bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A glance at potential neuropsychological theories and explanations for the higher creative functioning of Leonardo da Vinci
Authors: Kumar S. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionIt has been universally regarded that Leonardo da Vinci was one of the all time geniuses in terms of his contribution to art and sciences. A number of theories have been proposed to explain his genius that range from neurological, psychological uniqueness, and enhanced functional intelligence.AimThe primary aim is to explore these theories in detail and register their pros and cons alongside contextualizing their credibility and weightage against the extant evidence in science.MethodA detailed literature search has been undertaken to identify variety of models and theories either:– dealing with neurological, psychological or neuro-philosophical explanations;– have been proposed by psychiatrist or psychologist and neurologists pertaining to Leonardo's brain or mind;– theories around occult and religion have been excluded.DiscussionThe results are synthesized and presented in a tabular form. The discussion expands on the various theories and the relevance of Leonardo da Vinci to the merging unified field of neurology, psychology, technology and philosophy (consciousness studies)Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.
Challenging patients: Human misery
Authors: Ganhao I. , Paiva S. , Cardoso J. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionPsychiatry has seen significant progress in recent decades due to scientific advances. However, beyond genes, neurotransmitters and neurocircuits, there is a truly human dimension that escapes all the science. The choices each one makes, even if biologically mediated, and the consequences, even if mediated through individual vulnerabilities, dictate an outcome. That outcome may be a biopsychosocially ill individual. Health professionals trained and up-to-date on the latest research are confronted with challenges that far outweigh what they expected and know what to do with, defying the humanity of even the most humane.ObjectiveTo reflect upon a clinical case of human misery.AimsTo promote growth at a professional and personal level through the process of treating challenging patients.MethodsPresentation of a clinical case.ResultsA homeless person with a history of and current drug use, prostitution, untreated HIV-AIDS, hepatitis B and C, untreated Mycobacterium lentiflavum pulmonary infection, bleeding rectal prolapse, prolonged psychotic manic episode and a very difficult personality has trouble finding and ultimately rejects help from medical professionals and ends up involuntarily admitted to a psychiatric inpatient unit.ConclusionsMany unsolvable or only partially solvable puzzles end up under psychiatric care. The complexity of human nature escapes all scientific advances. We can put many pieces together but the whole often remains a challenge, a challenge of our values, our motivation, creativity and resilience.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
“Incomprehensibility” as an approach to the contemporary understanding-explanation dichotomy
Authors: Valdes-Stauber J. 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundTraditionally, “understanding” is related to the comprehension of the particular and of individualities as historical unique; “explanation” is conversely related to the sciences of general laws, preferential expressed mathematically. Within the “Methodenstreit”, first method is related to an idiographic second to a nomothetic approach. This dichotomy was transferred by Jaspers into psychiatry.ObjectiveHow the understanding-explanation dichotomy could be dialectically kept, but also surmounted in contemporary psychiatry and psychosomatics in the light of a broader concept of “comprehensibility” as dialectically opposed to “incomprehensibility”.MethodPossible steps in development of the understanding-explanation dichotomy are rebuilt historically from Neo-Kantian and hermeneutic approaches onwards. Starting from reflections on analytic action theory as well as from a critique of Descartian dualism of substance and from the assumption of incomprehensibility, we try to state an integrative conceptual network.ResultsWays of comprehensibility and incomprehensibility as well as understanding and not understanding are explored by crossing epistemological and ontological perspectives. Four implicit categories of understanding and a dialectically built conceptual network of dimensional dualities are stated.DiscussionThe methods of “understanding” and “explanation” maintain in contemporary psychiatry a heuristic importance, but not in a segregative manner. This epistemological dichotomy might be integrated in a network of superordinate dualities.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.
Suicide attempts associated with sexual violence: Women – Ecuador
Authors: Valdez V. , Santana C. , Cajas M. , Avila E. , Reyes D. 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveDetermine the incidence of suicide attempts in women exposed to sexual violence in Ecuador.MaterialsWe applied a transversal descriptive study accomplished by the National Institute of Statistics and Census (INEC). The INEC recruited Ecuadorian women from 15-years-old and ahead, the surveys were focused on this population. Eighteen thousand and eight hundred (18,800) rural and urban housings were selected all over the country, 24 provinces. Date of the survey: November 16–December 15 of 2011. The sample included 737 women of several marital status (single, married and separated woman) who reported had been victims of sexual violence.ResultsThe average age of the sample was 28-years-old. The standard deviation was 21 years, ages: 15–25 years old: 14.265 (21.6%), 25–35-years-old: 9.324 (14.1%), 35–45-years-old: 8.132 (12.3%), 45–55-years-old: 6.283 (9.5%), 55–65-years-old: 4.302 (6.5%) and > 65 years old: 23.745 (35.9%). The incidence of women who had attempted suicide due to sexual violence was 73.95% (545 of 737 women surveyed). According to the marital status, the incidence was 79.3% on single, 65.5% on married and 79.0% on separated women.ConclusionThe rate of suicide attempts in Ecuadorian women undergoing situations of sexual violence is very elevated. The traumatic incident in descending order according to the classification by marital status is: single, separated and married. It was identified the population of unmarried women in our society to be the most vulnerable to develop suicidal behaviors (8 out of 10 women). However, we must keep in mind that these statistics could be even higher due to the fear and rejection to expose personal traumatic experiences in conservative societies such as the Ecuadorian. These results represent a powerful call to the Mental Health Systems. They must increase protection and follow-up programs on sexually abused women in Ecuador and other Latin-American countries.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Agitation in the patient with dual pathology
Authors: Hernández Plaza L. , García Navarro M. , Delgado Parada E. , Ochoa Mangado E. , Salvador Vadillo E. , Molins Pascual S. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionThe consumption of toxic substances often causes agitation, which makes more difficult the pharmacological management of the symptoms.ObjectiveAbout one case, a search was performed of the different therapeutic options in the agitation takes place in the context of intoxication.MethodsThirty-five-year-old male patient diagnosed of dual pathology under treatment since 2003 in our outpatient. The patient shows paranoid schizophrenia disorder due to alcohol, cannabis and cocaine use disorder, summing up different pharmacological treatments with no remission. Whilst the examination is taking place the patient is under alcohol and cannabis effects. His physical and verbal behaviour are aggressive showing psychotic instability. The therapeutic team administers loxapine to its patient.ResultsThe inhaled loxapine turned out to be a good alternative in the case given.ConclusionHandling agitation when toxics are involved is complex. The new formulation of inhaled loxapine helps to control agitation quickly and it might be a feasible option for this kind of patients.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Comorbidity between delusional disorder and sensory deficits. Results from the deliranda case register
Authors: Porras Segovia A. , Guerrero Jimenez M. , Carrillo de Albornoz Calahorro C. , Cervilla Ballesteros J. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionSensory deficits such as blindness and deafness are very common forms of disability, affecting over 300 million people worldwide according to World Health Organization estimates. These conditions can lead to misinterpretations of the environment, which may contribute to the development of a delusional disorder in predisposed people.ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to establish the prevalence of blindness and hearing loss across delusional disorder.AimsThe aim is to provide useful information regarding this frequent, often disregarded, comorbidity.MethodsOur results proceed from the Andalusian delusional disorder case-register (DelirAnda). We reviewed 1927 clinical histories of patients diagnosed of delusional disorder. Upon having verified the diagnosis following DSM-V criteria, we recollected data on the prevalence of blindness and hearing loss, which were defined based on clinical diagnosis.ResultsOne thousand four hundred and fifty-two patients matched DSM-5 delusional disorder criteria. Among them, 49.8% of our sample were women. The overall prevalence of sensory deficits was 7.4%, 3.5% of the patients with delusional disorder were blind, while 3.9% of them suffered from hearing loss.ConclusionsOur results are consistent with previous studies, such as the Deliremp study, which found a 5.7% prevalence of sensory deficit among delusional disorder patients. These results show a higher prevalence of sensory deficit among delusional disorder patients compared with the general population. However, causality could not be established. Further study should be undertaken regarding the relationship between these two conditions.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Alexithymia and asthma
Authors: Turki M. , Naoui R. , Moussa N. , Sellami S. , Gassrara I. , Halouani N. , Hamza N. , Aloulou J. , Kammoun S. , Amami O. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionAlexithymia refers to difficulties in verbal expression of emotions, commonly observed in patients with psychosomatic symptoms. In this context, asthma is described as one of psychosomatic diseases.ObjectivesIdentify clinical profile of asthmatic patients and assess the alexithymia level as well as associated factors.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytic study, including 30 patients followed for asthma at pulmonary outpatient department, Hedi Chaker Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia, during September and October 2015. We collected socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. Asthma control level was assessed by the Asthma Control Test (ACT). Alexithymia was measured using Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS 20).ResultsThe mean age was 51 ans. Sex-ratio F/M was 14. The mean duration of disease was 11 years. Long-term control medicines were: inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting beta agonists and theophylline respectively in 86.7%, 33.3% and 26.7%. Two thirds of our patients had a bad therapeutic adherence. The average ACT score was 16.8 points. Asthma was uncontrolled in 1/3 and well controlled in 1/3 of cases. The average TAS 20 score was 64.8 points. Twenty percent of patients were non-alexithymic, 13.3% had a probable alexithymia and 66.7% were alexithymic. This score was positively correlated to bad asthma control (P < 0.001), long term evolution (P = 0.002) and use of inhaled corticoids (P < 0.001). It was inversely correlated to ACT score (P < 0.001).ConclusionOur study shows the high prevalence of alexithymia in patients with asthma and its negative impact in asthma control. Psychological support aiming specifically alexithymic dimension in these patients is indispensable.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Psychiatric comorbidity does not only depend on diagnostic thresholds: An illustration with major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder
Authors: van Loo H. , Schoevers R. , Kendler K. , de Jonge P. , Romeijn J.W. 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundHigh rates of psychiatric comorbidity are subject of debate: to what extent do they depend on classification choices such as diagnostic thresholds?Aims/objectivesTo investigate the influence of different thresholds on rates of comorbidity between major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).MethodsPoint prevalence of comorbidity between MDD and GAD was measured in 74,092 subjects from the general population according to DSM-IV-TR criteria. Comorbidity rates were compared for different thresholds by varying the number of necessary criteria from ≥ 1 to all 9 symptoms for MDD, and from ≥ 1 to all 7 symptoms for GAD.ResultsAccording to DSM-thresholds, 0.86% had MDD only, 2.96% GAD only and 1.14% both MDD and GAD (Odds Ratio [OR] 42.6). Lower thresholds for MDD led to higher rates of comorbidity (1.44% for ≥ 4 of 9 MDD-symptoms, OR 34.4), whereas lower thresholds for GAD hardly influenced comorbidity (1.16% for ≥ 3 of 7 GAD-symptoms, OR 38.8). Specific patterns in the distribution of symptoms within the population explained this finding: 37.3% of subjects with core criteria of MDD and GAD reported subthreshold MDD symptoms, whereas only 7.6% reported subthreshold GAD symptoms.ConclusionsLower thresholds for MDD increased comorbidity with GAD, but not vice versa, owing to specific symptom patterns in the population. Generally, comorbidity rates result from both empirical symptom distributions and classification choices and cannot be reduced to either of these exclusively. This insight invites further research into the formation of disease concepts that allow for reliable predictions and targeted therapeutic interventions.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Surgery-first or orthognathic surgery approach: Psychosocial and physical changes
Authors: Gambaro E. , vecchi C. , Gramaglia C. , Losa A. , Giarda M. , Broccardo E. , Benech A. , Zeppegno P. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionTwo surgical approaches exist for malocclusion: in the surgery-first approach the orthognathic surgery precedes the orthodontic treatment, treating facial esthetics first and then occlusion, whereas in the conventional approach (the orthodontics-first approach) the orthodontic treatment precedes the orthognathic surgery, treating occlusion first and then facial esthetics. The advantages of the surgery-first approach include the fact that patient's dental function, and facial esthetics are restored and improved soon after the beginning of treatment. Moreover, the entire treatment lasts only 1 to 1.5 years or less and orthodontic management is easier to achieve.AimsOur study aims to compare patients undergoing surgery-first or orthognathic surgery approach as for as self-esteem, satisfaction with their appearance in the pre- and postoperative care, quality of life and psychosocial changes, are concerned.MethodsWe recruited 50 patients undergoing surgery-first or orthognathic surgery approach at SC Maxillo-Facciale of Novara between October 2014 and December 2017. Assessment were performed at baseline (T0) and at follow-up (T1: 5 weeks; T2: 5–6 months), with Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI: only at T0), Short Form Health Survey 36 (SF-36), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Resilience Scale for Adult (RSA), Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ), Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14).ResultsData collection is still ongoing. We expect to find a better quality of life and higher self-esteem in patients undergoing surgery first approach.ConclusionSatisfaction is crucial for patients’ adherence to treatment and to avoid revolving door. Clinical implications will be discussed.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Liaison psychiatry: Its impact in an intrahospital treatment for a psychotic patient
Authors: Goujon D. , Chouillard D.E. , Abdullah D.B. , Dew D.B. , Beer D.L. , Grandin D.P. 
Published: May 2016

Different manners of non-suicidal self-injuries are common ways to deliberately hurt oneself in order to aliviate suffering. It can be seen in various psychiatric affections. The ingestion of bizarre objects in psychotic patients is part of aggressive behaviour as a reaction to massive anxiety. We hereby present the case of a schizophrenic patient who presented to the Emergency Department for a second episode of ingestion of numerous metallic objects (screws, coins, knives, spoon, handles, …). Physical examination showed no abdominal guarding. CT scan revealed the presence of multiple metallic objects, which seemed impossible to go through the pylorus. Surgical transgastric extraction was performed. Outcome was uneventful. Patient was discharged and followed-up in a private structure. Three months later, the patient was readmitted for the same reason. Flexible endoscopy allowed this time complete extraction of the ingested objects. He recovered rapidly and was allowed to discharge from the surgical ward. The psychiatrist took decision with family to transfer him into a psychiatric hospital for the first time. His treatment was: chlorpromazine, Proton pump inhibitor, pain killers. Patient was treated by means of medication, psychotherapy, daily activities and family, preparation him for a day hospital.ConclusionWe discuss here the beneficial multifocal treatment of a 42-year-old man suffering from schizophrenia. The life threatening ingestion of sharp and other metallic objects three times in a year was treated surgically with success. The psychiatric affection including invalidating acoustic-verbal delusions and severe negative signs were treated in pcychiatric hospital. The definite results will be discussed.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Gender differences in the manifestation of brain fag, depression and indices of anxiety among secondary school students in Nigeria
Authors: Igbokwe D. , Ola B.A. , Ndom R.J.E. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionSecondary school students in Nigeria are under intense pressure to perform well in their academics so as to have competitive advantage in advancing their studies. This pressure has been linked to western derived psycho-pathologies such as depression, anxiety and culture bound syndrome such as brain fag syndrome.AimTo examine gender differences in the manifestation of brain-fag syndrome, depression, and anxieties among students about to participate in Junior Secondary Certificate Examination (JSCE) and West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE) in Nigeria.MethodsTwo hundred and nine (209) students (X age = 14.27, SD = 2.18) were administered a battery of tests comprising of the Brain Fag Syndrome Scale, Brain Fag Propensity Scale, State Trait Anxiety Inventory, Patient Health Questionnaire, Mathematics Anxiety Inventory and Test Anxiety Inventory. The data was subjected to a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).ResultsThe result showed no significant gender differences in the manifestation of brain-fag syndrome, depression, and anxieties, F (6, 202) = 0.947, P ≥ 0.01; Pillai's Trace = 0.03, partial η2 = 0.02. In consonance with earlier studies, males reported higher brain fag mean scores than female participants (X = 5.46, SD = 2.06; X = 4.88, SD = 2.43).ConclusionsThe study has shown that adolescents who are about to take their final examinations manifest brain fag propensity and go on to manifest symptoms of the brain fag syndrome. But, there is no significant gender difference in the manifestation of brain fag syndrome among males and females.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
A brief exploratory synthesis of portrayal of mental health issues in the script and characters of TV series Wallander (Swedish Version)
Authors: Kumar S. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionThe modern Swedish crime drama series Wallander by Henning Mankell presents a good portrayal of mental health issues in 21st century post modern world, including the contribution of biological, psychological and social issues in predisposing, perpetuating and maintaining them.AimThe aim of the exploratory synthesis is to study the characters in Wallander focusing on the portrayal of their mental health with a view on formulating biological, psychological and social factors that play a role in their development. Furthermore, mental health is reviewed in first world culture acclimatizing itself to the themes emerging from post-modern globalised world.MethodThe episodes of Wallander (Swedish Version) are reviewed focusing on the characters and the plots for each episode matching them with mental health diagnoses offered in International classification of diseases.DiscussionThe results are collated and a general commentary is offered on the observations and motifs revealed in the portrayal. The focus will be on individual character formulations (both recurring main characters as well other side characters). In addition, there is a commentary on contributing to mental health problems in a post-modern industrial society.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
The relationship between anxiety, depression and hopelessness among nonclinical sample
Authors: Alali T. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionThis research aims at examining the relationship between anxiety, depression, and hopelessness among nonclinical Kuwaiti sample using Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression, and hopelessness inventories.Objectiveshighlighting the relationship between anxiety, depression, and hopelessness among nonclinical sample of females and males and the common factor/s.MethodsThe participants were 616 (308 females & 308 males), Kuwait University students. The two genders were matched in age (18.15 ± 0.36 & 18.18 ± 0.38, t = 0.94, P > .05) and BMI (24.12 ± 3.27 & 23.50 ± 4.85, t = 0.54, P > 0.5). The Arabic versions of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), and demographic surveys were administered to participants during classes. All participants read and signed a consent form before participating. The correlation matrices, exploratory factor analysis, and reliability analysis are used in this study.ResultsInternal consistency of scores were satisfactory for the BAI, BDI-II, & BHS inventories respectively (Cronbach's alpha (M) = 0.88, 0.75, 0.74 & (F) = 0.89, 0.84, 0.88). A correlation of (r = 0.53) between the BAI and BDI-II and (r = 0.43) with BHS. Meanwhile a correlation of (r = 0.58) between BDI-II & BHS. A principal-axis factor analysis with oblique rotation suggested one factor accounting for 67.73% of the common variance.ConclusionThe results indicate that there is a strong relationship between anxiety, depression and hopelessness. This highlights the important of examining common factors between anxiety, depression and hopelessness among nonclinical sample.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.