bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lifetime Risk for Sudden Cardiac Death in the Community
Authors: Bogle Brittany M. , Ning Hongyan , Mehrotra Sanjay , Goldberger Jeffrey J. , Lloyd‐Jones Donald M. 
Published: June 2016

Background

Sudden cardiac death (
SCD
) is a leading cause of death in the United States and often occurs without previous cardiac symptoms. Lifetime risk for
SCD
and the influence of established risk factors on lifetime risks for
SCD
have not been estimated previously.

Methods and Results

We followed Framingham Heart Study participants who were free of cardiovascular disease before their earliest examination.
SCD
was defined as death attributed to coronary heart disease within 1 hour of symptom onset without another probable cause of death, as adjudicated by a panel of 3 physicians. Lifetime risk for
SCD
was estimated to 85 years of age for men and women, with death attributed to other causes as the competing risk, and stratified by risk factor levels. We followed 2294 men and 2785 women for 160 396 person‐years; 375 experienced
SCD
. At 45 years of age, lifetime risks were 10.9% (95%
CI
, 9.4–12.5) for men and 2.8% (95%
CI
, 2.1–3.5) for women. Greater aggregate burden of established risk factors was associated with a higher lifetime risk for
SCD
. Categorizing men and women solely by blood pressure levels resulted in a clear stratification of lifetime risk curves.

Conclusions

We present the first lifetime risk estimates for
SCD
. Greater aggregate risk factor burden, or blood pressure level alone, is associated with higher lifetime risks for
SCD
. This high risk of premature death attributed to
SCD
(approximately 1 in 9 men and 1 in 30 women) should serve as a motivator of public health efforts in preventing and responding to
SCD
.
On Sino-Turkic, a First Glance (北俗初探)
Authors: Lim An-King , 慶 林安 
Published: June 2016

When Turkic-speaking Tabghatch conquered China in 386 ce and ruled her for nearly 200 years, they, being minority rulers, elected to take up Chinese writing system and language as the official means of communication with its subject population. They also ended up adopting the writing system to script the Turkic language for their Turkic population resulting into a Xianbei National Language (xnl). This work describes 7 cases of Turkic-rooted Sinitic functional expressions, all featuring the word 的 [d-], supported with historical citations in Chinese documents, believed to be cultural continua of the xnl:

1)
The constative preterite -dI, -dXŋ → the constative 的 [də], 底 [di], 端 [duan]

2)
The nominalizer -dOk+ in free relative clause → Sinitc 的 [də], 底 [di], 得 [də] in free relative clause

3)
The nominalizer -dOk+ in bound relative clause → Sinitic 底 [di], 的 [də] in bound relative clause

4)
The adverb of manner suffix +tI/+dI → the adverb of manner suffixes 地 [di], 底 [di], 的 [də]

5)
The locative-ablative case suffixes +dA/+tA → the locative suffixes 底 [di], 頭 [tou], 的 [də]

6)
The perfect participle -dOk → the perfect participles 得 [də], 的 [di]

7)
The completive perfect formative ïd- → the completive perfect formatives 得 [də], 的 [di]
The Semantic Development of Nineteenth-Century French Cookery Terms in English: Tendencies of Borrowings Relating to Dishes, Desserts and Confectionary
Authors: Schultz Julia 
Published: June 2016

French has long served English as the donor language par excellence in the field of cookery. A considerable number of culinary terms have been adopted into English down the ages (e.g. Chirol, 1973). Since cuisine is a field where France excels, the strong influx of borrowings from this area is by no means surprising. In the nineteenth century, too, French has been the source of a significant proportion of words and meanings which reflect the refinement of French gastronomy.
The focus of this paper is on the culinary vocabulary borrowed from French in the nineteenth century. According to the Oxford English Dictionary (henceforth oed) the term gastronomy itself, the art of preparing fine food, is a nineteenth-century borrowing which was adapted from the French gastronomie. The present study provides an analysis of the sense developments of the various borrowings from their earliest recorded uses in English to the present day in comparison with their equivalents in French. It will be interesting to see whether a) a particular meaning a borrowing assumes after its adoption is taken over from French (due to the continuing impact of French on English) or b) whether it represents an independent semantic change within English. Such a detailed investigation of the semantics of the culinary words of French provenance is missing in existing studies.
Summer Time Dustfall Fluxes of Reactive Nitrogen and Other Inorganic Species over the Tropical Megacity of Indo-Gangetic Plains
Authors: Tiwari Reema , Gupta Gyan Prakash , Kulshrestha U. C. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The rising emissions of reactive nitrogen (Nr) from transport, industrial, and agricultural sectors in India have resulted in its consequent interactions with the removal mechanism of the atmospheric dust. This study, therefore, reports the fluxes of reactive nitrogen along with other inorganic species through dustfall over six sites of Delhi–National Capital Region (NCR) characterized by the changing dynamics of its different land-use pattern. The highest Nr fluxes were observed at site SMA Industrial estate (SMA; NO3− = 16.45 ± 10.17 mg m−2 day−1, NH4+ = 16.33 ± 16.00 mg m−2 day−1) and lowest at site Chuchchakwas village (CV; NO3− = 1.24 ± 0.16 mg m−2 day−1, NH4+ = 0 mg m−2 day−1). Sites Mukherjee Nagar (MN), Peeragarhi Chowk (PC), Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), and Noida Phase II (N-II), on the other hand, showed 3.59 ± 1.00, 3.39 ± 0.61, 2.98 ± 0.84, and 3.36 ± 0.78 mg m−2 day−1 of NO3− fluxes and 0.30 ± 0.06, 0.22 ± 0.04, 0.21 ± 0.04, and 0.22 ± 0.05 mg m−2 day−1 of NH4+ fluxes, respectively. The fraction of the total ions in the water soluble extract of the dustfall was also noticed to be the highest at the SMA site (22.2%) and lowest at the CV site (1.5%) with MN, PC, JNU, and N-II showing 3.5%, 3.7%, 2.9%, and 3.9% of their respective contributions. Relative abundances of Ca2+ and SO42− in the dustfall substantiated the stoichiometric reactions involved in Nr scavenging. The role of Ca2+ in the spatiotemporal variability of Nr fluxes was established with the help of neutralization ratios and regression plots. Morphological and particle size analysis further confirmed the anthropogenic-induced crustal interferences in the summertime dustfall fluxes of Nr species.
Trends of the Pathways and Intensities of Surface Equatorial Current System in the North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Hsin Yi-Chia 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAn ensemble of ocean reanalysis products is utilized to quantify the long-term tendencies of pathways and along-pathway transports of the three surface equatorial currents (North Equatorial Current, North Equatorial Countercurrent, and northern branch of the South Equatorial Current) in the North Pacific Ocean during the period of the 1900s–2000s. This study uses 12 ocean reanalysis products in the ensemble for the period after the 1960s, while only 2 Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) products are taken into consideration for the period prior to 1960s. The analyses indicate that the three currents in the western (eastern) Pacific Ocean have more southern (northern) mean central positions and tend to move southward (northward) over the past 100 years. All three currents have weakening tendencies, with the exception of the North Equatorial Current having intensified in the western Pacific Ocean. The Sverdrup dynamics, which directly relates the wind-driven circulation in the interior ocean to wind stress curl and Earth rotation, can be applied to simply address the long-term changes of intensities and pathways of the three surface currents in the tropical North Pacific Ocean.
Processes Associated with the Tropical Indian Ocean Subsurface Temperature Bias in a Coupled Model
Authors: Chowdary J. S. , Parekh Anant , Srinivas G. , Gnanaseelan C. , Fousiya T.S. , Khandekar Rashmi , Roxy M. K. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSubsurface temperature biases in coupled models can seriously impair their capability in generating skillful seasonal forecasts. The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System, version 2 (CFSv2), coupled model, which is used for seasonal forecast in several countries including India, displays warm (cold) subsurface (surface) temperature bias in the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO), with deeper than observed mixed layer and thermocline. In the model, the maximum warm bias is reported between 150- and 200-m depth. Detailed analysis reveals that the enhanced vertical mixing by strong vertical shear of horizontal currents is primarily responsible for TIO subsurface warming. Weak upper-ocean stability corroborated by surface cold and subsurface warm bias further strengthens the subsurface warm bias in the model. Excess inflow of warm subsurface water from Indonesian Throughflow to the TIO region is partially contributing to the warm bias mainly over the southern TIO region. Over the north Indian Ocean, Ekman convergence and downwelling due to wind stress bias deepen the thermocline, which do favor subsurface warming. Further, upper-ocean meridional and zonal cells are deeper in CFSv2 compared to the Ocean Reanalysis System data manifesting the deeper mixing. This study outlines the need for accurate representation of vertical structure in horizontal currents and associated vertical gradients to simulate subsurface temperatures for skillful seasonal forecasts.
Methods for Improving the Prediction Skill of Summer Precipitation over East Asia–West Pacific
Authors: Gong Zhiqiang , Hutin Clément , Feng Guolin 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe performance of summer precipitation prediction skill of the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model (BCC_CSM1.1; hereafter CSM) over the East Asia–west Pacific (EA–WP) region indicates the need for further development in order to improve model prediction skill. Two methods, namely the statistical alone prediction and the statistical and model combined prediction, are proposed to improve prediction skill. For the former, more than 2000 combinations of precursory predictors are considered in the predictive model; both most similar and dissimilar information are considered in the prediction process. For the latter, both the statistical analog information and the CSM’s forecast are considered in the predictive model; this new prediction method is based on merging information from both a dynamical model and historical analogs. Cross validation of summer precipitation over EA–WP for the years 1991–2010 shows that the average spatial anomaly correlation coefficient (ACC) of the statistical alone prediction is 0.16 and the average spatial root-mean-standard error (RMSE) is 22.7, which are much improved compared to the systematic error correction with ACC and RMSE being 0.09 and 25.0 respectively. The ACC and RMSE results from the statistical and CSM combined prediction are 0.22 and 21.8, respectively, which also indicates an improvement compare to the statistical alone prediction. Independent sample validation for the years 2011–13 indicates that the average ACCs of the statistical alone prediction and the statistical and CSM combined prediction (0.25 and 0.24) are enhanced compared to the systematic error correction (−0.02). The average RMSE is also improved from 25.0 to 23.6 and 22.7. Therefore, the two new prediction methods proposed in this paper both demonstrate the possibilities for the operational prediction of summer precipitation over EA–WP.
Masticator Space Foreign Body in a Child Presenting With Otorrhea and Granulation Tissue of the External Auditory Canal
Authors: Tawfik Kareem O. , Edwards Colin R. , Jones Blaise V. , Myer Charles M. 
Published: June 2016

Objective: We report an unusual case of masticator space foreign body in a patient presenting with otorrhea and granulation tissue within the external auditory canal (EAC). Methods: Case report. Results: A 16-month-old male presented with fever, unilateral otorrhea, facial swelling, leukocytosis, and granulation tissue within the EAC that failed to respond to conventional medical treatment. Computed tomography scan showed EAC and middle ear opacification and soft tissue swelling involving the masticator space. Given concerns for malignancy, biopsies of tissue within the EAC and of a newly detected right buccal mass were performed, revealing granulation tissue. Concern persisted for neoplasm, however, and magnetic resonance imaging was obtained, showing a masticator space foreign body and possible osteomyelitis of the mandible and pterygoid plates. The patient underwent urgent operative removal of a 3 cm crayon fragment from the masticator space and debridement of granulation tissue arising from a small defect at the inferior medial cartilaginous EAC. He likely sustained foreign body injury several weeks earlier upon falling from standing height while biting a crayon. Postoperatively, he was observed in hospital on intravenous antibiotics and improved significantly. He has since fully recovered. Conclusion: Masticator space foreign bodies may present with erosion and granulation tissue of the EAC.
An Examination of Interdependence between Revenue and Expenditure of Government of Haryana
Authors: Bishnoi N. K. , Juneja Tanu 
Published: June 2016

The Government of Haryana (GoH) has been successful in keeping the budgetary deficits under tight control. Interestingly, whenever deficits breach certain limits, the GoH generally takes corrective measures to bring the situation under control. In this article, our endeavour has been to examine the process employed by the GoH to maintain fiscal balance in its account. We examined the interdependence between revenue and expenditure of GoH. The results show that GoH proceeds with revenue plans and then adjusts expenditure accordingly. This is not an optimum strategy as this might cause compression in certain useful expenditure. In fact, the fiscal policy of the GoH is arbitrary and lack strategic vision. It is suggested that GoH should identify and prioritise critical expenditure first, and then the resource mobilisation can be planned to achieve well-defined, important milestones in a time bound manner. JEL Classification: H2, H5, H62, C22, C32
Performance of India’s States on the Millennium Development Goals
Authors: Chatterjee Shiladitya , Hammill Matthew , Kumar Nagesh , Panda Swayamsiddha 
Published: June 2016

The implementation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) has just ended and a new more comprehensive international development agenda—the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)—has taken its place. An assessment of India’s performance on the MDGs is, therefore, crucial at this time to draw lessons for the SDGs. While India has made major gains in poverty reduction, access to water, combating deadly diseases and halting deforestation and biodiversity loss, its performance on crucial education, health and sanitation indicators has been weak which has serious consequences for its human development and future growth. This article focuses particularly on a comparative assessment of the performance of individual states by developing an MDG composite performance index. While all states have made improvements since 1990 on the MDGs, some have progressed far more than others and 10 states have been identified as particularly lagging behind. The article also identifies five major factors or ‘drivers’ explaining these interstate variations. JEL Classification: O1, O2, O5
Performance of Indian Manufacturing in International Economy
Authors: Padhi Satya Prasad 
Published: June 2016

This article maintains that the need to increase the share of manufacturing (in real terms) in gross domestic product (GDP) from the present around 15 per cent to around 25 per cent is an important policy focus but signifies an arduous task in the context of intense global competitiveness. It should allow for providing encouragement to firms to search for greater markets backed by a concentrated effort to carry out narrow specialisations in a few manufacturing related tasks/products. It can only contribute immeasurably towards encouraging ‘inquiring minds’ that in turn supports a tendency towards knowledge-based economy for the purpose of the long-term meaningful participation in international trade (and finance). JEL Classification: F31, J60, O14
Indo-US Bilateral Trade
Authors: Islam Faridul , Tiwari Aviral Kumar , Shahbaz Muhammad 
Published: June 2016

This article applies the Bickerdike–Robinson–Metzler (BRM) model to examine the effect of the exchange rate of Indian rupee vs the US dollar on India’s trade balance. Using the elasticity of absorption approach, we consider the link between macroeconomic variables and trade balance. We also explore the existence of J-curve relationship. The study period, 1965 to 2008, is hallmarked by major shifts in global politico-economic landscape which can potentially cause structural break in the series. Our test of stationarity properties can explicitly capture this feature in the data. We use the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach for a long-run relation, and the impulse response functions (IRFs) and the variance decomposition method (VDM) for the short-run dynamics. We find (a) cointegration, (b) positive impact of depreciation of rupee against the US dollar on India’s trade balance and (c) a J-curve relation. The findings have implications for policy for India and its neighbours. JEL Classification: C31, F15
Social Usefulness
Authors: Gottlieb Benjamin H. , Sevigny Andrée 
Published: June 2016

Purpose of the Study To clarify the construct of social usefulness by merging several influential theoretical perspectives on the findings of a qualitative investigation of late life prosociality. Design and Methods In-depth interviews with 20 older adults probed the meaning and psychological significance of the socially useful relationships they maintained with people and organizations. Results Based on identity theory, the thematic analysis yielded nine classes and more than 100 distinct properties of social usefulness. Self-determination theory was employed to organize and interpret the findings in relation to older adults’ needs for relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Implications Also addressed are the study’s implications for multidimensional measurement of social usefulness in future epidemiological and psychosocial studies.
Schnitzler Syndrome Without a Monoclonal Gammopathy
Authors: Urbanski Michelle , Holfeld Karen , Milne Ardyth , Abbas Mariam 
Published: June 2016

Background: Schnitzler syndrome (SS) is a rare autoinflammatory disorder characterized by a recurrent urticarial rash and a monoclonal immunoglobulin M gammopathy, as well as 2 of the following minor criteria: recurrent fever (>38°C), objective signs of abnormal bone remodeling, elevated C-reactive protein level or leukocytosis, and a neutrophilic infiltrate on skin biopsy. Alternatively, a monoclonal immunoglobulin G gammopathy may be present along with 3 minor criteria for diagnosis. Objective: To report a rare case of SS without monoclonal gammopathy and inform physicians of this possible clinical presentation so that treatment is not delayed. Methods: We report a case of a 62-year-old white man with a clinical diagnosis of SS without monoclonal gammopathy. He presented with chronic urticaria unresponsive to conventional therapy. Results and Conclusions: To our knowledge, there have only been 3 case reports of SS in the absence of monoclonal gammopathy documented in the literature. SS should be considered based on clinical presentation, even in the absence of monoclonal gammopathy, to facilitate appropriate management.
Determinants of non-adherence to disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis: A cross-Canada prospective study
Authors: McKay Kyla A , Tremlett Helen , Patten Scott B , Fisk John D , Evans Charity , Fiest Kirsten , Campbell Trudy , Marrie Ruth Ann ,   for the CIHR Team in the Epidemiology and Impact of Comorbidity on Multiple Sclerosis (ECoMS)
Published: June 2016

Background: Poor adherence to the disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for multiple sclerosis (MS) may attenuate clinical benefit. A better understanding of characteristics associated with non-adherence could improve outcomes. Objective: To evaluate characteristics associated with non-adherence to injectable DMTs. Methods: Consecutive patients from four Canadian MS Clinics were assessed at three time points over two years. Clinical and demographic information included self-reported DMT use, missed doses in the previous 30 days, health behaviors, and comorbidities. Non-adherence was defined as <80% of expected doses taken. We employed generalized estimating equations to examine characteristics associated with non-adherence at all time points with findings reported as adjusted odds ratios (OR). Results: In all, 485 participants reported use of an injectable DMT, of whom 107 (22.1%) were non-adherent over the study period. Non-adherence was associated with a lower Expanded Disability Status Scale score (0–2.5 vs 3.0–5.5, OR: 1.80; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06–3.04), disease duration (⩽5 vs <5 years, OR: 2.23; 95% CI: 1.10–4.52), alcohol dependence (OR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.23–3.75), and self-reported cognitive difficulties, measured by the Health Utilities Index-3 (OR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.08–2.22). Conclusions: Nearly one-quarter of participants were non-adherent during the study. Alcohol dependence, perceived cognitive difficulties, longer disease duration, and mild disability status were associated with non-adherence. These characteristics may help healthcare professionals identify patients at greatest risk of poor adherence.
Capturing/captured by stories of marginalized young people: Direct scribing and dialogic narrative analysis
Authors: Saldanha Kennedy , Nybell Lynn 
Published: June 2016

Examining the results of the “narrative turn” in social work in their seminal article for Qualitative Research in 2005, Riessman and Quinney found themselves disappointed with the size and quality of the research corpus they reviewed. However, they also identified three exemplars of promising work, including the research of Faye Martin (Martin, 1998). Riessman and Quinney highlighted Martin’s narrative-gathering strategy, devised on the basis of her practice experience and dubbed “direct scribing.” The direct scribing method of narrative data collection disciplines the work of the researcher, who becomes the “scribe,” and elaborates the roles of the interviewees as authors of the narratives that they create. This article on capturing (and being captured by) the narratives of marginalized young people is situated in an increasingly significant movement in the social work literature that promotes giving voice to young people, so that they may have their views taken into account. We highlight the benefits of direct scribing as a means of narrative-gathering in social work and then address the challenge of interpreting these narratives, drawing on examples from our research. We suggest connections between direct scribing and the interpretive approach of dialogic narrative analysis as a method of interpretation that requires “letting stories breathe.” (Frank, 2010). The aim of this contribution is to describe specific ways in which linking direct scribing and dialogical narrative analysis may contribute to the advancement of narrative research in social work, and, in particular, to the enhancement of efforts to amplify “youth voice” in social work policy and practice.