bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applicability of Miniature-C(T) Specimen for the Master Curve Evaluation of RPV Weld Metal and Heat Affected Zone
Authors: Yamamoto Masato , Miura Naoki 
Published: December 2016

The Master Curve approach is a powerful tool to evaluate material-specific fracture toughness of ferritic steels, such as RPV steels, using a limited number of specimens. However, preparing a sufficient number of standard fracture toughness test specimens is difficult for irradiated RPV steels of existing surveillance programs. Utilization of miniature specimens that can be machined from broken halves of standard Charpy specimens is a possible solution to address this issue. CRIEPI has been working on the test technique utilizing a miniature C(T) (Mini-C(T)) specimens, whose dimensions are 4 × 10 × 9.6 mm (0.16 inch thickness specimen). The basic applicability of the Mini-C(T) Master Curve approach has been confirmed [1] for the base metals of typical Japanese RPV steels. International round robin tests confirmed the reproducibility of fracture toughness data obtained by Mini-C(T) specimens [2–4]. Ensuring the applicability of the Mini-C(T) Master Curve approach to weld metals and heat affected zone materials is of great importance to meet the future demand from the RPV surveillance programs for over 40 or 60 years’ reactor operation. For a weld metal deposit, we verified that valid reference temperature, To, can be estimated using the Mini-C(T) specimens and the statistics of the fracture toughness data [5] show good conformity to the assumption of the Master Curve method [6].
In the present paper, fracture toughness of a weld joint, which consists of two different heats of RPV plate material was examined. Five sets of Mini-C(T) specimens taken from two base metals, their heat affected zones (HAZ) and weld metal deposit, were subjected to the fracture toughness test. 0.5T-C(T) specimens taken from similar locations were also subjected to the fracture toughness tests to investigate specimen size effect. All the Mini-C(T) data sets taken from base metal, HAZ and weld metal were eligible for the determination of valid To with each 12 to 16 Mini-C(T) specimens. The relevance of the specimen size correction in the Master Curve method was confirmed for two base metals and a weld metal. The fracture toughness data for HAZ materials gave a reasonable agreement with the specific Weibull distribution assumed in the Master Curve method. Nevertheless, To values of four data sets of HAZ materials, including two Mini-C(T) datasets and two 0.5T-C(T) datasets, showed larger variation than that of the base metals or the weld metal. The crack initiation sites of HAZ specimens were all within so-called fine grain HAZ. However the HAZ width near the crack initiation site was dependent on the individual specimens. Higher fracture toughness tended to be gained from the specimens with narrower HAZ width. The resulting To values for HAZ material were close to or lower than that for base metals. The results suggest that the HAZ material gives equivalent or higher fracture toughness than in base metals.
Running exposure is associated with the risk of hamstring strain injury in elite Australian footballers
Authors: Ruddy Joshua D , Pollard Christopher W , Timmins Ryan G , Williams Morgan D , Shield Anthony J , Opar David A 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundTo investigate the association between running exposure and the risk of hamstring strain injury (HSI) in elite Australian footballers.MethodsElite Australian footballers (n=220) from 5 different teams participated. Global positioning system (GPS) data were provided for every athlete for each training session and match for the entire 2015 season. The occurrences of HSIs throughout the study period were reported. Receiver operator characteristic curve analyses were performed and the relative risk (RR) of subsequent HSI was calculated for absolute and relative running exposure variables related to distance covered above 10 and 24 km/hour in the preceding week/s.Results30 prospective HSIs occurred. For the absolute running exposure variables, weekly distance covered above 24 km/hour (>653 m, RR=3.4, 95% CI 1.6 to 7.2, sensitivity=0.52, specificity=0.76, area under the curve (AUC)=0.63) had the largest influence on the risk of HSI in the following week. For the relative running exposure variables, distance covered above 24 km/hour as a percentage of distance covered above 10 km/hour (>2.5%, RR=6.3, 95% CI 1.5 to 26.7, sensitivity=0.93, specificity=0.34, AUC=0.63) had the largest influence on the risk of HSI in the following week. Despite significant increases in the RR of HSI, the predictive capacity of these variables was limited.ConclusionsAn association exists between absolute and relative running exposure variables and elite Australian footballers' risk of subsequent HSI, with the association strongest when examining data within 7–14 days. Despite this, the use of running exposure variables displayed limited clinical utility to predict HSI at the individual level.
Sports injuries and illnesses in the Lillehammer 2016 Youth Olympic Winter Games
Authors: Steffen Kathrin , Moseid Christine Holm , Engebretsen Lars , Søberg Pia K , Amundsen Olav , Holm Kristian , Moger Thomas , Soligard Torbjørn 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundInjury and illness surveillance during high-level youth sports events is an important first step in health prevention and caretaking of the young elite athletes.AimTo analyse injuries and illnesses that occurred during the 10 days 2nd Youth Olympic Winter Games (YOG), held in Lillehammer 2016.MethodsWe recorded the daily occurrence (or non-occurrence) of injuries and illnesses through the reporting of (1) all National Olympic Committee (NOC) medical teams and (2) the polyclinic and medical venues by the Lillehammer Organising Committee (LYOCOG) medical staff.ResultsIn total, 1083 athletes (48 double-starters), 46% (n=502) of them females, from 70 NOCs were registered in the study. NOCs and LYOCOG reported 108 injuries and 81 illnesses, equalling to 9.5 injuries and 7.2 illnesses per 100 athletes. The percentage of injured athletes was highest in the snowboard and ski slopestyle and cross disciplines, alpine skiing and skeleton, and lowest in the Nordic skiing disciplines. Approximately, two-thirds of the injuries (n=71, 65.7%) prevented the athlete from training or competition, while 10 injuries (9.3%) were registered with an estimated absence from sport for >7 days. The rate of illness was highest in curling and the Nordic skiing disciplines with most of them being respiratory tract infections (81.5%).ConclusionsOverall, 9% of the athletes incurred at least one injury during the games, and 7% an illness, which is similar to the first YOG in Innsbruck 2012 and slightly lower compared with previous Winter Olympic Games. The incidence of injuries and illnesses varied substantially between sports.
Long-term effects of the Active for Life Year 5 (AFLY5) school-based cluster-randomised controlled trial
Authors: Anderson Emma L , Howe Laura D , Kipping Ruth R , Campbell Rona , Jago Russell , Noble Sian M , Wells Sian , Chittleborough Catherine , Peters Tim J , Lawlor Debbie A 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveTo investigate the long-term effectiveness of a school-based intervention to improve physical activity and diet in children.DesignCluster-randomised controlled trial.Setting60 primary schools in the southwest of England.ParticipantsPrimary school children who were aged 8–9 years at recruitment, 9–10 years during the intervention and 10–11 years at the long-term follow-up assessment.InterventionTeacher training, provision of lesson and child–parent interactive homework plans and teaching materials.Main outcome measuresPrimary outcomes were accelerometer-assessed minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per day, accelerometer-assessed minutes of sedentary behaviour per day and reported daily consumption of servings of fruit and vegetables.Results60 schools with 2221 eligible children were recruited. As in the previously published assessment immediately after the end of the intervention, none of the three primary outcomes differed between children in schools allocated to the intervention, compared with those in control schools at the end of the long-term follow-up (1 year after the end of the intervention). Differences in secondary outcomes were consistent with those at the immediate follow-up, with no evidence that these had diminished over time. Comparing intervention with control schools, the difference in mean child-reported screen viewing at the weekend was −16.03 min (95% CI −32.82 to 0.73), for servings of snacks per day, the difference was −0.11 (95% CI −0.39 to 0.06), in servings of high-energy drinks per day −0.20 (95% CI −0.39 to −0.01) and in servings of high-fat foods per day −0.12 (95% CI −0.39 to 0.00). None of these reached our predefined level of statistical significance, especially after accounting for multiple testing.ConclusionsSchool-based curriculum interventions alone are unlikely to have a major public health impact on children's diet and physical activity.Trial registration numberISRCTN50133740, Post-results.
Predictors of in-hospital mortality among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: a protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
Authors: Almeida Carlos Podalirio Borges de , Couban Rachel , Kallyth Sun Makosso , Cabral Vagner Kunz , Craigie Samantha , Busse Jason Walter , Silva Denise Rossato 
Published: November 2016

IntroductionTuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major public health issue worldwide, with 1.4 million deaths occurring annually. There is uncertainty regarding which factors are associated with in-hospital mortality among patients with pulmonary TB. This knowledge gap complicates efforts to identify and improve the management of those individuals with TB at greatest risk of death. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to establish predictors of in-hospital mortality among patients with pulmonary TB to enhance the evidence base for public policy.Methods and analysisStudies will be identified by a MEDLINE, EMBASE and Global Health search. Eligible studies will be cohort and case–control studies that report predictors or risk factors for in-hospital mortality among patients with pulmonary TB and an adjusted analysis to explore factors associated with in-hospital mortality. We will use the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach to summarise the findings of some reported predictors. Teams of 2 reviewers will screen the titles and abstracts of all citations identified in our search, independently and in duplicate, extract data, and assess scientific quality using standardised forms quality assessment and tools tailored. We will pool all factors that were assessed for an association with mortality that were reported by >1 study, and presented the OR and the associated 95% CI. When studies provided the measure of association as a relative risk (RR), we will convert the RR to OR using the formula provided by Wang. For binary data, we will calculate a pooled OR, with an associated 95% CI.Ethics and disseminationThis study is based on published data, and therefore ethical approval is not a requirement. Findings will be disseminated through publication in peer-reviewed journals and conference presentations at relevant conferences.Trial registration numberCRD42015025755.
Medication reconciliation as a medication safety initiative in Ethiopia: a study protocol
Authors: Mekonnen Alemayehu B , McLachlan Andrew J , Brien Jo-anne E , Mekonnen Desalew , Abay Zenahebezu 
Published: November 2016

IntroductionMedication related adverse events are common, particularly during transitions of care, and have a significant impact on patient outcomes and healthcare costs. Medication reconciliation (MedRec) is an important initiative to achieve the Quality Use of Medicines, and has been adopted as a standard practice in many developed countries. However, the impact of this strategy is rarely described in Ethiopia. The aims of this study are to explore patient safety culture, and to develop, implement and evaluate a theory informed MedRec intervention, with the aim of minimising the incidence of medication errors during hospital admission.Methods and analysesThe study will be conducted in a resource limited setting. There are three phases to this project. The first phase is a mixed methods study of healthcare professionals' perspectives of patient safety culture and patients' experiences of medication related adverse events. In this phase, the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture will be used along with semi-structured indepth interviews to investigate patient safety culture and experiences of medication related adverse events. The second phase will use a semi-structured interview guide, designed according to the 12 domains of the Theoretical Domains Framework, to explore the barriers and facilitators to medication safety activities delivered by hospital pharmacists. The third phase will be a single centre, before and after study, that will evaluate the impact of pharmacist conducted admission MedRec in an emergency department (ED). The main outcome measure is the incidence and potential clinical severity of medication errors. We will then analyse the differences in the incidence and severity of medication errors before and after initiation of an ED pharmacy service.
Long-term mortality in mothers with perinatal losses and risk modification by surviving children and attained education: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Halland Frode , Morken Nils-Halvdan , DeRoo Lisa A , Klungsøyr Kari , Wilcox Allen J , Skjærven Rolv 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveTo assess the association between perinatal losses and mother's long-term mortality and modification by surviving children and attained education.DesignA population-based cohort study.SettingNorwegian national registries.ParticipantsWe followed 652 320 mothers with a first delivery from 1967 and completed reproduction before 2003, until 2010 or death. We excluded mothers with plural pregnancies, without information on education (0.3%) and women born outside Norway.Main outcome measuresMain outcome measures were age-specific (40–69 years) cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality. We calculated mortality in mothers with perinatal losses, compared with mothers without, and in mothers with one loss by number of surviving children in strata of mothers’ attained education (<11 years (low), ≥11 years (high)).ResultsMothers with perinatal losses had increased crude mortality compared with mothers without; total: HR 1.3 (95% CI 1.3 to 1.4), cardiovascular: HR 1.8 (1.5 to 2.1), non-cardiovascular: HR 1.3 (1.2 to 1.4). Childless mothers with one perinatal loss had increased mortality compared with mothers with one child and no loss; cardiovascular: low education HR 2.7 (1.7 to 4.3), high education HR 0.91 (0.13 to 6.5); non-cardiovascular: low education HR 1.6 (1.3 to 2.2), high education HR 1.8 (1.1 to 2.9). Mothers with one perinatal loss, surviving children and high education had no increased mortality, whereas corresponding mothers with low education had increased mortality; cardiovascular: two surviving children HR 1.7 (1.2 to 2.4), three or more surviving children HR 1.6 (1.1 to 2.4); non-cardiovascular: one surviving child HR 1.2 (1.0 to 1.5), two surviving children HR 1.2 (1.1 to 1.4).ConclusionsIrrespective of education, we find excess mortality in childless mothers with a perinatal loss. Increased mortality in mothers with one perinatal loss and surviving children was limited to mothers with low education.
Comparative effectiveness and safety of oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation in real-world practice: a population-based cohort study protocol
Authors: Holbrook Anne , Dormuth Colin , Morrow Richard , Lee Agnes , Troyan Sue , Li Guowei , Pullenyegum Eleanor 
Published: November 2016

IntroductionAnticoagulants are arguably the most important drug family of all, based on the frequency and duration of their use, and the clinical importance and frequency of benefits and harms. Several direct acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have recently joined warfarin for the treatment of atrial fibrillation, with a resultant significant expansion in use of oral anticoagulants (OACs). Our objectives are to compare safety and effectiveness of DOACs versus warfarin in a full population where anticoagulation management is good and to identify which types of patients do better with DOACs versus warfarin and vice versa.Methods and analysisThis is a retrospective cohort study of all adults living in British Columbia who have a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation in hospital or medical service data, and a first prescription for an OAC. Coprimary outcomes are ischaemic stroke and systemic embolism (benefit) and major bleeding (harm). Secondary outcomes include net clinical benefit (composite of stroke, systemic embolism, major bleeds, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and death), drug discontinuation and individual composite item occurrence. We will estimate the effects of treatment in a 2-year follow-up period, using time-to-event models with propensity score adjustment to control confounding. Secondary analyses will examine ‘as treated’ outcomes.Ethics and disseminationThe protocol, data creation plan, privacy impact statement and data sharing agreements have been approved. Dissemination is planned via conferences and publications as well as directly to drug policy leaders. Information on the overall comparative effectiveness and safety of DOACs versus warfarin in a country with high quality anticoagulation management, as well as for vulnerable subgroups, will be an important addition to the literature.
Influence of preinfarction angina and coronary collateral blood flow on the efficacy of remote ischaemic conditioning in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction: post hoc subgroup analysis of a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Pryds Kasper , Bøttcher Morten , Sloth Astrid Drivsholm , Munk Kim , Rahbek Schmidt Michael , Bøtker Hans Erik 
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesRemote ischaemic conditioning (RIC) confers cardioprotection in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). We investigated whether preinfarction angina and coronary collateral blood flow (CCBF) to the infarct-related artery modify the efficacy of RIC.DesignPost hoc subgroup analysis of a randomised controlled trial.ParticipantsA total of 139 patients with STEMI randomised to treatment with pPCI or RIC+pPCI.InterventionsRIC was performed prior to pPCI as four cycles of 5 min upper arm ischaemia and reperfusion with a blood pressure cuff.Primary outcome measureMyocardial salvage index (MSI) assessed by single-photon emission computerised tomography. We evaluated the efficacy of RIC in subgroups of patients with or without preinfarction angina or CCBF.ResultsOf 139 patients included in the study, 109 had available data for preinfarction angina status and 54 had preinfarction angina. Among 83 patients with Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction flow 0/1 on arrival, 43 had CCBF. Overall, RIC+pPCI increased median MSI compared with pPCI alone (0.75 vs 0.56, p=0.045). Mean MSI did not differ between patients with and without preinfarction angina in either the pPCI alone (0.58 and 0.57; 95% CI −0.17 to 0.19, p=0.94) or the RIC+pPCI group (0.66 and 0.69; 95% CI −0.18 to 0.10, p=0.58). Mean MSI did not differ between patients with and without CCBF in the pPCI alone group (0.51 and 0.55; 95% CI −0.20 to 0.13, p=0.64), but was increased in patients with CCBF versus without CCBF in the RIC+pPCI group (0.75 vs 0.58; 95% CI 0.03 to 0.31, p=0.02; effect modification from CCBF on the effect of RIC on MSI, p=0.06).ConclusionsPreinfarction angina did not modify the efficacy of RIC in patients with STEMI undergoing pPCI. CCBF to the infarct-related artery seems to be of importance for the cardioprotective efficacy of RIC.Trial registration numberNCT00435266, Post-results.
A refugee camp in the centre of Europe: clinical characteristics of asylum seekers arriving in Brussels
Authors: van Berlaer Gerlant , Bohle Carbonell Francisca , Manantsoa Sofie , de Béthune Xavier , Buyl Ronald , Debacker Michel , Hubloue Ives 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundIn the summer of 2015, the exodus of Syrian war refugees and saturation of refugee camps in neighbouring countries led to the influx of asylum-seekers in European countries, including Belgium. This study aims to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of asylum seekers who arrived in a huddled refugee camp, in the centre of a well-developed country with all medical facilities.MethodsUsing a descriptive cross-sectional study design, physicians of Médecins du Monde prospectively registered age, gender, origin, medical symptoms and diagnoses of all patients presenting to an erected field hospital in Brussels in September 2015. Diagnoses were post hoc categorised according to the International Classification of Diseases.ResultsOf 4037 patients examined in the field hospital, 3907 were included and analysed for this study. Over 11% of patients suffered from injuries, but these were outnumbered by the proportion of patients with respiratory (36%), dental (9%), skin (9%) and digestive (8%) diagnoses. More than 49% had features of infections at the time of the consultation.ConclusionsAsylum seekers arriving in a refugee camp in Brussels after a long and hazardous journey suffer mostly from respiratory, dental, skin and digestive diseases. Still, one in seven suffers from injury. These findings, consistent with other reports, should be anticipated when composing emergency medical teams and interagency emergency health or similar kits to be used in a field hospital, even in a Western European country.Trial registration numberISRCTN13523620, Results.