bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Dust Opacity of Spiral Galaxies
Authors: Byun Y. I. , Freeman K. C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn order to find the best observable diagnostics for the amount of internal extinction within spiral galaxies, we have constructed models for disk galaxies with immersed dust layers. The radiative transfer problem, including both scattering and pure absorption, has been computed for a range of model galaxies. This reveals a set of superior diagnostics for the opacity. These include the behaviour of the radial colour and luminosity distributions, the amplitude of the asymmetry between the near and far sides of the major axis, and their dependence on the orientation of the galaxy with respect to the observer.
High-resolution Na I Observations of the Local Interstellar Medium
Authors: Welsh Barry Y. , Vedder Peter W. , Vallerga John V. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe present high-resolution absorption measurements (R ~ 150 000) of the interstellar Na I D-lines at 5890 Å observed towards 46 early-type stars. The distance to these stars ranges from 20–200 pc, allowing a probe of the local interstellar medium (LISM). The velocity structure, velocity dispersions and column densities of the various cloud components have been derived using an absorption line-fitting analysis. Sodium column densities have been determined for 23 of the 46 target stars. No sodium absorption was detected towards any of the stars with distances < 43 pc. Such null results imply a corresponding hydrogen column density limit, N(H), of ~ 2.5 × 1018cm−2 in many directions in the LISM. For three exceptionally vacant lines of sight (to β CMa, 36 Lyn and η Hya) this limit of low hydrogen column density can be placed out to a much further distance of > 150 pc.We have plotted the distribution of sodium column density in the LISM for a total of 118 stars in the form of three galactic maps. These maps qualitatively show that the present picture of the LISM, in which the first 50 pc is essentially free of dense clumps of neutral gas, is correct. Our map of sodium columns for stars with distances > 100 pc shows that the region within the galactic quadrant defined by 200° < l < 270° shows a conspicuous absence of any significant concentration of neutral gas. This region will be a prime direction of study for forthcoming soft X-ray and extreme ultraviolet satellite experiments.
Ground-based Gamma-ray Astronomy
Authors: Clay R.W. , DawSOn B.R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractGround-based gamma-ray astronomy has slowly developed over the past quarter of a century to a position now where a number of sources are known to produce gamma-rays in the energy range 1011eV to 1018eV. The observations are difficult, with exceptional signal to noise problems, but improved techniques are now allowing observers to proceed with confidence. In this paper the physical bases of the observations are emphasised to show the important issues in the field and the present state of the observations is indicated.
Coherent Curvature Emission in Pulsar Magnetospheres: Non-dipolar Geometric Effects
Authors: Luo Qinghuan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe effects of the specific geometry of the magnetic field (such as field lines with torsion) on curvature emission and absorption in pulsar magnetospheres are discussed. Curvature maser emission can arise from two effects: the curvature drift, as has already been discussed in the literature, and field line torsion as discussed here in detail for the first time. Maser emission due to field line torsion can operate only when the Lorentz factor is larger than a certain value. However, when the Lorentz factor of electrons or positrons is sufficiently high, curvature masering is due to both curvature drift and magnetic field line torsion. The optical depth in the case of field line torsion is estimated. It is shown that if torsion is due to rotation, the resultant luminosity should be dependent on the rotation period in such a way that shorter periods correspond to larger luminosities.
Synchrotron Bubbles and Radio Transients
Authors: Ball Lewis , Vlassis Michael 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe discuss a generalisation of the synchrotron bubble model which has been applied to short-lived radio transients which can peak and decay over just a few days. The assumptions of the simple model imply that when the flux is increasing with time, it must also be an increasing function of frequency. Observations of two recent radio transients, Nova Muscae 1991 and the Galactic Centre Transient, include the first data showing such a rising phase, and in both cases the radio flux was a decreasing function of frequency during the observed rising phases. Thus the simple synchrotron bubble model is inadequate, at least for these events. A fundamental feature of the simple model is the assumption that the process accelerating the radiating electrons ceases before the radio emission can escape. We relax this assumption by including an injection of electrons, with a constant energy spectrum, into the synchrotron bubble.
3.3 GHz Ground-State Transitions of CH towards Southern HII Regions–1. An Atlas of CH Profiles
Authors: Whiteoak J. B. , Gardner F. F. , Manefield Gwenyth A. , Höglund B. , Johansson L. E. B. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe Parkes 64-m radio telescope equipped with a 3 GHz maser on loan from the Onsala Space Observatory has been used to observe the three ground-state transitions of CH (at 3264, 3335 and 3349 MHz) towards a total of 74 HII regions, mostly at southern declinations. In this paper the regions and related characteristics are listed, and the CH spectra displayed.
A New Very High Angular Resolution Stellar Interferometer
Authors: Davis J . , Tango W . J . 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe Chatterton Astronomy Department of the University of Sydney is proposing the construction of a very high angular resolution stellar interferometer of major astronomical and international significance. Based on the prototype modern Michelson stellar interferometer which the Department has developed, the new instrument will be used in a wide range of astrophysical programmes. The siting, specification, design and costing of the instrument are outlined.
Radio Continuum Emission from Sculptor Galaxies
Authors: Harnet J . I. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe five major members of the Sculptor Group of galaxies and NGC 45 have been observed with the Molonglo observatory synthesis telescope. NGC 247 and NGC 300 were not detected and upper limits to their 843 MHz flux densities are given. Radio emission from NGC 7793 is discussed with particular attention to its morphology, radial dependence compared with that of the blue light and possible coincidences between HII regions and 843 MHz peak flux densities.
Astronomy with the Fleurs Six-Dish Array
Authors: Batty Michael J . , Bunton John D. , Brown David R. , Corben Julian B. , White Graeme L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOperation of the six 13.7 m antennas of the Fleurs synthesis telescope as a sub-array has provided a new and surprisingly versatile astronomical tool. With enhanced reliability and fully automated operation, unattended observing over several days is possible. Interleaved ‘multiple-snapshot’ observations of many fields per day can be made.The array has shown itself to be particularly suitable for the measurement of precision (a few arcsecond) positions for the optical identification of a large number of radio sources, a survey of compact sources and the monitoring of the activity of several radio stars over periods of weeks. At present a program of recalibration is under way to improve the positional accuracy and dynamic range of the instrument.
SCIENCE, COMMODITIES, AND CORRUPTION IN THE GILDED AGE
Authors: Singerman David Roth 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis essay argues that categories of corruption and reform, so often used by historians to assess the Gilded Age, are themselves the ideological products of the period's struggles for political, economic, and social power. It does so by exploring fierce disputes over how to value sugar, a crucial commodity in the political economy of the late nineteenth-century United States. Confronted with evidence of massive fraud, the Treasury hoped that chemical techniques would rationalize the collection of sugar tariffs. Instead their introduction enabled the rise of the notorious Sugar Trust, by making it more difficult to distinguish corrupt influence from the legitimate exercise of expert judgment.Sugar exemplifies how Gilded Age battles over corruption should be seen in the broader and longer context of the history of capitalism, in which self-proclaimed reformers have used charges of fraud and adulteration to discredit the knowledge of artisans and workers while mantling themselves in claims to objectivity and reason. Scientific knowledge, far from being the inevitable ally of accountability and good governance, could just as easily be deployed to obfuscate and confuse, and thereby to wrest control of social and economic power.
Graft is good: the economic and environmental benefits of grafted naranjilla in the Andean region
Authors: Clements Corinna , Alwang Jeffrey , Barrera Victor , Dominguez Juan Manuel 
Published: July 2016

AbstractNaranjilla cultivation is highly profitable in many parts of the Andean foothills in Colombia and Ecuador. Its susceptibility to soil-borne diseases, however, lowers its economic benefits, reduces sustainability of production and increases its contribution to environmental degradation. This paper presents an analysis of the potential market and non-market benefits of research that developed and tested the grafting of common naranjilla onto disease-resistant rootstock. Grafting reduces the need for pesticide application and increases the longevity and sustainability of the plant. An economic surplus approach, carefully calibrated to reflect the realities of naranjilla production, was employed to show the large benefits from such research. Environmental and health benefits are very close in magnitude to market-mediated surplus gains. The results show substantial potential benefits from an outreach program to diffuse the new technology.
The Unavoidable Necessity of Formalizing Condominium Ownership in China: A Pilot Study
Authors: Chen Lei , Mostert Hanri 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article identifies the problems and malfunctions of the Chinese apartment ownership regime that necessitates its formalization. The benefits of formalizing the apartment ownership, such as resolution of the social housing problem, and establishment of the mortgage-backed real estate market, are presented. Thereafter, we indicate that the success of formalizing apartment ownership in China depends on one hand on the extent to which the unique property market in China can be reconciled with acknowledged ways of dealing with apartment ownership in various other jurisdictions acting as comparative examples. On the other hand, simply grafting borrowed laws or legal institutions into a new context cannot achieve the desired effects. Legal culture matters and it cannot be downplayed in the formalizing process. Our conclusion is that the booming but immature Chinese apartment ownership market will benefit greatly if the casual link between the market economy and well-defined property rights are confirmed through legal formalization.
Secularism, the Islamic State and the Malaysian Legal Profession
Authors: Whiting Amanda J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractEschewing theoretical discussion of both “secularism” and the “Islamic state,” this article instead examines situated understandings of these ideas as they emerge in contests about the place of religion in Malaysian law, politics and society, paying particular attention to the views of Malaysian legal professionals. It examines the official positions taken by the peak professional legal organisation (the Malaysian Bar Council) speaking on behalf of its professional constituents and to a wider constituency of Malaysia citizens in order to examine how the organised Bar has used its prestige and expertise to explain and clarify the legal aspects of these issues to the general public and how it has attempted to use its privileged status to foster informed discussion about law reform.
The Philippine President as Tortfeasor-in-Chief: Establishing Civil Liability for Constitutional Negligence
Authors: Hilbay Florin Ternal 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article analyzes the liability of the Philippine President for the tort of constitutional negligence in relation to the murders and forced disappearances of leftists, journalists, and other dissidents. It uses the international law doctrine of command responsibility as a form of attribution that may be used, by analogy, to hold the President accountable for a culture of impunity. The article describes the role of the President as the regulator of a human rights-conducive information ecology and argues that massive human rights violations meant to silence dissidents are a source of liability for which a class action suit is an available remedy. Finally, it looks at the concept of presidential immunity from suit from a comparative perspective and argues that the continued application of restrictive immunity rules established during the American colonial era is misplaced considering the universalist design of the present Philippine Constitution and developments in immunity jurisprudence in the United States.
The Relationship between Mediation and Judicial Proceedings in China
Authors: Waye Vicki , Xiong Ping 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAfter a period of decline, judicial mediation has been recently revived in China. The revival has occurred as a result of a combination of political and juridical forces. China's courts have been struggling to meet demand for access to justice and the revival of judicial mediation is part of a broader policy to promote mediation as a mainstream dispute resolution mechanism. At the same time, the revival of judicial mediation also reflects the disaffection of China's political elite with an emphasis upon adversarial, western style legal process. China's establishment appears to be seeking a more responsive multi-door style of court system. This article traces recent developments in China which track the rise, fall and rise of judicial mediation.
Law and Religion in Indonesia: The Constitutional Court and the Blasphemy Law
Authors: Crouch Melissa A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA growing number of religious minorities have been prosecuted for the criminal offence of ‘insulting a religion’, specifically Islam, in Indonesia. Both local and international human rights organisations have condemned the perceived misuse of what is widely referred to in Indonesia as the ‘Blasphemy Law’. This article will analyse the application for judicial review of the Blasphemy Law, which was submitted to the Indonesian Constitutional Court in 2009. It will critique the various submissions made to the court and analyse the historic decision of the judiciary, which upheld the validity of the Blasphemy Law. In doing this, it will explore how the relationship between law and religion, particularly Islam, has been debated, negotiated and articulated in democratic Indonesia
The Trust in an Ageing Japan: has commercialisation precluded the trust from reaching its welfare potential?
Authors: Ryan Trevor 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article argues that recent reforms to Japan's trust law regime have not fully exploited the potential of the trust in an ageing society. It argues that the commercial emphasis of the reforms has intangible ramifications for the concept of the trust in Japan that render the trust of questionable suitability for welfare oriented applications. The article also explores the potential of the courts to rescue the welfare role of the trust, in part by developing doctrine responsively to a given trust arrangement. It concludes that in an evolving social, political, and economic climate (including the Global Financial Crisis and its effect on the demand for financial products involving securitization), it is the role of the courts in developing doctrine that may bring balance to the competing demands placed upon the trust in an ageing society.
Legal Activism for Ensuring Environmental Justice
Authors: Karim Saiful , Vincents Okechukwu Benjamin , Rahim Mia Mahmudur 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article reviews some of the roles environmental lawyers have played in ensuring environmental justice in Bangladesh. It leans on law and social movement theories to explicate the choice (and ensuing success) of litigation as a movement strategy in Bangladesh. The activists successfully moved the courts to read the right to a decent environment into the fundamental right to life, and this has had the far-reaching effect ofconstituting a basis forstanding forthe activists and other civil society organisations. The activists have also sought to introduce emerging international law principles into the jurisprudence of the courts. These achievements notwithstanding, the paper notes that litigation is not a sustainable way to institute enduring environmental protection in any jurisdiction and recommends the utilisation of the reputation and recognition gained through litigation to deploy or encourage more sustainable strategies.
Designing a Legal Skills Curriculum For an Asian Law School: Lessons in Adaptation
Authors: Wong Eleanor 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn 2001, the Faculty of Law at the National University of Singapore embarked on a bold initiative to teach legal skills in a more determined and focused way than ever before in its L.L.B. Programme. This paper documents how the experience of teaching skills in the United States was adapted and re-created for Singapore. It describes the challenges and the responses fashioned to deal with intensive and interactive small group teaching, research and mooting. The paper calls for student and learning centeredness and a keen appreciation of their cultural and social assumptions.
ANGPTL4 deficiency in haematopoietic cells promotes monocyte expansion and atherosclerosis progression
Authors: Aryal Binod , Rotllan Noemi , Araldi Elisa , Ramírez Cristina M. , He Shun , Chousterman Benjamin G. , Fenn Ashley M. , Wanschel Amarylis , Madrigal-Matute Julio , Warrier Nikhil , Martín-Ventura Jose L. , Swirski Filip K. , Suárez Yajaira , Fernández-Hernando Carlos 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLipid accumulation in macrophages has profound effects on macrophage gene expression and contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. Here, we report that angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) is the most highly upregulated gene in foamy macrophages and it’s absence in haematopoietic cells results in larger atherosclerotic plaques, characterized by bigger necrotic core areas and increased macrophage apoptosis. Furthermore, hyperlipidemic mice deficient in haematopoietic ANGPTL4 have higher blood leukocyte counts, which is associated with an increase in the common myeloid progenitor (CMP) population. ANGPTL4-deficient CMPs have higher lipid raft content, are more proliferative and less apoptotic compared with the wild-type (WT) CMPs. Finally, we observe that ANGPTL4 deficiency in macrophages promotes foam cell formation by enhancing CD36 expression and reducing ABCA1 localization in the cell surface. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that haematopoietic ANGPTL4 deficiency increases atherogenesis through regulating myeloid progenitor cell expansion and differentiation, foam cell formation and vascular inflammation.
Multiple-component covalent organic frameworks
Authors: Huang Ning , Zhai Lipeng , Coupry Damien E. , Addicoat Matthew A. , Okushita Keiko , Nishimura Katsuyuki , Heine Thomas , Jiang Donglin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCovalent organic frameworks are a class of crystalline porous polymers that integrate molecular building blocks into periodic structures and are usually synthesized using two-component [1+1] condensation systems comprised of one knot and one linker. Here we report a general strategy based on multiple-component [1+2] and [1+3] condensation systems that enable the use of one knot and two or three linker units for the synthesis of hexagonal and tetragonal multiple-component covalent organic frameworks. Unlike two-component systems, multiple-component covalent organic frameworks feature asymmetric tiling of organic units into anisotropic skeletons and unusually shaped pores. This strategy not only expands the structural complexity of skeletons and pores but also greatly enhances their structural diversity. This synthetic platform is also widely applicable to multiple-component electron donor–acceptor systems, which lead to electronic properties that are not simply linear summations of those of the conventional [1+1] counterparts.
Far-field nanoscale infrared spectroscopy of vibrational fingerprints of molecules with graphene plasmons
Authors: Hu Hai , Yang Xiaoxia , Zhai Feng , Hu Debo , Liu Ruina , Liu Kaihui , Sun Zhipei , Dai Qing 
Published: July 2016

AbstractInfrared spectroscopy, especially for molecular vibrations in the fingerprint region between 600 and 1,500 cm−1, is a powerful characterization method for bulk materials. However, molecular fingerprinting at the nanoscale level still remains a significant challenge, due to weak light–matter interaction between micron-wavelengthed infrared light and nano-sized molecules. Here we demonstrate molecular fingerprinting at the nanoscale level using our specially designed graphene plasmonic structure on CaF2nanofilm. This structure not only avoids the plasmon–phonon hybridization, but also providesin situelectrically-tunable graphene plasmon covering the entire molecular fingerprint region, which was previously unattainable. In addition, undisturbed and highly confined graphene plasmon offers simultaneous detection of in-plane and out-of-plane vibrational modes with ultrahigh detection sensitivity down to the sub-monolayer level, significantly pushing the current detection limit of far-field mid-infrared spectroscopies. Our results provide a platform, fulfilling the long-awaited expectation of high sensitivity and selectivity far-field fingerprint detection of nano-scale molecules for numerous applications.
Evolution, comparative biology and ontogeny of vertebrate heart regeneration
Authors: Vivien Celine J , Hudson James E , Porrello Enzo R 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThere are 64,000 living species of vertebrates on our planet and all of them have a heart. Comparative analyses devoted to understanding the regenerative potential of the myocardium have been performed in a dozen vertebrate species with the aim of developing regenerative therapies for human heart disease. Based on this relatively small selection of animal models, important insights into the evolutionary conservation of regenerative mechanisms have been gained. In this review, we survey cardiac regeneration studies in diverse species to provide an evolutionary context for the lack of regenerative capacity in the adult mammalian heart. Our analyses highlight the importance of cardiac adaptations that have occurred over hundreds of millions of years during the transition from aquatic to terrestrial life, as well as during the transition from the womb to an oxygen-rich environment at birth. We also discuss the evolution and ontogeny of cardiac morphological, physiological and metabolic adaptations in the context of heart regeneration. Taken together, our findings suggest that cardiac regenerative potential correlates with a low-metabolic state, the inability to regulate body temperature, low heart pressure, hypoxia, immature cardiomyocyte structure and an immature immune system. A more complete understanding of the evolutionary context and developmental mechanisms governing cardiac regenerative capacity would provide stronger scientific foundations for the translation of cardiac regeneration therapies into the clinic.