bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Which children and young people are excluded from school? Findings from a large British birth cohort study, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)
Authors: Paget A. , Parker C. , Heron J. , Logan S. , Henley W. , Emond A. , Ford T. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackgroundExclusion from school is increasingly recognized as pertinent to child health. National educational data reveal that boys, children who are looked‐after, living in poverty, have special educational needs, or from certain ethnic minorities, are disproportionately excluded from school. As population‐based data on the wider characteristics of excluded children are scarce, we aimed to describe predictors of school exclusion in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.MethodAvon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a prospective U.K. population‐based birth cohort study, collected parent reports of permanent school exclusions by 8 years and parent and self‐reports of permanent and fixed‐term exclusions in the preceding 12 months at 16 years. Potential risk factors were examined for associations with exclusion using logistic regression, with a focus on child mental health and neurodevelopment.ResultsAnalyses were based on all available data on 53/8,245 (0.6%) pupils excluded from school by 8 years and 390/4,482 (8.7%) at 16 years. Key factors associated with exclusion at both time points included male gender, lower socio‐economic status, maternal psychopathology, mental health and behavioural difficulties, psychiatric disorder, social communication difficulties, language difficulties, antisocial activities, bullying/being bulled, lower parental engagement with education, low school engagement, poor relationship with teacher, low educational attainment, and special educational needs (all p < .05).ConclusionExclusion from school was associated with child, family and school‐related factors identifiable at, or prior to, primary school age. Child health professionals have an important role in the holistic, multidisciplinary assessment of children who are at risk of exclusion from school. Mental health and neurodevelopmental difficulties should be recognized and supported, to improve the health and educational outcomes among this vulnerable group.
Assessment of histopathological features of maculopapular viral exanthem and drug‐induced exanthem
Authors: Singh Sanjay , Khandpur Sujay , Arava Sudheer , Rath Ramashankar , Ramam M. , Singh Manoj , Sharma Vinod K. , Kabra Sushil Kumar 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundViral infections and drug reactions are the commonest causes of exanthems in clinical practice. Clinically, their overlapping features may pose a diagnostic challenge. Hematologic, in vitro, and drug provocation tests are either unreliable or impractical.MethodsThis was a descriptive, prospective study to assess and compare histopathological features of maculopapular viral and drug exanthem. Subjects fulfilling case definition of exanthems were included. Serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) and absolute eosinophil count (AEC) were also studied.ResultsSkin biopsy slides of 48 cases were evaluated and AEC and CRP were performed. Both median AEC and CRP were lower in viral exanthem compared with drug exanthem. On histopathological evaluation, features such as lymphocytic exocytosis, and dermal infiltrate of eosinophils, lymphocytes and histiocytes were seen in a significantly greater number of drug exanthems. Other findings such as focal spongiosis, acanthosis, keratinocyte necrosis, basal cell damage, papillary dermal edema and atypical lymphocytes in the dermis were also observed in higher though not statistically significant number of drug exanthem biopsies.ConclusionsCertain histopathological features can help to differentiate between the two exanthems and this modality may be used in situations when there is clinical overlap and when drug rechallenge cannot be undertaken.
Diagnostic accuracy of FNAC and cyto‐histopathological correlation in testicular and paratesticular mass lesions
Authors: Singh A. D. , Wani F. A. , Bhardwaj S. 
Published: September 2017

ObjectiveFNAC has a definitive role and has proved extremely useful in diagnosis of testicular and paratesticular mass lesions. In view of the dearth of literature of studies involving large cohorts of patients, the present study describes at length the detailed cytological evaluation of testicular and paratesticular mass lesions.MethodsOur study consisted of 85 cases in 5‐year retrospective and 1‐year prospective analyses carried out in the Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Jammu. The study depicts cytomorphological findings of testicular and paratesticular mass lesions. We evaluate the concordance rate of cytological diagnosis with the histological diagnosis as a percentage and assess the diagnostic accuracy of FNAC by calculating sensitivity and specificity.ResultsOut of 85 cases, inflammatory lesions comprised the largest group comprising 47 cases (55.29%) followed by 20 cases (23.5%) of cystic lesions. In addition, there were 10 cases (11.76%) of malignant tumours and three cases (3.5%) of benign tumours. Overall, acute orchitis was the most common inflammatory lesions (12.94%) followed by tubercular epididymitis (9.4%). The most common cystic lesion was benign epididymal cyst (10.5%) and the most common malignant tumours were seminoma and embryonal carcinoma. Cytohistological correlation was available for 16 (18.82%) cases only and cytological diagnosis was concordant with the histological diagnosis in all these cases. Sensitivity and specificity of FNAC was 100% in our study.ConclusionFNAC is a useful diagnostic modality for testicular and paratesticular mass lesions due to its high sensitivity and specificity in discriminating between different types of lesions and high concordance rates with histopathological diagnosis.
Urinary WT1‐positive cells as a non‐invasive biomarker of crescent formation
Authors: Fujita T. , Sofue T. , Moritoki M. , Nishijima Y. , Tokuhara Y. , Wakisaka H. , Kushida Y. , Haba R. , Ohsaki H. 
Published: September 2017

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between urinary WT1‐positive cells (podocytes and active parietal epithelial cells) and WT1‐positive cells in renal biopsy to investigate whether urinary WT1‐positive cells are useful for detection of crescent formation.MethodsFifty‐two patients with kidney disease were investigated (15 cases with crescentic lesions and 37 cases with non‐crescentic lesions) for immunoenzyme staining using anti‐WT1 antibody for urine cytology and renal biopsy. Numbers of WT1‐positive cells in urine and renal biopsy were counted.ResultsThere was no correlation between urinary WT1‐positive cells and WT1‐positive cells in renal biopsy. However, the number of urinary WT1‐positive cells in patients with crescentic lesions was significantly higher than in patients with non‐crescentic lesions. In addition, the best cut‐off value to detect patients with crescentic lesions using urinary was 5 cells/10‐mL (area under the concentration‐time curve=0.735).ConclusionsThe results of our study suggest urinary WT1‐positive cells can be used to detect patients with crescent formation using 5 cells/10‐mL cutoff value. WT1‐positive glomerular podocytes and parietal epithelial cells may be shed into urine in active glomerular disease. This study, investigating the relationship between WT1‐positive cells in urine and in the renal biopsy found no correlation; however, the results do suggest that, using a cutoff value of 5 cells/10 mL, WT1 positive urinary cells can be used to detect patients with crescent formation.
Using restoration as an experimental framework to test provenancing strategies and climate adaptability
Authors: Broadhurst Linda , Prober Suzanne , Dickson Fiona , Bush David 
Published: September 2017

SummaryRestoring degraded Australian landscapes through revegetation is a key concern of land holders, NGOs and government agencies. With the advent of climate change, it is increasingly important that revegetation activities take into consideration the species and provenance of plant materials to ensure that environmental plantings will be resilient to future climate conditions. A major strength of the past 30 years restoration programmes is the development of a distributed network of educated and experienced practitioners. We have recently invited stakeholders from among this network to participate in a process to cost‐effectively build Environmental Research Infrastructure – a nationally distributed network of restoration plantings that explore a broad range of research activities including a better understanding of the adaptive responses of different species and provenances. This would also facilitate long‐term monitoring of change and adaptation across Australia, providing a wealth of information to inform future conservation and restoration programmes.
Restoring Angasi oyster reefs: What is the endpoint ecosystem we are aiming for and how do we get there?
Authors: Gillies Chris L. , Crawford Christine , Hancock Boze 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThree‐dimensional reefs and beds created predominately by the native Angasi Oyster or Flat Oyster (Ostrea angasi) were once common across its range in Australia's southern coastal waters but were lost during the mid‐late1800s and early 1900s due to a combination of destructive fishing practices, overfishing and changes to estuarine conditions. Despite the continued presence of low densities of individuals and cessation of commercial fishing, reefs structures and their associated communities have shown little signs of natural recovery. Since 2014, a range of oyster reef restoration projects have commenced in Australia, guided by international restoration protocols that prioritise the re‐establishment of the keystone species on artificial stable substrates placed in locations where natural oyster reefs have previously existed. These projects invariably need clear and realistic goals and objectives for restoration, which are aided by the use of a reference ecosystem as a model or target, for the local oyster reef ecosystem being restored, yet few reference sites exist. Reefs, established by Angasi, are absent from much or all of its geographical distribution, and the ecosystem has been poorly studied to date; hence, the application of restoration target ecosystems will largely depend on deriving a model based on historical descriptions and observation of what remains. Here, we develop an interim reference model to help set restoration objectives and recommended procedural framework for Angasi reef restoration based on available knowledge of the ecology, biology and aquaculture of the keystone species. We use the Port Phillip Bay oyster reef restoration project as a case study for using the reference model to guide interventions and evaluate the progress of recovery.
Personality traits and behavioural profiles in the domestic canary are affected by sex and photoperiod
Authors: Amy Mathieu , Ung Davy , Béguin Nathalie , Leboucher Gérard 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPersonality traits and behavioural profiles are generally assumed to be stable in adulthood. Yet, it has been hypothesised that animals should cope with cyclical fluctuations by adjusting both single behaviours and suites of behaviour. Photoperiod is well known to induce hormonal and physiological changes, and these changes can in turn affect personality traits and behavioural profiles. This study is the first to explicitly investigate the influence of photoperiod on both behavioural profiles and personality traits. Six potential personality traits (within‐flock activity, ability to escape, response to threat, isolation calling, boldness and neophobia) and dominance were measured four times in 96 domestic canaries Serinus canaria (48 males and 48 females): twice during a long photoperiod (Long Days) and 6 months later twice during a short photoperiod (Short Days). Without regard to sex and photoperiod, most traits were highly repeatable, and bolder canaries were more dominant, less sensitive to an external threat and to isolation and less neophobic. In addition, the more active individuals within a flock were the more difficult to catch. Yet, both sex and photoperiod affected personality traits and behavioural profiles. Personality traits remained repeatable within each photoperiod though we observed behavioural plasticity and sex differences for response to threat, neophobia and within‐flock activity. Concerning behavioural profiles, the negative relationship between boldness and neophobia remained homogenous in both sexes during Short Days as well as during Long Days. Then, the more active individuals within a flock were the more difficult to catch in Short Days but not in Long Days. Finally, the other correlations not only varied with photoperiod but also with sex. Our study highlights the importance of photoperiod and sex in the expression of personality traits and behavioural profiles, and of the need to measure them across the whole photoperiodic cycle.
Ethnic disparities in renal cell carcinoma: An analysis of Hispanic patients in a single‐payer healthcare system
Authors: Suarez‐Sarmiento Alfredo , Yao Xiaopan , Hofmann Jonathan N , Syed Jamil S , Zhao Wei K , Purdue Mark P , Chow Wong‐Ho , Corley Douglas , Shuch Brian 
Published: September 2017

ObjectiveTo investigate differences between Hispanics and non‐Hispanic whites diagnosed with and treated for renal cell carcinoma in an equal access healthcare system.MethodsWe carried out a retrospective cohort study within the Kaiser Permanente healthcare system using records from renal cell carcinoma cases. Ethnicity was identified as Hispanic or non‐Hispanic whites. Patient characteristics, comorbidities, tumor characteristics and treatment were compared. Overall and disease‐specific survival was calculated, and a Cox proportion hazard model estimated the association of ethnicity and survival.ResultsA total of 2577 patients (2152 non‐Hispanic whites, 425 Hispanic) were evaluated. Hispanics were diagnosed at a younger age (59.6 years vs 65.3 years). Clear cell renal cell carcinoma was more prevalent, whereas papillary renal cell carcinoma was less common among Hispanics. Hispanics had a lower American Joint Committee on Cancer stage (I/II vs III/IV) than non‐Hispanic whites (67.4% vs 62.2%). Hispanics were found to have a greater frequency of comorbidities, such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes, but were more likely to receive surgery. The presence of metastases, nodal involvement, increased tumor size, non‐surgical management, increasing age and Hispanic ethnicity were independent predictors of worse cancer‐specific outcome.ConclusionsWithin an equal access healthcare system, Hispanics seem to be diagnosed at younger ages, to have greater comorbidities and to present more frequently with clear cell renal cell carcinoma compared with non‐Hispanic white patients. Despite lower stage and greater receipt of surgery, Hispanic ethnicity seems to be an independent predictor of mortality. Further work is necessary to confirm these findings.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF OXYHÆMOGLOBIN AND METHÆMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: ROBIN HELEN , HARLEY J. D. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYSimple modifications of existing methods have been described in detail, to allow simultaneous determination of the concentrations of oxyhæmoglobin, methæmoglobin and “ intact ” hæmoglobin (oxyhæmoglobin plus methæmoglobin) in samples of blood.Both in vitro and in vivo, application of phenylhydrazine was found to cause preponderance of “ total ” hæmoglobin as determined by the cyanmethæmoglobin method over “ intact ” hæmoglobin measured by the method described.In the course of the methæmoglobin reduction test of Brewer et alii (1960), some destruction of “ intact ” hlemoglobin was usually observed in normal infants, children and adults. Greater loss of “ intact ” hæmoglobin occurred on testing an adult female with hæmoglobin H, two children with acute lead poisoning, and a new‐born infant and two adults with hæmatological manifestations following exposure to aromatic compounds. Increased propensity to destruction of “ intact ” hæmoglobin could not be detected in cord erythrocytes from normal infants, or in female children and adults with intermediate degrees of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Susceptibility to loss of “ intact ” hæmoglobin appeared to be decreased in glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase‐deficient males. In normal subjects, no decline in the concentration of “ intact ” hæmoglobin took place if either nitrite or methylene blue was excluded from the incubation mixture.It is suggested that “ intact ” hæmoglobin determination might well be adopted to indicate the level of potentially‐functional hæmoglobin in the peripheral blood of patients suspected of circulating non‐functional pigments. In addition, application of this determination to the methæmoglobin reduction test should provide useful information concerning the stability of hæmoglobin under redox stress.
TUBULAR FUNCTION IN MEDULLARY CYSTIC DISEASE OF THE KIDNEY
Authors: PAK POY R. K. , NIALL J. F. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe urinary acidifying and concentrating mechanisms have been studied in three patients with cysts in the medullary region of the kidney, in association with extensive medullary nephrocalcinosis (Case I), chronic renal failure due to pyelonephritis (Case II) and renal calculi with infection and obstruction relieved by pyeloplasty (Case III). The excretion of ammonium after a loading dose of ammonium chloride was normal in two cases and was reduced in the third case, in which factors other than medullary cysts may have contributed to the defect. Mild impairment of urinary acidification during acid load was demonstrated in two patients with normal ammonia excretion; urinary pH was 5·3 units (glomerular filtration rate 145 ml. per minute) in one patient, a young man (Case I), and 5·6 units (G.F.R. 60 ml. per minute) in another patient, a middle‐aged man (Case II). The maximum reabsorption of solute‐free water, , was normal in all three patients, but the maximum osmotic U/P ratio was significantly reduced in all three patients, indicating a defective concentrating mechanism.
ULCERATIVE JEJUNITIS ASSOCIATED WITH MALABSORPTION
Authors: GOULSTON KERRY J. , SKYRING ALAN P. , McGOVERN V. J. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryFour cases, in all of which ulcerative jejunitis is associated with evidence of malabsorption, are described. None of the usual known causes of jejunitis were found, and the ætiology of this group of cases is unknown. The histological picture of the mucosa adjacent to the ulceration resembled that seen in adult cœliac disease, and two patients were given this diagnosis and treated for this disease. Three of the four patients died, the complications including hæmorrhage, perforation and obstruction.
PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS IN HYPERLIPÆMIC STATES IN MAN AND IN THE RABBIT
Authors: GARLICK D. G. , COURTICE F. C. , MUNOZ-MARCUS M. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYThe lipoproteins in the plasma of human subjects with various naturally‐occurring hyperlipæmic disorders and in the plasma of rabbits with experimentally‐induced hyperlipæmic states were separated in a preparative ultracentrifuge at densities of 1.019, 1.063 and 1.200, and the composition of each of these classes determined by chemical analysis. The results showed that certain physical and chemical characteristics of the plasma lipoproteins in cases of human hypercholesterolæmia closely resembled those of the lipoproteins in the plasma of cholesterol‐fed rabbits. The lipoprotein patterns in cases of human hypertriglyceridæmia were also similar to those in hypertriglyceridæmic states induced by the administration of Triton WR1339 or cortisone to rabbits fed a normal diet or a diet to which cholesterol was added.The possible significance of these and other experiments in animals in an understanding of lipid deposition in the human atherosclerotic lesion is briefly discussed.
SUBCLINICAL ACUTE LIVER DISEASE OF THE ALCOHOLIC
Authors: GREEN JEREMY R. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryA group of alcoholics, admitted to hospital for reasons other than liver disease, were studied in order to determine the presence and nature of any acute liver damage due to their drinking. The only clinical evidence to suggest liver disease was the finding, in some cases, of a palpable and occasionally tender liver. On the basis of the histological findings in the liver, the patients were separated into three groups—those with essentially normal livers, those with simple fatty livers, and those with acute alcoholic hepatitis. There were no clinical features to suggest to which of the three groups the patient belonged, except that liver enlargement greater than 5 cm. indicated liver disease. The results of liver function tests, although always abnormal in the patients with acute alcoholic hepatitis, were not helpful in the individual case. Previously reported studies are compared, and the usual clinical and biochemical findings of the groups are outlined. The importance of recognizing patients with fatty liver and acute alcoholic hepatitis is discussed, together with the therapeutic implications. It is considered that liver biopsy is a desirable part of the investigation of alcoholics if the natural history of liver disease in the alcoholic is to be understood, and if the more serious irreversible changes are to be prevented.
CHANGES OF ARTERIAL CARBON‐DIOXIDE TENSION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE BREATHING OXYGEN
Authors: PAIN MICHAEL C. F. , READ D. J. C. , READ JOHN 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYPulmonary ventilation and arterial carbon‐dioxide tension (Pco2) were compared in 54 patients with chronic lung disease breathing air and breathing oxygen. Changes in arterial Pco2 did not simply reflect the effects of changes in ventilation which occurred with oxygen breathing, even after allowance had been made for ventilation‐induced changes in physiological dead space. It was necessary to invoke changes in respiratory muscle work and redistribution of pulmonary blood flow to explain the data in all instances. Changes of respiratory muscle work “buffered” the anticipated changes in arterial Pco2. Reversal of “compensatory” regional pulmonary vasoconstriction by oxygen produced levels of arterial Pco2 higher than those to be expected from changes in ventilation alone.
EOSINOPHIL LEUCOCYTES IN THE CHILD'S THYMUS
Authors: BHATHAL P. S. , CAMPBELL P. E. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYEosinophils were found in all of the 180 thymuses of children examined. They were distributed chiefly in the interlobular septa and medulla, especially around vessels. Some Hassall's corpuscles contained them. They can multiply in the thymus as indicated by the presence of myelocytes which occasionally showed mitotic activity.The presence of eosinophils in the thymus was thoroughly documented in the early years of this century but has been ignored in recent years. There is no satisfactory explanation of their function in the thymus.From the literature it appears almost certain that the eosinophil plays a part in the immune response. Reports indicate that at least one of its functions is the phagocytosis of antigen‐antibody complexes and that these complexes attract eosinophils.In view of what is known of the function of the eosinophil and the not unusual presence of plasma cells and very rarely of germinal centres in the thymus, the presence of eosinophils may indicate the production of some antibody by the thymus. A second possibility is that the eosinophils have been attracted to areas of elimination of “self”‐reactive lymphocytes in the thymus.