bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Top‐down limitation of lemmings revealed by experimental reduction of predators
Authors: Fauteux Dominique , Gauthier Gilles , Berteaux Dominique 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIt is generally recognized that delayed density‐dependence is responsible for cyclic population dynamics. However, it is still uncertain whether a single factor can explain why some rodent populations fluctuate according to a 3–4 yr periodicity. There is increasing evidence that predation may play a role in lemming population cycles, although this effect may vary seasonally. To address this issue, we conducted an experiment where we built a large exclosure (9 ha) to protect brown lemmings (Lemmus trimucronatus) from avian and terrestrial predators. We tested the hypothesis that predation is a limiting factor for lemmings by measuring the demographic consequences of a predator reduction during the growth and peak phases of the cycle. We assessed summer (capture‐mark‐recapture methods) and winter (winter nest sampling) lemming demography on two grids located on Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canada from 2008 to 2015. The predator exclosure became fully effective in July 2013, allowing us to compare demography between the control and experimental grids before and during the treatment. Lemming abundance, survival and proportion of juveniles were similar between the two grids before the treatment. During the predator‐reduction period, summer densities were on average 1.9× higher inside the experimental grid than the control and this effect was greatest for adult females and juveniles (densities 2.4× and 3.4× higher, respectively). Summer survival was 1.6× higher on the experimental grid than the control whereas body mass and proportion of juveniles were also slightly higher. Winter nest densities remained high inside the predator reduction grid following high summer abundance, but declined on the control grid. These results confirm that predation limits lemming population growth during the summer due to its negative impact on survival. However, it is possible that in winter, predation may interact with other factors affecting reproduction and ultimately population cycles.
Simultaneous and Sensitive Detection of Cd(II) and Pb(II) Using a Novel Bismuth Film/Ordered Mesoporous Carbon‐molecular Wire Modified Graphite Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Zhao Guo , Wang Hui , Liu Gang , Wang Zhiqiang 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAn electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous and sensitive detection of Cd(II) and Pb(II) is proposed on the basis of square‐wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) experiments using a novel bismuth film/ordered mesoporous carbon‐molecular wire modified graphite carbon paste electrode (Bi/OMC‐MW/GCPE). Ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) and molecular wire (MW) (diphenylacetylene) were used as the modifier and binder, respectively. The Bi/OMC‐MW/GCPE was prepared with the addition of graphite powder, OMC and DPA at the ratio of 2 : 1 : 1. The electrochemical properties and morphology of the electrode were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), SWASV and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The parameters affecting the stripping current response were investigated and optimized. The experimental results show that the prepared electrode exhibited excellent electrochemical performance, good electrical conductivity and a high stripping voltammetric response. Under optimized conditions, a linear range was achieved over a concentration range from 1.0 to 70.0 μg/L for both Cd(II) and Pb(II) metal ions, with detection limits of 0.07 μg/L for Cd(II) and 0.08 μg/L for Pb(II) (S/N=3) with the deposition time 150 s. Moreover, the sensor exhibited improved sensitivity and reproducibility compared to traditional CPEs. The fabricated electrode was then successfully used to satisfactorily detect Cd(II) and Pb(II) in real soil samples.
Heterogeneous coexistence between cognitive radio networks over TV white space: a nonlinear control perspective
Authors: Yin Yuxiong , Zheng Meng , Zhang Qingling 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAn increasing number of different unlicensed wireless technologies have been deployed in the TV white space (TVWS). Because MAC/PHY designs of coexisting networks are incompatible, heterogeneous cognitive radio networks operating in the same TVWS spectrum may cause severe mutual interference, which further leads to performance degradation or even the inability to continue operation. Motivated by the competition relationship between different species in a stable ecosystem, this paper formulates the heterogeneous coexistence problem over TVWS as a nonlinear feedback control system (NFCS) based on the Lotka–Volterra competition model. With the differential mean value theorem, we can obtain a feedback controller to the NFCS via solving a sufficient condition in the form of linear matrix inequalities, based on which a spectrum sharing allocation algorithm (SSAA) is proposed to enable the NFCS to converge to any feasible spectrum share. It is shown that the SSAA is compatible with the IEEE 802.19.1 system. Finally, extensive simulations demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed SSAA. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inter‐annual variations and factors controlling evapotranspiration in a temperate Japanese cypress forest
Authors: Tsuruta Kenji , Kosugi Yoshiko , Takanashi Satoru , Tani Makoto 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of climatic variability on inter‐annual variations in each component of evapotranspiration (ET) and the total ET in a temperate coniferous forest in Japan. We conducted eddy covariance flux and meteorological measurements for 7 years and parameterized a one‐dimensional multi‐layer biosphere‐atmosphere model (Kosugi et al., ) that partitions ET to transpiration (Tr), wet‐canopy evaporation (Ewet), and soil evaporation (Esoil). The model was validated with the observed flux data. Using the model, the components of ET were estimated for the 7 years. Annual precipitation, ET, Tr, Ewet, and Esoil over the 7 years were 1536 ± 334 mm, 752 ± 29 mm, 425 ± 37 mm, 219 ± 34 mm, and 108 ± 10 mm, respectively. The maximum inter‐annual fluctuation of observed ET was 64 mm with a coefficient of variance (CV) of 2.7%, in contrast to relatively large year‐to‐year variations in annual rainfall (CV = 20.1%). Tr was related to the vapour pressure deficit, incoming radiation, and air temperature with relatively small inter‐annual variations (CV = 8.2%). Esoil (CV = 8.6%) was related mainly to the vapour pressure deficit. Ewet was related to precipitation with large inter‐annual variations (CV = 14.3%) because of the variability in precipitation. The variations in Ewet were counterbalanced by the variations in Tr and Esoil, producing the small inter‐annual variations in total ET. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fishing in acid waters: A vulnerability assessment of the Norwegian fishing industry in the face of increasing ocean acidification
Authors: Heinrich Luise , Krause Torsten 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Ocean acidification (OA) describes a change in the ocean's carbonate chemistry. Whereas its chemical processes are largely understood, the biological and socioeconomic consequences particularly in relation to fisheries are less known. Norway is a major fishing nation worldwide and is potentially affected by OA. To improve the understanding of the socioeconomic consequences of OA, we conducted a risk assessment among the Norwegian counties using a modified version of a risk assessment framework introduced in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's “Special Report: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation,” which considers risk to be the sum of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Our results show that about 13 of 19 counties are likely to experience moderate to high risk from OA. We highlight that the success of integrated risk assessments highly depends on the availability of detailed environmental, economic, and societal data. In the case of Norway, modeling data regarding the progress of OA, improved information on potential biological impacts on a larger number of species, and statistical data on social variables are required. We conclude that although still in its infancy, integrated risk assessments are important prerequisites for any form of interdisciplinary research on OA and the development of successful response strategies. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:778–789. ©2016 SETAC

Key Points
We present an application of the IPCC's integrated risk assessment framework (from SREX) to Norwegian counties’ fisheries to assess ocean acidification impacts. We provide a ranking of the counties’ performance regarding the 4 risk components: hazard, exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity, as well as a final risk index for 2 scenarios. We show that at least 13 of 19 Norwegian counties are likely to face moderate to high risk from ocean acidification particularly in the far north of the country and along the Oslofjord. In addition to showing the applicability of integrated risk assessment frameworks to this case, we highlight the need for detailed data regarding the individual categories to provide an accurate and precise final risk assessment.
Particle-bound metal transport after removal of a small dam in the Pawtuxet River, Rhode Island, USA
Authors: Katz David R , Cantwell Mark G , Sullivan Julia C , Perron Monique M , Burgess Robert M , Ho Kay T 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

The Pawtuxet River in Rhode Island, USA, has a long history of industrial activity and pollutant discharges. Metal contamination of the river sediments is well documented and historically exceeded toxicity thresholds for a variety of organisms. The Pawtuxet River dam, a low-head dam at the mouth of the river, was removed in August 2011. The removal of the dam was part of an effort to restore the riverine ecosystem after centuries of anthropogenic impact. Sediment traps were deployed below the dam to assess changes in metal concentrations and fluxes (Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) from the river system into Pawtuxet Cove. Sediment traps were deployed for an average duration of 24 days each, and deployments continued for 15 months after the dam was removed. Metal concentrations in the trapped suspended particulate matter dropped after dam removal (e.g., 460 to 276 mg/kg for Zn) and remained below preremoval levels for most of the study. However, particle-bound metal fluxes increased immediately after dam removal (e.g., 1206 to 4248 g/day for Zn). Changes in flux rates during the study period indicated that river volumetric flow rates acted as the primary mechanism controlling the flux of metals into Pawtuxet Cove and ultimately upper Narragansett Bay. Even though suspended particulate matter metal concentrations initially dropped after removal of the dam, no discernable effect on the concentration or flux of the study metals exiting the river could be associated with removal of the Pawtuxet River dam. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:675–685. Published 2016. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Key Points
During this study, periodic fluctuations in metal fluxes were most closely attributable to riverine flow volume, although both increased suspended particulate matter (SPM) loading of the water column and dilution of metal-contaminated SPM by uncontaminated sediments were a factor. A sediment core taken upriver found that upper core metal concentrations were closely related to observed metal SPM concentrations in sediment traps downriver. Although dam removal did not show significant direct effects on metal fluxes out of the Pawtuxet River, archived bedded sediments continue to be a source of downstream contamination as indicated by the record of contamination within the sediment core.
Multi‐echo GRE imaging of knee cartilage
Authors: Yuen Joanna , Hung Jachin , Wiggermann Vanessa , Robinson Simon D. , McCormack Robert , d'Entremont Agnes G. , Rauscher Alexander 
Published: August 2016

PurposeTo visualize healthy and abnormal articular cartilage, we investigated the potential of using the 3D multi‐echo gradient echo (GRE) signal's magnitude and frequency and maps of
relaxation.Materials and MethodsAfter optimizing imaging parameters in five healthy volunteers, 3D multi‐echo GRE magnetic resonance (MR) images were acquired at 3T in four patients with chondral damage prior to their arthroscopic surgery. Average magnitude and frequency information was extracted from the GRE images, and
maps were generated. Cartilage abnormalities were confirmed after arthroscopy and were graded using the Outerbridge classification scheme. Regions of interest were identified on average magnitude GRE images and compared to arthroscopy.ResultsAll four patients presented with regions of Outerbridge Grade I and II cartilage damage on arthroscopy. One patient had Grade III changes. Grade I, II, and III changes were detectable on average magnitude and
maps, while Grade II and higher changes were also observable on MR frequency maps. For average magnitude images of healthy volunteers, the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the magnitude image averaged over three echoes was 4.26 ± 0.32, 12.26 ± 1.09, 14.31 ± 1.93, and 13.36 ± 1.13 in bone, femoral, tibial, and patellar cartilage, respectively.ConclusionThis proof‐of‐principle study demonstrates the feasibility of using different imaging contrasts from the 3D multi‐echo GRE scan to visualize abnormalities of the articular cartilage. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in MedicineLevel of Evidence: 1J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;45:1502–1513
Glaciotectonic deformations in the Jammerbugt and glaciodynamic development in the eastern North Sea
Authors: Schack Pedersen Stig A. , Boldreel Lars Ole 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThe Quaternary geology in the eastern part of the North Sea is characterized by large‐scale glaciotectonic complexes. The northernmost complex is the Jammerbugt Glaciotectonic Complex here addressed, which occupies an area of more than 300 km2. It was recently recognized during an investigation of conventional seismic profiles located about 10 km offshore the west coast of northern Denmark. The deformed bedrock includes the main part of the Cretaceous Chalk Group in the North Sea. In the northern part of the complex the detachment surface is situated in Lower Cretaceous greensand about 400 m below sea level. In the central part of the complex, the thrusting ramps the strong reflectors at the base of the Chalk Group and the detachment surface continues in the lower part of the Upper Cretaceous chalk. In the tectonic depression north of the complex, marine and glaciomarine deposits represent the Eemian–Early Weichselian Skærumhede Group, indicating a Saalian age of the glaciotectonic deformation. The balancing of the thrust fault structures shows that the thrust sheets in the tailing end of the complex had their source in the Skagerrak sea. The hole caused by displacement contributed to formation of the Skagerrak depression, i.e. early stage of the Norwegian Trench.
Interaction Between Plant Roots and Soil Water Flow in Response to Preferential Flow Paths in Northern China
Authors: Zhang Yinghu , Niu Jianzhi , Zhang Mingxiang , Xiao Zixing , Zhu Weili 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPreferential flow is expected to provide preferential channels for plant root growth and variations in soil water flow, but few studies were conducted to imply the impacts of these changes, particularly for preferential flow in stony soils. This study aimed to characterize soil water flow and plant root distribution in response to preferential flow paths and quantitatively describe the relation between plant root distribution and soil water flow. Field dye‐tracing experiments centered on experimental plants were conducted to determine the root length density and soil water flow process. Laboratory analyses were performed to characterize changes in the relative concentration of the accumulated effluent and the degree of interaction between plant roots and soil water flow. The amount of fine plant roots with preferential flow paths decreased with increasing soil depth for all experimental plots. The largest plant roots were recorded in the upper soil layers to a depth of 20 cm. The relative concentration of the accumulated effluent increased with time and decreased with soil depth under saturated soil conditions, whereas a distinct early turning point for the relative concentration of the accumulated effluent was observed in the 0–20‐cm soil columns, and the relative concentration of the accumulated effluent initially decreased and then increased with time under unsaturated soil conditions. This study provides quantitative information with which to characterize the interaction between plant roots and soil water flow in response to preferential flow paths in soil–plant–water systems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Soil Biological Parameters in a Revegetated Coal Mine Spoil
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Sangeeta , George Joshy , Masto Reginald E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCoal mining leads to severe land degradation and creates huge amounts of mine spoil. Coal mine spoil contains toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) derived from coal, which can be alleviated through revegetation with suitable tree species. The present study was aimed at evaluating the impact of different tree species (Albizia lebbeck,Cassia siamea,Delonix regia, andDalbergia sissoo) on the quality of coal mine spoil and changes in PAH concentration. Soil samples were collected from the revegetated coalmine overburden dumps of Jharia coalfield, Dhanbad, India and analysed by GC‐MS for 16 priority PAHs and soil quality parameters were analyzed by standard analytical protocols. Reclamation improved the biological properties of the mine spoil: microbial biomass (+59–176%), dehydrogenase activity (+46–198%), fluorescein diacetate hydrolase activity (+104–127%), phenol oxidase activity (+150–250%), and peroxidase activity (+93–181%). PAH concentration in revegetated mine spoil ranged from 0 · 51 to 1 · 35 mg kg−1, with a significance reduction in total as well as individual PAHs. For individual tree species, total PAH reduction decreased in the order:C. siamea(81 · 6%) > A. lebbeck(55 · 6%) > D. regia(51 · 9%) > D. sissoo(51 · 5%). Correlation analysis showed significant association between the degradation of PAHs and soil biological properties of revegetated site. Microbial biomass carbon and soil enzymes were negatively correlated with PAH content in the mine spoil. But microbial stress indicators like respiration/microbial carbon ratio were not correlated, which revealed no adverse effect of PAH on soil microbes. Principal component analysis revealed that most of the biological parameters were closely associated with the degradation of low molecular weight PAHs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical, Chemical, and Engineering Properties of Landfill Stabilized Waste
Authors: Zhang Cheng‐liang , Feng Jing‐jing , Zhao Ting‐ning , Rong Li‐ming 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn order to utilize landfill stabilized waste (LSW) as growing substrate for plants during restoration projects, LSW were sampled from five landfills; the properties of unconsolidated samples and those after 3 years of settlement were determined in comparison with farm soil. Results showed that (i) unconsolidated LSW was a soil‐like material with high porosity and infiltration rate, which also had low bulk density and shear strength. After 3 years of settlement, its physical properties were similar to those of farm soil. (ii) The contents of available K, available N, available P, and organic matter of LSW were 5·0–21·6 times higher than the values of surrounding farm soil. (iii) The waste samples from 3/5 landfills were suitable for cultivation based on their heavy metal contents, but two samples contained over‐limit Hg and/or Zn. (iv) LSW had higher water content, and generally, less surface runoff was generated on LSW slope under natural precipitation compared with the farm soil slope. (v) Water extract of LSW had no significant effect on seed germination, and the effect of LSW on seedling growth depended on plant species. On the basis of the results, LSW can be used in ecological restoration as plant‐growing substrate, but measures should be taken to prevent heavy metal contamination and soil erosion. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Baseline to Evaluate Off‐Site Suspended Sediment‐Related Mining Effects in the Alto Tajo Natural Park, Spain
Authors: Zapico Ignacio , Laronne Jonathan B. , Martín‐Moreno Cristina , Martín‐Duque José F. , Ortega Ana , Sánchez‐Castillo Lázaro 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMining is a human activity with considerable environmental impact. To evaluate such impacts, international laws require undertaking local studies based on direct sampling to establish baseline conditions of parameters modified by human activities. Mining takes place near the Alto Tajo Natural Park, where a suspended sediment concentration (SSC) baseline is required to determine whether mining affects water quality. To this end, we have monitored the Tajo River and its tributary the Tajuelo following Before–After Control‐Impact (BACI) techniques, recommended by Australian and New Zealand laws, requiring a specific method based on continuous monitoring and sampling to enable evaluation of SSCs. An SSC baseline has been defined at stations situated upstream of the mining area and compared with those downstream. The highest detected SSC upstream of the Tajuelo mines was 24 g l−1 whereas the highest simultaneous downstream value was 391 g l−1, more than one order of magnitude higher than the supposed baseline (24 g l−1). Additionally, this value is 1000 times more than the average concentration of 25 mg l−1, used by the European Union until 2015, to guarantee the quality of salmonid waters. Following a BACI approach, a statistically significant SSC impact has been identified. The mined areas are the only source that can explain this increase. This is the first instance that such an increase and baseline have been found using this method. BACI is a simple and reliable method recommended for studying degraded areas rather than an irrelevant, fixed standard as included in most international laws. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.