bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparing Sex Offenders for Treatment
Authors: O'Brien Matt D. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the literature on approaches taken to enhance motivation for change at the pretreatment stage, before explaining how this information was used to develop a preparatory intervention for Canadian federally incarcerated sex offenders. The primary purpose was to increase motivation and enhance gains from subsequent full treatment programmes. This was done with reference to the need to reduce refusal and attrition, and to build an approach whose theoretical underpinnings include positive psychology and motivational interviewing. The programme is described in detail, including: a general overview, evidence base, and specific goals (and the methods used to achieve them). Lastly, outcome data, in terms of both reduction in recidivism and greater treatment readiness, are summarized.
Therapist‐Based Assessment of Need and Change
Authors: Beggs Christofferson Sarah M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis chapter outlines the processes and measures employed in therapist‐based assessments of treatment need and change among sex offenders. Across both areas, emphasis is given to the importance of ensuring both validity and clinical utility of methods utilized, particularly given the high‐stakes nature of the decisions that such assessments typically inform. Needs assessments typically occur alongside the assessment of risk. One approach is the use of a psychometric battery; however, drawbacks are discussed, with an efficient alternative being the use of a comprehensive dynamic risk instrument. To assess changes across treatment, three approaches are identified, namely psychometric change, dynamic risk tools incorporating change assessment protocols, and post‐treatment clinical rating systems. Each of these has received empirical support in terms of validity; however, the advantages of the latter two in terms of clinical utility are discussed.
Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Furans by Using Photoredox‐Catalyzed Coupling of 2‐Bromo‐1,3‐dicarbonyl Compounds with Silyl Enol Ethers
Authors: Han Yue‐Yue , Jiao Yan‐Yan , Ren Daan , Hu Zhentao , Shen Sheng , Yu Shouyun 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA practical and efficient method has been developed for the preparation of polysubstituted furans by using a visible‐light‐promoted photoredox approach. The one‐pot synthesis involves a radical cyclization/deprotection/aromatization reaction sequence that proceeds smoothly under mild conditions, which makes this transformation a powerful tool for the synthesis of a variety of highly substituted furans.
The Impact of “Display‐Set” Options on Decision‐Making
Authors: Karmarkar Uma R. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe way a choice set is constructed can have a significant influence on how individuals perceive and evaluate their options, and make decisions between them. Here, I examine whether a “display set” of visible but unavailable options can exert these same types of influences on whether or not to choose a single (target) item. Across a series of experiments, purchase intent is increased when the display set and target are drawn from the same category, but decreased when the display and target items are mismatched. This effect is shown to depend on perceived similarity, such that increasing display‐target similarity increases purchase intent towards the target. Furthermore, contrary to the predictions made by previous neural and behavioral research on choice sets, the relative value and/or number of display‐only items have no significant impact on these decisions. These findings reveal a novel choice behavior in commonly encountered settings such as online marketplaces. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The structure of communities in scale‐free networks
Authors: Jiang Jiaojiao , Wen Sheng , Yu Shui , Xiang Yang , Zhou Wanlei , Hassan Houcine 
Published: November 2016

SummaryScale‐free networks are often used to model a wide range of real‐world networks, such as social, technological, and biological networks. Understanding the structure of scale‐free networks evolves into a big data problem for business, management, and protein function prediction. In the past decade, there has been a surge of interest in exploring the properties of scale‐free networks. Two interesting properties have attracted much attention: the assortative mixing and community structure. However, these two properties have been studied separately in either theoretical models or real‐world networks. In this paper, we show that the structural features of communities are highly related with the assortative mixing in scale‐free networks. According to the value of assortativity coefficient, scale‐free networks can be categorized into assortative, disassortative, and neutral networks, respectively. We systematically analyze the community structure in these three types of scale‐free networks through six metrics: node embeddedness, link density, hub dominance, community compactness, the distribution of community sizes, and the presence of hierarchical communities. We find that the three types of scale‐free networks exhibit significant differences in these six metrics of community structures. First, assortative networks present high embeddedness, meaning that many links lying within communities but few links lying between communities. This leads to the high link density of communities. Second, disassortative networks exhibit great hubs in communities, which results in the high compactness of communities that nodes can reach each other via short paths. Third, in neutral networks, a big portion of links act as community bridges, so they display sparse and less compact communities. In addition, we find that (dis)assortative networks show hierarchical community structure with power‐law‐distributed community sizes, while neutral networks present no hierarchy. Understanding the structure of communities from the angle of assortative mixing patterns of nodes can provide insights into the network structure and guide us in modeling information propagation in different categories of scale‐free networks. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogen Peroxide: A Key Chemical for Today's Sustainable Development
Authors: Ciriminna Rosaria , Albanese Lorenzo , Meneguzzo Francesco , Pagliaro Mario 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe global utilization of hydrogen peroxide, a green oxidant that decomposes in water and oxygen, has gone from 0.5 million tonnes per year three decades ago to 4.5 million tonnes per year in 2014, and is still climbing. With the aim of expanding the utilization of this eminent green chemical across different industrial and civil sectors, the production and use of hydrogen peroxide as a green industrial oxidant is reviewed herein to provide an overview of the explosive growth of its industrial use over the last three decades and of the state of the art in its industrial manufacture, with important details of what determines the viability of the direct production from oxygen and hydrogen compared with the traditional auto‐oxidation process.
Efficient Decarbonylation of Furfural to Furan Catalyzed by Zirconia‐Supported Palladium Clusters with Low Atomicity
Authors: Ishida Tamao , Kume Kurumi , Kinjo Kota , Honma Tetsuo , Nakada Kengo , Ohashi Hironori , Yokoyama Takushi , Hamasaki Akiyuki , Murayama Haruno , Izawa Yusuke , Utsunomiya Masaru , Tokunaga Makoto 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDecarbonylation of furfural to furan was efficiently catalyzed by ZrO2‐supported Pd clusters in the liquid phase under a N2 atmosphere without additives. Although Pd/C and Pd/Al2O3 have frequently been used for decarbonylation, Pd/ZrO2 exhibited superior catalytic performance compared with these conventional catalysts. Transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray absorption fine structure measurements revealed that the size of the Pd particles decreased with an increase in the specific surface area of ZrO2. ZrO2 with a high surface area immobilized Pd as clusters consisting of several (three to five) Pd atoms, whereas Pd aggregated to form nanoparticles on other supports such as carbon and Al2O3 despite their high surface areas. The catalytic activity of Pd/ZrO2 was enhanced with a decrease in particle size, and the smallest Pd/ZrO2 was the most active catalyst for decarbonylation. When CeO2 was used as the support, a decrease in Pd particle size with an increase in surface area was also observed. Single Pd atoms were deposited on CeO2 with a high surface area, with a strong interaction through the formation of a Pd−O−Ce bond, which led to a lower catalytic activity than that of Pd/ZrO2. This result suggests that zero‐valent small Pd clusters consisting of more than one Pd atom are the active species for the decarbonylation reaction. Recycling tests proved that Pd/ZrO2 maintained its catalytic activity until its sixth use.
Peatland bryophyte responses to increased light from black spruce removal
Authors: Leonard R. , Kettridge N. , Krause S. , Devito K.J. , Granath G. , Petrone R. , Mendoza C. , Waddington J.M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe ecohydrological impact of tree‐canopy removal on moss and peat, which provide a principal carbon store, is just starting to be understood. Different mosses have contrasting contributions to carbon and water fluxes (e.g., Sphagnum fuscum, Pleurozium schreberi) and are strongly influenced by tree‐canopy cover. Changes in tree‐canopy cover may therefore lead to long‐term shifts in species composition and associated ecohydrological function. However, the medium‐term response to such disturbance, the associated lag in this transition to a new ecohydrological and biogeochemical regime, is not understood in detail. We investigate this medium‐term (4 years) ecohydrological, biogeochemical, and species compositional response to tree‐canopy removal using a randomized plot design within a northern peatland. This is the only study to test for the influence of increased light alone. We demonstrate that changes in treatment plots 4 years after tree‐canopy removal were not significant. Notably, P. schreberi and S. fuscum remained within their respective plots post treatment, and there was no significant difference in plot resistance to evapotranspiration or carbon exchange. Results show that tree‐canopy removal alone has little impact on bryophyte ecohydrology in the short or medium‐term. This resistance to disturbance contrasts strongly with short‐term changes observed within mineral soils, suggesting that concurrent shifts in the large scale hydrology induced within such disturbances are necessary to cause rapid ecohydrological transitions. Understanding this lagged response is critical to determine the strength of medium to long‐term negative ecohydrological feedbacks within peatlands in addition to carbon and water fluxes on a decadal timescale in response to disturbance.
Top‐down control of methane emission and nitrogen cycling by waterfowl
Authors: Winton R. Scott , Richardson Curtis J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAquatic herbivores impose top‐down control on the structure of wetland ecosystems, but the biogeochemical consequences of herbivory on methane (CH4) and nitrogen (N) are poorly known. To investigate the top‐down effects of waterfowl on wetland biogeochemistry, we implemented exclosure experiments in a major waterfowl overwintering wetland in the southeastern United States over two growing seasons. We found that herbivory inhibited the oxidation of CH4, leading to a mean increase in emission by 230% over control plots, and prevented nitrification, as indicated by low nitrate availability and undetectable emissions of nitrous oxide. Herbivory reduced belowground biomass of macrophytes, retarding the subsequent spring emergence of aerenchymous stems, effectively starving wetland soils of oxygen necessary for CH4 oxidation and nitrification. The recognition that important populations of aquatic herbivores may influence the capacity for wetlands to emit greenhouse gases and cycle N is particularly salient in the context of climate change and nutrient pollution mitigation goals. For example, our results suggest that (1) annual emissions of 23 Gg CH4/yr from ~57 000 ha of publicly owned waterfowl impoundments in the southeastern United States could be tripled by overgrazing and that (2) waterfowl impoundments may export as much N as agricultural fields. We discuss potential implications for habitat management in the context of historic wetland loss and waterfowl population recovery.
Echocardiographic screening for non‐ischaemic stage B heart failure in the community
Authors: Yang Hong , Negishi Kazuaki , Wang Ying , Nolan Mark , Saito Makoto , Marwick Thomas H. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAimsIncident heart failure (HF) continues to pose a common and serious problem. We sought to examine the value of echocardiographic predictors of new HF in a community‐based elderly population at risk for HF, independent of and incremental to clinical evaluation.Methods and resultsAsymptomatic patients ≥65 years old, with ≥1 HF risk factor (hypertension, type 2 diabetes, or obesity) were recruited from the community; patients with valve disease, reduced ejection fraction (EF), and atrial fibrillation (AF) were excluded. Patients underwent standard clinical evaluation including calculation of the Charlson co‐morbidity score and a comprehensive echocardiography including global longitudinal strain (GLS). Functional capacity was assessed by 6 min walk test. New HF and cardiovascular death were assessed after a mean follow‐up of 14 ± 4 months by three independent cardiologists using Framingham criteria. Of 410 subjects (median age 70 years; 48% men), the prevalence of stage B HF was 13% [by LV hypertrophy (LVH)], 12% (by abnormal E/e'), 33% (by impaired GLS), and 31% [by left atrial enlargement (LAE)]. New HF symptoms developed in 49, and 2 died of cardiovascular causes, giving an event rate of 104/1000 person‐years. These patients were older (P = 0.012), had a higher Charlson co‐morbidity score (P < 0.001), larger LV mass and left atrium, higher E/e', and lower GLS (P < 0.05). LAE, LVH, abnormal GLS, and E/e' were independent predictors of new HF. In sequential models, LV mass and GLS added incremental information to clinical parameters. GLS significantly reclassified individuals (P = 0.002), but no reclassification improvement was identified using LV mass index, E/e', and left atrial volume index.ConclusionEchocardiographic assessment (especially GLS and LV mass) provides incremental value in predicting incident HF.
Global left atrial failure in heart failure
Authors: Triposkiadis Filippos , Pieske Burkert , Butler Javed , Parissis John , Giamouzis Gregory , Skoularigis John , Brutsaert Dirk , Boudoulas Harisios 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe left atrium plays an important role in the maintenance of cardiovascular and neurohumoral homeostasis in heart failure. However, with progressive left ventricular dysfunction, left atrial (LA) dilation and mechanical failure develop, which frequently culminate in atrial fibrillation. Moreover, LA mechanical failure is accompanied by LA endocrine failure [deficient atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) processing‐synthesis/development of ANP resistance) and LA regulatory failure (dominance of sympathetic nervous system excitatory mechanisms, excessive vasopressin release) contributing to neurohumoral overactivity, vasoconstriction, and volume overload (global LA failure). The purpose of the present review is to describe the characteristics and emphasize the clinical significance of global LA failure in patients with heart failure.
Fuel oil and dispersant toxicity to the Antarctic sea urchin (Sterechinus neumayeri)
Authors: Alexander Frances J. , King Catherine K. , Reichelt-Brushett Amanda J. , Harrison Peter L. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

The risk of a major marine fuel spill in Antarctic waters is increasing, yet there are currently no standard or suitable response methods under extreme Antarctic conditions. Fuel dispersants may present a possible solution; however, little data exist on the toxicity of dispersants or fuels to Antarctic species, thereby preventing informed management decisions. Larval development toxicity tests using 3 life history stages of the Antarctic sea urchin (Sterechinus neumayeri) were completed to assess the toxicity of physically dispersed, chemically dispersed, and dispersant-only water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) of an intermediate fuel oil (IFO 180, BP) and the chemical dispersant Slickgone NS (Dasic International). Despite much lower total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations, physically dispersed fuels contained higher proportions of low-to-intermediate weight carbon compounds and were generally at least an order of magnitude more toxic than chemically dispersed fuels. Based on concentrations that caused 50% abnormality (EC50) values, the embryonic unhatched blastula life stage was the least affected by fuels and dispersants, whereas the larval 4-armed pluteus stage was the most sensitive. The present study is the first to investigate the possible implications of the use of fuel dispersants for fuel spill response in Antarctica. The results indicate that the use of a fuel dispersant did not increase the hydrocarbon toxicity of IFO 180 to the early life stages of Antarctic sea urchins, relative to physical dispersal. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1563–1571. © 2016 SETAC
Mendelian randomization analysis of a time‐varying exposure for binary disease outcomes using functional data analysis methods
Authors: Cao Ying , Rajan Suja S. , Wei Peng 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTA Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis is performed to analyze the causal effect of an exposure variable on a disease outcome in observational studies, by using genetic variants that affect the disease outcome only through the exposure variable. This method has recently gained popularity among epidemiologists given the success of genetic association studies. Many exposure variables of interest in epidemiological studies are time varying, for example, body mass index (BMI). Although longitudinal data have been collected in many cohort studies, current MR studies only use one measurement of a time‐varying exposure variable, which cannot adequately capture the long‐term time‐varying information. We propose using the functional principal component analysis method to recover the underlying individual trajectory of the time‐varying exposure from the sparsely and irregularly observed longitudinal data, and then conduct MR analysis using the recovered curves. We further propose two MR analysis methods. The first assumes a cumulative effect of the time‐varying exposure variable on the disease risk, while the second assumes a time‐varying genetic effect and employs functional regression models. We focus on statistical testing for a causal effect. Our simulation studies mimicking the real data show that the proposed functional data analysis based methods incorporating longitudinal data have substantial power gains compared to standard MR analysis using only one measurement. We used the Framingham Heart Study data to demonstrate the promising performance of the new methods as well as inconsistent results produced by the standard MR analysis that relies on a single measurement of the exposure at some arbitrary time point.
The functional role of human right hippocampal/parahippocampal theta rhythm in environmental encoding during virtual spatial navigation
Authors: Pu Yi , Cornwell Brian R. , Cheyne Douglas , Johnson Blake W. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractLow frequency theta band oscillations (4–8 Hz) are thought to provide a timing mechanism for hippocampal place cell firing and to mediate the formation of spatial memory. In rodents, hippocampal theta has been shown to play an important role in encoding a new environment during spatial navigation, but a similar functional role of hippocampal theta in humans has not been firmly established. To investigate this question, we recorded healthy participants’ brain responses with a 160‐channel whole‐head MEG system as they performed two training sets of a virtual Morris water maze task. Environment layouts (except for platform locations) of the two sets were kept constant to measure theta activity during spatial learning in new and familiar environments. In line with previous findings, left hippocampal/parahippocampal theta showed more activation navigating to a hidden platform relative to random swimming. Consistent with our hypothesis, right hippocampal/parahippocampal theta was stronger during the first training set compared to the second one. Notably, theta in this region during the first training set correlated with spatial navigation performance across individuals in both training sets. These results strongly argue for the functional importance of right hippocampal theta in initial encoding of configural properties of an environment during spatial navigation. Our findings provide important evidence that right hippocampal/parahippocampal theta activity is associated with environmental encoding in the human brain. Hum Brain Mapp 38:1347–1361, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inference on Self‐Exciting Jumps in Prices and Volatility Using High‐Frequency Measures
Authors: Maneesoonthorn Worapree , Forbes Catherine S. , Martin Gael M. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryDynamic jumps in the price and volatility of an asset are modelled using a joint Hawkes process in conjunction with a bivariate jump diffusion. A state‐space representation is used to link observed returns, plus nonparametric measures of integrated volatility and price jumps, to the specified model components, with Bayesian inference conducted using a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. An evaluation of marginal likelihoods for the proposed model relative to a large number of alternative models, including some that have featured in the literature, is provided. An extensive empirical investigation is undertaken using data on the S&P 500 market index over the 1996–2014 period, with substantial support for dynamic jump intensities—including in terms of predictive accuracy—documented. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk and Prevention of Fracture in Patients With Major Medical Illnesses: A Mini-Review
Authors: Cummings Steven R , Eastell Richard 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Patients with several medical conditions, including Parkinson's disease, recent stroke, HIV, and heart failure, have a high risk of hip fracture. These patients will also have more severe consequences of a hip fracture, including a greater chance of dying and more prolonged disability. Together, there are nearly as many patients with medical conditions that substantially increase the risk of hip fracture as there are people with osteoporosis by femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD). The contributions of falling and decreased bone mass to the increased risks with these conditions are not certain. Although there are few data about whether and what type of treatments these patients receive to prevent fracture, it is likely that few receive pharmacologic treatments that have been shown to reduce the risk of hip fracture. There is a need to show that drug treatments that strengthen bone also reduce fracture risk in patients whose risk may be owing in greater part to traumatic falls than osteoporosis. Assuming that treatments are efficacious in these patients, there is a major opportunity to substantially reduce the incidence and consequences of hip fracture by reaching more of them with drug treatments to reduce the risk of hip fracture. This will require engagement of specialists who have little expertise and perhaps limited interest in preventing fractures, or new approaches to delivering drug treatments to prevent fracture directly to the patients at risk. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.