bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resorbable Screw Use for Endoscopic Browlift
Authors: Webber Caroline M. , Fidler John E. , Wilhelm Miles L. 
Published: January 2017

Introduction: Resorbable plates and screws have previously been used safely in patients for trauma and reconstruction. Screws made of the copolymer of poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) and polyglycolic acid (PGA) have excellent strength and are completely resorbed. These characteristics make them ideal for endoscopic browlift patients. Materials and Methods: Endoscopic browlift incisions are made 1 or 2 cm behind the hairline and include a midline incision, paramedian incisions above the point of maximum desired lift, and curvilinear incisions in the temporal regions. The endoscope and dissectors are used through the incisions to complete the standard dissection. One resorbable screw is placed at the posterior portion of each paramedian incision. A suspension suture that has been passed through scalp tissue 1 or 2 cm anterior to the front of the incision is tied around the screw to obtain lift. Over a period of 1 year, 54 resorbable screws were placed in 27 patients using this technique; 22 of the patients were women and 5 were men. Results: Of these 27 patients, 10 have been followed up postoperatively for at least 1 year. There have been no complications reported to date: no infections, foreign body reactions, unsightly scars, hematomas, alopecia, or neurologic defects. All patients have been extremely satisfied with the results of this surgery. Conclusions: Preliminary results show that resorbable screws are safe for use during endoscopic browlift. Advantages over metal screw placement include longer retention of the scalp in its new lifted position, elimination of a second procedure to remove surgical hardware, and decreased incidence of depressed or hypertrophic scars. Placement method is technically easy for the surgeon to learn.
Fat Grafting: Techniques and Uses in Different Anatomic Areas
Authors: Hernández-Pérez Enríque , Lozano-Guarin Carlos 
Published: January 2017

Introduction: Fat grafting can be used to place fat in the face, hands, breasts, buttocks, calves, and genitals for cosmetic purposes. The procedure is also used to reconstruct some congenital abnormalities (such as hemifacial atrophy) or to correct selected traumatic facial defects; it may also be used in combination with other surgical procedures (facelifts) or as part of a facial rejuvenation program. We present a review of the steps for fat grafting performed at our center. We have experienced excellent cosmetic results using these techniques. Method and Materials: Of the 867 patients, 367 underwent facial fat transplant; 153 underwent bilateral augmentation mammaplasty by injection (BAMBI); 67 underwent fat injections to the buttock, calves, and other areas of the body; and 280 received fat grafts to the genitalia. Two hundred seventeen patients were men and 63 were women. The operations were performed as ambulatory procedures. Local anesthesia and intravenous (IV) sedation (midazolam plus fentanyl) were used. For all of our patients, we used a modification of the classic Klein formula. All of our patients were operated on under IV sedation. Results: Fat survival was approximately 70% at the end of 1 year. Of the 367 patients undergoing facial fat transplant, 65% were satisfied with the results, and 35% were not satisfied and required a touch-up procedure. Of the 153 undergoing BAMBI, 72% were satisfied with the results, and 28% were not satisfied and required touch-up procedures. Of the 67 patients undergoing fat transplant to the buttocks, calves, and other areas, 76% were satisfied, and 24% were not satisfied and required additional fat grafting. Of the 217 men undergoing genital fat transplant, 82% were satisfied with the results, and 18% were not satisfied. Of the 63 women undergoing genital fat transplant, 86% were satisfied with the results, and 14% were not satisfied. Absorption, infection, and embolism are the most common complications mentioned in the cases of fat injection. Out of 867 total fat transplant operations, absorption occurred after 1 procedure in an average of 30% of cases. In 5 cases, we saw some degree of infection, which was rapidly treated with antibiotics. We did not see any cases of fat embolism. We saw 2 cases of cysts in the dorsum of the hands and 2 in the breasts; these cysts were easily treated with triamcinolone injections. Discussion: When administered properly, autologous fat transplantation is an acceptable procedure resulting in highly satisfied patients. This satisfaction is mostly due to the fact that this process utilizes the patients' own tissue instead of a prosthetic or synthetic implant. Rejection or allergic reaction is not possible with autologous tissue.
Liposculpture of Legs Using a Tourniquet
Authors: Cherif-Zahar K. 
Published: January 2017

Introduction: This study describes the author's technique and discusses and the advantages and drawbacks of using a tourniquet to perform liposculpture on the legs. Materials and Methods: One hundred patients (1 man and 99 women) were followed for more than 4 years after receiving liposculpture of the calves and ankles. The patients ranged in age from 21 to 71 years (mean 44 years). Their motivation for treatment was to seek relief from painful excess fat. All of the patients had a preoperative Doppler study and a photographic sketch. Circumference measurements were taken every 5 cm from the malleolus before and after surgery. Operative tourniquet time and the volume of aspirated fat was recorded. Results: Most of the patients (96%) were satisfied with the results of the treatment at 6 months, and 95% reported an easy postoperative recovery. Some patients reported feeling that their legs were lighter (86%), and 6% of the patients experienced a reduction in shoe size. No phlebitis occurred. One patient had a tourniquet deflation during the procedure, which resulted immediately in a bloody aspirate, followed by marked edema, ecchymosis, and pain. Conclusions: Liposuction of the legs with a pneumatic tourniquet is an attractive technique for the surgeon because it allows the surgeon to go beyond the usual limits of liposuction of the legs in both extracted volume and treated surface. The absence of infiltration and blood in the fat reduces the distortion of the tissue, and the surgeon can more accurately view and sculpt the parts of the legs being treated. Liposculpture with a tourniquet allows the surgeon to obtain better cosmetic results with fewer postoperative problems.
Growth, Development, and Aging of Orofacial Tissues: Neural Aspects
Authors: Storey A.T. , Kenny D.J. 
Published: January 2017

Neural factors influence post-natal growth, development, and aging throughout the body. This influence may be mediated through sensory or motor effects interacting with endocrine and immunological factors. Growth effects may be expressed directly by sensory or motor nerves on the tissue or indirectly by motor function. Direct neurotrophic effects have been well-documented in the development of striated muscle, the taste bud, and the amphibian limb. Evidence for a trigeminal neurotrophic effect on tooth development and facial development is lacking. Growth disturbances of the jaws consequent to lesioning of the trigeminal nerve are due most likely to functional disturbances rather than neurotrophism. Examples of function impact on orofacial growth are abundant. Oral and facial target tissues, like those elsewhere in the body, determine the nature of the target tissue innervation and its central organization. Central effects consequent to tooth loss or dental pulp entirpation are well-documented. Inflammation and pain may exert growth effects through release of "wound hormones" or secondarily to somatic and autonomic effects. There is evidence that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) elaborated from sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons may have a modulatory role in growth. While the effects of longstanding motor pathologies on skeletal growth are well-known, concomitant sensory deficits and soft tissue disturbances have not been examined. However, the pathological models beg the question of normal regulation. While muscle develops in the absence of innervation, neurotrophic effects are clearly identified. Little is known about the interaction of simple and complex motor behavior on growth. Regulation of growth is frequently visualized within a form-function paradigm. For example, anterior open bites have been seen as the consequence of tongue thrusting or tongue thrusting as a consequence of open bites. Low tonic forces in posture are thought to be more important in the development of both the face and the dental alveolar complex than the higher intermittent forces in mastication and swallowing. The need for an active (reflex) contribution to growth at the TMJ is in dispute. The specific chemical regulators of bone cartilage and soft tissue growth identified elsewhere in the body probably act in a similar fashion in orofacial development. The lack of chemical regulators common to both lists of growth factors and putative and demonstrated neural transmitters suggests that most post-natal growth regulation is secondary to function. Short- and long-term strategies are offered to address questions suitable for immediate and future investigation.
Advances in the Epidemiological Study of Oral-Facial Diseases
Authors: Burt B.A. , Albino J.E. , Carlos J.P. , Cohen L.K. , Dubner R. , Gershen J.A. , Greene J.C. 
Published: January 2017

Both demographic patterns and disease distribution are changing rapidly in the United States. These developments have led to the recognition that the epidemiology of many conditions is poorly understood, and that other research has thus been hindered. Four areas of epidemiological study were chosen for detailed analysis of how new technology will affect the conduct of future research. These areas, selected because information about them will be increasingly needed in an aging society, were periodontitis, temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and other orofacial pain, salivary gland disturbances, and health services research. The potential effect of new technology was examined in the short, intermediate, and long term. While the nature of epidemiological study is unlikely to change with the advent of new technology, the scope of potential studies will become broader. Advances in diagnostic techniques from elsewhere will permit far more precise diagnosis than is possible at present. Computer technology will permit an efficient system of epidemiological surveillance to provide current data on trends in tooth loss, caries, and periodontitis—data which will complement the results of national surveys. Analytical studies to produce hypotheses on the etiology of oral conditions, especially in such poorly-understood areas as chronic pain and TMD, will help direct clinical research in those areas.
The Role of Extracellular Matrix in the Morphogenesis and Differentiation of Salivary Glands
Authors: Cutler L.S. 
Published: January 2017

The processes of morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation are partially linked, independently regulated processes. The full expression of both processes is modulated or controlled, at least in part, by components of the extracellular matrix. This paper reviews the body of work that demonstrates a role for epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and various extracellular matrix molecules in the induction, control, and maintenance of salivary gland morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation. In addition, new, preliminary information which further elucidates the role of laminin and type IV collagen in the processes of morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation is presented. With regard to the role of extracellular matrix molecules in the regulation of salivary gland morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation, it appears that types I, III, and IV collagen, laminin, and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan play roles in the control of glandular morphogenesis. With the exception of type IV collagen, these molecules do not appear to be involved in the regulation of cytodifferentiation of salivary gland secretory cells. On the other hand, of the extracellular matrix molecules tested so far, only type IV collagen appears to play a role in the regulation of salivary gland secretory cell differentiation.
Cell-Surface Galactosyltransferase Acts as a Modulator of Rat and Human Acinar Cell Proliferation
Authors: Humphreys-Beher M.G. , Zelles T. , Maeda N. , Purushotham K.R. , Cassisi N. , Schneyer C.A. 
Published: January 2017

Several physiological parameters were examined for inducing acinar cell proliferation and corresponding increased expression of β1-4 galactosyltransferase. In this study, dietary changes causing acinar cell proliferation included the following: the introduction of animals to a liquid diet (causing gland atrophy) followed by re-introduction of solid chow, gustatory stimulation provided by the introduction of 0.5% citric acid to animal drinking water, and removal of the submandibular gland with subsequent reliance on the parotid gland for saliva protein and fluid. Alterations in growth factor levels were produced by injecting animals with a chronic (three-day) regimen of either nerve growth factor (NGF) or epidermal growth factor (EGF). In all cases of acinar cell proliferation in vivo, generated by the above treatments, cell-surface galactosyltransferase was detected along with the unique expression of a 4.5-kb proliferation-associated mRNA. Parotid gland proliferation could be blocked in all cases by the injection of the galactosyltransferase specific modifier protein, a-lactalbumin. Propranolol, a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist, blocked proliferation in all cases except EGF treatment. EGFinduced proliferation could, however, be prevented if the animals were treated with monoclonal antibody to EGF receptor or with the galactosyltransferase modifier a-lactalbumin. As a comparison, human parotid tissue samples obtained from neoplastic pleomorphic adenomas, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and a bulimia patient were analyzed for galactosyltransferase expression by Northern blot of mRNA and plasma membrane isolation. Elevated levels of galactosyltransferase were found in all neoplastic tissue preparations as well as in the bulimia sample. Amylase synthesis was reduced in samples compared with surrounding normal tissue from the same patient. In vitro cell culturing of pleomorphic adenoma cells in the presence of galactosyltransferase modifier a-lactalbumin and substrate UDP-galactose inhibited proliferation in a dose-dependent fashion. Southern blot analysis of DNA from neoplastic parotid cells showed an alteration in chromosomal gene structure for the galactosyltransferase activator cDNA from the adenoid cystic carcinoma. These results for induced acinar cell proliferation as well as human neoplastic pathologies suggest a direct role for cell surface β1-4 galactosyltransferase in signaling growth. Furthermore, the proliferation-associated activity of galactosyltransferase suggests that it may be considered as a new type of cell growth regulator.
The Epidemiology of Root Surface Caries: North American Studies
Authors: Beck J.D. 
Published: January 2017

After some problems resulting from the lack of standardized methods in the conduct of root caries studies and the lack of standardized reports of findings are reviewed, the prevalence and incidence of root surface caries in North America are reviewed through a combination of epidemiologic studies and large clinical trials. As part of this review, the available evidence on the relationship between root caries and missing teeth is presented. These data lead to the conclusion that the prevalence and, to some extent, the incidence of root caries are underestimated in adults with missing teeth. This review resulted in a number of observations regarding the status of root caries as an oral health problem. First, there is little evidence that would allow conclusions regarding the secular increase or decrease in the prevalence or incidence of root caries to be drawn. Other observations gleaned include the remarkably similar prevalence and incidence rates obtained from the studies reviewed, positive associations between root caries and age, negative associations between the prevalence and incidence of root caries and consumption of water containing fluoride, indications that root caries is a problem in adults with incidence rates that approach caries rates in children, and associations between the prevalence and incidence of root caries and a wide variety of oral, behavioral, and medical conditions. The final observation is the need for the acceptance of conventions for the definition of root caries as well as the reporting of findings in order for more firm conclusions to be drawn from future studies.
Interactions of Fluoride and Non-Fluoride Agents with the Caries Process
Authors: Ingram G.S. , Edgar W.M. 
Published: January 2017

Fundamental to the caries process and its inhibition is an understanding of the composition and structural relationships of dental mineral. These have received greater study in recent years, leading to a better understanding of the processes involved. Fluoride has been the most successful of the anti-caries agents to date, and many studies have concentrated on this ion. The anti-caries action of fluoride has been only partially explained by the early finding that fluoride-treated mineral was less soluble, and this criterion is now less widely accepted. The dissolutive process of caries is inhibited by fluoride, monofluorophosphate, trimetaphosphate, and zinc. However, only the first three of these show anti-caries activity. The presence of fluoride during in vivo and in vitro caries is conducive to the formation of an apparently intact surface zone. Current evidence is that this zone reforms during the caries process, thus acquiring fluoride and having larger crystallites compared with sound enamel. Trimetaphosphate also favors the formation of a surface zone. There is a clear beneficial involvement of fluoride, even at low levels, in the process of lesion remineralization. It is highly probable that this process results from re-growth of residual enamel crystallites rather than de novo precipitation of calcium phosphates. Levels of fluoride found in saliva can interact with dental mineral. Although zinc has been shown to adsorb upon apatite mineral and to restrict subsequent crystal growth, it does not appear to affect the action of fluoride, including remineralization, adversely. This may be due to the fact that the uptake of zinc is reversible. It is unlikely that endothermic processes would lead to changes inhibiting caries. Calorimetric studies may provide information on physicochemical changes and interactions during caries and its prevention.
Beyond Down and Dirty: From Good to Great Sex
Authors: Daniels Brandy , Deifelt Wanda , Hunt Mary E. , Beattie Jung Patricia , Besa Panganiban Alicia , Williams Marcelle , Yugar Theresa A. 
Published: January 2017

The AAR-SBL Women’s Caucus session on ‘Beyond Down and Dirty: From Good to Great Sex’ revisited the Good Sex: Feminist Perspectives from the World’s Religions project and book with the participation of two of its co-editors, Mary E. Hunt and Patricia Beattie Jung, and co-author and collaborator, Wanda Defeilt. Scholar colleagues, Brandy Daniels, Fitri Junoes, and Alicia Besa Panganiban, presented intriguing papers on feminist religious and ethical reflections on what constitutes great sex as they examined the issues discussed by feminist scholars and activist authors of Good Sex. Moreover, the session was an exhilarating dialogue of international, interreligious, and intergenerational perspectives on what women think is great sex. It was an exciting starting ground for intergenerational discussion with senior scholars, associated with the Good Sex book, providing generous, constructive, and well-considered responses to the presentations of their colleagues. The diverse international audience of masters, doctoral and senior scholars – male and female – was included in the complex, fun, and challenging discussion of sex. Amidst various issues raised, there was a consensus that discussions on great sex must address issues of safety, justice, and pleasure. Overall the session was a success as the platform for the presentations modelled a feminist method that was intentionally designed to give more time for discussion, not only among panelists but also with the audience.
Agricultural Trade Facilitation in Asia: Prioritising the Invisible Infrastructure
Authors: Kumar C Nalin 
Published: January 2017

In the backdrop of the growing agricultural and food trade across Asia, this paper argues that the installed food safety and associated infrastructure could be seen as only necessary conditions whereas the sufficient conditions would be to make an enabling policy environment which would reduce the overall transaction costs of trade. Imports also assume equal importance and the arrival of duty-free raw materials for further processing and value addition enables more employment generation, higher income for stakeholders, and forward movement in the value chain. As tariffs do not account for a substantial influence on the course of trade and prices of many farm commodities, the attention has to turn towards the enabling policy regime specific to commodities and thereby the development of infrastructure which would encourage value addition and re-exports. Trade facilitation and infrastructure are often taken in the general sense at the policy level and only partly address the specific issues related to the reduction of risks and transaction costs in the context of agricultural trade, i.e. the invisible infrastructure such as easy documentation, customs procedures, regulatory regimes and mutual recognition. Different commodities have different requirements in terms of costs, time and reliability of logistics and trade facilitating policies are to be formulated taking into consideration a wider set of factors and indicators in the context of agricultural trade. JEL Codes: F13, F14, F18, Q17, Q18.
The Role of Brushite and Octacalcium Phosphate in Apatite Formation
Authors: Johnsson Mats S.-A. , Nancollas George H. 
Published: January 2017

Studies of apatite mineral formation are complicated by the possibility of forming several calcium phosphate phases. The least soluble, hydroxyapatite (HAP), is preferentially formed under neutral or basic conditions. In more acidic solutions phases such as dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (Brushite, DCPD) and octacalcium phosphate (OCP) are often found. Even under ideal HAP precipitation conditions the precipitates are generally nonstoichiometric, suggesting the formation of calcium-deficient apatites. Both DCPD and OCP havea been implicated as possible precursors to the formation of apatite. This may occur by the initial precipitation of DCPD and/or OCP followed by transformation to a more apatitic phase. Although DCPD and OCP are often detected during in vitro crystallization, in vivo studies of bone formation rarely show the presence of these acidic calcium phosphate phases. In the latter case the situation is more complicated, since a large number of ions and molecules are present that can be incorporated into the crystal lattice or adsorbed at the crystallite surfaces. In biological apatite, DCPD and OCP are usually detected only during pathological calcification where the pH is often relatively low. In normal in vivo calcifications these phases have not been found, suggesting the involvement of other precursors or the formation of an initial amorphous calcium phosphate phase (ACP) followed by transformation to apatite.