bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Update mededingingsrechtelijke aspecten van postcontractuele concurrentieverboden in franchiseovereenkomsten
Authors: Urlus H.E. 
Published: January 2017

Update mededingingsrechtelijke aspecten van postcontractuele concurrentieverboden in franchiseovereenkomsten
De bijdrage ziet op mededingingsrechtelijke ontwikkelingen bij postcontractuele concurrentieverboden in franchiseovereenkomsten en de implicaties van de uitspraak van het Hof van Justitie van de Europese Unie in de beschikking La Retoucherie de Manuele. De auteur stelt de vraag of dergelijke bedingen in de context van franchise nog kunnen worden aangemerkt als noodzakelijke nevenrestricties. Dat is van belang, omdat dergelijke nevenrestricties zijn onttrokken aan mededingingsrechtelijke toetsing, waardoor de merkbaarheid geen rol meer speelt. De auteur wijst erop dat bij een mededingingsrechtelijke toetsing van postcontractuele concurrentieverboden meer factoren van belang zijn dan slechts een belangenafweging tussen partijen.
Een verkenning van het fenomeen ‘reliance’ verstrekken in de overname- en financieringspraktijk
Authors: Koops K.J. , Schrama H.K. 
Published: January 2017

Een verkenning van het fenomeen ‘reliance’ verstrekken in de overname- en financieringspraktijk
De auteurs duiden in dit artikel de situatie waarin een advocaat een derde door middel van een ‘reliance letter’ laat afgaan op zijn due diligence-rapport. Zij gaan daarbij in op de vraag of in die situatie een zorgplicht van de advocaat tegenover de derde ontstaat en wat de omvang van die zorgplicht is. De auteurs zien goede redenen om aan te nemen dat de advocaat en de derde op basis van de reliance letter een overeenkomst aangaan, maar achten onaannemelijk dat een (eigen) zorgplicht van de advocaat tegenover de derde ontstaat.
Nieuwe Europese IPR-verordeningen inzake huwelijksvermogensrecht en vermogensrechtelijke gevolgen van geregistreerde partnerschappen
Authors: Knot J.G. , Maasland J.L.D.J. 
Published: January 2017

Nieuwe Europese IPR-verordeningen inzake huwelijksvermogensrecht en vermogensrechtelijke gevolgen van geregistreerde partnerschappen. Belangrijkste wijzigingen voor de notariële praktijk
IPR-vragen omtrent huwelijksvermogens- en partnerschapsvermogensrecht worden vanaf 29 januari 2019 beantwoord aan de hand van de regels uit twee nieuwe Europese verordeningen. Dit artikel beoogt een overzicht te geven van de hoofdlijnen van deze verordeningen. De nadruk ligt daarbij op het toepassingsgebied van beide verordeningen (welke onderwerpen regelen de verordeningen zoal?) en met name de regels van toepasselijk recht. Welke mogelijkheden zijn er tot het uitbrengen van een rechtskeuze en welk recht beheerst het huwelijksvermogens- of partnerschapsvermogensregime als partijen geen rechtskeuze hebben uitgebracht? Beide verordeningen worden besproken vanuit hun belang voor de notariële praktijk. In dat kader komen ook het overgangsrecht en het geldingsbereik van artikel 1:88 BW in grensoverschrijdende gevallen uitdrukkelijk aan de orde.
Van ‘levensexecuteur’ tot executeur, waar ligt de grens?
Authors: Bauduin N.V.C.E. 
Published: January 2017

Van ‘levensexecuteur’ tot executeur, waar ligt de grens?
Bevoegdheden in levenstestamenten zijn vaak ruim verwoord en omvatten vaak ook allerlei erfrechtelijke bevoegdheden. In deze bijdrage staat de vraag centraal of de gevolmachtigde namens de volmachtgever een executeursbenoeming al dan niet mag aanvaarden én namens de volmachtgever de bevoegdheden van de executeur mag uitoefenen.
Samenwerking tussen inspecties over de grenzen heen: vormen, redenen, uitdaging en strategie
Authors: Groenleer Martijn 
Published: January 2017

Samenwerking tussen inspecties over de grenzen heen: Vormen, redenen, uitdaging en strategie
In vrijwel alle beleidssectoren is sprake van afstemming tussen nationale inspecties over de wijze waarop ze toezicht houden op de uitvoering van Europese regels. In sommige gevallen wordt verregaand Europees samengewerkt tussen inspecties of vindt zelfs centralisering van toezicht plaats op Europees niveau. De vraag is dus niet zozeer of nationale inspecties samenwerken, veel meer in welke vorm ze dat doen en met welke redenen. Deze vragen staan centraal in dit artikel. Het artikel maakt een eerste inventarisatie en classificatie van de institutionele vormgeving van Europese samenwerking en ontwikkelt een voorlopige typologie van de overwegingen die inspectiediensten hebben voor zulke samenwerking.
A Corpus-based Study on the Use of Contractions by EFL Learners in Argumentative Essays
Authors: Babanoğlu M. Pınar 
Published: January 2017

Contraction forms in English are mostly occur in speech and informal writing and they are generally avoided in formal writing types such as academic prose, business reports and journal articles, therefore, most teachers discourage their use in academic essays (Biber, Johansonn, Leech, Conrad and Finegan 1999). Contractions in English have two types; negative contractions (isn’t, haven’t, doesn’t) and verb contractions (I’m, they’ve, that’s). This corpus based study attempts to investigate contraction usage in learner and native English speaker essays. Major goal is to examine whether learners consider essay writing rules in respect of contractions which are accepted inappropriate for academic prose style. Five corpora, three learner and two native English, were utilized in order to analyze verb and not-contraction forms. Frequency calculations of contraction forms in each corpus compared via log-likelihood measurement for statistical significance. Results revealed that learners use considerably more contraction forms, especially negative ones, than native English students in their argumentative essays.Keywords: English for Academic Purposes, learner corpus, contractions
The Development of Effective English Teacher Improvement Program Based on a Case Study of English Teaching in Madrasah in Indonesia
Authors: Nurul Azkiyah Siti 
Published: January 2017

Teachers play very important roles, yet not all teachers can teach well and hence it is important to develop a teacher improvement program. Therefore, this study observed teaching and learning process to understand current teacher instruction so that priorities could be easily set up. 11 English teachers participated in the study. The eight classroom factors of the dynamic model (Orientation, Structuring, Modeling, Application, Questioning, Assessment, Building Classroom as a Learning Environment, and Time Management) are used as the framework since they are theory-driven and have been empirically proven to lead to better student outcomes. The data on the teaching of reading were descriptively analyzed, the results of which show almost no teachers did orientation and structuring, which could serve as pre-reading activities. Modeling was not really provided and students were left not to have sufficient tasks, hence during reading activities were not well delivered. Questioning was practiced by teachers but was limited to “product” questions. Lastly, collaboration and competition among students were not really promoted. The findings of this study suggest that all eight factors should be trained to teachers. It is expected that when teachers practice those factors, student outcomes will be better. Keywords: teacher instruction, the dynamic model, teacher improvement program
Social Function of Poetry From View of New Criticism
Authors: Khosravishakib Mohammad 
Published: January 2017

The standards, morality and function of poetry lie in its correctness and truthfulness to the state of mind it is trade with, not in its themes. The matter of decency and correctness in poetry and poems is a controversial one. Commonly seen as a fictional category which have a tendency to toward subjectiveness and perception, it is frequently tough to conclude whether the moral sense of poetry is to be found in its content, its method, in the feelings transported, or in the linking of these features. Here this subject is scrutinized as it appears in the supposed of faultfinders linked to the so titled New Criticism school. Prominent during the mid-20th Century, this school was recognized for its emphasizing on the reading of interior and formal possessions of the literary manuscript. On the other hand, the authors related to it had sumptuous philosophies on morality in poetry and poem. Here some of these concepts are conversed.Keywords: Winter, Eliot, Tate, Poetry, New Criticism, Morality
The Effect of Multiple Intelligences on DDL Vocabulary Learning
Authors: Abdulrazzaq Al-Mahbashi Asma’a , Mohd Noor Noorizah , Amir Zaini 
Published: January 2017

Over the past decades, the potential for the direct use of corpora known as data driven learning (DDL) has gained great prominence in English language classrooms. A substantial number of empirical studies demonstrated that DDL instruction positively affects students’ learning. As learning outcomes can be affected by individual differences, some researchers have investigated the efficiency of DDL in the light of learners’ different characteristics to determine the type of learners who were more responsive to DDL. The DDL literature has indicated the need for more research addressing for whom DDL best suits. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to examine whether or not learners’ predominant intelligences were significant predictors of DDL learning outcomes. The sample for this study included 30 female EFL Yemeni students at Sana’a University. The study used three primary instruments: a multiple intelligence questionnaire, a posttest and a delayed test on the vocabulary that was taught using DDL. The result of the correlation analyses between the participants’ three identified predominant intelligences and their performances in the posttest and delayed test showed an insignificant relationship between the variables. The regression analyses results also revealed that the predominant intelligences insignificantly predicted the participants’ posttest and delayed test performances. Based on these findings, learners’ needs and preferences should be activated and addressed by classroom instructions for creating a diverse and motivating learning environment.Keywords: corpora, DDL, individual differences, IQ, multiple intelligences
English Conceptual Discourse Patterns into Azeri-Turkish: A Case Study of Animal Farm
Authors: Faghih Esmail , Moghiti Roya 
Published: January 2017

Discourse includes both structural and conceptual patterns. Most of these patterns are different in various languages. A conceptual pattern in source language can be realized in different ways in a target language. Therefore, the translator should be aware of this kind of differences between SL and TL conceptual patterns, because rendering these patterns from the source text into the target one can be problematic and their inaccurate transfer may lead to a flawed translation. This descriptive study aimed to investigate the conceptual discourse patterns and related ideologies in a novel entitled Animal Farm and as the same realizing the conceptual patterns in its translation into Azeri-Turkish. Accordingly, the researchers selected and analyzed the samples based on Fairclough’s approach (2001) to CDA. The findings indicated that the translators’ ideological and socio-cultural norms affect their translation strategies and lexical and grammatical choices and this in turn influences their success to recognize and transmit the ST implicit ideologies into TT. Keywords: Conceptual Discourse Patterns, English, Azeri-Turkish
Transcriptome analysis of the oriental melon (Cucumis meloL. var.makuwa) during fruit development
Authors: Shin Ah-Young , Kim Yong-Min , Koo Namjin , Lee Su Min , Nahm Seokhyeon , Kwon Suk-Yoon 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundThe oriental melon (Cucumis meloL. var.makuwa) is one of the most important cultivated cucurbits grown widely in Korea, Japan, and northern China. It is cultivated because its fruit has a sweet aromatic flavor and is rich in soluble sugars, organic acids, minerals, and vitamins. In order to elucidate the genetic and molecular basis of the developmental changes that determine size, color, and sugar contents of the fruit, we performedde novotranscriptome sequencing to analyze the genes expressed during fruit development.ResultsWe identified a total of 47,666 of representative loci from 100,875 transcripts and functionally annotated 33,963 of the loci based on orthologs inArabidopsis thaliana. Among those loci, we identified 5,173 differentially expressed genes, which were classified into 14 clusters base on the modulation of their expression patterns. The expression patterns suggested that the differentially expressed genes were related to fruit development and maturation through diverse metabolic pathways. Analyses based on gene set enrichment and the pathways described in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes suggested that the expression of genes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism and carotenoid biosynthesis were regulated dynamically during fruit development and subsequent maturation.ConclusionOur results provide the gene expression patterns related to different stages of fruit development and maturation in the oriental melon. The expression patterns give clues about important regulatory mechanisms, especially those involving starch, sugar, and carotenoid biosynthesis, in the development of the oriental melon fruit.
The outcomes of most aggressive interactions among closely related bird species are asymmetric
Authors: Martin Paul R. , Freshwater Cameron , Ghalambor Cameron K. 
Published: January 2017

Aggressive interactions among closely related species are common, and can play an important role as a selective pressure shaping species traits and assemblages. The nature of this selective pressure depends on whether the outcomes of aggressive contests are asymmetric between species (i.e., one species is consistently dominant), yet few studies have estimated the prevalence of asymmetric versus symmetric outcomes to aggressive contests. Here we use previously published data involving 26,212 interactions between 270 species pairs of birds from 26 taxonomic families to address the question: How often are aggressive interactions among closely related bird species asymmetric? We define asymmetry using (i) the proportion of contests won by one species, and (ii) statistical tests for asymmetric outcomes of aggressive contests. We calculate these asymmetries using data summed across different sites for each species pair, and compare results to asymmetries calculated using data separated by location. We find that 80% of species pairs had aggressive outcomes where one species won 80% or more of aggressive contests. We also find that the majority of aggressive interactions among closely related species show statistically significant asymmetries, and above a sample size of 52 interactions, all outcomes are asymmetric following binomial tests. Species pairs with dominance data from multiple sites showed the same dominance relationship across locations in 93% of the species pairs. Overall, our results suggest that the outcome of aggressive interactions among closely related species are usually consistent and asymmetric, and should thus favor ecological and evolutionary strategies specific to the position of a species within a dominance hierarchy.
Using precipitation, vertical root distribution, and satellite‐retrieved vegetation information to parameterize water stress in a Penman‐Monteith approach to evapotranspiration modeling under Mediterranean climate
Authors: Bai Yun , Zhang Jiahua , Zhang Sha , Koju Upama Ashish , Yao Fengmei , Igbawua Tertsea 
Published: January 2017

AbstractRecent studies have shown that global Penman‐Monteith equation based (PM‐based) models poorly simulate water stress when estimating evapotranspiration (ET) in areas having a Mediterranean climate (AMC). In this study, we propose a novel approach using precipitation, vertical root distribution (VRD), and satellite‐retrieved vegetation information to simulate water stress in a PM‐based model (RS‐WBPM) to address this issue. A multilayer water balance module is employed to simulate the soil water stress factor (SWSF) of multiple soil layers at different depths. The water stress factor (WSF) for surface evapotranspiration is determined by VRD information and SWSF in each layer. Additionally, four older PM‐based models (PMOV) are evaluated at 27 flux sites in AMC. Results show that PMOV fails to estimate the magnitude or capture the variation of ET in summer at most sites, whereas RS‐WBPM is successful. The daily ET resulting from RS‐WBPM incorporating recommended VI (NDVI for shrub and EVI for other biomes) agrees well with observations, with
(
18.72
) for all 27 sites and
(
18.21
) for 25 nonagricultural sites. However, combined results from the optimum older PM‐based models at specific sites show
(
20.74
) for all 27 sites. RS‐WBPM is also found to outperform other ET models that also incorporate a soil water balance module. As all inputs of RS‐WBPM are globally available, the results from RS‐WBPM are encouraging and imply the potential of its implementation on a regional and global scale.
New turbulent resistance parameterization for soil evaporation based on a pore‐scale model: Impact on surface fluxes in CABLE
Authors: Decker Mark , Or Dani , Pitman Andy , Ukkola Anna 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) land surface model overestimates evapotranspiration (E) at numerous flux tower sites during boreal spring. The overestimation of E is not eliminated when the nonlinear dependence of soil evaporation on soil moisture or a simple litter layer is introduced into the model. New resistance terms, previously developed from a pore‐scale model of soil evaporation, are incorporated into the treatment of under canopy water vapor transfer in CABLE. The new resistance terms reduce the large positive bias in spring time E at multiple flux tower sites and also improve the simulation of daily sensible heat flux. The reduction in the spring E bias allows the soil to retain water into the summer, improving the seasonality of E. The simulation of daily E is largely insensitive to the details of the implementation of the pore model resistance scheme. The more physically based treatment of soil evaporation presented here eliminates the need for empirical functions that reduce evaporation as a function of soil moisture that are included in many land surface models.
Asymmetric Biocatalytic Synthesis of Fluorinated Pyridines through Transesterification or Transamination: Computational Insights into the Reactivity of Transaminases
Authors: López‐Iglesias María , González‐Martínez Daniel , Rodríguez‐Mata María , Gotor Vicente , Busto Eduardo , Kroutil Wolfgang , Gotor‐Fernández Vicente 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe synthesis of a family of pyridines bearing a fluorinated substituent on the aromatic ring has been carried out through two independent and highly stereoselective chemoenzymatic strategies. Short chemical synthetic routes toward fluorinated racemic amines and prochiral ketones have been developed, which served as substrates to explore the suitability of lipases and transaminases in asymmetric biotransformations. The lipase‐catalyzed kinetic resolution via acylation of racemic amines proceeded smoothly giving conversions close to 50% and excellent enantioselectivities. Alternatively, the biotransamination of the corresponding prochiral ketones was investigated giving access to both optically pure amine enantiomers using transaminases with complementary selectivity. High to quantitative conversion values were achieved, which allowed the isolation of the amines in moderate to high yields (40–88%). A deeper understanding of the latter process was enabled by performing theoretical calculations on thermodynamic and mechanistic aspects. Calculations showed that the biotransamination reactions are highly favoured by the presence of fluorine atoms and the pyridine ring.magnified image
Recent Advances in Multicomponent Synthesis of 1,4,5‐Trisubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles
Authors: Chen Zhengkai , Liu Zhubo , Cao Gangjian , Li Hongli , Ren Hongjun 
Published: January 2017

Abstract1,4,5‐Trisubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles have been regarded as highly significant nitrogen‐containing heterocycles due to their broad spectrum of biological activities and other prominent properties. Well‐established pioneering examples indicate that multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are a straightforward and powerful tool for the construction of various functionalized heterocyclic molecules, especially fully‐decorated 1,2,3‐triazoles. The recent progress regarding synthetic approaches towards differently substituted types of 1,2,3‐triazoles via MCRs and the relevant mechanistic investigations is summarized in this review.magnified image
Oxidative Divergent Bicyclizations of 1,n‐Enynes through α‐C(sp3)–H Functionalization of Alkyl Nitriles
Authors: Hu Ming , Li Meng , Tan Fang‐Lin , Song Ren‐Jie , Xie Ye‐Xiang , Li Jin‐Heng 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA new, radical‐mediated, divergent bicyclization of 1,n‐enynes by α‐C(sp3)–H oxidative functionalization of alkyl nitriles is described using the Sc(OTf)3 and Ag2O system. The reaction allows the selective functionalization of one or two C(sp3)−H bonds α to the nitrile group by both oxidants and the substitution effect co‐controlled the divergent bicyclization reactions, and offers a step‐ and atom‐economical access to diverse polycycles with broad substrate scope and high selectivity.magnified image
Photoinitiated Thiol‐Ene “Click” Reaction: An Organocatalytic Alternative
Authors: Limnios Dimitris , Kokotos Christoforos G. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe thiol‐ene coupling (TEC) reaction has attracted a lot of scientific attention during the last years, particularly in the fields of polymers, materials and more recently in drug design. The combination of organocatalysis and photocatalysis has enabled the development of an efficient synergistic protocol for the addition of various thiols to a plethora of olefins. Utilizing phenylglyoxylic acid as the catalyst‐initiator and common household bulbs as the light source, we report an organocatalytic photoinitiated TEC reaction showing exceptional tolerance in the presence of various functionalities, untangling previously unsolved problems.magnified image
Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Annulation of Iodobenzenes with Strained Olefins and 4‐Octyne in the Presence of Furfural Involving ortho‐C–H Bond Cleavage
Authors: Furusawa Takuma , Tanimoto Hiroki , Nishiyama Yasuhiro , Morimoto Tsumoru , Kakiuchi Kiyomi 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe rhodium(I)‐catalyzed carbonylative annulation of iodobenzenes with strained olefins in the presence of furfural as a carbonyl source, accompanied by ortho‐C–H bond cleavage, is reported. The use of 4‐octyne in place of strained olefins also leads to the formation of the corresponding inden‐9‐one. The timely release of the carbonyl moiety via the rhodium‐catalyzed decarbonylation of furfural plays a decisive role in this reaction.magnified image