bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is Culture “Illusion”? A Pragmatic Response to D. W. Winnicott
Authors: Kilby Robert Jay 
Published: August 2016

AbstractD. W. Winnicott offers a psychological interpretation of the intermediate area of experience between subjectivity and objectivity. He includes mature cultural imagination within this area. Religious scholars have recently observed that Winnicott's theory is an improvement over the dichotomy between subjectivity and objectivity Freud promoted inThe Future of an Illusion. However, Winnicott continues to apply Freud's term “illusion” to this intermediate area because claims to verifiability or falsifiability cannot be made on its behalf. This article maintains that Winnicott's interpretation of culture should be clarified and revised to make room for a public domain, which includes morality and religion. A pragmatic position is presented, which argues that claims to goodness or Tightness can be made on behalf of morality and claims to moral fruitfulness can be made on behalf of religion.
Postmodern Scientific Cosmology and the Christian God of Creation
Authors: Clifford Anne M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAfter brief explanations of constructive postmodern science and its epistemology, and the most widely accepted cosmological theory, the Big Bang, this essay explores their potential for theological reflection on the Christian God of creation. Attention is given to the Christian doctrinecreatio ex nihilo; concordism of it with the Big Bang is ruled out. The potential for consonance of postmodern Big Bang cosmology with the Christian God of creation is examined. In a revisionist move, an abstract, unipersonal theism is rejected as not true to Christian trinitarian revelation and therefore inappropriate for an exploration of consonance with Big Bang cosmology. Consonance of major elements of cosmic process, made intelligible by postmodern cosmology, with the exocentric Trinity “immanent to the world” is proposed.
Can Character Ethics Have Moral Rules and Principles? Christian Doctrine and Comprehensive Moral Theory
Authors: Haddorff David W. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis paper investigates how character ethicists use rules and principles in their virtue-centered and narrative-dependent theories, and how such limited use fails to appreciate the performative content of Christian doctrine. If they are correct in insisting that Christian ethics begin with the practical import of theological convictions, then they not only limit thedescriptionof such beliefs but also theperformanceof such beliefs. A more “comprehensive ethic” that includes rules, principles, practices, and virtues, when one begins with the performance of doctrine not scriptural narratives. Such an argument unfolds through three states of the article: (a) itdescribeshow character ethics uses rules, norms, and principles in its own moral theory; (b) it further evaluates this theory based on its own procedural starting point; and (3) itconstructshow rules and principles can emerge from such a methodological starting point.
Gregory Baum's Theory of Social Change
Authors: Schweitzer Don 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTheologies dedicated to radical social change require an understanding of how social change is possible. Gregory Baum has developed such a theory based on Max Weber's notion of charismatic leadership. This article analyzes Baum's understanding of the nature and dynamics of social change, the role of symbols therein, and shows how Baum corrects certain weaknesses in Weber's thought. Baum's theory could be strengthened by drawing upon Christian symbols of eschatological hope and the doctrine of the Trinity. This would help the church relate its faith to social movements and countervailing trends in terms of its own symbol system.
The Kyoto School: Modern Buddhist Philosophy and the Search for a Transcultural Theology
Authors: Fredericks James 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe author argues that the Kyoto school of modern Japanese Buddhist philosophy can contribute much to Christian reflection on the problem of a transcultural theology. Starting with the work of Nishida Kitaro in the early part of this century, the Kyoto school has attempted to express Mahayana Buddhist thought in Western philosophical categories. Articulating his own “logic” based on the Mahayana notions of emptiness and nothingness, Nishida went on to advance a fully developed philosophy of religion which offers a unique interpretation of Christian theism while presenting the Mahayana tradition in a critical and systematic language accessible to a Western readership. Nishida's colleagues in the School include Tanabe Hajime, Nishitani Keiji, Takeuchi Yoshinori, and Abe Masao among others. A review of the literature available in Western languages is offered, as well as a discussion of some of the salient theological problems raised by this Mahayana critique of Christian theism and its contribution to the problem of a transcultural theological standpoint.
Hermeneutical Aspects of John Henry Newman's Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine
Authors: Morgan Drew Phillip 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRecent interest in the study of hermeneutics has called for a reexamination of many Christian classics. This has initiated a retrieval of many valuable insights found in the classics that are extremely important for contemporary theology. Newman's Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine is such a classic. From the time of its publication in 1845, the Essay has been an important and influential work in the life of Catholic thought. By reexamining Newman's work, we are assisted along the unfolding hermeneutical path known as Catholic theology. This article examines Newman's theory of development, three major objections to that theory, and a review of the relevance of Newman's theory for contemporary hermeneutics.
19. Noun Phrases in the Oracle-Bone Inscriptions
Authors: Takashima Ken-Ichi 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTWhile nouns and noun phrases are only one aspect of the Shang language, they are an important constituent element which, together with a verb in a sentence, occur as topic, subject, direct or indirect object, or object of a particle. In order to have a better understanding of the inscriptional language as a whole, a good understanding of the noun phrases is desirable.This paper undertakes to present a systematic account of noun phrases in the Shang oracle-bone inscriptions. The examples are taken from an entire corpus of inscriptions from Period I to Period V, paying no particular attention to diachronic developments. Some diachronic descriptions -- changes over time in construction and meaning -- are also cited in notes whenever they are considered relevant.The main concern of the paper is two-fold: noun-phrase formations and elucidation of their intended meanings. A number of new interpretations, particularly of nouns, is presented in the “Notes” which are integral to the descriptions. The paper also, necessarily, pays close attention to the use of such conjunctive particles as you, ta, and yu.
Cosmos, Cosmograph, and the Inquiring Poet: New Answers to the “Heaven Questions”
Authors: Field Stephen 
Published: August 2016

A Qing dynasty commentator was the first to discover that line 79 of theChuci“Tianwen”,tian shi zong heng天式縱衡, referred to the diviner's board, or what the author calls the “cosmograph.” This instrument was a model of the cosmos used by the diviner to determine, among other things, the position of asterisms beneath the horizon. The discovery was echoed by noted scholars in the twentieth century, but no one could determine the significance of the reference. This article analyzes the quatrain in which the line appears and shows how the cosmograph is the microcosmic key to the poem's cosmic interpretation. Quite simply, the answer to the question lies among the stars.The likelihood that the author of “Tianwen” had a cosmograph in mind when he wrote verse 79 is evidence that other lines may also reflect the existence of such devices. For example, with regard to verse 7,huan ze jiu chong圜貝九重, in which commentators have always perceived a “nine-tiered” heaven, the author argues that what is “round” is the cosmos, and thejiu chongrefers to its “manifold” dimensions.Huan zethen is the “cosmic model”, like the cosmograph, and the succeeding lines of the poem describe its components as a means of depicting the motions of the heavens.
The Concept of Predetermination and Fate in the Han
Authors: Hsu Cho-yun 
Published: August 2016

A number of interesting anecdotes are recorded in the Shih-chi and the Han-shu, especially in the biographies of various renowned figures. Some of these anecdotes are related to the concept of predestination and fate. The most frequently mentioned cases are the stories of the births of emperors and founders of dynasties and legends related to the ancient sage kings.At the beginning of the “Annals of Liu Pang,” the founder of the Han dynasty, it is related that he was engendered by a dragon and from this acquired an unusual physiognomy resembling the face of a dragon. His unusual appearance impressed his prospective father-in-law, who decided to let him marry his daughter, the future Empress Lü. An old lady, Madame Hsu, who was noted for her ability to prophesize by physiognomy, was so impressed by the appearance of Liu Pang that she prophesized a good fortune for the whole family. The legend associated with Liu Pang, that his killing of a white snake was lamented by a mysterious old lady as the act of killing the “Son of the White Emperor” by the “Son of the Red Emperor”, is very familiar. It is further related that Liu's wife never failed to locate his hideout because there was always a colorful haze and mist over it.
Brain Imaging In Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Evidence for the Involvement of Frontal-Subcortical Circuitry in the Mediation of Symptomatology
Authors: Brody Arthur L. , Saxena Sanjaya 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRecent brain-imaging studies have examined the neuroanatomy and pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Researchers have used computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging to look at brain structure and single-photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography scanning to look at brain function in OCD subjects. In this article, we review these studies and discuss their methodology. We then present a theoretical model derived from these studies for how the brain mediates OCD symptomatology.Functional neuroimaging studies have pointed to hyperactivity of orbitofrontal-basal ganglionic–thalamic circuitry in patients with OCD. Our model posits an imbalance between the classical “direct” and “indirect” orbitofrontal–basal ganglionic–thalamic pathways in OCD subjects. The direct circuit appears to function as a positive feedback loop and may “capture” or “lock in” symptomatic OCD subjects. The indirect circuit, which usually provides tonic inhibition to the direct circuit, may be relatively weak.Finally, we discuss how frontal-subcortical brain circuitry may be involved in other neuropsychiatric illnesses, and we describe how monoamines, such as serotonin and dopamine, may be involved in regulating these circuits in OCD and other illnesses.
Role of Norepinephrine in the Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Authors: Ressler Kerry J. , Nemeroff Charles B. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThe concatenation of convergent lines of evidence from basic to clinical research continues to reveal that norepinephrine (NE) is a crucial regulator of a myriad of behaviors ranging from stress response to memory formation. Furthermore, many neuropsychiatric disorders involve neurocircuitry that is directly modulated by NE. This report summarizes the physiological roles of NE, as well as the main findings implicating a role for NE system dysfunction in mood and anxiety disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and Alzheimer's disease. In each of these disorders, there appears to be a complex dysregulation of NE function, with changes in locus ceruleus firing, NE availability, and both pre- and postsynaptic receptor regulation. Many symptoms of these disorders are attributable to abnormalities within distributed neural circuits regulated by NE. Appreciation of NE's role in modulating the neural circuitry mediating cognition and affect should help elucidate the pathophysiology of a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders and the development of novel treatments.
Seven Deadly Sins and OCD
Authors: Stein Dan J. 
Published: August 2016

The lumping together of the seven deadly sins—pride, covetousness, jealousy, sloth, lust, gluttony, and anger—is, of course, a theological categorization rather than a medical nosology. Nevertheless, these seven sins are oddly reminiscent of various symptoms of a common medical disorder—one that has received increasing neuroscientific investigation in recent years—obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Is such a parallel between sin and symptom purely coincidental, or is modern neurobiology able to provide a more coherent explanation?Interestingly, the term “obsession” derives from the Roman Catholic concept of obsession—a state of being possessed by the devil. Indeed, obsessions—defined as recurrent intrusive and senseless thoughts and images—are some of the most overwhelming and distressing of psychiatric symptoms. While it is true that hallucinations and delusions lead to a loss of contact with reality, people with obsessions suffer from the very fact that they cannot resist ideas that they know full well to be irrational. Thus, OCD sufferers find themselves having to perform compulsions—recurrent rituals that relieve anxiety—but which are not realistically connected to the preceding obsessions or are clearly excessive.
The Role of Recent Life Events in the Onset of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Albert Umberto , Maina Giuseppe , Bogetto Filippo , Ravizza Luigi 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAlthough many investigations into the onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) suggest the occurrence of potential life events as triggering factors, such an association has not been well studied to date. The purpose of the present paper is to review the literature on OCD onset in order to determine whether OCD is triggered by recent life events, what specific events may serve as triggers, and the clinical and research implications of these factors. Overall, the available studies do not consistently support the theory that OCD is triggered by specific antecedent life events. However, there is a body of evidence to support the theory that the specific life events of pregnancy and birth of a child can trigger OCD. This apparent association has led to the investigation of certain neurohormonal factors, including changes in estrogen or oxytocin levels, that may be of etiopathogenetic significance in OCD. Confirming such associations may allow clinicians to provide more targeted preventive and therapeutic interventions.
Towards an Integration of Psychological and Biological Models of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Phylogenetic Considerations
Authors: Cohen Lisa J. , Stein Dan , Galynker Igor , Hollander Eric 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn the past 10 to 15 years, advances in psychopharmacology and research on the neurobiological basis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have led to the currently predominant biological model of OCD. Nevertheless, the centrality of complex ideation in OCD supports the usefulness of a psychological approach.In this article, we propose an integrated psychobiological model that presumes a biological etiology without assuming biological reductionism. We hypothesize that the relationship between biological and psychological organization is best explained in the context of emergent systems theory, and that the psychological meaning of OCD reflects development across phylogeny as opposed to ontogeny. Finally, we propose that OCD reflects disruption of a behavioral inhibition/harm assessment system that incorporates brain structures from different points across human phylogeny. Hence, complex psychological symptoms of a biological etiology are generated.
From Gilles de la Tourette's Disease to Tourette Syndrome: A History
Authors: Kushner Howard I. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractOver the past century researchers have attributed the symptoms that today are labeled as Tourette syndrome to various etiologies. Although most investigators have accepted Gilles de la Tourette's initial description of a symptom complex of tics and involuntary vocalizations, most have rejected his claim that “tic disease” resulted from hereditary degeneration. Subsequent investigators have offered an array of contradictory etiological explanations including viewing these symptoms as a subset of choreas, a result of insufficient inhibition, a failure to control infantile habits, a sequel to encephalitis and other infections, or the result of unconscious psychosexual childhood conflict. With the advent of effective pharmacologic treatments in the 1960s, psychiatrists, often urged on by the parents of afflicted children, began to insist that the disorder resulted from organic factors, most likely connected to transmission of the neurotransmitter dopamine and signaling in the basal ganglia. Since the 1970s, research has focused on a variety of possible organic substrates, but disputes over which symptoms to include in the syndrome's phenotype continue to constrain efforts to locate its etiology.
DNA Microarrays for Polymorphism Detection and Genotyping: Utility in the Understanding of Complex Neuropsychiatric Diseases
Authors: Sklar Pamela , Altshuler David , Cargill Michele , Hirschhorn Joel N. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAs the Human Genome Project completes the first human genome sequence, attention has turned to how this information can be used to understand disease. The availability of sequences for all genes will allow a comprehensive evaluation of each gene's contribution to disease. Approaches involving collecting specific gene variants and monitoring expression levels using DNA microarrays facilitate collecting information about DNA and RNA in a rapid and highly parallel manner. Developing an extensive catalogue of polymorphisms will become increasingly important in the context of studies of complex genetic diseases such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Neuroprotection and the Ischemic Cascade
Authors: Felberg Robert A. , Burgin W. Scott , Grotta James C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBrain ischemia is a process of delayed neuronal cell death, not an instantaneous event. The concept of neuroprotection is based on this principle. Diminished cerebral blood flow initiates a series of events (the “ischemic cascade”) that lead to cell destruction. This ischemic cascade is akin to a spreading epidemic starting from a hypothesized core of ischemia and radiating outward. If intervention occurs early, the process may be halted.Interventions have been directed toward salvaging the ischemic penumbra. Hypothermia decreases the size of the ischemic insult in both anecdotal clinical and laboratory reports. In addition, a wide variety of agents have been shown to reduce infant volume in animal models. Pharmacologic interventions that involve thrombolysis, calcium channel blockade, and cell membrane receptor antagonism have been studied and have been found to be beneficial in animal cortical stroke models. Human trials of neuroprotective therapies have been disappointing. Other than thrombolytics, no agents, have shown an unequivocal benefit. The future of neuroprotection will require a logical extension of what has been learned in the laboratory and previous human trials. A sensible approach to the use of multiple-agent cocktails used in combination with thrombolytics is likely to offer the highest chance for benefit.
Perspectives on Current Directions in the Neurobiology of Addiction Disorders Relevant to Genetic Risk Factors
Authors: Hurd Yasmin L. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThere is a significant heritability of drug addiction disorders, but potential genes that may underlie such vulnerability have not been clearly identified. Common neurobiological candidates for drug abuse include genes related to dopamine, opioid neuropeptide, and glutamate transmission that play important roles in drug reward and inhibitory control. This article provides an overview of genetic polymorphisms linked to these neurobiological systems, particularly in relation to psychostimulant- and opioid-addiction vulnerability.
Nature Against Nurture: Calcification in the Right Thalamus in a Young Man with Anorexia Nervosa and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Authors: Conrad Rupert , Wegener Ingo , Geiser Franziska , Imbierowicz Katrin , Liedtke Reinhard 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThis report describes the case of a young man with a large calcification in the right thalamus that was first diagnosed at 9 years of age. Case history reveals specific eating rituals and other obsessive-compulsive personality traits during the patient's childhood and adolescence, fulfilling diagnostic criteria of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. After a critical life event the patient develops anorexia nervosa. We suggest that our case and further literature provide evidence for an involvement of specific thalamic structures, such as the dorsomedial nucleus, in the development of anorexia nervosa. Furthermore, the treatment of the patient by a combined psychotherapeutic and pharmacotherapeutic approach is described. We focus on the beneficial effect of the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine, which can induce weight gain by an increase of leptin levels.
Substance P Antagonists: Meet the New Drugs, Same as the Old Drugs? Insights From Transgenic Animal Models
Authors: Santarelli Luca , Saxe Michael D. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTAntidepressants that primarily target the reuptake of monoamines have been highly successful treatments. However, therapies with these drugs still have several drawbacks, namely severe side effects, delays in the onset of action, and a significant percentage of non-responders. Recently, non-peptidic antagonists of the neurokinin 1 receptor, or substance P antagonists, have emerged as a novel class of drugs with antidepressant efficacy that is comparable to current drugs, but a potentially reduced side effect profile. This review summarizes the pre-clinical evidence derived from pharmacological and transgenic animal studies that suggests an important role for the substance P/neurokinin 1 system in anxiety and depression. Also, potential mechanisms by which substance P antagonists may produce their therapeutic effects are discussed.
Emerging Therapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease: An Avenue of Hope
Authors: Samuels Steven C. , Grossman Hillel 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTEmerging therapies for Alzheimer's disease offer hope to patients and their caregivers. Future treatments will probably include combination approaches with agents that modify amyloid processing, deposition, and clearance. One example, the AD vaccine, reduced amyloid burden and changed behavior in animal models of AD, but the human trial was halted when several subjects developed brain inflammation. Anti-inflammatory agents have epidemiologic support, but clinical trials have been disappointing, possibly related to inadequate study with anti-inflammatory agents that modify amyloid processing. Agents that target known cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance, have epidemiologic, preclinical, and clinical evidence to warrant further investigation. Heavymetal chelators, antioxidants, neurotrophic factors, glutaminergic modulators, and agents that modify hyper-phosphorylation of Tau are other approaches in research and development.