bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphological Characterization of Acinar Cluster in Mouse Lung Using a Multiscale‐based Segmentation Algorithm on Synchrotron Micro‐CT Images
Authors: Xiao Luosha , Sera Toshihiro , Koshiyama Kenichiro , Wada Shigeo 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the three‐dimensional morphology of pulmonary acini is essential when exploring the biomechanics of respiratory function. In this study, we characterized the morphology of individual acini and a cluster of acini stemming from the same terminal conducting airway using a quantitative approach based on the semi‐automatic segmentation of synchrotron micro‐CT images of mouse lung. The volume and surface area of five clusters of mouse acini including 50 individual acini were estimated based on the voxel and surface mesh of segmented acini at FRC. The pathway length and width were estimated for one cluster including 15 acini based on the skeleton of segmented acini. The acinar volume was 0.09 ± 0.07 mm3 (mean ± SD), and the surface area was 6.82 ± 4.49 mm2, in agreement with previous studies. The volume of the acinar clusters was 0.89 ± 0.34 mm3, and the surface area was 68.18 ± 17.66 mm2. The largest volume acinus per cluster was found in the distal region of the terminal conducting airway, and apparent respiratory bronchioles were observed only in large‐volume acini. The generation number of pathways per acinus was 8 ± 2 (range: 6–12). The pathway length at lower generations (generations 2–6) increased with the generation number in a single cluster, while did not significantly change at lower generations in some acinar groups. The pathway width increased with increasing generation numbers. Our approach characterized the quantitative morphology of pulmonary acinar clusters in mouse lung, and the results can be used in further biomechanical simulation studies. Anat Rec, 299:1424–1434, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kombination von Thermografieaufnahmen mit numerischen Strömungssimulationen zur Bestimmung des Volumenstroms durch Leckagen
Authors: Carrigan Svenja , Kornadt Oliver , Shklyar Inga , Andrä Heiko 
Published: August 2016

AbstractEnergiesparendes Bauen erfordert zusätzlich zu einem hohen Wärmeschutz der Gebäude eine hohe Luftdichtheit der Gebäudehülle. Leckagen in Außenbauteilen sind aus diesem Grund und aufgrund der Tatsache, dass sie Ursache für feuchtebedingte Bauschäden sein können, zu vermeiden bzw. zu beheben. Zur Detektion von Leckagen können Thermografiebilder verwendet werden, die bisher jedoch nur eine lokale Ortung und keine Spezifikation des Energieverlusts durch die Leckage erlauben. Ziel der hier vorgestellten Analyse war es, das Potenzial der Thermografie hinsichtlich eines einfachen, schnellen und präzisen Verfahrens zur quantitativen Bestimmung des Energieverlusts infolge der Luftströmung durch eine Leckage abzuschätzen. Dazu wurde ein Versuchsstand entwickelt und experimentelle Untersuchungen wurden durchgeführt. Diese wurden mit numerischen Strömungssimulationen verglichen, wobei eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung zwischen Experiment und Simulation festgestellt wurde. Darüber hinaus konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Thermografiebild hoch sensitiv ist bezüglich der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit und der bauphysikalischen Kenngrößen des Baustoffs, der die Leckage besitzt. Dies zeigt, dass großes Potenzial darin besteht, aus dem Thermografiebild einer durchströmten Leckage Rückschlüsse auf den Energieverlust durch die Leckage ziehen zu können.Combining thermal imaging with computational fluid dynamics to determine the volume flow through leakages. Energy‐saving building requires in addition to a good thermal building insulation an airtight building envelope. Leakages in exterior building elements therefore have to be avoided or repaired, also in consideration of the fact that they can lead to structural damage by moisture. Thermal imaging can be used to detect leakages. However, to date only the positioning of the leakage is possible, while the energy loss through the leakage cannot be specified yet. The aim of the analysis at hand was to assess the potential of thermal imaging regarding a simple, fast and precise method to determine the quantity of the energy loss due to the air flow through a leakage. For this purpose an experimental setup was developed and experiments were conducted. Those were compared to results from computational fluid dynamics. In doing so, a very good agreement between experiment and simulation was found. Furthermore, it could be shown that the thermographic image is highly sensitive to the fluid velocity and the structural‐physical parameters of the building material which exhibits the leakage. This demonstrates great potential for drawing conclusions from a thermal image of a leakage with an air flow about the energy loss through this leakage.
Microengineered 3D cell‐laden thermoresponsive hydrogels for mimicking cell morphology and orientation in cartilage tissue engineering
Authors: Mellati Amir , Fan Chia‐Ming , Tamayol Ali , Annabi Nasim , Dai Sheng , Bi Jingxiu , Jin Bo , Xian Cory , Khademhosseini Ali , Zhang Hu 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTMimicking the zonal organization of native articular cartilage, which is essential for proper tissue functions, has remained a challenge. In this study, a thermoresponsive copolymer of chitosan‐g‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (CS‐g‐PNIPAAm) was synthesized as a carrier of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to provide a support for their proliferation and differentiation. Microengineered three‐dimensional (3D) cell‐laden CS‐g‐PNIPAAm hydrogels with different microstripe widths were fabricated to control cellular alignment and elongation in order to mimic the superficial zone of natural cartilage. Biochemical assays showed six‐ and sevenfold increment in secretion of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and total collagen from MSCs encapsulated within the synthesized hydrogel after 28 days incubation in chondrogenic medium. Chondrogenic differentiation was also verified qualitatively by histological and immunohistochemical assessments. It was found that 75 ± 6% of cells encapsulated within 50 μm wide microstripes were aligned with an aspect ratio of 2.07 ± 0.16 at day 5, which was more organized than those observed in unpatterned constructs (12 ± 7% alignment and a shape index of 1.20 ± 0.07). The microengineered constructs mimicked the cell shape and organization in the superficial zone of cartilage whiles the unpatterned one resembled the middle zone. Our results suggest that microfabrication of 3D cell‐laden thermosensitive hydrogels is a promising platform for creating biomimetic structures leading to more successful multi‐zonal cartilage tissue engineering. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 217–231. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heterotrophs are key contributors to nitrous oxide production in activated sludge under low C‐to‐N ratios during nitrification—Batch experiments and modeling
Authors: Domingo‐Félez Carlos , Pellicer‐Nàcher Carles , Petersen Morten S. , Jensen Marlene M. , Plósz Benedek G. , Smets Barth F. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTNitrous oxide (N2O), a by‐product of biological nitrogen removal during wastewater treatment, is produced by ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria (HB). Mathematical models are used to predict N2O emissions, often including AOB as the main N2O producer. Several model structures have been proposed without consensus calibration procedures. Here, we present a new experimental design that was used to calibrate AOB‐driven N2O dynamics of a mixed culture. Even though AOB activity was favoured with respect to HB, oxygen uptake rates indicated HB activity. Hence, rigorous experimental design for calibration of autotrophic N2O production from mixed cultures is essential. The proposed N2O production pathways were examined using five alternative process models confronted with experimental data inferred. Individually, the autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification pathway could describe the observed data. In the best‐fit model, which combined two denitrification pathways, the heterotrophic was stronger than the autotrophic contribution to N2O production. Importantly, the individual contribution of autotrophic and heterotrophic to the total N2O pool could not be unambiguously elucidated solely based on bulk N2O measurements. Data on NO would increase the practical identifiability of N2O production pathways. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 132–140. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Monitoring of adherent live cells morphology using the undecimated wavelet transform multivariate image analysis (UWT‐MIA)
Authors: Juneau Pierre‐Marc , Garnier Alain , Duchesne Carl 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTCell morphology is an important macroscopic indicator of cellular physiology and is increasingly used as a mean of probing culture state in vitro. Phase contrast microscopy (PCM) is a valuable tool for observing live cells morphology over long periods of time with minimal culture artifact. Two general approaches are commonly used to analyze images: individual object segmentation and characterization by pattern recognition. Single‐cell segmentation is difficult to achieve in PCM images of adherent cells since their contour is often irregular and blurry, and the cells bundle together when the culture reaches confluence. Alternatively, pattern recognition approaches such as the undecimated wavelet transform multivariate image analysis (UWT‐MIA), allow extracting textural features from PCM images that are correlated with cellular morphology. A partial least squares (PLS) regression model built using textural features from a set of 200 ground truth images was shown to predict the distribution of cellular morphological features (major and minor axes length, orientation, and roundness) with good accuracy for most images. The PLS models were then applied on a large dataset of 631,136 images collected from live myoblast cell cultures acquired under different conditions and grown in two different culture media. The method was found sensitive to morphological changes due to cell growth (culture time) and those introduced by the use of different culture media, and was able to distinguish both sources of variations. The proposed approach is promising for application on large datasets of PCM live‐cell images to assess cellular morphology and growth kinetics in real‐time which could be beneficial for high‐throughput screening as well as automated cell culture kinetics assessment and control applications. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 141–153. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ionic TEMPO in Ionic Liquids: Specific Promotion of the Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols
Authors: Hirashita Tsunehisa , Nakanishi Makoto , Uchida Tomoya , Yamamoto Masakazu , Araki Shuki , Arends Isabel W. C. E. , Sheldon Roger A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe main objective of this study was to design a recyclable TEMPO (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyl‐N‐oxyl) derivative that could be used as a catalyst in an ionic liquid solvent for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols by using NaNO2 and HCl as co‐catalysts. To this end, a TEMPO derivative bearing a quaternary ammonium group, [4‐Bu2MeN‐TEMPO][PF6] (1), was prepared. It was subsequently shown that this ionic TEMPO derivative is an efficient catalyst for the aerobic oxidation of a variety of primary and secondary alcohols. It exhibits a synergistic effect with ionic liquid solvents and readily outperforms analogous oxidations in methylene chloride. Moreover, the ionic TEMPO could be recycled five times with no loss of activity.
SEISMOGENIC MECHANISM OF THE 21 JANUARY 2016 MENYUAN, QINGHAI MS6.4 EARTHQUAKE
Authors: Chao-Zhong HU , Pan‐Xin YANG , Zhi‐Min LI , Shuai‐Tang HUANG , Yan ZHAO , Dan CHEN , Ren‐Wei XIONG , Qing‐Yu CHEN 
Published: August 2016

AbstractOn January 21, 2016, an MS6.4 earthquake occurred in Menyuan county, Qinghai province. Field investigations suggest that the long axis of the elliptical affected area is N120°–140°E. Comparative interpretations of high resolution remote sensing images before and after the shock show more than 23 sites of landslides and collapses, which are more distributed in the north of epicenter than in the south, extending in NNW overall. As the Lenglong Ling fault (LLF) is dominated by horizontal movement from high resolution remote images and field observation, it should not be responsible for this event of pure thrusting. North of the Lenglong Ling fault, there is a fault striking in 140°, which is north‐dipping on the surface according to high resolution remote sensing, similar to the nodal plane I of focal mechanism solutions from deferent institutes. The long axis’ direction of the overall distribution of aftershocks has also a difference of 20° with LLF, while almost parallel to the fault on its north. Thus, we infer that this fault is most likely the seismogenic structure of the Menyuan earthquake. Integrating the characteristics of aftershock distribution at depth, main shock focal mechanism solutions, geometric distribution and activity of the seismogenic fault on surface, in combination with the magnetotelluric sounding and related geophysical data around the earthquake zone, a cartoon model of the seismogenic mechanism is established. We speculate this earthquake is one of the events occurring during the pushing growth process of the Tibetan Plateau blocks in NE direction following the 2008 MS7.4 and 2014 MS7.3 earthquakes in Yutian, Xinjiang.
INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF SHALLOW SCATTERINGS FROM SMALL‐SCALE NEAR‐SURFACE HETEROGENEITIES ON SEISMIC IMAGING: A RESOLUTION ANALYSIS BASED METHOD
Authors: Bo CHEN , Hong-Xiao NING , Xiao-Bi XIE 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn land acquisition, particularly in Western China, the near surface layer is often dominated by small‐scale heterogeneities. Strong scatterings generated in this layer can seriously affect the quality of data acquisition and depth imaging. Although it has drawn wide attention from the industry and research community, there is lack of an effective way to investigate the relation between the shallow heterogeneities and the quality of the depth image. In this paper, we introduce the parameterized random velocity model to simulate the velocity heterogeneities in the shallow depth, thus statistical parameters such as the random spectra, correlation length, root mean square velocity perturbation can be used to describe the highly complicated small‐scale heterogeneities. In the meantime, we introduce the point spreading function to investigate the image quality. The point spreading function and its amplitude and phase spectra in wavenumber domain provide useful information to characterize the quality of the image. This simplifies the descriptions for both complex shallow velocity models and distortions of depth image, making it possible to create a concise relationship between the two. We further use numerical calculations to correlate statistical parameters of random models with the characteristics of point spreading functions. In this way, the relationship between shallow heterogeneities and the depth image can be quantitatively investigated. The proposed method is validated by numerical examples. The results reveal that the thickness of the random layer, the root mean square velocity perturbation, and the correlation length all apparently affect the quality of the depth image.
NUMERICAL TESTS ON CATALOG‐BASED METHODS TO ESTIMATE MAGNITUDE OF COMPLETENESS
Authors: Yi‐Lei HUANG , Shi‐Yong ZHOU , Jian-Cang ZHUANG 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis study compares five methods for estimating the completeness magnitude Mc threshold of earthquake catalogs through applying them to synthetic catalogs generated from 3 different models. We have found that the Median‐based analysis of the segment slope (MBASS) method is suitable for catalogs recorded by networks whose detection capability changes rapidly with magnitude and for those with spatiotemporal heterogeneity if the amount of earthquakes is large enough. The Mc by b value stability (MBS) method is optimal in dealing with catalogs recorded by networks whose detection ability improves slowly with magnitude, but it is time‐consuming. The Maximum Curvature technique (MAXC) & Goodness‐of‐fit method (GFT) underestimate Mc and need an Mc criterion. The Mc from Entire Magnitude Range (EMR) method gives a stable and moderate Mc estimation. It is recommended when the amount of events is not large and the tolerance of missing events is relatively high. This study helps us to choose the optimal Mc estimation method in practice to cope with different earthquake catalogs and points out some potential problems caused by these methods.
SEISMIC DETECTION OF A LOW‐VELOCITY ANOMALY UNDER THE STAGNANT SLAB BENEATH THE EASTERN NORTH CHINA CRATON WITH THE P‐WAVE TRIPLICATION
Authors: Hui‐Hui CUI , Yuan-Ze ZHOU , Yao-Lin SHI , Xiao-Ran WANG , Guo-Hui LI 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe study the P‐wave structure around the 660 km discontinuity (660) beneath the eastern North China Craton (NCC), using a deep earthquake occurred at the border of northeast China and Russia and recorded by the China Digital Seismograph Network (CDSN). Best‐fitting models are obtained with relative travel‐time fittings and waveform comparisons. We find that the 660 km discontinuity is depressed by 15∼20 km, atop which there is a high‐velocity layer about 115∼120 km thick with a velocity increase of 1.5%∼2.0%, which should be the stagnant slab of the Pacific plate; and below the 660, there is a local low‐velocity anomaly with a velocity drop of 0.6%∼0.9%, which is possibly related to the slab dehydration from its bottom to the top of lower mantle or the dehydration of slab fragments that have collapsed into the deep lower mantle, or probably associated with the hot material upwelling induced by the slab deep subduction and the collapsing of slab fragments.
Wound intensity correction and segmentation with convolutional neural networks
Authors: Lu Huimin , Li Bin , Zhu Junwu , Li Yujie , Li Yun , Xu Xing , He Li , Li Xin , Li Jianru , Serikawa Seiichi 
Published: August 2016

SummaryWound area changes over multiple weeks are highly predictive of the wound healing process. A big data eHealth system would be very helpful in evaluating these changes. We usually analyze images of the wound bed for diagnosing injury. Unfortunately, accurate measurements of wound region changes from images are difficult. Many factors affect the quality of images, such as intensity inhomogeneity and color distortion. To this end, we propose a fast level set model‐based method for intensity inhomogeneity correction and a spectral properties‐based color correction method to overcome these obstacles. State‐of‐the‐art level set methods can segment objects well. However, such methods are time‐consuming and inefficient. In contrast to conventional approaches, the proposed model integrates a new signed energy force function that can detect contours at weak or blurred edges efficiently. It ensures the smoothness of the level set function and reduces the computational complexity of re‐initialization. To increase the speed of the algorithm further, we also include an additive operator‐splitting algorithm in our fast level set model. In addition, we consider using a camera, lighting, and spectral properties to recover the actual color. Numerical synthetic and real‐world images demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method over state‐of‐the‐art methods. Experimental results also show that the proposed model is at least twice as fast as methods used widely. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Airport noise predicts song timing of European birds
Authors: Dominoni Davide M. , Greif Stefan , Nemeth Erwin , Brumm Henrik 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAnthropogenic noise is of increasing concern to biologists and medical scientists. Its detrimental effects on human health have been well studied, with the high noise levels from air traffic being of particular concern. However, less is known about the effects of airport noise pollution on signal masking in wild animals. Here, we report a relationship between aircraft noise and two major features of the singing behavior of birds. We found that five of ten songbird species began singing significantly earlier in the morning in the vicinity of a major European airport than their conspecifics at a quieter control site. As birds at both sites started singing before the onset of air traffic in the morning, this suggests that the birds in the vicinity of the airport advanced their activity to gain more time for unimpaired singing before the massive plane noise set in. In addition, we found that during the day, chaffinches avoided singing during airplane takeoffs, but only when the noise exceeded a certain threshold, further suggesting that the massive noise caused by the airport can impair acoustic communication in birds. Overall, our study indicates that birds may be adjusting their mating signals and time budgets in response to aircraft noise.
ECO2N V2.0: A TOUGH2 fluid property module for modeling CO2‐H2O‐NACL systems to elevated temperatures of up to 300°C
Authors: Pan Lehua , Spycher Nicolas , Doughty Christine , Pruess Karsten 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe have improved ECO2N, the TOUGH2 fluid property module of the CO2‐H2O‐NaCl system. The major enhancements include: (i) the upper temperature limit is increased from 110 to about 300°C; (ii) the thermophysical properties of the CO2‐rich phase are more accurately calculated as a non‐ideal mixture of CO2 and H2O; (iii) the approach to calculate the specific enthalpy of dissolved CO2 has been improved to make the code more robust in modeling phase transitions under non‐isothermal conditions; and (iv) more sophisticated models for effective heat conductivity of formations saturated with supercritical CO2 have been provided. The new module includes a comprehensive description of the thermodynamic and thermophysical properties of H2ONaClCO2 mixtures, that reproduces fluid properties largely within experimental error for the temperature, pressure and salinity conditions 10°C < T < 300°C, P < 600 bar, and salinity up to halite saturation. This includes density, viscosity, and specific enthalpy of fluid phases as functions of temperature, pressure, and composition, as well as partitioning of mass components H2O, NaCl and CO2 among the different phases. ECO2N with the TOUGH2 reservoir simulator can be applied to a wide range of problems in geologic sequestration of CO2 in saline aquifers, and in enhanced geothermal reservoirs. ECO2N can describe both sub‐ and supercritical states of CO2, but applications that involve subcritical conditions are limited to systems in which there is no change of phase between liquid and gaseous CO2, and in which no mixtures of liquid and gaseous CO2 occur. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.