bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moment-based metrics for global sensitivity analysis of hydrological systems
Authors: Dell'Oca Aronne , Riva Monica , Guadagnini Alberto 
Published: December 2017

Abstract. We propose new metrics to assist global sensitivity analysis, GSA, of hydrological and Earth systems. Our approach allows assessing the impact of uncertain parameters on main features of the probability density function, pdf, of a target model output, y. These include the expected value of y, the spread around the mean and the degree of symmetry and tailedness of the pdf of y. Since reliable assessment of higher-order statistical moments can be computationally demanding, we couple our GSA approach with a surrogate model, approximating the full model response at a reduced computational cost. Here, we consider the generalized polynomial chaos expansion (gPCE), other model reduction techniques being fully compatible with our theoretical framework. We demonstrate our approach through three test cases, including an analytical benchmark, a simplified scenario mimicking pumping in a coastal aquifer and a laboratory-scale conservative transport experiment. Our results allow ascertaining which parameters can impact some moments of the model output pdf while being uninfluential to others. We also investigate the error associated with the evaluation of our sensitivity metrics by replacing the original system model through a gPCE. Our results indicate that the construction of a surrogate model with increasing level of accuracy might be required depending on the statistical moment considered in the GSA. The approach is fully compatible with (and can assist the development of) analysis techniques employed in the context of reduction of model complexity, model calibration, design of experiment, uncertainty quantification and risk assessment.
Climate change impacts on flood risk and asset damages within mapped 100-year floodplains of the contiguous United States
Authors: Wobus Cameron , Gutmann Ethan , Jones Russell , Rissing Matthew , Mizukami Naoki , Lorie Mark , Mahoney Hardee , Wood Andrew W. , Mills David , Martinich Jeremy 
Published: December 2017

Abstract. A growing body of work suggests that the extreme weather events that drive inland flooding are likely to increase in frequency and magnitude in a warming climate, thus potentially increasing flood damages in the future. We use hydrologic projections based on the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) to estimate changes in the frequency of modeled 1 % annual exceedance probability (1 % AEP, or 100-year) flood events at 57 116 stream reaches across the contiguous United States (CONUS). We link these flood projections to a database of assets within mapped flood hazard zones to model changes in inland flooding damages throughout the CONUS over the remainder of the 21st century. Our model generates early 21st century flood damages that reasonably approximate the range of historical observations and trajectories of future damages that vary substantially depending on the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions pathway. The difference in modeled flood damages between higher and lower emissions pathways approaches USD 4 billion per year by 2100 (in undiscounted 2014 dollars), suggesting that aggressive GHG emissions reductions could generate significant monetary benefits over the long term in terms of reduced flood damages. Although the downscaled hydrologic data we used have been applied to flood impacts studies elsewhere, this research expands on earlier work to quantify changes in flood risk by linking future flood exposure to assets and damages on a national scale. Our approach relies on a series of simplifications that could ultimately affect damage estimates (e.g., use of statistical downscaling, reliance on a nationwide hydrologic model, and linking damage estimates only to 1 % AEP floods). Although future work is needed to test the sensitivity of our results to these methodological choices, our results indicate that monetary damages from inland flooding could be significantly reduced through substantial GHG mitigation.
Preliminary results of a 3D-printed acetabular component in the management of extensive defects
Authors: Citak Mustafa , Kochsiek Lilly , Gehrke Thorsten , Haasper Carl , Suero Eduardo M , Mau Hans 
Published: December 2017

Introduction: The treatment of extensive bone loss and massive acetabular defects can be compounded by several challenges and pitfalls. The survivorship following acetabular revision with extensive bone loss is still unsatisfactory. The goal of the present study was to analyse the outcomes of 3D-printed patient-specific acetabular components in the management of extensive acetabular defects and combined pelvic discontinuity (PD). Methods: 9 patients underwent revision THA using 3D-printed custom acetabular components to reconstruct extensive acetabular defects. The Paprosky classifications were determined in all patients. The primary outcome measure was the implant-associated failure rate. Results: 1 out of 9 patients suffered an implant-associated complication (11%). The overall implant-associated survival rate was 89%. The overall complication rate was 56%. Conclusions: The patient-specific acetabular component technique shows promise for the treatment of patients with severe acetabular defects in revision THA. Further research aimed at reducing costs and improving the complication rate are warranted.
Early death following revision total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Jones Mark D. , Parry Michael , Whitehouse Michael R. , Blom Ashley W. 
Published: December 2017

Introduction: The frequency of primary total hip arthroplasty procedures is increasing, with a subsequent rise in revision procedures. This study aims to describe timing and surgical mortality associated with revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) compared to those on the waiting list. Methods: All patients from a single institution who underwent revision total hip arthroplasty or were added to the waiting list for the same procedure between 2003 and 2013 were recorded. Mortality rates were calculated at 30 and 90 days following surgery or addition to the waiting list. Results: 561 patients were available for the survivorship analysis in the surgical group. Following exclusion, 901 and 484 patients were available for the 30 and the 90-day analysis in the revision THA waiting list group. 30- and 90-day mortality rates were significantly greater for the revision THA group compared to the waiting list group (excess surgical mortality at 30 days = 0.357%, p = 0.037; odds ratio of 5.22, excess surgical mortality at 90 days = 0.863%, p = 0.045). Conclusions: Revision total hip arthroplasty is associated with a significant excess surgical mortality rate until 90 days post-operation when compared to the waiting list population. We would encourage other authors with access to larger samples to use our method to quantify excess mortality after both primary and revision arthroplasty procedures.
Reliability and validity assessment of administrative databases in measuring the quality of rectal cancer management
Authors: Corbellini Carlo , Andreoni Bruno , Ansaloni Luca , Sgroi Giovanni , Martinotti Mario , Scandroglio Ildo , Carzaniga Pierluigi , Longoni Mauro , Foschi Diego , Dionigi Paolo , Morandi Eugenio , Agnello Mauro ,   Lombardy Oncologic Network Work Group
Published: December 2017

Purpose: Measurement and monitoring of the quality of care using a core set of quality measures are increasing in health service research. Although administrative databases include limited clinical data, they offer an attractive source for quality measurement. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the completeness of different administrative data sources compared to a clinical survey in evaluating rectal cancer cases. Methods: Between May 2012 and November 2014, a clinical survey was done on 498 Lombardy patients who had rectal cancer and underwent surgical resection. These collected data were compared with the information extracted from administrative sources including Hospital Discharge Dataset, drug database, daycare activity data, fee-exemption database, and regional screening program database. The agreement evaluation was performed using a set of 12 quality indicators. Results: Patient complexity was a difficult indicator to measure for lack of clinical data. Preoperative staging was another suboptimal indicator due to the frequent missing administrative registration of tests performed. The agreement between the 2 data sources regarding chemoradiotherapy treatments was high. Screening detection, minimally invasive techniques, length of stay, and unpreventable readmissions were detected as reliable quality indicators. Postoperative morbidity could be a useful indicator but its agreement was lower, as expected. Conclusions: Healthcare administrative databases are large and real-time collected repositories of data useful in measuring quality in a healthcare system. Our investigation reveals that the reliability of indicators varies between them. Ideally, a combination of data from both sources could be used in order to improve usefulness of less reliable indicators.
Daddy-long-leg giants: revision of the spider genus Artema Walckenaer, 1837 (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Authors: Aharon Shlomi , Huber Bernhard A. , Gavish-Regev Efrat 
Published: December 2017

This is the first revision of Artema Walckenaer, 1837, a genus consisting of large and phylogenetically interesting species. Even though Artema is not species-rich (now eight nominal species), it has suffered from poor descriptions and synonymies. Our main goal was to gather all available material and to clarify species limits. Four species are easily distinguished from other congeners: Artema atlanta Walckenaer, 1837, the type species; A. kochi Kulczyński, 1901 (revalidated); A. bunkpurugu Huber & Kwapong, 2013; and A. nephilit sp. nov. All other species are problematic for varying reasons: species limits are unclear between A. doriae Thorell, 1881 and A. transcaspica Spassky, 1934; A. magna Roewer, 1960 and A. ziaretana (Roewer, 1960) are problematic because they are based on female and juvenile types respectively and little new material is available. The material available to us suggests the existence of a few further species; however, they are not formally described, either because of small sample sizes (Artema sp. a and A. sp. b are represented by only one specimen each) or because of unclear species limits (between Artema sp. c, A. transcaspica and A. doriae).This study is the first serious step towards understanding the genus. Intensive collecting effort is needed in order to fully clarify species limits.
Formation Timescales of Amorphous Rims on Lunar Grains Derived From ARTEMIS Observations
Authors: Poppe A. R. , Farrell W. M. , Halekas J. S. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe weathering of airless bodies exposed to space is a fundamental process in the formation and evolution of planetary surfaces. At the Moon, space weathering induces a variety of physical, chemical, and optical changes including the formation of nanometer‐sized amorphous rims on individual lunar grains. These rims are formed by vapor redeposition from micrometeoroid impacts and ion irradiation‐induced amorphization of the crystalline matrix. For ion irradiation‐induced rims, however, laboratory experiments of the depth and formation timescales of these rims stand in stark disagreement with observations of lunar soil grains. We use observations by the Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) spacecraft in orbit around the Moon to compute the mean ion flux to the lunar surface between 10 eV and 5 MeV and convolve this flux with ion irradiation‐induced vacancy production rates as a function of depth calculated using the Stopping Range of Ions in Matter model. By combining these results with laboratory measurements of the critical fluence for charged‐particle amorphization in olivine, we can predict the formation timescale of amorphous rims as a function of depth in olivinic grains. This analysis resolves two outstanding issues: (1) the provenance of >100 nm amorphous rims on lunar grains and (2) the nature of the depth‐age relationship for amorphous rims on lunar grains.
Crater Mound Formation by Wind Erosion on Mars
Authors: Steele L. J. , Kite E. S. , Michaels T. I. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMost of Mars' ancient sedimentary rocks by volume are in wind‐eroded sedimentary mounds within impact craters and canyons, but the connections between mound form and wind erosion are unclear. We perform mesoscale simulations of different crater and mound morphologies to understand the formation of sedimentary mounds. As crater depth increases, slope winds produce increased erosion near the base of the crater wall, forming mounds. Peak erosion rates occur when the crater depth is ∼2 km. Mound evolution depends on the size of the host crater. In smaller craters mounds preferentially erode at the top, becoming more squat, while in larger craters mounds become steeper sided. This agrees with observations where smaller craters tend to have proportionally shorter mounds and larger craters have mounds encircled by moats. If a large‐scale sedimentary layer blankets a crater, then as the layer recedes across the crater it will erode more toward the edges of the crater, resulting in a crescent‐shaped moat. When a 160 km diameter mound‐hosting crater is subject to a prevailing wind, the surface wind stress is stronger on the leeward side than on the windward side. This results in the center of the mound appearing to “march upwind” over time and forming a “bat‐wing” shape, as is observed for Mount Sharp in Gale crater.
The affirmation of vaults in concrete and reinforced concrete for bridges and floors in the Austro‐Hungarian Empire. The Gewölbe‐Ausschuss's tests 1890–1892
Authors: Chemolli Giulia 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn the second half of the 19th Century, in the Austro‐Hungarian Empire, concrete, reinforced or not, had difficulties affirming itself against traditional techniques. The scarcity of information and the lack of a complete theory were an obstacle, especially in the case of vaults. In response to this situation, in 1890, inside the Österreichischer Ingenieur‐ und Architekten‐Verein, a Committee, the Gewölbe‐Ausschuss, was formed to organize systematic series of loading tests on arches of various dimensions and different materials for bridges and on little vaults for floors: among them, the Monier system and concrete gave excellent results.
Objektspezifische Verkehrslastansätze für Straßenbrücken
Authors: Nowak Marcel , Fischer Oliver 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDie Definition und Kalibrierung von Verkehrslastmodellen erfolgt in der Regel auf Beanspruchungsniveau, entsprechend wird der Verkehrslastansatz bestimmt durch die Charakteristik des Verkehrs sowie vom untersuchten Brückenbauwerk selbst. Ausgehend von universellen Lastansätzen, wie sie von Normen und anderen Regelwerken für den allgemeinen Gebrauch in der Ingenieurspraxis angegeben werden und für die Anwendung beim Neubau von Brücken auch sinnvoll sind, lassen sich für die Brückennachrechnung durch einen konkreten Objektbezug bezüglich Tragwerk und Verkehr zusätzliche Potenziale auf der Lasteinwirkungsseite durch eine realitätsnahe Abbildung der Verkehrseinwirkungen aktivieren. Durch eine geschlossene Vorgehensweise können somit objektspezifische Verkehrslastansätze entwickelt werden. Dabei sind umfangreiche numerische Verkehrssimulationen zur Untersuchung verschiedenster möglicher Verkehrsszenarien durchzuführen (Robustheit der Lastansätze) und es erfolgt idealerweise auch eine Kalibrierung an realen Messdaten am betrachteten Bauwerk. Für die Anwendung in der Praxis wird ein differenziertes Vorgehen in mehreren Stufen vorgeschlagen, um in Abhängigkeit von gewünschtem Aufwand und erhofftem Nutzen Verkehrslastansätze mit variablem Grad an Objektbezug entwickeln zu können. Erste Untersuchungen an einem Beispielbauwerk lassen bereits die möglichen Potenziale erahnen, die sich aus Anwendung dieser Methode ergeben können.
Praktisches Wissen, Wissenschaft und Katastrophen. Zur Geschichte der sozialwissenschaftlichen Katastrophenforschung, 1949–1989
Authors: Stehrenberger Cécile Stephanie 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPractical Knowledge, Science and Disasters. The History of Social Science Disaster Research, 1949–1979. During the second half of the twentieth century several US‐American social science “disaster research groups” conducted field studies after earthquakes, factory explosions and “racial riots”. Their aim was to provide practical knowledge that could be applied in the planning and managing of future disasters of both peace‐ and wartime nature. In this paper, I will elaborate on how this research goal conflicted with some scientists’ aspirations to develop more theoretical knowledge and their own ideals of “scientificity”. I will also show how the generated research results came to be ‘impractical knowledge’, which was difficult or impossible to apply. Furthermore this paper analyzes the scientific practices that were involved at different stages of the knowledge production process and contributed to disaster research's ‘precarious’ character.
Verwissenschaftlichung des Sozialen – Politisierung der Wissenschaft? Zum Verhältnis von Wissenschaft und Politik in der Geschichtsschreibung des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Sala Roberto 
Published: December 2017

AbstractScientization of the Social – Politization of Knowledge? On a Narrative of the History of the Twentieth Century. The spread of scientific methods and expert cultures in the social, political and economic fields represents a key aspect of twentieth century history. In German‐speaking historiography, the “scientization of the social” (Lutz Raphael) has advanced to an influential concept for research into the role of social and human sciences within this development. Exploring this analytical framework against the background of methodological debates, this paper raises the question of how the relationship between the academic and the political spheres in modern societies can be theoretically conceived.
Die Neutronentherapie: Ein Experimentalsystem der Radioonkologie
Authors: Kohl Thorsten 
Published: December 2017

AbstractNeutron Therapy: An Experimental System in Radiooncology. The history of the use of neutrons in radiotherapy will be revisited by focusing on the ideas, theories and experiments that led to first clinical studies. For addressing epistemological questions regarding biological effects of fast neutrons, the notion of an “experimental system” is employed and its evolution over time discussed. Taking up the analytical framework of Hans‐Jörg Rheinberger, biological effects and the physical instrument “cyclotron” are conceptualized in terms of epistemic and technical objects. It is shown that the epistemic object “biological effects of neutrons” could never reach the status of a technical object and – more strikingly – that the cyclotron itself returned to being an epistemic object in the context of medicine. So there is a misunderstanding of the different roles epistemic and technical objects have to play in the framework of an experimental system. This misunderstanding led to today's highly controversial discussions about the application of neutrons in radiotherapy.
Survival among children diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the United States, by race and age, 2001 to 2009: Findings from the CONCORD‐2 study
Authors: Tai Eric W. , Ward Kevin C. , Bonaventure Audrey , Siegel David A. , Coleman Michel P. 
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUNDAcute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood malignancy. This report describes the survival of children with ALL in the United States using the most comprehensive and up‐to‐date cancer registry data.METHODSData from 37 state cancer registries that cover approximately 80% of the US population were used. Age‐standardized survival up to 5 years was estimated for children aged 0‐14 years who were diagnosed with ALL during 2 periods (2001‐2003 and 2004‐2009).RESULTSIn total, 17,500 children with ALL were included. The pooled age‐standardized net survival estimates for all US registries combined were 95% at 1 year, 90% at 3 years, and 86% at 5 years for children diagnosed during 2001‐2003, and 96%, 91%, and 88%, respectively, for those diagnosed during 2004‐2009. Black children who were diagnosed during 2001‐2003 had lower 5‐year survival (84%) than white children (87%) and had less improvement in survival by 2004‐2009. For those diagnosed during 2004‐2009, the 1‐year and 5‐year survival estimates were 96% and 89%, respectively, for white children and 96% and 84%, respectively, for black children. During 2004‐2009, survival was highest among children aged 1 to 4 years (95%) and lowest among children aged <1 year (60%).CONCLUSIONSThe current results indicate that overall net survival from childhood ALL in the United States is high, but disparities by race still exist, especially beyond the first year after diagnosis. Clinical and public health strategies are needed to improve health care access, clinical trial enrollment, treatment, and survivorship care for children with ALL. Cancer 2017;123:5178‐89. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Colon cancer survival in the United States by race and stage (2001‐2009): Findings from the CONCORD‐2 study
Authors: White Arica , Joseph Djenaba , Rim Sun Hee , Johnson Christopher J. , Coleman Michel P. , Allemani Claudia 
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUNDIn the first CONCORD study (2008), 5‐year survival for patients diagnosed with colon cancer between 1990 and 1994 in the United States was among the highest in the world (60%), but there were large racial disparities in most participating states. The CONCORD‐2 study (2015) enabled the examination of survival trends between 1995 and 2009 for US states by race and stage.METHODSThe authors analyzed data from 37 state population‐based cancer registries, covering approximately 80% of the US population, for patients who were diagnosed with colon cancer between 2001 and 2009 and were followed through 2009. Survival up to 5 years was corrected for background mortality (net survival) using state‐specific and race‐specific life tables and age‐standardized using the International Cancer Survival Standard weights. Survival is presented by race (all, black, white), stage, state, and calendar period (2001‐2003 and 2004‐2009) to account for changes in methods used to collect stage.RESULTSFive‐year net survival increased by 0.9%, from 63.7% between 2001 and 2003 to 64.6% between 2004 and 2009. More black than white patients were diagnosed with distant‐stage disease between 2001 and 2003 (21.5% vs 17.2%) and between 2004 and 2009 (23.3% vs 18.8%). Survival improved for both blacks and whites, but 5‐year net survival was 9‐10% lower for blacks than for whites both between 2001 and 2003 (54.7% vs 64.5%) and between 2004 and 2009 (56.6% vs 65.4%). The absolute difference between blacks and whites decreased by only 1% during the decade.CONCLUSIONSFive‐year net survival from colon cancer increased slightly over time. Survival among blacks diagnosed between 2004 and 2009 had still not reached the level of that among whites diagnosed between 1990 and 1994, some 15 to 20 years earlier. These findings suggest a need for more targeted efforts to improve screening and to ensure timely, appropriate treatment, especially for blacks, to reduce this large and persistent disparity in survival. Cancer 2017;123:5014‐36. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.