bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipid distribution, composition and uptake in bovine articular cartilage studied using Raman micro‐spectrometry and confocal microscopy
Authors: Mansfield Jessica Claire , Winlove C. Peter 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe distribution and composition of endogenous lipids in articular cartilage and transport of exogenous fatty acids have been investigated on a microscopic scale in fresh bovine articular cartilage. To investigate the distribution and composition of the endogenous lipids, hyperspectral Raman maps were taken of chondrocytes and their surrounding matrix in both the deep and superficial zones. These revealed differences in both lipid distribution and composition between the two zones. Extracellular lipid was observed surrounding the cells in the superficial zone but not in the deep zone. Additionally, intracellular lipid droplets were observed that were larger and more numerous in the deep zone (P = 0.01). The extracellular lipid was primarily free saturated fatty acid, whereas the cellular lipid droplets contained triglycerides with unsaturated fatty acid chains. Fatty acid uptake and transport were investigated by incubating cartilage samples in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing fluorescently labelled palmitate for a range of times and temperatures. After incubation, the palmitate distribution was imaged using confocal microscopy. Palmitate accumulated preferentially in the territorial matrix only in the superficial zone where the concentration was up to 100‐fold greater than that in the bulk matrix (P = 0.001). Palmitate uptake by the chondrocytes in both zones showed differential temperature sensitivity (P = 0.05), which would support the idea that cells take up palmitate by both active and passive mechanisms. The study reveals large differences between chondrocytes in the superficial and deep zones in their lipid content, in their extracellular lipid environment and in their access to exogenous fatty acids.
Evaluation of the skin phototoxicity and photosensitivity of honeybee venom
Authors: Han Sang Mi , Hong In Phyo , Woo Soon Ok , Kim Se Gun , Jang He Rye , Park Kwan Kyu 
Published: May 2017

SummaryObjectiveBee (Apis mellifera L.) venom (BV) has been used as a cosmetic ingredient owing to its anti‐aging, anti‐inflammatory, and antibacterial effects. The aim of this study was to assess the skin safety of BV.MethodsFor this purpose, skin phototoxicity and sensitization tests were conducted in healthy male Hartley guinea pigs. The animals were divided into three groups (n=5) for the phototoxicity test: G1 (negative control), G2 (BV gel treatment), and G3 (positive control). After specified treatments, the animals were irradiated with ultraviolet A (15 J/cm2). The photosensitivity test was also performed in three groups: G4 (negative control, n=5), G5 (BV gel treatment, n=10), and G6 (positive control, n=5).ResultsErythema and edema were observed after 24, 48, and 72 hours in the positive control group, but not in the negative control and BV gel groups. Application of BV to the guinea pig skin had no toxic effects on any clinical signs, body weight, or mortality. In addition, it did not evoke a skin reaction in both either the skin phototoxicity and skin photosensitization tests.ConclusionTherefore, it can be concluded that BV has the potential to be developed as a drug ingredient for topical uses.
The Dentoalveolar Prosthesis: A Novel Approach in the Reconstruction of Hard and Soft Tissue Deficiencies
Authors: Doll James K. , Barndt Peter , Grant Gerald 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA clinical problem commonly encountered by the advanced restorative dentist is a requirement to replace missing teeth and the supporting alveolus in areas adjacent to healthy or manageable dentition. A potential solution could utilize a dentoalveolar prosthesis fabricated on two or more implants in the edentulous area. The implant substructure, or framework, may be cast, milled, or selectively laser melted from a variety of metals. A superstructure, or ceramic overlay incorporating a ceramic or composite resin gingival tissue component, is constructed to fit over the implant substructure and luted to the substructure with resin cement. This implant‐supported fixed dental prosthesis identifies a solution for the replacement of both teeth and supporting alveolar bone. It restores comfort, function, and esthetics to the patient.
Use of High Performance Polymers as Dental Implant Abutments and Frameworks: A Case Series Report
Authors: AL‐Rabab'ah Mohammad , Hamadneh Wala'a , Alsalem Ismail , Khraisat Ameen , Abu Karaky Ashraf 
Published: May 2017

AbstractDental implant abutments can be made of different materials including titanium, gold, zirconia, alumina, and polymeric materials. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a high performance thermoplastic polymer that can be used as a dental implant abutment material. It has an elastic modulus comparable to bone and can reduce stress shielding. PEEK is a radiolucent material that can allow better radiographic imaging of peri‐implant tissues and can be veneered with composite materials or bonded to ceramics. PEEK is widely used in orthopedic and spinal surgeries, and it possesses mechanical and biological characteristics that encourage its use as dental implant abutments. This article will review the use of PEEK in dentistry and in particular as a dental implant abutment and over implant framework. Clinical reports will be presented to suggest some uses of PEEK materials in implant dentistry.
Risk of hospitalisation after early‐revisit in the emergency department
Authors: Cozzi Giorgio , Ghirardo Sergio , Fiorese Ilaria , Proietti Ilaria , Monasta Lorenzo , Minute Marta , Barbi Egidio , Calligaris Lorenzo 
Published: May 2017

AimEarly‐revisits are frequent in the paediatric emergency department (ED) setting, but few data are available about early‐revisited patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the hospitalisation rate of a population of early‐revisited patients and to detect if an early‐revisited patient was at risk of a more severe disease.MethodsBetween June 2014 and January 2015, we conducted a retrospective cohort study, considering all patients presented to the ED of a tertiary level children's hospital in Italy. We selected all patients who were revisited within 72 h from the initial visit (study cohort), while all other patients accessed in the same period were considered the control cohort. The two cohorts were compared for age, gender, triage category, hospitalisation rate, diagnosis at admission and hospital length of stay.ResultsIn the study period, we reviewed 10 750 visits, of which 430 (4%) were unplanned revisits for the same chief complaint within 72 h from the initial visit. Hospitalisation rate of early‐revisited patients was significantly higher compared to control patients (8.4 vs. 2.9%). Hospitalisation rate increases in parallel with the number of revisits, but in many cases, it was not directly related to a worst triage category, neither to a longer hospital length of stay.ConclusionEarly revisited patients in the ED had a significantly higher risk of hospitalisation, but this risk was only partially related to their clinical conditions.
Systematic review: Early infant feeding practices and the risk of wheat allergy
Authors: Chmielewska Anna , Pieścik‐Lech Małgorzata , Shamir Raanan , Szajewska Hania 
Published: May 2017

AimWheat is a common allergen. Early feeding practices (breastfeeding, potentially allergenic foods) might affect the risk of allergy. To systematically evaluate the association between early feeding practices and the risk of wheat allergy and sensitisation.MethodsFive databases were searched for studies of any design up to July 2015.ResultsWe included seven studies (five observational, low to moderate quality, two randomised controlled trials (RCTs), high quality). The results come from observational studies unless stated otherwise. Longer breastfeeding was associated with wheat allergy (two studies, n = 1847) and sensitisation (one study, n = 3781). Evidence for exclusive breastfeeding was contradictory; longer exclusive breastfeeding was associated with either lower (one study, n = 408) or higher (one study, n = 3781) risk of wheat sensitisation. Breastfeeding at gluten introduction did not affect the risk of wheat allergy (two studies, n = 2581). Introducing cereal ≥7 months of age increased the risk of wheat allergy (one study, n = 1612), but results from an RCT (n = 1303) showed no effect. Early introduction of gluten was associated with a reduced risk of wheat sensitisation up to 5 years in one observational study (n = 3781) but not in RCTs (n = 1303).ConclusionsBased on limited evidence, the influence of breastfeeding and an early exposure to gluten on the risk of wheat allergy remain uncertain. There is no evidence supporting breastfeeding at gluten introduction as modifying the risk. Early introduction of gluten might reduce the risk of sensitisation, but currently, no evidence exists that it affects the risk of wheat allergy.
Small prey species’ behaviour and welfare: implications for veterinary professionals
Authors: McBride E. Anne 
Published: May 2017

People have obligations to ensure the welfare of animals under their care. Offences under theUKAnimal Welfare Act are acts, or failures of action, causing unnecessary suffering. Veterinary professionals need to be able to provide current, scientifically based prophylactic advice, and respect the limits of their expertise.The ethical concept of a life worth living and the Five Freedoms are core to welfare. Behaviour is a central component, both influencing and influenced by physical health. Owners frequently misunderstand the behaviour of small prey mammals and how to meet their needs.This review provides insight into the physical‐social (external) and the cognitive‐emotional (internal) environments of small prey mammals, contextualised within an evolutionary perspective. This is extrapolated to captivity and practical suggestions given for meeting behavioural freedoms and enhancing client understanding and enjoyment of their animals, thereby improving welfare.
Plant DNA barcodes: Applications today and in the future
Authors: Kress W. John 
Published: May 2017

AbstractDNA barcodes have provided a new biological tool for organismal biologists to increase their understanding of the natural world. Over the last decade four plant DNA barcode markers, rbcL, matK, trnH‐psbA, and ITS2, have been developed, tested, and used to address basic questions in systematics, ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation, including community assembly, species interaction networks, taxonomic discovery, and assessing priority areas for environmental protection. Forensic investigators have also applied these plant DNA barcodes in the regulatory areas of traffic in endangered species and monitoring commercial products, such as foods and herbal supplements. Major challenges ahead will focus on building the global plant DNA barcode library and adopting genomic sequencing technologies for a more efficient and cost‐effective workflow in applying these genetic identification markers to additional fields of biological and commercial endeavors.
Mummified fruits of Choerospondias nanningensis sp. nov. (Anacardiaceae) from the upper Oligocene of a low latitude site in East Asia
Authors: Fu Qiong‐Yao , Li Long , Jin Jian‐Hua , Liu Xiao‐Yan , Quan Cheng 
Published: May 2017

AbstractExtant species of Choerospondias (Anacardiaceae) are mainly distributed in the tropical and subtropical areas of East Asia. However, the fossil record indicates that the genus was more widespread in the past, with Cenozoic occurrences in both Europe and Asia. We investigated the pericarp anatomy of well‐preserved mummified fossil fruits of Choerospondias from the upper part of Yongning Formation (late Oligocene) of the Nanning Basin, South China. These fruits are recognized as a new species Choerospondias nanningensis sp. nov. This is the lowest latitude fossil occurrence for the genus, and the first fossil record of this genus from its modern area of distribution (South China), indicating that Choerospondias had spread into its modern area of distribution by the Oligocene. In this study, we also investigated the pericarp anatomical structure of the one extant species of Choerospondias. We found that this genus has an endocarp morphology and anatomy typical of the Spondioideae. This is the first study focusing on the pericarp anatomy of fossil and extant species of Choerospondias simultaneously. This study provides new fossil evidence for further understanding the phylogeny of this genus, and contributes significantly to the knowledge of fruit morphology of the family Anacardiaceae.
A randomized controlled trial: branched‐chain amino acid levels and glucose metabolism in patients with obesity and sleep apnea
Authors: Barceló Antonia , Morell‐Garcia Daniel , Salord Neus , Esquinas Cristina , Pérez Gerardo , Pérez Antonio , Monasterio Carmen , Gasa Merce , Fortuna Ana Maria , Montserrat Josep Maria , Mayos Mercedes 
Published: May 2017

SummaryThere is evidence that changes in branched‐chain amino acid (BCAA) levels may correlate with the efficacy of therapeutic interventions for affecting improvement in metabolic control. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether serum concentrations of BCAAs (leucine, isoleucine, valine) could mediate in insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance after continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). A prospective randomized controlled trial of OSA patients with morbid obesity was conducted. Eighty patients were randomized into two groups: 38 received conservative treatment and 42 received CPAP treatment for 12 weeks. Plasma levels of BCAA, glucose tolerance and insulin resistance were evaluated at baseline and after treatment. After treatment, significant decreases of leucine levels were observed in both groups when compared with baseline levels (P < 0.005). With respect to patients with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) had higher baseline levels of isoleucine (78 ± 16 versus 70 ± 13 μmol L−1, P = 0.014) and valine (286 ± 36 versus 268 ± 41 μmol L−1, P = 0.049), respectively. Changes in levels of leucine and isoleucine after treatment were related negatively to changes in fasting plasma glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin values only in the conservative group (P < 0.05). In summary, we found that the treatment with CPAP for 12 weeks caused similar changes in circulating BCAAs concentrations to conservative treatment and a differential metabolic response of CPAP and conservative treatment was observed between the relationship of BCAAs and glucose homeostasis. Additional studies are needed to determine the interplay between branched‐chain amino acids and glucose metabolism in patients with sleep apnea.
Antimicrobial Prescribing in Dogs and Cats in Australia: Results of the Australasian Infectious Disease Advisory Panel Survey
Authors: Hardefeldt L.Y. , Holloway S. , Trott D.J. , Shipstone M. , Barrs V.R. , Malik R. , Burrows M. , Armstrong S. , Browning G.F. , Stevenson M. 
Published: May 2017

BackgroundInvestigations of antimicrobial use in companion animals are limited. With the growing recognition of the need for improved antimicrobial stewardship, there is urgent need for more detailed understanding of the patterns of antimicrobial use in this sector.ObjectivesTo investigate antimicrobial use for medical and surgical conditions in dogs and cats by Australian veterinarians.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was performed over 4 months in 2011. Respondents were asked about their choices of antimicrobials for empirical therapy of diseases in dogs and cats, duration of therapy, and selection based on culture and susceptibility testing, for common conditions framed as case scenarios: 11 medical, 2 surgical, and 8 dermatological.ResultsA total of 892 of the 1,029 members of the Australian veterinary profession that completed the survey satisfied the selection criteria. Empirical antimicrobial therapy was more common for acute conditions (76%) than chronic conditions (24%). Overall, the most common antimicrobial classes were potentiated aminopenicillins (36%), fluoroquinolones (15%), first‐ and second‐generation cephalosporins (14%), and tetracyclines (11%). Third‐generation cephalosporins were more frequently used in cats (16%) compared to dogs (2%). Agreement with Australasian Infectious Disease Advisory Panel (AIDAP) guidelines (generated subsequently) was variable ranging from 0 to 69% between conditions.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceChoice of antimicrobials by Australian veterinary practitioners was generally appropriate, with relatively low use of drugs of high importance, except for the empirical use of fluoroquinolones in dogs, particularly for otitis externa and 3rd‐generation cephalosporins in cats. Future surveys will determine whether introduction of the 2013AIDAPtherapeutic guidelines has influenced prescribing habits.
The multicomponent antirestriction system of phage P1 is linked to capsid morphogenesis
Authors: Piya Denish , Vara Leonardo , Russell William K. , Young Ry , Gill Jason J. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryBacterial Type I restriction‐modification (R‐M) systems present a major barrier to foreign DNA entering the bacterial cell. The temperate phage P1 packages several proteins into the virion that protect the phage DNA from host restriction. Isogenic P1 deletion mutants were used to reconstitute the previously described restriction phenotypes associated with darA and darB. While P1ΔdarA and P1ΔdarB produced the expected phenotypes, deletions of adjacent genes hdf and ddrA also produced darA‐like phenotypes and deletion of ulx produced a darB‐like phenotype, implicating several new proteins of previously unknown function in the P1 dar antirestriction system. Interestingly, disruption of ddrB decreased P1's sensitivity to EcoB and EcoK restriction. Proteomic analysis of purified virions suggests that packaging of antirestriction components into P1 virions follows a distinct pathway that begins with the incorporation of DarA and Hdf and concludes with DarB and Ulx. Electron microscopy analysis showed that hdf and darA mutants also produce abnormally high proportions of virions with aberrant small heads, which suggests Hdf and DarA play a role in capsid morphogenesis. The P1 antirestriction system is more complex than previously realized and is comprised of multiple proteins including DdrA, DdrB, Hdf, and Ulx in addition to DarA and DarB.
Function of bacteriophage G7C esterase tailspike in host cell adsorption
Authors: Prokhorov Nikolai S. , Riccio Cristian , Zdorovenko Evelina L. , Shneider Mikhail M. , Browning Christopher , Knirel Yuriy A. , Leiman Petr G. , Letarov Andrey V. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryBacteriophages recognize and bind to their hosts with the help of receptor‐binding proteins (RBPs) that emanate from the phage particle in the form of fibers or tailspikes. RBPs show a great variability in their shapes, sizes, and location on the particle. Some RBPs are known to depolymerize surface polysaccharides of the host while others show no enzymatic activity. Here we report that both RBPs of podovirus G7C – tailspikes gp63.1 and gp66 – are essential for infection of its natural host bacterium E. coli 4s that populates the equine intestinal tract. We characterize the structure and function of gp63.1 and show that unlike any previously described RPB, gp63.1 deacetylates surface polysaccharides of E. coli 4s leaving the backbone of the polysaccharide intact. We demonstrate that gp63.1 and gp66 form a stable complex, in which the N‐terminal part of gp66 serves as an attachment site for gp63.1 and anchors the gp63.1‐gp66 complex to the G7C tail. The esterase domain of gp63.1 as well as domains mediating the gp63.1‐gp66 interaction is widespread among all three families of tailed bacteriophages.
Is parity a risk factor for excessive weight gain during pregnancy and postpartum weight retention? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Hill B. , Bergmeier H. , McPhie S. , Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz M. , Teede H. , Forster D. , Spiliotis B. E. , Hills A. P. , Skouteris H. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryThe aim of this study was to systematically review and meta‐analyse the associations between parity, pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG) and, when included, postpartum weight retention (PPWR). Papers reporting associations between parity and BMI and/or GWG in adult women were eligible: 2,195 papers were identified, and 41 longitudinal studies were included in the narrative synthesis; 17 studies were included in a meta‐analysis. Findings indicated that parity was associated positively with pre‐pregnancy BMI. In contrast, the role of parity in GWG was less clear; both positive and negative relationships were reported across studies. Parity was not associated directly with PPWR. This pattern of results was supported by our meta‐analysis with the only significant association between parity and pre‐pregnancy BMI. Overall, parity was associated with higher pre‐pregnancy BMI; however, the role of parity in GWG and PPWR remains unclear, and it is likely that its influence is indirect and complex. Further research to better understand the contribution of parity to maternal obesity is warranted.
Inflammatory bowel disease caused by primary immunodeficiencies—Clinical presentations, review of literature, and proposal of a rational diagnostic algorithm
Authors: Tegtmeyer Daniel , Seidl Maximilian , Gerner Patrick , Baumann Ulrich , Klemann Christian 
Published: May 2017

AbstractInflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis have a multifactorial pathogenesis with complex interactions between polygenetic predispositions and environmental factors. However, IBD can also be caused by monogenic diseases, such as primary immunodeficiencies (PID). Recently, an increasing number of these altogether rare diseases have been described to present often primarily, or solely, as IBD. Early recognition of these conditions enables adaption of therapies and thus directly benefits the course of IBDs. Here, we discuss the different clinical presentations in IBD and characteristic features of patient's history, clinical findings, and diagnostic results indicative for a causative PID. Possible predictors are early onset of disease, necessity of parenteral nutrition, failure to respond to standard immunosuppressive therapy, parental consanguinity, increased susceptibility for infections, certain histopathologic findings, and blood tests that are atypical for classic IBD. We illustrate this with exemplary case studies of IBD due to NEMO deficiency, chronic granulomatous disease, common variable immunodeficiency, CTLA‐4 and LRBA deficiency. Taking these factors into account, we propose a diagnostic pathway to enable early diagnosis of IBD due to PID.