bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Final report, on-going key comparison BIPM.QM-K1: ozone at ambient level, comparison with DMDM, July 2015
Authors: Viallon J , Moussay P , Wielgosz R , Bebic J , Norris J E , Guenther F 
Published: December 2015

As part of the on-going key comparison BIPM.QM-K1, a comparison has been performed between the ozone national standard of the Directorate of Measures and Precious Metals (DMDM) and the common reference standard of the key comparison, maintained by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), via a transfer standard maintained by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The instruments have been compared over a nominal ozone amount-of-substance fraction range of 0 nmol/mol to 500 nmol/mol

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
The Peterborough Pilot Social Impact Bond
Authors: Nicholls Alex , Tomkinson Emma 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This is a detailed case analysis of the world’s first SIB, based at Her Majesty’s Prison in Peterborough, UK. This chapter starts by defining the SIB model and its key constituent parts. Next, the chapter sketches in the historical context that provides the background to the emergence of the SIB. The third section examines the Peterborough Pilot SIB in some detail. After this, the evolution of SIBs globally is discussed. Conclusions consider some of the issues that have emerged as the first SIB has been implemented. The chapter closes with a postscript reflecting on key issues that developed in 2014.
Perfect puzzles in discourse
Authors: Asher Nicholas , Guéron Jacqueline 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis chapter examines two puzzles concerning perfect structures. Pancheva and von Stechow offer solutions to these puzzles based on semantic constraints on the overlap between event time, reference time, and the perfect time span of a perfect. Asher and Guéron argue that neither puzzle requires semantic contraints on tenses. The (parametrized) Present Perfect puzzle reduces to the presence/absence of aspect morphemes in the functional repertory of a language. The more general Past Perfect puzzle depends not on sentence grammar but on information structure, more precisely, on discourse relations implied by focused material in successive sentences. The discourse relations defined in the SDRT model of Asher and Lascarides account for all the data presented by the earlier chapters and for more extensive data beyond the span of earlier proposals.
The Oxford Reference Guide to English Morphology
Authors: Bauer Laurie , Lieber Rochelle , Plag Ingo 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This volume presents a data-rich description of English inflection and word-formation. Based on large corpora including the Corpus of Contemporary American English and the British National Corpus, it provides a comprehensive treatment of contemporary English morphology that includes both inflection and word-formation. It covers not only well-studied topics such as compounding, conversion, and the inflection and derivation of nouns and verbs, but also areas that have received less scholarly attention, such as the formation of adjectives, locatives, negatives, evaluatives, neoclassical compounds and blends, among many other topics. Equal weight is given to form and meaning. The volume also contains sections devoted to phonological and orthographic aspects of morphology and to combinatorial and paradigmatic properties of English morphology. It ends with a series of chapters that assess the implications of English morphology for morphological theory, discussing topics such as stratification, blocking, and competition, the analysis of conversion, and the relationship between inflection and derivation.
The Three Types of Fire Sacrifice According to Kāṇha’s Śrīcakrasaṃvara-homavidhi
Authors: Gray David B. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter examines a manual for the performance of homa, part of the Cakrasaṃvara-tantra textual cycle. Three of the mahāsiddhas are considered the most important exegetes of the Cakarasaṃvara cycle: Lūi-pa, Ghaṇṭa-pa, and Kā ṇha-pa. This text, the Śrīcakrasaṃvarahomavidhi is attributed to the Kā ṇha, also known as Kṛ ṣ ṇ ācarya. After a short description of the chief deity, Saṃvara, the manual opens with an explanation of the necessity of performing homa. The manual includes directions for internalization and uses a list of three kinds of fire offerings, as distinct from the more common four.
The Cultural Defense of Nations
Authors: Orgad Liav 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The changing patterns of contemporary immigration have initiated a new form of majority nationalism. In recent years, liberal democracies have introduced immigration and citizenship policies that are designed to defend the majority culture. This trend is fed by fears of immigration—some justified, some paranoid—which explain the rise of extreme right—wing parties in the West. Liberal theory and human rights law seem to be out of sync with these developments. While they recognize the rights of minority groups to maintain their cultural identity, it is typically assumed that majority groups have neither a need for similar rights nor a moral basis for defending them. The majority culture, so the argument goes, “can take care of itself.” This singular book shifts the focus from the prevailing discussion of minority rights and, for the first time, directly addresses the cultural rights of majorities. The findings reveal a troubling trend in liberal democracies, which, ironically, in order to protect liberal values, violate the very same values. The book criticizes this state of affairs and presents a liberal theory of cultural defense that distinguishes between justifiable and unjustifiable attempts by majorities to protect their cultural essentials. It formulates liberal standards by which liberal states can welcome immigrants without fundamentally changing their cultural heritage, forsaking their liberal traditions, or slipping into extreme nationalism.
Illiberal Liberalism
Authors: Orgad Liav 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Cultural defense policies create a Paradox of Liberalism. Liberal democracies, in order to protect what they perceive as a liberal regime, resort to illiberal means that violate the same values they seek to protect. Herein lies the paradox. Either the liberal should tolerate illiberal practices, or turn to illiberal means in order to “liberate” the illiberal. Either choice undermines liberalism. The idea that one should adopt a liberal way of life as a prerequisite for living in a liberal society is, in itself, illiberal. This is because liberalism contains the freedom to choose not to hold liberal beliefs or live a liberal way of life as long as a person’s way of life complies with law and order. Overall, the chapter illustrates risks involved in immigration and citizenship policies which, in order to protect liberal values, embrace illiberal means that violate those very same values.
Majority Rights
Authors: Orgad Liav 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter advocates the recognition of a new concept, “majority groups”; claims that, under certain circumstances, majorities have an interest in protecting their “cultural rights”; and provides liberal justifications for defending the majority culture in the immigration context. The chapter examines three concepts of majorities—an ethno—cultural majority, a sociological majority, and an idea—based majority. It presents four paradigmatic cases in which majorities may need protection in the immigration context—diminishing majorities, regional—minority majorities, victimized majorities, and minoritized majorities; and offers two justifications for cultural majority rights—personal autonomy and the right to identity. On the whole, the purpose of the chapter is to bring to the fore a few cases in which majorities may be in need of protection in the immigration context and provide a primary framework for analyzing them.
Persistent shift of Calanus spp. in the southwestern Norwegian Sea since 2003, linked to ocean climate
Authors: Kristiansen Inga , Gaard Eilif , Hátún Hjálmar , Jónasdóttir Sigrún , Ferreira A. Sofia A. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The southwestern Norwegian Sea is characterized by an inflow of warm and saline Atlantic water from the southwest and cold and less saline East Icelandic Water (EIW), of Arctic origin, from the northwest. These two water masses meet and form the Iceland-Faroe Front (IFF). In this region, the copepod Calanus finmarchicus plays a key role in the pelagic ecosystem. Time-series of C. finmarchicus and Calanus hyperboreus in May and September, extending back to the early 1990s, were studied in relation to phytoplankton bloom dynamics and hydrography. The main reproductive period of C. finmarchicus started consistently earlier south of the IFF, resulting in different life cycles and stage compositions in the two water masses. In 2003, a sudden shift occurred north of the IFF, resulting in a similar phenology pattern to south of the IFF. Before this, only one generation of C. finmarchicus was produced in the Arctic water, but the earlier reproduction enabled the species to produce two generations after 2003. Simultaneously, C. hyperboreus, an expatriate in the EIW, largely disappeared. Food availability is unlikely the reason for the phenological differences observed across the front, as the typical pattern of the phytoplankton spring bloom showed an earlier onset north of the IFF. Temperature and salinity peaked at record high values in 2003 and 2004, and therefore possible links to oceanography are discussed. The dominant role of Calanus spp. and the potential linkages to water mass exchanges may herald strong effects on the ecosystem and pelagic fish in this subpolar Atlantic region under expected climate change.
Reducing the Incidence of Cast-related Skin Complications in Children Treated With Cast Immobilization
Authors: Difazio Rachel L. , Harris Marie , Feldman Lanna , Mahan Susan T. 
Published: December 2015

Background:
Cast immobilization remains the mainstay of pediatric orthopaedic care, yet little is known about the incidence of cast-related skin complications in children treated with cast immobilization. The purposes of this quality improvement project were to: (1) establish a baseline rate of cast-related skin complications in children treated with cast immobilization, (2) identify trends in children who experienced cast-related skin complications, (3) design an intervention aimed at decreasing the rate of cast-related skin complications, and (4) determine the effectiveness of the intervention.

Methods:
A prospective interrupted time-series design was used to determine the incidence of cast-related skin complications overtime and compare the rates of skin complications before and after an intervention designed to decrease the incidence of cast-related heel complications. All consecutive patients who were treated with cast immobilization from September 2012 to September 2014 were included. A cast-related skin complications data collection tool was used to capture all cast-related skin complications. A high rate of heel events was noted in our preliminary analysis and an intervention was designed to decrease the rate of cast-related skin complications, including the addition of padding during casting and respective provider education.

Results:
The estimated cast-related skin events rate for all patients was 8.9 per 1000 casts applied. The rate for the total preintervention sample was 13.6 per 1000 casts which decreased to 6.6 in the postintervention sample. When examining the heel-only group, the rate was 17.1 per 1000 lower extremity casts applied in the preintervention group and 6.8 in the postintervention group.

Conclusions:
Incorporating padding to the heel of lower extremity cast was an effective intervention in decreasing the incidence of cast-related skin complications in patients treated with cast immobilization.

Level of Evidence:
Level II.
Inter-organizational network configurations for ski areas innovations
Authors: Favre-Bonté Véronique , Gardet Elodie , Thevenard-Puthod Catherine 
Published: December 2015

Purpose– Unlike industrial innovations, service innovations cannot be protected by patents or designs. Thus, the implementation of innovation networks is often crucial to generate a sustainable competitive advantage. The focus in this paper is the main forms of inter-organizational networks that have led to service innovations. More precisely, the purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the characteristics of inter-organizational networks and the type of service innovations developed.Design/methodology/approach– A typology of service innovations and a network analysis framework allowed us to examine the innovations implemented by two major French ski areas: Portes du Soleil and Paradiski. In total, the authors analyse the structure of 12 innovation networks.Findings– The results show that, depending on the type of innovation implemented, networks differ in terms of type of partners involved and geographical scope. However, regardless of the innovation developed, it seems necessary to have a central actor to orchestrate the various partners and to use an economic regulation mode.Practical implications– This paper gives advice to managers involved in touristic innovations management about the network they may build. For example, ski resorts that want to develop new offers must be open to external partners (companies that do not belong to the tourism industry and/or are not geographically localized in the resort).Originality/value– The research documents characteristics of services innovation networks, a type of industry little studied as innovation researchers focused mainly on manufacturing firms.
Competitive advantage through innovation: the case of Nespresso
Authors: Brem Alexander , Maier Maximilian , Wimschneider Christine 
Published: December 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to describe how Nespresso achieved competitive advantage through innovation by changing the rules of the game in its industry.

Design/methodology/approach
– Nespresso was analyzed based on public available secondary data, in combination with related academic concepts on innovation and competitive advantage.

Findings
– The company succeeded by the thorough application of a strategy that, through perfect alignment, allowed the company to reach a unique market position. However, as described in the case, it took a relatively long time and the company came close to failure several times. Before the current situation of the company, it remains challenging in the future as well. Hence, the Nespresso story provides interesting space for discussion and learning about what innovation is, how innovation emerges, and under which circumstances innovation can serve as a source for competitive advantage.

Research limitations/implications
– Especially given the current market situation, the case offers different starting points for discussion about innovation and long-term company success.

Practical implications
– Especially before the current market situation, the case offers different starting points for discussion about innovation and the success of a company on the long term. The case is designed to give practitioners a better understanding on what an innovation as, and how competitive advantages can be linked to innovation.

Originality/value
– This case of Nespresso is a unique combination of the concepts of innovation and competitive advantage. It serves as an example of an innovation, which was not successful from the scratch, but evolved over time and is still developing. As many innovations went through such a non-linear process, this case offers interesting lessons learned for academics as well as for practitioners.
Regional Comparison of Foreign Direct Investment to Africa: Empirical Analysis
Authors: Anyanwu John C. , Yaméogo Nadège D. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis paper analyzed the factors that drive foreign direct investments (FDI) by looking at regional heterogeneity among the five African regions. For the first time, FDI drivers are analyzed for each of the five regions of Africa contrary to previous studies which focused on Africa as a whole. The paper used a panel dataset from 1970 to 2010 of 53 African countries divided into: Central, East, North, Southern, and West Africa. Ordinary least squares (OLS) and generalized method of moments (GMM) techniques are used for the estimations. The main results indicate that: (i) agglomeration has a strong positive relationship with FDI inflows in all the regions except Central Africa. However, in West Africa, the second lag of FDI is significantly negative; (ii) there is a negative relationship between FDI inflows and GDP per capita in all the five regions, but a U‐shaped relationship is observed in Central, North, and West Africa. But GDP growth rate has a strongly positive relationship with FDI inflows in Central Africa but negatively significant in West Africa; (iii) FDI follows domestic investment in East, Southern, and West Africa; (iv) democracy is a major factor in attracting FDI to Southern Africa, being upward concave; (v) infrastructure development has a positive impact on FDI inflows in East and North Africa; (vi) trade openness has a positive relationship with FDI inflows in all the five regions except in East Africa; (vii) inflation deters FDI inflows to East Africa; (viii) the level of urbanization has a strong positive relationship with FDI inflows only in West Africa; (ix) net foreign aid has a negative relationship with FDI inflows to East, North, and Southern Africa; (x) higher life expectancy deters FDI inflows to Central Africa but promotes the same to East and North Africa; (xi) metal production and exportation attract significant FDI to Central Africa while oil production and exportation attract higher FDI to West Africa; (xii) monetary union attracts greater FDI to Central and West Africa; and (xiii) political instability is a strong hindrance to FDI inflows to West Africa.
Access to Schooling and Staying in School in Selected Sub‐Saharan African Countries
Authors: Kuépié Mathias , Shapiro David , Tenikue Michel 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis study jointly investigates factors driving the processes of accessing and staying in school in sub‐Saharan Africa. We explicitly account for the fact that staying in school or its converse, dropping out, is observed only among children who ever attend school. We use data from Demographic and Health Surveys from 12 countries. We find that access to school is typically lower for females, rural youth, and those from poorer households. Conditional on having ever attended school, these factors, as well as age in grade – an indicator of performance in school – typically help account for staying in school. We also find that keeping girls at school is very sensitive to school performance: girls with comparatively weak performance in school are more likely than their male counterparts to drop out of school, while girls who do relatively well in school are more likely to remain in school than boys, other things being equal.
Inclusive Human Development in Pre‐crisis Times of Globalization‐driven Debts
Authors: Asongu Simplice , Efobi Uchenna , Beecroft Ibukun 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe paper verifies the Azzimonti et al. () conclusions on a sample of 53 African countries for the period 1996–2008. Authors of the underlying study have established theoretical underpinnings for a negative nexus between rising public debt and inequality in OECD nations. We assess the effects of four debt dynamics on Inequality Adjusted Human Development. Instrumental variable and interactive regressions were employed as empirical strategies. Two main findings were established which depend on whether debt is endogenous to or interactive with globalization. First, when external debt is endogenous to globalization, the effect on inclusive human development is negative, whereas when it is interactive with globalization, the effect is positive. This may reflect the false economics of preconditions. The magnitudes of negative estimates from endogenous related effects were higher than the positive marginal interactive effects. Policy implications were discussed in light of the post‐2015 development agenda.
Cyclic vomiting syndrome versus inborn errors of metabolism: A review with clinical recommendations
Authors: Gelfand Amy A. , Gallagher Renata C. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundInborn errors of metabolism are on the differential for patients presenting with a cyclic vomiting syndrome phenotype. Classes of disorders to consider include: mitochondrial disorders, fatty acid oxidation disorders, urea cycle defects, organic acidurias, and acute intermittent porphyria.AimThis article reviews the metabolic differential diagnosis and approach to screening for inborn errors in children and adults presenting with a cyclic or recurrent vomiting phenotype.ConclusionCyclic vomiting syndrome is thought to be an episodic syndrome that may be associated with migraine. It is a diagnosis of exclusion. Inborn errors of metabolism should be considered in the patient presenting with a recurrent vomiting phenotype. Mitochondrial dysfunction may play a role in cyclic vomiting syndrome, and true mitochondrial disorders can present with a true cyclic vomiting phenotype.
Clinical and histopathologic analysis of 46 cases of cutaneous adverse reactions to imatinib
Authors: Lee Woo Jin , Lee Ji Hyun , Won Chong Hyun , Chang Sung Eun , Choi Jee Ho , Moon Kee Chan , Kang Yoon‐Koo , Lee Mi Woo 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundAlthough many cases of cutaneous adverse reactions to imatinib have been reported, their clinical and histopathologic characteristics are not well documented.ObjectivesThe present study investigated clinical and histopathologic characteristics of cutaneous adverse reactions to imatinib.MethodsThis retrospective study referred to 46 patients who experienced cutaneous adverse reactions to imatinib. Clinical data including age, sex, skin lesion morphology, underlying disorders, and imatinib treatment parameters (duration of imatinib medication, initial dose, and treatment modifications at the time of the study) were collected. Histopathologic data were available for all patients.ResultsCutaneous adverse reactions to imatinib developed at 1–24 weeks (median onset: 8 weeks) after imatinib administration. The severity of the reaction was categorized as grade 1 in 22%, grade 2 in 41%, and grade 3 in 37% of patients. Onset was earlier in high‐severity reactions than in low‐severity reactions. The severity of the reaction was dependent on imatinib dose. Grade 3 reactions were noted in nine of 16 (56%) patients administered “high‐dose” (600 mg/d) imatinib. Spongiosis (78% of patients) and papillary dermal edema (83% of patients) were common histopathologic findings in the epidermis and dermis, respectively. Lymphohistiocytes were more predominant than eosinophils in dermal inflammatory infiltration. Histopathologic findings did not differ according to dose of imatinib or severity of the reaction.ConclusionsAlthough the clinical features of cutaneous adverse reactions to imatinib depend on imatinib dose and the severity of the reaction, histopathologic findings are not associated with these clinical variables.