bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A community‐derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns
Authors:   PPG I
Published: November 2016

AbstractPhylogeny has long informed pteridophyte classification. As our ability to infer evolutionary trees has improved, classifications aimed at recognizing natural groups have become increasingly predictive and stable. Here, we provide a modern, comprehensive classification for lycophytes and ferns, down to the genus level, utilizing a community‐based approach. We use monophyly as the primary criterion for the recognition of taxa, but also aim to preserve existing taxa and circumscriptions that are both widely accepted and consistent with our understanding of pteridophyte phylogeny. In total, this classification treats an estimated 11 916 species in 337 genera, 51 families, 14 orders, and two classes. This classification is not intended as the final word on lycophyte and fern taxonomy, but rather a summary statement of current hypotheses, derived from the best available data and shaped by those most familiar with the plants in question. We hope that it will serve as a resource for those wanting references to the recent literature on pteridophyte phylogeny and classification, a framework for guiding future investigations, and a stimulus to further discourse.
Multidisciplinary managed care networks—Life‐saving interventions for hepatitis C patients
Authors: Tait J. M. , Wang H. , Stephens B. P. , Miller M. , McIntyre P. G. , Cleary S. , Dillon J. F. 
Published: November 2016

SummarySuccessful hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy depends on effective pathways of care. Over two decades, we have developed four sequential models of care latterly using a multidisciplinary managed care network to improve HCV testing, care and treatment. This was a cohort study to evaluate the effectiveness of care pathways, carried out using all HCV antibody‐positive individuals tested in a geographical region between 1994 and 2014. The study involved 3122 HCV‐positive patients. They were divided into four subgroups representing different care pathways defined by their date of HCV antibody diagnosis. The number who accessed treatment services within 1 year of diagnosis increased from 77 of 292 (26.3%) to 521 of 821 (72.9%). The rate of treatment starts within 1 year of diagnosis increased from 6 of 292 (2.0%) to 133 of 821 (16.2%), and the sustained viral response rate improved from 61.6% to 77.4%. All‐cause mortality decreased from 232 of 688 (33.7%) in subgroup A to 55 of 1207 (4.5%) in subgroup D, and multivariate analysis showed that pathway type was an independent predictor of mortality irrespective of age, sex, SVR status or HIV co‐infection with pathway in D having an odds ratio of 0.53(0.40‐0.77; P<.001) compared to pathway in A. At study end, 78% (3122) of an estimated 4000 HCV positive had been diagnosed. In total, 97.5% of HCV caseload was referred to specialist services and 89% attended for assessment. The introduction of a managed care network increased access to care and reduced all‐cause mortality.
Modeling orbital gamma‐ray spectroscopy experiments at carbonaceous asteroids
Authors: Lim Lucy F. , Starr Richard D. , Evans Larry G. , Parsons Ann M. , Zolensky Michael E. , Boynton William V. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTo evaluate the feasibility of measuring differences in bulk composition among carbonaceous meteorite parent bodies from an asteroid or comet orbiter, we present the results of a performance simulation of an orbital gamma‐ray spectroscopy (GRS) experiment in a Dawn‐like orbit around spherical model asteroids with a range of carbonaceous compositions. The orbital altitude was held equal to the asteroid radius for 4.5 months. Both the asteroid gamma‐ray spectrum and the spacecraft background flux were calculated using the MCNPX Monte‐Carlo code. GRS is sensitive to depths below the optical surface (to ≈20–50 cm depth depending on material density). This technique can therefore measure underlying compositions beneath a sulfur‐depleted (e.g., Nittler et al. ) or desiccated surface layer. We find that 3σ uncertainties of under 1 wt% are achievable for H, C, O, Si, S, Fe, and Cl for five carbonaceous meteorite compositions using the heritage Mars Odyssey GRS design in a spacecraft‐deck‐mounted configuration at the Odyssey end‐of‐mission energy resolution, FWHM = 5.7 keV at 1332 keV. The calculated compositional uncertainties are smaller than the compositional differences between carbonaceous chondrite subclasses.
Cross‐sectional associations of albuminuria among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults: the eGFR Study
Authors: Hughes JT , Maple‐Brown LJ , Thomas M , Lawton PD , Sinha A , Cass A , Barzi F , Jones GRD , Jerums G , MacIsaac RJ , O'Dea K , Hoy WE 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo describe the detailed associations of albuminuria among a contemporary cohort of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to inform strategies for chronic kidney disease prevention and management.MethodsA cross‐sectional analysis of Indigenous participants of the eGFR Study.MeasuresClinical, biochemical and anthropometric measures were collected (including body‐circumferences, blood pressure (BP); triglycerides, HbA1c, liver function tests, creatinine; urine‐ microscopic‐haem, albumin: creatinine ratio (ACR), prescriptions‐ angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor II antagonist (ACEI/ARB). Albuminuria and diabetes were defined by an ACR>3.0 mg/mmol, and HbA1c≥48 mmol/mol or prior history respectively. Waist: hip ratio (WHR), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were calculated. ACR was non‐normally distributed; a logarithmic transformation was applied (in base 2), with each unit increase in log2‐albuminuria representing a doubling of ACR.Results591 participants were assessed (71% Aboriginal, 61.6% female, mean age 45.1 years, BMI 30.2 kg/m2, WHR 0.94, eGFR 99.2 ml/min/1.73m2). The overall prevalence of albuminuria, diabetes, microscopic‐haem and ACEI/ARB use was 41.5%, 41.5%, 17.8% and 34.7% respectively; 69.3% of adults with albuminuria and diabetes received an ACEI/ARB. Using multivariable linear regression modelling, the potentially modifiable factors independently associated with log2‐albuminuria were microscopic‐haem, diabetes, WHR, systolic BP, alkaline phosphatase (all positive) and eGFR (inverse).ConclusionAlbuminuria is associated with diabetes, central obesity and haematuria. High ACEI/ARB prescribing for adults with diabetes and albuminuria was observed. Further understanding of the links between fat deposition, haematuria and albuminuria is required.
A fresh look at IBS—opportunities for systems medicine approaches
Authors: Albusoda A. , Barki N. , Herregods T. , Kamphuis J. B. J. , Karunaratne T. B. , Lazarou M. , Lee I. , Mazurak N. , Perna E. , Polster A. , Pribic T. , Uhlig F. , Wang H. , Enck P. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractNeuroGUT is a EU‐funded initial training network (ITN) of 14 research projects in neurogastroenterology that have employed an equal number of early‐stage researchers. Neurogut trainees have—among other activities—attended an international conference on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in Bologna in 2016 and were asked to critically review and evaluate the current knowledge on IBS for their respective research activities, and to state what they were missing. Most appreciated were the topics brain imaging of gut activity, the role of the gut microbiota, the pharmacology of gut functions, the IBS‐IBD interrelation, the new Rome IV criteria, the role of gas, and the placebo response in functional disorders. Missed were more detailed coverage of high‐resolution manometry, functional brain imaging, advanced “systems medicine” approaches and bioinformatics technology, better sub‐classification of IBS patients, and the development of disease biomarkers, extended at the molecular (genetic/epigenetic, proteonomic) level. They summarize that despite excellent specialized research, there is a gap open that should be filled with systems medicine. For this, it would be necessary that medical research learns even more from the data sciences and other basic disciplines, for example, information technology and system biology, and also welcomes a change in paradigm that enhances open sharing of data, information, and resources.
Against Fundamentality‐Based Metaphysics
Authors: Lipman Martin A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMetaphysical views typically draw some distinction between reality and appearance, endorsing realism about some subject matters and antirealism about others. There are different conceptions of how best to construe antirealist theories. A simple view has it that we are antirealists about a subject matter when we believe that this subject matter fails to obtain. This paper discusses an alternative view, which I will call the fundamentality‐based conception of antirealism. We are antirealists in this sense when we think that the relevant matter fails to be constitutive of fundamental reality. The following discussion will not rely on any particular understanding of fundamental reality, covering conceptions based on grounding, naturalness and truthmaking, to name three salient ones. This paper argues that there are serious issues with fundamentality‐based metaphysics. It will be argued that: (1) the fundamentality‐based approach shapes and restricts our realist and antirealist views in unsatisfying ways, (2) that it is unable to handle the conflicting facts that lie across the envisaged ‘layers’ of the metaphysically structured world, and (3) that the methodological reasons for adopting the fundamentality‐based approach fail. The paper will conclude with a diagnosis of the discussed issues, identifying a common source.
Transformative Treatments
Authors: Paul L.A. , Healy Kieran 
Published: November 2016

AbstractContemporary social‐scientific research seeks to identify specific causal mechanisms for outcomes of theoretical interest. Experiments that randomize populations to treatment and control conditions are the “gold standard” for causal inference. We identify, describe, and analyze the problem posed by transformative treatments. Such treatments radically change treated individuals in a way that creates a mismatch in populations, but this mismatch is not empirically detectable at the level of counterfactual dependence. In such cases, the identification of causal pathways is underdetermined in a previously unrecognized way. Moreover, if the treatment is indeed transformative it breaks the inferential structure of the experimental design. Transformative treatments are not curiosities or “corner cases,” but are plausible mechanisms in a large class of events of theoretical interest, particularly ones where deliberate randomization is impractical and quasi‐experimental designs are sought instead. They cast long‐running debates about treatment and selection effects in a new light, and raise new methodological challenges.
Size matters: point pattern analysis biases the estimation of spatial properties of stomata distribution
Authors: Naulin Paulette I. , Valenzuela Gerardo , Estay Sergio A. 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Stomata distribution is an example of biological patterning. Formal methods used to study stomata patterning are generally based on point‐pattern analysis, which assumes that stomata are points and ignores the constraints imposed by size on the placement of neighbors. The inclusion of size in the analysis requires the use of a null model based on finite‐size object geometry.

In this study, we compare the results obtained by analyzing samples from several species using point and disc null models.

The results show that depending on the null model used, there was a 20% reduction in the number of samples classified as uniform; these results suggest that stomata patterning is not as general as currently reported. Some samples changed drastically from being classified as uniform to being classified as clustered. In samples of Arabidopsis thaliana, only the disc model identified clustering at high densities of stomata.

This reinforces the importance of selecting an appropriate null model to avoid incorrect inferences about underlying biological mechanisms. Based on the results gathered here, we encourage researchers to abandon point‐pattern analysis when studying stomata patterning; more realistic conclusions can be drawn from finite‐size object analysis.
Ultrasound‐Guided Cryoablation of a Traumatic Hip Disarticulation Neuroma
Authors: Ramsook Ryan R. , Spinner David 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectiveTraumatic amputation at the pelvic level is a rare procedure with few studies addressing long‐term complications. Painful neuroma formation may form at the site of nerve transection and cause significant impairments in daily living. Ultrasound‐guided cryoablation therapy has grown in popularity and should be considered in patients with painful neuromas. This is a case report of complete pain relief in a patient with rare traumatic hip disarticulation with neuroma formation, treated with ultrasound‐guided cryoablation. The patient gave consent for publication.DesignSingle case report.SettingMount Sinai Medical Center.PatientA 57‐year‐old man with traumatic hip disarticulation over 30 years ago with a 10‐year history of severe residual limb pain from neuroma formation.InterventionsUltrasound‐guided cryoablative injection therapy.Outcome MeasuresPain reduction.ResultsUltrasound‐guided cryoablation of a traumatic hip disarticulation neuroma resulting in complete pain relief and improved functionality and independence.ConclusionsThis case illustrates a rare incidence of painful neuroma formation in a patient with traumatic hip disarticulation. Cryoablation with ultrasound guidance resulted in resolution of all pain. We report, to the best of our knowledge, the first occasion of an ultrasound‐guided cryoablation resulting in complete pain relief in a traumatic hip disarticulation neuroma.
Mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I deficiency causes intractable gastrointestinal symptoms
Authors: Kuranobu Hiroki , Murakami Jun , Kuranobu Naomi , Okamoto Ken , Murayama Kei , Kanzaki Susumu 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe report the case of a 13‐month‐old girl with frequent vomiting, intractable diarrhea, hyperlactatemia, and liver dysfunction. Although the symptoms were treatment resistant, enteral nutrition formula containing medium‐chain triglycerides reduced the weight loss, vomiting, and diarrhea. Immunostaining of mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) complexes of the colonic mucosa confirmed the diagnosis of MRC complex I deficiency. This case shows that this disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of hyperlactatemia and intractable, cryptogenic gastrointestinal symptoms. In addition, the mucosa of the affected gastrointestinal organ should be analyzed on immunostaining or electron microscopy for MRC complexes.
Association between Caesarean Delivery and Childhood Asthma in India and Vietnam
Authors: Lavin Tina , Franklin Peter , Preen David B. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundWhile there is evidence of an association between caesarean birth and increased asthma in children in high‐income countries, it is unknown whether this association exists in low‐to‐middle‐income countries (LMICs). We investigated whether children born through caesarean in India and Vietnam are at increased risk of caregiver‐reported asthma by 8 years of age.MethodsData from an ongoing multi‐national longitudinal cohort study (the Young Lives Study) in two LMICs (India n = 2026; Vietnam n = 2000) were used. Caregiver questionnaires captured information on caregiver‐reported long‐term respiratory problems such as asthma or wheeze at age 8 years, birth mode and a range of sociodemographic factors. Multivariable logistic regression models using propensity score adjustment were used to explore birth mode and asthma at age 8 years adjusted for a range of known confounders.ResultsChildren delivered by caesarean in India (odds ratio (OR) 2.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3, 5.4) and Vietnam (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2, 3.3) had greater odds of asthma at age 8 years, after adjustment for other risk factors including wealth, liveborn parity, low birthweight, geographic location, cooking fuel used, livestock ownership, household size, housing quality and parental smoking.ConclusionsThe study suggests that caesarean birth may be associated with an increased risk of childhood asthma in India and Vietnam. The underlying mechanisms of this finding need to be further elucidated.
Reproductive performance and pre‐weaning mortality: Preliminary analysis of 27,221 purebred female dogs and 204,537 puppies in France
Authors: Chastant‐Maillard S , Guillemot C , Feugier A , Mariani C , Grellet A , Mila H 
Published: November 2016

ContentsThe objective of this study was to describe efficiency of reproduction of purebred dogs in field breeding conditions, from mating to weaning in France. Data were collected between 2010 and 2014 in 5,667 French breeding kennels via a reproduction management software (Breeding Management System, Royal Canin, Aimargues, France). Effect of breed size (Mini: adult body weight <10 kg; Medium: 10–25 kg; Maxi: 25–40 kg; Giant: >40 kg), age of dam and male on pregnancy rate, abortion rate and litter size were evaluated by multivariable models. Data on 45,913 heats (all with mating), from 27,221 bitches from 248 breeds, were analysed. At mating, mean age (±SD) was 3.1 ± 1.8 years for bitches and 3.3 ± 2.0 for males. Males originated from the same kennel as the females in 88.5% of the matings. Based on breeder's evaluation of the pregnancy status, pregnancy rate (number of pregnant females based on breeders declaration/number of heats) was 87.8% and abortion rate was 6.8%. Finally, 81.9% of the mated females gave birth to a litter. On 37,946 litters (204,537 puppies), mean litter size was 5.4 ± 2.8 puppies (range 1–24), which was influenced by breed size and dam age (p < .0001). Stillbirth rate was 7.4% and puppy mortality rate (stillbirth + mortality until 2 months of age) was 13.4%. Prolificacy and puppy mortality rates were affected by breed size and within a breed size, by breed. Despite probable approximations (as data originate from breeders declaration), this large‐scale analysis provides reference values on reproductive performance in dogs.
Trade Elasticities
Authors: Imbs Jean , Mejean Isabelle 
Published: November 2016

AbstractConventional aggregate trade elasticity estimates hardly vary across countries. We introduce an aggregate elasticity that is implied by theory: It is the value that equates the welfare gains from trade as implied by one‐ and multi‐sector versions of the model in Arkolakis et al. (American Economic Review, 102 (2012):94–130). These estimates are predicated on sector‐level values for trade elasticites, which we provide at three‐digit levels for 28 developed and developing countries. The values for this aggregate elasticity vary greatly across countries, and they do so because of countries' patterns of production and because a given sector‐level elasticity displays considerable cross‐country heterogeneity.
Community Privilege and Environmental Justice: An Agent‐Based Analysis
Authors: Eckerd Adam , Kim Yushim , Campbell Heather E. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSeveral theories compete to explain observed race‐ and ethnicity‐based environmental injustice in society. This paper focuses on analyzing the extent to which firms' siting decisions based on community privilege can explain this outcome. A unique feature of this analysis is that we include analysis of both unwanted land uses (disamenity firms) and desired land uses (amenity firms). The environmental justice analysis of amenities other than green spaces is rare, but amenities are crucial components of urban areas to which environmental justice studies must attend. We use an agent‐based model to explore community outcomes when environmental disamenities choose locations based on low community privilege, and compare this with scenarios in which disamenities only seek to minimize the cost of land. We also assess differences in environmental justice outcomes when amenities choose locations in areas with high community privilege. While disamenities' focus on locating in areas with low community privilege indeed affects environmental equity, the effect of amenity location is also important, and there are powerful interaction effects. The importance of privilege‐based location is found in these simulations regardless of which social group—majority or minority—is assumed to be the privileged group. This study suggests a limitation of EJ policies and models that focus on the politics of disamenity siting without considering the politics of amenity siting.
Phase I Designs That Allow for Uncertainty in the Attribution of Adverse Events
Authors: Iasonos Alexia , O'Quigley John 
Published: November 2016

SummaryIn determining dose limiting toxicities in phase I studies, it is necessary to attribute adverse events to being drug related or not. Such determination is subjective and may introduce bias. We develop methods for removing or at least diminishing the effect of this bias on the estimation of the maximum tolerated dose. The approach that we suggest takes into account the subjectivity in the attribution of adverse events by using model-based dose escalation designs. The results show that gains can be achieved in terms of accuracy by recovering information lost to biases. These biases are a result of ignoring the errors in toxicity attribution.
Lung Ultrasound in the Management of Fluid Volume in Dialysis Patients: Potential Usefulness
Authors: Zoccali Carmine 
Published: November 2016

AbstractVolume overload is a hidden, pervasive complication in dialysis patients with dyspnea and pulmonary edema being its main clinical manifestations. Measuring lung water has clinical potential because it allows timely treatment of lung congestion at a preclinical stage. Chest ultrasound (US) is a novel, well‐validated technique that allows reliable estimates of lung water in clinical practice. The application of this technique in dialysis patients has shown that an unsuspectedly high proportion of these patients have moderate to severe lung congestion which is usually asymptomatic. Furthermore, lung congestion in these patients is only loosely associated with fluid excess as measured by bioimpedance (BIA). Lung congestion is associated with a high death risk in dialysis patients and therefore represents a potential treatment target. The “Lung water by Ultra‐Sound guided Treatment to prevent death and cardiovascular complications in high risk ESRD patients with cardiomyopathy” (LUST) study will provide important information about the clinical value of this technique in the care of hemodialysis patients at high cardiovascular risk.
The relationship between medical education and trans health disparities: a call to research
Authors: Giffort Danielle M. , Underman Kelly 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAccording to the National Transgender Discrimination Survey, 28% of trans respondents reported postponing medical care due to discrimination, and 28% reported being harassed by providers when they did seek out care. Scholars have proposed that what is taught (or not) in medical schools might play a role in the unequal health care experienced by many trans people. As medical education becomes a site of intervention for reducing transgender health disparities, it presents opportunities for sociologists to study and explain the processes by which medical training creates, reinforces, and potentially challenges stigma‐related health disparities. In this paper, we propose three areas of inquiry that might help explain this situation: the hidden curriculum, patient health movements and consumerism, and medical competency. By employing these concepts, we argue that sociologists can develop more comprehensive explanations for the relationship between medical education and transgender health inequalities and offer solutions to address this disparity.