bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AT2 Receptors: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Hypertension
Authors: Carey Robert M. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is arguably the most important and best studied hormonal system in the control of blood pressure (BP) and the pathogenesis of hypertension. The RAS features its main effector angiotensin II (Ang II) acting via its 2 major receptors, angiotensin type-1(AT1R) and type-2 (AT2R). In general, AT2Rs oppose the detrimental actions of Ang II via AT1Rs. AT2R activation induces vasodilation and natriuresis, but its effects to lower BP in hypertension have not been as clear as anticipated. Recent studies, however, have demonstrated that acute and chronic AT2R stimulation can induce natriuresis and lower BP in the Ang II infusion model of experimental hypertension. AT2R activation induces receptor recruitment from intracellular sites to the apical plasma membranes of renal proximal tubule cells via a bradykinin, nitric oxide, and cyclic guanosine 3′,5′ monophosphate signaling pathway that results in internalization and inactivation of sodium (Na+) transporters Na+–H+ exchanger-3 and Na+/K+ATPase. These responses do not require the presence of concurrent AT1R blockade and are effective both in the prevention and reversal of hypertension. This review will address the role of AT2Rs in the control of BP and Na+ excretion and the case for these receptors as potential therapeutic targets for hypertension in humans.
Associations of the Serum/Glucocorticoid Regulated Kinase Genes With BP Changes and Hypertension Incidence: The Gensalt Study
Authors: Zhang Dingding , Gu Dongfeng , He Jiang , Hixson James E. , Rao Dabeeru C. , Li Changwei , He Hua , Chen Jichun , Huang Jianfeng , Chen Jing , Rice Treva K. , Chen Shufeng , Kelly Tanika N. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDSingle-marker and novel gene-based methods were employed to examine the associations of the serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinases (SGK) gene family with longitudinal blood pressure (BP) changes and hypertension incidence in a family-based cohort study.METHODSTotally, 1,768 Chinese participants from the Genetic Epidemiology Network of Salt Sensitivity (GenSalt) follow-up study were included in the current analyses. Nine BP measures were obtained at each of 3 visits during the GenSalt follow-up study. Mixed-model and Gene-based analyses were used to examine the associations of the SGK gene family with longitudinal BP phenotypes. Bonferroni correction was applied to account for multiple testing.RESULTSAfter an average 7.2-year follow-up, 32.2% (513) of participants free of hypertension at baseline developed hypertension. Four novel SNPs in the SGK1 gene were predictive of the longitudinal BP phenotypes. The major alleles of SGK1 rs1763498 and rs114414980 conferred 2.9- and 2.5-fold increased risks of hypertension development, respectively (P = 1.0×10−4 and 6.0×10–4, respectively). In addition, the major allele of SGK1 rs229133 was significantly associated with 0.4mm Hg larger annual increases in systolic BP (P = 4.2×10−4), while the major allele of rs6924468 was significantly associated with 0.2mm Hg smaller annual increases in diastolic BP (P = 4.2×10−4). Gene-based analyses revealed an association of the SGK1 gene with risk of hypertension development (P = 7.4×10−3). No evidence for the SGK2 and SGK3 genes was found.CONCLUSIONSThe findings of the current study suggest that the SGK1 gene may play a role in long-term BP regulation and hypertension incidence.
The effect of board gender diversity on firm performance: evidence from Turkey
Authors: Kılıç Merve , Kuzey Cemil 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
This study aims to include two primary goals. First to determine the board characteristics of listed companies in Turkey and second to investigate the effect of board gender diversity on the performance of these companies.

Design/methodology/approach
This study uses an instrumental variables regression analysis to investigate the relationship between board gender diversity and firm performance using the data from 2008-2012 of the entities listed on the Borsa Istanbul.

Findings
The results indicate that the boards of these companies in Turkey are male-dominated. Moreover, this study shows that the inclusion of female directors is positively related to the financial performance of firms, as measured by the return on assets, the return on equity and the return on sales.

Originality/value
Limited empirical studies have been conducted on the relationship between board gender diversity and firm performance in emerging economies. Therefore, there is still no consensus regarding the link between board gender diversity and firm financial performance based upon the mixed and sometimes contradictory results in prior research. Therefore, this study extends the current literature in the context of Turkey, showing that a female member on the board can enhance the financial performance of a company.
A cross-national examination of prejudice toward immigrants: the role of education and political ideology
Authors: Erhart Ryan 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
More than ever before, people from around the world are migrating away from their country of birth. Yet citizens of host countries do not always welcome these immigrants – instead, citizens sometimes express prejudice toward them. The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors that influence attitudes toward immigrants cross-nationally.

Design/methodology/approach
Secondary data from the International Social Survey Programme, which includes data from 30 countries across two time points, were analyzed.

Findings
Findings indicate that people with higher level of education tend to have more favorable attitudes toward immigrants, while those with more politically conservative leanings and those with a greater sense of national identity tend to hold more prejudicial attitudes toward immigrants. At the country/regional level, education is consistent in its relationship with more favorable attitudes. However, political conservatism is less consistent in predicting prejudice – the relationship is strong in western democracies, but is largely negligible in other parts of the world.

Originality/value
The present analyses carry implications for improving anti-immigrant prejudice throughout the world.
Prejudice toward immigrants in student and community samples
Authors: Wood Emily F. , Miller Monica K. 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
The number of immigrants in the USA has increased steadily in recent decades. Two studies investigated individual differences that relate to attitudes toward immigrants in student and community samples. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach
US university students and a community sampler were surveyed.

Findings
In both samples, higher scores on attributional complexity were associated with more positive attitudes toward immigrants and individuals who make dispositional attributions for the causes of crime and/or who are higher in faith in intuition tended to have more negative attitudes. Political orientation was a significant predictor in both samples; being more liberal and identifying as a Democrat compared to a Republican was related to more positive attitudes. Higher need for cognition scores were associated with more positive attitudes and higher legal authoritarianism scores were associated with more negative attitudes; however these were only significant predictors in the community sample.

Originality/value
Prejudicial attitudes toward immigrants can have adverse effects on immigrants in the realms of the legal system, workplace, healthcare, and education.
The inter-relationship between violence and education amidst armed conflict in Southern Thailand
Authors: Tuntivivat Sudarat 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate direct, cultural, and structural violence in education system in the midst of armed conflict in Southern Thailand.

Design/methodology/approach
The exploratory qualitative case study conducted in-depth interviews and focus groups with 40 participants, consisting of students, parents, teachers, guidance counselors, principals, experts, education specialists, and administrators from seven schools across the three southern border provinces.

Findings
The study reveals some misconceptions of violence, normalization of direct violence in armed conflict, and pinpoints the ways in which cultural violence is used to legitimize structural and direct violence in the education system, as well as adverse effects and ethno-religious segregation in schools and the larger society.

Social implications
Some policy recommendations are offered to address violence and promote sustainable peace through the education system in Southern Thailand.

Originality/value
This paper offers new perspectives on the inter-relationship between education and violence and adverse effects on violence in the education system in the midst of armed conflict in Southern Thailand.
Two approaches for sustaining growth: re-introducing the “founder’s mentality” and implementing “The Three Box” solution
Authors: Leavy Brian 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
The challenge of sustaining growth seems to be getting steeper and steeper. This Masterclass provides context for two recent books that have valuable insights to offer to company leaders and strategists on how to build resilience and sustain growth in increasingly dynamic and uncertain global competitive markets.

Design/methodology/approach
In The Founder’s Mentality: How to Overcome the Predictable Crises of Growth (2016), well-known Bain strategy consultants, Chris Zook and James Allen offer a strategy for consciously embedding “the founder’s mentality” into the culture of young firms as they scale or rediscovering it in mature firms that might be stalling and losing their way. For strategy and innovation guru, Vijay Govindarajan, sustaining growth increasingly requires being able to pursue simultaneously two very different types of activity and mindset – exploiting a legacy business while exploring new business opportunities. He offers a very practical framework for approaching this challenge in The Three Box Solution: A Strategy for Leading Innovation.

Findings
The “founder’s mentality” refers to “a collection of specific behaviors and attitudes best exemplified by the traits of great founders that if properly cultivated in the rest of the organization, can lead more reliably to sustainable growth.” Some young firms fail to establish a founder’s mentality from the outset, while many mature founder-led companies come to lose their sense of insurgency and other key founder’s mentality traits over time. “Just about every company, at any stage in its life, can benefit from the attitudes and behaviors that make up the founder’s mentality.”

Practical implications
Govindarajan argues that “asking what assumptions must be true for this idea to be highly profitable” and testing the most critical of these “as early and as inexpensively as possible” is ‘the best way to reveal an ill-conceived project.

Originality/value
The two books, taken together, provide a wealth of insight for leaders seeking to diagnose their firm’s growth problems and looking for potential solutions for reviving innovation and growth.
How successful firms guide innovation: insights and strategies of leading CEOs
Authors: Berman Saul J. , Davidson Steven , Ikeda Kazuaki , Korsten Peter J. , Marshall Anthony 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
This report by the IBM Institute for Business Value, part of long-term study of C-suite executives, probes the perspectives of the 818 CEOs to find out what they think the future will bring and how they’re positioning their organizations to prosper in the “age of disruption.”

Design/methodology/approach
The report also focuses specifically on what a subset of the 818 – CEOs of the most successful enterprises surveyed – do differently.

Findings
IBM analysis identified a small group of organizations that have both a strong reputation as leading innovators and an outstanding financial track record. Lead by so-called Torchbearer CEOs the firms are exploring opportunities to leverage emerging technologies and ecosystems to pursue entirely new revenue streams and models.

Practical implications
CEOs recognize the confluence of technologies magnifies their impact across markets and economies. Emerging technologies intersect and combine in new and different ways, enabling enterprises to redefine how they engage with their customers and partners.

Originality/value
Two-thirds of executives surveyed plan to reassess their strategic direction and explore the potential for novel, non-traditional forms of growth. They’re actively pursuing opportunities to play a new or different role in the ecosystems they inhabit.
John C. Camillus: discovering opportunities by exploring wicked problems
Authors: Fahey Liam 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
In this interview John C Camillus, author of Wicked Strategies: How Companies Conquer Complexity and Confound Competitors shares his approach to identifying “wicked problems” that firms can then explore to find growth opportunities.

Design/methodology/approach
The “wicked strategies” approach that Camillus proposes is designed to convert disruptive technologies into innovative business models, reconcile conflicted stakeholders by engaging them in co-creation of value and transform an unknowable future into a desired one through the alchemy of a Feed-Forward Framework.

Findings
Camillus’ proposed Feed-Forward Framework enables and employs the process of experimentation.

Practical implications
Camillus’ multi-level approach starts by discerning unique “wicked problems,” then applies a “Feed-Forward Framework” that analyzes multiple stakeholder interests and develops scenarios to discover and test possible opportunities and robust strategies.

Originality/value
The role of the corporate headquarters that Camillus proposes differs from the approach that is conventionally employed – it focuses intensely on human resources and competency development.
Trends in Transient Ischemic Attack Hospitalizations in the United States
Authors: Ramirez Lucas , Kim‐Tenser May A. , Sanossian Nerses , Cen Steven , Wen Ge , He Shuhan , Mack William J. , Towfighi Amytis 
Published: September 2016

Background

Transient ischemic attack (
TIA
) is a major predictor of subsequent stroke. No study has assessed nation‐wide trends in hospitalization for
TIA
in the United States.

Methods and Results

Temporal trends in hospitalization for
TIA
(International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code 435.0–435.9) from 2000 to 2010 were assessed among adults aged ≥25 years using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Age‐, sex‐, and race/ethnic‐specific
TIA
hospitalization rates were calculated using the weighted number of hospitalizations as the numerator and the
US
population as the denominator. Age‐adjusted rates were standardized to the 2000
US
Census population. From 2000 to 2010, age‐adjusted
TIA
hospitalization rates decreased from 118 to 83 per 100 000 (overall rate reduction, −29.7%). Age‐specific
TIA
hospitalization rates increased for individuals aged 24 to 44 years (10–11 per 100 000), but decreased for individuals aged 45 to 64 (74 to 65 per 100 000), 65 to 84 (398 to 245 per 100 000), and ≥85 years (900 to 619 per 100 000). Blacks had the highest age‐adjusted yearly hospitalization rates, followed by Hispanics and whites (124, 82, and 67 per 100 000 in 2010). Rates slightly increased for blacks, but decreased for Hispanics and whites. Compared to women, age‐adjusted
TIA
hospitalization rates were lower and declined more steeply in men (132 to 89 per 100 000 versus 134 to 97 per 100 000).

Conclusions

Although overall
TIA
hospitalizations have decreased in the United States, the reduction has been more pronounced among older individuals, men, whites, and Hispanics. These findings highlight the need to target risk‐factor control among women, blacks, and individuals aged <45 years.
BubR1 Insufficiency Results in Decreased Macrophage Proliferation and Attenuated Atherogenesis in Apolipoprotein E‐Deficient Mice
Authors: Tanaka Shinichi , Matsumoto Takuya , Matsubara Yutaka , Harada Yui , Kyuragi Ryoichi , Koga Jun‐ichiro , Egashira Kensuke , Nakashima Yutaka , Yonemitsu Yoshikazu , Maehara Yoshihiko 
Published: September 2016

Background

Budding uninhibited by benzimidazole‐related 1 (BubR1), a cell cycle–related protein, is an essential component of the spindle checkpoint that regulates cell division. BubR1 insufficiency causes early aging‐associated vascular phenotypes. We generated low‐
BubR1
‐expressing mutant (
BubR1

L/L

) and apolipoprotein E‐deficient (
ApoE

−/−

) mice (
BubR1

L/L

‐ApoE

−/−

mice) to investigate the effects of BubR1 on atherosclerosis.

Methods and Results

Eight‐week‐old male
BubR1

L/L

‐ApoE

−/−

mice and age‐matched
ApoE

−/−

mice were used in this study. Atherosclerotic lesion development after being fed a high‐cholesterol diet for 12 weeks was inhibited in
BubR1

L/L

‐ApoE

−/−

mice compared with
ApoE

−/−

mice, and was accompanied by decreased accumulation of macrophages. To address the relative contribution of BubR1 on bone marrow–derived cells compared with non‐bone marrow–derived cells, we performed bone marrow transplantation in
ApoE

−/−

and
BubR1

L/L

‐ApoE

−/−

mice. Decreased BubR1 in bone marrow cells and non‐bone marrow–derived cells decreased the atherosclerotic burden. In vitro assays indicated that decreased BubR1 expression impaired proliferation, but not migration, of bone marrow–derived macrophages.

Conclusions
BubR1 may represent a promising new target for regulating atherosclerosis.
The Continuity and the Culture Change of Pesantren in South Sumatra
Authors: Munir Munir 
Published: September 2016

This article entitled culture of pesantren (madrasah boarding schools) in South Sumatra. This article is the result of research in Pesantren Nurul Islam Ogan Ilir South Sumatra. It is based on the fact that many pesantren graduation create academicians from the Kiayi or Ulama. Therefore, this paper describe the characteristics of the culture of madrasah schools from anthropology-sociology aspects of education, with a phenomenological approach to research subjects are madrasah chairman, board of teachers, students and community supporters. The data collection techniques used documentation study, observation and in-depth interviews, and analysis of data using qualitative descriptive, with triangulation and contrasting techniques. Applying local knowledge systems in boarding school curriculum and integrated with Madrasah boarding school curriculum. Orientation discipline tends towards positive law than the laws of Personality Syara’. Clothing the students follow a uniform generally used in madrasah. For students wear clothes instead of the veil of windings. Artistic activities undertaken include: litany, muhad Barzanji, Tilawah al-Qur’an, calligraphy, and drum band. Artikel berjudul budaya pesantren (sekolah berasrama madrasah) di Sumatera Selatan. Artikel ini merupakan hasil penelitian di Pesantren Nurul Islam Ogan Ilir Sumatera Selatan. Hal ini didasarkan pada kenyataan bahwa banyak lulusan pesantren melahirkan akademisi dari kiayi atau Ulama. Oleh karena itu, makalah ini menggambarkan karakteristik budaya dari sekolah madrasah dari aspek antropologi-sosiologi pendidikan, dengan pendekatan fenomenologis dengan subyek penelitian kepala madrasah, dewan guru, siswa dan masyarakat sekitar. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan studi dokumentasi, observasi dan wawancara mendalam, dan analisis data menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif, dengan triangulasi dan teknik kontras. Menerapkan sistem pengetahuan lokal dalam kurikulum pesantren dan terintegrasi dengan kurikulum sekolah berasrama Madrasah. Orientasi disiplin cenderung ke arah hukum positif dari hukum-hukum syara'. Pakaian para siswa mengikuti seragam pada umumnya yang digunakan di madrasah. Untuk siswa memakai pakaian bukan kain. Kegiatan seni yang dilakukan antara lain: litany, muhad Barzanji, Tilawah al-Qur'an, kaligrafi, dan drum band.
A Model to Determine Optimal Composition of Production to Obtain Maximum Profit & Reduce Overhead Costs by Linear Programming
Authors: Hamdollahzadeh Ali , Firouzabadi Kamran Jamali 
Published: September 2016

There are many factors which put emphasize on the importance of developing pharmaceutical industry such as human health, reduced rate of using medicines, improve healthcare to global level, influence of pharmaceutical industry on exchange market, creating job and etc. Growing improvements in production systems, appearance of mechanized systems and dynamic commercial markets have highlighted the requirements of planning. This study aims to provide a model for defining the optimal composition of production in Sobhan Darou Pharmaceutical Company to obtain maximum profits and reduce overhead costs by linear programming. Lingo application is applied to reach mentioned goals. The results showed that a mathematical planning model can be used to determine minimum of total costs and inventory control strategy. Using linear programming we can take into account all perceptible and imperceptible factors to have a choice, while output models only consider quantitative values. Another advantage of leaner programming is that it can calculate production weight and rate with a systematic method which increases the efficiency and helps to have a proper choice.
Responses of fish and invertebrates to floods and droughts in Europe
Authors: Piniewski M. , Prudhomme C. , Acreman M. C. , Tylec L. , Oglęcki P. , Okruszko T. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractFloods and droughts, two opposite natural components of streamflow regimes, are known to regulate population size and species diversity. Quantifiable measures of these disturbances and their subsequent ecological responses are needed to synthesize the knowledge on flow–ecosystem relationships. This study for the first time combines the systematic review approach used to collect evidence on the ecological responses to floods and droughts in Europe with the statistical methods used to quantify the extreme events severity. Out of 854 publications identified in literature search, 54 papers were retained after screening and eligibility checks, providing in total 82 case studies with unique extreme event—ecological response associations for which data were extracted. In this way, a database with metadata of case studies that can be explored with respect to various factors was constructed. This study pinpointed the research gaps where little evidence could be synthesized, for example, drought event studies and fish studies. It was demonstrated that in many cases the studied metrics (abundance, density, richness, and diversity) showed statistically significant decreases after or during the event occurrence. The responses in invertebrate density and richness were in general more negative than the corresponding responses in fish. Biota resistance to floods was found to be lower than the resistance to droughts. The severity of extreme events was not found to be an important factor influencing ecological metrics, although this analysis was often hampered by insufficient number of case studies. Conceivably, other factors could mask any existing relationships between disturbance severity and biotic response.