bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of hydrothermal spark discharge anodization in the early integration of implants in sheep sinuses
Authors: Duncan Warwick J. , Gay Jennifer H. A. , Lee Min‐Ho , Bae Tae‐Sung , Lee Sook‐Jeong , Loch Carolina 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectivesSpark discharge anodic oxidation forms a porous oxide film on titanium implant surfaces, which may increase surface roughness and enhance early osseointegration. This study aimed to clinically and histomorphometric compare commercially‐available sandblasted (RBM) implants, treated with hydrothermal anodization and placed into an animal maxillary sinus model.Materials and MethodsThirty 3.75 mm × 8.5 mm threaded titanium implants were placed into the maxillary sinuses of 10 sheep via an external approach, with three test groups and 10 implants per group: right side, Control = CP‐titanium with RBM surface, Test group 1 = CP‐titanium with RBM + anodized surface; left side, Test group 2 = Ti‐6Al‐7Nb with RBM + anodized surface. Schneiderian membranes were elevated but not bone grafted. Resonant frequency analysis (RFA) was measured at surgery. Animals were sacrificed after 1 month unloaded healing. Resin‐embedded undemineralized ground‐sections were digitised, and mean bone‐implant contact (% BIC) was measured bilaterally for the best‐three consecutive threads.ResultsSeven of 30 implants showed signs of failure. RFA was low at placement but did not differ between the groups (group mean ISQ values ranged from 23 to 35; χ2 = 0.37). RFA was not repeated at sacrifice due to implant instability. Histomorphometric analysis showed % BIC was highest for control (34.8 ± 15.7), followed by Test 1 (29.6 ± 18.1) and Test 2 implants (23.3 ± 22.7), but this difference was not statistically significant (χ2 = 0.3).Discussion and ConclusionsEarly integration of RBM implants placed into thin maxillary sinus walls was not enhanced by hydrothermal anodization of implant surfaces. This may be related to the initial low stability of the implants and the relatively short healing period. However, non‐anodized RBM surfaces showed promising results, with % BIC values comparable to the best estimates of other studies using sinus grafting. Whether the modification of the implant surfaces through anodization with simultaneous sinus grafting would promote enhanced early osseointegration, is a subject of future research.
In vitro cleaning potential of three implant debridement methods. Simulation of the non‐surgical approach
Authors: Ronay Valerie , Merlini Andrea , Attin Thomas , Schmidlin Patrick R. , Sahrmann Philipp 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the cleaning potential of commonly used implant debridement methods, simulating non‐surgical peri‐implantitis therapy in vitro.Materials and methodsOne‐hundred‐and‐eighty dental implants were ink‐stained and mounted in combined soft and hard tissue models, representing peri‐implantitis defects with angulations of 30, 60, and 90° covered by a custom‐made artificial mucosa. Implants were treated by a dental school graduate and a board‐certified periodontist for 120 s with following instruments: Gracey curette, ultrasonic scaler, and an air powder abrasive device with a nozzle for sub‐mucosal use utilizing glycine powder. All procedures were repeated 10 times for each instrumentation and defect morphology respectively. Images of the implant surface were taken. Areas with color remnants were planimetrically determined and their cumulative surface area was calculated. Results were tested for statistical differences using two‐way anova and Bonferroni correction. Micro‐morphologic surface changes were analyzed on scanning electron microscope (SEM) images.ResultsThe areas of uncleaned surfaces (%, mean ± standard deviations) for curettes, ultrasonic tips, and air abrasion accounted for 74.70 ± 4.89%, 66.95 ± 8.69% and 33.87 ± 12.59% respectively. The air powder abrasive device showed significantly better results for all defect angulations (P < 0.0001). SEM evaluation displayed considerable surface alterations after instrumentation with Gracey curettes and ultrasonic devices, whereas glycine powder did not result in any surface alterations.ConclusionA complete surface cleaning could not be achieved regardless of the instrumentation method applied. The air powder abrasive device showed a superior cleaning potential for all defect angulations with better results at wide defects.
Evaluating resilience of tree communities in fragmented landscapes: linking functional response diversity with landscape connectivity
Authors: Craven D. , Filotas E. , Angers V. A. , Messier C. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimMultiple agents of change increasingly impact functioning of forest ecosystems, for which management plans often ignore how local disturbances and habitat fragmentation jointly operate on ecological resilience at different scales. We examined sensitivity of functional response diversity (FD) to variation in species diversity to predict ecological resilience to future disturbances across tree communities and evaluated the role of landscape connectivity in maintaining ecological resilience at the landscape scale.LocationCentre‐du‐Quebec, Quebec, Canada.MethodsWe inventoried private forests and calculated FD and community‐weighted means to determine the extent to which forest‐use intensity affects ecological resilience. Subsequently, we constructed a regional map of FD, from which a spatial network was extracted. To assess potential impacts of fragmentation in maintaining FD at the landscape scale, we examined how the functional connectivity of the landscape, measured by the probability of connectivity (PC), varied across a range of maximum seed dispersal distances. Lastly, we evaluated the importance of individual forest fragments in maintaining landscape FD by measuring the connectivity fractions of PC.ResultsAcross tree communities, ecological resilience was low as FD increased sharply with species diversity. Forests with high FD were dominated by species with trait values associated with greater resilience to future anthropogenic disturbances rather than to future climate change. FD was maintained across the landscape by forest fragments acting as intermediate stepping stones in the transfer of seeds.Main conclusionsWe employed a novel approach based on spatial networks to extend the functional diversity concept from the local to the landscape scale. Our results suggest that seed dispersal over sufficiently large distances can maintain ecological resilience in fragmented landscapes and buffer changes in local‐scale FD. Otherwise, FD is maintained by local processes, meaning that ecological resilience of isolated forest fragments depends strongly on land use type and intensity.
A 24‐week study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of once‐weekly dulaglutide added on to glimepiride in type 2 diabetes (AWARD‐8)
Authors: Dungan K. M. , Weitgasser R. , Perez Manghi F. , Pintilei E. , Fahrbach J. L. , Jiang H. H. , Shell J. , Robertson K. E. 
Published: January 2016

AimsTo evaluate the safety and efficacy of once‐weekly dulaglutide 1.5 mg, a long‐acting glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist, compared with placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) on glimepiride monotherapy.MethodsThis phase III, randomized (4 : 1; dulaglutide:placebo), double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, 24‐week study compared the safety and efficacy of once‐weekly dulaglutide 1.5 mg with placebo in sulphonylurea‐treated (≥half‐maximal dose, stable ≥3 months) patients (N = 300) with T2D and inadequate glycaemic control [glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥7.5 and ≤9.5% (≥58 mmol/mol and ≤80 mmol/mol)]. Analysis was carried out according to intention‐to‐treat.ResultsAt baseline, the mean participant age was 58 years; mean HbA1c was 8.4% (68 mmol/mol) and mean weight was 85.5 kg. Dulaglutide 1.5 mg was superior to placebo at 24 weeks for HbA1c reduction from baseline with a between‐group HbA1c difference of −1.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) −1.6, −1.0] or ‐14 mmol/mol (95% CI −17, −11); p < 0.001. A greater proportion of participants in the dulaglutide group reached an HbA1c level of <7.0% (53 mmol/mol) compared with placebo (55.3% vs 18.9%; p < 0.001). Dulaglutide significantly decreased fasting serum glucose from baseline compared with placebo (between‐group difference −1.86 mmol/l (95% CI −2.58, −1.14) or −33.54 mg/dl (95% CI −46.55, −20.53); p < 0.001. Weight was decreased significantly from baseline in the dulaglutide group (p < 0.001); the between‐group difference was not significant. The most common treatment‐emergent adverse events for dulaglutide 1.5 mg were gastrointestinal: nausea (10.5%), diarrhoea (8.4%) and eructation (5.9%). Total hypoglycaemia was higher with dulaglutide 1.5 mg vs placebo (2.37 and 0.07 events/participant/year, respectively; p = 0.025). No severe hypoglycaemia was reported.ConclusionsOnce‐weekly dulaglutide 1.5 mg had a favourable benefit/risk profile when added to glimepiride monotherapy.
High fitness costs of climate change‐induced camouflage mismatch
Authors: Zimova Marketa , Mills L. Scott , Nowak J. Joshua 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAnthropogenic climate change has created myriad stressors that threaten to cause local extinctions if wild populations fail to adapt to novel conditions. We studied individual and population‐level fitness costs of a climate change‐induced stressor: camouflage mismatch in seasonally colour molting species confronting decreasing snow cover duration. Based on field measurements of radiocollared snowshoe hares, we found strong selection on coat colour molt phenology, such that animals mismatched with the colour of their background experienced weekly survival decreases up to 7%. In the absence of adaptive response, we show that these mortality costs would result in strong population‐level declines by the end of the century. However, natural selection acting on wide individual variation in molt phenology might enable evolutionary adaptation to camouflage mismatch. We conclude that evolutionary rescue will be critical for hares and other colour molting species to keep up with climate change.
Differential gene expression in dentate granule cells in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with and without hippocampal sclerosis
Authors: Griffin Nicole G. , Wang Yu , Hulette Christine M. , Halvorsen Matt , Cronin Kenneth D. , Walley Nicole M. , Haglund Michael M. , Radtke Rodney A. , Skene J. H. Pate , Sinha Saurabh R. , Heinzen Erin L. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryObjectiveHippocampal sclerosis is the most common neuropathologic finding in cases of medically intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. In this study, we analyzed the gene expression profiles of dentate granule cells of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with and without hippocampal sclerosis to show that next‐generation sequencing methods can produce interpretable genomic data from RNA collected from small homogenous cell populations, and to shed light on the transcriptional changes associated with hippocampal sclerosis.MethodsRNA was extracted, and complementary DNA (cDNA) was prepared and amplified from dentate granule cells that had been harvested by laser capture microdissection from surgically resected hippocampi from patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with and without hippocampal sclerosis. Sequencing libraries were sequenced, and the resulting sequencing reads were aligned to the reference genome. Differential expression analysis was used to ascertain expression differences between patients with and without hippocampal sclerosis.ResultsGreater than 90% of the RNA‐Seq reads aligned to the reference. There was high concordance between transcriptional profiles obtained for duplicate samples. Principal component analysis revealed that the presence or absence of hippocampal sclerosis was the main determinant of the variance within the data. Among the genes up‐regulated in the hippocampal sclerosis samples, there was significant enrichment for genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation.SignificanceBy analyzing the gene expression profiles of dentate granule cells from surgically resected hippocampal specimens from patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with and without hippocampal sclerosis, we have demonstrated the utility of next‐generation sequencing methods for producing biologically relevant results from small populations of homogeneous cells, and have provided insight on the transcriptional changes associated with this pathology.
The effect of contact pad hardness on the fretting fatigue behaviour of AZ61 magnesium alloy
Authors: Sadeler R. , Atasoy S. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn the present study, the effect of hardness of contact material on fretting fatigue strength was experimentally investigated as a function of stress ratio. AZ61 magnesium alloy used in defense and transportation industries was used as the material for both the specimen and the contact pad. Two levels of hardness of contact material, 55.3 Vickers Hardness (HV) and 83.3 HV, were prepared by heat treatments. According to the results, with increasing hardness, the fretting fatigue strength decreased. The relative slip amplitude increased with increasing hardness, while the tangential force amplitude was not influenced by the hardness. It was speculated that because the local tangential stress at the contact edge increases with increasing hardness, the fretting fatigue strength decreases with increasing hardness.
Early ocean distribution of juvenile Chinook salmon in an upwelling ecosystem
Authors: Hassrick Jason L. , Henderson Mark J. , Huff David D. , Sydeman William J. , Sabal Megan C. , Harding Jeffrey A. , Ammann Arnold J. , Crandall Eric D. , Bjorkstedt Eric P. , Garza John Carlos , Hayes Sean A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractExtreme variability in abundance of California salmon populations is often ascribed to ocean conditions, yet relatively little is known about their marine life history. To investigate which ocean conditions influence their distribution and abundance, we surveyed juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) within the California Current (central California [37°30′N) to Newport, Oregon (44°00′N]) for a 2‐week period over three summers (2010–2012). At each station, we measured chlorophyll‐a as an indicator of primary productivity, acoustic‐based metrics of zooplankton density as an indicator of potential prey availability and physical characteristics such as bottom depth, temperature and salinity. We also measured fork lengths and collected genetic samples from each salmon that was caught. Genetic stock identification revealed that the majority of juvenile salmon were from the Central Valley and the Klamath Basin (91–98%). We constructed generalized logistic‐linear negative binomial hurdle models and chose the best model(s) using Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) to determine which covariates influenced the salmon presence and, at locations where salmon were present, determined the variables that influenced their abundance. The probability of salmon presence was highest in shallower waters with a high chlorophyll‐a concentration and close to an individual's natal river. Catch abundance was primarily influenced by year, mean fork length and proximity to natal rivers. At the scale of sampling stations, presence and abundance were not related to acoustic indices of zooplankton density. In the weeks to months after ocean entry, California's juvenile Chinook salmon population appears to be primarily constrained to coastal waters near natal river outlets.
Distribution and intensity of bottom trawl fisheries in the Patagonian Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem and its relationship with marine fronts
Authors: Alemany Daniela , Acha Eduardo M. , Iribarne Oscar O. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTrawling is a major concern worldwide and there is considerable debate about its impact on marine ecosystems. The Patagonian Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem (PSLME) is an important fishing area in the Southwest Atlantic where bottom trawling is the dominant fishing method. We investigated the distribution of bottom trawl fishing within this region, defining the areas of highest trawling intensity (hotspots) and evaluating their relationship with marine fronts. We focused on the three main oceanographic fronts, the shelf‐break front, the southern Patagonia front and the mid‐shelf front. To estimate fishing effort and trawled areas, we used VMS data from 2006 to 2012. Despite being almost a fully trawlable shelf, we found that the spatial distribution of trawling activity is patchy and trawling hotspots were small, comprising annually <5% of the shelf extension or <7% of the total trawlable area. Contrary to what is believed worldwide, our findings suggest that over the PSLME the magnitude of habitat effects as a result of bottom trawling is relatively small. Regarding the three frontal systems studied, only the shelf‐break front showed a positive relationship with trawl fishing activity. Although trawling hotspots did not overlap with marine fronts, the shelf‐break front receives more trawling effort than expected. We hypothesize that this pattern is due to aggregation of species near or at the front taking advantage of the opportunities provided by this area.
Can miscanthus C4photosynthesis compete with festulolium C3photosynthesis in a temperate climate?
Authors: Jiao Xiurong , Kørup Kirsten , Andersen Mathias Neumann , Sacks Erik J. , Zhu Xin‐Guang , Lærke Poul Erik , Jørgensen Uffe 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMiscanthus, a perennial grass with C4photosynthesis, is regarded as a promising energy crop due to its high biomass productivity. Compared with other C4species, most miscanthus genotypes have high cold tolerances at 14 °C. However, in temperate climates, temperatures below 14 °C are common and our aim was to elucidate cold tolerances of different miscanthus genotypes and compare with a C3perennial grass – festulolium. Eleven genotypes ofM. sacchariflorus, M. sinensis, M. tinctorius, M. × giganteusas well as festulolium were grown under warm (24/20 °C, day/night) and three under cold (14/10 °C, 10/8 °C and 6/4 °C) conditions in a controlled environment. Measurements of photosynthetic light response curves, operating quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII), net photosynthetic rate at a PAR of 1000 μmol m−2s−1(A1000) and dark‐adapted chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) were made at each temperature. In addition, temperature response curves were measured after the plants had been grown at 6/4 °C. The results showed that two tetraploidM. sacchariflorusand the standard triploidM. × giganteus cv. Hornum retained a significantly higher photosynthetic capacity than other miscanthus genotypes at each temperature level and still maintained photosynthesis after growing for a longer period at 6/4 °C. Only two of five measured miscanthus genotypes increased photosynthesis immediately after the temperature was raised again. The photosynthetic capacity of festulolium was significantly higher at 10/8 °C and 6/4 °C than of miscanthus genotypes. This indicates that festulolium may be more productive than the currently investigated miscanthus genotypes in cool, maritime climates. Within miscanthus, only oneM. sacchariflorusgenotype exhibited the same photosynthetic capacity as Hornum at both cold conditions and when the temperature was raised again. Therefore, this genotype could be useful for breeding new varieties with an improved cold tolerance vis‐a‐vis Hornum, and be valuable in broadening the genetic diversity of miscanthus for more widespread cultivation in temperate climates.
Altitudinal shifts of the native and introduced flora of California in the context of 20th‐century warming
Authors: Wolf Adam , Zimmerman Naupaka B. , Anderegg William R. L. , Busby Posy E. , Christensen Jon 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimThe differential responses of plant species to climate change are of great interest and grave concern for scientists and conservationists. One underexploited resource for better understanding these changes are the records held by herbaria. Using these records to assess the responses of different groups of species across the entire flora of California, we sought to quantify the magnitude of species elevational shifts, to measure differences in shifts among functional groups and between native and introduced species, and to evaluate whether these shifts were related to the conservation of thermal niches.LocationCalifornia.MethodsTo characterize these shifts in California, we used 681,609 georeferenced herbarium records to estimate mean shifts in elevational and climatic space of 4426 plant taxa. We developed and employed a statistical method to robustly analyse the data represented in these records.ResultsWe found that 15% of all taxa in California have ranges that have shifted upward over the past century. There are significant differences between range shifts of taxa with different naturalization statuses: 12% of endemic taxa show significant upward range shifts, while a greater proportion (27%) of introduced taxa have shifted upward. We found significant differences between the proportion of significant range shifts across taxa with different seed sizes, but did not find evidence for differences in shift based on life‐form (annual versus perennial, herbaceous versus woody).Main conclusionsOur analyses suggest that introduced species have disproportionately expanded their ranges upward in elevation over the past century when compared with native species. While these shifts in introduced species may not be exclusively driven by climate, they highlight the importance of considering the interacting factors of climate‐driven range shifts and invasion to understand how floras are responding in the face of anthropogenic change.
Coordinated pattern of multi‐element variability in leaves and roots across Chinese forest biomes
Authors: Zhao Ning , Yu Guirui , He Nianpeng , Wang Qiufeng , Guo Dali , Zhang Xinyu , Wang Ruili , Xu Zhiwei , Jiao Cuicui , Li Nani , Jia Yanlong 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimThe elemental composition of plants is of fundamental importance for plant physiology and biogeochemical cycling. Knowledge about how the pattern of multi‐element variability is coordinated between above‐ and below‐ground organs remains limited. Here, we quantify multi‐element variability in the leaves and roots of terrestrial plants, in addition to trying to understand its taxonomic and environmental regulation at large scales.LocationChina.MethodsSixteen elements in the leaves and fine roots of 792 plant species across nine forests located along the north–south transect of eastern China were measured. General linear mixed models were used to partition taxonomic and environmental variation. Canonical discriminant analyses were conducted to identify elements with the highest discriminatory power for different plant orders.ResultsElemental composition differed significantly between the leaves and roots, with the roots containing higher concentrations of trace metal elements (aluminium, iron, sodium, zinc, copper, lead, nickel and cobalt). A coordinated pattern of multi‐element variability and similar taxonomic regulation was observed between the leaves and roots of terrestrial plants. That is, elements with higher internal concentrations were less variable, with most of the variability being attributed to taxonomic effects rather than the environment.Main conclusionsTaxonomic and environmental regulation differed for different elements. Compared with microelements, macroelements exhibited a narrow range of internal concentrations, less environmental control and stronger taxonomic conservatism. The coordinated pattern of multi‐element variability and similar taxonomic effects in the leaves and roots implies that above‐ and below‐ground ecological processes are tightly linked.