bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sock and Buskin
Authors: Finch Andrew J. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The development of P.E.A.S.E. Academy and Sobriety High is explored in this culminating chapter. Both programs had emerged from Carol Robson’s New Dimensions School, and their stories intertwined with the growth of the recovery high school movement in Minnesota. The chapter describes the possibilities and limitations experienced by students and staff. As the founders transitioned away from both schools, new leaders built upon the foundations but took the schools in directions somewhat different from what was initially conceived. Both schools moved to new locations, but the change was clearest at Sobriety High. Under Neiditch’s leadership, Sobriety High recruited influential donors to its board of directors, replaced Bruce McLean and Carol Robson with new teachers, including Judi Hanson, and began major fundraising and marketing campaigns that would transform the school.
Religion and Spirituality as Buffers Against Islamophobia in the Lives of Asian American Youth
Authors: Husain Altaf , Hijazi Hannan , Carlis Sarah 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Muslims have lived in the United States for nearly seven centuries, having first been brought forcibly from West Africa as enslaved people. While a Muslim presence existed in the United States for centuries, it was not until the immigration reforms of 1965 that large numbers of Muslims from all parts of the world, particularly Asia, immigrated to the United States. This chapter focuses on Asian American Muslims and, specifically, on the impact of anti-Islamic bigotry on youth who self-identify as Muslim. The latest research shows the need to focus especially on the impact of Islamophobia on Muslim youth. A range of acculturative stressors place a tremendous burden especially on Asian American Muslim youth. The chapter explores the impact of anti-Islamic bigotry on youth and how religion and spirituality serve as buffers against such bigotry. The chapter concludes with recommendations for social work advocacy on behalf of Asian American Muslim Youth.
The Impact of Anti-Asian Racism on the Psychosocial Well-Being of Older Asian Americans
Authors: Sun Fei , Gao Siyu , Liu Ethan , Feng Yali 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter critically examines empirical evidence pertaining to the impact of racism on the psychosocial well-being of older Asian Americans and summarizes research, practice, and policy recommendations for mitigating racism and discrimination among this demographic. The authors searched six prominent academic databases including PsycINFO, Medline, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus. Additionally, they used ProQuest and EBSCO to cross-search for additional eligible articles. Included articles had to be empirical ones published in peer-reviewed English journals between January 1, 2000 and April 1, 2023, with a focus on the relationship between racism/discrimination and psychosocial well-being outcomes in older Asian Americans, including specific Asian American subgroups. The synthesized results of 14 articles indicate that 7.2–30% of older Asian Americans experienced instances of racism, resulting in substantial adverse effects on their psychosocial well-being. Findings also suggest a variety of individual, family, community, and societal contextual factors can moderate the effects of racism on older Asians’ psychosocial well-being. Considering these findings, more research is needed to illuminate the underlying mechanisms via which racism affects psychosocial well-being. Policy and practice efforts need to actively involve Asian ethnic communities and leverage their strengths to address racism and discrimination among older Asian Americans.
Going Beyond the Theory of Social Closure
Authors: Mackert Jürgen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe chapter examines concepts within the theory of social closure that could, in principle, serve as theoretical points of reference but which we have to leave behind if we want to move forward. It appreciates the role of the state in understanding social closure and supports a nuanced view of closure. However, it rejects the ways these ideas have been developed. Furthermore, it criticizes the theory of social closure for being limited to analysing processes of exclusion and monopolization and for subsuming processes of exploitation under the idea of exclusion. The chapter argues for a new framework and perspective on theorizing social closure, incorporating missing concepts such as group action, life chances / chances of survival, opportunity structures, and an elaborated concept of power.
Discussion
Authors: Mackert Jürgen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter draws conclusions from the discussion of the new concepts that are necessary for a new approach to social closure. To overcome the inadequate and misleading approach of methodological individualism to closure theory and analysis, it argues in favour of methodological relationalism for social closure, which includes putting the new concepts in this perspective. A new understanding and conceptualization of social closure is only possible if the concepts of group action and acting in solidarity, power, and life chances / chances of survival are introduced into such a new theorizing of social closure. Without them, closure theory remains in an unsatisfying state. By considering these concepts, a fundamentally new approach to social closure becomes possible.
Reorganizing Relations of Social Closure
Authors: Mackert Jürgen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe chapter, as a third step of a new theorizing of social closure, presents the critical elements of an explanation of closure in a relational perspective, which are the two basic mechanisms of social closure. First is the mechanism of denial of access, which operates by preventing human beings from making use of resources, rights, or networks/institutions. The second, called intervention into community closure, must also be considered in closure theory. This mechanism describes how the more powerful side controls the weaker side, making it hard or even impossible for them to close their communities and develop a collective political identity that would allow them to act in solidarity in closure struggles.
Joint Flourishing
Authors: Fuerstein Michael 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
From a Deweyan standpoint, the ideal of democracy can be understood in terms of “joint flourishing”: all flourish as a consequence of an intentional, ongoing, reciprocal adjustment of objectives. On first glance, this seems too demanding for large, pluralistic societies. It becomes more plausible, however, when treated as a regulative ideal. Accordingly, democratic social progress involves incremental improvements in joint flourishing. It does not assume the possibility of complete consensus or communal harmony. Two features of the Deweyan approach stand out. First, progress is socially contingent, varying with the distinctive desires and historical circumstances of different moral communities. Second, progress depends on transformations of social emotion, identity, and habit.
Falling Short
Authors: Fuerstein Michael 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that democratic social progress is bounded in some cases by fundamental tensions among the values that animate the need for change. The historical examples of school desegregation and women’s integration into the workplace are developed as case studies which illustrate this point. In each case there are competing but reasonable sets of desires that pull toward different kinds of remedies. The disappointments of social policy in both cases illustrate that there is as yet no clear path to a satisfactory reconciliation of these underlying desires. Progress is still possible through measures that reduce dissatisfaction. But value pluralism explains why moral consensus is not always a companion of progress or its proper measure.
Truth, Progress, and the Will of the People
Authors: Fuerstein Michael 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter shows how the role of democracy in social progress can be reconciled with popular autonomy. It has often been thought that democracies determine their own moral requirements through the “will of the people,” expressed through the democratic process. But if the expressed popular will is always right, it’s hard to make sense of progress through “moral inquiry,” which seems to presuppose a standard of moral truth that stands outside of the democratic process. These two ideas can be reconciled by abandoning the idea that moral truth is a fixed standard to “track” in favor of the idea that it is constructed through the reflective modification of desires. This approach, in turn, helps us to understand how moral progress is compatible with the rampant moral disagreement observed in democratic societies.
Causal Inquiry in International Relations
Authors: Humphreys Adam R. C. , Suganami Hidemi 
Published: October 2024

AbstractCausal Inquiry in International Relations defends a new, philosophically informed account of the principles which must underpin any causal research in a discipline such as International Relations. Its central claim is that there is an underlying logic to all causal inquiry, at the core of which is the search for empirical evidence capable of ruling out competing accounts of how specific events were brought about. Although this crucial fact is obscured by the ‘culture of generalization’ which predominates in contemporary social science, all causal knowledge ultimately depends on the provision of empirical support for concrete claims about specific events, located in space and time. Causal Inquiry in International Relations not only explores existing philosophical debates around causation; it also provides a detailed study of some of the most fundamental methodological questions which arise in the course of causal inquiry. Using examples drawn from philosophy and from the study of international relations, it demonstrates what is problematic about established ways of thinking, brings new clarity to both philosophical and methodological questions, and seeks to enhance collective understanding of the contribution that causal inquiry can make to empirically rich and critically aware scholarship about world politics. It concludes by situating ‘causal inquiry’ in relation to other forms of inquiry employed in the study of world politics, emphasizing especially the often unnoticed dependence of causal inquiry on precisely the kind of knowledge of specific events which historians are well placed to provide.
Absolutism, bureaucracy, and eighteenth-century fiscal-military states
Authors: Page Edward C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The eighteenth century is interesting because it appears to be the time when many of the features of modern bureaucracy became especially apparent. The linkage between early modern ‘absolutism’ and bureaucracy occupies a prominent place in many historical accounts of state development, as terms used to describe the government of the period, above all ‘absolutism’ and the ‘fiscal-military state’, suggest an enhanced ability of national/central authorities to control it. While the eighteenth century shows a marked elaboration of features of bureaucratism over the fifteenth, such changes cannot be attributed entirely to state action, still less to the fiscal-military state. Moreover, the ability that administrative changes gave monarchs and other sources of system-wide authority to direct government is easily exaggerated.
Constitutional officialdom
Authors: Page Edward C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The massive changes in the character of bureaucracy after the 1950s over the eighteenth century include the expansion of service officialdom and increasingly systematic elaboration of institutional structures of administration, above all the development of ministerial organizations. In particular, changes in the character of law as an instrument of public policy created a significantly new role for officials in ministries, under the legitimized political leadership, in shaping policies. When we consider the constitutional state after the nineteenth century, the limitations of Weber’s account become even more apparent as constitutionalism is less concerned with establishing a monocratic from of control than setting out limitations on the powers of different component parts of the political and administrative system.
Adjournments
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter cites CPD VI Trial 24C that deals with trial adjournments in magistrates’ courts. The directions restate procedural principles established in a long line of judgments of the senior courts and supersede those judgments. Courts are entitled to expect the parties to prepare for the trial to proceed on the date arranged and to expect communication between the parties and with the court regarding any issues which are likely to affect the effectiveness of any trial. The chapter reviews section 10 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980, which confers a discretionary power to adjourn. It should rarely be the case that an application to adjourn based on a failure to serve evidence is made on the day of trial.
Binding Rulings
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter cites section 8A MCA 1980 that deals with pre-trial rulings and section 8B that allows a magistrates’ court to make or vary binding rulings. A magistrates’ court may make a ruling as to any matter mentioned in subsection at a pre-trial hearing. References to the prosecutor are to any person acting as prosecutor, whether an individual or body. The chapter reviews the ruling under section 8A that has binding effect from the time it is made until the case against the accused or, if there is more than one, against each of them. Where the court acts of its own motion to vary a previous ruling, the grounds for discharge or variation are simply the interests of justice.
Custody Time Limits
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter cites section 22 of the Prosecution of Offence Act 1985, which provides that the appropriate court may extend or further extend a time limit. Defendants who abscond from prison or who have been released on bail following expiry of a custody time limit do not enjoy the protections offered by custody time limits. If a person is granted bail and is later remanded into custody, the earlier period on remand will count towards the custody time limit. The chapter explains the custody time limits that start at the end of the first day of remand and expire at midnight on the last day. A time limit expiring on one of the following days will be treated as having expired on the next preceding day that is not a Saturday, a Sunday, Christmas Day, Good Friday, or a bank holiday.
Disclosure
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines the stages of disclosure: initial disclosure of the prosecution case, common law disclosure, disclosure in relation to unused material, and consideration given to third party disclosure. Part 8 of the Criminal Procedure Rules (Crim PR) requires that initial disclosure should be available no later than the start of the day of the first hearing. Criminal Practice Direction 2015 EWCA Crim 1567 directions 3A4 and 3A12 require sufficient information to enable the defendant to make an informed decision on plea and for the court to decide whether the case is suitable for summary trial. The chapter describes the prosecution that are under a duty to serve only a summary of their case, not the case in its entirety. There is a common law duty to disclose material which may assist the defence at bail hearings or in the early preparation of their case or in mitigation.
Submission of No Case
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains how a magistrates’ court can dismiss a case. In R v Galbraith (1981) 73 Cr App R 124, it was said the court could stop the case if there is no evidence that the crime alleged has been committed by the defendant. Where the judge comes to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence is such that a jury properly directed could not properly convict upon it, it is his duty to stop the case. If there is evidence upon which a jury could properly come to the conclusion that the defendant is guilty, the judge should allow the matter to be tried by the jury.
Jurisdiction of the Adult Magistrates’ Court over Children
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the jurisdiction of the adult magistrates' court over children. It correlates the jurisdictions in line with several provisions, such as those under the Children and Young Persons Act 1933. The adult court may deal with the young person only to decide on a remand. Moreover, a child or young person must appear before the adult court if jointly charged with an adult. The chapter explains the remittal of cases to the youth court when not sent to the Crown Court, sentenced within the limited powers of the adult court, or listed for trial with an adult.
Managing the Case
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the management of cases when the child is jointly charged with an adult. If the adult faces an indictable-only offence he must be sent to the Crown Court before dealing with the procedure. The court must proceed to plea before venue if the case could be sent or take a plea if it is a summary-only offence, which applies even when appearing jointly with an adult. The chapter explains how the court should proceed to sentence if the court's powers are sufficient or remit to the youth court if a guilty plea is indicated. It expounds on the definitive guideline on sentencing children and young people if a child is jointly charged with an adult who was sent to the Crown Court.
Administration of Justice
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines offences relevant to the administration of justice. It elaborates on the provisions under the Bail Act 1976. If a person who has been released on bail in criminal proceedings fails without reasonable cause to surrender to custody, they will be guilty of an offence. Meanwhile, at common law, escaping from legal custody and tending to pervert the course of public justice are considered to be an offence. The chapter also sets out that section 51 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 relates to witness intimidation.
Prison Offences
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the notion of prison offences. According to the Prison Act 1952’s section 40CA, a person may be deemed guilty if they have an unauthorized possession of a knife or offensive weapon in prison. Meanwhile, section 40CB is involved with throwing any article or substance into prison. The chapter considers other offences relating to prison security under section 40D of the Prison Act 1952, which includes the authorization to take photographs and transmit any information from inside the prison.
Community Orders
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins by detailing the provision on community orders under sections 204 and 208 of the Sentencing Act (SA) 2020. The Sentencing Council’s definitive guideline on the imposition of community and custodial sentences provides that sentencers must consider all available disposals at the time of sentence. The guideline also provides that the seriousness of the offence should be the initial factor in determining which requirements to include in a community order. When imposing requirements on the offender as part of the community order, a court should balance the requirements, or combination of requirements, with the offender’s personal circumstances, and avoid conflict with work, schooling, or religious beliefs. The chapter then looks at community orders made after a remand in custody or on a qualifying curfew, before considering breaches of a community and the position in relation to offences committed whilst subject to a community order.
Deferment of Sentence
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains the provisions on the deferment of sentence. The magistrates’ court can defer sentence, on one occasion, for a maximum period of six months, to enable the court to assess the offender’s capacity to change or carry out reparation to the victim. Such cases are simply adjourned, not on bail, so that there can be no question of a Bail Act offence. A warrant can be issued if the offender fails to attend for sentence. If the offender reoffends before the period of deferment has expired, they may be dealt with for the deferred matter. A court may impose any conditions during the period of deferment that it considers appropriate. These could be specific requirements as set out in the provisions for community sentences, or requirements that are drawn more widely. The requirements may include restorative justice requirements.
Deprivation Order
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the provision on deprivation orders under sections 153–155 of the Sentencing Act 2020. Orders of this kind should not be made without warning the defendant in advance and inviting representations, otherwise they are liable to be quashed on appeal. The court should not proceed without first ascertaining the value of the property, and should also ensure that an order made against just one offender does not result in an overly disproportionate sentence. Such an order will be invalid if the financial consequences and the value of the property have not been considered. Ultimately, the power can be used to deprive the defendant of their interest in property intended to be used for any offence, not just the particular offence before the court.
Discharges: Conditional and Absolute
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines absolute and conditional discharges. A discharge can be imposed, under sections 79 and 80 of the Sentencing Act (SA) 2020, where it is inexpedient to inflict punishment having regard to the circumstances. These circumstances include the nature of the offence and the character of the offender. Where a person who has received a youth caution or a youth conditional caution is convicted of an offence committed within two years of the caution, the court by or before which they are so convicted shall not impose a conditional discharge in respect of the offence unless it is of the opinion that there are exceptional circumstances relating to the offence or the offender which justify its doing so; and where it does so, shall state in open court that it is of that opinion and why it is. Meanwhile, under Schedule 2 of SA 2020, a person who commits an offence during the life of a conditional discharge may be re-sentenced for that original offence even if the period of discharge has expired at the date of sentence.