bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulation suppresses pathogenic astrocyte activation and chronic progressive CNS inflammation
Authors: Rothhammer Veit , Kenison Jessica E. , Tjon Emily , Takenaka Maisa C. , de Lima Kalil Alves , Borucki Davis M. , Chao Chun-Cheih , Wilz Annabel , Blain Manon , Healy Luke , Antel Jack , Quintana Francisco J. 
Published: February 2017

Significance
Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) inflicts severe and irreversible disability on the affected individuals. Astrocytes are thought to play a central role in the pathogenesis of SPMS. Here, we demonstrate that Sphingosine-1-receptor (S1PR) modulation suppresses pathogenic astrocyte activation and disease progression in an animal model of SPMS. Using functional in vitro assays, we defined direct effects of S1PR modulation on murine and human astrocytes, as well as astrocyte-mediated effects on microglia and proinflammatory monocytes. Finally, in unbiased transcriptome-wide studies on human astrocytes, we identified candidate targets for the modulation of astrocyte function in SPMS. Collectively, this study sheds light on the pathogenesis of SPMS and evaluates the therapeutic value of S1PR modulation in an animal model of SPMS.
Interaction between top-down and bottom-up control in marine food webs
Authors: Lynam Christopher Philip , Llope Marcos , Möllmann Christian , Helaouët Pierre , Bayliss-Brown Georgia Anne , Stenseth Nils C. 
Published: February 2017

Significance
Whether environmental conditions, harvesting, or predation pressure primarily regulate an ecosystem is still a question of much debate in marine ecology. Using a wealth of historical records, we describe how climate and fishing interact in a complex marine ecosystem. Through an integrative evidence-based approach, we demonstrate that indirect effects are key to understanding the system. Planktivorous forage fish provide an important role in the system, linking bottom-up and top-down processes such that fishing can indirectly impact the plankton and environmental effects can cascade up to impact demersal fish and predatory seabirds. Cascading trophic interactions can be mediated by opposing bottom-up and top-down forces; this combination has the potential to avert regime wide shifts in community structure and functioning.
Effects of education on the production of plural morphology among bilingual speakers of Yucatec Maya and Spanish
Authors: Butler Lindsay K. , Couoh Pool Rosa María 
Published: February 2017

AbstractYucatec Maya differs from many better-known languages in that it has optional plural marking. In a psycholinguistic study of the production of optional plural marking with college-enrolled speakers of Yucatec Maya,Butler, Jaeger, and Bohnemeyer (2014)found that conceptual number information influences the production of optional plural marking. Since the participants in theButler et al. (2014)study are not necessarily representative of speakers of Yucatec Maya, we examine the effects of conceptual number information, via the manipulation of set size, while factoring in the effects of age, education and language use variables on the production of optional plural morphology among bilingual speakers of Yucatec Maya and Spanish speaking in Yucatec Maya. In addition to finding effects of conceptual information, we found that education, but not age, significantly influences the production of plural morphology in Yucatec Maya. Participants with higher levels of education were more sensitive to conceptual number information.
Percutaneous Instrumentation Without Arthrodesis for Thoracolumbar Flexion-Distraction Injuries: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Chu Jason K. , Rindler Rima S. , Pradilla Gustavo , Rodts Gerald E. , Ahmad Faiz U. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Flexion-distraction injuries (FDI) represent 5% to 15% of traumatic thoracolumbar fractures. Treatment depends on the extent of ligamentous involvement: osseous/Magerl type B2 injuries can be managed conservatively, while ligamentous/Magerl type B1 injuries undergo stabilization with arthrodesis. Minimally invasive surgery without arthrodesis can achieve similar outcomes to open procedures. This has been studied for burst fractures; however, its role in FDI is unclear.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review of the literature that examined minimally invasive surgery instrumentation without arthrodesis for traumatic FDI of the thoracolumbar spine.

METHODS: Four electronic databases were searched, and articles were screened using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines for patients with traumatic FDI of the thoracolumbar spine treated with percutaneous techniques without arthrodesis and had postoperative follow-up.

RESULTS: Seven studies with 44 patients met inclusion criteria. There were 19 patients with osseous FDI and 25 with ligamentous FDI. When reported, patients (n = 39) were neurologically intact preoperatively and at follow-up. Osseous FDI patients underwent instrumentation at 2 levels, while ligamentous injuries at approximately 4 levels. Complication rate was 2.3%. All patients had at least 6 mo of follow-up and demonstrated healing on follow-up imaging.

CONCLUSION: Percutaneous instrumentation without arthrodesis represents a low-risk intermediate between conservative management and open instrumented fusion. This “internal bracing” can be used in osseous and ligamentous FDIs. Neurologically intact patients who do not require decompression and those that may not tolerate or fail conservative management may be candidates. The current level of evidence cannot provide official recommendations and future studies are required to investigate long-term safety and efficacy.
Motion Vision in Arthropods
Authors: Mauss Alex S. , Borst Alexander 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Visual perception seems effortless to us, yet it is the product of elaborate signal processing in intricate brain circuits. Apart from vertebrates, arthropods represent another major animal group with sophisticated visual systems in which the underlying mechanisms can be studied. Arthropods feature identified neurons and other experimental advantages, facilitating an understanding of circuit function at the level of individual neurons and their synaptic interactions. Here, focusing on insect and crustacean species, we summarize and connect our current knowledge in four related areas of research: (1) elementary motion detection in early visual processing; (2) the detection of higher level visual features such as optic flow fields, small target motion and object distance; (3) the integration of such signals with other sensory modalities; and (4) state-dependent visual motion processing.
Control of Locomotion in Hexapods
Authors: Ritzmann Roy E. , Zill Sasha N. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This article discusses legged locomotion in insects. It describes the basic patterns of coordinated movement both within each leg and among the various legs. The nervous system controls these actions through groups of joint pattern generators coupled through interneurons and interjoint reflexes in a range of insect species. These local control systems within the thoracic ganglia rely on leg proprioceptors that monitor joint movement and cuticular strain interacting with central pattern generation interneurons. The local control systems can change quantitatively and qualitatively as needed to generate turns or more forceful movements. In dealing with substantial obstacles or changes in navigational movements, more profound changes are required. These rely on sensory information processed in the brain that projects to the multimodal sensorimotor neuropils collectively referred to as the central complex. The central complex affects descending commands that alter local control circuits to accomplish appropriate redirected movements.
Morphology of Invertebrate Neurons and Synapses
Authors: Meinertzhagen Ian A. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Despite their often small numbers, the neurons in invertebrate nervous systems can nevertheless constitute many classes, and the nervous systems of little studied or entirely new species still offer significant opportunities for discovery. Circuit analyses and connectomic data are of particular significance, as are the relationships of these to behavior, and the organization of simple larval brains. Functional analyses of synaptic circuits still require knowledge of the neurotransmitter and neurotransmitter receptor for each identified neuron. Synapse complexity ranges widely; undifferentiated pathways in basal species may have unpolarized synapses with presynaptic sites opposite each other, and specialized pathways may have polyadic synapses.
Paul the Theologian
Authors: Jervis L. Ann 
Published: February 2017

AbstractPaul does not describe himself as a theologian, at least not in the sense we use the word—a person who is an expert in rationally analysing or expounding religious faith. At the beginning of the Christian movement Paul is presented as a missionary, a preacher, and a miracle worker. Interest in Paul’s theology does not arise until his words became the focus of a contest over how to understand fundamental aspects of the new Christian religion. Only in the course of Christian history does Paul become known as the founder of Christian thought. There are several who have claimed (or who have had claimed for them) that they have correctly understood his theology—Augustine, Luther, Barth, for instance. That the conversation about the character and content of Paul’s theology continues to this day is evidence that no one has presented the apostle’s theology convincingly enough to create long-standing consensus.
A Stepwise Transition to Agriculture in the American Midcontinent
Authors: Milner George R. , Buikstra Jane E. , Novotny Anna C. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn the American midcontinent, the transition from hunter-gatherer to agricultural economies was long, spanning several millennia, but it took place in a stepwise fashion. Plant remains and human bones provide complementary evidence of a shift to a greater dependence on maize just over a millennium ago. The immediate causes of subsistence change do not appear to have been the same each step of the way, although local population density and intergroup conflict figured prominently in the process. Shifts in lifeways were accompanied by changes in disease experience, although variation in late prehistoric community well-being is not explicable in terms of commonly used archaeological or sociopolitical categories.
Judaeo-Aramaic (Talmud)
Authors: Boyarin Daniel 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis chapter argues, perhaps paradoxically, that a literary text produced outside of the Roman empire should be understood as one of the literatures of the Roman empire. The Babylonia Talmud is a wild collection, one might say, of the law and lore of the Babylonian Jews from about the third until the sixth or seventh centuries, a congeries of law, lore, and laughter too. Material brought from the Roman world, Palestine, has been altered, expanded, reworked, and combined with ‘native’ materials, including heavily marked Iranian culture, in the formation of the text we have as the Babylonian Talmud. The Palestinian material in the Talmud should not be understood as sources for the Bavli but as part and parcel of a living diasporic cultural, textual formation. The Talmud is as much a product of the Roman empire as of the Sasanian one.
Arabic Intonation
Authors: El Zarka Dina 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This overview of intonation in Arabic compares the intonational systems of selected Arabic dialects from Morocco in the West to Kuwait in the East. The formal comparison will mainly be carried out within the framework of autosegmental-metrical (AM) theory, taking the phonetic micro-prosody of the identified pitch accents as a tertium comparationis. Furthermore, the intonation systems will be compared with respect to prosodic phrasing. The second part of the overview is devoted to the functions of intonation in Arabic. In this section, the comparison will be based on a wider range of descriptions, including work carried out within other theoretical frameworks. The section will identify the role of metrical and tonal structures and the way they interact with syntax, information structure, and sentence mode in different varieties of Arabic. The concluding section will provide a preliminary typological picture of Arabic prosody with respect to the macro-rhythmic properties of Arabic.
The Just War Framework
Authors: Frowe Helen 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Much work in the ethics of war is structured around the distinction between jus ad bellum and jus in bello. This distinction has two key roles. It distinguishes two evaluative objects—the war ‘as a whole’, and the conduct of combatants during the war—and identifies different moral principles as relevant to each. I argue that we should be sceptical of this framework. I suggest that a single set of principles determines the justness of actions that cause nonconsensual harm. If so, there are no distinctive ad bellum or in bello principles. I also reject the view that whilst the justness of, for example, ad bellum proportionality rests on all the goods and harms produced by the war, the justness of combatants’ conduct in war is determined by a comparatively limited set of goods and harms in a way that supports the ad bellum–in bello distinction.
The relationship between free-stream coherent structures and near-wall streaks at high Reynolds numbers
Authors: Deguchi K. , Hall P. 
Published: February 2017

The present work is based on our recent discovery of a new class of exact coherent structures generated near the edge of quite general boundary layer flows. The structures are referred to as free-stream coherent structures and were found using a large Reynolds number asymptotic approach to describe equilibrium solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations. In this paper, first we present results for a new family of free-stream coherent structures existing at relatively large wavenumbers. The new results are consistent with our earlier theoretical result that such structures can generate larger amplitude wall streaks if and only if the local spanwise wavenumber is sufficiently small. In a Blasius boundary layer, the local wavenumber increases in the streamwise direction so the wall streaks can typically exist only over a finite interval. However, here it is shown that they can interact with wall curvature to produce exponentially growing Görtler vortices through the receptivity process by a novel nonparallel mechanism. The theoretical predictions found are confirmed by a hybrid numerical approach. In contrast with previous receptivity investigations, it is shown that the amplitude of the induced vortex is larger than the structures in the free-stream which generate it.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Toward the development of high-fidelity models of wall turbulence at large Reynolds number’.
Scaling and interaction of self-similar modes in models of high Reynolds number wall turbulence
Authors: Sharma A. S. , Moarref R. , McKeon B. J. 
Published: February 2017

Previous work has established the usefulness of the resolvent operator that maps the terms nonlinear in the turbulent fluctuations to the fluctuations themselves. Further work has described the self-similarity of the resolvent arising from that of the mean velocity profile. The orthogonal modes provided by the resolvent analysis describe the wall-normal coherence of the motions and inherit that self-similarity. In this contribution, we present the implications of this similarity for the nonlinear interaction between modes with different scales and wall-normal locations. By considering the nonlinear interactions between modes, it is shown that much of the turbulence scaling behaviour in the logarithmic region can be determined from a single arbitrarily chosen reference plane. Thus, the geometric scaling of the modes is impressed upon the nonlinear interaction between modes. Implications of these observations on the self-sustaining mechanisms of wall turbulence, modelling and simulation are outlined.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Toward the development of high-fidelity models of wall turbulence at large Reynolds number’.
Working memory and decision making in a fronto-parietal circuit model
Authors: Murray John D. , Jaramillo Jorge , Wang Xiao-Jing 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWorking memory (WM) and decision making (DM) are fundamental cognitive functions involving a distributed interacting network of brain areas, with the posterior parietal and prefrontal cortices (PPC and PFC) at the core. However, the shared and distinct roles of these areas and the nature of their coordination in cognitive function remain poorly understood. Biophysically-based computational models of cortical circuits have provided insights into the mechanisms supporting these functions, yet they have primarily focused on the local microcircuit level, raising questions about the principles for distributed cognitive computation in multi-regional networks. To examine these issues, we developed a distributed circuit model of two reciprocally interacting modules representing PPC and PFC circuits. The circuit architecture includes hierarchical differences in local recurrent structure and implements reciprocal long-range projections. This parsimonious model captures a range of behavioral and neuronal features of fronto-parietal circuits across multiple WM and DM paradigms. In the context of WM, both areas exhibit persistent activity, but in response to intervening distractors, PPC transiently encodes distractors, while PFC filters distractors and supports WM robustness. With regards to DM, the PPC module generates graded representations of accumulated evidence supporting target selection, while the PFC module generates more categorical responses related to action or choice. These findings suggest computational principles for distributed, hierarchical processing in cortex during cognitive function, and provide a framework for extension to multi-regional models.
Very Early Responses to Colour Stimuli Detected in Prestriate Visual Cortex by Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Authors: Shigihara Yoshihito , Hoshi Hideyuki , Zeki Semir 
Published: February 2017

AbstractPrevious studies with the visual motion and form systems show that visual stimuli belonging to these categories trigger much earlier latency responses from the visual cortex than previously supposed and that the source of the earliest signals can be located in either the prestriate cortex or in both the striate (V1)andprestriate cortex. This is consistent with the known anatomical connections since, in addition to the classical retino-geniculo-striate cortex input, there are direct anatomical inputs from both the lateral geniculate nucleus and the pulvinar that reach the prestriate visual cortex without passing through V1. In pursuing our studies, we thought it especially interesting to study another cardinal visual attribute, namely colour, to learn whether colour stimuli also provoke very early responses, at less than 50 ms, from visual cortex. To address the question, we asked participants to view stimuli that changed in colour and used magneto-encephalography to detect very early responses (< 50 ms) in the occipital visual cortex. Our results show that coloured stimuli also provoke an early cortical response (M30), with an average peak time at 30.8 ms, thus bringing the colour system into line with the visual motion and form systems. We conclude that colour signals reach visual cortex, including prestriate visual cortex, earlier than previously supposed.Key points summaryWe measured visual evoked responses to colour stimuli using magnetoencephalography.An early response was identified, at around 30 ms after stimulation.The sources of the response were estimated to be in prestriate cortex.Colour signals thus appear to evoke very early cortical responses, just like form and motion signals.Abbreviations listMEGmagnetoencephalography;LGNlateral geniculate nucleus;EEGelectroencephalography;ISIinter-stimulus interval;VEFvisual evoked magnetic field;SNRsignal to noise ratio;fTfemto Tesla;ANOVAanalysis of variance;MSPmultiple sparse priors;MRImagnetic resonance imaging;RMSroot-mean-square;SOIsensor of interest.
Non Hybrid Long Read Consensus Using Local De Bruijn Graph Assembly
Authors: Tischler German , Myers Eugene W. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWhile second generation sequencing led to a vast increase in sequenced data, the shorter reads which came with it made assembly a much harder task and for some regions impossible with only short read data. This changed again with the advent of third generation long read sequencers. The length of the long reads allows a much better resolution of repetitive regions, their high error rate however is a major challenge. Using the data successfully requires to remove most of the sequencing errors. The first hybrid correction methods used low noise second generation data to correct third generation data, but this approach has issues when it is unclear where to place the short reads due to repeats and also because second generation sequencers fail to sequence some regions which third generation sequencers work on. Later non hybrid methods appeared. We present a new method for non hybrid long read error correction based on De Bruijn graph assembly of short windows of long reads with subsequent combination of these correct windows to corrected long reads. Our experiments show that this method yields a better correction than other state of the art non hybrid correction approaches.
A pooled sequencing approach identifies a candidate meiotic driver in Drosophila
Authors: Wei Kevin H-C , Reddy Hemakumar M. , Rathnam Chandramouli , Lee Jimin , Lin Deanna , Ji Shuqing , Mason James M. , Clark Andrew G. , Barbash Daniel A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractMeiotic drive occurs when a selfish element increases its transmission frequency above the Mendelian ratio by hijacking the asymmetric divisions of female meiosis. Meiotic drive causes genomic conflict and potentially has a major impact on genome evolution, but only a few drive loci of large effect have been described. New methods to reliably detect meiotic drive are therefore needed, particularly for discovering moderate-strength drivers that are likely to be more prevalent in natural populations than strong drivers. Here we report an efficient method that uses sequencing of large pools of backcross (BC1) progeny to test for deviations from Mendelian segregation genome-wide of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that distinguish the parental strains. We show that meiotic drive can be detected by a characteristic pattern of decay in distortion of SNP frequencies, caused by recombination unlinking the driver from distal loci. We further show that control crosses allow allele-frequency distortion caused by meiotic drive to be distinguished from distortion resulting from developmental effects. We used this approach to test whether chromosomes with extreme telomere-length differences segregate at Mendelian ratios, as telomeric regions are a potential hotspot for meiotic drive due to their roles in meiotic segregation and multiple observations of high rates of telomere sequence evolution. Using four different pairings of long and short telomere strains, we find no evidence that extreme telomere-length variation causes meiotic drive in Drosophila. However, we identify one candidate meiotic driver in a centromere-linked region that shows an ~8% increase in transmission frequency, corresponding to a ~54:46 segregation ratio. Our results show that candidate meiotic drivers of moderate strength can be readily detected and localized in pools of F1 progeny.