bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Substrates of metacognition on perception and metacognition on higher‐order cognition relate to different subsystems of the mentalizing network
Authors: Valk Sofie L. , Bernhardt Boris C. , Böckler Anne , Kanske Philipp , Singer Tania 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHumans have the ability to reflect upon their perception, thoughts, and actions, known as metacognition (MC). The brain basis of MC is incompletely understood, and it is debated whether MC on different processes is subserved by common or divergent networks. We combined behavioral phenotyping with multi‐modal neuroimaging to investigate whether structural substrates of individual differences in MC on higher‐order cognition (MC‐C) are dissociable from those underlying MC on perceptual accuracy (MC‐P). Motivated by conceptual work suggesting a link between MC and cognitive perspective taking, we furthermore tested for overlaps between MC substrates and mentalizing networks. In a large sample of healthy adults, individual differences in MC‐C and MC‐P did not correlate. MRI‐based cortical thickness mapping revealed a structural basis of this independence, by showing that individual differences in MC‐P related to right prefrontal cortical thickness, while MC‐C scores correlated with measures in lateral prefrontal, temporo‐parietal, and posterior midline regions. Surface‐based superficial white matter diffusivity analysis revealed substrates resembling those seen for cortical thickness, confirming the divergence of both MC faculties using an independent imaging marker. Despite their specificity, substrates of MC‐C and MC‐P fell clearly within networks known to participate in mentalizing, confirmed by task‐based fMRI in the same subjects, previous meta‐analytical findings, and ad‐hoc Neurosynth‐based meta‐analyses. Our integrative multi‐method approach indicates domain‐specific substrates of MC; despite their divergence, these nevertheless likely rely on component processes mediated by circuits also involved in mentalizing. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3388–3399, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hydrochemical Effect of Different Quality of Water on the Behaviour of an Expansive Soil During Wetting and Drying Cycles
Authors: Estabragh A.R. , Moghadas M. , Javadi A.A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe effect of quality of water on deformation, pH, EC (electrical conductivity) and osmotic suction was studied for an expansive soil during wetting and drying tests. The cyclic wetting and drying tests were conducted on samples of an expansive soil in a modified oedometer flooded with distilled, acidic and saline water. During the tests axial deformation of the samples was recorded continuously. pH and EC of pore water and reservoir water were measured through duplicated samples in a conventional oedometer. Osmotic suction was calculated based on the values of EC. The results show that the magnitude of deformation depends on the quality of the water and the deformation attained an equilibrium condition after almost four cycles. pH, EC and osmotic suction decreased with increasing suction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visualizing Particle Movement in Cylindrical Drip Irrigation Emitters with Digital Particle Image Velocimetry
Authors: Feng Ji , Li Yunkai , Sun Haosu , Song Peng , Liu Haisheng 
Published: May 2016

AbstractOn the basis of precise analysis of the structure of the cylindrical emitter, we brought forward a testing method to visualize the particle movement with the model of the last stage unit segment of the flow path in the cylindrical emitter and digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) technology. The movement characteristics of 10, 50 and 100 µm particles were tested. The results showed that the method was reasonable and effective. The distribution characteristics of flow velocity and vortex in the flow path inside the emitter were not changed when the 50 and 100 µm particles existed. However, the maximum velocities of particles in the centre area and the flow velocities of particles in the near‐wall area decreased, and the following characteristics of particles in the mutation area of the flow path became weakened. The secondary flow whirlpool area still existed in the water flow in the cross section of the flow path, showing an obvious phase separation phenomenon. A flow‐around cylinder structure could be set up in the low flow velocity area based on the Karman Vortex Street Principle in order to enhance its anti‐clogging capability. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Academic Language Across Content Areas: Lessons From an Innovative Assessment and From Students’ Reflections About Language
Authors: Uccelli Paola , Phillips Galloway Emily 
Published: May 2016

AbstractEducators are aware of the need to promote students’ academic language to support text comprehension. Yet, besides teaching academic vocabulary, many educators continue to ask, What would this instruction entail? Guided by a new framework known as core academic language skills (CALS), the authors’ research focuses on delineating core language skills that contribute to reading comprehension to make them more visible to educators and researchers. In this article, findings from two studies are integrated to argue for a mixed‐methods approach to advance academic language research and pedagogy. In study 1, the authors assessed upper elementary/middle school students’ CALS and quantitatively examined the association between CALS and reading comprehension. In study 2, the authors used qualitative methods to collect and analyze students’ oral reflections about academic language. Key findings from these studies and their implications for academic language pedagogy in today's schools are discussed.
Density Functional Theory Calculation on the Dissociation Mechanism of Nitric Oxide Catalyzed by Cu4 Cluster in ZSM‐5 (Cu4‐ZSM‐5) and Bimetal Cu3Fe in ZSM‐5 (Cu3Fe‐ZSM‐5)
Authors: Yeh Chen‐Hao , Ho Jia‐Jen 
Published: May 2016

AbstractZeolite‐based catalysts have been investigated as a well‐known catalyst in a selectively catalytic reduction (SCR), in the conversion of NO to N2 molecule. Here we have performed periodic DFT calculations to simulate pure metal, Cu4, and bimetal Cu3Fe clusters, on the ZSM‐5 by introducing a single Al atom in the unit cell of ZSM‐5 (Si/Al ratio=95). The calculated results show that the most stable structures of both Cu4 and Cu3Fe clusters in ZSM‐5 are both Td configuration. In addition, the NO bond length would be elongated from 1.15 Å to 1.25∼1.30 Å in the adsorption of NO on metal‐cluster stabilized zeolites (both Cu4‐ZSM‐5 and Cu3Fe‐ZSM‐5), being longer than the counterparts on single‐metal anchored zeolites. Furthermore, the calculated NO bond cleavage barrier on Cu3Fe‐ZSM‐5 was lower than its counterparts on Cu4‐ZSM‐5. To understand the electronic properties, we performed the calculation of Bader charge analysis and local densities of states, and the result was explicable.
Fast and Effective Turn‐on Paper‐based Phosphorescence Biosensor for Detection of Glucose in Serum
Authors: Chen Yi‐An , Tsai Fu‐Ju , Zeng Yu‐Ting , Wang Jing‐Chang , Hong Chia Ping , Huang Pin‐Hsuan , Chuang Hsiang‐Ling , Lin Shih‐Yao , Chan Chu‐Ting , Ko Yu‐Chien , Chou Yi‐Chieh , Lin Tien‐Li , Lee Gene‐Hsiang , Ho Mei‐Lin 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn this study, a turn‐on paper‐based optical analytical system with a rapid, sensitive and quantitative response for glucose was developed. The luminescence sensing material, crystalline iridium(III)‐Zn(II) coordination polymers, or Ir‐Zne, was grown electrochemically on stainless steel mesh and then deposited on filter paper. This sensing substrate was subsequently built up under glucose oxidase encapsulated in hydrogel and then immobilized on egg membrane with the layer‐by‐layer method. Once the glucose solution was dropped onto the paper, the oxygen content was depleted simultaneously with a concomitant increase in the phosphorescence of Ir‐Zne. The detection limit for glucose was 0.05 mM. The linear dynamic range for the determination of glucose was 0.05–8.0 mM with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9956 (y=68.11 [glucose]−14.72). The response time was about 0.12 s, and the sample volume was less than 5 μL. The effects of mesh size, buffer concentration, pH, enzyme concentration, temperature, and interference, and the stability of the biosensor, have also been studied in detail. Finally, the biosensor was successfully applied to the determination of glucose in human serum.
Modified Capillary Electrophoresis for Highly Sensitive and Selective Detection of Hg2+ in Natural Water
Authors: Wang Junwei , Wang Yufang , Dong Yanjie , Lu Lu , Li Qianqian , Wang Zhongling , Zhang Yuanguang 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA novel capillary with high sensitivity and selectivity for mercury ion detection based on modified nanosize silica has been designed and synthesized. The obtained modified capillary was applied to separate and determine mercury ion by capillary electrophoresis with a laser‐induced fluorescence detector. The optimal experimental conditions were determined by evaluating various controlling factors: running buffer hexamine‐HCl 15 mmol L−1, pH=5.2, separation voltage 30 kV and temperature 25 °C. The modified capillary exhibited excellent sensitivity and selectivity for Hg2+ over other coexisting metal ions (K+, Ag+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Ba2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ increased to 10000 times of Hg2+, Cu2+ increased to 5000 times) in aqueous solution, and was successfully applied to the determination of Hg2+ in natural water samples and displayed satisfactory results.
General morphology and ultrastructure of the female reproductive apparatus of Trichomalopsis shirakii crawford (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae)
Authors: Mao Ning , Tang Pu , Tian Hong‐Wei , Shi Min , Chen Xue‐Xin 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThe morphology and ultrastructure of the female reproductive system were examined for a larval–pupal parasitoid Trichomalopsis shirakii Crawford of Oulema oryzae Kuwayama using light and electron microscopes. The reproductive system includes two ovaries, two pairs of accessory glands, an unbranched venom gland, a large venom reservoir and a Dufour gland. Each ovariole contains follicles and oocytes at different stages of maturation. A fibrous layer covers the surface of mature egg. The accessory glands are made up of a layer of secretory cells surrounded by muscle fibers. In these secretory cells, numerous mitochondria, electron‐dense secretory granules and vesicles filled with dense granular particles are present. These granular particles appear as virus‐like particles (VLPs). The venom gland consists of a single layer of secretory cells which are organelle rich with abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and vesicular organelles, a layer of duct cells and an inner intima. The reservoir consists of a muscular sheath, epidermal cells with few organelles and an intima layer. The Dufour gland has a relatively large lumen surrounded by a single layer of columnar epithelial cells which are characterized by clusters of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplets. Aside from the venom, the fibrous layer coating the egg and the granular particles which may be VLPs have been discovered in our study. They may serve as one of the parasitoid‐associated factors in their host–parasitoid relationship and play a role in host immune suppression. Microsc. Res. Tech. 79:625–636, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Uniquely Cycle‐Saturated Graphs
Authors: Wenger Paul S. , West Douglas B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractGiven a graph F, a graph G is uniquely F‐saturated if F is not a subgraph of G and adding any edge of the complement to G completes exactly one copy of F. In this article, we study uniquely ‐saturated graphs. We prove the following: (1) a graph is uniquely C5‐saturated if and only if it is a friendship graph. (2) There are no uniquely C6‐saturated graphs or uniquely C7‐saturated graphs. (3) For , there are only finitely many uniquely ‐saturated graphs (we conjecture that in fact there are none). Additionally, our results show that there are finitely many k‐friendship graphs (as defined by Kotzig) for .
A comparative ultrastructural analysis of spermatozoa in Pleurodema (Anura, Leptodactylidae, Leiuperinae)
Authors: Cruz Julio C. , Ferraro Daiana P. , Farías Alejandro , Santos Julio S. , Recco‐Pimentel Shirlei M. , Faivovich Julián , Hermida Gladys N. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThis study describes the spermatozoa of 10 of the 15 species of the Neotropical frog genus Pleurodema through transmission electron microscopy. The diversity of oviposition modes coupled with a recent phylogenetic hypothesis of Pleurodema makes it an interesting group for the study of ultrastructural sperm evolution in relation to fertilization environment and egg‐clutch structure. We found that Pleurodema has an unusual variability in sperm morphology. The more variable structures were the acrosomal complex, the midpiece, and the tail. The acrosomal complex has all the structures commonly reported in hyloid frogs but with different degree of development of the subacrosomal cone. Regarding the midpiece, the variability is given by the presence or absence of the mitochondrial collar. Finally, the tail is the most variable structure, ranging from single (only axoneme) to more complex (presence of paraxonemal rod, cytoplasmic sheath, and undulating membrane), with the absence of the typical axial fiber present in hyloid frogs, also shared with some other genera of Leiuperinae. J. Morphol. 277:957–977, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prediction of solar radiation in China using different adaptive neuro‐fuzzy methods and M5 model tree
Authors: Wang Lunche , Kisi Ozgur , Zounemat‐Kermani Mohammad , Zhu Zhongmin , Gong Wei , Niu Zigeng , Liu Hongfu , Liu Zhengjia 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTSolar radiation is one of the major factors for agricultural, meteorological and ecological applications. In this study, two different optimized adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS), ANFIS with grid partition (ANFIS‐GP) and ANFIS with subtractive clustering (ANFIS‐SC), and M5Tree (M5Tree) methods are proposed for modelling daily global solar radiation (G). Daily meteorological variables at 21 stations in China are used for training and testing the applied models, which is evaluated through root mean square errors (RMSE), mean absolute errors (MAE) and determination coefficient (R2). Above models will be compared with a calibrated empirical Ångström model and the results indicate that the ANFIS models provide better accuracy than the M5Tree and empirical method, for example, the RMSE values for ANFIS‐SC, ANFIS‐GP, M5Tree and the Ångström model range 2.10–3.08, 2.07–3.08, 2.79–3.87 and 2.54–3.69 MJ m−2 day−1, respectively. The model performances also show some differences at different stations for each model, for example, the ANFIS models produce the most accurate estimations at station 58238, while M5Tree brings the best accuracy at the station 51777. Meanwhile, the models underestimate high radiation values for some stations, which may due to the differences in training and testing data ranges and distribution of the stations. Finally, the reasons for the differences in model performance are investigated in detail.
Ex Vivo and In Vitro Studies on the Cytotoxicity and Immunomodulative Properties of Poly(2‐isopropenyl‐2‐oxazoline) as a New Type of Biomedical Polymer
Authors: Kroneková Zuzana , Mikulec Marcel , Petrenčíková Nadežda , Paulovičová Ema , Paulovičová Lucia , Jančinová Viera , Nosál' Radomír , Reddy Palem S. , Shimoga Ganesh D. , Chorvát Dušan , Kronek Juraj 
Published: May 2016

Poly(2‐alkenyl‐2‐oxazoline)s are promising functional polymers for a variety of biomedical applications, such as drug delivery systems, peptide conjugates, or gene delivery. In this study, poly(2‐isopropenyl‐2‐oxazoline) (PIPOx) is prepared through free‐radical polymerization initiated with azobisisobutyronitrile. Reactive 2‐oxazoline units in the side chain support an addition reaction with different compounds containing a carboxylic group, which facilitates the preparation of polymers labeled with two different fluorescent dyes. The cytotoxicities of 2‐oxazoline monomers, PIPOx, and fluorescently labeled PIPOx are evaluated in vitro using an 3‐(4,5‐Dimethyldiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay and ex vivo using a cell proliferation assay with adenosine triphosphate bioluminescence. The cell uptake of labeled PIPOx is used to determine the colocalization of PIPOx with cell organelles that are part of the endocytic pathway. For the first time, it is shown that poly(2‐isopropenyl‐2‐oxazoline) is a biocompatible material and is suitable for biomedical applications; further, its immunomodulative properties are evaluated.
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A New Strategy to Microporous Polypyrrole Networks Based on Condensation of Pyrrole and Diketone
Authors: Melhi Saad , Ding Xuesong , Liu Zhi‐Wei , Cao Cong‐Xiao , Han Bao‐Hang 
Published: May 2016

A new synthesis route to novel porous organic polymers is reported based on condensation of pyrrole and diketone in the presence of an acid. The structure of obtained polymer is confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and solid‐state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The resulting polypyrrole network with high Brunauer–Emmet–Teller specific surface area over 650 m2 g−1, possesses gas uptake capacities, that is, hydrogen (0.70 wt% at 77 K), carbon dioxide (8.5 wt% at 273 K), and methane (0.95 wt% at 273 K) at 1.0 bar. The facile preparation strategy on the basis of condensation of pyrrole and diketone will provide an avenue to prepare porous organic polymers.
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Imidazolium‐Based Poly(ionic liquid)/Ionic Liquid Ion‐Gels with High Ionic Conductivity Prepared from a Curable Poly(ionic liquid)
Authors: Cowan Matthew G. , Lopez Alexander M. , Masuda Miyuki , Kohno Yuki , McDanel William M. , Noble Richard D. , Gin Douglas L. 
Published: May 2016

Ionic liquid (IL)‐based ion‐gel membranes were prepared from a curable poly(IL)‐based materials platform with the free ILs 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIM][TFSI]), bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide ([EMIM][FSI]), 1‐butylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C4IMH][TFSI]), and ethylmethylammonium nitrate [EAN][NO3] and evaluated for their ionic conductivity performance at ambient and elevated temperatures. The resulting cross‐linked, free‐standing ion‐gel membranes were found to have less than 1 wt% water (with the exception of [EAN][NO3] which contained ≈20 wt% water). Increasing free IL content from 50 to 80 wt% produces materials with ionic conductivity values ≥10–2 S cm−1 at 25 °C and ≈10–1 S cm−1 at 110 °C. Additionally, ion‐gels containing 70 wt% of the protic ILs [C4IMH][TFSI] and [EMIM][FSI] display ionic conductivity values of ≈10–3 to 10−2 S cm−1 over the temperature range of 25–110 °C.
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Intrusion detection in mobile ad hoc networks: techniques, systems, and future challenges
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Dutta Kamlesh 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn recent years, Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) have generated great interest among researchers in the development of theoretical and practical concepts, and their implementation under several computing environments. However, MANETs are highly susceptible to various security attacks due to their inherent characteristics. In order to provide adequate security against multi‐level attacks, the researchers are of the opinion that detection‐based schemes should be incorporated in addition to traditionally used prevention techniques because prevention‐based techniques cannot prevent the attacks from compromised internal nodes. Intrusion detection system is an effective defense mechanism that detects and prevents the security attacks at various levels. This paper tries to provide a structured and comprehensive survey of most prominent intrusion detection techniques of recent past and present for MANETs in accordance with technology layout and detection algorithms. These detection techniques are broadly classified into nine categories based on their primary detection engine/(s). Further, an attempt has been made to compare different intrusion detection techniques with their operational strengths and limitations. Finally, the paper concludes with a number of future research directions in the design and implementation of intrusion detection systems for MANETs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decolonising war
Authors: Barkawi Tarak 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWhat would it mean to decolonise the concept of war? ‘Decolonising’ means critiquing the ways in which Eurocentric ideas and historiographies have informed the basic categories of social and political thought. Dominant understandings of the concept of war derive from histories and sociologies of nation-state formation in the West. Accordingly, I critique this Eurocentric concept of war from the perspective of Small War in the colonies, that is, from the perspective of different histories and geographies of war and society than were assumed to exist in the West. I do so in order to outline a postcolonial concept of war and to identify some of the principles of inquiry that would inform a postcolonial war studies. These include conceiving force as an ordinary dimension of politics; situating force and war in transnational context, amid international hierarchies; and attending to the co-constitutive character of war and society relations in world politics.
Modulation of gut microbiota dysbioses in type 2 diabetic patients by macrobiotic Ma-Pi 2 diet
Authors: Candela Marco , Biagi Elena , Soverini Matteo , Consolandi Clarissa , Quercia Sara , Severgnini Marco , Peano Clelia , Turroni Silvia , Rampelli Simone , Pozzilli Paolo , Pianesi Mario , Fallucca Francesco , Brigidi Patrizia 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe gut microbiota exerts a role in type 2 diabetes (T2D), and deviations from a mutualistic ecosystem layout are considered a key environmental factor contributing to the disease. Thus, the possibility of improving metabolic control in T2D by correcting gut microbiome dysbioses through diet has been evaluated. Here, we explore the potential of two different energy-restricted dietary approaches – the fibre-rich macrobiotic Ma-Pi 2 diet or a control diet recommended by Italian professional societies for T2D treatment – to correct gut microbiota dysbioses in T2D patients. In a previous 21-d open-label MADIAB trial, fifty-six overweight T2D patients were randomised to the Ma-Pi 2 or the control diet. For the present study, stools were collected before and after intervention from a subset of forty MADIAB participants, allowing us to characterise the gut microbiota by 16S rRNA sequencing and imputed metagenomics. To highlight microbiota dysbioses in T2D, the gut microbiota of thirteen normal-weight healthy controls were characterised. According to our findings, both diets were effective in modulating gut microbiome dysbioses in T2D, resulting in an increase of the ecosystem diversity and supporting the recovery of a balanced community of health-promoting SCFA producers, such asFaecalibacterium,Roseburia,Lachnospira,BacteroidesandAkkermansia. The Ma-Pi 2 diet, but not the control diet, was also effective in counteracting the increase of possible pro-inflammatory groups, such asCollinsellaandStreptococcus, in the gut ecosystem, showing the potential to reverse pro-inflammatory dysbioses in T2D, and possibly explaining the greater efficacy in improving the metabolic control.