bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors associated with HIV status awareness and Linkage to Care following home based testing in rural Malawi
Authors: Maman D. , Ben‐Farhat J. , Chilima B. , Masiku C. , Salumu L. , Ford N. , Mendiharat P. , Szumilin E. , Masson S. , Etard J. F. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjectiveHIV diagnosis and linkage to care are the main barriers in Africa to achieving the UNAIDS 90‐90‐90 targets. We assessed HIV‐positive status awareness and linkage to care among survey participants in Chiradzulu District, Malawi.MethodNested cohort study within a population‐based survey of persons aged 15–59 years between February and May 2013. Participants were interviewed and tested for HIV (and CD4 if found HIV‐positive) in their homes. Multivariable regression was used to determine factors associated with HIV‐positive status awareness prior to the survey and subsequent linkage to care.ResultsOf 8277 individuals eligible for the survey, 7270 (87.8%) participated and were tested for HIV. The overall HIV prevalence was 17.0%. Among HIV‐positive participants, 77.0% knew their status and 72.8% were in care. Women (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 6.5, 95% CI 3.2–13.1) and older participants (40–59 vs. 15–29 years, aOR 10.1, 95% CI 4.0–25.9) were more likely to be aware of their positive status. Of those newly diagnosed, 47.5% were linked to care within 3 months. Linkage to care was higher among older participants (40–59 vs. 15–29, adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 3.39, 95% CI 1.83–6.26), women (aHR 1.73, 95% CI 1.12–2.67) and those eligible for ART (aHR 1.61, 95% CI 1.03–2.52).ConclusionsIn settings with high levels of HIV awareness, home‐based testing remains an efficient strategy to diagnose and link to care. Men were less likely to be diagnosed, and when diagnosed to link to care, underscoring the need for a gender focus in order to achieve the 90‐90‐90 targets.
Assessment of analytical methods to determine pyrethroids content of bednets
Authors: Castellarnau Marc , Ramón‐Azcón Javier , Gonzalez‐Quinteiro Yolanda , López Jordi F. , Grimalt Joan O. , Marco María‐Pilar , Nieuwenhuijsen Mark , Picado Albert 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo present and evaluate simple, cost‐effective tests to determine the amount of insecticide on treated materials.MethodsWe developed and evaluated a competitive immunoassay on two different platforms: a label‐free impedimetric biosensor (EIS biosensor) and a lateral flow. Both approaches were validated by gas chromatography (GC) and ELISA, gold standards for analytical methods and immunoassays, respectively. Finally, commercially available pyrethroid‐treated ITN samples were analysed. Different extraction methods were evaluated.ResultsInsecticide extraction by direct infusion of the ITN samples with dichloromethane and dioxane showed recovery efficiencies around 100% for insecticide‐coated bednets, and >70% for insecticide‐incorporated bednets. These results were comparable to those obtained with standard sonication methods. The competitive immunoassay characterisation with ELISA presented a dynamic range between 12 nm and 1.5 μm (coefficient of variation (CV) below 5%), with an IC50 at 138 nm, and a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.2 nm. EIS biosensor had a linear range between 1.7 nm and 61 nm (CV around 14%), with an IC50 at 10.4 nm, and a LOD of 0.6 nm. Finally, the lateral flow approach showed a dynamic range between 150 nm and 1.5 μm, an IC50 at 505 nm and a LOD of 67 nm.ConclusionsELISA can replace chromatography as an accurate laboratory technique to determine insecticide concentration in bednets. The lateral flow approach developed can be used to estimate ITN insecticide concentration in the field. This new technology, coupled to the new extraction methods, should provide reliable guidelines for ITN use and replacement in the field.
Understanding and improving global crop response to ozone pollution
Authors: Ainsworth Elizabeth A. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryConcentrations of ground‐level ozone ([O3]) over much of the Earth's land surface have more than doubled since pre‐industrial times. The air pollutant is highly variable over time and space, which makes it difficult to assess the average agronomic and economic impacts of the pollutant as well as to breed crops for O3tolerance. Recent modeling efforts have improved quantitative understanding of the effects of current and future [O3] on global crop productivity, and experimental advances have improved understanding of the cellular O3sensing, signaling and response mechanisms. This work provides the fundamental background and justification for breeding and biotechnological approaches for improving O3tolerance in crops. There is considerable within‐species variation in O3tolerance in crops, which has been used to create mapping populations for screening. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for O3tolerance have been identified in model and crop species, and although none has been cloned to date, transcript profiling experiments have identified candidate genes associated withQTL. Biotechnological strategies for improving O3tolerance are also being tested, although there is considerable research to be done before O3‐tolerant germplasm is available to growers for most crops. Strategies to improve O3tolerance in crops have been hampered by the lack of translation of laboratory experiments to the field, and the lack of correlation between visual leaf‐level O3damage and yield loss to O3stress. Future efforts to screen mapping populations in the field and to identify more promising phenotypes for O3tolerance are needed.
Inactivation and removal of Zika virus during manufacture of plasma‐derived medicinal products
Authors: Blümel Johannes , Musso Didier , Teitz Sebastian , Miyabayashi Tomoyuki , Boller Klaus , Schnierle Barbara S. , Baylis Sally A. 
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUNDZika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito‐borne Flavivirus of major public health concern. The potential for ZIKV transmission by blood transfusion has been demonstrated; however, inactivation or removal of ZIKV during the manufacture of plasma‐derived medicinal products has not been specifically investigated.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSInactivation of ZIKV by pasteurization and solvent/detergent (S/D) treatment was investigated by spiking high‐titer ZIKV stocks into human serum albumin and applying either heat or adding different mixtures of S/D reagents and assaying for infectious virus particles. Removal of ZIKV was evaluated using filters of differing pore sizes (75, 40, 35, and 19 nm), assaying for infectious virus and RNA. Electron microscopy was performed to determine the size of ZIKV particles. Neutralization of virus infectivity by immunoglobulins was investigated.RESULTSZIKV was effectively and rapidly inactivated by liquid heat treatment as well as by various mixtures of S/D reagents with reduction factors more than 4 log, in each case. Effective reduction of ZIKV infectivity was demonstrated for virus filtration for filters with average pore sizes of not more than 40 nm, although a significant proportion of virus RNA was detected in the 40‐ to 35‐nm filtrates likely due to the presence of subviral particles observed by electron microscopy. None of the immunoglobulin preparations investigated neutralized ZIKV infectivity.CONCLUSIONSPasteurization and S/D treatment very rapidly inactivated ZIKV and filters with a pore size of not more than 40 nm removed all infectious ZIKV, demonstrating the effectiveness of these virus reduction strategies used during the manufacture of plasma‐derived medicinal products.
The Impact of Exports on Economic Growth: It's the Market Form
Authors: Jetter Michael 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis paper unites explanations about the growth effects from various trade characteristics, proposing the market form into which a country exports as the main driver. Exporting into concentrated world markets (oligopolies or monopolies) leads to higher profit margins, similar to fundamental microeconomic logic. The paper develops an index measuring the average market form of a country's exports. This index produces a positive and statistically significant coefficient in conventional growth regressions. A one standard deviation increase is suggested to raise growth by 0.885 percentage points. This result holds for numerous extensions and seems particularly important for developing economics.
An in vitro comparison of the effects of voluven (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) and hespan (6% hydroxyethyl starch 670/0.75) on measures of blood coagulation in canine blood
Authors: Griego‐Valles Michelle , Buriko Yekaterina , Prittie Jennifer E. , Fox Philip R. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo assess primary and secondary hemostasis following in vitro dilution of canine whole blood (WB) with hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4 and HES 670/0.75.DesignIn vitro experimental study.SettingPrivate practice, teaching hospital.AnimalsTwenty‐five healthy dogs.InterventionsEach dog underwent venipuncture and 18 mL of venous blood was sampled once.Measurements and Main ResultsCollected blood was separated in 4 aliquots. Aliquot A served as baseline sample. The remaining tubes of WB were diluted with 0.9% saline, HES 670/0.75 and HES 130/0.4 at a ratio of 1:5.5. Dilutional effects were evaluated using prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), packed cell volume (PCV), thromboelastography (TEG), and platelet closure time (Ct), which was measured using a platelet function analyzer (PFA). Clot strength (ie, G value) was calculated from measured TEG values. Significant increases in PT (P < 0.05) and aPTT (P < 0.05) were documented following WB dilution with saline. Dilution of WB with HES 670/0.75 and HES 130/0.4 resulted in significant hypocoagulable changes in K, MA and G (P < 0.05) compared to baseline and saline. When comparing saline to HES 670/0.75, both R and K values were significantly increased (P < 0.05). K value was significantly increased (P < 0.05) when comparing baseline to HES 130/0.4 and HES 670/0.75. Ct (P < 0.05) was significantly prolonged after WB dilution with HES solutions but not after saline.ConclusionsDilution of WB with HES 670/0.75 and HES 130/0.4 resulted in changes in primary and secondary hemostasis. Although there were small differences between saline and HES 670/0.75, no differences between HES solutions were evident in this small study. This may suggest there would be minimal increases in bleeding risk when either solution is administered to dogs at low doses. Clinical relevance of our findings requires further investigation.
Topical oxygen therapy results in complete wound healing in diabetic foot ulcers
Authors: Yu Janelle , Lu Suzanne , McLaren Ann‐Marie , Perry Julie A. , Cross Karen M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDiabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a significant problem in an aging population. Fifteen percent of diabetics develop a DFU over their lifetime, which can lead to potential amputation. The 5‐year survival rate after amputation is 31%, which is greater than the lifetime risk of mortality from cancer. Topical oxygen is a promising technique for the adjunctive therapy of chronic wounds including DFUs, but few controlled studies exist to support its clinical adoption. The aim of this study was to compare a portable topical oxygen delivery system in patients with nonhealing DFUs to standard best practice. Twenty patients were randomized into a topical oxygen group (n = 10), and a nonplacebo control group with regular dressings and standard care (n = 10), and attended the diabetic foot clinic once weekly for 8 weeks. Ulcer surface area over time was analyzed using standardized digital imaging software. DFUs were present without healing for a mean duration of 76 weeks prior to the study. They found a significant difference in healing rate between patients receiving topical oxygen and those receiving standard care. Topical oxygen, therefore, represents a potentially exciting new technology to shorten healing time in patients with nonhealing DFUs. More prospective randomized and powered studies are needed to determine the benefits of topical oxygen, but our current results are very promising.
Determining the appropriate number and duration of leech therapy in congested tissues using tissue spectrophotometry and laser Doppler flowmetry
Authors: Rothenberger Jens , Petersen Wiebke , Schaller Hans‐Eberhard , Held Manuel 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA universal protocol determining the number of leeches and their application time does not exist. The aim of this study, therefore, is to quantify perfusion dynamics in venous congested tissues after leech application to get more detailed information about changes due to leech‐induced skin microcirculation and to evaluate the usability of the Oxygen to See (O2C) device in terms of determining the appropriate number of leeches and the duration of therapy. Twelve patients with the need for leech therapy participated in the study. Perfusion dynamics of the congested tissue was assessed using the O2C device, which determines blood flow (BF), the relative amount of hemoglobin (rHB), and the oxygen saturation (SO2). Measurements were carried out before leech application and on various intervals like 10 minutes, one hour, and three hours after leech application. The leech application effectuated after 10 minutes a nonsignificant perfusion improvement, which further increased after one hour with a significant reduction of the relative amount of hemoglobin and a significant increase of blood flow and oxygen saturation (BF= +56.7%; rHB= −25.5%; SO2= +53.7%). After three hours, the values returned to the levels before leech administration. In two cases, in which further administration of leeches within the measurement period was necessary, no substantial perfusion changes were obtained. The results of this study forms a more precise pattern of microcirculatory changes of leech therapy in congested tissues. According to our measurements a venous drainage improvement can be expected in congested tissue one hour after leech administration. The O2C seems to be a useful method to determine the appropriate number and duration of leech therapy.
Acylcarnitines as markers of exercise‐associated fuel partitioning, xenometabolism, and potential signals to muscle afferent neurons
Authors: Zhang Jie , Light Alan R. , Hoppel Charles L. , Campbell Caitlin , Chandler Carol J. , Burnett Dustin J. , Souza Elaine C. , Casazza Gretchen A. , Hughen Ronald W. , Keim Nancy L. , Newman John W. , Hunter Gary R. , Fernandez Jose R. , Garvey W. Timothy , Harper Mary‐Ellen , Fiehn Oliver , Adams Sean H. 
Published: October 2016

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Does improved metabolic health and insulin sensitivity following a weight‐loss and fitness intervention in sedentary, obese women alter exercise‐associated fuel metabolism and incomplete mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO), as tracked by blood acylcarnitine patterns?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Despite improved fitness and blood sugar control, indices of incomplete mitochondrial FAO increased in a similar manner in response to a fixed load acute exercise bout; this indicates that intramitochondrial muscle FAO is inherently inefficient and is tethered directly to ATP turnover.

With insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes mellitus, mismatches between mitochondrial fatty acid fuel delivery and oxidative phosphorylation/tricarboxylic acid cycle activity may contribute to inordinate accumulation of short‐ or medium‐chain acylcarnitine fatty acid derivatives [markers of incomplete long‐chain fatty acid oxidation (FAO)]. We reasoned that incomplete FAO in muscle would be ameliorated concurrent with improved insulin sensitivity and fitness following a ∼14 week training and weight‐loss intervention in obese, sedentary, insulin‐resistant women. Contrary to this hypothesis, overnight‐fasted and exercise‐induced plasma C4–C14 acylcarnitines did not differ between pre‐ and postintervention phases. These metabolites all increased robustly with exercise (∼45% of pre‐intervention peak oxygen consumption) and decreased during a 20 min cool‐down. This supports the idea that, regardless of insulin sensitivity and fitness, intramitochondrial muscle β‐oxidation and attendant incomplete FAO are closely tethered to absolute ATP turnover rate. Acute exercise also led to branched‐chain amino acid acylcarnitine derivative patterns suggestive of rapid and transient diminution of branched‐chain amino acid flux through the mitochondrial branched‐chain ketoacid dehydrogenase complex. We confirmed our prior novel observation that a weight‐loss/fitness intervention alters plasma xenometabolites [i.e. cis‐3,4‐methylene‐heptanoylcarnitine and γ‐butyrobetaine (a co‐metabolite possibly derived in part from gut bacteria)], suggesting that host metabolic health regulated gut microbe metabolism. Finally, we considered whether acylcarnitine metabolites signal to muscle‐innervating afferents; palmitoylcarnitine at concentrations as low as 1–10 μm activated a subset (∼2.5–5%) of these neurons ex vivo. This supports the hypothesis that in addition to tracking exercise‐associated shifts in fuel metabolism, muscle acylcarnitines act as signals of exertion to short‐loop somatosensory–motor circuits or to the brain.
Role of dynamin‐related protein 1‐mediated mitochondrial fission in resistance of mouse C2C12 myoblasts to heat injury
Authors: Yu Tianzheng , Deuster Patricia , Chen Yifan 
Published: October 2016

Key points
Understanding how skeletal muscles respond to high temperatures may help develop strategies for improving exercise tolerance and preventing heat injury.
Mitochondria regulate cell survival by constantly changing their morphology through fusion and fission in response to environmental stimuli. Little is known about the involvement of mitochondrial dynamics in tolerance of skeletal muscle against heat stress.
Mild heat acclimation and moderate heat shock appear to have different effects on the mitochondrial morphology and fission protein Drp1 in skeletal muscle cells. Mitochondrial integrity plays a key role in cell survival under heat stress.
AbstractThe regulation of mitochondrial morphology is closely coupled to cell survival during stress. We examined changes in the mitochondrial morphology of mouse C2C12 skeletal muscle cells in response to heat acclimation and heat shock exposure. Acclimated cells showed a greater survival rate during heat shock exposure than non‐acclimated cells, and were characterized by long interconnected mitochondria and reduced expression of dynamin‐related protein 1 (Drp1) for their mitochondrial fractions. Exposure of C2C12 muscle cells to heat shock led to apoptotic death featuring activation of caspase 3/7, release of cytochrome c and loss of cell membrane integrity. Heat shock also caused excessive mitochondrial fragmentation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and production of reactive oxygen species in C2C12 cells. Western blot and immunofluorescence image analysis revealed translocation of Drp1 to mitochondria from the cytosol in C2C12 cells exposed to heat shock. Mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 or Drp1 gene silencer reduced mitochondrial fragmentation and increased cell viability during exposure to heat shock. These results suggest that Drp1‐dependent mitochondrial fission may regulate susceptibility to heat‐induced apoptosis in muscle cells and that Drp1 may serve as a target for the prevention of heat‐related injury.
The Effect of Training at 2100-m Altitude on Running Speed and Session Rating of Perceived Exertion at Different Intensities in Elite Middle-Distance Runners
Authors: Sharma Avish P. , Saunders Philo U. , Garvican-Lewis Laura A. , Clark Brad , Stanley Jamie , Robertson Eileen Y. , Thompson Kevin G. 
Published: October 2016

Purpose:To determine the effect of training at 2100-m natural altitude on running speed (RS) during training sessions over a range of intensities relevant to middle-distance running performance. Methods:In an observational study, 19 elite middle-distance runners (mean ± SD age 25 ± 5 y, VO2max, 71 ± 5 mL · kg–1 · min–1) completed either 4–6 wk of sea-level training (CON, n = 7) or a 4- to 5-wk natural altitude-training camp living at 2100 m and training at 1400–2700 m (ALT, n = 12) after a period of sea-level training. Each training session was recorded on a GPS watch, and athletes also provided a score for session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Training sessions were grouped according to duration and intensity. RS (km/h) and sRPE from matched training sessions completed at sea level and 2100 m were compared within ALT, with sessions completed at sea level in CON describing normal variation. Results:In ALT, RS was reduced at altitude compared with sea level, with the greatest decrements observed during threshold- and VO2max-intensity sessions (5.8% and 3.6%, respectively). Velocity of low-intensity and race-pace sessions completed at a lower altitude (1400 m) and/or with additional recovery was maintained in ALT, though at a significantly greater sRPE (P = .04 and .05, respectively). There was no change in velocity or sRPE at any intensity in CON. Conclusion:RS in elite middle-distance athletes is adversely affected at 2100-m natural altitude, with levels of impairment dependent on the intensity of training. Maintenance of RS at certain intensities while training at altitude can result in a higher perceived exertion.
Role for migratory wild birds in the global spread of avian influenza H5N8
Authors:   The Global Consortium for H5N8 and Related Influenza Viruses
Published: October 2016

Migration of influenza in wild birds
Virus surveillance in wild birds could offer an early warning system that, combined with adequate farm hygiene, would lead to effective influenza control in poultry units. The Global Consortium for H5N8 and Related Influenza Viruses found that the H5 segment common to the highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses readily reassorts with other influenza viruses (see the Perspective by Russell). H5 is thus a continual source of new pathogenic variants. These data also show that the H5N8 virus that recently caused serious outbreaks in European and North American poultry farms came from migrant ducks, swans, and geese that meet at their Arctic breeding grounds. Because the virus is so infectious, culling wild birds is not an effective control measure.

Science
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Draft Genome Sequence of Thermogemmatispora onikobensis NBRC 111776
T
, an Aerial Mycelium- and Spore-Forming Thermophilic Bacterium Belonging to the Class
Ktedonobacteria
Authors: Komaki Hisayuki , Hosoyama Akira , Yabe Shuhei , Yokota Akira , Uchino Yoshihito , Takano Hideaki 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of
Thermogemmatispora onikobensis
NBRC 111776
T
, an aerial mycelium- and spore-forming thermophilic bacterium belonging to the class
Ktedonobacteria
. The genome contains five biosynthetic gene clusters coding for secondary metabolites, such as terpene, thiopeptide, lantipeptide, nonribosomal peptide, and lassopeptide, suggesting the potential to produce secondary metabolites.