bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost-Size Relationships and Traditional Farmers' Economic Behavior
Authors: Soltani G. R. 
Published: July 2016

The degree of peasant response to innovations and prices has been a point of controversy among development economists. Some writers suggest that cultural and institutional factors restrain appropriate production adjustments. Others maintain that peasants in traditional agriculture respond rapidly to market incentives and are fairly efficient in allocating their resources among production altneratives. The approach and kind of data employed in testing these hypotheses have, to a large extent, contributed to this controversy.Most empirical works relate variations in output and acreage to changing prices without considering climatic conditions as a contributing factor. It should be noted that for most crops, variation in output depends mainly on climatic conditions and fixed factors such as operator's labor and other traditional inputs.
Impact of Risk Averse Behavior on Fertilizer Demand for Tame Forages
Authors: Shumway C. Richard , Gebremeskel Tesfaye 
Published: July 2016

The importance of risk in affecting production decisions is amply attested in the economics literature. Recent investigation of the influence of risky alternatives on supply relations has included both econometric analyses and programming studies. Hazell and Scandizzo suggest that when risk aversion is present, the slope of the supply schedule (i.e., with price plotted on the vertical axis) is expected to be greater than that for a risk-neutral supply schedule.In spite of considerable interest in the supply implications of risk aversion, little empirical attention has been given to its effects on factor demand. The authors attempt to do so, and examine the applicability of Hazell and Scandizzo's supply assertion to factor demand.
An Analysis of Rates of Change in Community Per Capita Income by Discriminant Analysis
Authors: Murray Steve 
Published: July 2016

Statistical methods for estimation, hypothesis testing, and confidence statements are based typically on exact specification of the response variates. In the applied sciences another kind of multivariate problem is common in which an observation must be assigned in some optimal fashion to one of several populations. Classification rules based on an index called the linear discriminant function provide a method for such assignment.Use of the linear discriminant function is relatively new to regional economics. Previously it has been used in such disciplines as botany to classify a new specimen as belonging to one of several recognized species of a flower, in educational psychology to develop rules for admitting applicants to college programs, in routine banking to aid credit officers in evaluating loan applications, and in agricultural economics to determine producer plans for changes in hog marketings and to identify factors associated with watershed development.
An Analysis of the Impact of Alternative Peanut Marketing Quotas and Support Prices
Authors: Trapp James M. 
Published: July 2016

The first significant changes in the peanut program in more than 20 years are contained in the Food and Agricultural Act of 1977. The new program retains the use of acreage allotments, marketing quotas, and support prices but changes the procedure used to establish the size of the allotments and quotas given. The new program provides for two support prices versus one under the old program and no longer relates the support price level to a “parity price” concept.In anticipation of the changes expected to be forthcoming from the new program during 1978 and future years, an analysis was undertaken to determine the effect of changing peanut marketing quotas and support prices on producer income, peanut consumer surplus, and peanut program costs. The analysis does not focus on changes generated by the new program because specific aspects of the program were not known when the research was conducted. Rather, the effect of a change or combination of changes in marketing quotas and support prices is analyzed in a general manner. Generalizations about the new program can be made on the basis of the analysis.
Economic Analysis of Broiler Litter as a Feed for steers
Authors: Thompson C. Stessen , Cross D. L. 
Published: July 2016

Approximately 50 million metric tons of poultry wastes are produced annually in the United States. Production of this byproduct is not without costs. Cost incurred for handling and disposal of broiler litter, for example, has been estimated to be .26c per kg of liveweight salable bird [1].Although costs are associated with this byproduct, it is not a source of revenue for many producers. The traditional use of litter has been as a fertilizer. However, for many poultry producers, land is a limiting factor. In some cases, the value of the plant nutrient content of the wastes does not justify their use instead of commercial fertilizers when handling costs are considered. Thus in many instances these wastes create a pollution problem and may be negatively priced.
Financing Agricultural Economics Research and Extension in the Southern Region
Authors: Toussaint W. D. 
Published: July 2016

Each year, heads of agricultural economics departments meet to discuss mutual issues related to our teaching, extension, and research programs. A major continuing issue is our portion of research and extension funds— with a natural suspicion that we are not being allocated our “fair share.” An additional, and perhaps larger, concern has arisen in the last few years as we recognize the apparent movement toward increasing use of competitive grants for funding agricultural research. It is not the grants idea that concerns us as much as it is the research areas which have been developed and/or may be developed within which we must make our proposals.Each department in a university draws its sustenance from the same pie. Each is concerned with the size of the pieces devoured by animal science, crop science, and the others. The following comments relate to both share and “pie enlargement.”
Farm Size and Rural Communities: Some Economic Relationships
Authors: Marousek Gerald 
Published: July 2016

Although American agriculture has been adopting new technology for more than 100 years, the rate of adoption has greatly accelerated in recent decades. This technological revolution has resulted in important changes in rural America. Mesthene [12] points out the impact of technological change on society; Donaldson and Mclnerney [6] examine the impact of machinery technology on agricultural adjustment.When farms increase in size and decrease in number, employment opportunities in agriculture are reduced [1]. This change, in turn, affects the viability of towns in farming areas, as shown by Heady and Sonka [8] and by Hamilton, Peterson, and Reid [7]. Changes in agricultural technology, in farm size, and in farm-oriented towns have major economic and social effects on rural communities. Beale [2] documents recent demographic changes and Brinkman [3] discusses the impact on the rural sector of transition to an urban society.
Regional Acreage Response by Quarter for Fresh Tomatoes: An Example of the Use of Mixed Estimation
Authors: Hammig Michael D. 
Published: July 2016

The study reported was motivated by a USDA study to develop complete quarterly models of supply and demand for a selected set of fresh salad vegetables. The acreage planted component enters recursively into both the acreage harvested and yield relations used in many of these models. Consequently, predictions of acreage planted are instrumental in predicting total supply and resulting market equilibrium solutions.In modeling acreage planted over relevant seasons within four regions, various sources of information can be brought to bear. Obviously, data series on past plantings, costs, and prices provide the foundation of statistical estimation of an acreage response model. However, additional information from previous studies, economic theory, and subjective judgment on the part of the researcher also can be incorporated into the model through the use of the mixed estimation technique developed by Theil and Goldberger [8].
Application of Price Elasticities To Farm Policy Analysis: Reply
Authors: Stennis Earl A. , Bateman W. Lanny 
Published: July 2016

Huang's comment on our article in a recent issue of this journal [2] points out two ideas that could have been more clearly stated. We will reply to his comments in the order in which they appear.First, our illustration of the two approaches to examining the market was to demonstrate how economic theory could be used to show the importance of the world market to producers of cotton and soybeans. One approach separates the total market into domestic and export components. We pointed out that the elasticity estimates used for the domestic (—.35) and export (—1.76) markets and the production data for 1976 give a total elasticity estimate for the U.S. of -.98 if the world elasticity is -.5. The other approach (the primary subject of Huang's comment) uses a single world market and illustrates how the U.S. affects or is affected by it. Use of the second approach gives a U.S. elasticity of —1.0 when the world elasticity is —.5. It was not our intention to compare the two approaches as to consistency of estimate, although the example may have implied such an argument. Given the same data base and consistent methods in estimating the separate demand functions, the results should be similar.
Small Farm Polyperiod Planning Model For Developing Economies
Authors: Allison John R. , Epperson James E. 
Published: July 2016

Farm planning in developed economies has reached the sophistication level of involving static and dynamic annual or polyperiod decision models. These models or frameworks range from unadorned linear programming to dynamic systems utilizing interdependence among time spans. Goal or criterion decisions range from unrestricted global profit maxamization to local profit comparisons restricted by risk and other considerations.Systematic farm planning from the micro to the macro level is common in developed economies because of widespread knowledge of the planning tools and the availability of low-cost computational facilities. The potential increase in profits on large commercial farms makes the use of these planning tools profitable whether the farm unit bears the total cost or Extension Services or lending institutions subsidize their use.
The Profitability of Agricultural Customers for Commercial Banks in the Southeast
Authors: Hardy William E. , Moore Michael W. 
Published: July 2016

Changes which have occurred in the U. S. agricultural and economic environments over the past few years have important implications for the financing of agriculture. Increased dependence on purchased inputs, coupled with inflation in all areas, has placed added emphasis on the need of farmers to secure capital to fund their operations. A parallel concern is the ability and willingness of financial institutions to supply adequate financing.Commercial banks have a dominant position in the total agricultural market and as a result farmers are dependent on them (Melichar and Waldheger). Because of this dependence and for the health of the agricultural economy, commercial banks must continue to supply adequate amounts of funding. If banks are to do this, they must continue to perceive agricultural lending and relationships with agriculturally oriented customers as being consistent with their own profitability goals. Our research results indicate the relative importance and profitability associated with agricultural customers in comparison with other customers.
The Impact of New Industry on County Government Property Tax Revenue
Authors: Henry Mark , Lambert Kathy 
Published: July 2016

The attraction of new industry is an ongoing concern for most local officials. Generally, local officials are aware of the private sector benefits of new jobs and income. Attention is beginning to be paid to secondary private sector impacts such as the effect of new industry on local wage rates and the problems associated with in-migration of labor to fill new jobs. Borts and Stein (Chapter 9) give a theoretical discussion of these issues.In addition researchers and policy makers are interested in the development of models that estimate the impact of new industry on local government expenditures and revenues. Many computerized versions of local fiscal impact models are reviewed in a recently published text (Burchell and Listokin, pp. 345-59). The popularity of these models is understandable because of the potential benefits to be derived from accurate forecasts of local fiscal impact. For example, a community can determine the magnitude of a tax incentive it can offer to industry and still maintain a positive fiscal impact for local government. Zoning laws can be written to encourage land use patterns that will be efficient from the public sector's perspective if the public expenditures and public revenues associated with alternative land use patterns can be predicted. Finally, local areas may be able to demonstrate to state government that a large-scale industrial project will benefit the fiscal position of the state but be a burden to the local fiscal balance.
Typology and Policy for Small Farms
Authors: Tweeten Luther , Cilley G. Bradley , Popoola Isaac 
Published: July 2016

The trend toward larger and fewer farms has alarmed many persons who view the small farm as an integral part of American society. Advocates of the small farm have called for policies to halt the continuing decline in the number of small farms in the United States. In evaluating the merits of potential policies, understanding the composition of small farms in the U.S. is critical.Appropriate public policy would be very different if small farms were operated solely by households with substantial off-farm income and who need no public assistance, solely by households pursuing an alternative to urban-industrial society's lifestyle and who want no public assistance, or solely by households who are aged and disabled and who want and need public assistance to avoid absolute deprivation.
Implication of Recent User Charge Legislation for Barge Transportation of Agricultural Commodities
Authors: Binkley James , Shabman Leonard 
Published: July 2016

The view that the navigable waters of the United States should be toll free originated in the colonial period of U.S. history, and became explicitly stated federal policy in the 1884 Rivers and Harbors Act (Ashton et al.). At that time public expenditures for waterway improvements were small and the freight transportation industry was dominated by railroads. Therefore, public policy promoted water transportation as an inexpensive means of encouraging competition for the railroads.Since the early years of this century public expenditures for improvements of the waterways have risen while water, motor, air, and pipeline transportation have become effective competitors for the railroads. The conditions which justified a toll-free waterway policy changed, but the policy was not altered. Though every president since Franklin Roosevelt has recommended that Congress levy a charge on inland waterway users, legislators have been reluctant to implement such charges.
Computer-Assisted Instruction for Financial Management
Authors: Babb Emerson M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper describes computer-assisted instruction for financial management which can be used to supplement an undergraduate course or to update training of persons in agribusiness. It is used to review principles of financial management, to illustrate analytical techniques, and to provide practice in the use of financial concepts and techniques. The material covered is similar to that found in traditional textbooks. Student evaluations of the software were fairly positive, but teaching effectiveness needs to be measured.
Misspecification in Simultaneous Systems: An Alternative Test and Its Application to a Model of the Shrimp Market
Authors: Lea J. D. , Shonkwiler J. S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractConcern over the effects of public policies based on misspecified econometric models motivates interest in a procedure to test, diagnose, and improve the specification of models that have been estimated with three-stage least squares. A test of system-wide specification based on Hausman's specification test is employed in a test of the a priori restrictions placed on the parameters of a structural model of the U.S. shrimp market. The null hypothesis of proper specification is rejected. After diagnosis via a comparison of unrestricted and restricted reduced forms and respecification, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected.
Supply and Demand for Married Female Labor: Rural and Urban Differences In the Southern United States
Authors: Alwang Jeffrey , Stallmann Judith I. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis study examined the supply of and demand for married female labor in the southern United States. Special attention was given to differences in labor force participation, labor supply, and quantities of labor supplied and demanded across rural and urban areas. Once state effects were accounted for, decisions to change participation were found not to vary by urban-rural designation. Differences in demand were fully captured by an intercept shifter and the variations in hours supplied by married females between urban and rural areas. Labor supply varied greatly with the effects of key determinants (number of children, work force experience, family income) being strongly different in rural areas. Different policies are needed to promote female labor supply in rural areas as opposed to urban areas.
The Structure of Citizen Preferences for Government Soil Erosion Control Programs
Authors: Jordan Jeffrey L. , Elnagheeb Abdelmoneim H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe 1990 Farm Bill contains several measures concerning soil erosion caused by U.S. farmers. Data from a nationwide survey of people conerning their attitudes toward agriculture were used to examine the structure of respondents' preferences for government support-policies to combat soil erosion. Estimates of the influence of socio-economic and demographic variables on policy preferences were computed using a multiple-indicator model. Results show more support for the regulation of soil erosion, including laws and fines, than for government financial support.
The Adequacy of Trucking Service Supplies for Produce: Trends in the 1980s
Authors: Beilock Richard , Dunton William , Kepler Paul 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOver 90 percent of interstate produce movements are by truck. In recent years, concerns have been raised regarding the adequacy of motor carrier services. Reasons for these concerns include the possibility of increased costs or service erosions resulting from relaxed economic regulations, an eroding road infrastructure, increasing congestion, more stringent safety regulations, demographic trends suggesting the onset of an increasingly severe driver shortage, and declines in rail capacity devoted to produce haulage. In this study, trends in the adequacy of trucking services for trucking during the 1980s was examined employing data sets developed by the USDA regarding haulage from five growing areas to six metropolitan areas across the United States, and a case study based on over 9,000 interviews with drivers hauling Rorida produce, conducted between 1982 and 1989. The results of the study suggest that there have been no erosions in service adequacies.
Measuring Use Value from Recreation Participation
Authors: Whitehead John C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractRecreation demand studies have traditionally utilized a two-step valuation method, estimating conditional recreation participation probabilities and then intensity of use decisions. These two steps of analysis are combined to estimate the use value of natural resource recreation sites. The purpose of this paper is to provide a method by which use value can be estimated solely from the participation decision. The one-step resource valuation method allows estimation of use values from coefficients of the logistic regression recreation participation equation. The benefits of the method are the reduced data and effort required to value natural resource areas.
An Optimal Control Framework for Inter-regional Dairy Policy Analysis
Authors: Tanjuakio Rudolfo V. , Gempesaw Conrado M. , Elterich G. Joachim 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn eleven-region stochastic coefficient econometric model was estimated and used in an optimal control framework to evaluate the effectiveness of the dairy price support program and marketing orders in reducing and stabilizing government purchases of dairy products. The results showed significant pressure on the reduction of the support price both in the presence and absence of Class I differentials. The optimal control model also showed that the drop in price support levels did not dramatically alter the regional distribution of milk production.
The Commission on Food Marketing: Implications for Food Industries in the South
Authors: Farris Donald E. 
Published: July 2016

About three and a half years have passed since the National Commission on Food Marketing published its findings on organization and competition in the food industries. This has been sufficient time to observe some of the impact of the study. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the future changes in the food industries against the background of the Commission findings and conclusions.There has been some confusion about the nature and role of the National Commission on Food Marketing compared with that of the National Advisory Commission on Food and Fiber. To make sure there is no confusion concerning the Commission discussed in this paper, the distinction will be reviewed briefly.
An Evaluation of Research Needs for Agricultural Economists
Authors: Hildreth R. J. , Robinson Roland R. 
Published: July 2016

An attempt will be made to indicate: (1) the future needs for social scientists, in general, and agricultural economists, in particular, for research in the land-grant institutions and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, (2) the location of these needs for agricultural economists, and (3) the types of research activities that are gaining in relative importance in the social sciences. The quantitative and qualitative information presented should provide some guidance in locating professional research workers where they are most needed.Let us examine the present and prospective allocation of social scientists among the various areas of research activity, as well as the relative importance of these areas.
Analysis of Economic Emergency Loan Allocations and Credit Market Expansion
Authors: Gunter Lewell , Smathers Webb M. , Ingram Michael C. , Dubman Robert 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe Economic Emergency (EE) loan program, administered by the FmHA, was created by Congress in 1978. The primary purpose of the program was to provide credit to farmers who were unable to obtain credit from normal lenders due to economic stress. Over six billion dollars of EE loans were extended nationally during fiscal years 1978 through 1981. This paper examines the allocation of EE loans at the state level and the expansionary effect of the program on farm credit markets. Empirical evidence is provided that EE funds were allocated to states consistently with the general criteria cited in the development of the EE program and that the EE program expanded farm credit markets rather than displacing loans from other sources.