bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body Size Changes Among National Collegiate Athletic Association New England Division III Football Players, 1956−2014: Comparison With Age-Matched Population Controls
Authors: Elliott Kayla R. , Harmatz Jerold S. , Zhao Yanli , Greenblatt David J. 
Published: September 2016

Context: Collegiate football programs encourage athletes to pursue high body weights.
Objective: To examine position-dependent trends over time in body size characteristics among football players in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC) from 1956 to 2014 and to compare the observed absolute and relative changes with those in age-matched male population controls.
Design: Descriptive laboratory study.
Setting: Medical school affiliated with a NESCAC institution.
Patients or Other Participants: Football team rosters from the 10-member NESCAC schools, available as public documents, were analyzed along with body size data from general population males aged 20 to 29 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
Main Outcome Measure(s): Body weight, height, and calculated body mass index were evaluated using analysis of variance, linear regression, and nonlinear regression to determine the distribution features of size variables and changes associated with time (year), school, and position.
Results: Among NESCAC linemen, absolute and relative changes over time in body weight and body mass index exceeded corresponding changes in the NHANES population controls. New England Small College Athletic Conference offensive linemen body weights increased by 37.5% from 1956 to 2014 (192 to 264 lb [86.4 to 118.8 kg]), compared with a 12% increase (164 to 184 lb [73.8 to 82.8 kg]) since 1961 in the NHANES population controls. Body mass index changed in parallel with body weight and exceeded 35 kg/m2 in more than 30% of contemporary NESCAC offensive linemen. Among skill players in the NESCAC group, time-related changes in body size characteristics generally paralleled those in the NHANES controls.
Conclusions: High body weight and body mass indices were evident in offensive linemen, even among those in Division III football programs with no athletic scholarships. These characteristics may be associated with adverse cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes. We need approaches to encourage risk modification in the postfootball lifestyles of these individuals.
Scapular Upward-Rotation Deficits After Acute Fatigue in Tennis Players
Authors: Rich R. Lyndsey , Struminger Aaron H. , Tucker W. Steven , Munkasy Barry A. , Joyner A. Barry , Buckley Thomas A. 
Published: September 2016

Context: Fatigue in overhead athletes reduces shoulder muscular contraction and proprioception. These deficits may lead to alterations in scapular upward rotation, which is associated with multiple chronic shoulder conditions prevalent in tennis players.Objective: To identify the effect of a functional fatigue protocol on scapular upward rotation in collegiate male tennis players.Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial.Setting: Research laboratory.Patients or Other Participants: Twenty healthy male tennis players with no history of shoulder injury completed this study. Participants were divided into 2 groups, experimental (age = 19.4 ± 1.1 years, height = 180.1 ± 8.9 cm, weight = 72.7 ± 11.6 kg) and control (age = 19.6 ± 1.2 years, height = 181.1 ± 6.6 cm, weight = 81.6 ± 13.5 kg).Intervention(s): Participants in the experimental group performed a tennis-serving protocol until the onset of fatigue. Fatigue was defined as a participant reporting a rating of 15 on the Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion and reaching a heart rate of 70% of maximum. Instead of completing the fatigue protocol, control participants rested for an interval time matched to the experimental group.Main Outcome Measure(s): Scapular upward rotation of the dominant arm was measured at rest and at 60°, 90°, and 120° of glenohumeral elevation in the scapular plane. Upward-rotation measurements were taken prefatigue, postfatigue, and at 24, 48, and 72 hours postexercise. Scapular upward-rotation values were calculated as change scores from baseline and analyzed using a 2 × 4 mixed-model analysis of variance.Results: Significant group-by-time interaction effects were found in postfatigue change scores. The experimental group displayed scapular upward-rotation deficits at all testing positions postfatigue (rest: −2.1° ± 1.4°, 60°: −2.2° ± 2.2°, 90°: −3.2° ± 2.1°, 120°: −4.0° ± 1.3°). No differences were observed at 24, 48, or 72 hours after the fatigue protocol.Conclusions: Fatigue impaired scapular upward rotation in male tennis players, but values returned to baseline within 24 hours. Clinicians should monitor scapular upward rotation in tennis players returning to competition within a day after heavy serving activity.
Content Validation of Athletic Therapy Clinical Presentations in Canada
Authors: Lafave Mark R. , Yeo Michelle , Westbrook Khatija , Valdez Dennis , Eubank Breda , McAllister Jenelle 
Published: September 2016

Context: Competency-based education requires strong planning and a vehicle to deliver and track students' progress across their undergraduate programs. Clinical presentations (CPs) are proposed as 1 method to deliver a competency-based curriculum in a Canadian undergraduate athletic therapy program.Objective: Validation of 253 CPs.Setting: Canadian universities/colleges and clinical practices.Patients or Other Participants: Six Canadian Athletic Therapists Association-accredited program directors and 6 athletic therapists with at least 10 years of experience working in both field and clinical athletic therapy settings.Intervention(s): We surveyed 12 experts who rated the importance and difficulty of 253 CPs using a 100-mm and electronic visual analog scale with extremely important at 1 anchor and irrelevant at the other end. Difficulty was measured in a similar manner anchored by extremely difficulty and extremely easy.Main Outcome Measure(s): Descriptive statistics for importance and difficulty were tabulated on all CPs. An importance-difficulty index was calculated as a mean score of both importance and difficulty scores.Results: Data were converted into quartiles to represent a 4-point categorical importance scale to mimic the original categories from the Ebel procedure (ie, essential, important, acceptable, and questionable). Difficulty was likewise converted into quartiles representing a 4-point categorical difficulty scale. Mean importance scores ranged from 99.3 for airway management (ie, most important) to 54 for high altitude cerebral edema (ie, less important). Clinical presentation difficulty scales ranged from 89.8 for biceps contusion (ie, easier) to 21.2 for decompression illness (ie, harder).Conclusions: These 253 CPs are thought to be representative (ie, valid) of the athletic therapy scope of practice in Canada. To our knowledge, CPs have not been developed in the athletic therapy context prior to this research. We anticipate more will be identified as these CPs are used to align teaching, learning, and assessment within competency-based athletic therapy programs in Canada.
On a Conjecture of Livingston
Authors: Pathak Siddhi 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn an attempt to resolve a folklore conjecture of Erdös regarding the non-vanishing at s = 1 of the L-series attached to a periodic arithmetical function with period q and values in {−1, 1}, Livingston conjectured the -linear independence of logarithms of certain algebraic numbers. In this paper, we disprove Livingston’s conjecture for composite q ≥ 4, highlighting that a newapproach is required to settle Erdös conjecture. We also prove that the conjecture is true for prime q ≥ 3, and indicate that more ingredients will be needed to settle Erdös conjecture for prime q.
Numerical Analysis of the Mixed 4th-Order Runge-Kutta Scheme of Conditional Nonlinear Optimal Perturbation Approach for the EI Niño-Southern Oscillation Model
Authors: Zhao Xin , Li Jian , Duan Wansuo , Xue Dongqian 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we proposes and analyzes the mixed 4th-order Runge-Kutta scheme of conditional nonlinear perturbation (CNOP) approach for the EI Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) model. This method consists of solving the ENSO model by using a mixed 4th-order Runge-Kutta method. Convergence, the local and global truncation error of this mixed 4th-order Runge-Kutta method are proved. Furthermore, optimal control problem is developed and the gradient of the cost function is determined.
Bifurcations and Single Peak Solitary Wave Solutions of an Integrable Nonlinear Wave Equation
Authors: Wang Wei , Li Chunhai , Zhu Wenjing 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDynamical system theory is applied to the integrable nonlinear wave equation ut±(u3–u2)x+(u3)xxx=0. We obtain the single peak solitary wave solutions and compacton solutions of the equation. Regular compacton solution of the equation correspond to the case of wave speed c=0. In the case of c≠0, we find smooth soliton solutions. The influence of parameters of the traveling wave solutions is explored by using the phase portrait analytical technique. Asymptotic analysis and numerical simulations are provided for these soliton solutions of the nonlinear wave equation.
Error Correction Strategies for the Classroom Oral Proficiency Used By Jordanian Teachers at Secondary Level
Authors: Al-Ghazo Abeer 
Published: September 2016

<p>The aim of the present study was to explore the Jordanian EFL teachers' error correction strategies for the classroom oral proficiency at secondary level. For the purpose of obtaining information needed to achieve the objectives of the study, the researchers used the Teacher's Preference Elicitation Questionnaire. This Questionnaire was adapted from Michael (2007) to elicit the types of oral corrective feedback that teachers prefer to use to correct their students' oral errors, grammatical and pronunciation errors. The questionnaire was administered to40 teachers. The findings revealed that the teachers used all types of oral corrective feedback with a grand mean of (3.29) .Meta linguistic feedback , recast, elicitation, instructions and questioning (Peer-correction) were reported to be the most used strategies of oral corrective feedback.</p>
Children’s Protection in the Issue of Hadhanah Based on Islamic Family Law and the Law of Thailand
Authors: Mohamad Abdul Basir , Machae Rohanee , Khareng Mutsalim 
Published: September 2016

<p>This paper analyses Children Protection in the Islamic Family Law of the Southern of Thailand and the Civil Law of Thailand. The common issue faced by the Court or the District Islamic Department is the rising number of <em>hadhanah </em>claim cases. This research is meant to investigate the rights of children regarding <em>hadhanah </em>based on the Islamic Family Law of the Southern of Thailand and to which extent the laws stated follow the <em>syarak </em>rules. This research utilized few approaches which are the content, deductive, inductive, and comparative analysis. Basically, the findings suggest that the differences between the two laws can be accepted as both laws are originated from distinguished backgrounds. Therefore, both laws play crucial role in completely protecting the children in <em>hadhanah </em>cases, as well as promising safety and peaceful life for the children even though their parents’ relationship is in crisis.<strong></strong></p>or its success. However, research on PDR with special emphasis on stakeholders and their significance in success and sustainability of the projects is limited. This paper provides a systematic literature review (SLR) to amalgamate and synthesise research in this area. It focuses on the identification of the stakeholders and significance of their engagement in PDR activities for a more sustainable and resilient built environment. Research papers published in peer reviewed academic journals from 2000 to 2014 were identified through three major research databases, using T/A/K search options. The selected research papers were reviewed and critically analysed to identify the stakeholders and mechanism of their identification. This research revealed that contemporary research is unable to identify a commonly agreeable scientific method for identification of stakeholders and their interests. This research has outlined an exhaustive list of stakeholders that have been identified by the researchers. Based upon systematic review, this research has also provided background information, recent trends and a future direction for research in the specific field of stakeholder engagement in PDR projects. <p> </p>
The Royal Institution in Ancient Iran
Authors: Aghazadeh Jafar , Mohammadi Hasan 
Published: September 2016

<p>In the thoughts and beliefs of Iranians, kingdom has had a history of the creation of human beings on the earth. Accordingly, Iranians believe that the first creature and human being on the earth was the first king of Iran. Iranians connects the history of their mythical royal dynasties to the creation of humanity. For Iranians, the mythical kings of Iran are the creators of the royal institution and the functions and duties of the royal institution have been established, developed and transferred to next generations by the measures of these kings. The objective of the present study is to investigate the establishment of the royal institution and the development of royal institution in ancient Iran by a descriptive-analytical method. The findings indicate that Iranians had specific sacredness for their kings and called the first creature of Ahura Mazda as the King. In addition, they believed that kings should perform particular tasks whose formation was attributed to the mythical kings of Iran. Further, they believed that only those persons had the right of being a king who were from the race of kings and were approved by Ahura Mazda. to examine Lessing’s elucidation of authentic knowledge in <em>Shikasta</em>. The methodology appropriated in the paper entails depiction of visible world as an illusion of the Real pointed in Plato’s allegory of Cave and Nagarjuna’s Mundane Truth. We clarify emotion as the main motivator of such illusionary status stressed in both Plato and Nagarjuna’s thoughts. We argue that while the importance of reason and eradicating emotion cannot be ignored, what adjoins people to Truth is mindfulness and intuitive knowledge which is close to Nagarjuna’s non-dual patterns. By examining ordinary life as the illusion of Real, and emotion as the main obstacle to achieve the Truth emphasized in both Nagarjuna and Plato’s trends, we depart from other critics who undermine the eminence of essentialist trace in Lessing’s works and examine her approach towards Truth merely under postmodern lens. This departure is significant since we clarify while essentialism has been abandoned to a large extent and supporters of Plato have become scarce, amalgamation of his thoughts with spiritual trends opens a fresh way to earn authenticity in Lessing’s novel. </p><p> </p>
Editorial: Is There Still Something to Learn about the Association of Corporate Governance with Firm Performance?
Authors: Bronzetti Giovanni , Veltri Stefania , Mazzotta Romilda 
Published: September 2016

The association of Corporate Governance (CG) with Firm Performance (FP) has always been an issue relevant to management literature, despite the notable heterogeneity of studies and their mixed results highlighting the opportuneness of continuing to investigate the association of CG with FP. The article aims to contribute to this lively debate by pointing out the main causes of the mixed findings and the contributions of three papers which, in the authors’ opinion, add knowledge to the CG-FP research stream, which deserves more empirical research, as there is still something to learn about this association. us possibilities of majorly used social media websites and the products which are being advertised on them. In the rigorous literature review the paper identifies various products and services which are being frequently advertised on social media and also identifies the social media websites which are used for the advertisement of these products and services accordingly.
The Association of Board Composition, Intellectual Capital and Firm Performance in a High Ownership Concentration Context: Evidence from Italy
Authors: Veltri Stefania , Mazzotta Romilda 
Published: September 2016

<p>The association of Corporate Governance (CG) with Firm Performance (FP) has always been an issue relevant to management literature. Nevertheless, the notable heterogeneity of studies and their mixed results highlight the opportuneness of continuing to investigate the association of CG with FP. The article aims to contribute to this research by building and employing a sophisticated model to take into account beyond the board composition ownership structure and firm efficiency in using its intellectual capital (as measured by VAIC<sup>TM</sup>). The findings provide evidence that the board composition, the ownership concentration and the efficiency of intellectual capital increases firm efficiency in producing profits (as measured by ROA). Furthermore, our findings add knowledge to the relationship between CG and FP, by confirming a positive relationship in Italy, a continental European capital market under-investigated on this issue.</p>
Quantitative Multiclass Pesticide Residue Analysis in Apple, Pear, and Grape by Modified QuEChERS and Liquid Chromatography Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Munaretto Juliana S , Viera Mariela de S , Martins Manoel L , Adaime Martha B , Zanella Renato 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Most of the analytical methods currently applied in food control laboratories are focused on the determination of target compounds using LC coupled to tandem MS, which is an effective technique, but low-resolution MS is limited. Thus, a method for determination of pesticide multiresidues in fruits (pear, apple, and grape) using a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method and LC coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) MS was developed and validated. The proposed method showed good linearity (r2 &gt; 0.99) from 1 to 100 μg/L. Recoveries for blank samples spiked at 0.01, 0.04, and 0.10 mg/kg were between 66 and 122%, with RSDs &lt;28%. Respective LOQs for apple, pear, and grape matrixes were 0.01 mg/kg for 112, 120, and 118 compounds, and 0.04 mg/kg for 22, 12, and 17 compounds, and average mass accuracy error was 3.2 ppm. LC with Q-TOF MS detection using protonated molecular ion and/or adducts and mass accuracy provided reliability for the method. The proposed method is effective for pesticide residue determination in apple, pear, and grape samples, proving that high-resolution MS using full scan mode can be a powerful and reliable technique for quantification purposes, being adequate for application in the surveillance of maximum residue limits set by different legislations.
Electrostatic and electromagnetic fluctuations detected inside magnetic flux ropes during magnetic reconnection
Authors: Wang Rongsheng , Lu Quanming , Nakamura Rumi , Huang Can , Li Xing , Wu Mingyu , Du Aimin , Gao Xinliang , Wang Shui 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA series of magnetic flux ropes embedded in the ion diffusion region of a magnetotail magnetic reconnection event were investigated in this paper. Waves near the lower hybrid frequency were measured within each of the flux ropes and can be associated with the enhancements of energetic electrons in some of the flux ropes. The waves in the largest flux ropes were further explored in more detail. The electrostatic lower hybrid frequency range waves are detected at the edge, while electromagnetic lower hybrid frequency range waves are observed at the center of the flux rope. The electromagnetic waves are right‐hand polarized and propagated nearly perpendicular to magnetic field lines, with a wavelength of ion‐electron hybrid scale. The observations are analogous to simulations in which the electrostatic lower hybrid waves are confined to the edge of current sheet but can directly penetrate into the current sheet center in the form of the electromagnetic mode. The observations indicate that the electromagnetic lower hybrid frequency range waves can be excited inside magnetic flux ropes.
First observations of elevated ducts associated with intermittent turbulence in the stable boundary layer over Bosten Lake, China
Authors: Sun Zheng , Ning Hui , Song Shihui , Yan Dongmei 
Published: September 2016

AbstractNocturnal radiative cooling is a main driver for atmospheric duct formation. Within this atmospheric process, the impacts of intermittent turbulence on ducting have seldom been studied. In this paper, we reported two confusing ducting events observed in the early morning in August 2014 over Bosten Lake, China, when a stable boundary layer (SBL) still survived, by using tethered high‐resolution GPS radiosondes. Elevated ducts with strong humidity inversions were observed during the balloon ascents but were absent during observations made upon the balloon descents several minutes later. This phenomenon was initially hypothesized to be attributable to turbulence motions in the SBL, and the connection between the turbulence event and the radar duct was examined by the statistical Thorpe method. Turbulence patches were detected from the ascent profiles but not from the descent profiles. The possible reasons for the duct formation and elimination were discussed in detail. The turbulent transport of moisture in the SBL and the advection due to airflows coming from the lake are the most probable reasons for duct formation. In one case, the downward transport of moisture by turbulence mixing within a Kelvin‐Helmholtz billow at the top of the low‐level jet resulted in duct elimination. In another case, the passage of density currents originating from the lake may have caused the elimination of the duct. Few studies have attempted to associate intermittent turbulence with radar ducts; thus, this work represents a pioneering study into the connection between turbulent events and atmospheric ducts in a SBL.
Concise Total Synthesis of Nannocystin A
Authors: Liao Linping , Zhou Jingjing , Xu Zhengshuang , Ye Tao 
Published: September 2016

AbstractNannocystin A, a structurally unique 21‐membered macrocyclic depsipeptide with low nanomolar inhibitory activity against elongation factor 1A, was synthesized according to a strategy involving the vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction, Sharpless epoxidation, olefin metathesis, the Mitsunobu reaction, and a palladium‐catalyzed intramolecular Suzuki coupling of a highly complex cyclization substrate. The overall synthesis is efficient and paves the way for preparation of analogues for drug development efforts.
Block Copolymer Brushes for Completely Decoupled Control of Determinants of Cell–Surface Interactions
Authors: Lilge Inga , Schönherr Holger 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe known determinants for cell–surface interactions, comprising biochemical cues, patterns, passivating functionality, and control of tether mechanical properties, are fully decoupled in tailored block copolymer brushes synthesized by surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. Exploiting sequential polymerization of a passivating underlying polyacrylamide (PAAm) block with defined cross‐linking followed by a second poly(acrylic acid) block, which can be conjugated with a selective adhesion peptide, hierarchically structured brushes that can be micro‐patterned by soft lithography were obtained. The interaction of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and PaTu 8988t pancreatic tumor cells with brushes that differed only in the stiffness of the hidden PAAm block or only in the peptide ligand, while keeping all other parameters constant, revealing profound differences in cell adhesion and morphology. In particular, cells could only attach well to stiff RGD presenting brushes.