bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Agency Revisited: The Paradoxical Experiences of Victims of Crime
Authors: Kenney J. Scott 
Published: November 2015

Victims of violent crime often complain of feeling powerless. In some respects this represents a psychological aftereffect of the crime — an experience in which something was done to them against their will that they were powerless either to prevent or to stop. However, focusing attention on the psychological aftereffects of such experiences often overshadows other important considerations. For example, there is the possibility that an accumulation of subsequent social and institutional interactions may serve to minimize their ability actively to cope with their experiences. This paper seeks to address these issues head on by reframing victimization in terms of the interplay between victims' social and institutional interactions, on the one hand, and their agency to cope on the other.1 Following a brief review of the critical literature on victims' problematic institutional positions and a discussion of agency, data will be presented from a qualitative study of individuals who have suffered the murder of a loved one.2 As will be seen, the differing experiences of these individuals in a variety of social contexts have much to teach us about institutional influences, therapeutic ideologies, and human agency.
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy for Critically Ill Patients: An Update
Authors: van Bommel Eric F. H. , Leunissen Karel M. L. , Weimar Willem 
Published: November 2015

van Bommel EFH, Leunissen KML, Weimar W. Continuous renal replacement therapy for critically ill patients: an update. J Intensive Care Med 1994; 9: 265–280. Despite continuous progress in intensive care during the last decades, the outcome of critically ill patients in whom acute renal failure (ARF) develops is still poor. This outcome may be explained partially by the frequent occurrence of ARF as part of multiple organ systems failure (MOSF). In this complex and unstable patient population, the provision of adequate renal support with either intermittent hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis may pose major problems. Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is now increasingly accepted as the preferred treatment modality in the management of ARF in these patients. The technique offers adequate control of biochemistry and fluid balance in hemodynamically unstable patients, thereby enabling aggressive nutritional and inotropic support without the risk of exacerbating azotemia or fluid overload. In addition, experimental and clinical data suggest that CRRT may have a beneficial influence on hemodynamics and gas exchange in patients with septic shock and (nonrenal) MOSF, independent of an impact on fluid balance. We review both technical and clinical aspects of various continuous therapies, including their impact on serum drug levels and nutrient balance. In addition, an attempt is made to clarify the possible beneficial role of CRRT in reducing patient morbidity and mortality in the ICU.
Raising Productivity in a Service Organisation: The Role of Pace and Customer Participation
Authors: Singh Rakesh 
Published: November 2015

One of the complaints against the service sector is that it is comparatively inefficient and that it yields a lower rate of productivity vis a vis the manufacturing sector. The service providers contend this mainly with the argument that their services are as against products, more 'Person-dominant' and that a significant part of service benefit can never be pre-engineered in the workshop. Often a service is 'produced' in interaction with its customers. By extension, therefore, the burden of raising productivity in service sector is not entirely in the hands of service marketers. The author, with his views on customized and general management programmes on service and satisfaction, offers a solution towards raising productivity in a service firm. He invokes the concept of pace (speed or time consciousness) and customer participation (or using the customer participation (or using the customer as a fellow producer of the service) and marshals both the forces to enhance the general productivity of the service firm. Several suggestions are made in this respect.
Role of APQP and PPAP in Supply Chain Management
Authors: Khanna V.K. 
Published: November 2015

Waves of liberalization are sweeping all over the world breaking political barriers, integrating world capital and financial markets, opening up international trade and freeing import of technology or raw materials from licenses. New challenges and opportunities have been thrown up. The new economic scenario has also brought in risks of increased competition. As the customer is supreme, only those enterprises are going to be successful, which are able to provide goods and services to the customer in a timely cost-effective manner and also provide quality, which not only satisfies him but delights him. This means that the enterprise has to manage its operations in such a way that the production costs and delivery costs are kept to the minimum and margins are optimized. Simultaneously, it has to build a culture of quality and productivity because without that it is just not possible to survive. Finally, to stay always one step ahead of the competition, there has to be an element of creativity. Advance Product Quality Planning and Production Part Approval Process help the organization to be creative and innovative in approach in addressing all customers' related issues. Both these tools are very important while implementing quality management system requirements pertaining to ISO/TS 16949:2002. These tools are generic in nature and can help any type of industry. Effective implementation of PPAP will help the supply chain to improve the quality of the product, reduce the cost by optimal use of resources and maintain on time delivery at competitive cost.
Intellectual Capital Reporting At The Crossroads
Authors: Bhasin Madan 
Published: November 2015

Intellectual capital (IC) is an important value driver in today's organization. Although IC reporting is receiving increasing attention from accountants in recent years, the innovativeness of the concept impedes IC from being fully incorporated in financial accounting reports as yet. At present, disclosure of IC-related information by companies is done on a voluntary basis, as applicable accounting regulations dictate the definition of a balance sheet and the assets to be included therein. Omission of IC-related information may adversely influence the decisions made by shareholders or lead to material misstatements. Only when companies provide IC statements on a large scale, we would be able to speak of a true reporting revolution in company valuation, both in theory and in practice. This paper attempts to review some prominent internal and external measurement methods of IC. There is a tremendous need for standardization and harmonization across companies and across national boundaries in the field of IC reporting. A solid theoretical base should be achieved at the earliest in order to advance in the field, and future research should focus on the development of IC guidelines as well as their international harmonization. Additionally, researchers should analyse IC reports published by pioneer firms, from around the world, to gather the best learning experiences. With this international insight, firms could be advised on how to introduce a new dimension in transparency that will strengthen its organizational governance. After more than a decade, the IC movement is still growing and more and more organizations are recognizing IC as the essence of business navigation.
What Do We Hear, When We Hear Music?: Music Perception and Musical Material
Authors: Dibben Nicola 
Published: November 2015

Theories of auditory event perception have highlighted a distinction between “everyday” and “musical” listening. This paper challenges this account of listening in two ways: first, it extends the notion of source specification to the specification of cultural and compositional categories, and second, it argues that listening to music involves listening to what sounds specify just as much as it involves listening to the acoustic characteristics of sounds. It is argued here that the characterisation of ‘musical’ listening as attending to the acoustic character of sound is a reflection of the prevailing reception ideology of the autonomous art work. This paper reports the results of two empirical studies which provide evidence for the perception of music in terms of categories of musical material (.i.e. what sounds specify). In the first study, participants were presented with triads of musical and everyday sounds presented in conflicting pairings and asked to identify the two that were most similar. In the second study listeners were asked to give commentaries on the sounds. These listening studies showed that while listeners pay attention to the acoustic properties of sounds they are also sensitive to what sounds specify (physical source, physical space and proximity, genre, musical function, performance skill, emotional attributes and social context). The results highlight the way in which listeners privilege particular kinds of specifications, and some of the factors involved in these choices are discussed briefly in relation to a performative theory of musical meaning.
The Mimetic Hypothesis and Embodied Musical Meaning
Authors: Cox Arnie 
Published: November 2015

Research into the bodily basis of musical meaning has focused on conceptual metaphor and image schemata, but the processes whereby embodied experience becomes relevant to music conceptualization remains largely unexplained. This paper offers an account of music conceptualization that helps explain how embodied experience motivates and constrains the formation of basic musical meaning. The core of the “mimetic hypothesis” holds that 1) we understand sounds in comparison to sounds we have made ourselves, and that 2) this process of comparison involves tacit imitation, or mimetic participation, which in turn draws on the prior embodied experience of sound production. Evidence for the hypothesis comes from developmental and neuropsychological studies, and from speech imagery, motor imagery, and musical imagery studies. The embodied experience activated during mimetic participation motivates and constrains the cross-domain mappings on which so many musical concepts depend. For example, the metaphoric concept of musical verticality cannot be accounted for without acknowledging the role of mimetic participation. If this participation is as fundamental to musical experience as the hypothesis suggests, not only will it allow us to account for music's most fundamental concepts, but it will also help account for the affective features of musical experience and meaning. Furthermore, the proposed view of mimetic participation helps establish a physical grounding for theories of musical gesture, semiotics, music and gender, music and drama, aural skills pedagogy, music and society, music and dance, and music therapy.
Fondements d'une théorié générale Du Musical
Authors: Leroy Jean-Luc 
Published: November 2015

Le modèle dominant du laboratoire dans l'approche scientifique de la musique aboutit à faire d'une science de l'homme une science de l'objet. Or, l'“objet épistémique” des sciences humaines n'est-il pas l'interaction d'un “sujet” producteur de sens avec la virtualité d'un “objet” ? Le but est done de développer un champ théorique qui permette de penser cette interaction. L'hypothèse est que I'ëtre humain est un système énergétique engagé dans une dynamique interactive avec les systèmes de son environnement. Tout vécu est éprouvé comme une expérience d’énergie (“vie émotive”) qu'on peut schématiser sous la forme d'un profil dynamique (“processus émotif”). C'est par la dynamique corporelle que ces “profils dynamiques de la vie émotive” (PDVE) sont stabilisés en représentations (“processus postural”) utilisables alors par le sujet pour organiser un sens de soi (Stern) et contrôler son activité. La “vie affective”, en tant que guide de l'activité orientée de l'organisme, est ce qui permet d'intégrer subjectivement ces vécus. Le musical est directement en rapport avec ces mécanismes. La substance de la musique, c'est le temps subjectif exprimé par les PDVEs concrétisés par le matériau sonore (mécanisme de “projection”). Divers mécanismes rendent compte de I'élaboration subjective de la “forme” a partir d'un “modèle”. Le musical jouerait un röle dans les mécanismes de régulation énergétique de l'organisme par le système nerveux central. La musique fournirait des configurations énergétiques typiques permettant de placer l'organisme dans un état motivationnel contextuellement adapté (“systèmes motivationnels”). Ces systèmes seraient le véhicule de (“imprégnation émotive” de l'individu par le milieu social.
The Consonance and the Context Guiding the Participants' Ratings of Chords Representing Different Set-Classes
Authors: Kuusi Tuire 
Published: November 2015

This study examined factors guiding the participants' ratings of pentachords representing different pentad classes. Two tests were carried out where the participants (non-musicians, professional music students, and music theorists and composers) heard sequences of five chords. Four of the chords represented one set-class, and these chords formed the context; one chord represented another set-class, and it was the deviant. The participants were asked which chord did not belong to the same group as the others. When the data were analysed, the main interest was in the difference in the consonances of the context chords and the deviant chord. The difference varied greatly from case to case. It was found that the participants selected the deviant chord when there was a clear difference in the consonances of the set-classes. However, the difference in the consonances was not the only factor guiding the participants' ratings. The context was found to be important for both musically trained and untrained participants, but in different ways. Generally, the non-musicians used the set-class identity as a guide in the items where the context was more consonant than the deviant, while in a dissonant context they used chordal characteristics, especially the transpositional level. The composers and theorists, on the other hand, made their ratings according to the set-class identity when the context was more dissonant than the deviant and according to the chordal characteristics when the context was more consonant than the deviant.
The Use of a 95° Blade Plate and a Posterior Approach to Achieve Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis
Authors: Hanson Travis W. , Cracchiolo Andrea 
Published: November 2015

Various types of internal fixation have been used to achieve arthrodesis of both the ankle and subtalar joints. We have investigated the use of a standard 95° angled blade plate as a method of more rigid internal fixation to achieve arthrodesis of these joints. The purpose of this retrospective study was to review our clinical and radiographic results in adults using a blade plate applied through a posterior approach to fuse the ankle and subtalar joints. Methods: Between April 1995 and June 2000, 10 tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodeses were performed using a posterior approach and a blade plate for internal fixation. There were 10 adults (five men and five women) whose average age was 64 years (range, 42 to 80 years). The indication for the procedure was severe pain which was unresponsive to nonoperative management in patients with arthritic joints. Preoperative diagnoses included six patients with post-traumatic arthritis, two with primary degenerative arthritis, one with rheumatoid arthritis, and one with post-polio deformity. An average of 1.7 previous operations had been performed on the affected ankle. Results: Clinical and radiographic follow-up was performed for all patients at an average of 37 months (range, 12 to 71 months) postoperatively. All 10 patients achieved a solid fusion. The mean time to radiographic fusion was 14.5 weeks (range, 9 to 26 weeks). The operation resulted in plantigrade feet in all patients with an average tibia-floor angle of 2.3° of dorsiflexion and an average of 5° of hindfoot valgus. Patients had excellent pain relief, however function did not improve as much. Complications occurred in three patients. One patient required a small split-thickness skin graft for wound healing, one experienced a transient posterior tibial nerve neuropraxia, and one developed a deep venous thrombosis in the nonoperative leg at six weeks postoperatively. Three patients required removal of the blade plate because of discomfort, which promptly cleared. Conclusions: Arthrodesis provides excellent pain relief for patients with painful arthritic deformities of the ankle and subtalar joints. Using a posterior approach, a blade plate for internal fixation and bone grafts resulted in a solid fusion for all our patients. This method is particularly effective in large patients with a mild-moderate hindfoot deformity.
Residual Bacterial Contamination After Surgical Preparation of the Foot or Ankle With or Without Alcohol
Authors: Hort Kurtis R. , DeOrio James K. 
Published: November 2015

To investigate the usefulness of a standard surgical preparation in prevention of surgical site contamination, 49 consecutive patients undergoing foot or ankle surgery were randomly assigned to standard preparation with chlorhexidine gluconate home scrubs and preoperative povidone-iodine or to standard preparation plus preoperative preparation with 70% alcohol. Results were available for all 49 patients. Cultures were positive for normal aerobic bacteria from the toes of nine of 26 patients (35%) receiving standard surgical preparation and from the toes of 13 of 23 patients (57%) receiving standard preparation plus alcohol (P=0.12). No patient had a positive culture for anaerobic organisms or clinical evidence of infection or wound problems. Standard surgical preparation did not provide a completely sterile field, and the inclusion of alcohol added no benefit.
Hotel Managerial Ownership and Firm Performance: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Gu Zheng , Qian Yu 
Published: November 2015

Abstract Agency theory suggests that increasing managerial ownership, or the proportion of stocks owned by corporate managers, can better align owner/manager interests and motivate managers for better performance. This study empirically examines the impact of managerial ownership on firm performance in the hotel industry. Using the 1996 financial data of 45 US hotel companies, the study found that managerial holdings had a positive impact on profit margin, operating return and return to owners' equity. The positive impact was more significant in the fast-growing regular hotel sector than in the slow-growing casino hotel sector. The findings show that increasing managerial ownership can be a viable means for improving accounting profitability in the hotel industry.
The Representation of Street Lantern Characteristics
Authors: Maxted R. 
Published: November 2015

This paper examines from two points of view the problem of selecting suitable diagrams for representing lantern characteristics. The subject is first considered in the light of a general investigation of the fundamental factors influencing visibility. In this an analysis of the optical designs of installations must be made in conjunction with a subjective survey of the visibility results achieved. A brief account of this work is given to show some of the considerations which influence the choice of lantern diagrams. Two simple diagrams which are of value in this work are suggested for general use. The problem is also examined from the point of view of specifying a street-lighting installation, and it is shown that the same diagrams are suitable.
Photoelectric Photometers: Their Properties, Use and Maintenance
Authors: Preston J. S. 
Published: November 2015

This Paper examines the problems arising in the application of emission photocells and selenium rectifier photocells to photometry. It deals with the difficulties of securing a close approximation to a linear scale, and to the spectral sensitivity of the standard eye; and also with the life, stability, and fatigue of photocells, temperature coefficient, dark-current, non-uniformity over the area of the sensitive surface, stray radiation, and the use of photoelectric instruments for measuring fluctuating light sources. In the case of rectifier cells the questions of the response of the cell to oblique illumination and of the size of cell best suited to any given purpose are also discussed. A number of colour correction filters proposed for use with both types of photocell, are cited. The principles and methods of use of standard types of photometer circuits are described and critically discussed. The circuits included are the direct-reading and the integrating circuits for emission cells, and the light-meter, Campbell-Freeth, and balanced-cell circuits for rectifier cells. As an example of a complete instrument a new portable emission-cell photometer is described in which the amplifier circuit, comprising two stages of D.C. amplification, includes an electrometer tetrode, and gives a current gain of 2.107 with stability adequate for measuring photocurrents down to 2.10−14 ampere to within ±5%. The Paper is an attempt to collate the information necessary to give the user a clear understanding of the possibilities and limitations of photoelectric photometers, and of the precautions necessary to ensure results of the highest possible accuracy. Selection of this information is based on experience of the last ten years at the National Physical Laboratory. Little that is novel is described, except the circuit for use with the electrometer tetrode, and work, as yet incomplete, on the fatigue of rectifier cells under monochromatic light of different wavelengths.
‘Lighting the Homes of To-Morrow’
Authors: Carne J. B. 
Published: November 2015

The paper deals with the lighting of the homes of the ‘million.’ Using published and new statistical data, the author deduces the pre-1939 average weekly expenditure on artificial light and the level and quality of the illumination prevailing in the homes of the lower income group in the U.K. Suggestions are made for improving the quality of the lighting without increased expenditure, with emphasis on the influence of decorations, and a plea for efficient units designed in accordance with well-defined principles. The author accepts the I.E.S. Code values, and concludes that attainment of them necessitates at least twice the pre-1939 expenditure on gas or electricity, for lighting. He contends that the use of higher levels will result mainly from precept and example and availability of low running-cost sources; but that very considerable and immediate improvement in quality of illumination would result from preferential taxation of suggested “Utility” units of approved design, and sympathetic action in regard to decorations by architects and building authorities.