bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Molecular Markers for Selected Wood Properties of Norway Spruce Picea abies L. (Karst.) I. Wood Density
Authors: Markussen T. , Tusch A. , Stephan B. R. , Fladung M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The identification of AFLP markers and their subsequent conversion to SCAR-markers linked to wood density of Norway Spruce (Picea abies L [Karst.]) is described for the first time. In AFLP-analyses, 102 different primer enzyme combinations were screened in a bulked segregant approach comparing individuals with high and low wood density. A total of 107 polymorphic AFLP fragments were obtained between the DNA-pools. Twenty-three markers were selected for further analyses to verify their linkage to wood density based on individuals used for pool constitution and additional unrelated clonal material. For 15 markers, a significant linkage to wood density was confirmed by a two-sided Fisher’s-exact test. Four markers were converted into SCAR markers and validated for plant material assayed for wood density by X-ray microdensitometry. For each marker a monomorphic band was obtained using sets of nested primers or restriction site-specific primers (RSS), which include the AFLP-restriction recognition sites. For two markers that are linked to high wood density, a separation from unlinked size homologous marker-alleles was realized by a PCR-restriction approach. Validation of these markers in different full-sib families confirmed their usability to separate the classes for low and high wood density of Picea abies.
Clonal Propagation of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. by Softwood Nodal Cuttings: Effects of Genotypes, Application of IBA and Position of Cuttings on Shoots
Authors: Husen A. 
Published: November 2017

Summary
Softwood nodal shoot cuttings were collected from the hedge garden at New Forest campus of Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun. The cuttings were rooted in mist chamber to investigate the effect of IBA application and position of cuttings on shoots on rooting ability in different clones of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. As compared to the 0% (control) and 0.1%; 0.2% IBA showed maximum adventitious root formation. Overall percent rooting, percent sprouting, mean number of shoots and their length, mean number of roots and their length increased with increasing concentration of IBA. Among different positions of cuttings within the shoots, the best rooting response was recorded in the middle part followed lower and upper part. The findings exhibited significant interclonal variation regarding adventitious rooting and maximum response was observed in C42 (Gonda, Uttar Pradesh) clone. Interactive effect of clone C42 and middle position significantly increased percent sprouting while; interactive effects of middle position and 0.2% IBA treatment significantly increased percent rooting. It is concluded that the selection of genotypes with good rooting ability with respect to shoot position in hedged plants and concentration of IBA can be made to produce high quality planting stock material to start clonal forestry programme of D. sissoo.
Longitudinal Differences in Scots pine Frost Hardiness
Authors: Andersson Bengt , Fedorkov A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe autumn frost hardiness of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) populations from Scandinavia (57°28’-68°54’ N, 13°00’-27°00’ E) and the Komi Republic in Russia (61°30’-64°20’ N, 49°10’-54°50’ E), and open pollinated families from a population in Komi (61°43’ N, 51°07’ E) were examined in artificial freezing tests with one-year-old seedlings. The aims were to estimate genetic variation in hardiness between families of Russian origin and to compare populations of Russian (continental) and Scandinavian (maritime) origins. The longitudinal distance between the Scandinavian and Russian seed sources was associated with a significant difference in climatic conditions. At latitude 63°N the degree of continentality (the difference between July and January monthly mean temperatures) was 23.7°C for longitude 15°E in Sweden and 35.2°C for longitude 54°E in Komi. The narrow-sense heritability of frost hardiness calculated for the Russian families was 0.22. This indicates relatively high genetic control of the trait, of similar magnitude as earlier shown for populations of Scandinavian origin. Both Scandinavian and Russian populations showed a strong clinal variation in frost hardiness, northern populations being the hardiest. In addition, Russian populations were more frost hardy than Scandinavian ones from corresponding latitudes and attained the same level of hardiness as Scandinavian populations from 4.1° latitude further north. The results indicate that the longitude or continentality of the origins of Scots pine populations is associated with adaptive pressures that have significant effects on hardiness and are distinct from photoperiodic effects. When enriching breeding or production populations by including populations from remote origins it is essential to recognize not only latitudinal origin, but also longitudinal origin or temperature regime, in order to match material to the planned utilization areas.
Chloroplast DNA Variation in Some Representatives of the Asian, North American and Mediterranean Firs (Abies spp)
Authors: Kormutak A. , Vookova B. , Ziegenhagen B. , Kwon H. Y. , Hong Y. P. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractUsing PCR-RFLP analysis, a comparative study on the restriction site polymorphism within 8 genes and regions of the Abies chloroplast DNA has been conducted covering 15 Asian, 6 North American and 7 Mediterranean species. A variable degree of divergence was observed among individual species of a given region as well as between geographical groups. A group of the Mediterranean firs, consisting of closely related species, differed profoundly from both Asian and North American representatives. Although a higher level of restriction site variants was detected among the Asian firs, two thirds of them were allocated to the difference between A. mariesii and the other Asian firs. The North American species exhibited the highest level of polymorphism resulting in several subgroups on a cladogram. At the individual species level, the Asian species A. mariesii and the North American species A. lasiocarpa diverged conspicuously from their counterparts in their respective regions. The results of restriction site polymorphism analysis are discussed with ragard to crossability and taxonomic status of individual species.
Juvenile – Mature Genetic Correlations in Pinus pinaster Ait. Under Different Nutrient x Water Regimes
Authors: Zas R. , Merlo E. , Fernández-López J. 
Published: November 2017

SummaryJuvenile - mature (JM) correlations and selection efficiencies among one-year old Pinus pinaster seedlings and 8-yr field performance were analyzed in order to study the possibilities of early selection in the maritime pine breeding program in Galicia (NW Spain). Twenty four open-pollinated families from a first generation clonal seed orchard were grown in the greenhouse under two nutrient crossed with two water regimes. Several growth and dry mass traits were assessed 30 weeks after sowing and compared with field performance (height, diameter and volume) of four 8-yr-old progeny tests established in the coastal area of Galicia. Family mean correlations and genetic correlations were computed for each greenhouse trait, greenhouse treatment, field test site and field trait combination. Except for a few cases, most of the JM correlations were weak and in many cases negative. There was no detectable pattern of JM correlations regarding to combinations of greenhouse treatments and test site water availability and/or fertility. The large variation in the JM correlations for the same traits in different environments and sites (even changing sign in several cases) suggest a large influence of the genotype x environment interaction in the JM estimations. Other possible causes of the weak JM correlations are discussed. Based on the results of this study it may be concluded that none of the combinations of trait and treatment included in this experiment can be recommended for incorporation into early testing in the Galician Pinus pinaster breeding program. Indications for further research to optimize an early selection procedure are included.
DNA Profiling, Pedigree Lineage Analysis and Monitoring in the Australian Breeding Program of Radiata Pine
Authors: Bell J. C. , Powell M. , Devey M. E. , Moran G. F. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractTen microsatellite loci were used to DNA profile 215 first and second generation breeding clones in the Australian radiata pine breeding program. The clones were essentially unique from one another and these DNA profiles were used to examine the sexual and asexual phases in the breeding program. Only 2.6% of ramets from 25 breeding clones were incorrect whereas 8.4% of progeny from 10 families were genetically incorrect. The lineages of second generation clones were checked for DNA profiles that were available for putative parents. Some parents appear to be incorrect on the basis of the DNA profiles and further sampling will be required to confirm these results across the breeding program. Microsatellite markers can now enable most questions to be resolved in breeding programs and also will allow novel breeding strategies to be used in the future.
Accuracy of Single- and Multiple-Trait REML Evaluation of Data Including Non-Random Missing Records
Authors: Persson T. , Andersson B. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe examined the accuracy of single- and multiple-trait REML procedures by studying estimates of within-individual genetic correlations between an ordered categorical trait and a continuous trait. The traits were derived from simulated bivariate, normally distributed data including selectively deleted records. Ten thousand data sets were generated for each partially factorial combination of two levels of genetic correlation (0.3 and 0.6), and environmental correlation (0.3 and 0.6), and three levels of narrow-sense individual heritability (0.05, 0.15 and 0.25) and mortality (0, 10, 30 and 50%). All data sets consisted of data on 200 unrelated parents, each with 20 halfsib progenies. The accuracy of the evaluations was illustrated in terms of average bias and variation of derived correlation estimates. The average bias values generated by multiple-trait REML were generally low. In contrast, single-trait REML was sensitive to selective deletion of records and systematically underestimated the genetic correlations. For both methods, especially at low heritabilities, the magnitude of the variation was generally high, showing that there is a substantial probability of obtaining seriously misleading genetic correlation estimates if the analysis is based on a single experiment and data include non-random missing records.
Use of Belowground Growing Degree Days to Predict Rooting of Dormant Hardwood Cuttings of Populus
Authors: Zalesny R. S. , Bauer E. O. , Riemenschneider D. E. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPlanting Populus cuttings based on calendar days neglects soil temperature extremes and does not promote rooting based on specific genotypes. Our objectives were to: 1) test the biological efficacy of a thermal index based on belowground growing degree days (GDD) across the growing period, 2) test for interactions between belowground GDD and clones, and 3) identify beneficial planting windows based on combinations of genotypes and belowground GDD. We tested two clones of Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh (D133, D134) and four hybrid clones of P. deltoides × P. maximowiczii A. Henry (DM101, DM105, NC14105, NC14107). Cuttings, 20 cm long, were planted in randomized complete blocks at 15- × 15-cm spacing across three planting dates during 1999 at Alexandria, Minnesota, USA (45.9°N, 95.4°W) and Fertile, Minnesota, USA (47.3°N, 96.2°W). Temperatures at 20 cm belowground were converted to GDD with a base temperature of 10°C. We measured root, top, and total dry weight, along with number of roots after 14 d of growth. Relatively warmer and cooler soil temperatures promoted rooting for the cottonwoods and hybrids, respectively. We recommend planting after reaching a threshold of 163 belowground GDD for P. deltoides clones and planting before reaching a threshold of 173 belowground GDD for P. deltoides × P. maximowiczii clones.
Identification of Rhus succedanea L. Cultivars Using Elliptic Fourier Descriptors Based on Fruit Shape
Authors: Hiraoka Y. , Kuramoto N. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
We have developed a method to identify cultivars of Rhus succedanea L. based on their fruit contour shape. For this, we collected fruits of five cultivars from three different environments (differing in site and/or year of collection) and the horizontal contour shape of each fruit was expressed by 37 elliptic Fourier descriptors, normalized in terms of size, rotation, shift and starting point of contour tracing. The first six components derived from a principal component analysis of the elliptic Fourier descriptors explained 89% of the variance. The differences among cultivars, environments and the cultivar x environment interaction were significant at the 0.01% probability level for all six principal components according to ANOVA. UPGMA cluster analysis based on the six principal components showed a high degree of clustering and most (but not all) ramets from the same cultivar clustered together. However, results of a UPGMA cluster analysis of Mahalanobis’ generalized distances among cultivars and environments, based on the 37 elliptic Fourier descriptors, showed that samples from the same cultivars clustered together, regardless of the environmental factors. We then applied a ‘similarity probability’ test, based on Mahalanobis’ generalized distances and a randomization test. The similarity probabilities between descriptors in the database and sampled fruits, when the cultivars they represented were included in the database, were >97%. In contrast, for samples representing cultivars that were not included in the database, the probabilities were <46%. These figures also apply to pairs of samples included in the database that represented the same cultivar, and different cultivars, respectively. These results suggest that it is possible to identify R. succedanea cultivars based on fruit contour shape using elliptic Fourier descriptors and similarity probability analysis.
A Comparison of Isozyme and Morphological Markers to Assess the Within Population Variation in Small Populations of European aspen (Populus tremula L.) in Spain
Authors: Lopez-De-Heredia U. , Sierra-De-Grado R. , Cristóbal M. D. , Martínez-Zurimendi P. , Pando V. , Martín M. T. 
Published: November 2017

Summary
European aspen (Populus tremula L.) has been traditionally thought to establish new stands by vegetative propagation through root suckers produced by very few individuals (often only one). Morphological traits and isozyme patterns were studied in five small stands in northern Spain. Both isozyme and morphological approaches showed variation within and between stands. Estimated intrapopulational variation was higher than the expected, and clusters of individuals with the same isozyme multilocus patterns within each population have been identified. In order to check to what extent morphological markers are affected by the genotypes or clones, comparisons between leaf parameters and isozyme patterns were performed by hierarchical ANOVA and tests of hypothesis were constructed from the components of variance. Leaf shape parameters show a good correlation with the isozyme multilocus patterns. On the other hand, leaf size parameters, were more influenced by environmental factors. These traits may be useful as tools for the definition of in situ conservation units in endangered European aspen stands.
PCR-Multiplex of Six Chloroplast Microsatellites for Population Studies and Genetic Typing in Pinus sylvestris
Authors: Dzialuk A. , Burczyk J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The major drawback of microsatellites analysis is that they are expensive to develop, labor-intensive and demand skilled personnel. However, such studies might be still simplified and accelerated by multiplexing of the markers and the use of highthroughput systems for genotyping DNA fragments. In this paper we present a single, simple and highly effective PCRmultiplex reaction composed of six chloroplast microsatellites widely used for population studies in pines but here applied to Pinus sylvestris. The reaction allows for rapid genotyping of large sample sizes.
Variation in Growth Performance of Acacia nilotica Willd. ex Del. Provenances of Wide Geographical Origin : Six Year Results
Authors: Ginwal H. S. , Mandal A. K. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Results of a provenance trial of Acacia nilotica Willd. ex Del. laid out in 1993 at Tropical Forest Research Institute Campus, Jabalpur (23°N lat., 79°E long. and 400 m altitude) Madhya Pradesh, a semi-arid region of India are reported and discussed. Nineteen provenances from India, Pakistan, Sudan, Senegal and Yemen were evaluated in the field at age three and six years. Local source of A. nilotica (S.F.R.I., Jabalpur) was used as check material for comparison. Significant differences between the provenances (P < 0.05) were observed for height, diameter at breast height (DBH), number of branches and field survival. The provenances from Gujrat (Punjab), Pakistan, ranked first for growth traits namely height, DBH and survival. The next superior provenance was from Beihan, Yemen, which scored second highest values of height and DBH and had good survival at age six years. Results indicate that genetic differences exist between the provenances of A.nilotica. None of the traits assessed (viz. height, DBH, number of branches, inter-nodal length and survival) were found to correlate with any of the geographical coordinates of the provenances (latitude, longitude and altitude). Height, DBH and number of branches showed significant and positive correlation with each other. Fair differences between phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variability were observed. Heritability values were found fairly good for height, DBH and number of branches as compared to inter-nodal length. The relative performance of these provenances was fairly consistent throughout the period of observation at three and six year. The two sources viz. Gujrat (Punjab), Pakistan and Beihan, Yemen, are recommended for plantation programme under semi-arid conditions.
Correlation and Path Analysis Studies Between Biomass and Other Characters in Bombax ceiba L.
Authors: Chaturvedi O. P. , Pandey N. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The genotypic and phenotypic correlation and path analysis of plant biomass, plant height, stem diameter and other biomass component traits were analyzed in thirty provenances of Bombax ceiba. In general, the magnitude of genotypic correlations was higher than phenotypic correlations. Stem diameter and plant biomass showed highly significant genotypic correlations with all the traits except the number of secondary branches and plant biomass with leaf biomass. Plant height had the highest positive direct effect on plant biomass followed by the number of primary branches/plant and the number of leaves/plant. On the basis of this study, a higher plant biomass would be achieved through direct selection based on plant height, the number of primary branches and the number of leaves/plant. Therefore, the study is important in selection of traits of economic importance based on other characters, whose direct effect is not visible.
Selfishness and Cooperation: Challenge for Social Life
Authors: Szocik Konrad , Lindberg Stig 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Cooperation is a great challenge for natural selection. Some scholars assume that cooperation could not evolve within the framework of natural selection. It is undeniable that natural selection, at least at the individual level, favors selfishness and defectors. Nonetheless, this selfish tendency does not necessarily imply that cooperation could not evolve by means of natural selection. In this paper, we specifically acknowledge certain basic challenges for the evolution of the human ability to cooperate at the level of large groups. In this paper, we discuss topics like the human ability for “supercooperation,” the importance of repetition and reputation, and Multilevel Selection Theory as the basic mechanisms of evolution of cooperation.
Selected Ethical Issues in Artificial Intelligence, Autonomous System Development and Large Data Set Processing
Authors: Zgrzebnicki Paweł 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Due to information technology development and its industrial adaptation, the dilemmas so far specific to philosophical speculations and science-fiction literature and films have become the real problems of the contemporary world. On one hand, these issues are related to an unprecedented scale on which computational algorithms are currently used as well as a level of complexity of mutual connections; on the other hand, these are linked to their autonomous behavior. States, industry, and users themselves demand formulation of understandable ethical categories and determination of transparency standards and legal norms for these algorithms’ functioning in the near future.
Artifacts and The Problem of Ethical Extensionism – Selected Issues
Authors: Holy-Luczaj Magdalena 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis paper addresses the problem of extending ethical obligations toward usable things. The first part reconstructs current debates on the metaphysical and ethical status of artifacts. Next, drawing upon Tadeusz Kotarbinski’s reism, I describe artifacts as concretes, focusing on the possibility of their damage and destruction. The core part of the article analyzes ethical implications of the following issues: 1) using artifacts, 2) their production, 3) purchase and sale of artifacts, and 4) the post-use period.
Adaptation in South Korean Society of North Korean Elite Defectors
Authors: Levi Nicolas 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This paper aims to explain the adaptation of North Korean elite defectors who fled from North Korea. Data used for the purpose of this article came from surveys of North Korean defectors conducted in the late 2000’s. Findings of the realized research indicate that the majority of senior defectors are experiencing less psychological and material issues when adjusting to society than regular North Korean defectors. The paper will proceed in three steps: explaining the notion of defectors, outlining their background, and focusing on their adaptation in South. Although defectors as a whole has emerged as of the most research group as a minority in South Korea, the so-called senior defectors have hardly been spotlighted. Basically North Korean senior defectors are supposed to strengthen the anti-Kim movement and legitimize the power of the South Korean government and the image of South Korea abroad. What has to be enlightened upon is the fact that North Korean senior defectors partially disagree with the integration policy of South Korean authorities. A major research question emerges: How are the experience of elite defectors localized in South Korea? How do their specific identities impact their opinion within the South Korean society? The aim of the article is also to categorize senior defectors and to provide in a single document a list of senior North Korea defectors based abroad. This kind of information is only available for Korean speaking readers. I wanted to make it accessible to the Englishspeaking community.