bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macronutrients in Corn and Human Nutrition
Authors: Ai Yongfeng , Jane Jay‐lin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAs the leading cereal crop in the world, corn (Zea mays L.) plays a significant role in human foods. The focus of this review is on the structures, properties, bioavailability, and health benefits of macronutrients in corn, including its starch, nonstarch polysaccharides, protein, and lipids. With a large number of naturally existent mutants, corn and corn‐based food ingredients with varying macronutrient compositions and different chemical structures and physical properties are commercially available. The corn varieties that have attracted the most interest in human nutrition include high‐amylose, high‐protein, and high‐oil corn. Chemical compositions and molecular structures of starch, nonstarch polysaccharides, protein, and lipids from different corn varieties are comprehensively reviewed here and related to their physical properties, bioavailability, and physiological effects on human health. Particular emphasis is placed upon the impacts of high‐amylose corn flour/starch on postprandial glycemic/insulinemic responses, insulin sensitivity, satiety/appetite, lipid metabolism/obesity, colon health, and mineral absorption. The information presented in this article will be useful for the utilization of corn and the development of corn‐based food ingredients to prepare nutritious food products to improve human health.
D5S818 Typing Discrepancy Between PowerPlex® Fusion and Other STR Kits Including GlobalFiler® Caused by a One‐base Deletion in 31 Nucleotides Upstream of the Repeat Region
Authors: Fujii Koji , Iwashima Yasuki , Watahiki Haruhiko , Mita Yusuke , Kitayama Tetsushi , Nakahara Hiroaki , Mizuno Natsuko , Sekiguchi Kazumasa 
Published: February 2016

AbstractShort tandem repeat (STR) typing is widely used in forensic investigation. When the same DNA sample is analyzed with different STR typing kits, a typing discrepancy is occasionally observed. In this study, we examined the cause of a typing discrepancy in a sample at D5S818 locus. This sample was designated as 10, 12 using Identifiler®, Identifiler® Plus, GlobalFiler®, PowerPlex® 16HS, and PowerPlex® 18D, but as 9.3, 12 using PowerPlex® Fusion. Sequencing results indicated that the shorter allele in the sample had a deletion (U31Tdel) at 31 nucleotides upstream of the repeat region (AGAT)10. This deletion was located in the binding site of the published D5S818 forward primer in PowerPlex® 16 and was only 9 and 11 nucleotides downstream of our estimated 5′ end position of D5S818 forward primer in GlobalFiler® and PowerPlex® 18D, respectively. We also examined the effect of primer length on the heterozygous peak balance in this sample.
Storage Stability of Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water and Circulating Electrolyzed Water and Their Property Changes after Application
Authors: Xuan Xiao‐Ting , Wang Meng‐Meng , Ahn Juhee , Ma Yan‐Na , Chen Shi‐Guo , Ye Xing‐Qian , Liu Dong‐Hong , Ding Tian 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSlightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) has been recognized as an effective bactericidal agent with free chlorine, but its limitations include its instability and its great dependence on equipment. Newly developed circulating electrolyzed water (CEW) with a higher available chlorine concentration (ACC) could successfully overcome these limitations. In this study, SAEW (ACC of 20 mg/L), CEW1 (ACC of 200 mg/L), and CEW2 (ACC of 20 mg/L) were evaluated for changes in properties (pH, oxidization reduction potential [ORP], and ACC) during storage in open or closed glass bottles under light or dark conditions at room temperature (approximately 20 °C) and after washing pork and lettuce. Additionally, the washed pork and lettuce were evaluated for total viable counts, pH and general appearance. The results showed that CEW1 with a higher ACC has better stability than SAEW with a lower ACC for the storage and washing experiments, and CEW still remained stable after dilution with distilled water. The property indices of EW were greatly affected for the pork‐washing experiments compared with the lettuce‐washing experiments, probably due to the existence of alkaline and organic materials on the surface of pork. Furthermore, EWs were more effective for inactivating microbes in lettuce than in pork, while there was no significant difference in tissue pH and the general appearance of pork and lettuce. These findings indicated that CEW with a higher ACC shows potential for reducing foodborne pathogens on pork and lettuce without effects on their physicochemical characteristics, and it can be applied in a diluted form.
Radiological input during paediatric multidisciplinary team meetings and its influence on clinical patient management
Authors: Llewellyn‐Jones Glyn , Pereira John 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIntroductionThere is little information about the role of the radiologist at multidisciplinary team meetings; in particular their influence on patient management. To evaluate the influence of radiologists on clinical patient management during multidisciplinary meetings.MethodsProspective data were collected over a 5‐week period from multidisciplinary team meetings across four paediatric clinical domains. Radiological input was recorded for each case discussion, including the type of influence and its potential effect on clinical patient management.ResultsOne hundred and forty paediatric cases were reviewed. Radiological advice was requested from the radiologist for 25.7% (N = 36) of cases. In 17.9% (N = 25) this advice was judged to have influenced clinical patient management. There were two cases where new imaging findings were discovered.ConclusionsRadiologists influence clinical patient management during multidisciplinary team meetings primarily by providing differential diagnoses and guidance regarding future imaging, with respect to both the necessity and the modality. Occasionally, when imaging is reviewed at these meetings, new findings are discovered that impact on patient management.
Association of plasma chloride values with acute kidney injury in the critically ill – a prospective observational study
Authors: Marttinen M. , Wilkman E. , Petäjä L. , Suojaranta‐Ylinen R. , Pettilä V. , Vaara S. T. 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundChloride‐rich fluids have been found to associate with an increased risk for acute kidney injury (AKI) among intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Studies evaluating the association of plasma chloride (Cl) with the development of AKI are few. We hypothesized that higher plasma Cl is associated with an increased risk for the development of AKI.MethodsIn this sub‐study of the prospective FINNAKI study, we analyzed Cl values measured during ICU stay in two ICUs at a tertiary center including 445 patients. We calculated time‐weighted mean values within the first 24 h in ICU for plasma Cl (ClTWM 24). We analyzed the association of ClTWM 24 primarily with the development of AKI, and secondarily with 90‐day mortality.ResultsBased on the first measured Cl value, 350 of 445 patients [78.7 (95 CI, 74.8–82.5)] had hyperchloremia (P‐Cl > 106 mmol/l) and 48 [10.8 (95 CI, 7.9–13.7)] severe hyperchloremia (P‐Cl > 114 mmol/l). Altogether 217 of 445 [48.8% (95% CI 44.2–53.4%)] patients developed AKI. Of these 217, AKI was diagnosed in 62 (28.6%) after 24 h from ICU admission and were included in the analysis regarding development of AKI. ClTWM 24 was associated with an increased risk for the development of AKI (OR1.099; 1.003–1.205) after multivariable adjustments. According to ClTWM 24, no difference in 90‐day mortality between severely hyperchloremic patients and others existed.ConclusionsMore than three of four critically ill patients had hyperchloremia and 1 of 10 had its severe form. Higher time‐weighted mean chloride was independently associated with an increased risk for AKI.
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with prediabetes in obese Swedish children
Authors: Ekbom Kerstin , Marcus Claude 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimLow vitamin D levels have been associated with obesity and living in areas that lack sunshine, such as northern Europe. The aim of this study was to investigate the vitamin D status of a group of obese children in Sweden and to investigate the associations between vitamin D status and markers of glucose metabolism and metabolic risk markers.MethodsThis was a prospective cross‐sectional study of 202 obese children between 4.5 and 17.9 years of age who had been referred to the National Childhood Obesity Centre at Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm. We examined age, gender, 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), f‐glucose, f‐insulin and metabolic risk markers. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as less than 30 25(OH)D nmol/L. Children with and without a vitamin D deficiency were compared.ResultsJust over a third (33.2%) of our study population had vitamin D levels <30 nmol/L 25(OH)D. A significant interaction effect was found between age and 25(OH)D. An association was also found between low 25(OH)D levels and impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) independent of age and season.ConclusionLow vitamin D levels were common among obese adolescents living in Sweden and were strongly associated with age and associated with a higher risk of IFG.
EXECUTIVE SUCCESSION PLANNING: BARRIERS AND SUBSTITUTES IN NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
Authors: MCKEE Gregory , FROELICH Karen 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTPredicted shortages of chief executives combined with growing economic and social significance of the nonprofit sector in an increasingly complex operating environment highlight the need for executive succession planning. Accordingly, our research explores factors that may influence executive succession planning in nonprofit and cooperative forms of organizations. Survey data (N = 242) were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Results suggest both barriers to and substitutes for executive succession planning that help explain the apparent dearth of succession planning efforts in these organizations. A penchant for continuity was found to be a barrier to such planning, while elements of governance quality and internal development were found to substitute for executive succession planning.
Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of yoghurts made from goat and cow milk
Authors: Costa Roberto Germano , Beltrão Filho Edvaldo Mesquita , de Sousa Solange , da Cruz George Rodrigo Beltrão , Queiroga Rita de Cássia Ramos do Egypto , da Cruz Eliel Nunes 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSubstituting goats' milk for cows' milk could improve the quality of dairy products, because it adds new sensorial characteristics. The aim of this study was to develop a type of yoghurt using goats' milk (25, 50, 75 and 100%) in place of cows' milk and to compare their characteristics. Physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics were evaluated using a nine‐point hedonic scale and purchase intention test. The data obtained in the physicochemical analysis were submitted to regression analysis and the sensory results were evaluated through analysis of variance. Among the physicochemical characteristics of the yoghurts, variation (P < 0.05) of ash, acidity and lactose was observed. Tasters in the sensory analysis indicated that yoghurts up to 50% of goats' milk received favorable averages; with lower scores for higher goats' milk concentrations (75% and 100%). No difference was reported in acidity. Replacing cows' milk with goats' milk in yoghurt preparation promotes variations in the physicochemical characteristics for ash, acidity and lactose. However, it does not cause alterations in the sensory attributes (50% goat milk) and therefore could be considered as an alternative for the production of dairy products. © 2016 Japanese Society of Animal Science
Guess who? Children use prosody to infer intended listeners
Authors: Varghese Anisha L. , Nilsen Elizabeth S. 
Published: February 2016

This study examined the relative influence of prosody and semantic content in children's inferences about intended listeners. Children (n = 72), who ranged in age from 5 to 10 years, heard greetings with prosody and content that was either infant or adult directed and chose the intended listener from amongst an infant or an adult. While content affected all children's choices, the effect of prosody was stronger (at least, for children aged 7–10 years). For conditions in which prosodic cues were suggestive of one listener, and content cues, another, children aged 7–10 years chose the listener according to prosody. In contrast, the youngest age group (5‐ to 6‐year‐olds) chose listeners at chance levels in these incongruent conditions. While prosodic cues were most influential in determining children's choices, their ratings of how certain they felt about their choices indicated that content nonetheless influenced their thinking about the intended listener. Results are the first to show the unique influence of prosody in children's thinking about appropriate speech styles. Findings add to work showing children's ability to use prosody to make inferences about speakers' communicative intentions.
Cytotoxic amounts of cisplatin induce either checkpoint adaptation or apoptosis in a concentration‐dependent manner in cancer cells
Authors: Swift Lucy H. , Golsteyn Roy M. 
Published: February 2016

Background InformationCheckpoint adaptation (entry into mitosis with damaged DNA) is a process that links arrest at the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint and cell death in cancer cells. It is not known, however, whether cells treated with the genotoxic agent, cisplatin, undergo checkpoint adaptation or if checkpoint adaptation is a major pathway leading to cell death or not. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between treatment with cisplatin and cytotoxicity in cancer cells.ResultsTreatment of HT‐29 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells with cisplatin can induce cell death by one of two different mechanisms. Cells treated with a cytotoxic 30 μM amount of cisplatin died after undergoing checkpoint adaptation. Before dying, however, almost all treated cells were positive for histone γH2AX staining and contained high levels of cyclin B1. Rounded cells appeared that were positive for phospho‐Ser10 histone H3, with low levels of phospho‐Tyr15 cyclin‐dependent kinase 1, high levels of cyclin‐dependent kinase 1 activity, and checkpoint kinase 1 that was not phosphorylated on Ser345. These cells were in mitosis with damaged DNA. Strikingly, with 30 μM cisplatin, 81% of cells had entered mitosis before dying. By contrast, after treatment with 100 μM cisplatin, nearly all cells died but only 7% of cells had entered mitosis. Instead, these cells died by apoptosis; they were positive for annexin‐V staining, contained cleaved caspase 3, cleaved caspase 9 and cleaved PARP and did not contain Mcl‐1.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that cancer cells treated with cisplatin can undergo one of two modes of cell death depending upon concentration used. These findings suggest that checkpoint adaptation is likely a primary pathway in genotoxic cell death at pharmacological concentrations of cisplatin.SignificanceCheckpoint adaptation might be a common biochemical pathway taken by human cancer cells in response to pharmacologically relevant, cytotoxic amounts of damaged DNA.
Development of sedimentary basins: differential stretching, phase transitions, shear heating and tectonic pressure
Authors: Hartz Ebbe H. , Medvedev Sergei , Schmid Daniel W. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractClassical models of lithosphere thinning predict deep synrift basins covered by wider and thinner post‐rift deposits. However, synextensional uplift and/or erosion of the crust are widely documented in nature (e.g. the Base Cretaceous unconformity of the NE Atlantic), and generally the post‐rift deposits dominate basins fills. Accordingly, several basin models focus on this discrepancy between observations and the classical approach. These models either involve differential thinning, where the mantle thins more than the crust thereby increasing average temperature of the lithosphere, or focus on the effect of metamorphic reactions, showing that such reactions decrease the density of lithospheric rocks. Both approaches result in less synrift subsidence and increased post‐rift subsidence. The synextensional uplift in these two approaches happens only for special cases, that is for a case of initially thin crust, specific mineral assemblage of the lithospheric mantle or extensive differential thinning of the lithosphere. Here, we analyse the effects of shear heating and tectonic underpressure on the evolution of sedimentary basins. In simple 1D models, we test the implications of various mechanisms in regard to uplift, subsidence, density variations and thermal history. Our numerical experiments show that tectonic underpressure during lithospheric thinning combined with pressure‐dependent density is a widely applicable mechanism for synextensional uplift. Mineral phase transitions in the subcrustal lithosphere amplify the effect of underpressure and may result in more than 1 km of synextensional erosion. Additional heat from shear heating, especially combined with mineral phase transitions and differential thinning of the lithosphere, greatly decreases the amount of synrift deposits.
Photodynamic UVA‐riboflavin bacterial elimination in antibiotic‐resistant bacteria
Authors: Makdoumi Karim , Bäckman Anders 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundTo evaluate the bactericidal effect of clinical ultraviolet A (UVA) settings used in photoactivated chromophore for infectious keratitis (PACK)‐collagen cross‐linking (CXL) in antibiotic‐resistant and non‐resistant bacterial strains.MethodsWell‐characterized bacterial strains from clinical isolates, without and with antibiotic resistance, were studied in a pairwise comparison. The evaluated pathogens were Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis. Bacteria were dispersed in PBS and diluted to a concentration of approximately 4 × 105/ml. Riboflavin was added to a concentration of 0.01%. By spreading the solution on a microscope slide, a fluid film layer, with a thickness of around 400 mm, was formed and UVA exposure followed. Eight separate exposures were made for each strain (n = 8). The degree of elimination in resistant and non‐resistant pathogens was compared.ResultsThe bactericidal efficacy of exposure differed between the tested microorganisms, and the mean elimination ranged between 60 and 92%, being most extensive in both of the evaluated Pseudomonas strains and least in the E. faecalis strains. Similar reductions were seen in antibiotic‐resistant and non‐resistant strains, with the exception of S. aureus, in which the resistant strain metchicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was eradicated in a greater extent than the non‐resistant strain (P = 0.030).ConclusionUVA‐riboflavin settings used in PACK‐CXL are effective in reducing both antibiotic‐resistant and non‐resistant bacteria. Antibiotic resistance does not appear to be protective against the photooxidative exposure.
A Survey of Visualization for Live Cell Imaging
Authors: Pretorius A. J. , Khan I. A. , Errington R. J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractLive cell imaging is an important biomedical research paradigm for studying dynamic cellular behaviour. Although phenotypic data derived from images are difficult to explore and analyse, some researchers have successfully addressed this with visualization. Nonetheless, visualization methods for live cell imaging data have been reported in an ad hoc and fragmented fashion. This leads to a knowledge gap where it is difficult for biologists and visualization developers to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different visualization methods, and for visualization researchers to gain an overview of existing work to identify research priorities. To address this gap, we survey existing visualization methods for live cell imaging from a visualization research perspective for the first time. Based on recent visualization theory, we perform a structured qualitative analysis of visualization methods that includes characterizing the domain and data, abstracting tasks, and describing visual encoding and interaction design. Based on our survey, we identify and discuss research gaps that future work should address: the broad analytical context of live cell imaging; the importance of behavioural comparisons; links with dynamic data visualization; the consequences of different data modalities; shortcomings in interactive support; and, in addition to analysis, the value of the presentation of phenotypic data and insights to other stakeholders.
Agreement between health utility instruments in cochlear implantation
Authors: Ramakers G.G.J. , Smulders Y.E. , van Zon A. , Kraaijenga V.J.C. , Stegeman I. , Van Zanten G.A. , Grolman W. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesThe objectives of our study were threefold: to compare health utility scores measured with different health utility instruments in adult patients with bilateral deafness, to compare the change in health utility scores after unilateral or bilateral cochlear implantation using the different health utility instruments and to assess which health utility instrument would be the most appropriate for future studies on cochlear implantation.DesignA prospective study.SettingThe data for this article were collected as part of a multicentre randomised controlled trial in the Netherlands on the benefits of simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation compared to unilateral cochlear implantation.ParticipantsThe study included 38 adult patients with severe to profound bilateral post‐lingual sensorineural hearing loss.Main outcome measuresParticipants completed various quality of life questionnaires (the EuroQol five‐dimensional questionnaire (EQ‐5D), the Health Utilities Index mark 3 (HUI3), a visual analogue scale (VAS) for general quality of life and a VAS for hearing) preoperatively, and one and two years postoperatively. The general health utility instruments (EQ‐5D, HUI3 and VAS general) were compared.ResultsThe EQ‐5D, HUI3 and VAS general utility scores differed significantly. The intraclass correlation coefficients showed poor to no agreement between these instruments. A gain in health utility after cochlear implantation was found with the HUI3 and VAS general. The highest gain in health utility was found with the HUI3.ConclusionsA health utility score depends on the health utility instrument that is used in a specific patient population. We recommend using the HUI3 in future studies on cochlear implantation.
What Makes Health Systems Research in Developing Countries Ethical? Application of theEmanuel Framework for Clinical Research toHealthSystems Research
Authors: Wassenaar Doug , Rattani Abbas 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe growing importance of health systems research has opened debate about appropriate ethical frameworks and guidelines for the ethical review and conduct of health systems research. In this article we consider a detailed proposal fromHyder et al. (2014) and consider it in relation to the conventional criteria for ethics review of clinical research outlined byEmanuel et al. (2004; 2008) and argue that theEmanuel criteria can be usefully applied to the review of health systems research to supplement the Hyder et al. proposals. We argue further that health systems researchers and reviewers would benefit from many of the debates that have characterized the ethics of clinical research over the past three decades.