bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Highly Efficient Gas‐Phase Oxidation of Renewable Furfural to Maleic Anhydride over Plate Vanadium Phosphorus Oxide Catalyst
Authors: Li Xiukai , Ko Jogie , Zhang Yugen 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMaleic anhydride (MAnh) and its acids are critical intermediates in chemical industry. The synthesis of maleic anhydride from renewable furfural is one of the most sought after processes in the field of sustainable chemistry. In this study, a plate vanadium phosphorus oxide (VPO) catalyst synthesized by a hydrothermal method with glucose as a green reducing agent catalyzes furfural oxidation to MAnh in the gas phase. The plate catalyst—denoted as VPOHT—has a preferentially exposed (200) crystal plane and exhibited dramatically enhanced activity, selectivity and stability as compared to conventional VPO catalysts and other state‐of‐the‐art catalytic systems. At 360 °C reaction temperature with air as an oxidant, about 90 % yield of MAnh was obtained at 10 vol % of furfural in the feed, a furfural concentration value that is much higher than those (<2 vol %) reported for other catalytic systems. The catalyst showed good long‐term stability and there was no decrease in activity or selectivity for MAnh during the time‐on‐stream of 25 h. The high efficiency and catalyst stability indicate the great potential of this system for the synthesis of maleic anhydride from renewable furfural.
Towards the Shell Biorefinery: Sustainable Synthesis of the Anticancer Alkaloid Proximicin A from Chitin
Authors: Sadiq Alejandro D. , Chen Xi , Yan Ning , Sperry Jonathan 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA shell biorefinery would involve fractionation of crustacean shells and incorporation of the components into value‐added products, particularly those that contain nitrogen. In a proof‐of‐concept study that validates this concept, the anticancer alkaloid proximicin A has been synthesized from the chitin‐derived platform chemical 3‐acetamido‐5‐acetylfuran (3A5AF). This study accentuates the leading role chitin is likely to play in the sustainable production of nitrogen‐containing fine chemicals that are not directly attainable from lignocellulose.
Co‐producing simulation models to inform resource management: a case study from southwest South Dakota
Authors: Miller Brian W. , Symstad Amy J. , Frid Leonardo , Fisichelli Nicholas A. , Schuurman Gregor W. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSimulation models can represent complexities of the real world and serve as virtual laboratories for asking “what if…?” questions about how systems might respond to different scenarios. However, simulation models have limited relevance to real‐world applications when designed without input from people who could use the simulated scenarios to inform their decisions. Here, we report on a state‐and‐transition simulation model of vegetation dynamics that was coupled to a scenario planning process and co‐produced by researchers, resource managers, local subject‐matter experts, and climate change adaptation specialists to explore potential effects of climate scenarios and management alternatives on key resources in southwest South Dakota. Input from management partners and local experts was critical for representing key vegetation types, bison and cattle grazing, exotic plants, fire, and the effects of climate change and management on rangeland productivity and composition given the paucity of published data on many of these topics. By simulating multiple land management jurisdictions, climate scenarios, and management alternatives, the model highlighted important tradeoffs between grazer density and vegetation composition, as well as between the short‐ and long‐term costs of invasive species management. It also pointed to impactful uncertainties related to the effects of fire and grazing on vegetation. More broadly, a scenario‐based approach to model co‐production bracketed the uncertainty associated with climate change and ensured that the most important (and impactful) uncertainties related to resource management were addressed. This cooperative study demonstrates six opportunities for scientists to engage users throughout the modeling process to improve model utility and relevance: (1) identifying focal dynamics and variables, (2) developing conceptual model(s), (3) parameterizing the simulation, (4) identifying relevant climate scenarios and management alternatives, (5) evaluating and refining the simulation, and (6) interpreting the results. We also reflect on lessons learned and offer several recommendations for future co‐production efforts, with the aim of advancing the pursuit of usable science.
0.75 V 2.6 GHz digital bang–bang PLL with dynamic double‐tail phase detector and supply‐noise‐tolerant gm‐controlled DCO
Authors: Wong C.‐H. , Li Y. , Du J. , Wang X. , Chang M.‐C.F. 
Published: December 2017

A compact low‐supply‐voltage yet low‐noise digital bang–bang PLL (DBBPLL) is proposed. The bang–bang phase detector is based on a dynamic double‐tail latch which enables high time‐to‐voltage gain and low input‐referred noise under tight power‐supply headroom. The ring‐based digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) is made of multiple gm‐controlled delay units and a constant‐gm‐biased current DAC. By combining these two blocks, the DCO can now better tolerate supply noise and process variations. A prototype DBBPLL has been implemented in a mainstream 28 nm CMOS process with a compact die area of 0.014 mm2. When operating at 2.6 GHz, it consumes 2.9 mW with 0.75 V supply and achieves low in‐band phase noise of −105 dBc/Hz.
Potato Insect Control, 1993
Authors: Slocombe A. C. , Ferro D. N. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Potatoes were planted on 5 May in South Deerfield, Massachusetts. Fertilizer (600 lbs 10N:10P:I0K/ acre) was banded into the furrow at planting. Soil was a fine sandy loam with a pH of 5.6. Manzate (fungicide) was applied at 1 lb. Al/acre on 24 May, and 18 and 27 Jun. CPB densities on 15 Jun were 1.6 adults, 3.8 egg masses and 7.9 early instars per plant. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of four 30 ft. rows with a 6 ft. fallow area separating each plot. All samples were taken from the center plants in the center two rows for each plot. Treatments were applied with CO2-pressurized sprayers at 40 psi, delivering about 70 gal/acre. CPB population densities were determined by counting larvae on 10 whole stalks in each plot. The number of adults, egg masses, early instars (first and second) or late instars (third and fourth) were recorded. All treatments were first applied on 16 Jun, and again on 23 and 30 Jun, and 7, 14 and 21 Jul. The every other week applications were applied on 16 and 30 Jun and 7 and 21 Jul (second generation). For the Novodor-Abamectin rotation, Novodor was applied on 16 and 23 Jun followed by Abamectin on 30 Jun for first generation, and for second generation Novodor was applied on 7 and 14 Jul followed by Abamectin on 21 Jul. For the Abamectin-Novodor rotation, Abamectin was applied on 16 and 23 Jun followed by Novodor on 30 Jun for first generation, and for second generation Abamectin was applied on 7 and 14 Jul followed by Novodor on 21 Jul.
Postemergence Liquid Vs Granular Insecticides for Corn Rootworm Control, 1993
Authors: Journey A. M. , Ostlie K. R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Performance of Furadan 4F as a postemergence spray timed to peak corn rootworm hatch was evaluated against granular insecticides. Plots measuring 2 rows (30-inch row spacing) by 50 ft were planted on 12 May in a Waukegan silt loam soil at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Research Station, Rosemount. Granular insecticides were banded ahead of the press wheel with a modified Noble applicator at planting. Postemergence (25 Jun) applications of Furadan 4F were made using a CO2-powered backpack (20 gpa), either broadcast or as a basally directed spray (10 inch band). Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Half of the Furadan plots were cultivated on 26 Jun. Three emergence cages, each enclosing 2 plants, were installed per plot on 29 Jul. Beetles were collected every 10 days from 4 Aug to 1 Sep. Percent lodging was determined on 16 Aug. A plant was defined as lodged if the base was tipped more than 45° from vertical. On 20 Aug, 5 roots from each plot were dug, washed, and rated using the Iowa 1-6 scale.
Control of Buffalograss Chinch Bugs with Combinations of Insecticidal Soap and Reduced Rates of Conventional Insecticides, 1993
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Kalisch J. A. , Steinegger D. H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The study was conducted on a buffalograss lawn in Lincoln, NE. The turf was maintained at a mowing height of 3.5 inches and thatch accumulation in the plot area was 0.25 inches. Field conditions at the time of application were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6-7; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, near field capacity. Plots were 4 × 4 ft and the experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied 3 Sep. Prior to application, the plot area was mowed to 1.5 inches. Treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer using a LF-4 tip at 24 psi and delivering 5 gal finished spray/1000 ft2. Immediately following application, plots were syringed with 0.25 inches water. Product efficacy was evaluated 8 Sep (5 DAT) by removing from each plot three turf-soil cores to a depth of 1 inch with a 4.25-inch diam cup cutter (0.3 ft2 total area per plot). Cores were returned to the laboratory and placed in Berlese funnels. After 48 hr extracted chinch bugs were counted.
Insecticides with Disyston 15G as Safener for Command Herbicide on Cotton in Mississippi, 1994
Authors: Reedy Jack T. , Jackson C. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticides were applied in-furrow with different rates of Disyston 15G in a split block statistical design with Command and Cotoran herbicides as main plots and insecticides as subplots. Insecticide treatments were paired across herbicides, and applied in 2 row plots randomized within each of 4 replications. Cotton was planted at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State, MS, in Marietta sandy loam soil with 10 lb of Terraclor SuperX fungicide per acre on 15 May with a John Deere 7100 Maxemerge planter equipped with Almaco cone planters for seed application and belt cone planters for granule application. Soil parameters were: pH 8.0, OM 1.13%, 9.3% clay, 29.5% silt and 61.2% sand. Preemergence herbicides were applied at a rate of 0.75 lb (AI)/acre (Command) and 1.0 lb (AI)/acre (Cotoran) at a volume of 20 gpa with a tractor mounted flat boom equipped with 8003 flat fan nozzles spaced at 19 inches positioned 12 inches above the ground at a speed of 4 MP. The herbicides were lightly incorporated by dragging a chain behind the sprayer. Application pressure was 35 psi. Thrips were counted by destructive plant sampling followed by washing the thrips from the plants and counting them with the aid of dissection microscopes. Plants collected for thrips samples were measured from the cotyledonary node to the apical meristem. Phytotoxicity ratings were made by rating each plot for white, red and yellow coloration on the basis of 0 (none) to 5 (all plants colored) and adding these values together. Rainfall recorded during the test was 0.5 inches on 15 May, 0.18 inches 4 Jun and 0.6 inches 8 Jun.
Eastern Tent Caterpillar Control on Cherry Trees, 1994
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Twenty 5-ft-tall pin cherry trees infested with eastern tent caterpillar were found in an abandoned field at Vann’s Pines (Ottawa Co.). The precounts were made on 23 May by counting the caterpillars visible on and within the tent without disturbing the tent. The larvae were in the 3rd-5th instars at the time of the test. The trees were blocked by the precounts. The entire tree was then sprayed with 500 ml of the treatment solution on the same d as the precounts with a R&D CO2 sprayer with an 8008 nozzle at 50 psi. Each treatment was replicated 4 times with each replicate being an individual tree. The weather conditions at the time of treatment were clear and sunny, 82°F, 2-3 mph wind. The postcount was made on 1 Jun by ripping open the tent and counting the no. of live caterpillars inside.
Whitefly Control on Poinsettia Plants 1994
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Thirty-five 6-inch-tall Poinsettia plants planted in 4 inch plastic pots were grown in a whitefly infested (97% Greenhouse Whitefly and 3% Sweetpotato Whitefly) greenhouse at the Pesticide Research Center, Michigan State University. Plants were obtained free of whitefly on 18 Aug. Plants were sprayed to runoff on 26 Aug, 2 Sep, and 9 Sep with a handheld R&D CO2 sprayer with an 8008 nozzle at 20 psi. Each treatment was replicated 5 times. Postcounts were made on 23 Sep by collecting 4 leaves from each plant and counting the no. of whitefly larvae on the underside of each leaf with a dissecting microscope.
Evaluation of Ac 303630 for Control of Twospotted Spider Mite on Rose Plants in the Greenhouse, 1994
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Thirty 30-inch-tall roses were grown in 3 gal pots at the Pesticide Research Center, Michigan State University. In early Mar the plants were infested with twospotted spider mites, raised on bean plants in the laboratory, by placing infested leaves on the test plants. Precounts were made on 21 Mar by collecting 10 leaves from each plant and counting the no. of mites on the underside of each leaf with a dissecting microscope. The plants were blocked by the precounts. Plants were sprayed to runoff on 25 Mar with a R&D CO2 sprayer with an 8008 nozzle at 50 psi. Each treatment was replicated 6 times, each replicate being an individual plant. Postcounts were made on 28 Mar, 1,8, 15 and 29 Apr in the same manner as the precounts.
Striped Pine Scale Control, Midsummer Applications, Golden, Co, 1992
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney , Cooper Dayna 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Trials were conducted at a Golden, CO golt course on Scotch pine that were heavily infested with striped pine scale. Applications were made 4 Aug to point of run-off on individual infested terminal branches. Plot design was a RCB with 4 replications. At the time of treatment nymphs were in the second instar; at evaluation males were beginning to emerge. Plots were evaluated by counting the total number of nymphs on 10 needle bundles collected randomly on 10 Sep.
Control of Insects on Potatoes, 1995
Authors: Foster R. E. , Buhler W. G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Seed pieces were planted 15 May at the Pinney Purdue Research Farm, Wanatah, Indiana. Plots consisted of single rows, 30 ft long, 5 ft apart, arranged in a RCB with four replications. Insecticides were applied with a CO2powered backpack sprayer using hollow cone nozzle tips and delivering 16.3 gal water/acre at 30 psi. All Admire 2F treatments were applied in the furrow at planting. Foliar sprays were applied 28 Jun, 12 and 31 Jul. CPB were counted on ten plants per plot on 27 Jun, 5, 17 Jul and 7 Aug. PLH adults were monitored with a sweep net. Results are presented as the average number of CPB per 10 plants or average number of PLH adults per 20 sweeps. Yields were measured by harvesting all marketable tubers from each plot on 30 Aug.
Alfalfa Insect Control, 1995
Authors: Spomer Stephen M. , Higley Leon G. , Haile Fikru J. , Foster John E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Treatments were evaluated on a 5yrold stand during the second alfalfa growth period at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, NE. Plots were 20 X 30 ft with 4 replications of treatments in a RCB design. Treatments were applied 12 Jul with a Solo 425 backpack sprayer, which delivered approximately 1 literlmin. Each plot received about 3.25 liters otwater along with the treatment. Alfalfa height at application was 64 cm. There was no rainfall during the sampling period. Plots were sampled 0 (pretreatment), 1, 7, and 14 DAT by collecting 20 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15inchdiam sweep net (stratified by date). Samples were frozen for later evaluation.
Corn Insect Pest Management with Recommended At-Planting Insecticides, 1995
Authors: Torrey K.D. , Leonard B.R. , Fife J.H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Nine insecticide treatments were evaluated against soil insects in no-till corn at the Macon Ridge location of the Northeast Research Station. Hairy vetch, Vicia villosa Roth, was used as a winter cover crop across the entire test area. An application of Gramoxone Extra (1.5 pt [form]/acre) was applied 2 wk pre-plant and again immediately post-plant to terminate all vegetation. Corn was planted no-till in a Gigger silt loam (pH = 5.9, 1.8% organic matter) on 3 Apr in plots of 4 rows (40 inch centers) X 35 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied as in-furrow sprays at planting (IFSAP), in-furrow granules at planting (IFGAP), and t-banded granules (T-BAND). A John Deere 7300 planter was modified to apply treatments through a granular applicator hopper box or as a spray directed into the seed furrow. IFSAP treatments were applied with a CO2 charged system calibrated to deliver 5 gpa through 8002 flat fan nozzles (1/row) at 25 psi. The number of insect damaged plants on the center 2 rows of each plot were recorded weekly for 4 wk beginning at seedling emergence. Plant stand density was measured on 11 May by sampling the 2 center rows of each plot. Intra-row skip distances between plants (&gt;12 inches) and seedcorn yields were determined on the 2 center rows of each plot on 15 and 17 Aug, respectively. The test area was furrow irrigated throughout the season and rainfall was not a factor influencing final yields. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, and means were separated according to DMRT.
Sunflower Beetle Larval Control, Nekoma, Nd, 1994
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Holen Carlyle 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was placed in a commercial sunflower field with approximately 25 SB larvae per plant. Plots were 4-30 inch rows by 25 ft in length. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied in 20 gpa 40 psi using a hand held CO2 sprayer on 24 Jun and followed overnight with a 1.0 inch rainfall. Larval counts were taken from 10 plants on 2 and 7 Jul. Total plant defoliation readings were taken on 7 and 16 Jul. Twenty foot of row from the center 2 rows were collected for yields on 27 Oct. A weed (ftixweed) reading was taken on 16 Jul because we perceived some differences between plots in weed competition.
Japanese Beetle Larvae Control on Potted Taxus, 1995
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Seventy 18 inch tall field potted taxus plants were grown weed and grass free in 3 gal plastic containers in a greenhouse at the Pesticide Research Center at Michigan State University. Each replication consisted of an individual plant and each treatment was replicated 5 times. Grubs were collected on 2 Sep from a heavily infested golf course fairway. Each plant was seeded with 10 grubs on 8 Sep. The rates of all treatments are given per 100 gal of finished solution. 500 mis of each solution was applied per pot.
Pple, Cm-006 Early Season Mite Control, 1995
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. , Smith C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Sprays were applied dilute to run off with a truck-mounted, high-pressure, handgun sprayer (450 psi) in two different orchards. Plots were set up in ‘McIntosh’ apple trees, ca. 2 m high, at the Trickier farm and in ‘Delicious’ trees, ca. 3 m high, at the Furber orchard. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, replicated four times. The sprays at the pink bud stage of CM-006 and Morestan 25WP, which was used as a standard acaricide comparison treatment at this growth stage, were applied on 12 May at the Trickier farm and 15 May at the Furber orchard. The petal fall treatment of CM-006 and Omite 30W, which was used as a standard acaricide comparison treatment, were applied on 1 Jun at the Trickier farm and on 2 Jun at the Furber orchard. Twenty-five mature leaves from either fruit clusters or terminals were randomly selected from the single tree in each plot on 16 Jun, 27 Jun, 11 Jul, 19 Jul, and 2 Aug. Leaves were brought into the laboratory immediately after being sampled and ERM and T. pyri were removed from the leaves of these samples with a Henderson-McBumie mite brushing machine. Data shown in the tables was transformed Log N(X + 1) prior to analysis with a Fisher’s Protected LSD test (P&lt;0.05).
Control of Rice Water Weevil With Fipronil in A Drill-Seeded, Delayed Flood Culture–Eup Study, 1996
Authors: Way M.O. , Wallace R.G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was a non-replicated experimental use permit (EUP) study with 4 treatments. Plot size was 3 acres. On 26 Mar, plots were fertilized by air with 55-40-0 at 56 lb nitrogen/acre. Fertilizer was in-corporated with a “Do-all” on the same day. On 27 Mar, a designated plot was treated with Fipronil 80 WG at 0.0325 lb (AI)/acre using a large (11 nozzle, tip size80015, 50 mesh screens), 2 person, hand-held spray boom pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 10.6 gpa. Following application, the treatment was incorporated with a spike-tooth harrow. On 27 Mar, plots were drill-planted (7.5 inches between rows) with fipronil-treated or untreated seed at 90 lb/acre. Seed was treated with fipronil at 0.0325 lb (AI)/ cwt seed. All seed was provided by Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company which obtained untreated, registered seed from G&H Seed Co., Inc., Crowley, LA. Plots were “rolled” after planting to help cover seed and to create a firm seedbed. Plots were flush irrigated (temporary flood for 24th, then drain) on 5 Apr. Rice emerged 15 Apr. No differences in emergence were detected among the plots. From emergence to application of the permanent flood onl6May(31d after rice emergence), rice was flush irrigated as needed. On 24 Apr, plots were treated by air with Stam 4E and Basagran at 3 qt and 1 pt/acre, respectively. On 9 May, plots were fertilized by air with urea at 55 lb nitrogen/acre. Furdan 3G at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre was applied by air to the designated plot on 30 May (14 d after application of the permanent flood). On each of 5 Jun and 24 Jun (20 and 39 d after application of the permanent flood), twenty 4 inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores were removed (each core containing at least 1 rice plant) from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. On 3 Jun, plots were fertilized with urea at 60 lb nitrogen/acre; thus, total nitrogen applied to the plots for the growing season was 171 lb/acre. All aerial applications were made by M&M Air Service of Beaumont, TX. Plots were not harvested due to mechanical and weather problems. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and analyzed by 1 -way ANOVA and LSD.