bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth, Employment, and Poverty in Latin America
Authors: Cruces Guillermo , Fields Gary S. , Jaume David , Viollaz Mariana 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This book examines the links between economic growth, changing employment conditions, and the reduction of poverty in Latin America in the 2000s. Its analysis answers the following broad questions: Has economic growth resulted in gains in standards of living and reductions in poverty via improved labour market conditions in Latin America in the 2000s, and have these improvements halted or been reversed since the international crisis of 2008? How do the rate and character of economic growth, changes in the various employment and earnings indicators, and changes in poverty and inequality indicators relate to each other? Our contribution is an in-depth study of the multi-pronged growth–employment–poverty nexus based on a large number of labour market indicators (twelve employment and earnings indicators and four poverty and inequality indicators) for a large number of Latin American countries (sixteen of them). The book presents a positive and hopeful set of findings for the period 2000 to 2012–13. Economic growth took place and brought about improvements in almost all labour market indicators and consequent reductions in poverty rates. But not all improvements were equal in size or caused by the same things. Some macroeconomic factors were associated with changes in labour market conditions, some of them always in the welfare-improving direction and others always in the welfare-reducing direction. Most countries in the region suffered a deterioration in at least some labour market indicators as a consequence of the international crisis of 2008, but the negative effects were reversed very quickly in most countries.
Introduction and Motivation for the Project
Authors: Cruces Guillermo , Fields Gary S. , Jaume David , Viollaz Mariana 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This book examines the links between economic growth, changing employment conditions, and the reduction of poverty in Latin America in the 2000s. Its contribution is an in-depth study of the multi-pronged growth–employment–poverty nexus based on a large number of labour market indicators (twelve employment and earnings indicators and four poverty and inequality indicators) for a large number of Latin American countries (sixteen of them). It presents an exhaustive analysis of the growth–employment–poverty nexus which directly relates changes in all labour market indicators to economic growth, and changes in all employment and earnings indicators to changes in poverty. It also bases its analysis on a broader set of labour market indicators than those used in other studies.
Bolivia
Authors: Cruces Guillermo , Fields Gary S. , Jaume David , Viollaz Mariana 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
During the 2000s, Bolivia experienced moderate economic growth and improved all labour market indicators. The economy suffered a slowdown as a consequence of the international crisis of 2008, but Bolivia sustained positive growth rates during that episode. The unemployment rate fell between 2000 and 2012. The composition of employment by occupational groups, occupational positions, economic sectors, and educational levels improved, and the share of registered workers increased. The chapter shows that all poverty and inequality indicators decreased substantially between 2000 and 2012. The only negative impact of the international crisis of 2008 was an interruption in the declining trend of unemployment.
Brazil
Authors: Cruces Guillermo , Fields Gary S. , Jaume David , Viollaz Mariana 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
During the 2000s, Brazil experienced slow economic growth and a substantial improvement in labour market indicators. From 2001 to 2012, Brazil grew less than the Latin American average. However, the unemployment rate decreased, the employment composition by occupational group, economic sector, and employment position improved, the educational level of workers rose, the share of registered workers increased, and average labour earnings went up. At the same time, poverty and inequality largely diminished. The international economic crisis had a mild effect on the Brazilian economy and some labour market indicators such as the unemployment rate, but the negative effects had been reversed by 2011.
Grip Strength in Women Being Treated for Breast Cancer and Receiving Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy: Systematic Review
Authors: Van der Weijden-Van Doornik E. M. , Slot Dagmar E. , Burtin Chris , van der Weijden G. A. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Background
Adjuvant endocrine therapy in breast cancer has increased survival rates; however, it is not without musculoskeletal side effects.

Purpose
The purpose of this review was to systematically and critically appraise the available scientific evidence concerning the effect of adjuvant endocrine treatment on grip strength in women being treated for breast cancer.

Data sources and study selection
The National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE-PubMed), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Excerpta Medical Database by Elsevier (EMBASE), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) were searched from inception to February 2017 for appropriate papers that could answer the focused question. The searches were independently screened by 2 reviewers. The data from 7 papers that met the eligibility criteria were processed for further analysis.

Data extraction and synthesis
The collective data and the statistical analysis of all included studies were summarized and presented in a descriptive manner. If not provided, based on data from the individual included studies, a mean percent change in grip strength was calculated. The included studies evaluating aromatase inhibitors had inconclusive outcomes, and studies with a follow-up of 6 or 12 months showed a percent reduction in grip strength varying from 0.1% to 9.7%. None of the included studies showed a significant decrease in grip strength in tamoxifen users, with a percent reduction in grip strength varying from 1.4% to 2.2%.

Limitations
The 7 studies included cohort studies lacking a control group.

Conclusions
There is inconclusive evidence for a small decrease in grip strength in women treated for breast cancer who are also receiving aromatase inhibitors. In those that use tamoxifen, grip strength did not change significantly.
Safety and efficacy of neublastin in painful lumbosacral radiculopathy: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial using Bayesian adaptive design (the SPRINT trial)
Authors: Backonja Miroslav , Williams Leslie , Miao Xiaopeng , Katz Nathaniel , Chen Crystal 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Neublastin (BG00010) is a first-in-class, glial cell–derived neurotrophic factor shown in preclinical studies and an early clinical trial to have potential for the treatment of neuropathic pain. SPRINT was a phase 2, multicenter, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study to evaluate efficacy/safety of 5 neublastin doses (50, 150, 400, 800, and 1200 μg/kg) administered as an intravenous injection 3 times/week for 1 week in patients with chronic painful lumbosacral radiculopathy, utilizing Bayesian response-adaptive study design. Primary endpoint was change from baseline in mean 24-hour average general pain intensity over a 5-day period (week 1) after the last dose, analyzed using a Bayesian normal dynamic linear model. One hundred seventy-six patients were randomized and received treatment (placebo n = 48, 50 μg/kg n = 38, 150 μg/kg n = 13, 400 μg/kg n = 16, 800 μg/kg n = 20, 1200 μg/kg n = 41). Among the tested neublastin doses, the lowest dose (50 μg/kg) showed the greatest difference from placebo for change from baseline in mean average general pain intensity at week 1 after last dose, followed by the highest dose (1200 μg/kg) (posterior mean difference −1.36 [95% credible interval −2.22 to −0.52] and −0.75 [−1.59 to 0.08], respectively). Similar trends were observed in secondary efficacy endpoints. The most common adverse event in all neublastin dose groups was pruritus (79% vs 10% with placebo). There was no dose–response relationship with respect to primary/secondary efficacy outcomes or incidence of pruritus, despite dose-proportional increases in serum neublastin concentrations. In conclusion, while this study showed some evidence of pain relief with neublastin, particularly at the lowest dose, there was no clear dose–response relationship for pain reduction or the most common adverse event of pruritus.
Disrupted offset analgesia distinguishes patients with chronic pain from healthy controls
Authors: Kobinata Hiroyuki , Ikeda Eri , Zhang Shuo , Li Tianjiao , Makita Koshi , Kurata Jiro 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Offset analgesia (OA) represents a disproportionately large decrease of pain perception after a brief, temporary increment of thermal pain stimulus and was reported attenuated in patients with neuropathic pain. We examined whether OA depends on the increment duration before offset, and whether individual features of OA distinguish patients with chronic pain and healthy controls. We used a Peltier-type thermal stimulator and OA paradigms including 5-, 10-, or 15-s duration of 1°C-increment (T2) over 45°C. We first examined OA response, on the left volar forearm, at 3 different T2's in 40 healthy volunteers, and OA and constant stimulus responses in 12 patients with chronic pain and 12 matched healthy controls. We measured magnitude of OA (∆OA) and maximum visual analogue scale (VAS) latency (time to peak VAS) during constant stimulus for each individual. Pain perception kinetics were compared with analysis of variance and sought for correlations with psychophysical parameters with a significance threshold at P < 0.05. In healthy controls, longer T2 at 10 or 15 seconds resulted in larger ∆OA compared with T2 at 5 seconds (P = 0.04). In patients, ∆OA was significantly smaller than controls at T2 = 5 or 10 seconds (P < 0.05) but grew comparable at T2 = 15 seconds with controls. Maximum VAS latency was longer in patients than in controls and negatively correlated with ∆OA in patients. An OA index (∆OA/[maximum VAS latency]) proved diagnostic of chronic pain with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve at 0.897. Patients with chronic pain showed impairment of OA and reduced temporal sharpening of pain perception, which might imply possible disturbance of the endogenous pain modulatory system.
Estrogens synthesized and acting within a spinal oligomer suppress spinal endomorphin 2 antinociception: ebb and flow over the rat reproductive cycle
Authors: Liu Nai-Jiang , Murugaiyan Vijaya , Storman Emiliya M. , Schnell Stephen A. , Wessendorf Martin W. , Gintzler Alan R. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The magnitude of antinociception elicited by intrathecal endomorphin 2 (EM2), an endogenous mu-opioid receptor (MOR) ligand, varies across the rat estrous cycle. We now report that phasic changes in analgesic responsiveness to spinal EM2 result from plastic interactions within a novel membrane-bound oligomer containing estrogen receptors (mERs), aromatase (aka estrogen synthase), metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1), and MOR. During diestrus, spinal mERs, activated by locally synthesized estrogens, act with mGluR1 to suppress spinal EM2/MOR antinociception. The emergence of robust spinal EM2 antinociception during proestrus results from the loss of mER-mGluR1 suppression, a consequence of altered interactions within the oligomer. The chemical pairing of aromatase with mERs within the oligomer containing MOR and mGluR1 allows estrogens to function as intracellular messengers whose synthesis and actions are confined to the same signaling oligomer. This form of estrogenic signaling, which we term “oligocrine,” enables discrete, highly compartmentalized estrogen/mER-mGluR1 signaling to regulate MOR-mediated antinociception induced by EM2. Finally, spinal neurons were observed not only to coexpress MOR, mERα, aromatase, and mGluR1 but also be apposed by EM2 varicosities. This suggests that modulation of spinal analgesic responsiveness to exogenous EM2 likely reflects changes in its endogenous analgesic activity. Analogous suppression of spinal EM2 antinociception in women (eg, around menses, comparable with diestrus in rats) as well as the (pathological) inability to transition out of that suppressed state at other menstrual cycle stages could underlie, at least in part, the much greater prevalence and severity of chronic pain in women than men.
The Use of a Stylet in Endoscopic Ultrasound With Fine-Needle Aspiration
Authors: Lai Andrew , Davis-Yadley Ashley , Lipka Seth , Lalama Miguel , Rabbanifard Roshanak , Bromberg David , Nehaul Roger , Kumar Ambuj , Kulkarni Prasad 
Published: June 2017

Background:
Endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is the most efficacious way to collect specimens from a solid lesion adjacent to the gastrointestinal tract and is performed with an internal stylet during puncture. However, its reinsertion into the needle is time-consuming. Controversy surrounds whether quality of cytology specimen improves with stylet use. We performed a meta-analysis comparing the use of stylet versus no stylet with EUS-FNA of gastrointestinal–related masses.

Methods:
Multiple databases were searched from inception until April 28, 2016. Discordant findings from independent extractions were reviewed by at least 2 investigators. Methods were executed as per the standards of the Cochrane Collaboration. Primary outcomes assessed were diagnostic adequacy of individual specimen samples, accuracy, and yield. Secondary outcomes included overall diagnostic accuracy of per-malignant lesion, cellularity, contamination, and bloodiness of the sample, and adverse events.

Results:
Five randomized control trials were identified comparing stylet versus no stylet use, which enrolled 504 patients, evaluated 537 lesions, and 1914 distinct specimens. There was no difference in diagnostic adequacy [risk ratio (RR)=1.00; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.95-1.07], accuracy (RR=0.98; 95% CI, 0.90-1.06), or yield (RR=0.96; 95% CI, 0.89-1.03). No stylet use was favored in per-lesion malignant diagnosis (RR=0.85; 95% CI, 0.76-0.96). There was no difference in representative cellularity, contamination, or bloodiness of specimens obtained with or without stylet use.

Conclusions:
Stylet use confers no significant advantage in diagnostic adequacy, accuracy, yield, contamination, bloodiness, or cellularity over no stylet. We reinforce that no stylet use may be used preferentially in EUS-FNA as a more convenient technique and is favored with a higher per-lesion malignant diagnosis.
Prone or Left for Colonoscopy? A Randomized Controlled Trial of Prone Versus Left-sided Starting Position for Colonoscopy
Authors: Vergis Nikhil , Scarborough Alexander J. , Morris James A. , Hoare Jonathan M. 
Published: June 2017

Background and Aims:
Data have emerged supporting the right-lateral starting position in reducing time to cecum and improving patient comfort for minimally sedated colonoscopy. We aimed to test whether prone starting position results in similar advantages in procedure time and patient tolerability in comparison to traditional left-sided starting position.

Materials and Methods:
We conducted a randomized controlled trial in which patients were randomized to begin in either the prone or left-lateral (LL) position. A total of 181 adult patients undergoing scheduled colonoscopy were stratified by age, gender, body mass index, and experience of the endoscopist. Patients were then randomized 1:1 in permuted blocks. The primary outcome measure was time to cecal intubation and secondary outcome measures included patient comfort that was measured by visual analog scale.

Results:
There was no benefit from prone starting positioning over conventional left-sided starting positioning. Further, prone starting position led to an increase in time to reach cecum (701 vs. 511 s; P=0.01). This could be in part explained by an increased time to reach transverse colon in patients positioned prone (332 vs. 258 s; P=0.06). Comfort levels were similar between patients positioned prone and LL (4 vs. 4 visual analog scale; P=0.6) although endoscopists found colonoscopies in which patients started prone more technically challenging than if started LL (5 vs. 4; P=0.002).

Conclusions:
Prone starting position did not improve time to reach cecum or patient comfort for minimally sedated patients undergoing colonoscopy. The ClinicalTrials.gov identifier is NCT02305706.
The prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome-type symptoms in inflammatory bowel disease patients in remission
Authors: Hoekman Daniël R. , Zeevenhooven Judith , D’Haens Geert R. , Benninga Marc A. 
Published: June 2017

Objective
Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are common in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and are believed to reflect ongoing inflammation. Consequently, a low prevalence of IBS-type symptoms in IBD patients with normal inflammatory markers is expected. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of IBS-type symptoms in IBD patients in biochemical remission (evidenced by low fecal calprotectin levels) and the relationship of these symptoms with fecal calprotectin levels.

Patients and methods
In this observational, cross-sectional study, we included all adults with a history of IBD who had calprotectin levels less than 200 µg/g during routine follow-up between August 2014 and May 2015 at our hospital. Patients were excluded if calprotectin was measured because of gastrointestinal complaints. All patients were approached by telephone to evaluate the presence of IBS-type symptoms using Rome III questionnaires. Patients fulfilling IBS criteria were subclassified according to bowel habits.

Results
In total, 74 patients were included; 33 (45%, 95% confidence interval: 34–56%) fulfilled the IBS criteria. A larger proportion of Crohn’s disease patients with IBS-type symptoms had ileal disease compared with Crohn’s disease patients without IBS symptoms (55 vs. 24%; P=0.03). Other characteristics were similar between groups. No difference was found in calprotectin levels between patients with and without IBS-type symptoms (P=0.91). The majority of patients with IBS-type symptoms had diarrhea-predominant or mixed-type IBS (64 and 27% of patients with IBS-type symptoms, respectively).

Conclusion
The prevalence of IBS-type symptoms in IBD patients in biochemical remission is high. A significant proportion of IBS-type symptoms is unrelated to ongoing inflammation and probably reflects ‘true IBS’.
Hyperuricemia is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Jaruvongvanich Veeravich , Ahuja Wasin , Wirunsawanya Kamonkiat , Wijarnpreecha Karn , Ungprasert Patompong 
Published: June 2017

Background
Hyperuricemia is a significant risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It may also have an impact on the histologic severity of NAFLD. However, data on this association are limited. We conducted this meta-analysis to investigate the relationship of serum uric acid with liver histologic severity as determined by NAFLD activity score (NAS) in patients with NAFLD.

Patients and methods
MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched through August 2016 for studies that investigated the association between hyperuricemia and NAS among patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD. Pooled odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were calculated using a random-effects model (generic inverse variance method). The between-study heterogeneity of effect size was quantified using the Q statistic and I
2.

Results
Five observational studies with 777 NAFLD patients were identified. Patients with NAFLD who had hyperuricemia had a high NAS (defined as score of ≥5) significantly more often than did those without hyperuricemia with a pooled odds ratio of 2.17 (95% confidence interval: 1.51–3.12). The statistical heterogeneity was low, with I
2 of 16% (P
heterogeneity=0.31).

Conclusion
In patients with NAFLD, hyperuricemia is associated with a higher degree of histological liver damage. Further studies are required to establish the role of uric acid-lowering therapy among these patients.
A conserved homo-dimerization interface in human IFIT1 provides insights into IFIT interactome assembly
Authors: Abbas Yazan M. , Martínez-Montero Saúl , Cencic Regina , Pelletier Jerry , Pawelek Peter D. , Damha Masad J. , Nagar Bhushan 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe Interferon-Induced Proteins with Tetratricopeptide Repeats (IFITs) are a group of potently expressed Interferon Stimulated Genes that mediate antiviral innate immunity. Previous studies have revealed that most IFITs partake in higher order structures, potentially as part of an ‘IFIT interactome’ that results in viral inhibition. Recent crystal structures of a mutated, monomeric form of IFIT1 revealed the molecular basis of how it recognizes non-self, capped viral mRNAs to selectively inhibit their translation. However, wild-type IFIT1 forms dimers in solution and the role of dimerization was not examined in detail. Here we present a structural and biochemical analysis of wild-type IFIT1 in complex with capped and uncapped RNA. Wild-type IFIT1 forms an antiparallel, elongated dimer that is in stark contrast to the domain-swapped, parallel dimer found in IFIT2. Dimerization takes place through a small, C-terminal interface that is evolutionarily conserved in IFIT1 and IFIT1B proteins. The interface is modular and can be grafted onto IFIT5, which is natively monomeric, to induce dimerization. Mutational analysis of this interface showed that homo-dimerization is not required for full RNA binding or translational inhibition by IFIT1. Sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation measurements demonstrated a reversible monomer-dimer equilibrium, suggesting that dimerization is of low affinity and could play a role under physiological concentrations, possibly in regulating IFIT interactome assembly. Finally, conformational changes in IFIT1 that occur upon RNA binding provide insight into how RNA enters its binding site in solution.
Doubling healthy lifespan using drug synergy
Authors: Dessale Tesfahun , Batchu Krishna Chaithanya , Barardo Diogo , Fang Ng Li , Man Lam Vanessa Yuk , Xiao Linfan , Wenk Markus R. , Tolwinski Nicholas S. , Gruber Jan 
Published: June 2017

SummaryPharmacological interventions that target human ageing would extend individual healthspan and result in dramatic economic benefits to rapidly ageing societies worldwide. For such interventions to be contemplated they need to comprise drugs that are efficacious when given to adults and for which extensive human safety data are available. Here we show that dramatic lifespan extension can be achieved inC.elegansby targeting multiple, evolutionarily conserved ageing pathways using drugs that are already in human use. By targeting multiple synergistic ageing pathways, we are able to slow ageing rate, double lifespan and improves healthspan while minimize developmental and fitness trade-offs. Moreover, we established that there is no synergistic benefit in adaf-2ordaf-7background, implying the involvement of the TGFβ and IGF pathways in this synergy. Employing lipidomics and transcriptomics analysis we found lipid metabolism to be affected resulting in increased monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and decrease membrane peroxidation index. Our best drug combination showed a conserved lifespan extension in fruit flies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest lifespan effect ever reported for any adult-onset drug treatment inC. elegans. This drug-repurposing approach, using drugs already approved for humans to target multiple conserved aging pathways simultaneously, could lead to interventions that prevent age-related diseases and overall frailty in a rapidly ageing population.