bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observational study investigating tooth extraction and the shortened dental arch approach
Authors: Olley R. C. , Renton T. , Frost P. M. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryThe shortened dental arch (SDA) provides a cost‐effective dentition, considering the population is ageing and retaining teeth for longer. The aims were to observe the reasons and sites of tooth extraction and assess the functional dentition over 15 years in dental practice. Subjects were recruited who required permanent tooth extractions between 2000 and 2015. The reasons for extractions were chosen from twelve extraction codes. Data were also collected for demographics, tooth position, root treated teeth and functional pairs remaining. Patient‐centred factors on reasons for tooth extraction and comments on chewing ability and aesthetics following extractions were recorded. Nine hundred and fifty‐one teeth were extracted in 900 patients. The mean age was 60 years (SD 20, SE 7, 95% CI 46, 74). Reasons for extraction were periodontal disease (n = 361, 38%), periapical infection (n = 288, 34%) or tooth and tooth‐root fractures (15%). Extractions included 201 (21%) second molars, 179 (19%) first molars, 152 (16%) second premolars, 95 (10%) first incisors, 86 (9%) second incisors, 76 (8%) canines and 67 (7%) first premolars. Following extractions, median functional pairs were 12, interquartile range (IQR) 19–7. Individuals with ≥10 functional pairs including anterior teeth (60%, n = 571) had no complaints with chewing ability or aesthetics. They did not require additional prostheses. Periodontal disease and periapical infection were the main causes for the extraction. First and second molars followed by second premolars were the most commonly extracted teeth. This study supports the SDA in creating a cost effective, functional dentition in an aging population, provided remaining teeth and restorations are preserved/maintained, oral health is promoted, and anterior aesthetic tooth replacement is ensured.
Boreal bryophyte response to natural fire edge creation
Authors: Barbé Marion , Fenton Nicole J. , Bergeron Yves 
Published: May 2017

AbstractQuestionChanges in species richness and composition in plant communities as a result of edge creation are well documented in anthropogenically modified landscapes, but what happens after natural disturbance? We investigate the responses of boreal bryophytes to edge creation in a post‐wildfire residual forest patch system.LocationBoreal black spruce–feather moss forest, western Québec, Canada.MethodsBryophyte community was sampled in 50‐m2 plots: 117 plots in 39 undisturbed forest cores (control) and 108 plots in 30 residual forest patches from wildfire, divided into 48 core plots, 30 north‐facing edge plots and 30 south‐facing edge plots. Temporal, severity, spatial and structural characteristics of the stands were also recorded to explain bryophyte community composition.ResultsResidual edges and cores were more species‐rich than undisturbed cores, particularly north‐facing edges, but community composition differed between undisturbed and residual cores. Indicator species of undisturbed cores and residual edges differed in their species traits. Spatial variables explained variations in composition, with a larger difference between core and edge communities in patches over 3 ha compared to smaller patches.ConclusionWe observed community composition change in response to natural edge creation. While edge influence is reduced in large patches, the bryophyte community remains distinct from undisturbed cores. This community change is a ‘control’ in studies of boreal bryophyte response to anthropogenic edge creation, and suggests that we should consider the natural range of variability. Finally, this study emphasizes that forest remnants do not substitute for continuous and undisturbed forests.
Treatment of primary biliary cholangitis ursodeoxycholic acid non‐responders: A systematic review
Authors: Suraweera Duminda , Rahal Harman , Jimenez Melissa , Viramontes Matthew , Choi Gina , Saab Sammy 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundPrimary biliary cholangitis (PBC), formerly known as primary biliary cirrhosis, is a chronic cholestatic liver disease characterized by an immune mediated destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has been the primary medication for the treatment ofPBC, resulting in improved liver tests, resolution of symptoms and increased transplant free survival. However, not all patients respond toUDCA. The aim of this systematic review is to provide an evidence based assessment of the medications that have been studied in patients who are refractory toUDCA.MethodsWe performed a systematic literature search onMEDLINEand the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews of the published literature. A total of 23 articles fulfilling our inclusion criteria were found.ResultsSeveral studies have shown an improvement in liver biochemistries with the use of obeticholic acid in conjunction withUDCA. Fibrates, including fenofibrate and bezafibrate, have evidence supporting benefit in this population but need more robust studies to confirm these observational results. Neither obeticholic acid nor fibrates have shown to increase transplant free survival. While there may be some benefit with methotrexate, colchicine, budesonide, mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine, these findings were not consistent and the benefits were marginal. Further investigation is needed.ConclusionIn patients withPBCrefractory toUDCA, obeticholic acid or a fibrate is a reasonable choice as an adjunctive treatment toUDCA. Further investigation with randomized controlled trials is needed to provide high quality evidence to formulate standardized therapies in this difficult to treat population.
The studies of ParA and ParB dynamics reveal asymmetry of chromosome segregation in mycobacteria
Authors: Ginda Katarzyna , Santi Isabella , Bousbaine Djenet , Zakrzewska‐Czerwińska Jolanta , Jakimowicz Dagmara , McKinney John 
Published: May 2017

SummaryActive segregation of bacterial chromosomes usually involves the action of ParB proteins, which bind in proximity of chromosomal origin (oriC) regions forming nucleoprotein complexes – segrosomes. Newly duplicated segrosomes are moved either uni‐ or bidirectionally by the action of ATPases – ParA proteins. In Mycobacterium smegmatis the oriC region is located in an off‐centred position and newly replicated segrosomes are segregated towards cell poles. The elimination of M. smegmatis ParA and/or ParB leads to chromosome segregation defects. Here, we took advantage of microfluidic time‐lapse fluorescent microscopy to address the question of ParA and ParB dynamics in M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis cells. Our results reveal that ParB complexes are segregated in an asymmetrical manner. The rapid movement of segrosomes is dependent on ParA that is transiently associated with the new pole. Remarkably in M. tuberculosis, the movement of the ParB complex is much slower than in M. smegmatis, but segregation as in M. smegmatis lasts approximately 10% of the cell cycle, which suggests a correlation between segregation dynamics and the growth rate. On the basis of our results, we propose a model for the asymmetric action of segregation machinery that reflects unequal division and growth of mycobacterial cells.
Ectomycorrhizal fungi and the enzymatic liberation of nitrogen from soil organic matter: why evolutionary history matters
Authors: Pellitier Peter T. , Zak Donald R. 
Published: May 2017

Contents

Summary
68

I.
Introduction
68

II.
Have ECM fungi retained genes with lignocellulolytic potential from saprotrophic ancestors?
69

III.
Are genes with saprotrophic function expressed by ECM fungi when in symbiosis?
71

IV.
Do transcribed enzymes operate to obtain N from SOM?
71

V.
Is the organic N derived from SOM transferred to the plant host?
71

VI.
Concluding remarks
72

Acknowledgements
72

References
72

SummaryThe view that ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi commonly participate in the enzymatic liberation of nitrogen (N) from soil organic matter (SOM) has recently been invoked as a key mechanism governing the biogeochemical cycles of forest ecosystems. Here, we provide evidence that not all evolutionary lineages of ECM have retained the genetic potential to produce extracellular enzymes that degrade SOM, calling into question the ubiquity of the proposed mechanism. Further, we discuss several untested conditions that must be empirically validated before it is certain that any lineage of ECM fungi actively expresses extracellular enzymes in order to degrade SOM and transfer N contained therein to its host plant.
Protracted growth impedes the detection of sexual dimorphism in non‐avian dinosaurs
Authors: Hone David W. E. , Mallon Jordan C. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractEvidence for sexual dimorphism is extremely limited in the non‐avian dinosaurs despite their high diversity and disparity, and despite the fact that dimorphism is very common in vertebrate lineages of all kinds. Using body‐size data from both Alligator mississippiensis and Rhea americana, which phylogenetically bracket the dinosaurs, we demonstrate that even when there is strong dimorphism in a species, random sampling of populations of individuals characterized by sustained periods of growth (as in the alligator and most dinosaurs) can result in the loss of this signal. Dimorphism may be common in fossil taxa but very hard to detect without ontogenetic age control and large sample sizes, both of which are hampered by the limitations of the fossil record. Signal detection may be further hindered by Type III survivorship, whereby increased mortality among the young favours the likelihood that they will be sampled (unless predation or taphonomic bias against small size acts against this). These, and other considerations relating to behaviour and ecology, provide powerful reasons to suggest that sexual dimorphism in dinosaurs may be very difficult to detect in almost all currently available samples. Similar issues are likely also to be applicable to many fossil reptiles, or animals more generally.
The “Discourse” of International Law and Humanitarian Intervention
Authors: Gozzi Gustavo 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis essay analyzes the doctrine of “humanitarian intervention” in the frame of international law in the second half of nineteenth century and identifies the ground of legitimation of this intervention in the violation of presumed universal laws of humanity. The analysis emphasizes the transformation of the paradigm of “humanitarian intervention” into the current doctrine of the “responsibility to protect,” which under the rubric of “responsibility” legitimizes limitations on a state's sovereignty in cases where the state fails to guarantee the protection of its own population. This reconstruction of the genealogy of “humanitarian intervention” illustrates the continual exceptions to the principle of nonintervention, which means that the Westphalian principle of sovereignty has always been violated. Both doctrines—humanitarian intervention and the responsibility to protect—can be considered “hegemonic techniques” that use so‐called universal concepts in order to legitimize unilateral power interests.
Identification of ageing biomarkers in human dermis biopsies by thermal analysis (DSC) combined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR/ATR)
Authors: Tang R. , Samouillan V. , Dandurand J. , Lacabanne C. , Lacoste‐Ferre M‐H. , Bogdanowicz P. , Bianchi P. , Villaret A. , Nadal‐Wollbold F. 
Published: May 2017

Background/purposeThe purpose of this clinical study was to identify suitable biomarkers for a better understanding of the molecular and organizational changes in human dermis during intrinsic and extrinsic ageing.MethodsSun‐exposed and non‐exposed skin biopsies were collected from twenty‐eight women devised in two groups (20‐30 and ≥60 years old). The hydric organization and thermal transitions were determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to identify the absorption bands of the dermis and to quantify the different absorbance ratio.ResultsThe amounts of total, freezable and unfreezable water were determined. A significant increasing amount of freezable water is evidenced in sun‐exposed area skin of aged group compared with young group (P=.0126). Another significant effect of extrinsic ageing (P=.0489) is the drastic decrease of fibrillary collagen, the main protein component of dermis. The only significant effect of intrinsic ageing (P=.0184) is an increase of the heat‐stable fraction of collagens in dermis.ConclusionDSC and FTIR are well‐suited techniques to characterize human skin, giving accurate results with a high reproducibility. The combination of these techniques is useful for a better understanding of human skin modifications with intrinsic and extrinsic ageing.
Non‐invasive longitudinal monitoring of angiogenesis in a murine full‐thickness cutaneous wound healing model using high‐resolution three‐dimensional ultrasound imaging
Authors: Mukai K. , Zhu W. , Nakajima Y. , Kobayashi M. , Nakatani T. 
Published: May 2017

Background/PurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate the longitudinal monitoring of angiogenesis in a murine full‐thickness cutaneous wound healing model using high‐resolution three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound imaging.MethodsTwo C57BL/6 mice were used. Two‐dimensional (2D) ultrasound images with the Color Doppler mode were acquired at regular spatial intervals on day 9, 11, and 14 after wounding. 3D ultrasound images were processed by reconstructing the 2D ultrasound image sequences. The wounds were harvested on day 14 and serial sections were immunohistologically stained with an anti‐CD31 antibody.Results3D ultrasound imaging with the Color Doppler mode showed the distribution of microvascular growth on days 9, 11, and 14 after wounding (44.6%, 51.5%, and 27.3% in wound 1, 55.8%, 38.1%, and 35.1% in wound 2, 60.6%, 62.6%, and 63.1% in wound 3, and 15.8%, 42.0%, and 31.9% in wound 4, respectively). A correlation was observed between % vascularity measured by paired 2D ultrasound imaging with the Color Doppler mode and sections immunohistologically stained for the anti‐CD31 antibody (r=0.927, 0.871, 0.717, and 0.913 for wounds 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. P<.01).ConclusionThese results indicate that high‐resolution 3D ultrasound imaging is useful for longitudinally evaluating the distribution of microvascular growth over the course of healing.
The Blood Donation Ambivalence Survey: measuring conflicting attitudes about giving blood
Authors: Fox K. R. , Himawan L. K. , France C. R. 
Published: May 2017

SUMMARYObjectivesThis study was designed to develop and conduct initial validation testing for a novel measure of ambivalence about donating blood.BackgroundPrevious studies of living organ, bone marrow and stem cell donors have identified donation‐related ambivalence as a predictor of decisions about donation and post‐donation outcomes. Ambivalence about blood donation has not received the same attention.MethodsIn Study 1, a sample of young adults (N = 396) were administered test items of ambivalence, and exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were performed to identify the Blood Donation Ambivalence Survey. In Study 2, a separate sample of young adults (N = 241) completed the Blood Donation Ambivalence Survey in addition to questionnaires assessing known predictors of blood donation.ResultsExploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated a two‐factor structure reflecting commitment to donating blood and indecision about giving blood. The commitment subscale was positively related to known predictors of increased donation behaviour (e.g. donation intention, self‐efficacy), whereas the indecision subscale was positively related to known predictors of decreased donation behaviour (e.g. donation anxiety, negative affect). Furthermore, a history of blood donation was associated with greater commitment and less indecision.ConclusionsThe present findings provide strong initial support for the reliability and validity of a novel measure of blood donor ambivalence.
Adult‐onset, chronic, cyclic thrombocytopenia in a Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) after dengue virus vaccination and viral challenge
Authors: Frydman Galit H. , Metcalf Pate Kelly A. , Marini Robert P. , de Laforcade Armelle M. , Bosch Irene , Bakthavatchalu Vasudevan , Muthupalani Sureshkumar , Swennes Alton G. , Lyons Claire E. , Tompkins Ronald G. , Fox James G. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAn 8‐year‐old, male Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), previously used for dengue virus (DENV) vaccine research with viral challenge, was presented with adult‐onset, chronic, cyclic thrombocytopenia. Platelet number, morphology, and function were evaluated by automated hematology, peripheral blood smears, electron microscopy, flow cytometry, and impedance aggregometry. Bone marrow was evaluated by cytology. Both serum anti‐dengue nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) antibodies and anti‐platelet antibodies were detected by ELISA. Platelet characterization showed a lack of aggregation to all agonists (ADP, ASP, and collagen), increased activation with increased expression of surface marker (HLA‐ABC), and an absence of surface receptor GPIX during clinical episodes of petechiae and ecchymoses, even in the presence of normal platelet counts. Bone marrow aspirates identified potential mild megakaryocytic hypoplasia. All platelet functions and morphologic attributes were within normal limits during clinically normal phases. Presence of anti‐dengue NS1 serum antibodies confirmed a positive DENV titer 8 years postvaccination. Based on the history and clinical findings, a primary differential diagnosis for this chronic, cyclic platelet pathology was autoimmune platelet destruction with potential bone marrow involvement.
Operator‐based variability of equine thromboelastography
Authors: Thane Kristen , Bedenice Daniela , Pacheco Ana 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the extent of intraoperator (between duplicate samples) and interoperator (between different operators) variability in equine thromboelastography (TEG).DesignKaolin‐activated TEG was performed in duplicate by operator‐pair A/B or A/C (2 groups of 10 horses) using discrete setups, within 30–45 minutes of vacuum‐assisted blood collection. Recorded TEG variables included clot initiation time (R), clot formation time (K), rate of clot formation (α), clot strength (MA), and viscoelastic/shear strength (G). Operators independently determined the clinical coagulation status for each sample. Intra‐ and interoperator variabilities were reported as coefficients of variation (CV), using descriptive statistics and paired samples t‐test or Wilcoxon matched pair signed‐rank test (P < 0.05 considered significant).AnimalsTwenty hospitalized adult horses with no clinical evidence of systemic inflammation.Measurements and Main ResultsMean intraoperator CVs ranged from 2.6 to 14% (operator A), 2.8 to 13% (operator B) and 1.2 to 18% (operator C). Both intra‐ and interoperator variabilities were lowest for MA (1.2–3.2%) and G (2.9–7.3%), and highest for K (13–23%). Mean CVs for all TEG parameters were lower when comparing intra‐ to interoperator variation. Seventy percent of horses had at least 1 TEG variable (out of 4 replicates) outside the established reference intervals. Assessment of coagulation status was conserved between operators in 9/10 and 8/10 horses for A/B and A/C, respectively, with comparable agreement between operator A/B (к = 0.73) and A/C (к = 0.74).ConclusionsTEG measurements of MA and G are more reproducible than assessment of K, within samples and between operators. The highest test variability was thus observed within the early phase of clot formation.
A dedicated network for social interaction processing in the primate brain
Authors: Sliwa J. , Freiwald W. A. 
Published: May 2017

A brain region for social cognitionMonkeys recognize social interactions and their meanings quickly and effortlessly. Little is known about the neural circuitry that underlies this understanding. Sliwa and Freiwald scanned monkey brains as the monkeys watched static or moving stimuli. A subset of brain areas was exclusively active during monkey-monkey interactions, as opposed to physical interactions between two objects. This network shares some of its components with the monkey mirror neuron system mapped previously by others and with a possible homolog of the human network involved in the theory of mind.Science, this issue p.745
Culture-Based Methods and Molecular Tools for Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus Detection in a Belgian University Hospital
Authors: Montesinos I. , Argudín M. A. , Hites M. , Ahajjam F. , Dodémont M. , Dagyaran C. , Bakkali M. , Etienne I. , Jacobs F. , Knoop C. , Patteet S. , Lagrou K. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

Azole-resistant
Aspergillus fumigatus
is an increasing worldwide problem with major clinical implications. Surveillance is warranted to guide clinicians to provide optimal treatment to patients. To investigate azole resistance in clinical
Aspergillus
isolates in our institution, a Belgian university hospital, we conducted a laboratory-based surveillance between June 2015 and October 2016. Two different approaches were used: a prospective culture-based surveillance using VIPcheck on unselected
A. fumigatus
(
n
= 109 patients, including 19 patients with proven or probable invasive aspergillosis [IA]), followed by molecular detection of mutations conferring azole resistance, and a retrospective detection of azole-resistant
A. fumigatus
in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid using the commercially available AsperGenius PCR (
n
= 100 patients, including 29 patients with proven or probable IA). By VIPcheck, 25 azole-resistant
A. fumigatus
specimens were isolated from 14 patients (12.8%). Of these 14 patients, only 2 had proven or probable IA (10.5%). Mutations at the
cyp51A
gene were observed in 23 of the 25
A. fumigatus
isolates; TR
34
/L98H was the most prevalent mutation (46.7%), followed by TR
46
/Y121F/T289A (26.7%). Twenty-seven (27%) patients were positive for the presence of
Aspergillus
species by AsperGenius PCR.
A. fumigatus
was detected by AsperGenius in 20 patients, and 3 of these patients carried
cyp51A
mutations. Two patients had proven or probable IA and
cyp51A
mutation (11.7%). Our study has shown that the detection of azole-resistant
A. fumigatus
in clinical isolates was a frequent finding in our institution. Hence, a rapid method for resistance detection may be useful to improve patient management. Centers that care for immunocompromised patients should perform routine surveillance to determine their local epidemiology.