bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SEC publishes final rules amending the rules of practice for administrative proceedings
Authors: McKown Joan , Klehm III Henry , Gordon Harold , Woodcock David , Bradley Daniel 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
To explain and evaluate amendments to the rules of practice governing the US Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC’s) Administrative Proceedings that were adopted by the Commission on July 13, 2016.

Design/methodology/approach
Describes SEC’s increased pursuit of enforcement actions in APs, criticisms of the AP process, and corrective legislation. Describes the July 2016 amendments covering expansion of the prehearing period, allowance of depositions, timing for completion of document production in discovery phase, required disclosure of affirmative defenses, permitted dispositive motions, and admissibility of hearsay evidence. Assesses the practical impact of the amendments. Makes recommendations concerning advanced preparation for APs, depositions and witness-interview strategies, particular care concerning statements in Wells submission, availability of investigative record to defense counsel, admissibility of hearsay evidence, and defenses based on reliance on counsel.

Findings
The amended rules are a step in the right direction but do not fully correct the numerous and severe imbalances that exist in the Commission’s administrative enforcement process with respect to the availability of various discovery mechanisms, the timeline for trying a case, and more.

Practical implications
Every entity or individual that is involved in an SEC enforcement investigation, or that may become a respondent in an SEC Administrative Proceeding, should take certain practical steps such as those recommended in this article to minimize the structural disadvantages it will face and to maximize the benefits conferred by these latest amendments to the rules of practice.

Originality/value
Practical background and guidance from experienced enforcement, litigation, securities and financial services lawyers.
Shifting culture and taking action to reduce smoking and premature death among people with a mental health condition
Authors: Harker Katy , Cheeseman Hazel 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
Mental health conditions affect almost a quarter of the population who die on average 10-20 years earlier than the general population. Smoking is the single largest cause of this gap in life expectancy. Smoking rates among people with mental health conditions have barely changed over the last 20 years during a time when rates have been steadily falling in the general population. Action is needed to address the growing difference in smoking rates among those with a mental health condition compared to the general population. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
This work has been informed by the input of a wide range of experts and professionals from across public health, mental health and the wider NHS.

Findings
People with a mental health condition are just as likely to want to stop smoking as other smokers but they face more barriers to quitting and are more likely to be dependant and therefore need more support. Quitting smoking does not exacerbate poor mental health; in fact the positive impact of smoking cessation on anxiety and depression appears to be at least as large as antidepressants.

Originality/value
The full report outlines the high-level ambitions and the specific actions that must be realised to drive down smoking rates among those with a mental health condition.
Testing IB theories with meta-analytic structural equation modeling
Authors: Tang Ryan W. , Cheung Mike W.-L. 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how international business (IB) researchers can benefit from meta-analytic structural equation modeling (MASEM) by introducing a statistically rigorous approach (i.e. two-stage meta-analytic structural equation modeling or TSSEM) and comparing it with a conventional approach (i.e. the univariate-r approach). The illustration and comparison present a methodological overview of MASEM that will assist IB researchers in selecting an optimal method.

Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, the MASEM method is elaborated upon, and methodological issues are addressed, by comparing the TSSEM and the univariate-r approaches using an empirical illustration. In this illustrative example, which is based on transaction cost economics, the effects of a firm’s internal factors on its levels of commitment in an international entry strategy are examined.

Findings
The MASEM method can help IB researchers to test and build on IB theories by synthesizing findings in the extant literature because this method reflects the theoretical complexity of IB (e.g. intercorrelationships among factors). Comparing the two approaches of MASEM, it is found in this study that due to its statistical rigorousness TSSEM has methodological advantages in helping IB researchers test theoretical models.

Originality/value
This is the first study to introduce MASEM into the discipline of IB strategies. In this paper, the authors introduce an advanced research method and illustrate two ways of using it.
Advancing the entrepreneurial orientation construct: the role of passion and perseverance
Authors: Gerschewski Stephan , Lindsay Valerie J. , Rose Elizabeth 
Published: November 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is manifested in the context of born global firms. Specifically, the authors investigate the extent to which the EO dimensions of the influential Miller/Covin & Slevin scale are demonstrated in born globals. In addition, following calls in the literature, some as-yet unrecognised dimensions of EO in born globals are examined.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use a qualitative research approach by conducting semi-structured, in-depth interviews with eight born global firms from New Zealand and Australia.FindingsThe authors find that the EO dimensions of proactiveness and innovativeness are strongly prevalent in these firms. In contrast to the extant literature, the results also indicate that these born global firms generally display a relatively low level of risk-taking. The authors find strong empirical support for two additional emerging dimensions of EO: passion and perseverance.Originality/valueThe study provides two key contributions to the area of international entrepreneurship by investigating how EO is prevalent in the context of born globals and by proposing the new dimensions of passion and perseverance.
A survey of information literacy credit courses in US academic libraries
Authors: Cohen Nadine , Holdsworth Liz , Prechtel John M. , Newby Jill , Mery Yvonne , Pfander Jeanne , Eagleson Laurie 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
There is a lack of data about information literacy (IL) credit courses in US academic libraries. This paper aims to provide a detailed snapshot of IL credit courses, including percentages of libraries that offer credit courses, the number of credits offered, the audience and how public institutions differ from private nonprofits and for-profits.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors surveyed a stratified random sample of libraries at higher education institutions across all categories from the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. Qualtrics software was used to create and distribute the email survey. The response rate was 39 per cent (n = 691).

Findings
In all, 19 per cent of the institutions in the survey have IL credit courses taught by librarians. Large institutions, public institutions and those granting doctoral degrees are the most likely to offer IL credit courses. The majority of these courses are undergraduate electives of 1-2 credit hours offered under the library aegis, although a significant minority are required, worth 3-4 credit hours, and taught within another academic department or campus-wide program.

Originality/value
The findings update previous surveys and provide a more granular picture of the characteristics of librarian-taught credit-bearing courses, the types of academic institutions that offer them and compensation teaching librarians receive. This survey is the first study of credit-bearing IL instruction to include for-profit colleges and universities.
Beset by the digital revolution successful retailers embrace technology that enhances customer value
Authors: Blitz Amy 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
The authorseeks to identify what strategies are successful companies using to navigate this ever-evolving retail landscape? And what strategies and best practices can be learned from the retail sector for thriving amid major economic transformations such as the current one?

Design/methodology/approach
To help explain the divergence in performance across U.S. retailers given the same general macro context, the research focused on four companies – Target, Kohl’s, JC Penney and Sears.

Findings
Successful retailers focused on using technology to build value for customers first, and as a result shareholder value ensued.

Practical implications
One key indicator of the connection between a company and its customers is the effectiveness of its social media presence.

Originality/value
The article presents evidence that in order o leverage the full power of technology, retailers must make strategic investments in technology that enable them to understand who their customers are; determine what their customers most need and offer products and services that address these needs seamlessly in stores and online.
Precipitation alters interactions in a grassland ecological community
Authors: Deguines Nicolas , Brashares Justin S. , Prugh Laura R. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Climate change is transforming precipitation regimes world‐wide. Changes in precipitation regimes are known to have powerful effects on plant productivity, but the consequences of these shifts for the dynamics of ecological communities are poorly understood. This knowledge gap hinders our ability to anticipate and mitigate the impacts of climate change on biodiversity.

Precipitation may affect fauna through direct effects on physiology, behaviour or demography, through plant‐mediated indirect effects, or by modifying interactions among species. In this paper, we examined the response of a semi‐arid ecological community to a fivefold change in precipitation over 7 years.

We examined the effects of precipitation on the dynamics of a grassland ecosystem in central California from 2007 to 2013. We conducted vegetation surveys, pitfall trapping of invertebrates, visual surveys of lizards and capture–mark–recapture surveys of rodents on 30 plots each year. We used structural equation modelling to evaluate the direct, indirect and modifying effects of precipitation on plants, ants, beetles, orthopterans, kangaroo rats, ground squirrels and lizards.

We found pervasive effects of precipitation on the ecological community. Although precipitation increased plant biomass, direct effects on fauna were often stronger than plant‐mediated effects. In addition, precipitation altered the sign or strength of consumer‐resource and facilitative interactions among the faunal community such that negative or neutral interactions became positive or vice versa with increasing precipitation.

These findings indicate that precipitation influences ecological communities in multiple ways beyond its recognized effects on primary productivity. Stochastic variation in precipitation may weaken the average strength of biotic interactions over time, thereby increasing ecosystem stability and resilience to climate change.
Happens in the best of subfamilies: establishment and repeated replacements of co‐obligate secondary endosymbionts within Lachninae aphids
Authors: Manzano‐Marín Alejandro , Szabó Gitta , Simon Jean‐Christophe , Horn Matthias , Latorre Amparo 
Published: November 2016

SummaryVirtually all aphids maintain an obligate mutualistic symbiosis with bacteria from theBuchneragenus, which produce essential nutrients for their aphid hosts. Most aphids from the Lachninae subfamily have been consistently found to house additional endosymbionts, mainlySerratia symbiotica. This apparent dependence on secondary endosymbionts was proposed to have been triggered by the loss of the riboflavin biosynthetic capability byBuchnerain the Lachninae last common ancestor. However, an integral large‐scale analysis of secondary endosymbionts in the Lachninae is still missing, hampering the interpretation of the evolutionary and genomic analyses of these endosymbionts. Here, we analysed the endosymbionts of selected representatives from seven different Lachninae genera and nineteen species, spanning four tribes, both by FISH (exploring the symbionts’ morphology and tissue tropism) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We demonstrate that all analysed aphids possess dual symbiotic systems, and while most harbourS. symbiotica, some have undergone symbiont replacement by other phylogenetically‐distinct bacterial taxa. We found that these secondary associates display contrasting cell shapes and tissue tropism, and some appear to be lineage‐specific. We propose a scenario for symbiont establishment in the Lachninae, followed by changes in the symbiont's tissue tropism and symbiont replacement events, thereby highlighting the extraordinary versatility of host‐symbiont interactions.
Paco—Applying Computational Methods to Scale Qualitative Methods
Authors: EVANS BOB 
Published: November 2016

For several years we have been building and using an open mobile research platform, called Paco, that enables the scaling of qualitative research through quantitative, computational techniques. The platform provides a mechanism to design and deliver remote research instruments to mobile devices in the field and it provides mechanisms to abstract and develop new research tools.The most immediate way the platform scales qualitative research is by enabling researchers to visually design, deploy, and manage research instruments comprised of surveys, triggers and sensor logging without needing to program or build a new mobile app. The combination of sensors, surveys and triggers supports idiographic, phenomenological, qualitative inquiry as well as contextual data collection in participants’ natural setting.Stepping back, the platform is an experiment in scaling the generation of new instruments and the generation of new knowledge in the science itself. Under the covers, Paco is implemented as an open construction kit of research components for all to use and modify as they like. Its design enables computational thinking [Wing] about both qualitative and quantitative behavioral research. It makes it possible to generate an infinite combination of research instruments from basic building blocks. Specifically, it borrows concepts and practices from programming language design, software architecture, and the software community.By writing down the elements and methods for research instruments in a precisely specified, machine‐executable language, they become more clear. This makes them better understood. This scales the generation of knowledge in behavioral science.Automated tools cannot replace the researcher. Ethnography has a very deep rich practice of immersive field work and analysis. The researcher is the ultimate instrument for understanding what is significant both individually and culturally within any study. Paco merely offers tools to support and advance the practice by scaling methods, automating parts that are amenable, and, by facilitating precise characterization of the data and data collection protocols.There are many challenges to how well computational methods can model and support behavioral research, particularly the qualitative methods used in ethnography. We finish with a discussion of some of the theoretical and practical challenges and how our method meets, and doesn't meet, those challenges.
A new sequence data set of SSU rRNA gene for Scleractinia and its phylogenetic and ecological applications
Authors: Arrigoni Roberto , Vacherie Benoît , Benzoni Francesca , Stefani Fabrizio , Karsenti Eric , Jaillon Olivier , Not Fabrice , Nunes Flavia , Payri Claude , Wincker Patrick , Barbe Valérie 
Published: November 2016

AbstractScleractinian corals (i.e. hard corals) play a fundamental role in building and maintaining coral reefs, one of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth. Nevertheless, their phylogenies remain largely unresolved and little is known about dispersal and survival of their planktonic larval phase. The small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) is a commonly used gene for DNA barcoding in several metazoans, and small variable regions of SSU rRNA are widely adopted as barcode marker to investigate marine plankton community structure worldwide. Here, we provide a large sequence data set of the complete SSU rRNA gene from 298 specimens, representing all known extant reef coral families and a total of 106 genera. The secondary structure was extremely conserved within the order with few exceptions due to insertions or deletions occurring in the variable regions. Remarkable differences in SSU rRNA length and base composition were detected between and within acroporids (Acropora, Montipora, Isopora and Alveopora) compared to other corals. The V4 and V9 regions seem to be promising barcode loci because variation at commonly used barcode primer binding sites was extremely low, while their levels of divergence allowed families and genera to be distinguished. A time‐calibrated phylogeny of Scleractinia is provided, and mutation rate heterogeneity is demonstrated across main lineages. The use of this data set as a valuable reference for investigating aspects of ecology, biology, molecular taxonomy and evolution of scleractinian corals is discussed.
Choice of anaesthesia for category‐1 caesarean section in women with anticipated difficult tracheal intubation: the use of decision analysis
Authors: Krom A. J. , Cohen Y. , Miller J. P. , Ezri T. , Halpern S. H. , Ginosar Y. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryA predicted difficult airway is sometimes considered a contra‐indication to rapid sequence induction of general anaesthesia, even in an urgent case such as a category‐1 caesarean section for fetal distress. However, formally assessing the risk is difficult because of the rarity and urgency of such cases. We have used decision analysis to quantify the time taken to establish anaesthesia, and probability of failure, of three possible anaesthetic methods, based on a systematic review of the literature. We considered rapid sequence induction of general anaesthesia with videolaryngoscopy, awake fibreoptic intubation and rapid spinal anaesthesia. Our results show a shorter mean (95% CI) time to induction of 100 (87–114) s using rapid sequence induction compared with 9 (7–11) min for awake fibreoptic intubation (p < 0.0001) and 6.3 (5.4–7.2) min for spinal anaesthesia (p < 0.0001). We calculate the risk of ultimate failed airway control after rapid sequence induction to be 21 (0–53) per 100,000 cases, and postulate that some mothers may accept such a risk in order to reduce potential fetal harm from an extended time interval until delivery. Although rapid sequence induction may not be the anaesthetic technique of choice for all cases in the circumstance of a category‐1 caesarean section for fetal distress with a predicted difficult airway, we suggest that it is an acceptable option.
Insulin‐like growth factor 1 and metabolic parameters are associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in obese children and adolescents
Authors: Liang Shuang , Cheng Xiangdeng , Hu Yanyan , Song Ruxin , Li Guimei 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAimFew studies have investigated the relationship between paediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1). This study, carried out from July 2013 to September 2015, aimed to fill the gap and added metabolic parameters to the analysis.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study of 168 obese children and adolescents (84% male), divided into two groups based on the presence (n = 90) or absence (n = 78) of NAFLD. All participants underwent clinical examinations, anthropometric and laboratory examinations and liver ultrasonography.ResultsNonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients had significantly lower IGF‐1 standard deviation score (IGF‐1 SDS) and higher body mass index (BMI), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) and uric acid levels than the control group. The prevalence rate of NAFLD was negatively correlated with the IGF‐1 SDS. IGF‐1 SDS was negatively associated with NAFLD, while BMI, HOMA‐IR and uric acid were positively associated with NAFLD. The combined analysis of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for multiple variables, including IGF‐1 SDS, BMI, HOMA‐IR and uric acid, was 0.812, with a sensitivity of 78.89% and specificity of 74.36%.ConclusionIGF‐1, BMI, HOMA‐IR and uric acid were useful markers of NAFLD in obese children and adolescents.
What are standardized literacy and numeracy tests testing? Evidence of the domain‐general contributions to students’ standardized educational test performance
Authors: Howard Steven J. , Woodcock Stuart , Ehrich John , Bokosmaty Sahar 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundA fundamental aim of standardized educational assessment is to achieve reliable discrimination between students differing in the knowledge, skills and abilities assessed. However, questions of the purity with which these tests index students’ genuine abilities have arisen. Specifically, literacy and numeracy assessments may also engage unintentionally assessed capacities.AimsThe current study investigated the extent to which domain‐general processes – working memory (WM) and non‐verbal reasoning – contribute to students’ standardized test performance and the pathway(s) through which they exert this influence.SampleParticipants were 91 Grade 2 students recruited from five regional and metropolitan primary schools in Australia.MethodsParticipants completed measures of WM and non‐verbal reasoning, as well as literacy and numeracy subtests of a national standardized educational assessment.ResultsPath analysis of Rasch‐derived ability estimates and residuals with domain‐general cognitive abilities indicated: (1) a consistent indirect pathway from WM to literacy and numeracy ability, through non‐verbal reasoning; (2) direct paths from phonological WM and literacy ability to numeracy ability estimates; and (3) a direct path from WM to spelling test residuals.ConclusionsResults suggest that the constitution of this nationwide standardized assessment confounded non‐targeted abilities with those that were the target of assessment. This appears to extend beyond the effect of WM on learning more generally, to the demands of different assessment types and methods. This has implications for students’ abilities to demonstrate genuine competency in assessed areas and the educational supports and provisions they are provided on the basis of these results.