bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intermolecular Pummerer Coupling with Carbon Nucleophiles in Non‐Electrophilic Media
Authors: Colas Kilian , Martín‐Montero Raúl , Mendoza Abraham 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA new Pummerer‐type C−C coupling protocol is introduced based on turbo‐organomagnesium amides, which unlike traditional Pummerer reactions, does not require strong electrophilic activators, engages a broad range of C(sp3)‐, C(sp2)‐, and C(sp)‐nucleophiles, and seamlessly integrates with C−H and C−X magnesiation. Given the central character of sulfur compounds in organic chemistry, this protocol allows access to unrelated carbonyls, olefins, organometallics, halides, and boronic esters through a single strategy.
Immobilized glucose oxidase biofuel cell anode by MWCNTs, ferrocene, and polyethylenimine: Electrochemical performance
Authors: Bahar Tahsin , Yazici M. Suha 
Published: October 2017

AbstractFerrocene‐functionalized polyethylenimine and multiwalled carbon nanotubes were attached covalently by glutaraldehyde onto a carbon cloth to develop an immobilized enzyme (glucose oxidase) electrode for biofuel cell applications. Developed enzymatic anode was characterized by electrochemical methods to determine electrochemical performance. Anodic open‐circuit potential was measured as within 0–20 mV range. Cyclic voltammetry showed anodic peak for glucose oxidation around 400–600 mV (vs. sat. Ag/AgCl) varying with scan rate. An enzyme fuel cell with 2.5 mg/cm2 glucose oxidase‐loaded bioanode and 0.70 mg/cm2 Pt‐loaded cathode attached to Nafion™ 115 membrane has provided around 2.5 mA/cm2 current density at short‐circuit conditions. Enzymatic kinetic parameters of prepared anode were determined by electrochemical methods that surprisingly indicated less KM (i.e., better substrate affinity) than that of determined by conventional enzymatic methods. Enzymatic stability determined by electrochemical methods moreover indicated longer enzyme half‐life.
Geopolitical Forecasting Skill in Strategic Intelligence
Authors: Mandel David R. , Barnes Alan 
Published: October 2017

AbstractExtending research by the authors on intelligence forecasting, the forecasting skill of 3622 geopolitical forecasts extracted from strategic intelligence reports was examined. The codable subset of forecasts (N = 2013) was expressed with verbal probabilities (e.g., likely) and translated to numeric probability equivalents. This subset showed very good calibration and discrimination, but also underconfidence. There was no support for the hypothesis that forecasting skill was good mainly because of the general ease of forecasting topics. First, forecasting skill was as good among authoritative key judgments as in the general set. Second, forecasts that were assigned high degrees of certainty, indicative of ease, (p ≤ 0.05 or p ≥ 0.95) did not discriminate as well as less certain forecasts (0.05 < p < 0.95), and these subsets did not differ in calibration. Sensitivity and benchmarking tests further revealed that if the 1609 uncodable forecasts were all assigned forecast probabilities of .5 (i.e., if all followed a “cautious ignorance” rule), skill characteristics would still show a large effect size improvement over a variety of guesswork strategies. The findings support a cautiously optimistic assessment of forecasting skill in strategic intelligence and indicate that such skill is not primarily attributable to the selection of easy forecasting topics. However, the large proportion of uncodable cases suggests that intelligence forecasts could be improved by avoiding imprecise language that affects not only the codability but also, in all likelihood, the interpretability and indicative value of forecasts for intelligence consumers. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diversion evaluations: a specialized forensic examination
Authors: Barber‐Rioja Virginia , Rotter Merrill , Schombs Faith 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDiversion programs screen justice‐involved individuals for the presence of psychiatric disorders, and after negotiations take place with attorneys and treatment providers, these programs link participants with community‐based treatment programs in lieu of incarceration. As the number of diversion programs, including mental health courts, continues to rapidly grow, so does the need for “diversion evaluations”. Diversion evaluations are a type of forensic mental health assessment (FMHA) conducted to assist the courts in making decisions regarding diversion eligibility. As a result, they should follow the general principles of FMHA and the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law Practice Guideline for Forensic Assessment. Diversion evaluations also require application of specific areas of knowledge and experience, as court‐based diversion is a unique, therapeutically focused context that is purposefully non‐adversarial. The diversion evaluator is a role that combines objective decision‐making with clinical consultation. The purpose of this article is to apply generally accepted forensic report standards to diversion evaluations, with a particular focus on the unique issues of diversion‐specific forensic evaluations.
Sodium‐Containing Spinel Zinc Ferrite as a Catalyst Precursor for the Selective Synthesis of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels
Authors: Choi Yo Han , Ra Eun Cheol , Kim Eun Hyup , Kim Kwang Young , Jang Youn Jeong , Kang Kyeong‐Nam , Choi Sun Hee , Jang Ji‐Hyun , Lee Jae Sung 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA microwave‐assisted hydrothermal synthesis produces ZnFe2O4 containing Na residue as a precursor to a CO2 hydrogenation catalyst that displays high CO2 conversion and high selectivity to liquid hydrocarbon products in the gasoline and diesel range with high olefin‐to‐paraffin ratios. Compared to reference catalysts derived from Fe2O3 and a ZnO–Fe2O3 physical mixture, the ZnFe2O4‐derived catalyst contains well‐dispersed iron particles with Zn serving as a structural promoter. A profound effect of the residual Na as an electronic promoter is also observed, which improves the selectivity for C5+ hydrocarbons and olefins. The ZnFe2O4‐derived catalyst exhibits excellent performance in the CO2 Fischer–Tropsch reaction as it forms the active Hägg iron carbide (χ‐Fe5C2) phase readily through the in situ carburization of iron.
Liquid Hydrocarbon Production from CO2: Recent Development in Metal‐Based Electrocatalysis
Authors: Daiyan Rahman , Lu Xunyu , Ng Yun Hau , Amal Rose 
Published: October 2017

AbstractRising levels of CO2 accumulation in the atmosphere have attracted considerable interest in technologies capable of CO2 capture, storage and conversion. The electrochemical reduction of CO2 into high‐value liquid organic products could be of vital importance to mitigate this issue. The conversion of CO2 into liquid fuels by using photovoltaic cells, which can readily be integrated in the current infrastructure, will help realize the creation of a sustainable cycle of carbon‐based fuel that will promote zero net CO2 emissions. Despite promising findings, significant challenges still persist that must be circumvented to make the technology profitable for large‐scale utilization. With such possibilities, this Minireview presents the current high‐performing catalysts for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to liquid hydrocarbons, address the limitations and unify the current understanding of the different reaction mechanisms. The Minireview also explores current research directions to improve process efficiencies and production rate and discusses the scope of using photo‐assisted electrochemical reduction systems to find stable, highly efficient catalysts that can harvest solar energy directly to convert CO2 into liquid hydrocarbons.
Ruthenium Water Oxidation Catalysts based on Pentapyridyl Ligands
Authors: Gil‐Sepulcre Marcos , Böhler Michael , Schilling Mauro , Bozoglian Fernando , Bachmann Cyril , Scherrer Dominik , Fox Thomas , Spingler Bernhard , Gimbert‐Suriñach Carolina , Alberto Roger , Bofill Roger , Sala Xavier , Luber Sandra , Richmond Craig J. , Llobet Antoni 
Published: October 2017

AbstractRuthenium complexes containing the pentapyridyl ligand 6,6′′‐(methoxy(pyridin‐2‐yl)methylene)di‐2,2′‐bipyridine (L‐OMe) of general formula trans‐[RuII(X)(L‐OMe‐κ‐N5)]n+ (X=Cl, n=1, trans‐1+; X=H2O, n=2, trans‐22+) have been isolated and characterized in solution (by NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy) and in the solid state by XRD. Both complexes undergo a series of substitution reactions at oxidation state RuII and RuIII when dissolved in aqueous triflic acid–trifluoroethanol solutions as monitored by UV/Vis spectroscopy, and the corresponding rate constants were determined. In particular, aqueous solutions of the RuIII‐Cl complex trans‐[RuIII(Cl)(L‐OMe‐κ‐N5)]2+ (trans‐12+) generates a family of Ru aquo complexes, namely trans‐[RuIII(H2O)(L‐OMe‐κ‐N5)]3+ (trans‐23+), [RuIII(H2O)2(L‐OMe‐κ‐N4)]3+ (trans‐33+), and [RuIII(Cl)(H2O)(L‐OMe‐κ‐N4)]2+ (trans‐42+). Although complex trans‐42+ is a powerful water oxidation catalyst, complex trans‐23+ has only a moderate activity and trans‐33+ shows no activity. A parallel study with related complexes containing the methyl‐substituted ligand 6,6′′‐(1‐pyridin‐2‐yl)ethane‐1,1‐diyl)di‐2,2′‐bipyridine (L‐Me) was carried out. The behavior of all of these catalysts has been rationalized based on substitution kinetics, oxygen evolution kinetics, electrochemical properties, and density functional theory calculations. The best catalyst, trans‐42+, reaches turnover frequencies of 0.71 s−1 using CeIV as a sacrificial oxidant, with oxidative efficiencies above 95 %.
Testing predictions of the emotion regulation model of binge‐eating disorder
Authors: Kenny Therese E. , Singleton Christopher , Carter Jacqueline C. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe emotion regulation (ER) model of binge eating posits that individuals with binge‐eating disorder (BED) experience more intense emotions and greater difficulties in ER than individuals without BED, leading them to binge eat as a means of regulating emotions. According to this model, individuals with BED should report greater difficulties in ER than their non‐BED counterparts, the severity of these difficulties should be positively associated with BED symptoms, and this association should be stronger when individuals experience persistent negative emotions (i.e., depression). Studies examining these hypotheses, however, have been limited.MethodData were collected from adults meeting the DSM 5 criteria for BED (n = 71; 93% female) and no history of an eating disorder (NED; n = 79; 83.5% female). Participants completed self‐report measures of difficulties in ER, eating disorder (ED) psychopathology, and depression.ResultsIndividuals with BED reported greater difficulties in ER compared to those with NED. Moreover, difficulties in ER predicted unique variance in binge frequency and ED psychopathology in BED. Depression moderated the association between ER difficulties and binge frequency such that emotion dysregulation and binge frequency were positively associated in those reporting high, but not low, depression levels.DiscussionThe association between difficulties in ER and ED pathology in BED suggests that treatments focusing on improving ER skills may be effective in treating this ED; however, the moderating effect of depression underscores the need for research on individual differences and treatment moderators. These findings suggest the importance of ER in understanding and treating BED.
Probabilistic performance‐based optimum design of seismic isolation for a California high‐speed rail prototype bridge
Authors: Li Yong , Conte Joel P. 
Published: October 2017

SummaryPrevious comparison studies on seismic isolation have demonstrated its beneficial and detrimental effects on the structural performance of high‐speed rail bridges during earthquakes. Striking a balance between these 2 competing effects requires proper tuning of the controlling design parameters in the design of the seismic isolation system. This results in a challenging problem for practical design in performance‐based engineering, particularly when the uncertainty in seismic loading needs to be explicitly accounted for. This problem can be tackled using a novel probabilistic performance‐based optimum seismic design (PPBOSD) framework, which has been previously proposed as an extension of the performance‐based earthquake engineering methodology. For this purpose, a parametric probabilistic demand hazard analysis is performed over a grid in the seismic isolator parameter space, using high‐throughput cloud‐computing resources, for a California high‐speed rail (CHSR) prototype bridge. The derived probabilistic structural demand hazard results conditional on a seismic hazard level and unconditional, i.e., accounting for all seismic hazard levels, are used to define 2 families of risk features, respectively. Various risk features are explored as functions of the key isolator parameters and are used to construct probabilistic objective and constraint functions in defining well‐posed optimization problems. These optimization problems are solved using a grid‐based, brute‐force approach as an application of the PPBOSD framework, seeking optimum seismic isolator parameters for the CHSR prototype bridge. This research shows the promising use of seismic isolation for CHSR bridges, as well as the potential of the versatile PPBOSD framework in solving probabilistic performance‐based real‐world design problems.
Petrogenesis of the Sanshilipu gabbro complex in the Shangdan Suture: New constraints on evolution of the Qinling Orogen
Authors: Liu Junfeng , Sun Yong 
Published: October 2017

The Sanshilipu gabbro complex is located along the Shangdan Suture, which is important to understanding the evolution of the Qinling Orogen, Central China. The complex is mainly composed of norite, gabbro, and gabbro–diorite. Laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) zircon dating yields a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 414 ± 2.8 Ma, interpreted to represent the crystallization age of the gabbro complex. The complex has SiO2 contents ranging from 48.6 to 51.3 wt% with enrichment of Na relative to K, showing calc‐alkaline feature. The studied samples are characterized by an enrichment of large‐ion lithophile elements (Ba, Sr, and Pb) and depletion of HFSE (Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, and Ti) and a large range of Nb/Ta ratios (3.7 to 11.8). They also have early flattened‐LREE distribution patterns. These geochemical characteristics indicate that the Sanshilipu gabbro complex was formed in an island‐arc environment. They have slightly enriched Sr–Nd isotope compositions with (87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.7047–0.7063 and ɛNd(t) from −0.44 to −4.63, indicating that the formation of the complex was involved in some subducted sediments and oceanic crust and fluid released from the subducted slab. The identification of island‐arc‐originated mafic rocks suggests that the onset time of the collision between the Yangtze Craton and the North China Craton should be younger than 415 Ma.
The Early Aptian (Cretaceous) stratigraphy of Mount Pagasarri (N Spain): Oceanic anoxic event‐1a
Authors: Fernández‐Mendiola Pedro A. , Mendicoa Jone , Owen Hugh G. , García‐Mondéjar Joaquín 
Published: October 2017

Sedimentological, stratigraphical, palaeontological, and geochemical evidence from outcrops of the Early Aptian (Cretaceous) succession in Mount Pagasarri (northern Spain) dated by ammonites is described to elucidate the origin of organic carbon‐rich sediments and carbonate platforms in the Early Aptian of the northern margin of the Tethyan Ocean. A 1,600‐m‐thick section spans the latest Barremian to the end of the Early Aptian and is divided into 3 units: a lower marine nearshore, a middle rudist‐coral shallow‐water carbonate platform, and a deeper‐water outer shelf. Deshayesites oglanlensis, D. forbesi, D. deshayesi and Dufrenoyia furcata ammonite zones are represented. Three organic carbon‐rich intervals are recognised. The oldest (top Barremian) is correlated with the Taxy Level of France/Germany. A second organic layer in the lower part of the Deshayesites deshayesi Zone sediments correlates with the Selli Event of Italy. A third organic‐carbon enriched layer in the D. furcata Zone sediments post‐dates the Aparein Level of the Aralar area in Spain. Carbon isotope curves reveal a brief negative excursion followed by a more prolonged positive trend during the Early Aptian interpreted as oceanic anoxic event 1a (OAE1a). Three carbonate platform growth phases are recognised in the Basque‐Cantabrian Basin with OAE1a being developed between carbonate platform Phases 1 and 2. The Peñascal Limestones (late Early Aptian) represent carbonate platform Phase 3 of the Basque‐Cantabrian Basin succeeded by ammonite‐bearing marls of the latest Early Aptian, reflecting platform demise and subsequent marine flooding. The Mount Pagasarri area is a key locality for study of the oceanic anoxic events in the Greenhouse Earth of the Early Aptian.
Composition and age of Jurassic diabase dikes in the Xiongcun porphyry copper–gold district, southern margin of the Lhasa terrane, Tibet, China: Petrogenesis and tectonic setting
Authors: Lang Xinghai , Wang Xuhui , Tang Juxing , Deng Yulin , Cui Zhiwei , Yin Qing , Xie Fuwei 
Published: October 2017

Diabase dikes are extensively distributed in the Xiongcun porphyry copper–gold district in the southern margin of the Lhasa terrane. Here, we report zircon U–Pb ages determined by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) along with Hf isotopic, whole‐rock elemental, and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic data for these diabase dikes. Zircons from one of the Xiongcun diabase dikes yielded an emplacement age of 165.3 ± 1.0 Ma. The Xiongcun diabase dikes display subalkaline features and tholeiite compositions. They are enriched in large‐ion lithophile elements (e.g., Rb, Ba, and K) and light rare earth elements and are depleted in high‐field‐strength elements (e.g., Nb, Ta, and Ti). The Xiongcun diabase dikes exhibit relatively low ratios of (87Sr/86Sr)i(0.70386–0.70501), (206Pb/204Pb)i(18.15–18.40), (207Pb/204P)i(15.52–15.57), and (208Pb/204Pb)i(38.06–39.46) and relatively high values of εNd(t) (5.85–6.92) and εHf(t) (+12.58 to +14.03). Combined with previous research results, these findings suggest that the Xiongcun diabase dikes and Early Mesozoic magmatic rocks in the southern margin of the Lhasa terrane formed in an active continental margin magmatic arc setting related to the northward subduction of the Neo‐Tethys oceanic slab; however, the possibility that the Xiongcun diabase dikes were formed in an intra‐oceanic arc setting cannot be excluded. Their parental magmas were formed by the partial melting of the depleted mantle source that was modified by fluids released from the Neo‐Tethys oceanic slab. The magmas experienced fractional crystallization of olivine and clinopyroxene and underwent limited crustal contamination during magma emplacement. The ~165 Ma Xiongcun diabase dikes, which probably originated under an extensional stress condition in a magmatic arc setting, correspond to the timing of Middle Jurassic subduction‐related porphyry copper mineralization (161–172 Ma) in the southern margin of the Lhasa terrane, likely suggesting that this episode of mineralization occurred during a period of changing stress from compression to extension.
Effect of sludge age on microbial consortia developed in MFCs
Authors: Mateo Sara , Zamorano‐López Nuria , Borras Luis , Fernandez‐Morales Francisco Jesús , Cañizares Pablo , Seco Aurora , Rodrigo Manuel 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis work is focused on the assessment of the performance of mini‐scale air‐breathing microbial fuel cells (MFCs), by monitoring the evolution of the bio‐electrogenic activity for a period of 40 days and by comparing the microorganisms populations developed in each of the MFCs after this period.RESULTSFive MFCs were operated at sludge ages ranging from 1.4 to 10.0 days. Results showed the superb performance of the MFC operating under a sludge age of 2.5 days. Desulfuromonas, Syntrophothermus, Solitalea, Acholeplasma, Propionicimonas, Desulfobacula and Sphaerochaeta are proposed as potentially responsible for the bio‐electrogenic activity.CONCLUSIONSMicrobial population analysis through Illumina amplicon sequencing demonstrated that despite all MFCs being seeded with the same mixed culture inoculum, the biological cultures developed in the suspension and the biofilm are completely different and depend strongly on sludge age. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Chronic and Late Poverty as the Main Concerns in a Twofold Survey on Intertemporal Poverty Preferences
Authors: Esposito Lucio , Chiappero‐Martinetti Enrica 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe increasing attention gained by the intertemporal aspect of poverty has led to the flourishing of measurement tools that are informed by conflicting views on deprivation dynamics. We test individual preferences for alternative intertemporal poverty patterns using primary data from a sample of 1083 undergraduate students and a heterogeneous sample of 310 adults in the Dominican Republic. For both samples, the strongest concerns are chronic (rather than intermittent) and poverty in the second rather than in the first part of one's life. Preferences are significantly affected by a duration‐based between‐subject randomly assigned treatment. Individual characteristics such as age and standard of living are significant predictors of respondents' views. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of an isotopic stream index connecting physiographic characteristics of montane catchments
Authors: Peng Tsung‐Ren , Tong Lun‐Tao , Liu Tsang‐Sen , Zhan Wen‐Jun , Chiang Li‐Wei , Lu Wan‐Chung , Chen Chi‐Tsun 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis study is to develop an isotopic catchment‐effect index (CEI) connecting the physiographic characteristics of stream catchments. A CEI, describing the extent of difference in stable water isotopic compositions (δ values) between stream water and local precipitation at any given sampling site, can help in judging whether water resource management should be focused on upstream regions of streams or local hydrology issues. To establish the isotopic CEI, this study measured δ values of stream water and derived δ18O of local precipitation based on regional isotopic altitude gradient at montane catchments of various sizes. Results indicate that the CEI is strongly related to catchment physiographic characteristics, such as length of main stream, mean area, mean elevation, perimeter, and slope. These characteristics are considered important indices of streamflow. Based on mathematical regression modeling describing the relationships between CEI and respective physiographic factors, CEI values can predict respective physiographic factors and vice versa. Moreover, according to the multiple equations derived in this study, catchments of larger size and steeper slope give elevated CEI values while greater stream length reduces the CEI's value. A greater CEI value indicates that local stream water is principally sourced from upstream reaches rather than contributions from local precipitation. In addition, CEI values are greater in winter than in summer resulting from monsoon effect. Consequently, this study establishes CEI as a useful descriptor of the physiographic characteristics of catchments.