bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Differential Rater Functioning Over Time in the Context of Solo Music Performance Assessment
Authors: Wesolowski Brian C. , Wind Stefanie A. , Engelhard George 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Rater variability studies in the context of music performance assessment treat rater effects as static characteristics of raters, where the effects occur similarly across each assessed performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate expert raters’ (N = 13) differential severity/leniency as dynamic processes, where the rater effects occur over time. In particular, we sought to examine the manifestation of group and individual variability using a class of rater effects referred to as differential rater functioning over time (DRIFT). DRIFT refers to the changes in rater performance in relation to a parameter of time. Three classes of Multifaceted Rasch (MFR) models were specified in order to explore differences in raters’ systematic changes in their interpretation of a 4-point rating scale structure across a 5-day rating session: (a) time-static model, (b) rater-by-time interaction model, and (c) partial credit model for time points. Results indicated a significant difference in severity/leniency across time for both the group of raters as a whole and some individual raters. Overall, raters demonstrated a general trend of decreasing severity over the 5-day rating session. Interaction analyses suggested that differential severity/leniency existed for both the raters as a group and for 9 out of the 13 individual raters. Of the total 65 potential pairwise interaction terms examined between raters and days, 21 (33.31%) were found to be statistically significant. Ten interactions systematically underestimated the performances and 11 interactions systematically overestimated the performances. Implications for the improved fairness of ratings in music assessment contexts are discussed.
Rethinking the Diegetic/Nondiegetic Distinction in the Film Musical
Authors: Penner Nina 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This paper exposes problems with the diegetic/nondiegetic distinction as a means of describing film-musical numbers. Tracing the use of these terms from Plato to present-day cinema studies, the author identifies a divergence of meaning between scholarship on film musicals and that directed toward non-musical films. Film-musical scholars’ idiosyncratic use of these terms not only poses obstacles to effective scholarly dialogues across film genres but also leads to logical problems when the standard criteria for diegetic status are combined with the realism criterion presupposed by most scholars of film musicals. As an alternative means of describing differences between film-musical numbers, the author proposes two scalar concepts. One tracks the number’s degree of realism in terms of its dramatic context, performers’ skill levels and preparation, identification of a fictional source for its accompaniment, and visual effects. The other measures the performance’s degree of formality and intended function. At the formal end of the spectrum, there are numbers with a strict separation of performers and audience members, where the performance is intended primarily for aesthetic appreciation or entertainment. On the other end are spontaneous performances that are intended primarily for communicative or expressive purposes, which often have no fictional audience aside from the performers. In between these extremes lie communal performances, in which audience members tend to become performers in the course of the number. Such songs and dances are intended as much for community building or cheering loved ones as for aesthetic appreciation or entertainment.
Great Expectations? The Changing Role of Audiovisual Incongruence in Contemporary Multimedia
Authors: Ireland David 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Film-music combinations that have been labeled as inappropriate, misfitting, or incongruent are often also described as unexpected audiovisual pairings. Various strands of academic research observe a prevalence of such constructions in contemporary multimedia, which arguably implies that such pairings are less surprising or unexpected than they once might have been. This article identifies three types of audiovisual incongruence from recent multimedia, and discusses these in relation to psychological theories of expectation and ideas from semiotics, which facilitate consideration of any potential disjunction between authorial intent and perceiver reception of a work.
Critical Review of Subdivision Regulations in the SOLAS Convention
Authors: Pawlowski Maciej 
Published: October 2017

The paper presents a critical review of recent developments regarding the pi and si factors, adopted in Chapter II-1 on subdivision and stability of ships in the harmonized Convention on Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) convention. The two factors adopted from an European Union (EU)-funded research project HARDER are questioned. The paper strongly suggests that International Maritime Organization restores in SOLAS the previous sound and simple formulations for the factor pi from SOLAS 2006, and adopts the factor si, embedded in the accumulation of water on deck.

1. Introduction
Many factors affecting the final consequences of ship hull damage are random in nature and their influence is different for different ships. For this reason, the probability of collision survival is taken as a genuine measure of ship safety in the damaged condition (i.e., a measure of merit of ship's subdivision).
A relatively rigorous procedure for dealing with this concept was first introduced by Wendel in 1960 (Wendel 1960) who initiated this novel approach to the evaluation of subdivision. The idea appeared to catch on and was later developed by Comstock and Robertson (1961), Volkov (1963), Wendel (1968), Aleksandrov (1970), and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) (1974), which resulted in establishing and adopting the equivalent regulations for passenger ships. IMO (2009) continued this work resulting in harmonized regulations for all types of ships, contained in the 1974 sOLAs convention, in Chapter II- in parts B to B–4. In the convention, the probability of collision survival is referred to as the attained subdivision index A.
Generally, three measures of merit can be postulated for judging the effectiveness of ship's subdivision:overall (global) index of subdivision, reflecting the average degree of subdivision for the whole ship that denotes a mean probability of survival for the whole ship in case of accidental flooding, andlocal indices of subdivision of two kinds (not in use in the regulations as yet), reflecting the degree of subdivision for individual parts of the ship. They denote mean probabilities of survival either for the cases of flooding in which a given (wing, if any) compartment is involved (alone or together with adjacent compartments), or in which a given transverse bulkhead is involved. For this reason, we talk about one-compartment indices of subdivision and minor damage indices. The formers express the so-called one-compartment standard on the ground of the probabilistic concept, while the latter, a two-compartment standard, so regarded by the practitioners.
Constraining Sedimentary Structure Using Frequency‐Dependent P Wave Particle Motion: A Case Study of the Songliao Basin in NE China
Authors: Bao Yifei , Niu Fenglin 
Published: October 2017

AbstractKnowledge on sedimentary structure within a basin is of great importance for exploring petroleum resources and predicting strong ground motions caused by earthquakes. Although 3‐D seismic data acquisition is common nowadays in petroleum industry, it is still impossible to conduct dense 3‐D seismic surveys at a whole‐basin scale. Passive seismic imaging thus can play a significant role in obtaining large‐scale sedimentary structure of basins with a reasonably good resolution. Here we present a new method to estimate the sedimentary structure beneath a seismic station using frequency‐dependent nonlinear particle motion of the teleseismic P wave, that is, a delay in the P wave arrival time on the horizontal component. Forward modeling suggests that the delay time and its variations over frequency are caused by interference of the direct P wave with the P‐to‐S conversions at the base of the sediments as well as sediment reverberations, and hence can be used to constrain the thickness and seismic velocity of the sediments beneath the station. We further develop a 2‐D grid search technique to estimate the optimum sediment thickness (Z) and surface S wave velocity (β0) by minimizing the residuals between the observed and calculated apparent P wave splitting times. The grid search yields reasonably robust estimates of Z and β0, although it has some trade‐off between the two parameters in the case of thin and unconsolidated sediments. We apply the method to 30+ broadband stations inside the Songliao basin, and the estimated sedimentary structures beneath these stations agree well with previous results.
On the Implications of A Priori Constraints in Transdimensional Bayesian Inversion for Continental Lithospheric Layering
Authors: Roy C. , Romanowicz B. A. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMonte Carlo methods are powerful approaches to solve nonlinear problems and are becoming very popular in Earth sciences. One reason being that, at first glance, no constraints or explicit regularization of model parameters are required. At second glance, one might realize that regularization is done through a prior. The choice of this prior, however, is subjective, and with its choice, unintended or undesired extra information can be injected into the problem. The principal criticism of Bayesian methods is that the prior can be “tuned” in order to get the expected solution. Consequently, detractors of the Bayesian method could easily argue that the solution is influenced by the form of the prior distribution, which choice is subjective. Hence, models obtained with Monte Carlo methods are still highly debated. Here we investigate the influence of a priori constraints (i.e., fixed crustal discontinuities) on the posterior probability distributions of estimated parameters, that is, vertical polarized shear velocity VSV and radial anisotropy ξ, in a transdimensional Bayesian inversion for continental lithospheric structure. We follow upon the work of Calò et al. (2016), who jointly inverted converted phases (P to S) without deconvolution and surface wave dispersion data, to obtain 1‐D radial anisotropic shear wave velocity profiles in the North American craton. We aim at verifying whether the strong lithospheric layering found in the stable part of the craton is robust with respect to artifacts that might be caused by the methodology used. We test the hypothesis that the observed midlithospheric discontinuities result from (1) fixed crustal discontinuities in the reference model and (2) a fixed Vp/Vs ratio. The synthetic tests on two Earth models show that a fixed Vp/Vs ratio does not introduce artificial layering, even if the assumed value is slightly wrong. This is an important finding for real data inversion where the true value is not always available or accurate. However, fixing crustal discontinuities can lead to the introduction of spurious layering, and this is not recommended. Additionally, allowing the Vp/Vs ratio to vary does not help preventing that. Applying the modified approach resulting from these tests to two stations (FRB and FCC) in the North American craton, we confirm the presence of at least one midlithospheric low‐velocity layer. We also confirm the difficulty of consistently detecting the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary in the craton.
Numerical Modeling of the Active Layer Thickness and Permafrost Thermal State Across Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Qin Yanhui , Wu Tonghua , Zhao Lin , Wu Xiaodong , Li Ren , Xie Changwei , Pang Qiangqiang , Hu Guojie , Qiao Yongping , Zhao Guohui , Liu Guangyue , Zhu Xiaofan , Hao Junming 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe dynamics of permafrost (including the permafrost thermal state and active layer thicknesses (ALT)) across the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (QTP) have not been well understood on a large scale. Here we simulate the ALT and permafrost thermal state using the Geophysical Institute Permafrost Lab version 2 (GIPL2) model across the QTP. Based on the single‐point simulations, the model is upscaled to the entire QTP. The upscaled model is validated with five investigated regions (IRs), including Wenquan (WQIR), Gaize (GZIR), Aerjin (AEJIR), Xikunlun (XKLIR), and Qinghai‐Tibetan Highway (G109IR). The results show that the modified GIPL2 model improves the accuracy of the permafrost thermal state simulations. Due to our simulated results on the QTP, the average ALT is of 2.30 m (2.21–2.40 m). The ALT decreases with an increase in the altitude and decreases from the southeast to the northwest. The ALT is thin in the central QTP, but it is thick in the high‐elevation mountain areas and some areas surrounding glaciers and lakes. The largest ALT is found in the border areas between permafrost and seasonally frozen ground regions. The simulated results of the MAGT (the mean annual ground temperature) indicate that most of the permafrost is substable, which is sensitive to climate warming. The simulated results would be of great significance on assessing the impacts of permafrost dynamics on local hydrology, ecology, and engineering construction.
Constraints on Ceres' Internal Structure and Evolution From Its Shape and Gravity Measured by the Dawn Spacecraft
Authors: Ermakov A. I. , Fu R. R. , Castillo‐Rogez J. C. , Raymond C. A. , Park R. S. , Preusker F. , Russell C. T. , Smith D. E. , Zuber M. T. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractCeres is the largest body in the asteroid belt with a radius of approximately 470 km. In part due to its large mass, Ceres more closely approaches hydrostatic equilibrium than major asteroids. Pre‐Dawn mission shape observations of Ceres revealed a shape consistent with a hydrostatic ellipsoid of revolution. The Dawn spacecraft Framing Camera has been imaging Ceres since March 2015, which has led to high‐resolution shape models of the dwarf planet, while the gravity field has been globally determined to a spherical harmonic degree 14 (equivalent to a spatial wavelength of 211 km) and locally to 18 (a wavelength of 164 km). We use these shape and gravity models to constrain Ceres' internal structure. We find a negative correlation and admittance between topography and gravity at degree 2 and order 2. Low admittances between spherical harmonic degrees 3 and 16 are well explained by Airy isostatic compensation mechanism. Different models of isostasy give crustal densities between 1,200 and 1,400 kg/m3 with our preferred model giving a crustal density of
kg/m3. The mantle density is constrained to be
kg/m3. We compute isostatic gravity anomaly and find evidence for mascon‐like structures in the two biggest basins. The topographic power spectrum of Ceres and its latitude dependence suggest that viscous relaxation occurred at the long wavelengths (>246 km). Our density constraints combined with finite element modeling of viscous relaxation suggests that the rheology and density of the shallow surface are most consistent with a rock, ice, salt and clathrate mixture.
Foraging Fish as Zoogeomorphic Agents: An Assessment of Fish Impacts at Patch, Barform, and Reach Scales
Authors: Pledger A. G. , Rice S. P. , Millett J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractFlume studies have demonstrated that foraging by fish can modify the structure and topography of gravel substrates, thereby increasing particle entrainment probabilities and the amount of sediment mobilized during subsequent experimental high flows. However, the zoogeomorphic impact of benthic foraging has not previously been investigated in the field. This paper reports field experiments that examined the nature and extent of disturbance of riverbed gravels by foraging fish, predominately Cyprinids, at patch, riffle, and reach scales and complementary ex situ experiments of the impacts on bed stability. At patch scale, benthic feeding fish displaced particle sizes ≤90 mm in diameter, increased bed surface microtopography and grain protrusion, and loosened surface structures. Although enhanced mobility was expected from these structural changes, foraging also caused localized coarsening of sediments, and the ex situ experiments recorded significantly reduced grain entrainment, bedload flux, and total transported mass from foraged patches. Foraging disturbed bed materials at all 12 riffles in the study reach and, on average, disturbed 26.1% of riffle area per 24 h feeding period. These findings demonstrate for the first time that foraging fish, which are widespread and feed perennially, can act as zoogeomorphic agents in rivers, affecting grain‐size distributions and bed material structure, with potential implications for bed stability and bedload transport at reach and river scales. Whether fish increase or reduce bed mobility is probably dependent on a host of factors, including the net effects of both structural disturbance and biogenic particle sorting, as these affect entrainment stresses under subsequent competent flows.
Do Regional Aerosols Contribute to the Riverine Export of Dissolved Black Carbon?
Authors: Jones M. W. , Quine T. A. , de Rezende C. E. , Dittmar T. , Johnson B. , Manecki M. , Marques J. S. J. , de Aragão L. E. O. C. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe fate of black carbon (BC), a stable form of thermally altered organic carbon produced during biomass and fuel combustion, remains an area of uncertainty in the global carbon cycle. The transfer of photosynthetically derived BC into extremely long‐term oceanic storage is of particular significance and rivers are the key linkage between terrestrial sources and oceanic stores. Significant fluvial fluxes of dissolved BC to oceans result from the slow release of BC from degrading charcoal stocks; however, these fluvial fluxes may also include undetermined contributions of aerosol BC, produced by biomass and fossil fuel combustion, which are deposited in river catchments following atmospheric transport. By investigation of the Paraíba do Sul River catchment in Southeast Brazil we show that aerosol deposits can be substantial contributors to fluvial fluxes of BC. We derived spatial distributions of BC stocks within the catchment associated with soil charcoal and with aerosol from both open biomass burning and fuel combustion. We then modeled the fluvial concentrations of dissolved BC (DBC) in scenarios with varying rates of export from each stock. We analyzed the ability of each scenario to reproduce the variability in DBC concentrations measured in four data sets of river water samples collected between 2010 and 2014 and found that the best performing scenarios included a 5–18% (135–486 Mg DBC year−1) aerosol contribution. Our results suggest that aerosol deposits of BC in river catchments have a shorter residence time in catchments than charcoal BC and, therefore, contribute disproportionately (with respect to stock magnitude) toward fluvial fluxes of BC.
Transition Metal‐Free Direct C‐3 Arylation of Quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones with Arylamines under Mild Conditions
Authors: Yuan Jinwei , Liu Shuainan , Qu Lingbo 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA transition metal‐free direct C‐3 arylation of quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones with arylamines has been explored. This reaction proceeded smoothly through a radical process under mild conditions and produced the desired arylation products in good yields. The reactions proceeded efficiently with a broad range of substrates and functional group tolerance.magnified image
Copper/Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclization/Cross‐Coupling Cascade Reaction of 2‐gem‐Dibromovinyl Aryl Selenides: Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Benzo[b]selenophenes
Authors: Bilheri Filipe N. , Pistoia Renan P. , Back Davi F. , Zeni Gilson 
Published: October 2017

AbstractCopper/palladium‐catalyzed multicomponent cyclization reactions, which combine 2‐gem‐dibromovinyl aryl selenides with a nucleophilic source, were applied to the synthesis of 2‐substituted benzo[b]selenophenes. A systematic study of the cyclization system revealed that the mutual action between copper and palladium salts is essential for the formation of products in good yields, avoiding the formation of hydrogenated benzo[b]selenophenes. The versatility of 2‐bromobenzo[b]selenophenes was also studied by palladium‐catalyzed reactions with boronic acids, Grignard reagents and methyl acrylate affording the cross‐coupled products in good yields. In addition, the reaction of 2‐bromobenzo[b]selenophene towards halogen‐lithium exchange reactions followed by the addition of aldehyde afforded the corresponding secondary alcohol.magnified image
Hyper‐CVAD plus nelarabine in newly diagnosed adult T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and T‐lymphoblastic lymphoma
Authors: Abaza Yasmin , M. Kantarjian Hagop , Faderl Stefan , Jabbour Elias , Jain Nitin , Thomas Deborah , Kadia Tapan , Borthakur Gautam , D. Khoury Joseph , Burger Jan , Wierda William , O'Brien Susan , Konopleva Marina , Ferrajoli Alessandra , Kebriaei Partow , Dabaja Bouthaina , Kornblau Steven , Alvarado Yesid , Daver Naval , Pemmaraju Naveen , Bose Prithviraj , Thompson Philip , Al Azzawi Hind , Kelly Mary , Garris Rebecca , Jain Preetesh , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Cortes Jorge , Ravandi Farhad 
Published: October 2017

AbstractNelarabine, a water soluble prodrug of 9‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosylguanine (ara‐G), is a T‐cell specific purine nucleoside analogue. Given its activity in relapsed and refractory T acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‐ALL) and T lymphoblastic lymphoma (T‐LBL), we sought to define its role in the frontline treatment of adult patients. Therefore, we conducted a single arm phase 2 study to determine the safety and efficacy of nelarabine in combination with hyper‐CVAD in newly diagnosed patients. For induction/consolidation, patients received eight cycles of hyper‐CVAD alternating with high‐dose methotrexate and cytarabine plus two cycles of nelarabine given at a dose of 650 mg/m2 intravenously daily for 5 days. This was followed by thirty months of POMP maintenance chemotherapy with two additional cycles of nelarabine given instead of cycles 6 and 7 of POMP maintenance. Sixty‐seven patients, including 40 with T‐ALL and 26 with T‐LBL, were enrolled. Complete response rates in both T‐ALL and T‐LBL were 87% and 100% respectively. Grade 3 to 4 neurotoxic adverse events were reported in 5 patients. There were 21 relapses (31%) including 2 after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Median duration of follow‐up was 42.5 months. The 3‐year complete remission duration (CRD) and overall survival (OS) rates were 66% and 65%, respectively. Compared to our historic hyper‐CVAD data, there was no survival benefit with the addition of nelarabine. In conclusion, hyper‐CVAD plus nelarabine was well tolerated and active in the frontline treatment of adult T‐ALL/LBL patients.
Polyproline as a Minimal Antifreeze Protein Mimic That Enhances the Cryopreservation of Cell Monolayers
Authors: Graham Ben , Bailey Trisha L. , Healey Joseph R. J. , Marcellini Moreno , Deville Sylvain , Gibson Matthew I. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractTissue engineering, gene therapy, drug screening, and emerging regenerative medicine therapies are fundamentally reliant on high‐quality adherent cell culture, but current methods to cryopreserve cells in this format can give low cell yields and require large volumes of solvent “antifreezes”. Herein, we report polyproline as a minimum (bio)synthetic mimic of antifreeze proteins that is accessible by solution, solid‐phase, and recombinant methods. We demonstrate that polyproline has ice recrystallisation inhibition activity linked to its amphipathic helix and that it enhances the DMSO cryopreservation of adherent cell lines. Polyproline may be a versatile additive in the emerging field of macromolecular cryoprotectants.