bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial response of synthetic microDiamond and diode detectors measured with kilovoltage synchrotron radiation
Authors: Butler Duncan J. , Beveridge Toby , Lehmann Joerg , Oliver Christopher P. , Stevenson Andrew W. , Livingstone Jayde 
Published: December 2017

PurposeTo map the spatial response of four solid‐state radiation detectors of types commonly used for radiotherapy dosimetry.MethodsPTW model 60016 Diode P, 60017 Diode E, 60018 Diode SRS, and 60019 microDiamond detectors were radiographed using a high resolution conventional X‐ray system. Their spatial response was then investigated using a 0.1 mm diameter beam of 95 keV average energy photons generated by a synchrotron. The detectors were scanned through the beam while their signal was recorded as a function of position, to map the response. These 2D response maps were created in both the end‐on and side‐on orientations.ResultsThe results show the location and size of the active region. End‐on, the active area was determined to be centrally located and within 0.2 mm of the manufacturer's specified diameter. The active areas of the 60016 Diode P, 60017 Diode E, 60018 Diode SRS detectors are uniform to within approximately 5%. The 60019 microDiamond showed local variations up to 30%. The extra‐cameral signal in the microDiamond was calculated from the side‐on scan to be approximately 8% of the signal from the active element.ConclusionsThe spatial response of four solid‐state detectors has been measured. The technique yielded information about the location and uniformity of the active area, and the extra‐cameral signal, for the beam quality used.
A phase transition in the evolution of bootstrap percolation processes on preferential attachment graphs
Authors: Amin Abdullah Mohammed , Fountoulakis Nikolaos 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe theme of this paper is the analysis of bootstrap percolation processes on random graphs generated by preferential attachment. This is a class of infection processes where vertices have two states: they are either infected or susceptible. At each round every susceptible vertex which has at least infected neighbours becomes infected and remains so forever. Assume that initially vertices are randomly infected, where is the total number of vertices of the graph. Suppose also that , where is the average degree. We determine a critical function such that when , complete infection occurs with high probability as , but when , then with high probability the process evolves only for a bounded number of rounds and the final set of infected vertices is asymptotically equal to .
Large bipolaron density at organic semiconductor/electrode interfaces
Authors: Dhanker Rijul , Gray Christopher L. , Mukhopadhyay Sukrit , Nunez Sean , Cheng Chiao-Yu , Sokolov Anatoliy N. , Giebink Noel C. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBipolaron states, in which two electrons or two holes occupy a single molecule or conjugated polymer segment, are typically considered to be negligible in organic semiconductor devices due to Coulomb repulsion between the two charges. Here we use charge modulation spectroscopy to reveal a bipolaron sheet density >1010 cm−2 at the interface between an indium tin oxide anode and the common small molecule organic semiconductor N,N′-Bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-diphenylbenzidine. We find that the magnetocurrent response of hole-only devices correlates closely with changes in the bipolaron concentration, supporting the bipolaron model of unipolar organic magnetoresistance and suggesting that it may be more of an interface than a bulk phenomenon. These results are understood on the basis of a quantitative interface energy level alignment model, which indicates that bipolarons are generally expected to be significant near contacts in the Fermi level pinning regime and thus may be more prevalent in organic electronic devices than previously thought.
Lessons from the past: isotopes of an endangered rail as indicators of underlying change to tidal marsh habitats
Authors: Merritt Angela M , Casazza Michael L , Overton Cory T , Takekawa John Y , Hahn Thomas P , Hull Joshua M 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Tidal marsh systems along the Pacific coast of the United States have experienced substantial stress and loss of area and ecosystem function, which we examined by using the endangered California Ridgway’s Rail,
Rallus obsoletus obsoletus
(‘rail’) as an indicator of its tidal marsh habitat in the San Francisco Estuary. We organized a collection of historical (1885-1940) and modern (2005-2014) rail feathers and analyzed the feather isotope means for delta carbon (δ
13
C), sulfur (δ
34
S), and nitrogen (δ
15
N) by region and time period.

Outcomes:
Feather isotopes represented the primary foraging habitat during historical then modern time periods. Neither individual nor regional rail feather isotopes suggested freshwater or terrestrial foraging by the rail. Three regions with both historic and modern feather isotopes revealed non-uniform spatial shifts in isotope levels consistent with a marine based food web and significant δ
15
N enrichment.

Discussion:
Our results supported the rail’s status as a generalist forager and obligate tidal marsh species throughout the historic record. The variable isoscape trends generated from feather isotope means illustrated a modern loss of the isotopic homogeneity between regions of historical tidal marsh, which correlated with spatially-explicit habitat alterations such as increasing biological invasions and sewage effluent over time.

Conclusion:
These findings have reinforced the importance of tidal marsh conservation in the face of ongoing underlying changes to these important ecosystems.
Apple, BT Residual Activity, 1993
Authors: Biddinger David J. , Hull Larry A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Various formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis and an organophosphate standard Penncap M 2F were applied to 5 tree plots consisting of 5 year old ‘Yorking’ trees planted 20 × 30 ft apart. Sprays were applied on 13 Jul with a John Bean sprayer equipped with a handgun to thoroughly wet the trees. Approximately 3 gal of spray were applied per replicate tree (200 gal/A). During the season, regular maintenance fungicides of Penncozeb 80WP, Nova 40WP, and Captan 50WP were applied to all plots. Maintenance insecticides were applied on 15 Apr for aphid control (Lorsban 4E 0.5 pt/100 gal) and on 19 May, 2 & 16 Jun (Imidan 50WP 0.75 lb/100 gal) for codling moth control. The effectiveness of compounds was evaluated from leaves with residues that had been weathered 0, 3, 6 and 10 days after application. At each evaluation date, 12 spur leaves were picked from each replicate tree (60 leaves/treatment). A single 2 cm leaf disk was punched from each leaf and 3 disks were placed into each of four 50 mm × 10 mm tight fitting plastic petri dishes which represented each replicate tree. Five neonate TABM larvae were added to each petri dish using a camel’s hair brush. Mortality was evaluated after 7 d at 70°F, 16:8 D:L. These TABM larvae were from a laboratory colony that originated from field collected material in 1991 and which had been reared on semisynthetic lima bean diet and infused with approximately 50% field collected material every other generation. Larvae were considered dead if they did not move when probed. Changes in effectiveness of each compound as residues aged were evaluated by transforming data with Abbott’s formula to correct for control mortality. Differences between evaluation times for each treatment were also evaluated.
Use of Furadan 4F for Striped Cucumber Beetle Control in Spring Cucurbits, 1993
Authors: Speese John 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cucumbers were planted on 10 Jun at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a 25 ft row bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, with 5 ft row spacing. Plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Furadan 4F treatments were applied with a single nozzle boom backpack sprayer in furrow immediately prior to planting. Foliar sprays were applied on the dates indicated in the table in 45 gal water/acre at 40 psi. A single nozzle boom was used for the first spray, and a three nozzle boom for subsequent sprays after the vines had begun to run. Evaluation criteria consisted of insect counts on 6 feet of row, and ratings of percent defoliation and bacterial wilt. The entire 25 ft row of each plot was harvested on 21, 26, and 30 Jul, and 3 Aug. SCB was the dominant insect species present, with low numbers of squash bugs and spotted cucumber beetle also present.
Onion Maggot Control, 1992
Authors: Davis M. , Pett W. , Grafius E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Onions were planted at the Brink Farm near Grant, MI on 11 May. Seeds were planted in single rows with a vee-belt seeder with a 1 inch wide shoe. Plots were 20 ft long and were replicated four times with a randomized complete block arrangement. Treatments consisted of sand pelleted seed except for the conventional seed, which was unpelleted. All pelleted treatments except the pelleted seed control also included Progrow (Vitavax + Thiram) in the pellet. On 9 Jun, 100-plant sections (or total plant stand if less than 100 plants) were marked out in each replicate (block). Total plant stand and numbers of injured plants were recorded on 16, 23, 30 Jun, 7 and 16 Jul and 25 Aug. On 25 Aug all plants were cut open and inspected for onion maggot damage. Percent data were arc sine square root transformed before analysis of variance.
Foliar Sprays to Control Insects on Peppers, 1993
Authors: Speese John 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Peppers were transplanted on 28 May at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a double 25 ft row, bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, with 3 ft spacing between rows. Plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized, complete block design. Sprays were applied weekly, beginning 28 Jul. All market-sized fruit from both rows of each plot was harvested on 17 Aug, 14 Sep and 6 Oct and checked for insect damage. A total of 9 spray applications were made. Spray applications were made using a 3 hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. In addition to the fruit harvest, evaluation criteria consisted of aphid counts by species on 10 randomly picked leaves/plot.
Apple, Insecticide Evaluations, 1993
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Warren J. R. , Kilmer S. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticides were applied to 10 year old ‘Ida Red’ apple trees on MM III rootstocks. Five three row plots were randomly selected and one was assigned to each treatment. The two outside rows served as guard rows. Data were collected from four or five replicate trees randomly selected from the middle rows in each plot. Treatments were applied with a power take off driven FMC (model 252S) sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gpa (76.62 liters/ha.), a 6x concentration for this orchard. Treatments were applied on 27 Apr, 21 May and 6 Jul. Other insecticide sprays included a delayed dormant spray of superior oil (60 sec.) applied to the control and the Lannate + Guthion plots on 8 Apr. Guthion 35W (2 lb./A) was added to all sprays (including the 6 Jul treatment) on the NTN33893 plot on and after 18 Jun. Other materials used for orchard maintenance are given later in a table. Insect predators were sampled in a three minute visual count per tree. RAA & AA (complex of AA & SA) were counted as number of infested terminals in 10/replicate, or number of infested water sprouts in 10/replicate, or number in 10 terminals/replicate on which the terminal leaf was infested. Tentiform leafminer and WALH data indicate the number of leaf mines or leafhoppers/leaf present when ten leaves/replicate were examined. Mite data were generated using the Henderson McBurnie method of brushing 20-leaf samples from each replicate. Mites and eggs were counted with a binocular microscope. Data were transformed to either log 10x +1 or square root X + .5 for analysis.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes with In-Furrow Treatments, 1993
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , McShane Nancy 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
‘Kennebec’ potatoes were planted in 20 foot rows on 13 Apr, ’93. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 10 inches. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk "A" loamy sand. Initial furrow H20 treatments were applied to the seed at the rate of 20/gal per acre with a small sprinkle can. Furadan layby treatments were applied at a rate of 20/gal per acre on 9 Jun. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults, larvae and egg mass/10 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hill 1978). Yields were taken on 22 Jul from 20-ft. of row.
Fury Dosage Trial for Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1993
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Miller Jennifer , Holder Bobby 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The trial was established at the Northwest Experiment Station to compare Fury 1.5E with standard pyrethroids. This was a dry land trial and was planted on 18 May using B-size seed. Plot size was 4—40) inch rows 25 ft in length. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. All treatments were foliar and were applied in approximately 20 gpa water. Applications were made on 9, 22 Jul and 4 Aug using a hand held CO2 sprayer at 40 psi pressure. Late blight control application using Rid-O-Mil 2E were applied by airplane on 5 and 15 Aug. The center 2 rows of each plot were harvested and total production recorded.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1993
Authors: Sirota J. M. , Grafius E. , Bommarito M. , Eliason E. , Scriber B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Seven insecticides were tested at the MSU Montcalm Research Farm in Entrican, MI. Potatoes were planted 12 inches apart with a 34 inch row spacing on 6 May. Plots 45 feet long by three rows wide were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Plots were separated by at least 6 feet of bare ground. The Admire in-furrow treatment was applied with spray bottles on 6 May. Foliar treatments were applied on 23, 30 Jun/2 and 7 Jul using a tractor-mounted sprayer at 30 gal/acre and 45 psi. Light rain interrupted spraying on 30 Jun; remaining treatments were applied on 2 Jul AC303.630 at 5 gal/acre was applied with a CO2 sprayer with a 3-nozzle hand-held boom. Two plots of Cryolite received additional sprays on 4 and 12 Aug. These plots were removed from yield analysis, but were included in analysis of beetle numbers. Two randomly selected plants from the middle row of each plot were sampled for CPB on 28 Jun, 6 and 12 Jul. An outer row was sampled in 5 plots because the middle row had few plants. A visual defoliation assessment was done on 6 and 12 Jul. Potatoes were harvested on 14 Sep, separated by size and weighed.
Potato Insect Control, 1992
Authors: Slocombe A. C. , Ferro D. N. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Potatoes were planted on 1 May in South Deerfield, Massachusetts. Fertilizer (600 lbs 10N:10P:10K/ acre) was banded into the furrow at planting. Soil type was a fine sandy loam with a pH of 5.6. Manzate (fungicide) was applied at 1 lb. Al/acre on 1 Jul. CPB densities on 4 Jun were 1.2 adults, 50 eggs, 0.3 early instars per plant, and CPB densities on 15 Jun were 3.3 adults, 167 eggs, 6 early instars and 1.7 late instars per plant. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of two 30 ft. rows with a 6 ft. fallow area between plots. Treatments were applied with CO2-pressurized sprayers at 40 psi, delivering 70 gal/acre. Novodor and Foil OF were applied on 5 (first hatch), 15 (30% hatch) and 22 (50% hatch and 4th instar observed) Jun. All other applications were made on 15, 22, and 29 Jun. For second generation larvae, percentage egg hatch was based on flagging 10 egg masses at the beginning of the ovipositional period, using the percentage hatch based on these eggs. For second generation, Novodor and Foil OF were applied on 6 (first hatch), 8 (30% hatch) and 10 (50% hatch) Jul. All other treatments were applied on 13 (observed 3rd instars) and 24 Jul.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Foliar Sprays, 1993
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Potatoes were planted on 11 May near Middletown, DE. Four row plots, 25 ft long on 36 inch centers were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2- pressurized ATV 4-wheeled sprayer delivering 40 gal/acre at 40 psi. Plots receiving Stalker were treated on 7, 22, and 29 Jun; 20 and 27 Jul. The plot receiving the low rate of Stalker (0.10 lb AI) received an additional treatment on 6 Jul. The Novodor treatments were applied on 22 and 29 Jun; 6, 13, 20 and 27 Jul. CPB defoliation ratings were taken 13 and 29 Jul. Defoliation injury ratings of 1-5 were indexed as follows: (1) 1-20%; (2) 21-30%; (3) 31-50%; (4) 51-80%; (5) 81-100%. CPB evaluation criteria consisted of visual counts of adults, small larvae (first and second instar) and large larvae (third and fourth instar). Plots were harvested and yield recorded (cwt/acre) on 17 Aug.
Squash Vine Borer Control, 1992
Authors: Boucher J. , Adams R. , Nixon G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
‘Early Prolific Straightneck’ squash was direct seeded 27 May, in Storrs, Connecticut. Weed control consisted of the stale-seed-bed technique, using paraquat as a pre-plant spray, supplemented by hand and mechanical cultivation. Plots consisted of 12 plants in a single, 24 ft long row, with two ft between plants. An unsprayed guard-row separated each plot. Rows were spaced four ft apart. Six treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments consisted of an unsprayed control and applications of Ambush, Asana, Methoxychlor, Rotenone, and Thiodan on 10, 17 and 23 Jul, and 2 Aug. Plots were either sprayed from the top and sides with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 30 psi with 40 gallons of water per acre or treated with a hand-cranked duster. Fruits from five plants per plot were harvested, counted and weighed every two to four days from 14 Jul through 1 Sep. These five plants were dissected on 2 Sep and SVB larvae were counted.
Control of Immature Sweetpotato Whitefly (SPWF) and Tomato Pinworm (TPW) in Staked Tomato, Spring, 1993
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Conner J. M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cultural practices, experimental design, application methods and dates are given in report 123E. Whitefly nymphs, pupae and tomato pinworm larvae were evaluated from one trifoliate randomly sampled from each row in each plot giving 9 leaflets per plot. The trifoliate was taken from the 5th, 6th or 7th leaf from the top, at highest position pupal exuviae were observed. All whitefly stages were counted which appeared in a 1 cm2 arena placed in 4 positions on the leaf, 2 on either side of the midvein. Numbers of tomato pinworm larvae were counted from the entire trifoliate. Six plants per row (18 per plot) were harvested and picked clean on 24 May. Fruit was graded for size, weight, damage and marketability. Marketable tomatoes were kept in paper sacks in the laboratory to evaluate for irregular ripening.
Control of Insect Pests in the First Alfalfa Crop, 1993
Authors: Bisges A. , Berberet R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Nine chemical insecticide treatments were evaluated for efficacy in controlling AW larvae and aphids on a second year stand of ‘Cimarron’ alfalfa located at the Agronomy Research Station, Stillwater, OK. Pretreatment samples indicated a population of 3.3 AW larvae/stem, while aphid numbers averaged 45 per 25 stems. Sprays were applied on 9 Apr using a tractormounted boom sprayer equipped with flooding nozzles (Spraying Systems Co., TK SS-5) calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 24 psi while traveling at 3.0 mph. Plot size was 5 × 8 m, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Efficacy of treatments was determined from samples of 25 stems pulled from each plot at 2, 7, 14, and 21 DAT. Standard Berlese funnels were used to extract AW larvae and aphids from the stem samples for counting. Subsamples of aphids were examined on each date for species determination. Dry matter yield estimates were made by harvesting two 0.5 m quadrates from each plot on 14 May and drying forage before weighing and calculating yield on a per acre basis.
Potato Leafhopper Control in Alfalfa, 1993
Authors: Jarvi Keith J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Six insecticides were applied to 8 inch tall alfalfa near Concord, NE, on 25 Jun. Plots were 20 × 20 ft arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Treatments were applied with a 4 nozzle CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with T-jet 11002 nozzles delivering 14.25 gal/acre at 20 psi. Air temperature at the time of application was 75°F with a wind speed of 10-20 mph. Evaluation was by counting the number of leafhoppers (adults and nymphs) per 10 sweeps of a 15 inch diam net on 3, 7, 10, and 13 DAT. Pretreatment field counts averaged 10 leafhoppers per 10 sweeps.
Alfalfa Insect Control, 1993
Authors: Spomer Stephen M. , Higley Leon G. , Foster John E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Treatments were evaluated on a 3-yr-old stand during the second alfalfa growth period at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, NE. Plots were 20 × 30 ft with 4 replications of treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 24 Jun with a Solo 425 backpack sprayer, which delivered approximately 1 liter/min. Each plot received about 3.25 liters of water along with the treatment. Alfalfa height at application was 57 cm. Rainfall amounts during the sampling period were measurable on 24 Jun (1.5 cm), 28 Jun (7.5 cm), 5 Jul (1.8 cm), 7 Jul (1.3 cm), 8 Jul (1.3 cm), 12 Jul (1.9 cm), and 13 Jul (3.4 cm). Plots were sampled 0 (pretreatment), 1,7, 14, and 21 DAT by collecting 20 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam sweep net (stratified by date). Samples were frozen for later evaluation.
Use of Labeled and Experimental Insecticides for Control of Potato Leafhopper in Wisconsin, 1993
Authors: Wedberg John , Jensen Bryan 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Experimental plots measuring 12 × 15 m were established in a field of ‘Garst 636’ alfalfa at the University of Wisconsin Agricultural Research Station, Arlington, WI. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCBD, and applied on 14 Jul by using a tractor-mounted compressed air sprayer equipped with 8001 TeeJet flat fan nozzles delivering 150 liters of finished spray per ha at 40 PSI when driven at 2.6 mph. Insect abundance was estimated by taking 20 consecutive pendulum sweeps in each plot with a 38 cm diam sweep net at 1, 7 and 14 DAT.
Potato Leafhopper Control in Ohio, 1993
Authors: Willson H. R. , Eisley J. B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Tests were conducted at the OARDC Western Branch Field Station near South Charleston to evaluate the efficacy of 7 insecticide treatments for control of PLH on a 3rd cutting of 4 year old alfalfa stand. Plots were 30 × 50 ft with 4 replications per treatment in a RCBD. Treatments were applied on 26 Jul with a custom built sprayer having a boom length of 15 ft and flat spray tip nozzles (TeeJet 8003VS) mounted at 15 inch intervals. The system was calibrated to deliver 37 gpa at 30 psi at a tractor speed of 3 mph. Treatments were applied when avg alfalfa stem length was 11.5 inches (29.3 cm). PLH adult abundance was estimated by taking 20 pendulum sweeps in each plot prior to treatment and 2, 7, 14 and 21 DAT. Counts of PLH nymphs were omitted since presence of PLH nymphs was minimal. Alfalfa stem length was recorded prior to treatment and during final sampling taken at 21 DAT.