bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accidental Trauma Mimicking Homicidal Violence
Authors: Prahlow Samuel P. , Arendt Alexander , Cameron Thomas , Prahlow Joseph A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHomicide investigations represent an important function of death investigators. Although recognizing nonobvious homicides is crucial, an equally important role involves the identification of cases that initially present as possible homicides, but are ultimately discovered to not represent homicides. Failure to recognize such cases results in wasted time, squandered resources, false allegations, and potential life‐altering consequences. The authors review a series of cases wherein initial investigation suggested a possibility that the deaths represented homicides. By carefully considering additional information, including scene findings, history, and postmortem examination, each was determined to represent an accidental traumatic death. In addition to highlighting the importance of recognizing accidental traumatic deaths that initially present as homicides, the cases serve to highlight the fact that forensic pathology cannot be practiced without knowledge of appropriate ancillary information. Although guarding against cognitive bias is important in all forensic disciplines, including forensic pathology, access to vital case‐related ancillary information is an essential component of practicing medicine as a forensic pathologist.
Faculty of Radiation Oncology Position Paper on the use of Image–Guided Radiation Therapy
Authors: Tiong Albert , Lao Louis , MacKean James , Goonetilleke Madhavi , Kron Tomas 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThe development of technology such as intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), volumetric arc therapy (VMAT) and stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) has resulted in highly conformal radiotherapy treatments. While such technology has allowed for improved dose delivery, it has also meant that improved accuracy in the treatment room is required. Image‐guided radiotherapy (IGRT), the use of imaging prior to or during treatment delivery, has been shown to improve the accuracy of treatment delivery and in some circumstances, clinical outcomes. Allied with the adoption of highly conformal treatments, there is a need for stringent quality assurance processes in a multidisciplinary environment. In 2015, the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologist (RANZCR) updated its position paper on IGRT. The draft document was distributed through the membership of the Faculty of Radiation Oncology (FRO) for review and the final version was endorsed by the board of FRO. This article describes issues that radiotherapy departments throughout Australia and New Zealand should consider. It outlines the role of IGRT and reviews current clinical evidence supporting the benefit of IGRT in genitourinary, head and neck, and lung cancers. It also highlights important international publications which provide guidance on implementation and quality assurances for IGRT. A set of key recommendations are provided to guide safe and effective IGRT implementation and practice in the Australian and New Zealander context.
How Does International Law Condition Responses to Conflict and Negotiation?
Authors: O'Donoghue Aoife 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis article explores the role law plays in defining conflict and its consequences. Two elements of law's categorisations are critical; first law's cataloguing of activities fixing actions into particular classifications and second law's choosing of temporal points from which to analyse conflict, looking both forward and backward at events. The article uses two case studies to demonstrate these two features; Rwanda and Ukraine. Both examples, one historical the other contemporary, are replete with examples of law's categorisations of events and temporal points while demonstrating the tremendous impact that these choices have upon our understanding of how negotiations ought to proceed. This article does not call for a withdrawal of law from these situations but rather cognisance that heavy reliance on law can serve to mask both events and actors critical to successful negotiation and parties must bare this in mind when dealing with conflict.
Implementing Data Definition Consistency for Emergency Department Operations Benchmarking and Research
Authors: Yiadom Maame Yaa A. B. , Scheulen James , McWade Conor M. , Augustine James J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe objective was to obtain a commitment to adopt a common set of definitions for emergency department (ED) demographic, clinical process, and performance metrics among the ED Benchmarking Alliance (EDBA), ED Operations Study Group (EDOSG), and Academy of Academic Administrators of Emergency Medicine (AAAEM) by 2017.MethodsA retrospective cross‐sectional analysis of available data from three ED operations benchmarking organizations supported a negotiation to use a set of common metrics with identical definitions. During a 1.5‐day meeting—structured according to social change theories of information exchange, self‐interest, and interdependence—common definitions were identified and negotiated using the EDBA's published definitions as a start for discussion. Methods of process analysis theory were used in the 8 weeks following the meeting to achieve official consensus on definitions. These two lists were submitted to the organizations’ leadership for implementation approval.ResultsA total of 374 unique measures were identified, of which 57 (15%) were shared by at least two organizations. Fourteen (4%) were common to all three organizations. In addition to agreement on definitions for the 14 measures used by all three organizations, agreement was reached on universal definitions for 17 of the 57 measures shared by at least two organizations. The negotiation outcome was a list of 31 measures with universal definitions to be adopted by each organization by 2017.ConclusionThe use of negotiation, social change, and process analysis theories achieved the adoption of universal definitions among the EDBA, EDOSG, and AAAEM. This will impact performance benchmarking for nearly half of US EDs. It initiates a formal commitment to utilize standardized metrics, and it transitions consistency in reporting ED operations metrics from consensus to implementation. This work advances our ability to more accurately characterize variation in ED care delivery models, resource utilization, and performance. In addition, it permits future aggregation of these three data sets, thus facilitating the creation of more robust ED operations research data sets unified by a universal language. Negotiation, social change, and process analysis principles can be used to advance the adoption of additional definitions.
Perceptions of crop raiding: effects of land tenure and agro‐industry on human–wildlife conflict
Authors: Mc Guinness S. K. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHuman–wildlife conflict (HWC) is an increasingly recognized threat to successful conservation and development efforts through reducing support for conservation effort or threatening the livelihoods of marginalized human populations residing adjacent to protected areas. Although much research is conducted on characterizing these conflicts, such as quantifying crop damage or identifying proximal causes and correlates, there is little effort in identifying the wider, distal drivers of potential conflict. These wider factors may often play as much a part in defining exposure to loss through HWC as local ecological or socioeconomic factors. Using a mixed methods approach, the current study assessed the role of distal factors in defining perceived exposure to crop raiding around a central African protected area; Volcanoes National Park (VNP) in northern Rwanda. Although harbouring critically endangered biodiversity, this transboundary protected area also lies in a region experiencing significant social pressures and struggles for natural resources. This study found that land tenure limitations and restrictions on agricultural autonomy, often driven by neoliberal trade, significantly impact on perceptions of conflict with VNP. Additionally, the lack of adequate revenue sharing with communities most exposed to conflict continues to foster ill feeling towards conservation efforts by failing to counterbalance losses through crop raiding. This study has shown the importance of considering national and regional policy revisions in addressing the drivers of conflict, while the value of a holistic approach to establish the relative importance of distal and proximal factors in HWC has been shown.
Invisible Support: Effects on the Provider's Positive and Negative Affect
Authors: König Claudia , Stadler Gertraud , Knoll Nina , Ochsner Sibylle , Hornung Rainer , Scholz Urte 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundSocial support that goes unnoticed by receivers (i.e. invisible support) seems to be most beneficial for the receivers' well‐being. The providers' well‐being, however, has been neglected so far. This study examines how invisible support is related to the providers' well‐being and whether this association is dependent on the providers' relationship satisfaction.MethodsOverall, 97 non‐smoking partners of smokers who were about to quit smoking were examined. Invisible support was assessed dyadically: partners' reports on smoking‐specific provided social support together with smokers' reports on received support were assessed at baseline. Partners' relationship satisfaction was also assessed at baseline. Partners' positive and negative affect were measured at baseline and six‐week follow‐up.ResultsNo main effects of invisible instrumental or emotional support occurred. However, partners' relationship satisfaction moderated the association between invisible instrumental support and change in partners' negative and positive affect: For partners with lower relationship satisfaction more invisible instrumental support was related to increased negative affect and decreased positive affect, whereas for partners with higher relationship satisfaction the inverse effects occurred.ConclusionsThe study's results emphasise that invisible instrumental support might have emotional costs for the providers. Relationship satisfaction seems to serve as a protective factor.
Pharmacokinetics of ixazomib, an oral proteasome inhibitor, in solid tumour patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment
Authors: Gupta Neeraj , Hanley Michael J. , Venkatakrishnan Karthik , Perez Raymond , Norris Robin E. , Nemunaitis John , Yang Huyuan , Qian Mark G. , Falchook Gerald , Labotka Richard , Fu Siqing 
Published: April 2016

AimThe aim of the present study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of the oral proteasome inhibitor, ixazomib, in patients with solid tumours and moderate or severe hepatic impairment, to provide posology recommendations.MethodsEligible adults with advanced malignancies for which no further effective therapy was available received a single dose of ixazomib on day 1 of the pharmacokinetic cycle; patients with normal hepatic function, moderate hepatic impairment or severe hepatic impairment received 4 mg, 2.3 mg or 1.5 mg, respectively. Blood samples for single‐dose pharmacokinetic characterization were collected over 336 h postdose. After sampling, patients could continue to receive ixazomib on days 1, 8 and 15 in 28‐day cycles.ResultsOf 48 enrolled patients (13, 15 and 20 in the normal, moderate and severe groups, respectively), 43 were pharmacokinetics‐evaluable. Ixazomib was rapidly absorbed (median time to reach peak concentration was 0.95–1.5 h) and highly bound to plasma proteins, with a similar mean fraction bound (~99%) across the three groups. In patients with moderate/severe hepatic impairment (combined group), the geometric least squares mean ratios (90% confidence interval) for unbound and total dose‐normalized area under the plasma concentration vs. time curve from time zero to the time of the last quantifiable concentration in reference to the normal hepatic function group were 1.27 (0.75, 2.16) and 1.20 (0.79, 1.82), respectively. Seven (15%) of the 48 patients experienced a grade 3 drug‐related adverse event; there were no drug‐related grade 4 adverse events.ConclusionsIn patients with moderate/severe hepatic impairment, unbound and total systemic exposures of ixazomib were 27% and 20% higher, respectively, vs. normal hepatic function. A reduced ixazomib starting dose of 3 mg is recommended for patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment.
Testosterone therapy, association with age, initiation and mode of therapy with cardiovascular events: a systematic review
Authors: Albert Stewart G. , Morley John E. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryBackgroundAlthough male hypogonadism is associated with increased cardiovascular events (CVE), recent concerns are that testosterone supplementation may increase CVE. The purpose was to determine associations with age, initiation or mode of therapy to explain these discrepancies.Data synthesisMeta‐analyses were supplemented through Scopus and PubMed with search terms ‘testosterone’, ‘random’ and ‘trial’. CVE, defined before data extraction, were death, myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary bypass, syncope, arrhythmia, hospital admission for congestive heart failure or cerebrovascular event.ResultsThere were 45 trials with 5328 subjects evaluated, with a mean age of 63·3 (SD ±7·9) years, followed for mean study duration of 10·6 (± 8·6) months. Overall, testosterone supplementation was not associated with increased CVE risk ratio (rr = 1·10 (95% CI 0·86; 1·41, P = 0·45)). However, there was an increase event rate during the first 12 months (rr = 1·79 (1·13;2·83, P = 0·012)), predominantly in those ≥65 years, (rr = 2·90 (1·35;6·21, P = 0·006)). Within studies with lipid data, CVE were associated with fall in HDL, P = 0·002. Intramuscular testosterone appeared neutral for CVE (rr = 0·96 (0·462;1·98, P = 0·91)) compared with oral testosterone (rr = 2·28 (95% CI 2·28;8·59, P = 0·22)) and transdermal testosterone (rr = 2·80 (1·38;5·68, P = 0·004)). Intramuscular testosterone had the least effect of lowering HDL and non‐HDL cholesterol (both P < 0·001).ConclusionsTestosterone supplementation may be associated with increased CVE in those ≥65 years especially during the first year. Biological actions may differ depending upon mode of testosterone administration with intramuscular testosterone having less cardiovascular risk.
A comparison of head motion and prefrontal haemodynamics during upright and recumbent cycling exercise
Authors: Tempest Gavin D. , Eston Roger G. , Parfitt Gaynor 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThe aim of this observational study was to compare head motion and prefrontal haemodynamics during exercise using three commercial cycling ergometers. Participants (n = 12) completed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion during upright, recumbent and semi‐recumbent cycling. Head motion (using accelerometry), physiological data (oxygen uptake, end‐tidal carbon dioxide [PETCO2] and heart rate) and changes in prefrontal haemodynamics (oxygenation, deoxygenation and blood volume using near infrared spectroscopy [NIRS]) were recorded. Despite no difference in oxygen uptake and heart rate, head motion was higher and PETCO2 was lower during upright cycling at maximal exercise (P<0·05). Analyses of covariance (covariates: head motion P>0·05; PETCO2, P<0·01) revealed that prefrontal oxygenation was higher during semi‐recumbent than recumbent cycling and deoxygenation and blood volume were higher during upright than recumbent and semi‐recumbent cycling (respectively; P<0·05). This work highlights the robustness of the utility of NIRS to head motion and describes the potential postural effects upon the prefrontal haemodynamic response during upright and recumbent cycling exercise.
Sex ratios, virginity, and local resource enhancement in a quasisocial parasitoid
Authors: Kapranas Apostolos , Hardy Ian C.W. , Tang Xiuyun , Gardner Andy , Li Baoping 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSclerodermus harmandi (Buysson) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) is an economically beneficial species of parasitoid wasp that has an unusual level of sociality: groups of female foundresses reproduce on a single host and exhibit cooperative post‐ovipositional brood care. The beneficial effects females have on each other's reproductive success provide, via the theory of local resource enhancement (LRE), an explanation for their female‐biased progeny sex ratios, which is part of the same framework for understanding sex‐ratio evolution as the more often invoked theory of local mate competition (LMC). Here, we show that S. harmandi sex ratios are overdispersed, with high variance largely attributable to the common occurrence (60%) of developmental mortality. Developmental mortality is also positively associated with the proportion of broods which contain only females at emergence (virgin broods). Virginity is more common when broods are produced by fewer foundresses. Virginity is expected to be disadvantageous under LRE, as it is under LMC, but theory for LRE is less extensively developed. We suggest approaches for the development of LRE theory, in particular using models of ‘population elasticity’ in which the intensity of kin competition is reduced because extra resources are available to local populations that are more cooperative. For S. harmandi, such extra resources may include large hosts that can only be successfully utilised if multiple foundresses cooperate.
Predicting the potential establishment of two insect species using the simulation environment INSIM (INsect SIMulation)
Authors: Hemerik Lia , van Nes Egbert H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDegree‐day models have long been used to predict events in the life cycle of insects and therewith the timing of outbreaks of insect pests and their natural enemies. This approach assumes, however, that the effect of temperature is linear, whereas developmental rates of insects are non‐linearly related to temperature. Therefore, we have developed the simulation tool INSIM (INsect SIMulation) that can easily handle non‐linear temperature relationships, because the program interpolates between measured growth, mortality, and reproduction parameter values given at two subsequent ambient temperatures. We use the tool for predicting the establishment of two insect species. For the application of the biological control agent Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in The Netherlands, we compare a linear and a non‐linear function for the development. The number of adult females increases six‐fold in the course of a year for the non‐linear case, suggesting that the Dutch climate might be warm enough for this beneficial insect to settle. The implementation of a linear development rate shows approximately the same increase. For the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in The Netherlands, we assessed that it is probably well‐adapted to the current Dutch climate: it is predicted to establish easily in most of the simulated scenarios. However, if it were only to attack blueberries (and not cherries), its invasion success is predicted to be limited, because the reproduction in blueberries is low. The implementation of a linear development rate gives rise to 50% fewer adult females (on cherry) or even 95% fewer (on blueberry) after a year. More data are needed for both systems, specifically on overwintering survival for P. maculiventris and for D. suzukii on lifetime reproduction at various temperatures and in different fruit hosts. From the implementation of the linear rate model we can see that, depending on how well the linear approximation is, the results may differ considerably. We have demonstrated that the INSIM program is a useful tool that can easily be adapted to predict the success and individual variation for different insect species.
Economic Policy Coordination as a Game Involving Economic Stability and National Sovereignty
Authors: Adamski Dariusz 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe economic crisis has paved the way for reconsideration of the Eurozone's constitutional design. This paper shows that what may seem as a massive empowerment of European institutions at the cost of national economic sovereignty in actual constitutional practice has left economic policy coordination largely unchanged. By means of conceptualising its previous and current patterns as a game between supranational and national institutions, it is shown that the scale of change has been widely exaggerated. The new Eurozone design has mitigated in practice the extent to which national economic sovereignty has been undermined, but only at the cost of shifting to the European Central Bank the burden of shoring up the stability of the common currency; such burden the ECB is bound to prove unable to sustain in the long run.
Galanin 3 receptor‐deficient mice show no alteration in the oxazolone‐induced contact dermatitis phenotype
Authors: Botz Bálint , Brunner Susanne M. , Kemény Ágnes , Pintér Erika , McDougall Jason J. , Kofler Barbara , Helyes Zsuzsanna 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAllergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is an inflammatory skin disease induced by allergen exposure and characterized by erythema, oedema and immune cell infiltration. The sensory peptide galanin (GAL) and its three receptors (GAL1–3) are involved in regulating inflammation. As GAL and its receptors are expressed in human and murine skin and GAL expression is increased in oxazolone‐induced contact allergy, it could play a role in dermatitis. As GAL reduces neurogenic plasma extravasation in the mouse skin via GAL3 activation, the role of GAL3 in the oxazolone‐induced dermatitis model was explored. Following topical challenge with oxazolone, GAL3 gene‐deficient mice showed a trend towards reduced ear thickness. Plasma extravasation and neutrophil infiltration increased considerably upon oxazolone challenge in both GAL3 knockout animals and wild‐type controls without any observable effect of the gene deletion. We conclude that a lack of GAL3 does not influence oxazolone‐induced ACD.
Topiramate for Treatment in Patients With Migraine and Epilepsy
Authors: Spritzer Scott D. , Bravo Thomas P. , Drazkowski Joseph F. 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundAntiepileptic drugs (AED) are often considered first line for monotherapy in treatment of patients with migraines, and also those with comorbid migraine and epilepsy. Topiramate, a newer generation AED, has broad mechanism of action and evidence of benefit in patients with either episodic or chronic migraine along with epilepsy, both generalized and focal.MethodsOur goal is to review the relevant mechanisms of action along with any supportive evidence published to date on the use of topiramate (TPM) in patients with both migraine headache and epilepsy.ConclusionsThere has been very little published to date on the use of TPM in patients diagnosed with both disorders. Despite this, TPM has been adopted as first line therapy in this patient population. Future studies investigating the effectiveness of this treatment strategy are warranted in order to determine the most effective use of this medication in patients diagnosed with migraine headaches and epilepsy.