bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Instrumentalisation of Antisemitism and the Holocaust
Authors: Becker Matthias J. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe accusation that Jews instrumentalise antisemitism contends that Jews seek to deliberately exploit concern about antisemitism in order to benefit, either financially or politically. Accusations that Jews seek to instrumentalise the Holocaust suggest that they attempt to use the memory of the Holocaust as a tool to obtain power, wealth or to further the interests of Jews or of Israel. In extreme cases, such ideas can lead to claims that Jews have exaggerated the scale or even manufactured the entire event of the Holocaust in order to impose feelings of guilt on the non-Jewish world, which can then be exploited for Jewish gain.
Nazi-Jewish Collaboration
Authors: Krasni Jan 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis concept is rooted in the antisemitic imaginary of a—at least partial—Jewish guilt in the preparation and execution of the Holocaust. This stereotype, like many others, decontextualises and distorts historical facts in order to either exonerate the real perpetrators of the Holocaust—the German Nazi state and its actual collaborators—and ascribe it to the victims of this regime, or to relativise German guilt by insisting on the complicity of the victims and the perpetrators. Closely related to concepts of Jewish immorality and evil, it reappears in associations of Zionism and the State of Israel with Nazism.
Admonishers
Authors: Scheiber Marcus 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe stereotype of admonishers accuses Jews or Israelis of (1) practising Holocaust remembrance excessively and making exaggerated claims in this regard against the German or Austrian society (or other societies which collaborated in the Holocaust), and (2) raising inflationary accusations of antisemitism. Both insinuations are linked to the claim that these are attempts to criticise, accuse or target non-Jews unjustifiably or unfairly. Further, this activity is said to be largely responsible for perpetuating a culture of commemoration in relation to the Holocaust which stifles the development of a positive national identity. Similar to the rejection of remembrance in the demands for a clean break with the Nazi past, the admonisher concept suggests that Holocaust remembrance stands in the way of a positive national and familial self-image. Moreover, the admonisher attribution paints Jews as troublemakers who, through their behaviour, produce or provoke antisemitism.
Taboo of Criticism
Authors: Chapelan Alexis 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIn 1892, one of France’s leading antisemitic agitators, Edouard Drumont, launched a new political newspaper which swiftly became the principal organ for disseminating conspiracy narratives and Jew-hatred. Its name was significant: La Libre Parole (“Free Speech”). The choice of such a title sheds light on a crucial dimension of the antisemitic imaginary, one that is still very prevalent and active in today’s climate. It claims to always be threatened with silencing, since their views are actively being suppressed and tabooed as a consequence of an alleged hegemony of Jewish interests in the public sphere and in particular in media and politics. Within the broader context of the anti-political correctness thrust of contemporary right-wing discourses, the revitalisation of such a legitimation device is hardly surprising. Nevertheless, while it is still a new legitimation tool in other forms of exclusionary ideologies (racist, anti-LGBTQ, anti-feminist), the topos of the taboo of criticism play a key structural role in the ideological architecture of antisemitism.
Jews Have Not Learned From the Past
Authors: Placzynta Karolina 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe idea that jews have not learned from the past contends that, due to the history of Jewish suffering, Jews today should be held to higher moral standards than groups who have not experienced such a past. This suffering is presented as a “learning experience” from which Jews ought to have derived a particular set of idealised ethical and political positions. Their supposed failure to learn such lessons is then turned into an accusation of moral deficiency and used as a means of attacking Jews, Jewish institutions, and the State of Israel or its citizens.
Affirmation of Nazis, Hitler and the Holocaust
Authors: Chapelan Alexis , Bolton Matthew 
Published: October 2024

AbstractDespite spanning only around 12 years, the Nazi regime bequeathed the modern world a vast and horrific legacy, with which its successor regimes, but also culture and politics writ large, need to contend to this very day. The national-socialist ideology and institutions are intimately tied to antisemitism and to the Holocaust, as the extermination of the European Jewry was one of the regime's main political projects. Therefore, attributing positive characteristics or praise to Nazism and to Adolf Hitler amounts to legitimising genocidal antisemitism; as such, it represents a clear and radical form of contemporary anti-Jewish hate speech.
Nazi Analogy/Fascism Analogies
Authors: Becker Matthias J. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Nazi Analogy
The nazi analogy draws comparisons between Israel (as the present-day ‘perpetrator concept’) and Germany during the Nazi period (as the historical ‘perpetrator concept’). By making such comparisons, Israel is demonised and singled out, being associated with a regime that committed unprecedented atrocities. According to this accusation, Israel is portrayed as engaging in an expansionist war of extermination, aiming to annihilate entire peoples, maintaining ghettos and concentration camps, and planning a “final solution to the Palestinian question.” Nazi crimes represented extreme forms of state-organised violence, perpetrated with the support of a significant portion of German society, and the Holocaust was a systematic and bureaucratic project of destruction. Therefore, comparisons with Nazi Germany distort the realities in the Middle East and portray Israel as an embodiment of evil. This comparison constitutes the most extreme form of delegitimising historical analogies and denies Israel’s right to exist. Ultimately, it represents a victim-perpetrator reversal, suggesting that the victims of past Nazi crimes are now the perpetrators.

Fascism Analogies
In the context of Middle East discourse, fascism analogies are also prominent among historical analogies used to demonise Israel. Such comparisons conceptualise and evaluate the
existence of the State of Israel as a resurgence of fascism. While the communicative functions of fascism analogies are similar to those of the Nazi analogy—such as demonisation
and relativisation—the term 'fascism' is often used more casually and may serve the function of exoneration in certain
contexts, such as in Italian discourses. Determining the antisemitic content of fascist analogies requires a nuanced and
context-dependent approach, focusing on essentialising and generalising aspects. While the Nazi analogy is categorically
antisemitic, the assessment of fascism analogies necessitates careful consideration of the specific context in which they are
used.
Evil/The Devil
Authors: Bolton Matthew 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Evil
The alleged evil or malicious nature of Jews, Judaism and/or Jewish institutions is one of the most deeply rooted and enduring antisemitic stereotypes. Here, Jews are depicted as posing a constant, large-scale, destructive—even cosmic or eschatological—threat posed to a specific society, or all humankind. The historic roots of this stereotype lie in the religious rivalry between Judaism and early Christianity, in which advocates of the latter began to depict Jews as the murderers of Jesus, and portrayed Jews as seeking to prevent world salvation through Christ. In the Middle Ages, these ideas found literary and artistic expression in representations of Jews as monstrous, demonic or Satanic creatures. Such stereotypes would later emerge as a central aspect of modern anti-Jewish conspiracy theories, including Nazi propaganda, discernible within depictions of Jews as the wreakers of either capitalist or communist destruction, purveyors of immorality or sexual predators. Portrayals of the existence of Israel (or any Jewish state) as posing a threat to world peace or the community of nation-states as such, or conceptions of the Israel-Palestine conflict as being a cosmological battle between good and evil also fall into this category.

The Devil
Before the rise of Christianity, antipathy towards Jewish communities tended to be just one more expression of a general xenophobia towards outsider groups. The associations of Jews with the Devil, with demons and with a theological hell that emerged from early Christianity were thus a novel development in the history of anti-Judaism. Sources for the demonisation or “diabolisation” of Jews can be found in the scriptures of the New Testament. In the Gospel of John, Jesus is reported as describing his fellow Jews as “the children of your father the devil, and you love to do the 10 evil things he does.” The guilt that the Gospel of Matthew has the Jews take on themselves for the crucifixion of Jesus—“His blood be on us and on our children”—serves of further proof of the Jews “love” for the “evil things” of the Devil and makes a connection between the diabolic nature of the Jews and the idea that Jews committed deicide, the killing of God.
Terrorist State
Authors: Bolton Matthew 
Published: October 2024

AbstractA depiction of Israel as a terrorist state is a generalised, essentialising description in which the state in its entirety is classed as a terrorist entity, and thus by definition excluded from the global community of legitimate nation-states. To accuse Israel of being a terrorist state is therefore to portray it as inherently evil and a potential target for retribution, while attacking Israel's legitimacy in a way that denies Israel's right to exist. Labelling Israel as a terrorist state in this way should be held distinct from accusations of Israeli ‘state terror,’ ‘state-sponsored terrorism,’ or the description of any particular Israeli military action or leader as ‘terroristic.’ While such descriptions may be wrong, hyperbolic or exaggerated, they are nonetheless fairly frequent within discourses criticising various states’ foreign or military policies and do not necessarily ascribe a particular evil to the state of Israel or call its legitimacy into question.
Denial of Israel’s Right to Exist
Authors: Vincent Chloé , Bolton Matthew , Troschke Hagen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe denial of Israel’s right to exist—either as a nation-state at all, a self-identified Jewish state or Jewish-majority state—is one of the most common antisemitic concepts today, and at the same time one of the most controversial. The denial of Israel’s right to exist, or the denial of the Jewish right to self-determination should be distinguished from criticism of the Israeli government, any specific policy of the Israeli state or the general trajectory of the Israeli state and society more broadly. Central to this concept is the idea that Jews, unlike virtually every other group of people in the world, have no right to make collective national territorial or political claims—either in general or in the Middle East in particular. Expressions of this idea commonly centre on attempts to delegitimise the existence of the State of Israel as a whole, often by describing it as an ‘entity’ rather than a state, or through negative and at times incendiary historical analogies with Nazi Germany, apartheid South Africa or European colonialism.
Israel’s Sole Guilt in the Conflict
Authors: Vincent Chloé , Bolton Matthew 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe idea that the existence and actions of the State of Israel are the sole cause of conflict and violence in the Middle East is one of the most common concepts in contemporary antisemitic discourse. The roots of this concept lie in the classical stereotype that Jews are to be blamed for antisemitism of which they are a victim, that is, that Jewish actions are the only or principal factor motivating antisemitic acts, thereby diverting responsibility for attacks on Jews (and latterly Israelis) away from the perpetrators themselves and onto the Jewish victims. In its updated form, all blame for warfare, violence and wider suffering in Israel and the Palestinian territories—as well, at times, in the Middle East as a whole—is attributed to Israel, including blame for violent attacks on Israel and Israelis. In so doing, and in much the same way as the older concept, the notion of sole Israeli guilt enables and even justifies further antisemitic words and actions.
Insults
Authors: Ascone Laura 
Published: October 2024

AbstractAn antisemitic insult generally aims at offending, disqualifying and diminishing Jews or Israelis on the basis of, or related to, their Jewish or Israeli identity, against whom the speaker expresses their negative emotions. Insults can be considered a threatening speech act like threats, curses and death wishes. Yet, the goal of insults is not to elicit fear or physically harm but to show the speaker’s hostility and place themselves in a superior position.
Threats
Authors: Ascone Laura 
Published: October 2024

AbstractA threat is a warning that something negative or violent will happen to a person or group, especially if a particular action or order is not followed. Through this action, the speaker aims at eliciting fear in the target in order to lead them to act in a certain way. More precisely, the fear is caused by the fact that threats “involve a harm of some kind […] that has not yet happened” and express “a warning that invites the person to take preventive steps in order to do what he or she can do to mitigate impending harm.” Together with insults, disdain and denigration, threats are then part of threatening speech acts. In other terms, through their discourse, the speaker places themselves in a position of strength by eliciting fear in the threat's target, thus modifying or hoping to modify their behaviour. Yet, the speaker does not intend to fulfil their part of the deal; they only want to prompt the target to act.
Blood Libel/Child Murder
Authors: Placzynta Karolina 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe classic antisemitic topos of blood libel has a history spanning many centuries and still looms large in the present-day antisemitic discourse. The claim that Jews kidnap non-Jewish children in order to abuse and kill them in the religious rite of human sacrifice (especially around the Jewish holidays of Passover and Purim) paints a grotesque picture of Jews: not only separate and different, but irreconcilably and unacceptably so. While it could be read as an expression of the more general topoi of inherent Jewish “evil” or “immorality,” blood libel transmits distinct connotations of monstrousness and bloodthirst, emphasised further by the youth, innocence and vulnerability of the alleged victims. It carries considerable emotional intensity, which makes blood libel a powerful tool of antisemitic manipulation and misinformation, and its ability to capture imaginations is perhaps one of the reasons for its longevity. In Israel-related discourse, it is frequently utilised in updated form, through the accusation that Israel routinely and deliberately seeks to kill children as a central objective in the Arab-Israeli conflict.
Death Wishes
Authors: Placzynta Karolina 
Published: October 2024

AbstractAn antisemitic death wish is an ultimate form of a threat or curse, by virtue of an explicit, implicit, violent or non-violent reference to the death or destruction of Jews or Israelis, with the possible target also being the State of Israel or Zionism. Threats and curses express the suggestion or wish that something detrimental will, or should, happen to Jews. While they can encompass a broad range of unfavourable circumstances or incidents, death wishes refer specifically to the extreme end of the spectrum. All three of these categories can express their meaning violently, meeting the criteria of affirming, calling for and desiring violence. However, non-violent death wishes, constructed through linguistic strategies such as allusions or humour, tend to be more socially tolerable or acceptable and not recognised as hate speech and therefore more likely to evade detection in mainstream discourses—by both moderators and other web users.
Repulsiveness and Dehumanisation
Authors: Chapelan Alexis 
Published: October 2024

AbstractFar from being a purely theoretical construct, anti-Jewish prejudice has also been inscribed into the very materiality of Jewish bodies, through a host of tropes and metaphors drawing on representations of physical corruption and repulsiveness. The pathologisation of the Jewish body predates biological antisemitism and has roots in Medieval antisemitism. Appearance, skin colour, hygiene or alimentation are external manifestations which mark the Jew as “other” or “foreign.” As the demonic Other was the archetype of maleficent alterity in Christian Europe, it was even believed that Jews have devilish horns, which explained the tradition of head-covering. Another bizarre medieval folk belief was that Jewish males menstruated; this allegedly “impure” bleeding was thought to be a punishment for Judas’ treason of Jesus. This also maps onto blood libel accusations, as the monthly loss of blood had to be compensated by consuming the blood of Christians. Such notions later fed into the stereotype of Jewish men being effeminate, weak and anaemic, as opposed to virile and healthy Aryans.
Immorality
Authors: Krasni Jan 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe notion of Jewish immorality is a stereotype which ascribes to Jews complete alienation from, contempt for and deliberate acting against the common-sense norms of morality. The concept of immorality is anchored in the religious and early Christian view on the rival religion. Portraying Jews as alien to the type of moral constraints which bind other people or religions is a gateway towards their subsequent dehumanisation, casting them apart from the ethically “sound” humanity. This stereotype harks back to late antiquity and early Medieval conceptions of Jews as “godless” betrayers of Christ, and of Judaism as a religion bereft of the higher spirituality attributed to Christianity.
Lie and Deceit
Authors: Becker Matthias J. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe accusation of a Jewish tendency to lie takes two distinct forms: one, in which Jews allegedly assert the untruth with regard to themselves—in which their own traits of character, values, intentions, etc. are distorted (= hypocrisy)—and two, lies that concern the whole external world and non-Jewish groups (= mendacity). In contrast to the allegation of lying, which focuses on the production of untruth, the accusation of deceit pertains to the underlying purpose of the purported misleading activities. The assumption is that Jews misrepresent the truth in order to gain advantages for themselves or to further a secret agenda, whether for themselves as individuals or in support of wider “Jewish interests.” The concepts of lie and deceit have been an integral part of the antisemitic arsenal of accusations for centuries.
Vengefulness
Authors: Krasni Jan 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe stereotype of Jewish vengefulness refers to the supposed irrational, misanthropic, egoistic drive to punish those who they perceive as having wronged them. This drive is allegedly accompanied by bitterness, intolerance and hate against non-Jewish society. The stereotype relies on the idea that there is a fundamental difference between the Old Testament, whose content to a large extent overlaps with the Hebrew Bible, and the New Testament around the notion of retribution. The idea of the flood and extermination of entire population as God's punishment for the sins described in the Genesis, the first book of the Old Testament, is emblematic for the concept of retaliation and is being used as an argument for the stereotype of Judaism as a vengeful religion. In opposition, Christianity and the New Testament are constructed as a religion of mercifulness, forgiveness and non-resistance, formulated as: “[b]ut if anyone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also.”
Disloyalty/Jewish Loyalty
Authors: Troschke Hagen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe stereotype that questions or denies the loyalty of Jews includes accusations of disloyalty to the home country or to non-Jews, insinuations of divided loyalty between the home country and Israel, of being more loyal to Israel or of being loyal exclusively to Israel, and finally accusations of being loyal first and foremost or only to Jews. Other variants of the disloyalty stereotype are highlighting connections and solidarity networks among Jews as something negative, or as something that would either bring disadvantages to non-Jews or be the main driver of success for Jewish individuals in society. Doubts about the loyalty of Jews and the claim that they show a lack of loyalty to the society they live in or to their home country have a long history and are closely linked to other antisemitic ideas. First, the stereotype builds on the notion of Jews as a distinct, self-contained community of outsiders perceived as categorically separate from the non-Jewish in-group and serves to exacerbate this separation and sow mistrust. As alleged non-members, they are assumed to pursue their own interests that do not correspond to, or even work against the interests of the society around them or their home country.
The Value of a Collaborative Platform in a Global Project. The Indico Case Study
Authors: Crespo Garrido Irene del Rosario , Loureiro García María , Gutleber Johannes 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe rise of collaborative platforms has revolutionized the way individuals and organizations interact. The impact perimeter embraces interpersonal communication, knowledge sharing, and collective problem-solving. Indico, a web-based platform providing a free event management system, designed, implemented, maintained, and operated by CERN is a prime example of such type of platform. It provides a range of features and benefits for organizations and individuals hosting events of any kind. Indico improves work efficiency by streamlining the event management processes, reducing manual effort, and saving time. It also leads to sustainable practices and cost savings by eliminating paper-based processes and minimizing physical infrastructure requirements. It enhances accessibility by offering virtual event options, enabling wider participation, and promoting inclusivity. The platform fosters interdisciplinary knowledge sharing and collaboration among event participants by serving as a persistent and durable repository of presentations, articles, minutes, and writeups, including publication and protection mechanisms. Making event-relating materials available online contributes to knowledge dissemination and advancing research and professional communities. Additionally, Indico can further contribute to environmental sustainability by reducing carbon emissions through virtual events and reducing the use of paper. The data management and reporting capabilities of Indico enable data-driven decision-making for future events and resource allocation. This article reports on the socio-economic value of the Indico platform. The presented work used the stated preferences approach to estimate the socio-economic value that can be expected from a collaborative platform that a future large-scale international research infrastructure will require and put in place for its purposes. The approach taken to monetarize the socio-economic impact produced by the platform is the Choice Experiment Method. The monetary values obtained amounts to about 3.1 billion CHF discounted for a period of 29 years (2028–2057).