argue that when the core medical ethical principles of respect for patient autonomy, honest and adequate disclosure of information, institutional transparency, and concern for patient welfare are upheld, a policy that would allow for the disregard of advance care plans is self‐defeating. This is because when the four principles are upheld, a patient's willingness to undergo treatment depends critically on the willingness of her caretakers to honor the wishes she has outlined in her advance care plan. A patient who fears that her caretakers will not honor her wishes may choose to avoid medical care so as to limit the influence of her caretakers in the future, which may lead to worse medical outcomes than if she had undergone care. In order to avoid worse medical outcomes and uphold the four core principles, caregivers who are concerned about the future welfare of their patients should focus on improving advance care planning and commit to honoring their patients’ advance care plans.
A 47‐year‐old woman with hypercapnia and altered mental status
Authors: Bellucci Brian , Qiao Renli 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPermissive hypercapnia is a commonly used ventilator strategy in attempt to improve refractory hypoxemia. The rationale of such practice is based on the assumption that hypercapnia, although associated with altered mental status, is well tolerated. Here, we report a case in which the altered mental status caused by hypercapnia is underlined by a life‐threatening mechanism. The case indicates the severity of hypercapnia may have been mistakenly overlooked in the past.
Sexual receptivity of Anastrepha obliqua (Diptera: Tephritidae) wild females affected by nutrition and egg load
Authors: Medeiros‐Santana Luanda , Zucoloto Fernando Sérgio 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe influence of feeding, egg load and stage of ovarian development on the sexual receptivity of some insect species has been reported. This work investigated the effects of different brewer's yeast concentrations in the diet offered to females of West Indian fruit fly, Anastrepha obliqua, on their sexual receptivity. Wild females were fed on artificial diets containing 2.0 g brewer's yeast per 100 mL of water (low‐yeast diet, LY diet), 6.5 g yeast per 100 mL of water (high‐yeast diet, HY diet) or only sucrose (Su diet) and then placed with the males. Female sexual receptivity tests were carried out in acrylic boxes in the laboratory under controlled conditions (temperature, humidity and light). Females fed on the HY diet were more sexually receptive to male courtship than the other females. Additionally, when fed on the same diet (HY diet), those females with higher egg load were more sexually receptive. The data suggest that the ingestion of a protein source is essential for increasing sexual receptivity and that egg load is the most important factor affecting sexual receptivity of A. obliqua females.
The impact of sport on health status, psychological well‐being and physical performance of adults with haemophilia
Authors: von Mackensen S. , Harrington C. , Tuddenham E. , Littley A. , Will A. , Fareh M. , Hay C. R. M. , Khair K. 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundThere is increasing recognition that sport is important for individuals with haemophilia; however, there remains a paucity of data of the importance of this in adults, many of whom already have joint pathology related to childhood bleeds and treatment access. This multicentre, cross‐sectional study presents the impact of sport on health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), physical performance and clinical outcomes in adults with haemophilia.ResultsFifty adults aged 35.12±14.7 with mild (n = 12), moderate (n = 10), or severe (n = 28) haemophilia A (70%) or B (30%) from four haemophilia centres across the United Kingdom participated in the study. A total of 64% were overweight/obese according to their BMI; median orthopaedic joint scores using the WFH Orthopaedic Joint Score (OJS) were 6 (range 0–48). On a VAS pain scale (range of 0–10), patients reported mean score of 5.66 ± 2.4. 36% of participants reported not doing any sport, mainly due to their physical condition. However, 64% of participants reported undertaking sporting activity including contact sports, mostly twice per week in average 4 h week−1. Participating in sport did not have a statistically significant impact on HRQoL; except in the domain ‘sport and leisure’ of the Haem‐A‐QoL. Patients doing more sport reported significantly better HRQoL than those doing less sport (P < 0.005). Those doing sport for more than 4 h week−1 had a significantly better physical performance than patients doing less sport (assessed with Hep‐Test‐Q). Encouraging physical activity and sport in older patients with haemophilia may have a direct impact on their HRQoL; thus, education about sport activity should be incorporated into routine haemophilia care.
Predictors of non‐adherence to prescribed prophylactic clotting‐factor treatment regimens among adolescent and young adults with a bleeding disorder
Authors: Witkop M. L. , McLaughlin J. M. , Anderson T. L. , Munn J. E. , Lambing A. , Tortella B. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionAdherence to clotting‐factor treatment regimens, especially among adolescents and young adults (AYAs), is under‐researched.AimWe determined factors associated with better adherence to prophylaxis.MethodsFrom April through December 2012, a convenience sample of AYA (aged 13–25 years) persons with haemophilia or von Willebrand disease (VWD) completed an online survey that assessed adherence to prescribed prophylactic treatment regimens [Validated Haemophilia Regimen Treatment Adherence Scale (VERITAS)‐Pro]. Logistic regression analysis assessed demographic and clinical factors related to non‐adherence (VERITAS‐Pro≥57).ResultsSeventy‐three prophylactically treating AYAs participated. Of which, 88%, 8% and 4% had haemophilia A, B and VWD respectively. Almost all (90%) had severe disease and 58% had never developed an inhibitor. Most were aged 13–17 years (56%), white (78%), non‐Hispanic (88%), never married (94%) and had some type of health insurance (96%). Median VERITAS‐Pro score was 48 (range = 25–78) and 22 (30%) participants were non‐adherent to prophylaxis (VERITAS‐Pro≥57). Final logistic regression modelling suggested that, compared to those aged 13–17 years, participants aged 18–25 years were 6.2 (95% CI: 1.8–21.0; P < 0.01) times more likely to be non‐adherent. Compared to respondents whose mother had at least a Bachelor's degree, respondents whose mother did not were 3.8 (95% CI: 1.0–14.3; P = 0.05) times more likely to be non‐adherent.ConclusionsResults suggest that adherence efforts should be especially targeted to young adults as they transition from adolescence (i.e. parental supervision) and assume primary responsibility for their bleeding disorder care. Healthcare providers should be mindful of AYAs whose mothers have less formal education and ensure that adequate time and resources are dedicated to family adherence education.