bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mortality in acromegaly: a 20-year follow-up study
Authors: Ritvonen Elina , Löyttyniemi Eliisa , Jaatinen Pia , Ebeling Tapani , Moilanen Leena , Nuutila Pirjo , Kauppinen-Mäkelin Ritva , Schalin-Jäntti Camilla 
Published: May 2016

Objective
It is unclear whether mortality still is increased in acromegaly and whether there are gender-related differences. We dynamically assessed outcome during long-term follow-up in our nationwide cohort.

Patients and methods
We studied standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) relative to the general population and causes of death in acromegaly (n=333) compared with age- and gender-matched controls (n=4995).

Results
During 20 (0–33) years follow-up, 113 (34%) patients (n=333, 52% women) and 1334 (27%) controls (n=4995) died (P=0.004). SMR (1.9, 95% CI: 1.53–2.34, P<0.001) and all-cause mortality (OR 1.6, 95% CI: 1.2–2.2, P<0.001) were increased in acromegaly. Overall distribution of causes of death (P<0.001) differed between patients and controls but not cardiovascular (34% vs 33%) or cancer deaths (27% vs 27%). In acromegaly, but not in controls, causes of deaths shifted from 44% cardiovascular and 28% cancer deaths during the first decade, to 23% cardiovascular and 35% cancer deaths during the next two decades. In acromegaly, cancer deaths were mostly attributed to pancreatic adenocarcinoma (n=5), breast (n=4), lung (n=3) and colon (n=3) carcinoma. In acromegaly, men were younger than women at diagnosis (median 44.5 vs 50 years, P<0.001) and death (67 vs 76 years, P=0.0015). Compared with controls, women (36% vs 25%, P<0.01), but not men (31% vs 28%, P=0.44), had increased mortality.

Conclusions
In acromegaly, men are younger at diagnosis and death than women. Compared with controls, mortality is increased during 20 years of follow-up, especially in women. Causes of deaths shift from predominantly cardiovascular to cancer deaths.
Zika Virus: How Much Do We Know About This Bug?
Authors: Murphy Allen E. , Long Garbsen 
Published: May 2016

An epidemic disease called Zika virus has been reported to have gone viral in the Caribbean and also central and South America in the year 2015. One of the most disturbing concerns which comes along with this infection is that it is now more apparent that there is increased incidence of microcephaly in fetuses of mothers who are infected with Zika virus. The biggest Zika virus outbreak was reported in the month of October 2013 which lasted till March 2014 in French Polynesia, and numerous people whom presented the symptoms of acute phase Zika virus were tested negative. The Zika virus is basically transmitted to individuals when one is bitten by a contaminated mosquito generally found in tropical areas. The virus is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The virus has a place with the same family as Chikungunya, Dengue, Yellow fever, and West Nile. Be that as it may, not at all like a percentage of the previously stated viruses, there is as of now no antibody that can be utilized to forestall or even treat the contamination. As of not long ago, Zika virus was to a great extent a dark virus kept to Asia and Equatorial Africa. In the month of November 2015, preliminary evidence shows that with upsurge in neurological complications in adults and microcephaly in neonates of mothers infected during pregnancy. Strategies are recommended for preventing the infection by this notorious virus under different conditions.
Indian Tourism its potential avenues and challenges for growth: Riding on the service sector
Authors: Joseph Dr. Sebastian .T. , Frederick Abhishek Janvier 
Published: May 2016

<p>Given the countless activities and avenues for growth under the umbrella of services and the resilience that the service sector has acquired post 1991 reform period in India, it is not difficult to acknowledge that India’s service sector has finally arrived! The post recession survival of the Indian economy has largely been possible due to the contribution of the services sector to India’s GDP. This sector has been recognized as one posing innumerable opportunities, attracting FDI boosting employment and propelling exports. So much so for the opportunities; the challenges are also many.</p><p><br />The real challenge lies not only in maintaining standards in areas where India has established universal benchmarks such as IT and ITEs but a larger challenge lies in probing and developing traditional areas such as tourism and shipping where other countries of the world have far surpassed Indian standards, nevertheless, they present manifold opportunities for India. The number of Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) in India during 2010 increased to 5.78 million as compared to 5.17 million in 2009. Registering a growth rate of 11.8% during 2010 over 2009. This growth rate of 11.8% in 2010 for India was better than UNWTO’s projected growth rate of 5% to 6% for the world in 2010. Tourism continues to play an important role as a foreign exchange earner for the country. In 2010, foreign exchange earnings (FEE) from tourism were US$ 14.19 billion as compared to US$ 11.39 billion in 2009, registering a growth of 24.6%.Through this paper we attempt to understand and probe a traditional service area ; tourism as a service industry, its contribution to India’s economy, recent developments, opportunities and challenges.</p>
On the perturbed restricted three-body problem
Authors: Abouelmagd Elbaz I. , Guirao Juan L.G. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In this survey paper we offer an analytical study regarding the perturbed planar restricted three-body problem in the case that the three involved bodies are oblate. The existence of libration points and their linear stability are explored under the effects of the perturbations in Coriolis and centrifugal forces. The periodic orbits around these points are also studied under these effects. Moreover, the elements of periodic orbits around these points are determined.
Minimum Ages of Legal Access for Tobacco in the United States From 1863 to 2015
Authors: Apollonio Dorie E. , Glantz Stanton A. 
Published: May 2016

In the United States, state laws establish a minimum age of legal access (MLA) for most tobacco products at 18 years. We reviewed the history of these laws with internal tobacco industry documents and newspaper archives from 1860 to 2014.The laws appeared in the 1880s; by 1920, half of states had set MLAs of at least 21 years. After 1920, tobacco industry lobbying eroded them to between 16 and 18 years. By the 1980s, the tobacco industry viewed restoration of higher MLAs as a critical business threat. The industry’s political advocacy reflects its assessment that recruiting youth smokers is critical to its survival.The increasing evidence on tobacco addiction suggests that restoring MLAs to 21 years would reduce smoking initiation and prevalence, particularly among those younger than 18 years.
Impact of Food Assistance Programs on Obesity in Mothers and Children: A Prospective Cohort Study in Peru
Authors: Carrillo-Larco Rodrigo M. , Miranda J. Jaime , Bernabé-Ortiz Antonio 
Published: May 2016

Objectives. To assess obesity risk among mothers participating in Community Kitchens and children participating in Glass of Milk (Peru food assistance programs). Methods. We analyzed prospective data from the Young Lives study. The exposure consisted in varying degrees of benefit from any of the programs (no participation in any of the programs, program participation for some months, or program participation nearly every month) at baseline (2006–2007). The outcome was overweight and obesity in mothers and children at follow-up (2009–2010). Results. Prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity was 15.5% and 5.1%, respectively; the corresponding figures for mothers were 40.5% and 14.6%. Children exposed nearly every month to the Glass of Milk program had a 65% lower risk of becoming obese compared with children not participating in the program (relative risk [RR] = 0.35; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.18, 0.66). Mothers participating frequently in the Community Kitchens program had almost twice the risk of becoming obese compared with those who did not participate (RR = 1.93; 95% CI = 1.18, 3.15). Conclusions. Participating in food assistance programs in Peru was associated with a lower risk of obesity in children and greater risk of obesity in mothers.
Understanding the Relationship Between Physical Therapist Participation in Interdisciplinary Rounds and Hospital Readmission Rates: Preliminary Study
Authors: Kadivar Zahra , English Alexis , Marx Brian D. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Background
Providing patients with optimal discharge disposition and follow-up services could prevent unplanned readmissions. Despite their qualifications, physical therapists are rarely represented on the interdisciplinary team.

Objective
This study aimed to determine the relationship between the participation of physical therapists in interdisciplinary discharge rounds and readmission rates.

Methods
In this retrospective observational study, patients discharged by 2 interdisciplinary teams with or without a physical therapist's participation were followed for 5 months. Adherence to the physical therapist's recommendations for follow-up services and unplanned 30-day readmissions were tracked. Multiple logistic regression and random forest models were used to determine factors contributing to 30-day readmission rates.

Results
The odds of 30-day readmissions were 3.78 times greater when a physical therapist was absent from the interdisciplinary team compared with the odds of 30-day readmissions when a physical therapist participated in the interdisciplinary team. In addition, the odds of 30-day readmission for patients discharged to their home were 2.47 times greater than those who were not discharged to their home. An increased lack of postdischarge services was noted when a physical therapist was not included in the interdisciplinary team.

Limitations
The nonrandom selection of patients into groups, the small sample size, and the inability to adjust risk for unknown factors (eg, medical diagnoses, comorbidities, funding, and functional measures) limited interpretation of the results.

Conclusion
Significantly higher readmission rates were noted for patients whose interdisciplinary team did not have a physical therapist and for those patients who were discharged to their home. These preliminary findings suggest that discharge from the acute care setting is an elaborate process and should be designed carefully. In order to identify the optimal discharge process, future research should account for patient complexities in addition to the composition of the interdisciplinary discharge team.
Risk factors for unplanned readmission within 30 days after pediatric neurosurgery: a nationwide analysis of 9799 procedures from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program
Authors: Sherrod Brandon A. , Johnston James M. , Rocque Brandon G. 
Published: May 2016

OBJECTIVE
Hospital readmission rate is increasingly used as a quality outcome measure after surgery. The purpose of this study was to establish, using a national database, the baseline readmission rates and risk factors for patient readmission after pediatric neurosurgical procedures.

METHODS
The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program–Pediatric database was queried for pediatric patients treated by a neurosurgeon between 2012 and 2013. Procedures were categorized by current procedural terminology (CPT) code. Patient demographics, comorbidities, preoperative laboratory values, operative variables, and postoperative complications were analyzed via univariate and multivariate techniques to find associations with unplanned readmissions within 30 days of the primary procedure.

RESULTS
A total of 9799 cases met the inclusion criteria, 1098 (11.2%) of which had an unplanned readmission within 30 days. Readmission occurred 14.0 ± 7.7 days postoperatively (mean ± standard deviation). The 4 procedures with the highest unplanned readmission rates were CSF shunt revision (17.3%; CPT codes 62225 and 62230), repair of myelomeningocele > 5 cm in diameter (15.4%), CSF shunt creation (14.1%), and craniectomy for infratentorial tumor excision (13.9%). The lowest unplanned readmission rates were for spine (6.5%), craniotomy for craniosynostosis (2.1%), and skin lesion (1.0%) procedures. On multivariate regression analysis, the odds of readmission were greatest in patients experiencing postoperative surgical site infection (SSI; deep, organ/space, superficial SSI, and wound disruption: OR > 12 and p < 0.001 for each). Postoperative pneumonia (OR 4.294, p < 0.001), urinary tract infection (OR 4.262, p < 0.001), and sepsis (OR 2.616, p = 0.006) also independently increased the readmission risk. Independent patient risk factors for unplanned readmission included Native American race (OR 2.363, p = 0.019), steroid use > 10 days (OR 1.411, p = 0.010), oxygen supplementation (OR 1.645, p = 0.010), nutritional support (OR 1.403, p = 0.009), seizure disorder (OR 1.250, p = 0.021), and longer operative time (per hour increase, OR 1.059, p = 0.029).

CONCLUSIONS
This study may aid in identifying patients at risk for unplanned readmission following pediatric neurosurgery, potentially helping to focus efforts at lowering readmission rates, minimizing patient risk, and lowering costs for health care systems.
CANDIDATE GRAVITATIONALLY LENSED DUSTY STAR-FORMING GALAXIES IN THE HERSCHEL WIDE AREA SURVEYS*
Authors: Nayyeri H. , Keele M. , Cooray A. , Riechers D. A. , Ivison R. J. , Harris A. I. , Frayer D. T. , Baker A. J. , Chapman S. C. , Eales S. , Farrah D. , Fu H. , Marchetti L. , Marques-Chaves R. , Martinez-Navajas P. I. , Oliver S. J. , Omont A. , Perez-Fournon I. , Scott D. , Vaccari M. , Vieira J. , Viero M. , Wang L. , Wardlow J. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
We present a list of candidate gravitationally lensed dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) from the HerMES Large Mode Survey and the Herschel Stripe 82 Survey. Together, these partially overlapping surveys cover 372 deg2 on the sky. After removing local spiral galaxies and known radio-loud blazars, our candidate list of lensed DSFGs is composed of 77 sources with 500 μm flux densities (S
500) greater than 100 mJy. Such sources are dusty starburst galaxies similar to the first bright sub-millimeter galaxies (SMGs) discovered with SCUBA. We expect a large fraction of this list to be strongly lensed, with a small fraction made up of bright SMG–SMG mergers that appear as hyper-luminous infrared galaxies (

L

IR

>

10

13

L

⊙

). Thirteen of the 77 candidates have spectroscopic redshifts from CO spectroscopy with ground-based interferometers, putting them at

z
>
1

and well above the redshift of the foreground lensing galaxies. The surface density of our sample is 0.21 ± 0.03 deg−2. We present follow-up imaging of a few of the candidates to confirm their lensing nature. The sample presented here is an ideal tool for higher-resolution imaging and spectroscopic observations to understand the detailed properties of starburst phenomena in distant galaxies.
CONSTRAINING GLOBULAR CLUSTER AGE UNCERTAINTIES USING THE IR COLOR–MAGNITUDE DIAGRAM*
Authors: Correnti Matteo , Gennaro Mario , Kalirai Jason S. , Brown Thomas M. , Calamida Annalisa 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Globular Clusters (GCs) in the Milky Way are the primary laboratories for establishing the ages of the oldest stellar populations and for measuring the color–magnitude relation of stars. In infrared (IR) color–magnitude diagrams (CMDs), the stellar main sequence (MS) exhibits a “kink” due to opacity effects in M dwarfs such that lower mass and cooler dwarfs become bluer in the IR color baseline. This diagnostic offers a new opportunity to model GC CMDs and to reduce uncertainties on cluster properties (e.g., their derived ages). In this context, we analyzed Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 IR archival observations of four GCs—47 Tuc, M4, NGC 2808, and NGC 6752—for which the data are deep enough to fully sample the low-mass MS, reaching at least ≃2 mag below the “kink.” We derived the fiducial lines for each cluster and compared them with a grid of isochrones over a large range of parameter space, allowing age, metallicity, distance, and reddening to vary within reasonable selected ranges. The derived ages for the four clusters are, respectively, 11.6, 11.5, 11.2, and 12.1 Gyr and their random uncertainties are

0.7–1.1 Gyr. Our results suggest that the near-IR MS “kink,” combined with the MS turn-off, provides a valuable tool to measure GC ages and offers a promising opportunity to push the absolute age of GCs to sub-Gyr accuracy with the next generation IR telescopes such as the James Webb Space Telescope and the Wide-field Infrared Survey Telescope.
BRIGHT AND FAINT ENDS OF Lyα LUMINOSITY FUNCTIONS AT z = 2 DETERMINED BY THE SUBARU SURVEY: IMPLICATIONS FOR AGNs, MAGNIFICATION BIAS, AND ISM H I EVOLUTION
Authors: Konno Akira , Ouchi Masami , Nakajima Kimihiko , Duval Florent , Kusakabe Haruka , Ono Yoshiaki , Shimasaku Kazuhiro 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
We present the Lyα luminosity functions (LFs) derived by our deep Subaru narrowband survey that identifies a total of 3137 Lyα emitters (LAEs) at z = 2.2 in five independent blank fields. This sample of LAEs is the largest to date and covers a very wide Lyα luminosity range of

erg s−1. We determine the Lyα LF at z = 2.2 with unprecedented accuracy and obtain the best-fit Schechter parameters of

erg s−1,

Mpc−3, and

, showing a steep faint-end slope. We identify a significant hump at the LF bright end (

erg s−1). Because all of the LAEs in the bright-end hump have a bright counterpart(s) in either the X-ray, UV, or radio data, this bright-end hump is not made by gravitational lensing magnification bias but by active galactic nuclei (AGNs). These AGNs allow us to derive the AGN UV LF at z ∼ 2 down to the faint magnitude limit of M
UV ≃ −22.5 and to constrain the faint-end slope of the AGN UV LF, α
AGN = −1.2 ± 0.1, which is flatter than those at z > 4. Based on the Lyα and UV LFs from our and previous studies, we find an increase of Lyα escape fraction

from z ∼ 0 to 6 by two orders of magnitude. This large

increase can be explained neither by the evolution of stellar population nor by outflow alone, but by the evolution of neutral hydrogen H
i density in the interstellar medium that enhances dust attenuation for Lyα by resonance scattering. Our uniform expanding shell models suggest that the typical H
i column density decreases from

(z ∼ 0) to ∼1 × 1018 cm−2 (z ∼ 6) to explain the large

increase.
NUMERICAL TEST OF DIFFERENT APPROXIMATIONS USED IN THE TRANSPORT THEORY OF ENERGETIC PARTICLES
Authors: Qin G. , Shalchi A. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Recently developed theories for perpendicular diffusion work remarkably well. The diffusion coefficients they provide agree with test-particle simulations performed for different turbulence setups ranging from slab and slab-like models to two-dimensional and noisy reduced MHD turbulence. However, such theories are still based on different analytical approximations. In the current paper we use a test-particle code to explore the different approximations used in diffusion theory. We benchmark different guiding center approximations, simplifications of higher-order correlations, and the Taylor–Green–Kubo formula. We demonstrate that guiding center approximations work very well as long as the particle's unperturbed Larmor radius is smaller than the perpendicular correlation length of the turbulence. Furthermore, the Taylor–Green–Kubo formula and the definition of perpendicular diffusion coefficients via mean square displacements provide the same results. The only approximation that was used in the past in nonlinear diffusion theory that fails is to replace fourth-order correlations by a product of two second-order correlation functions. In more advanced nonlinear theories, however, this type of approximation is no longer used. Therefore, we confirm the validity of modern diffusion theories as a result of the work presented in the current paper.
La théorie de l’entrepreneur, son évolution et sa contextualisation
Authors: Boutillier Sophie , Tiran André 
Published: May 2016

Peu d’économistes ont placé l’entrepreneur au cœur de la dynamique globale du capitalisme, qui est plus importante que l’acteur économique lui-même. Cependant, trois économistes, Cantillon, Say et Schumpeter ont développé une analyse où l’entrepreneur est l’énergie principale du processus d’accumulation capitaliste. Dans leur analyse, l’entrepreneur n’est pas un individu mais une fonction qui représente un lien systémique entre les structures socioéconomiques du capitalisme et les motivations entrepreneuriales (profit, défi, reconnaissance sociale, innovation, etc.), permettant de comprendre leurs décisions, et d’analyser leurs conséquences sur le cycle des affaires. Depuis, d’autres économistes ont actualisé et développé leur œuvre, en fonction des problèmes économiques et sociaux (progrès technique, chômage, emploi…) de leur temps. Codes JEL : B00
A Fatal Mycotic Sepsis after Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Cindolo Luca , Berardinelli Francesco , Castellan Pietro , Castellucci Roberto , Pellegrini Fabrizio , Schips Luigi 
Published: May 2016

Purpose The retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) is a procedure that sees an increase in its use every day and is supported by excellent results in terms of safety and feasibility. We report the first case of fatal mycotic septic complication in a neurological patient for renal stone disease. Case Presentation The case of a woman 44 year-old, with left solitary kidney and history of advanced multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, bedridden and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy was described. She was hospitalized for the presence of recurrent lower urinary tract infections. The computed tomography (CT) scan control revealed a 1.7 cm obstructive renal pelvic stone and multiple stones in the bladder. After the refusal of a percutaneous approach, a RIRS was planned and done. No intraoperative complications were observed. In the postoperative period, she developed a urinary sepsis with progressive deterioration of the general conditions. She died 6 days after the RIRS for septic shock with a blood culture positive for Candida glabrata. Discussion A Pubmed search for fatal complications after RIRS shows only two cases not fully elucidated. Conclusions The use of flexible ureteroscopes and holmium lasers has a high succes rate;nevertheless, the possibility of a major complication should be kept in mind in order to evaluate all the risk factors, to adopt all the preventive measures for the safety of the patients.
The Other: een introductie
Authors: Geelhoed Fiore , Siegel Dina 
Published: May 2016

The Other: an introduction
This introductory article describes who ‘the other’ is and what the place of ‘the other’ is in social scientific studies. The concept of ‘the other’ became the central object of study with the emergence of anthropology. In sociology and criminology the focus of study has been on ‘the other’ in ‘our’ midst. Although there are ‘positive others’, such as significant others, the other is more often perceived as unwanted, dangerous, threatening and even as an enemy. The other is socially constructed, usually on the basis of cultural and socio-economic differences that set ‘the other’ apart from the powerful. Critical and cultural criminologists have therefore since the 1960s focused on ‘the other’ and how they are created in processes of marginalization and how they are subjected to criminalization.