bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vaccination of Atlantic lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) at a low temperature leads to a low antibody response against Aeromonas salmonicida
Authors: Erkinharju T , Dalmo R A , Vågsnes Ø , Hordvik I , Seternes T 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWe present a study on the effect of water temperature on immunization of Atlantic lumpfish. In total, 360 fish were vaccinated with either 50 μl of an oil‐based injection vaccine (VAX), with Aeromonas salmonicida and Vibrio salmonicida antigens, or PBS. Fish were vaccinated at three different water temperatures, 5°C, 10°C and 15°C, and sorted into six groups (N = 60). Lumpfish were weighed every 3 weeks after vaccination, sampled at 3, 6, 9 and 18 weeks post‐immunization (wpi) and evaluated by modified Speilberg score, ELISA and immunoblotting. Vaccinated fish showed low antibody response against V. salmonicida. Fish vaccinated at 5°C showed significantly lower antibody response against A. salmonicida throughout the study. At higher temperatures, vaccinated fish showed significantly increased antibody responses, at 18 wpi for 10°C and at 6 and 18 wpi for 15°C. Immunoblotting demonstrated specific response against the LPS antigen of A. salmonicida in the 10°C and 15°C VAX groups. Mean body weight increased in all groups throughout the study. Vaccinated fish had low Speilberg scores with no melanization of abdominal tissue. Our results show that vaccinating lumpfish at a lower water temperature may lead to a low antibody response against A. salmonicida.
Differential requirement of BAK1 C‐terminal tail in development and immunity
Authors: Wu Di , Liu Yanan , Xu Fan , Zhang Yuelin 
Published: December 2017

SummaryBRI1‐ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (BAK1) plays critical roles in plant developmental and immune signaling pathways. BAK1 and a large number of leucine‐rich repeat receptor‐like kinases (LRR‐RLKs) harbor a mysterious carboxyl‐terminal tail (CT) beyond their kinase domain. In this study we analyzed the biological significance of this CT region using a unique bak1 mutant allele which causes deletion of the CT region. We showed that BAK1 CT promotes its kinase activity and is required for pathogen‐associated molecular pattern (PAMP)‐triggered immunity, but it is dispensable for brassinosteroid responses and BAK1/BKK1‐inhibited cell death signaling. Therefore the BAK1 C‐terminal tail is differentially required for its functions in development and immunity.
Magnetic resonance thoracic ductography assessment of serial changes in the thoracic duct after the intake of a fatty meal
Authors: Nomura Takakiyo , Niwa Tetsu , Koizumi Jun , Shibukawa Shuhei , Ono Shun , Imai Yutaka 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe thoracic duct, a terminal lymph vessel, is thought to dilate after the intake of a fatty meal. However, this physiological change has not been well explored in vivo. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess serial changes in the thoracic duct after the intake of a fatty meal using magnetic resonance thoracic ductography (MRTD). Eight healthy volunteers were subjected to one MRTD scan before a fatty meal and eight serial MRTD scans every hour thereafter. The cross‐sectional areas of the thoracic duct were estimated using MRTD measurements of the diameters of the thoracic duct at the upper edge of the aortic arch, the tracheal bifurcation, the mid‐point between the tracheal bifurcation and the left part of the diaphragm and the left part of the diaphragm. The change‐rates in these areas were calculated before and after the fatty meal intake, and the maximal change‐rate and timing of its achievement were determined for each subject. The summed change‐rates in the four portions of the thoracic duct ranged from −40.1 to 81.3%, with maximal change‐rates for each subject ranging from 22.8 to 81.3% (mean, 50.4%). Although individual variations were observed, most subjects (88.9%) exhibited a maximal change‐rate at 4–6 h after meal intake, with subsequent decreases at 7–8 h. In conclusion, MRTD revealed a tendency toward thoracic duct enlargement at 4–6 h after the intake of a fatty meal, followed by contraction.
Territorialization in a closing commodity frontier: The Yasuní rainforests of West Amazonia
Authors: Gilbert David E. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn Ecuador's Yasuní rainforests and the lived history of the Waorani that live there, the commodification of first rubber and then oil shaped territorialization into particularly violent form. The formative role of rubber production in the 19th century involved local despots' imposition of a regime of violence. Reacting to this violent capitalist system, individual Waorani forged new socio‐spatial territories through violence with rubber slavers and cooperation with the Taromenane, a people who continue to live in isolation. Today, an oil complex exerts control to bring the end of Yasuní's commodity frontier, even while the Waorani Nation and Taromenane hold legal rights to parts of the forests. In this article, I analyse how rubber and oil exploitation has unfolded as capitalist territorial violence, spurring Waorani and Taromenane social expressions and political mobilizations that are at times violent, but primarily not.
Premenstrual symptoms interference and equol production status in Japanese collegiate athletes: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Takeda Takashi , Ueno Tomomi , Uchiyama Shigeto , Shiina Masami 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAimConsumption of soy isoflavones reduces the risk of estrogen‐related diseases, such as menopausal symptoms, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease. Equol is metabolized from the isoflavone daidzein by intestinal bacteria and has higher bioavailability than other isoflavones. Equol producers are believed to benefit from soybean consumption to a greater extent than non‐producers. Recently, we showed that equol non‐producers were at significant risk of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Previously, we reported that PMS is a common menstrual problem in female athletes, and almost half of the studied athletes felt a negative effect of premenstrual symptoms on their athletic performance. This study was conducted to evaluate the relation between PMS and equol production status in Japanese collegiate athletes.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional, observational study that included 88 Japanese female collegiate athletes. Equol production status was determined using urine samples collected after a soy challenge test. The subjects also completed a questionnaire about their premenstrual symptoms and their competitive career.ResultsThe prevalence of equol producers was 29.5% in Japanese collegiate athletes. The athletic performance of 54.5% of athletes was found to suffer in competition or in practice due to premenstrual symptoms. In multivariate analysis, equol non‐producers (odds ratio, 3.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–12.20) and restriction of bodyweight (odds ratio, 4.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.47–20.00) were shown to be significant risk factors for poor athletic performance.ConclusionThis study showed a relation between athletic performance and equol production status in Japanese collegiate athletes.
The severity of periodontitis and metabolic syndrome in Korean population: The Dong‐gu study
Authors: Kim O. S. , Shin M. H. , Kweon S. S. , Lee Y. H. , Kim O. J. , Kim Y. J. , Chung H. J. 
Published: December 2017

ObjectivesWe assessed the association between periodontal disease status and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its individual components in Korean adults over 50 years old.Material and MethodsIn the Dong‐gu study, 5078 men and women aged over 50 years were included. They underwent a questionnaire survey, physical assessment, biochemical assessment and periodontal assessment. The percentages of sites with periodontal probing depth ≥4 mm, and clinical attachment loss ≥4 mm were recorded for each participant. Periodontal disease was also classified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/American Academy of Periodontology definition of periodontitis and the American Academy of Periodontology definition (1999). MetS was defined by the 2009 guidelines of the International Diabetes Federation. This study used multivariate negative binominal regression analysis to assess the association between the severity of periodontitis and MetS, after age, smoking habits, alcohol consumption and physical activity related factors were adjusted for.ResultsPrevalence of MetS was 32.3%, 36.2% and 45.9% among men with no or mild, moderate and severe periodontitis, respectively. The severity of periodontitis was positively associated with the prevalent MetS in men but not in women. In men, severe periodontitis showed a higher risk of MetS than those with no or mild periodontitis (relative risk 1.43, 95% confidence interval 1.17‐1.73) after adjusting for confounders. Periodontal probing depth was positively associated with the prevalence of MetS in both genders. In the analysis separated by individual MetS components, periodontitis severity was positively associated with hypertriglyceridemia and low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol in men, while positively associated with low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and abdominal obesity in women.ConclusionIncreasing the severity of periodontitis was associated with the risk of prevalent MetS in Korean adults. This result confirmed that periodontal inflammation might be a contributive factor of MetS.
Effect of carrot puree in vegetable juice on linguapalatal swallowing pressure
Authors: Moritaka Hatsue , Mineki Machiko , Kobayashi Makoto , Ono Takahiro , Hori Kazuhiro 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis study aimed to ascertain the influence of various amounts (0–30%) of carrot puree (CP) in vegetable juice on linguapalatal swallowing pressure in healthy volunteers. Twenty healthy women (age range: 20–22 years) swallowed a 17‐ml drink in a natural state, and linguapalatal swallowing pressure was measured using a special sensor sheet. Peak magnitude (maximum pressure of the tongue pushing on the hard palate), integrated values of linguapalatal swallowing pressure on the waveform, and duration of linguapalatal swallowing pressure were increased with increases in CP concentrations. The total integrated value for 30% CP vegetable juice was larger than that of vegetable juice with no CP. The apparent viscosity of the vegetable juice with a low CP concentration was smaller than that with a high CP concentration at the same shear rate. These results suggest that vegetable juice containing CP affects mechanoreceptor activity in the mouth and generates a neuromotor response.Practical applicationsThis study aimed to ascertain the influence of various amounts of carrot puree (CP) in vegetable juice on linguapalatal swallowing pressure measured by using a special sensor sheet in healthy volunteers. Obtained results of this study clearly showed that vegetable juice containing CP affects the movement of the tongue in maneuvering the bolus. Moreover, the results demonstrated that this effect depended on the concentration of CP in the vegetable juice. These findings are expected to provide clinically valuable data on the effect of mechanical stimulation during the oral stage of swallowing.
Paradigm shifts in community ecology: Open versus closed units, challenges and limits of connectivity studies
Authors: Giangrande Adriana , Gambi M. Cristina , Gravina M. Flavia 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDue to the presence of the complex life cycles involving a benthic adult and a pelagic larval phase, the study of benthic community dynamics cannot ignore investigations of the processes occurring in the water column. Current investigations focus mainly on larval dispersal from an evolutionary and a biogeographic perspective, taking into account also population connectivity, conservation planning and coastal management. In the present paper we underline the need to improve knowledge of the main traits of marine invertebrate life cycles, highlighting the limits and challenges of current approaches. Firstly, we summarized the changing approaches within community studies, following the paradigm shifts found in recent marine ecological research, from supply‐side ecology to connectivity, and involving the concepts of open and closed populations. Secondly, we analysed the main larval traits influencing dispersal, paying particular attention to pelagic larval duration in light of the few available data for connectivity studies. The difficulty in estimating many of the main traits of larval ecology make numerical simulation fundamental for a better understanding of the relationship between propagule dispersal and seawater dynamics, both being highly variable. We conclude that some essential biological information is still lacking for the proper integration of the modeling approaches. Thus it is necessary to further investigate the life‐cycle traits and physiological and ecological characteristics of each species, an approach known as autecology or natural history. All too frequently modern ecologists ignore such reductionist approaches, although they are essential for a full understanding of processes, such as connectivity and metapopulation dynamics.
Long‐term in situ persistence of biodiversity in tropical sky islands revealed by landscape genomics
Authors: Mastretta‐Yanes Alicia , Xue Alexander T. , Moreno‐Letelier Alejandra , Jorgensen Tove H. , Alvarez Nadir , Piñero Daniel , Emerson Brent C. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractTropical mountains are areas of high species richness and endemism. Two historical phenomena may have contributed to this: (i) fragmentation and isolation of habitats may have promoted the genetic differentiation of populations and increased the possibility of allopatric divergence and speciation and (ii) the mountain areas may have allowed long‐term population persistence during global climate fluctuations. These two phenomena have been studied using either species occurrence data or estimating species divergence times. However, only few studies have used intraspecific genetic data to analyse the mechanisms by which endemism may emerge at the microevolutionary scale. Here, we use landscape analysis of genomic SNP data sampled from two high‐elevation plant species from an archipelago of tropical sky islands (the Trans‐Mexican Volcanic Belt) to test for population genetic differentiation, synchronous demographic changes and habitat persistence. We show that genetic differentiation can be explained by the degree of glacial habitat connectivity among mountains and that mountains have facilitated the persistence of populations throughout glacial/interglacial cycles. Our results support the ongoing role of tropical mountains as cradles for biodiversity by uncovering cryptic differentiation and limits to gene flow.
The GATA‐type IVb zinc‐finger transcription factor SsNsd1 regulates asexual–sexual development and appressoria formation in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Authors: Li Jingtao , Mu Wenhui , Veluchamy Selvakumar , Liu Yanzhi , Zhang Yanhua , Pan Hongyu , Rollins Jeffrey A. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryThe sclerotium, a multicellular structure composed of the compact aggregation of vegetative hyphae, is critical for the long‐term survival and sexual reproduction of the plant‐pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The development and carpogenic germination of sclerotia are regulated by integrating signals from both environmental and endogenous processes. Here, we report the regulatory functions of the S. sclerotiorum GATA‐type IVb zinc‐finger transcription factor SsNsd1 in these processes. SsNsd1 is orthologous to the Aspergillus nidulans NsdD (never in sexual development) and the Neurospora crassa SUB‐1 (submerged protoperithecia‐1) proteins. Ssnsd1 gene transcript accumulation remains relatively low, but variable, during vegetative mycelial growth and multicellular development. Ssnsd1 deletion mutants (Δnsd1‐KOs) produce phialides and phialospores (spermatia) excessively in vegetative hyphae and promiscuously within the interior medulla of sclerotia. In contrast, phialospore development occurs only on the sclerotium surface in the wild‐type. Loss of SsNsd1 function affects sclerotium structural integrity and disrupts ascogonia formation during conditioning for carpogenic germination. As a consequence, apothecium development is abolished. The Ssnsd1 deletion mutants are also defective in the transition from hyphae to compound appressorium formation, resulting in a loss of pathogenicity on unwounded hosts. In sum, our results demonstrate that SsNsd1 functions in a regulatory role similar to its ascomycete orthologues in regulating sexual and asexual development. Further, SsNsd1 appears to have evolved as a regulator of pre‐penetration infectious development required for the successful infection of its many hosts.
Quantifying the contribution of mass flow to nitrogen acquisition by an individual plant root
Authors: McMurtrie Ross E. , Näsholm Torgny 
Published: December 2017

Summary

The classic model of nitrogen (N) flux into roots is as a Michaelis–Menten (MM) function of soil‐N concentration at root surfaces. Furthermore, soil‐N transport processes that determine soil‐N concentration at root surfaces are seen as a bottleneck for plant nutrition. Yet, neither the MM relationship nor soil‐N transport mechanisms are represented in current terrestrial biosphere models.

Processes governing N supply to roots – diffusion, mass flow, N immobilization by soil microbes – are incorporated in a model of root‐N uptake. We highlight a seldom considered interaction between these processes: nutrient traverses the rhizosphere more quickly in the presence of mass flow, reducing the probability of its immobilization before reaching the root surface.

Root‐N uptake is sensitive to the rate of mass flow for widely spaced roots with high N uptake capacity, but not for closely spaced roots or roots with low uptake capacity. The results point to a benefit of root switching from high‐ to low‐affinity N transport systems in the presence of mass flow.

Simulations indicate a strong impact of soil water uptake on N delivery to widely spaced roots through transpirationally driven mass flow. Furthermore, a given rate of N uptake per unit soil volume may be achieved by lower root biomass in the presence of mass flow.
Tests of Policy Interventions in DSGE Models
Authors: Pesaran M. Hashem , Smith Ron P. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis paper considers tests of the effectiveness of a policy intervention, defined as a change in the parameters of a policy rule, in the context of a macroeconometric dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model. We consider two types of intervention, first the standard case of a parameter change that does not alter the steady state, and second one that does alter the steady state, e.g. the target rate of inflation. We consider two types of test, one a multi‐horizon test, where the postintervention policy horizon, H, is small and fixed, and a mean policy effect test where H is allowed to increase without bounds. The multi‐horizon test requires Gaussian errors, but the mean policy effect test does not. It is shown that neither of these two tests are consistent, in the sense that the power of the tests does not tend to unity as H→∞, unless the intervention alters the steady state. This follows directly from the fact that DSGE variables are measured as deviations from the steady state, and the effects of policy change on target variables decay exponentially fast. We investigate the size and power of the proposed mean effect test by simulating a standard three equation New Keynesian DSGE model. The simulation results are in line with our theoretical findings and show that in all applications the tests have the correct size; but unless the intervention alters the steady state, their power does not go to unity with H.
Physiological acclimation dampens initial effects of elevated temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration in mature boreal Norway spruce
Authors: Lamba Shubhangi , Hall Marianne , Räntfors Mats , Chaudhary Nitin , Linder Sune , Way Danielle , Uddling Johan , Wallin Göran 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPhysiological processes of terrestrial plants regulate the land–atmosphere exchange of carbon, water, and energy, yet few studies have explored the acclimation responses of mature boreal conifer trees to climate change. Here we explored the acclimation responses of photosynthesis, respiration, and stomatal conductance to elevated temperature and/or CO2 concentration ([CO2]) in a 3‐year field experiment with mature boreal Norway spruce. We found that elevated [CO2] decreased photosynthetic carboxylation capacity (−23% at 25 °C) and increased shoot respiration (+64% at 15 °C), while warming had no significant effects. Shoot respiration, but not photosynthetic capacity, exhibited seasonal acclimation. Stomatal conductance at light saturation and a vapour pressure deficit of 1 kPa was unaffected by elevated [CO2] but significantly decreased (−27%) by warming, and the ratio of intercellular to ambient [CO2] was enhanced (+17%) by elevated [CO2] and decreased (−12%) by warming. Many of these responses differ from those typically observed in temperate tree species. Our results show that long‐term physiological acclimation dampens the initial stimulation of plant net carbon assimilation to elevated [CO2], and of plant water use to warming. Models that do not account for these responses may thus overestimate the impacts of climate change on future boreal vegetation–atmosphere interactions.
An adaptive orienting theory of error processing
Authors: Wessel Jan R. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe ability to detect and correct action errors is paramount to safe and efficient goal‐directed behaviors. Existing work on the neural underpinnings of error processing and post‐error behavioral adaptations has led to the development of several mechanistic theories of error processing. These theories can be roughly grouped into adaptive and maladaptive theories. While adaptive theories propose that errors trigger a cascade of processes that will result in improved behavior after error commission, maladaptive theories hold that error commission momentarily impairs behavior. Neither group of theories can account for all available data, as different empirical studies find both impaired and improved post‐error behavior. This article attempts a synthesis between the predictions made by prominent adaptive and maladaptive theories. Specifically, it is proposed that errors invoke a nonspecific cascade of processing that will rapidly interrupt and inhibit ongoing behavior and cognition, as well as orient attention toward the source of the error. It is proposed that this cascade follows all unexpected action outcomes, not just errors. In the case of errors, this cascade is followed by error‐specific, controlled processing, which is specifically aimed at (re)tuning the existing task set. This theory combines existing predictions from maladaptive orienting and bottleneck theories with specific neural mechanisms from the wider field of cognitive control, including from error‐specific theories of adaptive post‐error processing. The article aims to describe the proposed framework and its implications for post‐error slowing and post‐error accuracy, propose mechanistic neural circuitry for post‐error processing, and derive specific hypotheses for future empirical investigations.