bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LEFT ANTERIOR SMALL THORACOTOMY VERSUS CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT FOR
SINGLE-VESSEL OCCLUSION
Authors: Nauenberg Eric , Dorn Joan M. , Salerno Tomas A. , Bergsland Jacob 
Published: July 2002

Objectives: Single-vessel bypass can often be accomplished through
less invasive techniques than conventional coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
at substantially lower cost. We undertook a study to empirically determine the
cost savings associated with one such technique, left anterior small
thoracotomy (LAST).Methods: Reviewing medical and billing records, we measured the
difference in hospitalization costs between two methods of coronary bypass
surgery. The study groups consisted of 50 patients who underwent LAST and 28
who underwent single-vessel conventional CABG during 1995 and 1996. A
subsequent validation sample of 50 patients who underwent LAST was also
analyzed. Hospitalization costs were estimated using a relative value unit
methodology and were risk-adjusted for both perioperative risk factors and
changes in operating room technology.Results: Risk-adjusted hospitalization costs for those undergoing
LAST were $9,510 and $12,546 for the CABG control subjects (p <
.01), with differences in surgical costs reflecting over 62% of this overall
difference. Differences in average length of stay were under a half-day (10.0
for LAST vs. 10.46 for CABG). Only one inpatient fatality was reported;
therefore, no inference regarding mortality differences could be made.Conclusions: LAST is substantially less costly than conventional
surgery, and the savings are potentially greater if hospital length of stay is
reduced to a clinically recommended time of 2 days.
On the L1-algebras of some compact totally ordered
spaces
Authors: SAGHAFI ANAHITA 
Published: July 2002

Let X be a compact totally ordered space made into a
semigroup by the
multiplication xy=max{x, y}. Suppose that
there is a continuous regular Borel
measure μ on X with supp μ=X. Then the space
L1(μ) of μ-integrable functions
becomes a Banach algebra when provided with convolution as multiplication.
The
second dual L1(μ)**
therefore has two Arens multiplications, each making it a
Banach algebra. We shall always consider L1(μ)**
to have the first of these: if F,
G∈L1(μ)** and
F=w*−limi ϕi,
G=w*−limj ψj,
where (ϕi), (ψj) are bounded
nets in L1(μ), thenformula here
Flow in a double-film-fed fluid bead between contra-rotating rolls
Part 2: bead break and flooding
Authors: GOSTLING M. J. , SAVAGE M. D. , WILSON M. C. T. 
Published: July 2002

Two-dimensional flow is considered in a fluid bead located in the gap between a pair of
contra-rotating cylinders and bounded by two curved menisci. The stability of such bead
flows with two inlet films, and hence no contact line, are analysed as the roll speed ratio
S is increased. One of the inlet films can be regarded as an ‘input flux’ whilst the other
is a ‘returning film’ whose thickness is specified as a fraction ζ of the outlet film on that
roll. The flow is modelled via lubrication theory and for Ca [Lt ] 1, where Ca represents the
capillary number, boundary conditions are formally developed that account for S ≠ 1 and
the non-constant gap. It is shown that there is a qualitative difference in the results between
the single and double inlet film models unless small correction terms to the pressure drops
at the interfaces are taken into account. Futhermore, it is shown that the inclusion of these
small terms produces an O(1) effect on the prediction of the critical value of S at which bead
break occurs. When the limits of the returning film fraction are examined it is found that as
ζ → 0 results are in good agreement with those for the single inlet film. Further it is shown
for a fixed input flux that as ζ → 1 a transition from bead break to upstream flooding of the
nip can occur and multiple two-dimensionally stable solutions exist. For a varying input flux
and fixed and ‘sufficiently large’ values of ζ there is a critical input flux
&λmacr;(ζ) such that as S is increased from zero:(i) bead break occurs for λ < &λmacr;;(ii) upstream flooding occurs for λ > &λmacr;;(iii) when λ = &λmacr; the flow becomes neutrally stable at a specific value of S beyond which
there exist two steady solutions (two-dimensionally stable) leading to bead break and upstream
flooding, respectively.
Upper gastrointestinal disease in elderly patients
Authors: Singhal S , Bowling TE 
Published: July 2002

IntroductionIn 1995, Safe reviewed the major advances in the investigation and management of upper gastrointestinal tract (UGT) disorders over the previous 25 years. Further research over the past five years, particularly in the field of the ethics of nutrition in the elderly, has stimulated this review of the literature. Rather than attempt a comprehensive review, however, we focus on areas where the approach to the management of UGT disease has been significantly influenced. The following topics are covered: gastrooesophageal reflux disease (GORD); peptic ulcer disease (PUD); the management of non-steroidal drug-induced mucosal injury; UGT bleeding; UGT cancer and the ethics of artificial nutrition support.
Sociolinguistics, regional varieties of French and regional languages in France
Authors: Pooley Tim 
Published: July 2002

May I at the outset crave the reader's indulgence for focusing the subject matter very largely on metropolitan France. The regional varieties of French referred to in the title are therefore those spoken in the French regions, rather than, for example Belgian or Canadian varieties. Moreover, while it is impossible to discuss the regional languages question without taking into account the languages of the DOM-TOM and, indeed, the so-called non-territorial varieties, both of which have taken on considerable political significance in recent times, I have largely limited myself to reviewing sociolinguistic studies of ‘metropolitan’ regional (i.e. territorial) languages. I have also decided to concentrate on the present and thus may be perceived as giving short shrift to the large and growing body of excellent socio-historical work in the field.Four major approaches are reviewed: firstly, the work inspired by the dialectological tradition on French regionalisms (section 2); secondly, quantitative variationist studies (section 3); thirdly, the Imaginaire Linguistique approach to linguistic perceptions (section 4) and fourthly, the approach emerging from the notion of diglossia, as defined by Catalan and Occitan linguists (section 5). Sections 6 to 8 deal with current issues – the Poignant (1998), Carcassonne (1998) and Cerquiglini (1999) reports and the vitality of regional languages as presented in numerous surveys of largely professed practices and exposure in the audio-visual media.
Antimodernism, Reactionary Modernism and National Socialism. Technocratic Tendencies in Germany, 1890–1945
Authors: Rohkrämer Thomas 
Published: July 2002

The article looks critically at attempts to explain the rise of National Socialism in Germany by trying to identify a peculiarly German tradition of antimodernism or reactionary modernism (by, among others, Jeffrey Herf). By looking at different critiques of civilisation in imperial Germany, it tries to show that most of them accepted the necessity of modern technology. What was new about the so-called ‘reactionary modernists’ in the Weimar Republic was not their willingness to use modern technology, but the full acceptance of the fact that modern technology could only exist on the basis of large technological systems, industrial production and fundamental social and cultural changes. They demanded that Germans unreservedly embrace all aspects of modernity, though without giving up their conservative political ideals.While the ‘reactionary modernists’ tried to arrange the whole of society in accordance with an alleged technological functionality, National Socialism was politically more successful, exactly because its attitude towards technology and modernity was less coherent. As National Socialism had a purely pragmatic and open attitude towards technology, it could accept without hesitation that its goals were only achievable through the use of modern means, but that the cultural and private sphere should compensate for the deficits of a public life characterised by hardship and instrumental reason.
Stewardship of the Aged: Meeting the Ethical Challenge of Ageism
Authors: THOMASMA DAVID C. 
Published: July 2002

Medical ethics is a footnote to the larger problem
of directing our technology to good human ends. Written
large, then, medical ethics must ask five basic questions:1)Is it even possible to direct biomedical technology to good human ends, or is the medical enterprise almost entirely technology driven?2)If it is possible to direct biomedical technology, on what basis or norms should this direction take place?3)How should decisionmaking in this control over biomedical technology be structured?4)Who should be involved in the process of making those decisions, and of those involved, whose values and opinions ought to carry more weight?5)Based on the answers to these four questions, what ought to be our concern for the future of medicine?
THE SUBLIME RIVALRY OF WORD AND IMAGE: TURNER AND RUSKIN REVISITED
Authors: Wettlaufer Alexandra K. 
Published: July 2002

Who cares whether Mr. Ruskin’s views on Turner are sound or not? What does it matter? That mighty and majestic prose of his, so fervid and fiery-coloured in its noble eloquence, so rich in its elaborate, symphonic music, so sure and certain, at its best, in subtle choice of word and epithet, is at least as great a work of art as any of those wonderful sunsets that bleach or rot on their corrupted canvases in England’s Gallery; greater, indeed, one is apt to think at times, not merely because its equal beauty is more enduring, but on account of the fuller variety of its appeal, soul speaking to soul in those long cadenced lines, not through form and colour alone, though through these, indeed, completely and without loss, but with intellectual and emotional utterance, with lofty passion and with loftier thought, with imaginative insight, and with poetic aim; greater, I always think, even as Literature is the greater art.—Oscar Wilde, The Critic as ArtistWHILE MUCH ATTENTION has been lavished upon the positive and ultimately profitable relationship between Ruskin and Turner, the closeness of their association has served to obscure a more subtle dynamic between the author and the painter in their respective quests for expression. Both Turner, who considered himself a poet as well as a painter, and Ruskin, an accomplished draughtsman who illustrated his own writings, were actively involved in forging new connections between word and image, and in breaking down the barriers between genres embraced by earlier generations. Turner and Ruskin each turned to the sister art both for inspiration, and importantly, for a means of supplementing what each perceived to be the insufficiencies of his own medium. For Turner, painting’s concrete, mimetic nature was at odds with his desire to communicate abstract ideas, while for Ruskin, language’s abstract and conventional nature fell short of our visual experience of the world and failed adequately to address our visual powers of thought, memory, and imagination. Yet as Turner tried to infuse his painting with poetry and Ruskin tried to render his prose visual, they nonetheless remained acutely aware of the gap between words and images. And if Turner and Ruskin readily acknowledged their intergeneric borrowings from the sister arts, implicit within their formulations of “poetic painting” and “painterly prose” is the subtext of the paragone, an age old rivalry between painters and poets for representational or expressive superiority.
Introduction
Authors: Scott Stephen 
Published: July 2002

Play offers children the opportunity to try out new ways of
relating to the physical and social world. Through a range
of encounters they can develop their imagination and
skills, without incurring the material consequences of
similar activities enacted ‘for real’. It is an essential and

often joyful part of child development, and glum is the
adult who does not retain some playfulness. It is a
laboratory where children can develop different strategies
to cope with the practical tasks of daily living and integrate
themselves into a social network. Aberrant patterns of
play may indicate a variety of difficulties and disorders in
development, and may often provide important clues as to
the problem. For example, a gross lack of imagination and
rigid stereotyped play are found in children with autism;
violent play with underdeveloped elaboration of emotional states
is characteristic of children with conduct
problems; repeated re-enactment of a single disturbing
scene may be seen in children with post-traumatic stress
disorder; and a disturbed pattern of emotional relationships is
often exhibited in the doll play of children with
attachment problems. As well as providing clues to the
nature of a child's difficulties, play often offers an
opportunity to engage with the child, and can provide a
main avenue for therapeutic work, particularly with
younger children who are not adept at talking about
emotions and relationships.In this and subsequent issues, we shall be publishing a
number of commissioned reviews exploring children's
play from a number of perspectives. Anthony Pellegrini
and Peter Smith start us off with a review of the
development of play and its forms and functions. As well
as covering the structure of play including fantasy and
pretend elements, the authors go on to consider its benefits
for the child, and include a rather novel approach of
attempting a cost-benefit analysis. Then Peter Blatchford
reviews the state of play in schools. Here the importance
of a time for the child to develop peer relationships and
friendships away from the watchful gaze of adults is
stressed, not only from a theoretical viewpoint, but from
the practical standpoint of how much supervision should
be given in the playground. In future numbers of the
Review, we will publish an anthropological perspective by
Allison James, a child psychotherapist's view by Anne
Alvarez and Asha Phillips, and a review of the importance
of drama in play and therapy by Peter Slade. At all times
we would welcome your reactions, agreements, and disagreements, plus
comments on what you think has been
left out. Please do write to the Review office.
Anthranilate Synthase from Ruta graveolens (Duplicated ASα- Genes Encode Tryptophan-Sensitive and Tryptophan-Insensitive Isoenzymes Specific to Amino Acid and Alkaloid Biosynthesis)
Authors: Bohlmann J. , Lins T. , Martin W. , Eilert U. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Anthranilate synthase (AS, EC 4.1.3.27) catalyzes the conversion of chorismate into anthranilate, the biosynthetic precursor of both tryptophan and numerous secondary metabolites, including inducible plant defense compounds. The higher plant Ruta graveolens produces tryptophan and elicitor-inducible, anthranilate-derived alkaloids by means of two differentially expressed nuclear genes for chloroplast-localized ASα- subunits, ASα-1 and ASα-2. Mechanisms that partition chorismate between tryptophan and inducible alkaloids thus do not entail chloroplast/cytosol separation of AS isoenzymes and yet might involve differential feedback regulation of pathway-specific ASα- subunits. The two ASα- isoenzymes of R. graveolens were expressed as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins in Escherichia coli deletion mutants defective in AS activity and were purified to homogeneity. Differential sensitivity of the transformed E. coli strains toward 5-methyltryptophan, a false-feedback inhibitor of AS, was demonstrated. Characterization of affinity-purified ASα- isoenzymes revealed that the noninducible ASα-2 of R. graveolens is strongly feedback inhibited by 10 [mu]M tryptophan. In contrast, the elicitor-inducible ASα-1 isoenzyme is only slightly affected even by tryptophan concentrations 10-fold higher than those observed in planta. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that chorismate flux into biosynthesis of tryptophan and defense-related alkaloid biosynthesis in R. graveolens is regulated at the site of ASα- isoenzymes at both genetic and enzymatic levels.
Cell-Specific Expression of the Promoters of Two Nonlegume Hemoglobin Genes in a Transgenic Legume, Lotus corniculatus
Authors: Andersson C. R. , Llewellyn D. J. , Peacock W. J. , Dennis E. S. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The promoters of the hemoglobin genes from the nitrogen-fixing tree Parasponia andersonii and the related nonnitrogen-fixing Trema tomentosa both confer β-glucuronidase reporter gene expression to the central zone of the nodules of a transgenic legume, Lotus corniculatus. β-Glucuronidase expression was high in the uninfected interstitial cells and parenchyma of the surrounding boundary layer and was low in the Rhizobium-infected cells. This contrasts with the expression of both the P. andersonii hemoglobin protein in P. andersonii nodules and the endogenous Lotus leghemoglobins that are expressed in the infected cells at very high levels. The expression pattern of the P. andersonii and T. tomentosa hemoglobin promoters in L. corniculatus resembles that of a nonsymbiotic hemoglobin gene from Casuarina glauca, which was introduced into this legume, and suggests that only the nonsymbiotic functions of the P. andersonii promoter are being recognized. Deletion of the distal segments of both the P. andersonii and T. tomentosa promoters identified regions important for the control of their tissue-specific and temporal activity in Lotus. Potential regulatory elements, which enhance nodule expression and suppress nonnodule expression, were also identified and localized to a distal promoter segment. A proximal AAGAG motif is present in the P. andersonii, T. tomentosa, and nonsymbiotic Casuarina hemoglobin genes. Mutation of this motif in the P. andersonii promoter resulted in a significant reduction in both the nodule and root expression levels in L. corniculatus. Some of the regulatory motifs characterized are similar to, but different from, the nodulin motifs of the leghemoglobins.
Heat-Shock-Induced Changes in Intracellular Ca2+Level in Tobacco Seedlings in Relation to Thermotolerance1
Authors: Gong Ming , van der Luit Arnold H. , Knight Marc R. , Trewavas Anthony J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Exposure of plants to elevated temperatures results in a complex set of changes in gene expression that induce thermotolerance and improve cellular survival to subsequent stress. Pretreatment of young tobacco (Nicotiana plumbaginifolia) seedlings with Ca2+ or ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethylether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid enhanced or diminished subsequent thermotolerance, respectively, compared with untreated seedlings, suggesting a possible involvement of cytosolic Ca2+ in heat-shock (HS) signal transduction. Using tobacco seedlings transformed with the Ca2+-sensitive, luminescent protein aequorin, we observed that HS temperatures induced prolonged but transient increases in cytoplasmic but not chloroplastic Ca2+. A single HS initiated a refractory period in which additional HS signals failed to increase cytosolic Ca2+. However, throughout this refractory period, seedlings responded to mechanical stimulation or cold shock with cytosolic Ca2+ increases similar to untreated controls. These observations suggest that there may be specific pools of cytosolic Ca2+ mobilized by heat treatments or that the refractory period results from a temporary block in HS perception or transduction. Use of inhibitors suggests that HS mobilizes cytosolic Ca2+ from both intracellular and extracellular sources.
Mortal: A Mutant of White Clover Defective in Nodal Root Development
Authors: White Derek W.R. , Woodfield Derek R. , Caradus John R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A monogenic dominant mutant of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), designatedMortal, which is defective in the formation of adventitious nodal roots, is described. Mortal plants grown at temperatures ranging from 10 to 25°C do not initiate nodal root primordium development. However, all other aspects of plant development are normal, including the formation of lateral roots and wound-induced adventitious roots. In some genetic backgrounds, theMortal mutation has a temperature-sensitive conditional phenotype. Mortal plants shifted from growing conditions of 20 to 30°C for 2 to 3 d form nodal root meristems. However, new nodes that develop after plants are returned to 20°C exhibit the mutant phenotype. The capacity to form nodal roots on cuttings placed in water is also influenced by the genetic background of theMortal mutation. Genetic analysis established that the physiological reversion of Mortal to nodal root formation is controlled by at least two separate dominant genetic loci, one for Nodal water response (Now) and one for Nodaltemperature response (Not); theNow locus has a dominant epistatic interaction with theNot locus. The conditional nature ofMortal should provide opportunities for the identification of genetic and physiological mechanisms that influence the development of nodal roots.
Developmental Regulation of Intercellular Protein Trafficking through Plasmodesmata in Tobacco Leaf Epidermis
Authors: Itaya Asuka , Woo Young-Min , Masuta Chikara , Bao Yiming , Nelson Richard S. , Ding Biao 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Plasmodesmata mediate direct cell-to-cell communication in plants. One of their significant features is that primary plasmodesmata formed at the time of cytokinesis often undergo structural modifications, by the de novo addition of cytoplasmic strands across cell walls, to become complex secondary plasmodesmata during plant development. Whether such modifications allow plasmodesmata to gain special transport functions has been an outstanding issue in plant biology. Here we present data showing that the cucumber mosaic virus 3a movement protein (MP):green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion was not targeted to primary plasmodesmata in the epidermis of young or mature leaves in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants constitutively expressing the3a:GFP fusion gene. Furthermore, the cucumber mosaic virus 3a MP:GFP fusion protein produced in planta by biolistic bombardment of the 3a:GFP fusion gene did not traffic between cells interconnected by primary plasmodesmata in the epidermis of a young leaf. In contrast, the 3a MP:GFP was targeted to complex secondary plasmodesmata and trafficked from cell to cell when a leaf reached a certain developmental stage. These data provide the first experimental evidence, to our knowledge, that primary and complex secondary plasmodesmata have different protein-trafficking functions and suggest that complex secondary plasmodesmata may be formed to traffic specific macromolecules that are important for certain stages of leaf development.