bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Recruitment on Static and Dynamic Lung Strain in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: García-Prieto Emilio , López-Aguilar Josefina , Parra-Ruiz Diego , Amado-Rodríguez Laura , López-Alonso Inés , Blázquez-Prieto Jorge , Blanch Lluis , Albaiceta Guillermo M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAbstract
Positive end-expiratory pressure decreased dynamic (cyclical) strain and increased static strain in an animal model (six pigs; oleic acid lung injury) and in a study of six patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Background
Lung strain, defined as the ratio between end-inspiratory volume and functional residual capacity, is a marker of the mechanical load during ventilation. However, changes in lung volumes in response to pressures may occur in injured lungs and modify strain values. The objective of this study was to clarify the role of recruitment in strain measurements.

Methods
Six oleic acid–injured pigs were ventilated at positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) 0 and 10 cm H2O before and after a recruitment maneuver (PEEP = 20 cm H2O). Lung volumes were measured by helium dilution and inductance plethysmography. In addition, six patients with moderate-to-severe acute respiratory distress syndrome were ventilated with three strategies (peak inspiratory pressure/PEEP: 20/8, 32/8, and 32/20 cm H2O). Lung volumes were measured in computed tomography slices acquired at end-expiration and end-inspiration. From both series, recruited volume and lung strain (total, dynamic, and static) were computed.

Results
In the animal model, recruitment caused a significant decrease in dynamic strain (from [mean ± SD] 0.4 ± 0.12 to 0.25 ± 0.07, P < 0.01), while increasing the static component. In patients, total strain remained constant for the three ventilatory settings (0.35 ± 0.1, 0.37 ± 0.11, and 0.32 ± 0.1, respectively). Increases in tidal volume had no significant effects. Increasing PEEP constantly decreased dynamic strain (0.35 ± 0.1, 0.32 ± 0.1, and 0.04+0.03, P < 0.05) and increased static strain (0, 0.06 ± 0.06, and 0.28 ± 0.11, P < 0.05). The changes in dynamic and total strain among patients were correlated to the amount of recruited volume. An analysis restricted to the changes in normally aerated lung yielded similar results.

Conclusion
Recruitment causes a shift from dynamic to static strain in early acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Severity of Myasthenia Gravis Influences the Relationship between Train-of-four Ratio and Twitch Tension and Run-down of Rat Endplate Potentials
Authors: Takahashi Kazunobu , Niiya Tomohisa , Takada Yukimasa , Narimatsu Eichi , Yamakage Michiaki 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAbstract
A rat model was developed to study different severities of myasthenia gravis. Phrenic nerve–stimulated diaphragmatic responses to a standardized rocuronium dose were recorded in vitro. With increasing myasthenia gravis severity, train-of-four and the first twitch became less reliable indicators of muscle strength during recovery from neuromuscular blockade, indicating that the evaluation of neuromuscular blockade by train-of-four ratio may overestimate the extent of recovery.

Background
Train-of-four ratio (TOFR) is often used to evaluate muscle relaxation caused by neuromuscular-blocking agents (NMBAs). However, it is unknown whether TOFR reliably correlates with the first twitch tension (T1) in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). By using rat models of experimental autoimmune MG (EAMG), the authors verified the hypothesis that the severity of MG influences the relationship between TOFR and T1.

Methods
EAMG rats were divided into sham, moderate MG, and severe MG groups. Isometric twitch tension of the hemidiaphragm was elicited by phrenic nerve stimulation with and without use of the NMBA rocuronium to measure TOFR and T1, and run-down of endplate potentials was estimated in the three groups. Changes around the neuromuscular junction in EAMG rats were investigated by observation of electron micrographs.

Results
With similar attenuation of T1, TOFR was significantly (n = 6) different among the three groups in the presence of 50% inhibitory concentrations of rocuronium (IC50). Run-down in the sham group was significantly (n = 8) greater with exposure to IC50, whereas that in the severe MG group was statistically insignificant. Width of the primary synaptic cleft in the severe MG group was significantly (n = 80) greater than that in the other groups.

Conclusions
Severity of MG influences the relationship between TOFR and T1, together with changes in run-down of endplate potentials and those around the neuromuscular junction in rats. TOFR may, therefore, not be an accurate indicator of recovery from NMBAs in MG patients.
Unthreaded Fixation of Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis Leads to Continued Growth of the Femoral Neck
Authors: Örtegren Jakob , Björklund-Sand Lina , Engbom Malin , Siversson Carl , Tiderius Carl J. 
Published: November 2015

Background:
The optimal treatment for slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) remains controversial. In Sweden, the standard treatment is unthreaded fixation over the physis, with the purpose to permit continued growth of the femoral neck. The aim of the present study was to verify and quantify longitudinal growth of the femoral neck after in situ pinning with the Hansson hook-pin.

Methods:
We performed a retrospective study of 54 patients treated with the Hansson hook-pin for SCFE between 2001 and 2009. The immediate postoperative radiograph and the radiograph after physeal closure (mean interval, 34 mo) were analyzed. Because the smooth Hansson hook-pin only has a grip fixation in the epiphysis, the femoral neck growth was determined as the difference in nail protrusion from the lateral cortex between the 2 radiographs. The femoral neck offset was also measured in all radiographs.

Results:
Significant longitudinal growth occurred both in the slipped and the prophylactically treated contralateral hip by mean 7.1 mm (P<0.001) and 10.0 mm (P<0.001), respectively. There was no difference in growth between genders and no correlation between the amount of longitudinal growth and slip severity (range, 4.0 to 71,6 degrees; mean 27.3 degrees). Young patients (less than 11 y) grew more than older patients (more than 14 y), 12.1 vs. 4.2 mm, P=0.002. The femoral offset increased by mean 16% from mean 30.0 to 35.2 mm (P<0.001). The longitudinal growth of the femoral neck correlated with the increase in femoral offset (R=0.51, P<0.001).

Conclusions:
Unthreaded fixation of SCFE with the Hansson hook-pin allows continued growth of the femoral neck. The remaining growth enables the patient to achieve an almost anatomic offset of the hip. This is essential to optimize the abduction forces that stabilize the pelvis during gait. Future studies need to establish whether the longitudinal growth also results in improved remodelling of the proximal femur.

Level of evidence:
Level III—retrospective comparative study.
Non-accidental Trauma Work-up
Authors: Schoeneberg Laura A. , Aguilera Antonio , Raub Lindsay , Williams Charles A. , Gupta Dipankar 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency is an autosomal recessive condition due to absent or decreased activity of LPL enzyme. The LPL deficiency is a rare condition that is mainly diagnosed in children, but there is no standard screening method at this time. In our report, we describe a 6-day-old male infant who was found to have hypertriglyceridemia after lipemia retinalis was diagnosed from a fundoscopic examination for nonaccidental trauma work-up. After dietary modification was done, his triglyceride levels decreased significantly, and there were no complications. When diagnosed later in life, recurrent pancreatitis can be a significant complication.
Parental Language and Return Visits to the Emergency Department After Discharge
Authors: Samuels-Kalow Margaret E. , Stack Anne M. , Amico Kendra , Porter Stephen C. 
Published: November 2015

Objective
Return visits to the emergency department (ED) are used as a marker of quality of care. Limited English proficiency, along with other demographic and disease-specific factors, has been associated with increased risk of return visit, but the relationship between language, short-term return visits, and overall ED use has not been well characterized.

Methods
This is a planned secondary analysis of a prospective cohort examining the ED discharge process for English- or Spanish-speaking parents of children aged 2 months to 2 years with fever and/or respiratory illness. At 1 year after the index visit, a standardized chart review was performed. The primary outcome was the number of ED visits within 72 hours of the index visit. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the relative importance of predictor variables and adjust for confounders.

Results
There were 202 parents eligible for inclusion, of whom 23% were Spanish speaking. In addition, 6.9% of the sample had a return visit within 72 hours. After adjustment for confounders, Spanish language was associated with return visit within 72 hours (odds ratio, 3.49; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–11.90) but decreased risk of a second visit within the year (odds ratio, 0.28; 95% confidence interval, 0.12–0.66).

Conclusion
Spanish-speaking parents are at an increased risk of 72-hour return ED visit but do not seem to be at increased risk of ED use during the year after their ED visit.
Whole genome sequencing of 56Mimulusindividuals illustrates population structure and local selection
Authors: Puzey Joshua R. , Willis John H. , Kelly John K. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTAcross western North America,Mimulus guttatusexists as many local populations adapted to site-specific challenges including salt spray, temperature, water availability, and soil chemistry. Gene flow between locally adapted populations will effect genetic diversity in both local demes and across the larger meta-population. A single population of annualM. guttatusfrom Iron Mountain, Oregon (IM) has been extensively studied and we here building off this research by analyzing whole genome sequences from 34 inbred lines from IM in conjunction with sequences from 22Mimulusindividuals from across the geographic range. Three striking features of these data address hypotheses about migration and selection in a locally adapted population. First, we find very high intra-population polymorphism (synonymous π = 0.033). Variation outside genes may be even higher, but is difficult to estimate because excessive divergence affects read mapping. Second, IM exhibits a significantly positive genome-wide average for Tajima’s D. This indicates allele frequencies are typically more intermediate than expected from neutrality, opposite the pattern observed in other species. Third, IM exhibits a distinctive haplotype structure. There is a genome-wide excess of positive associations between minor alleles; consistent with an important effect of gene flow from nearbyMimuluspopulations. The combination of multiple data types, including a novel, tree-based analytic method and estimates for structural polymorphism (inversions) from previous genetic mapping studies, illustrates how the balance of strong local selection, limited dispersal, and meta-population dynamics manifests across the genome.
MAGELLAN: a tool to explore small fitness landscapes
Authors: Brouillet S , Annoni H , Ferretti L , Achaz G 
Published: November 2015

1ABSTRACTIn a fitness landscape, fitness values are associated to all genotypes corresponding to several, potentially all, combinations of a set of mutations. In the last decade, many small experimental fitness landscapes have been partially or completely resolved, and more will likely follow. MAGELLAN is a web-based graphical software to explore small fitness/energy landscapes through dynamic visualization and quantitative measures. It can be used to explore input custom landscapes, previously published experimental landscapes or randomly generated model landscapes.
Thousands of novel translated open reading frames in humans inferred by ribosome footprint profiling
Authors: Raj Anil , Wang Sidney H. , Shim Heejung , Harpak Arbel , Li Yang I. , Englemann Brett , Stephens Matthew , Gilad Yoav , Pritchard Jonathan K. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAccurate annotation of protein coding regions is essential for understanding how genetic information is translated into biological functions. Here we describe riboHMM, a new method that uses ribosome footprint data along with gene expression and sequence information to accurately infer translated sequences. We applied our method to human lymphoblastoid cell lines and identified 7,273 previously unannotated coding sequences, including 2,442 translated upstream open reading frames. We observed an enrichment of harringtonine-treated ribosome footprints at the inferred initiation sites, validating many of the novel coding sequences. The novel sequences exhibit significant signatures of selective constraint in the reading frames of the inferred proteins, suggesting that many of these are functional. Nearly 40% of bicistronic transcripts showed significant negative correlation in the levels of translation of their two coding sequences, suggesting a key regulatory role for these novel translated sequences. Our work significantly expands the set of known coding regions in humans.
Bison and cattle grazing management, bare ground coverage, and links to suspended sediment concentrations in grassland streams
Authors: Grudzinski Bartosz P. , Daniels Melinda D. , Anibas Kyle , Spencer David 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis study quantified the impact of bison and cattle grazing management practices on bare ground coverage at the watershed, riparian, and forested riparian scales within the Flint Hills ecoregion in Kansas. We tested for correlations between bare ground coverage and fluvial suspended sediment concentrations during base‐flow and storm‐flow events. We used remotely sensed imagery combined with field surveys to classify ground cover and quantify the presence of bare ground. Base‐flow water samples were collected bi‐monthly during rain‐free periods and 24 h following precipitation events. Storm‐flow water samples were collected on the rising limb of the hydrograph, using single‐stage automatic samplers. Ungrazed treatments contained the lowest coverage of bare ground at the watershed, riparian, and forested riparian scales. Bison treatments contained the highest coverage of bare ground at the watershed scale, while high‐density cattle treatments contained the highest coverage of bare ground at the riparian and forested riparian scales. In bison and cattle‐grazed treatments, a majority of bare ground was located near fence lines, watershed boundaries, and third‐ and fourth‐order stream segments. Inorganic sediment concentrations at base flow were best predicted by riparian bare ground coverage, while storm‐flow sediment concentrations were best predicted by watershed scale bare ground coverage.
Apportionment of bioavailable phosphorus loads entering Cayuga Lake, New York
Authors: Prestigiacomo Anthony R. , Effler Steven W. , Gelda Rakesh K. , Matthews David A. , Auer Martin T. , Downer Benjamin E. , Kuczynski Anika , Walter M. Todd 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe integration of the phosphorus (P) bioavailability concept into a P loading analysis for Cayuga Lake, New York, is documented. Components of the analyses included the: (1) monitoring of particulate P (PP), soluble unreactive P (SUP), and soluble reactive P (SRP), supported by biweekly and runoff event‐based sampling of the lake's four largest tributaries; (2) development of relationships between tributary P concentrations and flow; (3) algal bioavailability assays of PP, SUP, and SRP from primary tributaries and the three largest point sources; and (4) development of P loading estimates to apportion contributions according to individual nonpoint and point sources, and to represent the effects of interannual variations in tributary flows on P loads. Tributary SRP, SUP, and PP are demonstrated to be completely, mostly, and less bioavailable, respectively. The highest mean bioavailability for PP was observed for the stream with the highest agriculture land use. Point source contributions to the total bioavailable P load (BAPL) are minor (5%), reflecting the benefit of reductions from recent treatment upgrades. The BAPL represented only about 26% of the total P load, because of the large contribution of the low bioavailable PP component. Most of BAPL (>70%) is received during high flow intervals. Large interannual variations in tributary flow and coupled BAPL will tend to mask future responses to changes in individual inputs.
Assessing Satellite and Ground‐Based Potential Evapotranspiration for Hydrologic Applications in the Colorado River Basin
Authors: Barik Muhammad G. , Hogue Terri S. , Franz Kristie J. , Kinoshita Alicia M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis study evaluates a remotely sensed and two ground‐based potential evapotranspiration (PET) products for hydrologic application in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB). The remotely sensed Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer product (MODIS‐PET) is a continuous, daily time series with 250 m resolution derived using the Priestley‐Taylor (P‐T) equation. The MODIS‐PET is evaluated against regional flux tower data as well as a synthetic pan product (Epan; 0.125°, daily) derived from the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) and a Hargreaves PET derived from DAYMET variables (DAYMET‐PET; 1 km, daily). Compared to point‐scale PET computed using regional flux tower data, the MODIS‐PET had lower errors, with RMSE values ranging from 2.24 to 2.85 mm/day. Epan RMSE values ranged from 3.70 to 3.76 mm/day and DAYMET‐PET RMSE values ranged from 3.55 to 4.58 mm/day. Further investigation showed biases in temperature and radiation data contribute to uncertainty in the MODIS‐PET values, while bias in NLDAS temperature, downward shortwave (SW↓), and downward longwave (LW↓) propagate in the Epan estimates. Larger discrepancies between methods were observed in the warmer, drier regions of the UCRB, however, the MODIS‐PET was more responsive to landcover transitions and better captured basin heterogeneity. Results indicate the satellite‐based MODIS product can serve as a viable option for obtaining spatial PET values across the UCRB.
Improving the Quality of Imaging in the Emergency Department
Authors: Blackmore C. Craig , Castro Alexandra 
Published: November 2015

AbstractImaging is critical for the care of emergency department (ED) patients. However, much of the imaging performed for acute care today is overutilization, creating substantial cost without significant benefit. Further, the value of imaging is not easily defined, as imaging only affects outcomes indirectly, through interaction with treatment. Improving the quality, including appropriateness, of emergency imaging requires understanding of how imaging contributes to patient care. The six‐tier efficacy hierarchy of Fryback and Thornbury enables understanding of the value of imaging on multiple levels, ranging from technical efficacy to medical decision‐making and higher‐level patient and societal outcomes. The imaging efficacy hierarchy also allows definition of imaging quality through the Institute of Medicine (IOM)'s quality domains of safety, effectiveness, patient‐centeredness, timeliness, efficiency, and equitability and provides a foundation for quality improvement. In this article, the authors elucidate the Fryback and Thornbury framework to define the value of imaging in the ED and to relate emergency imaging to the IOM quality domains.
Generation of Evidence and Translation Into Practice: Lessons Learned and Future Directions
Authors: McCabe Aileen Mairéad , Kuppermann Nathan 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe generation, validation, and then translation of definitive evidence to bedside evidence‐based practice is inconsistent and presents many challenges to emergency department (ED) researchers and clinicians. This is particularly true for diagnostic imaging in the ED, where benefits and drawbacks may be difficult to assess in the chaotic ED setting. This article describes, in large part, the experience of the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) in deriving and validating the traumatic brain injury prediction rules and how PECARN is translating these prediction rules into clinical practice. Furthermore, we discuss the potential for patient/parent shared decision‐making with a focus on patient‐centered outcomes in ED research and the role this shared decision‐making may play in enhancing knowledge translation and implementation of evidence‐based care in the ED.
Variation in Pediatric Cervical Spine Computed Tomography Radiation Dose Index
Authors: Marin Jennifer R. , Sengupta Debapriya , Bhargavan‐Chatfield Mythreyi , Kanal Kalpana M. , Mills Angela M. , Applegate Kimberly E. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractObjectivesThe objective was to evaluate variation in the current estimated radiation dose index for pediatric cervical spine (c‐spine) computed tomography (CT) examinations.MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis of pediatric (age younger than 19 years) c‐spine CT examinations from the American College of Radiology Dose Index Registry, July 2011 through December 2014. We used the volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) as the radiation dose estimate and used summary statistics to describe patient and hospital characteristics.ResultsThere were 12,218 pediatric CT c‐spine examinations performed across 296 participating hospitals. Fifty‐six percent were in male patients, and 79% were in children older than 10 years. Most hospitals (55%) were community hospitals without trauma designations, and the largest proportion of examinations (41%) were performed at these hospitals. The median CTDIvol was 15 mGy (interquartile range = 9 to 23 mGy) representing a more than 2.5‐fold difference between the 25th and 75th percentiles. Pediatric hospitals (both trauma and nontrauma centers) delivered the lowest CTDIvol across all age groups and showed the least amount of variability in dose.ConclusionsThere is significant variation in the radiation dose index for pediatric c‐spine CT examinations. Pediatric hospitals practice at lower CT dose estimates than other hospitals. Individual hospitals should examine their practices in an effort to ensure standardization and optimization of CT parameters to minimize radiation exposures to pediatric patients.
Funding Research in Emergency Diagnostic Imaging: Summary of a Panel Discussion at the 2015 Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference
Authors: Cherney Alan R. , Marin Jennifer R. , Brown Jeremy , Anise Ayodola , Krosnick Steven , Henriksen Kerm , Lewis Roger J. , Mills Angela M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAs part of the 2015 Academic Emergency Medicine consensus conference “Diagnostic Imaging in the Emergency Department: A Research Agenda to Optimize Utilization,” a panel of representatives from the National Institute of Health's Office of Emergency Care Research, the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and the Patient‐Centered Outcomes Research Institute was assembled to discuss future opportunities for funding research in this particular area of interest. Representatives from these agencies and organizations discussed their missions and priorities and how they distribute funding. They also addressed questions on mechanisms for new and established researchers to secure future funding.