bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Refrigerated storage of platelets initiates changes in platelet surface marker expression and localization of intracellular proteins
Authors: Wood Ben , Padula Matthew P. , Marks Denese C. , Johnson Lacey 
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUNDPlatelets (PLTs) are currently stored at room temperature (22°C), which limits their shelf life, primarily due to the risk of bacterial growth. Alternatives to room temperature storage include PLT refrigeration (2‐6°C), which inhibits bacterial growth, thus potentially allowing an extension of shelf life. Additionally, refrigerated PLTs appear more hemostatically active than conventional PLTs, which may be beneficial in certain clinical situations. However, the mechanisms responsible for this hemostatic function are not well characterized. The aim of this study was to assess the protein profile of refrigerated PLTs in an effort to understand these functional consequences.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSBuffy coat PLTs were pooled, split, and stored either at room temperature (20‐24°C) or under refrigerated (2‐6°C) conditions (n = 8 in each group). PLTs were assessed for changes in external receptor expression and actin filamentation using flow cytometry. Intracellular proteomic changes were assessed using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and Western blotting.RESULTSPLT refrigeration significantly reduced the abundance of glycoproteins (GPIb, GPIX, GPIIb, and GPIV) on the external membrane. However, refrigeration resulted in the increased expression of high‐affinity integrins (αIIbβ3 and β1) and activation and apoptosis markers (CD62P, CD63, and phosphatidylserine). PLT refrigeration substantially altered the abundance and localization of several cytoskeletal proteins and resulted in an increase in actin filamentation, as measured by phalloidin staining.CONCLUSIONRefrigerated storage of PLTs induces significant changes in the expression and localization of both surface‐expressed and intracellular proteins. Understanding these proteomic changes may help to identify the mechanisms resulting in the refrigeration‐associated alterations in PLT function and clearance.
Incidence of transfusion reactions: a multicenter study utilizing systematic active surveillance and expert adjudication
Authors: Hendrickson Jeanne E. , Roubinian Nareg H. , Chowdhury Dhuly , Brambilla Don , Murphy Edward L. , Wu Yanyun , Ness Paul M. , Gehrie Eric A. , Snyder Edward L. , George Hauser R. , Gottschall Jerome L. , Kleinman Steve , Kakaiya Ram , Strauss Ronald G. ,   for the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study (REDS‐III)
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUNDPrevalence estimates of the serious hazards of transfusion vary widely. We hypothesized that the current reporting infrastructure in the United States fails to capture many transfusion reactions and undertook a multicenter study using active surveillance, data review, and adjudication to test this hypothesis.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSA retrospective record review was completed for a random sample of 17% of all inpatient transfusion episodes over 6 months at four academic tertiary care hospitals, with an episode defined as all blood products released to a patient in 6 hours. Data were recorded by trained clinical research nurses, and serious reactions were adjudicated by a panel of transfusion medicine experts.RESULTSOf 4857 transfusion episodes investigated, 1.1% were associated with a serious reaction. Transfusion‐associated circulatory overload was the most frequent serious reaction noted, being identified in 1% of transfusion episodes. Despite clinical notes describing a potential transfusion association in 59% of these cases, only 5.1% were reported to the transfusion service. Suspected transfusion‐related acute lung injury/possible transfusion‐related acute lung injury, anaphylactic, and hypotensive reactions were noted in 0.08, 0.02, and 0.02% of transfusion episodes, respectively. Minor reactions, including febrile nonhemolytic and allergic, were noted in 0.62 and 0.29% of transfusion episodes, respectively, with 30 and 50% reported to the transfusion service.CONCLUSIONUnderreporting of cardiopulmonary transfusion reactions is striking among academic, tertiary care hospitals. Complete and accurate reporting is essential to identify, define, establish pathogenesis, and mitigate/treat transfusion reactions. A better understanding of the failure to report may improve the accuracy of passive reporting systems.
Spatial Clustering of Escherichia coli with Reduced Susceptibility to Cefotaxime and Ciprofloxacin among Dairy Cattle Farms Relative to European Starling Night Roosts
Authors: Medhanie G. A. , Pearl D. L. , McEwen S. A. , Guerin M. T. , Jardine C. M. , Schrock J. , LeJeune J. T. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryEuropean starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) have been implicated in the dispersal of zoonotic enteric pathogens. However, their role in disseminating antimicrobial‐resistant organisms through their home range has not been clearly established. The aim of this study was to determine whether starling night roosts served as foci for spreading organisms with reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials among dairy cattle farms. Bovine faecal pats were collected from 150 dairy farms in Ohio. Each farm was visited twice (in summer and fall) between 2007 and 2009. A total of 1490 samples (10 samples/farm over two visits) were tested for Escherichia coli with reduced susceptibility to cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin. Using a spatial scan statistic, focal scans were conducted to determine whether clusters of farms with a high prevalence of organisms with reduced susceptibility to cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin surrounded starling night roosts. Faecal pats 13.42% and 13.56% of samples carried Escherichia coli with reduced susceptibility to cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin, respectively. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) spatial clusters of faecal pats with high prevalence of Escherichia coli showing reduced susceptibility to cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin were identified around these night roosts. This finding suggests that the risk of carriage of organisms with reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials in cattle closer to starling night roosts was higher compared to cattle located on farms further from these sites. Starlings might have an important role in spreading antimicrobial‐resistant E. coli to livestock environments, thus posing a threat to animal and public health.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Young James 
Published: July 2016

International Journal of Social Science Studies (IJSSS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether IJSSS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue. Reviewers for Volume 4, Number 8 Ahmet Yıkmış Ali Massoud Aslan,Yasin Ayşegül Sili Kalem Fernando Aragón-Durand Hanaa Youssef Shaarawy Henry Poduthas Jehu Onyekwere Nnaji Julia M. Mack K. O. Aramide Lisa Cherkassky Małgorzata Haładewicz Michael Brooks Mohammad Naji Shah Mohammadi Muharrem Ekşi Priyono Rachita Shrivastava Roy Said Aldhafri Sandro Serpa Sharif Alghazo Zafer İbrahimoğlu Zlatan Begić James Young Editorial Assistant On behalf of, The Editorial Board of International Journal of Social Science Studies Redfame Publishing 9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416 Beaverton, OR 97008, USA URL: http://ijsss.redfame.com
Human intersegmental reflexes from intercostal afferents to scalene muscles
Authors: McBain Rachel A. , Taylor Janet L. , Gorman Robert B. , Gandevia Simon C. , Butler Jane E. 
Published: July 2016

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
The aim was to determine whether specific reflex connections operate between intercostal afferents and the scalene muscles in humans, and whether these connections operate after a clinically complete cervical spinal cord injury.

What is the main finding and its importance?
This is the first description of a short‐latency inhibitory reflex connection between intercostal afferents from intercostal spaces to the scalene muscles in able‐bodied participants. We suggest that this reflex is mediated by large‐diameter afferents. This intercostal‐to‐scalene inhibitory reflex is absent after cervical spinal cord injury and may provide a way to monitor the progress of the injury.

Short‐latency intersegmental reflexes have been described for various respiratory muscles in animals. In humans, however, only short‐latency reflex responses to phrenic nerve stimulation have been described. Here, we examined the reflex connections between intercostal afferents and scalene muscles in humans. Surface EMG recordings were made from scalene muscles bilaterally, in seven able‐bodied participants and seven participants with motor‐ and sensory‐complete cervical spinal cord injury (median 32 years postinjury, range 5 months to 44 years). We recorded the reflex responses produced by stimulation of the eighth or tenth left intercostal nerve. A short‐latency (∼38 ms) inhibitory reflex was evident in able‐bodied participants, in ipsilateral and contralateral scalene muscles. This bilateral intersegmental inhibitory reflex occurred in 46% of recordings at low stimulus intensities (at three times motor threshold). It was more frequent (in 75–85% of recordings) at higher stimulus intensities (six and nine times motor threshold), but onset latency (38 ± 9 ms, mean ± SD) and the size of inhibition (23 ± 10%) did not change with stimulus intensity. The reflex was absent in all participants with spinal cord injury. As the intercostal‐to‐scalene reflex did not increase with larger stimulus intensities, it is likely to be mediated by large‐diameter intercostal muscle afferents. This is the first demonstration of an intercostal‐to‐scalene reflex. As the reflex requires intact spinal connections, it may be a useful marker for recovery of thoracic or cervical spinal injury.
Cell Division by Longitudinal Scission in the Insect Endosymbiont Spiroplasma poulsonii
Authors: Ramond Elodie , Maclachlan Catherine , Clerc-Rosset Stéphanie , Knott Graham W. , Lemaitre Bruno 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Spiroplasma
bacteria are highly motile bacteria with no cell wall and a helical morphology. This clade includes many vertically transmitted insect endosymbionts, including
Spiroplasma poulsonii
, a natural endosymbiont of
Drosophila melanogaster
.
S. poulsonii
bacteria are mainly found in the hemolymph of infected female flies and exhibit efficient vertical transmission from mother to offspring. As is the case for many facultative endosymbionts,
S. poulsonii
can manipulate the reproduction of its host; in particular,
S. poulsonii
induces male killing in
Drosophila melanogaster
. Here, we analyze the morphology of
S. poulsonii
obtained from the hemolymph of infected
Drosophila
. This endosymbiont was not only found as long helical filaments, as previously described, but was also found in a Y-shaped form. The use of electron microscopy, immunogold staining of the FtsZ protein, and antibiotic treatment unambiguously linked the Y shape of
S. poulsonii
to cell division. Observation of the Y shape in another
Spiroplasma
,
S. citri
, and anecdotic observations from the literature suggest that cell division by longitudinal scission might be prevalent in the
Spiroplasma
clade. Our study is the first to report the Y-shape mode of cell division in an endosymbiotic bacterium and adds
Spiroplasma
to the so far limited group of bacteria known to utilize this cell division mode.

IMPORTANCE
Most bacteria rely on binary fission, which involves elongation of the bacteria and DNA replication, followed by splitting into two parts. Examples of bacteria with a Y-shape longitudinal scission remain scarce. Here, we report that
Spiroplasma poulsonii
, an endosymbiotic bacterium living inside the fruit fly
Drosophila melanogaster
, divide with the longitudinal mode of cell division. Observations of the Y shape in another
Spiroplasma
,
S. citri
, suggest that this mode of scission might be prevalent in the
Spiroplasma
clade.
Spiroplasma
bacteria are wall-less bacteria with a distinctive helical shape, and these bacteria are always associated with arthropods, notably insects. Our study raises the hypothesis that this mode of cell division by longitudinal scission could be linked to the symbiotic mode of life of these bacteria.
Polyamines and Hypusination Are Required for Ebolavirus Gene Expression and Replication
Authors: Olsen Michelle E. , Filone Claire Marie , Rozelle Dan , Mire Chad E. , Agans Krystle N. , Hensley Lisa , Connor John H. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Ebolavirus (EBOV) is an RNA virus that is known to cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates
.
EBOV successfully enters and replicates in many cell types. This replication is dependent on the virus successfully coopting a number of cellular factors. Many of these factors are currently unidentified but represent potential targets for antiviral therapeutics. Here we show that cellular polyamines are critical for EBOV replication. We found that small-molecule inhibitors of polyamine synthesis block gene expression driven by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown of the polyamine pathway enzyme spermidine synthase also resulted in reduced EBOV replication. These findings led us to further investigate spermidine, a polyamine that is essential for the hypusination of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A). Blocking the hypusination of eIF5A (and thereby inhibiting its function) inhibited both EBOV gene expression and viral replication. The mechanism appears to be due to the importance of hypusinated eIF5A for the accumulation of VP30, an essential component of the viral polymerase. The same reduction in hypusinated eIF5A did not alter the accumulation of other viral polymerase components. This action makes eIF5A function an important gate for proper EBOV polymerase assembly and function through the control of a single virus protein.

IMPORTANCE
Ebolavirus (EBOV) is one of the most lethal human pathogens known. EBOV requires host factors for replication due to its small RNA genome. Here we show that the host protein eIF5A in its activated form is necessary for EBOV replication. We further show that the mechanism is through the accumulation of a single EBOV protein, VP30. To date, no other host proteins have been shown to interfere with the translation or stability of an EBOV protein. Activated eIF5A is the only protein in the cell known to contain the specific modification of hypusine; therefore, this pathway is a target for drug development. Further investigation into the mechanism of eIF5A interaction with VP30 could provide insight into therapeutics to combat EBOV.
Proteomics Analysis Reveals Previously Uncharacterized Virulence Factors in Vibrio proteolyticus
Authors: Ray Ann , Kinch Lisa N. , de Souza Santos Marcela , Grishin Nick V. , Orth Kim , Salomon Dor 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Members of the genus
Vibrio
include many pathogens of humans and marine animals that share genetic information via horizontal gene transfer. Hence, the
Vibrio
pan-genome carries the potential to establish new pathogenic strains by sharing virulence determinants, many of which have yet to be characterized. Here, we investigated the virulence properties of
Vibrio proteolyticus
, a Gram-negative marine bacterium previously identified as part of the
Vibrio
consortium isolated from diseased corals. We found that
V. proteolyticus
causes actin cytoskeleton rearrangements followed by cell lysis in HeLa cells in a contact-independent manner. In search of the responsible virulence factor involved, we determined the
V. proteolyticus
secretome. This proteomics approach revealed various putative virulence factors, including active type VI secretion systems and effectors with virulence toxin domains; however, these type VI secretion systems were not responsible for the observed cytotoxic effects. Further examination of the
V. proteolyticus
secretome led us to hypothesize and subsequently demonstrate that a secreted hemolysin, belonging to a previously uncharacterized clan of the leukocidin superfamily, was the toxin responsible for the
V. proteolyticus
-mediated cytotoxicity in both HeLa cells and macrophages. Clearly, there remains an armory of yet-to-be-discovered virulence factors in the
Vibrio
pan-genome that will undoubtedly provide a wealth of knowledge on how a pathogen can manipulate host cells.

IMPORTANCE
The pan-genome of the genus
Vibrio
is a potential reservoir of unidentified toxins that can provide insight into how members of this genus have successfully risen as emerging pathogens worldwide. We focused on
Vibrio proteolyticus
, a marine bacterium that was previously implicated in virulence toward marine animals, and characterized its interaction with eukaryotic cells. We found that this bacterium causes actin cytoskeleton rearrangements and leads to cell death. Using a proteomics approach, we identified a previously unstudied member of the leukocidin family of pore-forming toxins as the virulence factor responsible for the observed cytotoxicity in eukaryotic cells, as well as a plethora of additional putative virulence factors secreted by this bacterium. Our findings reveal a functional new clan of the leukocidin toxin superfamily and establish this pathogen as a reservoir of potential toxins that can be used for biomedical applications.
Acute post-disaster medical needs of patients with diabetes: emergency department use in New York City by diabetic adults after Hurricane Sandy
Authors: Lee David C , Gupta Vibha K , Carr Brendan G , Malik Sidrah , Ferguson Brandy , Wall Stephen P , Smith Silas W , Goldfrank Lewis R 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveTo evaluate the acute impact of disasters on diabetic patients, we performed a geospatial analysis of emergency department (ED) use by New York City diabetic adults in the week after Hurricane Sandy.Research design and methodsUsing an all-payer claims database, we retrospectively analyzed the demographics, insurance status, and medical comorbidities of post-disaster ED patients with diabetes who lived in the most geographically vulnerable areas. We compared the patterns of ED use among diabetic adults in the first week after Hurricane Sandy's landfall to utilization before the disaster in 2012.ResultsIn the highest level evacuation zone in New York City, postdisaster increases in ED visits for a primary or secondary diagnosis of diabetes were attributable to a significantly higher proportion of Medicare patients. Emergency visits for a primary diagnosis of diabetes had an increased frequency of certain comorbidities, including hypertension, recent procedure, and chronic skin ulcers. Patients with a history of diabetes visited EDs in increased numbers after Hurricane Sandy for a primary diagnosis of myocardial infarction, prescription refills, drug dependence, dialysis, among other conditions.ConclusionsWe found that diabetic adults aged 65 years and older are especially at risk for requiring postdisaster emergency care compared to other vulnerable populations. Our findings also suggest that there is a need to support diabetic adults particularly in the week after a disaster by ensuring access to medications, aftercare for patients who had a recent procedure, and optimize their cardiovascular health to reduce the risk of heart attacks.
Efficacy of tofacitinib monotherapy in methotrexate-naive patients with early or established rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Fleischmann Roy M , Huizinga Tom W J , Kavanaugh Arthur F , Wilkinson Bethanie , Kwok Kenneth , DeMasi Ryan , van Vollenhoven Ronald F 
Published: July 2016

IntroductionTofacitinib is an oral Janus kinase inhibitor for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Tofacitinib monotherapy was previously shown to inhibit structural damage, reduce clinical signs and symptoms of RA, and improve physical functioning over 24 months in methotrexate (MTX)-naive adult patients with RA. In this post hoc analysis, we compared efficacy and safety of tofacitinib in patients with early (disease duration <1 year) versus established (≥1 year) RA.MethodsMTX-naive patients ≥18 years with active RA received tofacitinib monotherapy (5 or 10 mg two times a day, or MTX monotherapy, in a 24-month Phase 3 trial.ResultsOf 956 patients (tofacitinib 5 mg two times a day, n=373; tofacitinib 10 mg two times a day, n=397; MTX, n=186), 54% had early RA. Baseline disease activity and functional disability were similar in both groups; radiographic damage was greater in patients with established RA. At month 24, clinical response rates were significantly greater in patients with early versus established RA in the tofacitinib 5 mg two times a day group. Both tofacitinib doses had greater effects on clinical, functional and radiographic improvements at 1 and 2 years compared with MTX, independent of disease duration. No new safety signals were observed.ConclusionsTreatment response was generally similar in early and established RA; significantly greater improvements were observed at month 24 with tofacitinib 5 mg two times a day in early versus established RA. Tofacitinib 5 and 10 mg two times a day demonstrated greater efficacy versus MTX irrespective of disease duration. No difference in safety profiles was observed between patients with early or established RA.Trial registration numberNCT01039688; Results.
Invisible KL decays in the SM extensions
Authors: Gninenko S. N. , Krasnikov N. V. 
Published: July 2016

In the Standard Model (SM), the branching ratio for the decay [Formula: see text] is helicity suppressed and predicted to be very small [Formula: see text]. We consider two natural extensions of the SM as the two-Higgs-doublet model (2HDM) and the neutrino minimal Standard Model ([Formula: see text]MSM) with additional singlet scalar, whose main feature is that they can lead to an enhanced [Formula: see text]. In the 2HDM, the smallness of the neutrino mass is explained due to the smallness of the second Higgs doublet vacuum expectation value. Moreover, the [Formula: see text]MSM extension with additional singlet field can explain the [Formula: see text] anomaly. The considered models demonstrate that the [Formula: see text] decay is a clean probe of new physics scale well above 100 TeV, that is complementary to rare [Formula: see text] decay, and provide a strong motivation for its sensitive search in a near future low-energy experiment.
Gravity-assisted emergent Higgs mechanism in the post-inflationary epoch
Authors: Guendelman Eduardo , Nissimov Emil , Pacheva Svetlana 
Published: July 2016

We consider a nonstandard model of gravity coupled to a neutral scalar “inflaton” as well as to [Formula: see text] iso-doublet scalar with positive mass squared and without self-interaction, and to [Formula: see text] gauge fields. The principal new ingredient is employing two alternative non-Riemannian spacetime volume-forms (covariant integration measure densities) independent of the metric. The latter have a remarkable impact — although not introducing any additional propagating degrees of freedom, their dynamics triggers a series of important features: appearance of infinitely large flat regions of the effective “inflaton” potential as well as dynamical generation of Higgs-like spontaneous symmetry breaking effective potential for the [Formula: see text] iso-doublet scalar.