bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subclinical Hyperthyroidism Enhances Gonadotropin‐Lowering Effects of Metformin in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Krysiak Robert , Kowalcze Karolina , Okopień Bogusław 
Published: October 2024

AbstractMetformin treatment decreases elevated concentrations of anterior pituitary hormones. The aim of this prospective, cohort study was to investigate whether hyperthyroidism modulates the impact of metformin on gonadotroph secretory function. The study population included 48 postmenopausal women with untreated type 2 diabetes or prediabetes, 24 of whom had coexisting grade 1 subclinical hyperthyroidism. Both groups were matched for age, insulin sensitivity, and gonadotropin levels. Over the entire study period, all participants were treated with metformin (2.55–3 g daily). Plasma glucose, insulin, thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH), total and free thyroid hormones, follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) were assayed at entry and 6 months later. At baseline, the study groups differed in levels of TSH and thyroid hormones but not in body mass index, blood pressure, glucose homeostasis markers (fasting glucose, homeostatic model assessment 1 of insulin resistance ratio [HOMA1‐IR], and glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c]), and the remaining hormones. There were no differences between both groups in the degree of reduction in plasma glucose and HbA1c in response to metformin treatment. Although metformin decreased HOMA1‐IR in both groups, this effect was stronger in women with hyperthyroidism than with normal thyroid function (−50 ± 20% vs −30 ± 15%). Similar relationships were observed for FSH (−43 ± 21% vs −21 ± 12%). Only in hyperthyroid women did the drug reduce LH concentration (by 35 ± 17%). Metformin did not affect circulating levels of TSH, total and free thyroxine, total and free triiodothyronine, estradiol, prolactin, ACTH, and IGF‐1. The obtained results indicate that hyperthyroidism enhances the gonadotropin‐lowering effects of metformin, as well as the fact that this agent has a neutral effect on the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis in case of its overactivity.
Assessing postural stability in flatfoot using a time‐in‐boundary method during single‐leg standing
Authors: Sung Paul S. , Lee Dongchul 
Published: October 2024

AbstractFlatfoot, a foot deformity characterized by the collapse of the arch, significantly impacts an individual's balance and stability. This study explored postural adjustments and sway excursions in individuals with and without flatfoot using the Time‐in‐Boundary method. This method assessed relative stability by exploring various center of pressure radius thresholds during three trials of single‐leg stance. We observed significant interactions in threshold levels (F = 4.37, p = 0.04) and normalized relative stable times (F = 7.64, p = 0.01), particularly in the initial trials. Initially, the flatfoot group showed marked decreases in stable times at 10 mm, 15 mm, and 20 mm thresholds, which expanded to 25 mm and 30 mm in subsequent trials. Despite a significant decrease in stability at the 30 mm threshold in early trials, participants exhibited improved stability control as trials progressed. This enhancement likely reflects a combination of a learning effect and an increased understanding of the task requirements, underscoring the adaptability of postural control systems to the biomechanical challenges posed by flatfoot. The Time‐in‐Boundary method has proven to be an effective tool for clinicians to assess postural control, playing a vital role in developing customized rehabilitation strategies for individuals with flatfoot.
When the attention control condition works: A systematic review of attention control training for posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Clauss Kate , Cheney Tamara , Somohano Vanessa C. , Hannon Sara , DeGutis Joseph , Esterman Michael , Constans Joseph , O'Neil Maya 
Published: October 2024

AbstractAttentional bias and deficits in attentional control are associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Attention control training (ACT) may address these factors. We reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of ACT for PTSD to address unanswered questions about ACT's effectiveness, tolerability, and implementation. Studies were included if they were an RCT that used an adult sample, recruited participants with a PTSD diagnosis, and had ACT as at least one treatment arm. The PTSD Trials Standardized Data Repository (PTSD‐Repository) and additional databases were searched to identify PTSD RCTs published through May 2024. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria (N = 407). The effect size for ACT versus a comparison condition on PTSD symptoms was large, but the confidence interval (CI) overlapped with 0, g = 0.75, 95% CI [‐0.63, 2.12]. The same pattern was observed for attention bias variability, g = 1.04, 95% CI [‐0.90, 2.98]. There was a significant within‐group effect of ACT on self‐reported PTSD symptoms, g = ‐1.43, 95% CI [‐2.83, ‐0.03]. Risk of bias varied, with high risk of bias being primarily due to bias in the measurement of the outcome. These effects should be interpreted cautiously given the significant heterogeneity and wide confidence intervals observed. It remains unclear for whom and under what conditions ACT may be most effective. Future studies should move beyond response time measures, employ an inactive comparator, and examine the mechanism of action to determine whether ACT could be a viable intervention for PTSD.
Development of Machine Learning Copilot to Assist Novices in Learning Flexible Laryngoscopy
Authors: Miller Mattea E. , Witte Dan , Lina Ioan , Walsh Jonathan , Rameau Anaïs , Bhatti Nasir I. 
Published: October 2024

ObjectivesHere we describe the development and pilot testing of the first artificial intelligence (AI) software “copilot” to help train novices to competently perform flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy (FFL) on a mannikin and improve their uptake of FFL skills.MethodsSupervised machine learning was used to develop an image classifier model, dubbed the “anatomical region classifier,” responsible for predicting the location of camera in the upper aerodigestive tract and an object detection model, dubbed the “anatomical structure detector,” responsible for locating and identifying key anatomical structures in images. Training data were collected by performing FFL on an AirSim Combo Bronchi X mannikin (United Kingdom, TruCorp Ltd) using an Ambu aScope 4 RhinoLaryngo Slim connected to an Ambu® aView™ 2 Advance Displaying Unit (Ballerup, Ambu A/S). Medical students were prospectively recruited to try the FFL copilot and rate its ease of use and self‐rate their skills with and without the copilot.ResultsThis model classified anatomical regions with an overall accuracy of 91.9% on the validation set and 80.1% on the test set. The model detected anatomical structures with overall mean average precision of 0.642. Through various optimizations, we were able to run the AI copilot at approximately 28 frames per second (FPS), which is imperceptible from real time and nearly matches the video frame rate of 30 FPS. Sixty‐four novice medical students were recruited for feedback on the copilot. Although 90.9% strongly agreed/agreed that the AI copilot was easy to use, their self‐rating of FFL skills following use of the copilot were overall equivocal to their self‐rating without the copilot.ConclusionsThe AI copilot tracked successful capture of diagnosable views of key anatomical structures effectively guiding users through FFL to ensure all anatomical structures are sufficiently captured. This tool has the potential to assist novices in efficiently gaining competence in FFL.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 135:1046–1053, 2025
Thermally‐Switchable Metalenses Based on Quasi‐Bound States in the Continuum
Authors: Malek Stephanie C. , Tsai Cheng‐Chia , Yu Nanfang 
Published: October 2024

AbstractDynamic wavefront shaping with optical metasurfaces has presented a major challenge and inspired a large number of highly elaborate solutions. Here, this study experimentally demonstrates thermo‐optically reconfigurable, nonlocal metasurfaces using simple device architectures and conventional CMOS‐compatible dielectric materials. These metasurfaces support quasi‐bound states in the continuum (q‐BICs) derived from symmetry breaking and encoded with a spatially varying geometric phase, such that they shape optical wavefront exclusively on spectrally narrowband resonances. Due to the enhanced light‐matter interaction enabled by the resonant q‐BICs, a slight variation of the refractive index introduced by heating and cooling the entire device leads to a substantial shift of the resonant wavelength and a subsequent change to the optical wavefront associated with the resonance. This study experimentally demonstrates a metalens modulator, the focusing capability of which can be thermally turned on and off, and reconfigurable metalenses, which can be thermo‐optically switched to produce two distinct focal patterns. The devices offer a pathway to realize reconfigurable, multifunctional meta‐optics using established manufacturing processes and widely available dielectric materials that are conventionally not considered “active” materials due to their small thermo‐optic or electro‐optic coefficients.
Resource‐Saving and High‐Robustness Image Sensing Based on Binary Optical Computing
Authors: Zhou Zhanhong , Li Ziwei , Zhou Wei , Chi Nan , Zhang Junwen , Dai Qionghai 
Published: October 2024

AbstractComputational imaging, as a novel technology utilizing encoded image acquisition, relies on intelligent decoding methods for effective image restoration and sensing. Optical computing‐based decoders can efficiently process and extract features from pre‐sensor information, reducing the computational burden on digital computers. However, mainstream parallel optical neural network (ONN) architectures based on wavefront propagation typically possess complex network structures and high‐precision parameters, which pose challenges in terms of precise fabrication and system calibration, as well as sensitivity to signal‐to‐noise ratios. In this work, a binary‐weighted optical computing engine is proposed with spatial multiplexing and aggregation (B‐OSMA), a large‐scale passive ONN implementation that achieves high‐efficiency image sensing. Employing B‐OSMA as an optical decoder, demonstrated image categorizing from 2% compressive is experimented sampling with 92.0% and 83.8% accuracy on MNIST and fashion‐MNIST datasets, respectively, approaching the performance of full‐precision electronic computing while reducing storage requirements by 97%. Compared to conventional ONNs with analog weights, the B‐OSMA exhibits enhanced resilience against systematic errors and ambient noise. This work represents a significant advancement towards practical applications of optical computing in image sensing.
Wavelength‐switchable synchronously pumped Raman fiber laser near 1.7 µm for multispectral photoacoustic microscopy
Authors: Park Sang Min , Bak Seongjin , Kim Gyeong Hun , Kim Chang‐Seok , Cho Soon‐Woo , Bouma Brett E. , Lee Hwidon 
Published: October 2024

AbstractWe present a wavelength‐switchable, synchronously pumped Raman fiber laser based on a dual‐cavity design operating in the 1.7 µm region, specifically developed for multispectral photoacoustic microscopy (PAM). By precisely engineering the lengths of the pump laser cavity and the Raman laser cavity and meticulously controlling the modulation frequency, we achieved synchronous pumping by synchronizing the Stokes light within the Raman laser cavity to have the identical round‐trip time as the pump light. Adjusting the electrical modulation frequency of the pump laser to 126.398 kHz, 128.136 kHz, and 130.808 kHz enabled rapid switching of the Raman laser output to final wavelengths of 1700.2 nm, 1710.4 nm, and 1720.3 nm, respectively, with a pulse duration of 4 ns and a pulse energy exceeding 500 nJ. Integrating this advanced laser into a near‐infrared PAM system facilitated the acquisition of spectroscopic photoacoustic signals and images from polymer films with distinct C─H compositions: polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyimide. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed laser for wavelength switching in the 1700 nm region and its significant potential for differentiating molecules with various C─H groups in PAM applications.
The false promise of individual digital sovereignty in Europe: Comparing artificial intelligence and data regulations in China and the European Union
Authors: Nanni Riccardo , Bizzaro Pietro G. , Napolitano Maurizio 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIn the digital sovereignty debate, countries and blocks seek to build technological and regulatory capacity to ascertain technological autonomy—definitions notwithstanding. Meanwhile, these actors seek to position themselves discursively, differentiating their own understanding of digital sovereignty from that of competing powers. In this context, the European Union (EU) elaborated the concept of digital sovereignty as something obtainable on an individual level, where regulations are put in place for users to be able to choose what personal data (not) to share. Meanwhile in China the government launched a number of artificial intelligence (AI) and data protection regulations along with an antitrust crackdown on numerous platform companies. This aimed at bringing technological giants (namely platforms), capable of handling massive amounts of data and influencing people's everyday lives, under stricter government rule. While the Chinese government has only partially framed these actions within frameworks akin to ‘digital sovereignty’, the purported aim was accruing individual autonomy vis‐à‐vis big techs, arguably falling close to the EU's ‘digital sovereignty’ discursive framework. By comparing EU and Chinese AI and data governance regulations, this article unpacks the EU discourse on the individual element of digital sovereignty and finds the EU regulatory effort insufficient to achieve its declared objective.
Theoretical Study of the Grafting Reaction of a New Antioxidant to Cross‐Linked Polyethylene and the Antioxidation Mechanism
Authors: Deng Chi , Zhang Hui , Du Yang , Du Xia , Shang Yan , Yang Hongda , Wang Xuan , Chen Qingguo , Li Zesheng 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTCross‐linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation has been used in most advanced power cable technology. Strategies for decreasing the amount of antioxidants have been proposed to reduce conductivity further. In this study, the structural design of a new dual‐functional antioxidant has been established. Theoretical investigation of the antioxidative behavior and grafting reaction of the new antioxidant by ultraviolet (UV) radiation was performed using the density functional theory (DFT) method. The reaction potential energy information of the six reaction channels at the B3LYP/6‐311+G (d,p) level was obtained. Frontier molecular orbitals (MOs) and natural bond orbital (NBO) charge populations of the designed antioxidant molecule were analyzed. The calculation results indicate that the reaction Gibbs energy barrier of the designed antioxidant and O2 required to achieve the antioxidative effect is about 0.8 eV lower than that of the polyethylene chain. Moreover, due to the lower reaction Gibbs energy barrier, the reaction active site of the designed antioxidant accepting H is located on the O of the CO groups. The proposed mechanism would be beneficial to understanding the molecular functions of antioxidants and further broadening the design ideas of thermoplastic insulation materials for future advanced power cables.
A data‐driven safety preserving control architecture for constrained cyber‐physical systems
Authors: Attar Mehran , Lucia Walter 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIn this article, we propose a data‐driven networked control architecture for unknown and constrained cyber‐physical systems capable of detecting networked false‐data‐injection attacks and ensuring plant's safety. In particular, on the controller's side, we design a novel robust anomaly detector that can discover the presence of network attacks using a data‐driven outer approximation of the expected robust one‐step reachable set. On the other hand, on the plant's side, we design a data‐driven safety verification module, which resorts to worst‐case arguments to determine if the received control input is safe for the plant's evolution. Whenever necessary, the same module is in charge of replacing the networked controller with a local data‐driven set‐theoretic model predictive controller, whose objective is to keep the plant's trajectory in a pre‐established safe configuration until an attack‐free condition is recovered. Numerical simulations involving a two‐tank water system illustrate the features and capabilities of the proposed control architecture.
Sustainable livelihoods following an extreme event: Post‐earthquake practices of the Tibetan community in Jiuzhaigou World Heritage site, China
Authors: Cheng Li , Li Jun , Ling Huan , Wei Xiurong , Mou Lunchao , Wu Shuang , Wall Geoffrey 
Published: October 2024

AbstractUnder the guidance of a sustainable livelihoods framework and using qualitative research methods, members of Tibetan communities in Jiuzhaigou World Heritage site were interviewed following an earthquake. Based on grounded theory and methods, the core elements, connotation and impact relationships concerning the sustainable livelihoods of Tibetan residents after an extreme event were extracted. A framework comprised of livelihood capital, livelihood vulnerability, institutions and systems, livelihood intentions, livelihood strategies, and livelihood outcomes, was developed to examine the effects of an earthquake on livelihoods at a World Heritage site in western China. The elements of this framework better reflect China's conditions and regional characteristics, which leads to different meanings and logical relationships in the composition of sustainable livelihood elements. It was found that the institutions and organizational systems of the heritage site and the livelihood intentions of the community members shaped the use of livelihood capital, thereby influencing livelihood strategies and livelihood outcomes. Cultural capital is important in the reconstruction of livelihoods and for the diversification of tourism.
Impact Deposition of a Single Droplet of Low‐Melting‐Point Alloy as the Top Electrode for Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Yu Boyang , Kang Liangyuqi , Liu Jianning , Xia Huihui , Deng Weiwei , Zhao Xinyan 
Published: October 2024

AbstractTop electrodes of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are usually thermally evaporated in the vacuum, which is non‐continuous and time‐consuming and has been the bottleneck for the OPV fabrication process. Printable top electrodes that are free of vacuum, high temperature, and solvents will make OPVs more attractive. Low‐melting‐point alloys (LMPAs) are promising candidates for printable OPV electrodes thanks to the merits of matching work functions, high electron conductivity, high environment stability, and no need for post‐treatment. Here, LMPA electrodes are directly deposited on OPVs by simply falling a single LMPA droplet onto the substrate. The LMPA droplet spreads to form a thin film with a smooth interface intimately contacting the substrate. The electrode area can be tailored by adjusting the droplet diameter or the Weber number, which is the ratio of inertia to surface tension. The interface morphology is mainly affected by the contact temperature. The degree of oxidation and charges on the droplet can also influence the electrode area and interface morphology. OPVs with droplet‐impacted LMPA electrodes exhibit power conversion efficiencies of up to 16.17%. This work demonstrates the potential of single‐droplet impact deposition as a simple method for printing OPV electrodes for scalable manufacturing.
Impact of Groundnut Oil/Candelilla Wax Oleogel Replacement on Physicochemical Properties of Whole Wheat Pasta
Authors: Kabi Sandhya Rani , Sahu Deblu , Jarzebski Maciej , Anis Arfat , Kim Doman , Nayak Amit Kumar , Pal Kunal 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe current study investigates replacing water (2.5–15%) in whole wheat pasta with groundnut oil/candelilla wax (GNO/CW) oleogel. To assess the impact of incorporating GNO/CW oleogel at varied concentrations, both uncooked and cooked pasta samples are physicochemically characterized. The water absorption capacity of oleogel‐containing cooked pasta samples is found to be lower. Microscopic analysis of the surface of pasta samples (uncooked and cooked) exhibits considerable changes in their topology as the composition varied. Black patches on the cooked pasta samples are observed when the GNO/CW oleogel replacement is on the higher side (10% and 15% replacement), implying the formation of starch–lipid complexes. FTIR analysis is performed to analyze the changes in functional groups and molecular bonds. There are no major changes in the water and the starch regions of pasta samples (uncooked and cooked). The addition of GNO/CW oleogel in the pasta samples enhances their stiffness. Additionally, the pasta samples exhibit viscoelastic properties. Therefore, the incorporation of GNO/CW oleogel into the whole wheat pasta dough can change the physicochemical properties of both uncooked and cooked pasta samples.
Black flowers and real forms of higher spin symmetries
Authors: Sammani R. , Saidi E. H. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Using Chern-Simons formulation, we investigate higher spin (HS) black holes in AdS3 with soft Heisenberg hair and establish linkage with the real forms of the underlying complexified gauge symmetries taken here as SL(N, ℂ)L × SL(N, ℂ)R. We study the various conserved currents characterizing the HS black flowers (HS-BF) and show that they can be formed of layers indexed by the elements of the centre of the gauge symmetry. This feature follows from requiring the holonomy of the asymptotic gauge connection around the thermal cycle to sit in the centre ℤN of the symmetry group. With regard to the compact subgroups of the real forms of the complexified gauge symmetry, we calculate the entropies of the HS-BF and verify that, unless we are considering trivial holonomies, there are no continuous paths joining the HS-BF to the core spin 2 black holes. As explicit illustrations, we give quantum field realisations of the soft Heisenberg hair in terms of bosonic and fermionic primary conformal fields and compute the HS-BF entropy as a function of the number of fermions occupying the ground state of the Heisenberg soft hair.
S100 as marker for immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome
Authors: Schulenburg Axel , Rüsing Lina Z. , Bumberger Armin , Mitterbauer Margit , Rabitsch Werner 
Published: October 2024

SummaryChimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy is a new and successful treatment for otherwise refractory malignancies but despite the growing number of applications, this form of treatment is still associated with significant toxicity. Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) in particular are common and dangerous side effects. This report is about two patients who received CAR‑T cell therapy and subsequently developed ICANS. This was successfully treated. During CAR‑T cell therapy, a blood marker, S100, was monitored daily. It correlated with the occurrence and progression of ICANS.