bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les préoccupations environnementales en droit positif camerounais
Authors: Tcheuwa Jean-Claude 
Published: April 2016

L'ordre juridique camerounais accorde aujourd'hui une part belle aux préoccupations environnementales. C'est le résultat d'une prise de conscience née à partir du sommet de Rio de juin 1992. L'analyse de la place qu'occupe l'environnement et celle de la problématique de sa protection passent par deux voies. D'abord le constituant de 1996 a constitutionnalisé le droit à un environnement sain qui ouvre très largement la voie à la réception des normes et principes relatifs à la préservation de l'environnement. Il a en outre, compte tenu de la dynamique du droit de l'environnement, accordé une place de choix au législateur dans ce domaine.
Ensuite cette prise en compte de la dimension internationale donne à la mise en œuvre des normes environnementales au Cameroun un relief particulier. Cette particularité découle non seulement des structures chargées du contrôle des engagements pris mais aussi des procédures mises en place en vue de parvenir à la réalisation de ce droit fondamental à un environnement sain. La protection de l'environnement reste cependant le parent pauvre de la pratique juridique camerounaise car les actions en justice restent limitées et les juges, dans certains cas, manquent d'audace, aidés en cela par la fébrilité des acteurs.
Carbon-based phytoplankton size classes retrieved via ocean color estimates of the particle size distribution
Authors: Kostadinov Tihomir S. , Milutinović Svetlana , Marinov Irina , Cabré Anna 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Owing to their important roles in biogeochemical cycles, phytoplankton functional types (PFTs) have been the aim of an increasing number of ocean color algorithms. Yet, none of the existing methods are based on phytoplankton carbon (C) biomass, which is a fundamental biogeochemical and ecological variable and the “unit of accounting” in Earth system models. We present a novel bio-optical algorithm to retrieve size-partitioned phytoplankton carbon from ocean color satellite data. The algorithm is based on existing methods to estimate particle volume from a power-law particle size distribution (PSD). Volume is converted to carbon concentrations using a compilation of allometric relationships. We quantify absolute and fractional biomass in three PFTs based on size – picophytoplankton (0.5–2 µm in diameter), nanophytoplankton (2–20 µm) and microphytoplankton (20–50 µm). The mean spatial distributions of total phytoplankton C biomass and individual PFTs, derived from global SeaWiFS monthly ocean color data, are consistent with current understanding of oceanic ecosystems, i.e., oligotrophic regions are characterized by low biomass and dominance of picoplankton, whereas eutrophic regions have high biomass to which nanoplankton and microplankton contribute relatively larger fractions. Global climatological, spatially integrated phytoplankton carbon biomass standing stock estimates using our PSD-based approach yield  ∼  0.25 Gt of C, consistent with analogous estimates from two other ocean color algorithms and several state-of-the-art Earth system models. Satisfactory in situ closure observed between PSD and POC measurements lends support to the theoretical basis of the PSD-based algorithm. Uncertainty budget analyses indicate that absolute carbon concentration uncertainties are driven by the PSD parameter No which determines particle number concentration to first order, while uncertainties in PFTs' fractional contributions to total C biomass are mostly due to the allometric coefficients. The C algorithm presented here, which is not empirically constrained a priori, partitions biomass in size classes and introduces improvement over the assumptions of the other approaches. However, the range of phytoplankton C biomass spatial variability globally is larger than estimated by any other models considered here, which suggests an empirical correction to the No parameter is needed, based on PSD validation statistics. These corrected absolute carbon biomass concentrations validate well against in situ POC observations.
Factor Market Rivalry: Toward an Integrated Understanding of Firm Action
Authors: Schwieterman Matthew , Miller Jason 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBusiness organizations are increasingly competing to secure key resources such as scarce raw materials, patentable technologies, transportation capacity, channels of distribution, and preferential customer status. This competition, termed factor market rivalry (FMR), has implications for supply chain theory and managerial practice, especially in the transportation sector. In this article, we adopt a conceptual theory-building approach in order to influence future discourse on FMR. Specifically, we integrate existing literature to develop a typology of the mechanisms through which FMR can affect firm performance and introduce a framework illustrating the different types of actions firms can take in response to FMR and to utilize FMR to complement existing competitive repertoires. We describe theoretical and managerial implications and suggest several directions for future research.
A INFLUÊNCIA DA CONCENTRAÇÃO SÉRICA DE IgG E DIFERENTES PROTOCOLOS DE ALEITAMENTO NO GANHO DE PESO DE NOVILHAS HOLANDESAS
Authors: Ostapechen Juliandro , Oliveira Ana Alix Mendes de Almeida , Costa Patricia Barcellos , Pires Suzana Da Cruz , Eckstein Ilton Isandro 
Published: April 2016

Com o objetivo de se avaliar a influência da concentração sérica de IgG no ganho de peso de bezerras em fase de aleitamento e após um ano de vida, 45 bezerras Holandesas foram distribuídas em três baias coletivas com alimentadores automáticos e submetidas a três protocolos de aleitamento (Tratamentos experimentais) denominados de 4L, que teve o fornecimento de quatro litros diários de sucedâneo lácteo; 6L, com seis litros; e AL, com fornecimento ad libitum. As bezerras entraram no experimento com cinco dias de idade e concentração de IgG que variou entre 13,4 e 43,7 mg/dL. O peso foi aferido semanalmente. Após o desmame todas as bezerras foram manejadas sob as mesmas condições até um ano de vida. Nessa fase, a mensuração do peso corporal foi feita mensalmente. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, correlação linear de Pearson, análise de variância ANOVA e testes de Tukey, e t pareado a 5%. Não houve influência da IgG no ganho de peso ao desmame e também após um ano, entre os tratamentos e desconsiderando-se os tratamentos. Quanto aos protocolos de aleitamento, os tratamentos 6L e AL foram superiores no ganho de peso ao desmame, enquanto 4L e ALforam superiores após um ano.
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy With One Shot Dilatıon Method: Is It Safe In Patients Who Had Open Surgery Before
Authors: Süelözgen Tufan , Turk Hakan , Isoglu Cemal Selcuk , Yoldas Mehmet , Karabicak Mustafa , Ergani Batuhan , Boyacioglu Hayal , Zorlu Ferruh 
Published: April 2016

<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p> <strong>Purpose: </strong>This study is aimed to evaluate whether one shot dilatation technique is safe in patients with a history of open stone surgery, as it is in patients without previous open stone surgery.</p><p><strong>Materials And Methods: </strong>Between January 2007-February 2015, 82 patients who underwent PNL surgery with one shot dilation technique and having previously had open stone surgery were retrospectively reviewed and evaluated under group 1. Again, 82 patients were selected randomly among patients who had PNL with one shot dilation technique but having no history of open renal surgery and these are denominated as group 2. Age, gender, type of kidney stone , duration of surgery, radiation exposure time and whether there was any bleeding requiring perioperative and postoperative transfusion or not were noted for each patient .</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The stone-free rates, operation and fluoroscopy time , peroperative and postoperative complication rates were similar in two groups (p&gt;0.05).</p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our experience indicated that the PNL with one shot dilation technique is a reliable method in patients with a history of open stone surgery.
Development of a Model System Approach for Generating Fragments of the Cry1Ab Protein
Authors: Albright Vurtice C , Hellmich Richard L , Coats Joel R 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The use of transgenic crops expressing one or more crystal (Cry) proteins for insect management has grown dramatically since their introduction nearly 2 decades ago. However, many questions surrounding the environmental fate of these proteins still persist. One area of particular interest is the possible detection of Cry protein fragments by the antibodies used in ELISA kits. A model system approach is used to generate environmentally relevant fragments by simulating conditions and digestive enzymes that are known to exist in environments in which Cry proteins may be present. Seven different types of model systems were screened for their ability to generate fragments of the Cry1Ab protein; five of these model systems reliably generated Cry1Ab fragments. These fragments were analyzed in a subsequent study to determine whether the fragments were still detectable by ELISA and whether they retained any bioactivity.
Political Background and Household Entrepreneurship in China
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Li Lunyi , Li Ziheng 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The influence of a household’s political background on entrepreneurship has attracted considerable attention and is particularly popular in developing countries. However, few empirical papers have investigated the interaction between the political background of households and institutional environments and entrepreneurship. We address the gap by firstly analysing two sets of nationwide survey data, the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) from 2010 to 2012 and the China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) from 2011 to 2013. After controlling for a number of demographic characteristics, we find that in regions with large local governments and more political intervention, households who have a family member with a political background are more likely to engage in entrepreneurship. Furthermore, because of the effects of the anti-corruption campaign after 2012, the advantages of having a political background for becoming an entrepreneur have, on average, declined, especially in regions with large local governments.
Generalization of Some Inequalities for Differentiable Co-ordinated Convex Functions With Applications
Authors: Latif M. A. , Dragomir S. S. , Momoniat E. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
In this paper, a new weighted identity for functions defined on a rectangle from the plane is established. By using the obtained identity and analysis, some new weighted integral inequalities for the classes of co-ordinated convex, co-ordinated wright-convex and co-ordinated quasi-convex functions on the rectangle from the plane are established which provide weighted generalization of some recent results proved for co-ordinated convex functions. Some applications of our results to random variables and 2D weighted quadrature formula are given as well.
The impact of land‐cover change on flood peaks in peatland basins
Authors: Gao Jihui , Holden Joseph , Kirkby Mike 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn headwater peatlands, saturation‐excess overland flow is a dominant source of river discharge. Human modifications to headwater peatlands result in vegetation cover change but there is a lack of understanding about how the spatial distribution of such change impacts flood peaks. A fully distributed version of TOPMODEL with an overland flow velocity module was used to simulate flood response for three upland peat basins. Bare peat strips adjacent to channels resulted in a higher and faster flow peak; for a 20 mm h−1 rainfall event, with bare riparian zones covering 10% of the basin area, peaks were increased, compared to the current hydrograph, by 12.8%, 1.8%, and 19.6% in the three basins. High density Sphagnum ground cover over the same riparian zones reduced flow peaks (e.g., by 10.1%, 1.8%, and 13.4% for the 20 mm h−1 event) compared to the current hydrograph. With similar total areas of land‐cover change, the size of randomly located patches of changed cover had no effect on peak flow for patch sizes up to 40,000 m2. However, cover changes on gentle slope areas generally resulted in a larger change in peak flow when compared with the same changes on steeper slopes. Considering all results for the same proportion of catchment area that undergoes change, land‐cover change along narrow riparian buffer strips had the highest impact on river flow. Thus, the protection and revegetation of damaged riparian areas in upland peat catchments may be highly beneficial for flood management.
A dynamical model of Kara Sea land‐fast ice
Authors: Olason Einar 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis paper introduces modifications to the traditional viscous‐plastic sea‐ice dynamical model, which are necessary to model land‐fast ice in the Kara Sea in a realistic manner. The most important modifications are an increase in the maximum viscosity from the standard value of
to
, and to use a solver for the momentum equation capable of correctly solving for small ice velocities (the limit here is set to
m/s). Given these modifications, a necessary condition for a realistic fast‐ice simulation is that the yield curve give sufficient uniaxial compressive strength. This is consistent with the idea that land‐fast ice in the Kara Sea forms primarily via static arching. The modified model is tested and tuned using forcing data and observations from 1997 and 1998. The results show that it is possible to model land‐fast ice using this model with the modifications mentioned above. The model performs well in terms of modeled fast‐ice extent, but suffers from unrealistic break‐ups during the start and end of the fast‐ice season. The main results are that fast ice in the Kara Sea is supported by arching of the ice, the arches footers resting on a chain of islands off shore.
Cadmium in the waters off South Morocco: Nature of particles hosting Cd and insights into the mechanisms fractionating Cd from phosphate
Authors: Waeles Matthieu , Planquette Hélène , Afandi Imane , Delebecque Nina , Bouthir Fatimazohra , Donval Anne , Shelley Rachel U. , Auger Pierre‐Amaël , Riso Ricardo D. , Tito de Morais Luis 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn this study, we report the distributions of total dissolvable cadmium and particulate cadmium from 27 stations in southern Moroccan coastal waters (22°N–30°N), which is part of the North‐West African upwelling system. These distributions were predominantly controlled by upwelling of the North Atlantic Central Waters (NACWs) and uptake by primary production. Atmospheric inputs and phosphogypsum slurry inputs from the phosphate industry at Jorf Lasfar (33°N), recently estimated as an important source of dissolved cadmium (240 t Cd yr−1), are at best of minor importance for the studied waters. Our study provides new insights into the mechanisms fractionating cadmium from phosphate. In the upper 30 m, the anomalies observed in terms of Cd:P ratios in both the particulate and total dissolvable fractions were related to an overall preferential uptake of phosphate. We show that the type of phytoplanktonic assemblage (diatoms versus dinoflagellates) is also a determinant of the fractionation intensity. In subsurface waters (30–60 m), a clear preferential release of P (versus Cd) was observed indicating that remineralization in Oxygen Minimum Zones is a key process in sequestering Cd.
Methanogenesis: Ecology
Authors: Barber Robert D 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

The ecology of methane is a product of both nonbiogenic and biogenic processes. While methane arises from anthropogenic release and methane hydrates, it is the underlying biological process of methanogenesis that serves as the primary source of methane within various environments. Years of study have revealed that methanogenic Archaea provide an essential metabolic link between aerobic and anaerobic environments in the global carbon cycle as part of microbial consortia that recycle biomass. The diverse physiological potential identified among numerous methanogenic species and their genomes translates into unique ecology for disparate species and numerous possible habitats for methanogenesis to occur. Community‐level interactions including syntrophy and interspecies competition greatly influence the ecology of methanogenesis. Understanding methanogenesis and the impact of microbial interactions on this process offers an opportunity to gain significant insight into environmental events such as global warming.

Key Concepts

Biogenic methane production or methanogenesis occurs in a wide range of habitats.

Metagenomic studies are rapidly increasing knowledge regarding the diversity and metabolic potential of methanogens as well as interactions among microbes found within methanogenic communities.

Methanoarchaeal ecology offers a model for understanding syntrophic interactions such as interspecies electron transfer using either carriers (e.g. hydrogen and formate) or direct electron transfer (e.g. pili and abiotic conductive material).

Community‐level interactions are critical for methanogenesis and global geochemical cycles.

Climate change exerts a strong effect on methanogenesis and atmospheric methane levels.

New technologies developed through metabolic engineering of methanoarchaea hold promise for biomass conversion and alternative fuel development.
Plant Volatiles
Authors: Rosenkranz Maaria , Schnitzler Jörg‐Peter 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Plants produce an amazing number of chemical compounds that can disperse in the air at ambient temperature. These plant volatiles have served mankind, perhaps since pre‐Neolithic times, as perfumes and flavour compounds. In nature, these compounds attract pollinators and seed dispersers, protect plants through repulsion or intoxication of attacking herbivores, entice predator or parasitoid insects that prey on herbivores, prime defences of neighbouring plants against imminent attack, confer antimicrobial properties critical to defence against pathogens and mitigate oxidative stresses. Plant volatiles are typically classified into four major categories: terpenes, fatty acid derivatives, amino acid derivatives and phenylpropanoid/benzenoid compounds, although a number of species‐ or genus‐specific volatile compounds, such as those found in select species of Alliaceae and Brassicaceae, fall outside these categories. This enormous variety is represented by more than 1700 compounds from 90 species.

Key Concepts

Plant volatiles are critical in the attraction of pollinators and seed dispersers.

Plants use volatiles to protect themselves from biotic (pests and pathogens) and abiotic (oxidative stress, high temperature) stresses.

Plants under herbivore attack can alert neighbouring plant species, priming their chemical defences.

Plant volatiles and especially terpenes react rapidly in the atmosphere and contribute to the burdens of tropospheric ozone, methane and secondary aerosols.

Plant volatiles are classified according to their metabolic origins as terpenoids, phenylpropanoids/benzenoids, fatty acid derivatives and amino acid derivatives.

Biosynthesis of plant volatiles is spatially, developmentally and temporally regulated.

Modern techniques for the collection and trapping of plant volatiles (SPME, dynamic headspace sampling) provide sensitive and representative samples for analysis.

Plant volatiles serve humankind as perfumes and aroma compounds, natural flavour constituents, food additives/preservatives, chemotherapeutics and anaesthetics.
Immunisation of Experimental Animals
Authors: de Souza Joseph Brian 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Effective vaccines are urgently required for some of the major killer diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis (TB), malaria, cancer, as well as for emerging infectious diseases such as Ebola and the coronavirus infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). This challenge can only be realised through a better understanding of the interplay between pathogen (or tumour) and the host's immune system. While epidemiological surveys and various
in vitro
studies provide useful leads, experimental animals are powerful tools for the manipulation of the immune response
in vivo
and remain central to our understanding of the body's response to infection. They afford a means of analysing the different roles played by the various components of the immune system in providing protection against disease and of devising methods of enhancing and accelerating this protection by immunisation.

Key Concepts

Proteins, polysaccharides or glycoconjugated antigens may lack the desired pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) that are necessary to activate the innate immune response.

Incorporation of antigen with defined PRR agonists is desirable for potent activation of dendritic cells that steer the response of antigen‐specific T and B cells.

The type of formulation, dose, site and route of administration are critical to the outcome of the immune response to a given antigen.
Plant Viruses as Gene Expression and Silencing Vectors
Authors: Qu Feng 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Plant viruses have been modified to express heterologous proteins in plants and to downregulate the expression of genes of host plants through virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS). Many viruses have been adopted as vectors for either or both purposes, with varying effectiveness and popularity.

Key Concepts

Plant‐infecting viruses can be engineered to express heterologous proteins or impart silencing of host genes.

Gene expression vectors can be used to produce stand‐alone proteins or proteins/peptides fused to viral proteins.

Gene‐specific silencing can be achieved by incorporating partial fragments of target genes in VIGS vectors.

For most VIGS vectors, delivery remains a bottleneck in need of further improvements.
Role of the
Wnt
Signalling Pathway in Cancer
Authors: Baskir Rubin S , Hansen Amanda G , Lee Ethan 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Canonical Wnt/β‐catenin signalling is a highly conserved pathway that plays an essential role during embryonic development. In the adult, the Wnt pathway regulates stem cell maintenance and tissue homeostasis. Inappropriate activation of the Wnt signalling pathway has been implicated in a variety of cancers, most notably in colorectal cancer. Wnt signalling alterations in cancer have been identified at various levels of the pathway: at the membrane, in the cytoplasm and within the nucleus. Given that Wnt signalling plays a critical role in many human cancers, intense investigation has focused on targeting this pathway to develop potential therapeutics for cancer therapy.

Key Concepts

Wnt signalling is a highly conserved pathway in development.

A key role of the Wnt signalling pathway involves the maintenance of stem cell renewal.

Somatic mutations in the Wnt pathway components are commonly found in cancer, including over 90% of colorectal cancers.

Wnt pathway activation leads to inhibition of the β‐catenin destruction complex consisting of APC, Axin, CK1α and GSK3.

Mutations in the tumour suppressor, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), lead to Wnt pathway activation.

Syndromes caused by germline mutations in Wnt pathway genes include familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), which results in early polyp development and subsequent colorectal cancer.

Wnt pathway drugs have been developed to target receptor activation, β‐catenin degradation and nuclear activation, though currently none of these drugs are FDA approved for patient use.