bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The western end of the Eoalpine High‐Pressure Belt (Texel unit, South Tyrol / Italy)
Authors: Pomella Hannah , Flöss David , Speckbacher Romed , Tropper Peter , Fügenschuh Bernhard 
Published: November 2015

AbstractEclogites in the Texel Unit (Eastern Alps; South Tyrol, Italy) represent the westernmost outcrops of the E–W striking Eoalpine High‐Pressure Belt (EHB). East of the Tauern Window, the EHB forms part of a Cretaceous intracontinental south‐dipping subduction/collision zone; however, the same nappe stack displays a northwest dip at its western end. This prominent change in dip direction gave rise to discussions on the general setting of the Eoalpine collision. Based on our own observations and literature data, we present a new tectonic model for the western end of the EHB. Due to the special situation of this area at the tip of the Southalpine indenter, originally south(east) dipping structures became overturned, and former thrusts appear as normal faults (e.g. Schneeberg fault zone) while former normal faults presently display thrust geometries (e.g. Jaufen fault). Thus, we explain the current configuration with a coherent Eoalpine subduction direction.
Nuclear‐localized AtHSPR links abscisic acid‐dependent salt tolerance and antioxidant defense in Arabidopsis
Authors: Yang Tao , Zhang Liang , Hao Hongyan , Zhang Peng , Zhu Haowei , Cheng Wei , Wang Yongli , Wang Xinyu , Wang Chongying 
Published: November 2015

SummarySalt stress from soil or irrigation water limits plant growth. A T‐DNA insertion mutant in C24, named athspr (Arabidopsis thaliana heat shock protein‐related), showed several phenotypes, including reduced organ size and enhanced sensitivity to environmental cues. The athspr mutant is severely impaired under salinity levels at which wild‐type (WT) plants grow normally. AtHSPR encodes a nuclear‐localized protein with ATPase activity, and its expression was enhanced by high salinity and abscisic acid (ABA). Overexpression (OE) of AtHSPR significantly enhanced tolerance to salt stress by increasing the activities of the antioxidant system and by maintaining K+/Na+ homeostasis. Quantitative RT‐PCR analyses showed that OE of AtHSPR increased the expression of ABA/stress‐responsive, salt overly sensitive (SOS)‐related and antioxidant‐related genes. In addition, ABA content was reduced in athspr plants with or without salt stress, and exogenous ABA restored WT‐like salt tolerance to athspr plants. athspr exhibited increased leaf stomatal density and stomatal index, slower ABA‐induced stomatal closure and reduced drought tolerance relative to the WT. AtHSPR OE enhanced drought tolerance by reducing leaf water loss and stomatal aperture. Transcript profiling in athspr showed a differential salt‐stress response for genes involved in accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ABA signaling, cell death, stress response and photosynthesis. Taken together, our results suggested that AtHSPR is involved in salt tolerance in Arabidopsis through modulation of ROS levels, ABA‐dependent stomatal closure, photosynthesis and K+/Na+ homeostasis.
Serotonin attenuates biotic stress and leads to lesion browning caused by a hypersensitive response to Magnaporthe oryzae penetration in rice
Authors: Hayashi Keiko , Fujita Yoshikatsu , Ashizawa Taketo , Suzuki Fumihiko , Nagamura Yoshiaki , Hayano‐Saito Yuriko 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThe hypersensitive response (HR) of plants is one of the earliest responses to prevent pathogen invasion. A brown dot lesion on a leaf is visual evidence of the HR against the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae in rice, but tracking the browning process has been difficult. In this study, we induced the HR in rice cultivars harboring the blast resistance gene Pit by inoculation of an incompatible M. oryzae strain, which generated a unique resistance lesion with a brown ring (halo) around the brown fungal penetration site. Inoculation analysis using a plant harboring Pit but lacking an enzyme that catalyzes tryptamine to serotonin showed that high accumulation of the oxidized form of serotonin was the cause of the browning at the halo and penetration site. Our analysis of the halo browning process in the rice leaf revealed that abscisic acid enhanced biosynthesis of serotonin under light conditions, and serotonin changed to the oxidized form via hydrogen peroxide produced by light. The dramatic increase in serotonin, which has a high antioxidant activity, suppressed leaf damage outside the halo, blocked expansion of the browning area and attenuated inhibition of plant growth. These results suggest that serotonin helps to reduce biotic stress in the plant by acting as a scavenger of oxygen radicals to protect uninfected tissues from oxidative damage caused by the HR. The deposition of its oxide at the HR lesion is observed as lesion browning.
A simple mechanism for the establishment of C2‐specific gene expression in Brassicaceae
Authors: Adwy Waly , Laxa Miriam , Peterhansel Christoph 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThe transition of C3, via C2 towards C4 photosynthesis is an important example of stepwise evolution of a complex genetic trait. A common feature that was gradually emphasized during this trajectory is the evolution of a CO2 concentration mechanism around Rubisco. In C2 plants, this mechanism is based on tissue‐specific accumulation of glycine decarboxylase (GDC) in bundle sheath (BS) cells, relative to global expression in the cells of C3 leaves. This limits photorespiratory CO2 release to BS cells. Because BS cells are surrounded by photosynthetically active mesophyll cells, this arrangement enhances the probability of re‐fixation of CO2. The restriction of GDC to BS cells was mainly achieved by confinement of its P‐subunit (GLDP). Here, we provide a mechanism for the establishment of C2‐type gene expression by studying the upstream sequences of C3 Gldp genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Deletion of 59 bp in the upstream region of AtGldp1 restricted expression of a reporter gene to BS cells and the vasculature without affecting diurnal variation. This region was named the ‘M box’. Similar results were obtained for the AtGldp2 gene. Fusion of the M box to endogenous or exogenous promoters supported mesophyll expression. Nucleosome densities at the M box were low, suggesting an open chromatin structure facilitating transcription factor binding. In silico analysis defined a possible consensus for the element that was conserved across the Brassicaceae, but not in Moricandia nitens, a C2 plant. Collective results provide evidence that a simple mutation is sufficient for establishment of C2‐specific gene expression in a C3 plant.
Rapid identification of slow healing wounds
Authors: Jung Kenneth , Covington Scott , Sen Chandan K. , Januszyk Michael , Kirsner Robert S. , Gurtner Geoffrey C. , Shah Nigam H. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTChronic nonhealing wounds have a prevalence of 2% in the United States, and cost an estimated $50 billion annually. Accurate stratification of wounds for risk of slow healing may help guide treatment and referral decisions. We have applied modern machine learning methods and feature engineering to develop a predictive model for delayed wound healing that uses information collected during routine care in outpatient wound care centers. Patient and wound data was collected at 68 outpatient wound care centers operated by Healogics Inc. in 26 states between 2009 and 2013. The dataset included basic demographic information on 59,953 patients, as well as both quantitative and categorical information on 180,696 wounds. Wounds were split into training and test sets by randomly assigning patients to training and test sets. Wounds were considered delayed with respect to healing time if they took more than 15 weeks to heal after presentation at a wound care center. Eleven percent of wounds in this dataset met this criterion. Prognostic models were developed on training data available in the first week of care to predict delayed healing wounds. A held out subset of the training set was used for model selection, and the final model was evaluated on the test set to evaluate discriminative power and calibration. The model achieved an area under the curve of 0.842 (95% confidence interval 0.834–0.847) for the delayed healing outcome and a Brier reliability score of 0.00018. Early, accurate prediction of delayed healing wounds can improve patient care by allowing clinicians to increase the aggressiveness of intervention in patients most at risk.
Detection of Zoonotic Protozoa Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis suihominis in Wild Boars from Spain
Authors: Calero‐Bernal R. , Pérez‐Martín J. E. , Reina D. , Serrano F. J. , Frontera E. , Fuentes I. , Dubey J. P. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryFood safety regulations require the control of the presence of protozoa in meats destined for human consumption. Wild boar (Sus scrofa) meat may constitute a source of zoonoses. A 23.8% (688/2881) seroprevalence of anti‐Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and 72.2% (662/910) Sarcocystis sarcocysts prevalence were detected among wild boars hunted in Southwestern areas of Spain. Identity of Sarcocystis spp. was performed by RFLP‐PCR and sequencing, detecting S. miescheriana (7/8) and the zoonotic S. suihominis (1/8). Risk assessment studies of these coccidian in meats destined to human consumption are needed.
Memory of Germinant Stimuli in Bacterial Spores
Authors: Wang Shiwei , Faeder James R. , Setlow Peter , Li Yong-qing 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT

Bacterial spores, despite being metabolically dormant, possess the remarkable capacity to detect nutrients and other molecules in their environment through a biochemical sensory apparatus that can trigger spore germination, allowing the return to vegetative growth within minutes of exposure of germinants. We demonstrate here that bacterial spores of multiple species retain memory of transient exposures to germinant stimuli that can result in altered responses to subsequent exposure. The magnitude and decay of these memory effects depend on the pulse duration as well as on the separation time, incubation temperature, and pH values between the pulses. Spores of
Bacillus
species germinate in response to nutrients that interact with germinant receptors (GRs) in the spore's inner membrane, with different nutrient types acting on different receptors. In our experiments,
B. subtilis
spores display memory when the first and second germinant pulses target different receptors, suggesting that some components of spore memory are downstream of GRs. Furthermore, nonnutrient germinants, which do not require GRs, exhibit memory either alone or in combination with nutrient germinants, and memory of nonnutrient stimulation is found to be more persistent than that induced by GR-dependent stimuli. Spores of
B. cereus
and
Clostridium difficile
also exhibit germination memory, suggesting that memory may be a general property of bacterial spores. These observations along with experiments involving strains with mutations in various germination proteins suggest a model in which memory is stored primarily in the metastable states of SpoVA proteins, which comprise a channel for release of dipicolinic acid, a major early event in spore germination.

IMPORTANCE
Cellular memory is defined as a sustained response to a transient environmental stimulus, and yet its generation and storage have not been described in bacterial spores. We demonstrate here that bacterial spores of multiple species retain memory of transient exposures to germinant stimuli that can result in altered responses to subsequent exposure. Memory was induced by activation of germinant receptors (GRs) or by GR-independent germinants and was accessed by both GR-dependent and GR-independent germinants. Analysis of effects on memory of exposure to GR-dependent and GR-independent germinants as well as in spores lacking various germination proteins suggests a model in which memory is stored primarily in metastable states of SpoVA proteins which comprise a channel for release of spore dipicolinic acid. Spore memory can also significantly reduce the concentration of nutrient germinants necessary to trigger germination, and this may be used to respond to low levels of nutrient germinants.
Effect of ski geometry on aggressive ski behaviour and visual aesthetics: equipment designed to reduce risk of severe traumatic knee injuries in alpine giant slalom ski racing
Authors: Kröll Josef , Spörri Jörg , Gilgien Matthias , Schwameder Hermann , Müller Erich 
Published: November 2015

Background/AimAggressive ski-snow interaction is characterised by direct force transmission and difficulty of getting the ski off its edge once the ski is carving. This behaviour has been suggested to be a main contributor to severe knee injuries in giant slalom (GS). The aim of the current study was to provide a foundation for new equipment specifications in GS by considering two perspectives: Reducing the ski's aggressiveness for injury prevention and maintaining the external attractiveness of a ski racer's technique for spectators.MethodsThree GS ski prototypes were defined based on theoretical considerations and were compared to a reference ski (Pref). Compared to Pref, all prototypes were constructed with reduced profile width and increased ski length. The construction radius (sidecut radius) of Pref was ≥27 m and was increased for the prototypes: 30 m (P30), 35 m (P35), and 40 m (P40). Seven World Cup level athletes performed GS runs on each of the three prototypes and Pref. Kinetic variables related to the ski-snow interaction were assessed to quantify the ski's aggressiveness. Additionally, 13 athletes evaluated their subjective perception of aggressiveness. 15 sports students rated several videotaped runs to assess external attractiveness.ResultsKinetic variables quantifying the ski's aggressiveness showed decreased values for P35and P40compared to Prefand P30. Greater sidecut radius reduced subjectively perceived aggressiveness. External attractiveness was reduced for P40only.ConclusionsThis investigation revealed the following evaluation of the prototypes concerning injury prevention and external attractiveness: P30: no preventative gain, no loss in attractiveness; P35: substantial preventative gain, no significant loss in attractiveness; P40: highest preventative gain, significant loss in attractiveness.
A cross-sectional multicentre study of cardiac risk score use in the management of unstable angina and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Engel Josien , van der Wulp Ineke , de Bruijne Martine , Wagner Cordula 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesQuantitative risk assessment in unstable angina (UA) and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), by using cardiac risk scores, is recommended in international guidelines. However, a gap between recommended care and actual practice exists, as these instruments seem underused in practice. The present study aimed to determine the extent of cardiac risk score use and to study factors associated with lower or higher cardiac risk score use.Setting13 hospitals throughout the Netherlands.ParticipantsA retrospective chart review of 1788 charts of patients with UA and NSTEMI, discharged in 2012.Primary and secondary outcomesThe extent of cardiac risk score use reflected in a documented risk score outcome in the patient's chart. Factors associated with cardiac risk score use determined by generalised linear mixed models.ResultsIn 57% (n=1019) of the charts, physicians documented the use of a cardiac risk score. Substantial variation between hospitals was observed (16.7–87%), although this variation could not be explained by the presence of on-site revascularisation facilities or a hospitals’ teaching status. Obese patients (OR=1.49; CI 95%1.03 to 2.15) and former smokers (OR=1.56; CI 95%1.15 to 2.11) were more likely to have a cardiac risk score documented. Risk scores were less likely to be used among patients diagnosed with UA (OR=0.60; CI 95% 0.46 to 0.77), in-hospital resuscitation (OR=0.23; CI 95% 0.09 to 0.64), in-hospital heart failure (OR=0.46; CI 95% 0.27 to 0.76) or tachycardia (OR=0.45; CI 95% 0.26 to 0.75).ConclusionsDespite recommendations in cardiac guidelines, the use of cardiac risk scores has not been fully implemented in Dutch practice. A substantial number of patients did not have a cardiac risk score documented in their chart. Strategies to improve cardiac risk score use should pay special attention to patient groups in which risk scores were less often documented, as these patients may currently be undertreated.
Changes in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) after discharge from intensive care unit: a protocol for a systematic review
Authors: Gerth Alice M J , Watkinson Peter J , Young J Duncan 
Published: November 2015

IntroductionTreatment on an intensive care unit (ICU) imposes a high treatment burden on patients, as well as an economic burden for the healthcare provider. Many studies have recorded health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients after treatment on an ICU. We propose a systematic review of these studies.MethodsWe will search the National Library of Medicine's PubMed electronic database (PubMed), the Cochrane database, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Web of Science and Open Grey to identify papers reporting quality of life after discharge from ICU. We will include papers including validated quality of life measures. We will examine three categories: populations of patients treated on general ICUs, patients with severe infections and patients with respiratory dysfunction. We will extract HRQoL data. We will assess papers for risk of bias using the QUADAS-2 tool. The strength of our conclusions will depend on the quality and number of papers showing uniform results.Ethics and disseminationThis review will use published literature and contains no primary data; so we do not need ethical approval. We will submit the outcome of the systematic review to a peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration numberPROSPERO CRD42015024700.
Iodine-containing disinfectants in preparation for caesarean section: impact on thyroid profile in cord blood
Authors: Nili Firoozeh , Hantoushzadeh Sedigheh , Alimohamadi Afsaneh , Shariat Mamak , Rezaeizadeh Golnaz 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT

Background
Iodine-containing disinfectants are widely used for skin preparation before caesarean section. Current evidence suggests that maternal exposure to these disinfectants results in thyroid dysfunction in the newborns, but its extent is not known.

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to explain the quality of the effect of these disinfectants on the thyroid function of newborns.

Methods
This cohort study was performed on all the healthy mothers with a term pregnancy who underwent caesarean section in the obstetrics emergency department of an educational hospital affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences from December 2013 to December 2014. We divided this 12-month period into two consecutive 6 months. Povidone–iodine 10% (PVP-I) and chlorhexidine gluconate 4% (CHX) were used in the first and second 6 months, respectively, for skin preparation before caesarean section and also for umbilical cord disinfection. Cord blood thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) were assayed by the ELISA method.

Results
We included 326 cases in this study, 153 in the PVP-I group and 173 in the CHX group. The incidence of cord blood TSH ≥10 mIU/L and T4 ≤7.3 µg/dL was significantly higher in the PVP-I than the CHX group. Cord blood TSH concentration showed a significant positive correlation with cord blood T4 concentration in the CHX group. Through selection of cases with cord blood T4 &lt;13 µg/dL, we found a negative correlation between cord blood TSH and T4 concentration in the PVP-I group.

Conclusions
It seems that PVP-I has the potential to cause false-positive screening-test results and increase recall rates, which should be evaluated in further studies.

Trial registration number
Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) number IRCT201204289568N1.
SBI-0640756 Attenuates the Growth of Clinically Unresponsive Melanomas by Disrupting the eIF4F Translation Initiation Complex
Authors: Feng Yongmei , Pinkerton Anthony B. , Hulea Laura , Zhang Tongwu , Davies Michael A. , Grotegut Stefan , Cheli Yann , Yin Hongwei , Lau Eric , Kim Hyungsoo , De Surya K. , Barile Elisa , Pellecchia Maurizio , Bosenberg Marcus , Li Jian-Liang , James Brian , Hassig Christian A. , Brown Kevin M. , Topisirovic Ivan , Ronai Ze'ev A. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Disrupting the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F (eIF4F) complex offers an appealing strategy to potentiate the effectiveness of existing cancer therapies and to overcome resistance to drugs such as BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi). Here, we identified and characterized the small molecule SBI-0640756 (SBI-756), a first-in-class inhibitor that targets eIF4G1 and disrupts the eIF4F complex. SBI-756 impaired the eIF4F complex assembly independently of mTOR and attenuated growth of BRAF-resistant and BRAF-independent melanomas. SBI-756 also suppressed AKT and NF-κB signaling, but small-molecule derivatives were identified that only marginally affected these pathways while still inhibiting eIF4F complex formation and melanoma growth, illustrating the potential for further structural and functional manipulation of SBI-756 as a drug lead. In the gene expression signature patterns elicited by SBI-756, DNA damage, and cell-cycle regulatory factors were prominent, with mutations in melanoma cells affecting these pathways conferring drug resistance. SBI-756 inhibited the growth of NRAS, BRAF, and NF1-mutant melanomas in vitro and delayed the onset and reduced the incidence of Nras/Ink4a melanomas in vivo. Furthermore, combining SBI-756 and a BRAFi attenuated the formation of BRAFi-resistant human tumors. Taken together, our findings show how SBI-756 abrogates the growth of BRAF-independent and BRAFi-resistant melanomas, offering a preclinical rationale to evaluate its antitumor effects in other cancers. Cancer Res; 75(24); 5211–8. ©2015 AACR.
XPO1 Inhibition Enhances Radiation Response in Preclinical Models of Rectal Cancer
Authors: Ferreiro-Neira Isabel , Torres Nancy E. , Liesenfeld Lukas F. , Chan Carlos H.F. , Penson Tristan , Landesman Yosef , Senapedis William , Shacham Sharon , Hong Theodore S. , Cusack James C. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Purpose: Combination of radiation with radiosensitizing chemotherapeutic agents improves outcomes for locally advanced rectal cancer. Current treatment includes 5-fluorouracil–based chemoradiation prior to surgical resection; however pathologic complete response varies from 15% to 20%, prompting the need to identify new radiosensitizers. Exportin 1 (XPO1, also known as chromosome region 1, CRM1) mediates the nuclear export of critical proteins required for rectal cancer proliferation and treatment resistance. We hypothesize that inhibition of XPO1 may radiosensitize cancer cells by altering the function of these critical proteins resulting in decreased radiation resistance and enhanced antitumoral effects.
Experimental Design: To test our hypothesis, we used the selective XPO1 inhibitor, selinexor, to inhibit nuclear export in combination with radiation fractions similar to that given in clinical practice for rectal cancer: hypofractionated short-course radiation dosage of 5 Gy per fraction or the conventional long-course radiation dosage of 1 Gy fractions. Single and combination treatments were tested in colorectal cancer cell lines and xenograft tumor models.
Results: Combination treatment of radiotherapy and selinexor resulted in an increase of apoptosis and decrease of proliferation compared with single treatment, which correlated with reduced tumor size. We found that the combination promoted nuclear survivin accumulation and subsequent depletion, resulting in increased apoptosis and enhanced radiation antitumoral effects.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest a novel therapeutic option for improving radiation sensitivity in the setting of rectal cancer and provide the scientific rationale to evaluate this combination strategy for clinical trials. Clin Cancer Res; 22(7); 1663–73. ©2015 AACR.