bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trigger warnings, covenants of presence, and more: Cultivating safe space for theological discussions about sexual trauma
Authors: Crumpton Stephanie M. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSexual assault is prevalent, but many educators find themselves ill‐prepared to address it in the classroom. This article conceptualizes a trauma sensitive pedagogy that engages the psychological, social, and theological implications of sexual assault for classroom conversations about sex and sexuality. First, the article examines the impact of the classic power disparity between student and teacher as a dynamic that can trigger recall of the abuse of power inherent in sexual violence. Next the article reframes understandings of trigger warnings to consider how they can be used to support educators in taking seriously the vulnerability of those who have experienced sexual assault. The article also presents perspectives on the role of “teacher self‐disclosure” in facilitating conversations that acknowledge sexual assault, followed by a teaching strategy that demonstrates pedagogical sensitivity to trauma. Suggestions on how to support students through and beyond conversations that can trigger traumatic stress conclude the article.
Civic learning and teaching as a resource for sexual justice: An undergraduate religious studies course module
Authors: Vasko Elisabeth T. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractCivic learning and teaching, a form of critical and democratically engaged pedagogy, is utilized in an upper‐level undergraduate sexual ethics course to leverage public problem solving around the sexual violence on a mid‐size Catholic collegiate campus. Through the course, students, faculty, staff, and community members work together to deepen understanding of the causes and consequences of sexual violence within society and the local community in order to evaluate and design programming for bystander intervention, education, and sexual violence prevention advocacy. After a discussion of the application of civic teaching and learning to sexual violence, the course module describes the learning outcomes and assignments used to assess them. See as well Donna Freitas's response to this essay, “The Risk and Reward of Teaching about Sexual Assault for the Theologian on a Catholic Campus,” published in this issue of the journal.
Pegylated bovine carboxyhaemoglobin utilisation in a thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura patient
Authors: Sam C. , Desai P. , Laber D. , Patel A. , Visweshwar N. , Jaglal M. 
Published: April 2017

SUMMARYObjectiveTo determine if pegylated bovine carboxyhaemoglobin can be utilised in a thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) patient.BackgroundTTP is a condition characterized by thrombotic microangiopathy and has a high mortality rate when left untreated. Therapeutic plasma exchange is well established as the most effective and evidence‐based treatment of TTP.MethodsThe ability to administer plasma exchange therapy is limited in Jehovah's Witnesses who decline blood products due to religious beliefs. Pegylated bovine carboxyhaemoglobin is a novel oxygen transfer agent in development for the management of complications of ischaemia due to acute anaemia.ResultsTreatment was well tolerated, with grade 1 paresthesia of the right face and arm 1 h after the first infusion of Sanguinate, which spontaneously resolved and did not recur, and grade 1 cardiac troponin elevation after receiving the medication (with peak at 0·079 ng mL−1), but further workup with electrocardiogram and echocardiogram was unremarkable. By discharge on day 19, the patient's haemoglobin increased to 8·8 g dL−1 and platelet count to 221 000.ConclusionsWe report the first case of TTP in a Jehovah's Witness that was successfully managed with the use of pegylated bovine carboxyhaemoglobin as an adjunct medication.
Assessment of endogenous 25‐hydroxyvitamin D serum concentrations by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry in various animal species
Authors: Fritz Carol A. , Navetta Kimberly A. , Wolford David P. , Colangelo Jennifer L. 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundMass spectrometry (MS) has become the preferential method for the analysis of vitamin D in the clinic, yet no single platform is utilized for preclinical species in drug development studies. For vitamin D, the MS platform can provide certain benefits such as applicability of a single assay for multiple species, low cost, and high specificity.ObjectivesA quantitative liquid chromatography‐tandem MS (LC‐MS/MS) assay for 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) and D2 (25OHD2) was validated for rat, dog, mouse, and monkey, and suitability for drug development studies was assessed.MethodsStandards were used to determine intra‐ and inter‐assay accuracy and precision for LC‐MS/MS. Extraction recovery and carryover due to instrumentation were determined. Repeat analyses of pooled serum samples from rat, dog, mouse, and monkey were assessed for precision, and other serum samples were used to determine the normal range in each species and detect biologically relevant changes.ResultsFor both 25OHD3 and 25OHD2, inaccuracy was ≤ 6%, and imprecision was ≤ 13%. Extraction recovery was 75% for 25OHD3 and 72% for 25OHD2, and carryover was ≤ 0.1%. Measurable concentrations of 25OHD3 were recorded in serum samples from all species tested, but no 25OHD2 as diets were only fortified with 25OHD3. This dataset provides preliminary information for the determination of RIs for 25OHD3 in rat, dog, mouse, and monkey with the LC‐MS/MS platform.ConclusionsThe LC‐MS/MS assay was accurate and precise for determination of endogenous concentrations of 25OHD3 in serum samples from drug development studies in rat, dog, mouse, and monkey.
Non‐compliance to infectious disease deferral criteria among Hong Kong's blood donors
Authors: Lee S. S. , Cheung E. K. H. , Leung J. N. S. , Lee C. K. 
Published: April 2017

Background and ObjectivesDonor screening alone cannot eliminate the risk of transfusion‐transmitted HIV infection. Donor deferral according to established criteria is a supplemental strategy, which has focused largely on men who have sex with men (MSM). A study was conducted to determine the compliance of non‐MSM donors with such criteria and examine its implications on blood safety.Materials and MethodsChinese donors who have just donated blood at blood donor centres in Hong Kong were recruited. Based on the contents of the routinely administered predonation Health Screening Questionnaires, participants were requested to complete a survey to assess their practice of deferrable risk behaviours and lifestyle encounters, using tablet computers.ResultsOver an 8‐week period in mid‐2016, 1614 donors (male‐to‐female ratio 1·23) had enrolled in the survey, accounting for 40% of donors giving blood on the survey days. The proportion of respondents who gave blood despite having deferrable HIV risk was 5%: MSM 1·2% (of the male donors); non‐MSM risk behaviours 2·6%; risky lifestyle encounters 2·1%. If inconsistent declaration and suspected risk behaviours were included, the total non‐compliance rate became 10·8%. Male donors had a higher prevalence of deferrable behavioural risk, even after excluding MSM. Unawareness and non‐acceptability were main reasons for non‐compliance.ConclusionThe non‐compliance rate of donors to deferral was high, although the ultimate infection risk might be small in the presence of universal screening. Simplification of questionnaires, focus on time‐limited deferral and a reduction of deferral items may improve the deferral mechanism without compromising blood safety.
Not an “Extraordinary Event”: NFL Games and Militarized Civic Ritual1
Authors: Schimmel Kimberly S. 
Published: April 2017

In this article, which was delivered as the Alan G. Ingham Memorial Lecture to the 37th annual conference of the North American Society for the Sociology of Sport, I extend Ingham’s ideas regarding sport as civic ritual and combine it with my own work on the relationship between sport and the increasing militarization of US cities in the post 9/11 era. I suggest that militarized civic rituals have now become an ever-present feature of urban life and represent a troubling new conflation between military and civilian discourses and practices employed through sport, specifically the NFL and the Super Bowl. The term “citizen soldier” is used here to provoke thought about the role of “ordinary” citizens in this context where domestic security telescopes down from the highest levels of the US Department of Defense to the micropersonal. Legally equated with a soldier at war, the NFL fan’s call of duty is received through a mobile phone application, everyday citizens recruited to assist, in the name of patriotism, in terrorism prevention. This blurs legal and operational separations between intelligence-gathering and citizenship and further collapses civilian-military boundaries suggesting a changed notion of duty for all of us.Dans cet article, qui a été présenté en tant que Conférence Commémorative Alan G. Ingham au 37ème Congrès Annuel de la Société Nord-Américaine de Sociologie du Sport, je prolonge les idées d’Ingham sur le sport vu comme un rituel civique et je les combine avec mon propre travail sur la relation entre le sport et l’augmentation de la militarisation des villes américaines dans la période post 11 septembre. Je suggère que des rituels civiques militarisés sont maintenant devenus des composants omniprésents de la vie urbaine et qu’ils représentent un nouvel amalgame troublant entre les discours civils et militaires et les pratiques employées dans le sport, plus spécifiquement dans la NFL et au Super Bowl. Le terme de « soldat citoyen » est utilisé ici pour provoquer une réflexion sur le rôle des citoyens « ordinaires » dans ce contexte où la sécurité intérieure s’interpénètre des plus hauts niveaux du Département Américain de la Défense au niveau micro-individuel. Légalement assimilé à un soldat en guerre, l’appel du devoir du fan de la NFL est reçu sur une application de téléphone portable, les citoyens ordinaires sont recrutés pour aider, au nom du patriotisme, à la prévention du terrorisme. Cela brouille la séparation légale et opérationnelle entre les services de renseignements et la citoyenneté, et, en outre, anéantie les frontières entre le civil et le militaire, suggérant une nouvelle notion du devoir pour nous tous.
Manipulation of the Host Cell Membrane during
Plasmodium
Liver Stage Egress
Authors: Burda Paul-Christian , Caldelari Reto , Heussler Volker T. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT

A crucial step in the life cycle of
Plasmodium
parasites is the transition from the liver stage to the blood stage. Hepatocyte-derived merozoites reach the blood vessels of the liver inside host cell-derived vesicles called merosomes. The molecular basis of merosome formation is only partially understood. Here we show that
Plasmodium berghei
liver stage merozoites, upon rupture of the parasitophorous vacuole membrane, destabilize the host cell membrane (HCM) and induce separation of the host cell actin cytoskeleton from the HCM. At the same time, the phospholipid and protein composition of the HCM appears to be substantially altered. This includes the loss of a phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP
2
) reporter and the PIP
2
-dependent actin-plasma membrane linker ezrin from the HCM. Furthermore, transmembrane domain-containing proteins and palmitoylated and myristoylated proteins, as well as glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, lose their HCM localization. Collectively, these findings provide an explanation of HCM destabilization during
Plasmodium
liver stage egress and thereby contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that lead to merosome formation.

IMPORTANCE
Egress from host cells is an essential process for intracellular pathogens, allowing successful infection of other cells and thereby spreading the infection. Here we describe the molecular details of a novel egress strategy of
Plasmodium
parasites infecting hepatocytes. We show that toward the end of the liver stage, parasites induce a breakdown of the host cell actin cytoskeleton, leading to destabilization of the host cell plasma membrane. This, in turn, results in the formation of membrane vesicles (merosomes), in which parasites can safely migrate from liver tissue to the bloodstream to infect red blood cells and start the pathogenic phase of malaria.
Control of
gdhR
Expression in
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
via Autoregulation and a Master Repressor (MtrR) of a Drug Efflux Pump Operon
Authors: Rouquette-Loughlin Corinne E. , Zalucki Yaramah M. , Dhulipala Vijaya L. , Balthazar Jacqueline T. , Doyle Raúl G. , Nicholas Robert A. , Begum Afrin A. , Raterman Erica L. , Jerse Ann E. , Shafer William M. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT

The MtrCDE efflux pump of
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
contributes to gonococcal resistance to a number of antibiotics used previously or currently in treatment of gonorrhea, as well as to host-derived antimicrobials that participate in innate defense. Overexpression of the MtrCDE efflux pump increases gonococcal survival and fitness during experimental lower genital tract infection of female mice. Transcription of
mtrCDE
can be repressed by the DNA-binding protein MtrR, which also acts as a global regulator of genes involved in important metabolic, physiologic, or regulatory processes. Here, we investigated whether a gene downstream of
mtrCDE
, previously annotated
gdhR
in
Neisseria meningitidis
, is a target for regulation by MtrR. In meningococci, GdhR serves as a regulator of genes involved in glucose catabolism, amino acid transport, and biosynthesis, including
gdhA
, which encodes an
l
-glutamate dehydrogenase and is located next to
gdhR
but is transcriptionally divergent. We report here that in
N. gonorrhoeae
, expression of
gdhR
is subject to autoregulation by GdhR and direct repression by MtrR. Importantly, loss of GdhR significantly increased gonococcal fitness compared to a complemented mutant strain during experimental murine infection. Interestingly, loss of GdhR did not influence expression of
gdhA
, as reported for meningococci. This variance is most likely due to differences in promoter localization and utilization between gonococci and meningococci. We propose that transcriptional control of gonococcal genes through the action of MtrR and GdhR contributes to fitness of
N. gonorrhoeae
during infection.

IMPORTANCE
The pathogenic
Neisseria
species are strict human pathogens that can cause a sexually transmitted infection (
N. gonorrhoeae
) or meningitis or fulminant septicemia (
N. meningitidis
). Although they share considerable genetic information, little attention has been directed to comparing transcriptional regulatory systems that modulate expression of their conserved genes. We hypothesized that transcriptional regulatory differences exist between these two pathogens, and we used the
gdh
locus as a model to test this idea. For this purpose, we studied two conserved genes (
gdhR
and
gdhA
) within the locus. Despite general conservation of the
gdh
locus in gonococci and meningococci, differences exist in noncoding sequences that correspond to promoter elements or potential sites for interacting with DNA-binding proteins, such as GdhR and MtrR. Our results indicate that implications drawn from studying regulation of conserved genes in one pathogen are not necessarily translatable to a genetically related pathogen.
Phototaxis of Cyanobacteria under Complex Light Environments
Authors: Kim Minsu 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT

Photosynthetic bacteria are capable of producing their own food via photosynthesis. Unsurprisingly, they evolved the ability to move toward better light conditions (i.e., phototaxis). In a recent article in
mBio
, Chau et al. tuned the wavelength, flux, direction, and timing of light input and characterized the motility of the unicellular cyanobacterium
Synechocystis
sp. strain PCC6803 (R. M. W. Chau, D. Bhaya, and K. C. Huang, mBio 8:e02330-16, 2017,
https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02330-16
). The results revealed an intricate dependence of the motility on various light inputs, laying the fundamental groundwork toward understanding phototaxis under complex and dynamic light environments.
Emergency nurse disaster preparedness during mass gatherings: a cross-sectional survey of emergency nurses' perceptions in hospitals in Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alzahrani Fuad , Kyratsis Yiannis 
Published: April 2017

ObjectivesTo assess hospital emergency nurses' self-reported knowledge, role awareness and skills in disaster response with respect to the Hajj mass gathering in Mecca.DesignCross-sectional online survey with primary data collection and non-probabilistic purposive sample conducted in late 2014.SettingAll 4 public hospitals in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.Participants106 registered nurses in hospital emergency departments.Main outcome measureAwareness, knowledge, skills and perceptions of emergency nurses in Mecca with regard to mass gathering disaster preparedness.ResultsAlthough emergency nurses' clinical role awareness in disaster response was reported to be high, nurses reported limited knowledge and awareness of the wider emergency and disaster preparedness plans, including key elements of their hospital strategies for managing a mass gathering disaster. Over half of the emergency nurses in Mecca's public hospitals had not thoroughly read the plan, and almost 1 in 10 were not even aware of its existence. Emergency nurses reported seeing their main role as providing timely general clinical assessment and care; however, fewer emergency nurses saw their role as providing surveillance, prevention, leadership or psychological care in a mass gathering disaster, despite all these broader roles being described in the hospitals' emergency disaster response plans. Emergency nurses' responses to topics where there are often misconceptions on appropriate disaster management indicated a significant knowledge deficit with only 1 in 3 nurses at best or 1 in 6 at worst giving correct answers. Respondents identified 3 key training initiatives as opportunities to further develop their professional skills in this area: (1) hospital education sessions, (2) the Emergency Management Saudi Course, (3) bespoke short courses in disaster management.ConclusionsRecommendations are suggested to help enhance clinical and educational efforts in disaster preparedness.
What drives the prescribing of growth hormone preparations in England? Prices versus patient preferences
Authors: Chapman Stephen R , Fitzpatrick Raymond W , Aladul Mohammed I 
Published: April 2017

ObjectiveThe patent expiry of a number of biological medicines and the advent of biosimilars raised the expectations of healthcare commissioners that biosimilars would reduce the high cost of these medicines and produce potential savings to the NHS. We aimed to examine the prescribing pattern of different growth hormone preparations (ready to use and reconstitution requiring) in primary and secondary care in England to determine relative rates of decrease or increase and identify the possible factors influencing prescribing following the introduction of biosimilar growth hormone in 2008.DesignLongitudinal observational study.Setting and data sourcesPrimary care prescribing cost and volume data was derived from the NHS business services authority website, and for secondary care from the DEFINE database, between April 2011 and December 2015.OutcomesQuarterly prescribing analysis to examine trends and measure the relationship between usage and price.ResultsExpenditure and usage of growth hormone in primary care decreased by 17.91% and 7.29%, respectively, whereas expenditure and usage in secondary care increased by 68.41% and 100%, respectively, between April 2011 and December 2015. The usage of reconstitution requiring products significantly declined in primary care (R²=0.9292) and slightly increased in use in secondary care (R²=0.139). In contrast, the usage of ready-to-use products significantly increased in use in primary (R²=0.7526) and secondary care (R²=0.9633), respectively. Weak or no correlation existed between the usage and price of growth hormone preparations in primary and secondary care.ConclusionsThe price of growth hormone products was not the key factor influencing the prescribing of the biological medicines. The main driver for specific product selection was the ease of use and the number of steps in dose preparation. Prescribers appear to be taking into account patient preferences rather than cost in their prescribing decisions.
Investigating the relationship between precocious puberty and obesity: a cross-sectional study in Shanghai, China
Authors: Chen Chang , Zhang Yunting , Sun Wanqi , Chen Yao , Jiang Yanrui , Song Yuanjin , Lin Qinmin , Zhu Lixia , Zhu Qi , Wang Xiumin , Liu Shijian , Jiang Fan 
Published: April 2017

ObjectivesObesity is reported to be closely relevant to early sexual development but the relationship between sexual precocity and obesity or central obesity is still inconsistent, especially in boys. We aimed to investigate the relationship between precocious puberty and obesity as well as central obesity.DesignA large population-based cross-sectional study using multistage, stratified cluster random sampling.SettingData from the Shanghai Children’s Health, Education and Lifestyle Evaluation (SCHEDULE) study in June 2014.Participants17 620 Chinese children aged 6–12 years.Primary and secondary outcome measuresObesity was defined by WHO Child Growth Standards. Central obesity was defined by sex-specific waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) cut-offs (WHtR ≥0.48 for boys, WHtR ≥0.46 for girls). Precocious puberty was identified by Tanner stage of breast, pubic hair and testicle development. A χ2test was performed to compare rates. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the association between precocious puberty and general obesity and central obesity. Probit analysis was used for estimating the median age at entry into Tanner stage 2 or greater for breast, pubic hair and testicle development. Linear regression was utilised to compare the effects of WHtR and body mass index (BMI) on sex development indicators.Results25.98% and 38.58% of boys with precocious puberty were respectively accompanied by obesity (OR=2.15, 95% CI=1.31 to 3.50) or central obesity (OR=2.10, 95% CI=1.46 to 3.03); meanwhile, 13.86% and 29.42% of girls with precocious puberty were respectively accompanied by obesity (OR=9.00, 95% CI=5.60 to 14.46) or central obesity (OR=5.40, 95% CI=4.10 to 7.12). The median ages of breast, pubic hair and testicle development decreased with BMI increase and median ages of thelarche and testicular development rather than pubarche were earlier in children with central obesity.ConclusionsEarlier pubertal development was positively associated with obesity and central obesity in Chinese children.