bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Function of Swelling in the Finishing of Cotton
Authors: Jeffries R. , Warwicker J. O. 
Published: July 2017

The mechanism of the interfibrillar and intrafibrillar swelling of cotton has been investigated by infrared and x-ray methods. Emphasis is on swelling in caustic soda, but other reagents are also considered. The presence of intrafibrillar swelling can be shown by detection of intermediate complex formation, while the swelling agents are present. The swelling behavior and the structural changes produced in the cotton are modified by the effects of tension and also by the presence of additives in the swelling solution. Whether the swelling complexes are intermediate in the conversion of cellulose I to cellulose II, or a reconversion to cellulose I results on washing out the swelling agent and drying, depends on the degree of swelling at different stages of the process. Intrafibrillar swelling is usually accompanied by an increase in the hydrogen-bond disorder, even if reconversion to cellulose I takes place, and the detection of this increase in disorder by ir-deuteration methods may be the only indication of an intrafibrillar swelling process. An explanation of the observed behavior is put forward in terms of the concept of cellulose sheets. The ideas developed from a study of the swelling of cotton by caustic soda and other swelling agents have been used in explaining the effects found in the mercerization and other finishing processes applied to cotton.
Opinions about Alcohol Control Policies Among Brazilians: The First National Alcohol Survey
Authors: Pinsky Ilana , Sanches Marcos , Zaleski Marcos , Laranjeira Ronaldo , Caetano Raul 
Published: July 2017

Several general-population alcohol surveys have been conducted in Brazil in the past 25 years, none using probability sampling methodology. This article focuses on the results of the first alcohol national survey in Brazil, particularly as it concerns support for six alcohol policies. A total of 2,346 interviews were conducted with adults aged 18 and older. The interviews, averaging 53 minutes in length, were conducted face to face in the respondent's home by trained interviewers using a standardized questionnaire, with an overall response rate of 66.4%. Overall at least half of the respondents supported the six alcohol policies analyzed. Gender, intensity of alcohol consumption and age were the main variables associated with approval of the alcohol policies. The relatively high level of support for the alcohol policies suggests that there is room for developing new measures in the area in Brazil.
Heterogeneous Polymer Blends II. Physical Properties of Binary Elastomer Composites
Authors: Weissert F. C. , Avgeropoulos G. N. 
Published: July 2017

Tensile properties of two-phase elastomer-elastomer vulcanizates were measured and evaluated in terms of the initial number average molecular weight (Mn), the crosslink density (veff) and the glass temperatures (Tg's) of the composite. Interpretations of the tensile behavior of elastomers with a single Tg are reasonably clear. Such interpretations are much more complex for heterogenous blends of two materials having dissimilar viscoelastic properties. Heterogeneous blends of either an EPDM (−60° Tg) with a BR (−60° Tg) or with an EPDM (−60° Tg) with a BR (−5° Tg) were prepared with differing composition, morphology and two levels of radiation crosslinking. The morphology of the samples used in this study has been described in Part 1.[1] The rupture energies of the blends having −60°/05° Tg's were usually greater than a weight averaged value of the components and for equivalent compositions were higher than that obtained for blends having equal (−60°/−60°) Tg's. This favorable synergism persisted after the data were put into a form which takes into account the large effects of Mn.Veff and Tg. The effect of domain size in the experimental range of 0.2 to 10 micrometres on rupture energy was small. There is some evidence for a maximum in rupture energy at the 1 micrometre level. At a given Mooney–Rivlin 2C1 modulus, a higher rupture energy was observed for vulcanizates from the higher Mn blends. Such higher Mn vulcanizates have a higher ratio of physical entanglements to chemical crosslinks and a lower proportion of free ends in the network.
Management of Subglottic Stenosis in Children
Authors: Catlin Francis I. , Spankus Elizabeth M. 
Published: July 2017

We treated 21 children for subglottic stenosis at the Texas Children's Hospital from 1975 to 1983. Ages ranged from newborn to 14 years. Fifteen (71%) were younger than 13 months of age. Prolonged intubation was thought to be a primary contributing factor in 16 of 21 (76%). Nineteen (90%) required tracheotomy. Of these, 11 (58%) were decannulated, four (21%) have not been decannulated, and four (21%) were lost to follow‐up. Two of the 11 children who were successfully decannulated required laryngotracheoplasty or thyrotomy. There were three instances of complications and no deaths.
Operations on the Saccus Endolymphaticus and Vestibular Nerve: Have they Fulfilled their Promise?
Authors: Smyth G.D.L. , Kerr A.G. , Primrose W. 
Published: July 2017

The rationale for operations on the saccus and vestibular nerve in patients incapacitated by Meniere's disease as a replacement for total labyrinthectomy, has been the expectancy that less radical procedures will protect these patients from total auditory incapacity. Aware of postoperative hearing losses in some patients after 3 years, we have studied the results in 21 Shambaugh saccus decompression (SD) and 29 middle fossa vestibular nerve section (VNS) operations, in order to assess the claims made for these procedures. We found that while control of vertigo was similar to that reported elsewhere, worse hearing (AAOO criteria) developed in many cases. With SD this increased from 14% at 1 year to 58% at 10 years, and with VNS it increased from 17% at 1 year to 48% at 10 years, when the worse preoperative audiogram was used. Only 17% of SD and 11% VNS ears with serviceable best preoperative hearing had retained this at 10 years. Nineteen percent developed audiometric evidence of contralateral disease during the first 10 postoperative years. It is concluded that although, regrettably, neither of these surgical therapies appears to have the capability of preventing the progress of hearing loss, the reality of bilateral disease justifies the continued use of SD or VNS by adequately trained surgeons.
Playing with the Anisotropy of the Matrix and Fiber for the Improvement of the Strength of Composites
Authors: Theocaris Pericles S. 
Published: July 2017

The paper deals with the theory of the coupling of strongly anisotropic fibers along their axis with anisotropic matrices along either the fiber direction or the transverse plane to the direction of the fibers. It is shown that the first arrangement deteriorates, whereas the second improves significantly the mechanical behavior of the composites. Indeed, it is shown that anisotropy of the matrix, increasing its mechanical properties on the transverse isotropic plane of the composite, increases also the transverse-transverse Poisson's ratio, v23, whereas decreases the longitudinal shear modulus, G,2. This results in values of the eigenangle wx approaching the corresponding value Wic for the equivalent isotropic material and caused a deterioration of the strength and toughness of the composite, since the material now has the tendency to develop higher stress concentrations for equivalent loadings [1,2]. On the contrary, a strong anisotropic matrix along the direction of the fibers yields the inverse results for the respective moduli of the anisotropic composite. Finally, the most important result is a perceptible decrease of the ratio E,1/2G,2 which yields values of the eigenangle wc tending to approach the critical value wi for the isotropic material. The decrease of wc indicates the improvement of the quality of the composite, since it develops relatively lower stress concentration factors, which approach their respective isotropic values [2]. Thus, the anisotropic composite material is approaching an equivalent state of quasi-isotropy and therefore improves its strength by reducing considerably the eventual anisotropic stress concentration factors of the respective structural elements [1]. Examples with T300/N5208 graphite-epoxy composites and Borsic-1100 aluminum metal-metal composites indicate clearly the beneficial effect of the anisotropy of their matrices.
NAM — A Beacon Light for the Third World Today
Authors: Srivastava Monika 
Published: July 2017

For observers of international relations, the collapse of Berlin Wall, which led to the disintegration of Soviet Union and consequently the end of the cold war, heralded the ‘nirvana’ for the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). With the world turning unipolar (at least in the military sphere), the very name, they contend, is a contradiction in terms. Moreover, the three principles on which NAM was founded, viz. disarmament, development and autonomy in decision making, seem to have virtually collapsed. This camp also feels that in the present age of liberalisation globalisation and privatisation (LPG), the state of world is akin to a melting pot. Hence simplistic alliances, based on outdated concepts are redundant. Last but not the least, they allege that NAM members have displayed a lack of unity many a time. They have broken ranks in order to curry favours with the West. In sum, it has almost become a ‘fossil without fuel’. Hence, it should be consigned to the dustbin of history. However, the writer feels that, NAM as a movement as well as a foreign policy goal is alive and kicking. In this age of geo-economics, NAM continues to have its raison d'etre. It could play a pivotal role in pursuing the economic agenda of third world countries for a more equitable economic world order. Furthermore, in this Hobbesian world characterised by anarchy, it could act as a lynchpin to address issues of contemporary relevance like US' attempt to create a unipolar world, ‘global commons’, micro-security issues like ‘FUNTERNARSA’ factor, ‘neo-interventionism’, cultural imperialism, restructuring the UN, etc. NAM as a foreign policy goal of pursuing enlightened national interest, especially ‘freedom of thought and autonomy of action’ could not have been more relevant in a world order, bedevilled by US unilateralism today.
Conflict and Unity: Towards an Intellectual History of The Forbears of The OAU
Authors: Djaksam Themon 
Published: July 2017

Institutions such as the Organization of African Unity (OAU) do not spring up all of a sudden from the blue.… More often than not, such institutions come into being because they answer, in a given historical period and context, the special need of a society or of an international community. For such institutions to be permanent — permanent in the sense that they contain the seeds for self-sustained growth — they must answer a widely and deeply felt genuine need. Diallo Telli, “The Organisation of African Unity in Historical Perspective” in African Forum; A quarterly Journal of Contemporary Affairs, The American Society of African Culture (New York), Vol. 1, no. 2, 1965, p. 7. This article looks at the OAU from an historical and philosophical perspective. It, thereby aims at revealing the processes and dynamic nature of the forces which led to the emergence of the continental organization in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in 1963. It is not the purpose of the following analysis to offer a mere exposition or chronology of the events and developments which led up to the creation of the OAU. It aims to convey the idea of the potential for conflict inherent in the build-up to the OAU, and the intellectual manifestations of such conflict, especially in the context of the overall pre-OAU period. A convenient starting point for this analysis is the concept of Pan-Africanism.
From the Editor
Authors: Johnsen Susan 
Published: July 2017

When the kindergarten teacher preassessed Katy in math, she understood most concepts at the 3rd-grade level. Similarly advanced, Robert was already reading chapter books. The parents were not enthusiastic about moving them to another grade level. How might this kindergarten teacher differentiate for these students? In a recent report, A Nation Deceived: How Schools Hold Back America's Brightest Students (Colangelo, Assouline, Gross, 2004), Southern and Jones identified 18 different types of acceleration. While the majority of these require administrative or programmatic changes such as early admission to kindergarten, telescoping, grade skipping, concurrent/dual enrollment, advanced placement, and subject-matter acceleration, at least three allow a student to accelerate within a classroom and remain with same-age peers: continuous progress, self-paced instruction, and curriculum compacting. With continuous progress, students progressively learn new concepts following their mastery of previous concepts. For example, in Katy's case, she would begin learning the math concepts at the 3rd-grade level and progress to the 4th-grade level as she masters the previous concepts. These advanced math concepts could be learned within her normal classroom setting.
Conceptual Graphs as Instructional Tools
Authors: Moore Jana L. , Gordon Sallie E. 
Published: July 2017

Conceptual graphs are a method of diagraming knowledge structures. They are valuable in a variety of applications including design of instructional materials, student evaluation and diagnosis, and theoretical research. One problem has been the identification of methods for eliciting or measuring the “internal” knowledge structures to develop conceptual graphs. Several methods of mapping conceptual graphs have been used in various research domains (e.g., free recall, sorting, ordering, etc.). Most of these traditional methods suffer from serious drawbacks. To overcome these problems, a question probe method has been adapted from work done in the area of prose comprehension. The question probe technique is a method for systematically developing a set of “test questions”. The method allows for the direct development of conceptual graphs and quantitative comparison of the graphs. The question probe technique has been successfully used to systematically develop instructional materials, evaluate/diagnose student understanding of course material, evaluate alternative instructional methods, and assess the relationship between instruction and problem solving performance.
Integrated Workstations for the Instruction of Job Design and Evaluation
Authors: Freivalds Andris , Goldberg Joseph H. 
Published: July 2017

There are pressing needs to enhance the quality of undergraduate engineering instruction, including human factors engineering. Specific curricular and philosophical issues include: 1) Integration of Work Measurement and Human Factors, 2) Applications driven laboratories, 3) Open-ended problems, 4) Compartmentalization of knowledge, 5) White-collar work. In summary, the end goals of this laboratory development are innovative job design and evaluation workstations, which can provide students with real-world, open-ended problems. Two different workstations are proposed: a workstation appropriate for typical blue-collar assembly work and a workstation appropriate for white-collar computer driven work. The white-collar workstation will simulate modern-computer driven office jobs, and the common factors influencing their productivity, such as speed, accuracy, noise, illumination, etc. The blue-collar workstation would be centered around a typical assembly process found in the U.S. automotive industry. Specifically, carburetor assembly will be utilized because of the large number of fairly intricate parts, the highly repetitive and rapid assembly process, and the need for power driven tools. These also happen to be the prime factors that are thought to increase the incidence of cumulative trauma disorders in U.S. industry. The students will examine tool parameters, and be able to adjust the support of the tool with tool balancers, cut the detrimental impact of power tools on the hand, using the reaction torque bars and implement novel approaches, such as arm rests or arm slings as used in Sweden.
An Accuracy Analysis of Techniques for Measuring the Durations of In-Car Manual Tasks
Authors: Grant Barry S. , Wierwille Walter W. 
Published: July 2017

Human factors research of automobile driver behavior often calls for timing in-car manual tasks. The present study was designed to compare the accuracy, bias, and consistency of various techniques for measuring in-car manual task durations. Additionally, this research was intended to reveal how closely these techniques approach the preciseness of the frame-by-frame video analysis method, which is time-consuming and expensive to perform. Six subjects were required to use an electronic stopwatch to measure “hand-off-wheel” times for 30 driver tasks. Each subject performed this procedure three times: while sitting as an observer in the back seat of a research vehicle, while watching a real-time video recording of task performance, and while watching a one-sixth real-time video recording of task performance. Timing Method (three levels), Duration of in-car task (three levels), and Subject (six levels) served as independent variables. Dependent measures gathered were raw timing error (a measure of response bias), absolute timing error (a measure of response accuracy), and squared timing error (a measure of response consistency). Timing error was obtained by subtracting the measured time for a particular task from the “true” task time obtained by using the frame-by-frame video analysis technique. Analysis of the data indicated a significant effect of Method on response bias. Specifically, use of the slow-motion video technique resulted in overestimation of in-car task durations, and use of the two real-time techniques resulted in estimates of task durations that were either equal to or less than the true durations. Significant effects of Subject, Gender, and Subject x Method were also revealed. The results suggest that the on-road timing technique should be used in the future, since this procedure requires little in terms of cost and implementation time, and errors are small when compared with the frame-by-frame technique.
The New European Standard for Surgical Drapes and Gowns: Issues and Implications
Authors: Wigglesworth N 
Published: July 2017

Surgical teams have a wide choice of surgical drapes and gowns, including both reusable and single use, and which are made of several different materials. The imminent publication of the first part of a new European standard (EN 13795) for theatre drapes and gowns raises a number of issues. These include the essential properties of these products for the reduction of surgical site infection and the protection of the surgical team, as well as the legal status and implications for organisations and clinical practice of the standard itself. Infection control teams, theatre staff, procurement and supplies departments and those with responsibility for clinical governance and risk management will want to study the scope, detail and implications of this new standard. Consideration will need to be given to the content of this standard when reviewing the provision of theatre drapes and gowns In any healthcare organisation.
An Fc-engineered CD19 antibody eradicates MRD in patient-derived MLL-rearranged acute lymphoblastic leukemia xenografts
Authors: Schewe Denis M. , Alsadeq Ameera , Sattler Cornelia , Lenk Lennart , Vogiatzi Fotini , Cario Gunnar , Vieth Simon , Valerius Thomas , Rosskopf Sophia , Meyersieck Fabian , Alten Julia , Schrappe Martin , Gramatzki Martin , Peipp Matthias , Kellner Christian 
Published: July 2017

Key Points
Fc-engineered CD19 antibody cures MRD in ∼50% of mice xenografted with ALL cells and is highly synergistic in combination with chemotherapy. Macrophages are important effector cells for this antibody in vitro and in vivo.
The influence of obesity by a diet high in saturated fats and carbohydrates balance in the manifestation of systemic complications and comorbidities
Authors: Adorni Caroline Soares , Corrêa Camila Renata , Vileigas Danielle Fernandes , de Campos Dijon Henrique Salomé , Padovani Carlos Roberto , Minatel Igor Otávio , Cicogna Antonio Carlos 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Background
The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that obesity induced by a diet rich in saturated fats and balanced in carbohydrates is associated with the development of systemic complications and comorbidities.

Methods
Thirty-seven 60-day-old male Wistar rats were randomized into two groups: control (C, n = 18, standard diet) and obese (OB, n = 19, high-saturated fat diet), for 33 weeks. Nutritional profile: food and caloric intake, feed efficiency, body weight, and adiposity index. Complications: in plasma were analyzed dyslipidemia, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), glucose intolerance, hyperleptinemia, hyperinsulinemia, plasmatic C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α); in the myocardial and epididymal adipose tissue were assessed IL-6 and TNF-α. Comorbidities: diabetes mellitus and systemic blood pressure (SBP). Student’s t test, ANOVA, and Bonferroni P < 0.05.

Results
The final body weight, feed efficiency, and adiposity index were higher in OB group than in control; although food intake was lower in OB group, caloric intake was similar in both groups. Specific parameters, such as LDL, cholesterol, triglycerides, HOMA-IR, CRP, TNF-α in epididymal adipose tissue, and IL-6 in the myocardium, were higher in obese rats than in controls. SBP, baseline glucose, and glucose after 2 h of overload were significantly increased in OB group; however, the severity was not enough to classify the animals as diabetic and hypertensive.

Conclusion
Obesity induced by a diet high in saturated fatty acids with balanced carbohydrates for 33 weeks in Wistar rats was effective in triggering complications but unable to develop comorbidities.
Role of vitamin D in insulin resistance in obese individuals
Authors: dos Santos Loanne Rocha , Lima Alana Gleyka Amaral , Braz Amanda Ferraz , de Sousa Melo Stéfany Rodrigues , Morais Jennifer Beatriz Silva , Severo Juliana Soares , de Oliveira Ana Raquel Soares , Cruz Kyria Jayanne Clímaco , do Nascimento Marreiro Dilina 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Background
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble compound responsible for promoting intestinal absorption of calcium, and this, in turn, acts as a signal transmitter or activator as protein in secretory processes and release of hormones. Vitamin D receptors are distributed in various tissues of the body and involved in biochemical reactions in the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as obesity.

Objective
The aim of this article is to provide updated information on the role of vitamin D in insulin resistance in obese individuals.

Methods
It was conducted a search of articles published in PubMED, SciELO, and LILACS database, without limit for the year of publication, using the keywords “vitamin D”, “insulin resistance”, and “obesity”.

Results
Excess adipose tissue seems to impair insulin signaling by inhibiting the phosphorylation of its receptor, resulting in insulin resistance. Studies have evidenced role of vitamin D in mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in obesity by acting in improving glycemic control both by increasing hepatic and peripheral glucose uptake and by promoting the secretion of this hormone.

Conclusions
Vitamin D exerts a protective effect in the treatment and prevention of insulin resistance in patients with obesity and protects the body against oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, contributing to glycemic control. Unfortunately, current data related to the effects of vitamin D supplementation on insulin resistance are still inconclusive.