bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Politically Motivated Reasoning Paradigm, Part 2: Unanswered Questions
Authors: Kahan Dan M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis is the second in a pair of essays on politically motivated reasoning. The first presented a conceptual model of this dynamic: the “Politically Motivated Reasoning Paradigm” (PMRP). This essay uses PMRP to highlight a set of unsettled issues, including the rationality of politically motivated reasoning; the association of it with ideological conservatism; the power of monetary incentives to neutralize it; and the interaction of it with expert judgment.
Diffusion: From Facebook to (Management) Fashion
Authors: Strang David , Patterson Kelly 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDiffusionrefers to the spread of ideas and behaviors across a population. The field does not cohere around a central question whose solution would clarify fundamental issues. Instead, what we see is the constant and fruitful exploration of new social worlds, and the adaptation of research methods and theoretical concepts to capture central realities of these worlds. We begin by describing two lines of diffusion research whose core assumptions and analytic strategy are diametrically opposed: network models of online behavior and translation studies of organizational fashion. We then survey contemporary trends in organizational research that broaden the scope of diffusion studies, focusing, in particular, on the study of politically contested practices that pit the interests of organizations and elites against various stakeholders such as current and prior employees, customers, and the public at large.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cycloaddition of N‐tert‐Butoxycarbonylhydrazones with Alkynes for the Synthesis of Functionalized Pyrroles via C(sp3)–H Bond Functionalization
Authors: Chan Chun‐Ming , Zhou Zhongyuan , Yu Wing‐Yiu 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA rhodium(III)‐catalyzed cycloaddition of N‐tert‐butoxycarbonylhydrazones with internal alkynes was developed. The reaction features a regioselective α‐imino alkyl C(sp3)−H bond functionalization resulting in selective formation of highly functionalized NH‐free pyrroles. Our studies showed that utilizing the N‐tert‐butoxycarbonyl (N‐Boc) as the oxidizing directing group is critical for achieving the observed pyrrole formation versus the isoquinoline formation. To account for the pyrrole formation, we hypothesized that a prior tautomerization of the N‐Boc‐hydrazones to enamines should occur, followed by regioselective C(sp2)–H cleavage to form a putative five‐membered rhodacycle. Subsequent coupling of the rhodacycle with the alkynes would afford the pyrrole products.magnified image
Zink in der Umwelt
Authors: Malle K.‐G. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWeltweit wurden 1990 rund 7 Mio. Tonnen Zink hergestellt. Hauptanwendungsgebiete sind Oberflächenschutz durch Verzinkung, Legierungen wie Messing und Rotguß sowie Zinkblech und Gußmetall.Bei einem mittleren Gehalt der Erdkruste von 70 ppm Zink schwankt der natürliche Gehalt in Böden zwischen 10 und 300 ppm Zink. Unbelastetes Oberflächenwasser enthält < 10 mg/m3 Zink. An zivilisationsfernen Orten in der Luft liegen die Zinkgehalte bei 1–10 ng/m3. Solche natürlichen Gehalte werden in der Nähe von Zinklagerstätten und durch anthropogene Einflüsse vielerorts um Größenordnungen überschritten. Zink kann sich in Sedimenten und Klärschlämmen anreichern. Mollusken und Algen haben häufig hohe Zinkgehalte.Zink ist ein essentielles Element. Bei den heutigen Verzehrgewohnheiten liegt die Versorgung des Menschen an der unteren Grenze des Zinkbedarfs. Es gibt keine Anreicherung von Zink in der Nahrungskette bis hin zum Menschen. Eine chronische übermäßige Belastung des Menschen mit Zink ist nicht bekannt. Es gibt keine Anzeichen für teratogene oder mutagene Wirkung, ein Verdacht auf kanzerogene Wirkung konnte nicht bestätigt werden.Für Tierzucht und Pflanzenanbau ist eine Mindestzufuhr an Zink erforderlich. Gegen erhöhte Zinkgehalte im Boden sind Pflanzen relativ unempfindlich.Bei einer toxikologisch‐ökologischen Gesamtbeurteilung ist die Wirkung auf niedere marine Organismen wie Algen, Daphnien, Würmer, Krebse die kritische Größe. Entscheidend ist dabei jedoch nicht der Gesamt‐Zink‐Gehalt, sondern der vom Fremdionen‐Gehalt und pH‐Wert abhängige verfügbare Anteil.
Changes of Acute Toxicity of Organic Chemicals to Daphnia magna in the Presence of Dissolved Humic Material (DHM)
Authors: Steinberg C. E. W. , Sturm A. , Kelbel J. , Lee S. Kyu , Hertkorn N. , Freitag D. , Kettrup A. A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWith a series of substituted anilines, a series of substituted phenols as well as diazinon and tetrabromobisphenol‐A alterations of short‐term acute toxicity to the waterflea Daphnia magna have been studied in the presence of dissolved humic material (DHM). The results may be categorised as follows:No alteration in acute toxicity occurred with: tetrabromobisphenol‐A, o‐toluidine, 3,4‐dichloroaniline, and pentachlorophenol. Toxicity decreases significantly with: diazinon, 4‐chloroaniline, and 4‐nitrophenol. Significant toxicity increases were observed with 2,4‐dichlorophenol and 2,4,5‐trichlorophenol.As demonstrated for diazinon, our study reveals that in the presence of DHM and light the chemical speciation of this chemical is altered and daughter products are produced most likely via photoactive species of DHM. Most probably the toxicity of both the parent and daughter compounds is changed as well.Alterations in acute toxicity of organic chemicals may thus be attributed to the adsorption to DHM as well as to the photoactive species mediated production of daughter products with toxicity different from that of the parent compounds.
Drug screening in 3D in vitro tumor models: overcoming current pitfalls of efficacy read‐outs
Authors: Santo Vítor E. , Rebelo Sofia P. , Estrada Marta F. , Alves Paula M. , Boghaert Erwin , Brito Catarina 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThere is cumulating evidence that in vitro 3D tumor models with increased physiological relevance can improve the predictive value of pre‐clinical research and ultimately contribute to achieve decisions earlier during the development of cancer‐targeted therapies. Due to the role of tumor microenvironment in the response of tumor cells to therapeutics, the incorporation of different elements of the tumor niche on cell model design is expected to contribute to the establishment of more predictive in vitro tumor models. This review is focused on the several challenges and adjustments that the field of oncology research is facing to translate these advanced tumor cells models to drug discovery, taking advantage of the progress on culture technologies, imaging platforms, high throughput and automated systems. The choice of 3D cell model, the experimental design, choice of read‐outs and interpretation of data obtained from 3D cell models are critical aspects when considering their implementation in drug discovery. In this review, we foresee some of these aspects and depict the potential directions of pre‐clinical oncology drug discovery towards improved prediction of drug efficacy.
Das Rätsel der Metastasierung
Authors: Schumacher Udo , Stürken Christine 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTrotz aller Fortschritte in dem molekularen Verständnis bösartiger Tumoren sind die Heilungsaussichten bei den klinisch bedeutsamen Tumoren wie Lunge, Bauchspeicheldrüse, Dickdarm und Eierstockkrebs in den letzten Jahrzehnten nicht wesentlich verbessert worden. Das Therapieversagen kann damit erklärt werden, dass diese Tumoren frühzeitig metastasieren und Tumoren im metastasierten Stadium meistens nicht mehr erfolgreich behandelt werden können. Ohne ein tieferes Verständnis der Metastasierung dürfte es schwierig sein, hier größere Fortschritte zu erzielen. Ein weiteres Problem besteht darin, dass größere Primärtumoren und Metastasen einen Flüssigkeitsdruck entwickeln, der dem Eindringen von Medikamenten entgegen wirkt. Auch dieses Problem stellt eine entscheidende Hürde für eine erfolgreiche Krebstherapie dar.
Die Vogelwelt von La Graciosa
Authors: Bergmann Hans‐Heiner 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDie kleine Insel La Graciosa ist Teil eines Archipels direkt nördlich der Kanareninsel Lanzarote. Sie besteht vorwiegend aus Halbwüste mit Dünen und dürrem Gesträuch. Die terrestrische Vogelwelt ist artenarm, enthält aber Endemiten auf Art‐ und Unterartniveau. Sie konzentriert sich rund um die einzige Ortschaft, wo es Süßwasser und eine reichere Pflanzenwelt gibt.
Die Verhandlungskunst der Leuchtbakterien
Authors: Tetsch Larissa 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDie Symbiose zwischen Zwergtintenfisch und Leuchtbakterien ist ein Paradebeispiel für eine gelungene zwischenartliche Kommunikation. Die Bakterien befinden sich im Leuchtorgan des Tintenfischs und tragen durch ihre Lichtproduktion zu dessen Tarnung bei der nächtlichen Jagd bei. Die Reifung des Leuchtorgans beginnt bald nach der Besiedlung durch die Symbionten und wird durch Vesikel ausgelöst, die bei der Rotation der Geißel von der bakteriellen Zellhülle abgeschnürt werden.
Some Thoughts on Preserving Functions of Library Catalogs in Networked Environments
Authors: Golub Koraljka 
Published: December 2016

EDITOR'S SUMMARYClassification and subject indexing systems have long been the mainstay of established information providers to deliver content precisely on topic. Logical semantic hierarchies and rich interconnections of related terms and synonyms enable accurate retrieval and browsing of similar resources and ideally should be available in online environments. But the cost of features may not be sustainable with massively growing resources. Efforts to merge databases and map disparate subject terminology require considerable human intervention. A possible solution combines controlled and uncontrolled terms from three sources: authoritative professional indexing, automated term suggestion and uncontrolled keywords proposed by authors or end users' social tags. Research is required to investigate the effectiveness, cost and applicability of combining controlled and uncontrolled terms for information retrieval.
pH Control on the Sequential Uptake and Release of Organic Cations by Cucurbit[7]uril
Authors: Mikulu Lukas , Michalicova Romana , Iglesias Vivian , Yawer Mirza A. , Kaifer Angel E. , Lubal Premysl , Sindelar Vladimir 
Published: December 2016

AbstractCucurbit[7]uril (CB7) is a macrocycle with the ability to form the most stable supramolecular complexes in water ever reported for an artificial receptor. Its use for the design of advanced functional materials is, however, very limited because there is no example of a fully reversible CB7 based supramolecular complex enabling repetitious dissociation/association controlled by external stimuli. We report the synthesis of a new ferrocene amino acid that forms with CB7 a 1:1 inclusion complex that is stable in submicromolar concentration at low pH but dissociates at high pH. This reversible process was used for the sequential uptake and release of bispyridinium and antraquinone guests by CB7, which is controlled by adjusting the pH of the solution.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Caged siRNA with Terminal Single Vitamin E Modification
Authors: Yang Jiali , Yu Lijia , Zhang Liangliang , Long Xingsu , Ji Yuzhuo , Tang Xinjing 
Published: December 2016

AbstractRNA‐induced gene silencing has been widely applied as a powerful research tool in drug development due to its sequence‐specific degradation of target mRNA. Conditional regulation of gene functions with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) is highly useful, especially when specific gene expression regulation with spatiotemporal resolution and amplitude is desired. Here, the synthesis of a series of new caged siRNAs with vitamin E (vitE) modification and/or a single photolabile linker at the 5′ terminal is described. Their capability of photolysis was investigated by PAGE gel analysis. Then, a dual reporter firefly/renilla luciferase assay with siQuant vectors and GFP/RFP reporter genes was applied to show the effect of vitE‐modified caged and non‐caged siRNAs on gene expression. The intracellular distribution and cellular uptake pathways of caged siRNAs are also discussed. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pachytene Chromosome Preparation in Populus deltoides Marsh
Authors: Xin Haoyang , Lan Yue , Shi Jisen , Ma Yan , Xi Mengli 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA technique that produces large numbers of good quality pachytene chromosome preparations has been developed for Populus. Anthers at the pachytene stage of meiosis are used as materials. There are two main modifications in our method relative to the traditional squashing method that address the challenges the thick cytoplasm observed during the pachytene phase of meiosis presents. One is the temperature during squashing, i.e., the slide is placed on a 52°C heater for squashing. The other is the removal of the cover slip using 45% acetic acid. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Single‐Trial Multiclass Classification of Various Motor Imagery Tasks for EEG‐Based Brain–Computer Interface Communication
Authors: MISAWA TADANOBU , MATSUDA JUMPEI , HIROBAYASHI SHIGEKI 
Published: December 2016

SUMMARYWe studied the brain activity (alpha and beta rhythms) with various motor imagery tasks for improvement of brain–computer interface (BCI) usability using 14 electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes in five healthy subjects. For this purpose, we estimated two‐class and four‐class classification accuracy on the EEG signals with four motor imagery tasks derived from each type motor imagery (three classical motor imagery and one proposed mental strategy) task using t‐test and super vector machine. The proposed mental strategy was imagery writing Kanji (Japanese characters). It has the possibility of both sensorimotor cortex and the visual cortex activation. Therefore, we expected to extract the distinct activity different from the activation with classical motor imagery tasks. In the two‐class classification results, the classification accuracy was 73.7% on average in all combination of derived motor imagery task. Moreover, we demonstrated that four‐class classification accuracy was 40.1% and the proposed task had possibility of the visual cortex activation dominantly. In experimental results, we proposed the new way for improvement of BCI application usability.
Spatial and ecological variation in dryland ecohydrological responses to climate change: implications for management
Authors: Palmquist Kyle A. , Schlaepfer Daniel R. , Bradford John B. , Lauenroth William K. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractEcohydrological responses to climate change will exhibit spatial variability and understanding the spatial pattern of ecological impacts is critical from a land management perspective. To quantify climate change impacts on spatial patterns of ecohydrology across shrub steppe ecosystems in North America, we asked the following question: How will climate change impacts on ecohydrology differ in magnitude and variability across climatic gradients, among three big sagebrush ecosystems (SB‐Shrubland, SB‐Steppe, SB‐Montane), and among Sage‐grouse Management Zones? We explored these potential changes for mid‐century for RCP8.5 using a process‐based water balance model (SOILWAT) for 898 big sagebrush sites using site‐ and scenario‐specific inputs. We summarize changes in available soil water (ASW) and dry days, as these ecohydrological variables may be helpful in guiding land management decisions about where to geographically concentrate climate change mitigation and adaptation resources. Our results suggest that during spring, soils will be wetter in the future across the western United States, while soils will be drier in the summer. The magnitude of those predictions differed depending on geographic position and the ecosystem in question: Larger increases in mean daily spring ASW were expected for high‐elevation SB‐Montane sites and the eastern and central portions of our study area. The largest decreases in mean daily summer ASW were projected for warm, dry, mid‐elevation SB‐Montane sites in the central and west‐central portions of our study area (decreases of up to 50%). Consistent with declining summer ASW, the number of dry days was projected to increase rangewide, but particularly for SB‐Montane and SB‐Steppe sites in the eastern and northern regions. Collectively, these results suggest that most sites will be drier in the future during the summer, but changes were especially large for mid‐ to high‐elevation sites in the northern half of our study area. Drier summer conditions in high‐elevation, SB‐Montane sites may result in increased habitat suitability for big sagebrush, while those same changes will likely reduce habitat suitability for drier ecosystems. Our work has important implications for where land managers should prioritize resources for the conservation of North American shrub steppe plant communities and the species that depend on them.
On the “How” of Social Experiments: Using Implementation Research to Get Inside the Black Box
Authors: Mead Lawrence M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractImplementation research supports impact evaluation by determining how programs have been carried out prior to evaluation, studying what internal features explain high and low performance in a program, and exploring possible new applications of a program model. Permission to interview staff and data availability may limit opportunities for implementation research. Evaluation cannot succeed alone but only as part of a broader process of governmental learning that includes implementation research.
On the “How” of Social Experiments: Analytic Strategies for Getting Inside the Black Box
Authors: Peck Laura R. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAnalysis of postrandom assignment (endogenous) events or experiences in experimental evaluation data is becoming increasingly widespread. This chapter highlights some analytic strategies for revealing mediators of program impacts. In particular, it considers the kinds of research questions that instrumental variables (IV) estimation is suited to answer and how using IV in conjunction with a randomized experiment can advance what we know about the mediational effects of policies or programs. It also explains how the Analysis of Symmetrically Predicted Endogenous Subgroups (ASPES) can assist in answering other, related kinds of evaluation questions. It illustrates how these approaches have been used in practice with an example from the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) Demonstration.
Feeding 11 billion on 0.5 billion hectare of area under cereal crops
Authors: Lal Rattan 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDespite impressive increase in global grain production since 1960s, there are 795 million food‐insecure and ~2 billion people prone to malnutrition. Further, global population of 7.4 billion in 2016 is projected to increase to 9.7 billion by 2050, with almost all increase occurring in developing countries. Thus, it is recommended that global food production be increased by 60 to 70% between 2005 and 2050. Global crop production increased threefold between 1965 and 2015 with a net increase of only 67 million ha (Mha) of cropland area. Nonetheless, agronomic yield of food staples can still be tripled or quadrupled in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA), South Asia (SA), and the Caribbean by a widespread adoption of site‐specific best management practices of sustainable intensification (SI). Rather than expanding the area under cropland, agriculturally marginal and degraded soils can be set aside for nature conservancy. The global average cereal yield of 3.27 Mg ha−1 in 2005 can be increased to 5 Mg ha−1 by 2050, 6 Mg ha−1 by 2080 and 7 Mg ha−1 by 2100 through SI of agroecosystems in SSA, SA and elsewhere. The strategy of “producing more from less” necessitates restoration of soil health and increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration to be more than 1.5–2.0% in the rootzone. The goal of SOC sequestration is in accord with the “4 per Thousand” initiative proposed at COP21 in 2015. Therefore, global food demands can be met despite the decreasing trends in the per capita cropland area by 2050 – 0.17 ha in the world and 0.15 ha in developing countries. While enhancing productivity by SI, the strategy is to simultaneously reduce food waste, increase access and distribution of food, and promote plant‐based diet. The goal is to reconcile high production with better environmental quality, develop urban agriculture (aquaponics, aeroponics, and vertical farms), promote nutrition‐sensitive farming, and restore degraded soils. Sustainable intensification of agroecosystems can produce enough food grains to feed one person for a year on 0.045 ha of arable land.
CO2/brine/rock interactions in Lower Tuscaloosa formation
Authors: Soong Yee , Howard Bret H. , Dilmore Robert M. , Haljasmaa Igor , Crandall Dustin M. , Zhang Liwei , Zhang Wu , Lin Ronghong , Irdi Gino A. , Romanov Vyacheslav N. , Mclendon Thomas R. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSaline aquifers are the largest potential continental geologic CO2 sequestration resource. Understanding of potential geochemically induced changes to the porosity and permeability of host CO2 storage and sealing formation rock will improve our ability to predict CO2 plume dynamics, storage capacity, and long‐term reservoir behavior. Experiments exploring geochemical interactions of CO2/brine/rock on saline formations under CO2 sequestration conditions were conducted in a static system. Chemical interactions in core samples from the Lower Tuscaloosa formation from Jackson County, Mississippi, with exposure to CO2‐saturated brine under sequestration conditions were studied through six months of batch exposure. The experimental conditions to which the core samples of Lower Tuscaloosa sandstone and Selma chalk were exposed to a temperature of 85°C, CO2 pressure of 23.8 MPa (3500 psig), while immersed in a model brine representative of Tuscaloosa Basin. Computed tomography (CT), X‐Ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), brine chemistry, and petrography analyses were performed before and after the exposure. Permeability measurements from the sandstone core sample before and after exposure showed a permeability reduction. No significant change of the permeability measurements was noticed for the core sample obtained from Selma chalk after it was exposed to CO2/brine for six months. These results have implications for performance of the storage interval, and the integrity of the seal in a CO2 storage setting. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Cover Image, Volume 92, Issue 1
Authors: González‐González Mirna , González‐Valdez José , Mayolo‐Deloisa Karla , Rito‐Palomares Marco 
Published: December 2016

The cover image, by Marco Rito‐Palomares et al., is based on the Perspective Monolithic chromatography: insights and practical perspectives, DOI: 10.1002/jctb.5040.
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