bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tectonophysics map of discontinuous deformation of Rybnik region
Authors: Głogowska Magdalena , Warzecha Robert 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
In this paper, a Tectonophysics map of Rybnik region is presented which is based on the method of determining the direction of the trajectory of the principal stresses in the rock mass and axis orientation of these stresses. This method is used in tectonophysics and is based on the character and parameters of faults. The whole map of Rybnik region encompasses an area of active mines: Rydułtowy-Anna, Marcel, Chwałowice, Jankowice as well as closed ones: Rymer and 1 May of Marcel mine. The paper presents only some fragments of the maps made for the four fault systems and a collective map of tectonophysic, i.e., showing chart areas of compaction for all the systems. The tectonophysics map was made to a scale of 1:20 000. Before the proper work which was the reconstruction of the compaction zone, preparatory work was done. This consisted of updates in 2013 of the tectonics of this area. As a result, tectonic maps were obtained where faults were projected on one level to get their proper azimuth and their inclination. So, a map was made which was used to separate four fault systems arising in similar conditions of stress. Next followed the reconstruction of the main stress fields, which was the cause of faults. On the map there are plotted trajectories showing minimum stress (σ
3) and areas of compaction. The maps thus constructed will be used for further studies on the stress spreading and the impact of these areas for geomechanical properties.
Case Briefs in Legal English Classes
Authors: Bilová Stĕpánka 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A case brief can be described as a succinct summary of a case which specifies the facts, procedural history, legal issue(s), court decision and legal reasoning supporting the judgment, even though exact formats may vary. Case briefing is a demanding activity which is required from students during their law studies. The goal is to teach students to focus on the essential parts of the case and to obtain a thorough understanding of the case and the reasoning, which means the students need to employ their analytical and critical thinking skills.
The course of English for academic legal purposes (as part of English for specific purposes) can also benefit from implementing case briefs. Students are exposed to useful legal vocabulary while the cases themselves bring real life examples of the law, which can increase students’ interest and motivation.
The paper briefly introduces the literature on the methodology of teaching case briefing and on case briefs within the linguistics research and then describes a sample activity on case briefs from legal English classes. My experience shows that it is important to provide students with sufficient scaffolding for completing the task successfully. Even though the students feel they are easily and quickly acquainted with the format and the language used, they encounter problems when preparing particular cases. The activity combines both individual and collaborative work, oral and written outputs and peer reviewing.
Case briefing is a valuable learning activity; nevertheless, some students may find it difficult as they need not only language skills, but also general critical thinking skills. The teacher should therefore facilitate their work, help them practice the ability to find relevant information, identify the issue, and comprehend the reasoning behind.
Developing Translation Competence Within the Lifelong Learning Programme for Lawyer-Linguists in the Republic of Croatia
Authors: Kordić Ljubica 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Translation competence includes a complex variety of cognitive, linguistic and cultural skills. Translation in the field of law represents an even more demanding process, as it can be defined as “an act of communication in the mechanism of law” which leads “to legal effects and may induce peace or a prompt war” (Šarčević, 1997). In this paper, different aspects of the translator’s competence in legal translation are discussed. In the introductory part, an overview of theoretical approaches to the translation process is offered. The main part of the paper is dedicated to problems and challenges that legal translators are faced with. Special attention is paid to teaching the documentary approach to translation of EU legislation within the Lifelong Learning Programme for Lawyer-Linguists in the Republic of Croatia. The problems occurring in legal translation and competences of legal translators are discussed from the teacher’s perspective, based on the experience in teaching the course Introduction to the Theory of Legal Translation and Terminology within the Lifelong Learning Programme for Lawyer-Linguists at the Faculty of Law, University of Osijek, Croatia.
Multilingualism, Divergent Authentic Versions of a Legal Rule and Legitimate Expectations Of Individuals
Authors: Mańko Rafał 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The paper argues that the multilingualism of the EU legal order should be viewed from the point of view of the right of individuals to acquaint themselves with the their rights and duties under EU law in the official language of their Member State. In case of discrepancies of equally authentic versions, individuals should have the possibility to rely on an ‘authentic version’ defence, especially in tax, customs and criminal law relationships.
Action Research in Designing and Implementing Courses of English for Legal Purposes
Authors: Sierocka Halina 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
English for Legal Purposes (ELP) appears to be gaining popularity and acquiring a new dimension in many countries. An increasing number of legal professionals (i.e. law students and legal practitioners) consider their General English satisfactory but desire to learn the language of their professional domain, as they believe it will bring them improved job prospects in the future. There are some aspects of ELP teaching that can be both a hindrance and a challenge for ELP teachers. These include the lack of curricula for teaching Legal English at tertiary level institutions and the restricted number of teaching resources and guidelines with reference to teaching Legal English available on the market. This article draws on the outcomes of a three-year research project, which was undertaken to design, implement, and evaluate an ELP programme for adult professionals. The research project was conducted among 293 legal professionals in Poland and took the form of an action research model - a research tool that is not often exploited by scholars despite its unquestionable value
GÊNERO, RAÇA E EDUCAÇÃO: INDAGAÇÕES ADIVINDAS DE UM OLHAR SOBRE UMA ACADEMIA DE MODELOS
Authors: Gomes Nilma Lino , Miranda Shirley Aparecida de 
Published: July 2016

Este artigo pretende apontar a articulação gênero, raça e educação, a fim de contribuir com a produção educacional com enfoque feminista e antirracista. Para tal, indagaremos sobre alguns processos simbólicos e educativos, tendo como principal eixo de análise, a mídia como dispositivo curricular e seus efeitos formadores ou deformadores de sujeitos, sobretudo, quando se trata de adolescentes em processos tensos de construção identitária. A partir de uma disposição instigada pela indagação: “como se aprende a ser menina negra?” analisaremos a temporada do programa de TV Brazil’s Next Top Model, que se classifica como uma “academia de modelos”, tratando-o como campo no qual se produzem discursos e se estabelecem práticas que regulam comportamentos e mediam relações conflitivas entre adolescentes negras, mestiças e brancas. A análise desdobra-se sobre a composição da branquitude como efeito discursivo que incide sobre o corpo negro e analisa a trajetória de uma mulher negra no programa escolhido para entender as ficções em ação na fabricação do corpo-modelo. Por fim, apresentam-se pistas para a reflexão sobre o lugar do exótico, ou queer, na ficção da unidade proposta pela branquitude normativa.
FORMACIÓN DE LA ACTIVIDAD GRÁFICA EN PRE-ESCOLARES: APORTES DESDE LA NEUROPSICOLOGíA HISTÓRICO-CULTURAL.
Authors: Sarmiento Maria Jimena , Castellanos Jackelin 
Published: July 2016

La actividad gráfica es una de las actividades más importantes durante la edad preescolar. El dibujo colabora en el desarrollo de aspectos como la actividad voluntaria, la atención, la memoria, las habilidades visoespaciales, entre otras, que a su vez ayudarán en la formación de acciones escolares complejas como la escritura y el cálculo. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo conocer el efecto de un programa de formación de dibujo en niños preescolares. Se realizó un estudio con 45 niños de 5 a 6 años de edad que cursaban el tercer grado de pre-escolar en un colegio público de la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia). Se dividió la muestra en un grupo experimental y un grupo control con medidas pre y postest que mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el grupo experimental durante las medidas anteriores y posteriores a la aplicación del programa, constatando el efecto positivo en el desarrollo de la actividad gráfica en el grupo estudiado. Se discuten los resultados en términos de la necesidad de recuperar las actividades propias de la edad pre escolar como fuente de desarrollo y prevención de futuras dificultades de aprendizaje.
THE DISTANCE TO M51*
Authors: McQuinn Kristen. B. W. , Skillman Evan D. , Dolphin Andrew E. , Berg Danielle , Kennicutt Robert 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
Great investments of observing time have been dedicated to the study of nearby spiral galaxies with diverse goals ranging from understanding the star formation process to characterizing their dark matter distributions. Accurate distances are fundamental to interpreting observations of these galaxies, yet many of the best studied nearby galaxies have distances based on methods with relatively large uncertainties. We have started a program to derive accurate distances to these galaxies. Here we measure the distance to M51—the Whirlpool galaxy—from newly obtained Hubble Space Telescope optical imaging using the tip of the red giant branch method. We measure the distance modulus to be 8.58 ± 0.10 Mpc (statistical), corresponding to a distance modulus of 29.67 ± 0.02 mag. Our distance is an improvement over previous results as we use a well-calibrated, stable distance indicator, precision photometry in a optimally selected field of view, and a Bayesian Maximum Likelihood technique that reduces measurement uncertainties.
THE INFRARED SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF MAGELLANIC CARBON STARS
Authors: Sloan G. C. , Kraemer K. E. , McDonald I. , Groenewegen M. A. T. , Wood P. R. , Zijlstra A. A. , Lagadec E. , Boyer M. L. , Kemper F. , Matsuura M. , Sahai R. , Sargent B. A. , Srinivasan S. , van Loon J. Th. , Volk K. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
The Infrared Spectrograph on the Spitzer Space Telescope observed 184 carbon stars in the Magellanic Clouds. This sample reveals that the dust-production rate (DPR) from carbon stars generally increases with the pulsation period of the star. The composition of the dust grains follows two condensation sequences, with more SiC condensing before amorphous carbon in metal-rich stars, and the order reversed in metal-poor stars. MgS dust condenses in optically thicker dust shells, and its condensation is delayed in more metal-poor stars. Metal-poor carbon stars also tend to have stronger absorption from C2H2 at 7.5 μm. The relation between DPR and pulsation period shows significant apparent scatter, which results from the initial mass of the star, with more massive stars occupying a sequence parallel to lower-mass stars, but shifted to longer periods. Accounting for differences in the mass distribution between the carbon stars observed in the Small and Large Magellanic Clouds reveals a hint of a subtle decrease in the DPR at lower metallicities, but it is not statistically significant. The most deeply embedded carbon stars have lower variability amplitudes and show SiC in absorption. In some cases they have bluer colors at shorter wavelengths, suggesting that the central star is becoming visible. These deeply embedded stars may be evolving off of the asymptotic giant branch and/or they may have non-spherical dust geometries.
COLD-MODE ACCRETION: DRIVING THE FUNDAMENTAL MASS–METALLICITY RELATION AT z ∼ 2
Authors: Kacprzak Glenn G. , van de Voort Freeke , Glazebrook Karl , Tran Kim-Vy H. , Yuan Tiantian , Nanayakkara Themiya , Allen Rebecca J. , Alcorn Leo , Cowley Michael , Labbé Ivo , Spitler Lee , Straatman Caroline , Tomczak Adam 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
We investigate the star formation rate (SFR) dependence on the stellar mass and gas-phase metallicity relation at z = 2 with MOSFIRE/Keck as part of the ZFIRE survey. We have identified 117 galaxies (1.98 ≤ z ≤ 2.56), with 8.9 ≤ log(M/M
⊙) ≤ 11.0, for which we can measure gas-phase metallicities. For the first time, we show a discernible difference between the mass–metallicity relation, using individual galaxies, when dividing the sample by low (<10 M
⊙ yr−1) and high (>10 M
⊙ yr−1) SFRs. At fixed mass, low star-forming galaxies tend to have higher metallicity than high star-forming galaxies. Using a few basic assumptions, we further show that the gas masses and metallicities required to produce the fundamental mass–metallicity relation and its intrinsic scatter are consistent with cold-mode accretion predictions obtained from the OWLS hydrodynamical simulations. Our results from both simulations and observations are suggestive that cold-mode accretion is responsible for the fundamental mass–metallicity relation at z = 2 and it demonstrates the direct relationship between cosmological accretion and the fundamental properties of galaxies.
Assata Shakur, Mamphela Ramphele, and the Developing of Resistant Imaginations
Authors: Paris William Michael 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This article will continue Jose Medina's work on “resistant imaginations” by developing the concepts of “internal resistant imagination” and “external resistant imagination” through readings of Assata Shakur's and Mamphela Ramphele's autobiographies. By introducing the problem of location and its relation to race it will show that one's geographical location affects their location in relation to hegemonic imaginations. This in turn requires different strategies of resistance. Using Medina's work this article will argue that Shakur and Ramphele explore these two different avenues for undoing harmful truths within racist and sexist hegemonic imaginaries.
Transatlantic Knowledge Politics of Sexuality
Authors: McEwen Haley 
Published: July 2016

AbstractContestations over the rights of sexual minorities and gender-nonconforming people in Africa are profoundly shaped by two discourses that both emerge from polarized domestic political debates in the United States: a human rights–centered discourse of “LGBT*I” identity politics that promotes visibility and equal protections and privileges for lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans*, and intersex individuals; and a Christonormative “family values” agenda that promotes the heterosexual nuclear family as the foundation of civilization. Analysis considers these contemporary discourses in relation to entangled colonial constructions of white supremacy and heteropatriarchy used to justify the conquest and exploitation of Africa. This article takes particular interest in the power relations that are (re)constituted through these discourses so as to uncover the underlying interests at stake within them. Through consultation with critiques advanced within critical race and critical queer theory, and critical philosophical arguments on the epistemic dimensions of racialized, sexed, and gendered oppressions, it is argued that these discourses advance U.S. hegemonic interests and reinscribe Western hegemony. It is concluded that struggles for equality among sexual minorities and gender-nonconforming people must be approached as part-and-parcel of decolonial struggles to dismantle white supremacist and Western structures of oppression.
Characterizing the HIV risks and potential pathways to HIV infection among transgender women in Côte d'Ivoire, Togo and Burkina Faso
Authors: Stahlman Shauna , Liestman Benjamin , Ketende Sosthenes , Kouanda Seni , Ky‐Zerbo Odette , Lougue Marcel , Diouf Daouda , Anato Simplice , Tchalla Jules , Bamba Amara , Drame Fatou Maria , Ezouatchi Rebecca , Kouamé Abo , Baral Stefan D 
Published: July 2016

IntroductionTransgender women are at high risk for the acquisition and transmission of HIV. However, there are limited empiric data characterizing HIV‐related risks among transgender women in sub‐Saharan Africa. The objective of these analyses is to determine what factors, including sexual behaviour stigma, condom use and engagement in sex work, contribute to risk for HIV infection among transgender women across three West African nations.MethodsData were collected via respondent‐driven sampling from men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women during three‐ to five‐month intervals from December 2012 to October 2015 across a total of six study sites in Togo, Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire. During the study visit, participants completed a questionnaire and were tested for HIV. Chi‐square tests were used to compare the prevalence of variables of interest between transgender women and MSM. A multilevel generalized structural equation model (GSEM) was used to account for clustering of observations within study sites in the multivariable analysis, as well as to estimate mediated associations between sexual behaviour stigma and HIV infection among transgender women.ResultsIn total, 2456 participants meeting eligibility criteria were recruited, of which 453 individuals identified as being female/transgender. Transgender women were more likely than MSM to report selling sex to a male partner within the past 12 months (p<0.01), to be living with HIV (p<0.01) and to report greater levels of sexual behaviour stigma as compared with MSM (p<0.05). In the GSEM, sexual behaviour stigma from broader social groups was positively associated with condomless anal sex (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.09, 1.62) and with selling sex (AOR=1.23, 95% CI=1.02, 1.50). Stigma from family/friends was also associated with selling sex (AOR=1.42, 95% CI=1.13, 1.79), although no significant associations were identified with prevalent HIV infection.ConclusionsThese data suggest that transgender women have distinct behaviours from those of MSM and that stigma perpetuated against transgender women is impacting HIV‐related behaviours. Furthermore, given these differences, interventions developed for MSM will likely be less effective among transgender women. This situation necessitates dedicated responses for this population, which has been underserved in the context of both HIV surveillance and existing responses.
Prevalence and associated factors of condomless receptive anal intercourse with male clients among transgender women sex workers in Shenyang, China
Authors: Cai Yong , Wang Zixin , Lau Joseph TF , Li Jinghua , Ma Tiecheng , Liu Yan 
Published: July 2016

IntroductionGlobally, transgender women sex workers have a high prevalence of HIV and condomless receptive anal intercourse with male clients (CRAIMC). We investigated the prevalence of CRAIMC and factors associated with CRAIMC among transgender women sex workers in China.MethodsIn 2014, we anonymously interviewed 220 transgender women sex workers face to face in Shenyang, China. Those who self‐reported as HIV negative or as having unknown HIV serostatus were invited to take up free, anonymous HIV rapid testing (n=183); 90 did so. Using CRAIMC in the last month as the dependent variable, three types of associated factors were investigated, in addition to background factors: feminizing medical interventions, sex work and perceptions related to condom use. Univariate and multiple logistic regression models were fitted.ResultsOf the participants, 16.8% self‐reported as HIV positive and 9.1% were detected to be HIV positive through free HIV testing; 26.8% had had CRAIMC in the last month, 45.5% had performed sex work in other Chinese cities (last year), and 23.2% had had condomless anal intercourse with men who were non‐clients. In the adjusted analysis, significant factors associated with CRAIMC (last month) included the following: 1) any feminizing medical intervention performed (adjusted odds ratio, AOR: 2.22); 2) sex‐work‐related factors, including recruitment of male clients most often at hotels (AOR: 5.02) and charge per episode of transactional sex (201 to 400 RMB, AOR: 0.27; reference group: ≤100 RMB); and 3) perceptions related to condom use, including perceived transgender identity's impact on condomless sex such as wearing feminine attire, concern about exposing their status as a transgender woman to male clients (AOR: 1.20) and perceived self‐efficacy of consistent condom use with male clients (AOR: 0.56). Perceived self‐efficacy of consistent condom use with male clients fully mediated the association between perceived transgender identity's impact on condomless sex and CRAIMC.ConclusionsHIV prevalence among transgender women sex workers was high but probably underestimated. The high prevalence of condomless anal intercourse with male non‐clients and high mobility in sex work among this population in China are causes for concern. Risk factors for CRAIMC were multidimensional and should be considered when designing interventions targeting transgender women sex workers. Such interventions are urgently needed.