bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complementary and alternative medicine in US adults with diabetes: Reasons for use and perceived benefits
Authors: Rhee Taeho G. , Westberg Sarah M. , Harris Ila M. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackgroundAlthough complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is increasingly used, little is known about the reasons for CAM use (treatment, wellness, or both), or the self‐reported perceived benefits among US adults with diabetes. In this study we estimated prevalence rates of overall and specific types of CAM, as well as the perceived benefits of CAM, by reason for use among US diabetic adults.MethodsCross‐sectional data from the 2012 National Health Interview Survey, which represents non‐institutionalized adults with diabetes (n = 3386 unweighted), were used to estimate prevalence rates of CAM use by reason. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the odds of perceived benefits of CAM by reason for use after controlling for covariates.ResultsOf US diabetic adults, 26.2% reported using some form of CAM in the past year. Of these, 56.7% used CAM for both treatment and wellness, 28.3% used CAM for wellness only, and 15.0% used CAM for treatment only. Regardless of reasons for use, most commonly used CAM were herbal therapies (56.9%), followed by chiropractic (25.3%) and massage (20.2%). Those using CAM for a combination of both treatment and wellness had a higher likelihood of self‐reporting a “better sense of control over their health” (P = 0.011) and “improved overall health and feeling better” (P = 0.014) than those using CAM for treatment only.ConclusionAlthough CAM may be a promising approach to improving health‐related quality of life, future research should address efficacy and patient safety.
Improved Survival for Rural Trauma Patients Transported by Helicopter to a Verified Trauma Center: A Propensity Score Analysis
Authors: Zhu Thein Hlaing , Hollister Lisa , Opoku Dazar , Galvagno Samuel M. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObjectivesRecent studies using advanced statistical methods to control for confounders have demonstrated an association between helicopter transport (HT) versus ground ambulance transport (GT) in terms of improved survival for adult trauma patients. The aim of this study was to apply a methodologically vigorous approach to determine if HT is associated with a survival benefit for when trauma patients are transported to a verified trauma center in a rural setting.MethodsThe ascertainment of trauma patients age ≥ 15 years (n = 469 cases) by HT and (n = 580 cases) by GT between 1999 and 2012 was restricted to the scene of injury in a rural area of 10 to 35 miles from the trauma center. The propensity score (PS) was determined using data including demographics, prehospital physiology, intubation, total prehospital time, and injury severity. The PS matching was performed with different calipers to select a higher percentage of matches of HT compared to GT patients. The outcome of interest was survival to discharge from hospital. Identical logistic regression analysis was done taking into account for each matched design to select an appropriate effect estimate and confidence interval (CI) controlling for initial vital signs in the emergency department, the need for urgent surgery, intensive care unit admission, and mechanical ventilation.ResultsUnadjusted mortalities for HT compared to GT were 7.7 and 5.3%, respectively (p > 0.05). The adjusted rates were 4.0% for HT and 7.6% for GT (p < 0.05). In a PS well‐matched data set, HT was associated with a 2.69‐fold increase in odds of survival compared to GT patients (adjusted odds ratio = 2.69; 95% CI = 1.21–5.97).ConclusionsIn a rural setting, we demonstrated improved survival associated with HT compared to GT for scene transportation of adult trauma patients to a verified Level II trauma center using an advanced methodologic approach, which included adjustment for transport distance. The implication of survival benefit to rural population is discussed. We recommend larger studies with multiple trauma systems need to be repeated using similar study methodology to substantiate our findings.
Trends and age, period and cohort effects for marijuana use prevalence in the 1984–2015 US National Alcohol Surveys
Authors: Kerr William C. , Lui Camillia , Ye Yu 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackground and AimsEpidemiological trends show marijuana use in the United States to have increased in recent years. Previous research has identified cohort effects as contributing to the rising prevalence, in particular birth cohorts born after 1945. However, given recent policy efforts to regulate marijuana use at the state level, period effects could also play a contributory role. This study aimed to examine whether cohort or period effects play a larger role in explaining trends in marijuana use.DesignUsing data from seven National Alcohol Surveys, we estimated age–period–cohort decomposition models for marijuana use, controlling for socio‐demographic measures.SettingUnited States.ParticipantsUS general population aged 18 and older from 1984 to 2015.MeasurementsAny past‐year marijuana use.FindingsResults indicated that period effects were the main driver of rising marijuana use prevalence. Models including indicators of medical and recreational marijuana policies did not find any significant positive impacts.ConclusionsThe steep rise in marijuana use in the United States since 2005 occurred across the population and is attributable to general period effects not linked specifically to the liberalization of marijuana policies in some states.
N‐acetylcysteine in the treatment of craving in substance use disorders: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Duailibi Michel Silvio , Cordeiro Quirino , Brietzke Elisa , Ribeiro Marcelo , LaRowe Steve , Berk Michael , Trevizol Alisson Paulino 
Published: September 2017

Background and ObjectivesRecent neurobiological evidences along with clinical observations justify the use of N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) as a medication for craving. The objective of our study was to assess the evidence of efficacy of NAC for craving in substance use disorders in randomized clinical trials (RCTs).MethodsSystematic review of the RCTs literature (PROSPERO number 56698) until February, 2017, using MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and clinicaltrials.gov. We included seven RCTs (n = 245); most with small‐to‐moderate sample sizes. The main outcome was the Hedges’ g for continuous scores in a random‐effects model. Heterogeneity was evaluated with the I2 and the χ2 test. Publication bias was evaluated using the Begg's funnel plot and the Egger's test. Meta‐regression was performed using the random‐effects model.ResultsComparing NAC versus placebo, NAC was significantly superior for craving symptoms (Hedges’ g = 0.94; 95%CI 0.55–1.33). The funnel plot showed the risk of publication bias was low and between‐study heterogeneity was not significant (I2 = 44.4%, p = 0.07 for the χ2 test). A subgroup analysis performed using meta‐regression showed no particular influence.Discussion and ConclusionsNAC was superior to placebo for craving reduction in SUDs. The relatively small number of trials and their heterogeneous methodology were possible limitations; however, these positive thrilling results stimulate further studies for clarifying the potential impact of NAC for craving symptoms in SUDs.Scientific Significance: The safety profile of NAC and favorable tolerability, in addition to being an over‐the‐counter medication, presents with an interesting potential clinical use for craving in SUDs.Scientific SignificanceThe safety profile of NAC and its favorable tolerability, in addition to being anover‐the‐counter medication, presents with an interesting potential clinical use for craving in SUDs. (Am J Addict 2017;26:660–666)
How the Public Defines Terrorism
Authors: Huff Connor , Kertzer Joshua D. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractEvery time a major violent act takes place in the United States, a public debate erupts as to whether it should be considered terrorism. Political scientists have offered a variety of conceptual frameworks, but have neglected to explore how ordinary citizens understand terrorism, despite the central role the public plays in our understanding of the relationship between terrorism and government action in the wake of violence. We synthesize components of both scholarly definitions and public debates to formulate predictions for how various attributes of incidents affect the likelihood they are perceived as terrorism. Combining a conjoint experiment with machine learning techniques and automated content analysis of media coverage, we show the importance not only of the type and severity of violence, but also the attributed motivation for the incident and social categorization of the actor. The findings demonstrate how the language used to describe violent incidents, for which the media has considerable latitude, affects the likelihood the public classifies incidents as terrorism.
Lithium reduces the span of G protein‐activated K+ (GIRK) channel inhibition in hippocampal neurons
Authors: Dascal Nathan , Rubinstein Moran 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObjectivesLithium (Li+) is one of the most widely used treatments for bipolar disorder (BD). However, the molecular and neuronal basis of BD, as well as the mechanisms of Li+ actions are poorly understood. Cellular and biochemical studies identified G proteins as being among the cellular targets for Li+ action, while genetic studies indicated an association with the KCNJ3 gene, which encodes the G protein‐activated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels. GIRK channels regulate neuronal excitability by mediating the inhibitory effects of multiple neurotransmitters and contribute to the resting potassium conductance. Here, we explored the effects of therapeutic dose of Li+ on neuronal excitability and the role of GIRK channels in Li+ actions.MethodsEffects of Li+ on excitability were studied in hippocampal brain slices using whole‐cell electrophysiological recordings.ResultsA therapeutic dose of Li+ (1 mM) dually regulated the function of GIRK channels in hippocampal slices. Li+ hyperpolarized the resting membrane potential of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons and prolonged the latency to reach the action potential threshold and peak. These effects were abolished in the presence of tertiapin, a specific GIRK channel blocker, and at doses above the therapeutic window (2 mM). In contrast, Li+ reduced GIRK channel opening induced by GABAB receptor (GABABR) activation, causing reduced hyperpolarization of the membrane potential, attenuated reduction of input resistance, and a smaller decrease of neuronal firing.ConclusionsA therapeutic dose of Li+ reduces the span of GIRK channel‐mediated inhibition due to enhancement of basal GIRK currents and inhibition of GABABR evoked responses, providing an important link between Li+ action, neuronal excitability, and cellular and genetic targets of BD.
Lithium and suicide in mood disorders: Updated meta‐review of the scientific literature
Authors: Smith Katharine A , Cipriani Andrea 
Published: September 2017

ObjectivesSuicide and suicidal behaviour are increased in mood disorders, particularly bipolar disorders. Observational studies and small randomized controlled trials (RCTs) support the idea that taking lithium is associated with a reduction in these rates. This paper aims to review the best evidence for the effect of lithium on rates of suicide and self harm.MethodsWe searched PubMed, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library systematically for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses of RCTs of lithium and suicide and self harm published between January 1980 and June 2017. In the case of multiple publications on the same topic, only the most recent or most comprehensive review was considered.ResultsA large number of reviews were identified, but only 16 publications were systematic reviews. Of these, three systematic reviews of lithium and suicide rates and one of lithium and self harm confined only to RCTs were identified. Despite some methodological concerns and heterogeneity in terms of participants, diagnoses, comparators, durations, and phase of illness, the evidence to date is overwhelmingly in favour of lithium as an antisuicidal agent, even balanced against any potential disadvantages of its use in regular clinical practice.ConclusionsThe anti‐suicidal effects of lithium have been consistently reported over the past 40 years. The most robust evidence comes from RCTs, but these results are also discussed in the context of the difficulties in conducting high quality studies in this area, and the supporting evidence that observational and non‐randomized studies can also provide. Given this evidence, however, the use of lithium is still underrepresented in clinical practice and should be incorporated more assertively into current guidelines.
Black Adolescent Males: Intersections Among Their Gender Role Identity and Racial Identity and Associations With Self‐Concept (Global and School)
Authors: Buckley Tamara R. 
Published: September 2017

Intersectional approaches for understanding identity have gained momentum in the social sciences. Black adolescent males are often perceived as threatening, underachieving, and hypermasculine, which is reinforced through media outlets and psychological research that portray them as a monolith rather than a heterogeneous group with multiple intersecting identities. This cross‐sectional study of 70 Black adolescent males between 14 and 18 years old simultaneously explores their race and gender identities and associations with self‐concept (global and school). Results demonstrated that participants reported a combination of feminine and masculine gender roles, rather than hypermasculine. A canonical correlation analysis found that Black racial identity attitudes (RIAS‐L) and gender roles simultaneously contributed to significant relationships with total and school self‐concept. Study limitations and future directions for research and practice are discussed.
Prevalence and extent of enamel defects in the permanent teeth of 8‐year‐old Nigerian children
Authors: Ibiyemi Olushola , Zohoori Fatemeh V. , Valentine Ruth A. , Kometa Simon , Maguire Anne 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObjectivesEnamel formation is a vulnerable developmental process, susceptible to environmental influences such as excessive systemic fluoride (F) exposure and infant/childhood disease. This study determined prevalence and extent of developmental enamel defects (DDE) and dental fluorosis in 8‐year‐old Nigerians and explored associations with key predictors.MethodsA sample of 322 healthy 8‐year‐olds (155 males, 167 females) from primary schools in lower and higher water F areas of (i) rural and (ii) urban parts of Oyo State in south‐west Nigeria (n = 4 areas) (in which the mean (SD) F concentration of community water supplies ranged from 0.07 (0.02) to 2.13 (0.64) mg F/L) were dentally examined using modified DDE (mDDE) and Thylstrup and Fejerskov (TF) indices. Drinking waters, cooking waters and toothpaste samples were analysed for F concentration using a F ion‐selective electrode (F‐ISE). Information on infant/childhood diseases, infant feeding and tooth cleaning practices was obtained from parents/legal guardians. Data were analysed using ANOVA, chi‐square tests, Spearman correlation and binary logistic regression as appropriate.ResultsMean (SD) F concentration of actual drinking and actual cooking waters consumed by participants was 0.25 (0.20) and 0.24 (0.14) mg F/L respectively in the urban higher F area; 1.11 (1.00) and 1.16 (1.02) mg F/L, respectively in the rural higher F area (P < .05). Overall, mouth prevalence of DDE in the permanent dentition was 61.2% with a mean (SD) of 2.4 (2.2) index teeth affected. Dental fluorosis mouth prevalence was 29.8% with a mean of 2.1 (3.7) teeth affected. Prevalence and extent of DDE and dental fluorosis were greater in higher F than lower water F areas (P < .001). A weak positive correlation was seen between extent of dental fluorosis and drinking water F concentration (ρ = 0.28). The absence of infant/childhood disease was associated with a lower risk of DDE being present (P = .001), with an odds ratio of 0.43 (95% CI = 0.26, 0.71). Gender was a statistically significant (P = .014) predictor for dental fluorosis with females having a higher risk OR 1.94 (95% CI = 1.14, 3.28) of dental fluorosis than males.ConclusionsIn these Nigerian 8‐year‐olds (n = 322), mouth prevalence of DDE was 61.2% (mean (SD) teeth affected = 2.4 (2.2)), and a key positive predictor was a history of infant/childhood disease. With 29.8% of these children exhibiting dental fluorosis (mean (SD) teeth affected = 2.1(3.7)), drinking water F concentration was identified as a positive predictor, along with gender, with females more at risk of dental fluorosis than males.
DC-SIGN reacts with TLR-4 and regulates inflammatory cytokine expression via NF-κB activation in renal tubular epithelial cells during acute renal injury
Authors: Feng D , Wang Y , Liu Y , Wu L , Li X , Chen Y , Chen Y , Chen Y , Xu C , Yang K , Zhou T 
Published: September 2017

Summary
In the pathological process of acute kidney injury (AKI), innate immune receptors are essential in inflammatory response modulation; however, the precise molecular mechanisms are still unclear. Our study sought to demonstrate the inflammatory response mechanisms in renal tubular epithelial cells via Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) and dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing non-integrin 1 (DC-SIGN) signalling. We found that DC-SIGN exhibited strong expression in renal tubular epithelial cells of human acute renal injury tissues. DC-SIGN protein expression was increased significantly when renal tubular epithelial cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for a short period. Furthermore, DC-SIGN was involved in the activation of p65 by TLR-4, which excluded p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK). Interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression was decreased after DC-SIGN knock-down, and LPS induced endogenous interactions and plasma membrane co-expression between TLR-4 and DC-SIGN. These results show that DC-SIGN and TLR-4 interactions regulate inflammatory responses in renal tubular epithelial cells and participate in AKI pathogenesis.
Is Behçet's disease a ‘class 1-opathy’? The role of HLA-B*51 in the pathogenesis of Behçet's disease
Authors: Giza M , Koftori D , Chen L , Bowness P 
Published: September 2017

Summary
The association between carriage of the human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-B*51 allele and development of Behçet's disease (BD) has been known since the early 1970s, but the exact mechanisms responsible for its role in pathogenesis remain much-debated. In an effort to explain the disease process, it has been suggested that BD constitutes one of a newly termed group of diseases, the ‘MHC-I-opathies’. Other MHC-I-opathies include ankylosing spondylitis and HLA-B*27-associated spondyloarthropathies and HLA-C*0602-associated skin psoriasis. Recent work analysing the peptidome of HLA-B*51 suggests that altered peptide presentation by HLA-B*51 is vital to the disease process. In this review, we argue that immune receptor interactions with HLA-B*51 or the HLA-B*51-peptide complex could lead to development of inflammation in BD. The evidence for CD8+ T cell involvement is weak, and based on emerging studies it seems more likely that natural killer (NK) or other cell interactions, perhaps mediated by leucocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LILR) or killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) receptors, are culpable in pathogenesis. HLA misfolding leading directly to inflammation is another hypothesis for BD pathogenesis that deserves greater investigation. Ultimately, greater understanding of HLA-B*51's unique role in BD will probably lead to improved development of therapeutic strategies.
Design and methodology of the Shanghai child and adolescent large‐scale eye study (SCALE)
Authors: He Xiangui , Zhao Rong , Sankaridurg Padmaja , Zhu Jianfeng , Naduvilath Thomas , Ma Yingyan , Lu Lina , Lv Minzhi , Smith Earl L , Resnikoff Serge , Naidoo Kovin , Zou Haidong , Xu Xun 
Published: September 2017

AbstractImportanceNearly half of children suffering vision impairment reside in China with myopia accounting for the vast majority.BackgroundTo describe the design and methodology of the Shanghai Child and Adolescent Large‐scale Eye Study (SCALE).DesignThe SCALE was a city wide, school‐based, prospective survey.ParticipantsChildren and adolescents aged 4–14 years from kindergarten (middle and senior), primary schools and junior high schools of all 17 districts and counties of the city of Shanghai, China were examined in 2012–2013.MethodsEach enrolled child underwent vision assessment (distance visual acuity; uncorrected and with corrective device if worn) and their parent/carer completed a questionnaire designed to elicit risk factors associated with myopia. Additionally, non‐cycloplegic autorefraction and ocular axial length was measured in a subset of the larger sample.Main Outcome MeasuresPrevalence and the associated factors of vision impairment, myopia and high myopia in Shanghai.ResultsIn 2012–2013, a total of 910 245 of the eligible 1 196 763 children and adolescents identified from census (76%, mean age 9.0 ± 2.7 years [4–14 years]) were enrolled with visual acuity screened in the city of Shanghai. Of these, 610 952 children (67% of the entire sample) underwent non‐cycloplegic autorefraction and 219 188 (24% of the entire sample) had both non‐cycloplegic autorefraction and axial length measurements.Conclusions and RelevanceThe study results will provide insights on the burden of vision impairment, myopia and high myopia in children and adolescents in a metropolitan area of China, and contribute to the policies and strategies to address and limit the burden.
Using audio playback to expand the geographic breeding range of an endangered species
Authors: Anich Nicholas M. , Ward Michael P. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAimSpecies conservation typically involves working within the existing geographic range of that species. However, with habitat loss and climate change, conservationists may need to extend their work beyond the current range of a species. We attempted to extend the geographic breeding range of a rare species, Kirtland's warbler (Setophaga kirtlandii), by 225 km from the closest known breeding pairs and 550 km from its core population.LocationWisconsin, USA.MethodsWe broadcast conspecific song playbacks at two sites in landscapes that were far from source populations but had a history of intermittent occupancy. We also estimated the potential effect that additional use of this technique in Wisconsin could have on the global Kirtland's warbler population.ResultsThe sites were initially unoccupied, but over the course of three years, playback attracted individuals to sites where they successfully reproduced. In the final year of the study, at least seven males and four females occupied the sites, producing 15 young. Based on the amount of appropriate habitat (5‐ to 15‐year‐old jack [Pinus banksiana] and red pine [P. resinosa]) in Wisconsin, we estimated that a population of approximately 250 pairs of Kirtland's warblers (10% of the global population) could eventually be supported.Main conclusionAlthough conspecific playback has often been reported to work over short distances, our success here demonstrates the potential for effectiveness over much greater distances, even in species with a small global population. This highlights that conspecific playback can be a powerful tool to assist recovery of endangered species, particularly in migratory species with a restricted distribution and high dispersal capabilities. As climate changes and humans alter the landscape, it may become crucial to attempt to establish populations beyond a species' current geographic range.