bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Melatonin localization in human salivary glands
Authors: Isola Michela , Lilliu Maria Alberta 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundCirculating melatonin is believed to reach body fluids by crossing passively the cell membranes, but alternative ways for melatonin transport also are hypothesized. This investigation was carried out to furnish ultrastructural evidences for melatonin transport by salivary gland cells in order to indicate plausible routes by which circulating melatonin can reach saliva.MethodsBioptic samples of parotid, submandibular and labial glands were processed for the electron microscopy and treated to demonstrate melatonin reactivity by the immunogold staining method.Results and conclusionsThe preferential sites of melatonin reactivity were the granules and vesicles of serous cells. Our results suggested that the acinar cells are able to store melatonin and that the hormone can be released into saliva through granule and vesicle exocytosis. The quantitative evaluation of labelling showed that the parotid gland is the most involved in the release of melatonin in saliva.
The Relationship Between Pregnancy Prevention and STI/HIV Prevention and Sexual Risk Behavior Among American Indian Men
Authors: Rink Elizabeth , FourStar Kristofer , Anastario Michael P. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObjectiveWe examined the relationship between American Indian men's attitudes toward pregnancy prevention, STI/HIV prevention, and sexual risk behavior. Attention was given to: (1) attitudes and intentions to use condoms and sexual risk behavior; (2) STI/HIV prevention characteristics and sexual risk behavior; (3) attitudes toward abstinence and monogamy and sexual risk behavior; and (4) decision‐making in relationships and sexual risk behavior.Study DesignOur sample included 120 heterosexual American Indian men aged 18 to 24 living on a reservation. Data were collected during in‐depth interviews. A community‐based participatory research framework was used to ensure the relevancy and acceptability of the study given the sensitivity of the topic.Principal FindingsResults demonstrated that attitudinal factors were associated with sexual risk behavior, particularly inconsistent condom use. Attitudes associated with consistent condom use suggested greater levels of positive dispositions toward prevention and intention to use condoms. Consistent condom use was associated with more cautious attitudes toward sex with multiple sex partners. Study results suggested that American Indian men who reported sex with multiple partners exhibited a set of attitudes and beliefs toward pregnancy prevention and STI/HIV prevention that corresponded with a disposition resulting from their behaviors, in that engaging in sexual risk behavior elevated their levels of risk perception.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that heterosexual American Indian men living in rural environments need sexual and reproductive health programs and clinical services that address differing attitudes toward condom use within the context of multiple sex partners and sexual risk behavior.
The Gnetales: Recent insights on their morphology, reproductive biology, chromosome numbers, biogeography, and divergence times
Authors: Ickert‐Bond Stefanie M. , Renner Susanne S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEphedra, Gnetum, and Welwitschia constitute the gymnosperm order Gnetales of still unclear phylogenetic relationships within seed plants. Here we review progress over the past 10 years in our understanding of their species diversity, morphology, reproductive biology, chromosome numbers, and genome sizes, highlighting the unevenness in the sampling of species even for traits that can be studied in preserved material, such as pollen morphology. We include distribution maps and original illustrations of key features, and specify which species groups or geographic areas are undersampled.
Frequency and Severity of Neutropenia Associated with Food and Drug Administration Approved and Compounded Formulations of Lomustine in Dogs with Cancer
Authors: Burton J.H. , Stanley S.D. , Knych H.K. , Rodriguez C.O. , Skorupski K.A. , Rebhun R.B. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundCompounded lomustine is used commonly in veterinary patients. However, the potential variability in these formulations is unknown and concern exists that compounded formulations of drugs may differ in potency from Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved products.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe initial objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency and severity of neutropenia in dogs treated with compounded or FDA‐approved formulations of lomustine. Subsequent analyses aimed to determine the potency of lomustine obtained from several compounding pharmacies.AnimalsThirty‐seven dogs treated with FDA‐approved or compounded lomustine.MethodsDogs that received compounded or FDA‐approved lomustine and had pretreatment and nadir CBCs performed were eligible for inclusion. Variables assessed included lomustine dose, neutrophil counts, and severity of neutropenia. Lomustine 5 mg capsules from 5 compounding sources were tested for potency using high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection.ResultsTwenty‐one dogs received FDA‐approved lomustine and 16 dogs were treated with lomustine prescribed from a single compounding pharmacy. All dogs treated with FDA‐approved lomustine were neutropenic after treatment; 15 dogs (71%) developed grade 3 or higher neutropenia. Four dogs (25%) given compounded lomustine became neutropenic, with 2 dogs (12.5%) developing grade 3 neutropenia. The potency of lomustine from 5 compounding pharmacies ranged from 50 to 115% of the labeled concentration, with 1 sample within ±10% of the labeled concentration.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThese data support broader investigation into the potency and consistency of compounded chemotherapy drugs and highlight the potential need for greater oversight of these products.
Daclatasvir plus asunaprevir for HCV genotype 1b infection in patients with or without compensated cirrhosis: a pooled analysis
Authors: Kao Jia‐Horng , Jensen Donald M. , Manns Michael P. , Jacobson Ira , Kumada Hiromitsu , Toyota Joji , Heo Jeong , Yoffe Boris , Sievert William , Bessone Fernando , Peng Cheng‐Yuan , Roberts Stuart K. , Lee Youn‐Jae , Bhore Rafia , Mendez Patricia , Hughes Eric , Noviello Stephanie 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackground & AimsWe compared outcomes by cirrhosis status across studies of the all‐oral combination of daclatasvir (DCV) plus asunaprevir (ASV).MethodsOutcomes from global and Japanese phase 2 and 3 clinical studies of DCV+ASV in patients with genotype (GT) 1b infection were assessed by cirrhosis status. Sustained virological response (SVR) was assessed in individual phase 3 studies; a pooled analysis was carried out for safety outcomes.ResultsIn the Japanese phase 3 study, SVR12 was achieved by 91% of patients with cirrhosis (n = 22) and 84% of patients without cirrhosis (n = 200); in the global phase 3 study, SVR12 was achieved by 84% of patients with cirrhosis (n = 206) and by 85% of patients without cirrhosis (n = 437). The frequency of serious adverse events, adverse events leading to treatment discontinuation and treatment‐emergent grade 3/4 laboratory abnormalities was low (<10%) and similar among patients with (n = 229) or without (n = 689) compensated cirrhosis receiving DCV+ASV. Grade 3/4 reductions in platelets and neutrophils were more common among patients with cirrhosis (1.3 and 2.2%, respectively) compared with those without cirrhosis (both 0.6%). Grade 3/4 liver function test abnormalities were less common among patients with cirrhosis (1.8%) compared with those without cirrhosis (3.5–4.7%). Alanine aminotransferase elevations were not associated with hepatic decompensation.ConclusionsThe safety and efficacy of DCV+ASV were similar in patients with or without compensated cirrhosis. This all‐oral, interferon‐ and ribavirin‐free combination is an effective and well‐tolerated treatment option for patients with HCV GT1b infection and cirrhosis.Trial registrations numbers: Clinicaltrials.gov identifiers: NCT01012895; NCT01051414; NCT01581203; NCT01497834.
Petrology, mineralogy, and oxygen isotope compositions of aluminum‐rich chondrules from CV3 chondrites
Authors: Wang Ying , Hsu Weibiao , Li Xianhua , Li Qiuli , Liu Yu , Tang Guoqiang 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBulk major element composition, petrography, mineralogy, and oxygen isotope compositions of twenty Al‐rich chondrules (ARCs) from five CV3 chondrites (Northwest Africa [NWA] 989, NWA 2086, NWA 2140, NWA 2697, NWA 3118) and the Ningqiang carbonaceous chondrite were studied and compared with those of ferromagnesian chondrules and refractory inclusions. Most ARCs are marginally Al‐richer than ferromagnesian chondrules with bulk Al2O3 of 10–15 wt%. ARCs are texturally similar to ferromagnesian chondrules, composed primarily of olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase, spinel, Al‐rich glass, and metallic phases. Minerals in ARCs have intermediate compositions. Low‐Ca pyroxene (Fs0.6–8.8Wo0.7–9.3) has much higher Al2O3 and TiO2 contents (up to 12.5 and 2.3 wt%, respectively) than that in ferromagnesian chondrules. High‐Ca pyroxene (Fs0.3–2.0Wo33–54) contains less Al2O3 and TiO2 than that in Ca,Al‐rich inclusions (CAIs). Plagioclase (An77–99Ab1–23) is much more sodic than that in CAIs. Spinel is enriched in moderately volatile element Cr (up to 6.7 wt%) compared to that in CAIs. Al‐rich enstatite coexists with anorthite and spinel in a glass‐free chondrule, implying that the formation of Al‐enstatite was not due to kinetic reasons but is likely due to the high Al2O3/CaO ratio (7.4) of the bulk chondrule. Three ARCs contain relict CAIs. Oxygen isotope compositions of ARCs are also intermediate between those of ferromagnesian chondrules and CAIs. They vary from −39.4‰ to 13.9‰ in δ18O and yield a best fit line (slope = 0.88) close to the carbonaceous chondrite anhydrous mineral (CCAM) line. Chondrules with 5–10 wt% bulk Al2O3 have a slightly more narrow range in δ18O (−32.5 to 5.9‰) along the CCAM line. Except for the ARCs with relict phases, however, most ARCs have oxygen isotope compositions (>−20‰ in δ18O) similar to those of typical ferromagnesian chondrules. ARCs are genetically related to both ferromagnesian chondrules and CAIs, but the relationship between ARCs and ferromagnesian chondrules is closer. Most ARCs were formed during flash heating and rapid cooling processes like normal chondrules, only from chemically evolved precursors. ARCs extremely enriched in Al and those with relict phases could have had a hybrid origin (Krot et al. 2002) which incorporated refractory inclusions as part of the precursors in addition to ferromagnesian materials. The occurrence of melilite in ARCs indicates that melilite‐rich CAIs might be present in the precursor materials of ARCs. The absence of melilite in most ARCs is possibly due to high‐temperature interactions between a chondrule melt and the solar nebula.
Local leukocyte proliferation as a target for cyclophosphamide in the treatment of Henoch‐Schönlein purpura nephritis grade VI
Authors: Kaneko Masahiro , Ikezumi Yohei , Yamada Takeshi , Hasegawa Hiroya , Kaneko Utako , Saitoh Akihiko 
Published: December 2015

AbstractHenoch‐Schönlein purpura nephritis (HSPN) is one of the most common types of chronic glomerulonephritis in children; however, there have been few reports on the pathogenesis and management of grade VI HSPN. We present the case of a 6‐year‐old boy with grade VI HSPN accompanied by severe nephrotic syndrome and hypocomplementaemia. Immunohistological studies revealed profound glomerular accumulation of CD45‐ and CD68‐positive inflammatory cells. Moreover, some cells expressed the proliferating marker proliferating cell nuclear antigen. His proteinuria and general oedema persisted despite repeated high‐dose steroid therapy; however, these clinical symptoms immediately improved after beginning treatment with cyclophosphamide (CyP). Grade VI HSPN was successfully treated with steroids and immunosuppressants. Among immunosuppressive drugs, CyP was considered the most effective.
Comparative analysis of the tubulin cytoskeleton organization in nodules of Medicago truncatula and Pisum sativum: bacterial release and bacteroid positioning correlate with characteristic microtubule rearrangements
Authors: Kitaeva Anna B. , Demchenko Kirill N. , Tikhonovich Igor A. , Timmers Antonius C. J. , Tsyganov Viktor E. 
Published: December 2015

Summary

In this study we analyzed and compared the organization of the tubulin cytoskeleton in nodules of Medicago truncatula and Pisum sativum.

We combined antibody labeling and green fluorescent protein tagging with laser confocal microscopy to observe microtubules (MTs) in nodules of both wild‐type (WT) plants and symbiotic plant mutants blocked at different steps of nodule development.

The 3D MT organization of each histological nodule zone in both M. truncatula and P. sativum is correlated to specific developmental processes. Endoplasmic MTs appear to support infection thread growth, infection droplet formation and bacterial release into the host cytoplasm in nodules of both species. No differences in the organization of the MT cytoskeleton between WT and bacterial release mutants were apparent, suggesting both that the phenotype is not linked to a defect in MT organization and that the growth of hypertrophied infection threads is supported by MTs. Strikingly, bacterial release coincides with a change in the organization of cortical MTs from parallel arrays into an irregular, crisscross arrangement. After release, the organization of endoplasmic MTs is linked to the distribution of symbiosomes.

The 3D MT organization of each nodule histological zone in M. truncatula and P. sativum was analyzed and linked to specific developmental processes.
Left and Right Parasternal Sensing for the S‐ICD in Adult Congenital Heart Disease Patients and Normal Controls
Authors: WILSON DAVID G. , ZEB MEHMOOD , VELDTMAN GRUSCHEN , DIMITROV BORISLAV D. , MORGAN JOHN M. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundThis study investigated the impact of a right
parasternal sensing electrode position on the R‐ and T‐wave amplitudes and the R:T ratio in three subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator (S‐ICD) vectors in patients with adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) and normal controls.MethodsConventional left parasternal sensing electrode position and right parasternal sensing electrode positions were used to collect 10‐second electrograms, recorded through an 80‐electrode body surface mapping technology (Prime ECG™ system, Heartscape Technologies Inc., now Verathon, Columbia, MD, USA). Recordings were made in the supine, prone, left lateral, right lateral, sitting, and standing positions in using both the standard electrode vector position and the right parasternal positions.ResultsForty patients were recruited and 37 patients were used for analysis. Twenty‐seven (73%) had complex ACHD; 10 patients had normal hearts and acted as controls. A total of 3,708 data points were analyzed. There were no significant differences in the R:T ratio when measured in ACHD patients in the right compared to the left parasternal lead position. In contrast, there were important differences in the magnitude of the R:T ratio when measured in control patients in the right compared to the left parasternal lead position; in the primary vector, the R:T ratio was greater in right than left by 2.99 (P = 0.0002; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.48–4.50) and in the secondary vector, the R:T ratio was smaller in the right than in the left by 0.77 (P = 0.004; 95% CI: −1.58–0.05).ConclusionIn selected patients, a right parasternal lead position may provide a useful alternative sensing configuration for the S‐ICD.
Interventions designed using quality improvement methods reduce the incidence of serious airway events and airway cardiac arrests during pediatric anesthesia
Authors: Spaeth James P. , Kreeger Renee , Varughese Anna M. , Wittkugel Eric 
Published: December 2015

SummaryBackgroundAlthough serious complications during pediatric anesthesia are less common than they were 20 years ago, serious airway events continue to occur. Based on Quality Improvement (QI) data from our institution, a QI project was designed to reduce the incidence of serious airway events and airway cardiac arrests.MethodsA quality improvement team consisting of members of the Department of Anesthesia was formed and QI data from previous years were analyzed. The QI team developed a Smart Aim, Key Driver Diagram, and specific Interventions that focused on the accessibility of emergency drugs, the use of nondepolarizing muscle relaxants for endotracheal intubation in children 2 years and younger, and the presence of anesthesia providers until emergence from anesthesia in high‐risk patients.ResultsThe percentage of cases where muscle relaxants were utilized in children 2 years and younger for endotracheal intubation and where atropine and succinylcholine were readily available increased at both our base and outpatient facilities. Over the 2.5‐year study period, the incidence of serious airway events and airway cardiac arrests was reduced by 44% and 59%, respectively compared to the previous 2‐year period.ConclusionWe utilized QI methodology to design and implement a project which led to greater standardization of clinical practice within a large pediatric anesthesia group. Based on an understanding of system issues impacting our clinical practice, we designed and tested interventions that led to a significant reduction in the incidence of serious airway events and airway cardiac arrests.
The Sensory Content of Perceptual Experience
Authors: Berger Jacob 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAccording to a traditional view, perceptual experiences are composites of distinct (but related) sensory and cognitive components. This dual‐component theory has many benefits; in particular, it purports to offer a way forward in the debate over what kinds of properties perceptual experiences represent. On this kind of view, the issue reduces to the questions of what the sensory and cognitive components respectively represent. Here, I focus on the former topic. I propose a theory of the contents of the sensory aspects of perceptual experience that provides clear criteria for identifying what kinds of properties they represent.
Kind Properties and the Metaphysics of Perception: Towards Impure Relationalism
Authors: Cavedon‐Taylor Dan 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA central debate in contemporary philosophy of perception is between those who hold that perception is a detection relation of sensory awareness (naïve realists) and those who hold that it is representational state akin to belief (representationalists). Another key debate is between those who claim that we can perceive natural or artifactual kind properties, e.g. ‘being a tomato’, ‘being a doorknob’, etc. and those who hold we cannot. The current consensus is that these debates are entirely unrelated. I argue that this consensus is wrong: the perception of natural or artifactal kinds favours representationalism. Naïve realists who wish to accommodate such perception should embrace a disunified metaphysics of perception, one that combines relational and representational events; call such a view ‘impure relationalism.’
SSRmarker development from peanut gynophore transcriptome sequencing
Authors: Zhong Ruichun , Zhou Meili , Zhao Chuanzhi , Hou Lei , Li Changsheng , Wang Xingjun , Tang Ronghua , Xia Han 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPeanut is one of the most important oil crops in the world. To accelerate the marker‐assisted selection programmes of peanut, a transcriptome library of peanut gynophores at three different growth stages was constructed and sequenced using Illumina HiSeq™2000. Totally, 72 527 unigenes were assembled and mined forEST SSRs. A total of 5058SSRs were obtained by using theSSRfinding programme, which represented an average density of oneSSRper 5.65 kb. Four thousand four hundred and forty‐two unigenes that contained one or moreSSRs were identified. The most abundantSSRs in peanut are trinucleotides (55.1%)SSRs and followed by dinucleotides (33.2%).AG/CT(25.8%) repeats were the most abundant and followed byAAG/CTT(19.9%). Primers for 200SSRs were designed forPCRamplification and for analysis of polymorphism in 22 peanut cultivars. Polymorphism could be detected by 17SSRs among these cultivars. The newly developedSSRmarkers from peanut gynophore transcriptome sequencing will be an additional source of markers to the peanut community.
Cytokine profile in two siblings with neonatal lupus erythematosus
Authors: Shimozawa Hironori , Kono Yumi , Matano Miyuki , Suzuki Yume , Koike Yasunori , Yada Yukari , Yamagata Takanori , Takahashi Naoto 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe studied the cytokine profile of two siblings with neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE) born to a mother positive for serum anti‐Ro and ‐La antibodies, who did not receive any medication during the two pregnancies. The first sibling was found to have complete atrioventricular block in utero and became severely ill after birth. He fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis on day 2. The second sibling did not have any fetal symptoms. He was generally stable after birth, but with typical skin rash. Laboratory data suggested that they both had hypercytokinemia during the neonatal period, requiring corticosteroid treatment. Interleukin (IL)‐6, interferon‐γ, IL‐8 and monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 were elevated in both cases, while IL‐12, IL‐13 and IL‐17 were elevated only in the second sibling. Comparison of the cytokine profiles suggests the potential roles of different cytokines in the onset and clinical manifestations of NLE.
Healthcare Use in the Heartland: How Health Care Selection Varies Between Rural, Retirement‐Age Migrants and Long‐Term Residents
Authors: Sanders Scott R. , Erickson Lance D. , Call Vaughn R. A. , Rugh Jacob S. , McKnight Mathew L. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractOne increasingly important problem affecting rural health care selection is the tendency of older residents to bypass local health care providers. This research investigates how the effects of community characteristics and attachment on health care bypass behavior vary between rural retirement‐age migrants and retirement‐age long‐term residents. Non‐health‐related behaviors, such as purchasing goods and services outside one's community during a health care trip, that is, “outshopping,” could influence bypass if individuals combine trips for their medical care with other consumer needs. Basing our work on the outshopping theory, we argue that bypass behavior is one facet of consumer consumption patterns for both rural retirement‐age migrants and long‐term residents. In addition, dissatisfaction with local health care and services like shopping can “push” rural residents to bypass local health care and travel greater distances for primary health care. We further contend that strong community attachment has an opposite “pull” effect that can help to negate the push of outshopping and reduce the likelihood of bypass. Our results reveal retirement‐age migrants are significantly more likely to bypass local primary health care providers than retirement‐age long‐term residents. Furthermore, our analysis bridges the rural health care and retirement community development literature to suggest that outshopping theory can now be applied to rural primary health care bypass behavior.