bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytomegalovirus infection management in solid organ transplant recipients across European centers in the time of molecular diagnostics: An ESGICH survey
Authors: Navarro David , San‐Juan Rafael , Manuel Oriol , Giménez Estela , Fernández‐Ruiz Mario , Hirsch Hans H. , Grossi Paolo Antonio , Aguado José María ,   ESGICH CMV Survey Study Group, on behalf of the European Study Group of Infections in Compromised Hosts (ESGICH) from the Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID)
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundScant information is available about how transplant centers are managing their use of quantitative molecular testing (QNAT) assays for active cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection monitoring in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. The current study was aimed at gathering information on current practices in the management of CMV infection across European centers in the era of molecular testing assays.MethodsA questionnaire‐based cross‐sectional survey study was conducted by the European Study Group of Infections in Immunocompromised Hosts (ESGICH) of the Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID). The invitation and a weekly reminder with a personal link to an Internet service provider (https://es.surveymonkey.com/) was sent to transplant physicians, transplant infectious diseases specialists, and clinical virologists working at 340 European transplant centers.ResultsOf the 1181 specialists surveyed, a total of 173 responded (14.8%): 73 transplant physicians, 57 transplant infectious diseases specialists, and 43 virologists from 173 institutions located at 23 different countries. The majority of centers used QNAT assays for active CMV infection monitoring. Most centers preferred commercially available real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) assays over laboratory‐developed procedures for quantifying CMV DNA load in whole blood or plasma. Use of a wide variety of DNA extraction platforms and RT‐PCR assays was reported. All programs used antiviral prophylaxis, preemptive therapy, or both, according to current guidelines. However, the centers used different criteria for starting preemptive antiviral treatment, for monitoring systemic CMV DNA load, and for requesting genotypic assays to detect emerging CMV‐resistant variants.ConclusionsSignificant variation in CMV infection management in SOT recipients still remains across European centers in the era of molecular testing. International multicenter studies are required to achieve commutability of CMV testing and antiviral management procedures.
Status of wound management in Korea
Authors: Namgoong Sik , Han Seung‐Kyu 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn spite of a period of intense economic, social, and political hardship following the Korean War, the Republic of Korea has made great strides in economic growth over the past half century, and also remarkable progress in the medical field. However, wound research has been slow to take off in South Korea. Meanwhile, as is the case in many countries in Western Europe and North America, South Korea is seeing a steady increase in its aged population. The growth in the geriatric population has in turn brought on more cases of chronic wounds. Though South Korea only began to recognize the importance of wound management in the early 2000s, it was fortunate enough to have sophisticated related industries, such as biotechnology and information technology, and brilliant, industrious, and eager wound researchers, contributing to rapid development of the field. The country has particular strengths in research for innovative cell‐based treatments and products for managing wounds. Notwithstanding government policy ill‐equipped to sufficiently support such advancement, better communication between experts and public officials will no doubt bring forth even more achievements in this very promising field. It is in this context that this article aims to summarize current wound management practices, research, training, product development, and government policies regarding wound management in South Korea as of the year 2017.
Antibiotics for performing voiding cystourethrogram: a randomised control trial
Authors: Sinha Rajiv , Saha Subhasis , Maji Biplab , Tse Yincent 
Published: August 2017

ObjectiveTo assess whether antibiotic reduces voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)-associated urinary tract infection (UTI).DesignOpen-labelled randomised controlled trial.SettingTertiary paediatric nephrology centre.Patients120 children (age 2 months–5 years) undergoing VCUG.InterventionsChildren were randomised into group A (antibiotic, n=72) or group B (no antibiotic, n=48) in 3:2 ratio. Group A received oral antibiotic (cephalexin if <6 months or co-trimoxazole if >6 months old) a day prior to VCUG and continued for 1 day post VCUG.Main outcome measuresThe main outcome measure is incidence of VCUG-associated UTI. Urine was checked on day 3 after VCUG and UTI was defined as significant growth of a single organism in a symptomatic child.ResultsThe median age was 8 months (IQR 13 months) with 68% male. Indication for undertaking VCUG was history of UTI (first UTI in infancy=43, recurrent UTI=49) and congenital anomaly of kidney and urinary tract without any UTI (n=28). Post-VCUG UTI was significantly higher among group B in comparison to group A (17% (n=8) vs 1.4% (n=1); p=0.01, OR=14.2 (95% CI 1.7 to 117)). Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis found an abnormal pre-VCUG ultrasound scan to be a significant independent risk factor for post-VCUG UTI (p=0.02, OR=9.51, 95% CI 1.43 to 63.4). The number needed to treat with antibiotic to prevent one post-VCUG UTI was 6.5, which reduced to 4 if only the group with abnormal pre-VCUG ultrasound scan was included.ConclusionsAntibiotic significantly reduces post-VCUG-acquired UTI especially in those with abnormal ultrasound scans.Trial registration numberClinical Trial Registry of India: CTRI/2017/03/00824.
Medical support to military airborne training and operations
Authors: Starkey Kerry J , Lyon J , Sigman E , Pynn H J , Nordmann G 
Published: August 2017

IntroductionAirborne operations enable large numbers of military forces to deploy on the ground in the shortest possible time. This however must be balanced by an increased risk of injury. The aim of this paper is to review the current UK military drop zone medical estimate process, which may help to predict the risk of potential injury and assist in planning appropriate levels of medical support.MethodIn spring 2015, a British Airborne Battlegroup (UKBG) deployed on a 7-week overseas interoperability training exercise in the USA with their American counterparts (USBG). This culminated in a 7-day Combined Joint Operations Access Exercise, which began with an airborne Joint Forcible Entry (JFE) of approximately 2100 paratroopers.The predicted number of jump-related injuries was estimated using Parachute Order Number 8 (PO No 8). Such injuries were defined as injuries occurring from the time the paratrooper exited the aircraft until they released their parachute harness on the ground.ResultsOverall, a total of 53 (2.5%) casualties occurred in the JFE phase of the exercise, lower than the predicted number of 168 (8%) using the PO No 8 tool. There was a higher incidence of back (30% actual vs 20% estimated) and head injuries (21% actual vs 5% estimated) than predicted with PO No 8.ConclusionThe current method for predicting the incidence of medical injuries after a parachute drop using the PO No 8 tool is potentially not accurate enough for current requirements. Further research into injury rate, influencing factors and injury type are urgently required in order to provide an evidence base to ensure optimal medical logistical and clinical planning for airborne training and operations in the future.
Gondwana Large Igneous Provinces: plate reconstructions, volcanic basins and sill volumes
Authors: Svensen H. H. , Torsvik T. H. , Callegaro S. , Augland L. , Heimdal T. H. , Jerram D. A. , Planke S. , Pereira E. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Gondwana was an enormous supertarrane. At its peak, it represented a landmass of about 100 × 10
6
km
2
in size, corresponding to approximately 64% of all land areas today. Gondwana assembled in the Middle Cambrian, merged with Laurussia to form Pangea in the Carboniferous, and finally disintegrated with the separation of East and West Gondwana at about 170 Ma, and the separation of Africa and South America around 130 Ma. Here we have updated plate reconstructions from Gondwana history, with a special emphasis on the interactions between the continental crust of Gondwana and the mantle plumes resulting in Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) at its surface. Moreover, we present an overview of the subvolcanic parts of the Gondwana LIPs (Kalkarindji, Central Atlantic Magmatic Province, Karoo and the Paraná–Etendeka) aimed at summarizing our current understanding of timings, scale and impact of these provinces. The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) reveals a conservative volume estimate of 700 000 km
3
of subvolcanic intrusions, emplaced in the Brazilian sedimentary basins (58–66% of the total CAMP sill volume). The detailed evolution and melt-flux estimates for the CAMP and Gondwana-related LIPs are, however, poorly constrained, as they are not yet sufficiently explored with high-precision U–Pb geochronology.
Higher Flow Is Present in Unruptured Arteriovenous Malformations With Silent Intralesional Microhemorrhages
Authors: Chen Xiaolin , Cooke Daniel L. , Saloner David , Nelson Jeffrey , Su Hua , Lawton Michael T. , Hess Christopher , Tihan Tarik , Zhao Yuanli , Kim Helen 
Published: August 2017

Background and Purpose—
Silent microhemorrhage (hemosiderin) has been observed in resected brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVM) tissue and may represent a subgroup at increased risk for clinical hemorrhage. Previous studies suggest that ruptured bAVMs have faster flow and shorter mean transit time of contrast in blood vessels than unruptured bAVMs. We hypothesized that flow would be faster in unruptured AVMs with hemosiderin compared with those without hemosiderin.

Methods—

We selected unruptured, supratentorial bAVMs >3.5 cc with pathology specimens. Hemodynamic features were evaluated using color-coding angiography, including contrast mean transit time of AVM nidus, time to peak (TTP) of feeding artery (FA) and draining vein (DV), and the ratio (TTP DV/FA). Characteristics of 9 cases with hemosiderin and 16 without hemosiderin were compared using 2-sample
t
tests and Fisher exact tests.

Results—

No difference in FA TTP and DV TTP was observed between groups. However, cases with hemosiderin had significantly shorter mean transit time compared with those without hemosiderin (1.11±0.28 versus 1.64±0.55 seconds;
P
=0.013) and a lower ratio of DV TTP/FA TTP (1.48±0.32 versus 1.94±0.61;
P
=0.045). Presence of venous varix was significantly associated with hemosiderin (
P
=0.003). No other clinical or angioarchitectural factors were associated with hemosiderin.

Conclusions—
Shorter mean transit time through the AVM nidus, lower DV TTP/FA TTP, and the high prevalence of venous varices suggests that high flow is an important feature of unruptured bAVMs with hemosiderin.
The Trouble with Wang Xizhi: Illness and Healing in a Fourth-Century Chinese Correspondence
Authors: Richter Antje , Chace Charles 
Published: August 2017

Containing many reports of his own illnesses and attempts at treatment, along with inquiries after the health of correspondents and acquaintances, the letters of Wang Xizhi (303-361) constitute the earliest sizeable corpus of personal health reports in Chinese literature and are thus a valuable source for the study of Chinese epistolary communication and medical history. This article explores the rhetorical strategies of Wang’s medical narratives and the role that writing about illness and healing may have played in the correspondents’ relationships and broader networks. Examining the medical ideas and terminology evident in Wang Xizhi’s letters, the article also seeks to illuminate a section of the multifaceted world of early medieval Chinese healing practices. By allowing us to get closer to the calligrapher’s body, Wang’s illness narratives further help us to heighten our awareness of the circumstances that shape the artistic process. Les lettres de Wang Xizhi (303-361) contiennent de nombreuses informations sur ses propres problèmes médicaux et sur ses façons de se traiter, ainsi que des questions adressées aux destinataires quant à leur santé et celle de leurs connaissances communes. Elles constituent ainsi le plus ancien corpus de taille conséquente au sein de la littérature chinoise traitant de l’histoire médicale d’individus ; elles ont donc une valeur importante comme source tant pour l’histoire épistolaire que médicale. Cet article explore les stratégies rhétoriques dans les récits qu’offre Wang au sujet de la santé, ainsi que le rôle que ses écrits sur les maladies et les guérisons ont pu jouer dans ses rapports sociaux avec ses correspondants et au-delà. En examinant les idées et la terminologie médicale exprimées dans les lettres de Wang Xizhi, cet article ambitionne aussi d’éclairer un pan du monde très varié des pratiques de guérison chinoises médiévales. Ses témoignages sur ses maladies, qui nous permettent d’approcher de près le grand calligraphe dans sa corporalité, nous rendent plus attentif aux conditions les plus physiques de sa production artistique.
Spinal Myxopapillary Ependymoma Metastatic to Bilateral Internal Auditory Canals
Authors: Jatana Kris R. , Jacob Abraham , Slone H. Wayne , Ray-Chaudhury Abhik , Welling D. Bradley 
Published: August 2017

Objectives We report a rare case of spinal myxopapillary ependymoma metastatic to both internal auditory canals (IACs) and its implications for diagnosing neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2). Methods We present a detailed clinical history, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), intraoperative photographs, and histopathologic findings from a patient with bilateral IAC lesions, and review the diagnostic criteria for NF2. Results An 11-year-old boy with surgically resected spinal myxopapillary ependymoma, treated with total spine irradiation for recurrence, later showed bilaterally enhancing IAC lesions on T1-weighted MRI with contrast. The diagnosis of NF2 with bilateral vestibular schwannomas was entertained. Close examination of T2-weighted MRI, however, demonstrated the masses to be isointense to cerebrospinal fluid. This finding raised the possibility of other, more unusual IAC lesions. The patient underwent sequential suboccipital craniotomies for tissue diagnosis, and both IAC lesions were found to be myxopapillary ependymomas. Conclusions This is the youngest reported patient with metastatic myxopapillary ependymoma. Although vestibular schwannomas account for the majority of contrast-enhancing T1-weighted IAC lesions, other uncommon lesions may present in a similar manner. A T2 fast-spin echo screening MRI would have missed this patient's lesions. Therefore, both T1-weighted MRI with or without contrast and T2-weighted MRI may be necessary to distinguish vestibular schwannoma from other, more unusual IAC lesions.
Outcomes of Otologic Surgeries with Special Interest in Learning Curves of Residents in a Tertiary Referral Setting
Authors: Karatas Erkan , Durucu Cengiz , Bağlam Tekin , Bayazit Yildirim A. , Mumbuç Semih , Kanlikama Muzaffer 
Published: August 2017

Objectives We evaluated outcomes of otologic surgeries with a special interest in learning curves of residents in a tertiary referral setting. Methods A retrospective review of the outcomes of 811 otologic operations was performed. The outcomes of faculty staff (group 1), senior residents (fifth year; group 2), and residents (fourth year) under supervision of the faculty staff (group 3) were assessed and compared. The faculty staff were available for consultation if needed and were ready to intervene at any stage for group 2. Results There were 397 female patients (48.95%) and 414 male patients (51.04%) from 17 to 71 years of age. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding graft take rate or hearing outcome (p > .05). Conclusions The otologic training of residents appears to be successful in Turkey, as the surgical outcomes of residents were comparable to those of faculty staff.
Botulinum Toxin Injection to the Salivary Glands for the Treatment of Sialorrhea with Chronic Aspiration
Authors: Raval Tejas H. , Elliott Clark A. 
Published: August 2017

Objectives Chronic aspiration of salivary secretions can cause major pulmonary morbidity in neurologically impaired patients. Many treatments are proposed to address these problems, some with significant side effects. Botulinum toxin type A injection into the salivary glands is known to reduce salivary flow without major complications. Few reports exist regarding the use of this treatment in the prevention of recurrent aspiration pneumonia. We studied the effects of this treatment for patients with recurrent aspiration pneumonia. Methods We performed a chart review of 12 patients, ranging in age from 7 months to 37 years, treated with botulinum toxin injections at a single tertiary care institution. A caregiver telephone questionnaire was also administered. The numbers of pulmonary infections and hospitalizations before and after the initiation of treatment were compared. Results Nine of 12 patients reported improvement in the numbers of hospitalizations and pulmonary infections following botulinum toxin injections. Reduction in the use of anticholinergic medication and reduced pulmonary toilet requirements were also noted. There were no complications of treatment. Conclusions Botulinum toxin injection into the salivary glands can be effective in reducing pulmonary morbidity in many neurologically impaired patients. This relatively simple technique offers an alternative to the use of anticholinergic medication and may obviate the need for more invasive surgical treatment in certain patients.
Using Particle Imaging Velocimetry to Measure Anterior-Posterior Velocity Gradients in the Excised Canine Larynx Model
Authors: Khosla Sid , Murugappan Shanmugam , Lakhamraju Raghavaraju , Gutmark Ephraim 
Published: August 2017

Objectives To quantify the anterior-posterior velocity gradient, we studied the velocity flow fields above the vocal folds in both the midcoronal and midsagittal planes. It was also our purpose to use these fields to deduce the mechanisms that cause the anterior-posterior gradient and to determine whether the vortical structures are highly 3-dimensional. Methods Using the particle imaging velocimetry method for 5 excised canine larynges, we obtained phase-averaged velocity fields in the midcoronal and midsagittal planes for 30 phases of phonation. The velocity fields were determined synchronously with the vocal fold motion recorded by high-speed videography. Results The results show that immediately above the folds, there is no significant anterior-posterior velocity gradient. However, as the flow travels downstream, the laryngeal jet tends to narrow in width and skew toward the anterior commissure. Vortices are seen at the anterior and posterior edges of the flow. Conclusions The downstream narrowing in the midsagittal plane is consistent with and is probably due to a phenomenon known as axis switching. Axis switching also involves vortices in the sagittal and coronal planes bending in the axial plane. This results in highly 3-dimensional, complex vortical structures. However, there is remarkable cyclic repeatability of these vortices during a phonation cycle.
Urban poverty, issues, policies and actions
Authors: Kumar T. M. Vinod , Gayatri  
Published: August 2017

“Urban poverty and its attendant human cost is perhaps the single greatest challenge of our time. The future of our towns and cities, which is where most humanity will live in the next century, hinges on our tackling it successfully. The centerpiece of urban policy as we enter the 21st Century must therefore be the struggle against poverty, with goals such as the integration of the informal city, the recovery and democratic use of public space, and the reversal of the trend towards the concentration of wealth and opportunities, which so often ends in a spiral of violence…. “The struggle against urban poverty is a world challenge. To succeed, we need to tap the experience of individuals and organizations in the South as well as in the North, promoting an exchange that, more than the answers, will teach us what questions to ask. To this end, people living in poverty must take part in communications networks, which are often monopolized by intermediaries and experts. The role of experts is important, but mechanisms should be developed to facilitate direct, horizontal, global exchange…. “Such horizontal, direct contacts must involve local governments, the pivate sector, non-governmental and community organizations. And if public pollicies are to respond to real needs, these must be built out of experience, and their formulation and implementation must involve the people for whom they are intended…. “To do this, safety nets are not enough. Let us resolve to invest in the struggle against urban poverty, to invest in the poor themselves. Let us help people confronted with poverty in their efforts. New means of communication and successful experiences demonstrate that this can be done in a demoy-lXcratic and affordable manner. The struggle against poverty cannot be relegated to second-class expertise and technology. It is a huge challenge. It deserves the best.” (’Recife Declaration March 1996 Habitat II on ‘Urban Poverty-a World Challenge’).
Development induced displacement and sustainable development
Authors: Fernandes Walter 
Published: August 2017

This paper presents the state of displacement and its impact on the already marginalised communities particularly women. Data available on displacement indicate that at least 213 lakhs have been displaced or otherwise deprived of livelihood by development projects between 1951 and 1990. By now they must have crossed 300 lakhs. Most of the Displaced Persons (DPs) are from the assetless rural poor. Tribals constitute more than 40% DPs and Project Affected People (PAP)of dams and mines and 90% of the DPs from Wild Life Sanctuaries. Dalits constitute 20% of DPs and PAPs. Displacement without an alternative to their sustenance is impoverishment Linked to impoverishment is environmental degradation. Thus it results not merely in poverty and ecological degradation but also in the weakening of the culture that ensured renewability. More than men, women are more seriously affected by displacement. This is mainly because of their dependence on the informal economy. The natural resources from which land acquisition alienates them are the very foundation of tribal women's economy, culture, social systems and political structures. Both tribal and dalit women contribute to the family economy and are considered as economic assets. Because of this the tribal and to a lesser extent dalit women enjoy a higher status (not equality) in their society. This economy depended on abundant natural resources among the tribals and traditional skills among the dalits. Alienation from their economic base leads to their downward social mobility. In order to ensure that the DPs/DAPs in general and women in particular are the first beneficiaries in displacement policies, there are certain alternatives starting with a deeper understanding of impoverishment and displacement as a process and the minimising of displacement, and finally rehabilitation as a right.