bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Justice and International Trade
Authors: de Bres Helena 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis article identifies the main issues of justice that arise in international trade and critically evaluates contemporary philosophical debates over how to understand them. I focus on three central questions of distributive justice, as applied to trade. What is it about trade that makes it a subject of justice? Which aspects of the international trading system should our principles of justice regulate? What do duties of justice or fairness in trade demand? I show how debates over these questions turn not only on empirical disagreements specific to trade but also on deeper and more general disputes in moral and political philosophy. I argue that trade is a domain in which diverse moral concerns complexly intersect and that a satisfying account of it must do justice to this complexity by itself exhibiting substantial pluralism.
Some Varieties of Metaethical Relativism
Authors: Francén Olinder Ragnar 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis opinionated survey article discusses a relativist view in metaethics that we can call Appraiser‐standard Relativism. According to this view, the truth value of moral judgments varies depending on the moral standard (the norms or values, etc.) of the appraiser – that is, someone who makes or assesses the judgments. On this view, when two persons judge that, say, lying is always morally wrong; one of the judgments might be true and the other false. The paper presents various forms of this view, contrasts it against other forms of moral relativism, and shortly describes the main arguments for it. It considers the two most pressing objections – from disagreement and from counterintuitivity – and discusses how different forms of Appraiser‐standard Relativism are affected by, or can be seen as responses to, these objections. Lastly, it discusses whether Appraiser‐standard Relativism rules out moral realism, the view that there are objective moral truths.
Linguistic Evidence against Predicativism
Authors: Hinzen Wolfram 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe view that proper names are uniformly predicates (‘predicativism’) has recently gained prominence. I review linguistic evidence against it. Overall, the (cross‐) linguistic evidence suggests that proper names function as predicates when they appear in a grammatically predicative position and as referential expressions when they are grammatically in a referential position. Conceptual grounds on which the predicativist view might nonetheless be upheld include ‘uniformity’, i.e., that a single semantic value be lexically specified for names in all of their occurrences irrespective of differences in their grammar. However, ‘being a predicate’ or ‘being referential’ are not lexical properties of words but indications for how these grammatically function on an occasion of their use. Moreover, the intuitively referential and intuitively predicative uses of proper names precisely covary with grammatical differences. A proper name is therefore a predicate when it is predicatively used, not when its grammar and meaning are different. Given this grammar‐meaning alignment there is no motivation to posit a novel ‘covert syntax’ for names in their referential uses, which breaks this alignment. Cross‐linguistic evidence from languages such as Catalan, which features overt determiners in referential uses of proper names, moreover turns out to strongly support the view that the grammar of human language is systematically sensitive to differences in the referential and predicative uses of names.
Influence of altitude on local adaptation in upland tree species from central Argentina
Authors: Marcora P. I. , Tecco P. A. , Zeballos S. R. , Hensen I. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Steep climatic gradients boost morphological and physiological adjustments in plants, with consequences on performance. The three principal woody species of the Sierras Grandes Mountains of central Argentina have marked differences in sapling performance along their altitudinal distribution. We hypothesize that the steep gradient of climatic conditions across the species’ altitudinal distribution promotes trait differences between populations of different altitudes that are inherited by the following generation.

Seeds from different altitudes were exposed to three temperature regimes to assess differential germination responses. Saplings were then transplanted to a greenhouse to assess possible variations in attributes and performance after 18 months.

The three species showed differences in germination responses to temperature among altitudes and/or in sapling attributes and performance. In Maytenus boaria and Escallonia cordobensis, germination success was higher under high temperatures for the highest‐altitude, whereas lower temperatures boosted germination of the lowest altitudes. Polylepis australis showed no differences in germination among temperature treatments. In the greenhouse, saplings of the three species from intermediate altitudes showed high performance, whereas the upper and lower populations seemed to be adjusted to tolerating more stressful conditions (i.e., lower temperatures at the upper end and water stress at the lower end), showing lower performance toward both altitudinal limits.

These patterns agree with those described for saplings growing under field conditions, suggesting adjustments in response to environmental changes undergone by populations along the altitudinal range. The marked adjustments of populations to the local environment suggest a potentially high impact of climatic change on species distribution.
A rice jacalin‐related mannose‐binding lectin gene, OsJRL, enhances Escherichia coli viability under high salinity stress and improves salinity tolerance of rice
Authors: He X. , Li L. , Xu H. , Xi J. , Cao X. , Xu H. , Rong S. , Dong Y. , Wang C. , Chen R. , Xu J. , Gao X. , Xu Z. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Salinity, which is one of the most common abiotic stresses, may severely affect plant productivity and quality. Although plant lectins are thought to play important roles in plant defense signaling during pathogen attack, little is known about the contribution of plant lectins to stress resistance.

We cloned and functionally characterized a rice jacalin‐related mannose‐binding lectin gene, OsJRL, from rice ‘Nipponbare’. We analyzed the expression patterns of OsJRL under various stress conditions in rice. Furthermore, we overexpressed OsJRL in Escherichia coli and rice.

The cDNA of OsJRL contained a 438 bp open reading frame, which encodes a polypeptide of 145 amino acids. OsJRL was localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Real time PCR analyses revealed that OsJRL expression showed tissue specificity in rice and was upregulated under diverse stresses, namely salt, drought, cold, heat and abscisic acid treatments. Overexpression of OsJRL in E. coli enhanced cell viability and dramatically improved tolerance of high salinity. Overexpression of OsJRL in rice also enhanced salinity tolerance and increased the expression levels of a number of stress‐related genes, including three LEA (late embryogenesis abundant proteins) genes (OsLEA19a, OsLEA23 and OsLEA24), three Na+ transporter genes (OsHKT1;3, OsHKT1;4 and OsHKT1;5) and two DREB genes (OsDREB1A and OsDREB2B).

Based on these results, we suggest that OsJRL plays an important role in cell protection and stress signal transduction.
Virulence of the invasive ash pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus in old and recently established populations
Authors: Lygis V. , Prospero S. , Burokiene D. , Schoebel C. N. , Marciulyniene D. , Norkute G. , Rigling D. 
Published: October 2016

Following its introduction from Asia in the 1990s, the ascomycete Hymenoscyphus fraxineus has caused a severe dieback of Fraxinus excelsior in Europe. In this study, the virulence of 200 H. fraxineus isolates were assessed and compared. These isolates equally represented (i) two geographically distant populations with a different disease history (Switzerland, recently established populations at the epidemic front versus Lithuania, old established populations), and (ii) isolates from two different types of host tissue (necrotic bark lesions as dead‐end tissue versus fallen leaf petioles as primary host tissue). Inoculations conducted on 3‐year‐old F. excelsior seedlings showed that the vast majority of the isolates (98%) were able to induce necrotic bark lesions after 10 months. Although a high variation in virulence was observed among isolates, no significant differences were detected between the older and the epidemic‐front populations. Decline in virulence of populations of invasive organisms is generally assumed with increasing age of epidemics. However, this does not appear to hold true for H. fraxineus. Either the Lithuanian population is still too young (15 to 20 years old) to show a decline in virulence, or the size of the host population may still not be critical for pathogen survival. Given that bark lesions represent an epidemiological dead end and do not benefit the survival of H. fraxineus, a trend towards reduced ‘bark virulence’ of isolates originating from leaf petioles compared to isolates from the bark lesions was expected. However, such a trend was observed neither in old, nor in recently established populations.
Alpha‐power modulation reflects the balancing of task requirements in a selective attention task
Authors: Limbach Katharina , Corballis Paul M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractRecent research has related the orienting of selective attention to the lateralization of posterior EEG alpha power (∼8 to 12 Hz). Typically, alpha power decreases over the side of the head contralateral to the cued side of space. However, it is not clear how this lateralization affects behavior. We recorded EEG from 20 participants while they performed a cued visual discrimination task under three different response‐deadline conditions to investigate the effect of alpha‐power modulation on behavioral performance in more detail. Although all participants benefited from the cue behaviorally and adjusted their performance according to the response deadlines, we found the cue‐related alpha‐power modulation to depend on the general alpha‐power level at baseline: Only participants with high baseline alpha power showed significant cue‐related alpha‐power lateralization that was, however, strikingly similar across response‐deadline conditions. On the other hand, participants with low alpha power at baseline did not show any lateralization, but adjusted their alpha levels according to the response‐deadline instructions and, more importantly, showed a stronger influence of the task instructions on behavioral performance and adapted their response accuracies to the task requirements more flexibly. These findings challenge the often‐assumed role of alpha‐power lateralization for attentional deployment. While alpha power seems to be related to behavioral performance and the orienting of attention, this relationship is rather complex and, at least under the current task requirements, the general alpha‐power state seems to be more strongly related to behavioral performance (in our case, the flexible adjustment to task requirements) than the cue‐related lateralization.
Managing Capital Inflows Indirectly? On the Determinants of Monetary Sterilization with Reference to East Asia
Authors: Cavoli Tony 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis paper derives a time‐varying sterilization coefficient to examine those factors that determine the extent to which central banks might engage in monetary sterilization. There appear to be good reasons to do so: Sterilization neutralizes the monetary impact of reserve accumulation, which is an endogenous consequence of sustained capital inflows under some degree of management of exchange rates. A pooled sample of Asian economies incorporating Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand, for 1994–2012 is employed. We find that this method does help to directly uncover the determinants of sterilization, and while capital inflows do not appear to influence the sterilization directly, there is substantial evidence to suggest it does so indirectly—particularly through domestic interest rates.
A wave‐dominated, tide‐modulated model for the Lower Ordovician of the Anti‐Atlas, Morocco
Authors: Vaucher Romain , Pittet Bernard , Hormière Hélène , Martin Emmanuel L. O. , Lefebvre Bertrand 
Published: October 2016

AbstractHybrid depositional systems are created by the interaction of two or more hydrodynamic processes that control facies distribution and their characteristics in terms of sedimentary structures and depositional geometry. The interaction of wave and tide both in the geological sedimentary record and modern environments has been rarely described in the literature. Mixed coastal environments are identified by the evidence of wave and tidal structures and are well identified in nearshore environments, while their recognition in lower shoreface–offshore environments lacks direct information from modern settings. Detailed field analyses of 10 stratigraphic sections of the Lower Ordovician succession (Fezouata and Zini formations; Anti‐Atlas, Morocco) have allowed the definition of 14 facies, all grouped in four facies zones belonging to a storm‐dominated, wave‐dominated sedimentary siliciclastic system characterized by symmetrical ripples of various scales. Peculiar sedimentary organization and sedimentary structures are observed: (i) cyclical changes in size of sedimentary structures under fair‐weather or storm‐weather conditions; (ii) decimetre‐deep erosional surfaces in swaley cross‐stratifications; (iii) deep internal erosion within storm deposits; (iv) discontinuous sandstone layers in most depositional environments, and common deposition of sandstones with a limited lateral extension, interpreted to indicate that deposition at all scales (metric to kilometric) is discontinuous; (v) combined flow–oscillation ripples showing aggrading–prograding internal structures alternating with purely aggrading wave ripples; and (vi) foreshore environments characterized by alternating phases of deposition of parallel stratifications, small‐scale and large‐scale ripples and tens of metres‐wide reactivation surfaces. These characteristics of deposition suggest that wave intensity during storm‐weather or fair‐weather conditions was continuously modulated by another controlling factor of the sedimentation: the tide. However, tidal structures are not recognized, because they were probably not preserved due to dominant action of storms and waves. A model of deposition is provided for this wave‐dominated, tide‐modulated sedimentary system recording proximal offshore to intertidal–foreshore environments, but lacking diagnostic tidal structures.
Consumer confusion, obfuscation and price regulation
Authors: Gu Yiquan , Wenzel Tobias 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis paper studies firms’ obfuscation choices in a duopoly setting where two firms differ in their marginal costs of production. We show that the high‐cost firm chooses maximum obfuscation while the low‐cost firm chooses minimal (maximal) obfuscation if the cost advantage is large (small). We argue that in this setting there is a new role for price regulation as it leads to more transparent pricing. Moreover, a price cap benefits social welfare as it shifts production to the more efficient low‐cost firm.
Restricting dietary sodium reduces plasma sodium response to exercise in the heat
Authors: Koenders E. E. , Franken C. P. G. , Cotter J. D. , Thornton S. N. , Rehrer N. J. 
Published: October 2016

Exercise‐associated hyponatremia can be life‐threatening. Excessive hypotonic fluid ingestion is the primary etiological factor but does not explain all variability. Possible effects of chronic sodium intake are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether dietary sodium affects plasma sodium concentration [Na+] during exercise in the heat, when water intake nearly matches mass loss. Endurance‐trained men (n = 9) participated in this crossover experiment. Each followed a low‐sodium (lowNa) or high‐sodium (highNa) diet for 9 days with 24‐h fluid intakes and urine outputs measured before experimental trials (day 10). The trials were ≥2 week apart. Trials comprised 3 h (or if not possible to complete, to exhaustion) cycling (55% VO2max; 34 °C, 65% RH) with water intake approximating mass loss. Plasma [Na+], hematocrit, sweat and urine [Na+], heart rate, core temperature, and subjective perceptions were monitored. Urine [Na+] was lower on lowNa 24 h prior to (31 ± 24, 76 ± 30 mmol/L, P = 0.027) and during trials (10 ± 10, 52 ± 32 mmol/L, P = 0.004). Body mass was lower on lowNa (79.6 ± 8.5, 80.5 ± 8.9, P = 0.03). Plasma [Na+] was lower on lowNa before (137 ± 2, 140 ± 3, P = 0.007) and throughout exercise (P = 0.001). Sweat [Na+] was unaffected by diet (54.5 ± 40, 54.5 ± 23 mmol/L, P = 0.99). Heart rate and core temperature were higher on lowNa (P ≤ 0.001). Despite decreased urinary sodium losses, plasma sodium was lower on lowNa, with decreased mass indicating (extracellular) water may have been less, explaining greater heart rate and core temperature. General population health recommendations to lower salt intake may not be appropriate for endurance athletes, particularly those training in the heat.
Effects of group sports on health‐related physical fitness of overweight youth: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Oliveira Ana , Monteiro Ângela , Jácome Cristina , Afreixo Vera , Marques Alda 
Published: October 2016

Group sports interventions have been developed to improve health‐related physical fitness of overweight/obese youth. However, its benefits are not systematically documented. This study synthesizes the evidence about the effects of group sports on health‐related physical fitness of overweight/obese youth. Pubmed, Web of Knowledge, Scopus, Medline, CINAHL, SportDiscus, and Academic Search Complete were searched in February 2016. Studies assessing the effects of group sports on body composition, cardiorespiratory endurance, muscle strength, flexibility, and neuromotor fitness of overweight/obese youth (aged <18 years) were included. Effect sizes (ES) were calculated with Cohen's d and its 95% confidence intervals (CI). Improvements were found in (i) body composition – percentage of fat body mass (pooled ES = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.24–1.10) and waist circumference (ES = 0.69; P = 0.004); (ii) cardiorespiratory endurance – peak oxygen consumption (pooled ES = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.13–0.92) and (iii) muscle strength – hand grip strength (ES = 0.72; P = 0.003). No significant effects were found for body mass index (pooled ES = 0.27; 95% CI = −0.14 to 0.69), percentage of lean body mass (ES = 0.01; P > 0.05), maximal power output (ES from 0 to 0.06; P > 0.05), sit‐and‐reach test (pooled ES = 0.26; 95% CI = −0.16 to 0.68) and agility test (ES = 0; P = 0.48). Group sports improve body composition, cardiorespiratory endurance, and hand grip strength of overweight/obese youth. Flexibility and neuromotor fitness do not seem to change following group sports.
Narratives of Promise, Narratives of Caution: A Review of the Literature on Social Impact Bonds
Authors: Fraser Alec , Tan Stefanie , Lagarde Mylene , Mays Nicholas 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSocial Impact Bonds (SIBs) are a new mechanism for delivering public services. This article reviews the emerging SIB literature in high‐income settings. It identifies three distinct narratives: a public sector reform narrative; a financial sector reform narrative; and a cautionary narrative. These are analyzed relative to three themes: public versus private values; outcomes contracting; and risk allocation. The first two narratives are complementary and offer a ‘win‐win’ portrayal of SIBs. The third narrative challenges this dominant commentary by highlighting potential risks. There is limited empirical evidence on active SIBs to support these narratives. SIBs may have the potential to align public and private interests while improving outcomes for people affected by entrenched social problems, but this is yet to be established and appears less probable than the third more cautionary narrative. More empirical research is needed to consider the potential risks, drawbacks, benefits and alternatives of SIBs in different settings.
Performance assessment and benchmarking of autologous peripheral blood stem cell collection with two different apheresis devices
Authors: Wuchter P. , Hundemer M. , Schmitt A. , Witzens‐Harig M. , Pavel P. , Hillengass J. , Goldschmidt H. , Ho A. D. , Lisenko K. 
Published: October 2016

SUMMARYBackgroundCollection of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) for autologous transplantation is a well‐established process. As a new generation of leukapheresis (LP) machines has been launched, measures of benchmarking and quality control need to be defined in order to ensure consistent collection performance.ObjectivesThe goal of this project was to establish and evaluate a benchmarking system for autologous PBSC collection.MethodsThis retrospective study evaluated PBSC collection data of 198 patients with symptomatic multiple myeloma in first‐line therapy who underwent LP in 2013 and 2014 at our institution. Half the patients in 2014 were assigned randomly to undergo LP with the new Terumo BCT Spectra Optia (Terumo BCT, Garching, Germany), while the COBE Spectra (Terumo BCT) was used in all other cases. In 2014, we implemented a previously described formula for predicting daily CD34+ cell collection. As a benchmark, we developed the performance ratio: collected/predicted CD34+ cells.ResultsThere was no significant difference in the number of collected CD34+ cells, the collection efficiency (collected/processed CD34+ cells) and performance ratio between the two collection devices and between LP procedures in 2013 and 2014.ConclusionsWe present a comprehensive benchmarking tool that is easy to implement, requires minimal expense and allows specific adjustment of LP parameters for optimisation of LP performance. With this approach, we could confirm the equal efficiency of the two compared apheresis systems.
China and Global Macroeconomic Interdependence
Authors: Tyers Rod 
Published: October 2016

AbstractChina is transitioning towards more inward‐focussed growth, causing adverse changes in the product and financial terms of trade in the advanced economies. At the same time, international financial markets tussle between tightening forces associated with the US recovery on the one hand and unconventional monetary expansion in Europe and Japan on the other. The way these shocks interact is examined in this paper using a global macromodel with national portfolio rebalancing and asset differentiation and a representation of unconventional monetary policy. Results are found to be sensitive to the contributions of productivity and capital accumulation to China's growth. When these are offered in realistic combination, the effects are deflationary in the United States and China, militating against contractionary US monetary policy. Monetary responses in the United States and China then combine with price targeting regimes in the EU and Japan to expand liquidity globally, amplifying impacts on financial markets and the global distribution of real investment.
Age Structure and Trade Openness: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Fukumoto Yukio , Kinugasa Tomoko 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis study focuses on the relationship between age structure and trade openness. We hypothesise that a higher share of the working‐age population in the total population increases trade openness, because the dependent population tends to spend more than the working‐age population on non‐tradable goods such as education and medical services. We estimate the effects of age structure on trade openness using panel data for 85 countries from 1991 to 2010. The empirical results show that the share of the working‐age population has a positive effect on trade openness. An increase in the share of the working‐age population is considered to be one factor that contributed to an increase in trade openness in the sample period.