bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hospitalisations up to adulthood for children born with orofacial clefts
Authors: Bell Jane , Nassar Natasha , Turner Robin , Bower Carol , Gillett David , McBain Wilma , Raynes‐Greenow Camille 
Published: November 2015

AimThe aim of this study was to compare hospital admissions from infancy to adulthood, between children born with orofacial clefts (OFC) and those withoutOFC.MethodsThe method used was a cohort study using record‐linked administrative datasets. Participants included all children liveborn inWesternAustralia (WA) between 1980 and 2010 diagnosed withOFC, who were frequency matched by year of birth to randomly selected liveborn children withoutOFC. We calculated rate ratios (RR) of hospital admission, number and reason of admissions, cumulative length of stay, for each cleft type (cleft lip only (CLO), cleft lip and palate (CL+P), cleft palate only (CPO), noOFC) and by age period (infancy, pre‐school, primary and high school ages, and early adulthood).ResultsOverall, 1396 children were diagnosed with anOFCand compared with 6566 children withoutOFC. Individuals born withOFCwere up to three times more likely to be admitted to hospital, had more admissions and longer cumulative length of stay in all age periods. Children withOFCwere also more likely to be admitted for ear and digestive system conditions (RRup to 30 and six times higher, respectively). Children withCL+PandCPOwere more likely to be admitted for respiratory conditions (RR1.3–2.0) and children withCPOwere six times more likely to be admitted for care for other congenital anomalies.ConclusionsThroughout childhood, individuals born withOFCwere more likely to be admitted, and had more hospitalisations than those withoutOFC. Children born withCL+PorCPOhad a higher hospitalisation burden than children born withCLO.
Melatonin inhibits paraquat‐induced cell death in bovine preimplantation embryos
Authors: Pang Yun‐Wei , Sun Ye‐Qing , Sun Wei‐Jun , Du Wei‐Hua , Hao Hai‐Sheng , Zhao Shan‐Jiang , Zhu Hua‐Bin 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPreimplantation embryos are sensitive to oxidative stress‐induced damage that can be caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) originating from normal embryonic metabolism and/or the external surroundings. Paraquat (PQ), a commonly used pesticide and potent ROS generator, can induce embryotoxicity. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of melatonin on PQ‐induced damage during embryonic development in bovine preimplantation embryos. PQ treatment significantly reduced the ability of bovine embryos to develop to the blastocyst stage, and the addition of melatonin markedly reversed the developmental failure caused by PQ (20.9% versus 14.3%). Apoptotic assay showed that melatonin pretreatment did not change the total cell number in blastocysts, but the incidence of apoptotic nuclei and the release of cytochrome c were significantly decreased. Using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, we found that melatonin pre‐incubation significantly altered the expression levels of genes associated with redox signaling, particularly by attenuating the transcript level of Txnip and reinforcing the expression of Trx. Furthermore, melatonin pretreatment significantly reduced the expression of the pro‐apoptotic caspase‐3 and Bax, while the expression of the anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 and XIAP was unaffected. Western blot analysis showed that melatonin protected bovine embryos from PQ‐induced damage in a p38‐dependent manner, but extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) and c‐JUN N‐terminal kinase (JNK) did not appear to be involved. Together, these results identify an underlying mechanism by which melatonin enhances the developmental potential of bovine preimplantation embryos under oxidative stress conditions.
Effect of arginine and threonine administered in ovo on digestive organ developments and subsequent growth performance of broiler chickens
Authors: Tahmasebi S. , Toghyani M. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThis trial was conducted to investigate the effect of arginine (Arg), threonine (Thr) and Arg + Thr administered in ovo on growth performance, digestive organs and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens. On day 14 of incubation, 400 fertile eggs were randomly allotted to five experimental treatments through injection in the amniotic fluid including: (i) control (none injected), (ii) sham (0.5 ml of 0.5% saline), (iii) Arg (35 mg/egg), (iv) Thr (25 mg/egg) and (v) Arg + Thr (35 + 25 mg/egg). After hatching, chicks were given a commercial corn–soya bean diet up to 42 days of age. Daily feed intake (FI) and body weight (BW) of chicks were measured during different periods of the trial. Digestive organs were measured for their relative weight and intestinal length on days 11 and 42 of age. Intestinal morphometric traits were evaluated on day 11 of the experiment. Supplementing amino acids affected the performance of broiler chicks as Thr significantly increased FI and BW across starter, grower and finisher periods compared with sham and control (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Arg + Thr injection increased jejunal weight compared with control on day 42 (p < 0.05). Moreover, Arg inclusion led to the greatest villus height and crypt depth among treatments in duodenum (p > 0.05); however, amino acid supplemented groups had lower villus height than control in jejunum (p < 0.05). Negative correlations found between digestive organs related to day 11 of age containing pancreas (r = −0.484; p = 0.030), duodenal (r = −0.577; p = 0.007) as well as ileal lengths (r = −0.471; p = 0.035) and FI of entire period. Otherwise, positive relationships were observed between duodenum (r = 0.580; p = 0.007) and ileum (r = 0.582; p = 0.007) weights on day 42 and FI of chickens across the entire phase. In conclusion, Arg and particularly Thr injection into amnion can improve FI and post‐hatch growth performance of chickens which may be mediated by the development of digestive organs.
Sex in Its Daily Relational Context
Authors: Dewitte Marieke , Van Lankveld Jacques , Vandenberghe Sjouke , Loeys Tom 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The present study measured the daily correlates of sexual behavior in an ecologically valid context by relying on a daily diary approach.

Aim
Examining the dyadic and multicomponent nature of sexual behavior is essential to create valid models of sexual responding that are better aligned with the day-to-day context of having sex in a relationship.

Methods and Main Outcome Measures
During 3 weeks, heterosexual couples completed, two times a day, an electronic diary to report on mood, own and perceived partner behavior, relational feelings (in the evening), sexual activity, physical intimacy, and masturbation (in the morning). This design allowed testing bidirectional temporal associations between daily context and different types of sexual behavior.

Results
Positive mood, displays of positive partner behavior, perceived positive partner behavior, and positive relational feelings predicted more sexual activity and intimacy in men, which then further increased their positive mood, perceived positive partner behavior, and positive feelings about the relationship on the following day. Women showed a similar pattern of predictors regarding sexual activity as men, though the effect of sexual behavior on next-day feelings and behavior was more relationship-oriented rather than affecting personal mood. Intimacy was related to almost all daily variables in women, but related only to own and perceived positive partner behavior and positive relational feelings the next day. Several partner effects also reached significance, and these were more influential in predicting male than female intimacy. Solitary sexual activity showed a different pattern of results than dyadic sexual activity, with men experiencing masturbation as negatively in the context of their relationship.

Conclusion
These results confirm the regulatory function of sex and intimacy in maintaining a positive relational climate and indicate that the quality of the everyday relational context is important to get partners in the mood to act in a sexual way.
Appreciating the wrongfulness of criminal conduct: Implications for the age of criminal responsibility
Authors: Wagland Paul , Bussey Kay 
Published: November 2015

PurposeAlthough the ability to appreciate the wrongfulness of criminal conduct and to distinguish it from childish mischief forms the basis of Age of Criminal Responsibility (ACR) legislation in many countries, empirical research on the extent to which children possess this ability is limited. It was the aim of this study to investigate this issue.MethodsA total of 132 males and females from four age groups (8, 12, and 16 years and adults) participated in the study. Participants listened to a series of vignettes which described a person committing a transgression. The seriousness of the transgressions varied across vignettes. Participants then provided ratings on the wrongfulness and outcome expectations associated with the conduct described in the vignette.ResultsParticipants from all age groups evaluated criminal conduct more negatively than mischievous conduct. Participants from all age groups also anticipated more negative self‐reactions, more negative reactions from peers, and more severe legal sanctions for criminal conduct.ConclusionsEight‐year‐olds from the study sample demonstrated that they meet the current cognitive standard associated with achieving the ACR. These 8‐year‐olds also provided evidence that they were comparable to older children and adults in terms of their understanding of the wrongfulness of criminal behaviour and the ability to distinguish it from mischievous behaviour.
Looking into the past – the reaction of three grouse species to climate change over the last million years using whole genome sequences
Authors: Kozma Radoslav , Melsted Páll , Magnússon Kristinn P. , Höglund Jacob 
Published: November 2015

AbstractTracking past population fluctuations can give insight into current levels of genetic variation present within species. Analysing population dynamics over larger timescales can be aligned to known climatic changes to determine the response of species to varying environments. Here, we applied the Pairwise Sequentially Markovian Coalescent (psmc) model to infer past population dynamics of three widespread grouse species; black grouse, willow grouse and rock ptarmigan. This allowed the tracking of the effective population size (Ne) of all three species beyond 1 Mya, revealing that (i) early Pleistocene cooling (~2.5 Mya) caused an increase in the willow grouse and rock ptarmigan populations, (ii) the mid‐Brunhes event (~430 kya) and following climatic oscillations decreased the Ne of willow grouse and rock ptarmigan, but increased the Ne of black grouse and (iii) all three species reacted differently to the last glacial maximum (LGM) – black grouse increased prior to it, rock ptarmigan experienced a severe bottleneck and willow grouse was maintained at large population size. We postulate that the varying psmc signal throughout the LGM depicts only the local history of the species. Nevertheless, the large population fluctuations in willow grouse and rock ptarmigan indicate that both species are opportunistic breeders while black grouse tracks the climatic changes more slowly and is maintained at lower Ne. Our results highlight the usefulness of the psmc approach in investigating species’ reaction to climate change in the deep past, but also that caution should be taken in drawing general conclusions about the recent past.
The vascular plant‐pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum produces biofilms required for its virulence on the surfaces of tomato cells adjacent to intercellular spaces
Authors: Mori Yuka , Inoue Kanako , Ikeda Kenichi , Nakayashiki Hitoshi , Higashimoto Chikaki , Ohnishi Kouhei , Kiba Akinori , Hikichi Yasufumi 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThe mechanism of colonization of intercellular spaces by the soil‐borne and vascular plant‐pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum strain OE1‐1 after invasion into host plants remains unclear. To analyse the behaviour of OE1‐1 cells in intercellular spaces, tomato leaves with the lower epidermis layers excised after infiltration with OE1‐1 were observed under a scanning electron microscope. OE1‐1 cells formed microcolonies on the surfaces of tomato cells adjacent to intercellular spaces, and then aggregated surrounded by an extracellular matrix, forming mature biofilm structures. Furthermore, OE1‐1 cells produced mushroom‐type biofilms when incubated in fluids of apoplasts including intercellular spaces, but not xylem fluids from tomato plants. This is the first report of biofilm formation by R. solanacearum on host plant cells after invasion into intercellular spaces and mushroom‐type biofilms produced by R. solanacearum in vitro. Sugar application led to enhanced biofilm formation by OE1‐1. Mutation of lecM encoding a lectin, RS‐IIL, which reportedly exhibits affinity for these sugars, led to a significant decrease in biofilm formation. Colonization in intercellular spaces was significantly decreased in the lecM mutant, leading to a loss of virulence on tomato plants. Complementation of the lecM mutant with native lecM resulted in the recovery of mushroom‐type biofilms and virulence on tomato plants. Together, our findings indicate that OE1‐1 produces mature biofilms on the surfaces of tomato cells after invasion into intercellular spaces. RS‐IIL may contribute to biofilm formation by OE1‐1, which is required for OE1‐1 virulence.
Identification of pathogenicity‐related genes in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae
Authors: Taylor Andrew , Vágány Viktória , Jackson Alison C. , Harrison Richard J. , Rainoni Alessandro , Clarkson John P. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryPathogenic isolates of Fusarium oxysporum, distinguished as formae speciales (f. spp.) on the basis of their host specificity, cause crown rots, root rots and vascular wilts on many important crops worldwide. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae (FOC) is particularly problematic to onion growers worldwide and is increasing in prevalence in the UK. We characterized 31 F. oxysporum isolates collected from UK onions using pathogenicity tests, sequencing of housekeeping genes and identification of effectors. In onion seedling and bulb tests, 21 isolates were pathogenic and 10 were non‐pathogenic. The molecular characterization of these isolates, and 21 additional isolates comprising other f. spp. and different Fusarium species, was carried out by sequencing three housekeeping genes. A concatenated tree separated the F. oxysporum isolates into six clades, but did not distinguish between pathogenic and non‐pathogenic isolates. Ten putative effectors were identified within FOC, including seven Secreted In Xylem (SIX) genes first reported in F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Two highly homologous proteins with signal peptides and RxLR motifs (CRX1/CRX2) and a gene with no previously characterized domains (C5) were also identified. The presence/absence of nine of these genes was strongly related to pathogenicity against onion and all were shown to be expressed in planta. Different SIX gene complements were identified in other f. spp., but none were identified in three other Fusarium species from onion. Although the FOC SIX genes had a high level of homology with other f. spp., there were clear differences in sequences which were unique to FOC, whereas CRX1 and C5 genes appear to be largely FOC specific.
Influence and analysis of low‐dosage steroid therapy in severe aristolochic acid nephropathy patients
Authors: Ma Dong‐Hong , Zheng Fa‐Lei , Su Ying , Li Ming‐Xi , Guo Ming‐Hong 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAimTo investigate the effect of low‐dosage steroid therapy in patients with severe aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN).MethodsForty‐three chronic AAN patients in the Peking Union Medical College Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College were included in this study from November 1998 to October 2013. According to the treatment method, the patients were divided into a steroid group (SG, n = 25) and a control group (CG, n = 18). The serum biochemical indicators at the basement in the two groups exhibited no obvious statistical differences. In comparison with the baseline data, the levels of serum creatinine at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months were analyzed. The blood pressure, haemoglobin, serum biochemical indicators, and the side‐effects of steroid application were also observed. Urinary macrophage chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) and transforming growth factor‐1 (TGF‐1) amounts were measured as well.Results(i) The serum creatinine content in the CG group was significantly higher than the baseline level during the follow‐up(6, 9, and 12 months later), whereas in the SG group it decreased during the 3–6 month period and remained stable within 1 year. (ii) The biochemical indicators, blood pressure, and haemoglobin persisted stable. (iii) The side‐effects of low‐dosage steroid therapy were not severe and were tolerated by the AAN patients. (4) Urinary MCP‐1 and TGF‐1 concentrations were positively correlated with serum creatinine and decreased in the SG group.ConclusionLow‐dosage steroid therapy reversed or delayed the renal failure progression in severe chronic AAN patients, which may be associated with the suppression of MCP‐1 and TGF‐β1 activities.
Uncoupling of sodium and chloride to assist breeding for salinity tolerance in crops
Authors: Genc Yusuf , Oldach Klaus , Taylor Julian , Lyons Graham H. 
Published: November 2015

Summary

The separation of toxic effects of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) by the current methods of mixed salts and subsequent determination of their relevance to breeding has been problematic.

We report a novel method (Na+ humate) to study the ionic effects of Na+ toxicity without interference from Cl−, and ionic and osmotic effects when combined with salinity (NaCl). Three cereal species (Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum and Triticum turgidum ssp. durum with and without the Na+ exclusion gene Nax2) differing in Na+ exclusion were grown in a potting mix under sodicity (Na+ humate) and salinity (NaCl), and water use, leaf nutrient profiles and yield were determined.

Under sodicity, Na+‐excluding bread wheat and durum wheat with the Nax2 gene had higher yield than Na+‐accumulating barley and durum wheat without the Nax2 gene. However, under salinity, despite a 100‐fold difference in leaf Na+, all species yielded similarly, indicating that osmotic stress negated the benefits of Na+ exclusion.

In conclusion, Na+ exclusion can be an effective mechanism for sodicity tolerance, while osmoregulation and tissue tolerance to Na+ and/or Cl− should be the main foci for further improvement of salinity tolerance in cereals. This represents a paradigm shift for breeding cereals with salinity tolerance.
Critical realism in nursing: an emerging approach
Authors: Schiller Catharine J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractCritical realism, a philosophical framework originally developed by Roy Bhaskar in the 1970s, represents a relatively new approach to research generally and to nursing research in particular. This article explores the ontological and epistemological tenets of critical realism and examines the application of critical realist principles to nursing research and practice through a review of the literature. It is evident that few published nursing research studies have, as of yet, utilized critical realism as their paradigm of choice. Both the strengths and limitations of the presentation and use of critical realism in these studies are discussed in this article. Given the varying degrees of success of the authors in explicating critical realism as a philosophical framework, the value of critical realism to the research study, and the ways in which usage of the critical realist framework influenced development of the study and interpretation of findings, it is evident that the quality of future publications espousing the use of critical realism must continue to be strengthened significantly.
Russellian Monism and Epiphenomenalism
Authors: Robinson William S. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractContemporaries often reject epiphenomenalism (EPI) out of hand, while Russellian Monism (RM) is regarded as worthy of further development. It is argued here that this difference of attitudes is indefensible, because the easy rejection of EPI is due to its violating a certain Causal Intuition, and RM implicitly violates that same intuition. An enriched version of RM mitigates the violation, but the same mitigation results if we make a parallel enrichment of EPI. If RM and EPI are approached on a level playing field, it is not obvious which will prove to be the better view.
Historical Moral Responsibility: Is the Infinite Regress Problem Fatal?
Authors: Barnes Eric Christian 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSome compatibilists have responded to the manipulation argument for incompatibilism by proposing an historical theory of moral responsibility which, according to one version, requires that agents be morally responsible for having their pro‐attitudes if they are to be morally responsible for acting on them. This proposal, however, leads obviously to an infinite regress problem. I consider a proposal by Haji and Cuypers that addresses this problem and argue that it is unsatisfactory. I then go on to propose a new solution inspired by the libertarian theory of Robert Kane.
Semantic Knowledge, Semantic Guidance, and Kripke's Wittgenstein
Authors: Green Derek 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSaul Kripke's influential ‘sceptical paradox’ of semantic rule‐following alleges that speakers cannot have any justification for using a word one way rather than another. If it is correct, there can be no such thing as meaning anything by a word. I argue that the paradox fails to undermine meaning. Kripke never adequately motivates its excessively strict standard for the justified use of words. The paradox lacks the resources to show that its standard is truly mandatory or that speakers do not frequently satisfy the well‐motivated competitor I offer. So the paradox fails.
AsHSP17, a creeping bentgrass small heat shock protein modulates plant photosynthesis and ABA‐dependent and independent signalling to attenuate plant response to abiotic stress
Authors: Sun Xinbo , Sun Chunyu , Li Zhigang , Hu Qian , Han Liebao , Luo Hong 
Published: November 2015

AbstractHeat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones that accumulate in response to heat and other abiotic stressors. Small HSPs (sHSPs) belong to the most ubiquitous HSP subgroup with molecular weights ranging from 12 to 42 kDa. We have cloned a new sHSP gene, AsHSP17 from creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) and studied its role in plant response to environmental stress. AsHSP17 encodes a protein of 17 kDa. Its expression was strongly induced by heat in both leaf and root tissues, and by salt and abscisic acid (ABA) in roots. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants constitutively expressing AsHSP17 exhibited enhanced sensitivity to heat and salt stress accompanied by reduced leaf chlorophyll content and decreased photosynthesis under both normal and stressed conditions compared to wild type. Overexpression of AsHSP17 also led to hypersensitivity to exogenous ABA and salinity during germination and post‐germinative growth. Gene expression analysis indicated that AsHSP17 modulates expression of photosynthesis‐related genes and regulates ABA biosynthesis, metabolism and ABA signalling as well as ABA‐independent stress signalling. Our results suggest that AsHSP17 may function as a protein chaperone to negatively regulate plant responses to adverse environmental stresses through modulating photosynthesis and ABA‐dependent and independent signalling pathways.