bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When the Security Council is Divided
Authors: Johnstone Ian 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines the scope and limits of the UN Security Council’s competence in dealing with situations requiring the use of force. It discusses the Charter provisions on the delegation of enforcement action to regional organizations or coalitions of the willing, and legal issues that have arisen in practice. It looks at the establishment or authorization of robust peacekeeping missions with some enforcement powers, with both regional organizations and coalitions either occasionally acting on the basis of implicit authorizations to use force or claiming retroactive approval. It analyses three types of case that tend to arise when the Security Council is divided: imprecise authorization, implied mandates, and failure to act due to ‘unreasonable’ exercise of the veto. Although wishing the Council to be clear and consistent, the contestation surrounding these cases is to be expected from a deeply political body and reinforces its value for managing international peace and security.
The Threat of the Use of Force and Ultimata
Authors: Lagerwall Anne , Dubuisson François 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter deals with international law governing the threat of force. More specifically, it discusses the conditions under which an act may be considered a threat of force contrary to the UN Charter. It shows that a threat is unlawful under Article 2(4) of the UN Charter when the use of force contemplated by the threat would itself be unlawful. The chapter also examines the application of the rule prohibiting the threat of force by focusing on three cases: the US and British threats of force against Iraq in 2002 and 2003; the dispute between Suriname and Guyana in 2007; and the conflict involving Russia and Georgia in 2009.
Rescuing Nationals Abroad
Authors: Forteau Mathias 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines one of the most contentious issues in the jus ad bellum: whether and when international law permits a state to use force unilaterally to rescue its nationals abroad when their lives or security are threatened. It first considers the definition of the phrase ‘rescuing nationals abroad’ and the legal scope and legal nature of the justification based on the necessity of carrying out such an act. It analyses the opinion of the International Court of Justice concerning the matter before assessing the current position of international law on the permissibility of rescuing nationals abroad. It also discusses whether the use of force to rescue nationals abroad can be invoked for humanitarian assistance purposes involving non-nationals. The chapter shows that the notion of ‘rescuing nationals abroad’ is ambiguous from a legal perspective and that the legality of using force to rescue nationals abroad has remained unclear since 1945.
The Effects of a State of War or Armed Conflict
Authors: Mancini Marina 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter explores how a state of war or armed conflict affects the relations between belligerents, between belligerents and third states, and the belligerents’ subjects. It begins by describing how a state of war arose between two states, along with its far-reaching consequences, in classical international law. The effects on diplomatic relations, trade relations, treaties, and contracts are highlighted. The chapter then considers the prohibition on the use or threat of armed force in international relations and its implications for the concept of a state of war as well as the consequences traditionally attached to it. It also looks at state practice regarding the creation of a state of war in the United Nations era and concludes by analysing the effects of an interstate armed conflict in contemporary international law.
Youth Empowerment and Transformative Music Engagement
Authors: O’Neill Susan A. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
As youth are increasingly braiding, blending, and blurring learning spaces, modes, structures and practices, they are transforming their music engagement in ways that are increasingly autonomous and self-directed. These are key features of the dynamic, interactive, and transformative approach to music learning that the author refers to as transformative music engagement. The aim is to enable and encourage youth empowerment in music education in ways that strengthen young people’s engagement in music learning, as well as their resiliency and capacity for well-being and musical flourishing. The chapter discusses this conceptualization and considers how educators might create expansive music learning opportunities within a social justice orientation that guide youth toward developing their distinctive voice and the capacity to express and redefine what matters to them in pursuit of social justice.
Reconciling Capabilities and Ambidexterity Theories
Authors: Zimmermann Alexander , Birkinshaw Julian 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Capabilities and ambidexterity theories are both intended to shed light on how firms remain successful in the long run. However, the two research streams have developed largely independently of one another and with different foci. In this chapter, we bring them closer together by discussing how different capabilities and forms of ambidexterity may help firms address their multi-level transformational challenges (Cross-functional Linking, Rethinking and Reconfiguring, Continuous Improvement, and Ongoing Renewal) This analysis allows us to identify the areas of overlap and the points of differences between capabilities and ambidexterity theories, suggesting that the two concepts are distinct but mutually interrelated and interdependent. Furthermore, we argue that different types of ambidexterity and capabilities may coexist within an organization and that their effectiveness is contingent on the challenges a firm faces.
Politics and Art
Authors: Möller Frank 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Art can be understood as a form of political discourse; as a descriptive, an interpretive, or an explicitly critical approximation; or as a vehicle with which to transcend the political. Art complicates our understandings and perceptions of the world, altering the discursive frames within which the political is negotiated. Research on politics and art explores art’s engagement with politics and its vision of the world; it analyzes art’s contribution to both our understanding of politics and problem solving. Current research also explores art’s critical and emancipatory potentialities, as well as participatory art and social activism in light of new forms of political communication. Such research is interdisciplinary and open to methodological pluralism and innovation. This article discusses artistic and performative imaginations of the political; knowledge production through art; art’s engagement with violence and peace; the art-audience interface; ethics and aesthetics of political art; and art’s function as a political witness.
Tactical Voting
Authors: Riera Pedro 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This article reviews comparative research on electoral systems and voting behavior, identifying analytical gaps in the tactical voting literature. It starts by examining the core assumptions underpinning the classic approach to tactical voting. It then displays some empirical data about the estimates of this behavior reported in the literature. Contrasting experiences of theoretical and methodological issues in majoritarian and non-majoritarian systems are discussed. Focusing on some difficulties in the application of the “avoiding wasted vote” motivations under PR and mixed-member rules, the article furthers the consolidation of research on tactical voting beyond FPTP systems. The last section suggests that future scholarship in this field should move beyond the “wasted vote” approach to tactical voting and distinguish between instrumental and expressive motivations, consider the long-term consequences of tactical voting, and stress the endogenous nature of tactical voting and the role of parties and media in spreading it.
Bilingualism and Child Phonology
Authors: Lleó Conxita 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The present article poses some fundamental questions related to bilingualism and to the acquisition of two phonological components, by very young children. It discusses different types of bilingualism and their outcomes. After a brief consideration of alleged pros and cons of bilingualism brought up in the past decades, two perspectives of bilingualism are sketched—psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic—and certain aspects of bilingual child phonology are presented from each of these points of view. The essential issue is whether different outcomes of bilingual child phonology are predictable, and to find the crucial criteria to support the predictions. Finally, the discussion addresses some basic questions about bilingual acquisition, and ends with a summary of various types of cross-linguistic interaction.
Crime Policy and Welfare Policy
Authors: Gallo Carina , Kim Mimi E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis essay provides a synthesis of criminological and social welfare theoretical frameworks, along with empirical data illuminating the links between crime policy and welfare policy. It also reviews current debates regarding the extent to which European countries are undergoing a shift toward more punitive welfare or crime policies. Building upon Gøsta Esping-Andersen’s classic typology of welfare regimes, current scholarship ties liberal welfare regimes to punitive penal ideologies and high rates of incarceration and social democratic welfare regimes to lenient attitudes toward punishment and low incarceration rates. Research also underscores the significance of economic and social inequality in the production and outcomes of crime and welfare policies. Comparative empirical data supports the persistence of penal-welfarism in Europe, particularly in social democratic states, exemplified by Sweden, while indicating more punitive policies targeting marginalized sectors of the population, notably immigrants.
Comparisons of Greece and China
Authors: Beecroft Alexander 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Comparative study of Greece and China dates back to the mutual awareness of their classical traditions that began with the Jesuit missions to China in the late sixteenth century. The full potential of such work was delayed in part by the slow and inconsistent progress of translation of classical texts. Further complications arose from the processes of industrialization and colonialization in the nineteenth century, which contributed to notions of the cultural superiority of the West, hindering the study of both traditions on equal terms. Much earlier work focused on the “lack” of certain key elements of ancient Greek culture in early China, an approach that has reinforced narratives of cultural superiority. Changing intellectual trends and shifts in global economic and political power have contributed to a reassessment and to approaches that account for similarities and differences without assuming that the Greek tradition is superior or paradigmatic.
The Norse in Iceland
Authors: Zori Davide Marco 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The Norse discovery and settlement of Iceland in the late ninth century AD offers a test case for the study of human impacts on previously unoccupied landscapes and the formation of new societies under challenging conditions. The Norse Viking Age settlement of the island serves as a cautionary tale about the anthropogenic destruction of fragile environments, while simultaneously providing lessons about the strategic management of marginal ecosystems and nuanced examples of societal evolution and secondary state formation. Archaeological investigation of these processes is complemented by oral traditions preserved in the Icelandic sagas. Although researchers debate the proper use of the sagas, the strength of recent research is its interdisciplinary nature, combining a suite of available tools of inquiry.
Effects of Depth of Propofol and Sevoflurane Anesthesia on Upper Airway Collapsibility, Respiratory Genioglossus Activation, and Breathing in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Simons Jeroen C. P. , Pierce Eric , Diaz-Gil Daniel , Malviya Sanjana A. , Meyer Matthew J. , Timm Fanny P. , Stokholm Janne B. , Rosow Carl E. , Kacmarek Robert M. , Eikermann Matthias 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Background
Volatile anesthetics and propofol impair upper airway stability and possibly respiratory upper airway dilator muscle activity. The magnitudes of these effects have not been compared at equivalent anesthetic doses. We hypothesized that upper airway closing pressure is less negative and genioglossus activity is lower during deep compared with shallow anesthesia.

Methods
In a randomized controlled crossover study of 12 volunteers, anesthesia with propofol or sevoflurane was titrated using a pain stimulus to identify the threshold for suppression of motor response to electrical stimulation. Measurements included bispectral index, genioglossus electromyography, ventilation, hypopharyngeal pressure, upper airway closing pressure, and change in end-expiratory lung volume during mask pressure drops.

Results
A total of 393 attempted breaths during occlusion maneuvers were analyzed. Upper airway closing pressure was significantly less negative at deep versus shallow anesthesia (−10.8 ± 4.5 vs. −11.3 ± 4.4 cm H2O, respectively [mean ± SD]) and correlated with the bispectral index (P < 0.001), indicating a more collapsible airway at deep anesthesia. Respiratory genioglossus activity during airway occlusion was significantly lower at deep compared with light anesthesia (26 ± 21 vs. 35 ± 24% of maximal genioglossus activation, respectively; P < 0.001) and correlated with bispectral index (P < 0.001). Upper airway closing pressure and genioglossus activity during airway occlusion did not differ between sevoflurane and propofol anesthesia.

Conclusions
Propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia increased upper airway collapsibility in a dose-dependent fashion with no difference at equivalent anesthetic concentrations. These effects can in part be explained by a dose-dependent inhibiting effect of anesthetics on respiratory genioglossus activity.
Neurodevelopmental Assessment in Kindergarten in Children Exposed to General Anesthesia before the Age of 4 Years
Authors: Graham M. Ruth , Brownell Marni , Chateau Daniel G. , Dragan Roxana D. , Burchill Charles , Fransoo Randal R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundAnimal studies demonstrate general anesthetic (GA) toxicity in the developing brain. Clinical reports raise concern, but the risk of GA exposure to neurodevelopment in children remains uncertain.MethodsThe authors undertook a retrospective matched cohort study comparing children less than 4 yr of age exposed to GA to those with no GA exposure. The authors used the Early Development Instrument (EDI), a 104-component questionnaire, encompassing five developmental domains, completed in kindergarten as the outcome measure. Mixed-effect logistic regression models generated EDI estimates for single versus multiple GA exposure and compared both single and multiple exposures by the age of 0 to 2 or 2 to 4 yr. Known sociodemographic and physical confounders were incorporated as covariates in the models.ResultsA total of 18,056 children were studied: 3,850 exposed to a single GA and 620 exposed to two or more GA, who were matched to 13,586 nonexposed children. In children less than 2 yr of age, there was no independent association between single or multiple GA exposure and EDI results. Paradoxically, single exposure between 2 and 4 yr of age was associated with deficits, most significant for communication/general knowledge (estimate, −0.7; 95% CI, −0.93 to −0.47; P &lt; 0.0001) and language/cognition (estimate, −0.34; 95% CI, −0.52 to −0.16; P &lt; 0.0001) domains. Multiple GA exposure at the age of 2 to 4 yr did not confer greater risk than single GA exposure.ConclusionsThese findings refute the assumption that the earlier the GA exposure in children, the greater the likelihood of long-term neurocognitive risk. The authors cannot confirm an association between multiple GA exposure and increased risk of neurocognitive impairment, increasing the probability of confounding to explain the results.
What’s New in Pediatric Spine Growth Modulation and Implant Technology for Early-Onset Scoliosis?
Authors: Wessell Nolan M. , Martus Jeffrey E. , Halanski Matthew A. , Snyder Brian , Truong Walter 
Published: July 2016

Background:
Early-onset scoliosis (EOS) affects roughly 1 to 2 out of 10,000 live births per year. Because this subset of patients has a yet to achieve a majority of their skeletal growth, a number of treatment challenges need to be addressed before surgical intervention. If left untreated, EOS can cause a number of problems throughout the patient’s lifespan, particularly in regards to the growth of the thorax and pulmonary development. A wide variety of surgical systems and techniques are available to the treating surgeon.

Methods:
A review of the orthopaedic literature from 2010 to 2015 relating to pediatric spine growth modulation was performed. Ninety-eight papers were identified and, following exclusion criteria, a total of 31 papers were selected for further review.

Results:
This paper summarizes the recently published literature regarding growth-friendly spinal implants, the status of their Food and Drug Administration approval labeling as well as the indications, applications, and complications associated with their implementation.

Conclusions:
There are a growing number of options at the surgeon’s disposal when treating patients with EOS. As surgeons, we must continue to be vigilant in our demand for sound clinical evidence as we strive to provide optimal care for our patients. The rapidly advancing field of spinal growth modulation is exciting. More work must be done to further enhance our ability to predictably modulate growth in the pediatric spine.
Analysis of Factors Associated With Sagittal Balance in Normal Asymptomatic Individuals
Authors: Yang Mingyuan , Yang Changwei , Zhai Xiao , Zhao Jian , Zhu Xiaodong , Li Ming 
Published: July 2016

Study Design.
A retrospective study.

Objective.
To determine primary contributors to sagittal balance and establish a predictive equation of sagittal balance in normal asymptomatic subjects.

Summary of Background Data.
Sagittal balance has been verified to be associated with health-related quality of life. Although many studies have been performed to explore factors contributing to sagittal balance in various disease states, no study has been conducted in normal asymptomatic subjects in East China.

Methods.
Medical records of 340 asymptomatic healthy volunteers were reviewed from January 2014 to August 2015, including 311 for exploring the risk factors and predictive equation, and 29 for validation. Demographic and radiological parameters were evaluated. Correlation analysis between spinopelvic parameters was pursued. Regression analyses were performed to establish predictive radiographic parameters for sagittal balance. Paired t test was conducted to test the regression equation.

Results.
There was a very good correlation between T1 sagittal angle and maxTK, maxLL and SS, SS and PI, and PT and PI; a moderate correlation between maxTK and maxLL, and maxLL and PI; a weak correlation between T1 sagittal angle and age, age and maxTK, age and SS, age and PT, age and SVA, T1 sagittal angel and SVA, SVA and PT, and SVA and PI; and very weak correlation between T1 sagittal angle and maxLL, maxLL and PT, SVA and LL, and PT and SS. Age, T1 sagittal angle, maxLL, PT, and PI were primary contributors to sagittal balance, which could be predicted by the regression equation: SVA = 0.294 × age + 0.367 × T1 sagittal angle − 1.149 × maxLL-0.704 × PT + 1.378 × PI − 34.164. No significant difference was found between actual SVA and predicted SVA using our equation (P = 0.307).

Conclusion.
Age, T1 sagittal angle, maxLL, PT, and PI were primary contributors to maintaining sagittal balance in normal asymptomatic subjects, and sagittal balance could be predicted by calculation using the equation derived in this study.

Level of Evidence: 2
Pantoprazole or Placebo for Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis (POP-UP): Randomized Double-Blind Exploratory Study*
Authors: Selvanderan Shane P. , Summers Matthew J. , Finnis Mark E. , Plummer Mark P. , Ali Abdelhamid Yasmine , Anderson Michael B. , Chapman Marianne J. , Rayner Christopher K. , Deane Adam M. 
Published: July 2016

Objectives:
Pantoprazole is frequently administered to critically ill patients for prophylaxis against gastrointestinal bleeding. However, comparison to placebo has been inadequately evaluated, and pantoprazole has the potential to cause harm. Our objective was to evaluate benefit or harm associated with pantoprazole administration.

Design:
Prospective randomized double-blind parallel-group study.

Setting:
University-affiliated mixed medical-surgical ICU.

Patients:
Mechanically ventilated critically ill patients suitable for enteral nutrition.

Interventions:
We randomly assigned patients to receive either daily IV placebo or pantoprazole.

Measurements and Main Results:
Major outcomes were clinically significant gastrointestinal bleeding, infective ventilator-associated complication or pneumonia, and Clostridium difficile infection; minor outcomes included overt bleeding, hemoglobin concentration profiles, and mortality. None of the 214 patients randomized had an episode of clinically significant gastrointestinal bleeding, three patients met the criteria for either an infective ventilator-associated complication or pneumonia (placebo: 1 vs pantoprazole: 2), and one patient was diagnosed with Clostridium difficile infection (0 vs 1). Administration of pantoprazole was not associated with any difference in rates of overt bleeding (6 vs 3; p = 0.50) or daily hemoglobin concentrations when adjusted for transfusion rates of packed red cells (p = 0.66). Mortality was similar between groups (log-rank p = 0.33: adjusted hazard ratio for pantoprazole: 1.68 [95% CI, 0.97–2.90]; p = 0.06).

Conclusions:
We found no evidence of benefit or harm with the prophylactic administration of pantoprazole to mechanically ventilated critically ill patients anticipated to receive enteral nutrition. The practice of routine administration of acid-suppressive drugs to critically ill patients for stress ulcer prophylaxis warrants further evaluation.