bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Treatment and Prognosis of Refractory and Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus
Authors: Gollwitzer Stephanie , Hamer Hajo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractRefractory status epilepticus (RSE) is defined as status epilepticus (SE) persisting over 60 min and resistant to treatment with benzodiazepines and non-sedating antiepileptic drugs. The term super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE) refers to a refractory episode continuing under general anesthesia for more than 24 h. RSE is treated with a combination of non-sedating AED and i. v. anesthetics; first choice drugs are midazolam, propofol and thiopental. The management of super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE) is challenging as clear evidence-based guidelines are lacking. Recommendations are mainly based on case reports and small case series. Therapeutic options include ketamine, inhalational anesthetics, steroids and immunoglobulins. Ketogenic diet, electroconvulsive therapy and epilepsy surgery are also considered as potentially effective. A promising new approach is the neurosteroid allopregnanolone. Mortality of RSE and SRSE is largely influenced by the etiology and is markedly higher as compared to non-refractory status epilepticus. It was reported to be about 30% and 50%, respectively.
Konservative Therapie degenerativer Wirbelsäulenerkrankungen Teil I – Pathogenese, Klinische Symptomatik und Diagnostik
Authors: Steinmetz Anke , Delank Stefan 
Published: September 2017

ZusammenfassungDegenerative Wirbelsäulenerkrankungen sind durch natürliche Abnutzungs- und Alterungsprozesse gekennzeichnet. Sie nehmen ihren Ursprung mit Abnahme des Flüssigkeitsgehalts der Bandscheiben ab dem 2. Lebensjahrzehnt, sind jedoch nicht automatisch mit klinischen Symptomen vergesellschaftet. Degenerative Wirbelsäulenerkrankungen können durch Schmerzen symptomatisch werden und zu neurologischen Ausfällen führen. Allerdings können bislang nur für weniger als 15% der Rückenschmerzen spezifische Ursachen beschrieben werden, in der Mehrheit der Fälle liegt ein nicht-spezifischer Kreuz- bzw. Rückenschmerz vor. Für die Chronifizierung des nicht-spezifischen Rückenschmerzes spielen insbesondere psychosoziale Faktoren eine große Rolle.Ziel der Diagnostik muss die Abgrenzung spezifischer Rückenschmerzentitäten vom nicht-spezifischen Kreuzschmerz sein. Deren Basis besteht in einer ausführlichen Schmerzanamnese inklusive der Erhebung spezifischer Warnsignale (sogenannte red und yellow flags) und einer manualmedizinisch-neuroorthopädischen Untersuchung, welche ggf. durch radiologische Untersuchungen ergänzt wird. Bei Hinweisen auf psychosoziale Einflussfaktoren ist eine Multimodale Diagnostik unter Einbeziehung einer psychologischen Diagnostik anzustreben.
Quantifizierung des Mistellektins I aus Mistelextrakt-Fertigarzneimitteln
Authors: Mulsow Katharina , Delebinski Catharina , Seifert Georg , Melzig Matthias 
Published: September 2017

ZusammenfassungDie Anwendung der Mistel (Viscum album L.) in der komplementären Krebstherapie ist ein etabliertes Verfahren mit großer Akzeptanz bei den Patienten. Zurzeit gibt es in Deutschland fünf Mistelpräparate, die sich im Herstellungsprozess und in der Art des Wirtsbaums unterscheiden. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Quantifizierung eines der vermutlichen Hauptwirkungskomponenten Mistellektin I mit zwei verschiedenen Varianten eines ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay). Es wurden sowohl die A-Kette als auch das Hololectin (A-B-Kette) bestimmt. Deutliche Unterschiede im Mistellektingehalt zwischen den einzelnen Fertigarzneimitteln konnten je nach herstellerspezifischem Fertigungsprozess und Art des Wirtsbaums ermittelt werden.
‘Knowledge’, curriculum and social justice
Authors: Wrigley Terry 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTThis article considers the place of knowledge in developing a socially just curriculum. It pursues the unusual route of a critique of Social Realism, a small but influential tendency in curriculum studies which claims that knowledge has been squeezed out by recent curriculum reforms and that there has been a descent into relativism. This paper shares the Social Realist view that ‘powerful knowledge’ is needed, and particularly by disadvantaged or marginalised young people. However, it critiques Social Realism's limited definition of ‘powerful knowledge’, arguing that for knowledge to be truly powerful, it must open up issues of power and inequality. It contests the Social Realist argument that critical pedagogy which begins from a subaltern stance is intrinsically relativist, arguing instead that alternative perspectives can help uncover concealed truths and break through hegemonic paradigms and ideologies. It argues that this is entirely compatible with a Critical Realist epistemology. Furthermore, the paper presents reasons why a socially just curriculum needs to draw upon the vernacular knowledge of marginalised groups as well as the canonical knowledge of academic disciplines to produce truly powerful knowledge and a social justice curriculum.
Drafting the ‘time space’. Attitudes towards time among prep school students
Authors: Darmon Muriel 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT
This article investigates the ‘time space’, defined following Bourdieu as a set of distinct and coexisting attitudes toward time related to individuals’ social positions. Based on an ethnographic study of French ‘prep schools’ (classes préparatoires aux Grandes écoles), it sheds light on the specific temporal culture of these schools (the routinization of urgency and ‘temporal panic’) but shows the existence of different attitudes toward time among students. These variations can then be explained by the volume of capital possessed by students, thus differentiating those who can ‘master time’ and those who ‘suffer’ it. But the article also aims at unveiling ‘timestyles’ which, like lifestyles, would be connected to the compositions of students’ capital (economic versus cultural) and not only to its volume.
Dominant immunosuppression of dendritic cell function by prostate‐cancer‐derived exosomes
Authors: Salimu Josephine , Webber Jason , Gurney Mark , Al‐Taei Saly , Clayton Aled , Tabi Zsuzsanna 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTExosomes are a distinct population of extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin with a protein repertoire similar to the parent cell. Although tumour‐derived exosomes harbour immunosuppressive characteristics, they also carry tumour antigens and thus potentially contribute to immune activation. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of prostate cancer exosomes on tumour antigen cross‐presentation. DU145 cells, transduced with shRNA to knockdown Rab27a (DU145KD) that inhibits exosome secretion, triggered significantly stronger tumour‐antigen‐specific T cell responses when loaded onto dendritic cells (DC) than control DU145 cells. Enhanced T cell response was prevented by adding purified exogenous DU145 exosomes to DU145KD cells, demonstrating that the dominant effect of tumour exosomes is immunosuppression and not antigen delivery. CD8+ T cell responses were impaired via exosomal regulation of DC function; exosomes triggered the expression of CD73, an ecto‐5‐nucleotidase responsible for AMP to adenosine hydrolysis, on DC. CD73 induction on DC that constitutively express CD39 resulted in an ATP‐dependent inhibition of TNFα‐ and IL‐12‐production. We identified exosomal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) as a potential driver of CD73 induction, as inhibition of PGE2 receptors significantly reduced exosome‐dependent CD73 induction. The results reveal a hitherto unknown suppression of DC function via exosomal PGE2, adding a new element to tumour exosome–immune cell cross‐talk.Abbreviations: AMP: adenosine monophosphate; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; BLCL: B lymphoblastoid cell line; CME: exosomes enriched from cell line conditioned media; DC: dendritic cell; DMSO: dimethyl‐sulfoxide; DU145C: DU145 cells with irrelevant knockdown control; DU145KD: DU145 cells with Rab27a knockdown; ELISA: enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay; FBS: fetal bovine serum; GM‐CSF: granulocyte‐monocyte colony stimulating factor; HLA: human lymphocyte antigen; IL: interleukin; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; mfi: mean fluorescence intensity; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PBS: phosphate buffer solution; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; TRF: time‐resolved fluorescence.
Cerebrospinal fluid extracellular vesicle enrichment for protein biomarker discovery in neurological disease; multiple sclerosis
Authors: Welton Joanne L. , Loveless Samantha , Stone Timothy , von Ruhland Chris , Robertson Neil P. , Clayton Aled 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTThe discovery of disease biomarkers, along with the use of “liquid biopsies” as a minimally invasive source of biomarkers, continues to be of great interest. In inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the most obvious biofluid source. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are also present in CSF and are thought to be potential “biomarker treasure chests”. However, isolating these CSF‐derived EVs remains challenging. This small‐scale pilot study developed and tested a protocol to enrich for CSF‐EVs, both in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) CSF and controls. These were subsequently compared, using an aptamer based proteomics array, SOMAscan™. EVs were enriched from RRMS patient (n = 4) and non‐demyelinating control (idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) (n = 3)) CSF using precipitation and mini size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC). EV‐enriched fractions were selected using pre‐defined EV characteristics, including increased levels of tetraspanins. EVs and paired CSF were analysed by SOMAscan™, providing relative abundance data for 1128 proteins. CSF‐EVs were characterised, revealing exosome‐like features: rich in tetraspanins CD9 and CD81, size ~100 nm, and exosome‐like morphology by TEM. Sufficient quantities of, SOMAscan™ compatible, EV material was obtained from 5 ml CSF for proteomics analysis. Overall, 348 and 580 proteins were identified in CSF‐EVs and CSF, respectively, of which 50 were found to be significantly (t‐test) and exclusively enriched in RRMS CSF‐EVs. Selected proteins, Plasma kallikrein and Apolipoprotein‐E4, were further validated by western blot and appeared increased in CSF‐EVs compared to CSF. Functional enrichment analysis of the 50 enriched proteins revealed strong associations with biological processes relating to MS pathology and also extracellular regions, consistent with EV enrichment. This pilot study demonstrates practicality for EV enrichment in CSF derived from patients with MS and controls, allowing detailed analysis of protein profiles that may offer opportunities to identify novel biomarkers and therapeutic approaches in CNS inflammatory diseases.
The limited role of galaxy mergers in driving stellar mass growth over cosmic time
Authors: Martin G. , Kaviraj S. , Devriendt J. E. G. , Dubois Y. , Laigle C. , Pichon C. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
A key unresolved question is the role that galaxy mergers play in driving stellar mass growth over cosmic time. Recent observational work hints at the possibility that the overall contribution of ‘major’ mergers (mass ratios ≳ 1 : 4) to cosmic stellar mass growth may be small, because they enhance star formation rates by relatively small amounts at high redshift, when much of today’s stellar mass was assembled. However, the heterogeneity and relatively small size of today’s data sets, coupled with the difficulty in identifying genuine mergers, makes it challenging to empirically quantify the merger contribution to stellar mass growth. Here, we use Horizon-AGN, a cosmological hydrodynamical simulation, to comprehensively quantify the contribution of mergers to the star formation budget over the lifetime of the Universe. We show that (1) both major and minor mergers enhance star formation to similar amounts, (2) the fraction of star formation directly attributable to merging is small at all redshifts (e.g. ∼35 and ∼20 per cent at z ∼ 3 and z ∼ 1, respectively) and (3) only ∼25 per cent of today’s stellar mass is directly attributable to galaxy mergers over cosmic time. Our results suggest that smooth accretion, not merging, is the dominant driver of stellar mass growth over the lifetime of the Universe.
GOLDRUSH. II. Clustering of galaxies at z ∼ 4–6 revealed with the half-million dropouts over the 100 deg2 area corresponding to 1 Gpc3
Authors: Harikane Yuichi , Ouchi Masami , Ono Yoshiaki , Saito Shun , Behroozi Peter , More Surhud , Shimasaku Kazuhiro , Toshikawa Jun , Lin Yen-Ting , Akiyama Masayuki , Coupon Jean , Komiyama Yutaka , Konno Akira , Lin Sheng-Chieh , Miyazaki Satoshi , Nishizawa Atsushi J , Shibuya Takatoshi , Silverman John 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
We present clustering properties from 579492 Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) at z ∼ 4–6 over the 100 deg2 sky (corresponding to a 1.4 Gpc3 volume) identified in early data of the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Subaru Strategic Program survey. We derive angular correlation functions (ACFs) for the HSC LBGs with unprecedentedly high statistical accuracies at z ∼ 4–6, and compare them with the halo occupation distribution (HOD) models. We clearly identify significant ACF excesses in 10″ &lt; θ &lt; 90″, the transition scale between one- and two-halo terms, suggestive of the existence of the non-linear halo bias effect. Combining the HOD models and previous clustering measurements of faint LBGs at z ∼ 4–7, we investigate the dark matter halo mass (Mh) of the z ∼ 4–7 LBGs and its correlation with various physical properties including the star formation rate (SFR), the stellar-to-halo mass ratio (SHMR), and the dark matter accretion rate ($\skew4\dot{M}_{\,\rm h}$) over a wide mass range of Mh/M⊙ = 4 × 1010–4 × 1012. We find that the SHMR increases from z ∼ 4 to 7 by a factor of ∼4 at Mh ≃ 1 × 1011 M⊙ , while the SHMR shows no strong evolution in the similar redshift range at Mh ≃ 1 × 1012 M⊙ . Interestingly, we identify a tight relation of SFR$/\skew4\dot{M}_{\,\rm h}$–Mh showing no significant evolution beyond 0.15 dex in this wide mass range over z ∼ 4–7. This weak evolution suggests that the SFR$/\skew4\dot{M}_{\,\rm h}$–Mh relation is a fundamental relation in high-redshift galaxy formation whose star formation activities are regulated by the dark matter mass assembly. Assuming this fundamental relation, we calculate the cosmic star formation rate densities (SFRDs) over z = 0–10 (a.k.a. the Madau–Lilly plot). The cosmic SFRD evolution based on the fundamental relation agrees with the one obtained by observations, suggesting that the cosmic SFRD increase from z ∼ 10 to 4 − 2 (decrease from z ∼ 4–2 to 0) is mainly driven by the increase of the halo abundance (the decrease of the accretion rate).
Stochastic microbial community assembly decreases biogeochemical function
Authors: Graham Emily B. , Stegen James C. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractEcological mechanisms influence relationships among microbial communities, which in turn impact biogeochemistry. In particular, microbial communities are assembled by deterministic (e.g., selection) and stochastic (e.g., dispersal) processes, and the relative influence of these two process types is hypothesized to alter the influence of microbial communities over biogeochemical function, which we define generically to represent any biogeochemical reaction of interest. We used an ecological simulation model to evaluate this hypothesis. We assembled receiving communities under different levels of dispersal from a source community that was assembled purely by deterministic selection. The dispersal scenarios ranged from no dispersal (i.e., selection-only) to dispersal rates high enough to overwhelm selection (i.e., homogenizing dispersal). We used an aggregate measure of community fitness to infer its biogeochemical function relative to other communities. We also used ecological null models to further link the relative influence of deterministic assembly to function. We found that increasing rates of dispersal decrease biogeochemical function by increasing the proportion of maladapted taxa in a local community. Niche breadth was also a key determinant of biogeochemical function, suggesting a tradeoff between the function of generalist and specialist species. Together, our results highlight the influence of spatial processes on biogeochemical function and indicate the need to account for such effects in models that aim to predict biogeochemical function under future environmental scenarios.
Some surprising facts about working time accounts and the business cycle in Germany
Authors: Balleer Almut , Gehrke Britta , Merkl Christian 
Published: September 2017

Purpose
Working time accounts (WTAs) allow firms to smooth hours worked over time. The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether this increase in flexibility has also affected how firms adjust employment in Germany over the business cycle.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper uses rich microeconomic panel data and fixed effects estimations to compare the employment adjustment of firms with and without WTAs.

Findings
The authors show that firms with WTAs show a similar separation and hiring behavior in response to revenue changes as firms without WTAs. One possible explanation is that firms without WTAs used short-time work (STW) to adjust hours worked instead. However, the authors find that firms with WTAs use STW more than firms without WTAs.

Originality/value
These findings call into question the popular hypothesis that WTAs were the key driver of the unusually small increase in German unemployment in the Great Recession.
New job matches and their stability before and during the crisis
Authors: Nagore García Amparo , van Soest Arthur 
Published: September 2017

Purpose
Using administrative data from the Spanish Social Security Administration, the purpose of this paper is to analyse the nature and stability of job matches starting during the economic boom in 2005 and during the recession in 2009.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors compare the individual, job, and firm characteristics in the two samples and estimate a competing risk model distinguishing job-to-job, job-to-unemployment, and other transitions.

Findings
The authors find that job-to-job transitions are pro-cyclical, while unemployment transitions are counter-cyclical. Individuals most affected by the economic crisis tend to be young males, living in regions with high unemployment rates, with low qualifications and working in manual occupations (particularly construction), and (especially Spanish speaking) immigrants.

Originality/value
The positive relation between job stability and firm size is stronger during the recession than during the boom.
Guanxi and operational performance: the mediating role of supply chain integration
Authors: Feng Mengying , Yu Wantao , Chavez Roberto , Mangan John , Zhang Xumei 
Published: September 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to extend prior supply chain research by empirically exploring the relationship among guanxi, supply chain integration (SCI), and operational performance. More specifically, this study investigates the mediating role of SCI.Design/methodology/approachOrdinary least square regression is used to analyze survey data collected from 126 automobile manufacturers in China.FindingsThe results reveal a significant positive relationship between guanxi and SCI, and that SCI is significantly and positively related to operational performance. The authors’ findings further suggest that guanxi indirectly affects operational performance through SCI.Practical implicationsThe empirical findings imply that it is vital for managers to recognize the important mediating role of dynamic SCI capabilities.Originality/valueAs a fundamental Chinese cultural norm, guanxi can be critical in a supply chain context. Although previous research has identified the importance of guanxi and SCI in improving firm performance, far less attention was given to the study of the mediating effect of SCI on the guanxi-performance relationship. This study thus fulfills the research gap by providing an initial empirical examination of the mediating role of SCI in China’s automotive industry.
Alliance portfolios and firm performance: the moderating role of environmental dynamics
Authors: Wang Xiaoyan , Bao Haijun 
Published: September 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to focus on the operation strategy of high-performance alliance portfolios by analyzing the effect of alliance portfolios on the performance of focal firms, using post-structuralism of social network theory and contingency theory. In detail, this paper refines alliance portfolios into three dimensions, and studies the moderating role of context on the relation between alliance portfolios and firm performance.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical study was carried out with second-hand data gathered from Internal Revenue Service. In total, this paper gathered data from 506 focal firms in Zhejiang Province from 2001 to 2010 as the sample to test the hypotheses.FindingsBased on the empirical results, the authors find the positive effect of relational dimension (weak alliance portfolios) and partner dimension (the diversity of partners) on performance. The effect of the former will become weaker with the increasing environmental dynamic, while the effect of the latter will become stronger. However, the structural dimension (alliance portfolios size) and relational dimension (new partners) have the negative effect on performance. And the negative effect will become stronger under high environmental dynamic. Moreover, the negative effect of non-local partners on performance becomes stronger when the environmental dynamic is high.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper reveals that with the industry transformation caused by “internet +,” companies have been required go beyond traditional dyadic alliance management perspective. That is to say, individual alliance relationship should be seen as a part of a much broader picture of alliance portfolio. As such, the framework may help companies to manage their alliance portfolios by matching high-performance alliance portfolios to the external environment to produce a synergistic effect (Leaet al., 2006; Tritoset al., 2013; Keithet al., 2014) taking the characteristics of the configuration of alliance portfolios into consideration.Originality/valueThe paper presents a model that explains the effect of three dimensions of alliance portfolios on the performance of focal firms in different contexts through empirical study. This paper also integrates post-structuralism of social network theory and contingency theory to enable the understanding on the configuration of alliance portfolios.