bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decision trees in epidemiological research
Authors: Venkatasubramaniam Ashwini , Wolfson Julian , Mitchell Nathan , Barnes Timothy , JaKa Meghan , French Simone 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Background
In many studies, it is of interest to identify population subgroups that are relatively homogeneous with respect to an outcome. The nature of these subgroups can provide insight into effect mechanisms and suggest targets for tailored interventions. However, identifying relevant subgroups can be challenging with standard statistical methods.

Main text
We review the literature on decision trees, a family of techniques for partitioning the population, on the basis of covariates, into distinct subgroups who share similar values of an outcome variable. We compare two decision tree methods, the popular Classification and Regression tree (CART) technique and the newer Conditional Inference tree (CTree) technique, assessing their performance in a simulation study and using data from the Box Lunch Study, a randomized controlled trial of a portion size intervention. Both CART and CTree identify homogeneous population subgroups and offer improved prediction accuracy relative to regression-based approaches when subgroups are truly present in the data. An important distinction between CART and CTree is that the latter uses a formal statistical hypothesis testing framework in building decision trees, which simplifies the process of identifying and interpreting the final tree model. We also introduce a novel way to visualize the subgroups defined by decision trees. Our novel graphical visualization provides a more scientifically meaningful characterization of the subgroups identified by decision trees.

Conclusions
Decision trees are a useful tool for identifying homogeneous subgroups defined by combinations of individual characteristics. While all decision tree techniques generate subgroups, we advocate the use of the newer CTree technique due to its simplicity and ease of interpretation.
Illegal immigration and media exposure: evidence on individual attitudes
Authors: Facchini Giovanni , Mayda Anna Maria , Puglisi Riccardo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIllegal immigration has been the focus of much debate in receiving countries, but little is known about the drivers of individual attitudes towards illegal immigrants. To study this question, we use the CCES survey, which was carried out in 2006 in the USA. We find evidence that—in addition to standard labor market and welfare state considerations—media exposure is significantly correlated with public opinion on illegal immigration. Controlling for education, income, ideology, and other socio-demographic characteristics, individuals watching Fox News are 9 percentage points more likely than CBS viewers to oppose the legalization of undocumented immigrants. We find an effect of the same size and direction for CNN viewers, whereas individuals watching PBS are instead more likely to support legalization. Ideological self-selection into different news programs plays an important role, but cannot entirely explain the correlation between media exposure and attitudes about illegal immigration.
Mild acidosis delays neutrophil apoptosis via multiple signaling pathways and acts in concert with inflammatory mediators
Authors: El Kebir Driss , de Oliveira Lima dos Santos Everton , Mansouri Soukaina , Sekheri Meriem , Filep János G 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates development of local extracellular acidosis in inflamed tissues in response to infection and tissue injury. Activation of infiltrating neutrophils contributes to a transient decrease in pH, which, in turn, triggers innate immunity. In this study, we investigated the impact of extracellular acidosis on neutrophil apoptosis, a critical determinant of the outcome of the inflammatory response and analyzed the underlying signaling pathways. Culture of human isolated neutrophils in mildly acidotic conditions (pH 6.5–7.0) resulted in activation of NF-κB; intracellular accumulation of cAMP; and phosphorylation of Akt, ERK, and p38 MAPK; and preservation of Mcl-1 expression. Consequently, extracellular acidosis prevented disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and translocation of cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor from the mitochondria to cytoplasm and nuclei, respectively and inhibited caspase-3 activity. Pharmacological inhibition of ERK, PI3K, NF-κB, or PKA partially reversed survival cues by extracellular acidosis and redirected neutrophils to apoptosis. Conversely, dibutyryl cAMP (100–500 μM) delayed apoptosis of neutrophils cultured at pH 7.4. Extracellular acidosis-generated survival cues were additive to the potent prosurvival signals from bacterial DNA, LPS, modified C-reactive protein, and serum amyloid A. Acidosis increased CpG DNA uptake by neutrophils and augmented phosphorylation of ERK and Akt, leading to preservation of Mcl-1 expression. Our results identified extracellular acidosis as a survival signal for neutrophils by suppressing the constitutive apoptotic machinery and suggest that transient decreases in local pH can enhance neutrophil responses to inflammatory stimuli, thereby contributing to amplification or prolongation of the inflammatory response.
Administration of Hypertonic Solutions for Hemorrhagic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Clinical Trials
Authors: Wu Meng-Che , Liao Tin-Yun , Lee Erica M. , Chen Yueh-Sheng , Hsu Wan-Ting , Lee Meng-tse Gabriel , Tsou Po-Yang , Chen Shyr-Chyr , Lee Chien-Chang 
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND:
Several clinical trials on hypertonic fluid administration have been completed, but the results have been inconclusive. The objective of this study is to summarize current evidence for treating hypovolemic patients with hypertonic solutions by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis.

METHODS:
Major electronic databases were searched from inception through June 2014. We included only randomized controlled trials involving hemorrhagic shock patients treated with hypertonic solutions. After screening 570 trials, 12 were eligible for the final analysis. Pooled effect estimates were calculated with a random effect model.

RESULTS:
The 12 studies included 6 trials comparing 7.5% hypertonic saline (HS) with 0.9% saline or Ringer’s lactate solution and 11 trials comparing 7.5% hypertonic saline with dextran (HSD) with isotonic saline or Ringer’s lactate. Overall, there were no statistically significant survival benefits for patients treated with HS (relative risk [RR], 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.82–1.12) or HSD (RR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.80–1.06). Treatment with hypertonic solutions was also not associated with increased complications (RR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.78–1.36). Subgroup analysis on trauma patients in the prehospital or emergency department settings did not change these conclusions. There was no evidence of significant publication bias. Meta-regression analysis did not find any significant sources of heterogeneity.

CONCLUSIONS:
Current evidence does not reveal increased mortality when the administration of isotonic solutions is compared to HS or HSD in trauma patients with hemorrhagic shock. HS or HSD may be a viable alternative resuscitation fluid in the prehospital setting. Further studies are needed to determine the optimum volume and regimen of intravenous fluids for the treatment of trauma patients.
Assessment of injection safety in Ha Dong General Hospital, Hanoi, in 2012
Authors: Van Tuong Phan , Phuong Tran Thi Minh , Anh Bui Thi My , Nguyen Trang Huyen Thi 
Published: September 2017

Background: Injection is one of the most frequently used medical methods to introduce drugs or other substances into the body for purposes of treatment or prevention. Unsafe injection can cause adverse outcomes, such as abscess and anaphylactic shock, and increases the risk of blood-borne transmission of viruses to patients and health care workers, as well as the community. Recognizing the importance of injection safety, in 2000 the Vietnamese Ministry of Health (MOH) collaborated with the Vietnam Nurses Association to launch the “Safe injection” program throughout the country, including Hanoi. Methods: This cross-sectional study, combining quantitative and qualitative analysis, was conducted from February to August 2012 in Ha Dong General Hospital using a structured questionnaire and observation checklist. The target population of the study was 109 nurses working in clinical departments and 436 injections were observed. Results: The percentage of nurses who are familiar with injection safety standards was found to be 82.6%. The proportion of practical injections that met the 23 standards of injection safety set by the MOH amounted to 22.2%. The factors related to safe injection practice of nurses who are younger age group (OR=3.1; p<0.05) and lower amount of working years (OR=2.8; p<0.05). Conclusions: Despite the high level of knowledge about safety injection, a low proportion of nurses performed correct safety injection practice. Moreover, the results demonstrated that experience might not always guarantee better practice. The findings raise the need for further training about this issue, especially among older nurses.
Atopic dermatitis patients show increases in serum C-reactive protein levels, correlating with skin disease activity
Authors: Vekaria Anjali S. , Brunner Patrick M. , Aleisa Ahmad I. , Bonomo Lauren , Lebwohl Mark G. , Israel Ariel , Guttman-Yassky Emma 
Published: September 2017

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD), the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease, is evolving as a systemic disease, and associated systemic inflammation is possibly linked to increases in cardiovascular disease. Methods: We assessed levels of the inflammatory marker CRP in 59 patients with moderate-to-severe AD compared to matched healthy controls, and to determine correlation with skin disease severity. Clinical severity was measured using SCORing of Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) and body surface area (BSA). Control subjects (n=118), matched by age, gender, smoking status and ethnicity, were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES). Results: AD patients had significantly increased serum CRP levels compared to controls (0.7±1.0 vs. 0.4±0.7mg/dl; p=0.001). CRP levels were significantly correlated with both SCORAD (r=0.427, p=0.0008) and BSA (r=0.407, p=0.0015). IgE levels in AD were highly elevated (median 2903U/ml, IQR [234,10655]), but only weakly correlated with SCORAD (r=0.282, p=0.0427) and BSA (r=0.382, p=0.0052), but not with CRP levels. AD patients also showed increased LDH levels, but without significant correlations with disease severity (SCORAD, BSA) or CRP. Conclusions: Our study strongly supports CRP as a marker for disease severity in moderate-to-severe AD patients, further demonstrating its chronic systemic nature.
Secrecy and Patents: Theory and Evidence from the Uniform Trade Secrets Act
Authors: Png I. P. L. 
Published: September 2017

How should firms use patents and secrecy as appropriability mechanisms? Consider technologies that differ in the likelihood of being invented around or reverse engineered. Here, I develop the profit-maximizing strategy: (i) on the internal margin, the marginal patent balances appropriability relative to cost of patents vis-a-vis secrecy, and (ii) on the external margin, commercialize products that yield non-negative profit. To test the theory, I exploit staggered enactment of the Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA), using other uniform laws as instruments. The Act was associated with 38.6% fewer patents after one year, and smaller effects in later years. The Act was associated with larger effect on companies that earned higher margins, spent more on R&D, and faced weaker enforcement of covenants not to compete. The empirical findings are consistent with businesses actively choosing between patent and secrecy as appropriability mechanisms, and appropriability affecting the number of products commercialized.The online supplement is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/stsc.2017.0035 .
Enacting Authenticity: Peter Nichols’s Passion Play and Søren Kierkegaard’s Either/Or in Dialogue
Authors: Rokotnitz Naomi 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis article expands and develops current reformulations of the term ‘authenticity’ by juxtaposing Peter Nichols’s dramatic presentation of (in)authentic behavior in Passion Play, Søren Kierkegaard’s writings on authenticity, and recent studies in psychology and affective neuroscience. Re-thinking Kierkegaard’s views on identity and autonomy in relation to Nichols’s presentation of the experiences of betrayal, despair, and self-governance, the article explores how innovative theatrical performance may cause spectators to physically simulate various modes of existential choice, and elucidates the constitutive role played by bodily responses in the shaping of self-understanding and interpersonal communication. While sharing aspects of Kierkegaard’s category of the ‘individual’, as a person who is fully conscious of him/her self and takes responsibility for that self’s conduct, the model of authentic self-becoming that emerges from this discussion is anchored in a balance between attunement to bodily cues, self-directed reflection, and decisive action.
Wallace Stevens’s Poetics of the Other
Authors: Eken Bülent 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis article reveals a central yet hitherto unsuspected meditation in Wallace Stevens on the problem of the other person in relation to the concept of the other construed by Gilles Deleuze as the “expression of a possible world” (1990: 308). It demonstrates that, seen from this perspective, the figure of subjectivity appears to be a rhetorical means in the service of a poetics centered on the other. In readings of Stevens, it traces the way in which he thinks through the question of the other and detects two main forms in which this is registered in the poems: the other is either associated with ‘possibility’, an occasion of euphoric affects, or with the foreclosure of a more fundamental reality, an ‘outside’, of which the other is merely a phenomenal representative and which occasions poignant affects. The reading of Stevens’s late poem “Prologues to What Is Possible” shows that these two poles in relation to the other are juxtaposed in a paradigmatic manner.
‘Sublime Oilscapes’: Literary Depictions of Landscapes Transformed by the Oil Industry
Authors: Löschnigg Maria 
Published: September 2017

AbstractLiterary reactions to the transformation of landscape by modern technology foreground the fragility of the planet while at the same time suggesting notions of immensity and inspiring awe. Oil mining, in particular, threatens and destroys essential mega-biotopes, as for example two of the biggest wetlands on earth, the Athabasca Tar Sands in Canada’s northern Alberta and the Niger Delta in southern Nigeria. While we are flooded, daily, by media reports on environmental damage and by scientifically based scenarios of future catastrophes, it is literature with its specifically ambiguous and multidimensional make-up, which proves to be an ideal medium to foreground the ambivalence of twenty-first century societies regarding their attitude towards a radically modified natural environment. The double aesthetics of the sublime, in particular, proves to be a congenial creative (and critical) approach to these fear- and awe-inspiring landscapes, which have been forged and shaped by technology and industry. In my essay I want to show how twenty-first century Canadian and Nigerian writers have responded to the effects of oil mining in their respective countries by drawing on notions of the sublime as they came to be articulated by Edmund Burke in the eighteenth century and have been taken up by scholars in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Through their narrative and poetic ‘sublime oilscapes’ these authors effectively foreground the problems inherent in the split attitude of contemporary societies.
Dose-response effects of sage (Salvia officinalis) and yarrow (Achillea millefolium) essential oils on rumen fermentation in vitro
Authors: Kahvand Mina , Malecky Mostafa 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This study aimed at determining the chemical composition of sage essential oil (SEO) and yarrow essential oil (YEO), and investigate in vitro their impacts on gas production kinetics, ruminal digestibility and fermentation, and rumen methanogenesis at different dosages (0, 250, 500 and 750 mg L-1 for SEO; and 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg L−1 for YEO). Alpha-pinene and 1,8 cineol were two major constituents of both SEO and YEO. Both SEO and YEO had a linear and quadratic effect on asymptotic gas production (P<0.05). The gas production rate increased linearly with SEO and curve-linearly with YEO dosages (P<0.05). In vitro degradability of dry matter and organic matter decreased only by YEO. The partitioning factor (PF) and the microbial biomass (MB) decreased and increased linearly with YEO and SEO dosages, respectively (P<0.05). Total volatile fatty acids (VFA ) were not affected by SEO, but decreased in a linear and quadratic manner with YEO dosage (P<0.05). The VFA pattern was modified in a linear and quadratic manner by both SEO and YEO (P<0.05). Ammonia concentration increased linearly only with YEO increasing doses. The methane to total gas (TG) ratio decreased quadratically only by SEO with reductions of 6.7, 13 and 4.2% at the doses of 250, 500 and 750 mg L−1, respectively. These results revealed that SEO modifies the rumen fermentation positively towards producing more MB and less methane in the dose range of 0-750 mg L−1, however, YEO adversely affected the rumen fermentation at all the tested doses.
On the cyclicality of real wages and wage differentials
Authors: Otrok Christopher , Pourpourides Panayiotis M. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Previous empirical literature suggests that estimated wage cyclicality depends on the structure of the relationship between real wages and an observed indicator of the business cycle that econometric models impose prior to estimation. This paper, alleviates the problem of imposing such structure by searching directly for the largest common cycles in longitudinal microdata using a Bayesian dynamic latent factor model. We find that the comovement of real wages is related to a common factor that exhibits a significant but imperfect correlation with the national unemployment rate. Among others, our findings indicate that the common factor explains, on average, no more than 9% of wage variation, it accounts for 20% or less of the wage variability for 88% of the workers in the sample and roughly half of the wages move procyclically while half move countercyclically. These facts are inconsistent with claims of a strong systematic relationship between real wages and business cycles.
Nomenclatural notes on some annual mallows (Malvaceae)
Authors: Iamonico Duilio 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA nomenclatural study concerning the annual mallows (Lavaterasect.Lavatera) is presented here. The namesLavatera africana,L. biennis,L. grandiflora,L. moschataby Miergues,L. punctata,L. punctatavar.maroccana,L. rosea,L. trimestrisvar.brachypoda,L. trimestrisvar.trimestrisf.colorata,Olbia deflexa, andStegia lavateraare investigated.Lavatera grandiflora,L. rosea,L. moschataby Miergues,Olbia deflexa, andStegia lavateraare illegitimate names according to Arts. 52.1, 52.2 or 53.1 of the ICN. The other names are valid and legitimate and are lecto- or neotypified on specimens preserved in the herbaria BM, LE, MAF, MPU, P, and TO. Three species belonging toLavaterasect.Lavateraare AcceptedL. trimestriss.lat.,L. maroccana, andL. punctata(=Olbia deflexa, nom. superfl. et illeg. =L. biennis). Three varieties are here recognized forL. trimestris: var.trimestris(≡Malva rosea, nom. superfl. et illeg.Lavatera grandiflora, nom. superfl. et illeg.Stegia lavatera, nom. superfl. et illeg. =L. africana=L. trimestrisvar.trimestrisf.colorata), var.brachypoda, and var.moschata(a new combination).
Detection of avian reoviruses in wild birds in Poland
Authors: Styś-Fijoł Natalia , Kozdruń Wojciech , Czekaj Hanna 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of avian reovirus (ARV) infections in wild birds in Poland and attempt to propagate the selected ARV strains in chicken embryo kidney (CEK) cells or chicken SPF embryos. Material and Methods: The study included 192 wild birds representing 32 species, collected between 2014 and 2016. A part of the S4 segment encoding the σNS protein of avian reoviruses (ARVs) isolated from different species of wild birds from that period was amplified. Results: The presence of ARV was demonstrated in 58 (30.2%) wild birds belonging to nine orders. The isolated strains were propagated in chicken embryos by yolk sac inoculation, and CPE was induced in the infected CEK monolayer. Agar gel precipitation showed that two ARV isolates from rock pigeon and mute swan shared a common groupspecific antigen with chicken reovirus S1133. Specific products of predicted size were found in two ARV isolates from the chicken embryo passage and 13 ARVs isolated from CEK cells. Conclusion: The study indicates the high prevalence of ARV among wild birds in Poland and its possible transmission to farmed birds.
Development of a recombinant protein-based ELISA for detection of antibodies against bovine foamy virus
Authors: Materniak-Kornas Magdalena , Osiński Zbigniew , Rudzki Marcin , Kuźmak Jacek 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIntroduction: Infections with bovine foamy virus (BFV) were found in many countries but there is a lack of large-scale surveys on the prevalence of BFV among dairy cattle. The aim of this study was to develop and validate the recombinant Gag protein-based ELISA and to estimate the prevalence of antibodies against BFV. Material and Methods: Gag coding region from BFV was cloned into expression vector pT7Arg-STOP, which expressed a high level of recombinant Gag protein from E.coli. The ELISA was standardised, and the cut-off value and sensitivity and specificity of the test were calculated using a receiver operating characteristic and Bayesian estimation. Results: A total of 3,051 serum samples were tested by ELISA and 939 (30.8%) sera were recognised as positive. When Bayesian approach was used, the overall true BFV prevalence was 29.7% (95% CI: 25.9-33.4%). Conclusion: Expressed Gag protein of BFV has been used successfully as an antigen for ELISA. Eventually, this study provides basic information about the epidemiological status of infection with BFV in dairy cattle in Poland, which can be used for further studies on dissemination and transmission of BFV infection.