bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COLLISIONS BETWEEN DARK MATTER CONFINED HIGH VELOCITY CLOUDS AND MAGNETIZED GALACTIC DISKS: THE SMITH CLOUD
Authors: Galyardt Jason , Shelton Robin L. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
The Galaxy’s population of High Velocity Clouds (HVCs) may include a subpopulation that is confined by dark matter minihalos and falling toward the Galactic disk. We present the first magnetohydrodynamic simulational study of dark-matter-dominated HVCs colliding with a weakly magnetized galactic disk. Our HVCs have baryonic masses of 5 × 106
M
⊙ and dark matter minihalo masses of 0, 3 × 108, or 1 × 109
M
⊙. They are modeled on the Smith Cloud, which is said to have collided with the disk 70 Myr ago. We find that, in all cases, the cloud’s collision with the galactic disk creates a hole in the disk, completely disperses the cloud, and forms a bubble-shaped structure on the far side of the disk. In contrast, when present, the dark matter minihalo continues unimpeded along its trajectory. Later, as the minihalo passes through the bubble structure and galactic halo, it accretes up to 6.0 × 105
M
⊙ in baryonic material, depending on the strengths of the magnetic field and minihalo gravity. These simulations suggest that if the Smith Cloud is associated with a dark matter minihalo and collided with the Galactic disk, the minihalo has accreted the observed gas. However, if the Smith Cloud is dark-matter-free, it is on its first approach toward the disk. These simulations also suggest that the dark matter is most concentrated either at the head of the cloud or near the cloud, depending upon the strength of the magnetic field, a point that could inform indirect dark matter searches.
Rapid Response Team Calls and Unplanned Transfers to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in a Pediatric Hospital
Authors: Humphreys Stacey , Totapally Balagangadhar R. 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundVariability in disposition of children according to the time of rapid response calls is unknown.ObjectiveTo evaluate times and disposition of rapid response alerts and outcomes for children transferred from acute care to intensive care.MethodsDeidentified data on demographics, time and disposition of the child after activation of a rapid response, time of transfer to intensive care, and patient outcomes were reviewed retrospectively. Data for rapid-response patients on time of activation of the response and unplanned transfers to the intensive care unit were compared with data on other patients admitted to the unit.ResultsOf 542 rapid responses activated, 321 (59.2%) were called during the daytime. Out of all rapid response activations, 323 children (59.6%) were transferred to intensive care, 164 (30.3%) remained on the general unit, and 19 (3.5%) required resuscitation. More children were transferred to intensive care after rapid response alerts (P = .048) during the daytime (66%) than at night (59%). During the same period, 1313 patients were transferred to intensive care from acute care units. Age, sex, risk of mortality, length of stay, and mortality rate did not differ according to the time of transfer. Mortality among unplanned transfers (3.8%) was significantly higher (P &lt; .001) than among other intensive care patients (1.4%).ConclusionOnly 25% of transfers from acute care units to the intensive care unit occurred after activation of a rapid response team. Most rapid responses were called during daytime hours. Mortality was significantly higher among unplanned transfers from acute care than among other intensive care admissions.
Nurses’ Attitudes, Clinical Experience, and Practice Issues With Use of Physical Restraints in Critical Care Units
Authors: Stinson Kristi J. 
Published: January 2016

Background
Physical restraints are more likely to be used in critical care units than in other hospital units because use of invasive procedures and mechanical ventilation is more common in critical care units. Initiation and maintenance of physical restraint devices is largely a nursing responsibility. Previous clinical experience is a variable often suggested to be related to intensive care nurses’ use of physical restraints.

Objective
To examine the relationships between registered nurses’ clinical experience, their practice issues (nurses’ actions while caring for patients who are physically restrained), and their attitudes toward the use of physical restraints (feelings about use of restraints and about caring for patients who are restrained) in critical care units.

Methods
In a descriptive correlational study, data were collected online via the Physical Restraint Questionnaire. Participants’ (n = 413) clinical experience was classified by using Patricia Benner’s novice to expert framework.

Results
No strong correlation was found to explain any variance between attitudes toward use of physical restraints in critical care and clinical experience in nursing in general, clinical experience in critical care, and nursing practice issues with use of physical restraints. However, nurses with more clinical experience were more likely to have learned about use of physical restraints in their basic nursing curriculum.

Conclusions
The reported lack of content addressing use of physical restraints in today’s nursing curricula is a concern, as physical restraints are commonly used in critical care units.
Retention of Baseline Electrocardiographic Knowledge After a Blended-Learning Course
Authors: Brooks Carol Ann , Kanyok Nancy , O’Rourke Colin , Albert Nancy M. 
Published: January 2016

Background
Among nurses, skill retention after an electrocardiography blended-learning course is unknown.

Objectives
To compare 3- and 8-week electrocardiography test scores, compare scores by nurse and work characteristics and self-assessed electrocardiographic competence, and compare 1-year work retention with 3- and 8-week scores and change in scores from week 3 to week 8.

Methods
Data were collected on demographics, comfort with electrocardiography expectations, electrocardiography competence levels, and 1-year work retention. Correlational and comparative statistics were used in analyses.

Results
Of 69 nurses, 58% were somewhat comfortable with interventions for abnormal rhythms. Test scores were higher at 3 weeks than at 8 weeks: mean difference, 26%; P &lt; .001. Scores at 8 weeks reflected intermediate skill retention and were not associated with nurse characteristics, electrocardiography background, comfort with rhythms and measurements, or 1-year work retention. Nurses with greater comfort for intervening when rhythm abnormalities occurred had higher median 8-week scores (P = .01) than did nurses with less comfort, and perceptions of electrocardiographic competence were associated with 8-week scores (r = 0.28; P = .02). Reduction in scores at 8 weeks was less severe in nurses with greater comfort at 3 weeks in measuring electrocardiographic intervals (P = .008) and applying therapeutic interventions (P = .009).

Conclusions
Skill retention and competence in electrocardiographic interpretation were intermediate and correlated with baseline self-assessment. Electrocardiographic interpretation, measurement, and interventions should be reinforced at the bedside.
Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Diaphragm Thickness During Mechanical Ventilation in Intensive Care Patients
Authors: Francis Colin Anthony , Hoffer Joaquín Andrés , Reynolds Steven 
Published: January 2016

Background
Mechanical ventilation is associated with atrophy and weakness of the diaphragm. Ultrasound is an easy noninvasive way to track changes in thickness of the diaphragm.

Objective
To validate ultrasound as a means of tracking thickness of the diaphragm in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation by evaluating interobserver and interoperator reliability and to collect initial data on the relationship of mode of ventilation to changes in the diaphragm.

Methods
Daily ultrasound images of the quadriceps and the right side of the diaphragm were acquired in 8 critically ill patients receiving various modes of mechanical ventilation. Thickness of the diaphragm and the quadriceps was measured, and changes with time were noted. Interoperator and interobserver reliability were measured.

Results
Intraclass correlation coefficients between operators and between observers for thickness of the diaphragm and quadriceps were greater than 0.95, indicating excellent interoperator and interobserver reliability. Patients receiving assist-control ventilation (n = 4) showed a mean decline in diaphragm thickness of 4.7% per day. Patients receiving pressure support ventilation (n = 8) showed a mean increase in diaphragm thickness of 1.5% per day. Quadriceps thickness declined in all participants (n = 8) at a mean rate of 2.0% per day.

Conclusions
Use of ultrasound to measure thickness of the diaphragm in 8 intensive care patients undergoing various modes of mechanical ventilation was feasible and yielded reproducible results. Ultrasound tracking of changes in thickness of the diaphragm in this small sample indicated that the thickness decreased during assist-control mode and increased during pressure support mode.
Norepinephrine Dosing in Obese and Nonobese Patients With Septic Shock
Authors: Radosevich John J. , Patanwala Asad E. , Erstad Brian L. 
Published: January 2016

Background
Whether or not norepinephrine infusions for support of hemodynamic status in patients with septic shock should be weight based is unknown. This situation is particularly pertinent in patients who are extremely overweight or obese.

Objective
To compare dosing requirements and effect of norepinephrine on blood pressure in obese and nonobese patients with septic shock.

Methods
In a retrospective cohort study, data on adult patients with septic shock who received norepinephrine infusion for support of hemodynamic status in a tertiary care, academic medical center were analyzed. Patients were categorized as obese (body mass index ≥ 30) or nonobese (body mass index &lt; 30). The primary outcome was dosing requirements of norepinephrine at 60 minutes after the start of the infusion. The secondary outcome was the log-transformed ratio of mean arterial pressure to norepinephrine.

Results
The final cohort consisted of 100 obese and 100 nonobese patients. Mean norepinephrine infusion rate at 60 minutes was 0.09 (SD, 0.08) μg/kg per minute in the obese group and 0.13 (SD, 0.14) μg/kg per minute in the nonobese group (P = .006). The non–weight-based dose at 60 minutes was 9 μg/min in obese patients and 8 μg/min in nonobese patients (P = .72). The log transformed mean arterial pressure to norepinephrine ratio at 60 minutes was 2.5 (SD, 0.9) in obese patients and 2.5 (SD, 0.8) in nonobese patients (P = .54)

Conclusions
Compared with nonobese patients, obese patients with septic shock require lower weight-based doses of norepinephrine and similar total norepinephrine doses.
Health-Related Quality of Life and Associated Factors in Intensive Care Unit Survivors 6 Months After Discharge
Authors: McKinley Sharon , Fien Mary , Elliott Rosalind , Elliott Doug 
Published: January 2016

Background
Intensive care unit survivors often have diminished health-related quality of life.

Objectives
To describe health-related quality of life of former intensive care patients and identify associated factors 6 months after hospital discharge.

Methods
Six months after discharge, 193 patients from an intensive care unit completed the Short Form-36 Health Survey; measures of sleep; Intensive Care Experience Questionnaire; Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales; and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist. Norm-based scores were calculated for the Short Form-36. Bivariate associations with Short Form-36 scores were tested by using the Pearson correlation. Multiple linear regression was used to identify independent associations with health-related quality of life.

Results
All scores on the Short Form-36 (physical component summary, 41.8; mental component summary, 48.2) were less than population norms. Bivariate associations with health-related quality of life (P &lt; .05) were scores on the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, hospital length of stay, awareness of surroundings and frightening experiences, depression, anxiety, stress, posttraumatic symptoms, and sleep quality at 2 and 6 months. In linear regression, scores on the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, hospital length of stay, and sleep quality at 6 months were independently associated with Short Form-36 physical summary scores (P &lt; .001); depression and stress were independently associated with mental summary scores (P &lt; .001).

Conclusion
Sleep, depression, and stress are potential targets for interventions to improve health-related quality of life and improve recovery.
Extreme Nausea due to Hyperparathyroidism in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia-1
Authors: Thompson Geoffrey B , Pandian TK , Benzon Dy 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
We describe a young woman with multiple endocrine neoplasia-1 (MEN-1) who presented with severe nausea as a result of hyperparathyroidism (HPT). We present a case report, review the relevant literature in regards to physiology, and offer a target source for symptom control.
A 19-year female with MEN-1 initially presented with neuroglycopenia and hyperinsulinism. She had concomitant HPT. She underwent a distal pancreatectomy with enucleation of neuroendocrine tumors from the pancreatic head. Postoperatively, she developed severe nausea and was found to have worsening HPT. She was placed on a calcimimetic and had immediate resolution of symptoms. She ultimately underwent a subtotal parathyroidectomy and has been symptom-free since that time.
Severe nausea can occur in up to 25% of patients with HPT. Two theories exist regarding the mechanism behind this symptomatology. The first involves destruction of gastric mucosa leading to peptic ulcer disease. The second suggests that the etiology is gastrointestinal atony due to high calcium levels or parathyroid hormone (PTH). Based on the available data, therapies to treat nausea in HPT should focus on decreasing high levels of calcium.

How to cite this article
Pandian TK, Thompson G, Benzon Dy. Extreme Nausea due to Hyperparathyroidism in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia-1. World J Endoc Surg 2015;7(3):69-71.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Value in the Sport Recreation Sector: A Review
Authors: Dimitropoulos Panagiotis E. , Vrondou Ourania 
Published: January 2016

<p>Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has evolved as a significant strategic issue for modern corporations and received increased attention by researchers internationally. The scope of this study is to present a comprehensive review of the studies examining the impact of certain dimensions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on the value of firms operating within the idiosyncratic sport recreation sector. The paper identifies four key dimensions of CSR that sport recreation firms must target in order to improve their image, community connections and bottom line financial numbers. These dimensions are the connections with the local communities, the protection of natural environment, their product-service quality and their employee’s satisfaction and retention. The improvement or significant involvement on behalf of sport recreation firms within these sectors can provide significant competitive advantages and enhance corporate value. Useful policy implications are also provided within the paper. </p>
A Discourse Study of the Speech “It Can Be Otherwise” by Harvard Professor and President Drew Faust
Authors: Bani-Khaled Turki Ahmad 
Published: January 2016

<p class="1"><span lang="X-NONE">Th</span><span lang="X-NONE">is paper is<strong> </strong>a qualitative<strong> </strong>discourse study of the speech “It Can Be Otherwise” by Harvard Professor and President Drew Faust. The speech was delivered on May 30, 2014 at Cambridge, Massachusetts. The language and content of the speech are analyzed as a genre including macro and micro level units such as moves, communicative functions and notions. The linguistic lexical and syntactic realizations are also considered. The findings revealed that<strong> </strong>a number of features characterized this speech. These include the use of narrative style under the effect of the specialty of the author, i.e. history. The themes of women’s empowerment, injustice, and education are well served in the speech revealing the philosophical stance of the speaker. </span></p>
Numeral Classifiers Used in the Cookbooks
Authors: Nadra Nadra , Wahyuni Sri 
Published: January 2016

<p>This article is aimed at describing numeral classifier used in the cookbooks. The data were collected through the observation, which is observation of the cookbooks. Through the observation, the data related to numeral classifier are tapped. Besides, noting technique is also used. The analysis of data is done by using “<em>intralingual</em> <em>identity method”</em>. Furthermore, “<em>referential identity method” </em>is also used. The study is done by looking at the reference of numeral classifier. Based on the data analysis, there are three types of numeral classifier used in the cookbooks, namely numeral classifier for individual objects, collective numeral classifier, and numeral classifier for size. Of the three numeral classifiers, numeral classifier for size (mensural classifier) is widely used. This is caused by the fact that in cooking, size is very important in order the food taste delicious. Numeral classifier for size can be divided into three types, namely, numeral classifier for weight measure, numeral classifier for length size or footage, and numeral classifier for volume size. The most widely used is numeral classifier for volume size, namely eleven forms. However, in terms of occurrence, numeral classifier for weight size is dominantly used.</p>
Interlanguage Productions of Student-Lecturer Disagreements in Classroom: Comparing Thai EFL Learners’ Pragmatic Knowledge
Authors: Charoenroop Pattrawut 
Published: January 2016

<p>The study’s chief goal is to compare two groups of Thai EFL learners in terms of their pragmatic knowledge when they express student-lecturer disagreements in English in a classroom context. The two groups of Thai EFL learners had different intensities of interaction (<em>i.e. more frequently versus less frequently</em>) with English inside the classroom<em>. </em>Their levels of English proficiency were equally intermediate, based on their average scores from an English proficiency test. Although disagreements were in identical contexts, it was postulated that their pragmatic knowledge was divergent due to the imbalanced frequencies of interaction with English in the classroom. The data were collected by a means of videotaping two selected classrooms of 18−20 students for 30 hours for 10 consecutive weeks. The results show that those who had more intensity of interaction with English in the classroom (henceforth the EFLe) normally utilized on-record strategies, that is, they disagreed with the lecturer explicitly. By contrast, those who had less intensity of interaction with English in the classroom (henceforth the EFLt) normally used negative politeness strategies, that is, they modified their disagreements through imposition minimizers. Thus, the variable was confirmed to invoke dissimilarities between the two groups in terms of their pragmatic knowledge; intensity of interaction with English inside the classroom has been proved to influence the Thai EFL learners’ pragmatic knowledge. </p>
Sentential Negation in Libyan Arabic: A Generative Perspective
Authors: Algryani Ali 
Published: January 2016

<p>This paper discusses negation in Libyan Arabic and attempts to put forward an analysis for negation in the language. The paper reveals that Pollock’s analysis (1989) of negation cannot account for Libyan Arabic as the language does not display complementary distribution between the second negative marker and indefinite quantifiers. Furthermore, the analysis does not account for the cliticisation of ‘ma-’ and ‘-š’ on each other forming the free negation morpheme ‘miš’ used to negate future tense clauses. Building on Benmamoun’s analysis (2000), the paper argues that that the (dis)continuous morpheme ‘ma-’ and ‘-š’ heads a NegP that selects a TP complement. The proposed analysis assumes that the verb moves out of the VP to T and then to Neg where it merges with ‘ma-š in affirmative clauses, whereas in yes-no interrogative clauses, verb movement is followed by movement from Neg to C. </p>
Transitivity and Intransitivity in English and Arabic: A Comparative Study
Authors: Al-Shujairi Yasir Bdaiwi Jasim , Muhammed Ahlam , Almahammed Yazan Shaker Okla 
Published: January 2016

<p>English and Arabic are two major languages which have many differences and similarities in grammar. One of the issues which is of great importance in the two languages is transitivity and intransitivity. Therefore, this study compares and contrasts transitivity and intransitivity in English and Arabic. This study reports the results of the analysis of transitivity and intransitivity in the two respective languages. The current study is a qualitative one; in nature, a descriptive study. The findings showed that English and Arabic are similar in having transitive and intransitive verbs, and in having verbs which can go transitive or intransitive according to context. By contrast Arabic is different from English in its ability to change intransitive verbs into transitive ones by applying inflections on the main verb. Additionally, Arabic is different from English in the fact that some Arabic transitive verbs can take up to three objects.</p>
Conversational Implicature in Arabic: A Pragmatic Analysis of Applying Flouting the Maxims to the Yemeni Dialect
Authors: Al-Qaderi Issa Ali Umar 
Published: January 2016

<p class="zhengwen"><span lang="DE">This research focuses on investigating Gricean Theory of Conversational Implicature and its application to the Arabic language. Semi-structured interviews with 15 participants who speak the Yemeni dialect were recorded for the purpose of investigating such a theory. There were four Ph.D. candidates, four M.A. candidates and seven B.A. candidates. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, translated and interpreted. Both a qualitative and a quantitative approach were adopted. The analysis focused on flouting the maxims. The findings revealed that Gricean Theory of Conversational Implicature can be applied to Arabic language, particularly the Yemeni dialect. Additionally, the analyzed data showed that the maxim of Quantity was most frequently flouted. After that, the maxims of Relation, Quality and Manner were flouted respectively. </span></p>
Opting out of Gricean Maxims in the Yemeni Dialect: A Pragmatic Analysis
Authors: Al-Qaderi Issa Ali Umar 
Published: January 2016

<p>This research attempts to investigate Gricean Theory of Conversational Implicature and its application to the Arabic language. To investigate such a theory, semi-structured interviews with 15 participants who speak the Yemeni dialect were recorded. Four Ph.D. candidates, four M.A. candidates and seven B.A. candidates were interviewed. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, translated and interpreted by adopting a qualitative and a quantitative approach. The analysis focused on opting out of the maxims. The findings revealed that Gricean Theory of Conversational Implicature can be applied to Arabic language, particularly the Yemeni dialect. Besides, the analysis showed that in spite of opting out of maxims the participants were to a great extent cooperative. </p>