bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Collateral blood flow in different cerebrovascular hierarchy provides endogenous protection in cerebral ischemia
Authors: Luo Chuanming , Liang Fengyin , Ren Huixia , Yao Xiaoli , Liu Qiang , Li Mingyue , Qin Dajiang , Yuan Ti‐Fei , Pei Zhong , Su Huanxing 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCollateral blood flow as vascular adaptions to focal cerebral ischemia is well recognized. However, few studies directly investigate the dynamics of collateral vessel recruitment in vivo and little is known about the effect of collateral blood flow in different cerebrovascular hierarchy on the neuropathology after focal ischemic stroke. Here, we report that collateral blood flow is critically involved in blood vessel compensations following regional ischemia. We occluded a pial arteriole using femtosecond laser ablating under the intact thinned skull and documented the changes of collateral flow around the surface communication network and between the surface communication network and subsurface microcirculation network using in vivo two photon microscopy imaging. Occlusion of the pial arteriole apparently increased the diameter and collateral blood flow of its leptomeningeal anastomoses, which significantly reduced the cortical infarction size. This result suggests that the collateral flow via surface communicating network connected with leptomeningeal anastomoses could greatly impact on the extent of infarction. We then further occluded the target pial arteriole and all of its leptomeningeal anastomoses. Notably, this type of occlusion led to reversals of blood flow in the penetrating arterioles mainly proximal to the occluded pial arteriole in a direction from the subsurface microcirculation network to surface arterioles. Interesting, the cell death in the area of ischemic penumbra was accelerated when we performed occlusion to cease the reversed blood flow in those penetrating arterioles, suggesting that the collateral blood flow from subsurface microcirculation network exerts protective roles in delaying cell death in the ischemic penumbra. In conclusion, we provide the first experimental evidence that collateral blood vessels at different cerebrovascular hierarchy are endogenously compensatory mechanisms in brain ischemia.
Antidepressant‐like effects of fenofibrate in mice via the hippocampal brain‐derived neurotrophic factor signalling pathway
Authors: Jiang Bo , Wang Ying‐Jie , Wang Hao , Song Lu , Huang Chao , Zhu Qing , Wu Feng , Zhang Wei 
Published: November 2016

Background and PurposeDepression is a neuropsychiatric disorder accompanied by a decrease in the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signalling cascade in the hippocampus. Fenofibrate is a selective agonist of PPAR‐α. In this study, we investigated the antidepressant‐like effects of fenofibrate in C57BL/6J mice.Experimental ApproachThe antidepressant‐like effects of fenofibrate were first identified in the forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST), and then assessed in the chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model. The changes in the hippocampal BDNF signalling pathway and adult hippocampal neurogenesis after CSDS and fenofibrate treatment were further investigated. A PPAR‐α inhibitor, cannabinoid system inhibitors and BDNF signalling inhibitors were also used to determine the antidepressant mechanisms of fenofibrate.Key ResultsFenofibrate administration exhibited antidepressant‐like effects in the FST and TST without affecting the locomotor activity of mice. Chronic fenofibrate treatment also prevented the depressive‐like symptoms induced by CSDS. Moreover, fenofibrate restored the CSDS‐induced decrease in the hippocampal BDNF signalling cascade and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. The antidepressant‐like effects of fenofibrate could be blocked by a PPAR‐α inhibitor and BDNF signalling inhibitors.Conclusions and ImplicationsTaken together, these results suggest that fenofibrate has antidepressant‐like effects mediated through the promotion of the hippocampal BDNF signalling cascade.
Revisiting the links between bone remodelling and osteocytes: insights from across phyla
Authors: Currey John D. , Dean Mason N. , Shahar Ron 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTWe question two major tenets of bone biology: that the primary role of remodelling is to remove damage in the bone (so‐called damage‐driven remodelling) and that osteocytes are the only strain‐sensing orchestrators of this process. These concepts are distilled largely from research on model mammal species, but in fact, there are a number of features of various bones, from mammalian and non‐mammalian species, that do not accord with these ‘rules’. Here, we assemble a variety of examples, ranging from species that lack osteocytes but that still seem capable of remodelling their bones, to species with osteocytic bones that do not remodel, and to instances of inter‐species, inter‐bone and/or intra‐bone variation in bone remodelling that show that this purported repair process is not always where the ‘rules’ tell us it should be. This collection of points argues that our understanding of the advantages, roles and primary drivers of remodelling are inadequate and biased to quite a small phylogenetic cross section of the species that possess bone. We suggest a variety of new directions for bone research that would provide us with a better understanding of bone remodelling, tying together the interests of comparative biologists, palaeontologists and medical researchers.
Edge effects on dung beetle assemblages in an Andean mosaic of forest and coffee plantations
Authors: Villada‐Bedoya Sebastián , Cultid‐Medina Carlos A. , Escobar Federico , Guevara Roger , Zurita Gustavo 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn landscapes dominated by agriculture, conspicuous edges often occur between landscape elements. However, there is disagreement about the existence and intensity of edge effects, and information about species‐specific responses remains scarce. Studying such edge effects can help elucidate functional landscape connectivity and contribute to agricultural management. We, therefore, assessed whether sun‐grown coffee represents a barrier to dung beetles in an Andean agricultural landscape. We also evaluated whether the response to edge effects differs among species. We found that diversity and abundance tend to decrease from forest to sun‐grown coffee and that there are sharp increases in species turnover at the forest–coffee edge. We detected several different species‐specific responses to the forest–coffee edge, suggesting differences in the mobility of the species (or spillover) and in the degree of penetration that takes place from forest patches to sun‐grown coffee plantations. This study demonstrates that the sun‐grown coffee matrix constitutes a barrier to forest species and suggests that the forest–coffee ecotone is more complex than expected. Our results support the notion that the conservation value of native forest patches in agricultural scenarios depends on the functional connectivity of forest units in the landscape to maximize the opportunities species have to disperse through the agricultural matrix.
Metazoan parasites of African annual killifish (Nothobranchiidae): abundance, diversity, and their environmental correlates
Authors: Nezhybová Veronika , Reichard Martin , Blažek Radim , Ondračková Markéta 
Published: November 2016

AbstractEstimates of biodiversity and its global patterns are affected by parasite richness and specificity. Despite this, parasite communities are largely neglected in biodiversity estimates, especially in the tropics. We studied the parasites of annual killifish of the genus Nothobranchius that inhabit annually desiccating pools across the African savannah and survive the dry period as developmentally arrested embryos. Their discontinuous, non‐overlapping generations make them a unique organism in which to study natural parasite fauna. We investigated the relationship between global (climate and altitude) and local (pool size, vegetation, host density and diversity, and diversity of potential intermediate hosts) environmental factors and the community structure of killifish parasites. We examined metazoan parasites from 21 populations of four host species (Nothobranchius orthonotus, N. furzeri, N. kadleci, and N. pienaari) across a gradient of aridity in Mozambique. Seventeen parasite taxa were recorded, with trematode larval stages (metacercariae) being the most abundant taxa. The parasites recorded were both allogenic (life cycle includes non‐aquatic host; predominantly trematodes) and autogenic (cycling only in aquatic hosts; nematodes). The parasite abundance was highest in climatic regions with intermediate aridity, while parasite diversity was associated with local environmental characteristics and positively correlated with fish species diversity and the amount of aquatic vegetation. Our results suggest that parasite communities of sympatric Nothobranchius species are similar and dominated by the larval stages of generalist parasites. Therefore, Nothobranchius serve as important intermediate or paratenic hosts of parasites, with piscivorous birds and predatory fish being their most likely definitive hosts.
Barriers to dispersal of rain forest butterflies in tropical agricultural landscapes
Authors: Scriven Sarah A. , Beale Colin M. , Benedick Suzan , Hill Jane K. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractFragmentation of natural habitats can be detrimental for species if individuals fail to cross habitat boundaries to reach new locations, thereby reducing functional connectivity. Connectivity is crucial for species shifting their ranges under climate change, making it important to understand factors that might prevent movement through human‐modified landscapes. In tropical regions, rain forests are being fragmented by agricultural expansion, potentially isolating populations of highly diverse forest‐dependent species. The likelihood of crossing habitat boundaries is an important determinant of species dispersal through fragmented landscapes, and so we examined movement across rain forest‐oil palm plantation boundaries on Borneo by using relatively mobile nymphalid butterflies as our model study taxon. We marked 1666 individuals from 65 species, and 19 percent (100/527) of recaptured individuals crossed the boundary. Boundary crossing was relatively frequent in some species, and net movement of individuals was from forest into plantation. However, boundary crossing from forest into plantation was detected in less than 50 percent (12/28) of recaptured species and was dominated by small‐sized butterfly species whose larval host plants occurred within plantations. Thus, while oil palm plantations may be relatively permeable to some species, they may act as barriers to the movement of forest‐dependent species (i.e., species that require rain forest habitat to breed), highlighting the importance of maintaining forest connectivity for conserving rain forest species.
New Directions and Challenges in Preventing Conduct Problems in Early Childhood
Authors: Shaw Daniel S. , Taraban Lindsay E. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn this article, we review advances in developing and preventing conduct problems in early childhood and identify challenges. Among the topics we address are expanding the targets of prevention programs beyond improving parenting skills, implementing family‐based interventions during early childhood for families living in impoverished communities, making greater use of community platforms that serve young children at risk for early conduct problems, and incorporating techniques such as motivational interviewing to improve families’ engagement in nontraditional mental health settings.
Maternal Support of Children's Early Numerical Concept Learning Predicts Preschool and First‐Grade Math Achievement
Authors: Casey Beth M. , Lombardi Caitlin M. , Thomson Dana , Nguyen Hoa Nha , Paz Melissa , Theriault Cote A. , Dearing Eric 
Published: November 2016

The primary goal in this study was to examine maternal support of numerical concepts at 36 months as predictors of math achievement at 4½ and 6‐7 years. Observational measures of mother–child interactions (n = 140) were used to examine type of support for numerical concepts. Maternal support that involved labeling the quantities of sets of objects was predictive of later child math achievement. This association was significant for preschool (d = .45) and first‐grade math (d = .49), controlling for other forms of numerical support (identifying numerals, one‐to‐one counting) as well as potential confounding factors. The importance of maternal support of labeling set sizes at 36 months is discussed as a precursor to children's eventual understanding of the cardinal principle.
Urinary iodine excretion (UIE) estimated by iodine/creatinine ratio from spot urine in Chinese school‐age children
Authors: Chen Wen , Li Xiang , Guo Xiaohui , Shen Jun , Tan Long , Lin Laixiang , Wu Yalan , Wang Wei , Wang Wenqiang , Bian Jianchao , Zhang Wanqi 
Published: November 2016

SummaryObjectiveTo assess the validity of urinary iodine excretion (UIE) estimated by urinary iodine/creatinine ratio (UI/Cr) from spot urines in Chinese school‐age children.DesignA cross‐sectional survey was performed in which twice‐repeated collections of 24‐h urine, and spot urine samples were obtained within 1 month.MeasurementsUrinary iodine concentration (UIC), urinary creatinine concentration (UCr), urine volume (Uvol) of spot and 24‐h urine samples were measured. Measured 24‐h UIE was calculated from 24‐h UIC multiplied by 24‐h Uvol, while the estimated 24‐h UIE was calculated from spot UI/Cr multiplied by 24‐h urinary creatinine excretion (24‐h UCrE).ResultsNo significant difference was observed in 24‐h Uvol between two repeated collections (P = 0·70), while spot UIC, 24‐h UIC, spot UI/Cr and measured 24‐h UIE were significantly different (P < 0·05). The estimated 24‐h UIE was 247 (136–431) μg/day in the first collection, lower than the measured 24‐h UIE of 329 (183–536) μg/day (P < 0·001), while no significant difference was observed (P = 0·30) in the second sampling as the estimated 24‐h UIE was 355 (168–624) μg/day and the measured 24‐h UIE 350 (181–615) μg/day. The spot UIC (r = 0·57, P < 0·001), spot UI/Cr (r = 0·63, P < 0·001) and the estimated 24‐h UIE (r = 0·83, P < 0·001) were strongly correlated with the measured 24‐h UIE in the first collection. Likewise, in the second sampling, spot UIC (r = 0·60, P < 0·001), spot UI/Cr (r = 0·72, P < 0·001) and the estimated 24‐h UIE (r = 0·89, P < 0·001) were also correlated with measured 24‐h UIE. The Bland–Altman results indicated 95% of subjects were expected to locate within the limits of agreement (LOA), but showed an underestimation of the urinary iodine excretion by the estimated 24‐h UIE. In addition, moderate‐to‐good agreement was found for the estimated and measured 24‐h UIE, with kappa values of 0·55 and 0·66.ConclusionsEstimated 24‐h UIE by UI/Cr ratio from spot urine could represent a valid and reliable alternative for measured 24‐h UIE in estimating iodine excretion in children.
Differential Impairment of Thalamocortical Structural Connectivity in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Zhang Jiu‐Quan , Ji Bing , Zhou Chao‐Yang , Li Long‐Chuan , Li Zhi‐Hao , Hu Xiao‐Ping , Hu Jun 
Published: November 2016

SummaryAimsThe thalamus is a major relay station that modulates input from many cortical areas and a filter for sensory input and is involved in the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, it still remains unclear whether all thalamocortical networks are affected or whether there is selective vulnerability. In this study, we aimed to study the selective vulnerability of different thalamocortical structural connections in ALS and to test the hypothesis of a specific impairment in motor‐related thalamocortical connectivity.MethodsDiffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography was used to identify thalamocortical structural pathways in 38 individuals with ALS and 35 gender/age‐matched control subjects. Thalami of both groups were parcellated into subregions based on local patterns of thalamocortical connectivity. DTI measures of these distinct thalamocortical connections were derived and compared between groups.ResultsThe analysis of probabilistic tractography showed that the structural connectivity between bilateral pre/primary motor cortices and associated thalamic subregions was specifically impaired in patients with ALS, while the other thalamocortical connections remained relatively intact. In addition, fractional anisotropy values of the impaired thalamocortical motor pathway were inversely correlated with the disease duration.ConclusionOur findings provide direct evidence for selective impairment of the thalamocortical structural connectivity in ALS.
Creating an integrated care model for childhood obesity: a randomized pilot study utilizing telehealth in a community primary care setting
Authors: Fleischman A. , Hourigan S. E. , Lyon H. N. , Landry M. G. , Reynolds J. , Steltz S. K. , Robinson L. , Keating S. , Feldman H. A. , Antonelli R. C. , Ludwig D. S. , Ebbeling C. B. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryIn an integrated care model, involving primary care providers (PCPs) and obesity specialists, telehealth may be useful for overcoming barriers to treating childhood obesity. We conducted a pilot study comparing body mass index (BMI) changes between two arms (i) PCP in‐person clinic visits plus obesity specialist tele‐visits (
PCP visits + specialist tele‐visits) and (ii) PCP in‐person clinic visits only (
PCP visits only), with ongoing tele‐consultation between PCPs and obesity specialists for both arms. Patients (N = 40, 10–17 years, BMI ≥ 95th percentile) were randomized to Group 1 or 2. Both groups had PCP visits every 3 months for 12 months. Using a cross‐over protocol, Group 1 had PCP visits + specialist tele‐visits during the first 6 months and PCP visits only during the second 6 months, and Group 2 followed the opposite sequence. Each of 12 tele‐visits was conducted by a dietitian or psychologist with a patient and parent. Retention rates were 90% at 6 months and 80% at 12 months. BMI (z‐score) decreased more for Group 1 (started with PCP visits + specialist tele‐visits) vs. Group 2 (started with PCP visits only) at 3 months (−0.11 vs. −0.05, P = 0.049) following frequent tele‐visits. At 6 months (primary outcome), BMI was lower than baseline within Group 1 (−0.11, P = 0.0006) but not Group 2 (−0.06, P = 0.08); however, decrease in BMI at 6 months did not differ between groups. After crossover, BMI remained lower than baseline for Group 1 and dropped below baseline for Group 2. An integrated care model utilizing telehealth holds promise for treating children with obesity.
Aligning science and policy to achieve evolutionarily enlightened conservation
Authors: Cook Carly N. , Sgrò Carla M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThere is increasing recognition among conservation scientists that long‐term conservation outcomes could be improved through better integration of evolutionary theory into management practices. Despite concerns that the importance of key concepts emerging from evolutionary theory (i.e., evolutionary principles and processes) are not being recognized by managers, there has been little effort to determine the level of integration of evolutionary theory into conservation policy and practice. We assessed conservation policy at 3 scales (international, national, and provincial) on 3 continents to quantify the degree to which key evolutionary concepts, such as genetic diversity and gene flow, are being incorporated into conservation practice. We also evaluated the availability of clear guidance within the applied evolutionary biology literature as to how managers can change their management practices to achieve better conservation outcomes. Despite widespread recognition of the importance of maintaining genetic diversity, conservation policies provide little guidance about how this can be achieved in practice and other relevant evolutionary concepts, such as inbreeding depression, are mentioned rarely. In some cases the poor integration of evolutionary concepts into management reflects a lack of decision‐support tools in the literature. Where these tools are available, such as risk‐assessment frameworks, they are not being adopted by conservation policy makers, suggesting that the availability of a strong evidence base is not the only barrier to evolutionarily enlightened management. We believe there is a clear need for more engagement by evolutionary biologists with policy makers to develop practical guidelines that will help managers make changes to conservation practice. There is also an urgent need for more research to better understand the barriers to and opportunities for incorporating evolutionary theory into conservation practice.
Occurrence and concentrations of isothiazolinones in detergents and cosmetics in Switzerland
Authors: Garcia‐Hidalgo Elena , Sottas Virginie , von Goetz Natalie , Hauri Urs , Bogdal Christian , Hungerbühler Konrad 
Published: November 2016

SummaryBackgroundIn recent years, the frequency of contact allergy to isothiazolinones has increased alarmingly in Europe, but only limited data are available on concentrations of isothiazolinones in consumer products.ObjectivesTo examine the current frequency of isothiazolinones [methylisothiazolinone (MI), methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI), benzisothiazolinone (BIT), and octylisothiazolinone (OIT)] in a wide array of detergents and cosmetics relevant for the Swiss population.MethodsBy means of a market survey, the occurrence of isothiazolinones was investigated in 1948 consumer products. Of these, 88 products were analysed by liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectrometry after ultrasonic extraction.ResultsOnly 7.6% of all cosmetics contained isothiazolinones, but the prevalence in detergents was much higher (42.9%). The measured concentration ranges in detergents were 4.3–10, 3.5–279, 3.8–186 and 7.9 ppm (one product only) for MI, MCI, BIT, and OIT, respectively. For cosmetics, these were 1.3–133 and 4.8 ppm (one product only) for MI and MCI, respectively.ConclusionsOur study has shown that high concentrations of isothiazolinones (including MI) can be found in a large variety of products, in particular in detergents. Therefore, the safe use of these preservatives should be re‐evaluated by including detergents in the exposure assessment.