bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Material
Authors: Tsagalis Christos C. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 embarks on a comparative examination of the Doloneia, the massacre at night in book 10 of the Mahābhārata, and Aeneid 1 (Aeneas observing the paintings on the walls of the Temple of Juno in Carthage), Aeneid 2 (Virgil’s narrative on the sack of Troy), and Aeneid 9 (the Nisus and Euryalus episode). The comparison between book 10 of the Mahābhārata and book 10 of the Iliad discloses their sharing of a stable set of features. It also allows us to see that the conditions that should be met in this type of story for the execution of a night attack are like those that exist after Iliad 9. They pertain to the lack of a major hero who can defeat the enemy in combat and the realization that this goal can only be achieved through treachery. As regards Virgil, who is operating as a neoanalyst avant la lettre, it is claimed that he is doing the same thing that happened in the process of the evolution and shaping of the Doloneia. Virgil offers a working analogy for the argument of the shaping of the Doloneia by the gradual influence of episodes such as the theft of the Palladium, Coroebus, and the sack of Troy, which belong to the last phase of the Trojan War and may have featured in pre-Homeric oral epic.
The Contagion of Attitude
Authors: Fowler Elizabeth 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Part Two, Motion, continues here with a consideration of art’s use of the energy (both kinetic and potential) of bodily postures or attitudes. We learn postures, essential to our habituation, by watching other human bodies. The orientation of posture is complexly integrated into physical and spiritual exercises in many religions, and the ductility of poems is illuminated by an understanding of those traditions. For instance, John Milton’s Paradise Lost organizes its morality around two iconic postures, to fall and to stand, the latter elaborated in his sonnet on his blindness. His endowment of these human postures with dense historical and moral meanings is already evident in his early epitaph on Shakespeare, where Milton suggests a version of the ritual of building a memorial or temple in the heart (Chapter 3). The epitaph seems to allude to the possibly Shakespearean inscription on the tomb of the Stanley family in Tong Castle, where a triple pun on “stand” structures both the verse and the architecture. A powerful standing posture is paradoxically built into the prone figures there, as it is in most effigies in the medieval tradition of tomb sculpture. Donne’s “Goodfriday, 1613. Riding Westward” exploits this traditional paradox of postures further. Both in poetry and in sculpture like Donne’s own memorial in St. Paul’s Cathedral, London, art’s ductus draws on compression and embodied energy to generate action.
Sensation and Emotion
Authors: Fowler Elizabeth 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
“Sensation and Emotion: Shattered Grief” is the opening chapter of Part IV, Ductility and Genre: The Case of Elegy, a section which explores elegiac ductus, the sequence of experiences elegies instruct us to enact and inhabit, and proposes that ductus provides a strong new account of genre. This first chapter considers the elegy and its ductile patterns in a case study of John Milton’s Lycidas. The sensational effect of densely packed, notably undigested allusion in Lycidas is painfully (and pleasurably) bewildering for us as readers. It gives us an exercise in medieval meditatio: the dissociation—the psychological decomposition—to which writers subject themselves while reading in preparation for composing new work. Lycidas correlates this dissociative process of composition with the psychological dismemberment of grief. The poem doesn’t put us through the unsettling paces of such passions in order to resolve them but instead offers to make them meaningful by threading these sensations into our own histories of reading. Grief in Milton’s elegy is virtual, a process of poetics, not repaired or made whole but constellated and embellished as its shards are inscribed among the fragments of a seventeenth-century education.
Meaning and Emotion
Authors: Fowler Elizabeth 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Part Four finishes with an essay on the tradition of elegy before and after Milton: Chapter 8 studies Geoffrey Chaucer’s “Book of the Duchess” and probes the appearance of emotion in art to consider what it accomplishes. Received accounts that see the elegy as undertaking the “work” of mourning fail to account for the lived temporality of human grief and the complexity of art’s invocation of emotion. In conversation with the primary critics on elegy, this chapter proposes that the distinction between what we normally call grief and the virtual grief that appears in poetic tradition is unacknowledged by current genre theory and criticism but illuminated by an interpretation of the ductus that elegies share. Beginning with Chaucer’s markedly architectural poem and touching on elegies by Edmund Spenser, Percy Bysshe Shelley, W. H. Auden, and others, the chapter shows how elegy gets between pain and its management by ideological cultural concepts of emotion, shattering us and moving us to “roam,” in Chaucer’s redolent word, among possible diagnoses, social forms, and futures of human mourning.
Presence
Authors: Fowler Elizabeth 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The final chapter develops the topic of Part Five’s “Virtual Injuries and Rewards” by turning to Kara Walker’s ephemeral installation, A Subtlety or the Marvelous Sugar Baby, a project that prominently cites medieval sculpture and ceremony. This both majestic and repellent confectionary sphinx, created in a decommissioned sugar warehouse in Brooklyn, embodies a sculptural ductus designed to reconfigure its viewers’ sensory experiences of sugar and of their own bodies. The monumental Sugar Baby issues a riposte to the rapacious Robert E. Lee monument in Richmond (discussed in the Introduction). At the same time that Sugar Baby evokes injurious cultural ghosts, it activates our proprioception and becomes a vibrant participant in our habitus. Its ambivalent evocations of disgust and cuteness combine in a ductus designed to bring its viewers to experience the virtual and real injuries we carry, produce, and perpetuate. Like the sphinx it echoes, Sugar Baby is an engine of presence, designed to make us aware of our sensory and social experience, to acknowledge its historicity while at the same time become more capable of unfixing its apparently inevitable meanings.
Introduction: The Long March Out of Slavery in Union Blue
Authors: Lande Jonathan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The introduction contends that the stories of Civil War deserters offer more than interesting anecdotes about individuals during war. Although deserters were but a small part of Civil War armies, their experiences yield insights into developments during the war that cannot be seen by looking at soldiers who followed their duties each day and fought heroically. Specifically, the stories of those called deserters who had been enslaved reveal that the men continued struggling to become free after having enlisted. These men treated military service as empowering. As empowered and newly freed laborers, they agitated to shape their lives in the US Army by decamping and then defending their actions in the courts-martial and from military prisons. Their efforts show that the process of emancipation continued in the US Army.
“Bound for Freedom’s Light”: Enlisting and Emancipating Men in the US Army
Authors: Lande Jonathan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the enlistment of Black men, the part racial ideas played in the formation of the United States Colored Troops (USCT), and how the US Army became a space where emancipation unfolded. First, this chapter explores the decisions of Black men, freeborn and formerly enslaved, to join the US Army during the Civil War. It shows that, although their decisions overlapped, they were not the same. For the enslaved, the army became the site of their ongoing struggle for freedom. The chapter then turns to the entrenched racial animus toward Black men and how widespread concerns about Black violence and cowardice among white Americans came to shape USCT leadership. Lastly, it reveals that officials placed white men in leadership roles of the USCT, and these officers saw the army as an institution to control emancipation.
“Parts of the Gigantic Machine of Death”: Adapting and Reacting to US Army Discipline
Authors: Lande Jonathan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the experiences of soldiers facing harsh discipline within the US Army during the Civil War. It compares how freeborn white soldiers, freeborn Black soldiers, and formerly enslaved Black soldiers approached military discipline, ranging from verbal reprimands to executions, as they transitioned from civilians into soldiers. The chapter shows that men understood discipline within their prewar lives as well as their views of the war. Each man had different prewar experiences with violence and racism, and they had distinct expectations about what service meant. As a result, they responded distinctly to the harsh discipline common within the nineteenth-century US Army.
“Ought Not to Be in Prison”: Petitioning State Officials for Freedom during Incarceration
Authors: Lande Jonathan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the experiences and examines the appeals of formerly enslaved men imprisoned by the US Army for desertion or absence without leave. If convicted in the courts-martial, US Army soldiers ended up in prisons around the wartime South, often in the same prisons as Confederates captured in battle. From these prisons, US Army convicts penned letters appealing for release. Incarcerated formerly enslaved men joined this effort. They wrote petitions requesting release, pointing to the contributions they could make to the war and to the Reconstruction of the wartime South. Some said they needed to return home to help their families or that they ran from unfair officers. They also argued that their actions should not be punished, contending that their flight was appropriate. In making these claims, the soldiers contested incarceration as a legitimate punishment and demanded that the state respect their contributions to the war to save the Union.
Conclusion: The War for Liberation within the Ranks
Authors: Lande Jonathan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The conclusion shows that once-enslaved soldiers continued their struggle to become free in the armed forces. The men did not see their so-called desertions as criminal acts. Instead, they understood their unauthorized leaves as legitimate means of exercising their freedom. Their stories reveal that not all Black Civil War soldiers were combat-tested freedom fighters. But the decamping soldiers were nonetheless freedom fighters. The enlisted freedom seekers who took unsanctioned leaves attempted to shape their relationship with the US government after enlistment, specifically by using tools developed to ameliorate the conditions of slavery. Their experiences broaden the history of Black Civil War service to show that the march out of slavery did not end upon enlistment. The war for liberation continued within the ranks.
Moving Pictures
Authors: Astle Randy 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses attention on the cinematic drive by Latter-day Saint directors to document themselves and the world. Analyzing a long list of notable titles ranging from the inception of film to YouTube clips today, the chapter highlights a peculiar Mormon insistence on film’s potential to testify even as each film must navigate the tension between subjective and objective images anchored in the creative possibilities of cinematic fiction to the allegedly more authoritative genre of documentary. The chapter argues that some of the greatest Mormon films reveal there is no Mormon aesthetic mode or “subjectivity” but rather a host of individual perspectives that offer truth in their difference.
Establishing Zion
Authors: Whitaker Evans Ashlee 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers how art not only documented the Mormon community in the second half of the nineteenth century but also served to create that very community. By analyzing portraiture’s connection to the representation of authority, landscape painting’s connection to work and cultivation, and lastly the relationship of panorama to depictions of suffering and pilgrimage, the chapter highlights the role of art in the maintenance of communitas. The term “communitas” is meant to capture the ways a group of people feel bonded together in experiences and ideology, rather than wider social norms. These three artistic modes coincide with three guiding principles within Latter-day Saint theology and cultural practice and served to scaffold the emergence of the early community of Saints.
Defining the Mormon Landscape
Authors: Swensen James 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the role of photography in constructing and imposing the notion of a “Mormon landscape,” beginning in the late nineteenth century and continuing throughout the twentieth. Though photography has a history of being associated with truth, the chapter discusses it as a place-making medium with the ability to name and claim a space or to demolish its existence. Early Latter-day Saint photographers and later artists, such as Dorothea Lange, understood the land and architecture in different ways. Their use of photography offers provocative insights into recording, representing, and possessing physical space through aesthetic practices.
The Piety of Perspective
Authors: Kamana Allred Mason 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In an international turn that diversifies and deepens Western-centric narratives of Mormon cinema, this chapter analyzes lesser-known Mormon feature films produced between the years 1970 and 2020 to demonstrate the global reach as well as the exclusions of Latter-day Saint film history. Filmmakers influenced by the Latter-day Saint experience employed a variety of creative techniques to affect audiences without adopting the more gratuitous depictions of sex, violence, or sentimentality, in what can be described as a “positive theology of embodiment.” In turn, the chapter underscores a strategy of depicting bodies and media within an aesthetic regime that resonates with Latter-day Saint themes.
“Who Did I Leave Out and Should Have Included?”
Authors: Paulsen Howe Laura 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter brings institutional critique to the collecting and exhibition practices of the LDS faith by tracing a history of the triennial International Art Competition. Beginning in 1987, the competition was an attempt to globalize the church. As it continued over the years, organizers became more aware of barriers to entry, such as they type of media they were asking for and linguistic considerations, resulting in an attempt at more inclusive guidelines and practices that reflected the global character of its members. By emphasizing the competition’s limitations—even as the competition sought to broaden its horizons with an increasingly international pool of contributors in the twenty-first century—this chapter acknowledges the challenges faced by religious and art institutions in their efforts to both represent and create the cultures they engage.
Pop Convergence
Authors: Gabrillo James 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Pop Convergence explores the contemporary pop music and related multimedia cultures of Manila, the center for commercial entertainment industries in the Philippines. At the turn of the twenty-first century, the country was recovering from decades of political mayhem and economic turbulence against a backdrop of swelling class divide and the maturation of mass media. Distinct from the somberness of nationalist anthems, Western music covers, and protest songs of previous years, the creative industries of new-millennium Manila generated a multimedia movement emphasizing kitsch, parody, and overstatement. These works, the book claims, can be read as complex expressions of consumer fatigue, ironic self-consciousness, and instinctive reclamation of social power by the creative working class. This entertainment industry developed a buoyant system of mass culture, filtered through the demands of postcolonial, postmodern Manila’s broadening capitalist media enterprises. Pop Convergence locates the hallmarks and contributions of this scene within an assortment of platforms—on screens, via streams, and on the streets—to explore musical sequences in cinema, reality-television spectacles, melismatic power ballads, song-and-dance contests, musical comedy bars, and viral virtual sensations. Dissecting these arenas for moments of musical articulation and negotiation, the book metaphorizes the interplay within Manila’s contemporary networks of artistic production, power, and spectatorship as a complex patchwork of convergence. This multimedia patchwork is framed not simply as culmination of tradition stained by outside influence but as fascinating force resulting from endless confrontation.
Appeals of the Mainstream
Authors: Gabrillo James 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter maps out Manila’s mainstream entertainment networks, surveying the major figures and institutions from the contemporary musical multimedia industries, led by the opening case study of national superstar Vice Ganda. It introduces the book’s applications of the concept of pop convergence to represent the patchworks of aesthetic, style, subject, tone, theme, source, and medium embodied by the case studies explored throughout the book. Further, the chapter chronicles the relevant historical and social circumstances that contributed to the development of Manila’s popular cultures. It also highlights the study’s multi-sited field, featuring examples from the music, film, television, live performance, and digital industries. Pop Convergence provides a detailed analysis of contemporary creative production and musical participation, yielding a nuanced understanding of deep-rooted convergences of identity, culture, and consumption at the turn of the twenty-first century.
Spectacles of Song and Dance
Authors: Gabrillo James 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter chronicles the trend of comedic and melodramatic song-and-dance sequences in mainstream Philippine cinema that converged sonic, visual, and choreographic ostentation and unexpected timing while referencing local and foreign sources. It features close readings of contemporary mainstream films produced from the 1990s until today that exemplified various forms of convergence. The chapter develops the concept of the song-and-dance sequence as imagined space manufactured through plot manipulation, breaking of the fourth wall, and musical spectacle. These musical numbers accordingly enable catharsis in character development, cinematic pacing, and viewer perception. Song-and-dance sequences are depicted as conscious pastiche of musical multimedia: multi-layered imagined arenas ultimately critiqued as phony spaces of fantasy and escapism, featuring musical moments whose improbability and artifice the viewers overlook for the sake of entertainment.
Measuring and Managing Workplace Religious Discrimination
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Daniels Denise , Scheitle Christopher P 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Religious discrimination is present and pervasive in the workplace and can be experienced by people from all religious groups as well as by those who are not religious. Members of minority religious groups (in a region or occupation) experience more religious discrimination than those who belong to the majority religious group. Such experiences are associated with many negative outcomes at work, including job dissatisfaction, disengagement, and burnout. Religious discrimination is hard to address. But organizational leaders can take steps to disrupt the conditions for religious discrimination through setting behavioral expectations, providing clear reporting procedures for violations, and fostering conversation and inclusivity.
Introduction
Authors: Mack Kenneth W. , Katz Cogan Jacob 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This introduction summarizes and analyses the collective implications of the essays collected in In Between and Across: Legal History without Boundaries, for the purpose of introducing new readers to the field of legal history, summarizing the field’s current developments, and charting its future direction. It argues that, collectively, the essays stand for the proposition that legal history has made itself into an influential field over the past generation by its use of the study of law, broadly conceived, to help scholars traverse boundaries that once separated fields of inquiry from one another. Legal history, it argues, has helped to link together the historical study of empires with microhistory, the revived study of political history with narratives of everyday life, and the study of transnational trends with an engagement with phenomena that are quite local. It contains work by both relatively junior scholars and senior figures in the field. It argues that nearly all fields of history are now engaged in what might be termed legal history. Legal history, it argues, now engages with fields as diverse as transnational history, the history of capitalism, slavery and racial capitalism, the long history of the carceral state, and the revived study of political history. The essays might be grouped under three broad and overlapping frameworks: the political economy of time, the rethinking of the spatial dimensions of history, and the redrawing of the boundaries between law/legal phenomena and other features of society.
Private Law, Public Welfare, Marital Ideals, and the Gender Binary … or, What I Learned at the Socio-Legal Revolution
Authors: Kornbluh Felicia 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the combination of privilege and subordination toward men and fathers in late-twentieth and twenty-first-century public policy in the United States. It argues that legal histories of marriage and families are vital guides to understanding this mix, especially as it has shaped the legal and political treatment of low-income and Black men. It argues, too, that the mix of a traditional male-female gender hierarchy and a punitive approach to fatherhood, which were evident in “welfare reform” policies from the 1990s-2010s, represent evidence that what Hendrik Hartog termed the “long nineteenth century” of common-law coverture may have lasted into the twenty-first century. The piece underlines the significance for contemporary legal and public policy studies of the blended methodological approach that Hartog and other historians of his generation developed, which treated coverture as a cultural and social institution, defined by binary gender stereotypes and defining them, and invited a similarly blended and complexly historical approach to law and policy more generally.
South Asians at the Inns of Court
Authors: Sharafi Mitra 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Thousands of law students from across the British Empire (particularly India) attended London’s Inns of Court to become elite courtroom lawyers or barristers circa 1900. Their time at the Inns was as much about socialization into an imperial profession as it was about the acquisition of technical skills. This chapter explores the limits of the imperial lawyering project through Inner Temple disciplinary proceedings against two South Asians. The unusual cases of pseudo-Theosophist A.K. Ghose and nationalist revolutionary Shyamji Krishnavarma shed light on the imperial legal profession’s views of race, mendacity, education, and colonialism. Redemption was a central theme in both cases, whether as a key part of the individual’s own narrative (Ghose) or as a way of reinterpreting the case a century later (Krishnavarma).