bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Canopy and physiological controls of GPP during drought and heat wave
Authors: Zhang Yao , Xiao Xiangming , Zhou Sha , Ciais Philippe , McCarthy Heather , Luo Yiqi 
Published: March 2016

AbstractVegetation indices (VIs) derived from satellite reflectance measurements are often used as proxies of canopy activity to evaluate the impacts of drought and heat wave on gross primary production (GPP) through production efficiency models. However, GPP is also regulated by physiological processes that cannot be directly detected using reflectance measurements. This study analyzes the co‐limitation of canopy and plant physiology (represented by VIs and climate anomalies, respectively) on GPP during the 2003 European summer drought and heat wave for 15 Euroflux sites. During the entire drought period, spatial pattern of GPP anomalies can be quantified by relative changes in VIs. We also find that GPP sensitivity to relative canopy changes is higher for nonforest ecosystems (1.81 ± 0.32%GPP/%enhanced vegetation index), while GPP sensitivity to physiological changes is higher for forest ecosystems (−0.18 ± 0.05 g C m−2 d−1/hPa). A conceptual model is further built to better illustrate the canopy and physiological controls on GPP during drought periods.
Rejection of unknown periodic disturbances for continuous‐time MIMO systems with dynamic uncertainties
Authors: Jafari Saeid , Ioannou Petros A. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryRejection of unknown periodic disturbances in multi‐channel systems has several industrial applications that include aerospace, consumer electronics, and many other industries. This paper presents a design and analysis of an output‐feedback robust adaptive controller for multi‐input multi‐output continuous‐time systems in the presence of modeling errors and broadband output noise. The trade‐off between robust stability and performance improvement as well as practical design considerations for performance improvements are presented. It is demonstrated that proper shaping of the open‐loop plant singular values as well as over‐parameterizing the controller parametric model can significantly improve performance. Numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parameter‐dependent Lyapunov function‐based robust iterative learning control for discrete systems with actuator faults
Authors: Ding Jian , Cichy Blazej , Galkowski Krzysztof , Rogers Eric , Yang Huizhong 
Published: March 2016

SummaryThis paper considers iterative learning control for a class of uncertain multiple‐input multiple‐output discrete linear systems with polytopic uncertainties and actuator faults. The stability theory for linear repetitive processes is used to develop control law design algorithms that can be computed using linear matrix inequalities. A class of parameter‐dependent Lyapunov functions is used with the aim of enlarging the allowed polytopic uncertainty range for successful design. The effectiveness and feasibility of the new design algorithms are illustrated by a gantry robot case study. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regioselective Synthesis of Naphtho‐fused Heterocycles via Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Tandem Reaction of N‐Tosylhydrazones
Authors: Ngo Thang Ngoc , Dang Tuan Thanh , Villinger Alexander , Langer Peter 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe have developed a palladium(0)‐catalyzed tandem process which involves the cross‐coupling reaction of N‐tosylhydrazones with dibromide compounds followed by a sequence of intramolecular 5‐exo‐trig, 3‐exo‐trig cyclization, ring opening, and β‐hydride elimination to produce 6‐endo‐trig cyclized products. The strategy was successfully applied for the regioselective synthesis of substituted benzo[b]naphtho[2,1‐d]thiophenes, naphtho[1,2‐b]benzofurans, and benzo[a]carbazoles in moderate to excellent yields.magnified image
What does the mean menarcheal age mean?—An analysis of temporal pattern in variability in a historical swiss population from the 19th and 20th centuries
Authors: Lehmann Andreas , Scheffler Christiane 
Published: March 2016

ObjectivesAge at menarche is one of the most important factors when observing growth and development. The aim of this study was to assess the temporal pattern in variability of menarcheal age for a historic Swiss population from the 19th and 20th centuries.MethodsMedical health records from the Bernese women's hospital (Switzerland) were analyzed. From 10,081 women of a historical Swiss population (born from 1815 to 1954), menarcheal age was calculated. A possible decline in average menarcheal age and variance and skewness were analyzed with the use of descriptive statistics, generalized additive models, and correlation.ResultsMean menarcheal age declined from 17.34 years (n = 358) around 1830 to 13.80 years (n = 141) around 1950. Within‐cohort variance decreased from 7.5 to 2.1 year2. Skewness was negatively correlated with birth year (r = −0.58).ConclusionThis study provided evidence for a secular trend in various statistical parameters for age at menarche since the 19th century. Furthermore, the results of the analysis of temporal pattern in variability revealed that the secular trend in menarcheal age happened in two phases. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:705–713, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes in the Synthesis of Five‐Membered Heterocyclic Compounds with One Heteroatom: Recent Advances from Developments in Metal‐ and Organocatalysis
Authors: Keiko N. A. , Vchislo N. V. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe ever‐increasing interest in the chemistry of five‐membered heterocyclic compounds is due to their paramount importance in such essential fields as pharmacology, medicine, biology, organic synthesis of fine chemicals, agricultural chemistry, and the chemical industry. This Review summarizes and highlights methods for the synthesis of five‐membered O‐, N‐, and S‐heterocycles based on transformations of α,β‐enals. Over the last decade, these reactions, which often differ from the processes involving other α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds in methodology and results, have been gathering momentum. Many of the catalytic and technological novelties discussed in the review, such as asymmetric metal‐ and organocatalysis, multiple catalysts, one‐pot multicomponent reactions proceeding through domino, cascade, or tandem reactions, and microwave activation, promote the formation of diverse target products, the structures of which becomes clear from the mechanistic schemes given in the review. The mechanisms discussed reflect great advances in the chemo‐, regio‐, and stereoselectivity of the reactions with participation of α,β‐alkenals, achieved in the last 15 years, which allows new five‐membered heteroarenes and related compounds (pyrroles, dihydropyrroles, pyrrolidines, furans, thiophenes) to be synthesized.
A New Method for C−H Functionalization of Aliphatic Compounds by an Unusual Photochemical Reaction of Diazoketones without Elimination of Nitrogen
Authors: Rodina Liudmila L. , Galkina Olesia S. , Maas Gerhard , Platz Matthew S. , Nikolaev Valerij A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBenzophenone‐sensitized reactions of 4‐diazotetrahydrofuran‐3(2H)‐ones with H‐donors such as tetrahydrofuran, 1,4‐dioxane, cyclohexane and diethyl ether, occur without elimination of nitrogen and give rise to the corresponding N‐substituted hydrazones or bis‐hydrazonoethanes due to a formal insertion of the terminal N atom of diazo group into α‐C−H bonds of ethers and aliphatic hydrocarbons, with yields of up to 78 %. Long‐wavelength UV irradiation (λ>310 nm) is most suitable for this process, whereas oxygen molecules adequately quench the triplet excited state of the diazoketone and reduce the preparative yields of C−H‐insertion products. Hence this photochemical reaction of diazoketones can be used for C−H functionalization of different aliphatic compounds.
Predictive factors in patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery for odontogenic sinusitis
Authors: Mattos Jose L. , Ferguson Berrylin J. , Lee Stella 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundOdontogenic sinusitis (OS) presents a therapeutic dilemma. Evidence is lacking whether dental treatment alone is sufficient or whether patients will eventually require endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Our aim was to identify predictors of OS patients undergoing ESS.MethodsRetrospective review performed of OS patients (n = 43) analyzing multiple factors including age, sex, symptoms, prior dental procedures, treatment, diabetes, immunosuppression, smoking history, retained dental hardware, oral‐antral fistula (OAF), and Lund‐Mackay scores (LMSs). Descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon rank sum, and logistic regression analyses were performed.ResultsCommon presenting symptoms included facial pressure, discolored nasal drainage, and foul smell/taste. Half of patients presented either after a recent dental procedure or with dental complaints. Forty‐eight percent required ESS after failing medical and dental therapy alone. Total LMS was significantly higher in the group undergoing ESS (8.3 vs 3.7; p = 0.0003). Multivariate analysis showed 2 significant predictors of undergoing ESS: (1) OMC involvement (OR 37.3, p = 0.003) and prior dental procedure (OR 7.4, p = 0.03). All patients with OAF or retained dental hardware required ESS.ConclusionForty‐eight percent of patients who presented with OS underwent ESS for symptom control and prevention of complications. Patients who underwent ESS had significantly higher total LMS than those who did not. In multivariate analysis, prior dental procedures and OMC involvement significantly increased the likelihood of requiring ESS.
Highly Strained Heterocycles Constructed from Boron–Boron Multiple Bonds and Heavy Chalcogens
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Constantinidis Philipp , Dellermann Theresa , Ewing William C. , Fischer Ingo , Hess Merlin , Knight Fergus R. , Rempel Anna , Schneider Christoph , Ullrich Stefan , Vargas Alfredo , Woollins J. Derek 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe reactions of a diborene with elemental selenium or tellurium are shown to afford a diboraselenirane or diboratellurirane, respectively. These reactions are reminiscent of the sequestration of subvalent oxygen and nitrogen in the formation of oxiranes and aziridines; however, such reactivity is not known between alkenes and the heavy chalcogens. Although carbon is too electronegative to affect the reduction of elements with lower relative electronegativity, the highly reducing nature of the B−B double bond enables reactions with Se0 and Te0. The capacity of multiple bonds between boron atoms to donate electron density is highlighted in reactions where diborynes behave as nucleophiles, attacking one of the two Te atoms of diaryltellurides, forming salts consisting of diboratellurenium cations and aryltelluride anions.
Preparation and characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol) biocomposites with microalgae ash
Authors: Tran Dang Thuan , Lee Hyun Ro , Jung Simon , Park Min S. , Yang Ji Won , Chang Yong Keun 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTGasification of microalgae feedstock generates mineral ash. In this work, raw ash is produced from lipid‐extracted algal biomass of the Nannochloropsis salina strain. Prior to using it as filler for composite fabrication with poly(vinyl alcohol), raw ash (RASH) is activated with NaOH and surface modified with (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane. Surface modification of activated ash (PASH) significantly improves interfacial interaction between surface‐modified ash (GASH) and polymer matrix. Higher ultimate tensile strength of PVA/GASH composites is recorded, compared with PVA/RASH and PVA/PASH. Young's modulus of biocomposites appears to increase proportionally to loading of the fillers. Thermal properties of polymeric materials of PVA with these ashes are stable. This is the first report to demonstrate the utilization of microalgal ash, the leftover after completed gasification of algal biomass, as an efficient filler for production of value‐added polymeric materials. It is proposed that microalgal ash is capable of improving the economic feasibility of microalgae‐based biorefinery. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43599.
Effects of pH and storage time on the adhesive and rheological properties of cottonseed meal‐based products
Authors: He Zhongqi , Chapital Dorselyn C. , Cheng Huai N. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTTo increase the basic knowledge of cottonseed meal (CSM)‐based adhesives and optimize the operational parameters for practical applications, in this study, we investigated the effects of pH and storage time on the adhesive performance, water resistance, and rheological properties of CSM, water‐washed cottonseed meal (WCSM), and cottonseed protein isolate (CSPI). We found all products possessed the highest dry, wet, and soaked adhesive strengths with the adhesive slurries prepared at pH 6.0. The effects of pH were smaller on WCSM than on CSM and CSPI slurries. Storage time (up to 8 days) did not greatly impact the adhesive performance of WCSM slurries prepared at pH 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0, but slightly reduced the adhesive strength of CSPI slurries with the same pH. The viscosity of WCSM slurries increased with storage over 8 days, but did not for CSPI slurries. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43637.
Anisotropic Charge‐Carrier Transport in High‐Mobility Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymer Semiconductor Films
Authors: Zhao Zhiyuan , Liu Hongtao , Zhao Yan , Cheng Cheng , Zhao Jing , Tang Qingxin , Zhang Guangyu , Liu Yunqi 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMany high‐performance solution‐processable polymer thin‐film transistors (PTFTs) have been reported. This contribution presents a comparative study of oriented films that have been deposited by means of solution shearing (SS) with charge‐carrier transport anisotropy for PTFTs based on a diketopyrrolopyrrole–thiazolothiazole donor–acceptor copolymer (PDPPTzBT). The maximum field‐effect mobility of the SS film of PDPPTzBT was 10.00 cm2 V−1 s. We also blended a solution of PDPPTzBT with a solution of polystyrene (PS). Solvent vapor annealing (SVA) lateral phase separation was adopted to block carrier transport in the direction of π–π stacking, and further evidence of charge transport anisotropy was provided. Highly oriented polymer films will further influence the carrier transport anisotropy and promote carrier transport along the backbone, and the performance of the field‐effect transistor is thus improved.
Guest‐Induced Arylamide Polymer Helicity: Twist‐Sense Bias and Solvent‐Dependent Helicity Inversion
Authors: Zhang Peng , Zhang Liang , Wang Ze‐Kun , Zhang Yun‐Chang , Guo Rong , Wang Hui , Zhang Dan‐Wei , Li Zhan‐Ting 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA benzene/naphthalene alternately incorporated amide polymer was synthesized and characterized. 1H NMR spectroscopy, fluorescence, and circular dichroism (CD) experiments indicated that, in chloroform, the polymer could be induced by the chiral l‐aspartic acid dianion or one of its derivatives to form a helical tubular conformation with twist‐sense bias. CD titration studies showed that the l‐aspartic acid dianion (8 equiv.) could lead to a maximum Cotton effect. It was also revealed that the twist‐sense bias obeyed the majority rule, and 70 % enantiomeric excess could realize the maximum helicity bias. Adding acetonitrile to the solution of chloroform caused inversion of the guest‐induced helicity bias of the polymer.
Die strafrechtliche Produkthaftung des Berechnungsingenieurs
Authors: Schlammer Janine , König Claus , Schmidt Jörg 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBerechnungsingenieure tragen in besonderem Maße Verantwortung für ihr berufliches Handeln. Aus dem Umfang ihrer Tätigkeitsbereiche ergibt sich für den einzelnen Berechnungsingenieur ein mögliches Potenzial strafrechtlicher Produkthaftung. Dieses ist von der jeweiligen Branche, vom Aufgabenprofil und von der konkreten Art der Tätigkeiten abhängig. Das Ausmaß der Verantwortung ist den meisten Berechnungsingenieuren allerdings nicht bewusst.Neben dem technischen Risiko besteht das mit dem Schaden verbundene juristische Risiko für den Berechnungsingenieur. Zu diesen Risiken zählen neben der nicht versicherbaren Gewährleistung auch zivilrechtliche Haftungsansprüche bei Personen‐, Sach‐ oder Vermögensschäden und insbesondere strafrechtliche Konsequenzen bei Körperverletzungen und Todesfällen.Die Halleneinstürze im schweizerischen Uster (1985), in Bad Reichenhall (2006) und St. Gallen (2010), der Zusammenbruch der Ölplattform Sleipner A (1991) sowie der folgenschwere ICE‐Unfall in Eschede (1998) haben das juristische Risiko deutlich gemacht.Mit diesem Beitrag soll ein Überblick über die möglichen strafrechtlichen Konsequenzen für den Berechnungsingenieur gegeben werden. Somit richtet sich dieser Beitrag an freiberuflich tätige Berechnungsingenieure und an Unternehmen und Ingenieure, die Berechnungsleistungen im Rahmen ihrer unternehmensinternen Produktentwicklung ausführen.
The effect of insulin resistance and exercise on the percentage of CD16+ monocyte subset in obese individuals
Authors: de Matos Mariana A. , Duarte Tamiris C. , Ottone Vinícius de O. , Sampaio Pâmela F. da M. , Costa Karine B. , de Oliveira Marcos F. Andrade , Moseley Pope L. , Schneider Suzanne M. , Coimbra Cândido C. , Brito‐Melo Gustavo E. A. , Magalhães Flávio de C. , Amorim Fabiano T. , Rocha‐Vieira Etel 
Published: March 2016

Obesity is a low‐grade chronic inflammation condition, and macrophages, and possibly monocytes, are involved in the pathological outcomes of obesity. Physical exercise is a low‐cost strategy to prevent and treat obesity, probably because of its anti‐inflammatory action. We evaluated the percentage of CD16− and CD16+ monocyte subsets in obese insulin‐resistant individuals and the effect of an exercise bout on the percentage of these cells. Twenty‐seven volunteers were divided into three experimental groups: lean insulin sensitive, obese insulin sensitive and obese insulin resistant. Venous blood samples collected before and 1 h after an aerobic exercise session on a cycle ergometer were used for determination of monocyte subsets by flow cytometry. Insulin‐resistant obese individuals have a higher percentage of CD16+ monocytes (14.8 ± 2.4%) than the lean group (10.0 ± 1.3%). A positive correlation of the percentage of CD16+ monocytes with body mass index and fasting plasma insulin levels was found. One bout of moderate exercise reduced the percentage of CD16+ monocytes by 10% in all the groups evaluated. Also, the absolute monocyte count, as well as all other leukocyte populations, in lean and obese individuals, increased after exercise. This fact may partially account for the observed reduction in the percentage of CD16+ cells in response to exercise. Insulin‐resistant, but not insulin‐sensitive obese individuals, have an increased percentage of CD16+ monocytes that can be slightly modulated by a single bout of moderate aerobic exercise. These findings may be clinically relevant to the population studied, considering the involvement of CD16+ monocytes in the pathophysiology of obesity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Significance of the StudyObesity is now considered to be an inflammatory condition associated with many pathological consequences, including insulin resistance. It is proposed that insulin resistance contributes to the aggravation of the inflammatory dysfunction in obesity. The effect of obesity on the percentage of monocytes was previously observed in class II and III obese individuals who presented other alterations in addition to insulin resistance. In this study we observed that insulin‐resistant obese individuals, but not insulin‐sensitive ones, had an increased percentage of CD14+CD16+ monocytes. This fact shows that a dysfunction of the monocyte percentage in class I obese individuals is only seen when this condition is associated with insulin resistance.
Downregulated serum miR‐223 servers as biomarker in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Jia Li‐Hua , Liu Yi‐Ning 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is an age‐related neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by progressive memory loss and deteriorated higher cognitive functions. An economical, rapid and noninvasive biomarker for AD has not been identified. We aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of serum miR‐223 and miR‐519 in AD. The expressions of miR‐223 and miR‐519, with previously reported AD‐associated miR‐29 and miR‐125b, were measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in the serum of 84 probable sporadic AD patients (age onset > 65 years) and 62 healthy control populations in China. Analyses were undertaken to assess the specificity and sensitivity of miRNAs to predict AD. In addition, the relationship between miRNAs and mini mental state examination (MMSE) scores in AD patients was also assessed. Serum miR‐29, miR‐125b and miR‐223 were significantly decreased, but serum miR‐519 was significantly increased in AD patients compared with healthy blood donors. In addition, serum miR‐223 was strongly positively correlated with MMSE score in AD patients but serum miR‐519 was not. Importantly, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) result of serum miR‐223 for prediction of AD was 0.786, higher than those of serum miR‐29 (0.734) or miR‐125b (0.726). The combination of serum miR‐223 and miR‐125b gave improved sensitivity/specificity for AD prediction (area under the ROC curve, 0.879) than either miRNA alone. Our preliminary findings indicate that serum miR‐223 might be a potential biomarker for AD evaluation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rice‐like Sulfur/Polyaniline Nanorods Wrapped with Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets as High‐Performance Cathode for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Li Wenyue , Zhang Zhenyu , Kang Wenpei , Tang Yongbing , Lee Chun‐Sing 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBy rational design, rice‐like sulfur/polyaniline nanorods wrapped with reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (designated rGO:S:PANI) were successfully synthesized through emulsification–polymerization followed by a hydrothermal process. In the rice‐like S:PANI nanoparticles, the sulfur active material is uniformly distributed among the PANI polymer network. PANI not only provides a flexible matrix for accommodating volume changes in the active sulfur upon lithium insertion/extraction, the conducting polymer chains also provide high conductivity paths for effective charge transport. Benefiting from the electrostatic interaction between GO and PANI, the sulfur/polyaniline nanorods (designated S:PANI) can be well wrapped by the rGO nanosheets after the hydrothermal process, which can further increase the conductivity of the composite and prevent the polysulfide from dissolving upon cycling. When evaluated as a cathode for lithium–sulfur batteries, the rGO:S:PANI material exhibits a high specific capacity of 1240 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.1 Ag−1, and a capacity of approximately 500 mAh g−1 (ca. 77 % retention) even at a high current rate of 1.5 Ag−1.
ChemInform Abstract: FAILURE PREDICTION OF THE THERMAL FATIGUE OF SILICON NITRIDE
Authors: HASSELMAN D. P. H. , CHEN E. P. , AMMANN C. L. , DOHERTY J. E. , NESSLER C. G. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAm Beispiel von Si3N4, das für Schaufeln in Hochtemperaturturbinen Verwendung findet, wird gezeigt, daß Daten für langsames Rißwachstum zur Vorhersage des thermischen Ermüdungsverhaltens von Strukturkeramiken geeignet sind.
ChemInform Abstract: FLUOROKRYPTON(1+) AND μ‐FLUORODIFLUORODIKRYPTON(1+) CATIONS. PREPARATION OF KRF+MF6‐, KRF+SB2F11‐, KR2F3+MF6‐, AND KR2F3+.XKRF2.MF6‐ SALTS AND THEI CHARACTERIZATION BY FLUORINE‐19 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND RAMA SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: GILLESPIE R. J. , SCHROBILGEN G. J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Titelverbindungen mit M: As, Sb und im Falle der KrF+‐Verbindungen auch Pt werden durch Reaktion von KrF2 mit AsF5, SbF5 bzw. PtF6 dargestellt.