bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fast transient response DC–DC converter with start‐up in‐rush current control
Authors: Zhou M. , Sun Z. , Low Q. , Siek L. 
Published: September 2016

A new alternative to achieve fast transient response while inherently managing the in‐rush current during DC/DC switching converter start‐up is proposed. An AC coupled feedback (ACCF) is introduced using a capacitor multiplier from the output of the converter to the output of the error amplifier. With this additional feedback, the transient response, which used to be limited by the compensator mid‐band gain has been significantly improved. Meanwhile, the ACCF circuit can help to control the converter output ramping speed during power‐up, thus eliminating the bulky soft‐start circuit. The simplified circuit design means the new controller can be realised by a tiny on‐chip circuit, thereby minimising the footprint and the cost. A buck converter with the proposed technique is designed using 0.18 μm CMOS process and simulated across different process corners. Simulation shows that the output voltage increases linearly with the designed slope despite the variations of the input voltage, inductor or output capacitor values. An excellent load transient response of 0.021 mV/mA is achieved for a load current variation from 50 μA to 1 A in 1 μs.
Ambient electromagnetic energy harvesting system for on‐body sensors
Authors: Shaker G. , Chen R. , Milligan B. , Qu T. 
Published: September 2016

An ambient electromagnetic energy harvesting system for on‐body sensors is presented. Specifically, a smart contact lens that monitors the glucose level in the tear fluid of a user is demonstrated. The energy harvesting system rectifies a portion of a cell phone/smartphone‐emitted uplink signal into DC power for the operations of on‐lens sensors and components. An actual cow eye is used to assist in various measurements of the proposed energy harvester. Ultimately, a power of 1 mW at about 1 V is harvested and delivered to a resistive load of 2 KΩ when a cell phone is held in a typical reading position. This harvested power level is more than adequate to enable numerous possible on‐body sensors.
A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial of Single vs. Double Layer Closure of Hysterotomy at the Time of Cesarean Delivery: The Effect on Uterine Scar Thickness
Authors: Bamberg Christian , Dudenhausen Joachim , Bujak Verena , Rodekamp Elke , Brauer Martin , Hinkson Larry , Kalache Karim , Henrich Wolfgang 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Purpose We undertook a randomized clinical trial to examine the outcome of a single vs. a double layer uterine closure using ultrasound to assess uterine scar thickness.
Materials and Methods Participating women were allocated to one of three uterotomy suture techniques: continuous single layer unlocked suturing, continuous locked single layer suturing, or double layer suturing. Transvaginal ultrasound of uterine scar thickness was performed 6 weeks and 6 – 24 months after Cesarean delivery. Sonographers were blinded to the closure technique.
Results An “intent-to-treat” and “as treated” ANOVA analysis included 435 patients (n = 149 single layer unlocked suturing, n = 157 single layer locked suturing, and n = 129 double layer suturing). 6 weeks postpartum, the median scar thickness did not differ among the three groups: 10.0 (8.5 – 12.3 mm) single layer unlocked vs. 10.1 (8.2 – 12.7 mm) single layer locked vs. 10.8 (8.1 – 12.8 mm) double layer; (p = 0.84). At the time of the second follow-up, the uterine scar was not significantly (p = 0.06) thicker if the uterus had been closed with a double layer closure 7.3 (5.7 – 9.1 mm), compared to single layer unlocked 6.4 (5.0 – 8.8 mm) or locked suturing techniques 6.8 (5.2 – 8.7 mm). Women who underwent primary or elective Cesarean delivery showed a significantly (p = 0.03, p = 0.02, “as treated”) increased median scar thickness after double layer closure vs. single layer unlocked suture.
Conclusion A double layer closure of the hysterotomy is associated with a thicker myometrium scar only in primary or elective Cesarean delivery patients.
Box C/D guide RNAs recognize a maximum of 10 nt of substrates
Authors: Yang Zuxiao , Lin Jinzhong , Ye Keqiong 
Published: September 2016

Significance
Box C/D RNAs are a large family of noncoding RNAs that guide 2′-O-methylation of RNAs. These RNAs associate with three or four proteins into C/D ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). The guide region of C/D RNAs is variable in length, particularly in eukaryotes, and by prediction, it can form 10–21 bp with substrates. Crystallographic and biochemical analyses revealed that the guide recognizes only a maximum of 10 nt in a substrate. Longer guide–substrate duplexes need to be unwound to fit into a size-limiting protein channel for modification. Our study reveals an aspect of the substrate recognition mechanism of C/D RNA. This mechanism is incompatible with the RNA-swapped model for dimeric C/D RNP.
The improved plasticity of NiTi alloy via electropulsing in rolling
Authors: Zhu R. , Tang G. 
Published: September 2016

NiTi alloys were cold-rolled and electroplastic-rolled (EP-rolled) respectively, and the effect of rolling parameters on working plasticity was studied. NiTi alloy is easy to be embrittled and cracked in cold rolling, and the number of edge cracks is increased with higher thickness reduction. Electropulsing can enhance the ductility of NiTi alloy in rolling. In rolling, the resistance of deformation can be decreased, and deformation degree at the same roll gap increases because NiTi alloy develops recrystallisation and the hardness is decreased. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Estimating Recreational Effort in the Gulf of Mexico Red Snapper Fishery Using Boat Ramp Cameras: Reduction in Federal Season Length Does Not Proportionally Reduce Catch
Authors: Powers Sean P. , Anson Kevin 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Estimating fishing effort is of critical importance in assessing population trends of exploited species. We used video camera footage collected by surveillance cameras to estimate effort during the federal recreational seasons for Red Snapper Lutjanus campechanus during 2012–2015 in coastal Alabama. For 2012 (40 d in duration) and 2013 (28 d in duration), we randomly sampled 20% of days within the season and counted the number of boats launched and number of potential anglers (total number of people) on each vessel during randomly chosen 5-min blocks of time during each daylight or dusk hour. For 2014 and 2015, the seasons were considerably shorter, 9 and 10 d, respectively, and we were able to count the number of boats launched and potential anglers during randomly chosen 5-min intervals every daylight or dusk hour of each day. Using hourly weather observations (wind and precipitation), day of the week (weekend versus weekday), boat launch site, and year, general linear models were constructed to predict potential Red Snapper anglers per hour. For all years combined, the model had an R2 of 0.62, with a higher R2 (0.71) for the same variables using just 2014 and 2015 data. Applying the model, we were able to predict total offshore anglers by summing the hourly predictions over the season. We then estimated total number and weight of Red Snapper harvested for this group of anglers. Reductions in season length were not proportional to catch reductions due to changes in angler behavior. Red Snapper catch (in pounds) were reduced by 26% with a 75% reduction in season length. Our findings demonstrate the utility of dockside cameras for estimating marine recreational fishing effort and demonstrate the nonstatic response of anglers to management changes.
Received October 28, 2015; accepted May 25, 2016
Investigations on the heat flux and impurity for the HL-2M divertor
Authors: Zheng G.Y. , Cai L.Z. , Duan X.R. , Xu X.Q. , Ryutov D.D. , Cai L.J. , Liu X. , Li J.X. , Pan Y.D. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The controllability of the heat load and impurity in the divertor is very important, which could be one of the critical problems to be solved in order to ensure the success for a steady state tokamak. HL-2M has the advantage of the poloidal field (PF) coils placed inside the demountable toroidal field (TF) coils and close to the main plasma. As a result, it is possible to make highly accurate configuration control of the advanced divertor for HL-2M. The divertor target geometry of HL-2M has been designed to be compatible with different divertor configurations to study the divertor physics and support the high performance plasma operations. In this paper, the heat loads and impurities with different divertor configurations, including the standard X-point divertor, the snowflake-minus divertor and two tripod divertor configurations for HL-2M, are investigated by numerical simulations with the SOLPS5.0 code under the current design of the HL-2M divertor geometry. The plasmas with different conditions, such as the low discharge parameters with

I

p

=  0.5 MA at the first stage of HL-2M and the high parameters with

I

p

=  2.0 MA during the normal operations, are simulated. The heat load profiles and the impurity distributions are obtained, and the control of the peak heat load and the effect of impurity on the core plasma are discussed. The compatibility of different divertor configurations for HL-2M is also evaluated. It is seen that the excellent compatibility of different divertor configurations with the current divertor geometry has been verified. The results show that the snowflake-minus divertor and the tripod divertor with

d

x

=
30

cm

present good performance in terms of the heat load profiles and the impurity distributions under different conditions, which may not have a big effect on the core plasma. In addition, it is possible to optimize the distance between the two X-points,

d

x

, to achieve a better performance in terms of the parameters of discharges.
Modelling the thermomechanical behaviour of the tungsten first wall in HiPER laser fusion scenarios
Authors: Garoz D. , Páramo A.R. , Rivera A. , Perlado J.M. , González-Arrabal R. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The behaviour of a tungsten first wall is studied under the irradiation conditions predicted for the different operational scenarios of the European laser fusion project HiPER, which is based on direct drive targets and an evacuated dry wall chamber. The scenarios correspond to different stages in the development of a nuclear fusion reactor, from proof of principle (bunch mode facility) to economic feasibility (pre-commercial power plant). This work constitutes a quantitative study to evaluate first wall performance under realistic irradiation conditions in the different scenarios. We calculated the radiation fluxes assuming the geometrical configurations reported so far for HiPER. Then, we calculated the irradiation-induced evolution of first wall temperature and the thermomechanical response of the material. The results indicate that the first wall will plastically deform up to a few microns underneath the surface. Continuous operation in a power plant leads to fatigue failure with crack generation and growth. Finally, crack propagation and the minimum tungsten thickness required to fulfil the first wall protection role is studied. The response of tungsten as a first wall material as well as its main limitations will be discussed for the HiPER scenarios.
The importance of assessing and communicating scientific consensus
Authors: Maibach Edward W , van der Linden Sander L 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The spread of influential misinformation, such as conspiracy theories about the existence of a secret, large-scale atmospheric spraying program (SLAP), is contributing to the politicization of science. In an important recent study, Shearer et al (2016 Environ. Res. Lett.

11 084011) employ a novel methodology to quantify the expert consensus of popular SLAP assertions. The authors find that 99% (76/77) of surveyed experts have not encountered any evidence that would support the existence of such a program. Here we argue that this finding is important because a growing body of research has shown that the public’s perception of expert consensus on key societal issues acts an important ‘gateway’ to science acceptance. Furthermore, communicating normative agreement among experts, such as the strong scientific consensus against the existence of a SLAP, can help limit the spread of misinformation and promote more effective public decision-making about science and society.
Hardy-type results on the average of the lattice point error term over long intervals
Authors: Randol Burton 
Published: September 2016

Suppose

D
D

is a suitably admissible compact subset of

R

k

\mathbb {R}^k

having a smooth boundary with possible zones of zero curvature. Let

R
(
T
,
θ
,
x
)
=
N
(
T
,
θ
,
x
)
−

T

k

v
o
l

(
D
)

R(T,\theta ,x)= N(T,\theta ,x) - T^{k}\mathrm {vol}(D)

, where

N
(
T
,
θ
,
x
)

N(T,\theta ,x)

is the number of integral lattice points contained in an

x
x

-translation of

T
θ
(
D
)

T\theta (D)

, with

T
>
0

T >0

a dilation parameter and

θ
∈
S
O
(
k
)

\theta \in SO(k)

. Then

R
(
T
,
θ
,
x
)

R(T,\theta ,x)

can be regarded as a function with parameter

T
T

on the space

E

∗

+

(
k
)

E_{*}^{+}(k)

, where

E

∗

+

(
k
)

E_{*}^{+}(k)

is the quotient of the direct Euclidean group by the subgroup of integral translations and

E

∗

+

(
k
)

E_{*}^{+}(k)

has a normalized invariant measure which is the product of normalized measures on

S
O
(
k
)

SO(k)

and the

k
k

-torus. We derive an integral estimate, valid for almost all

(
θ
,
x
)
∈

E

∗

+

(
k
)

(\theta ,x) \in E_{*}^{+}(k)

, one consequence of which in two dimensions is that for almost all

(
θ
,
x
)
∈

E

∗

+

(
2
)

(\theta ,x) \in E_{*}^{+}(2)

, a counterpart of the Hardy circle estimate

(
1

/

T
)

∫

1

T

|

R
(
t
,
θ
,
x
)

d
t

|

≪

T

1
4

+
ϵ

(1/T)\int _{1}^{T} |R(t,\theta ,x)\,dt| \ll T^{\frac {1}{4} +\epsilon }

is valid with an improved estimate. We conclude with an account of hyperbolic versions for which, drawing on previous work of Hill and Parnovski, we give counterparts in all dimensions for both the compact and non-compact finite volume cases.
The Methodology of Political Theory
Authors: List Christian , Valentini Laura 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis article examines the methodology of a core branch of contemporary political theory or philosophy: “analytic” political theory. After distinguishing political theory from related fields, such as political science, moral philosophy, and legal theory, the article discusses the analysis of political concepts. It then turns to the notions of principles and theories, as distinct from concepts, and reviews the methods of assessing such principles and theories (e.g. the reflective-equilibrium method), for the purpose of justifying or criticizing them. Finally, it looks at a recent debate on how abstract and idealized political theory should be, and assesses the significance of disagreement in political theory. The discussion is carried out from an angle inspired by the philosophy of science.
Methodology in Nineteenth-and Early Twentieth-Century Analytic Philosophy
Authors: Soames Scott 
Published: September 2016

AbstractEarly analytic philosophical methodology was dominated by two paradigms. The first, arising from the logicism of Frege and Russell, held that linguistic and logical analyses are tools for answering traditional philosophical questions—for example, What are numbers, material objects, and other minds? and How do we know about them? The answers were that these things are whatever they have to be to explain our knowledge of them. For Russell, this inspired a conception of logical analysis that led to revisionary metaphysical minimalism in the service of an unexamined conception of knowledge. The second paradigm, stemming from Wittgenstein and Carnap, was based on philosophical theories of the limits of meaningful discourse that excluded most traditional philosophy. G. E. Moore, whose starting point was common-sense knowledge, offered a partial corrective to both paradigms. The era’s most important achievements were the foundations it laid for genuine sciences of language, logic, and information.
Philosophical Heuristics and Philosophical Methodology
Authors: Hájek Alan 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPhilosophy has a wealth of heuristics—philosophical heuristics—although they have not been well documented or studied. Sometimes they draw attention to a problem with a philosophical position—for example, it involves a problematic definite description, or it has to make a choice that seems arbitrary. Sometimes they provide solutions to a problem—for example, there are many techniques for handling arbitrariness. Sometimes they suggest ways of replacing hard problems with easier ones, with strategies for approaching the latter—for example, replacing intensional notions with extensional surrogates, and then perhaps diagramming the latter. Sometimes they appeal to fertile modes of thinking more generally—for example, continuity reasoning. Philosophers have been becoming increasingly self-conscious of their methodology, yet I believe that the study of such heuristics has been surprisingly neglected. This chapter highlights the importance of philosophical heuristics to philosophical methodology. It considers especially a cluster involving the notion of resemblance.
Logic and Philosophical Methodology
Authors: Burgess John P. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This article explores the role of logic in philosophical methodology, as well as its application in philosophy. The discussion gives a roughly equal coverage to the seven branches of logic: elementary logic, set theory, model theory, recursion theory, proof theory, extraclassical logics, and anticlassical logics. Mathematical logic comprises set theory, model theory, recursion theory, and proof theory. Philosophical logic in the relevant sense is divided into the study of extensions of classical logic, such as modal or temporal or deontic or conditional logics, and the study of alternatives to classical logic, such as intuitionistic or quantum or partial or paraconsistent logics. The nonclassical consists of the extraclassical and the anticlassical, although the distinction is not clearcut.
Phenomenology
Authors: Carman Taylor 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This article explores the role of phenomenology in philosophical inquiry. It begins by discussing Edmund Husserl’s phenomenological reductions (the “transcendental” and the “eidetic”), the sharp distinction he draws between consciousness and reality, and his intuitive claims about intentionality. It then considers Martin Heidegger’s conceptions of phenomenon and phenomenology in relation to hermeneutics before returning to Husserl’s argument that we have a direct intuition, not just of entities, but of the phenomenal appearance of their being (and nonbeing). It also examines Heidegger’s claim that “ontology is possible only as phenomenology” and concludes by assessing phenomenology’s legacy and relevance to philosophy.
Reflective Equilibrium
Authors: Cath Yuri 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This article examines the method of reflective equilibrium (RE), most closely associated with John Rawls, and its role in philosophical inquiry. It begins with an overview of RE before discussing some of the subtleties involved in its interpretation, including challenges to the standard assumption that RE is committed to a coherentist rather than foundationalist view of justification. It then evaluates some of the main objections to RE, including objections that this method is too conservative, objections that appeal to the possibility of disagreements between people that employ this method, and objections that this method generates unreasonable beliefs. It concludes by considering how RE relates to recent debates about the role of intuitions in philosophy, suggesting the relationship is more complex and interesting than it is usually assumed to be.
What is Philosophical Methodology?
Authors: Dever Josh 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis article discusses what kind of thing a philosophical methodology (good or not) is or would be, and what kind of questions would count as methodological. The primary focus is on a “higher-order” reading, on which admissible answers are the epistemological methods that distinguish philosophy from the natural sciences and the humanities, or the pursuit of a description of reality at the most fundamental level. The article uses the term “Philosophical Methodology” to pick out questions of the higher order, and “philosophical methodology” for questions of the lower order. To provide a robust data pool, it takes all occurrences of the word “methodological” in entries of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophynford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, and considers what plausible theories of Philosophical Methodology can be fitted into that range of usage. It also discusses seven hypotheses that account for the nature of Philosophical Methodology: Eliminativism, Working-Hypothesism, Epistemologism, Theory Selectionism, Necessary Preconditionalism, Hierarchicalism, and Eliminatedivism.
Wittgenstein’s Global Deflationism
Authors: Horwich Paul 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis article explores Ludwig Wittgenstein’s ideas about the nature of philosophy, with particular emphasis on his rejection of “T-philosophy”—a traditionally dominant form of philosophy that, although self-consciosly a priori, is shaped by theoretical goals and methods of reasoning that closely resemble those of the sciences. After discussing the goals and methods that characterize T-philosophy, the article presents a formidable Wittgensteinian argument against that practice. It proceeds to describe the sort of treatment of particular philosophical problems that is called for by this argument; and it assesses the common complaint against Wittgenstein that his overall position is self-undermining—an anti-theoretical theory. It goes on to consider whether Wittgenstein’s perspective involves an objectionable prioritization of language over reality, that is, an objectionable “linguistic turn”. Finally, it compares Wittgenstein’s arguments with the Oxonian “ordinary language philosophy” of philosophers such as Austin, Ryle, and Strawson.
Conceivability and Possibility
Authors: Hill Christopher S. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis article examines some philosophical questions about knowledge of modality, including how we determine whether a proposition is necessary or contingent and what procedures to use for recognizing possibility. It maintains that virtually anything is conceivable, and that conceivability is therefore incapable of providing a reliable test for possibility. Whether a conceivable state of affairs is genuinely possible depends on whether it is compatible with the class of necessary truths. But this means that we must have some independent way of recognizing necessity. The article explains that independent access to necessity in terms of the hypothesis that various modal truths constitute an implicit definition of necessity. To a large extent, our knowledge of necessity derives from our grasp of this definition. The article also criticizes Cartesian modal arguments for dualism, and raises an objection to the view that metaphysical necessity can be reductively explained in terms of subjunctive conditionals.