bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterizations of Extreme Value Extended Marshall-Olkin Models with Exponential Marginals
Authors: Kolev Nikolai , Pinto Jayme 
Published: December 2016

We construct and characterize bivariate extreme value distributions with exponential marginals generated by the stochastic representation (X1,X2) = (min(T1,T3), min(T2,T3)) where the random variable T3 is independent of random variables T1 and T2 which are assumed to be dependent. A building procedure is suggested when the joint distribution of (T1,T2) is absolutely continuous and Ti's are not necessarily exponentially distributed, i=1,2,3. The Pickands representation of the vector (X1,X2) is computed. We illustrate the general relations by examples.
Přípustnost prorogace ve věcech manželských s cizím prvkem – současný stav z pohledu českých soudů
Authors: Hrnčiříková Miluše 
Published: December 2016

Prorogace byla v minulosti typická především pro obchodněprávní spory, v posledních letech se zásluhou unijní úpravy stále častěji objevuje v dalších právních oblastech. Strany sporu tak mohou nejen ovlivnit, dle kterého práva bude jejich případ rozhodován, ale i u kterého soudu bude řízení probíhat. V případě věcí manželských se autonomie vůle stran dnes projevuje především v omezené volbě práva ve věcech majetkových práv manželů či práva rozhodného pro rozvod manželství. Naproti tomu prorogace ve věcech manželských s cizím prvkem zatím výslovně připuštěna není. Článek poskytuje podrobnou analýzu přípustnosti prorogace ve věcech manželských s cizím prvkem a zároveň poukazuje na možný vývoj de lege ferenda.
Má opravdu „každý“ právo na život?
Authors: Valc Jakub 
Published: December 2016

Cílem daného článku bude kriticky zhodnotit současnou koncepci ústavněprávní ochrany lidského života v České republice, a to v počátcích jeho přirozeného vývoje. Za tímto účelem bude nejprve pomocí filozoficko-právní analýzy moderních embryologických poznatků stanoven morální a právní status nenarozeného dítěte. Takto zjištěné poznatky budou následně konfrontovány se současnou českou právní úpravou dané problematiky. V této souvislosti budou rovněž uvedeny úvahy de lege ferenda, dle kterých by měla příslušná legislativa reflektovat současný stav vědeckého poznání, podle něhož je nutné již zygotu považovat za lidskou osobu mající právo na život a lidskou důstojnost.
Mezitímní rozsudek a mezitímní určovací návrh: Nástroje řešení předběžných otázek soukromého práva?
Authors: Coufalík Petr 
Published: December 2016

Příspěvek se zabývá problematikou mezitímních rozsudků jakožto jednoho z druhů rozhodnutí a jejich vztahem k předběžným otázkám. Mezitímní rozsudek je tradiční formou rozhodování, která má napomoci efektivněji a hospodárněji vést řízení. Současná úprava mezitímního rozsudku dopadá na rozhodování o tom, zdali je dán základ nároku či nikoliv. Tuzemská judikatura přitom zdůrazňuje, že mezitímním rozsudkem se nerozhoduje o otázkách předběžných. Obsahem příspěvku bude rozbor tuzemské úpravy mezitímního rozsudku, přičemž tuzemská úprava bude srovnána s úpravou zahraniční (německou a rakouskou), která mezitímní rozsudky pojímá šířeji včetně možného vypořádání s předběžnými otázkami. Při srovnání bude poukázáno na nedostatky současné tuzemské právní úpravy (například absence mezitímního rozsudku určovacího) a budou navržena doporučení de lege ferenda.
An integrative systematic revision and biogeography ofRhynchocalamussnakes (Reptilia, Colubridae) with a description of a new species from Israel
Authors: Tamar Karin , Šmíd Jiří , Göçmen Bayram , Meiri Shai , Carranza Salvador 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundThe colubrid snakes of the genusRhynchocalamusare seldom studied and knowledge of their ecology and life history is scarce. Three species ofRhynchocalamusare currently recognized,R. satunini(from Turkey eastwards to Iran),R. arabicus(Yemen and Oman), andR. melanocephalus(from the Sinai Peninsula northwards to Turkey). All are slender, secretive, mainly nocturnal and rare fossorial snakes. This comprehensive study is the first to sample all knownRhynchocalamusspecies in order to review the intra-generic phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography of the genus.MethodsWe revised the systematics ofRhynchocalamususing an integrative approach and evaluated its phylogeography. The phylogenetic position within the Colubridae and the phylogenetic relationships within the genus were inferred using 29 individuals belonging to the three known species, with additional sampling of two other closely-related genera,MuhtarophisandLytorhynchus. We analysed three mitochondrial (12S,16S, cytb) and one nuclear (c-mos) gene fragments. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods; the latter method also used to provide the first time-calibrated molecular phylogeny of the genus. We generated a nuclear network and carried out a topology test and species delimitation analysis. Morphological comparisons were used to differentiate among species and to describe a new species from Israel. The studied material was comprised of 108 alcohol-preserved specimens, 15 photographs, and data from the literature for the examination of 17 mensural, 14 meristic, and two categorical characters.ResultsThe molecular results supportRhynchocalamusas monophyletic, and as having split from its sister genusLytorhynchusduring the Late Oligocene. The three recognized species ofRhynchocalamuscomprise four independently evolving groups. The molecular results reveal that the genus began to diverge during the Middle Miocene. We revealed that the best-studied species,R. melanocephalus,is paraphyletic. A population, formally ascribed to this species, from the Negev Mountain area in southern Israel is phylogenetically closer toR. arabicusfrom Oman than to the northern populations of the species from Israel, Syria and Turkey. Herein we describe this population as a new species:Rhynchocalamus dayanaesp. nov.DiscussionWe identify four species withinRhynchocalamus:R. satunini, R. arabicus, R. melanocephalus, andR. dayanaesp. nov., the latter, to the best of our knowledge, is endemic to southern Israel. The onset ofRhynchocalamusdiversification is very old and estimated to have occurred during the Middle Miocene, possibly originating in the Levant region. Radiation probably resulted from vicariance and dispersal events caused by continuous geological instability, sea-level fluctuations and climatic changes within the Levant region.
Regional climate engineering by radiation management: Prerequisites and prospects
Authors: Quaas Johannes , Quaas Martin F. , Boucher Olivier , Rickels Wilfried 
Published: December 2016

AbstractRadiation management (RM), as an option to engineer the climate, is highly controversial and suffers from a number of ethical and regulatory concerns, usually studied in the context of the objective to mitigate the global mean temperature. In this article, we discuss the idea that RM can be differentiated and scaled in several dimensions with potential objectives being to influence a certain climate parameter in a specific region. Some short‐lived climate forcers (e.g., tropospheric aerosols) exhibit strong geographical and temporal variability, potentially leading to limited‐area climate responses. Marine cloud brightening and thinning or dissolution of cirrus clouds could be operated at a rather local scale. It is therefore conceivable that such schemes could be applied with the objective to influence the climate at a regional scale. From a governance perspective, it is desirable to avoid any substantial climate effects of regional RM outside the target region. This, however, could prove impossible for a sustained, long‐term RM. In turn, regional RM during limited time periods could prove more feasible without effects beyond the target area. It may be attractive as it potentially provides the opportunity to target the suppression of some extreme events such as heat waves. Research is needed on the traceability of regional RM, for example, using detection and attribution methods. Incentives and implications of regional RM need to be examined, and new governance options have to be conceived.
Hydrologic and geomorphic changes resulting from episodic glacial lake outburst floods: Rio Colonia, Patagonia, Chile
Authors: Jacquet J. , McCoy S. W. , McGrath D. , Nimick D. A. , Fahey M. , O'kuinghttons J. , Friesen B. A. , Leidich J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractGlacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) are a prominent but poorly understood cryospheric hazard in a warming climate. We quantify the hydrologic and geomorphic response to 21 episodic GLOFs that began in April 2008 using multitemporal satellite imagery and field observations. Peak discharge exiting the source lake became progressively muted downstream. At ~40–60 km downstream, where the floods entered and traveled down the main stem Rio Baker, peak discharges were generally < 2000 m3 s−1, although these flows were still >1–2 times the peak annual discharge of this system, Chile's largest river by volume. As such, caution must be applied to empirical relationships relating lake volume to peak discharge, as the latter is dependent on where this observation is made along the flood path. The GLOFs and subsequent periods of free drainage resulted in > 40 m of incision, the net removal of ~25 × 106 m3 of sediment from the source lake basin, and a nonsteady channel configuration downstream. These results demonstrate that GLOFs sourced from low‐order tributaries can produce significant floods on major main stem rivers, in addition to significantly altering sediment dynamics.
Baby, it's cold outside: Climate model simulations of the effects of the asteroid impact at the end of the Cretaceous
Authors: Brugger Julia , Feulner Georg , Petri Stefan 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSixty‐six million years ago, the end‐Cretaceous mass extinction ended the reign of the dinosaurs. Flood basalt eruptions and an asteroid impact are widely discussed causes, yet their contributions remain debated. Modeling the environmental changes after the Chicxulub impact can shed light on this question. Existing studies, however, focused on the effect of dust or used one‐dimensional, noncoupled atmosphere models. Here we explore the longer‐lasting cooling due to sulfate aerosols using a coupled climate model. Depending on aerosol stratospheric residence time, global annual mean surface air temperature decreased by at least 26°C, with 3 to 16 years subfreezing temperatures and a recovery time larger than 30 years. The surface cooling triggered vigorous ocean mixing which could have resulted in a plankton bloom due to upwelling of nutrients. These dramatic environmental changes suggest a pivotal role of the impact in the end‐Cretaceous extinction.
The fate of terrigenous dissolved organic carbon on the Eurasian shelves and export to the North Atlantic
Authors: Kaiser K. , Benner R. , Amon R. M. W. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDissolved lignin phenols, chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption, and fluorescence were analyzed along cross‐slope mooring locations in the Barents, Laptev, and East Siberian Seas to gain a better understanding of terrigenous dissolved organic carbon (tDOC) dynamics in Arctic shelf seas and the Arctic Ocean. A gradient of river water and tDOC was observed along the continental shelf eastward into the East Siberian Sea. Correlations of carbon‐normalized yields of lignin‐derived phenols supplied by Siberian rivers with river water fractions and known water residence times yielded in situ decay constants of 0.18–0.58 yr−1. Calculations showed ∼50% of annual tDOC discharged by Siberian rivers was mineralized in estuaries and on Eurasian shelves per year indicating extensive removal of tDOC. Bioassay experiments and in situ decay constants indicated a reactivity continuum for tDOC. CDOM parameters and acid/aldehyde ratios of vanillyl (V) and syringyl (S) lignin phenols showed biomineralization was the dominant mechanism for the removal of tDOC. Characteristic ratios of p‐hydroxy (P), S, and V phenols (P/V, S/V) also identified shelf regions in the Kara Sea and regions along the Western Laptev Sea shelf where formation of Low Salinity Halocline Waters (LSHW) and Lower Halocline Water (LHW) occurred. The efficient removal of tDOC demonstrates the importance of Eurasian margins as sinks of tDOC derived from the large Siberian Rivers and confirms tDOC mineralization has a major impact on nutrients budgets, air‐sea CO2 exchange, and acidification in the Siberian Shelf Seas.
Quantifying the stability of planktic foraminiferal physical niches between the Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Waterson A. M. , Edgar K. M. , Schmidt D. N. , Valdes P. J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe application of transfer functions on fossil assemblages to reconstruct past environments is fundamentally based on the assumption of stable environmental niches in both space and time. We quantitatively test this assumption for six dominant planktic foraminiferal species (Globigerinoides ruber (pink), G. ruber (white), Trilobatus sacculifer, Truncorotalia truncatulinoides, Globigerina bulloides, and Neogloboquadrina pachyderma) by contrasting reconstructions of species realized and optimum distributions in the modern and during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) using an ecological niche model (ENM; MaxEnt) and ordination framework. Global ecological niche models calibrated in the modern ocean have high predictive performance when projected to the LGM for subpolar and polar species, indicating that the environmental niches of these taxa are largely stable at the global scale across this interval. In contrast, ENMs had much poorer predictive performance for the optimal niche of tropical‐dwelling species, T. sacculifer and G. ruber (pink). This finding is supported by independent metrics of niche margin change, suggesting that niche stability in environmental space was greatest for (sub)polar species, with greatest expansion of the niche observed for tropical species. We find that globally calibrated ENMs showed good predictions of species occurrences globally, whereas models calibrated in either the Pacific or Atlantic Oceans only and then projected globally performed less well for T. sacculifer. Our results support the assumption of environmental niche stability over the last ~21,000 years for most of our focal planktic foraminiferal species and, thus, the application of transfer function techniques for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction during this interval. However, the lower observed niche stability for (sub)tropical taxa T. sacculifer and G. ruber (pink) suggests that (sub)tropical temperatures could be underestimated in the glacial ocean with the strongest effect in the equatorial Atlantic where both species are found today.
On the occurrence of F region irregularities over Haikou retrieved from COSMIC GPS radio occultation and ground‐based ionospheric scintillation monitor observations
Authors: Yu Xiao , Yue Xinan , Zhen Weimin , Xu Jisheng , Liu Dun , Guo Shan 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn this paper, the amplitude scintillation index (s4) derived from COSMIC (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate) radio occultation (RO) technique and ground‐based Ionospheric Scintillation Monitor (ISM) at Haikou station (geographic latitude: 20.0°N, geographic longitude: 110.3°E, and geomagnetic latitude: 10.02°N) is used to investigate the morphology of F region irregularities in the low latitudes of China. The RO events of tangent point within the range of 10–30°N latitude, 70–160°E longitude, and 150–500 km altitude are adopted to analyze the ionospheric scintillation characteristics. The percentage of ionospheric scintillation occurrence is computed to obtain its diurnal variations, seasonal trends, and the dependence on solar and geomagnetic activities. Based on a statistical analysis of a long‐term period data set (years 2007 to 2013), we found that the ionospheric scintillation occurrence from both techniques show similar variations. After sunset (18 LT), the scintillation occurrence increases rapidly and reaches the maximum 3 h later. Then it decreases rapidly till 04 LT and remains low level during the daytime. The ionospheric scintillation tends to occur more frequently during vernal and autumnal equinoxes, especially in March–April and September–October. The equinoctial asymmetry could be seen clearly from the ground‐based ISM observations. The peak ionospheric scintillation occurrence time varies with seasons. It is reached latest in summer, while in spring it is very close to that in autumn. The nighttime ionospheric scintillation occurrence tends to increase with increasing solar activities. The increasing tendency is more prominent in vernal and autumnal equinoxes than that in summer and winter. In general, the control of geomagnetic activities is apt to inhibit ionospheric scintillation at equinox nighttime. In summer and winter, the geomagnetic activities could either trigger or inhibit the generation of ionospheric irregularities in a much more complicated way. Thus, it can be concluded that the tangent point location does accurately represent the scattering region, at least in an average sense. The RO technique is demonstrated to be a useful tool for remotely sensing the terrestrial ionosphere on a global scale down to the regional scale in terms of scintillation occurrence.
Scattering by a zero‐thickness PEC disk: A new analytically regularizing procedure based on Helmholtz decomposition and Galerkin method
Authors: Lucido Mario , Panariello Gaetano , Schettino Fulvio 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe aim of this paper is the introduction of a new analytically regularizing procedure, based on Helmholtz decomposition and Galerkin method, successfully employed to analyze the electromagnetic scattering by zero‐thickness perfectly electrically conducting circular disk. After expanding the fields in cylindrical harmonics, the problem is formulated as an electric field integral equation in the vector Hankel transform domain. Assuming as unknowns the surface curl‐free and divergence‐free contributions of the surface current density, a second‐kind Fredholm infinite matrix‐operator equation is obtained by means of Galerkin method with expansion functions reconstructing the expected physical behavior of the surface current density and with closed‐form spectral domain counterparts, which form a complete set of orthogonal eigenfunctions of the most singular part of the integral operator. The coefficients of the scattering matrix are single improper integrals which can be quickly computed by means of analytical asymptotic acceleration technique. Comparisons with the literature have been provided in order to show the accuracy and efficiency of the presented technique.
A new approximate fast method of computing the scattering from multilayer rough surfaces based on the Kirchhoff approximation
Authors: Tian Jiasheng , Tong Jian , Shi Jian , Gui Liangqi 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn this paper a new approximate fast method of calculating the bistatic‐scattering coefficients of a multilayer structure with random rough interfaces was presented based on the Kirchhoff Approximation (KA) and the electromagnetic theory of stratified media. First, the electromagnetic scattering from a Gauss rough metal or dielectric surface was calculated by KA method and method of moment (MOM), and the effectiveness of KA method was confirmed and verified. Second, a new approximate fast method was presented to calculate electromagnetic scattering from a multilayer‐random‐rough surface based on electromagnetic reflection from multilayer parallel surfaces and KA. The calculated results by the new method were in good agreements with those by MOM, especially near the specular point. Finally, a comparison of the new method and MOM was carried out in consuming computing time, memory resources, and complexity. The comparison indicated that the new approximate method was faster by about 30–150 times than MOM. The new approximate fast method could avoid a large matrix inversion and greatly reduce the computation time and memory resources and thus improve the computational efficiency. It was an effective approximation fast analyzing method of electromagnetic scattering from multilayer rough surfaces.
Biological Samples in Environmental Analysis: Preparation and Cleanup
Authors: Lawton Zachary , Santee Christopher , Bruno Alessanda , Mulligan Christopher , Kong Jason , Foss Jamie , Elliott Noelle , Kero Frank 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe characterization of biological systems on a molecular level has led to sweeping developments in industries including pharmaceuticals, consumer product manufacturing, and environmental monitoring. The integrity of the sample preparation process is critical for development and discovery efforts in these fields. The art of biological sample preparation is in a perpetual state of evolution where boundaries and limitations reflect the sophistication of contemporary technology. Historical methods required laborious multistep procedures that resulted in analytical measurements with limited throughput and poor detection limits due to analyte losses. Present efforts in the scientific community are moving toward automated methods that require minimal sample volume and minimal sample cleanup. This change in the approach is due to the increasing selectivity of analytical systems that allow analyte separation and purification to be performed online with a variety of detectors. Trends of this nature are consistent with the ‘green chemistry’ efforts, where less solvent consumption provides a more environmental friendly (and cost‐effective) platform for the next stage of development in this field. This article revisits historical approaches and describes current trends in the preparation of biological samples.
Particle‐InducedX‐Ray Emission (PIXE)
Authors: Mandò Pier A. , Przybyłowicz Wojciech J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractParticle‐induced X‐ray emission (PIXE) is the most popular among the ion beam analysis (IBA) techniques, which are based on the use of the specimen to be analyzed as a target for a beam of accelerated particles. The detection of the radiation induced by the beam bombardment is then used to discriminate and quantify the presence of the different elements in the specimen. In PIXE, what is exploited is in particular the X‐rays emitted from the target, whose energies are characteristic of the emitting atomic species. After a general, simple description of the main features of PIXE, with a short historical overview and a brief comparison to other X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques, this article covers in greater depth all the specific aspects of this technique. The basic aspects of X‐ray emission from the atoms are first recalled; then, the extraction of quantitative compositional data from thin and thick specimens is explained, and a discussion is given of the excellent performance of PIXE in terms of minimum detection limits (MDLs) and the factors affecting them. A technical description then follows of how proper beams for PIXE are produced and of the experimental set‐ups commonly used. The X‐ray detector characteristics, the electronics for constructing the energy spectra, and the software processes for their deconvolution, leading to the extraction of quantitative data, are then briefly described. The last section surveys the main analytical applications of PIXE in various fields (environmental monitoring, biomedicine, earth sciences, cultural heritage, and materials analysis), with no intent of exhaustiveness but rather with the purpose of focusing on when and why PIXE may be particularly suitable in each of them.