bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zero‐current‐switching bidirectional interleaved switched‐capacitor DC–DC converter: analysis, design and implementation
Authors: Choi Hyuntae , Jang Minsoo , Agelidis Vassilios Georgios 
Published: March 2016

The study presents experimental verification of a zero‐current‐switching (ZCS) bidirectional interleaved switched‐capacitor (BISC) DC–DC converter that features bidirectional power flow capability and a high‐voltage conversion ratio. In addition, the interleaved configuration of the converter and its modular design enable both its current rating and voltage gain to be increased. At the same time, the converter does not exhibit current spike issues, which is achieved by employing stray inductance distributed throughout the circuit, rather than relying on an additional magnetic‐core inductor. Moreover, the ZCS operation of the converter improves the converter efficiency. The operating principle and theoretical analysis of the BISC converter under both forward and reverse modes are presented in detail. Simulation and experimental results from a 1.5 kW prototype validate the operation and characteristics of the BISC DC–DC converter.
Umsetzung Betrieblicher Gesundheitsförderung/Betrieblichen Gesundheitsmanagements in Deutschland: Stand und Entwicklungsbedarfe der einschlägigen Forschung
Authors: Faller G. 
Published: March 2016

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie: Zur Frage der Verbreitung von Gesundheitsförderung/Gesundheitsmanagement in deutschen Betrieben liegen heterogene Ergebnisse vor. Das Ziel der Studie besteht darin, mehr Transparenz über die Ursachen dieser Diskrepanzen sowie zu möglichen Einflussfaktoren auf die Bereitschaft zur Umsetzung von BGF/BGM zu gewinnen.
Methodik: Auf Basis einer systematischen Datenbankrecherche wurden einschlägige Studien identifiziert und einer vergleichenden inhaltlichen Analyse unterzogen.
Ergebnisse: Die Studien zur Verbreitung von BGF/BGM in Deutschland weisen hinsichtlich Fragestellung, Repräsentativität, Vorgehen und Design erhebliche Unterschiede auf. Dennoch zeichnen sich übereinstimmende Tendenzen hinsichtlich der Identifikation signifikanter Einflussfaktoren auf die Bereitschaft zur Umsetzung von BGF/BGM ab.
Schlussfolgerungen: Bei der Konzeption künftiger Studien zur Analyse der Verbreitung von BGF/BGM ist es wichtig, sich auf eine einheitliche Definition sowie ein vergleichbares Erfassungs- und Kategorisierungsschema der erhobenen Maßnahmen zu einigen. Im Hinblick auf die Auswertung von Auswirkungen der betrieblichen Interventionen wären die quantitativen durch qualitative Daten zu ergänzen, die in der Lage sind, das „Wie“ der Umsetzung sowie darauf bezogene, spezifische organisationskulturelle Deutungsmuster zu erfassen.
Concordance between Timeline Follow-Back and Single-Question Assessment of Self-Reported Smoking in a Clinical Trial
Authors: Bernstein Steven L. , Rosner June , Toll Benjamin 
Published: March 2016

Background: Smoking cessation clinical trials assess tobacco abstinence using self-report and biomarkers. Optimum methods for each are unclear; a common question assesses smoking in the prior 7 days. In contrast, timeline follow-back (TLFB) is another technique often used to assess use of alcohol in treatment trials; it is used less frequently in studies of smoking cessation. The goal of this study was to assess concordance between the 7-day smoking question and a 7-day TLFB. Methods: Secondary analysis of data from a randomized clinical trial of smoking cessation was conducted at a busy, urban hospital emergency department (ED) from October 2010 to December 2012. At 1, 3, and 12 months, subjects were contacted by phone to assess smoking status. Those reporting abstinence at 3 months were asked to return for an in-person measurement of exhaled carbon monoxide. For this analysis, smoking status at 1 month was compared for subjects in response to 2 questions asked concurrently, addressing 7-day point prevalence tobacco use and a 7-day TLFB. Results: Of 780 subjects, 666 (85.4%) were available for 1-month follow-up. Of these, 99 (14.9%) reported no smoking in response to the 7-day question, and 96 (14.4%) reported no smoking in response to the 7-day TLFB. The overall proportionate agreement between the 2 methods was 98.6%, with a kappa of 0.95 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.91–0.98). Conclusions: A single question that assesses smoking at 7 days provides excellent concordance with the more detailed TLFB. The single question appears adequate to assess self-reported tobacco use in clinical trials of smoking cessation.
Gene expression pattern of glucose transporters in the skeletal muscles of newly hatched chicks
Authors: Shimamoto Saki , Ijiri Daichi , Kawaguchi Mana , Nakashima Kazuki , Ohtsuka Akira 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The gene expression pattern of the glucose transporters (GLUT1, GLUT3, GLUT8, and GLUT12) among pectoralis major and minor, biceps femoris, and sartorius muscles from newly hatched chicks was examined. GLUT1 mRNA level was higher in pectoralis major muscle than in the other muscles. Phosphorylated AKT level was also high in the same muscle, suggesting a relationship between AKT and GLUT1 expression.
To Do Him Bodily Harm
Authors: Gross Kali Nicole 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Chapter 3 takes a closer look at the woman at the center of the case. Tracing the history of Hannah Mary Tabbs, from her origins in Maryland through her marriage and migration to Philadelphia, the chapter also examines her prolific history of violence—within her family, community, and her extramarital affair with the victim. This chapter also explores the ways that Tabbs managed to appear to uphold traditional social mores, while operating with a vastly different set of values. It argues that this duality, fraught though it may be, allowed Tabbs to enjoy a high degree of social control and personal autonomy. At the same, it also points out how her violence, too, highlights black women’s vulnerability and the need for most black women to be able to protect themselves in lieu of equitable policing or protection.
The syntax of questions
Authors: Holmberg Anders 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCharles Hamblin’s theory of the semantics of questions is adopted as the basis of the theory of the syntax of yes–no questions. Syntactically there are two types of questions: those which list the alternatives overtly and those in which the alternatives are encoded as a variable, the question variable. The question variable in yes–no questions is a feature [±Pol(arity)], which is assigned a value in the answer. Chinese A-not-A questions are discussed, as a representative of the syntax of yes–no questions, A-not-A being the expression of [±Pol]. Yes–no questions in Finnish, English, and Thai are discussed, in particular how the question variable [±Pol] is encoded. The notion focus and disjunction are discussed. The possibility of negative questions shows that negation and polarity are distinct categories.
Who Decides the Shape of Product Markets?
Authors: Pollock Neil , Williams Neil 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWho decides the boundaries around a product terminology? The ‘technology classifications’ which frame and define boundaries around technology fields are an important part of the ‘knowledge infrastructure’ on which markets operate. Here, Gartner makes regular ‘naming interventions’ within the IT domain. Considering the evolution of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software, the chapter shows how Gartner attempted to regulate the boundaries around this technology category and to exercise control over a terminology (‘classification work’) and its interpretation in particular instances (‘categorization work’). As well as building frames around new terminologies/naming interventions they may adopt and perhaps repurpose an existing terminology. However this framing work is bound up and entangled with the responses of wider communities of users. Gartner may need to manage divergences of view within Gartner; it may be called to defend frames in the face of external challenges and even abandon a framing.
Theoretical Background
Authors: Bentein Klaas 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis chapter discusses some crucial theoretical concepts. First, the factors motivating the use of periphrasis are outlined, whereby a distinction is made between ‘morphological’, ‘syntactic’, ‘semantic’, and ‘pragmatic’ factors. Second, following up on the pragmatic factors, it is specified how the notions of ‘genre’ and ‘register’ can be conceived of, how they can be applied to the corpus used in the study, and what impact they may have on the use of periphrasis. Third, the much-discussed notion of ‘aspect’ is treated, whereby a distinction is made between three main types, that is, ‘perfective’, ‘imperfective’, and ‘perfect’ aspect. While each of these can be conceived of in terms of temporality, it is argued that such an analysis is not entirely satisfactory; aspect is therefore additionally related to transitivity. Fourth, an overview is given of recent theories of language change; focus lies on one particular framework, Grammaticalization Theory.
‘Verbal’ and ‘Adjectival’ Periphrasis
Authors: Bentein Klaas 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis chapter discusses the notions of ‘verbal periphrasis’ and ‘adjectival periphrasis’ from a theoretical point of view. At present, there is no consensus as to which constructions can be classified as ‘periphrastic’. After a critical discussion of some recent proposals, a new approach is suggested, based on the view that categories are ‘prototypically’ organized. It is argued that the criteria adopted to identify prototypical periphrastic constructions can be derived from Grammaticalization Theory, which, while being a theory of language change, also has its synchronic relevance. In the second part of the chapter, the notion of ‘adjectival periphrasis’ is treated. This notion is used by some scholars to distinguish constructions of the type πρέπον ἐστί ‘it is fitting’ or ἀνεῳγμένον ἐστί ‘it is open(ed)’ from ‘truly’ periphrastic constructions. It is argued that such a binary distinction cannot be maintained: adjectival periphrasis too is a prototypically organized notion, some participles being more ‘adjectival’ than others.
Do European Elections Create a European Public Sphere?
Authors: Boomgaarden Hajo G. , de Vreese Claes H. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This chapter answers the question whether the news coverage of European Parliament (EP) elections across time has helped create a European public sphere. The focus is on the salience of European Union affairs in the mass media during EP election campaigns and on the Europeanness of such coverage, two central aspects of a European public sphere. While the EP elections are more visible in the news media across the EU than previously, the campaign and coverage leading up to the elections have not become European in nature and are still, even increasingly so, dominated by national political actors. Explanatory models show that tabloid newspapers, in particular, show less signs of a European public sphere, while in countries with political parties that are strongly polarized about EU politics, there appears to be more Europeanization of mass media coverage.
The New ABCs of Research
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The immense problems of the twenty-first century invite innovative thinking from students, academic researchers, business research managers, and government policymakers. Hopes for raising quality in healthcare delivery, securing community safety, expanding food production, improving environmental sustainability, and much more depend on pervasive application of research solutions. This book recognizes the unbounded nature of human creativity, the multiplicative power of teamwork, and the catalytic effects of innovation. Contemporary science, engineering, and design research teams get a further boost from fresh ways of using the Web, social media, and visual communications tools that amplify collaborations. The applied and basic research heroes who take on the immense problems of the present time face bigger-than-ever challenges, but if they adopt potent guiding principles and effective research life cycle strategies, they can produce the advances that will enhance the lives of many people. These inspirational research leaders will break free from traditional thinking, disciplinary boundaries, and narrow aspirations. They will be bold innovators and engaged collaborators who are ready to lead yet open to new ideas, and self-confident yet empathetic to others. This book reports on the growing number of initiatives to promote integrated approaches to research and the expansion of these efforts.
Superfluid 4He
Authors: Pitaevskii Lev , Stringari Sandro 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis chapter summarizes some key features exhibited by superfluid 4He. These include the structure of the elementary excitations exhibiting the typical phonon–maxon–roton dispersion, the pair correlation function, the nature of quantized vortices, and some key thermodynamic properties like the behaviour of the specific heat and the temperature dependence of the normal density. Emphasis is also given to the behaviour of the momentum distribution, extracted from the analysis of the dynamic structure factor at high wave vectors and the experimental evidence for the condensate fraction as a function of temperature and pressure. A comparison between experiments and theoretical predictions based on Monte Carlo simulations is also presented.
Ground State of a Trapped Condensate
Authors: Pitaevskii Lev , Stringari Sandro 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis chapter uses Gross–Pitaevskii theory in order to calculate the order parameter relative to the ground state of a weakly interacting Bose gas confined by an external harmonic potential. Both the density and the momentum distribution are calculated and an explicit derivation of the virial theorem is presented. The chapter discusses the Thomas–Fermi limit, where the effects of quantum pressure are neglected. The importance of both finite-size and beyond-mean-field effects are discussed. The chapter finally derives solutions for the Gross–Pitaevskii equation in the case of attractive interactions and show that the quantum pressure plays a crucial role in preventing collapse when the number of atoms is small.
Nemertea (Nemertini)
Authors: Beckers Patrick , von Döhren Jörn 
Published: March 2016

AbstractNemertea is a spiralian phylum comprising approximately 1300 species of mostly marine, nocturnal predators. Prey is captured with an eversible proboscis housed in a dorsally located fluid filled secondary body cavity, called rhynchocoel. Three major clades are recognized: Hoplonemertea, Pilidiophora, and Palaeonemertea. The main components of the nemertean nervous system are a ring-shaped brain around the rhynchocoel, and paired lateral, longitudinal medullary cords that are confluent with the ventral brain lobes. Additional, variable components of the nervous system are longitudinal cephalic, oesophageal, and proboscis nerves and various plexuses. Sensory organs comprise eyes, cerebral organs, frontal organs, and various epidermal sensory structures. Most of the canonic spiralian neurotransmitters have been detected, with FMRFamide-like neuropeptides being the most prevalent. Larvae of palaeo- and hoplonemertean species show virtually no transitory nervous elements, while the pilidium-larva of Pilidiophora possesses an extensive transitory larval nervous system. Among the first definite neural elements to develop in all species is the brain ring, followed by the lateral medullary cords. Data on neural development and morphology of other spiralian clades, as well as molecular data, support the scenario that a frontal brain with paired lateral medullary cords as present in Nemertea represents the ancestral spiralian nervous system architecture.
Mollusca: Gastropoda
Authors: Voronezhskaya Elena E. , Croll Roger P. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractGastropods comprise the second largest metazoan taxon, with about 60,000 to 80,000 living species occupying ecological niches covering the globe. Anatomy, behaviour, and development vary significantly between Patellogastropoda, Vetigastropoda, Neritimorpha, Caenogastropoda, and Heterobranchia. Generally, the central nervous system consists of paired cerebral, buccal, pleural, and pedal ganglia and five ganglia of the visceral loop, but the ganglia demonstrate various degrees of asymmetry (chiastoneury, euthyneury) and fusion due to the combined processes of centralization and torsion, which is an 180° rotation of the posterior portion of the body, occurring early in larval development. Giant, identifiable neurons with characteristic locations, axonal morphology, and physiological properties have led to the adoption of some heterobranchs as ‘model organisms’ for investigation of motor and central pattern generation activity, molecular basis of learning and memory, and single cell transcriptomes. Gastropods possess extensive peripheral nervous systems containing axons efferent and afferent to the central ganglia, and also large numbers of peripheral neurons located within different organs. Most of the classical, small molecule neurotransmitters are also found in the central and peripheral neurons of gastropods, together with numerous neuropeptides. The first neural elements (cells of the apical organ, posterior pioneer neurons, peripheral sensory neurons) and also many central neurons appear during trochophore-veliger larval stages, although many more neurons are added during metamorphosis and postlarval development. Gastropods thus provide a unique diversity of form, function, and development of the nervous system, offering the opportunity to investigate adaptive evolution of the nervous system ranging from behaviour to its molecular underpinnings.
Mollusca: Cephalopoda
Authors: Wollesen Tim 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRecent cephalopods are a comparatively small molluscan group with body plans that considerably differ from those of their molluscan allies. Coleoids, i.e. all cephalopods but nautiluses, exhibit cognitive and behavioural abilities that rival those of vertebrates and they possess highly centralized and complex central nervous systems (CNS) composed of individual lobes. In contrast, the CNS of nautiluses is less centralized and consists of medullary nerve cords. Studies on the giant squid axons unravelled the ionic basis underlying action potentials, and a number of seminal publications have led to a better understanding of the precise organization of the CNS and putative functions of individuals brain regions. Sensory organs are manifold and some evolved convergently with those of other bilaterians. Organ systems, as well as corresponding brain regions, may vary in structure and size among cephalopod species, which is probably due to ecological and physiological adaptations. Cephalopods are direct developers and the anlagen of their brains are established in a cord-like arrangement which subsequently develops into the medullary cord-like CNS of nautiluses or the centralized CNS of coleoids. Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, such as the small cardioactive peptide, are abundant and distributed throughout the developing and adult nervous system and are probably involved in neurogenesis and cognition. Modern developmental studies employing gene expression analyses, gene knockdown experiments, as well as electrophysiological analyses, will lead to a better understanding of the evolution, physiology, and function of cephalopod brains.
Cycloneuralia (Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera)
Authors: Schmidt-Rhaesa Andreas , Henne Stephan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe taxon Cycloneuralia includes Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha and Loricifera. The name-giving autapomorphy of this taxon is the so-called cycloneuralian brain. In this type of brain the neuropil forms a ring around the anterior intestinal system, while the somata of the brain nerve cells form clusters anterior and posterior of this ring neuropil. In the ventral region of the brain, a paired or unpaired ventral nerve cord arises. Further longitudinal neurites or neurite bundles, as well as entire or partial circular neurites connecting the longitudinal ones, are present in most taxa. This can be interpreted as a remnant of an orthogonal pattern in the trunk region. In nematodes, the nervous system is postulated to express little variation throughout the taxon, but there is an extreme heterogeneity in the intensity, with which nervous systems are known. For the ‘model nematode’ Caenorhabditis elegans, each single neuron is known, while data especially from free-living nematodes are lacking. Available data support nematodes having a comparable general architecture of the nervous system, but some variation in detail. Nematomorphs show the greatest differences in the nervous system, probably due to their parasitic mode of life during most of the life cycle. Although available data do not correspond with any one particular shape of the brain, it certainly does not form a ring of equal thickness and is therefore not cycloneuralian. Scalidophora (Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera) have a cycloneuralian brain and correspond in the innervation of the scalids representing cuticular structures on the introvert that include receptor cells.
Hemichordata
Authors: Stach Thomas 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHemichordates consist of the two exclusively marine taxa, Pterobranchia (angelwings) and Enteropneusta (acorn worms). All hemichordates feature three body parts: the prosome, the mesosome, and the metasome. The major part of the nervous system in both hemichordate groups comprises a plexus. In acorn worms, there is a dorsal collar cord beneath the epidermis in the mesosome. This includes mainly neurites, but also some neuron somata and giant neurons. It has a fluid-filled central canal. In pterobranchs the basiepidermal plexus is ubiquitous with local differences in density, notably the brain, a more prominent ventral nerve cord in the trunk extending into the stalk, a denser area on the dorsal side of the cephalic shield just anterior of the brain, and a considerably less dense area in the dorsal part. Differentiated sensory organs have not been described in adult hemichordates, although eyes are present in tornaria larvae.