bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le Grand Paris, le joker de l’économie française
Authors: Davezies Laurent 
Published: December 2015

Cet article est rédigé à partir d’une note préparée pour la mission de configuration du Grand Paris. Il vise, à deux mois de sa mise en place, à évaluer les enjeux et les dynamiques, en termes de « macroéconomie locale » de la mise en place du Grand Paris. Sont examinés successivement le poids de son économie en France et dans la région Île-de-France, le fait que, contrairement à sa région, le Grand Paris se conforme au modèle de dynamique métropolitaine qui s’est développé depuis 15 ans dans le pays (et dans les autres pays industriels), en rupture avec ce que l’on observait dans les années antérieures. Il rend compte également du fait qu’à cette concentration métropolitaine, à l’échelle du pays, vient s’ajouter une concentration urbaine au sein des grandes aires urbaines, avec, dans le cas du Grand Paris, un retournement des dynamiques, favorables hier à la « deuxième couronne » de la région et aujourd’hui à son cœur « grand parisien » et particulièrement au centre, dans Paris et ses communes limitrophes. On examine, enfin, l’évolution actuelle du marché de l’emploi de ce territoire, son intégration croissante avec le reste de la région et la transformation d’un modèle radial en un nouveau modèle, de plus en plus concentrique.
ColScript a New Scripting Language for Collaborative Learning
Authors: Turani Aiman 
Published: December 2015

The collaboration script is defined as a formal way of describing the flow of activities within a collaborative learning session. Using collaboration script would encourage the production of effective and productive interactions between learners. Nevertheless, developing such script is not a trivial task. Standardization has played a major role in the expansion of instructional designs, but at the same time it limited down the flexibility of describing collaboration sessions that have complex structures. Representing a collaboration script in XML-tags format works well when scripting simple scenarios, but to describe extended scenarios it would make this scripting style very challenging and complicated. This approach causes users to avoid designing heavy weight scenarios and limits down their creativity. Relying on tools to implicitly generate such script would also limit down designers’ creativity since designers can only choose from a limited set of tools and design components.
In this research, we have defined the bases of a new collaboration scripting language, CoScript, that is able to describe collaboration learning sessions in a simple, flexible, and formal way. This scripting language has been derived based on a theoretical framework that was proposed in an earlier research. The proposed scripting language notation is close to the notation of traditional software scripting languages. This makes it easier to be learnt by instructors with basic programming skills. It has the ability to describe design’s structure elements, such as sequencing, conditions, repetition, activities, activity’s input /output, group formation, etc.
ColScript is basically composed of a limited set of objects and commands. The first part contains six objects (role object, group object, feedback object, collaboration tools object, time/date object and resources object), where the second part contains five essential structuring commands (input, output, loop, doactivity, groupformation).
Les territoires de l’attente dans la littérature des Amériques au 20ème siècle : représentations et enjeux
Authors: Plançon Thomas 
Published: December 2015

Les sciences sociales se sont intéressés aux déplacements de population pour fournir des données statistiques, sociales, politiques de la migration, notamment à travers les flux vers les Amériques au cours du 20ème siècle. Aujourd’hui, la recherche s’oriente vers de nouvelles thématiques et de nouvelles approches au plus près des migrants, pour comprendre les ressentis et vécus des personnes en mouvement. C’est le cas des territoires de l’attente dont l’objectif est d’analyser la mise en attente – volontaire ou non – ainsi que sa perception durant les voyages vers les Amériques. Si les archives nous donnent un aperçu de ce qu’est l’attente au cours de la traversée, il est cependant important de travailler sur de nouveaux corpus qui retranscrivent les ressentis face à cet entretemps, comme la littérature par exemple.Au-delà du simple exercice historiographique des rapports entre histoire et littérature, cet article met en avant l’importance de la fiction dans la compréhension d’ « évènements qui n’ont pas de place définie dans le temps » (Bruno Schulz), à travers l’exemple de l’attente vécue par des migrants ou des personnes déplacés par un pouvoir politique en place.
Reappraisal of Serosal Invasion in Patients With T3 Colorectal Cancer by Elastic Stain: Clinicopathologic Study of 139 Surgical Cases With Special Reference to Peritoneal Elastic Lamina Invasion
Authors: Nakanishi Yukihiro , LeVea Charles , Dibaj Shiva , Habib Fadi , Cheney Richard , Kanehira Kazunori 
Published: December 2015

Context
Peritoneal elastic lamina invasion (PELI) has been reported to be an important adverse prognostic factor in pT3 colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the data supporting this contention are limited.

Objective
To clarify the associations between PELI of pT3 CRC and prognostic significance, 139 consecutive surgical cases of pT3 CRC were examined.

Design
One hundred thirty-nine consecutive in-house surgical cases of pT3 CRC between 1993 and 2011 were examined. Thirty consecutive surgical cases of pT4a CRC resected during the same period were examined for comparison. Case selections were restricted to pT3 CRCs with the sections containing the deepest adenocarcinoma invasion partially or entirely covered with the peritoneum. Elastic staining was performed on one section containing the deepest tumor invasion partially or entirely covered with the peritoneum. The associations between the presence of PELI and clinicopathologic factors including prognosis of the patients were examined.

Results
Peritoneal elastic lamina invasion was identified in 23.0% (32 of 139) of the pT3 CRCs. PELI was associated with primary site (P = .006), lymph node metastasis (P &lt; .001), lymphovascular invasion (P &lt; .001), recurrence (P = .007), and patient's age (P = .002). The proportions of patients with a 4-year recurrence-free period in those with negative PELI, positive PELI, and pT4a tumor were 90.3%, 66.7%, and 28.9%, respectively (P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
Elastic staining is useful to evaluate the serosal invasion of CRC. Positive PELI is a significant predictive factor for lymph node metastasis and recurrence-free survival in patients with pT3 CRC. This indicates that pT3 tumors with PELI should be treated like pT4a tumors.
Decline in Frozen Section Diagnosis for Axillary Sentinel Lymph Nodes as a Result of the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011 Trial
Authors: Bishop Julie Anne , Sun Jihong , Ajkay Nicolas , Sanders Mary Ann G. 
Published: December 2015

Context.—Results of the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011 trial showed that patients with early-stage breast cancer and limited sentinel node metastasis treated with breast conservation and systemic therapy did not benefit from axillary lymph node dissection. Subsequently, most pathology departments have likely seen a decrease in frozen section diagnosis of sentinel lymph nodes.Objective.—To determine the effect of the Z0011 trial on pathology practice and to examine the utility of intraoperative sentinel lymph node evaluation for this subset of patients.Design.—Pathology reports from cases of primary breast cancer that met Z0011 clinical criteria and were initially treated with lumpectomy and sentinel lymph node biopsy from 2009 to 2015 were collected. Clinicopathologic data were recorded.Results.—Sentinel lymph node biopsies sent for frozen section diagnosis occurred in 22 of 22 cases (100%) in 2009 and 15 of 22 cases (68%) in 2010 during the pre-Z0011 years, and in 3 of 151 cases (2%) collected in 2011 through 2015, considered to be post-Z0011 years. Of the 151 post-Z0011 cases, 28 (19%) had sentinel lymph nodes with metastasis, and 147 (97%) were spared axillary lymph node dissection.Conclusions.—Following Z0011, intraoperative sentinel lymph node evaluation has significantly decreased at our institution. Prior to surgery, all patients had clinically node-negative disease. After sentinel lymph node evaluation, 97% (147 of 151) of the patients were spared axillary lymph node dissection. Therefore, routine frozen section diagnosis for sentinel lymph node biopsies can be avoided in these patients.
Ice shelf basal melt rates around Antarctica from simulations and observations
Authors: Schodlok M. P. , Menemenlis D. , Rignot E. J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe introduce an explicit representation of Antarctic ice shelf cavities in the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean, Phase II (ECCO2) ocean retrospective analysis; and compare resulting basal melt rates and patterns to independent estimates from satellite observations. Two simulations are carried out: the first is based on the original ECCO2 vertical discretization; the second has higher vertical resolution particularly at the depth range of ice shelf cavities. The original ECCO2 vertical discretization produces higher than observed melt rates and leads to a misrepresentation of Southern Ocean water mass properties and transports. In general, thicker levels at the base of the ice shelves lead to increased melting because of their larger heat capacity. This strengthens horizontal gradients and circulation within and outside the cavities and, in turn, warm water transports from the shelf break to the ice shelves. The simulation with more vertical levels produces basal melt rates (1735 ± 164 Gt/a) and patterns that are in better agreement with observations. Thinner levels in the sub‐ice‐shelf cavities improve the representation of a fresh/cold layer at the ice shelf base and of warm/salty water near the bottom, leading to a sharper pycnocline and reduced vertical mixing underneath the ice shelf. Improved water column properties lead to more accurate melt rates and patterns, especially for melt/freeze patterns under large cold‐water ice shelves. At the 18 km grid spacing of the ECCO2 model configuration, the smaller, warm‐water ice shelves cannot be properly represented, with higher than observed melt rates in both simulations.
Greenland freshwater pathways in the sub‐ArcticSeas from model experiments with passive tracers
Authors: Dukhovskoy Dmitry S. , Myers Paul G. , Platov Gennady , Timmermans Mary‐Louise , Curry Beth , Proshutinsky Andrey , Bamber Jonathan L. , Chassignet Eric , Hu Xianmin , Lee Craig M. , Somavilla Raquel 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAccelerating since the early 1990s, the Greenland Ice Sheet mass loss exerts a significant impact on thermohaline processes in the sub‐Arctic seas. Surplus freshwater discharge from Greenland since the 1990s, comparable in volume to the amount of freshwater present during the Great Salinity Anomaly events, could spread and accumulate in the sub‐Arctic seas, influencing convective processes there. However, hydrographic observations in the Labrador Sea and the Nordic Seas, where the Greenland freshening signal might be expected to propagate, do not show a persistent freshening in the upper ocean during last two decades. This raises the question of where the surplus Greenland freshwater has propagated. In order to investigate the fate, pathways, and propagation rate of Greenland meltwater in the sub‐Arctic seas, several numerical experiments using a passive tracer to track the spreading of Greenland freshwater have been conducted as a part of the Forum for Arctic Ocean Modeling and Observational Synthesis effort. The models show that Greenland freshwater propagates and accumulates in the sub‐Arctic seas, although the models disagree on the amount of tracer propagation into the convective regions. Results highlight the differences in simulated physical mechanisms at play in different models and underscore the continued importance of intercomparison studies. It is estimated that surplus Greenland freshwater flux should have caused a salinity decrease by 0.06–0.08 in the sub‐Arctic seas in contradiction with the recently observed salinification (by 0.15–0.2) in the region. It is surmised that the increasing salinity of Atlantic Water has obscured the freshening signal.
DOC:NO3− ratios and NO3− uptake in forested headwater streams
Authors: Rodríguez‐Cardona Bianca , Wymore Adam S. , McDowell William H. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe underlying mechanisms driving the coupled interactions between inorganic nitrogen uptake and dissolved organic matter are not well understood, particularly in surface waters. To determine the relationship between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) quantity and nitrate (NO3−) uptake kinetics in streams, we performed a series of NO3− Tracer Additions for Spiraling Curve Characterization experiments in four streams within the Lamprey River Watershed, New Hampshire, across a range in background DOC concentrations (1–8 mg C/L). Experiments were performed throughout the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. Across streams and experimental dates, ambient uptake velocity (Vf) correlated positively with increasing DOC concentrations and DOC:NO3− ratios but was only weakly negatively associated with NO3− concentrations. Ambient NO3− Vf was unrelated to pH, light, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and Specific Ultraviolet Absorbance at 254 nm. Although there were general tendencies across the entire Lamprey River Watershed, individual sites behaved differently in their uptake kinetics. NO3− uptake dynamics in the Lamprey River Watershed are most strongly influenced by DOC concentrations rather than NO3− concentrations or physicochemical parameters, which have been identified as regional‐ to continental‐scale drivers in previous research. Understanding the fundamental relationships between dissolved organic matter and inorganic nutrients will be important as global and climatic changes influence the delivery and production of DOC and NO3− in aquatic ecosystems.
Potential predictability of Indian summer monsoon rainfall in NCEP CFSv2
Authors: Saha Subodh Kumar , Pokhrel Samir , Salunke Kiran , Dhakate Ashish , Chaudhari Hemantkumar S. , Rahaman Hasibur , Sujith K. , Hazra Anupam , Sikka D. R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe potential predictability of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR), soil moisture, and sea surface temperature (SST) is explored in the latest version of the NCEP Climate Forecast System (CFSv2) retrospective forecast at five different lead times. The focus of this study is to find out the sensitivity of the potential predictability of the ISMR to the initial condition through analysis of variance technique (ANOVA), information‐based measure, including relative entropy (RE), mutual information (MI), and classical perfect model correlation. In general, the all methods show an increase in potential predictability with a decrease in lead time. Predictability is large over the Pacific Ocean basin as compared to that of the Indian Ocean basin. However, over the Indian land region the potential predictability increases from lead‐4 to lead‐2 and then decreases at lead‐1 followed by again increase at lead‐0. While the actual ISMR prediction skill is highest at lead‐3 forecast (second highest at lead‐1), the potential predictability is highest at lead‐2. It is found that highest and second highest actual prediction skill of the ISMR in CFSv2 is due to the combined effects of initial Eurasian snow and SST over Indian, west Pacific and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean region. While the teleconnection between the ISMR and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation is too strong, the ISMR and Indian Ocean dipole have completely out of phase relation in the model as compared to the observation. Furthermore, the actual prediction skill of the ISMR is now very close to the potential predictability limit. Therefore, in order to improve the ISMR prediction skill further, development of model physics as well as improvements in the initial conditions is required.
Impacts of parameterized orographic drag on the Northern Hemisphere winter circulation
Authors: Sandu Irina , Bechtold Peter , Beljaars Anton , Bozzo Alessio , Pithan Felix , Shepherd Theodore G. , Zadra Ayrton 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA recent intercomparison exercise proposed by the Working Group for Numerical Experimentation (WGNE) revealed that the parameterized, or unresolved, surface stress in weather forecast models is highly model‐dependent, especially over orography. Models of comparable resolution differ over land by as much as 20% in zonal mean total subgrid surface stress (τtot). The way τtot is partitioned between the different parameterizations is also model‐dependent. In this study, we simulated in a particular model an increase in τtot comparable with the spread found in the WGNE intercomparison. This increase was simulated in two ways, namely by increasing independently the contributions to τtot of the turbulent orographic form drag scheme (TOFD) and of the orographic low‐level blocking scheme (BLOCK). Increasing the parameterized orographic drag leads to significant changes in surface pressure, zonal wind and temperature in the Northern Hemisphere during winter both in 10 day weather forecasts and in seasonal integrations. However, the magnitude of these changes in circulation strongly depends on which scheme is modified. In 10 day forecasts, stronger changes are found when the TOFD stress is increased, while on seasonal time scales the effects are of comparable magnitude, although different in detail. At these time scales, the BLOCK scheme affects the lower stratosphere winds through changes in the resolved planetary waves which are associated with surface impacts, while the TOFD effects are mostly limited to the lower troposphere. The partitioning of τtot between the two schemes appears to play an important role at all time scales.
Oxygenation cascade analysis in conversion of n‐octane catalyzed by cytochrome P450 CYP102A3 mutants at the P331 site
Authors: Wang Songhe , Liu Zhibin 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTo improve the hydroxylation efficiency of cytochrome P450 CYP102A3 to substrate n‐octane, a previously reported triple‐mutant F88V/S188Q/A330V with altered regioselectivity was selected and site‐saturation mutagenesis was performed at its P331 site, which is adjacent to one of the active sites A330. Using whole‐cell biotransformations to analyze the created mutants, four better mutants P331A, P331T, P331S, and P331V were achieved and exhibited significantly improved conversion rates toward n‐octane, which are 33%, 33%, 22% and 28%, respectively, whereas the activity of P331R was greatly reduced and P331K gave almost zero conversion of n‐octane. Besides the main product octanols, different octanones and 1,7‐octanediol were also detected for some of the mutants. The above results demonstrated that the P331 site of CYP102A3 also plays an important role in the n‐octane oxidation and CYP102A3 is a functionally flexible biocatalyst that can be optimized for a variety of industrial applications.
Association between maternal aluminum exposure and the risk of congenital heart defects in offspring
Authors: Liu Zhen , Lin Yuan , Tian Xiaoxian , Li Jun , Chen Xinlin , Yang Jiaxiang , Li Xiaohong , Deng Ying , Li Nana , Liang Juan , Li Shengli , Zhu Jun 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundAluminum (Al) is the third most common element in the earth' s crust and has been reported to be teratogenic. However, there is lack of understanding about the association between maternal aluminum exposure and the risks of birth defects such as congenital heart defects (CHDs).MethodsA multi‐center, hospital‐based case–control study was performed at four maternal and child tertiary hospitals in China. A total of 223 cases with CHDs and 223 controls without any abnormalities were recruited according to the inclusion and matching criteria. Hair samples were prepared and measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). The correlation between CHDs and maternal aluminum concentrations was estimated by a 1:1 conditional logistic regression.ResultsThe geometric mean and median of hair aluminum levels in isolated or multiple CHD cases was significantly higher than in controls (p < 0.05). A significant association was found between increased hair aluminum concentrations and the risk of total CHDs in offspring (adjusted odds ration [aOR], 2.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.72–3.13), especially in some subtypes of CHDs, such as septal defects (aOR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.15–4.10), conotruncal defects (aOR, 5.42; 95%CI, 2.43–12.10), and right ventricular outflow track obstruction (aOR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.08–5.44). However, there was no statistically significant association with left ventricular outflow track obstruction (aOR, 1.66; 95% CI, 0.95–2.88).ConclusionA high maternal aluminum concentration may significantly increase the risk of delivering a child with a CHD, such as a septal defect, conotruncal heart defect and right‐side obstruction. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:95–103, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Consequences of ccmR deletion on respiration, fermentation and H2 metabolism in cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002
Authors: Krishnan Anagha , Zhang Shuyi , Liu Yang , Tadmori Kinan A. , Bryant Donald A. , Dismukes Charles G. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTCcmR, a LysR‐type transcriptional regulator, represses the genes encoding components of the high‐affinity carbon concentration mechanism in cyanobacteria. Unexpectedly, deletion of the ccmR gene was found to alter the expression of the terminal oxidase and fermentative genes, especially the hydrogenase operon in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. Consistent with the transcriptomic data, the deletion strain exhibits flux increases (30–50%) in both aerobic O2 respiration and anaerobic H2 evolution. To understand how CcmR influences anaerobic metabolism, the kinetics of autofermentation were investigated following photoautotrophic growth. The autofermentative H2 yield increased by 50% in the CcmR deletion strain compared to the wild‐type strain, and increased to 160% (within 20 h) upon continuous removal of H2 from the medium (“milking”) to suppress H2 uptake. Consistent with this greater reductant flux to H2, the mutant excreted less lactate during autofermentation (NAD(P)H consuming pathway). To enhance the rate of NADH production during anaerobic metabolism, the ccmR mutant was engineered to introduce GAPDH overexpression (more NADH production) and LDH deletion (less NADH consumption). The triple mutant (ccmR deletion + GAPDH overexpression + LDH deletion) showed 6–8‐fold greater H2 yield than the WT strain, achieving conversion rates of 17 nmol 108 cells−1 h−1 and yield of 0.87 H2 per glucose equivalent (8.9% theoretical maximum). Simultaneous monitoring of the intracellular NAD(P)H concentration and H2 production rate by these mutants reveals an inverse correspondence between these variables indicating hydrogenase‐dependent H2 production as a major sink for consuming NAD(P)H in preference to excretion of reduced carbon as lactate during fermentation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1448–1459. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.