bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plate tectonics and mantle plumes as a basis of deep-seated Earth’s tectonic activity for the last 2 Ga
Authors: Kuzmin M.I. , Yarmolyuk V.V. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The onset of the modern tectonic style that combines plate-related and plume-related mechanisms has been discussed. Such a tectonic style could have started on the Earth when all layers of our planet had formed. Analysis of available geological data shows that the solid inner core crystallized by 2.7 Ga. Typical geologic complexes appeared on the continents as a result of plate tectonics processes at that time. The layer D″ that accumulates lithospheric slabs, which do not remain at the upper-lower mantle interface but can go down to the core-mantle boundary, was finally produced by 2 Ga. At pressures and temperatures of the D″ layer perovskite, a principal mineral of the lower mantle transforms into postperovskite phase. The isotope data suggest the existence of mantle (EM-I and EM-II) domains, being the sources for oceanic island basalts (OIB) and the depleted upper mantle (asthenosphere), the source for mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB), from at least 2 Ga. It is accepted that the recent tectonic style started on the Earth at that period. Deep-seated processes suggest the involvement of all Earth’s layers. The asthenosphere–lithosphere interaction is responsible for different types of large surface structures that develop as fold mountains, oceanic spaces, and subduction zones. The descending lithospheric slabs (cold mantle material) and ascending mantle material in hot mantle provinces or the so-called low shear velocity provinces are responsible for the lower mantle convection. The plume is produced in the layer D″, which accumulates the descending lithosphere slabs as well as light elements released from the outer liquid core, which are oxidized in this layer, thus resulting in thermochemical plume formation. At the same time the molten ferric iron penetrates the core. So, we see the interaction of all Earth’s layers. The article also considers the evolutionary history of the Siberian continent over 700 Myr as early as the breakdown of Rodinia and the formation of mountain folds and rifting structures and the associated metallogeny.
Composition of the Earth’s core: A review
Authors: Litasov K.D. , Shatskiy A.F. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This paper provides the state-of-the-art discussion of major aspects of the composition and evolution of the Earth’s core. A comparison of experimentally-derived density of Fe with seismological data shows that the outer liquid core has a homogeneous structure and a ~10% density deficit, whereas the solid inner core has a complex heterogeneous anisotropic structure and a ~5% density deficit. Recent estimations of the core-mantle boundary (CMB) and inner core boundary temperatures are equal to 3800–4200 K and 5200–5700 K, respectively. Si and O (up to 5–7 wt.%) are considered to be the most likely light element candidates in the liquid core. Cosmochemical estimates show that the core must contain about 2 wt.% S and new experimental data indicate that the inner core structure gives the best match to the properties of Fe carbides. Our best estimate of the Earth’s core calls for 5–6 wt.% Si, 0.5–1.0 wt.% O, 1.8–1.9 wt.% S, and 2.0 wt.% C, with the Fe7C3 carbide being the dominant phase in the inner core. The study of short-lived isotope systems shows that the core could have formed early in the Earth’s history within about 30–50 Myr after the formation of the Solar System, t0 = 4567.2 ± 0.5 Ma. Studies on the partitioning of siderophile elements between liquid iron and silicate melt suggest that the core material would be formed in a magma ocean at ~1000–1500 km depths and 3000–4000 K. The oxygen fugacity for the magma ocean is estimated to vary from 4–5 to 1–2 log units below the Iron-Wustite oxygen buffer. However, the data for Mo, W, and S suggest addition of a late veneer of 10–15% of oxidized chondritic material as a result of the Moon-forming giant impact. Thermal and energetics core models agree with the estimate of a mean CMB heat flow of 7–17 TW. The excess heat is transported out of the core via two large low shear velocity zones at the base of superplumes. These zones may not be stable in their positions over geologic time and could move according to cycles of mantle plume and plate tectonics. The CMB heat fluxes are controlled either by high heat production from the core or subduction of cold slabs, but in both cases are closely linked with surface geodynamic processes and plate tectonic motions. Considerable amounts of exchange may have occurred between the core and mantle early in the Earth’s history even up to the formation of a basal magma ocean. However, the extent of material exchange across the CMB upon cooling of the mantle was no greater than 1–2% of the core’s mass, which, however, was sufficient to supply thermochemical plumes with volatiles H, C, and S.
Neoproterozoic tectonic structure of the Yenisei Ridge and formation of the western margin of the Siberian craton based on new geological, paleomagnetic, and geochronological data
Authors: Vernikovsky V.A. , Metelkin D.V. , Vernikovskaya A.E. , Matushkin N.Yu. , Kazansky A.Yu. , Kadilnikov P.I. , Romanova I.V. , Wingate M.T.D. , Larionov A.N. , Rodionov N.V. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
There are continuing issues concerning the formation and reconstruction of the geographic position of the Neoproterozoic Yenisei Ridge—a key element of the western framing of the Siberian craton and the Central Asian orogenic belt. This study focuses on the inner structure, composition, and boundaries of the Central Angara terrane, which is the largest in the Transangarian segment of the Yenisei Ridge. We propose a scheme of fault deformation of the region and demonstrate that the fault tectonics of the Central Angara terrane is distinct from that of adjacent terranes. We study in detail the Yeruda pluton granitoids of the Teya complex, which indicate accretionary-collisional magmatic events in this terrane prior to its collision with Siberia. New geochemistry and SHRIMP U–Th–Pb zircon geochronology of the granites indicate that they formed at 880–860 Ma in a collisional setting. Integrated petromagnetic and paleomagnetic investigations yield a paleomagnetic pole that is significantly different from the corresponding Neoproterozoic interval of the apparent polar wander path (APWP) for Siberia. The difference in paleolatitudes between the Central Angara terrane and the Siberian craton at the time of the Teya granites formation was at least 8.6 degrees, which equals a latitudinal separation of at least 1000 km. We consider various possible positions for the terrane relative to the Siberian craton. These results demonstrate that the 880–860 Ma magmatic events in the Central Angara terrane are not related to events in the western margin of the Siberian craton. Therefore, they do not indicate the existence of a Grenville-age orogenic belt in this location, as proposed by some authors.
Evidence for a subduction component in the diamond-bearing mantle of the Siberian craton
Authors: Shatsky V.S. , Zedgenizov D.A. , Ragozin A.L. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Evidence for the involvement of a subduction component in diamond formation is analyzed based on literature data and our studies. Examination of xenoliths of diamondiferous eclogites, including X-ray tomography analysis, testifies to the superposed character of most diamonds. Diamond generation is accompanied by the serious modification of eclogite substratum. Isotope–geochemical data show that the eclogites originated from oceanic-crust rocks. The oxygen isotope compositions of garnets and clinopyroxenes from websterite xenoliths are similar to the mantle average (5.3–5.6‰). The eclogite minerals vary considerably in oxygen isotope composition (δ18O of 5.3 to 12.4‰). Diamonds of eclogitic paragenesis predominate dramatically in the placers of the northeastern Yakutian diamondiferous province. In placer eclogitic diamonds, δ13C varies from − 27.2 to − 3‰ (n = 28). In diamonds of ultrabasic paragenesis, the range of δ13C values is much narrower (from − 7.1 to − 0.5‰). All diamonds of variety V have a lighter carbon isotope composition (from − 24.1 to − 17.4‰). In a wide range of crystals with a contrasting carbon isotope composition, the isotope composition of the rim tends toward the average mantle value. This suggests that the eclogitic diamonds grew first with the participation of carbon from subducted continental crust and finally with the involvement of mantle carbon.
A Pilot Placebo Controlled Randomized Trial of Dexamethasone for Chronic Subdural Hematoma
Authors: Prud’homme Michel , Mathieu François , Marcotte Nicolas , Cottin Sylvine 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackground: Current opinions regarding the use of dexamethasone in the treatment of chronic subdural hematomas (CSDH) are only based on observational studies. Moreover, the use of corticosteroids in asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic patient with this condition remains controversial. Here, we present data from a prospective randomized pilot study of CSDH patients treated with dexamethasone or placebo. Methods: Twenty patients with imaging-confirmed CSDH were recruited from a single center and randomized to receive dexamethasone (12 mg/day for 3 weeks followed by tapering) or placebo as a conservative treatment. Patients were followed for 6 months and the rate of success of conservative treatment with dexamethasone versus placebo was measured. Parameters such as hematoma thickness and clinical changes were also compared before and after treatment with chi-square tests. Adverse events and complications were documented. Results: During the 6-month follow-up, one of ten patients treated with corticosteroids had to undergo surgical drainage and three of ten patients were treated surgically after placebo treatment. At the end of the study, all remaining patients had complete radiological resolution. No significant differences were observed in terms of hematoma thickness profile and impression of change; however, patients experienced more severe side effects when treated with steroids as compared with placebo. Dexamethasone contributed to many serious adverse events. Conclusions: Given the small sample size, these preliminary results have not shown a clear beneficial effect of dexamethasone against placebo in our patients. However, the number of secondary effects reported was much greater for corticosteroids, and dexamethasone treatment was responsible for significant complications.
Stiffness analysis and comparison of a Biglide parallel grinder with alternative spatial modular parallelograms
Authors: Wu Guanglei , Zou Ping 
Published: February 2016

SUMMARYThis paper deals with the stiffness modeling, analysis and comparison of a Biglide parallel grinder with two alternative modular parallelograms. It turns out that the Cartesian stiffness matrix of the manipulator has the property that it can be decoupled into two homogeneous matrices, corresponding to the translational and rotational aspects, through which the principal stiffnesses and the associated directions are identified by means of the eigenvalue problem, allowing the evaluation of the translational and rotational stiffness of the manipulator either at a given pose or the overall workspace. The stiffness comparison of the two alternative Biglide machines reveals the (dis)advantages of the two different spatial modular parallelograms.
IV. Plato and Politics
Authors: Findlay J. N. 
Published: February 2016

Plato is best regarded as having constructed an imaginary Pythagorean commune, hanging in the pure ether of hypothesis, in order to show how political life derives from the metaphysical Ultimates of the Universe, and how the same Unity which everywhere disciplines variety into excellence and limit and expresses itself in cosmic and individual life, soul and mind, is also expressed in the mutual regard that different individuals and different groups of individuals have for one another in an ordered social whole.But this view is not tenable unless one is ready to regard all Western political thought as mistaken. For when Aquinas adapted the basic concepts of Aristotle’s Politics to medieval Christianity and to Christendom, he was taking over Plato’s thought, although in a reduced form. Findlay removes all real concern for human institutions from Plato. Moreover, Augustine’s conception of two cities, one of them heavenly, remained in Europe as a vision, to supplement what Aristotle had reduced and Aquinas had codified.
Ionic polarization-induced current–voltage hysteresis in CH3NH3PbX3 perovskite solar cells
Authors: Meloni Simone , Moehl Thomas , Tress Wolfgang , Franckevičius Marius , Saliba Michael , Lee Yong Hui , Gao Peng , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja , Zakeeruddin Shaik Mohammed , Rothlisberger Ursula , Graetzel Michael 
Published: February 2016

AbstractCH3NH3PbX3 (MAPbX3) perovskites have attracted considerable attention as absorber materials for solar light harvesting, reaching solar to power conversion efficiencies above 20%. In spite of the rapid evolution of the efficiencies, the understanding of basic properties of these semiconductors is still ongoing. One phenomenon with so far unclear origin is the so-called hysteresis in the current–voltage characteristics of these solar cells. Here we investigate the origin of this phenomenon with a combined experimental and computational approach. Experimentally the activation energy for the hysteretic process is determined and compared with the computational results. First-principles simulations show that the timescale for MA+ rotation excludes a MA-related ferroelectric effect as possible origin for the observed hysteresis. On the other hand, the computationally determined activation energies for halide ion (vacancy) migration are in excellent agreement with the experimentally determined values, suggesting that the migration of this species causes the observed hysteretic behaviour of these solar cells.
Experimental control of transport resonances in a coherent quantum rocking ratchet
Authors: Grossert Christopher , Leder Martin , Denisov Sergey , Hänggi Peter , Weitz Martin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe ratchet phenomenon is a means to get directed transport without net forces. Originally conceived to rectify stochastic motion and describe operational principles of biological motors, the ratchet effect can be used to achieve controllable coherent quantum transport. This transport is an ingredient of several perspective quantum devices including atomic chips. Here we examine coherent transport of ultra-cold atoms in a rocking quantum ratchet. This is realized by loading a rubidium atomic Bose–Einstein condensate into a periodic optical potential subjected to a biharmonic temporal drive. The achieved long-time coherence allows us to resolve resonance enhancement of the atom transport induced by avoided crossings in the Floquet spectrum of the system. By tuning the strength of the temporal modulations, we observe a bifurcation of a single resonance into a doublet. Our measurements reveal the role of interactions among Floquet eigenstates for quantum ratchet transport.
Single crystal functional oxides on silicon
Authors: Bakaul Saidur Rahman , Serrao Claudy Rayan , Lee Michelle , Yeung Chun Wing , Sarker Asis , Hsu Shang-Lin , Yadav Ajay Kumar , Dedon Liv , You Long , Khan Asif Islam , Clarkson James David , Hu Chenming , Ramesh Ramamoorthy , Salahuddin Sayeef 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSingle-crystalline thin films of complex oxides show a rich variety of functional properties such as ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity, ferro and antiferromagnetism and so on that have the potential for completely new electronic applications. Direct synthesis of such oxides on silicon remains challenging because of the fundamental crystal chemistry and mechanical incompatibility of dissimilar interfaces. Here we report integration of thin (down to one unit cell) single crystalline, complex oxide films onto silicon substrates, by epitaxial transfer at room temperature. In a field-effect transistor using a transferred lead zirconate titanate layer as the gate insulator, we demonstrate direct reversible control of the semiconductor channel charge with polarization state. These results represent the realization of long pursued but yet to be demonstrated single-crystal functional oxides on-demand on silicon.
Shaping metallic glasses by electromagnetic pulsing
Authors: Kaltenboeck Georg , Demetriou Marios D. , Roberts Scott , Johnson William L. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWith damage tolerance rivalling advanced engineering alloys and thermoplastic forming capabilities analogous to conventional plastics, metallic glasses are emerging as a modern engineering material. Here, we take advantage of their unique electrical and rheological properties along with the classic Lorentz force concept to demonstrate that electromagnetic coupling of electric current and a magnetic field can thermoplastically shape a metallic glass without conventional heating sources or applied mechanical forces. Specifically, we identify a process window where application of an electric current pulse in the presence of a normally directed magnetic field can ohmically heat a metallic glass to a softened state, while simultaneously inducing a large enough magnetic body force to plastically shape it. The heating and shaping is performed on millisecond timescales, effectively bypassing crystallization producing fully amorphous-shaped parts. This electromagnetic forming approach lays the groundwork for a versatile, time- and energy-efficient manufacturing platform for ultrastrong metals.
Oriented Nucleation of both Ge-Fresnoite and Benitoite/BaGe4O9 during the Surface Crystallisation of Glass Studied by Electron Backscatter Diffraction
Authors: Wisniewski Wolfgang , Patschger Marek , Murdzheva Steliana , Thieme Christian , Rüssel Christian 
Published: February 2016

AbstractTwo glasses of the compositions 2 BaO - TiO2 - 2.75 GeO2 and 2 BaO – TiO2 –3.67 GeO2 (also known as BTG55) are annealed at temperatures from 680 to 970 °C to induce surface crystallization. The resulting samples are analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) including electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Ge-Fresnoite (Ba2TiGe2O8, BTG) is observed at the immediate surface of all samples and oriented nucleation is proven in both compositions. After a very fast kinetic selection, the crystal growth of BTG into the bulk occurs via highly oriented dendrites where the c-axes are oriented perpendicular to the surface. The growth of this oriented layer is finally blocked by dendritc BTG originating from bulk nucleation. The secondary phases BaTiGe3O9 (benitoite) and BaGe4O9 are also identified near the surface by XRD and localized by EBSD which additionally indicates orientation preferences for these phases. This behaviour is in contrast with previous reports from the Ba2TiSi2O8 as well as the Sr2TiSi2O8 systems.
Brain zinc chelation by diethyldithiocarbamate increased the behavioral and mitochondrial damages in zebrafish subjected to hypoxia
Authors: Braga Marcos M. , Silva Emerson S. , Moraes Tarsila B. , Schirmbeck Gabriel Henrique , Rico Eduardo P. , Pinto Charles B. , Rosemberg Denis B. , Dutra-Filho Carlos S. , Dias Renato D. , Oliveira Diogo L. , T. Rocha João Batista , Souza Diogo O. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe increase in brain levels of chelatable zinc (Zn) in dysfunctions involving oxygen deprivation has stimulated the treatment with Zn chelators, such as diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDTC). However, DEDTC is a redox-active compound and it should be better evaluated during hypoxia. We use the hypoxia model in zebrafish to evaluate DEDTC effects. The exploratory behavior, chelatable Zn content, activities of mitochondrial dehydrogenases, reactive species levels (nitric oxide, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical scavenger capacity) and cellular antioxidants (sulfhydryl, superoxide dismutase) of zebrafish brain were assessed after recovery, with or without 0.2 mM DEDTC. The increased brain levels of chelatable Zn induced by hypoxia were mitigated by DEDTC. However, the novel tank task indicated that DEDTC did further enhance the exploratory deficit caused by hypoxia. Furthermore, these behavioral impairments caused by DEDTC were more associated with a negative action on mitochondrial activity and brain oxidative balance. Thus, due to apparent pro-oxidant action of DEDTC, our data do not support its use for neuroprotection in neuropathologies involving oxygen deprivation.
The novel adipokine progranulin counteracts IL-1 and TLR4-driven inflammatory response in human and murine chondrocytes via TNFR1
Authors: Abella Vanessa , Scotece Morena , Conde Javier , López Verónica , Pirozzi Claudio , Pino Jesús , Gómez Rodolfo , Lago Francisca , González-Gay Miguel Ángel , Gualillo Oreste 
Published: February 2016

AbstractProgranulin (PGRN) is a recently identified adipokine that is supposed to have anti-inflammatory actions. The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL1β) stimulates several mediators of cartilage degradation. Toll like receptor-4 (TLR4) can bind to various damage-associated molecular patterns, leading to inflammatory condition. So far, no data exist of PGRN effects in inflammatory conditions induced by IL1β or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of PGRN in IL1β- or LPS-induced inflammatory responses of chondrocytes. Human osteoarthritic chondrocytes and ATDC-5 cells were treated with PGRN in presence or not of IL1β or LPS. First, we showed that recombinant PGRN had no effects on cell viability. We present evidence that PGRN expression was increased during the differentiation of ATDC-5 cell line. Moreover, PGRN mRNA and protein expression is increased in cartilage, synovial and infrapatellar fat pad tissue samples from OA patients. PGRN mRNA levels are upregulated under TNFα and IL1β stimulation. Our data showed that PGRN is able to significantly counteract the IL1β-induced expression of NOS2, COX2, MMP13 and VCAM-1. LPS-induced expression of NOS2 is also decreased by PGRN. These effects are mediated, at least in part, through TNFR1. Taken together, our results suggest that PGRN has a clear anti-inflammatory function.
Differentially pumped spray deposition as a rapid screening tool for organic and perovskite solar cells
Authors: Jung Yen-Sook , Hwang Kyeongil , Scholes Fiona H. , Watkins Scott E. , Kim Dong-Yu , Vak Doojin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe report a spray deposition technique as a screening tool for solution processed solar cells. A dual-feed spray nozzle is introduced to deposit donor and acceptor materials separately and to form blended films on substrates in situ. Using a differential pump system with a motorised spray nozzle, the effect of film thickness, solution flow rates and the blend ratio of donor and acceptor materials on device performance can be found in a single experiment. Using this method, polymer solar cells based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):(6,6)-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) are fabricated with numerous combinations of thicknesses and blend ratios. Results obtained from this technique show that the optimum ratio of materials is consistent with previously reported values confirming this technique is a very useful and effective screening method. This high throughput screening method is also used in a single-feed configuration. In the single-feed mode, methylammonium iodide solution is deposited on lead iodide films to create a photoactive layer of perovskite solar cells. Devices featuring a perovskite layer fabricated by this spray process demonstrated a power conversion efficiencies of up to 7.9%.