bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Plankogel detachment of the Eastern Alps: petrological evidence for an orogen‐scale extraction fault
Authors: Schorn S. , Stüwe K. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe so‐called Plankogel detachment is an east‐west trending, south‐dipping low‐angle structure that juxtaposes the high‐P rocks of the eclogite type locality of the eastern European Alps against amphibolite facies rocks to the south. It occurs in both the Saualpe and Koralpe Complex in eastern Austria. During Cretaceous intracontinental subduction, the footwall and the hangingwall units of the Plankogel detachment were buried to different crustal levels as inferred by pseudosection modelling and conventional thermobarometry: ~23–24 kbar and 640–690 °C for the eclogite facies units in the footwall of the detachment and ~12–14 kbar and 550–580 °C for the amphibolite facies metapelites in the hangingwall. Despite the different peak metamorphic conditions, both sides of the detachment display a common overprint at conditions of ~10 kbar and 580–650 °C. From this, we infer a two‐stage exhumation process and suggest that this two‐stage process is best interpreted tectonically in terms of slab extraction during Eoalpine subduction. The first stage of exhumation occurred due to the downward (southward) extraction of a lithospheric slab that was localized in the trace of the Plankogel detachment. The later stage, however, is attributed to more regional erosion‐ or extension‐driven processes. Since the Plankogel detachment is geometrically related to a crustal‐scale shear zone further north (the Plattengneiss shear zone), we suggest that both structures are part of the same extraction fault system along which the syn‐collisional exhumation of the Eoalpine high‐P units of the Eastern Alps occurred. The suggested model is consistent with both the mylonitic texture of the Plattengneiss shear zone and the overall ambiguous shear sense indicators present in the entire region.
Does Simulation‐Based Training Improve Procedural Skills of Beginners in Interventional Cardiology?—A Stratified Randomized Study
Authors: Voelker Wolfram , Petri Nils , Tönissen Christoph , Störk Stefan , Birkemeyer Ralf , Kaiser Erhard , Oberhoff Martin 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo assess whether mentored simulation‐based‐training can improve the procedural skills of beginners in coronary interventional procedures.BackgroundSimulation based‐catheter training is a valuable tool to practice interventional procedures. Whether this type of training enhances the procedural skills of fellows learning percutaneous coronary interventions has never been studied.MethodsEighteen cardiology fellows were randomized either into the simulation‐based training (n = 9) or the control group (n = 9). The simulation group received 7.5 hours of virtual reality (VR) simulation training, whereas the control group attended 4.5 hours of lectures. Each participant had to perform a simple (pre‐evaluation) and a more complex (post‐evaluation) catheter intervention on a pulsatile coronary flow model in a catheterization laboratory. All procedures were videotaped, analyzed, and rated by 3 expert interventionalists, who were blinded to the randomization. To assess the individual performance level, a “skills score” was determined, comprising 14 performance characteristics (5‐level Likert scale, maximum score of 70 points).ResultsThe “skills score” increased by 5.8 ± 6.1 points in the VR simulation group and decreased by 6.7 ± 8.4 in the control group (P = 0.003) from the simple stenosis at pre‐ to the more complex lesion at post‐evaluation demonstrating the effectiveness of simulation‐based training.ConclusionThis pilot study suggests that curriculum‐based mentored VR simulation training improves the performance level of cardiology fellows in coronary interventions. Further investigation to evaluate the effect on clinical outcomes is warranted. (J Interven Cardiol 2016;29:75–82)
Massive intracellular gene transfer during plastid genome reduction in nongreen Orobanchaceae
Authors: Cusimano Natalie , Wicke Susann 
Published: December 2015

Summary

Plastid genomes (plastomes) of nonphotosynthetic plants experience extensive gene losses and an acceleration of molecular evolutionary rates. Here, we inferred the mechanisms and timing of reductive genome evolution under relaxed selection in the broomrape family (Orobanchaceae).

We analyzed the plastomes of several parasites with a major focus on the genus Orobanche using genome‐descriptive and Bayesian phylogenetic‐comparative methods. Besides this, we scanned the parasites’ other cellular genomes to trace the fate of all genes that were purged from their plastomes.

Our analyses indicate that the first functional gene losses occurred within 10 Myr of the transition to obligate parasitism in Orobanchaceae, and that the physical plastome reduction proceeds by small deletions that accumulate over time. Evolutionary rate shifts coincide with the genomic reduction process in broomrapes, suggesting that the shift of selectional constraints away from photosynthesis to other molecular processes alters the plastid rate equilibrium. Most of the photosynthesis‐related genes or fragments of genes lost from the plastomes of broomrapes have survived in their nuclear or mitochondrial genomes as the results of multiple intracellular transfers and subsequent fragmentation.

Our findings indicate that nonessential DNA is eliminated much faster in the plastomes of nonphotosynthetic parasites than in their other cellular genomes.
Alpha‐2 adrenoceptor agonists as adjuncts to peripheral nerve blocks in children: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Lundblad Märit , Trifa Mehdi , Kaabachi Olfa , Ben Khalifa Sonia , Fekih Hassen Amjed , Engelhardt Thomas , Eksborg Staffan , Lönnqvist Per‐Arne 
Published: December 2015

SummaryBackgroundAdult meta‐analyses have verified that adjunct use of alpha‐2 adrenoceptor agonists (A2AA) together with local anesthetics (LA) will prolong the duration of peripheral nerve blocks. The standard use of A2AAs for peripheral nerve blockade has recently been recommended also in children, but the evidence base in support of this suggestion has to date been equivocal. The purpose of this meta‐analysis was to produce evidence‐based data regarding the effect in children.MethodsFollowing a thorough literature search, five randomized controlled trials were included in a meta‐analysis. Raw data from all studies were gathered and aggregated into patients randomized to receive plain LA (Group PLA) or LA mixed with either adjunct clonidine or dexmedetomidine (Group ADJ). The main outcome parameter was block duration (time to first administration of supplemental analgesic based on predetermined pain scores) analyzed by survival statistics. The total number of supplemental analgesic doses during the first 24 postoperative hours and serious side effects were included as secondary outcomes.ResultsPooling of the study data generated 141 patients in Group PLA and 142 patients in Group ADJ (overall n = 283; age: 0.8–13 years; weight 8–47 kg). Block duration was significantly prolonged (9.75 h vs 3.75 h) compared to the use of plain LA. Survival statistics verified a beneficial effect of using adjunct A2AAs [the log rank (Mantel–Cox) test (P = 0.0078), Gehan–Breslow–Wilcoxon test (P = 0.0027), and hazard ratio (1.653; 95% CI: 1.142 to 2.395)]. The number of patients that needed ≥2 doses of supplemental analgesics was higher in Group PLA (n = 19) compared to Group ADJ (n = 6) (P = 0.0088). No serious side effects were reported.ConclusionThis meta‐analysis provides evidence‐based support for the use of adjunct alpha‐2 adrenoceptor agonists when performing peripheral nerve blocks in children.
Agreement between lower esophageal and nasopharyngeal temperatures in children ventilated with an endotracheal tube with leak
Authors: Snoek Aarjan P. , Saffer Emily 
Published: December 2015

SummaryBackgroundA temperature probe placed in the lower third of the esophagus accurately reflects core temperature in anesthetized children. Temperature probes are commonly placed in the nasopharynx in children, but when utilizing an uncuffed endotracheal tube (ETT) with a softly audible leak, ventilated gases from the trachea can escape upwards toward the nasopharynx, thereby potentially causing a cooling effect in the nasopharynx.ObjectivesWe sought to establish if nasopharyngeal and lower esophageal temperatures are in agreement in children undergoing general anesthesia, both in scenarios of ventilation with a cuffed ETT that has minimal or no leak (cuff up), as well as an ETT with leak (cuff down).MethodsA prospective, crossover agreement study was performed on anesthetized children. Children were intubated with a MicroCuff® ETT and had temperature probes inserted into both the nasopharynx and lower esophagus. Under standardized ventilator and gas flow settings, temperatures were recorded with the ETT cuff inflated, and with the cuff deflated. Bland–Altman plots were utilized to assess agreement of temperatures.ResultsFifty patients successfully completed this study. The mean difference between esophageal and nasopharyngeal temperature was found to be −0.03°C in the presence of minimal or no leak around the ETT (cuff up), with 95% limits of agreement (LOA) of −0.22 to 0.15°C. The mean difference between esophageal and nasopharyngeal temperature was found to be 0.1°C when a larger leak existed around the ETT (cuff down), with LOA of −0.31 to 0.51°C.ConclusionsNasopharyngeal temperature accurately reflects lower esophageal temperature when there is minimal or no ETT leak. When a larger ETT leak is present, nasopharyngeal temperature is on average 0.1°C cooler than lower esophageal temperature. As the nasopharyngeal temperature probe site confers the advantage of simplicity of accurate placement compared to its esophageal counterpart, our findings support the use of nasopharyngeal temperature probes in children ventilated with both cuffed and uncuffed ETTs.
Perceived barriers to medication adherence in pediatric and adolescent solid organ transplantation
Authors: Danziger‐Isakov Lara , Frazier Thomas W. , Worley Sarah , Williams Nikki , Shellmer Diana , Dharnidharka Vikas R. , Gupta Nitika A. , Ikle David , Sweet Stuart C. ,   the CTOTC‐05 Consortium
Published: December 2015

AbstractComparisons of perceived barriers to adherence in pediatric and adolescent SOT have not been systematically conducted despite association between medication non‐adherence and poor outcome. Fifteen centers in CTOT‐C enrolled patients in a cross‐sectional study. Subjects' guardians completed the PMBS and subjects over eight completed the Adolescent Scale (AMBS). Association of three identified PMBS factors and subject age was assessed. Secondary analyses assessed associations between PMBS, AMBS, and patient demographics. Three hundred sixty‐eight subjects or their guardians completed PMBS or AMBS. A total of 107 subjects were 6–11 yr; 261 were ≥12. Unadjusted and propensity‐adjusted analyses indicated higher perceived barriers in guardians of adolescents as compared to guardians of pre‐adolescents medication scheduling and frustration domains regardless of organ (p < 0.05). PMBS and AMBS comparisons revealed that guardians reported fewer ingestion issues than patients (p = 0.018), and differences appeared more pronounced within younger responders for scheduling (p = 0.025) and frustration (p = 0.019). Screening revealed guardians of older patients report increased perceived barriers to adherence independent of socioeconomic status. Guardians of adolescents reported fewer perceived barriers to ingestion/side effects than patients themselves, particularly in pre‐adolescents (8–11 yr). Brief screening measures to assess perceived barriers should be further studied in adherence improvement programs.
Early use of orthographic information in spoken word recognition: Event‐related potential evidence from the Korean language
Authors: Kwon Youan , Choi Sungmook , Lee Yoonhyoung 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis study examines whether orthographic information is used during prelexical processes in spoken word recognition by investigating ERPs during spoken word processing for Korean words. Differential effects due to orthographic syllable neighborhood size and sound‐to‐spelling consistency on P200 and N320 were evaluated by recording ERPs from 42 participants during a lexical decision task. The results indicate that P200 was smaller for words whose orthographic syllable neighbors are large in number rather than those that are small. In addition, a word with a large orthographic syllable neighborhood elicited a smaller N320 effect than a word with a small orthographic syllable neighborhood only when the word had inconsistent sound‐to‐spelling mapping. The results provide support for the assumption that orthographic information is used early during the prelexical spoken word recognition process.
THE ACTION OF PITUITARY EXTRACT ON URINARY SECRETION
Authors: Craig Nicholas S. 
Published: December 2015

1. In anæsthetised animals, intravenous administration of pituitary extract produces a definite diuresis.Continuous intravenous administration of pituitary extract in 0·9 per cent. saline solution produces the same result.2. In unanæsthetised dogs, pituitary extract administered subcutaneously controls the diuresis which normally would result from the administration of water or normal saline solution by the mouth. If concentrated saline solution is used, diuresis results.A diuresis produced by drinking 230 c.c. of 5 per cent. urea solution was prolonged, but its onset was not delayed, by the subcutaneous administration of pituitary extract.3. Delay in the absorption of fluid from the alimentary tract, if it occurs after pituitary extract administration, is insufficient to account for a delay in the onset of the diuresis for three and a half hours.4. A subcutaneous injection of pituitary extract controls a diuresis produced by the intravenous administration of 120 c.c. of Ringer solution at the rate of 4 c.c. per minute ; if, however, the intravenous administration is given at the rate of 12 c.c. per minute, no antidiuretic effect occurs.5. The hæmoglobin percentage in human beings is not appreciably altered by the drinking of large quantities of water. If, however, the drinking of large quantities of water is immediately preceded by a subcutaneous injection of pituitary extract, a definite reduction in the hæmoglobin percentage occurs during the first two hours of the experiment.
THE ACTION OF PROGESTIN ON THE UTERUS OF THE CAT
Authors: Rowlands I. W. , McPhail M. K. 
Published: December 2015

In the immature and also in the ovariectomised adult cat œstrone causes the development of the long, straight endometrial glands, possessing a distinct lumen, bordered by a columnar epithelium. Following the administration of progestin, these glands hypertrophy and become greatly twisted. At a later stage their mouths open, giving the mucosa the fringed appearance seen in normal pseudo‐pregnancy in the cat [Gros, 1933]. In the hypophysectomised cat the amount of progesterone required to evoke these changes appears to be somewhat greater than in the ovariectomised animal. Compared with the rabbit, the amount of œstrone required to sensitise the uterus to progestin is about seventy times as great.Considerable alveolar development of the mammary glands simultaneously occurs in the ovariectomised cat, but no effect was noticed in the mammary gland of a hypophysectomised cat.The authors wish to express their gratitude to Dr. A. S. Parkes, F.R.S., for his advice and interest in this work, and also to Dr. R. K. Callow for the crystalline progesterone. One of us (M. K. McP.) wishes to thank Sir Henry Dale, F.R.S., for the hospitality and facilities of the National Institute for Medical Research.
DYNAMIC VARIATION IN RESPONSE TO BARBITURATES
Authors: Clark A. J. , Raventós J. 
Published: December 2015

1. There is a fairly high individual constancy as regards sensitivity to barbiturates; individuals which are narcosised by a median hypnotic dose are likely to show the same response when the test is repeated.2. There is less individual constancy as regards the duration of narcosis produced by barbiturates. Such constancy can be demonstrated in groups of mice selected as regards sensitivity, but in unselected groups we could not demonstrate any constancy.The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from Messrs. Imperial Chemical Industries (Dyestuffs Group), for which the authors express their thanks.We also thank Dr. W. O. Kermack for his kind assistance in the mathematical analysis of the results.
Reliability and Construct Validity of Yo-Yo Tests in Untrained and Soccer-Trained Schoolgirls Aged 9–16
Authors: Póvoas Susana C. A. , Castagna Carlo , Soares José Manuel da Costa , Silva Pedro , Coelho-e-Silva Manuel , Matos Fernando , Krustrup Peter 
Published: December 2015

Purpose:The reliability and construct validity of three age-adapted-intensity Yo-Yo tests were evaluated in untrained (n = 67) vs. soccer-trained (n = 65) 9- to 16-year-old schoolgirls.Methods:Tests were performed 7 days apart for reliability (9- to 11-year-old: Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 children’s test; 12- to 13-yearold: Yo-Yo intermittent endurance level 1; and 14- to 16-year-old: Yo-Yo intermittent endurance level 2).Results:Yo-Yo distance covered was 40% (776 ± 324 vs. 556 ± 156 m), 85% (1252 ± 484 vs. 675 ± 252 m) and 138% (674 ± 336 vs. 283 ± 66 m) greater (p ≤ .010) for the soccer-trained than for the untrained girls aged 9–11, 12–13 and 14–16 years, respectively. Typical errors of measurement for Yo-Yo distance covered, expressed as a percentage of the coefficient of variation (confidence limits), were 10.1% (8.1–13.7%), 11.0% (8.6–15.4%) and 11.6% (9.2–16.1%) for soccer players, and 11.5% (9.1–15.8%), 14.1% (11.0–19.8%) and 10.6% (8.5–14.2%) for untrained girls, aged 9–11, 12–13 and 14–16, respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficient values for test-retest were excellent (0.795–0.973) in both groups. No significant differences were observed in relative exercise peak heart rate (%HRpeak) between groups during test and retest.Conclusion:The Yo-Yo tests are reliable for determining intermittent-exercise capacity and %HRpeak for soccer players and untrained 9- to 16-year-old girls. They also possess construct validity with better performances for soccer players compared with untrained age-matched girls, despite similar %HRpeak.
Relative associations between depression and anxiety on adverse cardiovascular events: does a history of coronary artery disease matter? A prospective observational study
Authors: Pelletier Roxanne , Bacon Simon L , Arsenault André , Dupuis Jocelyn , Laurin Catherine , Blais Lucie , Lavoie Kim L 
Published: December 2015

ObjectivesTo assess whether depression and anxiety increase the risk of mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), among patients with and without coronary artery disease (CAD).Design and setting, and patientsDECADE (Depression Effects on Coronary Artery Disease Events) is a prospective observational study of 2390 patients referred at the Montreal Heart Institute. Patients were followed for 8.8 years, between 1998 and 2009. Depression and anxiety were assessed using a psychiatric interview (Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders, PRIME-MD). Outcomes data were obtained from Quebec provincial databases.Main outcome measuresAll-cause mortality and MACE.ResultsAfter adjustment for covariates, patients with depression were at increased risks of all-cause mortality (relative risk (RR)=2.84; 95% CI 1.25 to 6.49) compared with patients without depression. Anxiety was not associated with increased mortality risks (RR=0.86; 95% CI 0.31 to 2.36). When patients were stratified according to CAD status, depression increased the risk of mortality among patients with no CAD (RR=4.39; 95% CI 1.12 to 17.21), but not among patients with CAD (RR=2.32; 95% CI 0.78 to 6.88). Neither depression nor anxiety was associated with MACE among patients with or without CAD.Conclusions and relevanceDepression, but not anxiety, was an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients without CAD. The present study contributes to a better understanding of the relative and unique role of depression versus anxiety among patients with versus without CAD.
Inequalities in physical comorbidity: a longitudinal comparative cohort study of people with severe mental illness in the UK
Authors: Reilly Siobhan , Olier Ivan , Planner Claire , Doran Tim , Reeves David , Ashcroft Darren M , Gask Linda , Kontopantelis Evangelos 
Published: December 2015

ObjectivesLittle is known about the prevalence of comorbidity rates in people with severe mental illness (SMI) in UK primary care. We calculated the prevalence of SMI by UK country, English region and deprivation quintile, antipsychotic and antidepressant medication prescription rates for people with SMI, and prevalence rates of common comorbidities in people with SMI compared with people without SMI.DesignRetrospective cohort study from 2000 to 2012.Setting627 general practices contributing to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, a UK primary care database.ParticipantsEach identified case (346 551) was matched for age, sex and general practice with 5 randomly selected control cases (1 732 755) with no diagnosis of SMI in each yearly time point.Outcome measuresPrevalence rates were calculated for 16 conditions.ResultsSMI rates were highest in Scotland and in more deprived areas. Rates increased in England, Wales and Northern Ireland over time, with the largest increase in Northern Ireland (0.48% in 2000/2001 to 0.69% in 2011/2012). Annual prevalence rates of all conditions were higher in people with SMI compared with those without SMI. The discrepancy between the prevalence of those with and without SMI increased over time for most conditions. A greater increase in the mean number of additional conditions was observed in the SMI population over the study period (0.6 in 2000/2001 to 1.0 in 2011/2012) compared with those without SMI (0.5 in 2000/2001 to 0.6 in 2011/2012). For both groups, most conditions were more prevalent in more deprived areas, whereas for the SMI group conditions such as hypothyroidism, chronic kidney disease and cancer were more prevalent in more affluent areas.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the health inequalities faced by people with SMI. The provision of appropriate timely health prevention, promotion and monitoring activities to reduce these health inequalities are needed, especially in deprived areas.