bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drilling-Systems-Automation Roadmap: The Means To Accelerate Adoption
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: August 2016

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 173010, “Drilling-Systems-Automation Roadmap: The Means To Accelerate Adoption,” by John P. de Wardt, SPE, De Wardt and Company; John D. Macpherson, SPE, Baker Hughes; Mario Zamora, M-I Swaco; Blaine Dow, SPE, and Slim Hbaieb, SPE, Schlumberger; Robin A. Macmillan, SPE, National Oilwell Varco; Moray L. Laing, SPE, SAS Institute; Amanda M. DiFiore, QinetiQ North America; Calvin E. Inabinett Jr., SPE, Aerojet Rocketdyne; and Mark W. Anderson, SPE, Shell International E&P, prepared for the 2015 SPE/IADC Drilling Conference and Exhibition, London, 17–19 March. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
The drilling-systems-automation roadmap (DSA-R) initiative is a cross-industry effort launched in June 2013 to help accelerate the adoption of advancements in drilling-systems automation (DSA) for both onshore and offshore wells. When completed, this technology roadmap will provide the drilling industry with a well-defined guide on the expected development and adoption of DSA technology in both the short and the long term. The roadmap uses a well-known template developed by Sandia National Laboratories to provide a mechanism to forecast how DSA developments can progress.
Introduction
Despite the well-known potential benefits of drilling automation, there is a perception by some that automation in other major industries has outpaced that achieved in drilling. Issues and barriers associated with automation in complex drilling operations coupled with a fragmented business environment have been reported.
A concerted cross-industry technology-roadmap initiative was launched in June 2013 driven by the need identified at an industry workshop. This independent initiative supported by an all-volunteer committee became affiliated with three organizations with members interested in this technology development: SPE, the International Association of Drilling Contractors, and the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International.
A technology roadmap is a detailed, structured document that articulates the clearly defined objectives and the technology resources needed to meet specific long-term goals. It differentiates various technology elements and ties them together though a coordinated timeline identifying when and how business value can be realized. The process developed by Sandia National Laboratories was the most appropriate example for adoption for the DSA-road-mapping process.
Technology Focus: Oilfield Chemistry (September 2015)
Authors: Wylde Jonathan 
Published: August 2016

Technology Focus
The removal of mineral scale in the oil field is typically perceived as a somewhat nonscientific discipline. Simply pumping down a few drums of acid, letting it soak or circulate, and bringing the well back online is considered the norm. This could not be further from the truth. There is as much science in dissolution of mineral scale as in any other production chemistry discipline. Consider two examples of complexity that exist in this subdiscipline of flow assurance: first, the complex placement challenges that exist in downhole-tubing-scale removal and understanding the mechanical complexity involved in spotting dissolver in a vertical system so that it remains in place to perform the job. The second example is concerned with iron-sulfide dissolution, where many different polymorphs exist and all behave in ways very different than hydrochloric acid at different pressures and temperatures.
The research that exists in the literature shows the science of removal chemistries and techniques very well. The use of acid, in particular hydrochloric acid, is a very-well-established field methodology. The challenges, however, that can exist with using acid, and their mitigation, are the subject of a renewed research focus. Two areas in particular involve the corrosivity of mineral acid and the secondary deposition of unwanted scales that can occur on flowback. These two examples alone show how use of acid can create a problem, possibly larger than the one it solves.
Some of the most interesting research is in the area of nonacid dissolvers; the intent of this chemistry is to remove the mentioned issues of corrosivity and secondary deposition. The target is to develop a dissolver system without the drawbacks of mineral or organic acid but with the same dissolution performance. Previous research has focused on chelating agents but has shown that only a certain performance can be achieved. However, in recent literature, some significant steps have been made with the discovery of synergistic chelating agents and formulations that are now approximating the performance of classic acid systems.
Researchers and readers are encouraged to read the recommended-additional-reading papers and take the time to delve into the intellectual-property landscape, which contains a plethora of information on the development and evolution of chemistry for scale removal. JPT
Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.
SPE 172794 A Systematic Approach To Dissolve Iron Sulfide Scales by Hicham El Hajj, Halliburton, et al.
IPTC 18139 Challenge and Successful Application for Scale Removal in Oil Field, Egypt: Field Study by E. Hamdy, Sapesco, et al.
IPTC 17303 Horizontal-Well Productivity Restoration—Successful Stimulation Application in a Large Onshore Field by Shobhit Tiwari, Cairn India, et al.
SPE 171766 Challenge of Acidizing Horizontal Wells in Tight Carbonate Reservoirs—Weak-Acid and Nonacid Alternatives by Sameer Punnapala, Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations, et al.
Novel Viscosity Reducer Aids Removal of Scale From Electrical Submersible Pumps
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: August 2016

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 173928, “Removal of Organic and Inorganic Scale From Electrical Submersible Pumps,” by M. Ramones, R. Rachid, SPE, D. Flor, L. Gutierrez, and A. Milne, SPE, Schlumberger, prepared for the 2015 SPE Artificial Lift Conference— Latin America and Caribbean, Salvador, Brazil, 27–29 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
Rigless coiled-tubing-unit (CTU) interventions can be effective in returning to production wells that have lost electrical-submersible-pump (ESP) efficiency because of organic, inorganic, or mixed scale deposits. Such operations extended the average ESP run life from 40 to 140 days and eliminated the need for workover (WO) rigs. A heavy-crude viscosity reducer (HCVR) is recommended as part of these treatments, to improve the cleanup process.
Introduction
Recent work with crude-oil viscosity reducers has shown that both inorganic and organic deposits can be removed by spotting/jetting with coiled tubing without the need of a WO rig. When a treating fluid containing the viscosity reducer is mixed with highly viscous crudes, it creates a water-external pseudoemulsion, which decreases the apparent viscosity of the crude by several orders of magnitude, removing more than 60% of the heavy crude from the surface of the scale and accelerating the dissolution of organic deposits. This enables the chemical treatment to dissolve the inorganic deposits, allowing the pump to be restarted without the need to pull out the completion. The new fluid systems have made it possible to remove organic and inorganic deposits systematically from ESPs, extending the average run life from 40 to 140 days, and to eliminate the requirement for WO rigs, with an average rig-cost saving of 6 days per well and an average saving of USD 1.5 million in deferred production.
Problem Definition
Organic or inorganic deposits can occur in different parts of the petroleum system, including the reservoir, well perforations, artificial-lifting equipment, and production lines. Scales are inorganic deposits that are formed when the saturation of the produced water is affected by changes in temperature and pressure conditions, creating significant reduction in oil-production rates or even plugging the entire production system. On the other hand, viscous oils that are exposed to significant pressure drop are the source of organic-material deposition, the most common being paraffins and asphaltenes. These organic materials can be defined as hydrocarbons with high molecular weights that are hard to dissolve and that can also create sludge when in contact with acid systems.
Un Caso de Estudio para la Adopción de un Modelo de Trazabilidad de Requisitos en el Sector Energético
Authors: Montoya-Suárez Lina María , Monsalve-Gómez Juan Carlos , Sepúlveda-Castaño Jorge Mauricio 
Published: August 2016

Es fundamental para un desarrollo de software mejorar el proceso relacionado con los requisitos, los aspectos que facilitan una mejora, es contar con la posibilidad de realizar trazados a los requisitos a lo largo del ciclo de vida de un sistema. Para esto, la trazabilidad permite evaluar las implicaciones que puede tener el cambio y así poder detectar los cambios en fases tempranas o incluso en la fase de gestión de la configuración siguiendo las huellas de trazado.A través de este artículo de investigación se presentan un caso de estudio aplicando la herramienta "http://www.sparxsystems.com.au/ para el sector energético donde se evidencia cómo se puede dar seguimiento a un requisito comenzando en la primera fase de análisis y diseño (requisitos funcionales, requisitos no funcionales, regla de negocio, casos de uso, diagrama de clase, diagrama de componente etc.) por medio del cual es posible generar una matriz de trazado dentro de un proceso de desarrollo de software.
Sensitivity of lipolysis and lipogenesis to dibutyryl-cAMP and β-adrenergic agonists in swine adipocytes in vitro2
Authors: Mills S. E. , Liu C. Y. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The sensitivities of lipolysis and fatty acid synthesis to dibutyryl-cAMP (dbcAMP), epinephrine, ractopamine and clenbuterol were quantified in vitro using porcine adipocytes. Insulin-stimulated lipogenesis showed a biphasic response to dbcAMP, with increased rates at low concentrations and decreased (55%) rates at higher concentrations of dbcAMP. In the absence of insulin, lipogenesis was inhibited 78% by dbcAMP. In the presence of adenosine deaminase or theophylline, all three β-adrenergic agonists inhibited basal lipogenesis, but only epinephrine and ractopamine inhibited insulin-stimulated lipogenesis. The relationship between suppressed lipogenesis and enhanced lipolysis in response to dbcAMP and the β-agonists revealed that 1) basal lipogenesis was more sensitive to inhibition than was the stimulation of lipolysis, 2) sensitivity differences were magnified if adenosine deaminase was present and 3) insulin decreased adipocyte sensitivity to the inhibitory effects of dbcAMP and the β-adrenergic agonists. These results indicate that the relative sensitivities of lipogenesis and lipolysis to β-adrenergic stimulation can be modified by adenosine and insulin. Furthermore, adenosine and insulin antagonize β-adrenergic responses, in part, by cAMP-independent mechanisms.
Intramuscular collagen and serum hydroxyproline as related to implanted testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and estradiol-17 β in growing wethers
Authors: Miller L. F. , Judge M. D. , Schanbacher B. D. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Relationships of implanted testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and estradiol-17 β to collagen degradation and intramuscular collagen concentration and stability were determined. Intramuscular collagen content, solubility and shrinkage temperature and serum hydroxyproline were analyzed in groups of six rams, wethers, and wethers implanted with various levels of testosterone or dihydrotestosterone (Exp. 1) and groups of 10 rams, wethers and wethers implanted with estradiol-17 β, dihydrotestosterone or a combination of (Exp.2). Intramuscular collagen content in both experiments was higher (P < .05) in muscles of rams than in muscles of wethers. Administration of the highest level of testosterone to wethers raised (P < .05) total and insoluble intramuscular collagen to concentrations noted in rams. Administration of the testosterone metabolite, dihydrotestosterone, to wethers had no effect on intramuscular collagen. Administration of estradiol-17 β to wethers tended to raise concentrations of intramuscular collagen so that they were no longer lower (P < .05) than those in rams. Collagen stability as measured by solubility and thermal shrinkage temperature did not differ among rams, wethers or implanted wethers (P < .05). Increases in collagen accretion due to hormone administration were observed to be the result of increases in the insoluble portion of the intramuscular collagen (P < .05).
COMPOSITION AND QUALITY OF BEEF FROM STEERS SIRED BY PIEDMONTESE, GELBVIEH AND RED ANGUS BULLS1
Authors: Tatum J. D. , Gronewald K. W. , Seideman S. C. , Lamm W. D. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Forty-five steers produced by matings of Piedmontese (P), Gelbvieh (G) and Red Angus (RA) sires to British (B) and Continental crossbred (Cx) dams were started on a finishing diet at an average of 291 d. Five steers from each sire-breed group were slaughtered after 124, 166 or 208 d of finishing. Age-constant values for slaughter weight and estimated degree of maturity did not differ for the three sire breed groups. Carcasses produced by P steers had the least fat thickness, the largest longissimus muscle (LM) areas, the lowest numerical yield grades, the highest yields of separable muscle and the highest muscle-to-bone ratios. Additionally, LM samples from P-sired steers had the highest percentage of white muscle fibers, the lowest percentage of intermediate muscle fibers and the smallest cross-sectional area of red muscle fibers. Marbling scores and intramuscular lipid content were highest for RA steers; P and G steers had similar values for marbling and intramuscular lipid content. Longissimus steaks from G steers received the lowest ratings for tenderness, flavor intensity and amount of connective tissue. Steaks from P and RA steers received similar sensory panel ratings. No differences were observed among the three sire-breed groups for amount and solubility of intramuscular collagen or for partitioning of separable carcass fat.
Ruminal fermentation pattern, bacterial population and ruminal degradation of feed ingredients as influenced by ruminal ammonia concentration.
Authors: Song M. K. , Kennelly J. J. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The effects of ruminal ammonia concentration on bacterial numbers, fermentation pattern and degradation of feed ingredients in the rumen were examined with three nonlactating Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulas. Cows were fed twice daily a complete mixed diet (90% whole plant oat silage and 10% concentrate mixture) containing 11.1% CP on a DM basis. Ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3) was infused continuously into the rumen at levels of 0, 95, 190 or 280 g/d. Infusion of NH4HCO3 linearly increased (P < .05) the concentrations of ruminal ammonia and blood urea N. Total VFA concentrations and mixed bacterial numbers also were increased (P < .05) by NH4HCO3 infusion. Infusions of NH4HCO3 increased (P < .05) butyrate and decreased (P < .05) isobutyrate and isovalerate proportions. Infusion of NH4HCO3 increased (P < .05) rate of degradation of soybean meal DM but did not (P > .05) influence degradation characteristics of fish meal and barley grain. In conclusion, supplementation of N by continuous infusion of NH4HCO3 appeared to stimulate bacterial growth and fermentation but it did not influence extent of ruminal degradation of selected feed ingredients.
EFFECTS OF TIME OF SEASON AND COTTONSEED MEAL AND LASALOCID SUPPLEMENTATION ON STEERS GRAZING RYE PASTURES1
Authors: Worrell M. A. , Undersander D. J. , Thompson C. E. , Bridges W. C. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
A study was conducted to estimate changes in rye (Secale cereale L.) forage quality during the grazing season and to determine the effects of supplemental cottonseed meal (CSM) with and without the ionophore lasalocid on the growth rate of steers grazing rye pastures. During 1986 to 1987, pasture samples were collected on December 19, January 20, February 19 and March 16 to estimate changes in fiber, N and in vitro OM disappearance (IVOMD) of rye forage. Significant seasonal differences in NDF, ADF, permanganate lignin and IVOMD were detected. Rye forage IVOMD ranged from 74.5 to 83.6% of DM, indicating that quality was high at all sampling times. Nitrogen content also was high and ranged from 2.1 to 4.6% of DM. Ruminal N degradation rate, percentage of N degraded and percentage of escape N indicated that the rye protein was rapidly degraded with less than 25% of the total plant N escaping ruminal breakdown. Ninety-six crossbred yearling steers were assigned to either control, .45 kg CSM/d or .45 kg CSM/d + 150 mg lasalocid/d treatments to determine the effects of supplementation on growth rate while steers grazed rye pastures. Protein supplementation (CSM) increased (P < .05) ADG early in the grazing season but not later. Addition of lasalocid to the protein supplement increased (P < .05) ADG during the spring grazing period and for the entire grazing season. Rye forage is a high-quality feedstuff containing rapidly degraded N throughout the grazing season. Supplementing steers with CSM containing lasalocid improved seasonal weight gains.
Effects of melatonin and progesterone administered to ewes in spring and summer2
Authors: Wheaton J. E. , Pohl H. A. , Windels H. F. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Melatonin (MEL) was evaluated for effects on LH, prolactin (PRL) and fertility in spring (Exp. 1, 2) and summer (Exp. 3 to 5). In Exp. 1, 17 ovariectomized ewes bearing estradiol implants were fed 3 mg MEL or vehicle for 44 d beginning May 1. Melatonin decreased (P < .001) PRL levels but had no effect on LH secretion and response to GnRH. In Exp. 2, 12 ewes each received a 40-d MEL ear implant or a sham implant on March 31. Progesterone-releasing pessaries (CIDR) were applied for 12 d and were withdrawn concomitant with ram joining on May 7. Neither treatment stimulated follicular development or induced estrus or ovulation. Exp. 3 and 4 were contemporary 2 × 2 factorial trials with 24 ewes at each of two locations. Melatonin implants were administered on June 29 and CIDR on July 22. The CIDR were removed and rams (Exp. 3, vasectomized; Exp. 4, fertile) were joined on August 3. Days from introduction of rams to estrus were reduced (P < .05) by CIDR but not by MEL. All ewes lambed in Exp. 4, and days to estrus and conception were reduced (P < .001) by CIDR but not by MEL. Exp. 5 was designed like Exp. 4 except that MEL implants were inserted June 20 and rams were joined August 8. Intervals from introduction of rams to estrus were reduced (P < .01) by both MEL and CIDR treatments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Life-cycle evaluation of Bos taurus and Bos indicus × Bos taurus breed types in a dry, temperate climate: performance of mature dams.
Authors: Bailey C. M. , Koh Y. O. , Foote W. D. , Hanks D. R. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Mature dams representing Hereford, Red Poll, F1 Hereford × Red Poll, F<Analysis of the Hereford1 Red Poll × Hereford, F1 Angus × Hereford, F1 Angus × Charolais, F1 Brahman × Hereford and F1 Brahman × Angus breed types were evaluated. All cows were bred to Limousin sires to produce two-way or three-way-cross progeny. Mature Brahman × Hereford dams produced a higher (P < .05) percentage of live calves than Herefords, but dam breed differences in percentage of calves weaned relative to the number of cows exposed for mating were not statistically significant. Progeny of Angus × Charolais and Red Poll dams were outstanding in weaning weight, but Hereford and Brahman-cross calves were below average. Planned comparisons showed that Angus × Charolais calves were heavier (P < .01) at weaning than Hereford (23.0 ± 3.8 kg) or Angus × Hereford (9.6 ± 3.2 kg) progeny. Mature Angus × Hereford mothers weaned heavier calves than did Brahman × Herefords (7.4 ± 3.2 kg, P < .05) or Brahman × Angus (10.9 ± 3.0 kg, P < .01). Analysis of the Hereford-Red Poll diallel showed evidence of maternal heterosis in calf weaning weight (4.0 ± 2.6 kg, P < .05), but there was no difference in the percentage of calves weaned by crossbred vs straightbred dams.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Genetic implications of a simulation model of litter size in swine based on ovulation rate, potential embryonic viability and uterine capacity: I. Genetic theory.
Authors: Bennett G. L. , Leymaster K. A. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
A simulation model of litter size in swine based on ovulation rate, uterine capacity and potential embryo viability was compared to three genetic models to clarify its genetic characteristics. The simulation model is equivalent to independent culling based on fixed levels of potentially viable embryos and uterine capacity. Litter size also can be described by a combination of additive, additive × additive, mean environment × additive, random environment and additive × random environment effects. A third genetic model that can describe the simulation model is the associative effects model, in which litter size is the result of grouping two genotypes. The fixed independent culling levels model predicts that genetic parameters will change as the component means change. This genetic model also predicts that selection on an index of ovulation rate and uterine capacity would improve selection response for litter size. This genetic model predicts asymmetry of correlated responses in ovulation rate and uterine capacity when selecting for high and low litter size. The nonadditive genetic model predicts covariances among relatives that are different from their additive relationships; however, simulated results did not detect any differences. The nonadditive genetic model also predicts that heterosis for litter size will differ among crosses based on the mean environment and on additive × additive genetic interaction. The associative effects model predicts that selection for litter size will always lead to a positive response in litter size.
The establishment and persistence of food preferences in lambs exposed to selected foods.
Authors: Nolte D. L. , Provenza F. D. , Balph D. F. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Our study determined whether lambs' food preferences developed as a result of exposure to specific foods early in life and whether the presence of the mother affected the development of dietary preferences. In the first experiment, lambs were fed wheat (W) and mountain mahogany (MM) (Cercocarpus montanus) from 50 to 110 d of age. After exposure to W and MM, lambs preferred (P < .05) W when offered with barley (B) but did not prefer (P > .05) MM when offered with serviceberry (SB) (Amelanchier alnifolia), probably because lambs were reluctant to eat mountain mahogany during exposure. Persistence was determined by dividing lambs exposed to W or MM into four groups: 1) continued exposure to W (MM); 2) exposure to B (SB); 3) no further exposure; and 4) exposure to W + B (MM + SB). Preferences for wheat persisted (P < .05) regardless of the second exposure. In the second experiment, lambs were exposed to W (MM) either alone or with their mothers. Persistence was determined after 21 d of exposure to B (SB). Lambs preferred (P < .05) W and MM whether they were exposed alone or with their mothers. However, preferences persisted longer in lambs exposed with their mothers. Finally, lambs exposed to either SB or MM with their mothers were later allowed to choose between SB or MM. Lambs strongly preferred (P < .05) the shrub to which they were exposed early in life.