bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Catatonia: A Syndrome Appears, Disappears, and is Rediscovered
Authors: Fink Max 
Published: January 2017

Catatonia is the psychiatric syndrome of disturbed motor functions amid disturbances in mood and thought first described in 1874. It was quickly found in 10% to 38% of psychiatric populations. After it was tied to schizophrenia as a type in the psychiatric classification, its recognition became increasingly limited and by the 1980s questions were asked as to where the catatonics had gone. The decline is largely owing to the change in venue for psychiatric practice from asylum to office, the rejection of physical examination, and the dependence on item rating scales for diagnosis. In the 1970s, broad surveys again showed that catatonia was as common as before among patients with mania and depression, and as a toxic response to neuroleptic drugs. The latter recognition, that the neuroleptic malignant syndrome is the same syndrome as malignant catatonia, and is effectively treated as such, sparked a renewed interest. Clinicians developed rating scales to identify the catatonia syndrome and applied the immediate relief afforded by a barbiturate or a benzodiazepine as a diagnostic test, the lorazepam test. Effective treatments were described as high doses of benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Surveys using catatonia rating scales showed catatonia to have many faces. Catatonia is presently limited to a type of schizophrenia in the psychiatric classification. Its recognition as a disorder of its own, such as delirium and dementia, should now be recognized. This experience reinforced the utility of the medical model for diagnosis. An application for melancholia is described.
General Practice and Mental Health Care: Determinants of Outpatient Service Use
Authors: Vasiliadis Helen-Maria , Tempier Raymond , Lesage Alain , Kates Nick 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To examine the determinants that lead Canadian adults to consult family physicians, psychiatrists, psychologists, psychotherapists, and other health professionals for mental health reasons and to compare the determinants of service use across provider types. Method: Data from the Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Well-Being were used for people aged 18 years and older ( n = 35 236). A multivariate logistic regression was used to model outpatient consultations with different providers as a function of predictive determinants. Result: Three types of variables were examined: need, enabling, and predisposing factors. Among need, the most common predictors of service use for mental health reasons were self-rated mental health, the presence of chronic conditions, depression and panic attacks, unmet mental health needs, psychological well-being, and the ability to handle daily demands. Among enabling factors, emotional and informational support and income were important predictors. Among predisposing factors, men were less likely to consult with a family physician and other resources but not with psychiatrists; and people with less education were less likely to consult psychologists and other health providers. Conclusion: Need factors were the most important predictors of both psychiatrist and combined family physician and psychiatrist consultation in the previous year. However, sex barriers remain and promotion campaigns in seeking mental health care should be aimed toward men. Further, education and income barriers exist in the use of specialty providers of psychotherapy and policies should thus focus on rendering these services more accessible to disadvantaged people.
Comorbidity of Axis I and II Mental Disorders with Schizophrenia and Psychotic Disorders: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions
Authors: McMillan Katherine A , Enns Murray W , Cox Brian James , Sareen Jitender 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To examine the comorbidity of Axis I and II disorders within a community-based sample of adults with schizophrenia. Methods: The study was conducted using data from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions. A diagnosis of schizophrenia was based on respondents' self-report that they had been diagnosed by a health professional with schizophrenia or a psychotic illness or episode (SPIE). Axis I disorders and Axis II personality disorders (PDs) were assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorders and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule. Mental and physical quality of life were assessed using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 12 questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of SPIE was 0.9%. We used multiple logistic regression to examine the association between the presence and absence of SPIE in Axis I and II mental disorders. Each of the Axis I and II mental disorders examined were significantly associated with a diagnosis of SPIE after controlling for age, sex, education, marital status, and household income. Conclusions: Clinicians should be aware of the patterns and extent of psychiatric comorbidities that may exist in schizophrenia. Possible mechanisms of these associations are discussed.
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Youth Suicide Victims: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Renaud Johanne , Berlim Marcelo T , Begolli Melissa , McGirr Alexander , Turecki Gustavo 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Our study was designed to explore additional outcome variables of a suicide case–control study to determine the association between sexual orientation and gender identity in suicide completion in children and adolescents. Method: Fifty-five child and adolescent suicide victims and 55 community control subjects were assessed using semi-structured, proxy-based interviews and questionnaires regarding sexual orientation and gender issues, psychopathological diagnoses, and service use. Results: In our sample, no significant differences between suicide victims and control subjects were found regarding same-sex sexual orientation nor intimidation related to same-sex sexual orientation. Suicide victims with same-sex sexual orientation were more likely than suicide victims without same-sex sexual orientation, to meet criteria for anxiety disorders. Within the month preceding their deaths, these youth were more likely to have consulted a health professional, a psychiatrist, as well as having been hospitalized, and were more likely to have consulted a psychiatrist in the last year. Conclusions: In our sample, same-sex sexual orientation and gender identity issues do not appear to be more prevalent among youth who die by suicide, compared with youth recruited from the general population, nor for same-sex sexual-related intimidation. While exhibiting comparable levels of general psychopathological diagnoses associated with suicide, suicide victims with same-sex sexual orientation were more likely to meet criteria for anxiety disorders and to have consulted mental health professionals before their deaths.
An Increased Risk of Stroke among Panic Disorder Patients: A 3-Year Follow-up Study
Authors: Chen Yi-Hua , Hu Chaur-Jong , Lee Hsin-Chien , Lin Herng-Ching 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To explore whether panic disorder (PD) increases the risk for stroke, using a nationwide, population-based dataset. Methods: Our study used data from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. The study cohort included patients who received ambulatory psychiatric care for PD between 2002 and 2003, inclusive ( n = 3891). We selected our comparison cohort by randomly recruiting enrollees ( n = 19 455) matched with the study group by sex and age. Each patient was tracked for 3 years, from their index ambulatory care visit until the end of 2006, to identify whether or not a patient had a stroke during the follow-up period. Cox proportional hazard regressions were performed as a means of computing the 3-year survival rate, adjusting for potential confounding factors. Results: Among the total sample, 2029 patients (8.7%) experienced a stroke during the 3-year follow-up period, including 647 from the study cohort (16.6% of the PD patients) and 1382 (7.1%) from the comparison cohort. After adjusting for the patients' sex, age, monthly income, level of urbanization, and comorbid medical disorders, the hazard of stroke occurring during the 3-year follow-up period was 2.37 ( P < 0.001) times greater for patients with PD than for patients in the comparison cohort. In further analyses, stratified by medical diseases and age, the significant risk of PD on subsequent stroke persisted. Conclusions: We conclude that PD is an independent risk factor for stroke. For patients with PD, aggressive treatment of PD may be considered as part of stroke prevention.
Antenatal Depression and Anxiety Affect Postpartum Parenting Stress: A Longitudinal, Prospective Study
Authors: Misri Shaila , Kendrick Kristin , Oberlander Tim F , Norris Sandhaya , Tomfohr Lianne , Zhang Hongbin , Grunau Ruth E 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Postpartum depression has been associated with parenting stress, impacting attachment and child development. However, the relation between antenatal depression or anxiety and postpartum parenting stress has not been investigated. We studied the effect of antenatal depression and anxiety and treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (antidepressants [ADs]) on postpartum parenting stress. Method: Ninety-four pregnant women (part of a larger study examining prenatal AD exposure on infants) were prospectively monitored for depression and anxiety during the third trimester and 3- and 6-months postpartum using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale. Parenting stress was assessed using the Parenting Stress Index—Short Form at 3- and 6-months postpartum. Results: Both antenatal third trimester depression and anxiety were significant predictors of 3- and 6-month postpartum parenting stress, after controlling for maternal age, number of children, and exposure to prenatal ADs (all Ps < 0.001). Third trimester depression accounted for 13% to 22% of the variance in postpartum stress at 3 and 6 months. Prenatal AD use was not a significant predictor in any of the models (all Ps > 0.2). Twenty of 41 mothers on ADs achieved remission (HDRS = 7) in pregnancy and had average parenting stress scores of about 1 standard deviation lower than those who did not at 3- and 6-months postpartum ( t = 3.32, df = 32, P = 0.002 and t = 2.52, df = 32, P = 0.02, respectively). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that antenatal depression and anxiety directly impact postpartum parenting stress, regardless of antenatal AD treatment. Ongoing maternal mental illness in pregnancy is an important predictor of postpartum parenting stress. Early recognition and treatment to remission is key.
Weight Gain and its Correlates among Forensic Inpatients
Authors: Hilton N Zoe , Ham Elke , Lang Carol , Harris Grant T 
Published: January 2017

Objective: We investigated changes in weight, body mass index (BMI), and other indices of the metabolic syndrome in forensic inpatients. Weight gain associated with newer antipsychotics (APs) is well established in the general psychiatric population. Methods: We examined the medical records of 291 men admitted to a forensic hospital at admission and again at discharge or 365 days later if still in hospital. We also recorded diagnosis and smoker status on admission and quantified psychotropic treatment and adherence, physical activity, and daytime occupation during the hospitalization. Results: On admission, 33% were obese and 22% of the 106 patients for whom sufficient data were available met criteria for metabolic syndrome. Among patients staying at least 30 days, 60% were weighed again before discharge but repeated blood pressure and waist circumference measures were uncommon, even among those at greatest risk. The 122 forensic inpatients with sufficient information gained an average of 12% of their body weight and 40% increased by at least 1 BMI category, gaining an average of 3.67 kg per month. Weight gain was associated with duration of time and was not attributable to being underweight on admission, diagnosis of schizophrenia, atypical AP treatment, medication adherence, or having been a smoker. Conclusions: Patients gained weight during forensic hospitalization independent of medication use. We recommend further research using consistent measurement and wider sampling of both metabolic syndrome indicators and its individual and systemic causes in forensic populations.
Understanding Mental Health Service User Experiences of Restraint through Debriefing: A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Ling Sara , Cleverley Kristin , Perivolaris Athina 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To examine debriefing data to understand experiences before, during, and after a restraint (seclusion, chemical, and physical) event from the perspective of inpatients at a large urban mental health and addiction hospital. Method: Audits were conducted on a purposeful sample of inpatient charts containing post-restraint event inpatient debrief forms ( n = 55). Qualitative data from the forms were analyzed thematically. Results: Loss of autonomy and related anger, conflict with staff and other inpatients, and unmet needs were the most common factors precipitating restraint events. Inpatients often reported that increased communication with staff could have prevented restraint. Inpatients described having had various negative emotional states and responses during restraint events, including fear and rejection. Post-restraint, inpatients often desired to leave the unit for fresh air or to engage in leisure activities. Conclusions: To our knowledge, our study is the first to use debriefing form data to explore mental health inpatients' experiences of restraint. Inpatients view restraint negatively and do not experience it as a therapeutic intervention. Debriefing, guided by a form, is useful for understanding the inpatient's experience of restraint, and should be used to re-establish the therapeutic relationship and to inform plans of care. In addition, individual and collective inpatient perspectives should inform alternatives to restraint.
The Moderating Role of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 in the Relationship Between Cognitive and Aerobic Endurance Change
Authors: Anderson Jason R. , Calvo Dayana , Glickman Ellen , Gunstad John , Spitznagel Mary Beth 
Published: January 2017

Background: Improvements in cognition often accompany fitness improvements in older adults, and research suggests insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) may influence this association. No prior work has examined this in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We predicted that IGF-1 would moderate the relationship between cognition and aerobic endurance improvement, such that greater baseline IGF-1 would accompany a stronger relationship between cognition and aerobic endurance change. Method: Twenty-seven individuals with MCI completed assessments of aerobic endurance (2-minute step test [2MST]) and global cognition (Modified Mini-Mental State [3MS]) before and after a 6-month period of twice-weekly exercise. Serum IGF-1 levels were assessed at baseline via fasted blood draw. The Johnson-Neyman technique determined whether baseline IGF-1 levels moderated the relationship between changes in aerobic endurance (Δ2MST) and cognition (Δ3MS). Results: A significant interaction was found; however, Δ2MST was inversely associated with Δ3MS in individuals with above-average serum IGF-1 levels; this relationship was strengthened as IGF-1 increased and was not seen when IGF-1 was below average. Conclusion: The relationship between cognitive and aerobic endurance change varies as a function of IGF-1 in persons with MCI. Additional work is needed to clarify the mechanisms of these findings.
Conducting Qualitative Research in the Health Sector: Researcher Issues and Dilemmas
Authors: Hill S. , Beattie R. S. , McDougall M. 
Published: January 2017

This article contributes to bridging the gap between research activity and the practical implementation of management decision making in the health sector by reflecting upon some of the issues and dilemmas for researchers, whether academics or managers, in conducting qualitative research in this sector. The article presents the methodological issues addressed by a team of researchers engaged on a project about manager learning and development in an NHS Trust, and highlights concerns about ethical issues that emerged from the research process. The study had involved a series of interviews with senior managers and clinical staff, doctors, nurses and therapists, and it addressed issues surrounding change within the organization, the impact on individuals' jobs, and the resultant learning and development required and undertaken. The article emphasizes that engaging in reflection on the research process is valuable and suggests that it should become a mainstream part of such research. It concludes that there is an important role of qualitative management research in the health sector and that for it to be acceptable and valued, it must be operationally sensitive, ethically robust and methodologically rigorous.
Impact of Prenatal Screening and Diagnosis on the Epidemiology of Structural Congenital Anomalies
Authors: Le-Ha Chi , Stone David H , Gilmour W Harper 
Published: January 2017

Objective — To assess the impact of prenatal screening on the birth prevalence of three categories of structural congenital anomaly: abdominal wall defects (omphalocele and gastroschisis), renal agenesis/dysgenesis, and limb reduction defects. Setting — Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom. Methods — Data on the selected defects were obtained retrospectively from the population based Glasgow Register of Congenital Anomalies for the period 1980–91 inclusive. The register records all clinical or laboratory diagnoses of congenital anomaly in live births, stillbirths, and induced abortions occurring in women resident within the boundaries of the Greater Glasgow Health Board. The secular trends in the proportions of the defects diagnosed prenatally and terminated after screening, and in their prevalence at birth and during pregnancy, were examined. A total of 154845 births were surveyed: 309 cases were identified in the selected anomaly categories. Results — 83 cases of omphalocele/gastroschisis (5·4/10000 births), 92 cases of renal agenesis/dysgenesis (5·9/10000 births), and 134 cases of limb reduction defects (8·7/10000 births) were found. Marked increases occurred over the study period in the proportions of cases diagnosed prenatally but not in the proportions terminated. The greatest difference between the prevalence at birth and during pregnancy was found for omphalocele. There were no significant secular trends in the prevalence of the selected defects. Conclusions — Prenatal screening has made a limited epidemiological impact on the prevalence of these defects. It has been moderately (but inconsistently) effective in the avoidance of births of infants with omphalocele/gastroschisis and renal agenesis/dysgenesis but not of limb reduction defects. Future efforts should be directed towards improving the technical aspects of the ultrasonographic detection of fetal abnormalities and exploring in detail, locally, the reasons for the varying pattern of decision making about termination of pregnancy among prospective parents.
Screening for Breast Cancer in Women Aged under 50: Mode of Detection, Incidence, Fatality, and Histology
Authors: Tabar Laszlo , Fagerberg Gunnar , Chen H H , Duffy S W , Gad A 
Published: January 2017

Objective — To assess the effect of screening for breast cancer in women aged 40–49 in the Swedish two county trial, in terms of mortality reduction, advanced cancer reduction, mode of detection, and the histology of tumours detected. Setting — The Swedish two county trial of screening for breast cancer, in which 77080 women aged 40–74 (19 844 aged 40–49) were randomly allocated to receive regular invitation to mammographic screening for breast cancer, and 55985 women aged 40–74 (15 604 aged 40–49) were allocated to an unscreened control group. Methods — The screening interval in the younger age group was two years and in the older age group about three years. Statistical analysis of mortality and incidence rates was performed by Poisson regression. Relative survival was estimated using proportional hazards regression. Results — The relative mortality for the group invited to screening compared with the control group was 0·87 (95% confidence interval 0·54 to 1·41) in the 40–49 age group, in close agreement with the relative incidence of advanced cancers. For Kopparberg county the relative mortality was 0·73 (95% CI 0·37 to 1·41) and for Ostergotland 1·02 (95% CI 0·52 to 1·99). The lesser effect in the 40–49 group as a whole was largely due to a higher rate of interval cancers in this age group, and the occurrence in Ostergotland of a higher number of cancers after randomisation, but before screening started, and in women who refused screening. The higher interval cancer rate was consistent with the higher proportion of ductal grade 3 and medullary cancers in women aged 40–49 at diagnosis. Conclusions — A major difficulty in screening women aged 40–49 is the rapid progression of a subset of tumours arising in this age group. Shortening the screening interval from two years would be necessary to achieve a higher mortality reduction.
Characteristics of Colorectal Cancer with False Negative Result on Immunochemical Faecal Occult Blood Test
Authors: Nakama Hidenori , Kamijo Noboru , Fujimori Kazuya , Horiuchi Akira , Fattah A S M Abdul , Zhang Bing 
Published: January 2017

Objectives –A comparative study was carried out to clarify the clinicopathological features of colorectal cancer diagnosed after a false negative result on the immunochemical faecal occult blood test. Methods –236 patients with colorectal cancer were studied: 48 patients with negative results and 188 patients with positive results with the faecal occult blood test. The two groups were compared according to their age and sex and by the site, size, macroscopic type, Dukes's classification, and histological type of their cancer lesions. Additionally, the above factors were investigated prospectively and compared in 40 cases of colorectal cancer cases diagnosed as false negative and in matched cases diagnosed as true positive in cancer screening by the immunochemical faecal occult blood test. Results –In both the hospital based case-control study and the screening programme based nested case—control study the prevalence of rectal cancers was higher in the false negative group than in the true positive group (P = 0.02, P = 0.03), but there were no differences between the two groups for any other factors. Conclusion –These results suggest that the immunochemical faecal occult blood test is unsuitable for the diagnosis of rectal cancer.
The future of economics: The case for an evolutionary approach
Authors: Neild Robert 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMuch theoretical and empirical work by economists and psychologists has shown that the neo-classical approach is defective, and economists are now looking for an alternative. Evolutionary economics is the answer. It starts from the realistic premise that society and the economy are shaped by competition, but unlike neo-classical economics, it proceeds empirically by observing and analysing what has been happening to the economy and society. It does so on the premise that a process of social selection is taking place, analogous but not identical to that of biological selection. This dynamic approach requires a revival of economic history. By reporting on, and inviting debate over, what is happening and its implications, the adoption of an evolutionary approach should help restore the moral content of economics and the surrounding social sciences. Such a change in approach would be a paradigm shift, and will take time. That it will happen is likely: in the end facts kick.