bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Academic Vocabulary Learning in First Through Third Grade in Low-Income Schools: Effects of Automated Supplemental Instruction
Authors: Goldstein Howard , Ziolkowski Robyn A. , Bojczyk Kathryn E. , Marty Ana , Schneider Naomi , Harpring Jayme , Haring Christa D. 
Published: November 2017

PurposeThis study investigated cumulative effects of language learning, specifically whether prior vocabulary knowledge or special education status moderated the effects of academic vocabulary instruction in high-poverty schools.MethodEffects of a supplemental intervention targeting academic vocabulary in first through third grades were evaluated with 241 students (6–9 years old) from low-income families, 48% of whom were retained for the 3-year study duration. Students were randomly assigned to vocabulary instruction or comparison groups.ResultsCurriculum-based measures of word recognition, receptive identification, expressive labeling, and decontextualized definitions showed large effects for multiple levels of word learning. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that students with higher initial Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–Fourth Edition scores (Dunn & Dunn, 2007) demonstrated greater word learning, whereas students with special needs demonstrated less growth in vocabulary.ConclusionThis model of vocabulary instruction can be applied efficiently in high-poverty schools through an automated, easily implemented adjunct to reading instruction in the early grades and holds promise for reducing gaps in vocabulary development.
Investigating effect of temperature on barrier height of PWB diodes
Authors: Akura M. , Dunn G.M. 
Published: November 2017

The effect of temperature on the barrier height of a gallium arsenide (GaAs)/aluminium GaAs (AlGaAs) potential‐well barrier (PWB) diodes is investigated and reported in this Letter. It was found that more electrons diffuse from the doped AlGaAs(silicon) into the undoped layers with increasing temperature, this modifies the electric field along these layers and hence the barrier height. The barrier height increases with increasing temperature at an increasing rate of – in the temperature range of 200–380 K in a similar way to the planar‐doped barrier (PDB) diode. The result of the computer simulations, however, shows that the PWB diode is less sensitive than the PDB diode due to the active nature of the charge in the well.
Proportional‐type performance recovery current tracking control algorithm for PMSM
Authors: Kim Seok‐Kyoon 
Published: November 2017

This study presents a proportional‐type non‐linear current control algorithm for permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) with performance recovery and offset‐free properties. The contribution falls into two parts. First, the disturbances from the model‐plant mismatch are exponentially estimated by the proposed first‐order convergent disturbance observers. Second, it is proven that the proposed algorithm guarantees the performance recovery and offset‐free properties, also stabilises the first‐order internal dynamics that arise from the PMSM speed dynamics. The closed‐loop performance was shown by the simulations and experiments by using a 5 kW interior PMSM.
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of β-Ketonitriles
Authors: Kiyokawa Kensuke , Minakata Satoshi , Nagata Takaya 
Published: November 2017

β-Ketonitriles are an important class of compounds in the field of organic and medicinal chemistry. Over the past decades, numerous efforts have been devoted to the development of new and efficient methodologies for the synthesis of these derivatives, and a number of efficient methods to accomplish this have been developed in recent years. In this context, this short review highlights recent advances in the synthesis of β-ketonitriles.1	Introduction2	Acylation of Alkyl Nitriles3	Electrophilic Cyanation of Ketone Enolates4	Electrophilic Cyanation of β-Keto Carbonyl Compounds5	Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Carbonylative Coupling Reactions6	Miscellaneous Examples7	Outlook
Die infektiöse Hepatitis: extrahepatische Manifestationen und der Einfluss auf die antirheumatische Therapie
Authors: Ringelhan Marc , Geisler Fabian , Schmid Roland 
Published: November 2017

ZusammenfassungRheumatologische Beschwerden bei gleichzeitig vorliegender Infektion mit dem hepatotropen Hepatitis B (HBV) und Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) stellen häufig ein diagnostisches Dilemma dar, da beide Virusinfektionen neben einer Hepatitis, extrahepatische rheumatoide Manifestationen verursachen können. Beispielsweise ist das Auftreten von Arthralgien, einer Arthritis, einer Vaskulitis, als auch einer Sicca-Symptomatik möglich. Diese sprechen zumeist gut auf eine antivirale Therapie an. Als auslösende Pathomechanismen sind sowohl virusspezifische Faktoren, wie Immunkomplexe oder eine Stimulation von B-Zellen, als auch patientenspezifische Faktoren bekannt. Zugleich schließt eine HBV oder HCV Infektion eine zeitgleiche, nicht virusassoziierte rheumatische Erkrankung nicht aus, deren Diagnostik bei unspezifischer Erhöhung von Autoantikörpern im Rahmen einer HBV oder HCV Infektion häufig erschwert ist. Darüber hinaus stellen vor allem auch moderne antirheumatische Therapien im Falle einer chronischen Virushepatitis ein signifikantes Risiko für eine Reaktivierung bis hin zum fulminanten Leberversagen dar. Im Folgenden gehen wir daher auf häufige extrahepatische Manifestationen der Hepatitis B und C ein, welche eine relevante Differenzialdiagnose für die rheumatologische Praxis darstellen. Zudem werden aktuelle Empfehlungen und Risiken der Anwendung antirheumatischer Therapien bei Patienten mit rheumatologischen Erkrankungen und chronischer HBV oder HCV Infektion diskutiert.
Transjugular portal vein recanalization with creation of intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (PVR-TIPS) in patients with chronic non-cirrhotic, non-malignant portal vein thrombosis
Authors: Klinger Christoph , Riecken Bettina , Schmidt Arthur , De Gottardi Andrea , Meier Benjamin , Bosch Jaime , Caca Karel 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Purpose To determine safety and efficacy of transjugular portal vein recanalization with creation of intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (PVR-TIPS) in patients with chronic non-cirrhotic, non-malignant portal vein thrombosis (PVT).
Methods This retrospective study includes 17 consecutive patients with chronic non-cirrhotic PVT (cavernous transformation n = 15). PVR-TIPS was indicated because of variceal bleeding (n = 13), refractory ascites (n = 2), portal biliopathy with recurrent cholangitis (n = 1), or abdominal pain (n = 1). Treatment consisted of a combination of transjugular balloon angioplasty, mechanical thrombectomy, and—depending on extent of residual thrombosis—transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and additional stenting of the portal venous system.
Results Recanalization was successful in 76.5 % of patients despite cavernous transformation in 88.2 %. Both 1- and 2-year secondary PV and TIPS patency rates were 69.5 %. Procedure-related bleeding complications occurred in 2 patients (intraperitoneal bleeding due to capsule perforation, n = 1; liver hematoma, n = 1) and resolved spontaneously. However, 1 patient died due to subsequent nosocomial pneumonia. During follow-up, 3 patients with TIPS occlusion and PVT recurrence experienced portal hypertensive complications.
Conclusions PVR-TIPS is safe and effective in selected patients with chronic non-cirrhotic PVT. Due to technical complexity and possible complications, it should be performed only in specialized centers with high experience in TIPS procedures.
Immature HIV-1 lattice assembly dynamics are regulated by scaffolding from nucleic acid and the plasma membrane
Authors: Pak Alexander J. , Grime John M. A. , Sengupta Prabuddha , Chen Antony K. , Durumeric Aleksander E. P. , Srivastava Anand , Yeager Mark , Briggs John A. G. , Lippincott-Schwartz Jennifer , Voth Gregory A. 
Published: November 2017

Significance
In order for HIV to proliferate, viral proteins and genomic dimers are assembled at host cell membranes and released as immature virions. Disrupting this key intermediate step in viral replication is a potential target for treatment. However, a detailed molecular view of this process remains lacking. Here, we elucidate a network of constitutive interactions that regulate viral assembly dynamics through a combined computational and experimental approach. Specifically, our analysis reveals the active roles of nucleic acid and the membrane as scaffolds that promote the multimerization of Gag polyprotein, which proceeds through multistep and self-correcting nucleation. Our findings also illustrate the functional importance of the N-terminal, C-terminal, and spacer peptide 1 protein domains.
Filament rigidity and connectivity tune the deformation modes of active biopolymer networks
Authors: Stam Samantha , Freedman Simon L. , Banerjee Shiladitya , Weirich Kimberly L. , Dinner Aaron R. , Gardel Margaret L. 
Published: November 2017

Significance
Living cells spontaneously change their shape in physiological processes like cell migration and division. Forces generated by molecular motors on biopolymers must underlie these dynamics, but how molecular-scale forces give rise to cellular-scale shape changes is unknown. We use experimental measurements on reconstituted actomyosin networks and computer simulations to show that polymer stiffness and connectivity regulate motor-generated stresses and, in turn, longer-length-scale shape deformations. Importantly, we find that filament rigidity controls whether stresses transmitted are uniaxial or biaxial and that, for rigid filaments, the connectivity can control a transition between extensile and contractile deformations. These results have implications for how conserved molecular mechanisms give rise to diverse morphogenic events in cells.
Pulsed evolution shaped modern vertebrate body sizes
Authors: Landis Michael J. , Schraiber Joshua G. 
Published: November 2017

SignificanceThe diversity of forms found among animals on Earth is striking. Despite decades of study, it has been difficult to reconcile the patterns of diversity seen between closely related species with those observed when studying single species on ecological timescales. We propose a set of models, called Lévy processes, to attempt to reconcile rapid evolution between species with the relatively stable distributions of phenotypes seen within species. These models, which have been successfully used to model stock market data, allow for long periods of stasis followed by bursts of rapid change. We find that many vertebrate groups are well fitted by Lévy models compared with models for which traits evolve toward a stationary optimum or evolve in an incremental and wandering manner.
Three-dimensional visualization and a deep-learning model reveal complex fungal parasite networks in behaviorally manipulated ants
Authors: Fredericksen Maridel A. , Zhang Yizhe , Hazen Missy L. , Loreto Raquel G. , Mangold Colleen A. , Chen Danny Z. , Hughes David P. 
Published: November 2017

SignificanceMicrobial parasites may behave collectively to manipulate their host’s behavior. We examine adaptations of a microbial parasite in its natural environment: the body of its coevolved and manipulated host. Electron microscopy and 3D reconstructions of host and parasite tissues reveal that this fungus invades muscle fibers throughout the ant’s body but leaves the brain intact, and that the fungal cells connect to form extensive networks. The connections are likened to structures that aid in transporting nutrients and organelles in several plant-associated fungi. These findings alter the current view of parasite-extended phenotypes by demonstrating that behavior control does not require the parasite to physically invade the host brain and that parasite cells may coordinate to change host behavior.
Cell-to-cell variation sets a tissue-rheology–dependent bound on collective gradient sensing
Authors: Camley Brian A. , Rappel Wouter-Jan 
Published: November 2017

SignificanceCells cooperate to sense the direction of a chemical gradient by communicating with each other, which may be important when clumps of cancer cells metastasize or embryos develop. However, because each cell is distinct, we find these clumps are biased toward cells that are “loud”—sending inappropriately large signals. Cell clusters can reduce this bias by rearranging themselves so loud cells change their locations. This means the mechanical dynamics of the cluster matter—fluid, squishy clumps of cells are better at sensing than solid ones. If a single cell’s motion gets noisier, it will make the cluster more fluid—so adding noise can actually make a cluster of cells a better sensor.
DNA damage response protein TOPBP1 regulates X chromosome silencing in the mammalian germ line
Authors: ElInati Elias , Russell Helen R. , Ojarikre Obah A. , Sangrithi Mahesh , Hirota Takayuki , de Rooij Dirk G. , McKinnon Peter J. , Turner James M. A. 
Published: November 2017

Significance
A fundamental step of meiosis is prophase I, when homologous chromosomes synapse and recombine to generate cross-overs that are accurate for chromosome segregation. In male mammals, chromosomes that are asynapsed undergo meiotic silencing, a process that may serve as a surveillance mechanism to prevent aneuploidy in offspring. We identify TOPBP1 as a factor involved in meiotic silencing. Deletion of TOPBP1 in male germ cells results in germ cell loss and failure to silence asynapsed chromosomes. We find that TOPBP1 acts at multiple stages in the silencing pathway. Our study highlights that TOPBP1 regulates sex chromosome expression in mammalian germ cells.
Projects: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Davies Andrew 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
What is a project? How is it organized? Projects: A Very Short Introduction looks at how projects have developed since the industrial revolution to create the human-built world in which we live, work, and play. Considering some of our greatest endeavours—such as the Erie Canal, Apollo Moon landing, and Chinese eco-city projects—it identifies how projects are organized and managed to design and produce large and complex systems, cope with fast changing conditions, and deal with the immense uncertainties required to create breakthrough innovations in products and services. It concludes by considering how projects could be organized to address the challenges facing the post-industrial society of the 21st century.
From Manhattan to the Moon
Authors: Davies Andrew 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The real breakthrough in the management and organization of large, complex projects can be traced back to the Second World War Manhattan Project, which developed the atom bomb, and the early post-war Atlas Project, which produced the intercontinental ballistic missile. ‘From Manhattan to the Moon’ considers these projects and explains how with few precedents to guide them, new structures, processes, and tools had to be created to coordinate, schedule, and integrate the vast networks of people, resources, and organizations involved in these projects. Systems-based project management spread quickly in the 1970s, but while this approach may work well on routine and simple projects, it ignores the need for adaptability in truly novel and complex projects.
Back to the future
Authors: Davies Andrew 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
‘Back to the future’ considers whether the new and emerging forms of project organization are equipped to deal with the major challenges individuals, organizations, and societies are facing in the 21st century, such as rapid urbanization, climate change, an ageing population, poverty, terrorism, and the migration and refugee crisis. A flexible and adaptive model of project management supported by digital technologies is required for these dynamic and unpredictable projects that are difficult to define with no clear solutions. How will projects of the future be able to respond to these societal challenges and the relentless pressure to innovate and compete in global markets? What can we learn from the past?
What is perception?
Authors: Rogers Brian 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The word ‘perception’ can be used in two different ways. It can refer to our experience of seeing, hearing, touching, tasting, and smelling objects and individuals around us. It can also refer to the processes that allow us to extract information from the patterns of energy that impinge on our sense organs. Thinking about perception as a set of processes has the advantage that it includes situations where there is no subjective experience. ‘What is perception?’ explains that sometimes our perceptual systems can be fooled and we experience illusions. Is this because of past experience and our knowledge of the world, or is it that we are not extracting the information in the patterns of energy reaching our senses?
Motion perception
Authors: Rogers Brian 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The ability to detect motion is one of the most important properties of our visual system and the visual systems of nearly every other species. Motion perception is not just important for detecting the movement of objects—both for catching prey and for avoiding predators—but it is also important for providing information about the 3-D structure of the world, for maintaining balance, determining our direction of heading, segregating the scene and breaking camouflage, and judging time-to-contact with other objects in the world. ‘Motion perception’ describes the spatio-temporal process of motion perception and the perceptual effects that tell us something about the characteristics of the motion system: apparent motion, the motion after-effect, and induced motion.
Delusions about illusions
Authors: Rogers Brian 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The term illusion is used to describe situations where we make mistakes and perceive the surrounding world incorrectly. But what is an illusion? Richard Gregory described illusions as ‘departures from reality’ and this fits with our everyday idea that illusions represent situations where what we perceive does not correspond to some physical characteristic of the particular scene. ‘Delusions about illusions’ considers illusions that have a physiological basis and those with a cognitive basis. It seems very likely that our perceptual systems have evolved to extract the invariant characteristics of the world—the things that don’t change—rather than requiring mechanisms to ‘correct’ for things that do change.
The physiology and anatomy of the visual system
Authors: Rogers Brian 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
‘The physiology and anatomy of the visual system’ describes what we have learned from neurophysiology and anatomy over the past eighty years and what this tells us about the meaning of the circuits involved in visual information processing. It explains how psychologists and physiologists use the terms ‘mechanism’ and ‘process’. For physiologists, a mechanism is linked to the actions of individual neurons, neural pathways, and the ways in which the neurons are connected up. For psychologists, the term is typically used to describe the processes the neural circuits may carry out. The human retina is described with explanations of lateral inhibition, receptive fields, and feature detectors as well as the visual cortex and different visual pathways.
Self-reference: what is this chapter about?
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Sometimes things seem deceptively easy when we consider normal cases. With more unusual cases, the simplicity can disappear—as with self-reference. ‘Self-Reference: what is this chapter about?’ examines the concept of self-reference in various examples like: ‘This very sentence that I am now uttering is false’. It is possible for a name to refer to something of which it, itself, is part. Some of the most ancient paradoxes fall into this area of logic, such as the liar paradox. They challenge the assumption that every sentence is either true or false, but not both. What does this tell us about validity? Sentences can be true, false, both, but never neither.
Vagueness: how do you stop sliding down a slippery slope?
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The idea of identity is beset with problems. Everything wears out in time. Parts get replaced. Do such changes affect the identity of the object? How about if we eventually change all the parts of the original object? ‘Vagueness: how do you stop sliding down a slippery slope?’ considers identity and time. Another good example is of a child, who is still a child a second later, and again another second later. Eventually he or she isn’t a child anymore. How can logic explain that? Such sorites paradoxes provide some of the most annoying paradoxes in logic. The issue here is one of vagueness, where nothing is straightforward.
Probability: the strange case of the missing reference class
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
A probability is a number assigned to a sentence, measuring how likely it is that the sentence might turn out to be true. It is measured on a scale of 0 to 10. ‘Probability: the strange case of the missing reference class’ examines probability in terms of the question of inductive validity: the validity of those inferences where the premisses give some ground for the conclusion; yet where, even if the premisses are true, the conclusion could still be false. An inference is inductively valid if the conditional probability of the conclusion given the (conjunction of the) premiss or premisses is greater than that of its negation given the premisses.
Maybe it is true—but you can’t prove it!
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
‘Maybe it is true—but you can’t prove it!’ first considers David Hilbert’s Program in the Foundations of Mathematics, which was to prove that mathematics was consistent. Hilbert’s ambitious proposal required all of mathematics to be axiomatized. The existence of such an axiom-system was disproved by the Austrian mathematician Kurt Gödel (1906–78). What Gödel showed was that such an axiom system cannot be provided even for the fragment of mathematics that concerns natural numbers, let alone the rest of it. Gödel’s result has been held to have many other philosophical consequences, concerning the nature of numbers, our knowledge of them, and even the nature of the human mind.
Colony personality and plant health in the Azteca-Cecropia mutualism
Authors: Marting Peter R , Wcislo William T , Pratt Stephen C 
Published: November 2017

AbstractFor interspecific mutualisms, the behavior of one partner can influence the fitness of the other, especially in the case of symbiotic mutualisms where partners live in close physical association for much of their lives. Behavioral effects on fitness may be particularly important if either species in these long-term relationships displays personality. We conducted a field study on collective personality in Azteca constructor colonies that live in Cecropia trees, one of the most successful and prominent mutualisms of the neotropics. These pioneer plants provide hollow internodes for nesting and nutrient-rich food bodies; in return, the ants provide protection from herbivores and encroaching vines. We tested the consistency and correlation of 5 colony-level behavioral traits, censused colonies, and measured the amount of leaf damage for each plant. Four of five traits were both consistent within colonies and correlated among colonies. This reveals a behavioral syndrome along a docile-aggressive axis, with higher-scoring colonies showing greater activity, aggression, and responsiveness. Scores varied substantially between colonies and were independent of colony size and age. Host plants of more active, aggressive colonies had less leaf damage, suggesting a link between a colony’s personality and effective defense of its host, though the directionality of this link remains uncertain. Our field study shows that colony personality is an ecologically relevant phenomenon and sheds light on the importance of behavioral differences within mutualism dynamics.