bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mortality rates in pediatric septic shock
Authors: Rusmawatiningtyas Desy , Nurnaningsih Nurnaningsih 
Published: January 2017

Background Septic shock remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children admitted to the intensive care unit. Recent investigations from developed countries have reported mortality rates of 20-30%. Few studies have reported mortality rates from pediatric septic shock in intensive care settings in developing countries with limited resources. Objective To determine the current mortality rates for pediatric patients with septic shock in a developing country.Methods A retrospective study was conducted in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) at DR. Sardjito General Hospital. Medical records and charts were reviewed and recorded for diagnoses of septic shock, from November 1st, 2011 to June 30th, 2014. Results A database of all PICU admissions was assembled, and cases with diagnoses of septic shock were reviewed. The final data consisted of 136 patients diagnosed with septic shock. Septic shock was defined as a clinical suspicion of sepsis, manifested by hyperthermia or hypothermia, and accompanied by hypoperfusion The overall mortality rate for the study cohort was 88.2%. The median age of patients was 16 months, with 52.2% males. Median initial PRISM III and PELOD scores were 10 and 22, respectively. The median length of PICU stay was 4 days. A total of 48.5% of the subjects were in need of crystalloid and colloid fluid at a median amount of 40 mL/kg. The median time required to complete the initial resuscitation was 60 minutes. Mechanical ventilator support in the first 24 hours was required in 79.4% of the cases. Fluid overload of > 10% (FO>10%) was found in 58.8% of the subjects.Conclusion The mortality rate in pediatric septic shock in our hospital is very high. There is a higher incidence of fluid overload in the non-survival group .
Eradikasi Polio
Authors: Satari Hindra Irawan , Ibbibah Laila Fitri , Utoro Sidik 
Published: January 2017

Poliomielitis atau yang lebih dikenal dengan polio merupakan penyakit menular yang dapat menyebabkan kelumpuhan dan atrofi otot yang ireversibel, bahkan kematian pada anak. Sejak dilaporkan kejadian luar biasa (KLB) terjadi di Eropa pada abad ke-19, angka kejadian polio terus meningkat hingga menjadi andemi pada awal abad ke-20. Saat ini, gerakan inisiatif global yang dibentuk oleh WHO telah berhasil menurunkan angka insidensi polio sampai 80%, berkat pemberian vaksin yang didukung oleh program pemerintah dan sistem pengawasan yang baik. Namun, muncul masalah terkait pemberian vaksin, oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), yaitu circulating vaccine derived polio viruses (cVDPVs) dan vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). Untuk itu, American Academy of Pediatrics merekomendasikan pemberian inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) sebagai pengganti OPV. Rekomendasi tersebut tidak efektif apabila diterapkan di negara berkembang yang masih banyak terdapat infeksi polio liar, seperti Indonesia, karena perlindungan IPV tidak cukup kuat, tidak dapat menimbulkan herd immunity, dan harganya jauh lebih mahal. Pemberian OPV masih menjadi pilihan, dengan rekomendasi terbaru dari WHO yang mempertimbangkan pemberian bivalent (bOPV) karena trivalent (tOPV) dapat meningkatkan angka kejadian cVDPV akibat virus polio tipe-2 (VP2). Upaya eradikasi polio ditunjang Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI)melalui Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan dengan target bebas polio pada tahun 2018.
The correlation between malocclusions and morphofunctional aspects: analysis of patients aged from 7 to 12 years old
Authors: Da Silva Regiane Almeida , Jóias Renato Morales , Josgrilberg Erika , Rode Sigmar de Mello , Paranhos Luiz Renato , Joias Renata Pilli 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To classify the malocclusions and their occlusal and morphofunctional aspects in order to establish possible correlations. Material and Methods: The present observational and analytical study was performed within 432 dental records of patients. The patients were aged between 7 and 12 years old (228 males and 204 females) from an Educational Institute in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The data regarding the malocclusions and the related associations underwent parametric statistical tests for quantitative and qualitative analysis (ANOVA, Tukey test and Chi-square) considering the significance level at 5%. Results: Most of the patients had permanent dentition (58.6%), followed by mixed dentition. Angle’s Class II malocclusion was the most prevalent (67.2%), followed by Class I and III. Overbite and anterior open bite represented, respectively, 47% and 7.2% of the vertical discrepancies. The average overbite was 3.08mm, while the average overjet was 4.67mm. Approximately 43,1% of the sample presented moth breathing. Atypical swallowing reached 78.7% of the patients. Statistically significant correlations were observed associating Angle’s Class III malocclusion with anterior cross bite and bilateral posterior cross bite; as well as between Angle’s Class II with overbite, and Angle’s Class I with overbite and atypical swallowing. A correlation was observed between atypical swallowing; the use of pacifiers; and predominant mouth breathing (p<0.001). Conclusion: An important correlation was found between the type of malocclusions and the morphofunctional aspects of occlusion in patients aged from 7 to 12 years old, indicating the need for immediate intervention once the diagnosis is established. Keywords: Applications of epidemiology, Malocclusion, Child.
Effect of chlorhexidine, green tea and egcg as therapeutic primers to increase the durability of resin-dentin bond
Authors: Barcellos Daphne Camara , Fonseca Beatriz Maria , Bresciani Eduardo , Pucci Cesar Rogerio , Araujo Maria Amelia Maximo de 
Published: January 2017

Objective - This study evaluated the effect of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution (CHX), green tea and active epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) used as therapeutic primers on the long-term bond strength of etch-and-rinse adhesive to dentin. Material and Methods - Eighty bovine incisors were worn to expose an area of dentin, that were acid-etched (37% phosphoric acid) and rinsed. The teeth were divided into 4 groups (n = 20): Group C (Control) - Single Bond; Group CHX - 0.2% CHX for 30s + Single Bond; Group EGCG - active EGCG gel at 10 µM for 30 s + Single Bond; Group GT - aqueous green tea for 30s + Single Bond. Blocks of composite were fabricated and stored for 24 h or 6 months, sectioned into beams and submitted to microtensile tests. Results were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (5%). Results - Mean (±SD) values (in MPa) were as follow: CHX (24 h) – 41.76 (±2.62); C (24 h) - 40.81 (±3.35); GT (24 h): 37.38(2.98); CHX (6 months) - 36.04 (±3.52); EGCG (24h) - 35.91 (±4.82); EGCG (6 months) - 35.75 (±4.44); GT (6 months) - 31.95 (±3.40); C (6 months): 30.05 (±1.54). Conclusion - EGCG produced resin-dentin bonds that did not change after 6 months water storage but it decreased the immediate bond strength when compared to control and chlorhexidine groups.Keywords: Tensile bond strength; Dentin; Total-etch adhesives; Chlorhexidine gluconate; Green tea.
Discussions on Correction of Goodman Jack Test
Authors: Hou R. , Zhang K. , Sun K. , Gamage R. P. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The Goodman jack is widely used to measure the deformation modulus of rock in the field. Although some corrections have been proposed for the jack in the research literature, the accuracy of the test remains unsatisfactory, and the results of the Goodman jack test are lower than the actual values. Based on the corrections proposed in the literature, we reported on two factors which may lead to a lower value of the Goodman jack test: one was the non-full rock/platen contact when the borehole is under- or over-sized (relative to the standard borehole with a diameter of 76.2 mm), and the other was the upper limitation on the applied hydraulic pressure. First, a numerical simulation was carried out to investigate the impact of the borehole diameter on the rock/platen contact and the calculated rock modulus. The results showed that when there is a deviation of 0.6 mm in the borehole diameter, the calculated rock modulus may be 2 to 5 times lower. Based on the results of numerical simulation, a borehole diameter-related correction is proposed for the tests in under- or over-sized boreholes. Second, to ensure that the rock responds elastically during the test, we analyzed the stress around the borehole, and based on the Mohr-Coulomb and tensile failure criteria, deduced the upper limitation for the applied hydraulic pressure. The results of a case study in a coal mine suggest that the pressure limitation is controlled by the initial stress in the field and the rock strength, and influenced significantly by the loading direction of the jack. Finally, based on the observations in the present research, a new procedure is suggested for the Goodman jack test, which may be helpful in improving the accuracy of in situ testing.
Estimation of Elastic Modulus of Rock Using Modified Point-Load Test
Authors: Zhao T. , Fang K. , Wang L. , Zou J. , Wei M. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
An alternative method for determining the elastic modulus of sandstone using a point-load test (PLT) is presented. The PLT was modified to obtain the relationship curve between the test load and the displacement of the load platen. A model is modified to establish the relationship between the elastic modulus and the slope of the linear portion of the curve. Several types of sandstone specimens with different sizes were used in the tests conducted to examine the validity of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method in the present study is in good agreement with the standard test method for the elastic modulus. In addition, the adaptability of the method for irregular rock specimen was also discussed.
Literature Survey and Experimental Study on the Direct Tension Test on Rocks
Authors: Hashiba K. , Okada T. , Tani K. , Shirasagi S. , Hayano K. , Nakamura T. , Oikawa Y. , Ono M. , Shimamoto K. , Yamada S. , Wakabayashi N. , Namikawa T. , Nishikane Y. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Direct tension tests are indispensable for obtaining an accurate understanding of the deformation and failure characteristics of rocks in tension. For this technical note, the authors collected original papers published in international journals and surveyed the previously reported methods and results of direct tension tests on rocks. Some important factors affecting the strength and stress–strain curve are discussed, such as the shape, size, anisotropy, and water content of the specimen; the loading rate; and the confining pressure. The relationship between the results of the direct tension tests and those of other tests also is discussed. Although various types of testing apparatuses have been adopted in direct tension tests on rocks, the dependence of test results on the apparatuses has not been investigated. In this study, direct tension tests were conducted using various testing apparatuses in seven laboratories. The results of the direct tension tests showed that direct tensile strengths were not dependent on the type of test apparatus used or whether a flexible linkage system was used. The results of the tuff in this study showed that the coefficient of variation of the direct tensile strengths is smaller than that of the Brazilian tensile strengths. Moreover, the results revealed that the coefficient of variation of the direct tensile strengths is comparable to that of the uniaxial compressive strengths of the tuff. The authors noted that to obtain the stress–strain curve from the pre-failure region to the post-failure region, it is necessary to conduct a test with a high-stiffness machine and without a flexible linkage system. This technical note summarized the results of the standardization activity by the authors in the Japanese Geotechnical Society.
Fully Automated Active Contour Model Based Approach for Segmentation of Common Carotid Artery Using Ultrasound Images
Authors: Tauseef H. , Fahiem M. A. , Farhan S. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
In this paper, we have proposed an automated approach to segment common carotid artery from longitudinal carotid B-mode ultrasound images and calculate the carotid intima media thickness. The proposed approach extracts the contours in the ultrasound images using gradient vector flow snakes with an improved snake initialization process. The seed points for this improved snake initialization process are extracted using selected edges returned by the candidate line-selection algorithm. Intima media thickness is calculated from the extracted contours. The proposed approach is tested and clinically validated on a data set of 100 longitudinal ultrasound images of the carotid artery. There is no significant difference between intima media thickness measurements obtained using the proposed approach and the manual measurements. The intra-observer error of 0.088, a coefficient of variation of 12.99 %, Bland–Altman plots with small differences between experts (0.01 and 0.03 for Expert1 and Expert2, respectively) and figure of merit of 98.5 % are obtained. The proposed approach can be used successfully for carotid intima media thickness measurement, which can further be used for risk estimation of cardiovascular diseases and ischemic stroke. The proposed approach makes the segmentation process automated and yet reduces the risk of subjectivity and operator variability for intima media thickness measurement.
Adolescent Risk Behaviors and Use of Electronic Vapor Products and Cigarettes
Authors: Demissie Zewditu , Everett Jones Sherry , Clayton Heather B. , King Brian A. 
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUND:
Adolescent use of tobacco in any form is unsafe; yet the use of electronic cigarettes and other electronic vapor products (EVPs) has increased in recent years among this age group. We assessed the prevalence and frequency of cigarette smoking and EVP use among high school students, and associations between health-risk behaviors and both cigarette smoking and EVP use.

METHODS:
We used 2015 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey data (N = 15 624) to classify students into 4 mutually exclusive categories of smoking and EVP use based on 30-day use: nonuse, cigarette smoking only, EVP use only, and dual use. Prevalence of cigarette smoking and EVP use were assessed overall and by student demographics and frequency of use. Prevalence ratios were calculated to identify associations with health risk-behaviors.

RESULTS:
In 2015, 73.5% of high school students did not smoke cigarettes or use EVPs, 3.2% smoked cigarettes only, 15.8% used EVPs only, and 7.5% were dual users. Frequency of cigarette smoking and EVP use was greater among dual users than cigarette-only smokers and EVP-only users. Cigarette-only smokers, EVP-only users, and dual users were more likely than nonusers to engage in several injury, violence, and substance use behaviors; have ≥4 lifetime sexual partners; be currently sexually active; and drink soda ≥3 times/day. Only dual users were more likely than nonusers not to use a condom at last sexual intercourse.

CONCLUSIONS:
EVP use, alone and concurrent with cigarette smoking, is associated with health-risk behaviors among high school students.
La organización de la justicia mendocina. Entre el antiguo régimen y el orden republicano. 1831-1852
Authors: Bransboin Hernán David 
Published: January 2017

Al producirse la disolución de la relación entre la monarquía española y las nacientes repúblicas latinoamericanas, nuevos problemas emergieron para los actores que definieron la organización política de los nuevos estados. Durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX, imbuidos en un espíritu de renovación, las elites gobernantes establecieron nuevas formas de organización institucional y de imposición de la autoridad. Sin embargo, estos cambios fueron efectuados sobre cuerpos sociales que respondían a patrones culturales que podríamos definir de antiguo régimen. En este trabajo abordaremos esta contradicción en relación a la organización de la justicia al considerarla pieza clave en el pasaje del antiguo régimen a la república liberal y moderna. Analizaremos la justicia de la provincia rioplatense de Mendoza en un momento histórico en el que las provincias del Río de la Plata conformaban una confederación, por lo que cada estado provincial ejercía su soberanía en forma independiente.
Incremental exercise test performance with and without a respiratory gas collection system
Authors: Clark J 
Published: January 2017

Objective. Despite their widespread use in exercise testing, few data are available on the effect of wearing respiratory gas collection (RGC) systems on exercise test performance. Industrial-type mask wear is thought to impair exercise performance through increased respiratory dead space, flow resistance and/or discomfort when compared with RGC facemasks, but whether performance decrements exist for RGC facemask wear versus non-wear is unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the difference in incremental exercise test performance with and without a RGC system. Incremental exercise test performance with and without a respiratory gas collection system Design. Twenty moderately active males (age 21.0 ± 1.9 years; VO2peak 55.9 ± 3.0 ml∙kg-1∙min-1) performed two progressive treadmill tests to volitional exhaustion. In random order subjects ran with (MASK) or without (NO-MASK) a RGC facemask and flow sensor connected to a gas analyzer. Descriptive data (mean ± SD) were determined for all parameters. The Wilcoxon signed rank test for paired differences was used to assess mean differences between MASK and NO-MASK conditions. Results. Exercise time to exhaustion, peak treadmill speed, peak blood lactate concentration, peak heart rate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were not different (p>0.05) between MASK and NO-MASK conditions. Conclusions. Incremental exercise test performance is not adversely affected by RGC and analysis equipment, at least in short duration progressive treadmill exercise. Respiratory gas analysis during exercise testing for diagnostic, performance assessment or training prescription purposes would appear to be unaffected by RGC systems.
BokSmart: Preventive rehabilitation for rugby injuries to the lower back and core
Authors: Hopkins N 
Published: January 2017

Background. The low back is an integral part of the entire movement chain as it functions as part of a complex network of the skeletal, muscular and nervous system. Eighty to 90% of acute low back pain episodes dissipate within 8 - 12 weeks regardless of any intervention, but 5 - 10% regress into chronic low back pain. As a result of its undistinguished aetiology, the treatment for low back pain remains controversial. Treatment options for low back pain include the following: analgesics, muscle relaxants, antidepressants, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, epidural steroid injections, manipulation, back schools, electromyographic biofeedback, traction, orthoses, behaviour therapy, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, acupuncture, and exercise therapy. Results. Therapeutic exercises for low back pain have been shown in 6 different randomised controlled trials to be beneficial in reducing pain by up to 60% and improving functional ability by up to 47%. Furthermore, a Cochrane review on low back pain found strong evidence that exercise therapy is an effective intervention in the treatment of low back pain. When prescribing exercises for an individual with low back pain the following goals need to be considered: (i) improve performance in endurance activities; (ii) improve muscular strength around the spine; (iii) eliminate any impairments in spinal flexibility; (iv) reduce the intensity of the pain being experienced by the individual; and (v) reduce back pain-related disability. A rugby player will have increased core stability/strength and a reduced risk of injury if the internal support mechanisms of the spine have been conditioned to resist distortion or injury from external forces. Not only will improved core stability benefit players on the field during matches or practices, it will also assist in preventing unnecessary injuries during weight training and pre-season conditioning. Conclusion. Exercise programmes which combine core stability with general strength training should be prescribed for rugby players to prepare them for the level of impact involved in the game, as well as for sport-related weight training and non-sport-related daily activities.
Estimation of household income diversification in South Africa: A case study of three provinces
Authors: Mathebula Jabulani , Molokomme Maria , Jonas Siyanda , Nhemachena Charles 
Published: January 2017

We estimated household income diversification in settlement types of the poorest provinces in South Africa – the Eastern Cape, Limpopo and KwaZulu-Natal. We obtained data from the 2010/2011 Income and Expenditure Survey from Statistics South Africa and Wave 3 data from the National Income Dynamics Study. We used the number of income sources, the number of income earners and the Shannon Diversity Index to estimate income diversification in the study provinces. The results show that households in the traditional and urban formal areas diversified income sources to a greater extent than households in urban informal and rural formal settlements. The varied degrees of income diversification in the three provinces suggest that targeted policy initiatives aimed at enhancing household income are important in these provinces.

Significance:

Indices yet to be used in South Africa were used in the analysis of StatsSA data to understand income diversification.
Poverty is mostly concentrated in the traditional areas and urban informal areas.
Households in the traditional areas and urban informal areas derive livelihood mostly from social transfers and remittances, whereas those in the urban formal areas derive income from business, labour income and financial capital returns.
TEACHER ENGAGEMENT WITH ACADEMIC READING IN A POST-SERVICE TESOL COURSE
Authors: Kitchen Margaret , Jeurissen Maree , Gray Susan , Courtney Matthew 
Published: January 2017

Engaging school teachers with academic reading is challenging for all teacher trainers, yet if teachers’ knowledge base is to be up-to-date the input of new research information is essential. Within the field of teacher professional development, few research studies focus primarily on teacher academic reading. On the Auckland New Zealand TESOL diploma course reported on here, academic readings are key. They theorise the weekly lecture topics and provide practical strategies that embed the theory. Three approaches to academic reading are used. These three approaches are the focus of the study reported here, exploring the attitudes of the 49 elementary and secondary school teachers over the two years of the part-time course. Quantitative questionnaire findings and relevant qualitative interview data which explicate the quantitative findings are reported on. The key finding was that, on average, the entire sample exhibited a large and statistically significant increase in engagement in academic reading over the two-year period. A majority of the teachers favoured the third approach to academic reading, being tightly structured, supportive reading groups rather than independent reading or reading presentation to a group. They valued the interdependence and reciprocity of the tightly structured reading groups.