bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kvalitative perspektiver på evalueringer i sundhedsvæsenet
Authors: Jansbøl Kåre , Johansen Katrine Schepelern , Kousgaard Marius Brostrøm 
Published: September 2016

I 1924 iværksatte Adolf Meyer – leder af USA's førende psykiatriske forskningsafdeling på Johns Hopkins Medical School – en evaluering af behandlingen på et psykiatrisk statshospital i New Jersey. Hospitalet blev ledet af Meyers kollega og tidligere medarbejder Henry Cotton. Cotton hævdede, at hele 85% af patienter med alvorlige psykiske lidelser kunne helbredes med de metoder, som han havde udviklet og anvendt på New Jersey Statshospital. Cotton gav dermed patienter, pårørende, læger, politikere og skatteborgere håb, idet almindelig behandling af lignende lidelser dengang primært bestod i dyr forvaring. Cottons behandlingsregime lå i forlængelse af den bakteriologiske revolution. I 1913 havde man opdaget den syfilitiske organisme, som var årsagen til den farlige mentale sygdom GPI (General Paralysis of the Insane). Cotton drog vidtrækkende konsekvenser af den bakteriologiske tilgang og mente, at sindssygdomme i det væsentlige skyldtes infektioner. Cottons behandlingsregime bestod derfor i fjernelse og forebyggelse af betændelsestilstande. Hospitalet fjernede patienters tænder, tyktarme, tonsiller, livmoderhalse samt foretog kirurgiske rensninger af kroppens hulrum (f.eks. næse og øre). Evaluatoren, Phyllis Greenacre, opdagede hurtigt, at der var rod i journalerne fra Cottons hospital. Bl.a. vidste man ikke, om patienter blev genindlagt, og definitionen af ’rask’ var tilfældig og skønsmæssigt anslået. Greenacre vurderede også, at ca. 45% af patienterne døde som følge af behandlingen. Hun informerede hurtigt Meyer om dette, og Meyer overbragte Cotton de nedslående evalueringsresultater. Cotton godtog dem imidlertid ikke, og da Meyer ikke ville lade evalueringen publicere mod Cottons ønske, fortsatte Cotton sin behandling. Kort tid efter begyndte offentligheden dog at interessere sig for de mange dødsfald blandt patienterne på sindssygehospitalet, men på trods af en turbulent og kritisk periode, som omfattede en offentlig undersøgelseskommission, kunne Cotton fortsætte behandlingen, indtil han trak sig tilbage i 1930. Den nye overlæge forsatte ikke den kontroversielle behandlingsform. Historien om Henry Cotton rummer flere væsentlige pointer og problemstillinger med relation til artiklerne i dette temanummer om evalueringer i sundhedsvæsenet.
Le Service des émissions féminines télévisées au réseau francophone de la Société Radio-Canada (1965-1982) : une histoire du genre dans les organisations
Authors: Laplanche Laurie 
Published: September 2016

Cet article porte sur la question du genre dans la production médiatique à la Société Radio-Canada (SRC) entre 1965 et 1982, soit au cours des 17 années de diffusion du magazine télévisé Femme d’aujourd’hui, produit par le Service des émissions féminines télévisées. Nous examinons comment les valeurs, les normes, les qualités, les capacités et les attentes associées à la féminité et à la masculinité ont fait partie intégrante de la culture organisationnelle radio-canadienne, ce qui a favorisé des inégalités, mais également des possibilités pour les femmes travaillant à la Société d’État. À cette fin, nous avons analysé le journal des employés, Circuit fermé, de 1965 à 1982, les outils promotionnels destinés au grand public entre 1965 et 1982 (La semaine à Radio-Canada et Ici Radio-Canada), les rapports sur les mesures d’égalité des chances à Radio-Canada dans les années 1970, ainsi que les documents contenus dans le fonds privé de la chef du Service des émissions féminines télévisées, Mme Michelle Lasnier. Nous exposons tout d’abord la répartition du pouvoir entre les hommes et les femmes, ainsi que les caractéristiques associées à la masculinité et à la féminité à la Société d’État qui ont pu réduire l’efficacité de l’implantation de mesures d’égalité des chances dans les années 1970. Nous avons ensuite comparé ces éléments à l’organisation du travail au sein du Service des émissions féminines télévisées à Montréal.
Talk the talk and walk the walk. Evaluation of autonomy in aging and Alzheimer disease by simulating instrumental activities of daily living: the S-IADL
Authors: Quaglino Véronique , Gounden Yannick , Lacot Emilie , Couvillers Frédérique , Lions Amandine , Hainselin Mathieu 
Published: September 2016

ObjectiveThe autonomy of individuals is linked to the achievement of instrumental activities of daily living that require complex behavior. In the elderly, the assessment of autonomy is usually based on questionnaires that have strong subjective constraints. Considering this fact, we tested elderly healthy adults and Alzheimer disease patients using a new measure, the S-IADL (Simulation of Instrumental Activities for Daily Living), to assess the ability to perform effectively activities of daily living.MethodThe S-IADL shares many items with the well-known IADL questionnaire proposed by Lawton & Brody (1969). However, as opposed to the IADL, the assessment of autonomy is not based on the completion of a questionnaire but requires the realization or simulation of various activities of daily living. Eighty-three participants (69 healthy elderly, and 14 Alzheimer Disease patients) completed the IADL and performed the S-IADL assessment.ResultsResults revealed that, like the IADL, the S-IADL is able to identify AD patients who are likely to encounter difficulties in performing everyday activities, and no major differences were found between the IADL and the S-IADL.ConclusionsWe outlined some advantages for prefering, in certain situation, this new tool based on simulation of activities in functional evaluation. Finally, we discuss the main limits of the S-IADL that should be investigated prior to its utilization by clinicians.
Decoupling social status and status certainty effects on health in macaques: a network approach
Authors: Vandeleest Jessica J. , Beisner Brianne A. , Hannibal Darcy L. , Nathman Amy C. , Capitanio John P. , Hsieh Fushing , Atwill Edward R. , McCowan Brenda 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundAlthough a wealth of literature points to the importance of social factors on health, a detailed understanding of the complex interplay between social and biological systems is lacking. Social status is one aspect of social life that is made up of multiple structural (humans: income, education; animals: mating system, dominance rank) and relational components (perceived social status, dominance interactions). In a nonhuman primate model we use novel network techniques to decouple two components of social status, dominance rank (a commonly used measure of social status in animal models) and dominance certainty (the relative certainty vs. ambiguity of an individual’s status), allowing for a more complex examination of how social status impacts health.MethodsBehavioral observations were conducted on three outdoor captive groups of rhesus macaques (N = 252 subjects). Subjects’ general physical health (diarrhea) was assessed twice weekly, and blood was drawn once to assess biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP)).ResultsDominance rank alone did not fully account for the complex way that social status exerted its effect on health. Instead, dominance certainty modified the impact of rank on biomarkers of inflammation. Specifically, high-ranked animals with more ambiguous status relationships had higher levels of inflammation than low-ranked animals, whereas little effect of rank was seen for animals with more certain status relationships. The impact of status on physical health was more straightforward: individuals with more ambiguous status relationships had more frequent diarrhea; there was marginal evidence that high-ranked animals had less frequent diarrhea.DiscussionSocial status has a complex and multi-faceted impact on individual health. Our work suggests an important role of uncertainty in one’s social status in status-health research. This work also suggests that in order to fully explore the mechanisms for how social life influences health, more complex metrics of social systems and their dynamics are needed.
Characterization of novel bacteriophage phiC119 capable of lysing multidrug-resistant Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coliO157:H7
Authors: Amarillas Luis , Chaidez Cristóbal , González-Robles Arturo , Lugo-Melchor Yadira , León-Félix Josefina 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundShiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) is one of the most common and widely distributed foodborne pathogens that has been frequently implicated in gastrointestinal and urinary tract infections. Moreover, high rates of multiple antibiotic-resistantE. colistrains have been reported worldwide. Due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, bacteriophages are considered an attractive alternative to biocontrol pathogenic bacteria. Characterization is a preliminary step towards designing a phage for biocontrol.MethodsIn this study, we describe the characterization of a bacteriophage designated phiC119, which can infect and lyse several multidrug-resistant STEC strains and someSalmonellastrains. The phage genome was screened to detect thestx-genes using PCR, morphological analysis, host range was determined, and genome sequencing were carried out, as well as an analysis of the cohesive ends and identification of the type of genetic material through enzymatic digestion of the genome.ResultsAnalysis of the bacteriophage particles by transmission electron microscopy showed that it had an icosahedral head and a long tail, characteristic of the familySiphoviridae. The phage exhibits broad host range against multidrug-resistant and highly virulentE. coliisolates. One-step growth experiments revealed that the phiC119 phage presented a large burst size (210 PFU/cell) and a latent period of 20 min. Based on genomic analysis, the phage contains a linear double-stranded DNA genome with a size of 47,319 bp. The phage encodes 75 putative proteins, but lysogeny and virulence genes were not found in the phiC119 genome.ConclusionThese results suggest that phage phiC119 may be a good biological control agent. However, further studies are required to ensure its control of STEC and to confirm the safety of phage use.
Long‐lasting negative ionospheric storm effects in low and middle latitudes during the recovery phase of the 17 March 2013 geomagnetic storm
Authors: Yue Xinan , Wang Wenbin , Lei Jiuhou , Burns Alan , Zhang Yongliang , Wan Weixing , Liu Libo , Hu Lianhuan , Zhao Biqiang , Schreiner William S. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this paper, an ionospheric electron density reanalysis algorithm was used to generate global optimized electron density during the 17–18 March 2013 geomagnetic storm by assimilating ~10 low Earth orbit satellites based and ~450 ground global navigation satellite system receiver‐based total electron content into a background ionospheric model. The reanalyzed electron density could identify the large‐scale ionospheric features quite well during storm time, including the storm‐enhanced density, the positive ionospheric storm effect during the initial and main phases, and the negative ionospheric storm effect during the recovery phase. The simulations from the Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model can reproduce similar large‐scale ionospheric disturbances as seen in the reanalysis results. Both the reanalysis and simulations show long‐lasting (>17 h) daytime negative storm effect over the Asia sector as well as hemispheric asymmetry during the recovery phase. Detailed analysis of the Global Ultraviolet Imager‐derived O/N2 ratio and model simulations indicate that the polar ward meridional wind disturbance, the downward E × B drift disturbance and O/N2 depletion might be responsible for the negative storm effect. The hemispheric asymmetry is mainly caused by the geomagnetic field line configuration, which could cause hemispheric asymmetry in the O/N2 depletion.
Nonpolar organic compounds as PM2.5 source tracers: Investigation of their sources and degradation in the Pearl River Delta, China
Authors: Wang Qiongqiong , Feng Yongming , Huang X. H. Hilda , Griffith Stephen M. , Zhang Ting , Zhang Qingyan , Wu Dui , Yu Jian Zhen 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA group of nonpolar organic compounds (NPOCs) in five compound classes including alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hopanes, steranes, and 1,3,5‐triphenylbenzene were quantified in samples of particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm collected at four sites in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, China, over a 2 year period from 2011 to 2012. The four sites include industrial (Nanhai), urban (Guangzhou), urban outskirt (Dongguan), and suburban (Nansha) locations. Some NPOCs are uniquely emitted from particular combustion sources and thereby serving as markers in source apportionment. Based on this multiyear and multisite NPOC data set, spatial and seasonal variations, correlation analysis, and ratio‐ratio plots were used to investigate the source information and degradation of NPOC tracers. In summer, NPOCs showed distinct local emission characteristics, with urban sites having much higher concentrations than suburban sites. In winter, regional transport was an important influence on NPOC levels, driving up concentrations at all sampling sites and diminishing an urban‐suburban spatial gradient. The lighter NPOCs exhibited more prominent seasonal variations. Such spatiotemporal features suggest that their particle‐phase abundance is more influenced by temperature, which is a critical factor in controlling the extent of semivolatile organics partitioned into the aerosol phase. The heavier NPOCs, especially PAHs, showed negligible correlation among the four sites, suggesting more influence from local emissions. Ratio‐ratio plots indicate photodegradation and mixing of various sources for the NPOCs in the PRD. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of this large NPOC data set suggests that heavier NPOCs are more suitable source indicators than lighter NPOCs. Incorporating particle‐phase light NPOC concentrations in PMF produces a separate factor, which primarily contains those light NPOCs and likely is not a source factor. Total NPOC concentrations predicted using Pankow partitioning theory were explored as PMF inputs; however, the PMF solution is not able to fully explain the input total concentrations or to give reasonable source profiles, suggesting the need for reliable gas‐phase NPOC data before their use in source apportionment studies. In addition, degradation of NPOCs needs to be considered to avoid misinterpretation of PMF source apportionment results.
Diurnal timescale feedbacks in the tropical cumulus regime
Authors: Ruppert James H. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAlthough the importance of the diurnal cycle in modulating clouds and precipitation has long been recognized, its impact on the climate system at longer timescales has remained elusive. Mounting evidence indicates that the diurnal cycle may substantially affect leading climate modes through nonlinear rectification. In this study, an idealized cloud‐resolving model experiment is executed to isolate a diurnal timescale feedback in the shallow cumulus regime over the tropical warm pool. This feedback is isolated by modifying the period of the diurnal cycle (or removing it), which proportionally scales (or removes) the diurnal thermodynamic forcing that clouds respond to. This diurnal forcing is identified as covarying cycles of static stability and humidity in the lower troposphere, wherein the most unstable conditions coincide with greatest humidity each afternoon. This diurnal forcing yields deeper clouds and greater daily‐mean cumulus heating than would otherwise occur, in turn reducing large‐scale subsidence from day to day according to the “weak temperature gradient” approximation. This diurnal forcing therefore manifests as a timescale feedback by accelerating the onset of deep convection. The longwave cloud‐radiation effect is found to amplify this timescale feedback, since the resulting invigoration of clouds (increased upper‐cloud radiative cooling, with suppressed cooling below) scales with cloud depth (i.e., optical thickness), and hence with the magnitude of diurnal forcing. These findings highlight the pressing need to remedy longstanding problems related to the diurnal cycle in many climate models. Given the evident sensitivity of climate variability to diurnal processes, doing so may yield advances in climate prediction at longer timescales.
Quantifying and reducing leakage errors in the JPL RL05M GRACE mascon solution
Authors: Wiese David N. , Landerer Felix W. , Watkins Michael M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractRecent advances in processing data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) have led to a new generation of gravity solutions constrained within a Bayesian framework to remove correlated errors rather than relying on empirical filters. The JPL RL05M mascon solution is one such solution, solving for mass variations using spherical cap mass concentration elements (mascons), while relying on external information provided by near‐global geophysical models to constrain the solution. This new gravity solution is fundamentally different than the traditional spherical harmonic gravity solution, and as such, requires different care when postprocessing. Here we discuss two classes of postprocessing considerations for the JPL RL05M GRACE mascon solution: (1) reducing leakage errors across land/ocean boundaries, and (2) scaling the solutions to account for leakage errors introduced through parameterizing the gravity solution in terms of mascons. A Coastline Resolution Improvement (CRI) filter is developed to reduce leakage errors across coastlines. Synthetic simulations reveal a reduction in leakage errors of ∼50%, such that residual leakage errors are ∼1 cm equivalent water height (EWH) averaged globally. A set of gain factors is derived to reduce leakage errors for continental hydrology applications. The combined effect of the CRI filter coupled with application of the gain factors, is shown to reduce leakage errors when determining the mass balance of large (>160,000 km2) hydrological basins from 11% to 30% (0.6–1.5 mm EWH) averaged globally, with local improvements up to 38%–81% (9–19 mm EWH).
Combined Biocatalytic and Chemical Transformations of Oleic Acid to ω‐Hydroxynonanoic Acid and α,ω‐Nonanedioic Acid
Authors: Koppireddi Satish , Seo Joo‐Hyun , Jeon Eun‐Yeong , Chowdhury Partha Sarathi , Jang Hyun‐Young , Park Jin‐Byung , Kwon Yong‐Uk 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA practical chemoenzymatic method for the synthesis of 9‐hydroxynonanoic acid and 1,9‐nonanedioic acid (i.e., azelaic acid) from oleic acid [(9Z)‐octadec‐9‐enoic acid] was investigated. Biotransformation of oleic acid into 9‐(nonanoyloxy)nonanoic acid via 10‐hydroxyoctadecanoic acid and 10‐keto‐octadecanoic acid was driven by a C‐9 double bond hydratase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, an alcohol dehydrogenase from Micrococcus luteus, and a Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO) from Pseudomonas putida KT2440, which was expressed in recombinant Escherichia coli. After production of the ester (i.e., the BVMO reaction product), the compound was chemically hydrolyzed to n‐nonanoic acid and 9‐hydroxynonanoic acid because n‐nonanoic acid is toxic to E. coli. The ester was also converted into 9‐hydroxynonanoic acid and the n‐nonanoic acid methyl ester, which can be oxygenated into the 9‐hydroxynonanoic acid methyl ester by the AlkBGT from P. putida GPo1. Finally, 9‐hydroxynonanoic acid was chemically oxidized to azelaic acid with a high yield under fairly mild reaction conditions. For example, whole‐cell biotransformation at a high cell density (i.e., 10 g dry cells/L) allowed the final ester product concentration and volumetric productivity to reach 25 mM and 2.8 mM h−1, respectively. The overall molar yield of azelaic acid from oleic acid was 58%, based on the biotransformation and chemical transformation conversion yields of 84% and 68%, respectively.magnified image
Rare Metal‐Free Photo‐Aerobic Intramolecular Dehydrogenative Cyclization Reaction towards Polycyclic Heteroarenes
Authors: Yamaguchi Eiji , Sudo Yusuke , Tada Norihiro , Itoh Akichika 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe have achieved a rare‐metal‐free photo‐aerobic intramolecular dehydrogenative coupling reaction from two C—H bonds of indole with malonate. This catalytic system proceeded at room temperature under visible light irradiation with oxygen in the air as a terminal oxidant, and the cyclization products were obtained in good to excellent yields.magnified image
Correlation between the performance of organic bulk‐heterojunction solar cells and the molecular structures of alcohol solvents
Authors: Liu Zhihai , Seo Soonmin , Lee Eun‐Cheol 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTMorphology control is an important issue for boosting the performance of organic bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. In this study, we investigated the correlation between alcohol solvents and the morphologies of poly({4,8‐bis[(2‐ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′] dithiophene‐2,6‐diyl}{3‐fluoro‐2‐[(2‐ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4‐b]thiophenediyl}) (PTB7) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C70‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM)‐based organic solar cells by spin‐casting the alcohol onto the active layers. We found that the morphologies strongly depended on the structure of the alcohol [alkyl chain length and hydroxyl (OH) group position]. Ethanol or 2‐propanol showed the highest performance among the alcohols considered here. Atomic force microscopy images and absorption spectra demonstrated that the alcohols affected the morphologies of PC70BM rather than those of PTB7. The morphologies of PC70BM were dependent on the solubilities of the alcohols to the active layers and the hydrogen‐bonding strengths between the PC70BM and alcohol molecules. Our results indicate that the use of alcohols for solvent annealing is a simple and efficient method for developing high‐performance organic BHJ solar cells. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44367.
Photo‐crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels from low molecular weight prepolymer: Swelling and permeation studies
Authors: Cavallo Anna , Madaghiele Marta , Masullo Ugo , Lionetto Maria Giulia , Sannino Alessandro 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTThe aim of this work was to assess the diffusive properties of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA)‐based hydrogels, derived from low MW prepolymers, in view of potential biomedical applications. Several hydrogels were synthesized through UV irradiation of PEGDA solutions for different exposure times. Swelling measurements in distilled water were performed to estimate the yielded crosslink density, while swelling tests at 37 °C in selected media allowed to analyze the mesh size changes induced by various pH and ionic strength (IonS) conditions. The transport of glucose and insulin through thin hydrogel membranes was finally assessed in a modified Ussing chamber at physiological values of pH and IonS (7.4 and 150 mM, respectively). Results showed that the swelling was dependent on the IonS (with swelling reductions up to 20–30% for IonS increases in the range 0–300 mM) and, to a lesser extent, on the pH of the surrounding medium (with swelling increments of about 10% for increasing pH in the range 2.5–11). All hydrogels were also permeable to glucose and insulin, which displayed comparable diffusion coefficients (in the order of 10−6 cm2/s). Specific interactions between glucose and the polymer chains were evidenced by values of the partition coefficient higher than unity. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44380.