bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploiting the neoantigen landscape for immunotherapy of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Bailey Peter , Chang David K. , Forget Marie-Andrée , Lucas Francis A. San , Alvarez Hector A. , Haymaker Cara , Chattopadhyay Chandrani , Kim Sun-Hee , Ekmekcioglu Suhendan , Grimm Elizabeth A. , Biankin Andrew V. , Hwu Patrick , Maitra Anirban , Roszik Jason 
Published: October 2016

AbstractImmunotherapy approaches for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have met with limited success. It has been postulated that a low mutation load may lead to a paucity of T cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, it is also possible that while neoantigens are present, an effective immune response cannot be generated due to an immune suppressive TME. To discern whether targetable neoantigens exist in PDAC, we performed a comprehensive study using genomic profiles of 221 PDAC cases extracted from public databases. Our findings reveal that: (a) nearly all PDAC samples harbor potentially targetable neoantigens; (b) T cells are present but generally show a reduced activation signature; and (c) markers of efficient antigen presentation are associated with a reduced signature of markers characterizing cytotoxic T cells. These findings suggest that despite the presence of tumor specific neoepitopes, T cell activation is actively suppressed in PDAC. Further, we identify iNOS as a potential mediator of immune suppression that might be actionable using pharmacological avenues.
Development and Technical Validation of the Mobile Based Assistive Listening System: A Smartphone-Based Remote Microphone
Authors: Lopez Esteban Alejandro , Costa Orozimbo Alves , Ferrari Deborah Viviane 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this research note is to describe the development and technical validation of the Mobile Based Assistive Listening System (MoBALS), a free-of-charge smartphone-based remote microphone application.

Method
MoBALS Version 1.0 was developed for Android (Version 2.1 or higher) and was coded with Java using Eclipse Indigo with the Android Software Development Kit. A Wi-Fi router with background traffic and 2 affordable smartphones were used for debugging and technical validation comprising, among other things, multicasting capability, data packet loss, and battery consumption.

Results
MoBALS requires at least 2 smartphones connected to the same Wi-Fi router for signal transmission and reception. Subscriber identity module cards or Internet connections are not needed. MoBALS can be used alone or connected to a hearing aid or cochlear implant via direct audio input. Maximum data packet loss was 99.28%, and minimum battery life was 5 hr. Other relevant design specifications and their implementation are described.

Conclusions
MoBALS performed as a remote microphone with enhanced accessibility features and avoids overhead expenses by using already-available and affordable technology. The further development and technical revalidation of MoBALS will be followed by clinical evaluation with persons with hearing impairment.
Internet and Audiology: A Review of the Second International Meeting
Authors: Laplante-Lévesque Ariane , Lunner Thomas , Andersson Gerhard , Preminger Jill E. 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
This article describes the Second International Meeting on Internet and Audiology, which took place at the Eriksholm Research Centre, Oticon A/S, Denmark September 24 to 25, 2015, and introduces the research forum arising from the meeting.

Method
The potential gains of the Internet within audiology are framed within the central role of quality connections among people, ideas, and objects. First, the meeting is summarized. Second, the 11 articles arising from the meeting and collected in this research forum are grouped into 2 themes: design and evaluation. Last, the benefits of interoperability and standardization are discussed.

Conclusion
We look forward to the day when the Internet is an integral part of audiology, and we invite readers to attend future editions of the International Meeting on Internet and Audiology.
Operative Therapie bei Erkrankungen der großen Kopfspeicheldrüsen
Authors: Möller K. , Kohles N. , Eßer D. 
Published: October 2016

ZusammenfassungOperative Eingriffe an den großen Kopfspeicheldrüsen sind häufige Eingriffe in der Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde. Bei benignen oder malignen Speicheldrüsentumoren stellt die Operation die Therapie der Wahl dar. Dennoch existieren bisher keine medizinischen Leitlinien bezüglich der Diagnostik und Therapie von benignen und malignen Speicheldrüsentumoren. Seit der Einführung der Sialendoskopie stehen bei der obstruktiven Sialadenitis neue diagnostische und therapeutische Möglichkeiten zur Verfügung. Der vorliegende Fortbildungs-Beitrag gibt eine Übersicht über die anatomischen Grundlagen, diagnostischen Möglichkeiten sowie die wichtigsten operativen Verfahren an den großen Kopfspeicheldrüsen für den angehenden HNO-Facharzt.
GTR1 is a jasmonic acid and jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine transporter inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Ishimaru Yasuhiro , Oikawa Takaya , Suzuki Takeshi , Takeishi Syohei , Matsuura Hideyuki , Takahashi Kosaku , Hamamoto Shin , Uozumi Nobuyuki , Shimizu Takafumi , Seo Mitsunori , Ohta Hiroyuki , Ueda Minoru 
Published: October 2016

AbstractJasmonates are major plant hormones involved in wounding responses. Systemic wounding responses are induced by an electrical signal derived from damaged leaves. After the signaling, jasmonic acid (JA) and jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine (JA-Ile) are translocated from wounded to undamaged leaves, but the molecular mechanism of the transport remains unclear. Here, we found that a JA-Ile transporter, GTR1, contributed to these translocations in Arabidopsis thaliana. GTR1 was expressed in and surrounding the leaf veins both of wounded and undamaged leaves. Less accumulations and translocation of JA and JA-Ile were observed in undamaged leaves of gtr1 at 30 min after wounding. Expressions of some genes related to wound responses were induced systemically in undamaged leaves of gtr1. These results suggested that GTR1 would be involved in the translocation of JA and JA-Ile in plant and may be contributed to correct positioning of JA and JA-Ile to attenuate an excessive wound response in undamaged leaves.
Introduction
Authors: Grumett David 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Eucharistic theology and participation are intimately linked, not least because the host is flesh and not simply body. Nevertheless, the principle that the Eucharist makes the Church needs to be extended so that the Eucharist is also seen as making and preserving the material world out of which its elements come. From Christ’s being present in the Eucharist, it does not follow that Christ is not present in heaven or elsewhere in the world. Neither is this eucharistic presence objectified; rather, it is freely bestowed. Philosophical categories, particularly from Aristotle, enable a positive appraisal of matter within an ordered hierarchy of formed being.
Elements
Authors: Grumett David 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The Eucharist employs material elements that were significant in the classical world, in which divine action was implicated in the production of bread and wine. The elements have also had special meaning in non-Christian cultures. This relates the Eucharist to the doctrine of creation, especially in the theology of recapitulation of Irenaeus, which was developed by Lancelot Andrewes. In the Mediterranean world, the classic ingredients of bread are grain, salt, olive oil, water, and leaven. Each of these has christological and theological significance, with manufacturing processes sometimes being liturgically regulated. Particular ingredients, especially leaven, have at times been controversial, having theological symbolism attached to them. The wine, although a simple product made from grapes, has also been theologically interpreted, with different understandings of whether or how water should be added.
Epilogue
Authors: Grumett David 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The Mass has a cultural significance that extends beyond the boundaries of the Roman Catholic Church. The same may be said of the Eucharist generally, which is the result of material elements, human ingenuity and skill, liturgical action, prayer, and the transformative power of Christ in the Spirit. Although the theory of signification advanced by thinkers like Louis-Marie Chauvet has been fashionable, eucharistic theology must not lose sight of the material context in which the elements, their recipients, and Christ are all situated. Neither does a radical dualism, such as that of Huldrych Zwingli, satisfy the material context given by both theological doctrine and human experience.
Power Lies at the Heart of Change
Authors: Green Duncan 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This chapter analyses the forms of power at play in efforts to achieve change. Empowerment, the driving force behind Amartya Sen’s definition of development, is one of the most ubiquitous buzzwords in the lexicon of development activists. Many, however, shy away from the word from which the term derives: power. Thus the chapter discusses three forms of power: ‘visible’, ‘hidden’, and ‘invisible’; and how these play out in dynamics of change. In addition, the chapter looks at another power analysis scheme—the ‘four powers’ model, which suggests a more comprehensive approach to promoting change than simply addressing visible power and decrying hidden and invisible power. Finally, the chapter looks into the reasons as to why change does not happen, by examining three underlying components for resistance: institutions, ideas, and interests.
How States Evolve
Authors: Green Duncan 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This chapter explores the dynamics of change in states. States exemplify the challenges of complexity. The interactions, alliances, and disputes between politicians and civil servants; between one ministry and another; or between different tiers of government; and how each of them in turn respond to citizen demand and other external pressures, provide the political landscape upon which decisions are made. The chapter argues that understanding states as systems, rather than monoliths, should help avoid the cruder characterizations of states as ‘successes’ or ‘failures’. Thus, learning to ‘dance with the system’—understanding how the state in question evolved, how its decisions are made, how formal and informal power is distributed within it, and how that distribution shifts over time—are essential tasks for any activist intent on making change happen.
The Machinery of Law
Authors: Green Duncan 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This chapter argues that the state sees the world, learns, and evolves at least partly through the machinery of law. Beyond the set of rules enforced by litigation, the police, and the courts, the rule of law includes legal procedures that prescribe how state officials do their work and how laws are implemented. The law also has a broader role: it encapsulates what we expect of our society and at the same time contributes to delivering on that expectation. To that end, the chapter examines two forms of law and how they might be used to implement change. ‘Customary laws’ are a community-level justice system not codified by the state, deriving their legitimacy from local mores, values, and traditions. The chapter also looks at how power is wielded in international law and how activists can use it in more progressive ways.
Citizen Activism and Civil Society
Authors: Green Duncan 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This chapter contains a more in-depth discussion of who citizen activists are, how they pursue change, and what outsiders can do to help. Citizen activism is considered as any individual action with social consequences, and much of it involves collective activity. This type of activity has grown exponentially across the developing world, and is driven by several factors: rapid increases in literacy and access to education (particularly for women), a greater openness to political activity, and the spread of new norms regarding rights and justice. Urbanization too has played a role, for cities are vividly political places, dense with social movements demanding housing, schools, clinics, or decent water and sanitation. Technology is also a factor, most recently through the spread of social media and mobile telephones, which greatly expand the possibilities of networking among large groups.
RAF Wife
Authors: Hinton James 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Life story of a woman who, escaping an unhappy and philistine childhood home, married a fighter pilot in 1943 and spent the next thirty years as a bored and frustrated peripatetic service wife. Her life changed in the late 1960s when, at last settled in one place, she discovered ‘culture’ and, overnight, transformed herself ‘from Tory lady to Socialist firebrand’, a transformation further stimulated by her son, who came home from university bubbling with libertarian, revolutionary ideas. Moving to South Wales, when her (surprisingly forgiving) husband retired, she was active in the Labour Party, in the peace movement (Greenham Common), and helped to run a women’s refuge. An exemplar of the late-twentieth-century invention of the ‘third age’.
Lorry Driver
Authors: Hinton James 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Life story of a man who had turned down a prized grammar school place in 1945 in favour of a technical education that would enable him to follow his father’s profession as a lorry driver. ‘Working-class from the bottom of my safety boots’, a lay official in his union, and a Labour Party activist, he lost faith during the 1980s in the capacity of the labour movement to remake British society, eventually voting for the UK Independence Party while still thinking of himself as a left-wing socialist. His writing illuminates the culture of road haulage and the values of an autodidactic intellectual in a happy, traditionally role-segregated marriage. After his wife died he used the services of sex workers, but, true to his trade-union principles, helped to organize them in a sex workers’ union.
Banker
Authors: Hinton James 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Life story of a City banker who had started life as an unpaid solicitor’s clerk. A flair for extra-curriculum speculations secured him a job in a merchant bank, where native wit, organizational skill, and determination catapulted him rapidly to the top. As well as writing autobiographically for Mass Observation he had kept a daily diary throughout his career, and the combination of the two sources gives an unusually rich picture of the ‘gentlemanly capitalism’ of the old City of London during the twenty years before Mrs Thatcher’s ‘Big Bang’. A man of extraordinary energy and self-discipline he lived life to the full, pushing himself to the limit in outdoor sports, much sought-after as an after-dinner speaker, and vigorously pursuing a succession of adulterous affairs, mostly light-hearted, but on one occasion presenting him with an agonizing choice between the logic of the permissive society and older ideas of conjugal duty.
Intonation and Meaning
Authors: Büring Daniel 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSpeakers can modulate the meaning and effects of their utterances by changing the location of stress or of pauses, and by choosing the melody of their sentences—jointly referred to as Information Structure. Although these factors often do not change the literal meaning of what is said, tools and models to describe these more elusive aspects of linguistic meaning have, in recent years, been developed in formal semantics and pragmatics. This volume provides a guide to what we know about the interplay between prosody—stress, phrasing, and melody—and interpretation—felicity in discourse, inferences, and emphasis. It presents the main phenomena involved, and introduces the details of current formal analyses of prosodic structure, relevant aspects of discourse structure, intonational meaning, and, most importantly, the relations between them. Büring explains and compares the most influential theories in these areas, and outlines the questions that remain open for future research.
More on focus/givenness realization
Authors: Büring Daniel 
Published: October 2016

AbstractItalian and Hungarian highlight aspects of focus realization which are easily overlooked when concentrating on Germanic-type languages. Italian in particular suggests that focussing and givenness deaccenting are not two sides of the same coin, since Italian clearly displays the former but not the latter. Also, contrastive focus, can be argued to be grammatically distinct from elaboration (or ‘new information’) focus, as Italian realizes them in different syntactic positions. The unification achieved in the approaches discussed earlier may be ‘too successful’. Additionally, the distinction between different types of foci proposed independently for Hungarian is not the same as that suggested by Italian. In the second part of the chapter approaches based on Nuclear Stress Rules are argued to be subsumed by the realization rules in the previous chapters, or to be inadequate where they differ from them. Their effect should be reduced to the very local phenomenon of integration plus the stress-to-accent rule.
French in Ontario
Authors: Tennant Jeff , Poiré François 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWhile French is a minority language in the Canadian province of Ontario, it has majority status in a small number of localities, including the northeastern town of Hearst. Using an excerpt from the PFC Hearst corpus, featuring a female speaker in her twenties in informal conversation with a friend describing her leisure activities, this chapter describes and illustrates the characteristics of Laurentian French. Language elements presented include lexicon (regional words and English borrowings), morpho-syntax (e.g. auxiliary verbs avoir and être, ne deletion), discourse markers (e.g. pis, là, fait que, ben), vowels (including processes such as high vowel laxing and variable realization of schwa), and consonants (including affrication to /t/ and /d/, and liaison realization). It is shown that, in this majority setting in Ontario, spoken French differs little from that of the neighbouring province of Quebec where French is the dominant language.
Variation in a rural village in southern France
Authors: Durand Jacques , Tarrier Jean-Michel 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis chapter offers an introduction to the study of phonological variation on the basis of a PFC survey of a small southern French village (Douzens, in Languedoc-Roussillon). The authors provide a database of ten speakers recorded using the PFC methodology, and show how it can be explored on the basis of the transcriptions and codings available in the PFC database. A number of areas are studied in detail: the simplification of consonant clusters, schwa deletion, and liaison. For each of these areas, variation is shown to be linked to parameters such as age, sex, occupation, and level of educational. The reader is systematically encouraged to double-check the investigation presented here against the Praat files and tools provided on the companion website to this book.
Variation among non-native speakers
Authors: Detey Sylvain , Racine Isabelle , Kawaguchi Yuji , Zay Françoise 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis chapter introduces one of the latest offshoots of PFC, the InterPhonology of Contemporary French project (IPFC), which aims at describing the pronunciation of French by so-called ‘non-native’ speakers across the world, for research and educational purposes. After describing the motivation of the project, stressing the need for corpus-based analyses, rather than impressionistic classroom observations, it explains the methodological options which have been taken in the project in terms of tasks and annotations, especially the coding system used to assess the productions. This methodology is illustrated with some results concerning the production of nasal vowels and liaisons by Japanese and Spanish learners of French, highlighting the variability which can characterize the data and emphasizing the need to include these non-native varieties in the description of the varieties of French as an international language.
Use of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Electronic Health Record Data, and Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Determine the Therapeutic Index of Phenytoin and Lamotrigine
Authors: Ku Lawrence C. , Wu Huali , Greenberg Rachel G. , Hill Kevin D. , Gonzalez Daniel , Hornik Christoph P. , Berezny Alysha , Guptill Jeffrey T. , Jiang Wenlei , Zheng Nan , Cohen-Wolkowiez Michael , Melloni Chiara 
Published: October 2016

Background:Defining a drug's therapeutic index (TI) is important for patient safety and regulating the development of generic drugs. For many drugs, the TI is unknown. A systematic approach was developed to characterize the TI of a drug using therapeutic drug monitoring and electronic health record (EHR) data with pharmacokinetic (PK) modeling. This approach was first tested on phenytoin, which has a known TI, and then applied to lamotrigine, which lacks a defined TI.Methods:Retrospective EHR data from patients in a tertiary hospital were used to develop phenytoin and lamotrigine population PK models and to identify adverse events (anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia) and efficacy outcomes (seizure-free). Phenytoin and lamotrigine concentrations were simulated for each day with an adverse event or seizure. Relationships between simulated concentrations and adverse events and efficacy outcomes were used to calculate the TI for phenytoin and lamotrigine.Results:For phenytoin, 93 patients with 270 total and 174 free concentrations were identified. Ade novo1-compartment PK model with Michaelis-Menten kinetics described the data well. Simulated average total and free concentrations of 10–15 and 1.0–1.5 mcg/mL were associated with both adverse events and efficacy in 50% of patients, resulting in a TI of 0.7–1.5. For lamotrigine, 45 patients with 53 concentrations were identified. A published 1-compartment model was adapted to characterize the PK data. No relationships between simulated lamotrigine concentrations and safety or efficacy endpoints were seen; therefore, the TI could not be calculated.Conclusions:This approach correctly determined the TI of phenytoin but was unable to determine the TI of lamotrigine due to a limited sample size. The use of therapeutic drug monitoring and EHR data to aid in narrow TI drug classification is promising, but it requires an adequate sample size and accurate characterization of concentration–response relationships.