bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of annealing on electrical performance of multilayer MoS2 transistors with atomic layer deposited HfO2 gate dielectric
Authors: Wen Ming , Xu Jingping , Liu Lu , Lai Pui-To , Tang Wing-Man 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Atomic layer deposited HfO2 annealed in different ambients (N2, O2, and NH3) is used to replace SiO2 as a gate dielectric for fabricating back-gated multilayer MoS2 transistors. Excellent electrical properties such as a mobility of 15.1 cm2/(V·s), an on/off ratio exceeding 107, and a hysteresis of 0.133 V are achieved for samples annealed in NH3 at 400 °C for 10 min. This is caused by the NH3 annealing passivation effects that reduce defective states in the HfO2 dielectric and the interface. The capacitance equivalent thickness is only 7.85 nm, which is quite small for a back-gated MoS2 transistor and is conducive to the scaling down of the device.
Role of mechanical erosion in controlling the effusion rate of basaltic eruptions
Authors: Piombo Antonello , Tallarico Andrea , Dragoni Michele 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn many basaltic eruptions, observations show that the effusion rate of magma has a typical dependence on time: the effusion rate curves show first a period of increasing and later a decreasing phase by a maximum value. We present a model to explain this behavior by the emptying of a magma reservoir through a vertical cylindrical conduit with elliptical cross section, coupled with the its widening due to mechanical erosion, produced by the magma flow. The model can reproduce the observed dependence on time of effusion rate in basaltic eruptions. Eruption duration and the maximum value of effusion rate depend on the size of magma chamber, on lava viscosity and strongly on erosion rate per unit traction.
A local index of Maritime Continent intraseasonal variability based on rain rates over the land and sea
Authors: Vincent C. L. , Lane T. P. , Wheeler M. C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA local index for describing intraseasonal variability over the Maritime Continent is developed. The index is based on the ratio of area‐averaged rain rate over the land to that over the sea. It takes advantage of the fact that the main convective envelope of intraseasonal variability events tends to modulate the diurnal precipitation cycle over the land over the entire Maritime Continent. Lagged analysis is used to create composite intraseasonal variability events, where “day 0” is chosen according to when the normalized rain rate over the sea becomes greater than that over the land. The index identifies intraseasonal variability events associated with the Madden Julian Oscillation as well as equatorial Kelvin waves and westward propagating equatorial Rossby waves. The results suggest a similar local impact of all such events in suppressing the rain rate over land relative to that over the sea when the main convective envelope approaches.
High export of dissolved silica from the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Meire L. , Meire P. , Struyf E. , Krawczyk D. W. , Arendt K. E. , Yde J. C. , Juul Pedersen T. , Hopwood M. J. , Rysgaard S. , Meysman F. J. R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSilica is an essential element for marine life and plays a key role in the biogeochemistry of the ocean. Glacial activity stimulates rock weathering, generating dissolved silica that is exported to coastal areas along with meltwater. The magnitude of the dissolved silica export from large glacial areas such as the Greenland Ice Sheet is presently poorly quantified and not accounted for in global budgets. Here we present data from two fjord systems adjacent to the Greenland Ice Sheet which reveal a large export of dissolved silica by glacial meltwater relative to other macronutrients. Upscaled to the entire Greenland Ice Sheet, the export of dissolved silica equals 22 ± 10 Gmol Si yr−1. When the silicate‐rich meltwater mixes with upwelled deep water, either inside or outside Greenland's fjords, primary production takes place at increased silicate to nitrate ratios. This likely stimulates the growth of diatoms relative to other phytoplankton groups.
Is seasonal net community production in the South Pacific Subtropical Gyre anomalously low?
Authors: Bender Michael L. , Jönsson Bror 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe region of the South Pacific Subtropical Gyre (SPSG) at 20°–30°S, 140°–110°W is the oceanic area with the lowest chlorophyll concentration and the deepest nutricline, O2 saturation horizon, and euphotic zone. We analyze the limited available data from this region to determine if rates of net community production (NCP) are systematically lower than elsewhere. We present limited mixed layer O2/Ar data constraining mixed layer NCP, examine hydrographic data from the CLIVAR repeat hydrography P18 line to assess seasonal dissolved inorganic carbon drawdown, and review results from the literature. While it is not possible to formalize uncertainties, the evidence suggests that euphotic zone NCP is around the lower end (~1 mol m−2 yr−1) of rates observed elsewhere. However, NCP is shifted to unusually deep depths, a change enabled by the very low extinction coefficients of these waters.
New Technologies and Standards Enabling Grid Modernization
Authors: Gellings Clark , Wollman David 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe smart grid, or grid modernization, integrates new interoperable and secure sensing, control, communications, information technologies and power technologies to increase the system efficiency, reliability, resilience, and sustainability of our electric grid. This chapter provides an overview of the key benefits and characteristics of smart grids, and describes new architectural concepts, advanced technologies and standards for smart grids.
Feeder Automation
Authors: Chen Chao‐Shun , Lin Chia‐Hung , Hsu Cheng‐Ting , Ku Te‐Tien 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter describes the function and configuration of feeder automation system to reduce the customer outage duration time when a fault contingency occurs in a distribution feeder. To propose the service‐restoration strategy for feeder automation more efficiently, the expert system with heuristic rules is applied to derive the proper switching operation procedures by considering the operation constraints of distribution systems. To extend the function of feeder automation to cover the laterals, the fully decentralized solution of lateral automation is proposed using the intelligent feeder terminal unit to execute the function of lateral automation and the I/O function for the automation of primary feeder. With the resilient function of feeder automation to perform the fault detection, isolation, and restoration automatically, the customer service reliability can therefore be enhanced significantly.
Standards, Security, and Smart Meters
Authors: Stuber Michael 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Standards and security are critical parts of the safety of our increasingly digital world, including smart grids and their connection to customers through smart meters. In this chapter we provide an overview of smart meter technology and the current standards that are employed for smart meter design. We review the procedures employed to create such standards and survey the standards landscape for field area and home area networks.
We note that this chapter is written from a practitioner's perspective. The discussion that follows is born from experience as a lead systems architect of a major advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) product, direct participation in the creation of some of the standards discussed, and direct participation as head of global standards for a major AMI vendor.
Transactive Energy Systems
Authors: Knight Mark 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIt has been said that if Thomas Edison could see the electric industry today he would recognize it as being much the same as 100 years ago, but that may not be the case for much longer. The century old paradigm of large‐scale generation and distribution is starting to change as renewable resources make more of an impact. New devices, both personal and utility‐owned, impact the grid directly and also interact with each other. Preparation to integrate these technological and policy changes and to make measured and effective choices has already started. The industry is undergoing a fundamental shift from a “load following” paradigm, where central generation adjusted to varying demand, to a “supply following” paradigm, where responsive demand absorbs variable generation such as solar and wind. During the transition, the industry cannot afford to design purely for either extreme. That means we need an electric system that is flexible. Transactive energy is a model that provides that flexibility.
Phasor Measurements for Distribution System Applications
Authors: Stewart Emma M. , von Meier Alexandra 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis chapter describes and reviews the potential for high‐resolution, time‐synchronized measurements from the next generation of synchrophasors or phasor measurement units (PMUs) tailored for use in distribution‐grid planning and operations analysis. Such data could augment the present diagnostic capabilities of grid analysis software and support more accurate modeling of the distribution system. Distribution PMUs are new sensors designed to advance measurement and diagnostic capabilities at the medium voltage level and provide improved visibility of the distribution grid, which is necessitated by increasingly complex loads and other distributed resources such as electric vehicle charging, distributed generation (DG), small‐scale electric energy storage, and others. Increasing penetration levels of DG have already led to concerns about the continued reliable operation of the distribution grid due to changing power‐flow characteristics and active generation, specifically related to protection, voltage regulation, and other power‐quality issues. Distribution PMUs provide an unprecedented ability to compare time‐stamped, synchronized measurements of voltage and current magnitudes and phase angles. This data, in conjunction with new and existing distribution‐grid planning and operational tools, is expected to enable better model validation, event detection and location, and renewable resource and load characterization, among other applications.One key challenge is that sensing and data recording are rapidly outstripping the processing capabilities of standard planning and operational tools: not every tool can visualize a voltage phase‐angle measurement to the degree of accuracy measured by advanced sensors, and the degree of accuracy in measurement required for the distribution grid is not well defined. Power‐flow solving methods cannot handle the high volumes of data generated by modern sensors; standardization of sensor‐data communication platforms in planning and applications tools would allow integration of different vendors' sensors and advanced measurement devices. In addition, data from advanced sources such as PMUs could provide more accurate information about quantities such as true conductor, underground or overhead, and source impedance that are otherwise difficult to ascertain, as well as the characterization of complex loads or active devices on the grid. Although the input of high‐fidelity data to existing tools may be challenging, PMU data that include phase‐angle information, as well as data from other advanced sensors, will be especially useful for operational decisions that are based on time‐series trends of changing quantities.
The pain–depression dyad and the association with sleep dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Cox Daniel R. , Ashby Shaelene , Mace Jess C. , DelGaudio John M. , Smith Timothy L. , Orlandi Richard R. , Alt Jeremiah A. 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundDepression, pain, and sleep disturbance is a symptom cluster often found in patients with chronic illness, exerting a large impact on quality of life (QOL). A wealth of literature exists demonstrating a significant association between depression, pain, and sleep dysfunction in other chronic diseases. This relationship has not been described in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).MethodsSixty‐eight adult patients with CRS were prospectively enrolled. Patients at risk for depression were identified using the Patient Health Questionnaire‐2 (PHQ‐2) using a cut‐off score of ≥1. Pain experience was measured using the Brief Pain Inventory Short Form (BPI‐SF) and the Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF‐MPQ). Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).ResultsForty‐seven patients were at risk for depression. Significant positive correlations were found between total PSQI scores and all pain measures (R = 0.38‐0.61, p ≤ 0.05) and between total PSQI scores and PHQ‐2 scores (R = 0.46, p < 0.05). For patients at risk for depression, significant, positive correlations were found between pain measures, the total PSQI score, and the 3 PSQI subdomains (sleep latency, sleep quality, and daytime dysfunction; R = 0.31‐0.61, p < 0.05). The relationship between pain and sleep dysfunction scores was not seen in the absence of depression.ConclusionDepression, pain, and sleep dysfunction are interrelated in patients with CRS. In the absence of depression, significant correlations between pain and sleep are not observed, suggesting that depression plays a key role in this interaction. Further research is needed to investigate the complex relationship between depression, pain, and sleep dysfunction in CRS.
Dehydrogenation of Formic Acid at Room Temperature: Boosting Palladium Nanoparticle Efficiency by Coupling with Pyridinic‐Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon
Authors: Bi Qing‐Yuan , Lin Jian‐Dong , Liu Yong‐Mei , He He‐Yong , Huang Fu‐Qiang , Cao Yong 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe use of formic acid (FA) to produce molecular H2 is a promising means of efficient energy storage in a fuel‐cell‐based hydrogen economy. To date, there has been a lack of heterogeneous catalyst systems that are sufficiently active, selective, and stable for clean H2 production by FA decomposition at room temperature. For the first time, we report that flexible pyridinic‐N‐doped carbon hybrids as support materials can significantly boost the efficiency of palladium nanoparticle for H2 generation; this is due to prominent surface electronic modulation. Under mild conditions, the optimized engineered Pd/CN0.25 catalyst exhibited high performance in both FA dehydrogenation (achieving almost full conversion, and a turnover frequency of 5530 h−1 at 25 °C) and the reversible process of CO2 hydrogenation into FA. This system can lead to a full carbon‐neutral energy cycle.
The speed control effect of highway tunnel sidewall markings based on color and temporal frequency
Authors: Wan Hongliang , Du Zhigang , Yan Qixiang 
Published: August 2016

SummaryThe low‐luminance monotonous environment in the middle section of highway tunnels offers few reference points and is prone to cause severe visual illusion. Thus, drivers tend to underestimate their driving speed, which can induce speeding behaviors that result in rear‐end collisions. Therefore, discovering low‐cost methods of traffic engineering that reduce this visual illusion and ensure a steady driving speed is an important challenge for current highway tunnel operations. This study analyzes the effects of sidewall markings in typical highway tunnels, specifically observing how their colors and temporal frequencies affect the driver's speed perception in a low‐luminance condition. A three‐dimensional model of the middle section of highway tunnels was built in a driving simulator. Psychophysical tests of speed perception were carried out by the method of limits. The precision of the simulation model was then checked by comparing the results to field test data. The simulation tests studied the stimulus of subjectively equal speed and reaction time in relation to sidewall markings in different colors (red–white combined, yellow–white combined, and blue–white combined). Furthermore, based on the optimal color, the effects of sidewall marking with different temporal frequencies (0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 32 Hz) on the speed perception of drivers were also analyzed. The test results reveal that the color and temporal frequency of sidewall marking have a significant impact on the driver's stimulus of subjectively equal speed and reaction time. The subjects have the highest speed overestimation and an easy speed judgment with the red–white combined sidewall marking. Within the temporal frequency range of 4.45–7.01 Hz, the subjects have a certain degree of speed overestimation (less than 20%), and the speed perception is sensitive to the temporal frequency changes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined spectroscopies and molecular docking approach to characterizing the binding interaction of enalapril with bovine serum albumin
Authors: Pan Dong‐qi , Jiang Min , Liu Ting‐Ting , Wang Qi , Shi Jie‐hua 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe binding interaction between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and enalapril (ENPL) at the imitated physiological conditions (pH = 7.4) was investigated using UV–vis absorption spectroscopy (UV–vis), fluorescence emission spectroscopy (FES), synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), circular dichroism (CD) and molecular docking methods. It can be deduced from the experimental results from the steady‐state fluorescence spectroscopic titration that the intrinsic BSA fluorescence quenching mechanism induced by ENPL is static quenching, based on the decrease in the BSA quenching constants in the presence of ENPL with increase in temperature and BSA quenching rates >1010 L mol−1 sec−1. This result indicates that the ENPL–BSA complex is formed through an intermolecular interaction of ENPL with BSA. The main bonding forces for interaction of BSA and ENPL are van der Waal's forces and hydrogen bonding interaction based on negative values of Gibbs free energy change (ΔG0), enthalpic change (ΔH0) and entropic change (ΔS0). The binding of ENPL with BSA is an enthalpy‐driven process due to |ΔH°| > |TΔS°| in the binding process. The results of competitive binding experiments and molecular docking confirm that ENPL binds in BSA sub‐domain IIA (site I) and results in a slight change in BSA conformation, but BSA still retains its α‐helical secondary structure.
Role of omentectomy as part of radical surgery for gastric cancer
Authors: Jongerius E J , Boerma D , Seldenrijk K A , Meijer S L , Scheepers J J G , Smedts F , Lagarde S M , Balague Ponz O , van Berge Henegouwen M I , van Sandick J W , Gisbertz S S 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Background
A complete omentectomy is recommended as part of radical (sub)total gastrectomy for gastric cancer, but there is little evidence to suggest any survival benefit. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of, and risk factors for, metastases in the greater omentum in patients undergoing gastrectomy for gastric cancer.

Methods
This was a multicentre prospective cohort study (OMEGA trial) of consecutive patients with gastric cancer undergoing (sub)total gastrectomy with complete en bloc omentectomy and modified D2 lymphadenectomy. After resection, the omentum was separated from the gastrectomy specimen distal to the gastroepiploic vessels and sent separately for pathological examination. The primary endpoint was the presence of metastases in the greater omentum.

Results
Of 100 included patients, five (5·0 per cent) had metastases in the greater omentum. Pathology results showed advanced tumours in all five (pT4b N1 M1, pT4b N2 M1, ypT4a N1 M1, ypT3 N2 M0, ypT3 N3 M0). The resection was microscopically non-radical at the proximal (3) or distal (2) resection margin in all of these patients. Metastases in the greater omentum correlated significantly with a microscopically non-radical resection, tumour expansion in the oesophagus or duodenum, linitis plastica or a proximal gastric tumour with diameter of at least 5 cm, stage III–IV disease and (y)pM1 category.

Conclusion
In resectable gastric cancer, the incidence of metastases in the greater omentum is low, and when present associated with advanced disease and non-radical features. Thus, omentectomy as part of a radical gastrectomy may be omitted. Registration number: NCT02050659 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Long-term survival of patients undergoing liver resection for very large hepatocellular carcinomas
Authors: Chang Y J , Chung K P , Chang Y J , Chen L J 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Background
This study aimed to assess long-term survival after liver resection for huge hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods
Patients with stage I–III HCC who underwent hepatectomy from 2002 to 2010 were identified retrospectively from prospective national databases and followed until December 2012. Patients were assigned into four groups according to tumour size: less than 3·0 cm (small), 3·0–4·9 cm (medium), 5·0–10·0 cm (large) and over 10·0 cm (huge). The primary endpoint was overall survival. The Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model were used for survival analysis.

Results
A total of 11 079 patients with HCC (mean(s.d.) age 59·7 (12·0) years) were eligible for this study. Median follow-up was 72·5 months. Patients with huge HCC had the worst prognosis; overall survival rates for patients with small, medium, large and huge HCC were 72·0, 62·1, 50·8 and 35·0 per cent respectively at 5 years, and 52·6, 41·8, 35·8 and less than 20·0 per cent at 10 years (P &lt; 0·001). Multivariable analysis showed that tumour size affected long-term survival (hazard ratio (HR) 1·31, 1·55 and 2·38 for medium, large and huge HCC respectively versus small HCC). Prognostic factors for huge HCC were surgical margin larger than 0·2 cm (HR 0·70; P = 0·025), poor differentiation (HR 1·34; P = 0·004), multiple tumours (HR 1·64; P &lt; 0·001), vascular invasion (HR 1·52; P = 0·008), cirrhosis (HR 1·37; P = 0·013) and the use of nucleoside analogues (HR 0·69; P = 0·004).

Conclusion
Huge HCCs have a worse prognosis than smaller HCCs after liver resection. A wide resection margin and antiviral therapy with nucleoside analogues may be associated with favourable long-term survival.