bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
XIX.—A Study of Artificial Pyrexia produced by Tetra-hydro-β-Naphthylamine Hydrochloride
Authors: Black Adam 
Published: June 2016

The object of the present investigation is to throw further light upon the differences between the disturbances in the chemical processes in the body in fever caused, on the one hand, by the mere rise of body temperature, and on the other by the action of the micro-organismal poisons on the tissues of the body.The influence of such micro-organismal poisons has been already studied by several investigators-among others, by Noël Paton, Dunlop, and Macadam in the case of diphtheria (Journ. of Phys., vol. xxiv. p. 331,1899; see also chapter “Fever and Infection,” by Kraus, Von Noorden's Metabolism and Practical Medicine, vol. ii. p. 90); but so far few detailed studies of the metabolism in high temperature due to non-infectious processes have been recorded.
XXIX.—Boole's Unisignant
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2016

1. In two memoirs on the “Theory of Probabilities,” Boole was led to the consideration of a peculiarly interesting form of determinant which has only positive terms in its final form of development, and which in the case of the fourth order may be writtenV standing therein forIn the first of the two memoirs the determinant is not explicitly referred to, but in the second it receives considerable attention, Boole, indeed, there saying that the memoir “involves discussions relating to the properties of a certain functional determinant, and to the possible solutions of a system of algebraical equations of peculiar form, discussions which will, I trust, be thought to possess a value as contributions to mathematical analysis, independent of their present application.”
On the Influence of Temperature upon the Magnetic Properties of a Graded Series of Carbon Steels
Authors: Moir Margaret B. 
Published: June 2016

Summary1. Experiments of Hopkinson, Curie, and D. K. Morris.2. Precautions necessary in magnetic testing. If the temperature of a test-specimen is changed, the specimen must be rendered neutral at the new temperature previous to carrying out the test.3. The effect of increasing the temperature of a specimen of cast iron from 15° C. to 190° C. is to improve its magnetic quality for moderate values of the magnetising force; from 190° C. to 260° C. the magnetic quality falls off, after which there is a further improvement. Finally the specimen becomes non-magnetic at the critical temperature. These results indicate the presence of a transformation point for carbon alloys of iron in the neighbourhood of 200° C.4. Steel containing 1·64 per cent, of carbon resembles cast iron in its behaviour. The set-back in magnetic quality takes place at much the same temperature as that which occurs in cast iron, the magnitude of the set-back being much the same for both.5. Steel containing 0·8 per cent, of carbon exhibits the transformation point, but in a less marked degree. The first maximum point in the susceptibility curve occurs at 180° C, and the first minimum point at 220° C.6. Low carbon steel containing 0·3 per cent, of carbon shows the transformation point; it is, however, very much less marked than in the case of the steels containing the higher percentages of carbon.7. The susceptibility-temperature curve of a specimen of soft iron containing 0·06 per cent, of carbon exhibits no turning points in the neighbourhood of 200° C. for fields lying between 2 and 15 c.g.s. units.
XLVI.—On Photometric Paddle-Wheels
Authors: Milne James Robert 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThis paper describes a new form of rotating photometric “sector,” capable of very accurate adjustment to any desired light-transmission value while running, and possessed of the great advantage of having its rotating part in one piece only.A mathematical discussion of this new type of apparatus follows, in which are deduced formulæ for the intensities of the light transmitted under different conditions, and for the greatest width of the beam of light that can be employed; and a graphical tabulation of the values of these formulae in different cases is provided.The mounting and details of an actual instrument are described; together with an additional mechanism for the purpose of automatically recording the photometric measurements obtained.
VIII.—The Rôle of Inbreeding in the Development of the Clydesdale Breed of Horses
Authors: Calder A. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryCoefficients of inbreeding have been calculated for 676 stallions and mares, with the object of studying the part played by inbreeding in the development of the Clydesdale breed of horses. Wright's coefficient of inbreeding was used in this study.It is found that during the early history of the breed very little inbreeding had been practised, and it is suggested that this may be due to the fact that the foundation stock contained many recessive factors for undesirable characters. The first marked rise in the average percentage of inbreeding for the breed occurs during the period 1880–1890, and from that time onwards there is a gradual but constant increase in the breed average, reaching its highest level at 6.25 per cent. for the period 1920–1925.A method is outlined by which a measure can be obtained of the contribution of any particular sire to the graph of the average percentage of inbreeding for the breed. It also measures the degree of concentration of his blood in animals inbred to him and the rate at which his blood is diffused through the breed.
XVIII.—On the Consistency of Cardinal Function Interpolation. Parts I, II
Authors: Ferrar W. L. 
Published: June 2016

In a previous paper on the Cardinal Function it was proved that, callingthe cardinal function of the table of values αr at the point α + rw], “the cardinal function of the table of values [C(rw′) at the point rw′] is a function C1(x) which coincides with C(x) provided that 0<w′<w, and Σ | αn/n |, Σ |α−n/n| are convergent.”
XV.—The Stability of Suspensions. III. The Velocities of Sedimentation and of Cataphoresis of Suspensions in a Viscous Fluid
Authors: Kermack William Ogilvy , McKendrick Anderson Gray , Ponder Eric 
Published: June 2016

Summary1. When a suspension of a large number of small rigid spheres in a viscous fluid is allowed to sediment under the action of gravity the rate of fall of any of the particles in the body of the suspension isU = U0(1 – κΦ), where U0is the rate of fall of an isolated single particle calculated according to Stokes' law, where α is the radius of the particle, η the viscosity of the fluid, ρ the density of the particle, σ the density of the fluid, andgthe constant of gravity. Φ is the volume of suspended material per unit volume of the suspension, and κ is a constant whose value according to theory is 5·5 +c, wherecis probably in the neighbourhood of 1·6.
XXV.—An Experimental Analysis of the Plumage of the Brown Leghorn Fowl
Authors: Greenwood A. W. , Blyth J. S. S. 
Published: June 2016

General Summary1. The plumage of the Brown Leghorn fowl is analysed and the extent of its dependence on the activity of the thyroid and gonad is discussed.2. Hypothyroidism results (a) in a diminution in the amount of melanin and a coincident increase in the red pigment; (b) in an increase in the amount of fringing due to a lack of barbule formation. The female pattern tends to disappear.3. Hyperthyroidism in the male gives exactly the opposite effect—i.e. the melanin increases in amount while the red pigment and fringing tend to disappear. In the female the effect of hyperthyroidism is slight, and with moderate doses of thyroid there is practically no modification of the female pattern of pencilling and no melanin appears in the breast. The neck hackle, however, becomes darker and shows a decrease in fringing.4. From these results, together with what is known concerning the effect of gonad on plumage, a hypothesis is advanced, that whereas the plumage typical of the male is developed independently of the gonad and depends for its maintenance on a certain level of thyroid functioning, both gonad and thyroid play a part in regard to that of the female; the former stimulates the latter to a higher level of activity than that present in the male and so indirectly causes a hyperthyroid effect on the feathers. At the same time it modifies this condition by acting directly on the feathers and restricting the deposition of melanin.5. The fact that in both sexes the plumage in the young chick is similar to that of the female puts this theory in question. There is evidence to show, however, that yolk may have a modifying effect on plumage similar to that of the ovary, and thus the doubt regarding the validity of the hypothesis can be removed by the suggestion that the chick plumage develops under the influence of the yolk in its own yolk sac. This second theory gains confirmation by a study of the atypical plumage which is occasionally met with in growing females, and also by a consideration of the type of plumage developed in juvenile females following the successful implantation of testis.
1. Notice of a Roman Practitioner's Medicine Stamp, found near Tranent.
Authors: Simpson  
Published: June 2016

At several of the stations throughout Western Europe that were formerly occupied by the colonists and soldiers of Rome, small engraved stones have been found, the inscriptions upon which shew them to have been used as medicine stamps by the Roman doctors who, many centuries ago, practised in these localities.These medicine stones or stamps all agree in their general characters. They commonly consist of small quadrilateral or oblong pieces of a greenish-coloured steatite, engraved with a legend on one or more of their edges or borders. The inscriptions or legends are in small capital Roman letters, cut intagliate and retrograde, and consequently reading on the stone itself from right to left, but making an impression, when stamped upon wax or any other similarly plastic material, which reads from left to right.
2. On the Mechanical action of Radiant Heat or Light: On the Power of Animated Creatures over Matter: On the Sources available to Man for the production of Mechanical Effect.
Authors: Thomson William 
Published: June 2016

On the Mechanical Action of Radiant Heat or Light.It is assumed in this communication that the undulatory theory of radiant heat and light, according to which light is merely radiant heat, of which the vibrations are performed in periods between certain limits of duration, is true. “The chemical rays,” beyond the violet end of the spectrum, consist of undulations of which the full vibrations are executed in periods shorter than those of the extreme visible violet light, or than about the eight hundred million millionth
1. On a Modification of the Process for the determination of Nitrogen in Organic Compounds.
Authors: Kemp Alexander 
Published: June 2016

Two methods are at present followed by chemists for the analysis of organic bodies containing nitrogen. In the first of these the nitrogen is directly separated from the substance, and measured in a pure state; while in the second method it is converted into ammonia, collected and weighed, its amount being calculated from the known composition of this latter substance.In accordance with the first-named mode of proceeding, the substance is burned at a high temperature, in contact with oxide of copper, chromate of lead, or some other body capable of yielding oxygen, when the carbon of the organic substance becomes converted into carbonic acid, and its hydrogen into water, while all the nitrogen is given off in a free state.
1. On the Optical Phenomena and Crystallization of Tourmaline, Titanium, and Quartz, within Mica, Amethyst, and Topaz.
Authors: Brewster David 
Published: June 2016

1. The first part was on the distribution ofTourmaline in Mica.—When liquids or gases have been confined in mica, they have often easily escaped and spread between the plates. Crystals, both of tourmaline and quartz, are found in mica, contemporaneous with it, and of considerable size. Such crystals generally have the faces of the hexagonal prism parallel to the laminæ of the mica.But other crystals of tourmaline formed subsequently, and between the laminæ, are very different. They are hexagonal plates, with faces perpendicular to the axis of the prism. Some of the fluid which deposited them has penetrated between the laminæ, and there deposited hexagonal plates, often in circular groups round the cavity.
2. On the Production of Crystalline Structure in Crystallized Powders by Compression and Traction.
Authors: Brewster David 
Published: June 2016

The author, after alluding to the influence of compression and dilatation in producing the doubly refracting structure in solids of all kinds devoid of it, and in modifying it where it exists, mentioned that the phenomena to be described have no relation to those alluded to.In experimenting on thedouble reflexionand polarization of light discovered by him in the chrysammates of potash, and magnesia, murexide, and other crystals, he found that they could be spread out on glass by hard pressure, like grease or soft wax; and that in the case of dark powders, he could thus obtain a transparent film, exhibiting double reflexion and polarization from its surface, as well as if it had been a large crystal.
1. On Nitric Acid as a source of the Nitrogen found in Plants.
Authors: Wilson George 
Published: June 2016

The author, after referring to the opinions of those who contend that plants derive their nitrogen only from ammonia, shewed, in justification of the belief, that they also derive that element from nitric acid:—Firstly, That nitrates are largely offered to plants, both as they grow wild, and as they are artificially cultivated.Secondly, That plants do not refuse the nitrates thus offered to them.Thirdly, That the nitrates which enter plants do not, if properly diluted, do injury to any class of them.
2. Chemical Notices.
Authors: Gregory  
Published: June 2016

1.On the new compounds of Cobalt described by Frémy and others.Claudet in London, and Genth in Germany, about the same time observed a new compound of cobalt, with the elements of ammonia and chlorine. Frémy, about the same time, announced a far more extended investigation, the result of which was the discovery of no less than five series of salts, in some of which the base, with oxygen acids, was formed of oxides of cobalt along with more or less ammonia, and, with hydrogen acids, was formed of cobalt with more or less ammonia. In other series, salts of oxides of cobalt, for the most part previously unknown oxides of this metal, seem to have combined with more or less ammonia.
1. Farther Experiments and Remarks on the Measurement of Heights by the Boiling Point of Water.
Authors: Forbes J. D. 
Published: June 2016

This paper is in continuation of one printed in vol. XV. of the Royal Society's Transactions. The object of it is to test the correctness of the method of observation, and of calculating the results, there proposed; and to compare both with those of more recent authors, particularly of M. Regnault of Paris, and of Dr Joseph Hooker.The author finds the results of his subsequent observations in 1846 in the Alps, up to heights considerably above 10,000 feet, to agree well with those previously published, made in 1842. They combine in showing a sensibly uniform fall of the boiling point at the rate of 1° for 543 feet of ascent, which differs only 6 feet (in defect) from his previous determination.
1. Some Observations on the Salmonidæ.
Authors: Davy John 
Published: June 2016

These observations are given in seven sections:—In the 1st, the author treats of the air-bladder of these fish, and the contained air, which he found, in every instance that he examined it, to be chiefly azote.In the 2d, he points out a mistake he had fallen into in the instance of the female fish, as regards its abdominal aperture, which, in a former paper he had described as open only for the passage of the ova; on further examination made on the larger species, he has ascertained, that though virtually closed, except during the spawning time, it is not absolutely, either by a membrane or adhesion.
1. On the Turkish Weights and Measures.
Authors: Sang Edward 
Published: June 2016

In this paper a short account was given of the comparison of the oka with the imperial grain weight, and of the arsheen with the inch.The oka was stated to be 19,807 grains, so that 18 cantar of 44 oka each make one ton one pound.The length of the arsheen was determined by comparison with the ebony standard of Sultan Selim.The extreme length, as obtained by contact, was 29·890 inches, but the ends had evidently been tampered with; on that account the divisions of the rod were referred to; these gave results varying from 29·944 to 29·949, and therefore the mean, 29,946 inches, may be taken as the true length of the Turkish arsheen.
4. On the Physiological Action of Light. No. III
Authors: Dewar James , M'Kendrick John G. 
Published: June 2016

Since the date of our last communication, we have continued our investigations, with the following results:–1. The light from a beam of uncondensed moonlight, though of weak intensity, and almost entirely free from heat rays, is still sufficient to alter the electro-motive power of the nerve and retina.2. We have examined the phenomenon in the eyes of the following animals:—(1.) The common newt (Triton aquaticus). (2.) The gold-fish (Cyprinus auratus). (3.) The rockling (Motella vulgaris). (4.) The stickleback (Gasterosteus trachurus). (5.) The common edible crab (Cancer pagurus). (6.) The swimming crab (Portunus puber). (7.) The spider crab (Hyas coarctatus). (8.) The hermit crab (Pagurus Bernhardus), and (9.) The lobster (Homarus vulgaris).
2. On a Method of Demonstrating the Relations of the Convolutions of the Brain to the Surface of the Head
Authors: Turner  
Published: June 2016

The outer surface of the skull does not correspond in shape to the outside of the brain. If it had corresponded there would have been no difficulty in determining the form of the brain from an inspection of the form of the head.The shape of the brain does correspond to the wall of the cranial cavity. This wall is formed by the inner table of the cranial bones, which table, though separated from the brain itself by the cerebral membranes, is moulded upon the exterior of the organ.
3. The Development of the Ova, and the Structure of the Ovary, in Man and other Mammals
Authors: Foulis James 
Published: June 2016

After an historical introduction, in the course of which the author gave an abstract of the important observations of Pflüger and Waldeyer, he proceeded to state his own observations on the development of the ova and structure of the ovary in calves, kittens, and the human female. The following general conclusions have been arrived at by the author in the course of his investigations :—The corpuscles of the germ epithelium are derived by direct proliferation from those columnar corpuscles which invest the median side or surface of the Wolffian body, and which are continuous with the layer of columnar corpuscles that lines the pleuro-peritoneal cavity of the embryo in the early stages of development. The stroma of the ovary in the early stages of development is produced by a direct growth out from the interstitial tissue of the Wolffian body immediately beneath the germ epithelium on the median side of the Wolffian body.
Presentation of the Neill Prize to Charles Wm. Peach
Authors: Geikie  
Published: June 2016

The Council having awarded the Neill Prize for the Triennial Period, 1871–74, to Mr Charles William Peach, for his contributions to Scottish Zoology and Geology, and for his recent contributions to Fossil Botany, Professor Geikie, on the presentation of the medal, addressed the President as follows:—Sir,—The Council of the Royal Society of Edinburgh has awarded the Neill Prize for the triennial period, 1871–74, to Mr Charles William Peach, and on the part of the Council I am requested to describe briefly to the Society on the present occasion the nature of his scientific work, which has been judged well deserving of one of the Society's medals.
XVI.—On a New Species of Cactogorgia
Authors: Simpson Jas. J. 
Published: June 2016

Amongst the unnamed Alcyonaria in the collection of the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh, is a beautiful colony belonging to the genus Cactogorgia, which Mr Eagle Clarke has kindly handed me for identification and description.In 1907 (Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin.) I established the genus Cactogorgia for several small colonies from the Indian Ocean, and referred these to three separate species, viz. celosioides, alciformis, and expansa. Thomson and M'Kinnon, in Trans. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), 1909, have described another species from the Seychelles under the name of Cactogorgia lampas, and the present colony must also be referred to a new species. This we propose to name Cactogorgia agariciformis, n. sp., on account of its very definite mushroom-shape.
XXXIII.—On Continuous, and Stable, Isothermal Change of State
Authors: Peddie W. 
Published: June 2016

1. The three physical states of a substance, solid, liquid, and gaseous, are representable, as is well known, by means of three functions of pressure, volume, and temperature; sayf1(p, v, t), f2(p, v, t), f3(p, v, t).In the case of water-substance, James Thomson represented these functions as surfaces of his geometrical (p, v, t) model.No attempt has been made to group these three functions in a single form F(p, v, t), though various equations combining f2 and f3, either empirically or as deductions from theory, have been given; first, and notably, that of Van der Waals. In Thomson's model the process of gradual isothermal and isopiestic passage from one state to another is indicated by motion of the representative point along a line parallel to the axis of volume.
XXXVI.—Specific Volume of Solutions of Tetra-propyl-ammonium Chloride
Authors: McDavid J. W. 
Published: June 2016

During the investigation of the viscosities of aqueous solutions of tetrapropyl-ammonium chloride, Taylor and Moore noticed that the density of a concentrated solution was less than that of a dilute solution at the same temperature. The following investigation, undertaken at the suggestion of Dr W. W. Taylor, shows how the density depends on the concentration and temperature of the solution.Tetra-propyl-ammonium chloride was prepared from tetra-propylammonium iodide. Silver chloride was added to an aqueous solution of the iodide and the mixture allowed to stand in the dark for some time. The tetra-propyl-ammonium chloride solution which was formed was then filtered off from the solid silver iodide and evaporated to dryness in a vacuum desiccator. The solid so obtained was a white crystalline substance which was very deliquescent. It was tested and found to be free from iodide.
XLI.—The Efficiency of Metallic Filament Lamps
Authors: Houstoun R. A. 
Published: June 2016

Practical men are accustomed to measure the efficiency of a glow-lamp in watts per candle or, in other words, by the quantity of energy which must be supplied to it for every mean spherical candle-power of light it gives. The energy supplied is measured by an ammeter and voltmeter, and the mean spherical candle-power is obtained on the photometric bench by comparing the light given in different directions with that of some standard source. The watts per candle together with the life and initial cost of the lamp determine its commercial value.On the other hand, we may regard the lamp as an energy-transforming device, and measure its efficiency by the percentage of electrical energy it transforms into light.
VIII.—Studies on Periodicity in Plant Growth. Part I.: A Four-Day Periodicity and Root Periodicity
Authors: Robertson R. A. , Crosse Rosalind 
Published: June 2016

The immediate purpose of this research has been:—1. To investigate whether a presumably spontaneous growth variation amounting to a four-day rhythm which had been observed in certain organs of limited growth was an individual idiosyncrasy or was of general occurrence in plants.2. To examine the growth rhythm in roots and ascertain if any correlation existed between the respective rhythms of root and shoot in the same plant.