bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
To a God Unknown: Drought, Climate, and Race in the West
Authors: Jones Gavin 
Published: June 2017

AbstractTo a God Unknown (1933) has typically been viewed as one of John Steinbeck's most problematic works, not least because of the novel's apparently jarring mixture of realistic and fantastic elements. This article reevaluates Steinbeck's early novel by placing it in the context of emergent ideas about race and about climate—and indeed, about the links between race and climate—in the American West. To a God Unknown is best understood not as a failed early novel but as an experimental work that attempts to fuse realist and symbolic modes in ways parallel to the genre of magical realism, which first developed in post-Expressionist art from the 1920s, and flowered in Latin American writing from the 1960s. By exploring Steinbeck's thinking during his composition of the novel, particularly his interest in “race psychopathology” and his reading of Ellsworth Huntington's Civilization and Climate (1915), we discover how To a God Unknown's magical realism marks a pioneering attempt to understand and represent the aridity and drought that define the climate of the West and have profound implications for the kind of “civilization” it can sustain. Through formal analysis in historical context, the essay attempts to lay the groundwork for further considerations of Steinbeck as a writer of the Anthropocene whose works are continuous with the environmental and racial critique associated with later writers of the Global South.
Translating Steinbeck
Authors: Augenbraum Harold 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Though John Steinbeck's novel The Pearl is based on an anecdote he supposedly heard in Baja, Mexico, during his trip with Ed Ricketts to the Sea of Cortez, in order to transmute the tale from a brief, Spanish-language story into an English-language novel meant for an American reader, he had to both convince the reader of the story's “Mexican-ness” and provide a “domesticated” story for Americans. To do so, he employs expeditionaries' and translators' techniques as well as the novelist's empathy.
Logos, Pathos, Ethos, Caninus: Rhetorical Strategies in Steinbeck/Steinbeckian Dog/Travel Memoir
Authors: Donohue Cecilia 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Drawing on the traditional Aristotelian rhetorical appeals of logos, pathos, and ethos, this article examines John Steinbeck's Travels with Charley in Search of America along with selected subsequent memoir/travel writing inspired by the 1962 best seller. The predominant argumentative strategies implemented in Steinbeck's Travels with Charley, Benoit Denizet-Lewis's Travels with Casey, Bill Steigerwald's Dogging Steinbeck, and Gregory Zeigler's Travels with Max will be identified and assessed from the standpoints of overall execution and potential for reader acceptance.
Rethinking a Central European City
Authors: Chmielewski Adam 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Wrocław, a metropolitan city in the region of Lower Silesia, has a history spanning more than a thousand years. It became a Polish city only after World War II. Now inhabited by about 630 thousand people, it is fourth largest in terms of population in Poland, and second strongest in terms of economy, following only Poland’s capital city of Warsaw. It is also the thirty-fourth largest city in the European union. Despite its lively industrial, academic, and cultural life, it is surrounded by an aura of enigmaticity. This is due to the fact that it continues to be known internationally by its former German name of “Breslau” rather than its present Polish one. A desire to overcome this state of affairs was one of the main reasons it applied for the status of European Capital of Culture, a distinction awarded to cities belonging to the European Union.
This essay tells the story of the program of the European Capitals of Culture, initiated in 1985 by Melina Mercouri, and recounts leading ideas informing the successful bid of Wrocław, which helped to win this title for the city. While emphasizing the success story of Wrocław, whose population learned to deal with its multinational and multicultural past, the paper also stresses major social problems resulting from the rapid transformation of the city from its industrial past to its postindustrial present. Particularly important among these are various forms of exclusion and self-exclusion from urban cultural life.
Jędrzej Kitowicz and his Description of Eighteenth-Century Polish Culture: An Introduction and Three Translated Excerpts
Authors: Swan Oscar E. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Father Jędrzej Kitowicz (1728–1804) bequeathed to posterity two major works, Opis obyczajów za panowania Augusta III (Description of Customs During the Reign of August III) and Pamiętniki czyli historia polska (Memoirs, or a History of Poland), the first being a colorful depiction of customs during the middle of the eighteenth century under the reign of the last elected Saxon king, August III (reigned 1734–1763). Despite his Description’s indubitable literary merits, not to mention its sheer entertainment value, Kitowicz is barely known today except among Polish eighteenth-century historians and specialists in earlier Polish writing, and is rarely given more than a short paragraph or footnote in surveys of the country’s literature and culture. After a brief recounting of Father Kitowicz’s life, and a similarly brief literary appreciation of his work, three translated excerpts from the Description are appended, aimed at bringing this keen-eyed observer of his times, without a doubt one of eighteenth-century Poland’s greatest humorists, to the notice of an English-speaking readership.
Visualizing the Memory of World War II: Photographs from Fort VII in Poznań, Poland
Authors: Topolska Anna 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Fort VII was a Nazi concentration camp established during World War II on Polish territory, which, after the war, was long omitted from the official historical narrative. Photographs constitute a significant part of the exhibit of the museum created in the 1980’s on that site and play an important role in creating the memory of it. By applying the theory of Roland Barthes, the author analyses the visual history of the commemoration of Fort VII in Poznań, Poland, and demonstrates that photography constitutes a specific language, evokes emotions, and contributes to the creation of narratives concerning historical sites of conscience as well as to the visualization of memory of such sites.
A Polish King at the World of Tomorrow: A Brief Social History
Authors: Kopacz Marek S. , Bajka-Kopacz Aleksandra 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
On July 15, 1945, the King Jagiełło Monument was unveiled in New York’s Central Park. For all its grandeur, it is hard to believe that so impressive a monument was never originally intended for Central Park. This monument generated considerable interest when it was first unveiled as part of the Polish Pavilion at the World’s Fair of 1939 and 1940. The outbreak of World War II, however, cast a shadow of uncertainty over what would become of this monument. In this brief social history, we attempt to create a cohesive narrative leading up to the unveiling of this monument in Central Park. More than a work of public art, today this monument represents a unique episode in Polish-American relations.
Impact of isolation method on doubling time and the quality of chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiated from murine dental pulp stem cells
Authors: Megat Abdul Wahab Rohaya , Mohamed Rozali Nur Akmal , Senafi Sahidan , Zainol Abidin Intan Zarina , Zainal Ariffin Zaidah , Zainal Ariffin Shahrul Hisham 
Published: June 2017

Background
Stem cells are normally isolated from dental pulps using the enzymatic digestion or the outgrowth method. However, the effects of the isolation method on the quality of the isolated stem cells are not studied in detail in murine models. The aim of this study was to compare the matrices secreted by osteoblast and chondrocytes differentiated from dental pulp stem cells isolated through different means.

Method
DPSC from murine incisors were isolated through either the outgrowth (DPSC-OG) or the enzymatic digestion (DPSC-ED) method. Cells at passage 4 were used in this study. The cells were characterized through morphology and expression of cell surface markers. The cells’ doubling time when cultured using different seeding densities was calculated and analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison post-test. The ability of cells to differentiate to chondrocyte and osteoblast was evaluated through staining and analysis on the matrices secreted.

Results
Gene expression analysis showed that DPSC-OG and DPSC-ED expressed dental pulp mesenchymal stem cell markers, but not hematopoietic stem cell markers. The least number of cells that could have been used to culture DPSC-OG and DPSC-ED with the shortest doubling time was 5 × 102 cells/cm2 (11.49 ± 2.16 h) and 1 × 102 cells/cm2 (10.55 h ± 0.50), respectively. Chondrocytes differentiated from DPSC-ED produced 2 times more proteoglycan and at a faster rate than DPSC-OG. FTIR revealed that DPSC-ED differentiated into osteoblast also secreted matrix, which more resembled a calvaria.

Discussion
Isolation approaches might have influenced the cell populations obtained. This, in turn, resulted in cells with different proliferation and differentiation capability. While both DPSC-OG and DPSC-ED expressed mesenchymal stem cell markers, the percentage of cells carrying each marker might have differed between the two methods. Regardless, enzymatic digestion clearly yielded cells with better characteristics than outgrowth.
Solar wind‐ and EUV‐dependent models for the shapes of the Martian plasma boundaries based on Mars Express measurements
Authors: Ramstad Robin , Barabash Stas , Futaana Yoshifumi , Holmström Mats 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe long operational life (2003‐present) of Mars Express (MEX) has allowed the spacecraft to make plasma measurements in the Martian environment over a wide range of upstream conditions. We have analyzed ∼7000 MEX orbits, covering three orders of magnitude in solar wind dynamic pressure, with data from the on board Analyzer of Space Plasmas and Energetic Particles (ASPERA‐3) package, mapping the locations where MEX crosses the main plasma boundaries, induced magnetosphere boundary (IMB), ionosphere boundary (IB), and bow shock (BS). A coincidence scheme was employed, where data from the Ion Mass Analyzer (IMA) and the Electron Spectrometer (ELS) had to agree for a positive boundary identification, which resulted in crossings from 1083 orbit segments that were used to create dynamic two‐parameter (solar wind density, nsw, and velocity vsw) dependent global dynamic models for the IMB, IB, and BS. The modeled response is found to be individual to each boundary. The IMB scales mainly dependent on solar wind dynamic pressure and EUV intensity. The BS location closely follows the location of the IMB at the subsolar point, though under extremely low nsw and vsw the BS assumes a more oblique shape. The IB closely follows the IMB on the dayside and changes its nightside morphology with different trends for nsw and vsw. We also investigate the influence of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation on the IMB and BS, finding that increased EUV intensity expands both boundaries.
Characterization of Jupiter's secondary auroral oval and its response to hot plasma injections
Authors: Gray R. L. , Badman S. V. , Woodfield E. E. , Tao C. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe present Jovian auroral observations from the 2014 January Hubble Space Telescope (HST) campaign and characterize the auroral second oval feature with particular attention to the response to hot plasma injections. The location of the second oval feature lies between the Ganymede and Europa moon footprint contours between 150 and 240° system III longitude, corresponding to a source in the inner magnetosphere between 9 and 13 RJ. At the examined longitudes, this is in the same region of 11–16 RJ known as the pitch angle distribution boundary, beyond which electrons are thought to be scattered into a field‐aligned configuration and cause auroral precipitation. The feature is enhanced in both brightness and longitudinal spread 1–3 days after large hot plasma injections. The precipitating electrons have a higher‐energy and lower flux than the electrons generating large injection signatures. We suggest that wave‐particle interactions are responsible for the scattering of electrons in this region. We also suggest that the plasma injections can act as a temperature anisotropy and particle source to enhance electron scattering into the aurora and the brightness of the second oval feature. Changes to the magnetic field topology around an injection may also generate shear Alfvén waves and therefore accelerate electrons parallel to the magnetic field resulting in precipitation.
Double‐peaked core field of flux ropes during magnetic reconnection
Authors: Liu Chaoxu , Feng Xueshang , Nakamura Rumi , Guo Jianpeng , Wang Rongsheng 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA flux rope event observed in the magnetotail exhibits a double‐peaked core field feature. The generation of such double‐peaked feature within the flux rope is explored with Hall‐MHD simulations and theoretical analysis based on multiple X line reconnection. Simulations with a guide field produce flux ropes bounded by two active X lines in the thin current sheet. The guide field, combined with Hall‐generated field, leads to a donut‐shaped core field (having a double‐peaked profile) near the magnetic separatrix. Subsequently, it rotates into the central region of the flux rope, which tends to be the force‐free configuration. The analysis shows that there are three major factors affecting the evolution of the core field, including the guide field, convective, and Hall terms originating from the generalized Ohm's law. The convective term can become stronger near the central region of flux rope, and the Hall term dominates the region next to the separatrix during the early stages of the flux rope evolution. It implies that several different factors contribute to the generation of the double‐peaked core field. The results may help explain a variety of core fields available in magnetotail flux ropes.
A 667 year record of coseismic and interseismic Coulomb stress changes in central Italy reveals the role of fault interaction in controlling irregular earthquake recurrence intervals
Authors: Wedmore L. N. J. , Faure Walker J. P. , Roberts G. P. , Sammonds P. R. , McCaffrey K. J. W. , Cowie P. A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractCurrent studies of fault interaction lack sufficiently long earthquake records and measurements of fault slip rates over multiple seismic cycles to fully investigate the effects of interseismic loading and coseismic stress changes on the surrounding fault network. We model elastic interactions between 97 faults from 30 earthquakes since 1349 A.D. in central Italy to investigate the relative importance of co‐seismic stress changes versus interseismic stress accumulation for earthquake occurrence and fault interaction. This region has an exceptionally long, 667 year record of historical earthquakes and detailed constraints on the locations and slip rates of its active normal faults. Of 21 earthquakes since 1654, 20 events occurred on faults where combined coseismic and interseismic loading stresses were positive even though ~20% of all faults are in “stress shadows” at any one time. Furthermore, the Coulomb stress on the faults that experience earthquakes is statistically different from a random sequence of earthquakes in the region. We show how coseismic Coulomb stress changes can alter earthquake interevent times by ~103 years, and fault length controls the intensity of this effect. Static Coulomb stress changes cause greater interevent perturbations on shorter faults in areas characterized by lower strain (or slip) rates. The exceptional duration and number of earthquakes we model enable us to demonstrate the importance of combining long earthquake records with detailed knowledge of fault geometries, slip rates, and kinematics to understand the impact of stress changes in complex networks of active faults.
Evaluation of deep convective transport in storms from different convective regimes during the DC3 field campaign using WRF‐Chem with lightning data assimilation
Authors: Li Yunyao , Pickering Kenneth E. , Allen Dale J. , Barth Mary C. , Bela Megan M. , Cummings Kristin A. , Carey Lawrence D. , Mecikalski Retha M. , Fierro Alexandre O. , Campos Teresa L. , Weinheimer Andrew J. , Diskin Glenn S. , Biggerstaff Michael I. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractDeep convective transport of surface moisture and pollution from the planetary boundary layer to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere affects the radiation budget and climate. This study analyzes the deep convective transport in three different convective regimes from the 2012 Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry field campaign: 21 May Alabama air mass thunderstorms, 29 May Oklahoma supercell severe storm, and 11 June mesoscale convective system (MCS). Lightning data assimilation within the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with chemistry (WRF‐Chem) is utilized to improve the simulations of storm location, vertical structure, and chemical fields. Analysis of vertical flux divergence shows that deep convective transport in the 29 May supercell case is the strongest per unit area, while transport of boundary layer insoluble trace gases is relatively weak in the MCS and air mass cases. The weak deep convective transport in the strong MCS is unexpected and is caused by the injection into low levels of midlevel clean air by a strong rear inflow jet. In each system, the magnitude of tracer vertical transport is more closely related to the vertical distribution of mass flux density than the vertical distribution of trace gas mixing ratio. Finally, the net vertical transport is strongest in high composite reflectivity regions and dominated by upward transport.
The impact of air pollutants on rainwater chemistry during “urban‐induced heavy rainfall” in downtown Tokyo, Japan
Authors: Uchiyama Ryunosuke , Okochi Hiroshi , Katsumi Naoya , Ogata Hiroko 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIn order to clarify the impact of air pollution on the formation of sudden and locally distributed heavy rain in urban areas (hereafter UHR = urban‐induced heavy rain), we analyzed inorganic ions in rainwater samples collected on an event basis over 5 years from October 2012 to December 2016 in Shinjuku, Tokyo. Hourly rainfall amounts and wet deposition fluxes of acidic components (the sum of H+, NH4+, NO3−, and nonsea‐salt SO42−) in UHR were 13.1 and 17.8 times larger than those in normal rainfall, respectively, indicating that large amount of air pollutants were scavenged and deposited by UHR with large amounts of rainfall. The level of air pollutants, such as NO2, SO2, and potential ozone, in the ambient air increased just before the formation of UHR and decreased sharply at the end of the UHR event. These results indicate that NO2, which was formed secondarily by oxidants, was further oxidized by HO radicals and formed HNO3 just before the formation of UHR, which was subsequently scavenged by UHR.
Multiscale pore structure and its effect on gas transport in organic‐rich shale
Authors: Wu Tianhao , Li Xiang , Zhao Junliang , Zhang Dongxiao 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA systematic investigation of multiscale pore structure in organic‐rich shale by means of the combination of various imaging techniques is presented, including the state‐of‐the‐art Helium‐Ion‐Microscope (HIM). The study achieves insight into the major features at each scale and suggests the affordable techniques for specific objectives from the aspects of resolution, dimension, and cost. The pores, which appear to be isolated, are connected by smaller pores resolved by higher‐resolution imaging. This observation provides valuable information, from the microscopic perspective of pore structure, for understanding how gas accumulates and transports from where it is generated. A comprehensive workflow is proposed based on the characteristics acquired from the multiscale pore structure analysis to simulate the gas transport process. The simulations are completed with three levels: the microscopic mechanisms should be taken into consideration at level I; the spatial distribution features of organic matter, inorganic matter, and macropores constitute the major issue at level II; and the microfracture orientation and topological structure are dominant factors at level III. The results of apparent permeability from simulations agree well with the values acquired from experiments. By means of the workflow, the impact of various gas transport mechanisms at different scales can be investigated more individually and precisely than conventional experiments.
Modular Synthesis of Triazole‐Based Chiral Iodoarenes for Enantioselective Spirocyclizations
Authors: Hempel Christian , Maichle‐Mössmer Caeciliea , Pericàs Miquel A. , Nachtsheim Boris J. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA new triazole‐based C1‐symmetrical chiral iodoarene was synthesized in a highly modular route. Based on enzymatic kinetic resolution of an easily accessible propargylic alcohol both enantiomers were accessible in enantiopure form. By Huisgen‐type azide‐alkyne cycloaddtion a series of differently substituted iodoarenes was synthesized in high overall yields. Finally this novel iodoarene was successfully applied in the oxidative Kita cyclization of naphthol derivatives. Good yields and high ee values were obtained in the asymmetric spirocyclization via in situ generation of the hypervalent iodine species using mCPBA as the terminal oxidant.magnified image
Cobalt(III)‐Catalyzed Alkylation of Primary C(sp3)–H Bonds with Diazo Compounds
Authors: Yan Sheng‐Yi , Ling Peng‐Xiang , Shi Bing‐Feng 
Published: June 2017

AbstractChelation‐assisted C(sp2)–H metalation/carbenoid insertion has been well investigated. However, the analogous carbene functionalization of C(sp3)–H bonds remains a great challenge. Here we report the first cobalt(III)‐catalyzed alkylation of 8‐methylquinolines with diazo compounds through primary C(sp3)–H cobaltation/carbenoid insertion. The reaction is highly efficient, scalable and tolerates a variety of functional groups. Furthermore, the unique protocol can be applied to the synthesis of azatricyclic antibiotic compounds.magnified image
Regioselective and Enantiospecific Synthesis of Dioxepines by (Cyclopentadienyl)ruthenium‐Catalyzed Condensations of Diazocarbonyls and Oxetanes
Authors: Egger Léo , Guénée Laure , Bürgi Thomas , Lacour Jérôme 
Published: June 2017

Abstract1,4‐Dioxepines result from the decomposition of α‐diazo‐β‐keto esters in the presence of oxetanes using the catalytic combination of the (cyclopentadienyl)ruthenium complex [CpRu(CH3CN)3][BArF] and 1,10‐phenanthroline. The regioselective [4+3] insertions follow an SN1‐like mechanism and occur yet enantiospecifically (es 74%). The retention of configuration was ascertained by vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) and solid state analyses. Furans, products of [4+1] insertions, are only observed as traces in the above protocol. To promote their formation under CpRu catalysis, it is necessary to use a two‐step process with γ‐halogenated alcohols as substrates.magnified image