bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genistein Inhibits p38 Map Kinase Activation, Matrix Metalloproteinase Type 2, and Cell Invasion in Human Prostate Epithelial Cells
Authors: Huang Xiaoke , Chen Shan , Xu Li , Liu Yueqin , Deb Dilip K. , Platanias Leonidas C. , Bergan Raymond C. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Epidemiologic studies associate consumption of genistein, in the form of dietary soy, with lower rates of metastatic prostate cancer. We have previously shown that genistein inhibits prostate cancer cell detachment in vitro, that it is well tolerated in an older cohort of men with prostate cancer, and that it alters cell signaling in that same cohort. We have also shown that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is necessary for transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)–mediated increases in prostate cancer adhesion. Although cell invasion is closely linked to metastatic behavior, little is known about how this process is regulated in prostate cancer or what effect, if any, genistein has on associated processes. We now show that genistein inhibits matrix metalloproteinase type 2 (MMP-2) activity in six of seven prostate cell lines tested, blocks MMP-2 induction by TGF-β, and inhibits cell invasion. Efficacy was seen at low nanomolar concentrations, corresponding to blood concentrations of free genistein attained after dietary consumption. Inhibition of p38 MAPK by either SB203580 or dominant-negative construct blocked induction of MMP-2 and cell invasion by TGF-β. Genistein exerted similar effects and was found to block activation of p38 MAPK by TGF-β. This study shows that p38 MAPK is necessary for TGF-β–mediated induction of MMP-2 and cell invasion in prostate cancer and that genistein blocks activation of p38 MAPK, thereby inhibiting processes closely linked to metastasis, and does so at concentrations associated with dietary consumption. Any potential causal link to epidemiologic findings will require further investigation.
Combined Genetic Assessment of Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling Pathway Variants May Predict Breast Cancer Risk
Authors: Kaklamani Virginia G. , Baddi Lisa , Liu Junjian , Rosman Diana , Phukan Sharbani , Bradley Ciarán , Hegarty Chris , McDaniel Bree , Rademaker Alfred , Oddoux Carole , Ostrer Harry , Michel Loren S. , Huang Helen , Chen Yu , Ahsan Habibul , Offit Kenneth , Pasche Boris 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
There is growing evidence that common variants of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway may modify breast cancer risk. In vitro studies have shown that some variants increase TGF-β signaling, whereas others have an opposite effect. We tested the hypothesis that a combined genetic assessment of two well-characterized variants may predict breast cancer risk. Consecutive patients (n = 660) with breast cancer from the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (New York, NY) and healthy females (n = 880) from New York City were genotyped for the hypomorphic TGFBR1*6A allele and for the TGFB1 T29C variant that results in increased TGF-β circulating levels. Cases and controls were of similar ethnicity and geographic location. Thirty percent of cases were identified as high or low TGF-β signalers based on TGFB1 and TGFBR1 genotypes. There was a significantly higher proportion of high signalers (TGFBR1/TGFBR1 and TGFB1*CC) among controls (21.6%) than cases (15.7%; P = 0.003). The odds ratio [OR; 95% confidence interval (95% CI)] for individuals with the lowest expected TGF-β signaling level (TGFB1*TT or TGFB1*TC and TGFBR1*6A) was 1.69 (1.08-2.66) when compared with individuals with the highest expected TGF-signaling levels. Breast cancer risk incurred by low signalers was most pronounced among women after age 50 years (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.01-4.16). TGFBR1*6A was associated with a significantly increased risk for breast cancer (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.04-2.06), but the TGFB1*CC genotype was not associated with any appreciable risk (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.63-1.21). TGFBR1*6A effect was most pronounced among women diagnosed after age 50 years (OR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.25-3.87). This is the first study assessing the TGF-β signaling pathway through two common and functionally relevant TGFBR1 and TGFB1 variants. This approach may predict breast cancer risk in a large subset of the population.
Evidence for the Presence of Disease-Perturbed Networks in Prostate Cancer Cells by Genomic and Proteomic Analyses: A Systems Approach to Disease
Authors: Lin Biaoyang , White James T. , Lu Wei , Xie Tao , Utleg Angelita G. , Yan Xiaowei , Yi Eugene C. , Shannon Paul , Khrebtukova Irina , Lange Paul H. , Goodlett David R. , Zhou Daixing , Vasicek Thomas J. , Hood Leroy 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Prostate cancer is initially responsive to androgen ablation therapy and progresses to androgen-unresponsive states that are refractory to treatment. The mechanism of this transition is unknown. A systems approach to disease begins with the quantitative delineation of the informational elements (mRNAs and proteins) in various disease states. We employed two recently developed high-throughput technologies, massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) and isotope-coded affinity tag, to gain a comprehensive picture of the changes in mRNA levels and more restricted analysis of protein levels, respectively, during the transition from androgen-dependent LNCaP (model for early-stage prostate cancer) to androgen-independent CL1 cells (model for late-stage prostate cancer). We sequenced &gt;5 million MPSS signatures, obtained &gt;142,000 tandem mass spectra, and built comprehensive MPSS and proteomic databases. The integrated mRNA and protein expression data revealed underlying functional differences between androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. The high sensitivity of MPSS enabled us to identify virtually all of the expressed transcripts and to quantify the changes in gene expression between these two cell states, including functionally important low-abundance mRNAs, such as those encoding transcription factors and signal transduction molecules. These data enable us to map the differences onto extant physiologic networks, creating perturbation networks that reflect prostate cancer progression. We found 37 BioCarta and 14 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways that are up-regulated and 23 BioCarta and 22 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways that are down-regulated in LNCaP cells versus CL1 cells. Our efforts represent a significant step toward a systems approach to understanding prostate cancer progression.
Mitochondrial Targeting of HumanO6-Methylguanine DNA Methyltransferase Protects against Cell Killing by Chemotherapeutic Alkylating Agents
Authors: Cai Shanbao , Xu Yi , Cooper Ryan J. , Ferkowicz Michael J. , Hartwell Jennifer R. , Pollok Karen E. , Kelley Mark R. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDNA repair capacity of eukaryotic cells has been studied extensively in recent years. Mammalian cells have been engineered to overexpress recombinant nuclear DNA repair proteins from ectopic genes to assess the impact of increased DNA repair capacity on genome stability. This approach has been used in this study to specifically target O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) to the mitochondria and examine its impact on cell survival after exposure to DNA alkylating agents. Survival of human hematopoietic cell lines and primary hematopoietic CD34+ committed progenitor cells was monitored because the baseline repair capacity for alkylation-induced DNA damage is typically low due to insufficient expression of MGMT. Increased DNA repair capacity was observed when K562 cells were transfected with nuclear-targeted MGMT (nucl-MGMT) or mitochondrial-targeted MGMT (mito-MGMT). Furthermore, overexpression of mito-MGMT provided greater resistance to cell killing by 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) than overexpression of nucl-MGMT. Simultaneous overexpression of mito-MGMT and nucl-MGMT did not enhance the resistance provided by mito-MGMT alone. Overexpression of either mito-MGMT or nucl-MGMT also conferred a similar level of resistance to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and temozolomide (TMZ) but simultaneous overexpression in both cellular compartments was neither additive nor synergistic. When human CD34+ cells were infected with oncoretroviral vectors that targeted O6-benzylguanine (6BG)–resistant MGMT (MGMTP140K) to the nucleus or the mitochondria, committed progenitors derived from infected cells were resistant to 6BG/BCNU or 6BG/TMZ. These studies indicate that mitochondrial or nuclear targeting of MGMT protects hematopoietic cells against cell killing by BCNU, TMZ, and MMS, which is consistent with the possibility that mitochondrial DNA damage and nuclear DNA damage contribute equally to alkylating agent–induced cell killing during chemotherapy.
Anoxia Is Necessary for Tumor Cell Toxicity Caused by a Low-Oxygen Environment
Authors: Papandreou Ioanna , Krishna Chaya , Kaper Fiona , Cai Deli , Giaccia Amato J. , Denko Nicholas C. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Cells exposed to oxygen deprivation in vitro have been shown to reduce proliferation and/or engage in programmed cell death. There is considerable controversy in the literature as to the role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and HIF-1 target genes in initiating these responses. We therefore examined the oxygen dependence and the role of the hypoxia-responsive transcription factor HIF-1 in making the cellular death decision. Oxygen concentrations as low as 0.5% did not alter the growth of HIF-1–proficient or HIF-1–deficient murine fibroblasts, or human tumor cells, despite the appropriate induction of HIF-1 target genes. Severe hypoxia (&lt;0.01% oxygen) did induced apoptosis, resulting in decreased colony formation, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, and caspase activation but also independent of HIF1α status. Transcriptional induction of HIF-1–dependent genes putatively involved in cell death like BNip3 and BNip3L was therefore disassociated from hypoxia-dependent toxicity. Likewise, forced overexpression of a nondegradable form of HIF-1α in several human tumor cell lines was not sufficient to induce apoptosis under normoxic conditions. Taken together, these findings indicate that additional molecular events are triggered by anoxia in a HIF-1–independent manner, and these changes are necessary for cell death observed in low-oxygen environments.
DNA Adducts and Lung Cancer Risk: A Prospective Study
Authors: Peluso Marco , Munnia Armelle , Hoek Gerard , Krzyzanowski Michal , Veglia Fabrizio , Airoldi Luisa , Autrup Herman , Dunning Alison , Garte Seymour , Hainaut Pierre , Malaveille Christian , Gormally Emmanuelle , Matullo Giuseppe , Overvad Kim , Raaschou-Nielsen Ole , Clavel-Chapelon Francoise , Linseisen Jacob , Boeing Heiner , Trichopoulou Antonia , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Kaladidi Anna , Palli Domenico , Krogh Vittorio , Tumino Rosario , Panico Salvatore , Bueno-De-Mesquita H. Bas , Peeters Petra H. , Kumle Merethe , Gonzalez Carlos A. , Martinez Carmen , Dorronsoro Miren , Barricarte Aurelio , Navarro Carmen , Quiros J. Ramón , Berglund Goran , Janzon Lars , Jarvholm Bengt , Day Nicholas E. , Key Tim J. , Saracci Rodolfo , Kaaks Rudolf , Riboli Elio , Vineis Paolo 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Objectives were to investigate prospectively the ability of DNA adducts to predict cancer and to study the determinants of adducts, especially air pollutants. DNA adducts were measured in a case-control study nested in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) investigation. Cases included newly diagnosed lung cancer (n = 115), upper respiratory cancers (pharynx and larynx; n = 82), bladder cancer (n = 124), leukemia (n = 166), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or emphysema deaths (n = 77) accrued after a median follow-up of 7 years among the EPIC former smokers and never-smokers. Three controls per case were matched for questionnaire analyses and two controls per case for laboratory analyses. Matching criteria were gender, age, smoking status, country of recruitment, and follow-up time. Individual exposure to air pollution was assessed using concentration data from monitoring stations in routine air quality monitoring networks. Leukocyte DNA adducts were analyzed blindly using 32P postlabeling technique. Adducts were associated with the subsequent risk of lung cancer, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.86 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.88-3.93] when comparing detectable versus nondetectable adducts. The association with lung cancer was stronger in never-smokers (OR, 4.04; 95% CI, 1.06-15.42) and among the younger age groups. After exclusion of the cancers occurring in the first 36 months of follow-up, the OR was 4.16 (95% CI, 1.24-13.88). A positive association was found between DNA adducts and ozone (O3) concentration. Our prospective study suggests that leukocyte DNA adducts may predict lung cancer risk of never-smokers. Besides, the association of DNA adduct levels with O3 indicates a possible role for photochemical smog in determining DNA damage.
Anticancer Activity of the Antibiotic Clioquinol
Authors: Ding Wei-Qun , Liu Bolin , Vaught Joshua L. , Yamauchi Hanako , Lind Stuart E. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractClioquinol, a metal chelator, has been used for many years as an antimicrobial agent and more recently as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Because it binds copper and zinc, metals essential for the activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1), a potential target for anticancer drug development, we investigated its effects on human cancer cells. Treatment with clioquinol reduced the viability of eight different human cancer cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner, with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Biochemical analysis revealed that clioquinol induced cancer cell death through apoptotic pathways that require caspase activity. Although clioquinol induced modest inhibition of SOD1 activity in treated cells, comparable inhibition by a known SOD1 inhibitor, diethyldithiocarbamate, did not result in cytotoxicity. The addition of copper, iron, or zinc did not rescue cells from cliquinol-induced cytotoxicity but enhanced its killing, arguing against metal chelation as its major mechanism of action. To test if clioquinol might act as an ionophore, a fluorescent probe was used to monitor intracellular zinc concentrations. The addition of clioquinol resulted in elevated levels of intracellular zinc, indicating that clioquinol acts as a zinc ionophore. In an in vivo xenografts mouse model, clioquinol inhibited tumor growth of xenografts over a 6-week period, without inducing visible toxicity. Our results show that clioquinol has anticancer effects both in vitro and in vivo. Transition metal ionophores may be a subclass of metal chelators with anticancer activity deserving of further development.
Activation of the Fas-FasL Signaling Pathway by MDA-7/IL-24 Kills Human Ovarian Cancer Cells
Authors: Gopalan Began , Litvak Anya , Sharma Sikha , Mhashilkar Abner M. , Chada Sunil , Ramesh Rajagopal 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The tumor-suppressive activity of melanoma differentiation–associated gene-7 (mda-7), also known as interleukin 24 (IL-24), has been shown in a spectrum of human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. However, mechanisms responsible for antitumor activity of mda-7 in human ovarian cancer cells have not been identified. We investigated the therapeutic activity and underlying mechanisms of adenovirus-mediated mda-7 gene (Ad-mda7) transfer in human ovarian cancer cells. Ad-mda7 treatment resulted in overexpression of MDA-7/IL-24 protein in both ovarian cancer and normal ovarian epithelial cells. However, Ad-mda7 significantly (P = 0.001) inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis only in tumor cells and not in normal cells. Studies addressing the mechanism of action of Ad-mda7–induced tumor cell apoptosis revealed early activation of the transcription factors c-Jun and activating transcription factor 2, which in turn stimulated the transcription of an immediate downstream target, the death-inducer Fas ligand (FasL), and its cognate receptor Fas. Associated with the activation of Fas-FasL was the activation of nuclear factor κB and induction of Fas-associated factor 1, Fas-associated death domain, and caspase-8. Promoter-based reporter gene analyses showed that Ad-mda7 specifically activated the Fas promoter. Inhibition of Fas using small interfering RNA resulted in a significant decrease in Ad-mda7–mediated tumor cell death. Additionally, blocking of FasL with NOK-1 antibody abrogated Ad-mda7–mediated apoptosis. Collectively, these results show that Ad-mda7–mediated killing of human ovarian cancer cells involves activation of the Fas-FasL signaling pathway, a heretofore unrecognized mediator of MDA-7 apoptosis induction.
The Hydra Phenomenon of Cancer: Why Tumors Recur Locally after Microscopically Complete Resection
Authors: Höckel Michael , Dornhöfer Nadja 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAfter surgical resection with microscopically clear margins, solid malignant tumors recur locally in up to 50%. Although the effect of a local tumor recurrence on the overall survival may be low in common cancers such as carcinoma of the breast or prostate, the affected patients suffer from exacerbated fear and the burden of the secondary treatment. With some tumor entities such as carcinoma of the uterine cervix or carcinoma of the head and neck, a local recurrence indicates incurability in the majority of cases. The pathomechanisms of local tumor spread and relapse formation are still unclear and comparatively little research has been devoted to their elucidation. Through the analysis of clinical and molecular data, we propose the concept of two pathogenetically and prognostically different local relapse types (i) in situ recurrences that arise in the residual organ/organ system not involved in the surgery for the primary tumor and (ii) scar recurrences that develop at the site of previous tumor resection. Whereas field cancerization, the monoclonal or multiclonal displacement of normal epithelium by a genetically altered but microscopically undistinguishable homologue, may explain the origin of in situ recurrences, most scar recurrences are regarded as the result of the interaction of minimal residual microscopically occult cancer with the surgical wound environment inside a developmentally defined tissue or organ compartment. The therapeutic implications derived from these concepts and areas of future research aimed to reduce local relapses are discussed in this perspective.
Stem and Progenitor-Like Cells Contribute to the Aggressive Behavior of Human Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Bapat Sharmila A. , Mali Avinash M. , Koppikar Chaitanyananda B. , Kurrey Nawneet K. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The cellular mechanisms underlying the increasing aggressiveness associated with ovarian cancer progression are poorly understood. Coupled with a lack of identification of specific markers that could aid early diagnoses, the disease becomes a major cause of cancer-related mortality in women. Here we present direct evidence that the aggressiveness of human ovarian cancer may be a result of transformation and dysfunction of stem cells in the ovary. A single tumorigenic clone was isolated among a mixed population of cells derived from the ascites of a patient with advanced ovarian cancer. During the course of the study, yet another clone underwent spontaneous transformation in culture, providing a model of disease progression. Both the transformed clones possess stem cell–like characteristics and differentiate to grow in an anchorage-independent manner in vitro as spheroids, although further maturation and tissue-specific differentiation was arrested. Significantly, tumors established from these clones in animal models are similar to those in the human disease in their histopathology and cell architecture. Furthermore, the tumorigenic clones, even on serial transplantation continue to establish tumors, thereby confirming their identity as tumor stem cells. These findings suggest that: (a) stem cell transformation can be the underlying cause of ovarian cancer and (b) continuing stochastic events of stem and progenitor cell transformation define the increasing aggression that is characteristically associated with the disease.
SRC-3 Is Required for Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation and Survival
Authors: Zhou Hai-Jun , Yan Jun , Luo Weiping , Ayala Gustavo , Lin Sue-Hwa , Erdem Halime , Ittmann Michael , Tsai Sophia Y. , Tsai Ming-Jer 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in America. Currently, steroid receptor coactivators have been proposed to mediate the development and progression of prostate cancer, at times in a steroid-independent manner. Steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3, p/CIP, AIB1, ACTR, RAC3, and TRAM-1) is a member of the p160 family of coactivators for nuclear hormone receptors including the androgen receptor. SRC-3 is frequently amplified or overexpressed in a number of cancers. However, the role of SRC-3 in cancer cell proliferation and survival is still poorly understood. In this study, we show that SRC-3 is overexpressed in prostate cancer patients and its overexpression correlates with prostate cancer proliferation and is inversely correlated with apoptosis. Consistent with patient data, we have observed that reduction of SRC-3 expression by small interfering RNA decreases proliferation, delays the G1-S transition, and increases cell apoptosis of different prostate cancer cell lines. Furthermore, with decreased SRC-3 expression, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Bcl-2 expression, as well as bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in prostate cancer cells are reduced. Finally, knockdown of SRC-3 with inducible short hairpin RNA expression in prostate cancer cells decreased tumor growth in nude mice. Taken together, these findings indicate that SRC-3 is an important regulator of prostate cancer proliferation and survival.
Dietary Genistein Reduces Metastasis in a Postsurgical Orthotopic Breast Cancer Model
Authors: Vantyghem Sharon A. , Wilson Sylvia M. , Postenka Carl O. , Al-Katib Waleed , Tuck Alan B. , Chambers Ann F. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Metastatic spread, not primary tumor burden, is the leading cause of breast cancer deaths. For patient prognosis to improve, new systemic adjuvant therapies that are capable of effectively inhibiting the outgrowth of seeded tumor cells after surgical treatment of the primary breast tumor are needed. To facilitate the preclinical development of such therapies, relevant animal models of breast cancer metastasis that can mimic the postsurgical adjuvant setting are required. Here we developed a preclinical xenograft model of breast cancer metastasis where the primary tumor was removed by surgical resection before systemic adjuvant treatment. We used this model to assess the antimetastatic effect of postsurgical dietary intervention with the soy isoflavone genistein. The anticancer activity of genistein has been established in vitro and in vivo, however, few studies have tested the potential of genistein as an antimetastatic therapy. Using our model, we tested the efficacy of adjuvant treatment with genistein to inhibit the outgrowth of metastases postsurgery. To establish primary tumors, human breast carcinoma cells, MDA-MB-435/HAL, were implanted into the mammary fat pad of female nude mice. Primary tumors were left to grow for 5 weeks before being surgically removed. Mice were then randomized into two diet groups: control soy-free diet versus genistein-supplemented diet. Five weeks later, metastatic burden was assessed. Genistein reduced the percent metastatic burden in the lungs by 10-fold. These results indicate that dietary intervention following cancer surgery can affect the outgrowth of seeded tumor cells. The availability of well-characterized, clinically relevant animal models for studying factors that regulate metastatic outgrowth postsurgery will provide an important tool for developing new systemic adjuvant therapies.