bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teknik Fotografi dalam Sastra Realisme L'ADULTERA Karya Theodor Fontane
Authors: Gantrisia Kamelia 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â This research is entitled â€œPhotography Approach in the Literary Work of Realism L'Adultera by Theodor Fontaneâ€. The aims of the research are to identify the descriptions found in literary work and the representation of photography criteria found in those descriptions. The methods employed in this research are formal method. The analysis is carried out by explaining the descriptions briefly and using them to identify parts of the text pointing to those descripstions. They are then analyzed by means of photography criteria from Heinz Buddermeier and Erwin Koeppen.Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â The result shows that the descriptions are concentrated on three types of setting descriptions: realm, interior, and building setting. In every description various description techniques which are similar to common techniques used in photography are found. They are observer's view transition, transition and/or regularity of observer's position, occuracy and sharpness of the object, static quality and object visual, and inequality of object setting.Â Key words: realism, description, photographyABSTRAKÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Penelitian ini berjudul â€Teknik Fotografi dalam Karya Sastra Masa Realisme L'Adultera Karya Theodor Fontaneâ€. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasikan deskripsi-deskripsi yang muncul dalam karya sastra dan mengkaji penggambaran-penggambaran fotografis dalam deskripsi-deskripsi tersebut. Metode yang dipergunakan adalah metode formal. Analisisnya dilakukan dengan cara menjabarkan secara singkat tentang deskripsi dalam karya sastra dan mempergunakannya untuk mengidentifikasikan bagian-bagian teks yang mengarah pada deskripsi. Bagian-bagian teks yang mengandung deskripsi tersebut selanjutnya dianalisis dengan bantuan kriteria-kriteria fotografi menurut Heinz Buddemeier dan Erwin Koppen.Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa deskripsi-deskripsi yang dimunculkan dalam karya dikonsentrasikan pada tiga jenis deskripsi latar, yaitu latar alam, interior, dan bangunan. Dalam setiap deskripsi ditemukan berbagai teknik penggambaran yang memiliki kemiripan dengan teknik-teknik yang biasa dipergunakan dalam fotografi, yaitu perpindahan pandangan pengamat, perpindahan dan/atau keajegan posisi pengamat, ketepatan dan ketajaman objek, sifat statis dan visual objek, serta ketidaksejajaran latar objek.Â Â Â Kata Kunci: realisme, deskripsi, fotografi
A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Self-Instructional Module on Knowledge Regarding Risk Factors and Prevention of Stomach Cancer among Professional Students at Selected Colleges, Bangalore
Authors: Khaling Dipa Rai , KC Sudikshya , Malla Chandani 
Published: October 2017

Background: Cancer is one of the most important causes of morbidity and the magnitude of the problem is gigantic. Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer mortality in the world as well as in India. Majority of the patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage. It is widely held that 80% to 90% of stomach cancers may be attributable to environmental and life style factors such as tobacco, alcohol and dietary habits. Primary cancer prevention refers to avoiding cancer causing substances in the environment or dietary elements associated with increased risk.Methods: The research approach adopted for the study was experimental approach and research design selected for the study was experimental one group pre-test post-test design. Simple random sampling technique was used for the selection of 60 professional students. The tool used for the data collection was structured knowledge questionnaire, which had two sections. Section-A provides about socio-demographic data and Section-B deals with knowledge on risk factors and prevention of stomach cancer. Collected data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics in terms of frequencies, percentage, mean, standard deviation, chi-square values and ‘t’ test.Results: The result of this study showed that in pre-test 43(71.67%) of them had inadequate level of knowledge, 17(28.33%) of them had moderate level of knowledge and none of them had adequate level of knowledge regarding risk factors and prevention of stomach cancer whereas in post-test, 40(66.67%) of them had adequate level of knowledge, 20(33.33%) of them had moderate level of knowledge and none of them had inadequate level of knowledge regarding risk factors and prevention of stomach cancer. The enhancements mean score was 16.72±1.28.Conclusion: The study was found to be effective in improving the knowledge of professional students regarding risk factors and prevention of stomach cancer.Med Phoenix Vol.2(1) July 2017, 8-11
Acute Diarrhoea Management in Emergency; Influencing Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns
Authors: Islam Mohammed Mansuri , Ahmad Md. Parwez , Ansari Akhtar Alam , Khatun Tarannum , Ansari Mohammad Ashfaque , Sarraf Pramod Kumar 
Published: October 2017

Background: Medical students are taught the internationally accepted approach to acute diarrhoea, viz. adequate fluid and electrolyte replacement is the fundamental management of acute diarrhoea. Antibiotics should be restricted to specific indications, such as acute dysentery. Despite the well known rationale, there has been a high rate of prescription of antibiotics for acute diarrhoea presenting to Emergency.Methods: The pre and post intervention data was collected in the following way. All Emergency case records were routinely scrutinized in the Dept of Family Medicine after discharge with the exception of cases that were admitted to the wards. All cases with a discharge diagnosis fitting the clinical criteria of acute diarrhoeal syndrome: diarrhoea, gastroenteritis, dysentery and cholera were separated, analysed and recorded sequentially.Results: Initially doctors were prescribing antibiotics for 52.8% of case of non-bloody diarrhoea. In the 2nd intervention period there were few cases, but it is remarkable how few were prescribed antibiotic (20%) while the survey of prescribing habits was underway. In the 3rd intervention period when an education event took place, it was the peak of the diarrhea season. Prescribing increased somewhat to 29%. In the 4th intervention a letter was sent out to the doctors describing the results so far, and pointing out the lower prescribing by “senior doctors”. The overall changes in prescribing behaviour after the educational interventions were statistically significant. The reduction in prescribing noted when comparing intervention 1 and intervention 4, is highly significant (antibiotic p < 0.0001, anti-protozoal p<0.0001). In the 5th intervention period when appropriate prescribing was no longer actively promoted, the rate of prescribing increased again to 41.4% of cases. A similar pattern is noted for antiprotozoal prescribing. The increase in prescribing noted in the 5th period was still less than in the 1st period (antibiotic p=0.041, anti-protozoal p=0.055). The increase in prescribing from periods 4 to 5 was significant. (Antibiotics p<0.0001, anti-protozoal p = 0.012).Med Phoenix Vol.2(1) July 2017, 12-17
Comparison of Growth Pattern in Neonates on Breast Feed Versus Formula Feed
Authors: Singh Arun Kumar , Singh Raj Kumar , Shah Rajesh Prasad , Ahmad Equbal , Ansari Akhtar Alam , Islam Mohammed Mansuri 
Published: October 2017

Background: Breast milk and colostrums are the first feeding sources for infant, providing nutrients, growth factors and immunological components. So we conducted this study to compare the growth pattern of neonates on breast feed versus formula feed.Methods: This study was done in the Department of Pediatrics, King Edward Medical University, Mayo Hospital, Lahore from 2015 July to 2016 July as cross sectional study. The Non Probability purposive sampling technique was used. Information on type of feeding was obtained from mothers. Subsequently neonates were divided in two groups on the basis of type of feeding (i.e. breast feeding or formula feeding).Results: In this study the mean age of the patients was 16.56±6.26 days and the mean gestational age of the patients was 8.52±0.97 months. The male to female ratio of the patients was 1.3:1. Statistically there was significant difference found between the weight gain in study groups at 10th, 14th week and 4th month follow up i.e. p-value<0.05.Conclusion: The prevalence of breastfeeding in infants in our study was 52.3%. Our results showed that the breast fed infants had better weight gain compared to formula fed infants; however there was no statistically significant difference in gain in length between breast fed and formula fed infants.Med Phoenix Vol.2(1) July 2017, 18-23
Evaluation of Normal Heart Rate in Early Pregnancy Corresponding to Gestational Age between Six to Eight Weeks
Authors: Jha Akhilesh Kumar , Rimal Bikranta , Khatun Tarannum 
Published: October 2017

Background: Ultrasonography is the reliable and safe way for the evaluation of pregnancy. Heart rate can be detected more confidently from the Ultrasonography. Heart rate is an important parameter for the evaluation of early pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the normal heart rate in embryos/fetuses between 6 and 8 weeks of gestation.Method: In our region people are poor and most of them do not know the benefit of regular follow up examination during pregnancy. So most of pregnant women come to our centre at late stage of pregnancy. The number of pregnancy cases is good in our centre but the number of early pregnancy cases coming to regular follow up examination is low. Thus the study was conducted in 51 normal singleton pregnancies undergoing routine ultrasound examination during the first trimester of pregnancy. The duration of study was 6 weeks.Result: Out of 51 singleton pregnancies, 20 cases (39.2%) heart rate were between 131-150 beat per minute and 25 cases (49.0 %) heart rate were between 151-170 beat per minute. However 4 cases (7.8%) were between 110-120 beat per minute and 2 cases (3.9%) were more than 171 beat per minute. There were zero cases above the 180 beat per minute.Conclusion: The result of this study will help to evaluate abnormal and normal fetal heart rate so that early clinical decision whether to continue the pregnancy or terminate it can be taken, as Ultrasonography is only the method used in screening fetal well being in most of the region of our country.Med Phoenix Vol.2(1) July 2017, 34-37
Dietary Agents and Phytochemicals in the Prevention and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Review Article
Authors: Ahmad Mohammad , Mishra Anuradha , Usmani Afreen , Ahmad Md. Parwez 
Published: October 2017

Amongst all types of primary liver cancers, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the commonest form of liver cancer in the world. Cancer chemoprevention using dietary supplements and phytochemicals has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Numerous study reports suggest the role of phytochemicals and dietary compounds in the prevention and treatment of liver cancer. Certain dietary agents and related phytochemicals present in grapes, pomegranate, vegetables, beans, turmeric, soy, rice bran, and fish oils are reported to have chemopreventive potentials against hepatocellular carcinoma. Phytochemicals such as Carotenoids, Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), Curcumin, Resveratrol, Rutoside, Quercetin, Chrysin and Silibinin have possible therapeutic importance in tumor suppression during the initial phases of carcinogenesis. Many phytochemicals which are still under investigation lack the scientific data in support of anticancer properties of these compounds rather than anti-oxidant mechanism. So, emphasis should be given on the investigation of plausible molecular mechanism behind anticancer activity. This review summarizes the use of these dietary agents and phytochemicals in the treatment and prevention of HCC and also highlights the mechanisms responsible for their effects.Med Phoenix Vol.2(1) July 2017, 52-62
Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation (CPAM) follow up from 23 week of gestation
Authors: Parveen Nuzhat , Khatun Tarannum 
Published: October 2017

The development of the respiratory system starts at 3 weeks of gestation, and aberrations in developmental processes may result in structural abnormalities collectively referred to as bronchopulmonary foregut malformations. These lesions include congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations (CCAMs), sequestrations and infantile lobar emphysema. Case presented is of right lung CCAM diagnosed at 23 weeks of gestation, followed during antenatal periods for complications, delivered at 39 weeks, planned thoracotomy with lobectomy done on 3rd day of life and followed up till 1 year. Detailed anomaly scan and close monitoring for structural abnormalities of fetus is needed for appropriate management. Relationship of CPAM with early pregnancy severe infections remains to be established.Med Phoenix Vol.2(1) July 2017, 63-66
Incessant Bilobed Thymus in an Case Report Old Male Cadaver
Authors: KC Sudikshya , Shah Aashish Kumar , Khaling Dipa Rai 
Published: October 2017

Thymus is bilobed primary lymphoid organ situated in superior and anterior mediastinum. The appearance of thymus varies considerably with age. It reaches maximum size at puberty and eventually undergoes “fibro fatty involution”, but it may persist actively to old age. Therefore, normal appearance and size of thymus have been elusive. Embryologically, it develops, as two separate organs from the endoderm of third pharyngeal pouches of embryo in common with inferior parathyroid glands and fuse in the midline. The study was carried on 10 embalmed cadavers of known sex in Anatomy Department of National Medical College, Birgunj, Nepal. We found a large bilobed thymus in about 65 year old male cadaver. This fact is clinically important to make differential diagnosis of radiological review in cases of mediastinal mass. A thorough knowledge of its anatomical and embryological features of the thymus, it’s normal variations, incessant in adults is necessary before doing any therapeutic, diagnostic and invasive procedures.Med Phoenix Vol.2(1) July 2017, 67-70
Cinnamon Water Extract: for Lowering High Blood Cholesterol Level of Students and Staff Members of Buraydah College of Pharmacy and Dentistry
Authors: Alnemr Osama , Ahmed Abdel Hamied , Khan Mohd. Faiyaz , Akhtar Juber 
Published: October 2017

Hyperlipidemia (high level of cholesterol in blood) may have a negative effect on the overall health including hypertension and platelet adhesions. The use of herbal medicine, like consumption of cinnamon in treating and preventing abnormality in lipid metabolism has gained an important attention. In this study, immediate effect of cinnamon extract on blood cholesterol was observed and determined. In this study thirty individuals were participated from Buraydah Private College, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Two blood samples were taken from each participant before and after consumption of cinnamon extract in the duration of ten days. Twenty three participants were observed lower blood cholesterol level in compare to before intervention. This study showed that cinnamon have a positive impact on lowering high blood cholesterol.Med Phoenix Vol.2(1) July 2017, 78-80
The effectiveness of communication channels in government and business communication
Authors: Sanina Anna , Balashov Aleksey , Rubtcova Mariia , Satinsky Daniel M. 
Published: October 2017

This study is based on the observation that the theoretical literature examining how government can improve the efficiency of its communication with business audiences has paid only limited attention to the technical (or formal) organization of the communicative process. The paper presents a quantitative analysis of the effectiveness of the use of different communication channels and of the use of multi-channel communication strategies. In doing so, it introduces the concept of “communicative result” as the criteria for measuring efficiency. It further compares the technical parameters of different channels in terms of their reliability, speed, and effectiveness. It considers the impact of cultural factors on the efficiency of communication channels. It presents a data-driven framework for evaluating and developing efficient government communication channels within specific national, cultural conditions. Using the data collected in Russia, the paper presents how the most widely used government communication channels for voluntary, inter-active communication with business audiences actually work in practice. The empirical research draws from 1,065 individual government uses of specific channels to reach small, medium and large-scale business. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variation (ANOVA) and correlation analysis of channel complementarity and effectiveness. The study also explores the patterns of use of channels by businesses characterized as having different levels of innovation status and as operating with different levels of oversight or regulation by government. Utilizing the overall theoretical framework and the specific information provided from studies in Russia, the paper presents some specific characteristics of the use of communication channels by Russian business, as well as a number of internationally relevant issues. It finds that: (1) Personal contact, either directly or through known intermediary acquaintances is the most efficient means of communicating with Russian business. (2) The smaller the number of steps in the communication chain, the quicker the response achieved. (3) Use of “mediated contact” is more important in reaching most types of businesses in Russia that in other countries. (4) Government organizations need to select the proper composition of various communication channels to achieve the most efficient results. (5) Just as in the study of any other communication, consolidation of the technical characteristics of communication channels and empirical data should be used to review the efficiency of government and business interactive communications.
Effective Communication as Catalyst of Developmental Local Government and Rural Development amid Threats of Overpopulation
Authors: Rasila Naledzani , Mudau John 
Published: October 2017

South Africa’s population has risen from 40.5 million in 1996 to 44.8 million in 2001 and to 51.77 in 2011. Africans are in majority making 79.2% of the whole population. About 22.3% of blacks have received no schooling with the unemployment rate of the blacks at 28.1%. Most of these unemployed and uneducated blacks are found in rural areas. This compelled government to introduce Developmental Local government. Developmental Local government refers to the layer of public service that has the capacity to deliver and account to the people in a responsive, accountable, and efficient manner. It is also described as a sphere that encourages community participation in matters of governance and developmental initiatives. However, Developmental Local government is hindered by continuous growth of population which is likely to lead to overpopulation. Overpopulation is characterised by lack of basic resources such as water and food. Developmental Local government on the other hand is expected to deliver on these needs. Lack of fulfilment of goals of Developmental Local government is attributed to lack of effective communication between local government and community members. Although population growth is not attributed only to high birth rate, governments around the continent have introduced measures to encourage healthy reproductive life. However, this needs community members that are self-motivated to be active participants in government initiatives. This is not achievable as there is an indication of lack of effective communication. This paper’s main focus is the provision of effective communication model at local sphere which will see community members working together with government on matters of their own development including initiatives to preserve limited resources amid the challenges of overpopulation. This paper is based on the qualitative study on effectiveness of communication in Mutale local municipality on the enhancement of Developmental Local government and rural development. The study indicated weaknesses and suggests for the development of new model of communication.
The Impact and Dilemma of Unfunded Mandates Confronting Local Government South Africa: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Basdeo M. 
Published: October 2017

Local government has emerged from a prolonged transition to face a second generation of challenges, namely unfunded mandates. Compliance with the current financial management system is a constant challenge for local government. To complicate matters local government is challenged by the dilemma of unfunded mandates which are an extreme manifestation of the phenomenon of governing from the centre. National government through various strategies imposes national mandates on provincial and local government at the expense of the latter. The incidence of unfunded mandate reflects a power hierarchy. Unfunded mandates are generally a significant indicator of the relative weakness of national government because it is often local government occupying constitutionally and politically the weakest position in the hierarchy that is burdened with new responsibilities. In decentralised and federal government systems, provincial/state and local governments object to unfunded mandates because they shrink their policy space, limit their expenditure choices and ultimately local government’s accountability to their electorates. Further, these systems of governance establish a hierarchy of authority that creates notions of self-rule by national government. Unfunded mandates reflect systemic weaknesses of decentralised or federal allocation of powers and functions. Although there are principled objections, unfunded mandates remain constitutional. Given the wide incidence of unfunded mandates the critical question arises as to how in a decentralised system, one level of government can impose mandates with cost implications on another. How is it constitutionally justifiable?
Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation: Reviewing an Inclusive Approach in the South Africa's Government Wide Monitoring and Evaluation
Authors: Matsiliza Noluthando 
Published: October 2017

The premise of this paper is to canvass for the inclusion of stakeholders in participating in the Government Wide Monitoring and Evaluation (GWM&amp;E) using the participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&amp;E) approach. The focus is mainly on the practicality of using participatory methods as part of the agenda to cascade the implement the M&amp;E into different stake-holders using various methods in South Africa. A variety of public participation methods should be recognised to benchmark for the inclusion of stakeholders at the local level in the evaluation and monitoring of public programmes and projects in order to allow more space for civil society engagement in development policies and social accountability. Participation is increasingly recognised by countries as an integral part of M&amp;E process while it offers environment for civic participation in a more inclusive and responsive approach towards service delivery and budget allocation in South Africa. Using a qualitative approach, conclusions and recommendations from this study contribute towards monitoring and evaluation of policies, programmes and projects in the field of Public Management. This study intends to address the paucity of literature on Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation in South Africa.