bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeting Rejection: Analysis of Specimen Acceptability and Rejection, and Framework for Identifying Interventions in a Single Tertiary Healthcare Facility
Authors: Rooper Lisa , Carter Jamal , Hargrove John , Hoffmann Sheri , Riedel Stefan 
Published: September 2016

ObjectivesAssessment of specimen rejection rates is an important laboratory quality measure for laboratories because of a potential negative impact on patient care. Here, we examined reasons for specimen rejection at a single, tertiary care healthcare institution and propose a framework for designing an efficient intervention.MethodsDuring a 1‐year period, we identified all specimens rejected at our hospital and performed an analysis of a wide range of associated variables: reason for rejection, patient location, type of phlebotomist, tests ordered, priority status, collection container used, transport time.ResultsClotted and hemolyzed specimens accounted for the majority of rejected specimens, but significant differences in reasons for specimen rejection existed between patient care areas. Eighty‐five percent of rejected specimens came from the Emergency Department and eight other inpatient care areas. Registered nurses drew approximately 85% of rejected specimens, while laboratory phlebotomy staff drew only 4%.ConclusionsWhile hemolysis and clotting are primary causes for specimen rejection, collection of all available data regarding specimen rejection data is essential for laboratories determining which factors are most significant causes of specimen rejection.
Infectious complications, steroid use and timing for emergency liver transplantation in acute liver failure: analysis in a Japanese center
Authors: Yasui Shin , Fujiwara Keiichi , Haga Yuuki , Nakamura Masato , Mikata Rintaro , Arai Makoto , Kanda Tatsuo , Oda Shigeto , Yokosuka Osamu 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundCorticosteroid (CS) has been introduced in most acute liver failure (ALF) patients for the purpose of suppressing pro‐inflammatory cytokines in Japan where a shortage of donor livers exists, whereas CS use is evaluated to be no benefit in Western countries. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the association between infectious complications and CS use in ALF, and determine when to evaluate treatment response and consider the timing for switching to liver transplantation (LT).MethodsCorticosteroid was administered to patients in the early stage prospectively. Clinical and biochemical features of 110 adult patients were analyzed.ResultsCorticosteroids were administered to 78 (71%) patients. The duration between start of CS and onset of infection was 17 ± 10 days. Multivariate analysis revealed that infection was associated with age >50 years (P = 0.034) and T‐BIL >15 mg/dl (P < 0.001), and not with CS use (P = 0.10). Accumulative incidence of infection was not different between patients with and without CS (P = 0.18).ConclusionsCorticosteroid use did not significantly increase the incidence of infection. Two weeks after introduction of CS is a critical point for evaluating treatment response, avoiding infectious complications and switching to LT.
Alkyl pyrazine synthesis via an open heated bath with variable sugars, ammonia, and various amino acids
Authors: Ara Katayoun Mahdavi , Taylor Larry T , Ashraf‐Khorassani Mehdi , Coleman William M 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDSemi‐quantitative characteristics of headspace volatile pyrazines which constituted around 1% by weight of the final product have been previously described. The influence of reactant concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time on both the yield of total alkyl pyrazines and the distribution pattern of specific identified pyrazines has not been reported.RESULTSThe optimum synthetic conditions were 5 mol L−1 NH4OH, 2 mol L−1 rhamnose, 0.5 mol L−1 leucine at 110°C for 2 h. The greatest total amount of pyrazines obtained was 17 280 µg of extracted product which translated into 31% 2,6‐dimethyl pyrazine, 17% 2‐methyl pyrazine, 15% 2‐ethyl‐6‐methyl pyrazine, and 16% 2‐isoamyl‐6‐methyl pyrazine.CONCLUSIONThe yield of synthesized pyrazines increased at higher temperatures. Quantitative total and specific pyrazine results as opposed to analysis of only headspace volatiles are more representative of pyrazine synthesis. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
OSA screening with the pediatric sleep questionnaire for adolescents undergoing bariatric surgery in teen‐LABS
Authors: Ishman Stacey , Heubi Christine , Jenkins Todd , Michalsky Marc , Simakajornboon Narong , Inge Thomas 
Published: September 2016

ObjectiveObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is reported in 70% of adolescents who present for bariatric surgery. The Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) was developed to identify children at risk for OSA but is not validated in adolescents with obesity. The aims of this study were: (1) to assess validity of the PSQ to detect OSA and (2) to determine the correlation between anthropometric and polysomnography measurements.MethodsA cross‐sectional assessment of Teen‐Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery participants at high risk for OSA was performed. Participants completed an overnight polysomnography, and caregivers completed the PSQ.ResultsForty‐five participants (84% female, 78% Caucasian, mean age = 16.7 ± 1.5 years) were evaluated. Mean BMI was 51.3 ± 7.7 kg/m2 and mean obstructive apnea‐hypopnea index (oAHI) was 6.1 ± 5.9 events/h. For diagnosis of OSA (oAHI ≥5), the total PSQ score sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) were 86%, 38%, and 55%, respectively. For snoring >50% of the time, PPV was 84%, sensitivity was 64%, and specificity was 43%. Sagittal abdominal diameter correlated with oAHI and oxygen saturation nadir (ρ = 0.34, P = 0.027), whereas BMI, neck, and waist circumference correlated with neither.ConclusionsThe PSQ demonstrated low specificity, and PPV and the question regarding snoring >50% of the time did not effectively identify OSA. Sagittal abdominal diameter correlated with oAHI and oxygen saturation nadir.
Preparation and functionalization of linear and reductively degradable highly branched cyanoacrylate‐based polymers
Authors: Tang Houliang , Tsarevsky Nicolay V. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTEthyl cyanoacrylate (ECA) was polymerized radically in the presence of small amounts of trifluoroacetic acid as effective inhibitor of incidental anionic polymerization. Methyl methacrylate and other functional vinyl monomers (e.g., 2‐chloroethyl and 2‐bromoethyl methacrylate) were copolymerized with ECA, yielding linear ECA‐rich copolymers, which could readily undergo further modifications, for instance nucleophilic substitution with azide. In the presence of a disulfide‐containing dimethacrylate crosslinker and a chain transfer agent (CBr4) during the free radical copolymerizations of ECA with methacrylates, highly branched ECA‐based polymers containing disulfide groups at the branching points were obtained prior to gelation. The polymers degraded upon addition of reducing agents. The prepared polymers, which contained peripheral (chain end) alkyl bromide groups as well as pendant alkyl chloride or bromide groups were then reacted with sodium azide, affording azide‐containing polymers that were reacted with functional alkynes under copper‐catalyzed “click” chemistry conditions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 3683–3693
The influence of casting parameters on the surface morphology of PS‐b‐P4VP honeycomb films
Authors: Chen Ao , Blakey Idriss , Whittaker Andrew K. , Peng Hui 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTThe “breath figures” method provides an efficient and cost‐effective method to produce highly ordered honeycomb patterns in polymeric films at micrometer and sub‐micrometer dimensions. The size and regularity of the pores can be adjusted through a series of physical and chemical parameters. In this study, amphiphilic diblock copolymers, polystyrene‐block‐poly(4‐vinyl pyridine) (PS‐b‐P4VP) with different lengths of P4VP, were synthesized through Reversible Addition‐Fragmentation Chain Transfer polymerization. The honeycomb‐patterned films were prepared from these well‐defined polymers through the dynamic breath figures method. A series of physical parameters including solution concentration, flow rate, humidity of the flow, and the humidity of the casting environment, were delicately adjusted to systematically investigate their effects on the morphology of the films. These studies identified four key factors which were found to influence the formation of the pattern. No obvious effect was found on the pore size by changing the length of P4VP block. The result provides clear direction on the fabrication of PS‐b‐P4VP honeycomb‐patterned films and more broadly contributes a deeper understanding of the processes involved in the formation of honeycomb patterns. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 3721–3732
Valorizing end‐of‐life LCD scraps after indium recovery
Authors: Ruello Maria Letizia , Amato Alessia , Beolchini Francesca , Monosi Saveria 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAccording to the WEEE European directives, efforts must be undertaken to reuse or safely dispose liquid crystal displays (LCD) waste, however no practical process was reported yet, although it is possible to recover glass, plastic and precious metals, in particular indium. Indium is one of the elements included by the European Commission in the list of 20 raw materials critical for economic importance and high supply risk (European Commission, https://ec.europa.eu/ growth/tools‐databases/eip‐raw‐materials/en/system/files/ged/79%20report‐b_en.pdf [1]). The work aims to valorize LCD scraps after indium recovery with low cost applications both economically and environmentally speaking. Applications have been explored by many researchers, although most focused only on the use of glass powder waste LCD to design concrete. This work deals the use of LCD scraps as it is after cross‐current leaching of indium with H2SO4. The experimental work consists of scraps characterization, washing procedure optimization to remove residual acid, mortar production, performance testing, and life cycle assessment (LCA). The results show that LCD scraps exhibit little or no pozzolanic activity. This delay on reactivity can be ascribed to organic residues that prevent the pozzolanic reaction and/or to a lower fineness than that typical of binders or fillers. For this reason the actual investigation focuses to exploit the waste as partial replacement of traditional aggregates. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the issue of costs in programmatic assessment
Authors: Van der Vleuten Cees P. M. , Heeneman Sylvia 
Published: September 2016

Programmatic assessment requires labour and cost intensive activities such as feedback in a quantitative and qualitative form, a system of learner support in guiding feedback uptake and self-directed learning, and a decision-making arrangement that includes committees of experts making a holistic professional judgment while using due process measures to achieve trustworthy decisions. This can only be afforded if we redistribute the resources of assessment in a curriculum. Several strategies are suggested. One is to introduce progress testing as a replacement for costly cognitive assessment formats in modules. In addition, all assessments should be replaced by assessment formats that are maximally aligned with the learning tasks. For performance-based assessment, OSCEs should be sparsely used, while education and work-embedded assessment should be maximized as part of the routine of ongoing instruction and assessment. Information technology may support affordable feedback strategies, as well as the creation of a paper trail on performance. By making more dramatic choices in the way we allocate resources to assessment, the cost-intensive activities of programmatic assessment may be realized.
Detection of sonic hedgehog in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery
Authors: Kunisada Yuki , Shimo Tsuyoshi , Masui Masanori , Yoshioka Norie , Ibaragi Soichiro , Matsumoto Kenichi , Okui Tatsuo , Kurio Naito , Domae Shohei , Kishimoto Koji , Nishiyama Akiyoshi , Sasaki Akira 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Purpose
Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) is a regulatory protein involved in bone fracture healing. Orthognathic surgery involves surgical osteotomy of the mandible or maxilla to restore the proper anatomic and functional position in patients with dentofacial deformity. The purpose of this study was to analyze SHH local blood serum concentrations after osteotomy to gain further understanding of the molecular regulation of the initial stage of osteotomy healing.

Methods
Serum samples (local drainage and peripheral venous) of 34 patients (24 females and 10 males, mean age was 23.4 (16–42) years) who underwent orthognathic surgery were isolated from patients at different time points during the perioperative period. The levels of SHH, soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (sRANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) were measured using ELISA.

Results
SHH was detected in the local drainage immediately after osteotomy (309.5 ± 58.2 pg/ml), and decreased for 2 days after the operation (197.5 ± 43.6 pg/ml). The sRANKL local serum concentrations were at the maximum level immediately after the operation (141.4 ± 22.6 pg/ml) and decreased for 2 days (110.1 ± 23.4 pg/ml). On the other hand, the OPG concentration in the local serum was at a minimum after osteotomy (59.4 ± 4.6 pg/ml) and reached its maximum (181.5 ± 17.8 pg/ml, P < 0.01) at 2 days after osteotomy. SHH and OPG local serum levels on day 2 were associated with the amount of bleeding during the operation. The local drainage serum level of SHH of maxillary/mandibular osteotomy had a tendency to be higher than that of mandible-only osteotomy at 2 days after operation.

Conclusions
Elevated levels of SHH in local serum after osteotomy, especially during the initial stage of healing, indicates its importance in osteotomy healing.

Highlights
Possibility and Risk of Medication Vial Coring in Interventional Spine Procedures
Authors: Kordi Ramin , White Brian F. , Kennedy David J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWhen a needle is inserted into the stopper of a medication vial, small pieces of the stopper could be “cored” inside the bore of the needle, consequently aspirated, and then injected into the body. Reported coring rates vary from 3.1% to 97%. This article reviews the literature surrounding this topic and covers the rate of coring, its risk factors, and particle size, as well as prevention techniques to maximize safety during interventional procedures.
Professionalism, Agency, and Market Failures
Authors: von Kriegstein Hasko 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT:According to themarket failures approachto business ethics, beyond-compliance duties can be derived by employing the same rationale and arguments that justify state regulation of economic conduct. Very roughly, the idea is that managers have a duty to behave as if they were complying with an ideal regulatory regime ensuring Pareto-optimal market outcomes. Proponents of the approach argue that managers have aprofessional dutynot to undermine the institutional setting that defines their role, namely the competitive market. This answer is inadequate, however, for it is the hierarchical firm, rather than the competitive market, that defines the role of corporate managers and shapes their professional obligations. Thus, if the obligations that the market failures approach generates are to apply to managers, they must do so in an indirect way. I suggest that the obligations the market failures approach generates directly apply to shareholders. Managers, in turn, inherit these obligations as part of their duties as loyal agents.
Emergency physicians as human billboards for injury prevention: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Sullivan Emily , Fuller Daniel , Paterson Quinten S. , Huffman Shelby , Challa Satyadeva , Woods Rob 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a novel injury prevention intervention designed to prompt patients to initiate an injury prevention discussion with the ED physician, thus enabling injury prevention counselling and increasing bicycle helmet use among patients.MethodsA repeated measures 2 x 3 randomized controlled trial design was used. Fourteen emergency physicians were observed for two shifts each between June and August 2013. Each pair of shifts was randomized to either an injury prevention shift, during which the emergency physician would wear a customized scrub top, or a control shift. The outcomes of interest were physician time spent discussing injury prevention, current helmet use, and self-reported change in helmet use rates at one year. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the impact of the intervention.ResultsThe average time spent on injury prevention for all patients was 3.3 seconds. For those patients who actually received counselling, the average time spent was 17.0 seconds. The scrub top intervention did not significantly change helmet use rates at one year. The intervention also had no significant impact on patient decisions to change or reinforcement of helmet use.ConclusionsOur study showed that the intervention did not increase physician injury prevention counselling or self-reported bicycle helmet use rates among patients. Given the study limitations, replication and extension of the intervention is warranted.
The “Enhancement” of Cultural Heritage by AMS Dating: Ethical Questions and Practical Proposals
Authors: Huysecom Eric , Hajdas Irka , Renold Marc-André , Synal Hans-Arno , Mayor Anne 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe looting of archaeological and ethnographic objects from emerging countries and areas of conflict has prospered due to the high prices that these objects can achieve on the art market. This commercial value now almost necessarily requires proof of authenticity by the object’s age. To do so, absolute dating has been conducted since the end of the 1970s on terra cotta art objects using the thermoluminescence method, a practice that has since been condemned. It is only more recently, since the 2000s, that art dealers and collectors have begun to use the accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) method to date different kinds of objects made of organic materials. Compared to conventional radiocarbon dating, the AMS technique requires only very small samples, thus depreciating neither the aesthetics nor commercial value of the object. As a result, the use of absolute dating has become widespread, accompanying the increase in looting of the cultural heritage of countries destabilized by political overthrows and armed conflicts, especially in the Near East and Africa. The present article condemns the practice of AMS dating of looted art objects and encourages the creation of a code of deontology for 14C dating laboratories in order to enhance an ethical approach in this sensitive field facing the current challenges.
The Golden Age of parasitology-1875–1925: the Scottish contributions
Authors: COX FRANCIS E. G. 
Published: September 2016

SUMMARYThe period 1875–1925 was remarkable in the history of parasitology partly because of the number of significant discoveries made, especially the elucidation of important life cycles, and partly because of the achievements of the clinicians and scientists who made these discoveries. What is remarkable is that so many of these individuals were Scots. Preeminent in this pantheon was Patrick Manson, who not only discovered the mosquito transmission of filarial worms but was instrumental in directly encouraging others to make significant discoveries in the fields of malaria, Guinea worm disease (dracunculiasis), onchocerciasis, loiasis and schistosomiasis and, indirectly, sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis. This chapter describes and discusses the contributions made by Douglas Argyll-Robertson, Donald Blacklock, David Bruce, David Cunningham, Robert Leiper, William Leishman, George Low, Patrick Manson, Muriel Robertson and Ronald Ross together with short biographical notes.
Salience attribution and its relationship to cannabis-induced psychotic symptoms
Authors: Bloomfield M. A. P. , Mouchlianitis E. , Morgan C. J. A. , Freeman T. P. , Curran H. V. , Roiser J. P. , Howes O. D. 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundCannabis is a widely used drug associated with increased risk for psychosis. The dopamine hypothesis of psychosis postulates that altered salience processing leads to psychosis. We therefore tested the hypothesis that cannabis users exhibit aberrant salience and explored the relationship between aberrant salience and dopamine synthesis capacity.MethodWe tested 17 cannabis users and 17 age- and sex-matched non-user controls using the Salience Attribution Test, a probabilistic reward-learning task. Within users, cannabis-induced psychotic symptoms were measured with the Psychotomimetic States Inventory. Dopamine synthesis capacity, indexed as the influx rate constant Kicer, was measured in 10 users and six controls with 3,4-dihydroxy-6-[18F]fluoro-l-phenylalanine positron emission tomography.ResultsThere was no significant difference in aberrant salience between the groups [F1,32 = 1.12, p = 0.30 (implicit); F1,32 = 1.09, p = 0.30 (explicit)]. Within users there was a significant positive relationship between cannabis-induced psychotic symptom severity and explicit aberrant salience scores (r = 0.61, p = 0.04) and there was a significant association between cannabis dependency/abuse status and high implicit aberrant salience scores (F1,15 = 5.8, p = 0.03). Within controls, implicit aberrant salience was inversely correlated with whole striatal dopamine synthesis capacity (r = −0.91, p = 0.01), whereas this relationship was non-significant within users (difference between correlations: Z = −2.05, p = 0.04).ConclusionsAberrant salience is positively associated with cannabis-induced psychotic symptom severity, but is not seen in cannabis users overall. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the link between cannabis use and psychosis involves alterations in salience processing. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether these cognitive abnormalities are pre-existing or caused by long-term cannabis use.
Flirtation with the other: an examination of the processes of othering in the PaliVinaya
Authors: Maes Claire 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis article identifies and examines processes of othering in an early Indian Buddhist ascetic text, the PaliVinayaof the Theravādins. By means of: (1) a critical discussion of the fact that the PaliVinayaholds several terms for the early Buddhists' ascetic others; and (2) a close reading and analysis of a small group of – easily overlooked – PaliVinayapassages with explicit references to supposed practices of the early Buddhists' ascetic others, I make explicit two aspects of the processes of othering of the early Buddhist ascetic community. I show how through processes of othering Buddhistbhikkhus,or at the very least the monk-editors of the PaliVinaya,both negotiated a collective identity notion, and reflected on the significance of their own practices and values in direct relation to those of their ascetic others, whether real or imagined.