bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hippocampal transcriptomic responses to cellular dissociation
Authors: Harris Rayna M. , Kao Hsin-Yi , Alarcón Juan Marcos , Hofmann Hans A. , Fenton André A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSingle-neuron gene expression studies may be especially important for understanding nervous system structure and function because of the neuron-specific functionality and plasticity that defines functional neural circuits. Cellular dissociation is a prerequisite technical manipulation for single-cell and single cell-population studies, but the extent to which the cellular dissociation process affects neural gene expression has not been determined. This information is necessary for interpreting the results of experimental manipulations that affect neural function such as learning and memory. The goal of this research was to determine the impact of chemical cell dissociation on brain transcriptomes. We compared gene expression of microdissected samples from the dentate gyrus (DG), CA3, and CA1 subfields of the mouse hippocampus either prepared by a standard tissue homogenization protocol or subjected to a chemical cellular dissociation procedure. We report that compared to homogenization, chemical cellular dissociation alters about 350 genes or 2% of the hippocampal transcriptome. While only a few genes canonically implicated in long-term potentiation (LTP) and fear memory change expression levels in response to the dissociation procedure, these data indicate that sample preparation can affect gene expression profiles, which might confound interpretation of results depending on the research question. This study is important for the investigation of any complex tissues as research effort moves from subfield level analysis to single cell analysis of gene expression.
Errors in action timing and inhibition facilitate learning by tuning distinct mechanisms in the underlying decision process
Authors: Dunovan Kyle , Verstynen Timothy 
Published: June 2017

AbstractGoal-directed behavior requires integrating action selection processes with learning systems that adapt control using environmental feedback. These functions intersect in the basal ganglia (BG), which has at least two targets of plasticity: a dopaminergic modulation of striatal pathways and cortical modulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Dual learning mechanisms suggests that feedback signals have a multifaceted impact on BG-dependent decisions. Using a hybrid of accumulation-to-bound decision models and reinforcement learning, we modeled the performance of humans in a stop-signal task where participants (N=75) learned the prior distribution of the timing of a stop signal through trial-and-error feedback. Changes in the drift-rate of the action execution process were driven by errors in action timing, whereas adaptation in the boundary height served to increase caution following failed stops. These findings highlight two interactive learning mechanisms for adapting the control of goal-directed actions based on dissociable dimensions of feedback error.Author SummaryMany complex behavioral goals rely on one’s ability to regulate the timing of action execution while also maintaining enough control to cancel actions in response to “Stop” cues in the environment. Here we examined how these two fundamental components of behavior become tuned to the control demands of the environment by combining principles of reinforcement learning with accumulator models of decision making. The synthesis of these two theoretical frameworks is motivated by previous work showing that reinforcement learning and control rely on overlapping circuitry in the basal ganglia. Leveraging knowledge about the interaction of learning and control signals in this network, we formulated a computational model in which performance feedback is used to modulate key mechanisms of the decision process to facilitate goal acquisition. Model-based analysis of behavioral data collected on an adaptive stop-signal task revealed two critical learning mechanisms: one that adjusts the accumulation rate of the “Go” signal to errors in action timing and another that exercises caution by raising the height of the execution boundary after a failed Stop trial. We show how these independent learning mechanisms interact over the course of learning, shedding light on the behavioral effects plasticity in different pathways of the basal ganglia.
Preferential targeting of lateral entorhinal inputs onto newly integrated granule cells
Authors: Woods Nicholas I. , Vaaga Christopher E. , Chatzi Christina , Adelson Jaimie D. , Collie Matthew F. , Perederiy Julia V. , Tovar Kenneth R. , Westbrook Gary L. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractMature dentate granule cells in the hippocampus receive input from the entorhinal cortex via the perforant path in precisely arranged lamina, with medial entorhinal axons innervating the middle molecular layer and lateral entorhinal cortex axons innervating the outer molecular layer. Although vastly outnumbered by mature granule cells, adult-generated newborn granule cells play a unique role in hippocampal function, which has largely been attributed to their enhanced excitability and plasticity (Schmidt-Hieber et al., 2004; Ge et al., 2007). Inputs from the medial and lateral entorhinal cortex carry different informational content, thus the distribution of inputs onto newly integrated granules will affect their function in the circuit. Therefore we examined the functional innervation and synaptic maturation of newly-generated dentate granule cells using retroviral labeling in combination with selective optogenetic activation of medial or lateral entorhinal inputs. Our results indicate that lateral entorhinal inputs provide nearly all the functional innervation of newly integrated granule cells. Despite preferential functional targeting, the dendritic spine density of immature granule cells was not increased in the outer molecular layer compared to the middle molecular layer. However, chronic blockade of neurotransmitter release in medial entorhinal axons with tetanus toxin disrupted normal synapse development from both medial and lateral entorhinal inputs. Our results support a role for preferential lateral perforant path input onto newly generated neurons in mediating pattern separation, but also indicates that medial perforant path input is necessary for normal synaptic development.Significance StatementThe formation of episodic memories involves the integration of contextual and spatial information. Newly integrated neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus play a critical role in this process, despite constituting only a minor fraction of total granule cells. Here we demonstrate that these neurons preferentially receive information thought to convey the context of an experience - a unique role that each newly integrated granule cell serves for about a month before reaching maturity.
PARP inhibition causes premature loss of cohesion in cancer cells
Authors: Kukolj Eva , Kaufmann Tanja , Dick Amalie E. , Zeillinger Robert , Gerlich Daniel W. , Slade Dea 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTPoly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) regulate various aspects of cellular function including mitotic progression. Although PARP inhibitors have been undergoing various clinical trials and the PARP1/2 inhibitor olaparib was approved as monotherapy for BRCA-mutated ovarian cancer, their mode of action in killing tumour cells is not fully understood. We investigated the effect of PARP inhibition on mitosis in cancerous (cervical, ovary, breast and osteosarcoma) and non-cancerous cells by live-cell imaging. The clinically relevant inhibitor olaparib induced strong perturbations in mitosis, including problems with chromosome alignment at the metaphase plate, anaphase delay, and premature loss of cohesion (cohesion fatigue) after a prolonged metaphase arrest, resulting in sister chromatid scattering. PARP1 and PARP2 depletion suppressed the phenotype while PARP2 overexpression enhanced it, suggesting that olaparib-bound PARP1 and PARP2 rather than the lack of catalytic activity causes this phenotype. Olaparib-induced mitotic chromatid scattering was observed in various cancer cell lines with increased protein levels of PARP1 and PARP2, but not in non-cancer or cancer cell lines that expressed lower levels of PARP1 or PARP2. Interestingly, the sister chromatid scattering phenotype occurred only when olaparib was added during the S-phase preceding mitosis, suggesting that PARP1 and PARP2 entrapment at replication forks impairs sister chromatid cohesion. Clinically relevant DNA-damaging agents that impair replication progression such as topoisomerase inhibitors and cisplatin were also found to induce sister chromatid scattering and metaphase plate alignment problems, suggesting that these mitotic phenotypes are a common outcome of replication perturbation.
Transcriptome-wide analysis of roles for tRNA modifications in translational regulation
Authors: Chou Hsin-Jung , Donnar Elisa , Gustafsson H. Tobias , Garber Manuel , Rando Oliver J. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTCovalent nucleotide modifications in noncoding RNAs such as tRNAs affect a plethora of biological processes, with new functions continuing to be discovered for even well-known tRNA modifications. To systematically compare the functions of a large set of ncRNA modifications in gene regulation, we carried out ribosome profiling and RNA-Seq in budding yeast for 57 nonessential genes involved in tRNA modification. Deletion mutants exhibited a range of translational phenotypes, with modifying enzymes known to modify anticodons, or non-tRNA substrates such as rRNA, exhibiting the most dramatic translational perturbations. Our data build on prior reports documenting translational upregulation of the nutrient-responsive transcription factor Gcn4 in response to numerous tRNA perturbations, and identify many additional translationally-regulated mRNAs throughout the yeast genome. Our data also uncover novel roles for tRNA modifying enzymes in transcriptional regulation ofTYretroelements, and in rRNA 2’-O-methylation. This dataset should provide a rich resource for discovery of additional links between tRNA modifications and gene regulation.
Hospital resilience in the aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines
Authors: Labarda Charlie , Labarda Meredith Del Pilar , Lamberte Exaltacion Ellevera 
Published: June 2017

Purpose
Resilient health facilities, particularly hospitals, are critical for a responsive local health system in post-disaster settings. The purpose of this paper is to look at the experiences of two hospitals (public and private) in Tacloban City, Philippines in the aftermath of a super typhoon and their respective delivery of health services in such setting.

Design/methodology/approach
It described the impact of Typhoon Haiyan on health services delivery capacity and the factors instrumental in the resilience of the case hospitals. Lessons learned from the hospitals’ experiences, both at the level of the hospital staff and the institution, were also drawn. Disaster preparedness of case hospitals were assessed along several domains of resilience. Key informant interviews among stakeholders were conducted with key themes on disaster resilience extracted.

Findings
Disaster preparedness scores for case hospitals were different from each other and were reflected in their experiences of health services delivery in the aftermath of the disaster.

Research limitations/implications
This study on hospital resilience of two case hospitals, in the aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan, is exploratory in nature. The retrospective design of the study made it prone to recall bias. Further, the use of self-report measures for hospital resilience needs to be validated by more objective measures. The lack of baseline pre-disaster resilience indicators and the unpredictability of disasters could perhaps be addressed by a longitudinal study on hospital resilience in disasters in the future.

Originality/value
This study revealed several key findings. Some of the themes that emerged were: public health in disaster is the responsibility of both public and private hospitals; need for flexibility in disaster preparedness and planning, disaster resilience is an emergent process not a static construct, chaos results from zeal without coordination, and the need for integration of disaster preparedness in daily processes and structures of hospital facilities.
Governmental duty of care for disaster-related science diplomacy
Authors: Kelman Ilan 
Published: June 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a first exploration of governmental duty of care towards scientists involved in science diplomacy by focusing on disaster research.Design/methodology/approachThe method is a conceptual exploration, using specific case studies and potential scenarios within theories and practices of science diplomacy and duty of care, to raise questions and to suggest policy recommendations for government. The focus on disaster research links the analysis to disaster diplomacy, namely, how and why disaster-related activities (in this case, science) do and do not influence peace and conflict.FindingsFrom examining case studies of, and outputs and outcomes from, disaster-related science diplomacy, governments need to consider duty of care issues in advance and develop a science diplomacy strategy, rather than responding after the fact or developing policy ad hoc.Practical implicationsPolicy recommendations are provided to try to ensure that governments avoid simply reacting after a crisis, instead being ready for a situation before it arises and drawing on others’ experience to improve their own actions.Social implicationsImproved interaction between science and society is discussed in the context of diplomacy, especially for disaster-related activities.Originality/valueGovernmental duty of care has not before been applied to science diplomacy. The focus on disaster-related science further provides a comparatively new dimension for science diplomacy.
Sharjah: a heritage destination in its growth and development
Authors: Saji Beena Salim 
Published: June 2017

Subject area
This case facilitates students of tourism and marketing to use Kapferer’s brand prism model to analyse the case.

Study level/applicability
This case can be used for tourism undergraduate and marketing students to make them understand the processes for revitalising and developing a destination brand to increase the number of visitors and become more attractive to tourists and visitors. The case highlights the major strategies used by the Sharjah Investment and Development Authority team to develop Sharjah as a family, entertainment, eco-tourism and heritage destination among the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates.

Case overview
Sharjah is one of the emirates which form the United Arab Emirates. The case describes how a young leader of Sharjah developed destination Al Qasba as a tourist attraction, which was earlier not frequented by family and investors. After that, he was vested with the responsibility of developing Sharjah into an investment and heritage destination in United Arab Emirates. The case details how the team used different strategies to attract investors to the destination to make it more attractive to tourists as well the dwellers of the emirates.

Expected learning outcomes
To understand the process of sustainable destination development or place development practices. To analyse the case using using existing models or frameworks such as Kapferer’s brand identity prism or Aaker’s theory and any other. To recommend suggestions in improving the destination development strategies.

Supplementary materials
Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Subject code
CSS 12: Tourism and Hospitality.
How Media Exposure Relates to Laypersons’ Understanding of Psychopathy
Authors: Keesler Michael E. , DeMatteo David 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWhile conceptualization of psychopathy has evolved, so too has the public's relationship with psychology changed. Concurrently, portrayal of psychopaths has made several shifts, both through nonfiction sources and in popular film and television. Psychopathic villains of the mid‐20th century have made space for a growing cast of protagonist psychopaths. This study examined whether a relationship existed between exposure to fictional psychopaths and how lay individuals conceptualize psychopathy. Specifically, this study explored conceptualization differences based on exposure to antagonist versus protagonist fictional psychopaths. Surveyed community participants supported earlier research suggesting mixed misunderstanding of psychopathy. Additionally, higher exposure to protagonist psychopaths was associated with higher endorsement of flattering distractor traits, reflecting a kind of romanticized psychopathy. These findings have legal, practical, and ethical implications, including the potential for biased jurors, confounded research about psychopathy's labeling effect, and questions about how psychologists should respond on an individual and systemic level.
Multiple Symmetric Lipomatosis
Authors: Prahlow Samuel P. , Kosciuk Patrick , Prahlow Joseph A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA significant number of medicolegal deaths involve ethanol. Deaths may be related to the acute, intoxicating effects of ethanol, either in decedents or within persons responsible for causing the deaths of others. Additionally, deaths may be related to chronic alcoholism. A chronic alcoholic may display characteristic external features which allow an observer, such as a forensic pathologist or other physician, to conclude that he/she is probably an alcoholic. Herein, the authors report two decedents with a rare condition known as “multiple symmetric lipomatosis” (MSL), which has a strong correlation with chronic alcoholism. Identification of the peculiar features associated withMSLshould prompt the forensic pathologist to consider chronic alcoholism as a probable diagnosis.
Experimental Study on the Postmortem Redistribution of the Substituted Phenethylamine, 25B‐NBOMe
Authors: Shintani‐Ishida Kaori , Saka Kanju , Nakamura Mami , Yoshida Ken‐ichi , Ikegaya Hiroshi 
Published: June 2017

Abstract2‐(4‐Bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐N‐(2‐methoxybenzyl)ethanamine (25B‐NBOMe) is a substituted phenethylamine, which has become highly prevalent worldwide since 2014. Recently, in an autopsy case involving fatal 25B‐NBOMe intoxication, we found the postmortem increase of 25B‐NBOMe concentration in the cardiac blood approximately 2 days after death. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of 25B‐NBOMe and reproduce the postmortem redistribution using a rat model. Sprague‐Dawley rats were killed 30 min after intraperitoneal injection of 25B‐NBOMe (0.5 mg/kg) and left for 0, 3, 6, 9, 15, or 24 h (six rats at each time point). Postmortem 25B‐NBOMe concentrations in the cardiac blood increased by more than 10‐fold at 6‐h postmortem. 25B‐NBOMe accumulated primarily in the lung. Moreover, this postmortem redistribution occurred even in rats that had died 1 week following the 25B‐NBOMe administration. These findings indicate that attention should be paid to sample collection and data interpretation in the toxicological analysis of 25B‐NBOMe.
Comparison of 10‐day levofloxacin bismuth‐based quadruple therapy and levofloxacin‐based triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Wu Tzung‐Shiun , Hsu Ping‐I , Kuo Chao‐Hung , Hu Huang‐Ming , Wu I‐Chen , Wang Sophie S.W. , Chen Yen‐Hsu , Wu Deng‐Chyang , Su Wei‐Wen , Kuo Fu‐Chen 
Published: June 2017

OBJECTIVEThis was a prospective study aiming to investigate whether levofloxacin plus bismuth‐based quadruple therapy was more effective than levofloxacin‐based triple therapy after failed first‐line eradication therapies for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection.METHODSSixty‐seven patients infected with H. pylori were randomly assigned to two groups; the levofloxacin plus bismuth‐based quadruple therapy group (RBAL [n = 33]; rabeprazole 20 mg twice daily, bismuth subcitrate 120 mg four times daily, amoxicillin 1 g twice daily and levofloxacin 500 mg once daily, for 10 days) and the levofloxacin‐based triple therapy group (RAL [n = 34]; rabeprazole 20 mg twice daily, amoxicillin 1 g twice daily and levofloxacin 500 mg once daily, for 10 days). Endoscopy was performed 4–8 weeks after H. pylori eradication to assess treatment response. We followed up patient response and compliance and checked their resistance to antibiotics.RESULTSIntention‐to‐treat analysis revealed that both groups had similar eradication rates (RBAL vs RAL: 84.8% [95% confidence interval {CI} 72.6–97.1%] vs 67.6% [95% CI 51.9–83.4%], P = 0.0987). No significant differences in compliance or adverse events were found (P = 0.9829 and 0.0720). Epsilometer test showed that most eradication failure cases were levofloxacin‐resistant.CONCLUSIONSAdding bismuth subcitrate to levofloxacin‐based triple therapy was not more effective than not doing so, but no further side effects were noted. Both eradication therapies were equally safe and patients had the same tolerance to both regimens. Resistance rate to levofloxacin may be important when choosing second‐line therapy.
Postconditioning with metformin attenuates apoptotic events in cardiomyoblasts associated with ischemic reperfusion injury
Authors: Ramachandran Rajesh , Saraswathi Mini 
Published: June 2017

SummaryAimIschemic postconditioning is considered as a potent method to combat ischemic reperfusion injury than preconditioning and rapid initiation of reperfusion with potent antioxidant compounds can be one of the most effective treatments to reduce the infarct size and behavioral deficits as a result of ischemic insult. The present study aims to determine the postconditioning effects of metformin in experimental ischemia.MethodsH9C2 cells were subjected to experimental ischemia and reperfused with metformin. Viability, oxidative stress and apoptotic events were determined.ResultsPostconditioning with Metformin effectively maintained cell viability and membrane stability of H9C2 cardiomyoblast cells from ischemic injury at a concentration of 2.5 µg/mL. Decrease in cell death was established viz fluorescent staining and Annexin V‐FITC flow cytometric analysis. In metformin treated ischemic cells the DNA fragmentation and comet length were significantly reduced (p=.0001) affirming antiapoptotic activity of metformin. There was an increase in protein carbonyl content and decrease in nitrate levels after ischemic injuries which were alleviated with metformin treatment. Wound closure was enhanced by metformin treatment. Metformin synchronized the apoptotic proteins such as FasL and antiapoptotic proteins such as Bcl2, Bcl‐xL and p21 which can be attributed as the major mechanism of cardioprotection.ConclusionsThe results envisage therapeutic potential of metformin at lower concentrations as an effective postischemic conditioning agent.