bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aspects of gorgonopsian paleobiology and evolution: insights from the basicranium, occiput, osseous labyrinth, vasculature, and neuroanatomy
Authors: Araújo Ricardo , Fernandez Vincent , Polcyn Michael J. , Fröbisch Jörg , Martins Rui M.S. 
Published: April 2017

Synapsida, the clade including therapsids and thus also mammals, is one of the two major branches of amniotes. Organismal design, with modularity as a concept, offers insights into the evolution of therapsids, a group that experienced profound anatomical transformations throughout the past 270 Ma, eventually leading to the evolution of the mammalian bauplan. However, the anatomy of some therapsid groups remains obscure. Gorgonopsian braincase anatomy is poorly known and many anatomical aspects of the brain, cranial nerves, vasculature, and osseous labyrinth, remain unclear. We analyzed two gorgonopsian specimens, GPIT/RE/7124 and GPIT/RE/7119, using propagation phase contrast synchrotron micro-computed tomography. The lack of fusion between many basicranial and occipital bones in GPIT/RE/7124, which is an immature specimen, allowed us to reconstruct its anatomy and ontogenetic sequence, in comparison with the mature GPIT/RE/7119, in great detail. We explored the braincase and rendered various skull cavities. Notably, we found that there is a separate ossification between what was previously referred to as the “parasphenoid” and the basioccipital. We reinterpreted this element as a posterior ossification of the basisphenoid: the basipostsphenoid. Moreover, we show that the previously called “parasphenoid” is in fact the co-ossification of the dermal parasphenoid and the endochondral basipresphenoid. In line with previous descriptions, the anatomy of the osseous labyrinth is rendered in detail, revealing a unique discoid morphology of the horizontal semicircular canal, rather than toroidal, probably due to architectural constraints of the ossification of the opisthotic and supraoccipital. In addition, the orientation of the horizontal semicircular canal suggests that gorgonopsians had an anteriorly tilted alert head posture. The morphology of the brain endocast is in accordance with the more reptilian endocast shape of other non-mammaliaform neotherapsids.
Effects of chronic exposure to clothianidin on the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris
Authors: Basley Kate , Goulson Dave 
Published: April 2017

Although neonicotinoids are targeted at insects, their predominant use as a seed dressing and their long persistence in soils mean that non-target soil organisms such as earthworms are likely to be chronically exposed to them. Chronic exposure may pose risks that are not evaluated in most toxicity tests. We experimentally tested the effect of field-realistic concentrations of a commonly used neonicotinoid, clothianidin, on mortality, weight gain, and food consumption to assess the impacts of chronic exposure over four months on fitness of L. terrestris individuals. We undertook three separate experiments, each with different exposure routes: treated soil only (experiment A), treated food and soil combined (experiment B) and treated food only (experiment C). Mortality was negatively affected by exposure from treated soil only with greatest mortality observed in the groups exposed to the two highest concentrations (20 ppb and 100 ppb), but no clear effect on mortality was found in the other two experiments. When clothianidin was present in the food, an anti-feedant effect was present in months one and two which subsequently disappeared; if this occurs in the field, it could result in reduced rates of decomposition of treated crop foliage. We found no significant effects of any treatment on worm body mass. We cannot rule out stronger adverse effects if worms come into close proximity to treated seeds, or if other aspects of fitness were examined. Overall, our data suggest that field-realistic exposure to clothianidin has a significant but temporary effect on food consumption and can have weak but significant impacts on mortality of L. terrestris.
Calcification and growth rate recovery of the reef-buildingPocilloporaspecies in the northeast tropical Pacific following an ENSO disturbance
Authors: Tortolero-Langarica Jose de Jesús A. , Rodríguez-Troncoso Alma P. , Cupul-Magaña Amílcar L. , Carricart-Ganivet Juan P. 
Published: April 2017

Pocilloporids are one of the major reef-building corals in the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) and also the most affected by thermal stress events, mainly those associated with El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) periods. To date, coral growth parameters have been poorly reported inPocilloporaspecies in the northeastern region of the tropical Pacific. Monthly and annual growth rates of the three most abundant morphospecies (P. cf. verrucosa,P. cf. capitata, andP. cf. damicornis) were evaluated during two annual periods at a site on the Pacific coast of Mexico. The first annual period, 2010–2011 was considered a strong ENSO/La Niña period with cool sea surface temperatures, then followed by a non-ENSO period in 2012–2013. The linear extension rate, skeletal density, and calcification rate averaged (±SD) were 2.31 ± 0.11 cm yr−1, 1.65 ± 0.18 g cm−3, 5.03 ± 0.84 g cm−2yr-1respectively, during the strong ENSO event. In contrast, the respective non-ENSO values were 3.50 ± 0.64 cm yr−1, 1.70 ± 0.18 g cm−3, and 6.02 ± 1.36 g cm−2yr−1. This corresponds to 52% and 20% faster linear extension and calcification rates, respectively, during non-ENSO period. The evidence suggests thatPocilloporabranching species responded positively with faster growth rates following thermal anomalies, which allow them to maintain coral communities in the region.
Cervical Pessary for Preventing Preterm Birth in Singleton Pregnancies With Short Cervical Length: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Authors: Saccone Gabriele , Ciardulli Andrea , Xodo Serena , Dugoff Lorraine , Ludmir Jack , Pagani Giorgio , Visentin Silvia , Gizzo Salvatore , Volpe Nicola , Maruotti Giuseppe Maria , Rizzo Giuseppe , Martinelli Pasquale , Berghella Vincenzo 
Published: April 2017

ObjectivesTo evaluate the effectiveness of cervical pessary for preventing spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB) in singleton gestations with a second trimester short cervix.MethodsElectronic databases were searched from their inception until February 2016. We included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing the use of the cervical pessary with expectant management in singletons pregnancies with transvaginal ultrasound cervical length (TVU CL) ≤25 mm. The primary outcome was incidence of SPTB <34 weeks. The summary measures were reported as relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI).ResultsThree RCTs (n = 1,420) were included. The mean gestational age (GA) at randomization was approximately 22 weeks. The Arabin pessary was used as intervention in all three trials, and was removed by vaginal examination at approximately 37 weeks. Cervical pessary was not associated with prevention of SPTB <37 (20.2% vs 50.2%; RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.23 to 1.09), <34, <32, and <28 weeks, compared to no pessary. No differences were found in the mean of GA at, interval from randomization to delivery, incidence of preterm premature rupture of membranes and of cesarean delivery, and in neonatal outcomes. The Arabin pessary was associated with a significantly higher risk of vaginal discharge.ConclusionsIn singleton pregnancies with a TVU CL ≤25mm at 200–246weeks, the Arabin pessary does not reduce the rate of spontaneous preterm delivery or improve perinatal outcome. Individual patient data meta‐analysis may clarify whether cervical pessary may be beneficial in subgroups, such as only singleton gestations without prior SPTB or by different CL cutoffs.
Electron temperature anisotropy regulation by whistler instability
Authors: Kim H. P. , Hwang J. , Seough J. J. , Yoon P. H. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe solar wind electron temperature anisotropy is regulated by a number of physical processes, which include adiabatic expansion, electron Coulomb collisions, and microinstabilities. In the collisionless limit, the measured electron temperature anisotropy is constrained by the marginal threshold conditions for whistler (electromagnetic electron cyclotron or EMEC) and firehose instabilities, which are excited by excessive perpendicular and parallel temperature anisotropies, respectively. In the literature, these thresholds are expressed as inverse relationships between the electron temperature ratio and parallel beta, which are constructed on the basis of linear stability analysis and empirical fitting. In the present paper, macroscopic quasi‐linear kinetic theory of whistler (or EMEC) instability is employed in order to investigate the time development of the instability. One‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulation is also carried out, and it is found that PIC simulation confirms the validity of the macroscopic quasi‐linear approach. It is also found that the saturation stage of the instability naturally corresponds to the threshold condition, thus confirming the inverse relationship. The present finding shows that the macroscopic quasi‐linear kinetic theory may be a valid theoretical tool for dynamical description of the solar wind.
Image log analysis of in situ stress orientation, breakout growth, and natural geologic structures to 2.5 km depth in central Scandinavian Caledonides: Results from the COSC‐1 borehole
Authors: Wenning Quinn C. , Berthet Theo , Ask Maria , Zappone Alba , Rosberg Jan‐Erik , Almqvist Bjarne S. G. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractStress‐induced borehole deformation analysis in the Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonide deep scientific borehole establishes in situ stress orientation in a poorly characterized region in central Sweden. Two acoustic televiewer logging campaigns, with more than 1 year between campaigns, provide detailed images along the full length of the 2.5 km deep borehole for breakout, drilling‐induced tensile fracture (DITF), and natural occurring structural analysis. Borehole breakouts occur in 13 distinct zones along total length of 22 m, indicating an average maximum horizontal stress, SHmax, orientation of 127° ± 12°. Infrequent DITFs are constrained within one zone from 786 to 787 m depth (SHmax orientation: 121° ± 07°). These SHmax orientations are in agreement with the general trend in Scandinavia and are in accordance with many mechanisms that generate crustal stress (e.g., ridge push, topographic loading, and mantel driven stresses). The unique acquisition of image logs in two successions allows for analysis of time‐dependent borehole deformation, indicating that six breakout zones have crept, both along the borehole axis and radially around the borehole. Strong dynamic moduli measured on core samples and an inferred weak in situ stress anisotropy inhibit the formation of breakouts and DITFs. Natural fracture orientation below 800 m is congruent to extensional or hybrid brittle shear failure along the same trend as the current SHmax. Analysis of foliation in the image logs reinforces the interpretation that the discontinuous seismic reflectors with fluctuating dip observed in seismic profiles are due to recumbent folding and boudinage.
Characterizing landscape‐scale erosion using 10Be in detrital fluvial sediment: Slope‐based sampling strategy detects the effect of widespread dams
Authors: Reusser Lucas J. , Bierman Paul R. , Rizzo Donna M. , Portenga Eric W. , Rood Dylan H. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractConcentrations of in situ 10Be measured in detrital fluvial sediment are frequently used to estimate long‐term erosion rates of drainage basins. In many regions, basin‐averaged erosion rates are positively correlated with basin average slope. The slope dependence of erosion allows model‐based erosion rate estimation for unsampled basins and basins where human disturbance may have biased cosmogenic nuclide concentrations in sediment. Using samples collected from southeastern North America, we demonstrate an approach that explicitly considers the relationship between average basin slope and erosion rate. Because dams and reservoirs are ubiquitous on larger channels in the field area, we selected 36 undammed headwater subbasins (average area 10.6 km2) from which we collected river sand samples and measured 10Be concentrations. We used these data to train a predictive model that relates average basin slope and 10Be‐inferred erosion rate. Applying our model to 28 basins in the same region previously studied with 10Be, we find that the model successfully predicts erosion rates for basins of different sizes if they are undammed or if samples were collected >25 km downstream of dams. For samples collected closer to dams, measured erosion rates exceed modeled erosion rates for two‐thirds of the samples. In three of four cases where paired samples were collected upstream of reservoirs and downstream of the impounding dam, 10Be concentrations were lower downstream. This finding has implications for detrital cosmogenic studies, whether or not samples were collected directly downstream of dams, because dams obstruct most major rivers around the world, effectively trapping sediment that originated upstream.
Structure and properties of microwave transparent crosslinked polystyrene prepared through 3D printing bulk polymerization
Authors: Chen Yuanwu , Mao Jiale , Zhu Yejun , Zhang Kai , Wu Gangpeng , Wu Jingshen , Zhang Haiyan 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTPolystyrene (PS) crosslinked with divinylbenzene is one of the most promising microwave (MW) transparent polymers for structural application. However, preparation of it has been always inhibited by severe thermal runaway. Under this background, novel technology referred to as “3D printing bulk polymerization” is innovated with great advantages on heat release control. Comparing to the multistage batch polymerization as previously reported, the products obtained in present work are also superior on both the thermal–mechanical properties and dielectric properties at MW band. The modulus is improved from 2.43 to 3.06 GPa, and
is increased to over 120 °C after crosslinking, while the ultralow dielectric loss feature of PS is well maintained with the loss factor to the order of 10−4. In‐depth investigation about the effects of crosslinking on main‐chain segments has found it extend to secondary relaxation originates from pendent phenyl groups and resulted in a dispersion shift toward higher band. Based on the Raman study, a possible mechanism is also proposed that the torsional relaxation of side groups is governed by a potential barrier arises from constraint by main‐chain of several adjacent atoms through interaction between them. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44865.
Cytopenia first – hepatitis second: an unusual sequence in aplastic anemia
Authors: Alashkar Ferras , Föhring Daniel , Dührsen Ulrich , Baba Hideo Andreas , Röth Alexander 
Published: April 2017

Key Clinical MessageTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of aplastic anemia (AA) preceding autoantibody‐negative autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) with successful treatment of both conditions with the same immunosuppressive regimen, resulting in hematopoietic reconstitution and remission of AIH.
Comment on “Combined heat and mass transfer of third‐grade nanofluids over a convectively‐heated stretching permeable surface,” Waqar A. Khan, J. Richard Culham, O. Daniel Makinde, The Canadian journal of chemical engineering, Vol. 93, 1880–1888, 2015
Authors: Pantokratoras Asterios 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe present comment concerns some doubtful results included in the above paper.
Surface‐Assembled Mechanically Interlocked Architectures
Authors: Da Silva Rodrigues Rafael , Mullen Kathleen M. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSince the advent of supramolecular chemistry, there has been keen interest in the synthesis of interlocked molecules, given their unique potential to act as receptors, molecular machines and even motors. Despite advances in the complexity of molecular machines that can be synthesised and operated in solution, reports of the operation or even attachment of complex supramolecular systems on solid surfaces are less common. Synthetic challenges and a lack of adequate characterisation techniques to monitor the thermodynamic and kinetic influences governing assembly at the solution–surface interface has slowed progress in this area of research. This Review looks at the developments in the field of covalently assembled interlocked architectures on gold, silica and polymer surfaces, highlighting the differences observed between solution and surface assembly of these unique structures.
Trait variation in response to varying winter temperatures, diversity patterns and signatures of selection along the latitudinal distribution of the widespread grassland plant Arrhenatherum elatius
Authors: Michalski Stefan G. , Malyshev Andrey V. , Kreyling Juergen 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAcross Europe, genetic diversity can be expected to decline toward the North because of stochastic and selective effects which may imply diminished phenotypic variation and less potential for future genetic adaptations to environmental change. Understanding such latitudinal patterns can aid provenance selection for breeding or assisted migration approaches. In an experiment simulating different winter temperatures, we assessed quantitative trait variation, genetic diversity, and differentiation for natural populations of the grass Arrhenatherum elatius originating from a large latitudinal gradient. In general, populations from the North grew smaller and had a lower flowering probability. Toward the North, the absolute plastic response to the different winter conditions as well as heritability for biomass production significantly declined. Genetic differentiation in plant height and probability of flowering were very strong and significantly higher than under neutral expectations derived from SNP data, suggesting adaptive differentiation. Differentiation in biomass production did not exceed but mirrored patterns for neutral genetic differentiation, suggesting that migration‐related processes caused the observed clinal trait variation. Our results demonstrate that genetic diversity and trait differentiation patterns for A. elatius along a latitudinal gradient are likely shaped by both local selection and genetic drift.
Bottom‐up and top‐down effects of tree species diversity on leaf insect herbivory
Authors: Castagneyrol Bastien , Bonal Damien , Damien Maxime , Jactel Hervé , Meredieu Céline , Muiruri Evalyne W. , Barbaro Luc 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe diversity of plant neighbors commonly results in direct, bottom‐up effects on herbivore ability to locate their host, and in indirect effects on herbivores involving changes in plant traits and a top‐down control by their enemies. Yet, the relative contribution of bottom‐up and top‐down forces remains poorly understood. We also lack knowledge on the effect of abiotic constraints such as summer drought on the strength and direction of these effects. We measured leaf damage on pedunculate oak (Quercus robur), alone or associated with birch, pine or both in a long‐term tree diversity experiment (ORPHEE), where half of the plots were irrigated while the other half remained without irrigation and received only rainfall. We tested three mechanisms likely to explain the effects of oak neighbors on herbivory: (1) Direct bottom‐up effects of heterospecific neighbors on oak accessibility to herbivores, (2) indirect bottom‐up effects of neighbors on the expression of leaf traits, and (3) top‐down control of herbivores by predators. Insect herbivory increased during the growth season but was independent of neighbor identity and irrigation. Specific leaf area, leaf toughness, and thickness varied with neighbor identity while leaf dry matter content or C:N ratio did not. When summarized in a principal component analysis (PCA), neighbor identity explained 87% of variability in leaf traits. PCA axes partially predicted herbivory. Despite greater rates of attack on dummy caterpillars in irrigated plots, avian predation, and insect herbivory remained unrelated. Our study suggests that neighbor identity can indirectly influence insect herbivory in mixed forests by modifying leaf traits. However, we found only partial evidence for these trait‐mediated effects and suggest that more attention should be paid to some unmeasured plant traits such as secondary metabolites, including volatile organic compounds, to better anticipate the effects of climate change on plant‐insect interactions in the future.
Phenotypic plasticity in female mate choice behavior is mediated by an interaction of direct and indirect genetic effects in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Filice David C. S. , Long Tristan A. F. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractFemale mate choice is a complex decision‐making process that involves many context‐dependent factors. In Drosophila melanogaster, a model species for the study of sexual selection, indirect genetic effects (IGEs) of general social interactions can influence female mate choice behaviors, but the potential impacts of IGEs associated with mating experiences are poorly understood. Here, we examined whether the IGEs associated with a previous mating experience had an effect on subsequent female mate choice behaviors and quantified the degree of additive genetic variation associated with this effect. Females from 21 different genetic backgrounds were housed with males from one of two distinct genetic backgrounds for either a short (3 hr) or long (48 hr) exposure period and their subsequent mate choice behaviors were scored. We found that the genetic identity of a previous mate significantly influenced a female's subsequent interest in males and preference of males. Additionally, a hemiclonal analysis revealed significant additive genetic variation associated with experience‐dependent mate choice behaviors, indicating a genotype‐by‐environment interaction for both of these parameters. We discuss the significance of these results with regard to the evolution of plasticity in female mate choice behaviors and the maintenance of variation in harmful male traits.
Impact of groundwater regimes on water balance components of a site with a shallow water table
Authors: Dietrich Ottfried , Kaiser Thomas 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe management of shallow water table sites is often the subject of discussion between different interest groups, the most controversial topic being the different target groundwater levels. A good level of knowledge about the effects of the different water levels on the water budget components is a precondition for the development of compromises in well‐balanced water resource management.We used groundwater lysimeters to investigate the impact of different water level regimes on the water balance. The lysimeters were installed directly within a typical shallow water table site and had a specially designed system to control the lower boundary condition. This enabled us to simulate different management options in a realistic way.Our results show increasing evapotranspiration with higher water levels but only if the vegetation is adapted to these conditions. Adaptation may take place within a few years of higher water levels. High water levels in spring are linked to increased water storage. This can help to compensate for the higher evapotranspiration for some weeks but not for the entire season. The meteorological conditions have a large short‐term impact on the water budget, which is difficult to compensate for using long‐term water management strategies or slow‐responding vegetation development. Our results underline the complex ecohydrological dependencies in such site conditions and could be an important basis for the development or improvement of ecohydrological models.