bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analyse des impacts économico-environnementaux du changement d’usage d’un foyer de cuisson traditionnel par un foyer de cuisson amélioré optimisé à charbon de bois dans les ménages de la ville de Kinshasa
Authors: Hurtado Pérez Elías , Mulumba Ilunga Oscar , Moros Gómez María Cristina , Vargas Salgado Carlos 
Published: January 2018

This study is oriented to the economic and environmental impacts of the substitution in Kinshasa traditional cookstoves by improved clean cookstoves. We selected two traditional cookstoves (TCS), the TCS D27 and the TCS D23 and two improved cookstoves (ICS), the ICS 16/8/NC and the ICS 16/8/C. The test was carried out under the cooking controlled test (CCT) protocol, which is a laboratory test under strictly controlled conditions. All tests were carried out using the meal much preferred by the average and poor households of Kinshasa. To cook a dry meal of 1150g of beans and 1250g of rice, it takes 2429g of charcoal for a traditional cookstove TCS D27 and 1847g for traditional cookstove TCS D23. However, this only requires 1198g of charcoal for an improved cookstove ICS 16/8/NC and 1081g for an improved clean cookstove ICS 16/8/C. This represents fuel savings ranging from 37% to 55%. A household of 10 people in Kinshasa would spend up to $ 48.61 per month to purchase fuel with a TCS D27 while it will only need $ 22.01 per month for the same culinary tasks using an ICS 16/8/C.
Le présent travail a consisté à analyser les impacts économiques et environnementaux du changement d’utilisation dans les ménages de la ville Kinshasa en République démocratique du Congo (RD Congo) du foyer de cuisson traditionnel par un foyer de cuisson amélioré. Nous avons sélectionnés deux foyers de cuisson traditionnels (traditional cookstove TCS), le TCS D27 et le TCS D23 et deux foyers de cuisson améliorés (improved cookstove ICS), le ICS 16/8/NC et le ICS 16/8/C. Le test réalisé fut le test de cuisson contrôlée (cooking controlled test CCT), qui est un test de laboratoire dans des conditions strictement contrôlées. Tous les tests furent réalisés en cuisinant un mets local familier populaire, principalement apprécié par les ménages moyens et pauvres de Kinshasa. Pour cuire un repas sec de 1150 g de haricot et 1250 g de riz, il a fallu 2429 g de charbon de bois avec un foyer traditionnel TCS D27 et 1847,4 g avec un foyer traditionnel TCS D23. Mais cela exigeait seulement 1198,7 g de charbon de bois avec un ICS 16/8/NC ou 1081,1 g avec un ICS 16/8/C,ce qui représente des économies en combustible allant de 37% jusqu’à 55%. Ainsi un ménage de 10 personnes à Kinshasa dépenserait jusqu’à 48,61 $/mois pour l’achat en combustible avec l’usage d’un TCS D27 alors qu’il n’aura besoin que de 22,01 $ mensuels pour les mêmes tâches culinaires en utilisant un ICS 16/8/C.
Gross changes in forest area shape the future carbon balance of tropical forests
Authors: Li Wei , Ciais Philippe , Yue Chao , Gasser Thomas , Peng Shushi , Bastos Ana 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Bookkeeping models are used to estimate land-use and land-cover
change (LULCC) carbon fluxes (ELULCC). The uncertainty of bookkeeping
models partly arises from data used to define response curves (usually from
local data) and their representativeness for application to large regions.
Here, we compare biomass recovery curves derived from a recent synthesis of
secondary forest plots in Latin America by Poorter et al. (2016) with the
curves used previously in bookkeeping models from Houghton (1999) and Hansis et al. (2015). We find that the two
latter models overestimate the long-term (100 years) vegetation carbon
density of secondary forest by about 25 %. We also use idealized LULCC
scenarios combined with these three different response curves to demonstrate
the importance of considering gross forest area changes instead of net forest
area changes for estimating regional ELULCC. In the illustrative case of
a net gain in forest area composed of a large gross loss and a large gross
gain occurring during a single year, the initial gross loss has an important
legacy effect on ELULCC so that the system can be a net source of
CO2 to the atmosphere long after the initial forest area change. We show
the existence of critical values of the ratio of gross area change over net
area change (γAnetAgross), above which cumulative ELULCC is a
net CO2 source rather than a sink for a given time horizon after the
initial perturbation. These theoretical critical ratio values derived from
simulations of a bookkeeping model are compared with observations from the 30 m resolution Landsat Thematic Mapper data of gross and net forest area change in the
Amazon. This allows us to diagnose areas in which current forest gains with a
large land turnover will still result in LULCC carbon emissions in 20, 50 and
100 years.
Shallow water table effects on water, sediment, and pesticide transport in vegetative filter strips – Part 1: nonuniform infiltration and soil water redistribution
Authors: Muñoz-Carpena Rafael , Lauvernet Claire , Carluer Nadia 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Vegetation buffers like vegetative filter strips (VFSs) are often used to protect water bodies from surface runoff pollution from disturbed areas. Their typical placement in floodplains often results in the presence of a seasonal shallow water table (WT) that can decrease soil infiltration and increase surface pollutant transport during a rainfall-runoff event. Simple and robust components of hydrological models are needed to analyze the impacts of WT in the landscape. To simulate VFS infiltration under realistic rainfall conditions with WT, we propose a generic infiltration solution (Shallow Water table INfiltration algorithm: SWINGO) based on a combination of approaches by Salvucci and Entekhabi (1995) and Chu (1997) with new integral formulae to calculate singular times (time of ponding, shift time, and time to soil profile saturation). The algorithm was tested successfully on five distinct soils, both against Richards's numerical solution and experimental data in terms of infiltration and soil moisture redistribution predictions, and applied to study the combined effects of varying WT depth, soil type, and rainfall intensity and duration. The results show the robustness of the algorithm and its ability to handle various soil hydraulic functions and initial nonponding conditions under unsteady rainfall. The effect of a WT on infiltration under ponded conditions was found to be effectively decoupled from surface infiltration and excess runoff processes for depths larger than 1.2 to 2 m, being shallower for fine soils and shorter events. For nonponded initial conditions, the influence of WT depth also varies with rainfall intensity. Also, we observed that soils with a marked air entry (bubbling pressure) exhibit a distinct behavior with WT near the surface. The good performance, robustness, and flexibility of SWINGO supports its broader use to study WT effects on surface runoff, infiltration, flooding, transport, ecological, and land use processes. SWINGO is coupled with an existing VFS model in the companion paper (Lauvernet and Muñoz-Carpena, 2018), where the potential effects of seasonal or permanent WTs on VFS sediment and pesticide trapping are studied.
Pentecost in the Churches: Women in the Pentecostal League of Prayer
Authors: Pope-Levison Priscilla 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT
This article examines for the first time the magnitude, influence, and ministry of women in the Pentecostal League of Prayer, an organization within the British holiness movement, and by doing so extends exponentially the historiography of female ministry in Britain in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. A detailed analysis of two decades of the League's monthly journal, Tongues of Fire, uncovers scores of women engaged in public preaching, biblical exposition, theological teaching, and quasi-pastoral activity through the League's auspices. This preponderance of women's public religious activity in the League stands in contrast to the declining trend in women's preaching in Britain after 1850.
Sleep Architecture in Night Shift Workers Police Officers with Obstructive Sleep Apnea-hypopnea Syndrome
Authors: Verde-Tinoco Selene , Santana-Miranda Rafael , Gutiérrez-Escobar Romel , Haro Reyes , Miranda-Ortiz Joana , Berruga-Fernandez Talia , Jimenez-Correa Ulises , Poblano Adrián 
Published: January 2018

Introduction Reduced sleep to increase work hours is common among police officers, when this situation is combined with Obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS), health consequences are greater, therefore we believe there is a need of research for these alterations. The aim of this study was to measure the changes in sleep architecture (SA) in police officers who currently have Night shift work (NSW) and OSAHS.
METHODS We compared SA in 107 subjects divided in three groups: the first group included police officers with NSW and severe OSAHS (n = 48); the second group were non-police officers with diurnal work time and severe OSAHS (n = 48) and the third group was formed by healthy controls (n = 11). Polysomnography (PSG) variables and Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) scores were compared.
Results SA was more disrupted in the group of police officers with NSW and OSAHS than in patients with OSAHS only and in the control group. Police officers with NSW and OSAHS presented an increased number of electroencephalographic activations, apnea/hypopnea index, and sleep latency, and showed lower scores of oxygen saturation, and in the ESS. Multivariate analysis revealed significant influence of age and Body mass index (BMI).
Conclusions Data suggested with caution an additive detrimental effect of NSW and OSAHS in SA and ESS of police officers. However age and BMI must be also taken into account in future studies.
Molecular dynamics simulations of graphoepitaxy of organic semiconductors, sexithiophene, and pentacene: Molecular-scale mechanisms of organic graphoepitaxy
Authors: Ikeda Susumu 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the organic semiconductors α-sexithiophene (6T) and pentacene were carried out to clarify the mechanism of organic graphoepitaxy at the molecular level. First, the models of the grooved substrates were made and the surfaces of the inside of the grooves were modified with –OH or –OSi(CH3)3, making the surfaces hydrophilic or hydrophobic. By the MD simulations of 6T, it was found that three stable azimuthal directions exist (0, ∼45, and 90°; the angle that the c-axis makes with the groove), being consistent with experimental results. MD simulations of deposition processes of 6T and pentacene were also carried out, and pentacene molecules showed the spontaneous formation of herringbone packing during deposition. Some pentacene molecules stood on the surface and formed a cluster whose a-axis was parallel to the groove. It is expected that a deep understanding of the molecular-scale mechanisms will lead graphoepitaxy to practical applications, improving the performance of organic devices.
The Benefit of Ultrasound in Deciding Between Tube Thoracostomy and Observative Management in Hemothorax Resulting from Blunt Chest Trauma
Authors: Chung Meng‐Hsuan , Hsiao Chen‐Yuan , Nian Nai‐Shin , Chen Yen‐Chia , Wang Chien‐Ying , Wen Yi‐Szu , Shih Hsin‐Chin , Yen David Hung‐Tsang 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackgroundHemothorax is most commonly resulted from a closed chest trauma, while a tube thoracostomy (TT) is usually the first procedure attempted to treat it. However, TT may lead to unexpected results and complications in some cases. The advantage of thoracic ultrasound (TUS) over a physical examination combined with chest radiograph (CXR) for diagnosing hemothorax1 has been proposed previously. However, its benefits in terms of avoiding non‐therapeutic TT have not yet been confirmed. Therefore, this study is aimed to evaluate the severity of hemothorax in blunt chest trauma patients by using TUS in order to avoid non‐therapeutic TT in stable cases.MethodsThe data from 46,036 consecutive patient visits to our trauma center over a four‐year period were collected, and those with blunt chest trauma were identified. Patients who met any of the following criteria were excluded: transferred from another facility, with an abbreviated injury scale (AIS) score ≥ 2 for any region except the chest region, with a documented finding of tension pneumothorax or pneumothorax >10%, younger than 16 years old and with indications requiring any non‐thoracic major operation. The decision to perform TT for those patients in the non‐TUS group was made on the basis of CXR findings and clinical symptoms. The continuous data were analyzed by using the two‐tailed Student’s t test, and the discrete data were analyzed by Chi‐square test.ResultsA total of 84 patients met the criteria for inclusion in the final analysis, with TT having been performed on 42 (50%) of those patients. The mean volume of the drainage amount was 860 ml after TT. The TT drainage was less than 500 ml in 12 patients in the non‐TUS group (40%), while none was less than 500 ml in the TUS group (p = 0.036, Fisher’s exact test). In terms of the positive rate of subsequent effective TT, the sensitivity of TUS was 90% and the specificity was 100%. There were 3 patients with delayed hemothorax: 2 of the 58 (3.6%) in the non‐TUS group and 1 of 26 (4.5%) in the TUS group (p > 0.05, Fisher’s exact test). The hospital length of stay in the non‐TUS group with non‐therapeutic TT was significantly longer than in the TUS group without TT (8.2 vs. 5.4 days, p = 0.018). There were no other major complications or deaths in either group during the 90‐day follow‐up period.ConclusionIn the case of blunt trauma, TUS can rapidly and accurately evaluate hemothorax to avoid TT in patients who may not benefit much from it. As a result, the rate of non‐therapeutic TT can be decreased, and the influence on shortening hospital length of stay may be further evaluated with prospective controlled study.
Cognitive load predicts point-of-care ultrasound simulator performance
Authors: Aldekhyl Sara , Cavalcanti Rodrigo B. , Naismith Laura M. 
Published: January 2018

Introduction The ability to maintain good performance with low cognitive load is an important marker of expertise. Incorporating cognitive load measurements in the context of simulation training may help to inform judgements of competence. This exploratory study investigated relationships between demographic markers of expertise, cognitive load measures, and simulator performance in the context of point-of-care ultrasonography.
Methods Twenty-nine medical trainees and clinicians at the University of Toronto with a range of clinical ultrasound experience were recruited. Participants answered a demographic questionnaire then used an ultrasound simulator to perform targeted scanning tasks based on clinical vignettes. Participants were scored on their ability to both acquire and interpret ultrasound images. Cognitive load measures included participant self-report, eye-based physiological indices, and behavioural measures. Data were analyzed using a multilevel linear modelling approach, wherein observations were clustered by participants.
Results Experienced participants outperformed novice participants on ultrasound image acquisition. Ultrasound image interpretation was comparable between the two groups. Ultrasound image acquisition performance was predicted by level of training, prior ultrasound training, and cognitive load. There was significant convergence between cognitive load measurement techniques. A marginal model of ultrasound image acquisition performance including prior ultrasound training and cognitive load as fixed effects provided the best overall fit for the observed data.
Discussion In this proof-of-principle study, the combination of demographic and cognitive load measures provided more sensitive metrics to predict ultrasound simulator performance.
Insight into tribological problems of green ship and corresponding research progresses
Authors: Sun Yuwei , Yan Xinping , Yuan Chengqing , Bai Xiuqin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe so-called “green ship” is being regarded as a potential solution to the problems that the shipping industry faces, such as energy conservation and environmental protection. Some new features, such as integrated renewable energy application, biomimetic materials, and antifriction and wear resistant coating have been accepted as the typical characteristics of a green ship, but the tribology problems involved in these domains have not been precisely redefined yet. Further, the related research work is generally focused on the technology or material itself, but not on the integration of the applicable object or green ship, marine environment, and tribological systematical analysis from the viewpoint of the energy efficiency design index (EEDI) and ship energy efficiency management plan (SEEMP) improvements. Aiming at the tribology problems of the green ship, this paper reviews the research status of this issue from three specific domains, which are the tribology problems of the renewable energy system, tribological research for hull resistance reduction, and energy efficiency enhancement. Some typical tribological problems in the sail‐auxiliary system are discussed, along with the solar photovoltaic system and hull drag reduction in traditional marine mechanical equipment. Correspondingly, four domains that should be further considered for the future development target of the green ship are prospected.
Avaliação da reprodutibilidade da classificação de Dejour para instabilidade femoropatelar
Authors: Mousinho Rodrigo de Souza Mendes Santiago , Ribeiro José Neias Araújo , Pedrosa Francisco Kartney Sarmento , Lima Diego Ariel de , Gonçalves Romeu Krause , Leite José Alberto Dias 
Published: January 2018

Resumo
Objetivo Avaliar, pela reprodutibilidade interobservador e intraobservador, a classificação proposta por David Dejour para descrever a displasia troclear do joelho.
Métodos Foram estudados dez pacientes com diagnóstico de displasia troclear. Três médicos membros da Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia do Joelho foram convidados para avaliar as imagens. Análises intra- e interobservador foram feitas com intervalo de uma semana. A reprodutibilidade foi avaliada em quatro cenários: uso de radiografia; uso de radiografia e tomografia; uso de radiografia, consultando-se a classificação no momento; e uso de radiografia e tomografia, consultando-se a classificação no momento.
Resultados A avaliação intraobservador apresentou resultados discordantes. Na análise interobservador, o grau de concordância foi baixo para as análises que usavam apenas a radiografia e excelente para aquelas que associavam radiografia e tomografia.
Conclusão A classificação de Dejour apresentou uma baixa reprodutibilidade intra e interobservador quando usada somente a radiografia em perfil. Demonstrou-se que o uso apenas da radiografia para classificar pode gerar falta de uniformidade até mesmo entre observadores experientes. Contudo, quando radiografia e tomografia foram associadas, a reprodutibilidade melhorou.
A ‘Shaftesburian Agenda’? Lord Burlington, Lord Shaftesbury and the Intellectual Origins of English Palladianism
Authors: Echlin Alexander , Kelley William 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn this article we argue against the widely held view that Lord Burlington's love for architecture was inspired by the writings of the third Earl of Shaftesbury, particularly his Letter Concerning Design. First, we seek to demonstrate that Burlington could not have been familiar with, or even aware of, Shaftesbury's Letter until long after the development of his interest in architecture. Secondly, we argue that Shaftesbury's true architectural heirs advanced an agenda that was distinct from, and even hostile to, Burlingtonian Palladianism; and that the supposed link between the Letter and Burlington has served to distract historians from this. We suggest, thirdly, that the importance assigned to the Letter by architectural historians has derived from a longstanding and hugely influential interpretation of the rise of Burlingtonian Palladianism, an interpretation undermined by much recent work by revisionist architectural historians but still prevalent. Finally, having argued against the link between Shaftesbury and Burlington, we posit an alternative source for Burlingtonian Palladianism.
The Dynamic of Design: ‘Source’ Buildings and Contract Making in England in the Later Middle Ages
Authors: Byng Gabriel 
Published: January 2018

AbstractArt historians usually find little evidence for the nature of communication between patrons and architects in the Middle Ages. Scholarly opinion has often placed the burden of new design with masons, but over the course of the later twentieth century this claim has been revised and nuanced. This paper uses the evidence of wills and contracts in order to answer two questions: what techniques did medieval patrons use to describe their wishes to their masons; and how prescriptive were their requirements? Its conclusions suggest that patrons, even of local or parochial projects, could make highly specific and creative demands for new works, based on critical and perceptive judgements of recently constructed buildings in their local area. It recreates the discursive and disputatious design process adopted in several parishes as they planned, contracted and executed new church buildings.
Conception and Construction: Galeazzo Alessi and the Use of Drawings in Sixteenth-Century Architectural Practice
Authors: Gill Rebecca M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis article examines drawings associated with the sixteenth-century Italian architect, Galeazzo Alessi, focusing primarily on two important collections: the 112 folios held in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan for the Milanese church of S. Maria presso S. Celso and the so-called Libro dei Misteri in Varallo's Biblioteca Civica, which contains 318 drawings for the pilgrimage site of the Sacro Monte there. By comparing Alessi's handwriting and drawing style across a variety of different letters and drawings present in archives in Genoa, Milan and Varallo, it is argued that all the drawings held in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana folder and in the Libro dei Misteri must be the work of Alessi himself. The article then moves on to a discussion of Alessi's use of drawings in his practice and the developing role of the architect in the sixteenth century , which, it is argued, was increasingly defined by the ability of the architect to invent and to draw rather than to build.
Stones of Science: Charles Harriot Smith and the Importance of Geology in Architecture, 1834–64
Authors: Gillin Edward John 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn mid nineteenth-century Britain, the study of geology involved radical new understandings of the earth's history. This had ramifications for architecture, providing new ways of seeing stone and designing buildings. This article examines the works of stone-mason Charles Smith. Following the destruction of the Houses of Parliament in 1834, the government initiated a national survey to select a stone for Britain's new legislature. Alongside geologists Henry De la Beche and William Smith, Charles Smith toured the buildings and quarries of Britain, producing a report that was intended to guide not only the choice of stone at Westminster, but all future architectural projects. He spent the following two decades promoting geological knowledge for architectural work. His reading of texts that examined the earth's geological formation, such as Charles Lyell's, shaped new understandings of stone and cement. This article demonstrates how, in a rapidly industrialising society, geology and architecture became increasingly inseparable.