bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive Morpho-Electrotonic Analysis Shows 2 Distinct Classes of L2 and L3 Pyramidal Neurons in Human Temporal Cortex
Authors: Deitcher Yair , Eyal Guy , Kanari Lida , Verhoog Matthijs B , Atenekeng Kahou Guy Antoine , Mansvelder Huibert D , de Kock Christiaan P J , Segev Idan 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThere have been few quantitative characterizations of the morphological, biophysical, and cable properties of neurons in the human neocortex. We employed feature-based statistical methods on a rare data set of 60 3D reconstructed pyramidal neurons from L2 and L3 in the human temporal cortex (HL2/L3 PCs) removed after brain surgery. Of these cells, 25 neurons were also characterized physiologically. Thirty-two morphological features were analyzed (e.g., dendritic surface area, 36 333 ± 18 157 μm2; number of basal trees, 5.55 ± 1.47; dendritic diameter, 0.76 ± 0.28 μm). Eighteen features showed a significant gradual increase with depth from the pia (e.g., dendritic length and soma radius). The other features showed weak or no correlation with depth (e.g., dendritic diameter). The basal dendritic terminals in HL2/L3 PCs are particularly elongated, enabling multiple nonlinear processing units in these dendrites. Unlike the morphological features, the active biophysical features (e.g., spike shapes and rates) and passive/cable features (e.g., somatic input resistance, 47.68 ± 15.26 MΩ, membrane time constant, 12.03 ± 1.79 ms, average dendritic cable length, 0.99 ± 0.24) were depth-independent. A novel descriptor for apical dendritic topology yielded 2 distinct classes, termed hereby as “slim-tufted” and “profuse-tufted” HL2/L3 PCs; the latter class tends to fire at higher rates. Thus, our morpho-electrotonic analysis shows 2 distinct classes of HL2/L3 PCs.
Modelling the recruitment of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) throughout its European range
Authors: Bornarel Virginie , Lambert Patrick , Briand Cédric , Antunes Carlos , Belpaire Claude , Ciccotti Eleonora , Diaz Estibaliz , Diserud Ola , Doherty Denis , Domingos Isabel , Evans Derek , de Graaf Martin , O’Leary Ciara , Pedersen Michael , Poole Russell , Walker Alan , Wickström Håkan , Beaulaton Laurent , Drouineau Hilaire 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
European eel (Anguilla anguilla) recruitment has been declining at least since the early 1980s at the scale of its distribution area. Since the population is panmictic, its stock assessment should be carried out on a range-wide basis. However, assessing the overall stock during the continental phase remains difficult given its widespread distribution among heterogeneous and separate river catchments. Hence, it is currently considered by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) more feasible to use glass eel recruitment data to assess the status of the overall population. In this study, we used Glass Eel Recruitment Estimation Model (GEREM) to estimate annual recruitment (i) at the river catchment level, a scale for which data are available, (ii) at an intermediate scale (6 European regions), and (iii) at a larger scale (Europe). This study provides an estimate of the glass eel recruitment trend through a single index, which gathers all recruitment time-series available at the European scale. Results confirmed an overall recruitment decline to dramatically low levels in 2009 (3.5% of the 1960–1979 recruitment average) and highlighted a more pronounced decline in the North Sea area compared to elsewhere in Europe.
Unintended adverse consequences of a clinical decision support system: two cases
Authors: Stone Erin G 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Many institutions have implemented clinical decision support systems (CDSSs). While CDSS research papers have focused on benefits of these systems, there is a smaller body of literature showing that CDSSs may also produce unintended adverse consequences (UACs). Detailed here are 2 cases of UACs resulting from a CDSS. Both of these cases were related to external systems that fed data into the CDSS. In the first case, lack of knowledge of data categorization in an external pharmacy system produced a UAC; in the second case, the change of a clinical laboratory instrument produced the UAC. CDSSs rely on data from many external systems. These systems are dynamic and may have changes in hardware, software, vendors, or processes. Such changes can affect the accuracy of CDSSs. These cases point to the need for the CDSS team to be familiar with these external systems. This team (manager and alert builders) should include members in specific clinical specialties with deep knowledge of these external systems.
Clinical outcomes of 125I brachytherapy with and without external-beam radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer: results from 300 patients at a single institution in Japan
Authors: Maki Sayo , Itoh Yoshiyuki , Kubota Seiji , Okada Tohru , Nakahara Rie , Ito Junji , Kawamura Mariko , Naganawa Shinji , Yoshino Yasushi , Fujita Takashi , Kato Masashi , Gotoh Momokazu , Ikeda Mitsuru 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the outcomes and adverse events for 300 men with prostate cancer treated with 125iodine (125I) brachytherapy with and without external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT) at a single institution in Japan. Between February 2005 and November 2011, 300 consecutive patients with clinically localized prostate cancer were treated with 125I brachytherapy at the Nagoya University Hospital. A total of 271 men were treated with implants with doses of 145 Gy, and 29 men were treated with implants with doses of 110 Gy combined with EBRT (40–50 Gy/20–25 fractions). The median patient age was 69 years (range, 53–83 years). The median follow-up period was 53 months (range, 5–99 months). According to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network risk classification, 132 men (44%) had low-risk, 147 men (29%) had intermediate-risk and 21 men (7%) had high-risk disease. The 5-year overall survival rate, biochemical relapse–free survival rate, and disease-specific survival rates were 93.5%, 97.3% and 98.5%, respectively. Two men (0.6%) died of prostate cancer and 10 men (3.3%) died of other causes. Seventeen men (5.6%) experienced Grade 2 rectal bleeding in all: 12 (41.4%) of 29 in brachytherapy with EBRT, and 5 (1.8%) of 271 in brachytherapy alone. The rates of Grade 2 and 3 genitourinary toxicity were 1.0% and 1.7%, respectively. Excellent local control was achieved at our hospital for localized prostate cancer with 125I brachytherapy with and without EBRT. Gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicities were acceptable.
Genome–nutrition divergence: evolving understanding of the malnutrition spectrum
Authors: Eaton Jacob C , Iannotti Lora L 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Humans adapted over a period of 2.3 million years to a diet high in quality and diversity. Genome–nutrition divergence describes the misalignment between modern global diets and the genome formed through evolution. A survey of hominin diets over time shows that humans have thrived on a broad range of foods. Earlier diets were highly diverse and nutrient dense, in contrast to modern food systems in which monotonous diets of staple cereals and ultraprocessed foods play a more prominent role. Applying the lens of genome–nutrition divergence to malnutrition reveals shared risk factors for undernutrition and overnutrition at nutrient, food, and environmental levels. Mechanisms for food system shifts, such as crop-neutral agricultural policy, agroecology, and social policy, are explored as a means to realign modern diets with the nutritional patterns to which humans may be better adapted to thrive.
Parasellar Schwannomas: Extradural vs Extra-Intradural Surgical Approach
Authors: Mariniello Giuseppe , de Divitiis Oreste , Caranci Ferdinando , Dones Flavia , Maiuri Francesco 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Schwannomas of the parasellar region may arise from the trigeminal, oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves.

OBJECTIVE
To define the tumor origin, location, and dural relationship (extradural vs extra-intradural vs cisternal) on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in order to plan the best surgical approach (purely extradural vs extra-intradural).

METHODS
Twenty-four patients with parasellar schwannomas who underwent surgery were retrospectively analyzed. Twenty arose from the trigeminal nerve (7 intracavernous and 13 within the Meckel's cave), 3 from the oculomotor nerve, and 1 from the abducens nerve. The preoperative identification of the tumor location (extradural vs extra-intradural vs cisternal) and the nerve of origin was defined on MR sequences. All patients were operated on through a pterional approach (extradural or extra-intradural route).

RESULTS
The tumor location was correctly defined on MRI in 22 out of 24 cases (92%) and the nerve of origin in 22 (92%). An extradural approach without intradural exploration was performed in all 5 intracavernous trigeminal schwannomas, in 11 out of 13 of the Meckel's cave, and in 2 schwannomas of the oculomotor nerve. Two schwannomas of the Meckel's cave with transgression of the medial dural wall, 1 of the oculomotor nerve, and the abducens nerve schwannoma required an extra-intradural approach. Complete tumor resection was obtained in 19 out of 24 cases (80%).

CONCLUSION
The pterional extradural approach is sufficient for Dolenc type I and II trigeminal schwannomas, excepting for those transgressing the inner dural layer. Schwannomas of the oculomotor and abducens nerves with cisternal location require an extradural-intradural approach.
In defence of the child innovator
Authors: Cournane Ailís 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter confronts the two principal arguments levelled against the child-as-innovator approach to language change: (1) child innovations cannot underlie historical innovations because child innovations resolve before adulthood, when they could diffuse (e.g. Traugott and Dasher 2005; Diessel 2011), and (2) parallels must hold between child innovations and historical innovations, but parallels do not hold in the domain of morphosyntax (e.g. Diessel 2012). I argue that both parallel and oppositional alignments are predicted by the two possible innovation-types children make when solving the Mapping Problem (Clark 1977, 1993, i.a.); in short, different L1A processes underlie different types of change. I further argue that input-divergent analyses at most need to persist into the teenage years, when they can be diffused via the sociolinguistic change powerhouse of teenage peer groups (e.g. Labov 2012), and may also be reinforced and prolonged in childhood via peer-to-peer acquisition and bilingualism contexts.
Where do relative specifiers come from?
Authors: Gisborne Nikolas , Truswell Robert 
Published: August 2017

AbstractHeaded relative clauses with filled Spec,CP positions are cross-linguistically rare, but have emerged repeatedly in Indo-European languages. We explore this unusual typological fact by examining the emergence and spread of English headed wh-relatives. The major claims developed in this chapter are: (1) aspects of the diachrony of headed wh-relatives must be reduced to competing specifications of the behaviour of a given lexical item, rather than to competition among multiple forms associated with a given function; (2) headed wh-relatives spread gradually from form to form, rather than spreading gradually up the Accessibility Hierarchy as assumed in much earlier work. We suggest that the unusual typology of headed relatives with filled specifiers can then be understood in terms of inheritance of a stable set of lexical items from Proto-Indo-European, and biases affecting acquisition of the syntactic properties of these items.
Diagnosing embedded V2 in Old English and Old French
Authors: Salvesen Christine Meklenborg , Walkden George 
Published: August 2017

AbstractOld English (OE) and Old French (OF) both display verb-second (V2) word order in main declarative clauses. Different models may account for V2: (a) the finite verb must move to a head in the CP field; (b) it must remain in the IP field; or (c) it moves to the left periphery only when the preceding XP is not a subject. While the IP-model should allow free embedded V2, the two others would either exclude completely or strongly limit the possibilty of having embedded V2. We select embedded that-clauses and analyse the word order with respect to the matrix verb: embedded V2 is possible in both OE and OF, although the availability of this structure is restricted. OE has very few occurrences of embedded V2, whereas OF seems to permit this construction more freely. We link this difference to the site of first Merge of complementizers in the two languages.
The pragmatics of demonstratives in Germanic
Authors: Light Caitlin 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter will seek to demonstrate that demonstrative pronouns in Germanic are inherently pragmatically contrastive, in that they conventionally signal a marked and unexpected referent given the existing discourse structure. Data on object topicalization show that in information-structurally driven operations, demonstrative pronouns pattern more like contrastive elements than like non-contrastive ones. In this way they can be analysed as subinformative in the sense of Gast (2010), with an information-structural function not unlike contrastive topics. This conclusion leads us to a better understanding of the behaviour of demonstrative pronouns in discourse. Thus, a careful consideration of information-structural phenomena leads to insight into both crucial details of the grammar, and how these issues relate to language in use.
Persistence as a diagnostic of grammatical status: The case of Middle English negation
Authors: Ecay Aaron , Tamminga Meredith 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter proposes the use of persistence effects (repetitiveness in variant choice) to diagnose grammatical relationships between surface forms in cases of language change. We illustrate using Middle English corpus data on the change from ne to not as the English sentence negator. During the transition period, ne and not could co-occur as well as appear independently. Prior accounts differ on whether sentences containing both negators are a distinct third option (Wallage 2008) or represent the independent appearance of ne and not (Frisch 1997). We spell out the predictions that these analyses make for persistence across sentence types, and argue that the persistence data provide a new line of evidence for Wallage’s three-atom analysis.
Introduction
Authors: Duran Angelica , Issa Islam 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter describes the rationale for and scope of this volume. As this volume demonstrates, Milton’s works have been read across the centuries and around the globe in large part through translation. It outlines the literary, linguistic, theoretical, and cultural underpinnings of this project and links the volume’s scope, organizational structure, selection of languages, among other matters, such as the impact of religious contexts and linguistic characteristics on translations of Milton’s works. This chapter’s overview of the twenty-eight chapters of the six parts, as well as the epilogue, gives a sense of the unique characteristics of the various translations as well as some shared characteristics and trends among them.
‘Levelling the Sublime’
Authors: Shapiro Aaron 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The eighteenth century saw the curious tradition of translating Milton’s Paradise Lost into normative English prose and verse. The status of these translations as literary curiosities belies their serious ambition: to secure a universal readership of this English classic, an ambition also articulated in contemporary works of criticism and commentaries. Rather than treating this cluster of works as adaptations, this chapter conceives of them as intralingual translations, thus positioning them in the terms with which their authors describe them and within the earlier tradition of translation-as-commentary. Milton’s English translators aim at making his epic accessible to women, ‘foreigners’, ‘young people’, and ‘those of a capacity and knowledge below the first class of learning’, even if that accessibility requires some rewriting. Borrowing methods from the teaching of Latin, these authors established a practice that persists to this day in student-friendly translations of English poetry.
Domesticating and Foreignizing the Sublime
Authors: Whitaker Curtis 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Translation of Milton into German flourished during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. During the first 100 years, as translators sought appropriate German forms for Milton’s aesthetic, versions of Paradise Lost appeared in prose, pentameter, and hexameter. A primary goal was to represent the sublime, with translations of Milton exerting a profound influence on original German works such as Klopstock’s Messias and Kant’s Critique of Judgement. In the nineteenth century, translators in general settled on the pentameter as the form of choice for Milton, but new questions arose as Schleiermacher’s theories of translation gained prominence in the 1810s. The second half of this chapter focuses on how translations of Milton from Schleiermacher’s period can illuminate our understanding of domesticating and foreignizing methods of translation, a key issue in translation theory.
Nanoscale transistors
Authors: Tiwari Sandip 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter brings together the physical underpinnings of field-effect transistors operating in their nanoscale limits. It tackles the change in dominant behavior from scattering-limited long-channel transport to mesoscopic and few scattering events limits in quantized channels. It looks at electrostatics and a transistor’s controllability as dimensions are shrunk—the interplay of geometry and control—and then brings out the operational characteristics in “off”-state, e.g., the detailed nature of insulator’s implications or threshold voltage’s statistical variations grounded in short-range and long-range effects, and “on”-state, where quantization, quantized channels, ballistic transport and limited scattering are important. It also explores the physical behavior for zero bandgap and monoatomic layer materials by focusing on real-space and reciprocal-space funneling as one of the important dimensional change consequences through a discussion of parasitic resistances.
Phase transitions and their devices
Authors: Tiwari Sandip 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Phase transitions as a collective response of an ensemble, with appearance of unique stable properties spontaneously, is critical to a variety of devices: electronic, magnetic, optical, and their coupled forms. This chapter starts with a discussion of broken symmetry and its manifestation in the property changes in thermodynamic phase transition and the Landau mean-field articulation. It then follows it with an exploration of different phenomena and their use in devices. The first is ferroelectricity—spontaneous electric polarization—and its use in ferroelectric memories. Electron correlation effects are explored, and then conductivity transition from electron-electron and electron-phonon coupling and its use in novel memory and device forms. This is followed by development of an understanding of spin correlations and interactions and magnetism—spontaneous magnetic polarization. The use and manipulation of the magnetic phase transition in disk drives, magnetic and spin-torque memory as well as their stability is explored. Finally, as a fourth example, amorphous-crystalline structural transition in optical, electronic, and optoelectronic form are analyzed. This latter’s application include disk drives and resistive memories in the form of phase-change as well as those with electochemical transport.
Overview of Microcavities
Authors: Kavokin Alexey V. , Baumberg Jeremy J. , Malpuech Guillaume , Laussy Fabrice P. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn this chapter we provide an overview of microcavities. We present the variety of semiconductor, metallic and dielectric structures used to make microcavities of different dimensions and briefly present a few characteristic optical effects observed in microcavities. Many important effects mentioned in this chapter are discussed in greater extent in the following chapters.
Classical Description of Light
Authors: Kavokin Alexey V. , Baumberg Jeremy J. , Malpuech Guillaume , Laussy Fabrice P. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn this chapter we introduce the basic characteristics of light modes in free space and in different kinds of optically confined structures including Bragg mirrors, planar microcavities, pillars and spheres. We describe the powerful transfer matrix method that allows for solution of Maxwell’s equations in multilayer structures. We discuss the polarisation of light and mention different ways it is modified including the Faraday and Kerr effects, optical birefringence, dichroism, and optical activity.
Quantum description of light–matter coupling
Authors: Kavokin Alexey V. , Baumberg Jeremy J. , Malpuech Guillaume , Laussy Fabrice P. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn this chapter we study with the tools developed in Chapter 3 the basic models that are the foundations of light–matter interaction. We start with Rabi dynamics, then consider the optical Bloch equations that add phenomenologically the lifetime of the populations. As decay and pumping are often important, we cover the Lindblad form, a correct, simple and powerful way to describe various dissipation mechanisms. Then we go to a full quantum picture, quantizing also the optical field. We first investigate the simpler coupling of bosons and then culminate with the Jaynes–Cummings model and its solution to the quantum interaction of a two-level system with a cavity mode. Finally, we investigate a broader family of models where the material excitation operators differ from the ideal limits of a Bose and a Fermi field.
Weak-coupling microcavities
Authors: Kavokin Alexey V. , Baumberg Jeremy J. , Malpuech Guillaume , Laussy Fabrice P. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn this chapter we address the optical properties of microcavities in the weak-coupling regime and review the emission of light from microcavities in the linear regime. We present a derivation of the Purcell effect and stimulated emission of radiation by microcavities, and consider how this develops towards lasing. Finally, we briefly consider nonlinear properties of weakly coupled semiconductor microcavities. The functionality of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) is also described.
Spin and polarisation
Authors: Kavokin Alexey V. , Baumberg Jeremy J. , Malpuech Guillaume , Laussy Fabrice P. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn this chapter we consider a complex set of optical phenomena linked to the spin dynamics of exciton-polaritons in semiconductor microcavities. We review a few important experiments that reveal the main mechanisms of the exciton-polariton spin dynamics and present the theoretical model of polariton spin relaxation based on the density matrix formalism. We also discuss the polarisation properties of the condensate and the superfluid phase transitions for polarised exciton-polaritons. We briefly address the polarization multistability and switching in polariton lasers. Finally, the optical spin-Hall and spin-Meissner effects are described.