bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intraspecific phytochemical variation shapes community and population structure for specialist caterpillars
Authors: Glassmire Andrea E. , Jeffrey Christopher S. , Forister Matthew L. , Parchman Thomas L. , Nice Chris C. , Jahner Joshua P. , Wilson Joseph S. , Walla Thomas R. , Richards Lora A. , Smilanich Angela M. , Leonard Michael D. , Morrison Colin R. , Simbaña Wilmer , Salagaje Luis A. , Dodson Craig D. , Miller Jim S. , Tepe Eric J. , Villamarin‐Cortez Santiago , Dyer Lee A. 
Published: June 2016

Summary

Chemically mediated plant–herbivore interactions contribute to the diversity of terrestrial communities and the diversification of plants and insects. While our understanding of the processes affecting community structure and evolutionary diversification has grown, few studies have investigated how trait variation shapes genetic and species diversity simultaneously in a tropical ecosystem.

We investigated secondary metabolite variation among subpopulations of a single plant species, Piper kelleyi (Piperaceae), using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), to understand associations between plant phytochemistry and host‐specialized caterpillars in the genus Eois (Geometridae: Larentiinae) and associated parasitoid wasps and flies. In addition, we used a genotyping‐by‐sequencing approach to examine the genetic structure of one abundant caterpillar species, Eois encina, in relation to host phytochemical variation.

We found substantive concentration differences among three major secondary metabolites, and these differences in chemistry predicted caterpillar and parasitoid community structure among host plant populations. Furthermore, E. encina populations located at high elevations were genetically different from other populations. They fed on plants containing high concentrations of prenylated benzoic acid.

Thus, phytochemistry potentially shapes caterpillar and wasp community composition and geographic variation in species interactions, both of which can contribute to diversification of plants and insects.
Serum copeptin in children exposed to maltreatment
Authors: Coelho Roberta , Levandowski Mateus L. , Mansur Rodrigo B. , da Cunha Graccielle Rodrigues , Asevedo Elson , Zugman André , Salum Giovanni A. , Gadelha Ary , Pan Pedro M. , Rizzo Lucas B. , Manfro Gisele , Mari Jair J. , Rohde Luis A. , Miguel Eurípedes C. , Bressan Rodrigo A. , Brietzke Elisa , Grassi‐Oliveira Rodrigo 
Published: June 2016

AimChildhood maltreatment (CM) has been related to a persistent reprograming of stress‐response. Copeptin is a marker of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activation; however, few studies have examined copeptin levels in children exposed to CM. The aim of this study was to compare serum copeptin levels in children reporting child abuse and/or neglect and children with no history of CM.MethodsThis study included 65 children with a positive history of moderate to severe CM, as reported by themselves and their parent(s) during a clinical interview, and 71 children with no history of CM as a comparison group. CM was considered moderate to severe based on the child‐reported frequency of being exposed to events related to sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and/or physical neglect. Child psychopathology symptoms were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). We measured serum copeptin concentration using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsChildren exposed to CM exhibited higher levels of serum copeptin compared to children without CM when controlling for sex, age, and psychiatric morbidity. The CBCL total score, including internalizing and externalizing symptoms, was higher in children with CM. We found no correlation between copeptin and CBCL scores for internalizing symptoms and externalizing symptoms.Conclusion
CM is associated with copeptin serum levels independently of age, sex, and symptom severity. Copeptin is a promising new biomarker for children with a history of abuse and/or neglect.
Separating Interviewer and Area Effects by using a Cross-classified Multilevel Logistic Model: Simulation Findings and Implications for Survey Designs
Authors: Vassallo Rebecca , Durrant Gabriele , Smith Peter 
Published: June 2016

Summary
Cross-classified multilevel models deal with data pertaining to two different non-hierarchical classifications. It is unclear how much interpenetration is needed for a cross-classified multilevel model to work well and to estimate the two higher-level effects reliably. The paper investigates this question and the properties of cross-classified multilevel logistic models under various survey conditions. The effects of different membership allocation schemes, total sample sizes, group sizes, number of groups, overall rates of response and the variance partitioning coefficient on the properties of the estimators and the power of the Wald test are considered. The work is motivated by an application to separate area and interviewer effects on survey non-response which are often confounded. The results indicate that limited interviewer dispersion (around three areas per interviewer) provides sufficient interpenetration for good estimator properties. Further dispersion yields only very small or negligible gains in the properties. Interviewer dispersion also acts as a moderating factor on the effect of the other simulation factors (sample size, the ratio of interviewers to areas, the overall probability and the variance values) on the properties of the estimators and test statistics. The results also indicate that a higher number of interviewers for a set number of areas and a set total sample size improves these properties.
Defect in ND2, COX2, ATP6 and COX3 mitochondrial genes as a risk factor for canine mammary tumour
Authors: Surdyka M. , Slaska B. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to identify mutations in ND2, COX2, ATP6 and COX3 mitochondrial genes in canine mammary tumour, determine their association with the process of neoplastic transformation, and phenotypic traits of dogs. In total, 93 biological samples, including blood, normal and neoplastic tissue samples from 31 dogs with diagnosed malignant canine mammary tumours were analysed. DNA sequencing of genes as well as bioinformatics and statistical analyses were performed. A total of 28 polymorphic loci and 11 mutations were identified. One of the mutations was blood heteroplasmy and two of the mutations caused an amino acid change in p.N117S and p.A184T. For the first time, mutations in mitochondrial genes were detected in dogs with mammary tumours. A statistically significant association between the presence of mutations and the size and age of dogs was demonstrated. Some of these changes may imply that these are the hotspot mutations of canine mammary tumour.
CHARGING MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL FOR NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION CHARGING
Authors: Ling Ham Hock , Eteng Akaa Agbaeze , Leow Chee Yen , Abdul Rahim Sharul Kamal , Chew Beng Wah 
Published: June 2016

The current multiplicity of mobile communication devices has provided an impetus for the research into new mechanisms to supplement battery charge. Wireless charging is a solution that serves to eliminate the cable requirements of typical battery charging implementations. Numerous wireless charging implementations are based on inductive coupling, similar to existing non-radiative short range communication systems. This study proposes incorporating a charge management protocol into the existing Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol-1 (NFCIP-1) specification to achieve NFC-enabled wireless charging. To this end, the original NFCIP-1 protocol has been modified through a time-sharing arrangement to support a charging task within the protocol cycle. Simulations of the modified protocol cycle were implemented using an appropriate battery model and charging algorithm. Numerical results show that the modified protocol is able to charge the target battery with minimum communication overhead. Satisfactory performance is also observed for charging up to 2 target devices in a single session.
EVALUATION OF ELECTROMAGNETICS RADIATION FOR STROKE PATIENTS AND NON-STROKE PARTICIPANTS ACCORDING TO BODY SEGMENTATION
Authors: Kadir R.S.S.A. , Hj Murat Zunairah , Taib M.N. , A. Jalil Siti Zura 
Published: June 2016

This research evaluates the electromagnetic radiation (EMR) for the stroke patients and non-stroke patients according to body segmentation. The human body is divided into three segments: top, middle and bottom. The frequency in hertz is collected at 23 points around the human body namely left side, right side and chakra points from 199 subjects undergoing post-stroke treatment and 100 non-stroke participants. The EMR is captured using frequency detector equipped with a dipole antenna. The data is collected by taking the reading of the frequency 5 times at each point at the same location; hence, the average value is calculated. The statistical analysis of the EMR are examined using SPSS software and Microsoft excel is used to calculate the average frequency of the data. In conclusion, the findings significantly shows that stroke patients has lower frequency value of EMR for both right side and left side but has higher frequency for chakra system. This is true for all the three segments of the body. Furthermore, it is also shown that there is no correlation between the left and the right side frequency for the stroke patients whereas the left-right correlation values are significantly high for the non-stroke participants. This observation justify that EMR from human body can contribute to early detection for stroke.
An efficient computational approach to model statistical correlations in photon counting x‐ray detectors
Authors: Faby Sebastian , Maier Joscha , Sawall Stefan , Simons David , Schlemmer Heinz‐Peter , Lell Michael , Kachelrieß Marc 
Published: June 2016

Purpose:To introduce and evaluate an increment matrix approach (IMA) describing the signal statistics of energy‐selective photon counting detectors including spatial–spectral correlations between energy bins of neighboring detector pixels. The importance of the occurring correlations for image‐based material decomposition is studied.Methods:An IMA describing the counter increase patterns in a photon counting detector is proposed. This IMA has the potential to decrease the number of required random numbers compared to Monte Carlo simulations by pursuing an approach based on convolutions. To validate and demonstrate the IMA, an approximate semirealistic detector model is provided, simulating a photon counting detector in a simplified manner, e.g., by neglecting count rate‐dependent effects. In this way, the spatial–spectral correlations on the detector level are obtained and fed into the IMA. The importance of these correlations in reconstructed energy bin images and the corresponding detector performance in image‐based material decomposition is evaluated using a statistically optimal decomposition algorithm.Results:The results of IMA together with the semirealistic detector model were compared to other models and measurements using the spectral response and the energy bin sensitivity, finding a good agreement. Correlations between the different reconstructed energy bin images could be observed, and turned out to be of weak nature. These correlations were found to be not relevant in image‐based material decomposition. An even simpler simulation procedure based on the energy bin sensitivity was tested instead and yielded similar results for the image‐based material decomposition task, as long as the fact that one incident photon can increase multiple counters across neighboring detector pixels is taken into account.Conclusions:The IMA is computationally efficient as it required about 102 random numbers per ray incident on a detector pixel instead of an estimated 108 random numbers per ray as Monte Carlo approaches would need. The spatial–spectral correlations as described by IMA are not important for the studied image‐based material decomposition task. Respecting the absolute photon counts and thus the multiple counter increases by a single x‐ray photon, the same material decomposition performance could be obtained with a simpler detector description using the energy bin sensitivity.
Transcriptional termination in mammals: Stopping the RNA polymerase II juggernaut
Authors: Proudfoot Nick J. 
Published: June 2016

An end to gene transcription
Much attention has been focused on regulating the start of gene transcription. But transcription must also be terminated, and the mechanisms are only now being defined in detail in eukaryotes. Proudfoot reviews how termination happens for RNA polymerase II genes, mainly in mammals, covering the various steps that can lead to messenger RNA (mRNA) 3′ end formation and how they can be regulated. Termination can occur at various positions throughout the gene, forming the wild-type mRNA, preventing the synthesis of aberrant mRNAs, or generating alternative mRNAs with different regulatory or coding properties.

Science
, this issue p.
10.1126/science.aad9926
Immune Responses in U.S. Military Personnel Who Received Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine (MenACWY) Concomitantly with Other Vaccines Were Higher than in Personnel Who Received MenACWY Alone
Authors: Broderick Michael P. , Romero-Steiner Sandra , Rajam Gowrisankar , Johnson Scott E. , Milton Andrea , Kim Ellie , Choi Lisa J. , Radin Jennifer M. , Schmidt Daniel S. , Carlone George M. , Messonnier Nancy , Faix Dennis J. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

Immunological responses to vaccination can differ depending on whether the vaccine is given alone or with other vaccines. This study was a retrospective evaluation of the immunogenicity of a tetravalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine for serogroups A, C, W, and Y (MenACWY) administered alone (
n
= 41) or concomitantly with other vaccines (
n
= 279) to U.S. military personnel (mean age, 21.6 years) entering the military between 2006 and 2008. Concomitant vaccines included tetanus/diphtheria (Td), inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), hepatitis vaccines, and various influenza vaccines, among others; two vaccine groups excluded Tdap and IPV. Immune responses were evaluated in baseline and postvaccination sera for
Neisseria meningitidis
serogroups C and Y 1 to 12 months (mean, 4.96 months) following vaccination. Functional antibodies were measured by using a serum bactericidal antibody assay with rabbit complement (rSBA) and by measurement of serogroup-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. The percentage of vaccinees reaching threshold levels (IgG concentration in serum, ≥2 μg/ml; rSBA titer, ≥8) corresponding to an immunologic response was higher postvaccination than at baseline (
P
< 0.001). Administration of MenACWY along with other vaccines was associated with higher geometric means of IgG concentrations and rSBA titers than those measured 4.60 months after a single dose of MenACWY. In addition, higher percentages of vaccinees reached the immunological threshold (range of odds ratios [ORs], 1.5 to 21.7) and more of them seroconverted (OR range, 1.8 to 4.8) when MenACWY was administered with any other vaccine than when administered alone. Additional prospective randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm the observed differences among groups in the immune response to MenACWY when given concomitantly with other vaccines to U.S. military personnel.
A Recombinant Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Candidate Attenuated by a Low-Fusion F Protein Is Immunogenic and Protective against Challenge in Cotton Rats
Authors: Rostad Christina A. , Stobart Christopher C. , Gilbert Brian E. , Pickles Ray J. , Hotard Anne L. , Meng Jia , Blanco Jorge C. G. , Moin Syed M. , Graham Barney S. , Piedra Pedro A. , Moore Martin L. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

Although respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants, a safe and effective vaccine is not yet available. Live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) are the most advanced vaccine candidates in RSV-naive infants. However, designing an LAV with appropriate attenuation yet sufficient immunogenicity has proven challenging. In this study, we implemented reverse genetics to address these obstacles with a multifaceted LAV design that combined the codon deoptimization of genes for nonstructural proteins NS1 and NS2 (dNS), deletion of the small hydrophobic protein (ΔSH) gene, and replacement of the wild-type fusion (F) protein gene with a low-fusion RSV subgroup B F consensus sequence of the Buenos Aires clade (BAF). This vaccine candidate, RSV-A2-dNS-ΔSH-BAF (DB1), was attenuated in two models of primary human airway epithelial cells and in the upper and lower airways of cotton rats. DB1 was also highly immunogenic in cotton rats and elicited broadly neutralizing antibodies against a diverse panel of recombinant RSV strains. When vaccinated cotton rats were challenged with wild-type RSV A, DB1 reduced viral titers in the upper and lower airways by 3.8 log
10
total PFU and 2.7 log
10
PFU/g of tissue, respectively, compared to those in unvaccinated animals (
P
< 0.0001). DB1 was thus attenuated, highly immunogenic, and protective against RSV challenge in cotton rats. DB1 is the first RSV LAV to incorporate a low-fusion F protein as a strategy to attenuate viral replication and preserve immunogenicity.

IMPORTANCE
RSV is a leading cause of infant hospitalizations and deaths. The development of an effective vaccine for this high-risk population is therefore a public health priority. Although live-attenuated vaccines have been safely administered to RSV-naive infants, strategies to balance vaccine attenuation with immunogenicity have been elusive. In this study, we introduced a novel strategy to attenuate a recombinant RSV vaccine by incorporating a low-fusion, subgroup B F protein in the genetic background of codon-deoptimized nonstructural protein genes and a deleted small hydrophobic protein gene. The resultant vaccine candidate, DB1, was attenuated, highly immunogenic, and protective against RSV challenge in cotton rats.
Pandemic Seasonal H1N1 Reassortants Recovered from Patient Material Display a Phenotype Similar to That of the Seasonal Parent
Authors: Sonnberg Stephanie , Ducatez Mariette F. , DeBeauchamp Jennifer , Crumpton Jeri-Carol , Rubrum Adam , Sharp Bridgett , Hall Richard J. , Peacey Matthew , Huang Sue , Webby Richard J. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTWe have previously shown that 11 patients became naturally coinfected with seasonal H1N1 (A/H1N1) and pandemic H1N1 (pdm/H1N1) during the Southern hemisphere winter of 2009 in New Zealand. Reassortment of influenza A viruses is readily observed during coinfection of host animals andin vitro; however, reports of reassortment occurring naturally in humans are rare. Using clinical specimen material, we show reassortment between the two coinfecting viruses occurred with high likelihood directly in one of the previously identified patients. Despite the lack of spread of these reassortants in the community, we did not find them to be attenuated in several model systems for viral replication and virus transmission: multistep growth curves in differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells revealed no growth deficiency in six recovered reassortants compared to A/H1N1 and pdm/H1N1 isolates. Two reassortant viruses were assessed in ferrets and showed transmission to aerosol contacts. This study demonstrates that influenza virus reassortants can arise in naturally coinfected patients.IMPORTANCEReassortment of influenza A viruses is an important driver of virus evolution, but little has been done to address humans as hosts for the generation of novel influenza viruses. We show here that multiple reassortant viruses were generated during natural coinfection of a patient with pandemic H1N1 (2009) and seasonal H1N1 influenza A viruses. Though apparently fit in model systems, these reassortants did not become established in the wider population, presumably due to herd immunity against their seasonal H1 antigen.
Spatial-Temporal Patterns of Viral Amplification and Interference Initiated by a Single Infected Cell
Authors: Akpinar Fulya , Inankur Bahar , Yin John 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

When viruses infect their host cells, they can make defective virus-like particles along with intact virus. Cells coinfected with virus and defective particles often exhibit interference with virus growth caused by the competition for resources by defective genomes. Recent reports of the coexistence and cotransmission of such defective interfering particles (DIPs)
in vivo
, across epidemiological length and time scales, suggest a role in viral pathogenesis, but it is not known how DIPs impact infection spread, even under controlled culture conditions. Using fluorescence microscopy, we quantified coinfections of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing a fluorescent reporter protein and its DIPs on BHK-21 host cell monolayers. We found that viral gene expression was more delayed, infections spread more slowly, and patterns of spread became more “patchy” with higher DIP inputs to the initial cell. To examine how infection spread might depend on the behavior of the initial coinfected cell, we built a computational model, adapting a cellular automaton (CA) approach to incorporate kinetic data on virus growth for the first time. Specifically, changes in observed patterns of infection spread could be directly linked to previous high-throughput single-cell measures of virus-DIP coinfection. The CA model also provided testable hypotheses on the spatial-temporal distribution of the DIPs, which remain governed by their predator-prey interaction. More generally, this work offers a data-driven computational modeling approach for better understanding of how single infected cells impact the multiround spread of virus infections across cell populations.

IMPORTANCE
Defective interfering particles (DIPs) compete with intact virus, depleting host cell resources that are essential for virus growth and infection spread. However, it is not known how such competition, strong or weak, ultimately affects the way in which infections spread and cause disease. In this study, we address this unmet need by developing an integrated experimental-computational approach, which sheds new light on how infections spread. We anticipate that our approach will also be useful in the development of DIPs as therapeutic agents to manage the spread of viral infections.