bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transgenerational effects of nutrition are different for sons and daughters
Authors: Zizzari Z. V. , van Straalen N. M. , Ellers J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFood shortage is an important selective factor shaping animal life‐history trajectories. Yet, despite its role, many aspects of the interaction between parental and offspring food environments remain unclear. In this study, we measured developmental plasticity in response to food availability over two generations and tested the relative contribution of paternal and maternal food availability to the performance of offspring reared under matched and mismatched food environments. We applied a cross‐generational split‐brood design using the springtail Orchesella cincta, which is found in the litter layer of temperate forests. The results show adverse effects of food limitation on several life‐history traits and reproductive performance of both parental sexes. Food conditions of both parents contributed to the offspring phenotypic variation, providing evidence for transgenerational effects of diet. Parental diet influenced sons’ age at maturity and daughters’ weight at maturity. Specifically, being born to food‐restricted parents allowed offspring to alleviate the adverse effects of food limitation, without reducing their performance under well‐fed conditions. Thus, parents raised on a poor diet primed their offspring for a more efficient resource use. However, a mismatch between maternal and offspring food environments generated sex‐specific adverse effects: female offspring born to well‐fed mothers showed a decreased flexibility to deal with low‐food conditions. Notably, these maternal effects of food availability were not observed in the sons. Finally, we found that the relationship between age and size at maturity differed between males and females and showed that offspring life‐history strategies in O. cincta are primed differently by the parents.
Children with autism respond differently to spontaneous, elicited and deferred imitation
Authors: Heimann M. , Nordqvist E. , Strid K. , Connant Almrot J. , Tjus T. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundImitation, a key vehicle for both cognitive and social development, is often regarded as more difficult for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) than for children with Down syndrome (DS) or typically developing (TD) children. The current study investigates similarities and differences in observed elicited, spontaneous and deferred imitation using both actions with objects and gestures as imitation tasks in these groups.MethodsImitation among 19 children with autism was compared with 20 children with DS and 23 TD children matched for mental and language age.ResultsElicited imitation resulted in significantly lower scores for the ASD group compared with the other two groups, an effect mainly carried by a low level of gesture imitation among ASD children. We observed no differences among the groups for spontaneous imitation. However, children with ASD or DS displayed less deferred imitation than the TD group. Proneness to imitate also differed among groups: only 10 (53%) of the children with autism responded in the elicited imitation condition compared with all children with DS and almost all TD children (87%).ConclusionsThese findings add to our understanding of the kind of imitation difficulties children with ASD might have. They also point to the necessity of not equating various imitation measures because these may capture different processes and be differently motivating for children with autism.
Hybrid photoacoustic and optical imaging of pigments in vegetative tissues
Authors: TSEREVELAKIS GEORGE J. , TSAGKARAKI MARGARITA , ZACHARAKIS GIANNIS 
Published: March 2016

SummaryPigments in vegetative tissues have been a subject of intense research during the previous decades, since they play an active role in several molecular mechanisms regarding plants’ physiology and function. Towards this direction, the imaging modality that has been extensively employed and represents the state of the art for mapping pigments’ distribution is confocal microscopy. Despite the advantage of a high spatial resolution however, confocal microscopy provides a rather limited imaging depth and requires necessarily strong fluorescence properties from the specimen under observation. To overcome such limitations, we propose a hybrid, photoacoustic and optical imaging methodology for the delineation of various vegetative pigments, such as chlorophylls, anthocyanins and betalains in different plant species. The superior sensitivity and the high contrast complementarity of the hybrid technique, render it a powerful alternative to the conventional fluorescence imaging modalities, significantly expanding the current state of the art.
Father's Migration and Leaving the Parental Home in Rural Mozambique
Authors: Chae Sophia , Hayford Sarah R. , Agadjanian Victor 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMigration is an increasingly common global phenomenon and has important implications for the well‐being of family members left behind. Although extensive research has examined the impact of parental labor migration on school‐age children, less is known about its effect on adolescents. In this study, the authors used longitudinal survey data collected in rural Mozambique (N = 515) to assess the association between father's migration and adolescent children's leaving the parental home, an important component of the transition to adulthood. The results showed that father's migration delays home‐leaving for adolescent girls and that these effects are not mediated by school enrollment. The results for boys were inconclusive. The authors also found that remittances and longer durations of paternal migration were negatively associated with the transition out of the home. On the basis of the findings, they argue that father's migration delays girls' marriage.
GABAergic signaling in the rat pineal gland
Authors: Yu Haijie , Benitez Sergio G. , Jung Seung‐Ryoung , Farias Altamirano Luz E. , Kruse Martin , Seo Jong Bae , Koh Duk‐Su , Muñoz Estela M. , Hille Bertil 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPinealocytes secrete melatonin at night in response to norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerve terminals in the pineal gland. The gland also contains many other neurotransmitters whose cellular disposition, activity, and relevance to pineal function are not understood. Here, we clarify sources and demonstrate cellular actions of the neurotransmitter γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry of the gland and electrical recording from pinealocytes. GABAergic cells and nerve fibers, defined as containing GABA and the synthetic GAD67, were identified. The cells represent a subset of interstitial cells while the nerve fibers were distinct from the sympathetic innervation. The GABAA receptor subunit α1 was visualized in close proximity of both GABAergic and sympathetic nerve fibers as well as fine extensions among pinealocytes and blood vessels. The GABAB1 receptor subunit was localized in the interstitial compartment but not in pinealocytes. Electrophysiology of isolated pinealocytes revealed that GABA and muscimol elicit strong inward chloride currents sensitive to bicuculline and picrotoxin, clear evidence for functional GABAA receptors on the surface membrane. Applications of elevated potassium solution or the neurotransmitter acetylcholine depolarized the pinealocyte membrane potential enough to open voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels leading to intracellular calcium elevations. GABA repolarized the membrane and shut off such calcium rises. In 48–72‐h cultured intact glands, GABA application neither triggered melatonin secretion by itself nor affected norepinephrine‐induced secretion. Thus, strong elements of GABA signaling are present in pineal glands that make large electrical responses in pinealocytes, but physiological roles need to be found.
Reducing ICD Test Shocks with a Simplified Upper Limit of Vulnerability
Authors: PITTARO MICHAEL , DEFORGE WILLIAM , KROLL MARK W. 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundDetermination of an adequate defibrillation safety margin or defibrillation threshold can be a challenge in patients with implantable defibrillators (ICDs). The upper limit of vulnerability (ULV) has been shown to be highly correlated with measured defibrillation thresholds. The peak of the latest peaking monophasic T wave measured from the pacing spike of the induction train of S1 via the surface electrocardiogram (ECG) is generally accepted to approximate the vulnerable period of the cardiac cycle.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to determine whether a single electrogram‐derived coupling interval could provide an accurate determination of the vulnerable period for a simplified test method to approximate the defibrillation safety margin.MethodsWe used a single electrogram‐derived coupling interval for the timing of the T shock. We compared the measured intracardiac electrogram coupling interval to the latest peaking T wave on the surface ECG.ResultsA total of 72 patients were studied: single‐chamber ICD (n = 28), dual‐chamber ICD (n = 26), or cardiac resynchronization therapy‐defibrillator (n = 18). The coupling intervals were greater on the electrograms versus the surface ECG: 365 ms ± 27 versus 347 ms ± 26 (P < 0.0001). Almost all of the patients tested, 69/72 (96%), were indeed defibrillated with the T‐shock energy that failed to induce ventricular fibrillation (VF). Only three (4%) of the patients failed the hypothesis when 500 V failed to induce VF but subsequently also failed to defibrillate a forced induction of VF.ConclusionsA simplified ULV testing protocol, using a single electrogram channel, accurately separates low from high defibrillation threshold testing patients.
Floral colours in a world without birds and bees: the plants of Macquarie Island
Authors: Shrestha M. , Lunau K. , Dorin A. , Schulze B. , Bischoff M. , Burd M. , Dyer A. G. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe studied biotically pollinated angiosperms on Macquarie Island, a remote site in the Southern Ocean with a predominately or exclusively dipteran pollinator fauna, in an effort to understand how flower colour affects community assembly. We compared a distinctive group of cream‐green Macquarie Island flowers to the flora of likely source pools of immigrants and to a continental flora from a high latitude in the northern hemisphere. We used both dipteran and hymenopteran colour models and phylogenetically informed analyses to explore the chromatic component of community assembly. The species with cream‐green flowers are very restricted in colour space models of both fly vision and bee vision and represent a distinct group that plays a very minor role in other communities. It is unlikely that such a community could form through random immigration from continental source pools. Our findings suggest that fly pollination has imposed a strong ecological filter on Macquarie Island, favouring floral colours that are rare in continental floras. This is one of the strongest demonstrations that plant–pollinator interactions play an important role in plant community assembly. Future work exploring colour choices by dipteran flower visitors would be valuable.
Latino Attitudes About Surrogate Representation in the United States*
Authors: Schildkraut Deborah J. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveDetermine the effects of linked fate, group identification, perceptions of discrimination, and acculturation on Latino attitudes about surrogate representation, which occurs when elected officials represent people outside of their electoral constituency.MethodsAnalysis of public opinion data to determine whether Latinos feel that Latino‐elected officials from other states represent them and assess which Latinos are more or less likely to feel this way.ResultsLinked fate and identifying primarily with one's national origin group, instead of as an American, enhance the perception of surrogate representation. Less‐acculturated Latinos are also more likely to look to surrogates for representation. Perceiving that one has been a victim of discrimination, on the other hand, alienates Latinos from co‐ethnic representatives, making them less likely to feel represented by surrogates.ConclusionMany Latinos without descriptive representation still feel represented via surrogates, but high rates of perceptions of discrimination are a cause for concern.
Foundations of Intonational Meaning: Anatomical and Physiological Factors
Authors: Gussenhoven Carlos 
Published: March 2016

AbstractLike non‐verbal communication, paralinguistic communication is rooted in anatomical and physiological factors. Paralinguistic form‐meaning relations arise from the way these affect speech production, with some fine‐tuning by the cultural and linguistic context. The effects have been classified as “biological codes,” following the terminological lead of John Ohala's Frequency Code. Intonational morphemes, though arguably non‐arbitrary in principle, are in fact heavily biased toward these paralinguistic meanings. Paralinguistic and linguistic meanings for four biological codes are illustrated. In addition to the Frequency Code, the Effort Code, and the Respiratory Code, the Sirenic Code is introduced here, which is based on the use of whispery phonation, widely seen as being responsible for the signaling and perception of feminine attractiveness and sometimes used to express interrogativity in language. In the context of the evolution of language, the relations between physiological conditions and the resulting paralinguistic and linguistic meanings will need to be clarified.
Revisiting the physiological roles of SGLTs and GLUTs using positron emission tomography in mice
Authors: Sala‐Rabanal Monica , Hirayama Bruce A. , Ghezzi Chiara , Liu Jie , Huang Sung‐Cheng , Kepe Vladimir , Koepsell Hermann , Yu Amy , Powell David R. , Thorens Bernard , Wright Ernest M. , Barrio Jorge R. 
Published: March 2016

Key points
Glucose transporters are central players in glucose homeostasis.
There are two major classes of glucose transporters in the body, the passive facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) and the secondary active sodium‐coupled glucose transporters (SGLTs).
In the present study, we report the use of a non‐invasive imaging technique, positron emission tomography, in mice aiming to evaluate the role of GLUTs and SGLTs in controlling glucose distribution and utilization.
We show that GLUTs are most significant for glucose uptake into the brain and liver, whereas SGLTs are important in glucose recovery in the kidney.
This work provides further support for the use of SGLT imaging in the investigation of the role of SGLT transporters in human physiology and diseases such as diabetes and cancer.
AbstractThe importance of sodium‐coupled glucose transporters (SGLTs) and facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) in glucose homeostasis was studied in mice using fluorine‐18 labelled glucose molecular imaging probes and non‐invasive positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The probes were: α‐methyl‐4‐[F‐18]‐fluoro‐4‐deoxy‐d‐glucopyranoside (Me‐4FDG), a substrate for SGLTs; 4‐deoxy‐4‐[F‐18]‐fluoro‐d‐glucose (4‐FDG), a substrate for SGLTs and GLUTs; and 2‐deoxy‐2‐[F‐18]‐fluoro‐d–glucose (2‐FDG), a substrate for GLUTs. These radiolabelled imaging probes were injected i.v. into wild‐type, Sglt1–/–, Sglt2–/– and Glut2–/– mice and their dynamic whole‐body distribution was determined using microPET. The distribution of 2‐FDG was similar to that reported earlier (i.e. it accumulated in the brain, heart, liver and kidney, and was excreted into the urinary bladder). There was little change in the distribution of 2‐FDG in Glut2–/– mice, apart from a reduction in the rate of uptake into liver. The major differences between Me‐4FDG and 2‐FDG were that Me‐4FDG did not enter the brain and was not excreted into the urinary bladder. There was urinary excretion of Me‐4FDG in Sglt1–/– and Sglt2–/– mice. However, Me‐4FDG was not reabsorbed in the kidney in Glut2–/– mice. There were no differences in Me‐4FDG uptake into the heart of wild‐type, Sglt1–/– and Sglt2–/– mice. We conclude that GLUT2 is important in glucose liver transport and reabsorption of glucose in the kidney along with SGLT2 and SGLT1. Complete reabsorption of Me‐4FDG from the glomerular filtrate in wild‐type mice and the absence of reabsorption in the kidney in Glut2–/– mice confirm the importance of GLUT2 in glucose absorption across the proximal tubule.
Metabolic Engineering of Mortierella alpina for Enhanced Arachidonic Acid Production through the NADPH-Supplying Strategy
Authors: Hao Guangfei , Chen Haiqin , Gu Zhennan , Zhang Hao , Chen Wei , Chen Yong Q. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

NADPH is known to be a key cofactor required for fatty acid synthesis and desaturation. Various enzymatic reactions can generate NADPH. To determine the effect of NADPH sources on lipogenesis, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), and malic enzyme (ME) were overexpressed in
Mortierella alpina
. Our results showed that G6PD2 had the most significant effect on fatty acid synthesis, with a 1.7-fold increase in total fatty acid, whereas ME2 was more effective in desaturation, with a 1.5-fold increase in arachidonic acid (AA) content over control. Co-overexpression of G6PD2 and ME2 improved both fatty acid synthesis and desaturation. Within 96 h of fermentation using the fed-batch method, the co-overexpressing strain accumulated AA at a productivity of 1.9 ± 0.2 g/(liter · day), which was 7.2-fold higher than that in the
M. alpina
control that was cultured in a flask.

IMPORTANCE
This study proved that the pentose phosphate pathway is the major NADPH contributor during fatty acid synthesis in
M. alpina
. The NADPH sources may be differently responsible for fatty acid synthesis or desaturation. Co-overexpression of G6PD2 and ME2 significantly increases AA production.
Changing Parental Nutrition Administration Sets Every 24 h versus Every 48 h in Newborn Infants
Authors: Fox Miriam , Molesky Marion , Van Aerde John E , Muttitt Sarah 
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether changing total parenteral nutrition fluid administration sets (TAS) every 48 h rather than every 24 h results in a greater infusate contamination rate.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospectively, 166 infants were assigned at random to have TAS changed either every 24 h or every 48 h. Samples of the infusate were cultured to determine contamination rates of the infusate in the sets and were tested from 149 of these infants. TAS was replaced every 24 h in the control group, and 445 amino acid plus dextrose solutions (AADS) and 449 lipid emulsions samples were taken for bacterial culture. Fungal cultures were also performed on 449 samples. The study group had TAS replaced every 48 h, and 454 samples of AADS were cultured for bacteria. The numbers of lipid emulsion samples sent for bacterial culture and fungal culture were 449 and 440, respectively. Information on type of intravenous access device, administration of antibiotics and blood cultures was also collected.RESULTS: There was no difference in bacterial contamination rates for AADS or lipid emulsion from TAS changed every 24 or 48 h (Χ2, P>0.05). Lipid emulsion sampled from the 24 h group showed a statistically significant higher rate of fungal contamination than specimens from the 48 h group (P<0.01).CONCLUSIONS: Changing TAS every 48 h versus 24 h does not increase the contamination rate of infusate in newborns.
Omeprazole and Ranitidine in the Prevention of Relapse in Patients with Duodenal Ulcer Disease
Authors: Lauritsen K , Rutgersson K , Bolling E , Brunner G , Eriksson S , Galmiche JP , Walan A , Archambault AP , Gudjónsson H , Bailey RJ , Bianchi Porro G , Frison L , Havu N , Thompson ABR 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND: Although the eradication ofHelicobacter pyloriis of primary importance when initiating treatment, it is also important to have a strategy for patients who areH pylori-negative, fail to demonstrate eradication or have a tendency to become re-infected or relapse.PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a double-blind, parallel-group clinical trial of 928 patients (from 70 centres in 16 countries) with duodenal ulcers who after a short term study had relief of symptoms and healed ulcers proved endoscopically, 308 were randomly assigned to receive omeprazole 10 mg in the morning, 308 to receive omeprazole 20 mg in the morning and 312 to receive ranitidine 150 mg at bedtime for up to 12 months. Symptoms were assessed every three months and endoscopy repeated at three, six and 12 months, or more often if indicated by recurrence of symptoms. The safety screening included basal serum gastrin concentrations and gastric mucosal histopathology.RESULTS: The remission rates up to 12 months were 87% for the omeprazole 20 mg group, 71% for the omeprazole 10 mg group and 63% for the ranitidine group. Omeprazole 20 mg differed significantly from both omeprazole 10 mg (P=0.0001, 95% CI 9 to 23) and ranitidine (P=0.0001, 95% CI 17 to 31). There was no statistically significant difference between omeprazole 10 mg and ranitidine over the 12-month period, but the 95% confidence interval allowed differences between 0% and 16% in favour of omeprazole at 12 months. A Cox regression analysis revealed that longer treatment courses to heal, smoking, a long ulcer history and young age negatively contributed to the odds of staying in remission. The treatments were well tolerated. There was a slight increase in basal serum gastrin concentrations, reflecting the different degrees of acid inhibition induced by the three treatments. No dysplastic or neoplastic lesions were found in any biopsies.CONCLUSIONS: More duodenal ulcer patients are maintained in remission with omeprazole 20 mg daily than with omeprazole 10 mg daily or with ranitidine 150 mg at bedtime.
Relations of Central Hemodynamics and Aortic Stiffness with Left Ventricular Structure and Function: The Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Kaess Bernhard M. , Rong Jian , Larson Martin G. , Hamburg Naomi M. , Vita Joseph A. , Cheng Susan , Aragam Jayashree , Levy Daniel , Benjamin Emelia J. , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Mitchell Gary F. 
Published: March 2016

Background
The differing relations of steady and pulsatile components of central hemodynamics and aortic stiffness with cardiac dimensions and function have not been fully elucidated.

Methods and Results

Central hemodynamics and carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (
CFPWV
, a measure of aortic stiffness) were measured by arterial tonometry in 5799 participants of the Framingham Heart Study (mean age 51 years, 54% women) and related to echocardiographic left ventricular (
LV
) dimensions and systolic and diastolic function using multivariable‐adjusted partial Pearson correlations. Mean arterial pressure (
MAP
, steady component of central blood pressure) was associated positively with
LV
wall thickness (
r
=0.168;
P
<0.0001) but showed only a weak direct association with
LV
diastolic dimension (
r
=0.035,
P
=0.006). Central pulse pressure (pulsatile component of central blood pressure) showed a direct correlation with both
LV
diastolic dimension and
LV
wall thickness (
r
=0.08 and 0.044, both
P
<0.0001 in multivariable models that included
MAP
).
CFPWV
was not associated with
LV
structure (all
P
≥0.27) in
MAP
‐adjusted models). Both
MAP
and
CFPWV
were associated inversely with
LV
diastolic function (E′;
r
=−0.140 and −0.153, respectively; both
P
<0.0001), and these associations persisted after additional adjustment for
LV
mass and central pulse pressure (
r
=−0.142 and −0.108, both
P
<0.0001).
MAP
and
CFPWV
were not associated with
LV
fractional shortening (
P
≥0.10), whereas central pulse pressure was positively related (
r
=0.064,
P
<0.0001).

Conclusions

Pulsatile and steady components of central pressure are conjointly yet variably related to
LV
structure.
CFPWV
is related to
LV
diastolic function but not to systolic function. Additional studies are warranted to confirm these observations.