bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taylor's Valley: What the History of Antarctica's 'Heroic Era' Can Contribute to Contemporary Ecological Research in the McMurdo Dry Valleys
Authors: Howkins Adrian 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
With a particular focus on ecosystem response to climate change, this paper investigates how a study of Griffith Taylor's 1911 expedition into the McMurdo Dry Valleys in East Antarctica might contribute to contemporary ecological research in the region. As the location of a Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) site, the McMurdo Dry Valleys offer an excellent location for thinking about the integration of history and ecology. Following a brief description of the environment of this uniquely ice-free region of Antarctica as it is understood today, this paper presents a three-dimensional model for using historical research to contribute to ecological research. The paper then follows this model to examine what the Taylor expedition did in the Dry Valleys, how its participants sought to make sense of the environment and what the environment was like one hundred years ago. Significant lake-level rise in the McMurdo Dry Valleys since the Taylor expedition suggests quite dramatic environmental change over the course of the twentieth century. The conclusion suggests that a model for integrating history and ecology in the McMurdo Dry Valleys might productively be applied to other parts of the world with more complex ecosystems and much longer human histories.
Danger and Displacement in the Dollard: The 1509 Flooding of the Dollard Sea (Groningen) and its Impact on Long-Term Inequality in the Distribution of Property
Authors: Curtis Daniel R. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
It has frequently been shown that, after severe floods in the pre-industrial period, property within the afflicted rural society often became redistributed more inequitably. This is often seen to be because small farmers did not have the resources to buffer exceptional losses. This article looks at an episode of crisis that occurred in the region of Northeast Groningen (the Netherlands) close to the Dollard Sea - the breakthrough of a key dike in 1509 and the subsequent desertion of settlements through flooding. Local farmers lost their lands, and moved away onto higher and safer sandy ridges. After this event, the sixteenth century represented a 'fight-back' against the water, where some attempts were made to reclaim and drain the newly sodden and marshy land. The questions addressed in this paper are then twofold. Firstly, for those that lost their farms during this episode, were they able to regain their property? Into whose hands did the newly reclaimed land fall? Secondly, what impact did this have on future property distribution and levels of equality in the region? Is it necessarily true that smallholders were not able to buffer these kinds of terrible events and lost their lands to more powerful elite groups? This paper shows that, while consolidation of land into 'elite' or 'absentee' social groups often did occur as a consequence of strong exogenous environmental shocks such as flooding, this did not inevitably lead to inequality at the user-level - that is, at the local level at which the land was being farmed. In fact, it is even suggested that consolidation of land into the hands of elite groups such as urban burghers and institutions sometimes could put a direct block on the emergence of large farms and the development of 'agrarian capitalism'.
<i>In vitro</i> anti-oxidant and cytotoxic analysis of <i>Pogostemon mollis</i> Benth
Authors: George Elizabeth , Kasipandi Muniyandi , Vekataramana Mudili , Kumar Kalagatur Naveen , Allen Joseph Anthuvan , Parimelazhagan Thangaraj , Gopalan Natarajan 
Published: January 2016

<p class="Abstract">In the present study, the anti-oxidant and cytotoxic effects of the different solvent extracts of <em>Pogostemon mollis</em> were analysed. The phenolic, tannin and flavonoid contents were highest in the ethyl acetate extract and analogous to the antioxidant activity results. The extracts showed activities similar to the standard antioxidants. The extent to which the extracts protect free radical damage on DNA was evaluated and showed good genoprotective effects. Bacterial cells and fungal spores and hyphae showed visible damages due to the treatment of ethyl acetate extract. Finally in the cytotoxic analysis, IC<sub>50</sub> value was calculated based on the absorbance value of different concentrations. It concluded that <em>P. mollis</em> is a prospective candidate for the various therapeutic applications especially its ethyl acetate extract.</p><p> </p>
SPIRIT: Systematic Planning of Intelligent Reuse of Integrated Clinical Routine Data
Authors: Ammenwerth E. , Hackl W. O. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryBackground: Secondary use of clinical routine data is receiving an increasing amount of attention in biomedicine and healthcare. However, building and analysing integrated clinical routine data repositories are non -trivial, challenging tasks. As in most evolving fields, recognized standards, well-proven methodological frameworks, or accurately described best-practice approaches for the systematic planning of solutions for secon -dary use of routine medical record data are missing.Objective: We propose a conceptual best-practice framework and procedure model for the systematic planning of intelligent reuse of integrated clinical routine data (SPIRIT).Methods: SPIRIT was developed based on a broad literature overview and further refined in two case studies with different kinds of clinical routine data, including process-oriented nursing data from a large hospital group and high-volume multimodal clinical data from a neurologic intensive care unit.Results: SPIRIT aims at tailoring secondary use solutions to specific needs of single departments without losing sight of the institution as a whole. It provides a general conceptual best-practice framework consisting of three parts: First, a secondary use strategy for the whole organization is determined. Second, comprehensive analyses are conducted from two different viewpoints to define the requirements regarding a clinical routine data reuse solution at the system level from the data perspective (BOTTOM UP) and at the strategic level from the future users perspective (TOP DOWN). An obligatory clinical context analysis (IN BETWEEN) facilitates refinement, combination, and integration of the different requirements. The third part of SPIRIT is dedicated to implementation, which comprises design and realization of clinical data integration and management as well as data analysis solutions.Conclusions: The SPIRIT framework is intended to be used to systematically plan the intelligent reuse of clinical routine data for multiple purposes, which often was not intended when the primary clinical documentation systems were implemented. SPIRIT helps to overcome this gap. It can be applied in healthcare institutions of any size or specialization and allows a stepwise setup and evolution of holistic clinical routine data reuse solutions.
Isomorphisms of Twisted Hilbert Loop Algebras
Authors: Marquis Timothée , Neeb Karl-Hermann 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The closest infinite-dimensional relatives of compact Lie algebras are
Hilbert-Lie algebras, i.e., real Hilbert spaces with a Lie algebra structure for
which the scalar product is invariant. Locally affine Lie algebras (LALAs)
correspond to double extensions of (twisted) loop algebras over simple Hilbert-Lie
algebras , also called
affinisations of . They possess a
root space decomposition whose corresponding root system is a locally affine root
system of one of the 7 families

for some infinite set J. To each of these types
corresponds a “minimal ” affinisation of some simple Hilbert-Lie algebra
, which we call
standard.
In this paper, we give for each affinisation g of a simple Hilbert-Lie
algebra an explicit
isomorphism from g to one of the standard affinisations of . The existence of
such an isomorphism could also be derived from the classiffication of locally
affine root systems, but for representation theoretic purposes it is crucial to
obtain it explicitly as a deformation between two twists that is compatible with
the root decompositions. We illustrate this by applying our isomorphism theorem to
the study of positive energy highest weight representations of g. In subsequent
work, this paper will be used to obtain a complete classification of the positive
energy highest weight representations of affinisations of .
Relaxation Schemes for the M1 Model with Space-Dependent Flux: Application to Radiotherapy Dose Calculation
Authors: Pichard Teddy , Aregba-Driollet Denise , Brull Stéphane , Dubroca Bruno , Frank Martin 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBecause of stability constraints, most numerical schemes applied to hyperbolic systems of equations turn out to be costly when the flux term is multiplied by some very large scalar. This problem emerges with the M1 system of equations in the field of radiotherapy when considering heterogeneous media with very disparate densities. Additionally, the flux term of the M1 system is non-linear, and in order for the model to be well-posed the numerical solution needs to fulfill conditions called realizability. In this paper, we propose a numerical method that overcomes the stability constraint and preserves the realizability property. For this purpose, we relax the M1 system to obtain a linear flux term. Then we extend the stencil of the difference quotient to obtain stability. The scheme is applied to a radiotherapy dose calculation example.
ADI-FDTD Method for Two-Dimensional Transient Electromagnetic Problems
Authors: Li Wanshan , Zhang Yile , Wong Yau Shu , Liang Dong 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAn efficient and accurate numerical scheme is proposed for solving the transverse electric (TE) mode electromagnetic (EM) propagation problem in two-dimensional earth. The scheme is based on the alternating direction finite-difference time-domain (ADI-FDTD) method. Unlike the conventional upward continuation approach for the earth-air interface, an integral formulation for the interface boundary is developed and it is effectively incorporated to the ADI solver. Stability and convergence analysis together with an error estimate are presented. Numerical simulations are carried out to validate the proposed method, and the advantage of the present method over the popular Du-Fort-Frankel scheme is clearly demonstrated. Examples of the electromagnetic field propagation in the ground with anomaly further verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Presencia e importancia de la mujer en el Musnad de Ibn Marzūq al-Tilimsānī
Authors: Boloix Gallardo Bárbara 
Published: January 2016

El Musnad del cronista Muhammad Ibn Marzuq (m. 781/1379) constituye una de las fuentes meriníes más ricas y personales al estar consagrada a ensalzar las virtudes del emir Abu l-Hasan (731-749/1331-1348). El gran valor de esta obra radica en la enorme variedad de su contenido, que abarca múltiples facetas de la vida del Reino meriní. El presente artículo tratará, desde un enfoque crítico, uno de los temas menos explorados de esta fuente: la presencia de la mujer en la misma, así como el papel que ésta desempeñó en distintos ámbitos de la sociedad magrebí, según se desprende de las numerosas referencias femeninas ofrecidas a lo largo del Musnad, que serán extraídas y analizadas.
Provider Perspective on Integrative Medicine for Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease-related Pain
Authors: Neri Caitlin M. , Beeson Tishra , Mead Holly , Darbari Deepika S. , Meier Emily Riehm 
Published: January 2016

Objective Integrative medicine (IM) approaches are sometimes used to manage sickle cell disease (SCD)— related pain. The purpose of this research is to (1) understand provider perspective towards the use of IM for pain in children with SCD at a large urban children's hospital and (2) provide recommendations on how to better promote IM for children and adolescents with SCD. Methods After approval from the institutional review board, a qualitative case study approach was used with criterion-type purposeful sampling to select providers from the division of hematology to adequately inform the study. Semistructured interviews were completed using audiotape to facilitate transcription. NVivo 10 analytic software (QSR International Pty Ltd, Doncaster, Victoria, Australia) was used to organize data into themes to answer the study questions. Results Ten provider interviews were completed. Attitudes were generally positive, and most providers felt that IM is generally helpful. All providers reported that they do not optimally use integrative therapies for children with SCD. The barriers uncovered focused on lack of process for integration of IM, specifically that IM resources seem transient and based on short-term funding. Provider attitude towards CAM is generally positive, but provider comfort level is highly variable. No providers are completely comfortable with their knowledge base about IM, and increased knowledge is desired. Conclusions Creation of protocols and processes to incorporate IM into management plans for patients with SCD could help to promote its use. Education of providers about utility and efficacy of IM for SCD-related pain and about existing resources would aid in promotion of IM for children with SCD.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use in the US Adult Low Back Pain Population
Authors: Ghildayal Neha , Jo Johnson Pamela , Evans Roni L. , Jo Kreitzer Mary 
Published: January 2016

Background Many people suffering from low back pain (LBP) have found conventional medical treatments to be ineffective for managing their LBP and are increasingly turning to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) to find pain relief. A comprehensive picture of CAM use in the LBP population, including all of the most commonly used modalities, is needed. Study Objective To examine prevalence and perceived benefit of CAM use within the US LBP population by limiting vs nonlimiting LBP and to evaluate the odds of past year CAM use within the LBP population Methods Data are from the 2012 National Health Interview Survey, Alternative Health Supplement. We examined a nationally representative sample of US adults with LBP (N=9665 unweighted). Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of past year CAM use. Results In all, 41.2% of the LBP population used CAM in the past year, with higher use reported among those with limiting LBP. The most popular therapies used in the LBP population included herbal supplements, chiropractic manipulation, and massage. The majority of the LBP population used CAM specifically to treat back pain, and 58.1% of those who used CAM for their back pain perceived a great deal of benefit. Conclusion The results are indicative of CAM becoming an increasingly important component of care for people with LBP. Additional understanding of patterns of CAM use among the LBP population will help health professionals make more informed care decisions and guide investigators in development of future back pain—related CAM research.
China's Other Medical Systems: Recognizing Uyghur, Tibetan, and Mongolian Traditional Medicines
Authors: Yu Elaine , Amri Hakima 
Published: January 2016

Background Traditional Chinese medicine, as it is understood and adopted by those with a growing interest in complementary and alternative practices to biomedicine, is often used as an umbrella term for traditional medical practices from regions within and bordering the People's Republic of China. However, there are multiple distinct medical traditions in China, including that of the Uyghurs, Tibetans, and Mongolians. Objective It is important to recognize the commonalities and differences of these unique systems of medicine practiced by the 3 different cultures among China's borders. Methods Through an in-depth analysis of the individual beliefs and theories that form the foundation of each system, we trace the origins of the concepts that were synthesized into the Uyghur, Tibetan, and Mongolian medical systems. Furthermore, we compare diagnostic techniques and contrast treatment modalities among the 3 systems. Discussion We discuss humoral theory, constitution theory, elemental theory, organ theory, and yin and yang theory. We find that imbalance is the common cause of disease or illness, but the conditions and external factors that explain such imbalances differ among the Uyghur, Tibetan, and Mongolian systems. Through these comparisons, we seek to highlight the unique beliefs, practices, and treatments utilized by these cultures. Conclusion The features and attributes, while not exclusive to each population, are nonetheless uniquely synthesized by each system and thus demonstrate the distinct nature of Uyghur, Tibetan, and Mongolian medical systems.
Health-related Culinary Education: A Summary of Representative Emerging Programs for Health Professionals and Patients
Authors: Polak Rani , Phillips Edward M. , Nordgren Julia , La Puma John , La Barba Julie , Cucuzzella Mark , Graham Robert , Harlan Timothys , Burg Tracey , Eisenberg David 
Published: January 2016

Background Beneficial correlations are suggested between food preparation and home food preparation of healthy choices. Therefore, there is an emergence of culinary medicine (CM) programs directed at both patients and medical professionals which deliver education emphasizing skills such as shopping, food storage, and meal preparation. Objective The goal of this article is to provide a description of emerging CM programs and to imagine how this field can mature. Methods During April 2015, 10 CM programs were identified by surveying CM and lifestyle medicine leaders. Program directors completed a narrative describing their program's structure, curricula, educational design, modes of delivery, funding, and cost. Interviews were conducted in an effort to optimize data collection. Results All 10 culinary programs deliver medical education curricula educating 2654 health professionals per year. Educational goals vary within the domains of (1) provider's self-behavior, (2) nutritional knowledge and (3) prescribing nutrition. Six programs deliver patients’ curricula, educating 4225 individuals per year. These programs’ content varies and focuses on either specific diets or various culinary behaviors. All the programs’ directors are health professionals who are also either credentialed chefs or have a strong culinary background. Nine of these programs offer culinary training in either a hands-on or visual demonstration within a teaching kitchen setting, while one delivers remote culinary tele-education. Seven programs track outcomes using various questionnaires and biometric data. Conclusions There is currently no consensus about learning objectives, curricular domains, staffing, and facility requirements associated with CM, and there has been little research to explore its impact. A shared strategy is needed to collectively overcome these challenges.
Tunable waveguide bends with graphene-based anisotropic metamaterials
Authors: Chen Zhao-xian , Chen Ze-guo , Ming Yang , Wu Ying , Lu Yan-qing 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
We design tunable waveguide bends filled with graphene-based anisotropic metamaterials to achieve a nearly perfect bending effect. The anisotropic properties of the metamaterials can be described by the effective medium theory. The nearly perfect bending effect is demonstrated by finite element simulations of various structures with different bending curvatures and shapes. This effect is attributed to zero effective permittivity along the direction of propagation and matched effective impedance at the interfaces between the bending part and the dielectric waveguides. We envisage that the design will be applicable in the far-infrared and terahertz frequency ranges owing to the tunable dielectric responses of graphene.
Thermoelectric properties of supersaturated Re solid solution of higher manganese silicides
Authors: Yamamoto Akio , Ghodke Swapnil , Miyazaki Hidetoshi , Inukai Manabu , Nishino Yoichi , Matsunami Masaharu , Takeuchi Tsunehiro 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
In this study, we developed a higher manganese silicide (HMS) that possesses a high dimensionless figure of merit ZT exceeding unity. HMSs containing a larger amount of Re than its solubility limit were prepared by the liquid quenching technique, and the obtained metastable HMSs showed good thermal stability to enable pulse current sintering at 1240 K. The lattice thermal conductivity was effectively reduced with increasing Re concentration, whereas the electron transport properties were not greatly affected. Consequently, the ZT of p-type HMS increased to 1.04 at 6 at. % Re from 0.4 of the Re-free sample.
Insight into the energy loss in organic solar cells based on benzotrithiophene copolymers: A dark current analysis at low temperature
Authors: Al-Naamani Eman , Ide Marina , Gopal Anesh , Saeki Akinori 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Owing to the formation of the charge transfer (CT) state, the open-circuit voltage (V
oc) of organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices commonly suffers an energy loss of 0.8–1.3 eV from the effective bandgap. Benzotrithiophene (BTT)-based low-bandgap polymers that we have recently reported showed deep HOMO levels (−5.4 to −5.6 eV) and moderate optical bandgaps of 1.7–1.8 eV, which resulted in high V
oc’s of 0.78–0.98 V and relatively low energy losses when blended with methano[60]fullerene (PCBM). Here, we report the temperature-dependent dark current analysis of organic solar cells of BTT copolymers:PCBM blends. Shockley diode analyses revealed the dominant contribution of CT energy and concomitant pre-exponential factor of dark saturation current density associated with charge recombination. The findings could establish a fundamental aspect to draw a design rule in BTT-based polymers towards their evolutions in OPV devices.
Ultimate limits of biaxial tensile strain and n-type doping for realizing an efficient low-threshold Ge laser
Authors: Sukhdeo David S. , Gupta Shashank , Saraswat Krishna C. , Dutt Birendra (Raj) , Nam Donguk 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
We theoretically investigate the methodology involved in the minimization of the threshold of a Ge-on-Si laser and maximization of the slope efficiency in the presence of both biaxial tensile strain and n-type doping. Our findings suggest that there exist ultimate limits beyond which no further benefit can be realized through increased tensile strain or n-type doping. In this study, we quantify these limits, showing that the optimal design for minimizing threshold involves approximately 3.7% biaxial tensile strain and 2 × 1018 cm−3 n-type doping, whereas the optimal design for maximum slope efficiency involves approximately 2.3% biaxial tensile strain with 1 × 1019 cm−3 n-type doping. Increasing the strain and doping beyond these limits will degrade the threshold and slope efficiency, respectively.
Surface properties of substituted-benzenethiol monolayers on gold and silver: Work function, wettability, and surface tension
Authors: Tatara Shingo , Kuzumoto Yasutaka , Kitamura Masatoshi 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The surface properties, including work function and wettability, of Au and Ag surfaces modified with various substituted benzenethiols have been investigated. Whereas the work functions of the modified Au surfaces ranged from 4.42 to 5.48 eV, those of the modified Ag surfaces ranged from 3.99 to 5.77 eV. The highest work function of 5.77 eV was obtained on the Ag surface modified with pentafluorobenzenethiol, and the lowest work function of 3.99 eV was obtained on the Ag surface modified with 4-methylbenzenethiol. The water contact angle on modified Au surfaces was found to be in a wide range from 30.9 to 88.3°. The water contact angle on the Au surface modified with a substituted benzenethiol was close to that on the Ag surface modified with the same benzenethiol. Furthermore, the tension of the modified Au surfaces was estimated from their contact angles of water and ethylene glycol.