bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life expectancy of HIV‐positive people after starting combination antiretroviral therapy: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Teeraananchai S , Kerr SJ , Amin J , Ruxrungtham K , Law MG 
Published: September 2016

ObjectivesLife expectancy is an important indicator informing decision making in policies relating to HIV‐infected people. Studies estimating life expectancy after starting combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) have noted differences between income regions. The objective of our study was to perform a meta‐analysis to assess life expectancy of HIV‐positive people after starting cART, and to quantify differences between low/middle‐ and high‐income countries.MethodsEight cohort studies estimating life expectancy in HIV‐positive people initiating cART aged ≥ 14 years using the abridged life table method were identified. Random effects meta‐analysis was used to pool estimated outcomes, overall and by income region. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed with the I2 statistic. We estimated additional years of life expected after starting cART at ages 20 and 35 years.ResultsOverall life expectancy in high‐income countries was an additional 43.3 years [95% confidence interval (CI) 42.5–44.2 years] and 32.2 years (95% CI 30.9–33.5 years) at ages 20 and 35 years, respectively, and 28.3 (95% CI 23.3–33.3) and 25.6 (95% CI 22.1–29.2) additional years, respectively, in low/middle‐income countries. In low/middle‐income countries, life expectancy after starting cART at age 20 years was an additional 22.9 years (95% CI 18.4–27.5 years) for men and 33.0 years (95% CI 30.4–35.6 years) for women, but was similar in the two sexes in high‐income countries. In all income regions, life expectancy after starting cART increased over calendar time.ConclusionsOur results suggest that the life expectancy of HIV‐positive people after starting cART has improved over time. Monitoring life expectancy into the future is important to assess how changes to cART guidelines will affect patient long‐term outcomes.
Label‐free Raman spectroscopic imaging to extract morphological and chemical information from a formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded rat colon tissue section
Authors: Gaifulina Riana , Maher Andrew Thomas , Kendall Catherine , Nelson James , Rodriguez‐Justo Manuel , Lau Katherine , Thomas Geraint Mark 
Published: September 2016

SummaryAnimal models and archived human biobank tissues are useful resources for research in disease development, diagnostics and therapeutics. For the preservation of microscopic anatomical features and to facilitate long‐term storage, a majority of tissue samples are denatured by the chemical treatments required for fixation, paraffin embedding and subsequent deparaffinization. These aggressive chemical processes are thought to modify the biochemical composition of the sample and potentially compromise reliable spectroscopic examination useful for the diagnosis or biomarking. As a result, spectroscopy is often conducted on fresh/frozen samples. In this study, we provide an extensive characterization of the biochemical signals remaining in processed samples (formalin fixation and paraffin embedding, FFPE) and especially those originating from the anatomical layers of a healthy rat colon. The application of chemometric analytical methods (unsupervised and supervised) was shown to eliminate the need for tissue staining and easily revealed microscopic features consistent with goblet cells and the dense populations of cells within the mucosa, principally via strong nucleic acid signals. We were also able to identify the collagenous submucosa‐ and serosa‐ as well as the muscle‐associated signals from the muscular regions and blood vessels. Applying linear regression analysis to the data, we were able to corroborate this initial assignment of cell and tissue types by confirming the biological origin of each layer by reference to a subset of authentic biomolecular standards. Our results demonstrate the potential of using label‐free Raman microspectroscopy to obtain superior imaging contrast in FFPE sections when compared directly to conventional haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining.
J Waves Are Associated With the Increased Occurrence of Life‐Threatening Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia in Patients With Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: NARUSE YOSHIHISA , NOGAMI AKIHIKO , SHINODA YASUTOSHI , HANAKI YUICHI , SHIRAI YASUHIRO , KOWASE SHINYA , KUROSAKI KENJI , MACHINO TAKESHI , KUROKI KENJI , YAMASAKI HIRO , IGARASHI MIYAKO , SEKIGUCHI YUKIO , AONUMA KAZUTAKA 
Published: September 2016

J Wave and VT/VF of Nonischemic CardiomyopathyIntroductionRecent studies showed that J waves were associated with higher incidence of ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT/VF) in patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (VF) and myocardial infarction. We sought to assess the association between J waves and VT/VF in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM).Methods and ResultsWe retrospectively enrolled 109 patients (79 men; mean age, 60 ± 15 years) with NICM who underwent implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation. The primary endpoint of this study was the occurrence of appropriate device therapy due to sustained VT/VF. The J wave was electrocardiographically defined as an elevation of the terminal portion of the QRS complex of >0.1 mV in at least 2 contiguous inferior or lateral leads. Among the 109 patients, 37 (34%) experienced an episode of appropriate device therapy during a median follow‐up period of 25.9 (IQR 11.5–54.3) months. Kaplan‐Meier curves showed that the presence of J waves on the 12‐lead ECG obtained before device implantation was associated with an increased occurrence of appropriate device therapy (P < 0.001). Multivariate Cox proportional regression analysis revealed that the presence of J waves (HR 2.95; 95% CI 1.31–6.64; P = 0.009) was an independent predictor for the occurrence of appropriate device therapy. In the subgroup analysis of the patients with dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, J wave tended to increase the occurrence of appropriate device therapy (P = 0.056 and P = 0.092, respectively).ConclusionsThe presence of J waves was an independent predictor for the occurrence of appropriate device therapy in patients with NICM who underwent ICD implantation.
Effect of nitric oxide deficiency on the pulmonary PTHrP system
Authors: Brockhoff Bastian , Schreckenberg Rolf , Forst Svenja , Heger Jacqueline , Bencsik Péter , Kiss Krisztina , Ferdinandy Peter , Schulz Rainer , Schlüter Klaus‐Dieter 
Published: September 2016

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) deficiency is common in pulmonary diseases, but its effect on pulmonary remodelling is still controversial. As pulmonary parathyroid hormone‐related protein (PTHrP) expression is a key regulator of pulmonary fibrosis and development, the effect of chronic NO deficiency on the pulmonary PTHrP system and its relationship with oxidative stress was addressed. NO bioavailability in adult rats was reduced by systemic administration of L‐NAME via tap water. To clarify the role of NO synthase (NOS)‐3‐derived NO on pulmonary expression of PTHrP, NOS‐3‐deficient mice were used. Captopril and hydralazine were used to reduce the hypertensive effect of L‐NAME treatment and to interfere with the pulmonary renin‐angiotensin system (RAS). Quantitative RT‐PCR and immunoblot techniques were used to characterize the expression of key proteins involved in pulmonary remodelling. L‐NAME administration significantly reduced pulmonary NO concentration and caused oxidative stress as characterized by increased pulmonary nitrite concentration and increased expression of NOX2, p47phox and p67phox. Furthermore, L‐NAME induced the pulmonary expression of PTHrP and of its corresponding receptor, PTH‐1R. Expression of PTHrP and PTH‐1R correlated with the expression of two well‐established PTHrP downstream targets, ADRP and PPARγ, suggesting an activation of the pulmonary PTHrP system by NO deficiency. Captopril reduced the expression of PTHrP, profibrotic markers and ornithine decarboxylase, but neither that of PTH‐1R nor that of ADRP and PPARγ. All transcriptional changes were confirmed in NOS‐3‐deficient mice. In conclusion, NOS‐3‐derived NO suppresses pulmonary PTHrP and PTH‐1R expression, thereby modifying pulmonary remodelling.
Adapting clinical guidelines in low‐resources countries: a study on the guideline on the management and prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Indonesia
Authors: Widyahening Indah S. , Wangge Grace , van der Graaf Yolanda , van der Heijden Geert J. M. G. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesMost of the clinical guidelines in low‐resource countries are adaptations from preexisting international guidelines. This adaptation can be problematic when those international guidelines are not based on current evidence or original evidence‐based international guidelines are not followed. This study aims to evaluate the quality of an Indonesian type 2 diabetes mellitus guideline adapted from selected international guidelines.MethodsThe “Consensus on the Management and Prevention of type 2 Diabetes in Indonesia 2011” is a guideline by the Indonesian Society of Endocrinology (Perkeni). Four parent guidelines identified from its list of references were from the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), American Association of Clinical Endocrinologist (AACE), American Diabetes Association (ADA), and one jointly released by ADA and European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Two reviewers independently assessed its quality using the Appraisal of Guidelines, Research and Evaluation Collaboration (AGREE II) instrument. Six recommendations were compared: (1) screening for diabetes; (2) diagnosis; (3) control of hyperglycemia; (4) target blood glucose; (5) target blood pressure; and (6) treatment of dyslipidemia.ResultsPerkeni's guideline satisfied 55% of the AGREE II items, while its parent guidelines satisfied 59% to 74%. Perkeni's shows low score on “rigor of development” and “applicability” and the lowest score in the “scope and purpose” domain. Differences were found in 4 recommendations: the screening of diabetes, control of hyperglycemia, target blood glucose, and treatment of dyslipidemia. In 3 of 4, Perkeni followed the ADA's recommendation.ConclusionDerivation of recommendations from parent guidelines and their adaptation to the context of Indonesian health care lacks transparency. When guidelines are either derived from other guidelines or adapted for use in different context, evidence‐based practice principles should be followed and adhered to.
Semicoherent Multipopulation Mortality Modeling: The Impact on Longevity Risk Securitization
Authors: Li Johnny Siu‐Hang , Chan Wai‐Sum , Zhou Rui 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMultipopulation mortality models play an important role in longevity risk transfers involving more than one population. Most of the existing multi‐population mortality models are built on the hypothesis of coherence, which assumes that there always exists a force that brings the mortality differential between any two populations back to a constant long‐term equilibrium level. This hypothesis prevents diverging long‐term forecasts, which do not seem to be biologically reasonable. However, the coherence assumption may be perceived by market participants as too strong and is in fact not always supported by empirical observations. In this article, we introduce a new concept called “semicoherence,” which is less stringent in the sense that it permits the mortality trajectories of two related populations to diverge, as long as the divergence does not exceed a specific tolerance corridor, beyond which mean reversion will come into effect. We further propose to produce semicoherent mortality forecasts by using a vector threshold autoregression. The proposed modeling approach is illustrated with mortality data from U.S. and English and Welsh male populations, and is applied to several pricing and hedging scenarios.
Influenza vaccine efficacy in young children attending childcare: A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Li‐Kim‐Moy Jean P , Yin Jiehui K , Heron Leon , Leask Julie , Lambert Stephen B , Nissen Michael , Sloots Theo , Booy Robert 
Published: September 2016

AimInfluenza causes a substantial burden in young children. Vaccine efficacy (VE) data are limited in this age group. We examined trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) efficacy and safety in young children attending childcare.MethodsA double‐blind, randomised controlled trial in children aged 6 to <48 months was conducted with recruitment from Sydney childcare centres in 2011. Children were randomised to receive two doses of TIV or control hepatitis A vaccine. Efficacy was evaluated against polymerase chain reaction‐confirmed influenza using parent‐collected nose/throat swabs during influenza‐like‐illness. Safety outcomes were assessed during 6 months of follow‐up.ResultsFifty‐seven children were allocated to influenza vaccine and 67 to control; all completed the study. The influenza attack rate was 1.8 vs 13.4% in the TIV and control groups, respectively; VE 87% (95%CI: 0–98%). For children aged 24 to <48 months, 0 vs 8 (18.6%) influenza infections occurred in the TIV and control groups respectively, giving a VE of 100% (16–100%). Efficacy was not shown in children 6 to <24 months, probably due to insufficient power. Injection site and systemic adverse events were mostly mild to moderate with no significant differences, apart from more mild diarrhoea following dose 2 in TIV recipients (11.8 vs 0%).ConclusionsInfluenza vaccine appeared efficacious in the subgroup of children aged 24 to <48 months, although caution is required due to the small number of participants. There were no serious adverse events and most parents would vaccinate again. Influenza vaccination in a childcare setting could be valuable and a larger confirmatory study would be helpful.
Combined effect of pH and heating conditions on the physical properties of Alaska pollock surimi gels
Authors: Lee Myeong Gi , Yoon Won Byong , Park Jae W. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPhysical properties of Alaska pollock surimi paste were investigated as affected by pH (4.0 and 6.0–10.0) and heating conditions (slow and fast). The highest values of gel strength and deformability, as shown by breaking force and penetration distance, were obtained at pH 7.5–8.0, while the lowest values were at pH 10.0 followed by pH 6.0 and pH 6.5, respectively. Two‐step slow heating process increased the breaking strength value nearly two times higher than one‐step fast heating. The effect of pH was strikingly high at pH 7.5 when gels were prepared using 2‐step heating, indicating the pH dependence of endogenous transglutaminase. However, the highest gel strength was obtained at pH 8.0 when gels were prepared in fast heating. Whiteness value (L − 3b*) increased significantly (p < .05) as pH increased from 6.0 to 6.5, but thereafter decreased significantly (p < .05) as pH increased. L* value (lightness) and b* value (yellowness) continuously decreased as the pH is shifted from 6.0 to 10. Fast heated gels showed the lowest yellowness, resulting in whiter appearance, probably due to the effect of reduced browning reaction.Practical applicationsThe uniqueness of this study was to measure the combined effect of pH and heating conditions on the gel texture and color. There were various studies dealing with pH or heating conditions independently. As the primary character for surimi seafood is gel texture and color. The highest values of gel strength and deformability, as shown by breaking force and penetration distance, were obtained at pH 7.5–8.0, while the lowest values were at pH 10.0 followed by pH 6.0 and pH 6.5, respectively. Two‐step slow heating process increased the breaking strength value nearly two times higher than one‐step fast heating. Whiteness value (L − 3b*) increased significantly as pH increased from 6.0 to 6.5, but thereafter decreased significantly as pH increased. L* value (lightness) and b* value (yellowness) continuously decreased as the pH is shifted from 6.0 to 10. Fast heated gels showed the lowest yellowness, resulting in whiter appearance.
A wheat COP9 subunit 5‐like gene is negatively involved in host response to leaf rust
Authors: Zhang Hongtao , Wang Xiaojing , Giroux Michael J. , Huang Li 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThe COP9 (constitutive photomorphogenesis 9) signalosome (CSN) is a protein complex involved in the ubiquitin proteasome system and a common host target of diverse pathogens in Arabidopsis. The known derubylation function of the COP9 complex is carried out by subunit 5 encoded by AtCSN5A or AtCSN5B in Arabidopsis. A single CSN5‐like gene (designated as TaCSN5) with three homeologues was identified on the long arms of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) group 2 chromosomes. In this study, we identified and characterized the function of TaCSN5 in response to infection by the leaf rust pathogen. Down‐regulation of all three TaCSN5 homeologues or mutations in the homeologues on chromosomes 2A or 2D resulted in significantly enhanced resistance to leaf rust. Enhanced leaf rust resistance corresponded to a seven‐fold increase in PR1 (pathogenesis‐related gene 1) expression. Collectively, the data indicate that the wheat COP9 subunit 5‐like gene acts as a negative regulator of wheat leaf rust resistance.
Complexity and nationalism
Authors: Kaufmann Eric 
Published: September 2016

AbstractClassic theories of nationalism, whether modernist or ethnosymbolist, emphasise the role of elites and spread of a common imagined community from centre to periphery. Recent work across a range of disciplines challenges this account by stressing the role of horizontal, peer‐to‐peer, dynamics alongside top‐down flows. Complexity theory, which has recently been applied to the social sciences, expands our understanding of horizontal national dynamics. It draws together contemporary critiques, suggesting that researchers focus on the network properties of nations and nationalism. It stresses that order may emerge from chaos; hence, ‘national’ behaviour may appear without an imagined community. Treating nations like complex systems whose form emerges from below should focus research on four central aspects of complexity: emergence, feedback loops, tipping points and distributed knowledge, or ‘the wisdom of crowds’. This illuminates how national identity can be reproduced by popular activities rather than the state; why nationalist ideas may gestate in small circles for long periods, then suddenly spread; why secession is often contagious; and why wide local variation in the content of national identity strengthens rather than weakens the nation's power to mobilise.
Correlation of whole kidney hypertrophy with glomerular over‐filtration in live, gender‐mismatched renal transplant allografts
Authors: Yanishi Masaaki , Tsukaguchi Hiroyasu , Huan Nguyen Thanh , Koito Yuya , Taniguchi Hisanori , Yoshida Kenji , Mishima Takao , Sugi Motohiko , Kinoshita Hidefumi , Matsuda Tadashi 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTAimOptimizing nephron supply to recipient demand is a non‐immunologic determinant of renal allograft outcome. Nephron reduction is usually caused by physical donor‐recipient mismatch, but its pathologic relevance remains to be determined.MethodsThirty‐one recipients of living donor renal transplants were divided into three subgroups: those who received transplants from the same gender (n = 6, Group 1) and those who underwent male‐to‐female (n = 8, Group 2) and female‐to‐male (n = 17, Group 3) transplants. Renal mass was evaluated by three‐dimensional computed tomography (3D‐CT) volumetry before and one year after transplantation. Glomerular volume was determined from protocol biopsies obtained one hour and one year after transplantation.ResultsHistologically determined glomerular volume in biopsied tissues showed a significant linear correlation with allograft size on 3D‐CT volumetry (P < 0.001, r = 0.625). Mismatches in body weight, glomerular volume and kidney volume ratios were significantly greater in female‐to‐male (Group 3) than in male‐to‐female (Group 2) transplants (P < 0.001 each). Despite the two groups having nearly equal graft filtration rates one year after transplantation, proteinuria rate was three‐fold higher in Group 3 than in Group 2 (P < 0.001).ConclusionThese findings suggest that too small graft size, frequent in female‐to‐male transplants, could cause hypertrophy in both kidneys and glomeruli, thereby affecting allograft function and survival.
Nine things to know about elicitins
Authors: Derevnina Lida , Dagdas Yasin F. , De la Concepcion Juan Carlos , Bialas Aleksandra , Kellner Ronny , Petre Benjamin , Domazakis Emmanouil , Du Juan , Wu Chih‐Hang , Lin Xiao , Aguilera‐Galvez Carolina , Cruz‐Mireles Neftaly , Vleeshouwers Vivianne G. A. A. , Kamoun Sophien 
Published: September 2016

SummaryElicitins are structurally conserved extracellular proteins in Phytophthora and Pythium oomycete pathogen species. They were first described in the late 1980s as abundant proteins in Phytophthora culture filtrates that have the capacity to elicit hypersensitive (HR) cell death and disease resistance in tobacco. Later, they became well‐established as having features of microbe‐associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and to elicit defences in a variety of plant species. Research on elicitins culminated in the recent cloning of the elicitin response (ELR) cell surface receptor‐like protein, from the wild potato Solanum microdontum, which mediates response to a broad range of elicitins. In this review, we provide an overview on elicitins and the plant responses they elicit. We summarize the state of the art by describing what we consider to be the nine most important features of elicitin biology.

Contents

Summary
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I.
Introduction
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II.
Elicitins form a diverse family of secreted proteins in oomycetes
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III.
Elicitins bind sterols and other lipids
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IV.
Elicitins have features of MAMPs
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V.
Plants from different botanical families respond to elicitins
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VI.
Cell surface plant proteins mediate broad‐spectrum responses to elicitins
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VII.
Elicitins induce a sustained oxidative burst that leads to HR cell death
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VIII.
Plant response to elicitins does not always include HR cell death
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IX.
Plant response to elicitins enhances disease resistance
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X.
Several oomycete effectors suppress elicitin response
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XI.
Closing remarks: there is much we still do not know about elicitins and their receptors
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Acknowledgements
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References
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Differential antioxidant response between two Symbiodinium species from contrasting environments
Authors: Roberty S. , Furla P. , Plumier J. ‐C. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractHigh sea surface temperature accompanied by high levels of solar irradiance is responsible for the disruption of the symbiosis between cnidarians and their symbiotic dinoflagellates from the genus Symbiodinium. This phenomenon, known as coral bleaching, is one of the major threats affecting coral reefs around the world. Because an important molecular trigger to bleaching appears related to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), it is critical to understand the function of the antioxidant network of Symbiodinium species. In this study we investigated the response of two Symbiodinium species, from contrasting environments, to a chemically induced oxidative stress. ROS produced during this oxidative burst reduced photosynthesis by 30 to 50% and significantly decreased the activity of superoxide dismutase. Lipid peroxidation levels and carotenoid concentrations, especially diatoxanthin, confirm that these molecules act as antioxidants and contribute to the stabilization of membrane lipids. The comparative analysis between the two Symbiodinium species allowed us to highlight that Symbiodinium sp. clade A temperate was more tolerant to oxidative stress than the tropical S. kawagutii clade F. These differences are very likely a consequence of adaptation to their natural environment, with the temperate species experiencing conditions of temperature and irradiance much more variable and extreme.