bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaction of Magnetic Flux Ropes Via Magnetic Reconnection Observed at the Magnetopause
Authors: Wang Rongsheng , Lu Quanming , Nakamura Rumi , Baumjohann Wolfgang , Russell C. T. , Burch J. L. , Ergun R. E. , Lindqvist P. A. , Wang Shui , Giles Barbara , Gershman Dan 
Published: September 2017

AbstractUsing the high‐resolution field and plasma data obtained from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission at the magnetopause, a series of three flux transfer events was observed one after another inside southward ion flows, without time gap between any two successive flux ropes. Using the plasma measurements, the current densities within the flux ropes were studied in detail. The currents within the first two flux ropes, dubbed Fr1 and Fr2, were composed of a series of well‐separated filamentary currents. The thickness of the filamentary currents and the gap between them were sub ion scale, occasionally dropped down to electron scale. In the third flux rope Fr3 which was closest to the expected reconnection X line, the current displayed a singular compact current layer, was ion scale in width and concentrated on its center. Considering the location of the flux ropes relative to the reconnection X line, we suggested that the current density could be a singular structure when the flux rope was just created and then fragmented into a series of filamentary currents as time. By examining the interregions between Fr1 and Fr2, and between Fr2 and Fr3, reconnection was only confirmed to occur between Fr2 and Fr3 and no reconnection signature was found between Fr1 and Fr2. It seems that magnetic field compression resulted from collision of two neighboring flux ropes is one necessary condition for the occurrence of the coalescence.
Complement Receptors
Authors: Verschoor Admar , Kemper Claudia , Köhl Jörg 
Published: September 2017

AbstractComplement receptors are membrane proteins, expressed either on or in the cells that drive or regulate immune responses. They bind a wide range of the protein fragments generated in the course of canonical and non‐canonical complement activation. Interaction of such fragments with their cognate receptors activates and regulates the function of immune and stromal cells. Through these pathways, complement receptors control the recruitment of blood leucocytes to the sites of inflammation, promote phagocytosis and/or extra‐cellular killing of microorganisms by immune cells and clearance of particulate and soluble immune complexes generated during infectious or non‐infectious inflammatory events. Furthermore, complement receptor activation drives and controls the development of adaptive immune responses towards pathogens, allergens, auto‐antigens and altered self‐molecules through the induction of primary B and T lymphocyte responses. This article provides basic insights into the structure, cellular distribution as well as biological and signalling functions of the different complement receptors.Key ConceptsStructural diversity of receptors reflecting the diversity of the complement fragments engaged.Functional diversity, depending on the type of complement fragment involved and/or the type of cells expressing the appropriate receptor.Intra‐cellular expression and function of anaphylatoxin receptors.Homo‐ and heterodimerisation of anaphylatoxin receptors that alter their biologic functions.Cross‐talk of complement receptors with several other receptor classes.
Genetics of Long
QT
and Short
QT
Syndromes
Authors: Maragna Riccardo , Mazzanti Andrea , Priori Silvia G 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is the best described inheritable arrhythmogenic disorder. It is characterised by a increased duration of cardiac action potential secondary either to mutations that produce a loss‐of‐function of potassium channels responsible for cardiac repolarisation or to gain‐of‐function alterations of sodium channels responsible for cardiac depolarisation. Seventeen genes have been associated with LQTS. The first three genotypes discovered (LQT1–LQT3) account for 95% of genotype‐positive cases. Genetic analysis allows to identify the pathogenic genetic defect in 80% of patients and plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, risk stratification and treatment.
Conversely, short QT syndrome (SQTS) is the latest described inheritable arrhythmogenic disease, and its genetic basis has been poorly clarified. It is characterised by an abnormal shortening of the cardiac repolarisation, which may result either from gain‐of‐function mutations of potassium channels responsible for cardiac repolarisation or from a diminished function of voltage‐dependent‐L‐type calcium channels responsible for cardiac depolarisation. The five genetic forms of the disease identified account for only 20% of SQTS patients. Therefore, genetic analysis portends a limited contribution to the diagnosis and management of SQTS patients.

Key Concepts

Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is the best described monogenic inherited arrhythmogenic disorder, with 17 disease‐related genes described to date. The first three genotypes discovered represent about 75% of all LQTS cases.

The common pathophysiological substrate of LQTS variants is represented by a prolongation of cardiac repolarisation that can be secondary either to loss‐of‐function defects of potassium channels responsible for cardiac repolarisation or to gain‐of‐function alterations of sodium channels responsible for cardiac depolarisation.

Genetic analysis allows to identify the pathogenic defect in 80% of LQTS patients and therefore plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, risk stratification and therapeutic approach of LQTS patients.

Short QT syndrome (SQTS) is the latest described inherited arrhythmogenic disorder, and its genetic basis has been scarcely understood. To date, five genetic forms of the disease have been identified.

Genetic analysis allows to identify the pathogenic defect in only 20% of SQTS affected individuals.

The pathophysiological substrate of SQTS resides in an abnormal shortening of cardiac repolarisation, which can be secondary to gain‐of‐function mutations harboured in potassium channels or to loss‐of‐function defects of voltage‐dependent L‐type calcium channels.

Due to the lack of genotype–phenotype correlation information to this date and due to the low yield of genetic testing, in SQTS genetic analysis does not help in risk stratification and clinical management of affected individuals.
Genetic Heterogeneity between Berbers and Arabs
Authors: Arauna Lara R , Comas David 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

The human population history of North Africa has been different from the rest of the continent, and it has been characterised by population replacements, extensive continuous gene flow, and differential admixture from neighbouring regions. This complex demographic landscape has yielded a large degree of genetic heterogeneity among North African populations. Recent historical admixture processes have been inferred from genome‐wide data; no correlation between genetics and ethnic groups has been described, pointing to a lack of genetic differentiation between Berber and Arab groups in North Africa. This complex genetic population structure should be taken into account when designing biomedical approaches in North African groups.

Key Concepts

A back‐to‐Africa migration replaced the population of North Africa in pre‐Holocene times.

North African populations are very heterogeneous and are composed of North African, Middle Eastern, sub‐Saharan and European genetic components.

No genetic differences have been found between Arab and Berber groups.

The Arab expansion had an important cultural and genetic impact in North Africa.

The Berber people are genetically diverse and heterogeneous.
Organocatalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl‐Containing Tetralin Derivatives by Sequential (Hetero)Michael Reaction–Intramolecular Nitrone Cycloaddition
Authors: Rabasa‐Alcañiz Fernando , Torres Javier , Sánchez‐Roselló María , Tejero Tomás , Merino Pedro , Fustero Santos , del Pozo Carlos 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe enantioselective synthesis of tetralin derivatives bearing a trifluoromethylated all‐carbon quaternary stereocenter has been accomplished through a synthetic sequence comprising an organocatalytic β‐functionalization of ortho‐1‐trifluoromethylvinyl‐(hetero)aromatic conjugated aldehydes followed by the intramolecular nitrone 1,3‐cycloaddition reaction (INCR). Both nitromethane and N‐Cbz‐hydroxylamine were employed as nucleophiles in the initial organocatalytic conjugate addition step, which provided the chiral information required for the subsequent diastereoselective INCR. Although diastereoselectivity was moderate, good yields and enantioselectivities were, in general, obtained. Interestingly, an inversion of the selectivity in the intramolecular cycloaddition step was observed when either nitromethane or N‐Cbz‐hydroxylamine was employed. This outcome was studied by means of theoretical calculations, which were in agreement with the experimental results. In addition, the ring opening of the isoxazolidine moiety furnished the corresponding fluorinated diamino alcohols in a very efficient manner.magnified image
Recent Progress in Organocatalytic Asymmetric Domino Transformations
Authors: Chanda Tanmoy , Zhao John C.‐G. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSustainability in chemical synthesis is a major aspect of the current synthetic endeavors and, therefore, mimicking the biological process in the laboratory nowadays has the highest priority. Towards achieving this goal, designing organic reactions in domino mode rather than the multistep synthetic pathways and using organocatalysis instead of metal catalysis have received a lot of attention due to the inherent advantages of these processes in terms of synthetic efficiency and sustainability. As a result, the field of asymmetric organocatalytic domino reactions has witnessed tremendous progress in recent years. This review attempts to summarize the latest developments in asymmetric organocatalyzed domino reactions since 2012, with the emphasis on the catalysts and reaction modes. Discussions on the reaction mechanisms and the applications of the developed domino reaction methods in the synthesis of biologically active molecules and natural products are also included when appropriate.magnified image
Measuring leading placental edge to internal cervical os: Transabdominal versus transvaginal approach
Authors: Westerway Susan Campbell , Hyett Jon , Henning Pedersen Lars 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe aimed to compare the value of transabdominal (TA) and transvaginal (TV) approaches for assessing the risk of a low‐lying placenta. This involved a comparison of TA and TV measurements between the leading placental edge and the internal cervical os. We also assessed the intra‐/interobserver variation for these measurements and the efficacy of TA measures in screening for a low placenta.MethodologyTransabdominal and TV measurements of the leading placental edge to the internal cervical os were performed on 369 consecutive pregnancies of 16–41 weeks' gestation. The difference (TA‐TV) from the mean was calculated and plotted against gestational age. Bland‐Altman plots and paired t‐tests were used to look at the differences in TA/TV measurement. Screening performance of a transabdominal approach was compared to a transvaginal ‘gold standard'. Nonparametric methods were used to calculate the area under the receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curve. Intra‐/interobserver variations were also calculated.ResultsOf the pregnancies, 278 had a leading placental edge that was visible with the TV approach. Differences (TA‐TV) ranged from −50 mm to +57 mm. Bland‐Altman plot shows that TA measurements overestimated the distance compared with the TV measurements; the average difference in measurement was 12.0 mm (95% confidence interval 9.9–14.1). The sensitivity, specificity and negative predictive values of a TA approach were 18.2%, 97.5% and 87.2%, respectively. The receiver operator characteristics area between gestational weeks 16–23 was 0.81 (95% CI: 0.76–0.86).ConclusionThe TA approach has a low sensitivity for detecting a low‐lying placenta as choosing a TA cut‐off with sensitivity >90% will decrease the specificity to 50%.
Nanobodies: Chemical Functionalization Strategies and Intracellular Applications
Authors: Schumacher Dominik , Helma Jonas , Schneider Anselm F. L. , Leonhardt Heinrich , Hackenberger Christian P. R. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractNanobodies can be seen as next‐generation tools for the recognition and modulation of antigens that are inaccessible to conventional antibodies. Due to their compact structure and high stability, nanobodies see frequent usage in basic research, and their chemical functionalization opens the way towards promising diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this Review, central aspects of nanobody functionalization are presented, together with selected applications. While early conjugation strategies relied on the random modification of natural amino acids, more recent studies have focused on the site‐specific attachment of functional moieties. Such techniques include chemoenzymatic approaches, expressed protein ligation, and amber suppression in combination with bioorthogonal modification strategies. Recent applications range from sophisticated imaging and mass spectrometry to the delivery of nanobodies into living cells for the visualization and manipulation of intracellular antigens.
Sulfamic acid immobilized on amino‐functionalized magnetic nanoparticles: A new and active magnetically recoverable catalyst for the synthesis of N‐heterocyclic compounds
Authors: Shiri Lotfi , Narimani Hojatollah , Kazemi Mosstafa 
Published: September 2017

Sulfamic acid immobilized on amino‐functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs/DETA‐SA) was successfully fabricated and characterized using various techniques. Diameters of approximately 15 nm for the MNPs/DETA‐SA were observed from scanning electron microscopy images. The as‐fabricated nanocomposite was applied as an efficient and magnetically reusable catalyst for the synthesis of 2,3‐dihydroquinazoline‐4(1H)‐one and polyhydroquinoline derivatives. All products were obtained in good to excellent yields. Recovery tests confirm that the catalyst can be readily recovered using an external magnet and reused many times without significant loss of its catalytic activity.
Covalent bonding of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles to aminopropyl‐functionalized magnesium phyllosilicate clay: Synthesis and cytotoxic potential investigation
Authors: Nasrabadi Hasan , Amirghofran Zahra , Esmaeilbeig Ahmadreza , Bahrami Mehrangiz , Jafar Hoseini S. 
Published: September 2017

Stable water dispersion of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully synthesized by using 3‐glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and Mg‐phyllo (organo) silicate known as aminoclay (AC) containing pendant amino groups with the approximate composition (R8Si8Mg6O16(OH)4, R = CH2CH2CH2NH2). The Fe3O4‐GPTMS magnetic NPs with an epoxy functional group are suitable for forming a covalent bond with the amine group of aminoclay in an epoxy ring opening reaction. Appropriate Fe3O4‐GPTMS‐aminoclay (FG‐AC) magnetic composite are promising carriers for the targeting and delivery of platinum‐based anticancer drugs. Analysis of the cytotoxicity of the nanostructures on a K562 leukemia cell line using a colorimetery assay shows that both the FG‐AC and cis‐platin/FG‐AC magnetic composite were biocompatible. The nanostructures characterizations were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive analysis of X‐ray techniques. Magnetic measurement revealed that the saturated magnetization of the FG‐AC nanocomposite reached 7.6 emu/g and showed the characteristics of magnetism.
Guanine oxidation signal enhancement in single strand DNA with polyacrylonitrile/polyaniline (PAN/PAni) hybrid nanofibers
Authors: Cam Ezginur , Aladag Tanik Nilay , Cerkez Idris , Demirkan Elif , Aykut Yakup 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTPure polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polyacrylonitrile/polyaniline (PAN/PAni) hybrid nanofibers (NFs) were produced via electrospinning and used to monitor guanine oxidation in single strand DNA (ssDNA) by electrochemical methods. Two different methodologies were conducted. First, pre‐synthesized PAni was added into electrospinning PAN solution and electrospun into composite PAN/PAni nanofibrous structure on cylindrical pencil graphite (PGE) surface. In the second route, PAN NFs were electrospun on a PGE surfaces and polymerization of PAni was conducted on the surfaces of the as‐spun PAN NFs. NFs were kept at −18 °C in a refrigerator for several days. ssDNA was immobilized on the prepared NFs and guanine oxidation signals were observed for each system. The results revealed that use of PAN NFs enhanced signal intensity from 0.92 µA (PGE) to 1.04 µA (PAN NFs). Addition of PAni to PAN increased signal intensity to 1.23 µA. When the PAN NF surfaces were coated with PAni, signal enhancement continued to increase up to 4.19 µA for fourth day and decreased again when PAni‐coated NFs were kept at −18 °C in the refrigerator. Since the prepared system is fast and cheap, it is promising for application in DNA biosensor devices. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45567.
Microsatellite analysis of genetic diversity and genetic structure of the Chinese freshwater mussel Solenaia carinata (Bivalvia: Unionidae)
Authors: Sun Tingting , Liu Xiongjun , Zhou Chunhua , Ding Hongxiu , Yang Wenjing , Zanatta David T. , Ouyang Shan , Wu Xiaoping 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

The freshwater mussels (Unionidae) in the Yangtze River basin of China are among the most diverse assemblages on Earth. Freshwater mussels provide valuable ecosystem services (e.g. natural water filtration) and economic value (shell, pearls, and food), but are experiencing global declines as a result of pollution, habitat alteration, and overharvest.
Despite the diversity and value of freshwater mussels in the Yangtze River basin, relatively little is known about the biology of the many species endemic to the region. Solenaia carinata is an endemic and potentially imperilled freshwater mussel (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in China that is distributed in a single major tributary of the middle Yangtze; the Poyang Lake basin in Jiangxi Province.
This study represents the first analyses of the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of S. carinata. Solenaia carinata specimens (n=64) were collected from three sites in large tributary rivers of Poyang Lake.
Using 19 polymorphic microsatellite markers, the results showed that S. carinata had a moderate level of genetic diversity (PIC ranged from 0.464 to 0.484), limited evidence of a recent genetic bottleneck, little genetic differentiation (FST ranged from 0.021 to 0.045), high levels of gene flow (Nm ranged from 3.675 to 33.227) and limited genetic structure among the three sampling locations.
Given that S. carinata inhabits a highly interconnected system of large rivers and lakes, the results of low differentiation and high gene flow among geographically proximate sampling locations (sites separated by between 8 and 20 km of water) are not surprising. The results indicate that specimens can be used and moved from anywhere across the distribution of S. carinata for the purposes of captive propogation and translocation.
Control of two Electrical Plants
Authors: Rubio José de Jesús , Lopez Jesus , Pacheco Jaime , Encinas Rodrigo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn this paper, a controller is recommended for the regulation of two electrical plants. Since electrical plants generate electricity all the time, the regulation to get that all the plant states reach constant behaviors is important. Two main characteristics of the introduced method are: (i) it is based in the separation of the plant model equations, only some model equations are chosen for the regulation while the other model equations are ignored, it avoids the difficulty in the consideration of the full plant model; (ii) the Lyapunov strategy is employed to analyze the stability of the selected model equations in the electrical plant, it lets to ensure the regulation purpose. The advised method is applied in a gas turbine and a wind turbine for the electricity generation.
Process development and techno‐economic analysis of bio‐based succinic acid derived from pentoses integrated to a sugarcane biorefinery
Authors: Klein Bruno C. , Silva Jean F.L. , Junqueira Tassia L. , Rabelo Sarita C. , Arruda Priscila V. , Ienczak Jaciane L. , Mantelatto Paulo E. , Pradella José G.C. , Junior Silvio Vaz , Bonomi Antonio 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBio‐based succinic acid is a potential building block for the production of renewable chemicals and polymers. The use of hemicellulosic hydrolyzate from sugarcane bagasse allows production of succinic acid without competing with food chains and increasing the biomass ‐aggregated value. This work assesses the economic impacts of integrating the production of ‐succinic acid on an optimized sugarcane biorefinery with the production of first‐generation ethanol and electricity. Process simulation was performed to obtain mass and energy balances of the entire process, from bagasse pre‐treatment to pentose fermentation and succinic acid recovery, using several pieces of technical information and data taken from the scientific literature. After ‐assessing the impacts of key economic variables through risk analysis, the obtained results were benchmarked against those of an optimized ethanol distillery. Calculated succinic acid production cost was US$ 2.32/kg, comparable to costs related to less expensive sugar sources. The integrated succinic acid biorefinery presented a slightly lower internal rate of return (IRR) compared to an ‐ethanol distillery. However, even when considering uncertainties, succinic acid production has a strong probability (84.6%) of achieving an IRR higher than 12%. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Cross‐country differences in consumer cosmopolitanism and ethnocentrism: A multilevel analysis with 21 countries
Authors: Han C. Min , Won Sung Bin 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the country‐level antecedents of cross‐country differences in consumer cosmopolitanism and consumer ethnocentrism (CET) using samples from 21 nations. Country‐level antecedents have not been examined extensively in the past, in spite of their importance in understanding consumer behavior across countries. Specifically, we perform a multilevel analysis with various country‐level cultural and economic antecedents as between‐country factors and individual‐level demographics as within‐country covariates. Our findings show that the level of consumer cosmopolitanism in a country is related to several country‐level factors. It was found to be high in more individualistic, less masculine, and high‐uncertainty‐avoidance cultures; developing countries; and countries with trade surpluses. On the other hand, CET had a high level in economically open countries. In addition, CET was higher among older consumers across countries.
Acromegaly and Cushing's syndrome caused by a neuroendocrine tumor arising within a sacrococcygeal teratoma
Authors: Babiker Tarig , Kyrodimou Efstathia , Berney Daniel M. , Gurnell Mark , Drake William M. , Brooke Antonia 
Published: September 2017

Key Clinical MessageA 60‐year‐old man with a pre‐existing stable sacrococcygeal teratoma developed acromegaly, ectopic Cushing's syndrome, and 5HIAA secretion. To our knowledge, this represents the first reported case of ACTH and serotonin secretion, and likely GHRH or GH cosecretion, from a sacrococcygeal teratoma in an adult.