bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimising unicode regular expression evaluation with previews
Authors: Chivers Howard 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThe jsre regular expression library was designed to provide fast matching of complex expressions over large input streams using user‐selectable character encodings. An established design approach was used: a simulated non‐deterministic automaton (NFA) implemented as a virtual machine, avoiding exponential cost functions in either space or time. A deterministic automaton (DFA) was chosen as a general dispatching mechanism for Unicode character classes, and this also provided the opportunity to use compact DFAs in various optimization strategies. The result was the development of a regular expression Preview which provides a summary of all the matches possible from a given point in a regular expression in a form that can be implemented as a compact DFA and can be used to further improve the performance of the standard NFA simulation algorithm. This paper formally defines a preview and describes and evaluates several optimizations using this construct. They provide significant speed improvements accrued from fast scanning of anchor positions, avoiding retesting of repeated strings in unanchored searches and efficient searching of multiple alternate expressions which in the case of keyword searching has a time complexity which is logarithmic in the number of words to be searched. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enniatin B and beauvericin are common in Danish cereals and show high hepatotoxicity on a high‐content imaging platform
Authors: Svingen Terje , Lund Hansen Niels , Taxvig Camilla , Vinggaard Anne Marie , Jensen Udo , Have Rasmussen Peter 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTMycotoxins are fungi‐born metabolites that can contaminate foods through mould‐infected crops. They are a significant food/feed‐safety issue across the globe and represent a substantial financial burden for the world economy. Moreover, with a changing climate and fungal biota, there is now much discussion about emerging mycotoxins that are measurable at significant levels in crops world‐wide. Unfortunately, we still know very little about the bioavailability and toxic potentials of many of these less characterized mycotoxins, including the large family of enniatins. In this study, we present new occurrence data for enniatin A, A1, B, B1 and beauvericin in four Danish crops: oat, wheat, and barley from the 2010 harvest, and rye from 2011 harvest. The occurrence of the four enniatins were B > B1 > A1 > A. Enniatin B was detected in 100% of tested samples regardless of crop type. In addition to occurrence data, we report a proof‐of‐concept study using a human‐relevant high‐content hepatotoxicity, or “quadroprobe,” assay to screen mycotoxins for their cytotoxic potential. The assay was sensitive for most cytotoxic compounds in the 0.009–100 µM range. Among eight tested mycotoxins (enniatin B, beauvericin, altenariol, deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin B1, andrastin A, citrinin, and penicillic acid), enniatin B and beauvericin showed significant cytotoxicity at a concentration lower than that for aflatoxin B1, which is the archetypal acute hepatotoxic and liver‐carcinogenic mycotoxin. Hence, the quadroprobe hepatotoxicity assay may become a valuable assessment tool for toxicity assessment of mycotoxins in the future. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1658–1664, 2017.
Accessibility assessment for operation and maintenance of offshore wind farms in the North Sea
Authors: Martini Michele , Guanche Raúl , Losada Iñigo J. , Vidal César 
Published: September 2016

AbstractFocused on offshore wind energy operation and maintenance applications, this work presents a detailed accessibility analysis of the North Sea. After a review of existing normative dedicated to inspection and access of offshore wind turbines, a rigorous mathematical formulation of relevant accessibility parameters is given by means of the set theory. Long‐term and high‐resolution metocean data are extracted from reanalysis databases and used to evaluate spatial and temporal variability of such parameters. Respectively restricted by significant wave height and mean wind speed, access by workboat and helicopter is evaluated. Being affected by both wave height and wind speed. Access by offshore crane is also analyzed. It resulted that the UK coast and the southern region of the North Sea are highly accessible, while the coast of Denmark and Norway undergoes more severe metocean conditions. This is, however, balanced by a higher wind resource. Moreover, a strong seasonality is ascertained, together with a drastic reduction of accessibility during daytime in a vast part of the basin. Accessibility during daytime in winter and autumn is very difficult for the whole North Sea. Among the studied farms, Dogger Bank is by far the one with the highest resource and lowest accessibility, while Thorntonbank III the one with the lowest resource and highest accessibility. In addition, accessibility is non‐linearly related to wind speed and wave height limits chosen for the access strategies covered. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalytic fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for aromatic production: chemistry, catalyst and process
Authors: Zheng Anqing , Jiang Liqun , Zhao Zengli , Huang Zhen , Zhao Kun , Wei Guoqiang , Li Haibin 
Published: September 2016

Catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) is one of most promising technologies for aromatic production in a single‐step process. In recent years, considerable efforts have been made on the CFP of biomass for aromatic productions. However, the successful commercialization of CFP has hindered by several technical barriers, such as the rational design of continuous reactor and the development of high efficient and stable zeolite catalysts. Here, we attempt to summarize the advances in CFP of biomass from four aspects: (1) reaction chemistry, (2) reactor and operating conditions for CFP, (3) catalysts for CFP, and (4) new processes for CFP. It is expected that this review could provide some guidance for solving the technical barriers aforementioned. WIREs Energy Environ 2017, 6:e234. doi: 10.1002/wene.234This article is categorized under:

Bioenergy > Science and Materials
Scalable machine‐learning algorithms for big data analytics: a comprehensive review
Authors: Gupta Preeti , Sharma Arun , Jindal Rajni 
Published: September 2016

Big data analytics is one of the emerging technologies as it promises to provide better insights from huge and heterogeneous data. Big data analytics involves selecting the suitable big data storage and computational framework augmented by scalable machine‐learning algorithms. Despite the tremendous buzz around big data analytics and its advantages, an extensive literature survey focused on parallel data‐intensive machine‐learning algorithms for big data has not been conducted so far. The present paper provides a comprehensive overview of various machine‐learning algorithms used in big data analytics. The present work is an attempt to identify the gaps in the work already performed by researchers, thus paving the way for further quality research in parallel scalable algorithms for big data. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2016, 6:194–214. doi: 10.1002/widm.1194This article is categorized under:

Technologies > Machine Learning
Development of High‐Strength Soy Protein Adhesives Modified with Sodium Montmorillonite Clay
Authors: Qi Guangyan , Li Ningbo , Wang Donghai , Sun Xiuzhi Susan 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis study investigated the high strength of a soy protein adhesive system with good flowability at high protein concentration. Sodium montmorillonite (Na MMT), the most widely used silicate clay, was incorporated into viscous, cohesive soy protein adhesives at concentrations ranging from 1 to 11 % (dry basis, w/w). Hydroxyethyl cellulose was used as a suspension agent to stabilize the soy protein and nano clay to be the dispersion system. The interaction between soy protein and Na MMT was characterized by XRD, FTIR, Zeta potential and DSC. Results indicated that soy protein molecules were adsorbed on the surface of the interlayer of Na MMT through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction. The soy protein/Na MMT adhesives had the intercalation structure with Na MMT contents ranging from 1 to 11 %. Adhesion strength, specifically wet adhesion strength, of soy protein adhesives at isoelectric point (pI) was significantly improved by the addition of Na MMT. It is believed that the physical cross‐linking reactions between soy protein and Na MMT mainly contribute to the improved adhesion performance of soy protein adhesives. Wet adhesion strength increased from 2.9 MPa of control soy protein adhesive to 4.3 MPa at 8 % Na MMT. An increase of pH beyond pI value resulted in decreased adhesion strength due to increased surface charges of soy protein and slightly reduced affinity of soy protein on the nano clay surface.
Human Trafficking in Nepal: Post-Earthquake Risk and Response
Authors: Gyawali Bishal , Keeling June , Kallestrup Per 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAs Nepal mourns the 1-year commemoration of the April 2015 earthquake and its aftershocks that killed more than 8500 people and left thousands injured and displaced, other more hidden repercussions of the resultant chaotic environment need attention: the increased risk of human trafficking. Considering that natural disasters provide a milieu for this illicit trade, there is a need for a robust response from stakeholders such as donors, civil society organizations, and government organizations against human trafficking following disasters such as the Nepal earthquake. Responsibility to prevent and fight trafficking should be explicitly included in the mandate of relief and rehabilitation mechanisms set up at the national level to coordinate the disaster relief response, serving to support populations in both rural and urban areas. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:153–154)
Light conditions affect the performance of Yponomeuta evonymellus on its native host Prunus padus and the alien Prunus serotina
Authors: Łukowski A. , Giertych M.J. , Walczak U. , Baraniak E. , Karolewski P. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe bird cherry ermine moth, Yponomeuta evonymellus L., is considered an obligatory monophagous insect pest that feeds only on native European Prunus padus L. In recent years, however, increased larval feeding on alien P. serotina Ehrh. has been observed. In both species, general defoliation is extensive for shade grown trees, whereas it is high in P. padus, but very low in P. serotina, when trees are grown in full light conditions. The aim of the present study was to identify how the plant host species and light conditions affect the performance of Y. evonymellus. The influence of host species and light condition on their growth and development, characterized by the parameters of pupation, adult eclosion, body mass, potential fecundity, and wing size, was measured in a 2 × 2 experimental design (two light treatments, two hosts). In comparison with high light (HL) conditions, a greater percentage of pupation and a longer period and less dynamic adult emerge was observed under low light (LL) conditions. The effect of host species on these parameters was not significant. In contrast, mass, fecundity and all of the studied wing parameters were higher in larvae that grazed on P. padus than on P. serotina. Similarly the same parameters were also higher on shrubs in HL as compared with those grown under LL conditions. In general, light conditions, rather than plant species, were more often and to a greater extent, responsible for differences in the observed parameters of insect development and potential fecundity.
Seropositivity and identification of paramyosin for sparganosis in the Kangwon and Incheon provinces of the Republic of Korea
Authors: Lee M.-R. , Ju J.-W. , Yang H.-W. , Kim T.-S. , Park M.-Y. , Cho S.-H. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSparganosis is one of the top three tissue-dwelling heterologous helminthic diseases, along with cysticercosis and paragonimiasis, in Korea. Due to a lack of effective early diagnosis and treatment methods, this parasitic disease is regarded as a public health threat. This study evaluated reactivity, against sparganum extracts, of sera from inhabitants of Cheorwon-gun, Goseong-gun and Ongjin-gun in Korea. The sera from 836 subjects were subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblot analysis. The sera from 18 (5.8%) and 15 (5.1%) inhabitants in Cheorwon-gun (n = 312) and Goseong-gun (n = 294), respectively, exhibited highly positive reactions to the sparganum antigen, whereas only two (0.9%) inhabitants in Ongjin-gun (n = 230) showed positivity. We sought antigenic proteins for serodiagnosis of positive sera by immunoproteomic approaches. Total sparganum lysates were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and then subjected to immunoblot analysis with mixed sparganosis-positive sera. We found seven antigenic spots and identified paramyosin as an antigenic protein by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. By two-dimensional (2D)-based mass analysis and immunoblotting against sparganosis-positive sera, paramyosin was identified as a candidate antigen for serodiagnosis of sparganosis.
Origin matters
Authors: REJMÁNEK MARCEL , SIMBERLOFF DANIEL 
Published: September 2016

SummaryVan der Wal et al. (2015) (henceforth VdW) attempted to evaluate the degree to which the geographical origin of a species shapes people's attitudes towards conservation management decisions. Based on questionnaire surveys of the general public and experts from Scotland and Canada, the authors perceive “widespread use of the label ‘non-native’ as a proxy for harmfulness” and a species' origin as being used as shorthand for “harmfulness” (pp. 349 & 352). However, the authors cited by VdW do not take such a categorical view. Invasions of non-native species are also often just symptoms, not causes of human-created environmental changes. VdW focus on well-known species with long introduction histories for which the potential abundance and impact can plausibly be judged by experts and the public alike. However, when a decision is to be made regarding whether a non-native taxon that is not yet present in the local biota should be introduced, or whether a recently established and geographically restricted but spreading non-native taxon should be controlled, the taxon's origin should be a primary component in the decision-making process.
Temporal trends, regional variation and socio-economic differences in height, BMI and body proportions among German conscripts, 1956–2010
Authors: Lehmann Andreas , Floris Joël , Woitek Ulrich , Rühli Frank J , Staub Kaspar 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectiveWe analyse temporal trends and regional variation among the most recent available anthropometric data from German conscription in the years 2008–2010 and their historical contextualization since 1956.Design/setting/subjectsThe overall sample included German conscripts (N13 857 313) from 1956 to 2010.ResultsGerman conscripts changed from growing in height to growing in breadth. Over the analysed 54 years, average height of 19-year-old conscripts increased by 6·5 cm from 173·5 cm in 1956 (birth year 1937) to 180·0 cm in 2010 (birth year 1991). This increase plateaued since the 1990s (1970s birth years). The increase in average weight, however, did not lessen during the last two decades but increased in two steps: at the end of the 1980s and after 1999. The weight and BMI distributions became increasingly right-skewed, the prevalence of overweight and obesity increased from 11·6 % and 2·1 % in 1984 to 19·9 % and 8·5 % in 2010, respectively. The north–south gradient in height (north = taller) persisted during our observations. Height and weight of conscripts from East Germany matched the German average between the early 1990s and 2009. Between the 1980s and the early 1990s, the average chest circumference increased, the average difference between chest circumference when inhaling and exhaling decreased, as did leg length relative to trunk length.ConclusionsMeasuring anthropometric data for military conscripts yielded year-by-year monitoring of the health status of young men at a proscribed age. Such findings contribute to a more precise identification of groups at risk and thus help with further studies and to target interventions.
The effect on drink sales of removal of unhealthy drinks from display in a self-service café
Authors: Huse Oliver , Blake Miranda R , Brooks Ruby , Corben Kirstan , Peeters Anna 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe present study assessed the impact of the retailer-led removal of unhealthy beverages from display at a self-service café within a major health service. While unhealthy beverages remained available from behind the counter upon request, this was not communicated directly to customers.DesignDrinks were categorised based on the state government nutrient profiling system, classifying drinks as ‘green’ (best choices), ‘amber’ (choose carefully) and ‘red’ (limit). Total drink sales (as number of items sold per week) in the café were measured for five weeks. All unhealthy ‘red’ beverages were removed from display (but were still available for purchase) and the sales of all beverages were measured for another six weeks.ResultsWe found that, in response to this strategy, the proportion of ‘red’ drinks sold decreased from 33 % to 10 % of total drink sales. As ‘amber’ and ‘green’ drink sales increased in response to this strategy, total retailer sales remained steady. Most consumers appeared to switch to purchasing ‘amber’ drinks rather than the healthiest option, ‘green’ drinks.ConclusionsThe removal of unhealthy beverages from display can result in consumers making healthier purchases, while not significantly affecting retailers’ sales.
Aberration-Corrected Transmission Electron Microscopic Study of the Central Dark Line Defect in Human Tooth Enamel Crystals
Authors: Reyes-Gasga José , Hémmerlé Joseph , Brès Etienne F. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAngstrom resolution images of human tooth enamel (HTE) crystallites were obtained using aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy in the modes of bright field, annular dark field, and high-angle annular dark-field. Images show that the central dark line (CDL) defect observed around the center of the HTE crystals is a site for caries formation in the HTE and has a thickness of ~0.2 nm. Results also suggest that the CDL goes through one of the OH−planes.
The sources of atmospheric black carbon at a European gateway to the Arctic
Authors: Winiger P , Andersson A , Eckhardt S , Stohl A , Gustafsson Ö. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBlack carbon (BC) aerosols from incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuel contribute to Arctic climate warming. Models—seeking to advise mitigation policy—are challenged in reproducing observations of seasonally varying BC concentrations in the Arctic air. Here we compare year-round observations of BC and its δ13C/Δ14C-diagnosed sources in Arctic Scandinavia, with tailored simulations from an atmospheric transport model. The model predictions for this European gateway to the Arctic are greatly improved when the emission inventory of anthropogenic sources is amended by satellite-derived estimates of BC emissions from fires. Both BC concentrations (R2=0.89, P<0.05) and source contributions (R2=0.77, P<0.05) are accurately mimicked and linked to predominantly European emissions. This improved model skill allows for more accurate assessment of sources and effects of BC in the Arctic, and a more credible scientific underpinning of policy efforts aimed at efficiently reducing BC emissions reaching the European Arctic.
Self-assembly of biomorphic carbon/sulfur microstructures in sulfidic environments
Authors: Cosmidis Julie , Templeton Alexis S. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn natural and laboratory-based environments experiencing sustained counter fluxes of sulfide and oxidants, elemental sulfur (S0)—a key intermediate in the sulfur cycle—can commonly accumulate. S0 is frequently invoked as a biomineralization product generated by enzymatic oxidation of hydrogen sulfide and polysulfides. Here we show the formation of S0 encapsulated in nanometre to micrometre-scale tubular and spherical organic structures that self-assemble in sulfide gradient environments in the absence of any direct biological activity. The morphology and composition of these carbon/sulfur microstructures so closely resemble microbial cellular and extracellular structures that new caution must be applied to the interpretation of putative microbial biosignatures in the fossil record. These reactions between sulfide and organic matter have important implications for our understanding of S0 mineralization processes and sulfur interactions with organic carbon in the environment. They furthermore provide a new pathway for the synthesis of carbon-sulfur nanocomposites for energy storage technologies.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Air-stable superparamagnetic metal nanoparticles entrapped in graphene oxide matrix
Authors: Tuček Jiří , Sofer Zdeněk , Bouša Daniel , Pumera Martin , Holá Kateřina , Malá Aneta , Poláková Kateřina , Havrdová Markéta , Čépe Klára , Tomanec Ondřej , Zbořil Radek 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSuperparamagnetism is a phenomenon caused by quantum effects in magnetic nanomaterials. Zero-valent metals with diameters below 5 nm have been suggested as superior alternatives to superparamagnetic metal oxides, having greater superspin magnitudes and lower levels of magnetic disorder. However, synthesis of such nanometals has been hindered by their chemical instability. Here we present a method for preparing air-stable superparamagnetic iron nanoparticles trapped between thermally reduced graphene oxide nanosheets and exhibiting ring-like or core-shell morphologies depending on iron concentration. Importantly, these hybrids show superparamagnetism at room temperature and retain it even at 5 K. The corrected saturation magnetization of 185 Am2 kg–1is among the highest values reported for iron-based superparamagnets. The synthetic concept is generalized exploiting functional groups of graphene oxide to stabilize and entrap cobalt, nickel and gold nanoparticles, potentially opening doors for targeted delivery, magnetic separation and imaging applications.
Adipokinetic hormones and their G protein-coupled receptors emerged in Lophotrochozoa
Authors: Li Shizhong , Hauser Frank , Skadborg Signe K. , Nielsen Stine V. , Kirketerp-Møller Nikolaj , Grimmelikhuijzen Cornelis J. P. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMost multicellular animals belong to two evolutionary lineages, the Proto– and Deuterostomia, which diverged 640–760 million years (MYR) ago. Neuropeptide signaling is abundant in animals belonging to both lineages, but it is often unclear whether there exist evolutionary relationships between the neuropeptide systems used by proto- or deuterostomes. An exception, however, are members of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor superfamily, which occur in both evolutionary lineages, where GnRHs are the ligands in Deuterostomia and GnRH-like peptides, adipokinetic hormone (AKH), corazonin, and AKH/corazonin-related peptide (ACP) are the ligands in Protostomia. AKH is a well-studied insect neuropeptide that mobilizes lipids and carbohydrates from the insect fat body during flight. In our present paper, we show that AKH is not only widespread in insects, but also in other Ecdysozoa and in Lophotrochozoa. Furthermore, we have cloned and deorphanized two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) from the oyster Crassostrea gigas (Mollusca) that are activated by low nanomolar concentrations of oyster AKH (pQVSFSTNWGSamide). Our discovery of functional AKH receptors in molluscs is especially significant, because it traces the emergence of AKH signaling back to about 550 MYR ago and brings us closer to a more complete understanding of the evolutionary origins of the GnRH receptor superfamily.