bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Might miRNAs Be Related to Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1? A Short Review on Putative Viral miRNAs Encoded by HIV-1
Authors: Özdemir Mehmet , Uğur Ayşe 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded small noncoding RNA molecules that are 22 to 25 nucleotides in length. They are implicated in the regulation of the immune response by modulating differentiation and proliferation of immune cells, production of cytokine types, and activation of the intracellular signaling pathways through posttranscriptional mechanisms. Although their actual functions are not yet fully understood, viral miRNAs are thought to help viruses to replicate and evade host immune response important in infectiousness. The determinants affecting the infectiousness of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and progression to the disease state vary according to several host and viral factors. Interestingly, mother-to-child transmission rates are as low as 5 to 15%, even when the mother is not receiving antiretroviral therapy. Higher HIV-1 viral loads, and recent maternal infection, are associated with higher transmission rates. Also, cellular tropism is a well-known phenomenon in HIV-1 pathogenesis. Further, cellular and viral miRNAs seem to be involved in the pathogenesis and infectiousness of HIV-1. The aim of this review is to outline the history of the discovery of HIV-1-viral miRNAs and the evidence for their role in pathogenesis.
Technische Orthopädie: Prothetik an der unteren Extremität am Beispiel der Oberschenkelamputation
Authors: Greitemann Bernhard 
Published: December 2017

ZusammenfassungDie Prothesenversorgung an der unteren Extremität hat sich in den letzten Jahren geradezu explosionsartig verbessert und ermöglicht vielen Betroffenen eine Re-Integration in ein aktives privates, berufliches und soziales Leben. Moderne Schaftversionen und Prothesenpassteile, moderne Aufbaumesssysteme und Ganganalysen unterstützen dabei die optimale Konfiguration der Prothese, den Komfort, insbesondere den Sitzkomfort, aber auch viele Alltagsaktivitäten.
Chronische Erschöpfung und berufliche Belastung bei Patienten in der rheumatischen Rehabilitation
Authors: de Vries Ulrike , Krohn-Grimberghe Bernhard , Petermann Franz 
Published: December 2017

Zusammenfassung
Fragestellung Mehrfach wurde auf Zusammenhänge zwischen chronischer Erschöpfung und wahrgenommener beruflicher Belastung bei Patienten in der rheumatischen Rehabilitation hingewiesen. Dabei wurde die Erschöpfung meist anhand 1-dimensionaler Verfahren abgebildet. Es wird geklärt, ob eine multidimensionale Betrachtung der chronischen Erschöpfung (physisch und psychisch) differenzierte Aussagen zu Zusammenhängen und Verläufen wahrgenommener beruflicher Belastung erlauben.
Material und Methoden Im Rahmen eines Ein-Gruppen-Prä-Post-Designs mit 6- und 12-Monatskatamnese wurden Daten von n=138 (Durchschnittsalter 48,9 Jahre, 48% weiblich) Patienten einer rheumatologischen Rehabilitationsklinik mit entzündlichen oder degenerativen rheumatischen Erkrankung (ICD-10: M02–M79) und M79.7 Fibromyalgiesyndrom als Erst- oder Zweitdiagnose erhoben. Die chronische Erschöpfung wurde mit dem Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI), wahrgenommene berufliche Belastung mit dem Fragebogen Arbeitsbezogenes Verhaltens- und Erlebensmuster (AVEM) erhoben.
Ergebnisse Die Patienten wiesen im Vergleich zur gesunden Referenzstichprobe überdurchschnittliche Werte im MFI auf. Die Verausgabungsbereitschaft (AVEM) ist 6 und 12 Monate nach Reha-Ende unterdurchschnittlich ausgeprägt. Die Skalen Distanzierungsfähigkeit, Resignationstendenz, Offensive Problembewältigung, Innere Ruhe/Ausgeglichenheit, Lebenszufriedenheit sowie das Erleben sozialer Unterstützung liegen oberhalb der Normwerte. Im Verlauf des Beobachtungszeitraums zeigen sich mittel- und langfristige Verbesserungen/Steigerungen der AVEM-Werte im Sinne einer gesundheitsförderlichen Einstellung zu beruflichen Belastungen. Auf Skalenebene werden differenzierte Zusammenhänge zwischen Erschöpfung und beruflicher Belastung deutlich.
Diskussion Die Ergebnisse belegen den Informationszuwachs aus mehrdimensionaler Erfassung der Erschöpfung und entsprechender Zusammenhänge zu beruflichen Belastungen. Dieser erlaubt Aussagen zur Optimierung der rheumatischen Rehabilitation.
Schlussfolgerung Patienten in der rheumatischen Rehabilitation weisen ein hohes Ausmaß an Erschöpfung auf. Hierbei zeigen sich spezifische Zusammenhänge zwischen körperlicher und psychischer Erschöpfung und wahrgenommener beruflicher Belastung, was auf einen besonderen Therapiebedarf hinweist. Zusätzlich sind bei Patienten in der rheumatischen Rehabilitation der Einsatz eines Screenings zur Erfassung der chronischen Erschöpfung und ein umfassendes Anamnesegespräch um diese Thematik sinnvoll. Empfehlenswert wäre darüber hinaus eine Intensivierung des Angebotes an kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischen Einzel- oder Gruppensitzungen zur Behandlung der Erschöpfung.
Neues zur Hirnstimulation bei chronischen Schmerzen
Authors: Antal Andrea , Paulus Walter , Rohde Veit 
Published: December 2017

ZusammenfassungChronischer Schmerz hat seine Warnfunktion verloren und ist mit einer Dysfunktion des sog. Schmerznetzwerks assoziiert. Eine ggf. konsekutive Applikation der Hirnstimulation zielt durch die Modulation neuronaler Aktivitäten auf eine Normalisierung dieses Netzwerkes ab. Die nicht invasive Gleichstromstimulation (tDCS) oder repetitive transkranielle Magnetstimulation (rTMS) gelten in der Schmerzbehandlung als wirksam. Hierbei spielt die Stimulation des primären motorischen Kortex (M1) eine zentrale Rolle. Bei nicht ausreichender positiver Beeinflussung des Schmerzes durch tDCS und rTMS stehen invasive Verfahren wie Motorkortexstimulation (MCS) oder tiefe Hirnstimulation als Ultima Ratio zur Verfügung.
Psychische Belastung bei Patienten in der rheumatologischen Rehabilitation
Authors: de Vries Ulrike , Krohn-Grimberghe Bernhard , Petermann Franz 
Published: December 2017

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Psychische Belastungen wie Depression und Angst treten nicht nur bei psychisch oder psychosomatisch Erkrankten, sondern auch bei körperlichen Erkrankungen, wie etwa jenen aus dem rheumatologischen Formenkreis, auf und können hier den Krankheitsverlauf erschweren. Bislang wurden im rehabilitativen Setting psychische Belastungen der Patienten anhand kurz- und mittelfristiger Verläufe beschrieben. Forschungsergebnisse weisen jedoch auf einen Bedarf an langfristiger Erfassung und den Einsatz geprüfter Instrumente zur Ermittlung der psychischen Belastung hin.
Methode Im Rahmen eines Ein-Gruppen-Prä-Post-Designs mit 6- und 12-Monatskatamnese wurden Daten von n=138 (Durchschnittsalter 48,9 Jahre, 48% weiblich) Patienten einer Rehabilitationsklinik mit entzündlichen oder degenerativen rheumatischen Erkrankungen (ICD-10: M02–M79) und M79.7 Fibromyalgiesyndrom als Erst- oder Zweitdiagnose erhoben. Die psychische Belastung bzw. Angst und Depression wurde mit dem HSCL-25 ermittelt.
Ergebnisse Die meisten Patienten wiesen zu Reha-Beginn eine leichte bis deutliche, jedoch nicht klinisch relevante psychische Belastung auf, die sich im Verlauf der Rehabilitation nicht signifikant veränderte.
Schlussfolgerungen Unter präventiven sowie teilhabefördernden Gesichtspunkten sind eine frühzeitige Diagnostik komorbider psychischer Belastungen sowie eine entsprechende Berücksichtigung im Therapieangebot in der rheumatologischen Rehabilitation zu empfehlen.
Isolierte Radiuskopffraktur
Authors: Gühring Markus , Stöckle Ulrich , Ziegler Patrick 
Published: December 2017

ZusammenfassungDer Radiuskopf nimmt für die funktionelle Anatomie von Ellenbogen und Unterarm eine zentrale Rolle ein. Er stellt neben den Seitenbändern und dem Processus coronoideus einen wichtigen Stabilisator des Ellenbogengelenks dar. Entsprechend der Bedeutung des Radiuskopfs für die Funktion des Ellenbogengelenks ist eine differenzierte Therapie der Radiuskopffraktur unabdingbar. In diesem Artikel sollen sowohl Diagnostik als auch Klassifikation der Radiuskopffraktur, Behandlungsalgorithmen und Techniken der Rekonstruktion in Abhängigkeit der Frakturmorphologie dargestellt werden.
Lymph node metastasis in early gastric adenocarcinoma in the United States of America
Authors: Pokala Sridevi , Zhang Chao , Chen Zhengjia , Gamboa Anthony , Cristofaro Sarah , Keilin Steven , Cai Qiang , Willingham Field 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Background and study aims Localized approaches are being increasingly used in the management of early gastric adenocarcinoma; however, there are limited data on lymph node metastasis in the US population. This study examined the incidence and predictors of lymph node involvement for early-stage gastric adenocarcinomas in the USA.
Patients and methods Data were abstracted from the national SEER database from 2004 to 2013. Exclusion criteria included: cases with unknown tumor characteristics, unknown patient characteristics, metastatic disease, neoadjuvant radiation, and lack of surgical resection or lymph node evaluation. Univariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to assess the relationship of tumor stage, grade, and size, and patient sex, race, and age with nodal involvement.
Results 43 769 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma were initially abstracted. After exclusions, 1577 patients remained for analysis. Multivariable analysis revealed that tumor stage (P < 0.001), grade (P = 0.008), and size (P < 0.001) were independent predictors of nodal metastasis. For low grade T1a tumors, nodal metastasis was present in 1.7 %, 1.7 %, 4.5 %, 4.1 %, and 20 % of tumors 0 – 1 cm, 1 – 2 cm, 2 – 3 cm, 3 – 4 cm, and ≥ 4 cm in size, respectively (P < 0.001), and in 8.4 %, 18.0 %, 19.5 %, 22.0 %, and 35.8 % of T1b tumors, respectively (P < 0.001).
Conclusions Low grade T1a tumors < 4 cm in size have low rates of nodal metastasis in the US population and may warrant consideration for local resection. Larger, higher grade T1b tumors have high rates of nodal metastasis in the US population and lymph node dissection may be indicated for patients who are surgical candidates.
Accelerating fishes increase propulsive efficiency by modulating vortex ring geometry
Authors: Akanyeti Otar , Putney Joy , Yanagitsuru Yuzo R. , Lauder George V. , Stewart William J. , Liao James C. 
Published: December 2017

SignificanceThe ability to move is one of the key evolutionary events that led to the complexity of vertebrate life. The most speciose group of vertebrates, fishes, displays an enormous variation of movement patterns during steady swimming. We discovered that this behavioral diversity collapses into one movement pattern when fishes are challenged to increase their swimming speed, regardless of their body size, shape, and ecology. Using flow visualization and biomimetic models, we provide the first mechanistic understanding of how this conserved movement pattern allows fishes to accelerate quickly.
Understanding the mechanisms of amorphous creep through molecular simulation
Authors: Cao Penghui , Short Michael P. , Yip Sidney 
Published: December 2017

Significance
The individual and collective molecular displacements in an amorphous solid undergoing plastic deformation are simulated by an atomistic method that allows incremental motions to be observed over a time window of fractions of seconds. Because the timescale matches well with the conditions of experimental measurements, simulation details provide dynamical evidence for the fundamental mechanisms of amorphous creep. In particular, knowledge of the interplay between diffusion (flow) and mechanical deformation processes enables us to explain the stress and temperature behavior of the experimental data as well as the validity of model descriptions of molecular mechanisms in terms of spatially and temporally heterogeneous fluctuations.
Autocatalytic surface reduction and its role in controlling seed-mediated growth of colloidal metal nanocrystals
Authors: Yang Tung-Han , Zhou Shan , Gilroy Kyle D. , Figueroa-Cosme Legna , Lee Yi-Hsien , Wu Jenn-Ming , Xia Younan 
Published: December 2017

Significance
Controlling the shape of colloidal metal nanocrystals is central to the realization of their diverse applications in catalysis, photonics, electronics, and medicine. Here, we demonstrate that autocatalytic surface reduction can be employed to enable the formation of metal nanocrystals with well-controlled and predictable shapes through seed-mediated growth. Our quantitative analysis suggests that the kinetics of autocatalytic surface reduction is highly sensitive to the atomic structures on the surface of the seed, leading to different growth rates for different sites on the seed and eventually resulting in the evolution of nanocrystals into different shapes. The mechanistic insights into autocatalytic surface reduction obtained in this work can be extended to other systems involving nanocrystals with different compositions, facets, and structures.
Cytoplasmic Cl
−
couples membrane remodeling to epithelial morphogenesis
Authors: He Mu , Ye Wenlei , Wang Won-Jing , Sison Eirish S. , Jan Yuh Nung , Jan Lily Yeh 
Published: December 2017

Significance
Calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCCs) serve important physiological functions, including modulation of signal processing of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system. In this study, we uncover a previously underappreciated role for TMEM16A, an evolutionarily conserved CaCC, in regulating cytoplasmic chloride homeostasis and membrane remodeling events in nonexcitable epithelial tissues. TMEM16A-mediated intracellular chloride homeostasis can modulate the partitioning of membrane phosphoinositides and endocytic transport, providing a new mechanism that controls membrane dynamics, a key property of eukaryotic cell membranes important for numerous cellular processes in development and diseases.
Human genetic variation alters CRISPR-Cas9 on- and off-targeting specificity at therapeutically implicated loci
Authors: Lessard Samuel , Francioli Laurent , Alfoldi Jessica , Tardif Jean-Claude , Ellinor Patrick T. , MacArthur Daniel G. , Lettre Guillaume , Orkin Stuart H. , Canver Matthew C. 
Published: December 2017

Significance
CRISPR-Cas9 holds enormous potential for therapeutic genome editing. Effective therapy requires treatment to be efficient and safe with minimal toxicity. The sequence-based targeting for CRISPR systems necessitates consideration of the unique genomes for each patient targeted for therapy. We show using 7,444 whole-genome sequences that SNPs and indels can reduce on-target CRISPR activity and increase off-target potential when targeting therapeutically implicated loci; however, these occurrences are relatively rare. We further identify that differential allele frequencies among populations may result in population-specific alterations in CRISPR targeting specificity. Our findings suggest that human genetic variation should be considered in the design and evaluation of CRISPR-based therapy to minimize risk of treatment failure and/or adverse outcomes.
Predicting glycosaminoglycan surface protein interactions and implications for studying axonal growth
Authors: Griffith Adam R. , Rogers Claude J. , Miller Gregory M. , Abrol Ravinder , Hsieh-Wilson Linda C. , Goddard William A. 
Published: December 2017

Significance
Glycans and proteins are important partners in the regulation of fundamental biological processes such as the immune response, migration, differentiation, morphogenesis, angiogenesis, axon guidance, and response to CNS injury. Understanding glycan–protein interactions is critical to mapping the biological functions of glycans and developing new therapies for diseases such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, and neurodegenerative disorders. It is difficult to extract information about molecular-level interactions from experiments, and theory/computation has not been able to provide definite information to aid the interpretation of experiments. Our glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-Dock methodology addresses this challenge, furthering understanding of GAG–protein interactions by predicting the binding structures and how they depend on glycan structure and predicting precise effects of mutations that can be used to validate and interpret the interactions.
Daple coordinates organ-wide and cell-intrinsic polarity to pattern inner-ear hair bundles
Authors: Siletti Kimberly , Tarchini Basile , Hudspeth A. J. 
Published: December 2017

SignificanceEach hair cell of our auditory and vestibular systems transduces stimuli into electrical signals through its mechanosensitive hair bundle. Because the bundle is responsive along only a single axis, its orientation is crucial. Two systems determine hair-bundle polarity: planar cell polarity proteins, which establish axes along which hair cells are oriented, and the proteins Gαi and LGN. Investigating how these two systems are coordinated so that each hair bundle is appropriately aligned, we identified Daple. In mutants lacking Daple, hair bundles are misoriented and misshapen, a phenotype suggestive of both organ-wide and cell-intrinsic defects. Our study indicates how Daple interacts with proteins of the two systems and proposes a model for its role in determining hair-bundle polarity.
Clinical, genetic, and structural basis of apparent mineralocorticoid excess due to 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 deficiency
Authors: Yau Mabel , Haider Shozeb , Khattab Ahmed , Ling Chen , Mathew Mehr , Zaidi Samir , Bloch Madison , Patel Monica , Ewert Sinead , Abdullah Wafa , Toygar Aysenur , Mudryi Vitalii , Al Badi Maryam , Alzubdi Mouch , Wilson Robert C. , Al Azkawi Hanan Said , Ozdemir Hatice Nur , Abu-Amer Wahid , Hertecant Jozef , Razzaghy-Azar Maryam , Funder John W. , Al Senani Aisha , Sun Li , Kim Se-Min , Yuen Tony , Zaidi Mone , New Maria I. 
Published: December 2017

Significance
Apparent mineralocorticoid excess, a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by low renin hypertension, may display a severe or mild phenotype in patients. The variability in clinical presentation stems from different extents of impairment of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD11B2) enzyme arising from distinct mutations in the encoding gene. The computational model of the HSD11B2 protein that we constructed here will be useful in predicting disease severity for newly reported missense mutations in this gene.
Kinetics of drug–ribosome interactions defines the cidality of macrolide antibiotics
Authors: Svetlov Maxim S. , Vázquez-Laslop Nora , Mankin Alexander S. 
Published: December 2017

Significance
Ribosome-targeting macrolide antibiotics can be bacteriostatic or bactericidal. What distinguishes the action of bactericidal macrolides from that of bacteriostatic compounds is unclear. We found that neither the residual translation in the macrolide-treated cells nor the affinity of the inhibitors explain the static/cidal distinction. Instead, bactericidal compounds show a markedly decreased rate of dissociation from the ribosome because of the presence of an extended side chain in their structure. The prolonged translation downtime caused by the slow rate of antibiotic clearance could bring the cell to a point of no return due to depletion of the factors critical for resumption of gene expression. Optimizing the kinetics of binding/dissociation rather than only the affinity could facilitate the development of bactericidal inhibitors of translation.
Three tRNAs on the ribosome slow translation elongation
Authors: Choi Junhong , Puglisi Joseph D. 
Published: December 2017

Significance
The rate of protein synthesis along a messenger RNA is not uniform and can influence the folding of the nascent protein. Using multichannel single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, we simultaneously monitored compositions and conformations of prokaryotic translational complex over translating multiple codons. We show that the dissociation of deacylated tRNA is necessary for conformational changes prior to translocating to the next codon. The deacylated tRNA dissociation kinetics strongly depended on the identity of tRNA, the ionic strength of the solution, and the reaction temperature. These findings suggest that in addition to the tRNA association kinetics, tRNA dissociation kinetics can also alter the dynamics of protein synthesis and may be used as a sensor for different cellular conditions to regulate cotranslational processes.
Mechanisms of carnosine-induced activation of neuronal cells
Authors: Yamashita Shuntaro , Sato Mikako , Matsumoto Takashi , Kadooka Keishi , Hasegawa Takanori , Fujimura Tatsuya , Katakura Yoshinori 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Carnosine (β-Ala-l-His), an imidazole dipeptide, is known to have many functions. Recently, we demonstrated in a double-blind randomized controlled trial that carnosine is capable of preserving cognitive function in elderly people. In the current study, we assessed the ability of carnosine to activate the brain, and we tried to clarify the molecular mechanisms behind this activation. Our results demonstrate that carnosine permeates the blood brain barrier and activates glial cells within the brain, causing them to secrete neurotrophins, including BDNF and NGF. These results point to a novel mechanism of carnosine-induced neuronal activation. Our results suggest that carnosine should be recognized as a functional food factor that helps achieve anti-brain aging.
American think tank networks and expert debates around the Global Financial Crisis: Keynesian insurgents against austerity defenders
Authors: Salas-Porras Alejandra 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis article applies social network analysis and a Bourdieu-inspired understanding of think tanks to a particular historical period, the aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis of 2007–2009, when the neoliberal policy consensus was fractured and struggles to replace it by Keynesian policies ensued. The analysis finds that think tank and expert networks have played a key role in mobilising policy ideas, contesting or defending policy discourses. Experts advanced their proposals for policy changes in all those fields of power where they have gained a foothold. However, no consensus has been reached on monetary and fiscal policies, and the policy communities remain divided in these domains.
Effect of 8 weeks of concurrent plyometric and running training on spatiotemporal and physiological variables of novice runners
Authors: Gómez‐Molina Josué , Ogueta‐Alday Ana , Camara Jesus , Stickley Christopher , García‐lópez Juan 
Published: December 2017

AbstractConcurrent plyometric and running training has the potential to improve running economy (RE) and performance through increasing muscle strength and power, but the possible effect on spatiotemporal parameters of running has not been studied yet. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of 8 weeks of concurrent plyometric and running training on spatiotemporal parameters and physiological variables of novice runners. Twenty‐five male participants were randomly assigned into two training groups; running group (RG) (n = 11) and running + plyometric group (RPG) (n = 14). Both groups performed 8 weeks of running training programme, and only the RPG performed a concurrent plyometric training programme (two sessions per week). Anthropometric, physiological (VO2max, heart rate and RE) and spatiotemporal variables (contact and flight times, step rate and length) were registered before and after the intervention. In comparison to RG, the RPG reduced step rate and increased flight times at the same running speeds (P < .05) while contact times remained constant. Significant increases in pre‐ and post‐training (P < .05) were found in RPG for squat jump and 5 bound test, while RG remained unchanged. Peak speed, ventilatory threshold (VT) speed and respiratory compensation threshold (RCT) speed increased (P < .05) for both groups, although peak speed and VO2max increased more in the RPG than in the RG. In conclusion, concurrent plyometric and running training entails a reduction in step rate, as well as increases in VT speed, RCT speed, peak speed and VO2max. Athletes could benefit from plyometric training in order to improve their strength, which would contribute to them attaining higher running speeds.