bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fundamentalism
Authors: Pace Enzo 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Fundamentalism is a controversial issue. The social scientists who accept the concept and take a global, comparative approach are divided: some interpret the phenomenon as an expression (or the quintessence) of modernity; others see it as a reaction to modernity. This is part of a broader debate in social theory on the classical dichotomy between tradition and modernity, postmodernity and globalization. Fundamentalism and terrorism differ in principle, but the latter sometimes becomes a sort of senile disease of the former. The violent radicalization of some fundamentalist groups very often occurs when their fundamentalist project to gain political power or impose their cultural hegemony over society fails. Religious violence intensifies when those in power suppress such groups by violent means, prompting them to go underground, take up arms and use terrorist attacks to combat the political establishment. The holistic worldview very often degenerates into cleansing schemes to eliminate religious minorities or ethnic groups.
Film Analysis
Authors: Lydaki Anna 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSince the 1960s the cinema has aroused the interest of social scientists, and films have been studied as a human cultural product with response from the masses that can constitute a document or a tool for social research. This is not because cinematic representation is an exact portrayal of the world; the characters and relationships represented on the screen do not always depict things as they actually are, even in documentaries. What renders a film as a document is the fact that, in every case, the creation of the artist is rooted in reality and, particularly, in the social–historical circumstances of life; and it is these that are expressed in his/her work.
Gay and Lesbian Politics
Authors: Royce Tracy , Hidalgo Danielle Antoinette 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Gay and lesbian politics in the United States have had a deep and long‐lasting impact on the twentieth and twenty‐first centuries. Alongside their allies, gay and lesbian political actors have championed issues such as the removal of homosexuality from the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Illness
, better treatments for people with HIV/AIDS, and the legal recognition of same‐sex marriages. Key developments in the history of gay and lesbian politics continue to impact how identities, practices, and beliefs concerning sexuality and intimate relationships are understood today.
Health Behavior
Authors: Cockerham William C. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Health behavior is the activity undertaken by people for the purpose of maintaining or enhancing their health, preventing health problems, or achieving a positive body image. While the health behavior of many people is intended to prevent sickness and injury, or to prolong their lives, other people may have other objectives. People with chronic diseases like heart disease and diabetes, for example, also engage in health behavior when they seek to control their disease through diet, exercise, and other forms of health‐related activity. Some people who are primarily motivated to enhance their bodily appearance and physical fitness through health‐promoting activities like diet and exercise likewise are engaging in health behavior even if the desire to look and feel good is more important to them than being healthy.
Health and Medicine
Authors: Clair Jeffrey Michael , Adam Wasserman Jason , Wolfe Joseph D. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Sociologists have had a long interest in health and medicine. Unlike other medical researchers, medical sociologists emphasize variation in social conditions and cultural attitudes to explain differences in health and medical care across societies. Research in medical sociology has helped develop meaningful ways of thinking about the complex social linkages between health and medicine, but many questions endure. This entry outlines the history of sociological insights in health and medicine and discusses prominent issues such as healthcare utilization and biomedical caregiving. It also reviews a number of unanswered questions in the literature and discusses future directions for research. Although medical sociologists know that health, medicine, and cultural dynamics shape population health and patient care, important research must be done before the relationship between society, health, and medicine can be completely elucidated.
International Gender Division of Labor
Authors: Bose Christine E. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The international division of labor, or the global assembly line, is gendered in many ways and the global growth in employment has many characteristics of women's unpaid household labor. Increasingly, it is feminized, flexible (part‐time, temporary, and seasonal), in the informal economy, involves reproductive or carework, and is considered unskilled (although it is not).
Latent Growth Curve Models
Authors: Christ Oliver , Schlueter Elmar 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Longitudinal data offer the possibility for a systematic analysis of stability and change over time and thus are a powerful tool to examine processes underlying social phenomena and the causal relation between different constructs. One prominent and powerful method is latent growth curve models (LGM) as one variant of structural equation modeling. With LGM it is possible to analyze individual trajectories and interindividual differences in these individual trajectories. LGM can easily be extended by using multiple indicator latent factors to model measurement error, integrating predictors of change as well as mediators, and testing moderating influences of measures. An empirical example demonstrates the usefulness of LGM.
Liberalism
Authors: Gamble Andrew 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Liberalism is the leading ideology of the modern era. During the nineteenth century it became associated with the principles of individualism, liberty, limited government, progress, and equality. At its core is a conception of society and human nature based on beliefs in the moral primacy of the individual; the equal moral worth of every individual regardless of class, nation, gender, or race; and the possibility of improving social conditions and reforming political institutions. Many liberal ideals have not been achieved in practice, but they have acted as a standard by which political regimes are judged. A belief in progress associated liberals with capitalism, rationalism, science, and secularism. As a political doctrine liberalism argues for the rule of law and limited government. As an economic doctrine it argues for economic freedom, but accepts a role for government, and much dispute within liberalism has been over where the line should be drawn. As a cultural doctrine liberalism is associated with tolerance of behavior and beliefs so long as they do not harm others. The emphasis upon the individual and upon reason continues to define liberalism, even if contemporary liberals manage to draw very different, and sometimes diametrically opposed, conclusions from these principles.
Motherhood
Authors: Walzer Susan , Winslow Sarah 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis entry reviews empirical and theoretical approaches to sociological study of motherhood. Intersections of motherhood with other social institutions such as work and family are particularly examined – as is scholarly work that recognizes the diversity of mothers and maternal experiences. The authors call for continued exploration of motherhood in the particular interactional, cultural, and structural contexts within which mothers enact their approaches to mothering.
Metapower
Authors: McGinty Patrick J.W. , Burns Tom R. , Hall Peter M. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The concept of power is central to the sociological pursuit but is also of concern across the social sciences in general. While commonly conceptualized in terms of control or the capacity of agents to act, to overcome resistance, or to mobilize resources, a larger concern must be how expressions of power provide the structured mechanisms through which agentic expressions of power are enacted. This larger and expanded sense of the concept of power is the foundational concern of the concept of metapower. With nearly 40 years of conceptual development behind it, contemporary research is now highlighting emergent understandings of metapower as setting the conditions for expressions of power in human social life.
Neoliberalism
Authors: Gamble Andrew 
Published: September 2017

AbstractNeoliberalism first arose in the 1940s but came to prominence in the 1970s. It has a number of important strands, Austrian and monetarist, laissez‐faire and social market. The ordoliberalism of the 1940s sought to give priority to market rather than bureaucratic means of ordering the economy within a framework of law. Economic liberals after 1945 set up the Mont Pelerin society to campaign for the rule of law, a minimal state, and individual liberty. For a time these ideas had little practical impact, but that changed in the 1970s following the crises which overwhelmed the postwar liberal order of national Keynesianism. Key neoliberal ideas on inflation, public spending, and trade unions, became the dominant common sense. Neoliberals favor reducing the role of government in the economy as much as possible, giving primacy to markets and the free play of competition. They advocate deregulation, privatization, marketization, and lower taxes. The state retains a major role because a free economy requires a strong state to establish and maintain the institutional arrangements for it. Neoliberals are often hostile to democracy, because of the primacy they give to safeguarding the market order. Challenged by the 2008 financial crisis, neoliberalism has so far proved resilient.
Network Society
Authors: Allan Stuart 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The concept of network society, as developed by Manuel Castells, is utilized in sociological research to investigate the global forces transforming collective action and institutions. In contrast with the notion of the “information society,” the network society is theorized as the social structure of the information age, being organized around relationships of production/consumption, power, and experience. Its prevailing logic, while constantly challenged by conflicts, gives shape to the pervasive infrastructure of cultural life in most societies – albeit with unpredictable outcomes. Castells's network‐centered approach has helped to secure fresh perspectives on the Arab uprisings of recent years, as well as interventions in the west, such as Occupy Wall Street.
Parental Involvement in Education
Authors: Catsambis Sophia 
Published: September 2017

AbstractParental involvement in children's education consists of many home‐based and school‐based family activities. It begins before children enter school and changes in nature as students progress. In the elementary grades it reaches its peak and is more supervisory. In the middle grades and high school, students seek more autonomy and parents adjust their activities to address adolescents' developmental needs and aspirations as young adults. Through all stages of schooling, parental involvement is associated with students' academic success and positive school‐related behaviors. Some family practices are more effective than others and some are important for only certain school outcomes or at specific children's ages. In the elementary grades, reading activities at home are most important, while in high school parental guidance and support of student's decisions regarding coursework and college are important. The specific practices and effectiveness of involvement vary cross‐culturally and are affected by many factors, especially social class and parental education. Parental involvement also functions differently or serves different purposes for different ethnic/cultural groups. To be effective, parents need to draw support and resources from the wider social environment and especially from schools.
Peace‐Making
Authors: Gillespie Wayne 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The goal of peace‐making is to reduce human suffering and thereby eliminate, or at least dramatically reduce, social problems such as crime and delinquency. It calls for an analysis of the sources of suffering, which may include analysis at multiple points, including the micro‐, meso‐, and macrolevels. Peace‐making focuses on mindfulness at the individual level, connectedness of individuals to each other and social institutions, and, at a cultural level, an ethic of care.
Postmodern Organizations
Authors: Linstead Stephen 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPostmodern organizations are considered to have broken with the traditional principles of organizing that were typical of modernity and its associated rationalism and logics of efficiency. They display new and original forms and practices both in response to and in shaping change in global society, and are associated with networking as a process rather than with hierarchy as a structure. They can be identified by the extent to which they depart from modern forms of knowing and knowledge construction, but also by their adoption and creation of new and different forms and patterns of operation and regulation. They embody a shift from material to immaterial resources (such as information) as the focus of their labor, with an emphasis on the image communicated to the consumer, client, or service recipient as much as on the substantial features of the product or service. They may be considered relational as much as essential, extending the principles of deregulation and de‐differentiation beyond Fordism and even Toyotism. Modern methods of organizing do, however, still persist and in practice even archetypal postmodern organizations may hybridize modern and postmodern modes of organizing, coexisting in heterogeneous industrial populations including organizations run on predominantly modern lines.
Professional Dominance in Medicine
Authors: Light Donald W. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Professional dominance is a theory about the ways in which professionalization can parlay expertise and legal powers to develop hegemonic control over a domain of human life and culture. It thus raises issues of trust, exploitation, suppression of competing groups, subordination of allied professions, and escalation of costs. It is largely used in literature on the medical profession in modern times. This entry also explains how other stakeholders become provoked as countervailing powers to challenge, if not end, professional dominance.
Prosumer
Authors: Esposti Peirgiorgio Degli 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe term “prosumer” was first introduced by Alvin Toffler in 1980, to emphasize the blurring of the distinction between production and consumption: Prosumers consume what they produce and/or produce what they consume. Prosumption, as the activity of prosumers, focuses on both production and consumption simultaneously, rather than on either independently. Production and consumption are certainly two processes crucial and worthy of constant attention, but in focusing only on one or another we tend to lose sight of the fact that both can be better seen from the perspective of prosumerism. In other words, many activities closely connected with the concept of the production take place in the process of consumption and there can be no consumption without some form of production.
Religion
Authors: Cipriani Roberto 
Published: September 2017

AbstractReligion is composed of interpersonal experiences with other humans and/or with one or more divinities. Such relations are made up principally of convictions (beliefs), sentiments (emotions), principles (values), and practice (rituals, i.e., cultural acts and also actions, whether they occur daily or on specific occasions), all of which are more or less coherently interconnected. Religion is expressed as a connection with the divinity, which gives humans unity, in the universal sense, by means of devotion toward a God, and the respect due to it. Religion is the manifestation of profound belief; it is professing one's faith; it is not necessarily critical, compared with those concepts of life which have a feature that is cogent and paradigmatic, and accepted almost unconditionally. Religion is fervor, dedication, ongoing practice, devout behavior; it is religiousness outwardly expressed through recollection, repentance, meditation, reflection, and silence.
Revolutions and Movements for Radical Social Change
Authors: Foran John 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAlthough rare events, revolutions have helped define the modern age. They are significant as often inspiring, human‐directed attempts to refashion the world for the better; they have also typically fallen far short of the goals of their makers. Whether political or social, violent or nonviolent, the transformation of society by revolution has proved a complex and challenging field of study.
Secondary Groups
Authors: McGinty Patrick J.W. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Despite its centrality in the sociological perspective and its being an omnipresent theme, as well as an ongoing interest of sociologists in a variety of forms, the concept of a secondary group is rather poorly conceptualized within sociology. This is the case even though there is a fairly common understanding of the concept as referring to a social group that is formally organized around instrumental, or at least impersonal, interactions.
Sex, Gender, and Crime
Authors: McCarthy Bill , Carter Angela 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
For several decades, the study of gender and crime has generally eclipsed a focus on sex and crime. This change reflects new understandings of all three concepts – sex, gender, and crime. It also reflects a shift from a focus on males and the crimes they commit to one that includes females and their involvement in illegal behavior. This entry summarizes how sociologists of crime define sex, gender, and crime and discusses two broad categories of theories they use to explain how these concepts are connected. One body of theory suggests that male and female offending have the same origins and that gender differences in offending reflect gender differences in exposure to crime's causes. A second body argues that male and female offending may share some origins, but that each has unique causes.
Sibling Relationships during Old Age
Authors: Mack Kristin Y. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAlthough siblings tend to have the longest lasting social relationships, there has been relatively little empirical research on them, especially during old age. This may be due to both theoretical and methodological challenges with the topic. Future research should extend what we know from studies on sibling relationships earlier in adulthood to provide clarification on the impact siblings may have on each other later in life.
Social Network Analysis
Authors: Crossley Nick 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSocial network analysis (SNA) is a set of methods and methodological approaches for gathering and, more especially, organizing, storing, and analyzing data regarding relations (“relational data”). The networks analyzed typically take one of three forms: (1) whole networks, (2) ego‐nets, and (3) two‐mode networks. This entry offers an overview of SNA and an introduction to some of its key elements.
Aging, Religion, and Spirituality
Authors: Atchley Robert C. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractOur concern here is how religion and spirituality interact with aging – how aging affects religion and spirituality and how spirituality and religion affect aging. Aging generally increases the ability to perceive the spiritual elements of experience and also motivation to engage in intentional spiritual development. Most sages are elders. For most people, there is strong continuity of religious participation (whether nonexistent, sporadic, or frequent) throughout adulthood, but this general picture masks a significant minority who struggle with doubt, disillusionment and alienation concerning religion. Still others spend their lives uninterested in either spirituality or religion. The physical and mental declines of late adulthood are often accompanied by increasing attention to spiritual experience and religious practices, both of which can be very helpful resources for coping with physical, mental, and social loss. Spiritual growth and development continues to be an attractive opportunity far into old age. Religious communities vary enormously in the extent to which they support the needs of elders to continue their spiritual growth and participation in the life of the religious community.
Sport and the City
Authors: Schimmel Kimberly S. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
At the turn of the twentieth century, sports were occasional and unregulated events played by members of local sports clubs. By the latter half of the century, small hometown rivalries gave way to regional and international urban mega‐events produced for global television audiences. As has been the case since the rise of sport in an urban‐industrial context, ethnic assimilation, class conflict, control of urban space, and race and gender relations are now inseparable from the promotion of contemporary sports.
Sport Culture and Subcultures
Authors: Donnelly Peter 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Little research focuses specifically on sport and culture, although there is continued interest in fan culture, celebrity culture, and body culture in sports. Research on and theoretical approaches to sport culture and subcultures in the sociology of sport have focused more on sport subcultures. Sport subcultural research continues to shed light on the historical processes by which
a
way of playing a sport becomes
the
way of playing the sport and on the ways in which sport subcultures are involved in larger processes of resistance, social reproduction, and social transformation.
Urban Education
Authors: Sadovnik Alan R. , Coughlan Ryan W. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Urban education has been the subject of ongoing discussions, with policies aimed at urban school improvement vigorously debated over the last 50 years. Since the 1960s, as cities became increasingly poor and populated by minority groups, urban schools have reflected the problems associated with poverty. Although rural and many suburban schools have similar problems, urban schools represent the most serious challenges. A significant percentage of urban schools have been labeled in need of improvement under federal No Child Left Behind guidelines, with large city school systems having dropout rates at or above 40 percent and student achievement well below 50 percent proficiency in mathematics and reading. Despite these alarming data, there are significant numbers of high performing urban schools and a number of reform programs that show promise.
Health Campaigns for Development
Authors: Tufte Thomas 
Published: September 2017

Development communication engages strategic social change in a variety of areas, yet a great proportion of resources in this field are allocated toward the field of → Health Communication (Hemer & Tufte 2005; → Development Communication). There is no universal → strategic communication response to complex health‐related challenges, but rather a framework of general principles, ranging from behavior change through mediated communication to advocacy communication directed toward policy and structural change, through the processes of → participatory communication (Nutbeam & Harris 2001. The practices engaged follow the standards invoked in → development communication campaigns (McKee et al 2000; → Media Advocacy in Health Communication).