bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2016 IANS International Guidelines for Practice Standards in the Detection of Anal Cancer Precursors
Authors: Hillman Richard John , Cuming Tamzin , Darragh Teresa , Nathan Mayura , Berry-Lawthorn Michael , Goldstone Stephen , Law Carmella , Palefsky Joel , Barroso Luis F. , Stier Elizabeth A. , Bouchard Céline , Almada Justine , Jay Naomi 
Published: August 2016

Objectives
To define minimum standards for provision of services and clinical practice in the investigation of anal cancer precursors.

Methods
After initial face to face meetings of experts at the International Papillomavirus meeting in Lisbon, September 17 to 21, 2015, a first version was drafted and sent to key stakeholders. A complete draft was reviewed by the Board of the International Anal Neoplasia Society (IANS) and uploaded to the IANS Web site for all members to provide comments. The final draft was ratified by the IANS Board on June 22, 2016.

Results
The essential components of a satisfactory high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) were defined. Minimum standards of service provision, basic competencies for clinicians, and standardized descriptors were established. Quality assurance metrics proposed for practitioners included a minimum of 50 HRAs per year and identifying 20 cases or more of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs). Technically unsatisfactory anal cytological samples at first attempt in high-risk populations should occur in less than 5% of cases. Where cytological HSIL has been found, histological HSIL should be identified in ≥ 90% of cases. Duration of HRA should be less than 15 minutes in greater than 90% of cases. Problematic pain or bleeding should be systematically collected and reported by 10% or lesser of patients.

Conclusions
These guidelines propose initial minimum competencies for the clinical practice of HRA, against which professionals can judge themselves and providers can evaluate the effectiveness of training. Once standards have been agreed upon and validated, it may be possible to develop certification methods for individual practitioners and accreditation of sites.
Use of Eculizumab in Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, Complicating Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Bermea Rene S. , Sharma Niharika , Cohen Kenneth , Liarski Vladimir M. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome is characterized by the presence of thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and end-organ injury. In this report, we describe two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who presented with findings compatible with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, complicated by acute kidney injury that was refractory to conventional therapies. Both patients exhibited a response to eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody to complement protein C5, with stabilization of their platelet count. On 1-year follow-up from their initial presentation, their hematologic disease remained in remission without recurrence.
Human demographic history impacts genetic risk prediction across diverse populations
Authors: Martin Alicia R. , Gignoux Christopher R. , Walters Raymond K. , Wojcik Genevieve L. , Neale Benjamin M. , Gravel Simon , Daly Mark J. , Bustamante Carlos D. , Kenny Eimear E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe vast majority of genome-wide association studies are performed in Europeans, and their transferability to other populations is dependent on many factors (e.g. linkage disequilibrium, allele frequencies, genetic architecture). As medical genomics studies become increasingly large and diverse, gaining insights into population history and consequently the transferability of disease risk measurement is critical. Here, we disentangle recent population history in the widely-used 1000 Genomes Project reference panel, with an emphasis on populations underrepresented in medical studies. To examine the transferability of single-ancestry GWAS, we used published summary statistics to calculate polygenic risk scores for six well-studied traits and diseases. We identified directional inconsistencies in all scores; for example, height is predicted to decrease with genetic distance from Europeans, despite robust anthropological evidence that West Africans are as tall as Europeans on average. To gain deeper quantitative insights into GWAS transferability, we developed a complex trait coalescent-based simulation framework considering effects of polygenicity, causal allele frequency divergence, and heritability. As expected, correlations between true and inferred risk were typically highest in the population from which summary statistics were derived. We demonstrated that scores inferred from European GWAS were biased by genetic drift in other populations even when choosing the same causal variants, and that biases in any direction were possible and unpredictable. This work cautions that summarizing findings from large-scale GWAS may have limited portability to other populations using standard approaches, and highlights the need for generalized risk prediction methods and the inclusion of more diverse individuals in medical genomics.
Inferring physiological energetics of loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) from existing data using a general metabolic theory
Authors: Marn Nina , Kooijman S.A.L.M. , Jusup Marko , Legović Tarzan , Klanjšček Tin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractLoggerhead turtle is an endangered sea turtle species with a migratory lifestyle and worldwide distribution, experiencing markedly different habitats throughout its lifetime. Environmental conditions, especially food availability and temperature, constrain the acquisition and the use of available energy, thus affecting physiological processes such as growth, maturation, and reproduction. These physiological processes at the population level determine survival, fecundity, and ultimately the population growth rate—a key indicator of the success of conservation efforts. As a first step towards the comprehensive understanding of how environment shapes the physiology and the life cycle of a loggerhead turtle, we constructed a full life cycle model based on the principles of energy acquisition and utilization embedded in the Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory. We adapted the standard DEB model using data from published and unpublished sources to obtain parameter estimates and model predictions that could be compared with data. The outcome was a successful mathematical description of ontogeny and life history traits of the loggerhead turtle. Some deviations between the model and the data existed (such as an earlier age at sexual maturity and faster growth of the post-hatchlings), yet probable causes for these deviations were found informative and discussed in great detail. Physiological traits such as the capacity to withstand starvation, trade-offs between reproduction and growth, and changes in the energy budget throughout the ontogeny were inferred from the model. The results offer new insights into physiology and ecology of loggerhead turtle with the potential to lead to novel approaches in conservation of this endangered species.
Scalable genomics: from raw data to aligned reads on Apache YARN
Authors: Versaci Francesco , Pireddu Luca , Zanetti Gianluigi 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe adoption of Big Data technologies can potentially boost the scalability of data-driven biology and health workflows by orders of magnitude. Consider, for instance, that technologies in the Hadoop ecosystem have been successfully used in data-driven industry to scale their processes to levels much larger than any biological- or health-driven work attempted thus far. In this work we demonstrate the scalability of a sequence alignment pipeline based on technologies from the Hadoop ecosystem – namely, Apache Flink and Hadoop MapReduce, both running on the distributed Apache YARN platform. Unlike previous work, our pipeline starts processing directly from the raw BCL data produced by Illumina sequencers. A Flink-based distributed algorithm reconstructs reads from the Illumina BCL data, and then demultiplexes them – analogously to the bcl2fastq2 program provided by Illumina. Subsequently, the BWA-MEM-based distributed aligner from the Seal project is used to perform read mapping on the YARN platform. While the standard programs by Illumina and BWA-MEM are limited to shared-memory parallelism (multi-threading), our solution is completely distributed and can scale across a large number of computing nodes. Results show excellent pipeline scalability, linear in the number of nodes. In addition, this approach automatically benefits from the robustness to hardware failure and transient cluster problems provided by the YARN platform, as well as the scalability of the Hadoop Distributed File System. Moreover, this YARN-based approach complements the up-and-coming version 4 of the GATK toolkit, which is based on Spark and therefore can run on YARN. Together, they can be used to form a scalable complete YARN-based variant calling pipeline for Illumina data, which will be further improved with the arrival of distributed in-memory filesystem technology such as Apache Arrow, thus removing the need to write intermediate data to disk.Original articleThis paper was presented at the IEEE International Conference on Big Data, 2016 and is available athttps://doi.org/10.1109/BigData.2016.7840727
Molecular Counting with Localization Microscopy: A Bayesian estimate based on single fluorophore statistics
Authors: Nino D. , Rafiei N. , Wang Y. , Zilman A. , Milstein J. N. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSuper-resolved localization microscopy (SLM) has the potential to serve as an accurate, singlecell technique for counting the abundance of intracellular molecules. However, the stochastic blinking of single fluorophores can introduce large uncertainties into the final count. Here we provide a theoretical foundation for applying SLM to the problem of molecular counting based on the distribution of blinking events from a single fluorophore. We also show that by redundantly tagging single-molecules with multiple, blinking fluorophores, the accuracy of the technique can be enhanced by harnessing the central limit theorem. The coefficient of variation (CV) then, for the number of moleculesMestimated from a given number of blinksB, scales like, whereNlis the mean number of labels on a target. As an example, we apply our theory to the challenging problem of quantifying the cell-to-cell variability of plasmid copy number in bacteria.
Determining the factors driving selective effects of new nonsynonymous mutations
Authors: Huber Christian D. , Kim Bernard , Marsden Clare D. , Lohmueller Kirk E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe distribution of fitness effects (DFE) of new mutations is a fundamental parameter in evolutionary genetics1–3. While theoretical models have emphasized the importance of distinct biological factors, such as protein folding4, back mutations5, species complexity6,7, and mutational robustness8at determining the DFE, it remains unclear which of these models can describe the DFE in natural populations. Here, we show that the theoretical models make distinct predictions about how the DFE will differ between species. We further show that humans have a higher proportion of strongly deleterious mutations thanDrosophila melanogaster. Comparing four categories of theoretical models, only Fisher’s Geometrical Model (FGM) is consistent with our data. FGM assumes that multiple phenotypes are under stabilizing selection, with the number of phenotypes defining a complexity of the organism. It suggests that long-term population size and cost of complexity drive the evolution of the DFE, with many implications for evolutionary and medical genomics.
Does knowledge matter to seniors’ usage of mobile devices? Focusing on motivation and attachment
Authors: Kim Myung Ja , Kim Woo Gon , Kim Joung Man , Kim Chulwon 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships among determinant (ease of use), extrinsic (usefulness) and intrinsic motivations (enjoyment), attachment and usage intention regarding seniors’ use of mobile devices for tourism. In addition, this study examines the moderating role of knowledge in these relationships.

Design/methodology/approach
The researchers collected data via online surveys to reach the target population of this study, 55 years and older adults who had used mobile devices for tourism. The researchers used the partial least squares approach for this study.

Findings
The results reveal that ease of use has significant effects on extrinsic and intrinsic motivations. The motivations of usefulness and enjoyment significantly affect attachment, which, in turn, influences usage intention. The relationships between ease of use and usefulness, ease of use and enjoyment and enjoyment and attachment were stronger for the high-knowledge group than for the low-knowledge group. The relationship between usefulness and attachment was stronger for the low-knowledge group than for the high-knowledge group.

Research limitations/implications
The findings of this study provide compelling implications for academics and practitioners in the senior tourism field.

Originality/value
The compelling insight of this study is the development of a research model that combines an emergent construct of attachment as a mediator and knowledge of technology as a moderator.
The effect of national culture on corporate social responsibility in the hospitality industry
Authors: Kang Kyung Ho , Lee Seoki , Yoo Changsok 
Published: August 2016

PurposeThis study aims to examine the effects of different dimensions of national culture on corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities of hospitality firms, including lodging, casino and restaurant firms.Design/methodology/approachThis study performs a panel regression analysis to examine the effect of Hofstede’s national culture dimensions on the total CSR score, positive CSR score and negative CSR of the sampled hospitality firms. The sample period spans fiscal years 1993 to 2011and 365 firm-year observations are used for the study’s analysis.FindingsThis study finds a positive and significant effect of uncertainty avoidance on the total CSR score. Further, the study’s results show a positive and significant effect of power distance both on positive and negative CSR scores, while individualism appears to have a negative and significant effect both on positive and negative CSR scores. Masculinity reveals a negative and significant effect on the positive CSR score.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the study’s results may not be generalizable to private or non-hospitality firms, according to the findings, multinational hospitality firms are encouraged to conceive a CSR portfolio consisting of localized CSR strategies that consider the effects of national culture on CSR.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the body of hospitality literature by filling the void regarding the relationship between national culture and CSR. At the same time, the findings of this study serve as guidelines for multinational hospitality firms’ implementing CSR activities.
Corporate governance provisions and firm financial performance
Authors: Madanoglu Melih , Karadag Ersem 
Published: August 2016

PurposeBorrowing from arguments of agency theory, the present study aims to investigate the moderating effect of the deviation from optimal franchising on the relationship between corporate governance provisions and firm financial performance.Design/methodology/approachThe sample consists of 35 publicly listed US restaurant firms for the 1990-2008 period. The study uses a hierarchical regression with cross-sectional time-series fixed effects.FindingsThe results show that the deviation from optimal franchising worsens the negative relationship between corporate governance provisions and firm performance.Research limitations/implicationsThe availability of governance data restricts our sample to large publicly listed firms in the US restaurant industry, limiting the ability to generalize results for small and privately held restaurant firms.Practical implicationsFirm executives should not only pay attention to which corporate governance provisions they adopt but also strive to maintain an optimal level of franchising.Originality/valueThe key contribution of this study to governance literature is that this study demonstrates how the presence of multiple governance mechanisms influences firm performance.
Why is employees’ emotional intelligence important?
Authors: Jung Hyo Sun , Yoon Hye Hyun 
Published: August 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the effects of hospitality employees’ emotional intelligence (EI) on their stress-coping styles and job satisfaction.Design/methodology/approachThe sample consisted of 366 food and beverage employees in the Korean hospitality industry. The validity and reliability of the respondents’ replies regarding EI, stress-coping styles and job satisfaction were tested through exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Once the measure was validated, a structural equation model was used to test the validity of the proposed model and hypotheses.FindingsThe results showed that the elements of EI (i.e. self-emotion appraisal [SEA], use of emotion [UOE], regulation of emotion [ROE] and others’ emotion appraisal [OEA]) had a significant, positive effect on the cognitive-appraisal coping style, whereas only SEA and UOE had a significant, positive effect on the problem-solving coping style. Meanwhile, SEA had a significant, negative effect on the emotion-focused coping style. In addition, employees’ problem-solving and cognitive-appraisal stress-coping styles showed a significant, positive effect on their job satisfaction. Employees’ UOE and ROE demonstrated a significant, positive effect on job satisfaction.Research limitations/implicationsThe generalizability and, therefore, implications are limited to the Korean hotels and family restaurants. Future research needs to closely examine models and variables which may become the causes of individual traits, relationship traits and leadership.Originality/valueStrategies to cope with stress and job satisfaction used by family restaurant employees showed more sensitive effects of control than hotel employees did in the organic causal relationships between EI and strategies to cope with stress/job satisfaction. The results of this study, which indicate that hospitality companies can increase employees’ job satisfaction by enhancing their employees’ EI, suggest detailed and practical alternatives to human resource management, as employees with higher degrees of EI can bring positive outcomes to both organizations and employees. Hospitality employees’ EI is significant in terms of organizational performance.
Effects of disinfectants against norovirus virus‐like particles predict norovirus inactivation
Authors: Sato Jun , Miki Motohiro , Kubota Hiromi , Hitomi Jun , Tokuda Hajime , Todaka‐Takai Reiko , Katayama Kazuhiko 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTHuman noroviruses (NoVs) are a major cause of epidemic and sporadic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Public and personal hygiene is one of the most important countermeasures for preventing spread of NoV infection. However, no a practicable cell culture system for NoV had been developed, initial tests of the virucidal effectiveness of anti‐NoV disinfectants and sanitizers have been performed using surrogate viruses. In this study, NoV virus‐like particles (VLPs) were used as a new surrogate for NoVs and a method for evaluating NoV inactivation using them developed. This method is based on morphological changes in VLPs after treatment with sodium hypochlorite. VLP specimens were found to become deformed and degraded in a concentration‐dependent manner. Based on these results, the effects of sodium hypochlorite on VLPs were classified into four phases according to morphological changes and number of particles. Using the criteria thus established, the efficacy of ethanol, carbonates and alkali solutions against VLPs was evaluated. Deformation and aggregation of VLPs were observed after treatment with these disinfectants under specific conditions. To determine the degradation mechanism(s), VLPs were examined by SDS‐PAGE and immunoblotting after treatment with sodium hypochlorite and ethanol. The band corresponding to the major capsid protein, VP1, was not detected after treatment with sodium hypochlorite at concentrations greater than 500 ppm, but remained after treatment with ethanol. These results suggest that VLPs have excellent potential as a surrogate marker for NoVs and can be used in initial virucidal effectiveness tests to determine the mechanism(s) of chemical agents on NoVs.
Ductal carcinoma in situ: Is core needle biopsy ever enough?
Authors: Caswell‐Smith Peter , Wall Madeleine 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIntroductionThis study investigates the rate of histological underestimation of invasive breast carcinoma following diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) on a radiologically guided core needle biopsy, and factors that may influence this upgrade rate.MethodsA retrospective review of the results of breast core biopsies performed between 1st January, 2005 and 2nd July, 2014 was conducted, and those with a diagnosis of DCIS were identified. Data including final excision pathology, lesion size, performing radiologist, core biopsy system and guidance method used were collected and included in the analysis.ResultsWe report an overall upgrade rate to invasive cancer of 20.5% (95% CI = 16.1–24.9%). No statistically significant relationship was identified between biopsy systems used or clinicians performing the biopsies and the rate of upgrade to invasive cancer. Initially a statistically significant relationship was demonstrated between upgrade rates and lesion size, DCIS grade, as well as guidance method. Subsequent multivariable analysis showed no statistically significant relationship between guidance method and upgrade rates but a trend towards statistical significance (P < 0.1).ConclusionOur recommendation is to inform women diagnosed with DCIS preoperatively in our programme, that there is a one in five chance the diagnosis will prove to be invasive cancer on definitive surgery. This is particularly important for women contemplating whether or not to undergo surgery for DCIS. Additionally, as the most significant predictor of upgrade rate demonstrated in this study is increasing lesion size, consideration should be given to increasing the number of core samples taken of larger lesions.