bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Very Low-Calorie Diet and 6 Months of Weight Stability in Type 2 Diabetes: Pathophysiological Changes in Responders and Nonresponders
Authors: Steven Sarah , Hollingsworth Kieren G. , Al-Mrabeh Ahmad , Avery Leah , Aribisala Benjamin , Caslake Muriel , Taylor Roy 
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is generally regarded as an irreversible chronic condition. Because a very low-calorie diet (VLCD) can bring about acute return to normal glucose control in some people with T2DM, this study tested the potential durability of this normalization. The underlying mechanisms were defined.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
People with a T2DM duration of 0.5–23 years (n = 30) followed a VLCD for 8 weeks. All oral agents or insulins were stopped at baseline. Following a stepped return to isocaloric diet, a structured, individualized program of weight maintenance was provided. Glucose control, insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and hepatic and pancreas fat content were quantified at baseline, after return to isocaloric diet, and after 6 months to permit the primary comparison of change between post–weight loss and 6 months in responders. Responders were defined as achieving fasting blood glucose &lt;7 mmol/L after return to isocaloric diet.

RESULTS
Weight fell (98.0 ± 2.6 to 83.8 ± 2.4 kg) and remained stable over 6 months (84.7 ± 2.5 kg). Twelve of 30 participants achieved fasting plasma glucose &lt;7 mmol/L after return to isocaloric diet (responders), and 13 of 30 after 6 months. Responders had a shorter duration of diabetes and a higher initial fasting plasma insulin level. HbA1c fell from 7.1 ± 0.3 to 5.8 ± 0.2% (55 ± 4 to 40 ± 2 mmol/mol) in responders (P &lt; 0.001) and from 8.4 ± 0.3 to 8.0 ± 0.5% (68 ± 3 to 64 ± 5 mmol/mol) in nonresponders, remaining constant at 6 months (5.9 ± 0.2 and 7.8 ± 0.3% [41 ± 2 and 62 ± 3 mmol/mol], respectively). The responders were characterized by return of first-phase insulin response.

CONCLUSIONS
A robust and sustainable weight loss program achieved continuing remission of diabetes for at least 6 months in the 40% who responded to a VLCD by achieving fasting plasma glucose of &lt;7 mmol/L. T2DM is a potentially reversible condition.
Safety and clinical effectiveness of a compounded sustained-release formulation of buprenorphine for postoperative analgesia in New Zealand White rabbits
Authors: DiVincenti Louis , Meirelles Luiz A. D. , Westcott Robin A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the clinical effectiveness and safety of a compounded sustained-release formulation of buprenorphine, compared with effects of regular buprenorphine, for postoperative analgesia in rabbits.
DESIGN Blinded randomized controlled clinical trial.
ANIMALS 24 purpose-bred adult male New Zealand White rabbits.
PROCEDURES Rabbits received titanium implants in each tibia as part of another study. Immediately prior to surgery, each rabbit received regular buprenorphine hydrochloride (0.02 mg/kg [0.009 mg/lb], SC, q 12 h for 3 days) or 1 dose of a compounded sustained-release formulation of buprenorphine (0.12 mg/kg [0.055 mg/lb], SC) followed by an equal volume of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (SC, q 12 h for 3 days) after surgery. For 7 days after surgery, rabbits were evaluated for signs of pain by means of rabbit grimace and activity scoring and for adverse effects.
RESULTS No significant differences were identified between treatment groups in grimace and activity scores at any point. No major adverse effects were detected for either drug. However, 3 rabbits that received regular buprenorphine had pain scores suggestive of moderate to severe pain by the time dose admininistration was due (ie, within the 12-hour administration interval). No clinically important differences were detected in intraoperative anesthetic or postoperative recovery variables.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Sustained-release buprenorphine administered SC at 0.12 mg/kg was at least as effective as regular buprenorphine in providing analgesia for rabbits following orthopedic surgery without any major adverse effects. This sustained-release formulation represents an important alternative for rabbit analgesia with potential to improve rabbit welfare over existing analgesic standards. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016;248:795–801)
The effects of virtual reality-based bilateral arm training on hemiplegic children’s upper limb motor skills
Authors: Do Ji-Hye , Yoo Eun-Young , Jung Min-Ye , Park Hae Yean 
Published: March 2016

Background: Hemiplegic cerebral palsy is a neurological symptom appearing on the unilateral arm and leg of the body that causes affected upper/lower limb muscle weakening and dysesthesia and accompanies tetany and difficulties in postural control due to abnormal muscle tone, and difficulties in body coordination. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of virtual reality-based bilateral arm training on the motor skills of children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy, in terms of their upper limb motor skills on the affected side, as well as their bilateral coordination ability. Methods: The research subjects were three children who were diagnosed with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. The research followed an ABA design, which was a single-subject experimental design. The procedure consisted of a total of 20 sessions, including four during the baseline period (A1), 12 during the intervention period (B), and four during the baseline regression period (A2), For the independent variable bilateral arm training based on virtual reality, Nintendo Wii game was played for 30 minutes in each of the 12 sessions. For the dependent variables of upper limb motor skills on the affected side and bilateral coordination ability, a Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) was carried out for each session and the Pediatric Motor Activity Log (PMAL) was measured before and after the intervention, as well as after the baseline regression period. To test bilateral coordination ability, shooting baskets in basketball with both hands and moving large light boxes were carried out under operational definitions, with the number of shots and time needed to move boxes measured. The results were presented using visual graphs and bar graphs. Results: The study’s results indicated that after virtual reality-based bilateral arm training, improvement occurred in upper limb motor skills on the affected sides, and in bilateral coordination ability, for all of the research subjects. Measurements of the effects of sustained therapy after completion of the intervention, during the baseline regression period, revealed that upper limb motor skills on the affected side and bilateral coordination ability were better than in the baseline period for all subjects. Conclusion: This study confirmed that for children with hemiplegic with cerebral palsy, bilateral arm training based on virtual reality can be an effective intervention method for enhancing the upper limb motor skills on the affected side, as well as bilateral coordination ability.
Application of laser radiation and magnetostimulation in therapy of patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Kubsik Anna , Klimkiewicz Robert , Janczewska Katarzyna , Klimkiewicz Paulina , Jankowska Agnieszka , Woldańska-Okońska Marta 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis is one of the most common neurological disorders. It is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS, whose etiology is not fully understood. Application of new rehabilitation methods are essential to improve functional status. OBJECTIVE: The material studied consisted of 120 patients of both sexes (82 women and 38 men) aged 21–81 years. The study involved patients with a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of laser radiation and other therapies on the functional status of patients with multiple sclerosis. METHODS: Patients were randomly divided into four treatment groups. The evaluation was performed three times – before the start of rehabilitation, immediately after rehabilitation (21 days of treatment) and subsequent control – 30 days after the patients leave the clinic. The following tests were performed for all patients to assess functional status: Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) of Kurtzke and Barthel Index. RESULTS: Results of all testing procedures show that the treatment methods are improving the functional status of patients with multiple sclerosis, with the significant advantage of the synergistic action of laser and magneto stimulation. The combination of laser and magneto stimulation significantly confirmed beneficial effect on quality of life. The results of these studies present new scientific value and are improved compared to program of rehabilitation of patients with multiple sclerosis by laser radiation which was previously used. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that synergic action of laser radiation and magneto stimulation has a beneficial effect on improving functional status, and thus improves the quality of life of patients with multiple sclerosis. The effects of all methods of rehabilitation are persisted after cessation of treatment applications, with a particular advantage of the synergistic action of laser radiation and magneto stimulation, which indicates the possibility to elicitation in these methods the phenomenon of the biological hysteresis.
Effects of transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) on affect, pain and attention in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Palm Ulrich , Chalah Moussa A. , Padberg Frank , Al-Ani Tarik , Abdellaoui Mohamed , Sorel Marc , Dimitri Dalia , Créange Alain , Lefaucheur Jean-Pascal , Ayache Samar S. 
Published: March 2016

Purpose: Pain and cognitive impairment are frequent symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Neglecting experimental pain and paying attention to demanding tasks is reported to decrease the pain intensity. Little is known about the interaction between chronic neuropathic pain and attention disorders in MS. Recently, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was used to modulate various cognitive and motor symptoms in MS. We aimed to study the effects of transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), a form of transcranial electric stimulation, over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on attention and neuropathic pain in MS patients. Methods: 16 MS patients were included in a randomized, sham-controlled, cross-over study. Each patient randomly received two tRNS blocks, separated by three weeks of washout interval. Each block consisted of three consecutive daily sessions of either active or sham tRNS. The patients were evaluated for pain, attention and mood and further underwent an electrophysiological evaluation. Results: Compared to sham, tRNS showed a trend to decrease the N2-P2 amplitudes of pain related evoked potentials and improve pain ratings. Attention performance and mood scales did not change after stimulations. Conclusions: This study suggests the role of tRNS in pain modulation, which could have been more evident with longer stimulation protocols.
Evidence for reading improvement following tDCS treatment in children and adolescents with Dyslexia
Authors: Costanzo Floriana , Varuzza Cristiana , Rossi Serena , Sdoia Stefano , Varvara Pamela , Oliveri Massimiliano , Giacomo Koch , Vicari Stefano , Menghini Deny 
Published: March 2016

Purpose: There is evidence that non-invasive brain stimulation transitorily modulates reading by facilitating the neural pathways underactive in individuals with dyslexia. The study aimed at investigating whether multiple sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) would enhance reading abilities of children and adolescents with dyslexia and whether the effect is long-lasting. Methods: Eighteen children and adolescents with dyslexia received three 20-minute sessions a week for 6 weeks (18 sessions) of left anodal/right cathodal tDCS set at 1 mA over parieto-temporal regions combined with a cognitive training. The participants were randomly assigned to the active or the sham treatment; reading tasks (text, high and low frequency words, non-words) were used as outcome measures and collected before treatment, after treatment and one month after the end of treatment. The tolerability of tDCS was evaluated. Results: The active group showed reduced low frequency word reading errors and non-word reading times. These positive effects were stable even one month after the end of treatment. None reported adverse effects. Conclusions: The study shows preliminary evidence of tDCS feasibility and efficacy in improving non-words and low frequency words reading of children and adolescents with dyslexia and it opens new rehabilitative perspectives for the remediation of dyslexia.
Ultrasonic vocalization in murine experimental stroke: A mechanistic model of aphasia
Authors: Palmateer Julie , Pan Jie , Pandya Arushi , Martin Lianna , Kumar Sungita , Ofomata Adaora , Jones Theresa A. , Gore Andrea C. , Schallert Timothy , Hurn Patricia D. 
Published: March 2016

Purpose: Approximately one-fourth of stroke survivors are aphasic. Speech therapy is the main treatment approach but leaves most patients with chronic disability. Attempts to improve this situation are hampered by a lack of mechanistic understanding of the disability and treatments, reflecting the neglect of this impairment modality in pre-clinical research. Accordingly, we devised a novel murine model of speech-related impairment after stroke to investigate the role of language- and plasticity-associated molecules. Rodents communicate socially with ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), conveying semantic and semiotic information with complex frequency modulated “songs” and alarm calls. Methods: Transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced in male C57BL6 mice via either 30 or 45 minutes of reversible right MCAO using the intraluminal filament technique. Nine days post-operatively brains are stained with TTC and analyzed for infarct volume. For behavioral measures health scores are taken (days 1–4), cylinder tests and USV recordings performed at days 3 and 7 post operatively. Real time PCR was performed at 24 and 48 hour and 7 day time points to quantify mRNA expression of communication-related genes ( Foxp2, Foxp1, Srpx2, Cntnap2 and Gapdh). Immunohistochemistry was performed to localize FOXP2 protein. Results: After middle cerebral artery occlusion of either 30 or 45 minutes duration, mice demonstrate profoundly impaired socially evoked USVs. In addition, there is suppression of the language-associated transcription factor, Forkhead box protein 2 ( Foxp2), and its downstream binding partner, contactin-associated protein 2 ( Cntnap2). Conclusion: These findings set a foundation for further studies of mechanisms and novel treatment strategies for post-stroke vocalization impairments.
L1.2, the zebrafish paralog of L1.1 and ortholog of the mammalian cell adhesion molecule L1 contributes to spinal cord regeneration in adult zebrafish
Authors: Chen Tianli , Yu Yong , Hu Chengliang , Schachner Melitta 
Published: March 2016

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the functional role of L1.2, the zebrafish paralog of L1.1 and ortholog of mammalian L1CAM in adult zebrafish spinal cord regeneration after injury. L1CAM and L1.1 have shown beneficial features in ameliorating nervous system dysfunctions in different experimental paradigms. It thus deemed important to characterize the L1.2 member of the L1CAM family, the functions of which are unknown. Methods: Spinal cord transection of adult zebrafish, application of anti-sense morpholino to reduce L1.2 expression, qPCR, immunohistology, immunoblotting, in situ hybridization, retrograde tracing, anterograde tracing. Results: Similar to L1.1, L1.2 expression in adult zebrafish is upregulated after spinal cord transection. By co-localization of in situ hybridization and immunohistology, L1.2 is expressed in neurons and, in contrast to L1.1, it is also expressed in GFAP-immunoreactive glia. Reducing L1.2 protein levels leads to impaired locomotor recovery and reduction of regrowth of severed descending axons from a brain stem nucleus which is composed of neurons innately capable of axonal regrowth. Conclusions: Our findings support the speculation that paralogs of duplicated genes can exert similar functions and may thus represent an advantage over other species that do not carry duplicated genes.
First‐line low‐dose morphine is better for the control of moderate cancer pain than weaker opioids
Authors: Barton Mary Kay 
Published: March 2016

Key Points

Initiating pain control therapy with low‐dose morphine provided better and faster pain relief versus weaker opioids among patients with moderate cancer pain.
The frequency and severity of opioid‐related side effects were similar between the patients treated with morphine and those receiving the weaker opioid.
American Cancer Society Head and Neck Cancer Survivorship Care Guideline
Authors: Cohen Ezra E. W. , LaMonte Samuel J. , Erb Nicole L. , Beckman Kerry L. , Sadeghi Nader , Hutcheson Katherine A. , Stubblefield Michael D. , Abbott Dennis M. , Fisher Penelope S. , Stein Kevin D. , Lyman Gary H. , Pratt‐Chapman Mandi L. 
Published: March 2016

Answer questions and earn CME/CNEThe American Cancer Society Head and Neck Cancer Survivorship Care Guideline was developed to assist primary care clinicians and other health practitioners with the care of head and neck cancer survivors, including monitoring for recurrence, screening for second primary cancers, assessment and management of long‐term and late effects, health promotion, and care coordination. A systematic review of the literature was conducted using PubMed through April 2015, and a multidisciplinary expert workgroup with expertise in primary care, dentistry, surgical oncology, medical oncology, radiation oncology, clinical psychology, speech‐language pathology, physical medicine and rehabilitation, the patient perspective, and nursing was assembled. While the guideline is based on a systematic review of the current literature, most evidence is not sufficient to warrant a strong recommendation. Therefore, recommendations should be viewed as consensus‐based management strategies for assisting patients with physical and psychosocial effects of head and neck cancer and its treatment. CA Cancer J Clin 2016;66:203‐239. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
OPTICAL OBSERVATIONS OF THE TYPE IA SUPERNOVA SN 2011fe IN M101 FOR NEARLY 500 DAYS
Authors: Zhang Kaicheng , Wang Xiaofeng , Zhang JuJia , Zhang Tianmeng , Ganeshalingam Mohan , Li Weidong , Filippenko Alexei V. , Zhao Xulin , Zheng Weikang , Bai Jinming , Chen Jia , Chen Juncheng , Huang Fang , Mo Jun , Rui Liming , Song Hao , Sai Hanna , Li Wenxiong , Wang Lifan , Wu Chao 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
We present well-sampled optical observations of the bright Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) SN 2011fe in M101. Our data, starting from ∼16 days before maximum light and extending to ∼463 days after maximum, provide an unprecedented time series of spectra and photometry for a normal SN Ia. Fitting the early-time rising light curve, we find that the luminosity evolution of SN 2011fe follows a t

n
law, with the index n being close to 2.0 in the VRI bands but slightly larger in the U and B bands. Combining the published ultraviolet (UV) and near-infrared (NIR) photometry, we derive the contribution of UV/NIR emission relative to the optical. SN 2011fe is found to have stronger UV emission and reaches its UV peak a few days earlier than other SNe Ia with similar Δm
15(B), suggestive of less trapping of high-energy photons in the ejecta. Moreover, the U-band light curve shows a notably faster decline at late phases (t ≈ 100–300 days), which also suggests that the ejecta may be relatively transparent to UV photons. These results favor the notion that SN 2011fe might have a progenitor system with relatively lower metallicity. On the other hand, the early-phase spectra exhibit prominent high-velocity features (HVFs) of O i
λ7773 and the Ca ii NIR triplet, but only barely detectable in Si ii 6355. This difference can be caused by either an ionization/temperature effect or an abundance enhancement scenario for the formation of HVFs; it suggests that the photospheric temperature of SN 2011fe is intrinsically low, perhaps owing to incomplete burning during the explosion of the white dwarf.
CHARACTERIZING MID-ULTRAVIOLET TO OPTICAL LIGHT CURVES OF NEARBY TYPE IIn SUPERNOVAE
Authors: de la Rosa Janie , Roming Pete , Pritchard Tyler , Fryer Chris 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
We present early mid-ultraviolet and optical observations of Type IIn supernovae (SNe IIn) observed from 2007 to 2013. Our results focus on the properties of UV light curves: peak absolute magnitudes, temporal decay, and color evolution. During early times, this sample demonstrates that UV light decays faster than optical, and each event transitions from a predominantly UV-bright phase to an optically bright phase. In order to understand early UV behavior, we generate and analyze the sample's blackbody luminosity, temperature, and radius as the SN ejecta expand and cool. Since most of our observations were detected post maximum luminosity, we introduce a method for estimating the date of peak magnitude. When our observations are compared based on filter, we find that even though these SNe IIn vary in peak magnitudes, there are similarities in UV decay rates. We use a simple semi-analytical SN model in order to understand the effects of the explosion environment on our UV observations. Understanding the UV characteristics of nearby SNe IIn during an early phase can provide valuable information about the environment surrounding these explosions, leading us to evaluating the diversity of observational properties in this subclass.
NEUTRINO-DRIVEN CONVECTION IN CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE: HIGH-RESOLUTION SIMULATIONS
Authors: Radice David , Ott Christian D. , Abdikamalov Ernazar , Couch Sean M. , Haas Roland , Schnetter Erik 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
We present results from high-resolution semiglobal simulations of neutrino-driven convection in core-collapse supernovae. We employ an idealized setup with parameterized neutrino heating/cooling and nuclear dissociation at the shock front. We study the internal dynamics of neutrino-driven convection and its role in redistributing energy and momentum through the gain region. We find that even if buoyant plumes are able to locally transfer heat up to the shock, convection is not able to create a net positive energy flux and overcome the downward transport of energy from the accretion flow. Turbulent convection does, however, provide a significant effective pressure support to the accretion flow as it favors the accumulation of energy, mass, and momentum in the gain region. We derive an approximate equation that is able to explain and predict the shock evolution in terms of integrals of quantities such as the turbulent pressure in the gain region or the effects of nonradial motion of the fluid. We use this relation as a way to quantify the role of turbulence in the dynamics of the accretion shock. Finally, we investigate the effects of grid resolution, which we change by a factor of 20 between the lowest and highest resolution. Our results show that the shallow slopes of the turbulent kinetic energy spectra reported in previous studies are a numerical artifact. Kolmogorov scaling is progressively recovered as the resolution is increased.