bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generation Method of Texture, which Evaluates Pressure at Each Point on the Ground Surface
Authors: TAKAHASHI MASASHI , TANAKA TOSHIMITSU , SAGAWA YUJI 
Published: January 2017

SUMMARYWe proposed the method that generates ground surface texture by evaluating pressure applied at each point. The method standardizes diameter of clod to original size and its 1/2, 1/4, and 1/8 size, then defines condition of land by heft percentage of the clod of the four kinds of size. At each point of the ground, pressure caused by objects that pass through on the point is accumulated. Whenever the pressure exceeds the threshold, fixed ratio of weight of clod is shifted to its half size. As a result, at the place where many objects pass, heft percentage of smaller clod increases. Ground surface is defined as a multilayered texture. It is created by combining four basic texture images. Each of the images is synthesized to correspond to the size of clod by the procedural method. From each of the texture images, round areas are selected and allocated to one of the layers at random. Diameter of the area is equal to size of the clod. And the numbers of the area is proportionate to the heft percentage of the clod. The multilayer texture is combined to one layer, after adding shade and shadow. And finally, it is mapped on the ground.
Restoring surface fire stabilizes forest carbon under extreme fire weather in the Sierra Nevada
Authors: Krofcheck Daniel J. , Hurteau Matthew D. , Scheller Robert M. , Loudermilk E. Louise 
Published: January 2017

AbstractClimate change in the western United States has increased the frequency of extreme fire weather events and is projected to increase the area burned by wildfire in the coming decades. This changing fire regime, coupled with increased high‐severity fire risk from a legacy of fire exclusion, could destabilize forest carbon (C), decrease net ecosystem exchange (NEE), and consequently reduce the ability of forests to regulate climate through C sequestration. While management options for minimizing the risk of high‐severity fire exist, little is known about the longer‐term carbon consequences of these actions in the context of continued extreme fire weather events. Our goal was to compare the impacts of extreme wildfire events on carbon stocks and fluxes in a watershed in the Sierra National Forest. We ran simulations to model wildfire under contemporary and extreme fire weather conditions, and test how three management scenarios (no‐management, thin‐only, thin and maintenance burning) influence fire severity, forest C stocks and fluxes, and wildfire C emissions. We found that the effects of treatment on wildfire under contemporary fire weather were minimal, and management conferred neither significant reduction in fire severity nor increases in C stocks. However, under extreme fire weather, the thin and maintenance burning scenario decreased mean fire severity by 25%, showed significantly greater C stability, and unlike the no‐management and thin‐only management options, the thin and maintenance burning scenario showed no decrease in NEE relative to the contemporary fire weather scenarios. Further, under extreme fire weather conditions, wildfire C emissions were lowest in the thin and maintenance burning scenario, (reduction of 13.7 Mg C/ha over the simulation period) even when taking into account the C costs associated with prescribed burning. Including prescribed burning in thinning operations may be critical to maintaining C stocks and reducing C emissions in the future where extreme fire weather events are more frequent.
Iodine value determination of edible oils using ATR‐FTIR and chemometric methods
Authors: Meng Xianghe , Ye Qin , Nie Xiaohua , Jiang Lianzhou 
Published: January 2017

Iodine value (IV) was determined using Fourier transform mid infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection and chemometric methods. A set of 245 oil samples were used for calibration purposes, and 76 samples were used for validation purposes. Models developed using full spectra partial least square (PLS), interval PLS (iPLS), forward interval PLS (fiPLS), and backward interval PLS (biPLS) algorithms were compared in terms of performance. Root‐mean‐square error of leave‐one‐out cross‐validation (RMSECV) of 2.68 and root‐mean‐square errors of prediction (RMSEP) of 2.73 were obtained using biPLS algorithm with spectra divided into 34 intervals and combinations of eight intervals (4000–3700, 3600–3400, 3200–3000, 2800–2700, 2300–2100, 1700–1600, 1500–1400, and 1100–1000/cm). This model had a correlation coefficient of 0.9885. In addition, sub‐models based on one oil type had higher performances (RMSECV = 0.24–0.76, RMSEP = 0.29–1.25) than the model based on all oil samples, which suggests that the IV model is oil‐type dependent. However, PLS could compensate for this error provided the calibration set covered enough oil types. The proposed method allowed a rapid determination of IV.Practical applications: IV determination is important for edible oils and oleochemicals. However, traditional wet chemical methods require toxic solvents and reagents. FTIR coupled with multivariate analysis can be used to measure IV. Most of the studies on IV determination using FTIR have focused on specific single oil types without interval selection. A general IV model that incorporates several oil types is expected to improve prediction performances. Therefore, the present method represents a rapid and accurate tool for measuring IV of edible fats and oils.An ATR‐FTIR method combined with interval optimization is described to determine the iodine value in edible oil. The RMSECV for the prediction of IV from isolated wavelength intervals are compared with full‐spectrum PLS model in GA. The result showed that interval optimization is effective in term of improved prediction performance of IV.
The E/Z isomer ratio of lycopene in foods and effect of heating with edible oils and fats on isomerization of (all‐E)‐lycopene
Authors: Honda Masaki , Murakami Kazuya , Watanabe Yo , Higashiura Takuma , Fukaya Tetsuya , Wahyudiono  , Kanda Hideki , Goto Motonobu 
Published: January 2017

Since Z‐isomers of lycopene are more bioavailable and show a higher antioxidant capacity than the (all‐E)‐isomer, it is important to investigate foods containing high amount of the Z‐isomer and develop practically feasible method for Z‐isomerization of (all‐E)‐lycopene. First, we investigated the E/Z isomer ratio of lycopene in raw and commercially available processed tomato products using an improved normal‐phase HPLC method. The tomato products contained 4.6–33.4% of Z‐isomers to the total lycopene, (5Z)‐lycopene being the most abundant Z‐isomer. The oil‐containing products like tomato sauce and tomato soup suffered heat processing contained a higher percentage of Z‐isomers of lycopene (27.4–33.4%). Subsequently, the impact of the amount and types of oils added on thermal Z‐isomerization of (all‐E)‐lycopene contained in tomato puree was investigated. Increased addition of olive oil to tomato puree increased the production of lycopene Z‐isomers upon heating at 120°C. (all‐E)‐Lycopene contained in tomato puree was converted to Z‐isomers in the range of 39.2–50.7%, when 5% of vegetable oil (linseed, soybean, corn, sesame, rapeseed, rice bran, safflower seed, olive, sunflower seed, or coconut oils) or animal fat (beef tallow and pork lard) was added before heating at 120°C for 30 min. When sesame oil was employed, the total Z‐isomerization ratio and (5Z)‐lycopene content were significantly increased.Practical applications: The dietary intake of lycopene offers many health benefits such as decreased risk of cancer and arteriosclerosis. Lycopene has a large number of geometric isomers caused by E/Z isomerization at arbitrary sites within the eleven conjugated double bonds, and the functionalities such as antioxidant capacity and bioavailability of the Z‐isomers are higher than those of the all‐E‐isomer. This study clarified the foods richly containing Z‐isomers of lycopene and demonstrated thermal Z‐isomerization of (all‐E)‐lycopene contained in tomato puree with edible oils and fats. These findings will contribute to effective intake of lycopene and the development of facile isomerization of (all‐E)‐lycopene to Z‐isomers in the fields of food, drink, and dietary supplement manufacturing, as well as for daily cooking at home.The Z‐isomers of lycopene contents in processed tomato products and thermal isomerization of (all‐E)‐lycopene to the Z‐isomers with edible oils and fats were investigated. The tomato products cooked with oils contained higher levels of the Z‐isomers, and sesame oil had excellent promoting effect of thermal Z‐isomerization of (all‐E)‐lycopene.
Optimized microwave‐assistant extraction combined ultrasonic pretreatment of flavonoids from Periploca forrestii Schltr. and evaluation of its anti‐allergic activity
Authors: Liang Qian , Chen Huaguo , Zhou Xin , Deng Qingfang , Hu Enming , Zhao Chao , Gong Xiaojian 
Published: January 2017

Microwave extraction combined ultrasonic pretreatment of flavonoids from Periploca forrestii Schltr. was investigated in this study, extraction process was first performed in an ultrasonic cleaner, then treated by microwave irradiation. The optimum ultrasonic time of 25 min was selected by single‐factor experiments. A response surface methodology has been used to obtain a mathematical model that describes the process and analyzes the significant parameters ethanol concentration 59.92%, liquid to raw materials ratio 21.24 mL/g, microwave radiation time 209.53 s, and microwave power 274.14 w. In these optimum conditions, the yield of flavonoids from P. forrestii (TFPF) could be up to 9.11 ± 0.08%, which was increased by 14.30 and 19.86% compared microwave extraction and ultrasonic extraction, respectively. In vitro suppress hyaluronidase experimentation showed that TFPF purified using polyamide exhibited good anti‐hyaluronidase ability with IC50 value of 1.033 mg/mL, possessing certain anti‐antiallergic and potential application prospect in pharmaceutical production of treating inflammation and other related fields.
Managing Conflicts between Physicians and Surrogates
Authors: Bayley Carol 
Published: January 2017

AbstractTwo articles in this issue of the Hastings Center Report explore two sides of the same problematic coin. In “The Limits of Surrogates’ Moral Authority and Physician Professionalism,” Jeffrey Berger discusses the moral problem of a surrogate refusing a treatment, palliative sedation, on behalf of a patient whose suffering is refractory to intensive palliative efforts provided by a multidisciplinary team. In “After the DNR: Surrogates Who Persist in Requesting Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation,” Ellen Robinson and her colleagues analyze data from a study of cases in which physicians wished not to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation on patients whom they thought it would harm. Both articles begin from the idea of a professional determination about a physician's duty to a patient that conflicted with a surrogate's determination about what should or should not be done for that patient. Berger's argument stops just short of a solution, however, because a physician's professional obligation to help patients, even within guidelines set by other professionals, is insufficient protection for patients. But if Berger's theory is right—that sometimes surrogates lack moral authority to make decisions on behalf of patients—then the Robinson team has developed a careful and public process for attending to that conflict.
A Good Death
Authors: Powell Tia , Hulkower Adira 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA good death is hard to find. Family members tell us that loved ones die in the wrong place—the hospital—and do not receive high‐quality care at the end of life. This issue of the Hastings Center Report offers two articles from authors who strive to provide good end‐of‐life care and to prevent needless suffering. We agree with their goals, but we have substantial reservations about the approaches they recommend. Respect for the decisions of patients and their surrogates is a relatively new and still vulnerable aspect of medical care. For thousands of years, patients and surrogates had no say in medical decision‐making. Today, standards support shared decision‐making, but these articles both carve out exceptions to those standards, limiting the rights of patients and families in decisions about specific end‐of‐life treatments. As bioethics consultants in an acute care setting, we frequently confront conflicts similar to those described by Jeffrey Berger and by Ellen Robinson and colleagues. In such cases, our service emphasizes redoubled efforts at communication and mediation. Focusing on goals and values, rather than interventions, produces the best possible collaboration in health care decision‐making. Cases in which we would overturn a surrogate's recommendations regarding palliative sedation or do‐not‐resuscitate orders are rare and require careful processes and clear evidence that the surrogate's choice is contrary to patient values.
ZnO‐NR as the efficient catalyst for the synthesis of new thiazole and cyclopentadienone phosphonate derivatives in water
Authors: Hossaini Zinatossadat , Zareyee Daryoush , Sheikholeslami‐Farahani Fatemeh , Vaseghi Samaneh , Zamani Afshin 
Published: January 2017

AbstractFunctionalized thiazoles are generated from the reaction of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, benzoylisothiocyanates, and primary amines and trialkyl phosphite in the presence of ZnO‐nanorods as the catalyst in water. Also, a series of polysubstituted cyclopentadienone phosphonate derivatives were synthesized via one‐pot multicomponent reactions of primary amines and phosphites with activated acetylenic compounds in water as the solvent at room temperature. Particularly valuable features of this method include high yields of products, broad substrate scope, short reaction time, and straightforward procedure.
Experimental hydrological forcing to illustrate water flow processes of a subarctic ladder fen peatland
Authors: McCarter Colin P. R. , Price Jonathan S. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractLarge peatland complexes dominate the landscape of the James Bay Lowland in subarctic Ontario, Canada. However, there is not a thorough understanding of the hydrological processes occurring in these important systems, particularly how ladder fens connect large domed bogs to the aquatic ecosystems that drain the peatland complex. Ladder fens consist of a pool‐rib topography where flow downgradient is controlled by the peat ribs. Within the ribs, low‐lying preferential flow paths typically enhance the transmission of water, whereas the elevated ridge microforms impede water flow to downgradient aquatic ecosystems. To assess the hydrological connectivity, we study the role of the water table, peat transmissivity, and microtopography of a small ladder fen for 3 summers (2013–2015) in the James Bay Lowland. The system was manipulated with a sustained hydrological forcing (water addition) to the upslope boundary of the fen during 2014 (38 m3/day) and 2015 (30 m3/day). There was an exponential increase in transmissivity towards the peat surface due to extremely high‐hydraulic conductivities within the upper few centimeters of the peat deposit. At the maximum water table, the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the 0.1 m layer of peat below the water table varied depending on peat microtopography (preferential flow paths = 42–598 m/day and ridges = 16–52 m/day), resulting in high‐hydrological connectivity periods. Furthermore, during 2015, there was an abnormally large amount of precipitation (300 mm vs. long‐term average ~ 100 mm) that resulted in complete surface water connectivity of the site. This caused rapid movement of water from the head of system to the outlet (~15 hr) and runoff ratios >1, compared to low‐water table periods (runoff ratio ~ 0.05). This study highlights the profound importance of the transmissivity–water table feedback mechanism in ladder fens, on controlling the water retention and drainage of large peatland complexes.
Understanding Long‐Chain Melting Points, Fritz Breusch, and Interface Thermodynamics
Authors: McBride J. Michael , Bertman Steven B. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA homologously isomorphous series of compounds can allow determination of local contributions to crystal properties. Historically, melting points have contributed little to structural theory, but those of a series of long‐chain diacyl peroxides allow the measurement of localized structural contributions to solid‐state thermodynamics, and demonstrate that a bromine substituent at a lamellar interface can make negative contributions to both the enthalpy and entropy of fusion, thus acting more “liquid‐like” when in the crystal than when in the melt. We discuss how Istanbul, and opposition to Hitler, led Friedrich Breusch and his students to measure at least 1242 accurate melting points, and how this legacy may prove valuable in understanding crystalline solids, especially those that show odd‐even melting‐point alternation.
SOFTWARE AND SYSTEM INTEGRITY ASSESSMENT
Authors: Ring Jack 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTThis article describes how the digital aspects of all critical infrastructures can evolve faster and be less vulnerable to cyber actions. Although focused on the US infrastructures it is applicable to all infrastructures world‐wide. The purpose is to motivate systems practitioners to become adept at software and system integrity assessment. We introduce the theory and method for discovering all logic, arithmetic, and semantic faults throughout an arbitrarily large, heterogeneous software suite. One version was initiated in the 1990's, proved effective in the marketplace but, being mostly manual, would not scale. Recently the principals of OntoPilot LLC http://www.ontopilot.com have devised a significantly different way to assess system integrity that is amenable to automation. The balance of this article introduces the situation, highlights the system principles involved, considers the challenges in assessing software integrity, highlights the opportunity and value proposition, outlines the automation technology and finishes with a call to action. We recommend that certification in system integrity assessment be considered as a facet of the professional certifications offered by INCOSE, NDIA, IISE, and other professional and industry associations.
INTEGRATING KEY ENGINEERING PROCESSES TOWARDS OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE
Authors: Botha Barend W 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTA lot of debate has gone into what exactly operational excellence is, and how to achieve operational excellence. It is often confused with the reduction of costs or eliminating waste rather than increasing value. The increased focus on integrated processes suggests that it is not achieved by a single group of persons, but requires a collaborative effort from everyone in the organization. Processes should therefore not be applied or measured in isolation, but should be applied in a collaborative fashion to ensure success. Applying systems thinking, we identified six key engineering processes requiring integration to ensure operational excellence in a technical environment.
Interactions of human embryonic stem cell‐derived cardiovascular progenitor cells with immobilized extracellular matrix proteins
Authors: Lu Jizhen , Kaestle Katrin , Huang Jijun , Liu Qiao , Zhang Peng , Gao Ling , Gardiner James , Thissen Helmut , Yang Huang‐Tian 
Published: January 2017

AbstractHuman embryonic stem cell‐derived cardiovascular progenitor cells (hESC‐CVPCs) hold great promise for cell‐based therapies of heart diseases. However, little is known about their niche microenvironment and in particular the required extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Here we screened combinations of surface‐immobilized ECM proteins to identify substrates that support the attachment and survival of hESC‐CVPCs. Covalent immobilization of ECM proteins laminin (Lm), fibronectin (Fn), collagen I (CI), collagen III (CIII), and collagen IV (CIV) in multiple combinations and concentrations was achieved by reductive amination on transparent acetaldehyde plasma polymer (AAPP) interlayer coatings. We identified that CI, CIII, CIV, and Fn and their combinations were important for hESC‐CVPC attachment and survival, while Lm was dispensable. Moreover, for coatings displaying single ECM proteins, CI and CIII performed better than CIV and Fn, while coatings displaying the combined ECM proteins CIII + CIV and Fn + CIII + CIV at 100 µg/mL were comparable to Matrigel in regard to supporting hESC‐CVPC attachment and viability. Our results identify ECM proteins required for hESC‐CVPCs and demonstrate that coatings displaying multiple immobilized ECM proteins offer a suitable microenvironment for the attachment and survival of hESC‐CVPCs. This knowledge contributes to the development of approaches for maintaining hESC‐CVPCs and therefore to advances in cardiovascular regeneration. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1094–1104, 2017.
“Are You Having Thoughts of Suicide?” Examining Experiences With Disclosing and Denying Suicidal Ideation
Authors: Hom Melanie A. , Stanley Ian H. , Podlogar Matthew C. , Joiner Thomas E. 
Published: January 2017

ObjectiveTo characterize individuals’ prior experiences with being asked whether they are having thoughts of suicide and to understand factors that affected their response accuracy.MethodUndergraduates (N = 306) reporting a lifetime history of suicidal ideation completed a web‐based survey about their experiences being probed about suicidal thoughts.ResultsNearly two‐thirds of participants (63.1%) reported having been previously asked whether they were having thoughts of suicide, with health care providers comprising the plurality of probers. Individuals reported the greatest accuracy of ideation disclosure to mental health professionals. Stigma‐related concerns were the most common barriers to accurate disclosure of ideation, whereas wanting emotional support and the prober to understand them were cited as facilitators for accurately responding.ConclusionA number of factors influence the accurate and inaccurate disclosure of suicidal ideation. Further research is needed to understand how to facilitate accurate disclosure of suicidal ideation across settings and populations.
Algae through the looking glass
Authors: Coltelli Primo , Barsanti Laura , Evangelista Valter , Gualtieri Paolo 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMicroalgae are one of the most suitable subjects for testing the potentiality of light microscopy and image analysis, because of the size of single cells, their endogenous chromaticity, and their metabolic and physiological characteristics. Microscope observations and image analysis can use microalgal cells from lab cultures or collected from water bodies as model to investigate metabolic processes, behavior/reaction of cells under chemical or photic stimuli, and dynamics of population in the natural environment in response to changing conditions. In this paper we will describe the original microscope we set up together with the image processing techniques we improved to deal with these topics. Our system detects and recognizes in‐focus cells, extracts their features, measures cell concentration in multi‐algal samples, reconstructs swimming cell tracks, monitors metabolic processes, and measure absorption and fluorescent spectra of subcellular compartments. It can be used as digital microscopy station for algal cell biology and behavioral studies, and field analysis applications.