bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post-authorisation passive enhanced safety surveillance of seasonal influenza vaccines: protocol of a pilot study in England
Authors: de Lusignan Simon , Dos Santos Gaël , Correa Ana , Haguinet François , Yonova Ivelina , Lair Florence , Byford Rachel , Ferreira Filipa , Stuttard Karen , Chan Tom 
Published: July 2017

AimTo pilot enhanced safety surveillance of seasonal influenza vaccine meeting the European Medicines Agency (EMA) requirement to rapidly detect a significant increase in the frequency or severity of adverse events of interest (AEIs), which may indicate risk from the new season’s vaccine.Study designA prospective passive enhanced safety surveillance combining data collection from adverse drug reaction (ADR) cards with automated collection of pseudonymised routinely collected electronic health record (EHR) data. This study builds on a feasibility study carried out at the start of the 2015/2016 influenza season. We will report influenza vaccine exposure and any AEIs reported via ADR card or recorded directly into the EHR, from the commencement of influenza vaccination and ends as specified by EMA (30 November 2016).SettingTen volunteer English general practices, primarily using the GSK influenza vaccines. They had selected this vaccine in advance of the study.ParticipantsPeople who receive a seasonal influenza vaccine, in each age group defined in EMA interim guidance: 6 months to 5 years, 6–12 years, 13–17 years, 18–65 years and >65 years.Outcome measuresThe primary outcome measure is the rate of AEIs occurring within 7 days postvaccination, using passive surveillance of general practitioner (GP) EHR systems enhanced by a card-based ADR reporting system. Extracted data will be presented overall by brand (Fluarix Tetra vs others), by age strata and risk groups. The secondary outcome measure is the vaccine uptake among the subjects registered in the enrolled general practices.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was granted by the Proportionate Review Sub-committee of the North East—Newcastle & North Tyneside 2 on 5 August 2016. The study received approval from the Health Research Authority on 1 September 2016. We will produce an interim analysis within 8 weeks, and an end-of-study report, which will be submitted to peer-reviewed journals.
Conformal Ricci collineations in LRS Bianchi type V spacetimes with perfect fluid matter
Authors: Khan Fawad , Hussain Tahir , Akhtar Sumaira Saleem 
Published: July 2017

Considering the perfect fluid as a source of energy–momentum tensor, we have classified locally rotationally symmetric (LRS) Bianchi type V spacetimes according to their conformal Ricci collineations (CRCs). It is shown that the LRS Bianchi type V spacetimes with perfect fluid matter admit 9- or 15-dimensional Lie algebra of CRCs when the Ricci tensor is non-degenerate, while the group of CRCs is infinite for degenerate Ricci tensor.
Association of Parental Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus With Circulating Adipokines in Nonobese Nondiabetic Offspring
Authors: Zachariah Justin P. , Quiroz Rene , Enserro Danielle , Andersson Charlotte , Keaney John F. , Sullivan Lisa M. , Vasan Ramachandran S. 
Published: July 2017

Background

Adipokines are implicated in the development of obesity‐related traits. We hypothesized that nonobese participants without diabetes mellitus (DM) whose parents were obese or had
DM
would have altered circulating adipokines compared with those without parental history of these conditions.

Methods and Results

Participants in the community‐based Framingham Third Generation cohort who were not obese (body mass index <30) and not diabetic with both parents in the Framingham Offspring cohort were included in this analysis (n=2034, mean age 40 years, 54% women). Circulating concentrations of fetuin A, RBP4 (retinol binding protein 4), FABP4 (fatty acid binding protein 4), leptin, LEP‐R (leptin receptor), and adiponectin were assayed. Parental
DM
was defined as occurring before age 60 years, and obesity was defined as body mass index ≥30 before age 60 years. General estimating equations were used to compare concentrations of adipokines among participants with 0, 1, or 2 parents affected by obesity or
DM
(separate analyses for each), adjusting for known correlates of adipokines. Overall, 44% had at least 1 parent who was obese and 15% had parents with
DM
. Parental obesity was associated with higher serum levels of
FABP
4 and
LEP
‐R in their offspring (
P
=0.02 for both). Parental
DM
was associated with lower adiponectin but higher
RBP
4 concentrations in offspring (
P
≤0.02 for both).

Conclusions

In our community‐based sample, a parental history of
DM
or obesity was associated with an altered adipokine profile in nonobese nondiabetic offspring. Additional studies are warranted to evaluate whether such preclinical biomarker alterations presage future risk of disease.
The Dynamics–Aerosol–Chemistry–Cloud Interactions in West Africa Field Campaign: Overview and Research Highlights
Authors: Flamant C. , Knippertz P. , Fink A. H. , Akpo A. , Brooks B. , Chiu C. J. , Coe H. , Danuor S. , Evans M. , Jegede O. , Kalthoff N. , Konaré A. , Liousse C. , Lohou F. , Mari C. , Schlager H. , Schwarzenboeck A. , Adler B. , Amekudzi L. , Aryee J. , Ayoola M. , Batenburg A. M. , Bessardon G. , Borrmann S. , Brito J. , Bower K. , Burnet F. , Catoire V. , Colomb A. , Denjean C. , Fosu-Amankwah K. , Hill P. G. , Lee J. , Lothon M. , Maranan M. , Marsham J. , Meynadier R. , Ngamini J.-B. , Rosenberg P. , Sauer D. , Smith V. , Stratmann G. , Taylor J. W. , Voigt C. , Yoboué V. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The European Union (EU)-funded project Dynamics–Aerosol–Chemistry–Cloud Interactions in West Africa (DACCIWA) investigates the relationship between weather, climate, and air pollution in southern West Africa—an area with rapid population growth, urbanization, and an increase in anthropogenic aerosol emissions. The air over this region contains a unique mixture of natural and anthropogenic gases, liquid droplets, and particles, emitted in an environment in which multilayer clouds frequently form. These exert a large influence on the local weather and climate, mainly owing to their impact on radiation, the surface energy balance, and thus the diurnal cycle of the atmospheric boundary layer.
In June and July 2016, DACCIWA organized a major international field campaign in Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, and Nigeria. Three supersites in Kumasi, Savè, and Ile-Ife conducted permanent measurements and 15 intensive observation periods. Three European aircraft together flew 50 research flights between 27 June and 16 July 2016, for a total of 155 h. DACCIWA scientists launched weather balloons several times a day across the region (772 in total), measured urban emissions, and evaluated health data. The main objective was to build robust statistics of atmospheric composition, dynamics, and low-level cloud properties in various chemical landscapes to investigate their mutual interactions.
This article presents an overview of the DACCIWA field campaign activities as well as some first research highlights. The rich data obtained during the campaign will be made available to the scientific community and help to advance scientific understanding, modeling, and monitoring of the atmosphere over southern West Africa.
Salinity Variability Associated with the Positive Indian Ocean Dipole and Its Impact on the Upper Ocean Temperature
Authors: Kido Shoichiro , Tozuka Tomoki 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Both surface and subsurface salinity variability associated with positive Indian Ocean dipole (pIOD) events and its impacts on the sea surface temperature (SST) evolution are investigated through analysis of observational/reanalysis data and sensitivity experiments with a one-dimensional mixed layer model. During the pIOD, negative (positive) sea surface salinity (SSS) anomalies appear in the central-eastern equatorial Indian Ocean (southeastern tropical Indian Ocean). In addition to these SSS anomalies, positive (negative) salinity anomalies are found near the pycnocline in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean (southern tropical Indian Ocean). A salinity balance analysis shows that these subsurface salinity anomalies are mainly generated by zonal and vertical salt advection anomalies induced by anomalous currents associated with the pIOD. These salinity anomalies stabilize (destabilize) the upper ocean stratification in the central-eastern equatorial (southeastern tropical) Indian Ocean. By decomposing observed densities into contribution from temperature and salinity anomalies, it is shown that the contribution from anomalous salinity stratification is comparable to that from anomalous thermal stratification. Furthermore, impacts of these salinity anomalies on the SST evolution are quantified for the first time using a one-dimensional mixed layer model. Since enhanced salinity stratification in the central-eastern equatorial Indian Ocean suppresses vertical mixing, significant warming of about 0.3°–0.5°C occurs. On the other hand, stronger vertical mixing associated with reduced salinity stratification results in significant SST cooling of about 0.2°–0.5°C in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean. These results suggest that variations in salinity may potentially play a crucial role in the evolution of the pIOD.
Rotatable Response Surface Designs in the Presence of Differential Neighbour Effects from Adjoining Experimental Units
Authors: Varghese Eldho , Jaggi Seema , Sharma V. K. 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT: In RSM, it is generally assumed that the observations are independent and there is no overlap effects from the neighbouring units. But in situations where the units are placed linearly side by side, there is a chance to have overlap effects/neighbour effects from the adjoining experiments units. For example, in field experiments if a chemical spray is applied to one plot, it may spread over to the nearby plots due to wind. Hence, the response from a particular plot may be afected by effects from the adjacent plots and this efect has to be included in the model while fitting RSM. In this paper, first and second order response surface models with diferential effects from adjoining left and right neighbouring units has been considered and the conditions for the model with diferential neighbour effects to be rotatable have been obtained. Method of obtaining designs satisfying the derived conditions has been described. An illustration to show the impact of including neighbour effects in the model on the parameter estimates has also been given using a simulated data set. These designs result in more precise estimates of the parameters of the response surface model.
Group Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy: Motor and Functional Outcomes in Individuals with Stroke
Authors: Yoo Eun-Young , Jung Min-Ye , Park Heung-Seok , Kim Jung-Ran , Jeon Hye-Seon 
Published: July 2017

Background Strokes frequently cause limitations of the upper extremity and in performance of activities of daily living (ADL). Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is designed to enhance the use of the hemiplegic arm. Purpose To assess the effects of group CIMT on upper-extremity motor function and performance level of motor and process skills for instrumental activities in daily living (IADL) in community-dwelling individuals whose stroke occurred at least six months earlier. Methods Eight adults with stroke participated in this study. Group-based CIMT was administered for two weeks, five times per week, with two-hour intensive daily training. Findings The Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) score and the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) scores improved after intervention. Implications The results of this study suggest that relatively brief group-based CIMT may be an effective intervention for improving motor function of the affected upper-limb and the level of IADL in individuals who have had stroke.
A Model of Professional Thinking: Integrating Reflective Practice and Evidence Based Practice
Authors: Bannigan Katrina , Moores Alis 
Published: July 2017

Background Internationally, occupational therapists operate in increasing complex health and social care settings. To function in this environment, high-level thinking skills are required. Reflective practice and evidence-based practice are two key skills that shape the way occupational therapists think. Purpose To integrate reflective practice and evidence-based practice so that their complementary qualities form part of a model of professional thinking. Key issues Reflective practice and evidence-based practice skills both contribute to clinical reasoning. The “model of professional thinking” can enable occupational therapists to integrate these two skills into their professional thinking. Implications Rather than teaching reflective practice and evidence-based practice as discrete subjects, “professional thinking” should be taught as an overarching topic within curricula. This may mean changes to the organisation and delivery of curricula, including practice placements. This model of professional thinking will need to be evaluated.
Effect of Histamine H2-Receptor Blockade on Gastric Emptying and Serum Gastrin in Man
Authors: Forrest J. A. H. , Heading R. C. , Park J. , Carter D. C. , Lennon J. , Lidgard G. , Shearman D. J. C. 
Published: July 2017

The effect of orally administered metiamide, a Histamine H2-receptor antagonist, on the rate of gastric emptying was assessed in 24 uncomplicated duodenal ulcer patients given a standard meal containing indium 113m D.T.P.A. chelate. Metiamide produced significant slowing of gastric emptying when compared with control studies performed on the same patients following oral administration of a placebo. In a further study the effect of metiamide on the serum gastrin response to a protein meal was assessed in seven healthy male volunteers. Paired experiments demonstrated that a significantly greater elevation of serum gastrin occurred after metiamide than after placebo. The delay in gastric emptying produced by metiamide may be mediated by an elevation of the serum gastrin concentration.
Serious Suicide Attempts in a State Corrrectional System and Strategies to Prevent Suicide
Authors: Daniel Anasseril E. , Fleming Jennifer 
Published: July 2017

The characteristics of offenders who attempt suicide in prisons indicate that they are mostly white males, likely to be property offenders, serving less than ten years, suffer from depression and personality disorders, experience significant psychosocial stressors, often have a cellmate and use predominantly cutting and slashing. A significant percentage use lethal methods such as attempted hanging and overdose. Those who use lethal methods tend to be genuine in their intent and have many features common to those who commit suicide. Comparison of those who used lethal methods with a cohort of inmates who committed suicide indicated no significant differences in gender, race, age, crime type, diagnosis, and prior or current psychiatric care. However, the suicide completers tended to have more psychiatric symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, impulsivity and guilt feelings, as well as experience of conflicts, ridicule and/or rape immediately preceding the self harm acts. Furthermore, more completers experienced new convictions, medical conditions, psychosocial stressors, and had shown prior suicidal behaviors. They were likely to be held in maximum security prisons and in single cells. While hanging dominated the completed suicides, medication overdose was more common among the lethal attempters. The authors discuss multiple strategies to deal with the identified group of suicide attempters in order to prevent subsequent serious attempts or suicides. They include comprehensive mental health (MH) services delivery, implementation of a suicide prevention policy, timely inpatient and involuntary treatment, watch take procedure for psychotropic medications, noncompliance management, suicide watch, therapy, use of liquid medications, elimination of Benzodiazepines and timely action by MH, correctional and medical staff.
Larva therapy in wound management
Authors: Courtenay M , Church J C T , Ryan T J 
Published: July 2017

The use of maggots for wound debridement has a long history and has lately gained ground in several countries. We collected prospective data to examine the current use of larva therapy (LT) in the UK. Quantitative information was collected on 70 patients treated in nine hospitals. LT is used primarily to treat leg ulcers and generally involves three applications of larvae at two to three day intervals. This method is judged effective in wound debridement and promotes the growth of granulation tissue. Wound exudate, odour, infection and pain are all reduced by the treatment. Adverse reactions are infrequent but include pain, bleeding, pyrexia and influenza-like symptoms. Prevention of hospital admission and surgery, reduced need for antibiotics and reduced hospital stay are all identified as outcomes of LT. The nurse practitioners who used LT believed it to have an important role in wound management. A randomized clinical trial, comparing LT with other debriding agents, is required for evaluation of cost effectiveness.
Randomized controlled trial of nettle sting for treatment of base-of-thumb pain
Authors: Randall Colin , Randall Hester , Dobbs Frank , Hutton Charles , Sanders Hilary 
Published: July 2017

Summary There are numerous published references to use of nettle sting for arthritis pain but no randomized controlled trials have been reported. We conducted a randomized controlled double-blind crossover study in 27 patients with osteoarthritic pain at the base of the thumb or index finger. Patients applied stinging nettle leaf (Urtica dioica) daily for one week to the painful area. The effect of this treatment was compared with that of placebo, white deadnettle leaf (Lamium album), for one week after a five-week washout period. Observations of pain and disability were recorded for the twelve weeks of the study. After one week's treatment with nettle sting, score reductions on both visual analogue scale (pain) and health assessment questionnaire (disability) were significantly greater than with placebo (P=0.026 and P=0.0027).
Urgency of caesarean section: A new classification
Authors: Lucas D N , Yentis S M , Kinsella S M , Holdcroft A , May A E , Wee M , Robinson P N 
Published: July 2017

Summary A new classification for caesarean section was developed in a two-part study conducted at six hospitals. Initially, 90 anaesthetists and obstetricians graded ten clinical scenarios according to five different classification methods—visual analogue scale; suitable anaesthetic technique; maximum time to delivery; clinical definitions; and a 1-5 rating scale. Clinical definitions was the most consistent and useful, and this method was then applied prospectively to 407 caesarean sections at the same six hospitals. There was close agreement (86%) between anaesthetists and obstetricians for the five-point scale (weighted kappa 0.89), increasing to 90% if two categories were combined (weighted kappa 0.91). We suggest that the resultant four-grade classification system—(i) immediate threat to life of woman or fetus; (ii) maternal or fetal compromise which is not immediately life-threatening; (iii) needing early delivery but no maternal or fetal compromise; (iv) at a time to suit the patient and maternity team—should be adopted by multidisciplinary groups with an interest in maternity data collection.
Cover arrangements for consultants on leave: An analysis of job descriptions
Authors: Pearson Claire , Janssen Camilla M , Lewis M H , Galland R B 
Published: July 2017

There is much ambiguity about consultant leave allowances and arrangements for cover in the National Health Service. We analysed job descriptions for 47 consultant posts advertised in mid-2000. 35 defined a duty rota but only 3 mentioned specific available leave (all different). In 32 there was no mention of cover for colleagues on leave. When a consultant is absent, colleagues tend to provide cover for emergency cases but not for elective admissions, which are managed largely by junior doctors. This arrangement is particularly hazardous in surgical specialties. If elective surgery is to continue when the consultant is absent, arrangements for leave and cover need to be more clearly defined.
First do no harm: The impact of recent armed conflict on maternal and child health in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: O'hare Bernadette A M , Southall David P 
Published: July 2017

Objectives To compare the rates of under-5 mortality, malnutrition, maternal mortality and other factors which influence health in countries with and without recent conflict. To compare central government expenditure on defence, education and health in countries with and without recent conflict. To summarize the amount spent on SALW and the main legal suppliers to countries in Sub-Saharan African countries (SSA), and to summarize licensed production of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) in these countries. Design We compared the under-5 mortality rate in 2004 and the adjusted maternal mortality ratio in SSA which have and have not experienced recent armed conflict (post-1990). We also compared the percentage of children who are underweight in both sets of countries, and expenditure on defence, health and education. Setting Demographic data and central government expenditure details (1994–2004) were taken from UNICEF's The State of the World's Children 2006 report. Main outcome measures Under-5 mortality, adjusted maternal mortality, and government expenditure. Results 21 countries have and 21 countries have not experienced recent conflict in this dataset of 42 countries in SSA. Median under-5 mortality in countries with recent conflict is 197/1000 live births, versus 137/1000 live births in countries without recent conflict. In countries which have experienced recent conflict, a median of 27% of under-5s were moderately underweight, versus 22% in countries without recent conflict. The median adjusted maternal mortality in countries with recent conflict was 1000/100,000 births versus 690/100,000 births in countries without recent conflict. Median reported maternal mortality ratio is also significantly higher in countries with recent conflict. Expenditure on health and education is significantly lower and expenditure on defence significantly higher if there has been recent conflict. Conclusions There appears to be an association between recent conflict and higher rates of under-5 mortality, malnutrition and maternal mortality. Governments spend more on defence and less on health and education if there has been a recent conflict. SALW are the main weapon used and France and the UK appear to be the two main suppliers of SALW to SSA.