bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Single-domain flavoenzymes trigger lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases for oxidative degradation of cellulose
Authors: Garajova Sona , Mathieu Yann , Beccia Maria Rosa , Bennati-Granier Chloé , Biaso Frédéric , Fanuel Mathieu , Ropartz David , Guigliarelli Bruno , Record Eric , Rogniaux Hélène , Henrissat Bernard , Berrin Jean-Guy 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe enzymatic conversion of plant biomass has been recently revolutionized by the discovery of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) that carry out oxidative cleavage of polysaccharides. These very powerful enzymes are abundant in fungal saprotrophs. LPMOs require activation by electrons that can be provided by cellobiose dehydrogenases (CDHs), but as some fungi lack CDH-encoding genes, other recycling enzymes must exist. We investigated the ability of AA3_2 flavoenzymes secreted under lignocellulolytic conditions to trigger oxidative cellulose degradation by AA9 LPMOs. Among the flavoenzymes tested, we show that glucose dehydrogenase and aryl-alcohol quinone oxidoreductases are catalytically efficient electron donors for LPMOs. These single-domain flavoenzymes display redox potentials compatible with electron transfer between partners. Our findings extend the array of enzymes which regulate the oxidative degradation of cellulose by lignocellulolytic fungi.
Changes of flowering phenology and flower size in rosaceous plants from a biodiversity hotspot in the past century
Authors: Yu Qin , Jia Dong-Rui , Tian Bin , Yang Yong-Ping , Duan Yuan-Wen 
Published: June 2016

AbstractResponses of plant traits to climate changes are complex, which could be mirrored by the investigations of herbarium specimens. By examining specimens of Rosa and Cotoneaster species collected since 1920s in Hengduan Mountains, we analyzed the changes of flowering phenology and flower size in the past century when climate changes were considered to be intensified. We found that flowering phenology of Rosa showed no significant change, but flowering phenology of Cotoneaster was delayed in recent years. Flower size of Rosa species showed a marginally significant decrease over the past century. The results suggested that responses of flowering time to global changes and pollinator mediated selection on floral traits might be more complex than what were expected. Our results indicated that future researches based on investigations of herbarium specimens should be carried out on multiple plant species with different flower structures and life histories to better understand the effects of climate changes on plant traits.
Composition analysis of fractions of extracellular polymeric substances from an activated sludge culture and identification of dominant forces affecting microbial aggregation
Authors: Guo Xuan , Wang Xu , Liu Junxin 
Published: June 2016

AbstractExtracellular polymeric substances (EPS) appear to play a critical role in the formation of bioaggregates, such as sludge flocs, in activated sludge processes. Here, we systematically investigated the composition and chemical structure of various EPS fractions excreted from an activated sludge culture using multi-analysis techniques to examine the ability of the sludge to aggregate. Chemical analysis was used with a three-dimensional excitation emission matrix and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, applying inter-particle forces theory. The combined findings revealed that hydrophobic groups, especially protein-related N–H, were present in a greater proportion in tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS). This result, which explained the specificity of TB-EPS in the chemical structure, was consistent with data indicating that TB-EPS contained a large amount of protein-like substances (86.7 mg/g of mixed liquor volatile suspended solids, 39.7% of the total EPS). Subsequently, a novel experimental procedure was developed to pinpoint key inter-particle forces in sludge aggregation. The result revealed that hydrogen bonds are the predominant triggers that promote sludge aggregation. This comprehensive analysis indicated that hydrophobic proteins in TB-EPS are responsible for the critical role played by hydrogen bonds in sludge formation. Our findings highlight the need to elucidate the mechanisms of TB-EPS-mediated flocculation in future efforts.
Microwave head imaging system using analogue fibre‐optic link for improved detection and localisation
Authors: Mohammed B.J. , Bertling K. , Abbosh A.M. , Rakić A.D. 
Published: June 2016

The use of microwave photonics in the form of an optical link to transmit and receive microwave signals in microwave biomedical imaging systems is proposed. A single fibre is used to replace coaxial cables connecting the antenna array to the transceiver. The optical link, which is lightweight and offers an almost zero insertion loss, improves the signal‐to‐noise ratio and sensitivity, and thus offers better detection and localisation. As a proof of concept, an optical link that consists of a vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting laser, a multimode fibre and a high speed photo detector was built and tested. Experiments were performed using a 1–4 GHz microwave imaging system to scan a head phantom, which consists of accurately emulated brain tissues and embedded stroke. The head was imaged and the results were compared with those obtained using the traditional all‐microwave link. The results demonstrate that the optical link increases the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the system and thus improves the quality of the obtained images and accuracy of the detection and localisation.
Model to estimate the trapping parameters of cross‐linked polyethylene cable peelings of different service years and their relationships with dc breakdown strengths
Authors: Liu Ning , Zhou Churui , Chen George , Xu Yang , Cao Junzheng , Wang Haitian 
Published: June 2016

In this study, an improved trapping/detrapping model was used to simulate the charge dynamics in cross‐linked polyethylene peelings from different‐year aged cables. Injection barrier of trapping parameters was estimated by the model fitted to experimental data for each type of sample. Moreover, dc breakdown tests were operated on those samples. It has been found that the dc breakdown strength of inner‐layer samples is the lowest in cable sections with thicker insulation layer taken from high‐voltage ac (HVAC) 220 kV service condition, whereas for the cable with thinner insulation from HVAC 110 kV, middle‐layer samples have worst breakdown performance. This might be explained by the space charge issues under long‐term HVAC condition. More importantly, a clear relationship between estimated model parameters, including injection barrier, trap depth and trap density, with the dc breakdown strength in each layer has been reported in this study.
Design and fabrication of field‐emission tips with self‐aligned gates
Authors: Reddy Bobby , Codner Eric , Hainley Ryan E. , Tang William C. 
Published: June 2016

A novel approach to the design and fabrication of field‐emission tips with self‐aligned gates intended for electric propulsion micro‐thruster applications is presented. Their micro‐electromechanical systems fabrication process is derived from the recent proliferation of research toward developing field emitter arrays, which are used primarily for field‐emission flat‐panel display applications. An array of micron‐sized tips for electric field enhancement via wet isotropic etching of silicon, using silicon nitride as a hard mask is fabricated. The wet etching is accomplished using a combination of hydrofluoric, nitric, and acetic acids. The tips were then coated with a metal layer to enhance wetting by indium, the proposed propellant. Next, a layer of SU‐8 photoresist was applied by spin coating and patterned to serve as a dielectric spacer. A second layer of metal was then applied to serve as a gate electrode. In addition, the results of electrostatic simulations of the prototype is described.
How direct electrospinning in methanol bath affects the physico‐chemical and biological properties of silk fibroin nanofibrous scaffolds
Authors: Hadisi Zhina , Nourmohammadi Jhamak , Haghighipour Nooshin , Heidari Shafagh 
Published: June 2016

Developing a rapid and easy approach to fabricate crystalline silk fibroin nanofibres without any needs for post‐processing stage is focused. Thus, methanol bath was chosen as the collector and then the effect of soaking time on the properties of fibroin fibres was investigated. The results indicated that the wet‐electrospun mats had higher fibre diameter than mats made by conventional electrospinning system. With prolonging the electrospinning time in methanol bath, a slight increase in the average fibre diameter and crystallinity were observed. In addition, the stiffness of the wet‐electrospun mats increased with increasing soaking time, while the breaking stress decreased. The cellular viability of the osteoblast‐like cells (MG63) on fibroin mats improved during wet‐electrospinning process, while no significant difference was observed for cell attachment. Accordingly, it seems that wet electrospinning in methanol for 30 min is optimal for bone regeneration on account of viability and mechanical property.
Kardiovaskuläre Prävention – Akzeptanz einer erweiterten betrieblichen Vorsorge
Authors: Bleckwenn M. , Theisel N. , Mücke M. , Steudel H. 
Published: June 2016

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Bisher laufen die Präventionsbemühungen von Betriebsärzten und Hausärzten weitgehend getrennt voneinander. In dem Modell des übergreifenden betrieblichen Gesundheitsmanagements soll der Betriebsarzt das Risiko für Herz- Kreislauferkrankung bei seinen Mitarbeiter feststellen. Bei einem erhöhten Risiko sollte dann ein Informationsaustausch zwischen beiden Fachgruppen zur Abstimmung gemeinsamer Präventionsmaßnahmen stattfinden.
Ziel der Arbeit: Eine Pilotstudie sollte überprüfen, wie gut eine kardiovaskuläre Risikoeinstufung von den Mitarbeitern eines mittelständischen Unternehmens angenommen wird und welcher Präventionsbedarf besteht.
Material und Methoden: In einem Unternehmen mit 660 Beschäftigten wurde im Rahmen der regulären betrieblichen Vorsorge eine Risikoanalyse bei den Mitarbeitern durchgeführt. Neben den Risikofaktoren wurden die hausärztliche Versorgung, das Einverständnis für einen interdisziplinären Informationsaustausch und die Motivation für gesundheitsfördernde Maßnahmen abgefragt.
Ergebnisse: Es wurden 204 Mitarbeiter (nur 4 weiblich) untersucht. Das Durchschnittsalter der Teilnehmer lag bei 42,9±10,3 Jahren. Bei 27% (n=55) lag ein erhöhtes Gesamtrisiko vor. Die Mitarbeiter mit einem interventionsbedürftigen Risiko waren in einer regelmäßigen hausärztlichen Betreuung und waren überwiegend (70%) mit der Informationsweitergabe an ihren Hausarzt einverstanden. Bei der Befragung zeigte sich ausreichende Motivation (VAS 6,4±2,8) für eine betriebliche Gesundheitsförderung.
Schlussfolgerung: Die Zustimmung für weitergehende gesundheitsfördernde Maßnahmen waren im untersuchten Betrieb gegeben. Aufgrund des demografischen Wandels werden neue Konzepte für eine effektive Prävention benötigt. Die hohe Akzeptanz des vorgestellten Präventionskonzeptes sollte zu einer Umsetzung in die Praxis motivieren. Im nächsten Schritt sollte die Effektivität eines betrieblichen Risikoscreenings in Studien überprüft werden.
Relative influence of meteorological conditions and aerosols on the lifetime of mesoscale convective systems
Authors: Chakraborty Sudip , Fu Rong , Massie Steven T. , Stephens Graeme 
Published: June 2016

Significance
Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are the primary source of precipitation over the tropics and midlatitudes, and their lifetime can have a large influence on the variability of rainfall, especially extreme rainfall that causes flooding. The hypothesis that aerosols can increase the lifetime of the MCSs by weakening or delaying precipitation has long been proposed, but we have not known whether that increase is significant on global and regional scales, and, if so, how it compares with the influence of meteorological conditions. We use multiyear collocated geostationary and polar-orbital satellite datasets to provide, to our knowledge, the first observational assessment of such an aerosol effect and its relative importance compared with other meteorological conditions in determining the variability of MCSs’ lifetime.
Elongation factor G initiates translocation through a power stroke
Authors: Chen Chunlai , Cui Xiaonan , Beausang John F. , Zhang Haibo , Farrell Ian , Cooperman Barry S. , Goldman Yale E. 
Published: June 2016

Significance
Elongation factor G (EF-G) uses energy stored in GTP to catalyze movement of transfer RNAs and messenger RNA in the ribosome during the translocation step of prokaryotic protein synthesis. Using single-molecule polarized fluorescence microscopy, three-dimensional rotational motions of individual domains of EF-G were directly captured, for the first time to our knowledge, during normal translocation. Our observations strongly imply a hybrid model, in which the initial steps of translocation are ribosome unlocking driven by a force generated via EF-G–dependent GTP hydrolysis, and further steps of translocation are mainly driven by the energetics of the ribosome itself. These results demonstrate that the ribosome and EF-G make use of power-stroke and Brownian-ratchet mechanisms to ensure efficiency and accuracy of translocation.
Dynamic heterogeneity as a strategy of stem cell self-renewal
Authors: Greulich Philip , Simons Benjamin D. 
Published: June 2016

Significance
In many tissues, such as intestine and skin, cells are constantly turned over throughout life. To replenish cells that are lost, new cells are generated by stem cells, which divide and differentiate to maintain tissue in a steady state. The mechanisms that allow stem cells to achieve perfect self-renewal promise fundamental insights into processes leading to diseased states. Efforts to define strategies of stem cell self-renewal have placed emphasis on models in which stem cells progress one way through a differentiation hierarchy. Here, we show that a different paradigm, in which stem cells transfer reversibly between states primed for renewal or poised for differentiation, offers a viable and robust mechanism of tissue self-renewal.
Cross-modal object recognition and dynamic weighting of sensory inputs in a fish
Authors: Schumacher Sarah , Burt de Perera Theresa , Thenert Johanna , von der Emde Gerhard 
Published: June 2016

SignificanceBeing able to spontaneously recognize objects across different senses increases the flexibility of a multisensory system, because the reliability of different sensory inputs depends on the environment and range. However, this ability has only been found in mammals, suggesting such a high-level function might be associated with complex mammalian brain structures. We show that the weakly electric fishGnathonemus petersii, is also capable of spontaneous cross-modal object recognition, discriminating objects learned visually with the active electric sense and vice versa. Furthermore, the modality-specific inputs are weighted dynamically according to their reliability at different ranges. This finding suggests that these complex cognitive abilities are present in fish in addition to mammals, and therefore do not require a cerebral cortex.
Cell type-specific control of protein synthesis and proliferation by FGF-dependent signaling to the translation repressor 4E-BP
Authors: Ruoff Rachel , Katsara Olga , Kolupaeva Victoria 
Published: June 2016

Significance
Translational control is a key component of gene regulation; therefore, it is important to understand alterations to the translational machinery that occur during development. We identified a unique mTOR (the mechanistic target of rapamycin)-independent mechanism of 4E-BP (a repressor of cap-dependent translation) regulation that is utilized by chondrocytes in response to FGF signaling. It is well established that FGF signaling leads to inhibition of chondrocyte proliferation, and is crucial for bone development. We found that FGF specifically suppresses protein synthesis in chondrocytes by activating 4E-BP. Importantly, FGF-induced changes in the translation apparatus observed in cell culture are similarly detected in vivo, and reflect the action of FGF signaling on downstream targets during bone development.
New developments in forest management planning.
Authors: Griess V. C. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

For the review at hand the ISI web of knowledge was searched for the keyword combination
forest
+
management
+
planning
. Close to 200 articles were found with the mentioned keywords in their topic that were published between 2013 and 2015. The 'top 5' sub-topics found amongst them are
climate change
,
productivity
,
decision support
,
carbon
and
growth modelling
in order of abundance. The overview over current research in each of these 5 sub-topics to forest management planning naturally show strong overlaps with climate change being the most abundant, followed by productivity and decision support. Few major breakthroughs can be reported for the time span under consideration, however, there is constant progress towards the development of fast and precise decision support tools that are spatially explicit and able to manage for multiple objectives. As a matter of course this progress is based on numerous detailed findings in the field stemming from a vast variety of topics, with the management of mixed species stands standing out as a topic of increasing interest. An emerging sub-topic that needs mentioning is urban forestry, for which detailed management activities are yet to be developed, possibly based on findings from non-urban forest management.
Ration balancing at farmers' doorstep: a climate-smart strategy for sustainable increase in livestock productivity in developing countries.
Authors: Garg M. R. , Sherasia P. L. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

In recent years, the share of developing countries in global milk production has increased significantly. Despite the breakthroughs in milk production, average productivity of livestock is quite low in the region, mainly because of imbalanced feeding in terms of protein, energy and minerals. Farmers do not have adequate knowledge, resources and skills to formulate a least cost balanced ration. Feed shortages notwithstanding in the region, considerable potential exists for improving livestock productivity and reducing the carbon footprint of milk by ration balancing with available feed resources. The National Dairy Development Board of India has developed a user-friendly ration balancing software for preparing a least cost balanced ration, using available feed resources and area-specific mineral mixtures. To educate farmers, a large-scale ration balancing programme has been implemented in different states of India. Various studies indicate that ration balancing has resulted in an increase in farmers' net daily income by increasing milk yield or milk fat, while reducing feeding costs. Ration balancing has also helped improve feed conversion efficiency and microbial protein synthesis, while reducing enteric methane emissions. A study on the
cradle-to-farm gate
life cycle assessment of lifetime milk production indicated that enteric methane is the largest contributor to the carbon footprint of milk. A significant reduction in the carbon footprint of milk has been observed when feeding a balanced ration. The present review summarizes the application of ration balancing approach at the farmers' doorstep that could serve as a climate-smart strategy for achieving sustainable increases in livestock productivity in developing countries.
Reconsidering school politics: educational controversies in Sweden
Authors: Fredholm Axel 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTSchool politics in Sweden has recently moved in a conservative direction, emphasising the importance of conventional school subjects, stronger teacher authority and more discipline in the classroom. At the same time, consensus on the utility of such measures is lacking in the school debate. The conservative approach is often criticised as misleading and behind the times in relation to contemporary knowledge demands. This article examines and discusses the relevance of this critique. The main argument is that the conservative approach has a better matching with a previous phase in the history of Swedish school politics and that conventional schooling is difficult to combine with two of the major goals of schooling today – the diffusion of democracy and multipurpose skills. From this perspective, the political notion of schooling seems decoupled from the broader domain of public demands on education. To alleviate this problem school politics should draw less on the pedagogical ideas of essentialism and more on the historical legacy of progressivism in the Swedish education system.
Good People Declaiming Well: Quintilian and the Ethics of Ethical Flexibility
Authors: Wiese Cleve 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThis essay discusses the relationship between Quintilian’s vision of the ideal orator and his emphasis on declamation. I argue that, for Quintilian, declamation was much more than a useful exercise. Rather, it was a method for training orators to experience the world from a variety of perspectives, something Quintilian considered to be both an essential rhetorical skill and an important quality of the “good man speaking well.” I further argue—taking an exercise from my own first-year writing classes as an example—that contemporary adaptations of ancient rhetorical pedagogy often fail to fully engage with the ethical dimensions of exercises such as declamation. I conclude by calling for a greater consideration of the ethical dimension of ancient rhetorical exercises in our contemporary adaptations of them so that we can truly meet Quintilian on his own ground.
Reproducing Virtue: Quintilian, Imitation, and Rhetorical Education
Authors: Terrill Robert E. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
Quintilian does not offer an explicit mechanism that connects eloquence and ethics. This essay suggests that this omission is a consequence of the significant role that imitation plays in Quintilian’s pedagogy. This essay further suggests that the particular habits of mind that are cultivated through imitation are those that are associated with civic virtue, and it offers some ways that civic virtue might be cultivated in contemporary classrooms through a pedagogy that relies on imitation.
Quintilian and Modern Writing
Authors: Murphy James J. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
Quintilian makes writing one of the four interrelating elements (with reading, speaking, and listening) to be used in producing in his “perfect orator” what he calls “habit” (hexis), or the facility of being able to write or speak well on any subject. It requires constant study over time, requires organization, and is reinforced by constant practice. His practical observations on writing may well have value for us in modern times.