bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cross‐Sectional Associations of Computed Tomography (CT)‐Derived Adipose Tissue Density and Adipokines: The Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Lee Jane J. , Pedley Alison , Hoffmann Udo , Massaro Joseph M. , Keaney John F. , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Fox Caroline S. 
Published: March 2016

Background

Excess accumulation of abdominal subcutaneous (
SAT
) and visceral adipose tissue (
VAT
) is associated with adverse levels of adipokines and cardiovascular disease risk. Whether fat quality is associated with adipokines has not been firmly established. This study examined the association between abdominal
SAT
and
VAT
density, an indirect measure of fat quality, with a panel of metabolic regulatory biomarkers secreted by adipose tissue or the liver independently of absolute fat volumes.

Methods and Results

We evaluated 1829 Framingham Heart Study participants (44.9% women). Abdominal
SAT
and
VAT
density was estimated indirectly by adipose tissue attenuation using computed tomography. Adipokines included adiponectin, leptin receptor, leptin, fatty acid‐binding protein 4 (
FABP
‐4), retinol‐binding protein 4 (
RBP
‐4), and fetuin‐A. Fat density was associated with all the biomarkers evaluated, except fetuin‐A. Lower fat density (ie, more‐negative fat attenuation) was associated with lower adiponectin and leptin receptor, but higher leptin and
FABP
‐4 levels (all
P
<0.0001).
SAT
density was inversely associated with
RPB
‐4 in both sexes, whereas the association between
VAT
density and
RPB
‐4 was only observed in men (
P
<0.0001). In women, after additional adjustment for respective fat volume,
SAT
density retained the significant associations with adiponectin, leptin,
FABP
‐4, and
RBP
‐4; and
VAT
density with adiponectin only (all
P
<0.0001). In men, significant associations were maintained upon additional adjustment for respective fat volume (
P
<0.005).

Conclusions
Lower abdominal fat density was associated with a profile of biomarkers suggestive of greater cardiometabolic risk. These observations support that fat density may be a valid biomarker of cardiometabolic risk.
The Estimation of Convective Mass Flux from Radar Reflectivities
Authors: Kumar Vickal V. , Protat Alain , Jakob Christian , Williams Christopher R. , Rauniyar Surendra , Stephens Graeme L. , May Peter T. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCumulus parameterizations in general circulation models (GCMs) frequently apply mass-flux schemes in their description of tropical convection. Mass flux constitutes the product of the fractional area covered by cumulus clouds in a model grid box and the vertical velocity within the cumulus clouds. The cumulus area fraction profiles can be derived from precipitating radar reflectivity volumes. However, the vertical velocities are difficult to observe, making the evaluation of mass-flux schemes difficult. In this paper, the authors develop and evaluate a parameterization of vertical velocity in convective (cumulus) clouds using only radar reflectivities collected by a C-band polarimetric research radar (CPOL), operating at Darwin, Australia. The parameterization is trained using vertical velocity retrievals from a dual-frequency wind profiler pair located within the field of view of CPOL. The parametric model uses two inputs derived from CPOL reflectivities: the 0-dBZ echo-top height (0-dBZ ETH) and a height-weighted column reflectivity index (ZHWT). The 0-dBZ ETH determines the shape of the vertical velocity profile, while ZHWT determines its strength. The evaluation of these parameterized vertical velocities using (i) the training dataset, (ii) an independent wind-profiler-based dataset, and (iii) 1 month of dual-Doppler vertical velocity retrievals indicates that the statistical representation of vertical velocity is reasonably accurate up to the 75th percentile. However, the parametric model underestimates the extreme velocities. The method allows for the derivation of cumulus mass flux and its variability on current GCM scales based only on reflectivities from precipitating radar, which could be valuable to modelers.
MJO Moisture Budget during DYNAMO in a Cloud-Resolving Model
Authors: Janiga Matthew A. , Zhang Chidong 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Contributions by different physical processes and cloud types to the sum of the large-scale vertical moisture advection and apparent moisture sink observed by the DYNAMO field campaign northern sounding array during the passage of a Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) event are estimated using a cloud-resolving model. The sum of these two moisture budget terms is referred to as the column-confined moisture tendency MC. Assuming diabatic balance, the contribution of different physical processes and cloud types to the large-scale vertical velocity and MC can be estimated using simulated diabatic tendencies and the domain-averaged static stability and vertical moisture gradient. Low-level moistening preceding MJO passage is captured by MC and dominated by the effects of shallow clouds. Because of the large vertical moisture gradient at this level, condensational heating in these clouds generates ascent and vertical moisture advection overwhelming the removal of water vapor by condensation. Shallow convective eddy transport also contributes to low-level moistening during this period. Eddy transport by congestus and deep convective clouds contributes to subsequent mid- and upper-level moistening, respectively, as well as low-level drying. Because the upper-level vertical moisture gradient is small, ice deposition within stratiform clouds has a net drying effect. The weak eddy transport in stratiform clouds is unable to compensate for this drying. Nonprecipitating clouds mainly modulate MC through their effects on radiation. During the enhanced phase, reduced longwave cooling results in less subsidence and drying; the opposite occurs during the suppressed phase. Large-scale horizontal advection, which is not included in MC, is responsible for much of the drying during the dissipating phase.
Angular Effect of Undetected Clouds in Infrared Window Radiance Observations: Aircraft Experimental Analyses
Authors: Nalli Nicholas R. , Smith William L. , Liu Quanhua 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This paper furthers previous investigations into the zenith angular effect of cloud contamination within infrared (IR) window radiance observations commonly used in the retrieval of environmental data records (EDRs). Here analyses were performed of clear-sky forward radiance calculations versus observations obtained under clear to partly cloudy conditions over ocean. The authors utilized high-resolution IR spectra observed by the aircraft-based National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (NPP) Aircraft Sounder Test Bed-Interferometer (NAST-I) during the Joint Airborne Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) Validation Experiment (JAIVEx) and performed forward calculations using collocated dropsondes. An aerosol optical depth EDR product derived from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) was then applied to detect clouds within NAST-I fields of view (FOVs). To calculate the angular variation of clouds, expressions were derived for estimating cloud aspect ratios from visible imagery where cloud shadow lengths can be estimated relative to cloud horizontal diameters. In agreement with sensitivity calculations, it was found that a small cloud fraction within window radiance observations can have a measurable impact on the angular agreement with clear-sky calculations on the order of 0.1–0.4 K in brightness temperature. It was also found that systematic sun-glint contamination can likewise have an impact on the order of 0.1 K. These results are germane to IR sensor data record (SDR) calibration/validation and EDR retrieval schemes depending upon clear-sky SDRs, as well as radiative transfer modeling involving randomly distributed broken cloud fields.
On the Land–Ocean Contrast of Tropical Convection and Microphysics Statistics Derived from TRMM Satellite Signals and Global Storm-Resolving Models
Authors: Matsui Toshi , Chern Jiun-Dar , Tao Wei-Kuo , Lang Stephen , Satoh Masaki , Hashino Tempei , Kubota Takuji 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
A 14-yr climatology of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) collocated multisensor signal statistics reveals a distinct land–ocean contrast as well as geographical variability of precipitation type, intensity, and microphysics. Microphysics information inferred from the TRMM Precipitation Radar and Microwave Imager show a large land–ocean contrast for the deep category, suggesting continental convective vigor. Over land, TRMM shows higher echo-top heights and larger maximum echoes, suggesting taller storms and more intense precipitation, as well as larger microwave scattering, suggesting the presence of more/larger frozen convective hydrometeors. This strong land–ocean contrast in deep convection is invariant over seasonal and multiyear time scales. Consequently, relatively short-term simulations from two global storm-resolving models can be evaluated in terms of their land–ocean statistics using the TRMM Triple-Sensor Three-Step Evaluation Framework via a satellite simulator. The models evaluated are the NASA Multiscale Modeling Framework (MMF) and the Nonhydrostatic Icosahedral Cloud Atmospheric Model (NICAM). While both simulations can represent convective land–ocean contrasts in warm precipitation to some extent, near-surface conditions over land are relatively moister in NICAM than MMF, which appears to be the key driver in the divergent warm precipitation results between the two models. Both the MMF and NICAM produced similar frequencies of large CAPE between land and ocean. The dry MMF boundary layer enhanced microwave scattering signals over land, but only NICAM had an enhanced deep convection frequency over land. Neither model could reproduce a realistic land–ocean contrast in deep convective precipitation microphysics. A realistic contrast between land and ocean remains an issue in global storm-resolving modeling.
Calibrated Ensemble Forecasts Using Quantile Regression Forests and Ensemble Model Output Statistics
Authors: Taillardat Maxime , Mestre Olivier , Zamo Michaël , Naveau Philippe 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Ensembles used for probabilistic weather forecasting tend to be biased and underdispersive. This paper proposes a statistical method for postprocessing ensembles based on quantile regression forests (QRF), a generalization of random forests for quantile regression. This method does not fit a parametric probability density function (PDF) like in ensemble model output statistics (EMOS) but provides an estimation of desired quantiles. This is a nonparametric approach that eliminates any assumption on the variable subject to calibration. This method can estimate quantiles using not only members of the ensemble but any predictor available including statistics on other variables.
The method is applied to the Météo-France 35-member ensemble forecast (PEARP) for surface temperature and wind speed for available lead times from 3 up to 54 h and compared to EMOS. All postprocessed ensembles are much better calibrated than the PEARP raw ensemble and experiments on real data also show that QRF performs better than EMOS, and can bring a real gain for human forecasters compared to EMOS. QRF provides sharp and reliable probabilistic forecasts. At last, classical scoring rules to verify predictive forecasts are completed by the introduction of entropy as a general measure of reliability.
Evaluation of two raw diets vs a commercial cooked diet on feline growth
Authors: Hamper Beth A , Bartges Joseph W , Kirk Claudia A 
Published: March 2016

Objectives The objective of this study was to determine if two raw feline diets were nutritionally adequate for kittens. Methods Twenty-four 9-week-old kittens underwent an Association of American Feed Control Officials’ (AAFCO) 10 week growth feeding trial with two raw diet groups and one cooked diet group (eight kittens in each). Morphometric measurements (weight, height and length), complete blood counts, serum chemistry, whole blood taurine and fecal cultures were evaluated. Results Overall, the growth parameters were similar for all diet groups, indicating the two raw diets used in this study supported feline growth, within the limitations of an AAFCO growth feeding trial. Kittens fed the raw diets had lower albumin ( P = 0.010) and higher globulin ( P = 0.04) levels than the kittens fed the cooked diet. These lower albumin levels were not clinically significant, as all groups were still within normal age reference intervals. A red cell microcytosis ( P = 0.001) was noted in the combination raw diet group. Increases in fecal Clostridium perfringens were noted in all groups, along with positive fecal Salmonella serovar Heidelberg and Clostridium difficile toxin in the combination raw diet group. Conclusions and relevance The majority of the parameters for feline growth were similar among all groups, indicating the two raw diets studied passed an AAFCO growth trial. In theory, it is possible to pass an AAFCO growth trial but still have nutrient deficiencies in the long term due to liver and fat storage depots. Some of the raw feeders had elevated globulin and microcytosis, likely associated with known enteropathogenic exposure. Disease risks to both pets and owners are obvious. Additional research in this area is needed to investigate the impact of raw diets on the health of domestic cats.
Decontamination of carpet exposed to Microsporum canis hairs and spores
Authors: Moriello Karen A 
Published: March 2016

Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of vacuuming and three carpet cleaning methods for the removal of Microsporum canis spores and hairs from experimentally contaminated carpets. Methods Sterile Berber carpeting was artificially contaminated with naturally infective M canis hairs and spores. Carpet swatches were vacuumed for 10 s, 30 s and 60 s, and then cultured. Three carpet cleaning methods were evaluated on area rugs experimentally contaminated with infective material: a beater brush carpet shampooing, beater brush carpet shampooing post-disinfectant application and hot water extraction. Home cleaning products labeled as having efficacy against Trichophyton species were used in addition to 1% potassium peroxymonosulfate. Carpets were cultured at 24 h, 48 h and 7 days after cleaning. Good efficacy was no detectable spores at post-cleaning culture. Results All pretreatment carpet samples were culture positive for M canis (>300 colony-forming units [cfu]/site). Vacuuming did not decontaminate carpets but did remove intact hairs. Spores were not detected by wipe samples after two washings with an upright beater brush carpet shampooer or pretreatment with a disinfectant prior to carpet shampooing. Carpets cleaned with one hot water extraction technique had a decrease from 300 cfu/site to a mean of 5.5 cfu/site at 24 and 48 h post-cleaning and 2 cfu/site at day 7. The use of disinfectants was associated with odor, even when dry, and permanent discoloration. Hot water extraction cleaning was associated with the fastest drying time and no discoloration. Conclusions and relevance Carpets exposed to M canis can be disinfected via carpet shampooing or hot water extraction cleaning. Vacuuming of carpets is recommended to remove infective hairs. For homes, exposed carpeting can be decontaminated by routine washing with a carpet shampooer (twice) or hot water extraction. Use of pretreatment with a disinfectant is recommended when a high level of overall decontamination is needed in an animal facility with necessary carpeted surfaces (eg, entryway carpet mats).
Associating Liver Partition and Portal Vein Ligation for Primary Hepatobiliary Malignancies and Non-Colorectal Liver Metastases
Authors: Björnsson B. , Sparrelid E. , Hasselgren K. , Gasslander T. , Isaksson B. , Sandström P. 
Published: March 2016

Background and Aims: Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy may increase the possibility of radical resection in the case of liver malignancy. Concerns have been raised about the high morbidity and mortality associated with the procedure, particularly when applied for diagnoses other than colorectal liver metastases. The aim of this study was to analyze the initial experience with associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy in cases of non-colorectal liver metastases and primary hepatobiliary malignancies in Scandinavia. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of all associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy procedures performed at two Swedish university hospitals for non-colorectal liver metastases and primary hepatobiliary malignancies was performed. The primary focus was on the safety of the procedure. Results and Conclusion: Ten patients were included: four had hepatocellular cancer, three had intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, one had a Klatskin tumor, one had ocular melanoma metastasis, and one had a metastasis from a Wilms’ tumor. All patients completed both operations, and the highest grade of complication (according to the Clavien-Dindo classification) was 3A, which was observed in one patient. No 90-day mortality was observed. Radical resection (R0) was achieved in nine patients, while the resection was R2 in one patient. The low morbidity and mortality observed in this cohort compared with those of earlier reports on associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy for diagnoses other than colorectal liver metastases may be related to the selection of patients with limited comorbidity. In addition, procedures other than associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy had been avoided in most of the patients. In conclusion, associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy can be applied to primary hepatobiliary malignancies and non-colorectal liver metastases with acceptable rates of morbidity and mortality.
Surgical Management of Renal Cell Cancer Liver Metastases
Authors: Pikoulis E. , Margonis G. A. , Antoniou E. 
Published: March 2016

Background and Aims: There is an increasing trend toward performing liver resections in the setting of metastatic disease. Renal cell cancer liver metastases are associated with poor survival. The indications for and the short- and long-term outcomes of liver resection for renal cell cancer liver metastases remain not well defined. Material and Methods: A focused, structured literature review on PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar was performed to identify primary research articles, on short- and long-term outcomes and prognostic factors of patients undergoing liver resection for renal cell cancer liver metastases. Only studies with a sample size equal or larger than 10 patients were included. Results and Conclusion: A total of 10 studies met inclusion criteria. Median overall survival ranged between 16 and 142 months. Major morbidity was rare while 30-day postoperative mortality was less than 5%. A disease-free interval of more than 2 years from nephrectomy to evidence of liver metastases and a radical, microscopically negative surgical resection (R0) were the most consistent prognostic factors that, in turn, could be used as potential selection criteria to identify patients who can benefit the most from liver-directed surgery. Liver surgery for renal cell cancer liver metastases can be performed with low mortality, acceptable morbidity, and promising survival benefit in carefully selected patients. Studies that can assess the impact of modern, targeted regimens in the preoperative setting and liver-directed surgery and in turn shape new selection criteria are warranted.
Amended Classification of the Open Abdomen
Authors: Björck M. , Kirkpatrick A. W. , Cheatham M. , Kaplan M. , Leppäniemi A. , De Waele J. J. 
Published: March 2016

Background: In 2009, a classification system for the open abdomen was introduced. The aim of such a classification is to aid the (1) description of the patient’s clinical course; (2) standardization of clinical guidelines for guiding open abdomen management; and (3) facilitation of comparisons between studies and heterogeneous patient populations, thus serving as an aid in clinical research. Methods: As part of the revision of the definitions and clinical guidelines performed by the World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome, this 2009 classification system was amended following a review of experiences in teaching and research and published as part of updated consensus statements and clinical practice guidelines in 2013. Among 29 articles citing the 2009 classification system, nine were cohort studies. They were reviewed as part of the classification revision process. A total of 542 patients (mean: 60, range: 9–160) had been classified. Two problems with the previous classification system were identified: the definition of enteroatmospheric fistulae, and that an enteroatmospheric fistula was graded less severe than a frozen abdomen. Results: The following amended classification was proposed: Grade 1, without adherence between bowel and abdominal wall or fixity of the abdominal wall (lateralization), subdivided as follows: 1A, clean; 1B, contaminated; and 1C, with enteric leak. An enteric leak controlled by closure, exteriorization into a stoma, or a permanent enterocutaneous fistula is considered clean. Grade 2, developing fixation, subdivided as follows: 2A, clean; 2B, contaminated; and 2C, with enteric leak. Grade 3, frozen abdomen, subdivided as follows: 3A clean and 3B contaminated. Grade 4, an established enteroatmospheric fistula, is defined as a permanent enteric leak into the open abdomen, associated with granulation tissue. Conclusions: The authors believe that, with these changes, the requirements on a functional and dynamic classification system, useful in both research and training, will be fulfilled. We encourage future investigators to apply the system and report on its merits and constraints.
Role of platelets, neutrophils, and factor XII in spontaneous venous thrombosis in mice
Authors: Heestermans Marco , Salloum-Asfar Salam , Salvatori Daniela , Laghmani El Houari , Luken Brenda M. , Zeerleder Sacha S. , Spronk Henri M. H. , Korporaal Suzanne J. , Wagenaar Gerry T. M. , Reitsma Pieter H. , van Vlijmen Bart J. M. 
Published: March 2016

Key Points
Platelets, neutrophils, and coagulation factor XII are implicated as important players in experimental venous thrombosis pathophysiology. We demonstrate that platelets, but not neutrophils, are critical in spontaneous venous thrombosis, whereas low factor XII aggravates thrombosis.