bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the use of contraceptives by female undergraduate students in a selected higher educational institution in Gauteng
Authors: Coetzee Maria H. , Ngunyulu Roinah N. 
Published: November 2015

Background: Unplanned pregnancies amongst students at higher education institutions are a major concern worldwide, including South Africa. Apart from various social and psychological challenges, unplanned pregnancies affect students’ objectives of achieving academic success. Research undertaken in the United States of America (USA) indicates that around 80% of female students in institutions of higher education between ages 18 and 24 are sexually active.Objectives: To assess and describe the use of contraceptives by undergraduate female students in a selected higher educational institution in Gauteng.Method: A cross-sectional, descriptive, quantitative design was used. A total of 400 female undergraduate students were requested to respond to a self-administered questionnaire. Stratified random sampling was used to select the participants. They were selected systematically from two campuses. Data were entered using an excel sheet at the Department of Statistics, and analysed using the Statistical Analysis Software programme, (SAS version 9.3), of the Department of Statistics’ higher educational institutions.Results: A total of 74%females indicated they were sexually active, 79%of whom reported using contraceptives. The most common used methods were oral contraceptives at 38%, and 25% for male condoms. The most commonly known methods were condoms at 84%, and the oral contraceptive at 68%. The knowledge of condom use to prevent sexually transmitted diseases was high at 91%.Conclusion: Inadequate knowledge and awareness on some contraceptive methods was found. Thus, educational programmes to increase students’ knowledge on the use of all contraceptive methods are urgently needed
Verwerping beroep omkeringsregel
Authors: Jongkind M. 
Published: November 2015

Verwerping beroep omkeringsregel
Ouders stellen de camping aansprakelijk voor gehoorschade van hun zoon. Op 12 juni 2003 zou de zoon in het zwembad van de camping besmet zijn geraakt met de PA-bacterie. Daarna is geconstateerd dat een filter van het zwembad defect was. De ouders stellen dat de camping haar zorgplicht heeft geschonden, alsmede dat de camping risicoaansprakelijk is op grond van artikel 6:175, 6:174 of 6:173 BW. Met betrekking tot het causaal verband wordt een beroep gedaan op de omkeringsregel. Het gerechtshof oordeelt dat geen sprake is van risicoaansprakelijkheid ex artikel 6:175 BW. Het beroep op de omkeringsregel wordt verworpen.
De opzetclausule in de AVP-polis
Authors: Wansink J.H. 
Published: November 2015

De opzetclausule in de AVP-polis
Centraal in deze uitspraak staat de uitleg van de opzetclausule zoals deze naar aanleiding van het Aegon/Van der Linden-arrest van de Hoge Raad van 6 november 1998 in 2000 in de AVP-polis is gereviseerd. Een revisie waartoe verzekeraars besloten omdat de door de Hoge Raad voorgestane uitleg in hun visie de reikwijdte van de uitsluiting te vergaand beperkte en daardoor te veel ruimte liet voor dekking van crimineel gedrag. Een steeds weer terugkerend geschilpunt tussen partijen ziet op de vraag of de clausule dekking biedt voor met uitsluitend voorwaardelijk opzet veroorzaakte schade; dit veelal in het licht van het gegeven dat opzettelijke gedragingen kunnen leiden tot qua ernst en omvang in relatie tot de schadeveroorzakende gedraging buitenproportionele schadelijke gevolgen. Het door verzekeraars beoogde correctief daarvoor biedt de redelijkheid en billijkheid overeenkomstig artikel 6:248 lid 2 BW.
Nanodiagnostic and Nanotherapeutic Molecular Platforms for Cancer Management
Authors: A. Lyberopoulou  , E.P. Efstathopoulos  , M. Gazouli  
Published: November 2015

Over the last ten years rapid progress is being made regarding the incorporation of nanoparticles in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Besides the limitations that have to be addressed, there are various research studies suggesting some promising nanodiagnostic and nanotherapeutic platforms for cancer managment. Nanotherapeutic platforms are based on the localized application of nanoparticles using targeting moieties, most usually antibodies, in order to in vivo direct nanoparticles to cancer cells. Thereafter, either nanoparticles react to external stimulus, for example under radiofrequency waves nanoparticles generate thermal energy, or they are used for targeted drug-delivery platforms, which allows the augmentation of drug concentration in the cancerous site of the body and thus minimizing side effects and increasing the efficacy of the drug. Regarding nanodiagnostics, particular focus is paid on nanoparticles that can act as contrast agents in cancer imaging for in vivo nanodiagnostics and on nanobiochips and nanobiosensor, devices that incorporate the lab on a chip notion for in vitro nanodiagnostics. In this review, several advanced nanodiagnostic and nanotherapeutic platforms are discussed, on the development of more effective and targeted molecular techniques in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Characterization of oxygen vacancy defects in Ba1−
xCaxTiO3 insulating ceramics using electron paramagnetic resonance technique
Authors: Lu Da-Yong , Yuan Long-Fei , Liang Wei-Na , Zhu Zhao-Bin 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique was employed to detect oxygen vacancy defects in the tetragonal Ba1−

x
Ca
x
TiO3 (x = 0.03) ceramics (BCa3T) prepared via the mixed oxide route at 1300–1500 °C. In the rhombohedral phase below −100 °C, an EPR signal at g = 1.955 appeared in the insulating BCa3T with an electrical resistivity of 108 Ω cm and was assigned to ionized oxygen vacancy defects. BCa3T prepared at 1300 °C showed a temperature-stable X6S dielectric specification (ε′ = 1750). Three types of vacancy defect, namely, Ba, Ti, and O vacances, could coexist in BCa3T owing to the partial Ti-site occupation by Ca2+.
Impact of thermal oxygen annealing on the properties of tin oxide films and characteristics of p-type thin-film transistors
Authors: Zhong Chia-Wen , Lin Horng-Chih , Liu Kou-Chen , Huang Tiao-Yuan 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
In this work, we study the properties of tin oxide films, which were annealed in oxygen ambient for various periods. The as-deposited tin oxides are tin-dominant and, from the Hall measurements, they are of the n-type with high electron concentrations (>1019 cm−3) and would change to the p-type when the oxygen annealing is sufficiently long. We have also found that changes in the structure and crystallinity of the channel layer can be clearly observed by X-ray diffraction analysis and optical microscopy. On the basis of the observations, a physical scheme is proposed to describe the evolution of the electrical performance of oxygen-annealed devices. A hole mobility of 3.24 cm2 V−1 s−1, a subthreshold swing of 0.43 V/dec, a threshold voltage of 1.4 V, and an on/off current ratio larger than 103 are obtained as the channel is transformed into SnO.
A questionnaire study of injections prescribed and dispensed for patients diagnosed with mild/moderate community-acquired pneumonia in Mongolia
Authors: Dorj Gereltuya , Hendrie Delia , Parsons Richard W. , Sunderland Bruce 
Published: November 2015

Purpose.The study aimed to determine the extent of and factors influencing the prescribing of injections for the treatment of mild/moderate community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Mongolia.Methods.Questionnaires were developed and administered to medication providers (34 Pharmacists, 27 pharmacy technicians) and prescribers (22 general doctors and 49 medical specialists) working in Mongolia.Results.Cefalosporins were prescribed for patients with mild pneumonia and doctors tended to prescribe injectable cefalosporins (cefazolin) rather than oral dosage forms. This was supported by the questionnaire study with pharmacists and pharmacy technicians. Additionally, 23 pharmacists and pharmacy technicians indicated that OTC injectable cefalosporins (37.7%) and injectable aminopenicillins (33,9%) were frequently sold by pharmacies for the treatment of mild/moderate CAP. Doctors and particularly pharmacists in the questionnaire studies indicated choosing an injection was to avoid non-compliance problems.Conclusion.High levels of injectable prescribing of antibiotics were found in non-hospitalized patients with CAP in Mongolia. This prevalence level indicated that inappropriate injection prescribing is a public health hazard for Mongolia and requires consideration by the appropriate authorities.
Intensity of bouted and sporadic physical activity and the metabolic syndrome in adults
Authors: Robson Jordan , Janssen Ian 
Published: November 2015

Background.Physical activity guidelines for adults only recognize the health benefits of accumulating bouted moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), or MVPA occurring over at least 10 consecutive minutes. There is a lack of evidence supporting the health benefits of other patterns and intensities of activity including sporadic MVPA (i.e., MVPA occurring in periods of fewer than 10 consecutive minutes) and light intensity physical activity (LIPA). The objective of this study was to examine the health benefits associated with physical activity that does not meet the physical activity guidelines criteria for bouted MVPA. Specifically, we examined the association between sporadic MVPA and bouted and sporadic LIPA with the metabolic syndrome.Methods.We studied a representative cross-sectional sample of 1,974 adults aged 20 years and older from the 2003–2006 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Physical activity was measured over 7 days using Actigraph AM-7164 accelerometers. Each minute over the 7-day measurement period was classified as being of a sedentary, light, or moderate-to-vigorous intensity. A 10 min threshold differentiated bouted activity from sporadic activity. Average minutes/day of sporadic LIPA, sporadic MVPA, bouted LIPA, bouted MVPA, and embedded MVPA (MVPA occurring within bouts of primarily LIPA) were calculated. Metabolic syndrome status was determined using established criteria. Associations were examined using logistic regression and controlled for relevant covariates.Results.For every 30 min/day of physical activity, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of the metabolic syndrome was reduced by 4% (1–7%) for bouted LIPA, 64% (51–71%) for bouted MVPA, and 57% (45–67%) for embedded MVPA. Sporadic LIPA was not independently associated with the metabolic syndrome. We could not examine the association between sporadic MVPA and the metabolic syndrome because participants accumulated such a marginal amount of this type of activity (i.e., median = 2 min/day, only 11% of participants accumulated ≥5 min/day).Conclusion.The intensity of non-bouted activity is important, as embedded MVPA had a stronger association with the metabolic syndrome than sporadic LIPA and a comparable association to bouted MVPA.
THE EFFECT OF BIRTH INTERVAL ON MALNUTRITION IN BANGLADESHI INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN
Authors: MOZUMDER A. B. M. KHORSHED ALAM , KHUDA BARKAT-E- , KANE THOMAS T. , LEVIN ANN , AHMED SHAMEEM 
Published: July 2002

This study was undertaken to investigate the independent effect of the length of birth interval on malnutrition in infants, and children aged 6–39 months. Data for this study were drawn from a post-flood survey conducted during October–December 1988 at Sirajganj of the Sirajgani district and at Gopalpur of the Tangail district in Bangladesh. The survey recorded the individual weights of 1887 children. Cross-tabulations and logistic regression procedures were applied to analyse the data. The proportion of children whose weight-for-age was below 70% (moderate-to-severely malnourished) and 60% (severely malnourished) of the NCHS median was tabulated against various durations of previous and subsequent birth intervals. The odds of being moderately or severely malnourished were computed for various birth intervals, controlling for: the number of older surviving siblings; maternal education and age; housing area (a proxy for wealth); age and sex of the index child; and the prevalence of diarrhoea in the previous 2 weeks for the index child.About one-third of infants and young children were moderately malnourished and 15% were severely malnourished. The proportion of children who were under 60% weight-for-age decreased with the increase in the length of the subsequent birth interval, maternal education and housing area. The proportion of malnourished children increased with the number of older surviving children. Children were at higher risk of malnutrition if they were female, their mothers were less educated, they had several siblings, and either previous or subsequent siblings were born within 24 months. This study indicates the potential importance of longer birth intervals in reducing malnutrition in children.
Streamwise oscillations of a cylinder in steady current.
Part 2. Free-surface effects on vortex formation and loading
Authors: CETINER O. , ROCKWELL D. 
Published: July 2002

A cylinder in a steady current beneath a free surface is subjected to oscillations in the
streamwise direction. Techniques of high-image-density particle image velocimetry and
instantaneous force measurement provide the relationship between the instantaneous,
global flow patterns and the unsteady loading on the cylinder.The existence of locked-on states for the fully submerged cylinder is addressed
in the companion study of Cetiner & Rockwell (2001). The present investigation
shows that it is possible to generate distinctly different locked-on states of vortex
formation, provided the cylinder is located immediately beneath the free surface. As
a consequence, the time-dependent transverse force is phase-locked to the cylinder
motion. In the event that a finite gap exists between the cylinder and the free surface,
however, instantaneous, jet-like flow through the gap acts to destabilize such locked-on
states. Lissajous representations of the forces demonstrate the degree of phase-locking
or, in some cases, a loss of lock-on and associated phase drift. Moreover, the degree of
submergence of the cylinder beneath the free surface has remarkable consequences for
the magnitudes of positive and negative spikes of the time-dependent force signatures,
as well as the averaged spectra of the transverse force. In turn, these alterations of the
unsteady transverse force are accompanied by substantial changes of the averaged
in-line and transverse forces.Vortex systems can exist at locations both upstream and downstream of the cylinder.
They are due to vorticity from the cylinder surface and/or the free surface. The space–time
development of the entire system of vorticity concentrations is interpreted in
terms of the time histories of the relative velocity of the cylinder and the instantaneous
forces on the cylinder. In turn, these features of the vorticity field are related to critical
points near the free surface, deduced from topologies of the corresponding velocity
and streamline patterns. Despite the fact that changes in the patterns of vorticity
and the corresponding topologies occur in conjunction with large fluctuations of the
transverse force coefficient, the dimensionless strength of the vortices is below the
threshold for which distinguishable, localized deformations of the free surface occur.
Large-eddy simulation of boundary-layer separation and transition at a change of surface curvature
Authors: YANG ZHIYIN , VOKE PETER R. 
Published: July 2002

Transition arising from a separated region of flow is quite common and plays an
important role in engineering. It is difficult to predict using conventional models
and the transition mechanism is still not fully understood. We report the results of
a numerical simulation to study the physics of separated boundary-layer transition
induced by a change of curvature of the surface. The geometry is a flat plate with a
semicircular leading edge. The Reynolds number based on the uniform inlet velocity
and the leading-edge diameter is 3450. The simulated mean and turbulence quantities
compare well with the available experimental data.The numerical data have been comprehensively analysed to elucidate the entire
transition process leading to breakdown to turbulence. It is evident from the simulation
that the primary two-dimensional instability originates from the free shear in
the bubble as the free shear layer is inviscidly unstable via the Kelvin–Helmholtz
mechanism. These initial two-dimensional instability waves grow downstream with
a amplification rate usually larger than that of Tollmien–Schlichting waves. Three-dimensional
motions start to develop slowly under any small spanwise disturbance
via a secondary instability mechanism associated with distortion of two-dimensional
spanwise vortices and the formation of a spanwise peak–valley wave structure. Further
downstream the distorted spanwise two-dimensional vortices roll up, leading
to streamwise vorticity formation. Significant growth of three-dimensional motions
occurs at about half the mean bubble length with hairpin vortices appearing at this
stage, leading eventually to full breakdown to turbulence around the mean reattachment
point. Vortex shedding from the separated shear layer is also observed and
the ‘instantaneous reattachment’ position moves over a distance up to 50% of the
mean reattachment length. Following reattachment, a turbulent boundary layer is
established very quickly, but it is different from an equilibrium boundary layer.
Theory and experiment on the

low-Reynolds-number expansion and contraction

of a bubble pinned at a submerged tube tip
Authors: WONG HARRIS , RUMSCHITZKI DAVID , MALDARELLI CHARLES 
Published: July 2002

The expansion and contraction of a bubble pinned at a

submerged tube tip and driven

by constant gas flow rate Q are studied both

theoretically and experimentally for

Reynolds number Re[Lt ]1. Bubble shape, gas pressure,

surface velocities, and

extrapolated detached bubble volume are determined by a

boundary integral method for various Bond

(Bo=ρga2/σ)

and capillary

(Ca=μQ/σa2)

numbers, where a is the

capillary radius, ρ and μ are the liquid density and

viscosity, σ is the surface tension,

and g is the gravitational acceleration.Bubble expansion from a flat interface to near detachment

is simulated for a full

range of Ca (0.01–100) and Bo

(0.01–0.5). The maximum gas pressure is found to vary

almost linearly with Ca for 0.01[les ]Ca[les ]100.

This correlation allows the maximum

bubble pressure method for measuring dynamic surface tension to

be extended to viscous liquids. Simulated detached bubble

volumes approach static values for Ca[Lt ]1,

and asymptote as Q3/4 for

Ca[Gt ]1, in agreement with analytic predictions.

In the limit Ca→0, two singular time domains are

identified near the beginning and the end of

bubble growth during which viscous and capillary forces

become comparable.Expansion and contraction experiments were conducted using

a viscous silicone oil.

Digitized video images of deforming bubbles compare well with

numerical solutions.

It is observed that a bubble contracting at high

Ca snaps off.
Flow past a sphere up to a Reynolds number of 300
Authors: JOHNSON T. A. , PATEL V. C. 
Published: July 2002

The flow of an incompressible viscous fluid past a sphere is investigated
numerically
and experimentally over flow regimes including steady and unsteady laminar
flow at
Reynolds numbers of up to 300. Flow-visualization experiments are used
to validate
the numerical results and to provide additional insight into the behaviour
of the flow.
Near-wake visualizations are presented for both steady and unsteady flows.

Calculations for Reynolds numbers of up to 200 show steady axisymmetric
flow and
compare well with previous experimental and numerical observations. For
Reynolds
numbers of 210 to 270, a steady non-axisymmetric regime is found, also
in agreement
with previous work. To advance the basic understanding of this transition,
a symmetry
breaking mechanism is proposed based on a detailed analysis of the calculated
flow
field.Unsteady flow is calculated at Reynolds numbers greater than 270. The
results at a
Reynolds number of 300 show a highly organized periodic flow dominated
by vortex
shedding. An analysis of the calculated vortical structure of the wake
reveals a
sequence of shed hairpin vortices in combination with a sequence of previously

unidentified induced hairpin vortices. The numerical results compare favourably
with
experimental flow visualizations which, interestingly, fail to reveal the
induced vortices.
Based on the deduced symmetry-breaking mechanism, an analysis of the unsteady

kinematics, and the experimental results, a mechanism driving the transition
to
unsteady flow is proposed.
Boundary-layer instability noise on aerofoils
Authors: NASH EMMA C. , LOWSON MARTIN V. , McALPINE ALAN 
Published: July 2002

An experimental and theoretical investigation has been carried
out to understand the
tonal noise generation mechanism on aerofoils at moderate Reynolds number.
Experiments
were conducted on a NACA0012 aerofoil section in a low-turbulence closed

working section wind tunnel. Narrow band acoustic tones were observed up
to 40 dB
above background noise. The ladder structure of these tones was eliminated
by modifying
the tunnel to approximate to anechoic conditions. High-resolution flow
velocity
measurements have been made with a three-component laser-Doppler anemometer

(LDA) which have revealed the presence of strongly amplified boundary-layer
instabilities
in a region of separated shear flow just upstream of the pressure surface

trailing edge, which match the frequency of the acoustic tones. Flow visualization

experiments have shown these instabilities to roll up to form a regular

Kármán-type vortex street.A new mechanism for tonal noise generation has been proposed, based
on the
growth of Tollmien–Schlichting (T–S) instability
waves strongly amplified by inflectional
profiles in the separating laminar shear layer on the pressure surface
of the
aerofoil. The growth of fixed frequency, spatially growing boundary-layer
instability
waves propagating over the aerofoil pressure surface has been calculated
using
experimentally obtained boundary-layer characteristics. The effect of boundary-layer

separation has been incorporated into the model. Frequency selection and
prediction
of T–S waves are in remarkably good agreement with experimental data.