bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vulvar swelling as the first presentation of Crohn's disease in children—A report of three cases
Authors: Ahad Tashmeeta , Riley Anna , Martindale Elizabeth , von Bremen Beate , Owen Caroline 
Published: November 2017

AbstractVulvar swelling is a rare manifestation of metastatic Crohn's disease in children. It often predates gastrointestinal symptoms and can be the first presentation of pediatric Crohn's disease. We report three cases of pediatric Crohn's disease presenting with vulvar swelling. We discuss this rare presentation and its treatment and highlight the importance of recognizing it so that prompt investigation and appropriate management can be initiated.
Prevalence of sun protection behaviors in Hispanic youth residing in a high ultraviolet light environment
Authors: Altieri Lisa , Miller Kimberly A. , Huh Jimi , Peng David H. , Unger Jennifer B. , Richardson Jean L. , Allen Martin W. , Cockburn Myles 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAlthough rates of late‐stage melanoma are rising in Hispanics, particularly those living in high ultraviolet light environments, little is known about the prevalence of sun protective behaviors in Hispanic children. We analyzed baseline data including frequency of sunburn, sun protective behaviors, level of U.S. acculturation, and skin phototype from a cross‐sectional survey of 2003 Hispanic elementary school children in Los Angeles, California, who participated in a skin cancer prevention intervention. Although the Hispanic children reported frequently engaging in some sun protective behaviors, they also had a high rate of sunburn (59%) that exceeded previous national estimates for non‐Hispanic white children (43%). Fewer U.S.‐acculturated children reported more frequent shade‐seeking at home (P = .02), along with less shade‐seeking at school (P = .001) and more sunscreen use at school (P = .02). The surprisingly high rate of sunburn in Hispanic children suggests that the way in which they are practicing sun protection is not preventing sunburns. Sun safety interventions should be targeted toward Hispanic youth to provide them with practical methods of effective sun protection, in addition to education on the risks of high sun exposure.
Removable prosthesis hygiene in elders with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Ribeiro Giselle Rodrigues , Campos Camila Heitor , Garcia Renata Cunha Matheus Rodrigues 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTAimTo evaluate changes in prosthesis hygiene in elders with Parkinson's disease (PD) in response to verbal instruction and positive reinforcement.Methods and ResultsElders with removable prostheses were divided into PD (n = 17) and control (n = 20) groups. Biofilm on prostheses was measured at baseline, and verbal instructions on prosthesis hygiene were given. After 7, 14, and 30 days, biofilm presence was re‐evaluated and the results were shown to participants, with repeated cleaning instruction. At baseline, participants with PD had more biofilm on maxillary prostheses than did controls (p = 0.009). At 30 days, biofilm presence on maxillary and mandibular prostheses did not differ between groups. Both groups showed reductions in biofilm accumulation on prostheses over time, but this effect took longer to appear on mandibular prostheses in the PD group (p < 0.05).ConclusionVerbal instruction and positive reinforcement can improve prosthesis hygiene in elders with and without PD.
Sustained adoption of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions: systematic review
Authors: Martin Nina A. , Hulland Kristyna R. S. , Dreibelbis Robert , Sultana Farhana , Winch Peter J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo understand factors that influence sustained adoption of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) technologies or behaviours.MethodsSystematic review of the current literature. Articles were gathered from databases of peer‐reviewed articles and grey literature, and screened for relevance. After exclusion, we created a descriptive map of 148 articles and analysed in‐depth 44 articles that had an explicit focus on promoting or evaluating sustained adoption or programme sustainability. Twenty‐two of these articles met our definition of measuring sustained adoption.ResultsDefinitions of sustained adoption varied widely and were often inadequate, making comparison of sustained adoption across studies difficult. The time frame for measurements of sustained adoption is frequently inadequate for examination of longer‐term behaviour change.ConclusionsIdeally, an evaluation should specify the project period and describe the context surrounding adoption, make measurements at multiple time points, diversify measurement methods and describe and measure a range of factors affecting sustained adoption. Additional consideration needs to be given to developing behaviour change models that emphasise factors related to sustained adoption, and how they differ from those related to initial adoption.
Sugar flux and signaling in plant–microbe interactions
Authors: Bezrutczyk Margaret , Yang Jungil , Eom Joon‐Seob , Prior Matthew , Sosso Davide , Hartwig Thomas , Szurek Boris , Oliva Ricardo , Vera‐Cruz Casiana , White Frank F. , Yang Bing , Frommer Wolf B. 
Published: November 2017

SummaryPlant breeders have developed crop plants that are resistant to pests, but the continual evolution of pathogens creates the need to iteratively develop new control strategies. Molecular tools have allowed us to gain deep insights into disease responses, allowing for more efficient, rational engineering of crops that are more robust or resistant to a greater number of pathogen variants. Here we describe the roles of SWEET and STP transporters, membrane proteins that mediate transport of sugars across the plasma membrane. We discuss how these transporters may enhance or restrict disease through controlling the level of nutrients provided to pathogens and whether the transporters play a role in sugar signaling for disease resistance. This review indicates open questions that require further research and proposes the use of genome editing technologies for engineering disease resistance.
Oh, the places they'll go! A survey of phytopathogen effectors and their host targets
Authors: Khan Madiha , Seto Derek , Subramaniam Rajagopal , Desveaux Darrell 
Published: November 2017

SummaryPhytopathogens translocate effector proteins into plant cells where they sabotage the host cellular machinery to promote infection. An individual pathogen can translocate numerous distinct effectors during the infection process to target an array of host macromolecules (proteins, metabolites, DNA, etc.) and manipulate them using a variety of enzymatic activities. In this review, we have surveyed the literature for effector targets and curated them to convey the range of functions carried out by phytopathogenic proteins inside host cells. In particular, we have curated the locations of effector targets, as well as their biological and molecular functions and compared these properties across diverse phytopathogens. This analysis validates previous observations about effector functions (e.g. immunosuppression), and also highlights some interesting features regarding effector specificity as well as functional diversification of phytopathogen virulence strategies.
Orbital invasive squamous cell carcinoma with adnexal involvement clinically mimicking feline restrictive orbital myofibroblastic sarcoma: 19 cases (1990‐2016)
Authors: Diehl Kathryn A. , Pryor Silvia G. , Teixeira Leandro B. C. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the clinical presentations of patients diagnosed with ocular adnexal or orbital squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which possess features similar to feline restrictive orbital myofibroblastic sarcoma (FROMS).ProceduresA retrospective review of adnexal and/or orbitalSCCwas performed. Cases were collected from the University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine and the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW) (1990‐2016). Data included signalment, ophthalmic clinical signs, nonophthalmic history and clinical signs, clinician suspicion ofFROMS, advanced imaging results, and subsequent histopathologic diagnosis.FROMScases from theCOPLOWover the same time span were reviewed and compared statistically to theSCCcases with a significance threshold of 0.05.ResultsNineteen cases (20 eyes) were identified with adnexalSCCwith features similar toFROMS, including keratitis and eyelid/third eyelid restriction and/or thickening. There were no statistically significant differences between clinical findings in theSCCcases and the identified and comparedFROMScases (57 cases; 67 eyes), except for exophthalmos and/or resistance to retropulsion, which was less common inSCCcases (20%) than inFROMScases (47.8%) (P= 0.027); and clinical or imaged presence of an overt eyelid or orbital mass, which was more common in theSCCcases (30%) than in theFROMScases (4.5%) (P= 0.0010).ConclusionsSCCwith adnexal involvement has many features similar toFROMS. In addition toFROMS,SCCshould be considered a differential diagnosis in cats with restrictive adnexal or orbital signs and corneal changes.
Ultrasonographic anatomy of the atlanto‐occipital region and ultrasound‐guided cerebrospinal fluid collection in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Anselmi Carlo , Dias Sara , Martorell Jaume , Navarro Marc , Espada Yvonne , Novellas Rosa 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCerebrospinal fluid analyses are important for diagnosis of neurologic problems in rabbits and for translational research projects using rabbits as models. Blind puncture of the cisterna magna is the current standard technique for sampling cerebrospinal fluid in this species. However, the complexity and small size of the cisterna magna and surrounding structures are limitations of this technique. Aims of this prospective, anatomic, pilot study were to (1) describe the normal anatomy of the atlanto‐occipital region, (2) describe ultrasonographic anatomic landmarks, and (3) develop and evaluate a technique for ultrasound‐guided puncture of the cisterna magna for cerebrospinal fluid sampling in rabbits. Thirty healthy rabbits were included and the study was conducted in three stages. Three rabbit cadavers were used for the first stage of the study. Then, the second stage was completed using 13 rabbit cadavers. Finally, the third stage was completed in 14 live rabbits. The ultrasound‐guided puncture performed in 13 cadavers was successful at the first attempt in 10 cases, and at the second attempt in the remaining three cases. In the in vivo study, the ultrasound‐guided puncture was successful in all 14 cases, without signs of complications. Findings supported the use of ultrasound‐guided puncture of the cisterna magna as a safe technique that may be used routinely or when the sample of cerebrospinal fluid cannot be obtained with the blind technique in rabbits.
Investigation of parameters predicting the need for diagnostic imaging beyond computed tomography in the evaluation of dogs with thoracolumbar myelopathy: Retrospective evaluation of 555 dogs
Authors: Emery Lee , Hecht Silke , Sun Xiaocun 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThoracolumbar myelopathy encompasses a number of disease processes such as intervertebral disc disease, discospondylitis, trauma, congenital malformations, neoplasia, and intramedullary spinal cord disease. Compressive disc herniations are most common in dogs and require imaging procedures such as myelography, computed tomography (CT), and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine the need and location for decompressive surgery. The purposes of this retrospective, cross‐sectional study were to evaluate all dogs undergoing thoracolumbar CT imaging as the initial diagnostic step between 2010 and 2015 and determine whether any of the imaging characteristics could be used to predict the need for additional imaging in the form of myelography, CT myelography, and/or MRI. A total of 555 dogs were identified in this time frame which underwent CT imaging for myelopathy of the thoracolumbar region. Various parameters including age, gender, sexual status, breed, chronicity, site of lesion, time of study, and contrast administration were evaluated. Findings indicated that 7.6% of dogs needed additional imaging after CT. Dachshunds were less likely to need additional imaging (P = 0.0111) as were patients scanned during normal business hours (P = 0.0075). Increasing age of the patient increased the likelihood of additional imaging (P = 0.0107). Dogs which did not have additional imaging performed were 21.89 times more likely to require surgery than those which did have additional imaging (P < 0.0001). Findings supported the use of CT as a first‐line imaging modality for dogs presenting with thoracolumbar myelopathy.
Investigation of the effects of multiple pressures in the lower Danube basin
Authors: Hanganu Jenică , Constantinescu Adrian , Doroftei Mihai , Tošić Katarina 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe main scope of the paper is the implementation of future scenarios in the Lower Danube basin, supporting the development of River Basin Management Plans and future environmental policies. The 800 000 km2 Danube River Basin extends across 19 countries, of which 14 are contracting parties of the ICPDR. The Lower Danube is occupied mostly by Romania, including the Danube Delta. The Danube Delta hydrological complex covers 5800 km2 comprising over 300 lakes, three main branches and a vast network of channels. Changes impacting significant ecosystem services such as recreation, fishing, flows, ecotourism, flood regulation, navigation and reed/wood resources have to be evaluated and the quantification of those elements must be performed in order to incorporate them into the modelling process.
GABA concentration in sensorimotor cortex following high‐intensity exercise and relationship to lactate levels
Authors: Coxon James P. , Cash Robin F. H. , Hendrikse Joshua J. , Rogasch Nigel C. , Stavrinos Ellen , Suo Chao , Yücel Murat 
Published: November 2017

Key points
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy was conducted before and after high‐intensity interval exercise.
Sensorimotor cortex GABA concentration increased by 20%.
The increase was positively correlated with the increase in blood lactate.
There was no change in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
There were no changes in the glutamate‐glutamine‐glutathione peak.
AbstractHigh‐intensity exercise increases the concentration of circulating lactate. Cortical uptake of blood borne lactate increases during and after exercise; however, the potential relationship with changes in the concentration of neurometabolites remains unclear. Although changes in neurometabolite concentration have previously been demonstrated in primary visual cortex after exercise, it remains unknown whether these changes extend to regions such as the sensorimotor cortex (SM) or executive regions such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). In the present study, we explored the acute after‐effects of high‐intensity interval training (HIIT) on the concentration of gamma‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the combined glutamate–glutamine–glutathione (Glx) spectral peak in the SM and DLPFC, as well as the relationship with blood lactate levels. Following HIIT, there was a robust increase in GABA concentration in the SM, as evident across the majority of participants. This change was not observed in the DLPFC. Furthermore, the increase in SM GABA was positively correlated with an increase in blood lactate. There were no changes in Glx concentration in either region. The observed increase in SM GABA concentration implies functional relevance, whereas the correlation with lactate levels may relate to the metabolic fate of exercise‐derived lactate that crosses the blood–brain barrier.
Not All Doctoral Programs Are Created Equally
Authors: James Jeffrey D. 
Published: November 2017

The 2017 Earle F. Zeigler Lecture Award presented in Denver, CO, addressed doctoral training in Sport Management programs. A review of the doctoral-granting degree programs listed on the website of the North American Society for Sport Management was completed. The review addressed the following three points: (a) number of hours required to earn a doctoral degree; (b) number of credit hours required for research tools, methods, and/or inquiry courses; and (c) whether program requirements included philosophy of science and/or philosophy of inquiry courses. The range of required hours for degree completion was 45–80. The number of required hours for research tools, methods, and/or inquiry ranged from 9 to 26. Four programs included specific content on the philosophy of science and/or inquiry. Concerns regarding the breadth, and to some degree the depth, of training were presented. Suggestions for action at the local level were shared as part of the conclusion.
Sensitivity analysis for mistakenly adjusting for mediators in estimating total effect in observational studies
Authors: Wang Tingting , Li Hongkai , Su Ping , Yu Yuanyuan , Sun Xiaoru , Liu Yi , Yuan Zhongshang , Xue Fuzhong 
Published: November 2017

ObjectivesIn observational studies, epidemiologists often attempt to estimate the total effect of an exposure on an outcome of interest. However, when the underlying diagram is unknown and limited knowledge is available, dissecting bias performances is essential to estimating the total effect of an exposure on an outcome when mistakenly adjusting for mediators under logistic regression. Through simulation, we focused on six causal diagrams concerning different roles of mediators. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the bias performances of varying across exposure-mediator effects and mediator-outcome effects when adjusting for the mediator.SettingBased on the causal relationships in the real world, we compared the biases of varying across the effects of exposure-mediator with those of varying across the effects of mediator-outcome when adjusting for the mediator. The magnitude of the bias was defined by the difference between the estimated effect (using logistic regression) and the total effect of the exposure on the outcome.ResultsIn four scenarios (a single mediator, two series mediators, two independent parallel mediators or two correlated parallel mediators), the biases of varying across the effects of exposure-mediator were greater than those of varying across the effects of mediator-outcome when adjusting for the mediator. In contrast, in two other scenarios (a single mediator or two independent parallel mediators in the presence of unobserved confounders), the biases of varying across the effects of exposure-mediator were less than those of varying across the effects of mediator-outcome when adjusting for the mediator.ConclusionsThe biases were more sensitive to the variation of effects of exposure-mediator than the effects of mediator-outcome when adjusting for the mediator in the absence of unobserved confounders, while the biases were more sensitive to the variation of effects of mediator-outcome than those of exposure-mediator in the presence of an unobserved confounder.
Relationship between socioeconomic status and HIV infection: findings from a survey in the Free State and Western Cape Provinces of South Africa
Authors: Bunyasi Erick Wekesa , Coetzee David John 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundStudies have shown a mixed association between socioeconomic status (SES) and prevalent HIV infection across and within settings in sub-Saharan Africa. In general, the relationship between years of formal education and HIV infection changed from a positive to a negative association with maturity of the HIV epidemic. Our objective was to determine the association between SES and HIV in women of reproductive age in the Free State (FSP) and Western Cape Provinces (WCP) of South Africa (SA).Study designCross-sectional.SettingSA.MethodsWe conducted secondary analysis on 1906 women of reproductive age from a 2007 to 2008 survey that evaluated effectiveness of Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission Programmes. SES was measured by household wealth quintiles, years of formal education and employment status. Our analysis principally used logistic regression for survey data.ResultsThere was a significant negative trend between prevalent HIV infection and wealth quintile in WCP (P<0.001) and FSP (P=0.025). In adjusted analysis, every additional year of formal education was associated with a 10% (adjusted OR (aOR) 0.90 (95% CI 0.85 to 0.96)) significant reduction in risk of prevalent HIV infection in WCP but no significant association was observed in FSP (aOR 0.99; 95% CI 0.89 to 1.11). There was no significant association between employment and prevalent HIV in each province: (aOR 1.54; 95% CI 0.84 to 2.84) in WCP and (aOR 0.96; 95% CI 0.71 to 1.30) in FSP.ConclusionThe association between HIV infection and SES differed by province and by measure of SES and underscores the disproportionately higher burden of prevalent HIV infection among poorer and lowly educated women. Our findings suggest the need for re-evaluation of whether current HIV prevention efforts meet needs of the least educated (in WCP) and the poorest women (both WCP and FSP), and point to the need to investigate additional or tailored strategies for these women.
Access to healthcare for men and women with disabilities in the UK: secondary analysis of cross-sectional data
Authors: Sakellariou Dikaios , Rotarou Elena S 
Published: November 2017

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate differences in access to healthcare between people with and without disabilities in the UK. The hypotheses were that: (1) people with disabilities would be more likely to have unmet healthcare needs and (2) there would be gender differences, with women more likely to report unmet needs.Setting and participantsWe performed secondary analysis, using logistic regressions, of deidentified cross-sectional data from the European Health Interview Survey, Wave 2. The sample included 12 840 community-dwelling people over the age of 16 from across the UK, 5 236 of whom had a disability. The survey method involved face-to-face and telephone interviews.Outcome measuresUnmet need for healthcare due to long waiting lists or distance or transportation problems; not being able to afford medical examination, treatment, mental healthcare or prescribed medicines. All measures were self-reported.ResultsAdjusting for age, sex and other factors, people with a severe disability had higher odds of facing unmet needs. The largest gap was in ‘unmet need for mental healthcare due to cost’, where people with a severe disability were 4.5 times (CI 95% 2.2 to 9.2) more likely to face a problem, as well as in ‘unmet need due to cost of prescribed medicine’, where people with a mild disability had 3.6 (CI 95% 2.2 to 5.9) higher odds of facing a difficulty. Women with a disability were 7.2 times (CI 95% 2.7 to 19.4) more likely to have unmet needs due to cost of care or medication, compared with men with no disability.ConclusionsPeople with disabilities reported worse access to healthcare, with transportation, cost and long waiting lists being the main barriers. These findings are worrying as they illustrate that a section of the population, who may have higher healthcare needs, faces increased barriers in accessing services.