bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of high-quality

GaN substrates using the Na flux method
Authors: Maruyama Mihoko , Nakamura Koshi , Che Songbek , Murakami Kosuke , Takazawa Hideo , Imanishi Masayuki , Imade Mamoru , Morita Yukihiro , Mori Yusuke 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Gallium nitride (GaN) substrates fabricated along the nonpolar and semipolar directions are the most promising materials for realizing optical and electronic devices with low power consumption. In this study, we carry out the Na flux growth on

-plane GaN templates grown heteroepitaxially on sapphires. The GaN crystals are grown at low supersaturation using the Na flux method with the dipping technique. The crystallinity of the grown GaN crystals is improved compared to that of the seed substrates. Then it improves further by lowering the supersaturation. Finally, we succeed in fabricating a 2-in.

-plane GaN single crystal with high transparency and crystallinity.
Interface electric properties of Si/organic hybrid solar cells using impedance spectroscopy analysis
Authors: Wang Dan , Zhu Juye , Ding Li , Gao Pingqi , Pan Xiaoyin , Sheng Jiang , Ye Jichun 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The internal resistance and capacitance of Si/organic hybrid solar cells (Si-HSC) based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) are investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Three types of Nyquist plots in Si-HSC are observed firstly at different bias voltages, while suitable equivalent circuit models are established to evaluate the details of interface carrier transfer and recombination. In particular, the carrier transport property of the PEDOT:PSS film responds at a high frequency (6 × 104–1 × 106 Hz) in three-arc spectra. Therefore, EIS could help us deeply understand the electronic properties of Si-HSC for developing high performance devices.
Clustered quantum dots in single GaN islands formed at threading dislocations
Authors: Schmidt Gordon , Veit Peter , Berger Christoph , Bertram Frank , Dadgar Armin , Strittmatter André , Christen Jürgen 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We give direct evidence of distinct quantum dot states clustered but also spatially separated in single GaN islands. Resulting from GaN layer growth on top of AlN, the islands are predominantly formed in close vicinity to threading dislocation bundles. Detailed analysis of the inner optical and structural properties, performed by nanoscale cathodoluminescence, reveals various sharp quantum dot emission lines from different regions in an otherwise continuous island. Thickness fluctuations found within these islands are made responsible for the clustering of quantum dot states.
Resveratrol ameliorates 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis-like lesions through effects on the epithelium
Authors: Caglayan Sozmen Sule , Karaman Meral , Cilaker Micili Serap , Isik Sakine , Arikan Ayyildiz Zeynep , Bagriyanik Alper , Uzuner Nevin , Karaman Ozkan 
Published: March 2016

Background.Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol that exhibits anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of resveratrol treatment on epithelium-derived cytokines and epithelial apoptosis in a murine model of atopic dermatitis-like lesions.Material and Methods.Atopic dermatitis-like lesions were induced in BALB/c mice by repeated application of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene to shaved dorsal skin. Twenty-one BALB/c mice were divided into three groups: group I (control), group II (vehicle control), and group III (resveratrol). Systemic resveratrol (30 mg/kg/day) was administered repeatedly during the 6th week of the experiment. After the mice had been sacrificed, skin tissues were examined histologically for epithelial thickness. Epithelial apoptosis (caspase-3) and epithelium-derived cytokines [interleukin (IL)-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)] were evaluated immunohistochemically.Results.Epithelial thickness and the numbers of IL-25, IL-33, TSLP and caspase-3-positive cells were significantly higher in group II compared to group I mice. There was significant improvement in epithelial thickness in group III compared with group II mice (p< 0.05). The numbers of IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP-positive cells in the epithelium were lower in group III than in group II mice (p< 0.05). The number of caspase-3-positive cells, as an indicator of apoptosis, in the epithelium was significantly lower in group III than in group II mice (p< 0.05).Conclusion.Treatment with resveratrol was effective at ameliorating histological changes and inflammation by acting on epithelium-derived cytokines and epithelial apoptosis.
Spatial distribution of the faulting types of small earthquakes around the 2011 Tohoku‐oki earthquake: A comprehensive search using template events
Authors: Nakamura Wataru , Uchida Naoki , Matsuzawa Toru 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe developed a new method to classify the faulting types of small earthquakes using interevent waveform similarity and applied it to earthquakes in the northeast Japan subduction zone. In the method, we used separate time windows for P and S waves and established a relationship between waveform similarity and differences in focal mechanisms from event pairs whose focal mechanisms we know. Then we applied the relationship to many pairs of such focal‐mechanism‐known events (5607 from the moment tensor catalogue and 3623 events from the interplate repeating earthquakes catalogue) and focal‐mechanism‐unknown events for the period from 1984 to 2013. As a result, 8984 earthquakes were newly classified into interplate (N = 5401), noninterplate thrust (N = 631), normal (N = 1070), and strike‐slip faulting earthquakes (N = 165). From the new data set, which doubles the number of mechanism types, we confirmed that there have been almost no interplate earthquakes in the area of large coseismic slip of the Tohoku‐oki earthquake since that event. We also saw that this trend continued until at least the end of 2013, suggesting a nearly complete stress release and slow interplate stress recovery. The abundant interplate aftershocks also indicate the precise spatial extent of postsesimic slip, which is usually difficult to obtain from land‐based geodetic data. The postseismic slip also suggests stress concentration at the asperities of the 1968 Tokachi‐oki (M7.9) and 1994 Sanriku‐oki (M7.6) earthquakes. The present‐day faulting types offshore Tohoku correlated well with the static‐stress change from the Tohoku‐oki earthquake, suggesting a stress state change during the earthquake cycle of megathrust earthquakes.
P wave azimuthal and radial anisotropy of the Hokkaido subduction zone
Authors: Niu Xiongwei , Zhao Dapeng , Li Jiabiao , Ruan Aiguo 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe present the first three‐dimensional P wave radial anisotropy tomography of the Hokkaido subduction zone, as well as P wave azimuthal anisotropy and S wave tomography, which are determined by inverting 298,430 P wave and 233,934 S wave arrival times from 14,245 local earthquakes recorded by 344 seismic stations. Our results reveal significant velocity heterogeneity, seismic anisotropy, and upwelling flows beneath the study region. In the mantle wedge, prominent low‐velocity (low‐V) anomalies exhibit trench‐normal fast‐velocity directions (FVDs) and a negative radial anisotropy (i.e., vertical velocity > horizontal velocity), which may reflect upwelling mantle flows. Fan‐shaped FVDs are found at depths of 65–90 km, and a detailed 3‐D mantle flow pattern is revealed, which may be caused by a combination of oblique subduction of the Pacific plate and collision of the Kuril arc with the Honshu arc beneath southern Hokkaido. The radial anisotropy changes at ~100 km depth, which may reflect variations in temperature and fluid conditions there. The subducting Pacific slab exhibits a positive radial anisotropy (i.e., horizontal velocity > vertical velocity), which may reflect the original fossil anisotropy when the Pacific plate formed at the mid‐ocean ridge.
Quantifying isentropic stratosphere‐troposphere exchange of ozone
Authors: Yang Huang , Chen Gang , Tang Qi , Hess Peter 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThere is increased evidence that stratosphere‐troposphere exchange (STE) of ozone has a significant impact on tropospheric chemistry and radiation. Traditional diagnostics of STE consider the ozone budget in the lowermost stratosphere (LMS) as a whole. However, this can only render the hemispherically integrated ozone flux and therefore does not distinguish the exchange of ozone into low latitudes from that into high latitudes. The exchange of ozone at different latitudes may have different tropospheric impacts. This present study extends the traditional approach from the entire LMS to individual isentropic layers in the LMS and therefore gives the meridional distribution of STE by the latitudes where each isentropic surface intersects the tropopause. The specified dynamics version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model is used to estimate the STE ozone flux on each isentropic surface. It is found that net troposphere‐to‐stratosphere ozone transport occurs in low latitudes along the 350–380 K isentropic surfaces and that net stratosphere‐to‐troposphere ozone transport takes place in the extratropics along the 280–350 K isentropes. Particularly, the seasonal cycle of extratropical STE ozone flux in the Northern Hemisphere displays a maximum in late spring and early summer, following the seasonal migration of the upper tropospheric jet and associated isentropic mixing. Furthermore, differential diabatic heating and isentropic mixing tend to induce STE ozone fluxes in opposite directions, but the net effect results in a spatiotemporal pattern similar to the STE ozone flux associated with isentropic mixing.
On the feasibility of detecting the ionospheric effects of solar energetic particle events at Mars using spacecraft‐spacecraft radio links
Authors: Withers Paul 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIndirect evidence and theoretical modeling suggests that the effects of solar energetic particle (SEP) events on the ionosphere of Mars are substantial, but observations have not yet provided quantitative information on the magnitude or vertical distribution of the plasma produced below 100 km by SEP events. Strong radio wave absorption is anticipated during a SEP event due to the production of plasma at low altitudes where the neutral atmosphere is relatively dense. Here we test the feasibility of measuring the ionospheric effects of SEP events using power losses in spacecraft‐spacecraft UHF radio links. Both lander‐orbiter and orbiter‐orbiter cases are considered for the UHF radio frequency of 400 MHz. A large SEP event should cause an ionospheric power loss at 400 MHz of 1.5 dB in lander‐orbiter communications and, due to the longer path length, a larger power loss of 35 dB in orbiter‐orbiter communications. Multiple SEP events occur each year that can cause a lander‐orbiter power loss of 0.1 dB, which is shown to be theoretically detectable by current instrumentation, and an orbiter‐orbiter power loss of 2 dB. The vertical profile of electron density at low altitudes can be determined from orbiter‐orbiter power losses.
Magnetic field effects on the accuracy of ionospheric mirror models for geolocation
Authors: Dao Eugene V. , McNamara Leo F. , Colman Jonah J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe geolocation of an uncooperative HF emitter is based on observations of the azimuth and elevation (angle of arrival; AoA) of its signals as they arrive at a surveillance site, along with a model of the propagation medium. The simplest propagation model that provides an estimate of the location of the emitter is based on the use of a horizontal mirror placed at the appropriate altitude. If there are large‐scale horizontal ionospheric gradients or traveling ionospheric disturbances present, tilts derived from a suitable ionosonde or from the AoA of convenient known emitters (check targets) may be applied to the mirror before geolocation is performed. However, the methodology of this approach to geolocation completely ignores the Earth's magnetic field, producing errors that can reach 25% of range for a short range (less than 100 km) low‐latitude target. The errors are generally smaller at midlatitudes. This paper investigates and characterizes these errors in terms of wave polarization, magnetic dip, circuit length, and azimuth relative to the direction of the magnetic field. The magnetic field also affects the procedure of using tilts derived from check‐target AoA because the field effects can masquerade as tilts of unknown magnitude.
Generation and backreaction of spontaneously emitted inertia‐gravity waves
Authors: Sugimoto Norihiko , Plougonven Riwal 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSpontaneous generation of inertia‐gravity waves from balanced flows is investigated in idealized simulations of dipoles. Long integrations are performed for dipoles with different Rossby numbers (Ro) to identify the backreaction of the waves. Emission of waves is detected only for large enough Ro (>0.15), and it then leads to a slow decay of the dipole's kinetic energy. A major finding is that this decay is well captured by the simulations, although positions of the waves appear still sensitive to the resolution, and their maximum vertical velocity increases linearly with resolution. The interpretation is that the emission process is well resolved and fairly insensitive to resolution, while the propagation and dissipation at small scales remains sensitive to resolution. The implication is that the simulations yield an estimate of the leakage of energy from balanced motions to gravity waves, providing a useful estimate of a poorly constrained flux in the ocean's energy budget.
Eddy‐driven recirculation of Atlantic Water in Fram Strait
Authors: Hattermann Tore , Isachsen Pål Erik , von Appen Wilken‐Jon , Albretsen Jon , Sundfjord Arild 
Published: March 2016

AbstractEddy‐resolving regional ocean model results in conjunction with synthetic float trajectories and observations provide new insights into the recirculation of the Atlantic Water (AW) in Fram Strait that significantly impacts the redistribution of oceanic heat between the Nordic Seas and the Arctic Ocean. The simulations confirm the existence of a cyclonic gyre around the Molloy Hole near 80°N, suggesting that most of the AW within the West Spitsbergen Current recirculates there, while colder AW recirculates in a westward mean flow south of 79°N that primarily relates to the eastern rim of the Greenland Sea Gyre. The fraction of waters recirculating in the northern branch roughly doubles during winter, coinciding with a seasonal increase of eddy activity along the Yermak Plateau slope that also facilitates subduction of AW beneath the ice edge in this area.
Seasonal variations in the Rayleigh‐to‐Love wave ratio in the secondary microseism from colocated ring laser and seismograph
Authors: Tanimoto Toshiro , Hadziioannou Céline , Igel Heiner , Wassermann Joachim , Schreiber Ulrich , Gebauer André , Chow Bryant 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMonthly variations in the ratio of Rayleigh‐to‐Love waves in the secondary microseism are obtained from a colocated ring laser and an STS‐2 seismograph at Wettzell, Germany. Two main conclusions are derived for the Rayleigh‐to‐Love wave kinetic energy ratios in the secondary microseism; first, the energy ratio is in the range 0.8–0.9 (<1.0) throughout a year except for June and July. It means that Love wave energy is larger than Rayleigh wave energy most of the year by about 10–20%. Second, this ratio suddenly increases to 1.0–1.2 in June and July, indicating a larger fraction of Rayleigh wave energy. This change suggests that the locations and behaviors of excitation sources are different in these months.
Features of 847 Childhood‐Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients in Three Age Groups at Diagnosis: A Brazilian Multicenter Study
Authors: Gomes Roberta C. , Silva Marco F. , Kozu Katia , Bonfá Eloisa , Pereira Rosa M. , Terreri Maria T. , Magalhães Claudia S. , Sacchetti Silvana B. , Marini Roberto , Fraga Melissa , Carvalho Luciana M. , Barbosa Cássia M. , Carneiro‐Sampaio Magda , Silva Clovis A. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveTo evaluate demographic data and clinical and laboratory features at disease diagnosis in 3 different age groups of childhood‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): group A, early‐onset (<6 years); group B, school age (≥6 to <12 years); and group C, adolescent (≥12 to <18 years).MethodsThis was a Brazilian multicenter cohort retrospective study in 10 pediatric rheumatology centers, including 847 childhood‐onset SLE patients.ResultsPatients were divided into 3 groups: group A with 39 patients (4%), group B with 395 patients (47%), and group C with 413 patients (49%). Of 39 childhood‐onset SLE patients in group A, 3 (8%) were ages <2 years, 4 (10%) were ≥2 to <3 years, and 32 (82%) were ≥3 and <6 years. A total of 74 childhood‐onset SLE patients were analyzed for C1q levels, and complete C1q deficiency was observed in 3 of 74 patients (4%), all in group A. Groups were similar regarding high frequencies of female sex, nephritis, neuropsychiatric involvement, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 score ≥8, autoantibody profile, elevated acute phase proteins, and low complement levels (P > 0.05). However, the frequency of fever (78% versus 61% versus 47%; P < 0.0001), hepatomegaly (42% versus 29% versus 14%; P < 0.0001), splenomegaly (28% versus 12% versus 4%; P < 0.0001), and discoid lupus (13% versus 4% versus 4%; P = 0.020) was significantly higher in group A compared to groups B and C. The frequency of weight loss >2 kg (19% versus 28% versus 36%; P = 0.017), photosensitivity (34% versus 41% versus 51%; P = 0.006), leukopenia <4,000/mm3 (14% versus 25% versus 30%; P = 0.048), and lymphopenia <1,500/mm3 (22% versus 41% versus 47%; P = 0.011) was significantly lower in group A.ConclusionOur large multicenter study identified the finding that the initial appearance of childhood‐onset SLE is characterized by comparable high frequency of internal organ involvement and some distinct clinical and laboratory features in early‐onset and adolescent groups.
Risk of Cerebrovascular Accidents and Ischemic Heart Disease in Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: A Population‐Based Cohort Study
Authors: Singh Abha G. , Crowson Cynthia S. , Singh Siddharth , Denis Mark , Davis P. , Maradit‐Kremers Hilal , Matteson Eric L. , Chowdhary Vaidehi R. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveIt is unclear whether isolated cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) affects cardiovascular risk. We estimated the cumulative incidence and mortality of cardiovascular diseases in a population‐based CLE cohort and compared the risk with a matched non‐CLE cohort.MethodsAll incident cases of CLE in Olmsted County, Minnesota, between 1965 and 2005 were followed until December 2013. The cumulative incidence of cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs [including stroke and transient ischemic attack]), ischemic heart disease (IHD [including coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and angina pectoris]), heart failure, and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) was derived and compared to an age‐, sex‐, and calendar year–matched non‐CLE cohort using Cox models.ResultsThere were 155 patients with CLE (mean ± SD age at diagnosis 48 ± 16 years, 65% female, mean ± SD BMI 26.3 ± 7.1 kg/m2, 40% smokers, 9% with diabetes mellitus). During a median followup of 14.6 years, 41 CLE patients had cardiovascular events (15 patients with CVAs, 32 patients with IHD), with a 20‐year cumulative incidence of 31.6%. As compared to non‐CLE subjects, the risk of CVAs (smoking‐adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 2.97 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.13–7.78]) and PAD (HR 2.06 [95% CI 0.99–4.32]) was increased in patients with CLE, but the risk of IHD was not increased (HR 0.94 [95% CI 0.57–1.54]). There was no increase in cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.68 [95% CI 0.76–3.75]). The magnitude of risk for any cardiovascular outcome was not significantly influenced by the extent of cutaneous involvement.ConclusionCLE may be associated with an increased risk of CVAs and PAD, but not IHD. Factors contributing to increased CVA risk in patients with CLE merit evaluation.
Using Optimal Test Assembly Methods for Shortening Patient‐Reported Outcome Measures: Development and Validation of the Cochin Hand Function Scale‐6: A Scleroderma Patient‐Centered Intervention Network Cohort Study
Authors: Levis Alexander W. , Harel Daphna , Kwakkenbos Linda , Carrier Marie‐Eve , Mouthon Luc , Poiraudeau Serge , Bartlett Susan J. , Khanna Dinesh , Malcarne Vanessa L. , Sauve Maureen , van den Ende Cornelia H. M. , Poole Janet L. , Schouffoer Anne A. , Welling Joep , Thombs Brett D. ,   and the Scleroderma Patient‐Centered Intervention Network Investigators
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveTo develop and validate a short form of the Cochin Hand Function Scale (CHFS), which measures hand disability, for use in systemic sclerosis, using objective criteria and reproducible techniques.MethodsResponses on the 18‐item CHFS were obtained from English‐speaking patients enrolled in the Scleroderma Patient‐Centered Intervention Network Cohort. CHFS unidimensionality was verified using confirmatory factor analysis, and an item response theory model was fit to CHFS items. Optimal test assembly (OTA) methods identified a maximally precise short form for each possible form length between 1 and 17 items. The final short form selected was the form with the least number of items that maintained statistically equivalent convergent validity, compared to the full‐length CHFS, with the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) disability index (DI) and the physical function domain of the 29‐item Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS‐29).ResultsThere were 601 patients included. A 6‐item short form of the CHFS (CHFS‐6) was selected. The CHFS‐6 had a Cronbach's alpha of 0.93. Correlations of the CHFS‐6 summed score with HAQ DI (r = 0.79) and PROMIS‐29 physical function (r = −0.54) were statistically equivalent to the CHFS (r = 0.81 and r = −0.56). The correlation with the full CHFS was high (r = 0.98).ConclusionThe OTA procedure generated a valid short form of the CHFS with minimal loss of information compared to the full‐length form. The OTA method used was based on objective, prespecified criteria, but should be further studied for viability as a general procedure for shortening patient‐reported outcome measures in health research.