bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tailored approach to management of bilateral breast cancer in Indian women
Authors: Selvakumar Veda Padma Priya , Garg Shubha , Siddiqui Kahkasha , Goel Ashish , Kumar Kapil , Kumar Rajeev 
Published: January 2016

Introduction: Bilateral breast cancer BCC is relatively uncommon with an overall incidence of 5–20% in women with early breast cancer. They are divided into synchronous if cancers are detected simultaneously or within 6 months of each other and metachronous if they are detected more than 6 months apart from each other. Family history and hereditary cancers multicentricity and lobular histology are some of the factors associated with BCC. In this background, we sought to evaluate the incidence, clinicopathological profile, and management of women with bilateral primary breast cancer at our institute.
Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of women who underwent surgery for BCC at the breast services unit at our institute from October 2010 to April 2015. The clinicopathological profile and outcomes were analyzed using SPSS 22 software and appropriate statistical tests.
Results: Out of 1330 women who underwent surgery for early breast cancer between October 2010 and April 2015, 44 were bilateral. Twenty-eight were synchronous and 16 were metachronous. Mean age of the presentation of patients was 53 years (range 30–79 years). The histological type were same in 82.14% of synchronous tumors and 87.5% of metachronous tumors (P = 0.496). The grades were similar in 42.85% of synchronous tumors and 56.25% of metachronous lesions (P = 0.294). The stage concordance among synchronous tumors was 39.28%, whereas it was 60% among metachronous lesions (P = 0.164).
Conclusions: The management of BCC is complex and has to be tailored to the individual based on characteristics of index and second tumor, prior therapy, adjuvant treatment, and risk stratification. Moreover, the concordance of receptor expression is higher in synchronous cancers than metachronous cancers.
Ocular surface squamous neoplasia in Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Fasina Oluyemi 
Published: January 2016

Introduction: Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the conjunctiva worldwide. Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) describes the spectrum of ocular surface intraepithelial neoplasia, pre-invasive and invasive squamous cell carcinoma.
Method: This nonrandomized study aims to describe the epidemiology, clinical features and evaluate the outcome of treatment in patients with histological diagnosis of OSSN managed at a single tertiary center in Ibadan, Nigeria.
Result: Twenty-five patients were managed within the study period with a mean age of 42 ± 15.3 years and male: female ratio of 1:1.5. All patients presented with growth and redness, and, visual impairment was observed in seven (28%) patients. Fifteen (60%) patients were seropositive for HIV infection and one patient (4%) had xeroderma pigmentosum. The right side was involved in 11 (44%) patients and there were no bilateral lesions. Morphologically, 18 (72%) lesions were gelatinous, six (24%) were leucoplakic while one (4%) was nodular. Twenty-two (88%) patients underwent surgical excision with alcohol kerato-epitheliectomy and cryotherapy, while three (12%) patients had lid sparing orbital exenteration. The three (12%) patients with intraepithelial neoplasm, and six (24%) who had SCC but with tumor-free margins received no adjuvant treatment post-operatively, while 13 (52%) with SCC and microscopic margin involvement were treated with four courses of 0.04% topical mitomycin C (MMC) and the three (12%) patients who had orbital exenteration were referred for radiotherapy. The average follow-up period was 12 months, no patient was lost to follow-up and none has had recurrence.
Conclusion: OSSN occurs in younger individuals, and is strongly associated with HIV infection in our environment. Early diagnosis and intervention can prevent severe ocular morbidity. Wide surgical excision with intra-operative cryotherapy and adjuvant treatment with topical MMC post-operatively seem to give good outcome in our patients.
Effect of boron incorporation on light emission characteristics of UV BAlGaN/AlN quantum well structures
Authors: Park Seoung-Hwan , Ahn Doyeol 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The effect of boron incorporation on the light emission characteristics of UV B
x
Al
y
Ga1−

x

−

y
N/AlN quantum well (QW) structures was investigated. The internal field rapidly decreases with increasing boron composition and becomes zero at critical boron compositions. As a result, the light intensity of the BAlGaN/AlN QW structure is increased by roughly four times at the critical boron composition of x = 0.03 and y = 0.2. Therefore, in the range of Al composition below 0.7, we expect that UV BAlGaN/AlN QW structures can be used as a high-efficiency light source with a strain reduction of 20–30%, relative to conventional AlGaN/AlN QW structures.
Palladium nanoparticle array-mediated semiconductor bonding that enables high-efficiency multi-junction solar cells
Authors: Mizuno Hidenori , Makita Kikuo , Sugaya Takeyoshi , Oshima Ryuji , Hozumi Yasuo , Takato Hidetaka , Matsubara Koji 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
A detailed study on the application of Pd nanoparticle arrays, produced by self-assembled block copolymer templates, in bonding of III–V-based solar cell materials was carried out. The Pd nanoparticle array-mediated bonding (mechanical stacking) of GaAs-based thin-films (cells) was readily performed on the surface of GaAs or InP-based substrates (cells) to form multi-junction device architectures. Using the optimized Pd NP array, a 30.4%-efficiency four-junction two-terminal cell, consisting of an InGaP/GaAs top cell and an InGaAsP/InGaAs bottom cell, was achieved owing to the excellent electrical and optical bonding properties (bonding resistance, 1.81 Ω cm2; optical loss, 2.9%). Together with the verification of the long-term reliability of the Pd nanoparticle array-mediated bonding, our approach would become practically attractive for producing high-efficiency multi-junction solar cells.
Optimizing coil system for magnetic susceptometer with widely-adjustable field-strength and frequency
Authors: Trisnanto Suko Bagus , Kitamoto Yoshitaka 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Some practical applications of magnetic nanoparticles in theranostics systems require a preliminary study on magnetically-induced particle behavior with regard to the frequency and field strength-dependent magnetic susceptibility, measurable through a complex magnetic susceptometer. A wide measurement range, however, is favorable to provide comprehensive understanding in relaxation dynamics of magnetic nanoparticles, as well as their nonlinear magnetization. Therefore, we particularly designed a coil system, thus achieving measurability of complex magnetic susceptibility up to 1 MHz with field strength more than 10 Oerms. Our design includes parallel-arranged multiturn-coils as an induction coil to minimize overall resistance without a significant decrease of coil inductance, thus improving current-to-field conversion efficiency with a minimized dimension. Additionally, a typical coil was inserted inside the induction coil to provide a spatially-controllable field-distribution, and a single-turn sheet-coil was used as a sensor to obtain minimum noise and improve sensitivity reaching a relatively-constant value regardless field strength and temperature.
Probabilistic versus deterministic skill in predicting the western North Pacific‐East Asian summer monsoon variability with multimodel ensembles
Authors: Yang Dejian , Yang Xiu‐Qun , Xie Qian , Zhang Yaocun , Ren Xuejuan , Tang Youmin 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBased on historical forecasts of three quasi‐operational multimodel ensemble (MME) systems, this study assesses the superiority of coupled MME over contributing single‐model ensembles (SMEs) and over uncoupled atmospheric MME in predicting the Western North Pacific‐East Asian summer monsoon variability. The probabilistic and deterministic forecast skills are measured by Brier skill score (BSS) and anomaly correlation (AC), respectively. A forecast‐format‐dependent MME superiority over SMEs is found. The probabilistic forecast skill of the MME is always significantly better than that of each SME, while the deterministic forecast skill of the MME can be lower than that of some SMEs. The MME superiority arises from both the model diversity and the ensemble size increase in the tropics, and primarily from the ensemble size increase in the subtropics. The BSS is composed of reliability and resolution, two attributes characterizing probabilistic forecast skill. The probabilistic skill increase of the MME is dominated by the dramatic improvement in reliability, while resolution is not always improved, similar to AC. A monotonic resolution‐AC relationship is further found and qualitatively explained, whereas little relationship can be identified between reliability and AC. It is argued that the MME's success in improving the reliability arises from an effective reduction of the overconfidence in forecast distributions. Moreover, it is examined that the seasonal predictions with coupled MME are more skillful than those with the uncoupled atmospheric MME forced by persisting sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, since the coupled MME has better predicted the SST anomaly evolution in three key regions.
Comparative lipid production by oleaginous yeasts in hydrolyzates of lignocellulosic biomass and process strategy for high titers
Authors: Slininger Patricia J. , Dien Bruce S. , Kurtzman Cletus P. , Moser Bryan R. , Bakota Erica L. , Thompson Stephanie R. , O'Bryan Patricia J. , Cotta Michael A. , Balan Venkatesh , Jin Mingjie , Sousa Leonardo da Costa , Dale Bruce E. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTOleaginous yeasts can convert sugars to lipids with fatty acid profiles similar to those of vegetable oils, making them attractive for production of biodiesel. Lignocellulosic biomass is an attractive source of sugars for yeast lipid production because it is abundant, potentially low cost, and renewable. However, lignocellulosic hydrolyzates are laden with byproducts which inhibit microbial growth and metabolism. With the goal of identifying oleaginous yeast strains able to convert plant biomass to lipids, we screened 32 strains from the ARS Culture Collection, Peoria, IL to identify four robust strains able to produce high lipid concentrations from both acid and base‐pretreated biomass. The screening was arranged in two tiers using undetoxified enzyme hydrolyzates of ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX)‐pretreated cornstover as the primary screening medium and acid‐pretreated switch grass as the secondary screening medium applied to strains passing the primary screen. Hydrolyzates were prepared at ∼18–20% solids loading to provide ∼110 g/L sugars at ∼56:39:5 mass ratio glucose:xylose:arabinose. A two stage process boosting the molar C:N ratio from 60 to well above 400 in undetoxified switchgrass hydrolyzate was optimized with respect to nitrogen source, C:N, and carbon loading. Using this process three strains were able to consume acetic acid and nearly all available sugars to accumulate 50–65% of cell biomass as lipid (w/w), to produce 25–30 g/L lipid at 0.12–0.22 g/L/h and 0.13–0.15 g/g or 39–45% of the theoretical yield at pH 6 and 7, a performance unprecedented in lignocellulosic hydrolyzates. Three of the top strains have not previously been reported for the bioconversion of lignocellulose to lipids. The successful identification and development of top‐performing lipid‐producing yeast in lignocellulose hydrolyzates is expected to advance the economic feasibility of high quality biodiesel and jet fuels from renewable biomass, expanding the market potential for lignocellulose‐derived fuels beyond ethanol for automobiles to the entire U.S. transportation market. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1676–1690. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Field study on drainage densities and rescaled width functions in a high‐altitude alpine catchment
Authors: Mutzner Raphaël , Tarolli Paolo , Sofia Giulia , Parlange Marc B. , Rinaldo Andrea 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis paper addresses the effect of accurately mapping spatially heterogeneous drainage densities in high‐altitude alpine basins on Rescaled Width Functions (RWFs), used in some applications as a minimalist model of the hydrologic response. The channel network and 373 of its channel heads were mapped in the field in a high mountain catchment in the Swiss Alps. The mapped channel network is characterized by highly uneven drainage density, here described by the distribution of the length to the first channelized site computed along steepest descent from any unchannelled site. Various channel networks were extracted from a 1 m lidar‐derived digital terrain model and compared with the field‐mapped channel network using geomorphologic parameters, hillslope‐to‐channel distance and RWFs. Our results show that the channel network derived by statistical analysis of surface morphology is consistent with the field‐mapped network. Larger discrepancies were observed when the channel network was obtained with classical threshold‐based approaches relying on cumulative drainage area and local slope. The actual arrangement of the drainage densities has a significant impact on the RWFs. The discrepancy was largest between RWFs derived from classical extraction methods and RWFs derived with the field‐mapped network, indicating an inappropriate extraction of the channelled portion of the high‐altitude catchment that is a reflection of the variety of channel initiation processes. Our results suggest that spatial heterogeneity of the drainage density might play an important role in modelling streamflow generation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glyphosate residues in rural groundwater, Nottawasaga River Watershed, Ontario, Canada
Authors: Van Stempvoort Dale R , Spoelstra John , Senger Natalie D , Brown Susan J , Post Ryan , Struger John 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of glyphosate residues (glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA) in shallow groundwater in a catchment dominated by agriculture, and to examine the potential for this groundwater to store and transmit these compounds to surface waters.RESULTSGlyphosate residues were found in some of the groundwater samples collected in riparian (surface seeps), upland (mostly <20 m below ground) and wetland settings (<3 m below ground). Overall, glyphosate and AMPA were detected in 10.5 and 5.0%, respectively, of the groundwater samples analyzed as part of this study. All concentrations of glyphosate were well below Canadian guidelines for drinking water quality and for protection of aquatic life. Seasonal differences in concentrations in riparian seeps were possibly related to cycles of weather, herbicide application and degradation of glyphosate. Highest concentrations were at upland sites (663 ng L−1 of glyphosate, 698 ng L−1 of AMPA), apparently related to localized applications. Most glyphosate detections in wetlands were >0.5 km distant from possible areas of application, and, combined with other factors, suggest an atmospheric transport and deposition delivery mechanism. In both upland and wetland settings, highest glyphosate concentrations were sometimes not at the shallowest depths, indicating influence of hydrological factors.CONCLUSIONThe glyphosate/AMPA detections in riparian seeps demonstrated that these compounds are persistent enough to allow groundwater to store and transmit glyphosate residues to surface waters. Detections in the wetlands support earlier evidence that atmospheric transport and deposition may lead to glyphosate contamination of environments not intended as targets of applications. This interpretation is further supported by detections of both glyphosate and AMPA in precipitation samples collected in the same watershed. © 2016 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada Pest Management Science © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare
Authors: Morris Helen 
Published: January 2016

Helen and Michael run their business from their home, Stocksfield Hall in Northumberland, England. A showcase for their work, the house is frequently featured in magazines and on television, and is open to the public once a month. The Stencil Library blog was launched in 2007, to provide inspiration and information about stencil-related decoration, along with the more photogenic aspects of life at The Stencil Library.
Helen is widely recognized as an expert on the subject and is in regular demand for lectures and demonstrations in Europe and America.
Performance and Efficiency of Anionic Dishwashing Liquids with Amphoteric and Nonionic Surfactants
Authors: Blagojević Stevan N. , Blagojević Slavica M. , Pejić Nataša D. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPerformance and efficiency of anionic [sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) and sodium α‐olefin sulfonate (AOS)] and amphoteric [cocamidopropyl betaine (CAB)] as well as nonionic [cocodiethanol amide (DEA), various ethoxylated alcohols (C12–C15–7EO, C10–7EO and C9–C11–7EO) and lauramine oxide (AO)] surfactants in various dishwashing liquid mixed micelle systems have been studied at different temperatures (17.0, 23.0 and 42.0 °C). The investigated parameters were critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension (γ), cleaning performance and, foaming, biodegradability and irritability of anionic (SLES/AOS) and anionic/amphoteric/nonionic (SLES/AOS/CAB/AO) as well as anionic/nonionic (SLES/AOS/DEA/AO, SLES/AOS/C12‐C15‐7EO/AO, SLES/AOS/C10–7EO/AO and SLES/AOS/C9–C11–7EO/AO) dishwashing surfactant mixtures. In comparison to the starting binary SLES/AOS surfactant mixture, addition of various nonionic surfactants promoted CMC and γ lowering, enhanced cleaning performance and foaming, but did not significantly affect biodegradability and irritability of dishwashing formulations. The anionic/nonionic formulation SLES/AOS/C9–C11–7EO/AO shows both the lowest CMC and γ as well as the best cleaning performance, compared to the other examined dishwashing formulations. However, the results in this study reveal that synergistic behavior of anionic/nonionic SLES/AOS/ethoxylated alcohols/AO formulations significantly improves dishwashing performance and efficiency at both low and regular dishwashing temperatures (17.0 and 42.0 °C) and lead to better application properties.
A paleoenvironmental study of early to middle Pleistocene foraminifera of the Santa Barbara Formation at Santa Barbara, California
Authors: Patterson R. Timothy , Brunner Charlotte A. , Capo Rosemary , Dahl Jeremy 
Published: January 2016

An interval of the Early to Middle Pleistocene history of the California Borderland was assessed using multivariate analysis of foraminifera from the Santa Barbara Formation at Bathhouse Beach, Santa Barbara, California. A census of 93 species of benthic foraminifera and nine species of planktonic foraminifera was compiled from 11 samples from the shelly marls, silts, and sands of the lower member. Most species of benthic foraminifera are rare and only 38 species comprise one percent or more of the population in one or more samples.Paleoenvironment of the sea floor was determined based on benthic foraminifera. R-mode cluster analysis defined five associations which are similar to those of the present-day banks and terraces of the California Borderland. Q-mode cluster analysis grouped samples into four biofacies which characterize shallow banks near 50 meters water depth and off-shore ridges and deep banks averaging 150 meters water depth. The stratigraphic succession of biofacies indicates two transgressive cycles separated by an apparent disconformity between 7.5 and 8.9 meters above the base of the section (between samples 3 and 4).Paleoceanography of surficial waters was interpreted from planktonic foraminifera. Paleotemperature was assessed from the proportion of sinistral to dextral morphs and from the proportion of encrusted, compact morphs to reticulate, globular morphs of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma. The coiling morphs show a warm interval from the base of the section to about 12 meters (between samples 5 and 6), and a cooler interval from about 12 meters to about 24 meters (between samples 10 and 11), and an interval of intermediate paleotemperature in the topmost sample of the section. Changes in the planktonic assemblage do not coincide with the transgressive cycles inferred from the benthic biofacies.The Bathhouse Beach section can be placed chronostratigraphically based on planktonic foraminiferal coiling shifts and strontium isotopic data. The isotopic age range of 400 to 900 Kyr brackets the 600 Kyr age assigned by Lagoe and Thompson (1988) to the Neogloboquadrina pachyderma coiling dominance interval CD9/CD8 boundary which occurs midway in the section, between samples 5 and 6.
Some Issues Facing Environmental Organisations in Developing Countries: A Case Study of the South Pacific Action Committee for Human Ecology and the Environment
Authors: Taylor Neil , Nathan Subhashni 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe South Pacific Action Committee for Human Ecology and the Environment (SPACHEE) is a regional environmental Non Government Organisation (NGO) based in Fiji but serving twelve small island nations in the South Pacific region, and involved in both formal and non-formal environmental education. At present its membership base is very limited numerically, regionally and also in terms of its socio-economic make up. This article analyses SPACHEE's current membership and issues base and makes a number of recommendations as to how the organisation might broaden these. Some suggestions are also made as to how SPACHEE might link its work more explicitly to issues of equality and social justice. These suggestions may have implications for other environmental NGOs in larger developing countries in the region which face similar environmental issues, such as loss of rainforest, degradation of coral reefs and mangrove destruction.
Prospective clinical and serological follow-up in early childhood reveals a high rate of subclinical RSV infection and a relatively high reinfection rate within the first 3 years of life
Authors: KUTSAYA A. , TEROS-JAAKKOLA T. , KAKKOLA L. , TOIVONEN L. , PELTOLA V. , WARIS M. , JULKUNEN I. 
Published: January 2016

SUMMARYChildren encounter repeated respiratory tract infections during their early life. We conducted a prospective clinical and serological follow-up study to estimate the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) primary infection and reinfection rates in early childhood. Sera were collected from 291 healthy children at the ages of 13, 24 and 36 months and antibody levels against RSV antigens were determined by enzyme immunoassay. The RT–PCR method was also used for identifying the possible presence of RSV in symptomatic patients. At ages 1, 2 and 3 years, 37%, 68% and 86%, respectively, of studied children were seropositive for RSV. In children seropositive at age 1 year, RSV reinfection rate was at least 37%. Only one of reinfected children showed evidence for a third reinfection by age 3 years. Of children who turned RSV seropositive between ages 1 and 2 years, the reinfection rate was 32% during the third year of life. The mean antibody levels at primary infection were very similar in all age groups. The average decrease of antibody levels was 25–30% within a year. In 66 cases RSV infection was identified by RT–PCR. RSV infection rate in early childhood is 86% and reinfection rate is around 35%. This prospective serological follow-up study also provided evidence for the presence of RSV infections in children that did not show clinical signs warranting RSV RNA detection.