bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ICTs and the Computerised Hijab: Women's Experiences of ICT in the UAE
Authors: Vodanovich Shahper , Urquhart Cathy 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis paper discusses a grounded theory study of women's experience of ICTs in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). We were particularly interested in whether their gender, and the society in which they live, affected that experience. We identify three themes, ICT Use, Gender Perspective and UAE Society which together constitute an emergent theory of Women's ICT experience in the UAE. We conclude by engaging the emergent theory with individual differences theory. Our findings show that ICT use in the UAE is a profoundly gendered experience, shaped by the Islam based society in which the women live.
User Involvement and Usability Evaluation in Ethiopian Software Organizations
Authors: Teka Degif , Dittrich Yvonne , Kifle Mesfin , Ardito Carmelo , Lanzilotti Rosa 
Published: December 2017

AbstractUsability is central especially in contexts with highly heterogeneous user groups as it is the case in developing countries. User involvement and participation has positive impacts towards developing usable software and system success and it is one of the core principles in user centered design (UCD). But how does the industry in developing countries work with UCD and usability evaluation? The article reports from a survey on usability evaluation and UCD practices in Ethiopian software organizations. It aims at exploring the practice of usability evaluation, user involvement and participation in the software organizations in Ethiopia. Some part of the survey question is adapted from a previously conducted survey in Italy and Denmark and further expanded with a set of questions referring to user involvement and participation. The survey was triangulated with interviews with a subset of the respondents. The results show that the percentage of organizations performing some form of usability evaluation is low in Ethiopia. The challenges of usability evaluation observed in the study was analyzed with respect to the challenges of ‘digital divide’ against the publicly available methods and practices and among developed and developing nations using real access/real impact criteria. The result shows that there are some unique challenges of usability not discussed in the literature reviewed in any detail such as less IT skills, lack of trained professionals, and lack of awareness. The result for user involvement shows also some unique challenges: lack of user motivation, acceptance of change and cultural influence. However, more than 80% of the surveyed organizations claim involving users in some kind in product development. The implications of these findings with respect to the need to contextualize UCD and usability methods are discussed.
Synoptic to large‐scale drivers of minimum temperature variability in Australia – long‐term changes
Authors: Crimp Steven , Nicholls Neville , Kokic Philip , Risbey James S. , Gobbett David , Howden Mark 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTThis study documents the importance, and changes in the importance, of a suite of synoptic to large‐scale drivers of minimum temperature variability across the Australian region. The drivers investigated are the El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) as measured by the Southern Oscillation Index, atmospheric blocking, the Southern Annular Mode, and the position and intensity of the subtropical ridge. In most regions, individual drivers generally account for between about 5 and 10% of the interannual variability across Australia, although in some seasons and regions these drivers can collectively account for more than 60% of the observed variability. The amount of minimum temperature variance explained by individual drivers is highest in south‐eastern Australia in summer (December–February), where the drivers collectively account for 67% of the variance, due primarily to the relationships with blocking and ENSO. The varying importance of the drivers of minimum temperature variability between seasons and between two discrete periods (i.e. 1960–1984 and 1985–2015) has been investigated. In the more recent period the intensity of the subtropical ridge has played a more important role in minimum temperature variability, particularly in the south‐western and south‐eastern parts of Australia in summer (December–February), with the position of the subtropical ridge a feature of greater importance over much of Victoria in spring (September–November). For the more recent period the intensity of the subtropical ridge and the southern annular mode have been more important drivers of minimum temperature variability for autumn (March–May) and winter (June–August), respectively, across southern New South Wales and northern Victoria.
The development of the human hyoid–larynx complex revisited
Authors: de Bakker Bernadette S. , de Bakker Henri M. , Soerdjbalie‐Maikoe Vidija , Dikkers Frederik G. 
Published: December 2017

Objectives/HypothesisThe hyoid–larynx complex is highly prone to anatomical variation. The etiology of anatomical variants such as Eagle's syndrome and the aberrant hyoid apparatus can be explained from embryonic development. Modern textbooks state that the hyoid bone body develops from the second and third pharyngeal arch cartilages, and that thyroid cartilage derives from the fourth and sixth arch cartilages. This description, however, is incompatible with various anatomical variants, and it is unclear whether it was based on observations in human embryos or on comparative embryology.Study Design14 human embryos from the Carnegie collection between Carnegie stage 17 and 23 (42–60 days) were selected based on their histological quality.MethodsHistological sections of the selected embryos were examined. Three‐dimensional models were prepared in an interactive format. These anatomical models provide crucial spatial information and facilitate interpretation.ResultsWe observed a less‐complicated development of the hyoid–larynx complex than is currently described in textbooks. The body of the hyoid bone originates from a single growth center, without overt contributions from second and third pharyngeal arch cartilages. The fourth and sixth arch cartilages were not detected in human embryos; the thyroid and cricoid cartilages develop as mesenchymal condensations in the neck region.ConclusionsDespite new research techniques, theories about hyoid–larynx complex development from the beginning of the 20th century have not been refuted properly and can still be found in modern literature. Based on observations in human embryos, we propose a new and relatively simple description of the development of the hyoid–larynx complex to facilitate better understanding of the etiology of anatomical variants.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 1829–1834, 2018
Phenomenology, genetics, and CNS network abnormalities in laryngeal dystonia: A 30‐year experience
Authors: Blitzer Andrew , Brin Mitchell F. , Simonyan Kristina , Ozelius Laurie J. , Frucht Steven J. 
Published: December 2017

ObjectiveLaryngeal dystonia (LD) is a functionally specific disorder of the afferent–efferent motor coordination system producing action‐induced muscle contraction with a varied phenomenology. This report of long‐term studies aims to review and better define the phenomenology and central nervous system abnormalities of this disorder and improve diagnosis and treatment.MethodsOur studies categorized over 1,400 patients diagnosed with LD over the past 33 years, including demographic and medical history records and their phenomenological presentations.Patients were grouped on clinical phenotype (adductor or abductor) and genotype (sporadic and familial) and with DNA analysis and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate brain organization differences and characterize neural markers for genotype/phenotype categorization. A number of patients with alcohol‐sensitive dystonia were also studied.ResultsA spectrum of LD phenomena evolved: adductor, abductor, mixed, singer's, dystonic tremor, and adductor respiratory dystonia. Patients were genetically screened for DYT (dystonia) 1, DYT4, DYT6, and DYT25 (GNAL)–and several were positive. The functional MRI studies showed distinct alterations within the sensorimotor network, and the LD patients with a family history had distinct cortical and cerebellar abnormalities. A linear discriminant analysis of fMRI findings showed a 71% accuracy in characterizing LD from normal and in characterizing adductor from abductor forms.ConclusionContinuous studies of LD patients over 30 years has led to an improved understanding of the phenomenological characteristics of this neurological disorder. Genetic and fMRI studies have better characterized the disorder and raise the possibility of making objective rather than subjective diagnoses, potentially leading to new therapeutic approaches. Laryngoscope, 128:S1–S9, 2018
Verfahrensprüfung zur Bestimmung von Anziehparametern für vorgespannte geschraubte Verbindungen
Authors: Stranghöner Natalie , Jungbluth Dominik 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDIN EN 1090‐2 und DIN EN 1993‐1‐8/NA legen Anziehverfahren für mutterseitig vorgespannte geschraubte Garnituren bei Einfachverwendung derselben fest. In einer Vielzahl von Anwendungsfällen werden allerdings vorgespannte geschraubte Verbindungen eingesetzt, die exemplarisch kopfseitig angezogen, als Sacklochverbindung ausgeführt oder/und mehrfach verwendet werden sollen. In diesen Fällen ist eine Verfahrensprüfung zur Bestimmung der Anziehparameter erforderlich. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt die prinzipielle Vorgehensweise zur Durchführung einer solchen Verfahrensprüfung und geht insbesondere auf die Zielebene des Vorspannens, die Einschraubtiefe bei Bauteilen mit Innengewinden, die Einfach‐ und Mehrfachverwendung von Komponenten sowie die Grenzkriterien zur Bestimmung der Anziehparameter ein. Ferner wird das Vorgehen anhand von Praxisbeispielen erläutert.
An extension of the FFT‐based algorithm for the match‐count problem to weighted scores
Authors: Baba Kensuke 
Published: December 2017

The match‐count problem on strings is the basic problem of counting the matches of characters between two strings for every possible alignment. The problem is classically computed in O(σ n log m) time using a fast Fourier transform (FFT) for two strings of lengths m and n (m ≤ n) over an alphabet of size σ. This paper extends the target of this FFT‐based algorithm to a weighted version of the problem, which computes the sum of similarities between characters instead of the number of matches. The algorithm extended in this paper can solve the weighted match‐count problem in O(dn log m) time by mapping characters to numerical vectors of dimensionality d. This paper also evaluates the usefulness of the extended algorithm by applying it to plagiarism detection in documents. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is applicable to general vector representation of words and that the obtained plagiarism detection method can extremely reduce the processing time with a slight decrease of accuracy from the method based on the normal match‐count problem.
Vakuumtechnologie für effizienten Stromtransport
Authors: Barfuss Heinz 
Published: December 2017

ZusammenfassungDie Bedeutung vakuumtechnischer Verfahren bei der Energieübertragung vom Kraftwerk zum Verbraucher wird aufgezeigt. Die bei der Herstellung von Transformatoren, Hochspannungsschaltern und Isolatoren eingesetzten Verfahren und Pumpentypen und die an sie gerichteten Anforderungen werden aufgeführt. Auf Besonderheiten, die sich in diesem Zusammenhang beim Einsatz von Trockenläufern statt ölgeschmierter Drehschieberpumpen ergeben, wird hingewiesen. Die Dichtheitsprüfungen der Apparaturen wird besprochen.
In this issue of Weather
Authors: Galvin Jim 
Published: December 2017

We begin this month with an account of some very wintry weather in mid‐January 2016 in Hong Kong. As Chun‐kit Ho and his co‐authors describe in ‘A rare frozen precipitation event in Hong Kong’ on p. 359, a fall of freezing rain and deposition of frost were quite a shock in a climate dominated by tropical weather, causing considerable consternation and requiring a well‐organised response from a variety of agencies, as well as the public, in general.Old newspapers may be a useful source of historical data, as described on p. 366 in ‘Obtaining meteorological data from historical newspapers: La Integridad’ by Juan Añel and his co‐authors. Before meteorological networks were established, there was a growing interest in weather observations (as well as some attempts at forecasting). The newspaper La Integridad reproduced observations made at a school in Pontevedra, northwestern Spain. Following correction of errors, these daily observations have extended our knowledge of the weather of this region, as well as providing information about the climate and the way it has changed since the late nineteenth century.On p. 372, we move on to a fascinating well‐illustrated description of unusual optical phenomena made in northern California by Mila Zinkova. ‘Sunset mirages involving ducts’ revisits a popular topic for many Weather readers.Windstorms are another topic often reported on our pages and these affect many parts of northwestern Europe, as much as anywhere else. In ‘Analysis of physical factors of the windstorm Xaver in Poland: post‐hazard review’ on p. 378, Ramos Ribeiro, Rodrigo Rudge and Dorota Rucińska track just such a storm that caused damage in many countries – not least Poland – in early December 2013.Relatively little has been published about the regional climates of Iran. On p. 382, Lily Mirafzal focuses on the effects that cause inter‐annual changes in the southeast of the country with a view to the production of long‐term weather prediction in ‘Zahedan climate and January–March composite analysis forecasts’.We hope that you have enjoyed the variety of material published in Weather during 2017. With a good broad selection of papers available to us – for which we thank all our authors – 2018 will be another year of great interest and variety.
Vaporwave, or music optimised for abandoned malls
Authors: Glitsos Laura 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn this article I focus on the genre of ‘vaporwave’, using the artist 18 Carat Affair as a case study, to explore the way the genre works as a project that produces, and takes pleasure in, a kind of ‘memory play’. As a genre, vaporwave is a style of music collaged together from a wide variety of largely background musics such as muzak®, 1980s elevator music and new age ambience. Vaporwave's ‘memory play’ is a project that takes remembering as its audio-visual aesthetic. The pleasure of vaporwave is therefore understood as a pleasure of remembering for the sake of the act of remembering itself. To explore this theme, I examine vaporwave's memory play using the terms of Chris Healy's ‘compensatory nostalgia’, as well as the idea of ‘ersatz nostalgia’ as discussed by Arjun Appadurai and Svetlana Boym.
Slowing the Proliferation of Major Conventional Weapons: The Virtues of an Uncompetitive Market
Authors: Caverley Jonathan D. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractProliferation of major conventional weapons (MCW) in larger numbers, at greater levels of sophistication, and to more actors is at best a waste of valuable resources and at worst fuel for more and bloodier conflicts. Given a track record of violence, repression, and corruption, norms against exporting weapons to active conflicts and human rights abusers, as well as norms in favor of transparency in weapons transfers, have grown more salient in recent years. Yet international efforts such as the UN Conventional Arms Trade Treaty show little promise for mitigating these ills. This article finds an alternate route toward moderating global arms transfers. It shows, with supporting data, how the United States, pursuing its own political interests, leverages its massive market power to slow the proliferation of dangerous technology, reduce resources spent in the developing world on weapons, stymie the deadweight losses of corruption in the arms industry, and lower the rewards for human rights abusers.
On the Relationship Between the Ethics and the Law of War: Cyber Operations and Sublethal Harm
Authors: Barrett Edward 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWhy do we need dialogue between ethical and legal perspectives on norms governing the initiation and conduct of interstate conflict? This essay will examine this question by first critiquing the 2013 Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare, which sought to apply existing legal frameworks that govern international violence to a new form of conflict. While the manual is for the most part ethically commendable, the first half of the essay will highlight several of its ethical shortcomings and will then extract general reasons why international law nevertheless must be informed by ethical analysis. The second part of the essay will affirm the importance of law for ethical analyses of justified responses to the burgeoning phenomenon of sublethal harms. While states have always used sublethal harms to weaken adversaries, technological developments have magnified the regularity and effectiveness of these practices, particularly against free societies. Responses to such attacks may include—in addition to defensive countermeasures—punishments that deter and reform, and may target “indirect participants” such as financial supporters. However, determining which responses are ethically justified will require insights gleaned from criminal and tort law.
STELA D: A SUNDIAL AT COPAN, HONDURAS
Authors: Pineda de Carías María C. , Rivera Nohemy L. , Argueta Cristina M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe Maya of Copan, Honduras used Stela D, its altar, and the surrounding structures as a sundial to record time. Archaeological investigations show that wooden posts and stelae could have been used to measure time and to perform associated rites in the northern sector of the Main Plaza of the Copan Archaeological Park. We constructed a digital model of Stela D to study the shadows cast at different times of day and on different dates of the year, such as solstices, equinoxes, and solar zenith passages. The size and orientation of the shadows may have served as a time marker that ancient residents of Copan used to accurately track the tropical year. We also found evidence that supports the iconographic interpretation of an analogy between serpents’ bodies that adorn the figure of the ruler on Stela D and shadows and sun positions on dates of major solar events that form a solar calendar that counts years from winter solstice day.
Assessment of disturbed glucose metabolism and surrogate measures of insulin sensitivity in obese children and adolescents
Authors: Roth Christian L , Elfers Clinton , Hampe Christiane S 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Background
With the rising prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in obese children, it is becoming imperative to detect disturbed glucose metabolism as early as possible in order to prevent T2D development.

Subjects/Methods
Cross-sectional study of 92 obese children (median age 11.7 years, 51% female) and 7 lean children (median age 11.4 years, 57% female) who underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in a tertiary pediatric care center. Glucose tolerance was assessed and different indices for β-cell function, insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion were calculated.

Results
Nineteen obese children were identified with prediabetes (PD, 12 impaired glucose tolerance, 4 increased fasting glucose and 3 combined). Compared with the 73 obese children with normal glucose tolerance (nGT), subjects with PD had higher insulin resistance, but lower insulin sensitivity and β-cell function, although their glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were comparable. The Whole Body Insulin Sensitivity Index (WBISI) and β-cell function by Insulin Secretion-Sensitivity Index-2 (ISSI-2) strongly correlated with the OGTT glucose area under the curve 0–120 min (r = 0.392, p < 0.0002; r = 0.547, p < 0.0001, respectively). When testing the relation between early insulin response during OGTT by insulinogenic index and insulin sensitivity assessed by WBISI, a hyperbolic relationship between insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity was found. The calculated disposition index was lower in subjects with PD vs. nGT (median 459 vs. 792, p = 0.004). We identified the OGTT 30-min/120-min insulin ratio as a simple marker, which is significantly lower in obese children with vs. without PD (median 0.87 vs. 1.29, p = 0.021) and which has a better sensitivity and specificity for detecting PD than HbA1c among obese children.

Conclusions
Children with identified PD had changes of several markers for β-cell function, insulin sensitivity and resistance before changes in HbA1c occurred. The lower disposition index indicates that these children have already inadequate β-cell compensation for the degree of insulin resistance.
Quantitative neurobiological evidence for accelerated brain aging in alcohol dependence
Authors: Guggenmos Matthias , Schmack Katharina , Sekutowicz Maria , Garbusow Maria , Sebold Miriam , Sommer Christian , Smolka Michael N. , Wittchen Hans-Ulrich , Zimmermann Ulrich S. , Heinz Andreas , Sterzer Philipp 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe premature aging hypothesis of alcohol dependence proposes that the neurobiological and behavioural deficits in individuals with alcohol dependence are analogous to those of chronological aging. However, to date no systematic neurobiological evidence for this hypothesis has been provided. To test the hypothesis, 119 alcohol-dependent subjects and 97 age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects underwent structural MRI. Whole-brain grey matter volume maps were computed from structural MRI scans using voxel-based morphometry and parcelled into a comprehensive set of anatomical brain regions. Regional grey matter volume averages served as the basis for cross-regional similarity analyses and a brain age model. We found a striking correspondence between regional patterns of alcohol- and age-related grey matter loss across 110 brain regions. The brain age model revealed that the brain age of age-matched AD subjects was increased by up to 11.7 years. Interestingly, while no brain aging was detected in the youngest AD subjects (20–30 years), we found that alcohol-related brain aging systematically increased in the following age decades controlling for lifetime alcohol consumption and general health status. Together, these results provide strong evidence for an accelerated aging model of AD and indicate an elevated risk of alcohol-related brain aging in elderly individuals.