bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A stationary distribution associated to a set of laws whose initial states are grouped into classes. An application in genomics
Authors: Martínez Servet 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Let I be a finite set and S be a nonempty strict subset of I which is partitioned into classes, and let C(s) be the class containing s ∈ S. Let (Ps: s ∈ S) be a family of distributions on IN, where each Ps applies to sequences starting with the symbol s. To this family, we associate a class of distributions P(π) on IN which depends on a probability vector π. Our main results assume that, for each s ∈ S, Ps regenerates with distribution Ps' when it encounters s' ∈ S ∖ C(s). From semiregenerative theory, we determine a simple condition on π for P(π) to be time stationary. We give a similar result for the following more complex model. Once a symbol s' ∈ S ∖ C(s) has been encountered, there is a decision to be made: either a new region of type C(s') governed by Ps' starts or the region continues to be a C(s) region. This decision is modeled as a random event and its probability depends on s and s'. The aim in studying these kinds of models is to attain a deeper statistical understanding of bacterial DNA sequences. Here I is the set of codons and the classes (C(s): s ∈ S) identify codons that initiate similar genomic regions. In particular, there are two classes corresponding to the start and stop codons which delimit coding and noncoding regions in bacterial DNA sequences. In addition, the random decision to continue the current region or begin a new region of a different class reflects the well-known fact that not every appearance of a start codon marks the beginning of a new coding region.
A Galton–Watson process with a threshold
Authors: Athreya K. B. , Schuh H.-J. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In this paper we study a special class of size dependent branching processes. We assume that for some positive integer K as long as the population size does not exceed level K, the process evolves as a discrete-time supercritical branching process, and when the population size exceeds level K, it evolves as a subcritical or critical branching process. It is shown that this process does die out in finite time T. The question of when the mean value E(T) is finite or infinite is also addressed.
A note on a generalized Ehrenfest urn model: another look at the mean transition times
Authors: Lathrop Eve D. , Goldstein Isaac H. , Chen Yung-Pin 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This note is motivated by Blom's work in 1989. We consider a generalized Ehrenfest urn model in which a randomly-chosen ball has a positive probability of moving from one urn to the other urn. We use recursion relations between the mean transition times to derive formulas in terms of finite sums, which are shown to be equivalent to the definite integrals obtained by Blom.
Generalized Efron's biased coin design and its theoretical properties
Authors: Hu Yanqing 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn clinical trials with two treatment arms, Efron's biased coin design, Efron (1971), sequentially assigns a patient to the underrepresented arm with probabilityp> ½. Under this design the proportion of patients in any arm converges to ½, and the convergence rate isn-1, as opposed ton-½under some other popular designs. The generalization of Efron's design toK≥ 2 arms and an unequal target allocation ratio (q1, . . .,qK) can be found in some papers, most of which determine the allocation probabilitiesps in a heuristic way. Nonetheless, it has been noted that by using inappropriateps, the proportion of patients in theKarms never converges to the target ratio. We develop a general theory to answer the question of what allocation probabilities ensure that the realized proportions under a generalized design still converge to the target ratio (q1, . . .,qK) with raten-1.
SECULAR CHANGES IN BIRTH WEIGHTS AND WOMEN’S BODY SIZE IN KRAKÓW AND POZNAŃ (POLAND) DURING THE LAST CENTURY
Authors: Kryst Łukasz , Bilińska Inez 
Published: June 2016

SummaryChanging socioeconomic conditions over the last century have left their mark on neonatal size and final body size of individuals born in those days. The main aim of this study was to investigate how the historical, political and economic changes occurring from the late 19th century to the 2000s have affected the birth weight of newborns. Additionally, changes in weight and body height in the case of young women (potential mothers) were analysed. Data were from two cities in Poland (Kraków and Poznań) covering 15,884 newborns and 3612 women aged 18 years, derived from 1900 to 2010. Despite short-term fluctuations, the results showed significant increasing trends in all studied features. Changes in birth weight were similar in both cities: in Kraków it increased by 184 g (males) and 206 g (females), and in Poznań by 216 g (males) and 120 g (females). Changes in women’s body size were also significant, but the level was different depending on place of residence. In the last century, women’s body height increased by 8.2 cm in Kraków and by 10.2 cm in Poznań, and their body weight increased by 1 kg and 5 kg respectively. The considered period covered the years of socioeconomic change that occurred as a result of the political system transformation. Crises, periods of prosperity and other factors that determine standard of living and health care have influenced the development of the Polish population’s physical features.
Morphometric and molecular data of the two digenean species Lasiotocus lizae Liu, 2002 (Monorchiidae) and Paucivitellosus vietnamensis sp. n. (Bivesiculidae) from mullet fish in Tonkin Bay, Vietnam
Authors: Atopkin D.M. , Besprozvannykh V.V. , Ngo H.D. , Van Ha N. , Van Tang N. , Ermolenko A.V. , Beloded A.Y. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAdults of Lasiotocus lizae Liu, 2002 (Monorchiidae) were found in the mullet Liza longimanus (Günther) from Tonkin Bay, near Cat Ba Island, Vietnam. In this region, flukes belonging to the genus Paucivitellosus (Bivesiculudae) were found in Liza subviridis (Valenciennes), Liza engeli (Bleeker) and Valamugil seheli (Forskåi). Results of investigations showed that morphological features of L. lizae (like L. glebulentus Overstreet, 1971) do not meet the criteria of the genus Lasiotocus. In addition, L. lizae is highly differentiated from other species of Lasiotocus from which molecular data were obtained, including L. arrhichostoma Searle, Cutmore et Cribb, 2014 and L. typicum (Nicoll, 1912). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that L. lizae differs considerably from other species of the genus Lasiotocus presented in the GenBank database. We have identified a new species of the genus Paucivitellosus–P. vietnamensis sp. n. – from L. subviridis, which differs from P. fragilis Coil, Reid et Kuntz, 1965 by metrical and molecular (18S rRNA) data, and from P. hanumanthai Mani, 1989 by metric features. Our results also show considerable molecular differentiation between P. vietnamensis sp. n. and Paucivitellosus spp. recovered from L. engeli and V. seheli in Vietnam.
1. On Distant Vision
Authors: Maddox E. E. , Brown Crum 
Published: June 2016

I believe it is universally assumed by English physiologists that the zero of accommodation is naturally associated with parallel visual axes as in the “Primary Position” of Helmholtz, Listing, &c.It is self-evident that when even in actual life a body is viewed at infinite distance the visual axes must be parallel. It is also well known that the nervous connection between convergence and accommodation is a most delicate and susceptible one, and is none the less so naturally because it is capable of being overcome for a time by various conditions. It is therefore quite reasonable to suppose that when the ciliary muscle is at rest the converging mechanism should be so likewise; and to expect that the invariable association of the visual actions of a life-time should be impressed, if not at birth, as Porterfield suggested, “by an original, connate, and immutable law,” at least by “dint of habit,” upon the very constitution of the governing ganglia.
3. On the Distribution of Temperature in the Antarctic Ocean
Authors: Buchanan J. Y. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn the regions of the Antarctic Ocean where icebergs are numerous, and where in winter the sea-water freezes, the distribution of temperature in the deeper layers of water is peculiar. The facts are detailed in the Challenger Narrative (vol. i.). The general result of her observations went to show that, from the edge of the ice-pack, a wedge of cold water stretches northwards for more than 12° of latitude, underlying and overlying strata at a higher temperature than itself (p. 418).
1. Note on a Formula for Δn0i/ni when n, i are very large Numbers
Authors: Cayley A. 
Published: June 2016

The following formulais given by Laplace (Theorie Analytique des Probabilités, 2 ed. Paris, 1814, p. 195) as an approximate value of Δn0i/ni, when n and i are very large numbers, and is applied immediately afterwards to the case where i is of the order n log n.
5. On some Glass Globes with Internal Cavities produced during Cooling
Authors: Bottomley J. T. 
Published: June 2016

The object of this communication is to exhibit and describe to the Royal Society a number of flint-glass globes having remarkable internal cavities produced during cooling. Along with these globes there is exhibited for comparison one globe having no perceptible internal cavity.The making of these globes was shown to me by Mr John Griffin, manager of the St Rollox Flint Glass Works, Glasgow.The globe having no internal cavity is marked A. A set of globes, four in number, are marked B1 B2, B3, B4, and the sixth globe is marked C.
Abstract of the Results of an Inquiry into the Causation of Asiatic Cholera
Authors: Macleod Neil , Milles Walter J. , Woodhead  
Published: June 2016

This inquiry was commenced in Shanghai at the end of 1884, soon after Koch had published some of his results, and as he was then almost the only worker in the bacteriological field of whom it could be said that he had not published anything, subsequently upset, attention was directed at once to the“comma bacillus.”Slightly alkaline peptonised meat jelly on plates was used for purposes of cultivation, this being kept at a temperature of 60° to 70° Fahr. by means of an ice chest in hot weather.The investigators worked independently, but the majority of the cases of cholera under observation were investigated by both.
Strophanthus hispidus: its Natural History, Chemistry, and Pharmacology
Authors: Fraser Thomas R. 
Published: June 2016

(Abstract.)In February 1870, the author made a communication to this Society on the Kombe Arrow-Poison of Africa, a product of the Strophanthus hispidus plant. In that communication the nature of its action on the various structures of the body, and the chemical composition of the seeds of the plant, which are the most active part, were described. It was pointed out that the action is chiefly exerted upon the heart and upon the muscles of the body, and that the seeds contain a crystalline active principle of the nature of a glucoside, to which the name Strophanthin was given
On the so-called “Liver ”of Carcinus mœnas
Authors: Griffiths A. B. 
Published: June 2016

This memoir details a continuation of the author's investigations on the physiology of the Invertebrata. At this point we consider the physiological functions of the so-called “liver ” of the Brachyura.Was it not M. Letourneau, in his La Biologie, who said, “Does the pancreas exist in the invertebrates? This is a question of comparative physiology which still waits for a reply. We have seen that we do not begin clearly to recognise the pancreas except in fishes, and then only in a rudimentary state.” From the recent researches of Krukenberg, Frederieq, Jousset de Bellesme, Plateau, Hoppe-Seyler, as well as those of the author, the problem now requiring solution is the following:-Does a true liver exist in the Invertebrata? The pancreas appears to be the chief digestive organ (other than a true stomach) of the earlier forms of animal life.
Continued Observations on the Progression and Rotation of Bivalve Molluscs and of detached Ciliated Portions of them
Authors: M'Alpine D. 
Published: June 2016

(Abstract.)In the fresh-water mussel the general results are much the same as in Mytilus. Movement of the animal is as a whole right-handed and slightly forward, though this is not invariably the case.The movement appears to be brought about by the contraction and expansion of the foot, which is wedge-shaped, and larger in proportion than in the sea-mussel. When portions are detached, however, the same four parts, or pieces of them, exhibit decided movement as in the sea-mussel. The palps rotate, the gills and mantle-lobes also move, but remarkably slowly, while the ventral margin of the foot is pre-eminently active; it is par excellence the highly motile detached portion. Where not otherwise stated, the palps, gills, and mantle-lobes are always laid out with their inner surface uppermost, and for convenience of diagrammatic representation, as well as for clearness of explanation, the palps are always supposed to start from the half-round of the clock face. Thus right-handed rotation will have the successive positions of quarter to, hour, quarter past, ending with original position at half past.
On Evolution and Man's Place in Nature
Authors: Calderwood  
Published: June 2016

My aim in this paper will be to present as concisely as possible the problems involved in Man's Place in Nature, and to consider briefly how far an evolution theory contributes towards the solution of these problems.Needful preliminaries can be disposed of briefly. We are agreed that evolution is “a change from an indefinite, incoherent homogeneity to a definite, coherent heterogeneity, through continuous differentiations and integrations.” We are agreed that this process is to be taken as applicable in the history of matter and motion, and afterwards in the history of organised existence, raising the whole problem of biology. We do not require here to linger over the transition from the one to the other, as all requirements are met by accepting life and its laws as facts, and acquiescing in Darwin's hypothesis of one or more primordial germs.
Synthesis of Sebacic Acid
Authors: Brown Crum , Walker James 
Published: June 2016

Potassium ethyl adipate was prepared by adding the calculated quantity of alcoholic potash to an alcoholic solution of adipic ether, and boiling. After the alcohol had been driven off on the waterbath, the residue, when shaken up with water and ether, yielded an aqueous solution which after concentration was used for electrolysis.The electrolysis was conducted in precisely the same manner as in our former syntheses. A colourless oil was observed to collect on the top of the solution. After completion of the electrolysis, the contents of the crucible used as cathode were extracted by ether, which was subsequently distilled off and the residual oil kept for some hours at 120°. When hot this oil smells of melted butter, but on cooling the fatty odour disappears, a very slight smell resembling melons being left.
Closing Address
Authors: M'Laren  
Published: June 2016

As the Chairman for this evening, I have been asked by the Council to lay before you a brief summary of the events of the session, which will conclude the public business of the session.In this retrospective view the most interesting point is the number and variety of the papers which have been read. Of these there were in all 74 papers, of which 19 were in the department of Natural Philosophy, 16 in Mathematics, 11 in Chemistry, 1 in Geology, 9 in Zoology, 1 in Botany, 6 in Physiology, 2 in Anatomy, 5 in Meteorology, 2 in Physical Geography, and 2 in Philology.
On the Action of Metallic (and other) Salts on Carbonate of Lime
Authors: Irvine Robert , Anderson W. S. 
Published: June 2016

It is well known that pseudomorphic changes take place with many minerals. These changes may be either by alteration or displacement. In the case of carbonate of lime they are generally of the former order.Among other work conducted at the Marine Station, Granton, during the past year, a number of experiments were instituted with the view of showing how far carbonate of lime was influenced in this direction by metallic and other salts.Corals, preferably the more porous and soft varieties, were selected for this purpose, and these were exposed to the action of solutions of the following salts:–Chloride of manganese, sulphate of iron, chloride of zinc, chloride of chromium, nitrate of nickel, nitrate of cobalt, nitrate of copper, nitrate of lead, chloride of mercury, chloride of tin, nitrate of silver, phosphate of ammonia.
On some Relations between Magnetism and Twist. Parts II., III
Authors: Knott Cargill G. 
Published: June 2016

Part II. contains a continuation of former experiments on the twists produced in the magnetic metals when they are under the combined influence of circular and longitudinal magnetisations.It is established that a cobalt rod of rectangular section twists left-handedly when a current is passed along it in the direction of magnetisation. That is, cobalt behaves like nickel. Iron, on the other hand, twists right-handedly, until very high fields are employed. These results seem to have a close connection with the magnetic changes of length in these metals; for iron expands in moderate fields, while nickel and cobalt contract, the former always, and the latter till high fields are reached.
Chairman's Opening Address
Authors: McLaren  
Published: June 2016

I find that during the past Session forty-one papers have been road. Of these, ten belong to the department of Physics, five to Mathematics, one to Chemistry, two to Geology, seven to Biology, one to Botany, four to Anatomy, three to Physiology, four to Meteorology, four to Astronomy.Since the commencement of the past Session, eighteen Fellows have been added to our numbers. Of these, one is a Professor of Philosophy, two are University Lecturers, and six are Doctors of Medicine.
Magnetic Shielding in Hollow Iron Cylinders
Authors: Russell James 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis investigation deals with the shielding which exists within hollow iron cylinders when placed in a uniform transverse magnetic field. This transverse field divided by the internal magnetic field is defined as the shielding ratio. For the thin iron cylinders experimented with, it appears from various mathematical contributions to the subject that the shielding ratio minus unity may for present purposes be taken to be proportional to certain geometrical data and to the permeability (the permeability being large). By means of a rotating inductor within the shield, connected with a ballistic galvanometer, experimental determinations of the shielding ratio are made under various conditions of magnetisation; and an endeavour is also made to show how far and under what conditions these results approximate to theoretical formulas which assume the permeability to be uniform all round the shield, and the absence of retentivity and coercive force in the iron. Two iron shields were experimented with, the hysteretic constants (η) being ·0015 and ·0028 respectively.
The Theory of Continuants in the Historical Order of its Development up to 1870
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2016

The more or less disguised use of continued fractions has been traced back to the publication of Bombelli's Algebra in 1572, eighty-four years, that is to say, before the publication of Wallis’ Arithmetica Infinitorum, in which Brouncker's discovery was announced and the fractions explicitly expressed. The study of the numerators and denominators of the convergents viewed as functions of the partial denominators was first seriously undertaken by Euler in his Specimen Algorithmi Singularis of the year 1764, in which denoting bythe convergents tohe established a long series of identities, such as
On the Thermal Expansion of Dilute Solutions of certain Hydroxides
Authors: Carse George A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn a paper communicated to the Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science,* Professor MacGregor has shown that in the case of weak aqueous solutions of certain hydroxides, the volume of a solution is less than the volume of water used in its preparation. At his suggestion I have investigated the hydroxides of sodium, barium, and strontium, to ascertain whether they exhibit this property, and how the excess of the volume of solution over the volume of constituent water varies with the temperature. From the observations made, I have also determined the thermal expansion coefficients, and found how they vary with temperature and with concentration.
On Pennella: a Crustacean parasitic on the Finner Whale (Balænoptera musculus)
Authors: Turner William 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn this memoir the author described a Pennella found attached to the back of a Balænoptera musculus, specimens of which were given to him in 1903 by Mr Chr. Castberg. The specimens were of the same species as the Pennella balænopteræ described by Koren and Danielssen in 1857, and found infesting B. rostrata. The species is a giant Copepod, and the longest examples measured about 12½ inches.
XVIII.—Cynomacrurus Piriei, Poisson abyssal nouveau recueilli par l'Expédition Antarctique Nationale Ecossaise
Authors: Dollo Louis , Bruxelles  , Traquair M. R. H. 
Published: June 2016

L'existence des Macruridæ à l'intérieur du Cercle Polaire Arctique est connue depuis longtemps.C'est Sven Lovén qui en rapporta le premier exemplaire (Macrurus berglax), de Hammerfest (Finmark), lors de la première Expédition suédoise au Spitzberg, sur l'Enigheten, en 1837.
XXXVII.—Mendelian Action on Differentiated Sex
Authors: Hart D. Berry 
Published: June 2016

(Abstract)It has long been known that the male and the female human genital tract contain not only organs characteristic of their sex proper, but also certain parts of the opposite sex in a less developed but yet perfectly definite form. Thus the female genital tract is made up of, not only its characteristic organs, the ovaries, tubes, uterus, etc., but also the epoophoron (parovarium) and its duct, the equivalent of the epididymis and ductus epididymis of the testis. In the same way, the human male has his characteristic sexual organs and also the appendix testis and prostatic utricle, the representatives of the fimbriated end of the Fallopian tube and of the lower end of the vaginal tract (hymen mainly, but varying).
II.—The Cooling of the Soil at Night, with Special Reference to Late Spring Frosts (II)
Authors: Franklin T. Bedford 
Published: June 2016

In my previous paper to the Society on the same subject I came to the conclusion that the temperature of the surface of open cultivated soil fell rapidly at the beginning of a calm clear night until it was such a number of degrees below the temperature at the 4-in. depth as to make the upward conduction from that depth to the surface balance the radiation. After this stage was reached the surface and 4-in. temperatures fell at the same rate.If, therefore, the temperatures of the surface and 4-in. depth and the conductivity of the layer of soil between the 4-in. depth and the surface were known from readings of electrical resistance thermometers, and the rate of radiation was calculated from the value of the relative humidity, I suggested that it might be possible to forecast the minimum soil temperature for a calm clear night as early as the previous afternoon.