bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Conventional Childhood Risk Factors Versus Genetic Risk in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes and Impaired Fasting Glucose in Adulthood: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study
Authors: Pitkänen Niina , Juonala Markus , Rönnemaa Tapani , Sabin Matthew A. , Hutri-Kähönen Nina , Kähönen Mika , Lehtimäki Terho , Viikari Jorma S.A. , Raitakari Olli T. 
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVE
We examined whether the addition of novel genetic risk variant data to conventional childhood risk factors improves risk assessment of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and type 2 diabetes in adulthood.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
An association of a weighted genetic risk score (wGRS) based on 73 risk variants with IFG and type 2 diabetes was analyzed in 2,298 participants of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study who were followed for 24–31 years from childhood to adulthood. In addition, the value of the wGRS in pediatric prediction of type 2 diabetes was examined.

RESULTS
Of the 2,298 participants, 484 (21.8%) and 79 (3.4%) had IFG or type 2 diabetes in adulthood, respectively. Adjusting for age, sex, baseline BMI, parental diabetes, mother’s BMI, fasting insulin concentration, systolic blood pressure, and smoking status, wGRS was associated with an increased risk of IFG (odds ratio 1.64 [95% CI 1.33–2.01] per unit increase in the wGRS) and type 2 diabetes (2.22 [1.43–3.44]). Incorporating wGRS into pediatric risk models improved model discrimination and reclassification properties. Area under the receiver operating curve improved for IFG (from 0.678 to 0.691, P = 0.015), combined IFG and type 2 diabetes outcome (from 0.678 to 0.692, P = 0.007), and type 2 diabetes (from 0.728 to 0.749, P = 0.158). The net reclassification improvement and integrated discrimination improvement were significant for all outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS
A multifactorial approach combining genetic and clinical risk factors may be useful in identifying children at high risk for adult IFG and type 2 diabetes.
Acute metabolic, physiological and neuromuscular responses to two high- intensity intermittent training protocols in endurance runners
Authors: García-Pinillos Felipe , Párraga-Montilla Juan A. , Soto-Hermoso Víctor M. , Salas-Sánchez Jesús , Latorre-Román Pedro Á. 
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND: Since a growing body of evidence points to mean training intensity over a season as a key factor to performance improvements, and there is wide evidence of the benefits of high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) for endurance athletes, coaches need further information about the acute impact of typical HIIT workouts on endurance runners. OBJECTIVE: To compare the physiological strain and muscular performance parameters of endurance runners during two HIIT workouts by determining whether a typical HIIT for endurance runners (10 × 400 m) leads to a similar impact as a HIIT protocol (40 × 100 m) that increases the average training pace despite maintaining the same training volume. METHODS: Eighteen endurance runners performed 2 HIITs. Metabolic (blood lactate [BLa], blood ammonia [BAmm]), neuromuscular (countermovement jump [CMJ], handgrip strength test [HS]), and physiological responses were monitored during both protocols. RESULTS: No significant differences between HIITs were found for BLa_1 min post-test, BAmm, HS and HRpeak. Significant differences were found in fatigue-induced changes in CMJ performance (-0.36 cm in 40 × 100 m; +1.48 cm in 10 × 400 m), and in average pace (P< 0.001) which was faster during the 40 × 100 m. CONCLUSIONS: Despite similar physiological, metabolic, and HS responses, the 40 × 100 m protocol allowed runners to train at a higher intensity, which might have important effects on the training prescription for endurance runners.
Performance-based correlates to vertical jump height and power values
Authors: Barbosa Amanda G. , Gutierrez Evelyn V. , Keller Michael W. , Martin Jake L. , McArtor Jon D. , Baptista Rachel A. , West Jason O. , Caruso John F. 
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND: Vertical jumps are an important component to many athletic endeavors. Identification of performance variables that act as correlates to vertical jump prowess is important to help achieve success in sports. OBJECTIVE: To examine which performance-based variables (kinetic, temporal, force-time integrative, expressed relative to body mass) are the best correlates to vertical jump height and power. METHODS: Men (n = 117) performed vertical jumps on an instrumented platform placed aside a Vertec; both devices obtained data as jumps occurred. Vertec values were used to identify jump height and power, each of which served as criterion measures. The platform provided six performance-based variables from the countermovement and takeoff phases of jumps; they were used to predict the variance per criterion measure via multivariate regression. RESULTS: With either jump height or power as a criterion, each analysis revealed a significant amount of variance correlated to our performance-based independent variables. Univariate correlations showed peak force and area under the curve were the best predictors of jump height and power variance. Our results concur with studies that employed similar subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Kinetic and force-time integrative variables are the best correlates to jump height and power values for criterion measures derived from an instrumented platform.
Active intervals during high-intensity resistance exercises enhance post-exercise hypotension in hypertensive women controlled by medications
Authors: Abrahin Odilon , Rodrigues Rejane P. , Ramos Ayrton M. , da Silva-Grigoletto Marzo E. , Pardono Emerson , Marçal Anderson C. 
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND: Active and passive interval during resistance exercises can cause different hemodynamic responses. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of passive and active intervals between sets of high-intensity resistance exercise on post-exercise hypotension in hypertensive women. METHODS: Fifteen sedentary women who have hypertension controlled by medication [64.1 ± 7.9 years, systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) < 90 mmHg] performed one control session without exercise and two resistance exercises sessions with passive and active intervals between sets, in a randomized order. All hypertensive women participated in a supervised resistance training session. SBP and DBP were measured in six different times for all sessions. The first two measures were at rest (10 and 15 minutes) followed by 15-minute intervals after the end of control/exercise sessions up to one hour. RESULTS: Post-exercise hypotension (p < 0.05) was observed in SBP after active intervals session compared with passive interval session, at 30 and 45 minutes. The area under the delta curve of SBP in the active protocol was ∼ 21 mmHg of hypotension during 60 minutes, 10 mmHg in passive protocol and 5 mmHg in the control session. CONCLUSIONS: Active intervals during high-intensity resistance exercises promote higher post-exercise hypotension compared with passive intervals.
The number of sessions required to stabilize peak torque and rate of torque development in isometric contractions in young, middle-age and older individuals
Authors: Libardi Cleiton Augusto , Souza Thiago Mattos Frota , Conceição Miguel Soares , Chacon-Mikahil Mara Patricia Traina , Ugrinowitsch Carlos , Bonganha Valéria , Fazolin Marcio Franco , de Moraes Antonio Carlos , Cavaglieri Cláudia Regina 
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) is used to determine both peak torque (PT) and rate of torque development (RTD). Familiarization sessions are usually performed to stabilize PT and RTD when performing MVIC. However, it is not clear how many familiarization sessions are required to achieve such stability in different age groups. METHODS: Thirty-three healthy individuals were divided into three groups: young group (YG; 5 men and 7 women, age 22.75 ± 4.53 years), middle-aged group (MAG; 6 men and 5 women, age 50.45 ± 6.12 years) and elderly group (EG; 6 men and 4 women, age 67.80 ± 7.28 years). Individuals performed the MVICs using an isokinetic dynamometer, in four different occasions separated by at least 72 hours. RESULTS: There were no differences in PT and RTD between familiarization sessions for all age groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the present protocol of MVIC is capable of stabilizing PT and RTD in the first testing session in young, middle-aged and elderly groups.
THE ROLE OF QUENCHING TIME IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE MASS–SIZE RELATION OF PASSIVE GALAXIES FROM THE WISP SURVEY*
Authors: Zanella A. , Scarlata C. , Corsini E. M. , Bedregal A. G. , Bontà E. Dalla , Atek H. , Bunker A. J. , Colbert J . , Dai Y. S. , Henry A. , Malkan M. , Martin C. , Rafelski M. , Rutkowski M. J. , Siana B. , Teplitz H. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
We analyze how passive galaxies at z ∼ 1.5 populate the mass–size plane as a function of their stellar age, to understand if the observed size growth with time can be explained with the appearance of larger quenched galaxies at lower redshift. We use a sample of 32 passive galaxies extracted from the Wide Field Camera 3 Infrared Spectroscopic Parallel (WISP) survey with spectroscopic redshift 1.3 ≲ z ≲ 2.05, specific star formation rates lower than 0.01 Gyr−1, and stellar masses above 4.5 × 1010
M
⊙. All galaxies have spectrally determined stellar ages from fitting of their rest-frame optical spectra and photometry with stellar population models. When dividing our sample into young (age ≤2.1 Gyr) and old (age >2.1 Gyr) galaxies we do not find a significant trend in the distributions of the difference between the observed radius and that predicted by the mass–size relation. This result indicates that the relation between the galaxy age and its distance from the mass–size relation, if it exists, is rather shallow, with a slope α ≳ −0.6. At face value, this finding suggests that multiple dry and/or wet minor mergers, rather than the appearance of newly quenched galaxies, are mainly responsible for the observed time evolution of the mass–size relation in passive galaxies.
HERSCHEL OBSERVED STRIPE 82 QUASARS AND THEIR HOST GALAXIES: CONNECTIONS BETWEEN AGN ACTIVITY AND HOST GALAXY STAR FORMATION
Authors: Dong X. Y. , Wu Xue-Bing 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
In this work, we present a study of 207 quasars selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey quasar catalogs and the Herschel Stripe 82 survey. Quasars within this sample are high-luminosity quasars with a mean bolometric luminosity of 1046.4 erg s−1. The redshift range of this sample is within z < 4, with a mean value of 1.5 ± 0.78. Because we only selected quasars that have been detected in all three Herschel-SPIRE bands, the quasar sample is complete yet highly biased. Based on the multi-wavelength photometric observation data, we conducted a spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting through UV to FIR. Parameters such as active galactic nucleus (AGN) luminosity, far-IR (FIR) luminosity, stellar mass, as well as many other AGN and galaxy properties are deduced from the SED fitting results. The mean star formation rate (SFR) of the sample is 419 M
⊙ yr−1 and the mean gas mass is ∼1011.3
M
⊙. All of these results point to an IR luminous quasar system. Compared with star formation main sequence (MS) galaxies, at least 80 out of 207 quasars are hosted by starburst galaxies. This supports the statement that luminous AGNs are more likely to be associated with major mergers. The SFR increases with the redshift up to z = 2. It is correlated with the AGN bolometric luminosity, where

. The AGN bolometric luminosity is also correlated with the host galaxy mass and gas mass. Yet the correlation between L
FIR and L
Bol has higher significant level, implies that the link between AGN accretion and the SFR is more primal. The M
BH/M
* ratio of our sample is 0.02, higher than the value 0.005 in the local universe. It might indicate an evolutionary trend of the M
BH–M
* scaling relation.
THE AGE, MASS, AND SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS OF STAR CLUSTERS IN M51
Authors: Chandar Rupali , Whitmore Bradley C. , Dinino Daiana , Kennicutt Robert C. , Chien L.-H. , Schinnerer Eva , Meidt Sharon 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
We present a new catalog of 3816 compact star clusters in the grand design spiral galaxy M51 based on observations taken with the Hubble Space Telescope. The age distribution of the clusters declines starting at very young ages, and can be represented by a power law,

, with

. No significant changes in the shape of the age distribution at different masses is observed. The mass function of the clusters younger than

can also be described by a power law,

, with

. We compare these distributions with the predictions from various cluster disruption models, and find that they are consistent with models where clusters disrupt approximately independent of their initial mass, but not with models where lower mass clusters are disrupted earlier than their higher mass counterparts. We find that the half-light radii of clusters more massive than

and with ages between 100 and 400

are larger by a factor of ≈3–4 than their counterparts that are younger than 107 years old, suggesting that the clusters physically expand during their early life.
WHITE-LIGHT FLARES ON CLOSE BINARIES OBSERVED WITH KEPLER
Authors: Gao Qing , Xin Yu , Liu Ji-Feng , Zhang Xiao-Bin , Gao Shuang 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
Based on Kepler data, we present the results of a search for white light flares on 1049 close binaries. We identify 234 flare binaries, of which 6818 flares are detected. We compare the flare-binary fraction in different binary morphologies (“detachedness”). The result shows that the fractions in over-contact and ellipsoidal binaries are approximately 10%–20% lower than those in detached and semi-detached systems. We calculate the binary flare activity level (AL) of all the flare binaries, and discuss its variations along the orbital period (P
orb) and rotation period (P
rot, calculated for only detached binaries). We find that the AL increases with decreasing P
orb or P
rot, up to the critical values at P
orb ∼ 3 days or P
rot ∼ 1.5 days, and thereafter the AL starts decreasing no matter how fast the stars rotate. We examine the flaring rate as a function of orbital phase in two eclipsing binaries on which a large number of flares are detected. It appears that there is no correlation between flaring rate and orbital phase in these two binaries. In contrast, when we examine the function with 203 flares on 20 non-eclipse ellipsoidal binaries, bimodal distribution of amplitude-weighted flare numbers shows up at orbital phases 0.25 and 0.75. Such variation could be larger than what is expected from the cross section modification.
MAGNETAR FIELD EVOLUTION AND CRUSTAL PLASTICITY
Authors: Lander S. K. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
The activity of magnetars is believed to be powered by colossal magnetic energy reservoirs. We sketch an evolutionary picture in which internal field evolution in magnetars generates a twisted corona, from which energy may be released suddenly in a single giant flare, or more gradually through smaller outbursts and persistent emission. Given the ages of magnetars and the energy of their giant flares, we suggest that their evolution is driven by a novel mechanism: magnetic flux transport/decay due to persistent plastic flow in the crust, which would invalidate the common assumption that the crustal lattice is static and evolves only under Hall drift and Ohmic decay. We estimate the field strength required to induce plastic flow as a function of crustal depth, and the viscosity of the plastic phase. The star’s superconducting core may also play a role in magnetar field evolution, depending on the star’s spindown history and how rotational vortices and magnetic fluxtubes interact.
Le roi et ses alliés, cohésion et dissensions dans l’ alliance achéenne homérique
Authors: Scheid-Tissinier Évelyne 
Published: June 2016

Résumé Résumé : Réunie par Agamemnon, l’alliance achéenne mise en scène dans l’ Iliade , est composée de contingents venus de toutes les régions du monde grec et fonctionne comme une communauté organisée selon trois niveaux hiérarchiques : le roi, les chefs (les basileis ) qui ont choisi de se joindre à l’alliance, et les troupes, les laoi , qui ont accompagné leurs chefs devant Troie. Les raisons d’être de cette guerre sont formulées de manière à associer étroitement l’ensemble des Achéens à l’entreprise, définie comme une vengeance destinée à répondre à l’enlèvement d’Hélène. Si Agamemnon possède en principe sur l’ensemble de la coalition un pouvoir surplombant, dans les faits, le roi ne montre pas toujours les qualités qui lui permettraient d’exercer une autorité indiscutée. D’où le surgissement de conflits qui sont autant de forces centrifuges susceptibles de mettre en péril la cohésion de l’alliance. Le but de cette étude est d’analyser la manière dont sont maintenus les équilibres entre le roi et les chefs alliés d’une part, entre le roi et l’ensemble des hommes des troupes d’autre part, à travers l’usage politique qui est fait de l’approbation, des remontrances et du blâme.
Les commandements alliés dans le monde grec de la deuxième guerre médique à la bataille de Chéronée
Authors: Boëldieu-Trevet Jeannine 
Published: June 2016

Résumé Résumé : À partir de sources littéraires et épigraphiques, la contribution envisage les différentes formes que donnèrent les cités grecques au commandement dans le cadre des alliances ( symmachiai ) en insistant sur les problèmes de vocabulaire, entre autres dans les textes de traités du v e et iv e siècle. Elle aborde la question des fondements juridiques et historiques à commander en chef et les problèmes de l’exercice du commandement en cours d’opérations en fonction du rapport des forces.
Symmachia et hégémonie sur les peuples guerriers de Thrace, du royaume odryse à la domination macédonienne
Authors: Rufin Solas Aliénor 
Published: June 2016

Résumé Résumé : La notion de symmachia hégémonique, entendue comme système d’alliances guerrières inégales avec une puissance dominante, est proposée pour décrire la nature de la domination des Odryses en Thrace au moment de la guerre du Péloponnèse, ainsi que les relations établies entre Philippe II et ses voisins de l’intérieur de la Thrace.
Loss of Immune Tolerance Is Controlled by ICOS in Sle1 Mice
Authors: Mittereder Nanette , Kuta Ellen , Bhat Geetha , Dacosta Karma , Cheng Lily I. , Herbst Ronald , Carlesso Gianluca 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
ICOS, a member of the CD28 family, represents a key molecule that regulates adaptive responses to foreign Ags. ICOS is prominently expressed on T follicular helper (TFH) cells, a specialized CD4+ T cell subset that orchestrates B cell differentiation within the germinal centers and humoral response. However, the contribution of ICOS and TFH cells to autoantibody profiles under pathological conditions has not been thoroughly investigated. We used the Sle1 lupus-prone mouse model to examine the role of ICOS in the expansion and function of pathogenic TFH cells. Genetic deletion of ICOS impacted the expansion of TFH cells in B6.Sle1 mice and inhibited the differentiation of B lymphocytes into plasma cells. The phenotypic changes observed in B6.Sle1-ICOS–knockout mice were also associated with a significant reduction in class-switched IgG, and anti-nucleosomal IgG-secreting B cells compared with B6.Sle1 animals. The level of vascular cell adhesion protein 1, a molecule that was shown to be elevated in patients with SLE and in lupus models, was also increased in an ICOS-dependent manner in Sle1 mice and correlated with autoantibody levels. The elimination of ICOS-expressing CD4+ T cells in B6.Sle1 mice, using a glyco-engineered anti-ICOS–depleting Ab, resulted in a significant reduction in anti-nucleosomal autoantibodies. Our results indicate that ICOS regulates the ontogeny and homeostasis of B6.Sle1 TFH cells and influences the function of TFH cells during aberrant germinal center B cell responses. Therapies targeting the ICOS signaling pathway may offer new opportunities for the treatment of lupus and other autoimmune diseases.
The Relationship Between Social Capital and Selfreported Health in China
Authors: Xue Xindong , Mo Erxiao , Reed W. Robert 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This paper uses the 2005 and 2006 China General Social Survey (CGSS) to study the relationship between social capital and self-reported health in China. It is the most comprehensive analysis of this subject to date, both in the sizes of the samples it analyses, in the number of social capital variables it investigates, and in its treatment of endogeneity. The authors identify social trust, social relationships, and social networks as important determinants of self-reported health. The magnitude of the estimated effects are economically important, in some cases being of the same size or larger than the effects associated with age and income. Their findings suggest that there is scope for social capital to be a significant policy tool for improving health outcomes in China.
Characteristics of aerosol pollution during heavy haze events in Suzhou, China
Authors: Tian Mi , Wang Huanbo , Chen Yang , Yang Fumo , Zhang Xiaohua , Zou Qiang , Zhang Renquan , Ma Yongliang , He Kebin 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Extremely severe haze weather events occurred in many cities in China, especially in the east part of the country, in January 2013. Comprehensive measurements including hourly concentrations of PM2.5 and its major chemical components (water-soluble inorganic ions, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC)) and related gas-phase precursors were conducted via an online monitoring system in Suzhou, a medium-sized city in Jiangsu province, just east of Shanghai. PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 µm or less) frequently exceeded 150 µg m−3 on hazy days, with the maximum reaching 324 µg m−3 on 14 January 2013. Unfavorable weather conditions (high relative humidity (RH), and low rainfall, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure) were conducive to haze formation. High concentrations of secondary aerosol species (including SO42−, NO3−, NH4+, and SOC) and gaseous precursors were observed during the first two haze events, while elevated primary carbonaceous species emissions were found during the third haze period, pointing to different haze formation mechanisms. Organic matter (OM), (NH4)2SO4, and NH4NO3 were found to be the major contributors to visibility impairment. High concentrations of sulfate and nitrate might be explained by homogeneous gas-phase reactions under low RH conditions and by heterogeneous processes under relatively high RH conditions. Analysis of air mass trajectory clustering and potential source contribution function showed that aerosol pollution in the studied areas was mainly caused by local activities and surrounding sources transported from nearby cities.