bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Multiple Scattering on Longwave Radiative Transfer Involving Clouds
Authors: Kuo Chia‐Pang , Yang Ping , Huang Xianglei , Feldman Daniel , Flanner Mark , Kuo Chaincy , Mlawer Eli J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractGeneral circulation models (GCMs) are extensively used to estimate the influence of clouds on the global energy budget and other aspects of climate. Because radiative transfer computations involved in GCMs are costly, it is typical to consider only absorption but not scattering by clouds in longwave (LW) spectral bands. In this study, the flux and heating rate biases due to neglecting the scattering of LW radiation by clouds are quantified by using advanced cloud optical property models, and satellite data from Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO), CloudSat, Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES), and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) merged products (CCCM). From the products, information about the atmosphere and clouds (microphysical and buck optical properties, and top and base heights) is used to simulate fluxes and heating rates. One‐year global simulations for 2010 show that the LW scattering decreases top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) upward flux and increases surface downward flux by 2.6 and 1.2 W/m2, respectively, or approximately 10% and 5% of the TOA and surface LW cloud radiative effect, respectively. Regional TOA upward flux biases are as much as 5% of global averaged outgoing longwave radiation (OLR). LW scattering causes approximately 0.018 K/d cooling at the tropopause and about 0.028 K/d heating at the surface. Furthermore, over 40% of the total OLR bias for ice clouds is observed in 350–500 cm−1. Overall, the radiative effects associated with neglecting LW scattering are comparable to the counterpart due to doubling atmospheric CO2 under clear‐sky conditions.
Cross‐Cultural Competence
Authors: Deardorff Darla K. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCross‐cultural competence is a complex concept generally defined by a set of attitudes, knowledge, and skills one needs to be successful in engaging with difference. Though terminology varies based on discipline and context (e.g., intercultural competence, cultural intelligence, intercultural sensitivity, global competence), cross‐cultural competence results in communication and behavior that are both effective and appropriate. This concept consists of core dimensions that include respect, cultural self‐awareness, perspective‐taking, empathy, and relationship‐building, along with emerging perspectives involving interconnectedness, cultural humility, and courage. Research themes include the development and assessment of cross‐cultural competence, as well as non‐Western perspectives on the concept.
Effective Intercultural Workgroup Communication Theory
Authors: Oetzel John G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The effective intercultural workgroup communication theory describes how culture and cultural diversity influence workgroup communication and subsequently how communication impacts group outcomes. The theory suggests that situational features, the group's composition as homogeneous or heterogeneous, and cultural and individual‐level characteristics affect the likelihood of a group having effective communication. The relationship of situation, composition, and individual factors can be complex in determining whether a group will have effective communication. In brief, groups that tend to have positive situational features and interdependent members tend to have effective communication even if they are culturally heterogeneous. Further, the theory suggests that whether a group is heterogeneous or homogeneous, if it has effective communication, it will increase the likelihood of having effective outcomes. Effective outcomes include doing strong work and developing positive relationships.
Identity, Bilingual and Multilingual
Authors: Jackson Jane 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
After defining what is meant by identity, this entry explores the complex connection between language, identity, and culture, and the development and maintenance of language identities. The majority of the world's population speaks more than one language, and this has implications for selfhood and intercultural relations. Definitions and dimensions of bilingualism and multilingualism are described, and the ability to speak one or more language is discussed in relation to self‐presentation and identity contestation or negotiation in intercultural interactions. Suggestions are offered for future studies of the relationship between bilingualism/multilingualism, identity, and intercultural communication/competence.
Ideology and Interethnic Communication in the United States
Authors: Kim Young Yun 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Ideology underpins and shapes the way people communicate with respect to issues of ethnicity and interethnic relations within a society. Such has been particularly the case in the USA, a nation uniquely founded on the ideals of classical liberalism championing the individual unbounded by ethnic categories. An analysis of the public discourse in the USA reveals four different, but interconnected, ideological perspectives: (1)
assimilationism
, reflecting the traditional classical liberal themes of individualism, universalism, and procedural equality; (2)
pluralism
, emphasizing the counter‐themes of group identity, relativism, and status equality; (3)
reconciliation
, seeking to balance both classical liberal themes and counter‐themes; and (4)
extremism
, in which claims of group identity are taken beyond realms that most Americans deem reasonable. Together, these differing perspectives form an “ideological circle,” a conceptual template for understanding the political undercurrents of interethnic communication in the USA.
Metacognition in Intercultural Communication
Authors: Sieck Winston R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Metacognition, or “thinking about thinking,” is a set of cognitive processes that regulate the thought involved in communicating with people from different cultures. Metacognition is closely related to the concept of mindfulness, and its function is to enhance the effectiveness of intercultural interactions. Major components in the theory of metacognition include executive control processes, metacognitive knowledge, and metacognitive experiences. The executive processes of planning, monitoring, adjustment, and reflection are supported by specialized metacognitive knowledge related to people, tasks, and strategies. Metacognitive experiences, such as feelings of confidence or confusion, provide feedback signals for quality control. Although metacognition is generally assumed to play a role in cultural intelligence, it is also productively studied independently of that construct. Supporting the development of metacognition in communication with people from different cultures is an important goal for cultural training and education.
Intercultural Communication Study in Italy
Authors: Castiglioni Ida 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The condition of intercultural communication (ICC) in Italy can be summed up as “desperately needed and sporadically available.” Increasing pressures of diversification in a society that is already notable for its diverse history make intercultural communication a crucial competence. However, scholarship in the area is impeded by a lack of recognition of the discipline and by its expropriation into other academic areas in varying and even idiosyncratic ways. The strongest supporters of intercultural communication in more or less its original form are language programs, which often treat ICC as a parallel competence with linguistic competence. There are also several strong foundations and institutes that make intercultural competence central to their work, and one of the country's few large companies has incorporated intercultural training into its educational program. The current and likely future growth area for intercultural communication is through social services tooling up to deal with new immigrants and refugees.
Phenomenology of Cultural Communication
Authors: Alvarez Wilfredo 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Phenomenology is a philosophical and methodological approach to understanding lived experience that has a long tradition in the study of human communication. Phenomenology has become a central research method in cultural and intercultural communication research due to its usefulness in studying the lived experiences of diverse cultural group members from their standpoints. As a philosophical movement, phenomenology has focused on understanding human conscious experience. As a method of research, phenomenology rejects the notion of “objectivity” and privileges co‐researchers' oral narratives as the main type of evidence necessary to understand the social world. In cultural communication research, phenomenology emphasizes researchers' self‐reflexivity, shifting traditional research roles, and reformulating research and knowledge production in the modern academy by moving away from dominant Eurocentric perspectives.
Communication Modes,African
Authors: Mano Winston , Meribe nnaEmeka 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis entry introduces African modes of communication, covering their history, context, and uses. An attempt is made to analytically distinguish communication modes that are indigenous to Africa from exogenous mass media, introduced to the continent by religious, business, and colonial forces. While the endogenous modes of communication in Africa are more resilient and widespread in rural areas, the exogenous modes pervade the urban settings that usually have better social and economic infrastructure.
Stereotypes
Authors: Hummert Mary Lee 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis entry discusses the role of stereotypes and stereotyping in intercultural communication. It begins with a brief overview of stereotypes as psychological phenomena and describes how stereotypes enter into communication through the stereotyping process. The major theories that address the role of stereotypes in communication are outlined, followed by an examination of stereotyping in intercultural interactions in interpersonal and organizational contexts. The special challenges created by the intersection of multiple stereotypes (e.g., national and gender) in the same intercultural interaction are also considered. The entry concludes with a consideration of approaches to reducing stereotypes.
Co‐Cultural Theory
Authors: Orbe Mark P. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This entry provides a detailed description of co‐cultural theory, which represents an insightful lens to understand the communicative experiences of underrepresented group members within societies where they have been traditionally marginalized. More specifically, it features an explanation of the development of the theory, descriptions of key theoretical concepts (i.e., co‐cultural practices, factors, and communication orientations), and a summary of existing co‐cultural theoretical research.
Cosmopolitanism, Critical‐Postcolonial Perspective
Authors: Sobre Miriam Shoshana 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis entry defines cosmopolitanism and traces its history from Ancient Greece through Enlightenment Europe, to its reemergence in the late 20th century and its reclamation and transformation from a top‐down, universalistic philosophy to a critical and postcolonial perspective that engages bottom‐up, emancipatory, and hopeful projects. The entry concludes with future directions of cosmopolitanism's scholarship and applications.
Critical Race Theory
Authors: Flores Lisa A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This entry offers an overview of the scholarly project of critical race theory (CRT), an interdisciplinary antiracist body of literature that centers on the study of race in law, culture, politics, and discourse. CRT brings focused attention to the historic and contemporary invisible yet ordinary racial and racist ideologies and practices. The key concepts discussed here include counter‐storytelling, particularity, intersectionality, and microaggressions.
Critical Theory
Authors: Murdock Graham 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The term “critical theory” first appeared in a 1937 essay by the German philosopher Max Horkheimer to describe the work that he and colleagues were developing at the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt, grounded in a reworking of Marxist theory and based on a multidisciplinary and multimethod program of research into the links between economic transformation, political change, cultural production, and personality formation. This entry traces the history of the Institute from its origins in Weimer Germany, through its years of exile in the United States, to its return and later development in Germany after World War II.
Indigenous Studies
Authors: Tarquini Claudia Salomón , Abbona Anabela 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Indigenous studies is an interdisciplinary field, related to American Indian studies (AIS) and later Native American studies (NAS) in the USA, First Nations studies in Canada, and Aboriginal studies in Australia, among other names. They involve approaches and techniques from anthropology, sociology, history, literature, political science, and gender studies. Researchers have stressed the importance of their commitment to native organizations as one of its key features, and the issues to be addressed have been those of most interest for indigenous peoples, such as historical works (concerning educational policies, oral tradition, religion, diasporas, removals, relocations, and treaties), language revitalization, teaching methods, participation of indigenous peoples in educational institutions, political issues such as autonomy, sovereignty, governance, racial issues, and indigenous knowledge systems.
Orientalism
Authors: Gunaratne Shelton A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Although the term “orientalism” has multiple meanings, this entry focuses on its postcolonial connotation as elucidated by several scholars of Middle Eastern origin, particularly Edward Said and his precursors Abdel‐Malek and Latif Tibawi. Notwithstanding Said's explicit assertion that he intended his work as a humanistic critique, his critics, such as Irwin and Lewis, have accused him of unfairly disparaging the West. Said's view of the world as an interconnected, interdependent, and interactive systems complex resembles the systems thinking in Buddhist phenomenology.
One‐Photon and Two‐Photon Mitochondrial Fluorescent Probes Based on a Rhodol Chromophore
Authors: Poronik Yevgen M. , Bernaś Tytus , Wrzosek Antoni , Banasiewicz Marzena , Szewczyk Adam , Gryko Daniel T. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA synthesized water‐soluble rhodol derivative bearing a triphenylphosphonium moiety possesses an intense fluorescent light emission spectrum in the yellow range upon using one‐ or two‐photon excitation techniques. The presence of the positively charged triphenylphosphonium functional group gives rise to selective accumulation and labeling active and coupled mitochondria according to mitochondrial membrane potential Δψ. These chemical and spectroscopic properties of the rhodol derivative allow efficient labeling and imaging eukaryotic cell mitochondria with one‐photon excitation at 488 nm and two‐photon excitation at 800 nm. Selective staining of the coupled mitochondria has been confirmed by a decrease of emission intensity after treatment with protonophore, which acts as an inner mitochondrial membrane‐depolarizing agent. A rhodol‐based fluorescent probe possessing an uncharged structure also accumulates in the eukaryotic cells but with much lower selectivity in relation to the mitochondria. The uncharged rhodol molecule is spread more evenly in the cell without specific organelle labeling. In our experimental conditions, rhodol probes exhibit very low phototoxicity as evaluated based on the morphology of endothelial EA.hy 926 cells.
Surface Molding of Microscale Hydrogels with Microactuation Functionality
Authors: Bowen John J. , Rose Mark A. , Konda Abhiteja , Morin Stephen A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis work describes the fabrication of numerous hydrogel microstructures (μ‐gels) via a process called “surface molding.” Chemically patterned elastomeric‐assembly substrates were used to organize and manipulate the geometry of liquid prepolymer microdroplets, which, following photo‐initiated crosslinking, maintained the desired morphology. By adjusting the state of strain during the crosslinking process, a continua of structures could be created using one pattern. These arrays of μ‐gels have stimuli‐responsive properties that are directly applicable to actuation where the basis shape and array geometry of the μ‐gels can be used to rationally generate microactuators with programmed motions. As a method, “surface molding,” represents a powerful addition to the soft‐lithographic toolset that can be readily applied to the simultaneous synthesis of large numbers of geometrically and functionally distinct polymeric microstructures.
Simultaneous determination of isochamaejasmin, neochamaejasmin A and aphnoretinin rat plasma by UPLC‐MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study of Stellera chamaejasme L. extract
Authors: Wang Ludi , Yang Wei , Wu Siyang , Wang Shuyao , Kang Chen , Ma Xiaoli , Li Yingfei , Li Chuan 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIsochamaejasmin, neochamaejasmin A and daphnoretin derived from Stellera chamaejasme L. are important because of their reported anticancer properties. In this study, a sensitive UPLC‐MS/MS method for the determination of isochamaejasmin, neochamaejasmin A and daphnoretin in rat plasma was developed. The analyte and IS were separated on an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) using gradient elution with the mobile phase of aqueous solution (methanol–water, 1:99, v/v, containing 1 mm formic acid) and organic solution (methanol–water, 99:1, v/v, containing 1 mm formic acid) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Multiple reaction monitoring mode with negative electrospray ionization interface was carried out to detect the components. The method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, stability, etc. Excellent linear behavior was observed over the certain concentration ranges with the correlation coefficient values >0.99. Intra‐ and inter‐day precisions (RSD) were <6.7% and accuracy (RE) ranged from −7.0 to 12.0%. The validated method was successfully applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics of three chemical ingredients after oral administration of S. chamaejasme L. extract to rats.
Development of HPLC with fluorescent detection using NBD‐F for the quantification of colistin sulfate in rat plasma and its pharmacokinetic applications
Authors: Ouchi Sui , Matsumoto Kazuaki , Okubo Maki , Yokoyama Yuta , Kizu Junko 
Published: December 2017

AbstractColistin sulfate, composed of a mixture of colistin A sulfate (CLA) and colistin B sulfate (CLB), is available for treating life‐threatening infections caused by multidrug‐resistant Gram‐negative bacteria. In this study, the CLA and CLB were quantified separately. Colistin sulfate was extracted from rat plasma with a solid‐phase extraction C18 cartridge and reacted with 4‐fluoro‐7‐nitro‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole (NBD‐F), and the fluorescent derivatives were subjected to reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis and used to investigate the pharmacokinetics of CLA and CLB in rat plasma. The recovery rates of CLA and CLB were 41.2 ± 4.4 and 45.5 ± 3.1%, respectively. The recovery rate calculated from the total area of CLA and CLB was 43.9 ± 3.6%. When 2 mm NBD‐F and 10 mm boric acid buffer (pH 9.5) were added to colistin sulfate, the highest recovery rate was obtained. The best heating time was 5 min at 60°C. The lower limits of quantification for CLA, CLB and the total area of CLA and CLB were 0.05, 0.05 and 0.1 μg/mL; the coefficients of variations were 13.5, 14.5 and 14.1%, respectively. This method was found to have acceptable linearity, precision and accuracy, and has been successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rat plasma.
Flow Alignment of Extracellular Vesicles: Structure and Orientation of Membrane‐Associated Bio‐macromolecules Studied with Polarized Light
Authors: Szigyártó Imola Cs. , Deák Róbert , Mihály Judith , Rocha Sandra , Zsila Ferenc , Varga Zoltán , Beke‐Somfai Tamás 
Published: December 2017

AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are currently in scientific focus, as they have great potential to revolutionize the diagnosis and therapy of various diseases. However, numerous aspects of these species are still poorly understood, and thus, additional insight into their molecular‐level properties, membrane–protein interactions, and membrane rigidity is still needed. We here demonstrate the use of red‐blood‐cell‐derived EVs (REVs) that polarized light spectroscopy techniques, linear and circular dichroism, can provide molecular‐level structural information on these systems. Flow‐linear dichroism (flow‐LD) measurements show that EVs can be oriented by shear force and indicate that hemoglobin molecules are associated to the lipid bilayer in freshly released REVs. During storage, this interaction ceases; this is coupled to major protein conformational changes relative to the initial state. Further on, the degree of orientation gives insight into vesicle rigidity, which decreases in time parallel to changes in protein conformation. Overall, we propose that both linear dichroism and circular dichroism spectroscopy can provide simple, rapid, yet efficient ways to track changes in the membrane–protein interactions of EV components at the molecular level, which may also give insight into processes occurring during vesiculation.
Improving the Thermodynamic Profiles of Prospective Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Catalysts by Altering the Electrophilic Coupling Component
Authors: Busch Michael , Wodrich Matthew D. , Corminboeuf Clémence 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAs a heavily used technique for forming new C−C bonds, developing new catalysts and reaction conditions for Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐couplings is highly desirable. By using molecular volcano plots, the influence of the electrophilic coupling component in catalytic cycle thermodynamics is revealed. Less reactive electrophiles, such as iodine, broaden the volcano plateau, which leads to a larger number of catalysts having appealing thermodynamic profiles. Whereas, fluorine and other more reactive electrophiles compress the volcano plateau, which shrinks the pool of catalysts having good thermodynamic profiles. As a result, judicious selection of the electrophile employed in a reaction may represent an appealing strategy for further tuning the thermodynamics of cross‐coupling reactions.
Highly Selective Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 to HCOOH on Dendritic Indium Foams
Authors: Xia Zheng , Freeman Matthew , Zhang Dongxiao , Yang Bin , Lei Lecheng , Li Zhongjian , Hou Yang 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe front cover artwork is provided by Mr. Zheng Xia, Prof. Zhongjian Li, and Prof. Yang Hou (pictured above) from Zhejiang University (Zhejiang, China). The image shows the electrochemical conversion of CO2 into formate by using dendritic indium foams with high selectivity. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/celc.201700935.