bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distributed Temperature Sensing as a downhole tool in hydrogeology
Authors: Bense V. F. , Read T. , Bour O. , Le Borgne T. , Coleman T. , Krause S. , Chalari A. , Mondanos M. , Ciocca F. , Selker J. S. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDistributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) technology enables downhole temperature monitoring to study hydrogeological processes at unprecedentedly high frequency and spatial resolution. DTS has been widely applied in passive mode in site investigations of groundwater flow, in‐well flow, and subsurface thermal property estimation. However, recent years have seen the further development of the use of DTS in an active mode (A‐DTS) for which heat sources are deployed. A suite of recent studies using A‐DTS downhole in hydrogeological investigations illustrate the wide range of different approaches and creativity in designing methodologies. The purpose of this review is to outline and discuss the various applications and limitations of DTS in downhole investigations for hydrogeological conditions and aquifer geological properties. To this end, we first review examples where passive DTS has been used to study hydrogeology via downhole applications. Secondly, we discuss and categorize current A‐DTS borehole methods into three types. These are thermal advection tests, hybrid cable flow logging, and heat pulse tests. We explore the various options with regards to cable installation, heating approach, duration, and spatial extent in order to improve their applicability in a range of settings. These determine the extent to which each method is sensitive to thermal properties, vertical in‐well flow, or natural gradient flow. Our review confirms that the application of DTS has significant advantages over discrete point temperature measurements, particularly in deep wells, and highlights the potential for further method developments in conjunction with other emerging hydrogeophysical tools.
Debates—Stochastic subsurface hydrology from theory to practice: Does stochastic subsurface hydrology help solving practical problems of contaminant hydrogeology?
Authors: Cirpka Olaf A. , Valocchi Albert J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWhile stochastic subsurface hydrology has been tremendously successful in understanding how the spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity affects conservative solute transport in idealized settings, it has gained little impact in practice. This is the case because typical assumptions needed for the derivation of analytical expressions are too restrictive for practical applications and often geologically implausible, small‐scale variation of hydraulic conductivity is by far not the only cause of uncertainty when considering the fate and remediation of pollutants, and the research community has not developed enough methods that can directly be used by practitioners. To overcome these shortcomings, we propose putting more emphasis on providing easy‐to‐use tools to generate realistic realizations of subsurface properties that are conditioned on all data measured at a site, extending the focus from hydraulic conductivity only to all parameters and processes relevant for reactive transport, making use of self‐organizing principles of reactive transport to conceptually simplify the problem, and addressing conceptual uncertainty by stochastic methods.
Pore‐scale network modeling of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation: Insight into scale dependence of biogeochemical reaction rates
Authors: Qin Chao‐Zhong , Hassanizadeh S. Majid , Ebigbo Anozie 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe engineering of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) has attracted much attention in a number of applications, such as sealing of CO2 leakage pathways, soil stabilization, and subsurface remediation of radionuclides and toxic metals. The goal of this work is to gain insight into pore‐scale processes of MICP and scale dependence of biogeochemical reaction rates. This will help us develop efficient field‐scale MICP models. In this work, we have developed a comprehensive pore‐network model for MICP, with geochemical speciation calculated by the open‐source PHREEQC module. A numerical pseudo‐3‐D micromodel as the computational domain was generated by a novel pore‐network generation method. We modeled a three‐stage process in the engineering of MICP including the growth of biofilm, the injection of calcium‐rich medium, and the precipitation of calcium carbonate. A number of test cases were conducted to illustrate how calcite precipitation was influenced by different operating conditions. In addition, we studied the possibility of reducing the computational effort by simplifying geochemical calculations. Finally, the effect of mass transfer limitation of possible carbonate ions in a pore element on calcite precipitation was explored.
Physio‐climatic controls on vulnerability of watersheds to climate and land use change across the U. S.
Authors: Deshmukh Ankit , Singh Riddhi 
Published: November 2016

AbstractUnderstanding how a watershed's physio‐climatic characteristics affect its vulnerability to environmental (climatic and land use) change is crucial for managing these complex systems. In this study, we combine the strengths of recently developed exploratory modeling frameworks and comparative hydrology to quantify the relationship between watershed's vulnerability and its physio‐climatic characteristics. We propose a definition of vulnerability that can be used by a diverse range of water system managers and is useful in the presence of large uncertainties in drivers of environmental change. This definition is related to adverse climate change and land use thresholds that are quantified using a recently developed exploratory modeling approach. In this way, we estimate the vulnerability of 69 watersheds in the United States to climate and land use change. We explore definitions of vulnerability that describe average or extreme flow conditions, as well as others that are relevant from the point of view of instream organisms. In order to understand the dominant controls on vulnerability, we correlate these indices with watershed's characteristics describing its topography, geology, drainage, climate, and land use. We find that mean annual flow is more vulnerable to reductions in precipitation in watersheds with lower average soil permeability, lower baseflow index, lower forest cover, higher topographical wetness index, and vice‐versa. Our results also indicate a potential mediation of climate change impacts by regional groundwater systems. By developing such relationships across a large range of watersheds, such information can potentially be used to assess the vulnerability of ungauged watersheds to uncertain environmental change.
Debates—Stochastic subsurface hydrology from theory to practice: Why stochastic modeling has not yet permeated into practitioners?
Authors: Sanchez‐Vila X. , Fernàndez‐Garcia D. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe address modern topics of stochastic hydrogeology from their potential relevance to real modeling efforts at the field scale. While the topics of stochastic hydrogeology and numerical modeling have become routine in hydrogeological studies, nondeterministic models have not yet permeated into practitioners. We point out a number of limitations of stochastic modeling when applied to real applications and comment on the reasons why stochastic models fail to become an attractive alternative for practitioners. We specifically separate issues corresponding to flow, conservative transport, and reactive transport. The different topics addressed are emphasis on process modeling, need for upscaling parameters and governing equations, relevance of properly accounting for detailed geological architecture in hydrogeological modeling, and specific challenges of reactive transport. We end up by concluding that the main responsible for nondeterministic models having not yet permeated in industry can be fully attributed to researchers in stochastic hydrogeology.
Regional evaporation estimates in the eastern monsoon region of China: Assessment of a nonlinear formulation of the complementary principle
Authors: Liu Xiaomang , Liu Changming , Brutsaert Wilfried 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe performance of a nonlinear formulation of the complementary principle for evaporation estimation was investigated in 241 catchments with different climate conditions in the eastern monsoon region of China. Evaporation (
) calculated by the water balance equation was used as the reference.
estimated by the calibrated nonlinear formulation was generally in good agreement with the water balance results, especially in relatively dry catchments. The single parameter in the nonlinear formulation, namely
as a weak analog of the alpha parameter of Priestley and Taylor (), tended to exhibit larger values in warmer and humid near‐coastal areas, but smaller values in colder, drier environments inland, with a significant dependency on the aridity index (AI). The nonlinear formulation combined with the equation relating the one parameter and AI provides a promising method to estimate regional
with standard and routinely measured meteorological data.
Debates—Stochastic subsurface hydrology from theory to practice: A geologic perspective
Authors: Fogg Graham E. , Zhang Yong 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA geologic perspective on stochastic subsurface hydrology offers insights on representativeness of prominent field experiments and their general relevance to other hydrogeologic settings. Although the gains in understanding afforded by some 30 years of research in stochastic hydrogeology have been important and even essential, adoption of the technologies and insights by practitioners has been limited, due in part to a lack of geologic context in both the field and theoretical studies. In general, unintentional, biased sampling of hydraulic conductivity (K) using mainly hydrologic, well‐based methods has resulted in the tacit assumption by many in the community that the subsurface is much less heterogeneous than in reality. Origins of the bias range from perspectives that are limited by scale and the separation of disciplines (geology, soils, aquifer hydrology, groundwater hydraulics, etc.). Consequences include a misfit between stochastic hydrogeology research results and the needs of, for example, practitioners who are dealing with local plume site cleanup that is often severely hampered by very low velocities in the very aquitard facies that are commonly overlooked or missing from low‐variance stochastic models or theories. We suggest that answers to many of the problems exposed by stochastic hydrogeology research can be found through greater geologic integration into the analyses, including the recognition of not only the nearly ubiquitously high variances of K but also the strong tendency for the good connectivity of the high‐K facies when spatially persistent geologic unconformities are absent. We further suggest that although such integration may appear to make the contaminant transport problem more complex, expensive and intractable, it may in fact lead to greater simplification and more reliable, less expensive site characterizations and models.
Debates—Stochastic subsurface hydrology from theory to practice: Introduction
Authors: Rajaram Harihar 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis paper introduces the papers in the “Debates—Stochastic Subsurface Hydrology from Theory to Practice” series. Beginning in the 1970s, the field of stochastic subsurface hydrology has been an active field of research, with over 3500 journal publications, of which over 850 have appeared in Water Resources Research. We are fortunate to have insightful contributions from four groups of distinguished authors who discuss the reasons why the advanced research framework established in stochastic subsurface hydrology has not impacted the practice of groundwater flow and transport modeling and design significantly. There is reasonable consensus that a community effort aimed at developing “toolboxes” for applications of stochastic methods will make them more accessible and encourage practical applications.
Underuse of Methotrexate in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A National Analysis of Prescribing Practices in the US
Authors: Rohr Melanie K. , Mikuls Ted R. , Cohen Stanley B. , Thorne J. Carter , O'Dell James R. 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveMethotrexate (MTX) is the anchor drug in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) due to its effectiveness, tolerability, and cost. This study examines MTX prescribing practices in the US from 2009 to 2014.MethodsSymphony Health Solutions, which covers 274 million patients in the US, was used to identify patients diagnosed with RA who were naive to MTX in 2009 and 2012. Data were collected, including medication use and doses, demographics, and medical comorbidities.ResultsOf the patients who had 5‐year followup data available, oral MTX was started in 35,640 in 2009, and 44% continued taking this dose during the followup. Of the 20,041 patients who changed therapy during the study period, 87% had the addition of or switched to a biologic agent, while 13% were changed from oral to subcutaneous (SC) MTX. The mean oral dose prior to the start of a biologic agent was 15.3 ± 5 mg/week. A comparison of 2009 with 2012 showed a modest increase in the mean dose of oral MTX from 15.3 mg/week to 15.9 mg/week, as well as a small but statistically significant (P < 0.0001) increase in the use of SC MTX after failure of oral MTX from 13% to 16% of patients.ConclusionMTX is underutilized in the treatment of RA with suboptimal dosing, inadequate duration of therapy, and failure to use SC administration. The comparison of MTX use between the 2009 and the 2012 cohorts demonstrates only a marginal increase in the dose of oral MTX and the use of SC MTX.
Transfer hydrogenation of ketones catalysed by half‐sandwich (η6‐p‐cymene) ruthenium(II) complexes incorporating benzoylhydrazone ligands
Authors: Mohan Nanjan , Ramesh Rengan 
Published: November 2016

Neutral half‐sandwich η6‐p‐cymene ruthenium(II) complexes of general formula [Ru(η6‐p‐cymene)Cl(L)] (HL = monobasic O, N bidendate benzoylhydrazone ligand) have been synthesized from the reaction of [Ru(η6‐p‐cymene)(μ‐Cl)Cl]2 with acetophenone benzoylhydrazone ligands. All the complexes have been characterized using analytical and spectroscopic (Fourier transform infrared, UV–visible, 1H NMR, 13C NMR) techniques. The molecular structures of three of the complexes have been determined using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, indicating a pseudo‐octahedral geometry around the ruthenium(II) ion. All the ruthenium(II) arene complexes were explored as catalysts for transfer hydrogenation of a wide range of aromatic, cyclic and aliphatic ketones with 2‐propanol using 0.1 mol% catalyst loading, and conversions of up to 100% were obtained. Further, the influence of other variables on the transfer hydrogenation reaction, such as base, temperature, catalyst loading and substrate scope, was also investigated.
Evaluation of recuperative tube‐in‐tube heat exchanger operating in cryogenic refrigeration process: simulation‐based transient study
Authors: Saberimoghaddam Ali , Bahri Rasht Abadi Mohammad Mahdi 
Published: November 2016

AbstractHeat exchangers are the critical components of refrigeration and liquefaction processes. In the current paper, thermal behavior of Joule‐Thomson refrigeration system, including counter current helically coiled tube‐in‐tube heat exchanger and expansion valve, is studied in unsteady state conditions. According to obtained results, heat inleak let to longer cooldown time and lower liquefaction efficiency. Moreover, there was a critical length for a tube‐in‐tube heat exchanger operating in the Joule‐Thomson cooling system. A heat exchanger with a length shorter than the critical length could not liquefy the high‐pressure gas. This critical length was named as cooldown length (LCD) here. Increasing the heat exchanger length up to LCD led to increase in cooldown time, while increasing the length higher than LCD had no considerable effect on cooldown time. The simulations indicated that longitudinal heat conduction did not have considerable effect on the performance of heat exchanger in unsteady state conditions. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid silicate nanofillers: Impact on morphology and performance of EVA copolymer upon in vitro physiological fluid exposure
Authors: Osman Azlin Fazlina , Abdul Hamid Asna Rasyidah , Rakibuddin Md. , Khung Weng Goh , Ananthakrishnan Rajakumar , Ghani Supri A. , Mustafa Zaleha 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTEthyl vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers are recyclable plastics with exceptional biocompatibility, thus they are potent candidate materials for biomedical applications. In this study, improvement in the EVA biostability was aimed by the incorporation of hybrid nanofillers. EVA copolymer incorporating 3 wt % organically modified montmorillonite/bentonite (OMMT/Bent) hybrid nanofillers in different ratios (3:0, 2.75:0.25, 2.5:0.5, 2.25:0.75, 2:1 and 0:3 in wt %) were prepared by melt compounding process and then analyzed for their biostability upon in vitro physiological fluid exposure. Results indicated that the addition of OMMT2.75/Bent0.25 hybrid nanofillers can reduce the degradation of the EVA copolymer under physiological fluid environment through hydrophilic bentonite–vinyl acetate interactions. The obtained nanocomposite material achieved the best retention in tensile and thermal properties upon 4 weeks exposure in the in vitro physiological fluid. The findings indicate the potential of using the hybrid OMMT/Bent nanofillers for biostability enhancement of the EVA while reducing the nanocomposite production costs through the addition of cheaper natural bentonite as co‐nanofiller with the OMMT. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44640.
Expression of Cyclic GMP‐AMP Synthase in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: An Jie , Durcan Laura , Karr Reynold M. , Briggs Tracy A. , Rice Gillian I. , Teal Thomas H. , Woodward Joshua J. , Elkon Keith B. 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveType I interferon (IFN) is implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and interferonopathies such as Aicardi‐Goutières syndrome. A recently discovered DNA‐activated type I IFN pathway, cyclic GMP‐AMP synthase (cGAS), has been linked to Aicardi‐Goutières syndrome and mouse models of lupus. The aim of this study was to determine whether the cGAS pathway contributes to type I IFN production in patients with SLE.MethodsSLE disease activity was measured by the Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment version of the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index. Expression of messenger RNA for cGAS and IFN‐stimulated genes (ISGs) was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. Cyclic GMP‐AMP (cGAMP) levels were examined by multiple reaction monitoring with ultra‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.ResultsExpression of cGAS in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was significantly higher in SLE patients than in normal controls (n = 51 and n = 20 respectively; P < 0.01). There was a positive correlation between cGAS expression and the IFN score (P < 0.001). The expression of cGAS in PBMCs showed a dose response to type I IFN stimulation in vitro, consistent with it being an ISG. Targeted measurement of cGAMP by tandem mass spectrometry detected cGAMP in 15% of the SLE patients (7 of 48) but none of the normal (0 of 19) or rheumatoid arthritis (0 of 22) controls. Disease activity was higher in SLE patients with cGAMP versus those without cGAMP.ConclusionIncreased cGAS expression and cGAMP in a proportion of SLE patients indicates that the cGAS pathway should be considered as a contributor to type I IFN production. Whereas higher cGAS expression may be a consequence of exposure to type I IFN, detection of cGAMP in patients with increased disease activity indicates potential involvement of this pathway in disease expression.
Challenges in engineering large customized bone constructs
Authors: Forrestal David P. , Klein Travis J. , Woodruff Maria A. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTThe ability to treat large tissue defects with customized, patient‐specific scaffolds is one of the most exciting applications in the tissue engineering field. While an increasing number of modestly sized tissue engineering solutions are making the transition to clinical use, successfully scaling up to large scaffolds with customized geometry is proving to be a considerable challenge. Managing often conflicting requirements of cell placement, structural integrity, and a hydrodynamic environment supportive of cell culture throughout the entire thickness of the scaffold has driven the continued development of many techniques used in the production, culturing, and characterization of these scaffolds. This review explores a range of technologies and methods relevant to the design and manufacture of large, anatomically accurate tissue‐engineered scaffolds with a focus on the interaction of manufactured scaffolds with the dynamic tissue culture fluid environment. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1129–1139. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantification of furosemide in camel plasma by high resolution mass spectrometry, application on pharmacokinetics
Authors: Wasfi Ibrahim A. , Wajid Sayed A. , Agha B. A. , Kamel Asmaa M. , Al Biriki Nasreen A. , Al Neaimi Khaled M. , Al Ali Waleed A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe developed and validated a high‐resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method for the quantification of furosemide in camel plasma which was used for a pharmacokinetic study in camels. Plasma samples were extracted by supported liquid extraction and furosemide and internal standard (furosemide‐D5) were separated on a an Agilent Zorbax XDB C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm i.d., 3.5 μm). Data was acquired in full‐scan mode over a mass range of 200–400 Da in negative electrospray mode at a resolution of 70,000. Linear calibration curves were obtained over the concentration ranges of 1.0–10,000 ng/mL. The validated method was then successfully applied in evaluating the pharmacokinetics and metabolites of furosemide in six camels (Camelus dromedarus) and we were able to advice on a withdrawal time of furosemide treatment before racing.