bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The complexities of female mate choice and male polymorphisms: Elucidating the role of genetics, age, and mate-choice copying
Authors: Fowler-Finn Kasey D. , Sullivan-Beckers Laura , Runck Amy M. , Hebets Eileen A. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Genetic, life history, and environmental factors dictate patterns of variation in sexual traits within and across populations, and thus the action and outcome of sexual selection. This study explores patterns of inheritance, diet, age, and mate-choice copying on the expression of male sexual signals and associated female mate choice in a phenotypically diverse group of Schizocosa wolf spiders. Focal spiders exhibit one of two male phenotypes: ‘ornamented’ males possess large black brushes on their forelegs, and ‘non-ornamented’ males possess no brushes. Using a quantitative genetics breeding design in a mixed population of ornamented/non-ornamented males, we found a strong genetic basis to male phenotype and female choice. We also found that some ornamented males produced some sons with large brushes and others with barely visible brushes. Results of diet manipulations and behavioral mating trials showed no influence of diet on male phenotype or female mate choice. Age post maturation, however, influenced mate choice, with younger females being more likely to mate with ornamented males. A mate-choice copying experiment found that, following observations of another female’s mate choice/copulation, virgin mature females tended to match the mate choice (ornamented vs. non-ornamented males) of the females they observed. Finally, analyses of genetic variation across phenotypically pure (only one male phenotype present) vs. mixed (both phenotypes present) populations revealed genetic distinction between phenotypes in phenotypically-pure populations, but no distinctionin phenotypically-mixed populations. The difference in patterns of genetic differentiation and mating across geographic locations suggests a complex network of factors contributing to the outcome of sexual selection.
Breeding high-yield superior quality hybrid super rice by rational design
Authors: Qian Qian , Guo Longbiao , Smith Steven M. , Li Jiayang 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe challenge of meeting the increasing demand for worldwide rice production has driven a sustained quest for advances in rice breeding for yield. Two breakthroughs that led to quantum leaps in productivity last century were the introduction of semidwarf varieties and of hybrid rice. Subsequent gains in yield have been incremental. The next major leap in rice breeding is now upon us through the application of rational design to create defined ideotypes. The exploitation of wide-cross compatibility and intersubspecific heterosis, combined with rapid genome sequencing and the molecular identification of genes for major yield and quality traits have now unlocked the potential for rational design.
Fibrin Network Changes in Neonates after Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Brown Ashley C. , Hannan Riley H. , Timmins Lucas H. , Fernandez Janet D. , Barker Thomas H. , Guzzetta Nina A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAbstract
Clots formed from blood samples collected from 10 neonates after cardiopulmonary bypass were more porous than clots formed from samples collected before surgery. Clots formed from purified fibrinogen from neonates alone or mixed with adult fibrinogen were less dense than adult clots, suggesting that transfusion of adult fibrinogen may be less effective in neonates than in adults.
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Background
Quantitative and qualitative differences in the hemostatic systems exist between neonates and adults, including the presence of “fetal” fibrinogen, a qualitatively dysfunctional form of fibrinogen that exists until 1 yr of age. The consequences of “fetal” fibrinogen on clot structure in neonates, particularly in the context of surgery-associated bleeding, have not been well characterized. Here, the authors examine the sequential changes in clotting components and resultant clot structure in a small sample of neonates undergoing cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).

Methods
Blood samples were collected from neonates (n = 10) before surgery, immediately after CPB, and after the transfusion of cryoprecipitate (i.e., adult fibrinogen component). Clots were formed from patient samples or purified neonatal and adult fibrinogen. Clot structure was analyzed using confocal microscopy.

Results
Clots formed from plasma obtained after CPB and after transfusion were more porous than baseline clots. Analysis of clots formed from purified neonatal and adult fibrinogen demonstrated that at equivalent fibrinogen concentrations, neonatal clots lack three-dimensional structure, whereas adult clots were denser with significant three-dimensional structure. Clots formed from a combination of purified neonatal and adult fibrinogen were less homogenous than those formed from either purified adult or neonatal fibrinogen.

Conclusions
The results of this study confirm that significant differences exist in clot structure between neonates and adults and that neonatal and adult fibrinogen may not integrate well. These findings suggest that differential treatment strategies for neonates should be pursued to reduce the demonstrated morbidity of blood product transfusion.
Morphological and Quantitative 7 T MRI of Hip Cartilage Transplants in Comparison to 3 T—Initial Experiences
Authors: Lazik-Palm Andrea , Kraff Oliver , Johst Sören , Quick Harald H. , Ladd Mark E. , Geis Christina , Körsmeier Konrad , Landgraeber Stefan , Theysohn Jens M. 
Published: February 2016

Objectives
The aims of this study were to evaluate morphological and quantitative 7 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) hip sequences in patients after acetabular cartilage transplantation and to compare image quality with 3 T MRI.

Materials and Methods
Following approval from the local institutional ethics committee and signing informed consent, 9 patients with history of autologous acetabular cartilage transplantation were imaged at 7 T and 3 T MRI. Sequences (3-dimensional dual echo steady state, 3-dimensional T1 volume interpolated breath-hold examination, sagittal proton density [PD] turbo spin echo and coronal fat-saturated PD turbo spin echo, sagittal T1 mapping in dual flip angle technique, and multiecho spin echo/gradient echo sequences for T2 and T2* mapping) were applied after the intravenous application of Gd-DTPA2− according to a protocol for delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage and manual B1 shimming at 7 T. Images were compared intraindividually regarding image quality and assessability of cartilage structures using 5-point scales (1 = 3 T clearly superior, 5 = 7 T clearly superior) in consensus with 2 radiologists. Contrast ratios were calculated between articular cartilage, joint fluid, and subchondral bone. An adapted MOCART (MR observation of cartilage repair tissue) score was assessed independently at 3 T and 7 T. Relaxation times were measured in the transplanted acetabular region and in 2 reference regions by 2 readers independently to calculate interreader reliability. Statistical significances of field strength comparisons were calculated using Student t test and t test for dependent measurements.

Results
A 7 T MRI was superior to 3 T MRI in the majority of the sequences regarding subjective ratings. Furthermore, 7 T yielded comparable or better contrast ratios compared with 3 T. The criteria of the MOCART score matched totally at 3 T and 7 T, apart from the signal intensity of the repair tissue in PDw, which was rated higher at 7 T in 5 patients. Interreader reliability of all relaxation times was excellent. T1 and T2* relaxation times were significantly shorter at 7 T compared with 3 T. T2 relaxation times were longer at 7 T compared with 3 T without statistical significance. No significant difference could be seen when comparing the relaxation ratios (relaxation times after standardization to reference regions) of the cartilage transplant between the 2 field strengths.

Conclusions
This study shows the feasibility of morphological and quantitative 7 T hip MRI in patients after acetabular cartilage transplantation and its predominant superiority regarding image quality, assessment of cartilage transplants, and contrast over 3 T MRI. To compare relaxation times between the field strengths, the calculation of intraindividual ratios is recommended.
The foraging brain: evidence of Lévy dynamics in brain networks
Authors: Costa Tommaso , Boccignone Giuseppe , Cauda Franco , Ferraro Mario 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn this research we have analyzed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals of different networks in the brain under resting state condition.To such end, the dynamics of signal variation, have been conceived as a stochastic motion, namely it has been modelled through a generalized Langevin stochastic differential equation, which combines a deterministic drift component with a stochastic component where the Gaussian noise source has been replaced withα-stable noise.The parameters of the deterministic and stochastic parts of the model have been fitted from fluctuating data. Results show that the deterministic part is characterized by a simple, linear decreasing trend, and, most important, theα-stable noise, at varying characteristic indexα, is the source of a spectrum of activity modes across the networks, from those originated by classic Gaussian noise (α= 2), to longer tailed behaviors generated by the more general Lévy noise (1 ≤α< 2).Lévy motion is a specific instance of scale-free behavior, it is a source of anomalous diffusion and it has been related to many aspects of human cognition, such as information foraging through memory retrieval or visual exploration.Finally, some conclusions have been drawn on the functional significance of the dynamics corresponding to differentαvalues.Author SummaryIt has been argued, in the literature, that to gain intuition of brain fluctuations one can conceive brain activity as the motion of a random walker or, in the continuous limit, of a diffusing macroscopic particle.In this work we have substantiated such metaphor by modelling the dynamics of the fMRI signal of different brain regions, gathered under resting state condition, via a Langevin-like stochastic equation of motion where we have replaced the white Gaussian noise source with the more generalα-stable noise.This way we have been able to show the existence of a spectrum of modes of activity in brain areas. Such modes can be related to the kind of “noise” driving the Langevin equation in a specific region. Further, such modes can be parsimoniously distinguished through the stable characteristic indexα, from Gaussian noise (α= 2) to a range of sharply peaked, long tailed behaviors generated by Lévy noise (1 ≤α< 2).Interestingly enough, random walkers undergoing Lévy motion have been widely used to model the foraging behaviour of a range of animal species and, remarkably, Lévy motion patterns have been related to many aspects of human cognition.
A study on usability and security features of the Android pattern lock screen
Authors: Andriotis Panagiotis , Oikonomou George , Mylonas Alexios , Tryfonas Theo 
Published: February 2016

Purpose
– The Android pattern lock screen (or graphical password) is a popular user authentication method that relies on the advantages provided by the visual representation of a password, which enhance its memorability. Graphical passwords are vulnerable to attacks (e.g. shoulder surfing); thus, the need for more complex passwords becomes apparent. This paper aims to focus on the features that constitute a usable and secure pattern and investigate the existence of heuristic and physical rules that possibly dictate the formation of a pattern.

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors conducted a survey to study the users’ understanding of the security and usability of the pattern lock screen. The authors developed an Android application that collects graphical passwords, by simulating user authentication in a mobile device. This avoids any potential bias that is introduced when the survey participants are not interacting with a mobile device while forming graphical passwords (e.g. in Web or hard-copy surveys).

Findings
– The findings verify and enrich previous knowledge for graphical passwords, namely, that users mostly prefer usability than security. Using the survey results, the authors demonstrate how biased input impairs security by shrinking the available password space.

Research limitations/implications
– The sample’s demographics may affect our findings. Therefore, future work can focus on the replication of our work in a sample with different demographics.

Originality/value
– The authors define metrics that measure the usability of a pattern (handedness, directionality and symmetry) and investigate their impact to its formation. The authors propose a security assessment scheme using features in a pattern (e.g. the existence of knight moves or overlapping nodes) to evaluate its security strengths.
The impact of repeated data breach events on organisations’ market value
Authors: Schatz Daniel , Bashroush Rabih 
Published: February 2016

Purpose– This study aims to examine the influence of one or more information security breaches on an organisation’s stock market value as a way to benchmark the wider economic impact of such events.Design/methodology/approach– An event studies-based approach was used where a measure of the event’s economic impact can be constructed using security prices observed over a relatively short period of time.Findings– Based on the results, it is argued that, although no strong conclusions could be made given the current data constraints, there was enough evidence to show that such correlation exists, especially for recurring security breaches.Research limitations/implications– One of the main limitations of this study was the quantity and quality of published data on security breaches, as organisations tend not to share this information.Practical implications– One of the challenges in information security management is assessing the wider economic impact of security breaches. Subsequently, this helps drive investment decisions on security programmes that are usually seen as cost rather than moneymaking initiatives.Originality/value– This study envisaged that as more breach event data become more widely available because of compliance and regulatory changes, this approach has the potential to emerge as an important tool for information security managers to help support investment decisions.
Prior knowledge, cognitive characteristics and opportunity recognition
Authors: Hajizadeh Ali , Zali Mohammadreza 
Published: February 2016

Purpose– In order to answer why and how some individuals identify opportunities, the purpose of this paper is to offer a comprehensive framework of key effective factors that investigates the role of prior knowledge and cognitive characteristics of entrepreneurial alertness and learning in the entrepreneurial opportunities recognition process.Design/methodology/approach– First, the authors identified key effective factors and developed research hypotheses and conceptual model. Second, the authors considered research methodology including sampling and data collection, measurement model. The third section presents a report of the results from the analysis of the structural model and the hypotheses tests.Findings– The findings show that all the three factors had positive impact on opportunity recognition. It is also confirmed that prior knowledge has significant impact on entrepreneurial alertness and learning. Finally, the results demonstrate that both entrepreneurial alertness and learning partially mediated the relationship between prior knowledge and opportunity recognition.Research limitations/implications– Possible effects of other cognitive characteristics such as creativity and innovation can be considered in the model to increase accuracy of the findings. Also, comparative studies with the proposed framework in different industrial domains can be conducted in order to compare the possible differences concerning the role of the factors in opportunity recognition.Practical implications– By using this model, entrepreneurs will be able to identify and enhance the factors that influence opportunity recognition, thus honing this entrepreneurial ability. Also, this framework can be employed in the field of education to identify opportunity recognition problems in individuals and to foster entrepreneurs.Originality/value– This paper presents a new integrated model that would examine the impact of key effective factors of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition simultaneously while taking into account the interactions among them.
Human–wildlife conflict, benefit sharing and the survival of lions in pastoralist community‐based conservancies
Authors: Blackburn Sara , Hopcraft J. Grant C. , Ogutu Joseph O. , Matthiopoulos Jason , Frank Laurence 
Published: February 2016

Summary

Like many wildlife populations across Africa, recent analyses indicate that African lions are declining rapidly outside of small fenced areas. Community conservancies – privately protected areas that engage community members in conservation – may potentially maintain wildlife populations in unfenced pastoralist regions, but their effectiveness in conserving large carnivores has been largely unknown until now.

We identify drivers of lion survival in community conservancies within the Masai Mara ecosystem, Kenya, applying mark–recapture analyses to continuous sight–resight surveys. We use the number of livestock and human settlements as proxies for potential human–lion conflict whilst controlling for environmental variables and lion socioecology.

Average lion densities within the Mara conservancies between 2008 and 2013 (11·87 lions 100 km−2) were 2·6 times higher than those previously reported in 2003. Survival rates varied amongst prides and were highest for lions utilizing central regions of conservancies.

The number of livestock settlements (bomas [corrals] and manyattas) that were not members of a conservancy, and that fell within a pride home‐range, had a large negative effect on female survival and was the most influential external predictor in models. These non‐conservancy settlements accounted for 37·2% of total observed variation in survival, whereas conservancy settlements, which benefit financially from wildlife through their membership, had no effect on lion survival.

Internal drivers of survival agreed with known ecology and social behaviour including age plus a negative effect of male takeovers on cub survival <6 months. Vegetation cover, prey availability and the density of grazing livestock within a pride's range did not explain patterns in lion survival.

Synthesis and applications. We show that lion densities have increased substantially within the Mara conservancies over the last decade and suggest that the creation of community conservancies has benefitted their survival. This suggests that lions can survive outside of fenced areas within pastoral regions if communities gain benefits from wildlife. We highlight the importance of expanding existing conservancies beyond their current geographical and political scope and forming buffer zones if wildlife ranges outside them. We suggest that changing attitudes to predators should be a key goal of community‐based conservancies. Further work is recommended to identify what specific aspects of conservancy membership promote lion survival.
Osmotic stress response in Acinetobacter baylyi: identification of a glycine–betaine biosynthesis pathway and regulation of osmoadaptive choline uptake and glycine–betaine synthesis through a choline‐responsive BetI repressor
Authors: Scholz Anica , Stahl Julia , de Berardinis Veronique , Müller Volker , Averhoff Beate 
Published: February 2016

SummaryAcinetobacter baylyi, a ubiquitous soil bacterium, can cope with high salinity by uptake of choline as precursor of the compatible solute glycine betaine. Here, we report on the identification of a choline dehydrogenase (BetA) and a glycine betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BetB) mediating the oxidation of choline to glycine betaine. The betAB genes were found to form an operon together with the potential transcriptional regulator betI. The transcription of the betIBA operon and the two recently identified choline transporters was upregulated in response to choline and choline plus salt. The finding that the osmo‐independent transporter BetT1 undergoes a higher upregulation in response to choline alone than betT2 suggests that BetT1 does not primarily function in osmoadaptation. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays led to the conclusion that BetI mediates transcriptional regulation of both, the betIBA gene operon and the choline transporters. BetI was released from the DNA in response to choline which together with the transcriptional upregulation of the bet genes in the presence of choline suggests that BetI is a choline sensing transcriptional repressor.
Estimation in Closed Capture–Recapture Models when Covariates Are Missing at Random
Authors: Lee Shen-Ming , Hwang Wen-Han , de Dieu Tapsoba Jean 
Published: February 2016

Summary
Individual covariates are commonly used in capture–recapture models as they can provide important information for population size estimation. However, in practice, one or more covariates may be missing at random for some individuals, which can lead to unreliable inference if records with missing data are treated as missing completely at random. We show that, in general, such a naive complete-case analysis in closed capture–recapture models with some covariates missing at random underestimates the population size. We develop methods for estimating regression parameters and population size using regression calibration, inverse probability weighting, and multiple imputation without any distributional assumptions about the covariates. We show that the inverse probability weighting and multiple imputation approaches are asymptotically equivalent. We present a simulation study to investigate the effects of missing covariates and to evaluate the performance of the proposed methods. We also illustrate an analysis using data on the bird species yellow-bellied prinia collected in Hong Kong.
Computer Use, Job Tasks and the Part‐Time Pay Penalty
Authors: Elsayed Ahmed , de Grip Andries , Fouarge Didier 
Published: February 2016

AbstractUsing data from the UK Skills Surveys 1997–2012, we show that the part‐time pay penalty (PTPP) for women within low‐ and medium‐skilled occupations has decreased significantly. The convergence in computer use and non‐routine job tasks between part‐time and full‐time workers explains a large share of the decrease in the PTPP. This convergence took place mainly within occupations, and was not driven by changes in occupational segregation between the two groups of workers. The lower PTPP is also related to changes in the returns to job tasks. Relative changes in the importance of and returns to computer use and job tasks together explain more than 50 per cent of the decrease in the PTPP.