bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expert Systems for Process Control Rooms
Authors: Sargeant R A E 
Published: November 2015

An expert system is a computer software technique which is best (but not necessarily) implemented using languages and hardware systems from the artificial intelligence stable. The software technique offers the potential to encapsulate the experience and knowledge from many human experts and to effectively communicate it to other experts. The knowledge is mostly expressed in simple rules from which the expert system makes inferences that lead (to other rules and ultimately) to solutions to problems. The feasibility of building real time expert systems for applications in control rooms of process plants has been proven. Companies with sharp forward plans are investing in such systems now in order to obtain early benefits. The benefits can manifest themselves in improved security of production which is frequently directly quantifiable as cost savings. In 1984 the author led the team which provided one of the first practical demonstrations in the UK of a real time expert system for process control room applications. Here he reflects on practical issues of the pioneering exercise and some of the experience obtained whilst evaluating feasibility of large scale applications with European oil and gas companies. (Fig 1)
Chemical Events during Tooth Dissolution
Authors: Larsen M.J. 
Published: November 2015

The aims of the present survey were to describe some aspects of (a) enamel solubility in relation to pH and to the fluoride concentration, (b) chemical changes which occur during enamel dissolution, and (c) enamel resistance with an attempt to relate chemical events to clinical observations. The solubility of enamel powder increases dramatically with a decrease of pH. As long as the fluoride concentration in solution is high, the amount of enamel dissolved is low. When fluoride occurs only in the solid phase, the solubility is only slightly affected. Two clinically distinct lesions have been described in dental enamel: the erosion lesion, characterized by a dissolution of enamel from the surface; and the caries lesion, in which the enamel surface layer, accumulating fluoride, remains relatively intact, while the subsurface enamel dissolves. It was concluded that any dissolution of enamel is caused by an undersaturation with respect to enamel apatite. When whole enamel dissolves, the saturation with respect to fluorapatite determines whether a well-mineralized surface layer remains, i.e., whether the dissolution results in an erosion or a caries lesion. The degree of supersaturation with respect to fluorapatite determines the uptake of fluoride in the surface layer and its mineral content. It was observed that different areas of the enamel surface possess different degrees of resistance. A satisfactory explanation for the resistance has not been given.
An Outreach Approach to Facilitating the Transition from Military to Civilian Life: A Critical Choice Point for the Drug Dependent
Authors: Caron Herbert S. , Knight Victoria Bay 
Published: November 2015

This paper describes experience with an exciting new form of service that can be offered at a crisis or transition point in the client's life: re-entry into his home community. An application of crisis theory, the approach utilizes outreach methods rather than regular institutional contacts. The transition between military life and return home presents acute dilemmas for returnees, particularly those who adopted new patterns of alcohol or drug use. Drug use may have filled a need during military service, but may pose new problems at home. Correspondingly, the brief transitional period of re-entry presents some degree of crisis and decision for new veterans. (A crisis refers to special new demands or pressures whose immediate resolution lie beyond the client's usual repertoire of responses or skills.) This paper presents the rationale, design, and objectives of a re-entry program utilized with 83 men returning from Southeast Asia, many of whom had been exposed to heroin. The paper does not describe the nature of our clients' drug problems or an evaluation of program effectiveness, both of which will be presented in a subsequent publication. Rather, its focus is on the operational problems encountered, for the ability to anticipate such difficulties would be an asset to those contemplating the establishment of comparable programs.
Treatment for Narcotic Addiction in a Buddhist Monastery
Authors: Westermeyer Joseph 
Published: November 2015

During the period 1972–74, approximately 3,000 narcotic addicts from Laos were sent to a Buddhist monastery in Thailand (Wat Than Kha Bok). This massive effort was initiated by a devout Buddhist woman. It was funded from a variety of sources including a Buddhist woman's auxiliary in Laos, an international organization funding philanthropic activities, the Ministry of Health in Laos, the U.S. Agency for International Development, and the addicted people themselves. These particular data were obtained from 1,192 addicts admitted for treatment during 1973. Data were collected by trained employees in the Ministry of Social Welfare, using a format employed for previous research by the author in Laos. Demographic characteristics of the 1,192 people in the sample are presented. Clinical information in-eludes their age at addiction and the duration of their addiction. The sudden waxing of addict interest in this non-medical (even anti-medical) program is described, along with its subsequent waning. A limited evaluation of treatment outcome was conducted by the author in villages of Laos. These data are presented, along with mortality associated with the treatment.
Changing Patterns of Drug Use among Thai Youths 1972 – 1976
Authors: Punnahitanond Serin 
Published: November 2015

This study examines changes in rates and types of drug used by youths in Thailand. It reports information collected in two separate studies, one of which was conducted in 1972 and the other, in 1976. This research met the challenge set to serious investigators by informal estimates of increasing drug use among Thai youths that were reported in the mass media. The author and his colleagues undertook to investigate systematically the magnitude of drug usage among two specific populations, students and youthful workers. A survey instrument was administered to a carefully selected sample in order to learn about their degree of personal experience with illicit drugs, their reasons for initiating experience with drugs, their knowledge about the availability of illicit drugs, the types of drugs used, the age at which young people initiate drug use, the circumstances underlying illicit drug use, and youths' reasons for not using drugs. The author has examined the social factors associated with drug use. It is concluded that drug abuse reflects manifold factors in the larger society and cannot be seen solely as a problem of youth. As a consequence, drug abuse prevention and control measures that only address a youthful audience are likely to be ineffective. Although changing patterns of drug use can be observed among Thai youths, the nature of these changes and the direction of trends do not suggest that drug abuse per se is likely to diminish.
Discriminating Participating and Nonparticipating Supervisors in Occupational Alcoholism Programs
Authors: Googins Bradley , Kurtz Norman R. 
Published: November 2015

Occupational Alcoholism Programs (OAPs) are based in part on the assumption that supervisors are both suited for and willing to carry out the formal and informal program activities necessary to help alcoholic employees. Virtually every description of the policies or models of OAPs identify the supervisor as the person most likely to identify developing problems and for taking action once deviant drinking begins to disrupt normative behavior in the workplace (Trice and Roman, 1972). Despite the centrality of the supervisor to the OAP, little explicit data is available on the fit between the expectations of the OAP and the supervisor's role, nor is there empirical information on the differences between supervisors who participate in the roles prescribed by the model and those who do not. Previous research does suggest that there are factors which encourage and discourage participation (Trice, 1965) and additional evidence exists to suggest that supervisors may participate less than would be expected given the model's potential (Trice, 1962:496; Cunnick and Marchesini, 1977:86). This paper will compare supervisors who have used an OAP (participation) with supervisors who have not (nonparticipation) in order to identify factors that are associated with supervisory referral to an OAP. In addition, an analysis of potential barriers that interfere with the supervisors' ability to carry out the OAP role requirements will be undertaken.
Sentencing Drug Offenders in Australia: The Need for Fairness and Equality
Authors: Chappell Duncan 
Published: November 2015

What we can learn from the limited and deficient information available about the present sentencing practices of Australian courts in drug cases suggests that guided principally by an officially sanctioned philosophy of using “strong, firm and severe measures” to cope with the country's drug problem, the courts in most jurisdictions seem reluctant to use imprisonment with great frequency when sentencing drug offenders. Despite a continuing escalation by the government of the maximum penalties available for drug related offences, many Australian judicial officers appear in practice, if not in theory, to share the scepticism of the Williams Commission about the deterrent impact of severe punishment upon the behavior of drug offenders. Although imposing fines upon the vast majority of convicted drug offenders, there is evidence, largely impressionistic, that the nature and severity of the sanctions imposed for similar drug offences varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction in a manner which denies fair and equal treatment to these offenders. Documenting these disparities is extremely difficult because of the absence of national sentencing statistics. Until such statistics are made available to the courts, and until a number of other recommended measures are taken to provide sentencing guidance to Australian judicial officers, these disparities are likely to continue.
The Female Drug Abuser: Has She a Shorter Way Out?
Authors: Holsten Fred 
Published: November 2015

Findings concerning the background and drug careers of male abusers, who numerically dominate the illict drug scene, have often been interpreted as also valid for females. This paper focuses attention on the following problems: Do females who take up drug abuse have different backgrounds than drug abusing males? Do their backgrounds differ more from non-abusing female controls than male backgrounds differ from male controls? Are females more severely affected by their abuse than males when they seek treatment? Is the prognosis for female drug abusers different than it is for males? 100 young drug abusers (68 males and 32 females) registered in a treatment program in a general mental hospital were interviewed at registration and personally followed up 1.9 and 4.7 years after treatment. The patients backgrounds and situations at follow-up are compared with a group of controls of the same age, sex and area ofresidence.
Identifying a Drug Use Typology of Philadelphia Arrestees: A Cluster Analysis
Authors: Yacoubian George S. , Kane Robert J. 
Published: November 2015

The Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) program is a measurement system established by the National Institute of Justice to test booked arrestees for illegal drug use. DUF has consistently shown high levels of illicit drug use among arrestees, including those charged with crimes unrelated to drug use. Measuring the extent and nature of this illicit drug use is essential to, first, determining how severe the drug problem is, and second, developing ideal methods for combating it. Part I of this analysis presents an overview of the drug/crime connection. Part II describes the methodology of the DUF project. Part III, first, describes the utility of clustering as a statistical tool, and second, identifies homogeneous clusters of drug users from a Philadelphia population of 1,329 arrestees. Part IV assesses the policy implications of these classifications.
Structural Properties of Cotton Fibers: Part II: Birefringence and Structural Reversals in Relation to Mechanical Properties
Authors: Betrabet S. M. , Pillay K. P. R. , Iyengar R. L. N. 
Published: November 2015

Birefringence and structural reversals have been determined on 20 Indian cottons and correlated with their mechanical properties. The variation in spiral angles among cottons is influenced by the variation in convolution angle, and Meredith's observation that average spiral angle in the original unconvoluted fibers may be the same for all the varieties is supported by the results obtained. Specieswise distribution of structural reversals was determined by a simple, quick method. Deshi2 cottons have very few reversals as against cottons belonging to the G. hirsutum and G. barbadense species. Hence, the distribution of reversals appears to be a genetic characteristic and it would be worth investigating whether Wakeham and Spicer's observation of preferential breakage at points of reversals holds good for deshi cottons. The average distance between reversals is found to be highly correlated with the cotangent of the spiral angle at constant cell width just as in the case of wood tracheids and bamboo fibers, observed by Meredith; the peculiar behavior of G. arboreum indicum cottons in this regard has been pointed out. The manner in which the varieties of cottons selected for investigation influence the trend of the results is indicated.
Investigation of the Minimum Length of Cotton Fiber Effective in Single Yarn Tenacity
Authors: Tallant John D. , Fiori Louis A. , Little Herschel W. , Castillon Audrey V. 
Published: November 2015

A systematic investigation of the translation of cotton fiber length distribution and fiber bundle tenacity into single yarn tenacity is reported. The mathematical model proposed is: Y = af (l, x) × S + b where Y is single yarn tenacity, a and b are constants, S is fiber bundle tenacity, l is length distribution of the cotton, x is critical length, and f( l, x) is a numerical value termed “effective weight” which is dependent upon the entire fiber length distribution. The investigation was carried out over a wide range of twists and yarn numbers, the latter ranging from 15/1 (40 tex) to 80/1 (7.2 tex). The optimum f( l, x) was selected, and it was found that fibers shorter than about 1/8 in. do not contribute to yarn tenacity. Similarly, a 1/8-in. portion of each longer fiber is ineffective. This may be viewed as implying physically that, on the average, the 1/8-in. tip at each end of each fiber does not contribute to the yarn tenacity. Hence, the degree of translation of fiber bundle tenacity to yarn tenacity is a function of the entire length distribution. An interesting finding of this investigation is that the “zero”-gauge fiber bundle test is superior to the ⅛-in.-gauge length test as a criterion for relating bundle to yarn tenacity if the zero-gauge value is modified by the effective weight, i.e. f( l, x) above.
Otitis Media with Effusion: Results of Treatment with a Short Course of Oral Prednisone or Intranasal Beclomethasone Aerosol
Authors: Schwartz Richard H. 
Published: November 2015

A short course of prednisone suspension given in a decreasing dosage schedule for up to ten days was often effective (68%) in resolving mucoid otitis media with effusion (OME, middle ear effusion). No significant side effects were noted. Concommitant administration of sulfisoxazole suspension may have reduced the likelihood of activation of a quiescent infection of the middle ear. During an eight‐month mean follow‐up period, reaccumulation of the effusion was detected in 21% of the successfully treated children.Preliminary results of an unrelated, pilot project using intranasal beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol suggests that this novel method also may be efficacious in the treatment of OME.
A Simple, Inexpensive, Disposable Suction Device for Laser Surgery
Authors: Cohen Noel L. 
Published: November 2015

Described is a transnasal plastic suction catheter system for use in laser surgery of the upper aerodigestive tracts.The appropriately sized catheter is passed through the nostril into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, or hypopharynx, depending on the site of the lesion being treated. Constant, low suction is used to remove steam, smoke, and fine particulate debris as it is produced by the laser beam.This system requires no adaptation of conventional instruments, frees both of the surgeon's hands, is automatic, and of minimal cost.
Effects of Topical Sodium Potassium ATPase Inhibitors upon Endocochlear Potential in Chinchilla
Authors: Rybak Leonard P. , Morizono Tetsuo 
Published: November 2015

Sodium orthovanadate (vanadate) is a recently discovered inhibitor of the enzyme sodium potassium adenosine triphosphatase, which has properties similar to ouabain in peripheral tissues. The effects of topical application of vanadate and ouabain to the round window membrane of the chinchilla were studied using endocochlear potential (EP) and action potential as measures of cochlear function. The EP demonstrated an initial elevation followed by a secondary decline after topical application of 2 mmol vanadate to the round window membrane. During the EP elevation, the resistance was unchanged, but the action potential response declined, with a greater effect on responses to 8‐kHz tone bursts than to 2‐kHz tone bursts. Thus, it does not appear that the initial increase of endocochlear potential that was observed was due to a change in the resistance of the cochlear duct; rather, some other mechanism must be involved. The round window topical application of potentially ototoxic drugs accompanied by cochlear function monitoring appears to be a useful method for testing drugs with marked systemic effects such as ouabain or vanadate and is simpler to perform than perilymphatic or vascular perfusion.
Myringoplasty with simple mastoidectomy: Results in eighty‐two consecutive patients
Authors: Jackler Robert K. , Schindler Robert A. 
Published: November 2015

Eighty‐two patients underwent myringoplasty combined with simple mastoidectomy when preoperative indicators suggested an increased risk of failure with myringoplasty alone. Indications for mastoid exploration included (1) chronic aural discharge, (2) suspicion of cholesteatoma, (3) previous failed myringoplasty, and (4) small sclerotic mastoid. Healing of perforations was successful in 71 patients (86.6%), and the air‐bone gap was closed to within 20 dB in 85%. No mastoidectomy‐related complications occurred, nor was there a tendency to form postoperative cholesteatoma. Simple mastoidectomy is considered to be a safe and effective adjunct to myringoplasty in selected cases of chronic otitis media with perforation.
Butorphanol Tartrate: An Intravenous Analgesic for Outpatient Surgery
Authors: Cook Ted A. 
Published: November 2015

Many surgical procedures in otolaryngology, particularly those in the areas of facial plastic surgery, are best performed under a local anesthetic. The majority of these procedures may be done on an outpatient basis and require an intravenous analgesic of some form. This analgesic must be safe, predictable, easy to administer, have a rapid onset, and provide good amnesia. A short recovery period is imperative. Diazepam has been widely used in the outpatient setting, since it generally fulfills the requirements listed. However, the recovery time is often prolonged and unpleasant for the patient. Butorphanol tartrate, a synthetic narcotic, provides rapid analgesia in an intravenous dose, fulfills the other requirements for an analgesic agent suitable for outpatient use, and has a relatively short duration. Butorphanol tartrate has been used in an intravenous drip form for outpatient surgical procedures for the past 18 months. Its use in 400 cases representing a broad spectrum of facial plastic procedures has been closely monitored in both the operative and postoperative periods and the results tabulated. We have found butorphanol tartrate to be an excellent agent for local anesthetic procedures in the outpatient setting.
Hearing Preservation in Patients with Acoustic Neuromas via the Middle Fossa Approach
Authors: Wade Patrick J. , House William 
Published: November 2015

Twenty patients with acoustic neuromas were operated on in an attempt to preserve hearing. These patients were selected from a series of approximately 300 patients seen from May 1975 to March 1979. All patients were operated on via the middle fossa approach. Hearing was preserved in approximately 35% of the patients. Preoperative and postoperative audiograms were performed on all patients. Tumor size ranged from 5 to 15 mm. These current cases are compared and added to our previous series of 17 cases (10 with hearing preserved) from a series of 500 acoustic neuromas reported elsewhere. Selection of patients, audiogram results, details of the middle fossa procedure, and work by other investigators are discussed.
Interferon Therapy in Juvenile Laryngeal Papillomatosis
Authors: Lundquist Per‐G. , Haglund S. , Carlsöö B. , Strander H. , Lundgren E. 
Published: November 2015

Seventeen patients with severe juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis (12 in Stockholm and five in Umeå) were treated with exogenous leukocyte interferon (IFN‐α) prepared in Helsinki and Umeå, respectively. Tumor progression occurred in all cases before treatment. During treatment tumor growth diminished in all cases, up to complete tumor disappearance. Of 17 patients, nine were cured and no longer are being treated, four exhibit no tumor growth but are still being treated, one has visible tumor but only slight growth, two still have active but diminished growth, and one, who has refused further treatment, is experiencing active tumor growth as before the start of interferon therapy. It is concluded that IFN‐α therapy in a dosage of 3 × 106 units three times a week intramuscularly can arrest papilloma growth. Further trials are needed to optimize treatment.
Production of Mucous Glycoproteins by Nasal Turbinates in Vitro
Authors: Patow Carl A. , Shelhamer James , Marom Zvi , Logun Carolea , Feldman Bruce , Hausfeld Jeffery , Kaliner Michael 
Published: November 2015

An in vitro system of human nasal turbinate tissue culture has been developed. Nasal turbinate tissue resected during surgery for nasal obstruction is dissected free of bone, placed on absorbable gelatin sponges, and cultured with CMRL‐1066 medium containing antibiotics. Viability of explants may be demonstrated both physiologically and histologically through a period of 4 weeks. 3H‐glucosamine added to the medium is biosynthetically incorporated into mucous glycoprotein (MGP). Gel filtration column chromatography on Sephacryl S‐1000 in 6M urea in 0.005M phosphate buffer demonstrates human turbinate MGP to fractionate with 85% of the radiolabel filtered and 15% excluded by the column. The excluded MGP fractionates with globular proteins of >20 × 106 daltons, while the fractions that enter the column filter with molecular sizes of 0.4 × 106 to 20 × 106 daltons. MGP synthesized by human lung airways has comparable sizing characteristics, suggesting a similarity in upper and lower airway mucus chemistry.