bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Perspective on the Complexity of On-board Primary Power Systems
Authors: Georgescu Ioana , Godjevac Milinko , Visser Klaas 
Published: December 2017

The applicability of different selection methods for power systems on board ships is highly dependent on the number of options possible. With the introduction of new technologies in the maritime sector, this number is increasing. However, its exact value, or even its order of magnitude is still unknown. This article shows the complexity of modern on-board power system by quantifying the number of possible system configurations currently available. A constraint satisfaction algorithm generates different configurations and the results are supported by combinatorics principles. The set of constraints used led to a significant reduction in the design space, and the influence of each of the constraints is investigated independently. Traditional mechanical propulsion is present in less than 1% of the generated configurations, whereas electric and hybrid propulsion are dominant. In particular, the impact of energy storage on the size of the design space is made evident. The order of magnitude of the total number of configurations obtained supports the use of modern selection methods instead of ones based on expert intuition and past experience. The presented work offers a tool to determine and restrict the size of the design space. It can therefore be integrated into existing selection methods and is a starting point for the development of new ones.

1. Introduction
Ship design has undergone drastic changes in recent years as computers are used more and more to manage the large number of design choices. Until recently, the configuration of the on-board power system has been a relatively straight forward decision because of the predominance of mechanical propulsion. However, several new technologies have been developed in recent years, most of which aim to improve the energy systems on board ships. Several more are currently under development. Modern on-board power systems may have an alternative energy source through different fuels, more complex configurations sometimes including energy storage, exhaust-gas treatment or a combination of these.
Attachment Theory
Authors: Holmes Jeremy 
Published: December 2017

Bowlby and Ainsworth's attachment theory (AT) is an evidence‐based developmental model based on caregivers' capacity to act as a “secure base” for offspring who are stressed, threatened, ill, or exhausted. Intimate knowledge is a precondition for providing security and “maternal deprivation” (MD) encapsulates the consequences of its absence. The MD concept has been criticized by Rutter and Mead for failing to distinguish privation from deprivation, or to recognize that, worldwide, children are brought up by kin groups not lone mothers. Insecure attachment is a risk factor for psychopathology. Insecure children find it difficult to “mentalize” – to “read” the intentions, projects, and wishes of others and themselves. Fostering mentalizing skills is an effective component of the psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder.
Metamorphosis of Ichthyophonus Schizonts Transiting the Gastrointestinal Tract of Experimentally Exposed Rainbow Trout
Authors: Kocan R. M. , LaPatra S. E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Other than the initial infectious cell, schizonts are the only stage of the parasite Ichthyophonus sp. that has been identified in the tissues of a living host, and they are known to initiate new infections when ingested by a suitable host. However, after feeding Ichthyophonus-infected tissue to Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, we observed that once infection was initiated, some schizonts proceeded to develop into several other morphologic forms indistinguishable from those previously described from recently deceased hosts, decomposing infected corpses, and in vitro culture. It appeared that not all schizonts participated in the infection process; some initiated infection, as expected, while others passed into the intestines, where they morphed into multiple cell types (e.g., schizonts, some with partially digested or ruptured capsules, ameboid plasmodia, merozoites, hyphenated cells, and empty capsules). Some of these cells were viable when cultured, but none was infectious to naïve Rainbow Trout when administered by gavage. We posit that (1) not all tissue schizonts are programmed to perform the same function or (2) not all respond similarly to their environment. After consumption by a piscivore, those schizonts that do not initiate an infection do not die but rather metamorphose into different cell types as they transit the gastrointestinal tract and are ultimately released back into the aquatic environment through defecation. The fate of these cells after exiting the host is presently unknown, but they likely represent a segment of the Ichthyophonus life cycle.
Microcavity Structure Provides High‐Performance (>8.1%) Semitransparent and Colorful Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Lu Jong‐Hong , Lin Yi‐Hung , Jiang Bing‐Huang , Yeh Chun‐Hung , Kao Jui‐Chih , Chen Chih‐Ping 
Published: December 2017

AbstractHigh‐performance colored aesthetic semitransparent organic photovoltaics (OPVs) featuring a silver/indium tin oxide/silver (Ag/ITO/Ag) microcavity structure are prepared. By precisely controlling the thickness of the ITO layer, OPV devices exhibiting high transparency and a wide and high‐purity color gamut are obtained: blue (B), green (G), yellow‐green (YG), yellow (Y), orange (O), and red (R). The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of the G, YG, and Y color devices are greater than 8% (AM 1.5G irradiation, 100 mW cm−2) with maximum transmittances (TMAX) of greater than 14.5%. An optimized PCE of 8.2% was obtained for the YG OPV [CIE 1931 coordinates: (0.364, 0.542)], with a value of TMAX of 17.3% (at 561 nm). As far as it is known, this performance is the highest ever reported for a transparent colorful OPV. Such high transparency and desired transmitted colors, which can perspective see the clear images, suggest great potential for use in building‐integrated photovoltaic applications.
Ultrastretchable Kirigami Bioprobes
Authors: Morikawa Yusuke , Yamagiwa Shota , Sawahata Hirohito , Numano Rika , Koida Kowa , Ishida Makoto , Kawano Takeshi 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAn ultrastretchable film device is developed that can follow the shape of spherical and large deformable biological samples such as heart and brain tissues. Although the film is composed of biocompatible parylene for the device substrate and metal layers of platinum (Pt)/titanium (Ti), which are unstretchable materials, the film shows a high stretchability by patterning slits as a “Kirigami” design. A Pt/Ti‐microelectrode array embedded in 11 µm thick parylene film with 5 × 91 slits exhibits a film strain of ≈250% at 9 mN strain‐force (0.08 MPa in stress) with a Young's modulus of 23 kPa, while the 3 × 91‐slit film shows a Young's modulus of 3.6 kPa. The maximum strains of these devices are ≈470% and ≈840%, respectively. It is demonstrated that the Kirigami‐based microelectrode device can simultaneously record in vivo electrocorticogram signals from the visual and barrel cortices of a mouse by stretching the film and tuning the electrode gap. Moreover, wrapping the Kirigami device around a beating mouse's heart, which shows large and rapid changes in the volume and the surface area, can record the in vivo epicardial electrocardiogram signals. Such a small Young's modulus for a stretchable device reduces the device's strain‐force, minimizing the device‐induced stress to soft biological tissues.
Achieving Nearly 30% External Quantum Efficiency for Orange–Red Organic Light Emitting Diodes by Employing Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters Composed of 1,8‐Naphthalimide‐Acridine Hybrids
Authors: Zeng Weixuan , Lai Hsin‐Yu , Lee Wei‐Kai , Jiao Min , Shiu Yi‐Jiun , Zhong Cheng , Gong Shaolong , Zhou Tao , Xie Guohua , Sarma Monima , Wong Ken‐Tsung , Wu Chung‐Chih , Yang Chuluo 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe combination of rigid acridine donor and 1,8‐naphthalimide acceptor has afforded two orange–red emitters of NAI‐DMAC and NAI‐DPAC with high rigidity in molecular structure and strongly pretwisted charge transfer state. Endowed with high photoluminescence quantum yields (ΦPL), distinct thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) characteristics, and preferentially horizontal emitting dipole orientations, these emitters afford record‐high orange–red TADF organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) with external quantum efficiencies of up to 21–29.2%, significantly surpassing all previously reported orange‐to‐red TADF OLEDs. Notably, the influence of microcavity effect is verified to support the record‐high efficiency. This finding relaxes the usually stringent material requirements for effective TADF emitters by comprising smaller radiative transition rates and less than ideal ΦPLs.
Visible‐Light‐Promoted Alkylation of Indoles with Tertiary Amines by the Oxidation of a sp3 C‐H Bond
Authors: Ding Xuan , Dong Chun‐Lin , Guan Zhi , He Yan‐Hong 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA visible‐light driven reaction for the synthesis of 3‐arylmethyl indole derivatives using tertiary amines and indoles was first reported. Corresponding products were obtained with yields of up to 70%, and various functional groups on the indoles were well tolerated when Rose Bengal was used as a photosensitizer and air was used as a green oxidant under mild reaction conditions.magnified image
One‐Pot Synthesis of 2,3,5‐Trisubstituted Thiophenes through Three‐Component Assembly of Arylacetaldehydes, Elemental Sulfur, and 1,3‐Dicarbonyls
Authors: Wang Zilong , Qu Zhonghua , Xiao Fuhong , Huang Huawen , Deng Guo‐Jun 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe three‐component reaction for the synthesis of 2‐arylthiophenes has been developed. Easily available arylacetaldehydes, 1,3‐dicarbonyls, and elemental sulfur were directly assembled through cascade condensation/ annulation under base conditions. The present protocol provides a facile entry to 2,3,5‐trisubstituted thiophenes with moderate to excellent yields and good functional group tolerance.magnified image
Myelodysplastic syndromes: 2018 update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification and management
Authors: Montalban‐Bravo Guillermo , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDisease overviewThe myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a very heterogeneous group of myeloid disorders characterized by peripheral blood cytopenias and increased risk of transformation to acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). MDS occurs more frequently in older males and in individuals with prior exposure to cytotoxic therapy.DiagnosisDiagnosis of MDS is based on morphological evidence of dysplasia upon visual examination of a bone marrow aspirate and biopsy. Information obtained from additional studies such as karyotype, flow cytometry or molecular genetics is usually complementary and may help refine diagnosis.Risk‐stratificationPrognosis of patients with MDS can be calculated using a number of scoring systems. In general, all these scoring systems include analysis of peripheral cytopenias, percentage of blasts in the bone marrow and cytogenetic characteristics. The most commonly used system is probably the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS). IPSS is now replaced by the revised IPSS‐R score. Although not systematically incorporated into new validated prognostic systems, somatic mutations can help define prognosis and should be considered as new prognostic factors.Risk‐adapted therapyTherapy is selected based on risk, transfusion needs, percent of bone marrow blasts and cytogenetic and mutational profiles. Goals of therapy are different in lower risk patients than in higher risk. In lower risk, the goal is to decrease transfusion needs and transformation to higher risk disease or AML, as well as to improve survival. In higher risk, the goal is to prolong survival. Current available therapies include growth factor support, lenalidomide, hypomethylating agents, intensive chemotherapy and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The use of lenalidomide has significant clinical activity in patients with lower risk disease, anemia and a chromosome 5 alteration. 5‐azacitidine and decitabine have activity in both lower and higher‐risk MDS. 5‐azacitidine has been shown to improve survival in higher risk MDS. A number of new molecular lesions have been described in MDS that may serve as new therapeutic targets or aid in the selection of currently available agents. Additional supportive care measures may include the use of prophylactic antibiotics and iron chelation.Management of progressive or refractory diseaseAt the present time there are no approved interventions for patients with progressive or refractory disease particularly after hypomethylating based therapy. Options include participation in a clinical trial or cytarabine based therapy and stem cell transplantation.
Die gemeinsamen Zwischenprodukte von Sauerstoffentwicklung und Auflösung während der Wasserelektrolyse an Iridium
Authors: Kasian Olga , Grote Jan‐Philipp , Geiger Simon , Cherevko Serhiy , Mayrhofer Karl J. J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDem Wissen über Reaktionsmechanismen beim Katalysatorabbau während der Sauerstoffentwicklung kommt eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Weiterentwicklung von effizienteren und stabileren Elektrolyseuren zu, da die korrosiven Bedingungen an der Anode selbst für vielversprechende Materialien auf Iridium‐Basis problematisch sind. Der Auflösungsmechanismus ist von komplexer Natur, und Zusammenhänge mit der Sauerstoffentwicklung sind wenig erforscht. Die Kopplung einer Rasterflusszelle mit Massenspektrometrie ermöglicht es, Sauerstoffentwicklungs‐ und Abbauprodukte in situ zu detektieren. Demnach sind bei hohen anodischen Potentialen mehrere Auflösungswege möglich, welche auch die Bildung von gasförmigem IrO3 beinhalten. Auf der Basis der experimentellen Daten werden mögliche Reaktionswege der, durch Sauerstoffentwicklung bedingten, Auflösung von Iridium aufgezeigt und die Rolle von gemeinsamen Intermediaten dieser Reaktionen diskutiert.
Katalyse der Kohlenstoffdioxid‐Photoreduktion an Nanoschichten: Grundlagen und Herausforderungen
Authors: Sun Zhenyu , Talreja Neetu , Tao Hengcong , Texter John , Muhler Martin , Strunk Jennifer , Chen Jianfeng 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDie Umwandlung von CO2 in Treibstoffe und Chemikalien mithilfe der Photokatalyse ist eine vielversprechende Methode, um die Probleme der globalen Erwärmung und Energieversorgung nachhaltig zu lösen. Erfolge im Bereich der Photokatalyse während des letzten Jahrzehnts haben verstärktes Interesse an der Nutzung des Sonnenlichts zur Reduktion von CO2 hervorgerufen. Traditionelle Halbleiter in der Photokatalyse (z. B. TiO2) sind für die Anwendung in natürlichem Sonnenlicht nicht geeignet und sogar unter UV‐Bestrahlung nicht effizient genug. Kürzlich wurden einige zweidimensionale (2D) Materialien für die katalytische CO2‐Reduktion entwickelt. Diese Materialien müssen noch erheblich verbessert werden, was eine Herausforderung für die Entwicklung photokatalytischer Prozesse darstellt. Hier wird die Literatur über die photokatalytische CO2‐Umwandlung mit 2D‐Materialien in der Flüssigphase zusammengefasst, um eine Grundlage für die Suche nach verbesserten Materialien zu schaffen.
Nanosized cationic and anionic manganese porphyrins as mesoporous catalysts for the oxidation of olefins: Nano versus bulk aggregates
Authors: Zakavi Saeed , Ebadi Samira , Javanmard Mohaddese 
Published: December 2017

In this study, catalytic activity of bulk and nano‐sized meso‐tetrakis(4‐sulfonatophenyl)porphyrinatomanganese(III) acetate, MnTPPS4(OAc), (ammonium salt) and meso‐tetrakis(3‐methylpyridyl)porphyrinatomanganese(III) acetate, MnT(3‐MePy)P(OAc) (tosylate salt) for the oxidation of olefins with tetra‐n‐butylammonium Oxone has been studied and compared with that of the bulk counterparts. The nanoparticles were prepared by mixing solvent techniques using water, (triethyleneglycol) monomethyl ether and dimethylsulfoxide or acetonitrile. The formation of nano‐sized catalysts was confirmed by UV‐Vis spectroscopy, DLS and AFM. Nitrogen porosimetry measurements indicated the homogeneous pore size distribution in the bulk and nano‐sized manganese porphyrins. In spite of the high oxidizability of Oxone, the heterogenized manganese porphyrins showed a significantly higher oxidative stability relative to their homogeneous counterparts within a reaction time of 6 h. The increase in the catalytic activity induced by the formation of nano‐sized catalysts was more pronounced in the case of MnT(3‐MePy)P(OAc). MnT(3‐MePy)P(OAc) may be recovered and reused for at least 4 times without any significant decrease in the catalyst efficiency. In the case of MnTPPS4(OAc) a large decrease in the catalytic activity was observed after the first use of the catalyst. The latter was attributed to higher degrees of catalyst degradation in the case of MnTPPS4(OAc).
Behavior profiles of children with autism spectrum disorder in kindergarten: Comparison with other developmental disabilities and typically developing children
Authors: Janus Magdalena , Mauti Emma , Horner Matt , Duku Eric , Siddiqua Ayesha , Davies Scott 
Published: December 2017

Monitoring behavior patterns that may be specific to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) at a population level has the potential to improve the allocation of intervention strategies and reduction of the burden of the disease. In Ontario, Canada, developmental data are regularly collected for all kindergarten children with the Early Development Instrument (EDI), a teacher‐completed questionnaire that provides information on children's status in five domains: physical, social, emotional, language/cognitive, and communication/general knowledge. Our main research questions are: (a) are there differences in kindergarten EDI domain scores between children who are diagnosed with ASD by Grade 3 and those who develop typically or have other disabilities?; (b) do these differences show a different pattern in relation to an early (by kindergarten) or late (by Grade 3) diagnosis?; and (c) are there specific subdomains on the EDI that demonstrate a consistent pattern of differences? EDI domain and subdomain scores were compared among groups using multivariate analysis of variance controlling for age, gender, EDI year, and EDI year by age interaction. Children with ASD, regardless of timing of identification, had significantly lower scores on all domains of the EDI than typically developing children. Children with later ASD diagnosis had higher scores in kindergarten in cognitive areas but lower scores in social‐emotional areas than children with other disabilities. These findings support the potential of the EDI to monitor ASD‐like behaviors at the population level. Autism Res 2018, 11: 410–420. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryIdentifying behavior patterns among kindergarten children that may be specific to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) at a population level has the potential to improve intervention strategies and thus reduce the burden of the disease. In Ontario, Canada, developmental data are regularly collected with the Early Development Instrument (EDI) for all kindergarten children. The behavior in kindergarten of a sub‐population of children diagnosed with developmental disabilities by age 9 is investigated here for patterns that may distinguish children with ASD from those with other disorders. Children with later ASD diagnosis had higher scores in kindergarten in cognitive areas but lower scores in social‐emotional areas than children with other disabilities, indicating meaningful differences between those groups even before diagnosis. These results support the potential of using the EDI to monitor ASD‐like behaviors at the population level.
Faserbewehrter ultrahochfester Beton
Authors: Stengel Thorsten 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDer vorliegende Beitrag berichtet von umfangreichen Untersuchungen zum Verbundverhalten von Stahlfasern in UHPC und dem Biegetragverhalten entsprechender Faserbetone. Auf Basis der Verbundversuche und weiterführender Überlegungen zur Faserwirkung im Werkstoff wurde ein Modell entwickelt, welches es erlaubt, Kenngrößen für das Biegetragverhalten für beliebige faserhaltige UHPC zu prognostizieren. Dabei können der Fasergehalt Vf im Bereich von 0 Vol.‐ % < Vf ≤ 3,0 Vol.‐ % sowie der Anteil der untersuchten Faserarten (Fasergemische) beliebig variiert werden. Somit wird erstmals die Wahl eines maßgeschneiderten Fasergemischs und Fasergehalts für die jeweilige Anwendung von faserbewehrtem UHPC mithilfe eines werkstoffmechanischen Modells ermöglicht.
FastFeedback Questions: A new teaching method
Authors: Elnashar Magdy Mahmoud 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn Australian Universities, based on a study from 1992 to 2014, the Feedback item has been consistently poorly rated by students. In addition, Biochemistry is a complex STEM subject which many students find difficult and was considered the hardest subject according to a recent study by Antigua medical school in the United States. In this work, a new and interactive teaching method, FastFeedback Questions (FFQs), has been devised. FFQs are a rapid formative feedback method that involves embedding carefully crafted focus questions alongside PowerPoint slides (outside the slide field). The PPT is then projected as usual, but not in slide show mode, so the areas outside the main slide window are visible to the students. Prior to the lecture students receive a version without the answers. During the face‐to‐face lecture, the lecturer goes through the answers in an interactive way by requesting that students answer the FFQs, which can be verified immediately from the PPT slide. The focus questions not only increase students' understanding of the slides, they also model good answers. FFQs were delivered to the students of third year clinical biochemistry at Curtin University. Number of students in this study, n = 311. The final exam marks support the use of FFQs as there is an overall improvement of the student average grade by ≈10% from ≈63% in 2010–2014 (no FFQs) to ≈72.6% in 2015–2017 (FFQs). FFQs have also gained the accolade of the students as their feedback was on average ≈97% compared to ≈80.5% for the Faculty and University. © 2017 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 46(2):121–129, 2018.
Characterisation of CYP102A25 from Bacillus marmarensis and CYP102A26 from Pontibacillus halophilus: P450 Homologues of BM3 with Preference towards Hydroxylation of Medium‐Chain Fatty Acids
Authors: Porter Joanne L. , Manning Jack , Sabatini Selina , Tavanti Michele , Turner Nicholas J. , Flitsch Sabine L. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCytochrome P450 monooxygenases are highly desired biocatalysts owing to their ability to catalyse a wide variety of chemically challenging C−H activation reactions. The CYP102A subfamily of enzymes are natural catalytically self‐sufficient proteins consisting of a haem and FMN‐FAD reductase domain fused in a single‐component system. They catalyse the oxygenation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids to produce primarily ω−1, ω−2 and ω−3 hydroxy acids. These monooxygenases have potential applications in biotechnology; however, their substrate range is still limited and there is a continued need to add diversity to this class of biocatalysts. Herein, we present the characterisation of two new members of this class of enzymes, CYP102A25 (BMar) from Bacillus marmarensis and CYP102A26 (PHal) from Pontibacillus halophilus, both of which express readily in a recombinant bacterial host. BMar exhibits the highest activity toward myristic acid and shows moderate activity towards unsaturated fatty acids. PHal exhibits broader activity towards mid‐chain‐saturated (C14–C18) and unsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, PHal shows good regioselectivity for the hydroxylation of myristic acid, targeting the ω−2 position for C−H activation.