bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 4D-Var inversion system based on the icosahedral grid model (NICAM-TM 4D-Var v1.0) – Part 1: Offline forward and adjoint transport models
Authors: Niwa Yosuke , Tomita Hirofumi , Satoh Masaki , Imasu Ryoichi , Sawa Yousuke , Tsuboi Kazuhiro , Matsueda Hidekazu , Machida Toshinobu , Sasakawa Motoki , Belan Boris , Saigusa Nobuko 
Published: March 2017

Abstract. A four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) method is a popular algorithm for inverting atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) measurements. In order to meet the computationally intense 4D-Var iterative calculation, offline forward and adjoint transport models are developed based on the Nonhydrostatic ICosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM). By introducing flexibility into the temporal resolution of the input meteorological data, the forward model developed in this study is not only computationally efficient, it is also found to nearly match the transport performance of the online model. In a transport simulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), the data-thinning error (error resulting from reduction in the time resolution of the meteorological data used to drive the offline transport model) is minimized by employing high temporal resolution data of the vertical diffusion coefficient; with a low 6-hourly temporal resolution, significant concentration biases near the surface are introduced. The new adjoint model can be run in discrete or continuous adjoint mode for the advection process. The discrete adjoint is characterized by perfect adjoint relationship with the forward model that switches off the flux limiter, while the continuous adjoint is characterized by an imperfect but reasonable adjoint relationship with its corresponding forward model. In the latter case, both the forward and adjoint models use the flux limiter to ensure the monotonicity of tracer concentrations and sensitivities. Trajectory analysis for high CO2 concentration events are performed to test adjoint sensitivities. We also demonstrate the potential usefulness of our adjoint model for diagnosing tracer transport. Both the offline forward and adjoint models have computational efficiency about 10 times higher than the online model. A description of our new 4D-Var system that includes an optimization method, along with its application in an atmospheric CO2 inversion and the effects of using either the discrete or continuous adjoint method, is presented in an accompanying paper Niwa et al.(2016).
Seasonal forecasting of hydrological drought in the Limpopo Basin: a comparison of statistical methods
Authors: Seibert Mathias , Merz Bruno , Apel Heiko 
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The Limpopo Basin in southern Africa is prone to droughts which affect the livelihood of millions of people in South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Seasonal drought early warning is thus vital for the whole region. In this study, the predictability of hydrological droughts during the main runoff period from December to May is assessed using statistical approaches. Three methods (multiple linear models, artificial neural networks, random forest regression trees) are compared in terms of their ability to forecast streamflow with up to 12 months of lead time. The following four main findings result from the study. 1. There are stations in the basin at which standardised streamflow is predictable with lead times up to 12 months. The results show high inter-station differences of forecast skill but reach a coefficient of determination as high as 0.73 (cross validated). 2. A large range of potential predictors is considered in this study, comprising well-established climate indices, customised teleconnection indices derived from sea surface temperatures and antecedent streamflow as a proxy of catchment conditions. El Niño and customised indices, representing sea surface temperature in the Atlantic and Indian oceans, prove to be important teleconnection predictors for the region. Antecedent streamflow is a strong predictor in small catchments (with median 42 % explained variance), whereas teleconnections exert a stronger influence in large catchments. 3. Multiple linear models show the best forecast skill in this study and the greatest robustness compared to artificial neural networks and random forest regression trees, despite their capabilities to represent nonlinear relationships. 4. Employed in early warning, the models can be used to forecast a specific drought level. Even if the coefficient of determination is low, the forecast models have a skill better than a climatological forecast, which is shown by analysis of receiver operating characteristics (ROCs). Seasonal statistical forecasts in the Limpopo show promising results, and thus it is recommended to employ them as complementary to existing forecasts in order to strengthen preparedness for droughts.
The content of total polyphenols, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity in selected varieties of quince (Cydonia oblonga mill.)
Authors: Bystrická Judita , Musilová Janette , Lichtnerová Helena , Lenková Marianna , Kovarovič Ján , Chalas Marek 
Published: March 2017

Quince fruit (Cydonia oblonga Miller) is an important source of bioactive compounds, especially of polyphenolic compounds, phenolic acids, flavonoids also of minerals and vitamins. This compounds exhibit health promoting properties including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic and cardioprotective properties. Quine fruit have a high therapeutic value, can be used as good sources of antioxidants. This study provides some knowledge about content of total polyphenols, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity in selected varieties of quince fruit samples. Four quince fruit cultivars (Semenáč, Konstantinopler Apfelquitte, Cydora Robusta, Mammut) were analysed. The content of the total polyphenols (TPC) was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR) at 765 nm using spectrophotometer. Ascorbic acid (AsA) content was determined using standard HPLC gradient method. Antioxidant activity (AA) was measures using a compound DPPH˙(2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). The content of (TPC) in fresh samples of quince fruit ranged from 661 ±11.60 mg.kg-1 to 1044 ±11.03 mg.kg-1 and content of AsA were in interval from 151 ±0.58 mg.kg-1 to 215 ±0.75 mg.kg-1. The values of antioxidant activity in quince fruit samples were in range from 26.90 ±0.61%to 49.14 ±0.38%. Statistically significant highest content TPC, AsA and AA was recorded in cultivar Konstaninopler Apfelquitte and statistically lowest content was recorded in cultivar Semenáč. The content of TPC, AsA and AA beside the variety may be affected by many factors also climatic conditions and the agrochemical composition of the soil.
The influence of variety on the content of bioactive compounds in beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.)
Authors: Kovarovič Ján , Bystrická Judita , Tomáš Ján , Lenková Marianna 
Published: March 2017

Vegetable are widespread throughout the world and is a major part of the human diet. From the perspective of agricultural crops that belong to the group of Beta vulgaris (beetroot, mangold, sugar beets, fodder beet) are first-rate vegetables. Especially popular is used in the food industry for the production of sugar, various vegetable juices, coloring agents, and many other products. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) is considered one of the ten most important vegetable in the world, thanks to the content of rare natural pigments (betalains), polyphenols, flavonoids, antioxidants, vitamins, minerals and fiber. In this work we evaluated content of bioactive substances, especially the content of total polyphenols, anthocyanins and antioxidant activity in several varieties (Cylindra, Kahira, Chioggia, Crosby Egyptian) of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.). Samples of plant material were collected at full maturity stages from areas of Zeleneč (Czech Republic). Zeleneč is area without negative influences and emission sources. Samples of fresh beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) were homogenized and were prepared as an extract: 50 g cut beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) extracted by 100 mL 80% ethanol for sixteen hours. These extracts were used for analyses. The content of the total polyphenols was determined by using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR). The absorbance was measured at 765 nm of wavelength against blank. The content of total anthocyanins was measured at 520 nm wavelength of the blank. Antioxidant activity was measured using a compound DPPH˙ (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) at 515.6 nm in the spectrophotometer. In the present experiment it was detected, that total polyphenols content in samples ranges from 218.00 mg.kg-1 to 887.75 mg.kg-1, total anthocyanins content in samples ranges from 14.48 ±0.40 mg.kg-1 to 84.50 ±4.71 mg.kg-1 and values of antioxidant activity were in interval from 8.37 ±0.29% to 21.83 ±0.35%.
Polyphenols and phenolic acids in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) roots
Authors: Musilová Janette , Bystrická Judita , Árvay Július , Harangozo Ľuboš 
Published: March 2017

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is one of the most important food crops in the world. They are rich in polyphenols, proteins, vitamins, minerals and some functional microcomponents. Polyphenols are bioactive compounds, which can protect the human body from the oxidative stress which may cause many diseases including cancer, aging and cardiovascular problems.The polyphenol content is two to three times higher than in some common vegetables. Total polyphenols (determined spectrophotometrically) and phenolic acids (i.e. caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and isomers - using high performance liquid chromatography) contents were determined in three varieties of sweet potatoes (O´Henry - white, Beauregard-orange and 414-purple). Phenolic compounds contents were determined in raw peeled roots, jackets of raw roots and water steamed sweet potato roots. For all analysis lyophilised samples were used. Total polyphenol content ranged from 1161 (O´Henry, flesh-raw) to 13998 (414, peel-raw) mg.kg-1 dry matter, caffeic acid content from the non-detected values (414, flesh-raw) to 320.7 (Beauregard, peel-raw) mg.kg-1 dry matter and 3-caffeoylquinic acid content from 57.57 (O´Henry, flesh-raw) to 2392 (414, peel-raw) mg.kg-1 dry matter. Statistically significant differences (p ≤0.05) existed between varieties, morphological parts of the root, or raw and heat-treated sweet potato in phenolic compounds contents.
Eating and Mourning the Corpse of the World: Ecological Cannibalism and Elegiac Protomourning in Cormac McCarthy'sThe Road
Authors: Huebert David 
Published: March 2017

AbstractCormac McCarthy's ecopocalyptic novel, The Road (2006), is rife with cannibalism. Throughout McCarthy's oeuvre, however, cannibalism is not common; it only appears in one previous novel and does not earn an entry in the index of The Cambridge Companion to Cormac McCarthy (2013). This article argues that the abundance of cannibalism in this novel is not incidental. Rather, McCarthy's frequent depictions of cannibalism within the setting of ecological apocalypse encourages the reader to pair these two aspects of the text; The Road suggests that insofar as the planetary ecosystem is the “body” of the human species, recent human history has been a spectacle of the particular type of species self-cannibalization I call “ecological cannibalism.” This article questions the novel's apparently clear moral dichotomy between “good guys” and bad guys (129), arguing that the man and the boy are not fundamentally distinct from human meat-eaters. Rather, an ecological perspective reveals a nebulous ethical zone that complicates McCarthy's ostensible bifurcation of characters into the categories of unequivocal good and evil. Finally, this article argues that McCarthy tempers the novel's tendency toward environmentalist proselytizing by engaging in what I call “elegiac protomourning,” a literary technique that acknowledges the bare reality of loss rather than simply re-emphasizing the environmentalist drive to conserve.
Memento Mori, Memento Vivere: Early Nietzsche on History, Embodiment, and Value
Authors: Dries Manuel 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The centrality of the embodiment of mind, self, and values for the later Nietzsche is widely acknowledged. Here, I reconstrue Nietzsche's HL to show that he uses his drive model of the mind already in this early text. The “historical sickness” central to HL is diagnosed in the form of failures of embodiment and drive control. First, I argue that a precursor to Nietzsche's figure of “the last human” is already the target in HL. Second, I offer working definitions for terms such as “drives,” “affects,” and “values,” which are crucial to Nietzsche's heuristic diagnostic framework. I then focus on the neglected passage that contrasts the medieval memento mori with a modern memento vivere, showing that the former functions as an embodied mechanism of willing and self-control, which Nietzsche claims the moderns have been unsuccessful in replacing. Finally, I draw on recent research in embodied cognition and identify two causes—“overload” and “semantic embodiment”—of the modern “historical sickness” that undermines flourishing.
Emden's Nietzsche
Authors: Kail P. J. E. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This article discusses Christian Emden's conception of Nietzsche's naturalism. I begin by noting that Emden's reliance on Joseph Rowe's conception of naturalism is deeply problematic and that Emden's articulation of it is underdeveloped. These problems weaken his objections to other naturalistic readings. I then turn to discuss problems with Emden's discussion of genealogy as “descriptive” rather than “explanatory.” Finally, I object to Emden's claim that normativity is at the center of Nietzsche's concerns.
Mediation, Assimilation, and German Foundations in North America: Francis Daniel Pastorius as Cultural Broker
Authors: Lambert Margo M. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT
One of the first Germans to settle in the Pennsylvania colony, Francis Daniel Pastorius left behind many manuscripts detailing a rich life. Studying his manuscripts reveals much about the first German settlers and the world they inhabited, a group that has been only slightly studied. One important aspect of Pastorius's German American life was his role as a cultural broker between the English Quakers and the first German settlers. Because of his education and inclinations, Pastorius emerged as a mediator between the two cultures. He negotiated the first land purchases, encouraged William Penn's support of German settlement, and sought naturalization—truly connecting the two cultures. This article explores how he educated one culture about the other and helped make a place for the Germans, and those to come, in their new colonial home.
“The High Price of Living”: The Lives of Insolvent Laborers in Jacksonian-Era Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, 1815–1842
Authors: McCoy Michael B. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT
Drawing on regional price data, prison calendars, poorhouse records, and insolvent debtor petitions, this article considers the lives and material conditions of Jacksonian-era Cumberland County workingmen. While much attention has been paid to the state's destitute urban populations, much less scholarship has been devoted to offering a comparable analysis of the economic lives of nonagricultural rural laborers. By examining the causes and consequences of insolvency and by constructing a detailed picture of insolvent laborers' material conditions, this article offers greater insight into the lives of impoverished rural laboring men and, in so doing, demonstrates a clear uniformity in the economic experiences of rural and urban workers living in Jacksonian Era Pennsylvania. Indeed, if economic historians have demonstrated a convergence of urban and rural prices and wages in the antebellum era, the petitions and petitioners speak to a similar alignment in the material lives of urban and rural workers.
Eenvoudig witwassen: was het maar zo eenvoudig
Authors: Hooydonk D.E. 
Published: March 2017

Eenvoudig witwassen: was het maar zo eenvoudig
Het artikel richt zich op een kritische beoordeling van de strafbaarstelling van eenvoudig witwassen. Betoogd wordt dat het probleem dat de aanleiding vormde voor het strafbaar stellen van eenvoudig witwassen niet bestaat. Dit heeft als consequentie dat de strafbaarstelling alleen dient als vangnet voor het vervolgen van grondfeiten die niet of moeilijk te bewijzen zijn. De vormgeving van en de wetsgeschiedenis bij het artikel maken het echter mogelijk om (te) makkelijk te vervolgen op grond van eenvoudig witwassen als grondfeiten niet of moeilijk bewezen kunnen worden, ook als deze grondfeiten geen bedreiging vormen voor de integriteit van het financiële en economische verkeer. Deze onwenselijke aanpak moet door het Openbaar Ministerie vermeden worden.
Een schurftig schaap steekt de hele kudde aan
Authors: Baar J.L. 
Published: March 2017

Een schurftig schaap steekt de hele kudde aan – De tenlastelegging in dierenzaken
In zaken waar overtredingen van de Wet dieren ten laste gelegd zijn, staat regelmatig ter discussie of de dagvaarding aan de eisen van de wet voldoet. Met name of de omschrijving van de verweten feiten voldoende duidelijk is. In dit artikel wordt getracht aan de hand van een uiteenzetting van relevante jurisprudentie, tot een algemeen kader voor de tenlastelegging in dergelijke zaken te komen. Daartoe worden ook artikel 261 Sv en de daaruit voortvloeiende eisen besproken.
Conform de eer en waardigheid van het beroep van belastingadviseur
Authors: Dohmen R.E. , Kamerling R.N.J. 
Published: March 2017

Conform de eer en waardigheid van het beroep van belastingadviseur – Een beschouwing van de aard en omvang van het tuchtrecht voor belastingadviseurs
In deze bijdrage wordt het verenigingstuchtrecht voor belastingadviseurs van de NOB en RB besproken. Eerst volgt een korte tour d’horizon langs de kaders van het verenigingstuchtrecht, waarbij blijkt dat de burgerlijke rechter zijn stem nadrukkelijk heeft laten horen bij het vormgeven van die kaders. Daarna volgen de conclusies van een inventariserend onderzoek onder alle (ruim 170) uitspraken die de tuchtrechters van de NOB en RB hebben gedaan en die tot augustus 2016 openbaar zijn gemaakt. Aan welke categorieën van laakbaar handelen maken belastingadviseurs zich op basis van de tuchtrechtrechtelijke jurisprudentie het vaakst schuldig en hoe wordt dit laakbaar handelen gesanctioneerd? De auteurs stellen vast dat het NOB-tuchtrecht in de kern wel voldoet, maar dat het beter kan. Het RB-tuchtrecht heeft echter een langere weg te gaan.
Wetsvoorstel versterking positie curator door Tweede Kamer
Authors: de Groot A.H.M. , Alblas D. 
Published: March 2017

Wetsvoorstel versterking positie curator door Tweede Kamer – Voorstel kan op onderdelen scherper
In december heeft de Tweede Kamer ingestemd met het wetsvoorstel versterking positie curator, waarin de uitbreiding van de inlichtingenplicht van de gefailleerde en de meldplicht van de curator voor onregelmatigheden worden geregeld. Het voorstel voorziet in een actieve plicht tot verstrekking van onder andere de volledige administratie en informatie over (buitenlandse) vermogensbestanddelen. Tevens is voorzien in de verplichting van derden om administratie van de gefailleerde te verstrekken. Het voorstel is een goede stap in de gewenste richting, maar zal zonder adequate financiering van de extra onderzoekskosten ten behoeve van de boedel en goede opvolging van aangiften een lege huls blijven.
Eenvoudig witwassen
Authors: Nan J.S. 
Published: March 2017

Eenvoudig witwassen – Noot bij HR 13 december 2016, ECLI:NL:HR:2016:2842
De Hoge Raad geeft aan hoe eenvoudig witwassen zal worden uitgelegd na de inwerkingtreding daarvan op 1 januari 2017.
Fast Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Selected Persistent Organic Pollutants and Organophosphorus and Synthetic Pyrethroid Pesticides in Indian Prawn (Fenneropenaeus indicus) in Compliance with the EU-MRLs
Authors: Sawant Durvesh , Kelkar Jitendra , Rasam Pratap , Datar Ajit , Hase Prashant , Handique Dheeraj , Bhone Ankush , Chiplunkar Sanket , Hate Manish 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
A fast GC with tandem MS method was developed and validated for multiresidue determination of 95 chemical contaminants (24 synthetic pyrethroids, 17 organochlorines, 17 organophosphorus compounds, 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and 19 polychlorinated biphenyls) in Indian prawns (Fenneropenaeus indicus) as per the European Union maximum residual limit requirements. Chromatographic separation and MS determinationwere achieved within a short run time of 18 min, without compromising sensitivity and specificity. Our findings revealed a 2.5× reduction in the run time compared with conventional GC methods. Sample preparation involved a QuEChERS-based extraction of10 g sample with 10 mL acidified acetonitrile (1% acetic acid) and phaseseparation with 6 g anhydrous magnesium sulfate and 1.5 g sodium acetate. The extract was cleaned in two steps, first by dispersive cleanup with primary secondary amine and then by C18 SPE cartridge. The regression coefficients of linearity (r2) for the concentration range of 5–50 ng/mL were &gt;0.99 for all the compounds. Recoveries at 5 and 10 ng/g levels were within the acceptable range of 70–120%. The repeatability (RSDr) and within-laboratory reproducibility (RSDwR) precisions were ≤20%. The method was successfully applied for analysis of the real world samples for incurred residues.
Significados de los conceptos de número positivo y de número negativo manifestados por estudiantes de secundaria obligatoria
Authors: Vílchez Marín Miguel , Rico Romero Luis , Ruiz Hidalgo Juan Francisco 
Published: March 2017

<p>En este trabajo exponemos algunos resultados de un estudio exploratorio llevado a cabo con escolares de 2.º de ESO, enfocado a determinar los diversos significados que dichos estudiantes pueden asignar al concepto de número entero. Para ello hemos elaborado un cuestionario semántico centrado en las nociones básicas de número positivo y de número negativo. El estudio de las respuestas suministradas por los alumnos a las preguntas y actividades planteadas en el cuestionario, analizadas en términos de elementos y componentes<br />del significado de los conceptos matemáticos escolares, identifica las nociones y los temas empleados. Los resultados, derivados de clasificar e interpretar las respuestas acerca de los números enteros, ayudan a determinar los significados de los escolares sobre tales conceptos numéricos.</p><p> </p>