bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Not all observed actions are perceived equally
Authors: Platonov Artem , Orban Guy A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAction observation is the visual process analyzing the actions of others to determine their goals and how the actor’s body (part) movements permit attaining those goals. Our recent psychophysical study demonstrated that 1) observed action (OA) perception differs from shape perception in viewpoint and duration dependence, and 2) accuracy and reaction times of OA discrimination are fitted by the proportional-rate diffusion model whereby a sensory stage provides noisy evidence that is accumulated up to a criterion or bound by a decision stage. That study was devoted to observation of manipulative actions, following a general trend of the field. Recent functional imaging studies of action observation, however, have established various OA classes as separate entities with processing routes involving distinct posterior parietal cortex (PPC) regions. Here, we show that the diffusion model applies to multiple OA classes. Even more importantly, the observers’ ability to discriminate exemplars of a given class differs considerably between OA classes and these performance differences correspond to differences in model parameters. In particular, OA classes differ in the bound parameter which we propose may reflect an urgency signal originating in the PPC regions corresponding to the sensory stages of different OA classes.
Integration of pharmacology, molecular pathology, and population data science to support precision gastrointestinal oncology
Authors: Ogino Shuji , Jhun Iny , Mata Douglas A. , Soong Thing Rinda , Hamada Tsuyoshi , Liu Li , Nishihara Reiko , Giannakis Marios , Cao Yin , Manson JoAnn E. , Nowak Jonathan A. , Chan Andrew T. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPrecision medicine has a goal of customizing disease prevention and treatment strategies. Under the precision medicine paradigm, each patient has unique pathologic processes resulting from cellular genomic, epigenomic, proteomic, and metabolomic alterations, which are influenced by pharmacological, environmental, microbial, dietary, and lifestyle factors. Hence, to realize the promise of precision medicine, multi-level research methods that can comprehensively analyze many of these variables are needed. In order to address this gap, the integrative field of molecular pathology and population data science (i.e., molecular pathological epidemiology) has been developed to enable such multi-level analyses, especially in gastrointestinal cancer research. Further integration of pharmacology can improve our understanding of drug effects, and inform decision-making of drug use at both the individual and population levels. Such integrative research demonstrated potential benefits of aspirin in colorectal carcinoma with PIK3CA mutations, providing the basis for new clinical trials. Evidence also suggests that HPGD (15-PDGH) expression levels in normal colon and the germline rs6983267 polymorphism that relates to tumor CTNNB1 (β-catenin)/WNT signaling status may predict the efficacy of aspirin for cancer chemoprevention. As immune checkpoint blockade targeting the CD274 (PD-L1)/PDCD1 (PD-1) pathway for microsatellite instability-high (or mismatch repair-deficient) metastatic gastrointestinal or other tumors has become standard of care, potential modifying effects of dietary, lifestyle, microbial, and environmental factors on immunotherapy need to be studied to further optimize treatment strategies. With its broad applicability, our integrative approach can provide insights into the interactive role of medications, exposures, and molecular pathology, and guide the development of precision medicine.
The vinylogous Catellani reaction: a combined computational and experimental study
Authors: Yamamoto Y. , Murayama T. , Jiang J. , Yasui T. , Shibuya M. 
Published: November 2017

In the presence of 5 mol% Pd(OAc)2, 1 equiv. of norbornene, and K2CO3, the reaction of 4-iodo-2-quinolones with tertiary o-bromobenzylic alcohols produced the desired benzopyran-fused 2-quinolones in moderate to high yields.
A novel bispecific c-MET/CTLA-4 antibody targetting lung cancer stem cell-like cells with therapeutic potential in human non-small-cell lung cancer
Authors: Li Jian-feng , Niu Yuan-yuan , Xing Yan-li , Liu Feng 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
A novel paradigm in tumor biology suggests that non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) growth is driven by lung cancer stem cell (LCSC) like cells, but t here are still not any effective strategies to remove LCSCs. The bispecific antibody (BsAb) is a novel antibody, which can target two different antigens and mediate specific killing effects by selectively redirecting effector cells to the target cells. Here, we designed and synthesized a new BsAb, BsAb-5, that can target cellular mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition factor (c-MET) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) in CD166+ LCSCs with high affinity and specificity, for the first time. We showed that BsAb-5 could inhibit hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) mediated tumor development, including proliferation, migration, and apoptosis, serving as an inhibitory c-MET antibody. Moreover, we demonstrated that mechanisms responsible for BsAb-5 in CD166+ LCSCs included inducing c-MET degradation and inhibition of HGF-stimulated c-MET-Notch pathway by using AdHGF infection, nuclei location, and Western blot assays. In vivo, xenograft analysis revealed that mice on BsAb-5 group showed significantly reduced tumor volume. At the meantime, the observed antitumor effects of BsAb-5 were dependent on considerably suppressing T-regulatory cells (Tregs) and up-regulating effector T cells. On the basis of these results, we have identified a potential BsAb drug, which can effectively target c-MET and CTLA-4 in CD166+ LCSCs for the treatment of human NSCLC.
Acute Arthrodesis of Interphalangeal Joints of the Hand in Traumatic Injuries
Authors: Tan Mark , Ho Sean , Sechachalam Sreedharan 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Background Trauma resulting in severe comminution, bone loss, and articular involvement of the fingers is a challenging injury. Osteosynthesis of the digits is nonviable when there is an inability to restore a stable articular surface adequately. Acute arthrodesis of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints may be an option in such scenarios. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of finger joint arthrodesis in the setting of trauma, in terms of fusion rates and clinical outcomes.
Materials and Methods Patients with injuries treated via acute finger arthrodesis between 2010 and 2012 at a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. Complete finger amputations requiring replantation were excluded. Finger arthrodesis was performed acutely via intraosseous cerclage wires, Kirschner wires, or tension band wiring. Fusion rates were determined by plain radiography, and clinical outcomes were assessed with the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score.
Results A total of 11 patients were recruited. All patients were males with an average age of 35.3 years (range: 21–63 years). None of the cases involved the thumb, and there was an equal distribution of injury amongst the fingers. Nine of the 11 patients involved the distal interphalangeal joint with the remaining involving the proximal interphalangeal joint. Radiologic union was achieved in 9 out of 11 patients, and the average time to fusion was 75.5 days. The average DASH score for the patients was 16.5 (10.8–22.5). All patients were able to return to their premorbid occupation, with average time to return to work of 104.3 days (59–168 days). There were no cases of infection or reoperation.
Conclusion We propose that posttraumatic acute arthrodesis of the finger joints is a viable treatment in situations in which there is difficulty in restoring the articular congruity, with early return to work and good function.
Characterization of Thermal and Mechanical Indices from Serial Ultrasound Exams and Associations with Neonatal Anthropometry: The NICHD Fetal Growth Studies
Authors: Louis Germaine , Albert Paul , Kim Sungduk , Fuchs Karin , Grewal Jagteshwar , D'Alton Mary , Grantz Katherine , Smarr Melissa 
Published: November 2017

Objective This article aims to determine if the number of maternal ultrasound scans where the highest thermal (TI) or mechanical (MI) indices recorded during obstetrical ultrasound exceed 1.0 were associated with neonatal anthropometric measurements.
Study Design A prospective cohort of 2,334 nonobese low-risk pregnant women from 12 U.S. clinical sites underwent a total of six ultrasound scans, for which the highest TI and MI values were recorded. Neonatal anthropometric measurements were obtained within 12 to 24 hours of delivery. Multiple linear regression models adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity, body mass index, weight gain, and gestational age were used to examine associations between the number of maternal ultrasounds during gestation with a TI or MI exceeding 1.0 and the mean change in neonatal anthropometry.
Results Ultrasounds with TI or MI >1.0 were not associated with birth weight, neonatal length, nor head, chest, and abdominal circumferences. TI >1.0 was negatively associated with neonatal mid-upper arm and mid-upper thigh circumferences. MI >1.0 was negatively associated with neonatal skinfold measurements of the anterior thigh and triceps, and neonatal circumferences of the mid-upper thigh and umbilicus.
Conclusion Prenatal ultrasound examinations in which TI or MI intermittently exceeded 1.0 did not identify a pattern of alterations of birth size.
MRI Cartilage Assessment of the Subtalar and Midtarsal Joints During a Transcontinental Ultramarathon – New Insights into Human Locomotion
Authors: Schütz Uwe , Billich Christian , Schoss Daniel , Beer Meinrad , Ellermann Jutta 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMR measurements can be accurately performed during 4486 km of running, opening a window into in vivo assessment of hindfoot articular cartilage under extreme ultra-endurance loading. This observational cross-sectional study included 22 randomized participants of TransEurope FootRace between Italy and the North Cape, which was accompanied by a trailer-mounted 1.5T MRI scanner over 9 weeks. Four follow up MR examinations of subtalar and midtarsal joints were performed. Statistics of cartilage T2*  and thickness were obtained. Nearly all observed joints showed an initial significant mean T2*  increase of 20.9% and 26.3% for the left and right side, followed by a relative decrease of 28.5% and 16.0% during the second half, respectively. It could be demonstrated that mobile MRI field studies allow in vivo functional tissue observations under extreme loading. Elevated T2*  values recovered during the second half of the ultramarathon supported the evidence that this response is a physiological adaptive mechanism of chondrocyte function via upregulation of de novo synthesis of proteoglycans and collagen. These changes occurred in a distinct asymmetric pattern leaving a “biochemical signature” of articular cartilage that allows in vivo insight into joint loading. In conclusion, the normal articular cartilage of the hindfoot is resilient and adaptive, leaving extreme endurance activities up to limitless human ambition.
Inter-state relations and state capacity: the rise and fall of Chinese foreign direct investment in the Philippines
Authors: Camba Alvin 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWhat drives Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI)? While the literature in organizational and business studies has established a strong positive association between Chinese foreign direct investments (FDI) and weak institutions in the developing world, these works have generally underexamined how inter-state relations between China and the host country impact Chinese FDI. This paper examines Chinese FDI in the Philippines during the Arroyo (2001–2010), Aquino (2010–2016), and Duterte (2016-) presidencies. Since sufficient variation across these administrations can be found in the volatility of Chinese FDI, the different levels of state capacity, and the vacillation of inter-state relations with China, the Philippine case sets up an ideal within-case comparison to analyze how inter-state relations figure in the relationship of Chinese FDI and weak institutions while holding other potentially confounding factors constant. This article argues that the rise and fall of Chinese FDI depend not only on the conflictual or cooperative relations between China and the host country, but also on the strength or weakness of various types of state capacity. State capacity mediates the impact of inter-state relations on the three kinds of Chinese FDI: (1) state investments; (2) private investments; and (3) illicit capital. Specifically, conflictual relations can constrain state investments and encourage the flow of illicit capital. Conversely, cooperative relations can encourage state investments and hinder the flow of illicit capital. Private investments depend on the legal-administrative and fiscal capacity of the state while illicit capital can be constrained by the host country’s coercive capacity. Infrastructural power can affect the realization of state and private investments. In showing the responses of these three kinds of Chinese FDI to inter-state relations as well as the strength or weakness of various types of state capacity in the host country, the paper modifies the assumption in the literature that weak institutions draw in high-levels of Chinese FDI. Supported by in-depth key-informant interviews with Philippine government officials, politicians, and Chinese investors, this finding demonstrates the protean nature of Chinese FDI: it is able to adapt to different political conditions and historical circumstances.
The roles of field and capital in negotiating language policy in the Slovene parliament
Authors: Savski Kristof 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to demonstrate the potential of integrating Bourdieu’s notions of field and capital in discursive analyses of language policy. The paper presents an analysis of a debate in a committee session of the Slovene parliament, where different actors negotiated about the contents of a language policy strategy. The study draws on nexus analysis by focussing on the situated nature of discursive actions in particular settings, and presents a historical ethnography which combines analysis of transcripts with interviews and a detailed examination of policy documents. The analysis uncovers the efforts of actors to legitimize their authority and achieve their goals with the support of capital accumulated in different fields, and focusses particularly on the dynamics involved in translating the value of sources of capital across the borders of different fields.
Reproductive Strategy of the Giant Electric Ray in the Southern Gulf of California
Authors: Burgos-Vázquez María I. , Mejía-Falla Paola A. , Cruz-Escalona Víctor H. , Brown-Peterson Nancy J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The objective of the present study was to describe and characterize macroscopic and microscopic aspects of the reproductive biology of the Giant Electric Ray Narcine entemedor, a viviparous elasmobranch targeted by commercial fishers in Mexico. A total of 305 individual rays were captured (260 females, 45 males); all males were sexually mature. The median size at maturity for females was estimated to be 58.5 cm TL, the median size at pregnancy was 63.7 cm TL, and the median size at maternity was 66.2 cm TL. The range of ovarian follicles recorded per female was 1–69; the maximum ovarian fecundity of fully grown vitellogenic oocytes was 17, and uterine fecundity ranged from 1 to 24 embryos per female. The lengths of the oblong ovarian follicles varied significantly among months, and the largest ovarian follicles were found in July, August, and September. Median embryo size was largest in August, and the size at birth was between 12.4 and 14.5 cm TL. Histological evidence of secretions from the glandular tissue of the uterine villi indicate that this species probably has limited histotrophy as a reproductive mode. Vitellogenesis in the ovary occurred synchronously with gestation in the uterus. The Giant Electric Ray has a continuous annual reproductive cycle; a period of ovulation occurs between May and September and two peaks of parturition, one in January and one in August, occur, suggesting that embryonic diapause occurs in some individuals. These results provide useful information for the management of this important commercial species in Bahía de La Paz, Mexico, and will allow possible modification of the current Mexican regulations to enable better protection of this species.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection And Hypertension. Is There a Connection?
Authors: Sanidas Elias , Papadopoulos Dimitris P , Velliou Maria , Tsioufis Kostas , Barbetseas John , Papademetriou Vasilios 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Data support that hypertension (HTN) is prevalent among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients contributing to increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Immunodeficiency and prolonged antiretroviral treatment along with common risk factors including older age, male gender, and high body mass index might conduce to greater incidence of HTN. The purpose of this review was to summarize recent evidence of the increased cardiovascular risk in these patents linking HIV infection to HTN.
Hearing Outcomes After Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Jugular Paraganglioma
Authors: Patel Neil S. , Link Michael J. , Driscoll Colin L. W. , Pollock Bruce E. , Lohse Christine M. , Carlson Matthew L. 
Published: November 2017

Objective:
To describe audiometric outcomes following stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for jugular paraganglioma (JP).

Study Design:
Retrospective review.

Setting:
Tertiary referral center.

Patients:
Patients with pretreatment serviceable hearing (American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery [AAO-HNS] Class A or B) and serial post-SRS audiometric follow-up who underwent Gamma Knife SRS for JP between 1990 and 2017.

Intervention(s):
Gamma Knife SRS.

Main Outcome Measures:
Progression to nonserviceable hearing; correlation between baseline hearing and treatment parameters with audiometric outcomes.

Results:
Of 85 patients with JP who underwent SRS during the study period, 35 (66% female, median age 53) had pretreatment serviceable hearing and serial post-treatment audiometry available for review. Median tumor volume at the time of treatment was 7,080 mm3, median cochlear point dose was 5.8 Gy (interquartile range [IQR] 4.1 to 7.3 Gy), and median marginal and maximum tumor doses were 16 and 32 Gy, respectively. After a median follow-up of 37 months (IQR 16 to 77 mo), the median change in pure-tone average and speech discrimination score in the treated ear was −1.2 dB HL/yr (IQR −4.5 to 0.3) and 0%/yr (IQR 0–3.5%), compared with 0.07 dB HL/yr (IQR −0.03 to 0.12) and 0 %/yr (IQR 0 to 0%) in the contralateral untreated ear. Seven patients developed nonserviceable hearing (AAO-HNS Class C or D) at a median of 13.2 months following SRS (IQR 4.8 to 24 mo). Among those who maintained serviceable hearing, median audiometric follow-up was 42 months (IQR 18 to 77 mo). The Kaplan–Meier estimated rates of serviceable hearing at 1, 3, and 5 years following SRS were 91%, 80%, and 80%, respectively. Sixty percent of patients with pulsatile tinnitus who underwent SRS experienced varying levels of symptomatic improvement following treatment.

Conclusion:
The short- and intermediate-term risk of progression to nonserviceable hearing following SRS for JP is low. Data regarding the impact of cochlear dose from the vestibular schwannoma literature should not be freely applied to JP, since the impact of SRS parameters on hearing preservation seems to be less significant.
A Population Based Analysis of Melanoma of the External Ear
Authors: Patel Tapan D. , Chin Oliver Y. , Baredes Soly , Eloy Jean Anderson , Ying Yu-Lan Mary 
Published: November 2017

Objective:
Malignant melanoma accounts for nearly 75% of all skin cancer deaths, and the incidence is on the rise in the United States. External ear melanoma (EEM) is rare, and there is little long-term data regarding the clinical behavior of this melanoma site. This study analyzes the demographic, clinicopathologic, and survival characteristics of EEM.

Methods:
The SEER database was queried for EEM cases from 1973 to 2012 (8,982 cases). Data analyzed included patient demographics, incidence trends, and survival outcomes.

Results:
External ear melanoma occurred most frequently in the sixth and seventh decades of life. Mean age at diagnosis was 65.5 (±16.8) years. However, the incidence of EEM in adolescents and young adults (ages 15–39 yr) has increased by 111.9% from 1973 to 2012. There was a strong male predilection with a male-to-female ratio of 6.40:1. The most common histologic subtype was malignant melanoma, NOS (46.8%), followed by superficial spreading melanoma (21.4%), and lentigo maligna melanoma (17.9%). The majority of cases were localized at the time of presentation (88.0%), with rare distant metastasis (1.9%). The most common treatment modality was surgery alone (97.6%), followed by surgery with radiotherapy (2.3%). Ten-year disease-specific survival was better among those treated with surgery alone (90.7%), than those treated with surgery with radiotherapy (37.1%) (p < 0.0001). Increasing Breslow's thickness and presence of an ulcerating lesion were both associated with poorer survival (p < 0.0001).

Conclusion:
This study represents the largest cohort of EEM. It has an excellent survival outcome with surgery being the treatment of choice.
Direct Peritoneal Resuscitation Alters Leukocyte Infiltration in the Lung After Acute Brain Death
Authors: Weaver Jessica L. , Matheson Paul J. , Matheson Amy , Downard Cynthia D. , Garrison Richard Neal , Smith Jason W. 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTBackground:Brain death is associated with significant lung injury and inflammation. This has been associated with worse long-term outcomes for transplanted lungs. Direct peritoneal resuscitation (DPR) reduces systemic inflammation in brain death and improves lung procurement rate. The effect of DPR on macrophage and neutrophil infiltration in the lungs is not known.Methods:Male Sprague–Dawley rats had a 4F Fogarty catheter inserted into the skull and the balloon inflated until brain death was achieved. Rats were resuscitated with normal saline to maintain a mean arterial pressure of 80 mmHg (targeted intravenous fluid, TIVF) and DPR animals received an intraperitoneal injection of commercial peritoneal dialysis solution. Rats were sacrificed at 0, 2, 4, and 6 h after brain death. Protein levels were assessed using quantitative ELISA. Leukocytes were quantified using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry.Results:At all time points, DPR downregulated multiple inflammatory cytokines including IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-6. Adhesion molecules ICAM, E-selectin, and P-selectin were increased above sham at 4 and 6 h after brain death and reduced with DPR, whereas VCAM was reduced at 2 and 6 h. Infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils were trended downward at 6 h with DPR, though this difference was not statistically significant.Conclusions:Animals that received TIVF alone had significant increases in inflammatory cytokines within the lung tissue, leading to adhesion molecule expression and ultimately leukocyte infiltration. Each stage of inflammation was affected by DPR. Using DPR in brain dead organ donors shows promise as a way to reduce lung injury and inflammation.