bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Reaction of a Stream of Viscous Fluid on a Rotating Circular Cylinder
Authors: Low A. R. 
Published: February 2017

At the request of the Council the following notes on the subject have been prepared, with special reference to the Flettner “rotor ship” and to possible applications in aeronautics.While it is necessarily somewhat provisional, the data available are pretty full, and it is hoped that no serious modifications will be required as a result of further experimental investigations.In the now well-known Joukowsky transformation from a circle to a wing profile, maintaining the circulation G and the steady flow at a distance U, unaltered, the diameter of the cylinder 2a, its angular velocity ω, the chord of the profile 4a. (subject to a small correction of about – 5 per cent) and the effective incidence (β are connected by the relations G = 2πa2ω = 4πa sin βU so that aω/2U = sin β.
Some Aspects of the Comparison of Model and Full Scale Tests
Authors: Taylor D. W. 
Published: February 2017

Aeronautics now covers a large field. The bibliography alone, compiled and published annually by the United States National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, requires something like two hundred pages of a book seven inches by ten inches. Needless to say, I am not undertaking to review the whole field.Owing to the difficulties of conducting free flight tests of performance and the fact that we cannot afford to make many mistakes in an appliance whose operation involves the risk of human life, it is peculiarly desirable that we may be able to predict the performance of the completed airplane from small-scale experiments; and probably in no other branch of mechanical science have we at present so many research laboratories.
Some Aspects of Aeronautical Progress
Authors: Sykes V. H. 
Published: February 2017

It is very kind of you to invite me again to address the Scottish Branch of the Royal Aeronautical Society, and I am glad to do so at this the opening meeting of what promises to be a highly valuable session.I will not excuse my temerity in coming here to-night for two reasons. First, since I am no longer in direct touch with aviation I do not claim first hand knowledge of detail, my interest in what we all believe to be one of the greatest of modern developments is still unabated. And secondly, because aeronautical progress must be assisted by open discussion of its difficulties, and it may be of value, whether you agree with them or not, to express some personal ideas from the outside angle of a year's private membership of the House of Commons as a preface to your more technical meetings.
Mountain Nyala
Authors: Brown Leslie 
Published: February 2017

The Ethiopian Highlands are the home of two major herbivores found nowhere else in the world. One is the Walia Ibex; the other, the Mountain Nyala, Tragelaphus buxtoni.
Many people believe that the Okapi and the Giant Forest Hog were the last major mammals to be discovered in Africa. In fact, this distinction belongs to the Mountain Nyala; and the man who discovered it, Major Ivor Buxton, is still alive. It has been known to science since only 1908.
Teaching Biopolitics: Needs, Experiences, Problems and Prospects
Authors: Kort Fred 
Published: February 2017

Biopolitics must be taught in a context that makes it possible for students to acquire competence in at least evolutionary biology, genetics (with the proper molecular biology perspective), biological anthropology, neurobiology, and the evolution of behavior. A more modest beginning may be necessary, however, and actually has been pursued at various institutions.Although a systematic study of experiences in teaching biopolitics has not been prepared, various impressions have been obtained. In spite of some seemingly discouraging situations with respect to biopolitics, expectations that a biobehavioral perspective ultimately will be the principal and pervasive frame of reference for a proper study of political processes and institutions are justified.
On Teaching Biopolicy and Values in Selected Reproductive Technologies: Abortion,In VitroFertilization, and Surrogate Motherhood
Authors: Moreland Lois B. 
Published: February 2017

This article is divided into three parts: “Faculty Preparation: Immersion in the Literature,” “Conceptualizing and Organizing the Course,” and “Course Design.” The first part is addressed particularly to readers without access to a computer search of the literature. It suggests resource materials for each of the technologies. It also speaks to the meanings of and approaches which may be used to study biopolitics. Biopolicy is the approach used in the course.The second part addresses the problem of finding a unifying concept which would bring cohesion to the multiple and diverse materials and issues. It also includes the statement of purpose and course objectives. It is here that the development of identifying and demonstrating the nexus between the reproductive technologies and public policy begins. It also discusses methodologies used in the course.The third part lists the activities that served as a guide in designing the course and cites remaining caveats in course development. The paper concludes with statements about required reading materials, review materials, audio-visual aids, and a broad outline of the course.
Embryo disposal practices in IVF clinics in the United States
Authors: Gurmankin Andrea D. , Sisti Dominic , Caplan Arthur L. 
Published: February 2017

Background.The moral status of the human embryo is particularly controversial in the United States, where one debate has centered on embryos created in excess atin vitrofertilization (IVF) clinics. Little has been known about the disposal of these embryos.Methods.We mailed anonymous, self-administered questionnaires to directors of 341 American IVF clinics.Results.217 of 341 clinics (64 percent) responded. Nearly all (97 percent) were willing to create and cryopreserve extra embryos. Fewer, but still a majority (59 percent), were explicitly willing to avoid creating extras. When embryos did remain in excess, clinics offered various options: continual cryopreservation for a charge (96 percent) or for no charge (4 percent), donation for reproductive use by other couples (76 percent), disposal prior to (60 percent) or following (54 percent) cryopreservation, and donation for research (60 percent) or embryologist training (19 percent). Qualifications varied widely among those personnel responsible for securing couples' consent for disposal and for conducting disposal itself. Some clinics performed a religious or quasi-religious disposal ceremony. Some clinics required a couple's participation in disposal; some allowed but did not require it; some others discouraged or disallowed it.Conclusions.The disposal of human embryos created in excess at American IVF clinics varies in ways suggesting both moral sensitivity and ethical divergence.
The Matrix of Biological Disarmament: Strategy, Law, and Technology
Authors: DeForest Paul H. 
Published: February 2017

During this century strategy, law, and technology have worked to the distinct advantage of biological arms control over weapons proliferation. Reliable strategies for biological warfare were never formulated. Customary and treaty law severely constrained use of biological weapons. Advances in technology were inadequate to overcome moral and tactical objections to disease as an instrument of war. As the first treaty prohibiting possession of an entire category of weapons, the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention signalled the apparent achievement of biological disarmament.Subsequently, the rise of genetic engineering and renewal of superpower hostility engendered fear that biological disarmament was threatened by technological advances in biological weapons promoting their increased military utility. Neither the recent past nor the foreseeable future justify such fear. Instead, there is now the opportunity to entirely eliminate biological warfare research, to extend disarmament to chemical weapons, and to redirect resources to the global war against disease.
Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention: Comments on the Contributions of Marie Isabelle Chevier and Lynn Marvin Hansen
Authors: Geissler Erhard 
Published: February 2017

In agreement with the overwhelming number of experts, I certainly share the view of Chevier and Hansen that the Biological Weapons Convention needs to be strengthened. Of course it is still a matter of discussion whether the military utility of biological and toxin weapons (hereafter, respectively, BW and TW) changed after the introduction of biotechnology. It is impossible, however, to ignore the 1986 statement of the U.S. Department of Defense (1988), that:… perhaps the most significant event in the history of biological weapons development has been the advent of biotechnology. It enables the development of new microorganisms and products with new, unorthodox characteristics… Conceptually, then, a nation or terrorist group can design a biological weapon to meet a variety of contingencies or needs… The break through and the subsequent achievements make biological warfare much more feasible and effective for countries which either are not bound by the convention or which choose to violate it.
From Ideological Critique to the Methods and Morals of Science
Authors: Voorzanger Bart 
Published: February 2017

This much I recently learned: don't expect your audience to react to what yousaywhen you talk about ideological critique. Some people love anything with “ideology” in it. They will congratulate you for every use of that term. Others hate the very word and they will shower you with questions they had ready before you even started. I can sympathize with both, I really can; “ideology” is an exciting topic, but that is small comfort if there is something you want to get across. So let me say clearly and right form the start: what I am going to do here is quite boring for those who are heavilyintoideological critique, and it is gristoffthe mill for those who hate it.I will discuss what people mean when they use the phrase “ideological critique” and I will suggest that they talk about different things at different occasions. Each of those things can be important but they should be kept apart because what one ought to do about it is different in each case. For that reason, the conceptual scheme I will propose is relevant both for theoretical and for practical reasons.
Book Reviews: Gordon and Suzuki - It's a Matter of SurvivalAnita Gordon and David Suzuki Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991, 278 pp. US$19.95 cloth. ISBN 0-674-46970-4. Harvard University Press, 79 Garden St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
Authors: Bonnicksen Andrea L. 
Published: February 2017

PrécisIn 1989 the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation aired a five-part radio series, “It's a Matter of Survival.” Anita Gordon was the originator and executive producer of the series. David Suzuki is Professor of Zoology at the University of British Columbia and the host of “The Nature of Things,” a science television program. This book grew out of the radio series and is described on the jacket cover by Edward O. Wilson as “the best piece of extended environmental journalism I've seen to date.” Cited in the end notes are publications in the popular press (e.g., The New York Times) and CBC interviews with a range of environmental commentators such as Lester Brown and Paul Erlich. The book indicts the environmental irresponsibility of human beings as a species and is intended as a response to the radio listeners who wrote to the CBC following the 1989 broadcasts asking what they could do to forestall environmental catastrophe.Gordon and Suzuki begin with a hypothetical glimpse into the “nightmare world of 2040.” Subsequent chapters question how we reached the stage of environmental crisis, explore myths that have blinded us to the crisis, predict future growth trends, describe the ethic of domination over nature, and review the devastation wrought by prevailing definitions of “progress.” The authors end with an alternative (and positive) look at the year 2040 that can be possible if the resolutions they discuss are sought. They conclude that humans as a species have “lost the ability to hear the warning cries of nature” (p. 234), but they hold the hope that humans can emerge from the crisis with a “new collective image of ourselves as a species integrated into the natural world” (p. 238).
Book Reviews: Leichter - Free To Be Foolish: Politics and Health Promotion in the United States and Great BritainHoward M. Leichter Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991, 281 pp. US$35.00 cloth. ISBN 0-691-07867-X. Princeton University Press, 41 William St., Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
Authors: Bonnicksen Andrea L. 
Published: February 2017

PrécisThe author is Professor of Political Science at Linfield College and Clinical Professor of Public Health and Preventive Medicine at Oregon Health Science University. In this book he traces a recent and “important shift in the debate over how people can maximize their chances of staying healthy” (p.7). Populations in both the United States and Great Britain for most of the century have regarded equitable access to health care as the basis for individual health. Within the last two decades, however, assumptions have shifted. Health is now thought to be a preventive exercise to be secured by reducing dangerous and foolish behaviors. In seeking to regulate dangerous behaviors of citizens, policymakers confront deeply seated values of individualism and choice.Leichter advances the thesis that policies that regulate life-styles are fundamentally different from other health policies. As a consequence, a distinct framework for evaluation is necessary, which he presents and elaborates upon throughout the book. He uses historical experiences in two countries—the United States and Great Britain—to develop and refine his thesis.Following historical overviews of the two health revolutions (access to health care and personal life-style monitoring), Leichter deals with four areas in which governments have sought to limit individual activities: smoking, alcohol control, road safety, and behaviors relating to AIDS. In his final chapter he evaluates “when and under what circumstances [it is] appropriate for the state to intervene in life-style decisions” (p. 31). This literate book is supplemented by four figures and thirteen tables.
Perspectives on the Self-Destructive Tendencies of Humanity: A Symposium Response
Authors: Caldwell Lynton Keith 
Published: February 2017

A symposium has been defined as a collection of essays on a particular subject and as a philosophical or other focused discussion. It derives from a Greek origin meaning a drinking party. The focus of this symposium is on the published version of a plenary address given in Boston at the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences, on September 4, 1998. The article, “Is Humanity Destined to Self-Destruct?” was printed in the preceding issue of this journal (1999a). Because not all readers of the present issue may have seen the article toward which the preceding commentaries are directed, a brief summary of its argument follows here:As the twenty-first century approaches, we may identify both constructive and destructive trends that will influence the future. Which set of trends will dominate is uncertain. Attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors all interact to direct the flow of change over time. However, the options and constraints of human life are ultimately fixed by those elements of the environment over which humans have little control. The modem assumption of a world without end or limits risks collision with the obdurate reality called “nature.” Facing threats to its survival, humanity is challenged to learn how to build a sustainable future. A successful effort will require a concerted and cooperative effort among all fields of knowledge. The threats are both “natural” and “societal.” Humanity is an inseparable part of its planetary environment. Chaos and conflict in human society, shortsightedness and indifferences, delay the cooperative action needed to move toward a sustainable future. We do not know how much time we have to avoid catastrophic collision with the hard realities of the planet Earth. This article identifies some of the trends that threaten humanity's future and suggests four lines of action that should be pursued in order to reduce the likelihood that humanity will inadvertently destroy itself.
Marine Biotechnology: a Proposal for Regulatory Reform
Authors: Balint Peter J. 
Published: February 2017

Biotechnology companies are developing transgenic fish, shellfish, and microorganisms to supplement conventional marine aquaculture and aid in the bioremediation of polluted coastal waters. These products may be ready for open-environment field trials or commercial applications within two to four years. Regulatory authority in the field of marine biotechnology is poorly defined and ill prepared, however, and the science base presently available is not adequate to support credible ecological risk assessment of genetically engineered marine organisms.In response, I offer two specific public policy recommendations: (1) an accelerated program of basic and applied research in marine ecology underwritten by a combination of government and private funds, and (2) the creation of a dedicated unit within the National Marine Fisheries Service responsible for regulatory oversight of transgenic marine organisms. If implemented, these reforms will encourage development in the marine biotechnology industry while laying the groundwork for appropriate ecological risk assessment and management.
Exclusive breast-feeding promotion among HIV-infected women in South Africa: an Information–Motivation–Behavioural Skills model-based pilot intervention
Authors: Tuthill Emily L , Butler Lisa M , Pellowski Jennifer A , McGrath Jacqueline M , Cusson Regina M , Gable Robert K , Fisher Jeffrey D 
Published: February 2017

AbstractObjectiveExclusive breast-feeding (EBF) provides optimal nutrition for infants and mothers. The practice of EBF while adhering to antiretroviral medication decreases the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV from approximately 25 % to less than 5 %. Thus the WHO recommends EBF for the first 6 months among HIV-infected women living in resource-limited settings; however, EBF rates remain low. In the present study our aim was to design and implement a pilot intervention promoting EBF among HIV-infected women.DesignThe Information–Motivation–Behavioural Skills (IMB) model was applied in a brief motivational interviewing counselling session that was tested in a small randomized controlled trial.SettingPietermaritzburg, South Africa, at two comparable rural public health service clinics.SubjectsSixty-eight HIV-infected women in their third trimester were enrolled and completed baseline interviews between June and August 2014. Those randomized to the intervention arm received the IMB-based pilot intervention directly following baseline interviews. Follow-up interviews occurred at 6 weeks postpartum.ResultsWhile not significantly different between trial arms, high rates of intention and practice of EBF at 6-week follow-up were reported. Findings showed high levels of self-efficacy being significantly predictive of breast-feeding initiation and duration regardless of intervention arm.ConclusionsFuture research must account for breast-feeding self-efficacy on sustaining breast-feeding behaviour and leverage strategies to enhance self-efficacy in supportive interventions. Supporting breast-feeding behaviour through programmes that include both individual-level and multi-systems components targeting the role of health-care providers, family and community may create environments that value and support EBF behaviour.
Efficacy of school-based interventions aimed at decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among adolescents: a systematic review
Authors: Vézina-Im Lydi-Anne , Beaulieu Dominique , Bélanger-Gravel Ariane , Boucher Danielle , Sirois Caroline , Dugas Marylène , Provencher Véronique 
Published: February 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo verify the efficacy of school-based interventions aimed at reducing sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption among adolescents in order to develop or improve public health interventions.DesignSystematic review of interventions targeting adolescents and/or the school environment.SettingThe following databases were investigated: MEDLINE/PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL and EMBASE. Proquest Dissertations and Theses was also investigated for unpublished trials.SubjectsAdolescents were defined as individuals between the ages of 12 and 17 years.ResultsA total of thirty-six studies detailing thirty-six different interventions tested among independent samples (n152 001) were included in the review. Twenty interventions were classified as educational/behavioural and ten were classified as legislative/environmental interventions. Only six interventions targeted both individuals and their environment. Over 70 % of all interventions, regardless of whether they targeted individuals, their environment or both, were effective in decreasing SSB consumption. Legislative/environmental studies had the highest success rate (90·0 %). Educational/behavioural interventions only and interventions that combined educational/behavioural and legislative/environmental approaches were almost equally effective in reducing SSB consumption with success rates of 65·0 and 66·7 %, respectively. Among the interventions that had an educational/behavioural component, 61·5 % were theory-based. The behaviour change techniques most frequently used in interventions were providing information about the health consequences of performing the behaviour (72·2 %), restructuring the physical environment (47·2 %), behavioural goal setting (36·1 %), self-monitoring of behaviour (33·3 %), threat to health (30·6 %) and providing general social support (30·6 %).ConclusionsSchool-based interventions show promising results to reduce SSB consumption among adolescents. A number of recommendations are made to improve future studies.
Optimizing Atom Probe Analysis with Synchronous Laser Pulsing and Voltage Pulsing
Authors: Zhao Lu , Normand Antoine , Houard Jonathan , Blum Ivan , Delaroche Fabien , Latry Olivier , Ravelo Blaise , Vurpillot Francois 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAtom probe has been developed for investigating materials at the atomic scale and in three dimensions by using either high-voltage (HV) pulses or laser pulses to trigger the field evaporation of surface atoms. In this paper, we propose an atom probe setup with pulsed evaporation achieved by simultaneous application of both methods. This provides a simple way to improve mass resolution without degrading the intrinsic spatial resolution of the instrument. The basic principle of this setup is the combination of both modes, but with a precise control of the delay (at a femtosecond timescale) between voltage and laser pulses. A home-made voltage pulse generator and an air-to-vacuum transmission system are discussed. The shape of the HV pulse presented at the sample apex is experimentally measured. Optimizing the delay between the voltage and the laser pulse improves the mass spectrum quality.
Risk of Bacterial Infection Does Not Constitute Force Majeure in Export Refunds
Authors: Baroncelli Stefania 
Published: February 2017

Case C-218/09 SGS Belgium NV v. Belgisch Interventieen Restitutiebureau and Others [2010] nyrArticle 5(3) of Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3665/87 of 27 November 1987 laying down common detailed rules for the application of the system of export refunds on agricultural products, as amended by Commission Regulation (EC) No 1384/95 of 19 June 1995, must be interpreted as meaning that damage to a consignment of beef in the conditions described by the national court does not constitute force majeure within the meaning of that provision (official headnote).