bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regular Array of Magnetic Nano-Dots Prepared by Nanochannel Glass Replica Masks
Authors: Cheng Bo , Yang Kun , Justus B. L. , Yeh W. J. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn magnetic recording technology, barriers based on fundamental physical limits on the data density are being approached for the current longitudinal recording modes. However, demands for higher data storage density have escalated in recent years. Discrete perpendicular recording is a viable method to achieve 100 Gb per square inch and beyond. We report on the development of a novel technique to fabricate uniform arrays of nano-sized magnetic dots. Uniform arrays of nanometer-sized magnetic dots are obtained by magnetron sputtering deposition through a nanochannel glass replica mask. The platinum replica masks are fabricated using thin film deposition on etched nanochannel glass and contain uniform hexagonally patterned voids with diameters as small as 50 nanometers. The magnetic dot density can be as high as 1011 per square inch. Our method provides a simple yet effective way to create regularly arranged discrete magnetic media that can be used for perpendicular magnetic recording. The magnetic properties of the dots are studied with a vibrating sample magnetometer.
Carbon Nanotube Based Magnetic Tunnel Junctions for Electromagnetic Nondestructive Evaluation
Authors: Wincheski Buzz , Namkung Min , Paik Sun Mok , Smits Jan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractSpin coherent transport in carbon nanotubes enables single-nanotube devices for magnetic field sensing. This unique transport property of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) has been studied for development into advanced sensors for nondestructive evaluation (NDE). Coupling of a single walled carbon nanotube to ferromagnetic electrodes is predicted to form a carbon nanotube magnetic tunnel junction. Fabrication of such devices has been performed through scanning probe and electron beam lithography. Purified single walled carbon nanotubes are deposited across electrodes to complete device fabrication. A spincoherent quantum transport theory based on a nonequilibrium Green's function method has been established to predict conductance and magnetoconductance across junctions. Experimental measurements of the room temperature conductance of Cobalt/SWCNT/Cobalt junctions have been performed.
Accuracy and Reproducibility of X-ray Texture Measurements on Thin Films
Authors: Vaudin Mark D. , Fox Glen R. , Kowach Glen R. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractRocking curve texture measurements were made on thin films of zinc oxide (ZnO) and platinum (Pt) using a powder x-ray diffractometer, and, in the case of ZnO, an area detector. The intensity corrections for defocussing and other geometric factors were made using a technique and associated software (Texture Plus*) developed at NIST. In both thin film systems, the texture was axisymmetric (fiber) and sharp, with full width at half maximum values of about 2.5°. Care was taken in the Pt case to ensure that the linear range of the x-ray detector was used to measure the intensities; for the ZnO data the degree of detector non-linearity was determined, and corrections were applied where necessary. The suitability of the Pt films for thin film texture standards was studied.
The Texture and Electrical Properties of Zr and ZrNxThin Films Deposited by Dc Sputtering
Authors: Liu Chuan-Pu , Yang Heng-Ghieh 
Published: January 2017

AbstractZr and ZrNxthin films are grown on Si(001) by DC magnetron sputtering. The detailed microstructure evolution and its corresponding electrical properties are systematically studied with various processing parameters including applied power, N2/Ar ratio, substrate bias and substrate temperature by 4-point probe, EPMA and XRD. It is found that while the negative substrate bias can decrease the resistivity of both Zr and ZrNxthin films, the texture microstructure of each thin film in the series is changed differently. As increasing N2/Ar ratio, the resistivity decreases in the beginning and then increases rapidly, which results from the variations of compositions and phases, while this minimum resistivity point shifts to a higher N2/Ar ratio for the films sputtered under higher applied power. The substrate temperature not only decreases the ZrNxfilm resistivity, but also increases the (002) preferred orientations most efficiently. The cause of each phenomenon is briefly discussed. Finally, two samples showing different degrees of (002) to (111) textures are annealed to investigate the diffusion barrier properties from a sandwich structure of Cu/ZrNx/Si(001). Results from 4-point probe reveal that the film with higher degree of (111) textures has a superior thermal stability.
AKTIVITAS ANTIMITOTIK DARI EKSTRAK KARANG LUNAK GENUS SINULARIA
Authors: Tanod Wendy Alexander , Mangindaan Remy E. P. , Kapojos Magie 
Published: January 2017

Soft coral genus Sinularia be a sources of terpenoid compounds that show efficacy in vitro cytotoxic test using cancer cell lines. The study looked at the morphological changes that occur in fungal mycelial growth of Pyricularia oryzae, such as curling effect indicating antimitotic activity. Four extracts of soft coral genus Sinularia have been examination and this is an primary test to obtain information about the soft coral genus Sinularia that used as sources of compound antimitotic. This research was conducted in several stages, ie extraction of bioactive substances, P. oryzae fungal culture test, and biological testing antimitotic activity with a qualitative assessment methods. From the examination the Sinularia 3 ethyl acetate fraction show the strongest antimitotic activity (to concentration 1,5 μg/ml). Ethyl acetate fraction was purified using column chromatography. From the examination show that fraction of ethyl acetate 1 is the best fraction because still show curling effect on concentration 0,7 μg/ml.Keywords : Antimitotic, Soft Coral, Sinularia, microtubule, Pyricularia oryzae
Pengaruh Proteksi Aldehid Untuk Meloloskan Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acid Pada Menir Kedelai dan Minyak Ikan Lemuru Secara In Vitro
Authors: Riyanto Joko , Baliarti Endang , Yusiati Lies Mira , Hartatik Tety , Widayati Diah Tri 
Published: January 2017

<p>This research was aims to determine the effect of formaldehyde using as a protective material in the soy groats and lemuru fish oil mixtured to escape of the protein and poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) by in vitro. The rumen fluid was derived from donor of the Ongole crosbred fistulated as much as 3 heads. The experimental design used completely randomized design factorial 2x3 pattern consists of two factors:the first factor (soybean groats:lemuru fish oil in the ratio 2:1 and 4:1) and the second factor (the use of formaldehyde at levels of 0%, 2% and 4% base on the dry matter) and was repeated 5 times. The parameters are consist of the nutrient content, the substrates soybean groats and lemuru fish oil the rumen fluid fermented PUFA content by in vitro. Results of the study are levels of protein, fatty acids oleic, linoleic and arachidonic much available on soybean groats:lemuru fish oil protected formaldehyde at levels of 2% and 4%. The difference between the ratio of soybean groats with lemuru fish oil had no significant (P≥0,05) but significantly different at different levels of formaldehyde (P≤0,05). The conclusion are formaldehyde content of 37% with a level of 2% can be used for protection the soybean groats and lemuru fish oil with a ratio of 4:1 and is able to provide protein as well PUFA.</p><p> </p><p>Keywords: soy groats, lemuru fish oil, in vitro, PUFA, formaldehyde protection</p>
Improving People’s Lives: Sustainability and the Role of Petroleum Engineers
Authors: Meehan Nathan 
Published: January 2017

President's column
There are many definitions of sustainability, but the 1987 United Nations Brundtland Commission’s remains a standard.
“Meeting the needs of today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” (WCED 1987)
Some think oil and gas have little role in a sustainable future; global realities suggest otherwise. How is it that a finite energy resource and a source of greenhouse gas emissions can be part of a sustainable future? Oil and gas are essential to meeting the “needs of today;” their prudent use is the safest way to ensure we do not compromise the “ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
The Society of Petroleum Engineers Board of Directors adopted the following definition of sustainability in 2014:
“Exploration, development and production of oil and gas resources provide affordable energy that contributes significantly to well-being and prosperity.
SPE encourages the responsible management of these oil and gas resources and operations including the appropriate management of social and environmental impacts and their related risks.
SPE demonstrates this commitment by offering its members opportunities to train, share knowledge and advance practices for doing business in ways that balance economic growth, social development, and environmental protection to meet societal needs today and in the future.” (SPE 2014)
Petrowiki also has an excellent discussion of sustainability at http://petrowiki.org/Sustainability, including references to noteworthy papers from www.OnePetro.org.
Safe, affordable energy is central to quality of life. It is essential for farmers to be able to produce sufficient food; for the transportation of this food to consumers; and for housing, heating and cooling, clothing, and all other necessities of life. Quality of life is strongly correlated to energy use.
Supplying energy for the world is a monumental task. There continue to be improvements in renewable energy sources; however, reasonable forecasts of growth in renewables suggest fossil fuels will remain the primary source of the world’s energy for decades to come. Only radical growth in nuclear power could seriously diminish this result. The realities reflecting public concerns over nuclear safety and proliferation of radioactive materials make such growth unlikely.
While coal resources are abundant, concerns over greenhouse gas emissions and the possibilities of pricing carbon through taxes, caps, exchanges or other mechanisms, and the relatively low cost of natural gas, continue to make natural gas a more attractive fuel. This is true whether you expect it to be a relatively near-term “bridge fuel” to a renewable future or (as I do) part of our longer-term energy solutions.
If oil and gas are to be part of a sustainable solution to our energy needs, there are some things we can and should do better as petroleum engineers.
Focus on Ancillary Equipment and Fatigue in Coiled-Tubing Deepwater Commissioning
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: January 2017

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper OTC 25665, “Adaptation of Coiled Tubing for Deep- and Ultradeepwater Commissioning: Focus on Fatigue and Ancillary Equipment,” by François Lirola and François-Régis Pionetti, Saipem, prepared for the 2015 Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, 4–7 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
The installation of flowlines in ever-deeper and -more-remote areas requires specific technologies for precommissioning. Coiled tubing can be a solution; however, offshore precommissioning can require coiled tubing to be deployed several times for durations sometimes exceeding a month and requires larger diameters. Therefore, a campaign was initiated to characterize the behavior of coiled tubing under combined plastic and elastic fatigue. In addition, an innovative bend-stiffener design was developed to control the stress levels in the coiled tubing at the hangoff location.
Introduction
Precommissioning is a critical part of flowline installation and operation. This process occurs at the end of the installation to validate the integrity and performance of any system before commissioning.
When no direct access is available from a surface facility, precommissioning is, most of the time, performed from a multiservice vessel (MSV) using a flexible line. However, as water depth and the diameter and length of the flowline to be precommissioned increase, the submerged weight of the line becomes an issue, requiring the installation of buoyancy modules to limit the loads transferred to the vessel. To simplify offshore precommissioning activities, the company decided to use coiled tubing.
Coiled tubing offers the advantage of having a higher diameter/weight ratio than flexible lines, allowing for large-diameter tubing to be deployed from an MSV while keeping loads transferred to the vessel at an acceptable level. In addition, coiled tubing has an extensive track record onshore and most of the required components are available off the shelf. However, onshore applications of coiled tubing are essentially static while offshore precommissioning activities are dynamic. The coiled tubing hangs from the vessel and, therefore, is subject to loads from the waves, currents, and vessel motions. This means that the coiled tubing and the associated equipment should be designed to withstand extreme loads and elastic fatigue.
BOPs Become the Focus of Data-Driven Scrutiny
Authors: Rassenfoss Stephen 
Published: January 2017

BOPs
NOV’s pressure control research and development (R&D) laboratory is in a tall factory building with a row of large, thick-walled booths used to test how blowout preventers (BOPs) perform at extreme temperatures and pressures.
During a tour, NOV’s R&D Lab Manager Roger “Dale” Brown made a point of stopping to open a small electrical box. Nearly all of the 24 slots inside were filled with cartridges, each about the size of a deck of cards. The circuits inside them allow engineers to gather whatever sort of data they need from BOP tests and send it along to NOV’s central data recorder.
The box is a tangible sign of the industry’s growing appetite for data as it seeks ways to reduce risk, increase efficiency, and pare costs. For Brown, it represents a big change from how things were done just 5 years ago, when the only data available often were just printouts of spreadsheets and graphs of pressure test data stored in a file folder.
Having a deep pool of data is “like a different set of glasses,” he said, adding that, “I am asking questions I never asked before.”
At a time when sales of stacks of subsea well control equipment as tall as an office tower are all but dead, BOP makers such as Cameron, GE Oil & Gas, and NOV are all working on developing digital tools to address pressing problems facing customers. An issue for some is the well control rule from the US Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE), which requires deepwater operators to gather real-time data from the BOP control system and come up with a way to do real-time monitoring where offshore data can be observed by expert advisers on shore.
“One of the things we are pushing for is an extra set of eyes onshore, the ability to bring expertise from other areas and provide technical support as issues arise,” said Doug Morris, chief of the office of offshore regulatory programs for BSEE.
Evaluation of Intermittent-Flow Behavior Upstream of Electrical Submersible Pumps
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: January 2017

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 173958, “Experimental Evaluation of Behavior of Intermittent Flow in Scenario of Application of Electrical Submersible Pump,” by Roberto da Fonseca Jr., Paulo Vinicius S.R. Domingos, and Diogo Cunha dos Reis, Petrobras, prepared for the 2015 SPE Artificial Lift Conference—Latin America and Caribbean, Salvador, Brazil, 27–28 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
This work experimentally investigates the behavior of an intermittent multiphase liquid/gas flow that takes place upstream of an electrical submersible pump (ESP). On the basis of the results and associated interpretation, a flow-homogenizer device was designed, built, and tested. Classical ESPs, which, in essence, are composed of a series of radial/ centrifugal impeller/diffuser pairs, are not tailored to work in scenarios with high gas-void-fraction (GVF) values. The apparatus was assembled to avoid the development of intermittent flow.
Introduction
In the oil industry, multiphase flow occurs during the production and transport of oil and gas at wells and in the lines that connect wells to platforms. During well production, the flow from the reservoir to the production platform undergoes depressurization. Consequently, a portion of the liquid hydrocarbon dissociates and becomes gaseous during production.
Multiphase flows are characterized by the existence of several flow patterns. When gas and liquid flow in a pipe at the same time, several flow configurations may exist. These patterns depend on operating variables—namely, the velocity of the liquid and gas, fluid properties, and some geometrical aspects such as pipe diameter and angle. Hydrodynamic aspects of the flow change dramatically as each flow pattern prevails.
Despite the large number of flow patterns, this work focuses on intermittent flow. In this flow pattern, the liquid in the pipe is nonuniformly distributed axially. Plugs or slugs of liquid that fill the pipe are separated by gas zones, which contain a stratified liquid layer flowing along the bottom of the pipe. The liquid in the slug may be aerated by small bubbles, which are concentrated toward the front of the slug and the top of the pipe. The intermittent pattern is usually subdivided into slug and elongated-bubble patterns. In principle, the flow behaviors of slug and elongated-bubble flow appear to be the same, with regard to the flow mechanism; therefore, there is no particular advantage in distinguishing between them.
Gas Producers Look for Opening
Authors: Donnelly John 
Published: January 2017

Editor's column
While the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) has shifted strategy over the past couple of years, losing some of its clout to control oil prices, major natural gas producers are working to create their own cartel that they hope could bring some stability to international gas prices.
OPEC, led by Saudi Arabia, decided in late 2014 to stop shoring up oil prices by tweaking global oil supply, leaving it to market dynamics to determine the price of oil. The thinking was to keep market share away from higher-cost producers, such as those in the North American shale. The strategy has basically worked, leaving lots of carnage in its wake.
The world’s largest gas producers have a different motive. Because gas is not as tradable as oil, with prices often locked into long-term contracts, gas producers have less ability to influence prices as oil producers do. But the emergence of liquefied natural gas (LNG) trade may provide a potential opening for the gas producers group.
Twelve country members and nine observer states met in Iran recently to further develop the strategy of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF). Participants included Iran, Iraq, Russia, Qatar, Venezuela, Bolivia, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria, Algeria, Trinidad and Tobago, Egypt, and Libya, among others. It was the largest gathering of the 14-year-old organization, whose members account for almost two-thirds of the world’s gas reserves. Participants discussed the latest trends, developments, and policies affecting natural gas and reaffirmed their support for the objectives of the GECF, which is to support the “collective interests” of its members and encourage cooperation. During the forum, Iran’s president called on gas producers to coordinate policies to increase the share of natural gas in the global energy picture.
The GECF lobbied the recent United Nations climate change summit in Paris, noting that gas is a much cleaner-burning energy source than some alternatives. Gas producers are aware that renewables are growing faster than some expected and could undermine gas’ assumed role as the fuel that will bridge oil to future energy supplies.
One of the biggest concerns among producers is the pricing mechanism used for gas worldwide. Most of the world’s gas supply is locked in long-term contracts, affecting the seller’s ability to take advantage of market conditions. Although LNG is shipped by tankers and can be priced in short-term contracts, compressed natural gas is shipped via pipeline, making it dependent on long-term deals.
Gas producers want what oil producers want—security of demand to fund their economies into the future. But an international gas cartel would face hurdles. Even as LNG trade continues to grow, some of the major LNG exporters—the US, Australia, and Canada—are unlikely to join a cartel. And the volume of global LNG trade still would not approach that of oil, leaving a less transparent market. In addition, the cost of liquefaction infrastructure would likely see players looking for long-term contracts. JPT
Service Company Explores Pathways To Make Driving Inherently Safer
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: January 2017

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 177558, “Pathways To Make Driving Inherently Safer Within the Service Company’s Operations,” by Sergey Peresypkin and Alessandro Guariento, SPE, Baker Hughes, prepared for the 2015 Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, 9–12 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
In risk management, an inherently safer approach implies an attempt to eliminate, or at least reduce the severity and likelihood of, incident occurrence through careful attention to fundamental design and layout. This paper examines whether this approach can be applied and be effective in managing transportation safety concerning which, historically, most of the responsibility for safe driving has been placed on the individual driver and less on the design of the transportation system and features of the equipment.
Introduction
As is often the case for change management, this undertaking was motivated by a tragic motor-vehicle accident in Saudi Arabia, which resulted in three fatalities, two employees and a third-party driver. Transportation-management systems were implemented and in place, including a contractor-selection process, journey-management program, defensive-driving training, and in- vehicle monitoring systems, but, as sometimes happens, compliance with planning and executional requirements was inadequate. The accident-investigation findings uncovered a number of gaps that existed in the transportation-management system and that eventually led to the catastrophic event. These revelations, coupled with the vision that “all motor-vehicle accidents are preventable,” presented an opportunity to revisit the way transportation safety was managed. The entire life cycle of the journey was reviewed and reorganized, from the planning stage of the journey to journey’s completion. Such an approach posed a challenge to the company definition of “preventability” for motor-vehicle accidents, which states that a preventable accident is a vehicle accident in which the driver could have driven (but failed to do so) in such a manner as to identify an accident-producing situation soon enough to take reasonable and prudent action to avoid such an accident. This definition places the primary responsibility for preventing a vehicle accident on the driver and his ability to anticipate road hazards, assess the risks, and take actions to avoid the accident through the ability to challenge the process, including questioning the need or timing of the journey itself.