bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intergenerational associations of the approximate number system in toddlers and their parents
Authors: Navarro Monica G. , Braham Emily J. , Libertus Melissa E. 
Published: January 2018

From birth, humans are able to discriminate quantities using the approximate number system (ANS). However, previous methods have only been suitable to examine ANS functioning in infancy and older children. The goals of this study were twofold: first, to modify an existing method of assessing ANS functioning for toddlerhood; and second, to investigate individual differences in toddlers’ ANS performance by examining correlations with their parents’ ANS acuity. Using a preferential looking paradigm, we found that 1‐ to 3‐year‐olds (N = 46) looked significantly longer to numerically changing images compared to numerically constant ones suggesting that the paradigm is a suitable measure of ANS functioning in toddlerhood. Furthermore, we found a positive relation between toddlers’ ANS performance and that of their parents (assessed using a non‐symbolic number comparison task) independent of children's vocabulary or parents’ perceived math ability or preference for math. These findings are consistent with a specific intergenerational transmission of the ANS.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Past methods used to examine ANS functioning were only suitable for infants and older children.

Little research has examined sources underlying individual difference in ANS acuity.

What does this study add?

We developed a preferential looking task to assess ANS functioning in toddlerhood.

Individual differences in toddlers’ ANS functioning are correlated with their parents’ ANS acuity.
Megakaryocytes harbour the del(5q) abnormality despite complete clinical and cytogenetic remission induced by lenalidomide treatment
Authors: Scharenberg Christian , Jansson Monika , Saft Leonie , Hellström‐Lindberg Eva 
Published: January 2018

SummaryThe mechanisms underlying lenalidomide‐resistance of del(5q) MDS stem cells remain to be elucidated and may include cell‐intrinsic as well as microenvironmental causes. Abnormal hypolobated megakaryocytes constitute one of the hallmarks of del(5q) MDS. We hypothesized that these cells have potential implications for the regulation of haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) similarly to what has recently been described for megakaryocytes in the murine system. Therefore, we conducted a study to determine the response of abnormal hypolobated megakaryocytes to lenalidomide therapy. We studied lenalidomide‐treated patients in the MDS‐004 trial as well as a cohort seen at our institution. Morphological evaluation at time of complete cytogenetic remission (CCyR) demonstrated the persistence of hypolobated megakaryocytes in all evaluable patients (n = 9). Furthermore, we provide evidence that the abnormal hypolobated morphology is restricted to del(5q) megakaryocytes, both at diagnosis and during CCyR. Using fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis on flow‐sorted stem‐ and progenitor populations, we observed a similar degree of clonal involvement in megakaryocyte‐erythroid‐progenitors as in HSC. Taken together, our findings suggest that megakaryocyte morphology might aid in the evaluation of patients where discontinuation of lenalidomide is considered and offers interesting hypotheses for further investigation of lenalidomide resistance.
How I manage red cell transfusions in patients with sickle cell disease
Authors: Rees David C. , Robinson Susan , Howard Jo 
Published: January 2018

SummarySickle cell disease is one of the commonest serious inherited diseases in the world, and red cell transfusion is still one of the few effective treatments for acute and chronic complications. Transfusion corrects anaemia and dilutes out the number of red cells able to cause vaso‐occlusion and vascular damage. Urgent red cell transfusions are used to correct acute anaemia, treat acute chest syndrome and patients with acute neurological symptoms. We use elective transfusions preoperatively for moderate risk surgery, and in some pregnant women. There is good evidence for the use of long‐term regular transfusions in primary stroke prevention, with the aim of keeping the percentage of sickle haemoglobin below 30%. Long‐term transfusions are also used in secondary stroke prevention, and the management of progressive organ damage, including renal impairment and pulmonary hypertension. Blood needs to be matched for ABO, RH and Kell, although alloantibodies may still develop and require more careful, extended cross‐matching. Delayed haemolytic transfusion reactions are relatively common, difficult to diagnose and manage, and potentially fatal.
Sink‐to‐source: Influence of offshore dynamics on upstream processes
Authors: Abeyta Antoinette , Foreman Brady Z. , Swenson John B. , Paola Chris , Mohr Jeré 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWhen we model fluvial sedimentation and the resultant alluvial stratigraphy, we typically focus on the effects of local parameters (e.g., sediment flux, water discharge, grain size) and the effects of regional changes in boundary conditions applied in the source region (i.e., climate, tectonics) and at the shoreline (i.e., sea level). In recent years this viewpoint has been codified into the “source‐to‐sink” paradigm, wherein major shifts in sediment flux, grain‐size fining trends, channel‐stacking patterns, floodplain deposition and larger stratigraphic systems tracts are interpreted in terms of (1) tectonic and climatic signals originating in the hinterland that propagate downstream; and (2) eustatic fluctuation, which affects the position of the shoreline and dictates the generation of accommodation. Within this paradigm, eustasy represents the sole means by which downstream processes may affect terrestrial depositional systems. Here, we detail three experimental cases in which coastal rivers are strongly influenced by offshore and slope transport systems via the clinoform geometries typical of prograding sedimentary bodies. These examples illustrate an underdeveloped, but potentially important “sink‐to‐source” influence on the evolution of fluvial‐deltaic systems. The experiments illustrate the effects of (1) submarine hyperpycnal flows, (2) submarine delta front failure events, and (3) deformable substrates within prodelta and offshore settings. These submarine processes generate (1) erosional knickpoints in coastal rivers, (2) increased river channel occupancy times, (3) rapid rates of shoreline movement, and (4) localized zones of significant offshore sediment accumulation. Ramifications for coastal plain and deltaic stratigraphic patterns include changes in the hierarchy of scour surfaces, fluvial sand‐body geometries, reconstruction of sea‐level variability and large‐scale stratal geometries, all of which are linked to the identification and interpretation of sequences and systems tracts.
Does public transportation improve the accessibility of primary dental care in São Paulo, Brazil?
Authors: Yuen Aidan , Martins Rocha Carla , Kruger Estie , Tennant Marc 
Published: January 2018

AbstractObjectiveAdvances in geospatial technologies have recognized the role of geographic distance as a barrier to healthcare accessibility. Frequent transportation is supposed to buffer issues with distance, while infrequent services impede the uptake of care. The role of public transportation on the accessibility of health care—including oral health care—is not well elucidated in the context of megacities, such as the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil. This study aimed to compare the supply of public transportation to primary dental clinics and the population between advantaged and disadvantaged areas in São Paulo city.MethodsA total of 4101 primary dental clinics in São Paulo city were identified and geocoded. Geographic coordinates were also retrieved for the 19 242 bus stops, 56 commuter rail stations and 64 rapid transit stations. Clinic locations and transport points were integrated with the city's 19 128 constituent census tracts—each containing sociodemographic data on the 11 252 204 residents—using Geographic Information Systems (GIS).ResultsAlmost all clinics were located within 0.5 km of public transportation. Half of all clinics were within 0.5 km of high‐frequency transport points, and three‐quarters were within 1 km. Likewise, 99% of the population resided within 0.5 km of any public transportation. However, only 22% were within 0.5 km of high‐frequency options, and half were within 1 km. Those within 0.5 km of high‐frequency points had higher average monthly household incomes and lower illiteracy rates, with lower proportions of children and ethnic minorities, and higher proportions of older people.ConclusionClinics and populations in sociodemographically disadvantaged tracts have poorer public transportation links in São Paulo city.
Dissection of a circulating CD3+CD20+ T cell subpopulation in patients with psoriasis
Authors: Niu J , Zhai Z , Hao F , Zhang Y , Song Z , Zhong H 
Published: January 2018

SummaryCD3+CD20+ T cells are a population of CD3+ T cells that express CD20 and identified in healthy donors and autoimmune diseases. However, the nature and role of these cells in patients with psoriasis remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the level, phenotype, functional and clinical relevance of CD3+CD20+ T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with psoriasis. We found that a small subset of CD3+ T cells expressed CD20 molecule in the peripheral blood of patients with psoriasis, and their levels were similar to those in healthy donors. Circulating CD3+CD20+ T cells in patients with psoriasis were enriched in CD4+ cells and displayed an activated effector phenotype, as these cells contained fewer CD45RA+-naive and CCR7+ cells with increased activity than those of CD3+ T cells lacking CD20. In addition, compared with healthy donors, circulating CD3+CD20+ T cells in patients with psoriasis produced more cytokines, interleukin (IL)-17A, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-21, but not IL-4 and IFN-γ. Furthermore, a significantly positive correlation was found between the levels of IL-17A, TNF-α and IL-21-production CD3+CD20+ T cells with Psoriasis Area and Severity Index scores. Our findings suggest that CD3+CD20+ T cells may play a role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
The CDK inhibitor purvalanol A induces neutrophil apoptosis and increases the turnover rate of Mcl-1: potential role of p38-MAPK in regulation of Mcl-1 turnover
Authors: Phoomvuthisarn P , Cross A , Glennon-Alty L , Wright H L , Edwards S W 
Published: January 2018

SummaryHuman neutrophils are terminally differentiated cells that do not replicate and yet express a number of enzymes, notably cell cycle-dependent kinases (CDKs), that are associated normally with control of DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression. In neutrophils, CDKs appear to function mainly to regulate apoptosis, although the mechanisms by which they regulate this process are largely unknown. Here we show that the CDK2 inhibitor, purvalanol A, induces a rapid decrease in myeloid cell leukaemia factor-1 (Mcl-1) levels in human neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), but only induces apoptosis in neutrophils which are dependent upon expression on this protein for survival. This rapid decrease in cellular Mcl-1 protein levels was due to a purvalanol A-induced decrease in stability, with the half-life of the protein decreasing from approximately 2 h in control cells to just over 1 h after addition of the CDK2 inhibitor: it also blocked the granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-dependent stabilization of Mcl-1. Purvanalol A blocked GM-CSF-stimulated activation of extracellular-regulated kinase (Erk) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3, and stimulated an additive activation of protein kinase B (Akt) with GM-CSF. Purvalanol A alone stimulated a rapid and sustained activation of p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the pan p38-MAPK inhibitor, BIRB796, partly blocked the purvalanol A-induced apoptosis and Mcl-1 loss. These novel effects of purvalanol A may result, at least in part, from blocking GM-CSF-mediated Erk activation. In addition, we propose that purvalanol A-induced activation of p38-MAPK is, at least in part, responsible for its rapid effects on Mcl-1 turnover and acceleration of neutrophil apoptosis.
Clinical value of 18FDG PET/CT in screening for distant metastases in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Deurvorst S.E. , Hoekstra O.S. , Castelijns J.A. , Witte B.I. , Leemans C.R. , de Bree R. 
Published: January 2018

ObjectivesThe detection of distant metastases is of major importance in management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients.DesignAll patients underwent 18FDG PET/CT for the detection of distant metastases.SettingRetrospective single‐centre study.ParticipantsHead and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients with high‐risk factors for distant metastases.Main outcome measuresAccuracy of 18FDG PET/CT for the detection of distant metastases using clinical development of distant metastases and a minimal follow‐up of twelve months as reference standard. Comparison of overall survival between patients diagnosed with distant metastases during initial screening and patients diagnosed with distant metastases during follow‐up.ResultsIn 23 (12%) of the 190 patients, 18FDG PET/CT detected distant metastases at screening. Sensitivity and negative predictive value were 46.2% (95% CI 32.6‐59.7) and 82.6% (95% CI 76.8‐88.5). No difference in median overall survival from the time of distant metastases detection was found between patients diagnosed with DM during work‐up or during follow‐up.ConclusionsIn head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients with high‐risk factors, 18FDG PET/CT has a high negative predictive value for the detection of distant metastases and should be used in daily clinical practice, although the sensitivity is limited when long‐term follow‐up is used as reference standard.
The Display of Baroque Ivories in the Bayerisches Nationalmuseum from the Foundation of the Museum in 1855 to the Present (2018)
Authors: Burk Jens Ludwig 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis article reviews the display of Baroque ivories in the Bayerisches Nationalmuseum in Munich (hereafter BNM), drawing on the history of the museum in general and a festschrift that documented the museum's history from the 1870s to 2005 (Eikelmann 2006) ‐ to explore the place of Baroque ivories in various generations of display. Starting with a comprehensive historical overview on the formation of the different collections of ivories that were to be united in the BNM, the survey will primarily focus on the differences in conception, presentation, aesthetic decisions and didactic aims. The different exhibition rooms are partially documented through historical photographs, surviving object lists for the permanent exhibition rooms and the published visitors’ guides to the collection, starting with the first volume in 1868. Somewhat exceptionally, the exhibition display was also the subject of an article published in 1924 by Rudolf Berliner (–1967), at the time the BNM′s curator responsible for the ivory collection. That article introduced his ideas about the display of the ivories. Together all these sources bear witness to the metamorphoses of the presentation of the Baroque ivories from the first building of the BNM in Maximilianstrasse (Figure 1) originally founded by King Maximilian II. Joseph of Bavaria in 1855 and opened to the public in 1867, to the second building of the museum in Prinzregentenstrasse (Figure 2), opened to the public in 1900. Finally, this article tracks the fundamental changes of display in the second and present building of the BNM that can be followed throughout the course of the 20th up to the beginning of the 21st century. In the wake of the installation of a new permanent exhibition for the Baroque ivories on the upper level of the BNM, opening summer of 2018, the survey also aims to justify the decisions made in the planning of these galleries: retaining traditions and aiming to suggest new ideas for the display of the Baroque ivories.
Walking with Elephants: Stories of Ivories in a Museum of Ancient Art
Authors: Castronovo Simonetta , Ferla Anna La 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPalazzo Madama – Museo Civico d'Arte Antica in Turin (Italy) owns nearly 300 ivories from the XII to the XVIIIth century, mostly coming from the Royal Treasure of the Savoy Palace in Turin. In March 2016 the museum completely renovated the ivories’ showcases. In parallel the curators went through a deep art historical research on the museum's ivories which converged in a systematic catalogue of the collection. Even being a “traditional” museum of ancient art, Palazzo Madama works on its collections with a wider and transversal approach, drawing in disciplines such as antropology, history of culture and chemistry and experiencing projects of storytelling. The museum has carried out in the last five years series of conferences, exhibitions and public education activities dedicated to the ritual and symbolic use of ivory over the centuries: with an overview from the past to the present and across the three continents of Europe, Asia and Africa, anthropologists, historians and representatives of the local communities have driven the dialogue to raise awareness on a medium which “walks” with humanity from its origin. The Museum believes that, in order to introduce policies to save elephants and to combat poaching, it is necessary for citizens to see and understand ivory artefacts duly explained.
Species–area curve and distance–decay relationships indicate habitat thresholds of ectomycorrhizal fungi in an old‐growth Pseudotsuga menziesii landscape
Authors: Kranabetter J. M. , Berch S. M. , MacKinnon J. A. , Ceska O. , Dunn D. E. , Ott P. K. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAimEctomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) are a diverse and essential biota of forests that are vulnerable to species loss through reductions in late‐seral habitat. We examined how the spatial ecology of this biota, particularly distance–decay and species–area relationships, could better inform habitat thresholds for EMF conservation planning.LocationSoutheast Vancouver Island near Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.MethodsUsing a stratified sampling design, 11 plots (0.15 ha in size) were established at 0.05–17.5 km apart across 2,800 ha of mesic old‐growth Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii and Tsuga heterophylla forests. EMF communities were compiled through molecular analysis of root tips and sporocarps.ResultsThe EMF community was comprised of many Cortinarius, Piloderma, Russula and Tricholoma species typical of mesotrophic habitat. A total of 238 EMF species were observed, of which 86 species were detected only once. The ratio of average species richness per plot (84 taxa) to total richness was low at 0.35, and inherent stochasticity of the EMF community was estimated to be 31% community dissimilarity for species incidence. Distance decay of EMF communities was nonlinear, with an estimated slope break at 2.6 km, followed by a largely unchanging trend in β‐diversity. Accumulated species–area curves were fitted best by the cumulative Weibull sigmoid model, and the asymptote (367 species) at approx. 50 ha was consistent with nonparametric estimates of γ‐diversity (342–362 spp.).Main conclusionsOld‐growth forests host an impressive amount of EMF diversity, and many of the Ramaria, Inocybe and Russula species are likely to be endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Both niche‐ and neutral‐based processes influenced EMF community composition, resulting in a minimum threshold of 50 ha (1.8% of the sample area) for capturing γ‐diversity. These spatial patterns will help design and evaluate conservation efforts, such as retention forestry, to sustain fully diverse EMF communities over managed landscapes.
Effect of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) monoclonal antibodies on new‐onset diabetes mellitus and glucose metabolism: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Cao Ye‐Xuan , Liu Hui‐Hui , Dong Qiu‐Ting , Li Sha , Li Jian‐Jun 
Published: January 2018

AimsTo investigate the effect of two clinically applied proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 monoclonal antibodies (PCSK9‐mAbs) on glycaemia and new‐onset diabetes mellitus (NODM).Materials and MethodsPubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane databases and ClinicalTrials.gov websites were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials that reported data on fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) or NODM incidence. Risk ratios (RRs) for NODM and mean difference (MD) for FPG and HbA1c with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a fixed‐effect model. Heterogeneity was examined using the I2 statistic and potential publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger’s test.ResultsA total of 18 studies including 26 123 participants without diabetes were identified. No significant difference was observed in the PCSK9‐mAb treatment groups in terms of NODM (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.95‐1.16), FPG (MD 0.00 mmol/L, 95% CI −0.02 to 0.02) or HbA1c (MD 0.00% [0 mmol/L], 95% CI −0.01 to 0.01) compared with control groups. Subgroup (PCSK9‐mAb type, participant characteristics, treatment duration, treatment method and differences in control treatment) and sensitivity analyses did not significantly alter the results. Meta‐regression analyses showed that risk of NODM was not associated with baseline age, baseline body mass index (BMI), proportion of men, treatment duration or percent LDL cholesterol reduction.ConclusionsAlirocumab and evolocumab, two types of PCSK9‐mAb approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency, had no significant impact on NODM and glucose homeostasis, regardless of PCSK9‐mAb type, participant characteristics, treatment duration, treatment method and differences in control treatment. Baseline age, BMI, proportion of men, treatment duration, and percent change of LDL cholesterol did not influence diabetes risk.
Dulaglutide treatment results in effective glycaemic control in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA): A post‐hoc analysis of the AWARD‐2, ‐4 and ‐5 Trials
Authors: Pozzilli Paolo , Leslie Richard D. , Peters Anne L. , Buzzetti Raffaella , Shankar Sudha S. , Milicevic Zvonko , Pavo Imre , Lebrec Jeremie , Martin Sherry , Schloot Nanette C. 
Published: January 2018

AimsPatients with a type‐2‐diabetes (T2D) phenotype positive for glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADA) represent the majority of cases of latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult (LADA). The GLP‐1 receptor agonist dulaglutide, recently introduced for treatment of T2D, has yet to be evaluated in LADA patients. Our primary objective was to evaluate the effect of dulaglutide on glycaemic control (HbA1c) in GADA‐positive LADA vs GADA‐negative T2D patients.MethodsA post‐hoc analysis was performed using data from 3 randomized phase 3 trials (AWARD‐2,‐4,‐5; patients with GADA assessment) which were part of the dulaglutide clinical development programme in T2D. LADA patients were identified by GADA ≥5 IU/mL (ELISA). Changes in HbA1c during 12 months of treatment with dulaglutide or comparator were analysed using mixed‐effect model repeated measures.ResultsOf 2466 adults tested for GADA (dulaglutide, 1710; glargine, 298; sitagliptin, 294; placebo, 164), 2278 (92.4%) were GADA‐negative and 188 (7.6%) were GADA‐positive, including 58 GADA‐high patients (> 200 IU/mL) and 130 GADA‐low patients (≤200 and ≥5 IU/mL). Overall, baseline parameters were comparable between the groups.Dulaglutide resulted in comparable HbA1c reductions in GADA‐negative (LS mean change [95%CI], −1.09% [−1.15, −1.03]) and GADA‐positive patients (−0.94% [−1.15, −0.72]) at 12 months. HbA1c reductions were numerically, but not statistically, significantly larger in GADA‐low patients (−1.02% [−1.26, −0.78]) vs GADA‐high patients (−0.72% [−1.21,−0.24]) at 12 months. Similar outcomes were observed at 3 and 6 months.ConclusionsThese data are the first to indicate that dulaglutide was effective in reducing HbA1c in LADA patients.