bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the decline in anguillid eels
Authors: Castonguay Martin , Durif Caroline M. F. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This symposium issue of the ICES Journal of Marine Science contains 16 contributions from the second International Eels Symposium held during the American Fisheries Society (AFS) Annual Meeting (August 2014, Québec City, Canada). This symposium followed the first International Eels Symposium held in 2003, which emphasized the international scope of the Anguilla conservation problem. This second symposium reviewed a decade of research on biology and life history, genetics and genomics, reproduction, oceanic biology, early life history, population dynamics, assessment and management, eel passage at hydroelectric facilities, stocking, and threats, focusing primarily on Atlantic anguillids. The symposium finished with a panel discussion that emphasized the need to develop inter-jurisdictional governance approaches for panmictic eels as a way to promote recovery of the various species.
Montaigne’s Travel Journal
Authors: Rigolot François 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
After publishing the first two books of his Essays in 1580, Montaigne set out on a long journey, which took him to Italy through eastern France, Switzerland, Germany, and Austria. This extensive “field trip” allowed him to expand on his bookish knowledge of Latin and Italian languages and cultures. Like many of his contemporaries, he was eager to see what was left of Rome, a city that had occupied so much of his classical education. The manuscript of his Travel Journal, written between June 1580 and November 1581, was not discovered until 1770, and three editions were published in 1774. Although the manuscript disappeared during the French Revolution and has never been retrieved, an incomplete hand-written copy was discovered in the 1980s, which proved instrumental in correcting the text of the 18th-century editions. The text is composed of four sections: the first is written in French by an anonymous secretary; the second is written by Montaigne himself in French; the third is also written by Montaigne but in Italian; the fourth and shortest section is written in French by the essayist on his way home.
Montaigne on Language
Authors: Chenoweth Katie 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This article discusses Montaigne’s complex relationship to the French language. From the foreign-language quotations that fill the pages of the Essays to Montaigne’s early education in Latin and his assertion that he has created a “dictionary all [his] own,” the relationship between the essayist and the French vernacular is anything but straightforward. This article examines the essayist’s resistance to the cultural politics of French in his own time and argues against the modern assimilation of Montaigne and the Essays into the French language. It proposes instead to understand the language of the Essais through the lens of temporality, translation, difference, and différance. The article also discusses the challenges involved in reading and translating Montaigne’s language in the twenty-first century.
Montaigne on Truth and Skepticism
Authors: Miernowski Jan 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The incipit of the Essays presents it as a book of good faith. The truthfulness of this claim has traditionally been seriously called into question given how extensively ironic and deeply self-contradictory Montaigne’s text is. In this article I argue that Montaigne’s opening statement about good faith should not be understood as the author’s claim, but rather as a dramatic call addressed to the reader. According to Montaigne, truth is beyond our reach since we deal only with our own “phantasies” about God, the world, and ourselves. Most notably, Montaigne’s Pyrrhonian skepticism, ontologically framed by Cusanus’s negative theology, is also merely a “phantasy.” The solution to such radical epistemological negativity is neither the indefinite irresolution of Montaigne’s discourse nor his resignation to the spontaneous flow of life. The solution may only come from the reader who is asked to trust in a book intended as a “dissimilar sign” of truth.
Lon Fuller, The Morality of Law
Authors: Lovett Frank 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter reviews The Morality of Law, by Lon L. Fuller, one of the most important books in jurisprudence published in the twentieth century. Fuller offers an account of the rule of law and its connection to morality that has influenced not only legal philosophers, but also a wide range of political theorists and social scientists. This chapter provides some background that led to the publication of The Morality of Law, considering in particular Fuller’s response to Hart’s lecture on legal positivism, delivered in 1956 at the Harvard Law School. It also discusses the publication of The Morality of Law in 1964 and its description of eight “principles of legality”: generality, promulgation, no retroactive laws, clarity, no contradictions, no laws requiring the impossible, constancy of the law through time, and congruence between the official action and declared rule.
John Rawls,Political Liberalism
Authors: Thompson Dennis F. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractJohn Rawls’ Political Liberalism is much more than just an effort to correct what Rawls saw as an error in his masterwork, A Theory of Justice. The political liberalism of Political Liberalism stands on its own. It is liberal in a new way, and political in the right way. By examing what makes the theory liberal and what makes it political, the chapter brings out a feature of the theory that has not been sufficiently emphasized—its dynamic character. Rawls’ political liberalism invites citizens to revise even their liberal views as they seek agreement while continuing to disagree.
The Muscovite Revival, 1881–1917
Authors: Wortman Richard S. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The assassination of Alexander II on 1 March 1881 ended the European myth of Russian monarchy—the narratives and imagery that had elevated Russian rulers since the reign of Peter I as exemplars of Western absolutism—and was followed by the introduction of a new governing myth idealizing seventeenth-century Muscovy. This chapter demonstrates that, by entertaining the illusion of a monarchical early Rus’, Alexander III and Nicholas II not only undermined the supra-national culture of their multi-national empire, but isolated themselves from educated society, both liberal and conservative, that looked towards political participation and the formation of a united nation-state on the model of the West. The catastrophic events of early twentieth-century Russia resulted not from a decrepit monarchy collapsing before insurgent oppositional movements, but from the clash of a monarch seeking to restore divinely inspired authoritarian rule with a Russia awakening politically and demanding to be heard.
Wealth and Weight
Authors: Zagorsky Jay L. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The average person’s weight is climbing as the world grows richer. This chapter investigates the relationship between wealth and weight. Cross-national macro data (1995–2005) analysis finds a small, positive, statistically significant relationship; a 10 percentage point increase in a country’s wealth is associated with an absolute body mass index (BMI) increase of 0.03 points (a 0.13% change). US micro data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1985–2012) shows a small, negative, statistically significant relationship: each extra pound of weight is associated with a loss of $226 of wealth, and one additional BMI point is associated with a wealth reduction of about $1,900 for the typical adult. A potential explanation for this seeming contradiction is that the macro data are heavily weighted toward poorer developing countries, which make up a majority of the world’s population, and the micro data represent the experiences of a rich developed country.
Poverty and Obesity in Developed Countries
Authors: Meyerhoefer Chad D. , Yang Muzhe 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter reviews the literature on the relationship between poverty and obesity in developed countries, with a focus on studies that are designed to identity causal relationships. In addition to research measuring the reduced-form impact of poverty on obesity, and vice versa, the authors consider studies on the mechanisms underlying this relationship. Based on the available evidence, the authors conclude that obesity increases the likelihood of poverty mainly through labor market discrimination against women. The reasons why poverty causes obesity are more multifaceted and include poor diet, more limited access to healthy food, and certain maternal characteristics commonly found among poor households.
Deep Smarts as the Underpinnings of Dynamic Capabilities
Authors: Leonard Dorothy , Barton Michelle 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBoth ordinary and dynamic capabilities depend upon the deep smarts, i.e., business-critical, experience-based knowledge, held in the heads of an organization’s top talent. This chapter examines the links between individual and organizational capabilities and presents the theory and research on deep smarts. The six most universally found characteristics of this particular kind of expertise are: deep domain knowledge; pattern-recognition-based decision making; system perspective; context awareness; diagnostic acuity; and skilled networking. Such deep smarts, as illustrated through extensive examples of entrepreneurs, are operationalized differently in highly volatile environments than in relatively stable ones. Although deep smarts are based on experience, they are skills and abilities rather than static knowledge reservoirs. Therefore, they are particularly essential to dynamic capabilities and to innovation.
A Prospective, Randomized, Multicenter, Open-label Clinical Trial Comparing Intradiscal Biacuplasty to Conventional Medical Management for Discogenic Lumbar Back Pain
Authors: Desai Mehul J. , Kapural Leonardo , Petersohn Jeffrey D. , Vallejo Ricardo , Menzies Robert , Creamer Michael , Gofeld Michael 
Published: December 2015

Study Design.
This study was a prospective, randomized, crossover, multicenter trial for the evaluation of comparative effectiveness of intradiscal biacuplasty (IDB) versus conventional medical management (CMM) in the treatment of lumbar discogenic pain.

Objective.
The objective was to demonstrate the superiority of IDB over CMM in the treatment of discogenic pain with respect to the primary outcome measure.

Summary of Background Data.
Current therapeutic options for the treatment of chronic low back pain of discogenic origin are limited. CMM is often unsatisfactory with regard to the treatment of discogenic pain. IDB offers a minimally invasive treatment that has been demonstrated to be superior to placebo in the past.

Methods.
A total of 63 subjects with lumbar discogenic pain diagnosed via provocation discography were randomized to IDB + CMM (n = 29) or CMM-alone (n = 34). At 6 months, patients in the CMM-alone group were eligible for crossover if desired. The primary outcome measure was the change in visual analog scale (VAS) from baseline to 6 months. Secondary outcome measures included treatment “responders,” defined as the proportion of subjects with a 2-point or 30% decrease in VAS scores. Other secondary measures included changes from baseline to 6 months in (1) short form (SF) 36-physical functioning, (2) Oswestry Disability Index, (3) Beck Depression Inventory, (4) Patient Global Impression of Change, (5) EQ-5D VAS, and (6) back pain-related medication usage.

Results.
In the IDB cohort, the mean VAS score reduction exceeded that in the CMM cohort (−2.4 vs. −0.56; P = 0.02), and the proportion of treatment responders was substantially greater (50% vs. 18%). Differences in secondary measures favored IDB. No differences in opioid utilization were noted between groups.

Conclusion.
Superior performance of IDB with respect to all study outcomes suggests that it is a more effective treatment for discogenic pain than CMM-alone.

Level of Evidence: 2
Clinical Experience of Use of High‐dose Intravenous Methylprednisolone in Children With Acute Moderate to Severe Colitis
Authors: Vora Rakesh , Finnamore Helen E. , Crook Kay , Baillie Colin , Whittle Emma , Krishnamurthy Balaji , Venkatesh Krishnappa , Auth Marcus K.H. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives:Treatment of acute severe colitis (ASC) has been associated with high morbidity and high colectomy rate in children. In the prebiologics era, our centre used short‐term high‐dose intravenous corticosteroids (IVCS) at 2 to 30 mg · kg−1 · day−1. We conducted a retrospective review to compare efficacy of different dosing regimes of IVCS.Methods:Thirty‐four children treated with IVCS for ASC were included over 8 years. Patients were studied as 2 groups with similar pretreatment patient characteristics. Group 1 (standard dose) received IVCS at 2 mg · kg−1 · day−1 and group 2 (high dose) received IVCS at 10 to 30 mg · kg−1 · day−1. Safety, efficacy, and follow‐up of the entire cohort for >1 year were studied. The median IVCS dose in the standard‐ and high‐dose cohort was 1.5 mg · kg−1 · day−1 (maximum 60 mg · kg−1 · day−1) and 24.8 mg · kg−1 · day−1 (maximum 1000 mg · kg−1 · day−1), respectively.Results:Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index scores at day 5 were significantly lower in high‐dose (15, interquartile range 8.5–20) than in standard‐dose IVCS (30, interquartile range 20–30). IVCS side effects were minor and reversible. Overall, medical salvage therapy was required in 5.8% (2 children) before discharge, and in 17% (6 children) at follow‐up after 1 year. The colectomy rate of the entire cohort was remarkably low with 0% during admission and 11% (4 children) after 1 year, with a trend of less colectomies in high‐dose (4.8%—1 child) than in standard‐dose (23%—3 children).Conclusions:Our data show that in paediatric ASC, the short‐term use of high‐dose IVCS is safe and effective. Prospective studies are needed to define the role of IVCS within salvage therapy protocols.
Magnetoencephalographic Infraslow Activity: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Rodin Ernst A. , Taulu Samu J. , Funke Michael E. , Johnson Michael B. , Bornfleth Harald , Constantino Tawnya M. 
Published: December 2015

Purpose:
To explore if background infraslow activity (ISA) can be retrieved from archived magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings and its potential clinical relevance.

Methods:
Archived recordings of 15 patients with epilepsy and 10 normal subjects were evaluated for MEG/EEG delta (0.5–3 Hz) and ISA (0.01–0.1 Hz). The data were obtained on a Neuromag/Elekta system with 204 planar gradiometers and 102 magnetometer sensors and also 60 EEG channels. To remove artifacts, all MEG files were temporal signal space separation filtered. The data were then analyzed with the BESA Research software.

Results:
Infraslow activity was present in all files for MEG and EEG. Good concordance between EEG and MEG ISA was seen with delta for laterality and with clinical features. Delta frequencies were always less than 2 Hz. During sleep, an inverse relationship between delta and ISA occurred. With increasing depth of sleep, delta activity increased while ISA decreased and vice versa. Intermittent higher amplitude transients, arising from background, were also seen but their nature is at present unknown. Clinically relevant ictal onset baseline shifts were likewise observed.

Conclusion:
Infraslow activity is a normal segment of the cerebral electromagnetic frequency spectrum. It follows physiologic rules and can be related to areas of pathology. This is in accord with previously published EEG observations and further studies of this segment of the electromagnetic frequency spectrum for its origin and changes in health and disease are indicated.
Consumers’ intention to purchase counterfeit sporting goods in Singapore and Taiwan
Authors: Chiu Weisheng , Leng Ho Keat 
Published: December 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to compare the purchase intention of counterfeit sporting goods between Singaporean and Taiwanese students using the Theory of Planned Behavior.Design/methodology/approach– A quantitative approach was taken, collecting data from Singaporean and Taiwanese students studying in tertiary institutions. In total, 295 valid questionnaires were included in the data analysis.Findings– The results showed that consumers’ attitude, subjective norm, and brand consciousness were predictive of purchase intention for both countries, whereas perceived behavioral control had an effect only among Taiwanese students. Further analysis showed that Singapore students had significantly higher positive attitudes toward the purchase of counterfeit sporting goods and higher levels of acceptance from peers in purchasing counterfeits.Research limitations/implications– A limitation of this study was that respondents were selected from the undergraduate population and as such were relatively younger than the general population.Originality/value– The findings of this study provides a better understanding on how these factors affect purchase intention of counterfeit sporting goods across countries.
The reciprocal effects of country-of-origin on product evaluation
Authors: Katsumata Sotaro , Song Junyi 
Published: December 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the country-of-origin (COO) effect on product evaluation to determine the different effects of COO in Asian nations.

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors focus on automobiles as the target product category and conduct consumer surveys in three Asian countries – China, Japan, and South Korea – and the USA. Since these four countries are the major global production bases and consumption markets, the authors can examine the reciprocal effects of COO across countries. The authors propose a hierarchical conjoint analysis and estimate parameters. For the attributes of conjoint analysis, the authors incorporate both the COO of products and other functional aspects such as price and fuel consumption to compare their effects on consumer evaluation.

Findings
– The authors find different tendencies in each country’s COO effect. Further, the authors discuss the factors affecting consumer evaluation in each country based on the country’s culture and general product images.

Originality/value
– The authors’ contributions to the literature are as follows. First, in the research design, the authors incorporate COO information as an attribute of automobiles. This enables us to compare the COO effect with the effects of other functional aspects. The authors find that the COO effect is substantially the same as the effect of other functional attributes. Second, the authors assume a hierarchical structure in the conjoint analysis and discuss the different preferences in each country. This hierarchical structure enables to extract the reciprocal effects of COO across countries.
Leadership style and job satisfaction in higher education institutions
Authors: Alonderiene Raimonda , Majauskaite Modesta 
Published: December 2015

Purpose
– Although leadership is found to have impact on the followers’ attitudes and performance there is a gap in leadership studies in HEIs, especially having Lithuania in mind. The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of leadership style on job satisfaction of faculty in higher education institutions (HEI).

Design/methodology/approach
– In order to investigate before mentioned problem, the representative quantitative empirical research was conducted in 2013. It includes 72 faculty members and ten supervisors from Lithuanian public and private universities. The survey was conducted to check how leadership styles of supervisors influence faculty job satisfaction and compare the opinion of supervisors and subordinates.

Findings
– The empirical research revealed significant positive impact of leadership style on job satisfaction of faculty where servant leadership style has been found to have the highest positive significant impact on job satisfaction of faculty while controlling autocrat leadership style has the lowest impact.

Research limitations/implications
– There are several implications for further research. It can be expanded whether geographically (e.g. comparative analysis in different countries) or institutionally (e.g. in other educational institutions, such as schools or pre-schools).

Practical implications
– Practical implications reveal that supervisors have the power to increase the levels of job satisfaction of their faculty members, by defining their role as a leader, demonstrating certain leadership behaviors.

Originality/value
– This survey covers the area which lacks academic research, namely, the impact of leadership on HEI faculty. Previous leadership studies in HEI focus on particular leadership style demonstrated (van Ameijde, 2009), the impact of leadership on culture (Asmawi et al., 2013), organizational effectiveness (Siddique et al., 2011) and other factors. However, very few of them (one of the examples is the study of Webb, 2009 in USA) investigate the direct managers’ leadership style and faculty job satisfaction. Besides, the previous surveys have not covered as many leadership styles as this one does.
On the relationship between implied volatility index and equity index returns
Authors: Shaikh Imlak , Padhi Puja 
Published: December 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to analyze the asymmetric contemporaneous relationship between implied volatility index (India VIX) and Equity Index (S
&
P CNX Nifty Index). In addition, the study also analyzes the seasonality of implied volatility index in the form of day-of-the-week effects and option expiration cycle.

Design/methodology/approach
– This study employs simple OLS estimation to analyze the contemporaneous relationship among the volatility index and stock index. In order to obtain robust results, the analysis has been presented for the calendar years and sub-periods. Moreover, the international evidenced presented for other Asian markets (Japan and China).

Findings
– The empirical evidences reveal a strong persistence of asymmetry among the India VIX and Nifty stock index, at the same time the magnitude of asymmetry is not identical. The results show that the changes in India VIX occur bigger for the negative return shocks than the positive returns shocks. The similar kinds of results are recorded for the Japan and China volatility index. Particularly, the analysis also supports that India VIX holds seasonality, on the market opening VIX observed to be at its high level, and on the subsequent days it remains low. The results on the options expiration unfold the facts that India VIX remains more normal on the day of expiration.

Practical implications
– The asymmetric relation and seasonal patterns are quite useful to the volatility traders to price the financial assets when market trades in the high- and low-volatility periods.

Originality/value
– There is a lack of studies of this kind in the context of emerging markets like India; hence, this is an attempt in this direction. The study provides an insight to the NSE to launch some derivative products (i.e. F
&
Os) on India VIX that can generate more liquidity in the market for the volatility traders.