bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of UK provider financial incentives on quality of care: a systematic review
Authors: Mandavia Rishi , Mehta Nishchay , Schilder Anne , Mossialos Elias 
Published: October 2017

BackgroundProvider financial incentives are being increasingly adopted to help improve standards of care while promoting efficiency.AimTo review the UK evidence on whether provider financial incentives are an effective way of improving the quality of health care.Design and settingSystematic review of UK evidence, undertaken in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations.MethodMEDLINE and Embase databases were searched in August 2016. Original articles that assessed the relationship between UK provider financial incentives and a quantitative measure of quality of health care were included. Studies showing improvement for all measures of quality of care were defined as ‘positive’, those that were ‘intermediate’ showed improvement in some measures, and those classified as ‘negative’ showed a worsening of measures. Studies showing no effect were documented as such. Quality was assessed using the Downs and Black quality checklist.ResultsOf the 232 published articles identified by the systematic search, 28 were included. Of these, nine reported positive effects of incentives on quality of care, 16 reported intermediate effects, two reported no effect, and one reported a negative effect. Quality assessment scores for included articles ranged from 15 to 19, out of a maximum of 22 points.ConclusionThe effects of UK provider financial incentives on healthcare quality are unclear. Owing to this uncertainty and their significant costs, use of them may be counterproductive to their goal of improving healthcare quality and efficiency. UK policymakers should be cautious when implementing these incentives — if used, they should be subject to careful long-term monitoring and evaluation. Further research is needed to assess whether provider financial incentives represent a cost-effective intervention to improve the quality of care delivered in the UK.
GMC Collisions as Triggers of Star Formation. IV. The Role of Ambipolar Diffusion
Authors: Christie Duncan , Wu Benjamin , Tan Jonathan C. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
We investigate the role of ambipolar diffusion (AD) in collisions between magnetized giant molecular clouds (GMCs), which may be an important mechanism for triggering star cluster formation. Three-dimensional simulations of GMC collisions are performed using a version of the Enzo magnetohydrodynamics code that has been extended to include AD. The resistivities are calculated using the 31-species chemical model of Wu et al. (2015). We find that in the weak-field,

10

μ
G

case, AD has only a modest effect on the dynamical evolution during the collision. However, for the stronger-field,

30

μ
G

case involving near-critical clouds, AD results in the formation of dense cores in regions where collapse is otherwise inhibited. The overall efficiency of formation of cores with

n

H

≥

10

6

cm

−
3

in these simulations is increases from about 0.2% to 2% once AD is included, comparable to observed values in star-forming GMCs. The gas around these cores typically has relatively slow infall at speeds that are a modest fraction of the free-fall speed.
Constraining Polarized Foregrounds for EoR Experiments. II. Polarization Leakage Simulations in the Avoidance Scheme
Authors: Nunhokee C. D. , Bernardi G. , Kohn S. A. , Aguirre J. E. , Thyagarajan N. , Dillon J. S. , Foster G. , Grobler T. L. , Martinot J. Z. E. , Parsons A. R. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
A critical challenge in the observation of the redshifted 21 cm line is its separation from bright Galactic and extragalactic foregrounds. In particular, the instrumental leakage of polarized foregrounds, which undergo significant Faraday rotation as they propagate through the interstellar medium, may harmfully contaminate the 21 cm power spectrum. We develop a formalism to describe the leakage due to instrumental widefield effects in visibility-based power spectra measured with redundant arrays, extending the delay-spectrum approach presented in Parsons et al. We construct polarized sky models and propagate them through the instrument model to simulate realistic full-sky observations with the Precision Array to Probe the Epoch of Reionization. We find that the leakage due to a population of polarized point sources is expected to be higher than diffuse Galactic polarization at any k mode for a 30 m reference baseline. For the same reference baseline, a foreground-free window at k > 0.3 h Mpc−1 can be defined in terms of leakage from diffuse Galactic polarization even under the most pessimistic assumptions. If measurements of polarized foreground power spectra or a model of polarized foregrounds are given, our method is able to predict the polarization leakage in actual 21 cm observations, potentially enabling its statistical subtraction from the measured 21 cm power spectrum.
Exploratory X-Ray Monitoring of Luminous Radio-quiet Quasars at High Redshift: No Evidence for Evolution in X-Ray Variability
Authors: Shemmer Ohad , Brandt W. N. , Paolillo Maurizio , Kaspi Shai , Vignali Cristian , Lira Paulina , Schneider Donald P. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
We report on the second installment of an X-ray monitoring project of seven luminous radio-quiet quasars (RQQs). New Chandra observations of four of these, at

4.10
≤
z
≤
4.35

, yield a total of six X-ray epochs per source, with temporal baselines of

∼
850
–
1600

days in the rest frame. These data provide the best X-ray light curves for RQQs at

z
>
4

to date, enabling qualitative investigations of the X-ray variability behavior of such sources for the first time. On average, these sources follow the trend of decreasing variability amplitude with increasing luminosity, and there is no evidence for X-ray variability increasing toward higher redshifts, in contrast with earlier predictions of potential evolutionary scenarios. An ensemble variability structure function reveals that their variability level remains relatively flat across

≈
20
–
1000

days in the rest frame and it is generally lower than that of three similarly luminous RQQs at

1.33
≤
z
≤
2.74

over the same temporal range. We discuss possible explanations for the increased variability of the lower-redshift subsample and, in particular, whether higher accretion rates play a leading role. Near-simultaneous optical monitoring of the sources at

4.10
≤
z
≤
4.35

indicates that none is variable on

≈
1

day timescales, although flux variations of up to ∼25% are observed on

≈
100

day timescales, typical of RQQs at similar redshifts. Significant optical-X-ray spectral slope variations observed in two of these sources are consistent with the levels observed in luminous RQQs and are dominated by X-ray variations.
Non-negative Matrix Factorization for Self-calibration of Photometric Redshift Scatter in Weak-lensing Surveys
Authors: Zhang Le , Yu Yu , Zhang Pengjie 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Photo-z error is one of the major sources of systematics degrading the accuracy of weak-lensing cosmological inferences. Zhang et al. proposed a self-calibration method combining galaxy–galaxy correlations and galaxy–shear correlations between different photo-z bins. Fisher matrix analysis shows that it can determine the rate of photo-z outliers at a level of 0.01%–1% merely using photometric data and do not rely on any prior knowledge. In this paper, we develop a new algorithm to implement this method by solving a constrained nonlinear optimization problem arising in the self-calibration process. Based on the techniques of fixed-point iteration and non-negative matrix factorization, the proposed algorithm can efficiently and robustly reconstruct the scattering probabilities between the true-z and photo-z bins. The algorithm has been tested extensively by applying it to mock data from simulated stage IV weak-lensing projects. We find that the algorithm provides a successful recovery of the scatter rates at the level of 0.01%–1%, and the true mean redshifts of photo-z bins at the level of 0.001, which may satisfy the requirements in future lensing surveys.
The Magnetic Future of the Sun
Authors: Judge Philip G. , Egeland Ricky , Metcalfe Travis S. , Guinan Edward , Engle Scott 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
We analyze space- and ground-based data for the old (7.0 ± 0.3 Gyr) solar analogs 16 Cyg A and B. The stars were observed with the Cosmic Origins UV Spectrographs on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) on 2015 October 23 and 2016 February 3, respectively, and with the Chandra X-ray Observatory on 2016 February 7. Time-series data in Ca ii data are used to place the UV data in context. The UV spectra of 18 Sco (3.7 ± 0.5 Gyr), the Sun (4.6 ± 0.04 Gyr), and α Cen A (

) appear remarkably similar, pointing to a convergence of magnetic heating rates for G2 main-sequence stars older than ≈2–4 Gyr. But the B component’s X-ray (0.3–2.5 keV) flux lies 20× below a well-known minimum level reported by Schmitt. As reported for α Cen A, the coronal temperature probably lies below that detectable in soft X-rays. No solar UV flux spectra of comparable resolution to those of stellar data exist, but they are badly needed for comparison with stellar data. Center-to-limb variations are reevaluated for lines such as Ca ii through X-rays, with important consequences for observing activity cycles in such features. We also call into question work that has mixed solar intensity–intensity statistics with flux–flux relations of stars.
NuSTAR Hard X-Ray Data and Gemini 3D Spectra Reveal Powerful AGN and Outflow Histories in Two Low-redshift Lyα Blobs
Authors: Kawamuro Taiki , Schirmer Mischa , Turner James E. H. , Davies Rebecca L. , Ichikawa Kohei 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
We have shown that Lyα blobs (LABs) may still exist even at

z
∼
0.3

, about seven billion years later than most other LABs known (Shirmer et al.). Their luminous Lyα and [O iii] emitters at

z
∼
0.3

offer new insights into the ionization mechanism. This paper focuses on the two X-ray brightest LABs at

z
∼
0.3

, SDSS J0113+0106 (J0113) and SDSS J1155−0147 (J1155), comparable in size and luminosity to “B1,” one of the best-studied LABs at

z
≳
2

. Our NuSTAR hard X-ray (3–30 keV) observations reveal powerful active galactic nuclei (AGN) with

L

2
–
10

keV

=
(
0.5
–
3
)
×

10

44

erg s−1. J0113 also faded by a factor of ∼5 between 2014 and 2016, emphasizing that variable AGN may cause apparent ionization deficits in LABs. Joint spectral analyses including Chandra data constrain column densities of

N

H

=

5.1

−
3.3

+
3.1

×

10

23

cm−2 (J0113) and

N

H

=

6.0

−
1.1

+
1.4

×

10

22

cm−2 (J1155). J0113 is likely buried in a torus with a narrow ionization cone, but ionizing radiation is also leaking in other directions, as revealed by our Gemini/GMOS 3D spectroscopy. The latter shows a bipolar outflow over 10 kpc, with a peculiar velocity profile that is best explained by AGN flickering. X-ray analysis of J1155 reveals a weakly absorbed AGN that may ionize over a wide solid angle, consistent with our 3D spectra. Extinction-corrected [O iii] log-luminosities are high, ∼43.6. The velocity dispersions are low, ∼100–150 km s−1, even at the AGN positions. We argue that this is a combination of high extinction hiding the turbulent gas and previous outflows that have cleared the escape paths for their successors.
Quantitative Measurement of HCV Core Antigen for Management of Interferon-Free Therapy in HCV-Infected Patients
Authors: Łucejko Mariusz , Flisiak Robert 
Published: October 2017

Background According to current recommendations diagnosis and management of HCV infection need detection and quantification of nucleic acids. In the era of direct-acting antivirals (DAA) it is essential to develop an inexpensive and simple method replacing polymerase chain reaction. Since there is no available data on HCV core antigen (HCVcAg) versus HCV RNA kinetics in the early phase of treatment with DAA, we carried out this study to evaluate the possible application of HCVcAg quantitative measurement for management of HCV infection. Methods 33 patients with HCV infection were enrolled and treated with either ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir ± dasabuvir ± ribavirin (OBV/PRV/r±DSV±RBV) or ledipasvir/ sofosbuvir (LDV/SOF). Samples for quantitative HCV RNA and HCVcAg measurement were collected at the baseline, after 1, 7, 28 days and at the end of treatment, and then after 12 and 24 weeks of post-treatment follow-up. Results There was positive correlation between HCVcAg and HCV RNA levels at the baseline and after 1 day of treatment. Mean HCVcAg concentration declined faster than HCV RNA levels during the treatment phase. At week 4 HCV RNA was undetectable in 24, whereas HCVcAg in 28 patients. At the end of treatment and after 12 weeks of follow-up all patients were undetectable for both HCV RNA and HCVcAg. Conclusions HCVcAg concentration and its early on-treatment testing can predict virological response. Simple testing procedures and significantly lower cost compared to HCV RNA testing support possible replacement of the viral load measurement in management of the majority of HCV-infected patients.
Pharmacokinetics of Rilpivirine and 24-Week Outcomes after Switching from Efavirenz in Virologically Suppressed HIV-1-Infected Adolescents
Authors: Jantarabenjakul Watsamon , Anugulruengkitt Suvaporn , Kasipong Naruporn , Thammajaruk Narukjaporn , Sophonphan Jiratchaya , Bunupuradah Torsak , Cressey Tim R , Colbers Angela , Burger David M , Phongsamart Wanatpreeya , Puthanakit Thanyawee , Pancharoen Chitsanu ,   HIVNAT 220 study
Published: October 2017

Background Rilpivirine (RPV), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drug, could be a favourable drug for maintenance therapy in HIV-infected adolescents because it has few long-term side effects. However, data among adolescents switching from efavirenz (EFV) to RPV are limited. This study investigated the pharmacokinetics (PK), safety and efficacy of RPV in virologically suppressed HIV-1-infected adolescents after switching from EFV. Methods Adolescents aged 12–18 years on EFV-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) were switched from EFV to RPV (25 mg, once daily). Intensive 24-h blood samplings at 0 (pre-dose), 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12 and 24 h were performed 4 weeks after switching. PK parameters were calculated using a non-compartmental method and compared with published data from the PAINT and pooled ECHO/THRIVE substudies. HIV RNA level was measured at weeks 12 and 24. Biochemical profiles were measured at baseline and week 24. Results From January to June 2016, 20 adolescents (12 male) were enrolled. Median (IQR) age was 16 (15–17) years and weight was 49 (42–59) kg. Mean (sd) AUC24 h, C24 h and Cmax of RPV were 2,041 (745) ng•h/ml, 69 (29) ng/ml and 143 (65) ng/ml, respectively. Median (IQR) Tmax was 5 (2–9) h. Four adolescents had C24 h <40 ng/ml. All PK parameters were comparable with published data. All adolescents remained virologically suppressed at week 24. Significant decreases in fasting total cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein were observed ( P-value <0.05). Conclusions Virologically suppressed HIV-infected adolescents had adequate RPV exposure and remained virologically suppressed after switching from EFV. RPV can be used as long-term maintenance ART in HIV-infected adolescents.
Scène énonciative et types de marqueurs discursifs
Authors: Paillard Denis 
Published: October 2017

Cet article défend l’hypothèse qu’il est possible de définir une sémantique générale pour les marqueurs discursifs (MD), mais aussi de distinguer différents types de MD présents dans différentes langues. En partant des trois composantes de la scène énonciative – le « dire », le « vouloir dire » (au sens de to mean ) et l’espace intersubjectif –, nous distinguons six grandes classes de MD : quatre classes en relation avec la notion de « dire » (MD point de vue, MD catégorisant, MD écran, MD particules), une classe en relation avec la notion de « vouloir dire » et, enfin, une classe en relation avec l’espace intersubjectif. Ces six types de MD sont décrits dans quatre langues : le français, le khmer, le russe et le vietnamien.
Étude de certains marqueurs discursifs « vrai » en français, khmer, russe et vietnamien
Authors: Bui Thi Hoang Anh , Paillard Denis , Vladimirska Elena 
Published: October 2017

Cet article est consacré à l’étude d’une série de marqueurs discursifs (MD) liés à la notion de vrai dans quatre langues : le français, le khmer, le russe et le vietnamien. Il est composé de trois parties. La première propose une hypothèse : un MD « vrai » spécifie la séquence p correspondant à sa portée comme adéquate pour exprimer un état de choses Z . La seconde décrit les MD analysés d’un double point de vue : celui de leur appartenance à tel ou tel type de MD (MD point de vue, MD catégorisant, MD particule) et celui de la sémantique des unités formant le MD ; cette sémantique fondant la singularité des MD dans les quatre langues. La troisième partie décrit les valeurs des différents MD.
À propos de la particule russe ved’
Authors: Bottineau Tatiana 
Published: October 2017

Unité radicalement singulière, ved’ appartient à la classe des marqueurs discursifs particules. Bien qu’il ne possède pas d’équivalents exacts dans d’autres langues, l’identité sémantique de ved’ peut être appréhendée au travers de la description des procédés discursifs réguliers caractéristiques de ses emplois en tant que MD. Sa sémantique se déploie sur deux plans. Elle se définit d’abord par la mise en place de l’altérité p/p’ , où p , portée énonciative de ved’ , est la valeur de référence qui s’oppose, à des degrés différents, à p’ , sa valeur concurrente. La résorption, dans un deuxième temps, de l’altérité p/p’ s’opère par la mobilisation de la notion de savoir . Présenté rétroactivement en tant que « savoir objectif », p est un argument qui autorise la transformation d’une représentation subjective de la situation Z en une représentation objective et prive p’ de sa légitimité.
Produire la ville vivante : le travail des citadins et des non-humains
Authors: Ernwein Marion , Tollis Claire 
Published: October 2017

Cet article se veut une prise de position à l’encontre des approches de la « nature » en ville par la présupposée « demande sociale » dont elle ferait l’objet. Abordant les citadins non comme des « demandeurs » mais des acteurs voire des faiseurs , et la « nature » non comme un objet générique mais comme un ensemble hétérogène et multiple de non-humains agissants, il vise à saisir l’activité de production mise en œuvre par ces deux catégories d’acteurs à l’heure où les politiques néolibérales d’austérité remettent en cause la fabrique professionnelle des espaces verts. Nous penchant sur l’économie politique de la nature urbaine, nous montrons que les programmes de bénévolat et de mise au travail des non-humains dans les parcs sont des témoins d’une nouvelle division du travail environnemental.
Métropoles émergentes et alimentation : une lecture croisée
Authors: Pulliat Gwenn 
Published: October 2017

Face à l’étalement urbain, la formalisation des lieux de vente, mais aussi face à la transformation des habitudes, le système alimentaire des métropoles émergentes connaît des mutations rapides. En se fondant sur les cas de Hanoï (Vietnam) et de Bangkok (Thaïlande), l’article montre comment l’étude de ces mutations rend finement compte des dynamiques sociales et spatiales associées au processus d’émergence : intégration régionale accrue, différenciation sociale croissante, concurrence entre les usages de l’espace urbain…
De nouveaux mots pour de nouvelles modalités de fabrique de la ville ? Initiatives citadines d’aménagement des espaces publics
Authors: Nédélec Pascale 
Published: October 2017

Depuis le début des années 2000, une floraison de propositions lexicales et de néologismes est apparue dans la littérature avec pour ambition de qualifier des modalités novatrices de fabrique urbaine : guérilla jardinière, park(ing) day, Do It Yourself , tactical urbanisms … Cet article fait l’hypothèse que ce nouveau lexique témoigne d’évolutions dans les rapports de force à l’œuvre dans l’aménagement des villes contemporaines, principalement des pays occidentaux. Les points communs et les différences entre ces propositions lexicales sont ici dégagés. Leur capacité à inverser les processus décisionnels d’aménagement urbain est enfin interrogée.
Les TMS et le maintien en emploi des salariés de 50 ans et plus : un défi pour la santé au travail et la santé publique
Authors: Chiron Elise , Roquelaure Yves , Ha Catherine , Touranchet Annie , Chotard Anne , Bidron Patrick , Leroux François , Mazoyer Annick , Goldberg Marcel , Imbernon Ellen , Ledenvic Béatrice 
Published: October 2017

Résumé Les troubles musculosquelettiques des membres (TMS) sont la première cause de maladie professionnelle en France comme en Europe. Le réseau pilote de surveillance épidémiologique des TMS mis en place par l’Institut de Veille Sanitaire en 2002 dans la région des Pays de la Loire apporte des renseignements inédits sur la prévalence des TMS et de leurs facteurs de risque dans la population salariée, notamment vieillissante. Entre 2002 et 2004, un réseau sentinelle de 83 médecins du travail volontaires a permis d’inclure par tirage au sort 3 710 salariés âgés de 20 à 59 ans représentatifs des salariés de la région. Les six principaux TMS des membres supérieurs sont diagnostiqués cliniquement selon un protocole rigoureux. L’évaluation de l’exposition professionnelle s’effectue à l’aide d’un auto-questionnaire portant sur les facteurs biomécaniques et psychosociaux de risque de TMS. Au moins un des six principaux TMS a été diagnostiqué au cours de l’examen clinique chez 15 % des femmes et 11 % des hommes. Parmi les salariés âgés de 50 à 59 ans, près de 19 % des hommes et 27 % des femmes souffrent d’au moins un des six TMS. Les catégories ouvrières sont les plus touchées, quels que soient l’âge et le sexe, devant les employés. L’exposition professionnelle aux facteurs de risque de TMS reste élevée chez les 50‑59 ans, quel que soit le sexe : 77 % des ouvriers et 72 % des ouvrières restent exposés à au moins deux des facteurs de risque de TMS. Les implications pour la prévention des TMS et le maintien au travail des salariés sont discutées. La forte prévalence des TMS parmi les 50‑59 ans conjuguée à des contraintes biomécaniques et psychosociales importantes souligne la nécessité d’une approche globale de la prévention des TMS dans les entreprises pour réduire l’exposition au risque et assurer le maintien et/ou le retour au travail des salariés souffrant de TMS.
Quand soigner rend malade : des soignants face au risque infectieux à l'hôpital
Authors: Carricaburu Danièle , Lhuilier Dominique , Merle Véronique 
Published: October 2017

Résumé Le risque infectieux hospitalier est une préoccupation ancestrale que l’on a cru voir disparaître avec l’apparition des antibiotiques. Devenues un enjeu majeur de santé publique, les Infections Nosocomiales (IN) sont censées désigner à la fois les infections qui touchent les malades et les professionnels de santé. Force est de constater que les IN touchant les malades ont davantage de visibilité sociale que celles susceptibles de concerner les soignants. Grâce à une enquête qualitative fondée sur des entretiens semi-directifs auprès de 117 soignants, exerçant à l’hôpital, nous avons voulu cerner ce risque professionnel, tel qu’il est perçu par les soignants. Les résultats sont présentés et discutés en deux parties : la segmentation des représentations du risque infectieux et les pratiques comme construction de compromis entre des exigences contradictoires.