bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Special issue: Language ideologies and teaching in multilingual contexts
Authors: Young Sara , Brooks Emma 
Published: June 2017

This monograph brings together articles on the theme of language ideology and how it may be seen to impact on language teaching. Against the current backdrop of increasing nationalism and polarising debates on migration, this volume explores how ideologies underpinning language planning, policy and implementation influence curriculum design, classroom practice and perception of identity. Key to all articles is the dominance of English, a language imbued with notions of prestige, and seemingly promoted as a linguistic globalised currency, essential for accessing future opportunities.Our invited author for this volume is the scholar Andrea Young, who examines the language ideologies which underpin teaching in a French educational context. in the interview, John O’Regan talks to Alexantra Georgiou about language ideology and the global dominance of English.
The Influence of High Sugar Intake on Cognitive Functions and Body Composition of University Students
Authors: Hernández Joany Lizet , Čeněk Jiří , Čuta Martin 
Published: June 2017

Volné cukry se podílejí na výživové hodnotě stravy a přispívají k vyváženému příjmu energie. Dle údajů WHO je doporučený příjem cukrů u dospělého člověka s normálním BMI 25 g/den. Euromonitor International ale uvádí, že množství cukrů konzumovaných v České republice dosahuje 71,6 g/den. Nadměrný příjem cukru může zvýšit výskyt civilizačních chorob a může mít vliv na kognitivní schopnosti. Cílem této studie bylo stanovit dopady vysokého příjmu cukru na hmotnost, tělesné složení (s využitím metody BIA – přístroj Bodystat 1500MDD) a schopnost učit se u vysokoškolských studentů (N=107) rozdělených do dvou skupin. Zatímco členové experimentální skupiny byli instruováni, aby dodržovali dietu bez cukru, u kontrolní skupiny žádná konkrétní dieta stanovena nebyla. Pomocí testu LGT-3 a bioimpendance pak byly měřeny různé proměnné. Měření probíhalo jak na začátku experimentu, tak po uplynutí jednoho měsíce (experiment dokončilo 33 účastníků). Mezi experimentální a kontrolní skupinou nebyly po ukončení experimentu zjištěny signifikantní rozdíly ani v tělesném složení, ani v kognitivních schopnostech. Nelze tedy říci, že by snížení příjmu cukru mělo vliv na tělesné složení či kognitivní funkce. Nakonec byla stanovena určitá doporučení, co se adekvátního příjmu cukru u experimentální skupiny týče.
ICANN: Transformation of Approach towards Internet Governance
Authors: Žolnerčíková Veronika 
Published: June 2017

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is one of the world's prior organizations governing the Internet. Since its establishement in 1998 it faced criticism concerning the lack of legitimacy and accountability. ICANN was also challenged because of the ongoing tight relationship with the US government, which was not considered to be acceptable by the rest of the world. The article focuses on the development of ICANN and its approach towards the criticism. It elaborates on the sector-specific issues regarding Internet governance. And finally it informs the reader about the process of transformation of ICANN, which severed the link between the US government and ICANN.
Smart contract – revoluce v smluvním právu 21. století?
Authors: Krupičková Petra 
Published: June 2017

Článek se zabývá možností uzavření smluv formou kódu (algoritmu) zapsaného v rámci blockchainové databáze. Tyto smlouvy jsou označovány jako smart contract, i když samotný pojem smart contract byl poprvé použit již v roce 1997 na začátku internetové éry před blockchainem pro smlouvy samostatně vykonávající smluvní závazek skrze hardware či software. Blockchainová technologie dokázala překlenout některé nedostatky tehdejšího řešení a je předvídáno možné masovější využití možnosti uzavírání smluv touto formou. Cílem článku je nalézt odpověď, zda lze v rámci českého právního prostředí uzavřít smlouvu formou kódu a nastínit možné výzvy, které z této technologické možnosti mohou vyplývat v perspektivě českého práva.
Local application of osteoprotegerin-chitosan gel in critical-sized defects in a rabbit model
Authors: Jayash Soher N. , Hashim Najihah M. , Misran Misni , Baharuddin NA 
Published: June 2017

BackgroundOsteoprotegerin (OPG) is used for the systemic treatment of bone diseases, although it has many side effects. The aim of this study was to investigate a newly formulated OPG-chitosan gel for local application to repair bone defects. Recent studies have reported that immunodetection of osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalcin (OC) can be used to characterise osteogenesis and new bone formation.MethodsThe osteogenic potential of the OPG-chitosan gel was evaluated in rabbits. Critical-sized defects were created in the calvarial bone, which were either left unfilled (control; group I), or filled with chitosan gel (group II) or OPG-chitosan gel (group III), with rabbits sacrificed at 6 and 12 weeks. Bone samples from the surgical area were decalcified and treated with routine histological and immunohistochemical protocols using OC, OPN, and cathepsin K (osteoclast marker) antibodies. The toxicity of the OPG-chitosan gel was evaluated by biochemical assays (liver and kidney function tests).ResultsThe mean bone growth in defects filled with the OPG-chitosan gel was significantly higher than those filled with the chitosan gel or the unfilled group (p < 0.05). At 6 and 12 weeks, the highest levels of OC and OPN markers were found in the OPG-chitosan gel group, followed by the chitosan gel group. The number of osteoclasts in the OPG-chitosan gel group was lower than the other groups. The results of the liver and kidney functional tests indicated no signs of harmful systemic effects of treatment. In conclusion, the OPG-chitosan gel has many characteristics that make it suitable for bone repair and regeneration, highlighting its potential benefits for tissue engineering applications.
A MULTI-NODE APPROACH TO SIMULATE THIN COASTAL STRUCTURES IN THE SPH CONTEXT
Authors: Aristodemo Francesco , Meringolo Domenico Davide , Veltri Paolo 
Published: June 2017

We propose an improvement in modeling solid boundary
conditions for 2D weakly-compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations for cases in
which the thickness of the body is small compared to the desired
particle size and the fluid surrounds the body from more than one
side. Specifically, the fixed ghost particles technique developed by
Marrone et al. (2011), based on interpolation nodes located within the
fluid domain, is here extended to a multi-node approach. The fluid
domain is thus divided into various sub-areas and an interpolation
node for the considered solid particle is associated to every
sub-area. Consequently, the solid particles present an array of
values interpolated at different sub-areas for the same physical
quantity. When a fluid particle located in a specific region
interacts with a multi-node fixed ghost particle, the last assumes
the field values interpolated in the reference area through the
associated node. The present modeling allows to adopt a coarser
spatial resolution to model the same physical problem, resulting in
a reduction of the computational cost.
The proposed solid boundary treatment is applied to horizontal decks and perforated
wall-caisson breakwaters subjected to regular waves. In this
context, an automatic hybrid diffusive formulation is introduced in order to prevent shock
waves during water impacts and preserve the hydrostatic pressure.
The formulation is obtained by defining a variable parameter
detecting the occurrence of relevant density gradients induced by
fluid impacts, resulting in an automatic switch between the two
formulations.
GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF GREAT LAKES BEACHES
Authors: Hough Jack L. 
Published: June 2017

The locations of the Great Lakes and many details of the lake bottom topography bear a distinct relationship to the bed rock structure. Normal stream erosion in pre-glacial time probably etched out the major topographic relief of the region, forming the major basins and even some of the present bays, in the weak rock belts.
Glacial ice, advancing over the region in several stages, followed the lowlands but reshaped them and probably deepened most of them.
The known lake history, beginning with the last retreat of the ice from the southern rims of the Michigan and Erie basins, involves a number of stages at different levels in each of the basins. These lakes discharged at various places at different times, because of readvancement or retreat of the glacial ice front and because of tilting of the earth's surface. The writer's summary of this history is illustrated by a series of sixteen maps. The practical importance of two extremely low lake stages is pointed out. These have affected foundation conditions in the vicinity of many river mouths. The newly established recency of some of the higher lake stages (Nipissing and Algoma), and the revision of the elevations attained by them, affect estimates of the intensity of beach action and they affect conclusions regarding the time of last discharge of water through the Chicago outlet.
SUR DEVALUATION DE CERTAINES CARACTERISTIQUES DU TRANSPORT LITTORAL A LA BASE DES DONNEES METEOROLOGIQUES
Authors: Slomianko Pawel 
Published: June 2017

Les transports littoraux de sables ou de graviers qui s'effectuent le long des cotes marines donnent lieu a un certain nombre de processus interessants et importants, tant du point de vue scientifique que du point de vue des solutions pratiques. Ne citerais-je ici que les phenomenes de la formation de depots de sables, de 1'ensablement des ports et des estuaires fluviaux, ainsi que de l'abrasion des ootes marines. L'intensite et la direction du transport littoral en sont les traits oaracteristiques essentiels. les deux oaracteristiques en quantite majeure et en premier lieu dependent des courants de la houle agissant sur la zone cotiere, ainsi que de la force et de la frequence des vagues. Afin de pouvoir determiner d'une maniere exacte les caraoteristiques precitees du transport littoral, on est tenu de poursuivre des etudes dont les methodes, cependant, ne sont pas encore elaborees d'une maniere.definitive, quant aux etudes memes - - elles sont en general couteuses et presentent des difficultes en cours d'essais.
Parmi lesdites etudes on peut citer la determination du volume de 1'apport de sable du cote au vent de l'obstacle transversal, ainsi que la methode, assez reoente d'ailleurs, d'usage de sable marque a l'aide d'isotopes [4,7] , ou bien encore a l'aide de colorants luminophores [1,8] f Lesdites methodes, cependant, comme il l'a ete signale plus haut, sont assez onereuses dans leur application. Les necessites pratiques imposent souvent des solutions, concernant la caracteristique generale des transports littoraux il se peut moins precises, mais plus promptes.
INVESTIGATION OF SEICHE ACTIVITY IN WEST COAST HARBORS
Authors: Ellis Glen E. , Collins Joseph L. 
Published: June 2017

The seiche activity in several West Coast harbors has been investigated during the past two years. This investigation has been oriented mainly as an experimental problem in which a new oceanographic instrument, the solion infrasonic hydrophone, is used to detect bottom pressure fluctuations over a range of 5 sec to 1800 sec periods.
A limited theoretical consideration of this problem is presented in an attempt to correlate the seiche phenomenon to the harbor geometry. The data presented in this paper are for San Diego Bay and Long Beach Harbor. These data were recorded on magnetic tape and returned to the laboratory for analysis. This analysis consists of prewhitening the data with bandpass filters and then computing the power spectra by the method of Blackman and Tukey. A short discussion is presented to relate the use of this type of data to the study of two harbor engineering problems, ship mooring and close quarter navigation.
Efficient and Highly Selective Solvent‐Free Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to Aldehydes Using Bucky Nanodiamond
Authors: Lin Yangming , Wu Kuang‐Hsu (Tim) , Yu Linhui , Heumann Saskia , Su Dang Sheng 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSelective oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes is widely applicable to the synthesis of various green chemicals. The poor chemoselectivity for complicated primary aldehydes over state‐of‐the‐art metal‐free or metal‐based catalysts represents a major obstacle for industrial application. Bucky nanodiamond is a potential green catalyst that exhibits excellent chemoselectivity and cycling stability for the selective oxidation of primary alcohols in diverse structures (22 examples, including aromatic, substituted aromatic, unsaturated, heterocyclic, and linear chain alcohols) to their corresponding aldehydes. The results are comparable to reported transition‐metal catalysts including conventional Pt/C and Ru/C catalysts for certain substrates under solvent‐free conditions. The possible activation process of the oxidant and substrates by the surface oxygen groups and defect species are revealed with model catalysts, ex situ electrochemical measurements, and ex situ attenuated total reflectance. The zigzag edges of sp2 carbon planes are shown to play a key role in these reactions.
Public Mental Health and Clinical Psychiatry: Are they Really Two Separate Worlds?
Authors: Priebe S. 
Published: June 2017

Public mental health and clinical psychiatry: Are they two separate worlds?Stefan Priebe, unit for social and community psychiatry, Queen Mary University of London.Public mental health focuses on health indicators and interventions on population level with an emphasis – although not exclusively–on prevention. In contrast, clinical psychiatry involves treatment of individuals in the setting of a health service and deals with people who usually already have a mental disorder. The theoretical background, the underpinning evidence and the practical approach of public mental health and clinical psychiatry differ from each other and concepts of one of the two cannot easily be transferred to the other.Nevertheless, the presentation will argue that there are also links between the two. These links may be based on overall applicable values, a common understanding of mental disorders, and social models of overcoming mental distress. These links can have implications for how clinical psychiatrists are engaged in political and societal activities, get involved with local communities, and work in daily practice with their patients.The public mental health perspective, used in a wide sense of the term, has played a substantial role in the historical development of psychiatry, including its major reforms, and might also open up how clinical psychiatry might be attractive as a career option and relevant as a profession in the future.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
What do Clinical Trials Tell us About Antidepressant Delayed Onset of Action?
Authors: Rabinowitz J. 
Published: June 2017

Response to antidepressants in major depressive disorder is highly variable and determinants are not well understood. Presentation will provide clinical trial data on time to response and determinants of response to antidepressant treatment. Data is from the Innovative Medicines Initiative funded NEWMEDS collaboration, a large public-private collaboration which assembled the largest dataset of individual patient level information from randomized placebo-controlled trials of antidepressant drugs. Studies were conducted by four large pharmaceutical companies. Dataset includes placebo-controlled trials of citalopram, duloxetine, escitalopram, quetiapine and sertraline in adults with MDD. We examined patient and trial-design-related determinants of outcome as measured by change on Hamilton Depression Scale or Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale in 34 placebo-controlled trials (drug, n = 8260; placebo, n = 3957). While it is conventional for trials to be 6–8 weeks long, data presented will show that drug-placebo differences were observable at week 4 with nearly the same sensitivity and lower dropout rates. Having any of these attributes was significantly associated with greater drug vs. placebo differences on symptom improvement: female, patients being middle aged, increasing proportion of patients on placebo, excluding all patients from centers with high placebo response regardless of active treatment response, using active run in periods and including self-report measures. Proof of concept trials can be shorter and efficiency improved by selecting enriched populations based on clinical and demographic variables, ensuring adequate balance of placebo patients, and carefully selecting and monitoring centers. In addition to improving drug discovery, patient exposure to placebo and experimental treatments can be reduced.Disclosure of interestI have received research grant(s) support and/or travel support and/or speaker fees and/or consultant fees from Takeda, Minerva, Intra-cellular Therapies, Janssen (J&J), Eli Lilly, Pfizer, BiolineRx, Roche, Abraham Pharmaceuticals, Pierre Fabre, Minerva and Amgen.
Treatment of ADHD with Cannabinoids
Authors: Asherson P. , Cooper R. 
Published: June 2017

IntroductionAdults with ADHD describe self-medicating with cannabis, with some reporting a preference for cannabis over ADHD medications.ObjectivesThe experimental medicine in ADHD-cannabinoids study was a pilot randomised placebo-controlled experimental study of a cannabinoid medication, Sativex oromucosal spray, in 30 adults with ADHD.MethodsThe primary outcome was cognitive performance and activity level using QbTest. Secondary outcomes included ADHD and emotional lability (EL) symptoms.ResultsThirty participants were randomly assigned to the active (n = 15) or placebo (n = 15) group. For the primary outcome, no significant difference was found in the ITT analysis although the overall pattern of scores was such that the active group usually had scores that were better than the placebo group (Est = -0.17, 95%CI-0.40 to 0.07, P = 0.16, n = 15/11 active/placebo). For secondary outcomes, Sativex was associated with non-significant improvements in hyperactivity/impulsivity (P = 0.03), a cognitive measure of inhibition (P = 0.05), inattention (P = 0.10) and emotional lability. Per-protocol effects were higher.ConclusionResults did not meet significance following adjustment for multiple testing. One serious (muscular seizures/spasms) and three mild adverse events occurred in the active group and one serious (cardiovascular problems) adverse event in the placebo group. Adults with ADHD may represent a subgroup of individuals who experience a reduction of symptoms and no cognitive impairments following cannabinoid use. This provides some preliminary evidence in support of the self-medication theory of cannabis use in ADHD. A larger trial is warranted.Disclosure of interestKings College London research support account for Asherson received honoraria for consultancy to Shire, Eli-Lilly and Novartis educational/research awards from Shire, Lilly, Novartis, Vifor Pharma, GW Pharma and QbTech speaker at sponsored events for Shire, Lilly and Novartis.
RNA Sequencing in Bipolar Disorder: From Long Non-coding to Circular rnas
Authors: Luykx J. , Giuliani F. , Veldink J. , Kahn R. 
Published: June 2017

Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a highly debilitating psychiatric disorder. The underlying molecular mechanisms of BPD remain largely unknown. Studies targeting postmortem brain tissues of BPD patients have identified very few consistently replicated differences in the expression levels of protein-coding RNAs across different areas of the brain. Since differential expression of the human genome produces a wide spectrum of protein-coding and noncoding RNAs, we hypothesized that major molecular deficits associated with BPD could reflect dysregulation of multiple classes of RNA. To test this hypothesis, we obtained postmortem human medial frontal gyrus tissue from BPD patients and healthy controls (n = 16). To survey the implication of both protein-coding and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in BPD, we then performed RNA sequencing, PCR validation and replication experiments adopting a case-control design. Thirty-six genes and fifteen lncRNA transcripts not previously implicated in BPD were detected as differentially expressed (FDR < 0.1). Functional analyses identified enrichments of angiogenesis, vascular system development and histone H3-K4 demethylation. In addition, we report extensive alternative splicing defects in the brains of BPD subjects compared to controls. Finally, we describe for the first time a large reservoir of circular RNAs (circRNAs) that populate the medial frontal gyrus and report significantly altered levels of two circular transcripts (cNEBL and cEPHA3) from the NEBL and EPHA3 loci in BPD. Our findings may not only contribute to gain insight into the pathophysiology of BPD but may be tested in the near future as potential biomarkers for diagnostics.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Self-regulation of the Dopaminergic Reward System Via Real Time fmri Neurofeedback in Schizophrenia
Authors: Kirschner M. 
Published: June 2017

IntroductionAlterations in the mesolimbic dopamine system play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, little is known about potential disturbance in endogenous regulation of neural activity due to cognitive control. Recent research on real-time fMRI (rtfMRI) revealed a novel method to stimulate the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA), using positive mental imagery. Importantly, this self-regulation ability could be improved with rtfMRI neurofeedback. For the first time, we applied this innovative method in patients with schizophrenia (SZ) to investigate potential alterations in endogenous regulation of the reward system.Methods14 (SZ) and 14 healthy controls (HC) were included in this ongoing study. Participants performed a rtfMRI task with abstract visual feedback of neural activity in the SN/VTA. In the active condition, we instructed participants to voluntary up-regulate SN/VTA activity by recalling rewarding scenes. Neurofeedback learning was correlated with the self-reported negative symptoms.ResultsIn contrast to HC, SZ were not able to actively self-regulate SN/VTA activity. Furthermore, they failed to improve self-regulation with rtFMRI neurofeedback. Importantly, impaired neurofeedback learning was associated with negative symptoms, in particular diminished expression.DiscussionOur preliminary results show that self-regulation of SN/VTA activity is impaired in SZ. Although neurofeedback training improves self-regulation using positive mental imagery in HC, this method might not be suitable as a potential treatment strategy in SZ. The present findings provide new insights to the to the association between negative symptoms and dopaminergic dysfunction and highlight the strengths and limitation for the use of rtfMRI neurofeedback in schizophrenia.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.