bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maternal Pregestational Weight and Multiple Pregnancy Duration
Authors: Konwinski T. , Gerard C. , Hult A.M. , Papiernik-Berkhauer E. 
Published: July 2016

Statistical studies have shown a significant correlation between maternal pregestational weight and duration of pregnancy (i.e., a low weight may cause a shortening of pregnancy). Duration of pregnancy is further correlated to the weight gain (i.e., it is shortened by an insufficient gain). This phenomenon is observed in thin women, but not in women of heavy weight before the pregnancy.The studies of weight losses obtained through hypocaloric or sodium-free diets or diuretics, show that a sudden weight loss may cause a shortening of pregnancy duration. This is verified in patients with normal or insufficient weight gain and starting with a normal or small weight, but not in overweight patients or with an important weight gain.This study demonstrates the dangers of excessive measures toward prevention of toxemia. The decision of compulsive weight loss in mothers with multiple pregnancy must be well thought and carefully applied, for excessive measures could reduce the duration of pregnancy and thus increase the risks of perinatal death.
Management of Twin Labor
Authors: Sternadel Z. , Lysikiewicz A. 
Published: July 2016

Investigations were carried out on 68 labors in twin pregnancies. It was observed that, upon stimulation of uterine contractions by means of oxytocic agents, mainly oxytocin (90%), the mean duration of labor was significantly reduced to about 7 hours, and prolonged labors (over 20 hours) were completely eliminated. The time between delivery of the first and the second baby is now below 30 minutes in all cases, and this is regarded as the optimum time. No neonatal deaths were observed in labors taking place at term. The condition of the newborns at birth was estimated in accordance with the Apgar score and it was found that the second newborn scored worse than the first one; a fact definitely related to the higher proportion of operative procedures during delivery of the second twin (48%) as compared to the first one (10%).The authors stress that, owing to the introduction of the method of conducting twin labors, maternal mortality has been completely eliminated and twin perinatal mortality has been markedly reduced: from about 28% in 1923-1962 to about 10% in recent years.
Psychomotor Development and the Postnatal Fate of Children from Multiple Pregnancy
Authors: Osuch-Jaczewska R. 
Published: July 2016

The psychomotor development of 130, one- to nine-year-old children was followed. Their development was not, as a rule, found to occur abnormally.The further development of twins was found to be in close correlation:(1) with the condition after birth (43% of complications in the further development of children having at birth a 1-7 Apgar score);(2) with the weight at birth (35.2% of complications in a weight group of 1001-1500 g): this is connected with dystrophy and prematurity;(3) with the order in which the twins were born.
The Mental Development of Children from Multiple Pregnancy
Authors: Slenzak J. , Brincken M. , Chrzanowska D. , Kulinska E. , Zorska K. 
Published: July 2016

A total of 59 children from multiple pregnancy, aged from 18 months to 13 years, have all shown a mental development within or above normal limits.In 18 children there are reasons to suspect the presence of a CNS lesion, although the general mental level is good.The numerical concordance of intelligence quotients is not typical for MZ and DZ twins. In four cases there were marked qualitative differences despite IQ concordance.The behavior of twins in their home, preschool, and school environment, is determined by the separate nature of the relationship in which the twins live since birth.
Uniovular Quadruplets of Wroclaw
Authors: Nowakowski T.K. 
Published: July 2016

Four boys, born in 1954 as uniovular quadruplets, live in Wroclaw, Poland. This is a unique case in the world. Their uniovularity was proved as a result of serological analyses.Despite the fact that one of the boys was seriously injured during the labor (he suffered from one-sided paresis and deafness) and lived in special conditions, all the boys are identical and they develop identically.Genetic factors seem to be more important, in the shaping of the phenotype, than the influence of environment.
The Placenta and Zygosity of Twins
Authors: Nylander P.P.S. 
Published: July 2016

Macroscopic examination of the placenta and histological examination of the membranous partition between amniotic sacs was peformed in approximately 1400 twin maternities in Ibadan, Nigeria.Monochorionic placentation is mainly characterised by two layers (as opposed to four in the dichorionic one) in the dividing septum between the two amniotic sacs, as well as by the absence of a membranous ridge of tissues at the base of the septum, that is instead present in the dichorionic one.Monochorial twins appear to be invariably MZ, whereas dichorial twins may be either MZ or DZ. In the present study the chance of being DZ was 95% in the case of single and of 99% in the case of double dichorionic placentation.
Cancer in Twins: Concordance or Discordance?
Authors: Keith L. , Brown E. 
Published: July 2016

Although published reports of cancer in twins are not numerous, there are case reports of concordance in a variety of tumors in twins. Cancer of the breast is most frequent; concordance has also been noted in uterus, gonads, eyes, stomach and rectum. In general, these reports tend to support the theory that genetic factors operate either in the concordance of cancer or in the site of the specific tumors. The significance of concordance remains in doubt, however. Reported study groups are not comparable because the materials and methods are disparate. In many reviews the methods of zygosity determination are questionable. The fact that not all cases of cancer in twins are reported introduces a constant source of bias. The following review illustrates this well.In 1940, Madge T. Macklin reviewed the publications of tumors in MZ and DZ twins and concluded that tumors affected MZ twins far more than both members of a DZ pair. She observed concordance in tumor type, site, and age of onset, as more frequent in MZ than DZ twins. She later (1947) reexamined the same material and some additional twin pairs and concluded that MZ twins have identical tumors far more frequently than DZ twins. She emphasized that rare types of tumors were genetically determined.In 1948, Busk et al reported on a series of 185 twin study pairs from the Danish Cancer Registry; they concluded that (1) there was a tendency toward a higher incidence of cancer in partners of MZ than of DZ cancerous twins; (2) these deviations from expected values were not considered statistically significant; and (3) there was a tendency for tumors in MZ twins to affect corresponding organs in both partners, this being not the case in DZ twins.
Cancer in MZ and DZ Twins
Authors: Cederlöf R. , Floderus B. , Friberg L. 
Published: July 2016

Important works on the question of hereditary influence on the occurrence of cancer with application of twin series are those by v. Verschuer and Kober (cf. Spranger and v. Verschuer, 1964), Jarvik and Falek (1961) and Harvald and Hauge (1963). Their findings are by and large consistent with most earlier reports (Schull et al, 1959) and indicate that hereditary factors do not seem to influence the development of cancer as such, but possibly play a role in the localization of the tumor. In view of the fact that (except for Harvald and Hauge's investigation) the twin series studied have been comparatively small and yielded statistically unreliable numbers of cancer of specific site, it seems to be of value to extend the data by reporting findings from the Swedish Twin Registry, comprising about 11000 unselected twin pairs.The present paper reports mortality and morbidity in cancer of different site as well as concordance rates for MZ and DZ twins. In addition, the influence of smoking habits on cancer development has been analyzed, as this environmental factor is known to be associated with certain forms of cancer, particularly lung cancer (Smoking and Health, 1964).Cancer data have been obtained from two sources, the Swedish Cancer Registry and the Registry of Causes of Death.The Swedish Twin Registry in the present report comprises 10 945 twin pairs, and covers, in principle, all same-sexed twins born in Sweden in 1886-1925, and still living in the country as unbroken pairs at the time of compilation (1961). A detailed report of the compilation procedures and demographic data is given by Cederlöf (1966).
Fetal Acidosis in Second Twins
Authors: Derom R. , Thiery M. 
Published: July 2016

Acid-base balance was analysed in cord blood after normal spontaneous delivery of twins. Whereas in the first twin the balance results entirely comparable with that of normal singletons, second twins exhibit most of the time some pathological degree of acidosis, the cause of which is intrauterine hypoxia.The importance of this phenomenon is discussed in relation to the conduct of labour and the value of the twin method in genetical investigation.
Gemelliparità Secondaria a Terapia Ormonale
Authors: Gedda L. , Bolognesi M. 
Published: July 2016

Circa un anno fa, uno di noi teneva una relazione sulla genetica della sterilità al Congresso Argentino di Ostetricia. In quell'occasione fu richiesta una valutazione scientifica della gemellazione provocata dalle cure ormonali della sterilità. Risultò così che una rassegna dell'argomento non esiste; nacque allora l'idea di una inchiesta che abbiamo realizzato nei mesi scorsi e di cui riferiamo i primi risultati.La nostra inchiesta riguarda l'induzione del concepimento gemellare in seguito a trattamento antisterile: (i) mediante gonadotropine; (2) mediante clomifene; (3) mediante altre terapie.Inoltre, essendo state segnalate gemellazioni secondarie a sospensione di trattamento antiovulatorio, abbiamo chiesto informazioni sul concepimento gemellare dopo trattamento con estroprogestinici.Nella Tab. I vengono indicati gli studiosi che hanno finora risposto all'inchiesta, insieme alle rispettive località e nazioni. Le informazioni riguardano soprattutto Europa, America e Medio Oriente.
Ricerca Gemellare sul Polimorfismo delle Ceruloplasmine
Authors: Gualandri V. , Tatarelli R. , Lamparelli P. 
Published: July 2016

Per diverse frazioni proteiche plasmatiche, fra le quali alcune proteine di trasporto come le aptoglobine e le transferrine, è stato osservato con metodi biochimici e/o immunologici un polimorfismo fenotipico ed è stato dimostrato un corrispondente polimorfismo genetico, risultando così definiti i gruppi plasmatici. Per le ceruloplasmine, che sono, com'è noto, le proteine plasmatiche con specifica funzione di trasporto del rame, non è stato ancora dimostrato un sicuro polimorfismo negli individui sani: la presente ricerca è appunto intesa a dimostrare l'esistenza di una variabilità individuale per questa proteina, come primo passo per poterne studiare la eventuale correlazione genetica.É stata studiata la velocità di migrazione delle ceruloplasmine mediante elettroforesi a disco su gel di poliacrilamide: in realtà non è stato rilevato direttamente questo parametro, ma il rapporto fra lo spostamento delle ceruloplasmine e quello del Blu Bromofenolo (BBF) sottoposti contemporaneamente all'elettroforesi. Il BBF ha, com'è noto, una migrazione prealbuminica, mentre le ceruloplasmine migrano con le α-globuline: dopo l'elettroforesi e la colorazione specifica delle ceruloplasmine restano evidenti nel cilindro di gel i soli due dischi del BBF e della ceruloplasmina. Il rapporto di migrazione della proteina ripetto al BBF è stato ricavato direttamente da un tracciato elettroforetico ottenuto dalla lettura del cilindro di gel con un elettrofotometro adatto allo scopo.
Il Controllo Genetico della GlutationemiaStudio gemellare
Authors: Gedda L. , Tatarelli R. 
Published: July 2016

Il glutatione è un tripeptide solforato che trova la sua specifica funzione quale sistema ossido-riduttivo a servizio della respirazione tissulare anaerobia, grazie appunto alla sua doppia presentazione nelle fasi ridotta (GSH) e ossidata (GSSG), che costituiscono, completandosi, il « sistema glutationemico ». Esso è presente nel protoplasma delle cellule viventi dei tessuti e del sangue.Il fenomeno dell'isoglutationemia gemellare fu rilevato da uno di noi (Gedda, 1943) in una coppia di gemelli MZ, in cui il dosaggio del glutatione ematico dimostrò un'esatta corrispondenza nei due individui; i dosaggi eseguiti su di una coppia qualunque di individui non gemelli non dettero mai cifre identiche.Altre ricerche gemellari (Gedda e Guarino, 1943, 1945; Gedda e Benigni, 1947), effettuate oltre che sull'uomo anche sul coniglio, dimostrarono che vi erano alcuni casi di discordanza glutationemica (anisoglutationemia), che però nei casi di coppie MZ era soltanto transitoria, e cioè si trasformava, in successive analisi a distanza di tempo, in una isoglutationemia. In un ristretto numero di coppie DZ Pisoglutationemia non poté mai essere dimostrata.
Comparative Analyses of Twin Data
Authors: Fulker D. W. , Jinks J. L. 
Published: July 2016

The biometrical genetical method of analysis of continuously varying human traits is described and shown to unify a number of common approaches to the analysis of twin data. The method, which is based on the analysis of variance, goes beyond alternative approaches by providing tests of basic assumptions and by investigating the possibility of assortative mating and dominant gene action.Twins form an indispensable group for the application of the biometrical genetical method but the value of including other groups, often more easily collected, is demonstrated.The techniques are illustrated through the reanalysis of data on the behavioural measures, neuroticism and intelligence quotient (I.Q.). For both measures fundamental assumptions are met. The results suggest the absence of dominant gene action for neuroticism, indicating an evolutionary history of stabilising selection, and directional dominance for high I.Q., indicating an evolutionary history of strong directional selection. Both these findings seem reasonable in view of psychological knowledge concerning the two measures.
Models of Proband Concordance Rates for Twins in a Clinical Series
Authors: Allen G. 
Published: July 2016

With the exception of disorders related to gestation and birth, twins are usually found to be medically representative of the general population; diseases occur among twins with the same frequency as among singletons. As a corollary, in a large series of twins, if members of each pair are assigned randomly to two groups, A and B, both groups will be representative of the population. For example, if a disease occurs in 1% of the population, then we can expect it in 1% of twin-group A and in 1% of twin-group B.Tab. I diagrams a hypothetical population of 15000 twin pairs in which 1% of all persons have the disease in question. Twins A include, in the left column, 150 sick persons. Each of these has a partner, twin B, who may be either sick or well, and so the total number of pairs in the left column is 150. The figures are the same when the table is read down or across; that is, the table is symmetrical with respect to twins A and twins B because assignment to A and B was random.
Deficienza Marginale in Gemelli MZ
Authors: Gaffuri G. 
Published: July 2016

I problemi eziopatogenetici riguardanti la deficienza marginale (cioè, il ritardo mentale di lieve grado: Q.I. 70-90) sono stati studiati attraverso l'osservazione di 40 coppie gemellari (20 MZ e 20 DZ) di uguale sesso, di 7-18 anni, vissuti sempre, o solo temporaneamente, in ambienti identici o differenti, presentanti entrambi un ritardo mentale di lieve grado ad eziopatogenesi sconosciuta.Sono state raccolte 80 schede riportanti in ogni dettaglio le inchieste anamnestiche, socio-familiari e scolastiche, gli esami clinici obiettivi e di laboratorio, generici e neuro-psichiatrici.1. Q. I. Concordanza o lieve discordanza nel 100% dei MZ, mentre nei DZ non viene rilevata in alcun caso netta concordanza: discordanze lievi nel 15% e marcate nell'85% dei casi. Che i soggetti abbiano vissuto sempre, o solo temporaneamente, in ambienti identici o differenti per condizioni di vita e di educazione, non risulta di rilevante significato.2. Fenomenologia del disturbo. Il deficit è nel 100% dei casi di tipo settoriale. Le sue espressioni fenomenologiche nei MZ risultano perfettamente concordanti nel 65% dei casi, lievemente discordanti nel 20% e piuttosto discordanti nel 15%; mentre nei DZ portatori entrambi dell'anomalia, non viene rilevato alcun caso di netta concordanza: discordanze lievi nel 30%, marcate nel 70% dei casi. Che i soggetti abbiano vissuto sempre, o solo temporaneamente, in ambienti identici o del tutto differenti, non risulta di rilevante significato.
The Genetic Conditioning of the Mitotic Index and the Association Index of Acrocentric Chromosomes — A twin study
Authors: Gedda L. , Brenci G. 
Published: July 2016

The authors have studied the variations of the mitotic index and the association index of the acrocentric chromosomes (groups D and G) in eight male twin pairs of assorted age (6 and 60 years) and zygosity. For each individual, two subcultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes have been set up by the standard techniques. After colchicine administration and hypotonic shock, two slides per culture have been prepared and stained with lactoacetic orcein, thus providing the experimental material. The study of variability between individuals, between tests and between age groups indicates the importance of the age factor for the assessment of both indexes.The study of the variability of intrapair differences indicates that the phenomena are both statistically and dynamically genotype-dependent. The weight of heredity, in the sum of all the factors affecting the phenomena, is 0.79 for the mitotic index and 0.51 for the association index.
Variability of the Centromeric Index of Group A and Group B Chromosomes in MZ and DZ Twins
Authors: Gedda L. , Torrioli-Riggio G. , Romei L. , Silvani L. 
Published: July 2016

In the course of routine work in the caryological laboratory at the Mendel Institute, we have often noticed the repetition in families, and especially in MZ twins, of alterations in chromosome morphology that can hardly be included among chromosomal aberrations proper (translocations, deletions, etc.). Since such variations do not generally reflect any pathology in the individuals involved, the occurrence of a normal morphological variability of chromosomes has been postulated.In order to test this hypothesis, we have measured several clearly defined and standardized chromosomal parameters, obtaining the classical structure of the twin test, i.e., the comparison between experimental measures in MZ and DZ twin pairs.The parameter that was selected for the test is the centromeric index of Group A and Group B chromosomes, intended as the ratio of long arm length to short arm length. In order to avoid method and operator influences, a pilot test was carried out, repeating five times the culture from blood of the same individual, and having the slides read by five different operators; thus, the variability due to the method and to the operator was assessed.
The Twin Clinical Method in Dermatology
Authors: Cavalieri R. 
Published: July 2016

Genetic skin diseases have been considered with respect to their population and family frequencies, as well as to their concordance values, in MZ and DZ twin pairs. The clinical evolution of the disease has been further considered in its various stages and compared in MZ and DZ twins, concordant for the disease.The material consisted of 100 twin pairs, with at least one member affected, subdivided with respect to concordance and zygosity. For each dermatosis, then, the population and family frequencies have been calculated. The following dermatoses could be studied: psoriasis, acne vulgaris, keratosis pilaris, alopecia areata, epidermolysis bullosa and dermatitis seborrheica.A high concordance of clinical evolution in MZ twins has appeared to correspond to a low frequency of the disease, while a high frequency appears to correspond to low concordance values. This finding may be very useful for a better understanding of the disease's inheritance, as well as of its penetrance and expression.It has been finally possible to evaluate the hereditary quantum vs. the environmental one in the determination of a dermatosis, by means of Holzinger's coefficient of heredity (H). The estimates of the latter vary from 35 to 50% in the various dermatoses examined.
Genetic Components in Motivational Aspects of Character
Authors: Oancea-Ursu G. 
Published: July 2016

This report deals with the nature-nurture problem in relation to some primary aspects of character in normal twins and siblings; namely, on 12 primary impulses, or propensities, whereon reports of detailed study are rare. These factors form the energetic side of any human being's behavior and thereby the native equipment in anybody's character: its units of composition. In agreement with Galton's dichotomy of intellect and character, the latter actually makes up the second half of our personality's organization: its motor area.In the search for character roots through the interaction of heredity and environment, Galton was the first to bring out, through pedigree studies, the existence of noticeable hereditary components. However, as to inquiries by twin method, character is in a far less satisfactory status than any of the other heritable traits of personality. So far, we know neither the possible genetic stability of those primary impulses which in clinical experience passed for the most forcible, nor the degree of peristatic plasticity of those which might admittedly be the most docile.A sample of 44 MZ and 41 same-sexed DZ twin pairs and 39 pairs of siblings were administered a standard battery of 120 questions of the Self-Rating Questionnaire type. For each pair, individual scores, as well as intrageminal differences, were worked out.
Crime in a Danish Twin Population
Authors: Christiansen Karl O. 
Published: July 2016

The results of the small number of existing investigations of criminality among twins have mostly been considered as contributions to the discussion of the relative importance of heredity and environment. I attempt to look at the problem in a slightly different context, but find it useful to give a brief summary of the older investigations. The results of previous studies utilizing the twin method to throw light on the problem of crime appear from Tab. I.I am sure you will remember Lange's conclusion from 1929: “ As far as crime is concerned, MZ twins on the whole react in a definitely similar manner, DZ twins behave quite differently. In accordance with the significance of the twin method we must conclude that innate tendencies play a preponderant part among the causes of crime”.There is one fundamental assumption behind the conclusions about the heredity of criminal behaviour, which is not fulfilled. The environment of each of the two twins in a pair must be equally similar or equally different, irrespective of zygosity. However, the milieus of the cotwins in a DZ pair are in fact more different than in a MZ one.The Danish study is carried out in cooperation with the Danish Twin Register (Harvald and Hauge, 1965). The material consists of data about nearly 6000 pairs of twins, i. e., all twins born on the Danish islands in 1881-1910, where both twins have survived to the age of at least 15 years. The source material may be considered complete. About 900 pairs have been entered into the Central Police Register and/or into the local penal registers.