bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Sensitivity and Fast Oxidation of Caffeine in Coffee and Theophylline at Nanostructured Electrodes
Authors: Reskety Atiye Ahmadi , Chamjangali Mansour Arab , Boujnane Mehdi , Brajter‐Toth Anna 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSignificantly higher than previously reported sensitivity was achieved in the electrochemical determinations of caffeine (CA) and theophylline (TP) at a nanostructured carbon fiber electrode (CFE) sensor by fast scan voltammetry (FSV), where apparent catalysis of the oxidation was observed. For CA the oxidation was reversible and the oxidation potential in aqueous solutions was similar to the potentials reported from cyclic voltammetry (CV) in aprotic solvents, indicating similar oxidation pathways, forming CA radicals. For TP, the reversible oxidation potential was higher, in agreement with TP structure. Formal potentials in aqueous solutions that have been previously unavailable from electrochemistry of CA and TP were thus obtained. In the determinations of CA and TP, sensitivity and linear dynamic range (LDR) in FSV were 1.84 mA cm−2 µM−1 and 0.20–22.0 µmol L−1 and 1.46 mA cm−2 µM−1 and 0.50–30.0 µmol L−1, respectively. FSV determination of CA in coffee sample is demonstrated and the results are in agreement with the results obtained by HPLC‐UV.
Polymer‐coated Boron Doped Diamond Optically Transparent Electrodes for Spectroelectrochemical Sensors
Authors: Rusinek Cory A. , Becker Michael F. , Rechenberg Robert , Kaval Necati , Ojo Kolade , Heineman William R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSpectroelectrochemical sensors combine electrochemistry, spectroscopy, and partitioning into a film to provide improved selectivity for the target analyte. The sensor usually consists of an optically transparent electrode (OTE) coated with a charge selective polymer film. The polymer film is chosen to pre‐concentrate analyte at the OTE surface to improve the sensitivity and provide selectivity against like charged interferences. OTEs such as Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) have been used extensively for spectroelectrochemical sensors, but little is known about the applicability of such sensors using other OTE materials, such as Boron Doped Diamond (BDD). One distinct advantage of BDD OTEs over ITO OTEs is their significant increase in sensitivity for organic compounds, such as 4‐aminophenol and hydroquinone. We have developed absorption and fluorescence‐based sensing methods with a BDD OTE coated with a sulfonated ionomer film, Nafion. This is demonstrated with tris(2,2′‐bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) ion [Ru(bpy)32+] using an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) flow cell setup for both absorption and fluorescence. With a Nafion coated BDD optically transparent thin layer electrode (OTTLE), we developed a fluorescence based sensor for a common polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), 1‐hydroxypyrene (1‐pyOH), achieving a detection limit of 80 nM (17 ppb). This work manifests new sensing applications while broadening the use of spectroelectrochemistry, OTEs, and BDD as an electrode material.
Multiple hazard incidents lifecycle cost assessment of structural systems considering state‐dependent repair times and fragility curves
Authors: Fereshtehnejad Ehsan , Shafieezadeh Abdollah 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThe performance and serviceability of structural systems during their lifetime can be significantly affected by the occurrence of extreme events. Despite their low probability, there is a potential for multiple occurrences of such hazards during the relatively long service life of systems. This paper introduces a comprehensive framework for the assessment of lifecycle cost of infrastructures subject to multiple hazard events throughout their decision‐making time horizon. The framework entails the lifecycle costs of maintenance and repair, as well as the salvage value of the structure at the end of the decision‐making time horizon. The primary features of the proposed framework include accounting for the possibility of multiple hazard occurrences, incorporating effects of incomplete repair actions on the accumulated damage through damage state‐dependent repair times, and requiring limited resources in terms of input data and computational costs. A dynamic programming procedure is proposed to calculate the expected damage condition of the structure for each possibility of the number of hazard incidents based on state‐dependent fragility curves. The proposed framework is applied to a moment‐frame building located in a region with high seismicity, and lifecycle costs are evaluated for six retrofit plans. The results displayed variation in the ranking of the retrofit actions with respect to decision‐making time horizon. Furthermore, the sensitivity analyses demonstrated that disregarding repair time in the lifecycle cost analysis can result in false identification of unsafe retrofit actions as optimal and reliable strategies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal weathering of granite spheroidal boulders in a dry‐temperate climate, Northern Dobrogea, Romania
Authors: Vasile Mirela , Vespremeanu‐Stroe Alfred 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWeathering microforms associated with exfoliation were investigated on 40 granitic spheroidal boulders identified on Pricopan Ridge (Măcin Mountains) in order to establish a spatial distribution pattern. Continuous thermal monitoring allowed the frequency and intensity distribution assessment of short‐term temperature changes triggered by summer storms, of intense day–night amplitudes and frost cycles across a uniform rounded boulder. Rock strength estimated by Schmidt hammer tests differentiates a significantly weaker resistance on the southern face of the boulders (rebound values of 27 to 33) in comparison with the northern face (43–50). The lowest resistance of the north–south cross‐boulder profile corresponds to the southern gentle slopes (0°–45°) thus defining the most susceptible area to exfoliation and other weathering processes. It is argued that this low‐resistant sector fits well with the maximum frequency and intensity of thermal processes recorded on the low and mid slopes (0°–45°) of the boulders south side, with small differences from one process to another, whilst the sector of 20° to 30° south corresponds to the peak activity of all. In accordance, the overlay map of exfoliated surfaces places the high frequency area on a spherical cap developed similarly (between 5° north and 45° south). The smallest exfoliated surfaces normally appear around 30° south and are inferred to extend in time both to the boulder top and downslope. The correlations between the frequency/intensity maps of thermal processes and the frequency map of exfoliated surfaces point to a complementary action in the exfoliated surfaces development of the short‐term temperature changes and diurnal cooling and heating due to the directional insolation effect, as similarly inferred in the development of meridional cracks. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase‐field modelling of fracture in single crystal plasticity
Authors: De Lorenzis L. , McBride A. , Reddy B.D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe propose a phase‐field model for ductile fracture in a single crystal within the kinematically linear regime, by combining the theory of single crystal plasticity as formulated in Gurtin et al. [1] and the phase‐field formulation for ductile fracture proposed by Ambati et al. [2]. The model introduces coupling between plasticity and fracture through the dependency of the socalled degradation function from a scalar global measure of the accumulated plastic strain on all slip systems. A viscous regularization is introduced both in the treatment of plasticity and in the phase‐field evolution equation. Testing of the model on two examples for face centred cubic single crystals indicates that fracture is predicted to initiate and develop in the regions of the maximum accumulated plastic strain, which is in agreement with phenomenological observations. A rotation of the crystallographic unit cell is shown to affect the test results in terms of failure pattern and corresponding global and local response. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modeling and numerical simulation of crack growth and damage with a phase field approach
Authors: Weinberg Kerstin , Dally Tim , Schuß Stefan , Werner Marek , Bilgen Carola 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPhase field methods allow for convenient and efficient moving interface simulations. In this paper phase field approaches of different order are presented, and applied to simulate damage in solids of temperature dependent and non‐linear elastic materials. The numerical framework provides a NURBS based finite element method which minimizes the numerical and computational effort without impairing the smoothness required by the problem.In order to demonstrate the possibilities of such general phase field approaches a series of different models from material science and fracture mechanics is investigated. Specifically, a priori unknown crack propagation in different fracture modes is studied, simulations of thermomigration in a technical alloy and of void growth are presented and an inverse analysis of a dynamic fracture experiment is performed. The examples show the versatility of the presented low‐order and high‐order phase field approaches. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modeling of crack propagation on a mesoscopic length scale
Authors: Nestler Britta , Schneider Daniel , Schoof Ephraim , Huang Yunfei , Selzer Miachael , Nachname Vorname 
Published: May 2016

AbstractModeling of crack propagation in materials has long been a challenge in solid‐state physics and materials science. The phase‐field method is basically developed for modeling solidification processes and has now established as one of the tools for the description of crack propagation. The applied models are thermodynamically consistent and predict crack propagation in homogeneous materials under the consideration of different loading types, multiple physical fields, geometrical and physical nonlinearities. One of the open challenges is the modeling of crack propagation on a mesoscopic length scale in multiphase or multi‐grain systems. In this work, we summarize our preliminary work to get closer to the goal of describing crack propagation on a mesoscopic length scale. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phase field modeling of electrochemically induced fracture in Li‐ion battery with large deformation and phase segregation
Authors: Xu Bai‐Xiang , Zhao Ying , Stein Peter 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA finite strain phase field fracture model is presented which treats phase segregation, fracture and the related electrochemical reaction in rechargeable Li‐ion battery electrodes in a systematic manner. In particular, a regularized electrochemical reaction model is proposed to account for the reaction on the freshly generated diffusive fracture surface. It is shown that this model is equivalent to the reaction model on a sharp surface. With this regularized formulation, the reaction induced source term is added into the Cahn‐Hilliard type evolution equation. Moreover, to ensure that hydrostatic pressure makes no contribution to fracture, a decomposition of the elastic strain energy is proposed. The fracture model is implemented with isogeometric finite element method and used to numerically study the interaction among phase interface, fracture and electrochemical reaction. Simulations show that phase interface can induce crack branching. The electrochemical reaction induced crack formation from micro pores is also observed. Detailed analysis demonstrates that the model takes reasonably into account phase segregation, fracture, electrochemical reaction, and especially their interplay. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Factors determining the balance between the wish to die and the wish to live in older adults
Authors: Bonnewyn Anke , Shah Ajit , Bruffaerts Ronny , Demyttenaere Koen 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundThe “Internal Struggle Hypothesis” (Kovacs and Beck, ) suggests that suicidal persons may have both a wish to live (WTL) and a wish to die (WTD). The current study investigates whether the three‐group typology – “WTL”, “ambivalent (AMB)”, and “WTD” – is determined by common correlates of suicidality and whether these groups can be ordinally ranked.MethodsThe sample comprised 113 older inpatients. Discriminant analysis was used to create two functions (combining social, psychiatric, psychological, and somatic variables) to predict the assignment of older inpatients into the groups WTL, AMB, and WTD.ResultsThe functions “Subjective Well‐being” and “Social Support” allowed us to assign patients into these three distinct groups with good accuracy (66.1%). “Subjective Well‐being” contrasted the groups WTD and WTL and “Social Support” discriminated between the groups WTD and AMB. “Social Support” was highest in the AMB group.ConclusionsOur results suggest a simultaneous presence of a WTL and a WTD in older inpatients, and also that the balance between them is determined by “Subjective Well‐being” and “Social Support”. Unexpectedly, the AMB group showed the highest scores on “Social Support”. We hypothesize that higher social support might function as an important determinant of a remaining WTL when a WTD is present because of a lower sense of well‐being. The study suggests that the groups WTL–AMB–WTD can not situated on a one‐dimensional continuum. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exposure to psychotropics in the French older population living with dementia: a nationwide population‐based study
Authors: Breining Alice , Bonnet‐Zamponi Dominique , Zerah Lorène , Micheneau Carole , Riolacci‐Dhoyen Nathalie , Chan‐Chee Christine , Deligne Jean , Harlin Jean‐Marc , Boddaert Jacques , Verny Marc , Leperre‐Desplanques Armelle 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundLittle is known about the level of psychotropic chronic exposure in all patients living with dementia. The aim of the study was to quantify chronic psychotropic exposure in older adults with dementia compared with the general population of the same age.MethodsThis prospective cohort study was conducted in France between 2009 and 2011. Aged at least 65 years, 10,781,812 individuals (440,215 of them with dementia) either community based or nursing home residents were included. The numbers of single or combined prescriptions, per year for antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, or hypnotics were measured.ResultsOf patients with dementia, 15.5% are exposed to antipsychotics compared with 2.2% of the age‐matched population (relative risk [RR] = 6.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] [6.39−6.48]), 39.5% to antidepressants compared with 12.6% (RR = 4.10, 95% CI [.4.07–4.12]), and 39.6% to anxiolytics or hypnotics compared with 26.9% (RR = 1.74, 95% CI [1.72–1.75]). Among older adults with dementia, 13.8% simultaneously consumed at least three psychotropics. All class age of older patients with dementia is more exposed to all psychotropics except for long‐acting benzodiazepines. During the study period, chronic anxiolytic/hypnotic and antipsychotic exposure slightly decreased in population with dementia while chronic exposure to antidepressant drugs tended to increase.ConclusionThis nationwide, population‐based, drug‐used study showed for the first time that older patients with dementia are chronically overexposed not only to antipsychotics but also to psychotropics.
Pathway to neural resilience: Self‐esteem buffers against deleterious effects of poverty on the hippocampus
Authors: Wang Yinan , Zhang Lin , Kong Xiangzhen , Hong Yingyi , Cheon Bobby , Liu Jia 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHuman neuroimaging studies have shown that people living in poverty tend to suffer hippocampal atrophy, which leads to impaired memory and learning throughout life. However, behavioral studies demonstrate that poor people with high self‐esteem are often exempt from the deleterious effect of poverty and instead possess a happy and successful life. Here we investigated whether high self‐esteem can buffer against the deleterious effects of poverty, as indicated by low subjective socioeconomic status (SSS), on the hippocampal gray matter volume (GMV) in a large cohort of young participants (N = 280). As expected, findings revealed that although low (vs. high) SSS was linked with a smaller hippocampal GMV, the deleterious effect of low SSS on hippocampal GMV was alleviated when the participants have high self‐esteem. Commonality analyses further confirmed this observation. The current study suggests that positive psychological resources such as self‐esteem may provide protection for the hippocampal atrophy in adversity. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3757–3766, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Connectivity between mPFC and PCC predicts post‐choice attitude change: The self‐referential processing hypothesis of choice justification
Authors: Tompson Steven , Chua Hannah Faye , Kitayama Shinobu 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPrior research shows that after making a choice, decision makers shift their attitudes in a choice‐congruous direction. Although this post‐choice attitude change effect is robust, the neural mechanisms underlying it are poorly understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that decision makers elaborate on their choice in reference to self‐knowledge to justify the choice they have made. This self‐referential processing of the choice is thought to play a pivotal role in the post‐choice attitude change. Twenty‐four young American adults made a series of choices. They also rated their attitudes toward the choice options before and after the choices. In support of the current hypothesis, we found that changes in functional connectivity between two putative self‐regions (medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus]) during the post‐choice (vs. pre‐choice) rating of the chosen options predicted the post‐choice shift of the attitudes toward the chosen options. This finding is the first to suggest that cognitive integration of various self‐relevant cognitions is instrumental in fostering post‐choice attitude change. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3810–3820, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Acute white matter changes following sport‐related concussion: A serial diffusion tensor and diffusion kurtosis tensor imaging study
Authors: Lancaster Melissa A. , Olson Daniel V. , McCrea Michael A. , Nelson Lindsay D. , LaRoche Ashley A. , Muftuler L. Tugan 
Published: May 2016

AbstractRecent neuroimaging studies have suggested that following sport‐related concussion (SRC) physiological brain alterations may persist after an athlete has shown full symptom recovery. Diffusion MRI is a versatile technique to study white matter injury following SRC, yet serial follow‐up studies in the very acute stages following SRC utilizing a comprehensive set of diffusion metrics are lacking. The aim of the current study was to characterize white matter changes within 24 hours of concussion in a group of high school and collegiate athletes, using Diffusion Tensor and Diffusion Kurtosis Tensor metrics. Participants were reassessed a week later. At 24 hours post‐injury, the concussed group reported significantly more concussion symptoms than a well‐matched control group and demonstrated poorer performance on a cognitive screening measure, yet these differences were nonsignificant at the 8‐day follow‐up. Similarly, within 24‐hours after injury, the concussed group exhibited a widespread decrease in mean diffusivity, increased axial kurtosis and, to a lesser extent, decreased axial and radial diffusivities compared with control subjects. At 8 days post injury, the differences in these diffusion metrics were even more widespread in the injured athletes, despite improvement of symptoms and cognitive performance. These MRI findings suggest that the athletes might not have reached full physiological recovery a week after the injury. These findings have significant implications for the management of SRC because allowing an athlete to return to play before the brain has fully recovered from injury may have negative consequences. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3821–3834, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Risk Selection under Public Health Insurance with Opt‐Out
Authors: Panthöfer Sebastian 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThis paper studies risk selection between public and private health insurance when some, but not all, individuals can opt out of otherwise mandatory public insurance. Using a theoretical model, I show that public insurance is adversely selected when insurers and insureds are symmetrically informed about health‐related risks, and that there can be adverse or advantageous selection when insureds are privately informed. Using data from the German Socio‐Economic Panel, I find that (i) public insurance is, on balance, adversely selected under the German public health insurance with opt out scheme, (ii) individuals advantageously select public insurance based on risk aversion and residential location, and (iii) there is suggestive evidence of asymmetric information in the market for private health insurance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incidence and epidemiology of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma and risk of second malignancy among 22 466 survivors in Israel with 30 years of follow‐up
Authors: Tadmor Tamar , Liphshitz Irena , Silverman Barbara , Polliack Aaron 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPrevious studies have shown an increase risk of second malignancies after non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), which is probably related to a combination of factors including genetic predisposition, molecular background, host immunological status and therapy administered. Here, we determined the incidence of NHL and risk of second solid tumours and haematological malignancies among survivors of NHL diagnosed in Israel during 1980–2011. Data were collected from the records of the Israeli National Cancer Registry. The total cohort of 24 666 NHL‐patients included 22 601 Jews and 2065 Arabs. Median age of diagnosis for Jews was 61.3 years and 48.2 for Arab patients. Of the Jews with NHL, 11 265 (50%) were of European–American origin, 5005 (22%) Asian or African and 6114 (27%) were born in Israel. Second cancers were recorded in 2010 NHL survivors, 1918 Jews and 92 Arabs, representing a rate of 8.5%, and 4.5% o, respectively. Second malignancies in all recorded sites were more frequent than in the general population, with a standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of 1.28 for Jewish men, 1.25 for Jewish women, 1.73 for Arab men and 1.98 for Arab women. This higher risk was even more pronounced for the 309 cases with secondary haematological malignancies (secondary haematological malignancies of 1.97, 1.81, 4.48 and 4.15, respectively). Our findings show that there is an increased risk of second malignancies occurring after diagnosis of NHL in Israel, particularly for haematological malignancies such as leukaemia and NHL. The differences we report in the incidence of NHL and the types of second malignancies occurring among Jews and Arabs suggest that ethnicity and genetic susceptibility may be important relevant risk factors. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.