bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innovative public–private partnership to target subsidised antimalarials: a study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial to evaluate a community intervention in Western Kenya
Authors: Laktabai Jeremiah , Lesser Adriane , Platt Alyssa , Maffioli Elisa , Mohanan Manoj , Menya Diana , Prudhomme O'Meara Wendy , Turner Elizabeth L 
Published: March 2017

IntroductionThere are concerns of inappropriate use of subsidised antimalarials due to the large number of fevers treated in the informal sector with minimal access to diagnostic testing. Targeting antimalarial subsidies to confirmed malaria cases can lead to appropriate, effective therapy. There is evidence that community health volunteers (CHVs) can be trained to safely and correctly use rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). This study seeks to evaluate the public health impact of targeted antimalarial subsidies delivered through a partnership between CHVs and the private retail sector.Methods and analysisWe are conducting a stratified cluster-randomised controlled trial in Western Kenya where 32 community units were randomly assigned to the intervention or control (usual care) arm. In the intervention arm, CHVs offer free RDT testing to febrile individuals and, conditional on a positive test result, a voucher to purchase a WHO-qualified artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) at a reduced fixed price in the retail sector.Study outcomes in individuals with a febrile illness in the previous 4 weeks will be ascertained through population-based cross-sectional household surveys at four time points: baseline, 6, 12 and 18 months postbaseline. The primary outcome is the proportion of fevers that receives a malaria test from any source (CHV or health facility). The main secondary outcome is the proportion of ACTs used by people with a malaria-positive test. Other secondary outcomes include: the proportion of ACTs used by people without a test and adherence to test results.Ethics and disseminationThe protocol has been approved by the National Institutes of Health, the Moi University School of Medicine Institutional Research and Ethics Committee and the Duke University Medical Center Institutional Review Board. Findings will be reported on clinicalstrials.gov, in peer-reviewed publications and through stakeholder meetings including those with the Kenyan Ministry of Health.Trial registration numberPre-results,NCT02461628.
Effect of alcohol consumption and psychosocial stressors on preterm and small-for-gestational-age births in HIV-infected women in South Africa: a cohort study
Authors: Sania Ayesha , Brittain Kirsty , Phillips Tamsin K , Zerbe Allison , Ronan Agnes , Myer Landon , Abrams Elaine J 
Published: March 2017

ObjectivesPsychosocial stressors such as depression and stress, intimate partner violence (IPV) and alcohol use have been linked to preterm and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) births in general populations. The prevalence of psychosocial stressors and alcohol abuse is high in many HIV-infected (HIV+) populations. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of psychosocial stressors and alcohol abuse on birth outcomes in HIV-infected women.MethodsAntenatal depression and non-specific psychological distress, periconception IPV and alcohol consumption were measured during the second trimester among HIV+ women initiating antiretroviral treatment with efavirenz + emtricitibine + tenofovir in Cape Town, South Africa. Log binomial regression models were used to estimate the risk ratios (RR) and 95% CIs of the effects of psychosocial stressors and periconception alcohol consumption on birth outcomes: SGA (birth weight <10th centile for gestational age) and preterm (<37 weeks) births.ResultsOf the 571 mother–infant pairs, 26% of women reported hazardous alcohol consumption (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-C score ≥3) periconception periods, 11% reported depressive symptoms, 7% reported non-specific psychological distress and 15% reported experiencing physical or psychological IPV. 14% of infants were born preterm and 12% were SGA. Infants born to women reporting hazardous drinking were twice (adjusted RR 2.00 (95% CI 1.13 to 3.54)) as likely to be SGA compared with women reporting low alcohol intake. Alcohol consumption did not have a significant effect on the incidence of preterm birth. Depressive symptoms, non-specific psychological distress, physical and psychological IPV did not increase the risk of SGA or preterm birth significantly.ConclusionsThe observed elevated risk of SGA births associated with periconception alcohol consumption underscores the urgent need to reduce alcohol consumption among women of childbearing age. Interventions targeting modifiable risk factors of adverse birth outcomes need to be integrated into HIV prevention and maternal child health programmes to improve the long-term health of HIV-exposed children.Trial registration numberNCT01933477; Pre-results.
What are the measures that can be used to assess performance during in situ Paediatric Emergency Medicine Simulation?
Authors: Mann Jennifer Amanda , Roland Damian 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundPaediatric in situ simulation within emergency departments is growing in popularity as an approach for improving multidisciplinary team working, enabling clinical skills development and exploring the importance of human factors in the clinical setting. However, measuring the success of such programmes is often through participant feedback of satisfaction and not measures of performance, which makes it difficult to assess whether such programmes lead to improvements in clinical behaviour.ObjectiveTo identify the measures that can be used to assess performance during in situ paediatric emergency medicine simulations.Study selectionA literature search of EMBASE, ERIC and MEDLINE was performed using the key terms (Paediatrics and Emergency and Simulation.) MeSH and subheadings were used to ensure all possible variations of the key terms were included within the search.FindingsThe search revealed 607 articles, with 16 articles meeting inclusion criteria. Three themes of evaluation strategy were identified—the use of feedback forms (56% n=9/16), performance evaluation methods (63% n=10/16) or other strategies (25% n=4/16), which included provider comfort scores, latent safety threat identification and episodes of suboptimal care and their causation.ConclusionsThe most frequently used method of assessment in paediatric emergency department simulation are performance evaluation methods. None of the studies in this area have looked at patient level outcomes and this is therefore an area which should be explored in the future.
What causes a small increase in radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis patients tapering TNF inhibitors?
Authors: Bouman Chantal A M , den Broeder Alfons A , van der Maas Aatke , van den Hoogen Frank H J , Landewé Robert B M , van Herwaarden Noortje 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveIn a randomised controlled trial investigating tapering of TNF inhibitors (TNFi) compared with usual care (UC) in rheumatoid arthritis patients, minimal radiographic progression was more frequent in patients who attempted tapering. Possible explanations include higher incidence of flaring, higher mean disease activity or lower TNFi use.Methods18 months data from the DRESS study were used. Change in Sharp-van der Heijde (ΔSvdH) score (linear regression) and proportion of patients with >0.5 ΔSvdH (logistic regression) were used as outcomes. The cumulative incidence and number of short-lived and major flares per patient, mean time-weighted disease activity (MTW-DAS28-CRP) and TNFi use were used as independent variables. Regression models were performed stratified per study group and corrected for possible confounders.Results175 of 180 patients had 18-month data available. The mean ΔSvdH were 0.75 and 0.15 units with 37 of 116 (32%) and 9 of 59 (15%) patients exceeding 0.5 points in the tapering and UC group, respectively (both p<0.05). MTW-DAS28-CRP, but not incidence or number of short-lived or major flares, or TNFi use, was independently associated with the mean progression score, but only in the tapering group. Additional analyses on DAS28-CRP subcomponents showed that this was mainly caused by MTW swollen joint count. No confounders were identified.ConclusionsRadiographic progression was associated with higher MTW-DAS28-CRP (and especially swollen joint count), but only in patients who tapered TNFi. This finding stresses the importance of maintaining disease activity as low as possible in patients in whom TNFi is tapered and to check for radiographic progression regularly.Trial registration numberNTR 3216; Post-results.
Tectonic significance of Late Ordovician silicic magmatism, Avalon terrane, northern Antigonish Highlands, Nova Scotia 1 This article is one of a series of papers published in CJES Special Issue: In honour of Ward Neale on the theme of Appalachian and Grenvillian geology.2 Contribution to International Geological Correlation Programme (IGCP) Project 497.
Authors: Murphy J. Brendan , Hamilton Michael A. , LeBlanc Bryan 
Published: March 2017

Avalonia was a microcontinent during most of the Ordovician, separating the Iapetus Ocean to the north from the Rheic Ocean to the south. In the northern Antigonish Highlands, Nova Scotia, volcanic rocks (Dunn Point and McGillivray Brook formations) underlie Early Silurian – Early Devonian strata (Arisaig Group) and were thought to represent extension that heralded the development of the basin into which Arisaig Group strata were deposited. However, recent U–Pb (zircon, thermal ionization mass spectrometry) data from rhyolite in the Dunn Point Formation (DPF) yielded an age of 460.0 ± 3.4 Ma, and, here, we report a concordant age of 454.5 ± 0.7 Ma for an ignimbrite in the overlying McGillivray Brook Formation (MBF). These data confirm a ca. 10 million year gap between volcanism and onset of Arisaig Group deposition, which occurred after accretion of Avalonia to Baltica. The DPF and MBF both resemble A-type SiO2-rich magmas. The MBF has very high concentrations of Zr (745–1965 ppm), Y (65–213 ppm), Nb (57 to 185 ppm), and high Ga/Al. Several MBF samples exhibit strong LREE depletion, consistent with fractionation of LREE-bearing accessory phases. εNdt values for MBF (t = 455 Ma) range from +1.5 to +3.9, and overlap with DPF rhyolites that range from +2.9 to +3.7. Depleted mantle model ages for MBF and DPF samples unaffected by accessory phase fractionation are between 0.9 and 1.2 Ga and are similar to TDM values in older (Neoproterozoic, Cambrian) crustally derived felsic rocks, suggesting derivation from the lower crustal basement beneath the Antigonish Highlands. DPF and MBF rocks were probably erupted in a local extensional environment within an ensialic arc, perhaps analogous to the modern Taupo Volcanic Zone in northern New Zealand.
Preservation of terranes during the assembly of the Annieopsquotch Accretionary Tract: Inferences from the provenance of a Middle Ordovician ophiolite to arc transition, central Newfoundland Appalachians1Geological Survey of Canada Contribution 20100463.2This article is one of a series of papers published in this CJES Special Issue: In honour of Ward Neale on the theme of Appalachian and Grenvillian geology.
Authors: Coombs April M. , Zagorevski Alex , McNicoll Vicki , Hanchar John M. 
Published: March 2017

The Newfoundland Appalachians are a classic area for studying the record of arc development and terrane accretion processes with excellent exposure to different crustal levels that are minimally deformed and metamorphosed. This area also provides a link between the once continuous Appalachian and Caledonian orogens. The Annieopsquotch Accretionary Tract lies along the Red Indian Line, within the peri-Laurentian realm of the central Newfoundland Appalachians. The Darriwilian (468–461 Ma) tectonostratigraphic units of the Annieopsquotch Accretionary Tract are commonly characterized by polymictic volcanogenic conglomerate horizons. A conglomerate horizon at the interface between a suprasubduction zone ophiolite and its calc-alkaline volcanic arc cover sequence is herein investigated for zircon and geochemical provenance. Geochronology revealed a maximum age of deposition of 467 ± 4 Ma with zircon inheritance ranging from ca. 500 to 2800 Ma, consistent with a peri-Laurentian continental basement source. Four types of volcanogenic conglomerate clasts are noted on the basis of lithogeochemistry: arc andesite; calc-alkaline basalt; tholeiitic basalt; and non-arc rhyodacite. Tholeiitic basalt clasts are likely locally derived, perhaps from the underlying Skidder Formation. Other volcanic clasts do not have any known geochemical equivalents in the Annieopsquotch Accretionary Tract and hence appear to be exotic. The dominant zircon population suggests that the exotic clasts were derived from a ca. 467 Ma peri-Laurentian andesitic volcanic arc that once formed part of the Annieopsquotch Accretionary Tract.
Microplastic abundance and distribution in the open water and sediment of the Ottawa River, Canada, and its tributaries
Authors: Vermaire Jesse C. , Pomeroy Carrington , Herczegh Sofia M. , Haggart Owen , Murphy Meaghan 
Published: March 2017

Microplastic pollution is prevalent in the Ottawa River, with all open water samples ( n = 62) and sediment samples ( n = 10) containing microplastics. The median microplastic concentration of nearshore 100 L water samples was 0.1 fragments per L (ranged between 0.05 and 0.24 fragments per L). The larger volume Manta trawls samples taken in the middle of the Ottawa River had an overall mean concentration of plastics of 1.35 fragments per m3. Plastic concentrations were significantly higher downstream of the wastewater treatment plant (1.99 fragments per m3) compared with upstream of the effluent output (0.71 fragments per m3), suggesting that the effluent plume is a pathway for plastic pollution to the Ottawa River. The mean concentration of microplastic fragments recovered in the sediment samples was 0.22 fragments per g dry weight. The abundance of microplastics in the sediment was not significantly related to the mean particle size or the organic content of the sediment. The most common form of plastic particles found was microfibers. These made up between 70% and 100% of all plastic particles observed, although plastic microbeads and secondary plastic fragments were also recovered.
Dense holomorphic curves in spaces of holomorphic maps and applications to universal maps
Authors: Kusakabe Yuta 
Published: March 2017

We study when there exists a dense holomorphic curve in a space of holomorphic maps from a Stein space. We first show that for any bounded convex domain [Formula: see text] and any connected complex manifold [Formula: see text], the space [Formula: see text] contains a dense holomorphic disc. Our second result states that [Formula: see text] is an Oka manifold if and only if for any Stein space [Formula: see text] there exists a dense entire curve in every path component of [Formula: see text]. In the second half of this paper, we apply the above results to the theory of universal functions. It is proved that for any bounded convex domain [Formula: see text], any fixed-point-free automorphism of [Formula: see text] and any connected complex manifold [Formula: see text], there exists a universal map [Formula: see text]. We also characterize Oka manifolds by the existence of universal maps.
On definable Galois groups and the strong canonical base property
Authors: Palacín Daniel , Pillay Anand 
Published: March 2017

In [E. Hrushovski, D. Palacín and A. Pillay, On the canonical base property, Selecta Math. (N.S.) 19(4) (2013) 865–877], Hrushovski and the authors proved, in a certain finite rank environment, that rigidity of definable Galois groups implies that [Formula: see text] has the canonical base property in a strong form; “internality to” being replaced by “algebraicity in”. In the current paper, we give a reasonably robust definition of the “strong canonical base property” in a rather more general finite rank context than [E. Hrushovski, D. Palacín and A. Pillay, On the canonical base property, Selecta Math. (N.S.) 19(4) (2013) 865–877], and prove its equivalence with rigidity of the relevant definable Galois groups. The new direction is an elaboration on the old result that [Formula: see text]-based groups are rigid.
Epigenomic Promoter Alterations Amplify Gene Isoform and Immunogenic Diversity in Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Qamra Aditi , Xing Manjie , Padmanabhan Nisha , Kwok Jeffrey Jun Ting , Zhang Shenli , Xu Chang , Leong Yan Shan , Lee Lim Ai Ping , Tang Qianqao , Ooi Wen Fong , Suling Lin Joyce , Nandi Tannistha , Yao Xiaosai , Ong Xuewen , Lee Minghui , Tay Su Ting , Keng Angie Tan Lay , Gondo Santoso Erna , Ng Cedric Chuan Young , Ng Alvin , Jusakul Apinya , Smoot Duane , Ashktorab Hassan , Rha Sun Young , Yeoh Khay Guan , Peng Yong Wei , Chow Pierce K.H. , Chan Weng Hoong , Ong Hock Soo , Soo Khee Chee , Kim Kyoung-Mee , Wong Wai Keong , Rozen Steven G. , Teh Bin Tean , Kappei Dennis , Lee Jeeyun , Connolly John , Tan Patrick 
Published: March 2017

AbstractPromoter elements play important roles in isoform and cell type–specific expression. We surveyed the epigenomic promoter landscape of gastric adenocarcinoma, analyzing 110 chromatin profiles (H3K4me3, H3K4me1, H3K27ac) of primary gastric cancers, gastric cancer lines, and nonmalignant gastric tissues. We identified nearly 2,000 promoter alterations (somatic promoters), many deregulated in various epithelial malignancies and mapping frequently to alternative promoters within the same gene, generating potential pro-oncogenic isoforms (RASA3). Somatic promoter–associated N-terminal peptides displaying relative depletion in tumors exhibited high-affinity MHC binding predictions and elicited potent T-cell responses in vitro, suggesting a mechanism for reducing tumor antigenicity. In multiple patient cohorts, gastric cancers with high somatic promoter usage also displayed reduced T-cell cytolytic marker expression. Somatic promoters are enriched in PRC2 occupancy, display sensitivity to EZH2 therapeutic inhibition, and are associated with novel cancer-associated transcripts. By generating tumor-specific isoforms and decreasing tumor antigenicity, epigenomic promoter alterations may thus drive intrinsic tumorigenesis and also allow nascent cancers to evade host immunity.Significance: We apply epigenomic profiling to demarcate the promoter landscape of gastric cancer. Many tumor-specific promoters activate different promoters in the same gene, some generating pro-oncogenic isoforms. Tumor-specific promoters also reduce tumor antigenicity by causing relative depletion of immunogenic peptides, contributing to cancer immunoediting and allowing tumors to evade host immune attack. Cancer Discov; 7(6); 630–51. ©2017 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 539
Total Center Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Volume and 30-Day Mortality
Authors: O’Neill Darragh , Nicholas Owen , Gale Chris P. , Ludman Peter , de Belder Mark A. , Timmis Adam , Fox Keith A.A. , Simpson Iain A , Redwood Simon , Ray Simon G. 
Published: March 2017

Background—
The relationship between procedural volume and prognosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remains uncertain, with some studies finding in favor of an inverse association and some against. This UK study provides a contemporary reassessment in one of the few countries in the world with a nationally representative PCI registry.

Methods and Results—
A nationwide cohort study was performed using the national British Cardiovascular Intervention Society registry. All adult patients undergoing PCI in 93 English and Welsh NHS hospitals between 2007 and 2013 were analyzed using hierarchical modeling with adjustment for patient risk. Of 427 467 procedures (22.0% primary PCI) in 93 hospitals, 30-day mortality was 1.9% (4.8% primary PCI). 87.1% of centers undertook between 200 and 2000 procedures annually. Case mix varied with center volume. In centers with 200 to 399 PCI cases per year, a smaller proportion were PCI for ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction (8.4%) than in centers with 1500 to 1999 PCI cases per year (24.2%), but proportionally more were for ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock (8.4% versus 4.3%). For the overall PCI cohort, after risk adjustment, there was no significant evidence of worse, or better, outcomes in lower volume centers from our own study, or in combination with results from other studies. For primary PCI, there was also no evidence for increased or decreased mortality in lower volume centers.

Conclusions—
After adjustment for differences in case mix and clinical presentation, this study supports the conclusion of no trend for increased mortality in lower volume centers for PCI in the UK healthcare system.

Clinical Trial Registration—

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT02184949.
Comparison of Satellite-, Model-, and Radiosonde-Derived Convective Available Potential Energy in the Southern Great Plains Region
Authors: Gartzke Jessica , Knuteson Robert , Przybyl Grace , Ackerman Steven , Revercomb Henry 
Published: March 2017

AbstractConvective available potential energy (CAPE) is one of the physical quantities used by operational meteorologists when issuing severe-weather convective watches and warnings. Recent advances in satellite technology could provide timely observations of atmospheric temperature and water vapor profiles over the continental United States, but only limited validation exists in the literature to characterize uncertainties in CAPE derived from the new satellite sensors. In this study, 10 years of Vaisala, Inc., RS92 radiosonde observations from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site were matched to overpasses of the NASA Aqua satellite that were made from January 2005 through December 2014. Vertical profiles of temperature and water vapor from the NASA Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) were extracted in a region surrounding the DOE ARM SGP central facility near Lamont, Oklahoma. Surface-based CAPE was computed using software consistent with methods used by the National Weather Service Storm Prediction Center. The one-to-one correspondence of the AIRS-derived CAPE with the ARM-radiosonde-derived CAPE has a correlation coefficient of only 0.34. Substitution of the ARM-radiosonde surface values into the AIRS profiles improves the correlation to 0.95. The use of AIRS profiles above the surface level provides surface-based CAPE values that are very similar to those computed from Vaisala radiosondes. These results suggest that a merging of surface observations with satellite-derived thermodynamic profiles could make better use of the satellite spatial coverage and temporal sampling for estimation of CAPE in near–real time.
An Extreme Event in the Eyewall of Hurricane Felix on 2 September 2007
Authors: Aberson Sim D. , Zhang Jun A. , Ocasio Kelly Nuñez 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
During a routine penetration into Hurricane Felix late on 2 September 2007, NOAA42 encountered extreme turbulence and graupel, flight-level horizontal wind gusts of over 83 m s−1, and vertical wind speeds varying from 10 m s−1 downward to 31 m s−1 upward and back to nearly 7 m s−1 downward within 1 min. This led the plane to rise nearly 300 m and then return to its original level within that time. Though a dropwindsonde was released during this event, the radars and data systems on board the aircraft were rendered inoperable, limiting the amount of data obtained.
The feature observed during the flight is shown to be similar to that encountered during flights into Hurricanes Hugo (1989) and Patricia (2015), and by a dropwindsonde released into a misovortex in Hurricane Isabel (2003). This paper describes a unique dataset of a small-scale feature that appears to be prevalent in very intense tropical cyclones, providing new evidence for eye–eyewall mixing processes that may be related to intensity change.