bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Associations of Teen Dating Violence Victimization With School Violence and Bullying Among US High School Students
Authors: Vivolo‐Kantor Alana M. , Olsen Emily O'Malley , Bacon Sarah 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDTeen dating violence (TDV) negatively impacts health, mental and physical well‐being, and school performance.METHODSData from a nationally representative sample of high school students participating in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)'s 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) are used to demonstrate associations of physical and sexual TDV with school violence‐related experiences and behaviors, including bullying victimization. Bivariate and adjusted sex‐stratified regressions assessed relationships between TDV and school violence‐related experiences and behaviors.RESULTSCompared to students not reporting TDV, those experiencing both physical and sexual TDV were more likely to report carrying a weapon at school, missing school because they felt unsafe, being threatened or injured with a weapon on school property, having a physical fight at school, and being bullied on school property.CONCLUSIONSSchool‐based prevention efforts should target multiple forms of violence.
Isolation and Molecular Identification of Vibrio natriegens from Diseased Portunus trituberculatus in China
Authors: Bi Keran , Zhang Xiaojun , Yan Binlun , Gao Huan , Gao Xiaojian , Sun Jingjing 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn July 2010, heavy mortalities were seen in cultured swimming crabs, Portunus trituberculatus, from Jiangsu Province in China. Two isolates, XA1 and XA2, were isolated from cardiac muscle and somatic muscle of the moribund crabs on ZoBell's marine 2216E agar and were confirmed as the causative agent for the mass mortalities seen on that farm. The morphological and physiological characteristics as well as the biochemical tests of the two isolates were identical and were similar to Vibrio natriegens. Both were gram‐negative, oxidase positive, produced acid when fermenting glucose, and failed to grow in the media containing 1% NaCl. Furthermore, the sequencing of the 16S rRNA, gapA, ftsZ, mreB, and topA genes revealed that the two isolates were identical and had a 0.99 homology coefficient with V. natriegens. The Neighbor‐Joining tree based on the concatenated sequences of four housekeeping genes (gapA, ftsZ, mreB, and topA) strongly supported that XA1 was most closely related to V. natriegens within the Vibrio harveyi–related clade. In addition, pathogenicity testing using immersion challenge confirmed that strain XA1 was virulent to juvenile crabs, and the LD50 value was 1.09 × 106. This is the first report on V. natriegens as a virulent pathogen for Portunus trituberculatus.
Optimum Dietary Protein Level and Protein‐to‐energy Ratio for Growth of Juvenile Parrot Fish, Oplegnathus fasciatus
Authors: Kim Kang‐Woong , Kim Kyoung‐Duck , Han Hyon Sob , Moniruzzaman Mohammad , Yun Hyeonho , Lee Seunghan , Bai Sungchul C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn 8‐wk feeding trial was conducted to estimate the optimum dietary protein level and protein‐to‐energy (P/E) ratio in juvenile parrot fish, Oplegnathus fasciatus. Eight experimental diets were formulated with two energy levels and four protein levels for each energy level. Diets containing crude protein (CP) at 35, 40, 45, and 50% had either 12.5 or 14.6 kJ/g of energy. Fish averaging 7.1 ± 0.06 g (mean ± SD) were fed one of the experimental diets for 8 wk. At the end of the feeding trial, weight gain (WG) of fish fed 45 and 50% CP in the 12.5 kJ/g diet was significantly higher than fish fed the 35% CP diet (P < 0.05). WG of the fish fed 45 and 50% CP in the 14.6 kJ/g diet was significantly higher than fish fed the 35 and 40% CP diets (P < 0.05). Fish fed the 14.6 kJ/g diet had a higher WG compared with fish fed the 12.5 kJ/g diet at all CP levels. Feed efficiency (FE) and specific growth rate (SGR) showed a similar trend to the WG. WG, FE, and SGR improved with increasing dietary protein levels up to 45% and remained constant at 50% CP for both energy levels. However, protein efficiency ratio was negatively related to dietary protein levels. The results suggested that the optimum level of protein and the optimum P/E ratio for juvenile parrot fish should be 45% and 31.1 mg protein/kJ, respectively, in a diet containing 14.6 kJ/g energy.
Dietary behaviour, food and nutrient intake of women do not change during pregnancy in Southern Ethiopia
Authors: Asayehu Tamene Taye , Lachat Carl , Henauw Stefaan De , Gebreyesus Seifu Hagos 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAlthough pregnant women are required to increase food and nutrient intake to accommodate for the increased nutritional demands, information on dietary behaviour and nutrient intake is limited. This study aimed to identify the adequacy and differences in intake between pregnant and non‐pregnant women in a rural community of Butajira district, Southern Ethiopia. Simple random sampling was used to recruit 159 pregnant and 164 non‐pregnant women. An interactive multiple pass 24‐h recall survey was used to evaluate the food and nutrient intake of the study participants. Except for iron, vitamin A and C, intakes of macro and micronutrient were below the recommendations. Almost all study participants were deficient in energy, protein, calcium, folate and niacin intakes. There was no significant difference in the mean dietary intake of all nutrients between pregnant and non‐pregnant women (p > 0.05). The prevalence of inadequacy was comparable between pregnant and non‐pregnant women in all of the nutrient intakes except for Zn, where the prevalence of inadequacy was much higher among the pregnant women. Nearly all (99.0%) of the pregnant women were deficient in niacin, folate and calcium. Although all pregnant women considered it important to increase food intake during pregnancy, only a quarter of women reported to do so. In conclusion, pregnant women in the rural community of Butajira district do not make significant dietary intake adjustments to account for increased nutrient needs during pregnancy. In food insecure areas, such as ours, nutritional counselling complemented with supplementary feeding programmes could be key to ensure adequate dietary intake. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Unexpected biodiversity of ciliates in marine samples from below the photic zone
Authors: Grattepanche Jean‐David , Santoferrara Luciana F. , McManus George B. , Katz Laura A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMarine microbial eukaryotes play critical roles in planktonic food webs and have been described as most diverse in the photic zone where productivity is high. We used high‐throughput sequencing (HTS) to analyse the spatial distribution of planktonic ciliate diversity from shallow waters (<30 m depth) to beyond the continental shelf (>800 m depth) along a 163 km transect off the coast of New England, USA. We focus on ciliates in the subclasses Oligotrichia and Choreotrichia (class Spirotrichea), as these taxa are major components of marine food webs. We did not observe the decrease of diversity below the photic zone expected based on productivity and previous analyses. Instead, we saw an increase of diversity with depth. We also observed that the ciliate communities assessed by HTS cluster by depth layer and degree of water column stratification, suggesting that community assembly is driven by environmental factors. Across our samples, abundant OTUs tend to match previously characterized morphospecies while rare OTUs are more often undescribed, consistent with the idea that species in the rare biosphere remain to be characterized by microscopy. Finally, samples taken below the photic zone also reveal the prevalence of two uncharacterized (i.e. lacking sequenced morphospecies) clades – clusters X1 and X2 – that are enriched within the nano‐sized fraction (2–10 μm) and are defined by deletions within the region of the SSU‐rDNA analysed here. Together, these data reinforce that we still have much to learn about microbial diversity in marine ecosystems, especially in deep‐waters that may be a reservoir for rare species and uncharacterized taxa.
Salafī‐Ashʻarī Polemics of the 3rd & 4th Islamic Centuries
Authors: Qadhi Yasir 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWhile Sunnism is the largest sect of Islam, Sunnism itself is divided into many strands. The two main strands of Sunnism for the last few centuries are the Atharī (or Salafī) strand, and the Ashʻarī strand. This papers seeks to examine the earliest recorded controversies that signal this intra‐Sunnī divide. While each of these two groups has historically attempted to claim true Sunnī ‘orthodoxy’ by denying the legitimacy, and at times even the early existence, of the other, it will be shown that the genesis of this intra‐Sunnī divide dates back to the first century of Sunnism itself, viz., the 3rd AH/8th CE centuries, and that there are specific historic incidents that indicate theological tensions within the nascent Sunnī movement that would later be manifested in the two streams of Ashʻarism and Salafism. Hence, it can be argued that Sunnism was never truly unified to begin with, and that these incidents demonstrate theological tensions that existed from its very origins.
Anatomical constraints to C4 evolution: light harvesting capacity in the bundle sheath
Authors: Bellasio Chandra , Lundgren Marjorie R. 
Published: July 2016

Summary

In C4 photosynthesis CO2 assimilation and reduction are typically coordinated across mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells, respectively. This system consequently requires sufficient light to reach BS to generate enough ATP to allow ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration in BS. Leaf anatomy influences BS light penetration and therefore constrains C4 cycle functionality.

Using an absorption scattering model (coded in Excel, and freely downloadable) we simulate light penetration profiles and rates of ATP production in BS across the C3, C3–C4 and C4 anatomical continua.

We present a trade‐off for light absorption between BS pigment concentration and space allocation. C3 BS anatomy limits light absorption and benefits little from high pigment concentrations. Unpigmented BS extensions increase BS light penetration. C4 and C3–C4 anatomies have the potential to generate sufficient ATP in the BS, whereas typical C3 anatomy does not, except some C3 taxa closely related to C4 groups.

Insufficient volume of BS, relative to M, will hamper a C4 cycle via insufficient BS light absorption. Thus, BS ATP production and RuBP regeneration, coupled with increased BS investments, allow greater operational plasticity. We propose that larger BS in C3 lineages may be co–opted for C3–C4 and C4 biochemistry requirements.
Three times greater weight of daytime than of night‐time temperature on leaf unfolding phenology in temperate trees
Authors: Fu Yongshuo H. , Liu Yongjie , De Boeck Hans J. , Menzel Annette , Nijs Ivan , Peaucelle Marc , Peñuelas Josep , Piao Shilong , Janssens Ivan A. 
Published: July 2016

Summary

The phenology of spring leaf unfolding plays a key role in the structure and functioning of ecosystems. The classical concept of heat requirement (growing degree days) for leaf unfolding was developed hundreds of years ago, but this model does not include the recently reported greater importance of daytime than night‐time temperature.

A manipulative experiment on daytime vs night‐time warming with saplings of three species of temperate deciduous trees was conducted and a Bayesian method was applied to explore the different effects of daytime and night‐time temperatures on spring phenology.

We found that both daytime and night‐time warming significantly advanced leaf unfolding, but the sensitivities to increased daytime and night‐time temperatures differed significantly. Trees were most sensitive to daytime warming (7.4 ± 0.9, 4.8 ± 0.3 and 4.8 ± 0.2 d advancement per degree Celsius warming (d °C−1) for birch, oak and beech, respectively) and least sensitive to night‐time warming (5.5 ± 0.9, 3.3 ± 0.3 and 2.1 ± 0.9 d °C−1). Interestingly, a Bayesian analysis found that the impact of daytime temperature on leaf unfolding was approximately three times higher than that of night‐time temperatures.

Night‐time global temperature is increasing faster than daytime temperature, so model projections of future spring phenology should incorporate the effects of these different temperatures.
Nursing knowledge: hints from the placebo effect
Authors: Zanotti Renzo , Chiffi Daniele 
Published: July 2016

AbstractNursing knowledge stems from a dynamic interplay between population‐based scientific knowledge (the general) and specific clinical cases (the particular). We compared the ‘cascade model of knowledge translation’, also known as ‘classical biomedical model’ in clinical practice (in which knowledge gained at population level may be applied directly to a specific clinical context), with an emergentist model of knowledge translation. The structure and dynamics of nursing knowledge are outlined, adopting the distinction between epistemic and non‐epistemic values. Then, a (moderately) emergentist approach to nursing knowledge is proposed, based on the assumption of a two‐way flow from the general to the particular and vice versa. The case of the ‘placebo effect’ is analysed as an example of emergentist knowledge. The placebo effect is usually considered difficult to be explained within the classical biomedical model, and we underscore its importance in shaping nursing knowledge. In fact, nurses are primarily responsible for administering placebo in the clinical setting and have an essential role in promoting the placebo effect and reducing the nocebo effect. The beliefs responsible for the placebo effect are as follows: (1) interactive, because they depend on the relationship between patients and health care professionals; (2) situated, because they occur in a given clinical context related to certain rituals; and (3) grounded on higher order beliefs concerning what an individual thinks about the beliefs of others. It is essential to know the clinical context and to understand other people's beliefs to make sense of the placebo effect. The placebo effect only works when the (higher order) beliefs of doctors, nurses and patients interact in a given setting. Finally, we argue for a close relationship between placebo effect and nursing knowledge.
An audit of patient‐controlled analgesia after appendicectomy in children
Authors: Ousley Rowan , Burgoyne Laura L. , Crowley Nicola R. , Teague Warwick J. , Costi David 
Published: July 2016

SummaryBackgroundPatient‐controlled analgesia (PCA) is commonly used after appendicectomy in children.AimThe aim of this study was to characterize the analgesic use of children prescribed PCA after appendicetomy, in order to rationalize future use of this modality.MethodsWe retrospectively audited all cases of acute appendicitis over a 4‐year period in a single pediatric hospital, recording demographics, surgical approach, pathology, analgesia use, pain scores, and duration of PCA. We preplanned subgroup analyses for surgical approach, pathology, and intraoperative nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) administration. We subsequently identified a patient subgroup who were unlikely to require PCA and conducted a (2 months) prospective audit of such patients (uncomplicated appendicitis with intraoperative NSAID) having non‐PCA (oral) analgesia.ResultsOf the 649 patients undergoing appendicectomy for acute appendicitis, 85% were prescribed an opioid PCA, 8% received an opioid infusion (younger patients), and 7% received neither PCA nor infusion. Of the 541 bolus only PCA patients, 49% had laparoscopic surgery, 36% had complicated appendicitis, and 49% received intraoperative NSAID (diclofenac). Mean (SD) duration of PCA was shorter with uncomplicated vs complicated appendicitis (21.9 ± 10.7 vs 32.8 ± 21.1 h, P < 0.001, difference in means [95% CI]: 10.9 [7.7–14.1]), and with intraoperative NSAID (23.2 ± 14.4 vs 28.4 ± 17.4 h, P < 0.001, difference in means [95% CI]: 5.2 [2.5–7.9]). There was no difference in the time to PCA cessation between laparoscopic and open approach. Morphine consumption and pain scores were lower in the early postoperative period for those patients receiving intraoperative NSAID. In the prospective audit, 44 of 69 patients had uncomplicated appendicitis. Thirty‐eight of these were prescribed oral analgesia and none required any parenteral opioid or acute pain service intervention postoperatively. Parental satisfaction level was high (>90%) with oral analgesia.ConclusionsIt is feasible that children with uncomplicated appendicitis given intraoperative NSAID can be successfully managed without PCA.
Prospects for applications of genomic tools in registration testing and seed certification of ryegrass varieties
Authors: Wang Junping , Cogan Noel O. I. , Forster John W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe ryegrass (Lolium) species, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumLam.), are the two most important pasture grass species for global temperate regions and are also useful for amenity purposes. Due to an outbreeding reproductive habit, high levels of genetic heterogeneity are present within cultivated varieties. A continual increase in delivery of new cultivars to the marketplace, along with limited capacity to discriminate on the basis of morphological characteristics in a grow‐out test, has caused difficulties for distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) testing in the current plant variety protection (PVP) system. A range of genomic tools and resources have been generated for ryegrasses, which provide new opportunities and challenges to the currentPVPsystem. In this review, the currently available genomic tools and resources are described, along with prospects for applications to thePVPsystem and testing for seed certification and purity accreditation.
Epistemic Reasons II: Basing
Authors: Sylvan Kurt 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe paper is an opinionated tour of the literature on the reasons for which we hold beliefs and other doxastic attitudes, which I call ‘operative epistemic reasons’. After drawing some distinctions in §1, I begin in §2 by discussing the ontology of operative epistemic reasons, assessing arguments for and against the view that they are mental states. I recommend a pluralist non‐mentalist view that takes seriously the variety of operative epistemic reasons ascriptions and allows these reasons to be both propositions and truth‐making facts. In §3, I turn to consider what it takes for a consideration to be an operative epistemic reason, examining three conditions – the representational, treating, and explanatory conditions – that have been proposed. I offer a novel view about the explanatory condition. In §4, I discuss the special case of inferential operative reasons and examine attempts to understand them in terms of rule‐following, sketching a competence‐based spinoff of dispositionalism. Finally, in §5, I consider whether there are non‐inferential operative reasons, observing that one needn't countenance them to be a foundationalist but then developing a view about what they are and how they do and don't differ from inferential reasons.
Recent Philosophical Work on the Doctrine of the Eucharist
Authors: Arcadi James M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe doctrine of the Eucharist has been one of the more fruitful locales of philosophical reflection within Christian theology. The central philosophical question has been, ‘what is the state of affairs such that it is apt to say of a piece of bread, “This is the body of Christ”?’ In this article, I offer a delineation of various families of answers to this question as they have been proffered in the history of the church. These families are distinguished by how they view the presence of the body of Christ as well as the continued presence of the bread and wine after consecration. I then provide a specific examination of some recent attempts to explicate these views. A number of the recent work has focused on the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, but I also survey consubstantiation, transignification, and a recent revival of impanation as potential means for describing the metaphysical realities of the Eucharist.
(When) Should We Use Foreign Direct Investment Data to Measure the Activities of Multinational Corporations? Theory and Evidence
Authors: Wacker K. M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper reviews the different concepts of measuring activities of multinational corporations. It aims at working out the economic relationships that theoretically exist between these measures under general economic assumptions and then empirically investigates to which extent such relationships exist in the data. As a main conclusion, foreign direct investment (FDI) stock data is indeed a good proxy for measuring most real economic activities of multinational firms. Discrepancies between FDI stock and other data can to a large extent be given a reasonable economic meaning, but observed asset‐to‐employment patterns in multinational production also call for more thorough future research.
Child Poverty in the United States: A Tale of Devastation and the Promise of Hope
Authors: McCarty Alyn T. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe child poverty rate in the United States is higher than in most similarly developed countries, making child poverty one of America's most pressing social problems. This article provides an introduction of child poverty in the USA, beginning with a short description of how poverty is measured and how child poverty is patterned across social groups and geographic space. I then examine the consequences of child poverty with a focus educational outcomes and child health and three pathways through which poverty exerts its influence: resources, culture, and stress. After a brief review of the anti‐poverty policy and programmatic landscape, I argue that moving forward we must enrich the communities in which poor families live in addition to boosting incomes and directly supporting children's skill development. I conclude with emerging research questions.
Mental Simulation as Substitute for Experience
Authors: Kappes Heather Barry , Morewedge Carey K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPeople spend a considerable amount of their time mentally simulating experiences other than the one in which they are presently engaged, as a means of distraction, coping, or preparation for the future. In this integrative review, we examine four (non‐exhaustive) cases in which mentally simulating an experience serves a different function, as a substitute for the corresponding experience. In each case, mentally simulating an experience evokes similar cognitive, physiological, and/or behavioral consequences as having the corresponding experience in reality: (i) imagined experiences are attributed evidentiary value like physical evidence, (ii) mental practice instantiates the same performance benefits as physical practice, (iii) imagined consumption of a food reduces its actual consumption, and (iv) imagined goal achievement reduces motivation for actual goal achievement. We organize these cases under a common superordinate category and discuss their different methodological approaches and explanatory accounts. Our integration yields theoretical and practical insights into when and why mentally simulating an experience serves as its substitute.