bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A conceptual framework for mixing structures in individual aerosol particles
Authors: Li Weijun , Sun Jiaxing , Xu Liang , Shi Zongbo , Riemer Nicole , Sun Yele , Fu Pingqing , Zhang Jianchao , Lin Yangting , Wang Xinfeng , Shao Longyi , Chen Jianmin , Zhang Xiaoye , Wang Zifa , Wang Wenxing 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis study investigated the particle size‐ and age‐dependent mixing structures of individual particles in clean and polluted air. Aerosols were classified into eight components: sea salt, mineral dust, fly ash, metal, soot, sulfates, nitrates, and organic matter (OM). Based on our aerosol classification, a particle that consists of two or more aerosol components can be defined as an internally mixed particle. Otherwise, it is considered to be an externally mixed particle. Within the internally mixed particle class, we identified four heterogeneous mixing structures: core‐shell, dumbbell, OM coating, and dispersed OM, as well as one homogeneous‐like mixing structure. Homogeneous‐like mixing mainly occurred in fine particles (<1 µm), while the frequency of heterogeneously mixed particles increased with particle size. Our study demonstrated that particle mixing structures depend on particle size and location and evolve with time. OM‐coating and core‐shell structures are important indicators for particle aging in air as long as they are distant from specific emission sources. Long‐range transported particles tended to have core‐shell and OM‐coating structures. We found that secondary aerosol components (e.g., sulfates, nitrates, and organics) determined particle mixing structures, because their phases change following particle hydration and dehydration under different relative humidities. Once externally mixed particles are transformed into internally mixed particles, they cannot revert to their former state, except when semivolatile aerosol components are involved. Categorizing mixing structures of individual particles is essential for studying their optical and hygroscopic properties and for tracing the development of their physical or chemical properties over time.
Comment on “The reduction of friction in long‐runout landslides as an emergent phenomenon” by Brandon C. Johnson et al.
Authors: Iverson Richard M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractResults from a highly idealized, 2‐D computational model indicate that dynamic normal‐stress rarefactions might cause friction reduction in long‐runout landslides, but the physical relevance of the idealized dynamics has not been confirmed by experimental tests. More importantly, the model results provide no evidence that refutes alternative hypotheses about friction reduction mechanisms. One alternative hypothesis, which is strongly supported by field evidence, experimental data, and the predictions of a well‐constrained computational model, involves development of high pore fluid pressures in deforming landslide material or overridden bed material. However, no scientific basis exists for concluding that a universal mechanism is responsible for friction reduction in all long‐runout landslides.
Modeling the influence of preferential flow on the spatial variability and time‐dependence of mineral weathering rates
Authors: Pandey Sachin , Rajaram Harihar 
Published: November 2016

AbstractInferences of weathering rates from laboratory and field observations suggest significant scale and time‐dependence. Preferential flow induced by heterogeneity (manifest as permeability variations or discrete fractures) has been suggested as one potential mechanism causing scale/time‐dependence. We present a quantitative evaluation of the influence of preferential flow on weathering rates using reactive transport modeling. Simulations were performed in discrete fracture networks (DFNs) and correlated random permeability fields (CRPFs), and compared to simulations in homogeneous permeability fields. The simulations reveal spatial variability in the weathering rate, multidimensional distribution of reactions zones, and the formation of rough weathering interfaces and corestones due to preferential flow. In the homogeneous fields and CRPFs, the domain‐averaged weathering rate is initially constant as long as the weathering front is contained within the domain, reflecting equilibrium‐controlled behavior. The behavior in the CRPFs was influenced by macrodispersion, with more spread‐out weathering profiles, an earlier departure from the initial constant rate and longer persistence of weathering. DFN simulations exhibited a sustained time‐dependence resulting from the formation of diffusion‐controlled weathering fronts in matrix blocks, which is consistent with the shrinking core mechanism. A significant decrease in the domain‐averaged weathering rate is evident despite high remaining mineral volume fractions, but the decline does not follow a
dependence, characteristic of diffusion, due to network scale effects and advection‐controlled behavior near the inflow boundary. The DFN simulations also reveal relatively constant horizontally averaged weathering rates over a significant depth range, challenging the very notion of a weathering front.
Modeling sediment transport after ditch network maintenance of a forested peatland
Authors: Haahti K. , Marttila H. , Warsta L. , Kokkonen T. , Finér L. , Koivusalo H. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractElevated suspended sediment (SS) loads released from peatlands after drainage operations and the resulting negative effect on the ecological status of the receiving water bodies have been widely recognized. Understanding the processes controlling erosion and sediment transport within the ditch network forms a prerequisite for adequate sediment control. While numerous experimental studies have been reported in this field, model based assessments are rare. This study presents a modeling approach to investigate sediment transport in a peatland ditch network. The transport model describes bed erosion, rain‐induced bank erosion, floc deposition, and consolidation of the bed. Coupled to a distributed hydrological model, sediment transport was simulated in a 5.2 ha forestry‐drained peatland catchment for 2 years after ditch cleaning. Comparing simulation results to measured SS concentrations suggested that the loose peat material, produced during excavation, contributed markedly to elevated SS concentrations immediately after ditch cleaning. Both snowmelt and summer rainstorms contributed critically to annual loads. Springtime peat erosion during snowmelt was driven by ditch flow whereas during summer rainfalls, bank erosion by raindrop impact was identified as an important process. Relating modeling results to observed spatial topographic changes in the ditch network was challenging and the results were difficult to verify. Nevertheless, the model has potential to identify risk areas for erosion. The results demonstrate that modeling is effective in separating the importance of different processes and complements pure experimental approaches. Modeling results can aid planning and designing efficient sediment control measures and guide the focus of experimental studies.
Predicting shifts in rainfall‐runoff partitioning during multiyear drought: Roles of dry period and catchment characteristics
Authors: Saft Margarita , Peel Murray C. , Western Andrew W. , Zhang Lu 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWhile the majority of hydrological prediction methods assume that observed interannual variability explores the full range of catchment response dynamics, recent cases of prolonged climate drying suggest otherwise. During the ∼decade‐long Millennium drought in south‐eastern Australia significant shifts in hydrologic behavior were reported. Catchment rainfall‐runoff partitioning changed from what was previously encountered during shorter droughts, with significantly less runoff than expected occurring in many catchments. In this article, we investigate the variability in the magnitude of shift in rainfall‐runoff partitioning observed during the Millennium drought. We re‐evaluate a large range of factors suggested to be responsible for the additional runoff reductions. Our results suggest that the shifts were mostly influenced by catchment characteristics related to predrought climate (aridity index and rainfall seasonality) and soil and groundwater storage dynamics (predrought interannual variability of groundwater storage and mean solum thickness). The shifts were amplified by seasonal rainfall changes during the drought (spring rainfall deficits). We discuss the physical mechanisms that are likely to be associated with these factors. Our results confirm that shifts in the annual rainfall‐runoff relationship represent changes in internal catchment functioning, and emphasize the importance of cumulative multiyear changes in the catchment storage for runoff generation. Prolonged drying in some regions can be expected in the future, and our results provide an indication of which catchments characteristics are associated with catchments more susceptible to a shift in their runoff response behavior.
Iron‐Promoted Tandem Cyclization of 1,3‐Diynyl Chalcogen Derivatives with Diorganyl Dichalcogenides for the Synthesis of Benzo[b]furan‐Fused Selenophenes
Authors: Neto José S. S. , Iglesias Bernardo A. , Back Davi F. , Zeni Gilson 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA double intramolecular 5‐endo‐dig cyclization of butyl[2‐(phenylbuta‐1,3‐diynyl)phenyl]chalcogens has been employed in a selective preparation of benzo[b]chalcogenopheno[2,3‐d]furans. Several reaction parameters were studied to determine the best reaction conditions and we observed that the reaction of butyl[2‐(phenylbuta‐1,3‐diynyl)phenyl]chalcogens (0.25 mmol) with iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (2.0 equiv.) and diorganyl diselenides (1.75 equiv.) at reflux of dichloromethane was the most appropriate to give the products in 35–89% yields. These standard reaction conditions were compatible with many functional groups in the substrates, such as methyl, chlorine, fluorine, methoxy and heteroaryl. This protocol was also efficient for diorganyl diselenides but it was ineffective with diorganyl disulfides and ditellurides. In a competition among selenium, sulfur and oxygen nucleophiles we observed that the nucleophilicity and steric effects of the competing functional groups were determinant factors for the selectivity of the cyclization. The benzo[b]chalcogenopheno[2,3‐d]furans had absorptions in the UV region (300–350 nm range) with molar absorptivity coefficient values ascribed to spin and symmetry allowed π–π* electronic transitions. An emission located in the purple region (380–440 nm range), with a Stokes shift of between 65–100 nm, is probably associated to the charge transfer character of the excited state.magnified image
An Enantioselective Cascade Cyclopropanation Reaction Catalyzed by Rhodium(I): Asymmetric Synthesis of Vinylcyclopropanes
Authors: Torres Òscar , Roglans Anna , Pla‐Quintana Anna 
Published: November 2016

AbstractN‐Tosylhydrazone‐yne‐ene substrates are satisfactorily prepared and their cyclization under rhodium catalysis is evaluated. A cascade process involving rhodium vinyl carbene formation – through carbene/alkyne metathesis – and cyclopropanation has been developed to stereoselectively afford vinylcyclopropanes.magnified image
Lamp Lighters and Sidewalk Smoothers: How Individual Residents Contribute to the Maintenance of the Urban Commons
Authors: T. O'Brien Daniel 
Published: November 2016

AbstractResearch on collective efficacy in urban neighborhoods has focused predominantly on whether a community can regulate local behavior and spaces and less on how they do so. This study pursues the latter question by examining the social regularities that create collective efficacy, measured as the behavioral composition of a neighborhood (i.e., the extent to which each individual contributes to a social regularity). This perspective is applied to the database of requests for non‐emergency government services received by Boston, MA's 311 system in 2011 (>160,000 requests). The analysis categorized custodians who have used the system to combat physical disorder in the public space (e.g., requesting graffiti removal) into two groups—“typical custodians” who have made one or two requests in a year, and “exemplars” who have made three or more. A neighborhood's collective efficacy in reporting public issues was identified through audits of sidewalk quality and streetlight outages. Analyses revealed a collaborative model of maintenance in which typical and exemplar custodians were each necessary and non‐substitutable. A second analysis found that the two types of custodian were associated with different contextual factors, articulating two different pathways from demographic and social characteristics to collective efficacy, suggesting implications for theory and practice.
Investigation of chemosensitivity during and after an acute cold
Authors: Pellegrino Robert , Walliczek‐Dworschak Ute , Winter Gudrun , Hull David , Hummel Thomas 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundViral rhinitis (the “common” cold) is a frequent worldwide disease. Olfactory dysfunction is one complication that arises during infection, which in most cases heals up spontaneously upon recovery, whereas in some cases it may persist as a partial or total loss of olfaction. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the change of other chemosensory systems during a cold.MethodsFifty‐eight patients (age 18 to 69 years) with an acute cold were compared to a healthy control group (n = 59; age 19 to 63 years). All patients were examined on 2 occasions separated by approximately 4 weeks. Orthonasal, retronasal, gustatory, and trigeminal nasal function were investigated. Furthermore, ratings of real foods, in terms of intensity and pleasantness, were obtained.ResultsCompared to the control group, patients showed a decreased orthonasal (threshold and discrimination) and retronasal function. Furthermore, patients exhibited a decreased sensitivity to salt and a reduced ability to localize menthol, indicating a decreased taste and trigeminal function, respectively. Upon recovery from the infection, orthonasal olfactory and trigeminal sensitivity increased, whereas retronasal sensitivity showed no improvement and salt sensitivity decreased.ConclusionThis comprehensive study provides empirical evidence that chemosensory impairment is prevalent during a cold, and additionally shows for the first time that chemosensory features associated with food consumption persist postinfection.
Nickel‐katalysierter Alkoxy‐Alkyl‐Austausch mit Alkylboranen mittels C‐O‐Aktivierung von Aryl‐ und Enolethern
Authors: Guo Lin , Liu Xiangqian , Baumann Christoph , Rueping Magnus 
Published: November 2016

AbstractEine Nickel‐katalysierte Alkylierung von polycyclischen aromatischen Methylethern sowie von Methylenolethern mit B‐Alkyl‐9‐BBN und Trialkylboranen unter Spaltung stabiler C(sp2)‐OMe‐Bindungen wird beschrieben. Charakteristisch für die Umsetzung sind das breite Substratspektrum sowie gute Chemoselektivitäten und milde Reaktionsbedingungen. Somit wird ein neuer und vielfältiger Weg zur Bildung von C(sp2)‐C(sp3)‐Bindungen erschlossen, wobei keine β‐Hydrid‐Eliminierung beobachtet wird. Weiterhin wird ein selektiver und sequentieller Alkylierungsprozess unter Spaltung inerter C‐O‐Bindungen vorgestellt, um den Vorteil der Methode zu demonstrieren.
Cage‐like Fe,Na‐Germsesquioxanes: Structure, Magnetism, and Catalytic Activity
Authors: Bilyachenko Alexey N. , Levitsky Mikhail M. , Yalymov Alexey I. , Korlyukov Alexander A. , Khrustalev Viktor N. , Vologzhanina Anna V. , Shul'pina Lidia S. , Ikonnikov Nikolay S. , Trigub Alexander E. , Dorovatovskii Pavel V. , Bantreil Xavier , Lamaty Frédéric , Long Jérôme , Larionova Joulia , Golub Igor E. , Shubina Elena S. , Shul'pin Georgiy B. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA series of four unprecedented heterometallic metallagermsesquioxanes were synthesized. Their cage‐like architectures have a unique type of molecular topology consisting of the hexairon oxo {Fe6O19} core surrounded in a triangular manner by three cyclic germoxanolates [PhGe(O)O]5. This structural organization induces antiferromagnetic interactions between the FeIII ions through the oxygen atoms. Evaluated for this first time in catalysis, these compounds showed a high catalytic activity in the oxidation of alkanes and the oxidative formation of benzamides from alcohols.
Metal‐Free Reduction of CO2 to Methoxyborane under Ambient Conditions through Borondiformate Formation
Authors: Sau Samaresh Chandra , Bhattacharjee Rameswar , Vardhanapu Pavan K. , Vijaykumar Gonela , Datta Ayan , Mandal Swadhin K. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAn abnormal N‐heterocyclic carbene (aNHC) based homogeneous catalyst has been used for the reduction of carbon dioxide to methoxyborane in the presence of a range of hydroboranes under ambient conditions and resulted in the highest turnover number of 6000. A catalytically active reaction intermediate, [aNHC‐H⋅9BBN(OCOH)2] was structurally characterized and authenticated by NMR spectroscopy. A detailed mechanistic cycle of this catalytic process via borondiformate formation has been proposed from tandem experimental and computational experiments.
Long‐term records (1781–2013) of European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) production in the Comacchio Lagoon (Italy): evaluation of local and global factors as causes of the population collapse
Authors: Aschonitis Vassilis , Castaldelli Giuseppe , Lanzoni Mattia , Rossi Remigio , Kennedy Clive , Fano Elisa Anna 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Several eel species have undergone extensive declines at both local and global level. The aim of this study was to identify the reasons for the collapse of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) stock in an important area for biodiversity conservation (Comacchio Lagoon, Italy), in order to support the development of eel conservation plans.
The records of silver eel catches from Comacchio describe the total migratory population and cover the period 1781–2013. The data are accompanied by information related to habitat loss and other local factors. The role of local factors on the decline of the local stock was investigated, while additional information from the literature was also used to discuss the effects of global factors (including glass eel harvest for aquaculture, climate–oceanographic changes, habitat loss, pollution and parasitism) on the three eel species A. anguilla, Anguilla japonica and Anguilla rostrata.
The records from Comacchio provided significant information about the effects of local factors on the local eel populations in the past. However, the current population collapse, which started in the 1970s, could not be explained by local factors.
The literature on global factors suggests that the three eel species are under combined threat from various factors. The correlations between European aquaculture production data compared with the Comacchio yields and published data from other European eel and glass eel fisheries were found to be highly significant. Aquaculture, which depends entirely on wild‐caught glass eels, seems to play a key role in the decline of natural stocks.
Conservative estimates using FAO data showed that the current numbers of glass eels needed to support aquaculture production in Europe and Asia exceeds 2 × 109 specimens. This requirement, largely supplied by A. anguilla glass eels, can explain the decline of eel populations since the glass eel trade has been expanded at an international level.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
p‐Quaterphenylene as an Aggregation‐Induced Emission Fluorogen in Supramolecular Organogels and Fluorescent Sensors
Authors: Sun Yue , Wang Yi‐Xuan , Wu Mengjiao , Yuan Wei , Chen Yulan 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTwo dumbbell‐shaped organogelators with a p‐quaterphenylene core were synthesized, and their self‐assembly properties were investigated. These low‐molecular‐weight gelators could form self‐supporting gels in many apolar organic solvents with an H‐type aggregation form through a synergic effect of π–π stacking, intermolecular translation‐related hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals forces. In comparison to the p‐terphenylene‐cored gelator, the extended π‐conjugated segment improved the gelation efficiency significantly with enhanced gelation rate. Additionally, these p‐quaterphenylene‐centered gelators exhibited strong fluorescence emission induced by aggregation, which not only provided an in situ method to optically monitor the gelation process, but also endowed these self‐assemblies with substantial applications in sensing explosives.
A camelid nanobody against EGFR was easily obtained through refolding of inclusion body expressed in Escherichia coli
Authors: Xu Li , Song Xiaoyu , Jia Lingyun 
Published: November 2016

AbstractUsing anti‐EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) nanobody is a good choice for diagnoses and therapeutics for high EGFR expression diseases. In the present study, the percentage composition of anti‐EGFR nanobody attained 25% of the total cell protein expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). However, almost all nanobodies were expressed as inclusion bodies. To acquire active nanobodies, a series of dilution refolding procedures were optimized after inclusion bodies were dissolved into 6 M urea and purified with immobilized metal affinity chromatography. The results showed the refolding rate of the anti‐EGFR nanobodies attained to 73%, and about 100 mg nanobodies were refolded from 1 L cells under the conditions that the initial nanobody concentration was 0.3 mg/mL, the dilution speed was 2.5 mL/Min, the dilution buffer was Tris–HCl at pH 8.0, the additives were 0.2 M Arg, 5 mM reduced glutathione (GSH), and 1 mM oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Then the activity of the refolded nanobodies was confirmed. The results showed that the refolded anti‐EGFR nanobodies, in a dose‐dependent manner, bounded to the tumor cell surface of A431 and MCF‐7 and significantly inhibited the proliferation of A431 caused by the epidermal growth factor. Our study provides a facile method to rapidly, efficiently, and massively prepare anti‐EGFR antibodies and promotes anti‐EGFR–based recognition in cancer diagnoses and therapeutics.