bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surviving winter: Food, but not habitat structure, prevents crashes in cyclic vole populations
Authors: Johnsen Kaja , Boonstra Rudy , Boutin Stan , Devineau Olivier , Krebs Charles J. , Andreassen Harry P. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractVole population cycles are a major force driving boreal ecosystem dynamics in northwestern Eurasia. However, our understanding of the impact of winter on these cycles is increasingly uncertain, especially because climate change is affecting snow predictability, quality, and abundance. We examined the role of winter weather and snow conditions, the lack of suitable habitat structure during freeze‐thaw periods, and the lack of sufficient food as potential causes for winter population crashes. We live‐trapped bank voles Myodes glareolus on 26 plots (0.36 ha each) at two different elevations (representing different winter conditions) in southeast Norway in the winters 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. We carried out two manipulations: supplementing six plots with food to eliminate food limitation and six plots with straw to improve habitat structure and limit the effect of icing in the subnivean space. In the first winter, all bank voles survived well on all plots, whereas in the second winter voles on almost all plots went extinct except for those receiving supplemental food. Survival was highest on the feeding treatment in both winters, whereas improving habitat structure had no effect. We conclude that food limitation was a key factor in causing winter population crashes.
Patterns of tree mortality in a temperate deciduous forest derived from a large forest dynamics plot
Authors: Gonzalez‐Akre Erika , Meakem Victoria , Eng Cheng‐Yin , Tepley Alan J. , Bourg Norman A. , McShea William , Davies Stuart J. , Anderson‐Teixeira Kristina 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTree mortality is one of the most influential drivers of forest dynamics, and characterizing patterns of tree mortality is critical to understanding forest dynamics and ecosystem function in the present era of global change. Here, we use a unique data set of mortality in a temperate deciduous forest to characterize rates and drivers of mortality. At the 25.6‐ha Center for Tropical Forest Science—Forest Global Earth Observatory forest dynamics plot at the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (Virginia, USA), we conducted two full tree censuses in 2008 and 2013 and then tracked mortality over the next 2 years (2014 and 2015). Overall, the mortality rate, m, of stems ≥10 cm diameter was 1.3–2.1%/yr. Biomass mortality, M, was 1.9–3.4 Mg·ha−1·yr−1 at the stand level (0.6–1.1%/yr of biomass), less than biomass gains from growth and recruitment, resulting in net live biomass accumulation. Small stems died at the highest rate; however, contributions to M increased toward larger size classes. Most species had m < 2%/yr and M < 0.25 Mg·ha−1·yr−1 (<3%/yr of biomass), whereas two to four species had anomalously high mortality rates during each census period, accounting for 15–24% of m (n = 2, Cercis canadensis, Ulmus species) and 39–75% of M (n = 4 Quercus species). Stems that died, whether or not in association with mechanical damage, tended to grow more slowly in preceding years than surviving stems and, for certain shade‐intolerant species, tended to be in neighborhoods with higher basal area. These findings show how relatively fine‐scale mortality processes contribute to stand‐level compositional change and carbon cycling. The mortality patterns reported here will provide a valuable basis for understanding future disturbance events within eastern deciduous forests and for comparing across forest types.
Ferritin levels and risk of heart failure—the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
Authors: Silvestre Odilson M. , Gonçalves Alexandra , Nadruz Jr Wilson , Claggett Brian , Couper David , Eckfeldt John H. , Pankow James S. , Anker Stefan D. , Solomon Scott D. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimsSevere iron overload is associated with cardiac damage, while iron deficiency has been related to worse outcomes in subjects with heart failure (HF). This study investigated the relationship between ferritin, a marker of iron status, and the incidence of HF in a community‐based cohort.Methods and resultsWe examined 1063 participants who were free of heart failure from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study in whom ferritin serum levels were measured at baseline (1987–1989). The participants (mean age 52.7 ± 5.5 years, 62% women), were categorized in low (<30 ng/mL; n = 153), normal (30–200 ng/mL in women and 30–300 ng/mL in men; n = 663), and high (>200 ng/mL in women and >300 ng/mL in men; n = 247) ferritin levels. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the relationship between ferritin and incident HF. After 21 ± 4.6 years of follow‐up, HF occurred in 144 (13.5%) participants. When compared with participants with normal ferritin levels, participants with low ferritin levels had a higher risk of HF [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15–4.35; P = 0.02] as did those with high ferritin levels (HR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.01–3.25; P = 0.04), after adjusting for potential confounders. Notably, low ferritin levels remained associated with incident HF even after excluding subjects with anaemia (HR = 2.28, 95% CI 1.11–4.68; P = 0.03).ConclusionDerangements in iron metabolism, either low or high ferritin serum levels, were associated with higher risk of incident HF in a general population, even without concurrent anaemia. These findings suggest that iron imbalance might play a role in the development of HF.
Silent disease progression in clinically stable heart failure
Authors: Sabbah Hani N. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractHeart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a progressive disorder whereby cardiac structure and function continue to deteriorate, often despite the absence of clinically apparent signs and symptoms of a worsening disease state. This silent yet progressive nature of HFrEF can contribute to the increased risk of death—even in patients who are ‘clinically stable’, or who are asymptomatic or only mildly symptomatic—because it often goes undetected and/or undertreated. Current therapies are aimed at improving clinical symptoms, and several agents more directly target the underlying causes of disease; however, new therapies are needed that can more fully address factors responsible for underlying progressive cardiac dysfunction. In this review, mechanisms that drive HFrEF, including ongoing cardiomyocyte loss, mitochondrial abnormalities, impaired calcium cycling, elevated LV wall stress, reactive interstitial fibrosis, and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, are discussed. Additionally, limitations of current HF therapies are reviewed, with a focus on how these therapies are designed to counteract the deleterious effects of compensatory neurohumoral activation but do not fully prevent disease progression. Finally, new investigational therapies that may improve the underlying molecular, cellular, and structural abnormalities associated with HF progression are reviewed.
Rapeseed hull oil as a source for phytosterols and their separation by organic solvent nanofiltration
Authors: Lammerskötter Anna , Seggert Heiner , Matthäus Bertrand , Raß Michael , Bart Hans‐Jörg , Jordan Volkmar 
Published: December 2016

Hulling of rapeseed leads to hulls as an additional valuable by‐product of rapeseed oil production, containing remarkable concentrations of phytosterols and tocopherols compared to the concentrations in the entire seed and double‐pressed kernel. It was shown that the content of these substances in hull oil is significantly higher than in the entire seed. In particular, the sterol concentration with 3% is remarkably high. Another characteristic of hull oil is the high concentration of alpha‐tocopherol. Therefore, the hull oil can be an interesting source for sterols and tocopherols, which are used as health promoting additives in food industry. The nanofiltration with organic solvent resistant membranes was tested for the enrichment of these substances. The experiments were performed in a dead‐end cell at pressures up to 20 bar at ambient temperature using n‐hexane and n‐heptane as solvents. Fluxes of pure solvent and solutions of triglycerides and sterols were determined. Rejections of sterols and triglycerides were measured in binary (solvent‐sterol or solvent‐oil) and ternary (solvent‐sterol‐oil) solute solvent systems. A five‐fold increase in sterol concentration in the solvent free permeate was possible with a single nanofiltration step. After removal of the solvent from the permeate, sterol crystallization was observed. Further investigations have to be done to optimize membrane separation and coupling with a crystallization of sterols.Practical applications: The hull fraction of rapeseed can be used as a source for phytosterols and tocopherols which are both food additives. Thus, in addition to the advantages with respect to the quality of the oil and protein, hulling leads to additional valuable products, which are oil fractions rich in sterols and tocopherols. The feasibility of an organic solvent nanofiltration process for the separation between unsaponifiables and oil is demonstrated.Rapeseed hull oil has a remarkably high content of alpha‐tocopherol and sterols. It was shown that organic solvent nanofiltration is a process, which can be used for a partial separation of sterols and triglycerides. An enrichment by a factor of five is possible, leading to oils with such a high sterol concentration that crystallization occurred.
Productivity and Selectivity of Gas‐Phase CO2 Electroreduction to Methane at Copper Nanoparticle‐Based Electrodes
Authors: Merino‐Garcia Ivan , Albo Jonathan , Irabien Angel 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn this study, copper nanoparticles are supported on porous carbon papers by airbrushing; they are then coupled with a Nafion 117 membrane to form working electrodes for the continuous production of methane through gas‐phase electroreduction of CO2 in a filter‐press electrochemical cell. The methane production and Faradaic efficiency (FE) are evaluated and compared at different applied voltages (from −1.8 to −2.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl) and catalyst loadings (0.25, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg cm−2). The maximum methane production rate is achieved at −2 V and 0.5 mg cm−2 (4.4 μmol m−2 s−1) whereas the highest Faradaic efficiencies can be obtained at 1 mg cm−2 (FE=10.1 %) and at −1.8 V (FE=12.1 %). The role of the porous carbon support and the possibility of humidifying the CO2 stream before it enters the cell are also tested. These results may provide a new understanding of the use of gas–liquid electrochemical membrane reactors for the direct conversion of CO2 in the gas phase.
Coexisting geriatric anxiety and depressive disorders may increase the risk of ischemic heart disease mortality—a nationwide longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Chang Wei Hung , Lee I Hui , Chen Wei Tseng , Chen Po See , Yang Yen Kuang , Chen Kao Chin 
Published: December 2016

ObjectivesIn the elderly, the risk of mortality because of physical illnesses related to anxiety disorders varies with potential confounding influences, including comorbidity with depressive disorders. Our study aimed to explore (i) whether anxiety disorders increase the risk of mortality in the elderly, and (ii) whether the risk of mortality mediated by anxiety and depressive disorders differs between physical illnesses.MethodsOur longitudinal cohort study included subjects aged over 60 years from the National Health Insurance Research Database. One thousand and eighty‐six subjects with anxiety disorders and 50 554 control subjects without anxiety disorders were included. Propensity score‐matched cohorts were analyzed. Rate ratios (RRs) were calculated for the risk of mortality associated with different physical illnesses with comorbidities of either anxiety disorders only or both anxiety and depressive disorders.ResultsThe risk of mortality in patients with anxiety disorders was significantly higher than controls, and was even higher when subjects had both anxiety and depressive disorder comorbidities. Furthermore, the co‐occurrence of anxiety and depressive disorders increased the risk of mortality in elderly patients with ischemic heart diseases (RR = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.14–2.24).ConclusionsCoexisting anxiety and depressive disorders could increase the risk of mortality in elderly patients with ischemic heart diseases. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effectiveness of Non‐Standard Monetary Policy Measures: Evidence from Survey Data
Authors: Altavilla Carlo , Giannone Domenico 
Published: December 2016

SummaryWe assess professional forecasters' perceptions of the effects of the unconventional monetary policy measures announced by the US Federal Reserve after the collapse of Lehman Brothers. Using survey data, collected at the individual level, we analyze the change in the forecasts for Treasury and corporate bond yields around the announcement dates of the non‐standard measures. We find that forecasters expected bond yields to drop significantly for at least 1 year after the announcement of accommodative policies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How Do I Inject Botulinum Toxin Into the Lateral and Medial Pterygoid Muscles?
Authors: Yoshida Kazuya 
Published: December 2016

AbstractView Supplementary Video 1Oromandibular dystonia is a focal dystonia that manifests as involuntary masticatory and/or tongue muscle contractions. Jaw opening, jaw deviation, and jaw protrusion types of oromamdibular dystonia are caused by involuntary contraction of the lateral pterygoid muscles. The medial pterygoid can be very hyperactive in jaw closing dystonia as a result of the so‐called “whack‐a‐mole phenomenon,” after repeated botulinum toxin injections into the masseter and temporalis muscles. The more accurately the botulinum toxin is injected into the muscles, the more likely the improvement in the patient's symptoms, and the lower the risk of complications, such as hematoma or arterial bleeding. Both pterygoid muscles can be accessed by intra‐ and extraoral routes. Safe and correct injection of botulinum toxin into both pterygoid muscles is described in this video. With understanding of the anatomy of the muscles, indications for injection, and technique of needle placement, injection of botulinum toxin into the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles is safe and effective for oromandibular dystonia.
Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Clinical Implications of TRPV1 Receptor Antagonists
Authors: Aghazadeh Tabrizi Mojgan , Baraldi Pier Giovanni , Baraldi Stefania , Gessi Stefania , Merighi Stefania , Borea Pier Andrea 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTransient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is an ion channel expressed on sensory neurons triggering an influx of cations. TRPV1 receptors function as homotetramers responsive to heat, proinflammatory substances, lipoxygenase products, resiniferatoxin, endocannabinoids, protons, and peptide toxins. Its phosphorylation increases sensitivity to both chemical and thermal stimuli, while desensitization involves a calcium‐dependent mechanism resulting in receptor dephosphorylation. TRPV1 functions as a sensor of noxious stimuli and may represent a target to avoid pain and injury. TRPV1 activation has been associated to chronic inflammatory pain and peripheral neuropathy. Its expression is also detected in nonneuronal areas such as bladder, lungs, and cochlea where TRPV1 activation is responsible for pathology development of cystitis, asthma, and hearing loss. This review offers a comprehensive overview about TRPV1 receptor in the pathophysiology of chronic pain, epilepsy, cough, bladder disorders, diabetes, obesity, and hearing loss, highlighting how drug development targeting this channel could have a clinical therapeutic potential. Furthermore, it summarizes the advances of medicinal chemistry research leading to the identification of highly selective TRPV1 antagonists and their analysis of structure–activity relationships (SARs) focusing on new strategies to target this channel.
Up‐Regulation of Follistatin‐Like 1 By the Androgen Receptor and Melanoma Antigen‐A11 in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Su Shifeng , Parris Amanda B. , Grossman Gail , Mohler James L. , Wang Zengjun , Wilson Elizabeth M. 
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUNDHigh affinity androgen binding to the androgen receptor (AR) activates genes required for male sex differentiation and promotes the development and progression of prostate cancer. Human AR transcriptional activity involves interactions with coregulatory proteins that include primate‐specific melanoma antigen‐A11 (MAGE‐A11), a coactivator that increases AR transcriptional activity during prostate cancer progression to castration‐resistant/recurrent prostate cancer (CRPC).METHODSMicroarray analysis and quantitative RT‐PCR were performed to identify androgen‐regulated MAGE‐A11‐dependent genes in LAPC‐4 prostate cancer cells after lentivirus shRNA knockdown of MAGE‐A11. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to assess androgen‐dependent AR recruitment, and immunocytochemistry to localize an androgen‐dependent protein in prostate cancer cells and tissue and in the CWR22 human prostate cancer xenograft.RESULTSMicroarray analysis of androgen‐treated LAPC‐4 prostate cancer cells indicated follistatin‐like 1 (FSTL1) is up‐regulated by MAGE‐A11. Androgen‐dependent up‐regulation of FSTL1 was inhibited in LAPC‐4 cells by lentivirus shRNA knockdown of AR or MAGE‐A11. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated AR recruitment to intron 10 of the FSTL1 gene that contains a classical consensus androgen response element. Increased levels of FSTL1 protein in LAPC‐4 cells correlated with higher levels of MAGE‐A11 relative to other prostate cancer cells. FSTL1 mRNA levels increased in CRPC and castration‐recurrent CWR22 xenografts in association with predominantly nuclear FSTL1. Increased nuclear localization of FSTL1 in prostate cancer was suggested by predominantly cytoplasmic FSTL1 in benign prostate epithelial cells and predominantly nuclear FSTL1 in epithelial cells in CRPC tissue and the castration‐recurrent CWR22 xenograft. AR expression studies showed nuclear colocalization of AR and endogenous FSTL1 in response to androgen.CONCLUSIONAR and MAGE‐A11 cooperate in the up‐regulation of FSTL1 to promote growth and progression of CRPC. Prostate 77:505–516, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Low Testosterone Alters the Activity of Mouse Prostate Stem Cells
Authors: Zhou Ye , Copeland Ben , Otto‐Duessel Maya , He Miaoling , Markel Susan , Synold Tim W. , Jones Jeremy O. 
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUNDLow serum testosterone (low T) has been repeatedly linked to worse outcomes in men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer (PC). How low T contributes to these outcomes is unknown. Here we demonstrate that exposure to low T causes significant changes in the mouse prostate and prostate stem cells.METHODSMice were castrated and implanted with capsules to achieve castrate, normal, or sub‐physiological levels of T. After 6 weeks of treatment, LC‐MS/MS was used to quantify the levels of T and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in serum and prostate tissue. FACS was used to quantify the percentages of purported prostate stem and transit amplifying (TA) cells in mouse prostates. Prostate tissues were also stained for the presence of CD68+ cells and RNA was extracted from prostate tissue or specific cell populations to measure changes in transcript levels with low T treatment.RESULTSDespite having significantly different levels of T and DHT in the serum, T and DHT concentrations in prostate tissue from different T treatment groups were similar. Low T treatment resulted in significant alterations in the expression of androgen biosynthesis genes, which may be related to maintaining prostate androgen levels. Furthermore, the expression of androgen‐regulated genes in the prostate was similar among all T treatment groups, demonstrating that the mouse prostate can maintain functional levels of androgens despite low serum T levels. Low T increased the frequency of prostate stem and TA cells in adult prostate tissue and caused major transcriptional changes in those cells. Gene ontology analysis suggested that low T caused inflammatory responses and immunofluorescent staining indicated that low T treatment led to the increased presence of CD68+ macrophages in prostate tissue.CONCLUSIONSLow T alters the AR signaling axis which likely leads to maintenance of functional levels of prostate androgens. Low T also induces quantitative and qualitative changes in prostate stem cells which appear to lead to inflammatory macrophage infiltration. These changes are proposed to lead to an aggressive phenotype once cancers develop and may contribute to the poor outcomes in men with low T. Prostate 77:530–541, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Understanding the relation between medical students’ collective and individual trajectories: an application of habitus
Authors: Balmer Dorene F. , Devlin Michael J. , Richards Boyd F. 
Published: December 2016

Introduction While medical educators typically attend to group trends, groups are made up of unique individuals. An exploration of Bourdieu’s concept of habitus, defined as a system of dispositions, may help medical educators think relationally about the collective trajectory of the group and the individual trajectory of each student.
Methods We built on our 4‑year, longitudinal study which reported how field, capital, and habitus worked together to explain how medical students, as a group, navigated transitions in undergraduate medical education. In this secondary analysis, we reviewed serial collections of narratives about students’ peak learning experiences in medical school (19 students, 5 narratives per student), concentrating on first-person representations of self. We then explored the relation between collective and individual trajectories in three illustrative cases.
Results The social space of undergraduate medical education harmonized students’ experience and helped explain the collective trajectory, as evidenced by students’ consistent reports of taking initiative and staying open-minded. But individuals were not totally harmonized. They had unique dispositions that influenced their ability to access valued resources and shaped their behaviour. For example, Emily consistently spoke of being driven by her own goals; Zach focused on meeting expectations of authorities; Hilary routinely oriented toward abstract medical knowledge.
Discussion Habitus provides a useful conceptual lens for thinking relationally about collective and individual trajectories of medical students.