bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
F
ederer,
W
alter
T
heodore
Authors: Basford Kaye E. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Walter T. Federer was one of the world's leading biometricians. His long‐standing career at Cornell University included being Professor‐in‐Charge of the Biometrics Unit for its first 29 years, Liberty Hyde Bailey Professor of Biological Statistics for 8 years, and Emeritus Professor for 22 years. Walt (as he was known) crafted pioneering contributions on experiment and treatment design, analysis of variance, and the application of statistical methodology. His nine books and hundreds of articles included work on augmented designs, incomplete block designs, spatial analyses, covariance analyses, statistical genetics and plant breeding, and programming complex statistical analyses for researchers. As well as serving on various national and international panels and boards, he was a consultant for international research stations – he believed consulting complemented teaching and research. Walt played a leadership role in professional societies and was awarded several Fellowships. Colorado State University presented him with the Honor Alumnus Achievement Award and Honored Alumnus Award, while Kansas State University honored him with the Distinguished Service in Agriculture Award. Friends and colleagues knew Walt as a generous and compassionate man who enjoyed sharing his knowledge for the betterment of others.
Risk Management Using
B
ayesian Networks
Authors: Neil Martin , Fenton Norman 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Bayesian networks (BNs) can be used to model risk in situations where data is scarce but where casual knowledge and expert estimation is available. The graphical part of a BN is used to model the causes and consequences of risk, hence enabling better management and intervention, while subjective probabilities are exploited, along with BN computation algorithms, to calculate risk. Risk measurement is therefore more meaningful in the decision context and the results easier to check and verify in practice by decision makers.
Agenda‐Setting: Individual‐Level Effects Versus Aggregate‐Level Effects
Authors: Guo Lei 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis entry reviews agenda‐setting literature from two theoretical and methodological perspectives: aggregate‐ and individual‐level media effects. The literature suggests that all three levels of agenda‐setting have found solid evidence at the aggregate level. That is, the news media are able to transfer the salience of objects, attributes, and network relationships among different elements to the public as one generalized group. With respect to the role of individual differences in the agenda‐setting process, the entry focuses on the explication of a key psychological concept: need for orientation. Future directions of research in this field are suggested.
Agenda‐Setting: Second‐Level Perspective and Cognitive Versus Persuasive Effects
Authors: López‐escobar Esteban , Sádaba Teresa 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The agenda‐setting second‐level perspective offers an explanation for the transfer of attribute salience from the media agenda to the public agenda, calling attention to cognitive and persuasive effects. Attribute agenda‐setting goes further than just gaining substantial public exposure and attention for the media. Media not only tell us “what to think about” but also “how to think about it.” Research has been developed that attempts to differentiate cognitions and affections; however, more recent studies see how both fall on a continuum in terms of the way we think and are influenced by the media.
Pluralistic Ignorance Through Media
Authors: Hetsroni Amir 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Pluralistic ignorance denotes a highly prevalent false belief about ideas, feelings, and actions of many others in a relevant social group. It represents an erroneous perception of public opinion and may have adverse implications on willingness to speak out and act. Attendance to the media facilitates the establishment of pluralistic ignorance. Explanations of this facilitation rely on heuristic processing of media information and connect pluralistic ignorance to the spiral of silence theory and to the idea of persuasive press inference.
Priming
Authors: Dillman Carpentier Francesca R. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Priming concerns the act of triggering a concept in one's memory (e.g., violence) via exposure to an image (e.g., gun), word (e.g., fight), sound (e.g., gunshot) or a combination of representations of the concept. Studies of media priming effects examine what kinds of concepts are triggered by specific media depictions or combinations of depictions, as well as how the primed concepts influence subsequent cognitions, affects, and behaviors, unbeknownst to the media user. Media priming is characterized, thus, as occurring outside our conscious awareness, working within our own memory to shift which ideas become top‐of‐mind, having temporary rather than long‐lasting effects, and being most applicable to impulsive rather than deliberative thoughts and actions. Media priming is therefore a particularly compelling explanation for understanding how music might bias first impressions, how advertisements might influence an impulse purchase, and how movies might temporarily elevate aggressive tendencies.
News Values: Reciprocal Effects on Journalists and Journalism
Authors: Shoemaker Pamela J. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractNews values guide news content producers in deciding what should become news content. Dating from the days of oral communication, the mass and social media have established similar values, but these values are not applied in the same way by both media. The Internet has changed how mass and social media users communicate with one another, creating a network of information. Social media, once thought of as secondary distributors of mass media content, are now seen as independent producers of information that is of interest to their users and those users' routine practices.
Multistep Flow of Communication: Evolution of the Paradigm
Authors: Weimann Gabriel 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Several models have attempted to describe how messages, images, information, and influence flow from the mass media to the public. These models also suggest the existence of direct flow, two‐step flow, and multistep flow. The evolution of these models was the result of empirical traditions as well as changing media technologies and platforms. This entry reviews the emergence of these models and their current state in the online era.
Media Malaise and Political Cynicism
Authors: Schuck Andreas R. T. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMedia malaise is one of the most popular and most controversial concepts in political communication research. At its core is the observation that citizens have become more cynical and distrustful of politicians and the political process as a whole and that political participation is on the decline. This is partly blamed on the news media's presentation of politics as a game or contest in which strategy becomes more important than substantial issues. Media malaise theory claims that such coverage results in widespread political cynicism that turns citizens off. This claim has been fiercely contested, with researchers stressing that media might well mobilize citizens politically or arguing that citizens might well become more cynical but not necessarily less engaged. Evidence is mounting to support both sides of the debate, which emphasizes the need to add further nuance and to spell out the exact conditions and processes behind such effects.
Hostile Media Effect
Authors: Gunther Albert C. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The hostile media effect refers to a perceptual bias in which partisans—people highly involved with an issue or interest group—tend to see media coverage of that issue or group as unfairly slanted against their own position. Journalists argue that accusations of media bias coming from partisans on both sides of an issue is evidence that the content in question is, in fact, fair and balanced. Empirical research since the 1980s has demonstrated several causes of this bias, including conditions that stimulate defensive processing as well as particular mechanisms such as selective attention and evaluation. The hostile media effect is also thought to have important consequences such as partisans' perception of increasingly disagreeable public opinion and more general alienation from democratic processes.
Presence Theory
Authors: Lombard Matthew , Lee Songyi , Sun Weimei , Xu Kun , Yang Hocheol 
Published: March 2017

AbstractPresence (shortened from telepresence) occurs when media users in some way overlook the role of technology in their experience; it is increasingly common and takes place with media from novels to videoconferencing to virtual reality. A variety of theoretical frameworks have been proposed to understand spatial presence (in which a mediated environment seems to not be mediated) and social presence (in which mediated actual or artificial people or characters seem to be present). The development of presence theories, including the many reviewed here, is at an early and fragmented stage but represents an exciting and important challenge for scholars.
Political Economy of Media Effects
Authors: Mosco Vincent , Nagy Ian 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The political economy of communication provides one significant theoretical starting point for the analysis of media effects. It is therefore important to define the perspective, identify its primary characteristics, and describe major schools of thought. The political economy approach to media effects is distinguished by its emphasis on power as well as on social structural (rather than on individual psychological) effects, which are mediated by social class, gender, and race, among other sociological variables. There are some significant differences within the political economy approach to media effects, particularly between strong, direct, and instrumental effects, as evidenced in the work of Parenti, Chomsky, and Herman, and complex effects, based on the construction of hegemony through the mutual constitutions of producers and users, who use their agency in a contested terrain. The work of Murdock and Golding as well as of Wasko and Meehan provide exemplars.
Feminist Theory and the Media
Authors: Krijnen Tonny 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Media's relations to gender have been a topic of academic inquiry since the 1960s. Feminist scholars soon began to criticize the androcentric character of mainstream sciences addressing these relations. Three epistemologies—feminist empiricism, feminist standpoint theory, and feminist postmodernism—emanated from these criticisms, which still inform feminist theory on media today. Varying beliefs about who, what, and how to know mark each epistemology. These epistemological values and beliefs have serious consequences for feminist theories generated about media and gender. In this entry, first, the three epistemologies are described. Next, the three major disciplines in which media and gender are studied (psychoanalysis, social psychology, and cultural studies) are discussed and illustrated by one of the major theories within a particular field. Each field is scrutinized for the impact of these epistemological foundations, which are simultaneously responsible for each discipline's merits as well as its limitations.
Differential Susceptibility to Media Effects Model
Authors: Valkenburg Patti M. , Peter Jochen 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The differential susceptibility to media effects model (DSMM) distinguishes three types of susceptibility to media effects: dispositional, developmental, and social susceptibility. The propositions of the DSMM help explain why some people are more susceptible to media effects than others, how and why media can affect those people, and how media effects can be enhanced or reduced.
Content Effects: Violence in the Media
Authors: Prot Sara , Anderson Craig A. , Barlett Christopher P. , Coyne Sarah M. , Saleem Muniba 
Published: March 2017

AbstractViolent content appears frequently in screen and audio media and takes many forms, including physical and relational aggression, gory images, violent stereotypes, and cyberbullying. Over six decades of research demonstrates that different types of media violence have significant detrimental effects, both immediately and in the long term. Exposure to aggression and violence in the media increases aggressive cognitions, affect, and behavior while simultaneously decreasing empathy and prosocial behavior. Evidence of these effects is strong, rooted in a large number of methodologically rigorous studies conducted with diverse research designs in diverse contexts. Most studies have focused on portrayals of physical aggression, but recent studies also demonstrate effects of relational aggression in media on relationally aggressive behavior of consumers, crossover effects of physical and relational media violence on relational and physical aggression, and effects of stereotype portrayals on negative attitudes and behaviors toward stereotyped minorities and explore causes and consequences of cyberbullying.
Content Effects: Pornography and Sexually Explicit Content
Authors: Ortiz Rebecca R. , Thompson Bailey 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Empirical research on the effects of pornography consumption (also known as “sexually explicit content”) often reveals significant associations between increased exposure and outcomes such as sexist attitudes, sexual violence perpetration, and risky sexual behaviors. These relationships, however, are often explained by the influence of other factors, such as unique personality traits, previous experiences, and demographic variables. The empirical literature on the effects of pornography consumption is substantial. Generalizing the findings to simple conclusions is, however, difficult. Studies conducted on the topic are inconsistent in their conceptualization and measurement of pornography and often ignore or neglect the specific content of the pornography consumed. Much as in the case of other media content, the effects of pornography consumption are dependent upon the individual and not all consumers are affected the same way. Some consumers experience positive outcomes (sexual satisfaction, increase in relationship quality), others experience negative outcomes (sexist attitudes, risky sexual behaviors).
Content Effects: Political Campaign Communication
Authors: Holtz‐Bacha Christina 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
All campaign communication ultimately targets individual vote choice. Campaign effects, however, result from complex, multistage processes in which the media play an important role. What voters know about a campaign, they mostly know from the media. Therefore campaigners try to influence as far as possible what voters get to hear and see in the media. Whereas they have full control over electoral advertising, their campaign activities are subject to the selection and production routines of the media. Even though the premier interest of campaigners lies with influencing the voting decision, effects go well beyond individual vote choice.
Human–Computer Interaction
Authors: Jung Younbo , Lee Kwan Min 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Human–computer interaction (HCI) is an interdisciplinary field that studies how people interact with machines in general and with computing systems in particular. Despite its initial development as a specialization in computer science, the field has quickly become multidisciplinary. It now sits at the crossroad between social sciences (on the human side) and computer science (on the technological side). It tries to answer daily questions that emerge from the rapidly increasing interaction between humans and computers. As implied by the two perspectives on the concept of interactivity and affordance (i.e., technological features vs. human perception), the various subdisciplines of HCI have developed and remained largely distinct. This presents both challenges and opportunities for HCI scholars. Embracing new paradigms such as the human factors approach, the field has demonstrated some potential for theoretical concepts to be successfully transformed into easy‐to‐use everyday products (e.g., speech interface, social robots, and/or smart devices).
Morality and Media Effects
Authors: Tamborini Ron , Eden Allison , Prabhu Sujay , Bowman Nicholas David , Lewis Robert Joel , Grizzard Matthew 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe desire to understand the relationships between media and morality has driven mass communication research for over a century. An overview of work in this area shows the dominant theories that have shaped it and current understandings that might guide future studies. The present entry reviews, first, initial efforts, grounded in cognitive frameworks from Piaget, Kohlberg, and Bandura, focused primarily on potential prosocial and antisocial effects of media, and, second, early work in entertainment theory that used models of emotional response and audience appraisal to explain the role of morality in both selective exposure to narrative media and audiences' vicarious experience of media characters. This is followed by discussion of recent work informed by dual process theories of moral psychology. The entry examines contemporary media theories within which intuitive mechanisms combine with deliberative mechanisms to direct moral reasoning. The concluding part discusses the potential of developments in neuroscience to advance understandings of media and morality.
Coaudience Perceptions
Authors: Dohle Marco 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMedia users know that media content is not addressed only at them; they are rather aware of the fact that they are part of an audience. On this basis, users are able to form perceptions of their coaudience. Such coaudience perceptions can occur before, during, or after media exposure. They can be defined as an individual's subjective assumptions about the audience and its characteristics. Coaudience perceptions have various consequences: For example, they can play an important role in the processes of group affiliation and of distancing oneself from groups. Moreover, coaudience perceptions are an important component of media effects approaches that deal with other perceptual aspects, such as the third‐person effect or the hostile media effect. Due to the increased visibility of the online coaudience, the question regarding the influence of its perception should be of crucial relevance for future research.
Nonverbal Cues
Authors: Bucy Erik P. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Nonverbal cues consist of those elements of expression that convey social rather than factual information and serve as rich communicative signals carried in all forms of visual or aural media. In media effects research, nonverbal cues have been primarily associated with emotional expression, particularly facial displays, bodily gestures, and voice tone, but they can take other forms of physical appearance or interaction. As research into nonverbal communication has advanced, so has the sophistication of the concepts used to frame these studies. Theories of nonverbal influence are drawn from diverse academic traditions, such as cognitive, evolutionary, and social psychology, media studies, and interpersonal communication. Conceptual frameworks employed to study nonverbal cues include appearance‐based inferences, nonverbal expectancy violations theory, stereotype activation, affective socialization, and visual framing. While impactful, nonverbal cues do not have uniform effects; several intervening variables can moderate the way nonverbal cues are received and interpreted.
Genre
Authors: Dhoest Alexander 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis entry discusses the limited attention accorded to audiences, and particularly to effects, in film and TV genre theory. Audiences are generally considered as contributing to the discursive constitution of genres rather than as undergoing their effects. As a consequence, the focus is on the contradictory meanings attached to genres. This is illustrated in a discussion of particular genres such as melodrama, soap opera, film comedy, and sitcom.
Stable and fluctuating social preferences and implications for cooperation among female bonobos at LuiKotale, Salonga National Park, DRC
Authors: Moscovice Liza R. , Douglas Pamela Heidi , Martinez‐Iñigo Laura , Surbeck Martin , Vigilant Linda , Hohmann Gottfried 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectivesFemale bonobos (Pan paniscus) are characterized as highly affiliative and cooperative, but few studies have quantified the strength and stability of female intra‐sexual relationships or explored how variation in social relationships influences cooperation. We measure female social preferences, identify causes of variation in preferences, and test whether variation in social preferences predicts food sharing or coalitionary support.MethodsData were collected over 3 years from females in the Bompusa community at LuiKotale, DRC. We measured genetic relatedness and constructed social preference indices for party association, proximity, grooming, GG‐rubbing and aggression. We identified preferred social partners based on permutation tests and measured stability using Mantel tests. We used factor analysis to identify inter‐relationships between preference indices and used LMMs to test whether variation in social preferences was explained by relatedness, rank differences, having dependent young or co‐residency time. We used GLMMs to test whether variation in social preferences predicted food sharing or coalitionary support.ResultsAll females had preferred non‐kin partners for proximity, grooming or GG‐rubbing, but only grooming preferences were stable across years. Association indices were higher among lactating females, and aggression was lower among females with longer co‐residency times. The factor analysis identified one factor, representing proximity and GG‐rubbing preferences, labeled behavioral coordination. Dyads with higher levels of behavioral coordination were more likely to share food.ConclusionsFemale bonobos exhibit stable, differentiated grooming relationships outside of kinship and philopatry. Females also exhibit flexible proximity and GG‐rubbing preferences that may facilitate cooperation with a wider range of social partners.
Localization‐delocalization transitions in bosonic random matrix ensembles
Authors: Chavda N. D. , Kota V. K. B. 
Published: March 2017

Localization to delocalization transitions in eigenfunctions are studied for finite interacting boson systems by employing one‐ plus two‐body embedded Gaussian orthogonal ensemble of random matrices [EGOE(1+2)]. In the first analysis, considered are bosonic EGOE(1+2) for two‐species boson systems with a fictitious (F) spin degree of freedom [called BEGOE(1+2)‐F]. Numerical calculations are carried out as a function of the two‐body interaction strength (λ). It is shown that, in the region (defined by ) after the onset of Poisson to GOE transition in energy levels, the strength functions exhibit Breit‐Wigner to Gaussian transition for . Further, analyzing information entropy and participation ratio, it is established that there is a region defined by where the system exhibits thermalization. The F‐spin dependence of the transition markers and follow from the propagator for the spectral variances. These results, well tested near the center of the spectrum and extend to the region within to from the center (σ2 is the spectral variance), establish universality of the transitions generated by embedded ensembles. In the second analysis, entanglement entropy is studied for spin‐less BEGOE(1+2) ensemble and shown that the results generated are close to the recently reported results for a Bose‐Hubbard model.image