bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can new disruption research suggest defenses against threats and opportunities for innovators?
Authors: Denning Stephen 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
Under the co-direction of John Hagel, Deloitte’s Center for the Edge has been publishing important new studies of disruption with an ‘outcome-based approach to disruption.’ This research is discovering patterns that may help leaders institute defenses against threats and identify opportunities for innovators

Design/methodology/approach
Deloitte research is focusing on patterns of disruption that hit more than one market, but not all markets. It is examining: what are the characteristics of markets that would make them vulnerable to a particular pattern?

Findings
After six months of research, Deloitte has identified nine patterns that meet its outcome-based criteria. A number of the patterns are based on creating network effects that grow so quickly they become hard to compete with if the rival firm does not already have an established market position. Another set of the patterns identifies ways to fundamentally transform the value-cost equation, but without network effects.

Research limitations/implications
More patterns may be discerned as the research proceeds.

Practical implications
For example, if incumbents and innovators just think about driverless cars as the auto industry, they are never going to fully see the disruption that is coming. By contrast, by thinking about it as a mobility ecosystem, then many other key players, risks and opportunities become apparent

Originality/value
The patterns identified by Deloitte research may provide leaders with insights into how to defend against specific disruptions and also offer innovators inspiration for new opportunities in established markets and Blue Ocean ventures.
Revisiting the diagnostic criteria of clinical chorioamnionitis in preterm birth
Authors: Sung J‐H , Choi S‐J , Oh S‐y , Roh C‐R , Kim J‐H 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveTo re‐evaluate the utility of the conventional criteria for clinical chorioamnionitis in the prediction of early‐onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) in preterm birth.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingSeoul, Republic of Korea.SampleA total of 1468 singleton births between 24 and 34 weeks due to preterm labour (n = 713) or preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (n = 755).MethodWe evaluated three diagnostic categories of clinical chorioamnionitis: Criteria 1, conventional criteria; Criteria 2, combination of any three conventional parameters without prerequisite fever; Criteria 3, Criteria 1 plus positive maternal C‐reactive protein and neutrophil left‐shift into minor criteria. EONS included proven or suspected sepsis within 7 days following birth. Neonatal morbidity and mortality of EONS were also reviewed.Main outcome measuresDiagnostic performance of three combinations.ResultsThe prevalence of EONS was 13.8%. Among 203 cases of EONS, maternal manifestation of clinical chorioamnionitis by criteria 1 was evident in only one out of seven, indicating 15.3% sensitivity for EONS prediction. However, with application of criteria 2, sensitivity significantly increased to 34.0%, while compromising specificity from 92.3% to 78.7%. Criteria 3 showed similar diagnostic performance compared with criteria 1 (sensitivity 16.7%, specificity 91.6%). Overall, neonatal mortality and neonatal composite morbidity in EONS were 14.9% and 67.8%, respectively, and there was no difference in neonatal morbidity and mortality between neonates whose mothers showed fever as a sign of clinical chorioamnionitis and those whose mothers did not.ConclusionThe renouncement of fever as a prerequisite for the criteria of clinical chorioamnionitis could increase sensitivity for the identification of EONS, a serious outcome of preterm birth.Tweetable abstractThe renouncement of fever as an essential can increase sensitivity for prediction of neonatal sepsis.
Joint Modeling of Survival and Longitudinal Ordered Data Using a Semiparametric Approach
Authors: Preedalikit Kemmawadee , Liu Ivy , Hirose Yuichi , Sibanda Nokuthaba , Fernández Daniel 
Published: July 2016

SummaryMedical research frequently focuses on the relationship between quality of life (QoL) and survival time of subjects. QoL may be one of the most important factors that could be used to predict survival, making it worth identifying factors that jointly affect survival and QoL. We propose a semiparametric joint model that consists of item response and survival components, where these two components are linked through latent variables. Several popular ordinal models are considered and compared in the item response component, while the Cox proportional hazards model is used in the survival component. We estimate the baseline hazard function and model parameters simultaneously, through a profile likelihood approach. We illustrate the method using an example from a clinical study.
Ethnic differences in incidence of hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance in a real‐life multicenter clinical cohort of 4737 patients with chronic hepatitis B infection
Authors: Nguyen L. H. , Hoang J. , Nguyen N. H. , Vu V. D. , Wang C. , Trinh H. N. , Li J. , Zhang J. Q. , Nguyen M. H. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryBackgroundHepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity is associated with increased risk for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBsAg seroclearance is thought to be rare in general, but cohort data from US patients are limited.AimTo determine the incidence of HBsAg seroclearance in a real‐life US cohort.MethodsIn total, 4737 patients with chronic hepatitis B from five primary care, gastroenterology and multispecialty centres, and a university medical centre were retrospectively enrolled between 2001 and 2014 with data obtained by manual review of individual patient medical records. Seroclearance was determined by loss of HBsAg seropositivity. Persistent HBsAg was confirmed by direct serology or by proxy with positive hepatitis B e‐antigen (HBeAg) or HBV DNA levels.ResultsHBsAg seroclearance occurred in 52 patients over 16 844 person‐years (0.31% annually, 1.2% overall). Median follow‐up was 32 months, and mean age 45 ± 14 years. Incidence of HBsAg seroclearance was higher in non‐Asians, age >45, males, and those with baseline HBV DNA ≤10 000 IU/mL. On multivariate Cox proportional modelling, non‐Asian ethnicity (HR 2.8), male sex (HR 2.1), baseline HBVDNA ≤10 000 (HR 2.0) and age >45 (HR 1.8) were significant independent predictors of seroclearance.ConclusionHBsAg seroclearance rates were lower than previously described in this real‐life cohort of patients with chronic hepatitis B, especially among Asian, female and younger patients.
Effects of 25‐hydroxycholecalciferol supplementation in maternal diets on milk quality and serum bone status markers of sows and bone quality of piglets
Authors: Zhou Hui , Chen Yuling , Zhuo Yong , Lv Gang , Lin Yan , Feng Bin , Fang Zhengfeng , Che Lianqiang , Li Jian , Xu Shengyu , Wu De 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTwenty primiparous sows were allocated to two treatments to evaluate the effects of maternal 25‐hydroxycholecalciferol (25OHD3) supplementation during gestation and lactation on milk quality and serum bone status markers of sows and bone quality of piglets. Immediately after mating, sows were randomly allotted to one of two diets supplemented with 50 µg/kg 25OHD3or basal diets without 25OHD3. Blood and milk samples were obtained. At birth and weaning, 10 piglets from each treatment were killed for bone quality analysis. 25OHD3‐fed sows provided one more piglet at farrowing and 1.17 more piglets at weaning than sows fed basal diets. The contents of solids not‐fat, protein, fat or lactose were increased in milk from days 7 and 14 of lactation in 25OHD3‐supplemented sows and 25OHD3concentrations in milk were increased by dietary 25OHD3supplementation. Dietary 25OHD3supplementation increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity but had no effect on serum tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase activity of sows. Maternal 25OHD3supplementation improved bone strength, density and ash content of newborn piglets rather than those of weaning piglets. In conclusion, 25OHD3supplementation in maternal diets improved reproductive performance, milk quality and bone status of sows as well as bone quality of newborn piglets.
Changes in the concentrations of somatic cell counts, lingual antimicrobial peptide and lactoperoxidase activity in milk at periovulatory period in dairy cows
Authors: Yamasaki Ayumi , Yoshimura Yukinori , Isobe Naoki 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to examine the changes in innate immune factors in milk during the estrous cycle in dairy cows. Milk was collected from cows with a normal ovulatory cycle and cows subjected to the OVSYNCH protocol, and somatic cell counts (SCC), lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP) concentrations and lactoperoxidase (LPO) activity in milk were measured. In cows with a normal ovulatory cycle, there was no significant change in LAP concentrations and SCC during the ovulatory cycle. However, LPO activity at days 0 and 19 (day 0 = day of ovulation) were significantly higher than those at days 10, 12 and 15. In cows subjected to the OVSYNCH protocol, a significant increase in SCC was observed at day 9 (2 days after prostaglandin treatment) compared with that at day 11 (2 days after second administration of gonadotropin). There were no significant changes in LAP concentrations and LPO activity during the OVSYNCH protocol. These results indicate that LPO activity, an innate immune factor, was enhanced in the preovulatory period.
Partial inactivation of GABAA receptors containing the α5 subunit affects the development of adult‐born dentate gyrus granule cells
Authors: Deprez Francine , Vogt Fabia , Floriou‐Servou Amalia , Lafourcade Carlos , Rudolph Uwe , Tyagarajan Shiva K. , Fritschy Jean‐Marc 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAlterations of neuronal activity due to changes in GABAA receptors (GABAAR) mediating tonic inhibition influence different hippocampal functions. Gabra5‐null mice and α5 subunit(H105R) knock‐in mice exhibit signs of hippocampal dysfunction, but are capable of improved performance in several learning and memory tasks. Accordingly, alleviating abnormal GABAergic tonic inhibition in the hippocampal formation by selective α5‐GABAAR modulators represents a possible therapeutic approach for several intellectual deficit disorders. Adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus is an important facet of hippocampal plasticity; it is regulated by tonic GABAergic transmission, as shown by deficits in proliferation, migration and dendritic development of adult‐born neurons in Gabra4‐null mice. Here, we investigated the contribution of α5‐GABAARs to granule cell development, using retroviral vectors expressing eGFP for labeling precursor cells in the subgranular zone. Global α5‐GABAAR knockout (α5‐KO) mice showed no alterations in migration and morphological development of eGFP‐positive granule cells. However, upregulation of α1 subunit‐immunoreactivity was observed in the hippocampal formation and cerebral cortex. In contrast, partial gene inactivation in α5‐heterozygous (α5‐het) mice, as well as single‐cell deletion of Gabra5 in newborn granule cells from α5‐floxed mice, caused severe alterations of migration and dendrite development. In α5‐het mice, retrovirally mediated overexpression of Cdk5 resulted in normal migration and dendritic branching, suggesting that Cdk5 cooperates with α5‐GABAARs to regulate neuronal development. These results show that minor imbalance of α5‐GABAAR‐mediated transmission may have major consequences for neuronal plasticity; and call for caution upon chronic therapeutic use of negative allosteric modulators acting at these receptors.
Italian Municipalities and the Fiscal Crisis: Four Strategies for Muddling Through
Authors: Barbera Carmela , Guarini Enrico , Steccolini Ileana 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThrough a multiple case study of eight Italian municipalities, our paper identifies the main shocks perceived by the local management as a consequence of the recent fiscal crisis and the related organizational responses. The analysis roots current responses in longer‐term municipal financial management and strategies. Even in a context where the shocks are described and identified as being much the same, there is not a single pattern of response, but (at least) four different ways of reacting to shocks can be identified: reorientation, buffering, continuous adjustment, avoiding problems and catching opportunities.
Low versus high dialysate calcium concentration in alternate night nocturnal hemodialysis: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Masterson Rosemary , Blair Susan , Polkinghorne Kevan R. , Lau Kenneth K. , Lian Michael , Strauss Boyd J. , Morgan John G. , Kerr Peter , Toussaint Nigel D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroduction: Higher calcium dialysate is recommended for quotidian nocturnal hemodialysis (NHD) (≥6 nights/week) to maintain bone health. It is unclear what the optimal calcium dialysate concentration should be for alternate night NHD. We aimed to determine the effect of low calcium (LC) versus high calcium (HC) dialysate on cardiovascular and bone parameters in this population.Methods: A randomized controlled trial where participants were randomized to LC (1.3 mmol/L, n = 24) or HC dialysate (1.6 or 1.75 mmol/L, n = 26). Primary outcome was change in mineral metabolism markers. Secondary outcomes included change in vascular calcification (VC) scores [CT abdominal aorta (AA) and superficial femoral arteries (SFA)), pulse wave velocity (PWV), bone mineral density (BMD) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) over 12 months.Findings: In the LC group, pre‐dialysis ionised calcium decreased −0.12 mmol/L (−0.18–0.06, P = 0.0001) and PTH increased 16 pmol/L (3.5–28.5, p = 0.01) from baseline to 12 months with no significant change in the HC group. In both groups, there was no progression of VC in AA or SFA and no change in PWV, LVMI or BMD. At 12 months, calcimimetics were prescribed in a higher percentage in the LC vs. HC groups (45.5% vs. 10.5%) with a lower proportion of the HC group being prescribed calcitriol (31.5% vs. 72%).Discussion: Although dialysate calcium prescription influenced biochemical parameters it was not associated with difference in progression of VC between HC and LC groups. An important finding was the potential impact of alternate night NHD in attenuating progression of VC and inducing stabilisation of LVMI and PWV.
Complementary distribution patterns of arthropod detritivores (woodlice and millipedes) along forest edge‐to‐interior gradients
Authors: De Smedt Pallieter , Wuyts Karen , Baeten Lander , De Schrijver An , Proesmans Willem , De Frenne Pieter , Ampoorter Evy , Remy Elyn , Gijbels Merlijn , Hermy Martin , Bonte Dries , Verheyen Kris 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWorldwide, forest fragmentation induces edge effects, thereby strongly altering the forest microclimate and abiotic characteristics in the forest edge compared to the forest interior. The impact of edge‐to‐interior gradients on abiotic parameters has been extensively studied, but we lack insights on how biodiversity, and soil communities in particular, are structured along these gradients.Woodlice (Isopoda) and millipedes (Diplopoda) are dominant macro‐detritivores in temperate forests with acidic sandy soils.We investigated the distribution of these macro‐detritivores along forest edge‐to‐interior gradients in six different forest stands with sandy soils in northern Belgium.Woodlouse abundance decreased exponentially with distance from the forest edge, whereas millipede abundance did not begin to decrease until 7 m inside the forest stands. Overall, these patterns were highly species specific and could be linked to the species' desiccation tolerance. Whereas the observed abundance patterns were independent from forest stand and dominant tree species, tree species had a large effect on community structure.Edge gradients in macro‐detritivores may consequently have implications for nutrient cycling, especially in smaller forest fragments with a large edge‐to‐interior ratio.
The use of an enzymatic extraction procedure for the enhancement of highland barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) phenolic and antioxidant compounds
Authors: Zhu Yong , Li Tong , Fu Xiong , Brennan Margaret , Abbasi Arshad Mehmood , Zheng Bisheng , Liu Rui Hai 
Published: July 2016

SummaryA multistep enzymatic extraction method was compared with a conventional chemical extraction process to evaluate the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of highland barley (Z2, Zangqing 25; CHQK, Changheiqingke). The main phenolic compound extracted was (+)‐catechin, followed by ferulic acid, p‐coumaric acid, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid. The multi‐enzymatic digestion yielded a higher retrieval of (+)‐catechin compared to the conventional chemical extraction procedure (P < 0.05). Compounds obtained from the multi‐enzymatic digestion process exhibited significantly higher (P < 0.05) antioxidant activities determined by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) when compared to chemical extracts. These results suggest that highland barley subjected to in vitro multi‐enzymatic digestion exhibits a higher phenolic content and antioxidant activity than the chemical extraction, and this multi‐enzymatic digestion coupled with the CAA assay may be a valuable tool to evaluate the antioxidant potential of wholegrains and fruits, as well as vegetables.
Age at Death in Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Arvio Maria , Salokivi Tommi , Bjelogrlic‐Laakso Nina 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundWe aimed to ascertain the average age at death (AD) in the intellectual disability population for each gender and compare them to those of the general population during 1970–2012.MethodsBy analysing medical records, we calculated the ADs of all deceased clients (N = 1236) of two district organizations responsible for intellectual disability services. Statistics Finland's database generated data regarding ADs of all inhabitants who had died after having resided in same district.ResultsDuring the follow‐up, average ADs for the intellectual disability population and general population increased, and simultaneously the AD difference between these populations decreased. In the 2000s, the AD difference between the intellectual disability population and the whole population was 22 years for men (95% CI: −24 to −20) and 30 years for women (95% CI: −33 to −27). In 2000s, the mean AD of those with mild‐to‐moderate intellectual disability (IQ 50–69) for women and men was 56 (SD17) and 54 (SD18), and those with severe to profound intellectual disability (IQ<50), 44 (SD23) and 43 (SD21).ConclusionsIntellectual disability is still a considerable risk factor for early death. Among the intellectual disability population, unlike in general population, the lifespans of women and men are equal.
Callous–unemotional traits affect adolescents' perception of collaboration
Authors: Fawcett Christine , Wesevich Victoria , Truedsson Erik , Wåhlstedt Cecilia , Gredebäck Gustaf 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundHow is the perception of collaboration influenced by individual characteristics, in particular high levels of callous–unemotional (CU) traits? CU traits are associated with low empathy and endorsement of negative social goals such as dominance and forced respect. Thus, it is possible that they could relate to difficulties in interpreting that others are collaborating based on a shared goal.MethodsIn the current study, a community sample of 15‐ to 16‐year olds participated in an eye tracking task measuring whether they expect that others engaged in an action sequence are collaborating, depending on the emotion they display toward each other. Positive emotion would indicate that they share a goal, while negative emotion would indicate that they hold individual goals.ResultsWhen the actors showed positive emotion toward each other, expectations of collaboration varied with CU traits. The higher adolescents were on CU traits, the less likely they were to expect collaboration. When the actors showed negative emotion toward each other, CU traits did not influence expectations of collaboration.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that CU traits are associated with difficulty in perceiving positive social interactions, which could further contribute to the behavioral and emotional problems common to those with high CU traits.
Haptoglobin increases the vulnerability of CD163‐expressing neurons to hemoglobin
Authors: Chen‐Roetling Jing , Regan Raymond F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHaptoglobin (Hp) binds hemoglobin (Hb) with high affinity and provides the primary defense against its toxicity after intravascular hemolysis. Neurons are exposed to extracellular Hb after CNS hemorrhage, and a therapeutic effect of Hp via Hb sequestration has been hypothesized. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Hp protects neurons from Hb in primary mixed cortical cell cultures. Treatment with low micromolar concentrations of human Hb for 24 h resulted in loss of 10–20% of neurons without injuring glia. Concomitant treatment with Hp surprisingly increased neuronal loss five–sevenfold, with similar results produced by Hp 1‐1 and 2‐2 phenotypes. Consistent with a recent in vivo observation, neurons expressed the CD163 receptor for Hb and the Hb‐Hp complex in these cultures. Hp reduced overall Hb uptake, directed it away from the astrocyte‐rich CD163‐negative glial monolayer, and decreased induction of the iron‐binding protein ferritin. Hb‐Hp complex neuronal toxicity, like that of Hb per se, was iron‐dependent and reduced by deferoxamine and 2,2′ bipyridyl. These results suggest that Hp increases the vulnerability of CD163+ neurons to Hb by permitting Hb uptake while attenuating the protective response of ferritin induction by glial cells.
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Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.13342.
Hysteroscopic‐guided local endometrial injury does not improve natural cycle pregnancy rate in women with unexplained infertility: Randomized controlled trial
Authors: Shokeir Tarek , Ebrahim Mohamed , El‐Mogy Hosam 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimTo evaluate the efficacy of a hysteroscopic site‐specific local endometrial injury (LEI) in a group of women with unexplained infertility (UI) undergoing expectant management with no fertility treatment versus no intervention.MethodsThis open‐label, randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted between June 2013 and July 2015. Hysteroscopic site‐specific LEI was determined by patient identification number, and 120 women were included. Eligible participants were randomly assigned to receive either a single, site‐specific LEI guided by hysteroscopy (study group, n = 60) or no intervention (control group, n = 60). Natural cycle folliculometry and timed intercourse were carried out for all participants for 3 months. Successful clinical pregnancy confirmed on ultrasound was the primary outcome measure, and first trimester miscarriage rate was the secondary outcome.ResultsAfter identification, baseline clinical demographics were similar in the two groups. No statistically significant differences were noted in cumulative pregnancy rates in women with LEI compared with those without (16.7% and 11.7 %, respectively; OR, 2.83; 95%CI: 1.07–7.48; P = 0.4). One first trimester miscarriage was reported in the control group (14.3%).ConclusionLocal endometrial injury for natural cycle conception in women with UI is not justified. Further RCT are warranted to prove or disprove this.