bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Embedding Remittances: A Methodological Note on Financial Diaries in Nicaragua
Authors: Winters Nanneke 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn response to the methodological challenge of embedding remittances to counter dominant development discourses, this paper aims to contribute to remittances research by discussing financial diaries in Muy Muy, Nicaragua. Based on longitudinal and integrated quantitative and qualitative tracking of migrant household practices, financial diaries facilitate explorations of the social and contextual dimensions of remittances that may help account for their heterogeneous character. In particular, the paper highlights the partiality of diaries as well as the translocal interdependency and irregularity of household practices, providing clues for integrating remittances instead of isolating them as neutral instrumental transfers. It uses the example of household debt to further anchor remittances locally, illustrating how financial diaries can expose the changes and considerations that are part of household practices, including remittances. The paper concludes by suggesting that financial diaries need a decisively qualitative framework and may be particularly useful in contexts characterised by multiple migrations.
Identifiability Analysis of Finite Element Models for Vibration Response-Based Structural Damage Detection in Elastic Beams
Authors: Liu Yuhang , Zhou Shiyu , Tang Jiong 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Finite element model (FEM) is a broadly used numerical tool in structural damage detection. In such applications, damage parameters in FEM are estimated by minimizing the differences between experimental modal analysis data and the corresponding FEM model prediction. Very limited works exist on analyzing the identifiability of the FEM used in such applications. In this paper, the identifiability of FEM-based structural damage detection is investigated for undamped elastic beams. We theoretically proved that damage severity at a given location in a uniform beam is identifiable by reformulating the FEM into a linear time invariant (LTI) system. A numerical algorithm is also proposed for checking the identifiability issue of multiple damage locations. Numerical case studies are provided to validate the effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed framework.
Coinfections of Zika and Chikungunya Viruses in Bahia, Brazil, Identified by Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing
Authors: Sardi Silvia I. , Somasekar Sneha , Naccache Samia N. , Bandeira Antonio C. , Tauro Laura B. , Campos Gubio S. , Chiu Charles Y. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of samples from 15 patients with documented Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in Bahia, Brazil, from April 2015 to January 2016 identified coinfections with chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in 2 of 15 ZIKV-positive cases by PCR (13.3%). While generally nonspecific, the clinical presentation corresponding to these two CHIKV/ZIKV coinfections reflected infection by the virus present at a higher titer. Aside from CHIKV and ZIKV, coinfections of other viral pathogens were not detected. The mNGS approach is promising for differential diagnosis of acute febrile illness and identification of coinfections, although targeted arbovirus screening may be sufficient in the current ZIKV outbreak setting.
Identification by Molecular Methods and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry and Antifungal Susceptibility Profiles of Clinically Significant Rare Aspergillus Species in a Referral Chest Hospital in Delhi, India
Authors: Masih Aradhana , Singh Pradeep K. , Kathuria Shallu , Agarwal Kshitij , Meis Jacques F. , Chowdhary Anuradha 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Aspergillus
species cause a wide spectrum of clinical infections. Although
Aspergillus fumigatus
and
Aspergillus flavus
remain the most commonly isolated species in aspergillosis, in the last decade, rare and cryptic
Aspergillus
species have emerged in diverse clinical settings. The present study analyzed the distribution and
in vitro
antifungal susceptibility profiles of rare
Aspergillus
species in clinical samples from patients with suspected aspergillosis in 8 medical centers in India. Further, a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry in-house database was developed to identify these clinically relevant
Aspergillus
species. β-Tubulin and calmodulin gene sequencing identified 45 rare
Aspergillus
isolates to the species level, except for a solitary isolate. They included 23 less common
Aspergillus
species belonging to 12 sections, mainly in
Circumdati
,
Nidulantes
,
Flavi
,
Terrei
,
Versicolores
,
Aspergillus
, and
Nigri
. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) identified only 8 (38%) of the 23 rare
Aspergillus
isolates to the species level. Following the creation of an in-house database with the remaining 14 species not available in the Bruker database, the MALDI-TOF MS identification rate increased to 95%. Overall, high MICs of ≥2 μg/ml were noted for amphotericin B in 29% of the rare
Aspergillus
species, followed by voriconazole in 20% and isavuconazole in 7%, whereas MICs of >0.5 μg/ml for posaconazole were observed in 15% of the isolates. Regarding the clinical diagnoses in 45 patients with positive rare
Aspergillus
species cultures, 19 (42%) were regarded to represent colonization. In the remaining 26 patients, rare
Aspergillus
species were the etiologic agent of invasive, chronic, and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, allergic fungal rhinosinusitis, keratitis, and mycetoma.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Bacterial DNA Load in the Pharynges and Saliva of Men Who Have Sex with Men
Authors: Chow Eric P. F. , Tabrizi Sepehr N. , Phillips Samuel , Lee David , Bradshaw Catriona S. , Chen Marcus Y. , Fairley Christopher K. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Neisseria gonorrhoeae
can be cultured in the saliva of individuals with pharyngeal gonorrhea. The aim of this study was to quantify the gonococcal bacterial DNA loads in the pharynges and saliva among men who have sex with men (MSM) with untreated pharyngeal gonorrhea. Untreated MSM who tested positive for pharyngeal gonorrhea by culture and returned for antibiotic treatment within 14 days at the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre between October 2014 and March 2015 were eligible for this study. The gonococcal bacterial DNA load was measured using real-time quantitative PCR. The median gonococcal bacterial DNA loads in the pharynges and saliva were calculated and compared to culture positivity using the Mann-Whitney U test. A total of 33 men were included in this study. The median gonococcal bacterial DNA load did not differ between the pharynges in men who were culture positive (2.5 × 10
5
copies/swab) and culture negative (2.9 × 10
4
copies/swab) (
P
= 0.166) and the saliva (culture positive, 2.2 × 10
5
copies/ml; culture negative, 2.7 × 10
5
copies/ml) (
P
= 0.499). The bacterial DNA load in the pharynges (
P
= 0.695) and saliva (
P
= 0.969) did not differ between who men returned for treatment within 7 days and those who returned 8 to 14 days later. Substantial gonococcal bacterial DNA loads were detected in both saliva and pharynges among MSM with pharyngeal gonorrhea. These findings suggest that gonorrhea can be transmitted via sexual practices involving exposure to saliva, such as oroanal practices (rimming) and saliva use as a lubricant for anal sex.
Commentary: The First Fully Automated Molecular Diagnostic Panel for Meningitis and Encephalitis: How Well Does It Perform, and When Should It Be Used?
Authors: Hanson Kimberly E. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Rapid and accurate molecular diagnostic tests for the most common causes of infectious meningitis and encephalitis have the potential for high clinical impact. In this issue of the
Journal of Clinical Microbiology
, Leber et al. (J Clin Microbiol 54:2251–2261, 2016,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00730-16
) report results from a large clinical study designed to prospectively assess the performance of the FilmArray meningitis/encephalitis panel compared to conventional methods.
Human Papillomavirus Entry: Hiding in a Bubble
Authors: DiGiuseppe Stephen , Bienkowska-Haba Malgorzata , Sapp Martin 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
Incoming human papillomavirus (HPV) utilize vesicular transport to traffic from the plasma membrane to the trans-Golgi network. Following nuclear envelope breakdown during mitosis, the viral DNA associates with condensed chromosomes utilizing spindle microtubules for delivery. Most intriguingly, the viral DNA resides in a transport vesicle until mitosis is completed and the nuclear envelope has reformed. This finding provides support for the transient existence of nuclear membrane-bound vesicles. Due to their transient nature, it also points to the existence of a cell pathway for the disposal of vesicles ending up fortuitously or purposefully in the nucleus.
Prioritising the care of critically ill children: a pilot study using SCREEN reduces clinic waiting times
Authors: Hansoti Bhakti , Dalwai Mohammed , Katz Joanne , Kidd Martin , Maconochie Ian , Labrique Alain , Wallis Lee 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveIn low-resource settings, childhood mortality secondary to delays in triage and treatment remains high. This paper seeks to evaluate the impact of the novel Sick Children Require Emergency Evaluation Now (SCREEN) tool on the waiting times of critically ill children who present for care to primary healthcare clinics in Cape Town, South Africa.MethodsWe used a pre/postevaluation study design to calculate the median waiting times of all children who presented to four randomly chosen clinics for 5 days before, and 5 days after, the implementation of SCREEN.FindingsThe SCREEN programme resulted in statistical and clinically significant reductions in waiting times for children with critical illness to see a professional nurse (2 hours 45 min to 1 hour 12 min; p<0.001). There was also a statistically significant reduction in the proportion of children who left without being seen by a professional nurse (25.8% to 18.48%; p<0.001).ConclusionsSCREEN is a novel programme that uses readily available laypersons, trained to make a subjective assessment of children arriving at primary healthcare centres, and provides a low cost, simple methodology to prioritise children and reduce waiting times in low-resource healthcare clinics.
Other side of the coin for personalised medicine and healthcare: content analysis of ‘personalised’ practices in the literature
Authors: Cesuroglu Tomris , Syurina Elena , Feron Frans , Krumeich Anja 
Published: July 2016

ObjectivesVarious terms and definitions are used to describe personalised approaches to medicine and healthcare, but in ambiguous and inconsistent ways. They mostly have been defined in a top-down manner. However, actual practices might take different paths. Here, we aimed to provide a ‘practice-based’ perspective on the debate by analysing the content of ‘personalised’ practices published in the literature.MethodsThe search in PubMed and EMBASE (April 2014) using the terms frequently used for personalised approaches resulted in 5333 records. 2 independent researchers used different strategies for screening, resulting in 157 articles describing 88 ‘personalised’ practices that were implemented/presented on at least 1 individual/patient case. The content analysis was grounded on these data and did not have a priori analytical frameworks.Results‘Personalised medicine/healthcare’ can be a commodity in the healthcare market, a way how health services are provided, or a keyword for emerging applications. It can help individuals/patients to gain control of their health, health professionals to provide better services, healthcare organisations to increase effectiveness and efficiency, or national health systems to increase performance. Country examples indicated that for integration of practices into health services, attitude towards innovations and health system and policy context is important. Categorisation based on the terms or the technologies used, if any, was not possible.ConclusionsThis study is the first to provide a comprehensive content analysis of the ‘personalised’ practices in the literature. Unlike the top-down definitions, our findings highlighted not the technologies but real-life issues faced by the practices. ‘Personalised medicine’ and ‘personalised healthcare’ can be differentiated by using the former for specific tools available and the latter for health services with a holistic approach, implemented in certain contexts. To realise integration of ‘personalised medicine/healthcare’ into real life, science, technology, health policy and practice, and society domains must work together.
COBA-Cohort: a prospective cohort of HIV-negative men who have sex with men, attending community-based HIV testing services in five European countries (a study protocol)
Authors: Lorente Nicolas , Fernàndez-López Laura , Fuertes Ricardo , Rojas Castro Daniela , Pichon François , Cigan Bojan , Chanos Sophocles , Meireles Paula , Lucas Raquel , Morel Stéphane , Slaaen Kaye Per , Agustí Cristina , Klavs Irena , Platteau Tom , Casabona Jordi 
Published: July 2016

IntroductionCommunity-based voluntary counselling and testing (CBVCT) services for men who have sex with men (MSM) can reach those most-at-risk and provide an environment for gay men that is likely to be non-stigmatising. Longitudinal data on the behaviour of HIV-negative MSM are scarce in Europe. The aim of this protocol, developed during the Euro HIV Early Diagnosis And Treatment (EDAT) project, is to implement a multicentre community-based cohort of HIV-negative MSM attending 15 CBVCT services in 5 European countries.Research objectives(1) To describe the patterns of CBVCT use, (2) to estimate HIV incidence, and to identify determinants of (3) HIV seroconversion and (4) HIV and/or sexually transmitted infection (STI) test-seeking behaviour.Methods and analysisAll MSM aged 18 years or over and who had a negative HIV test result are invited to participate in the COmmunity-BAsed Cohort (COBA-Cohort). Study enrolment started in February 2015, and is due to continue for at least 12 months at each study site. Follow-up frequency depends on the testing recommendations in each country (at least 1 test per year). Sociodemographic data are collected at baseline; baseline and follow-up questionnaires both gather data on attitudes and perceptions, discrimination, HIV/STI testing history, sexual behaviour, condom use, and pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis. Descriptive, exploratory and multivariate analyses will be performed to address the main research objectives of this study, using appropriate statistical tests and models. These analyses will be performed on the whole cohort data and stratified by study site or country.Ethics and disseminationThe study was approved by the Public Health authorities of each country where the study is being implemented. Findings from the COBA-Cohort study will be summarised in a report to the European Commission, and in leaflets to be distributed to study participants. Articles and conference abstracts will be submitted to peer-reviewed journals and conferences.
Protocol for a randomised control trial of methylnaltrexone for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation and gastrointestinal stasis in intensive care patients (MOTION)
Authors: Patel Parind B , Brett Stephen J , O'Callaghan David , Anjum Aisha , Cross Mary , Warwick Jane , Gordon Anthony C 
Published: July 2016

IntroductionGastrointestinal dysmotility and constipation are common problems in intensive care patients. The majority of critical care patients are sedated with opioids to facilitate tolerance of endotracheal tubes and mechanical ventilation, which inhibit gastrointestinal motility and lead to adverse outcomes. Methylnaltrexone is a peripheral opioid antagonist that does not cross the blood–brain barrier and can reverse the peripheral side effects of opioids without affecting the desired central properties. This trial will investigate whether methylnaltrexone can reverse opioid-induced constipation and gastrointestinal dysmotility.MethodsThis is a single-centre, multisite, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. 84 patients will be recruited from 4 intensive care units (ICUs) within Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust. Patients will receive intravenous methylnaltrexone or placebo on a daily basis if they are receiving opioid infusion to facilitate mechanical ventilation and have not opened their bowels for 48 hours. All patients will receive standard laxatives as per the clinical ICU bowel protocol prior to randomisation. The primary outcome of the trial will be time to significant rescue-free laxation following randomisation. Secondary outcomes will include tolerance of enteral feed, gastric residual volumes, incidence of pneumonia, blood stream andClostridium difficileinfection, and any reversal of central opioid effects.Ethics and disseminationThe trial protocol, the patient/legal representative information sheets and consent forms have been reviewed and approved by the Harrow Research Ethics Committee (REC Reference 14/LO/2004). An independent Trial Steering Committee and Data Monitoring Committee are in place, with patient representation. On completion, the trial results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at national and international scientific meetings.Trial registration number2014-004687-37; Pre-results.
Impact of Routine Fractional Flow Reserve Evaluation During Coronary Angiography on Management Strategy and Clinical Outcome
Authors: Baptista Sergio Bravo , Raposo Luís , Santos Lino , Ramos Ruben , Calé Rita , Jorge Elisabete , Machado Carina , Costa Marco , Infante de Oliveira Eduardo , Costa João , Pipa João , Fonseca Nuno , Guardado Jorge , Silva Bruno , Sousa Maria-João , Silva João Carlos , Rodrigues Alberto , Seca Luís , Fernandes Renato 
Published: July 2016

Background—
Penetration of fractional flow reserve (FFR) in clinical practice varies extensively, and the applicability of results from randomized trials is understudied. We describe the extent to which the information gained from routine FFR affects patient management strategy and clinical outcome.

Methods and Results—

Nonselected patients undergoing coronary angiography, in which at least 1 lesion was interrogated by FFR, were prospectively enrolled in a multicenter registry. FFR-driven change in management strategy (medical therapy, revascularization, or additional stress imaging) was assessed per-lesion and per-patient, and the agreement between final and initial strategies was recorded. Cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or unplanned revascularization (MACE) at 1 year was recorded. A total of 1293 lesions were evaluated in 918 patients (mean FFR, 0.81±0.1). Management plan changed in 406 patients (44.2%) and 584 lesions (45.2%). One-year MACE was 6.9%; patients in whom all lesions were deferred had a lower MACE rate (5.3%) than those with at least 1 lesion revascularized (7.3%) or left untreated despite FFR≤0.80 (13.6%; log-rank
P
=0.014). At the lesion level, deferral of those with an FFR≤0.80 was associated with a 3.1-fold increase in the hazard of cardiovascular death/myocardial infarction/target lesion revascularization (
P
=0.012). Independent predictors of target lesion revascularization in the deferred lesions were proximal location of the lesion, B2/C type and FFR.

Conclusions—
Routine FFR assessment of coronary lesions safely changes management strategy in almost half of the cases. Also, it accurately identifies patients and lesions with a low likelihood of events, in which revascularization can be safely deferred, as opposed to those at high risk when ischemic lesions are left untreated, thus confirming results from randomized trials.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01835808.
European Society of Cardiology–Recommended Coronary Artery Disease Consortium Pretest Probability Scores More Accurately Predict Obstructive Coronary Disease and Cardiovascular Events Than the Diamond and Forrester Score
Authors: Bittencourt Marcio Sommer , Hulten Edward , Polonsky Tamar S. , Hoffman Udo , Nasir Khurram , Abbara Suhny , Di Carli Marcelo , Blankstein Ron 
Published: July 2016

Background:
The most appropriate score for evaluating the pretest probability of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) is unknown. We sought to compare the Diamond-Forrester (DF) score with the 2 CAD consortium scores recently recommended by the European Society of Cardiology.

Methods:
We included 2274 consecutive patients (age, 56±13 years; 57% male) without prior CAD referred for coronary computed tomographic angiography. Computed tomographic angiography findings were used to determine the presence or absence of obstructive CAD (≥50% stenosis). We compared the DF score with the 2 CAD consortium scores with respect to their ability to predict obstructive CAD and the potential implications of these scores on the downstream use of testing for CAD, as recommended by current guidelines.

Results:

The DF score did not satisfactorily fit the data and resulted in a significant overestimation of the prevalence of obstructive CAD (
P
<0.001); the CAD consortium basic score had no significant lack of fitness; and the CAD consortium clinical provided adequate goodness of fit (
P
=0.39). The DF score had a lower discrimination for obstructive CAD, with an area under the receiver-operating characteristics curve of 0.713 versus 0.752 and 0.791 for the CAD consortium models (
P
<0.001 for both). Consequently, the use of the DF score was associated with fewer individuals being categorized as requiring no additional testing (8.3%) compared with the CAD consortium models (24.6% and 30.0%;
P
<0.001). The proportion of individuals with a high pretest probability was 18% with the DF and only 1.1% with the CAD consortium scores (
P
<0.001)

Conclusions:
Among contemporary patients referred for noninvasive testing, the DF risk score overestimates the risk of obstructive CAD. On the other hand, the CAD consortium scores offered improved goodness of fit and discrimination; thus, their use could decrease the need for noninvasive or invasive testing while increasing the yield of such tests.
Jehovah’s Witnesses and Blood Transfusions: An Analysis of the Legal Protections Afforded to Adults and Children in European/English Human Rights Contexts
Authors: Ó Néill Clayton 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This article considers the degree to which the religious beliefs of Jehovah’s Witnesses are given consideration in European and English courts. Adults’ refusal of blood transfusions is examined within the context of European human rights jurisprudence. A focus is also placed on the position of Jehovah’s Witness children who refuse blood transfusions in the specific context of English medical law due to the prevalence of related case law in this jurisdiction. It is argued that the European Court of Human Rights has given appropriate protection to the will-rights of competent adult Jehovah’s Witnesses who refuse blood transfusions. The position of children is somewhat different, and it is suggested that the courts should give greater consideration to the rights of competent children to manifest their religious beliefs.