bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Black Bohemia”
Authors: Wilks Jennifer M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores how Harlem Renaissance authors Wallace Thurman, author of The Blacker the Berry (1929), and Claude McKay, author of Banjo (1929) and Romance in Marseille (2020), use Carmen to challenge the bourgeois, heteronormative dictates of New Negrohood. Their respective engagements with Bizet’s opera illustrate the elements that contributed to its transformation from unconventional work to canonical one: the magnetism of its title character, the adaptability of her story, and the capacity of both to evoke stereotypes as well as transcend them. One of the most striking components of the novels is that their citations of Carmen leave the figure’s emblematic rebellion largely inaccessible to their women of color protagonists; instead, it is white women and men of color who embody the liberatory spirit of transatlantic modernism as refracted through the iconic character. On the streets of Thurman’s Harlem and in the alleys of McKay’s Marseille, then, emerges what I call “Black Bohemia,” a name borrowed from the African American theatrical community in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century New York. In Thurman and McKay, Black Bohemia exists as an imagined site in which authors and characters resist the constraints of gender, nationality, race, and class yet refuse to grant full access to women of color. This complicated resistance looks back, recalling how Mérimée and Bizet challenged social conventions in their personal lives in ways that resonated with Carmen, and forward, foreshadowing how subsequent artists would mobilize the story and character as a means of creative, professional, and social reinvention.
“No more than the others”
Authors: Wilks Jennifer M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 shifts the focus of the book from North America to Africa and explores how the iconic character becomes a relatable yet nonetheless revolutionary everywoman. In situating Joseph Gaï Ramaka’s 2001 feature Karmen Geï and Mark Dornford-May’s 2005 film U-Carmen “in diaspora,” the chapter follows the example of scholars who prioritize the conception of diasporic cultural flows as multidirectional phenomena that travel across the Atlantic between Africa and North America. The work of Ramaka, Dornford-May, and their casts proves that Africa is more than a cultural or metaphorical reference for Carmen. On the contrary, the continent is an important site in its adaptation history. When Karmen Geï and U-Carmen conclude, they have not only encouraged viewers to rethink notions of gender, love, and belonging; they have also reinvigorated the Carmen myth with approaches that are at once more inclusive and more incisive.
Music as Representation of Bodily Striving and Failure
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter lays the philosophical foundation for the musical analyses to follow, asking how (Western classical) music approaches the depiction of war. Arthur Schopenhauer provides a valuable starting point—he proposes that music, more than other arts, can represent the Wille, the force of striving in all beings. Listening to a musical work, we can understand this (bodily) striving without being distracted by our own involvement in its operations. Schopenhauer also believed that this striving was always doomed to ignominious defeat and that we learn from music to detach ourselves from our lives’ goals. This chapter offers a critique of his “pessimism” while retaining his description of how music operates, and the chapter argues that Britten too rejects the idea that striving is always squalid and fruitless.
Britten, Auden, and the Spirit of War: Persecuting Bodies
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter studies a group of early works of Britten, written in collaboration with poet W. H. Auden, that offer insights into the later War Requiem. The core idea that Britten and Auden explore is that the aggression that leads nations to war is often rooted in an unwillingness to accept our embodiment and even a disgust with our bodies. This disgust leads dominant classes to persecute groups whom they stereotype as more bodily than others: racial minorities, Jews, and homosexuals. The chapter studies this theme in the early song cycle Our Hunting Fathers (1936), and, more briefly, in other works of the 1930s, including the opera Paul Bunyan (1941).
Research, the Foundation of Psychobiography
Authors: Anderson James William 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Research is the basis of psychobiography; a work cannot be better than the information on which it rests. Materials such as letters, diaries, and interviews with the subject and interviews about the subject are invaluable. Authors who limit themselves to easily accessible published materials will not do as well as authors who are enterprising in obtaining evidence about their subjects. One example is Leon Edel scouring the archives in studying novelist Henry James. Another is Joseph Ponterotto, who, writing about chess champion, Bobby Fischer, managed to interview Fischer’s sister’s husband and study the thick FBI file on Fischer’s mother. This chapter provides several examples of the research experiences of psychobiographical authors, including Doris Kearns Goodwin studying Lyndon Baines Johnson, Sigmund Freud studying Leonardo da Vinci, Deirdre Bair studying Simone de Beauvoir, and James Anderson studying William James and Woodrow Wilson.
Narrative Identity for Psychobiographers
Authors: Anderson James William 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Narrative identity refers to a person’s story of herself or himself, a story that is internalized and that evolves over time. Narrative identity brings together the person’s construction of the past with the person’s imagination of the future. Narrative identity is expressed when a person tells stories in which the person is an actor. Psychobiographers benefit when they pursue an understanding of narrative identity. Leon Edel developed a similar concept, the “life myth” that a person has about himself or herself. There are three aspects to consider in looking at narrative identity: the identity that a person shows to others, the identity that is conscious to the person, and the largely unconscious constellation of forces that motivates the conscious identity. Narrative identities explored in this chapter include those of George W. Bush, Oprah Winfrey, Harriet Jacobs, Miles Davis, Elliott Smith, Hemingway, Truman Capote, and Lincoln.
Analysis and Interpretation in Psychobiography
Authors: Anderson James William 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The ultimate challenge for psychobiographers, once they have gathered information about the subject and have guidelines in mind, is to analyze their subjects. There are some interpretative schemes they can draw on. The best-known one is Irving Alexander’s “identifiers of salience,” which Amy Demorest, who has done research on the identifiers, explains in this chapter. For some subjects, it can be helpful to identify a “prototypical scene,” which is an important memory that is central to a person’s sense of self and life experience. There are also general criteria, developed by William Runyan, for determining which explanations are better than others. The chapter describes an approach psychobiographers can use called “multiplex analysis” that results in creating an explanatory structure that is an interacting, reinforcing whole. Examples of psychobiographers using this approach are Leon Edel studying Henry James and Ruthellen Josselson studying Carol Gilligan.
Why Might a Psychobiography Go Wrong?
Authors: Anderson James William 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a short summary of the book and does so in an unusual way. It imagines that a poor psychobiography was written about the book’s author. The chapter explores what might have gone wrong with that study and, in the process, describes the reasons why a psychobiography might fail. The research may have been inadequate. The imagined author may have idealized or loathed the subject of the psychobiography. That imagined author may have misused psychological theory, perhaps by foisting dogmatic theory onto the subject’s life, or may have had little understanding of the subject’s cultural surround. The imagined author may have had little skill at analyzing a person’s inner life, perhaps due to lacking in empathy and psychological mindedness. Although obstacles to writing sound psychobiography exist, there are strategies for overcoming those obstacles.
Revolution and Migration
Authors: Morales Daniel 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The book begins by tracking the formation of an economy of migrant labor across northern Mexico and the American Southwest as it disrupted older forms of production. This new economy was intensified by the Mexican Revolution, which unleashed further cycles of displacement, refugees, and relocation. Mass migration took off with the pull of industrialization (and its relatively high wages) in northern Mexico and the resulting push of economic and social instability in Mexico. Violence further limited people’s choices and drove them to leave home for safety and survival. Two states in the heart of migrant-sending north-central Mexico, Guanajuato and San Luis Potosí, illustrate the preconditions of land alienation, mining industrialization, and railroad construction that fueled migratory patterns. Town-based networks provided the transportation, capital, and information migrants needed to travel north.
Tejas, Afuera de México
Authors: Morales Daniel 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Texas was home to the largest number of Mexicans in the United States. In San Antonio, migrants formed webs of social, economic, and political institutions that connected them to each other, American institutions, and back to Mexico. This chapter looks at the formation of Mexican identity based on the nationalist rhetoric of the Mexican Revolution and the institutions that supported it in San Antonio—the La Prensa newspaper, the mutualistas, and the Mexican consulate—to understand how the ideology of México de Afuera worked on the ground. More than simply a conservative ideology, México de Afuera, or Mexicanidad, enjoyed widespread support because it fit most migrants’ worldview. Central to this idea was the belief that people would return to Mexico one day. The Great Depression put this assumption to the test and led nearly every Mexican organization in Texas to support and organize repatriation. México de Afuera ultimately hindered the creation of a forceful defense of Mexican migrants as members of the US polity.
Epilogue
Authors: Morales Daniel 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
There was never a time when Mexico’s economy was strong enough to dissuade people from leaving for El Norte. If the Mexican public and critics were not reconciled to migration, the political elite was. The Bracero Program marked the acceptance of mass migration as part of the political economy of Mexico, at least by the Institutional Revolutionary Party. In the 1920s and 1930s, the Mexican elite saw Mexico as the rightful place for all Mexicans; they viewed migration as desertion and sought the return of migrants. The Bracero Program, once underway, created its own dynamics, driving more people, both documented and undocumented, across the border. Officials increasingly saw migration as economically and politically necessary, a political safety valve, and used it to bolster their state-building project. The program formalized and provided state sanction for the political economy of migrant labor between the two countries while drawing a distinction between “legal” migration (migration organized by the Bracero Program) and “illegal” or undocumented and unsanctioned labor migration.
The Big Steal
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
For almost two decades, U.S. courts, legislators, and antitrust regulators have consistently taken actions to reduce the strength of intellectual property rights in technology and creative markets. This policy trajectory has reflected the influence of an “accidental alliance” of two core constituencies that have common commitments to relaxed enforcement (or, in some cases, abolition) of intellectual property rights. These constituencies include, on the one hand, thought leaders in the scholarly and advocacy communities who resist robust intellectual property rights on ideological or other intellectual grounds, and on the other hand, digital intermediaries and vertically integrated firms that have an economic interest in reducing the cost of acquiring content or technology assets. This policy consensus reflects overstated or incomplete assertions concerning the impact of robustly enforced intellectual property rights and overlooks the enabling function played by intellectual property rights in facilitating investment, innovation, and competition in technology and creative environments. In both patent and copyright law, policy groupthink has resulted in a truncated property-rights regime that threatens the long-term performance of the U.S. and global innovation ecosystem by favoring technology platforms and content aggregators over “stand-alone” innovation specialists in biopharmaceuticals, semiconductors, and other critical sectors in technology and creative markets.
The Political Economy of Patent Law
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Since approximately the mid-2000s, the Supreme Court and Congress have taken actions that have reduced the strength of patent protections in the life sciences and information technology markets. This policy shift reflects a convergence of views among significant portions of the scholarly and advocacy communities, which have ideological or other intellectual commitments to curtailing patent enforcement, and platform-based technology firms and vertically integrated firms that have an economic interest in reducing the cost of acquiring technology inputs.
How Free Stuff Distorts Innovation and Competition
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The effects of weakening intellectual property protections—“free stuff”—vary since different firms and industries have different capacities to extract value from innovation through strategies that are not dependent on intellectual property rights. In the simplest case, which generally applies to the pharmaceutical industry and high-cost forms of content production, robust intellectual property rights are a precondition for eliciting investment given the low cost of high-quality imitation. In more complex cases, which encompass much of the information technology industry, innovation may sometimes proceed without robust intellectual property protection but will tend to take place within larger integrated firms that can monetize innovation within “walled gardens” or vertically integrated supply chains. Firms that specialize in R&D and seek to extract returns through licensing and “stand-alone” business models are likely to exit or never attempt entry in the first place. This distortion in the feasible range of business models for monetizing new technologies and original content is likely to have adverse effects as a matter of both innovation and competition policy.
How Weak IP Rights Shield Incumbents and Impede Entry
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Four case studies involving leading firms in key technology and creative markets show how weaker intellectual property rights can adversely impact competitive conditions in innovation ecosystems by distorting the range of business models for converting innovation assets into commercially viable products and services. Two case studies involving Google, Sonos, Netflix, and YouTube show how weakening intellectual property rights can shield incumbents that monetize innovation through vertically or systems-integrated structures while raising entry costs for firms that monetize innovation through stand-alone business models. Two case studies involving Microsoft, Apple, and Dolby show how strengthening intellectual property rights promotes both innovation and competition by enabling licensing-based business models that lower entry costs in both the innovation and production segments of the innovation ecosystem.
Parrhêsia
Authors: Saxonhouse Arlene W. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The chapter explores the ambivalent status of parrhêsia in fifth-century bce Athens, when it was a central practice and ideal for its democratic regime. The Athenian commitment to isêgoria ensured that every citizen had an equal opportunity to speak in the Assembly, but parrhêsia entailed the broader principle of daring to speak openly—without regard for tradition or hierarchy. However, two challenges confronted parrhêsia. First, there is no assurance that speaking freely means saying what one truly believes, rather than trying to control and manipulate others. Second, parrhêsia’s uncovering of the truth may challenge the traditions of a society, destabilizing that society and threatening the regime that has fostered it. After considering the status of parrhêsia in several public speeches presented in Thucydides’s History, the chapter turns to Plato and Aristophanes, who suggest an alternative venue for the exercise of parrhêsia, removing it from the public life of the deliberative Assembly.
Rhetoric and Republicanism in the Thought of Brunetto Latini
Authors: Nederman Cary J. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the thought of the leading Florentine republican Brunetto Latini. While the question of whether Latini can be classified as a populist remains a subject of debate, his admiration for Cicero is indisputable. Throughout the thirteenth century, many Italian cities grew in size, economic stature, and political self-confidence. In many cases, the long-held dominance of lords was displaced by populist, self-governing communes, some of which styled themselves on the model of the Roman Republic. Accordingly, political theories emerged that centered on normative and practical issues associated with those cities—among which Latini’s was one of the most influential. To clarify Latini’s republicanism, the chapter distinguishes two strands of Ciceronian thought: “rhetorical republicanism,” drawing on Cicero’s account of rhetoric; and “rationalist republicanism,” denoting Cicero’s conception of a just political order derived from the ability of reason to apprehend natural law. The chapter places Latini squarely in the rhetorical camp.
Republicanism and Populism in Early Modern Italian Political Thought
Authors: Mulieri Alessandro 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter contributes to ongoing debates on early modern republicanism, especially regarding its relationship to populism. Recent years have seen a “plebeian” or “radical republican” turn within this scholarship. This chapter aims to contribute to those debates, focusing on how late medieval and early modern Italian political writers, including Machiavelli, resume the Aristotelian definition of democracy as the rule of the poor. By comparing Aristotle to some late medieval and early modern thinkers, including Machiavelli, the chapter shows that the latter’s support for popular republics marked an important rupture with the Aristotelian condemnation of democracy. However, the chapter also argues that Machiavelli’s account of the relationship between democracy and poverty shares important similarities with other contemporary republicans who tackled the same theme. This leads to the hypothesis that a crucial feature of the Italian popular/populist republican tradition is its tendency to draw on the most populist ideas of Aristotelianism.
On the Battlefield of Rhetoric
Authors: Ragazzoni David 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the political theories of rhetoric developed by the humanists of the Italian Renaissance, a topic seldom explored by political theorists. It shows that a new kind of institutio was envisioned as the first step in the reform of political institutions. Eloquentia turned into an article of faith among a new generation of thinkers who emphasized the need for educated political leaders to address their fellow citizens as equals. Relatedly, the chapter draws renewed attention to the moral connotation acquired by the humanist study of eloquence, as an indispensable tool for political leadership. In this regard, the chapter unpacks two implications of this moral reading of eloquence. First, the constitutional specifics of regime types were much less important than the intellectual texture of those trained to rule. Second, the humanist rhetorical program was meritocratic and, at least in its driving ambition, profoundly egalitarian.
Vilfredo Pareto on Rhetoric and Populism
Authors: Damele Giovanni 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the historical context and contemporary relevance of Vilfredo Pareto’s early twentieth-century work on democracy, plutocracy, and rhetoric, focusing on the rule of “speculators”, understood as a stage in the wider process of circulation of the elites. In this stage, the governing elite accelerates the demagogic dynamics always present in the political sphere. In doing so, it gradually loses the ability to defend their position, through the use force. Thus, Pareto’s analysis not only warns us against the risks inherent in the “demagogic” phases of politics, and about the “discursive” characteristics of these phases. It also draws our attention to the role of force, whether it is used to protect a political position or to conquer it. To develop Pareto’s critique as a resource for contemporary democratic politics, the chapter makes two further interventions. First, it emphasizes that the theory of elite circulation plays a crucial, rather than subsidiary, role in Pareto’s thought. Second, it stresses the pivotal function attributed by Pareto to emotions and “sentiments” in politics. Combined, these concepts enable Pareto to demonstrate how demagogic rhetoric can emerge from intra-elite competition under plutocratic regimes.
Reconstructing Pluralism and Populism
Authors: Wenman Mark 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between populism and pluralism. Through a reconstruction of the term “pluralism,” and a consideration of populist and pluralist rhetoric, it argues that pluralism can help address the challenges of populism—but that it is misleading to construe the two as “opposites.” In support of this argument, it disaggregates various meanings of the term “pluralism” and shows why one iteration in particular, which associates pluralism with an anti-political version of liberalism, is harmful to attempts at countering populism. While populism (especially right-wing populism) presents a danger to individual liberty and the rule of law, the chapter contends that instead of placing too much emphasis on liberal values, we should look for a more political response. This response is found in the account of pluralism that emerged in the mid-twentieth-century United States: an account focused on preventing unhealthy concentrations of power and facilitating citizens’ control over government.
How Hip Hop Became the Leading Music Genre in the Digital Streaming Era
Authors: Gamble Steven 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter takes its cue from data that indicates that hip hop is the global market leader in the music economy. It adopts a wide-ranging approach to trace how the culture took form as a recorded genre and transformed along with shifts in the music economy—digitalization then platformization—to hold such a prominent position today. It addresses how hip hop thrives in the internet era, suggesting that hip hop’s ideas about public sharing resemble a complementary logic to networked conventions in mainstream online culture. To exemplify hip hop’s online prevalence, the chapter highlights the presence of hip hop in memes. It closes by addressing recent trends in music consumption, informed by the online context, and providing the foundation for subsequent chapters’ areas of investigation.