bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managing the translation workflow with a Computer Assisted Translation Tool:
Authors: Ramírez Polo Laura 
Published: November 2016

Reviewed by Laura Ramírez PoloUniversitat de Valencia, Spain

1. INTRODUCTION
Over the past 30 years, translators have been continuously incorporating the new advances in technology into their daily work. Nowadays, it is inconceivable that a professional does not use a computer with at least a word processor and some tool allowing terminology to be managed and looked up, be it some application on the Internet or a simple spreadsheet.
New and not so new methods for assessing oral communication
Authors: Ockey Gary J. , Li Zhi 
Published: November 2016

Author/s
Gary J. OckeyZhi LiIowa State University, USA

ABSTRACT
The assessment of oral communication has continued to evolve over the past few decades. The construct being assessed has broadened to include interactional competence, and technology has played a role in the types of tasks that are currently popular. In this paper, we discuss the factors that affect the process of oral communication assessment, current conceptualizations of the construct to be assessed, and five tasks that are used to assess this construct. These tasks include oral proficiency interviews, paired/group oral discussion tasks, simulated tasks, integrated oral communication tasks, and elicited imitation tasks. We evaluate these tasks based on current conceptualizations of the construct of oral communication, and conclude that they do not assess a broad construct of oral communication equally. Based on our evaluation, we advise test developers to consider the aspects of oral communication that they aim to include or exclude in their assessment when they select one of these task types.
Le flou et le fou : espace mystique et figure messianique dans La Parenthèse de sang de Sony Labou Tansi
Authors: Leroux Pierre 
Published: November 2016

L’intérêt de Sony Labou Tansi pour le kinguinzila, théâtre traditionnel de « guérison », trouve des échos dans sa production dramatique, notamment au travers de la mise en place d’un espace que l’on peut qualifier de mystique. Dans La Parenthèse de sang, en particulier, les personnages se trouvent coincés dans un entre-deux qui les force à faire évoluer leurs positions. En effet, des soldats font irruption dans un village à la recherche d’un rebelle – Libertashio – qui, selon l’opinion générale, est pourtant déjà enterré. Dès lors qu’ils contredisent les soldats, les villageois sont condamnés à mort au premier acte et tout le reste de la pièce correspond à l’attente de leur exécution. Cet article tente de montrer que Sony Labou Tansi se sert du genre théâtral pour faire jouer la tension entre individuel et collectif, la pièce mettant en avant expérience mystique des condamnés et dynamique messianique de la figure du héros absent. Le fou empli de voix et le tombeau vide qu’il protège reprennent ainsi des motifs connus de la mystique tout en les replaçant dans le contexte bien particulier des dictatures militaires.
Nommer pour conjurer la mort : le désir d’exister dans le théâtre de Sony Labou Tansi
Authors: Paugam Lena 
Published: November 2016

Le théâtre de Sony Labou Tansi est habité par l’image omniprésente de la mort. Néanmoins, loin de sombrer dans le désespoir et le pessimisme, son écriture théâtrale apparaît comme le lieu d’une prise de parole nécessaire en faveur de la vie, autrement dit comme un acte de résistance : parler sur scène est une réconciliation avec le vivant. Sony Labou Tansi n’a cessé d’exprimer son désir de conjurer la mort par une poétique de la parole expulsée comme une respiration, une parole créatrice de vie, et son théâtre repose sur l’espoir de convertir l’anéantissement de l’esprit et des corps en dynamisme fécond. Il s’agit pour l’auteur de revendiquer le pouvoir de nommer le monde pour le faire advenir.
Prisoners co‐infected with tuberculosis and HIV: a systematic review
Authors: Edge Chantal L , King Emma J , Dolan Kate , McKee Martin 
Published: November 2016

IntroductionAlmost from the beginning of the HIV epidemic in 1981, an association with tuberculosis (TB) was recognized. This association between HIV and TB co‐infection has been particularly evident amongst prisoners. However, despite this, few studies of TB in prisons have stratified results by HIV status. Given the high prevalence of HIV‐positive persons and TB‐infected persons in prisons and the documented risk of TB in those infected with HIV, it is of interest to determine how co‐infection varies amongst prison populations worldwide. For this reason we have undertaken a systematic review of studies of co‐infected prisoners to determine the incidence and/or prevalence of HIV/TB co‐infection in prisons, as well as outcomes in this group, measured as treatment success or death.MethodsA literature search was undertaken using the online databases PubMed, Embase, IBSS, Scopus, Web of Science, Global Health and CINAHL Plus. No restrictions were set on language or publication date for article retrieval, with articles included if indexed up to 18 October 2015. A total of 1975 non‐duplicate papers were identified. For treatment and outcome data all eligible papers were appraised for inclusion; for incidence/prevalence estimates papers published prior to 2000 were excluded from full text review. After full text appraisal, 46 papers were selected for inclusion in the review, 41 for incidence/prevalence estimates and nine for outcomes data, with four papers providing evidence for both outcomes and prevalence/incidence.ResultsVery few studies estimated the incidence of TB in HIV positive prisoners, with most simply reporting prevalence of co‐infection. Co‐infection is rarely explicitly measured, with studies simply reporting HIV status in prisoners with TB, or a cross‐sectional survey of TB prevalence amongst prisoners with HIV. Estimates of co‐infection prevalence ranged from 2.4 to 73.1% and relative risks for one, given the other, ranged from 2.0 to 10.75, although some studies reported no significant association between HIV and TB. Few studies provided a comparison with the risk of co‐infection in the general population.ConclusionsPrisoners infected with HIV are at high risk of developing TB. However, the magnitude of risk varies between different prisons and countries. There is little evidence on treatment outcomes in co‐infected prisoners, and the existing evidence is conflicting in regards to HIV status influence on prisoner treatment outcomes.PROSPERO Number: CRD42016034068
High-quality β-Ga2O3 single crystals grown by edge-defined film-fed growth
Authors: Kuramata Akito , Koshi Kimiyoshi , Watanabe Shinya , Yamaoka Yu , Masui Takekazu , Yamakoshi Shigenobu 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
β-Ga2O3 bulk crystals were grown by the edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) process and the floating zone process. Semiconductor substrates containing no twin boundaries with sizes up to 4 in. in diameter were fabricated. It was found that Si was the main residual impurity in the EFG-grown crystals and that the effective donor concentration (N
d − N
a) of unintentionally doped crystals was governed by the Si concentration. Intentional n-type doping was shown to be possible. An etch pit observation revealed that the dislocation density was on the order of 103 cm−3. N
d − N
a for the samples annealed in nitrogen ambient was almost the same as the Si concentration, while for the samples annealed in oxygen ambient, it was around 1 × 1017 cm−3 and independent of the Si concentration.
Identification of phenolic secondary metabolites fromSchotia brachypetalaSond. (Fabaceae) and demonstration of their antioxidant activities inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Sobeh Mansour , ElHawary Esraa , Peixoto Herbenya , Labib Rola M. , Handoussa Heba , Swilam Noha , El-Khatib Ahmed H. , Sharapov Farukh , Mohamed Tamer , Krstin Sonja , Linscheid Michael W. , Singab Abdel Nasser , Wink Michael , Ayoub Nahla 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundSchotia brachypetalaSond. (Fabaceae) is an endemic tree of Southern Africa whose phytochemistry and pharmacology were slightly studied. The present work aimed at profiling the major phenolics compounds present in the hydro-alcohol extract fromS. brachypetalaleaves (SBE) using LC/HRESI/MS/MS and NMR and prove their antioxidant capabilities using novel methods.MethodsIn vitroassays; DPPH, TEAC persulfate decolorizing kinetic and FRAP assays, andin vivoassays:Caenorhabditis elegansstrains maintenance, Intracellular ROS inC. elegans, Survival assay, GFP expression and Subcellular DAF-16 localization were employed to evaluate the antioxidant activity.ResultsMore than forty polyphenols, including flavonoid glycosides, galloylated flavonoid glycosides, isoflavones, dihydrochalcones, procyanidins, anthocyanins, hydroxy benzoic acid derivatives, hydrolysable tannins, and traces of methylated and acetylated flavonoid derivatives were identified. Three compounds were isolated and identified from the genusSchotiafor the first time, namely gallic acid, myricetin-3-O-α-L-1C4-rhamnoside and quercetin-3-O-L-1C4-rhamnoside. The total phenolics content of SBE was (376 mg CAE/g), followed by flavonoids (67.87 QE/g).In vitroantioxidant activity of SBE was evidenced by DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50of 9 µg/mL), FRAP ferric reducing activity (5,000 mol Fe2+E/mg) and ABTS peroxide inhibiting activity (1,054 mM Trolox E/mg). The tested extract was able to protect the worms against juglone induced oxidative stress, an increased survival rate (up to 41%) was recorded, when compared with the control group (11%) and attenuate the reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in dose-dependent and reached up to 72% for the highest tested concentration. SBE was also able to attenuate the levels of heat shock protein (HSP) expression in dose-dependent up to 60% in the 150 µg SBE/mL group. In DAF-16 Subcellular localization SBE treated worms showed nuclear localization pattern up to 78%, while it was only 5% in the untreated control group.DiscussionA pronounced antioxidant activityin vivo, which can be attributed to its ability to promote the nuclear translocation of DAF-16/FOXO, the main transcription factor regulating the expression of stress response genes. The remarkable antioxidant activityin vitroandin vivocorrelates to SBE rich phenolic profile.
A study of cloud microphysics and precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau by radar observations and cloud‐resolving model simulations
Authors: Gao Wenhua , Sui Chung‐Hsiung , Fan Jiwen , Hu Zhiqun , Zhong Lingzhi 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCloud microphysical properties and precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau are unique because of the high terrains, clean atmosphere, and sufficient water vapor. With dual‐polarization precipitation radar and cloud radar measurements during the Third Tibetan Plateau Atmospheric Scientific Experiment, the simulated microphysics and precipitation by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS) microphysics and other microphysical schemes are investigated through a typical plateau rainfall event on 22 July 2014. Results show that the WRF‐CAMS simulation reasonably reproduces the spatial distribution of 24 h accumulated precipitation but has limitations in simulating time evolution of precipitation rates. The model‐calculated polarimetric radar variables have biases as well, suggesting bias in modeled hydrometeor types. The raindrop sizes in convective region are larger than those in stratiform region indicated by the small intercept of raindrop size distribution in the former. In addition, the warm rain processes generate heavier precipitation than the cold rain processes do over the rainfall centers during weak convection period. The sensitivity of precipitation to perturbing the warm rain microphysical processes show that doubling droplet condensation increases precipitation significantly and produces the best area‐averaged rain rate, suggesting biases in thermodynamics in the baseline simulation. Halving raindrop evaporation results in an increase in weak rainfall areas along with a warmer subcloud layer. Increasing the initial cloud droplet size causes the rain rate reduced by half, an opposite effect to that of increasing droplet condensation.
Indicators and metrics for the assessment of climate engineering
Authors: Oschlies A. , Held H. , Keller D. , Keller K. , Mengis N. , Quaas M. , Rickels W. , Schmidt H. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSelecting appropriate indicators is essential to aggregate the information provided by climate model outputs into a manageable set of relevant metrics on which assessments of climate engineering (CE) can be based. From all the variables potentially available from climate models, indicators need to be selected that are able to inform scientists and society on the development of the Earth system under CE, as well as on possible impacts and side effects of various ways of deploying CE or not. However, the indicators used so far have been largely identical to those used in climate change assessments and do not visibly reflect the fact that indicators for assessing CE (and thus the metrics composed of these indicators) may be different from those used to assess global warming. Until now, there has been little dedicated effort to identifying specific indicators and metrics for assessing CE. We here propose that such an effort should be facilitated by a more decision‐oriented approach and an iterative procedure in close interaction between academia, decision makers, and stakeholders. Specifically, synergies and trade‐offs between social objectives reflected by individual indicators, as well as decision‐relevant uncertainties should be considered in the development of metrics, so that society can take informed decisions about climate policy measures under the impression of the options available, their likely effects and side effects, and the quality of the underlying knowledge base.
Contributions of substorm injections to SYM‐H depressions in the main phase of storms
Authors: He Zhaohai , Dai Lei , Wang Chi , Duan Suping , Zhang Lingqian , Chen Tao , Roth I. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSubstorm injections bring energetic particles to the inner magnetosphere. But the role of the injected population in building up the storm time ring current is not well understood. By surveying Los Alamos National Laboratory geosynchronous data during 34 storm main phases, we show evidence that at least some substorm injections can contribute to substorm‐time scale SYM‐H/Dst depressions in the main phase of storms. For event studies, we analyze two typical events in which the main‐phase SYM‐H index exhibited stepwise depressions that are correlated with particle flux enhancement due to injections and with AL index. A statistical study is performed based on 95 storm time injection events. The flux increases of the injected population (50–400 keV) are found proportional to the sharp SYM‐H depressions during the injection interval. By identifying dispersionless and dispersive injection signals, we estimate the azimuthal extent of the substorm injection. Statistical results show that the injection regions of these storm time substorms are characterized with an azimuthal extent larger than 06:00 magnetic local time. These results suggest that at least some substorm injections may mimic the large‐scale enhanced convection and contribute to sharp decreases of Dst in the storm main phase.
Moisture transport into the Arctic: Source‐receptor relationships and the roles of atmospheric circulation and evaporation
Authors: Vázquez M. , Nieto R. , Drumond A. , Gimeno L. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractHydrological processes play a key role in the Arctic, as well as being an important part of the response of this region to climate change. The origin of the moisture arriving (and then precipitating) in the Arctic is a crucial question in our understanding of the Arctic hydrological cycle. In an attempt to answer this, the present study uses the Lagrangian diagnosis model FLEXPART (FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model) to localize the main sources of moisture for the Arctic region, to analyze their variability and their contribution to precipitation, and to consider the implications of any changes in the transport of moisture from particular sources within the system. From this analysis, four major moisture sources appear as the most important moisture supplies into the system: the subtropical and southern extratropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, North America, and Siberia. Oceanic sources play an important role throughout the year, whereas continental ones only take effect in summer. The sink areas associated with each source have been shown to be moderately influenced by changes in atmospheric circulation, mainly associated with the East Atlantic pattern for the Atlantic source and related to West Pacific and Pacific/North American (PNA) teleconnection patterns for the Pacific one. On the other hand, the variability over the sinks does not seem to be significantly related to changes in evaporation at an interannual scale.
A comparative study on the genesis of North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone Madi (2013) and Atlantic Ocean tropical cyclone Florence (2006)
Authors: Rajasree V. P. M. , Kesarkar Amit P. , Bhate Jyoti N. , Singh Vikas , Umakanth U. , Varma T. Harish 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA modeling study has been carried out to understand the similarities and differences in the genesis sequence of a Bay of Bengal tropical cyclone Madi (6–13 December 2013) and the Atlantic Ocean tropical cyclone Florence (3–12 September 2006) on the applicability of hypotheses of the marsupial theory of tropical cyclogenesis. We examined the role of the protective pouch and warm core formation during their genesis and intensification phases. We have chosen tropical cyclone Madi and tropical cyclone Florence for our study specifically due to both of these tropical cyclones originated from westward moving parent disturbance embedded in the intertropical convergence zone. Also, the genesis and intensification of tropical cyclone Florence were accompanied by a series of Saharan dust outbreaks. Our results indicated that the dry air intrusion was not a dominant detrimental factor for the genesis of tropical cyclone Madi and showed rapid intensification within the pouch region. However, in the case of the tropical cyclone Florence, the delay in the intensification as a category 1 tropical cyclone from its tropical depression stage was due to entrainment of the dry air into the core of cyclonic vortex up to 700 hPa from above. The results from this study showed that the wave pouch played a most significant role in the vorticity upscale cascade (First hypothesis) and moisture aggregation (Second hypothesis) in pregenesis period of both the tropical cyclones. It also prevented the lateral dry air intrusion (Second hypothesis) from the Saharan Air Layer during the genesis phase of tropical cyclone Florence.
Observed and simulated hydrologic response for a first‐order catchment during extreme rainfall 3 years after wildfire disturbance
Authors: Ebel Brian A. , Rengers Francis K. , Tucker Gregory E. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractHydrologic response to extreme rainfall in disturbed landscapes is poorly understood because of the paucity of measurements. A unique opportunity presented itself when extreme rainfall in September 2013 fell on a headwater catchment (i.e., <1 ha) in Colorado, USA that had previously been burned by a wildfire in 2010. We compared measurements of soil‐hydraulic properties, soil saturation from subsurface sensors, and estimated peak runoff during the extreme rainfall with numerical simulations of runoff generation and subsurface hydrologic response during this event. The simulations were used to explore differences in runoff generation between the wildfire‐affected headwater catchment, a simulated unburned case, and for uniform versus spatially variable parameterizations of soil‐hydraulic properties that affect infiltration and runoff generation in burned landscapes. Despite 3 years of elapsed time since the 2010 wildfire, observations and simulations pointed to substantial surface runoff generation in the wildfire‐affected headwater catchment by the infiltration‐excess mechanism while no surface runoff was generated in the unburned case. The surface runoff generation was the result of incomplete recovery of soil‐hydraulic properties in the burned area, suggesting recovery takes longer than 3 years. Moreover, spatially variable soil‐hydraulic property parameterizations produced longer duration but lower peak‐flow infiltration‐excess runoff, compared to uniform parameterization, which may have important hillslope sediment export and geomorphologic implications during long duration, extreme rainfall. The majority of the simulated surface runoff in the spatially variable cases came from connected near‐channel contributing areas, which was a substantially smaller contributing area than the uniform simulations.
Infiltration of fine sediment mixtures through poorly sorted immobile coarse beds
Authors: Núñez‐González Francisco 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPercolation of fine sediment is a common process in gravel bed rivers, which often exhibit extended and overlapping grain size distributions of the bed and the supplied fine sediment. Yet existing sediment infiltration theory assumes well‐sorted fine material with smaller grain size than the bed pores, and as such, is not suitable for many situations encountered in gravel bed streams. Previous developments for infiltration of uniform material are here generalized to consider poorly sorted sediment mixtures. Governing equations and a numerical solution to model the vertical distribution of infiltrating sediment are presented. The equations are solved as a function of a trapping coefficient, dependent on the relative size of infiltrating fines in relation to bed material. A method is developed to generate equivalent grain size distributions to calculate the trapping coefficient, when grain sizes of the infiltrating and bed materials overlap. Moreover, a bed cutoff size is defined and computed with a semiempirical packing‐porosity model, to distinguish particles smaller than the bed pores. Published experimental data are used to test the new model and calibrate the trapping coefficient. It is shown that this coefficient is highly sensible to the fine and coarse tails of fine and coarse materials grain size distributions. Accordingly, calibrated values of the coefficient are set as a function of a mean size ratio, computed from the geometric mean of the tails of the size distributions. Incorporating this relation, the model performed well in reproducing indirect observations of sediment infiltration from experiments reported in the literature.
Chinoide/Aromatische Umwandlungen in π‐konjugierten Oligomeren: Raman‐Schwingungsspektroskopie an der Grenze zum π‐Bindungsbruch
Authors: Burrezo Paula Mayorga , Zafra José L. , Navarrete Juan T. López , Casado Juan 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDie Raman‐Schwingungsspektren mehrerer Serien aromatischer und chinoider Verbindungen werden unter Berücksichtigung der Tief‐ und Hochverschiebung der Frequenzen der entsprechenden Raman‐Banden als eine Funktion der Wiederholungseinheiten analysiert. Oligothiophene, Oligophenylenvinylene und Oligoperylene (Oligophenyle) werden untersucht. Die Verschiebungen werden als spektroskopische Fingerabdrücke der Änderung der π‐Konjugation verwendet. Für eine gegebene Oligomerfamilie werden die aromatischen und chinoiden Oligomere zusammen untersucht und entsprechend ihrer Raman‐Frequenzverschiebung in der BLA‐Energie‐Kurve ihrer elektronischen Grundzustände als Funktion des Bindungslängenalternanzmusters (BLA) platziert. Die Verbindung zwischen den BLA‐Werten, der π‐Konjugation und den Raman‐Frequenzen wird hier als Grundlage der Untersuchung verwendet. Diese Raman‐Verschiebungen/BLA‐Änderungen werden mit wichtigen elektronischen Eigenschaften der eindimensionalen linearen Systeme mit delokalisierten π‐Elektronen, wie z. B. bei chinoiden (Polyen) und aromatischen Systemen, in Beziehung gesetzt.