bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stiffness in vortex—like structures due to chirality-domains within a coupled helical rare-earth superlattice
Authors: Paul Amitesh 
Published: January 2016

AbstractVortex domain walls poses chirality or ‘handedness’ which can be exploited to act as memory units by changing their polarity with electric field or driving/manupulating the vortex itself by electric currents in multiferroics. Recently, domain walls formed by one dimensional array of vortex—like structures have been theoretically predicted to exist in disordered rare-earth helical magnets with topological defects. Here, in this report, we have used a combination of two rare-earth metals,e.g."Equation missing"superlattice that leads to long range magnetic order despite their competing anisotropies along the out-of-plane (Er) and in-plane (Tb) directions. Probing the vertically correlated magnetic structures by off-specular polarized neutron scattering we confirm the existence of such magnetic vortex—like domains associated with magnetic helical ordering within the Er layers. The vortex—like structures are predicted to haveopposite chirality,side—by—sideand are fairly unaffected by the introduction of magnetic ordering between the interfacial Tb layers and also with the increase in magnetic field which is a direct consequence of screening of the vorticity in the system due to a helical background. Overall, the stability of these vortices over a wide range of temperatures, fields and interfacial coupling, opens up the opportunity for fundamental chiral spintronics in unconventional systems.
Observation of giant Goos-Hänchen and angular shifts at designed metasurfaces
Authors: Yallapragada Venkata Jayasurya , Ravishankar Ajith P. , Mulay Gajendra L. , Agarwal Girish S. , Achanta Venu Gopal 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMetasurfaces with sub-wavelength features are useful in modulating the phase, amplitude or polarization of electromagnetic fields. While several applications are reported for light manipulation and control, the sharp phase changes would be useful in enhancing the beam shifts at reflection from a metasurface. In designed periodic patterns on metal film, at surface plasmon resonance, we demonstrate Goos-Hanchen shift of the order of 70 times the incident wavelength and the angular shifts of several hundred microradians. We have designed the patterns using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) together with S-matrices and have used a complete vector theory to calculate the shifts as well as demonstrate a versatile experimental setup to directly measure the shifts. The giant shifts demonstrated could prove to be useful in enhancing the sensitivity of experiments ranging from atomic force microscopy to gravitational wave detection.
Use of a novel smart heating sleeping bag to improve wearers’ local thermal comfort in the feet
Authors: Song W. F. , Zhang C. J. , Lai D. D. , Wang F. M. , Kuklane K. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPrevious studies have revealed that wearers had low skin temperatures and cold and pain sensations in the feet, when using sleeping bags under defined comfort and limit temperatures. To improve wearers’ local thermal comfort in the feet, a novel heating sleeping bag (i.e., MARHT) was developed by embedding two heating pads into the traditional sleeping bag (i.e., MARCON) in this region. Seven female and seven male volunteers underwent two tests on different days. Each test lasted for three hours and was performed in a climate chamber with a setting temperature deduced from EN 13537 (2012) (for females: comfort temperature of −0.4 °C and for males: the limit temperature of −6.4 °C). MARHT was found to be effective in maintaining the toe and feet temperatures within the thermoneutral range for both sex groups compared to the linearly decreased temperatures in MARCON during the 3-hour exposure. In addition, wearing MARHT elevated the toe blood flow significantly for most females and all males. Thermal and comfort sensations showed a large improvement in feet and a small to moderate improvement in the whole body for both sex groups in MARHT. It was concluded that MARHT is effective in improving local thermal comfort in the feet.
Critical carbon input to maintain current soil organic carbon stocks in global wheat systems
Authors: Wang Guocheng , Luo Zhongkui , Han Pengfei , Chen Huansheng , Xu Jingjing 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSoil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics in croplands is a crucial component of global carbon (C) cycle. Depending on local environmental conditions and management practices, typical C input is generally required to reduce or reverse C loss in agricultural soils. No studies have quantified the critical C input for maintaining SOC at global scale with high resolution. Such information will provide a baseline map for assessing soil C dynamics under potential changes in management practices and climate and thus enable development of management strategies to reduce C footprint from farm to regional scales. We used the soil C model RothC to simulate the critical C input rates needed to maintain existing soil C level at 0.1° × 0.1° resolution in global wheat systems. On average, the critical C input was estimated to be 2.0 Mg C ha−1 yr−1, with large spatial variability depending on local soil and climatic conditions. Higher C inputs are required in wheat system of central United States and western Europe, mainly due to the higher current soil C stocks present in these regions. The critical C input could be effectively estimated using a summary model driven by current SOC level, mean annual temperature, precipitation and soil clay content.
Molecular markers for tolerance of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) to dieback disease identified using Associative Transcriptomics
Authors: Harper Andrea L. , McKinney Lea Vig , Nielsen Lene Rostgaard , Havlickova Lenka , Li Yi , Trick Martin , Fraser Fiona , Wang Lihong , Fellgett Alison , Sollars Elizabeth S. A. , Janacek Sophie H. , Downie J. Allan , Buggs Richard. J. A. , Kjær Erik Dahl , Bancroft Ian 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTree disease epidemics are a global problem, impacting food security, biodiversity and national economies. The potential for conservation and breeding in trees is hampered by complex genomes and long lifecycles, with most species lacking genomic resources. The European Ash tree Fraxinus excelsior is being devastated by the fungal pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, which causes ash dieback disease. Taking this system as an example and utilizing Associative Transcriptomics for the first time in a plant pathology study, we discovered gene sequence and gene expression variants across a genetic diversity panel scored for disease symptoms and identified markers strongly associated with canopy damage in infected trees. Using these markers we predicted phenotypes in a test panel of unrelated trees, successfully identifying individuals with a low level of susceptibility to the disease. Co-expression analysis suggested that pre-priming of defence responses may underlie reduced susceptibility to ash dieback.
Performances of survival, feeding behavior and gene expression in aphids reveal their different fitness to host alteration
Authors: Lu Hong , Yang Pengcheng , Xu Yongyu , Luo Lan , Zhu Junjie , Cui Na , Kang Le , Cui Feng 
Published: January 2016

AbstractInsect populations feeding on different plant species are under selection pressure to adapt to these differences. A study integrating elements of the ecology, behavior and gene expression of aphids on different host plants has not yet been well-explored. The present study explores the relationship between host fitness and survival, feeding behavior and salivary gland gene expression of a pea (Pisum sativum) host race ofAcyrthosiphon pisumfeeding on a common hostVicia fabaand on three genetically-related hosts (Vicia villosa,Medicago truncatulaandMedicago sativa). Life table data indicated that aphids on non-favored hosts exhibited small size, low reproduction rate, slow population increase and individual development and long lifespan. Electrical penetration graph results showed that the aphids spent significantly less time in passive ingestion of phloem sap on all non-preferred host plants before acclimation. After a period of acclimation onM. truncatulaandV. villosa, pea host race individuals showed improved feeding behavior. No individuals of the pea host race completed its life history onM. sativa. Interestingly, the number of host-specific differentially-expressed salivary gland genes was negatively correlated with the fitness of aphids on this host plant. This study provided important cues in host plant specialization in aphids.
Localized crystallization in shear bands of a metallic glass
Authors: Yan Zhijie , Song Kaikai , Hu Yong , Dai Fuping , Chu Zhibing , Eckert Jürgen 
Published: January 2016

AbstractStress-induced viscous flow is the characteristic of atomic movements during plastic deformation of metallic glasses in the absence of substantial temperature increase, which suggests that stress state plays an important role in mechanically induced crystallization in a metallic glass. However, it is poorly understood. Here, we report on the stress-induced localized crystallization in individual shear bands of Zr60Al15Ni25 metallic glass subjected to cold rolling. We find that crystallization in individual shear bands preferentially occurs in the regions neighboring the amorphous matrix, where the materials are subjected to compressive stresses demonstrated by our finite element simulations. Our results provide direct evidence that the mechanically induced crystallization kinetics is closely related with the stress state. The crystallization kinetics under compressive and tensile stresses are interpreted within the frameworks of potential energy landscape and classical nucleation theory, which reduces the role of stress state in mechanically induced crystallization in a metallic glass.
Spectral flow is a complete invariant for detecting bifurcation of critical points
Authors: Alexander James , Fitzpatrick Patrick 
Published: January 2016

Given a one-parameter path of equations for which there is a trivial branch of solutions, to determine the points on the branch from which there bifurcate nontrivial solutions, there is the heuristic principle of linearization. That is to say, at each point on the branch, linearize the equation, and justify the inference that points on the branch that are bifurcation points for the path of linearized equations are also bifurcation points for the original path of equations. In quite general circumstances, for the bifurcation of critical points, we show that, at isolated singular points of the path of linearizations, a property of the path that is known to be sufficient to force bifurcation of nontrivial critical points is also necessary.

To be more precise, let

I
I

be an open interval of real numbers that contains the point

λ
0

\lambda _0

and

B
B

an open ball about the origin of a real, separable Hilbert space

H
.

H.

Let

ψ
:
I
×
B
→

R

\psi \colon I\times B\to \ R

be a family of

C
2

C^2

functions. For

λ
∈
I
,

\lambda \in I,

assume

∇
x

ψ
(
λ
,
0
)
=
0
,

\nabla _x\psi (\lambda ,0)=0,

and set

Hessian
x

⁡
ψ
(
λ
,

0
)
≡

L
λ

.

\operatorname {Hessian} _x\psi (\lambda ,\,0)\equiv L_\lambda .

Assume

L
λ

L_\lambda

is invertible if

λ
≠

λ
0

\lambda \ne \lambda _0

and

L

λ
0

L_{\lambda _0}

is Fredholm. It is known that if the spectral flow of

L
:
I
→

L

(
H
)

L\colon I\to {\mathcal L}(H)

across

λ
0

\lambda _0

is nonzero, then in each neighborhood of

(

λ
0

,

0
)

(\lambda _0,\,0)

there are pairs

(
λ
,

x
)
,

(\lambda ,\,x),

x
≠
0
,

x\ne 0,

for which

∇
x

ψ
(
λ
,
x
)
=
0.

\nabla _x\psi (\lambda ,x)=0.

We prove that if

L
:
I
→

L

(
H
)

L\colon I\to {\mathcal L}(H)

is a continuous path of symmetric operators for which

L
λ

L_\lambda

is invertible for

λ
≠

λ
0

,

\lambda \ne \lambda _0,

L

λ
0

L_{\lambda _0}

is Fredholm, and the spectral flow of

L
:
I
→

L

(
H
)

L\colon I\to {\mathcal L}(H)

across

λ
0

\lambda _0

is zero, then there is an open interval

J
J

that contains the point

λ
0

\lambda _0

, an open ball

B
B

about the origin, and a family

ψ
:
J
×
B
→

R

\psi \colon J\times B\to \ R

of

C
2

C^2

functions such that, for each

λ
∈
J
,

\lambda \in J,

∇
x

ψ
(
λ
,
0
)
=
0

\nabla _x\psi (\lambda ,0)=0

and

Hessian
x

⁡
ψ
(
λ
,

0
)
=

L
λ

,

\operatorname {Hessian} _x\psi (\lambda ,\,0)= L_\lambda ,

but

∇
x

ψ
(
λ
,
x
)
≠
0

\nabla _x\psi (\lambda ,x)\ne 0

if

x
≠
0.

x\ne 0.

Therefore, at an isolated singular point of the path of linearizations of the gradient, under the sole further assumption that the linearization at the singular point is Fredholm, spectral flow is a complete invariant for the detection of bifurcation of nontrivial critical points.
From resolvent estimates to unique continuation for the Schrödinger equation
Authors: Seo Ihyeok 
Published: January 2016

In this paper we develop an abstract method to handle the problem of unique continuation for the Schrödinger equation

(
i

∂
t

+
Δ
)
u
=
V
(
x
)
u

(i\partial _t+\Delta )u=V(x)u

. In general the problem is to find a class of potentials

V
V

which allows the unique continuation. The key point of our work is to make a direct link between the problem and the weighted

L
2

L^2

resolvent estimates

‖
(
−
Δ
−
z

)

−
1

f

‖

L
2

(

|

V

|

)

≤
C
‖
f

‖

L
2

(

|

V

|

−
1

)

\|(-\Delta -z)^{-1}f\|_{L^2(|V|)}\leq C\|f\|_{L^2(|V|^{-1})}

. We carry it out in an abstract way, and thereby we do not need to deal with each of the potential classes. To do so, we will make use of the limiting absorption principle and Kato

H
H

-smoothing theorem in spectral theory, and employ some tools from harmonic analysis. Once the resolvent estimate is set up for a potential class, from our abstract theory the unique continuation would follow from the same potential class. Also, it turns out that there can be no dented surface on the boundary of the maximal open zero set of the solution

u
u

. In this regard, another main issue for us is to know which class of potentials allows the resolvent estimate. We establish such a new class which contains previously known ones, and we will also apply it to the problem of well-posedness for the equation.
Effects of high CO2 levels on the ecophysiology of the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii differ depending on the iron nutritional status
Authors: Sugie Koji , Yoshimura Takeshi 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIron availability in seawater, namely the concentration of dissolved inorganic iron ([Fe′]), is affected by changes in pH. Such changes in the availability of iron should be taken into account when investigating the effects of ocean acidification on phytoplankton ecophysiology because iron plays a key role in phytoplankton metabolism. However, changes in iron availability in response to changes in ocean acidity are difficult to quantify specifically using natural seawater because these factors change simultaneously. In the present study, the availability of iron and carbonate chemistry were manipulated individually and simultaneously in the laboratory to examine the effect of each factor on phytoplankton ecophysiology. The effects of various pCO2 conditions (∼390, ∼600, and ∼800 µatm) on the growth, cell size, and elemental stoichiometry (carbon [C], nitrogen [N], phosphorus [P], and silicon [Si]) of the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii under high iron ([Fe′] = ∼240 pmol l−1) and low iron ([Fe′] = ∼24 pmol l−1) conditions were investigated. Cell volume decreased with increasing pCO2, whereas intracellular C, N, and P concentrations increased with increasing pCO2 only under high iron conditions. Si:C, Si:N, and Si:P ratios decreased with increasing pCO2. It reflects higher production of net C, N, and P with no corresponding change in net Si production under high pCO2 and high iron conditions. In contrast, significant linear relationships between measured parameters and pCO2 were rarely detected under low iron conditions. We conclude that the increasing CO2 levels could affect on the biogeochemical cycling of bioelements selectively under the iron-replete conditions in the coastal ecosystems.
Possible Population III remnants at redshift 3.5
Authors: Crighton Neil H. M. , O'Meara John M. , Murphy Michael T. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The first stars, known as Population III (PopIII), produced the first heavy elements, thereby enriching their surrounding pristine gas. Previous detections of metals in intergalactic gas clouds, however, find a heavy element enrichment larger than 1/1000 times that of the solar environment, higher than expected for PopIII remnants. In this letter, we report the discovery of a Lyman limit system (LLS) at z = 3.53 with the lowest metallicity seen in gas with discernable metals, 10−3.41±0.26 times the solar value, at a level expected for PopIII remnants. We make the first relative abundance measurement in such low metallicity gas: the carbon-to-silicon ratio is 10−0.26±0.17 times the solar value. This is consistent with models of gas enrichment by a PopIII star formation event early in the Universe, but also consistent with later, Population II enrichment. The metals in all three components comprising the LLS, which has a velocity width of 400 km s−1, are offset in velocity by ∼+6 km s−1 from the bulk of the hydrogen, suggesting the LLS was enriched by a single event. Relative abundance measurements in this near-pristine regime open a new avenue for testing models of early gas enrichment and metal mixing.
Confrontation of top-hat spherical collapse against dark halos from cosmological N-body simulations
Authors: Suto Daichi , Kitayama Tetsu , Osato Ken , Sasaki Shin , Suto Yasushi 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The top-hat spherical collapse model (TSC) is one of the most fundamental analytical frameworks to describe the non-linear growth of cosmic structure. TSC has motivated, and been widely applied in, various investigations even in the current era of precision cosmology. While numerous studies exist to examine its validity against numerical simulations in a statistical fashion, there are few analyses which compare the TSC dynamics in an individual object-wise basis, which is what we attempt in the present paper. We extract 100 halos at z = 0 from a cosmological N-body simulation according to the conventional TSC criterion for the spherical over-density. Then we trace back their spherical counterparts at earlier epochs. Just prior to the turn-around epoch of the halos, their dynamics are well approximated by TSC, but their turn-around epochs are systematically delayed and the virial radii are larger by ∼20% on average relative to the TSC predictions. We find that this systematic deviation can mainly be ascribed to the non-uniformity/inhomogeneity of dark matter density profiles and the non-zero velocity dispersions, both of which are neglected in TSC. In particular, the inside-out collapse and shell-crossing of dark matter halos play an important role in generating the significant velocity dispersion. The implications of the present result are briefly discussed.
Origin of the X-ray broad iron spectral feature in GRS 1915+105
Authors: Mizumoto Misaki , Ebisawa Ken , Tsujimoto Masahiro , Inoue Hajime 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The X-ray spectrum of GRS 1915+105 is known to have a “broad iron spectral feature” in the spectral hard state. Similar spectral features are often observed in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and other black-hole binaries (BHBs), and several models have been proposed for explaining it. In order to distinguish spectral models, time variation provides an important key. In AGNs, variation amplitude has been found to drop significantly at the iron K-energy band at timescales of ∼10 ks. If spectral variations of black holes are normalized by their masses, the spectral variations of BHBs on timescales of sub-seconds should exhibit similar characteristics to those of AGNs. In this paper, we investigated spectral variations of GRS 1915+105 at timescales down to ∼10 ms. This was made possible for the first time with the Suzaku XIS Parallel-sum clocking (P-sum) mode, which has the CCD energy-resolution as well as a time-resolution of 7.8 ms. Consequently, we found that the variation amplitude of GRS 1915+105 does not drop at the iron K-energy band on any timescales from 0.06 s to 63000 s, and that the entire X-ray flux and the iron feature are independently variable at timescales of hours. These are naturally understood in the framework of the “partial covering” model, in which variation timescales of the continuum flux and partial absorbers are independent. The difference of the energy dependence of the variation amplitude between AGNs and BHBs is presumably due to different mechanisms of the outflow winds, i.e., the partial absorbers are due to UV-line driven winds (AGNs) or thermally driven winds (BHBs).
SDE and SPME Analysis of Flavor Compounds in Jin Xuan Oolong Tea
Authors: Sheibani Ershad , Duncan Susan E. , Kuhn David D. , Dietrich Andrea M. , O'Keefe Sean F. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSimultaneous distillation‐extraction (SDE) and solid phase micro extraction (SPME) are procedures used for the isolation of flavor compounds in foods. The purpose of this study was to optimize SDE conditions (solvent and time) and to compare SDE with SPME for the isolation of flavor compounds in Jin Xuan oolong tea using GC‐MS and GC‐O. The concentration of volatile compounds isolated with diethyl ether was higher (P < 0.05) than for dichloromethane and concentration was higher at 40 min (P < 0.05) than 20 or 60 min extractions. For SDE, 128 volatiles were identified using GC‐MS and 45 aroma active compounds using GC‐O. Trans‐nerolidol was the most abundant compound in oolong tea. The number of volatiles identified using GC‐MS was lower in SPME than SDE. For SPME, 59 volatiles and 41 aroma active compounds were identified. The composition of the volatiles isolated by the 2 methods differed considerably but provided complementary information.
CB1 receptor blockade counters age‐induced insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction
Authors: Lipina Christopher , Vaanholt Lobke M. , Davidova Anastasija , Mitchell Sharon E. , Storey‐Gordon Emma , Hambly Catherine , Irving Andrew J. , Speakman John R. , Hundal Harinder S. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThe endocannabinoid system can modulate energy homeostasis by regulating feeding behaviour as well as peripheral energy storage and utilization. Importantly, many of its metabolic actions are mediated through the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R), whose hyperactivation is associated with obesity and impaired metabolic function. Herein, we explored the effects of administering rimonabant, a selective CB1R inverse agonist, upon key metabolic parameters in young (4 month old) and aged (17 month old) adult male C57BL/6 mice. Daily treatment with rimonabant for 14 days transiently reduced food intake in young and aged mice; however, the anorectic response was more profound in aged animals, coinciding with a substantive loss in body fat mass. Notably, reduced insulin sensitivity in aged skeletal muscle and liver concurred with increased CB1R mRNA abundance. Strikingly, rimonabant was shown to improve glucose tolerance and enhance skeletal muscle and liver insulin sensitivity in aged, but not young, adult mice. Moreover, rimonabant‐mediated insulin sensitization in aged adipose tissue coincided with amelioration of low‐grade inflammation and repressed lipogenic gene expression. Collectively, our findings indicate a key role for CB1R in aging‐related insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction and highlight CB1R blockade as a potential strategy for combating metabolic disorders associated with aging.