bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conceptualizing Addiction From an Osteopathic Perspective: Dopamine Homeostasis
Authors: Baron Dave , Blum Kenneth , Chen Anthony , Gold Mark , Badgaiyan Rajendra D. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Addiction is a public health crisis in the United States. Understanding the cause and providing effective treatment for patients—in particular, those with substance use disorders—is challenging. Research has demonstrated that addiction is not a flaw in one's moral fiber or a disease of choice; rather, it is driven by alterations in neuronal mechanisms, especially those that involve the neurotransmitter dopamine, which plays a critical role in the brain's reward pathway. Much of osteopathic philosophy is based on the concept of total body homeostasis and allostasis. This article discusses the role of achieving dopamine homeostasis as part of a comprehensive biopsychosocial treatment strategy in the effective management of addiction. The authors aim to motivate osteopathic primary care physicians to incorporate osteopathic philosophy into the treatment of patients with substance use disorders.
Development of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder and Spinal Arachnoid Cysts in a Patient With Intractable Epilepsy
Authors: Liu Yin , Olek Michael 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that is characterized by severe relapsing attacks of optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. The current case describes a 29-year-old man with intractable epilepsy and diplegic spastic cerebral palsy who was given the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder after presenting with weakness, incontinence, and decreased visual acuity. His symptoms recurred 21 months after initial presentation. Magnetic resonance imaging of his spine revealed arachnoid cysts with regional mass effects. Differentiation of arachnoid cysts from a demyelinating process may be difficult in the early stages of the disease. Close monitoring of patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder is important, especially in patients with recurrent or refractory symptoms.
Down Deep in the Dark: A Semiotic Approach to Edgar Allan Poe’s the Black Cat
Authors: Karim Lazim Abdul 
Published: January 2018

Semiotics is the investigation of the nature, type and function of signs in all walks of life. It is the science of interpreting signs and showing how meaning is generated by and through a shared cultural code. Being a verbal corpus of imaginatively works of art, literature with all its genres, i.e. poetry, drama, fiction, the short story, etc. lends itself to semiotics scrutiny. Verbal works of artifact as such can be analyzed in terms of semiotic theory. This paper purports to explore Edgar Allan Poe’ The Black Cat as a structure of interconnected signs which are organically rooted into the code of horror. If culture, in one sense, is the complex network of beliefs, behaviors and patterns of thinking, these psychopathic cognitive patterns are wittingly structured in the semiotic system of Poe’s narrative work of art. The study proceeds with the hypothesis that Poe’s The Black Cat is a semiotic metaphor or a representation of the actual world of insanity which is resulted from obsession in things. The short story is analyzed in terms of the newly semiotic approach, namely The Semiotic triangle. This tripartite model is a three-dimensional model whose axes are: syntagmaticity, paradigmaticity and signification. The dimensions are supposed to be the foundations of the construction of Poe’s literary text. One result of the study has shown that fear is not an organic human nature in The Black Cat, but a newly born behavior which has led to a serial of crimes committed by the unnamed author. This abnormal behaviorism is encoded in the semiotic veins of Poe’s newly literary genre, i.e. the narratology of horror. The scope of the study is limited to Poe’s The Black Cat as a par excellent narrative work of that creative genre. The paper is rounded up with concluding remarks elicited from the semiotic analysis.
ПРИНЦИП ИНВАРИАНТНОСТИ ДЛЯ НЕАВТОНОМНЫХ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНО-ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЛЬНЫХ УРАВНЕНИЙ С?РАЗРЫВНОЙ ПРАВОЙ ЧАСТЬЮ, "Доклады Академии наук"
Authors: Финогенко И.А. 
Published: January 2018

Для неавтономных функционально-дифференциальных уравнений с кусочно-непрерывными правыми частями и с решениями в смысле А.Ф. Филиппова предлагается метод предельных дифференциальных включений для изучения асимптотических свойств решений. Устанавливаются свойства типа инвариантности w-предельных множеств и аналоги принципа инвариантности Ж. Ла-Салля с использованием инвариантно-дифференцируемых функционалов Ляпунова со знакопостоянной производной.
КАРБОНИЗОВАННЫЕ ВОЛОКНА НА ОСНОВЕ ПОЛИВИНИЛОВОГО СПИРТА, "Доклады Академии наук"
Authors: Петкиева Д.В. , Голубев Е.К. , Куркин Т.С. , Кечекьян А.С. , Рудакова Т.А. , Бешенко М.А. , Озерин А.Н. 
Published: January 2018

На основе поливинилового спирта получили карбонизованные волокна в виде комплексной технической нити с разрывной прочностью выше 200 МПа и удельной электропроводностью не менее 0,5 См/см. С помощью термогравиметрического и дифференциально-термического анализа, методов Рамановского рассеяния и рентгеновской дифракции в больших углах рассеяния охарактеризовали структуры этих волокон. Структурные параметры карбонизованных ПВС-волокон близки к параметрам карбонизованного каменноугольного пека, полученного термообработкой при 1000 °C. Также исследовали структуру и свойства карбонизованных волокон, модифицированных бисульфатом калия.
ПЕРВЫЙ ОПЫТ ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ ГИДРОГЕОХИМИЧЕСКИХ ИНДИКАТОРОВ ГРЯЗЕВУЛКАНИЧЕСКОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ, "Доклады Академии наук"
Authors: Ершов В. В. , Никитенко О. А. , Левин Б.В. 
Published: January 2018

Впервые в мировой практике реализован гидрогеохимический мониторинг на грязевом вулкане. Измерения проводили в течение полевого сезона 2015 г. из пяти грифонов Южно-Сахалинского грязевого вулкана с различной степенью активности. Установлены статистически значимые различия химического состава сопочных вод в разных грифонах. Данные различия определяются активностью грифонов вулкана.
СМЕНА РЕЖИМОВ В ДИНАМИКЕ ЧИСЛЕННОСТИ ПОПУЛЯЦИИ С ВОЗРАСТНОЙ И ПОЛОВОЙ СТРУКТУРОЙ, "Доклады Академии наук"
Authors: Ревуцкая О. Л. , Кулаков М.П. , Неверова Г.П. , Фрисман Е.Я. 
Published: January 2018

На основе математической модели динамики численности популяции с возрастной и половой структурой исследовали взаимосвязь между числом новорождённых и численностью зрелых самок и самцов. Также изучили сценарии переходов между разными режимами динамики численности, которые обусловлены не только изменениями популяционных параметров, определяющих интенсивность воспроизводства, выживаемости и саморегуляции, но и особенностями процесса образования брачных пар. Обнаружили мультистабильность популяционной динамики: возможность альтернативных динамических режимов при одних и тех же значениях популяционных параметров, но при разных начальных условиях.
Design of Multisine Phase References/Standards for Modulated Measurements
Authors: Zhang Y. , Huang J. , Guo X. , He Z. , Wang L. , Zhao W. , Zhang Z. , Lu Z. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis paper presents a design methodology of multisine signals, so that they can be used as phase references or standards convenient for modulated measurements. To achieve an extendable measurement bandwidth, the spectrum of each multisine is designed with three successive segments, where the left (lower‐frequency) and right (higher‐frequency) ending ones have the same phase spectra. In this way several multisines, one by one overlapped at the ending segments, can jointly serve as an integrated phase reference/standard signal, which, in theory, has an arbitrarily extendable bandwidth. By the example of “Schroeder” phase relationship, the proposed method is experimentally verified for wideband‐modulated measurements, where the designed multisines are used as the phase references and standards, respectively, of a Nonlinear Vector Network Analyzer test bed. In this work, a phase measurement error less than ±1° is experimentally confirmed for 1,601 t measurements with 160 MHz modulation bandwidth around 2 GHz.
Environmental Impacts from Ships Operating in Polar Regions
Authors: Santos Pedro Victor , Fraser Drummond 
Published: January 2018

AbstractClimate change and the associated reductions in thickness and extent of ice cover, in addition to various global market forces and an overall interest in the Polar Regions, are contributing to increased levels of shipping and vessel operation in both Arctic and Antarctic waters.Despite a growing interest in resource development, potential transit routes, and scientific research, the Polar Regions also remain among the most unique and environmentally sensitive places on earth and are particularly prone to negative environmental impacts unique to ship operations. This article highlights some of the more common ship‐associated environmental impacts.Throughout, particular emphasis is placed on criteria for minimizing the probability of any such negative impact or incident from occurring, in particular through the development of international standards and requirements for ships (e.g., the Polar Code) that are tailored to the unique operating demands of the Polar Regions.
Winterization
Authors: Mejlænder‐Larsen Morten 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The number of vessels engaged in resource development, tourism, and general shipping of cargo in cold and polar waters is increasing. In many areas, climate change has reduced the extent of the sea ice as the main limiting factor for operation and contributed to a longer ice‐free summer season. However, it is still cold during the winter, and operation during an extended summer season starting earlier and lasting longer needs additional requirements to both the exposed equipment and the persons on board. Winterization is the term used for adapting both the ship and exposed equipment to the additional challenges following operations in cold climate. A winterized vessel is adapted and ready to operate under the expected cold climate conditions in a defined area by fulfilling a set of minimum requirements to the exposed equipment.
Ice Class and Ice‐Going Merchant Ships
Authors: Upcraft Desmond 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMerchant ships first started year‐round operations in the Baltic Sea in the late 1870s with seaborne trade between northern Finland and Stockholm, Sweden. Ice class rules are principally features that enhance the ship's capability to navigate in ice; however, they should also take into account the environment and the type of operation that the ship is undertaking.The first Finnish ice class rules were introduced in 1890. Ice class rules and regulations have generally been developed by countries whose ports and harbours are closed in the winter season due to ice, and today's Finnish‐Swedish ice class rules (FSICR) have been adopted by members of the International Associations of Classification Societies (IACS) as the de facto standard for first‐year ice requirements.First‐year ice is sea ice that is present only during the winter season; in late spring/early summer the ice melts completely. As the ice has only one winter to accumulate, the ice has relatively low ice strength properties. Typically, first‐year ice conditions are found in the Baltic Sea and the St. Lawrence Seaway.Multi‐year ice is ice that has survived at least one summer and may be 3 m or more in thickness. The ice is usually much stronger than first‐year ice and is found in parts of the Arctic Ocean and Antarctica.This document will also contain an overview of some of the different types of ice‐going vessels and their different areas of operation, but will predominately focus on ships operating in winter conditions in the northern Baltic Sea.
Aspects of the Maritime Environmental and Ship Routing
Authors: Culshaw Simon 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWorld population is likely to double within the next half century. Demand for food, materials, and energy resources will rise in similar proportions.The sea will play an increasingly important role to meet these demands. Over 70% of the surface is covered by water. It must be realised that seabed resources are not inexhaustible and even those which are renewable require time to regenerate. In 1635 an Englishman John Seldon spoke of the possibility of the depletion of fishery and that England should have a right to exercise jurisdiction in English waters. The oceans have been a convenient defense, we extract minerals from the ocean floor the oceans are utilised as global transport system which has never been excellent free.For humans to survive the maritime environment must be considered for all projects to succeed as each human activity in the oceans they be considered to be detrimental one way or another. If anyone of the uses is imposed on a regime that make any of the others it is likely to be unworkable politically, economically or environmentally.
Offshore Wind Energy Technology
Authors: Kolios Athanasios , Lozano‐Minguez Estivaliz 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Offshore wind energy technologies have substantially progressed over the past decade contributing substantially to the available capacity that is supplied to the grid. This article presents some of the critical technical and contextual aspects of offshore wind energy technologies with a view on the efficient development and operation of wind farms with larger rotors deployed in deeper waters further offshore. Following a review of the background and state‐of‐the‐art in wind turbine technologies, different wind turbine configurations are presented. The most relevant fixed and floating offshore structures are also discussed. The main aspects of offshore maintenance are then presented followed by an analysis of offshore wind energy economics, which highlight the key cost components of a wind farm throughout its service life and reference is made to their environmental impact. Finally, a series of current offshore wind energy technology challenges is listed to illustrate the current barriers to further development.
Introduction to Offshore Renewables
Authors: Sturman John James 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
As a consequence of seeking alternative electricity supplies to reduce anthropogenic global warming, the exploitation of offshore energy from renewable sources has experienced dramatic growth over the last 20 years. The majority of which has been in offshore wind farms. Other sources of offshore renewable energy, such as wave and tidal, continue to attract a lot of attention, but technical solutions have yet to achieve commercial competitiveness. Ongoing developments in offshore wind exploitation continue to bring it's levelised cost of electricity down.
Ship Types, Duties, and General Characteristics
Authors: Carlton John 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This article examines the ships that are currently in service in order to meet the needs of maritime commerce. Initially considering briefly a historical context, it then concentrates on the range and diversity of ships in use today. These embrace wet and dry bulk carriers, container ships, gas‐carrying ships, passenger vessels, and a range of special purpose ships of both a seagoing and river transiting nature.
Subsea Mining Vehicles
Authors: Machin Jon 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In a typical deep‐sea mining operation, an underwater mining tool engages with the seabed to excavate the desired material. A robotic subsea mining vehicle is often used. The vehicle will likely have a propulsion system enabling it to traverse and transfer its weight and other forces to the seabed. This article describes typical seabed mining vehicles and their historical development. The seabed mechanical computations involved are reviewed. Several propulsion options are described such as Caterpillar tracks, Archimedes screws, and towed sleds.
Properties of Materials
Authors: Buswell Deborah , Smart Jack , Singh Binder 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Major marine equipment includes welded steel structures with alloy propellers and coatings and cathodic protection. Bridges use steel towers, cables, and foundations, all with coatings or cathodic protection. Offshore platforms use a combination of cathodic protection, applied underwater, coatings, and alloys such as stainless steel, titanium, or fiberglass for process equipment and seawater piping. Corrosion resistant steels containing copper are also used, especially in harbors where the copper prohibits the marine growth. It is important to understand the material properties of a material and the environment in which they are to perform to ensure the correct material has been selected. There are many factors that will determine the selection, such as temperature, type of stresses, pressure, compatibility of materials in seawater, hydrocarbons to mention a few. Understanding the properties of materials and how they alter due to environment is critical in design to avoid failure during service.
Marine and Subsea External Seawater Side Corrosion
Authors: Jukes Paul , Singh Binder 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis article will look at the important factors related to external corrosion. The types of external corrosion covered are uniform corrosion, galvanic corrosion (mixed metals), crevice corrosion, selective leaching (dealloying), pitting corrosion, cavitation damage, stress corrosion cracking, hydrogen embrittlement, liquid metal embrittlement, microbial corrosion, corrosion fatigue, and corrosion under insulation. Corrosion control and monitoring methods are identified, and cathodic protection (CP) techniques along with coatings (FBE, dual‐layer FBE, three‐layer PP, and TSA coatings) are presented. As the marine, oil, and gas industries grow, existing and new challenges will need to be addressed, and guidelines are given to assist the reader.
Systems Completion and Commissioning
Authors: Mills Alan 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This article is reworked from the 24‐h intensive training workshop, in Systems Completion and Commissioning and Start‐Up through Final Handover to Operations. The course is delivered by Global Falcon Americas, Inc, and approved by the American Petroleum Institute (API) covering the important phases of Commissioning to the initial project Start‐Up of Onshore Process Plants and Offshore Production Facilities.
Strategic Maintenance Management
Authors: Shorten Daniel C. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe maintenance needs of machinery is not fixed. Reliability needs will be different from ship to ship. The aversion to risk will also be different depending on the operating context of the ships operation and its particular status at any one time. It is true that all machinery assets will be provided with a recommended maintenance schedule as defined by the manufacturer. However, in the main, the way that the machine will be operated and the context of that operation will not have been considered before the machine that leaves the factory; thus, it will not be reflected in the maintenance handbook. Apart from the period of warrantee, there is no requirement to follow the makers guidelines unless there is no other robustly considered alternative. Therefore, taking a strategic view of maintenance for any given business should be the norm.
Practical Challenges that Flow Assurance Engineers Face During Engineering Design and Field Operations
Authors: Yang Frank 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis article is an introduction to the field of offshore subsea pipeline engineering calledflow assurance(FA). It focuses on the many practical challenges that FA engineers face during engineering design and field operations. First, the design input data requirements such as fluid compositions and properties, pipeline layouts and configurations, and production forecasts are described. Second, pipeline sizing and thermal hydraulic design such as FA design outputs are discussed with the aim to meet production forecasts and to manage the risks of pipeline plugging such as hydrate and wax. The other frequently encountered FA risks such as asphaltenes, mineral scales, slugging, erosion, corrosion, and management strategies are also covered from design and operational perspectives. This article also illustrates the important features of several software packages FA engineers use most often for multiphase thermal hydraulic modeling such as OLGA, LEDA Flow, and PIPESIM and of the thermodynamic fluid characterizing packages such as PVTsim and Multiflash.
Subsea Trees
Authors: Sharma Kartik 
Published: January 2018

AbstractXmas trees are the subsea structures that are installed on the wellhead and provide the means to control and manage the fluid coming out of the well. Subsea flowlines are connected to the trees to transfer the produced fluid through the network of flowlines and pipelines to the topside facility.This article provides details regarding the functionality of the subsea trees, various types of subsea trees used in the offshore industry, and subsea tree components. It also provides summary of subsea tree installation and testing and commissioning philosophy.The purpose of this article is to make the user familiar with subsea tree system.
Types of Bottom‐Founded Structures
Authors: Humphrey Gary 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis article presents a brief historical overview of facilities development for the oil and gas industry. The key milestone projects as well as the changes in structural concepts as the industry expanded to deeper water depths are discussed. The types of foundations and anchorage systems used to support and moor these facilities are also discussed. The evolution for structures and foundations demonstrates the creativity and high level technology required to develop increasingly more difficulty to access offshore hydrocarbons.
Site Assessment for Jack‐Up Rigs
Authors: Humphrey Gary D. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Site assessment for jack‐up rigs involves typical offshore technics for shallow, high‐resolution geophysical methods followed by geotechnical coring. The geophysical program provides a good reference for variability across the site and helps to determine if more than one geotechnical boring should be performed. Sometimes, geotechnical borings are performed from the jack‐up rig itself.
Reserve Strength and Redundancy
Authors: Hassanin Ahmed , Jukes Paul 
Published: January 2018

AbstractOffshore frame structures should exhibit acceptable levels of robustness to withstand extreme environmental loads. Robustness can be explained as a characteristic that describes the capacity of the overall platform based on how each component in the framing structure responds to load and the performance of the structure as a whole. Capacity, redundancy, and ductility are three main characteristics that describe robustness. A robust frame is one with sufficient reserve strength. Isolated tests have been conducted by HSE on multiple frame‐bracing schemes to understand the response of the members and joints in jacket structures. These isolated tests have shown some differences when it comes to actual frame behavior as they assume lower stress situations resulting in more conservative design codes.