bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum in Shifting Attention.
Authors: Ravizza Susan M. , Ivry Richard B. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The basal ganglia and cerebellum have traditionally been associated with motor performance. Recently, there has been considerable interest regarding the contributions of these subcortical structures to aspecdts of cognition. In particular, both the basal ganglia and cerebellum have been hypothesized to be involved in the control of attentional set. To dat, no neuropsychological studies have directly compared the effects of basal ganglia and cerebellar dysfunction on the same attention shifting tasks. To this end, dwe employed and alternating attention task that has been used to demonstrate putative attentional control deficits in children with cerebellar pathology, either related to autism or neurological insult. When adult patients with either Parkinson's disease or cerebellar lesions were tested on this task, a similar pattern of deficits was observed for both groups. However, when the motor demands were reduced, cerebellar patients showed a significant improvement on the alternating attention task, whereas the Parkinson patients continued to exhibit an impairment. This dissociation suggests that attentional deficits reported previously as being due to cerebellar dysfunction may be, at least in part, secondary to problem related to coordinating successive responses. In contrast, attention-shifting deficits associated with basal ganglia impairment cannot be explained by recourse to the motor demands of the task.
Preserved Adjustment but Impaired Awareness in a Sensory-Motor Conflict following Prefrontal Lesions
Authors: Slachevsky Andrea , Pillon Bernard , Fourneret Pierre , Pradat-Diehl Pascale , Jeannerod Marc , Dubois Bruno 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Control of action occurs at different stagesof the executive process, in particular at those of sensory-motor integration and conscious monitoring. The aim of this study was to determine the implication of the prefrontal cortex in the control of action. For that purpose, we compared the performance of 15 patients with frontal lobe lesions and 15 matched controls on an experimental paradigm generating a conflict between the action planned and the sensory-motor feedback. Subjects had to trace a sagittal line witha stylus on a graphic tablet. The hand was hidden by a mirror on which the traced line, processed by a computer, was projected. Without informing the subjects, the line traced was modified by introducing a bias to the right, which increased progressively from 2° to 42°. To succeed the task, subjects had to modify their motor program and deviate their hand in the opposite direction. The sensory-motor adjustment to the bias was evaluated by the surface between the line traced and the ideal line to compensate for the deviation. The awareness of the conflict was measured by the angle of the bias at which subjects expressed the feeling that the line they traced was not the same as the line they saw. The deviation was similarly compensated for by patients and controls until24°. Then 14 controls but only3 patients were aware of a conflict. After that, the variability of performance increased significantly for the unaware patients. These results suggest that the prefrontal cortex is required at the level of conscious monitoring of actions, but not at the level of sensory-motor integration.
READING WITH YIN YANG EYES: NEGOTIATING THE IDEOLOGICAL DILEMMA OF A CHINESE AMERICAN BIBLICAL HERMENEUTICS
Authors: Liew Tat-Siong Benny 
Published: July 2002

AbstractChinese Americans living in today's "postcolonial" North America are often confronted by various forms of neocolonialism. It is no exception for those working within the field of biblical studies. In order to publish and be recognized within the guild, Chinese Americans are often asked to make the "nonchoice" between forsaking their own culture and engaging in the production of some exotic "biblical tourist literature" for others to visit and "sightsee" in times of leisure. This article attempts to expose the oppressive binarism of—in Cornel West's terms—"faceless universalism" and "ethnic chauvinism," and explore how Chinese American Bible scholars may negotiate this ideological dilemma by reading from a marginal site/sight.
(RE)APPRAISAL OF SOME TECHNICAL TERMS IN HADĪTH SCIENCE
Authors:   Juynboll
Published: July 2002

AbstractAfter an introduction in which I define some newly-coined technical terms developed in recent hadīth analysis, such as "isnād bundle", "common link", "spiders" and "diving", I argue (307) that Schacht's technical term "common link" may have in the term madār an Arabic equivalent—never recognized as such in Islam—and which, like tafarrada, subsequently, never made it into Muslim hadīth handbooks (311). Next I describe various technical terms that rarely occur as such in Muslim handbooks, to wit, mutābi'āt and shawāhid together with the apposite verb tāba'a. These terms illustrate the "diving" phenomenon (315). The terms tawātur and mutawātir, well-known from Muslim handbooks, are re-appraised in connection with a tradition on one of the Prophet's alleged miracles (322). I then distinguish and define the terms tawātur ma'nawī and tawātur lafzī and point out the overall inapplicability of the term (326) with illustrative examples (332) such as the mash 'alā 'l-khuffayn cluster (335). Following a summary and some conclusions (341) the reader will find a list of Mālik b. Anas' most important "followers" (345).
UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM UNIFICATION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA'S FIRST ISLAMIC POLITY: THE CHANGING SENSE OF COMMUNITY IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY HIKAYAT RAJA-RAJA PASAI COURT CHRONICLE
Authors: Hall Kenneth 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis study on the thirteenth and fourteenth century emergence of Southeast Asia's earliest Islamic state examines how the fifteenth century Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai court chronicle can be used to understand the Samudra-Pasai port-polity and its legitimation. The local pre-Islamic north Sumatra order is first portrayed in the Hikayat, which highlights the sovereign's mythical attributes. Indian Ocean commercial and diplomatic channels then provided access to imported textiles, which became the centerpiece of the monarch's ritualized redistributions, as well as the opportunity to enter membership in the community of Islam. Samudra-Pasai's newly converted sultans successfully linked disparate upstream and downstream population clusters under the leadership of their port-centered court, in ways that were not only consistent with local beliefs, but also appropriate to an Islamic society. Cette étude, sur l'émergence du premier état islamique en Asie du sud-est aux treisième et quatorzième siècles, considère comment la chronique de la cour de Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai, datant du quinzième siècle, peut être utilisée pour comprendre le port-régime de Samudra-Pasai et sa légitimation. L'ordre local et pré-islamique de Sumatra du nord est représenté dans le Hikayat, un texte qui souligne les attributs mythiques du souverain. En particulier, le réseau commercial et diplomatique, centré sur l'océan indien, a permis l'accès aux textiles importés, qui sont devenus la pièce maîtresse du système monarchique de rédistribution rituelle, et l'occasion d'entrer comme membre dans la communauté d'islam. Les souverains de Samudra-Pasai a relié avec succès les populations disparates en amont and en aval de la rivière sous la direction de la cour, centré sur le port, par les moyens qui conforment non seulement aux croyances locales mais aussi qui conviennent à une société islamique.
ACADEMIC NOMADISM: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND HISTORY OF RELIGION
Authors: Thorbjørnsrud Berit 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThrough a narrative of the author's personal academic nomadism, the concepts of interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary studies are explored. It is argued that while interdisciplinary studies are currently being praised, insufficient attention seems to be directed at the methodological challenges involved. Rather a line of strategic avoidance seems to be adopted. Drawing on insights from migrant studies the author compares the questionable concept of migrants as potentially "falling-between-cultures" with the fear of "falling-between-disciplines" sometimes experienced by scholars attempting to move within various disciplines. While there are important reasons why academic boundaries are retained, their existence may also influence the way scholars approach the field in an undesirable manner. By examples from the study of Islam/Muslims, the author illustrates how the boundary between, for example, social anthropology and history of religion tends to become mixed up with boundaries in the field in such a way that our understanding of the field may become seriously distorted. Exploring what transcending boundaries truely involves, the author discusses the meaning of concepts like strategic avoidance, tacit knowledge and triangulation in action, and reflects on their usefulness in terms of actually establishing interdisciplinary studies and/or scholarship.
DECONSTRUCTIVE ECOFEMINISM: A JAPANESE CRITICAL INTERPRETATION
Authors: Maruyama Masatsugu 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn this paper, I compare deconstructive ecofeminism and traditional Japanese worldviews, particularly those of Shinto. I identify similarities between the two at crucial points, and suggest that this implies considerable difficulties with deconstructive ecofeminism. Traditional Japanese worldviews, in particular those deriving from Shinto, are not unproblematic from the viewpoint of both ecology and feminism. Although deconstructive ecofeminists are eager to break through nature-women oppression, what they propose will not necessarily lead to what they want to create.
Spreading Non-natural Concepts: The Role of Intuitive Conceptual Structures in Memory and Transmission of Cultural Materials
Authors: Barrett Justin , Nyhof Melanie 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The four experiments presented support Boyer's theory that counterintuitive concepts have transmission advantages that account for the commonness and ease of communicating many non-natural cultural concepts. In Experiment 1, 48 American college students recalled expectation-violating items from culturally unfamiliar folk stories better than more mundane items in the stories. In Experiment 2, 52 American college students in a modified serial reproduction task transmitted expectation-violating items in a written narrative more successfully than bizarre or common items. In Experiments 3 and 4, these findings were replicated with orally presented and transmitted stimuli, and found to persist even after three months. To sum, concepts with single expectation-violating features were more successfully transmitted than concepts that were entirely congruent with category-level expectations, even if they were highly unusual or bizarre. This transmission advantage for counterintuitive concepts may explain, in part, why such concepts are so prevalent across cultures and so readily spread.
DOES TESTOSTERONE AFFECT THE TRADE-OFF BETWEEN INVESTMENT IN SEXUAL/TERRITORIAL BEHAVIOUR AND PARENTAL CARE IN MALE GREAT TITS?
Authors: Van Duyse Els , Pinxten Rianne , Eens Marcel 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Breeding testosterone (T) profiles of free-living male birds are hypothesized to reflect a trade-off between investment in competitive behaviour for mates or territories, typically accompanied by high T-levels, and investment in paternal care, typically accompanied by low T-levels. To test this hypothesis we monitored song activity, as a measure of territorial advertisement or mate attraction, and feeding efforts, as a measure of paternal care, in great tit Parus major males that either received T-filled or empty implants in the middle of the feeding phase, a period of high paternal commitment and low T-levels. In support of the trade-off hypothesis, T-implanted males sang significantly more than controls. However, we found no significant effect of the elevated T-levels on male and female feeding behaviour despite the large increase in T following implantation. Also, no short-term effects on male fitness were found. Taken together these results do not support the trade-off hypothesis. We discuss that the low overall responsiveness in our study might be related to a high fitness cost of neglecting offspring in favour of T-enhanced behaviour.
ALARM CALLING IN THREE SPECIES OF MARMOTS
Authors: Blumstein Daniel 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMany species produce alarm calls that vary according to situation. Theoretically, alarm call structure could covary with predator type and could communicate potentially ''referential information, or calls could covary with the degree of risk a caller experienced when it emitted a call. Using similar methods, I studied the ways in which Olympic (Marmota olympus), hoary (M. caligata), and Vancouver Island marmots (M. vancouverensis) communicated situational variation. I observed both natural alarm calling, and I artificially elicited alarm calls with simulated terrestrial and aerial predators. I used playback experiments to study marmots' responses to different alarm call variants. All three species produced four roughly similar but distinctive loud alarm vocalizations that could be categorized by their relative shape, duration, and whether calls were quickly repeated to create multi-note vocalizations. In addition, the Vancouver Island marmot produced a fifth loud alarm call-the kee-aw. Call micro-structure varied as a function of the distance the caller was from an alarming stimulus and the type of alarming stimulus. Two lines of evidence suggest that all three species had alarm calls associated with the caller's risk (i.e. they were not referential). First, marmots often changed call types within a calling bout: there were no unique stimulus-class specific vocalizations. Second, marmot responses to alarm calls were graded: marmots did not have unique responses to different call types. These three close taxonomic relatives with superficially similar calls, communicated risk differently.
Nematode systematics: past, present and future
Authors: Coomans August 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA brief overview is given of nematode taxonomy since its beginnings in the second half of the 19th century. Most of the work concerned α-taxonomy, but in the thirties and subsequently from the sixties several classifications have been proposed. Since the eighties phylogenetic systematics was introduced as the underlying theory. Due to the pioneering work of several famous nematode taxonomists in the first half of the 20th century an increased interest for the discipline arose. Very unfortunately, this interest decreased in more recent times to an alarming extent. The difficulty to correctly identify and to describe the rapidly increasing numbers of taxa has discouraged many young scientists and diverted them toward more appealing disciplines. Taxonomy provides nevertheless the basic knowledge for studies on biodiversity as well as for analyses of ecological and phylogenetic relationships. Molecular techniques have made systematics again exciting; when combined with the more traditional morphological approach, they will lead to new insights. Hopefully, these will arouse the interest of young scientists. Even then the future of nematode taxonomy will depend on the funding opportunities provided by national and international authorities. La systématique des nématodes est brièvement revue depuis ses origines dans la seconde moitié du 19ème siècle. La plupart des travaux sont relatifs l’ α-taxinomie, mais dans les années trente et ensuite dans les années soixante, plusieurs classifications ont été proposées. Depuis les années 80, la systématique phylogénétique a été introduite comme la théorie sous-jacente. Grâce au travail de pionnier de plusieurs taxinomistes célèbres dans la première moitié du 20ème siècle, un intérêt accru est apparu pour la discipline. Très malheureusement, cet intérêt a décru récemment jusqu’à un niveau alarmant. La difficulté d’identifier correctement et de décrire un nombre de taxons augmentant rapidement a découragé de nombreux jeunes scientifiques et les a poussé vers des disciplines plus attirantes. La taxinomie cependant apporte la connaissance de base tant pour des études de biodiversité que pour des études de relations écologiques et phylogénétiques. Les techniques moléculaires ont rendu la systématique à nouveau attractive; lorsqu’elles seront combinées avec l’approche morphologique plus traditionnelle, elles conduiront à de nouveaux développements. Heureusement, elles vont réveiller l’intérêt des jeunes chercheurs. Malgré cela, le futur de la taxinomie des nématodes dépendra des opportunités de financement par les autorités nationales et internationales.
Paratylenchinae: redescription of Paratylenchus arculatus Luc & de Guiran, 1962, a new senior synonym of P. nainianus Edward & Misra, 1963 (Nematoda: Tylenchulidae)
Authors: Brzeski Michal , Hanel Ladislav , Nico Andres , Castillo Pablo 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSeveral populations of Paratylenchus arculatus from sandy soil and root samples from olive nurseries in southern Spain and from uncultivated clay soil in New South Wales, Australia are described. P. nainianus Edward & Misra, 1963 is considered as a junior subjective synonym of P. arculatus. Paratylenchinae: redescription de Paratylenchus arculatus Luc & de Guiran, 1962, un nouveau synonym majeur de P. nainianus Edward & Misra, 1963 (Nematoda: Tylenchulidae) - Sont decrites plusieurs populations de Paratylenchus arculatus provenant d'echantillons de sol sableux et de racines collectes dans des pepinieres d'olivier du sud de l'Espagne et d'un sol argileux en jachere des Nouvelles Galles du Sud, Australie. P. nainianus Edward & Misra, 1963 est considere comme un synonyme mineur subjectif de P. arculatus.
Precipitation and flocculation of spherical nano-silica in North Sea chalk
Authors: Jakobsen F. , Lindgreen H. , Springer N. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn the Maastrichtian-Danian chalk in the North Sea, discrete intervals, appearing as normal white chalk, contain up to 60% α-quartz <2 μm in size. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveals that the particles are of nm size, appearing as spherical particles and aggregates. Similar particles consisting of opal-CT were found in surface exposures of chalk in Denmark. Two new abiogenic pathways of silica formation in chalk are proposed. The first model proposes that SiO2 nano-size particles and aggregates precipitated and flocculated in the free-water phase as opal and were diagenetically transformed from opal-CT at low temperature to α-quartz at elevated temperature. In the second model, the dominance of radiolarians in the deep-water environment of the North Sea resulted in low dissolution supply with subsequent precipitation and flocculation of nano-size α-quartz particles. In the shallower water of the shelf environment of the present onshore chalk, the abundance of sponges and their dissolution supplied enough Si to precipitate opal-CT in the free-water phase.
K-Ar dating of varied microtextural illite in Permian gas reservoirs, northern Germany
Authors: Liewig N. , Clauer N. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSeveral types of authigenic illite differing in their distribution and morphology are described in Rotliegend (Permian) gas-bearing sandstones of northern Germany. The microtextural environment seems to control the K-Ar age variations of illite-fractions of different sizes. Thin, uncompacted, and radial coatings are 200 Ma old, whereas uncompacted fibrous laths filling enlarged secondary porosity are 180 Ma old, and compacted or recrystallized tangential particles yield intermediate or even younger ages. Such Liassic ages relate to a thermal event, the effects of which on the clay material have not been erased subsequently, despite present-day burial depth of 4500 m and temperatures of 150°C.
The nature and origin of non-marine 10 Å clay from the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene of the Isle of Wight (Hampshire Basin), UK
Authors: Huggett J. M. , Gale A. S. , Clauer N. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractVariegated palaeosols, which formed from weathering of clays, silts and brackish to freshwater limestones, are present in the Late Eocene–Early Oligocene Solent Group of the Hampshire Basin, southern UK. The composition and origin of the clay in three segments of the lower part of the Solent Group have been investigated by X-ray diffraction, microprobe analysis, inductively coupled plasma-mas spectrometry, K/Ar dating, high resolution scanning electron microscopy, analytical transmission electron microscopy and wet chemistry. The detrital clay mineral suite is dominated by illite and smectite with minor kaolinite and chlorite. Seasonal wetting and drying in gley soils has resulted in replacement of smectite by Fe-rich, or illite-rich illitesmectite. Illite has also formed with gypsum and calcite in ephemeral hypersaline alkaline lakes that periodically dried out. This illite may have precipitated directly from solution. X-ray diffraction data and probe analyses indicate that the neoformed illite is Fe-rich. The K and Fe for the illitization are thought to be derived from weathered glauconite reworked from the underlying Bracklesham Group and Barton Beds.
Use of an air brush to spray dry samples for X-ray powder diffraction
Authors: Hillier S. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe construction and operation of a spray drier is described where the spray is produced using an air brush, essentially a miniature spray gun. The spray-dried products consist of spheres 50–60 µm in diameter and typical product recoveries are 80%, a marked improvement over simple two-nozzle systems. The spray-dried samples are easy to load into XRD powder holders and present a smooth surface and relatively constant bulk density to the X-ray beam. Problems of preferred orientation are effectively eliminated and the resulting X-ray powder patterns are completely reproducible by different operators.
Middle Jurassic ultramafic lamprophyre dyke within the Ferrar magmatic province, Pensacola Mountains, Antarctica
Authors: Leat P. T. , Riley T. R. , Storey B. C. , Kelley S. P. , Millar I. L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAn ultramafic lamprophyre dyke is described from the otherwise tholeiitic Ferrar magmatic province of Antarctica. We report an Ar-Ar age of 183 ± 2.2 Ma for the dyke, indistinguishable from those of the Ferrar tholeiites. However, the dyke has mineralogical and major and trace element compositions, and radiogenic isotopes ratios, very different from the Ferrar tholeiites. The sample consists of olivine and rare clinopyroxene phenocrysts with perovskite and spinel microphenocrysts in a groundmass of amphibole, nepheline and biotite. Carbonatitic globules contain calcite, dolomite, Fe-rich carbonate, nepheline, biotite, orthoclase, pyrite, clinopyroxene, apatite and silicate glass, and were formed by liquid immiscibility. The rock is mildly potassic and classifies as an ouachitite. It is strongly enriched in both moderately and highly incompatible trace elements and is the first high-Ti rock to be described from the Ferrar magmatic province. The rock has similar initial 143Nd/144Nd to OIB, notably Bouvet, Crozet and Réunion, but significantly higher initial 87Sr/86Sr. The lamprophyre magma is interpreted as having been generated by low-degree partial fusion of metasomatized lithospheric mantle as a result of heat conducted from an underlying Jurassic mantle plume. The same mantle plume was probably also responsible for generating one of the world’s largest layered gabbro bodies, the Dufek-Forrestal intrusions.