bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE CRISIS OF HUMANITY: OR, WHAT IF WE HAVE NEVER BEEN HUMAN?
Authors: Dodd Adam 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThis collection of nine essays brings together a variety of responses to the question of the “nonhuman turn” within the humanities and the social sciences, understood broadly as a developing concern with overcoming anthropocentrism in its diverse manifestations. Emerging from The Nonhuman Turn conference held at the University of Wisconsin‐Milwaukee in 2012, which was hosted by the Center for 21st Century Studies, it represents the first attempt to account for and consolidate the many intellectual approaches and developments that may now be regarded as constituting the nonhuman turn. The nonhuman turn is contextualized as both “yet another” turn but also a necessary one, and as something critically distinct from “the posthuman turn”—whereas the posthuman turn is concerned with what comes after the human (ways of being, ways of thinking), the nonhuman turn insists (according to editor Richard Grusin) that “we have never been human.” My reading of this volume suggests that this claim is not borne out across the chapters it contains, and that the notion that we have never been human, though a noble gesture to Bruno Latour's widely lauded claim that “we have never been modern,” does not enable a new philosophy, nor does it advance the two primary streams of philosophical thought featured here: object‐oriented ontology (OOO) and new materialism.
Lower thermal limits to larval development do not predict poleward range limits of the introduced tropical barnacleMegabalanus coccopoma
Authors: Crickenberger Sam , Walther Kathleen , Moran Amy L. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAs the earth's climate has warmed, many tropical species have expanded their ranges poleward and encountered high‐latitude seasonal temperature regimes, in which further permanent expansion is limited by physiological vulnerability to cold temperatures. The barnacleMegabalanus coccopomais native to shorelines from Baja California to Peru and has been introduced to many locations worldwide, including the southeasternUSA. The ability of larvae to develop successfully at local temperatures can be an important factor limiting the spread of invasive species. To determine if cold temperatures limited larval success near the northern range limit ofM. coccopomaalong the Atlantic southeasternUSAcoast, we measured lower temperature limits to larval development, examined the effects of temperature on larval growth and energy accumulation, and calculated a larval energy budget to estimate the extent of potential larval dispersal in this region. Larvae were able to develop through metamorphosis at 16°C, which is much colder than sea surface temperatures during the spawning season in their invasive range, making it unlikely northern range limits are set by a lower temperature limit to larval development. Energy budgets suggest that for larvae produced at the northern end of the invasive range, long distance dispersal to sites far poleward of the current range limit is possible. Similar to the findings of the handful of other studies on cold tolerances of tropical marine invertebrate larvae, larvae should be successful far poleward of current adult distributions.
What actually is the Münch hypothesis? A short history of assimilate transport by mass flow
Authors: Knoblauch Michael , Peters Winfried S. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn the 1920s, the German forestry scientist Ernst Münch postulated that photo‐assimilate transport is a mass flow driven by osmotically induced pressure gradients between source organs (high turgor) and sink organs (lower turgor). Two crucial components of Münch's hypothesis, the translocation by mass flow from sources to sinks and the osmotic mechanism of pressure flow, were established notions at the time, but had been developed by two institutionally separated groups of scholars. A conceptual separation of whole‐plant biology from cellular physiology had followed the institutional separation of forestry science from botany in German‐speaking central Europe during the so‐called Humboldtian reforms, and was reinforced by the delayed institutionalization of plant physiology as an academic discipline. Münch did not invent a novel concept, but accomplished an integration of the organism‐focused and the cell‐focused research traditions, reducing the polarization that had evolved when research universities emerged in central Europe. Post‐Münch debates about the validity of his hypothesis focused increasingly on the suitability of available research methodologies, especially the electron microscope and the proper interpretation of the results it produced. The present work reconstructs the influence of the dynamic scientific and non‐scientific context on the history of the Münch hypothesis.
Postprocedure Subarachnoid Hemorrhage after Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Qureshi Adnan I. , Saleem Muhammad A. , Aytac Emrah 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThe rate of occurrence and associated outcomes of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in acute ischemic stroke patients following endovascular treatment is not well studied.METHODSWe analyzed data from subjects treated with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator followed by endovascular treatment in the Interventional Management of Stroke III trial. The baseline and 24 (±6) hours postrandomization computed tomographic scans were interpreted centrally for presence, type, and location of intracranial hemorrhages (ICHs) including SAH. The primary outcome assessment was by modified Rankin scale (mRS) score at 3 months.RESULTSOf these 323 subjects who underwent endovascular treatment, the patterns of postprocedure ICHs were as follows: none (n = 168), isolated SAH (type 1, n = 9), SAH with intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH) or other ICHs (type 2, n = 33), and IPH or other ICHs without SAH (n = 113). At 3 months, the rates of independent functional outcome (mRS 0‐2) were lower among subjects with type 2 SAHs (odds ratio [OR] .2; 95% confidence interval [CI] .1‐.8; P = .016), and IPH or other ICHs without SAH (OR .5; 95% CI .3‐.9; P = .022) but not in subjects with type 1 SAH (OR .8; 95% CI .2‐3.5; P = .810), after adjusting for age, baseline serum glucose levels, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score strata, and procedure related complications.CONCLUSIONSThe rates of independent functional outcome were lower among subjects with postprocedure type 2 SAHs but not in subjects with type 1 SAH.
Binge drinking and the risk of liver events: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Åberg Fredrik , Helenius‐Hietala Jaana , Puukka Pauli , Jula Antti 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackground & AimsBinge drinking or heavy episodic drinking is increasingly prevalent, but the health effects are incompletely understood. We investigated whether binge drinking increases the risk for liver disease above and beyond the risk due to average alcohol consumption.Methods6366 subjects without baseline liver disease who participated in the Finnish population‐based Health 2000 Study (2000‐2001), a nationally representative cohort. Follow‐up data from national registers until 2013 were analysed for liver‐related admissions, mortality and liver cancer. Binge drinking (≥5 drinks per occasion, standard drink 12 g ethanol) was categorised as weekly, monthly, or as less often or none. Multiple confounders were considered.ResultsEighty‐four subjects developed decompensated liver disease. Binge drinking frequency showed a direct association with liver‐disease risk after adjustment for average daily alcohol intake and age. After adjustment, the hazard ratios (HRs) for weekly and monthly binge drinking were 3.45 (P=.001) and 2.26 (P=.007) and were higher after excluding regular heavy drinkers. The HR for weekly binging was 6.82 (P=.02) in women; 2.34 (P=.03) in men; and 4.29 (P=.001) in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Weekly binge drinking and the metabolic syndrome produced supra‐additive increases in the risk of decompensated liver disease. Weekly, and to a lesser extent monthly, binging retained significance in sequential multivariate models that additionally adjusted for beverage preference and lifestyle, metabolic, and socioeconomic factors.ConclusionsBinge drinking is associated with an increased risk for liver disease independently of average alcohol intake and confounders. The rising prevalence of binge drinking and the metabolic syndrome is particularly concerning.
Realignment Surgery for Malunited Ankle Fracture
Authors: Guo Chang‐jun , Li Xing‐cheng , Hu Mu , Xu Yang , Xu Xiang‐yang 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveTo investigate the characteristics and the results of realignment surgery for the treatment of malunited ankle fracture.MethodsThirty‐three patients with malunited fractures of the ankle who underwent reconstructive surgery at our hospital from January 2010 to January 2014 were reviewed. The tibial anterior surface angle (TAS), the tibiotalar tilt angle (TTA), the malleolar angle (MA), and the tibial lateral surface angle (TLS) were measured. Clinical assessment was performed with use of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale and visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, and the osteoarthritis stage was determined radiographically with the modified Takakura classification system. The Wilcoxon matched‐pairs test was used to analyze the difference between the preoperative and the postoperative data.ResultsThe mean follow‐up was 36 months (range, 20–60 months). The mean age at the time of realignment surgery was 37.1 years (range, 18–62 years). Compared with preoperation, the TAS at the last follow‐up showed a significant increase (88.50° ± 4.47° vs. 90.80° ± 3.49°, P = 0.0035); similar results were observed in TTA (1.62° ± 1.66° vs. 0.83° ± 0.90°, P < 0.01) and MA (82.30° ± 8.03° vs. 78.70° ± 4.76°, P = 0.005). At the last follow‐up, the mean AOFAS score was significantly increased compared with the score at preoperation (44.5 ± 13.7 vs. 78.0 ± 8.9, P < 0.01). Significant differences in VAS scores were found at the last follow‐up (6.76 ± 1.03 vs. 2.03 ± 1.21, P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the Takakura grade between the preoperation and the last follow‐up. One patient had increased talar tilt postsurgery; the postoperative talar tilt angle of this patient was 20°. One patient had progressive ankle osteoarthritis, and was treated by ankle joint distraction.ConclusionsRealignment surgery for a malunited ankle fracture can reduce pain, improve function, and delay ankle arthrodesis or total ankle replacement. Postoperative large talar tilt and advanced stages of ankle arthritis are the risk factors for the surgery.
Slow Clearance of Norovirus following Infection with Emerging Variants of Genotype GII.4 Strains
Authors: Gustavsson Lars , Nordén Rickard , Westin Johan , Lindh Magnus , Andersson Lars-Magnus 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT

The emergence of new norovirus genotype GII.4 strains is associated with widespread norovirus epidemics. Extended periods of viral shedding can contribute to the epidemic potential of norovirus. To describe the duration of viral shedding in infections with novel emerging GII.4 strains versus infections with previously circulating strains, we performed a prospective cohort study of patients hospitalized with norovirus gastroenteritis during separate winter seasons. Rectal swab samples were obtained at the time of inclusion and weekly during follow-ups. The subgenotype strain was determined from capsid sequences. The outcome was defined by the detection of virus for >14 days (slow clearance) or by the detection of negative samples within 14 days (rapid clearance). Two major epidemic GII.4 strains emerged during the study period, GII.4 New Orleans 2009, in 2010, and GII.4 Sydney 2012, in 2012. From these two seasons, sequences were available from 24 cases where the duration of shedding could be determined. The median age of the patients was 83 years and 50% were women. The majority of patients were infected with virus that clustered with the respective season's epidemic strain (
n
= 19), whereas 5 patients had previously circulating strains (3 were Den Haag 2006b, in 2010, and 2 were New Orleans 2009, in 2012). Among the patients infected with an epidemic strain, the proportion who shed virus for >14 days was significantly higher (16/19 [84%] versus 1/5 [20%],
P
= 0.01). In summary, a slow clearance of norovirus from stool was more common in infections with novel epidemic GII.4 strains. This suggests that the average duration of shedding may be longer during seasons when new GII.4 strains have emerged.
Improving prescribing practices with rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs): synthesis of 10 studies to explore reasons for variation in malaria RDT uptake and adherence
Authors: Burchett Helen E D , Leurent Baptiste , Baiden Frank , Baltzell Kimberly , Björkman Anders , Bruxvoort Katia , Clarke Siân , DiLiberto Deborah , Elfving Kristina , Goodman Catherine , Hopkins Heidi , Lal Sham , Liverani Marco , Magnussen Pascal , Mårtensson Andreas , Mbacham Wilfred , Mbonye Anthony , Onwujekwe Obinna , Roth Allen Denise , Shakely Delér , Staedke Sarah , Vestergaard Lasse S , Whitty Christopher J M , Wiseman Virginia , Chandler Clare I R 
Published: March 2017

ObjectivesThe overuse of antimalarial drugs is widespread. Effective methods to improve prescribing practice remain unclear. We evaluated the impact of 10 interventions that introduced rapid diagnostic tests for malaria (mRDTs) on the use of tests and adherence to results in different contexts.DesignA comparative case study approach, analysing variation in outcomes across different settings.SettingStudies from the ACT Consortium evaluating mRDTs with a range of supporting interventions in 6 malaria endemic countries. Providers were governmental or non-governmental healthcare workers, private retail sector workers or community volunteers. Each study arm in a distinct setting was considered a case.Participants28 cases from 10 studies were included, representing 148 461 patients seeking care for suspected malaria.InterventionsThe interventions included different mRDT training packages, supervision, supplies and community sensitisation.Outcome measuresAnalysis explored variation in: (1) uptake of mRDTs (% febrile patients tested); (2) provider adherence to positive mRDTs (%Plasmodium falciparumpositive prescribed/given Artemisinin Combination Treatment); (3) provider adherence to negative mRDTs (%P. falciparumnegative not prescribed/given antimalarial).ResultsOutcomes varied widely across cases: 12–100% mRDT uptake; 44–98% adherence to positive mRDTs; 27–100% adherence to negative mRDTs. Providers appeared more motivated to perform well when mRDTs and intervention characteristics fitted with their own priorities. Goodness of fit of mRDTs with existing consultation and diagnostic practices appeared crucial to maximising the impact of mRDTs on care, as did prior familiarity with malaria testing; adequate human resources and supplies; possible alternative treatments for mRDT-negative patients; a more directive intervention approach and local preferences for ACTs.ConclusionsBasic training and resources are essential but insufficient to maximise the potential of mRDTs in many contexts. Programme design should respond to assessments of provider priorities, expectations and capacities. As mRDTs become established, the intensity of supporting interventions required seems likely to reduce.
Predicting AKI in emergency admissions: an external validation study of the acute kidney injury prediction score (APS)
Authors: Hodgson L E , Dimitrov B D , Roderick P J , Venn R , Forni L G 
Published: March 2017

ObjectivesHospital-acquired acute kidney injury (HA-AKI) is associated with a high risk of mortality. Prediction models or rules may identify those most at risk of HA-AKI. This study externally validated one of the few clinical prediction rules (CPRs) derived in a general medicine cohort using clinical information and data from an acute hospitals electronic system on admission: the acute kidney injury prediction score (APS).Design, setting and participantsExternal validation in a single UK non-specialist acute hospital (2013–2015, 12 554 episodes); four cohorts: adult medical and general surgical populations, with and without a known preadmission baseline serum creatinine (SCr).MethodsPerformance assessed by discrimination using area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCROC) and calibration.ResultsHA-AKI incidence within 7 days (kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) change in SCr) was 8.1% (n=409) of medical patients with known baseline SCr, 6.6% (n=141) in those without a baseline, 4.9% (n=204) in surgical patients with baseline and 4% (n=49) in those without. Across the four cohorts AUCROC were: medical with known baseline 0.65 (95% CIs 0.62 to 0.67) and no baseline 0.71 (0.67 to 0.75), surgical with baseline 0.66 (0.62 to 0.70) and no baseline 0.68 (0.58 to 0.75). For calibration, in medicine and surgical cohorts with baseline SCr, Hosmer-Lemeshow p values were non-significant, suggesting acceptable calibration. In the medical cohort, at a cut-off of five points on the APS to predict HA-AKI, positive predictive value was 16% (13–18%) and negative predictive value 94% (93–94%). Of medical patients with HA-AKI, those with an APS ≥5 had a significantly increased risk of death (28% vs 18%, OR 1.8 (95% CI 1.1 to 2.9), p=0.015).ConclusionsOn external validation the APS on admission shows moderate discrimination and acceptable calibration to predict HA-AKI and may be useful as a severity marker when HA-AKI occurs. Harnessing linked data from primary care may be one way to achieve more accurate risk prediction.
Pattern, correlates and implications of non-communicable disease multimorbidity among older adults in selected Indian states: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Mini G K , Thankappan K R 
Published: March 2017

ObjectivesThe objective of the present study was to estimate the proportion of older adults with non-communicable disease (NCD) multimorbidity, its correlates and implications in selected Indian states.MethodsThe study used data of 9852 older adults (≥60 years) (men 47%, mean age 68 years) collected by the United Nations Population Fund from seven selected Indian states. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the correlates of NCD multimorbidity and hospitalisation.ResultsNCD multimorbidity was reported by 30.7% (95% CI 29.8 to 31.7). Those in the highest wealth group, aged ≥70 years, alcohol users, women and tobacco users were more likely to report NCD multimorbidity compared to those without any NCD and single NCD. Those with multimorbidity, the wealthiest, ever tobacco users and those who had formal education were more likely to be hospitalised compared to their counterparts after adjusting for age, sex and ever use of alcohol.ConclusionsMultimorbidity needs to be considered for planning NCD healthcare services provision particularly inpatient facilities focusing on alcohol users, tobacco users and women. Further studies are required to find out reasons for higher rates of multimorbidity among the wealthier group other than higher healthcare services usage and detection rates.
Conjoint analysis to understand preferences of patients with multiple sclerosis for disease-modifying therapy attributes in Spain: a cross-sectional observational study
Authors: Arroyo Rafael , Sempere Angel P , Ruiz-Beato Elena , Prefasi Daniel , Carreño Agata , Roset Montse , Maurino Jorge 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveTo assess patients’ preferences for a range of disease-modifying therapy (DMT) attributes in multiple sclerosis (MS).DesignA cross-sectional observational study.SettingThe data reported were from 17 MS units throughout Spain.ParticipantsAdult patients with relapsing-remitting MS.Main outcomeA conjoint analysis was applied to assess preferences. A total of 221 patients completed a survey with 10 hypothetical DMT profiles developed using an orthogonal design and rating preferences from 1 (most acceptable) to 10 (least acceptable). Medication attributes included preventing relapse, preventing disease progression, side effect risk, route and frequency of administration.ResultsPatients placed the greatest relative importance on the side effect risk domain (32.9%), followed by route of administration (26.1%), frequency of administration (22.7%), prevention of disease progression (10.0%) and prevention of relapse (8.3%). These results were independent of the Expanded Disability Status Scale score. The importance assigned to side effect risk was highest for patients with a recent diagnosis. Patients who had previously received more than one DMT gave a higher importance to relapse rate reduction than patients receiving their first DMT.ConclusionsPatient DMT preferences were mainly driven by risk minimisation, route of administration and treatment schedule. The risk–benefit spectrum of available DMT for MS is becoming increasingly complicated. Understanding which treatment characteristics are meaningful to patients may help to tailor information for them and facilitate shared decision-making in clinical practice.
Cohort analysis of outcomes in 69 490 emergency general surgical admissions across an international benchmarking collaborative
Authors: Chana Prem , Joy Mark , Casey Neil , Chang David , Burns Elaine M , Arora Sonal , Darzi Ara W , Faiz Omar D , Peden Carol J 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveThis study aims to use the Dr Foster Global Comparators Network (GC) database to examine differences in outcomes following high-risk emergency general surgery (EGS) admissions in participating centres across 3 countries and to determine whether hospital infrastructure factors can be linked to the delivery of high-quality care.DesignA retrospective cohort analysis of high-risk EGS admissions using GC's international administrative data set.Setting23 large hospitals in Australia, England and the USA.MethodsDischarge data for a cohort of high-risk EGS patients were collated. Multilevel hierarchical logistic regression analysis was performed to examine geographical and structural differences between GC hospitals.Results69 490 patients, admitted to 23 centres across Australia, England and the USA from 2007 to 2012, were identified. For all patients within this cohort, outcomes defined as: 7-day and 30-day inhospital mortality, readmission and length of stay appeared to be superior in US centres. A subgroup of 19 082 patients (27%) underwent emergency abdominal surgery. No geographical differences in mortality were seen at 7 days in this subgroup. 30-day mortality (OR=1.47, p<0.01) readmission (OR=1.42, p<0.01) and length of stay (OR=1.98, p<0.01) were worse in English units. Patient factors (age, pathology, comorbidity) were significantly associated with worse outcome as were structural factors, including low intensive care unit bed ratios, high volume and interhospital transfers. Having dedicated EGS teams cleared of elective commitments with formalised handovers was associated with shorter length of stay.ConclusionsKey factors that influence outcomes were identified. For patients who underwent surgery, outcomes were similar at 7 days but not at 30 days. This may be attributable to better infrastructure and resource allocation towards EGS in the US and Australian centres.