bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Active actuator fault‐tolerant control of a wind turbine benchmark model
Authors: Simani S. , Castaldi P. 
Published: February 2016

SUMMARYThis paper describes the design of an active fault‐tolerant control scheme that is applied to the actuator of a wind turbine benchmark. The methodology is based on adaptive filters obtained via the nonlinear geometric approach, which allows to obtain interesting decoupling property with respect to uncertainty affecting the wind turbine system. The controller accommodation scheme exploits the on‐line estimate of the actuator fault signal generated by the adaptive filters. The nonlinearity of the wind turbine model is described by the mapping to the power conversion ratio from tip‐speed ratio and blade pitch angles. This mapping represents the aerodynamic uncertainty, and usually is not known in analytical form, but in general represented by approximated two‐dimensional maps (i.e. look‐up tables). Therefore, this paper suggests a scheme to estimate this power conversion ratio in an analytical form by means of a two‐dimensional polynomial, which is subsequently used for designing the active fault‐tolerant control scheme. The wind turbine power generating unit of a grid is considered as a benchmark to show the design procedure, including the aspects of the nonlinear disturbance decoupling method, as well as the viability of the proposed approach. Extensive simulations of the benchmark process are practical tools for assessing experimentally the features of the developed actuator fault‐tolerant control scheme, in the presence of modelling and measurement errors. Comparisons with different fault‐tolerant schemes serve to highlight the advantages and drawbacks of the proposed methodology. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lgr5 Marks Neural Crest Derived Multipotent Oral Stromal Stem Cells
Authors: Boddupally Keerthi , Wang Guangfang , Chen Yibu , Kobielak Agnieszka 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
It has been suggested that multipotent stem cells with neural crest (NC) origin persist into adulthood in oral mucosa. However their exact localization and role in normal homeostasis is unknown. In this study, we discovered that Lgr5 is expressed in NC cells during embryonic development, which give rise to the dormant stem cells in the adult tongue and oral mucosa. Those Lgr5 positive oral stromal stem cells display properties of NC stem cells including clonal growth and multipotent differentiation. RNA sequencing revealed that adult Lgr5+ oral stromal stem cells express high number of neural crest related markers like Sox9, Twist1, Snai1, Myc, Ets1, Crabp1, Epha2, and Itgb1. Using lineage-tracing experiments, we show that these cells persist more than a year in the ventral tongue and some areas of the oral mucosa and give rise to stromal progeny. In vivo transplantation demonstrated that these cells reconstitute the stroma. Our studies show for the first time that Lgr5 is expressed in the NC cells at embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) and is maintained during embryonic development and postnataly in the stroma of the ventral tongue, and some areas of the oral mucosa and that Lgr5+ cells participate in the maintenance of the stroma.
Peroxiredoxin II Is Essential for Maintaining Stemness by Redox Regulation in Liver Cancer Cells
Authors: Kwon Taeho , Bak Yesol , Park Young-Ho , Jang Gyu-Beom , Nam Jeong-Seok , Yoo Jeong Eun , Park Young Nyun , Bak In Seon , Kim Jin-Man , Yoon Do-Young , Yu Dae-Yeul 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Redox regulation in cancer stem cells (CSCs) is viewed as a good target for cancer therapy because redox status plays an important role in cancer stem-cell maintenance. Here, we investigated the role of Peroxiredoxin II (Prx II), an antioxidant enzyme, in association with maintenance of liver CSCs. Our study demonstrates that Prx II overexpressed in liver cancer cells has high potential for self-renewal activity. Prx II expression significantly corelated with expression of epithelial-cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM) and cytokerain 19 in liver cancer tissues of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Downregulation of Prx II in Huh7 cells with treatment of siRNA reduced expression of EpCAM and CD133 as well as Sox2 in accordance with increased ROS and apoptosis, which were reversed in Huh7-hPrx II cells. Huh7-hPrx II cells exhibited strong sphere-formation activity compared with mock cells. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) exposure enhanced sphere formation, cell-surface expression of EpCAM and CD133, and pSTAT3 along with activation of VEGF receptor 2 in Huh7-hPrx II cells. The result also emerged in Huh7-H-rasG12V and SK-HEP-1-H-rasG12V cells with high-level expression of Prx II. Prx II was involved in regulation of VEGF driving cancer stem cells through VEGFR-2/STAT3 signaling to upregulate Bmi1 and Sox2. In addition, knockdown of Prx II in Huh7-H-rasG12V cells showed significant reduction in cell migration in vitro and in tumorigenic potential in vivo. Taken together, all the results demonstrated that Prx II plays a key role in the CSC self-renewal of HCC cells through redox regulation.
Embryonic Stem Cells Cultured in Microfluidic Chambers Take Control of Their Fate by Producing Endogenous Signals Including LIF
Authors: Guild Joshua , Haque Amranul , Gheibi Pantea , Gao Yandong , Son Kyung Jin , Foster Elena , Dumont Sophie , Revzin Alexander 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
It is important to understand the role played by endogenous signals in shaping stem cell fate decisions to develop better culture systems and to improve understanding of development processes. In this study, we describe the behavior of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) inside microfluidic chambers (microchambers) operated under conditions of minimal perfusion. mESCs inside microchambers formed colonies and expressed markers of pluripotency in the absence of feeders or pluripotency-inducing signals such as leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), while mESCs in standard cultureware differentiated rapidly. In a series of experiments, we demonstrate that remarkable differences in stem cell phenotype are due to endogenous production of LIF and other growth factors brought upon by cultivation in confines of a microchamber in the absence of perfusion (dilution). At the protein level, mESCs produced ∼140 times more LIF inside microchambers than under standard culture conditions. In addition, we demonstrate that pluripotent phenotype of stem cells could be degraded by increasing the height (volume) of the microchamber. Furthermore, we show that inhibition of LIF in microchambers, via the JAK/STAT3 pathway, leads to preferential differentiation into mesoderm that is driven by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4. Collectively, we demonstrate for the first time that it is possible to design a cell culture system where stem cell fate is controlled solely by the endogenous signals. Our study may help shift the paradigm of stem cell cultivation away from relying on expensive exogenous molecules such as growth factors and toward designing culture chambers for harnessing endogenous signals.
Plant Homeo Domain Finger Protein 8 Regulates Mesodermal and Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells Through Mediating the Histone Demethylation of pmaip1
Authors: Tang Yan , Hong Ya-Zhen , Bai Hua-Jun , Wu Qiang , Chen Charlie Degui , Lang Jing-Yu , Boheler Kenneth R. , Yang Huang-Tian 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Histone demethylases have emerged as key regulators of biological processes. The H3K9me2 demethylase plant homeo domain finger protein 8(PHF8), for example, is involved in neuronal differentiation, but its potential function in the differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to cardiomyocytes is poorly understood. Here, we explored the role of PHF8 during mesodermal and cardiac lineage commitment of mouse ESCs (mESCs). Using a phf8 knockout (ph8-/Y) model, we found that deletion of phf8 in ESCs did not affect self-renewal, proliferation or early ectodermal/endodermal differentiation, but it did promote the mesodermal lineage commitment with the enhanced cardiomyocyte differentiation. The effects were accompanied by a reduction in apoptosis through a caspase 3-independent pathway during early ESC differentiation, without significant differences between differentiating wide-type (ph8+/Y) and ph8-/Y ESCs in cell cycle progression or proliferation. Functionally, PHF8 promoted the loss of a repressive mark H3K9me2 from the transcription start site of a proapoptotic gene pmaip1 and activated its transcription. Furthermore, knockdown of pmaip1 mimicked the phenotype of ph8-/Y by showing the decreased apoptosis during early differentiation of ESCs and promoted mesodermal and cardiac commitment, while overexpression of pmaip1 or phf8 rescued the phenotype of ph8-/Y ESCs by increasing the apoptosis and weakening the mesodermal and cardiac differentiation. These results reveal that the histone demethylase PHF8 regulates mesodermal lineage and cell fate decisions in differentiating mESCs through epigenetic control of the gene critical to programmed cell death pathways.
β-Globin-Expressing Definitive Erythroid Progenitor Cells Generated from Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Sacs
Authors: Fujita Atsushi , Uchida Naoya , Haro-Mora Juan J. , Winkler Thomas , Tisdale John 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Human embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells represent a potential alternative source for red blood cell transfusion. However, when using traditional methods with embryoid bodies, ES cell-derived erythroid cells predominantly express embryonic type ε-globin, with lesser fetal type γ-globin and very little adult type β-globin. Furthermore, no β-globin expression is detected in iPS cell-derived erythroid cells. ES cell-derived sacs (ES sacs) have been recently used to generate functional platelets. Due to its unique structure, we hypothesized that ES sacs serve as hemangioblast-like progenitors capable to generate definitive erythroid cells that express β-globin. With our ES sac-derived erythroid differentiation protocol, we obtained ∼120 erythroid cells per single ES cell. Both primitive (ε-globin expressing) and definitive (γ- and β-globin expressing) erythroid cells were generated from not only ES cells but also iPS cells. Primitive erythropoiesis is gradually switched to definitive erythropoiesis during prolonged ES sac maturation, concurrent with the emergence of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Primitive and definitive erythroid progenitor cells were selected on the basis of glycophorin A or CD34 expression from cells within the ES sacs before erythroid differentiation. This selection and differentiation strategy represents an important step toward the development of in vitro erythroid cell production systems from pluripotent stem cells. Further optimization to improve expansion should be required for clinical application.
Selection of tree roosts by male Indiana bats during the autumn swarm in the Ozark Highlands, USA
Authors: Perry Roger W. , Brandebura Stephen C. , Risch Thomas S. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTWe identified 162 roosts for 36 male Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis) across 3 study areas in the Ozarks of northern Arkansas, USA, during the autumn swarm (late Aug to late Oct, 2005 and 2006). Bats utilized 14 tree species; snags of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) were the most utilized (30% of roosts) and pines were selected over hardwoods. Diameter of trees and snags used for roosting ranged from 7.8 cm to 68.6 cm diameter at breast height (dbh), but bats used trees ≥20 cm dbh at a greater proportion than their availability. Roosts were located in a number of different forested cover classes, including shelterwood and group selection stands that had undergone partial harvesting. Roosts in 2 of 3 study areas showed no differences in proportional use of forest cover classes versus availability of those classes. However, in one study area, mature forests (≥50 yr old) that had been burned once recently and stands burned multiple times over the past 10 years were used at a greater proportion than their availability, whereas mature forests that were not burned were used at a lower proportion than their availability. An examination of stand age data indicated that 98% of all roosts were located in stands ≥38 years old, suggesting that this is an important age threshold for roost selection in the Ozark Mountains. Bats in 2 study areas roosted at lower slopes in the higher elevation portions of the study areas, whereas no selection for topographic aspect were observed in all 3 study areas. Our data indicate that perceived habitat selection by a species may differ within the same geographic region and these differences could be due to factors such as differing selection among individuals, differences in juxtaposition of landscape components and cover types, and differing biological components such as the distribution of predators and predator densities. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Visible and thermal infrared remote sensing for the detection of white‐tailed deer using an unmanned aerial system
Authors: Chrétien Louis‐Philippe , Théau Jérôme , Ménard Patrick 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTWildlife management is based on various measurements representative of the health of populations and their habitats. Some agencies are focusing on animal surveys to manage species such as white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Current survey methods are faced with the challenge of reduced operating costs as well as estimating and correcting detection biases. Our pilot study (data collected on 6 Nov 2012 at Saint‐David‐de‐Falardeau, QC, Canada) assessed the potential of a new approach detect and count deer based on visible and thermal infrared image processing at very‐high spatial resolutions using an unmanned aerial system (UAS). Supervised and unsupervised pixel‐based image classification approaches as well as object‐based image analysis (OBIA) were assessed for different spatial resolutions and with different combinations of spectral bands. None of the pixel‐based approaches were effective for detecting deer. The OBIA approach detected deer with a rate of up to 100% under the best conditions by using a combination of visible and thermal infrared imagery at a spatial resolution of 0.8 cm/pixel. Overall, this approach had an average detection rate of 0.5, which is comparable to conventional aerial surveys. Visual obstructions by coniferous canopy and the spectral confusion associated with certain elements (e.g., bare soil, rocks) are problems that remain unresolved. Using UASs with image processing for surveys of deer and other species of large mammals is promising, but currently limited by the flight range of unmanned aerial vehicles and the associated regulations. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Groundwater Sustainability Indicators in Parts of Tiruppur and Coimbatore Districts, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Anbazhagan S. , Jothibasu A. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The present study emphasizes the use of groundwater sustainability indicators, developed to assess the sustainability of the aquifer in Uppar Odai sub-basin located in part of Tiruppur and Coimbatore districts, Tamil Nadu. There are seven indicators discussed based on their relevance in groundwater sustainability. In most parts of the sub-basin, groundwater development already exceeds 80% of the groundwater recharge. The results have shown that the sub-basin area has been contaminated with low hazard pollutant such as nitrate and fluoride. In addition, about 28% and 32% of the sub-basin area respectively is not suitable for irrigation. The analysis of water level data for the last 42 years has shown decline in water table. However, the water level condition has improved in the recent years due to water conservation measures. The basin requires necessary groundwater planning and management to maintain sustainable aquifer condition.
Identification of Chrysotile in Local Soil at Beypinari Village (Sivas-Turkey) Regarding Mine and Health Issue
Authors: Önal Yunus , Depci Tolga , Önal Ayten , Önal Ali , Üner Tijen 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Asbestos is dangerous for health and is forbidden to use in Turkey, but villagers who live in rural eastern part still use it especially for their home for insulation purposes and even as a substitute for baby powder. Therefore, geological and chemical properties of this type of soil, which is near the settlement, should be characterized and identified from the point of view of health. Beypinari asbestos deposits are located at Beypinari village, about 90 km southeast of Sivas, Turkey within Central Anatolian Ophiolites. Therefore, in the present study, the existence of chrysotile in Beypinari asbestos deposit were characterized and identified by mineralogical analysis and by major, trace, REE analysis. The results show that the samples contain different amount of calcite mineral, the main mineral being chrysotile.
Undrained Saturated Expansive Soil: A Case Study of Awgu Shale in Oji-Agu Akpugo Southeastern Nigeria
Authors: Henry Nnamani Chidiebere , Igwe Ogbonnaya 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Buildings constructed on the expansive soil of Oji-Agu Akpugo area exposed to natural factors such as water, temperature and surface run off. Effect caused by these factors on the soil has a negative impact on the built structures in the area.
Geotechnical results of the expansive soil of the area show that the average bearing capacity, specific gravity, maximum dry density and optimum moisture content are 101KNM-2, 2.52, 1.79 kgm−3 and 11% respectively. Maximum values for the liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index of the soil were found to be 55%, 16.67% and 38.33% respectively. Vertical electrical sounding technique was employed to determine depth of the expansive soil in the area and electric profiling to determine boundary of the clay deposit. Hydro-geochemical results of water samples collected from a well in the soil were analyzed to determine the impact of chemistry of the soil on ground water. The analytical results obtained together with field observations showed how far an undrained and saturated soil can impact on the engineering structures. Thus, the objective of this paper is to provide technical awareness to practitioners on the negative impact caused by the expansive soil of Oji-Agu Akpugo area due to pore water.
Spatial Variability of Fluorine in Agricultural Soils around Sidhi District, Central India
Authors: Kumar Bijendra , Naaz Asmaa , Shukla Kriti , Narayan Chandravir , Singh Govind , Kumar Alok , Ramanathan Al , Anshumali  
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The systematic and comprehensive geochemical analysis of fluoride (F) in twenty agricultural soil samples was carried out to understand spatial variability, mechanism of retention and release, and the areas of potential risk due to high concentrations of F in soil around Sidhi District, Central India. The spatial variations in physico-chemical parameters revealed significant difference in the methods of cultivation due to geomorphological constraints, availability of surface water and ground water etc., in the study area. The north and small pocket in central Sidhi were rich in fertile soils due to availability of surface and ground water. The southern and eastern Sidhi were rainfed areas, hence, the monocropping system by traditional methods showed less impact on the soil physico-chemical parameters. The soil F varied from 366.94 to 1178 mg/kg and 2-4 times greater than the background soil value (320 mg/kg) of the world. The pollution indexes were &gt; 1 indicating prevalence of elevated soil fluorine.
On the dual of Rauzy induction
Authors: INOUE KAE , NAKADA HITOSHI 
Published: February 2016

We investigate a certain dual relationship between piecewise rotations of a circle and interval exchange maps. In 2005, Cruz and da Rocha [A generalization of the Gauss map and some classical theorems on continued fractions. Nonlinearity18 (2005), 505–525] introduced a notion of ‘castles’ arising from piecewise rotations of a circle. We extend their idea and introduce a continuum version of castles, which we show to be equivalent to Veech’s zippered rectangles [Gauss measures for transformations on the space of interval exchange maps. Ann. of Math. (2) 115 (1982), 201–242]. We show that a fairly natural map defined on castles represents the inverse of the natural extension of the Rauzy map.
Insider Trading in Israel and England, Part I.
Authors: Yoran Aharon 
Published: February 2016

It is generally assumed that English directors have acarte blancheprivilege to engage at arm's length in transactions involving securities of a corporation which they manage. Thus directors of English corporations may utilize inside information for their personal benefit at the expense of their trading partners. This assumption is derived from the calamitous decision ofPercivalv.Wrightwhich, subject to illusory limitations imposed byAllenv.Hyatt, is still believed to be the law in England today. Israeli directors, it is believed, share thiscarte blancheprivilege with their English counterparts. This belief derives from the fact that Israeli courts resort to English jurisprudence, when necessary to fill in the gaps which are found to exist in Israeli law.This paper questions the validity of the above assumptions. It is an attempt to evaluate whether or not an English or Israeli director, or another insider, may indeed utilize inside information to trade in the securities of his corporation without regard to rules governing fiduciary relationships and other legal principles, which, it is submitted, the English judiciary and bar have thus far overlooked.
The Problem of the Class Differentiation of Disability Benefits: A Case for Going Beyond the No-Fault Principle
Authors: Miller Arye L. 
Published: February 2016

In Israeli law eighteen statutes now regulate the legal status of various kinds of disabled persons. These statutes apply to about twice the number of different categories of disabled persons, classified in groups or classes, according to the cause and circumstances of disablement. Ignoring voluntary arrangements, the number of legal statuses or classifications (i.e. the complex of legal rights, pecuniary andin specie, together with the conditions of entitlement) may be put at eleven, which includes groups of people disabledde factowho are not recognised as disabled under law since they do not come within the statutory definition of disablement or otherwise meet the conditions of entitlement. The number of statuses is smaller than the number of statutes because some of the latter merely extend the application of other statutesin pari materia.If we address ourselves to the substance of the legal status of these disabled persons, the general impression obtained reflects a kind of order of preference among the different groups, sometimes with considerable gaps. At the lowest level are the most deprived, thede factodisabled, who lack all rights as such, and the ordinary disabled (those who do not fall into any specific category but are recognised as disabled—the “new” and “long-standing” invalids of Chapter 6B of the National Insurance Law (Consolidated Version), 1968, in respect of whom a paucity of rights exists, in the nature only ofultimum subsidium. At the upper level stand the most preferred groups under existing law, traffic-accident victims and disabled soldiers.