bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic targeting of acute myeloid leukemia stem cells
Authors: Pollyea Daniel A. , Jordan Craig T. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
For more than 50 years, investigators have considered a malignant stem cell as the potential origin of and a key therapeutic target for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and other forms of cancer.1-4 The nature and existence of tumor-initiating cells for leukemia and other malignancies have long been the subject of intense and rigorous study; indeed, the promise of the potential to eradicate such cells is clear. However, until recently, deficiencies in our understanding of the nature of these cell populations, coupled with a limited ability to therapeutically exploit their weaknesses, have been limiting factors in realizing the goal of targeting leukemic stem cells (LSCs). Exciting new insights into the fundamental underpinnings of LSCs are now being made in an era in which drug development pipelines offer the potential to specifically target pathways of significance. Therefore, the focus in this new era, characterized by the confluence of understanding LSCs and the ability to target them, is shifting from “if it can be done” to “how it will be done.” Moving from a theoretical stage to this hopeful era of possibilities, new challenges expectedly arise, and our focus now must shift to determining the best strategy by which to target LSCs, with their well-documented heterogeneity and readily evident intra- and interpatient variability. The purpose of this review is therefore both to summarize the key scientific findings pertinent to AML LSC targeting and to consider methods of clinical evaluation that will be most effective for identifying successful LSC-directed therapies.
Biology and relevance of human acute myeloid leukemia stem cells
Authors: Thomas Daniel , Majeti Ravindra 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Evidence of human acute myeloid leukemia stem cells (AML LSCs) was first reported nearly 2 decades ago through the identification of rare subpopulations of engrafting cells in xenotransplantation assays. These AML LSCs were shown to reside at the apex of a cellular hierarchy that initiates and maintains the disease, exhibiting properties of self-renewal, cell cycle quiescence, and chemoresistance. This cancer stem cell model offers an explanation for chemotherapy resistance and disease relapse and implies that approaches to treatment must eradicate LSCs for cure. More recently, a number of studies have both refined and expanded our understanding of LSCs and intrapatient heterogeneity in AML using improved xenotransplant models, genome-scale analyses, and experimental manipulation of primary patient cells. Here, we review these studies with a focus on the immunophenotype, biological properties, epigenetics, genetics, and clinical associations of human AML LSCs and discuss critical questions that need to be addressed in future research.
Characteristics of Chang 7 shale gas in the Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, China
Authors: Wang Xiangzeng 
Published: February 2017

The Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin in North Central China represents a large, long-lived lacustrine system of the late Triassic Period. The extensive shales within this system provide hydrocarbons (HCs) for conventional and unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. In the formation, the Chang 7 shale is the thickest shale with the best geochemical parameters, and it is the main source rock in this area. In recent years, the discovery of shale gas in the Chang 7 shale has promoted the exploration and development of lacustrine shale gas in China. We have estimated the shale gas resource potential based on the analysis of the geologic conditions of the Chang 7 shale. The average thickness of the Chang 7 shale reaches 42.6 m, and the main organic matter types are types [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The average content of organic carbon is more than 3%, and the average HC potential is [Formula: see text]. However, the thermal maturity of the Chang 7 shale is low with a vitrinite reflectance [Formula: see text] ranging from 0.83% to 1.10%. The Chang 7 shale lithology consists of shale and sandy laminations or thin sandstones. The shale is characterized by high clay mineral content and poor porosity and permeability, with an average porosity of 1.8% and an average permeability of [Formula: see text]. The sandy laminations or thin sandstones are characterized by relatively higher brittle mineral content, relatively lower clay mineral content, and higher porosity and permeability. The pores of the Chang 7 shale include primary intergranular and intragranular pores, secondary intragranular and intragranular dissolved pores, fracture pores, and organic-matter-hosted pores. The proportion of adsorbed gas, free gas, and dissolved gas is approximately 52%, 37%, and 11%, respectively, and the shale gas resources of the Chang 7 shale are [Formula: see text].
Failed home visits must be recorded and followed-up
Authors: Griffith Richard 
Published: February 2017

A district nurse has been suspended by the Nursing and Midwifery Council for failing to record or follow-up a missed visit to a vulnerable patient ( Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2016 ). In this article Richard Griffith considers the professional and legal implications for district nurses of failing to properly record and follow-up patients where an attempted visit to provide care or treatment is unsuccessful.
Effect of land use change on soil organic carbon
Authors: Barančíková Gabriela , Makovníková Jarmila , Halas Ján 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The direction of changes and conversion of soil organic carbon (SOC) is in most current ecosystems influenced by human activity. Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute is responsible for monitoring the agricultural soils in a five-year cycle. One part of the soil monitoring involves the determination of the soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. Further, we followed the conversion of arable land on grassland during more than 20 years of monitoring period at some locations where changes in land use occurred. Ten places on basic network and 2 places on key monitoring localities in which arable land have been converted into grassland were identified. About 50 percent of studied soils converted into permanent grassland were Cambisols. The other converted soil types were Luvic Stagnosol, Stagnic Regosol, Mollic Fluvisol, and Stagnic Luvisol. The results showed that after the third monitoring cycle (2002), increase of SOC was observed in all the localities, with the change in land use. Statistical parameter (t-test) confirmed significant differences between the set of average SOC values before and after the land use conversion. The chemical structure of humic acids (HA) isolated from arable soil and permanent grassland indicated increasing of aliphatic carbon content in grassland HA. More aromatic and stabile were HA isolated from arable soils.
Analysis of relations between crop temperature indices and yield of different sunflower hybrids foliar treated by biopreparations
Authors: Kovár Marek , Černý Ivan , Ernst Dávid 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The application of biological active preparations (BAPs) and remote-sensing control in the management of agronomic intervention are an important part of successful crop cultivation. The effects of foliar application of two BAPs (containing amino acids or Abiestins®) on yield and yield-forming, as well eco-physiological traits calculated from infrared thermographs data (crop water stress index, CWSI and index of stomatal conductance, Ig) of three hybrids of sunflower were studied in field poly-factorial experiments, realised during two years (2012 and 2013). The results showed that the application of selected BAPs has contributed to an increase of the sunflower yield, in particular through an increase in the weight of thousand seeds (rp = 0.761, P < 0.001). Similarly, oil content in achenes was significantly higher in treatments with BAPs, mainly with preparation containing free amino acids. The study describes the quantitative relationship between yield and quality of sunflower production (rp = −0.41, P < 0.01). Selected hybrids of sunflower in two growth stages showed the significant differences in CWSI and Ig (both at P < 0.01), respectively. An analysis of negative linear relation between the yield of achenes and CWSI (rp = −0.654, P < 0.001) confirmed that higher value of plant stress resulted in a smaller yield and vice-versa. The opposite trend was observed between yield and Ig index (rp = 0.576, P < 0.001). The data obtained from IR thermography can be used for monitoring the physiological health of sunflower plants, as well in potential prediction and control of yield.
Nontrivial Solutions for Potential Systems Involving the Mean Curvature Operator in Minkowski Space
Authors: Gurban Daniela , Jebelean Petru , Şerban Călin 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In this paper, we use the critical point theory for convex, lower semicontinuous perturbations of

C
1

{C^{1}}

-functionals to obtain the existence of multiple nontrivial solutions for one parameter potential systems involving the operator

u
↦

div
⁡

(

∇
⁡
u

1
-

|

∇
⁡
u

|

2

)

{u\mapsto\operatorname{div}(\frac{\nabla u}{\sqrt{1-|\nabla u|^{2}}})}

. The solvability of a general non-potential system is also established.
Are Immigrants in Favour of Immigration? Evidence from England and Wales
Authors: Braakmann Nils , Waqas Muhammad , Wildman John 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Using the UK Citizenship Survey for the years 2007–2010, this paper investigates how immigrants view immigration and how these views compare to the views of natives. Immigrants who have been in the UK longer are similar to natives in being opposed to further immigration, while recent immigrants are more in favour of further immigration. Labour market concerns do not play a large role for either immigrants or natives. However, there is some evidence that financial and economic shocks can increase anti-immigration sentiments.
Design and Analysis of a New ZOR Antenna with Wide Half Power Beam Width (HPBW) Characteristic
Authors: Peng Lin , Xie Ji-yang , Jiang Xing , Ruan Cheng-li 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Novel zeroth-order resonator (ZOR) composites epsilon-zero resonance (EZR) and mu-zero resonance (MZR) characteristics was proposed. The proposed resonator was constructed by moving via from centre of the conventional mushroom structure (CMS) to the edge, then, an edge-located via mushroom structure (ELV-MS) was formed. Thus, boundary conditions were transformed from all open-ended to half short-ended and half open-ended. Then, the new ZOR composites EZR and MZR characteristics (called EZR-MZR resonator). Owing to the unique characteristic of the composite EZR and MZR, the proposed ZOR antenna radiates both horizontal-polarized field (uni-directional) and vertical-polarized field (omni-directional). Then, wide half power beam width (HPBW) radiation patterns were realized for the antenna. The deduction and analysis of the proposed EZR-MZR resonator were conducted based on the composite right/left-handed transmission line (CRLH TL) and ZOR theories, and field distributions. The proposed ZOR antenna was investigated with two cases of coupling feeding.
Family language policy by Hakkas in Balik Pulau, Penang
Authors: Xiaomei Wang 
Published: February 2017

AbstractFamily domain is crucial for language maintenance. It is also a critical avenue for children’s language acquisition. In Spolsky’s language management theory, family is one of the key domains for language management. In this study, we focus on family language management in Hakka families in Balik Pulau, Penang. Structured-interviews were conducted in November 2012. In total, 14 Hakka families were interviewed. In each family, one parent and one child were interviewed. This article examines family language policy from three perspectives: ideology, practice, and management. The results show that Hakkas in Penang give great importance to Mandarin and almost abandon Hakka in the family domain. However, they still have strong Hakka identity and some parents have restarted to speak Hakka with their children consciously. Multilingual capacity is a common expectation from parents. With multilingual input in the family domain, most of the children become passive bilinguals or multilinguals. The regional prestige dialect Hokkien is part of the repertoire of these Hakka families. However, there are no intentional efforts from the parents to teach Hokkien to their children. Conscious language management is only found for Mandarin and sometimes for English. This results from the parents’ language ideology that Mandarin is the most important language for Chinese Malaysians and English is an international language for their children’s future career. Findings from the current study contribute to the understanding of language maintenance and language shift in general.
Mathematical model involving chemical reaction and mass transfer for the ozonation of dimethyl phthalate in water in a bubble column reactor
Authors: Wang Jianbing , Xia Zhilin , Cao Zuhai , Yang Shaoxia , Zhu Wanpeng 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis research investigated the establishment of a mathematical model for the ozonation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) through the analysis of the mass transfer and reactions in a semi-batch bubble column reactor. Negative step tracer experiments were conducted with ozone as a tracer, which indicated that the gas phase is perfectly well mixed at the gas flow rate of 400 mL/min. Based on the results from ozone absorption experiments the mass transfer coefficient of ozone was determined to be 0.0054 s
Adrenocortical neoplasms in adulthood and childhood: distinct presentation. Review of the clinical, pathological and imaging characteristics
Authors: Melo-Leite Andréa Farias de , Elias Paula Condé Lamparelli , Teixeira Sara Reis , Tucci Silvio , Barros Gyl Eanes , Antonini Sonir R. , Muglia Valdair Francisco , Elias Jorge 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAdrenocortical tumors (ACT) in adulthood and childhood vary in clinical, histopathological, molecular, prognostic, and imaging aspects. ACT are relatively common in adults, as adenomas are often found incidentally on imaging. ACT are rare in children, though they have a significantly higher prevalence in the south and southeast regions of Brazil. In clinical manifestation, adults with ACT present more frequently with glucocorticoid overproduction (Cushing syndrome), mineralocorticoid syndromes (Conn syndrome), or the excess of androgens in women. Subclinical tumors are frequently diagnosed late, associated with compression symptoms of abdominal mass. In children, the usual presentation is the virilizing syndrome or virilizing association and hypercortisolism. Histopathological grading and ACT classification in malignant and benign lesions are different for adults and children. In adults, the described criteria are the Hough, Weiss, modified Weiss, and Van Slooten. These scores are not valid for children; there are other criteria, such as proposed by Wieneke and colleagues. In molecular terms, there is also a difference related to genetic alterations found in these two populations. This review discusses the imaging findings of ACT, aiming to characterize the present differences between ACT found in adults and children. We listed several differences between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and positron emission tomography–computed (PET-CT) and also performed a literature review, which focuses on studied age groups of published articles in the last 10 years regarding cortical neoplasm and imaging techniques. Published studies on ACT imaging in children are rare. It is important to stress that the majority of publications related to the differentiation of malignant and benign tumors are based almost exclusively on studies in adults. A minority of articles, however, studied adults and children together, which may not be appropriate.
Sterically protected organophosphorus compounds of unusual structures
Authors: Yoshifuji Masaaki 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The character of bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)diphosphene is described experimentally and theoretically. The diphosphene is stabilized by steric protection and the structure can be characterized by spectroscopic as well as crystallographic analyses. Theoretical calculation on the diphosphene strongly suggests that the P=P bond is an isolated double bond and that the P–C bonds are single covalent bond. The reactivity has been investigated including photolysis, oxidation, sulfurization, selenation, transition-metal complex formation, and carbene addition. Plausible mechanistic scheme for the reaction of the diphosphene with 3,4,5,6-tetrachlorocyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-dione (or tetrachloro-o-benzoquinone) to a pentavalent spiro product is discussed based on the product analysis.
Community Archives in the Digital Era: A Case from the LGBT Community
Authors: Cocciolo Anthony 
Published: February 2017

Abstract:This project looks at the challenges of establishing a digital community archives. The case that will be explored is that of Front Runners New York, an LGBT running club. The archive documents this small slice of the New York City LGBT community, capturing the impact of the AIDS epidemic and the community's struggle for wide acceptance in the 1980s and 1990s, and more recent triumphs in the 2010s such as the success of the marriage equality movement. This project finds that establishing and maintaining a community digital archive necessitates navigating a complex set of technological and social issues, including ownership and copyright, methods for capturing records, digitization and born-digital record keeping, social media and web archiving, and digital preservation. Using an action-research approach, this paper discusses the solutions developed to address these issues, as well as those that remain unresolved.
Eine Frage des Wohnorts
Authors: Helbig Marcel , Jähnen Stefanie , Marczuk Anna 
Published: February 2017

Zusammenfassung:
In diesem Beitrag gehen wir der Frage nach, inwieweit die Entfernung zur nächsten Hochschule (Universität/Fachhochschule) die Wahrscheinlichkeit beeinflusst, ein Studium aufzunehmen bzw. aufnehmen zu wollen. Außerdem untersuchen wir die Mechanismen, die dem Zusammenhang zwischen Hochschulentfernung und Studierneigung zugrunde liegen. Dafür nutzen wir die DZHW-Studienberechtigtenpanels 1999–2010. Es finden sich Hinweise für eine unmittelbare und mittelbare Wirkung der erwarteten finanziellen Kosten der Hochschulentfernung auf die Studienentscheidung. Darüber hinaus sind emotionale Kosten ein moderierender Faktor des untersuchten Zusammenhangs. In den neuen Bundesländern spielt die Entfernung zur nächsten Hochschule eine geringere Rolle. Dort lässt sich zudem eine sozialstrukturell ungleiche Verteilung der Studienberechtigten im Hinblick auf die Entfernung zur nächsten Universität beobachten.
Nerve-Specific Input Modulation to Spinal Neurons during a Motor Task in the Monkey
Authors: Confais Joachim , Kim Geehee , Tomatsu Saeka , Takei Tomohiko , Seki Kazuhiko 
Published: February 2017

If not properly regulated, the large amount of reafferent sensory signals generated by our own movement could destabilize the CNS. We investigated how input from peripheral nerves to spinal cord is modulated during behavior. We chronically stimulated the deep radial nerve (DR; proprioceptive, wrist extensors), the median nerve (M; mixed, wrist flexors and palmar skin) and the superficial radial nerve (SR; cutaneous, hand dorsum) while four monkeys performed a delayed wrist flexion–extension task. Spinal neurons putatively receiving direct sensory input were defined based on their evoked response latency following nerve stimulation. We compared the influence of behavior on the evoked response (responsiveness to a specific peripheral input) and firing rate of 128 neuron-nerve pairs based on their source nerve. Firing rate increased during movement regardless of source nerve, whereas evoked response modulation was strikingly nerve-dependent. In SR (n= 47) and M (n= 27) neurons (cutaneous or mixed input), the evoked response was suppressed during wrist flexion and extension. In contrast, in DR neurons (n= 54, pure proprioceptive input), the evoked response was facilitated exclusively during movements corresponding to the contraction of DR spindle-bearing muscles (i.e., wrist extension). Furthermore, modulations of firing rate and evoked response were uncorrelated in SR and M neurons, whereas they tended to be positively comodulated in DR neurons. Our results suggest that proprioceptive and cutaneous inputs to the spinal cord are modulated differently during voluntary movements, suggesting a refined gating mechanism of sensory signals according to behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTVoluntary movements produce copious sensory signals, which may overwhelm the CNS if not properly regulated. This regulation is called “gating” and occurs at several levels of the CNS. To evaluate the specificity of sensory gating, we investigated how different sources of somatosensory inputs to the spinal cord were modulated while monkeys performed wrist movements. We recorded activity from spinal neurons that putatively received direct connections from peripheral nerves while stimulating their source nerves, and measured the evoked responses. Whereas cutaneous inputs were suppressed regardless of the type of movement, muscular inputs were specifically facilitated during relevant movements. We conclude that, even at the spinal level, sensory gating is a refined and input-specific process.
Identity-Specific Reward Representations in Orbitofrontal Cortex Are Modulated by Selective Devaluation
Authors: Howard James D. , Kahnt Thorsten 
Published: February 2017

Goal-directed behavior is sensitive to the current value of expected outcomes. This requires independent representations of specific rewards, which have been linked to orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) function. However, the mechanisms by which the human brain updates specific goals on the fly, and translates those updates into choices, have remained unknown. Here we implemented selective devaluation of appetizing food odors in combination with pattern-based neuroimaging and a decision-making task. We found that in a hungry state, participants chose to smell high-intensity versions of two value-matched food odor rewards. After eating a meal corresponding to one of the two odors, participants switched choices toward the low intensity of the sated odor but continued to choose the high intensity of the nonsated odor. This sensory-specific behavioral effect was mirrored by pattern-based changes in fMRI signal in lateral posterior OFC, where specific reward identity representations were altered after the meal for the sated food odor but retained for the nonsated counterpart. In addition, changes in functional connectivity between the OFC and general value coding in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) predicted individual differences in satiety-related choice behavior. These findings demonstrate how flexible representations of specific rewards in the OFC are updated by devaluation, and how functional connections to vmPFC reflect the current value of outcomes and guide goal-directed behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is critical for goal-directed behavior. A recent proposal is that OFC fulfills this function by representing a variety of state and task variables (“cognitive maps”), including a conjunction of expected reward identity and value. Here we tested how identity-specific representations of food odor reward are updated by satiety. We found that fMRI pattern-based signatures of reward identity in lateral posterior OFC were modulated after selective devaluation, and that connectivity between this region and general value coding ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) predicted choice behavior. These results provide evidence for a mechanism by which devaluation modulates a cognitive map of expected reward in OFC and thereby alters general value signals in vmPFC to guide goal-directed behavior.