bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants ofLegionella pneumophilaContamination of Water Distribution Systems: 15-Hospital Prospective Study
Authors: Vickers Richard M. , Yu Victor L. , Hanna S. Sue , Muraca Paul , Diven Warren , Carmen Neil , Taylor Floyd B. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe conducted a prospective environmental study forLegionella pneumophilain 15 hospitals in Pennsylvania. Hot water tanks, cold water sites, faucets, and show-erheads were surveyed four times over a one-year period. Sixty percent (9/15) of hospitals surveyed were contaminated withL pneumophila.Although contamination could not be linked to a specific municipal water supplier, most of the contaminated supplies came from rivers. Parameters found to be significantly associated with contamination included elevated hot water temperature, vertical configuration of the hot water tank, older tanks, and elevated calcium and magnesium concentrations of the water (P< 0.05). This study suggests thatL pneumophilacontamination could be predicted based on design of the distribution system, as well as physicochemical characteristics of the water.
The Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Nosocomial Catheter-Associated Bacteriuria Caused by Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
Authors: Larsen Robert A. , Burke John P. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractStudies of the risk factors for bacteriuria associated with the use of temporary indwelling urinary catheters have focused on gram-negative bacilli and enterococci, the predominant causes of nosocomial urinary tract infection. During a prospective study of 747 catheterized patients, bacteriuria with ≥1,000 bacteria/mL were found in 96 patients. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) accounted for 19% of the episodes of bacteriuria, andS. epidermidiswas the most frequent species of CNS. Significant risk factors for bacteriuria were a positive meatal culture for CNS, non-surgical illness, and no antibiotic therapy during catheterization. In contrast to the results of this and earlier studies that females were at greater risk factor for catheter-associated bacteriuria with gram-negative bacilli and enterococci, this was not a risk factor for acquisition of CNS. Possibly this is due to the more similar prevalence of meatal colonization with CNS of males and females compared to the striking difference in prevalence of meatal colonization with gram-negative bacilli and/or enterococci of males and females.
Infection Prevention and Control in the Long-Term-Care Facility
Authors: Smith Philip W. , Rusnak Patricia G. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMore than 1.5 million residents reside in US nursing homes. In recent years, the acuity of illness of nursing home residents has increased. Long-term-care facility residents have a risk of developing nosocomial infection that is similar to acute-care hospital patients. A great deal of information has been published concerning infections in the long-term-care facility, and infection control programs are nearly universal.This position paper reviews the literature on infections and infection control programs in the long-term-care facility, covering such topics as tuberculosis, bloodborne pathogens, epidemics, isolation systems, immunization, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Recommendations are developed for long-term-care infection control programs based on interpretation of currently available evidence. The recommendations cover the structure and function of the infection control program, including surveillance, isolation, outbreak control, resident care, and employee health. Infection control resources also are presented.
The Bunya in Queensland's Forests
Authors: Smith Ian R. , Butler Don 
Published: August 2016

Much publicity has been given over the past decade to the discovery of the Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis) north of Sydney and its status as a ‘living fossil’. It is not generally realised that the bunya (Araucaria bidwillii), a unique part of Queensland's forests, has a similar status. The tree is the last surviving species of the section Bunya of the genus Araucaria. This section was more diverse and widespread during the Mesozoic, (Table 1), with some species having cone morphology similar to A. bidwillii appearing during the Jurassic with fossils extending into the northern hemisphere.
The impact of regulatory accumulation on U.S. Federal District Courts
Authors: RANDOLPH GREGORY M. , FETZNER JAMES 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWhile regulation is increasingly relied upon to address economic and social issues in developed economies, research has yet to examine the impact of the growing use of regulation on the courts. This paper explores the relationship between regulation and criminal judicial enforcement. Data regarding regulatory cases and defendants filed in U.S. district courts and regulation at the U.S. federal level are analyzed. The results suggest that increased reliance on regulation leads to growth in regulatory court cases and defendants filed. These findings imply that the courts continue to play an important role when regulation is employed to address problems and that the courts might experience increasing responsibilities as the use of regulation grows. Additionally, the results suggest that the relationship between regulation and the courts should be considered in the design and implementation of regulation in practice.
Functional screening implicates miR-371-3p and peroxiredoxin 6 in reversible tolerance to cancer drugs
Authors: Sahu Nisebita , Stephan Jean-Philippe , Cruz Darlene Dela , Merchant Mark , Haley Benjamin , Bourgon Richard , Classon Marie , Settleman Jeff 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAcquired resistance to cancer drug therapies almost always occurs in advanced-stage patients even following a significant response to treatment. In addition to mutational mechanisms, various non-mutational resistance mechanisms have now been recognized. We previously described a chromatin-mediated subpopulation of reversibly drug-tolerant persisters that is dynamically maintained within a wide variety of tumour cell populations. Here we explore a potential role for microRNAs in such transient drug tolerance. Functional screening of 879 human microRNAs reveals miR-371-3p as a potent suppressor of drug tolerance. We identify PRDX6 (peroxiredoxin 6) as a key target of miR-371-3p in establishing drug tolerance by regulating PLA2/PKCα activity and reactive oxygen species. PRDX6 expression is associated with poor prognosis in cancers of multiple tissue origins. These findings implicate miR-371-3p as a suppressor of PRDX6 and suggest that co-targeting of peroxiredoxin 6 or modulating miR-371-3p expression together with targeted cancer therapies may delay or prevent acquired drug resistance.
Effects of carbon sources on the enrichment of halophilic polyhydroxyalkanoate-storing mixed microbial culture in an aerobic dynamic feeding process
Authors: Cui You-Wei , Zhang Hong-Yu , Lu Peng-Fei , Peng Yong-Zhen 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMicrobial polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production serves as a substitute for petroleum-based plastics. Enriching mixed microbial cultures (MMCs) with the capacity to store PHA is a key precursor for low-cost PHA production. This study investigated the impact of carbon types on enrichment outcomes. Three MMCs were separately fed by acetate sodium, glucose, and starch as an enriching carbon source, and were exposed to long-term aerobic dynamic feeding (ADF) periods. The PHA production capacity, kinetics and stoichiometry of the enrichments, the PHA composition, and the microbial diversity and community composition were explored to determine carbon and enrichment correlations. After 350-cycle enriching periods under feast-famine (F-F) regimes, the MMCs enriched by acetate sodium and glucose contained a maximum PHA content of 64.7% and 60.5% cell dry weight (CDW). The starch-enriched MMC only had 27.3% CDW of PHA. High-throughput sequencing revealed that non-PHA bacteria survived alongside PHA storing bacteria, even under severe F-F selective pressure. Genus of Pseudomonas and Stappia were the possible PHA accumulating bacteria in acetate-enriched MMC. Genus of Oceanicella, Piscicoccus and Vibrio were found as PHA accumulating bacteria in glucose-enriched MMC. Vibrio genus was the only PHA accumulating bacteria in starch-enriched MMC. The community diversity and composition were regulated by the substrate types.
Functional Recovery from Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell Transplantation Combined with Treadmill Training in Mice with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Tashiro Syoichi , Nishimura Soraya , Iwai Hiroki , Sugai Keiko , Zhang Liang , Shinozaki Munehisa , Iwanami Akio , Toyama Yoshiaki , Liu Meigen , Okano Hideyuki , Nakamura Masaya 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMost studies targeting chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) have concluded that neural stem/progenitor cell (NS/PC) transplantation exerts only a subclinical recovery; this in contrast to its remarkable effect on acute and subacute SCI. To determine whether the addition of rehabilitative intervention enhances the effect of NS/PC transplantation for chronic SCI, we used thoracic SCI mouse models to compare manifestations secondary to both transplantation and treadmill training and the two therapies combined, with a control group. Significant locomotor recovery in comparison with the control group was only achieved in the combined therapy group. Further investigation revealed that NS/PC transplantation improved spinal conductivity and central pattern generator activity and that treadmill training promoted the appropriate inhibitory motor control. The combined therapy enhanced these independent effects of each single therapy and facilitated neuronal differentiation of transplanted cells and maturation of central pattern generator activity synergistically. Our data suggest that rehabilitative treatment represents a therapeutic option for locomotor recovery after NS/PC transplantation, even in chronic SCI.
Mitofusin-2 is required for mouse oocyte meiotic maturation
Authors: Zhang Jing-Hua , Zhang Teng , Gao Si-Hua , Wang Ke , Yang Xiu-Yan , Mo Fang-Fang , Na Yu  , An Tian , Li Yu-Feng , Hu Ji-Wei , Jiang Guang-Jian 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMitofusin-2 (Mfn2) is essential for embryonic development, anti-apoptotic events, protection against free radical-induced lesions and mitochondrial fusion in many cells. However, little is known about its mechanism and function during oocyte maturation. In this study, we found that Mfn2 was expressed in the cytoplasm during different stages of mouse oocyte maturation. Mfn2 was mainly associated with α-tubulin during oocyte maturation. Knockdown of Mfn2 by specific siRNA injection into oocytes caused the mitochondrial morphology and quantity to change, resulting in severely defective spindles and misaligned chromosomes. This led to metaphase I arrest and the failure of first polar body extrusion. Furthermore, Mfn2 depletion from GV stage oocytes caused the redistribution of p38 MAPK in oocyte cytoplasm. These findings provide insights into potential mechanisms of Mfn2-mediated cellular alterations, which may have significant implications for oocyte maturation.
Muscleblind-like 3 deficit results in a spectrum of age-associated pathologies observed in myotonic dystrophy
Authors: Choi Jongkyu , Dixon Donald M. , Dansithong Warunee , Abdallah Walid F. , Roos Kenneth P. , Jordan Maria C. , Trac Brandon , Lee Han Shin , Comai Lucio , Reddy Sita 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMyotonic dystrophy type I (DM1) exhibits distinctive disease specific phenotypes and the accelerated onset of a spectrum of age-associated pathologies. In DM1, dominant effects of expandedCUGrepeats result in part from the inactivation of the muscleblind-like (MBNL) proteins. To test the role of MBNL3, we deleted Mbnl3 exon 2 (Mbnl3ΔE2) in mice and examined the onset of age-associated diseases over 4 to 13 months of age. Accelerated onset of glucose intolerance with elevated insulin levels, cardiac systole deficits, left ventricle hypertrophy, a predictor of a later onset of heart failure and the development of subcapsular and cortical cataracts is observed inMbnl3ΔE2mice. Retention of embryonic splice isoforms in adult organs, a prominent defect in DM1, is not observed in multiple RNAs including the Insulin Receptor (Insr), Cardiac Troponin T (Tnnt2), Lim Domain Binding 3 (Ldb3) RNAs inMbnl3ΔE2mice. Although rare DM1-like splice errors underlying the observed phenotypes cannot be excluded, our data in conjunction with the reported absence of alternative splice errors in embryonic muscles of a similarMbnl3ΔE2mouse by RNA-seq studies, suggest that mechanisms distinct from the adult retention of embryonic splice patterns may make important contributions to the onset of age-associated pathologies in DM1.
Label-free optical quantification of structural alterations in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Lee Moosung , Lee Eeksung , Jung JaeHwang , Yu Hyeonseung , Kim Kyoohyun , Yoon Jonghee , Lee Shinhwa , Jeong Yong , Park YongKeun 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe present a wide-field quantitative label-free imaging of mouse brain tissue slices with sub-micrometre resolution, employing holographic microscopy and an automated scanning platform. From the measured light field images, scattering coefficients and anisotropies are quantitatively retrieved by using the modified the scattering-phase theorem, which enables access to structural information about brain tissues. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate that these scattering parameters enable us to quantitatively address structural alteration in the brain tissues of mice with Alzheimer’s disease.
Effect of Tributyltin, Cadmium, and Their Combination on Physiological Responses in Juvenile Grass Carp
Authors: Mu Wei-Na , Li Zhi-Hua , Zhong Li-Qiao , Wu Yan-Hua 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT) and cadmium (Cd) are two common pollutants in aquatic environments. This study was designed to examine the physiological responses of juvenile Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella to TBT, Cd, and their combination. Fish were apportioned into a control group, a TBT group (7.5 μg/L), a Cd group (2.97 mg/L), and a TBT–Cd group (7.5 μg/L TBT, 2.97 mg/L Cd2+) for 7 d. The following activities were measured: Na+,K+-ATPase in gill tissues; nitric oxide synthase (NOS), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and monoamine oxidase (MAO) in brain tissues; and lipid peroxidation (LPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC), and glutathione (GSH) in liver tissues. Cadmium-induced stress was suggested by alterations in antioxidant responses (MDA, LPO, and T-AOC) and neurological parameters (AChE, MAO, and NOS). Cadmium also induced Na+,K+-ATPase and GSH activity. Compared with the responses among the Cd group, the combination of TBT and Cd not only decreased the level of GSH and Na+,K+-ATPase but also increased the levels of MDA, LPO, AChE, MAO, and NOS. These results suggest that a combination of TBT and Cd could reduce the adverse effects of Cd on Grass Carp. However, the exact mechanisms for the combined effects TBT and Cd on these biomarkers require further investigation.
Received September 28, 2015; accepted April 17, 2016 Published online August 2, 2016
Eutrophication, Ammonia Intoxication, and Infectious Diseases: Interdisciplinary Factors of Mass Mortalities in Cultured Nile Tilapia
Authors: Abu-Elala Nermeen M. , Abd-Elsalam Reham M. , Marouf Sherif , Abdelaziz Mohamed , Moustafa Mohamed 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The present study was designed to assess the possible causes of the mass mortalities of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus at El-Behera Governorate, Egypt, in relationship to environmental and microbiotic factors. Water samples were collected from fish farms at different locations and from Lake Edku to analyze water temperature, water pH, salinity, biological oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, total ammonia nitrogen, and un-ionized ammonia. A number of moribund and freshly dead fish were sampled and submitted to our laboratory for microbiological, molecular, and histopathological examination. Water analysis of the fish farms revealed noticeable increases in the previously mentioned physicochemical parameters. Clinical examinations of moribund fish showed severe gill rot and massive external and internal hemorrhages. Ordinary and molecular laboratory findings confirmed the presence of Branchiomyces sp. in gill tissue and mixed bacterial fish pathogens (Streptococcus agalactiae, Vibrio alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, Pseudomonas anguilliseptica, and P. aeruginosa) in visceral organs. The histopathological and transmission electron microscopic examinations revealed severe necrosis of gill filaments and blockage of branchial blood vessels and lamellar capillaries with Branchiomyces sp. hyphae and spores mixed with different shapes of bacteria. Severe inflammations were detected in liver, kidney, heart, and brain tissues. Ultimately, we can conclude that the syndrome of mass fish kills in this area is a consequence of ecological damage to the aquatic environment, which is mainly related to natural and anthropogenic factors, as well as to the presence of infectious agents.
Received September 30, 2015; accepted April 12, 2016 Published online August 2, 2016
Inter‐disciplinarity in sport sciences: The neuroscience example*
Authors: Fargier Patrick , Collet Christian , Moran Aidan , Massarelli Raphaël 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSport science is a relatively recent domain of research born from the interactions of different disciplines related to sport. According to the European College of sport science (http://sport‐science.org): “scientific excellence in sport science is based on disciplinary competence embedded in the understanding that its essence lies in its multi‐ and interdisciplinary character”. In this respect, the scientific domain of neuroscience has been developed within such a framework. Influenced by the apparent homogeneity of this scientific domain, the present paper reviews three important research topics in sport from a neuroscientific perspective. These topics concern the relationship between mind and motor action, the effects of cognition on motor performance, and the study of certain mental states (such as the “flow” effect, see below) and motor control issues to understand, for example, the neural substrates of the vertical squat jump. Based on the few extensive examples shown in this review, we argue that by adopting an interdisciplinary paradigm, sport science can emulate neuroscience in becoming a mono‐discipline.
Using Movements and Habitat Utilization as a Functional Metric of Restoration for Estuarine Juvenile Fish Habitat
Authors: Freedman Ryan M. , Espasandin Carrie , Holcombe Erika F. , Whitcraft Christine R. , Allen Bengt J. , Witting David , Lowe Christopher G. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Resource managers use habitat restoration to offset estuarine habitat loss; however, there is limited information about how functionally successful restorations have been, particularly with respect to their use by mobile marine predators. Restoration monitoring efforts typically use point-of-capture metrics to assess fish community recovery and habitat use, but this provides little insight into how fish habitat use changes through time. Using translocation experiments, we integrated the movements of California Halibut Paralichthys californicus, a conservation target species, into a point-of-capture monitoring program in a restored tidal creek estuary. Large halibut (&gt;25 cm) were captured more frequently in the main stream channel, while small ones (&lt;25 cm) were typically caught in the innermost marsh creeks. We actively tracked these fish (n = 20; size range = 26.6–60.5 cm TL) acoustically to identify their preferred habitats and challenged these habitat associations by means of translocations to a different habitats. Large fish tended to have small localized convex hull activity spaces, remaining in areas with high water flow and sandy substratum near eelgrass Zostera marina beds. Individuals that were translocated to marshes returned to the channel and exhibited movements over long distances from their initial locations to their last tracked positions; however, fish that were translocated from marshes to the channel remained in channel habitat and moved smaller distances between their first and last tracked points. Large halibut likely selected the channel because higher water flow would lead to higher concentrations of prey. Small halibut used marshes more frequently, likely because marshes have temperatures thought to maximize growth rates. Our study can serve as a proof of concept that linking point-of-capture and tracking data provides valuable information for habitat restoration, including the fact that California Halibut utilize estuaries in a size-segregated manner based on environmental conditions. This suggests that tidal creek estuaries with a variety of channel types and morphologies—like our study site—are well-suited to support this species.
Received August 18, 2015; accepted March 1, 2016
Continuous closure, axes closure, and natural closure
Authors: Epstein Neil , Hochster Melvin 
Published: August 2016

Let

R
R

be a reduced affine

C

\mathbb {C}

-algebra with corresponding affine algebraic set

X
X

. Let

C

(
X
)

\mathcal {C}(X)

be the ring of continuous (Euclidean topology)

C

\mathbb {C}

-valued functions on

X
X

. Brenner defined the continuous closure

I

c
o
n
t

I^{\mathrm {cont}}

of an ideal

I
I

as

I

C

(
X
)
∩
R

I\mathcal {C}(X) \cap R

. He also introduced an algebraic notion of axes closure

I

a
x

I^{\mathrm {ax}}

that always contains

I

c
o
n
t

I^{\mathrm {cont}}

, and asked whether they coincide. We extend the notion of axes closure to general Noetherian rings, defining

f
∈

I

a
x

f \in I^{\mathrm {ax}}

if its image is in

I
S

IS

for every homomorphism

R
→
S

R \to S

, where

S
S

is a one-dimensional complete seminormal local ring. We also introduce the natural closure

I

♮

I^{\natural }

of

I
I

. One of many characterizations is

I

♮

=
I
+
{
f
∈
R
:
∃
n
>
0

w
i
t
h

f
n

∈

I

n
+
1

}

I^{\natural } = I + \{f \in R: \exists n >0 \mathrm {\ with\ } f^n \in I^{n+1}\}

. We show that

I

♮

⊆

I

a
x

I^{\natural } \subseteq I^{\mathrm {ax}}

and that when continuous closure is defined,

I

♮

⊆

I

c
o
n
t

⊆

I

a
x

I^{\natural } \subseteq I^{\mathrm {cont}} \subseteq I^{\mathrm {ax}}

. Under mild hypotheses on the ring, we show that

I

♮

=

I

a
x

I^{\natural } = I^{\mathrm {ax}}

when

I
I

is primary to a maximal ideal and that if

I
I

has no embedded primes, then

I
=

I

♮

I = I^{\natural }

if and only if

I
=

I

a
x

I = I^{\mathrm {ax}}

, so that

I

c
o
n
t

I^{\mathrm {cont}}

agrees as well. We deduce that in the polynomial ring

C

[

x
1

,
…
,

x
n

]

\mathbb {C} \lbrack x_1, \ldots , x_n \rbrack

, if

f
=
0

f = 0

at all points where all of the

∂
f

∂

x
i

{\partial f \over \partial x_i}

are 0, then

f
∈
(

∂
f

∂

x
1

,

…
,

∂
f

∂

x
n

)
R

f \in ( {\partial f \over \partial x_1}, \, \ldots , \, {\partial f \over \partial x_n})R

. We characterize

I

c
o
n
t

I^{\mathrm {cont}}

for monomial ideals in polynomial rings over

C

\mathbb {C}

, but we show that the inequalities

I

♮

⊆

I

c
o
n
t

I^{\natural } \subseteq I^{\mathrm {cont}}

and

I

c
o
n
t

⊆

I

a
x

I^{\mathrm {cont}} \subseteq I^{\mathrm {ax}}

can be strict for monomial ideals even in dimension 3. Thus,

I

c
o
n
t

I^{\mathrm {cont}}

and

I

a
x

I^{\mathrm {ax}}

need not agree, although we prove they are equal in

C

[

x
1

,

x
2

]

\mathbb {C}[x_1, x_2]

.