bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Survey to Determine Decision-Making Styles of Working Paramedics and Student Paramedics
Authors: Jensen J. L. , Bienkowski A. , Travers A.H. , Calder L.A. , Walker M. , Tavares W. , Croskerry P. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectiveTwo major processes underlie human decision-making: experiential (intuitive) and rational (conscious) thinking. The predominant thinking process used by working paramedics and student paramedics to make clinical decisions is unknown.MethodsA survey was administered to ground ambulance paramedics and to primary care paramedic students. The survey included demographic questions and the Rational Experiential Inventory-40, a validated psychometric tool involving 40 questions. Twenty questions evaluated each thinking style: 10 assessed preference and 10 assessed ability to use that style. Responses were provided on a five-point Likert scale, with higher scores indicating higher affinity for the style in question. Analysis included both descriptive statistics and t tests to evaluate differences in thinking style.ResultsThe response rate was 88.4% (1172/1326). Paramedics (n=904) had a median age of 36 years (IQR 29–42) and most were male (69.5%) and primary or advanced care paramedics (PCP=55.5%; ACP=32.5%). Paramedic students (n=268) had a median age of 23 years (IQR 21–26), most were male (63.1%) and had completed high school (31.7%) or an undergraduate degree (25.4%) prior to paramedic training. Both groups scored their ability to use and favourability toward rational thinking significantly higher than experiential thinking. The mean score for rational thinking was 3.86/5 among paramedics and 3.97/5 among paramedic students (p<0.001). The mean score for experiential thinking was 3.41/5 among paramedics and 3.35/5 among paramedic students (p=0.06).ConclusionWorking paramedics and student paramedics prefer and perceive that they have the ability to use rational over experiential thinking. This information adds to our current knowledge on paramedic decision-making and is potentially important for developing continuing education and clinical support tools.
Transverse jet mixing characteristics
Authors: Gevorkyan L. , Shoji T. , Getsinger D. R. , Smith O. I. , Karagozian A. R. 
Published: February 2016

This experimental study explores and quantifies mixing characteristics associated with a gaseous round jet injected perpendicularly into cross-flow for a range of flow and injection conditions. The study utilizes acetone planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging to determine mixing metrics in both centreplane and cross-sectional planes of the jet, for a range of jet-to-cross-flow momentum flux ratios ($2\leqslant J\leqslant 41$), density ratios ($0.35\leqslant S\leqslant 1.0$) and injector configurations (flush nozzle, flush pipe and elevated nozzle), all at a fixed jet Reynolds number of 1900. For the majority of conditions explored, there is a direct correspondence between the nature of the jet’s upstream shear layer instabilities and structure, as documented in detail in Getsingeret al.(J. Fluid Mech., vol. 760, 2014, pp. 342–367), and the jet’s mixing characteristics, consistent with diffusion-dominated processes, but with a few notable exceptions. When quantified as a function of distance along the jet trajectory, mixing metrics for jets in cross-flow with an absolutely unstable upstream shear layer and relatively symmetric counter-rotating vortex pair cross-sectional structure tend to show better local molecular mixing than for jets with convectively unstable upstream shear layers and generally asymmetric cross-sectional structures. Yet the spatial evolution of mixing with downstream distance can be greater for a few specific convectively unstable conditions, apparently associated with the initiation and nature of shear layer rollup as a trigger for improved mixing. A notable exception to these trends concerns conditions where the equidensity jet in cross-flow has an upstream shear layer that is already absolutely unstable, and the jet density is then reduced in comparison with that of the cross-flow. Here, density ratios below unity tend to mix less well than for equidensity conditions, demonstrated to result from differences in the nature of higher-density cross-flow entrainment into lower-density shear layer vortices.
Factors Associated with the Adoption of Tobacco Cessation Programmes in Schools
Authors: Little Melissa A. , Pokhrel Pallav , Sussman Steve , Derefinko Karen J. , Bursac Zoran , Rohrbach Louise Ann 
Published: February 2016

Background: Although there are now a number of evidence-based tobacco use cessation programs available for dissemination, almost all adolescent tobacco cessation research comprises efficacy and effectiveness studies. As a result, there is a need for more research to guide the scaling up of these programs.Methods: The current study utilized data from a cross-sectional sample of 205 administrators and tobacco prevention program coordinators in school districts and county offices of education throughout California, to explore factors that affect the adoption of tobacco cessation programs in schools.Results: We found that several characteristics of the community, organization and individual respondent were associated with the adoption of evidence-based tobacco cessation programs in schools, including identifying tobacco use prevention as a community priority, having school-level SUP coordinators, greater coordinator effort devoted to tobacco use prevention, having a program champion, and currently receiving TUPE funds (all ps < .05).Conclusions: Although the availability of dedicated tobacco education funds is an important factor in schools adopting tobacco cessation programs with proven effectiveness, our results suggest that strengthening education agencies' capacity to implement prevention programming, through dedicated resources and personnel, has the potential to lead to increased adoption of tobacco cessation programs.
Comparison of the protective effects of intratympanic dexamethasone and methylprednisolone against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity
Authors: Özel H E , Özdoğan F , Gürgen S G , Esen E , Genç S , Selçuk A 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjective:This study aimed to compare the efficacies of intratympanic dexamethasone and methylprednisolone in preventing in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in rats.Methods:Experimental groups of rats (n = 8 each) received intratympanic isotonic saline, intraperitoneal cisplatin and intratympanic isotonic saline, intraperitoneal cisplatin and intratympanic dexamethasone, or intraperitoneal cisplatin and intratympanic methylprednisolone. Distortion product otoacoustic emission thresholds were compared on days 0 and 10 in all rats, and correlations between drug effects and changes in cochlear histology were evaluated.Results:Distortion product otoacoustic emission thresholds were comparable in groups III and IV (p > 0.05). Significant protection against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity was seen in groups III and IV compared with group II (p < 0.05). Dexamethasone and, to a lesser extent, methylprednisolone protected against cellular apoptosis in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity.Conclusion:Dexamethasone (and possibly methylprednisolone) may be clinically useful as an intratympanic chemopreventive agent to treat cisplatin ototoxicity. Future clinical studies should investigate the use of dexamethasone for this purpose in adult patients.
New oral anticoagulants – a guide for ENT surgeons
Authors: Kumar S , Moorthy R 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackground:New oral anticoagulants have been developed to overcome the perceived disadvantages of more traditional anticoagulants such as heparin and warfarin, and their use amongst ENT patients have been increasing.Objectives:This review article aims to discuss the mechanism of action of new oral anticoagulants, when they should be used and a protocol for their use, in both the bleeding patient and in the peri-operative setting.Conclusion:It is important that ENT surgeons are aware of the use of new oral anticoagulants, and have a departmental- and trust-based policy on their use and reversal in bleeding and surgical patients.
Assessing the impact of a nurse-delivered home dried blood spot service on uptake of testing for household contacts of hepatitis B-infected pregnant women across two London trusts
Authors: KEEL P. , EDWARDS G. , FLOOD J. , NIXON G. , BEEBEEJAUN K. , SHUTE J. , POH J. , MILLAR A. , IJAZ S. , PARRY J. , MANDAL S. , RAMSAY M. , AMIRTHALINGAM G. 
Published: February 2016

SUMMARYDespite national guidance recommending testing and vaccination of household contacts of hepatitis B-infected pregnant women, provision and uptake of this is sub-optimal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of in-home dried blood spot (DBS) testing to increase testing and vaccination of household contacts of hepatitis B-infected pregnant women as an alternative approach to conventional primary-care follow-up. The study was conducted across two London maternity trusts (North Middlesex and Newham). All hepatitis B surface antigen-positive pregnant women identified through these trusts were eligible for inclusion. The intervention of in-home DBS testing for household contacts was introduced at North Middlesex Trust from November 2010 to December 2011. Data on testing and vaccination uptake from GP records across the two trusts were compared between baseline (2009) and intervention (2010–2011) periods. In-home DBS service increased testing uptake for all ages (P < 0·001) with the biggest impact seen in partners, where testing increased from 30·3% during the baseline period to 96·6% during the intervention period in North Middlesex Trust. Although impact on vaccine uptake was less marked, improvements were observed for adults. The provision of nurse-led home-based DBS may be useful in areas of high prevalence.
The impact of the giant iceberg B09B on population size and breeding success of Adélie penguins in Commonwealth Bay, Antarctica
Authors: Wilson Kerry-Jayne , Turney Chris S.M. , Fogwill Christopher J. , Blair Estelle 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe arrival of iceberg B09B in Commonwealth Bay, East Antarctica, and subsequent fast ice expansion has dramatically increased the distance Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) breeding at Cape Denison must travel in search of food. This has provided a natural experiment to investigate the impact of iceberg stranding events and sea ice expansion along the East Antarctic coast. As part of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition 2013–14, the Adélie penguin colony at Cape Denison was censused to compare to historic counts. Whilst some 5520 pairs still bred at Cape Denison there has been an order of magnitude decline in Adélie numbers in the area in comparison to the first counts a century ago and, critically, recent estimates based on satellite images and a census in 1997. In contrast, an Adélie population on the eastern fringe of Commonwealth Bay just 8 km from the fast ice edge was thriving, indicating the arrival of B09B and fast ice expansion was probably responsible for the observed recent population decline. In conclusion, the Cape Denison population could be extirpated within 20 years unless B09B relocates or the now perennial fast ice within the bay breaks out. Our results have important implications for wider East Antarctic if the current increasing sea ice trend continues.
SAMUEL IBN TIBBON AS THE AUTHOR OF MELAḴAH QEṬANAH, THE HEBREW TRANSLATION FROM ARABIC OF GALEN'S TEGNI: PROBES INTO THE EVOLUTION OF HIS PHILOSOPHICAL TERMINOLOGY
Authors: Freudenthal Gad 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSamuel Ibn Tibbon (d. c. 1231) is best known as the translator of Maimonides's Guide of the Perplexed and as the author of the bold and ambitious cosmogonic work of Avicennian inspiration Ma'amar Yiqqawu ha-mayim (A treatise on ‘Let the water gather’; 1231). His authorship (in 1199) of the Arabic-into-Hebrew translation of Galen's Tegni with Ibn Riḍwān's commentary, known as al-Ṣināʿa al-ṣaġīra (= Small Art), is attested by the colophons of two manuscripts, but has recently been denied. The question is not unimportant, because if Ibn Tibbon indeed is the author of this translation then, as Steinschneider observed, ʿAlī Ibn Riḍwān's commentary is the first Arabic-into-Hebrew translation of a work by a Muslim writer. In this article I invalidate the arguments against Ibn Tibbon's authorship of the translation and, on the contrary, I positively show that a systematic consideration of the evidence unambiguously confirms it. The inquiry is notably based on probes into the evolution of Ibn Tibbon's philosophical vocabulary, whose results, it is hoped, will be useful beyond the immediate aim that has triggered them. This article accompanies Gad Freudenthal and Resianne Fontaine, “Philosophy and medicine in Jewish Provence, Anno 1199: Samuel Ibn Tibbon and Doeg the Edomite translating Galen's Tegni,” published in this issue of ASP, 26 (2016), pp. 1–26.
EXISTENTIAL IMPORT IN AVICENNA'S MODAL LOGIC
Authors: Chatti Saloua 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn this paper, I raise the following problem: what propositions have an import in Avicenna's modal logic? Which ones do not? Starting from the assumption that the singular and quantified propositions have an import if they require the existence of their subject's referent(s) to be true, I first discuss the import of the absolute propositions then I analyze the import of the modal propositions by considering Avicenna's definitions and the relations between these propositions. This leads to the following results: Avicenna's general opinion is that the affirmatives, be they assertoric or modal, have an import while the negatives do not. The possible affirmative propositions are given an import both in the externalist and the internalist post-Avicennan readings, provided that the subject is not impossible. However, the theory is not always clear, for the propositions containing ‘sometimes not’ are given an import, together with the negative necessaries containing ‘as long as it is P’, despite their negative character; the necessary affirmative propositions containing ‘as long as it is P’ are given an import, although they do not require it. In addition, Avicenna's analysis of the special assertorics E and O (containing the internal conditions ‘at some times but not always’) and their contradictories is erroneous, which does not help determine their import. But when correctly analyzed, these special E and O do not have an import, while their contradictories – I and A special assertorics respectively – have an import.
Research and Evaluations of the Health Aspects of Disasters, Part VI: Interventional Research and the Disaster Logic Model
Authors: Birnbaum Marvin L. , Daily Elaine K. , O’Rourke Ann P. , Kushner Jennifer 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDisaster-related interventions are actions or responses undertaken during any phase of a disaster to change the current status of an affected community or a Societal System. Interventional disaster research aims to evaluate the results of such interventions in order to develop standards and best practices in Disaster Health that can be applied to disaster risk reduction. Considering interventions as production functions (transformation processes) structures the analyses and cataloguing of interventions/responses that are implemented prior to, during, or following a disaster or other emergency. Since currently it is not possible to do randomized, controlled studies of disasters, in order to validate the derived standards and best practices, the results of the studies must be compared and synthesized with results from other studies (ie, systematic reviews). Such reviews will be facilitated by the selected studies being structured using accepted frameworks. A logic model is a graphic representation of the transformation processes of a program [project] that shows the intended relationships between investments and results. Logic models are used to describe a program and its theory of change, and they provide a method for the analyzing and evaluating interventions. The Disaster Logic Model (DLM) is an adaptation of a logic model used for the evaluation of educational programs and provides the structure required for the analysis of disaster-related interventions. It incorporates a(n): definition of the current functional status of a community or Societal System, identification of needs, definition of goals, selection of objectives, implementation of the intervention(s), and evaluation of the effects, outcomes, costs, and impacts of the interventions. It is useful for determining the value of an intervention and it also provides the structure for analyzing the processes used in providing the intervention according to the Relief/Recovery and Risk-Reduction Frameworks.BirnbaumML, DailyEK, O’RourkeAP, KushnerJ. Research and evaluations of the health aspects of disasters, part VI: interventional research and the Disaster Logic Model. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(2):181–194.
Can foreign aid free the press?
Authors: DUTTA NABAMITA , WILLIAMSON CLAUDIA R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractCan foreign aid help free the press? Aid may boost press freedom by incentivizing government to reduce media regulations and provide financial support for infrastructure. Alternatively, foreign aid may prevent press freedom by expanding the role of the state and promoting government over private enterprises. We contend that the magnitude of foreign aid's influence is conditional on the existence of democratic checks. Using panel data from 1994 to 2010, we find evidence suggesting that aid significantly increases press freedom in democracies but insignificantly relates to press freedom in autocracies. Collectively, the results suggest that a standard deviation increase in aid to a country at the mean level of democracy increases press freedom by approximately a 1/20th standard deviation. Overall, the findings suggest that donors should be cautious as most aid recipients are not democratic and aid leads to only relatively small marginal improvements in press freedom.
Global biogeography of Prochlorococcus genome diversity in the surface ocean
Authors: Kent Alyssa G , Dupont Chris L , Yooseph Shibu , Martiny Adam C 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Prochlorococcus, the smallest known photosynthetic bacterium, is abundant in the ocean’s surface layer despite large variation in environmental conditions. There are several genetically divergent lineages within Prochlorococcus and superimposed on this phylogenetic diversity is extensive gene gain and loss. The environmental role in shaping the global ocean distribution of genome diversity in Prochlorococcus is largely unknown, particularly in a framework that considers the vertical and lateral mechanisms of evolution. Here we show that Prochlorococcus field populations from a global circumnavigation harbor extensive genome diversity across the surface ocean, but this diversity is not randomly distributed. We observed a significant correspondence between phylogenetic and gene content diversity, including regional differences in both phylogenetic composition and gene content that were related to environmental factors. Several gene families were strongly associated with specific regions and environmental factors, including the identification of a set of genes related to lower nutrient and temperature regions. Metagenomic assemblies of natural Prochlorococcus genomes reinforced this association by providing linkage of genes across genomic backbones. Overall, our results show that the phylogeography in Prochlorococcus taxonomy is echoed in its genome content. Thus environmental variation shapes the functional capabilities and associated ecosystem role of the globally abundant Prochlorococcus.
Genome assembly and geospatial phylogenomics of the bed bug Cimex lectularius
Authors: Rosenfeld Jeffrey A. , Reeves Darryl , Brugler Mercer R. , Narechania Apurva , Simon Sabrina , Durrett Russell , Foox Jonathan , Shianna Kevin , Schatz Michael C. , Gandara Jorge , Afshinnekoo Ebrahim , Lam Ernest T. , Hastie Alex R. , Chan Saki , Cao Han , Saghbini Michael , Kentsis Alex , Planet Paul J. , Kholodovych Vladyslav , Tessler Michael , Baker Richard , DeSalle Rob , Sorkin Louis N. , Kolokotronis Sergios-Orestis , Siddall Mark E. , Amato George , Mason Christopher E. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe common bed bug (Cimex lectularius) has been a persistent pest of humans for thousands of years, yet the genetic basis of the bed bug’s basic biology and adaptation to dense human environments is largely unknown. Here we report the assembly, annotation and phylogenetic mapping of the 697.9-Mb Cimex lectularius genome, with an N50 of 971 kb, using both long and short read technologies. A RNA-seq time course across all five developmental stages and male and female adults generated 36,985 coding and noncoding gene models. The most pronounced change in gene expression during the life cycle occurs after feeding on human blood and included genes from the Wolbachia endosymbiont, which shows a simultaneous and coordinated host/commensal response to haematophagous activity. These data provide a rich genetic resource for mapping activity and density of C. lectularius across human hosts and cities, which can help track, manage and control bed bug infestations.
Unique features of a global human ectoparasite identified through sequencing of the bed bug genome
Authors: Benoit Joshua B. , Adelman Zach N. , Reinhardt Klaus , Dolan Amanda , Poelchau Monica , Jennings Emily C. , Szuter Elise M. , Hagan Richard W. , Gujar Hemant , Shukla Jayendra Nath , Zhu Fang , Mohan M. , Nelson David R. , Rosendale Andrew J. , Derst Christian , Resnik Valentina , Wernig Sebastian , Menegazzi Pamela , Wegener Christian , Peschel Nicolai , Hendershot Jacob M. , Blenau Wolfgang , Predel Reinhard , Johnston Paul R. , Ioannidis Panagiotis , Waterhouse Robert M. , Nauen Ralf , Schorn Corinna , Ott Mark-Christoph , Maiwald Frank , Johnston J. Spencer , Gondhalekar Ameya D. , Scharf Michael E. , Peterson Brittany F. , Raje Kapil R. , Hottel Benjamin A. , Armisén David , Crumière Antonin Jean Johan , Refki Peter Nagui , Santos Maria Emilia , Sghaier Essia , Viala Sèverine , Khila Abderrahman , Ahn Seung-Joon , Childers Christopher , Lee Chien-Yueh , Lin Han , Hughes Daniel S. T. , Duncan Elizabeth J. , Murali Shwetha C. , Qu Jiaxin , Dugan Shannon , Lee Sandra L. , Chao Hsu , Dinh Huyen , Han Yi , Doddapaneni Harshavardhan , Worley Kim C. , Muzny Donna M. , Wheeler David , Panfilio Kristen A. , Vargas Jentzsch Iris M. , Vargo Edward L. , Booth Warren , Friedrich Markus , Weirauch Matthew T. , Anderson Michelle A. E. , Jones Jeffery W. , Mittapalli Omprakash , Zhao Chaoyang , Zhou Jing-Jiang , Evans Jay D. , Attardo Geoffrey M. , Robertson Hugh M. , Zdobnov Evgeny M. , Ribeiro Jose M. C. , Gibbs Richard A. , Werren John H. , Palli Subba R. , Schal Coby , Richards Stephen 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe bed bug,Cimex lectularius, has re-established itself as a ubiquitous human ectoparasite throughout much of the world during the past two decades. This global resurgence is likely linked to increased international travel and commerce in addition to widespread insecticide resistance. Analyses of theC. lectulariussequenced genome (650 Mb) and 14,220 predicted protein-coding genes provide a comprehensive representation of genes that are linked to traumatic insemination, a reduced chemosensory repertoire of genes related to obligate hematophagy, host–symbiont interactions, and several mechanisms of insecticide resistance. In addition, we document the presence of multiple putative lateral gene transfer events. Genome sequencing and annotation establish a solid foundation for future research on mechanisms of insecticide resistance, human–bed bug and symbiont–bed bug associations, and unique features of bed bug biology that contribute to the unprecedented success ofC. lectulariusas a human ectoparasite.