bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of conservation management of landscapes and vertebrate communities on Lyme borreliosis risk in the United Kingdom
Authors: Millins Caroline , Gilbert Lucy , Medlock Jolyon , Hansford Kayleigh , Thompson Des BA , Biek Roman 
Published: April 2017

Landscape change and altered host abundance are major drivers of zoonotic pathogen emergence. Conservation and biodiversity management of landscapes and vertebrate communities can have secondary effects on vector-borne pathogen transmission that are important to assess. Here we review the potential implications of these activities on the risk of Lyme borreliosis in the United Kingdom. Conservation management activities include woodland expansion, management and restoration, deer management, urban greening and the release and culling of non-native species. Available evidence suggests that increasing woodland extent, implementing biodiversity policies that encourage ecotonal habitat and urban greening can increase the risk of Lyme borreliosis by increasing suitable habitat for hosts and the tick vectors. However, this can depend on whether deer population management is carried out as part of these conservation activities. Exclusion fencing or culling deer to low densities can decrease tick abundance and Lyme borreliosis risk. As management actions often constitute large-scale perturbation experiments, these hold great potential to understand underlying drivers of tick and pathogen dynamics. We recommend integrating monitoring of ticks and the risk of tick-borne pathogens with conservation management activities. This would help fill knowledge gaps and the production of best practice guidelines to reduce risks.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Conservation, biodiversity and infectious disease: scientific evidence and policy implications’.
Does the impact of biodiversity differ between emerging and endemic pathogens? The need to separate the concepts of hazard and risk
Authors: Hosseini Parviez R. , Mills James N. , Prieur-Richard Anne-Hélène , Ezenwa Vanessa O. , Bailly Xavier , Rizzoli Annapaola , Suzán Gerardo , Vittecoq Marion , García-Peña Gabriel E. , Daszak Peter , Guégan Jean-François , Roche Benjamin 
Published: April 2017

Biodiversity is of critical value to human societies, but recent evidence that biodiversity may mitigate infectious-disease risk has sparked controversy among researchers. The majority of work on this topic has focused on direct assessments of the relationship between biodiversity and endemic-pathogen prevalence, without disentangling intervening mechanisms; thus study outcomes often differ, fuelling more debate. Here, we suggest two critical changes to the approach researchers take to understanding relationships between infectious disease, both endemic and emerging, and biodiversity that may help clarify sources of controversy. First, the distinct concepts of hazards versus risks need to be separated to determine how biodiversity and its drivers may act differently on each. This distinction is particularly important since it illustrates that disease emergence drivers in humans could be quite different to the general relationship between biodiversity and transmission of endemic pathogens. Second, the interactive relationship among biodiversity, anthropogenic change and zoonotic disease risk, including both direct and indirect effects, needs to be recognized and accounted for. By carefully disentangling these interactions between humans' activities and pathogen circulation in wildlife, we suggest that conservation efforts could mitigate disease risks and hazards in novel ways that complement more typical disease control efforts.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Conservation, biodiversity and infectious disease: scientific evidence and policy implications’.
A human huntingtin SNP alters post-translational modification and pathogenic proteolysis of the protein causing Huntington disease
Authors: Martin DDO , Kay C , Collins JA , Nguyen YT , Slama RA , Hayden MR 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPost-translational modifications (PTMs) are key modulators of protein function. Huntington disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded CAG trinucleotide repeat in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. A spectrum of PTMs have been shown to modify the normal functions of HTT, including proteolysis, phosphorylation and lipidation, but the full contribution of these PTMs to the molecular pathogenesis of HD remains unclear. In this study, we examine all commonly occurring missense mutations inHTTto identify potential human modifiers of HTT PTMs relevant to HD biology. We reveal a SNP that modifies post-translational myristoylation of HTT, resulting in downstream alterations to toxic HTT proteolysis in human cells. This is the first SNP shown to functionally modify a PTM in HD and the first validated genetic modifier of post-translational myristoylation. This SNP is a high-priority candidate modifier of HD phenotypes and may illuminate HD biology in human studies.
Dynactin binding to tyrosinated microtubules promotes centrosome centration inC. elegansby enhancing dynein-mediated organelle transport
Authors: Barbosa Daniel José , Duro Joana , Cheerambathur Dhanya K. , Prevo Bram , Carvalho Ana Xavier , Gassmann Reto 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTThe microtubule-based motor dynein generates pulling forces for centrosome centration and mitotic spindle positioning in animal cells. How the essential dynein activator dynactin regulates these functions of the motor is incompletely understood. Here, we dissect the role of dynactin’s microtubule binding activity, located in p150’s CAP-Gly domain and an adjacent basic patch, in theC. eleganszygote. Using precise mutants engineered by genome editing, we show that microtubule tip tracking of dynein-dynactin is dispensable for targeting the motor to the cell cortex and for generating cortical pulling forces. Instead, p150 CAP-Gly mutants inhibit cytoplasmic pulling forces responsible for centration of centrosomes and attached pronuclei. The centration defects are mimicked by mutations of the C-terminal tyrosine of α-tubulin, and both p150 CAP-Gly and tubulin tyrosination mutants decrease the frequency of organelle transport from the cell periphery towards centrosomes during centration. In light of recent work on dynein-dynactin motilityin vitro, our results suggest that p150 GAP-Gly domain binding to tyrosinated microtubules promotes initiation of dynein-mediated organelle transport in the dividing embryo, and that this function of dynactin is important for generating robust cytoplasmic pulling forces for centrosome centration.
Optimal information transfer in enzymatic networks: A field theoretic formulation
Authors: Samanta Himadri S. , Hinczewski Michael , Thirumalai D. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSignaling in enzymatic networks is typically triggered by environmental fluctuations, resulting in a series of stochastic chemical reactions, leading to corruption of the signal by noise. For example, information flow is initiated by binding of extracellular ligands to receptors, which is transmitted through a cascade involving kinase-phosphatase stochastic chemical reactions. For a class of such networks, we develop a general field-theoretic approach in order to calculate the error in signal transmission as a function of an appropriate control variable. Application of the theory to a simple push-pull network, a module in the kinase-phosphatase cascade, recovers the exact results for error in signal transmission previously obtained using umbral calculus (Phys. Rev. X.,4, 041017 (2014)). We illustrate the generality of the theory by studying the minimal errors in noise reduction in a reaction cascade with two connected push-pull modules. Such a cascade behaves as an effective three-species network with a pseudo intermediate. In this case, optimal information transfer, resulting in the smallest square of the error between the input and output, occurs with a time delay, which is given by the inverse of the decay rate of the pseudo intermediate. Surprisingly, in these examples the minimum error computed using simulations that take non-linearities and discrete nature of molecules into account coincides with the predictions of a linear theory. In contrast, there are substantial deviations between simulations and predictions of the linear theory in error in signal propagation in an enzymatic push-pull network for a certain range of parameters. Inclusion of second order perturbative corrections shows that differences between simulations and theoretical predictions are minimized. Our study establishes that a field theoretic formulation of stochastic biological signaling offers a systematic way to understand error propagation in networks of arbitrary complexity.
A versatile genetic tool for post-translational control of gene expression inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Sethi Sachin , Wang Jing W. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSeveral techniques have been developed to manipulate gene expression temporally in intact neural circuits. However, the applicability of current tools developed forin vivostudies inDrosophilais limited by their incompatibility with existing GAL4 lines and side effects on physiology and behavior. To circumvent these limitations, we adopted a strategy to reversibly regulate protein degradation with a small molecule by using a destabilizing domain (DD). We show that this system is effective across different tissues and developmental stages. We further show that this system can be used to controlin vivogene expression levels with low background, large dynamic range, and in a reversible manner without detectable side effects on the lifespan or behavior of the animal. Additionally, we engineered tools for chemically controlling gene expression (GAL80-DD) and recombination (FLP-DD). We demonstrate the applicability of this technology in manipulating neuronal activity and for high-efficiency sparse labeling of neuronal populations.
Chimeric 14-3-3 proteins for unravelling interactions with intrinsically disordered partners
Authors: Sluchanko Nikolai N. , Tugaeva Kristina V. , Antson Alfred A. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTIn eukaryotes, several proteins act as “hubs”, integrating signals from a variety of interacting partners that bind to the hub through intrinsically disordered regions. Not surprisingly, one of the major hubs, the 14-3-3 protein, that plays wide-ranging roles in cellular processes, has been linked with a number of disorders including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. A partner protein usually binds with its phosphopeptide accommodated in an amphipathic groove (AG) of 14-3-3, a promising platform for therapeutic intervention. Protein plasticity in the groove allows to accommodate a range of phosphopeptides with different sequences. So far, in spite of mammoth effort, accurate structural information has been derived only for few 14-3-3 complexes with phosphopeptide-containing proteins or various short synthetic peptides. The progress has been prevented by intrinsic disorder of partner proteins and, in case of transient interactions, by the low affinity of phosphopeptides. We reasoned that these problems could be resolved by using chimeric 14-3-3 proteins with incorporated peptide sequences. We tested this hypothesis and found that such chimeric proteins are easy to design, express, purify and crystallize. We show that when attached to the C terminus of 14-3-3 via an optimal linker, peptides become stoichiometrically phosphorylated by protein kinase A during bacterial co-expression. We determined crystal structures for complexes of chimeric 14-3-3 protein fused with three different peptides. In most of the cases, the phosphopeptide is bound inside the AG, providing invaluable information on its interaction with the protein. This approach can reinvigorate studies of 14-3-3 protein complexes, including those with otherwise challenging low affinity phosphopeptides. Furthermore, 14-3-3-phosphopeptide chimeras can be useful for the design of novel biosensors forin vitroandin vivoimaging experiments.
Population size determines the type of nucleotide variations in humans
Authors: Subramanian Sankar 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIt is well known that the effective size of a population (Ne) is one of the major determinants of the amount of genetic variation within the population. Here, we examined whether the types of genetic variations are dictated by the effective population size. Our results revealed that for low frequency variants, the ratio of AT→GC to GC→AT variants (β) was similar across populations, suggesting the similarity of the pattern of mutation in various populations. However, for high frequency variants,βshowed a positive correlation with the effective population size of the populations. This suggests a much higher proportion of high frequency AT→GC variants in large populations (e.g. Africans) compared to those with small population sizes (e.g. Asians). These results imply that the substitution patterns vary significantly between populations. These findings could be explained by the effect of GC-biased gene conversion (gBGC), which favors the fixation of G/C over A/T variants in populations. In large population, gBGC causes highβ. However, in small populations, genetic drift reduces the effect of gBGC resulting in reducedβ. This was further confirmed by a positive relationship betweenNeandβfor homozygous variants. Our results highlight the huge variation in the types of homozygous and high frequency polymorphisms between world populations. We observed the same pattern for deleterious variants, implying that the homozygous polymorphisms associated with recessive genetic diseases will be more enriched with G or C in populations with largeNe(e.g. Africans) than in populations with smallNe(e.g. Europeans).
Manifold alignment reveals correspondence between single cell transcriptome and epigenome dynamics
Authors: Welch Joshua D. , Hartemink Alexander J. , Prins Jan F. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSingle cell genomic techniques promise to yield key insights into the dynamic interplay between gene expression and epigenetic modification. However, the experimental difficulty of performing multiple measurements on the same cell currently limits efforts to combine multiple genomic data sets into a united picture of single cell variation. We show that it is possible to construct cell trajectories, reflecting the changes that occur in a sequential biological process, from single cell ATAC-seq, bisulfite sequencing, and ChIP-seq data. In addition, we present an approach called MATCHER that computationally circumvents the experimental difficulties inherent in performing multiple genomic measurements on a single cell by inferring correspondence between single cell transcriptomic and epigenetic measurements performed on different cells of the same type. MATCHER works by first learning a separate manifold for the trajectory of each kind of genomic data, then aligning the manifolds to infer a shared trajectory in which cells measured using different techniques are directly comparable. Using scM&T-seq data, we confirm that MATCHER accurately predicts true single cell correlations between DNA methylation and gene expression without using known cell correspondence information. We also used MATCHER to infer correlations among gene expression, chromatin accessibility, and histone modifications in single mouse embryonic stem cells. These results reveal the dynamic interplay between epigenetic changes and gene expression underlying the transition from pluripotency to differentiation priming. Our work is a first step toward a united picture of heterogeneous transcriptomic and epigenetic states in single cells.
Dainik Jagran: sustaining leadership in the newspaper industry
Authors: Nag Tirthankar , Basu Rituparna , Dasgupta Buroshiva 
Published: April 2017

Subject area
The subject area is strategy and business.

Study level/applicability
The case can be used for MBA students. This is equally effective in short courses meant for low-to-mid-level working executives. The case is suited for classes in strategy, general marketing, media management and family business courses.

Case overview
Dainik Jagran – a vernacular daily – is the most read newspaper in India. Under the banner of Jagran Prakashan Ltd.; which is one of the leading media houses in India, the success of Dainik Jagran has been an outcome of the strategic marketing decisions taken by its founder and his successors in the post-independence era. With extensive circulation, it created a large readership base and took bold decisions to launch multi editions to its daily through a series of acquisitions, mergers and consolidations from 1975 to 2010, enabling it to step into product diversification. Readership surveys, investments in technology, advertising, regular branding events and smart phone applications are a few tools that helped. While the group has diversified into other industries, there is an underlying anxiety about the future prospects of its newspaper business. With the onslaught of online news dailies, will Dainik Jagran be able to expand and maintain its readership base using its previous business and marketing strategies? Or is it time to change strategies for businesses in the newspaper and allied media industry in India?

Expected learning outcomes
The study has the following outcomes: application of value chain concept in businesses serving two-sided markets; application of environmental analysis, Porter’s five forces analysis and related strategy concepts; and learning to critically approach and develop a sustainable growth strategy framework for a successful family-run newspaper business in India.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Subject code
CSS 11: Strategy.
Time to rethink Norwegian maritime collaboration exercises
Authors: Kristiansen Elsa , Løwe Sørensen Jarle , Carlström Eric , Inge Magnussen Leif 
Published: April 2017

Purpose
This case study maps the perceived collaboration between public, private and volunteer organizations during maritime crisis work, with a substantive focus on communication, information flow and distribution of activities. The exercise studied was held in the far north in Norway. It was estimated to be Europe’s most extensive exercise in 2016. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
The data were collected through observations, semi-structured interviews and reviews of associated frameworks and evaluation reports. Data were collected simultaneously at five different sites.

Findings
The key findings showed an intra-organizational focus, a predominance of drills and different informal exercises instead of a cohesive exercise. This made evaluation difficult. Reasons for the fragmentation of the exercise appear to be the size of the exercise and the script.

Research limitations/implications
Generalization of findings is problematic as this study involved only one exercise. However, this study has national significance, as it involved 22 public, private and volunteer stakeholder organizations, including civil emergency response units, the military, the Norwegian Civil Defence, and major maritime volunteer organizations such as the Norwegian Society for Sea Rescue. Collaboration between actors suffered from the size of the exercise. A smaller exercise, less dependency on predetermined scripts, and more receptivity toward improvisation could improve collaboration.

Originality/value
The study shows how collaboration fails as an effect of strict agendas and scripts to accomplish an impressive but complex and oversized exercise.
Responsiveness, the primary reason behind re-shoring manufacturing activities to the UK
Authors: Moradlou Hamid , Backhouse Chris , Ranganathan Rajesh 
Published: April 2017

Purpose
Due to today’s volatile business environment companies have started to establish a better understanding of the total risk/benefit-balance concerning manufacturing location decisions of their component supply. The focus is now much more on comprehensive and strategic supply chain issues rather than simply relying on piece-part cost analysis. This has led to an emerging trend called re-shoring. The purpose of this paper is to understand the primary motivation behind the re-shoring strategy in the UK and investigate the factors that influence this decision from Indian industries perspectives.

Design/methodology/approach
The analysis of the paper is based on interviews conducted in the UK and India (state of Tamil Nadu) in various industries including automotive, industrial goods, textile, and marine. For this purpose an interview framework based on key enablers identified from the literature, being information technology solutions, manufacturing equipment and human factors. This provided an assessment of the capability of the companies for being responsive to western demand.

Findings
The findings indicate that re-shoring to the UK is the result of inadequacy in responsiveness and long production lead times of the Indian suppliers. The outcome of this paper indicates that the top factors behind this inadequacy in responsiveness are logistics and transportation, electricity shortage, excessive paperwork and working attitude.

Originality/value
This paper aims to fill the gap in the re-shoring literature by providing a clear picture behind the reason for re-shoring in the UK and identify the drivers behind this shortcoming in the component supply from India.
Accelerating environmental responsibility through societal governance
Authors: Thiel Monica 
Published: April 2017

Purpose
This paper aims to critically reflect on how societal governance can drive environmental responsibility instead of being used as a support mechanism for other domains in sustainable development and corporate social responsibility.

Design/methodology/approach
There is little discussion in the literature about the individual and social-specific issues and challenges of human and social competition within environmental responsibility. The primary objective of this literature review is to examine how societal governance may decrease environmental responsibility in cross-sector partnerships, especially within the confines of human and social competition.

Findings
Society is competing at differing levels and strategies, thereby creating changing social and environmental contexts for firms that can limit firm competitive advantage and environmental responsibility.

Practical implications
Critically reviewing societal governance apart from economic and environmental domains permits reasonably sound inferences about unmeasured social conditions or situations; thus, permitting greater understanding of not only what is happening and where it is happening but also why it is happening.

Social implications
Society is an underplayed actor than currently portrayed in the literature to drive environmental responsibility within human and social competition in cross-sector partnerships.

Originality/value
This review bridges individual and social aspects of governance and competition within and outside of the firm because society is competing in different contexts that can impact private and public sector environmental responsibility performance.