bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visible‐Light Photoredox‐Catalyzed Aminosulfonylation of Diaryliodonium Salts with Sulfur Dioxide and Hydrazines
Authors: Liu Nai‐Wei , Liang Shuai , Manolikakes Georg 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA photoredox‐catalyzed three‐component synthesis of N‐aminosulfonamides starting from diaryliodonium salts, hydrazines and sulfur dioxide is reported. This reaction proceeds under mild conditions at room temperature and is driven by visible light. A simple bisulfite salt can be used as a readily available and easy‐to‐handle sulfur dioxide source. Mechanistic studies support a catalytic photoredox pathway with the diaryliodonium salt as convenient source for aryl radicals.magnified image
Olefin‐Migrative Cleavage of Cyclopropane Rings through the Nickel‐Catalyzed Hydrocyanation of Allenes and Alkenes
Authors: Hori Hiroto , Arai Shigeru , Nishida Atsushi 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA nickel‐catalyzed hydrocyanation triggered by hydronickelation of the carbon‐carbon double bonds of allenes followed by cyclopropane cleavage is described. The observed regio‐ and stereochemistries in the products are strongly influenced by the initial hydronickelation step, and allenyl‐ and methylenecyclopropanes reacted smoothly to promote the cleavage of cyclopropane. In contrast, this cleavage was not observed with vinylidenecyclopropanes, because the initial hydronickelation does not give a suitable intermediate for cleavage of the cyclopropanes.magnified image
A Qualitative Exploration of Coordinators' and Carers' Perceptions of the Healthy Eating, Active Living (HEAL) Programme in Residential Care
Authors: Cox Rachael , Skouteris Helen , Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz Matthew , McCabe Marita , Watson Brittany , Fredrickson Julia , Jones Amanda D. , Omerogullari Stella , Stanton Kelly , Bromfield Leah , Hardy Louise L. 
Published: February 2017

Internationally, there are few studies that have trialled structured intervention programmes designed to prevent excessive weight gain or combat existing overweight/obesity for young people living in out‐of‐home care. The Healthy Eating, Active Living (HEAL) programme was designed to address this limitation and is, to our knowledge, the first programme that simultaneously encourages young people and their carers to engage in a healthy lifestyle. This is the second of two papers presenting the HEAL evaluation. The aim of this study was twofold: first, to explore the experiences and opinions of key stakeholders regarding the intervention programme; and second, to understand the key enablers and barriers to successful implementation of the HEAL programme in residential care. Seventeen carers and ten programme coordinators participated in semi‐structured interviews. Findings demonstrated that HEAL was considered a valuable adjunct to the residential care programme, and was successful in raising awareness about the importance of leading a healthy lifestyle. Positive behaviour change among the young people and carers' dietary, physical activity and sleeping habits, and the development of independent living skills were described. Barriers to implementation included leadership support and professional development of carers. Recommendations are made to improve implementation, particularly around the importance of increasing stakeholder ‘buy‐in’. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Messages

There is a need to address the lifestyle habits of young people in residential care.
Raising awareness is an important first step, but must be supplemented with supportive environmental change to enable lasting, healthy outcomes.
Carer capabilities need to be strengthened so that they can effectively manage challenging behaviours, yet still address the lifestyle habits of young people in care.
Stakeholder ‘buy‐in’ and a programme champion are critical to implementation of healthy lifestyle programmes in residential care.
‘The first programme that simultaneously encourages young people and their carers to engage in a healthy lifestyle’
The Use of Technology in Tax Preparation: A Closer Examination of Electronic Filing and Filing Errors
Authors: Chiang Bea , Limato Jeffrey 
Published: February 2017

Historically, individuals have called upon certified public accountants for their tax preparation services; however, with the implementation of new technologies and resources, there has been a change in the way tax preparation is performed in the United States. The purpose of this article is to explore how the Internal Revenue Service's Taxpayer Assistance and Education Programs have evolved over time. Additionally, the advent of electronic return filing (e‐filing) will be reviewed, to see if e‐filing has increased the propensity for individuals to file their returns electronically and whether filing errors have been reduced by electronic filings over the years. After analyzing data from the IRS Data Book and Filing Season Statistics, the results indicate that despite an increasing trend in the use of technology in the IRS's Taxpayer Assistance Programs, in addition to an increasing trend in the propensity for taxpayers to file their individual income tax returns electronically, no increase or decrease in mathematical errors on individual income tax returns has been identified by the IRS.	© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A proposal of post‐operative nomogram for overall survival in patients with renal cell carcinoma and venous tumor thrombus
Authors: Gu Liangyou , Wang Zihuan , Chen Luyao , Ma Xin , Li Hongzhao , Nie Wenyuan , Peng Cheng , Li Xintao , Gao Yu , Zhang Xu 
Published: February 2017

OBJECTIVETo identify the predictors of overall survival (OS) and create a post‐operative prognostic model for patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and venous tumor thrombus (VTT).PATIENTS AND METHODSThe study cohort included patients with RCC and VTT that underwent full surgical resection between 2006 and 2016. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine the prognostic factors of OS. A nomogram was developed and internally calibrated by bootstrap resampling method.RESULTSA total of 185 patients were identified, including patients with thrombus present in the renal vein (109 patients, 58.9%), infrahepatic inferior vena cava (IVC; 68 patients, 36.8%), and suprahepatic IVC (8 patients, 4.3%). After a median follow‐up of 30.2 months (interquartile range, 12.1‐48.4 months), 63 (34.1%) patients died. Independent prognostic factors for OS included histological subtype, collecting system invasion, metastasis at surgery, De Ritis ratio (AST/ALT), and serum albumin. Independently predictive variables were used to create a nomogram, which achieved a concordance index of 0.75 for OS.CONCLUSIONSFor patients with RCC and VTT, the developed and internally validated post‐operative nomogram can be used to select patients who may benefit from aggressive surveillance regimens or adjuvant therapy clinical trials.
Ex vivo visualization of human ciliated epithelium and quantitative analysis of induced flow dynamics by using optical coherence tomography
Authors: Ling Yuye , Yao Xinwen , Gamm Ute A. , Arteaga‐Solis Emilio , Emala Charles W. , Choma Michael A. , Hendon Christine P. 
Published: February 2017

Background and ObjectiveCilia‐driven mucociliary clearance is an important self‐defense mechanism of great clinical importance in pulmonary research. Conventional light microscopy possesses the capability to visualize individual cilia and its beating pattern but lacks the throughput to assess the global ciliary activities and flow dynamics. Optical coherence tomography (OCT), which provides depth‐resolved cross‐sectional images, was recently introduced to this area.Materials and MethodsFourteen de‐identified human tracheobronchial tissues are directly imaged by two OCT systems: one system centered at 1,300 nm with 6.5 μm axial resolution and 15 μm lateral resolution, and the other centered at 800 nm with 2.72 μm axial resolution and 5.52 μm lateral resolution. Speckle variance images are obtained in both cross‐sectional and volumetric modes. After imaging, sample blocks are sliced along the registered OCT imaging plane and processed with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain for comparison. Quantitative flow analysis is performed by tracking the path‐lines of microspheres in a fixed cross‐section. Both the flow rate and flow direction are characterized.ResultsThe speckle variance images successfully segment the ciliated epithelial tissue from its cilia‐denuded counterpart, and the results are validated by corresponding H&E stained sections. A further temporal frequency analysis is performed to extract the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) at cilia cites. By adding polyester microspheres as contrast agents, we demonstrate ex vivo imaging of the flow induced by cilia activities of human tracheobronchial samples.ConclusionThis manuscript presents an ex vivo study on human tracheobronchial ciliated epithelium and its induced mucous flow by using OCT. Within OCT images, intact ciliated epithelium is effectively distinguished from cilia‐denuded counterpart, which serves as a negative control, by examining the speckle variance images. The cilia beat frequency is extracted by temporal frequency analysis. The flow rate, flow direction, and particle throughput are obtained through particle tracking. The availability of these quantitative parameters provides us with a powerful tool that will be useful for studying the physiology, pathophysiology and the effectiveness of therapies on epithelial cilia function, as well as serve as a diagnostic tool for diseases associated with ciliary dysmotility. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:270–279, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of work hardening, tool wear and geometry response on machinability during turning AL‐6XN super austenitic stainless steel: A work hardening and wear studies on AL‐6XN alloy
Authors: Alabdullah M. , Polishetty A. , Nomani J. 
Published: February 2017

This work aimed to identify the work‐hardening regions in shear zones when the AL‐6XN super austenitic stainless steel alloy was machined using a turning machine. A quick‐stop approach was used to generate frozen chip roots. Two cutting speeds of 94 m/min and 65 m/min, a feed rate of 0.2 mm/rev and depth of cut of 1 mm were applied in this study. Microhardness measurements were executed in the hardening region (workpiece–shear zone–chip zone). Results showed that the hardness values were significantly increased in the primary shear zone and the formed chip. The wear of the cutting tool used to machine the alloy was investigated using scanning electron microscope. Excessive notch wear was located on the cutting edge when 65 m/min cutting speed was utilized while at 94 m/min cutting speed, the cutting edge was completely damaged as a flake of the edge was removed due to hard cutting processes. The profile measurement of the cutting tool was executed using an optical profilometer to reveal the changes in the cutting edges locations and profiles and their implication on machining process.
Hair cortisol and adiposity in a population‐based sample of 2,527 men and women aged 54 to 87 years
Authors: Jackson Sarah E. , Kirschbaum Clemens , Steptoe Andrew 
Published: February 2017

ObjectiveChronic cortisol exposure is hypothesized to contribute to obesity. This study examined associations between hair cortisol concentrations, a novel indicator of long‐term cortisol exposure, and adiposity in a large population‐based sample.MethodsData were from 2,527 men and women aged 54 and older (98% white British) participating in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Hair cortisol concentrations were determined from the scalp‐nearest 2 cm hair segment, and height, weight, and waist circumference were objectively measured. Covariates included age, sex, socioeconomic status, smoking status, diabetes, and arthritis.ResultsIn cross‐sectional analyses, hair cortisol concentrations were positively correlated with weight (r = 0.102, P < 0.001), BMI (r = 0.101, P < 0.001), and waist circumference (r = 0.082, P = 0.001) and were significantly elevated in participants with obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) (F = 6.58, P = 0.001) and raised waist circumference (≥102 cm in men, ≥88 cm in women) (F = 4.87, P = 0.027). Hair cortisol levels were also positively associated with the persistence of obesity (F = 12.70, P < 0.001), evaluated in retrospect over 4 years.ConclusionsChronic exposure to elevated cortisol concentrations, assessed in hair, is associated with markers of adiposity and with the persistence of obesity over time.
Alexithymia and Immune Dysregulation: A Critical Review
Authors: Uher Tomas 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Alexithymia presents a deficit in identifying and expressing emotions, paucity of fantasies, and an externally oriented cognitive style. Numerous recent studies have documented that alexithymia is significantly related to dysregulation of immune functions. These findings implicate that stressors related to alexithymia could underlie the process of immune dysregulation that likely presents a significant risk factor in pathogenesis of several psychosomatic illnesses. In this article various findings on immune dysregulation in alexithymia are reviewed and discussed.
Consciousness and the Problem of Other Minds
Authors: O’Dea John 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Because a conception of consciousness based on direct self-awareness does not generalise easily to other cases, a fully general theory of consciousness under this conception may not be possible, as Ned Block (2003) has pointed out. In this paper, i discuss the possibility of doing away with the underlying idea, common in philosophical and scientific circles, that consciousness is a first-person concept in the first instance, from which we infer outwards to others. i suggest that notable Phenomenological descriptions of the centrality and automaticity of our experience of others is broadly in line with the evidence from psychology and the neurosciences; recent work on possible “mirror” and related mechanisms for engaging with the mental states of others, together with behavioural and developmental studies, all undermine the inferential approach to other minds. I defend the possibility that the conception of mentality that underlies our engagement with others from infancy does not arise from self-awareness, and that if so, the way we theorise about consciousness in its most general sense may have to change.
Food Craving, Stress And Limbic Irritability
Authors: Svetlak Miroslav 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Recent findings show that food craving is strongly related to emotional distress. Stress-induced feeding is a phenomenon related to sensitization associated with repeated stress stimuli and related increase in incentive salience attributed to known familiar foods and increased craving. Because stress sensitization may also produce seizure-like activity, aim of the present study was to test a hypothesis that food craving could be linked to heightened level of seizure-like symptoms that present cognitive and affective symptoms related to temporo-limbic hyperexcitability. In order to achieve this goal we have measured indices of food craving, traumatic stress and seizure-like symptoms using psychometric measures in 257 university students. The results indicate statistically significant correlations of food craving with traumatic stress symptoms (r=0.26, p<0.05), dissociative symptoms (r=0.37, p<0.01) and seizure-like symptoms (r=0.41, p<0.01). These results present first supportive evidence that food craving in healthy persons may be related to traumatic stress and seizure-like symptoms. The present results also support findings that traumatic stress may lead to kindling-like sensitization that could play a role in food craving mechanisms.
How and Why Psychiatrists Should Use Imaging Methods
Authors: Kasparek Tomas 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
From the perspective of a clinical psychiatrist, the extensive research in the field of imaging methods seems to have brought virtually no relevant information to practice (except for differential diagnoses of organic mental disorders). Mental disorders have not been shown to have a correlate detectable with common methods used in other branches of clinical medicine; neither do they provide access to subjective contents, i.e., they do not allow us to “read” our patients’ thoughts or emotions, as popularized, particularly, by science fiction writers. However, imaging methods do have a significant role to play in psychiatry. Along with cognitive neuroscience findings, they allow us to understand the origin of certain psychopathological phenomena and formulate specific therapeutic approaches that can be used to influence them; together with findings from histopathology and animal studies, they allow us to assess the neuropathology of mental illnesses and assess the effectiveness of treatment modalities. imaging techniques allow us to determine which parts of the brain are connected with a particular psychopathology, which in turn allows treatment selection to be focused on the anatomical and biological targets, linked to the psychopathology, thus offering benefits to the patient. Methods are beginning to appear which, using various brain imaging and multidimensional classification techniques, allow us (with increasing sensitivity and specificity) to determine which group an assessed subject belongs. This last feature is of greatest interest in clinical practice as it may be helpful with the diagnosis (i.e., whether the image of the brain corresponds to the healthy population or the suspected disorder) or in prediction (e.g. based on response to treatment, what are the probable courses for the illness, etc.). Thus, although mental illnesses are not accompanied by specific changes in the brain perceptible to the naked eye, if we ask clinically relevant questions, imaging methods provide us with important answers. This is why psychiatrists themselves should become knowledgeable and comfortable with imaging methods.
Consciousness: A Computational Paradigm Update
Authors: Matzke Douglas J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This dualist model of mind-body addresses the formal and physical limits to computation that critics of artificial intelligence argue are the reason computers will never produce really intelligent machines. This model describes potential ideal computational leverage mechanisms that are based upon primitive properties of the universe (such as space, time, and number of dimensions) derived from modern physics consistency arguments. An intuitive model of computational costs is introduced to create a framework for discussing how unlimited computation could be derived from space, time, and observer requirements. This cost model suggests that an ideal solution for unlimited intelligence would require a sparse, high dimensional spacetime (unrestricted locality) and a formalized observer mechanism (mobile observer framework based on a superset of inertial frame properties). This solution simultaneously addresses the semantical issue of unrestricted locality by maintaining a space/time metric but by going beyond the non-locality constraints of 4D physical implementation layers. Such a computational model would strongly support a dualist model of the consciousness, where the mind has properties distinct from the brain/body. This solution would differentiate why naturally occurring “real intelligence” computation systems exhibit consciousness and why current artificial intelligence solutions are not really intelligent nor do they exhibit consciousness. This original paper and model are still valid today and this paper includes updates due to new results developed since the original model.
Activation of Retinotopic Visual Areas Is Central to REM Sleep Associated Dreams: Visual Dreams and Visual Imagery Possibly Co-Emerged In Evolution
Authors: Bókkon István , Mallick Birendra Nath 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe latest experimental results support that multiple retinotopic visual systems play a central role not only in the processing of visual signals but also in the integration and processing of internally represented auditory and tactile information. These retinotopic maps have access to higher levels of cognitive processing, performed by the frontal lobes, for example. The occipital cortex may have a special role in multisensory integration. There is a functional basis for the development and maturation of visual memory in association of rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) which is linked to dreams and visual imagery. Physiological and psychological processes of REMS are similar to waking visual imagery. Furthermore, visual imagery during REMS utilize a common visual neural pathway similar to that used in wakefulness. This pathway subserves visual processes accompanied with auditory experiences and intrinsic feelings. We argue that the activation of the retinotopic visual areas is central to REM sleep associated dreams and that REMS associated dreaming and visual imagery may have co-evolved in homeothermic animals during evolution. We also suggest that protoconscious state during REM sleep, as introduced by Hobson many years ago, may be a basic visual process.
Dissipationless Transfer of Visual Information From Retina to the Primary Visual Cortex in the Human Brain
Authors: Salari Vahid , Rahnama Majid , Tuszynski Jack A. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Recently, the experiments on photosynthetic systems via “femto-second laser spectroscopy” methods have indicated that a “quantum-coherence” in the system causes a highly efficient transfer of energy to the “reaction center” (efficiency is approximately equal to 100%). A recent experiment on a single neuron has indicated that it can conduct light. Also, a re-emission of light from both photosynthetic systems and single neurons has been observed, which is called “delayed luminescence”. This can be supposed as a possibility for dissipationless transfer of visual information to the human brain. In addition, a long-range Fröhlich coherence in microtubules can be a candidate for efficient transfer of light through “noisy” and complex structures of the human brain. From an informational point of view it is a legitimate question to ask how human brain can receive subtle external quantum information of photons intact when photons are in a quantum superposition and pass through very noisy and complex pathways from the eye to the brain? Here, we propose a coherent model in which quantum states of photons can be rebuilt in the human brain.
Retained Primitive Reflexes and ADHD in Children
Authors: Konicarova Jana , Bob Petr 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Particularly important postnatal developmental reflexes that diminish in later stages of development are Moro reflex and Galant reflex that belong among the so-called primitive reflexes. According to current evidence persistence of the primitive reflexes is related to certain specific neuropsychiatric disorders. According to current knowledge there is no evidence whether these reflexes play a role in Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). To develop these findings we have tested a hypothesis whether ADHD children in the school age (8–11 years) will have higher level of persisting primitive reflexes Moro and Galant compared to a control group of children of the same age. Results of this study show that ADHD children have high occurrence of primitive reflexes compared to the control group, which indicates that ADHD symptoms may present a compensation of unfinished developmental stages related to diminishing Moro and Galant reflexes.