bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age-Dependent Metastatic Spread and Survival: Cancer of Unknown Primary as a Model
Authors: Hemminki Kari , Pavlidis Nicholas , Tsilidis Konstantinos K. , Sundquist Kristina , Ji Jianguang 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn order to describe a novel approach for the clinical study of metastases, we provide here age-specific incidence and survival data for cancer of unknown primary (CUP). Metastases in various organs are found at CUP diagnosis, which have implications for prognosis and we hypothesize similar prognostic implications for metastases found at diagnosis of primary cancers. We identified 33,224 CUP patients from the Swedish Cancer Registry and calculated incidence rates (IRs) for CUP development. Cox proportional hazards regression models were performed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for relative survival in CUP patients compared to the general population. In age-group specific analyses, a maximal IR was reached at age 85–89 years, followed by a marked decline to age 90+ (7-fold in men and 3-fold in women). The overall HR for relative survival declined systematically by age. CUP may be applied as an epidemiological age-incidence model for cancer metastases providing evidence in line with autopsy data that the metastatic potential, as shown by the incidence of CUP, appears to weaken markedly at age 85 years, depending on metastatic locations. The relative death rates were highest among young patients, which was probably entirely due to the low death rates in young background population.
Performance evaluation of interleaved high‐gain converter configurations
Authors: Choi Hyuntae , Jang Minsoo , Ciobotaru Mihai , Agelidis Vassilios G. 
Published: March 2016

This study presents the experimental verification of an interleaved high‐gain (IHG) DC–DC converter using series and parallel configurations. The interleaved configurations allow the converter to achieve high voltage gain and high current rating, thus increasing the power rating of the converter. Analytical expressions for the design of these interleaved converter configurations are included in the study. The efficiency of the IHG DC–DC converter is increased due to the zero‐voltage switching of all active switches and the zero‐current switching of all diodes. Experimental results taken from three 1 kW prototypes with different configuration (non‐interleaved, and series and parallel interleaved) are presented to verify the interleaving performance and efficiency. Moreover, the effect of soft‐switching in terms of efficiency is demonstrated.
Photoelectric properties of three‐dimensional urchin‐like zinc oxide/titanium dioxide composite micronanostructures
Authors: Zhou Yi , Yang Luyue , Lu Jun , Wu Yiwei , Li Chaocheng , Liu Yuhuan , Li Mengyao 
Published: March 2016

Three‐dimensional (3D) urchin‐like zinc oxide (ZnO)/titanium dioxide (TiO2) composite micronanostructures were first successfully synthesised using a facile electrochemical deposition method by depositing TiO2 into the surface of as‐prepared 3D urchin‐like ZnO, and polydienes dimethylammonium chloride as polycation solution. Photoelectric properties of the single 3D urchin‐like ZnO and the composite micronanostructures as dye‐sensitised solar cell (DSSC) anodes were investigated. During the deposition reaction, the TiO2 was exactly densely anchored onto the surface of 3D urchin‐like ZnO with uniform size, which were characterised by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The effects of different molar ratios of TiO2 and ZnO for the composite structure's morphology and photocatalytic activity were investigated systematically. The results indicated that the composite micronanostructures exhibited a larger adsorption range (−450 nm) and higher photoelectric conversion efficiency due to the synergistic effects, planar heterojunction, and mesoporous structure. When used as photoanodes for DSSCs, the I–V curve showed the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the novel composite was increased by 17.7% of that compared with the single 3D urchin‐like ZnO. These features collectively demonstrated the composite has a considerable potential for various applications in photocatalysis materials.
Der autologe Bypass zu den pedalen Seitenästen zur Vermeidung der Majoramputation
Authors: Dünschede F. , Paul N. , Meyer A. , Youssef M. , Espinola-Klein C. , Dopheide J. , Fottner C. , Vahl C. , Dorweiler B. 
Published: March 2016

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Bei der kritischen Extremitätenischämie (CLI) liefert der pedale Bypass zur A. dorsalis pedis oder zur distalen A. tibialis posterior gute Langzeitergebnisse in Hinsicht auf Funktion und Fußerhalt. Im Einzelfall ist aber aufgrund des angiografischen Befunds ein Bypassanschluss auf pedale Seitenäste erforderlich.
Methode: In einer prospektiven Datenbank untersuchten wir alle Patienten, die bei schwerer Extremitätenischämie eine Bypassanlage zu einem pedalen Seitenast erhielten. Die Patienten wurden in regelmäßigen Abständen klinisch und mittels Duplexsonografie nachuntersucht. Wesentlicher Zielparameter war die Beinerhaltungsrate.
Ergebnisse: Von Januar 1998 bis Juni 2014 führten wir von insgesamt 534 pedalen Bypassanlagen 72 Bypässe zu pedalen Seitenästen bei 72 Patienten (59 Männer und 13 Frauen) durch. Die proximale Bypassanastomose lag in 30 Fällen supragenual und bei 42 Patienten infragenual. In 6 Fällen diente die A. tarsalis lateralis als Anschlussgefäß, in 15 Fällen die laterale und in 24 Fällen die mediale Plantararterie. Bei 27 Patienten erfolgte der distale Anschluss auf die Plantarbifurkation. Alle Rekonstruktionen wurden komplett autolog durchgeführt. Die Beinerhaltungsrate nach 5 und 10 Jahren lag jeweils bei 82 %.
Schlussfolgerung: Der Bypass zu pedalen Seitenästen ist eine sinnvolle Methode zum Extremitätenerhalt bei kritischer Ischämie, falls kaliberstärkere Arterien nicht mehr zur Verfügung stehen.
Trudinger-Moser inequalities involving fast growth and weights with strong vanishing at zero
Authors: de Figueiredo Djairo , do Ó João Marcos , dos Santos Ederson 
Published: March 2016

In this paper we study some weighted Trudinger-Moser type problems, namely

s

F
,
h

=

sup

u
∈
H
,

‖
u

‖
H

=
1

∫

B

F
(
u
)
h
(

|

x

|

)
d
x

,

\begin{equation*} \displaystyle {s_{F,h} = \sup _{u \in H, \, \| u\|_H =1 } \int _{B} F(u) h(|x|) dx}, \end{equation*}

where

B
⊂

R

2

B \subset {\mathbb R}^2

represents the open unit ball centered at zero in

R

2

{\mathbb R}^2

and

H
H

stands either for

H

0
,

rad

1

(
B
)

H^1_{0, \textrm {rad}}(B)

or

H

rad

1

(
B
)

H^1_{\textrm {rad}}(B)

. We present the precise balance between

h
(
r
)

h(r)

and

F
(
t
)

F(t)

that guarantees

s

F
,
h

s_{F,h}

to be finite. We prove that

s

F
,
h

s_{F,h}

is attained up to the

h
(
r
)

h(r)

-radially critical case. In particular, we solve two open problems in the critical growth case.
Prologue
Authors: Gross Kali Nicole 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The prologue introduces the case and explains why such a case matters for history. Specifically, it argues that Hannah Mary Tabbs, the woman at the center of the case, is important because she defies customary historical figures in African American history and black women’s studies in the sense that she is dishonest, violent, and, because of it, profoundly human. Her flaws allow us to see black women in history in a multidimensional way, which enhances history itself and also how we understand race, gender, and violence in the past and its impact on otherwise everyday women and men.
Wavy Hair and Nearly White Skin
Authors: Gross Kali Nicole 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines the personal history and police treatment of George Wilson, the young man that Tabbs implicates during her police interrogation. This chapter explores how Wilson’s ability to pass for white negatively impacts how he is perceived by investigating authorities, the press, and the greater public. It also examines his confinement in the House of Refuge, a home for poor and wayward children, and the cycle of institutionalization that existed in his family. This chapters also maps the arraignment and the impending coroner’s inquest.
Changing Philosophical Concerns about Emergence and Media as Emerging: The Long View
Authors: Katz James E. , Robinson Elizabeth A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Views of the history of either philosophy or technology can provoke opposite reactions. Some find that the more one examines the past, the more it seems that there is practically nothing profoundly novel in terms of the deeper human experience. For others, the world has always been changing, and may even be changing ever faster. The chapter proposes a middle path, arguing that though many of today’s pressing concerns are old, they emerge in new ways that require modifying our modes of intellectual approach. Moreover, the newest ideas and technologies may benefit from consideration under hoary rubrics. Its primary thesis is that a genuine continuity of life, technology, and human nature exists that prevents anything new from being a radical departure from the old. However, new innovations raise new problems and demand new solutions in ways that affect human reflection on even very old issues.
Emerging Media and the Philosophy of Time
Authors: Nyíri Kristóf 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Is philosophy capable of discussing emerging media at all? Can conceptual analysis be applied to discourse about phenomena that are just in the process of arising? Indeed philosophy from its very beginnings focuses precisely on emerging media. Plato’s theory of ideas is an attempt to come to terms with emerging literacy. Wittgenstein and Heidegger are philosophers of an emerging secondary orality. Heidegger is, also, the philosopher of a new theory of time, inspired by Einstein facing the practical problem of electrically synchronizing clocks at a distance. Our experience of time was again revolutionized by the effects of the mobile phone: the continuous option of re-scheduling on the go made time flexible and personalized. Today, it is new social media applications—most recently and perhaps most notably Snapchat—that transform our encounters with, and call for new philosophical analyses of, time.
Binge-watching Television with Walt and Omar
Authors: Cormier Harvey 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Emerging information technologies present us with abundant information about our world of subjects and objects. They also present us with a plurality of newly created worlds full of new, autonomous beings. Some of these new beings may seem to be mere fictions, but there is nothing mere about them. In fact, between us, in our real world, and them, in their world of pure information, lies a difference of degree, not of kind. In discussing Hume’s, Nietzsche’s and pragmatist treatments of the self, the chapter argues that Omar Little, who comes to life in the emerging phenomenon of “binge-watching,” is real in the way the reader of this abstract is real, and it explains how Omar can, will, and should reach out from his informational world to accomplish things in “real life.”
Sadness and Photography: Barthes and Benjamin
Authors: Ferber Ilit 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
A philosophical discussion of the emergence of new media cannot be limited to analyzing the structure and inner logic of the different media themselves. It ought to address the abiding philosophical predicaments of human experience, feeling and knowledge. Walter Benjamin and Roland Barthes are both famous for their writings about photography; their discussion, however, is not limited to the nature of the medium itself, but provokes important questions regarding the internal connection between photography and feeling, specifically, sadness. This chapter traces the connection between the photographic medium and feeling as it appears in Benjamin and Barthes and argues that the uniqueness of this medium lies not in the way it captures or represents feeling, but rather in its ability to evoke feeling. Benjamin and Barthes’ investigations of the photographic medium may thus be regarded as an appraisal of the nature of human feelings and their intrinsic connection with photography.
Where Is My Mind? Anscombe on Agency
Authors: Aucouturier Valérie 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The complexity of robots and machines has led philosophers to think anew the classical issue of mind and thought possession. In the context of emerging media, it raises new philosophical and ethical issues regarding our relation to “intelligent” devices and virtual beings. If we could build a robot whose behavior would be indistinguishable from standard human behavior, would we have to say it thinks in the same sense as we do? Searle opposed Dennett in a famous debate about intentionality: can we ground intentionality on mere behavioral criteria or does intentionality depend on the biological structure of thinking beings? Drawing on Anscombe, the chapter argues that this debate needs to be reformulated: intentional action is usually directed by the agent’s interests in doing it; in that sense, can we think of the intentional or goal-directed behavior of a robot or virtual being as fulfilling this being’s own interests?
Will Emerging Media Create a Collective Mind?
Authors: Steele David Ramsay 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Some have predicted that the Internet and direct brain-to-brain communication will bring into existence a collective human consciousness that will not eliminate separate individual consciousnesses but will co-exist harmoniously with them. This collective consciousness is even expected to become self-aware. Here such claims are sceptically examined, notably, the theories that: (1) sheer complexity of information processing produces consciousness; (2) that some specific physical (for instance, electro-chemical) conditions are necessary and perhaps sufficient for consciousness; and (3) that consciousness arises in the context of self-organizing systems capable of purposive action. The conclusion is that a community of conversing individuals cannot develop its own consciousness in addition to the consciousness of the separate individuals. Speaking phenomenologically, the co-existence of consciousness in a total system with independent consciousness in its component parts is incoherent.
Plato and Aristotle on the Emerging Medium
Authors: Roochnik David 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This chapter discusses Socrates’ critique of writing in Plato’s Phaedrus, and Aristotle’s subordination of writing to speaking in his work, On Interpretation. Socrates argues that a written text cannot discriminate among, or adjust to, its possible readers. Because it is separated from its author, it is necessarily subject to misinterpretation and abuse. Aristotle argues that speaking puts us in close proximity to the real beings of the world, while writing distances us. In fourth century Greece, writing was a new and disruptive form of technology. When compared to the vastly more powerful devices utilized in contemporary social media, it may seem trivial. However, as Plato and Aristotle show, the philosophically most fruitful comparison is between a communications technology that produces an external text—whether it be a papyrus roll or a message on a screen—and the face-to-face encounter of oral discourse.
Big Data and the Big “Conversation”
Authors: King Gary 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Juliet Floyd and James E. Katz interview Gary King about ethical, conceptual, and philosophical aspects of big data. King presents his view that, judging from an historical perspective, there is actually little about big data that is conceptually unprecedented and that the issues surrounding the collection, possession, and use of such data are not substantial or unsurmountable. However they represent, quantitatively speaking, an enormous and unprecedented augmentation of data and new methods for social science. The largest changes King envisions would likely be prosocial, helping solve problems ranging from public health to transportation systems. The discussion also covers related questions of institutional control, free will, and public participation in political decision-making, democratic theory, and the questions of emergence and meaning. King seems to agree with none of the alarmist concerns over the misuse of big data, though, he sees that vigilance is required to avoid any of these concerns from being realized.
Coda
Authors: Floyd Juliet , Katz James E. , Robinson Elizabeth A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
A revisiting and distillation of themes, questions, and results of the book’s chapters, with a description of possible alternative pathways through the volume. Open problems and suggestions for further research are also offered, laying out a vision of the field as a whole, and calling for future research, especially into topics relating to qualitative vs. quantitative uses of big data, the concept of “media”, issues in the history of philosophy and digital humanities, normative questions concerning social justice, race, gender, and disability, religion, human transformation, virtual and non-virtual reality, collective and individual experience, self-consciousness, personal identity, human enhancement through digital means, privacy, speech-act theory, documentality, history, and the intersection of research into psychological and social cognition.
Lexical items and feature bundling
Authors: Gallego Ángel J. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This chapter investigates a puzzle posed by traditional and contemporary approaches to the lexicon: words (lexical items) are conceived of as both complex and atomic units. Such puzzle has been the focus of much research, with consequences for the overall architecture of grammar, the debate between decompositionalists and atomists, and the study of microparametric variation. The chapter reviews the arguments that have been provided to treat words as primitive units of computation that nonetheless have a rich internal structure (“atomic complexes,” as it were), and suggest that this dual character follows from the way computational devices and memory resources interact. In particular, it is argued that the word-internal structure is created through Merge (the only structure-building operation) and later on rendered opaque through a process of reprojection.
Economic Good as Indifferent
Authors: Baker Jennifer A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Most approaches to ethics and economics today are “Aristotelian” in methodology. Although he had a psychological account of virtue to which to refer, Aristotle largely analyzed economics in terms of market norms and general social good. This chapter argues for the radical proposal of the Stoics. It suggests that we need, in addition to an account of virtue, a tool for considering the role markets play in our lives—and only the Stoics provide us with the right kind of theoretical tool in their virtue ethic. The key to their agility with ethics and the market is their theoretical approach to economic goods. They term economic goods “indifferents” and the benefits from making this distinction enable us to talk about ethics and economics without confusing the two.
Adam Smith on Virtue, Prosperity, and Justice
Authors: Otteson James R. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Adam Smith is usually considered to be a central figure in the political–economic tradition of liberalism, but recent scholars have debated whether he is an adherent to the “classical” or “progressive” versions of liberalism. This chapter outlines Smith’s conception of the origins and nature of virtue, focusing on his conception of justice in particular. After laying out his admittedly thin conception of justice, the chapter offers several “Smithian” reasons supporting it. It then considers a social-justice objection to Smith’s position, and argues that the social-justice objection does not defeat it. The chapter concludes that Smith offered a defensible and integrated conception of economics and virtue that places him in the classical liberal camp.
The Space Between Choice and Our Models of It
Authors: Yuengert Andrew 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The gap between the economic theory of action and the practical reality of choice (analyzed in the Aristotelian practical wisdom tradition) cannot be bridged through the development of more complex models. This poses a challenge for the use of economic models for policy analysis: they cannot help but leave out of their formal analysis certain aspects of actual decision-making (such as practical wisdom) which are crucial to the operation of the economy. Insights from three different treatments of the gap between the formal analysis of choice and the reality of human behavior—Lucy Suchman’s studies of plans and situated action, James Scott’s analysis of mētis, and Vernon Smith’s studies of ecological rationality—offer guidance for how economists might modify the insights of their models of choice when offering policy advice.
Virtues of Productivity versus Technicist Rationality
Authors: Swanton Christine 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
According to Alasdair MacIntyre, business cannot be a practice conducive to and exemplifying virtue because it is an institution concerned with profit as an “external good” dominated by technicist rationality. It is argued in this chapter that, although profit is a good internal to business, it should be understood, if it is to be such a good, as one exemplifying productive virtue. This idea is explained via Aristotle’s distinction between phronēsis (practical wisdom) essential to virtue, and technê, which has given rise to a narrow notion of technicist rationality, which is traditionally thought to apply to production (poesis) as opposed to action (praxis), the domain of ethics. It is argued (along with Ayn Rand) that productive rationality is at the heart of human nature and that virtues such as justice, integrity, industriousness, and creativity should be applied to the realm of production, including the profit-making enterprises of business.
Virtues as Social Capital
Authors: Rose David C. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This chapter explores the nature of those virtues that are the most important for supporting economic activity. Virtues are considered as forms of human capital to the extent they are instrumental to improving an individual’s personal quality of life. Virtues are divided into three categories: prudential, positive, and negative. The negative virtues are shown to be especially important for sustaining high-trust societies and, as such, are also properly viewed as social capital. The negative virtues are shown to also constitute public goods and, as such, are prone to inadequate investment. In addition to deepening our understanding of the role that virtues in general play in the development and operation of free-market economies, this exercise helps explain why most societies are not flourishing free-market societies. This exercise also calls into question conventional approaches to moral education, which do not stress the negative virtues.