bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coercion, Undue Influence, and Unconscionability
Authors: Swaminathan Shivprasad , Singh Veda 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the contuours of the concepts of coercion, undue influence, and unconscionability in Indian contract law. Section 15 of the Contract Act defines coercion and section 16 of the Contract Act defines undue influence. While the Contract Act does not provide separately for unconscionability, the definition of undue influence in section 16 was deliberately designed to be capacious enough to incorporate a general principle of unconscionability—enough, in fact, to have subsumed the doctrine of undue influence within its ambit. There is a double dissonance between the design of sections 15 and 16 and the construction that courts have placed upon these provisions. While courts have sought to pack into the definition of coercion in section 15 more than it can plausibly encompass within its scope, including economic duress, they have unduly constricted section 16 refusing to invoke it in cases of unconscionability and inequality of bargaining power.
Performance, Breach, and Termination
Authors: Naniwadekar Mihir 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks into the provisions pertaining to performance, breach, and termination in the Indian Contract Act of 1872 (‘the Contract Act’). The Contract Act regulates the performance of contracts in some detail and devotes nearly thirty sections to it. The chapter studies issues pertaining to who is to perform the contract; how the performance is to happen; and when non performance can be justified apart from the cases of frustration and rescission of contracts ab initio. It also considers the question of when a breach can result in the termination of the contract.
Frustration
Authors: Bhadbhade Nilima 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter studies the effect of supervening events on contracts. The law discharges a promisor when subsequent events or circumstances beyond the promisor’s control make its performance impossible or substantially frustrate the principal purpose of the contract; the contract could also be discharged by illegality or a contingency stipulatedin the contract coming to pass. Frustration ends the contract prospectively and relieves a party from that party’s contractual obligations. The doctrine of frustration reconciles the rule of absolute contracts with the need for making exceptions to meet the demands of justice. The chapter also touches upon new issues and challenges pertaining to the application of the doctrine of frustration in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Duty of Good Faith
Authors: Kumar Manasi , Mysoor Poorna 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This Chapter examines the extent to which the Indian Contract Act (‘the Contract Act’) and the Indian common law recognise the duty of good faith. It argues that regardless of the intention of imperial Britain in enacting the Contract Act in its original form, there is no reason to assume that a duty of good faith cannot be read into the interpretation of the Indian contract law. Upon examination of the legislative provisions and the case law, it demonstrates that despite inconsistencies, there is sufficient basis to argue that the duty of good faith can be incorporated at every stage of the life of a contract. It concludes that despite the scepticism of English courts towards imposing a positive duty of good faith, the Indian legal system should forge its own path reflective of its value system and business realities.
Damages
Authors: Barnett Katy 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines the principles governing the availability, quantum of, and limitations upon damages for breach of contract in the Indian Contract Act 1872 (‘the Contract Act’). Section 73 of the Contract Act is a short and simple attempt to codify the common law principles regarding damages for breach of contract.It came with eighteen illustrations explaining how contract damages are to be calculated in various circumstances . Although the illustrations are not presented in a logical order , this chapter seeks to rationalize them so as to make them helpful to practitioners and scholars. The chapter also details the assessment of compensation for expectation loss and reliance loss. When it comes to restituttionary remedies, it argues that Indian courts face the same questions as courts in other common law countries that are called upon to decide similar cases.
Rescission of Contracts Voidable for Lack of Free Consent
Authors: Elliott KC Steven , Behl Divya 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter treats the rescission of contracts voidable for lack of free consent. It considers the origins of the remedy and identifies distinctive features of the legislation which create a remedy unlike that in England or elsewhere in the common law world. The chapter identifies a numbers of puzzles the legislation throws up and proposes solutions the Indian courts may adopt. One conclusion of the chapter is that Indian courts should be more attentive and faithful to Indian legislation and case law than they sometimes have been.
Bailment and Pledge
Authors: Pearson Gail 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the notion of bailment and pledge in accordance with the Indian Contract Act 1872 (‘the Contract Act’). It finds that the concept of bailment is central to sales tax and port charges disputes in India. The bailment part of the Contract Act has thirty-three clauses, which address possessory securities, liens, and pledges. The Contract Act defines bailment, bailor and bailee. A pledge is a bailment for a distinct purpose. Moreover, the difference between a pledge and bailment is the pledgee’s right to sell bailed goods. The Contract Act is not a complete code. Additional legislation imposes Contract Act-like bailee duties on carriers and others taking charge of goods and informs current litigation. A recent question is the relationship between bailment and consumer protection.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Beale Hugh 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This concluding chapter reviews the general themes raised in the earlier chapters of this book on the Indian Contract Act 1872 (‘the Contract Act’). The chapter poses a series of questions about both the aims of the Contract Act at the time of its enactment and its modern role. The Contract Act poses a number of problems of substance. Some of them have been reduced by creative readings by the courts, while occasionally revisiting the Contract Act yields a better solution than currently applied. However creative readings and solutions depending on detailed interpretation raise issues of accessibility, while some topics, which include privity, assignment, and incapacity, seem to require legislative intervention. It would be preferable to have a thorough revision of the Act. Nonetheless, the Contract Act was a great achievement, and it has stood the test of time remarkably well.
Truth Without Truths
Authors: Liggins David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this book is to bring nihilism into debates over truth and paradox, and show that a nihilist approach to truth is a serious contender. In the philosophy of mathematics, Field denies the existence of mathematical objects, and in metaethics Mackie denies the existence of morally obligatory actions. These nihilist positions are promising and have led to rich debates. In the study of truth, nihilism is the view that nothing is true. This is a very striking and (at first) implausible thesis, which is perhaps why it is seldom discussed. This book demonstrates that in fact a surprisingly strong case is available for nihilism about truth. The main grounds for taking the view seriously are the elegant solutions it provides to a wide range of paradoxes involving truth, and its epistemological superiority to theories that posit truths. The discussion considers a wider range of paradoxes than usual—including the Truth-teller paradox and other paradoxes of underdetermination. This book is also a challenge to deflationism. All contemporary deflationists posit truths. By showing that we can well do without truths, Liggins argues that deflationism is actually too lavish a position. Liggins’s preferred form of alethic nihilism includes a Ramseyan analysis of the concept of truth, which uses quantification into sentence position, conceived of as non-objectual and non-substitutional. So this book is part of a wider movement exploring the implications of admitting forms of non-objectual, non-substitutional quantification—sometimes called ‘higher-order metaphysics’.
Introducing alethic nihilism
Authors: Liggins David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The chapter begins by assuming, for the sake of argument, the existence of a rich ontology of propositions, enough to cover everything that might be asserted or believed. It then lays out the tenets of alethic nihilism. The nihilist believes that ‘is true’ is a genuine predicate, but claims that it has an empty extension. The same goes for ‘is false’. The nihilist analyses the concept of truth in a Ramseyan fashion, using non-substitutional quantification into sentence position; and they claim that the reason we have ‘is true’ (and other synonymous predicates of other languages) is that they enhance our expressive power. Having introduced nihilism, the chapter shows how it resists the objection ‘If nothing is true, then the proposition that nothing is true is true. So nihilism implies that there is a counterexample to nihilism, namely, nihilism itself.’ Finally, nihilism is compared with deflationism.
The superiority of the nihilist solutions to the paradoxes
Authors: Liggins David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that the nihilist response to the paradoxes discussed is superior to the other responses already in the literature. The other responses discussed are: denying the existence of the propositions that generate the paradoxes; giving up parts of classical logic; and ‘moderate restrictionism’—that is, giving up as few propositions of the form &lt;&lt;p&gt; is true iff p&gt; as possible, no more than are needed to deal with the paradoxes. Finally, ‘revenge’ paradoxes are discussed, and it is argued that nihilism is immune from these. Because of the nature of the nihilist solution, the usual recipes for concocting revenge paradoxes do not work—which is a considerable advantage over rival solutions. An appendix to this chapter discusses Graham Priest’s responses to some paradoxes of underdetermination, and shows that they are independent of his non-classical logical views.
Alethic nihilism as an error theory
Authors: Liggins David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter views nihilism from a fresh perspective, as a contribution to a realism/anti-realism debate. From this perspective, nihilism is best seen as a version of anti-realism, specifically, an error theory (like Field’s position in philosophy of mathematics and Mackie’s position in metaethics). Error theories about other domains have received a number of objections: for example, it has been argued that these are too radical, or that our best explanations of some phenomena entail the existence of the entities in question. The chapter shows how to direct these objections to nihilism, and discusses how the nihilist can best respond. Error theories about other domains share a number of virtues. The chapter shows that nihilism also enjoys these: in particular, it is ontologically economical, and because it says that nothing is true, it avoids the problem of explaining how we know of something that it is true.
Further objections to nihilism
Authors: Liggins David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The nihilist relies heavily on non-substitutional quantification into sentence position. They therefore face the objection that this sort of quantification is unintelligible. (This objection also faces other proponents of ‘higher-order metaphysics’.) This chapter discusses how the nihilist should respond. Priest claims that paradoxes of the same structure should receive the same kind of solution (the ‘Principle of Uniform Solution’). Priest’s principle is a threat to nihilism: here nihilism is defended by challenging his principle. Guindon has recently made an objection to restrictionist solutions to the Liar. His strategy is to present a new paradox he calls the ‘Satisfier paradox’, which does not employ the notion of truth, and to argue that every solution to the Satisfier leads to a non-restrictionist solution to the Liar. This calls into question the idea that the Liar motivates restrictionism. The chapter responds to Guindon’s objection on behalf of nihilists and other restrictionists.
Inconsistency theories
Authors: Liggins David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
An inconsistency theory of truth is, roughly, one that says that possessing the concept of truth disposes us to believe something that is not the case. This chapter shows that nihilism is an inconsistency theory of truth, one that is superior to other available inconsistency theories of truth. To begin, it introduces the idea of an inconsistency theory, and explains why nihilism counts as one. It then compares nihilism with two of the leading inconsistency theories, those of Scharp and Eklund. The main topics discussed are: which principles are constitutive of the concept of truth; the relation between concept possession and constitutive principles; and the extension of inconsistent concepts.
Primitivism
Authors: Liggins David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Scharp has argued that inconsistency theorists of truth should deny that the concept of truth can be analysed. Since nihilism includes a Ramseyan analysis of the concept of truth, Scharp’s argument threatens nihilism. This chapter shows that Scharp’s argument is illuminating but only establishes a fairly limited conclusion, namely, that there is one type of analysis which inconsistent concepts (such as the concept of truth) cannot receive. It shows that it leaves open the possibility that they can receive another type of analysis. Asay is the leading contemporary defender of the view that the concept of truth cannot be analysed. He offers three arguments for this conclusion. To defend nihilism, the chapter sets out Asay’s arguments and—drawing on discussions earlier in the book—explains where they go wrong. It tries to show that Asay’s arguments rely on flawed assumptions about concepts, quantification, and conceptual analysis.
Fictionalism
Authors: Liggins David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
‘Fictionalism’ about a discourse is defined as an anti-realist account of the discourse that uses resources drawn from anti-realist theories of fiction. Nihilism does not count as a form of fictionalism in this sense. Some philosophers have offered revolutionary fictionalist accounts of truth. This chapter argues that revolutionary fictionalists about truth should consider incorporating nihilism into their theories. In response to Gamester’s pretence-based form of revolutionary fictionalism, it raises questions about whether this should be preferred to other forms of revolutionary fictionalism. The chapter then critically examines two hermeneutic fictionalist accounts of truth, one offered by Beall, another offered by Armour-Garb and Woodbridge. Finally, it makes some brief remarks about the prospects for hermeneutic fictionalism about truth-talk.
Predictors of Change in Vaccination Decisions Among the Vaccine Hesitant: Examining the Roles of Age and Intolerance of Uncertainty
Authors: Halilova Julia G , Fynes-Clinton Samuel , Addis Donna Rose , Rosenbaum R Shayna 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background
Vaccine hesitancy and resistance pose significant threats to controlling pandemics and preventing infectious diseases. In a group of individuals unvaccinated against the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19), we investigated how age, intolerance of uncertainty (IU), and their interaction affected the likelihood of having changed one’s vaccination decision a year later. We hypothesized that higher IU would increase the likelihood of becoming vaccinated, particularly among individuals of younger age. We predicted that this effect would remain significant, even after controlling for delay discounting and trust in science.

Purpose
The goal of this research was to understand the factors influencing changes in vaccination decisions among the vaccine hesitant.

Methods
In a larger longitudinal study, ~7,500 participants from Prolific.co completed demographic and vaccination status questions, a delay discounting task, and the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale in June–August 2021. Approximately 3,200 participants completed a follow-up survey in July–August 2022, answering questions about vaccination status, reasons for vaccination decision, and trust in science. We analyzed data from 251 participants who initially had no intention of getting vaccinated and completed the follow-up survey; 38% reported becoming vaccinated in the intervening year.

Results
Data were analyzed using multilevel logistic regression. Over and above other factors related to vaccination decisions (delay discounting, trust in science), younger participants were more likely to change their decision and become vaccinated a year later, especially if they had higher IU, confirming our predictions. Primary reasons for becoming vaccinated were necessity and seeking protection against the virus.

Conclusions
These findings highlight the complex interplay between age, uncertainty, and vaccination decisions, and inform health policies by suggesting the need for tailoring interventions to specific concerns in different age groups.
Blood Pressure Management Strategies and Podocyte Health
Authors: Semenikhina Marharyta , Mathew Roy O , Barakat Munsef , Van Beusecum Justin P , Ilatovskaya Daria V , Palygin Oleg 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) is one of the key global cardiovascular risk factors, which is tightly linked to kidney health and disease development. Podocytes, glomerular epithelial cells that play a pivotal role in maintenance of the renal filtration barrier, are significantly affected by increased glomerular capillary pressure in HTN. Damage or loss of these cells causes proteinuria, which marks the initiation of the HTN-driven renal damage. It goes without saying that effective blood pressure (BP) management should not only mitigate cardiovascular risks but also preserve renal function by protecting podocyte integrity. This review offers a comprehensive examination of current BP management strategies and their implications for podocyte structure and function and emphasizes strategies for the reduction of proteinuria in HTN. We explore primary and secondary antihypertensive agents, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics, as well as newer therapies (sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 blocking and endothelin receptor antagonism), emphasizing their mechanistic roles in safeguarding podocytes and curtailing proteinuria.
Land use to agriculture and planted forests strongly affect the genetic diversity of Baccharis crispa Spreng., a native herb of South America
Authors: Micolino Ricardo , Górski Felipe , Zchonski Felipe Liss , Gonçalves Rhaniel Nicholas Lisowski , Rosa Juliana da , Da-Silva Paulo Roberto 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Human population growth constantly requires an increase in the production of food and products from the timber industry. To meet this demand, agriculture and planted forests are advancing over natural areas. In view of this, it is necessary to know the effects of land use for different purposes (grain production, pastures, planted forests, fruit production and among other uses) on the genetic diversity of populations of native species. This knowledge can assist in land use planning as well as in the development of conservation strategies for native species. In this study, we evaluated the effect of land use for agriculture (mainly for cereal production) and planted forests on the genetic diversity of Baccharis crispa Spreng., a herb native to South America. To achieve our goals, we compared population genetic data obtained with three molecular markers (microsatellites, inter-simple sequence repeat and isoenzymes) with data on land use for agriculture and planted forests from 15 different locations. Our results showed that regardless of the molecular marker used, the greater the use of land for agriculture and planted forests, the lower was the genetic diversity of B. crispa populations. Baccharis crispa is a semi-perennial species that needs at least one year to reach its reproductive period, which is prevented in agricultural areas due to the land being turned over or dissected with herbicides every 6 months. In the studied regions, the planted forests are of eucalypt and/or pine, which besides being species with a high production of allelopathic substances, produce strong shading and B. crispa is a species that inhabits open grassland that needs a high incidence of sunlight for development. The data obtained in our study can assist in the decision-making to use land in order to reconcile the production of supplies for humanity and for the conservation of nature.
Singapore’s stance on enforcement of foreign awards set aside at the seat: some recent developments
Authors: Vij Jagriti 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
It may seem like an arbitral award once set aside by the supervisory court at the seat is done and dusted, and that the award no longer exists legally. However—more often than not—the aggrieved party will still try its luck and file a separate application for enforcement in different jurisdictions where the assets of the award-debtor are situated. In those circumstances, countries follow distinct practices wherein some put significant weight on the decision of the seat court and others plainly disregard it. Noteworthily, the supervisory court at the seat is known to have primary jurisdiction whereas the enforcing court is supposed to have secondary jurisdiction. In this article, the author will elaborate on the provisions that entail supremacy of the seat court, and explore the legal implications of a successful ‘second bite at the cherry’, all the while briefly examining the approach of Singaporean courts concerning the enforcement of awards annulled at the arbitration seat.