bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Disability-Adjusted Life Years to Assess the Burden of Disease and Injury in Rhode Island
Authors: Jiang Yongwen , Hesser Jana Earl 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) measure the burden of disease and injury in a population. We tested the feasibility of calculating DALYs to assess the burden of disease and injury in Rhode Island (RI). Methods. We computed DALYs for the 2008 RI population using methods developed by the World Health Organization, Harvard University, and the World Bank. DALYs are a composite measure that sum years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality with years lived with disability (YLDs). We calculated crude mortality, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs for 90 major health conditions for RI and stratified them by gender and age. Calculations for YLLs and YLDs were based on five-year averages. We compared our results with U.S. and Los Angeles County, California, estimates. Results. A DALYs ranking produces a different picture of RI's disease and injury burden than does mortality-based ranking. Of 90 major health conditions assessed for RI, six of the top 10 causes for mortality and DALYs were the same, but were ranked differently: ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, Alzheimer dementia and other dementias, trachea/bronchus/lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and diabetes mellitus. These six conditions accounted for 59% of deaths but only 35% of DALYs. Causes and rank orders for DALYs differed between males and females and among age groups. Conclusions. Including nonfatal health conditions in an assessment of population health provides a different picture than traditional mortality-based assessments. This study demonstrates the feasibility and constraints of using DALYs to assess the burden of disease and injury at the state level.
Patient and Clinician Ethical Perspectives on the 2006 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention HIV Testing Methods
Authors: Merchant Roland C. , Waxman Michael J. , Maher Julie G. , Clark Melissa A. , Celada M. Teresa , Liu Tao , Simmons Emma M. , Beckwith Curt G. , Mayer Kenneth H. 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. CDC 2006 recommendations for new HIV testing methods in U.S. health-care settings (opt-out approach, general medical consent, and optional prevention counseling) have been the subject of a public ethical debate. Ethical concerns might limit their implementation and affect expanded HIV screening efforts. We compared clinicians' and patients' perspectives on the ethical concerns raised about, justifications provided in support of, and preferences for the 2006 CDC-recommended HIV testing methods for the U.S. health-care setting, in contrast with the 2001 CDC-recommended HIV testing methods (opt-in approach, specific written consent, and mandatory prevention counseling). Methods. We conducted a non-inferiority trial and survey of 249 clinicians and random samples of 1,013 of their patients at three emergency departments and three ambulatory care clinics at university-affiliated hospitals in Rhode Island from June to December 2007. Results. Clinicians found the 2006 CDC HIV testing methods to be more ethically concerning than the 2001 testing methods (i.e., ethically inferior), while patients had few ethical concerns. In regard to ethical justifications cited for the 2006 CDC HIV testing methods, clinicians were more supportive of the ethical justifications cited for using an opt-out approach and general medical consent, while patients were more supportive of the justifications for optional HIV prevention counseling. Clinicians showed a relatively greater preference for the opt-out approach and use of general medical consent, while patients had a relatively greater preference for optional HIV prevention counseling. Conclusions. Clinicians and their patients hold divergent ethical perspectives on CDC's 2006 HIV testing methods. The results indicate an opportunity to review not only these but also future HIV testing recommendations, as well as how they are presented for implementation.
Fatalities of Pedestrians, Bicycle Riders, and motorists Due to Distracted driving motor Vehicle Crashes in the U.S., 2005–2010
Authors: Stimpson Jim P. , Wilson Fernando A. , Muelleman Robert L. 
Published: July 2017

Objective. Distracted driving is an increasingly deadly threat to road safety. This study documents trends in and characteristics of pedestrian, bicycle rider, and other victim deaths caused by distracted drivers on U.S. public roads. Methods. We obtained data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System database from 2005 to 2010 on every crash that resulted in at least one fatality within 30 days occurring on public roads in the U.S. Following the definition used by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, we identified distracted driving based on whether police investigators determined that a driver had been using a technological device, including a cell phone, onboard navigation system, computer, fax machine, two-way radio, or head-up display, or had been engaged in inattentive or careless activities. Results. The rate of fatalities per 10 billion vehicle miles traveled increased from 116.1 in 2005 to 168.6 in 2010 for pedestrians and from 18.7 in 2005 to 24.6 in 2010 for bicyclists. Pedestrian victims of distracted driving crashes were disproportionately male, 25–64 years of age, and non-Hispanic white. They were also more likely to die at nighttime, be struck by a distracted driver outside of a marked crosswalk, and be in a metro location. Bicycling victims of distracted crashes were disproportionately male, non-Hispanic white, and struck by a distracted driver outside of a crosswalk. Compared with pedestrians, bicyclists were less likely to be hit in early morning. Conclusions. Distracted drivers are the cause of an increasing share of fatalities found among pedestrians and bicycle riders Policies are needed to protect pedestrians and bicycle riders as they cross intersections or travel on roadways.
Hepatitis B Vaccination Coverage among Health-Care Personnel in the United States
Authors: Byrd Kathy K. , Lu Peng-Jun , Murphy Trudy V. 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. We compared self-reported hepatitis B (HepB) vaccine coverage among health-care personnel (HCP) with HepB vaccine coverage among the general population and determined trends in vaccination coverage among HCP. Methods. We used the 2010 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) to determine the weighted proportion of self-reported ≥1- and ≥3-dose HepB vaccine coverage among HCP aged ≥18 years. We used logistic regression to determine independent predictors of vaccination and performed a trend analysis to determine changes in coverage from 2004 to 2010 using data from the 2004–2010 NHIS. Results. Overall, 69.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 67.2, 71.8) and 63.4% (95% CI 60.8, 65.9) of HCP reported receiving ≥1 and ≥3 doses of HepB vaccine, respectively, compared with 27.1% (95% CI 26.1, 28.1%) and 23.0% (95% CI 22.1, 24.0) among non-HCP Among HCP with direct patient contact, 80.7% (95% CI 78.2, 83.1) and 74.0% (95% CI 71.2, 76.8) received ≥1 and ≥3 HepB vaccine doses, respectively Independent predictors of vaccination included direct patient contact, having more than a high school education, influenza vaccination in the past year, and ever having been tested for HIV. There was no significant change in reported coverage from 2004 through 2010. Conclusion. The 2010 HepB vaccine coverage estimate among HCP remained well below the Healthy People 2010 goal of 90%. Efforts to target unvaccinated HCP for preexposure HepB protection should be encouraged.
Determinants of Cervical Cancer Screening among Women with Intellectual Disabilities: Evidence from Medical Records
Authors: Parish Susan L. , Swaine Jamie G. , Son Esther , Luken Karen 
Published: July 2017

Objective. We examined receipt of cervical cancer screening and determinants of screening for women with intellectual disabilities in one Southeastern state. Methods. Using medical records data from 2006 through 2010 for community-dwelling women with intellectual disabilities who were 18–65 years of age ( n=163), we employed descriptive and bivariate statistics and a multivariate regression model to examine receipt of cervical cancer screening and the determinants of cervical cancer screening across women's sociodemographic and health-care provider characteristics. Results. Of women 18–65 years of age with intellectual disabilities, 55% received a Papanicolaou (Pap) test during 2008–2010, markedly below the Healthy People 2020 targets or rates of Pap test receipt of women without intellectual disabilities Women with intellectual disabilities who lived in residential facilities, those who lived in rural communities, and those who had an obstetrician/gynecologist had higher rates of receipt of care than other women with intellectual disabilities. Conclusions. Assertive measures are required to improve the receipt of cervical cancer screening among women with intellectual disabilities. Such measures could include education of women with intellectual disabilities, as well as their paid and family caregivers, and incentives for health-care providers who achieve screening targets.
Assessing the Validity and Reliability of Three Indicators Self-Reported on the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System Survey
Authors: Ahluwalia Indu B. , Helms Kristen , Morrow Brian 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. We investigated the reliability and validity of three self-reported indicators from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) survey. Methods. We used 2008 PRAMS ( n=15,646) data from 12 states that had implemented the 2003 revised U.S. Certificate of Live Birth. We estimated reliability by kappa coefficient and validity by sensitivity and specificity using the birth certificate data as the reference for the following: prenatal participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC); Medicaid payment for delivery; and breastfeeding initiation. These indicators were examined across several demographic subgroups. Results. The reliability was high for all three measures: 0.81 for WIC participation, 0.67 for Medicaid payment of delivery, and 0.72 for breastfeeding initiation. The validity of PRAMS indicators was also high: WIC participation (sensitivity = 90.8%, specificity = 90.6%), Medicaid payment for delivery (sensitivity = 82.4%, specificity = 85.6%), and breastfeeding initiation (sensitivity = 94.3%, specificity = 76.0%). The prevalence estimates were higher on PRAMS than the birth certificate for each of the indicators except Medicaid-paid delivery among non-Hispanic black women. Kappa values within most subgroups remained in the moderate range (0.40–0.80) Sensitivity and specificity values were lower for Hispanic women who responded to the PRAMS survey in Spanish and for breastfeeding initiation among women who delivered very low birthweight and very preterm infants. Conclusion. The validity and reliability of the PRAMS data for measures assessed were high Our findings support the use of PRAMS data for epidemiological surveillance, research, and planning.
Prescription Drug Monitoring and Dispensing of Prescription Opioids
Authors: Brady Joanne E. , Wunsch Hannah , DiMaggio Charles , Lang Barbara H. , Giglio James , Li Guohua 
Published: July 2017

Objective. In the United States, per-capita opioid dispensing has increased concurrently with analgesic-related mortality and morbidity since the 1990s. To deter diversion and abuse of controlled substances, most states have implemented electronic prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs). We evaluated the impact of state PDMPs on opioid dispensing. Methods. We acquired data on opioids dispensed in a given quarter of the year for each state and the District of Columbia from 1999 to 2008 from the Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders System and converted them to morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs). We used multivariable linear regression modeling with generalized estimating equations to assess the effect of state PDMPs on per-capita dispensing of MMEs. Results. The annual MMEs dispensed per capita increased progressively until 2007 before stabilizing. Adjusting for temporal trends and demographic characteristics, implementation of state PDMPs was associated with a 3% decrease in MMEs dispensed per capita ( p=0.68). The impact of PDMPs on MMEs dispensed per capita varied markedly by state, from a 66% decrease in Colorado to a 61% increase in Connecticut. Conclusions. Implementation of state PDMPs up to 2008 did not show a significant impact on per-capita opioids dispensed. To control the diversion and abuse of prescription drugs, state PDMPs may need to improve their usability, implement requirements for committee oversight of the PDMP, and increase data sharing with neighboring states.
Assessment of State- and Territorial-Level Preparedness Capacity for Serving Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Populations in Disasters
Authors: Ivey Susan L. , Tseng Winston , Dahrouge Donna , Engelman Alina , Neuhauser Linda , Huang Debbie , Gurung Sidhanta 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. Substantial evidence exists that emergency preparedness and response efforts are not effectively reaching populations with functional and access needs, especially barriers related to literacy, language, culture, or disabilities. More than 36 million Americans are Deaf or hard of hearing (Deaf/HH). These groups experienced higher risks of injury, death, and property loss in recent disasters than the general public. We conducted a participatory research study to examine national recommendations on preparedness communication for the Deaf/HH. Methods. We assessed whether previous recommendations regarding the Deaf/HH have been incorporated into state- and territorial-level emergency operations plans (EOPs), interviewed state- and territorial-level preparedness directors about capacity to serve the Deaf/HH, and proposed strategies to benefit Deaf/HH populations during emergencies. We analyzed 55 EOPs and 50 key informant (KI) interviews with state directors. Results. Fifty-five percent of EOPs mentioned vulnerable populations; however, only 31% specifically mentioned Deaf/HH populations in their plan. Study findings indicated significant relationships among the following factors: a state-level KI's familiarity with communication issues for the Deaf/HH, making relay calls (i.e., calls to services to relay communication between Deaf and hearing people), and whether the KI's department provides trainings about serving Deaf/HH populations in emergencies. We found significant associations between a state's percentage of Deaf/HH individuals and a KI's familiarity with Deaf/HH communication issues and provision by government of any disability services to Deaf/HH populations in emergencies. Further, we found significant relationships between KIs attending training on serving the Deaf/HH and familiarity with Deaf/HH communication issues, including how to make relay calls. Conclusion. This study provides new knowledge that can help emergency agencies improve their preparedness training, planning, and capacity to serve Deaf/HH populations in emergencies.
High Risk for HIV following Syphilis Diagnosis among Men in Florida, 2000–2011
Authors: Peterman Thomas A. , Newman Daniel R. , Maddox Lorene , Schmitt Karla , Shiver Stacy 
Published: July 2017

Objective. Multiple interventions have been shown to reduce the risk of HIV acquisition, including preexposure prophylaxis with antiretroviral medications, but high costs require targeting interventions to people at the highest risk. We identified the risk of HIV following a syphilis diagnosis for men in Florida. Methods. We analyzed surveillance records of 13- to 59-year-old men in Florida who were reported as having syphilis from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2009. We excluded men who had HIV infection reported before their syphilis diagnosis (and within 60 days after), then searched the database to see if the remaining men were reported as having HIV infection by December 31, 2011. Results. Of the 9,512 men with syphilis we followed, 1,323 were subsequently diagnosed as having HIV infection 60–3,753 days after their syphilis diagnosis. The risk of a subsequent diagnosis of HIV infection was 3.6% in the first year after syphilis was diagnosed and reached 17.5% 10 years after a syphilis diagnosis. The risk of HIV was higher for non-Hispanic white men (3.4% per year) than for non-Hispanic black men (1.8% per year). The likelihood of developing HIV was slightly lower for men diagnosed with syphilis in 2000 and 2001 compared with subsequent years. Of men diagnosed with syphilis in 2003, 21.5% were reported as having a new HIV diagnosis by December 31, 2011. Conclusion. Men who acquire syphilis are at very high risk of HIV infection.
Timely HIV Diagnosis and HIV/TB Comanagement among California Patients in 2008
Authors: Kong Darryl , Watt James P. , Marks Suzanne M. , Flood Jennifer M. 
Published: July 2017

Objective. National guidelines highlight the roles of early HIV diagnosis and effective comanagement for HIV and tuberculosis (TB) to prevent mortality and morbidity from HIV-related TB. We assessed HIV diagnosis timing and HIV/TB comanagement for California HIV/TB patients. Methods. We reviewed and analyzed public health charts for California HIV/TB patients reported during 2008. HIV diagnoses fewer than three months before TB diagnosis were considered new HIV diagnoses. We determined the proportion of patients with new HIV diagnoses, risk factors for new HIV diagnoses, and proportion of patients receiving recommended CD4 cell count measurements, supervised TB therapy, and antiretroviral therapy (ART). Results. Of 130 HIV/TB patients, 51% had new HIV diagnoses. Foreign-born patients were more likely than U.S.-born patients to have new HIV diagnoses. Supervised TB therapy and CD4 cell count measurements followed national recommendations for 91% and 74% of patients, respectively. At least 73% of patients started ART before completing TB therapy. Compared with patients who had previous HIV diagnoses, patients with new HIV diagnoses started ART later and had lower CD4 cell counts and higher viral loads at TB diagnosis. Conclusions. Although most HIV/TB patients received the recommended treatment, half had new HIV diagnoses. Compared with patients who had previous HIV diagnoses, patients with new HIV diagnoses had greater immunosuppression at TB diagnosis. A new diagnosis indicates that HIV could have been diagnosed earlier and ART or treatment for latent TB infection could have been initiated to prevent TB development.
High-Density Cotton in American Mills
Authors: Campbell Malcolm E. 
Published: July 2017

Interest in the use of high-dercsity cotton has recently been stimulated by two factors: first, the necessity for diverting to domestic use the large quantity of cotton which had been originally packed in high-density bales for export; and second, the possibility that it would be necessary to compress to high density a large proportion of the crop for shipment within the country in order to conserve shipping space. Textile Research Institute, Inc., has investigated the various aspects of the subject, including the feasibility of using high-density cotton in American mills,, the effect of high-density compression on spinning quality, and other factors. The results of this investigation are embodied in a fifteen page report of which the following is a summary. This report has been issued to all members of the Insti tute. Non-members may obtain copies at the price of one dollar per copy by writing to the Institute.
Immunomodulation of the induction phase of lymphokine‐activated killer activity by acute phase proteins
Authors: Clayman Gary L. , Liu Frank J. , Taylor Dorothy L. , Savage Howard E. , Lavedan Pierre , Buchsbaum Robert M. , Trujillo Jose M. , Schantz Stimson P. 
Published: July 2017

Effective treatment of head and neck cancer with biologic response modifiers may be benefitted by an understanding of in vivo factors capable of modulating the lymphokine‐activated killer (LAK) cell phenomenon. Eighteen patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were studied. Killer cells from each patient, activated by recombinant interleukin‐2 (10 U/ml), were induced in either complete medium alone or complete medium plus 10% autologous serum solution and analyzed. Cytotoxicity against both K562 and squamous cell carcinoma (MDA686‐Ln) cell lines was determined by use of standard chromium‐release assays. The immunomodulatory capacity of serum was correlated with levels of various acute phase proteins. Autologous serum significantly inhibited the induction phase of the LAK phenomenon in 61% of patients and stimulated it in 22%. No patients with early stage I or II disease had significant inhibition of induction. No direct correlation between inhibition and serum acute phase protein levels were seen. An inverse relationship was seen between the C, component of complement and induction inhibition (r = −0.6). These findings suggest that advances of in vivo immunomodulatory therapy will require elucidation of mechanisms of serologic inhibition of the induction phase of the LAK phenomenon. Such studies may lead to serologic modification to enhance treatment efficacy of biologic response modifiers.
Perilymphatic fistula: Surgical experience in the united states
Authors: House John W. , Morris Michael S. , Kramer Steven J. , Shasky Gary L. , Coggan Barry B. , Putter Jeffrey S. 
Published: July 2017

One survey sent to 6953 individual otolaryngologic practices and 106 departments of otolaryngology at teaching hospitals in the United States, and a more limited survey of 75 patients operated on for perilymphatic fistula (PLF) at the House Ear Institute, addressed aspects of managing PLF: Surgical incidence, reliability of diagnostic tests, preoperative observations, and disability after surgery. Of surgeons sampled, 93% estimated incidence of PLF surgery to be ≤1 per 1000 otolaryngologic outpatient visits. The most reliable diagnostic indicators were history, symptomatology, and tympanometric and electronystagmographic fistula tests. About 72% of surgeons reported <4 weeks' average delay before surgery. Most surgeons and patients (≥70%) rated length of disability before return to work, exposure to noise, travel by airplane, swimming, and heavy lifting, at several weeks to several months. Diving was the most restricted activity. Results suggest that incidence of surgery and disability with PFL in the United States is very limited.
Retropharyngeal space infection: Changing trends
Authors: Gianoli Gerard J. , Espinola Trina E. , Guarisco J. Lindhe , Miller Robert H. 
Published: July 2017

Retropharyngeal space infection, now a rare entity since the introduction of modern antibiotic chemotherapy, has traditionally been described to occur in children less than 4 years of age with suppurative disorders of the ear, nose, and throat. Recent reports suggest a changing trend in the epidemiology, bacteriology, diagnostic Imaging, treatment, and clinical course of this entity. However, the medical literature concerning this topic over the last two decades has consisted mainly of case reports. We reviewed eight cases of retropharyngeal space infection at our institutions over a 15‐year period, representing one of the largest clinical series of its kind in the last 20 years. Patient ages ranged from 3 months to 41 years. Findings of these cases and 13 cases from similar reports obtained by a MEDLINE computer search of the recent literature were analyzed. Results show a trend toward occurrence in older age groups, polymicrobial infections, successful use of CT scan as a diagnostic modality, and fewer patients requiring incision and drainage. These findings will be discussed and contrasted to conventional wisdom.