bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Livestock Performance in Warm‐Climate Silvopastures Using Tree Legumes
Authors: Costa Suellen B. de M. , de Mello Alexandre C. L. , Dubeux José C. B. , dos Santos Mércia V. F. , Lira Mario de A. , Oliveira João T. C. , Apolinário Valéria X. O. 
Published: June 2016

Tree legumes are a viable option to increase ecosystem services provided by warm‐climate grasslands. Benefits of using tree legumes in silvopasture systems (SPS) include the provision of shade for livestock, biological N2 fixation, and C sequestration. This study assessed cattle performance and pasture characteristics in signalgrass (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.) pastures in monoculture or in SPS. The following treatments were assessed: (i) signalgrass/sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth.), (ii) signalgrass/gliricidia [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp.], and (iii) signalgrass monoculture. Crossbred steers were managed under continuous stocking and variable stocking rates. Response variables included herbage mass, herbage allowance, stocking rate, average daily gain (ADG), gain per area (GPA), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and crude protein (CP). Total signalgrass herbage mass in monoculture (5091 kg DM ha−1) was greater (P ≤ 0.05) compared with SPS (3964 kg DM ha−1). Green signalgrass herbage mass, however, was greater (P ≤ 0.05) for SPS (2237 kg DM ha−1) compared with monoculture (1934 kg DM ha−1). Herbage allowance, IVDMD, CP, stocking rate, ADG, and GPA did not differ among treatments, with average values of 2.9 kg−1 green herbage mass (DM) kg−1 live weight; 633 g kg−1, 55 g kg−1, 1.9 animal units (AU) ha−1 (1 AU = 450 kg live weight); 0.57 kg−1 AU−1 d−1; and 30 kg ha−1 28 d−1, respectively. During the establishment phase (3 yr), SPS with tree legumes can produce as much livestock gain as signalgrass in monoculture, providing other ecosystem services and marketable products, increasing land use efficiency.Core Ideas

Livestock production was similar in silvopasture systems and signalgrass monoculture.
Silvopasture systems provided additional ecosystem services compared with grass monoculture.
The use of tree legumes adds biologically fixed N2 and provide other ecosystem services.
Trees compete with herbaceous vegetation and might reduce livestock production in the long term.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Contamination in Soils of San Mateo Ixtatán, Guatemala: Occurrence, Sources, and Health Risk Assessment
Authors: Kasaraneni Varun K. , Oyanedel‐Craver Vinka 
Published: June 2016

Exposure to high concentrations of carcinogenic pollutants in soils and sediments can result in increased health risks. Determining the levels and sources of contamination in developing communities is important for helping to reduce pollution and mitigate the risk of exposure. In the Mayan community of San Mateo Ixtatán, Guatemala, 24 samples of topsoil from urban, peri‐urban, and agricultural sites and six samples of river sediment were collected and analyzed for 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The sum of the concentrations of these PAHs at the urban and peri‐urban sites ranged from 460 to 3251 μg kg−1 (mean, 1401 μg kg−1), whereas at agricultural sites the range was 350 to 2087 μg kg−1 (mean, 1038 μg kg−1). Analysis to identify and apportion the source showed that the PAHs emitted from wood stoves contributed 71 and 76% of the total PAHs in urban and agricultural areas soils, respectively. The calculated incremental lifetime cancer risk due to the ingestion of soil, dermal contact, and dietary intake through corn consumption was greater than the acceptable level of 10−6 established by the USEPA. Our findings suggest that the residents of rural communities can be at increased cancer risk despite little or no industrial activity in the local area. Alternate domestic fuel sources should be considered to reduce the health risk in local communities.Core Ideas
Soil contamination in SMI is higher than several urban and industrial regions.
PAH emitted from wood stoves seems to contribute over 70% of soil contamination in SMI.
The exposure to contaminated soil puts the residents of SMI at high cancer risk.
Finding alternative domestic fuels must be prioritized in developing countries.
Co‐transport of Pesticide Acetamiprid and Silica Nanoparticles in Biochar‐Amended Sand Porous Media
Authors: Wang Hong , Huang Yuanfang , Shen Chongyang , Wu Junxue , Yan An , Zhang Hongyan 
Published: June 2016

The role of biochar as a soil amendment on the transport of acetamiprid, a widely used neonicotinoid pesticide, is little known. We conducted saturated column experiments to examine cotransport of acetamiprid and silica nanoparticles (NPs) in pure and biochar‐amended sands. Retention of acetamiprid was minor in the pure sand, whereas application of biochar in the sand significantly increased retention. Retention was greater at lower ionic strengths and near neutral pH values and was attributed to biodegradation and sorption through π–π interaction and pore filling. The convection–diffusion equation with inclusion of first‐order sorption, desorption, and degradation well described the transport of acetamiprid in the biochar‐amended sand. The simulation results show that the sorption rate did not change with pH. This is because the acetamiprid is nonionic and cannot be bonded with the biochar by protonation or deprotonation. The desorption rate was independent of variation of solution chemistry, indicating that desorption was a physical process (i.e., pore diffusion). Application of biochar in the sand had little influence on the transport of silica NPs in NaCl but caused complete attachment in CaCl2. Energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy suggested that the enhanced attachment was due to cation bridging between silica NPs and functional groups in biochar by the Ca2+. The co‐presence of acetamiprid and silica NPs in the solutions enhanced transport of acetamiprid and NPs in the biochar‐amended sand by competing for the binding sites on the biochar surfaces.Core Ideas
We examined cotransport of acetamiprid and silica nanoparticles in biochar‐amended sand.
Amendment with biochar significantly increased the removal of acetamiprid.
The removal of acetamiprid by biochar was attributed to biodegradation and sorption.
Silica nanoparticles were favorably attached on biochar surfaces in 2:1 electrolyte.
The presence of silica nanoparticles enhanced transport of acetamiprid.
Small‐Scale Seismic Monitoring of Varying Water Levels in Granular Media
Authors: Pasquet Sylvain , Bodet Ludovic , Bergamo Paolo , Guérin Roger , Martin Roland , Mourgues Régis , Tournat Vincent 
Published: June 2016

Core Ideas
We tested the sensitivity of seismic measurements to water saturation variations.
We used ultrasonic techniques to reproduce a small‐scale seismic acquisition setup.
Measurements were performed on glass bead layers with varying water levels.
Results of 3D numerical modelling were used to validate data at the dry state.
Data difference trends between the dry and wet models match with the water level.
Physical properties of soils in the vadose zone, and especially their water content, are characterized by strong spatial and temporal variations mostly driven by weather and anthropogenic activities. To understand this variability and help water resource management, seismic methods have been recently suggested as a complement to electrical and electromagnetic techniques. The simultaneous in situ estimation of pressure (P) and shear (S) wave velocities (VP and VS, respectively) and their ratio (VP/VS) offers novel perspectives for the monitoring of space and time variations of vadose zone mechanical properties. However, the seismic response in partially saturated and unconsolidated soils remains complex and deserves to be studied both theoretically and experimentally. In this study, we tested the sensitivity of seismic measurements (i.e., P‐wave travel times and surface‐wave phase velocities) to water saturation variations using controlled physical models at the laboratory scale. Ultrasonic techniques were used to reproduce a small‐scale seismic acquisition setup at the surface of glass bead layers with varying water levels. Travel times and phase velocity measurements obtained at the dry state were validated with both theoretical models and numerical simulations and serve as reference datasets. The increasing water level clearly affected the recorded wave field in both its phase and amplitude. In these cases, the collected data cannot yet be inverted in the absence of a comprehensive theoretical model for such partially saturated granular media. The differences in travel time and phase velocity observed between the dry and wet models show patterns that interestingly match the observed water level and depth of the capillary fringe, thus offering attractive perspectives for studying soil water content variations.
Single‐Probe Heat Pulse Method for Soil Water Content Determination: Comparison of Methods
Authors: Li Min , Si Bing Cheng , Hu Wei , Dyck Miles 
Published: June 2016

Core Ideas
Six methods to obtain soil water content by single probe are presented and compared.
Errors of estimated soil water content by six methods increase with water content.
Heating duration affects soil water content estimation errors.
Four of the six methods are probe dependent but can be easily calibrated.
Each method works for some soils, and combining different methods is a solution.
The estimation of soil thermal conductivity (λ) using the single‐probe heat pulse (SPHP) method is well known, but estimation of soil water content (θ) using the SPHP is poorly understood. In this study, we examined six methods—λ, normalized cumulative temperature increase (TNcum), normalized maximum temperature increase (TNmax), and the reciprocals of each—for θ estimation using the SPHP. The temperature response curves of four soils at different θ were measured following 600‐s heat pulses with heating strengths of about 6 W m−1, from which λ, TNcum, and TNmax values were determined. The maximum measurement errors of these three methods were 0.11 m3 m−3 for the coarse sand and 0.01 m3 m−3 for the fine sand, sandy loam, and silty clay, except for 0.05 m3 m−3 for the fine sand by the λ(θ) method. The predicted θ from all of the λ, TNcum, and TNmax methods agreed well with that from the oven‐dry method for all soils with the exception of the TNcum(θ) and TNmax(θ) methods for the coarse sand for θ > 0.20 m3 m−3. The measurement errors and θ predictions of the 1/λ(θ) method were similar to that of the TNcum(θ) and TNmax(θ) methods, and that of the 1/TNcum(θ) and 1/TNmax(θ) methods were similar to that of the λ(θ) method. Because each of the six methods worked well for only some soils, improved estimations were obtained when the λ(θ) method was combined with the 1/TNcum(θ) [or 1/TNmax(θ)] method for coarse‐textured soils and the 1/λ(θ) method was combined with the TNcum(θ) [or TNmax(θ)] method for fine‐textured soils.
Recent Developments and Applications of the HYDRUS Computer Software Packages
Authors: Šimůnek Jiří , van Genuchten Martinus Th. , Šejna Miroslav 
Published: June 2016

Core Ideas
Review of selected capabilities of HYDRUS implemented since 2008
New standard and nonstandard specialized add‐on modules significantly expanded capabilities of the software
Review of selected applications of the HYDRUS models published in VZJ and elsewhere in recent years
The HYDRUS‐1D and HYDRUS (2D/3D) computer software packages are widely used finite‐element models for simulating the one‐ and two‐ or three‐dimensional movement of water, heat, and multiple solutes in variably saturated media, respectively. In 2008, Šimůnek et al. (2008b) described the entire history of the development of the various HYDRUS programs and related models and tools such as STANMOD, RETC, ROSETTA, UNSODA, UNSATCHEM, HP1, and others. The objective of this manuscript is to review selected capabilities of HYDRUS that have been implemented since 2008. Our review is not limited to listing additional processes that were implemented in the standard computational modules, but also describes many new standard and nonstandard specialized add‐on modules that significantly expanded the capabilities of the two software packages. We also review additional capabilities that have been incorporated into the graphical user interface (GUI) that supports the use of HYDRUS (2D/3D). Another objective of this manuscript is to review selected applications of the HYDRUS models such as evaluation of various irrigation schemes, evaluation of the effects of plant water uptake on groundwater recharge, assessing the transport of particle‐like substances in the subsurface, and using the models in conjunction with various geophysical methods.
Memórias de um Rio Afogado: Tocantins 1914-2014
Authors: Oliveira Maria de Fátima , Rocha Leandro Mendes 
Published: June 2016

Ao longo dos séculos, o Rio Tocantins tem desempenhado importante papel como caminho fluvial no processo de conquista e ocupação do interior do Brasil. Atualmente, sua importância se destaca também como potencial energético, com a construção de hidrelétricas e como meio de transporte, pela efetivação do projeto da Hidrovia Tocantins-Araguaia. Este artigo visa analisar os vestígios deixados em um diário de viagem de 1914 em contraste com as transformações que estão ocorrendo atualmente no Rio Tocantins. Por meio desta fonte é possível perceber o cotidiano das viagens, as dificuldades e perigos de uma navegação incipiente, a natureza do rio e suas margens e a cultura das populações ribeirinhas.Palavras-Chaves: Região; Rios; História Ambiental; Memória
Preoperative Determinants of Patient-reported Pain and Physical Function Levels Following Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review
Authors: Lungu E. , Vendittoli P-A. , Desmeules F. 
Published: June 2016

Background:A sound knowledge of the determinants of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) outcomes could help in patient selection, preparation and education. We aimed to assess the current status of the literature evaluating preoperative determinants of early and medium term patient-reported pain and disability following TKA.Method:A search in Medline, Pubmed, Embase and CINAHL until October 2014 was undertaken. Selection criteria included: 1- participants undergoing primary unilateral TKA with a follow-up from 6 months to 2 years, 2- validated disease-specific patient-reported outcome measures assessing pain and/or function used as outcome measure and 3- identification of preoperative determinants obtainedviamultivariate analyses. Risk of bias was assessed using a modified version of the Methodology checklist for prognostic studies.Results:Thirty-three prognostic explanatory studies were included. Mean total score of the methodological quality was 80.7±12.2 %. Sociodemographic and psychosocial determinants included greater socioeconomic deprivation (both studies), greater levels of depression and/or anxiety (7 out of 10 studies) and greater preoperative pain catastrophizing (all 3 studies). Significant clinical determinants included worse pre-operative knee related pain or disability (20 out of 22 studies), presence or greater levels of comorbidity (12 out of 23 studies), back pain (4 out of 5 studies) and lower general health (all 11 studies).Conclusion:Several significant determinants of short to medium-term pain and functional outcomes following TKA have been summarized by studies with moderate-to-high methodological quality. No conclusions can be reached regarding the strength of the associations between significant determinants and TKA results because of heterogeneity of study methodologies and results. Further high-quality research is required.
Cross-Sectional Examination of Patient and Therapist Factors Affecting Participation in Physical Therapy in Acute Care Hospital Settings
Authors: Young Daniel L. , Moonie Sheniz , Bungum Tim 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Background
Research has demonstrated benefits of early and continued physical therapy for patients in acute care hospitals. Despite known benefits, scheduled sessions do not always result in treatment. Reported percentages for nontreatment are 15% to 25%. Understanding when and why nontreatment occurs is fundamental to future interventions to reduce it and provide patients with needed services.

Objective
The study objective was to describe nontreatment and the extent to which attributes of the patient, physical therapist, and environment affect its occurrence at a suburban community hospital.

Design
This was a cross-sectional study.

Methods
Medical records for 1,252 patients who were scheduled for 6,246 physical therapy sessions were reviewed. Therapist demographics were collected via a questionnaire.

Results
Therapist sexes were equally represented, and most therapists were nonwhite and worked full time at the hospital. The nontreatment percentage for individual therapists ranged from 5.4% to 23.2%. This percentage was 1.3% for the first scheduled session but nearly 20% for the remaining sessions. In more than 30% of nontreatment events, the specific therapist attempting treatment was not identified. Patients were much less likely to experience nontreatment if they were scheduled for therapy on a Tuesday or if they were in the hospital for a musculoskeletal condition. Sunday had a particularly high percentage of nontreatment.

Limitations
The participants were recruited from a single hospital. The specific therapist associated with nontreatment events was not always known.

Conclusions
Hospital and rehabilitation department policies and culture for weekend therapy staffing should be evaluated in light of the high percentage of nontreatment on Sunday. The impact of patient diagnosis on nontreatment must be evaluated further and may reflect hospital culture. Future research efforts should be designed to obtain data on the assigned therapist for all instances of nontreatment.
Fracture behavior of various welded steels
Authors: Ozdemir Tevfik Ertugrul , Cetinel Hakan , Uyulgan Bahadir 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In this study, P295GH (17Mn4) pressure vessel steel and AISI 304 stainless steel were joined by using ER 309L electrodes. Welded specimens were fatigued by four point bending experiments. Cracks occurred on the stainless steel side of the weldment during the fatigue tests. Finite element (FE) analyses were conducted by fixing 2-D precracked model for welded 17Mn4 pressure vessel steel and AISI 304 stainless steel by using ER 309L electrodes. True stress and true strain values of the AISI 304, 17Mn4 steels and ER 309L electrodes were determined by tensile tests. Stress analyses were conducted after entering the linear and nonlinear properties of the materials into software manually. Eventually, fracture mechanics analyses were conducted for the model, and J integral fracture toughness values of the crack on the weldment were calculated.
Abrasion wear behavior of a forged and unforged Fe-B alloy
Authors: Ma Sude , Zhang Jianjun , Ma Shengqiang 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Fe-B alloys exhibit continuous networks of eutectic borides, which destroy the continuity of matrix and result in the brittleness of the material. In order to improve its toughness, Fe-B alloy was treated by hot forging process in this study. Three-body abrasion wear behaviors of forged and unforged Fe-B alloy under three different abrasive (SiC, garnet and quartz sand) and applied load conditions were studied. Wear mechanisms were investigated by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and 3D laser scanning microscope (LSM). The result shows that under three-body abrasion condition, Fe-B alloy exhibits excellent wear resistance. The wear resistance of forged samples is higher than that of unforged samples on the three different kinds of abrasive. A correlation between the hardness of the abrasive, movement patterns of abrasive particles and applied load was found. The movement patterns of quartz sand are sliding between the contacting surfaces under the load of 3 kg. In the wear process of Fe-B alloy, sliding/cutting is the dominant removal mechanism in the case of quartz sand abrasive and rolling is the dominant removal mechanism in the case of garnet abrasive during three-body abrasion under the load of 3 kg. When Fe-B alloys are tested under the load of 1, 3 and 5 kg, it is found that load can change the movement patterns of abrasive particles. With increasing load, the movement patterns of abrasive particles are changed from rolling to sliding mechanism. Our investigations reveal that the three-body abrasive wear mechanism of forged and unforged Fe-B alloy depends on material/abrasive hardness ratio and applied load.
Environmental Migration as Planned Livelihood Among the Rebaris of Western Rajasthan, India
Authors: Singh Vipul 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The Rebaris are a traditional pastoral community in the semi-arid zone of western Rajasthan. Historically, the Rebaris have adapted to local scarcity through migration. These “environmental migrants” cover hundreds and even thousands of miles each year to feed their sheep, goats, and camels. They migrate in large groups, with each camp consisting of adults, children, and hundreds of animals. Unlike other pastoral groups throughout the world who have gradually become more sedentary, the Rebaris continue to migrate with their flocks of sheep in order to adapt to harsh climatic conditions. Despite the arid conditions and unpredictable grazing resources in western Rajasthan, herd populations have increased. In recent years, the Rebaris have expanded their range, migrating to more distant regions such as Haryana, the Punjab, and even Andhra Pradesh, almost 1,000 miles from Rajasthan. On occasion they have remained away from their homes for the entire year. This paper argues that a broader view of environmental migration is needed in order to understand the relationship between increasing herd sizes and shrinking grazing resources. My research suggests that environmental migration in western Rajasthan, once viewed as a response to drought and famine, has also developed into a planned livelihood strategy.
The Desert and the Garden: Climate as Attractor and Obstacle in the Settlement History of the Western United States
Authors: Culver Lawrence 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This article examines climate and perceptions of climate as factors in the migration and settlement history of the western United States. It focuses on two regions of great interest in the nineteenth century. One, the so-called Great American Desert, in the western Great Plains, seemed a potential obstacle to settlement. The other, the Mexican state of Alta California, which after 1848 became the US state of California, proved a definite attraction to settlers. By the late nineteenth century, both regions were attracting migrants. One, however, would experience climatic disasters that discouraged settlement, while the other would continue to grow, encouraging an even larger migration after 1945 to the southernmost tier of US states, from Florida to California, a region that became known as the Sunbelt. The Sunbelt drew migrants from the US Northeast and Midwest in part because of its warmer climate. By examining these regions, and the climatic migrations they spurred, this article illustrates how perceptions of climate changed in the US Climate was transformed from a problem into a commodity. For prospective migrants, climate, once a matter of profound concern, became a benign asset. Yet the Sunbelt region is subject to major climatic hazards, from droughts to hurricanes. By better understanding historical perceptions of climate, we can more clearly see how it could prove either an obstacle or an attraction for migration, and why people migrated to areas of environmental hazards, whether in the US or elsewhere.