bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
B
uddhism in Prisons
Authors: Cameron Kathleen A. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Correctional institutions over the last decades have initiated programs to address the problem of prison violence. Found in North America and worldwide, courses in meditation and mindfulness training have been introduced to teach inmates Buddhist practice. Through a commitment to the Noble Eightfold Path to reduce suffering, Buddhism in prison has been beneficial in shifting habits of violence to attitudes and behaviors grounded in compassion and understanding. This approach has significantly improved the lives of inmates and the environment of prison life.
Gender‐Specific Programs
Authors: Lyn Bright Charlotte 
Published: July 2017

AbstractEver since the early1990s, gender‐specific programs designed to serve women and girls have gained prominence in juvenile and criminal justice settings. Gender‐specific programs are intended to address women's experiences and their specific responses to risk and protective factors. In terms of modality, programs designed for females often focus attention on connection and relationships, rather than on individual‐level achievement. Evidence for the effectiveness of gender‐specific programs currently is weak, and thus additional research is needed to guide policy and practice.
Community Service
Authors: Wong Kevin 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Community service refers to adult and youth justice sanctions ordered by courts that require convicted offenders to work unpaid in the community for a specified number of hours for nonprofit organizations or governmental bodies. It has a wide appeal for all justice philosophies – the retributive, punitive, reparative, restorative, and rehabilitative – and is intended to divert offenders from custody. Community service is widespread across jurisdictions in most parts of the world. Since the 1980s in the United States and the 1990s in the United Kingdom, community service has taken a more punitive turn. The limited number of empirical studies largely show that recidivism rates for offenders on community service orders were the same as for those who received a custodial sentence, with a few studies demonstrating lower recidivism rates.
D
evil's
I
sland
Authors: Goodson Amanda , Gillespie Lane Kirkland 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Devil's Island is located in the Atlantic off the coast of South America. It was one of France's first penal colonies and was known for holding political convicts, such as Alfred Dreyfus and Henri “Papillon” Charrière. Life on Devil's Island has been referred to as a fate worse than death, as many prisoners suffered from disease and starvation. After just over 100 years, the penal colony was finally closed in 1954. Today, Île du Diable, or Devil's Island, remains uninhabited and access to it is prohibited.
E
ngland and
W
ales, Corrections in
Authors: Jewkes Yvonne 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This entry provides an overview, brief history, and evaluation of the current state of corrections in England and Wales, including the relationship between politics, penal policy, and public opinion. As well as providing some introductory information about the structure and makeup of corrections in England and Wales, it suggests that, in the twenty‐first century, a politically driven “punitive turn” is returning the custodial estate to a nineteenth‐century model of punishment.
Conditions of Confinement for Juveniles
Authors: Corley Charles J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPrior to the creation of the juvenile court, adolescents and youth offenders in particular were treated as miniature adults. These young offenders were often housed with adults with minimal separation in county jails and prisons. Since the inception of the juvenile court, research has been undertaken to identify delinquency causal factors. Results of such research suggests that, where youths are confined, particular efforts must be made to provide for the overall well‐being of these youths consistent with an evidence‐based best practices approach.
Disciplinary Infractions
Authors: Sudula Susruta 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDisciplinary infractions in prison can range from major infractions, such as murder, to minor infractions, such as the use of vulgar language. Several explanatory models have been used to understand prison misconduct, including the importation model and the deprivation model. Once a disciplinary infraction has been committed, formal and informal methods can be employed to sanction inmates. Disciplinary actions can be issued by correctional officers or by disciplinary committees. Both correctional officers and disciplinary hearing committees rely heavily on the use of discretion, and inmates are afforded very limited legal protections during these disciplinary hearings. The monetary costs of infractions are examined, as is the impact of punitive sanctions on mentally ill inmates.
A
frican
A
merican Prison Gangs
Authors: Pitts James M. A. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Prison gangs are a common problem that permeates the criminal justice system. Commonly referred to as security threat groups, prison gangs are often established among racial lines. African American prison gangs differ from other groups primarily by race. Otherwise, African American prison gangs are typical of other security threat groups, as they are often characterized by their criminality while incarcerated.
A
ttica Correctional Facility
Authors: Klein Lloyd 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Attica Correctional Facility is a maximum security prison located in Western New York State. Not unlike other prisons throughout the United States, the prison population reflected changes in the arrest and prosecution focusing on minority and political groups. The inclusion of more African Americans and Black Muslim groups became a serious issue in the late 1960s and early 1970s as the legal system was struggling with the continued “hands‐off doctrine,” ignoring the legal rights of inmates. The problem came to a crisis point with the infamous four‐day inmate takeover of the prison following a violent prison riot. The control of the riot by then New York State Governor Nelson Rockefeller and its ramifications has become one of the most important incidents in corrections history.
Smart Human‐Serum‐Albumin–As2O3 Nanodrug with Self‐Amplified Folate Receptor‐Targeting Ability for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Treatment
Authors: Peng Yongbo , Zhao Zilong , Liu Teng , Li Xiong , Hu Xiaoxiao , Wei Xiaoping , Zhang Xiaobing , Tan Weihong 
Published: July 2017

AbstractArsenic trioxide (ATO, As2O3) is currently used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia. However, expanding its use to include high‐dose treatment of other cancers is severely hampered by serious side effects on healthy organs. To address these limitations, we loaded ATO onto folate (FA)‐labeled human serum albumin (HSA) pretreated with glutathione (GSH) based on the low pH‐ and GSH‐sensitive arsenic‐sulfur bond, and we termed the resulting smart nanodrug as FA‐HSA‐ATO. FA‐HSA‐ATO could specifically recognize folate receptor‐β‐positive (FRβ+) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells, resulting in more intracellular accumulation of ATO. Furthermore, the nanodrug could upregulate FRβ expression in CML cancer cells and xenograft tumor model, facilitating even more recruitment and uptake of FRβ‐targeting drugs. In vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that the nanodrug significantly alleviates side effects and improves therapeutic efficacy of ATO on CML and xenograft tumor model.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Azide–Thioalkyne Cycloadditions in Aqueous Media: A Mild, Orthogonal, and Biocompatible Chemical Ligation
Authors: Destito Paolo , Couceiro José R. , Faustino Hélio , López Fernando , Mascareñas José L. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe development of efficient metal‐promoted bioorthogonal ligations remains as a major scientific challenge. Demonstrated herein is that azides undergo efficient and regioselective room‐temperature annulations with thioalkynes in aqueous milieu when treated with catalytic amounts of a suitable ruthenium complex. The reaction is compatible with different biomolecules, and can be carried out in complex aqueous mixtures such as phosphate buffered saline, cell lysates, fetal bovine serum, and even living bacteria (E. coli). Importantly, the reaction is mutually compatible with the classical CuAAC.
Axially Symmetric U−O−Ln‐ and U−O−U‐Containing Molecules from the Control of Uranyl Reduction with Simple f‐Block Halides
Authors: Arnold Polly L. , Cowie Bradley E. , Suvova Markéta , Zegke Markus , Magnani Nicola , Colineau Eric , Griveau Jean‐Christophe , Caciuffo Roberto , Love Jason B. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe reduction of UVI uranyl halides or amides with simple LnII or UIII salts forms highly symmetric, linear, oxo‐bridged trinuclear UV/LnIII/UV, LnIII/UIV/LnIII, and UIV/UIV/UIV complexes or linear LnIII/UV polymers depending on the stoichiometry and solvent. The reactions can be tuned to give the products of one‐ or two‐electron uranyl reduction. The reactivity and magnetism of these compounds are discussed in the context of using a series of strongly oxo‐coupled homo‐ and heterometallic poly(f‐block) chains to better understand fundamental electronic structure in the f‐block.
Supramolekulare Organisation und funktionale Auswirkungen von Ballungen von K+‐Kanälen in Membranen
Authors: Visscher Koen M. , Medeiros‐Silva João , Mance Deni , Rodrigues João P. G. L. M. , Daniëls Mark , Bonvin Alexandre M. J. J. , Baldus Marc , Weingarth Markus 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDie Segregation von zellulären Oberflächen in heterogene Regionen wird in Bakterien und Eukaryoten als geläufiges Motiv betrachtet, und diese Sichtweise wird durch die Beobachtung von Ballungen und funktionalen Kopplungen von Membranproteinen wie Ionenkanälen oder Rezeptoren gestützt. Solche Prozesse könnten eine wichtige zelluläre Strategie sein, um die Signalverarbeitung zu optimieren. Daher sind strukturelle Erkenntnisse über die supramolekulare Organisation von Kanälen oder Rezeptoren entscheidend für ein besseres Verständnis der Signaltransduktion über Membranen. Wir beschreiben hier die supramolekulare Organisation von Ballungen des K+‐Kanals KcsA in bakteriellen Membranen. Diese Studie wurde durch eine Kombination von DNP‐verstärkter Festkörper‐NMR‐Spektroskopie und MD‐Simulationen ermöglicht. Wir bestimmen die Kanal‐Kanal‐Wechselwirkungsfläche und demonstrieren eine starke Korrelation zwischen Kanalfunktion und Kanalballung, was einen bisher unbekannten Mechanismus der Kommunikation zwischen K+‐Kanälen impliziert.
Adapting the Glaser Reaction for Bioconjugation: Robust Access to Structurally Simple, Rigid Linkers
Authors: Silvestri Anthony P. , Cistrone Philip A. , Dawson Philip E. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractCopper‐mediated coupling between alkynes to generate a structurally rigid, linear 1,3‐diyne linkage has been known for over a century. However, the mechanistic requirement to simultaneously maintain CuI and an oxidant has limited its practical utility, especially for complex functional molecules in aqueous solution. We find that addition of a specific bpy‐diol ligand protects unprotected peptides from CuII‐mediated oxidative damage through the formation of an insoluble CuII gel which solves the critical challenge of applying Glaser coupling to substrates that are degraded by CuII. The generality of this method is illustrated through the conjugation of a series of polar and nonpolar labels onto a fully unprotected GLP‐1R agonist through a linear 7 Å diynyl linker.
Supramolecular Organization and Functional Implications of K+ Channel Clusters in Membranes
Authors: Visscher Koen M. , Medeiros‐Silva João , Mance Deni , Rodrigues João P. G. L. M. , Daniëls Mark , Bonvin Alexandre M. J. J. , Baldus Marc , Weingarth Markus 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe segregation of cellular surfaces in heterogeneous patches is considered to be a common motif in bacteria and eukaryotes that is underpinned by the observation of clustering and cooperative gating of signaling membrane proteins such as receptors or channels. Such processes could represent an important cellular strategy to shape signaling activity. Hence, structural knowledge of the arrangement of channels or receptors in supramolecular assemblies represents a crucial step towards a better understanding of signaling across membranes. We herein report on the supramolecular organization of clusters of the K+ channel KcsA in bacterial membranes, which was analyzed by a combination of DNP‐enhanced solid‐state NMR experiments and MD simulations. We used solid‐state NMR spectroscopy to determine the channel–channel interface and to demonstrate the strong correlation between channel function and clustering, which suggests a yet unknown mechanism of communication between K+ channels.
Antimicrobial and anticancer activities of Schiff base ligand and its transition metal mixed ligand complexes with heterocyclic base
Authors: Abd El‐Halim H. F. , Mohamed Gehad G. , Anwar Mahmoud N. 
Published: July 2017

A new Schiff base ligand (HL) was prepared via a condensation reaction of quinoline‐2‐carboxaldhyde with 2‐aminophenol in a molar ratio of 1:1. Its transition metal mixed ligand complexes with 1,10‐phenanthroline (1,10‐phen) as co‐ligand were also synthesized in a 1:1:1 ratio. HL and its mixed ligand complexes were characterized using elemental analysis, infrared, 1H NMR, mass and UV–visible spectroscopies, molar conductance, magnetic measurements, solid reflectance, thermal analysis, electron spin resonance and X‐ray diffraction. Molar conductance measurements showed that all complexes have an electrolytic nature, except Cd(II) complex. From elemental and spectral data, the formulae [M(L)(1,10‐phen)(H2O)]Clx⋅nH2O (where M = Cr(III) (x = n = 2), Mn(II) and Ni(II) (x = 1, n = 2), Fe(III) (x = n = 2), Co(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) (x = 1, n = 2)) and [Cd(L)(1,10‐phen)Cl]⋅3H2O for the metal complexes have been proposed. The geometric structures of complexes were found to be octahedral. Powder X‐ray diffraction reflected the crystalline nature of the complexes; however, the Schiff base is amorphous. HL and its mixed ligand complexes were screened against Gram‐positive bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram‐negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). Antifungal activity was determined against Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans, the data showing that most complexes had activity less than that of the Schiff base while Mn(II), Fe(III) and Ni(II) complexes showed no significant antifungal activity. The anticancer activity of HL and its metal complexes was also studied against breast and colon cell lines. The metal complexes showed IC50 higher than that of HL, especially the Cu(II) complex which showed the highest IC50 against breast cell line.
Incomplete Logical Control System and its Application to Some Intellectual Problems
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Wang Yuanhua , Cheng Daizhan 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe wolf‐sheep‐cabbage puzzle and the missionaries‐cannibals problem are two classical intellectual problems, and various methods have been developed to solve them. This paper proposes a new logical control system (LCS), called the incomplete LCS, which allows controls to apply to certain particular states. Using semi‐tensor product (STP) of matrices, the incomplete LCS can be expressed into its algebraic form, and then the controls are designed to reach our goal. Using algebraic state space technique, the two intellectual problems are converted to controllability of incomplete LCSs with restricted state space. Then the solvability and related algorithms are developed.
Optimistic Value Model of Indefinite LQ Optimal Control for Discrete‐Time Uncertain Systems
Authors: Chen Yuefen , Zhu Yuanguo 
Published: July 2017

AbstractUncertainty theory is a branch of mathematics which provides a new tool to deal with the human uncertainty. Based on uncertainty theory, this paper proposes an optimistic value model of discrete‐time linear quadratic (LQ) optimal control, whereas the state and control weighting matrices in the cost function are indefinite, the system dynamics are disturbed by uncertain noises. With the aid of the Bellman's principle of optimality in dynamic programming, we first present a recurrence equation. Then, a necessary condition for the state feedback control of the indefinite LQ problem is derived by using the recurrence equation. Moreover, a sufficient condition of well‐posedness for the indefinite LQ optimal control is given. Finally, a numerical example is presented by using the obtained results.
Palladium on Carbon‐Catalyzed Benzylic Methoxylation for Synthesis of Mixed Acetals and Orthoesters
Authors: Yasukawa Naoki , Kanie Takafumi , Kuwata Marina , Monguchi Yasunari , Sajiki Hironao , Sawama Yoshinari 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe palladium on carbon (Pd/C)‐catalyzed direct methoxylation of the benzylic positions of linear benzyl and cyclic ether substrates proceeded in the presence of i‐Pr2NEt under an oxygen atmosphere to give the corresponding mixed acetals. Cyclic acetal derivatives could also be converted into orthoesters. The present direct methoxylation via a carbon‐hydrogen (C−H) functionalization can be accomplished using the easily‐removed Pd/C and molecular oxygen as a green oxidant. The obtained mixed acetals were transformed into the corresponding ether products by chemoselective substitution of the methoxy group using a silyltriflate, 2,4,6‐collidine, and a nucleophile. The orthoester derivative could also be transformed into the cyclic ketal under similar reaction conditions.
AgGa2PS6: A New Mid‐Infrared Nonlinear Optical Material with a High Laser Damage Threshold and a Large Second Harmonic Generation Response
Authors: Feng Jiang‐He , Hu Chun‐Li , Xu Xiang , Li Bing‐Xuan , Zhang Ming‐Jian , Mao Jiang‐Gao 
Published: July 2017

AbstractTo develop new mid‐infrared (MIR) nonlinear optical (NLO) materials, which can overcome the low laser damage threshold (LDT) of the commercial MIR‐NLO crystals (AgGaS2, AgGaSe2 and ZnGeP2) and simultaneously keep the large NLO susceptibility, is necessary for high‐power MIR laser frequency conversion technology. To improve the LDT, a new strategy of increasing lattice stability was adopted. Here, the strongly covalent structural unit of the PS4 tetrahedron was introduced into AgGaS2 (AGS), and that led to the isolation of the first compound in AgI‐GaIII‐PV‐S system, namely, AgGa2PS6 (Cc). It retains a large SHG efficiency (1.0×AGS) with phase‐matchable ability, and also exhibits an improved LDT (5.1×AGS), indicating AgGa2PS6 is a new promising MIR‐NLO crystal. Moreover, a novel 3D framework of [Ga2PS6]−, with triangular‐shaped channels, as well as interesting single triangular geometry of AgS3—both of which are very rare in reported sulfides—was discovered in AgGa2PS6. Furthermore, theoretical calculations, and lattice energy and thermal expansions analyses suggest that the PS4 group makes a large contribution to the large SHG efficiency and high LDT.
Inorganic Crystals with Glass‐Like and Ultralow Thermal Conductivities†
Authors: Beekman Matt , Cahill David G. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe ability to control the transport of thermal energy is critical in a wide variety of technologies. At the same time, understanding the underlying microscopic mechanisms of thermal transport in solids continues to be a central goal of condensed matter and materials physics, with many persistent challenges and unanswered questions. One of the remarkable findings has been the observation that some crystalline materials have very low, glass‐like thermal conductivities despite long‐range order in the arrangement of the atoms in their structure. Although examples with such unusual behavior were initially rare, the number of crystalline materials known to have glass‐like thermal conductivities has grown significantly in the past two decades. Moreover, some fully dense inorganic solids have recently been discovered that possess ultralow thermal conductivities below the so‐called glass limit. In this review, we use several specific examples to highlight the salient structural and lattice dynamical features of these intriguing “glass‐like crystals,” focusing on current understanding of the microscopic mechanisms that cause these crystals to conduct heat like a glass. The study of such materials continues to push our understanding of heat transport in solids and the roles that chemical bonding and structural order and disorder play in thermal transport processes.
Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of High Carbon Furylmethanes to Renewable Jet‐fuel Ranged Alkanes over a Rhenium‐Modified Iridium Catalyst
Authors: Liu Sibao , Dutta Saikat , Zheng Weiqing , Gould Nicholas S. , Cheng Ziwei , Xu Bingjun , Saha Basudeb , Vlachos Dionisios G. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractRenewable jet‐fuel‐range alkanes are synthesized by hydrodeoxygenation of lignocellulose‐derived high‐carbon furylmethanes over ReOx‐modified Ir/SiO2 catalysts under mild reaction conditions. Ir−ReOx/SiO2 with a Re/Ir molar ratio of 2:1 exhibits the best performance, achieving a combined alkanes yield of 82–99 % from C12–C15 furylmethanes. The catalyst can be regenerated in three consecutive cycles with only about 12 % loss in the combined alkanes yield. Mechanistically, the furan moieties of furylmethanes undergo simultaneous ring saturation and ring opening to form a mixture of complex oxygenates consisting of saturated furan rings, mono‐keto groups, and mono‐hydroxy groups. Then, these oxygenates undergo a cascade of hydrogenolysis reactions to alkanes. The high activity of Ir−ReOx/SiO2 arises from a synergy between Ir and ReOx, whereby the acidic sites of partially reduced ReOx activate the C−O bonds of the saturated furans and alcoholic groups while the Ir sites are responsible for hydrogenation with H2.
Smart card–based password authenticated key agreement protocol using chaotic maps
Authors: Cheng Ting‐Fang , Chang Chin‐Chen , Lo Yu‐Ya 
Published: July 2017

SummaryIn 2015, Lee proposed time stamp–based and nonce‐based password authenticated key agreement protocols based on the Chebyshev chaotic map to enhance the security of relevant schemes. However, in this paper, we demonstrate that Lee's protocols are vulnerable to user impersonation and stolen verifier attacks. To overcome these security problems, we thus provide an improved version using a smart card. Security analysis and comparisons show that the proposed protocol is more secure and maintains better performance. Furthermore, we perform a formal verification of the proposed protocol using the widely accepted AVISPA tool for error detection.