bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of dental epithelial cells derived from amelogenesis imperfecta rat
Authors: Adiningrat A , Tanimura A , Miyoshi K , Hagita H , Yanuaryska RD , Arinawati DY , Horiguchi T , Noma T 
Published: November 2015

ObjectiveDisruption of the third zinc finger domain of specificity protein 6 (SP6) presents an enamel‐specific defect in a rat model of amelogenesis imperfecta (AMI rats). To understand the molecular basis of amelogenesis imperfecta caused by the Sp6 mutation, we established and characterized AMI‐derived rat dental epithelial (ARE) cells.Materials and MethodsARE cell clones were isolated from the mandibular incisors of AMI rats, and amelogenesis‐related gene expression was analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Localization of wild‐type SP6 (SP6WT) and mutant‐type SP6 (SP6AMI) was analyzed by immunocytochemistry. SP6 transcriptional activity was monitored by rho‐associated protein kinase 1 (Rock1) promoter activity with its specific binding to the promoter region in dental (G5 and ARE) and non‐dental (COS‐7) epithelial cells.ResultsIsolated ARE cells were varied in morphology and gene expression. Both SP6WT and SP6AMI were mainly detected in nuclei. The promoter analysis revealed that SP6WT and SP6AMI enhanced Rock1 promoter activity in G5 cells but that enhancement by SP6AMI was weaker, whereas no enhancement was observed in the ARE and COS‐7 cells, even though SP6WT and SP6AMI bound to the promoter in all instances.ConclusionARE cell clones can provide a useful in vitro model to study the mechanism of SP6‐mediated amelogenesis imperfecta.
Reasons as Premises of Good Reasoning
Authors: Way Jonathan 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMany philosophers have been attracted to the view that reasons are premises of good reasoning – that reasons to φ are premises of good reasoning towards φ‐ing. However, while thisreasoning viewis indeed attractive, it faces a problem accommodating outweighed reasons. In this article, I argue that the standard solution to this problem is unsuccessful and propose an alternative, which draws on the idea that good patterns of reasoning can be defeasible. I conclude by drawing out implications for the debate over pragmatic reasons for belief and other attitudes and for one influential form of reductionism about the normative.
High levels of physical activity are associated with poorer asthma control in young females but not in males
Authors: Lövström Ludvig , Emtner Margareta , Alving Kjell , Nordvall Lennart , Borres Magnus P. , Janson Christer , Malinovschi Andrei 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackground and objectiveEarlier studies on the levels of physical activity in asthma patients compared with controls have yielded varying results. We have previously reported that high versus moderate levels of physical activity were associated with higher prevalence of wheezing, especially in females. Here we studied the levels of physical activity in young patients with asthma and healthy subjects and their effect on asthma control.MethodsFour hundred eight physician‐diagnosed patients with asthma and 118 controls (10–34 years) answered questions concerning frequency and/or duration of physical activity and undertook the Asthma Control Test (ACT), spirometry, methacholine challenges and exhaled nitric oxide measurements.ResultsAsthma patients were more frequently physically active (P = 0.01) and for longer durations (P = 0.002) than controls. Highly versus moderately physically active patients with asthma had a higher prevalence of not well‐controlled asthma (ACT < 20) when physical activity was assessed by frequency (40.6% vs 24.1%, P = 0.001) or duration (39.0% vs 21.7%, P < 0.001). This was only seen in females who had reduced ACT items (P < 0.05). Frequently versus moderately active females had an odds ratio of 4.81 (2.43, 9.51) to have ACT < 20, while no such effect was found in males (OR 1.18 (0.61, 2.30)) and this interaction was statistically significantly associated with gender (P = 0.003). No differences in fraction of exhaled nitric oxide or methacholine reactivity were found between moderately and highly physically active females with asthma.ConclusionYoung asthma patients were more active than controls. High levels of physical activity were associated with poor asthma control as judged by the ACT in females, but not in males, and this appears unrelated to airway inflammation or responsiveness.
A re‐analysis of the 1968 Saltin et al. “Bedrest” paper
Authors: Wagner P. D. 
Published: November 2015

In 1968, Saltin et al. published a landmark paper describing the alterations in VO2max resulting from two sequential interventions – 20 days of bed rest and almost 8 weeks of training. They concluded that bed rest reduced VO2max through reductions in maximal cardiac output, while training enhanced VO2max by an equal combination of increased maximal cardiac output and increased arterio‐venous [O2] difference (A‐V Δ [O2]). At the time, A‐V Δ [O2] was taken as an index of peripheral (skeletal muscle) adaptation. A key interpretive element that was not featured was consideration of how alterations in cardiac output affect the O2 extraction process secondary to changes in red cell transit time through the muscle microcirculation, even in the absence of adaptive changes in the skeletal muscles per se. For the 2015 Saltin Symposium, it was therefore thought appropriate to re‐examine the 1968 O2 transport data and re‐evaluate the roles central cardiovascular and peripheral muscle changes after bed rest and training allowing for their interaction. The analysis supports the conclusion that bed rest reduced VO2max mainly through reduction in cardiac output, but after training, it is proposed that the 1968 conclusions should be modified: the majority of the increase in VO2max from the control state can be attributed to an improvement in diffusive unloading of O2 from the muscle microcirculation, with a much smaller role for enhanced blood flow.
Mitochondrial specialization revealed by single muscle fiber proteomics: focus on the Krebs cycle
Authors: Schiaffino S. , Reggiani C. , Kostrominova T. Y. , Mann M. , Murgia M. 
Published: November 2015

We have developed a highly sensitive mass spectrometry‐based proteomic workflow to examine the proteome of single muscle fibers. This study revealed significant differences in the mitochondrial proteome of the four major fiber types present in mouse skeletal muscle. Here, we focus on Krebs cycle enzymes and in particular on the differential distribution of the two mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenases, IDH2 and IDH3. Type 1/slow fibers contain high levels of IDH2 and relatively low levels of IDH3, whereas fast 2X and 2B fibers show an opposite expression pattern. The findings suggest that in skeletal muscle, IDH2 functions in the forward direction of the Krebs cycle and that substrate flux along the cycle occurs predominantly via IDH2 in type 1 fibers and via IDH3 in 2X and 2B fibers. IDH2‐mediated conversion of isocitrate to α‐ketoglutarate leads to the generation of NADPH, which is critical to buffering the H2O2 produced by the respiratory chain. Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT), the other major mito‐chondrial enzyme involved in NADPH generation, is also more abundant in type 1 fibers. We suggest that the continuously active type 1 fibers are endowed with a more efficient H2O2 scavenging capacity to cope with the higher levels of reactive oxygen species production.
Mitochondrial coupling and capacity of oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle of Inuit and Caucasians in the arctic winter
Authors: Gnaiger E. , Boushel R. , Søndergaard H. , Munch‐Andersen T. , Damsgaard R. , Hagen C. , Díez‐Sánchez C. , Ara I. , Wright‐Paradis C. , Schrauwen P. , Hesselink M. , Calbet J. A. L. , Christiansen M. , Helge J. W. , Saltin B. 
Published: November 2015

During evolution, mitochondrial DNA haplogroups of arctic populations may have been selected for lower coupling of mitochondrial respiration to ATP production in favor of higher heat production. We show that mitochondrial coupling in skeletal muscle of traditional and westernized Inuit habituating northern Greenland is identical to Danes of western Europe haplogroups. Biochemical coupling efficiency was preserved across variations in diet, muscle fiber type, and uncoupling protein‐3 content. Mitochondrial phenotype displayed plasticity in relation to lifestyle and environment. Untrained Inuit and Danes had identical capacities to oxidize fat substrate in arm muscle, which increased in Danes during the 42 days of acclimation to exercise, approaching the higher level of the Inuit hunters. A common pattern emerges of mitochondrial acclimatization and evolutionary adaptation in humans at high latitude and high altitude where economy of locomotion may be optimized by preservation of biochemical coupling efficiency at modest mitochondrial density, when submaximum performance is uncoupled from VO2max and maximum capacities of oxidative phosphorylation.
Understanding the True Total Cost of Ownership of Water Cooling for Data Centers
Authors: Demetriou Dustin W. , Kamath Vinod , Mahaney Howard 
Published: November 2015

The generation-to-generation IT performance and density demands continue to drive innovation in data center cooling technologies. For many applications, the ability to efficiently deliver cooling via traditional chilled air cooling approaches has become inadequate. Water cooling has been used in data centers for more than 50 years to improve heat dissipation, boost performance and increase efficiency. While water cooling can undoubtedly have a higher initial capital cost, water cooling can be very cost effective when looking at the true lifecycle cost of a water cooled data center.
This study aims at addressing how one should evaluate the true total cost of ownership for water cooled data centers by considering the combined capital and operational cost for both the IT systems and the data center facility. It compares several metrics, including return-on-investment for three cooling technologies: traditional air cooling, rack-level cooling using rear door heat exchangers and direct water cooling via cold plates. The results highlight several important variables, namely, IT power, data center location, site electric utility cost, and construction costs and how each of these influence the total cost of ownership of water cooling. The study further looks at implementing water cooling as part of a new data center construction project versus a retrofit or upgrade into an existing data center facility.
Improvement of Thermal Conductivity of Electroplated Copper Interconnections by Controlling Their Crystallinity
Authors: Gotoh Masaru , Suzuki Ken , Miura Hideo 
Published: November 2015

Electroplated copper thin films are indispensable for the interconnections in the advanced electronic products, such as TSV (trough silicon via) structures, fine bumps, and thin-film interconnections in various devices and interposers. However, it has been reported that both electrical and mechanical properties of the films vary drastically comparing with those of conventional bulk copper. The main reason for the variation can be attributed to the fluctuation of the crystallinity of grains and grain boundaries in the films. Porous or sparse grain boundaries cause the increase in electrical resistivity and the embrittlement of the films. Thus, the thermal conductivity of the electroplated copper thin films should be varied drastically depending on their micro texture based on Wiedemann-Franz law. Since copper interconnections are used for not only electrical conductor but also thermal heat conductor, it is important to clarify the relationship between the crystallinity and thermal properties of the films.
In this study, the local distributions of the crystallinity and physical properties were investigated experimentally. As the result of the temperature distribution due to local Joule heating along an interconnection, it was suggested that the variation in the quality of the grain boundaries in the electroplated copper thin-films caused the non-uniformity of the resistivity and thus, Joule heating in the thin films. In this study, the effect of the seed layer material on the thermal properties of the electroplated copper thin film was investigated. When a Ru seed layer was deposited as a buffer layer between the electroplated copper thin film and the Ta diffusion barrier layer, both the crystallinity and uniformity of grain boundaries in the electroplated copper films were improved since lattice mismatch between copper and the seed layer metal was decreased. The improvement of the crystallinity increased the long-term reliability of the interconnections under the loads of electromigration and stress-induced migration.
Theoretical and Empirical Energy Impacts of Economization in Data Centers
Authors: Comperchio Dan , Behere Sameer 
Published: November 2015

Data center energy consumption can be divided into three broad categories: Information Technology (IT), Electrical, and Mechanical. An efficient data center uses the least amount of non-IT energy, which is typically divided between the mechanical and electrical systems. Mechanical systems generally contribute a large portion of the non-IT energy use by providing cooling from compressor-based equipment [1,2] and because of this, strategies to reduce compressor energy consumption can lead to significant mechanical system energy savings. The most efficient way to reduce compressor energy is through elimination or significant reduction in annual runtime. This is possible with the use of integrated airside or waterside economizers.
This paper demonstrates the impacts of economization in data centers through data collected from four operating facilities over the course of implementing various economizer improvement projects. System architectures include water-cooled centrifugal chiller plant with waterside economization, direct expansion air handling units (AHU) with airside economization, air-cooled centrifugal chillers with integrated waterside economization, and direct expansion computer room air conditioners (CRAC) with evaporative cooling and waterside economization. A systematic and methodical comparison of the baseline and post-conditions is discussed, comparing expected to observed economizer operating conditions. The comparison of multiple real-world scenarios revealed a range of variances in expected operation of economizer sequences to actual observations, indicating a need for close monitoring of system performance by data center operators to fully realize economizer benefits within facilities.
Investigation on Singular Fields at the Vertex of Interface in Piezoelectric Material Joints and its Application
Authors: Koguchi Hideo , Maekawa Tomiya , Luangarpa Chonlada 
Published: November 2015

A singular electric flux density field may occur when mechanical compression or electrical load to piezoelectric joints causes a singular electric flux density field is applied in piezoelectric material corners. This means that a large electric displacement occurs arround a singular point. It can be thought that there are many possible applications of this local large electric displacement. Hence, electric singularity characteristics should be investigated to increase the performance of piezoelectric joints.
It is known that the intensity of stress singularity reduces with decreasing the thickness of piezoelectric joints; conversely, the intensity of electric singularity increases under a constant external voltage and load. This implies that there is a relationship between electric singularity and stress singularity. In the present paper, the electric singularity on piezoelectric joints is investigated numerically. Usefulness of piezoelectric joints will then be discussed from the results of analysis.
A Computational Study to Compare the Data Center Cooling Energy Spent Using Traditional Air Cooled and Hybrid Water Cooled Servers
Authors: Vallury Aparna , Steinke Mark E. , Kamath Vinod , Parnell Lynn 
Published: November 2015

High performance datacenters that are being built and operated to ensure optimized compute density for high performance computing (HPC) workloads are constrained by the requirement to provide adequate cooling for the servers. Traditional methods of cooling dense high power servers using air cooling imposes a large cooling and power burden on datacenters. Airflow optimization of the datacenter is a constraint subject to a high energy penalty when dense power hungry racks each capable of consuming 30 to 40 kW are populated in a dense datacenter environment. The work documented using a simulation model (TileFlow) in this paper demonstrates the challenges associated with a standard air cooled approach in a HPC datacenter. Alternate cooling approaches to traditional air cooling are simulated as a comparison to traditional air cooling. These include models using a heat exchanger assisted rack cooling solution with conventional chilled water and, a direct to node cooling model simulated for the racks.
These three distinct data center models are simulated at varying workloads and the resulting data is presented for typical and maximal inlet temperatures to the racks. For each cooling solution an estimate of the energy spend for the servers is determined based on the estimated PUEs of the cooling solutions chosen.
Eulerian Multiphase Conjugate Model for Chip-Embedded Micro-Channel Flow Boiling
Authors: Parida Pritish R. , Tsuei Hsin-Hua , Chainer Timothy J. 
Published: November 2015

The 3D (three dimensional) integration of microelectronic chips into chip stacks is an enabling technology to provide a possible path for increasing computational performance. However, 3D chip stacks require a solution to significant new thermal challenges. As a feasible solution, two-phase cooling utilizing a chip-to-chip interconnect-compatible dielectric fluid can be used. This chip-integrated micrometer scale two-phase cooling technology can be essential to fully optimize the benefits of improved integration density and modularity of 3D stacking of high performance integrated circuits (ICs) for future computing systems; but is faced with significant developmental challenges including high fidelity modeling.
In the present work, an Eulerian multiphase model has been developed for simulating two-phase evaporative cooling through chip embedded microscale cavities. First, the model was used to predict the flow and heat transfer characteristics for coolant R245fa flowing through a single straight micro channel with cross section 100 × 100 um and length 10 mm. The flow is sub-cooled in the initial section of the channel and saturated in the remaining. The results were compared to experimental data available from literature, focusing on the model capability to predict the correct flow pattern, temperature profile and pressure drop. Next, the validated model was extended to the simulation of complex flow geometries expected in microprocessor chip-stacks with chip-to-chip interconnects.
Physics Based Requirements for Qualification of BGA Components in Temperature Cycling
Authors: Han Ru , Vujosevic Milena , Pei Min 
Published: November 2015

This paper discusses a new approach for definition of temperature cycling qualification requirement that accounts for the physics of the deformation process in use condition and in the accelerated temperature cycling test condition. The methodology is used to define solder joint reliability (SJR) requirement for Package on Package (PoP) components. Included in the study is the impact of adhesives on SJR requirements. The approach used is different from standards-based approaches that define the requirements in the way that is often independent of package materials and geometries. Physics based damage metrics and numerical modeling was used to comprehend design, technology, material, and temperature profile and provide an in-depth understanding of package deformation and failure mechanism. This, coupled with a developed fatigue law was then used to translate use conditions to test condition requirement.
The study shows that accelerated test will not accelerate all PoP solder joints equally and that requirements for PoP to board interconnects will be different from requirements for top–to–bottom package interconnects. Similarly, for component with adhesives, when requirements are based on physics, they must be different than requirements for component without adhesive and those requirement should be a function of adhesive thermo-mechanical material properties.
Given rapid changes in technology, explosion of new devices and new use conditions, manufacturers constantly make tradeoffs between performance, cost and reliability. The qualification process needs to be optimized to meet these increasing challenges and qualification based on knowledge of physics presented in this paper is designed to meet these challenges.
Modeling the Reflow Soldering Process in PCB’s
Authors: Costa João , Soares Delfim , Teixeira Senhorinha F. , Cerqueira Fátima , Macedo Francisco , Rodrigues Nelson , Ribas Luis , Teixeira José Carlos 
Published: November 2015

In the present work two different types of case studies are modelled, carried out involving the fusing of a material using the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) software Ansys Fluent, using the VOF method (Volume of Fluid) to capture the position of the existing interfaces and the Solidification/melting method which uses an enthalpy-porosity approach to simulate the fusion of the material.
The first case focus itself in the analysis of fusing process and dropping behavior of the melted plate in the presence of a thermal source. The validation is made using a study found in the bibliography and then using water as the melting material given that its behavior is well known. Then tin is used as the melting material followed by the use of SAC 405 as the melting plate. This study compares various materials properties and verifies the influence of some of these particular properties by changing them (surface tension and heat of fusion).
The second case focus on the simulation of a geometry obtained at balance at a constant temperature by the SAC 405 soldering alloy in the presence of a component and the copper substrate on top of a PCB.
Hyper Compressor Revamp Procedures to Extend MTBM
Authors: Lankenau Harry , Damberg Stefan , Wagner Bernd 
Published: November 2015

The LDPE process involves an extremely high gas pressure in the range of 200 to 300 MPa (2000 to 3000 bar / 29 to 44 kpsi) being provided by so called Hyper compressors. Many of the old machines are still in operation and kept fit for purpose since they still render good service and maintenance costs are well acceptable versus the investment for a new unit. Legacies have been taken over by others if the original OEM does no longer exist.
The Hyper compressor cylinder performance is very much associated with the special arrangement of the frame, and the operation implies a perfect movement of the plungers to reduce radial loads on the packing internals to a minimum. High accuracy alignment procedures are therefore of the essence to obtain the best life of the packings and the driving gear.
Despite their substantial size and mass the manufacturing tolerances, internal gaps and clearances — particularly for the bearings and crosshead guides — are within the 1/100 mm (0.4 mil) range. As practiced for decades for old Hypers the crosshead shoes are still today scraped by hand to make them perfectly fit into their guide.
On the other hand modern laser technique has proven to be the appropriate equipment to ensure the proper quality for the refurbishment of all parts and pieces. The application of such technique — both in the workshop as well as in the field — increases the accuracy of complicated assemblies and also, since laser measurement is quick, reduces down time tremendously.
Last not least carefully followed check list procedures for condition verification provide the best achievable MTBM (Mean Time between Maintenance).
This paper outlines particular focus points of a Hyper to keep it smoothly running for a long time.