bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrocarbon Reservoir Potential of the Taranaki Basin, Western New Zealand
Authors: Robinson P.H. , King P.R. 
Published: July 2017

Taranaki Basin is a proven petroleum producing region, with commercial quantities of hydrocarbons from late Eocene paralic and terrestrial sands, and Miocene-latest Pliocene shelf sands. Other sediments with sub-commercial hydrocarbon accumulations, shows or potential reservoir features have also been encountered. The paralic and terrestrial sediments were deposited during periodic shoreline fluctuations in the Paleogene and were capped by transgressive terrigenous and carbonate muds. Other sand bodies, generally of bathyal and shelf setting and representing increasing regional tectonism, are found throughout the late Eocene to Pliocene sequence. Paleogeographic reconstructions depicting the maximum sand development during the Paelocene to Pliocene provide potential sandstone reservoir maps. These highlight onshore Taranaki and the Eocene paleoshoreline trend as areas of greatest prospectivity. Future activity should also consider the potential of the relatively unexplored late Cretaceous-Paleocene and Pliocene sandstone sequences.
Diagenetic Control of Porosity and Permeability in Pakawau and Kapuni Group Sandstones, Taranaki Basin, New Zealand
Authors: Collen J.D. 
Published: July 2017

Porosity and permeability of Cretaceous to Oliogocene Pakawau and Kapuni Group sandstones in Taranaki Basin, New Zealand, have been extensively modified by burial diagenesis. Mechanical compaction and the precipitation of silica, carbonate and authigenic clays have caused marked deterioration of potential and actual reservoirs for hydrocarbons. Other authigenic minerals have had less effect. Secondary reservoir porosity and permeability have developed in significant volumes in sandstones at various places, at depths below about 2.5 km. They have formed by dissolution of detrital grains, authigenic cements and authigenic replacement minerals, and by fracturing of rock and grains. The most important process for commercial hydrocarbon accumulation in New Zealand is mesogenetic carbonate (particularly calcite) dissolution. As the most prospective source and reservoir rocks are low in the Cretaceous-Tertiary sequence, the depth of burial necessary for hydrocarbon generation means that most primary porosity has been lost and secondary porosity is essential for a commercial accumulation. Entrapment of hydrocarbons in reservoirs higher in the sequence probably also requires the development of secondary permeability to allow migration.
The New Zealand Energy Scene Now and Post-Maui
Authors: Lear M. 
Published: July 2017

Supply and demand forecasts to 2020 published by the Ministry of Commerce highlight the significance of the depletion of the Maui gas and condensate field for the New Zealand energy scene. Maui currently produces around 34% of our primary energy and 45% of our transport fuels, including fuel from the synthetic fuels plant. The depletion of Maui around 2010 is expected to reduce our liquid fuel self-sufficiency and reduce the availability of gas for electricity generation and petrochemicals. The Ministry's forecasts conclude this will result in price rises for gas and electricity, and increased use of coal, geothermal, hydro, wind and other renewables for generation. The depletion of the Maui field highlights the importance of developing an attractive petroleum royalty regime to encourage further exploration of New Zealand's petroleum resources.
Deregulation from the Gas Utility's Perspective
Authors: Hammond A.E. 
Published: July 2017

The paper covers the process of energy sector reform as it relates to the New Zealand Gas Industry. The reform processes are aimed at deregulating the gas industry, encouraging competition within the energy sector, and providing only light-handed controls in the areas of transmission and distribution where competition is unlikely. The paper concentrates on the technical aspects and views the process from the utility point of view. The first section looks at the specific elements of the energy sector reform legislation and identifies the changes that were brought about through the new Gas Act, the Gas Regulations and associated law amendments. The changes range from the removal of the exclusive franchises and price controls through to the development of a new regime to control gasfitting and gas appliances. The second section reviews the relevant aspects of the broader changes of the deregulation process which have impacted on all New Zealand industries as the country moves through the 90s. These changes range from new legislation to manage resources through to changes in the health and safety area. The final section covers the activities and initiatives of the Gas Industry to optimise the opportunities that the deregulation process provides. These changes range from the preparation of access agreements for transportation of gas through to new training structures to ensure that adequate skills are available to maintain the industry's excellent safety and reliability round.
Coal Supply Competition in Germany to the Year 2000
Authors: Hessling Matthias 
Published: July 2017

Coal is the only significant domestic energy source in Germany. Surface mining of browncoal and its utilization for power generation is economic, while the domestic hard coal industry is maintained for reasons of security of supply despite high costs of the underground operations. Over past decades, however, the size of the industry has been declining sharply. Long-term energy-political agreements guarantee sales of subsidised hard coal to the electricity and steel sectors up to 2005, but on a smaller scale than today. Brown coal use in eastern Germany is also set to decline further from its present level for structural and environmental reasons, while the use of brown coal in western Germany will remain constant. Hard coal imports, on the other hand, are likely to rise. The background of these developments is described in detail, as is the German coal policy. Coal supply is forecast up to the year 2000. The current energy supply structure in Germany as well as its future development are determined by a number of conditions, three of which will be discussed here as relevant to the topic of this paper. A more specific analysis of the hard coal industry, its development and political setting will be presented, followed by a forecast of the coal supply in 2000. The three basic conditions are as follows: Germany is, apart from coal, a country poor in energy resources. German energy policy is based on a balance of three major goals: security of energy supply, environmentally acceptable energy supply and energy supply at low cost. Unification of the two parts of Germany is being followed by a structural change of energy supply and this will continue.
Genesis of the Massive Ordovician Dolostones in the Ordos Basin, North China: Evidence from Inclusions
Authors: Zhidong Bao , Rufeng Li , Xiongqi Pang 
Published: July 2017

Massive dolostones are well developed and can be classified into fine saccharoidal dolostones and coarse saccharoidal dolostones in the Ordovician of the Ordos Basin, North China. An analysis of the inclusion reveals information for the study of the massive dolostones' genesis. The majority of thin sections show that the inclusions are poorly developed in the host crystals of the fine dolomites, but are well-developed in the pore-filling calcite crystals. The homogenization temperatures of the inclusions range from 49°C to 74°C, and the maximum depth of the inclusion formation calculated from such temperatures is about 172m. Thus the host crystals of the fine saccharoidal dolostones have been formed in shallow burial environments with a depth of about 172m. On the other hand, the inclusions are well -developed in the host crystals of the coarse saccharoidal dolostones. Analytical data of Raman spectra show that, among the inclusions, there is a great deal of methane and other organic material, suggesting that the inclusions must have been formed during the dry gas production stage of the organic material evolution in deep burial environments. The lowest homogenization temperature of the inclusion is 104°C (with pressure correction), and the least depth for the inclusion formation corresponding to such a temperature is about 2600m. Hence, it is believed that the coarse saccharoidal dolostones must have been formed in deep burial environments with hot liquid dolomitization. Therefore, the inclusion analyses bring out the conclusion that there are at least two types of dolomitization in the massive dolostones of the Ordovician of the Ordos basin, one of shallow burial with warm liquid, and the other deep with hot liquid.
The Analysis of Warpage for Integrated Circuit Devices
Authors: Jong Wen-Ren , Chang Ming-Lun 
Published: July 2017

This paper deals with thin elongated packaging for large size silicon chips and its warpage caused by temperature changes during the packaging process. An integrated circuit device is composed of several materials with different properties of which differences in the thermal expansion coefficients of the materials pose the largest influence on the resulting product. In the course of IC encapsulation, as the product goes through numerous processes, temperatures will rise and fall and cause the composing materials to experience repeated thermal expansion and shrinkage. Since the material layers are under perfect adhesion, any two neighboring materials with different thermal expansion coefficients will be stressed from the temperature change causing the product to deform. Current IC warpage analytical model research is based mainly on Dr. Suhir's theory of the compatibility conditions for the interfacial strains. The analytical model in Dr. Suhir's theory is constructed upon four layers of two-dimensional materials. There are two sections in the model: one is the section comprising the silicon chip and one is the section without the silicon chip. The latter section is only roughly simulated with a single homogenous material and is unable to correctly simulate the geometric shape of an actual encapsulation component. This paper extends Dr. Suhir's analytical model to possessing unlimited layers and consisting of many sections. Thus, it not only increases the completeness and correctness of the analysis results but also resolves the problem of accommodating models with different geometric shapes.
An assessment of two gastric transport models currently used in safety pharmacology testing
Authors: Baldrick P , Bamford D G , Tattersall M L 
Published: July 2017

1 The potential effects of new drugs on the digestive system can be examined in a number of model systems of which intestinal motility in the mouse and/or gastric emptying in the rat are examples recommended for safety pharmacology evaluation. 2 Intestinal motility, assessed by the transit of carmine dye in the mouse and gastric motility, assessed by stomach weight in the rat, were examined using a range of clinical drugs or potent pharmacological agents known to affect gastrointestinal function. Assessment of both models in the guinea-pig was also evaluated. 3 Activity was demonstrated with codeine, diazepam, atropine and CCK-8 (all of which inhibited gastric function). However, neither model gave consistent and reliable results with the remaining reference compounds, namely metoclopramide, bethanechol, cisa-pride, deoxycholate, carbachol and domperidone. 4 In conclusion, this investigation questions the usefulness of simple models of gastrointestinal transport in the rodent as a means of detecting potential effects of a new drug on the digestive system. This finding should be of concern to the pharmaceutical industry as these simple models are routinely used as part of a regulatory safety pharmacology `package' of studies.
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy and Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Predictors of Left Ventricular Dysfunction
Authors: Hinojos Andrew , Vanhecke Thomas E , Enright Susan , Elg Nathan , Gifft Kristina , Marengo Benjamin , Rao Swati 
Published: July 2017

Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) from non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and Takotsubo (TK) cardiomyopathy present with similar initial clinical features and can result in left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and acute heart failure. Methods: This study was a retrospective case-control study that identified patients aged 18 years and older who presented with ACS and underwent cardiac catheterization. Results: There were a total of 321 patients in the TK group and 1031 patients in the NSTEMI group. There was significantly worse LV dysfunction in the TK group with average ejection fraction (EF) of 44.35% (±15.11%) versus NSTEMI with an average EF of 47.36% (±13.5%) ( P < .001). The presence of TK yielded of an odds ratio (OR) of 2.373 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.165-3.618) and presence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) yielded an OR of 2.053 (95% CI: 1.165-3.618). Conclusions: The presence of TK cardiomyopathy and PAD were independent predictors of patients who had LVEF of <35% and elevated B-type natriuretic peptide levels.
Genetic Basis of Darier-White Disease: Bad Pumps Cause Bumps
Authors: Bale Sherri J. , Toro Jorge R. 
Published: July 2017

Background: Darier-White disease, or keratosis follicularis, is a dominantly inherited disorder characterized by brown hyperkeratotic papules and plaques in a seborrheic distribution. The genetic basis of this disorder has recently been elucidated. Objective: In this article, we review the history of the search for the genetic basis of Darier-White disease. Methods: Previous studies are reviewed in which linkage studies identified the chromosomal location of the disease gene. The methods of physical mapping of the critical gene region and the screening of candidate genes are discussed. Results of recently published data on genotype-phenotype correlation in the disorder are presented. Results: Linkage analysis in families, together with development of a physical map of the critical region was important in identifying the causative gene. Screening of candidate genes led to the discovery that mutations in ATP2A2, a gene that encodes the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase isoform 2, cause Darier-White disease. Abnormalities in the function of this calcium pump are hypothesized to interfere with cell growth and differentiation calcium-dependent processes. Conclusion: Genetic and molecular approaches have identified the gene for Darier-White disease and lead to more questions, including “Will this information help in the search for the Hailey-Hailey disease gene?”
Systemic Weber-Christian Disease
Authors: Poorten Mary Anna Ter , Thiers Bruce H. 
Published: July 2017

Background: Weber-Christian disease is a controversial entity that histologically presents as a lobular panniculitis. A systemic variant of this disorder, in which visceral fat is affected, has been reported. Objective: A 29-year-old woman with Weber-Christian disease developed a rapidly enlarging abdominal mass during hospitalization for a flare of her skin condition. The mass resolved spontaneously. Radiographic studies demonstrated a mesenteric cyst, which was thought to represent involvement of mesenteric fat by Weber-Christian disease. Conclusion: The appearance of an abdominal or pelvic mass in a patient with Weber-Christian disease may be due to visceral involvement by the inflammatory process.
Results of a Pilot Study Reviewing Dermatitis Claims Submitted to the Ontario Workplace Safety and Insurance Board
Authors: Holness D. Linn 
Published: July 2017

Background: Workers who develop occupational skin disease are often eligible for workers' compensation benefits; however, there is little known about the decision-making process for adjudicating claims submitted for work-related skin problems. Objective: The objective of this pilot study was to test a file abstraction instrument and determine the nature of information that was available for decision-making. Methods: Files submitted to the Ontario Workplace Safety and Insurance Board (WSIB) in 1995 for dermatitis were identified. The last 51 files were abstracted to collect information concerning demographics, physicians seen, information available in the claim file for decision making, as well as type of claim and outcome of the claim. Results: Approximately 70% of the claims were “no-lost-time” and one-third of total claims were accepted for compensation. Although there was reasonable information related to the clinical status, most claims had no information that related to workplace issues such as exposures or association with work. Claims that were for lost time or were accepted had more information available. Conclusions: The pilot study has demonstrated that there is a lack of information related to workplace issues that would be important in decision-making. The study will be extended to examine the entire year's claims in order to develop a strategy to enhance the understanding of the WSIB and providers regarding the information necessary for decision-making and to determine methods to facilitate its collection.
Per-Gram Cost of Medication is by Itself a Poor Indicator for Comparing Costs of Different Psoriasis Treatments: A Retrospective Cohort Study of the Cost of Psoriasis Treatment with Topical Corticosteroids versus Topical Calcipotriene
Authors: Feldman Steven R. , Sahu Sadhvi , Fleischer Alan B. , Dezii Christopher M. 
Published: July 2017

Background: New treatments are available for psoriasis that complement or replace the use of topical corticosteroids. Objective: The purpose of this article is to assess the relative overall cost difference between regimens based on topical steroids and those using the nonsteroidal antipsoriasis medication, topical calcipotriene. Methods: Retrospective data on the cost of therapy of psoriasis were attained through analysis of claims from a national pharmaceutical-and-medical-visit claims-database. Episodes of psoriasis treatment were defined and analyzed for patients whose therapy was initiated with either topical calcipotriene or topical corticosteroids of different potency classes. Results: The average medication cost per episode was greater for topical calcipotriene ($111/episode) compared to ultrahigh potency ($70/episode), high potency ($57/episode), mid potency ($47/episode), and low-potency, ($75/episode) topical corticosteroids (p < .05). The average total cost of therapy for the topical calcipotriene regimen ($218) fell within the range for the cost of therapy for topical steroid base regimens ($197 to $457); there were no significant differences in the total cost of therapy between topical calcipotriene monotherapy and other treatment groups. Conclusion: The per-gram cost of medication is by itself a poor indicator for comparing the cost of different psoriasis treatment regimens. Given the greater safety and efficacy of combination regimens in terms of both short-term improvement and long-term control, initiating psoriasis treatment with a combination regimen of topical calcipotriene combined with an ultrapotent corticosteroid appears to be the most cost-effective approach to psoriasis treatment.
The Effects of Topical Transforming Growth Factor-β2 and Anti-Transforming Growth Factor-β2,3 on Scarring in Pigs
Authors: Brahmatewari Just , Serafini Anton , Serralta Victoria , Mertz Patricia M. , Eaglstein William H 
Published: July 2017

Background: Transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) has been implicated in the inflammatory response and subsequent scarring during wound healing. Objective: The experiment was designed to study the effects of a topical application of TGF-β2 and mouse monoclonal anti-TGF-β2,3 neutralizing antibody (and TGF-β2,3) on the development of fibrosis during healing. Methods: Sixteen full-thickness excision wounds were made in the paravertebral and thoracic area of four domestic pigs. On day 0, three wounds each were treated with: a) 5 μg of TGF-β2, b) 5 μg of 2% methylcellulose (mc), or c) 1.2 mg of anti-TGF-β2,3. As a vehicle for treatment of each wound methylcellulose 2% was used. Four wounds served as the untreated air-exposed control. Wounds were biopsied and the tissue sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin on days 7, 14, and 45. Three blinded observers evaluated the wound specimens. Results: Using computer-aided point count stereology on days 7, 14, and 45, we found a statistically significant increase (p < .05) in the number of nucleated cells in the TGF-β2-treated wounds as compared to the other control wounds. Wounds treated with anti-TGF-β2,3 had significantly (p < .05) fewer nucleated cells on days 7,14, and 45. Microscopically, the TGF-β2-treated wounds had a larger scar area as compared to anti-TGF-β2,3 and controls. Conclusion: Treating wounds with an antibody directed against TGF-β2 might be a useful clinical approach to reduce fibrosis.
The Effect of VAS972 on Allergic Contact Hypersensitivity
Authors: Shivji Gulnar M. , Suzuki Hirotake , Mandel Arkady Sh. , Bolton Anthony E. , Sauder Daniel N. 
Published: July 2017

Background: Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is a Th1-mediated immune response that can be down-regulated by immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporine and environmental stimuli such as ultraviolet light. Recently, an immunomodulation therapy, VAS972, has been developed which is believed to down-regulate the Th1 arm of the immune response. This VAS972 involves modifying autologous blood by controlled exposure to the oxidizing agent ozone and UVC light, at an elevated temperature ex vivo. The processed blood is then administered by intramuscular injection. Objective: To further evaluate the immune modulating effect of VAS972. Methods: We examined the effect of VAS972 treatment on CHS. Contact hypersensitivity was induced with dinitro-fluorobenzene (DNFB) in animals receiving VAS972-processed blood, control blood, or saline. A preliminary study was also conducted to evaluate the effect of plasma and cellular fractions of processed blood. Results: Mice injected with VAS972-processed blood demonstrated a significantly lower (46%) CHS response than controls. Histologic examination of challenged ear skin from control mice displayed edema with a significant lymphocytic infiltration, whereas animals administered processed blood demonstrated a reduction in lymphocytic infiltration. Mice injected with either plasma or the cellular fraction of the VAS972-treated blood also demonstrated a significant suppression (49% and 41%, respectively). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that VAS972 suppresses CHS and cellular infiltration. Furthermore, the plasma and cellular components of the VAS972 treatment were also able to induce immunosuppression. This further supports the hypothesis that VAS972 down-regulates the Th1 arm of the immune response.
Malignant Melanoma in a Patient with Oculocutaneous Albinism
Authors: Streutker Catherine J. , McCready David , Jimbow Kowichi , From Lynn 
Published: July 2017

Background: Sun-induced malignancies (basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas) are common in oculocutaneous albinism, however, the incidence of malignant melanoma is a topic of controversy. Objective: We have reviewed the literature and report a case of a woman with oculocutaneous albinism with an amelanotic melanoma of the anterior chest wall. Results: There are only 26 previously reported cases (both case reports and African albino population studies) in 25 patients in the literature. A 27th case with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural evaluation is presented. Conclusions: It appears that melanoma, a malignancy for which sun exposure and light colouration are felt to be major risk factors, has a low incidence among a population that is both hypopigmented and often exposed to high levels of ultraviolet light. This low incidence is poorly understood and frequently disputed.