bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Outcomes With Continuous Nafcillin Infusions in Children
Authors: Knoderer Chad A. , Karmire Lauren C. , Nichols Kristen R. 
Published: September 2017

OBJECTIVES
The primary objective of this study was to describe the clinical outcomes of continuous nafcillin infusion in pediatric patients.

METHODS
This was a retrospective case study performed at a freestanding, tertiary care children's hospital. Subjects were included if they were at least 30 days old and had received more than 1 dose of nafcillin by continuous infusion (CI) between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2012. Clinical and microbiological data were extracted from the medical record. Documented adverse events potentially associated with nafcillin were recorded. Treatment success was defined by any one of the following outcomes without the presence of conflicting data: microbiological cure, prescriber-documented treatment success, or normalization of abnormal clinical or laboratory parameters.

RESULTS
Forty subjects with a median of 9 (interquartile range [IQR], 2.3–12) years of age were included. Median length of stay (in days) for all indications observed was 7 (IQR, 5–21.8) days. Extended lengths of stay, indicated by ≥10 days, were more common in cases of endocarditis, skin and soft tissue infection, and bacteremia. Adverse reactions were documented in 20% of patients.

CONCLUSIONS
In this pediatric study, overall treatment success was observed in 92.5% of patients. Microbiological cure was documented in 91.3% of patients by using follow-up cultures. Length of stay may be positively impacted by CI nafcillin. Continuously infused nafcillin appears to be an acceptable alternative to intermittently infused nafcillin in children. Further studies are needed to address the question of whether clinical outcomes of CI nafcillin are superior to those of conventional infusion.
The Effect of Mock Tests on Iranian EFL learners’ Test Scores
Authors: Khodabakhshzadeh Hossein , Zardkanloo Reza 
Published: September 2017

The effect of using tests in test preparation courses has been subject to debate. While some scholars such as Yang and Badger (2015) believe it is a cause of positive washback effect, others argue that this issue is tentative and context-bound (Green, 2007). Therefore, this study investigated the effect of using Mock tests in International English Language Testing System (IELTS) preparation courses on students’ overall IELTS scores. Fifty one IELTS students were selected non-randomly through the quota sampling approach out of 76 students at Mahan Language Institute in Birjand, Iran. These participants were distributed into Group 1 (n=25) and Group 2 (n=26). A complete IELTS test was administered to ensure that the Groups were homogeneous and to serve as pretest. After 10 sessions of intervention, a different IELTS test was administered as posttest. The results of between subject analysis through independent samples t-test revealed that using Mock tests in the IELTS preparation courses can positively affect the participants scores on IELTS exam. Pedagogical implications are discussed.
A Thorough Scrutiny of ELT Textbook Evaluations: A Review Inquiry
Authors: Gholami Reza , Noordin Nooreen , Rafik-Galea Shameem 
Published: September 2017

It is thoroughly agreed that English language textbooks stand amongst the foremost components in any language classrooms worldwide, being referred to as valid, beneficial and labor-saving tools to fulfill an extensive range of needs. An ELT textbook is not merely a set of sheets of paper fastened together to hinge at one side, but is the beating heart of any education system whereupon the whole learning revolves. Notwithstanding their interminable benefits, it is admitted that still the compiled textbooks, especially the ones prescribed in Educational systems have to be evaluated and assessed to confirm whether they fulfil the objectives they are meant for or not, as it is said no perfect textbook exists. Having dealt with evaluation in general, this research meticulously elaborates on textbook evaluation more specifically concluding that there is a dearth of inquiry on textbook selection and evaluation. Afterwards, this research introduces the most common approaches for evaluating ELT textbooks and materials. The paper culminates with concluding remarks and implications, hoping to shed light on how textbook evaluation is practiced worldwide.
Factors influencing healthcare provider respondent fatigue answering a globally administered in-app survey
Authors: O’Reilly-Shah Vikas N. 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundRespondent fatigue, also known as survey fatigue, is a common problem in the collection of survey data. Factors that are known to influence respondent fatigue include survey length, survey topic, question complexity, and open-ended question type. There is a great deal of interest in understanding the drivers of physician survey responsiveness due to the value of information received from these practitioners. With the recent explosion of mobile smartphone technology, it has been possible to obtain survey data from users of mobile applications (apps) on a question-by-question basis. The author obtained basic demographic survey data as well as survey data related to an anesthesiology-specific drug called sugammadex and leveraged nonresponse rates to examine factors that influenced respondent fatigue.MethodsPrimary data were collected between December 2015 and February 2017. Surveys and in-app analytics were collected from global users of a mobile anesthesia calculator app. Key independent variables were user country, healthcare provider role, rating of importance of the app to personal practice, length of time in practice, and frequency of app use. Key dependent variable was the metric of respondent fatigue.ResultsProvider role and World Bank country income level were predictive of the rate of respondent fatigue for this in-app survey. Importance of the app to the provider and length of time in practice were moderately associated with fatigue. Frequency of app use was not associated. This study focused on a survey with a topic closely related to the subject area of the app. Respondent fatigue rates will likely change dramatically if the topic does not align closely.DiscussionAlthough apps may serve as powerful platforms for data collection, responses rates to in-app surveys may differ on the basis of important respondent characteristics. Studies should be carefully designed to mitigate fatigue as well as powered with the understanding of the respondent characteristics that may have higher rates of respondent fatigue.
Metabolically active CD4+ T cells expressing Glut1 and OX40 preferentially harbor HIV during in vitro infection
Authors: Palmer Clovis S. , Duette Gabriel A. , Wagner Marc C. E. , Henstridge Darren C. , Saleh Suah , Pereira Candida , Zhou Jingling , Simar David , Lewin Sharon R. , Ostrowski Matias , McCune Joseph M. , Crowe Suzanne M. 
Published: September 2017

High glucose transporter 1 (Glut1) surface expression is associated with increased glycolytic activity in activated CD4+ T cells. Phosphatidylinositide 3‐kinases (PI3K) activation measured by p‐Akt and OX40 is elevated in CD4+Glut1+ T cells from HIV+ subjects. TCR engagement of CD4+Glut1+ T cells from HIV+ subjects demonstrates hyperresponsive PI3K‐mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. High basal Glut1 and OX40 on CD4+ T cells from combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)‐treated HIV+ patients represent a sufficiently metabolically active state permissive for HIV infection in vitro without external stimuli. The majority of CD4+OX40+ T cells express Glut1, thus OX40 rather than Glut1 itself may facilitate HIV infection. Furthermore, infection of CD4+ T cells is limited by p110γ PI3K inhibition. Modulating glucose metabolism may limit cellular activation and prevent residual HIV replication in ‘virologically suppressed’ cART‐treated HIV+ persons.
Investigating Segmentation in Cascadia: Anisotropic Crustal Structure and Mantle Wedge Serpentinization from Receiver Functions
Authors: Krueger Hannah E. , Wirth Erin A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe Cascadia subduction zone exhibits along‐strike segmentation in structure, processes, and seismogenic behavior. While characterization of seismic anisotropy can constrain deformation processes at depth, the character of seismic anisotropy in Cascadia remains poorly understood. This is primarily due to a lack of seismicity in the subducting Juan de Fuca slab, which limits shear wave splitting and other seismological analyses that interrogate the fine‐scale anisotropic structure of the crust and mantle wedge. We investigate lower crustal anisotropy and mantle wedge structure by computing P‐to‐S receiver functions at 12 broadband seismic stations along the Cascadia subduction zone. We observe P‐to‐SV converted energy consistent with previously estimated Moho depths. Several stations exhibit evidence of an “inverted Moho” (i.e., a downward velocity decrease across the crust‐mantle boundary), indicative of a serpentinized mantle wedge. Stations with an underlying hydrated mantle wedge appear prevalent from northern Washington to central Oregon, but sparse in southern Oregon and northern California. Transverse component receiver functions are complex, suggesting anisotropic and/or dipping crustal structure. To constrain the orientation of crustal anisotropy we compute synthetic receiver functions using manual forward modeling. We determine that the lower crust shows variable orientations of anisotropy along‐strike, with highly complex anisotropy in northern Cascadia, and generally NW‐SE and NE‐SW orientations of slow‐axis anisotropy in central and southern Cascadia, respectively. The orientations of anisotropy from this work generally agree with those inferred from shear wave splitting of tremor studies at similar locations, lending confidence to this relatively new method of inferring seismic anisotropy from slow earthquakes.
The Influence of Gravity on the Displacement Field Produced by Fault Slip
Authors: Gómez Demián D. , Bevis Michael , Pan Ernian , Smalley Robert 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe calculated surface displacements produced by a synthetic megathrust earthquake using two spherical, layered, elastic dislocation models which differ only in that one model accounts for the coupling between elasticity and gravity and the other does not. We show that including gravity perturbs the displacement field differently in the near‐, medium‐, and far‐fields. As a result, slip inversions based on an Earth model without gravity cannot simultaneously fit the near‐, medium‐ and far‐field displacements generated using a forward model including gravity. This suggests that the spatially systematic misfits between observations and dislocation predictions seen in the literature arise, at least in part, because these studies are based on models that neglect gravity. Although the magnitude of the far‐field displacements is small compared to those of the near‐field, our slip inversions show the most improvement when we both up‐weight the far‐field observations and use a physically consistent model in the inversion.
Oxygen Ebullition From Lakes
Authors: Koschorreck M. , Hentschel I. , Boehrer B. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe exchange of oxygen between lakes and the atmosphere is assumed to be driven by diffusion. Here we show that lakes can emit significant amounts of O2 by emerging gas bubbles—a process called ebullition. We found very high proportions of 17 ± 10% O2 (maximum 34%) in emerging gas bubbles in two shallow eutrophic reservoirs. In the studied reservoirs, O2 emission by ebullition was of similar magnitude as diffusive O2 fluxes. By reanalyzing previous studies, we show that the process is ubiquitous and probably quantitatively relevant in many places. We present evidence that O2 in bubbles originates both from photosynthetic oxygen production and hence bubble formation in the oxic water and from stripping by emerging methane bubbles. Ebullition can turn lakes undersaturated in respect to the atmosphere into a net O2 source. Neglecting O2 ebullition leads to an overestimation of lake internal respiration.
In Situ Stress and Pore Pressure in the Deep Interior of the Nankai Accretionary Prism, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site C0002
Authors: Kitajima Hiroko , Saffer Demian , Sone Hiroki , Tobin Harold , Hirose Takehiro 
Published: September 2017

AbstractStrength and slip behaviors of subduction megathrusts are controlled by the physical properties and stress state not only of the fault zones themselves but also the adjacent wall rocks in overriding and subducting plates. In the Nankai Trough, a 3 km deep riser borehole at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site C0002 was drilled into the Kumano fore‐arc basin and the underlying accretionary prism. We quantify the full in situ stress tensor and pore pressure at Site C0002 by integrating drilling data, geophysical logging, and downhole measurements using empirical relations that describe sediment compaction behavior as a function of loading path. The Kumano Basin is loaded in uniaxial vertical strain conditions, whereas the prism below is loaded with greater differential stress, has a modestly elevated pore pressure, and lies in a strike‐slip faulting regime. This can be reconciled with slip on the megathrust fault if the horizontal stresses vary with time or depth and/or if shear stress along the megathrust is low.
Estuarine Sediment Dissolved Organic Matter Dynamics in an Enhanced Sediment Flux Model
Authors: Clark J. Blake , Long Wen , Hood Raleigh R. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSediment derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) can comprise a substantial portion of the organic carbon budget in coastal bottom waters, yet it is often neglected in coastal carbon cycle models. In most modern sediment‐water column flux models, biologically mediated reactions that remineralize particulate organic matter (POM) into inorganic compounds are simplified. In reality, organic matter remineralization is a complex suite of reactions that include DOM intermediate compounds. To better represent the sequential breakdown of POM and remineralization of DOM, a DOM state variable was built into a widely used sediment flux model. In the model, DOM is created in the sediment by hydrolysis of POM, and all organic matter passes through the DOM pool before remineralization. The model was run for 11 years and tuned to reproduce observed sediment flux data collected in Chesapeake Bay and then used to assess the role of DOM in sediment organic matter dynamics. Sediment‐water column fluxes of DOM are highly variable both on seasonal and interannual scales, with substantial variability among stations in both magnitude and flux direction. Across all stations, semilabile and inert DOM is lost and labile DOM is taken up into the reactive first layer of the modeled sediment, with the net flux a balance of the two processes. The improved sediment flux model can be utilized to better understand the role of sediment biogeochemistry in the estuarine and coastal carbon cycle and shed light on difficult to measure processes involving DOM intermediate compounds.
Strong Gradients in Forest Sensitivity to Climate Change Revealed by Dynamics of Forest Fire Cycles in the Post Little Ice Age Era
Authors: Drobyshev Igor , Bergeron Yves , Girardin Martin P. , Gauthier Sylvie , Ols Clémentine , Ojal John 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe length of the fire cycle is a critical factor affecting the vegetation cover in boreal and temperate regions. However, its responses to climate change remain poorly understood. We reanalyzed data from earlier studies of forest age structures at the landscape level, in order to map the evolution of regional fire cycles across Eastern North American boreal and temperate forests, following the termination of the Little Ice Age (LIA). We demonstrated a well‐defined spatial pattern of post‐LIA changes in the length of fire cycles toward lower fire activity during the 1800s and 1900s. The western section of Eastern North America (west of 77°W) experienced a decline in fire activity as early as the first half of the 1800s. By contrast, the eastern section showed these declines as late as the early 1900s. During a regionally fire‐prone period of the 1910s–1920s, forests in the western section of Eastern boreal North America burned more than forests in the eastern section. The climate appeared to dominate over vegetation composition and human impacts in shaping the geographical pattern of the post‐LIA change in fire activity. Changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns following the termination of the LIA, specifically changes in Arctic Oscillation and the strengthening of the Continental Polar Trough, were likely drivers of the regional fire dynamics.
Endomembrane and Cytoskeleton Interrelationships in Higher Plants
Authors: Hawes Chris , Saint‐Jore Claude , Brandizzi Federica 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionPharmacological Experiments Have Indicated the Importance of the Actin CytoskeletonIn vivoImaging of Endomembrane Organelles Reveals Dependence on the CytoskeletonTransport betweenERandGolgi may be Independent of the Cytoskeleton: Evidence from Pharmacological and Photobleaching StudiesSummaryAcknowledgements
Retrograde Transport from theGolgi
Authors: Denecke Jürgen 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionWhy should Proteins and Membranes Recycle Back to theER?Retrograde Transport of Soluble ProteinsFrom Where Does Retrieval of Soluble Proteins Occur?Retrograde Transport of Membrane Spanning ProteinsConclusionsAcknowledgements
Phosphorus: Back to the Roots
Authors: Lambers Hans , Plaxton William C. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPhosphorus (P) is a pivotal nutrient for all life on Earth. It is poorly mobile in soil and inorganic P concentrations in the soil solution are <0.6 to 11μM. Organic P concentrations in the soil solution tend to be higher, but organic P needs to be hydrolysed before it can be taken up by plant roots. Such hydrolysis involves phosphatases that are either released from the roots or derived from microorganisms in the rhizosphere. A large fraction of soil P is sorbed onto soil particles, and hence is unavailable to most plants. Roots that release large amounts of P‐solubilising carboxylates can access some of this sorbed P. Rates of P uptake from the soil solution are determined predominantly by the movement of P in soil. Root traits that enhance P movement in soil increase P acquisition; however, the kinetic properties of P transporters that take up this P have little effect on net P uptake. The downregulation of genes encoding these transporters is important to avoid P toxicity at a high P supply. Species or genotypes that lack the capacity to downregulate their P‐uptake capacity typically show P‐toxicity symptoms at a high P supply. Mycorrhizal symbionts increase the soil volume that is available for P acquisition. Attempts to select or engineer genotypes with greater P‐uptake capacities should consider both root and soil characteristics, including soil microorganisms such as mycorrhizal fungi.
Metabolomics of Plant Phosphorus‐Starvation Response
Authors: Jones Chris , Hatier Jean‐Hugues , Cao Mingshu , Fraser Karl , Rasmussen Susanne 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Plant metabolism is significantly affected by environmental stresses, such as phosphorus starvation, and plants have evolved various strategies to cope with this pressure. Metabolomics is a measure of the overall metabolic response and, particularly in association with other ‘omic’ technologies and some more traditional science disciplines such as plant physiology, provides an invaluable tool for the characterisation of plant material when subjected to these stresses. Recent advances establishing this technology platform have been enabled by significant improvements in analytical instrumentation, complemented by the development of substantial database resources. This chapter describes how these advances have been used to advance the understanding of plant responses to stresses, and how this capability offers new opportunities to begin to unravel the complex mechanisms that facilitate these responses. The diversity of biochemical reactions captured by metabolomics studies can also be used to identify and select plants with improved P‐uptake and metabolism. It is suggested how this can be applied as part of a whole‐systems approach towards the development of more P‐efficient cultivars.
Metabolic Adaptations of the Non‐Mycotrophic Proteaceae to Soils with Low Phosphorus Availability
Authors: Lambers Hans , Clode Peta L. , Hawkins Heidi‐Jayne , Laliberté Etienne , Oliveira Rafael S. , Reddell Paul , Shane Michael W. , Stitt Mark , Weston Peter 
Published: September 2017

AbstractProteaceae are almost all non‐mycorrhizal and most species produce proteoid (= cluster) roots when grown in low‐phosphorus (P) soils. In south‐western Australia and the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa, Proteaceae have diversified more than anywhere else, and occur on the most severely P‐impoverished soils in the landscape. Several traits related to their P nutrition account for the success of south‐western Australian Proteaceae on P‐impoverished soils: (i) a P‐acquisition strategy based on carboxylate release from ephemeral cluster roots, which allows the species to ‘mine’ P that is ‘sorbed’ to soil particles; (ii) efficient use of P in photosynthesis, based on a very low investment in ribosomal RNA, extensive replacement of phospholipids by lipids that do not contain P, and allocation of P to photosynthetic cells and not epidermal cells; (iii) a very high P‐remobilisation efficiency; and (iv) a high seed P content. Proteaceae in southern South America do have a P‐acquisition strategy based on carboxylate release, but lack the other P‐efficiency traits. They occur on soils that contain vast amounts of P, but with a very low P availability, and invest less biomass in cluster roots. However, these ephemeral structures live somewhat longer and release far more carboxylates when compared with Proteaceae from south‐western Australia. The various aspects of P nutrition in Proteaceae across the world are discussed in a phylogenetic context.
Mycorrhizal Associations and Phosphorus Acquisition: From Cells to Ecosystems
Authors: Smith Sally E. , Anderson Ian C. , Smith F. Andrew 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

The vast majority of terrestrial plants form some type of mycorrhizal association. In this chapter, attention is focused on the most common and widespread types: arbuscular mycorrhizas and ectomycorrhizas. The former are well known to play key roles in plant uptake of soluble inorganic phosphorus (Pi), via the arbuscular mycorrhizal (
AM
) uptake pathway. This pathway involves cell types and Pi transporters that are different from those utilised by the direct, epidermal, plant uptake pathway, and recent studies have indicated considerable interplay between the two pathways. Although less attention has been paid to the roles of ectomycorrhizas in P uptake, it is increasingly clear that this symbiosis is involved not only in soluble Pi uptake but also in the solubilisation of insoluble Pi and the mobilisation of organic P via phosphatases. Hence, these mycorrhizas likely play significant roles in nutrient turnover in forest ecosystems. For both mycorrhizal types there is considerable variation in outcomes in terms of P uptake and plant growth, depending on the identity of plant and fungal symbionts. It is emphasised that experiments with single plants and fungi in pots are unlikely to be good predictors of outcomes in the field, due to such factors as complex plant–fungal assemblages, interplant competition and plant densities.