bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bi-orthogonal Symbol Mapping and Detection in Optical CDMA Communication System
Authors: Liu Maw-Yang 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this paper, the bi-orthogonal symbol mapping and detection scheme is investigated in time-spreading wavelength-hopping optical CDMA communication system. The carrier-hopping prime code is exploited as signature sequence, whose put-of-phase autocorrelation is zero. Based on the orthogonality of carrier-hopping prime code, the equal weight orthogonal signaling scheme can be constructed, and the proposed scheme using bi-orthogonal symbol mapping and detection can be developed. The transmitted binary data bits are mapped into corresponding bi-orthogonal symbols, where the orthogonal matrix code and its complement are utilized. In the receiver, the received bi-orthogonal data symbol is fed into the maximum likelihood decoder for detection. Under such symbol mapping and detection, the proposed scheme can greatly enlarge the Euclidean distance; hence, the system performance can be drastically improved.
Performance Enhancement of Ultra High Capacity 2.5 Tbps DWDM System Using DCF and Optimized Modulation Format
Authors: Parkash Sooraj 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis paper successfully demonstrate point-to-point (P2P) 2.5 TB/s DWDM system in downstream for 100 wavelengths having 0.4 nm (50 GHz) channel spacing by using post-dispersion compensation scheme. Each channel is transmitting 25 GB/s data rate in down link. A 20 km dispersion compensating fiber (DCF) followed by 80 km standard single mode fiber (SSMF) which passes 20 times through fiber span for compensating the chromatic dispersion. The maximum reach of designed system is (100×20) 2,000 km. In this paper we also performed the comparison of different modulation formats such as NRZ, RZ and CRZ. It has been observed that CRZ modulation format can achieve BER as better as e
Fetal echocardiography: reference values for the Chinese population
Authors: Gu Xiaoyan , He Yihua , Zhang Ye , Sun Lin , Zhao Ying , Han Jiancheng , Liu Xiaowei 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjective:Global racial variability in human development can lead to differences in size of fetal cardiac structures during gestation. Our objective is to establish normal reference ranges of fetal cardiac dimensions between 20 and 34 weeks from fetal echocardiograms recorded at a single center in China.Methods:A prospective cross-sectional study was undertaken on single pregnancies with normal fetuses of varying gestational ages (GAs). A total of 4396 normal fetuses were divided into 15 groups from 20 to 34 weeks according to the GA. Measurements included the inner diameter of the fetal cardiac chambers and arteries, the aortic arch isthmus (AI), the descending aorta (DAO), the ductus arteriosus (DA), and the foramen ovale (FO). Measurements were statistically analyzed and regression analysis was applied to assess for correlation with GA.Results:Normal reference values of fetal cardiovascular dimensions between 20 and 34 weeks were obtained from 4396 subjects at a single center in China. Measurements of fetal cardiac structures increase with advancing GA. It seems there is no difference in r values among linear, cubic, and quadratic model analyses (P > 0.05). However, the r values for the exponential models appear to be smaller than those of the other three models (P < 0.05). Ratios of the diameters of fetal cardiac structures were calculated in order to identify for differential changes in the growth of structures.Conclusions:The presented data derived from 4396 normal fetuses provide the reference values of fetal echocardiography in China, which provide guidance to fetal echocardiography examinations.
The Non-existence of Ontological Categories: A defence of Lowe
Authors: Miller J. T. M. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This paper addresses the ontological status of the ontological categories as defended within E.J. Lowe’s four-category ontology (kinds, objects, properties/relations, and modes). I consider the arguments in Griffith (2015. “Do Ontological Categories Exist?” Metaphysica 16 (1):25–35) against Lowe’s claim that ontological categories do not exist, and argue that Griffith’s objections to Lowe do not work once we fully take advantage of ontological resources available within Lowe’s four-category ontology. I then argue that the claim that ontological categories do not exist has no undesirable consequences for Lowe’s brand of realism.
Microcrustacean (Cladocera, Copepoda) source-sink dynamics in a lowland river ecosystem with a dam reservoir
Authors: Karpowicz Maciej 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Dispersal of crustacean zooplankton from a reservoir in a lowland river was observed over a relatively long distance. Zooplankton samples were collected by a unique technique from “the same water”. Large Cladocera (Daphnia cucullata and Diaphanosoma brachyurum) showed the greatest reduction in a river, but they were common over a distance of up to 130 km below a dam. These two planktonic species revealed a low potential for colonizing oxbow lakes. Eurytopic Chydorus sphaericus and Mesocyclops leuckarti transferred from the Siemianówka Reservoir had a great dispersal capacity in the Narew River and could effectively support local populations in oxbow lakes over a distance of 180 km.
Similarity between the crustacean communities in the river and the reservoir significantly decreased with the increasing distance from the dam. At the same time, crustacean communities in oxbow lakes were not affected by the distance from the source. Dispersal from the large source of zooplankton to local communities is a very important process but the local environmental factors such as habitat heterogeneity, aquatic vegetation and the hydrological connectivity can be strong enough to affect the structure of local crustacean communities in oxbow lakes.
Forms of grease ice ridges on the south coast of the Baltic Sea
Authors: Girjatowicz Józef P. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The paper presents the forms of grounded grease ice ridges as well as hydrological, meteorological and physiographic conditions of their occurrence on the south coast of the Baltic Sea. The author used results of observations and measurements performed during hiking expeditions and analyzed profiles and photographs showing the morphology of grease ice ridges which occur along the coast and are usually several meters wide and 1-3 m high. Their windward slopes are very steep, usually concave, with abrasion niches and ice cornices formed by waves. The leeward slopes are gentle (20-30°) and coincident with the angle of the natural slip (angle of slide) of the grease ice, slush and shuga tossed by waves. The major factor leading to grease piling is the movement of waves generated by a strong onshore (NW, N, NE) wind. Such wind conditions occur mainly when a low-pressure area extends to the E, SE and/or S of the southern Baltic, and a high-pressure area – to the W, NW and/or N.
Impaired gonadal development in the sea trout (Salmo trutta) × Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) F1 hybrid females
Authors: Ziomek Elżbieta , Dębowska Marta , Hliwa Piotr , Ocalewicz Konrad 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Despite large karyotype differences between parental species, the hybrid progeny of the sea trout (Salmo trutta) females (2n = 80, FN = 100) and the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) males (2n = 58, FN = 74) may be viable and even fertile. As hybrids would pose threat to natural populations of parental species through backcrossing, gonadal development in the sea trout × Atlantic salmon hybrids has been studied in the present work. Moreover, cytogenetic investigation was performed to identify any changes in the number and structure of chromosomes that may affect gonadal differentiation and gamete production in the hybrid progeny. Eight males, two intersex individuals and one female were described among the two-year-old hybrids. Some of the hybrid males were already spermiating during the study. Predominance of the testicular component in the gonads was observed in both intersex individuals. Prevalence of males and the presence of intersex individuals together with only one female may suggest disturbances in the gonadal development only in females. Homogeneity of the chromosome number (69) and the chromosome arm number (87) in the hybrid individuals analyzed in this study suggests that unpaired chromosomes disturbed the development of ovaries but not testes.
Temporal and spatial variability of heavy metals in Marudu Bay, Malaysia
Authors: Soon Tan Kar , Denil Delta Jenetty , Ransangan Julian 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The current study was conducted to estimate the baseline concentration of heavy metals in the surface sediment of Marudu Bay. Environmental parameters were measured at the seafloor and samples of the surface sediment were collected at monthly intervals for the period of 12 months. The organic content, total N, total P and concentration of 16 trace metals in the surface sediment were analyzed. The baseline concentration of metals was estimated by geochemical normalization. Anthropogenic inputs of metals were then estimated by calculating the enrichment factor for each element. The result demonstrated that the C/N ratio of sediment at Marudu Bay varies from 15 to 342, which indicates the dominance of terrestrial organic matter. The baseline concentration of V, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ti, Rb and Sr were 26.74 mg kg-1, 1.04%, 205.31 mg kg-1, 34.09 mg kg-1, 507.61 mg kg-1, 93.25 mg kg-1, 37.56 mg kg-1, respectively. The concentration of most metals was comparable to the baseline, except Mn and Zn which showed higher concentrations in most parts of Marudu Bay. In conclusion, the metal concentration in Marudu Bay is still within the permissible levels and should not cause any threats to public health.
Migration of pentachlorophenol in artificial and natural sediments of Puck Bay
Authors: Maciak Joanna , Lewandowski Krzysztof , Niemirycz Elżbieta 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is an anthropogenic substance, toxic to humans. The major source of this compound in the environment are wastes from factories producing PCP and materials (textiles, wood) treated with PCP. In 2008, a dossier was prepared to support the inclusion of PCP in Annex I to the Protocol of the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Persistent Organic Pollutants. The draft decision to add PCP along with its salts (NaPCP) and esters (PCPL) in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention was adopted during the seventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Stockholm Convention in 2015. The aim of present study was to assess the status of contamination in Puck Bay with this harmful substance. The surface bottom sediments of Puck Bay were contaminated with pentachlorophenol to varying degrees, ranging from 17.4 ± 5.6 ng g-1 d.w. to 230.1 ± 20.8 ng g-1 d.w. The majority of samples collected from deepwater areas of Puck Bay were contaminated with PCP above 25 ng g-1 d.w. (value of Predicted No Effect Concentration). It has been assessed that bottom currents occurring in Puck Bay can affect sediments deposited at the Gdynia dumping site.
Dry weight and calcium carbonate encrustation of two morphologically different Chara species: a comparative study from different lakes
Authors: Pukacz Andrzej , Pełechaty Mariusz , Frankowski Marcin , Pronin Eugeniusz 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Two charophyte species (Chara tomentosa Thulli. 1799 and Chara globularis L. 1753) were studied to assess their biomass and CaCO3 production in seven hard-water lakes in Western Poland. In each lake, samples of ten individuals from three study sites were collected for dry weight (DW) and calcium carbonate content (% CaCO3) analyses. Additionally, physicochemical parameters of water collected from the above sampling sites were analyzed.
No significant differences were found between the study sites in each lake for any of the analyzed parameters. In all the lakes, DW of C. tomentosa (0.60 ± 0.23 g indiv.-1) was significantly higher and more differentiated than DW of C. globularis (0.11 ± 0.08 g indiv.-1), suggesting species-specificity. The CaCO3 content in DW for C. tomentosa was higher (58.8-70.9%) than in C. globularis (50.1-68.3%), however, it did not reflect the DW differentiation, suggesting lake-specificity. The physicochemical properties of water revealed clear lake-to-lake differentiation. Different correlations between dry weight and calcium carbonate content and lake characteristics were found for each species. The results showed that DW and % CaCO3 are closely related to habitat conditions and different factors may influence the individual biomass of each species.
Equity as a Question of Decorum and Manners: Conscience as Vision
Authors: Haldar Piyel 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis paper argues for a re-evaluation of the manner in which conscience is used by equity lawyers. Debates by early modern humanists sought an alignment between conscience and public office. Indeed, conscience had very little to do with the private morals or private compunction of the Chancellor. Rather, conscience was implicated at the level of duty, honestas and dignity. It required stricter attention to the metaphysics of public official conduct. In these terms, conscience was a humanist re-evaluation of a classical idea that gave heavier emphasis to the poesis of vision.
Vueltaen el español ecuatoriano yasíen el español fronterizo mexicano: usos subjetivos e intersubjetivos
Authors: Holguín Mendoza Claudia , Shappeck Marco , Ciriza Maria del Puy 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis study centers on two Spanish language discourse markers:asíin the Spanish-English contact area along the U.S.-Mexico border andvuelta, a discourse marker used in Andean Spanish which is in contact with Ecuadorian Quichua. Applying Relevance Theory, we observe how these markers convey emergent pragmatic and intersubjective functions.Vueltais able to function as an enumerator indexing iterativity and as a quotative framing indirect speech. Intersubjectively, it frames discourse to be read as either proud, persistent, or annoying.Asíis associated with particular interactional stances of solidarity and politeness. Frequently used by young women signaling prestige, femininity, and socio-economic status,asíindexes values and cultural practices similar to middle-class lifestyles from the U.S. This study argues that in order to understand linguistic permeability and interference in both of these uses, we must first understand speakers’ communicative and social needs within their bilingual community.
Gas-Phase Hydrogenation with Parahydrogen Over Immobilized Vaska’s Complex
Authors: Skovpin Ivan V. , Zhivonitko Vladimir V. , Prosvirin Igor P. , Khabibulin Dzhalil F. , Koptyug Igor V. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Generating parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP) of nuclear spins with immobilized transition metal complexes as hydrogenation catalysts allows one to produce pure hyperpolarized substances, which can open new revolutionary perspectives for PHIP applications. A major drawback of immobilized complexes is their low stability under reaction conditions. In the present work we studied an immobilized iridium complex, Ir/SiO2
P, synthesized by a covalent anchoring of Vaska’s complex on phospine-modified silica gel. This complex was used to obtain hyperpolarized gasses in the gas phase hydrogenation of propene, propyne and 1-butyne with parahydrogen in PASADENA and ALTADENA experiments. It was found that, in contrast to other immobilized complexes, Ir/SiO2
P is stable under reaction conditions at up to 140°C, and the reduction of iridium does not occur according to XPS analysis. Moreover, the application of Ir/SiO2
P catalyst allowed us to generate continuous flow of hyperpolarized propene and 1-butene with (300–500)-fold NMR signal enhancement which is significantly higher than commonly observed for most supported metal catalysts. The shape of polarized propene signals in PASADENA experiment has indicated that parahydrogen addition to propyne occurs non-stereospecifically, i.e. PHIP was observed for all protons of the vinyl fragment of propene. The analysis of the polarized signals has shown that syn pairwise addition dominates, which was confirmed by spectra simulations. It was found that storage of Ir/SiO2
P under Ar atmosphere leads to a decrease in PHIP amplitude and an increase in the activity of the catalyst. This observation is discussed in terms of the interaction of Ir/SiO2
P with trace amounts of oxygen in Ar, leading to partial oxidation of triphenylphosphine ligand to triphenylphosphine oxide accompanied by the activation of the immobilized complex. It was also found that the interaction of Ir/SiO2
P with alkenes likely leads to formation of stable monohydride complexes, decreasing the production of PHIP in hydrogenations. At the same time, stable substrate complexes are likely formed in alkyne hydrogenations, leading to a significant decrease in the monohydride complex formation and to an increased production of PHIP.
Representación, estética y performance. El carácter icónico de las imágenes de los desaparecidos
Authors: Zamora Sauma Rocío 
Published: September 2016

Frente a la continua afirmación de la irrepresentabilidad de los acontecimientos, me planteo la siguiente pregunta: ¿De dónde procede la afirmación del carácter inimagi- nable, irrepresentable, indecible de los procesos de genocidio del siglo XX? Para contestar a esta pregunta me refiero en una primera parte al carácter icónico de los retratos de os desparecidos, para luego entender cuál es el marco sobre el cual se instala la afirmación acerca de lo irrepresentable.
Changes in Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity Among Older Adolescents
Authors: Li Kaigang , Haynie Denise , Lipsky Leah , Iannotti Ronald J. , Pratt Charlotte , Simons-Morton Bruce 
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVES:
Examined patterns and determinants of objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) over 4 years in US emerging adults.

METHODS:
Waves 1 through 4 (W1 [10th grade] to W4 data of a national cohort starting in 2010 (N = 561; 16.19 ± 0.51 years) were used. MVPA was assessed annually from accelerometers; BMI calculated from measured height/weight; and surveys ascertained self-reported physical activity (PA) planning, peer PA , family support, W1 sociodemographics, W4 school status, W4 residence, and W4 employment. Latent growth modeling estimated trajectories in log-transformed duration (minutes/day) of MVPA and associations with covariates.

RESULTS:
Less than 9% of participants met the recommended 60+ minutes/day MVPA across W1 through W4. W1 MVPA was greater in males versus females (B = 0.46, P &lt; .001) and Hispanic versus White (B = 0.34, P &lt; .001) participants. Increased BMI change (W1 to W4 slope) was associated with decreased MVPA. MVPA was positively associated with PA planning (W1–W3: B = 0.10, B = 0.06, B = 0.08, Ps &lt; .05), but not with peer PA or family support. Participants attending 4-year college versus not-attending school (B = 0.52, P &lt; .001), and college students living on campus versus at home (B = 0.37, P &lt; .001) were more likely to engage in MVPA at W4. Weekend MVPA remained relatively constant from W1 through W4.

CONCLUSIONS:
High-school students engaged in little MVPA and maintained this low level through the transition to adulthood. Emerging adults’ MVPA engagement may vary according to social contexts. Those with high BMI may benefit most from interventions to promote MVPA.
Equal Pay for Work of Equal Value in Terms of the Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998: Lessons from the International Labour Organisation and the United Kingdom
Authors: Ebrahim Shamier 
Published: September 2016

Equal pay is an area of employment law that is complex and not easily understood. This complexity is recognised by the International Labour Organisation (ILO), which notes that equal pay for work of equal value has proved to be difficult to understand, both with regard to what it entails and in its application. Amendments have been made to the Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998 (EEA) to include a specific provision to regulate equal pay claims in the form of section 6(4)-(5) of the EEA. The amendments were made in terms of the Employment Equity Amendment Act 47 of 2013, which came into effect on 1 August 2014 by presidential proclamation. Prior to section 6(4), the EEA did not contain a specific provision regulating equal pay claims. Claims could be brought in terms of section 6(1) of the EEA, which prohibits unfair discrimination on a number of grounds. The recent amendments to the EEA in the form of section 6(4)-(5) (including the Employment Equity Regulations and the Code of Good Practice on Equal Pay for Work of Equal Value) in respect of equal pay claims is a response to the ILO's criticism of South Africa's failure to include specific equal pay provisions in the EEA.
Section 6(4) of the EEA provides for three causes of action in respect of equal pay. They are as follows: (a) equal pay for the same work; (b) equal pay for substantially the same work; and (c) equal pay for work of equal value. The first two causes of action are not difficult to understand as opposed to the third cause of action, which is complex. The ILO has recognised the complexity of the third cause of action, "equal pay for work of equal value". In Mangena v Fila South Africa 2009 12 BLLR 1224 (LC), the Labour Court remarked in the context of an equal pay for work of equal value claim that it does not have expertise in job grading and in the allocation of value to particular occupations. This article will deal with the third cause of action only, "equal pay for work of equal value".
The purpose of this article is to critically analyse the law relating to equal pay for work of equal value in terms of the EEA (including the Employment Equity Regulations) and evaluate it against the equal pay laws of the ILO and the United Kingdom, which deal with equal pay for work of equal value. Lastly, this article seeks to ascertain whether the EEA (including the Employment Equity Regulations) provides an adequate legal framework for determining an equal pay for work of equal value claim.
Detection Tuna and Processed Products Based Protein and DNA Barcoding
Authors: Wulansari Nuring , Nurilmala Mala , Nurjanah N. 
Published: September 2016

<p>Tuna is the second largest fishery commodity in Indonesia after the shrimp. Since the<br />high demand and the limited stock of tuna resulted in fraudulent chance. Authentication<br />is required to meassure consumers regarding the accuracy of its labeling and food<br />safety. In this study, the authentication was based on protein and DNA barcoding using<br />cytochrome-b gene (cyt-b) of the mitochondrial DNA as the target of gene. Primer of<br />cyt b gene was designed based on the tuna species. This study aimed to identify the<br />authenticity of tuna fresh and its processed products through protein using SDS-PAGE </p><p>and DNA barcoding techniques. The phases of this research were protein electrophoresis<br />by SDS-PAGE, DNA extraction, PCR amplification, electrophoresis and sequencing.<br />Samples of fresh fish (Tu1, Tu2, Tu3, Tu4, and Tu5) and processed tuna (canned and<br />steak) were successfully extracted. Result showed that SDS-PAGE proved the damage of<br />proteins in the processed tuna, so this method was not appropriate if it is used to identify<br />the authenticity of tuna. PCR electrophoresis results showed that the samples of tuna,<br />tuna steak, sushi, meat ball, abon, and caned tuna were successfully amplified in the range<br />of 500-750 bp except Ka3, which was in line with the target of DNA (620 bp). Resulted<br />sequences of Tu2, Tu3, Tu4 and Tu5 were identified according the results of morphometric<br />namely T. albacares, while Tu1 was identified as T. obesus with homology level of 99%.<br />Processed tunas (steak and canned tuna) were identified as T. albacares, as stated on the<br />labels.<br />Keywords: Authentication, cytb, DNA barcoding, design primer, SDS-PAGE</p>