bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing Regulations Concerning Dispersant Use - A Recommended Good Practice Approach
Authors: Coolbaugh T. S. , Varghese G. , Taylor P. M. , Cox R. T. , Lewis A. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Dispersant use can be a critical component of an effective response to larger offshore oil spills. In particular, it is recognized that, when used appropriately, dispersants can greatly mitigate the potential for long term environmental impact by preventing floating oil slicks from remaining on the sea surface and stranding on sensitive shorelines. These benefits have been realized following large incidents such as the Sea Empress spill (UK, 1996) and well blowouts in Australia (Montara, 2009) and in the Gulf of Mexico Macondo 2010). In recent years, the decision to use dispersants in response to an oil spill incident often draws much public and media scrutiny. The possible spread of misinformation, combined with unrealistic expectations about the effectiveness other oil spill response options such as mechanical recovery and a lack of understanding regarding the potential for overall mitigation of a spill's impact through dispersant application, can establish major obstacles for its use.
In the event of an oil spill incident, regulators need to ensure that all available spill response tools are considered when developing and implementing the response strategy that will be the most effective for dealing with the incident. They also need to have appropriate information to be able to justify their decisions to a wide range of stakeholder communities. Successful use of dispersants during an incident is often time dependent and therefore pre-established and well understood regulations concerning dispersant approval and use are critical to enable a timely decision-making process. The IPIECA (the global oil and gas industry association for environmental and social issues) and IOGP (International Association of Oil and Gas Producers) guidance document on Regulatory Approval of Dispersant Products and Authorization for their Use aims to provide the background and relevant information for use by regulators to ensure that a fit-for-purpose dispersant policy is established as a part of the national oil spill contingency planning framework. The main purpose of the document is to establish a common understanding of what is important for an effective regulatory approval process for dispersants and their use.
Industry's recommended approach for developing regulations for dispersant approval and use are discussed, based on the IPIECA-IOGP guidance document. The primary concerns of the oil spill stakeholder community about their use are addressed. Current industry good practice is detailed and a recommended path forward to address relevant issues is offerred, e.g., from dispersant effectiveness and toxicity testing to recommendations on authorization for use and operational monitoring.
Strategies for Enhancing Bioremediation for Hydrocarbon-Impacted Soils
Authors: Effendi Agus Jatnika , Kamath Roopa , McMillen Sara , Sihota Natasha , Zuo Eve , Sra Kammy , Kong Deyuan , Wisono Tri , Syakir Jamal 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Bioremediation has been successfully used to treat crude-oil impacted soils within a reasonable timeframe at petroleum sites in Indonesia (typically 2-6 months). In a collaborative effort between PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia, Chevron Environmental Technology Company, and Institute of Technology, Bandung (ITB) in Indonesia, laboratory studies were conducted to test the impact of adding amendments such as chemical oxidants and surfactants to enhance the rate of bioremediation of crude-oil impacted soils.
Partial chemical oxidation of hydrocarbons may result in by-products that are more susceptible to biodegradation. Consequently, it was hypothesized that addition of low levels of oxidants could potentially enhance the rate of subsequent biodegradation of hydrocarbons in crude-oil impacted soils. Chemical oxidants tested in studies in ITB and in Chevron laboratories included hydrogen peroxide, sodium percarbonate, calcium peroxide, carbamide peroxide and ammonium persulfate. In contrast to chemical oxidants, addition of surfactants could potentially enhance the bioavailability of hydrocarbons or alter soil characteristics (e.g., hydrophobicity), thereby enhancing the rate of bioremediation in crude oil impacted soils. Surfactants that were tested included Tergitol NP-10 and Tween-80.
In general, the addition of oxidants (solid or liquid) and/or surfactants tested in these studies did not impact the extent of TPH biodegradation over the long-term compared to biostimulation controls (nutrients + tilling). However, addition of small amounts of surfactants can help reduce the lag time before TPH biodegradation commences, and thereby achieve remedial goals (of 1% TPH) within a shorter timeframe. This could significantly increase throughput at a bioremediation facility for a small incremental cost.
Lessons Learnt And Emerging Good Practices in Grievance Management
Authors: Yi Heng Jing , Peterson Cynthia Ann 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This paper will discuss on the lessons learnt from the implementation of grievance management undertaken by PETRONAS and practical examples in grievance management and remediation. This paper will provide an overview of grievance management in projects, the challenges faced by project teams in dealing with community grievances and the efforts undertaken by the projects to enhance its grievance management to be more efficient and effective. The paper also aims to showcase applicable good practices demonstrated in projects across PETRONAS. The absence of a standard method in collecting data and lack of dedicated Social Performance personnel are identified as initial challenges in developing and implementing Grievance Mechanism in projects. In addition, external factors such as complying to host authority requirements and having a minimal role as joint venture partner have added more challenges for project teams to develop an effective grievance management plan. The implementation of Grievance Mechanism (GM) in projects is strengthened with the establishment of a GM Technical Guideline, inclusion of GM in HSE Mandatory Control Framework, and the introduction of a Human Rights Commitment.
Integrated Approach in Fatigue Management
Authors: Jemoin M Nizam , Abdullah Ahmad Khairi 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
There have been numerous guidelines and protocols on Fatigue Management at the workplace but little is mentioned on feasible and practical solutions to manage the risks. To establish an effective fatigue management programme at the workplace, an integrated approach that leverages on IT solution is essential. As part of an effort to establish guidelines to practical solutions to fatigue related risk, a task force comprising of Specialists (Occupational Health, HSE, Turn-Around Management, Communication & Stakeholder Management), Plant Operation focal persons, Shift supervisors and IT Project team was formed (when). Additionally, a situational analysis was conducted via survey. Survey feedback included information on availability of site procedure to manage fatigue at work, communication/training tool(s), compliance to hours of service limits, and monitoring and tracking of performance indicator(s). There were also a focused group discussion with various stakeholders which included a detailed review of the shift manning procedure and work process evaluation to address fatigue risks among shift workers during normal plant operation and turn around. Detailed analysis was performed to determine common issues that require further mitigation efforts. Key deliverables were identified, which included the development of standardised work process in managing shift work as well as fatigue and development of communication materials with clear messages to reinforce the understanding and actions in fatigue management for employees and supervisors. It also promoted the use of IT Tool i.e eManning® and Gate Access system, in monitoring & tracking compliance to hours of service limits. Approvals and endorsements were obtained from leadership team to roll out the programme. This paper illustrates the integrated approach taken by the organisation to reinforce effective management of fatigue at the workplace.
Management at Corporate Level of Noise Exposure Assessment and Control for Petrobras Refining
Authors: Cormier Kevin , Mohamed Irfan 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This article presents the work carried out as part of a project aiming to regulate the noise exposure of workers of PETROBRAS refining units. This is a corporate project carried out over a three years’ period (2012 to 2015) by the Supply business unit of the Brazilian company. The uniqueness of this project is due to its scale. Indeed, this encompassed twelve refineries located throughout Brazil. The corporate approach to deal with noise exposure risk leads to an overall data consolidation allowed by a standardized methodology.
The methodology used is split into four phases. First, a long but necessary planning stage, then an exhaustive assessment of the current noise situation of production areas was carried out during the first twelve months of the project. This stage allowed the involvement of several important tools used to identify and rank noise exposure issues. This lead to noise maps of every industrial area and an acoustic database of equipment exceeding regulatory limits (sound power level and directivity). Third, every industrial area was modelled into noise prediction software compliant with ISO 9613-2 standard. Finally, acoustic damping solutions were designed and proportioned by size of equipment.
This mixed approach of measurement and numerical simulation mobilized a dedicated ACOEM project team comprising of eight acoustic experts. Principal achievement of this project, concluded in 2015, is a clear vision of the noise control priorities allowed by standardized methodology on all refineries in a short time. This achievement leads to a coherent set of controls for the future investments to be done to mitigate noise exposure risks.
In addition to highlighting the benefits of integrated Health Safety and Environment (HSE) management, this work provides an understanding on the use of virtual computing doses from propagating acoustic model.
A Novel Infrared Device for the Rapid Analysis of Crude Oil Contamination in Tropical Soils
Authors: Stewart R. , Toop A. , Webster G. , Chin T. T. , Paulus G. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Objectives/Scope
The oil and gas industry spends significant time and money assessing crude oil impacts in soil. Current industry practice involves sending soil samples to an off-site laboratory for the analysis of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) with standard turnaround times of &gt;5 days.
A novel handheld infrared device (RemScan™) can be used to measure crude oil contamination in soil in 20 seconds. This disruptive technology is being used to accelerate site closure, cut laboratory analysis costs, and to collect more data points for increased confidence. This paper presents results from an independent validation trial of the infrared device.

Methods, Procedures, Process
A number of crude oil contaminated soils were collected from several different tropical sites in South-East Asia. Samples were scanned using the infrared device and then sent to an accredited laboratory for analysis of TPH (C10-C36). Site-specific calibration models were loaded into the infrared device which was then used to predict the TPH concentrations of blind validation samples and the results were compared to the laboratory assay data.

Results, Observations, Conclusions
The results of the study show an excellent correlation between the infrared device and laboratory assay values in terms of both accuracy and repeatability. The occurrence of false positives and negatives is very low using a common remediation criterion.
The outcomes of this study show that the handheld infrared device can be confidently used as an infield screening tool for assessing oil contamination in tropical soils. This paves the way for significant time and cost savings for companies that are assessing and remediating crude oil contaminated soils in tropical regions.

Novel/Additive Information
The concept of taking the "lab to the field" for measuring crude oil contamination in soil, without compromising data quality, is now a possibility using the new handheld infrared device.
How to Lose Social License to Operate: A Case Study of the NSW Coal Seam Gas Industry. What Happened and What can be Learned
Authors: Snashall David , Genter Sabrina 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The coal seam gas (CSG) industry in NSW is now largely defunct due to the loss of social licence to operate. Six years of community outrage and Government indecision resulted in increased regulation and eventually withdrawals by the major operators. The demise of this industry occurred despite a gas shortage in the State, existing operational CSG fields with a good track record, initial government support, a neighbouring state, Queensland, with over 3,500 production wells, and a detailed investigation by the Government's Chief Scientist supporting the industry. Despite this, a groundswell of community opposition brought pressure to bear on the governments, operators and banks to force the effective closure of this potential industry.
This paper analyses the history of this battle to identify lessons for the industry and operators in order that they are able to make earlier and better decisions should similar circumstances arise in future.
It identifies the key milestones in this debate, including; Formation and consolidation of major community opposition groupsEnquiries set up be the GovernmentIndecisive politics and ineffective regulationThe Metgasco saga of community blockades and eventual Government buy back of the licenceWithdrawal of major operators
The paper draws conclusions and provides recommendations on how the industry as a whole, and individual operators, could have identified and responded to these issues in a more productive manner. The recommendation provide guidance on how the industry could have : Recognised the groundswell of opposition much earlierUnderstood the complexities of the alliance that formed against the industryEngaged with the opponents to determine whether there was a way forwardMade better investment decisions, based on a detailed understanding of the scale of community concerns.
Challenges and Improvement of Instrumented Protective Function IPF Maintenance
Authors: Lim Jit Sen , Mahmood M Rashdan , Sidek M Saleh , Hashim Abdul Fattah 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Instrumented protective function (IPF) is a safety function designed to achieve a safe state for a specific hazardous event. An IPF loop is made up of initiators, logic solvers and final elements. IPF is classified with a specific safety integrity level (SIL), which must be met throughout its life-cycle. IPF failures can cause severe consequences on people, environment, asset and reputation, if there is no alternative independent layer of protection. 35% of control system failures are estimated to occur in the operation and maintenance phase, in spite of the assumed compliance with the target integrity requirements. This paper deliberates the issues of functional proof testing, data collection, IPF study review, as well as awareness and competency of manpower, with the objective of improving functional safety management in the operation and maintenance phase.
A Comparative Study on the Academic Performance of Students in Bachelor’s Degree of Information Technology Having Arts and Science Background in Uganda
Authors: Haolader Faruque A. , Hakim Walusimbi , Kassim Kalinaki , Mubarak Hamisi Ramadhan 
Published: March 2017

<em>Variations in the academic performance among students at all levels of education are one issue for years now that has attracted the attention of many researchers across the globe. This has prompted researchers and educationists to find out what factors or reasons can be attributed to these variations. Numerous studies have been conducted to determine the various reasons to explain this cause. The purpose of this study therefore, was to compare the academic performance of students in the Bachelor’s </em><em>degree of Information Technology (BIT) having Arts and Science backgrounds in universities of Uganda. In order to achieve the objective of this study, a sample of 202 final year BIT students were purposively selected from two universities in Uganda. These students were categorized on the basis of their A’ level backgrounds (130 Arts and 72 Sciences). A descriptive approach employing the Welch’s t-test was used to determine the difference between the performance of the two groups and a simple </em><em>linear regression analysis was used to examine the correlation among students’ performance between semesters. The results indicated that there’s a significant difference in the academic performance of the two groups, with the science group outperforming arts. However, it was found that there is a more linear increase in the performance of Arts students from semester one through semester five. Furthermore, Arts students performed slightly better than Science counterparts in some course units. </em><em>Thus the study concludes that Science students perform better than Arts students in the overall semester final examination with Arts students having room for improvement in their performance.</em>
Perceptions of Teachers Regarding Technology Integration in Classrooms: A Comparative Analysis of Elite and Mediocre Schools
Authors: Zehra Rida , Bilwani Anam 
Published: March 2017

The primary purpose and objective of this study was to examine and compare the perceptions of teachers in elite and mediocre schools in Karachi. The secondary objectives included comparing the use of technology in classrooms by teachers and the challenges and barriers that they face in the integration of technology. This study was designed as a small-scale exploratory pilot study using the qualitative approach to address the research questions. To achieve the objectives, eight teachers from eight different schools of Karachi were surveyed through email. Four of these schools fell in the category of elite schools, while the other four fell in the category of mediocre schools. The research instrument was a self-developed open-ended questionnaire, which that was emailed to the research participants. The results of the study revealed key insights into the use of technology, perceptions of teachers towards the use of technology, and various barriers that they face in technology integration in the classrooms. The study found that the perceptions and attitudes of teachers of both elite and mediocre schools were favourable towards technology integration; however, due to lack of resources, especially in mediocre schools, implementation of technology in classrooms was a challenge.
Strategies for Teaching English Abroad: The Immersion Classroom
Authors: Suri Ishrat 
Published: March 2017

English language development is best laid on the foundation of natural and social interactions which requires a great deal of sacrifice from educators who teach abroad (Snow, 1997). Learning to speak a new language grants learners a passport and highly coveted citizenship to a culturally interconnected world (Met &amp; Lorenz, 1993); however, educators often face a daunting challenge. They must come up with comprehensive strategies which ensure that learners obtain requisite skills faster than might otherwise be deemed necessary. They must also employ non-verbal communication in place of the native language and secure a total commitment from students (Fortune, 2000). Finally, educators must leverage the brain’s information processing and retention ability against a very formidable threat: forgetting. The paper focuses on language immersion classroom strategies currently being used around the world, along with a discussion on how technology has been used to increase language and cultural competencies. This research has implications for educators and administrators who are interested in the impact that technology access has on learning when paired with a total immersion approach. This paper will present recommendations for international English language immersion programs, whose goals are to develop a total cultural competency for students aged 5-25 in environments where there are limited resources to aid in language immersion.
Feminisation of Teaching: Factors Affecting Low Male participation in Early Childhood Teaching at Private Schools in Pakistan
Authors: Saigol Meher , Danish Sana 
Published: March 2017

<p>This study was aimed atidentifying associated barriers to entry of male teachers into early childhood teaching and to understand the gender inequality and the shortage of male role models for early learners at private schools of Karachi.<br />A qualitative research was conducted with phenomenology as the chosen inquiry method. A purposeful sampleof six in-service educators was selected from four private schools in Karachi two male post-secondary teachers, two female early childhood teachers and two private school female heads. The data were collected using three semi structured interviews one for each sample<br />subtype. The study revealed that the male teachers did not teach early learners at private schools due to poor pay;low male adult and child compatibility; the influence of gender stereotypes and societal norms on occupational choice and child safety concerns. To create gender neutrality of early childhood teachers, male participants expressed an interest to teach young learners if offered equitable pay and professional development opportunities, while female participants suggested increased pay and child protection policy implementation.</p>
PRAKTIK CREATIVE ACCOUNTING PADA KOPERASI DI JAWA TIMUR
Authors: Agustia Dian , Palupi Ade 
Published: March 2017

The cooperation is characterized that its member includes the owners as well as the users of a cooperation. The cooperation financial reporrs have to be reported as a tool of accountability of the officers to the cooperation members in the annual meeting. The most essential information required in the annual meeting is the cooperation’s profits that in Indonesia is called as Sisa Hasil Usaha (SHU). In this study, a creative accountancy practice is applied as activities that is done by a business unit to report the desired surplus by implementing accountancy techniques and policies in regard with particular condition. By using descriptive statistic analysis, a cooperation with the scale area of East Java Province during the period of 2012 to 2014 has implemented a creative accountancy practice to increase or decrease profit. The cooperation officers or managers increase its SHU when its factual profit is lower; but they decrease its SHU when its factual profit is higher. The purpose of this practice is to reduce the fluctuation of SHU so that the cooperation looks stable and has no high risk for businesses. The results of this study is relevant with Scoot (2011) arguing for the opportunistic practice of cooperation managers or officers to maximize compensation contracts, debt contract, and political costs.