bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multimethod, multistate Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach for use in regional monitoring of wolves
Authors: Jiménez José , García Emilio J. , Llaneza Luis , Palacios Vicente , González Luis Mariano , García‐Domínguez Francisco , Múñoz‐Igualada Jaime , López‐Bao José Vicente 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn many cases, the first step in large‐carnivore management is to obtain objective, reliable, and cost‐effective estimates of population parameters through procedures that are reproducible over time. However, monitoring predators over large areas is difficult, and the data have a high level of uncertainty. We devised a practical multimethod and multistate modeling approach based on Bayesian hierarchical‐site‐occupancy models that combined multiple survey methods to estimate different population states for use in monitoring large predators at a regional scale. We used wolves (Canis lupus) as our model species and generated reliable estimates of the number of sites with wolf reproduction (presence of pups). We used 2 wolf data sets from Spain (Western Galicia in 2013 and Asturias in 2004) to test the approach. Based on howling surveys, the naïve estimation (i.e., estimate based only on observations) of the number of sites with reproduction was 9 and 25 sites in Western Galicia and Asturias, respectively. Our model showed 33.4 (SD 9.6) and 34.4 (3.9) sites with wolf reproduction, respectively. The number of occupied sites with wolf reproduction was 0.67 (SD 0.19) and 0.76 (0.11), respectively. This approach can be used to design more cost‐effective monitoring programs (i.e., to define the sampling effort needed per site). Our approach should inspire well‐coordinated surveys across multiple administrative borders and populations and lead to improved decision making for management of large carnivores on a landscape level. The use of this Bayesian framework provides a simple way to visualize the degree of uncertainty around population‐parameter estimates and thus provides managers and stakeholders an intuitive approach to interpreting monitoring results. Our approach can be widely applied to large spatial scales in wildlife monitoring where detection probabilities differ between population states and where several methods are being used to estimate different population parameters.
Using citizen science data to identify the sensitivity of species to human land use
Authors: Todd Brian D. , Rose Jonathan P. , Price Steven J. , Dorcas Michael E. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractConservation practitioners must contend with an increasing array of threats that affect biodiversity. Citizen scientists can provide timely and expansive information for addressing these threats across large scales, but their data may contain sampling biases. We used randomization procedures to account for possible sampling biases in opportunistically reported citizen science data to identify species’ sensitivities to human land use. We analyzed 21,044 records of 143 native reptile and amphibian species reported to the Carolina Herp Atlas from North Carolina and South Carolina between 1 January 1990 and 12 July 2014. Sensitive species significantly associated with natural landscapes were 3.4 times more likely to be legally protected or treated as of conservation concern by state resource agencies than less sensitive species significantly associated with human‐dominated landscapes. Many of the species significantly associated with natural landscapes occurred primarily in habitats that had been nearly eradicated or otherwise altered in the Carolinas, including isolated wetlands, longleaf pine savannas, and Appalachian forests. Rare species with few reports were more likely to be associated with natural landscapes and 3.2 times more likely to be legally protected or treated as of conservation concern than species with at least 20 reported occurrences. Our results suggest that opportunistically reported citizen science data can be used to identify sensitive species and that species currently restricted primarily to natural landscapes are likely at greatest risk of decline from future losses of natural habitat. Our approach demonstrates the usefulness of citizen science data in prioritizing conservation and in helping practitioners address species declines and extinctions at large extents.
Effects of Manipulation on Attributions of Causation, Free Will, and Moral Responsibility
Authors: Murray Dylan , Lombrozo Tania 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIf someone brings about an outcome without intending to, is she causally and morally responsible for it? What if she acts intentionally, but as the result of manipulation by another agent? Previous research has shown that an agent's mental states can affect attributions of causal and moral responsibility to that agent, but little is known about what effect one agent's mental states can have on attributions to another agent. In Experiment 1, we replicate findings that manipulation lowers attributions of responsibility to manipulated agents. Experiments 2–7 isolate which features of manipulation drive this effect, a crucial issue for both philosophical debates about free will and attributions of responsibility in situations involving social influence more generally. Our results suggest that “bypassing” a manipulated agent's mental states generates the greatest reduction in responsibility, and we explain our results in terms of the effects that one agent's mental states can have on the counterfactual relations between another agent and an outcome.
Spirometric reference equations for Swedish adults
Authors: Brisman Jonas , Kim Jeong‐Lim , Olin Anna‐Carin , Torén Kjell , Bake Björn 
Published: February 2016

SummaryNew spirometric reference equations for Swedish adults are required. Three different older sets of reference equations clinically used in Sweden have various drawbacks and the recently published ‘The Global Lung Function 2012 (GLI) equations’ have been shown not to be adequate for Swedish normal, healthy non‐smokers. We have recently concluded that a piecewise linear model presented by Lubinski and Gólczewski accurately describes the distribution of spirometric variables in a large Swedish random population sample. This piecewise linear model also offers the important advantage of implementing easily physiologically interpretable coefficients. The present study aimed at presenting piecewise linear reference equations for Swedish adults based on a random population sample of 6685 individuals aged 25–75 years. Predicted normal values by the piecewise linear reference equations and lower limit normal (LLN) were compared with the three reference equations frequently used clinically in Sweden and the GLI equations. We found predicted normal values according to the present piecewise linear reference equations close to 100% predicted normal as expected, whereas the other equations either overestimated or underestimated normal subjects. Concerning LLN, the present equations, i.e. 1·645 × RSD, showed the least deviation from the expected 5% and, e.g., the GLI equations systematically identified too few subjects below LLN. We conclude that the present piecewise linear reference equations, based on a relatively large general population sample, ought to be considered for clinical use in Sweden. Application of 1·645 × RSD below predicted value gave an acceptably accurate LLN.
Does the development of chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury affect the prognosis after living donor liver transplantation?
Authors: Inoue Yusuke , Soyama Akihiko , Takatsuki Mitsuhisa , Hidaka Masaaki , Kinoshita Ayaka , Natsuda Koji , Baimakhanov Zhassulan , Kugiyama Tota , Adachi Tomohiko , Kitasato Amane , Kuroki Tamotsu , Eguchi Susumu 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackground and aimsChronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI) have been discussed as complications following living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). The aim of this study was to clarify the relationships among CKD, AKI, and the prognosis after LDLT.MethodsThis study included 118 patients who underwent LDLT in our department. A low eGFR (<60 mL/min/1.73 m2) was regarded to indicate CKD. AKI 1 and AKI 2 were characterized by an increase in the serum creatinine level of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/dL, respectively, within one wk after LDLT. We investigated the risk factors for and the relevance of CKD and AKI on the prognosis.ResultsAKI 1 was associated with sepsis and intra‐operative bleeding (p = 0.0032, p = 0.001). AKI 2 was associated with sepsis and hepatitis C infection (p < 0.001, p = 0.027). A pre‐operative eGFR of 60–89 and diabetes were the risk factors for the development of CKD in POY 2 (p = 0.018, p = 0.002). AKI 2, sepsis, and diabetes were the risk factors for the patient death within one yr after LDLT (p = 0.010, p = 0.002, p = 0.022). AKI 2 and sepsis were the risk factors for death within two yr after LDLT (p = 0.005, p = 0.018).ConclusionsRecognizing the risk factors and careful management for preventing both AKI and CKD may improve the prognosis of patients following LDLT.
Characterization of dermatopathology fellowship applicants: a 5‐year single institution experience
Authors: Uhlenhake Elizabeth E. , Smoller Bruce R. , Elwood Hillary R. , Shalin Sara C. , Gardner Jerad M. 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundAlthough much data have been documented on the characteristics of medical school applicants for dermatology and pathology residency programs in the United States and select medical and surgical fellowship applicants through the National Residency Matching Program, little is known about the dermatopathology applicant demographics.MethodsWe examined a 5‐year pool of dermatopathology fellowship applicants from a single institution (University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences) and compiled background profile data of the applicants to characterize an ‘average dermatopathology fellow’ applicant.ResultsA total of 229 applicants over a 5‐year period were included in the assessment. The majority were of pathology background with medical school and residency training based in the southern United States. One‐third of the applicants had original research publications, case reports or had given an oral or poster presentation in the field of dermatopathology.ConclusionsKnowledge regarding the average applicant statistics for a dermatopathology fellowship will allow prospective applicants to evaluate their own applications for strengths and weaknesses. This will also provide institutions information regarding anticipated statistics for a competitive applicant pool.
Identification of an HV1 voltage‐gated proton channel in insects
Authors: Chaves Gustavo , Derst Christian , Franzen Arne , Mashimo Yuta , Machida Ryuichiro , Musset Boris 
Published: February 2016

The voltage‐gated proton channel 1 (HV1) is an important component of the cellular proton extrusion machinery and is essential for charge compensation during the respiratory burst of phagocytes. HV1 has been identified in a wide range of eukaryotes throughout the animal kingdom, with the exception of insects. Therefore, it has been proposed that insects do not possess an HV1 channel. In the present study, we report the existence of an HV1‐type proton channel in insects. We searched insect transcriptome shotgun assembly (TSA) sequence databases and found putative HV1 orthologues in various polyneopteran insects. To confirm that these putative HV1 orthologues were functional channels, we studied the HV1 channel of Nicoletia phytophila (NpHV1), an insect of the Zygentoma order, in more detail. NpHV1 comprises 239 amino acids and is 33% identical to the human voltage‐gated proton channel 1. Patch clamp measurements in a heterologous expression system showed proton selectivity, as well as pH‐ and voltage‐dependent gating. Interestingly, NpHV1 shows slightly enhanced pH‐dependent gating compared to the human channel. Mutations in the first transmembrane segment at position 66 (Asp66), the presumed selectivity filter, lead to a loss of proton‐selective conduction, confirming the importance of this aspartate residue in voltage‐gated proton channels.DatabaseNucleotide sequence data have been deposited in the GenBank database under accession number KT780722.
Beginning Learners' Development of Interactional Competence: Alignment Activity
Authors: Tecedor Marta 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis study examined the development of interactional competence (Hall, 1993; He & Young, 1998) by beginning learners of Spanish as indexed by their use of alignment moves. Discourse analysis techniques and quantitative data analysis were used to explore how 52 learners expressed alignment and changes in participation patterns in two sets of instructional peer‐to‐peer conversations. The results of the analyses show that, although subject to great individual variability and not always following native‐like standards, English native speakers in the early stages of learning Spanish are able to express varying degrees of alignment in conversations with a peer of a similar proficiency level. As they strive to create a sphere of mutual understanding, they test different options from their linguistic repertoire and learn not only from their own attempts but also from those of their interlocutor. These results suggest that repeated engagement in interactional practice does provide the linguistic, social, and pedagogical affordances learners need to develop the interactional skills that will serve them well not only to build confidence and competence in the classroom learning context, but also hopefully in the world outside the classroom.
Comparing the OPI and the OPIc: The Effect of Test Method on Oral Proficiency Scores and Student Preference
Authors: Thompson Gregory L. , Cox Troy L. , Knapp Nieves 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWhile studies have been done to rate the validity and reliability of the Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI) and Oral Proficiency Interview–Computer (OPIc) independently, a limited amount of research has analyzed the interexam reliability of these tests, and studies have yet to be conducted comparing the results of Spanish language learners who take both exams. For this study, 154 Spanish language learners of various proficiency levels were divided into two groups and administered both the OPI and OPIc within a 2‐week period using a counterbalanced design. In addition, study participants took both a pre‐ and postsurvey that gathered data about their language learning background, familiarity with the OPI and OPIc, preparation and test‐taking strategies, and evaluations of each exam. The researchers found that 54.5% of the participants received the same rating on the OPI and OPIc, with 13.6% of examinees scoring higher on the OPI and 31.8% scoring higher on the OPIc. While the results found that students scored significantly better on the OPIc, the overall effect size was quite small. The authors also found that the overwhelming majority of the participants preferred the OPI to the OPIc. This research begins to fill important gaps and provides empirical data to examine the comparability of the Spanish OPI and OPIc.
Habitat engineering by beaver benefits aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem processes in agricultural streams
Authors: Law Alan , McLean Fiona , Willby Nigel J. 
Published: February 2016

Summary

Small‐scale discontinuities, formed by accumulations of wood, are recognised as a key feature of functionally intact forested streams because they promote organic matter retention, increase habitat complexity and provide flow refugia. Re‐establishing such features in physically degraded streams is therefore a common priority for restoration schemes. Ecosystem engineering by beavers in the form of dam building might offer a natural mechanism for restoring degraded streams. Despite an increase in beaver reintroductions globally, the ecosystem engineering concept has rarely been applied to restoring biodiversity and ecosystem function, especially within degraded freshwater systems.

By comparing multiple beaver‐modified and unmodified sites on headwater streams draining 13 ha of pastureland in eastern Scotland, U.K., we investigated if hydromorphological changes caused by reintroduced beavers (Castor fiber) translate into desirable biological responses when there is a long history of physical degradation and contraction of the regional species pool due to agricultural land use.

Beaver modified in‐stream habitat by constructing 10 dams, thus creating a series of interconnected dam pools. Organic matter retention and aquatic plant biomass increased (7 and 20 fold higher respectively) in beaver ponds relative to unmodified channels, consistent with the lower fluctuation in stream stage observed below a series of dams. Growing season concentrations of extractable P and NO3 were on average 49% and 43% lower respectively below a series of dams than above, although colour and suspended solids concentrations increased.

Macroinvertebrate samples from beaver‐modified habitats were less taxon rich (alpha diversity on average 27% lower) than those from unmodified stream habitat. However, due to significant compositional differences between beaver versus unmodified habitats, a composite sample from all habitats indicated increased richness at the landscape scale; gamma diversity was 28% higher on average than in the absence of beaver‐modified habitat. Feeding guild composition shifted from grazer/scraper and filter feeder dominance in unmodified habitats to shredder and collector‐gatherer dominance in beaver‐created habitats.

Dam building by beaver in degraded environments can improve physical and biological diversity when viewed at a scale encompassing both modified and unmodified habitats. By restoring ecosystem processes locally, it may also offer wider scale benefits, including greater nutrient retention and flood attenuation. These benefits should be evaluated against evidence of any negative effects on land use or fisheries.
The Pharmacology of Indomethacin
Authors: Lucas Sylvia 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundOver 50 years ago, indomethacin emerged as an extremely potent non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) during a massive effort to find effective anti‐inflammatory and analgesic medications. The 1960s saw acetic acid derivatives developed into indomethacin, diclofenac, and sulindac, and propionic derivatives into ibuprofen, naproxen, and ketoprofen. Indomethacin was likely the most potent of these compounds and one of the earliest to enter clinical trials. It is not surprising that indomethacin was among the first of the NSAID medications to be used in treatment of migraine and for headaches that eventually became known as “indomethacin‐responsive” headache disorders. Potential pharmacokinetic and bio‐mechanistic differences between indomethacin and other NSAIDs are of great clinical and research interest to explain this observation.Methods/ResultsThe present article summarizes pharmacologic properties of indomethacin, including pharmacokinetics with particular attention to its distribution into the central nervous system, adverse effects, drug interactions, and mechanisms of action. Data are emphasized where differences in biomechanisms are found between indomethacin and other NSAIDs. The use of indomethacin in pregnant and lactating women is reviewed.ConclusionsNSAIDs easily enter the brain, but their high protein binding limits absolute amount of entry. All work similarly as either nonselective or selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors, but indomethacin may have more potent vasoconstrictive activity and unique direct neuronal or nitric oxide‐dependent inhibitory pathway activity.
Usual interstitial pneumonia in asbestos‐exposed cohorts – concurrent idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or atypical asbestosis?
Authors: Attanoos Richard L , Alchami Fouad S , Pooley Frederick D , Gibbs Allen R 
Published: February 2016

AimsTo determine whether usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern fibrosis is seen in asbestosis.Methods and resultsThe occurrence of UIP pattern fibrosis was studied in four asbestos cohorts systematically referred following postmortem to the UK Pneumoconiosis Unit, Cardiff. The combined exposed workforce comprised >25 000 persons. Over the 17‐year period, 233 subjects were identified; 210 had degrees of interstitial fibrosis with a fibrotic non‐specific interstitial pneumonia pattern and subpleural accentuation, and three showed UIP pattern fibrosis. All three of these cases showed grade 4 fibrosis (honeycombing) with no asbestos fibre dose–response correlation. A Poisson distribution of probability analysis indicated that the observed cases of UIP in this workforce could be wholly accounted for by the prevalence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in the population.ConclusionsUIP pattern fibrosis is rarely observed in asbestos‐exposed subjects, and shows no dose–response correlation with asbestos fibres on mineral analysis; this points to an alternative disease, such as IPF. The results indicate that UIP pattern fibrosis should not be regarded as genuine asbestosis, irrespective of the status of asbestos biomarkers, and this impacts upon the postmortem handling of asbestos‐related deaths.
Raptors as legitimate secondary dispersers of weed seeds
Authors: López‐Darias Marta , Nogales Manuel 
Published: February 2016

Although raptors are not usually seen as seed dispersers, we demonstrate their important ecological role as legitimate seed dispersers of weeds. On the oceanic island of Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands, up to 11 000 weed seeds from a total of 39 and 62 different plant species, respectively, were found in 300 and 319 pellets, respectively, of two native predatory birds, the Common BuzzardButeo buteoand the Eurasian KestrelFalco tinnunculus, which consumed European RabbitsOryctolagus cuniculusand Barbary Ground SquirrelsAtlantoxerus getulus, both invasive mammals that carried these seeds in their guts. Four and seven weed species appeared with a frequency of occurrence greater than 10% in the pellets of Kestrels and Buzzards, respectively. Despite the time interval between pellet collection and germination experiments, almost 10% of planted seeds germinated, even after passing through two digestive processes, one inside the mammal and another inside the raptor. Our study encourages a change of perspective in this regard, as raptors may be involved in complex interactive dispersal processes on a wider geographical scale.
Indirect effects of mosquito control using Bti on dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) in the Camargue
Authors: Jakob Christiane , Poulin Brigitte 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) has become the most commonly used larvicide to control mosquitoes worldwide. Bti is considered non‐toxic to most organisms, except some Diptera such as chironomids, which are a major prey in wetland food webs.

Although Odonata are important predators of mosquitoes and chironomids at the larval and adult stages, no study has ever considered the potential indirect effects of Bti on Odonata abundance through trophic interactions. We addressed this topic in the Camargue where 2500 of the 25 000 ha of mosquito larval biotopes are Bti‐sprayed (aqueous solution of VectoBac 12AS at 2.5 L ha−1) whenever mosquito larvae appear in water bodies (i.e. 30–50 aerial treatments overall annually).

Adult Odonata were surveyed along a 100‐m line transect in spring, summer and autumn at three control and three treated sites over a 5‐year period.

Mean number of species (9.9 vs. 5.2) and of individuals (100 vs. 50) detected per year were significantly higher in control areas compared to Bti‐sprayed areas. Bti treatment contributed to 87.3% of the explained variance in Odonata richness, compared to 2.9% for site, 6.8% for year and 3.0% for salinity effects.

These results are coherent with other studies carried out in the same area and time period highlighting a lower abundance of chironomids, and a lower intake of odonates by breeding birds in treated areas.

We conclude that mosquito control using Bti should be acknowledged as a potential threat to Odonata.