bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
X-Ray Diffractograms of Cotton: Effect of Sample Weight and Other Variables
Authors: Nelson Mary L. , Schultz E. Fred 
Published: November 2015

Day-to-day and within-day variation in the principal peak height and in the area under the curve of x-ray diffractograms from a single specimen of cotton cellulose were examined. A normalizing procedure was shown to be capable of removing much of the short-term random variation in peak height. An appropriate standard sample weight for a 1 cm × 2 cm rectangular x-ray specimen of cotton cellulose is 100 mg. Samples of 50 mg give diffractograms of lower over-all intensity; however, the normalizing procedure makes peak heights from 50-mg samples compatible with similar data from 100-mg samples. Cement of the type and quantity described can be used to hold cotton fibers in a compact specimen without affecting the diffractogram. Steel supporting plates and steel specimen holders should be used with caution when irradiating with copper K α radiation, since undesirable background radiation can be produced by fluorescence of the iron in the steel. Aluminum holders are recommended.
Wool Shrinkproofing Studies: Part III: Fiber Modification in Neutral Potassium Permanganate–Salt Treatments
Authors: Andrews M. W. , Inglis A. S. , Rothery Freda E. , Williams V. A. 
Published: November 2015

Reaction of wool with potassium permanganate in water is shown by electron microscopy to extend into the outer cortex, whereas reaction with potassium permanganate in saturated salt solution takes place at the cuticle. Deductions based on relative reaction and clearing rates (in Part I [37]) are therefore confirmed. Attack by the reagent on the fiber is preferential in the region of the scale edges. The most dense deposition of manganese dioxide is found in the outer layer of the exocuticle. Staining of cross sections of wool with permanganate suggests that the cuticle reacts faster initially than the cortex. Amino acid analyses of wool fabrics treated with permanganate in water and different concentrations of salt show no significant variation and are similar to those obtained after dry chlorination of the same fabric. All treatments produce significant increases in cysteic acid content and decreases in serine, cystine, and tryptophan residues. Treatment with permanganate in high salt concentration appears to reduce the differential friction effect of the fiber by reducing the against-scale friction.
Changes in Certain Structural and Mechanical Properties of Cotton Cellulose with Progressive Acetylation
Authors: Conrad G. M. , Harbrink P. , Murphy A. L. 
Published: November 2015

Scoured cotton yarns were acetylated by two processes: (1) by a 1:3 mixture of acetic anhydride and acetic acid to give a series of low- and medium-substituted products (PA); and (2) a 1:1 mixture of acetic anhydride and isopropyl acetate to give a series of medium- to highly-substituted products (FA). Perchloric acid was the catalyst in both processes. The products were studied with reference to rate of esterification and changes in gross morphology, density, x-ray fiber diagram, tensile properties, and thermal behavior at various temperatures up to 230° C. Esterification proceeds by what appears to be a diffusion-controlled reaction. Above about DS = 2, the x-ray diffraction pattern disappears. Although the gross morphology, as viewed by electron microscopy, does not change noticeably during reaction, the density decreases progressively with substitution and is independent of method of preparation. On the other hand, breaking strength is influenced by acetylation process and increases somewhat as substitution increases. Thermal studies disclose a plastic region in the products between 125° and 175° C. Above that temperature crystallization of cellulose triacetate I sets in and increases progressively with temperature to about 225° C. The plastic and crystal responses of the fibers are reflected in stiffness, elastic recovery, and resiliency behavior at different temperature regions. The results are interpreted in terms of molcular structure.
The Extension of Unoriented Nylon 66 Filaments: Part II: Phenomenological Relationships
Authors: Williams Malcolm L. , Bender Malcolm F. 
Published: November 2015

Previous experimental investigations of cold drawing have employed two different techniques, (i) a study of load-elongation curves obtained on a constant-rate-of-elongation apparatus, and (ii) the operation of a two-roller drawing machine. In the first case, the length of yarn is fixed and the travel of the neck is followed along this length. In the second case, the neck is fixed in space by adjusting the speed and draw ratio applied to the traversing fiber. A third experimental method is to apply a constant load to an undrawn fiber and measure the increase in length with time (creep). In this experiment, cold drawing is observed by a marked yield region on the logarithmic time scale. Prior to the yield point, there is a region of uniform extension or pre-yield creep. Following the yield point, there is also a region of uniform extension or post-yield creep. These creep curves can be used to predict cold drawing behavior on both a two-roller drawing machine and a constant-rate-of-elongation apparatus. In particular, the location of the neck between feed and draw rolls, the drawing tension, and the speed dependence can be understood. These concepts are illustrated using results on nylon 66 monofilaments.
Dimensional Stability of Woven Wool Fabrics: Hygral Expansion
Authors: Baird K. 
Published: November 2015

In worsted fabrics, one factor contributing to lack of dimensional stability is the reversible change of dimensions that takes place with regain changes, here termed hygral expansion. The hygral expansion of ten worsted fabrics is studied, and it is shown that the yarn and fabric behavior can be explained in terms of the bending and straightening of single fiber arcs. The observed change of arc radius from dry to wet is about 50%, and when this figure is applied to the geometry of the weave, quantitative predictions of the hygral expansion of the yarn can be satisfactorily made. Such a large change of curvature in single fibers cannot arise from radial swelling alone, and it is suggested that with regain changes, the fibers behave in a way that is analogous to the behavior of bimetal strips with temperature changes. Such a mechanism is possible because of the bilateral structure of the fibers, with different longitudinal swelling of the two segments. Since the fibers are preferentially oriented in the fabric, this mechanism can play a dominant role in yarn and fabric behavior. The hygral expansion increases with increased setting, probably because the yarns no longer tend to revert to their straight form at high regain. Correspondingly, there is a reduction in the reaction forces between yarns at the points of intersection; the higher these reaction forces are, the greater the restriction that is put upon hygral expansion. Some applications of hygral expansion—to measurements of relaxation shrinkage and assessment and effectiveness of mill machines—are discussed.
Triaxially Woven Fabrics: Their Structure and Properties
Authors: Skelton John 
Published: November 2015

A loom developed for producing small samples of triaxially woven fabrics was used to weave experimental amounts of fabric from coarse string, from 3-ply, 840-den nylon yarn and from graphite yarn. The shedding and warp yarn indexing motions are controlled by a series of cams mounted on a cam roll. The sequence of cams can be changed to produce various weave patterns; changes in weave pattern can also be produced for any particular cam roll by varying the sequence of shedding and indexing motions. The nylon triaxial fabric and a range of square orthogonal fabrics woven from the same yarn were evaluated for various structural and mechanical properties. The stability of the triaxial fabric is much greater than that of an orthogonal fabric with the same percent open area. The triaxial fabric exhibits greater isotropy in its bending behavior and a greater shear resistance than a comparable orthogonal fabric.
Physical Education for the Gifted and Talented: Suggested Strategies and Program Content
Authors: Cratty Bryant J. 
Published: November 2015

For decades academic curricula for the gifted have been marked by attempts to enrich offerings in order to accommodate to intellectual differences evidenced by this type of exceptionality. However, youngsters have usually been exposed to traditional programs of physical activity. It was the purpose of this article to demonstrate useful ways in which physical activity programs may be made meaningful to creative and gifted children and youth. Themes have been recommended for the guidance of physical education programs, including exposure to ideas inherent in motion itself, as well as stimulating cognitive processes expressed in physical actions. The article concludes with a model suggesting ways in which curricula decisions, as well as cognitive processes may be shifted to gifted learners. Ways in which various themes presented may be incorporated into the teaching model outlined, are also discussed at the conclusion of the article.
An Analysis of the Validity of SAT Entrance Scores for Accelerated Classes
Authors: Olszewski-Kubilius Paula M. , Kulieke Marilynn J. , Willis Gordon B. , Krasney Noma S. 
Published: November 2015

This study examined the validity of SAT cutoff levels used for entrance into fast-paced summer classes. Thirty-eight junior-high aged students whose SAT scores were below the required cutoff (SAT-V≥430 or SAT-M≥500) were admitted into fast-paced classes in literature, a teacher-paced course, and algebra, a self-paced course. Each below-score student was matched to an above-score student in his class on age, grade, sex, race, and family income. There was a small but statistically significant difference in achievement on standardized tests for the literature students, with above-score students scoring higher. There was no difference between above and below scorers in mathematics on achievement measures, including standardized tests, and in the number of chapters completed during the course. For either class, below and above score students did not differ on previous exposure to the content area; there were some differences between the groups on study skills and self-concept. Further, when individual profiles for below-score students were examined, below-score students who were most successful did not differ from other less successful students on any of the variables examined with the exception of study skills in algebra. There was a tendency for below-score students in algebra who were the most successful in the course to have higher scores on a study skills assessment than below-score students who had smaller gains. The results generally support the use of SAT cutoff scores in a teacher-paced course but suggest that cutoff scores might be less critical for motivated students in self-paced classes.
Sharing the Resources: Electronic Outreach Programs
Authors: McBride Ronald O. , Lewis Gail 
Published: November 2015

Rural schools struggle with limited resources including an inadequate curriculum, lack of qualified teachers and little access to programming usually available to larger metropolitan schools. Such inequities have prevented many rural students from pursuing scholarship opportunities and entrance to institutions with restricted admissions. The Louisiana School for Math, Science and the Arts attempts to remediate the problem by serving rural students throughout the state with a distance learning network, Project Outreach, which delivers special classes that otherwise would be unavailable. The system uses interactive computer technology to teach advanced content courses in math, foreign language, science, and survey of the arts. The effectiveness of the outreach program was evaluated as to its potential to provide courses at a distance to rural students in Louisiana. Results of the study included a significant gain in scores between pre-test and posttest scores on a national calculus exam, and open-ended responses revealed favorable comments toward the system from its participants. The distance learning network is seen as one method for connecting rural students to the superior programs offered by special schools.
Corticosteroids in Airway Management
Authors: Hawkins Donald B , Crockett Dennis M , Shum Tony K 
Published: November 2015

Adrenal corticosteroids exert a strong suppressive influence on the basic inflammatory response that leads to tissue swelling. The corticosteroid effect is nonspecific. In upper airway obstruction caused by edema from infection, allergy, or trauma, corticosteroids will exert some degree of suppressive effect. The steroid effect is local and directly proportional to the concentration of steroids in the inflamed tissue. In upper airway obstruction steroids should be delivered to the inflamed tissue in high concentration with the least delay. Dexamethasone and methylprednisolone produce high blood levels within 15 to 30 minutes of intramuscular injection. Recommended initial doses for acute airway obstruction are dexamethasone, 1.0 to 1.5 mg/kg, or methylprednisolone, 5 to 7 mg/kg. The risk of harm from steroid therapy of 24 hours or less is negligible.
Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Authors: Richtsmeier William , Weaver Gary , Streck William , Jacobson Herbert , Dewell Robert , Olson John 
Published: November 2015

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) often requires transfusion and has major ill‐effects. The recent literature reports successful high‐dose estrogen treatment of epistaxis caused by HHT. To investigate this, biopsy specimens taken from areas clinically involved with telangiectasia in four patients were evaluated for estrogen‐ and progesterone‐binding receptors. Specimens from two women (ages 34 and 38) were positive for both estrogen and progesterone receptors in ranges observed in breast carcinoma specimens. Specimens from two men (ages 34 and 78) were positive only for progesterone receptors at lower but clearly detectable levels of activity. Nasal mucosa specimens from control patients −2 male and 4 female – yielded no detectable levels of estrogen or progesterone receptors. Because of the side effects of high‐dose estrogen (especially in males), we have initiated systemic progesterone therapy with both megestrol acetate and medroxyprogesterone acetate. Marked diminution in epistaxis incidence and severity was observed in three patients after initial systemic progesterone treatment. All treated patients have been maintained with good epistaxis control for over 1 year.
Transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve: A method of controlling vocal cord position
Authors: Sanders Ira , Aviv Jonathan , Biller Hugh F. 
Published: November 2015

This study was designed to examine the feasibility of transcutaneous stimulation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Electrical activation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve was achieved by applying a blunt electrode to the intact neck skin at specific points along the tracheoesophageal groove in anesthetized adult dogs. The stimulus consisted of 10 mA cathodal pulses, each of 1 msec duration, delivered at a frequency of 10 Hz and increased by 10 Hz increments up to 100 Hz. Vocal cord excursion was directly related to the frequency of applied current. In all six dogs studies, stimulation at 30 Hz resulted in maximal ipsilateral vocal cord adduction, while stimulation at frequencies greater than 40 Hz resulted in ipsilateral vocal cord adduction up to or across the midline. Vocal cord movement was immediate and persisted for the duration of the stimulus train. Surrounding neck muscles were not visibly activated. We propose that the observed frequency‐dependent movement of the vocal cords occurred because of the difference between the contraction times of the intrinsic abductor and adductor muscles of the larynx. Transcutaneous recurrent laryngeal nerve stimulation appears promising, both as a diagnostic aid in laryngoscopy and as a therapeutic tool in controlling the glottiC aperture.
ECoG Results in Perilymphatic Fistula: Clinical and Experimental Studies
Authors: Arenberg I. Kaufman , Ackley Robert S. , Ferraro John , Muchnik Chava 
Published: November 2015

Patients with perilymphatic fistula have been described as having symptoms similar to Meniere's disease and endolymphatic hydrops. Direct clinical or experimental evidence linking the two inner ear disorders has been lacking. An enhancement of the summating potential observed with electrocochleography suggests a diagnosis of ELH in both of these inner ear disorders. In this study, ECoG results of 27 patients with surgically confirmed PLF are reported. Fourteen patients with surgically confirmed spontaneous PLF had abnormal ECoG. Six of these 14 patients had normal hearing. The ECoG changes in patients with Meniere's disease and those with surgically confirmed PLF are identical, indicating the underlying pathologic change in both is hydrops. But there is no specific diagnostic abnormality on ECoG that differentiates these two inner ear disorders. Also, an experimental model of PLF was developed and studied in guinea pigs. “Inactive” PLF is defined as “an opening was made into the cochlea, but if no perilymph moved out through the fistula, it was defined as inactive” An “active” PLF occurs when perilymph actually moves from the inner ear out to the middle ear. ECoGs were recorded before and after creation of an “active” PLF. ECoG abnormalities were seen in “active” PLF and correlated with histologic data demonstrating ELH. An abnormally enhanced summating potential was demonstrated after active removal of perilymph through the experimentally created fistula. Cochlear duct histology showed hydropic distention of Reissner's membrane in the experimental ears and no changes in the membranous labyrinths of the unoperated, control ears. Experimental PLF, with histologically confirmed secondary ELH, produced changes similar to those observed in guinea pigs with ELH experimentally produced on a primary basis. Preliminary experimental data suggest ECoG may be helpful in differentiating (acute) PLF and (secondary) ELH. ECoG obtained in intensity series showed greatest intensity effect at 40 dB and no effect at 60 dB. Further studies using similar intensity series information will be elucidated to better determine the significance of these observations. The underlying common denominator for the two disorders of inner ear fluid dynamics is ELH. ELH, either primary or secondary, is indicated by the same ECoG changes of enhancement of the summating potential. Since the abnormal ECoG can occur in patients with vertigo but no clinical hearing loss, it is presumed ELH can occur in the vestibular labyrinth as well as in the cochlear duct.
Evaluation, treatment, and follow‐up results of post polio patients with dysphagia
Authors: Silbergleit Alice K. , Waring William P. , Sullivan Michael J. , Maynard Frederick M. 
Published: November 2015

Twenty consecutive patients were evaluated for reports of dysphagia from post‐polio clinics. Only half the patients reported a history of swallowing problems at the time of their acute poliomyelitis. Each patient received a videofluorographic evaluation of the oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing, and then was provided with recommendations to improve swallowing skills. A follow‐up questionnaire was sent to all patients. The respondents had an average interval of 12 months since the initial evaluation. Of the 18 patients responding to the questionnaire, 14 (77%) reported regular use of the swallowing suggestions. Comparison of pre‐evaluation results to followup of the18 respondents yielded a statistically significant decline in the frequency of choking (p = 0.0156) and food sticking in the throat (p = 0.0195). We conclude that a dysphagia program can result in significant improvement of the swallowing symptoms reported with the post‐polio population.
Hypoglossal‐facial nerve interpositional‐jump graft for facial reanimation without tongue atrophy
Authors: May Mark , Sobol Steven M. , Mester Sara J. 
Published: November 2015

The hemitongue paralysis that occurs as a result of a classic hypoglossal‐facial nerve crossover procedure can result in profound functional deficits in speech, mastication, and swallowing. The procedure is not an option in patients with bilateral facial paralysis or those at risk for combined cranial nerve deficits. To address some of the drawbacks and limitations of this classic procedure, we developed the hypoglossal‐facial nerve interpositional jump graft (12‐7 jump graft) procedure. This procedure involves interposing a nerve graft between a partially severed but functionally intact twelfth cranial nerve and the degenerated seventh cranial nerve, and is often combined with other reanimation procedures. To date, we have performed 33 12‐7 jump graft procedures in 30 patients (three were treated for bilateral facial paralysis); this report describes the procedure and its indications, and details the results of 23 procedures performed in 20 patients for whom 24‐month follow‐up data are available. Twelfth nerve deficits occurred in only three patients in this report. Recovery of facial function began between 3 and 24 months postoperatively. Facial tone and symmetry were achieved in every patient, no patient had significant mass movement, and 13 patients (two of whom were treated for bilateral facial paralysis) had excellent and three had superb restoration of facial movement. These results show the 12‐7 jump graft to be a valuable adjunct for facial reanimation in selected patients.
Effect of changes in mass on middle ear function
Authors: Nishihara Shinsei , Aritomo Hiroshi , Goode Richard L. 
Published: November 2015

Vibrating systems such as the middle ear are affected by changes in mass. After disease or ear surgery, significant changes in mass may contribute positively or negatively to the postoperative hearing threshold. This article describes experiments in 15 human temporal bones of the addition or reduction of mass on the middle ear transfer function. Measurement of stapes and umbo vibration was performed using a Laser Doppler Vibrometer before and after the addition of different masses at several sites on the tympanic membrane (TM) and ossicular chain. The input was 61 pure tones swept from 147 to 19433 Hz at 80 dB SPL. The addition of mass onto the TM produced varying detrimental effects on sound transmission, depending on the location and amount of mass. The insertion of ventilation tubes, weighing 12 to 17 mg each, produced losses at 1.5 to 5.0 kHz compared with tympanotomy alone. Addition of mass to the umbo and malleus head produced a loss at mid and high frequencies, whereas addition of mass on the incus long process and stapes also produced a high‐frequency decrease in stapes displacement. Reduction of TM mass by removal of the epithelium produced an increase, especially at 2.0 to 4.0 kHz.