bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insecticide Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly on Broccoli and Lettuce, 1992
Authors: Chu C. C. , Henneberry T. J. , Akey D. H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The studies were conducted at the USDA-ARS Irrigated Desert Research Station at Brawley, CA in randomized complete blocks design with four replicates. Hybrid broccoli, cv. ‘Packman’ at 7.6 seeds/ft seed row, and head lettuce, cv. ‘Empire MI’ at 8.5 seeds/ft seed row, each in separate plots, were planted on 25 Sep. Plots of each crop were two rows (beds) in 40-inch row spacing and 20 ft long. Seed rows of each crop were spaced 20 inches apart on a bed. Plots were separated by two fallow rows and blocks separated by 20-ft fallow alleys. Treatments were (1) untreated, (2) weekly foliar application of Capture 0.08 lb Al/acre and Monitor 0.75 lb Al/acre, (3) weekly foliar application of mixture of Danitol 0.2 lb Al/acre and Monitor 0.75 lb Al/acre, (4) soil application of Admire 0.345 lb Al/acre at planting, (5) treatment 4 plus foliar application once of Admire 0.345 lb Al/acre 3 weeks after planting, (6) treatment 4 plus foliar application once of Admire 0.345 lb Al/acre 4 weeks after planting, (7) treatment 4 plus weekly foliar application of treatment 2 beginning on week 4 after planting, (8) treatment 4 plus weekly foliar application of treatment 3 beginning on week 4 after planting, (9) weekly foliar application of CGA 245704 0.044 lb Al/acre. Weekly foliar applications of treatments 2, 3 and 9 were initiated on 7 Oct (7 days after plant emergence or 12 days after planting). A total of seven applications was made. Foliar applications of treatments 5 and 6 were made on 14 and 21 Oct, respectively. Five weekly applications of treatment 7 and 8 were made beginning on 21 Oct. Treatments were applied with a backpack sprayer to deliver 29 gal/acre. SPWF immatures were counted on each side of a leaf disk of 3.14 cm2 taken from each fourth leaf from plant terminals. Pretreatment counts were made on leaf discs from ten leaves on 6 Oct, 1 day before the first treatments were applied. Thereafter weekly leaf samples were taken 6 days after each application and 1 day before the next application. The last samples were taken on 29 Dec. Crops were harvested three times on 4, 11 and 18 Jan 1993.
Biological Control of Imported Cabbageworm on Mid-Season Cabbage, 1993
Authors: Prostak Donald J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cabbage was transplanted on 14 Jul at the Snyder Research and Extension Farm, Pittstown, NJ. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and consisted of single rows, 30 ft long on 5 ft centers with 3 ft between plants. Buffers were 5 ft between rows and 12 ft between plots within rows. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Treatments were applied on 24 and 31 Jul with a CO2-pressurized single hollow-cone nozzle, hand-held sprayer that delivered 73.5 gal/acre at 45 psi directed at the upper surface of all leaves. Biofilm, a spreader-sticker, was added at the rate of 8 oz/100 gal to all treatments except the Agree + K (Kinetic) treatment. Kinetic was added at the rate of 12 oz/100 gal. Plots were evaluated on 30 Jul and 5 Aug by examining 5 plants from the middle of each replicate. All ICW larvae on the plants were identified and counted.
Control of Lepidoptera by Ciba-Geigy Materials and Field Standards on Cabbage, 1993
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cabbage was transplanted on 15 Jun at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 20-ft rows on 36-inch centers with 18-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in an RCB design. A backpack sprayer with a one-row boom, having 3 nozzles per row with HC 12 hollow cone tips and delivering 32.6 gal/acre at 40 psi and 2 mph, was used to apply applications of each treatment. Bond sticker-spreader was applied at 0.1% v/v with all treatments. To test against a population of Bt Kurstaki resistant diamondback moth, three plants per replication were inoculated on 13 Jul with 20 DBM second instar larvae per plant from our Bt Kurstaki resistant DBM lab colony. Imported cabbageworm and cabbage looper were natural populations. Treatments were applied on 9 Jul prior to inoculation and evaluations were made on 16 Jul. Evaluations were made by selecting the inoculated plants, removing all leaves, and counting the number of live larvae. A two-way ANOVA was used for analysis of Lepidoptera data using replicate totals. Subsequent weekly seasonal applications for natural populations of Lepidoptera were made on 20, 28 Jul, 11, 18, 27 Aug and 2 Sep. Evaluations were made on 3, 27 Aug and 9 Sep. All evaluations were made by selecting three plants per replication, removing all leaves, and counting the number of live larvae. A two-way ANOVA was used for analysis of Lepidoptera data using replicate totals for the entire season.
Control of Lepidoptera on Cole Crops, 1993
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Dunlap Michael J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
‘Vates’ collards were planted at the Muck Crops Branch, Celeryville, OH, on 17 Jun. The experimental plots were 3 rows wide on 20 inch centers, 15 ft long and separated by 3 ft alleys. Each treatment was replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. A single application was made 22 Jul using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at 50 psi with three D-4 hollow cone nozzles/row. Activator 90 was added at 2 pts/100 gal solution to all Bacillus thuringiensis treatments. Latron B-1956 was added to both RH5992 and RH2485 at 0.06% vol/vol solution. Five plants per plot were randomly selected and inspected for DBM, ICW, and CL small (1 st- 2nd instars) and large (&gt;3rd instars) larvae on 27 Jul.
Use of Labeled and Experimental Insecticides for Control of Corn Earworm on Sweet Corn in Wisconsin, 1993
Authors: Wedberg John , Jensen Bryan 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
‘Jubilee’ sweet corn was planted at the Arlington Agriculture Research Station, Arlington, WI at 19,500 seeds per acre on 21 Jun. Each treatment was one row wide and 12 m long, arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated four times. Adjacent plots were separated by one border row. The first spray was applied when the crop started pollinating on 22 Aug. Subsequent sprays were applied on 26 Aug and 1,10 Sep. All treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with two 8001 TeeJet nozzles which deliver 263 1 of finished spray per ha at 40 psi. The spray boom was directed at the ear zone and each side of the row was treated. Plots were evaluated 20 Sep by removing 25 ears per treatment and recording the size of larvae and number of infested ears. “Early” to “Mid” earworm larvae were up to 18 cm long and “Late” larvae were greater than 18 cm long.
Insect Control on Bell Pepper in West-Central Florida, Spring 1994
Authors: Schuster David J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Transplants were set 10 Mar, 12 inches apart on 8-inch-high and 32-inch-wide beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single row of 10 plants with rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and were applied with a 2.5 gal, hand-held CO2- powered sprayer on 29 Mar, 4, 11, 18, 25 Apr, 2, 9, 16, 23 May, and 1 Jun. The sprayer was outfitted with a single nozzle with a D-5 disk and #45 core and delivered 100 gpa at 60 psi. On 15 Apr and 4 May, each plant in each plot was inspected for small (≤0.5 inch long) and large (&gt;0.5 inch long) beet armyworm larvae and the data were combined over both dates. Fruit were harvested on 13 May, 1, and 14 Jun and the number and weight of undamaged fruit and the number of fruit damaged by beet armyworm larvae were determined. Fruit with slight feeding damage only on the stem or calyx were considered marketable. Fruit with either slight or severe damage on the fruit wall were considered unmarketable. Fruit also were examined for the presence of oviposition scars on the outside of the fruit and for the presence of larval feeding damage on the inside of the fruit caused by the pepper weevil. On 16 Jun, each plot was sampled by dislodging the insects from the tops of five plants with a garden stake into the bottom of a rectangular cake pan painted black and coated with a thin film of vegetable oil. The numbers of pepper weevil adults, whitefly adults, predator adults and immatures, and aphids were counted. The numbers of predators were totaled over all species since few of any one species were present.
Control of Melon Thrips on Pepper, Test 2, Spring, 1994
Authors: Seal Dakshina R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in a 0.4 ha field of rockdale soil located in Homestead, FL. ‘Jalapeno’ pepper transplants were set in the field onto raised black polyethylene mulch covered beds following recommended cultural practices on 20 Mar 1994. Beds were 71.1 cm wide and spaced 139.5 cm apart from center to center. The field was cultivated weekly to clean weeds between the rows. Fertilizer was applied in kg/ha at 366 N, 732 P, 732 K on two dates; at planting and 4 wk after planting. The field was irrigated by drip system at weekly intervals delivering approximately 5 cm depth. Plots were 4 rows each 7.6 m long. Six treatments were arranged in randomized complete blocks with 4 replications. Chemicals were applied on 25 May, 1, 8, and 17 Jun 1994 with a backpack sprayer using 2 nozzles/row delivering 124 gal/ha at 40 psi. Treatments were evaluated by randomly collecting a sample of 25 leaves from the center of two middle rows of each treatment 24 h after each insecticide application. Leaf samples were placed separately in one-liter plastic cups and transported to the laboratory. Thrips were separated from the leaves by washing with 70% ethanol, and the number of adults and larvae in each sample was recorded.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle and Potato Leafhopper on Potatoes, 1994
Authors: Foster R. E. , Buhler W. G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Potatoes were planted 18 May at the Pinney Purdue Agricultural Center, Wanatah, Indiana. Plots consisted of single rows, 30 ft long, 5 ft apart, arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Foliar sprays were applied with a COz-powered backpack sprayer using hollow cone nozzle tips and delivering 19 gal water/acre at 32 psi. Sprays were applied on 21 Jun, 5, 22 Jul, and 2 Aug. Two different treatment rates of Admire 2F were applied at planting time. These treatments were sprayed in the furrow before planting and then incorporated in the mound of soil that covered the potato seed pieces. Thimet 20G was applied with a homemade salt shaker at planting and incorporated in the same manner described above. Insects were counted on 5 whole plants in each plot. Results are presented as the average number of insects per 5 plants. Small CPB larvae were first and second instars, and large, third and fourth. Total CPB includes larvae and adults. Potatoes were harvested and yields recorded on 7 Sep.
Fipronil 80 W to Control CPB on Potatoes, 1994
Authors: Speese John 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Potatoes were planted on 8 Apr at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of four 25 ft long rows planted on a 3 ft row spacing and replicated four times in a randomized, complete block design. Foliar sprays were applied with a compressed gas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles per row and delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. A total of three Fipronil sprays were applied every two weeks, beginning on 24 May. The Asana + PBO plots were sprayed on 24 May and 2, 8 and 22 Jun. The entire test was sprayed with Dimethoate 4EC at 0.25 lb (AI)/acre on 6 and 21 Jun to control potato leafhoppers. Evaluation criteria consisted of weekly counts of all CPB life stages present on 5 random stems/plot and percent defoliation ratings on 16 and 29 Jun. On 7 Jul, the center two rows of each plot were harvested and graded to determine yields.
Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly, Gemnivirus Transmission, Tomato Pinworm, and Leafminer on Staked Tomato, Spring 1991
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Cawley B. M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Eight raised beds 260 ft long and 36” wide on 12 foot centers were prepared 3 weeks before planting in sandy soil by incorporating 6-12-6 fertilizer at a rate of 508 lbs/acre before bed formation and an additional mix of 19-0-19 (1000 lbs/acre) applied in 2 wide bans at bed formation. Vapam (37% metham-sodium) mixed 3-to-l in water, was injected every 5 inches across the bed at a rate of 40 gal/acre before covering beds with black polyethylene film later sprayed with white latex. Tomato transplants were set 20” apart on 15 Mar in plots 2 rows wide, 20 ft long and separated by 40". Manzate 200 (1.5 lb/acre) and Tri-Basic Copper (3 lb/acre) were applied weekly for disease control. Geminivirus-infected sets, obtained by exposing caged seedlings to infected adult whitefly for 2 weeks, were planted 2 per plot on 21 Mar. The experimental design was randomized complete block with 12 treatments and 4 replications. Treatments (5) began 26 Mar, ended 9 May and were applied with either a Berthoud airboom sprayer, or a tractor mounted boom sprayer using a high pressure diaphragm pump and 4 drop lines. Nozzles were added to both sprayers to accommodate plant growth, the boom sprayer reaching a maximum of 8 nozzles per row, each fitted with Albuz ceramic hollow cone tips (ATR lilac delivering ca. 0.223 gal/min @ 400 lbs/in2) calibrated at 103 gal/acre and the airboom with a final 4 nozzles per row (bottom “fan” and top “cannon") calibrated at 104 gal/acre. Whitefly immatures were counted on the terminal trifoliate of the 6th leaf from the top of 3 randomly selected plants per plot at 2-week intervals (N = 4). The number of live and dead pinworms and leafminers and the number of leafminer oviposition punctures and emergence holes were noted on the same trifoliate. On alternate weeks adult whitefly were counted by carefully inverting the 3rd leaf from the top of 3 randomly chosen plants per plot (N = 4). All plants were surveyed weekly for geminivirus symptoms. All fruit in one row per plot with a diameter equal to or greater than 2.5 cm were harvested on 21 May. Fruit were counted, weighed and examined for damage from pinworm larvae. A split plot analysis of variance was used with treatments as whole plots and sample dates as subplots. Fisher’s LSD test at the 5% level of probability was used for mean separation.
Control of Silverleaf Whitefly and Tomato Pinworm on Staked Tomato with Chemical and Biological Insecticides, Spring 1994
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Conner J. M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Beds (32 inch width) were prepared in sandy soil on six foot centers, fumigated with a 67/33% mixture of methyl bromide and chloropicrin applied at 220 lbs/acre, fertilized with a bottom mix of 800 lbs/acre of 5-16-8 and a top mix of 500 lbs of 19-0-30 and mulched with whiteface polyethylene film. Greenhouse grown tomato seedlings were transplanted 18 inches apart on 1 Mar 1994 into single rows and watered by subsurface seepage irrigation. Plants were sprayed weekly with 3.0 lb/acre Kocide DF plus 1.0 lb/acre Maneb 80W rotated with Bravo 720 applied at 32 oz/acre. Standard cultural practices of pruning and staking were followed. There were 12 rows 240 foot long divided into 4 replicated blocks of 3 rows each. Each block consisted of 10 treatments assigned in a completely randomized design. An adjuvant, ASPA 80, was added to each spray mixture at the rate of 0.06% v/v except for RH-0345 to which Latron-B-1956 was added at 0.06% v/v. Plants were sprayed weekly except for Biobit alone which was sprayed twice a week at 0.5 lb product/acre. Applications were made with a tractor-drawn hydraulic boom sprayer using a diaphragm pump at 200 psi through two drop lines per row fitted with Albuz@ ATR Yellow nozzles. Spray treatments commenced 29 Mar and continued through 10 May for a total of 7 weeks. Initial spray volume was 46 gal/acre increasing to 65 gal/acre on 5 April and finally to 83 gal/acre 3 May corresponding to the increases in number of nozzles from 2 to 3 to 4 per drop respectively. Plants were evaluated weekly for the presence of whitefly adults, eggs, nymphs, pupae, and parasitized pupae. Relative estimates of adult whitefly numbers were made by striking a black, 9.5” × 13” pie pan coated with an oil/detergent mixture against three plants from each row in every plot and recording the number of adult whiteflies caught. Egg populations were estimated from randomly sampled first expanded trifoliates, one per row (3 per plot). Eggs in 4 cm2 of leaflet were counted with a stereoscopic microscope by placing a 1 cm2 template twice on each side of the midvein. Nymphs were counted in the same way except that the trifoliate sampled came from the 5th, 6th or 7th node from the top. All plants were inspected weekly for symptoms of tomato mottle geminivirus (TMoV), the presence of which was confirmed by nuclear inclusion analysis. On 19 May, all fruit of marketable size was harvested from the best 10 plants per plot. Fruit was culled based on damage from tomato pinworm, other insects, or non-insect causes. Marketable tomatoes were sized to USDA standards on a commercial grading table.
Use of Labeled and Experimental Insecticides for Control of Potato Leafhoppers and Plant Bugs in Wisconsin, 1994
Authors: Wedberg John , Jensen Bryan 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Experimental plots measuring 40 × 50 ft were established in a field of ‘Olds 98’ alfalfa at the University of Wisconsin Agricultural Research Station, Arlington, WI. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCBD and applied on 21 Jul by using a tractor-mounted compressed air sprayer equipped with 8001 TeeJet flat fan nozzles delivering 17 gal/acre of finished spray at 40 psi when driven at 2.6 mph. Insect abundance was estimated by taking 20 consecutive pendulum sweeps in each plot with a 15 inch diam sweep net at 7, 11 and 15 DAT.
Northern and Western Corn Rootworm Adult Emergence and Root Injury Ratings Relative to Planting- Time and Post-Emergence Applications in Eastern South Dakota, 1994
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A. , Jenson J. M. , Thompson D. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A dryland field near Aurora, SD, was chosen to assess northern and western corn rootworm adult beetle emergence from planting-time and post-emergence insecticide treatment corn. Additionally, efficacy in preventing larval root injury was evaluated. The site had been continuously planted to corn for at least 5 years prior to the 1994 growing season. Individual treatment plots (single 15.2-m long rows spaced 96.5 cm apart) were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Pioneer IR-3751 (100- day) corn seed was planted at approximately 23,000 kernels per acre. Planting-time granular formulations were applied using Noble metering units mounted on a modified Kinze 4-row corn planter, and all units were calibrated on the planter prior to insecticide applications. Banded granular treatments were applied in an 18-cm swath in fromt of the furrow-closing wheels, and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. All planting-time applications (banded and in-furrow) consisted of directing insecticides immediately between double-disk furrow openers and into the open seed furrow. Post-emergence banded applications of Furadan 4F were placed over the row in 18- to 20-cm swaths using a single-nozzle (Teejet 8003 flat fan) boom. Broadcast ("Broad") liquid treatments were applied with a 1.8-m boom equipped with 4 Teejet 8003 flat fan nozzles spaced 46 cm apart. Liquid formulations (planting-time and post-emergence rescue) were applied using a CO2-powered canister spray system calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 3 mph. All postemergence treatments were applied at cultivation time, and those that received cultivation following application were incorporated using a 2-row John Deer cultivator. Five roots per replicate were dug, washed, examined for feeding damage and rated using the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. Prior to rootworm beetle emergence, 2 cages (0.6 m wide by 1.0 m long by 15.2 cm high) were placed (equidistant from each other and the end of the plot) over each treatment row. The exterior rectangular frame base of each cage was constructed of 26-gauge galvanized steel and the top was made of aluminum screening material (45-mesh per cm2). A plastic cylindrical capture device was positioned at the apex of each screened pyramid to capture the emerged beetles. An inverted aluminum screen cone was fastened on the bottom side of each capture device to prevent beetle re-entry into the cage, and a small piece of “No Pest Strip” material was placed inside the device to kill captured beetles. Cages were monitored at weekly intervals for 6 wk. Monitoring consisted of collecting all beetles for the respective treatments from each replicate, and returning them to the laboratory for identification by species. Root rating and emergence data were analyzed using SAS’s General Linear Models procedure with treatment means being compared by DMRT.
Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1994
Authors: Oleson J. D. , McNutt J. J. , Pruisner R. D. , Tollefson J. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Rootworm planting-time, soil-insecticide test plots were established at 3 IA locations in 1994. Soil types were: Ames (Chapin), silty clay loam; Nashua, loam; and Sutherland, silty clay. Plots were planted 9, 2 and 3 May, respectively, on areas that had been planted to trap crop (late-planted corn, high plant population) the previous year. A RCBD with 4 replications for the experimental and cultivation tests and 8 replications for the yield trials was used. All treatments were applied to single 50-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a 4-row John Deere 7100 planter. Planting-time liquid formulations were applied with a compressed-air delivery system built directly into the planter; 8003E nozzles delivered 13 gpa at 23 psi. Liquid cultivation-time insecticides were applied with a small-plot bicycle sprayer. Two 8002E nozzles, 1 on each side of the corn row, were positioned to deliver either a 7 or 15-inch band width around the base of the plants; 13 gpa at 25 psi. Broadcast (30-inch band) applications of Furadan 4F were applied to single rows. A boom containing three 8002 nozzles (19-inch centers) delivered 13 gpa at 32 psi. One untreated buffer row was left on each side of a “broadcasted” row. Granular cultivation-time insecticide applications were made with electrically-driven Noble units mounted on the tool bar of a 2-row, rear-mounted cultivator. Plastic tubes, positioned directly in front of the cultivator sweeps, directed the insecticide granules to both sides of the corn row for basal treatments. Chemical phytotoxicity was checked in early Jun by taking stand counts from 1/1000 acre and measuring extended leaf heights on 10 consecutive plants (experimental tests only). Rootworm larval feeding was evaluated in Jul by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating them on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 equal to no damage or only a few minor feeding scars, and a 6 rating equal to 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Lodging counts were taken at harvest time. A plant was considered lodged if the angle between the base of the plant and the ground was 45° or less. Stand counts were taken in the yield plots at harvest time. Yields were measured by hand harvesting 1/1000 acre from each treatment at Nashua and Chapin, and machine harvesting 25 row-ft at Sutherland. To determine treatment differences, data were analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated with Ryan’s Q test (REGWQ).