bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autonomy and Identity in the Cities of Norman Italy, c. 1050–c. 1200
Authors: Oldfield Paul 
Published: August 2016

AbstractUnderstandings on the medieval cities of southern Italy and Sicily have for long been shaped by the so‐called ‘Southern Question’ and problematic comparisons with the cities of North and Central Italy. An over‐arching conventional position emerged suggesting that the political and cultural dynamism of the cities of the South was drastically impaired by the arrival of the Normans and the creation of a monarchy. However, a corpus of revisionist, interdisciplinary work has been produced since the late 20th century. It has substantially reframed our perception of the types of autonomies and identities present within the cities of southern Italy and Sicily. This essay briefly tracks some of the most salient aspects of these recent historiographical developments.
Recent trends and patterns in HIV‐1 transmitted drug resistance in the United Kingdom
Authors: Tostevin A , White E , Dunn D , Croxford S , Delpech V , Williams I , Asboe D , Pozniak A , Churchill D , Geretti AM , Pillay D , Sabin C , Leigh‐Brown A , Smit E ,   the UK HIV Drug Resistance Database
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesTransmission of drug‐resistant HIV‐1 has decreased in the UK since the early 2000s. This analysis reports recent trends and characteristics of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) in the UK from 2010 to 2013.MethodsResistance tests conducted in antiretroviral treatment (ART)‐naïve individuals between 2010 and 2013 were analysed for the presence of transmitted drug resistance mutations (TDRMs), defined as any mutations from a modified 2009 World Health Organization surveillance list, or a modified 2013 International Antiviral Society‐USA list for integrase tests. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between demographics and the prevalence of TDRMs.ResultsTDRMs were observed in 1223 (7.5%) of 16 425 individuals; prevalence declined from 8.1% in 2010 to 6.6% in 2013 (P = 0.02). The prevalence of TDRMs was higher among men who have sex with men (MSM) compared with heterosexual men and women (8.7% versus 6.4%, respectively) with a trend for decreasing TDRMs among MSM (P = 0.008) driven by a reduction in nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)‐related mutations. The most frequently detected TDRMs were K103N (2.2%), T215 revertants (1.6%), M41L (0.9%) and L90M (0.7%). Predicted phenotypic resistance to first‐line ART was highest to the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) rilpivirine and efavirenz (6.2% and 3.4%, respectively) but minimal to NRTIs, including tenofovir, and protease inhibitors (PIs). No major integrase TDRMs were detected among 101 individuals tested while ART‐naïve.ConclusionsWe observed a decrease in TDRMs in recent years. However, this was confined to the MSM population and rates remained stable in those with heterosexually acquired HIV infection. Resistance to currently recommended first‐line ART, including integrase inhibitors, remained reassuringly low.
The versatility of the medial thigh lift for defect coverage in the genito‐perineal region
Authors: Djedovic Gabriel , Del Frari Barbara , Matiasek Johannes , Schiltz David , Engelhardt Timm O , Pierer Gerhard , Rieger Ulrich M 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSoft tissue defects in the genito‐perineal region are predominantly because of trauma, infections, neoplasms or iatrogenic causes. As a result of the region's urological, reproductive and gastrointestinal function, defects in this area may cause devastating physical and psychological consequences as well as diminished sexual functioning. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of implementing a medial thigh lift for defect coverage in the perineal region.A retrospective analysis of all medial thigh lift procedures for defect coverage in the genito‐perineal region between November 2010 and March 2015 was conducted at three institutions.Ten consecutive patients underwent a medial thigh lift for defect coverage in the genito‐perineal region. Nine patients were male, and one was female. The causative factors were Fournier's gangrene in eight patients, one patient had a straddle injury, and one suffered from extramammary Paget's disease. The mean follow‐up time was 19·8 months. The average total defect size was 11·1 × 11 cm (length × width).The medial thigh lift procedure is a safe, technically easy and reliable technique with discrete scars. Outstanding aesthetic and functional outcomes result in a high rate of patient satisfaction. Through immediate wound closure, a reduction of recovery time can be achieved.
Getting a grip at the edge: recolonization and introgression in eastern PacificPoritescorals
Authors: Hellberg Michael E. , Prada Carlos , Tan Maxine H. , Forsman Zac H. , Baums Iliana B. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAimTo infer species identity, population isolation, and geographical variation in inter‐specific hybridization among corals of the genusPoritesfrom the central and eastern tropical Pacific, with a focus on the timing of separation between populations ofP. evermanniandP. lobatadivided by the Eastern Pacific Barrier.LocationHawaii, American Samoa, Panama and the Galapagos Islands of Ecuador.MethodsMaximum likelihood gene trees were obtained for mitochondrialDNA(COI), the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and 5 single‐copy nuclear (scn) gene regions. Allelic networks were used to group multi‐locus scn data into species clusters despite some allele sharing. Coalescent analyses (IMa2) of the 5 scn markers were used to estimate the time of population divergence and test for introgression betweenP. evermanniandP. lobata.ResultsAllelic networks based on scn gene sequences agreed with mtCOIandITSdesignations. Divergence times between Hawaiian and eastern Pacific populations are consistent with an early Pleistocene recolonization of the eastern Pacific byP. evermannifollowed by a more recent arrival ofP. lobata. The two species were fully isolated in Hawaii/American Samoa populations, but introgression fromP. evermanniintoP. lobatawas evident in the eastern Pacific.Main conclusionsThese results are consistent with a scenario where a bout of introgression withP. evermanni,an early‐arriving colonizer of the eastern Pacific suited to marginal environmental conditions, facilitated the later colonization of the more sensitiveP. lobata.
Adenosine‐Guided Pulmonary Vein Antral Isolation for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: A Randomized Study
Authors: EFREMIDIS MICHAEL , LETSAS KONSTANTINOS P. , LIONI LOUIZA , VLACHOS KONSTANTINOS , GEORGOPOULOS STAMATIS , SAPLAOURAS ATHANASIOS , GELADARI ELENI , GIANNOPOULOS GEORGE , LIU TONG , DEFTEREOS SPYRIDON , SIDERIS ANTONIOS 
Published: August 2016

Adenosine‐Guided Ablation of Atrial FibrillationObjectivesThe prognostic significance of adenosine‐mediated pulmonary vein (PV) dormant conduction and whether such conduction should be eliminated still remain controversial. This randomized study aimed to investigate whether adenosine‐guided ablation of the reconnection gaps improves the long‐term outcomes of pulmonary vein antral isolation (PVAI) for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF).Methods and ResultsConsecutive patients with paroxysmal AF were randomly assigned to undergo (n = 80, group 1) or not (n = 81, group 2) adenosine testing following PVAI. Adenosine‐mediated PV dormant conduction was unmasked in 26 patients (32.5%) of group 1. Successful elimination of the reconnection gaps was subsequently performed in all patients. During a mean follow‐up period of 11.39 ± 5.10 months, 30 patients of group 1 (37.5%), and 27 patients of group 2 (33.3%) experienced arrhythmia recurrence. The Kaplan–Meier arrhythmia free survival curves failed to demonstrate any significant differences between study groups (log rank 0.217, P = 0.642). Fourteen of 26 (53.8%) patients with adenosine‐mediated dormant conduction and subsequent elimination of reconnection gaps experienced AF recurrence during follow‐up. On the contrary, only 16 of 54 patients without dormant conduction (29.6%) displayed arrhythmia recurrence (P = 0.049). Logistic regression analysis showed that adenosine‐mediated PV reconnection (hazard ratio 0.292, 95% confidence interval 0.122–0.483; P = 0.01) was an independent predictor of AF recurrence.ConclusionIn this patients’ cohort, adenosine‐mediated PV reconnection is predictive of future arrhythmic events. Elimination of dormant conduction with additional ablation lesions does not improve the long‐term outcome of the procedure compared to the standard PVAI.
Response of CDA5 in Hyphantria cunea to Bt toxin ingestion and Knockdown in transfected Sf9 cells
Authors: Shaoya L. , Dan Z. , Jing L. , Xiaotong S. , Wei G. , Xiujun L. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractChitin deacetylases (CDAs) are critical enzymes required for chitin degradation, which play an important role in modifying the physical properties of insect cuticles and peritrophic matrices. A novel chitin deacetylase gene (hccda5) was identified from Hyphantria cunea. The recombinant expressed HcCDA5 protein, containing a chitin deacetylase domain (CDAD), did not show chitin deacetylase activity, but instead showed a strong chitin‐binding activity. Transcriptional analysis using qRT‐PCR indicated that hccda5 was mainly expressed in the midgut of H. cunea larvae. Feeding H. cunea larvae with Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) Cry1A protein induced its downregulation. The gene of hccda5 was successfully silenced by different dsRNAs in insect cell line (Spodoptera frugiperda line, Sf9), which provided a tool to study the function of an expressed gene in insect cell line and laid a foundation for RNAi of hccda5 in H. cunea larvae.
Accuracy of radiographic measurements for implant planning using cone‐beam and helical computer tomography
Authors: Leung Carl K.K. , Pow Edmond H.N. , Li Thomas K.L. , Lo Edward C.M. , Chow Tak W. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of the present study was to compare the accuracy of radiographic measurements for dental implants planning using cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) and helical computed tomography (HCT).MethodsSix pig ribs were wrapped by putty impression material, with radiographic markers placed. Two CBCT and an HCT were taken following the standard protocols. Twenty‐five locations were selected, with vertical and horizontal dimensions measured using the default software, as well as on the processed HCT films by a digital caliper. The actual dimensions of the ribs measured by the digital caliper served as the control. Differences between radiographic dimensions and the actual dimensions were tested by two‐way analysis of variance.ResultsNo differences were found between measurements made by CBCT and HCT images using the default software (P > 0.05). However, both measurements were statistically‐significantly lower than the control (P < 0.001), and the mean difference was 0.3 mm. Measurements made on HCT films were statistically‐significantly greater than the control (P < 0.001), and the mean difference was 0.5 mm.ConclusionThe accuracy of CBCT and HCT are similar, and both are reliable tools for implant planning. It is preferable to perform the planning using default software, rather than making direct measurements on films.
On the Attractiveness of Product Recovery: The Forces that Shape Reverse Markets
Authors: Stindt Dennis , Quariguasi Frota Neto Joao , Nuss Christian , Dirr Martin , Jakowczyk Marta , Gibson Andrew , Tuma Axel 
Published: August 2016

SummaryProduct recovery is a major contributor for implementing sustainable business practices. Within such operations, which are either driven by legislation or economic rationales, practitioners face strategic issues concerning reverse market entry and positioning. Although the complexity of acting on reverse markets is widely acknowledged, a comprehensive framework to facilitate decision making in this area is lacking. In an attempt to fill that gap, we develop a model that supports original equipment manufacturers’ (OEMs’) assessment of the attractiveness of reverse markets. We identify, from a comprehensive literature analysis, in‐depth interviews, and engagement with a dozen companies from different countries, factors that influence key characteristics of reverse markets, and consolidate this lengthy list into a comprehensive model intuitively applicable to business practice. The model combines five forces that drive reverse markets: access to recoverable products; threat of independent recovery companies’ (IRCs’) market entry; rivalry for recoverable products; adverse effects on core business; and remarketing opportunities. We propose for each a set of attributes that influences its power and direction. To demonstrate the efficacy of the model, we apply it in two industry settings: recovery of white goods in the United Kingdom and paper recycling in Germany. The present research enables OEMs to understand the structure and forces that drive reverse markets, identify levers to influence those markets, anticipate market developments, and formulate resilient strategies for product recovery.
Intact attentional orienting towards inverted faces revealed by both manual responses and eye‐movement measurement in individuals with Williams syndrome
Authors: Hirai M. , Muramatsu Y. , Mizuno S. , Kurahashi N. , Kurahashi H. , Nakamura M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals with Williams syndrome (WS) exhibit atypical attentional characteristics when viewing faces. Although atypical configural processing of faces has been reported in WS, the relative strengths of configural and local feature information to capture visual attention in WS remains unclear. We previously demonstrated that attentional capture by target‐unrelated upright faces differs depending on what response is measured. Whereas eye movements reflected subtle atypical attentional properties at the late stage of visual search, manual responses could not capture the atypical attentional profiles towards target‐unrelated upright faces in individuals with WS. Here we used the same experimental paradigm to assess whether sensitivity to configural facial information is necessary for capturing attention in WS.MethodsWe measured both eye movements and manual responses from 17 individuals with WS and 34 typically developing children and adults while they were actively involved in a visual search task with an inverted face distractor. Task measures (reaction time and performance accuracy) and gaze behaviour (initial direction of attention and fixation duration) were analysed for each stimulus.ResultsWhen the target and the inverted face were displayed in the same search array, reaction times and accuracies in individuals with WS showed similar tendencies as typical controls. Analysis of task and gaze measures revealed that attentional orienting towards inverted faces was not atypical.ConclusionAlthough individuals with WS exhibited atypical gaze behaviour towards upright faces in our previous study, this unusual behaviour disappears if the faces are upside down. These findings suggest that local feature information alone (e.g. eyes) does not contribute to the heightened attention to faces, but configural information appears necessary for drawing attention to faces in individuals with WS, at least in the current experimental paradigm.
Psychometric validation of the Chinese version of the Johns Hopkins Fall Risk Assessment Tool for older Chinese inpatients
Authors: Zhang Junhong , Wang Min , Liu Yu 
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectivesTo culturally adapt and evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Johns Hopkins Fall Risk Assessment Tool among older inpatients in the mainland of China.BackgroundPatient falls are an important safety consideration within hospitals among older inpatients. Nurses need specific risk assessment tools for older inpatients to reliably identify at‐risk populations and guide interventions that highlight fixable risk factors for falls and consequent injuries. In China, a few tools have been developed to measure fall risk. However, they lack the solid psychometric development necessary to establish their validity and reliability, and they are not widely used for elderly inpatients.DesignA cross‐sectional study.MethodsA convenient sampling was used to recruit 201 older inpatients from two tertiary‐level hospitals in Beijing and Xiamen, China. The Johns Hopkins Fall Risk Assessment Tool was translated using forward and backward translation procedures and was administered to these 201 older inpatients. Reliability of the tool was calculated by inter‐rater reliability and Cronbach's alpha. Validity was analysed through content validity index and construct validity.ResultsThe Inter‐rater reliability of Chinese version of Johns Hopkins Fall Risk Assessment Tool was 97·14% agreement with Cohen's Kappa of 0·903. Cronbach's α was 0·703. Content of Validity Index was 0·833. Two factors represented intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors were explored that together explained 58·89% of the variance.ConclusionThis study provided evidence that Johns Hopkins Fall Risk Assessment Tool is an acceptable, valid and reliable tool to identify older inpatients at risk of falls and falls with injury. Further psychometric testing on criterion validity and evaluation of its advanced utility in geriatric clinical settings are warranted.Relevance to clinical practiceThe Chinese version of Johns Hopkins Fall Risk Assessment Tool may be useful for health care personnel to identify older Chinese inpatients at risk of falls and falls with injury.
Do composition and richness of woody plants vary between gaps and closed canopy patches in subtropical forests?
Authors: Sharma Lila N. , Grytnes John‐Arvid , Måren Inger E. , Vetaas Ole R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractQuestionsDo composition and richness of woody plants differ between gaps and closed canopy in subtropical forests, and does this difference vary across life stages of tree species? Is tree species richness in gaps a function of regeneration density?LocationSubtropical Shorea robusta Gaertn (Sal) forest, central Nepal.MethodsWe collected vegetation data from two old‐growth S. robusta forest stands. We sampled 128 plots of 100 m2 equally spread between the two habitats: gap and closed canopy. In each plot, we recorded the total number of woody species, number of individuals of seedlings and saplings of tree species and measured the DBH of all saplings. We compared species richness and composition of total woody species, seedlings and saplings between the two habitats. We used ordination to analyse species composition, and an individual‐based species accumulation curves to illustrate the effect of density on species richness.ResultsThe species composition of total woody species and seedlings was similar in both habitats, but species composition of saplings differed between habitats. Total woody and seedling richness were similar between habitats at one site, but were richer under closed canopy at the other site. Sapling richness was higher in gaps at both sites and was a function of stem density at one site, but not at the other site.ConclusionsGaps are not always areas of higher woody species richness and therefore may be less important than expected for the overall species richness of woody plants. Instead, they are potentially important for enhancing local tree richness by increasing sapling richness. Gap disturbance is the primary driver of structural heterogeneity in forests where topographic and edaphic gradients are negligible.
Subsurface deformation in hypervelocity cratering experiments into high‐porosity tuffs
Authors: Winkler Rebecca , Poelchau Michael H. , Moser Stefan , Kenkmann Thomas 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHypervelocity impact experiments on porous tuff targets were carried out to determine the effect of porosity on deformation mechanisms in the crater's subsurface. Blocks of Weibern Tuff with about 43% porosity were impacted by 2.5 mm and 12.0 mm diameter steel spheres with velocities between 4.8 km s−1 and 5.6 km s−1. The postimpact subsurface damage was quantified with computer tomography as well as with meso‐ and microscale analyses of the bisected crater subsurface. The intensity and style of deformation in mineral clasts and the tuff matrix were mapped and their decay with subsurface depth was determined. Subsurface deformation styles include pore space compaction, clast rotation, as well as microfracture formation. Evaluation of the deformation indicates near‐surface energy coupling at a calculated depth of burial of ~2 projectile diameters (dp), which is in conflict with the crater shape, which displays a deep, central penetration tube. Subsurface damage extends to ~2 dp beneath the crater floor in the experiments with 2.5 mm projectiles and increases to ~3 dp for 12 mm projectiles. Based on overprinting relationships and the geometrical orientation of deformation features, a sequence of subsurface deformation events was derived (1) matrix compaction, (2) intragranular crack formation in clasts, (3) deformation band formation in the compacted matrix, (4) tensile fracturing.
Strain diversity and host specificity in a specialized gut symbiont of honeybees and bumblebees
Authors: Powell Elijah , Ratnayeke Nalin , Moran Nancy A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHost‐restricted lineages of gut bacteria often include many closely related strains, but this fine‐scale diversity is rarely investigated. The specialized gut symbiont Snodgrassella alvi has codiversified with honeybees (Apis mellifera) and bumblebees (Bombus) for millions of years. Snodgrassella alvi strains are nearly identical for 16S rRNA gene sequences but have distinct gene repertoires potentially affecting host biology and community interactions. We examined S. alvi strain diversity within and between hosts using deep sequencing both of a single‐copy coding gene (minD) and of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. We sampled workers from domestic and feral A. mellifera colonies and wild‐caught Bombus representing 14 species. Conventional analyses of community profiles, based on the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, failed to expose most strain variation. In contrast, the minD analysis revealed extensive strain variation within and between host species and individuals. Snodgrassella alvi strain diversity is significantly higher in A. mellifera than in Bombus, supporting the hypothesis that colony founding by swarms of workers enables retention of more diversity than colony founding by a single queen. Most Bombus individuals (72%) are dominated by a single S. alvi strain, whereas most A. mellifera (86%) possess multiple strains. No S. alvi strains are shared between A. mellifera and Bombus, indicating some host specificity. Among Bombus‐restricted strains, some are restricted to a single host species or subgenus, while others occur in multiple subgenera. Findings demonstrate that strains diversify both within and between host species and can be highly specific or relatively generalized in their host associations.