bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibitory modulation of medial prefrontal cortical activation on lateral orbitofrontal cortex–amygdala information flow
Authors: Chang Chun‐hui , Ho Ta‐wen 
Published: July 2017

Key points
The basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA) receives input from the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC) for cue–outcome contingencies and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) for emotion control. Here we examined how the mPFC modulates lOFC–BLA information flow.
We found that the majority of BLA neurons responsive to lOFC stimulation were also responsive to mPFC stimulation.
Activation of the mPFC exerted an inhibitory modulation of the lOFC–BLA pathway, which was reversed with intra‐amygdala blockade of GABAergic receptors.
mPFC tetanus potentiated the lOFC–BLA pathway, but did not alter its inhibitory modulatory gating.
These results show that the mPFC potently inhibits lOFC drive of the BLA in a GABA‐dependent manner, which is informative in understanding the normal and potential pathophysiological state of emotion and contingency associations in regulating behaviour.
AbstractSeveral neocortical projections converge onto the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA), including the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Lateral orbitofrontal input to the BLA is important for cue–outcome contingencies, while medial prefrontal input is essential for emotion control. In this study, we examined how the mPFC, specifically the infralimbic division of the mPFC, modulates lOFC–BLA information flow, using combined in vivo extracellular single‐unit recordings and pharmacological manipulations in anaesthetized rats. We found that the majority (over 95%) of BLA neurons that responded to lOFC stimulation also responded to mPFC stimulation. Compared to basal condition, pharmacological (N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate) or electrical activation of the mPFC exerted an inhibitory modulation of the lOFC–BLA pathway, which was reversed with intra‐amygdala blockade of GABAergic receptors with combined GABAA and GABAB antagonists (bicuculline and saclofen). Moreover, mPFC tetanus potentiated the lOFC–BLA pathway, but mPFC tetanus or low‐frequency stimulation did not alter its inhibitory modulatory gating on the lOFC–BLA pathway. These results show that the mPFC potently inhibits lOFC drive of BLA neurons in a GABA‐dependent manner. Our result is informative in understanding the normal and potential pathophysiological state of emotion and contingency associations regulating behaviour.
Glial EAAT2 regulation of extracellular nTS glutamate critically controls neuronal activity and cardiorespiratory reflexes
Authors: Matott Michael P. , Kline David D. , Hasser Eileen M. 
Published: July 2017

Key points
Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) is present on astrocytes in the nucleus tractus solitarii (nTS), an important nucleus in cardiorespiratory control. Its specific role in influencing nTS neuronal activity and thereby basal and reflex cardiorespiratory function is unknown.
The specific role of nTS EAAT2 was determined via whole animal and brainstem slice patch clamp experiments.
Astrocytic EAAT2 buffers basal glutamate activation of AMPA‐type glutamate receptors and therefore decreases baseline excitability of nTS neurons.
EAAT2 modulates cardiorespiratory control and tempers excitatory cardiorespiratory responses to activation of the peripheral chemoreflex.
This study supports the concept that nTS astrocyte transporters influence sympathetic nervous system activity and cardiorespiratory reflex function in health and disease.
AbstractGlutamatergic signalling is critical in the nucleus tractus solitarii (nTS) for cardiorespiratory homeostasis and initiation of sensory reflexes, including the chemoreflex activated during hypoxia. Maintenance of nTS glutamate concentration occurs in part through astrocytic excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs). We previously established the importance of EAATs in the nTS by demonstrating their inhibition produced neuronal excitation to alter basal cardiorespiratory function. Since EAAT2 is the most expressed EAAT in the nTS, this study specifically determined EAAT2's role in nTS astrocytes, its influence on neuronal and synaptic properties, and ultimately on basal and reflex cardiorespiratory function. The EAAT2‐specific antagonist dihydrokainate (DHK) was microinjected into the anaesthetized rat nTS or applied to rat nTS slices. DHK produced depressor, bradycardic and sympathoinhibitory responses and reduced neural respiration in the intact rat, mimicking responses to glutamate excitation. DHK also enhanced responses to glutamate microinjection. DHK elevated extracellular nTS glutamate concentration, depolarized neurons and enhanced spontaneous EPSCs. EAAT2 block also augmented action potential discharge in chemosensitive nTS neurons. Glial recordings confirmed EAAT2 is functional on nTS astrocytes. Neuronal excitation and cardiorespiratory effects following EAAT2 inhibition were due to activation of putative extrasynaptic AMPA receptors as their antagonism blocked DHK responses in the intact rat nTS and the slice. The DHK‐induced elevation of extracellular glutamate and neuronal excitation augmented chemoreflex‐mediated pressor, sympathoexcitatory and minute neural ventilation responses in the rat. These data shed new light on the important role astrocytic EAAT2 plays on buffering nTS excitation and overall cardiorespiratory function.
Isaiah 52 in the Book of Mormon: Notes on Isaiah's Reception History
Authors: Spencer Joseph M 
Published: July 2017

Despite increasing recognition of the importance of Mormonism to American religion, little attention has been given to the novel uses of Isaiah in foundational Mormon texts. is paper crosses two lines of inquiry: the study of American religion, with an eye to the role played in it by Mormonism, and the study of Isaiah’s reception history. It looks at the use of Isa 52:7-10 in the Book of Mormon, arguing that that volume exhibits four irreducibly distinct approaches to the interpretation of Isaiah, the interrelations among which are explicitly meant to speak to nineteenth-century American Christianity.
Vacuum dynamics in the Universe versus a rigid Λ=const.
Authors: Solà Joan , Gómez-Valent Adrià , de Cruz Pérez Javier 
Published: July 2017

In this year, in which we celebrate 100 years of the cosmological term, [Formula: see text], in Einstein’s gravitational field equations, we are still facing the crucial question whether [Formula: see text] is truly a fundamental constant or a mildly evolving dynamical variable. After many theoretical attempts to understand the meaning of [Formula: see text], and in view of the enhanced accuracy of the cosmological observations, it seems now mandatory that this issue should be first settled empirically before further theoretical speculations on its ultimate nature. In this review, we summarize the situation of some of these studies. Devoted analyses made recently show that the [Formula: see text] hypothesis, despite being the simplest, may well not be the most favored one. The overall fit to the cosmological observables SNIa[Formula: see text]+[Formula: see text]BAO[Formula: see text]+H(z)[Formula: see text]+[Formula: see text]LSS[Formula: see text]+[Formula: see text]BBN[Formula: see text]+[Formula: see text]CMB single out the class of “running” vacuum models (RVMs), in which [Formula: see text] is an affine power-law function of the Hubble rate. It turns out that the performance of the RVM as compared to the “concordance” [Formula: see text] model (with [Formula: see text]) is much better. The evidence in support of the RVM may reach [Formula: see text] c.l., and is bolstered with Akaike and Bayesian criteria providing strong evidence in favor of the RVM option. We also address the implications of this framework on the tension between the CMB and local measurements of the current Hubble parameter.
Envelope contributions to the representation of interaural time difference in the forebrain of barn owls
Authors: Tellers Philipp , Lehmann Jessica , Führ Hartmut , Wagner Hermann 
Published: July 2017

Birds and mammals use the interaural time difference (ITD) for azimuthal sound localization. While barn owls can use the ITD of the stimulus carrier frequency over nearly their entire hearing range, mammals have to utilize the ITD of the stimulus envelope to extend the upper frequency limit of ITD-based sound localization. ITD is computed and processed in a dedicated neural circuit that consists of two pathways. In the barn owl, ITD representation is more complex in the forebrain than in the midbrain pathway because of the combination of two inputs that represent different ITDs. We speculated that one of the two inputs includes an envelope contribution. To estimate the envelope contribution, we recorded ITD response functions for correlated and anticorrelated noise stimuli in the barn owl’s auditory arcopallium. Our findings indicate that barn owls, like mammals, represent both carrier and envelope ITDs of overlapping frequency ranges, supporting the hypothesis that carrier and envelope ITD-based localization are complementary beyond a mere extension of the upper frequency limit. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The results presented in this study show for the first time that the barn owl is able to extract and represent the interaural time difference (ITD) information conveyed by the envelope of a broadband acoustic signal. Like mammals, the barn owl extracts the ITD of the envelope and the carrier of a signal from the same frequency range. These results are of general interest, since they reinforce a trend found in neural signal processing across different species.
The Socio-Historical Case for the Existence of a Nexus Requirement in the Application of Universal Jurisdiction to Maritime Piracy
Authors: Tirshfield Jeffrey T. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This article provides a historical account of the application of universal jurisdiction to piracy jure gentium and details the nexus requirement. Prior work by Kontorovich and Art noted an increase in the application of universal jurisdiction concurrent with the rise of piracy off the coast of Somalia, yet did not address the historical case for the attribution of nexus to its application. This appears to be a non-sequitur, as the vast majority of scholars suggest that by definition the exercise of universal jurisdiction does not require a nexus. I argue that any presupposition of a lack of connection in the application of universality should be questioned, as not only is there a normative connection between the seizing and the adjudicating state, but that historically this has always been the case until just prior to the advent of third-party jurisdictional piracy courts in Kenya and the Seychelles that address Somali piracy, and only Somali piracy.
Trade and Development Report, 1993
Authors: Dadzie K.K.S. 
Published: July 2017

The Trade and Development Report of 1992 had predicted that without a strong boost to global demand the world economy v.�ould continue to stagnate. So it has. Belying almost all other official forecasts, the North has failed to recover. As a result, commodity prices are falling yet again, intensifying poverty in the South, and the unemployed are multiplying, intensifying poverty in the North. Joblessness is now not only the prime issue in domestic politics: by providing humus for protectionist sentiments and xenophobia, it is also forcing itself onto the international agenda. The tide of market-oriented reform has continued to flow strongly in developing countries and the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe. In Asia, the fast-growing economies, which had managed to steer clear of the turbulence of debt and policy shocks, have continued ahead at full steam. Thanks to reform, Latin America has been showered with finance. In Africa, the winds of change have turned into a gale, but the economies are still in the doldrums. In the transition economies of Europe, the worst is over in some hut not in others. International financial flows have been bringing many benefits but also problems. Exchange rates have been under severe strain, and international trade negotiations have been teetering bern�een openness and protectionism. The new era after the Cold War should not be allowed to become one of economic conflict. Governments acknowledge the need for cooperation, but the real challenge remains. It is to translate the aspiration for harmony into practice-and do so in a way that will advance development and push back poverty The right approach is to marry boldness with realism. Without boldness structures will not change, but unless policies are tempered with realism there will be costly excesses. Boldness is also required to clear the debt overhang, which continues to bear down on 1nany developing countries. And unless there is boldness, too, infighting global deflation, the problems of the world economy will further multiply, and instability will overwhelm confidence.
Optimum Symbols for Radar Displays
Authors: Bowen Huch M. , Andreassi John L. , Truax Shaffer , Orlansky Jesse 
Published: July 2017

Experiments were conducted to determine: 1) sets of geometric symbols which can be discriminated from each other and recognized with high accuracy under a variety of display conditions, especially those involving degradation of the image in ways similar to those that occur on radar displays, and 2) the size and strokewidth to height ratio desirable for symbols to be used on complex displays. The recommended symbols are illustrated in the report; symbol height should be 1/2 inch or more and the strokewidth should be 1/8 to 1/10 of the height. Suggestions for combining auxiliary symbols with primary symbols are given.
Measurement Methodology for Perceptual-Motor Performance under Highly Transient Extreme Heat Stress
Authors: Groth Hilde , Lyman John 
Published: July 2017

The existing state of the art for handling human performance under transient heat stress has been reviewed. It was concluded that it is necessary to develop a new methodology based on “micro-performance” measurements to assess severe localized transient heat stresses relevant to contemporary flight problems. The test procedure proposed is based on the rationale that a primary task, with difficulty that can be varied according to subject error in order to maintain a relatively constant subject performance level, can be used as a measure of the moment-to-moment perceptual load. In addition to the primary task, secondary tasks are suggested to help simulate problems in decision-making and verbal communication.
Systems Analysis of Driving Simulation
Authors: Schlesinger Lawrence E. , Karmel Bernard , Cohen Stanley 
Published: July 2017

System analysis procedures as applied to driving simulators must accomplish several bask tasks: (1) they must identify the system components and interactions that are to be simulated; (2) they must specify the degree of simulation of each component in the system. In this case, the extent to which the automobile and the environment are to be reproduced by the simulator must be adequately established; (3) the input and output to the simulator, plus the process of introducing variability and measuring the response to it, must be subjected to careful analysis; (4) finally, the simulation process requires that a major portion of any driver-related systems analysis be devoted to an examination of each component in the system, its input, functioning, and response characteristics. The basic components of the driving situation were analyzed from a systems point of view. In order to summarize some existing simulation attempts, the particular focus of each study with respect to the component or method of handling a component, was utilized. The driving simulation literature was reviewed to provide an integrated conceptual framework of the accomplishments of research in this field The basic component relations were explored and the primary functions of simulation were then analyzed. These primary functions were: (1) the introduction of experimental variation into the system; (2) the representation of the components of the system; (3) the measurement of component response; and (4) the measurement of system performance.
The Nighttime Legibility of Highway Signs as a Function of Their Luminance Characteristics
Authors: Olson Paul L. , Bernstein Arthur 
Published: July 2017

A laboratory study was carried out to define the effects of luminance, contrast, color, and driver visual characteristics on sign legibility distance. At the same time a computer model was developed which could predict the legibility distance of a sign, based on the laboratory data as well as geometric and photometric variables. A field study was then conducted in which legibility distance predicted by the model was compared with legibility distance measured on a number of real and simulated signs using a sample of normal drivers. In general, the predictions were within 10% of the measured legibility distances. The results indicate that more highly reflective backgrounds permit somewhat greater legibility distances. Perhaps more important, reflectorized backgrounds reduce the effect of changes in viewing conditions, which can be quite substantial in the case of non-reflective backgrounds. The contrast provided by the legend is very important. Luminance contrast requirements are lowest for highly reflective backgrounds and increase as background reflectivity decreases.
Strengthening Epidemiologic Competencies among Local Health Professionals in New York: Teaching Evidence-Based Public Health
Authors: Maylahn Christopher , Bohn Cate , Hammer Mark , Waltz Edward C. 
Published: July 2017

Starting in 2004, the New York State Department of Health and the University at Albany Prevention Research Center collaboratively developed a course entitled Evidence-Based Public Health for Local Health Practice to strengthen epidemiologic and other competencies of public health professionals in local health departments. This article describes the development of the course and its adaptation to the needs of local public health staff. The course utilizes didactic sessions, computer labs, and scenario-based exercises to demonstrate the use of data and evidence in the decision-making process. Follow-up surveys found that information and skills that emphasized epidemiologic competencies were likely to be used regularly or occasionally by the majority of participants. Half of the participants said that their agency's use of evidence-based public health practices had increased. Few respondents were trained as epidemiologists, yet most reported they used those skills in the workplace, suggesting a need to strengthen these competencies among non-epidemiologists.
The Complex Web of Health: Relationships among Chronic Conditions, Disability, and Health Services
Authors: Gulley Stephen P. , Rasch Elizabeth K. , Chan Leighton 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. A critical issue in health-care reform concerns how to realign health-care delivery systems to manage medical care services for people with ongoing and costly needs for care. We examined the overlapping health-care needs of two such population groups among the U.S. working-age population (those aged 18–64 years): people with chronic medical conditions and people with disabilities. Methods. Using the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (2002–2004), we examined differences in health status, service use, and access to care among and between working-age adults reporting disabilities and/or one or more chronic conditions. We also analyzed people with three key chronic conditions: arthritis, diabetes, and depression. Results. More than half of working-age people with disabilities reported having more than one chronic condition. Among those with activities of daily living or instrumental activities of daily living limitations, 35% reported four or more chronic conditions at a time. We found considerable variability in access problems and service use depending on how we accounted for the overlap of multiple conditions among people with arthritis, diabetes, and depression. However, disability consistently predicted higher emergency department use, higher hospitalization rates, and greater access problems. Conclusions. The overall prevalence of chronic conditions among the U.S. working-age population, coupled with the high concentration of multiple chronic conditions among those with disabilities, underscores the importance of reforming health-care delivery systems to provide person-centered care over time. New policy-relevant measures that transcend diagnosis are required to track the ongoing needs for health services that these populations present.
Surveillance of Traumatic Firefighter Fatalities: An Assessment of Four Systems
Authors: Estes Chris R. , Marsh Suzanne M. , Castillo Dawn N. 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. Firefighters regularly respond to hazardous situations that put them at risk for fatal occupational injuries. Traumatic occupational fatality surveillance is a foundation for understanding the problem and developing prevention strategies. We assessed four surveillance systems for their utility in characterizing firefighter fatalities and informing prevention measures. Methods. We examined three population-based systems (the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries and systems maintained by the United States Fire Administration and the National Fire Protection Association) and one case-based system (data collected through the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program). From each system, we selected traumatic fatalities among firefighters for 2003–2006. Then we compared case definitions, methods for case ascertainment, variables collected, and rate calculation methods. Results. Overall magnitude of fatalities differed among systems. The population-based systems were effective in characterizing the circumstances of traumatic firefighter fatalities. The case-based surveillance system was effective in formulating detailed prevention recommendations, which could not be made based on the population-based data alone. Methods for estimating risk were disparate and limited fatality rate comparisons between firefighters and other workers. Conclusions. The systems included in this study contribute toward a greater understanding of firefighter fatalities. Areas of improvement for these systems should continue to be identified as they are used to direct research and prevention efforts.
Models of Community-Based Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Screening Programs in the U.S. and Their Estimated Outcomes and Costs
Authors: Rein David B. , Lesesne Sarah B. , Smith Bryce D. , Weinbaum Cindy M. 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. Information on the process and method of service delivery is sparse for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) testing, and no systematic study has evaluated the relative effectiveness or cost-effectiveness of different HBsAg screening models. To address this need, we compared five specific community-based screening programs. Methods. We funded five HBsAg screening programs to collect information on their design, costs, and outcomes of participants during a six-month observation period. We categorized programs into four types of models. For each model, we calculated the number screened, the number screened as per Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations, and the cost per screening. Results. The models varied by cost per person screened and total number of people screened, but they did not differ meaningfully in the proportion of people screened following CDC recommendations, the proportion of those screened who tested positive, or the proportion of those who newly tested positive. Conclusions. Integrating screening into outpatient service settings is the most cost-effective method but may not reach all people needing to be screened. Future research should examine cost-effective methods that expand the reach of screening into communities in outpatient settings.