bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Drug Use and Polypharmacy After the Age of 90: A Longitudinal Study of the Danish 1905 Cohort
Authors: Wastesson Jonas W. , Oksuzyan Anna , von Bornemann Hjelmborg Jacob , Christensen Kaare 
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesTo determine the longitudinal development of drug use in very old adults.DesignLongitudinal cohort study with waves in 1998, 2000, 2002, and 2005.SettingNationwide study in Denmark.ParticipantsAll living Danes born in 1905 were approached in 1998; 2,262 responded at baseline.MeasurementsSelf‐reported use of regularly taken drugs. Mean and median number of drugs and growth curve models were used to identify the change in number of drugs as the cohort aged from 92 to 100.ResultsThe within‐person use of drugs increased with age for women (0.19 per year; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.15–0.24) and men (0.15 per year; 95% CI = 0.06–0.24). Persons leaving the study prematurely had higher baseline values and a steeper increase in their annual use of drugs. The population‐level mean number of drugs increased from baseline (3.6 drugs) to the first follow‐up (4.1 drugs) but thereafter remained stable at approximately 4 drugs. Women used more drugs than men at all waves.ConclusionIn this first longitudinal study of drug use in nonagenarians, individuals used an increasing number of drugs as they aged. This increase is difficult to detect in cross‐sectional analyses of the population‐level mean. More efforts to understand what is reasonable prescribing at these older ages are needed.
High‐Risk Medications in Hospitalized Elderly Adults: Are We Making It Easy to Do the Wrong Thing?
Authors: Blachman Nina L. , Leipzig Rosanne M. , Mazumdar Madhu , Poeran Jashvant 
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesTo examine dosages of high‐risk medications administered to elderly adults who fall in the hospital and to determine whether electronic default doses are appropriate for elderly adults.DesignRetrospective.SettingLarge urban academic hospital.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 65 and older experiencing a fall.MeasurementsPrescribed daily dosages and use of high‐risk medications (opiates, benzodiazepines, benzodiazepine‐receptor agonists (BRAs), sleep medications, muscle relaxants, antipsychotics) administered within 24 hours before a fall were ascertained and compared with published recommended dosages for older adults and the hospital's electronic medical record (EMR) default doses for these drugs.ResultsOf 328 falls, 62% occurred in individuals administered at least one high‐risk medication within the 24 hours before the fall, with 16% of the falls involving individuals receiving two, and another 16% in individuals receiving three or more. High‐risk medications were often administered at higher‐than‐recommended geriatric daily doses, in particular benzodiazepines and BRAs, for which the dose was higher than recommended in 29 of 51 cases (57%). Hospital EMR default doses were higher than recommended for 41% (12/29) of medications examined.ConclusionHigh‐risk medications were administered to older fallers. Doses administered and EMR default doses were often higher than recommended. Decreasing EMR default doses for individuals aged 65 and older and warnings about the cumulative numbers of high‐risk medications prescribed per person may be simple interventions that could decrease inpatient falls.
Incomplete Re‐Expression of Neuroendocrine Progenitor/Stem Cell Markers is a Key Feature of β‐Cell Dedifferentiation
Authors: Neelankal John A. , Morahan G. , Jiang F.‐X. 
Published: November 2016

There is increasing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), a pandemic metabolic disease, may be caused by β‐cell dedifferentiation (βCD). However, there is currently no universal definition of βCD, and the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. We hypothesise that a high‐glucose in vitro environment mimics hyperglycaemia in vivo and that β cells grown in this milieu over a long period will undergo dedifferentiation. In the present study, we report that the pancreatic β cell line mouse insulinoma 6 (MIN6) grown under a high‐glucose condition did not undergo massive cell death but exhibited a glucose‐stimulated insulin‐secreting profile similar to that of immature β cells. The expression of insulin and the glucose‐sensing molecule glucose transporter 2 (Glut2) in late passage MIN6 cells was significantly lower than the early passage at both the RNA and protein levels. Mechanistically, these cells also expressed significantly less of the ‘pancreatic and duodenal homebox1’ (Pdx1) β‐cell transcription factor. Finally, passaged MIN6 cells dedifferentiated to demonstrate some features of β‐cell precursors, as well as neuroendocrine markers, in addition to expressing both glucagon and insulin. Thus, we concluded that high‐glucose passaged MIN6 cells passaged MIN6 cells. provide a cellular model of β‐cell dedifferentiation that can help researchers develop a better understanding of this process. These findings provide new insights that may enhance knowledge of the pathophysiology of T2D and facilitate the establishment of a novel strategy by which this disease can be treated.
SUSTAINABILITY AND WELLBEING: A SCIENTOMETRIC AND BIBLIOMETRIC REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: Qasim Mubashir 
Published: November 2016

AbstractInterdisciplinary research on measuring the progress towards sustainability and well‐being (SaW) from different perspectives and in various contexts has developed dramatically over recent decades. This growth in the literature has not only added an enormous number of dimensions to the SaW debate, but the sheer scale of the expansion has challenged researchers to be able to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the available SaW indicators. In this work, we have proposed a hybrid method comprised of sophisticated scientometric analysis to summarise scientific developments in the massive text corpus of the SaW literature in conjunction with a more traditional literature review to categorise the ‘fuzzy’ details that remain. Scientometric analysis highlights that the developed OECD countries play a vital role in the development and applications of SaW indicators and we describe key developments in this regard via a range of graphical approaches. Using an extensive collection of existing SaW indicators, the analysis is then summarised in a matrix of ranked indicators which serve as a powerful tool to compare, contrast, filter and select indicators for SaW assessment with minimum redundancies between indicators. The approach undertaken in this study is intended to be flexible and can be extended and applied to other fields of research.
Maintaining Moral Legitimacy through Worlds and Words: An Explanation of Firms' Investment in Sustainability Certification
Authors: Richards Melanie , Zellweger Thomas , Gond Jean‐Pascal 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA prominent way for firms to manage their moral legitimacy is to invest in sustainability certifications. However, a significant subset of firms remain reluctant to invest in sustainability certifications even decades after the establishment of such certifications. Our paper seeks to elucidate this variance by exploring how firms in the coffee, tea, and chocolate industries legitimise themselves on moral grounds through external communication to stakeholders. Drawing on insights from French Pragmatist Sociology, we suggest that firms primarily rely on two distinct sets of legitimacy principles that reflect their identity orientation: the ‘civic and green’ world and the ‘domestic’ world. Specifically, our results show that reliance on the domestic world is negatively related to firms' investment in sustainability certifications. Our findings also suggest that the strength of the relationship between these distinct methods of moral legitimising and certification varies depending on whether firms are characterised by first‐ or multi‐generation family control.
Effects of low‐level laser therapy on burning mouth syndrome
Authors: Valenzuela S. , Lopez‐Jornet P. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryTo investigate low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) applied to treat burning mouth syndrome (BMS). This prospective, comparative, partially blinded, single‐centre, clinical trial of GaAlAs Laser, with 815 nm wavelength, included 44 BMS patients divided randomly into three groups: Group I (n = 16): GaAlAs laser 815 nm wavelength, 1 W output power, continuous emissions, 4 s, 4 J and fluence rate 133·3 J cm−2; Group II (n = 16): GaAlAs infrared laser, 815 nm wavelength, 1 W output power, continuous emissions, 6 s, 6 J and fluence rate 200 J cm−2; Group III (n = 12) placebo group, sham laser. All groups received a weekly dose for 4 weeks. Pain intensity was recorded using a 10‐cm visual analogue scale; patients responded to the oral health impact profile (OHIP‐14), xerostomia severity test and the hospital anxiety–depression scale (HAD). These assessments were performed at baseline, 2 and 4 weeks. LLLT decreased pain intensity and improved OHIP‐14 scores significantly from baseline to 2 weeks in groups I and II compared with the placebo group. No statistically significant differences were found from 2 to 4 weeks. Overall improvements in visual analogue scale (VAS) scores from baseline to the end of treatment were as follows: Group I 15·7%; Group II 15·6%; Group III placebo 7·3%. LLLT application reduces symptoms slightly in BMS patients.
Insured Loss Inflation: How Natural Catastrophes Affect Reconstruction Costs
Authors: Döhrmann David , Gürtler Marc , Hibbeln Martin 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTIn the aftermath of a natural catastrophe, there is increased demand for skilled reconstruction labor, which leads to significant increases in reconstruction labor wages and hence insured losses. Such inflation effects are known as “Demand Surge” effects. It is important for insurance companies to properly account for these effects when calculating insurance premiums and determining economic capital. We propose an approach to quantifying the Demand Surge effect and present an econometric model for the effect that is based on 192 catastrophe events in the United States. Our model explains more than 75 percent of the variance of the Demand Surge effect and is thus able to identify the key drivers of the phenomenon.
WILL THEY TAKE THE MONEY AND WORK? PEOPLE'S WILLINGNESS TO DELAY CLAIMING SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS FORa LUMP SUM
Authors: Maurer Raimond , Mitchell Olivia S. , Rogalla Ralph , Schimetschek Tatjana 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis article investigates whether exchanging Social Security delayed retirement credits, currently paid as increases in lifelong benefits, for a lump sum would induce later claiming and additional work. We show that people would voluntarily claim about 6 months later if the lump sum were paid for claiming after the early retirement age, and about 8 months later if the lump sum were paid only for those claiming after their full retirement age. Overall, people will work one‐third to one‐half of the additional months. Those who would currently claim at the youngest ages are most responsive to the lump sum offer.
Relative benefits of amino‐acid, codon, degeneracy, DNA, and purine‐pyrimidine character coding for phylogenetic analyses of exons
Authors: Simmons Mark P. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBoth traditional as well as 10 more recent methods of coding characters from exons of protein‐coding genes are reviewed. The more recent methods collectively blur the distinction between nucleotide and amino‐acid coding and enable investigators to carefully quantify the effects of different sources of phylogenetic signal as well as their potential biases. Codon models, which explicitly model silent and replacement substitutions, are a major advance and are expected to be broadly useful for simultaneously inferring recent and ancient divergences, unlike amino‐acid coding. Degeneracy coding, wherein ambiguity codes are used to eliminate silent substitutions at the individual‐nucleotide level, has clear advantages over scoring amino‐acid characters. Nucleotide, codon, and amino‐acid models are now directly comparable with easy‐to‐use programs, and widely used phylogenetics programs can analyze partitioned supermatrices that incorporate all three types of model. Therefore, it should become standard practice to test among these alternative model types before conducting parametric phylogenetic analyses. An earlier study of 78 protein‐coding genes from 360 green‐plant plastid genomes is used as an empirical example with which to quantify the relative performance of alternative character‐coding methods using five quantification measures. Codon models were selected as having the best fit to the data, yet were outperformed by nucleotide models for all five quantification measures. Third‐codon positions were found to be an important source of phylogenetic signal and even outperformed analyses of first and second positions for some measures. Degeneracy coding generally performed at least as well as amino‐acid coding and is an arguably more effective alternative.
Safety evaluation of orally administered afoxolaner and milbemycin oxime in eight‐week‐old dogs
Authors: Drag M. , Saik J. , Harriman J. , Letendre L. , Yoon S. , Larsen D. 
Published: November 2016

The safety profile of afoxolaner (an isoxazoline molecule) when combined with milbemycin oxime (a macrocyclic lactone) was evaluated according to the regulatory requirements when administered six times orally in a soft chewable formulation at a dose of at least 1×, 3×, or 5× the maximum exposure dose in 8‐week‐old Beagle dogs. Thirty‐two healthy puppies (16 males and 16 females) were enrolled and allocated randomly to one of four treatment groups. Three doses were administered at 28‐day intervals (Days 0, 28, and 56), followed by three additional doses administered with 14‐day intervals (Days 84, 98, and 112). The study ended on Day 126. Treatment groups were as follows: Group 1: untreated, sham‐dosed control; Group 2: afoxolaner/milbemycin oxime chews administered at a dose of at least 5 and 1 mg/kg, respectively (1×); Group 3: afoxolaner/milbemycin oxime chews administered at a dose of at least 15 and 3 mg/kg, respectively (3); and Group 4: afoxolaner/milbemycin oxime chews administered at a dose of at least 25 and 5 mg/kg, respectively (5×). All dogs were examined for general health twice a day beginning on Day ‐14. Physical examinations, and blood collections for clinical pathology analysis and afoxolaner and milbemycin oxime plasma concentrations, were performed throughout the study. No afoxolaner/milbemycin oxime treatment‐related changes were observed in growth, physical variables, clinical pathology variables, or tissues examined histologically. No clinically relevant or statistically significant health abnormalities related to the administration of afoxolaner/milbemycin oxime were observed. No signs of macrocyclic lactone sensitivity were observed at any time during the study. Vomiting and diarrhea were observed sporadically across all groups including the controls. Based upon the results of this study, afoxolaner/milbemycin oxime soft chewables were shown to be safe when administered repeatedly at up to 5× the maximum exposure dose in dogs as young as 8 weeks of age.
Epidemiology and outcomes of primary sclerosing cholangitis with and without inflammatory bowel disease in an Australian cohort
Authors: Liu Ken , Wang Ruoxi , Kariyawasam Viraj , Wells Mark , Strasser Simone I. , McCaughan Geoff , Corte Crispin , Leong Rupert W. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackground & AimsEpidemiological data on primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) outside the Northern hemisphere are limited. Similarly, the impact of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on PSC outcomes remains unclear. We aimed to study the epidemiology and outcomes of PSC patients with and without IBD in an Australian cohort.MethodsWe retrospectively studied PSC patients attending two tertiary referral hospitals over 20 years. Diagnosis of PSC was made according to international guidelines by positive cholangiography and/or liver biopsy (for small duct PSC) with supporting clinical and laboratory evidence.ResultsOf 208 PSC patients (61% male) were studied (2271patient‐years follow‐up). The median age of PSC diagnosis was similar for PSC‐IBD and PSC‐only patients (40 years vs 42 years, P = .35). All 33 deaths occurred in PSC‐IBD patients while there were no deaths in PSC‐only patients (21% vs 0%, P < .01). However, there were no significant differences in liver transplantation (PSC‐only 25% vs PSC‐IBD 31%, P = .45) and transplant‐free survival between PSC‐only and PSC‐IBD patients (P = .43). On multivariate Cox regression, only elevated international normalized ratio (INR) was associated with a greater risk of death or liver transplant (HR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1‐3.6, P = .02). Development of gastrointestinal malignancy was higher in the PSC‐IBD group compared to PSC‐only group (22% vs 2%, P < .01).ConclusionAustralian PSC patients have similar characteristics compared to European and North American cohorts. IBD is a significant predictor of gastrointestinal malignancies. Deaths were more common in PSC‐IBD but overall transplant‐free survival remained similar in PSC‐IBD and PSC‐only groups. An elevated INR was an independent predictor of death or liver transplantation.
Hyperuricaemia and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Wijarnpreecha Karn , Panjawatanan Panadeekarn , Lekuthai Natasorn , Thongprayoon Charat , Cheungpasitporn Wisit , Ungprasert Patompong 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe association between hyperuricaemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), one of the leading causes of cirrhosis worldwide, has been demonstrated in recent epidemiological studies. This meta‐analysis was conducted to summarize all available data and to estimate the risk of NAFLD among subjects with hyperuricaemia.MethodsComprehensive literature review was conducted using MEDLINE and EMBASE database through August 2016 to identify studies that compared the risk of NAFLD among subjects with hyperuricaemia vs those with normal uric acid level. Effect estimates from individual study were extracted and combined together using random‐effect, generic inverse variance method of DerSimonian and Laird.ResultsTwenty‐five studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the meta‐analysis. The risk of NAFLD in subjects with hyperuricaemia was significantly higher than subjects with normal uric acid level with the pooled odds ratio (OR) of 1.97 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.69‐2.29). The heterogeneity between studies of the overall analysis was high with an I2 of 87%. Subgroup analysis based on 11 studies that provided data on males subgroup and nine studies that provided data on females subgroup showed that the risk was significantly increased for both sexes with pooled OR of 1.64 (95% CI, 1.40‐1.93) among males and pooled OR of 2.21 (95% CI, 1.85‐2.64) among females.ConclusionsA significantly increased risk of NAFLD among patients with hyperuricaemia was demonstrated in this meta‐analysis. Further studies are required to establish the role of uric acid in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
Evidence for a spatially extensive hydrothermal system at the Ries impact structure, Germany
Authors: Sapers H. M. , Osinski G. R. , Flemming R. L. , Buitenhuis E. , Banerjee N. R. , Tornabene L. L. , Blain S. , Hainge J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe ~15 Ma, 26 km diameter Ries impact structure in south‐central Germany was one of the first terrestrial impact structures where evidence of impact‐associated hydrothermal alteration was recognized. Previous studies suggested that pervasive, high‐temperature hydrothermal activity was restricted to the area within the “inner ring” (i.e., the crater‐fill impactite units). Here we present mineralogical evidence for localized hydrothermal activity in the ejecta beyond the crater rim in two previously unstudied settings: a pervasively altered lens of suevite ejecta directly overlying the Bunte Breccia at the Aumühle quarry; and suevite ejecta at depth overlain by ~20 m of lacustrine sediments sampled by the Wörnitzostheim 1965 drill core. A comprehensive set of X‐ray diffraction analyses indicates five distinct alteration regimes (1) surficial ambient weathering characterized by smectite and a minor illitic component; (2) locally restricted hydrothermal activity characterized by an illitic component and minor smectite; (3) hydrothermal activity at depth characterized by smectite, a minor illitic component, and calcite; (4) hydrothermal activity at depth characterized by smectite, a minor illitic component, calcite, zeolites, and clinochlore; and (5) pervasive hydrothermal activity at depth characterized by smectite, a minor illitic component, and minor clinochlore. These data spatially extend the Ries postimpact hydrothermal system suggesting a much more extensive, complex, and dynamic system than previously thought. Constraining the mineralogical alteration regimes at the Ries impact structure may also further our understanding of impact‐associated phyllosilicate formation on Mars with implications for climate models and habitability.
Genetic variation in blue whales in the eastern pacific: implication for taxonomy and use of common wintering grounds
Authors: Leduc R. G. , Archer F. I. , Lang A. R. , Martien K. K. , Hancock‐Hanser B. , Torres‐Florez J. P. , Hucke‐Gaete R. , Rosenbaum H. C. , van Waerebeek K. , Brownell R. L. , Taylor B. L. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMany aspects of blue whale biology are poorly understood. Some of the gaps in our knowledge, such as those regarding their basic taxonomy and seasonal movements, directly affect our ability to monitor and manage blue whale populations. As a step towards filling in some of these gaps, microsatellite and mtDNA sequence analyses were conducted on blue whale samples from the Southern Hemisphere, the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) and the northeast Pacific. The results indicate that the ETP is differentially used by blue whales from the northern and southern eastern Pacific, with the former showing stronger affinity to the region off Central America known as the Costa Rican Dome, and the latter favouring the waters of Peru and Ecuador. Although the pattern of genetic variation throughout the Southern Hemisphere is compatible with the recently proposed subspecies status of Chilean blue whales, some discrepancies remain between catch lengths and lengths from aerial photography, and not all blue whales in Chilean waters can be assumed to be of this type. Also, the range of the proposed Chilean subspecies, which extends to the Galapagos region of the ETP, at least seasonally, perhaps should include the Costa Rican Dome and the eastern North Pacific as well.