bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time vs. Money: A Quantitative Evaluation of Monitoring Frequency vs. Monitoring Duration
Authors: McHugh Thomas E. , Kulkarni Poonam R. , Newell Charles J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe National Research Council has estimated that over 126,000 contaminated groundwater sites are unlikely to achieve low ug/L clean‐up goals in the foreseeable future. At these sites, cost‐effective, long‐term monitoring schemes are needed in order to understand the long‐term changes in contaminant concentrations. Current monitoring optimization schemes rely on site‐specific evaluations to optimize groundwater monitoring frequency. However, when using linear regression to estimate the long‐term zero‐order or first‐order contaminant attenuation rate, the effect of monitoring frequency and monitoring duration on the accuracy and confidence for the estimated attenuation rate is not site‐specific. For a fixed number of monitoring events, doubling the time between monitoring events (e.g., changing from quarterly monitoring to semi‐annual monitoring) will double the accuracy of estimated attenuation rate. For a fixed monitoring frequency (e.g., semi‐annual monitoring), increasing the number of monitoring events by 60% will double the accuracy of the estimated attenuation rate. Combining these two factors, doubling the time between monitoring events (e.g., quarterly monitoring to semi‐annual monitoring) while decreasing the total number of monitoring events by 38% will result in no change in the accuracy of the estimated attenuation rate. However, the time required to collect this dataset will increase by 25%. Understanding that the trade‐off between monitoring frequency and monitoring duration is not site‐specific should simplify the process of optimizing groundwater monitoring frequency at contaminated groundwater sites.
Inhibitors in haemophilia A: a perspective on clotting factor products as a potential contributing factor
Authors: Mathew P. , Dinter H. , Church N. , Humphries T. J. , Kulkarni R. 
Published: February 2016

IntroductionThe occurrence of a neutralizing antibody in previously untreated patients (PUPs) with haemophilia A appears to be the result of an intricate interplay of both genetic and environmental factors. Recently, the type of factorVIII(FVIII) product used in thePUPs population has been implicated as a risk factor for inhibitor development.AimThe aim of this review was to explore in a systematic manner potential hypotheses for the product‐related findings in these studies (i.e. differences in the expression system of the cell lines used to produce recombinantFVIII[rFVIII], differences in the administered antigen load or changes in clinical practice over time).ResultsReview of the available clinical studies illustrates the high degree of variability for the risk of inhibitor development for the same products across different studies. Differences in cell lines or antigen load were not found to provide a reasonable explanation.ConclusionThe possibility of changes in clinical practice over time and patient selection bias (i.e. the preferential use of one product over another in patients at higher risk for inhibitors) offers a potential explanation and should be carefully considered when evaluating the studies.
Baseline factor VIII plasma levels and age at first bleeding in patients with severe forms of von Willebrand disease
Authors: Siboni S. M. , Biguzzi E. , Caiani V. , Mistretta C. , Bucciarelli P. , Peyvandi F. 
Published: February 2016

Introductionvon Willebrand disease (VWD) is the most common inherited bleeding disorder. The age of bleeding onset is highly variable, also in patients with similar degree of severity.AimThe primary aim of this study was to evaluate whether baseline factor VIII (FVIII) plasma levels correlate with age at first bleeding in patients with extremely low levels of VWF:RCo (<6 IU dL−1).MethodsOne hundred and three patients with VWF:RCo <6 IU dL−1 (6 VWD1, 73 VWD2 and 24 VWD3) undergoing a medical examination between September 2010 and September 2013 were included. The relationship between baseline FVIII levels and age at first bleeding was tested in a multivariable linear regression model, adjusting for sex.ResultsThe median age at first bleeding was lower in patients with VWD3 than in those with severe forms of VWD1 or VWD2 (1 year vs. 7 and 8 years, respectively, P < 0.0001). A positive non‐linear relationship between FVIII levels and age at first bleeding was found, the latter increasing by 5 years for every 10 IU dL−1 increase of FVIII (β = 4.95 [95% CI: 2.02–7.87]) until levels of 30 IU dL−1, after which the age increased slowly. This relationship was not found in VWD 2A and 2B. In 65 patients (63%) there was a more than 6‐month delay between bleeding onset and VWD diagnosis, with no difference over decades.ConclusionsBaseline FVIII plasma levels influence the age at bleeding onset in VWD patients with extremely low levels of VWF:RCo, except in those with types 2A and 2B.
Virological responses to lamivudine or emtricitabine when combined with tenofovir and a protease inhibitor in treatment‐naïve HIV‐1‐infected patients in the Dutch AIDS Therapy Evaluation in the Netherlands (ATHENA) cohort
Authors: Rokx C , Gras L , van de Vijver DAMC , Verbon A , Rijnders BJA ,   the ATHENA National Observational Cohort Study
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesLamivudine (3TC) and emtricitabine (FTC) are considered interchangeable in recommended tenofovir disoproxil‐fumarate (TDF)‐containing combination antiretroviral therapies (cARTs). This statement of equivalence has not been systematically studied. We compared the treatment responses to 3TC and FTC combined with TDF in boosted protease inhibitor (PI)‐based cART for HIV‐1‐infected patients.MethodsAn observational study in the AIDS Therapy Evaluation in the Netherlands (ATHENA) cohort was carried out between 2002 and 2013. Virological failure rates, time to HIV RNA suppression < 400 copies/mL, and time to treatment failure were analysed using multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models. Sensitivity analyses included propensity score‐adjusted models.ResultsA total of 1582 ART‐naïve HIV‐1‐infected patients initiated 3TC or FTC with TDF and ritonavir‐boosted darunavir (29.6%), atazanavir (41.5%), lopinavir (27.1%) or another PI (1.8%). Week 48 virological failure rates on 3TC and FTC were comparable (8.9% and 5.6%, respectively; P = 0.208). The multivariable adjusted odds ratio of virological failure when using 3TC instead of FTC with TDF in PI‐based cART was 0.75 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.32–1.79; P = 0.51]. Propensity score‐adjusted models showed comparable results. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for treatment failure of 3TC compared with FTC was 1.15 (95% CI 0.58–2.27) within 240 weeks after cART initiation. The time to two consecutive HIV RNA measurements < 400 copies/mL within 48 weeks (HR 0.94; 95% CI 0.78–1.16) and the time to treatment failure after suppression < 400 copies/mL (HR 0.94; 95% CI 0.36–2.50) were not significantly influenced by the use of 3TC in TDF/PI‐containing cART.ConclusionsThe virological responses were not significantly different in treatment‐naïve HIV‐1‐infected patients starting either 3TC/TDF or FTC/TDF and a ritonavir‐boosted PI.
The macrophage activation product sCD163 is associated with a less favourable metabolic profile in prepubertal children
Authors: Carreras‐Badosa G. , Prats‐Puig A. , Diaz‐Roldan F. , Platero‐Gutierrez E. , Osiniri I. , Riera‐Perez E. , de Zegher F. , Ibañez L. , Bassols J. , López‐Bermejo A. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryObjectiveMacrophages are known to be involved in low‐grade inflammatory processes such as obesity. soluble cluster of differentiation 163 (sCD163) is shed from the cell surface as specific macrophage activation marker. In prepubertal children, we studied if circulating sCD163 is associated with metabolic and cardiovascular risk markers.MethodsA population of 236 school‐aged Caucasian children (111 girls and 125 boys) aged 8 ± 1 year [81 normal weight (body mass index [BMI]‐SDS < 1); 74 overweight (1 ≤ BMI‐standard deviation score [SDS] < 2) and 81 with obesity (BMI‐SDS ≥ 2)] were studied. BMI, waist circumference, fat mass and visceral fat were measured. Fasting serum sCD163, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, high sensitivity C‐reactive protein, gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase and lipids were quantified.ResultsCirculating sCD163 concentrations were higher in children with obesity (p < 0.0001). Associations were observed between circulating sCD163 and a less favourable metabolic profile as judged by higher waist circumference, fat mass, visceral fat, epicardial fat, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, high sensitivity C‐reactive protein, gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase and triglycerides (all between r = 0.173 and r = 0.363; p < 0.05 to p < 0.0001) and lower high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (r = −0.285, p < 0.0001). In multiple regression analyses, circulating sCD163 was independently associated with HOMA‐IR (β = 0.162, p = 0.016; model R2 = 0.179) and high density lipoprotein‐cholesterol/triglycerides ratio (β = −0.167, p = 0.012; model R2 = 0.209).ConclusionsChildhood obesity may increase the risk of developing metabolic diseases later in life through chronic macrophage activation having deleterious effects on metabolism.
Paired box 5 is a frequently methylated lung cancer tumour suppressor gene interfering β‐catenin signalling and GADD45G expression
Authors: Zhao Lijuan , Li Shuman , Gan Lin , Li Chunhong , Qiu Zhu , Feng Yixiao , Li Jisheng , Li Lili , Li Chen , Peng Weiyan , Xu Can , Wang Zhenyu , Hui Tianli , Ren Guosheng , Tao Qian , Xiang Tingxiu 
Published: February 2016

AbstractRecent studies suggest that paired box 5 (PAX5) is down‐regulated in multiple tumours through its promoter methylation. However, the role of PAX5 in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) pathogenesis remains unclear. The aim of this study is to examine PAX5 expression, its methylation status, biological functions and related molecular mechanism in NSCLC. We found that PAX5 was widely expressed in normal adult tissues but silenced or down‐regulated in 88% (7/8) of NSCLC cell lines. PAX5 expression level was significantly lower in NSCLC than that in adjacent non‐cancerous tissues (P = 0.0201). PAX5 down‐regulation was closely associated with its promoter hypermethylation status and PAX5 expression could be restored by demethylation treatment. Frequent PAX5 promoter methylation in primary tumours (70%) was correlated with lung tumour histological types (P = 0.006). Ectopic expression of PAX5 in silenced lung cancer cell lines (A549 and H1975) inhibited their colony formation and cell viability, arrested cell cycle at G2 phase and suppressed cell migration/invasion as well as tumorigenicity in nude mice. Restoration of PAX5 expression resulted in the down‐regulation of β‐catenin and up‐regulation of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase 2, GADD45G in lung tumour cells. In summary, PAX5 was found to be an epigenetically inactivated tumour suppressor that inhibits NSCLC cell proliferation and metastasis, through down‐regulating the β‐catenin pathway and up‐regulating GADD45G expression.
Unproductive exocytosis
Authors: Kreft Marko , Jorgačevski Jernej , Vardjan Nina , Zorec Robert 
Published: February 2016

AbstractRegulated exocytosis is a multistage process involving a merger between the vesicle and the plasma membrane, leading to the formation of a fusion pore, a channel, through which secretions are released from the vesicle to the cell exterior. A stimulus may influence the pore by either dilating it completely (full‐fusion exocytosis) or mediating a reversible closure (transient exocytosis). In neurons, these transitions are short‐lived and not accessible for experimentation. However, in some neuroendocrine cells and astrocytes, initial fusion pores may reopen several hundred times, indicating their stability. Frequently, these pores are too narrow to pass luminal molecules to the extracellular space (unproductive exocytosis), but their diameter can dilate upon stimulation. To explain the stability of the initial narrow fusion pores, anisotropic membrane constituents with a non‐axisymmetric shape were proposed to accumulate in the fusion pore membrane. Although the nature of these is unclear, they may consist of lipids and proteins, including SNAREs, which may facilitate and regulate the pre‐ and post‐fusional stages of exocytosis. This review highlights models and experimental studies revealing mechanisms of fusion pore stabilization in a narrow, release unproductive state.
imageThe fusion pore is a channel that forms when the vesicle and the plasma membranes merge, and mediates the release of secretions from the vesicle lumen to the cell exterior. Frequently, these pores are too narrow to pass molecules to the extracellular space. Anisotropic membrane constituents with a non‐axisymmetric shape were proposed to accumulate in the fusion pore membrane.This article is part of a mini review series on Chromaffin cells (ISCCB Meeting, 2015).
Knowledge, Beliefs, Behaviors, and Social Norms Related to Use of Alternative Tobacco Products Among Undergraduate and Graduate Nursing Students in an Urban U.S. University Setting
Authors: VanDevanter Nancy , Zhou Sherry , Katigbak Carina , Naegle Madeline , Sherman Scott , Weitzman Michael 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of the study was to assess nursing students’ knowledge, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms regarding use of alternative tobacco products (ATPs).Design and MethodsThis anonymous online survey was conducted with all students enrolled in a college of nursing. The survey utilized measures from several national tobacco studies to assess knowledge and beliefs about ATPs (hookahs, cigars or cigarillos, bidis, kreteks, smokeless tobacco, electronic cigarettes) compared to cigarettes, health effects of ATPs, personal use of ATPs, and social norms. Data were analyzed in SPSS 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive statistics and frequencies were performed for basic sociodemographic data. Paired samples t tests were performed to determine differences for scaled measures.FindingsNursing students demonstrated very low levels of knowledge about ATPs and their health consequences, despite high rates of ATP personal use. About 76% of participants reported use of one or more ATPs once or more in their lifetimes. A greater proportion of students had used hookahs or waterpipes (39.6%) compared to cigarettes (32.7%).ConclusionsNurses’ lack of knowledge about the emerging use and health threats associated with ATPs may undermine their ability to provide appropriate tobacco cessation counseling. Research is needed to identify gaps in nurses’ education regarding tobacco cessation counseling and to develop new counseling approaches specific to use of ATPs.Clinical RelevanceNurses play critical roles in counseling their patients for tobacco cessation. Further research and education about the risks presented by ATPs are critical to reducing excess tobacco‐related mortality.
Marginal Gap of Milled versus Cast Gold Restorations
Authors: Johnson Russell , Verrett Ronald , Haney Stephan , Mansueto Michael , Challa Suman 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPurposeThis in vitro study evaluated and compared the vertical marginal gap of cast and milled full coverage gold copings using two margin designs (chamfer and chamfer bevel) before and after fitting adjustments.Materials and MethodsTen impressions were made of two metal master dies (one chamfer margin, one chamfer‐bevel margin) and poured twice in Type IV stone. The 20 subsequent casts with 40 dies were split into four groups (n = 10); cast gold bevel, cast gold chamfer, milled gold bevel, and milled gold chamfer groups. The cast specimens received approximately 40 μm die relief no closer than 1 mm from the finish line. Cast copings were hand waxed, cast in a high noble gold alloy, chemically divested, and the sprues were removed. For milled gold copings, casts were scanned and copings designed using 3shape D900 scanner and software. Parameters were set to approximate analog fabrication (cement gap = 0.01 mm; extra cement gap = 0.04 mm, drill radius = 0.65 mm). Copings were milled from the same high noble alloy. All copings were seated on their respective master die in a custom scanning jig and measured using a measuring microscope at 90× (60 measurements per specimen, 15 per surface). Following initial measurements, all copings were adjusted on stone dies. The number of adjustment cycles was recorded and post‐adjustment measurements were made using the same method. Data were analyzed using independent and paired t‐tests.ResultsMilled gold copings with a beveled margin (11.7 ± 20.4 μm) had a significantly (p < 0.05) smaller marginal gap than cast gold copings with a beveled margin (43.6 ± 46.8 μm) after adjustment. Cast gold copings with a chamfer margin (22.7 ± 24.7 μm) had a significantly (p < 0.05) smaller marginal gap than milled gold copings with a chamfer margin (27.9 ± 31.6 μm) following adjustments. Adjustments significantly decreased marginal gap for both cast groups (p < 0.05) and the milled chamfer bevel group (p < 0.05) but had no significant effect on the milled chamfer group.ConclusionsWithin the limitations of this study, results indicate that gold restorations milled with the tested parameters provide a vertical marginal gap that is an acceptable alternative to traditional gold crown casting techniques.
Effects of Hot Chemical Etching and 10‐Metacryloxydecyl Dihydrogen Phosphate (MDP) Monomer on the Bond Strength of Zirconia Ceramics to Resin‐Based Cements
Authors: Akay Canan , Çakırbay Tanış Merve , Şen Murat 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the hot chemical etching method on the shear bond strength between zirconia and two resin cements.Materials and MethodsSixty zirconia specimens (13 × 7.5 × 2.5 mm3) were prepared and treated as follows: (1) airborne‐particle abrasion with 50 μm Al2O3 particles; (2) hot chemical etching for 10 minutes; (3) hot chemical etching for 30 minutes. Sixty composite cylinders of 3 mm diameter and height were prepared and bonded to zirconia specimens, which were divided into subgroups A and B. Group A: cemented with conventional resin cement (Variolink II); group B: cemented with 10‐metacryloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) monomer containing resin cement (Panavia SA) after the application of surface treatments. Next, the specimens were stored in 37ºC distilled water for 24 hours. Following water storage, shear bond strength test was performed at a 1 mm/min crosshead speed in a universal testing machine. The statistical analyses were performed with one‐way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThe results from all of the tested groups exhibited lower shear bond strength values than group II‐B and higher shear bond strength values than group I‐A (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe use of the hot chemical etching method for 10 minutes increased the shear bond strength of zirconia ceramics to both conventional and resin cements and seems to be an effective method. The MDP monomer‐containing resin cement, Panavia SA, improved the resin bonding of zirconia ceramics when combined with airborne‐particle abrasion.
Relationships between nutritional knowledge, obesity, and sleep disorder severity
Authors: Rose Shiho , Pretto Jeffrey , Paul Christine , Emmett Brooke , Hensley Michael , Henskens Frans 
Published: February 2016

SummaryObstructive sleep apnea affects 20% of the adult population. Weight control is considered the best non‐medical means of managing the condition, therefore improving nutritional knowledge in individuals may be an appropriate strategy. This study aimed to describe the relationship between nutritional knowledge and: (i) sleep disorder severity; (ii) body mass index; and (iii) demographic characteristics in persons suspected of obstructive sleep apnea. Nutrition knowledge scores were also compared with the general population. Consecutive newly‐referred patients attending the sleep laboratory for diagnostic polysomnography were invited to participate. Those who consented (n = 97) were asked to complete a touchscreen survey. Apnea–hypopnea index to measure sleep disorder severity and anthropometric measurements were obtained from the clinic. A quarter of participants were diagnosed with severe obstructive sleep apnea; and a majority (88%) were classed as being overweight or obese. The overall mean nutrition knowledge score was 58.4 ± 11.6 (out of 93). Nutrition knowledge was not associated with sleep disorder severity, body mass index or gender. The only significant difference detected was in relation to age, with older (≥35 years) participants demonstrating greater knowledge in the ‘food choices’ domain compared with their younger counterparts (18–34 years; P < 0.030). Knowledge scores were similar to the general population. The findings suggest that nutrition knowledge alone is not an important target for weight control interventions for people with obstructive sleep apnea. However, given the complexities of sleep disorders, it may complement other strategies.
Novobiocin binding to NalD induces the expression of the MexAB‐OprM pump in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Chen Weizhong , Wang Dan , Zhou Wenquan , Sang Hong , Liu Xichun , Ge Zhiyun , Zhang Jin , Lan Lefu , Yang Cai‐Guang , Chen Hao 
Published: February 2016

SummaryNalD was reported to be the secondary repressor of the MexAB‐OprM multidrug efflux pump, the major system contributing to intrinsic multidrug resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here, we show that novobiocin binds directly to NalD, which leads NalD to dissociate from the DNA promoter, and thus de‐represses the expression of the MexAB‐OprM pump. In addition, we have solved the crystal structure of NalD at a resolution of 2.90 Å. The structural alignment of NalD to its homologue TtgR reveals that the residues N129 and H167 in NalD are involved in its novobiocin‐binding ability. We have confirmed the function of these two amino acids by EMSA and plate assay. The results presented here highlight the importance and diversity of regulatory mechanism in bacterial antibiotic resistance, and provide further insight for novel antimicrobial development.
Transcript level coordination of carbon pathways during silicon starvation‐induced lipid accumulation in the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana
Authors: Smith Sarah R. , Glé Corine , Abbriano Raffaela M. , Traller Jesse C. , Davis Aubrey , Trentacoste Emily , Vernet Maria , Allen Andrew E. , Hildebrand Mark 
Published: February 2016

Summary

Diatoms are one of the most productive and successful photosynthetic taxa on Earth and possess attributes such as rapid growth rates and production of lipids, making them candidate sources of renewable fuels. Despite their significance, few details of the mechanisms used to regulate growth and carbon metabolism are currently known, hindering metabolic engineering approaches to enhance productivity.

To characterize the transcript level component of metabolic regulation, genome‐wide changes in transcript abundance were documented in the model diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana on a time‐course of silicon starvation. Growth, cell cycle progression, chloroplast replication, fatty acid composition, pigmentation, and photosynthetic parameters were characterized alongside lipid accumulation.

Extensive coordination of large suites of genes was observed, highlighting the existence of clusters of coregulated genes as a key feature of global gene regulation in T. pseudonana. The identity of key enzymes for carbon metabolic pathway inputs (photosynthesis) and outputs (growth and storage) reveals these clusters are organized to synchronize these processes.

Coordinated transcript level responses to silicon starvation are probably driven by signals linked to cell cycle progression and shifts in photophysiology. A mechanistic understanding of how this is accomplished will aid efforts to engineer metabolism for development of algal‐derived biofuels.