bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring climate finance for tourism adaptation development: an overview
Authors: Vieira do Nascimento Daniele 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the links between climate finance and tourism adaptation development. Besides increasing adaptation and mitigation efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions, climate change remains a major challenge in the twenty-first century and beyond especially for tourism which is highly climate sensitive. Hence, it is necessary for tourism to adapt to survive. The aim of the study is to provide a systematic overview of the topic to offer a foundation for better understanding different ways of integrating climate finance initiatives with tourism.

Design/methodology/approach
The research focused on the top-ranked, peer reviewed journals of each of the two selected research fields. To address this topic, an in-depth systematic literature review in the fields of climate change finance and tourism adaptation development was conducted. Furthermore, because it is a relatively new research topic, conference proceedings were also explored. To guarantee wide coverage of the literature, a query of the following scholarly databases was considered: Elsevier, ScienceDirect and Web of Science.

Findings
Based on the analyses of the literature available on the topic, the paper highlights the main research trends and conclusions. It is argued that there is imbalance of knowledge on climate change finance as it relates to tourism. To date, there have been relatively few published articles on this topic in the context of tourism. Based on the findings, promising areas for future research were identified, and in particular for small island communities and recommendations for future research are outlined.

Research limitations/implications
The paper is limited by the scope of the literature review accessed by the researcher. The results of this review may vary according to the databases used.

Originality/value
Currently, there is no extensive review of articles on climate finance and tourism adaptation. This paper aims at reviewing climate finance studies published in English language to explore knowledge gaps in tourism adaptation. Sets of themes being advanced are also highlighted. Recommendations for future research are provided.
Little effect of climate change on body size of herbivorous beetles
Authors: Baar Yuval , Friedman Ariel Leib Leonid , Meiri Shai , Scharf Inon 
Published: November 2016

AbstractOngoing climate change affects various aspects of an animal's life, with important effects on distribution range and phenology. The relationship between global warming and body size changes in mammals and birds has been widely studied, with most findings indicating a decline in body size over time. Nevertheless, little data exist on similar size change patterns of invertebrates in general and insects in particular, and it is unclear whether insects should decrease in size or not with climate warming. We measured over 4000 beetle specimens, belonging to 29 beetle species in 8 families, collected in Israel during the last 100 years. The sampled species are all herbivorous. We examined whether beetle body size had changed over the years, while also investigating the relationships between body size and annual temperature, precipitation, net primary productivity (NPP) at the collection site and collection month. None of the environmental variables, including the collection year, was correlated with the size of most of the studied beetle species, while there were strong interactions of all variables with species. Our results, though mostly negative, suggest that the effect of climate change on insect body size is species‐specific and by no means a general macro‐ecological rule. They also suggest that the intrapopulation variance in body size of insects collected as adults in the field is large enough to conceal intersite environmental effects on body size, such as the effect of temperature and NPP.
Volatile Compounds Produced by Lactobacillus paracasei During Oat Fermentation
Authors: Lee Sang Mi , Oh Jieun , Hurh Byung‐Serk , Jeong Gwi‐Hwa , Shin Young‐Keum , Kim Young‐Suk 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis study investigated the profiles of volatile compounds produced by Lactobacillus paracasei during oat fermentation using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry coupled with headspace solid‐phase microextraction method. A total of 60 compounds, including acids, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, furan derivatives, hydrocarbons, ketones, sulfur‐containing compounds, terpenes, and other compounds, were identified in fermented oat. Lipid oxidation products such as 2‐pentylfuran, 1‐octen‐3‐ol, hexanal, and nonanal were found to be the main contributors to oat samples fermented by L. paracasei with the level of 2‐pentylfuran being the highest. In addition, the contents of ketones, alcohols, acids, and furan derivatives in the oat samples consistently increased with the fermentation time. On the other hand, the contents of degradation products of amino acids, such as 3‐methylbutanal, benzaldehyde, acetophenone, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide, decreased in oat samples during fermentation. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to discriminate the fermented oat samples according to different fermentation times. The fermented oats were clearly differentiated on PCA plots. The initial fermentation stage was mainly affected by aldehydes, whereas the later samples of fermented oats were strongly associated with acids, alcohols, furan derivatives, and ketones. The application of PCA to data of the volatile profiles revealed that the oat samples fermented by L. paracasei could be distinguished according to fermentation time.
Revealing beliefs: using ensemble ecosystem modelling to extrapolate expert beliefs to novel ecological scenarios
Authors: Bode Michael , Baker Christopher M. , Benshemesh Joe , Burnard Tim , Rumpff Libby , Hauser Cindy E. , Lahoz‐Monfort José J. , Wintle Brendan A. 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Ecosystem‐based management requires predictive models of ecosystem dynamics. There are typically insufficient empirical data available to parameterise these complex models, and so decision‐makers commonly rely on beliefs elicited from experts. However, such expert beliefs are necessarily limited because (i) only a small proportion of ecosystem components and dynamics have been observed; (ii) uncertainty about ecosystem dynamics can result in contradictory expert judgements and (iii) elicitation time and resources are limited.

We use an ensemble of dynamic ecosystem models to extrapolate a limited set of stated expert beliefs into a wider range of revealed beliefs about how the ecosystem will respond to perturbations and management. Importantly, the method captures the expert uncertainty and propagates it through to predictions. We demonstrate this process and its potential value by applying it to the conservation of the threatened malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata) in the Murray mallee ecosystems of southern Australia.

In two workshops, we asked experts to construct a qualitative ecosystem interaction network and to describe their beliefs about how the ecosystem will respond to particular perturbations. We used this information to constrain an ensemble of 109 community models, leaving a subset that could reproduce stated expert beliefs. We then interrogated this ensemble of models to reveal experts’ implicit beliefs about management scenarios that were not a part of the initial elicitation exercises.

Our method uses straightforward questions to efficiently elicit expert beliefs, and then applies a flexible modelling approach to reveal those experts’ beliefs about the dynamics of the entire ecosystem. It allows rapid planning of ecosystem‐based management informed by expert judgement, and provides a basis for value‐of‐information analyses and adaptive management.
Healthcare costs doubled when children had urinary tract infections caused by extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase‐producing bacteria
Authors: Nieminen Oona , Korppi Matti , Helminen Merja 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAimThe impact of the emergence of antimicrobial resistant organisms has rarely been studied in children, including the healthcare costs of urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing bacteria. We evaluated the effect of ESBL on UTI healthcare costs and risk factors for paediatric UTIs.MethodsThis retrospective case–control study covered 2005–2014 and focused on children below 16 years of age treated in a University hospital: 22 children with UTIs caused by ESBL‐producing bacteria and 56 ESBL‐negative UTI controls.ResultsThe median healthcare costs were 3929 Euros for the 22 ESBL patients and 1705 Euros for the 56 controls (p = 0.015). The mean and standard deviation length of hospital stay was 7.4 (5.9) days for the ESBL group and 3.6 (2.3) days for the controls (p = 0.007), and the figures for antibiotic treatment were 12.3 (5.5) days versus 5.8 (3.0) days (p < 0.001), respectively. The odd ratios for ESBL were underlying disease (6.63, p = 0.013), previous hospitalisation (6.07, p = 0.009) and antibiotic prophylaxis (5.20, p = 0.035).ConclusionHealthcare costs more than doubled when children had ESBL‐related UTIs, mainly due to their increased length of stay. Effective oral antibiotics are urgently needed to treat paediatric infections caused by ESBL‐producing bacteria.
Comparison of the use of sodium carbonate (washing soda crystals) and apomorphine for inducing emesis in dogs
Authors: Yam E , Hosgood G , Smart L 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveTo describe the use of sodium carbonate and apomorphine in a historical cohort of dogs, compare the occurrence of emesis and report any adverse effects recorded.MethodsThis historical, observational study included information from medical records of dogs that received an emetic agent. The occurrence of emesis with apomorphine or sodium carbonate was calculated and the association between emesis and agent was explored, with the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) reported. A non‐inferiority analysis of the occurrence of emesis for sodium carbonate was performed against an equivalence range of ±7% of the estimated occurrence of emesis with apomorphine. Owners were emailed a short survey about their dog's health after their visit to the hospital for induced emesis.ResultsRecords for 787 dogs seen from January 2007 to December 2013 were included. For apomorphine, 382/392 dogs showed emesis (97%, 95%CI95–100%). For sodium carbonate, 320/395 dogs showed emesis (81%, 95%CI77–85%), which fell below the equivalence range for apomorphine (97 ± 7%, 90–100%) and was considered inferior. The odds ratio of emesis with apomorphine to sodium carbonate was 9.0 (95%CI4.6–17.6). Of 18 responses to the survey, 5 reported abnormalities after emesis (3 with sodium carbonate, 2 with apomorphine).ConclusionThe occurrence of emesis with sodium carbonate was high but inferior to apomorphine. However, the advantages of sodium carbonate, including less expense and ease of accession compared with apomorphine, make it a viable choice in emergency medicine.
Remote chemical immobilisation method for free‐ranging Australian cattle
Authors: Hampton JO , Skroblin A , Perry AL , De Ridder TR 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundMany situations are encountered in Australia where the capture and restraint of free‐ranging cattle (Bos taurus/Bos indicus) is required. Chemical immobilisation via darting is a potentially useful tool for managing and researching large wild herbivores; however, there is no reliable method for its application to Australian cattle. The aim of this study was to develop an efficacious, humane, cost‐effective ground darting method for free‐ranging cattle.MethodsThe 30 female cattle were darted and captured on a pastoral station in north‐west Australia from a vehicle. Xylazine (0.59 mg/kg) and ketamine (3.59 mg/kg) were used to capture animals and yohimbine (0.10 mg/kg) was used as an antagonist to xylazine to reduce recumbent time.ResultsCattle became recumbent at a mean time of 8 min and a mean distance of 260 m from darting. The mortality rate was zero on the day of capture and 7% at 14 days post‐capture.ConclusionsThe majority of darted cattle were successfully immobilised with one dart and recovered within 30 min, with consumables costing approximately A$30 per captured animal. The technique developed represents a rapid and humane method for capturing free‐ranging cattle and, with consideration for legislation surrounding use of veterinary chemicals, could be applied in many contexts across Australia.
A Novel Scale Linking Potency and Dosage to Estimate Anticholinergic Exposure in Older Adults: the Muscarinic Acetylcholinergic Receptor ANTagonist Exposure Scale
Authors: Klamer Therese T. , Wauters Maarten , Azermai Majda , Durán Carlos , Christiaens Thierry , Elseviers Monique , Vander Stichele Robert 
Published: November 2016

AbstractQuantification of the anticholinergic exposure insufficiently or imprecisely incorporates dosage information, leading to inaccurate estimations. The aim was to construct a novel scale, including potency and dosage for the quantification of the anticholinergic exposure in older adults. Potency information was retrieved from a previous systematic review. The dosage range for each drug was delineated in minimal, maintenance and maximal dosage for adults and older adults. Dosage information was collected from authoritative sources and reviewed in an expert panel. The Muscarinic Acetylcholinergic Receptor ANTagonist Exposure (MARANTE) scale was tested for clinimetric properties using cohorts of community‐dwelling older adults and nursing home residents. After three data collection rounds, data for the dosage ranges remained incomplete for 32 active substances. Remaining gaps were filled in, and 11 dosage adjustments were proposed during the expert panel meeting. We chose the values {0; 1; 2) for the categories of potency and {0; 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2) for the levels of dosage ranges, showing good clinimetric properties. Forty‐one anticholinergic drugs were prescribed in the two cohorts. Most (61%) were low potency anticholinergics and used for depression (19%, e.g. citalopram). There were 31.8% (median MARANTE 1.5, IQR 1.5–2.5) and 37.6% (median 2, IQR 1.5–2.5) anticholinergic users in the community‐dwelling cohort and nursing home cohort, respectively. The MARANTE scale combines potency with the dosage spectrum, to quantify the anticholinergic exposure in older adults. An open feedback system on the list of anticholinergic and proposed anticholinergic potency and dosage values is advised.
Behavioural effects of temperature on ectothermic animals: unifying thermal physiology and behavioural plasticity
Authors: Abram Paul K. , Boivin Guy , Moiroux Joffrey , Brodeur Jacques 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTTemperature imposes significant constraints on ectothermic animals, and these organisms have evolved numerous adaptations to respond to these constraints. While the impacts of temperature on the physiology of ectotherms have been extensively studied, there are currently no frameworks available that outline the multiple and often simultaneous pathways by which temperature can affect behaviour. Drawing from the literature on insects, we propose a unified framework that should apply to all ectothermic animals, generalizing temperature's behavioural effects into: (1) kinetic effects, resulting from temperature's bottom‐up constraining influence on metabolism and neurophysiology over a range of timescales (from short to long term), and (2) integrated effects, where the top‐down integration of thermal information intentionally initiates or modifies a behaviour (behavioural thermoregulation, thermal orientation, thermosensory behavioural adjustments). We discuss the difficulty in distinguishing adaptive behavioural changes from constraints when observing animals' behavioural responses to temperature. We then propose two complementary approaches to distinguish adaptations from constraints, and categorize behaviours according to our framework: (i) ‘kinetic null modelling’ of temperature's effects on behaviour; and (ii) behavioural ecology experiments using temperature‐insensitive mutants. Our framework should help to guide future research on the complex relationship between temperature and behaviour in ectothermic animals.
Import dynamics and demands for protection
Authors: Hillberry Russell , McCalman Phillip 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWhat kinds of changes in foreign competition lead domestic industries to seek import protection? To address this question, we use detailed monthly US import data to investigate changes in import composition during a 24‐month window immediately preceding the filing of a petition for import protection. A decomposition methodology allows a comparison of imports from two groups of countries supplying the same product: those that are named in the petition and those that are not. The same decomposition can be applied to products quite similar to the imports in question, but not subject to a petition. The results suggest that industries typically seek protection when faced with a specific pattern of shocks. First, a persistent positive relative supply shock favours imports from named countries. Second, a negative demand shock hits imports from all sources just prior to domestic industries’ petition for protection. The relative supply shock is a broad one; it applies both to named commodities and to the comparison product group. The import demand shock, by contrast, is narrow, hitting only named products. This negative import demand shock appears to be a key event in the run‐up to the filing of a petition. This latter shock has been missed by previous studies using more aggregated data.
The Early Emergence of Guilt‐Motivated Prosocial Behavior
Authors: Vaish Amrisha , Carpenter Malinda , Tomasello Michael 
Published: November 2016

Guilt serves vital prosocial functions: It motivates transgressors to make amends, thus restoring damaged relationships. Previous developmental research on guilt has not clearly distinguished it from sympathy for a victim or a tendency to repair damage in general. The authors tested 2‐ and 3‐year‐old children (N = 62 and 64, respectively) in a 2 × 2 design, varying whether or not a mishap caused harm to someone and whether children themselves caused that mishap. Three‐year‐olds showed greatest reparative behavior whentheyhad caused the mishapandit caused harm, thus showing a specific effect of guilt. Two‐year‐olds repaired more whenever harm was caused, no matter by whom, thus showing only an effect of sympathy. Guilt as a distinct motivator of prosocial behavior thus emerges by at least 3 years.
Nonrandom Acts of Kindness: Parasympathetic and Subjective Empathic Responses to Sadness Predict Children's Prosociality
Authors: Miller Jonas G. , Nuselovici Jacob N. , Hastings Paul D. 
Published: November 2016

How does empathic physiology unfold as a dynamic process, and which aspect of empathy predicts children's kindness? In response to empathy induction videos, 4‐ to 6‐year‐old children (N = 180) showed an average pattern of dynamic respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) change characterized by early RSA suppression, followed by RSA recovery, and modest subsequent suppression during positive resolution of the empathic event. Children's capacity for this pattern of flexible RSA change was associated with their subjective empathic feelings, which were concurrently associated with more sympathetic and prosocial responses to others. Conversely, only children's dynamic RSA change longitudinally predicted prosocial behavior 2 years later. These findings have implications for understanding the dynamic and multifaceted nature of empathy, and its relation with prosocial development.
The Socialization of Culturally Related Values and Prosocial Tendencies Among Mexican‐American Adolescents
Authors: Knight George P. , Carlo Gustavo , Mahrer Nicole E. , Davis Alexandra N. 
Published: November 2016

The socialization of cultural values, ethnic identity, and prosocial behaviors is examined in a sample of 749 Mexican‐American adolescents, ages 9–12; M (SD) = 10.42 years (.55); 49% female, their mothers, and fathers at the 5th, 7th, and 10th grades. Parents’ familism values positively predicted their ethnic socialization practices. Mothers’ ethnic socialization positively predicted adolescents’ ethnic identity, which positively predicted adolescents’ familism. Familism was associated with several types of prosocial tendencies. Adolescents’ material success and personal achievement values were negatively associated with altruistic helping and positively associated with public helping but not their parents’ corresponding values. Findings support cultural socialization models, asserting that parents’ traditional cultural values influence their socialization practices, youth cultural values, and youth prosocial behaviors.
Children's Sharing Behavior in Mini‐Dictator Games: The Role of In‐Group Favoritism and Theory of Mind
Authors: Yu Jing , Zhu Liqi , Leslie Alan M. 
Published: November 2016

This study investigated the motivational and social‐cognitive foundations (i.e., inequality aversion, in‐group bias, and theory of mind) that underlie the development of sharing behavior among 3‐ to 9‐year‐old Chinese children (N = 122). Each child played two mini‐dictator games against an in‐group member (friend) and an out‐group member (stranger) to divide four stickers. Results indicated that there was a small to moderate age‐related increase in children's egalitarian sharing with strangers, whereas the age effect was moderate to large in interactions with friends. Moreover, 3‐ to 4‐year‐olds did not treat strangers and friends differently, but 5‐ to 6‐year‐old and older children showed strong in‐group favoritism. Finally, theory of mind was an essential prerequisite for children's sharing behavior toward strangers, but not a unique predictor of their sharing with friends.
Exploring Initiative as a Signal of Knowledge Co‐Construction During Collaborative Problem Solving
Authors: Howard Cynthia , Di Eugenio Barbara , Jordan Pamela , Katz Sandra 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPeer interaction has been found to be conducive to learning in many settings. Knowledge co‐construction (KCC) has been proposed as one explanatory mechanism. However, KCC is a theoretical construct that is too abstract to guide the development of instructional software that can support peer interaction. In this study, we present an extensive analysis of a corpus of peer dialogs that we collected in the domain of introductory Computer Science. We show that the notion of task initiative shifts correlates with both KCC and learning. Speakers take task initiative when they contribute new content that advances problem solving and that is not invited by their partner; if initiative shifts between the partners, it indicates they both contribute to problem solving. We found that task initiative shifts occur more frequently within KCC episodes than outside. In addition, task initiative shifts within KCC episodes correlate with learning for low pre‐testers, and total task initiative shifts correlate with learning for high pre‐testers. As recognizing task initiative shifts does not require as much deep knowledge as recognizing KCC, task initiative shifts as an indicator of productive collaboration are potentially easier to model in instructional software that simulates a peer.