bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Casting and Verifying Provisional Ballots in Florida*
Authors: Merivaki Thessalia , Smith Daniel A. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveSome scholars report that the partisanship of local election administrators affects which voters will cast provisional ballots and which ballots will be rejected, raising serious questions about voting rights and the application of uniform election laws within the American states. Our goal is to demonstrate that casting a provisional ballot and rejecting a provisional ballot are separate processes, the discrete dynamics of which have not been adequately assessed empirically.MethodsDrawing on a county‐level data set spanning three general elections in the battleground state of Florida, we look beyond the partisanship of local elections administrators, focusing instead on how voter registration issues in local election jurisdictions may condition both the casting and rejection of provisional ballots.ResultsOur findings suggest that voter registration maintenance issues in a county affect the number of provisional ballots cast and rejected. Most importantly, we find that counties with greater numbers of voters who register after the registration cutoff date prior to a general election (and who are thus ineligible to vote) tend to have greater numbers of provisional ballots cast and rejected.ConclusionsProvisional ballots are the stepchildren of local election administration. Voters deemed by poll workers to be ineligible to vote a regular ballot are permitted to cast provisional ballots; these ballots are verified by local canvassing boards after the election results are tabulated and the unofficial winners declared. We find that the partisan leanings of local elections officials play a minimal role in the number of provisional ballots cast and rejected, which we hope will encourage scholars to scrutinize other local factors that might cause disparities in these votes of last resort.
Clinical guidelines for Western clinicians engaged in primary care medical service trips in Latin America and the Caribbean: an integrative literature review
Authors: Dainton Christopher , Chu Charlene H. , Lin Henry , Loh Lawrence 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectiveParticipation in primary care‐focused medical service trips (MSTs) by North American providers is increasingly common, with many of these being conducted in Latin America. The literature has yet to comprehensively explore the nature of MST practice, including the use of evidence‐based clinical guidelines. This integrative review presents an analysis of guidelines employed in MSTs in Latin America.MethodsMEDLINE and LILACs were searched using the terms ‘medical brigades’, ‘Latin America’, ‘primary health care’ and related terms. The search was limited to articles published between 2000 and 2015 in any language. Qualitative or quantitative articles were subsequently included if they described management protocols in the context of patient care on an MST occurring in Latin America. Additional publications were identified by searching the citations of articles reviewed in full. Themes were extracted to an Excel file, and objective instruments were used to evaluate article quality (Mixed Methods Assessment Tool) and the quality of guidelines (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation II).ResultsOf 391 abstracts screened, eight met inclusion criteria. All described MSTs operating in rural settings in Central America. Five were qualitative descriptive, including two travel reports, an ethics thesis paper, and a description of a dermatologic MST. Four described subjective clinician experiences while describing non‐evidence‐based treatment suggestions or practices. Only one described evidence‐supported primary care interventions. Three studies were quantitative descriptive, including two epidemiological articles, one of which used case definitions for select diagnoses. One described the application of American Family Physician guidelines to the description of UTI prevalence on a MST. Article scores in MMAT quality domains were variable, and only one article achieved a positive overall AGREE II score for guideline quality.ConclusionsExisting literature demonstrates minimal development or use of clinical guidelines on MSTs in Latin America. Future work must focus on the development, implementation, and evaluation of culturally sensitive, evidence‐based guidelines for the management of patients receiving care from MSTs.
Are there any alternatives for transfusion of AB plasma as universal donor in an emergency release setting?
Authors: Balvers Kirsten , Saleh Sarah , Zeerleder Sacha S. , Klinkspoor J. Henriette , Goslings J. Carel , Juffermans Nicole P. 
Published: February 2016

BACKGROUNDAB plasma is used as the universal donor plasma product in patients requiring massive transfusion. However, currently it is a recommended policy to transfuse plasma derived from male donors only as transfusion of plasma from HLA antibody–positive female donors is associated with an increased risk for transfusion‐related acute lung injury. As a result, due to high demands, supplies of blood banks may run out of AB plasma, calling for alternatives. Therefore, the aim of this review was to investigate alternatives for emergency release of AB plasma as the universal donor.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSA systematic search was conducted in Embase and PubMed. Studies on adult patients, who were transfused with at least 1 unit of plasma, investigating the incidence of transfusion‐related complications or mortality in patients transfused with ABO‐identical, ABO‐compatible, or ABO‐incompatible plasma were eligible for inclusion. The primary outcomes were the incidence of transfusion‐related complications and mortality.RESULTSIn total six studies were included. Transfusion of ABO‐compatible plasma was associated with an increased incidence of lung injury and mortality (odds ratio, 1.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.04‐1.15; p = 0.0003) compared to transfusion of ABO‐identical plasma. No significant differences were observed regarding transfusion‐related complications and mortality between patients transfused with ABO‐compatible or ABO‐incompatible plasma.DISCUSSIONStudies are insufficient to formulate advice about alternatives for transfusion of AB plasma as universal donor plasma in the emergency setting due to the small number of studies. The results of this review underline the need for further research.
Five years of experience with ID‐NAT at a tertiary care centre in North India: An interdictory step in preventing the transfusion‐transmitted Infections
Authors: Kabita C. , Poonam C. , Rahul C. , Diptiranjan R. , Kanchan D. , Parag F. 
Published: February 2016

IntroductionTechnological advancements in transfusion medicine have led to safer blood supply to the community like never before. However, blood safety is a daunting task in India with ~1.25 billion population and high prevalence rate of HIV (0.29%), HBV (2–8%) and HCV (2%) in donor population. This study aims at evaluating the impact of ID‐NAT as an add‐on test on safe blood supply in the current Indian scenario.Materials and MethodA retrospective observational study was conducted to analyse the data of 5 years of add‐on NAT at Main Blood Bank, AIIMS, New Delhi.Results1.84% (3556 of 193 167) units were initially NAT reactive. A total of 3495 units were further tested, of which 79.25% were discriminated (193 HIV, 421 HCV, 2060 HBV and 96 co‐infections). The remaining 13% (456) were repeat non‐reactive and 7.7% (269) could not be discriminated. Overall, NAT yield rate was one in 847, whereas virus‐specific NAT yield rates were one in 96 584, one in 2683, one in 1370 and one in 14 859 for HIV, HCV, HBV and HBV/HCV Co‐infections, respectively.ConclusionFive‐years of ID‐NAT screening interdicted 228 probable TTIs to 684 (assuming 100% component separation) transfusion recipients. Implementation of NAT along with routine serological tests for screening of the blood donations definitely improves the transfusion safety. However, interpretation of NAT reactive results should be adjudged cautiously keeping in mind, the chance occurrence of false‐positive reactivity.
Micro‐CT Structural Analysis of the Canine Medial Coronoid Disease
Authors: Fitzpatrick Noel , Garcia Tanya C. , Daryani Anjolie , Bertran Judith , Watari Shinya , Hayashi Kei 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveTo use micro‐computed tomography (CT) to evaluate the fissure–fracture pattern in dogs affected by medial coronoid disease (MCD).Study DesignProspective case‐controlled study.Sample PopulationClient owned (n = 21) and cadaver dogs (n = 5).MethodsSegments were excised by subtotal coronoid ostectomy from dogs with MCD. Two categories were identified: fissured (Fi) or fractured (F). Three subcategories were contingent on fissure–fracture orientation: tip (T), radial incisure (RI), and radial incisure encroaching tip (RIT). Control segments were from nondiseased cadavers. High‐resolution micro‐CT (3 dimensional and 2 dimensional) was performed on all segments. Measurements included mean bone mineral density, trabecular number and thickness, and the angle of the fissure–fracture relative to the predominant trabecular orientation.ResultsA total of 28 diseased segments from 21 dogs (mean age 23.3 months, mean bodyweight 31.5 kg) were analyzed and categorized according to fissure–fragment location as Fi‐T (n = 2), Fi‐RIT (n = 2), Fi‐RI (n = 3), F‐T (n = 5), F‐RIT (n = 9), F‐RI (n = 7). The 3D analysis revealed subchondral micro‐fracturing occurred in association with fragmentation. Canalicular impaction was associated with increase in trabecular number and decrease in trabecular space, most notably in RI categories. The 2D analysis showed that predominant trabecular orientation in control segments was significantly different to RI but not to T. The mean (SD) angle difference between the orientation of fissure–fracture and the predominant trabecular pattern was 6.9 (6.9)° for RI and 44.6 (49.6) ° for T.ConclusionT and RI fissure–fracture patterns show morphologic differences and likely arise from different supraphysiologic loading. Medial compartment disease is not homogenous and pattern recognition may assist further investigation of etiopathogenesis.
Gluconeogenesis during endurance exercise in cyclists habituated to a long‐term low carbohydrate high‐fat diet
Authors: Webster Christopher C. , Noakes Timothy D. , Chacko Shaji K. , Swart Jeroen , Kohn Tertius A. , Smith James A. H. 
Published: February 2016

Key points
Blood glucose is an important fuel for endurance exercise. It can be derived from ingested carbohydrate, stored liver glycogen and newly synthesized glucose (gluconeogenesis).
We hypothesized that athletes habitually following a low carbohydrate high fat (LCHF) diet would have higher rates of gluconeogenesis during exercise compared to those who follow a mixed macronutrient diet.
We used stable isotope tracers to study glucose production kinetics during a 2 h ride in cyclists habituated to either a LCHF or mixed macronutrient diet.
The LCHF cyclists had lower rates of total glucose production and hepatic glycogenolysis but similar rates of gluconeogenesis compared to those on the mixed diet.
The LCHF cyclists did not compensate for reduced dietary carbohydrate availability by increasing glucose synthesis during exercise but rather adapted by altering whole body substrate utilization.
AbstractEndogenous glucose production (EGP) occurs via hepatic glycogenolysis (GLY) and gluconeogenesis (GNG) and plays an important role in maintaining euglycaemia. Rates of GLY and GNG increase during exercise in athletes following a mixed macronutrient diet; however, these processes have not been investigated in athletes following a low carbohydrate high fat (LCHF) diet. Therefore, we studied seven well‐trained male cyclists that were habituated to either a LCHF (7% carbohydrate, 72% fat, 21% protein) or a mixed diet (51% carbohydrate, 33% fat, 16% protein) for longer than 8 months. After an overnight fast, participants performed a 2 h laboratory ride at 72% of maximal oxygen consumption. Glucose kinetics were measured at rest and during the final 30 min of exercise by infusion of [6,6‐2H2]‐glucose and the ingestion of 2H2O tracers. Rates of EGP and GLY both at rest and during exercise were significantly lower in the LCHF group than the mixed diet group (Exercise EGP: LCHF, 6.0 ± 0.9 mg kg−1 min−1, Mixed, 7.8 ± 1.1 mg kg−1 min−1, P < 0.01; Exercise GLY: LCHF, 3.2 ± 0.7 mg kg−1 min−1, Mixed, 5.3 ± 0.9 mg kg−1 min−1, P < 0.01). Conversely, no difference was detected in rates of GNG between groups at rest or during exercise (Exercise: LCHF, 2.8 ± 0.4 mg kg−1 min−1, Mixed, 2.5 ± 0.3 mg kg−1 min−1, P = 0.15). We conclude that athletes on a LCHF diet do not compensate for reduced glucose availability via higher rates of glucose synthesis compared to athletes on a mixed diet. Instead, GNG remains relatively stable, whereas glucose oxidation and GLY are influenced by dietary factors.
Mouse oocytes differentiate through organelle enrichment from sister cyst germ cells
Authors: Lei Lei , Spradling Allan C. 
Published: February 2016

Mouse oocytes receive sister cell factors
Mammalian mature oocytes, the largest cells in the body, are capable of programming and reprogramming embryogenesis. Only about 20% of developing mouse germ cells become oocytes. Lei and Spradling show that organelles and the cytoplasm move through intercellular connections between sister germ cells in mouse fetal ovaries to enrich oocyte cytoplasm just before oocytes arrest to form the ovarian reserve (see the Perspective by Pepling). Similar transfers occur during oogenesis in many invertebrate and lower vertebrate species, possibly providing oocytes their special properties for programming embryo development.

Science
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95
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35
Improving asthma severity and control screening in a primary care pediatric practice
Authors: Sudhanthar Sathyanarayan , Turner Jane , Sigal Yakov , Thakur Kripa , Gold Jonathan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAsthma is the most commonly encountered chronic disease in children. Periodic assessment of asthma severity and control is an integral part of asthma management, but patients with uncontrolled asthma don’t always schedule routine asthma care visits. The aim of this project was to improve asthma control and severity screening in a primary care setting by using a validated tool for all visits for patients with a diagnosis of asthma aged 4-21 years. Our QI team developed a protocol to administer the Asthma Control Test (TM), a validated questionnaire to assess asthma control. The stakeholders involved were the physicians, nursing staff, and the Health Information Team (HIT). All patients who had a prior diagnosis of asthma or with an asthma medication in their chart, who presented for any clinical visit including asthma were administered ACT. The staff scored the ACT and included the form in the encounter sheet so that the physicians can review the scores, address the asthma control, severity, and document in the chart. The number of patients whose asthma control was assessed improved from 10% per year to 85% after the three PDSA cycles. Administration of the tool did not impact the flow of the patients in a busy primary care practice. Screening asthma severity and control for patients diagnosed with asthma with a validated questionnaire when presenting for any chief complaint including asthma will help the provider address the severity and control of asthma symptoms in a timely manner and would potentially help prevent unwanted emergency department or urgent care usage.
The value of Ada
Authors: Barr Valerie 
Published: February 2016

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Valerie Barr considers the continuing attraction of the woman considered the first computer programmer.
Flavour of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Fruit
Authors: Wijaya Hanny 
Published: February 2016

Papaya is included in five major tropical fruits world production after banana, mango, and pineapple. Indonesia is one of leading country of papaya production after India and Brazil. The Centre of Tropical Fruits Study (PKBT) at Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Indonesia, has started a long term breeding program since 2003 in order improving the quality of local papayas. Fruit exports are being targeted at more specialized consumers, either those seeking products raised in more environmentally and health-conscious ways or those who are prepared to pay a significant for outstanding flavour. Flavour continues to be the predominant quality characteristic important for a successful international marketing. To understand the biosynthesis pathways are becoming more important for the flavour industry in recent years, as this could aid in the production of the flavour volatiles in the same manner as the natural biosynthesis. It is also necessary to understand the aroma active compounds and their changes during processing because unexpected changes in aroma may cause a product unmarketable even if the other quality factors are acceptable. Understanding the changes of aroma active compounds in the papaya fruit, such as loss of desirable flavour and development of off-flavour during processing will be very helpful for determining proper processing condition. The flavour composition of papaya fruit is reviewed in this paper. This paper will also overview of important publications regardingÂ the characteristic features of the biology of the fruits, consumption worldwide, commercial application in food processing, though the review of biogenesis of volatiles still be the main focus. Â Keywords:Â Papaya (Carica papaya L.), flavour, review, volatiles, tropical fruit, biogenesis.Â
Exotic Plants of Halimun Salak Corridor: Micro-Environment, Detection and Risk Analysis of Invasive Plants
Authors: Junaedi Decky Indrawan , - Dodo - 
Published: February 2016

The research of exotic plant species detection and invasive plant risk analysis conducted in Halimun Salak corridor area. This study aims to do inventory of exotic plant species in this area and perform invasive plant risk analysis to the exotic plants found. The invasion risk assessment of detected exotic plants analyzed using Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) method. Moreover, analysis of multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) based on inequality performed on relative humidity, light intensity, and soil pH. There are eleven exotic plant species which consist of three tree species and eight species of herbs / shrubs. Lantana camara and Camellia sinensis are the exotic species with biggest and smallest WRA score respectively.Â MDS analysis shows that exotic tree species have similar environmental variables. Moreover, environmental variables of Clidemia hirta are relatively different from other exotic species found in the Halimun Salak corridor.Recommendations for the management of invasive exotic plant species in the area are:Â immediate management implementation, priority of eradication to exotics that have not been abundant but have a high risk score, two management options (gradual eradication or containment) should be considered for exotics with very high WRA score such as Ageratina riparina, Chromolaena odorata and Lantana camara.
Construction of a camelid VHH yeast two-hybrid library and the selection of VHH against haemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein of the Newcastle disease virus
Authors: Gao Xiaolong , Hu Xiangyun , Tong Lina , Liu Dandan , Chang Xudong , Wang Haixin , Dang Ruyi , Wang Xinglong , Xiao Sa , Du Enqi , Yang Zengqi 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Background
Newcastle disease (ND), which is caused by the Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is one of the most important avian diseases in poultry. Since its discovery in 1926, ND has caused great economic losses to the world poultry industry and remains a threat to chickens and wild birds. Although a stringent vaccination policy is widely adopted to control ND, ND outbreaks still occur, and virulent NDV is sporadically isolated from chickens and wild birds. To study the pathogenesis of ND and provide tools to prevent its prevalence, novel antibody fragments should be developed. The variable domains of the heavy chain of the heavy-chain antibodies (VHH) are the smallest naturally occurring antibodies derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies. The comparatively small size, high affinity, high solubility, low immunogenicity and ability to bind epitopes inaccessible to conventional antibodies of VHH make them ideal candidates for a considerable number of therapeutic and biotechnological applications. However, an anti-NDV VHH has not been reported to date.

Results
In this study, a VHH yeast two-hybrid library was constructed from NDV vaccine immunized C. bactrianus, and seven VHH fragments to the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein of NDV were successfully screened and characterized for the first time. These selected VHH clones were all expressed as soluble protein in E. coli. ELISA, dot blot, immunocytochemistry and pull down results showed that the screened VHHs could interact with NDV virion, among which five had neutralizing activity. In addition, the seven VHHs could inhibit the haemagglutination activity of different NDV strains.

Conclusions
We constructed an NDV-immunized VHH yeast two-hybrid library and screened and characterized seven VHHs targeting NDV HN protein for the first time. The seven VHHs may have great potential for NDV diagnosis, pathogenesis and therapeutics.
Το τέλος τού μακεδονικού ελέγχου στον Ραμνούντα
Authors: Δουλφής Γεώργιος 
Published: February 2016

<span>Το άρθρο πραγματεύεται τον χρονικό προσδιορισμό τής «απελευθέρωσης» του αττικού δήμου-οχυρού τού Ραμνούντα από τον μακεδονικό έλεγχο στα μέσα τού 3ου αι. π.Χ. Με την αξιοποίηση των επιγραφικών κυρίως τεκμηρίων επιτυγχάνεται η άρθρωση τριών επιχειρημάτων που αφορούν στον τρόπο ανάληψης του στρατηγικού αξιώματος, τη συχνότητα εμφάνισης επιγραφικών κειμένων και τις πληθυσμιακές ομάδες τού δήμου. Έτσι, καταδεικνύεται ότι η μακεδονική φρουρά αποχώρησε από τον Ραμνούντα το 257</span><span>/6 π.Χ., και όχι το 229/8 π.Χ., όπως ήταν μέχρι σήμερα δεκτό από την έρευνα. </span>