bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A mission of service: social entrepreneur as a servant leader
Authors: Petrovskaya Irina , Mirakyan Araksya 
Published: June 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to establish a conceptual link between the research domains of social entrepreneurship and servant leadership by exploring the proposition that social entrepreneurs may have specific leadership attributes that allow classifying them as servant leaders.

Design/methodology/approach
Five servant leadership attributes were identified based on the literature review: altruism, humility, integrity, trust in others and empathy. In an exploratory study, these attributes were examined in a sample of 78 Russian entrepreneurs.

Findings
Survey results indicate that social entrepreneurs indeed differ from traditional ones in four of the perceived servant leadership attributes: altruism, integrity, trust in others and empathy. However, no differences in humility between social and traditional entrepreneurs were found.

Research limitations/implications
The limitations of this study are the sample size and the sampling technique used (targeted and snowball sampling). Another limitation is the nature of the instrument used: servant leadership attributes were measured through a self-assessment questionnaire, making it susceptible to a social desirability bias. The study contributes toward setting a future research agenda for the further studies of both social entrepreneurship and servant leadership.

Originality/value
This paper introduces a conceptual connection between social entrepreneurship and servant leadership. No such study had been reported prior to this research.
Rural entrepreneurship and transformation: the role of learnerships
Authors: Koyana Siphokazi , Mason Roger B. 
Published: June 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the lessons that could be learnt from the first year of implementing the Wholesale and Retail Sector Education and Training Authority’s Rural Development Programme.

Design/methodology/approach
This exploratory, qualitative study involved unemployed people from a rural location in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. A focus group and in-depth interviews were held with the current learners, the programme manager, the skills training providers, and the royal custodian of the locality.

Findings
While highlighting the factors that enhance success as well as those that impede development, the study found that the learnership contributed significantly to social transformation through rural entrepreneurship. It empowers disadvantaged women and youths to gain access and skills which, if the recommended measures to sustain the programme are implemented, could enable them to grow bigger businesses.

Research limitations/implications
Since this was an exploratory, qualitative study, the limitations of a small, convenience sample need to be overcome by a larger, quantitative study, and a more complete collection of accurate secondary data.

Originality/value
Despite the obvious limitations, this study has contributed to the literature on both rural entrepreneurship and transformation in South Africa. Both are under-researched topics, despite transformation being a socio-political imperative and entrepreneurship, especially in rural areas, being a key to overcoming South Africa’s high unemployment rate.
Reputation management and authenticity
Authors: Sisson Diana C. , Bowen Shannon A. 
Published: June 2017

Purpose
Following a report released by the UK Parliament’s Public Accounts Committee, multinational corporations like Starbucks, Google, and Amazon found themselves in a firestorm of criticism for not paying or paying minimal taxes after earning significant profits in the UK for the past three years. Allegations of tax evasion led to a serious crisis for Starbucks in the UK, which played out in a public forum via social media. The researchers explored whether Starbucks’ corporate ethics insulated its reputation from negative media coverage of alleged tax evasion evidenced in its “hijacked” social media “#spreadthecheer” campaign. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
Using an exploratory case study analysis of news articles, Starbucks’ annual reports, #spreadthecheer Tweets, and David Michelli’s The Starbucks Experience, data collection helped to inform the discussion of authenticity and whether it helped to insulate Starbucks’ reputation during its crisis in the UK.

Findings
Authenticity is key when organizations face a turbulent environment and active publics and stakeholder groups. Findings from this study also suggested proactive reputation management strategies and tactics, grounded in the organization’s corporate culture and transparency, could have diffused some of the uproar from its key publics.

Originality/value
Authentic corporate cultures should align with corporate business practices in order to reduce the potential for crises to occur. It is possible that ethical core values and a strong organizational approach to ethics help to insulate its reputation among publics during a crisis.
Trimming the social body
Authors: Krause-Jensen Jakob 
Published: June 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyse through ethnographic fieldwork the social and cultural context and (unintended) consequences of introducing a management concept from the private sector (LEAN) into the public sector.

Design/methodology/approach
Ethnographic fieldwork combined with reading of reports and material.

Findings
The major findings are: first, Lean is seen in a cultural context, it is argued that the persuasiveness of Lean depends on building a metaphorical connection between organizational aims and individual experiences and bodily ideals; second, Lean purports to be a win-win game and road to eliminating “waste” through worker participation, empowerment and enthusiasm. The research points to the contrary. Lean was met with scepticism and was seen by the social workers as a waste of time.

Originality/value
As demonstrated in the paper, the vast majority of research published about Lean is hortatory in nature. It is recipe books trying to convince readers of the benefits of introducing Lean. This paper, on the contrary, attempts an open ethnographic exploration of the Lean process and its social and cultural ramifications.
How did I become an abductive ethnographer? Reflections on a research journey
Authors: Le Trividic Harrache Lila 
Published: June 2017

Purpose
Drawing on part of a French doctorate research journey, the purpose of this paper is to illustrate how an initial research design gets to be questioned and deconstructed when confronted to fieldwork.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper reflects on the second year of the doctoral project when the theoretical research object that had been built during the first year was confronted to fieldwork, driving the author to reshape the initial research question.

Findings
The paper explains how doing ethnographic work helped the author to deconstruct the author’s own theoretical and epistemological assumptions. The author started to investigate on the uses of pupils’ “mental suffering” in French upper secondary schools and administration in order to understand the labelling process. The author explains how fieldwork, writing and peer-reviewing made the author realise that the author was not focussing on the appropriate categories. Throughout the reflection, the paper highlights the epistemological shift that this journey reveals.

Originality/value
This paper aims to contribute to methodological debates scrutinising the black box of the research process. It aims to be helpful to those experiencing for the first time the chaos of reformulating the research object.
Characterization and Differentiation of Geometric Isomers of 3‐methylfentanyl Analogs by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Kanamori Tatsuyuki , Iwata Yuko T. , Segawa Hiroki , Yamamuro Tadashi , Kuwayama Kenji , Tsujikawa Kenji , Inoue Hiroyuki 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe cis and trans isomers of 3‐methylfentanyl and its three analogs were chemically synthesized, and these compounds were characterized and differentiated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The cis and trans isomers of the 3‐methylfentanyl analogs were completely separated by GC/MS. Although the high temperature of the GC injection port caused thermal degradation of β‐hydroxy‐3‐methylfentanyl, the degradation was completely suppressed by trimethylsilyl derivatization. The isomers were also well separated by LC/MS on an octadecylsilyl column with 10 mM ammonium acetate and methanol as the mobile phase. The proton NMR signals were split when the hydrochloride salts of the 3‐methylfentanyl analogs were dissolved in deuterated chloroform because stereoisomers were formed by the coordination of the hydrochloride proton to the nitrogen of the piperidine ring of the 3‐methylfentanyl analogs.
A Hydrologic Drying Bias in Water‐Resource Impact Analyses of Anthropogenic Climate Change
Authors: Milly P.C.D. , Dunne Krista A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractFor water‐resource planning, sensitivity of freshwater availability to anthropogenic climate change (ACC) often is analyzed with “offline” hydrologic models that use precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (Ep) as inputs. Because Ep is not a climate‐model output, an intermediary model of Ep must be introduced to connect the climate model to the hydrologic model. Several Ep methods are used. The suitability of each can be assessed by noting a credible Ep method for offline analyses should be able to reproduce climate models’ ACC‐driven changes in actual evapotranspiration in regions and seasons of negligible water stress (Ew). We quantified this ability for seven commonly used Ep methods and for a simple proportionality with available energy (“energy‐only” method). With the exception of the energy‐only method, all methods tend to overestimate substantially the increase in Ep associated with ACC. In an offline hydrologic model, the Ep‐change biases produce excessive increases in actual evapotranspiration (E), whether the system experiences water stress or not, and thence strong negative biases in runoff change, as compared to hydrologic fluxes in the driving climate models. The runoff biases are comparable in magnitude to the ACC‐induced runoff changes themselves. These results suggest future hydrologic drying (wetting) trends likely are being systematically and substantially overestimated (underestimated) in many water‐resource impact analyses.
Water Use for Hydraulic Fracturing of Oil and Gas in the South Platte River Basin, Colorado
Authors: Walker Ella L. , Anderson Aspen M. , Read Laura K. , Hogue Terri S. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWater use for oil and gas development (i.e., hydraulic fracturing) is a concern in semiarid basins where water supply is often stressed to meet demands, and oil and gas production can exacerbate the situation. Understanding the impacts of water use for hydraulic fracturing (HF) on water availability in semiarid regions is critical for management and regulatory decisions. In the current work, we quantify water use for HF at several scales — from municipal to state‐wide — using the IHS Enerdeq database for the South Platte Basin. In addition, we estimate produced water (a by‐product of oil and gas production), using data from the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission to explore reuse scenarios. The South Platte River Basin, located in northeastern Colorado, encompasses the Denver‐Metro area. The basin has one of the most productive oil and gas shale formations in Colorado, with much of the production occurring in Weld County. The basin has experienced higher horizontal drilling rates coupled with an increasing population. Results show water use for horizontal and vertical wells averages 11,000 and 1,000 m3, respectively. Water use for HF in the South Platte Basin totaled 0.63% of the basin's 2014 total water demand. For Weld County, water use for HF was 2.4% of total demand, and for the city of Greeley, water use was 7% of total demand. Produced water totaled 9.4 Mm3 in the basin for 2014, which represents 42% of the total water used for HF.
Intra‐ and interobserver reproducibility of Bruch's membrane opening minimum rim width measurements with spectral domain optical coherence tomography
Authors: Reis Alexandre S. C. , Zangalli Camila e S. , Abe Ricardo Y. , Silva André L. , Vianna Jayme R. , Vasconcellos José Paulo C. , Costa Vital P. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the reproducibility of Bruch's membrane opening minimum rim width (BMO‐MRW) and retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFLT) measurements using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT). Additionally, to investigate the reproducibility of BMO area measurements and fovea to BMO centre (FoBMO) angle.MethodsParticipants were healthy subjects (n = 30) and patients with glaucoma (n = 26). One eye of each participant was scanned to obtain optic nerve head (24 radial B‐scans) and peripapillary (one circular B‐scan) images by three independent examiners. Additionally, one examiner imaged each participant three times on the same day. Intra‐ and interobserver reproducibilities were estimated by within‐subject standard deviation (SW) and coefficient of variation (COV). Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to test the correlation between the magnitude of the parameter and its standard deviation.ResultsThe global BMO‐MRW COVs (%) in healthy/glaucoma subjects were 0.87/1.34 and 1.28/3.13 for intra‐ and interobserver analyses, respectively, and the corresponding global RNFLT figures were 1.50/2.10 and 2.04/2.87. Global mean BMO‐MRW and RNFLT showed no correlation with their respective standard deviations. The reproducibilities of BMO area and FoBMO angle were excellent and similar between the groups.ConclusionThe reproducibilities of BMO‐MRW, BMO area measurements and FoBMO angle were excellent in both healthy subjects and patients with glaucoma. Bruch's membrane opening minimum rim width (BMO‐MRW) reproducibility is comparable to that of RNFLT measurements.
Do artificial nectar feeders affect bat–plant interactions in an Ecuadorian cloud forest?
Authors: Maguiña Rossana , Muchhala Nathan 
Published: June 2017

AbstractPlant–pollinator interactions are critical to ecosystems. However, when artificial nectar feeders are available in an area, they could draw pollinators away from plants. We tested the effects of artificial nectar feeders in an Ecuadorian cloud forest on four aspects of bat–plant interactions: (1) bat relative abundance; (2) bat pollen loads; (3) flower visitation rates, and (4) breeding success of a bat‐pollinated species (Burmeistera glabrata). We divided the study site into areas close to (~30 m) and far from (~500 m) three different feeder sites. At each distance, we captured nectar bats (Anoura caudifer, Anoura cultrata, and Lonchophylla robusta) to estimate their relative abundance and to collect pollen from fur and fecal samples. We also videotaped flowers to estimate bat visitation rates and recorded different breeding success variables of B. glabrata. We found that areas close to feeders have higher relative bat abundance by a factor of 40. In spite of this, the presence of feeders did not affect bat pollen loads, nor the flower visitation rates and breeding success of B. glabrata. Interestingly, there were differences in pollen loads between the three bat species, in that L. robusta individuals rarely carried pollen and were only captured near feeders.
Adaptation costs to constant and alternating polluted environments
Authors: Dutilleul Morgan , Réale Denis , Goussen Benoit , Lecomte Catherine , Galas Simon , Bonzom Jean‐Marc 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSome populations quickly adapt to strong and novel selection pressures caused by anthropogenic stressors. However, this short‐term evolutionary response to novel and harsh environmental conditions may lead to adaptation costs, and evaluating these costs is important if we want to understand the evolution of resistance to anthropogenic stressors. In this experimental evolution study, we exposedCaenorhabditis eleganspopulations to uranium (U populations), salt (NaCl populations) and alternating uranium/salt treatments (U/NaCl populations) and to a control environment (C populations), over 22 generations. In parallel, we ran common‐garden and reciprocal‐transplant experiments to assess the adaptive costs for populations that have evolved in the different environmental conditions. Our results showed rapid evolutionary changes in life history characteristics of populations exposed to the different pollution regimes. Furthermore, adaptive costs depended on the type of pollutant: pollution‐adapted populations had lower fitness than C populations, when the populations were returned to their original environment. Fitness in uranium environments was lower for NaCl populations than for U populations. In contrast, fitness in salt environments was similar between U and NaCl populations. Moreover, fitness of U/NaCl populations showed similar or higher fitness in both the uranium and the salt environments compared to populations adapted to constant uranium or salt environments. Our results show that adaptive evolution to a particular stressor can lead to either adaptive costs or benefits once in contact with another stressor. Furthermore, we did not find any evidence that adaptation to alternating stressors was associated with additional adaption costs. This study highlights the need to incorporate adaptive cost assessments when undertaking ecological risk assessments of pollutants.
A novel use for polyamide tie‐wraps in the surgical resolution of caecocolic intussusception in a horse
Authors: de Bont M. P. 
Published: June 2017

SummaryCaecocolic intussusception is an uncommon cause of colic in the horse. Surgical correction presents its own set of challenges. The affected tissue is often markedly oedematous and a partial typhlectomy through an enterotomy incision in the right ventral colon can be the only method of successfully reducing the intussusceptum. Suture ligation of the nonviable portion of caecum can result in cut through of tissue, which can lead to an insecure ligation. In addition, a right ventral colon enterotomy can result in life‐threatening peritoneal contamination. This report describes the novel use of polyamide tie‐wraps to ligate the inverted caecum, allowing for partial typhlectomy and reduction of the intussusceptum, as well as a method to minimise potential abdominal contamination. To the author's knowledge, this is the first report of the use of polyamide tie‐wraps in the gastrointestinal tract of the horse.
Microstructure evolution and phase transformation of TiB2/SiC/B4C composites synthesized from Ti‐SiC‐B4C ternary system
Authors: Wu Chao , Xie Shihui , Li Yunkai 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBulk TiB2/SiC/B4C composites have been synthesized from Ti‐SiC‐B4C ternary system with different Ti weight percentages via reactive hot pressing at 1800°C under an applied pressure of 30 MPa for 1.5 h. By Ti amount increasing, the flexural strength curve exhibited an “M‐like” tendency reaching the maximum value of 512.36 MPa for 30 wt.% Ti. Microstructural evolution of the composites from conterminously large matrix grains to finely clear‐edged particles was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The phase transformation and element diffusion were analyzed by XRD and Energy Disperse Spectroscopy. A hybrid reinforcing mechanism of fracture and crack deflection is proposed to illustrate the change in flexural strength.
Enhanced toughness of zirconia ceramics with graphene platelets consolidated by spark plasma sintering
Authors: Li Shuang , Xie Zhipeng , Zhang Yumin , Zhou Yufeng 
Published: June 2017

AbstractGraphene platelets reinforced zirconia (GPLs/ZrO2) composites were prepared by spark plasma sintering in the present work. The effects of GPLs content on the densification route, microstructure feather, mechanical properties, and aging behaviors of such composites were investigated. In spite of the impeding effect of GPLs, high relative density of 98% was achieved for the composites owing to the uniform dispersion of GPLs. The addition of GPLs contributed to enhanced fracture toughness of the composites; when the added content was 1.0 wt.%, its fracture toughness reached up to 8.6 MPa·m1/2. Also, aging behavior of the GPLs/ZrO2 composites was investigated at 134°C for 24 hours. The monolithic ZrO2 ceramic and GPLs/ZrO2 composites presented residual ratio of 55% and 72% in fracture toughness, respectively. Thus, the incorporation of GPLs inhibited phase transformation from tetragonal phase to monoclinic phase of zirconia.
Adaptive change in chewing‐related brain activity while wearing a palatal plate: an functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Inamochi Y. , Fueki K. , Usui N. , Taira M. , Wakabayashi N. 
Published: June 2017

SummaryProsthodontic treatment success depends on patients' ability to adapt to an altered oral environment containing removable prostheses. We investigated adaptive chewing‐related brain activity changes in response to a new oral environment. Twenty‐eight fully dentate subjects (mean age: 28·6 years) wore experimental denture‐base palatal plates (3 mm thick), for 7 days. We measured food mixing ability and cycle time, and assessed brain activity by functional magnetic resonance imaging during chewing at pre‐insertion (Day 0), and immediately (Day 1), 3 days (Day 3) and 7 days (Day 7) after insertion. Food mixing ability significantly decreased and cycle time increased on Day 1 as compared to Day 0 (P < 0·001) and tended to recover to Day 0 level by Day 7. Brain activation in the right face primary sensorimotor cortex and putamen significantly decreased on Day 1 as compared to Day 0 (P < 0·001) and recovered to Day 0 level by Day 7. Brain activation in the left face primary sensorimotor cortex, putamen, anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG) and right posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) significantly decreased on Day 1 as compared to Day 0 (P < 0·001) and did not recover by Day 7. Thus, oral environment changes involving palate covering affected chewing and induced adaptive brain activity changes in the face primary sensorimotor cortex and putamen, possibly associated with motor learning. As ACG and pMFC activity remained unrecovered by 7 days after plate insertion, automatisation of chewing while wearing a palatal plate may require longer adaptation periods.