bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reassessing changes in diurnal temperature range: A new data set and characterization of data biases
Authors: Thorne P. W. , Menne M. J. , Williams C. N. , Rennie J. J. , Lawrimore J. H. , Vose R. S. , Peterson T. C. , Durre I. , Davy R. , Esau I. , Klein‐Tank A. M. G. , Merlone A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIt has been a decade since changes in diurnal temperature range (DTR) globally have been assessed in a stand‐alone data analysis. The present study takes advantage of substantively improved basic data holdings arising from the International Surface Temperature Initiative's databank effort and applies the National Centers for Environmental Information's automated pairwise homogeneity assessment algorithm to reassess DTR records. It is found that breakpoints are more prevalent in DTR than other temperature elements and that the resulting adjustments have a broader distribution. This strongly implies that there is an overarching tendency, across the global meteorological networks, for nonclimatic artifacts to impart either random or anticorrelated rather than correlated biases in maximum and minimum temperature series. Future homogenization efforts would likely benefit from simultaneous consideration of DTR and maximum and minimum temperatures, in addition to average temperatures. Estimates of change in DTR are relatively insensitive to whether adjustments are calculated directly or inferred from adjustments returned for the maximum and minimum temperature series. The homogenized series exhibit a reduction in DTR since the midtwentieth century globally (−0.044 K/decade). Adjustments serve to approximately halve the long‐term global reduction in DTR in the basic “raw” data. Most of the estimated DTR reduction occurred over 1960–1980. In several regions DTR has apparently increased over 1979–2012, while globally it has exhibited very little change (−0.016 K/decade). Estimated changes in DTR are an order of magnitude smaller than in maximum and minimum temperatures, which have both been increasing rapidly on multidecadal timescales (0.186 K/decade and 0.236 K/decade, respectively, since the midtwentieth century).
Long‐term experimentally deepened snow decreases growing‐season respiration in a low‐ and high‐arctic tundra ecosystem
Authors: Semenchuk Philipp R. , Christiansen Casper T. , Grogan Paul , Elberling Bo , Cooper Elisabeth J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTundra soils store large amounts of carbon (C) that could be released through enhanced ecosystem respiration (ER) as the arctic warms. Over time, this may change the quantity and quality of available soil C pools, which in‐turn may feedback and regulate ER responses to climate warming. Therefore, short‐term increases in ER rates due to experimental warming may not be sustained over longer periods, as observed in other studies. One important aspect, which is often overlooked, is how climatic changes affecting ER in one season may carry‐over and determine ER in following seasons. Using snow fences, we increased snow depth and thereby winter soil temperatures in a high‐arctic site in Svalbard (78°N) and a low‐arctic site in the Northwest Territories, Canada (64°N), for 5 and 9 years, respectively. Deepened snow enhanced winter ER while having negligible effect on growing‐season soil temperatures and soil moisture. Growing‐season ER at the high‐arctic site was not affected by the snow treatment after 2 years. However, surprisingly, the deepened snow treatments significantly reduced growing‐season ER rates after 5 years at the high‐arctic site and after 8–9 years at the low‐arctic site. We speculate that the reduction in ER rates, that became apparent only after several years of experimental manipulation, may, at least in part, be due to prolonged depletion of labile C substrate as a result of warmer soils over multiple cold seasons. Long‐term changes in winter climate may therefore significantly influence annual net C balance not just because of increased wintertime C loss but also because of “legacy” effects on ER rates during the following growing seasons.
Global‐scale regionalization of hydrologic model parameters
Authors: Beck Hylke E. , van Dijk Albert I. J. M. , de Roo Ad , Miralles Diego G. , McVicar Tim R. , Schellekens Jaap , Bruijnzeel L. Adrian 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCurrent state‐of‐the‐art models typically applied at continental to global scales (hereafter called macroscale) tend to use a priori parameters, resulting in suboptimal streamflow (Q) simulation. For the first time, a scheme for regionalization of model parameters at the global scale was developed. We used data from a diverse set of 1787 small‐to‐medium sized catchments (
km2) and the simple conceptual HBV model to set up and test the scheme. Each catchment was calibrated against observed daily Q, after which 674 catchments with high calibration and validation scores, and thus presumably good‐quality observed Q and forcing data, were selected to serve as donor catchments. The calibrated parameter sets for the donors were subsequently transferred to 0.5° grid cells with similar climatic and physiographic characteristics, resulting in parameter maps for HBV with global coverage. For each grid cell, we used the 10 most similar donor catchments, rather than the single most similar donor, and averaged the resulting simulated Q, which enhanced model performance. The 1113 catchments not used as donors were used to independently evaluate the scheme. The regionalized parameters outperformed spatially uniform (i.e., averaged calibrated) parameters for 79% of the evaluation catchments. Substantial improvements were evident for all major Köppen‐Geiger climate types and even for evaluation catchments > 5000 km distant from the donors. The median improvement was about half of the performance increase achieved through calibration. HBV with regionalized parameters outperformed nine state‐of‐the‐art macroscale models, suggesting these might also benefit from the new regionalization scheme. The produced HBV parameter maps including ancillary data are available via www.gloh2o.org.
Confined aquifer head measurements and storage properties in the San Luis Valley, Colorado, from spaceborne InSAR observations
Authors: Chen Jingyi , Knight Rosemary , Zebker Howard A. , Schreüder Willem A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractInterferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), a remote sensing technique for measuring centimeter‐level surface deformation, is used to estimate hydraulic head in the confined aquifer of the San Luis Valley (SLV), Colorado. Reconstructing head measurements from InSAR in agricultural regions can be difficult, as InSAR phase data are often decorrelated due to vegetation growth. Analysis of 17 L‐band ALOS PALSAR scenes, acquired between January 2007 and March 2011, demonstrates that comprehensive InSAR deformation measurements can be recovered over the vegetated groundwater basin with an improved processing strategy. Local skeletal storage coefficients and time delays between the head change and deformation are estimated through a joint InSAR‐well data analysis. InSAR subsidence estimates are transformed to head changes with finer temporal and spatial resolution than is possible using existing well records alone. Both InSAR and well data suggest that little long‐term water‐storage loss occurred in the SLV over the study period and that inelastic compaction was negligible. The seasonal head variations derived from InSAR are consistent with the existing well data at most locations where confined aquifer pumping activity dominates. Our results demonstrate the advantages of InSAR measurements for basin‐wide characterization of aquifer storage properties and groundwater levels over agricultural regions.
Water‐table‐dependent hydrological changes following peatland forestry drainage and restoration: Analysis of restoration success
Authors: Menberu Meseret Walle , Tahvanainen Teemu , Marttila Hannu , Irannezhad Masoud , Ronkanen Anna‐Kaisa , Penttinen Jouni , Kløve Bjørn 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA before‐after‐control approach was used to analyze the impact of peatland restoration on hydrology, based on high temporal resolution water‐table (WT) data from 43 boreal peatlands representative of a south‐boreal to north‐boreal climate gradient. During the study, 24 forestry drained sites were restored and 19 pristine peatlands used as control sites. Different approaches were developed and used to analyze WT changes (mean WT position, WT fluctuation, WT hydrograph, recession, and storage characteristics). Restoration increased WT in most cases but particularly in spruce mires, followed by pine mires and fens. Before restoration, the WT fluctuation (WTF) was large, indicating peat temporary storage gain (SG). After restoration, the WT hydrograph recession limb slopes and SG coefficients (Rc) declined significantly. Drainage or restoration did not significantly affect mean diurnal WT fluctuations, used here as a proxy for evapotranspiration. Overall, the changes in WT characteristics following restoration indicated creation of favorable hydrological conditions for recovery of functional peatland ecosystems in previously degraded peatland sites. This was supported by calculation of bryophyte species abundance thresholds for WT. These results can be used to optimize restoration efforts in different peatland systems and as a qualitative conceptual basis for future restoration operations.
Five centuries of U.S. West Coast drought: Occurrence, spatial distribution, and associated atmospheric circulation patterns
Authors: Wise Erika K. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe U.S. West Coast drought commencing in 2012 developed in association with a large, persistent high‐pressure ridge linked to internal atmospheric variability. This study places the occurrence, spatial patterns, and associated circulation features of West Coast drought into a paleoclimate context through a synoptic dendroclimatology approach linking atmospheric circulation to surface hydroclimate patterns. Spatial reconstructions of upper atmosphere pressure patterns and cool‐season drought show that West Coast‐wide drought, although relatively rare compared to north‐south dipole drought, has occurred periodically since 1500 Common Era and is consistently associated with a strong ridge centered along the Pacific Northwest coast. Atmospheric blocking is also linked to north‐dry dipole droughts, while south‐dry and wider Western droughts indicate La Niña‐type patterns. The transition latitude between the northern and southern sides of the western precipitation dipole, important for California hydroclimate patterns, has had frequent year‐to‐year fluctuations but remained centered on 40°N over the past five centuries.
Extreme temperature and precipitation events in March 2015 in central and northern Chile
Authors: Barrett Bradford S. , Campos Diego A. , Veloso José Vicencio , Rondanelli Roberto 
Published: April 2016

AbstractFrom 18 to 27 March 2015, northern, central, and southern Chile experienced a series of extreme hydrometeorological events. First, the highest surface air temperature ever recorded in Santiago (with reliable records dating to 1877), 36.8°C at Quinta Normal, was measured at 15:47 local time on 20 March 2015. Immediately following this high heat event, an extreme precipitation event, with damaging streamflows from precipitation totals greater than 45 mm, occurred in the semiarid and hyperarid Atacama regions. Finally, concurrent with the heavy precipitation event, extremely warm temperatures were recorded throughout southern Chile. These events were examined from a synoptic perspective with the goal of identifying forcing mechanisms and potential interaction between each analysis which provides operational context by which to identify and predict similar events in the future. Primary findings were as follows: (1) record warm temperatures in central Chile resulted from anomalous lower troposphere ridging and easterly downslope flow, both of which developed in response to an anomalous midtroposphere ridge‐trough pattern; (2) a cutoff low with anomalous heights near one standard deviation below normal slowly moved east and was steered ashore near 25°S by circulation around a very strong ridge (anomalies more than 3 standard deviations above normal) centered near 60°S; (3) anomalously high precipitable water content (20 mm above climatological norms) over the Peruvian Bight region was advected southward and eastward ahead of the cutoff low by low‐level northwesterly flow, greatly enhancing observed precipitation over northern Chile.
Developmental identity versus typology: Lucy has only four sacral segments
Authors: Machnicki Allison L. , Lovejoy C. Owen , Reno Philip L. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesBoth interspecific and intraspecific variation in vertebral counts reflect the action of patterning control mechanisms such as Hox. The preserved A.L. 288‐1 (“Lucy”) sacrum contains five fused elements. However, the transverse processes of the most caudal element do not contact those of the segment immediately craniad to it, leaving incomplete sacral foramina on both sides. This conforms to the traditional definition of four‐segmented sacra, which are very rare in humans and African apes. It was recently suggested that fossilization damage precludes interpretation of this specimen and that additional sacral‐like features of its last segment (e.g., the extent of the sacral hiatus) suggest a general Australopithecus pattern of five sacral vertebrae.MethodsWe provide updated descriptions of the original Lucy sacrum. We evaluate sacral/coccygeal variation in a large sample of extant hominoids and place it within the context of developmental variation in the mammalian vertebral column.ResultsWe report that fossilization damage did not shorten the transverse processes of the fifth segment of Lucy's sacrum. In addition, we find that the extent of the sacral hiatus is too variable in apes and hominids to provide meaningful information on segment identity. Most importantly, a combination of sacral and coccygeal features is to be expected in vertebrae at regional boundaries.DiscussionThe sacral/caudal boundary appears to be displaced cranially in early hominids relative to extant African apes and humans, a condition consistent with the likely ancestral condition for Miocene hominoids. While not definitive in itself, a four‐segmented sacrum accords well with the “long‐back” model for the Pan/Homo last common ancestor. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:729–739, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heterologe Produktion pilzlicher Maleidride enthüllt die kryptische Cyclisierung in ihrer Biosynthese
Authors: Williams Katherine , Szwalbe Agnieszka J. , Mulholland Nicholas P. , Vincent Jason L. , Bailey Andrew M. , Willis Christine L. , Simpson Thomas J. , Cox Russell J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie von Pilzen produzierten Maleidride sind eine wichtige Klasse bioaktiver Sekundärmetaboliten, die aus sieben‐, acht‐ oder neungliedrigen Carbocyclen bestehen. Jeder Cyclus ist mit einem oder zwei anellierten Maleinsäureanhydridresten substituiert. Durch Gen‐Knockouts und heterologe Expressionsexperimente wurde die Biosynthese von Byssochlaminsäure (ein Nonadrid) und Agnestadrid A (ein Heptadrid) untersucht. Unsere Experimente zeigen, dass der Vorläufer der Cyclisierung von einer iterativen, vollständig reduzierenden, pilzlichen Polyketidsynthase erzeugt wird, die durch eine Hydrolase und zwei Citrat‐verarbeitende Enzyme unterstützt wird. Die ungewöhnliche Cyclisierung wird zum einen von zwei Proteinen katalysiert, die Homologien zu Ketosteroidisomerasen aufweisen, und zum anderen von zwei weiteren Proteinen mit Homologien zu Phosphatidylethanolamin‐bindenden Proteinen.
Modeling Between‐Subject Variability in Decision Strategies via Statistical Clustering: A p‐Median Approach
Authors: Brown Nicholas , Park Sanghyuk , Steinley Douglas , Davis‐Stober Clintin P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe present a statistical methodology for clustering decision makers according to similar choice behavior. We apply a p‐median clustering algorithm that identifies an “exemplar” for each cluster, a decision maker who best represents that cluster. We demonstrate that information about group behavior can be inferred by examining the behavior of each cluster's exemplar. The method is exploratory, providing information about the prevalence of decision strategies without researchers needing to specify candidate strategies a priori. The method is also very general and can be applied to a wide range of decision‐making data structures. We illustrate our method by re‐analyzing two existing choice data sets. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safety in Numbers: Why the Mere Physical Presence of Others Affects Risk‐taking Behaviors
Authors: Chou Eileen Y. , Nordgren Loran F. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAs social mammals, being in a group signals a state of relative security. Risk‐taking behavior in other social mammals formed the basis for our prediction that the mere physical presence of others, absent any social interaction, would create a psychological state of security that, in turn, would promote greater risk‐taking behavior. We investigated whether, why, and when the mere physical presence of others affects risk‐taking behaviors in three contexts: acceptance of greater financial volatility, attitudes toward risky gambles, and actual gambling behaviors. Results indicate that people in the mere physical presence of others make riskier decisions than people making identical decisions alone, and that feelings of security were the psychological mechanism behind this effect. Our results also suggest that the effect is contingent on whether people are surrounded by others who belong to the same social group. A meta‐analysis across all studies presented in this research reveals a highly reliable mere‐presence effect. Together, these results demonstrate that the mere physical presence of others can have a potent impact on risk‐taking behaviors. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: CADMIUM SULFIDE FILMS PRECIPITATED FROM AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION AS A SYSTEM OF N‐N JUNCTIONS
Authors: RUDYAK V. M. , ZHAROV S. N. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDurch Fällung und thermische Nachbehandlung bei 150‐350°C erhaltene CdS‐ Schichten sind inhomogen und bestehen aus Bereichen unterschiedlicher Leitfähigkeit.
ChemInform Abstract: SOME PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTOR COMPOUNDS OF BORON WITH RARE EARTH ELEMENTS
Authors: GOLIKOVA O. A. , ORLOV V. M. , PANTELEEVA G. V. , TADZHIEV A. A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Temperaturabhängigkeit der Leitfähigkeit und der Thermo‐EMK von GdBöö, YbB66 und SmB66 im Bereich 300‐1500 K wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: HALOAZIRIDINES. 3. METHANOLYSIS OF SOME GEM‐DICHLOROAZIRIDINES
Authors: MEILAHN M. K. , POTTORF R. S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBei der Behandlung mit Methanol erhält man aus dem Dichloraziridin (I) die Ester (II) neben Anilin‐hydrochlorid (III).
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMICAL REARRANGEMENTS OF 6,6‐DIMETHYLDIBENZO(B,D)PYRAN
Authors: BOWD A. , TURNBULL J. H. , COYLE J. D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Photolyse des Dibenzopyrans (I) führt zu den Produkten (II)‐(IV).
ChemInform Abstract: FACILE OXIDATION OF ALDEHYDES AND α‐KETO ACIDS AS CATALYZED BY FLAVIN AND THIAZOLIUM ION
Authors: SHINKAI S. , YAMASHITA T. , KUSANO Y. , MANABE O. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAldehyde wie Chlorbenzaldehyd (I), α‐Ketosäuren oder Chlorbenzoylformaldehyd (V) werden in Gegenwart des Flavinderivats (VI) oder Thiazolium‐Salzen wie (VII) oxidiert.
ChemInform Abstract: INTRODUCTION OF α‐(ACYL)METHYLTHIOMETHYL GROUP INTO THE AROMATIC RING BY FRIEDEL‐CRAFTS REACTION
Authors: TAMURA Y. , SHINDO H. , UENISHI J. , ISHIBASHI H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMit N‐Chlorsuccinimid (II) entstehen aus den Methylthiomethyl‐ Derivaten (I) die entsprechenden aktivierten Chloride (III), die in Gegenwart von Zinntetrachlorid mit den Aromaten (IV) die thiomethylierten Derivate (V) bilden.
ChemInform Abstract: ESTERIFICATION OF ISONICOTINIC ACID WITH A CATION EXCHANGER IN THE SYNTHESIS OF ISONICOTINIC ACID HYDRAZIDE
Authors: KARPMAN YA. S. , YAKHONTOV L. N. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractErhitzt man Isonicotinsäure (I) mit einem Alkohol, z.B. Butanol, über einem Kationit ( ;z.B. KU‐2‐8) zum Sieden, so entsteht der Isonicotinsäurebutylester, jedoch liegt die Ausbeute nicht über 60%, weil der Stickstoff des Pyridinrings sich an den Kationit bindet, wodurch dieser blockiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON YLIDES. SYNTHESIS OF SOME NEW ANTHRONE DERIVATIVES USING A STABLE ARSONIUM YLIDE
Authors: TEWARI R. S. , GUPTA K. C. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas aus 10‐Bromanthron (I) und Triphenylarsin dargestellte Arsoniumbromid (II) wird durch Behandlung mit Na‐ethoxid in das stabilisierte Arsoniumylid (III) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF ALKYLMETHANETRICARBOXYLIC ACID ESTERS
Authors: LAPKIN I. I. , SAITKULOVA F. G. , FOTIN V. V. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMan erhält die im Titel genannten Verbindungen (VI) durch Umsetzung von α‐Bromcarbonsäureestern (I) mit Chlorameisensäureestern (III) nach dem unten angegebenen Schema.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOOXYGENATION OF BICYCLOPROPYLIDENE
Authors: ERDEN I. , DE MEIJERE A. , ROUSSEAU G. , CONIA J. M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBicyclopropyliden (I) liefert bei Oxidation die Peroxy‐Zwischenstufen (II)‐(IV), die mit weiterem Edukt (I) zu Mischungen aus dem Epoxid (V) und dem umgelagerten Keton (VI) führen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHETIC PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS. V. THE SYNTHESIS AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A HYBRID GIBBERELLIN ‐ HELMINTHOSPORIC ACID
Authors: TURNER J. V. , ANDERSON B. F. , MANDER L. N. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAusgehend von der lndancarbonsäure (I) wird über die Intermediären (II) und (III) die Hydrindencarbonsäure (IV) synthetisiert und über das Diazoketon (V) zu dem Tetracycloundecanon (VI) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF THE 1,8‐DIPHENYLANTHRACENE SYSTEM
Authors: HOUSE H. O. , GHALI N. I. , HAACK J. L. , VANDERVEER D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractEin verbessertes Syntheseverfahren für das 1,5‐Diphenylanthracen (III) wird angegeben.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHETIC ROUTES TO DERIVATIVES OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS USING ISOBENZOFURANS AS TRANSIENT REACTIVE INTERMEDIATES
Authors: SMITH J. G. , WELANKIWAR S. S. , SHANTZ B. S. , LAI E. H. , CHU N. G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas bekannte Tautomeriegleichgewicht zwischen den Benzalphthalanen (III) und den Isobenzofuranen (IV) wird zur Synthese von substituierten polycyclischen Aromaten ausgenutzt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 2‐(4‐AMIDINOPHENYL)‐BENZOFURAN, ‐BENZOXAZOLE AND ‐BENZOTHIAZOLE AS WELL AS OF 2‐(4‐AMIDINOBENZYL)BENZOXAZOLE
Authors: WAGNER G. , EPPNER B. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDurch intramolekulare Kondensation entsteht aus dem Cyanobenzyloxybenzaldehyd (I) das Benzofuran (II), aus dem über das Imidoesterhydro chlorid das Amidin (III) hergestellt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF OVALITENONE
Authors: GARG G. P. , MANCHANDA V. P. , SHARMA N. N. , KHANNA R. N. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Struktur der Titelverbindung (III), die aus Milletia ovalifolia und auch aus Samen und Baumrinde von Pongamia glabra isoliert wurde, wird durch ihre Synthese ‐ Kondensation des Benzofurans (I) mit 3,4‐Methylendioxyacetophenon (II) ‐ bestätigt.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,3‐BENZODIAZEPINES: 2‐AMINOISOQUINOLINONES FROM RING CONTRACTION OF 1‐OXO‐2,3‐BENZODIAZEPINES
Authors: FLAMMANG M. , WERMUTH C.‐G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDen Haupteinfluß auf die Ausb. bei der Umlagerung der Dihydrobenzodiazepinone (I) in 2 proz. HCl in die Isochinolinone (II) hat die Substitution am N(2).
ChemInform Abstract: FRIEDEL‐CRAFTS CYCLIZATION OF CHLORO‐SUBSTITUTED (BENZYLAMINO)PROPYL BROMIDES. FORMATION OF 4‐METHYLTETRAHYDROISOQUINOLINES
Authors: PERCHONOCK C. D. , FINKELSTEIN J. A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus den Aldehyden (I) erhält man mit 3‐Amino‐1‐propanol (II) über eine Reduktion des Imins und Behandlung mit HBr die Brom‐amino‐Salze (III), die in Gegenwart von Aluminiumchlorid zu den Derivaten (IV) und (V) cyclisieren.