bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disturbance gradient shows logging affects plant functional groups more than fire
Authors: Blair David P. , McBurney Lachlan M. , Blanchard Wade , Banks Sam C. , Lindenmayer David B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractUnderstanding the impacts of natural and human disturbances on forest biota is critical for improving forest management. Many studies have examined the separate impacts on fauna and flora of wildfire, conventional logging, and salvage logging, but empirical comparisons across a broad gradient of simultaneous disturbances are lacking. We quantified species richness and frequency of occurrence of vascular plants, and functional group responses, across a gradient of disturbances that occurred concurrently in 2009 in the mountain ash forests of southeastern Australia. Our study encompassed replicated sites in undisturbed forest (~70 yr post fire), forest burned at low severity, forest burned at high severity, unburned forest that was clearcut logged, and forest burned at high severity that was clearcut salvage logged post‐fire. All sites were sampled 2 and 3 yr post fire. Mean species richness decreased across the disturbance gradient from 30.1 species/site on low‐severity burned sites and 28.9 species/site on high‐severity burned sites, to 25.1 species/site on clearcut sites and 21.7 species/site on salvage logged sites. Low‐severity burned sites were significantly more species‐rich than clearcut sites and salvage logged sites; high‐severity burned sites supported greater species richness than salvage logged sites. Specific traits influenced species' sensitivity to disturbance. Resprouting species dominated undisturbed mountain ash forests, but declined significantly across the gradient. Fern and midstory trees decreased significantly in frequency of occurrence across the gradient. Ferns (excluding bracken) decreased from 34% of plants in undisturbed forest to 3% on salvage logged sites. High‐severity burned sites supported a greater frequency of occurrence and species richness of midstory trees compared to clearcut and salvage logged sites. Salvage logging supported fewer midstory trees than any other disturbance category, and were distinctly different from clearcut sites. Plant life form groups, including midstory trees, shrubs, and ferns, were dominated by very few species on logged sites. The differences in biotic response across the gradient of natural and human disturbances have significant management implications, particularly the need to reduce mechanical disturbance overall and to leave specific areas with no mechanical disturbance across the cut area during logging operations, to ensure the persistence of resprouting taxa.
Linking landscape‐scale differences in forage to ungulate nutritional ecology
Authors: Proffitt Kelly M. , Hebblewhite Mark , Peters Wibke , Hupp Nicole , Shamhart Julee 
Published: May 2016

AbstractUnderstanding how habitat and nutritional condition affect ungulate populations is necessary for informing management, particularly in areas experiencing carnivore recovery and declining ungulate population trends. Variations in forage species availability, plant phenological stage, and the abundance of forage make it challenging to understand landscape‐level effects of nutrition on ungulates. We developed an integrated spatial modeling approach to estimate landscape‐level elk (Cervus elaphus) nutritional resources in two adjacent study areas that differed in coarse measures of habitat quality and related the consequences of differences in nutritional resources to elk body condition and pregnancy rates. We found no support for differences in dry matter digestibility between plant samples or in phenological stage based on ground sampling plots in the two study areas. Our index of nutritional resources, measured as digestible forage biomass, varied among land cover types and between study areas. We found that altered plant composition following fires was the biggest driver of differences in nutritional resources, suggesting that maintaining a mosaic of fire history and distribution will likely benefit ungulate populations. Study area, lactation status, and year affected fall body fat of adult female elk. Elk in the study area exposed to lower summer range nutritional resources had lower nutritional condition entering winter. These differences in nutritional condition resulted in differences in pregnancy rate, with average pregnancy rates of 89% for elk exposed to higher nutritional resources and 72% for elk exposed to lower nutritional resources. Summer range nutritional resources have the potential to limit elk pregnancy rate and calf production, and these nutritional limitations may predispose elk to be more sensitive to the effects of harvest or predation. Wildlife managers should identify ungulate populations that are nutritionally limited and recognize that these populations may be more impacted by recovering carnivores or harvest than populations inhabiting more productive summer habitats.
Toward determining fat quality parameters of fish oil by means of 1H NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Giese Editha , Winkelmann Ole , Rohn Sascha , Fritsche Jan 
Published: May 2016

The consumption of fish oil‐based dietary supplements has increased dramatically in recent years, which is mainly due to their high content of health promoting omega‐3 fatty acids. However, these polyunsaturated fatty acids are extremely prone to oxidation. This study investigated the potential of 1H NMR spectroscopy for the assessment of the oxidative deterioration of fish oils. Nine raw fish oils of different fish species were stored for 3 months at room temperature at different degrees of sunlight exposure as well as under standardized accelerated storage conditions for 6 days (at 40°C and under constant light exposure). Fish oil samples were analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy as well as by traditional methods to determine the fat quality parameters peroxide value (PV), anisidine value (AnV), TOTOX value, and acid value (AV). PLS (partial least squares) regression models were used to predict these fat quality parameters based on the 1H NMR spectra. The best regression models reached an R2 of 0.949, 0.962, 0.991, and 0.977 for PV, AnV, TOTOX value, and AV, respectively. In conclusion, 1H NMR spectroscopy is a promising approach for a fast, reliable, and sustainable assessment of fish oil quality with regard to lipid oxidation.Practical applications: The results indicate a great potential of 1H NMR spectroscopy in the quality assessment of fish oils. This technology requires little time, work, amount of sample, and solvent and provides extensive information that can be obtained from a single spectrum. Such an approach is significantly more specific and detailed than traditional lipid oxidation parameters.Nine raw fish oils are stored under different conditions and analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy as well as by traditional methods to determine the lipid quality parameters peroxide value, anisidine value, TOTOX value, and acid value. Subsequently, PLS regression models are generated to predict these indices from the NMR spectra.
Chemical Synthesis of K48‐Linked Diubiquitin by Incorporation of a Lysine‐Linked Auxiliary Handle
Authors: Xie Rui‐Long , Xu Ling , Li Jia‐Bin , Chu Guo‐Chao , Wang Tao , Huang Yi‐Chao , Li Yi‐Ming 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe synthesized a lysine‐linked auxiliary‐derived building block, ϵ‐N‐2‐mercapto‐1‐(2,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl lysine, in 20 % isolated yield over a six‐step route. The new building block is well compatible with Fmoc solid‐phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and hydrazide‐based native chemical ligation (NCL). Furthermore, we successfully incorporated the new lysine‐linked auxiliary handle into a protein segment and performed the chemical synthesis of K48‐linked diubiquitin with stepwise NCL.
Bioswales reduce contaminants associated with toxicity in urban storm water
Authors: Anderson Brian S. , Phillips Bryn M. , Voorhees Jennifer P. , Siegler Katie , Tjeerdema Ronald 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Contamination and toxicity associated with urban storm water runoff are a growing concern because of the potential impacts on receiving systems. California water regulators are mandating implementation of green infrastructure as part of new urban development projects to treat storm water and increase infiltration. Parking lot bioswales are low impact development practices that promote filtering of runoff through plants and soil. Studies have demonstrated that bioswales reduce concentrations of suspended sediments, metals, and hydrocarbons. There have been no published studies evaluating how well these structures treat current-use pesticides, and studies have largely ignored whether bioswales reduce toxicity in surface water. Three storms were monitored at 3 commercial and residential sites, and reductions of contaminants and associated toxicity were quantified. Toxicity testing showed that the majority of untreated storm water samples were toxic to amphipods (Hyalella azteca) and midges (Chironomus dilutus), and toxicity was reduced by the bioswales. No samples were toxic to daphnids (Ceriodaphnia dubia) or fish (Pimephales promelas). Contaminants were significantly reduced by the bioswales, including suspended solids (81% reduction), metals (81% reduction), hydrocarbons (82% reduction), and pyrethroid pesticides (74% reduction). The single exception was the phenypyrazole pesticide fipronil, which showed inconsistent treatment. The results demonstrate these systems effectively treat contaminated storm water associated with surface water toxicity but suggest that modifications of their construction may be required to treat some contaminant classes. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:3124–3134. © 2016 SETAC
Development and application of the SSD approach in scientific case studies for ecological risk assessment
Authors: Del Signore Anastasia , Hendriks A. Jan , Lenders H.J. Rob , Leuven Rob S.E.W. , Breure A.M. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) are used in ecological risk assessment for extrapolation of the results of toxicity tests with single species to a toxicity threshold considered protective of ecosystem structure and functioning. The attention to and importance of the SSD approach has increased in scientific and regulatory communities since the 1990s. Discussion and criticism have been triggered on the concept of the approach as well as its technical aspects (e.g., distribution type, number of toxicity endpoints). Various questions remain unanswered, especially with regard to different endpoints, statistical methods, and protectiveness of threshold levels, for example. In the present literature review (covering the period 2002–2013), case studies are explored in which the SSD approach was applied, as well as how endpoint types, species choice, and data availability affect SSDs. How statistical methods may be used to construct reliable SSDs and whether the lower 5th percentile hazard concentrations (HC5s) from a generic SSD can be protective for a specific local community are also investigated. It is shown that estimated protective concentrations were determined by taxonomic groups rather than the statistical method used to construct the distribution. Based on comparisons between semifield and laboratory-based SSDs, the output from a laboratory SSD was protective of semifield communities in the majority of studies. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2149–2161. © 2016 SETAC
Tri‐orthogonal polarization diversity for 5G networks
Authors: Lawrence Nicholas P. , Hansen Hedley , Abbott Derek 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMillimetre‐waves offer the possibility of wide bandwidth and consequently high‐data rate for wireless communications. For both uni‐polarised and dual‐polarised systems, signals sent over a link may suffer severe degradation because of antenna misalignment. Orientation robustness may be enhanced by the use of mutual orthogonality in three dimensions. Multiple‐input multiple‐output polarisation diversity offers a way of improving signal reception without the limitations associated with spatial diversity. Scattering effects often assist propagation through multipath. However, high‐path loss is often considered to limit millimetre‐wave propagation, thereby reducing any reception enhancement through scattering. We show that the inclusion of a third orthogonal dipole at a frequency of commercial interest provides antenna orientation robustness in this setting, as well as improved performance in a rich scattering environment, by means of a Ricean fading channel model. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oceanic mantle gravimetric response to the seafloor spreading of the Southwest Sub‐basin, South China Sea
Authors: Lü Chuanchuan , Hao Tianyao , Yao Yongjian , Xing Jian , Qiu Xuelin 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe residual mantle gravity anomaly (RMA) is a straightforward response of the deep mantle structure of the lithosphere. We acquired RMA from newly updated free‐air gravity anomaly by incorporating abundant geophysical evidences, such as the International Ocean Drilling Program expedition 349, the interpretation of 10 seismic profiles and the bathymetric data in the Southwest Sub‐basin (SWSB) of the South China Sea. By inverting the crustal thickness by the application of the isostatic flexure analysis, comparing with ocean bottom seismic tomography result, then determining a detail crustal thickness of the study region, we calculated the RMA of the oceanic basin in the SWSB. The main features of the RMA and their relation to the palaeo‐spreading pattern are discussed, and the implications of the asymmetric lithospheric deformation due to variations in melt extraction are proposed. In the light of the asymmetric RMA at the north and south sides of the fossil spreading centre in the SWSB, we preferred asymmetric melt retention depth and extraction rate changes during the oceanic lithosphere creation of the South China Sea. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PreSMA stimulation changes task‐free functional connectivity in the fronto‐basal‐ganglia that correlates with response inhibition efficiency
Authors: Xu Benjamin , Sandrini Marco , Wang Wen‐Tung , Smith Jason F. , Sarlls Joelle E. , Awosika Oluwole , Butman John A. , Horwitz Barry , Cohen Leonardo G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPrevious work using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) demonstrated that the right presupplementary motor area (preSMA), a node in the fronto‐basal‐ganglia network, is critical for response inhibition. However, TMS influences interconnected regions, raising the possibility of a link between the preSMA activity and the functional connectivity within the network. To understand this relationship, we applied single‐pulse TMS to the right preSMA during functional magnetic resonance imaging when the subjects were at rest to examine changes in neural activity and functional connectivity within the network in relation to the efficiency of response inhibition evaluated with a stop‐signal task. The results showed that preSMA‐TMS increased activation in the right inferior‐frontal cortex (rIFC) and basal ganglia and modulated their task‐free functional connectivity. Both the TMS‐induced changes in the basal‐ganglia activation and the functional connectivity between rIFC and left striatum, and of the overall network correlated with the efficiency of response inhibition and with the white‐matter microstructure along the preSMA–rIFC pathway. These results suggest that the task‐free functional and structural connectivity between the rIFCop and basal ganglia are critical to the efficiency of response inhibition. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3236–3249, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Arcuate fasciculus asymmetry has a hand in language function but not handedness
Authors: Allendorfer Jane B. , Hernando Kathleen A. , Hossain Shyla , Nenert Rodolphe , Holland Scott K. , Szaflarski Jerzy P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe importance of relationships between handedness, language lateralization and localization, and white matter tracts for language performance is unclear. The goal of the study was to investigate these relationships by examining arcuate fasciculus (AF) structural asymmetry (DTI) and functional asymmetry (fMRI) in language circuits, handedness, and linguistic performance. A large sample of right‐handed (n = 158) and atypical‐handed (n = 82) healthy adults underwent DTI at 3 T to assess number of streamlines and fractional anisotropy (FA) of the AF, and language fMRI. Language functions were assessed using standard tests of vocabulary, naming, verbal fluency, and complex ideation. Laterality indices (LIs) illustrated degree of asymmetry and lateralization patterns for the AF (streamlines and FA) and verb generation fMRI. Both handedness groups showed leftward lateralization bias for streamline and fMRI LIs and symmetry for FA LI. The proportion of subjects with left, right, or symmetric lateralization were similar between groups if based on AF LIs, but differed if based on fMRI LIs (p = 0.0016). Degree of right‐handedness was not associated with AF lateralization, but was associated with fMRI language lateralization (p = 0.0014). FA LI was not associated with performance on language assessments, but streamline LI was associated with better vocabulary and complex ideation performance in atypical‐handed subjects (p = 0.022 and p = 0.0098, respectively), and better semantic fluency in right‐handed subjects (p = 0.047); however, these did not survive multiple comparisons correction. We provide evidence that AF asymmetry is independent of hand preference, and while degree of right‐handedness is associated with hemispheric language lateralization, the majority of atypical‐handed individuals are left‐lateralized for language. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3297–3309, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Delayed surgery in hip fracture patients. Can we afford it?
Authors: Alonso‐Fernández Patricia , Romero Elena , Chung Monica , García‐Salmones Marta , Cabezas Pilar , Mora Jesús 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe aim is to analyze whether time to surgery (TtoS) in hip fracture patients is associated with longer than expected length of stay (LofS) and whether there is any particular group in which this is especially relevant. We developed an observational study in Madrid, Spain. From 771 patients admitted to the orthopedic ward, we selected 723 with surgical delay ≤7 days. Age was characterized as younger (<81), elderly (81–90), very elderly (>90). Modified Barthel Index was classified as very dependent (<41), moderately dependent (41–80), independent (>80). Results: Median (IQR) TtoS was 3 (1–4) days; LofS 12 (7–15). Mean age was 84.3 years, 78.4% were women. TtoS was associated with LofS, which increased by 1.80 days (95% CI, 1.50–2.10) per delayed day (p<0.001). After adjustment for age, sex, functional status, we found an increase of 1.75 days (1.46–2.04) per day (p<0.001). We did not find effect of age or sex. Functional status had a higher effect in moderately dependent patients 2.25 days (1.78–2.72) than in very dependent or independent patients, 1.33 (0.37–2.30) and 1.50 days (1.09–1.91) respectively (p 0.012). As conclusion we could affirm that increasing TtoS leads to longer than expected LofS in hip fracture patients, particularly moderately dependent patients. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Job Stressors and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Roles of Organizational Commitment and Social Interaction
Authors: Pooja Abeeda A. , De Clercq Dirk , Belausteguigoitia Imanol 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis study investigates the relationships of two job stressors (work overload and interpersonal conflict) with organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), as well as the potential mediating effect of organizational commitment and the moderating effect of social interaction in these relationships. Multisource data from employees and their supervisors in a Mexican‐based organization reveal that organizational commitment fully mediates the relationship between work overload and OCB. Empirical support also emerges for a direct negative relationship between interpersonal conflict and OCB, as well as a partial mediation effect of organizational commitment in this relationship. Further, social interaction moderates the negative effects of the two job stressors on organizational commitment, such that the relationships are attenuated when social interaction increases. Finally, the results indicate support for the presence of moderated mediation, in that the indirect effects of work overload and interpersonal conflict on OCB are attenuated at higher levels of social interaction. Human resource professionals aiming to instill OCB among their employees thus can counter the inherent pitfalls of stressful work conditions by promoting social relationships among their employees.
The cold rain‐on‐snow event of June 2013 in the Canadian Rockies — characteristics and diagnosis
Authors: Pomeroy John W. , Fang Xing , Marks Danny G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe June 2013 flood in the Canadian Rockies featured rain‐on‐snow (ROS) runoff generation at alpine elevations that contributed to the high streamflows observed during the event. Such a mid‐summer ROS event has not been diagnosed in detail, and a diagnosis may help to understand future high discharge‐producing hydrometeorological events in mountainous cold regions. The alpine hydrology of the flood was simulated using a physically based model created with the modular cold regions hydrological modelling platform. The event was distinctive in that, although at first, relatively warm rain fell onto existing snowdrifts inducing ROS melt; the rainfall turned to snowfall as the air mass cooled and so increased snowcover and snowpacks in alpine regions, which then melted rapidly from ground heat fluxes in the latter part of the event. Melt rates of existing snowpacks were substantially lower during the ROS than during the relatively sunny periods preceding and following the event as a result of low wind speeds, cloud cover and cool temperatures. However, at the basin scale, melt volumes increased during the event as a result of increased snowcover from the fresh snowfall and consequent large ground heat contributions to melt energy, causing snowmelt to enhance rainfall–runoff by one fifth. Flow pathways also shifted during the event from relatively slow sub‐surface flow prior to the flood to an even contribution from sub‐surface and fast overland flow during and immediately after the event. This early summer, high precipitation ROS event was distinctive for the impact of decreased solar irradiance in suppressing melt rates, the contribution of ground heat flux to basin scale snowmelt after precipitation turned to snowfall, the transition from slow sub‐surface to fast overland flow runoff as the sub‐surface storage saturated and streamflow volumes that exceeded precipitation. These distinctions show that summer, mountain ROS events should be considered quite distinct from winter ROS and can be important contributors to catastrophic events. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.