bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Irrigating grazed pasture decreases soil carbon and nitrogen stocks
Authors: Mudge Paul L. , Kelliher Francis M. , Knight Trevor L. , O'Connell Denis , Fraser Scott , Schipper Louis A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe sustainability of using irrigation to produce food depends not only on the availability of sufficient water, but also on the soil's ‘response’ to irrigation. Stocks of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) are key components of soil organic matter (SOM), which is important for sustainable agricultural production. While there is some information about the effects of irrigation on soil C stocks in cropping systems, there is a paucity of such studies in pastoral food production systems. For this study, we sampled soils from 34 paired, irrigated and unirrigated pasture sites across New Zealand (NZ) and analysed these for total C and N. On average, irrigated pastures had significantly (P < 0.05) less soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) than adjacent unirrigated pastures, with differences of 6.99 t C ha−1 and 0.58 t N ha−1 in the uppermost 0.3 m. Differences in C and N tended to occur throughout the soil profile, so the cumulative differences increased with depth, and the proportion of the soil C lost from deeper horizons was large. There were no relationships between differences in soil C and N stocks and the length of time under irrigation. This study suggests SOM will decrease when pastures under a temperate climate are irrigated. On this basis, increasing the area of temperate pasture land under irrigation would result in more CO2 in the atmosphere and may directly and indirectly increase N leaching to groundwater. Given the large and increasing area of land being irrigated both in NZ and on a global scale, there is an urgent need to determine whether the results found in this study are also applicable in other regions and under different land management systems (e.g. arable).
Projected gains and losses of wildlife habitat from bioenergy‐induced landscape change
Authors: Tarr Nathan M. , Rubino Matthew J. , Costanza Jennifer K. , McKerrow Alexa J. , Collazo Jaime A. , Abt Robert C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDomestic and foreign renewable energy targets and financial incentives have increased demand for woody biomass and bioenergy in the southeastern United States. This demand is expected to be met through purpose‐grown agricultural bioenergy crops, short‐rotation tree plantations, thinning and harvest of planted and natural forests, and forest harvest residues. With results from a forest economics model, spatially explicit state‐and‐transition simulation models, and species–habitat models, we projected change in habitat amount for 16 wildlife species caused by meeting a renewable fuel target and expected demand for wood pellets in North Carolina, USA. We projected changes over 40 years under a baseline ‘business‐as‐usual’ scenario without bioenergy production and five scenarios with unique feedstock portfolios. Bioenergy demand had potential to influence trends in habitat availability for some species in our study area. We found variation in impacts among species, and no scenario was the ‘best’ or ‘worst’ across all species. Our models projected that shrub‐associated species would gain habitat under some scenarios because of increases in the amount of regenerating forests on the landscape, while species restricted to mature forests would lose habitat. Some forest species could also lose habitat from the conversion of forests on marginal soils to purpose‐grown feedstocks. The conversion of agricultural lands on marginal soils to purpose‐grown feedstocks increased habitat losses for one species with strong associations with pasture, which is being lost to urbanization in our study region. Our results indicate that landscape‐scale impacts on wildlife habitat will vary among species and depend upon the bioenergy feedstock portfolio. Therefore, decisions about bioenergy and wildlife will likely involve trade‐offs among wildlife species, and the choice of focal species is likely to affect the results of landscape‐scale assessments. We offer general principals to consider when crafting lists of focal species for bioenergy impact assessments at the landscape scale.
Pervasive but Neglected: Conceptualising Services and Global Production Networks
Authors: Kleibert Jana Maria 
Published: August 2016

AbstractServices account for a very large share of employment and economic growth across the globe. In recent years, a global shift in service delivery has occurred through the relocation, or offshoring, of ICT‐enabled service employment to countries in the Global South. Despite the pervasiveness of services in the global economy, empirical research employing the global production network (GPN) framework has not fully engaged with services and continues to be characterised by a ‘productionist bias’ (Coe and Yeung , p. 24). This article addresses the neglected function of services in GPNs and global value chain research and interrogates the potential of the globalisation of service delivery for regional economic development. Services in GPNs are conceptualised using three lenses: a services‐within‐manufacturing networks lens (seeing services as intermediaries), a dedicated services networks lens (seeing services as independent service production networks), and a local support services networks lens (focusing on the rise of local service networks in regions). This conceptualisation is explored empirically drawing on research on the information technology and business process outsourcing sector in the Philippines and India. Employing a local support services networks lens makes visible otherwise hidden territorial processes and reveals a rising local service‐sector nexus, which is relevant for understanding regional economic development implications.
Why the New Maritime Geographies Matter
Authors: Antonopoulos Constantinos N. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe maritime logistics industry is a field of key importance for research in the global economy. With links to trade, transportation and infrastructures development, the industry plays a central role in processes of material flows and circulation. This article maps the main discussions on maritime logistics along the interdisciplinary literature strands in globalisation studies, economic geography, transportation studies and urban studies, with the aim to identify drawbacks and opportunities for further research. Drawing on recent empirical studies of global value chains/global production networks, maritime cities and industry clusters, the article distills key challenges for research with relation to current socio‐technical and political shifts in the global space economy. Conclusions are twofold: first, renewed—critical—attention to the geographies of maritime logistics can improve our understanding of the industry's role in contemporary spatial economies; second, overcoming conceptual boundaries through research openness and imagination will enable critical dialogue concerning contemporary processes of market making and specifically industrial and environmental transitions, which is of relevance to urban, regional and national policy.
Celebrating the Memory of Corrado Gini: a Personality Out of the Ordinary
Authors: Giorgi Giovanni M. , Gubbiotti Stefania 
Published: August 2016

SummaryCorrado Gini was one of the most brilliant and internationally recognized scientists of the Italian School of Statistics. This paper, written on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of his death, recalls the key aspects of his life and his extraordinary scientific contributions. In describing his impressive mind, interdisciplinary interests, his long and significant academic life, his immense scientific production, and his commitment to official statistics, we must also take into account the particular historical period that Gini lived in. But the most relevant and honourable of his acknowledgements is the impact he undeniably had and still has on the international scientific community of statisticians and non‐statisticians.
Visiting the Ruins of Detroit: Exploitation or Cultural Tourism?
Authors: Scarbrough Elizabeth 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAre Detroit ruin tours a form of morally permissible cultural tourism, or do these tours amount to a form of exploitation? To answer this question I compare Detroit ruin tours with ‘slum tours’ – guided tours of slums in the world's major cities. I argue that exploitation of the sort we find in slum tourism also exists, to a lesser extent, in Detroit ruin tours. To show this I detail two different accounts of exploitation and argue that Ruth Sample's account best captures what is most morally problematic with slum tours and ruin tours. I then identify the similarities and differences between slum tours and ruin tours, and provide suggestions for how ruin tours could be retooled to avoid some (but not all) of the worries of exploitation. Finally, I suggest that with the proper framing Detroiters could embrace photographic tours as a new form of cultural tourism.
Incipient periodontitis and salivary molecules among Korean adults: association and screening ability
Authors: Kim Hyun‐Duck , Shin Myung‐Seop , Kim Hyun‐Tae , Kim Mi‐Sun , Ahn Yoo‐Been 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAimThis study aims to evaluate the association of salivary matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) and interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) with periodontitis and its screening ability on periodontitis.Material and MethodsWe selected 693 participants from the Yanypyeong Cohort: 577 participants with periodontitis and 116 participants without periodontitis. Periodontitis was assessed by dentists using a panoramic radiograph. Salivary MMP‐9 and IL‐8 were assayed using multiplexed bead immunoassay (Luminex). MMP‐9 and IL‐8 were categorized into low, medium and high. Age, sex, income, smoking, drinking, exercise, obesity and metabolic syndrome were confounders. Logistic regression analysis was applied to evaluate the association between MMP‐9, IL‐8 and periodontitis. Receiver operating characteristic curve was applied for sensitivity, specificity and c‐statistics.ResultsHigh MMP‐9 and medium IL‐8 were associated with periodontitis: adjusted odds ratio were 2.2 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3–3.7] for MMP‐9 and 1.9 (95% CI: 1.1–3.4) for IL‐8. The final screening model using salivary MMP‐9 for periodontitis had a sensitivity of 0.46, specificity of 0.77 and c‐statistic of 0.63 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsOur data show that salivary MMP‐9 and IL‐8 could be potential markers for periodontitis. The screening model for periodontitis could be useful in clinics and home. A future prospective study is indicated for predicting the occurrence of periodontitis.
Excretory and Secretory Proteins of Naegleria fowleri Induce Inflammatory Responses in BV‐2 Microglial Cells
Authors: Lee Jinyoung , Kang Jung‐Mi , Kim Tae Im , Kim Jong‐Hyun , Sohn Hae‐Jin , Na Byoung‐Kuk , Shin Ho‐Joon 
Published: August 2016

AbstractNaegleria fowleri, a free‐living amoeba that is found in diverse environmental habitats, can cause a type of fulminating hemorrhagic meningoencephalitis, primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), in humans. The pathogenesis of PAM is not fully understood, but it is likely to be primarily caused by disruption of the host's nervous system via a direct phagocytic mechanism by the amoeba. Naegleria fowleri trophozoites are known to secrete diverse proteins that may indirectly contribute to the pathogenic function of the amoeba, but this factor is not clearly understood. In this study, we analyzed the inflammatory responses in BV‐2 microglial cells induced by excretory and secretory proteins of N. fowleri (NfESP). Treatment of BV‐2 cells with NfESP induced the expression of various cytokines and chemokines, including the proinflammatory cytokines IL‐1α and TNF‐α. NfESP‐induced IL‐1α and TNF‐α expression in BV‐2 cells were regulated by p38, JNK, and ERK MAPKs. NfESP‐induced IL‐1α and TNF‐α production in BV‐2 cells were effectively downregulated by inhibition of NF‐kB and AP‐1. These results collectively suggest that NfESP stimulates BV‐2 cells to release IL‐1α and TNF‐α via NF‐kB‐ and AP‐1‐dependent MAPK signaling pathways. The released cytokines may contribute to inflammatory responses in microglia and other cell types in the brain during N. fowleri infection.
Prison officers’ views about hepatitis C testing and treatment: a qualitative enquiry
Authors: Jack Kathryn , Islip Natalie , Linsley Paul , Thomson Brian , Patterson Anne 
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectivesTo explore the views of prison officers in an English category B male prison about people in prison being tested and treated for hepatitis C.BackgroundHepatitis C testing and treatment in English prisons remain low with the reasons being poorly understood. Prison officers are in continuous contact with prisoners so might observe factors that may influence people in prisons’ choice in whether to accept hepatitis C testing and treatment.DesignA qualitative design within an interpretative framework was employed.MethodsSemistructured interviews were conducted with 10 prison officers at an English male category B prison. The interviews were audiorecorded and transcribed at the prison.ResultsFour themes emerged Safeguarding, Stigma, Confidentiality and Education. Hepatitis C testing and treatment were supported in principle but if a person in prison poses a threat to the overall security of a prison, any health issues that are not immediately life threatening will be overridden, irrespective of the financial or health consequences. The prison officers respected people in prisons’ confidentiality regarding health matters, but this could be compromised during violent incidents. All of the prison officers displayed limited knowledge about hepatitis C.ConclusionsThis qualitative enquiry illustrates that prison security transcends health. This suggests that health providers may need to offer greater flexibility and collaboration across the network of National Health Service hospitals to maintain continuity in treatment if a prisoner is moved to a different establishment or liberated.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study introduces the notion that prison security staff may have a potential role in promoting or discouraging hepatitis C testing and treatment by the ways in which their knowledge impacts on their interactions with people in prison. Engaging this staff group in educational opportunities should be a component of commissioned hepatitis service delivery in prisons.
Digital Versus Conventional Impressions in Fixed Prosthodontics: A Review
Authors: Ahlholm Pekka , Sipilä Kirsi , Vallittu Pekka , Jakonen Minna , Kotiranta Ulla 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPurposeTo conduct a systematic review to evaluate the evidence of possible benefits and accuracy of digital impression techniques vs. conventional impression techniques.Materials and MethodsReports of digital impression techniques versus conventional impression techniques were systematically searched for in the following databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, and Web of Science. A combination of controlled vocabulary, free‐text words, and well‐defined inclusion and exclusion criteria guided the search.ResultsDigital impression accuracy is at the same level as conventional impression methods in fabrication of crowns and short fixed dental prostheses (FDPs). For fabrication of implant‐supported crowns and FDPs, digital impression accuracy is clinically acceptable. In full‐arch impressions, conventional impression methods resulted in better accuracy compared to digital impressions.ConclusionsDigital impression techniques are a clinically acceptable alternative to conventional impression methods in fabrication of crowns and short FDPs. For fabrication of implant‐supported crowns and FDPs, digital impression systems also result in clinically acceptable fit. Digital impression techniques are faster and can shorten the operation time. Based on this study, the conventional impression technique is still recommended for full‐arch impressions.
Production and characterization of spray-dried theophylline powders prepared from fresh milk for potential use in paediatrics
Authors: Aguiar João P , Fernandes Tânia A P , Nese Carlotta , Fernandes Ana I , Pinto João F 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Objective
This work evaluates the potential of using fresh milk to deliver theophylline to children.

Methods
Theophylline–fresh milk systems were prepared using different solids ratios (0 : 1–1 : 0) and three fat contents in commercial milks (low, medium and high), which were spray-dried at different inlet air temperatures (Tinlet – 105, 130 and 150 °C). The process was evaluated for yield and the resulting powders for moisture content (MC), particle size and shape, density and wettability. Theophylline–milk potential interactions (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and FT-IR) and chemical (theophylline content) and microbiological stability of powders (shelf and in-use) were also evaluated.

Key Findings
The production yield (13.6–76.0%), MC (0.0–10.3%) and contact angles in water (77.29–93.51°) were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) affected by Tinlet, but no differences were found concerning the mean particle size (3.0–4.3 μm) of the different powders. The milk fat content significantly (P &lt; 0.05) impacted on the density (1.244–1.552 g/cm3). Theophylline content remained stable after 6 months of storage, before extemporaneous reconstitution. After reconstitution in water, low-fat milk samples (stored at 4 °C) met the microbial pharmacopoeia criteria for up to 7 days. No theophylline–milk components interaction was observed.

Conclusion
Spray-dried milk-composed powders may be used as vehicles for theophylline delivery in paediatrics following further characterization and in-vivo evaluation.
Semen characteristics and biochemical composition of cloacal foam of male Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) fed diet incorporated with selenium
Authors: Biswas A. , Mohan J. , Mandal A. B. , Lal N. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryAn attempt was made to investigate the effect of dietary selenium (Se) on physical and cloacal gland size, foam production, biochemical composition of foam and semen biochemical characteristics of male Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix Japonica). Two hundred twenty‐five (225)‐day‐old male Japanese quail were randomly distributed to three dietary treatment groups for a period of 20 weeks. Each treatment comprised of three replicates, each containing 25 chicks. Three experimental diets were supplemented with 0, 0.5 and 1.0 mg Se/kg (T1, T2 and T3, respectively), and diet T1 was considered as control. Sodium selenite was used as the source of selenium. All the birds were provided with feed and water ad libitum. Cloacal foam characteristics, that is cloacal gland index and foam weight, were significantly higher in T2 group. However, body weight, frequency of foam discharge and testes weight (left and right) did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). Physical characteristics of semen, that is semen volume and sperm concentration, did not differ (p > 0.05) among the Se‐treated groups. The sperm motility, live–dead count and abnormality improved significantly (p < 0.05) in 0.5 mg/Se‐supplemented group compared to 0 or 1.0 mg/Se‐supplemented groups. Similarly, fertility and hatchability percentages were higher (p < 0.05) in 0.5 mg/Se‐supplemented group than in control or 1.0 mg/Se‐supplemented counterparts. The biochemical characteristics of foam in terms of total protein, acid phosphatase (ACP) and nitric oxide did not differ (p > 0.05), while the concentration of glucose was higher (p < 0.05) in 0.5 mg/Se‐supplemented diet. On the other hand, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were lower (p < 0.05) in 0.5 mg/Se‐supplemented group compared to control or 1.0 mg/Se‐supplemented groups. From this study, it was concluded that supplementation of 0.5 mg Se/kg diet was beneficial for foam variables, biochemical composition of foam, semen characteristics and fertility in male Japanese quail.
Hypothermia in Uremic Dogs and Cats
Authors: Kabatchnick E. , Langston C. , Olson B. , Lamb K.E. 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundThe prevalence of uremic hypothermia (UH) and the effects of improving uremia on body temperature have not been determined in veterinary patients.ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence of UH and correlations between uremia and body temperature in patients undergoing intermittent hemodialysis (IHD).AnimalsUremic dogs (n = 122) and cats (n = 79) treated by IHD at the Bobst Hospital of the Animal Medical Center from 1997 to 2013.MethodsRetrospective review of medical records.ResultsThe prevalence of hypothermia was 38% in azotemic cats and 20.5% in azotemic dogs. Statistically significant temperature differences were observed between uremic and nonuremic dogs (nonuremic: mean, 100.8°F; range, 91.2–109.5°F; uremic: mean, 99.9°F; range, 95.6–103.8°F; P < .0001) and cats (nonuremic: mean, 100.6°F; range, 94.0–103.8°F; uremic: mean, 99.3°F; range, 92.3–103.4°F; P < .0001). In dog dialysis patients, significant models included (1) timing (pre‐dialysis versus post‐dialysis) with weight class (small [P < .0001], medium [P = .016], and large breed [P = .033] dogs), (2) timing with serum creatinine concentration (P = .021), and (3) timing with BUN concentration (P < .0001). In cat dialysis patients, there was a significant interaction between timing and weight as a categorical variable (<5 kg and ≥5 kg).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceUremic hypothermia appears to be a clinical phenomenon that occurs in cats and dogs. Uremic patients are hypothermic compared to ill nonuremic patients and body temperatures increase when uremia is corrected with IHD in dogs and in cats >5 kg. In cats, UH seems to be a more prevalent phenomenon driven by uremia. Uremic hypothermia does occur in dogs, but body weight is a more important predictor of body temperature.
The Effect of Fasting Duration on Baseline Blood Glucose Concentration, Blood Insulin Concentration, Glucose/Insulin Ratio, Oral Sugar Test, and Insulin Response Test Results in Horses
Authors: Bertin F.R. , Taylor S.D. , Bianco A.W. , Sojka‐Kritchevsky J.E. 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesPublished descriptions of the oral sugar test (OST) and insulin response test (IRT) have been inconsistent when specifying the protocol for fasting horses before testing. The purpose of our study was to examine the effect of fasting duration on blood glucose concentration, blood insulin concentration, glucose/insulin ratio,OST, andIRTresults in horses.AnimalsTen healthy adult horses.ProceduresBothOSTandIRTwere performed on horses without fasting and after fasting for 3, 6, and 12 hours. Thus, 8 tests were performed per horse in a randomized order. Blood collected at the initial time point of theOSTwas analysed for both blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations so that baseline concentrations and the glucose/insulin ratio could be determined. Unless fasted, horses had free‐choice access to grass hay.ResultsThere was no effect of fasting and fasting duration on blood glucose concentration, serum insulin concentration, glucose/insulin ratio, or theOST. Response to insulin in theIRTwas decreased in fasted horses. The effect increased with fasting duration, with the least response to insulin administration after a 12‐hour fast.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceThese data indicate that insulin sensitivity is not a fixed trait in horses. Fasting a horse is not recommended for a glucose/insulin ratio orIRT, and fasting a horse for 3 hours is recommended for theOST.