bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of brain tissue responses because of the underwash overpressure of helmet and faceshield under blast loading
Authors: Sarvghad‐Moghaddam Hesam , Rezaei Asghar , Ziejewski Mariusz , Karami Ghodrat 
Published: March 2016

SummaryHead protective tools such as helmets and faceshields can induce a localized high pressure region on the skull because of the underwash of the blast waves. Whether this underwash overpressure can affect the brain tissue response is still unknown. Accordingly, a computational approach was taken to confirm the incidence of underwash with regards to blast direction, as well as examine the influence of this effect on the mechanical responses of the brain. The variation of intracranial pressure (ICP) as one of the major injury predictors, as well as the maximum shear stress were mainly addressed in this study. Using a nonlinear finite element (FE) approach, generation and interaction of blast waves with the unprotected, helmeted, and fully protected (helmet and faceshield protected) FE head models were modeled using a multi‐material arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) method and a fluid–structure interaction (FSI) coupling algorithm. The underwash incidence overpressure was found to greatly change with the blast direction. Moreover, while underwash induced ICP (U‐ICP) did not exceed the peak ICP of the unprotected head, it was comparable and even more than the peak ICP imposed on the protected heads by the primary shockwaves (Coup‐ICP). It was concluded that while both helmet and faceshield protected the head against blast waves, the underwash overpressure affected the brain tissue response and altered the dynamic load experienced by the brain as it led to increased ICP levels at the countercoup site, imparted elevated skull flexure, and induced high negative pressure regions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of ceramic thickness and cement shade on the final shade after bonding using the 3D master system: a laboratory study
Authors: Montero Javier , Gómez‐Polo Cristina 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe final color of a ceramic restoration is influenced by both the ceramic thickness and the cement shade. This study aims to evaluate the color stability according to the 3D Master System of e.max ceramic discs after bonding with different shades of luting agents. A total of 120 e.max.Press 2M1 HT ceramic discs (60 discs of 1‐mm thick and 60 discs of 0.5 mm thick) and three different values of Variolink Veneer cement were used (−3, 0, +3) for the cementation process. An Easyshade compact device was used to measure color shade tabs, according to the 3D Master System, on the discs both before and after the cementation protocols. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out with the spss v.21. After bonding with the different luting agents, only 30% remained as 2M1: specifically, 22% of the thinner discs and 37.3% of the thicker discs. In general, the effect of bonding increased the value and the chroma of the shade to a significant extent. Regression analyses revealed that the most significant predictor for all color parameters was cement shade, the thinner disc group bonded with −3 cement being the most unstable subgroup. According to the 3D Master System, the shade of the luting agent was the main predictor of the final color. However, the final color seems to be somewhat unpredictable, at least according to the modulating factors evaluated in the present study.
Flow Synthesis of Silver Nanowires for Semitransparent Solar Cell Electrodes: A Life Cycle Perspective
Authors: Espinosa Nieves , Søndergaard Roar R. , Jørgensen Mikkel , Krebs Frederik C. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSilver nanowires (AgNWs) were prepared on a 5 g scale using either the well‐known batch synthesis following the polyol method or a new flow synthesis method. The AgNWs were employed as semitransparent electrode materials in organic photovoltaics and compared to traditional printed silver electrodes based on micron sized silver flakes using life cycle analysis and environmental impact analysis methods. The life cycle analysis of AgNWs confirms that they provide an avenue to low‐impact semitransparent electrodes. We find that the benefit of AgNWs in terms of embodied energy is less pronounced than generally assumed but that the toxicological and environmental benefits are significant.
Graphene Porous Foam Loaded with Molybdenum Carbide Nanoparticulate Electrocatalyst for Effective Hydrogen Generation
Authors: Wang Jie , Xia Han , Peng Zhen , Lv Cuncai , Jin Lihuang , Zhao Yaoxing , Huang Zhipeng , Zhang Chi 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA facile method is developed for the synthesis of graphene porous foam (Gr PF) loaded with dispersed molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) nanoparticles; the material exhibits effective catalytic activity in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Mo2C/Gr PF is synthesized by the carbonization of glucose and the carbothermal reduction of hexaammonium molybdate in a confined space defined by the intervals between sodium chloride nanoparticles. The synthesis in the confined space results in thin Gr PF (≈8 nm) loaded with aggregation‐free small Mo2C nanoparticles [(13±2) nm]. The overpotential required for a current density of 20 mA cm−2 in the electrochemical hydrogen generation is as small as 199 mV in acidic solution and 380 mV in basic solution. The performance is superior to that of a Mo2C/C composite and compares favorably to those reported for Mo2C nanostructures. The Mo2C/Gr PF affords stable water electrolysis in both acidic and basic solution and exhibits nearly 100 % faradaic efficiency. The prominent performance, long‐term stability, and high faradic efficiency make Mo2C/Gr PF a promising HER catalyst for practical hydrogen generation from water electrolysis.
Carbon Nanofiber/3D Nanoporous Silicon Hybrids as High Capacity Lithium Storage Materials
Authors: Park Hyeong‐Il , Sohn Myungbeom , Kim Dae Sik , Park Cheolho , Choi Jeong‐Hee , Kim Hansu 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCarbon nanofiber (CNF)/3D nanoporous (3DNP) Si hybrid materials were prepared by chemical etching of melt‐spun Si/Al–Cu–Fe alloy nanocomposites, followed by carbonization using a pitch. CNFs were successfully grown on the surface of 3DNP Si particles using residual Fe impurities after acidic etching, which acted as a catalyst for the growth of CNFs. The resulting CNF/3DNP Si hybrid materials showed an enhanced cycle performance up to 100 cycles compared to that of the pristine Si/Al–Cu–Fe alloy nanocomposite as well as that of bare 3DNP Si particles. These results indicate that CNFs and the carbon coating layer have a beneficial effect on the capacity retention characteristics of 3DNP Si particles by providing continuous electron‐conduction pathways in the electrode during cycling. The approach presented here provides another way to improve the electrochemical performances of porous Si‐based high capacity anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries.
On blocking time in multi‐class optical burst switching nodes
Authors: Tang Shengda , Tan Liansheng , Chan Sammy 
Published: March 2016

SummaryRecently, there has been an increasing research interest being directed to optical burst switching (OBS) networks because of its mature electronic processing capability and high‐capacity optical transport capability. The blocking time for an OBS node, representing the time duration in which a certain channel is occupied by some class of bursts, plays an important role in characterizing the performance of an OBS network. In this paper, we analyze this important metric for an OBS node with a horizonal and a single channel theoretically and numerically. On the basis of that, the burst arrivals are assumed to follow the Poisson process and the burst lengths have a phase‐type distribution, we are able to formulate a working mechanism of an OBS node into a multilayer stochastic fluid model. Using a level crossing arguments method, we are able to obtain the Laplace–Stieltjes transforms of the blocking time, from which n‐order moments and the probability density functions of the blocking time can be further derived. We provide a numerical example to illustrate the theoretical analyses, and we further discuss the effects of the offset time and the arrival density on the blocking time through this numerical example. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Event‐related potential study of intentional and incidental retrieval of item and source memory during early childhood
Authors: Robey Alison , Riggins Tracy 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThe event related potential (ERP) technique is a useful methodology for studying neural changes underlying memory development during childhood. However, systematic comparisons of differences in memory tasks and retrieval demands are lacking. To address this gap, the present study explored the effects of memory task (i.e., item versus source) and retrieval paradigm (i.e., intentional versus incidental) on 4‐ to 5‐year‐old children's memory performance and associated electrophysiological responses. Children were familiarized with items in a play‐like setting and then asked to retrieve item or source memory details while their brain activity was recorded (intentional retrieval) or while they passively viewed images of the items with no explicit task (incidental retrieval). Memory assessments for the incidental groups followed ERP recording. Analyses of the ERP data suggested that the brain's response during intentional retrieval of source information differed from the other three conditions. These results are discussed within a two‐component framework of memory development (e.g., Shing et al., 2010), and implications for future methodological decisions are presented. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58: 556–567, 2016.
Impairment due to eating disorder pathology: Identifying the cut‐off score on the Clinical Impairment Assessment in a clinical and community sample
Authors: Reas Deborah Lynn , Stedal Kristin , Lindvall Dahlgren Camilla , Rø Øyvind 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe Clinical Impairment Assessment (CIA) is a self‐report measure of impairment secondary to eating disorder (ED) features. The purpose of this study was to identify the global CIA cut‐off score that maximized sensitivity and specificity to discriminate impairment due to eating disorder pathology in a community versus clinical ED sample using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses.MethodParticipants were 1,468 female community participants and 552 eating disorder patients.ResultsMean global CIA scores were 5.17 (SD 7.61) and 32.50 (SD 10.20). The ROC analysis demonstrated excellent accuracy of the global CIA score (AUC = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.96–0.98). A cut‐off score of 16.0 yielded a sensitivity of 0.91 (95% CI: 0.88–0.93) and a specificity of 0.91 (95% CI: 0.89–0.93).DiscussionThis study is the first to replicate findings from the original development study of the CIA and lends support to initial recommendations. Data provide strong evidence of the discriminant validity of the CIA and suggest the utility of assessing eating‐disorder related impairment for classification purposes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:635–638)
Mismatch between fishway operation and timing of fish movements: a risk for cascading effects in partial migration systems
Authors: van Leeuwen Casper H. A. , Museth Jon , Sandlund Odd T. , Qvenild Tore , Vøllestad L. Asbjørn 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHabitat fragmentation is a growing problem worldwide. Particularly in river systems, numerous dams and weirs hamper the movement of a wide variety of species. With the aim to preserve connectivity for fish, many barriers in river systems are equipped with fishways (also called fish passages or fish ladders). However, few fishways provide full connectivity. Here we hypothesized that restricted seasonal opening times of fishways can importantly reduce their effectiveness by interfering with the timing of fish migration, for both spring‐ and autumn‐spawning species. We empirically tested our hypothesis, and discuss the possible eco‐evolutionary consequences of affected migration timing. We analyzed movements of two salmonid fishes, spring‐spawning European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) and autumn‐spawning brown trout (Salmo trutta), in Norway's two largest river systems. We compared their timing of upstream passage through four fishways collected over 28 years with the timing of fish movements in unfragmented river sections as monitored by radiotelemetry. Confirming our hypothesis, late opening of fishways delayed the migration of European grayling in spring, and early closure of fishways blocked migration for brown trout on their way to spawning locations during late autumn. We show in a theoretical framework how restricted opening times of fishways can induce shifts from migratory to resident behavior in potamodromous partial migration systems, and propose that this can induce density‐dependent effects among fish accumulating in lower regions of rivers. Hence, fragmentation may not only directly affect the migratory individuals in the population, but may also have effects that cascade downstream and alter circumstances for resident fish. Fishway functionality is inadequate if there is a mismatch between natural fish movements and fishway opening times in the same river system, with ecological and possibly evolutionary consequences for fish populations.
Fungal disease incidence along tree diversity gradients depends on latitude in European forests
Authors: Nguyen Diem , Castagneyrol Bastien , Bruelheide Helge , Bussotti Filippo , Guyot Virginie , Jactel Hervé , Jaroszewicz Bogdan , Valladares Fernando , Stenlid Jan , Boberg Johanna 
Published: March 2016

AbstractEuropean forests host a diversity of tree species that are increasingly threatened by fungal pathogens, which may have cascading consequences for forest ecosystems and their functioning. Previous experimental studies suggest that foliar and root pathogen abundance and disease severity decrease with increasing tree species diversity, but evidences from natural forests are rare. Here, we tested whether foliar fungal disease incidence was negatively affected by tree species diversity in different forest types across Europe. We measured the foliar fungal disease incidence on 16 different tree species in 209 plots in six European countries, representing a forest‐type gradient from the Mediterranean to boreal forests. Forest plots of single species (monoculture plots) and those with different combinations of two to five tree species (mixed species plots) were compared. Specifically, we analyzed the influence of tree species richness, functional type (conifer vs. broadleaved) and phylogenetic diversity on overall fungal disease incidence. The effect of tree species richness on disease incidence varied with latitude and functional type. Disease incidence tended to increase with tree diversity, in particular in northern latitudes. Disease incidence decreased with tree species richness in conifers, but not in broadleaved trees. However, for specific damage symptoms, no tree species richness effects were observed. Although the patterns were weak, susceptibility of forests to disease appears to depend on the forest site and tree type.
Incongruence between mtDNA and nuclear data in the freshwater mussel genus Cyprogenia (Bivalvia: Unionidae) and its impact on species delineation
Authors: Chong Jer Pin , Harris John L. , Roe Kevin J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAccurately identifying species is a crucial step for developing conservation strategies for freshwater mussels, one of the most imperiled faunas in North America. This study uses genetic data to re‐examine species delineation in the genus Cyprogenia. Historically, Cyprogenia found west of the Mississippi River have been ascribed to Cyprogenia aberti (Conrad ), and those east of the Mississippi River were classified as Cyprogenia stegaria (Rafinesque 1820). Previous studies using mitochondrial DNA sequences indicated that C. aberti and C. stegaria were not reciprocally monophyletic groups, suggesting the need for systematic revision. We generated a novel dataset consisting of 10 microsatellite loci and combined it with sequence data from the mitochondrial ND1 gene for 223 Cyprogenia specimens. Bayesian analysis of the ND1 nucleotide sequences identified two divergent clades that differ by 15.9%. Members of these two clades occur sympatrically across most sampling locations. In contrast, microsatellite genotypes support recognition of three allopatric clusters defined by major hydrologic basins. The divergent mitochondrial lineages are highly correlated with the color of the conglutinate lures used by mussels to attract and infest host fishes, and tests for selection at the ND1 locus were positive. We infer that the incongruence between mtDNA and microsatellite data in Cyprogenia may be the result of a combination of incomplete lineage sorting and balancing selection on lure color. Our results provide further evidence that mitochondrial markers are not always neutral with respect to selection, and highlight the potential problems of relying on a single‐locus‐marker for delineating species.
Long‐Term Cycling Performance of Nitrogen‐Doped Hollow Carbon Nanospheres as Anode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wen Yanfen , Wang Bei , Luo Bin , Wang Lianzhou 
Published: March 2016

AbstractNitrogen‐doped hollow carbon nanospheres (N‐HCSs) were prepared by a facile template method with dopamine as the precursor and subsequently used as the anode material for sodium‐ion batteries. The N‐HCSs demonstrated high reversible capacities with a retained capacity of 162.2 mA h g–1 over 100 cycles at 0.1 A g–1 and an excellent rate capability with an attainable capacity of 90 mA h g–1 at a high current density of 5 A g–1. Detailed characterization revealed that nitrogen doping introduces defects into the carbon wall structure and enables the storage of additional Na ions in the walls of the carbon spheres. We then show that the addition of an electrolyte additive [fluorinated ethylene carbonate (FEC)] also effectively enhances the cyclability of the N‐HCSs anode; a capacity of 136.4 mA h g–1 was obtained after 2500 charge–discharge cycles at a current rate of 0.2 A g–1.
Layered Transition Metal Nitroprussides – Their Preparation, Crystal Structure, and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Gil Diego Mauricio , Osiry Hernandez , Rodriguez Alejandro , Lemus‐Santana Ana Adela , Carbonio Raúl Ernesto , Reguera Edilso 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDivalent transition metal (T) nitroprussides form a series of insoluble coordination compounds, which generally crystallize in 3D frameworks, except for a layered (2D) phase of copper. In this contribution, the preparation of layered phases for T = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, and Cd is reported. The incorporation of imidazole (Im) during their preparation by the precipitation method inhibits the coordination of the axial CN groups to the metal T, and layered (2D) structures of formula unit T(Im)2[Fe(CN)5NO] result. The metal T is found coordinated to the N end of the equatorial CN groups. Imidazole molecules occupy its axial coordination sites. In the interlayer region, imidazole molecules from neighboring layers interact through their dipole and quadrupole moments. The stacking of the aromatic rings from neighboring molecules deviates from the sandwich‐type configuration, which in turn weakens the magnetic interactions between T2+ cations located in neighboring layers. Axial unbridged CN and NO groups play a steric hindrance role, thus causing a deviation from the sandwich configuration for the aromatic rings. This series of 2D transition metal nitroprussides can be exfoliated by using appropriate solvents, for example, 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone.
Lanthanum‐Doped TiO2 Nanosheet Film with Highly Reactive {001} Facets and Its Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Zhang Qijun , Fu Yu , Wu Yufeng , Zuo Tieyong 
Published: March 2016

AbstractLanthanum‐doped anatase TiO2 nanosheet films with exposed high‐reactivity {001} facets were synthesized directly on transparent conductive fluorine‐doped tin dioxide (FTO) substrates by a facile one‐pot solvothermal method. The surface morphological structure and crystal facets of the TiO2 nanosheets could be facilely controlled under appropriate conditions. The photocatalytic activities of the La‐doped TiO2 nanosheet films were evaluated for the degradation of methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB). The results demonstrated that the photocatalytic activities of the La‐doped TiO2 nanosheet films are higher than those of the pure TiO2 film; this is ascribed mainly to the synergistic effect of the La doping and the high percentage of exposed {001} facets. A possible mechanism for the photocatalytic degradation of MO and MB has also been proposed.
Exchange Method Using Acid‐Solvent Synergy for Metal–Organic Framework Synthesis (EASY‐MOFs) Based on a Typical Pillar‐Layered Parent Structure
Authors: He Yingdian , Shang Jin , Gu Qinfen , Zhao Qinghu , Xie Ke , Li Gang , Singh Ranjeet , Xiao Penny , Webley Paul A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe report an advanced synthesis strategy, termed “exchange method using acid‐solvent synergy for metal–organic framework synthesis” (EASY‐MOFs), which can generally be applied to pillar‐layered MOFs to generate new structures. Superior to de novo synthesis, EASY‐MOFs provides an alternative synthesis route with advantages of high product purity, structural versatility and controllability. In addition, high product yield is possible without the need for tedious optimization of the synthetic conditions, which is often the case for de novo synthesis. More importantly, novel structures that are not obtainable by direct synthesis or conventional ligand‐exchange strategies can be achieved by EASY‐MOFs. Based on our experimental observations, we attribute the unique advantages of EASY‐MOFs to the nucleation rate control during the disassembly–exchange–reassembly process and the seeding effect of the parent crystals promoted by the acid.
Diverse Molecular Architectures of Si and Sn [4.4.3.01,6]Tridecane Cages Derived from a Mannich Base Possessing Semi‐Rigid Unsymmetrical Podands
Authors: Srivastav Neha , Mutneja Ruchi , Singh Navjot , Singh Raghubir , Kaur Varinder , Wagler Jörg , Kroke Edwin 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThree novel atrane‐like pentacoordinate silicon and hexa‐ and mixed penta‐ and hexacoordinate tin compounds containing [4.4.3.0]tridecane cages have been synthesized. In the present work, the bis‐phenol amine tetradentate ligand, N,N‐bis(2‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dimethylbenzyl)‐2‐aminoethanol (H3L), was treated with phenyltrichlorosilane, butyltrichlorostannane and phenyltrichlorostannane to give the mononuclear pseudo‐silatrane 1, dinuclear pseudo‐stannatrane 2 and tetranuclear pseudo‐stannatrane 3, respectively. These compounds were characterized by spectroscopic techniques (1H, 13C and 119Sn NMR, FTIR and MS). Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies revealed 1 to be a discrete molecule and 2 to be a non‐centrosymmetric dimer, whereas compound 3 is a “ladder”‐like architecture bearing two types of Sn coordination spheres arranged in a centrosymmetric fashion. Thus, a broad range of molecular architectures are accessible with this tripodal ligand H3L. Pseudo‐atranes 1–3 are structurally characterized representatives of the hitherto very scarcely explored class of tricyclic group 14 metal compounds bearing mixed ring systems in an atrane cage.