bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Whose Mandate is it Anyway? Brexit, the Constitution and the Contestation of Authority
Authors: Matthews Felicity 
Published: September 2017

AbstractOver the past year, a seemingly relentless barrage of Brexit‐related challenges has besieged the British constitution, which together have called into question the legitimacy of the political system. Yet, although it is tempting to regard the decision to hold a referendum on Britain's membership of the European Union as precipitating an acute constitutional crisis, this article argues that political and democratic dilemmas arising from Brexit are symptomatic of a wider constitutional malaise, the roots of which extend far beyond 23 June 2016. Flowing out of this, the article contends that the current crisis is one of ‘constitutional myopia’, fuelled by decades of incoherent reforms and a failure to address adequately democratic disengagement; and that the EU referendum and its aftermath have merely exposed the extent to which the foundations of the constitution have been eviscerated.
Strengthening Multipayer Collaboration: Lessons From the Comprehensive Primary Care Initiative
Authors: ANGLIN GRACE , TU HA , LIAO KRISTIE , SESSUMS LAURA , TAYLOR ERIN FRIES 
Published: September 2017

Policy Points:
Collaboration across payers to align financial incentives, quality measurement, and data feedback to support practice transformation is critical, but challenging due to competitive market dynamics and competing institutional priorities.
The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services or other entities convening multipayer initiatives can build trust with other participants by clearly outlining each participant's role and the parameters of collaboration at the outset of the initiative.
Multipayer collaboration can be improved if participating payers employ neutral, proactive meeting facilitators; develop formal decision‐making processes; seek input on decisions from practice representatives; and champion the initiative within their organizations.
ContextWith increasing frequency, public and private payers are joining forces to align goals and resources for primary care transformation. However, sustaining engagement and achieving coordination among payers can be challenging. The Comprehensive Primary Care (CPC) initiative is one of the largest multipayer initiatives ever tested. Drawing on the experience of the CPC initiative, this paper examines the factors that influence the effectiveness of multipayer collaboration.MethodsThis paper draws largely on semistructured interviews with CPC‐participating payers and payer conveners that facilitated CPC discussions and on observation of payer meetings. We coded and analyzed these qualitative data to describe collaborative dynamics and outcomes and assess the factors influencing them.FindingsWe found that several factors appeared to increase the likelihood of successful payer collaboration: contracting with effective, neutral payer conveners; leveraging the support of payer champions, and seeking input on decisions from practice representatives. The presence of these factors helped some CPC regions overcome significant initial barriers to achieve common goals. We also found that leadership from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) was key to achieving broad payer engagement in CPC, but CMS's dual role as initiative convener and participating payer at times made collaboration challenging. CMS was able to build trust with other payers by clarifying which parts of CPC could be adapted to regional contexts, deferring to other payers for these decisions, and increasing opportunities for payers to meet with CMS representatives.ConclusionsCPC demonstrates that when certain facilitating factors are present, payers can overcome competitive market dynamics and competing institutional priorities to align financial incentives, quality measurement, and data feedback to support practice transformation. Lessons from this large‐scale, multipayer initiative may be helpful for other multipayer efforts getting under way.
Social mobility and the well‐being of individuals
Authors: Chan Tak Wing 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSeveral papers published in recent years have revived interest in Sorokin's dissociative thesis: the view that intergenerational social mobility has detrimental effects on the social relationships and wellbeing of individuals. In this paper, I test the dissociative thesis using data from the British Household Panel Survey and Understanding Society. On a wide range of indicators that measure participation in civic associations, contact with parents, close personal relationships, social support, subjective wellbeing, etc. individuals who have achieved long‐range upward mobility (i.e. those who move from working class origin to salariat destination) tend to fare better than those who are immobile in the working class. Those who have experienced long‐range downward mobility (moving from salariat origin to working class destination) do about as well as second‐generation members of the working class. Overall, there is no support for Sorokin's thesis.
In‐hospital ‘CODE STEMI’ improves door‐to‐balloon time in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Koh Ji Quan , Tong David C , Sriamareswaran Rumes , Yeap Allysha , Yip Bryan , Wu Sam , Perera Padeepa , Menon Shyaman , Noaman Saad Al , Layland Jamie 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObjectiveReducing time to reperfusion for ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is essential in improving outcomes. Consequently, numerous strategies have been employed to reduce median door‐to‐balloon time (DTBT).MethodsCODE STEMI is an ED physician‐activated STEMI notification system. On activation, an announcement is made over the hospital's public announcement (PA) system. We prospectively analysed all in‐hours STEMI patients who had primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) Pre‐CODE STEMI (2014) and after CODE STEMI was implemented (2015). The primary end‐points were median DTBT and the proportion of STEMI patients achieving a DTBT ≤90 min. The secondary end‐points were in‐hospital outcomes, and a composite of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and hospital readmission rates at 30 days and 12 months.ResultsThere were 41 and 42 patients in Pre‐CODE STEMI and CODE STEMI groups respectively. Baseline characteristics were similar. DTBT was significantly reduced by 22.1 min from 67.1 ± 34.9 min Pre‐CODE STEMI to 45.0 ± 22.7 min (P = 0.001) in the CODE STEMI group. Door‐to‐door time (DTDT) was also reduced from 46.3 ± 30.9 min to 29.4 ± 23.3 min (P = 0.006). A greater proportion of CODE STEMI patients achieved the target DTBT ≤90 min (95.2% vs 73.2%, P = 0.007). CODE STEMI patients had less systolic dysfunction measured by a left ventricle ejection fraction of ≤40% (10.0% vs 27.8%, P = 0.07). There were trends to lower in‐hospital mortality rates (4.8% vs 9.8%, P = 0.43), MACE at 30 days and 12 months (4.8% vs 9.8%, P = 0.43; 11.9% vs 22.0%, P = 0.25).ConclusionThe novel in‐hospital in‐hours CODE STEMI notification system significantly reduced DTBT in patients undergoing PPCI.
Combined Effect of Ultrasound and Mild Temperatures on the Inactivation of E. coli in Fresh Carrot Juice and Changes on its Physicochemical Characteristics
Authors: Pokhrel Prashant Raj , Bermúdez‐Aguirre Daniela , Martínez‐Flores Héctor E. , Garnica‐Romo M. Guadalupe , Sablani Shyam , Tang Juming , Barbosa‐Cánovas Gustavo V. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe combination of ultrasound and mild temperatures to process fruits and vegetables juices is a novel approach that is showing promising results for microbial inactivation and preservation of bioactive compounds and sensory attributes. This study centers on investigating the inactivation of Escherichia coli (ATCC 11755) in carrot juice as a result of the combined effect of ultrasound (24 kHz frequency, 120 μm, and 400 W) with temperature (50, 54, and 58 °C) and processing time (0 to 10 min). In addition, the possible changes in physicochemical properties and the retention of bioactive compounds after processing were analyzed. Microbial inactivation with ultrasound treatment at 50 °C resulted in 3.5 log reduction after 10 min, whereas at 54 °C almost 5 log reduction was attained in the same period of time; meanwhile, for treatment at 58 °C, no viable cells were detected (>5 log reduction) after 2 min. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) on pH (6.80 to 6.82), °Brix (8.0 to 8.5), titratable acidity (0.29% to 0.30%), total carotenoid (1774 to 1835 μg/100 mL), phenolic compounds (20.19 to 20.63 μg/mL), ascorbic acid (4.8 mg/100 mL), and color parameters between fresh and ultrasound treated samples at the studied temperatures. To predict the inactivation patterns, observed values were tested using 3 different general models: first‐order, Weibull distribution, and biphasic. The Weibull and biphasic models show good correlation for inactivation under all processing conditions. Results show ultrasound in combination with mild temperature could be effectively used to process fresh carrot juice providing a safe product without affecting physicochemical characteristics.Practical ApplicationsThe combination of ultrasound and mild temperatures is effective in reducing microbial load in carrot juice to safe levels. This combination would be beneficial in the industrial processing of carrot juice without altering the quality attributes or bioactive compounds.
Antioxidant Activity of Chinese Shanxi Aged Vinegar and Its Correlation with Polyphenols and Flavonoids During the Brewing Process
Authors: Xie Xiaolin , Zheng Yu , Liu Xian , Cheng Cheng , Zhang Xianglong , Xia Ting , Yu Songfeng , Wang Min 
Published: September 2017

AbstractOne of the most famous Chinese vinegars, Shanxi aged vinegar (SAV), is produced with solid‐state fermentation technology. Total antioxidant activity (TAC) is a special property for SAV. In this study, we investigate correlations between total antioxidant activity (TAC) and total polyphenol (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) contents of SAV, especially during the brewing process. For SAV, TAC, TP, and TF increased with the increase of aging time. The correlation coefficients between TAC and TP were 0.869 and 0.934, respectively, when analyzed with the method of ABTS and FRAP. They were 0.828 (ABTS) and 0.877 (FRAP) between the TAC and TF. In smoking pei stage that is a special technique for SAV different from other Chinese cereal vinegars, TAC increased by 120% (ABTS) and 111% (FRAP) mainly due to the increase of TP (89%) and TF (75%), which was more obvious than that during alcohol fermentation and acetic acid fermentation stages. Moreover, variation during brewing process of 8 main polyphenol compounds that were proved responsible for the TAC of SAV was analyzed. In addition to catechins and chlorogenic acid, gallic acid serves as one of the principal antioxidant ingredients in SAV.Practical ApplicationTotal antioxidant activity (TAC) of Shanxi aged vinegar (SAV), which is highly correlated with total polyphenol and total flavonoid, increased with aging time, however, there is a little loss of total antioxidant after more than 8 y. During the brewing process smoking pei technique is important for enhancing the TAC of SAV suggesting critical controlled and thoroughly study of smoking pei stage are needed to improve the quality of SAV.
Relationship Between Consumer Acceptability and Pungency‐Related Flavor Compounds of Vidalia Onions
Authors: Kim Ha‐Yeon , Jackson Daniel , Adhikari Koushik , Riner Cliff , Sanchez‐Brambila Gabriela 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA consumer study was conducted to evaluate preferences in Vidalia onions, and define consumer acceptability thresholds for commonly analyzed flavor compounds associated with pungency. Two varieties of Vidalia onions (Plethora and Sapelo Sweet) were grown at 3 fertilizer application rates (37.5 and 0; 134.5 and 59.4; and 190 and 118.8 kg/ha of nitrogen and sulfur, respectively), creating 6 treatments with various flavor attributes to use in the study. Bulb soluble solids, sugars, pyruvic acid, lachrymatory factor (LF; propanethial S‐oxide), and methyl thiosulfinate (MT) content were determined and compared to sensory responses for overall liking, intensity of the sharp/pungent/burning sensation (SPB), and intent to buy provided by 142 consumers. Onion pyruvate, LF, MT, and sugar content increased as fertilization rate increased, regardless of onion variety. Consumer responses showed participants preferred onions with low SPB, which correlated positively to lower pyruvate, LF and MT concentrations, but showed no relationship to total sugars in the onion bulb. Regression analyses revealed that the majority of consumers (≥55%) found the flavor of Vidalia onions acceptable when the concentrations of LF, pyruvic acid, and MT within the bulbs were below 2.21, 4.83, and 0.43 nmol/mL, respectively. These values will support future studies aimed at identifying the optimal cultivation practices for production of sweet Vidalia onions, and can serve as an industry benchmark for quality control, thus ensuring the flavor of Vidalia onions will be acceptable to the majority of consumers.Practical ApplicationThis study identified the relationship between consumer preferences and commonly analyzed flavor compounds in Vidalia onions, and established thresholds for these compounds at concentrations which the majority of consumers will find desirable. These relationships and thresholds will support future research investigating how cultural practices impact onion quality, and can be used to assist growers in variety selection decisions. In addition, this information will provide a benchmark to Vidalia onion producers for quality control of the sweet onions produced, ensuring that the onions are consistently of a desired quality, thereby increasing consumer's reliability in the Vidalia onion brand.
Rapid organic matter assay of organic matter degradation across depth gradients within marine sediments
Authors: O'Meara Theresa , Gibbs Emma , Thrush Simon F. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Methods to quickly measure organic matter degradation have been well developed for terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. However, these methods have not been adapted to marine environments. Current methods of assessing organic matter degradation in marine ecosystems are costly, difficult to relate across spatial scales and rarely include sediment depth components to account for redox effects and subsurface macrofaunal activity.

We developed a method which is cost effective and time efficient to directly measure rates of organic matter degradation across vertical and horizontal spatial scales in marine sediments. This rapid organic matter assay (ROMA), utilizes a simple design consisting of an acrylic plate with a series of machined wells (0.9 ml) filled with carbon rich substrate. Substrate can be easily adapted to any carbon source by simply modifying the recipe. The plates are deployed with minimal disturbance to the sediment surface and subsurface stratification. Once collected, the resulting change in carbon substrate volume is equated to organic matter degradation.

Rapid organic matter assay was shown to be a useful tool in comparing organic matter degradation across sediment redox potentials, habitats within an estuary, and similar habitats across different estuaries. Here, we demonstrate its utility, versatility, and ease of use across a variety of habitats and environments.

Rapid organic matter assay is an effective assay for in situ, whole community (micro, meio and macrofauna) organic matter degradation across a myriad of habitats. This supports intensive spatial and temporal analysis that are costly and logistically difficult with current methods. Because it is simple, cost effective, and adaptable, it is an ideal candidate for a standard method to measure organic matter degradation rates in estuaries globally.
Attitudes towards mental illness among medical students in China: Impact of medical education on stigma
Authors: Zhu Yifan , Zhang Hanwen , Yang Ge , Hu Xinran , Liu Zhening , Guo Na , He Hongbo , Sun Bin , Rosenheck Robert 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIntroductionStigma towards people with mental illness impedes effective treatment. A recent study found that Chinese students were less socially accepting of people with mental illness than counterparts from other countries. The current study examined stigma among Chinese medical students at different levels of training.MethodsMedical students (N = 1372 from 12 Chinese schools) were surveyed with a questionnaire addressing attitudes and beliefs about people with mental illness. Analysis of variance was used to compare responses from students: (1) with no psychiatry training; (2) who had only taken a didactic course; and (3) who had completed both a course and a clinical rotation. Specific attitudes were identified through factor analysis. Interest in further training and other personal experience were also examined.ResultsFactor analysis revealed attitudes favoring: (1) social acceptance of people with mental illness, (2) not believing in supernatural causes of mental illness, (3) bio‐psycho‐social causation, (4) rehabilitation, and (5) social integration. The absence of consistent trends across training levels suggested that education did not increase nonstigmatized attitudes. Areas of most stigmatization were low social acceptance and little favor for social integration. Measures most strongly correlated with nonstigmatized attitudes were as follows: interest in clinical psychiatry, belief that psychiatry should be more valued, and having friends with mental illness.DiscussionAlthough medical school education showed little effect on attitudes, students with more individual experiences such as planning to continue clinical psychiatric training, believing psychiatry should be more valued, and having friends with mental illness had less stigmatized attitudes than others.
Serial order working memory and numerical ordinal processing share common processes and predict arithmetic abilities
Authors: Attout Lucie , Majerus Steve 
Published: September 2017

Recent studies have demonstrated that both ordinal number processing and serial order working memory (WM) abilities predict calculation achievement. This raises the question of shared ordinal processes operating in both numerical and WM domains. We explored this question by assessing the interrelations between numerical ordinal, serial order WM, and arithmetic abilities in 102 7‐ to 9‐year‐old children. We replicated previous studies showing that ordinal numerical judgement and serial order WM predict arithmetic abilities. Furthermore, we showed that ordinal numerical judgement abilities predict arithmetic abilities after controlling for serial order WM abilities while the relationship between serial order WM and arithmetic abilities was mediated by numerical ordinal judgement performance. We discuss these results in the light of recent theoretical frameworks considering that numerical ordinal codes support the coding of order information in verbal WM.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Numerical ordinal processes predict mathematical achievement in adults.

Order WM processing predicts first mathematical abilities.

What the present study adds?

Numerical ordinal processes predict mathematical achievement in children and independently of order WM.

The link between order WM and mathematical abilities was mediated by long‐term ordinal processes.
HIERARCHICAL AND FUNCTIONAL STABILITY AND CHANGE IN A STRONGLY URBANIZING AREA OF SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO, 1871‐1971
Authors: RUSSWURM LORNE H. , THAKUR BALESHWAR 
Published: September 2017

Commercial functional and hierarchical stability and change, 1871‐1971, are analysed for the Toronto‐to‐London area using the Davies index. The subsequent spatial analysis showed that by 1971 ‘surging’ places, those growing faster than their long‐term mean, were concentrated near larger cities, a pattern similar to 1871 except for the 1971 concentration near Toronto. The middle years 1901‐41 were the most stable on all measures. ‘Slowing’ places occurred on the northern periphery in 1871, from Toronto to Hamilton in 1901‐41, and in the rural area west of Kitchener by 1971.Une analyse est entreprise de l‘évolution hierarchique et fonctionnelle, 1871‐1971, pour la region entre Toronto et Londres, utilisant l'indice de Davies. L'analyse spatialle demontre qu'en 1971 les centres qui etaient entrain de s'agrandir plus rapidement que la moyenne à long terme se trouvaient concentrés près des plus grandes villes, une repartition semblable a celle de 1871 exception faite de la concentration prés de Toronto en 1971. Les periodes de 1901 à 1941 furent caractérisées par le plus grand degré de stabilité sur tous les mesures. Les centres dits ralentissants se trouverent sur la limite nord en 1871, de Toronto à Hamilton entre 1901 et 1941, et dans la zone rurale à l'ouest de Kitchener en 1971.
Self‐concept in institutionalized children with disturbed attachment: The mediating role of exploratory behaviours
Authors: Vacaru V. S. , Sterkenburg P. S. , Schuengel C. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackgroundSelf‐concept is seen as both an outcome of sociocognitive and emotional development, and a factor in social and mental health outcomes. Although the contribution of attachment experiences to self‐concept has been limited to quality of primary attachment relationships, little is known of the effects of disturbed attachment on self‐concept in institutionalized children. Thus, the current study examined associations between disturbed attachment behaviours in institutionalized children and self‐concept, testing limited exploration as an explanatory factor.MethodsThirty‐three institutionalized children, aged 4–12, participated in a multimethod and multi‐informant assessment of disturbed attachment behaviours (i.e., Disturbances of Attachment Interview and Behavioral Signs of Disturbed Attachment in Young Children), self‐concept (i.e., Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance for Young Children), and exploratory behaviours (i.e., Student Exploratory Behaviours Observation Scale). Analyses were conducted using bootstrapping techniques.ResultsGlobal self‐concept converged with teacher‐rated children's self‐concept, except for physical competence domain. Disturbed attachment behaviours were identified in 62.5% of the children, and this was associated with lower levels of exploration and lower scores on self‐concept, compared with children without disturbed attachment behaviours. Furthermore, exploratory behaviours mediated the effects of disturbed attachment behaviours on self‐concept.ConclusionsInstitution‐reared children with disturbed attachment behaviours were likely to have a negative perception of self and one's own competences. Limited exploratory behaviours explained this linkage. Targeting disordered attachment in children reared in institutions and their caregivers should become a high priority as a means for preventing socioemotional development issues.
Structural and functional imaging of aqueous humour outflow: a review
Authors: Huang Alex S , Francis Brian A , Weinreb Robert N 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMaintaining healthy aqueous humour outflow (AHO) is important for intraocular cellular health and stable vision. Impairment of AHO can lead to increased intraocular pressure, optic nerve damage and concomitant glaucoma. An improved understanding of AHO will lead to improved glaucoma surgeries that enhance native AHO as well as facilitate the development of AHO‐targeted pharmaceuticals. Recent AHO imaging has evolved to live human assessment and has focused on the structural evaluation of AHO pathways and the functional documentation of fluid flow. Structural AHO evaluation is predominantly driven by optical coherence tomography, and functional evaluation of flow is performed using various methods, including aqueous angiography. Advances in structural and functional evaluation of AHO are reviewed with discussion of strengths, weaknesses and potential future directions.