bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Energy Dissipation Rates for Aviation Turbulence. Part I: Forecasting Nonconvective Turbulence
Authors: Sharman R. D. , Pearson J. M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCurrent automated aviation turbulence forecast algorithms diagnose turbulence from numerical weather prediction (NWP) model output by identifying large values in computed horizontal or vertical spatial gradients of various atmospheric state variables (velocity; temperature) and thresholding these gradients empirically to indicate expected areas of “light,” “moderate,” and “severe” levels of aviation turbulence. This approach is obviously aircraft dependent and cannot accommodate the many different aircraft types that may be in the airspace. Therefore, it is proposed to provide forecasts of an atmospheric turbulence metric: the energy dissipation rate to the one-third power (EDR). A strategy is developed to statistically map automated turbulence forecast diagnostics or groups of diagnostics to EDR. The method assumes a lognormal distribution of EDR and uses climatological peak EDR data from in situ equipped aircraft in conjunction with the distribution of computed diagnostic values. These remapped values can then be combined to provide an ensemble mean EDR that is the final forecast. New mountain-wave-turbulence algorithms are presented, and the lognormal mapping is applied to them as well. The EDR forecasts are compared with aircraft in situ EDR observations and verbal pilot reports (converted to EDR) to obtain statistical performance metrics of the individual diagnostics and the ensemble mean. It is shown by one common performance metric, the area under the relative operating characteristics curve, that the ensemble mean provides better performance than forecasts from individual model diagnostics at all altitudes (low, mid-, and upper levels) and for two input NWP models.
Surface Roughness Changes by Finescale Current Gradients: Properties at Multiple Azimuth View Angles
Authors: Rascle Nicolas , Nouguier Frederic , Chapron Bertrand , Mouche Alexis , Ponte Aurélien 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAt times, high-resolution images of sea surface roughness can provide stunning details of submesoscale upper-ocean dynamics. As interpreted, transformations of short-scale wind waves by horizontal current gradients are responsible for those spectacular observations. Those observations could prove particularly useful to validate numerical ocean models that reach increasingly high resolutions. Focusing on surface roughness at optical wavelengths, two steps have recently been performed in that direction. First, it was shown in a previous paper by Rascle et al. that surface roughness variations not only trace surface current divergence but also other characteristics of the current gradient tensor, mainly the strain in the wind direction. The wind direction with respect to the current gradient thus stands out as an important interpretative parameter. The second step is the purpose of the present paper, where the effect of the viewing direction is investigated. To this end, the authors discuss pairs of quasi-simultaneous sun-glitter images, taken from different satellite positions, to provide different viewing configurations, namely, quasi-orthogonal azimuth angles at similar zenith angles. As evidenced, upwind and crosswind viewing observations can be markedly different. As further confirmed with idealized numerical simulations, this anisotropy well traces anisotropic surface current areas, while more isotropic contrasts likely trace areas dominated by surface divergence conditions. These findings suggest the potential to directly separate divergence from other deformations by using high-resolution roughness observations at multiple azimuth view angles.
Biochemical Markers of Nutrition Support in Critically Ill Trauma Victims
Authors: Parent Brodie , Seaton Max , O’Keefe Grant E. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackground: In critically ill patients, plasma serum albumin and transthyretin concentrations are thought to reflect the effects of acute illness, including resuscitation and inflammation. Their use as markers for preexisting nutrition status is, therefore, not recommended. Whether they can be used to assess subsequent effectiveness of artificial nutrition support is unclear. We sought to determine if these biomarkers are associated with enteral caloric intake in critically ill trauma patients. Materials and Methods: We analyzed data from adult trauma victims who required ≥2 days of mechanical ventilation and ≥7 days of intensive care. We categorized patients into low, middle, or high enteral calorie delivery groups (2, 9, or 17 kcal/kg/d during the first week). We compared serial concentrations of serum albumin, transthyretin, and C‐reactive protein. Multiple linear and Poisson regression were used to determine relationships between calorie intake and nutrition biomarkers. Results: In total, 1056 patients were analyzed. Their median age was 44 (interquartile range [IQR], 28–57) years, and median injury severity score was 34 (IQR, 26–41). Calorie intake during the first week was not related to biomarkers during the first or second week. However, by the beginning of the third week, the highest calorie group showed greater changes in concentrations of transthyretin (+3.0 mg/dL relative to initial concentration, P = .01) and serum albumin (+0.17 g/dL, P = .05) compared with the lowest calorie group. Conclusions: In trauma patients requiring 1 or more weeks of intensive care, changes in transthyretin were associated with enteral caloric intake. Our data suggest that transthyretin could be used to monitor nutrition support after 2 weeks in intensive care.
Side Effects of CV Medications Following Hospitalization for ACS Are Associated With More Frequent Health-Care Contacts
Authors: Le Rachel J. , Cullen Michael W. , Lahr Brian D. , Wright R. Scott , Kopecky Stephen L. 
Published: October 2016

Background: Patients hospitalized for first acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are frequently discharged on multiple new medications. The short-term tolerability of these medications is unknown. Methods: This single-center cohort study assessed 30-day health-care utilization and how it may be impacted by medication prescribing trends. We included Olmsted County patients presenting with ACS and previously undiagnosed coronary artery disease in 2008 to 2009. All health-care contacts were reviewed 30 days after index hospital discharge for potential adverse medication effects including documented hypotension or bradycardia, or symptoms likely attributed to the medications. Results: The study included 86 patients; their mean age was 63 (standard deviation: 15.5 years). Antianginal or antihypertensive cardiovascular (CV) medications were prescribed to 98% of patients at discharge; 76% were prescribed 2 or more. There were 233 health-care contacts in 30 days; 90 (39%) of these contacts were unscheduled. More CV medications tended to be prescribed to patients with unscheduled contacts, both pre-ACS ( P = .045) and upon hospital discharge ( P = .051). Hypotension and/or bradycardia at follow-up occurred in 52 patients (60%). Surprisingly, there was no association between hypotension and/or bradycardia at follow-up and increased health-care utilization ( P = .12). Potential adverse drug effects were reported in 34 (40%) patients. These patients had significantly more total health-care contacts ( P < .001) and unscheduled health-care contacts (median 0 vs 1.5; P < .001). Conclusions: Symptoms of adverse drug effects were associated with more frequent health-care utilization after ACS. Clinicians need to consider this while striving to increase patient compliance with post-ACS medications and optimize care transitions.
Patterns of Presentation of Congenital Scoliosis
Authors: Mohanty S , Kumar N 
Published: October 2016

In analysing and investigating 66 consecutive cases of congenital scoliosis, we aimed to evaluate the clinical pattern of presentation, identify the underlying vertebral anomaly causing the deformity, and determine the frequency of associated intraspinal anomalies, cardiovascular anomalies and genitourinary anomalies. Associated general anomalies were seen in 44% of the cases. The commonest pattern of deformity was a right-sided thoracolumbar curve. Hemivertebra was the most common vertebral anomaly (45%). Occult intraspinal anomalies were seen in 15% of cases, diastematomyelia being the commonest anomaly. Genitourinary anomalies and cardiovascular abnormalities were encountered in 6% and 15% of patients respectively. As decision making in the treatment of congenital scoliosis depends on the natural history of progression of the deformity and associated intra and extra spinal anomalies, identification of all associated anomalies is essential.
Total Hip Arthroplasty for Arthrodesed Hips
Authors: Howard M.B. , Bruce W.J.M. , Walsh W. , Goldberg J.A. 
Published: October 2016

The benefits of converting an ankylosed or arthrodesed hip to total hip arthroplasty have been reported in the literature as have the technical difficulties associated with this procedure.1,2,4 This review, however, outlines the experience of a single surgeon (WJMB) at a single institution using uncemented prostheses. Between November 1991 and June 1996, 5 arthrodesed hips underwent uncemented total hip arthroplasty in 4 males and 1 female. Clinical and radiological follow-up review was for at least three years in all patients. In general, patients were satisfied with the outcome of their surgery with Harris Hip scores improving from an average of 62 preoperatively to an average of 72 postoperatively. The surgical outcome in these difficult cases was not as satisfactory as for routine total hip arthroplasty. Meticulous preoperative planning is required to aim toward leg length restoration and restoration of the abductor moment arm5. A modular prosthesis allows versatility at surgery.
Correlation between the Acetabular Diameter and Thickness in Thais
Authors: Varodompun Namchai , Thinley Tshewang , Visutipol Boonyarak , Ketmalasiri Bunyat , Pattarabunjerd Narongchai 
Published: October 2016

We conducted a study on dried cadaveric pelvic bones to determine the relation between acetabular diameter and thickness of the acetabular wall. The acetabulum was divided into four quadrants: antero-superior, postero-superior, postero-inferior, and anteroinferior. The diameters of the acetabulum were measured for 152 pelvic bones. The thickness of the center of the acetabulum was measured with the use of a caliper at four quadrants of the acetabulum. The average acetabular diameter was found to be 51.8224 mm for all the acetabuli. The average thickness in the posterior quadrant has been calculated to be about 50% of the acetabular diameter, which is about 26 mm. The acetabular diameter and the thickness of the acetabulum correlated very well though there was very little significance statistically (0.099) due to the lack of full data for all the individual bones. Linear correlation between the thickness and the diameter is definitely collinear but the correlation is not statistically significant. Some additional factors such as bone density, body mass, etc, are required to correlate the thickness and the diameter. Further study is required in this field.
Power Spectrum Analysis of Compound Muscle Action Potential in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Patients
Authors: Ogura Taku , Kubo Toshikazu , Okuda Yoshiki , Lee Kookho , Kira Yasuhiko , Aramaki Shunzo , Nakanishi Fumihiko 
Published: October 2016

The objective of using wave-form analysis to assess compound muscle action potential (CMAP) in entrapment neuropathy had not been fully developed. We applied the power spectrum analysis to patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) for this purpose. 24 patients with CTS were divided into three stages according to Mackinnon's classification, and 50 normal volunteers were examined. CMAP was obtained from the abductor pollicis brevis with supramaximal stimulation to median nerve. Mean and peak frequencies were measured by power spectrum analysis. The distal latencies of CMAP and the sensory nerve conduction velocities showed some prolongation in CTS patients. Integral values of CMAP were also decreased in CTS patients. Mean and peak frequencies of power spectrum of CMAP in volunteers were 134Hz and 98 Hz, respectively. These values shifted into lower frequencies in CTS patients, namely 102Hz and 61Hz. Regardless of clinical stage, distal latency of CTS patients correlated with mean frequency.
Laser Doppler Flow Imaging of Open Lower Leg Fractures in an Animal Experimental Model
Authors: Herzog L , Huber FX , Meeder PJ , Muhr G , Buchholz J 
Published: October 2016

Purpose. Open lower leg fractures are frequently associated with severe soft tissue damage, followed by osteomyelitis. Using an animal experimental model, we investigated the effect of timing of coverage of a tibial fracture with a local muscle flap. Methods. 80 rabbits had a tibial fracture induced in a standardised fashion, which was stabilised by screw osteosynthesis. After 3 (group A; n=40) and 7 days (group B; n=40), respectively, the tissue defect was covered by a local gastrocnemius flap. In increasing intervals from 1 to 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks, the rabbits from each group were killed and the bone fracture was analysed histomorphologically Cortical microcirculation was measured by 2-channel laser doppler flowmetry. Results. Muscle flaps after 3 days improved perfusion significantly as compared with 7 days (24 Flux [standard error, 5 Flux] versus 10 Flux [3 Flux]; baseline, 1.4 Flux). Group A animals also displayed a lower rate of necrosis (0 versus 38). The incidence of osteomyelitis was higher in group B than in group A (24% versus 0%). Conclusion. Laser doppler flowmetry was proven to be a reliable, minimally invasive means for identifying avital tissue, leading to reduction in the loss of vital bone tissue in experimental settings.
Giant Cell Tumour of Bone with Late Presentation: Review of Treatment and Outcome
Authors: Ng ES , Saw A , Sengupta S , Nazarina AR , Path M 
Published: October 2016

Purpose. To review cases of giant cell tumour of bone or osteoclastoma managed at the University Malaya Medical Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, from January 1990 to December 1999. Methods. Medical records of all patients with musculoskeletal tumours were reviewed. Demographic data, clinical presentation, surgical management, and clinical outcomes were reviewed retrospectively. Results. Most of the 31 patients who were treated for giant cell tumour of bone presented late on the basis of the duration of their symptoms and radiological features. Five of the patients had been referred for local recurrences. 26 patients were treated for primary tumours: 18 needed wide excision, 7 curettage, and one amputation. The joint could not be preserved and arthrodesis was performed for 11 patients. Three (12%) of the 26 patients had local recurrence during a mean follow-up of 60 months, including one (6%) who had recurrence after wide excision and 2 (29%) after curettage. Pulmonary metastasis was noted in 4 cases, 2 of which were confirmed histologically. Conclusion. Even in an advanced stage of disease, good clinical outcomes can be achieved with adequate excision and appropriate reconstruction. For lesions around the knee, autologous rotational grafting is a good alternative method of reconstruction.
Chondrocyte Damage following Osteochondral Grafting Using Metal and Plastic Punches: Comparative Study in an Animal Model
Authors: Nabavi-Tabrizi A , Turnbull A , Dao Q , Appleyard R 
Published: October 2016

Purpose. Osteochondral impaction grafting to manage isolated chondral defects in femoral condyles usually uses a metal punch to impact the grafts into predrilled cavities. Damage to the chondrocytes during impaction is a concern, however, and new methods are being sought to minimise the damage. We studied if impaction with a plastic punch instead of a metal punch reduces the extent of chondrocyte damage in an animal model. Methods. 32 osteochondral plugs were prepared from knees of 10 freshly slaughtered sheep knees; the contralateral condyles were then prepared to receive the osteochondral grafts. 20 plugs were impacted into predrilled holes: 10 using a metal punch and 10 using a plastic punch. The 12 remaining plugs were used as controls. The plugs were recovered, incubated for 24 hours in calf serum, and stained with 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium to measure the content of viable cells. Digital photographs of the stained cartilage were then analysed on a 0-to-255 grey-scale. Results. We found no significant difference in the extent of chondrocyte damage caused by impaction using metal and plastic punches. The content of viable cells in plugs impacted by metal and plastic punches, however, was significantly lower than that in the control plugs, as reflected by higher means of light intensity of 52.9 (p<0.001) and 32.4 (p=0.005), respectively. Conclusion. Impaction grafting clearly damages chondrocytes of the osteochondral plug. The use of a plastic punch does not reduce the extent of chondrocyte damage during the impaction grafting procedure.
Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation Using a Bilayer Collagen Membrane: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Cherubino P , Grassi FA , Bulgheroni P , Ronga M 
Published: October 2016

Purpose. To present preliminary clinical experience with Matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation, a new tissue-engineering technique for treatment of deep cartilage defects, in which autologous chondrocytes are seeded on a tridimensional scaffold provided by a bilayer type I–III collagen membrane. Methods. From December 1999 to January 2001, 13 patients underwent implantation procedure for deep cartilage defects. Age of patients ranged from 18 to 49 years (mean age, 35 years). The mean defect size was 3.5 cm2 (range, 2.0–4.5 cm2). Clinical and functional evaluation were performed using various score systems for the ankle and the knee, and magnetic resonance imaging was performed at 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Membrane structure and cellular population were investigated by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electrophoresis before implantation. Results. The mean follow-up was 6.5 months (range, 2–15 months). No complications were observed in the postoperative period. The 6 patients with a minimum follow-up of 6 months showed an improvement in clinical and functional status after surgery. Magnetic resonance images showed the presence of hyaline-like cartilage at the site of implantation; there was evidence of chondroblasts and type II collagen inside the seeded membrane. Conclusion. Matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation offers several advantages with respect to the traditional cultured cell procedure. These include technical simplicity, short operating time, minimal invasiveness, and easier access to difficult sites. It appears to be a reliable method for the repair of deep cartilage defects.
The Shape and Size of Femoral Components in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty among Chinese Patients
Authors: Chiu KY , Ng TP , Tang WM , Cheng HC , Hung TSL , Tse PYT , Ko PS 
Published: October 2016

Purpose. 39 sets of preoperative hip X-rays were studied to find out whether Chinese patients need revision femoral components with a different shape and size from western patients. Methods. From July 1998 to June 2001, the pre-revision X-rays of 39 revision total hip replacements among 38 Chinese patients (21 men and 17 women) were studied. The component size that produced the best distal canal-filling in the anteroposterior X-ray was determined by using templates of 200-mm femoral components used commonly for Caucasian patients. Results. The diameter of the component needed was 13.5 mm or less in 54% of cases, compared with only 17% for Caucasian patients as reported in the literature (p<0.01). When lateral templates of the corresponding size were put over the lateral X-rays, the anterior cortex of the 200-mm straight stem was shown to have thinned by 2.0 mm or more in 36% of hips; for 200-mm bowed stem, there was thinning of the anterior cortex by 2.0 mm or more in only 5% of hips (p<0.01). Conclusion. Chinese patients are likely to need smaller femoral components than Caucasian patients, and may benefit from bowed-stem components in femoral revision.
Sympathetic Skin Response in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Ogura T , Kubo T , Lee K , Katayama Y , Kira Y , Aramaki S 
Published: October 2016

Purpose. To assess the effectiveness of sympathetic skin response in evaluating peripheral sympathetic nerve activity of patients with spinal cord injury, and to report on the basic properties of sympathetic skin response. Methods. Sympathetic skin response evoked by electrical stimulation was recorded from the palms and soles of healthy volunteers and patients with spinal cord injury. Results. Sympathetic skin response was recorded in 17 healthy volunteers and 14 patients with spinal cord injury. Of the 4 waveforms, the shortest latency was obtained from the palm; the sympathetic skin response was 1.2 to 1.4 ms at all stimulated sites, 1.9 to 2.0 ms at the sole, with a difference of about 0.6 ms between the palm and the sole. None of the patients with spinal cord injury responded at either the upper or lower limbs. In patients with a thoracic cord injury, some responded at the upper limbs but none at the lower limbs; some responded at neither upper nor the lower limbs; and some responded at both upper and lower limbs. The conducting pathway of sympathetic skin response in the spinal cord for the upper limbs descends to the upper thoracic cord (T4–6), and the conducting pathway for the lower limbs departs from the spinal cord at the lower thoracic cord (T9–10). Conclusion. It appears that sympathetic skin response should be used for the evaluation and morbid investigation of the functional abnormalities of the sympathetic nervous system in patients with spinal cord lesions such as spinal cord injuries, cervical spondylosis, and spinal canal stenosis.
Comparison of Two Methods of Percutaneous Pin Fixation in Displaced Supracondylar Fractures of the Humerus in Children
Authors: Foead A , Penafort R , Saw A , Sengupta S 
Published: October 2016

Purpose. To conduct a prospective randomised controlled study to compare the stability and risk of nerve injury between fractures treated by medial-lateral pin fixation and those treated by 2-lateral pin fixation. Methods. Patients with displaced supracondylar fractures admitted between May 2000 and December 2001 were recruited into the study. They were randomised to treatment either with medial-lateral pin fixation (n=34) or with 2-lateral pin fixation (n=32). Results. 66 children with the mean age of 5.78 years were admitted during the study period. 11 of them were lost to follow-up. The mean follow-up period of the remaining 55 patients was 8.93 months. The difference in the carrying angle between injured and normal elbows was 3.57° and 3.70° in medial-lateral pin fixation and 2-lateral pin fixation, respectively. The extension and flexion loss was 7.14° and 8.68° respectively in medial-lateral pin fixation, and 7.11° and 11.26° respectively in 2-lateral pin fixation. The Baumann angle difference was 5.96° in medial-lateral pin fixation, and 5.30° in 2-lateral pin fixation. The difference in the medial epicondylar epiphyseal angle was 6.07° in medial-lateral pin fixation and 6.92° in 2-lateral pin fixation. Statistical analyses show that these differences are not significant. Five iatrogenic ulnar nerve injuries developed in the group treated by medial-lateral pin fixation, while 2 ulnar nerve and one radial nerve injuries were seen after 2-lateral pin fixation. Again the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion. Both methods of fixation were comparable in terms of stability, duration of bone healing, and risks of injury to the nerve.