bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of a Neighborhood Built Environment on Physical Activity Behaviors
Authors: Calise Tamara Vehige , Dumith Samuel C. , DeJong William , Kohl Harold W. 
Published: August 2016

Background:The ability to design or reconfigure communities to be more supportive of physical activity has broad public health implications. Assessing the context and locations of specific behaviors will lead to a better understanding of how neighborhood attributes influence overall physical activity.Methods:A cross-sectional survey was used to assess physical activity before and after residents moved to Mueller, a New Urbanist-inspired community in Austin, Texas. Context-specific physical activity and the locations where these activities took place were examined.Results:Overall, residents reported that they increased their physical activity by 66.4 minutes (95% CI: 32.8–100.1) per week after moving to Mueller. For recreational walking, residents reported an average of 159.8 minutes inside Mueller after moving, an increase from 91.7 minutes before their move (P < .001). Correspondingly, residents walked 18.6 fewer minutes per week outside Mueller (P < .001). For transport-related walking, the mean number of minutes spent walking outside Mueller remained constant, but the time spent walking inside the neighborhood decreased an average of 10.8 minutes per week after moving (P = .02).Conclusions:The most notable increase was seen in walking for recreation inside the neighborhood. Results of this natural experiment strongly suggest the environmental impact on physical activity and underscore the importance of investigating the context and locations where different types of physical activity occur.
Day Length and Weather Effects on Children’s Physical Activity and Participation in Play, Sports, and Active Travel
Authors: Goodman Anna , Paskins James , Mackett Roger 
Published: August 2016

Background:Children in primary school are more physically active in the spring/summer. Little is known about the relative contributions of day length and weather, however, or about the underlying behavioral mediators.Methods:325 British children aged 8 to 11 wore accelerometers as an objective measure of physical activity, measured in terms of mean activity counts. Children simultaneously completed diaries in which we identified episodes of out-of-home play, structured sports, and active travel. Our main exposure measures were day length, temperature, rainfall, cloud cover, and wind speed.Results:Overall physical activity was higher on long days (≥ 14 hours daylight), but there was no difference between short (< 9.5 hours) and medium days (10.2–12.6 hours). The effect of long day length was largest between 5 PM and 8 PM, and persisted after adjusting for rainfall, cloud cover, and wind. Up to half this effect was explained by a greater duration and intensity of out-of-home play on long days; structured sports and active travel were less affected by day length.Conclusions:At least above a certain threshold, longer afternoon/evening daylight may have a causal role in increasing child physical activity. This strengthens the public health arguments for daylight saving measures such as those recently under consideration in Britain.
Effects of Socioeconomic Status and Acculturation on Accelerometer-Measured Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity Among Mexican American Adolescents: Findings from NHANES 2003–2004
Authors: Lee Hyo , Cardinal Bradley J. , Loprinzi Paul D. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Socioeconomic status (SES) and acculturation are potential contributors of adolescent physical activity disparity among ethnic groups in the U.S. However, studies relying on self-report physical activity measures have reported inconsistent findings regarding sociocultural predictors of physical activity. Therefore, the current study examined the main and interactive effects of SES and acculturation on accelerometer-measured moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) among Mexican American adolescents.Methods:The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004 was analyzed. Samples of 153 and 169 Mexican American boys and girls, respectively, were analyzed. SES was indicated by poverty-to-income ratio (PIR); and acculturation was measured by 5-item English preference scales and adolescent and parental country of birth. Regression models were tested separately for boys and girls.Results:U.S.-born boys compared with immigrants did more MVPA (β = .48, P < .01). On the contrary, the effect of English preference on MVPA in boys was negative (β = –.05, P < .01) and amplified by higher SES (β = –.02, P < .01). For girls, none of the tested variables were significant.Conclusions:Higher SES was a risk factor for physical inactivity in Mexican American adolescents, by a moderating mechanism. In addition, physical activity promotion efforts need to consider English speaking and immigrant Mexican American adolescent boys as a target population.
Sources of Validity Evidence Needed With Self-Report Measures of Physical Activity
Authors: Mâsse Louise C. , de Niet Judith E. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Over the years, self-report measures of physical activity (PA) have been employed in applications for which their use was not supported by the validity evidence.Methods:To address this concern this paper 1) provided an overview of the sources of validity evidence that can be assessed with self-report measures of PA, 2) discussed the validity evidence needed to support the use of self-report in certain applications, and 3) conducted a case review of the 7-day PA Recall (7-d PAR).Results:This paper discussed 5 sources of validity evidence, those based on: test content; response processes; behavioral stability; relations with other variables; and sensitivity to change. The evidence needed to use self-report measures of PA in epidemiological, surveillance, and intervention studies was presented. These concepts were applied to a case review of the 7-d PAR. The review highlighted the utility of the 7-d PAR to produce valid rankings. Initial support, albeit weaker, for using the 7-d PAR to detect relative change in PA behavior was found.Conclusion:Overall, self-report measures can validly rank PA behavior but they cannot adequately quantify PA. There is a need to improve the accuracy of self-report measures of PA to provide unbiased estimates of PA.
Modeling Errors in Physical Activity Recall Data
Authors: Nusser Sarah M. , Beyler Nicholas K. , Welk Gregory J. , Carriquiry Alicia L. , Fuller Wayne A. , King Benjamin M.N. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Physical activity recall instruments provide an inexpensive method of collecting physical activity patterns on a sample of individuals, but they are subject to systematic and random measurement error. Statistical models can be used to estimate measurement error in activity recalls and provide more accurate estimates of usual activity parameters for a population.Methods:We develop a measurement error model for a short-term activity recall that describes the relationship between the recall and an individual’s usual activity over a long period of time. The model includes terms for systematic and random measurement errors. To estimate model parameters, the design should include replicate observations of a concurrent activity recall and an objective monitor measurement on a subsample of respondents.Results:We illustrate the approach with preliminary data from the Iowa Physical Activity Measurement Study. In this dataset, recalls tend to overestimate actual activity, and measurement errors greatly increase the variance of recalls relative to the person-to-person variation in usual activity. Statistical adjustments are used to remove bias and extraneous variation in estimating the usual activity distribution.Conclusions:Modeling measurement error in recall data can be used to provide more accurate estimates of long-term activity behavior.
Isotonic Contractions Might Be More Effective than Isokinetic Contractions in Developing Muscle Strength
Authors: Knight Kenneth L , Ingersoll Christopher D , Bartholomew John 
Published: August 2016

Problem:Isokinetic contractions are thought to be superior to isotonic contractions for developing strength because resistance during them is greater. Because isokinetic resistance is accommodating, however, it decreases with fatigue. It is constant during multiple repetitions, so an aggressive isotonic procedure should produce more force as the muscle fatigues, which would be an advantage in strength development.Purpose:To compare force production in isokinetic and isotonic muscle contractions at the beginning and end of a set of fatiguing repetitions.Methods:Subjects performed 25 maximal-effort isokinetic knee extensions at 60°/s. After 25–72 hours, they performed maximal repetitions isotonically using 70% of the isokinetic peak torque with speed set at a maximum of 300°/s.Results:Peak force during the first 3 repetitions was greater isokinetically, but average force was similar. During the last 3 repetitions, isotonic force was higher than isokinetic force.Conclusion:Muscle is more active as it nears fatigue during an isotonic contraction. These data support the hypothesis that isotonic contractions recruit extra motor units at the point of fatigue.
Stretching Techniques to Improve Flexibility in Special Olympics Athletes and Their Coaches
Authors: Stopka Christine , Morley Kevin , Siders Ronald , Schuette Josh , Houck Ashley , Gilmet Yul 
Published: August 2016

Objective/Context:To examine the effects of static and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching in Special Olympics athletes and their coaches on sit-and-reach performance.Design/Participants:Repeated-measures ANOVA with Scheffé post hoc analyses on 2 groups: Special Olympics athletes (n = 18, mean age = 15.7) and their coaches without mental retardation (n = 44, mean age = 22.2).Intervention/Outcome Measures:Stretching performance was measured in centimeters using a sit-and-reach flexibility box, examining 2 series of 3 stretches. For both groups, the first set of 3 stretches was performed in the following order: baseline, static, PNF. Three to 4 weeks later, the order of the stretches was reversed: baseline, PNF, static.Results:PNF stretching improved performance regardless of stretching order after baseline and static measures. Static stretching improved performance only from baseline.Conclusions:Individuals of various ages and cognitive abilities can apparently perform and benefit from PNF stretching.
Effects of Vicoprofen® and Ibuprofen on Anaerobic Performance after Muscle Damage
Authors: Kraemer William J. , Gómez Ana L. , Ratamess Nicholas A. , Hoffman Jay R. , Volek Jeff S. , Rubin Martyn R. , Scheett Timothy P. , McGuigan Michael R. , French Duncan , VanHeest Jaci L. , Wickham Robbin B. , Doan Brandon , Mazzetti Scott A. , Newton Robert U. , Maresh Carl M. 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To determine the effects of Vicoprofen®, ibuprofen, and placebo on anaerobic performance and pain relief after resistance-exercise-induced muscle damage.De-sign:Randomized, controlled clinical study.Setting:University human-performance/sports-medicine laboratory.Participants:36 healthy men.Methods and Measures:After baseline testing (72 h), participants performed an eccentric-exercise protocol. Each was evaluated for pain 24 h later and randomly assigned to a Vicoprofen (VIC), ibuprofen (IBU), or placebo (P) group. Postexercise testing was performed every 24 h for 4 d.Results:Significantly greater muscle force, power, and total work were observed in VIC than in P (P < .05) for most time points and for IBU at 48 h.Conclusions:Anaerobic performance is enhanced with VIC, especially within the first 24 h after significant muscle-tissue damage. The greater performances observed at 48 h might be a result of less damage at this time point with VIC treatment.
Lower Leg Girth and Ankle Plantar-Flexor Endurance after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Ross Michael D. , Hooten Shelly , Moore Darren 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To determine the relationship between asymmetries in lower leg girth and standing heel-rise after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.Design:Single-group posttest.Participants:15 at a mean of 30 d after ACL reconstruction.Measurements:Lower leg girth and number of repetitions performed on the standing heel-rise test.Results:A significant decrease in lower leg girth and number of repetitions performed on the standing heel-rise test for the involved leg. There was also a low correlation between asymmetries in lower leg girth and standing heel-rise test (r= .25).Conclusion:Ankle plantar-flexor endurance should be considered when developing rehabilitation programs for the early stages after ACL reconstruction. In this study the ankle of the involved leg attained a significantly smaller angle of maximal standing plantar flexion, suggesting that ankle range of motion should also be assessed. Caution should be used in predicting standing heel-rise asymmetries from asymmetries in lower leg girth in ACL-reconstructed patients.
Ultrasound Treatment and Recovery from Eccentric-Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage
Authors: Tiidus Peter M. , Cort Joel , Woodruff Sarah J. , Bryden Pamela 
Published: August 2016

Objectives:To evaluate ultrasound’s effectiveness after eccentric-exercise-induced muscle damage.Participants:22 subjects.Intervention:Random assignment to ultrasound (UT) or placebo (PT). Ultrasound was applied immediately and 24, 48, and 72 h after 50 maximum eccentric contractions of the biceps.Outcome Measures:Concentric and eccentric peak torques, resting elbow angle, and subjective muscle soreness were measured before and 24, 48, 72, and 96 h afterward.Results:No significant differences between UT and PT for biceps concentric or eccentric peak torque were noted. Both groups exhibited significant (P < .01) depression in eccentric and concentric peak torques with a slow return toward preexercise values over 96 h. Resting elbow angles for both groups were significantly lower than preexercise values up to 96 h (P < .01). Muscle soreness increased significantly (P < .05) at 24 and 48 h and returned to preexercise levels by 96 h.Conclusions:Daily ultrasound did not influence recovery after eccentric-exercise-induced muscle damage.
The Effects of Superficial Heating before 1-MHz Ultrasound on Tissue Temperature
Authors: Holcomb William R. , Blank Chris 
Published: August 2016

Context:Ultrasound significantly raises tissue temperature, but the time of temperature elevation is short.Objective:To assess the effectiveness of superficial preheating on temperature elevation and decline when using ultrasound.Design:Within-subjects design to test the independent variable, treatment condition; repeated-measures ANOVAs to analyze the dependent variables, temperature elevation and decline.Setting:Athletic training laboratory.Intervention:Temperature at a depth of 3.75 cm was measured during ultrasound after superficial heating and with ultrasound alone.Subjects:10 healthy men.Main Outcome Measure:Temperature was recorded every 30 s during 15 min of ultrasound and for 15 min afterward.Results:Temperature elevation with ultrasound was significantly greater with preheating (4.0 ± 0.21 °C) than with ultrasound alone (3.0 ± 0.22 °C). Temperature decline was not significantly different between preheating and ultrasound alone.Conclusions:Superficial preheating significantly increases temperature elevation but has no effect on temperature decline during a 15-min cooling period.
The Clinical Effects of Cold Application on the Production of Electrically Induced Involuntary Muscle Contractions
Authors: Van Lunen Bonnie L. , Carroll Clayton , Gratias Kristen , Straley Doug 
Published: August 2016

Context:Rehabilitation.Objective:To determine the effects of a 20-min ice treatment on pain tolerance and peak torque.Design:A 2 × 2 × 6 factorial with repeated measures on 1 factor.Setting:Outpatient rehabilitation clinic.Participants:20 men and 15 women.Intervention:The participants were randomly assigned to an experimental (ice bag) or control (no ice bag) group.Main Outcome Measures:Peak electrical-stimulation output intensity (ESOI) was recorded in mV, and isokinetic peak torque (IPT), in N · m, every 4 min for 20 min.Results:ESOI and IPT increased over time. ESOI for the experimental condition was greater than for the control and within the experimental condition at 12, 16, and 20 min. No other differences were found for the IPT measures. There were no differences for ESOI and IPT between genders.Conclusions:Cryotherapy enables patients to tolerate greater output intensities but does not result in increased peak torque
Relationship Between a Modified Thomas Test and Leg Range of Motion in Australian-Rules Football Kicking
Authors: Young Warren , Clothier Peter , Otago Leonie , Bruce Lyndell , Liddell David 
Published: August 2016

Context:Flexibility tests are sometimes thought to be related to range of motion in dynamic activities, but such a relationship remains to be determined.Objective:To determine the correlation between flexibility and hip and knee angles in Australian football kicking.Design:Correlation.Setting:Biomechanics laboratory.Participants:16 Australian Rules football players.Main Outcome Measures:Hip and knee angles of the preferred kicking leg in a relaxed position were determined with a modified Thomas test. Maximum hip extension, the knee-flexion angle in this position, the maximum knee-flexion angle, and the hip angle at this position during the swing phase of maximum-effort drop-punt kicks were determined.Results:Significant correlations were found between hip flexibility and maximum hip extension (r = .65, P < .01) and hip angle at the maximum knee-flexion angle (r = .70, P < .01).Conclusions:The data indicate a moderate association between hip flexibility and hip angles during kicking.
Short-Term Effects of a Single Exercise Bout at Moderate Altitude on Blood Pressure
Authors: Auer Johann , Berent Robert , Prenninger Markus , Weber Thomas , Kritzinger Klaus , Veits Martin , Lamm Gudrun , Lassnig Elisabeth , Eber Bernd 
Published: August 2016

Context:Effects of a single bout of exercise at moderate altitude on blood pressure (BP) are largely unknown.Objective:To evaluate the effect of a single exercise bout at moderate altitude on BP.Design:Prospective, observational.Setting:Field study, Alpine mountains.Participants:127 men, 71 women (138 normotensive, 60 hypertensive).Intervention:Exercise duration: 2.5 ± 0.4 h; 650-m difference in altitude.Main Outcome Measures:BP and heart rate (HR).Results:Hypertensives had (1) higher systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) before exercise (P < .01), whereas this difference was lost during exercise; (2) increased HR during the entire duration of exercise; and (3) significantly decreased SBP and DBP (P < .05) throughout the entire period of exercise.Conclusions:Exposure to a single exercise bout at moderate altitude is associated with a transient decrease in SBP and DBP, which is more pronounced in hypertensives.
Comparison of Forward-, Backward-, and Lateral-Motion Exercise at Self-Selected Intensities
Authors: Mayo Jerry , Lyons Brian , Honea Kendal , Alvarez John , Byrum Richard 
Published: August 2016

Context:Rehabilitation specialists should understand cardiovascular responses to different movement patterns.Objective:To investigate physiological responses to forward- (FM), backward- (BM), and lateral-motion (LM) exercise at self-selected intensities.Design:Within-subjects design to test independent variable, movement pattern; repeated-measures ANOVA to analyze oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), respiratory-exchange ratio (RER), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE).Participants:10 healthy women.Results:VO2 and HR were significantly higher during LM than during FM and BM exercise. The respective VO2 (ml · kg · min–1) and HR (beats/min) values for each condition were FM 25.19 ± 3.6, 142 ± 11; BM 24.24 ± 2.7, 145 ± 12; and LM 30.5 ± 4.6, 160 ± 13. No differences were observed for RER or RPE.Conclusions:At self-selected intensities all 3 modes met criteria for maintaining cardiovascular fitness. Practitioners can use these results to develop rehabilitation programs based on clients’ perception and level of discomfort
Comparison of Biomechanical Factors between the Kicking and Stance Limbs
Authors: Ross Scott , Guskiewicz Kevin , Prentice William , Schneider Robert , Yu Bing 
Published: August 2016

Objective:T o determine differences between contralateral limbs’ strength, proprio-ception, and kinetic and knee-kinematic variables during single-limb landing.Setting:Laboratory.Subjects:30.Measurements:Hip, knee, and foot isokinetic peak torques; anterior/posterior (AP) and medial/lateral (ML) sway displacements during a balance task; and stabilization times, vertical ground-reaction force (VGRF), time to peak VGRF, and knee-flexion range of motion (ROM) from initial foot contact to peak VGRF during single-limb landing.Results:The kicking limb had significantly greater values for knee-extension (P= .008) and -flexion (P= .047) peak torques, AP sway displacement (P= .010), knee-flexion ROM from initial foot contact to peak VGRF (P< .001), and time to peak VGRF (P= .004). No other dependent measures were significantly different between limbs (P> .05).Conclusion:The kicking limb had superior thigh strength, better proprioception, and greater knee-flexion ROM than the stance limb.
Reliability and Validity of a 2-D Video Digitizing System during a Static and a Dynamic Task
Authors: Gribble Phillip , Hertel Jay , Denegar Craig , Buckley William 
Published: August 2016

Context:The SMART™ software system offers low-cost kinematic analysis through digitization of video from a single camera. The reliability and validity of this product have not been reported.Objective:To assess the reliability and validity of the SMART software during a simple static task and dynamic task.Design:Test–retest to compare assumed neutral and goniometrically measured joint angles in the sagittal plane of the lower extremity.Setting:Research laboratory.Participants:7 in a static task, 16 young, physically active in a dynamic task.Results:Measurement error of the SMART system ranged from 0.29° ± 1.98° to 11.07° ± 1.77°. The interrater reliability (ICC2,1) values ranged from .60 to .92 for the static task and from .76 to .89 for the dynamic task.Conclusions:Based on the results of both studies, the SMART system offers a low-cost alternative for reporting single-plane kinematics during an individual frame of video during static stances and slow dynamic tasks with strong reliability and reasonable validity.
Posttetanic Potentiation in Knee Extensors after High-Frequency Submaximal Percutaneous Electrical Stimulation
Authors: Requena Bernardo , Ereline Jaan , Gapeyeva Helena , Pääsuke Mati 
Published: August 2016

Context:The understanding of posttetanic potentiation (PTP) in human muscles induced by percutaneous electrical stimulation (PES) is important for effective application of electrical stimulation in rehabilitation.Objective:To examine the effect of 7-second high-frequency (100-Hz) submaximal (25% of maximal voluntary contraction force) direct PES on contractile characteristics of the knee-extensor (KE) muscles.Design:Single-group repeated measures.Setting:Kinesiology laboratory.Subjects:13 healthy men age 18–27 years.Measurement:Peak force (PF), maximal rates of force development (RFD) and relaxation (RR) of supramaximal twitch, and PF of doublet and 10-Hz tetanic contractions before and after direct tetanic PES.Results:A significant potentiation of twitch, doublet, and 10-Hz tetanic-contraction PF has been observed at 1–5 minutes posttetanic. Twitch RFD and RR were markedly potentiated throughout the 10-minute posttetanic period.Conclusions:A brief high-frequency submaximal tetanic PES induces PTP in KE muscles associated with small increase at 1–5 minutes.