bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of Spatial Models to Improving the Efficiency of a Country Hog Marketing System
Authors: Haas John T. 
Published: July 2016

Most spatial equilibrium studies done in the past have focused on macro problems of an industry or a commodity. There are, however, important applications for spatial models in analyses of efficient resource use on the micro or firm level.One important area of application is in analysis of the efficiency of single-firm marketing systems. Many cooperatives and other agribusiness firms have developed systems for marketing agricultural commodities or distributing farm supplies. These systems involve multiple assembly and distribution points, and often some processing function is performed between the points of origin and final destination.
Influence of Size and Administrative Organization on Costs of Rural Roads
Authors: Lamb Steven W. , Pine Wilfred H. 
Published: July 2016

Providing and maintaining roads are major public services. Costs of these services are influenced by many factors. This paper examines the influence of two factors, size of operation and type of administrative organization, on costs of rural roads.An administrative unit providing roads for a small area, county, or township, with a given density of roads might experience higher costs per unit of area than an administrative unit providing road service for a larger area, all other conditions being the same. It likely would experience disadvantages in buying supplies and equipment, making full use of equipment, hiring competent help, and in other ways. However, the unit with a large area could run into diseconomies through high administrative and supervisional costs. Actually, it may not be that simple. This study tests the idea empirically.
Management and Policy Implications of Cost and Return Budgets: Extension's Role in Formulation and Use*
Authors: Lanpher Buel F. 
Published: July 2016

In recent history, many agricultural economists have tended to view work on cost and return budgets as a pretty dull thing. They gave it very low priority. However, the attention given to production costs by the 1973 farm legislation, together with recent acceleration in cost of farm inputs, have somewhat reversed the significance attached to this subject. A casual review of articles in the AAEA Journal over the past three years shows little attention to cost of production per se, but I predict that in the next two years there will be a big increase.About two years ago, the term “cost of production” was just coming into use as a rallying cry by farm organizations, prior to the big jump in farm prices. This concern probably was a prime reason for the focus on costs in 1973 legislation. However, the issue was temporarily forgotten when farm prices increased sharply during the 1972–73 period.
Projections of Acres, Yields, and Production: Four Southern Regions and the U.S.
Authors: Harrison Virden L. 
Published: July 2016

To fill domestic and foreign demand requirements in 1985, the U.S. is expected to produce 17% more wheat than it did in the 1970–72 period; also 30% more corn, 42% more sorghum, 20% more citrus, 32% more vegetables, 73% more soybeans, and 26% more cattle. These are a few of the baseline projections recently developed by ERS. The purpose of this report is to make available recent ERS projections of U.S. production and acreage needs with special emphasis on four Southern regions and the part they will play in producing the expected increase.The Economic Projections Program Area was established under a recent reorganization in ERS, USDA, and given responsibility for coordinating all ERS projections of commodity production. The program area is now preparing projections through the year 2000 in a set of publications titled “Agriculture—The Third Century.”
A Negative-Cost Approach to the Formulation of a Transhipment Problem
Authors: Stennis Earl A. , Hurt Verner G. 
Published: July 2016

The transhipment problem formulation has been and is still being used extensively by researchers to solve spatial equilibrium and plant location problems. Hurt and Tramel, King and Logan, Rhody, and Judge et al. have all treated the subject of alternative formulations of transhipment problems. This paper (1) proposes an alternative formulation of these problems using a negative-cost technique and, (2) suggests a matrix reduction scheme which will reduce computational time for some problems.King and Logan used a three region, two-stage formulation of the transhipment model which was reformulated by Hurt and Tramel. As a point of departure, the same sample problem will be used to present the negative-cost formulation. This should enable the reader to more readily determine differences between formulations and decide which formulation best serves his particular needs.
Economic, Environmental and Energy Use Implications of Short-Season Cotton Production: Texas Lower Rio Grande Valley
Authors: Larson James L. , Lacewell Ronald D. , Casey James E. , Heilman Marvin D. , Namken L. Neal , Parker Roy D. 
Published: July 2016

Quantities of insecticides used per acre by cotton producers in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas are among the nation's highest. This is due to the presence of many different insect pests and especially to their increasing tolerance to insecticides. As insects become resistant to insecticides, farmers tend to increase the number of insecticide applications, further compounding the problem. Even using large amounts of insecticides, control of damaging insects has been unsatisfactory.Typically, a long-season cotton variety, requiring a 160 to 180 day season, is grown. Because the probability of rainfall is much greater in August than in July [4], most harvesting can be expected in August.
A Simulation Game Teaching Aid for Rural Development
Authors: Nelson James , Doeksen Gerald 
Published: July 2016

Teaching rural development must reflect the breadth and complexity of the real world situation. Time limitations may restrict the teacher primarily to presentation and discussion of the field's many facets, leaving little time to consider how these diverse elements interact. Even if careful course planning and strict adherence to a course outlined provide classroom time for such consideration, only advanced graduate students are likely to have sufficient expertise to readily understand the relationships, real or hypothesized, resulting from these interactions.Alternatives in the classroom include giving these relationships only cursory, descriptive treatment, or digging into them with analytical fervor, thereby causing many students a great deal of chagrin. A third alternative is demonstrating interactive aspects of rural development with a game. Such a game is discussed in this paper.
Alternative Approaches to Stabilizing International Markets
Authors: Steele W. Scott 
Published: July 2016

As a result of the recent world food situation, particularly the problem of repeated production shortfalls, the precipitous drawdown in grain stocks and the rapid increase in grain prices, widespread concern has developed over instability in food supplies and prices. Government officials and heads of international organizations have given considerable attention to stabilization measures, particularly grain reserves, as a means of offsetting fluctuating supplies and unstable prices of basic foodstuffs.For the United States, the problem of fluctuations in grain prices and unstable markets is not one of domestic origin. At recent levels of production, grain supplies have always exceeded domestic needs in the past two decades. Wheat is a good example. U.S. exports of wheat as a share of domestic production went from about 40 percent in 1970-71 to about 70 percent in 1972-73. In recent years, U.S. overseas markets have been the main source of instability in grain prices. Instead of reducing grain consumption or relying on their own grain reserves, many foreign countries experiencing shortfalls in grain production used the world and U.S. markets to purchase needed supplies.
Quarterly Prediction Models for Live Hog Prices
Authors: Foote Richard J. , Roy Sujit K. , Sadler George 
Published: July 2016

Pronounced short-run movements in production, marketings, slaughter and prices of live hogs create problems of uncertainty in the decision-making process of producers and other participants in the hog-pork industry. The objective of the present study was to develop quarterly prediction models for live hog prices, based on structural relations representing the price-determining forces in the sector.The relative importance of the hog sector in the livestock industry is underscored by the fact that the annual cash income for the sector ranks second to beef. For instance, in 1970, hogs accounted for about 15 percent of the total cash receipts from all livestock products. About one-half of total hog production in 1970 was in the seven states of West North Central Division, with Iowa accounting for almost one-fourth of all hog production in the United States. This division, along with four continguous and six southern states, accounted for about 90 percent of the total U.S. hog production. Although the total consumption of pork has increased over past decades, pork has represented a smaller percentage of total meat consumption. The per capita consumption of pork has shown no appreciable increase since the middle fifties, while that of beef rose steadily during the period.
A Technique to Estimate Input Productivity from Farm Data
Authors: Allison John R. , Parvin David W. 
Published: July 2016

Unfortunately, procedures are not available for handling variations induced by unquantifiable difference in location, soil, weather or management, particularly if the data source is farm survey information from relatively small samples for a single production season. Estimation problems occur regardless of whether classical, profit or trans-log approaches are used. Procedures suggested by Hoch and Hoch and Mundlak for handling these disturbances in classical production functions require a priori knowledge to devise a weighting system or observations over time to provide estimates of weights.Profit functions as proposed by Lau and Yotopoulos require data to be of such nature that a production function can be specified either in the normal form or that the relationship between profit and input quantities can be specified and estimated. The price of the product is also required to be either a function of quality or of selling costs or that some common or average price is utilized.
An Improved Economic Land Classification System for Spatial Linear Programming Models
Authors: Williams Ronald J. , Ray Daryll E. 
Published: July 2016

Spatial linear programming studies in agriculture require establishment of a land resource base so representative enterprise budgets can be constructed to reflect productivity and limitations of each region's agricultural land. To relate the land base to budgeting procedures requires an economic classification of agricultural soils. Ideally, this classification would group together those soils requiring similar cultural practices and having the same yield capabilities. Costs and returns can then be computed for selected agricultural enterprises within each classification. Technical information on agronomically based soil classifications is available through agricultural experiment station reports and the Soil Conservation Service. These reports give an abundance of detailed physical and chemical soil data on a county basis.Because technical data are extensive, a problem exists in translating this information into economic groupings suitable for use in constructing budgets. Economic classification of soils for a spatial study should be pragmatic but detailed enough to ensure a meaningful linkage of enterprise budgets to the soil.
The Effect of Ethnic and Socio-Economic Factors on Expenditures for Community Services
Authors: Pendse Dilip 
Published: July 2016

The ethnic balance in several major cities has changed in recent years. Black population of the central cities has increased because of migration to cities from rural areas. At the same time, the white population of suburban areas has increased because many whites have left the central cities for suburban metropolitan areas. More blacks than whites, in general, suffer from underemployment, low incomes, high crime rates, substandard housing and poor health and sanitation conditions. These factors tend to influence the kinds and amount of community services local governments provide or deny to their constituents.Studies done by such political sociologists as Clark, Lineberry and Fowler, Hirsch, Sanders, and Wilson and Banfield suggest that community attitudes on bond issues, local taxes or local government spending are influenced by the community's ethnic ties.
The Economics of Community Growth: An Impact Model
Authors: Clayton Kenneth C. , Whittington David 
Published: July 2016

Rapidly rising public sector costs are at issue in a great many communities. Quite often blame has been placed on recent development. This has caused communities to become wary of growth that might result in costs greater than benefits received.A model is described in this paper that permits ex ante evaluation of the economic effects of community growth. The paper begins with a brief discussion of community growth and previous impact modeling efforts. The Economic Growth Impact Model is then presented. This is followed by a description of the package within which the model is incorporated. Finally, an application of the model is highlighted.
An Analysis of Oklahoma Population Migration From 1970 to 1974
Authors: Salkin Michael S. , Nelson James R. 
Published: July 2016

During the past eleven years Oklahoma's population has increased by approximately 12 percent. Several counties located in the central and southeastern parts of the state have increased from 12 to 40 percent. Since the rate of natural increase during this period approximated three percent, much population increase was due to in-migration from other states and abroad.Given the fact that Oklahoma is gaining in population, and specific areas are growing quite rapidly while others are declining, the purpose of this study is to determine why Oklahoma is relatively popular and why certain counties are gaining population while others are losing.1 Emphasis will be on human and economic characteristics of Oklahoma counties assuming a neoclassical economic framework of mobility.
Determining the Economic Feasibility of Public Recreational Developments at Beaver Lake, Arkansas
Authors: Shulstad Robert N. , Sawyer Thomas G. 
Published: July 2016

Beaver Lake is nestled in the midst of the Ozark Mountains in the northwest corner of Arkansas. The picturesque lake is actually a multi-purpose reservoir constructed and maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The 28,220 acre lake offers eleven improved public access areas for use by recreationists. Six additional recreational areas have been planned, to be built as demand requires [16].Costs for development of the six additional parks were estimated by the Corps of Engineers as of July 1974, to be $6.87 million [16].
A Dry Matter Quality Approach to Planning Forage-Beef Systems
Authors: Anderson Kim B. , Walker Odell L. 
Published: July 2016

Forage quality and quantity vary by species, time of year, level and time of fertilizer application and grazing system [6]. Livestock nutritional requirements change with age, rate of gain, weight, date of calving and percentage calf crop [7]. Pasture forage production and livestock forage requirements depicting both quality and quantity need to be compiled by calendar periods to determine optimal pasture programs and livestock systems.Animal unit months (AUM) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) are the predominant measures of forage quantity produced and required. Neither measurement adequately reflects quality and quantity in forage production and beef requirements throughout the production cycles.
Income Tax Effects on Beef Cow Replacement Strategy
Authors: Kay Ronald D. , Rister Edward 
Published: July 2016

Little work has been done on the effect of income taxes on the firm-level decisions made by farmers and ranchers. Krause and Shapiro [4] identified this gap in agricultural economic research, noting that much of the published work on income taxes is descriptive rather than an analysis of the effect on firm level decision-making and resource allocation. Yet farmers make few investment or production decisions which do not affect their income tax liability for one or more years.An exception to the usual practice of omitting income taxes from a research study is a recent article by Lin, Dean and Moore [5].
Alternative Scenarios of Energy Use in U.S. Crop Production
Authors: Pagoulatos Angelos , Timmons John F. 
Published: July 2016

Agriculture has been among the most productive sectors of the U.S. economy. The agricultural sector uses only four percent of the labor force to produce food needed for both domestic use and export demand. Consumers in the U.S. spend only about 17 percent of their disposable income on food, the smallest percentage of any country in the world.That energy has been recognized as the propelling force for current and continuing agricultural productivity, along with the prospect of much higher costs, have given rise to a growing interest in technologies or systems of agriculture that are less energy intensive. Possible future adjustments in agriculture may affect output levels, costs and conservation of land and water qualities.
Anti-Poverty Distribution of Food Stamp Program Benefits: A Profile of 1975 Federal Program Outlays
Authors: Kletke Marilyn G. 
Published: July 2016

The Federal Food Stamp Program is consistently under fire for failure to perform according to stated goals. This paper presents a brief overview of the program, and constructs a partial profile of the 1975 federal outlay for bonus stamp coupons. The analysis surveys food stamp benefits across states with the intent of determining whether or not these benefits appear to be reaching states with the greatest numbers of poor people. A cursory review of rural-urban allocations indicates a basic inequity which needs further consideration.The first food stamp program came about in May of 1939 and lasted for some four years until the war sharply increased demand for food supplies.The food stamp program as we know it today has its roots in an experimental plan set up by President John F. Kennedy in 1961. This plan was implemented in several pilot areas and was designed to clear the market of surplus food supplies and to raise nutritional food purchasing power of participating low-income families.
Predictive Models for Southern State Cattle Inventories
Authors: Holmes M. R. 
Published: July 2016

As noted in a recent article by Harris, many agricultural economics departments in recent years have expanded their commitments to providing market outlook information. Continuing volatile commodity prices will provide an ongoing demand for such information.This paper presents results of a study designed to provide short term predictions of the number of cattle and calves on farms, January 1, in each of twelve southern states.1 Such estimates can help outlook personnel in several ways, including providing indications as to how producers are reacting to recent market conditions in each of these states and the region. The models do not require demand estimates for beef, nor are results likely to prove as self-defeating as price predictions might if publicized. Form of the models was suggested by work on an earlier national cattle marketing model.
Comments on Emerging Agricultural Policies of the Carter Administration
Authors: Gardner Bruce 
Published: July 2016

Policy in the form of the Food and Agriculture Act of 1977 “emerged” as from behind a tree and was greeted by a hail of sticks, stones, and arrows from the farm strikers. It is appropriate to begin with a note of sympathy for the Department of Agriculture, particularly the Secretary who has so often in early 1978 borne the brunt of farmer dissatisfaction. In certain ancient societies it is said to have been traditional to respond to crisis by sacrificing the life of the king to appease the gods. As you know, in our country the chief executive has delegated this responsibility to the Secretary of Agriculture.In addition to the domestic price and income areas that are the traditional center of attention, I want to discuss emerging policy on international agricultural trade, and the regulation of agricultural production and the food marketing industry. Though the Department of Agriculture is sometimes not the lead agency in these matters, it should nonetheless be considered in discussion of the agricultural policies of the Carter Administration.
Agricultural Economics Research and Extension Needs of Small-Scale, Limited-Resource Farmers
Authors: West Jerry G. 
Published: July 2016

A traditional approach to defining problems or needs is to compare a situation (what is) with objectives or valuations (what ought to be). A more elaborate version of this approach introduces some dynamics into the scheme by projecting current trends to determine how the expected situation some time in the future compares with what we would like the situation to be. One difficulty in such an approach is deciding what dimensions of the situation are important.In considering the problems of small farms, do we primarily examine income and the measures of wellbeing — or emphasize the structure of agriculture and its implications for our society? Must we consider the extent to which concern for conservation of soil and energy resources is related to size of farms? Should we complicate the picture even more, as is often argued, by including the non-market-goods dimensions [18]? Some researchers would merely use a change in the number of small farms as indicative of a problem, but this is only symptomatic of more basic factors at work.
Importance of Understanding Consumption Dynamics In Market Recovery Periods
Authors: Tilley Daniel S. 
Published: July 2016

Periods of reduced supplies due to exogenous shocks and subsequent high price levels have occurred for many agricultural commodities in the past decade. Consumers' adjustments to these events depend on the magnitude of the shocks and characteristics of the commodity. Understanding consumers' responses to these events requires recognition of rigidities that result in delays in consumer responses to prices.Recognition of rigidities in consumption relationships by using dynamic stock and flow adjustment models was popularized by Houthakker and Taylor [2]. The models recognize the role of inventories and habits resulting from previous purchase patterns in determining current consumption decisions.
Objective Evaluation for Agricultural Lending
Authors: Hardy William E. , Weed Johno B. 
Published: July 2016

One of the more significant changes in the U. S. agricultural industry in recent years has been the increased use of credit to finance production and capital expenditures. Since 1970, outstanding farm debt has more than doubled, rising at an average annual rate of 9.3 percent. However, because net farm income has not increased as fast, the debt burden for farm operators has become relatively higher (Melichar and Waldheger).This increase in debt load has made financial evaluation more difficult for lenders. Narrow profit margins and increased average loan size have made financial institutions more aware of the need to determine, for their loan portfolio, how borrower and agricultural business characteristics relate to debt repayment ability and loan quality.
Use of Forecasts in Decisionmaking: The Case of Stocker Cattle in Florida
Authors: Spreen Thomas H. , Arnade Carlos A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe decision to overwinter feeder cattle hinges directly on the forecast of spring cattle prices. An analysis of price forecasts from several alternative models is presented. The models are evaluated using both the traditional mean square criterion and alternative criteria. The alternative criteria evaluate the profitability of the decision implemented based upon the forecast.