bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphodynamics and depositional signature of low‐aggradation cyclic steps: New insights from a depth‐resolved numerical model
Authors: Vellinga Age J. , Cartigny Matthieu J. B. , Eggenhuisen Joris T. , Hansen Ernst W. M. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBedforms related to Froude‐supercritical flow, such as cyclic steps, are increasingly frequently observed in contemporary fluvial and marine sedimentary systems. However, the number of observations of sedimentary structures formed by supercritical‐flow bedforms remains limited. The low number of observations might be caused by poor constraints on criteria to recognize these associated deposits. This study provides a detailed quantification on the mechanics of a fluvial cyclic step system, and their depositional signature. A computational fluid‐dynamics model is employed to acquire a depth‐resolved image of a cyclic step system. New insights into the mechanics of cyclic steps shows that: (i) the hydraulic jump is, in itself, erosional; (ii) there are periods over which the flow is supercritical throughout and there is no hydraulic jump, which plays a significant role in the morphodynamic behaviour of cyclic steps; and (iii) that the depositional signature of cyclic steps varies with rate of aggradation. Previous work has shown that strongly aggradational cyclic steps, where most of the deposited sediment is not reworked, create packages of backsets, bound upstream and downstream by erosive surfaces. Here, the modelling work is focussed on less aggradational conditions and more transportational systems. The depositional signature in such systems is dominated by an amalgamation of concave‐up erosional surfaces and low‐angle foresets and backsets creating lenticular bodies. The difference between highly aggradational cyclic steps and low‐aggradation steps can be visible in outcrop both by the amount of erosional surfaces, as well as the ratio of foreset to backset, with backsets being indicative of more aggradation.
Classifying trunk strength impairment according to the activity limitation caused in wheelchair rugby performance
Authors: Altmann V. C. , Groen B. E. , Hart A. L. , Vanlandewijck Y. C. , Keijsers N. L. W. 
Published: May 2017

International Federations in Paralympic sports should develop evidence‐based classification, based on the relative strength of association between impairment and activities that determine sport‐specific performance. The purpose of the current study was to assess the relationship between trunk strength impairment and three activities that determine performance in wheelchair rugby, and to determine whether this relationship supports the concept of “natural classes.” Trunk muscle strength and three determinants of performance were assessed in 27 athletes. The correlations between lateral trunk muscle strength and the determinant tilting the chair, and between forward trunk muscle strength and the determinants 1 m acceleration and sprint momentum were calculated. To group athletes based on impairment, K‐means cluster analysis was used to group athletes according to how much trunk muscle strength affected the activities. There were significant, moderate to strong correlations between left‐right strength and chair tilting (r=.50), between forward strength and 1 m acceleration (r=.59), and between forward strength and sprint momentum (r=.79). Cluster analysis indicated at least one cut‐point in performance with a decrease in impairment in all three wheelchair activities, supporting the concept of “natural classes.”
Sex differences in fitness and cardiac function during exercise in adolescents with chronic fatigue
Authors: Pianosi P. T. , Emerling E. , Mara K. C. , Weaver A. L. , Fischer P. R. 
Published: May 2017

Females demonstrate less robust Frank‐Starling mechanism with respect to cardiac preload than males at rest. We asked whether this phenomenon would also affect cardiac performance during exercise. We hypothesized that stroke volume (SV) response to exercise would be more limited in deconditioned females such that cardiac output would be mainly rate dependent, compared with males. We conducted a chart audit of clinical exercise tests performed by adolescents with chronic fatigue. Oxygen uptake () was measured breath‐by‐breath at rest and during cycle ergometry, while cardiac output was measured by acetylene rebreathing at rest plus 2‐3 subthreshold workloads. SV response was analyzed in two ways: after normalization for body surface area (SV index, SVI) and as percentage change from resting values. Among 304 adolescents (78% females) with chronic fatigue, 189 (80%) of 236 females and 52 (76%) of 68 males were deconditioned (peakO2 <90% predicted). Heart rate trajectory during exercise was steeper for unfit than fit females, 70 vs 61 beat·min−1 per L·min−1 , (P=.003); but not for males, 47 vs 42 beat·min−1 per L·min−1 (P=.23). The highest measured SVI did not differ between unfit vs fit females (42.8 vs 41.5 mL·m−2, P=.39) while fit males showed larger SV during exercise than their unfit peers (highest SVI 55.9 vs 48.0 mL·m−2, P=.014). Both qualitative and quantitative sex differences exist in SV responses to exercise among chronically fatigued adolescents, suggesting volume loading may be more efficacious in girls.
Non‐communicable diseases and HIV care and treatment: models of integrated service delivery
Authors: Duffy Malia , Ojikutu Bisola , Andrian Soa , Sohng Elaine , Minior Thomas , Hirschhorn Lisa R. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectivesNon‐communicable diseases (NCD) are a growing cause of morbidity in low‐income countries including in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Integration of NCD and HIV services can build upon experience with chronic care models from HIV programmes. We describe models of NCD and HIV integration, challenges and lessons learned.MethodsA literature review of published articles on integrated NCD and HIV programs in low‐income countries and key informant interviews were conducted with leaders of identified integrated NCD and HIV programs. Information was synthesised to identify models of NCD and HIV service delivery integration.ResultsThree models of integration were identified as follows: NCD services integrated into centres originally providing HIV care; HIV care integrated into primary health care (PHC) already offering NCD services; and simultaneous introduction of integrated HIV and NCD services. Major challenges identified included NCD supply chain, human resources, referral systems, patient education, stigma, patient records and monitoring and evaluation. The range of HIV and NCD services varied widely within and across models.ConclusionsRegardless of model of integration, leveraging experience from HIV care models and adapting existing systems and tools is a feasible method to provide efficient care and treatment for the growing numbers of patients with NCDs. Operational research should be conducted to further study how successful models of HIV and NCD integration can be expanded in scope and scaled‐up by managers and policymakers seeking to address all the chronic care needs of their patients.
Time‐related changes in firing rates are influenced by recruitment threshold and twitch force potentiation in the first dorsal interosseous
Authors: Miller Jonathan D. , Herda Trent J. , Trevino Michael A. , Sterczala Adam J. , Ciccone Anthony B. 
Published: May 2017

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
The influences of motor unit recruitment threshold and twitch force potentiation on the changes in firing rates during steady‐force muscular contractions are not well understood.

What is the main finding and its importance?
The behaviour of motor units during steady force was influenced by recruitment threshold, such that firing rates decreased for lower‐threshold motor units but increased for higher‐threshold motor units. In addition, individuals with greater changes in firing rates possessed greater twitch force potentiation.

There are contradictory reports regarding changes in motor unit firing rates during steady‐force contractions. Inconsistencies are likely to be the result of previous studies disregarding motor unit recruitment thresholds and not examining firing rates on a subject‐by‐subject basis. It is hypothesized that firing rates are manipulated by twitch force potentiation during contractions. Therefore, in this study we examined time‐related changes in firing rates at steady force in relationship to motor unit recruitment threshold in the first dorsal interosseous and the influence of twitch force potentiation on such changes in young versus aged individuals. Subjects performed a 12 s steady‐force contraction at 50% maximal voluntary contraction, with evoked twitches before and after the contraction to quantify potentiation. Firing rates, in relationship to recruitment thresholds, were determined at the beginning, middle and end of the steady force. There were no firing rate changes for aged individuals. For the young, firing rates decreased slightly for lower‐threshold motor units but increased for higher‐threshold motor units. Twitch force potentiation was greater for young than aged subjects, and changes in firing rates were correlated with twitch force potentiation. Thus, individuals with greater increases in firing rates of higher‐threshold motor units and decreases in lower‐threshold motor units possessed greater twitch force potentiation. Overall, changes in firing rates during brief steady‐force contractions are dependent on recruitment threshold and explained in part by twitch force potentiation. Given that firing rate changes were measured in relationship to recruitment threshold, this study illustrates a more complete view of firing rate changes during steady‐force contractions.
Rapid binge-like eating and body weight gain driven by zona incerta GABA neuron activation
Authors: Zhang Xiaobing , van den Pol Anthony N. 
Published: May 2017

A neuronal circuit for overeating
Recurrent binge eating is a common eating disorder. Zhang and van den Pol investigated an understudied brain region known as the zona incerta and found that it projects inhibitory inputs to the paraventricular thalamus, a brain region involved in suppressing feeding behavior. In mice, acute stimulation of this inhibitory projection resulted within seconds in overeating, especially high-fat food. Chronic stimulation induced persistent overeating and weight gain.

Science
, this issue p.
853
Point-of-Care Testing for Infectious Diseases: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Kozel Thomas R. , Burnham-Marusich Amanda R. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT
Point-of-care (POC) diagnostics provide rapid actionable information for patient care at the time and site of an encounter with the health care system. The usual platform has been the lateral flow immunoassay. Recently, emerging molecular diagnostics have met requirements for speed, low cost, and ease of use for POC applications. A major driver for POC development is the ability to diagnose infectious diseases at sites with a limited infrastructure. The potential use in both wealthy and resource-limited settings has fueled an intense effort to build on existing technologies and to generate new technologies for the diagnosis of a broad spectrum of infectious diseases.
Rapid and Accurate Molecular Identification of the Emerging Multidrug-Resistant Pathogen Candida auris
Authors: Kordalewska Milena , Zhao Yanan , Lockhart Shawn R. , Chowdhary Anuradha , Berrio Indira , Perlin David S. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

Candida auris
is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen causing nosocomial and invasive infections associated with high mortality.
C. auris
is commonly misidentified as several different yeast species by commercially available phenotypic identification platforms. Thus, there is an urgent need for a reliable diagnostic method. In this paper, we present fast, robust, easy-to-perform and interpret PCR and real-time PCR assays to identify
C. auris
and related species:
Candida duobushaemulonii
,
Candida haemulonii
, and
Candida lusitaniae
. Targeting rDNA region nucleotide sequences, primers specific for
C. auris
only or
C. auris
and related species were designed. A panel of 140 clinical fungal isolates was used in both PCR and real-time PCR assays followed by electrophoresis or melting temperature analysis, respectively. The identification results from the assays were 100% concordant with DNA sequencing results. These molecular assays overcome the deficiencies of existing phenotypic tests to identify
C. auris
and related species.
Contribution of Human Lung Parenchyma and Leukocyte Influx to Oxidative Stress and Immune System-Mediated Pathology following Nipah Virus Infection
Authors: Escaffre Olivier , Saito Tais B. , Juelich Terry L. , Ikegami Tetsuro , Smith Jennifer K. , Perez David D. , Atkins Colm , Levine Corri B. , Huante Matthew B. , Nusbaum Rebecca J. , Endsley Janice J. , Freiberg Alexander N. , Rockx Barry 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT
Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic emerging paramyxovirus that can cause fatal respiratory illness or encephalitis in humans. Despite many efforts, the molecular mechanisms of NiV-induced acute lung injury (ALI) remain unclear. We previously showed that NiV replicates to high titers in human lung grafts in NOD-SCID/γ mice, resulting in a robust inflammatory response. Interestingly, these mice can undergo human immune system reconstitution by the bone marrow, liver, and thymus (BLT) reconstitution method, in addition to lung tissue engraftment, giving altogether a realistic model to study human respiratory viral infections. Here, we characterized NiV Bangladesh strain (NiV-B) infection of human lung grafts from human immune system-reconstituted mice in order to identify the overall effect of immune cells on NiV pathogenesis of the lung. We show that NiV-B replicated to high titers in human lung grafts and caused similar cytopathic effects irrespective of the presence of human leukocytes in mice. However, the human immune system interfered with virus spread across lung grafts, responded to infection by leukocyte migration to small airways and alveoli of the lung grafts, and accelerated oxidative stress in lung grafts. In addition, the presence of human leukocytes increased the expression of cytokines and chemokines that regulate inflammatory influx to sites of infection and tissue damage. These results advance our understanding of how the immune system limits NiV dissemination and contributes to ALI and inform efforts to identify therapeutic targets.

IMPORTANCE
Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging paramyxovirus that can cause a lethal respiratory and neurological disease in humans. Only limited data are available on NiV pathogenesis in the human lung, and the relative contribution of the innate immune response and NiV to acute lung injury (ALI) is still unknown. Using human lung grafts in a human immune system-reconstituted mouse model, we showed that the NiV Bangladesh strain induced cytopathic lesions in lung grafts similar to those described in patients irrespective of the donor origin or the presence of leukocytes. However, the human immune system interfered with virus spread, responded to infection by leukocyte infiltration in the small airways and alveolar area, induced oxidative stress, and triggered the production of cytokines and chemokines that regulate inflammatory influx by leukocytes in response to infection. Understanding how leukocytes interact with NiV and cause ALI in human lung xenografts is crucial for identifying therapeutic targets.
Mimic Phosphorylation of a βC1 Protein Encoded by TYLCCNB Impairs Its Functions as a Viral Suppressor of RNA Silencing and a Symptom Determinant
Authors: Zhong Xueting , Wang Zhan Qi , Xiao Ruyuan , Cao Linge , Wang Yaqin , Xie Yan , Zhou Xueping 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

Phosphorylation of the βC1 protein encoded by the betasatellite of tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNB-βC1) by SNF1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) plays a critical role in defense of host plants against geminivirus infection in
Nicotiana benthamiana
. However, how phosphorylation of TYLCCNB-βC1 impacts its pathogenic functions during viral infection remains elusive. In this study, we identified two additional tyrosine residues in TYLCCNB-βC1 that are phosphorylated by SnRK1. The effects of TYLCCNB-βC1 phosphorylation on its functions as a viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR) and a symptom determinant were investigated via phosphorylation mimic mutants in
N. benthamiana
plants. Mutations that mimic phosphorylation of TYLCCNB-βC1 at tyrosine 5 and tyrosine 110 attenuated disease symptoms during viral infection. The phosphorylation mimics weakened the ability of TYLCCNB-βC1 to reverse transcriptional gene silencing and to suppress posttranscriptional gene silencing and abolished its interaction with
N. benthamiana
ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 1 in
N. benthamiana
leaves. The mimic phosphorylation of TYLCCNB-βC1 had no impact on its protein stability, subcellular localization, or self-association. Our data establish an inhibitory effect of phosphorylation of TYLCCNB-βC1 on its pathogenic functions as a VSR and a symptom determinant and provide a mechanistic explanation of how SnRK1 functions as a host defense factor.

IMPORTANCE
Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV), which causes a severe yellow leaf curl disease in China, is a monopartite geminivirus associated with the betasatellite (TYLCCNB). TYLCCNB encodes a single pathogenicity protein, βC1 (TYLCCNB-βC1), which functions as both a viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR) and a symptom determinant. Here, we show that mimicking phosphorylation of TYLCCNB-βC1 weakens its ability to reverse transcriptional gene silencing, to suppress posttranscriptional gene silencing, and to interact with
N. benthamiana
ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 1. To our knowledge, this is the first report establishing an inhibitory effect of phosphorylation of TYLCCNB-βC1 on its pathogenic functions as both a VSR and a symptom determinant and to provide a mechanistic explanation of how SNF1-related protein kinase 1 acts as a host defense factor. These findings expand the scope of phosphorylation-mediated defense mechanisms and contribute to further understanding of plant defense mechanisms against geminiviruses.
Virological Control by the CD4-Binding Site Antibody N6 in Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Julg Boris , Pegu Amarendra , Abbink Peter , Liu Jinyan , Brinkman Amanda , Molloy Katherine , Mojta Shanell , Chandrashekar Abishek , Callow Katherine , Wang Keyun , Chen Xuejun , Schmidt Stephen D. , Huang Jinghe , Koup Richard A. , Seaman Michael S. , Keele Brandon F. , Mascola John R. , Connors Mark , Barouch Dan H. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

Passive immunotherapy against HIV-1 will most likely require broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) with maximum breadth and potency to ensure therapeutic efficacy. Recently, the novel CD4 binding site antibody N6 demonstrated extraordinary neutralization breadth and potency against large panels of cross-clade pseudoviruses. We evaluated the
in vivo
antiviral activity of N6-LS, alone or in combination with the established V3-glycan antibody PGT121, in chronically simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-SF162P3-infected macaques. A single dose of N6-LS suppressed plasma viral loads in 4 out of 5 animals at day 7, while the combination of both antibodies suppressed all animals. The combination of both antibodies had no additive antiviral effect compared to a single dose of PGT121, potentially reflecting the nearly 10-fold-higher potency of PGT121 against this SHIV. Viral rebound occurred in the majority of suppressed animals and was linked to declining plasma bnAb levels over time. In addition to the effect on plasma viremia, bnAb administration resulted in significantly reduced proviral DNA levels in PBMCs after 2 weeks and in lymph nodes after 10 weeks. Autologous neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses and CD8
+
T-cell responses were not significantly enhanced in the bnAb-treated animals compared to control animals, arguing against their contribution to the viral effects observed. These results confirm the robust antiviral activity of N6-LS
in vivo
, supporting the further clinical development of this antibody.

IMPORTANCE
Monocloncal antibodies (MAbs) are being considered for passive immunotherapy of HIV-1 infection. A critical requirement for such strategies is the identification of MAbs that recognize the diversity of variants within circulating but also reservoir viruses, and MAb combinations might be needed to achieve this goal. This study evaluates the novel bnAb N6-LS alone or in combination with the bnAb PGT121, in rhesus macaques that were chronically infected with SHIV. The results demonstrate that N6-LS potently suppressed plasma viral loads in the majority of animals but that the combination with PGT121 was not superior to PGT121 alone in delaying time to viral rebound or reducing peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) or lymph node proviral DNA levels. The occurrence of viral escape variants in an N6-LS-monotreated animal, however, argues for the need to maximize breadth and antiviral efficacy by combining bnAbs for therapeutic indications.