bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longevity and fecundity of the egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi provided with different carbohydrate diets
Authors: Lahiri Sriyanka , Orr David , Cardoza Yasmin J. , Sorenson Clyde 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn order for successful biological pest control using parasitoids, the most suitable naturally available food resources, as well as the fitness of parasitoids feeding on these resources, need to be ascertained. The goal of this study was to improve the understanding of the ecological requirements and consequent fitness of one such parasitoid, Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a predominant stink bug (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) egg parasitoid native to southeastern USA. We assessed the effects of carbohydrate resources readily available in the wasp's natural habitat on longevity and fecundity of female T. podisi under laboratory conditions. Carbohydrate diets included in the study were buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum Moench (Polygonaceae) nectar and honeydew from cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae), compared with honey or water controls, which are normally used for laboratory rearing of this species. Eggs of Podisus maculiventris Say (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) were provided as hosts for oviposition. Honeydew of cowpea aphid proved to be as good a nutrition source as buckwheat nectar, in enhancing wasp longevity and fecundity. We also assessed the importance of honeydew freshness on the biological attributes of T. podisi, as honeydew becomes crystallized or highly viscous on drying up and therefore may pose an issue for uptake by parasitoids. We found that fresh honeydew of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Hemiptera: Aphididae) significantly enhanced wasp longevity when compared to a diet of 1‐day‐old honeydew and the fava bean leaf (control). However, fresh honeydew of green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) had the same effect on wasp longevity, fecundity, and proportion of male progeny as radish leaf (control). The potential of certain ubiquitously available food resources, in enhancing biological control of economically damaging pests by parasitoids, is being highlighted in this study; information which could be valuable in similar parasitoid‐host systems as well.
Survivorship of male and female Bactrocera dorsalis in the field and the effect of male annihilation technique
Authors: Manoukis Nicholas C. , Jang Eric B. , Dowell Robert V. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMale annihilation technique (MAT) is a key component of management of the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae), because of the ‘strong’ attraction of males to the lure methyl eugenol. The optimal application density for MAT has not been investigated for this economically important pest species. We tested the effect of two levels of MAT application density compared to a no‐MAT control on the daily survivorship of male and female B. dorsalis estimated by mark‐release‐recapture (MRR) using a 1‐km2 passive sampling network. Estimated daily survivorship from two separate MRR trials under control (no MAT) conditions was 0.751 for males and 0.948 for females. Male survivorship was similar under control (no MAT) and high application density (256 spots km−2; daily survivorship 0.704). However, estimated male survivorship was significantly lower under the low application density (100 spots km−2; daily survivorship 0.211). A similar pattern was observed in estimated female survivorship, with a significant reduction in survivorship under the low rate compared with control and high application density (low‐density estimated survivorship 0.652, high density 0.881). The results suggest that a lower application density may be more effective against B. dorsalis than the high application density. A lower application density for effective MAT would benefit growers and the public with respect to management of B. dorsalis through reduced labor and material costs, limiting potential environmental impacts, and increased logistical simplicity finding application sites in urban environments.
Impact of carbohydrase inhibition on Habrobracon hebetor in a tritrophic diet‐host‐parasitoid system
Authors: Masoumzadeh Abolfazl , Hosseininaveh Vahid , Ghamari Mahboob 
Published: January 2017

AbstractHabrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a cosmopolitan idiobiont ectoparasitoid wasp and one of the most important biological control agents of lepidopteran larvae, especially of larvae of the family Pyralidae such as Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner). Using biological control agents in combination with other pest management approaches may enhance the efficiency of pest management. Acarbose, a non‐proteinaceous inhibitor, is well known for its inhibitory effect on insect digestive carbohydrases, especially α‐amylase. In the present study the effect of the inhibitor on various physiological and biological parameters of the parasitoid H. hebetor was investigated in a diet‐host‐parasitoid tritrophic system. The inhibitor decreased α‐amylase activity in both in vitro and in vivo assays with the parasitoid; however, there was no significant impact on the biological characteristics studied. Quantification of energy reserves in host larvae and adult parasitoids revealed a dose‐dependent effect of the inhibitor on total protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and glycogen contents of the larval host, whereas total protein and carbohydrate of the parasitoid were only reduced at high inhibitor concentrations. In general, the inhibitor acarbose can interfere with some physiological processes in H. hebetor, although the parasitoid's fitness is not negatively affected. Therefore, enzyme inhibitors may be considered an effective tool for pest control in integrated pest management programs.
Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and cerebellar contribution to in‐group attitudes: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study
Authors: Gamond Lucile , Ferrari Chiara , La Rocca Stefania , Cattaneo Zaira 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe tend to express more positive judgments and behaviors toward individuals belonging to our own group compared to other (out‐) groups. In this study, we assessed the role of the cerebellum and of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) – two regions critically implicated in social cognition processes – in mediating implicit valenced attitudes toward in‐group and out‐group individuals. To this aim, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in combination with a standard attitude priming task, in which Caucasian participants had to categorize the valence of a series of adjectives primed by either an in‐group or an out‐group face. In two behavioral experiments, we found an in‐group bias (i.e. faster categorization of positive adjectives when preceded by in‐group faces) but no evidence of an out‐group bias. Interestingly, TMS over both the dmPFC and over the (right) cerebellum significantly interfered with the modulation exerted by group membership on adjective valence classification, abolishing the in‐group bias observed at baseline. Overall, our data suggest that both the dmPFC and the cerebellum play a causal role in mediating implicit social attitudes.
Low genetic diversity but strong population structure reflects multiple introductions of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) into China followed by human‐mediated spread
Authors: Cao Li‐Jun , Wang Ze‐Hua , Gong Ya‐Jun , Zhu Liang , Hoffmann Ary Anthony , Wei Shu‐Jun 
Published: January 2017

AbstractHistorical invasion scenarios based on observational records are usually incomplete and biased, but these can be supplemented by population genetic data. The western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis, invaded China in the last 13 years and has rapidly become one of the most serious pests in the country. To assess whether this invasion involved a single event or multiple events, we examined patterns of genetic diversity and population structure of WFT across 12 Chinese populations and a native US population based on mitochondrial DNA and/or 18 microsatellite loci. The average allelic richness and haplotype diversity in Chinese populations were significantly lower than in a population from its native range. The distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes suggested multiple independent invasions of WFT into China, including two invasions into the Beijing region. Based on microsatellite data, two distinct clusters were identified, with both of them splitting further into two clusters; in the Beijing region, the microsatellite data also provided evidence for two introductions. Both the absence of isolation by distance and the fact that distant populations were similar genetically suggest patterns of WFT movement linked to human activities. Our study therefore suggests multiple introductions of WFT into China and human‐assisted spread.
Right ventricular function during acute exacerbation of severe equine asthma
Authors: Decloedt A. , Borowicz H. , Slowikowska M. , Chiers K. , van Loon G. , Niedzwiedz A. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryBackgroundPulmonary hypertension has been described in horses with severe equine asthma, but its effect on the right ventricle has not been fully elucidated.ObjectivesTo evaluate right ventricular structure and function after a 1‐week period of pulmonary hypertension secondary to acute exacerbation of severe equine asthma.Study designProspective study.MethodsA clinical episode of severe equine asthma was induced experimentally in six susceptible horses. Examinations in remission and on day 7 of the clinical episode included a physical examination with clinical scoring, echocardiography, arterial blood gas measurements, venous blood sampling for cardiac biomarkers, intracardiac pressure measurements, right ventricular and right atrial myocardial biopsies, airway endoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage. After 1 month of recovery, physical examination, echocardiography and cardiac biomarker analysis were repeated. Echocardiographic and pressure measurements were compared with those in 10 healthy control horses.ResultsAll horses developed clinical signs of acute pulmonary obstruction. Right heart pressures increased significantly. Altered right ventricular function could be detected by tissue Doppler and speckle tracking echocardiography. Cardiac troponin concentrations did not increase significantly, but were highly elevated in one horse which exercised in the paddock prior to sampling. Focal neutrophil infiltration was present in two myocardial samples. Even in remission, asthmatic horses showed a thicker right ventricular wall, an increased left ventricular end‐systolic eccentricity index at chordal level and decreased right ventricular longitudinal strain compared with controls.Main limitationsThe induced clinical episode was rather mild and the number of horses was limited because of the invasive nature of the study.ConclusionsPulmonary obstruction in asthmatic horses induces pulmonary hypertension with right ventricular structural and functional changes.
Direct and indirect climate change effects on carbon dioxide fluxes in a thawing boreal forest–wetland landscape
Authors: Helbig Manuel , Chasmer Laura E. , Desai Ankur R. , Kljun Natascha , Quinton William L. , Sonnentag Oliver 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn the sporadic permafrost zone of northwestern Canada, boreal forest carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes will be altered directly by climate change through changing meteorological forcing and indirectly through changes in landscape functioning associated with thaw‐induced collapse‐scar bog (‘wetland’) expansion. However, their combined effect on landscape‐scale net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEELAND), resulting from changing gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER), remains unknown. Here, we quantify indirect land cover change impacts on NEELAND and direct climate change impacts on modeled temperature‐ and light‐limited NEELAND of a boreal forest–wetland landscape. Using nested eddy covariance flux towers, we find both GPP and ER to be larger at the landscape compared to the wetland level. However, annual NEELAND (−20 g C m−2) and wetland NEE (−24 g C m−2) were similar, suggesting negligible wetland expansion effects on NEELAND. In contrast, we find non‐negligible direct climate change impacts when modeling NEELAND using projected air temperature and incoming shortwave radiation. At the end of the 21st century, modeled GPP mainly increases in spring and fall due to reduced temperature limitation, but becomes more frequently light‐limited in fall. In a warmer climate, ER increases year‐round in the absence of moisture stress resulting in net CO2 uptake increases in the shoulder seasons and decreases during the summer. Annually, landscape net CO2 uptake is projected to decline by 25 ± 14 g C m−2 for a moderate and 103 ± 38 g C m−2 for a high warming scenario, potentially reversing recently observed positive net CO2 uptake trends across the boreal biome. Thus, even without moisture stress, net CO2 uptake of boreal forest–wetland landscapes may decline, and ultimately, these landscapes may turn into net CO2 sources under continued anthropogenic CO2 emissions. We conclude that NEELAND changes are more likely to be driven by direct climate change rather than by indirect land cover change impacts.
Restricted gene flow and local adaptation highlight the vulnerability of high‐latitude reefs to rapid environmental change
Authors: Thomas Luke , Kennington W. Jason , Evans Richard D. , Kendrick Gary A. , Stat Michael 
Published: January 2017

AbstractGlobal climate change poses a serious threat to the future health of coral reef ecosystems. This calls for management strategies that are focused on maximizing the evolutionary potential of coral reefs. Fundamental to this is an accurate understanding of the spatial genetic structure in dominant reef‐building coral species. In this study, we apply a genotyping‐by‐sequencing approach to investigate genome‐wide patterns of genetic diversity, gene flow, and local adaptation in a reef‐building coral, Pocillopora damicornis, across 10 degrees of latitude and a transition from temperate to tropical waters. We identified strong patterns of differentiation and reduced genetic diversity in high‐latitude populations. In addition, genome‐wide scans for selection identified a number of outlier loci putatively under directional selection with homology to proteins previously known to be involved in heat tolerance in corals and associated with processes such as photoprotection, protein degradation, and immunity. This study provides genomic evidence for both restricted gene flow and local adaptation in a widely distributed coral species, and highlights the potential vulnerability of leading‐edge populations to rapid environmental change as they are locally adapted, reproductively isolated, and have reduced levels of genetic diversity.
Reconciling seasonal hydraulic risk and plant water use through probabilistic soil–plant dynamics
Authors: Feng Xue , Dawson Todd E. , Ackerly David D. , Santiago Louis S. , Thompson Sally E. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractCurrent models used for predicting vegetation responses to climate change are often guided by the dichotomous needs to resolve either (i) internal plant water status as a proxy for physiological vulnerability or (ii) external water and carbon fluxes and atmospheric feedbacks. Yet, accurate representation of fluxes does not always equate to accurate predictions of vulnerability. We resolve this discrepancy using a hydrodynamic framework that simultaneously tracks plant water status and water uptake. We couple a minimalist plant hydraulics model with a soil moisture model and, for the first time, translate rainfall variability at multiple timescales – with explicit descriptions at daily, seasonal, and interannual timescales – into a physiologically meaningful metric for the risk of hydraulic failure. The model, parameterized with measured traits from chaparral species native to Southern California, shows that apparently similar transpiration patterns throughout the dry season can emerge from disparate plant water potential trajectories, and vice versa. The parsimonious set of parameters that captures the role of many traits across the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum is then used to establish differences in species sensitivities to shifts in seasonal rainfall statistics, showing that co‐occurring species may diverge in their risk of hydraulic failure despite minimal changes to their seasonal water use. The results suggest potential shifts in species composition in this region due to species‐specific changes in hydraulic risk. Our process‐based approach offers a quantitative framework for understanding species sensitivity across multiple timescales of rainfall variability and provides a promising avenue toward incorporating interactions of temporal variability and physiological mechanisms into drought response models.
Temperature–nutrient interactions exacerbate sensitivity to warming in phytoplankton
Authors: Thomas Mridul K. , Aranguren‐Gassis María , Kremer Colin T. , Gould Marilyn R. , Anderson Krista , Klausmeier Christopher A. , Litchman Elena 
Published: January 2017

AbstractTemperature and nutrients are fundamental, highly nonlinear drivers of biological processes, but we know little about how they interact to influence growth. This has hampered attempts to model population growth and competition in dynamic environments, which is critical in forecasting species distributions, as well as the diversity and productivity of communities. To address this, we propose a model of population growth that includes a new formulation of the temperature–nutrient interaction and test a novel prediction: that a species’ optimum temperature for growth, Topt, is a saturating function of nutrient concentration. We find strong support for this prediction in experiments with a marine diatom, Thalassiosira pseudonana: Topt decreases by 3–6 °C at low nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. This interaction implies that species are more vulnerable to hot, low‐nutrient conditions than previous models accounted for. Consequently the interaction dramatically alters species’ range limits in the ocean, projected based on current temperature and nitrate levels as well as those forecast for the future. Ranges are smaller not only than projections based on the individual variables, but also than those using a simpler model of temperature–nutrient interactions. Nutrient deprivation is therefore likely to exacerbate environmental warming's effects on communities.
The importance of benthic–pelagic coupling for marine ecosystem functioning in a changing world
Authors: Griffiths Jennifer R. , Kadin Martina , Nascimento Francisco J. A. , Tamelander Tobias , Törnroos Anna , Bonaglia Stefano , Bonsdorff Erik , Brüchert Volker , Gårdmark Anna , Järnström Marie , Kotta Jonne , Lindegren Martin , Nordström Marie C. , Norkko Alf , Olsson Jens , Weigel Benjamin , Žydelis Ramunas , Blenckner Thorsten , Niiranen Susa , Winder Monika 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBenthic–pelagic coupling is manifested as the exchange of energy, mass, or nutrients between benthic and pelagic habitats. It plays a prominent role in aquatic ecosystems, and it is crucial to functions from nutrient cycling to energy transfer in food webs. Coastal and estuarine ecosystem structure and function are strongly affected by anthropogenic pressures; however, there are large gaps in our understanding of the responses of inorganic nutrient and organic matter fluxes between benthic habitats and the water column. We illustrate the varied nature of physical and biological benthic–pelagic coupling processes and their potential sensitivity to three anthropogenic pressures – climate change, nutrient loading, and fishing – using the Baltic Sea as a case study and summarize current knowledge on the exchange of inorganic nutrients and organic material between habitats. Traditionally measured benthic–pelagic coupling processes (e.g., nutrient exchange and sedimentation of organic material) are to some extent quantifiable, but the magnitude and variability of biological processes are rarely assessed, preventing quantitative comparisons. Changing oxygen conditions will continue to have widespread effects on the processes that govern inorganic and organic matter exchange among habitats while climate change and nutrient load reductions may have large effects on organic matter sedimentation. Many biological processes (predation, bioturbation) are expected to be sensitive to anthropogenic drivers, but the outcomes for ecosystem function are largely unknown. We emphasize how improved empirical and experimental understanding of benthic–pelagic coupling processes and their variability are necessary to inform models that can quantify the feedbacks among processes and ecosystem responses to a changing world.
The complexity of shaping self‐management in daily practice
Authors: van de Bovenkamp Hester M. , Dwarswaard Jolanda 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackground and contextMany countries are giving patients a more active role in health care, on both the individual and collective level. This study focuses on one aspect of the participation agenda on the individual level: self‐management. The study explores self‐management in practice, including the implications of the difficulties encountered.ObjectiveTo gain insight into the complexity of self‐management practice. This is crucial for developing both self‐management interventions and the participation policy agenda.MethodsQualitative semi‐structured interviews with experts (n=6) and patients with a chronic condition (n=20).ResultsIn terms of level of involvement and type of activity, shaping self‐management in practice depends on personal and social dynamics, patients’ ideas of the good life and their interactions with care professionals. Clashes can arise when patients and professionals hold differing ideas, based on different values, about the level and type of patient involvement.DiscussionThe discussion on self‐management should account for the fact that how we define self‐management is very much a normative issue. It depends on the norms and values of patients, professionals and underlying health‐care policies. Differing ideas present professionals with ethical dilemmas which they should reflect on. However, professional reflection alone is not enough to deal with these dilemmas. The participation agenda needs far wider ranging reflection on how participation relates to other values in health care.