bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age-related carbon dioxide reactivity in children after moderate and severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: Maa Tensing , Yeates Keith Owen , Moore-Clingenpeel Melissa , O'Brien Nicole F. 
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study is to assess carbon dioxide reactivity (CO2R) in children following traumatic brain injury (TBI).

METHODS
This prospective observational study enrolled children younger than 18 years old following moderate and severe TBI. Thirty-eight mechanically ventilated children had daily CO2R testing performed by measuring changes in their bilateral middle cerebral artery flow velocities using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) after a transient increase in minute ventilation. The cohort was divided into 3 age groups: younger than 2 years (n = 12); 2 to 5 years old (n = 9); and older than 5 years (n = 17).

RESULTS
Children younger than 2 years old had a lower mean CO2R over time. The 2–5-year-old age group had higher mean CO2R than younger patients (p = 0.01), and the highest CO2R values compared with either of the other age groups (vs > 5 years old, p = 0.046; vs < 2 years old, p = 0.002). Having a lower minimum CO2R had a statistically significant negative effect on outcome at discharge (p = 0.0413). Impaired CO2R beyond Postinjury Day 4 trended toward having an effect on outcome at discharge (p = 0.0855).

CONCLUSIONS
Abnormal CO2R is prevalent in children following TBI, and the degree of impairment varies by age. No clinical or laboratory parameters were identified as risk factors for impaired CO2R. Lower minimum CO2R values are associated with worse outcome at discharge.
EARTH’S ROTATIONAL DECELERATION: DETERMINATION OF TIDAL FRICTION INDEPENDENT OF TIMESCALES
Authors: Deines Steven D. , Williams Carol A. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
This paper determines Earth's rotational deceleration without relying on atomic or ephemeris timescales. Earth's rotation defines the civil time standard called Universal Time (UT). Our previous paper did not examine tidal friction in depth when analyzing the timescale divergence between UT and International Atomic Time (TAI). We examine all available paleontological fossils and deposits for the direct measurements of Earth's past rotation rates, because that record includes all contributing effects. We examine paleontological reports that date Earth's rotation rate using corals, bivalves, brachiopods, rhythmites, and stromatolites. Contributions that vary Earth's moment of inertia, such as continental plate drifts, coastline changes, ice age formations, and viscous glacial rebounds, are superimposed with the secular deceleration. The average deceleration of Earth's rotation rate from all available fossil data is found to be (5.969 ± 1.762) × 10−7 rad yr−2. Our value is 99.8% of the total rotational deceleration determined by Christodoulidis et al., who used artificial satellite data, and our value is 96.6% of the expected tidal friction value obtained by Stephenson and Morrison. Taking the derivative of conserved angular momentum, the predicted lunar orbital deceleration caused by the average rotational deceleration corresponds closely to lunar models. When evaluating the significant time gaps between UT and TAI, Earth's rotational deceleration is a minor contributing factor. Also, the secular deceleration rate is necessary to correctly date ancient astronomical events. We strongly encourage that more ocean paleontological evidence be found to supplement the record to separate the many periodic variations embedded in these data.
ON THE INCONSISTENCY BETWEEN COSMIC STELLAR MASS DENSITY AND STAR FORMATION RATE UP TO z ∼ 8
Authors: Yu H. , Wang F. Y. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
In this paper, we test the discrepancy between the stellar mass density (SMD) and instantaneous star formation rate in the redshift range 0 < z < 8 using a large observational data sample. We first compile the measurements of SMDs up to z ∼ 8. Comparing the observed SMDs with the time-integral of instantaneous star formation history (SFH), we find that the observed SMDs are lower than that implied from the SFH at z < 4. We also use the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method to derive the best-fitting SFH from the observed SMD data. At 0.5 < z < 6, the observed star formation rate densities are larger than the best-fitting one, especially at z ∼ 2 where they are larger by a factor of about two. However, at lower (z < 0.5) and higher redshifts (z > 6), the derived SFH is consistent with the observations. This is the first time that the discrepancy between the observed SMD and instantaneous star formation rate has been tested up to very high redshift z ≈ 8 using the MCMC method and a varying recycling factor. Several possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed, such as underestimation of SMD, initial mass function, and evolution of cosmic metallicity.
ON THE FORMATION OF AMIDE POLYMERS VIA CARBONYL–AMINO GROUP LINKAGES IN ENERGETICALLY PROCESSED ICES OF ASTROPHYSICAL RELEVANCE
Authors: Förstel Marko , Maksyutenko Pavlo , Jones Brant M. , Sun Bing J. , Lee Huan C. , Chang Agnes H. H. , Kaiser Ralf I. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
We report on the formation of organic amide polymers via carbonyl–amino group linkages in carbon monoxide and ammonia bearing energetically processed ices of astrophysical relevance. The first group comprises molecules with one carboxyl group and an increasing number of amine moieties starting with formamide (45 u), urea (60 u), and hydrazine carboxamide (75 u). The second group consists of species with two carboxyl (58 u) and up to three amine groups (73 u, 88 u, and 103 u). The formation and polymerization of these linkages from simple inorganic molecules via formamide und urea toward amide polymers is discussed in an astrophysical and astrobiological context. Our results show that long chain molecules, which are closely related to polypeptides, easily form by energetically processing simple, inorganic ices at very low temperatures and can be released into the gas phase by sublimation of the ices in star-forming regions. Our experimental results were obtained by employing reflectron time-of-flight mass spectroscopy, coupled with soft, single photon vacuum ultraviolet photoionization; they are complemented by theoretical calculations.
Aarskog-Scott syndrome: phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity
Authors: Jabalameli M. Reza , Briceno Ignacio , Martinez Julio , Briceno Ignacio , Pengelly Reuben J. , Ennis Sarah , Collins Andrew 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAarskog-Scott syndrome (AAS) is a rare developmental disorder which primarily affects males and has a relative prevalence of 1 in 25,000 in the general population. AAS patients usually present with developmental complications including short stature and facial, skeletal and urogenital anomalies. The spectrum of genotype-phenotype correlations in AAS is unclear and mutations of the FGD1 gene on the proximal short arm of chromosome X account for only 20% of the incidence of the disorder. Failure to identify pathogenic variants in patients referred for FGD1 screening suggests heterogeneity underlying pathophysiology of the condition. Furthermore, overlapping features of AAS with several other developmental disorders increase the complexity of diagnosis. Cytoskeletal signaling may be involved in the pathophysiology of AAS. The FGD1 protein family has a role in activation of CDC42 (Cell Division Control protein 42 homolog) which has a core function in remodeling of extracellular matrix and the transcriptional activation of many modulators of development. Therefore, mutations in components in the EGFR1 (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 1) signaling pathway, to which CDC42 belongs, may contribute to pathophysiology. Parallel sequencing strategies (so-called next generation sequencing or high throughput sequencing) enables simultaneous production of millions of sequencing reads that enormously facilitate cost-effective identification of cryptic mutations in heterogeneous monogenic disorders. Here we review the source of phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity in the context of AAS and discuss the applicability of next generation sequencing for identification of novel mutations underlying AAS.
Restricting Glutamine or Glutamine-Dependent Purine and Pyrimidine Syntheses Promotes Human T Cells with High FOXP3 Expression and Regulatory Properties
Authors: Metzler Barbara , Gfeller Patrick , Guinet Elisabeth 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
T cell subsets differ in their metabolic requirements, and further insight into such differences might be harnessed to selectively promote regulatory T cells (Tregs) for therapies in autoimmunity and transplantation. We found that Gln restriction during human T cell activation favored CD4 T cells with high expression of the Treg transcription factor FOXP3. This resulted from shrinking numbers and reduced proliferation of activated FOXP3lo/−CD4 T cells while FOXP3hiCD4 T cell numbers increased. This gain was abolished by blocking Gln synthetase, an enzyme that responds to Gln and purine/pyrimidine deficiencies. The shift toward FOXP3hiCD4 T cells under Gln restriction was recapitulated with inhibitors of Gln-dependent pyrimidine and purine syntheses that together closely mimicked declining cell numbers and cell cycles, and by small interfering RNA knockdown of the respective rate-limiting Gln-consuming enzymes CAD and PPAT. FOXP3hi-enriched CD25hiCD4 T cells from these cultures inhibited proliferation, but they also produced effector cytokines, including IL-17A. The latter was largely confined to CTLA-4hi-expressing FOXP3hi-enriched CD25hiCD4 T cells that suppressed proliferation more weakly than did CTLA-4lo/−CD25hiFOXP3hi–enriched T cells. A causal link between high IL-17A production and impaired suppression of proliferation could not be demonstrated, however. Collectively, these results reveal a Gln synthetase–dependent increase and resilience of FOXP3hi cells under Gln restriction, and they demonstrate that impaired Gln-dependent nucleotide synthesis promotes FOXP3hi cells with regulator properties. It remains to be investigated to what extent the concomitant retention of IL-17A–producing CD4 T cells may limit the therapeutic potential of Tregs enriched through targeting these pathways in vivo.
Chemical and physical influences on aerosol activation in liquid clouds: a study based on observations from the Jungfraujoch, Switzerland
Authors: Hoyle Christopher R. , Webster Clare S. , Rieder Harald E. , Nenes Athanasios , Hammer Emanuel , Herrmann Erik , Gysel Martin , Bukowiecki Nicolas , Weingartner Ernest , Steinbacher Martin , Baltensperger Urs 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. A simple statistical model to predict the number of aerosols which activate to form cloud droplets in warm clouds has been established, based on regression analysis of data from four summertime Cloud and Aerosol Characterisation Experiments (CLACE) at the high-altitude site Jungfraujoch (JFJ). It is shown that 79 % of the observed variance in droplet numbers can be represented by a model accounting only for the number of potential cloud condensation nuclei (defined as number of particles larger than 80 nm in diameter), while the mean errors in the model representation may be reduced by the addition of further explanatory variables, such as the mixing ratios of O3, CO, and the height of the measurements above cloud base. The statistical model has a similar ability to represent the observed droplet numbers in each of the individual years, as well as for the two predominant local wind directions at the JFJ (northwest and southeast). Given the central European location of the JFJ, with air masses in summer being representative of the free troposphere with regular boundary layer in-mixing via convection, we expect that this statistical model is generally applicable to warm clouds under conditions where droplet formation is aerosol limited (i.e. at relatively high updraught velocities and/or relatively low aerosol number concentrations). A comparison between the statistical model and an established microphysical parametrization shows good agreement between the two and supports the conclusion that cloud droplet formation at the JFJ is predominantly controlled by the number concentration of aerosol particles.
Size-segregated compositional analysis of aerosol particles collected in the European Arctic during the ACCACIA campaign
Authors: Young G. , Jones H. M. , Darbyshire E. , Baustian K. J. , McQuaid J. B. , Bower K. N. , Connolly P. J. , Gallagher M. W. , Choularton T. W. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Single-particle compositional analysis of filter samples collected on board the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) BAe-146 aircraft is presented for six flights during the springtime Aerosol–Cloud Coupling and Climate Interactions in the Arctic (ACCACIA) campaign (March–April 2013). Scanning electron microscopy was utilised to derive size-segregated particle compositions and size distributions, and these were compared to corresponding data from wing-mounted optical particle counters. Reasonable agreement between the calculated number size distributions was found. Significant variability in composition was observed, with differing external and internal mixing identified, between air mass trajectory cases based on HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) analyses. Dominant particle classes were silicate-based dusts and sea salts, with particles notably rich in K and Ca detected in one case. Source regions varied from the Arctic Ocean and Greenland through to northern Russia and the European continent. Good agreement between the back trajectories was mirrored by comparable compositional trends between samples. Silicate dusts were identified in all cases, and the elemental composition of the dust was consistent for all samples except one. It is hypothesised that long-range, high-altitude transport was primarily responsible for this dust, with likely sources including the Asian arid regions.
The impact of clouds, land use and snow cover on climate in the Canadian Prairies
Authors: Betts Alan K. , Desjardins Raymond L. , Worth Devon E. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. This study uses 55 years of hourly observations of air temperature, relative humidity, daily precipitation, snow cover and cloud cover from 15 climate stations across the Canadian Prairies to analyze biosphere-atmosphere interactions. We will provide examples of the coupling between climate, snow cover, clouds, and land use. Snow cover acts as a fast climate switch. With the first snow fall, air temperature falls by 10 °C, and a similar increase in temperature occurs with snow melt. Climatologically, days with snow cover are 10 °C cooler than days with no snow cover in Alberta. However the interannual variability has a larger range, so that for every 10 % decrease in days with snow cover, the mean October to April climate is warmer by 1.4 to 1.5 °C. Snow cover also transforms the coupling between clouds and the diurnal cycle of air temperature from a boundary layer regime dominated by shortwave cloud forcing in the warm season to one dominated by longwave cloud forcing with snow cover. Changing agricultural land use in the past thirty years, specifically the reduction of summer fallowing, has cooled and moistened the growing season climate and increased summer precipitation. These hourly climate data provide a solid observational basis for understanding land surface coupling, which can be used to improve the representation of clouds and land-surface processes in atmospheric models.
Lightning and electrical activity during the Shiveluch volcano eruption on 16 November 2014
Authors: Shevtsov Boris M. , Firstov Pavel P. , Cherneva Nina V. , Holzworth Robert H. , Akbashev Renat R. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. According to World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) data, a sequence of lightning discharges was detected which occurred in the area of the explosive eruption of Shiveluch volcano on 16 November 2014 in Kamchatka. Information on the ash cloud motion was confirmed by the measurements of atmospheric electricity, satellite observations and meteorological and seismic data. It was concluded that WWLLN resolution is enough to detect the earlier stage of volcanic explosive eruption when electrification processes develop the most intensively. The lightning method has the undeniable advantage for the fast remote sensing of volcanic electric activity anywhere in the world. There is a good opportunity for the development of WWLLN technology to observe explosive volcanic eruptions.
Language or Protolanguage
Authors: Hajizade Aftab Yashar 
Published: March 2016

<p>The article investigates the communication system of living beings, especially the non-humans. The author tries to analyse that if there are any relations between the evolution of the language and the communication system of the species. The author studies the Animal Communication System by Mark Hauser.</p><p>According to the investigations mostly all living beings communicate to each other with any way. Humans, animals, birds, insects and even bacteria are able to communicate with each other. This reason caused Mark Hauser to investigate Animal Communication System (ACS) decades ago. Basing on his observations in different environments and with different kinds of animals for many years he defined that ACS covers three broad categories.</p><p>He named those categories as signals and gave such a division:</p><p>1) The signals that relate to individual survival;</p><p>2) The signals that relate to mating and reproduction;</p><p>3) The signals that relate to other kinds of interactions among members of the same species; they are called social signals (2, s.16).</p><p>The author investigates each of these categories by giving detailed examples from different sources. The author comes to the conclusion that the non-humans do not concepts as some people think. They only have abilities that were given to them by birth. And they perform their abilities in each situation.</p>
Impact of three-dimensional stacking silicon on diamond substrate for the electrostatic discharge protection device
Authors: Ikeda Yuho , Nakagawa Kentaro , Yoshida Wataru , Matsumoto Satoshi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In this paper, the electrostatic-discharge (ESD) protection capabilities of the protection devices fabricated on a silicon-on-diamond (SOD) structure and a conventional Si substrate are compared. The results showed that the ESD protection capability of the SOD substrate is higher than that of the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate. We also evaluate the ESD protection device suitable for the SOD structure. In addition, we propose the three-dimensional (3D) stacking structure suitable for a power supply on a chip (power-SoC) and the best location for the implementation of the ESD protection device based on the results of device simulations.
A phase 2 clinical trial of everolimus plus bicalutamide for castration‐resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Chow Helen , Ghosh Paramita M. , deVere White Ralph , Evans Christopher P. , Dall'Era Marc A. , Yap Stanley A. , Li Yueju , Beckett Laurel A. , Lara Primo N. , Pan Chong‐Xian 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUNDThe mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is up‐regulated in castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Nevertheless, inhibition of mTOR is ineffective in inducing apoptosis in prostate cancer cells, likely because of the compensatory up‐regulation of the androgen receptor (AR) pathway.METHODSPatients who were eligible for this study had to have progressive CRPC with serum testosterone levels <50 ng/dL. No prior bicalutamide (except to prevent flare) or everolimus was allowed. Treatment included oral bicalutamide 50 mg and oral everolimus 10 mg, both once daily, with a cycle defined as 4 weeks. The primary endpoint was the prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) response (≥30% reduction) from baseline. A sample size of 23 patients would have power of 0.8 and an α error of .05 (1‐sided) if the combination had a PSA response rate of 50% versus a historic rate of 25% with bicalutamide alone.RESULTSTwenty‐four patients were enrolled. The mean age was 71.1 years (range, 53.0‐87.0 years), the mean PSA level at study entry was 43.4 ng/dL (range, 2.5‐556.9 ng/dL), and the mean length of treatment was 8 cycles (range, 1.0‐23.0 cycles). Of 24 patients, 18 had a PSA response (75%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.53‐0.90), whereas 15 (62.5%; 95% CI, 0.41‐0.81) had a PSA decrease ≥50%. The median overall survival was 28 months (95% CI, 14.1‐42.7 months). Fourteen patients (54%; 95% CI, 0.37‐0.78) developed grade 3 (13 patients) or grade 4 (1 patient with sepsis) adverse events that were attributable to treatment.CONCLUSIONSThe combination of bicalutamide and everolimus has encouraging efficacy in men with bicalutamide‐naive CRPC, thus warranting further investigation. A substantial number of patients experienced everolimus‐related toxicity. Cancer 2016;122:1897–904. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Cognitive testing of tobacco use items for administration to patients with cancer and cancer survivors in clinical research
Authors: Land Stephanie R. , Warren Graham W. , Crafts Jennifer L. , Hatsukami Dorothy K. , Ostroff Jamie S. , Willis Gordon B. , Chollette Veronica Y. , Mitchell Sandra A. , Folz Jasmine N. M. , Gulley James L. , Szabo Eva , Brandon Thomas H. , Duffy Sonia A. , Toll Benjamin A. 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUNDTo the authors' knowledge, there are currently no standardized measures of tobacco use and secondhand smoke exposure in patients diagnosed with cancer, and this gap hinders the conduct of studies examining the impact of tobacco on cancer treatment outcomes. The objective of the current study was to evaluate and refine questionnaire items proposed by an expert task force to assess tobacco use.METHODSTrained interviewers conducted cognitive testing with cancer patients aged ≥21 years with a history of tobacco use and a cancer diagnosis of any stage and organ site who were recruited at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center in Bethesda, Maryland. Iterative rounds of testing and item modification were conducted to identify and resolve cognitive issues (comprehension, memory retrieval, decision/judgment, and response mapping) and instrument navigation issues until no items warranted further significant modification.RESULTSThirty participants (6 current cigarette smokers, 1 current cigar smoker, and 23 former cigarette smokers) were enrolled from September 2014 to February 2015. The majority of items functioned well. However, qualitative testing identified wording ambiguities related to cancer diagnosis and treatment trajectory, such as “treatment” and “surgery”; difficulties with lifetime recall; errors in estimating quantities; and difficulties with instrument navigation. Revisions to item wording, format, order, response options, and instructions resulted in a questionnaire that demonstrated navigational ease as well as good question comprehension and response accuracy.CONCLUSIONSThe Cancer Patient Tobacco Use Questionnaire (C‐TUQ) can be used as a standardized item set to accelerate the investigation of tobacco use in the cancer setting. Cancer 2016;122:1728‐34. © 2016 American Cancer Society.