bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“And we would have the field”: U.S. Steel and American trade policy, 1908–1912
Authors: Brawley Mark R. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractRecent surveys revealed few producers in an export sector participate in trade. Economists explained this result by relaxing their assumption about firms’ operations, to produce a novel observation: Trade liberalization disproportionately benefits the most efficient producers in the sector, while potentially harming the least efficient. Political scientists have begun exploring the consequences of this variation, especially in lobbying. This article explores whether the impact of this finer-grained description of interests can be observed in the later stages of our demand-driven models of the politics of trade. I focus on one case with characteristics favorable to observing intra-industry differences: the American steel industry in Taft's presidency. A trade-based cleavage inside the sector determined firms’ interests. Demands shaped policy, as observed in three pieces of legislation: the Payne-Aldrich Act, reciprocity with Canada, and the 1912 tariff. The first liberalized trade in steel, intensifying competition in the industry. The second promised to do the same, with a similar impact. The third had no effect, however, because Taft vetoed the bill. This case illustrates intra-industry firm heterogeneity can provide additional accuracy, revealing a previously undiscovered cleavage. Nonetheless, preferences alone did not determine policy.
Creating effective career development programs
Authors: Rubio Doris McGartland , Robinson Georgeanna F. W. B. , Gabrilove Janice , Meagher Emma A. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis paper is the fourth in a 5-part series that focuses on educating and training the clinical and translational science workforce. The goal of this paper is to delineate components of effective career development programs that go beyond didactic training. All academic health centers with a Clinical and Translational Science Award have a KL2 career development award for junior faculty, and many also have a TL1 training program for predoctoral and postdoctoral fellows. The training across these programs varies, however junior investigators across the United States experience similar challenges. Junior investigators can get overwhelmed with the demands of building their own research program, particularly in academia. 1Often, they are sidetracked by competing demands that can derail their progress. In these situations, junior investigators experience frustration and may search for alternative career paths. By providing them with additional professional skills in the 5 domains of: (1) self-awareness; (2) selecting the right topic and securing funding; (3) getting adequate support; (4) working with others; and (5) managing yourself, your career, and your demands. We will give junior investigators additional tools to manage these demands and facilitate their own career success.
De Facto and De Jure Recognition : Is There a Difference?
Authors: Cochran Charles L. 
Published: April 2017

The last decade has witnessed considerable evolution in the practice of recognition of new governments that have come to power by irregular means. Many of these changes appear to have gone almost unnoticed by many scholars in the field.Of particular significance is the denial by Miss Marjorie Whiteman, Assistant Legal Adviser to the Department of State, in Volume II of her work, of a difference in the character of recognition, i.e., de facto or de jure recognition. Miss Whiteman lends her authority to this position when she states in Volume II of her Digest:
While the terms “de facto recognition” and “de jure recognition” are frequently employed, the expressions “recognition of a de facto government,” situation, etc., are preferable. The character of the object recognized may be recognized as “de facto” in existence or control. In prevailing practice, when the United States extends recognition, it is recognition per se not “de facto” recognition.
62nd Annual Meeting of the Society
Authors: E. H. F.  
Published: April 2017

The American Society of International Law will hold its 62nd annual meeting at the Washington Hilton Hotel in Washington, D. C from April 25 to April 27, 1968.The meeting will open on Thursday, April 25, 1968, at 2:15 p. m. Two simultaneous panel discussions will then consider the implementation and enforcement of international decisions, under the chairmanship of Oscar Sehachter, and the taking of property : evaluation of damages, under the chairmanship of James N. Hyde. Michael Eeisman and Blame Sloan will deliver addresses on the implementation and enforcement of international decisions. Commentators on those addresses will be Henry Darwin, Ambassador Shabtai Rosenne and John Lawrence Hargrove.
Towards the Definition of International Terrorism
Authors: Dugard John 
Published: April 2017

To the layman terrorism presents no problem of definition. To the lawyer, however, it bristles with definitional problems of the kind which has made the concept of aggression so illusive.Basically the difficulty is to identify those acts of terror designed to bring about political change which disrupt international relations and which the international community views as contrary to desirable international norms of behavior. The problem is not a new one and recent history provides several examples of international cooperation aimed at the suppression of acts of violence which undermine the international order.
Economic Lirowth and Human Rights in Brazil: The First Nine Years of Military Tutelage
Authors: Tyson Brady 
Published: April 2017

This is an interim, summary and provisional judgment on the Brazilian experiment of the past nine years, that is, since the military took power on April 1, 1964. To try to give an impression of the results of the interaction among the values of political democracy, equality, and economic growth, and the present levels compared with those of 1964 as well as what appear to be the trends. I have chosen six “indicators”:(1)the autonomy and integrity of the legal system;(2)torture and police brutality;(3)freedom of the mass media;(4)income distribution patterns;(5)education distribution patterns; and(6)the quality of life of the people of the city of greater São Paulo.
The Price of Un/Freedom: Indonesia's Colonial and Contemporary Plantation Labor Regimes
Authors: Li Tania Murray 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAlthough often associated with colonial times, tropical plantations growing industrial crops such as rubber, sugar, and oil palm are once again expanding. They employ hundreds of thousands of workers, who still use remarkably basic tools. Flagging colonial continuities, labor activists campaign against the reemergence of unfree labor and “modern forms of slavery.” Paradoxically, labor activists also highlight the opposite problem: the casualization of plantation work, as workers are hired daily and fired at will. Recognizing that both “free” and unfree labor regimes have a long history in Indonesia, and plantations have pivoted between these modes more than once, my study compares plantation labor regimes in the colonial, New Order, and “reform” periods (post-1998) to answer three questions. First, given that employers always want to access disciplined labor at the lowest possible price, what were the conditions that led employers to rely on unfree labor in some cases, and “free” labor in others? Second, to what extent was unfreedom imposed as a response to excessive freedom among workers and peasants? Third, how were the costs of social reproduction distributed between workers and employers, and what pressures from workers or regulators (state, colonial, transnational) affected this distribution? In addition to published sources, I draw on my ethnographic research in West Kalimantan (2010–2015) to explore contemporary experiences of un/freedom among workers on state and private oil palm plantations.
The Economic Transformation of the Inca Heartland (Cuzco, Peru) in the Late Sixteenth Century
Authors: Covey R. Alan , Quave Kylie E. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis paper uses documents generated by the 1594–1595composiciones de tierrasin Cuzco, Peru, to discuss the economic transformation of the former heartland of the Inca Empire and the impact of Spanish administrative policies implemented in the early 1570s. The diverse social and environmental landscapes of rural areas lying to the west of Cuzco provide a range of local case studies that reveal how settlement and tribute policies of the viceroy Francisco de Toledo failed to produce sustainable colonial towns of Christian Indians. Detailed records of indigenous land repartition in the area show gender- and status-based patterns of individual allocations, as well as ecological differences in landholding between communities. The local records indicate the continuing importance of Inca-era community identities and local leadership for maintaining possession of community lands. By contrast, documents related to thecomposicionesamong private landowners reveal vast inequalities in land access, as well as the rapid growth in the demand for indigenous labor to produce important agrarian commodities. We argue that Spanish administrative policies accelerated the transformation of the means of production in rural Cuzco, creating peasants instead of Christian Indian subjects.
Towards a Critical History of Connection: The Port of Colombo, the Geographical “Circuit,” and the Visual Politics of New Imperialism, ca. 1880–1914
Authors: Sivasundaram Sujit 
Published: April 2017

AbstractConnections, circuits, webs, and networks: these are concepts that are overused in today's world histories. Working from a commitment to reflexive historicization, this paper points to one moment in the consolidation of these terms: the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century visual politics of “new imperialism.” Utilizing photographs, engravings, postcards, letters, and colonial documents, the paper argues that connection was mesmerizing and can still mesmerize the historian. Being connected became possible because of visual and infrastructural projects that allowed the production and consumption of lines that literally cut sea and land. At a time of high empire, and in accordance with the dictates of Imperial Geography, particular locales or “nodes” were thus positioned in the “global.” To mount this critique of our language, the paper focuses on the infrastructural development of the port of Colombo, alongside the thinking of Halford Mackinder, the building of breakwaters in Colombo, the arrival of mass tourism, projections of capitalist improvement for the business of transshipment, and the use of the port by Indian laborers on their way to Ceylon's highland plantations. By attending to the place where connection is wrought, its material workings, and its traces in the visual, intellectual, and capitalist archive, it is argued that connectivity's forgettings and displacements come more forcefully into view. If connection had an evacuating character and could be so imperialist, what of its status in our writings?
COHABITATION AND UNION DISSOLUTION IN CENTRAL UGANDA: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COHABITORS AND NON-COHABITORS
Authors: Lwanga Charles , Kalule-Sabiti Ishmael , Ayiga Natal 
Published: April 2017

SummaryThe aim of this paper was to establish whether the differences in the risks of union dissolution between cohabitors and non-cohabitors in Uganda have converged over time using event history data. Data were collected in 2013 from 1200 women in central Uganda using retrospective methods. Of these, 839 provided information on three types of first union: women who married directly (without first cohabiting), those who married following cohabitation and those who were still cohabiting. The data were analysed using decrement lifetable analysis. Though the analysis indicated a small difference in the timing of first union dissolution for women who married directly, no evidence was found that the difference in the risk of union dissolution between cohabitors and non-cohabitors had converged over the 9-year period following first union. Women’s union/marriage status, number of living children in a union, parental union status and birth cohort were found to significantly influence the timing of union dissolution. Overall, the rate of union dissolution was fairly high, regardless of type of union.
The Scramble for Houses: Violence, a factionalized state, and informal economy in post-partition Delhi
Authors: GEVA ROTEM 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe partition riots that erupted in Delhi following independence in 1947 resulted in the massacre of thousands of Muslims and the departure of roughly 300,000, leaving the remaining Muslim community seriously depleted, both numerically and politically. The article investigates the spatial aspect of Muslim minoritization in the city, namely their ghettoization, resulting from ongoing struggles over Muslim houses. It traces the gradual encroachment on the Muslim-majority neighbourhoods designated ‘Muslim zones’. An analysis of this dynamic reveals that, contrary to the prevalent assumption that Muslim zones were outside the jurisdiction of the Custodian of Evacuee Property, a great deal of the Custodian's intervention took place precisely in these areas. This investigation also reveals that, in addition to civic violence and the bureaucratic violence of the Custodian, a host of other factors played a significant role in determining the geography and intensity of encroachment—namely deep political divisions that cut across all levels of governance and policing, as well as socioeconomic class, informal economy, and corruption. This divided political, bureaucratic, and social landscape reflected the profound uncertainties underlying the process of decolonization, and sustained the violence that lingered on long after the partition riots had ended according to official narratives.
Component-based approach for requirements reuse
Authors: Chikh Azeddine 
Published: April 2017

AbstractReusing requirements improves product quality and the productivity of the
development process. This paper investigates how the development of new
requirements can be made more productive through reuse of the experience gained
on similar requirements. This can be facilitated using a component-based reuse
approach supported by a framework. Therefore, the central challenge for this
research work is double: (1) to define a new concept for the requirement
component as the combination of two types of knowledge: reusable knowledge and
knowledge of reuse; (2) to define AFR (Analysis For Reuse) that represents the
capitalization process by opposition to Analysis By Reuse that represents the
process of reuse itself. Finally, we provide a case study related to the
requirements of a hotel system to explain how the first process works. Through
this approach, we use a framework ‘Requirements Repository Framework
(R2F)’ in order to capitalize existing requirements within a repository
for future reuse. We present the results of an experiment with three
second-level student sections that used R2F in their IS240 course project; as
well as with four student groups that used R2F in their respective senior
projects. The objective of this experiment is to measure the usability of the
proposed AFR process.
Measuring the Autocorrelation Function of Nanoscale Three-Dimensional Density Distribution in Individual Cells Using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy, and a New Deconvolution Algorithm
Authors: Li Yue , Zhang Di , Capoglu Ilker , Hujsak Karl A. , Damania Dhwanil , Cherkezyan Lusik , Roth Eric , Bleher Reiner , Wu Jinsong S. , Subramanian Hariharan , Dravid Vinayak P. , Backman Vadim 
Published: April 2017

AbstractEssentially all biological processes are highly dependent on the nanoscale architecture of the cellular components where these processes take place. Statistical measures, such as the autocorrelation function (ACF) of the three-dimensional (3D) mass–density distribution, are widely used to characterize cellular nanostructure. However, conventional methods of reconstruction of the deterministic 3D mass–density distribution, from which these statistical measures can be calculated, have been inadequate for thick biological structures, such as whole cells, due to the conflict between the need for nanoscale resolution and its inverse relationship with thickness after conventional tomographic reconstruction. To tackle the problem, we have developed a robust method to calculate the ACF of the 3D mass–density distribution without tomography. Assuming the biological mass distribution is isotropic, our method allows for accurate statistical characterization of the 3D mass–density distribution by ACF with two data sets: a single projection image by scanning transmission electron microscopy and a thickness map by atomic force microscopy. Here we present validation of the ACF reconstruction algorithm, as well as its application to calculate the statistics of the 3D distribution of mass–density in a region containing the nucleus of an entire mammalian cell. This method may provide important insights into architectural changes that accompany cellular processes.
Toward a Political and Historical Economics Reflections on Capital in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Piketty Thomas 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This article attempts to clarify certain points raised in my book, Capital in the Twenty-First Century. In particular, I try to lay the foundations for a multidimensional history of capital and power relations between social classes. I study the way different forms of ownership lead to specific structures of inequality and social and institutional compromises.
The Return of the Longue Durée: An Anglo-American Perspective
Authors: Armitage David , Guldi Jo 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Since the 1970s, most historians in the anglophone world have worked on time-scales of between five and fifty years. This narrow focus represented a retreat from the longer periods generally covered before the late twentieth century and served not only to cut them off from wider reading publics but also to deprive them of the influence on public policy and global governance they had once had. This article surveys the causes and the consequences of this retreat and proposes a solution for the crisis of confidence and of relevance it has created. A return to what Fernand Braudel classically termed the longue durée in the Annales in 1958 is now both imperative and feasible: imperative, in order to restore history’s place as a critical social science; feasible, due to the increased availability of large amounts of historical data and the digital tools necessary to analyze them.
A History Without the Social Sciences?
Authors: Lemercier Claire 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
According to David Armitage and Jo Guldi, digitized sources and quantification almost naturally lead to the sort of longue durée history that they seek to promote. This article questions that assertion on the basis of the long tradition of quantitative history, open to exchanges with the social sciences and revived, not annihilated, by microhistory. The digitization of numerous historical sources does not call for less caution in our analyses—quite the contrary, as it creates new biases. More importantly, it does not solve the crucial question of controlled anachronism, that is, the need for carefully constructed categories in any quantification based on the longue durée. The article also addresses the implications of choosing the longue durée as the exclusive basis for reflections on historical processes and causality. Is the longue durée purely a scale for description? If not, can it escape a simplistic vision, a monocausal path dependency? If we are to avoid such pitfalls, the wider debates within all the social sciences on time-scales and causality must be taken into account.
Neutrophil stunning by metoprolol reduces infarct size
Authors: García-Prieto Jaime , Villena-Gutiérrez Rocío , Gómez Mónica , Bernardo Esther , Pun-García Andrés , García-Lunar Inés , Crainiciuc Georgiana , Fernández-Jiménez Rodrigo , Sreeramkumar Vinatha , Bourio-Martínez Rafael , García-Ruiz José M , del Valle Alfonso Serrano , Sanz-Rosa David , Pizarro Gonzalo , Fernández-Ortiz Antonio , Hidalgo Andrés , Fuster Valentín , Ibanez Borja 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe β1-adrenergic-receptor (ADRB1) antagonist metoprolol reduces infarct size in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients. The prevailing view has been that metoprolol acts mainly on cardiomyocytes. Here, we demonstrate that metoprolol reduces reperfusion injury by targeting the haematopoietic compartment. Metoprolol inhibits neutrophil migration in an ADRB1-dependent manner. Metoprolol acts during early phases of neutrophil recruitment by impairing structural and functional rearrangements needed for productive engagement of circulating platelets, resulting in erratic intravascular dynamics and blunted inflammation. Depletion of neutrophils, ablation ofAdrb1in haematopoietic cells, or blockade of PSGL-1, the receptor involved in neutrophil–platelet interactions, fully abrogated metoprolol’s infarct-limiting effects. The association between neutrophil count and microvascular obstruction is abolished in metoprolol-treated AMI patients. Metoprolol inhibits neutrophil–platelet interactions in AMI patients by targeting neutrophils. Identification of the relevant role of ADRB1 in haematopoietic cells during acute injury and the protective role upon its modulation offers potential for developing new therapeutic strategies.
Large near-term projected snowpack loss over the western United States
Authors: Fyfe John C. , Derksen Chris , Mudryk Lawrence , Flato Gregory M. , Santer Benjamin D. , Swart Neil C. , Molotch Noah P. , Zhang Xuebin , Wan Hui , Arora Vivek K. , Scinocca John , Jiao Yanjun 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPeak runoff in streams and rivers of the western United States is strongly influenced by melting of accumulated mountain snowpack. A significant decline in this resource has a direct connection to streamflow, with substantial economic and societal impacts. Observations and reanalyses indicate that between the 1980s and 2000s, there was a 10–20% loss in the annual maximum amount of water contained in the region’s snowpack. Here we show that this loss is consistent with results from a large ensemble of climate simulations forced with natural and anthropogenic changes, but is inconsistent with simulations forced by natural changes alone. A further loss of up to 60% is projected within the next 30 years. Uncertainties in loss estimates depend on the size and the rate of response to continued anthropogenic forcing and the magnitude and phasing of internal decadal variability. The projected losses have serious implications for the hydropower, municipal and agricultural sectors in the region.