bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exclusives, equatives and prosodic phrases in Samoan
Authors: Calhoun Sasha 
Published: February 2017

This paper investigates the functions of prosodic phrasing in the Austronesian VSO language Samoan. Two types of sentences are investigated, exclusives (involving the particle na’o ‘only’) and equatives. Two complementary methodologies were used, a production study and an acceptability judgment study, to examine the prosodic realisation and relative naturalness of different word orderings of the two sentence types. The particle na’o has an unusual distribution: preceding the initial constituent, be it the verb or a fronted noun phrase; or following the verb, but only modifying the absolutive (object). It was found that post-verbal absolutives modified by na’o are usually not preceded by a phrase boundary, unlike unmodified absolutives which are consistently preceded by a high phrase tone (H-) (cf. Yu 2009). Equatives in Samoan involve clauses which are the juxtaposition of two noun phrases, one the rheme (focus) and the other the theme (topic). It was found that rhemes are usually followed by a phrase break, while for themes this is optional. Rheme-theme order was strongly preferred to theme-rheme order. These findings are argued to show a close relationship between information structure, constituent ordering and prosodic phrasing in Samoan. The preferred order of constituents in Samoan is rheme-theme, with a high phrase tone marking the end of the rheme. The absolutive argument is strongly preferred to be at the start of the theme. This article is part of the Special Collection: Prosody and constituent structure
Une théorie de l’agence des régimes complémentaires de retraite
Authors: Mignault Patrick 
Published: February 2017

Au Québec, les régimes de retraite d’employeur, enregistrés sous la Loi sur les régimes complémentaires de retraite, sont administrés par des comités de retraite, à titre de fiduciaires, composés de représentants des parties prenantes au régime, soit l’employeur, les participants et les bénéficiaires. Dans cet article, ces régimes de retraite sont présentés comme un carrefour de contrats marqués par une relation d’agence fondamentale entre le comité de retraite (l’agent), l’employeur, ainsi que les participants et les bénéficiaires (les principaux).
Cette relation d’agence, dite multiple, soulève des problèmes de transfert de risque dans les régimes à prestations déterminées. Il en ressort que lorsque l’employeur se retrouve en situation de détresse financière, s’il jouit d’une représentation majoritaire sur le comité de retraite, une politique de placement à haut risque peut être mise en place pour diminuer ses cotisations au régime. En cas de déficit de régime, un transfert de risque s’opère lorsque l’employeur ne détient pas les fonds suffisants pour combler la valeur manquante pour répondre à sa promesse de rente.
Cette relation d’agence met aussi de l’avant des problèmes de surveillance et de contrôle dont l’ampleur varie avec le type de régime (prestations ou cotisations déterminées). Les participants et les bénéficiaires, bien qu’ils aient un intérêt significatif et constant dans la gestion de la caisse de retraite, ne sont assurés, en vertu de la loi, que d’une représentation minimale sur le comité de retraite. Si cette représentation s’avère insuffisante, la composition de ce comité constitue une condition de travail sujette à la négociation du contrat de travail ou de la convention collective. Compte tenu de la concentration des pouvoirs entre les mains du fiduciaire, peu de place est autrement laissée à la participation des participants et bénéficiaires dans le processus décisionnel.
Phosphorbisylid: Eine neue Klasse von Superbasen mit zwei superbasischen Kohlenstoffatomen in räumlicher Nähe
Authors: Kögel Julius F. , Margetić Davor , Xie Xiulan , Finger Lars H. , Sundermeyer Jörg 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWir präsentieren die erste Superbase, MHPN, mit zwei wechselwirkenden Phosphorylidfunktionalitäten. Anders als klassische Protonenschwämme weist diese neuartige Verbindungsklasse zwei Kohlenstoffatome als Basizitätszentren auf, die durch ein Naphthalinrückgrat in räumliche Nähe gezwungen werden. Das Bisylid zeigt einen experimentellen pKBH+‐Wert von 33.3±0.2 auf der Acetonitrilskala und eine theoretische Protonenaffinität in der Gasphase von 277.9 kcal mol−1 (M062X/6‐311+G**//M062X/6‐31G*+ZPVE). Dieser Wert ist um 15 kcal mol−1 höher als für das entsprechende Monoylid. Der Ursprung der ungewöhnlich hohen Basizität von MHPN wurde mit NMR‐spektroskopischen Methoden, Kristallstrukturanalysen und theoretischen Berechnungen untersucht, wobei ein schneller Austausch des “aciden” Protons zwischen den beiden basischen Kohlenstoffatomen eine große Rolle spielt.
Choroidal metastasis from granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor‐producing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a case report
Authors: Fukuda Shuichi , Fujiwara Yoshinori , Mishima Hiroshi , Wakasa Tomoko , Hanamoto Hitoshi , Inoue Keisuke , Kitani Kotaro , Ishikawa Hajime , Tsujie Masanori , Yukawa Masao , Okajima Kaoru , Ohta Yoshio , Inoue Masatoshi 
Published: February 2017

Key Clinical MessageGranulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF)‐producing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is rare. Esophageal cancer is a highly aggressive disease and often spreads hematogenously; however, choroidal metastases are rarely seen. This report detailed an extremely rare case of G‐CSF‐producing ESCC with choroidal metastasis.
Chemical and Photochemical Water Oxidation by [RuCl(NCNHCO)(DMSO)(py)]‐Type Complexes
Authors: Su Wei , Younus Hussein A. , Chaemchuen Somboon , Chen Cheng , Verpoort Francis 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn this work, the effects of substitutions in the backbone of imidazolylidene and axial ligands on the reactivity and stability of water‐oxidation catalysts were investigated. Three pincer‐type asymmetric imidazolium salts NCNHCO, NCNHC‐4BrO, and NCNHC‐BO (NHC: N‐heterocyclic carbene), of which the donating ability of the corresponding imidazolylidene decreases in the same sequence, were prepared. Their application in metalation afforded the corresponding Ru complexes 1 a, 1 b, 2, and 3. It was found that the complexes incorporating the stronger donor displayed lower potential for each redox couple and longer lifetimes, but relatively low reaction rates. Under acidic conditions, water oxidation driven by cerium ammonium nitrate resulted in turnover numbers (TONs) of 2322, 1728, 1928, and 2208 for 1 a, 1 b, 2, and 3, respectively. Complex 2 exhibited a good match of reactivity and stability with a TON of 136 in a typical three‐component photocatalysis. Importantly, NHCs could be another powerful tool for tuning the reactivity and stability of water‐oxidation catalysts, in addition to substituted pyridines. Rational orchestration of modified NHCs and pyridines could eventually result in water‐oxidation catalysts exhibiting appreciable effectiveness and considerable robustness.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Monoarylation of Aryl C−H Bonds with Iodoarenes
Authors: Su Li , Guo Dong‐Dong , Li Bin , Guo Shi‐Huan , Pan Gao‐Fei , Gao Ya‐Ru , Wang Yong‐Qiang 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe transition‐metal‐catalyzed direct arylation of nonactivated aryl C−H bonds with iodoarenes has emerged as an important method for the construction of biaryls. Generally, the direct arylation reaction proceeds in the presence of stoichiometric Ag additives; moreover, the diarylation product is often unavoidable if there are two identical aromatic C−H bonds in the substrate. Herein we disclose an efficient Pd(OAc)2/trifluoroacetic acid/O2 catalytic system that promotes direct arylation reactions of a variety of aromatic C−H bonds with diverse iodoarenes under Ag‐free conditions. The coupling reaction possesses a complete monoarylation selectivity. This approach provides a straightforward, facile, and economical route to biaryls.
Integrated approach for the eco design of a new process through the life cycle analysis of olive oil: Total use of olive by‐products
Authors: Guermazi Zina , Gharsallaoui Mariem , Perri Enzo , Gabsi Slimane , Benincasa Cinzia 
Published: February 2017

The disposal of waste is one of the main problems faced by the majority of the olive growing agribusiness: olive oil by‐products require specific management. In this work, the result of life cycle analysis shows that the major problem is related to the management of mill waste water. The formation of compost from the depleted pomace is bound to the emission of greenhouse gases. Therefore, the traditional way of waste recovery is no longer the best alternative. In this context, we propose a complete process for total use of olive by‐products during the process of olive oil extraction. The project presents a pulp olive oil rich in natural antioxidants, stone olive oil for cosmetic application and an olive paste with a smoky taste for food consumption. The proposed system contributes to lower the environmental impact, improve the quality of the oil, and promote the development of new and useful by‐products.Practical applications: A new facility composed of a destoner and a two phase extraction system is proposed to improve the working capacity and contribute to lower the environmental impact during all the process of olive oil production. The proposed new system produces, on the one hand, an olive pulp that gives an extra virgin olive oil rich in natural antioxidants and an olive paste with a smoky taste for food consumption, and on the other hand, stones that gives an olive oil for cosmetic application and a raw material to produce energy.Life cycle analysis of olive oil is used as a tool to design a new production process in olive growing agribusiness for cleaner production. The new facility, composed of a destoner and a two phase extraction system, improves the working capacity and contributes to lower the environmental impact. It produces an olive pulp that gives, on the one hand, an extra virgin olive oil rich in natural antioxidants and an olive paste with a smoky taste for food consumption, and, on the other hand, stones that gives an olive oil for cosmetic application and raw material for producing energy.
Electrochemical Measurements of Glucose Using a Micro Flow‐Through Immobilized Enzyme Reactor
Authors: Cerqueira Marcos Rodrigues Facchini , Angnes Lucio , Matos Renato Camargo 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA new fast, cheap and efficient epoxy‐amine immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER) is demonstrated. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) was used as the curing agent of an epoxy resin (bisphenol‐A diglycidyl ether (BADGE)) in order to introduce a high number of reactive –NH2 groups at the substrate. A ratio mixture of 3:2 PEI:BADGE (w/w) was shown to be the most suitable for curing, taking into account the number of immobilization sites and the resistance of the material towards channeling. Electrochemical measurements made by a three electrode system, adapted at the IMER, showed that the Km value for immobilized glucose oxidase (GOx) was half the value commonly reported for GOx immobilized at PEI derived substrates. The IMER response decreased by around 41 % after one week of intense usage. Even so, the remaining activity was sufficient for quantifications of approximately 0.1 mmol L−1, merely requiring a new calibration of the reactor before its utilization. The developed system was applied to D‐glucose quantification of beverage samples, requiring an injection volume of only 10 μL and a flow rate of 150 μL min−1 (almost 60 samples per hour). Low detection and quantification limits (1.94 and 5.89 μmol L−1, respectively) and a wide linear range (from 8 μmol L−1 to 2 mmol L−1) were also found, which are useful characteristics for quality control analysis.
Association between high expression of phosphorylated Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin and improved survival in salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma
Authors: Ouyang Dai‐qiao , Liang Li‐zhong , Ke Zun‐fu , Zheng Guang‐sen , Weng De‐sheng , Yang Wei‐fa , Su Yu‐xiong , Liao Gui‐qing 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTBackgroundPrevious genomic studies revealed phosphotidylinositol‐3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway mutation in human salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC). No validation of its prognostic value has been reported.MethodsP‐Akt, pan‐Akt, phosphorylated‐mammalian target of rapamycin (p‐mTOR), PI3K, and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor beta (IGF‐1Rβ) were detected on 120 salivary gland ACC/adjacent salivary gland pairs immunohistochemically and were correlated with clinicopathological data.ResultsExpression of cytoplasmic and nuclear p‐Akt, cytoplasmic p‐mTOR, nuclear pan‐Akt, and nuclear IGF‐1Rβ were higher in ACC than in adjacent salivary glands. P‐Akt, p‐mTOR, PI3K, and IGF‐1Rβ expression were correlated with one another in both cytoplasm and nucleus. Low p‐mTOR expression in both subcellular compartments was associated with locoregional recurrence, poor disease‐free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS). Low nuclear p‐Akt (Ser473) and p‐mTOR expression were independent predictors for poor OS and DFS, respectively.ConclusionHigh level of Akt/mTOR activation in ACC is correlated with a significantly improved survival. P‐mTOR and nuclear p‐Akt are prognostic biomarkers of salivary gland ACC. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 1145–1154, 2017
Changes in pectin characteristics during the ripening of jujube fruit
Authors: Ding Shenghua , Wang Rongrong , Shan Yang , Li Gaoyang , Ou Shiyi 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDPectin is related to fruit maturation and loss of flesh firmness. In this research, changes in pectin characteristics, including pectin content, neutral sugar composition, molecular weight (Mw) distribution and degree of methylesterification (DM), in six different growth stages (S1 to S6) of jujube fruit were assessed.RESULTSThe growth of jujube fruit corresponded to an increase in water‐soluble pectin (WSP) and a decrease in sodium carbonate‐soluble pectin (SSP). The chelate‐soluble pectin (CSP) content reached a maximum level at S3 but decreased significantly from S3 to S4. Arabinose proved to be the principal branched neutral monosaccharide in pectin during growth and was lost from WSP, CSP and SSP in S4 to S6. The ratios of (arabinose + galactose)/rhamnose indicated that the branched chains of WSP, CSP and SSP degraded in S2, S3 and S4 respectively. SSP depolymerized from S2 and increased as jujube fruit ripened. By contrast, WSP depolymerized throughout ripening. The DM of pectins ranged from 45.38 to 92.21%. Among the obtained DMs, the lowest was observed in WSP from ripened jujube fruit (S6).CONCLUSIONThe content, neutral sugar composition, DM and Mw distribution of pectins changed markedly as jujube fruit ripened. Jujube fruit could be a promising alternative source of pectins in terms of maturation degree. WSP from S6 and CSP from S1 or S2 could be used as gelling agents in low‐sugar‐containing products because of their low methoxyl pectin contents. WSP from S1 could also be applied as a thickener or emulsifier owing to its high Mw distribution. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Simultaneous determination of seven nitrogen‐containing phenyl ethers in cosmetics by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and dispersive solid‐phase extraction
Authors: Huang Jiale , Zhou Langjun , Xun Zhiqing , Wang Qiang , Lin Senyu , Guo Xindong , Cai Yongtong 
Published: February 2017

An analytical method was established for the simultaneous determination of seven nitrogen‐containing phenyl ethers (2‐anisidine, 3‐anisidine, 4‐anisidine, 2‐nitroanisole, 3‐nitroanisole, 4‐nitroanisole, and 3,3'‐dimethoxybenzidine) in cosmetics by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry in this work. The samples were extracted with ethyl acetate and purified with primary secondary amine during the dispersed solid‐phase extraction. The analytes were separated by a DB‐17MS column and detected in the electron ionization mode of mass spectrometry in the selected ions monitoring mode. The extraction solvent, purification adsorbents, and chromatographic column behavior were optimized. The results indicated that the seven analytes show good linear relationship (R2 > 0.9965) in the concentrations of 5.0–5000 μg/L. The quantitation limits of the method ranged from 19.0 to 84.8 μg/kg. The recovery rates of seven analytes were in the range of 72.6–114% with the relative standard deviations of 1.1–7.5%. Real sample analyses showed that this accurate and precise method could be appropriate for simultaneous determination of seven nitrogen‐containing phenyl ethers in cosmetics.
Effect of Bonding Agent on the Mechanical Properties of GAP High‐Energy Propellant
Authors: Deng Jingke , Wang Xiaoqing , Li Guoping , Luo Yunjun 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThree kinds of bonding agent were chosen to improve the mechanical properties of GAP high‐energy composite propellant based on GAP, BuNENA, HMX, AP, and Al. These bonding agents are N,N′‐bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) dimethylhydantoin and 1,3,5‐trisubstituted isocyanurates (BA1), cyano‐hydroxylated amines (BA2), and hyperbranched polyether with terminal groups substituted by hydroxyl, cyano and ester functional groups (BA3). To study the interaction between bonding agents and oxidizers, the effect of coating by bonding agents on the characteristic absorption peaks of AP and HMX were first studied by infrared spectroscopy. Then the effect of bonding agents on the adhesion work between oxidizers and binder system were determined. The results showed that BA2 has the strongest interaction with AP, whereas BA1 and BA3 have relatively strong interaction with HMX. The AP grain coated by BA2 has the strongest adhesion work to the binder system, and there is not much difference in the values of adhesion work towards binder system of three coated HMX grains. At last the three bonding agents were added to GAP propellant, which has a theoretical specific impulse of 276.03 s. When the three kinds of bonding agent was used alone, the sense of “dewetting” in propellant was relieved but still existed. The combination of BA2 to BA1 or BA3 improved the adhesions between oxidizers and binder system effectively, and the mechanical properties of GAP propellant reached to δm=0.69 MPa, ϵb=32.7 %.
Influence of Anvil Properties on RDX Thin Layer Ignition Behavior
Authors: Yakaboski Otmar , Kumar Ashok V. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe report on a drop‐impact protocol that arrests sample radial flow to isolate how anvil properties influence ignition in a thin layer of RDX powder. To eliminate sliding friction as a probable heating mechanism, flow arrestment was provided by a waxed weighing paper that shielded the RDX layer from direct contact with the impact surfaces. RDX reaction sensitivity under bare and shielded conditions for the standard O1 hardened steel anvil was compared with that for two deformable anvil types: 1018 steel and C110 copper. Profilometer measurements of anvil deformation and paper impressions quantified anvil plastic work and final radial flow displacement. Post‐test particle analyses correlated particle size distribution to ignition results. Experiments indicated that the impact energy absorbed by the anvils was varied and inhibited ignition accordingly. For the standard anvil, ignition was not inhibited under flow arrestment, suggesting that significant radial sliding or flow is not essential for thin layer ignition.
Pattern‐based prognostic methodology for condition‐based maintenance using selected and weighted survival curves
Authors: Ragab Ahmed , Yacout Soumaya , Ouali Mohamed‐Salah , Osman Hany 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis paper proposes a pattern‐based prognostic methodology that combines logical analysis of data (LAD) as an event‐driven diagnostic technique, and Kaplan–Meier (KM) estimator as a time‐driven technique. LAD captures the effect of the instantaneous conditions on the health state of a monitored system, while KM estimates the baseline reliability curve that reflects the effect of aging, based on the observed historical failure times. LAD is used to generate a set of patterns from the observed values of covariates that represent the operating conditions and condition indicators. A pattern selection procedure is carried out to select the set of significant patterns from all the generated patterns. A survival curve is estimated, for each subset of observations covered by each selected pattern. A weight that reflects the coverage of each pattern is assigned to its survival curve. Given a recently collected observation, the survival curve of a monitored system is updated on the basis of the patterns covering that observation. The updated curve is then used to predict the remaining useful life of the monitored system. The proposed methodology is validated using a common dataset in prognostics: the turbofan degradation dataset that is available at NASA prognostic repository. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is Phenomenal Consciousness a Complex Structure?
Authors: Stieg Chuck 
Published: February 2017

AbstractEvolutionary explanations of psychological phenomena have become widespread. This paper examines a recent attempt by Nichols and Grantham (2000) to circumvent the problem of epiphenomenalism in establishing the selective status of consciousness. Nichols and Grantham (2000) argue that a case can be made for the view that consciousness is an adaptation based on its complexity. I set out this argument and argue that it fails to establish that phenomenal consciousness is a complex system. It is suggested that the goal of establishing consciousness as an adaptation may be better served by rejecting the distinction between access consciousness and phenomenal consciousness.
An Infantilism of the Intellectually and Spiritually Matured Personality: Soaring and Precipice
Authors: Rotenberg Vadim S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The target problem of this article paradoxically dropped out from the vision of professional psychologists although it is actual and even acute. The consideration of this problem is important not only for the practical psychotherapy, but also for the deep and, let us say, philosophical comprehension of the fundamental aspects of personal maturation and of the difference between genders in the process of maturation.
Clinical Contributions to Consciousness Studies
Authors: Mashour George A. , Turner Ashley 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Consciousness is a multidisciplinary subject of inquiry. The extent of clinical contributions to the field of consciousness studies has yet to be investigated. The goal of this study was to assess the degree of clinically related articles in the literature of consciousness studies through a systematic evaluation. Three journals systematically identified (Consciousness and Cognition, Journal of Consciousness Studies, and Anthropology of Consciousness) were reviewed from the first issue through December 2008. All original articles related to anesthesiology, general clinical medicine, neurology, neuro-surgery, and psychiatry were identified. Of the 1,805 articles reviewed for the three journals, a total of 149 clinically relevant articles were identified; this represented an average contribution of 8% to the total articles. Psychiatry was the discipline most consistently represented in the three journals; neurosurgery was the least represented. There is a relative paucity of clinical articles in the literature of consciousness studies. Clinical perspectives may thus be underrepresented in the field.