bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preoperative Optimisation of Anaemia for Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review
Authors: Alexander Dinesh P. , Frew Nicholas 
Published: June 2017

Background The 2009 NHS Blood and Transplant national comparative audit on blood use following primary total hip arthroplasty (THR) highlighted that preoperative anaemia was common and undertreated. They recommended that hospitals have a written policy for treating anaemia preoperatively. In our centre, we found that preoperative optimisation of anaemia, significantly reduced blood transfusion rate to <5%. The 2015 national audit showed that even though 48% of patients received tranexamic acid, 85% of patients required transfusion. By conducting a systematic review of literature on blood management for preoperative anaemia in primary THR; we aimed to validate the recommendations of the national audit and increase its awareness in the orthopaedic community. Methods A PubMed Search was performed to identify suitable literature limited to randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, meta-analyses and systematic reviews involving primary THR. We excluded any THRs performed for trauma and revision arthroplasty. Our exclusion criteria for the intervention was the use of autologous methods such as cell salvage techniques and preoperative autologous blood donation. Results Analysis of 13 publications showed widespread study heterogeneity, which precluded meta-analysis. Preoperative blood management (PBM) interventions included the use of recombinant human erythropoietin and oral iron supplementation in 12/13 and 11/13 studies respectively. There were significant differences in transfusion rates between PBM and control groups in 12/13 studies. Conclusions The findings overwhelmingly support preoperative optimisation of anaemia. The main barrier to wider implementation remains the cost effectiveness. We recommend using our validated protocol, which has shown to significantly reduce transfusion rates, length of stay and remain cost effective.
Effects of Fine-Tuning Instruction on Second Language Pronunciation
Authors: Lee Heeju 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTThis case study explores the effects of instruction on the acquisition of second language pronunciation. The study examines whether tutoring sessions using Han's (2001) fine-tuning instruction led to changes in the adult learner's persistent errors in vowel pronunciation over a period of 10 weeks and whether these changes are retained in a delayed posttest. Specifically, the research examined Korean vowel pronunciation acquired by a Japanese learner. Data from ten 2-hour tutoring sessions between a native Korean speaker and the Japanese learner were video recorded and subsequently transcribed for analysis. Twenty-three native speakers of Korean used a questionnaire to rate the learner's pronunciation at three time-points; the learner also self-evaluated her pronunciation through reflective journal entries. To map the changes in vowel production, an acoustic analysis was performed on the vowel production at three time points. Results suggest that fine-tuning instruction is effective in improving persistent pronunciation errors and in retaining this improvement.
Constrictive pericarditis – A challenging diagnosis
Authors: Hejjaji Vittal , Sullivan Claire , Li Jun , Hoit Brian D. 
Published: June 2017

Constrictive pericarditis is a challenging diagnosis. This case report describes a patient with constrictive pericarditis (CP) secondary to radiation therapy. As the patient presented with non-specific symptoms, various modalities (both invasive and non-invasive) were used in the diagnosis and differentiation of CP from restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM). This case of surgicallyproven CP demonstrates that a high clinical suspicion based on physical findings should be combined with multiple diagnostic modalities in the diagnosis of CP. It is crucial to differentiate CP from RCM due to the significant variance in treatment.
HIV viral load as an independent risk factor for tuberculosis in South Africa: collaborative analysis of cohort studies
Authors: Fenner Lukas , Atkinson Andrew , Boulle Andrew , Fox Matthew P. , Prozesky Hans , Zürcher Kathrin , Ballif Marie , Furrer Hansjakob , Zwahlen Marcel , Davies Mary‐Ann , Egger Matthias ,   for the International Epidemiology Database to Evaluate AIDS in Southern Africa (IeDEA‐SA)
Published: June 2017

AbstractIntroduction: Chronic immune activation due to ongoing HIV replication may lead to impaired immune responses against opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis (TB). We studied the role of HIV replication as a risk factor for incident TB after starting antiretroviral therapy (ART).Methods: We included all HIV‐positive adult patients (≥16 years) in care between 2000 and 2014 at three ART programmes in South Africa. Patients with previous TB were excluded. Missing CD4 cell counts and HIV‐RNA viral loads at ART start (baseline) and during follow‐up were imputed. We used parametric survival models to assess TB incidence (pulmonary and extrapulmonary) by CD4 cell and HIV‐RNA levels, and estimated the rate ratios for TB by including age, sex, baseline viral loads, CD4 cell counts, and WHO clinical stage in the model. We also used Poisson general additive regression models with time‐updated CD4 and HIV‐RNA values, adjusting for age and sex.Results: We included 44,260 patients with a median follow‐up time of 2.7 years (interquartile range [IQR] 1.0–5.0); 3,819 incident TB cases were recorded (8.6%). At baseline, the median age was 34 years (IQR 28–41); 30,675 patients (69.3%) were female. The median CD4 cell count was 156 cells/µL (IQR 79–229) and the median HIV‐RNA viral load 58,000 copies/mL (IQR 6,000–240,000). Overall TB incidence was 26.2/1,000 person‐years (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.3–27.0). Compared to the lowest viral load category (0–999 copies/mL), the adjusted rate ratio for TB was 1.41 (95% CI 1.15–1.75, p < 0.001) in the highest group (>10,000 copies/mL). Time‐updated analyses for CD4/HIV‐RNA confirmed the association of viral load with the risk for TB.Conclusions: Our results indicate that ongoing HIV replication is an important risk factor for TB, regardless of CD4 cell counts, and underline the importance of early ART start and retention on ART.
Primary health clinic toilet/bathroom surface swab sampling can indicate community profile of sexually transmitted infections
Authors: Giffard Philip M. , Su Jiunn-Yih , Andersson Patiyan , Holt Deborah C. 
Published: June 2017

Background
The microbiome of built environment surfaces is impacted by the presence of humans. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that analysis of surface swabs from clinic toilet/bathroom yields results correlated with sexually transmitted infection (STI) notifications from corresponding human populations. We extended a previously reported study in which surfaces in toilet/bathroom facilities in primary health clinics in the Australian Northern Territory (NT) were swabbed then tested for nucleic acid from the STI agents Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Trichomonas vaginalis. This was in the context of assessing the potential for such nucleic acid to contaminate specimens collected in such facilities. STIs are notifiable in the NT, thus allowing comparison of swab and notification data.

Methods
An assumption in the design was that while absolute built environment loads of STI nucleic acids will be a function of patient traffic density and facility cleaning protocols, the relative loads of STI nucleic acids from different species will be largely unaffected by these processes. Another assumption was that the proportion of swabs testing positive for STIs provides a measure of surface contamination. Accordingly, “STI profiles” were calculated. These were the proportions that each of the three STIs of interest contributed to the summed STI positive swabs or notifications. Three comparisons were performed, using swab data from clinics in remote Indigenous communities, clinics in small-medium towns, and a single urban sexual health clinic. These data were compared with time and place-matched STI notifications.

Results
There were significant correlations between swab and notifications data for the both the remote Indigenous and regional data. For the remote Indigenous clinics the p values ranged from 0.041 to 0.0089, depending on data transformation and p value inference method. Further, the swab data appeared to strongly indicate known higher relative prevalence of gonorrhoeae in central Australia than in northern Australia. Similarly, the regional clinics yielded p values from 0.0088–0.0022. In contrast, swab and notifications data from the sexual health clinic were not correlated.

Discussion
Strong correlations between swab and notifications were observed. However, there was evidence for limitations of this approach. Despite the correlation observed with the regional clinics data, one clinic yielded zero positive swabs for C. trachomatis, although this STI constituted 25.1% of the corresponding notifications. This could be ascribed to stochastic effects. The lack of correlation observed for sexual health clinic data was also likely due to stochastic effects. It was concluded that toilet/bathroom surface swab sampling has considerable potential for public health surveillance. The approach may be applicable in situations other than primary health clinics, and for targets other than STIs.
A numerical study of the convection triggering and propagation associated with sea breeze circulation over Hainan Island
Authors: Liang Zhaoming , Wang Donghai , Liu Ying , Cai Qinbo 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBased on high‐resolution numerical simulations, the effects of sea breeze circulation (SBC) on associated convective initiation and propagation over Hainan Island are investigated. The results show that the blocking of synoptic wind on the windward side of the mountains inhibits the occurrence of windward‐side valley breeze and sea breeze. In the context of low mountains, weak synoptic wind not only favors the combination of the SBC with the valley breeze circulation on the leeward side of the mountains but also makes the convergence zone between the synoptic wind and the leeward‐side combined circulation stay near the tops of the mountains, leading to the accumulation of large quantities of water vapor taking place over the mountaintops. The combined effect of enhanced water vapor and high temperatures over the mountaintops can result in the generation of much larger convective available potential energy (CAPE) than the surrounding areas. The coupling of the large CAPE with the considerable converging ascending motion and abundant water vapor near the tops of the mountains promotes the occurrence of a strong convection band (CB) over the mountaintops. During the CB propagation under the steering of synoptic wind, the flow across the CB continuously and strongly opposes the SBC front and the fronts of the Kelvin‐Helmholtz billows behind, resulting in successive and strong lifting motion as well as large quantities of water vapor and high CAPE near these fronts. These lead to an apparent downstream wave‐like propagation of the CB.
Could geoengineering research help answer one of the biggest questions in climate science?
Authors: Wood Robert , Ackerman Thomas , Rasch Philip , Wanser Kelly 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAnthropogenic aerosol impacts on clouds constitute the largest source of uncertainty in quantifying the radiative forcing of climate, and hinders our ability to determine Earth's climate sensitivity to greenhouse gas increases. Representation of aerosol–cloud interactions in global models is particularly challenging because these interactions occur on typically unresolved scales. Observational studies show influences of aerosol on clouds, but correlations between aerosol and clouds are insufficient to constrain aerosol forcing because of the difficulty in separating aerosol and meteorological impacts. In this commentary, we argue that this current impasse may be overcome with the development of approaches to conduct control experiments whereby aerosol particle perturbations can be introduced into patches of marine low clouds in a systematic manner. Such cloud perturbation experiments constitute a fresh approach to climate science and would provide unprecedented data to untangle the effects of aerosol particles on cloud microphysics and the resulting reflection of solar radiation by clouds. The control experiments would provide a critical test of high‐resolution models that are used to develop an improved representation aerosol–cloud interactions needed to better constrain aerosol forcing in global climate models.
A new solar wind‐driven global dynamic plasmapause model: 1. Database and statistics
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Xin , He Fei , Lin Rui‐Lin , Fok Mei‐Ching , Katus Roxanne M. , Liemohn Michael W. , Gallagher Dennis L. , Nakano Shinya 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA large database, possibly the largest plasmapause location database, with 49,119 plasmapause crossing events from the in situ observations and 3957 plasmapause profiles (corresponding to 48,899 plasmapause locations in 1 h magnetic local time (MLT) intervals) from optical remote sensing from 1977 to 2015 by 18 satellites is compiled. The responses of the global plasmapause to solar wind and geomagnetic changes and the diurnal, seasonal, solar cycle variations of the plasmapause are investigated based on this database. It is found that the plasmapause shrinks toward the Earth globally and a clear bulge appears in the afternoon to premidnight MLT sector as the solar wind or geomagnetic conditions change from quiet to disturbed. The bulge is clearer during storm times or southward interplanetary magnetic field. The diurnal variations of the plasmapause are most probably the result of the difference between the magnetic dipole tilt and the Earth's spin axis. The seasonal variations of the plasmapause are characterized by equinox valleys and solstice peaks. It is also found that the plasmapause approaches the Earth during high solar activity and expands outward during low solar activity. This database will help us study and understand the evolution properties of the plasmapause shape and the interaction processes of the plasmasphere, the ring current, and the radiation belts in the magnetosphere.
Ionospheric Alfvén resonator and aurora: Modeling of MICA observations
Authors: Tulegenov B. , Streltsov A. V. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe present results from a numerical study of small‐scale, intense magnetic field‐aligned currents observed in the vicinity of the discrete auroral arc by the Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Coupling in the Alfvén Resonator (MICA) sounding rocket launched from Poker Flat, Alaska, on 19 February 2012. The goal of the MICA project was to investigate the hypothesis that such currents can be produced inside the ionospheric Alfvén resonator by the ionospheric feedback instability (IFI) driven by the system of large‐scale magnetic field‐aligned currents interacting with the ionosphere. The trajectory of the MICA rocket crossed two discrete auroral arcs and detected packages of intense, small‐scale currents at the edges of these arcs, in the most favorable location for the development of the ionospheric feedback instability, predicted by the IFI theory. Simulations of the reduced MHD model derived in the dipole magnetic field geometry with realistic background parameters confirm that IFI indeed generates small‐scale ULF waves inside the ionospheric Alfvén resonator with frequency, scale size, and amplitude showing a good, quantitative agreement with the observations. The comparison between numerical results and observations was performed by “flying” a virtual MICA rocket through the computational domain, and this comparison shows that, for example, the waves generated in the numerical model have frequencies in the range from 0.30 to 0.45 Hz, and the waves detected by the MICA rocket have frequencies in the range from 0.18 to 0.50 Hz.
Ion velocity distributions in dipolarization events: Beams in the vicinity of the plasma sheet boundary
Authors: Birn J. , Chandler M. , Moore T. , Runov A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractUsing combined MHD/test particle simulations, we further explore characteristic ion velocity distributions in relation to magnetotail reconnection and dipolarization events, focusing on distributions at and near the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL). Simulated distributions right at the boundary are characterized by a single earthward beam, as discussed earlier. However, farther inside, the distributions consist of multiple beams parallel and antiparallel to the magnetic field, remarkably similar to recent Magnetospheric Multiscale observations. The simulations provide insight into the mechanisms: the lowest earthward beam results from direct acceleration at an earthward propagating dipolarization front (DF), with a return beam at somewhat higher energy. A higher‐energy earthward beam results from dual acceleration, first near the reconnection site and then at the DF, again with a corresponding return beam resulting from mirroring closer to Earth. Multiple acceleration at the X line or the propagating DF with intermediate bounces may produce even higher‐energy beams. Particles contributing to the lower energy beams are found to originate from the PSBL with thermal source energies, increasing with increasing beam energy. In contrast, the highest‐energy beams consist mostly of particles that have entered the acceleration region via cross‐tail drift with source energies in the suprathermal range.
Organogelator–Cellulose Composite for Practical and Eco‐Friendly Marine Oil‐Spill Recovery
Authors: Prathap Annamalai , Sureshan Kana M. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractMarine oil spills pose serious threats to the ecosystem and economy. There is much interest in developing sorbents that can tackle such spills. We have developed a novel sorbent by impregnating cellulose pulp with a sugar‐derived oleogelator, 1,2:5,6‐di‐O‐cyclohexylidene‐mannitol. The gelator molecules mask the surface‐exposed hydroxyl groups of cellulose fibrils by engaging them in H‐bonding and expose their hydrophobic parts making the fibers temporarily hydrophobic (water contact angle 110°). This sorbent absorbs oil effectively, selectively and instantly from oil–water mixtures due to its hydrophobicity. Then the gelator molecules get released uniformly in the oil and later self‐assemble to fibers, as evident from SEM analysis, congealing the oil within the matrix. This hierarchical entrapment of the oil by non‐covalent polymeric fibers within a covalent polymer matrix makes the gel very strong (230‐fold increase in the yield stress) and rigid, making it suitable for practical use.
From Borane to Borylene without Reduction: Ambiphilic Behavior of a Monovalent Silylisonitrile Boron Species
Authors: Arrowsmith Merle , Auerhammer Dominic , Bertermann Rüdiger , Braunschweig Holger , Celik Mehmet Ali , Erdmannsdörfer Julian , Krummenacher Ivo , Kupfer Thomas 
Published: June 2017

AbstractDeprotonation of [(cAAC)BH2(CN)] provided clean access to the stable boryl anion, [(cAAC)BH(CN)]−. Whereas the addition of soft electrophiles occurred at the nucleophilic boron center, harder silyl electrophiles added to the harder terminal cyano nitrogen. The resulting [(cAAC)BH(CNSiPh3)] species behaved like a silylium boryl nucleophile as well as a neutral silylisonitrile borylene.
Long‐term survival benefit of upfront chemotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed borderline resectable pancreatic cancer
Authors: Shrestha Bikram , Sun Yifei , Faisal Farzana , Kim Victoria , Soares Kevin , Blair Alex , Herman Joseph M. , Narang Amol , Dholakia Avani S. , Rosati Lauren , Hacker‐Prietz Amy , Chen Linda , Laheru Daniel A. , De Jesus‐Acosta Ana , Le Dung T. , Donehower Ross , Azad Nilofar , Diaz Luis A. , Murphy Adrian , Lee Valerie , Fishman Elliot K. , Hruban Ralph H. , Liang Tingbo , Cameron John L. , Makary Martin , Weiss Matthew J. , Ahuja Nita , He Jin , Wolfgang Christopher L. , Huang Chiung‐Yu , Zheng Lei 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy or radiation for borderline resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma (BL‐PDAC) is increasing. However, the impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy on the outcome of BL‐PDAC remains to be elucidated. We performed a retrospective analysis of 93 consecutive patients who were diagnosed with BL‐PDAC and primarily followed at Johns Hopkins Hospital between February 2007 and December 2012. Among 93 patients, 62% received upfront neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by chemoradiation, whereas 20% received neoadjuvant chemoradiation alone and 15% neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone. Resectability following all neoadjuvant therapy was 44%. Patients who underwent resection with a curative intent had a median overall survival (mOS) of 25.8 months, whereas those who did not undergo surgery had a mOS of 11.9 months. However, resectability and overall survival were not significantly different between the three types of neoadjuvant therapy. Nevertheless, 22% (95% CI, 0.13–0.36) of the 58 patients who received upfront chemotherapy followed by chemoradiation remained alive for a minimum of 48 months compared to none of the 19 patients who received upfront chemoradiation. Among patients who underwent curative surgical resection, 32% (95% CI, 0.19–0.55) of those who received upfront chemotherapy remained disease free at least 48 months following surgical resection, whereas none of the eight patients who received upfront chemoradiation remained disease free beyond 24 months following surgical resection. Neoadjuvant therapy with upfront chemotherapy may result in long‐term survival in a subpopulation of patients with BL‐PDAC.
Impact of postoperative complications on the colorectal cancer survival and recurrence: analyses of pooled individual patients’ data from three large phase III randomized trials
Authors: Aoyama Toru , Oba Koji , Honda Michitaka , Sadahiro Sotaro , Hamada Chikuma , Mayanagi Shuhei , Kanda Mitsuro , Maeda Hiromichi , Kashiwabara Kosuke , Sakamoto Junichi , Saji Shigetoyo , Yoshikawa Takaki 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis study assessed the impact of postoperative complications on the colorectal cancer survival and recurrence after curative surgery using pooled individual patients’ data from three large phase III randomized trials. In total, 5530 patients were included in this study. The patients were classified as those with postoperative complications (C group) and those without postoperative complications (NC group). The risk factors for the overall survival (OS) and the disease‐free survival (DFS) were analyzed. Postoperative complications were found in 861 (15.6%) of the 5530 patients. The OS and DFS rates at 5 years after surgery were 68.9% and 74.8%, respectively, in the C group and 75.8% and 82.2%, respectively, in the NC group, values that were significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.001). The multivariate analysis demonstrated that postoperative complications were a significant independent risk factor for the OS and DFS. Postoperative complications can worsen the colorectal cancer survival and risk of recurrence. Surgical morbidity must be considered as a stratification factor in future phase III trials evaluating the effects of adjuvant chemotherapy on colorectal cancer.