bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solar-wind predictions for the Parker Solar Probe
orbit
Authors: Venzmer M. S. , Bothmer V. 
Published: November 2017

Context. The Parker Solar Probe (PSP; formerly Solar Probe Plus) mission will be humanitys first in situ exploration of the solar corona with closest perihelia at 9.86 solar radii (R⊙) distance to the Sun. It will help answer hitherto unresolved questions on the heating of the solar corona and the source and acceleration of the solar wind and solar energetic particles. The scope of this study is to model the solar-wind environment for PSPs unprecedented distances in its prime mission phase during the years 2018 to 2025. The study is performed within the Coronagraphic German And US SolarProbePlus Survey (CGAUSS) which is the German contribution to the PSP mission as part of the Wide-field Imager for Solar PRobe.Aim. We present an empirical solar-wind model for the inner heliosphere which is derived from OMNI and Helios data. The German-US space probes Helios 1 and Helios 2 flew in the 1970s and observed solar wind in the ecliptic within heliocentric distances of 0.29 au to 0.98 au. The OMNI database consists of multi-spacecraft intercalibrated in situ data obtained near 1 au over more than five solar cycles. The international sunspot number (SSN) and its predictions are used to derive dependencies of the major solar-wind parameters on solar activity and to forecast their properties for the PSP mission.Methods. The frequency distributions for the solar-wind key parameters, magnetic field strength, proton velocity, density, and temperature, are represented by lognormal functions. In addition, we consider the velocity distributions bi-componental shape, consisting of a slower and a faster part. Functional relations to solar activity are compiled with use of the OMNI data by correlating and fitting the frequency distributions with the SSN. Further, based on the combined data set from both Helios probes, the parameters frequency distributions are fitted with respect to solar distance to obtain power law dependencies. Thus an empirical solar-wind model for the inner heliosphere confined to the ecliptic region is derived, accounting for solar activity and for solar distance through adequate shifts of the lognormal distributions. Finally, the inclusion of SSN predictions and the extrapolation down to PSPs perihelion region enables us to estimate the solar-wind environment for PSPs planned trajectory during its mission duration.Results. The CGAUSS empirical solar-wind model for PSP yields dependencies on solar activity and solar distance for the solar-wind parameters’ frequency distributions. The estimated solar-wind median values for PSPs first perihelion in 2018 at a solar distance of 0.16 au are 87 nT, 340 km s−1, 214 cm−3, and 503 000 K. The estimates for PSPs first closest perihelion, occurring in 2024 at 0.046 au (9.86 R⊙), are 943 nT, 290 km s−1, 2951 cm−3, and 1 930 000 K. Since the modeled velocity and temperature values below approximately 20 R⊙appear overestimated in comparison with existing observations, this suggests that PSP will directly measure solar-wind acceleration and heating processes below 20 R⊙ as planned.
Wie können postoperative Komplikationen bei Patienten mit Frailty vermieden werden?
Authors: Mörgeli Rudolf , Wollersheim Tobias , Spies Claudia , Balzer Felix , Koch Susanne , Treskatsch Sascha 
Published: November 2017

ZusammenfassungPatienten mit Frailty sind anfälliger dafür, Komplikationen während und nach einer Operation zu entwickeln. Bei steigender Prävalenz dieses Syndroms werden das Erkennen sowie das spezielle Management von gebrechlichen Patienten in der perioperativen Phase wichtiger und könnte dazu beitragen, das perioperative Outcome dieser Patienten zu verbessern. Basierend auf aktueller Literatur und Leitlinien, präsentieren wir eine Zusammenstellung von grundlegenden Strategien, die eingesetzt werden können, um postoperative Komplikationen bei Patienten mit Frailty zu reduzieren. Aufgrund ihrer eingeschränkten Anpassungsmechanismen auf Stressoren werden besonders für Patienten mit Frailty potenzielle perioperative Gefahren identifiziert und diskutiert. Dazu gehören das Risiko von Dehydratation, Hypothermie, kardiovaskulärer Dekompensation, ungewöhnlicher Arzneimittelreaktionen und Delirium. Ebenso wird auf die Notwendigkeit von früher Mobilisierung und Ernährungsunterstützung eingegangen. Wenn Frailty präoperativ erkannt und dem Behandlerteam die erhöhte Komplikationsgefahr bewusst wird, gibt es Strategien, die in der perioperativen Versorgung umgesetzt werden können, um die Chancen einer erfolgreichen Erholung des Patienten zu erhöhen.
Neuroanatomie der Sehbahn
Authors: Heermann Stephan 
Published: November 2017

ZusammenfassungGenaue Kenntnisse über die neuroanatomischen Grundlagen des visuellen Systems von der Reizaufnahme in der Retina, der Weiterleitung der visuellen Information in andere Bereiche des zentralen Nervensystems und der Verarbeitung visueller Stimuli ist von großer Bedeutung bei der Diagnostik von Erkrankungen, welche dieses System betreffen. Diese Kenntnisse erlauben bereits nach einer klinischen Untersuchung eine recht genaue topografische Zuordnung von Läsionen. Dieser Beitrag soll dazu dienen, die Neuroanatomie des visuellen Systems mit dem Schwerpunkt der Sehbahn und der Verarbeitung visueller Information darzustellen. Es sollen hier neben der retinofugalen Bahn zum visuellen Kortex auch jene Bahnen erwähnt werden, die zu anderen Zentren des zentralen Nervensystems projizieren. Die Strukturen, die im Dienste der Okulomotorik stehen, werden an anderer Stelle in dieser Ausgabe genauer besprochen.
Die überschätzte Beeinflussung der Exazerbationsrate bei COPD durch Inhalativa (LABA, LAMA, ICS)
Authors: Köhler D. , Dellweg D. 
Published: November 2017

ZusammenfassungDurch zahlreiche Studien ist belegt, dass inhalative, langwirksame Beta-2-Mimetika (LABA) und Anticholinergika (LAMA) sowie Steroide (ICS) die Exazerbationsrate bei COPD signifikant reduzieren. Allerdings konnte auch in aufwendigen und länger dauernden Studien nicht gezeigt werden, dass diese Reduktion der Exazerbation auch die Lebenserwartung reduziert. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigen zahlreiche Studien, dass die Lebenserwartung mit zunehmender Schwere und Häufigkeit der Exazerbation vermindert wird.In dieser Übersicht werden diese Studien gegenübergestellt und die Relevanz der Reduktion der Exazerbationsraten durch LABA, LAMA und ICS durch Bewertung ihrer Effektstärke mittels Cohen’s d bewertet. Dabei zeigt sich in den Studien ein gleiches Muster. Die Reduktion der Exazerbationsrate zeigt nur bei den geringen Schweregraden einen kleinen Effekt (Cohen’s d max. 0,21). Bei Exazerbation mit höherem Schweregrad und bei Vergleich der Substanzen untereinander fällt Cohen’s d unter 0,1, was zeigt, dass die Wirkung der Medikamente klinisch praktisch bedeutungslos ist. Die Wirkung von LABA, LAMA und ICS auf die Exazerbationsrate bei COPD ist deutlich überschätzt.
Model-driven engineering of supramolecular buffering by multivalency
Authors: Paffen Tim F. E. , Teunissen Abraham J. P. , de Greef Tom F. A. , Meijer E. W. 
Published: November 2017

Significance
The ability of chemists to regulate the concentration of molecules is extremely important. However, as reactions are slowly superseded by more complex reaction networks, new ways of regulating molecular concentrations are needed. Recently, we described a system in which the concentration of a monovalent molecule with catalytic activity was buffered over a wide concentration range by its binding to a divalent molecule. Guided by model predictions, we are able to experimentally optimize the system by increasing the valency of the buffer, with even-numbered valencies displaying superior buffering capabilities. These results allow us to understand and gain more control over the activities of molecules in complex molecular systems, thereby obtaining insights into natural systems as well as creating adaptive artificial systems.
Mixed-order phase transition in a colloidal crystal
Authors: Alert Ricard , Tierno Pietro , Casademunt Jaume 
Published: November 2017

Significance
Phase transitions are usually classified in two categories: First-order transitions are discontinuous, and second-order transitions are continuous and exhibit critical behavior. However, the so-called mixed-order transitions combine features of both types, such as being discontinuous yet featuring a diverging correlation length. Such transitions were first foreseen by David J. Thouless in 1969 in spin chains with long-range interactions. Since then, they have been predicted for a number of equilibrium and nonequilibrium systems. Here, we predict and experimentally observe a mixed-order phase transition in a colloidal crystal. Our findings constitute an experimental realization of an equilibrium mixed-order transition, thus enabling the experimental investigation of the surprising properties of such phase transitions.
Amyloid polymorphisms constitute distinct clouds of conformational variants in different etiological subtypes of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Rasmussen Jay , Mahler Jasmin , Beschorner Natalie , Kaeser Stephan A. , Häsler Lisa M. , Baumann Frank , Nyström Sofie , Portelius Erik , Blennow Kaj , Lashley Tammaryn , Fox Nick C. , Sepulveda-Falla Diego , Glatzel Markus , Oblak Adrian L. , Ghetti Bernardino , Nilsson K. Peter R. , Hammarström Per , Staufenbiel Matthias , Walker Lary C. , Jucker Mathias 
Published: November 2017

Significance
The clinical and pathological variability among patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains largely unexplained. Evidence is growing that this heterogeneity may be influenced by the heterogeneous molecular architecture of misfolded amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in the brain. To test this hypothesis, we used unique fluorescent ligands to interrogate the molecular structure of Aβ in amyloid plaques from patients who had died with etiologically distinct subtypes of AD. We found that Aβ-amyloid plaques in the brain cluster as clouds of conformational variants that differ among certain subtypes of AD. The conformational features of AD plaques were partially transmissible to transgenic mice in a seeding paradigm, suggesting a mechanism whereby different molecular strains of Aβ propagate their features within the brain.
Investigating the role of non-governmental organizations in new public diplomacy
Authors: Han Jiyoon (Karen) , Yang Sung-Un 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as a part of new public diplomacy. The study specifically investigates NGO’s use of soft power and social media and how they collaborate with the government. This study utilizes qualitative analysis to investigate how an NGO called the Voluntary Agency Network of Korea (VANK) influences the national reputation of South Korea. In-depth interviews were conducted with VANK employees and officers from Korean government agencies who have expertise in promoting Seoul, South Korea, and Korean culture and have previously collaborated with VANK. Findings show that VANK shares functional roles with the government to convey positive information about South Korea based on boundary-spanning theory. VANK specifically demonstrates expertise in correcting misconceptions about Korea online and implanting positive images of Korea to foreigners by actively employing its extensive networks, social media, and soft power.
Noncoding RNAs in Cardiovascular Disease: Pathological Relevance and Emerging Role as Biomarkers and Therapeutics
Authors: Gangwar Roopesh S , Rajagopalan Sanjay , Natarajan Rama , Deiuliis Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNA) include a diverse range of functional RNA species—microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) being most studied in pathophysiology. Cardiovascular morbidity is associated with differential expression of myriad miRNAs; miR-21, miR-155, miR-126, miR-146a/b, miR-143/145, miR-223, and miR-221 are the top 9 most reported miRNAs in hypertension and atherosclerotic disease. A single miRNA may have hundreds of messenger RNA targets, which makes a full appreciation of the physiologic ramifications of such broad-ranging effects a challenge. miR-21 is the most prominent ncRNA associated with hypertension and atherosclerotic disease due to its role as a “mechano-miR”, responding to arterial shear stresses. “Immuno-miRs”, such as miR-155 and miR-223, affect cardiovascular disease (CVD) via regulation of hematopoietic cell differentiation, chemotaxis, and activation in response to many pro-atherogenic stimuli. “Myo-miRs”, such as miR-1 and miR-133, affect cardiac muscle plasticity and remodeling in response to mechanical overload. This in-depth review analyzes observational and experimental reports of ncRNAs in CVD, including future applications of ncRNA-based strategies in diagnosis, prediction (e.g., survival and response to small molecule therapy), and biologic therapy.
Kings and Kingship in the Writings of Bede
Authors: O’Brien Conor 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This article argues that the Anglo-Saxon intellectual Bede (d. 735) saw kingship as a ‘secular’ office. Previous historiography has tended to rely upon the evidence of Bede’s historical works, which, for reasons of genre and audience, do not accurately represent his attitudes to rulership; here, his exegesis and theology are foregrounded. Bede’s theological writings describe both Christ and Satan as kings, suggesting a morally neutral view of kingship. Biblical texts which would have allowed him to comment upon the behaviour of contemporary kings received purely spiritual interpretations in Bede’s works, which display little interest in general in the ideology of ministerial kingship. The Anglo-Saxon did believe good Christians could be kings and use their power for the benefit of the Church, but this was primarily because of the very ‘secularity’ of kingship, an institution which veered between the elect and reprobate and of which the devout should take advantage when they could. But Bede did not expect these Christian kings to spread the faith at the point of a sword or to transform the power of rulership into a force for ecclesiastical reform. Influenced by Augustinian ideas, contemporary events and the attitudes to earthly monarchy emerging from early medieval Rome, Bede maintained a basic conviction that worldly power belonged to a secular sphere. While Robert Markus influentially suggested that the transition between Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages saw the ‘de-secularisation’ of Europe, the evidence of Bede suggests the continuation of Christian secularism into the eighth century.
Predictors of Health Service Utilization Among Older Men in Jamaica
Authors: Willie-Tyndale Douladel , McKoy Davis Julian , Holder-Nevins Desmalee , Mitchell-Fearon Kathryn , James Kenneth , Waldron Norman K , Eldemire-Shearer Denise 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Objectives
To determine the relative influence of sociodemographic, socioeconomic, psychosocial, and health variables on health service utilization in the last 12 months.

Methods
Data were analyzed for 1,412 men ≥60 years old from a 2012 nationally representative community-based survey in Jamaica. Associations between six health service utilization variables and several explanatory variables were explored. Logistic regression models were used to identify independent predictors of each utilization measure and determine the strengths of associations.

Results
More than 75% reported having health visits and blood pressure checks. Blood sugar (69.6%) and cholesterol (63.1%) checks were less common, and having a prostate check (35.1%) was the least utilized service. Adjusted models confirmed that the presence of chronic diseases and health insurance most strongly predicted utilization. A daughter or son as the main source of financial support (vs self) doubled or tripled, respectively, the odds of routine doctors’ visits. Compared with primary or lower education, tertiary education doubled [2.37 (1.12, 4.95)] the odds of a blood pressure check. Regular attendance at club/society/religious organizations’ meetings increased the odds of having a prostate check by 45%.

Discussion
Although need and financial resources most strongly influenced health service utilization, psychosocial variables may be particularly influential for underutilized services.
Innovative Models for High-Risk Patients Use Care Coordination and Palliative Supports to Reduce End-of-life Utilization and Spending
Authors: Ruiz Sarah , Snyder Lynne Page , Giuriceo Katherine , Lynn Joanne , Ewald Erin , Branand Brittany , Parashuram Shriram , Loganathan Sai , Bysshe Tyler 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Care coordination and palliative care supports are associated with reduced anxiety, fewer hospital admissions, and improved quality of life for patients and their families. Early palliative care can result in savings in the end-of-life period, but there is limited evidence that larger-scale models can improve both utilization and the cost of care. Three models that received Health Care Innovation Awards from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services aimed to improve quality of care and reduce cost through the use of innovative care coordination models. This study explores the total cost of care and selected utilization outcomes at the end-of-life for these innovative models, each of which enrolled adults with multiple chronic conditions and featured care coordination with advance care planning as a component of palliative care. These included a comprehensive at-home supportive care model for persons predicted to die within a year and two models offering advance care planning in nursing facilities and during care transitions.

Research Design and Methods
We used regression models to assess model impacts on costs and utilization for high-risk Medicare beneficiaries participating in the comprehensive supportive care model (N = 3,339) and the two care transition models (N = 587 and N = 277) who died during the study period (2013–2016), relative to a set of matched comparison patients.

Results
Comparing participants in each model who died during the study period to matched comparators, two of the three models were associated with significantly lower costs in the last 90 days of life ($2,122 and $4,606 per person), and the third model showed nonsignificant differences. Two of the three models encouraged early hospice entry in the last 30 days of life. For the comprehensive at-home supportive care model, we observed aggregate savings of nearly $19 million over the study period. One care transition model showed aggregate savings of over $500,000 during the same period. Potential drivers of these cost savings include improved patient safety, timeliness of care, and caregiver support.

Discussion and Implications
Two of the three models achieved significant lower Medicare costs than a comparison group and the same two models also sustained their models beyond the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services award period. These findings show promise for achieving palliative care goals as part of care coordination innovation.
Millennials and Their Parents: Implications of the New Young Adulthood for Midlife Adults
Authors: Fingerman Karen L 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe period of young adulthood has transformed dramatically over the past few decades. Today, scholars refer to “emerging adulthood” and “transitions to adulthood” to describe adults in their 20s. Prolonged youth has brought concomitant prolonged parenthood. This article addresses 3 areas of change in parent/child ties, increased (a) contact between generations, (b) support from parents to grown children as well as coresidence and (c) affection between the generations. We apply the Multidimensional Intergenerational Support Model (MISM) to explain these changes, considering societal (e.g., economic, technological), cultural, family demographic (e.g., fertility, stepparenting), relationship, and psychological (normative beliefs, affection) factors. Several theoretical perspectives (e.g., life course theory, family systems theory) suggest that these changes may have implications for the midlife parents’ well-being. For example, parents may incur deleterious effects from (a) grown children’s problems or (b) their own normative beliefs that offspring should be independent. Parents may benefit via opportunities for generativity with young adult offspring. Furthermore, current patterns may affect future parental aging. As parents incur declines of late life, they may be able to turn to caregivers with whom they have intimate bonds. Alternately, parents may be less able to obtain such care due to demographic changes involving grown children raising their own children later or who have never fully launched. It is important to consider shifts in the nature of young adulthood to prepare for midlife parents’ future aging.
Fecundity peaks prior to sex transition in a protogynous marine batch spawning fish, black sea bass (Centropristis striata)
Authors: Klibansky Nikolai , Scharf Frederick S 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Understanding the dynamic processes that contribute to reproductive output is vital to determine appropriate harvest controls and sustain marine fisheries. For sequential hermaphrodites, the process of reproduction is complicated by sex transition within the life history. We examined the reproductive dynamics of black sea bass (Centropristis striata), a protogynous serranid, within a major fishing region of the Northwest Atlantic during two consecutive spawning seasons to quantify the strength of size-dependence and the magnitude of temporal variation in several key traits. Specifically, we estimated the size-dependence of sex ratio, maturity, spawning capability, batch fecundity, and spawning frequency at both fine (weeks/months) and broad (years) temporal scales. We observed fecundity to be highest in females of intermediate body size, which was entirely a function of reduced spawning frequency among the largest females. Female fecundity peaked at sizes well below the estimated size at sex transition, and contrary to the pattern typically observed for gonochoristic fishes in which the largest females yield the greatest number of eggs. Among protogynous fishes, females may decrease egg production prior to sex change and instead allocate energy to somatic growth, benefitting from larger body size during the subsequent male phase. The production of fewer batches of eggs by larger females directly impacted estimates of annual fecundity. In addition, we detected large interannual differences in the proportion of spawning capable females, and also spawning frequency, which resulted in considerable variation between annual fecundity estimates. The inclusion of temporal and size-dependent variation in female egg production should produce more robust estimates of stock reproductive potential and its response to changing harvest scenarios.
Overview: Ketogenic Diets and Pediatric Epilepsy
Authors: Kossoff Eric H. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
When the classic ketogenic diet was created in 1921, it was one of the few treatments in existence for the treatment of epilepsy. As a result, its use was widespread and publications were plentiful. The advent of modern anticonvulsant drugs led to relative disuse of the ketogenic diet for many decades, however, until the Charlie Foundation reinvigorated interest and research in 1994. Today there are four major diets available, myriad methods to start and manage patients receiving this therapy, and growing numbers of adolescents and adults being treated. This section, “Ketogenic Diet for Epilepsy in the Clinic,” discusses all of these advances in practical implementation of dietary therapy. In addition, chapters focus on the “indications” for dietary therapy that are both proven and investigational at this time. Lastly, methods to prevent side effects are outlined.