bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Parietal Lesions in Humans on Color and Location Priming
Authors: Marangolo Paola , Di Pace Enrico , Rafal Robert , Scabini Donatella 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTo determine whether the parietal lobes contribute to the selection of nonspatial features known to be processed in the ventral stream, the current study examined the effect of chronic unilateral parietal lobe lesions in humans on color and location priming. Patients and normal controls performed a go/no-go color discrimination task in which either the same color and different color pairs of stimuli (prime and probe) were projected sequentially either in the same hemifield or in opposite hemifields. Control subjects and patients both showed independent effects of color and location priming. In the patients, primes in either field produced color priming for target probes in the ipsilesional field but not for probes in the contralesional field. This observation implicates the parietal cortex in processing activated codes of stimulus attributes not only for spatial information but also for visual features processed in the ventral visual pathways.
An Analysis of Orientation and Ocular Dominance Patterns in the Visual Cortex of Cats and Ferrets
Authors: Müller T. M , Stetter M. , Hübener M. , Sengpiel F. , Bonhoeffer T. , Gödecke I. , Chapman B. , Löwel S. , Obermayer K. 
Published: July 2002

We report an analysis of orientation and ocular dominance maps that were recorded optically from area 17 of cats and ferrets. Similar to a recent study performed in primates (Obermayer & Blasdel, 1997), we find that 80% (for cats and ferrets) of orientation singularities that are nearest neighbors have opposite sign and that the spatial distribution of singularities deviates from a random distribution of points, because the average distances between nearest neighbors are significantly larger than expected for a random distribution. Orientation maps of normally raised cats and ferrets show approximately the same typical wavelength; however, the density of singularities is higher in ferrets than in cats. Also, we find the well-known overrepresentation of cardinal versus oblique orientations in young ferrets (Chapman & Bonhoeffer, 1998; Coppola, White, Fitzpatrick, & Purves, 1998) but only a weak, not quite significant overrepresentation of cardinal orientations in cats, as has been reported previously (Bonhoeffer & Grinvald, 1993). Orientation and ocular dominance slabs in cats exhibit a tendency of being orthogonal to each other (Hüubener, Shoham, Grinvald, & Bonhoeffer, 1997), albeit less pronounced, as has been reported for primates (Obermayer & Blasdel, 1993). In chronic recordings from single animals, a decrease of the singularity density and an increase of the ocular dominance wavelength with age but no change of the orientation wavelengths were found. Orientation maps are compared with two pattern models for orientation preference maps: bandpass-filtered white noise and the field analogy model. Bandpass-filtered white noise predicts sign correlations between orientation singularities, but the correlations are significantly stronger (87% opposite sign pairs) than what we have found in the data. Also, bandpass-filtered noise predicts a deviation of the spatial distribution of singularities from a random dot pattern. The field analogy model can account for the structure of certain local patches but not for the whole orientation map. Differences between the predictions of the field analogy model and experimental data are smaller than what has been reported for primates (Obermayer & Blasdel, 1997), which can be explained by the smaller size of the imaged areas in cats and ferrets.
Multioperator Teleoperation of Multirobot Systems with Time Delay: Part II—Testbed Description
Authors: Chong Nak Young , Kotoku Tetsuo , Ohba Kohtaro , Sasaki Hisayuki , Komoriya Kiyoshi , Tanie Kazuo 
Published: July 2002

The Mechanical Engineering Laboratory (MEL) 1 has been developing coordinated control technologies for multi-telerobot cooperation in a common environment remotely controlled from multiple operators physically distant from each other. Previously, we learned about how the transmission delay over the network deteriorates the performance of telerobots through simulations. To overcome the operator's delayed visual perception arising from network throughput limitations, we have suggested several coordinated control aids at the local operator site. The testbed facilitates experiments with physical robots for validation beyond simulation. This paper mainly discusses the details of the testbed and investigates the use of an online predictive simulator to assist the operator in coping with time delay over the network. Practically, a common data relay station is suggested to reduce the travel distance of the master data over the network and enable multirobot predictive simulation at one's master station. Operators control their master to get their telerobot to cooperate with the counterpart telerobot using the predictive simulator as well as video image feedback. Specifically, exploiting the audio-visual resources of the simulator, operators can detect a priori the possibility of collision and coordinate conflicting motions between telerobots. We have demonstrated an object rearrangement task by two telerobots and two operators via an ethernet LAN that is subject to simulated delays and evaluated the validity of the online predictive simulator in Multioperator-Multirobot (MOMR) tele-cooperation. 1 On April 1, 2001, MEL merged into the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST).
A Simulation Tool for Industrial Ecology: Creating a Board Game
Authors: Cushman‐Roisin Benoit , Rice III Norman J. , Moldaver Michael A. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThis article presents a board game that was developed for use as a simulation tool in teaching the basic concepts of industrial ecology (IE). The game, with the automobile industry as its theme, includes realistic numbers and displays a variety of IE principles. The objectives of the simulation, however, transcend the automobile industry and apply to other manufacturing industries. They include: pollution prevention, design for environment (in several forms, including design for disassembly), environmental management, and life‐cycle assessment. The game has already been played by engineering and business professors, graduate students in environmental engineering, government representatives, and industry executives. A statistical analysis performed on pre‐ and post‐game questionnaires indicates that the game is an effective teaching tool.
BETWEEN HADĪTH AND FIQH: THE "CANONICAL" IMĀMĪ COLLECTIONS OF AKHBĀR
Authors: Gleave Robert 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn Imāmī legal theory, the akhbār of the Imams form one of the material sources of law, alongside the Qur'ān and Prophetic hadīths. The akhbār are presented in compendia, assembled by Shi'ite collectors in the fourth and fifth century AH/tenth and eleventh century CE, four of which subsequently came to be regarded as "canonical" in Imāmī law. In this essay, I examine the processes at work in the collation of these "canonical" akhbār collections. These processes, I argue, were influenced by an emerging juristic tradition in Imāmī Shi'ism. As Imāmī thinkers became increasingly concerned with fiqh and the elucidation of the Sharī'a, the collectors developed new techniques of selection, presentation and organisation. The akhbār collections became a material source upon which jurists could draw in their fiqh discussions, rather than the law itself. As an example of the processes at work in the collection and presentation of akhbār, I examine the issue of tayammum, ritual purification by sand rather than water.
MUSLIM ORPHANS AND THE SHARĪ'A IN OTTOMAN PALESTINE ACCORDING TO SIJILL RECORDS
Authors: Yazbak Mahmoud 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAccording to sharī'a, an orphan is an under-aged infant or child, until the age of puberty, whose father or both his/her parents have died. In the sijill cases (Muslim court records) under study here, under-aged children who lost their mother are not defined as orphans. This way of defining orphans reflects the different socio-economic roles fathers and mothers played. This paper, depending essentially upon the sijillāt of Nablus, Jerusalem and Haifa during the Ottoman period, investigates the social status of the orphans, how families and relatives acted, and how the sharī'a court fulfilled its job in this sphere. Selon la sharī'a, un orphelin est un enfant mineur, n'ayant pas atteint l'âge de la puberté, dont le père ou les deux parents sont décédés. Parmi les cas notés dans les sijill (registres des tribunaux) étudiés ici, les mineurs ayant perdu leur mère ne sont pas considérés comme des orphelins. Cette définition de l'orphelin reflète les différents rôles socio-économiques du père et de la mère. La présente étude est fondée sur l'exploitation des documents des registres des tribunaux de Naplouse, Jérusalem et Haïfa à l'époque ottomane. Elle examine le statut social des orphelins, les comportements des familles et parents proches à leur égard et également le fonctionnement du tribunal dans ce domaine.
THE COSMIC JOURNEY OF ODYSSEUS
Authors: Marinatos Nanno 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn vain have scholars tried to produce a coherent geographical picture of Odysseus' travels. It is argued here that Odysseus makes a cosmic journey at the edges of the earth (perata ges), a phrase used in the text to describe several lands that the hero visits. The cosmic journey was a genre current in the East Mediterranean region in the Iron Age. It was modeled on the Egyptian the journey of the sun god who travels twelve hours in the darkness of the underworld and twelve hours in the sky. Evidence of similar concepts in the Near East is provided by a Babylonian circular map (now in the British Museum) as well as by Phoenician circular bowls. Gilgamesh seems to perform a cosmic journey. As well, Early Greek cosmology utilizes the concept of a circular cosmos. Odysseus' journey spans the two cosmic junctures of the universe: East, where Circe resides, and West, where Calypso lives. Another polar axis is the underworld and the island of the sun.
VIRGIN-MALE MATING ADVANTAGE IN SAGEBRUSH CRICKETS: DIFFERENTIAL MALE COMPETITIVENESS OR NON-INDEPENDENT FEMALE MATE CHOICE?
Authors: Sakaluk Scott , Ivy Tracie 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Female sagebrush crickets (Cyphoderris strepitans) feed on males' fleshy hind wings during copulation and ingest haemolymph oozing from the wounds they inflict. The wounds are not fatal and usually only a portion of the hind wings are eaten at any one mating, so that mated males are not precluded from mating again. However, based on their relative abundance in the population, virgin males have a higher mating success than non-virgin males. One explanation for this virgin-male mating advantage is that non-virgin males, having been depleted of their energy reserves through the wing-feeding behaviour of their mates, are unable to sustain the same level of acoustic signalling they produce prior to copulation. Previous assays of male signalling behaviour have provided some support to this hypothesis. However, an alternative explanation is that females actively seek out virgin males as mates because of the greater material resources they offer. If the acoustic structure of males' signals were systematically altered by the loss of hind-wing material underlying the sound-producing tegmina, females could potentially discriminate against mated males through reduced phonotaxis to their calls. We tested this hypothesis by experimentally removing one hind wing from virgin males, thereby simulating the non-virgin condition without the attendant costs of copulation. We compared the mating success of these 'asymmetrical' males with that of sham-operated virgin males when competing under natural conditions. In a companion laboratory study, we used time-lapse video recording to examine the possibility that female preferences are exerted only after pair formation has occurred. There was no significant difference in male mating success across treatments in either study. We conclude, therefore, that the virgin-male mating advantage does not stem from an acoustically mediated, non-independent female mating preference, but rather, from the differential competitiveness of males.
DUET SONGS OF THE SIAMANG, HYLOBATES SYNDACTYLUS: II. TESTING THE PAIR-BONDING HYPOTHESIS DURING A PARTNER EXCHANGE
Authors: Geissmann Thomas 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIt has repeatedly been suggested for several duetting bird and primate species that duetting might act as a reinforcement of the pair bond. Until now, it has apparently not been demonstrated that the premises underlying the pair-bonding hypothesis are met by any duetting species. Siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus) are monogamous apes which produce long and complex duet songs. This study analyses the changes in duet structure in two pairs of siamangs during a forced partner exchange. The duet songs of the siamangs underwent many notable changes during partner exchange. Of 33 different variants of the great call sequence, 29% in one pair and 21% in the other were restricted to the first stage just after the partner exchange. Some of these changes were certainly due to individualistic traits of the new partner, and for some other changes, this possibility cannot be reliably excluded. At least two changes, however, can only be interpreted in terms of a learning effort by which one partner adapts its duetting behaviour to that of its new mate. The two newly formed pairs of this report appear to be the first documented cases to fulfil the requirements underlying Wickler's (1980) pair-bonding hypothesis: The animals under study were showing a stable song pattern with pair-specific traits. After the partner exchange, new pair-specific traits occurred, some of them obviously achieved through a partner-directed effort of one or both individual(s). Moreover, the pair-bonding hypothesis appears to be one of the few biological functions suggested so far which could explain a high degree of duet-complexity as adaptive. However, the loudness of the siamang song alone suggests that other functions are also involved. These are most probably related to territorial advertisement, pair bond advertisement and (possibly) mate attraction.
Paratylenchinae: evaluation of diagnostic morpho-biometrical characters of females in the genus Paratylenchus Micoletzky, 1922 (Nematoda: Tylenchulidae)
Authors: Háněl Ladislav , Brzeski Michał 
Published: July 2002

AbstractExamination of morphological variability within single female lines of Paratylenchus microdorus, P. straeleni, P. bukowinensis and P. projectus showed that females offer a limited number of characters useful for differentiation of similar species. The most stable were index V, followed by stylet length, conus length and index m. The most variable were tail length and shape, indices c' and c, and these are considered unreliable for separation of similar species. It is concluded that the description of a Paratylenchus species should be based on adults of both sexes as well as resistant juvenile stage.L'étude de la variabilité morphologique dans des lignées issues d'une femelle de Paratylenchus microdorus, P. straeleni, P. bukowinensis et P. projectus a montré que les femelles possédaient un nombre limité de caractères utiles pour la différenciation d'espèces proches. Les plus stables sont le rapport V, puis la longueur du stylet, la longueur du cône et le rapport m. Les plus variables sont la longueur et la forme de la queue, les rapports c' et c, ces caractères étant considérés comme inutilisables pour séparer des espèces proches. Il en découle que la description d'une espèce de Paratylenchus devrait être fondée tant sur les adultes des deux sexes que sur les stades juvéniles résistants.
The effect of clay minerals on the formation of goethite and hematite from ferrihydrite after 16 years’ ageing at 25°C and pH 4 – 7
Authors: Schwertmann U. , Friedl J. , Stanjek H. , Schulze D. G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn soils and other weathering environments, hematite and goethite are usually formed in the presence of clay minerals. Two-line ferrihydrite was aged in the presence of six different clay minerals in aqueous suspension at 25°C and pH 4, 5, 6 and 7 for 16 years. The transformation into hematite/goethite mixtures was complete in the systems with gibbsite, kaolinite, illite and smectite, but incomplete in those with soil smectite and allophane. Soil smectite and allophane, as well as increasing pH, favoured hematite over goethite. The grainy and multi-domainic hematite crystals in the allophane system contained Si and Al (EDX) and showed a Si – O vibration at ∼920 cm– 1(FTIR). The unit-cell contraction due to structural Al was counteracted by structural OH, which was removed at 200°C. Heating also increased the magnetic hyperfine field at RT by 1.2 – 1.6 T. Hematite crystals with irregular shape and grainy interior have also been observed in soils.
Influence of the Ti precursor on the properties of Ti–pillared smectites
Authors: Vicente M. A. , Bañares-Muñoz M. A. , Toranzo R. , Gandía L. M. , Gil A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe pillaring of smectites (two saponites and a montmorillonite) with various Ti precursors was studied. The minerals were intercalated with ‘classical ’ Ti precursors, such as titanium tetrachloride and titanium tetraethoxide, and also with new precursors, such as solutions of titanium tetraisopropoxide in acetic acid, or titanium (bis (ethylacetoacetato) diisopropoxide) in acetone. A complete characterization of the intercalated solids was carried out and a comparison of the properties of the solids as a function of the precursors used in the intercalation established. The influence of the severe conditions in which the intercalation with Ti oligomers is usually carried out (low pH and/or high temperature) on the properties of the intercalated solids was analysed. Intercalation with TiCl4 and Ti(EtO)4 strongly affected the structure of the clays, not by acid attack on the octahedral sheet, but mainly by disaggregation of particles. Ti(isop)4 was found to be less aggressive for the clays, while Ti(etacet)2(isop)2 did not form pillared solids but organo-clays, and therefore was of no use as a pillaring agent. The solids were thermally stable up to 300°C, showing a high specific surface area.
The origins of kaolinite-rich rocks associated with coal measures in China
Authors: Liu Qinfu , Spears D. A. , Zhang Pengfei , Xu Hongliang 
Published: July 2002

AbstractKaolinite-rich rocks are widespread in Chinese coal-bearing strata. Three main types of deposits are recognized. Those deposits identified as flint clays are several metres thick and show lateral variations in bed composition. The kaolinite is thought to have formed mainly on the adjacent landmass, but some crystallization of gels within the basin is not ruled out. Tonsteins, which formed from the in situ alteration of airfall volcanic ashes, are very common in the coal measures and are up to 0.5 m thick. Finally, kaolinite deposits are described where the development of kaolin is related to weathering of coals either close to or at the present land surface.
The role of argillic alteration in the zeolitization of volcanic glass
Authors: Leggo P. J. , Cochemé J.-J. , Demant A. , Lee W. T. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe pseudomorphic replacement of glass shards by zeolite minerals is a common feature of volcanoclastic sediments. In the majority of cases the initial stage of this reaction is the alteration of the glass surface to a clay mineral or celadonite after which the bulk of the glass is altered to zeolite. This replacement feature is seen particularly well in glass of rhyolitic composition; the zeolite mineral usually being clinoptilolite. Volcanoclastic rocks of Oligocene age exposed in the Rhodope Massif, Bulgaria offered an opportunity to study this reaction experimentally as rocks containing unaltered glass shards are known to be close stratigraphic equivalents of zeolitized tuffs and in this respect are considered to be precursor rocks. Low-temperature hydrothermal reactions conducted on the unaltered glass, which had been clay coated in the laboratory, demonstrates the importance of the clay-glass interface. An hypothesis is put forward to explain this type of zeolitization process and a distinction is drawn between these rocks and other sediments in which zeolite minerals form from volcanic glass without the presence of a clay interface.
Depletion of circulating α2-antiplasmin by intravenous plasmin or immunoneutralization reduces focal cerebral ischemic injury in the absence of arterial recanalization
Authors: Nagai Nobus , De Mol Maria , Van Hoef Berthe , Verstreken Maria , Collen Désiré 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In the absence of arterial recanalization, thrombolytic agents induce a dose-related extension of focal cerebral ischemic injury (FII) in experimental animals. However, FII is smaller in mice lacking α2-antiplasmin (α2-AP), the physiologic inhibitor of plasmin, suggesting its depletion might reduce FII in the absence of reperfusion. Therefore, the effect of human plasmin (Pli), human miniplasmin (mPli), and an Fab fragment neutralizing murine α2-AP (Fab-4H9) on FII after middle cerebral artery (MCA) ligation was studied in mice and in hamsters. In BALB/c mice, the median FII after 24 hours was 28 μL (range, 20-34) (n = 10) with saline and 23 μL (range, 17-26) (n = 9) with a single bolus of 0.07 mg Pli, given after MCA ligation (P = .010), which reduced α2-AP to 44% and fibrinogen from 0.75 to 0.44 g/L. FII was 20 μL (range, 13-26) (n = 6, P = .025) with 0.2 mg mPli and was 24 μL (range, 20-27) (n = 6,P = .020) with 1.7 mg Fab-4H9. Neuronal atrophy and reduction of laminin immunoreactivity were comparably observed in the infarct area after saline and Pli. In hamsters, a single bolus injection of 1 mg Pli, after MCA ligation, depleted α2-AP and fibrinogen and reduced FII at 24 hours from 20 μL (range, 9.9-38) (n = 6) to 7.0 μL (range, 0.44-31) (n = 7,P = .032). Thus, reduction of circulating α2-AP, with a single bolus of plasmin or of a neutralizing antibody fragment, significantly reduced FII after MCA ligation in mouse and hamster models, suggesting that, provided these observations can be extrapolated to human beings, transient depletion of circulating α2-AP might reduce ischemic stroke in the absence of reperfusion.
Bone morphogenetic protein-4 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of multiple myeloma cells
Authors: Hjertner Öyvind , Hjorth-Hansen Henrik , Börset Magne , Seidel Carina , Waage Anders , Sundan Anders 
Published: July 2002

AbstractBone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) can be isolated from organic bone matrix and are able to initiate de novo cartilage and bone formation. Here it is shown that BMP-4 inhibited DNA synthesis in a dose-dependent manner in 3 IL-6–dependent multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines (OH-2, IH-1, and ANBL-6). In contrast, no effect on DNA synthesis was observed in 3 IL-6–independent MM cell lines (JJN-3, U266, and RPMI 8226). BMP-4 induced cell cycle growth arrest in the G0/G1 phase in OH-2 and ANBL-6 cells but not in IH-1 cells. BMP-4 induced apoptosis in OH-2 and IH-1 cells, but not significantly in ANBL-6 cells. Furthermore, BMP-4 induced apoptosis in freshly isolated MM cells from 4 of 13 patients. In the OH-2 and ANBL-6 cell lines and in a patient sample, immunoblotting showed that BMP-4 down-regulated IL-6–induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3, suggesting a mechanism for the apparent antagonism between IL-6 and BMP-4. BMP-4 or analogues may be attractive therapeutic agents in MM because of possible beneficial effects on both tumor burden and bone disease.