bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptation, Test-Retest Reliability, and Construct Validity of the Physical Activity Neighborhood Environment Scale in Nigeria (PANES-N)
Authors: Oyeyemi Adewale L. , Sallis James F. , Oyeyemi Adetoyeje Y. , Amin Mariam M. , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse , Deforche Benedicte 
Published: August 2016

Background:This study adapted the Physical Activity Neighborhood Environment Scale (PANES) to the Nigerian context and assessed the test-retest reliability and construct validity of the Nigerian version (PANES-N).Methods:A multidisciplinary panel of experts adapted the original PANES to reflect the built and social environment of Nigeria. The adapted PANES was subjected to cognitive testing and test retest reliability in a diverse sample of Nigerian adults (N = 132) from different neighborhood types. Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) was used to assess test-retest reliability, and construct validity was investigated with Analysis of Covariance for differences in environmental attributes between neighborhoods.Results:Four of the 17 items on the original PANES were significantly modified, 3 were removed and 2 new items were incorporated into the final version of adapted PANES-N. Test-retest reliability was substantial to almost perfect (ICC = 0.62–1.00) for all items on the PANES-N, and residents of neighborhoods in the inner city reported higher residential density, land use mix and safety, but lower pedestrian facilities and aesthetics than did residents of government reserved area/new layout neighborhoods.Conclusion:The PANES-N appears promising for assessing environmental perceptions related to physical activity in Nigeria, but further testing is required to assess its applicability across Africa.
Objectively Measured Physical Activity in Children From a Southern Brazilian City: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Bielemann Renata Moraes , Cascaes Andreia Morales , Reichert Felipe Fossati , Domingues Marlos R. , Gigante Denise Petrucci 
Published: August 2016

Background:The aim of this study was to assess physical activity (PA) patterns (intensity and prevalence) in children according to demographic, socioeconomic, and familiar characteristics.Methods:In 2010, a cross-sectional study of 239 children aged 4–11 was conducted, in Pelotas, Southern Brazil. PA was measured by accelerometry and classified in different intensities. Insufficient physical activity was defined as less than 60 min/day of moderate-to-vigorous PA. Descriptive analyses of accelerometry-related variables were presented. Multivariate Poisson regression models were used to estimate the association between physical insufficient PA and covariates.Results:For both sexes, around 65% of the registered time was spent in sedentary activities and less than 20 min/day in vigorous activity. Age and economic status were inversely associated to PA in all categories of PA. Moderate and vigorous activities means were higher in boys than in girls. The prevalence of insufficient PA was 34.5% in girls and 19.5% in boys.Conclusions:We found important differences in physical activity patterns according to sex and economic status, as well as a significant decline in time spent in moderate-to-vigorous PA with increasing age. Understanding the relationship between these sociodemographic factors is important to tackle low levels of PA.
Prospective Analyses of Relationships Between Mothers’ and Children’s Physical Activity
Authors: Iannotti Ronald J. , Sallis James F. , Chen Rusan , Broyles Shelia L. , Elder John P. , Nader Philip R. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Longitudinal patterns in the development of physical activity (PA) and potential causal relationships between parent and child PA are examined.Methods:Autoregressive models were used to examine bidirectional prospective paths between parent and child PA in a longitudinal sample of 351 Anglo and Mexican American families. PA was assessed independently in children and parents over a 13-y period.Results:There was little evidence for a causal path from mother PA to child PA.Conclusions:Modeling does not appear to be the primary mechanism by which parents influence children’s PA behavior. Studies examining relations between parent and child behaviors should not rely on a single respondent for assessing both parent and child PA or on cross-sectional correlational data to make unidirectional causal inferences about determinants of child PA.
The Impact of the Built Environment on Walking as a Leisure-Time Activity Along the U.S./Mexico Border
Authors: Rutt Candace D. , Coleman Karen J. 
Published: August 2016

Background:This study examined if the environmental variables related to transportation walking were related to leisure-time walking.Methods:The sample (N = 452) was 71% female, 79% Hispanic, age 42 ± 17 y, and moderately acculturated. The data was analyzed with multiple stepwise regression.Results:For the entire sample, total time spent walking was related to higher socioeconomic status (SES) (P = 0.02; R2 = 0.06), walking frequency was related to fewer barriers (P = 0.03; R2 = 0.07), and walking duration was related to higher SES (P = 0.02), better health (P = 0.40), fewer barriers (P = 0.02), and living in a residential area (P = 0.04; R2 = 0.08). Among regular walkers, total time spent walking was related to older age (P = 0.03) and fewer physical activity facilities (P = 0.04; R2 = 0.11). Walking frequency was related to older age (P = 0.02), fewer facilities (P = 0.04), and living in a commercial neighborhood (P = 0.02; R2 = 0.11).Conclusions:Most of the variables that influence transportation walking were not related to leisure-time walking. Land use had differential impacts on walking depending on the sample examined.
Towards a Social Epidemiological Perspective on Physical Activity and Health: The Aims, Design, and Methods of the Physical Activity Longitudinal Study (PALS)
Authors: Craig Cora Lynn , Gauvin Lise , Cragg Sue , Katzmarzyk Peter T. , Stephens Thomas , Russell Storm J. , Bentz Lloyd , Potvin Louise 
Published: August 2016

Background:The health benefits of physical activity are substantial; however, the lifetime and environmental determinants of sedentary living are poorly understood. The purpose of this article is to outline the conceptual background and methods of the Physical Activity Longitudinal Study (PALS), a follow-up study of a population- and place-based cohort. A secondary purpose is to report on the success of follow-up procedures.Methods:A rationale for conducting a 20-y follow-up of a nationally representative population- and place-based cohort is developed based on the extant literature dealing with socio-environmental determinants of health and on current advancements in thinking about the determinants of involvement in physical activity. Then, methods of the 2002-04 PALS (n = 2511, nonresponse = 29.8%) that began with the 1981 Canada Fitness Survey are described. Descriptive data pertaining to the success of follow-up procedures are outlined.Results:There is general consensus around the relevance of examining lifetime and environmental determinants of physical activity involvement. Longitudinal data represent one source of information for disentangling the relative importance of these determinants. Examination of PALS follow-up data show that there was no selection bias for key individual- (physical activity, other lifestyle, health) and area-level (median income, housing) variables, although fewer respondents than nonrespondents smoked or were underweight at baseline. Some demographic groups were under- or over-represented among the eligible cohort, but not among participants.Conclusions:The social epidemiological perspective emerging from PALS should help policymakers and public health practitioners make strides in changing socio-environmental factors to curb sedentary lifestyles and promote population health.
Environmental, Transportation, Social, and Time Barriers to Physical Activity
Authors: Zlot Amy I. , Librett John , Buchner David , Schmid Tom 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:This study examines environmental, transportation, social, and time barriers to physical activity.Methods:Survey questions from the nationally representative Greenstyles survey (N = 2181) were summed to create environmental, transportation, social, and time barrier variables. Logistic regression was used to determine if the barrier variables had a significant association with physical activity levels.Results:Those who have low barriers to physical activity are more likely to meet the recommended physical activity levels compared with those with medium and high barriers. In addition, transportation, social capital, and time barriers independently contributed to the low levels of physical activity.Conclusions:Removal of multiple barriers to physical activity may have an additive effect of increasing physical activity levels in Americans. Promoting physical activity requires strategies and research across multiple sectors to mitigate these barriers.
An Observation Method for Determining the Number of Children and Adults Walking/Biking to Elementary School
Authors: Suminski Richard R. , Petosa Rick L. , Poston Walker C.S. , Stevens Emily , Katzenmoyer Laura 
Published: August 2016

Background:Methods are needed to assess the impact of walk-to-school programs on behavior. This study developed an observation method for counting the number of children and adults walking/biking to school.Methods:Two elementary schools located in different urban, US census tracts were chosen for this study. Six walking/biking routes to each school were observed for 30 min before and after school. Strict guidelines were followed for determining whether a child/adult was counted.Results:Levels of agreement between observers were over 97% for children and adults. Reliability coefficients (R) for two days of observations exceeded 0.90 for children and adults walking. No differences were seen between days of the week or before and after school observation periods (P > 0.05). The number seen walking did depend on the route observed (P < 0.01).Conclusion:This study presents a reliable observation method for determining the number of children and adults walking and biking to/from school.
Changes in Aerobic Fitness in Swedish Children and Adolescents
Authors: Wennlöf Anita Hurtig , Yngve Agneta , Sjöström Michael 
Published: August 2016

Background:Steadily declining physical activity, especially among children, and the possible adverse health outcomes such behavior could precede, is a general concern. We evaluated whether a presumed decrease in physical activity has been accompanied with a decrease in aerobic fitness of Swedish children.Methods:A maximum cycle ergometer test was performed in 935 children age 9 and 15 y, and the results were compared with previously reported data.Results:Estimated peak oxygen uptake (mL × min-1 × kg-1) in 9-y-old subjects was 37.3 in girls and 42.8 in boys; and in 15-y-olds, 40.4 in girls and 51.5 in boys. In the 9-y-olds, aerobic fitness remained lower in the current study compared to earlier data, but in the 15-y-olds the result did not differ from the 1952 data after adjustment for methodological differences.Conclusion:Our results suggest a change towards decreased aerobic fitness in 9-y-old, but not in 15-y-old, Swedish children during a 50-y time span.
An Exploratory Analysis of Adherence Patterns and Program Completion of a Pedometer-Based Physical Activity Intervention
Authors: Tudor-Locke Catrine , Chan Catherine B. 
Published: August 2016

Background:We examined participant characteristics related to pedometer program adherence and completion.Methods:Participants (n = 177, age = 43 ± 9 y, BMI = 29.5 ± 6.2 kg/m2) were from sedentary workplaces. Baseline steps/day for women (n = 153) was 7230 ± 3447 versus men (n = 24) 8265 ± 2849 (P < 0.05). Records included pedometer use, days/week goals were achieved, and steps/day. Program completers (n = 104) fulfilled pre- and post-program assessments and at least 8 wk of recording. Non-completers (n = 53) met neither requirement, but pre-program data were available.Results:There were no significant differences in sex, age, education, or time at work between completion strata. The only significant baseline difference was an initial “worry about completing the program” (completer < non-completer; P < 0.05). The pedometer-based program was most successful in increasing physical activity in overweight or class I obese individuals. Participants with lower baseline steps/day were also more likely to complete the program.Conclusion:The study findings have potential to inform effective health promotion planning.
Correlates of Pedometer-Assessed Physical Activity in Cypriot Elementary School Children
Authors: Loucaides Constantinos A. , Jago Russell 
Published: August 2016

Background:The purpose of this study was to examine the association between pedometer-assessed physical activity and a number of individual, social, and environmental correlates among Cypriot elementary school children.Methods:School children in grades 5 and 6 (N = 104) and their parents (N = 70) wore pedometers for five consecutive weekdays and completed questionnaires assessing potential correlates of steps/d.Results:A hierarchical regression analysis indicated that gender, weekly frequency of sports club attendance, and hours playing outside accounted for 32% of the variance in steps/d. In addition, children with a body-mass index (BMI) above the 85th percentile (based on age and gender) scored significantly lower steps/d than children with a BMI below the 85th percentile.Conclusions:This study suggested that correlates of steps/d in children are similar to the findings of other studies using different measures of physical activity behavior.
Prevalence of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors in US High School Students by Metropolitan Status and Geographic Region
Authors: Springer Andrew E. , Hoelscher Deanna M. , Kelder Steven H. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Geographic differences in the prevalence of physical activity (PA) have been found among adults in the US; similar studies have not been conducted among adolescents.Methods:Using nationally representative cross-sectional data from the CDC’s 2003 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, we estimated the prevalence of PA and sedentary behaviors by metropolitan status and geographic region.Results:The prevalence of PA was lowest and prevalence of sedentary behavior highest for urban students. Students from the South reported the lowest prevalence of PA and the highest prevalence of TV watching, while students from the West generally reported the highest PA prevalence and lowest sedentary behavior prevalence. Prevalence differences ranged from < 1.0% to > 15%, with most differences falling between 5% and 10%.Conclusions:Findings mirror regional variations previously observed in adult PA. We need to understand factors that contribute to lower PA in youth living in the South and in urban settings.
Cross-Sectional Relationship Between Physical Activity and Falls in Older Adults, United States 2003
Authors: Carlson Susan A. , Kruger Judy , Kohl Harold W. , Buchner David M. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Falls are a major health problem for older adults. The purpose of this study is to examine the cross-sectional association between non-occupational physical activity and falls and fall-related injuries in US adults age 65 y or older.Methods:Respondents age 65 y or older were selected from the 2003 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (n = 47,619).Results:The age-adjusted incidence of falls was significantly higher among inactive respondents (16.3%, 95% CI: 15.2–17.6) than insufficiently active (12.3%, 95% CI: 11.4–13.2) or active (12.6%, 95% CI: 11.6–13.7) respondents. After controlling for sex, age, education, and body-mass index, active and insufficiently active respondents were significantly less likely to have fallen and were significantly less likely to have had a fall-related injury than their inactive peers.Conclusion:These results show that active and insufficiently active older adults experience a lower incidence of falls than their inactive peers.
Proximity to School and Physical Activity Among Middle School Girls: The Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls Study
Authors: Cohen Deborah A. , Ashwood Scott , Scott Molly , Overton Adrian , Evenson Kelly R. , Voorhees Carolyn C. , Bedimo-Rung Ariane , McKenzie Thomas L. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Proximity to routine destinations is an important correlate of physical activity. We examined the association between distance from school and physical activity in adolescent girls.Methods:We mapped the addresses of 1554 sixth-grade girls who participated in the Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls (TAAG) Study and calculated the shortest distance from home to school along the street network. Using a hierarchical design we examined the association between MET-weighted moderate to vigorous physical activity (MW- MVPA) and distance to school, while controlling for potential confounders.Results:Distance to school was inversely associated with weekday MW- MVPA for middle school girls. For every mile the girls lived from their schools, they engaged in an average of 13 fewer MET-weighted minutes per week.Conclusions:Distance to school is inversely associated with MW-MVPA. The most adversely affected girls lived more than 5 miles from school. Time spent commuting could explain reduced time for physical activity.
Development and Validation of a Regression Model to Estimate VO2peak from PACER 20-m Shuttle Run Performance
Authors: Mahar Matthew T. , Welk Gregory J. , Rowe David A. , Crotts Dana J. , McIver Kerry L. 
Published: August 2016

Background:The purpose of this study was to develop and cross-validate a regression model to estimate VO2peak from PACER performance in 12- to 14-year-old males and females.Methods:A sample of 135 participants had VO2peak measured during a maximal treadmill test and completed the PACER 20-m shuttle run. The sample was randomly split into validation (n = 90) and cross-validation (n = 45) samples. The validation sample was used to develop the regression equation to estimate VO2peak from PACER laps, gender, and body mass.Results:The multiple correlation (R) was .66 and standard error of estimate (SEE) was 6.38 ml·kg−1·min−1. Accuracy of the model was confirmed on the cross-validation sample. The regression equation developed on the total sample was: VO2peak = 47.438 + (PACER*0.142) + (Gender[m=1, f=0]*5.134) − (body mass [kg]*0.197), R = .65, SEE = 6.38 ml·kg–1·min–1.Conclusions:The model developed in this study was more accurate than the Leger et al. model and allows easy conversion of PACER laps to VO2peak.
Reliability and Validity of Low Back Strength/Muscular Endurance Field Tests in Adolescents
Authors: Hannibal Norman S. , Plowman Sharon Ann , Looney Marilyn A. , Brandenburg Jason 
Published: August 2016

Background:Strength, muscular endurance, and flexibility are important components of healthy back function. This study determined the reliability and evaluated the validity of selected low back field tests (FITNESSGRAM® Trunk Extension [FG-TE] and Box 90° Dynamic Trunk Extension [B-90° DTE]) when compared to laboratory tests (Parallel Roman Chair Dynamic Trunk Extension [PRC-DTE], Parallel Roman Chair Static Trunk Extension [PRC-STE], and Dynamometer Static Back Lift [DSBL]).Methods:Forty males age 15.1 ± 1.2 yr and 32 females age 15.5 ± 1.2 yr participated.Results:Intraclass test-retest reliability coefficients (one-way ANOVA model for a single measure) ranged from .940 to .996. Validity coefficients determined by Pearson product moment correlation coefficients for males and females, respectively, were as follows: B-90° DTE vs. PRC-DTE = .82, .62 (p < .05); B-90° DTE vs. PRC-STE = .55, .38 (p < .05); B-90° DTE vs. DSBL = −.29, −.23; FG-TE vs. PRC-DTE = .23, −.11; FG-TE vs. PRC-STE = −.15, .33; and FG-TE vs. DSBL = −.04, −.36.Conclusions:B-90° DTE was shown to be a valid field test when compared to PRC-DTE, but only for the males. Further research on the PRC-DTE and PRC-STE items for adolescents is recommended.
Physical Activity-Related Injury and Body Mass Index Among US High School Students
Authors: Lowry Richard , Lee Sarah M. , Galuska Deborah A. , Fulton Janet E. , Barrios Lisa C. , Kann Laura 
Published: August 2016

Background:Few studies have focused on the relationship between physical activity-related (PA) injury and overweight among youth.Methods:We analyzed data from the 2001 and 2003 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (n = 28,815). Logistic regression was used to examine the independent effects of BMI and frequency of participation in vigorous activity, moderate activity, strengthening exercises, physical education (PE) classes, and team sports on the likelihood of PA injury.Results:Approximately 14% of females and 19% of males reported seeing a doctor or nurse during the previous 30 d for an injury that happened while exercising or playing sports. PA injury was associated with participation in team sports, strengthening exercises, and (among females) vigorous physical activity. Controlling for type and frequency of physical activity, injury was not associated with being overweight (BMI ≥ 95th percentile).Conclusions:Moderate physical activity and school PE classes may provide relatively low-risk alternatives for overweight youth who need to increase their physical activity.
Daily Walking in Older Adults: Day-to-Day Variability and Criterion-Referenced Validity of Total Daily Step Counts
Authors: Rowe David A. , Kemble Charles D. , Robinson Terrance S. , Mahar Matthew T. 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To determine the day-to-day variability of older adults’ physical activity, and to evaluate the accuracy of the 10,000-step goal for classifying whether older adults obtain 30 min of MVPA.Methods:Ninety-one adults ages over 60 y wore a Yamax pedometer and Actigraph accelerometer for 7 days. Interday reliability was estimated via two-way ANOVA ICCs, and classification accuracy was evaluated via sensitivity, specificity, and ROC curve analysis.Results:Interday reliability was high; four of five outcome measures had a reliability of ≥.80 with only 2 days of data. The 10,000-step cut point had high accuracy for identifying days with less than 30 min of MVPA, but poor accuracy for identifying days with more than 30 min of MVPA.Conclusions:Day-to-day variability in physical activity is lower in older adults than other age groups. The 10,000-step goal is inadequate for determining whether daily physical activity includes 30 min of MVPA in this population.
Environmental Justice: A Framework for Collaboration Between the Public Health and Parks and Recreation Fields to Study Disparities in Physical Activity
Authors: Taylor Wendell C. , Floyd Myron F. , Whitt-Glover Melicia C. , Brooks Joseph 
Published: August 2016

Background:Despite the importance of physical activity (PA) for good health, not all populations have equal access to PA facilities and resources. This disparity is an environmental justice (EJ) issue because of the negative impact on the health of low-income and racial/ethnic minorities.Methods:This paper reviews the first wave of the EJ movement, presents the second wave of the EJ movement, discusses the implications of adopting principles from the EJ movement to focus on research in parks and recreation services (PRS), and recommends future research directions.Results:Studies on EJ have documented the disproportionate burden of environmental challenges experienced by low-income and racial/ethnic minorities. With regard to PA, these communities face inadequate access to, quality of, financing for, and public involvement in recreation opportunities.Conclusions:EJ is a useful framework to facilitate collaborative research between public health and PRS to study racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in PA.