bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of traumatic dental injuries on quality of life in preschoolers and schoolchildren: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zaror Carlos , Martínez‐Zapata María José , Abarca Jaime , Díaz Jaime , Pardo Yolanda , Pont Àngels , Ferrer Montse 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObjectivesTraumatic dental injuries (TDIs) in childhood and adolescence are a potential public health problem given their prevalence and consequences. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of TDIs on the oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) of preschoolers and schoolchildren, by synthesizing the available evidence.MethodsA systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, ScieLo and Lilacs databases since January 1966 until March 2016. The included studies compared OHRQoL between groups with and without TDIs, using validated instruments. The selection process and data extraction were carried out by two researchers independently. A third reviewer resolved discrepancies. Methodological quality was assessed with the Effective Public Health Practice Project's Quality Assessment Tool. Meta‐analyses were performed using random effect models, separately for preschoolers and schoolchildren.ResultsOf 213 identified articles, 26 studies (involving a total of 4582 patients and 13 601 controls between the ages of 1 and 15 years) met the inclusion criteria. Most of the studies had been published in the last 5 years, and their methodological quality was judged to be moderate. The TDIs group had a significantly higher chance of reporting any impact on OHRQoL than controls for both preschoolers (OR = 1.44; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.28‐1.63; I2 = 0%) and schoolchildren (OR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.04‐1.66; I2 = 70%). In preschoolers, the OR for OHRQoL impact for complicated vs uncomplicated TDIs was 1.53 (95% CI: 1.04‐2.26; I2 = 0%). The social domain was the most affected one in schoolchildren (standard mean difference = 0.34; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.55; I2 = 68%).ConclusionTraumatic dental injuries have a negative impact on OHRQoL of both preschoolers and schoolchildren. Outcome standardization to measure OHRQoL impact, such as mean score differences and cut‐off points, is needed. Prospective cohort studies are recommended to confirm these findings and to understand how TDIs’ impact changes with time.
Haemoglobin concentrations in pregnancy and respiratory and allergic outcomes in childhood: Birth cohort study
Authors: Shaheen S. O. , Macdonald‐Wallis C. , Lawlor D. A. , Henderson A. J. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryBackgroundLimited epidemiological evidence suggests that low maternal iron status and anaemia in pregnancy may increase the risk of childhood respiratory and allergic outcomes.ObjectivesTo investigate the relation between maternal haemoglobin concentrations in pregnancy and childhood respiratory and allergic outcomes.MethodsIn the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), we examined associations of maternal haemoglobin concentrations (g/dL) in pregnancy with hayfever, eczema, wheezing, doctor‐diagnosed asthma, allergic sensitisation and total IgE at 7 years, and with lung function at 8‐9 years in the offspring, after controlling for potential confounders (N = 3234‐5335).ResultsMaternal haemoglobin was not associated with offspring hayfever, eczema, wheezing or asthma. However, the first haemoglobin measurement in pregnancy (<18 weeks' gestation) and the last measurement (>28 weeks' gestation) were negatively associated with allergic sensitisation (adjusted odds ratio [95% CI] per g/dL 0.91 [0.83 to 0.99] and 0.90 [0.83 to 0.98], respectively). The last haemoglobin measurement was also negatively associated with total IgE (adjusted geometric mean ratio 0.94 [0.88 to 0.99]). Anaemia (haemoglobin <11 g/dL) in late pregnancy was negatively associated with forced vital capacity (difference in standard deviation score −0.07 [−0.13 to −0.01]).Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceLower maternal haemoglobin in pregnancy may be a risk factor for allergic sensitisation, elevated IgE and lower FVC in childhood, which may reflect effects of lower prenatal iron status. However, maternal haemoglobin was not associated with risk of childhood asthma or other allergic disorders.
Overall and peripheral lung function assessment by spirometry and forced oscillation technique in relation to asthma diagnosis and control
Authors: Heijkenskjöld Rentzhog C. , Janson C. , Berglund L. , Borres M. P. , Nordvall L. , Alving K. , Malinovschi A. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryBackgroundClassic spirometry is effort dependent and of limited value in assessing small airways. Peripheral airway involvement, and relation to poor control, in asthma, has been highlighted recently. Forced oscillation technique (FOT) offers an effort‐independent assessment of overall and peripheral lung mechanics. We studied the association between lung function variables, obtained either by spirometry or multifrequency (5, 11 and 19 Hz) FOT, and asthma diagnosis and control.MethodsSpirometry measures, resistance at 5 (R5) and 19 Hz (R19), reactance at 5 Hz (X5), resonant frequency (fres), resistance difference between 5‐19 Hz (R5‐R19) and Asthma Control Test scores were determined in 234 asthmatic and 60 healthy subjects (aged 13‐39 years). We used standardized lung function variables in logistic regression analyses, unadjusted and adjusted for age, height, gender and weight.ResultsLower FEV1/FVC (OR [95% CI] 0.47 [0.32, 0.69]) and FEF50 (0.62 [0.46, 0.85]) per standard deviation increase, and higher R5 (3.31 [1.95, 5.62]) and R19 (2.54 [1.65, 3.91]) were associated with asthma diagnosis. Independent predictive effects of FEV1/FVC and R5 or R19, respectively, were found for asthma diagnosis. Lower FEV1/FVC and altered peripheral FOT measures (X5, fres and R5‐R19) were associated with uncontrolled asthma (P‐values < .05).ConclusionsResistance FOT measures were equally informative as spirometry, related to asthma diagnosis, and, furthermore, offered additive information to FEV1/FVC, supporting a complementary role for FOT. Asthma control was related to FOT measures of peripheral airways, suggesting a potential use in identifying such involvement. Further studies are needed to determine a clinical value and relevant reference values in children, for the multifrequency FOT measurements.
What can agencies do to increase foster carer satisfaction?
Authors: Randle Melanie , Miller Leonie , Dolnicar Sara 
Published: September 2017

AbstractStable, long‐term foster care homes are critical to ensuring a safe and nurturing childhood for many children worldwide. Greater foster carer satisfaction is associated with increased carer retention and is therefore critical in securing such stable homes for children. The purpose of this study is to determine which factors associated with foster care agencies contribute to higher levels of foster carer satisfaction. Results from a longitudinal study of 137 foster carers indicate that perceived adequacy of agency support, preplacement training, money to cover placement expenses, and a good match between the carer and the child are predictive of higher foster carer satisfaction. A mediation model further points to the provision of preplacement training as key to ensuring higher levels of satisfaction. Results offer new insights into factors related to foster carer retention and provide guidance to foster care agencies about actions that they can take to maximize the retention of foster carers.
ProactiveCrowd: Modelling Proactive Steering Behaviours for Agent‐Based Crowd Simulation
Authors: Luo Linbo , Chai Cheng , Ma Jianfeng , Zhou Suiping , Cai Wentong 
Published: September 2017

AbstractHow to realistically model an agent's steering behaviour is a critical issue in agent‐based crowd simulation. In this work, we investigate some proactive steering strategies for agents to minimize potential collisions. To this end, a behaviour‐based modelling framework is first introduced to model the process of how humans select and execute a proactive steering strategy in crowded situations and execute the corresponding behaviour accordingly. We then propose behaviour models for two inter‐related proactive steering behaviours, namely gap seeking and following. These behaviours can be frequently observed in real‐life scenarios, and they can easily affect overall crowd dynamics. We validate our work by evaluating the simulation results of our model with the real‐world data and comparing the performance of our model with that of two state‐of‐the‐art crowd models. The results show that the performance of our model is better or at least comparable to the compared models in terms of the realism at both individual and crowd levels.
Biodiversity Sensitive Urban Design
Authors: Garrard Georgia E. , Williams Nicholas S. G. , Mata Luis , Thomas Jordan , Bekessy Sarah A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractCities are increasingly considered important places for biodiversity conservation because they can harbor threatened species and because conservation in cities represents an opportunity to reconnect people with nature and the range of health and well‐being benefits it provides. However, urbanization can be catastrophic for native species, and is a well‐known threat to biodiversity worldwide. Urbanization impacts can be mitigated by urban design and development improvements, but take‐up of these practices has been slow. There is an urgent need to incorporate existing ecological knowledge into a framework that can be used by planners and developers to ensure that biodiversity conservation is considered in decision‐making processes. Here, we distill the urban biodiversity literature into five principles for biodiversity sensitive urban design (BSUD), ranging from creating habitat and promoting dispersal to facilitating community stewardship. We then present a framework for implementing BSUD aimed at delivering onsite benefits to biodiversity, and that is applicable across a range of urban development types and densities. We illustrate the application of the BSUD framework in two case studies focusing on the: (1) protection of an endangered vegetation remnant in a new low‐density subdivision; and (2) persistence of an endangered reptile in an established suburban environment.
Clinical experience of a new reference material for exercise capacity in exercise stress testing in Sweden
Authors: Lindow Thomas , Mosén Henrik , Engblom Henrik 
Published: September 2017

SummaryBackgroundIn 2014, the Swedish Association of Clinical Physiology recommended the use of a new reference material for exercise capacity in bicycle exercise stress testing, ‘the Kalmar material’. Compared to the formerly used reference material, ‘the Kristianstad material’, an increase in the amount of patients being classified as having decreased exercise capacity was expected, but the extent of this in clinical practice is not known.MethodsResults of exercise capacity from 1449 bicycle exercise tests, in patients aged ≥20 years (656 women, 793 men) performed at two departments of Clinical Physiology before and after change of reference materials, were collected. Maximal workload was related to the predicted values of both reference materials. If made, recommendations for supplemental nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging study by the attending physician were noted.ResultsUsing the new reference material, 31% of all patients were classified as having a decreased exercise capacity, compared to 17% using the formerly used reference material. The difference between the two reference materials was largest in the older age groups. In one of the departments, an increase in recommendations of supplemental myocardial perfusion studies was seen after introduction of the new reference material, whereas the opposite was seen at the other department.ConclusionA large amount of patients are being classified as having decreased exercise capacity and very few as having good exercise capacity using the new reference material for exercise capacity.
Benefits and drawbacks of social non‐drinking identified by British university students
Authors: Conroy Dominic , de Visser Richard O. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIntroduction and AimsPromoting the benefits of not drinking alcohol during social occasions where other peers may be drinking (‘social non‐drinking’) may support more moderate drinking among young people. We analysed free‐text responses from university students to gauge the frequency/focus of identified benefits of, and drawbacks to, social non‐drinking. We also assessed whether/how identified benefits and drawbacks were associated with recent drinking behaviour and psychological correlates of harmful drinking.Design and MethodsSecondary data analyses were conducted on 511 free‐text responses provided by students participating in a health intervention. Template analysis was used to identify potential benefits of social non‐drinking. Links between responses relating to social non‐drinking and behavioural/psychological measures were assessed.Results46.2% of female students and 42.0% of male students had engaged in social non‐drinking in the previous week. Overarching benefits of social non‐drinking included: improved physical and psychological health; increased self‐esteem/agency; a higher quality social life and having a more stable/productive life. Hostility/ambivalence to social non‐drinking was evident in 26.6% of responses. Among women only, endorsing higher self‐esteem and agency as a benefit of social non‐drinking was associated with increased intention to heed government drinking recommendations (β = 0.10, P = 0.036).Discussion and ConclusionsFocus on social non‐drinking may help encourage more moderate drinking among young people by articulating positives of social non‐drinking while raising awareness of a changing normative context in which non‐drinking is increasingly more common among young people.
Assessment of the eradication measures applied to Phytophthora ramorum in Irish Larix kaempferi forests
Authors: O'Hanlon R. , Choiseul J. , Brennan J. M. , Grogan H. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryPhytophthora ramorum is the causal agent of the sudden larch death epidemic in Ireland and the UK. Within the EU, it is a quarantine pathogen and eradication measures are required if it is detected in horticultural or forest environments. Eradication measures in forests include the clearance of susceptible tree hosts from the infected stand along with all host known to support pathogen sporulation within a 250‐m buffer zone of the infected stand. Between 2010 and 2016, these measures have affected over 18,000 ha of Larix kaempferi forests in Ireland and the UK, but the epidemic continues to spread. An assessment of the efficacy of the eradication measures has not been published to date. Here, we provide details of the detection frequency of P. ramorum from aerial (rainwater) and terrestrial (soil, watercourses, plant material) sources in three forest locations in Ireland that had significant areas of L. kaempferi affected by P. ramorum before their removal. Monitoring of six plots with differing infection and eradication management histories was carried out from September 2013 to 2015. Presence of P. ramorum was confirmed by plating plant material onto selective media, followed by morphological identification. Phytophthora ramorum was detected in 65 of 1283 samples, in all sample types and in 17 of the 20 months sampled. Only three of the 295 soil samples were positive for P. ramorum, with all of these coming from an area under perennial standing water. The most positive samples came from a plot where symptomatic Larix trees had not been removed and the findings occurred consistently over the 2‐year study. Plots where infected Larix had been removed were rarely positive for P. ramorum across all the sample types indicating a level of success from the eradication measures in reducing pathogen levels on the sites.
Neural correlates of multisensory reliability and perceptual weights emerge at early latencies during audio‐visual integration
Authors: Boyle Stephanie C. , Kayser Stephanie J. , Kayser Christoph 
Published: September 2017

AbstractTo make accurate perceptual estimates, observers must take the reliability of sensory information into account. Despite many behavioural studies showing that subjects weight individual sensory cues in proportion to their reliabilities, it is still unclear when during a trial neuronal responses are modulated by the reliability of sensory information or when they reflect the perceptual weights attributed to each sensory input. We investigated these questions using a combination of psychophysics, EEG‐based neuroimaging and single‐trial decoding. Our results show that the weighted integration of sensory information in the brain is a dynamic process; effects of sensory reliability on task‐relevant EEG components were evident 84 ms after stimulus onset, while neural correlates of perceptual weights emerged 120 ms after stimulus onset. These neural processes had different underlying sources, arising from sensory and parietal regions, respectively. Together these results reveal the temporal dynamics of perceptual and neural audio‐visual integration and support the notion of temporally early and functionally specific multisensory processes in the brain.
Climate mitigation by dairy intensification depends on intensive use of spared grassland
Authors: Styles David , Gonzalez‐Mejia Alejandra , Moorby Jon , Foskolos Andreas , Gibbons James 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMilk and beef production cause 9% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Previous life cycle assessment (LCA) studies have shown that dairy intensification reduces the carbon footprint of milk by increasing animal productivity and feed conversion efficiency. None of these studies simultaneously evaluated indirect GHG effects incurred via teleconnections with expansion of feed crop production and replacement suckler‐beef production. We applied consequential LCA to incorporate these effects into GHG mitigation calculations for intensification scenarios among grazing‐based dairy farms in an industrialized country (UK), in which milk production shifts from average to intensive farm typologies, involving higher milk yields per cow and more maize and concentrate feed in cattle diets. Attributional LCA indicated a reduction of up to 0.10 kg CO2e kg−1 milk following intensification, reflecting improved feed conversion efficiency. However, consequential LCA indicated that land use change associated with increased demand for maize and concentrate feed, plus additional suckler‐beef production to replace reduced dairy‐beef output, significantly increased GHG emissions following intensification. International displacement of replacement suckler‐beef production to the “global beef frontier” in Brazil resulted in small GHG savings for the UK GHG inventory, but contributed to a net increase in international GHG emissions equivalent to 0.63 kg CO2e kg−1 milk. Use of spared dairy grassland for intensive beef production can lead to net GHG mitigation by replacing extensive beef production, enabling afforestation on larger areas of lower quality grassland, or by avoiding expansion of international (Brazilian) beef production. We recommend that LCA boundaries are expanded when evaluating livestock intensification pathways, to avoid potentially misleading conclusions being drawn from “snapshot” carbon footprints. We conclude that dairy intensification in industrialized countries can lead to significant international carbon leakage, and only achieves GHG mitigation when spared dairy grassland is used to intensify beef production, freeing up larger areas for afforestation.
Spatial heterogeneity of biomass and forest structure of the Amazon rain forest: Linking remote sensing, forest modelling and field inventory
Authors: Rödig Edna , Cuntz Matthias , Heinke Jens , Rammig Anja , Huth Andreas 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAimEstimating the current spatial variation of biomass in the Amazon rain forest is a challenge and remains a source of substantial uncertainty in the assessment of the global carbon cycle. Precise estimates need to consider small‐scale variations of forest structures resulting from local disturbances, on the one hand, and require large‐scale information on the state of the forest that can be detected by remote sensing, on the other hand. In this study, we introduce a novel method that links a forest gap model and a canopy height map to derive the biomass distribution of the Amazon rain forest.LocationAmazon rain forest.MethodsAn individual‐based forest model was applied to estimate the variation of aboveground biomass across the Amazon rain forest. The forest model simulated individual trees; hence, it allowed the direct comparison of simulated and observed canopy heights from remote sensing. The comparison enabled the detection of disturbed forest states and the derivation of a simulation‐based biomass map at 0.16 ha resolution.ResultsSimulated biomass values ranged from 20 to 490 t (dry mass)/ha across 7.8 Mio km2 of Amazon rain forest. We estimated a total aboveground biomass stock of 76 GtC, with a coefficient of variation of 45%. We found mean differences of only 15% when comparing biomass values of the map with 114 field inventories. The forest model enables the derivation of additional estimates, such as basal area and stem density.Main conclusionsLinking a canopy height map with an individual‐based forest model captures the spatial variation of biomass in the Amazon rain forest at high resolution. The study demonstrates how this linkage allows for quantifying the spatial variation in forest structure caused by tree‐level to regional‐scale disturbances. It thus provides a basis for large‐scale analyses on the heterogeneous structure of tropical forests and their carbon cycle.