bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consumer knowledge and use of food and nutrition labelling in South Africa: A cross‐sectional descriptive study
Authors: Koen Nelene , Wentzel‐Viljoen Edelweiss , Nel Daan , Blaauw Reneé 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe noncommunicable disease burden can be addressed through population‐wide interventions, including the promotion of healthy diets through the provision of adequate nutrition information on food labels. The study aimed to determine consumer knowledge and reading of nutrition information on food labels; the self‐reported impact of food and nutrition labelling on purchasing behaviour; and barriers to and expectations of reading nutrition information. In this cross‐sectional descriptive study, an interviewer‐administered electronic survey was conducted on adult consumers (N = 960) at 16 randomly selected grocery stores (from the four main food retailers in South Africa) in four health districts of Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa. Data from the survey were exported from SurveyMonkey® to Microsoft Excel and analysed using STATISTICA Version 13. The relation between nominal variables was investigated with contingency tables and likelihood ratio chi‐squared tests. Regression analysis of a continuous response variable vs. ordinal input was done and the strength of the relationship was measured with Spearman correlation. A p‐value of p < .05 represented statistical significance. Only 36.0% of participants indicated that they frequently/always read nutrition information on food labels. Older individuals (p < .05), white participants (p < .001), those with a higher level of education (p < .001) and income (p < .001) read nutrition information more frequently. The main reasons for not reading nutrition information included buying the same type of product all the time (34.28%) and not being interested in the nutrition information (31.44%). The mean food and nutrition label knowledge score was 44.4% (fair or below average) with those that often read the nutrition information on labels having a significantly higher score (p < .01). Main factors influencing food purchasing behaviour included price (81.25%), sell‐by date (89.16%) and products on special/promotion (87.08%). Participants would prefer less complex terminology (79.69%), more pictures/colours (71.15%), a single health endorsement logo (73.33%) and bigger font sizes (69.17%) to be used on food labels. Cape Town consumers have fair food and nutrition label knowledge and do not regularly read nutrition information on labels. This could explain why nutrition information was not mentioned as an important determinant of food purchasing. More should be done to educate consumers on utilizing the nutrition information on food labels to make healthier food choices and to simplify food labels for consumers.
Combination therapy of lovastatin and AMP‐activated protein kinase activator improves mitochondrial and peroxisomal functions and clinical disease in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model
Authors: Singh Inderjit , Samuvel Devadoss J. , Choi Seungho , Saxena Nishant , Singh Avtar K. , Won Jeseong 
Published: January 2018

SummaryRecent studies report that loss and dysfunction of mitochondria and peroxisomes contribute to the myelin and axonal damage in multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we investigated the efficacy of a combination of lovastatin and AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator (AICAR) on the loss and dysfunction of mitochondria and peroxisomes and myelin and axonal damage in spinal cords, relative to the clinical disease symptoms, using a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE, a model for MS). We observed that lovastatin and AICAR treatments individually provided partial protection of mitochondria/peroxisomes and myelin/axons, and therefore partial attenuation of clinical disease in EAE mice. However, treatment of EAE mice with the lovastatin and AICAR combination provided greater protection of mitochondria/peroxisomes and myelin/axons, and greater improvement in clinical disease compared with individual drug treatments. In spinal cords of EAE mice, lovastatin‐mediated inhibition of RhoA and AICAR‐mediated activation of AMPK cooperatively enhanced the expression of the transcription factors and regulators (e.g. PPARα/β, SIRT‐1, NRF‐1, and TFAM) required for biogenesis and the functions of mitochondria (e.g. OXPHOS, MnSOD) and peroxisomes (e.g. PMP70 and catalase). In summary, these studies document that oral medication with a combination of lovastatin and AICAR, which are individually known to have immunomodulatory effects, provides potent protection and repair of inflammation‐induced loss and dysfunction of mitochondria and peroxisomes as well as myelin and axonal abnormalities in EAE. As statins are known to provide protection in progressive MS (Phase II study), these studies support that supplementation statin treatment with an AMPK activator may provide greater efficacy against MS.
Daniel Bruun:
Authors: Hansen Steffen Stummann 
Published: January 2018

One of the most remarkable contributions to our understanding of the Norse cultures of the North Atlantic was that of Daniel Bruun (1856-1931). A child of an innovative, prominent family from central Jutland, he received a military education and became a skilled cartographer. A dream from his youth to study Norse culture in Greenland was finally realised in 1894 when he conducted an impressive field campaign in the so-called Eastern Settlement. In the following years, he pursued his observations in Norse Greenland with comparative studies in Iceland, the Faroe Islands and Norway. On his initiative, and to a wide extent based on material collected by himself, the North Atlantic cultures were presented as a section of the Danish contribution to the World Exhibition of 1900 in Paris. His adventurous life, however, was not confined to the North Atlantic, but also included travels in Africa, Siberia, Asia, and North America.
In many ways, the energy and curiosity of Daniel Bruun can be compared to that of recently departed Klavs Randsborg, to whose memory this article is dedicated.
Overexpression of microRNA408 enhances photosynthesis, growth, and seed yield in diverse plants
Authors: Pan Jiawei , Huang Dahui , Guo Zhonglong , Kuang Zheng , Zhang He , Xie Xinyu , Ma Zengfeng , Gao Shaopei , Lerdau Manuel T. , Chu Chengcai , Li Lei 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe ability of a plant to produce grain, fruit, or forage depends ultimately on photosynthesis. There have been few attempts, however, to study microRNAs, which are a class of endogenous small RNAs post‐transcriptionally programming gene expression, in relation to photosynthetic traits. We focused on miR408, one of the most conserved plant miRNAs, and overexpressed it in parallel in Arabidopsis, tobacco, and rice. The transgenic plants all exhibited increased copper content in the chloroplast, elevated abundance of plastocyanin, and an induction of photosynthetic genes. By means of gas exchange and optical spectroscopy analyses, we showed that higher expression of miR408 leads to enhanced photosynthesis through improving efficiency of irradiation utilization and the capacity for carbon dioxide fixation. Consequently, miR408 hyper‐accumulating plants exhibited higher rate of vegetative growth. An enlargement of seed size was also observed in all three species overproducing miR408. Moreover, we conducted a 2‐year‐two‐location field trial and observed miR408 overexpression in rice significantly increased yield, which was primarily attributed to an elevation in grain weight. Taken together, these results demonstrate that miR408 is a positive regulator of photosynthesis and that its genetic engineering is a promising route for enhancing photosynthetic performance and yield in diverse plants.
Status of the Trait Concept in Contemporary Personality Psychology: Are the Old Questions Still the Burning Questions?
Authors: Fajkowska Małgorzata , Kreitler Shulamith 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis special issue of Journal of Personality addresses one of the cardinal concerns of personality psychology, namely, the status of traits in contemporary personality science. Trait theory is a major scientific model for personality explanation and research. Although there have been critiques of traits, typically formulated from the point of view of the social‐cognitive perspective, the trait approach can be viewed as a continuously developing paradigm. However, personality psychology persists in tackling burning questions concerning the status of traits that need to be answered. Modern trait approaches confront problems such as constructing an objective personality traits assessment, connecting the descriptive traits with explanatory processes, applying traits for understanding the individual person, clarifying the relation of traits to behavior, and using traits for solving cardinal concerns of personality psychology (e.g., personality organization). This special issue presents examples of contemporary trait theories that attempt to provide possible solutions to these issues and/or delineate other main issues to be resolved by future research and theorizing. We have asked contributors to portray their approach and describe in what way their trait theory continues a historic tradition and in what respect it breaks with the past and moves trait models to more mature scientific levels.
Audit of referrals for concern regarding labial appearance at the Royal Children's Hospital: 2000–2012
Authors: McQuillan Sarah K , Jayasinghe Yasmin , Grover Sonia R 
Published: January 2018

AimTo audit the clinical features and outcomes for all patients referred to our centre with concerns regarding labial appearance.MethodsYoung females referred to a paediatric/adolescent gynaecology tertiary centre between 2000 and 2012 with concerns regarding their labial appearance were retrospectively identified. Adolescents presenting with anomalies were excluded. Retrospective chart review was undertaken to identify reasons for referral, patient characteristics, outcome of referral and concurrent health problems.ResultsIn total, 46 females presenting with concerns about labial appearance were identified. Five were excluded. Median age of the study population was 14.5 years (range 5–21 years). Only four (9.8%) underwent surgery after a minimum of five consultations each, with mental health review in three of four cases prior to surgery. None of the 41 patients had documented abnormal labia; however, 6 patients had asymmetry, and 3 had a labial width of >5 cm. Of mothers, 24% (n = 10) raised the initial concern regarding labial appearance to a physician, of whom, 50% of patients had a comorbid condition. In total, 70.7% initially reported interference with daily activities, and 87.8% were reassured following discussion.ConclusionsWith appropriate education and counselling, the majority of girls with concerns regarding labial appearance can be managed without surgery. Overall, our data support current international policy that female cosmetic genital surgery not be performed in mature minors unless there are specific indications. More research about characteristics of patients referred with labial concerns, definition of labial size and long‐term satisfaction of conservative versus surgical methods is necessary to determine the best approach.
Surgery and magnetic resonance imaging increase the risk of hypothermia in infants
Authors: Don Paul Joel M , Perkins Elizabeth J , Pereira‐Fantini Prue M , Suka Asha , Farrell Olivia , Gunn Julia K , Rajapaksa Anushi E , Tingay David G 
Published: January 2018

AimMaintaining normothermia is a tenet of neonatal care. However, neonatal thermal care guidelines applicable to intra‐hospital transport beyond the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and during surgery or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are lacking. The aim of this study is to determine the proportion of infants normothermic (36.5–37.5°C) on return to NICU after management during surgery and MRI, and during standard clinical care in both environments.MethodsSixty‐two newborns requiring either surgery in the operating theatre (OT) (n = 41) or an MRI scan (n = 21) at the Royal Children’s Hospital (Melbourne) NICU were prospectively studied. Core temperature, along with cardiorespiratory parameters, was continuously measured from 15 min prior to leaving the NICU until 60 min after returning. Passive and active warming (intra‐operatively) was at clinician discretion.ResultsThe study reported 90% of infants were normothermic before leaving NICU: 86% (MRI) and 93% (OT). Only 52% of infants were normothermic on return to NICU (relative risk (RR) 1.75; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.39–2.31; number needed to harm (NNH) 2.6). Between departure from the NICU and commencement of surgery, core temperature decreased by mean 0.81°C (95% CI 0.30–1.33; P = 0.0001, analysis of variance), with only 24% of infants normothermic when surgery began (P < 0.0001; RR 3.80 (95% CI 2.33–6.74); NNH 1.5). After an MRI, infants were a mean 0.41°C (95% CI 0.16–0.67) colder than immediately before entering the scanner (P = 0.001, analysis of variance), with only 43% being normothermic (P = 0.003; RR 2.11 (95% CI 1.35–3.74); NNH 2.1).ConclusionUnintentional hypothermia is a common occurrence during surgery in the OT and MRI in neonates, indicating that evidence‐based warming strategies to prevent hypothermia should be developed.
Does Trust Influence Social Expenditures? Evidence from Local Governments
Authors: Camussi Silvia , Mancini Anna Laura , Tommasino Pietro 
Published: January 2018

SummaryWe document that trust has a positive impact on the generosity of welfare spending. Our analysis relies on a unique dataset including detailed budgetary data of more than 2,000 Italian municipalities. Compared with previous contributions based on cross‐country data, our approach reduces the risk of omitted variable bias and measurement errors. Furthermore, drawing on Italy's rich political history, we are able to use an instrumental variables strategy that addresses the possible endogeneity of trust.
Migration, Diasporas and Culture: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Collier Paul , Hoeffler Anke 
Published: January 2018

SummaryUsing a gravity model, we examine the dynamics of migration from developing to OECD countries. Origin and destination countries are characterized by substantial differences in incomes, political rights and cultures. Incentives as well as costs shape the decision to migrate. One powerful dynamic effect is that diasporas increase migration, mainly because they lower the cost of migration. Diasporas assist the next wave of migrants by overcoming the high cost of the emigration, in particular when the origin country is far away and poor. The interaction between the diaspora and cultural distance is also significant. Diasporas in culturally distant countries appear to be particularly useful in overcoming the cost of migration. We interpret this as evidence that culturally distant diasporas are less likely to integrate and maintain closer links with their country of origin, while diasporas from culturally similar countries are more likely to integrate and thus be less useful to potential new migrants.
‘We're Learning a Lot of New Words’: Encountering New L2 Vocabulary Outside of Class
Authors: ESKILDSEN SØREN WIND 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTThis article presents empirical evidence that the Interaction Hypothesis (Long, 1996), especially key concepts in Negotiation for Meaning, bears little relevance for language learning outside of class (‘in the wild,’ cf. Hellermann, Eskildsen, et al., 2018; Wagner, ) but seems to be epiphenomenal to experimentally elicited data. Instead, the article shows that the learning, vis à vis negotiation for meaning, that takes place in the wild needs to be viewed as repair practices, as it investigates speakers’ displays of (non)understanding and learning as fundamentally social processes that take place as observable phenomena in real‐time interaction and ultimately sustain the accountable processes of reaching and maintaining intersubjectivity (Kasper, 2009; Koschmann, 2011, 2013). This moment‐to‐moment co‐constructed interactional work of second language (L2) users and their co‐participants is brought to bear on long‐term L2 learning in the wild as I explore and document the long‐term repercussions of situated word searches through the lens of Conversation Analysis. Finally, the paper will discuss ways to use students’ everyday interactions in L2 teaching (Eskildsen & Wagner, 2015b; Piirainen–Marsh & Lilja, 2018).
Instructed Vision: Navigating Grammatical Rules by Using Landmarks for Linguistic Structures in Corrective Feedback Sequences
Authors: MAJLESI ALI REZA 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis study aims to show how multimodality, that is, the mobilization of various communicative resources in social actions (Mondada, 2016), can be used to teach grammar. Drawing on ethnomethodological conversation analysis (Sacks, 1992), the article provides a detailed analysis of 2 corrective feedback sequences in a Swedish‐as‐a‐second‐language classroom. It shows that teaching grammar using corrective feedback sequences is a collaborative activity between teachers and students, which requires both verbal and other embodied practices. Specifically, it demonstrates how the teachers made grammatical constructs visible, noticeable, and thus learnable through the use of multiple resources such as annotating and illustrating on a whiteboard or projection screen, using concrete meta‐talk (Storch, 2008), together with nonverbal actions such as gesturing. The article argues that the practice of marking a linguistic structure through multiple resources creates ‘landmarks’ for teaching purposes. These landmarks were used (a) for an instructed vision through which the intelligibility of abstract grammatical concepts and relations as cognitive phenomena is constituted by a concrete set of observable and reportable actions, and (b) as prompts in organizing knowledge not only for the purpose of the current activity of teaching but also for future occasions.
Leptosphaeria maculans AvrLm9: a new player in the game of hide and seek with AvrLm4‐7
Authors: Ghanbarnia Kaveh , Ma Lisong , Larkan Nicholas J. , Haddadi Parham , Fernando Wannakuwattewaduge Gerard Dilantha , Borhan Mohammad Hossein 
Published: January 2018

SummaryBlackleg disease of Brassica napus caused by Leptosphaeria maculans (Lm) is largely controlled by the deployment of race‐specific resistance (R) genes. However, selection pressure exerted by R genes causes Lm to adapt and give rise to new virulent strains through mutation and deletion of effector genes. Therefore, a knowledge of effector gene function is necessary for the effective management of the disease. Here, we report the cloning of Lm effector AvrLm9 which is recognized by the resistance gene Rlm9 in B. napus cultivar Goéland. AvrLm9 was mapped to scaffold 7 of the Lm genome, co‐segregating with the previously reported AvrLm5 (previously known as AvrLmJ1). Comparison of AvrLm5 alleles amongst the 37 re‐sequenced Lm isolates and transgenic complementation identified a single point mutation correlating with the AvrLm9 phenotype. Therefore, we renamed this gene as AvrLm5‐9 to reflect the dual specificity of this locus. Avrlm5‐9 transgenic isolates were avirulent when inoculated on the B. napus cultivar Goéland. The expression of AvrLm5‐9 during infection was monitored by RNA sequencing. The recognition of AvrLm5‐9 by Rlm9 is masked in the presence of AvrLm4‐7, another Lm effector. AvrLm5‐9 and AvrLm4‐7 do not interact, and AvrLm5‐9 is expressed in the presence of AvrLm4‐7. AvrLm5‐9 is the second Lm effector for which host recognition is masked by AvrLm4‐7. An understanding of this complex interaction will provide new opportunities for the engineering of broad‐spectrum recognition.
Alexander von Humboldts Pico del Teide‐Aufstieg als mediale Selbstinszenierung um 1800
Authors: Strobl Michael 
Published: January 2018

Die Studie analysiert Strategien der Selbstinszenierung in frühen Publikationen Alexander von Humboldts, die um 1800 in Form von für die Veröffentlichung bestimmten Briefen zu Beginn seiner Amerikareise erschienen sind. Humboldt platziert sie in einem halben Dutzend deutscher und französischer Wissenschafts‐ und Publikumszeitschriften. Die Abreise, die Besteigung des Pico del Teide und die Ankunft in den Tropen konnten in Europa weithin und zeitnah rezipiert werden. Der Teide‐Aufstieg, als vorläufiger Höhepunkt der Mikro‐Reiseerzählung, wird als Initiationsort von Humboldts Wissenschaftsprogrammatik stilisiert. Lange vor Abschluss der Reise und allen seinen Buchveröffentlichungen etabliert Humboldt in diesen kleinen, aber wirkmächtigen Veröffentlichungen erfolgreich das Selbstbild des innovativen, wissenschaftlich‐ästhetisch beschreibenden Reiseabenteurers.Vergleichstext ist Saussures Darstellung seiner Montblanc‐Besteigung. Zusätzlich werden die Briefveröffentlichungen durch den Vergleich mit Humboldts späteren Beschreibungen des Teide‐Aufstiegs in der Relation historique (1814–1831) und im Kosmos (ab 1845) kontextualisiert, die deutlich entheroisiert‟ sind. Die zeitgenössisch erschienene Beschreibung seines viel berühmteren Aufstiegs auf den Chimborazo (1802) ist ebenso geeignet, die rhetorische und ästhetische Gestaltung der frühen Teide‐Briefe kontrastiv herauszustellen.