bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Censur’d to Be Much Inferiour’
Authors: Borgogni Daniele 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter highlights the historical evolution and peculiarities of Italian translations of Milton’s epics. The homeland of classicism and stronghold of Catholicism often subordinated aesthetic judgement to moral judgement, and Milton appeared too unorthodox and irregular to suit the cultural and religious expectations of Italian readers. Thus, despite its relevance in Milton’s own cultural development, Italy has been a major contributor to the ‘conspiracy of silence’ noted by Waldock half a century ago. The common practice of Italian translators has been to self-censor or ‘improve’ Paradise Lost drastically. Borgogni describes Rolli’s longed-for fidelity yielding to contemporary religio-cultural pressures and Papi’s domesticating adaptations and expurgations. He devotes special attention to the ‘conspiracy within the conspiracy’—namely, the neglect of Paradise Regained—with an analysis of the few nineteenth- and twentieth-century Italian versions and a discussion of the linguistic and theoretical challenges he faced in his own 2007 translation of the brief epic.
The Quest for the Right Accent
Authors: Shurbanov Alexander 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter presents a critical overview of the history of Milton’s Bulgarian translations, starting during the second half of the nineteenth century, when Bulgaria was still a province of the Ottoman Empire. The early renditions of Paradise Lost were based mostly on French and Russian translations, and more often than not done in prose. Subsequently, translators grappled with the English original of this and other poems and attempted to approximate its content, diction, and prosody. The chapter harnesses this rich translational development in its concluding discussion of the recent advance of Bulgaria’s modern literature and its integration into European developments, with telling glances at the vicissitudes and ramifications of Milton’s ideas and art in Bulgarian journalism and literature.
Jungmann’s Translation of Paradise Lost in the Vanguard of Modern Czech Culture
Authors: Tobrmanová Šárka 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter centres on the 1811 experimental Czech translation of Paradise Lost, Ztracený ráj, by the Czech polyglot Jungmann, because it vitally affected the rise of modern Czech language and literature. Jungmann belonged to the second generation of the Czech national revivalists who strove to revive the Czech culture and language oppressed by Austrian rule and dominated by German. The chapter considers Jungmann’s reasons for choosing to translate Milton’s epic, concluding they were patriotic and linguistic. Relying on eighteenth-century German and Polish translations, Jungmann embarked on creating modern Czech literary language, reviving or inventing many now common words. His treatment of Milton’s grand style, including prosody, helped to shape nineteenth-century Czech poetry. Later renderings of Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and a recent translation of Samson Agonistes are discussed, to reveal that Jungmann’s achievement remains unsurpassed.
Translation as Resistance
Authors: Rzepa Joanna 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter offers a historical account of the presence of Paradise Lost in translation and Polish literature, especially how the poem’s reception in Poland has been shaped by complex modes of linguistic and cultural transfer. The chapter explores the historical and political contexts in which Paradise Lost was translated into Polish, discusses the most important actors involved in its publication, and analyses the strategies employed by the translators. It demonstrates that the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century translators of Milton, who worked at a time when Poland had lost its political sovereignty, focused specifically on the form of the poem, presenting models for a modern Polish epic poem that could help sustain Polish cultural identity. The focus of the twentieth-century translators, who lived through the world wars, shifted from the form to the rich imagery of Milton’s poem, in particular his exploration of the themes of vanity, destruction, and exile.
Milton in Serbian/Montenegrin
Authors: Strojan Marjan 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is the first Serbian translation of Paradise Lost, which appeared in Belgrade in 1989. It was a reprint of Djilas’s translation of the epic, published twenty years earlier in the USA. Djilas’s task of translation was also an act of intellectual rebellion and a means of keeping himself sane during his long years of incarceration in a Yugoslav prison. The chapter analyses select passages of Djilas’s translation alongside their counterparts from the original as well as with some extant Serbian renderings of the poem. This analysis demonstrates that, in his translation, Djilas successfully brought together the culturally different epic traditions of his native Montenegro and of the nearby Dalmatian coast, but he was less successful in solving the fundamental prosodic question of how to make Milton’s dense iambic pentameter fit an equally compact trochaic verse.
Plotting a Persian Paradise
Authors: Einboden Jeffrey 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
From popular novels to dense scholarly editions, Milton has enjoyed an eclectic and expansive afterlife in twentieth- and twenty-first-century Persian translation. Provoking responses from prominent women writers in particular, Paradise Lost and Samson Agonistes have offered rich sources for Persian translation and literary revision, attracting the attention of Iran’s best-selling woman novelist, Dāneshvar (d. 2013), as well as Iran’s leading woman translator, Dāmghānī. This chapter surveys highlights since the 1960s of Milton in Iran, from Dāneshvar’s brief quotation of Samson in her fiction, to the extended translations of Paradise Lost produced by Dāmghānī, as well as by Shafā (d. 2010). Domesticating not only the content of Milton’s poetry but also Miltonic contexts, these diverse editions produce distinct Iranian afterlives of the English author and cultivate contemporary Persian grounds for the reproduction of his Renaissance English poetics.
The 1960s and Paradise Lost in Korean
Authors: Yeon Kim Hae , Duran Angelica 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter chronicles one of the most recent language traditions to participate in translation of Milton’s works: Korean. Close readings of the two landmark full translations of Paradise Lost of 1963 reflect the leadership of the South Korean government and Korean scholars to make available foreign literature, even highly provocative and Christian works. Korea’s socio-political moment is evinced in such elements as these translations’ characterizations of Satan and uses of Japanese translations as complements to English source texts. It is also seen in their production not as stand-alone publications or personal initiatives but rather as components of world literature anthologies by major Korean publishers cooperating with the Korean government and, by extension, with US funding and direction.
Quantum description of light
Authors: Kavokin Alexey V. , Baumberg Jeremy J. , Malpuech Guillaume , Laussy Fabrice P. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn this chapter we present a selection of important issues, concepts and tools of quantum mechanics, which we investigate up to the level of details required for the rest of the exposition, disregarding at the same time other elementary and basic topics that have less relevance to microcavities. In the next chapter we will also need to quantize the material excitation, but for now we limit the discussion to light, which allows us to lay down the general formalism for two special cases—the harmonic oscillator and the two-level system.
Semiclassical description of light–matter coupling
Authors: Kavokin Alexey V. , Baumberg Jeremy J. , Malpuech Guillaume , Laussy Fabrice P. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn this chapter we consider light coupling to elementary semiconductor crystal excitations—excitons—and discuss the optical properties of mixed light–matter quasiparticles named exciton-polaritons, which play a decisive role in optical spectra of microcavities. Our considerations are based on the classical Maxwell equations coupled to the material relation accounting for the quantum properties of excitons.
Coleridge on Beauty
Authors: Kirwan James 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines Coleridge’s analysis of beauty in the ‘Principles of Genial Criticism’ (1814), which aimed to establish a religious dimension to aesthetic experience. Coleridge’s argument is traced through his Kantian account of aesthetic judgement, and his assertion of unity-in-multiplicity as the formal condition of beauty, to his grounding beauty in that which is ‘pre-configured’ to our faculties. Coleridge’s depends on eighteenth-century aesthetic axioms, despite deliberately avoiding explicit reference to such accounts, electing Plotinus instead as a precursor. It is suggested that Coleridge is therefore reluctant to explain aesthetic experience in purely psychological and, potentially, exclusively naturalistic terms. The appeal to Plotinus’s traditional notion of beauty as the soul’s recognition of its divine origin grounds aesthetic experience in religion. Concomitantly, in Coleridge’s reassertion of the claims of religion in the wake of the Enlightenment, aesthetic experience as contemplation of the world as it is becomes proof of the existence of the divine.
The ‘way of seeking’
Authors: Aherne Philip 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Coleridge’s influence in Cambridge through the nineteenth century is examined in Chapter 7, especially as it affected the development of a philosophy he opposed, utilitarianism. The author accepts Skorupski’s (1993) assessment of Coleridge as an important precursor of British idealism, finding his philosophy a particular blend of German transcendentalism, Platonic creeds, and Christian ethics representing a distinct school in its own terms. His contemporary significance was undoubtedly influential. In 1890, James Martineau argued for Coleridge’s influence in British philosophy through the nineteenth century, claiming that ‘his Platonic gospel has passed in the heart of our generation’ and declared that ‘empirical psychology and utilitarian ethics are the permanent objects of Coleridge’s hostility’. Martineau was extending Mill’s dichotomous paradigm of Bentham versus Coleridge. The stability of this opposition is questioned in this chapter, which claims that Mill’s development of utilitarian ethics depended on Coleridge’s epistemological distinction between Reason and Understanding.
Coleridge, Contemplation, and the ‘triple Ichheit’
Authors: Webster Suzanne E. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Chapter 17 concentrates on Coleridge’s theological reflections, especially those of his final years. In his later notebooks and other key works, including the ‘Theory of Life’ and Aids to Reflection, Coleridge yielded generally consistent results in terms of his efforts to define, desynonymize, and establish the ‘Order of the Mental Powers’. By 1830, with regard to the human being on Earth (or the earthly human ‘Personal Identity’), Coleridge had fleshed out his perception of the order of these powers in the context of what he called the ‘triple Ichheit’. Regarding Coleridge’s thought about the origins of and processes involved within contemplative acts, the chapter explores the ‘Order of the Mental Powers’ as Coleridge saw them within the context of the ‘triple Ichheit’; and it explains how this ordering related to Coleridge’s thought on God, the hypostases of the Trinity, and the relationships between ‘Will’, ‘Reason’, and faith.
Notebook 55 as Contemplative Coda to Coleridge’s Work and Life
Authors: Janzen J. Gerald 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Chapter 18 construes Coleridge’s last Notebook (March–April 1834, which he titled, ‘Faith, Prayer, Meditation’) as the coda to his work and life, an analogy with the concluding lines to Biographia Literaria and to Opus Maximum Fragment 2, lines likewise taken as codas to their respective works. Building on Mays’ characterization of Coleridge’s ‘poetry of the affections’, and on his identification of the arc of Coleridge’s life as arising within the bosom of his father’s so-called ‘simple’ faith, navigating ‘strange seas of thought’, and coming home at the end to his own (more complicated) simplicity, it argues that one ‘Clew’ to Notebook 55 as coda to his work and life lies in the place the affections enjoy in Coleridge’s notebooks of 1827–34, whose entries most deeply constitute exercises in contemplation.
The basic features of the history of rhetoric
Authors: Meyer Michel 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Chapter 1 considers the essential reference points in the history of rhetoric. Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, Quintilian, as well as the main transformations of rhetoric up to the twentieth century, are considered in detail. Plato based his theory of rhetoric on pathos or the manipulation of the audience through its emotions. Aristotle provided a theory of logos which allows rigorous science as well as rhetorical inference (enthymeme). Cicero grounded his new approach to rhetoric by giving a privileged role to the speaker or ethos. In its various revivals in the twentieth century, rhetoric continued this practice of granting primacy to either ethos, pathos, or logos; the various authors who participated in this renewal in the last century therefore followed in the footsteps of either Plato, Aristotle, or Cicero. It is now time for a synthesis with a new starting point: questioning.
The question-view of logos
Authors: Meyer Michel 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Chapter 2 redefines the three basic concepts of any rhetoric: ethos, logos, and pathos. It relates these elements to the questioning process by which they are rhetorically linked. Special attention is given to logos as a way of answering and expressing questions. This leads to the development of a radically new view of language and the principles of thought. The passage of a propositionalist view of language and reason, indifferent to questioning, to a problematological one, based on questioning is studied through examples of sentences. This leads to an integrative view, in which texts are also seen as answers to questions taken up (partially, i.e. as points of view) by the audience or the reader. The chapter ends with a reformulation of the basic principles of thought (identity, sufficient reason, and non-contradiction) as the three principles necessary to deal with questions, answers, and their relationship.
The argumentative structures
Authors: Meyer Michel 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Chapter 5 develops the workings of the four basic rhetorical operators in argumentation and in logic, which give rise to the basic logical connectives we recognize from logic textbooks. Argumentation can deal with questions (ad rem) or bear on the questioners themselves (ad hominem). Four basic classes of arguments are sufficient to encompass all further internal differentiation and subcategories of arguments. Argumentative responses by any audience are also fourfold, from acceptance to rejection, with modalities of increased differentiations in-between. The interest of stressing the fundamental aspect of those four operators is that they underlie the four basic connectors in logic, from which they probably stem.
The role of ethos: the voice of values
Authors: Meyer Michel 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Chapter 9 shows how values are both structured by ethos and also structure ethos, i.e. in cases where the speaker wishes to please or convince a particular audience. A table of values is necessary and is established here as the key to rhetorical inference as well as to rhetorical conflicts. Ethos is thus not only the speaker, but a set of values about which the speaker argues or with which he argues (or, if the rhetoric of figures is used, purports to please and move the audience). Collective values and individuals are always mixed along lines of identity and difference. The whole chapter is dedicated to the explication of each value that can be put in play by the speaker as well as by the responding audience.
Bacterial sepsis in the neonate
Authors: Rubarth Lori Baas , Christensen Carla M. , Riley Cheryl 
Published: August 2017

Abstract:
Neonatal bacterial infections leading to sepsis occur frequently in the first few days or weeks of life. NPs must be able to recognize the early signs of sepsis and understand the need for rapid evaluation and treatment. This article discusses antibiotic treatments for various types and locations of bacterial infections and sepsis in the neonate.
Operative Versus Nonoperative Management of Acute High-Grade Acromioclavicular Dislocations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Chang Nicholas , Furey Andrew , Kurdin Anton 
Published: August 2017

Objectives:
Management of high-grade acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocations has been controversial. Recent studies suggest no difference in outcomes between operative and nonoperative management of Rockwood types III–V injuries. The objective of this meta-analysis is to compare outcomes between operative and nonoperative management of high-grade AC joint dislocations.

Data Sources:
Search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases through October 2016. A broad search strategy was used to identify English, comparative studies of AC joint dislocations.

Study Selection:
Inclusion criteria included comparative studies of AC joint dislocations in adult patients with acute, high-grade AC dislocations.

Data Extraction:
Two authors independently reviewed and assessed for bias according to the U.S. Preventative Task Force Quality Rating Criteria. Data were extracted for validated functional scores, clinical and radiographic outcomes, and complications.

Data Synthesis:
Nineteen studies (n = 954) were included in the meta-analysis. Operative group had better cosmetic outcome (odds ratio [OR] = 0.05; P < 0.00001) and radiographic reduction (OR = 24.94; P < 0.0001). Constant scores favored the operative group, although the difference may not be clinically significant (MD = 3.14; P = 0.03). Nonoperative treatment was associated with faster return to work (MD = 4.17, P < 0.0001), lower implant complications (OR = 7.19, P < 0.0001), and reduced infection rate (OR = 3.65, P = 0.007). No difference was found for DASH Score, return to sport, radiologic evidence of osteoarthritis, and need for surgery after failed management.

Conclusions:
No clinical difference in functional outcome scores was detected between operative and nonoperative management of high-grade AC joint dislocations. Patients in the nonoperative cohort had a more rapid return to work, but were associated with a poorer cosmetic outcome.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Hexapod Stacked Transport for Tibial Infected Nonunions With Bone Loss: Long-Term Functional Outcomes
Authors: Napora Joshua K. , Weinberg Douglas S. , Eagle Blake A. , Kaufman Bram R. , Sontich John K. 
Published: August 2017

Objectives:
To analyze long-term functional outcomes in patients with posttraumatic infected tibial nonunions having undergone bone transport with hexapod external fixator.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
Level 1 trauma center.

Patients/Participants:
Thirty-eight patients with infected nonunions of the tibia.

Intervention:
Resection of nonunion with application of stacked hexapod external fixator for bone transport.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Functional outcome was measured using the short Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment (sMFA). Parameters measured included age, sex, presence of diabetes, smoking, use of a free flap, bone defect size, length in frame, external fixation index, and direction of lengthening.

Results:
The mean sMFA score for the entire group was 27.1. Average patient age was 46.8 ± 12.7 years, 74% patients were male, 8% were diabetic, and 29% were smokers. Seventeen patients had soft-tissue defects that required a free flap. Smokers had higher degrees of disability compared with nonsmokers (39 ± 16 vs. 22 ± 14, P = 0.011). Patients requiring adjunctive stabilization had worse functional scores compared with those who did not receive adjunctive stabilization (33 ± 17 vs. 22 ± 15, P = 0.049). Sixteen patients returned 2 sMFA surveys at different time points after completion of bone transport. Initial average sMFA score was 26.5 at a mean of 25.3 months; subsequent sMFA scores averaged 19.4 at a mean of 98.8 months.

Conclusions:
Stacked hexapod external fixator bone transport is a reliable technique for infected nonunion of the tibia with bone loss. Improved sMFA scores can be expected from 2 to 8 years, suggesting full recovery takes longer than previously anticipated. Limb salvage with hexapod bone transport is justified over time.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
IDENTIFYING FEATURES OF EARLY AND LATE AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Authors: Graham Katie W. , Chakravarthy Usha , Hogg Ruth E. , Muldrew K. Alyson , Young Ian S. , Kee Frank 
Published: August 2017

Purpose:
To compare multicolor (MC) and traditional color fundus photography (CFP) in their ability to detect features of early and late age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Methods:
Study design: Observational case series. Participants: fundus images captured using standard CFP and MC imaging from 33 patients attending hospital clinics and 26 participants from the pilot phase of the Northern Ireland Cohort for the Longitudinal Study of Ageing (NICOLA). Systematic grading of early and late AMD features; (hard drusen, soft drusen, reticular pseudodrusen, pigment clumping, non–geographic atrophy hypopigmentation, atrophy, hemorrhage, and fibrosis) on CFP and MC.

Results:
There were 105 eyes with gradable images for comparison. Using CFP as the gold standard, sensitivity values for MC ranged from 100% for atrophy, non–geographic atrophy hypopigmentation, and fibrosis to 69.7% for pigment clumping. Specificity values were high: >80% for all features. On using MC as the comparator, CFP had lower sensitivity for the detection of early AMD features (27.8% for reticular drusen to 77.8% for non–geographic atrophy hypopigmention). Analysis of OCT in discrepant cases showed better agreement with MC for all AMD lesions, except hemorrhage and non–geographic atrophy hypopigmentation. For pigment clumping, CFP and MC were in equal agreement with OCT.

Conclusion:
Multicolor retinal imaging allowed for improved detection and definition of AMD features.