bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
XXXIV.—Algebra after Hamilton, or Multenions.
Authors: McAulay Alex 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARYEver since I have learnt something of the meanings of Grassmann's Ausdehnungslehre, and have at the same time learnt to regard the beauties of that system with something akin to awe, I have been persuaded that on the lines of Quaternion Algebra there is to be built a system very much like the Ausdehnungslehre, but an improvement thereon. Of course it will be matter for differing opinions whether what I call Multenions is really an improvement on the Ausdehnungslehre. I here record my own personal opinion that it is.I do not suppose that anybody will maintain that a multitude of different kinds of multiplication within the bounds of one method can be regarded as anything but a blemish,—a blemish that may be justified by necessity and utility. The Ausdehnungslehre seems to me to have this blemish, and Multenions not to have it. Whether along with the absence of the blemish there becomes present an additional difficulty of manipulation is questionable. I have not found it so, but this may be due to the fact that I have so long been in the habit of thinking through the quaternion machinery.I think these general remarks are all that can be usefully set down as a summary. The paper itself appears to be too condensed to admit of a true summary other than a mere table of contents.
XXXV.—The Inca Bone: Its Homology and Nomenclature.
Authors: Smith W. Ramsay 
Published: June 2016

The inca bone in the human skull is usually regarded as the homologue of the interparietal of some other mammals. The commonest or best-known form of the interparietal occurs in the rabbit as a single somewhat oval bone, its long axis being transverse, filling up a space between the parietals just in front of the line or curve of the occipital.Carl Vogt (Lectures on Man, London Anthropological Society, 1864) makes frequent and detailed reference to a Helvetian skull. From the woodcuts, p. 52, fig. 15; p. 66, fig. 22; p. 70, fig. 26; p. 389, fig. 124; and p. 390, fig. 125, it is clear that a small round undivided bone occurred in this skull in a situation roughly corresponding with the position of the interparietal in the rabbit. I say “roughly,” because the posterior border of the bone in the Helvetian skull just touches the occipital at the lambdoid suture, while in the rabbit the interparietal for about half the extent of its perimeter is in contact with the occipital.
XXXVII.—On a Sensitive State induced in Magnetic Materials by Thermal Treatment.
Authors: Gray James G. , Ross Alexander D. 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARY1. Nickel and the Heusler alloy give “sensitive states” of nearly 2 and about 5 per cent. respectively for a magnetising field of 8 C.G.S. units.2. Steel wire specimens dropped vertically on a stone slab from a height of 1 metre showed a reduction of 37 per cent, in the “sensitive state” for a single fall, 49 per cent, for three falls, 62 per cent, for ten falls, and 73 per cent, for fifty falls.3. After the “sensitive state” has been removed from a specimen by the process of demagnetising by reversals, it cannot be completely restored by reannealing. That is, the specimens exhibit a fatigue effect.4. In the case of one variety of steel, the “sensitive state” had been reduced to less than one-half its original value after seven annealings, and to one-fifth after seventeen.5. No recovery from the fatigue condition was observed in specimens which had been laid aside for fifty-four days.6. Repeated annealings without intermediate magnetic testing showed neither an augmentation of the “sensitive state” nor a fatigue effect.7. Specimens demagnetised at −190° C., heated to room temperature, and cooled again to −190° C., showed a small “sensitive state” at that temperature.8. Larger effects were induced by heating from −190° C. to 15° C., or by cooling from 15° C. to −190° C.9. A “sensitive state” could be induced by any variation of temperature, but not by exposure to a steady temperature, either high or low. The effect is associated solely with change of temperature.10. The amount of “sensitive state” induced by equal temperature alterations varies with the position of the range on the temperature scale and with the material.11. The change from the “sensitive” to the normal condition is unaccompanied by any appreciable change in the specific electrical resistance or elastic constants of the material.
XXXVIII.—The Preparation of a Glass to conduct Electricity.
Authors: Phillips Charles E. S. 
Published: June 2016

The electrical conductivity of most glasses at a temperature of about 100°C is barely a measurable quantity.For this reason, and on account of the fact that glass conforms to the general rule applicable to non-conductors in showing an increase of resistivity for a fall of temperature, this material has come to be regarded .as practically incapable when cold of allowing the passage of an electric current.With a view to the further study of electrical conduction in glass, and also because of certain experimental advantages which a conducting glass would possess, I have endeavoured to produce a transparent vitreous substance having that property.
XL.—The Variation of Young's Modulus under an Electric Current.
Authors: Walker Henry 
Published: June 2016

IN my first paper on this subject the behaviour of soft iron, steel, copper, and platinum was examined. In this paper the experiments have been carried a stage further, viz. the reaching of the cyclically steady state with a small load, the effect when the load is increased, and the heating by the ordinary method.As the behaviour of the wire when heated by the current was somewhat complicated, I considered it necessary, for purposes of comparison, to heat the wire in some other manner. To effect this, a double-walled tube of tinned iron was made, through the inner tube of which the wire was passed, and the ends plugged with cotton-wool. The wire was horizontal, and measurements were made with the microscopes as in the other experiments.
II.—The Preparation and Properties of Basic Copper Nitrate and the Hydrates of Copper Nitrate
Authors: Cumming Alexander Charles , Gemmell Alexander 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARY1. Graham states that when nitric acid of specific gravity greater than 1·4 acts on copper oxide a basic nitrate is obtained. We were unable to obtain a basic salt under these conditions.2. Copper oxide and approximately 100 per cent. nitric acid yield copper nitrate trihydrate, nitrogen peroxide, and oxygen. The equation for the reaction is probably
CuO + 6HNO3 = Cu(NO3)2, 3H2O + 4NO2 + O2.3. The only basic nitrate of copper appears to be Cu(NO3)2·3Cu(OH)2. The product obtained by heating the trihydrate to 100° has this composition, and is not Cu(NO3)2·2Cu(OH)2, as stated by Graham.4. Dehydration of copper nitrate does not yield anhydrous copper nitrate, but results in decomposition, with formation of basic copper nitrate, whether the dehydration is performed at ordinary or higher temperatures.5. Copper oxide does not interact with nitric anhydride.6. The only hydrates of copper nitrate appear to be the trihydrate and hexahydrate. The transition temperature is 24·65° (±0·05) corr.7. Concentrated nitric acid dehydrates the hexahydrate, while dilute nitric acid hydrates the trihydrate. It was not found possible to determine the concentration of nitric acid, which would be in equilibrium with both hydrates.
V.—Observations on the Body Temperature of some Diving and Swimming Birds
Authors: Simpson Sutherland 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARYObservations were made on the body temperature of a large number of diving and swimming birds of eighteen different species in the Orkney Islands and Firth of Forth, Scotland, and on and around Cayuga Lake, N.Y., U.S.A., immediately after they were killed by shooting.1. In all the species examined, where the sex was determined, it was found that the rectal temperature of the male was slightly below that of the female.2. Of the orders examined the highest temperatures were found in the Longipennes and the lowest in the Tubinares. When arranged according to body temperature the series does not run parallel with the zoological series.In conclusion, I wish to express my indebtedness to Dr H. D. Reed and Dr A. H. Wright for help in identifying the specimens obtained from Cayuga Lake and the surrounding district.
VI.—Note upon the Structure of Ternary Alloys
Authors: Gulliver G. H. 
Published: June 2016

In a simple class of ternary alloys the solid phases are the three component metals, each holding in solution a relatively small proportion of the other two. Any one of the three phases may be present as a separate constituent, any two may be associated together as a binary eutectic, and the three together form a ternary eutectic. The structural constituents of such a ternary alloy are—(1) Primary crystals of one phase,(2) Binary eutectic of two phases,(3) Ternary eutectic of three phases.
XIX.—On the use of Antiseptics in Autolysis of Animal and Vegetable Matter
Authors: Court Dorothy 
Published: June 2016

In a previous publication (1) allusion was briefly made to the difficulty which had been experienced in preserving sterility in material during a series of auto-digestion experiments. Contrary to expectation, it was found that a mixture of ground barley and water, when incubated at 37° for a few days, developed, even in the presence of chloroform or toluol in excess, a strong butyric acid fermentation.Since this question was one not only of vital interest to the work in hand but also of great general importance, it was decided to carry out a series of experiments in the endeavour to determine the position with regard to the use of antiseptics in the study of biochemical processes.
XXV.—The Elastic Strength of Flat Plates: An Experimental Research
Authors: Crawford W. J. 
Published: June 2016

The question of the elastic strength of flat plates, supported or fixed at the edges, and subjected to uniform or concentrated loads upon their areas, is, from an engineering standpoint, one of the most unsatisfactory parts of mechanics; for exact solutions, rigorously based upon the laws of elasticity, have been obtained in only a few cases, chiefly for circular and elliptical forms.Amongst practical engineers the confusion that exists on the subject is remarkable, for the author has, in the course of his inquiries, elicited the most contrary results. As a case in point, there seems no real knowledge whether rectangular and square plates should be ribbed along the diagonals or across the diameters. Again, as an instance of the doubt existing concerning the stress values in these plates, it may be mentioned that, in reply to an inquiry asking for help in this connection, a correspondent in the American Machinist, under date August 7, 1909, deplores the fact that he can obtain no assistance from English or American text-books and states that there is an entire absence of experimental data. Although the latter statement is not quite accurate, yet it can be confidently asserted that there have been very few experimental results recorded, and these few, for the most part, are not available in English.
XXVII.—Experiments in Radioactivity; the Production of the Thorium Emanation and its Use in Therapeutics: Thorium X
Authors: Turner Dawson 
Published: June 2016

The thorium emanation is given off more or less freely from the compounds of thorium, the best source, according to Professor Soddy, being a preparation of radiothorium in a moist condition. The important members of this group from the medical point of view are mesothorium, thorium X and its emanation.The presence of the emanation can by shown by the ionising effect in discharging an electroscope, by the phosphorescence it imparts to zinc sulphide, and by its behaviour as a gas. The ionising effect can be produced at a considerable distance, and in consequence after a certain lapse of time. At a distance of ten feet there is a delay of about half a minute before the leaves begin to fall; when once the fall has begun, it continues steadily until the leaves are discharged.
XV.—On the Hall and the Transverse Thermomagnetic Effects and their Temperature Coefficients
Authors: Unwin F. 
Published: June 2016

Of the more recent researches on the subject of this paper, mention may be made of the work of H. Zahn* on the galvanomagnetic and thermomagnetic effects in various metals. Zahn has measured these effects in many different metals, and has used his results to test the electron theory of the properties of metals as developed by P. Drude. He has also determined in some cases the temperature variation of the effects.The author of the present paper has confined his attention to the thermomagnetic transverse effects and the Hall effect. These have been measured in magnetic fields of various strengths and at temperatures varying over a range of about 100 Centigrade degrees.The experiments were carried out with a view to obtaining some light on the electron theory, and the ratios of the effects are discussed in relation to this theory.
IV.—Some Experiments having Particular Reference to the Flow of Water along Short Capillary Tubes connecting Two Vessels with Free Surfaces
Authors: Allen J. 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARYThe present investigation of the discharge of water from one vessel or reservoir to another with free surfaces, through capillary tubes of various ratios of outside to inside diameters between 1.59 and 4.31 and of various ratios between 28.8(7) and 155.2, indicates that the behaviour as a whole is represented byprovided the ends of the tubes are sharp and the conditions within the range of values of R exhibited in fig. 2.The losses of energy are reduced by grinding the ends to a bell-mouth shape, although the effect becomes very small with the longest tubes.The author is indebted to Professor A. H. Gibson, D.Sc, LL.D., for the facilities placed at his disposal in the Whitworth Engineering Laboratory of Manchester University, and to Mr R. Butt, M.Sc, for assistance in both the experimental work and the calculation of results.
XI.—The Relation of the Pituitary Gland to Muscle Creatine
Authors: Shapiro B. G. , Zwarenstein H. 
Published: June 2016

Braier (1931) showed that hypophysectomised dogs on a complete diet excrete 24 per cent. less urinary creatinine than the controls, and 35 to 40 per cent. less when fasting. Schrire and Zwarenstein (1933, 1934) found that injection of anterior lobe extracts increased the urinary creatinine in rabbits.These results afford evidence of an endocrine relationship between the anterior lobe of the pituitary and urinary creatinine. In view of the well-established relationship between urinary creatinine and muscle creatine the present authors decided to investigate the relationship of the anterior lobe to muscle creatine. An effect on phosphocreatine of muscle was reported by Marenzi (1933), who obtained a decrease of 33 per cent, following removal of the anterior lobe of the pituitary. The effect of hypophysectomy and of injections of anterior lobe extracts on muscle creatine has not been previously investigated.
I.—On the Development of the Olfactory Organ in Protopterus
Authors: Fullarton Margaret H. 
Published: June 2016

The first definite olfactory rudiments, arising as two solid ingrowths of the deep layer of ectoderm on the under-side of the head, are to be seen in sections of Stage XXVII.A section through the left olfactory rudiment of Stage XXVIII (fig. 1) shows the early structure of the organ clearly, with its ingrowing thickening of the deep ectodermal layer covered by the thin superficial ectoderm. The cells in both layers are heavily laden with yolk particles, as illustrated in the text-figure by black dots.In the later stages, XXIX and XXX, the rudiment is similar; the cells near their outer ends are becoming progressively less yolky.
Note on the Boiling Points of Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Johnston S. M. 
Published: June 2016

In the course of a research on the boiling points of aqueous solutions, certain points came under my notice which have been introduced into this note.After considerable experience with various forms of Beckmann's boiling point apparatus, and due consideration of the Jones type, a boiling point apparatus was designed which embraced what were considered the best points of each, in view of the research anticipated. The body of the tube was of the Jones type, and had a side tube fitted with a rubber stopper for the introduction of the salt at a short distance from the top of the tube. On the opposite side of the boiling tube, about the same height up, went off a condensing tube of the Beckmann pattern. The thermometer—one of Beckmann's—read to hundredths of a degree, and, with the aid of a Beckmann reading glass, could be estimated to thousandths of a degree. It passed through a close-fitting rubber stopper at the top of the tube.
On the Foundations of the Kinetic Theory of Gases. V
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe first instalment of this part of my paper deals mainly with the theory of the behaviour of mixtures of CO2 and N, for which some remarkable experimental results were given by Andrews about 1874. His full paper, so far as he had drawn it up for press, was published posthumously in the Phil. Trans, for 1886, and is reprinted in his Scientific Papers, No. L. One special reaaon for the introduction of this question at the present stage of my work was the desire to attempt a correction of Amagat's numbers, for the (very small) admixture of air with his CO2. The virial equation for a mixture is formed on the same general principle as that I employed for a single gas. There are, of course, more undetermined constants :—and, unfortunately, the data for their determination are barely adequate. The general results, however, agree in character with those described by Andrews :—the particular phenomenon which is most closely studied being the increase of volume, at constant pressure, when the gases (originally separated by the liquefaction of one) were allowed to diffuse into one another.
On the Blood of the Invertebrata
Authors: Griffiths A. B. 
Published: June 2016

The blood of the Invertebrata, like that of the Vertebrata, is not homogeneous. It consists of a transparent or semitransparent liquid, and a number of small, solid corpuscles which float in it.In the higher animals the corpuscles are of two kinds—red and colourless; but in the Invertebrata there are, as a rule, only colourless corpuscles. The red blood of Annelids is different from the red blood of Vertebrates, inasmuch as the plasma is coloured, and the corpuscles are colourless in the former, while in the latter the plasma is colourless, and there are present coloured and colourless corpuscles.
XXXI.—Precipitated Sulphur
Authors: Smith Alexander , Brownlee R. H. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn papers previously read before the Society, the behaviour of sulphur when heated has been the subject of investigation. It has been shown that the transition from a pale-yellow mobile liquid to a deep-brown viscous one, which occurs as the temperature rises in the neighbourhood of 160°, is due to the production from the mobile sulphur (Sλ) of another distinct variety (Sμ). The proportion of the viscous variety (Sμ) is about 4 per cent, at the melting point (114·5°). At 160° it has become 11 per cent., at 170° 19 per cent., and at the boiling point 34 per cent.
VIII.—Regeneration of the Legs of Decapod Crustacea from the Preformed Breaking Plane
Authors: Herbert Paul J. 
Published: June 2016

Summary(1) Homarus vulgáris, Eupagurus bernhardus, and Carcinus mœnas all form limb-buds or papillæ in the process of limb regeneration. These are covered by a chitinous envelope, and the observations here recorded show that their outer form and size are adaptations to the requirements of the animal. That of the lobster is straight, that of the hermit crab curved, while the shore crab has a papilla which may be folded on itself three times inside the envelope.(2) Valvular action of the diaphragm at the breaking plane plays a greater part in the stopping of haemorrhage after self-amputation than clotting, and the dilatation of small vessels which pass beneath the epidermis detaches a layer of cells. This layer of epidermis proliferates from its free edges to form the new limb.(3) A new diaphragm is the first structure laid down, and differentiation takes place from the base outwards. Muscle arises at the growing tip from cells proliferated from the old epidermis (an ectodermal structure), and the nerve grows outwards from the torn end by cell proliferation.(4) Muscle-fibres are anatomically complete immediately before moulting. The fibrillæ are cross-striated and enclosed in a sarcolemma, but full functional activity does not come till several days after moulting, beginning with slow rhythmic movements. Sarcoplasm seems to be less plentiful than in the normal fibre.(5) When moulting occurs the papilla is at once expanded to several times its previous size by valvular action, and the epidermis, previously composed of several layers of cells, now thins to a single layer, as is seen in the normal limb.
XIII.—On the Size of the Particles in Deep-sea Deposits
Authors: Odén Sven 
Published: June 2016

SummaryA new method for the mechanical analysis of soils and deposits has been developed. It consists in weighing, from time to time, on a specially constructed balance, the amount of sediment accumulated on a circular disc suspended from the balance near the bottom of a vessel containing an aqueous suspension of the sample. From the “accumulation-curve” thus obtained one finds by a series of mathematical operations a “distribution-curve,” i.e. a curve showing how the amount of particles of a certain size varies with the latter quantity.This method has been applied to the study of some deep-sea deposits from the Challenger Office. The distribution-curves thus obtained show marked differences for the different samples, and reveal a surprising lack of very fine particles in the deposits from the largest depths, besides suggesting interesting problems for new research.
XIV.—Mathematical Note on the Fall of Small Particles through Liquid Columns
Authors: Knott C. G. 
Published: June 2016

The following note presents in a simpler form the essence of Dr Sven Odén's mathematical discussion of the fall of small particles through a column of liquid, as given in his paper (immediately preceding) “On the Size of Particles in Deep-sea Deposits.”It has the further advantage of solving the problem without taking account explicitly or implicitly of Stokes's law (or modification thereof) as to the relation connecting the time of fall with the size, form, and density of the particles considered. It is important, I think, to refrain as long as possible from making the assumptions involved in such a law of fall, and to recognise how far we may carry the investigation before introducing these assumptions.
VI.—The Adsorption Isotherm at Low Concentrations
Authors: Williams A. M. 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARY1. It is pointed out that for very small adsorptions the adsorption law appears to befor both gases and solutions.2. The general form of the adsorption curve for solutions is deduced from the above conclusion and found to agree with the results of different observers.The author wishes to thank Professor James Walker, F.R.S., for his assistance in the presentation of this paper.
XIII.—The Relation of Sea-Growth and Spawning Frequency in Salmo salar
Authors: Calderwood W. L. 
Published: June 2016

The seasons at which the Atlantic salmon ascends rivers differ to a considerable extent in different countries.In northern Norway and eastern Canada the severe winter conditions compel salmon to ascend from the sea only after the rivers have become free from ice. In one or two of the large rivers of northern Siberia it has been noticed that the salmon are well up into the upper reaches when the ice breaks up, from which it has been argued that they ascend under the ice.