bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time as a base for establishing structure in text: toward a visualization model
Authors: Sahlée Anna 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Following Halliday and Hasan (1976, Cohesion in English. London: Longman; Halliday and Hasan 1989, Language, context, and text: Aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective. 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press), text can be defined and studied as a united whole. A “text” which does not appear as a united whole can be very hard to understand and describe. Since this kind of text exists for example in the form of student writing, it is important to have methods and models which can handle all kinds of compositions – coherent and clearly structured and the opposite. This article suggests such a model. Relative to available methods, it is beneficial for understanding and comparing many different texts. The model is based on temporal unfolding of texts, realized primarily by tense and Aktionsarten. It uncovers the basic structure of the text and visualizes it – a combination that makes the text accessible for further analysis. Four texts with different structures from the national test in Swedish and Swedish as a second language are used to demonstrate the model. The model is used to discuss and compare the texts and how the students respond to the given instruction. It is shown what information the model reveals and how analysis and information can be added; in this case means for understanding the narrative text.
Time for spring cleaning and decluttering? But what about books?
Authors: Desmarais Robert 
Published: June 2016

Dear Readers,It’s that time of year again. Suddenly, our attention turns to housecleaning and sorting through all manner of stuff that fills our closets, basements, garages, and every nook and cranny in our homes. In the spirit of cleaning up and getting organized for warmer weather, I was keen to read Marie Kondo’s The Life-Changing Magic of Tidying Up: The Japanese Art of Decluttering and Organizing. The book has been widely celebrated in the media and it was already on several bestseller lists by the time I had noticed and started reading it. I successfully applied the author’s “magical” method to an oversized storage closet in my home and was generally pleased with the result, but I had trouble following her advice when my focus turned to several boxes of out-of-print children’s books that had been stored in my guest room for years. Kondo advises that we should sort by choosing a single category like clothes and books, asking ourselves if these objects spark joy, and getting rid of them if they don’t delight us. Asking ourselves “What sparks joy?” is certainly one way of helping us decide what to keep, but to be honest, it was a difficult question when I applied it to books in my home. Obviously, not every book in my library “sparks joy” but as a category books bring me great pleasure, especially children’s books, so I couldn’t fathom how I could part with a single title. In this case, I decided to keep everything because that decision made the most sense for me. And believe me, I fully expect to eventually crack open those boxes of books if nothing else for the satisfaction of thumbing through some favourite childhood stories. In this busy season of tidying up, you may also discover boxes of children’s books in your own homes. If I may offer advice in this regard, it is simply to consider inviting your kids to participate in the decluttering process. That is, take time to discover what children’s books spark joy in their lives. If the books are not of interest to them, consider giving them a second life if they no longer “spark joy” for you or your children. Rest assured, if you make the effort to drop books off at a thrift shop, used book store, or the home of an appreciative friend, they will almost certainly spark joy in someone else’s life. Happy reading! Robert DesmaraisManaging Editor
Tabaco y rendimiento cognitivo en pacientes con esquizofrenia: diseño del estudio COGNICO
Authors: Al-Halabí Susana , Fernández-Artamendi Sergio , Díaz-Mesa Eva M. , García-Álvarez Leticia , Flórez Gerardo , Martínez-Santamaría Emilia , Arrojo Manuel , Saiz Pilar A. , García-Portilla M. Paz , Bobes Julio 
Published: June 2016

Las personas con esquizofrenia constituyen una parte sustancial de las personas que todavía fuman. La hipótesis de la automedicación en relación al rendimiento cognitivo mantiene que los pacientes fuman para mejorar su déficit cognitivo basándose en los efectos estimulantes de la nicotina. El objetivo de este artículo es describir la metodología del estudio COGNICO. Estudio cuasiexperimental, observacional, prospectivo, multicéntrico y con seguimiento a 3, 6, 12 y 18 meses. Fue llevado a cabo en tres ciudades del norte de España (Oviedo, Ourense y Santiago de Compostela). Se reclutaron 81pacientes con esquizofrenia fumadores (edad media de 43,35 años (DT=8,83). 72,8% varones). Se asignaron a 3 grupos: a) control: pacientes fumadores; b) pacientes que dejan de fumar mediante parches de nicotina; c) pacientes que dejan de fumar mediante vareniclina. Como medida primaria se aplicó la batería neuropsicológica MATRICS. Además, se llevó a cabo una evaluación comprehensiva de los pacientes, que incluía el número de cigarrillos por día, la dependencia física y psicológica a la nicotina y el CO expirado. También se realizó una evaluación clínica general (PANSS, HDRS, ICG, C-SSRS) así como un seguimiento de las medidas antropométricas y los signos vitales. Se pretende identificar la relación entre el patrón de consumo de tabaco y el rendimiento cognitivo mediante la comparación de las puntuaciones en la batería neuropsicológica MATRICS durante los períodos de seguimiento.
El alcoholismo y su abordaje desde una perspectiva ciudadana
Authors: Gual Antoni , Arbesú José Ángel , Zarco José , López Pelayo Hugo , Miquel Laia , Bobes Julio 
Published: June 2016

Introducción: El objetivo del estudio es describir el consumo de alcohol de la población general española, conocer la opinión que tienen los ciudadanos de su consumo, del alcoholismo y de su abordaje terapéutico.Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal mediante encuesta telefónica que se realizó en mayo de 2015. Se seleccionó una muestra representativa de la población adulta española a quien se le preguntó acerca de su patrón de consumo de alcohol, percepción de riesgo, opinión acerca del alcoholismo, y consecuencias del consumo, y abordaje terapéutico. Se diseñó un cuestionario ad hoc utilizando el AUDIT-C para determinar el patrón de consumo. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo e inferencial según las características socio-demográficas.Resultados: El 22,1% presentan un consumo de riesgo, siendo mayor en los hombres y los jóvenes. Mayoritariamente el alcoholismo es considerado una enfermedad y más del 75% de los ciudadanos coinciden que el alcohol tiene consecuencias negativas en la salud a nivel sociolaboral y familiar. La percepción de riesgo que tienen los ciudadanos de su consumo es mayor de lo esperado (37,6%). El 67,7% considera al médico de familia capacitado para atender los problemas relacionados con el consumo de alcohol, sobre todo entre las mujeres y los ciudadanos de mayor edad.Conclusiones: El consumo de riesgo es muy prevalente entre los ciudadanos españoles sobre todo entre los jóvenes (31,8%). Existe una alta autopercepción de riesgo del consumo de alcohol. La mayoría de ciudadanos coinciden que el médico de familia está capacitado para tratar el alcoholismo.
Biological Treatments for Tendon and Ligament Abnormalities
Authors: Fralinger David J. , Kaplan Daniel J. , Weinberg Maxwell E. , Strauss Eric J. , Jazrawi Laith M. 
Published: June 2016

➢ The poor intrinsic healing potential of tendon and ligamentous tissue has driven the search for biological agents that can improve healing, most notably platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and autologous stem cells.➢ Current evidence best supports the use of PRP as treatment for chronic, degenerative tendinopathies such as lateral epicondylitis of the elbow or patellar tendinopathy. It does not support the use of PRP to promote tendon or ligament-to-bone healing in rotator cuff repair or anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.➢ Clinical evidence regarding the use of autologous stem cells as treatment for tendon and ligament abnormalities is currently limited. However, the initial results appear to be promising, particularly following rotator cuff repair.➢ A major limitation in the evaluation of current data is the lack of standardization in the preparation and composition of PRP, which are often not reported. Future investigators should make an effort to report the method of preparation and final composition of PRP used.➢ Autologous stem cells were most often harvested from bone marrow aspirate but were occasionally derived from dermal tenocyte cells. Recent studies have explored new sources for stem cells, including adipose tissue, peripheral blood, and human amniotic tissue. We expect that clinical data evaluating these treatments will soon emerge.
Energy 360: Invited Perspective: The Notion of a Carbon Bubble
Authors: Haldorsen Helge Hove , Waerness Eirik 
Published: June 2016

President’s column
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the concept that Earth can only handle a certain amount of cumulative carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions over a certain time period is referred to as a “carbon bubble.” If this amount is exceeded, Earth would possibly (it is all about probabilities) warm by more than 2°C (over the pre-industrial temperature level). Scientists suggest we should not cross over this threshold since it could lead to runaway climate change. This could have dire consequences, adding material costs because of more frequent and intense extreme weather, along with rising sea levels. From the maximum allowable cumulative CO2 emissions (to stay below +2°C), one can back-calculate the maximum amount of fossil fuels that can be burned.
On 17 June 2014, Martin Wolf, associate editor at The Financial Times, cautioned investors that exploration and production (E&P) companies might lose value if and when two-thirds of the oil companies’ current reserves become unburnable or “stranded reserves” because of the limit of cumulative CO2 emissions being reached after the first third was burned. [Martin Wolf, “A Climate Fix Would Ruin Investors,” Financial Times, June 17, 2014.] This is a timely topic for an enhanced understanding among SPE members and the E&P industry. The discussion fits perfectly into the larger, important issue of sustainability. Statoil’s chief economist, Eirik Wærness wrote “The Double Energy Challenge,” on 22 December 2014 in Sysla magazine. He shares his perspective here.
How and when do you see the phasing out of oil and gas and the growth of renewables really taking center stage?
The world’s fossil fuel resources are enormous, but far from everything will be produced. The age of sail in global shipping did not end because of lack of wind. Coal, oil, and gas will still be available in the ground after we have replaced fossil fuels in the energy mix. Some of the resources will be too expensive to find, develop, and produce, compared with other alternatives. In addition, climate change considerations suggest that some of the resources should and will be left in the ground.
Comments: EPA Examines Hydraulic Fracturing
Authors: Donnelly John 
Published: June 2016

Editor's column
Last month, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a long-awaited study concerning the potential impact of hydraulic fracturing on drinking water. The US Congress had ordered the study in 2010 based on public concerns that the technique, rapidly growing in use, was causing environmental problems, including threats to water supplies.
The report took a relatively balanced approach, noting that there have been some problems, but they have been small in scale compared with the number of wells fractured during the study period. “We did not find evidence that these mechanisms (hydraulic fracturing) have led to widespread, systemic impacts on drinking water resources in the United States,” the study said. “Of the potential mechanisms identified in this report, we found specific instances where one or more mechanisms led to impacts on drinking water resources, including contamination of drinking water wells. The number of identified cases, however, was small compared to the number of hydraulically fractured wells.” Different groups saw the study’s conclusions differently, with the bias in the eye of the beholder. A brief survey of website and newspaper headlines bears this out:
EPA: Fracking Tainted Drinking Water, but Problems Not Widespread (U.S. News & World Report)
EPA report: Fracking no harm to drinking water (Florida Times-Union)
EPA: Fracking poses risk to water supply (Albany Times Union)
EPA Fracking Report Leaves Both Sides Claiming Victory (OilPrice.com)
EPA says new study doesn’t show fracking is safe (Charleston Gazette)
In the study, the EPA examined more than 3,500 published technical papers, journal articles, and industry articles, as well as reports done by federal and state governments, nongovernmental organizations, and industry groups. EPA officials also said they conducted additional tests and research, which led to more than 20 peer-reviewed papers. This is not the final version of the report, titled “Assessment of the Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas on Drinking Water Resources.” The draft is now available for public comment and will be reviewed by a board of scientists, with the final report due next year. An executive summary and the full report can be found at www2.epa.gov/hfstudy.
This is one of many reports likely to be issued over the next several years on hydraulic fracturing and its effect on the environment and surrounding communities. In addition to water, concerns have been raised about fracturing’s relationship to earthquakes and air emissions. Over the past year, JPT has been publishing a series titled “Beyond the Headlines” that attempts to put industry issues such as fracturing in perspective. Among the topics addressed so far include wastewater disposal, earthquakes, well construction practices, and the amount of water used in fracturing. These columns can be found in JPT’s archives online at www.spe.org/ jpt. Additional resources about hydraulic fracturing practices are available on SPE’s energy4me.org website. JPT
The Dawn of a New Automation Consortium
Authors: Jacobs Trent 
Published: June 2016

Automation Consortium
Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin (UT) have set an audacious goal to halve the time, cost, and number of rig personnel required for drilling every type of well, from unconventional shale to ultradeepwater. The Rig Automation and Performance Improvement in Drilling (RAPID) research consortium is envisioned by its creators as an accelerator of technologies that can address “any and all” aspects of automated well construction.
Launching a new research and development (R&D) group in the middle of an industry downturn may seem like bad timing. But program director and petroleum engineering professor at UT, Eric van Oort, emphasized that low oil and gas prices should serve as motivation, not trepidation.
“There is a big carrot out there. Operators have done everything to reduce cost, to reduce activity, to lay down rigs, to work with suppliers on price reductions,” he said. “The dust is settling on that, and the question now is what are you going to do to make these operations at [USD] 40, 50, 60 a barrel profitable?”
RAPID’s plan is to develop, field test, and assess the commercial viability of new technologies that deliver value for the companies who join the consortium and to get this done in a relatively short time. The far-reaching effort will leverage the experience of a multidisciplinary group of UT research scientists, talents of top engineering students, high-tech facilities, and mountains of drilling data from participating oil and gas companies.
The senior research team includes seven PhD-level engineers with extensive backgrounds in oil and gas, robotics, data analytics, and aerospace. Program director van Oort spent 20 years in various technical capacities at Shell before taking on his role at UT, and is a former SPE Distinguished Lecturer. In May, he addressed representatives from more than 30 upstream companies at a kickoff event on campus to make the case for why they should support RAPID.
To join the consortium and have access to its work, companies pay an annual fee of USD 75,000, prorated this year to USD 50,000. Once they become members, the hope is that the companies will provide critical drilling data and feedback on the direction of the research projects.
Aside from helping companies expand their profit margins, van Oort said automation will make drilling complex wells easier, improve safety, and help attract a new breed of engineers to replace those being lost through the recent layoffs, as well as those retiring amid the great crew change.
Technology Focus: Artificial Lift (July 2015)
Authors: Berry Mike 
Published: June 2016

Technology Focus
I have been in the oil-extraction business for a long time, and I have seen more boom/ bust cycles than I care to remember. We have started another down cycle, but I have hopes that the rapid decline rate of horizontal wells will make it a short one. One thing this cycle has in common with all of the other down cycles the industry has been through is that most companies ignore the opportunities a down cycle presents. During a boom, companies tend to focus on how much they are making, not how much they are spending. If a USD 250,000 electrical submersible pump (ESP) fails after 30 days, it is just replaced, usually before anyone knows why it failed. The new one will pay out in a few days, and no one can tolerate deferring revenue. This amount also reflects a senior engineer’s salary and benefits for a year, but this can pass notice in a boom. Meanwhile, that senior engineer who should be looking at why the ESP lasted only 30 days is doing well to find time to turn in an approval-for-expenditure form for the replacement ESP.
No one notices each instance, but it is not at all unusual for a horizontal well to see three or four artificial-lift installations the first few months of its life. No one who works in horizontal-well artificial lift can doubt that tens of millions, if not hundreds of millions, of dollars are wasted by industry in a boom.
When a bust arrives (and it will arrive), it presents an opportunity to review those failures. It presents an opportunity to update (or maybe create) failure tracking databases and maybe get in a little training or go to a couple of conferences. It presents an opportunity to see what has and has not worked and, more importantly, to document what does and what does not work so that, when the next boom arrives (and it will arrive), you are prepared with trained personnel and best practices so that maybe you will not throw away quite so much money.
Instead, what happens is that companies tend to see a zero-sum game (for this quarter). Employees sometimes are not viewed as assets. Companies do not see what their staff can save; they just see what they cost. So what happens? Corporate tells the divisions to reduce expenses by X. Local managers may see the value of their personnel and see the opportunities, but they no longer have the latitude to act accordingly. So now, when the next boom arrives, you are just as short-handed, you still do not know what does and does not work, and resources are still being squandered. I selected these papers because they were submitted by authors who somehow found the time to use their heads to increase production or reduce failure rates with what they had. They demonstrate what engineers can accomplish if they are allowed to function as engineers instead of project managers. JPT
Use of a CO2-Hybrid Fracturing Design To Enhance Production
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: June 2016

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 173380, “Use of a CO2-Hybrid Fracturing Design To Enhance Production From Unpropped-Fracture Networks,” by Lionel H. Ribeiro, Huina Li, and Jason E. Bryant, Statoil, prepared for the 2015 SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, 3–5 February. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
This paper introduces a new carbon dioxide (CO2) -hybrid fracturing-fluid design that intends to improve production from ultratight reservoirs and reduces freshwater usage. The authors present simulation work that demonstrates how CO2, with its low viscosity, can extend the bottomhole treating pressure deeper into the reservoir and generate a larger producible surface area. They also present experimental evidence that CO2 leaves behind higher unpropped-fracture conductivities than slickwater (hereafter designated as FR water).
Introduction
The theory of improved recovery with the CO2-hybrid fracturing design is predicated on the assumption that current stimulation treatments with water- based fluids understimulate the reservoir by leaving behind damaged (conductivity-inhibited) stimulated regions deeper in the reservoir. Conversely, CO2 can improve drainage and recovery from these unpropped regions by (1) extending the bottomhole treating pressure deeper into the reservoir, (2) improving the stimulated fracture coverage by increasing both the number of stimulated fractures and their density (number of fractures per unit of volume), and (3) improving the conductivity of the stimulated unpropped channels.
The ambition is that CO2, with its subwater viscosity, can stimulate even more reservoir surface area per unit volume pumped (Fig. 1). To do so, the proposed design is not limited to a simple sequence (CO2 pad followed by gelled slurry) but may also include several variations such as alternated slugs of CO2 and gelled slurry to enhance the fingering of CO2 through high-viscosity slugs, or low-viscosity alternatives to CO2 such as nitrogen or compressed gas.
Cracked-Core-Conductivity Experiments
One of the key hypotheses in the success of the CO2-hybrid design is that a large portion of the stimulated surface area contributes significantly to production. If this is the case, stimulated unpropped fractures bolster the effective drainage area and accelerate production. To test this hypothesis, we conducted cracked-core- conductivity experiments on Middle Bakken samples for three fracturing fluids (CO2, base water, and FR water). The experimental procedures and results are discussed in detail in the complete paper.
Editorial
Authors: Ceballos Ospino Guillermo Augusto 
Published: June 2016

Estimados lectores, les doy la bienvenida a nuestro primer número del año 2016, no sin antes comentarles que es todo un reto para mí volver a ser editor de nuestra querida revista DUAZARY, de la cual fui su “creador y primer editor”, bajo la guía de varias personas que prefiero no mencionar para no correr el riesgo de dejar a alguno en el olvido.