bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Collective occupation in public spaces and the construction of the social fabric
Authors: Kantartzis Sarah , Molineux Matthew 
Published: June 2017

Background. Contemporary research is expanding understandings of occupation beyond that of the individual’s doing, including the shared and social nature of occupation. The concept of collective occupation has been introduced to capture this broader understanding. Purpose. This study aimed to explicate the concept of occupation in a Greek town. Method. Ethnographic methodology was used and primary data were collected through observation, participation, and informal interviews. Analysis involved a hermeneutic process to develop a narrative of occupation in the town, including action, setting, and plots. Findings. Occupation, a dynamic and multidimensional process, served to maintain the self, family, and social fabric and balance between and within them. Collective occupation maintained the social fabric through three forms: informal daily encounters in public spaces, organization and associations, and celebration and commemoration. Implications. Occupational therapists may consider engaging with the potential power of such collective occupation when working toward social change to enable just and inclusive societies.
Internal Migration, Social Exclusion, and Victimization
Authors: Zhong Hua , Xu Jianhua , Piquero Alex R. 
Published: June 2017

Objectives: This article applies a multidimensional social exclusion framework to examine Chinese rural-to-urban migrant victimization. Method: Data from the 2012 China Labor Dynamics Survey is used to examine whether Chinese migrants are more likely to be victimized compared to urban residents and to what extent the prior findings on the meditating roles of social exclusion between immigration and victimization can be applied to understand Chinese migrants’ victimization. Results: Findings reveal the elevated victimization risks among nationwide rural-to-urban migrants. Logistic regression models find that social exclusion mediates the link between migrant status and victimization and that social exclusion predicts victimization. Conclusions: The discriminative institutional arrangements in China are a major force of the universal disadvantages of Chinese migrants. That is, it is not the migrant status itself, but the social exclusion suffered by individuals that increase the likelihood of being criminally victimized.
Health and Health-Care Utilization of the Older Population of Ireland: Comparing the Intellectual Disability Population and the General Population
Authors: McCarron Mary , Cleary Eimear , McCallion Philip 
Published: June 2017

Background/Objectives: Largely unresearched are the similarities and differences compared to the general population in the aging of people with an intellectual disability (ID). Data reported here compare the health and health-care utilization of the general aging population in Ireland with those who are aging with ID. Design: Data for comparisons were drawn from the 2010 The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) and the Intellectual Disability Supplement (IDS)-TILDA Wave 1 data sets. Setting: TILDA participants were community dwelling only while IDS-TILDA participants were drawn from community and institutional settings. Participants: TILDA consists of a sample of 8,178 individuals aged 50 years and older who were representative of the Irish population. The IDS-TILDA consists of a random sample of 753 persons aged 40 and older. Using age 50 as the initial criterion, 478 persons with ID were matched with TILDA participants on age, sex, and geographic location to create the sample for this comparison. Measurements: Both studies gathered self-reported data on physical and mental health, behavioral health, functional limitations, and health-care utilization. Results: Rates of chronic disease appeared higher overall for people with ID as compared to the general population. There were also age-related differences in the prevalence of diabetes and cancer and different rates of engagement between the two groups in relevant behavioral health activities such as smoking. There were higher utilization levels among IDS-TILDA participants for allied health and general practitioner visits. Conclusion: Different disease trajectories found among IDS-TILDA participants raise concerns. The longitudinal comparison of data for people with ID and for the general population offered a better opportunity for the unique experiences of people with ID to be included in data that inform health planning.
Early Versus Late Initiation of Renal Replacement Therapy in Critically Ill Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Besen Bruno Adler Maccagnan Pinheiro , Romano Thiago Gomes , Mendes Pedro Vitale , Gallo Cesar Albuquerque , Zampieri Fernando Godinho , Nassar Antonio Paulo , Park Marcelo 
Published: June 2017

Objective: Early initiation of renal replacement therapy (RRT) effect on survival and renal recovery of critically ill patients is still uncertain. We aimed to systematically review current evidence comparing outcomes of early versus late initiation of RRT in critically ill patients. Methods: We searched the Medline (via Pubmed), LILACS, Science Direct, and CENTRAL databases from inception until November 2016 for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) or observational studies comparing early versus late initiation of RRT in critically ill patients. The primary outcome was mortality. Duration of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS), hospital LOS, and renal function recovery were secondary outcomes. Meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis (TSA) were used for the primary outcome. Results: Sixty-two studies were retrieved and analyzed, including 11 RCTs. There was no difference in mortality between early and late initiation of RRT among RCTs (odds ratio [OR] = 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.52-1.19; I2 = 63.1%). Trial sequential analysis of mortality across all RCTs achieved futility boundaries at both 1% and 5% type I error rates, although a subgroup analysis of studies including only acute kidney injury patients was not conclusive. There was also no difference in time on mechanical ventilation, ICU and hospital LOS, or renal recovery among studies. Early initiation of RRT was associated with reduced mortality among prospective (OR = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.49-0.96; I2 = 85.9%) and retrospective (OR = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.41-0.92; I2 = 90.9%) observational studies, both with substantial heterogeneity. However, subgroup analysis excluding low-quality observational studies did not achieve statistical significance. Conclusion: Pooled analysis of randomized trials indicates early initiation of RRT is not associated with lower mortality rates. The potential benefit of reduced mortality associated with early initiation of RRT was limited to low-quality observational studies.
Safety of Phenylephrine Infusion Through Peripheral Intravenous Catheter in the Neurological Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Datar Sudhir , Gutierrez Eddy , Schertz Adam , Vachharajani Vidula 
Published: June 2017

Objective: The traditional approach for infusing vasopressors is to insert central venous catheters, which is associated with several complications. Phenylephrine is a commonly used vasopressor in the neurologic intensive care unit (neuro ICU), and due to its modest potency, the risk of local tissue injury from extravasation may be overestimated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety of phenylephrine infusion through peripheral intravenous catheter (PIV) in the neuro ICU. Patients and Methods: Retrospective review of all consecutive adults admitted to the neuro ICU receiving phenylephrine infusion via PIV at a tertiary academic medical center from September 2012 to November 2015. Results: Two hundred seventy-seven patients with a mean age of 65 years (standard deviation [SD]: ±15) were included in the final analysis. The most common indications for phenylephrine use were hemodynamic augmentation (40%) and postoperative hypotension (32%). The most common location of PIV-infusing phenylephrine was proximal upper extremity (50%). The most common PIV gauge was 20 (41%). The mean maximum dose of phenylephrine was 79 μg/min (SD: ±53, range: 5-200) or 1.04 μg/kg/min (SD: ±0.74, range: 0.07-3.49) and was continued for a mean duration of 19 hours (SD: ±18, range: 1-129). Nine (3%) total episodes of PIV infiltration were noted, none requiring intervention for significant tissue injury or limb ischemia. Conclusion: Infusion of phenylephrine through PIV is safe when used in moderate doses for a short time and can be considered in lieu of placing a central line solely for this purpose.
Baclofen systemic toxicity: Experimental histopathological and biochemical study
Authors: Issa SY , Hafez EM , El-Banna AS , Abdel Rahman SM , AlMazroua MK , El-Hamd MA 
Published: June 2017

Objective: The present study was designed to highlight the toxic impact of baclofen on both biochemical and histopathological aspects in rats’ liver, gastric, lung, kidney, and brain tissues. Methods: The study was performed on 30 healthy adult male albino rats divided into four groups with 5 rats in each control group, and 10 rats in either experimental groups (two experimental and two control groups). Five rats (negative control) were kept in a quite non-stressful environment, provided with food ad libitum and free access to water. Normal saline (1 ml) was given orally as placebo in the positive control group ( n = 5). Experimental group III, baclofen acute toxicity group (10 rats): Each animal received a single dose of lethal dose (LD50) of baclofen orally by gavage. It equals 145 mg/kg body weight. The rats were observed for acute toxicity manifestations as well as for LD50 deaths. Group IV, (baclofen-dependent group, 10 rats): Each animal received baclofen (1/10th LD50) in gradually increasing doses for 1 month. Results: The levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine kinase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, cardiac troponin I, and prothrombin time in both baclofen-treated groups showed significant elevation when compared to controls. There were brain, lung, gastric, hepatic, and renal histopathological changes in baclofen-treated rats whose severity varied between the two experimental groups. Conclusion and recommendation: Baclofen toxicity is an under diagnosed emergency. Physicians should consider baclofen toxicity in users having hepatorenal dysfunction, presenting with altered mental status, bradycardia, and hypotension.
Acrylamide-derived cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, and apoptotic effects on A549 cells
Authors: Kacar S , Vejselova D , Kutlu HM , Sahinturk V 
Published: June 2017

Background: Acrylamide is a very common compound even reaching up to our daily foods. It has been studied in a wealth of cell lines on which it proved to have various toxic effects. Among these cell lines, human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) is one of that on which acrylamide’s toxicity has not been studied well yet. Aim: We intended to determine the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) dose of acrylamide and to investigate its cytotoxic, anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects on A549 cells. Methods: We determined the IC50 dose by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Then, the mode of cell death was evaluated by flow cytometry using Annexin-V fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/propidium iodide (PI) staining. Next, we performed transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confocal microscopy analyses for morphological alterations and apoptotic indices. Results: According to the MTT assay results, A549 cell viability decreases proportionally with increasing acrylamide concentrations and IC50 for A549 was 4.6 mM for 24 h. Annexin-V FITC/PI assay results indicated that acrylamide induces apoptosis in 64% of the A549 cells. TEM and confocal microscopy analyses showed nuclear condensations, fragmentations, cytoskeleton laceration, and membrane blebbing, which are morphological characteristics of apoptosis. Conclusion: Our research suggests that acrylamide causes cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, and apoptotic effects on A549 cells at 4.6 mM IC50 dose in 24 h.
Effect of a high phosphorus diet on indicators of renal health in cats
Authors: Dobenecker Britta , Webel Anna , Reese Sven , Kienzle Ellen 
Published: June 2017

Objectives High phosphorus intake may further impair renal health in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The hypothesis that a high phosphorus (HP) diet might be nephrotoxic for healthy animals was tested in cats, a species with a high incidence of naturally occurring CKD. Methods Thirteen healthy adult cats were fed a phosphorus excess diet (about five times maintenance requirements), and this HP group was compared with cats on a balanced control diet (CON). The trial lasted for 29 days (10 days of faeces and urine collection). Endogenous creatinine clearance was determined towards the end of the trial. Fresh urine was tested for glucose and proteins. Results Glucosuria and microalbuminuria were observed exclusively in the HP group in 9/13 cats. Creatinine clearance was significantly decreased after feeding HP. In the HP group phosphorus was highly available (apparent digestibility around 60%). Renal phosphorus excretion was significantly increased in the HP group (115 mg/kg body weight/d vs 16 mg/kg body weight/d in the CON group). Conclusions and relevance The intake of a diet with an excessive content of highly available phosphorus may have adverse effects on parameters of kidney function in healthy cats.
Comparison of carbohydrate content between grain-containing and grain-free dry cat diets and between reported and calculated carbohydrate values
Authors: Prantil Lori R , Heinze Cailin R , Freeman Lisa M 
Published: June 2017

Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the carbohydrate content of grain-containing and grain-free dry cat diets and compare major protein and carbohydrate sources of these diets. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of 77 randomly selected dry cat diets (42 grain-containing, 35 grain-free). Reported carbohydrate values were compared between grain-containing and grain-free cat diets. A subset of 25% of diets from each category (grain-containing and grain-free) was analyzed and nitrogen-free extract was calculated as an estimate of carbohydrate content. These calculated values were compared with reported values from the manufacturer. Animal- and plant-sourced ingredients were also compared between grain-containing and grain-free diets. Results Mean reported carbohydrate content of the grain-free diets (n = 35) was lower than the grain-containing diets (n = 41; 64 ± 16 vs 86 ± 22 g/1000 kcal; P <0.001). Reported carbohydrate values were higher than analyzed nitrogen-free extract (n = 20; 79 ± 30 vs 73 ± 27 g/1000 kcal; P = 0.024). Poultry ( P = 0.009) and soy (P = 0.007) were less common in grain-free diets than in diets containing grain. The alternative carbohydrate sources of chickpeas, lentils, peas, potato, sweet potato and cassava/tapioca were more common ( P <0.05) in grain-free diets than in diets containing grain. Conclusions and relevance This sample of grain-free diets had lower mean reported carbohydrate content than grain-containing diets, but there was considerable overlap between groups and individual diets’ carbohydrate/nitrogen-free extract content varied widely.
In vivo evidence of oxidative stress in brains of patients with progressive multiple sclerosis
Authors: Choi In-Young , Lee Phil , Adany Peter , Hughes Abbey J , Belliston Scott , Denney Douglas R , Lynch Sharon G 
Published: June 2017

Background: The oxidative stress hypothesis links neurodegeneration in the later, progressive stages of multiple sclerosis (MS) to the loss of a major brain antioxidant, glutathione (GSH). Objective: We measured GSH concentrations among major MS subtypes and examined the relationships with other indices of disease status including physical disability and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures. Methods: GSH mapping was performed on the fronto-parietal region of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS, n = 21), primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS, n = 20), secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS, n = 20), and controls ( n = 28) using GSH chemical shift imaging. Between-group comparisons were performed on all variables (GSH, T2-lesion, atrophy, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)). Results: Patients with MS had substantially lower GSH concentrations than controls, and GSH was lower in progressive MS (PPMS and SPMS) compared with RRMS. GSH concentrations were not significantly different between PPMS and SPMS, or between RRMS and controls. Brain atrophy was significant in both RRMS and progressive MS compared with controls. Conclusion: Markedly lower GSH in progressive MS than RRMS indicates more prominent involvement of oxidative stress in the progressive stage of MS than the inflammatory stage. The association between GSH and brain atrophy suggests the important role of oxidative stress contributing to neurodegeneration in progressive MS, as suggested in other neurodegenerative diseases.
Rationale and design of combination of an immune modulator Fingolimod with Alteplase bridging with Mechanical Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke (FAMTAIS) trial
Authors: Zhang Sheng , Zhou Ying , Zhang Ruiting , Zhang Meixia , Campbell Bruce , Lin Longting , Shi Fu-Dong , Lou Min 
Published: June 2017

Rationale In acute ischemic stroke patients with large vessel occlusion, although reperfusion within 6 h after stroke onset using combined intravenous alteplase and mechanical thrombectomy (bridging therapy) can improve functional outcome, still approximately 50% patients suffer disability which may result from reperfusion injury. Proof-of-concept clinical trials have indicated that the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator fingolimod may be efficacious in attenuating brain inflammation and improving clinical outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients as a single therapy beyond 4.5 h of disease onset, or in combination with alteplase within 4.5 h of disease onset. Aim To assess whether the treatment of fingolimod combined with bridging therapy in large vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke patients is effective and safe. Design and sample size estimates Fingolimod with Alteplase bridging with Mechanical Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke (FAMTAIS) study is a randomized, open-label, multiple central trial. This study includes 98 patients with anterior circulation large vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke who are eligible for bridging therapy, providing 80% power to reject the null hypothesis that, combined with fingolimod, the bridging therapy has an at least 15% higher penumbra tissue salvage index than receiving bridging therapy alone. Study outcomes The primary outcome is the penumbra tissue salvage index. Key secondary outcomes focus on: infarct growth and extent of clinical improvement from day 1 to day 7, frequency of parenchymal hemorrhage at day 1. Discussion If the hypothesis of FAMTAIS is confirmed, combination of fingolimod with bridging therapy is effective in attenuating reperfusion injury in patients with large vessel occlusion treated with 6 h of stroke onset.
Diffusion-weighted imaging or computerized tomography perfusion assessment with clinical mismatch in the triage of wake up and late presenting strokes undergoing neurointervention with Trevo (DAWN) trial methods
Authors: Jovin Tudor G , Saver Jeffrey L , Ribo Marc , Pereira Vitor , Furlan Anthony , Bonafe Alain , Baxter Blaise , Gupta Rishi , Lopes Demetrius , Jansen Olav , Smith Wade , Gress Daryl , Hetts Steven , Lewis Roger J , Shields Ryan , Berry Scott M , Graves Todd L , Malisch Tim , Rai Ansaar , Sheth Kevin N , Liebeskind David S , Nogueira Raul G 
Published: June 2017

Rationale Efficacy of mechanical thrombectomy for acute stroke due to large vessel occlusion initiated beyond 6 h of time last seen well has not been demonstrated in randomized trials. Aim To establish whether subjects considered to have substantial areas of salvageable brain based on age-adjusted clinical core mismatch who can undergo endovascular treatment within 6–24 h from time last seen well (TLSW) have better outcomes at three months compared to subjects treated with standard medical therapy alone. Age-adjusted clinical core mismatch is defined by age (≤80 or >80 years), baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) (10–20 or ≥21), and core size (0–20 cm3 in subjects older than 80 and, in subjects younger than 80, 0–30 cm3 with NIHSS 10–20 and 31–50 cm3 with NIHSS ≥21). Design Prospective, randomized, multicenter, Bayesian adaptive-enrichment, open label trial with blinded endpoint assessment. For the purpose of enrolment, ischemic core size will be evaluated by CT perfusion or magnetic resonance imaging-diffusion-weighted imaging measured by automated software (RAPID). Procedures Subjects with acute ischemic stroke due to computed tomography angiography- or magnetic resonance angiogram-proven arterial occlusion of the intracranial internal carotid and/or proximal middle cerebral artery (M1) with age-adjusted clinical core mismatch in whom treatment can be initiated between 6 and 24 h from TSLW are randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive mechanical embolectomy with the Trevo device or medical management alone. Sequential interim analyses allowing adaptation of enrolment criteria or stopping new enrolment for futility or predicted success will occur in every 50 randomized patients starting at 150 to a maximum of 500 patients. Study outcomes The primary endpoint is the modified Rankin Scale score at 90 days. The primary safety outcome is stroke-related mortality at 90 days. Analysis The primary endpoint, expressed as a utility-weighted modified Rankin Scale score is analyzed using a Bayesian posterior probability with adjustment for ischemic core size. For regulatory reasons, a nested co-primary endpoint analysis was added consisting of the proportion of subjects with modified Rankin Scale 0–2 between the active and control groups also analyzed using a Bayesian model.