bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Study of Psychological Characteristics of Children and Adolescents with Digestive Diseases
Authors: Sviridova T. V. , Lazurenko S. B. , Venger A. L. , Komarova E. V. , Potapov A. S. , Buslaeva A. S. 
Published: December 2015

Objective: The present study was aimed at the psychological characteristics of children with different chronic diseases of the digestive system and the identification of key factors influencing the formation of their personality.Methods: The continuous prospective study of psychological peculiarities of 125 patients (7−17 y.o.) with diseases of the digestive system who have been monitored at Scientific Centre of Children’s Health (Moscow) was performed. As research methods were used: analysis of medical and pedagogical documentation, participant observation, educational experiment, interview, questionnaires and projective methods.Results: The study involved 125 patients aged 7–17 years (12.4 averagely) with diseases of the digestive system including teens — 68 (54%), primary school pupil — 57 (46%). The number of boys significantly prevailed over the number of girls (2:1). The study confirmed the existence of a close relationship and mutual influence of three factors: the physical condition, social situation of development, and individual psychological characteristics of children. According to the psychological characteristics the children can be combined in three groups: Group I (47 of 125 people; 37.6%) ― children with bad psychological status. This is most typical for children with active form of chronic diseases requiring intensive medical assistance (37 of 47 people; 78.7%). Group II (59 of 125 people; 47.2%) ― children with instable psychological condition, with risk of neurotization. This group mainly comprises patients with chronic diseases at the stage of unstable clinical remission with preserved or compensated functions of organism bodies and systems or with incomplete compensation of functions requiring long term supportive treatment (45 of 59 people; 76.3%). Group III ― patients with rather stable psychological condition (19 of 125 people; 15.2%). It comprises patients with rather stable psychological condition, anyway, with expressed psychological vulnerability in stress situation. Most children suffer from chronic diseases of different etiology at the stage of clinical remission with rare aggravations, with preserved or compensated functions, provided there are no aggravations of the basic disease (17 of 19 people; 89.5%).Conclusion: Most children with diseases of the digestive system have the psychological difficulties, while their identity is often formed in the distorted social conditions. Therefore, these children need psychological and pedagogical support, as well the special psychological and pedagogical conditions for the realization of their mental and cognitive capacities. To put together a program of psychological and educational assistance we should take into account the child’s age at the moment of occurrence of the disease, etiology, duration and severity of the illness, the nature and degree of non-compliance of social environmental.
Phylodynamic of HCV Populations
Authors: Kalinina O. V. , Zhebrun A. B. 
Published: December 2015

Hepatitis C virus is an actual public health problem worldwide since its discovering in 1989. It is explained not only by the wide spreading andfrequent adverse outcomes of disease, the lack of effective preventive vaccine, but also by the high genetic variability of the virus. The current review summarizes the results of phylodynamic and phylogeographic studies of different HCV populations that allowed to characterize epidemic processes, to analyze the divergence of HCV into genotypes and subtypes, and to determine the geographic origin of the current HCV epidemic variants.
Interneurons Brainstem of the Human
Authors: Chertok V. M. , Kotsyuba A. E. , Startseva M. S. 
Published: December 2015

Objective: To conduct a comparative study of the structural organization of internuclear interneurons involved in the metabolism of nitrogen monoxide, hydrogen sulphide and carbon monoxide in the caudal brain stem humans.Methods: The cross-sectional study was performed. We used histochemical and immunohistochemical methods to study the internuclear interneurons expressing neuronal nitric oxide synthase, cystathionine β-synthase and heme oxygenase-2 which are located between the giant and small cell reticular nuclei (cell group 1), small cell reticular nucleus and the nucleus of the solitary tract (cell group 2) or is surrounded by reticular lateral nucleus (cell group 3).Results: The work was carried out on the corpses of 6 men 18–44 years old who died from causes unrelated to the damage of the central nervous system. We revealed the differences between internuclear organization and intranuclear interneurons and local structural features of internuclear interneurons that are more clearly visible between the cell group 1 including a relatively large number of large neurons and cell groups 2 and 3 (р 0,001). In the latter two groups small cells with high concentrations of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase and heme oxygenase-2 dominated.Conclusion: Despite the fact that the number of internuclear interneurons significantly is less than the number of intranuclear cells, they have structural prerequisites to control integration processes in the brain. Internuclear interneurons produce gasotransmitters and classical mediators of nerve impulse, form a local chain of interneurons between vasomotor nuclei, share many links with the above and the lower parts of the brain.
Thermal adaptation and phosphorus shape thermal performance in an assemblage of rainforest ants
Authors: Kaspari Michael , Clay Natalie A. , Lucas Jane , Revzen Shai , Kay Adam , Yanoviak Stephen P. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe studied the Thermal Performance Curves (TPCs) of 87 species of rainforest ants and found support for both the Thermal Adaptation and Phosphorus‐Tolerance hypotheses.TPCs relate a fitness proxy (here, worker speed) to environmental temperature. Thermal Adaptation posits that thermal generalists (ants with flatter, broaderTPCs) are favored in the hotter, more variable tropical canopy compared to the cooler, less variable litter below. As predicted, species nesting in the forest canopy 1) had running speeds less sensitive to temperature; 2) ran over a greater range of temperatures; and 3) ran at lower maximum speeds. Tradeoffs between tolerance and maximum performance are often invoked for constraining the evolution of thermal generalists. There was no evidence that ant species traded off thermal tolerance for maximum speed, however. Phosphorus‐Tolerance is a second mechanism for generating ectotherms able to tolerate thermal extremes. It posits that ants active at high temperatures invest in P‐rich machinery to buffer their metabolism against thermal extremes. Phosphorus content in ant tissue varied three‐fold, and as predicted, temperature sensitivity was lower and thermal range was higher in P‐rich species. Combined, we show how the vertical distribution of hot and variable vs. cooler and stable microclimates in a single forest contribute to a diversity ofTPCs and suggest that a widely varying P stoichiometry among these ants may drive some of these differences.
Influence of Restoration Type on the Cytotoxicity of a 35% Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching Gel
Authors: Soares DG , Marcomini N , Basso FG , Pansani TN , Hebling J , de Souza Costa CA 
Published: December 2015

SUMMARY
Objectives: The tooth/restoration interface may act as a pathway for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) diffusion into the pulp chamber. Therefore, the influence of resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) and resin composite simulated restorations on the cytotoxicity of an in-office bleaching gel was assessed in vitro.
Materials and Methods: Cavities in enamel/dentin discs restored with RMGIC Vitremer (3M ESPE) or Single Bond/Filtek Z350 (3M ESPE) resin composite (RC) were subjected or not subjected to hydrolytic degradation (HD). A 35%-H2O2 bleaching gel was applied to simulated restored and nonrestored enamel surfaces, and culture medium in contact with the dentin substrate (extract) was collected and applied to MDPC-23 cells. Nonrestored discs subjected or not subjected to bleaching were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Cell viability, oxidative stress, interleukin (IL)-1β expression, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and mineralized nodule deposition were evaluated. The H2O2 in the extracts was quantified. Data were subjected to statistical analysis.
Results: Higher oxidative stress associated with reduced cell viability, ALP activity, and mineralized nodule deposition was observed for all bleached groups compared with the negative control group. The RMGIC/HD group, which presented the highest H2O2 diffusion, had the lowest values of cell viability, ALP activity, and mineralized nodule deposition, as well as significantly increased IL-1β expression.
Conclusions: Dental cavities restored with the RMGIC subjected to hydrolytic degradation allowed for more intense diffusion of H2O2 into the pulp chamber, intensifying the toxicity of a 35%-H2O2 bleaching gel to pulp cells.
Computed tomography morphometric analysis of anterior instrumentation in the pediatric thoracic spine
Authors: Li Yao , Shen Zhonghai , Wang Xiangyang , Wang Yongli , Xu Hongming , Zhou Feng , Zhu Shaoyu , Xu Huazi 
Published: December 2015

OBJECT
The authors' goal in this paper was to quantify reference data on the dimensions and relationships of the maximum posterior screw angle and the thoracic spinal canal in different pediatric age groups.

METHODS
One hundred twelve pediatric patients were divided into 4 age groups, and their thoracic vertebrae were studied on CT scans. The width, depth, and maximum posterior screw angles with different screw entrance points were measured on a Philips Brilliance 16 CT. The statistical analysis was performed using the Student t-test and Pearson's correlation analysis.

RESULTS
The width and depth of the thoracic vertebrae increased from T-5 to T-12. The width ranged from 18.5 to 37.1 mm, while the depth ranged from 16.1 to 28.2 mm. The maximum posterior screw angle decreased from T-5 to T-12 in all groups. The ranges and mean angles at the entrance points were as follows: initial entrance point, 6.9° to 12.3° with a mean angle of 9.1°; second entrance point, 20.6° to 27.0° with a mean angle of 24.2°; and third entrance point, 29.2° to 37.5° with a mean angle of 33.7°. There were no significant age-related differences noted for the maximum posterior screw angles.

CONCLUSIONS
The angle decreased from T-5 to T-12. No significant age-related differences were noted in the maximum posterior screw angles. Screws should be placed between the initial and second points and parallel to the coronal section or at a slight anterior orientation.
The rise and fall of the craniocervical junction relative to the hard palate: a lifetime story
Authors: Mallory Grant W. , Arutyunyan Grigoriy , Murphy Meghan E. , Van Abel Kathryn M. , Francois Elvis , Wetjen Nicholas M. , Fogelson Jeremy L. , O'Brien Erin K. , Clarke Michelle J. , Eckel Laurence J. , Van Gompel Jamie J. 
Published: December 2015

OBJECT
Endoscopic approaches to the anterior craniocervical junction are increasing in frequency. Choice of oral versus endoscopic endonasal approach to the odontoid often depends on the relationship of the C1–2 complex to the hard palate. However, it is not known how this relevant anatomy changes with age. We hypothesize that there is a dynamic relationship of C-2 and the hard palate, which changes with age, and potentially affects the choice of surgical approach. The aim of this study was to characterize the relationship of C-2 relative to the hard palate with respect to age and sex.

METHODS
Emergency department billing and trauma records from 2008 to 2014 were reviewed for patients of all ages who underwent cervical or maxillofacial CT as part of a trauma evaluation for closed head injury. Patients who had a CT scan that allowed adequate visualization of the hard palate, opisthion, and upper cervical spine (C-1 and C-2) were included. Patients who had cervical or displaced facial/skull base fractures, a history of rheumatoid arthritis, or craniofacial anomalies were excluded. The distance from McGregor's palatooccipital line to the midpoint of the inferior endplate of C-2 (McL–C2) was measured on midsagittal CT scans. Patients were grouped by decile of age and by sex. A 1-way ANOVA was performed with each respective grouping.

RESULTS
Ultimately, 483 patients (29% female) were included. The mean age was 46 ± 24 years. The majority of patients studied were in the 2nd through 8th decades of life (85%). Significant variation was found between McL–C2 and decile of age (p < 0.001) and sex (p < 0.001). The mean McL–C2 was 27 mm in the 1st decade of life compared with the population mean of 37 mm. The mean McL–C2 was also noted to be smaller in females (mean difference 4.8 mm, p < 0.0001). Both decile of age (p = 0.0009) and sex (p < 0.0001) were independently correlated with McL–C2 on multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSIONS
The relationship of C-2 and the hard palate significantly varies with respect to age and sex, descending relative to the hard palate a full centimeter on average in adulthood. These findings may have relevance in determining optimal surgical approaches for addressing pathology involving the anterior craniocervical junction.
The use of intraoperative triggered electromyography to detect misplaced pedicle screws: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Mikula Anthony L. , Williams Seth K. , Anderson Paul A. 
Published: December 2015

OBJECT
Insertion of instruments or implants into the spine carries a risk for injury to neural tissue. Triggered electromyography (tEMG) is an intraoperative neuromonitoring technique that involves electrical stimulation of a tool or screw and subsequent measurement of muscle action potentials from myotomes innervated by nerve roots near the stimulated instrument. The authors of this study sought to determine the ability of tEMG to detect misplaced pedicle screws (PSs).

METHODS
The authors searched the US National Library of Medicine, the Web of Science Core Collection database, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for PS studies. A meta-analysis of these studies was performed on a per-screw basis to determine the ability of tEMG to detect misplaced PSs. Sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area under the curve (AUC) were calculated overall and in subgroups.

RESULTS
Twenty-six studies were included in the systematic review. The authors analyzed 18 studies in which tEMG was used during PS placement in the meta-analysis, representing data from 2932 patients and 15,065 screws. The overall sensitivity of tEMG for detecting misplaced PSs was 0.78, and the specificity was 0.94. The overall ROC AUC was 0.96. A tEMG current threshold of 10–12 mA (ROC AUC 0.99) and a pulse duration of 300 µsec (ROC AUC 0.97) provided the most accurate testing parameters for detecting misplaced screws. Screws most accurately conducted EMG signals (ROC AUC 0.98).

CONCLUSIONS
Triggered electromyography has very high specificity but only fair sensitivity for detecting malpositioned PSs.
Les matérialismes et la chimie
Authors: Joly Bernard 
Published: December 2015

L’alchimie est souvent représentée comme une doctrine privilégiant une approche symbolique, spirituelle ou ésotérique du monde, bien éloignée d’une doctrine matérialiste. Mais il s’agit là d’une conception tardive de l’alchimie, déformée par des doctrines occultistes du XIX e siècle et relayée par des interprétations psychologiques ou littéraires au XX e siècle. L’examen attentif des textes alchimiques du XVII e siècle chez un auteur comme Pierre Jean Fabre montre en effet que, même dans l’usage de concepts tels que « esprit du monde », c’est bien à une doctrine matérialiste que se réfèrent les alchimistes de l’époque. Le travail au laboratoire et les interprétations théoriques qui l’accompagnent ne concernent pas le psychisme humain mais la matière considérée sous toutes ses formes, dont il s’agit d’expliquer les propriétés dans le cadre d’une philosophie naturelle, en invoquant des processus matériels et non pas des forces spirituelles ou surnaturelles.
Les matérialismes et la chimie
Authors: Pépin François , Henn François , Boiteau Laurent 
Published: December 2015

Cet article-entretien expose les points de vue de deux chercheurs physico-chimistes, l’un spécialiste des matériaux, l’autre de chimie prébiotique (émergence du vivant), interrogés par un philosophe sur leurs représentations actuelles de la matière et du matérialisme. Les notions d’élément chimique, de composé moléculaire, de matière, etc., y sont abordés par le biais des approches duales : micro vs macroscopique, comportements individuels vs collectifs, réductionnisme vs empirisme, et inanimé vs vivant. Après une brève présentation des intervenants, l’entretien aborde quatre thèmes principaux : 1) qu’est-ce que la matière pour un chimiste contemporain ; 2) quelles relations le chimiste entretient-il avec la philosophie, notamment matérialiste ; 3) comment le chimiste envisage-t-il le vivant ; et 4) la chimie et les questions d’origines (du vivant, de la terre). Les réponses proposées suggèrent que, malgré plusieurs évolutions conceptuelles fondamentales aux XIX e et XX e siècles (atomisme, mécanique quantique, biochimie, etc.), la chimie reste une science autonome (avec sa propre épistémologie, voire sa propre ontologie), et que le chimiste du XXI e siècle ressemble encore beaucoup à ceux des siècles précédents.
Des sujets au cœur du Capital
Authors: Hetzel Ludovic 
Published: December 2015

Les débats d’interprétation de Marx conduisent classiquement à se demander comment articuler l’idée d’une domination des êtres humains par les structures sociales et celle selon laquelle ils font activement leur propre histoire. Il s’agit de montrer ici que l’activité humaine, loin d’être réduite à l’événement historique, est bien au cœur du système lui-même, comme on le voit dans Le Capital . Les hommes sont sujets, au sens actif du terme philosophique traditionnel, parce qu’ils travaillent, aussi exploités soient-ils, et qu’ils portent activement les rapports sociaux qui les déterminent, quel que soit le poids de ceux-ci et des aliénations. Et la puissance des déterminations socio-historiques s’imbrique toujours avec la prégnance de constantes anthropologiques. L’enjeu est décisif : il s’agit de fonder non seulement le fait de la résistance à l’exploitation, mais aussi le rôle primordial de l’activité des travailleurs et travailleuses sous le joug des rapports sociaux – et par là même la possibilité de leur action émancipatrice.
Logique modale temporelle : Arthur Prior, Jules Vuillemin et l’aporie de Diodore
Authors: Ferre Julien 
Published: December 2015

L’argument dominateur de Diodore Kronos, mêlant nécessité, contingence et temps, a fait couler beaucoup d’encre de l’antiquité à nos jours, mais suite aux démonstrations logiques d’incompatibilité publiées par Arthur Prior en 1967 et par Jules Vuillemin en 1984 et 1997, la polémique quant à sa validité semblait définitivement tranchée. Dans un premier temps, nous répondons au souhait de Jules Vuillemin en créant une logique modale temporelle adaptée à la formalisation des principes de l’aporie et correspondant à la perception humaine du monde. Cette logique, basée sur une double indexation temporelle, une règle d’inférence et trois axiomes liés au temps et aux modalités aléthiques, nous permet dans un second temps d’interroger l’exactitude des démonstrations d’incompatibilité et de constater qu’aucune d’entre elles ne parvient réellement à prouver que l’aporie en est bien une. Dans le cas d’Arthur Prior, le problème ne vient pas des opérateurs temporels eux-mêmes, mais d’une confusion temporelle induite par l’imprécision du formalisme utilisé ; dans le cas de Jules Vuillemin, le problème vient de l’utilisation du principe de l’expansion diachronique de la nécessité qui, malgré son évidence intuitive, est fautif dans un contexte contingent. Diverses considérations nous amènent enfin à conclure que toute recherche d’incompatibilité est vaine parce que l’aporie n’en a jamais été une.
L’innovation dans le secteur de l’artisanat africain : l’émergence et le développement de l’artisanat des cornes de bœufs à Maroua dans l’extrême nord du Cameroun
Authors: Wassouni François 
Published: December 2015

L’artisanat des cornes de bœufs, d’origine récente à Maroua, constitue l’une des innovations majeures dans le secteur de l’artisanat traditionnel au Cameroun. La diversité et la nouveauté des produits fabriqués, l’outillage et les procédés de fabrication constituent des innovations qui reposent sur une recombinaison des savoirs existants avec l’utilisation de moyens financiers, matériels et humains modestes. Cet artisanat peut être classé dans la catégorie de l’innovation frugale, dite « jugaad » et il a une influence positive sur l’environnement, étant donné que le recyclage des cornes contribue à lutter contre la pollution. Par ailleurs, cette activité repose sur la revalorisation par des artisans de savoirs et de techniques plus anciennes déjà maîtrisées.
La quête d’excitation
Authors: Heinich Nathalie 
Published: December 2015

En parlant, à propos du sport, de « quête de l’excitation », Norbert Elias ouvrait une nouvelle perspective à la question de la catharsis, en mettant l’accent non sur la neutralisation des émotions mais, au contraire, sur leur activation, considérée comme un besoin humain fondamental. Quoique peu congruente avec les approches classiques du spectacle, plutôt rationalistes et puritaines, cette proposition permet de reconsidérer une grande variété de pratiques ludiques et de donner sens à leur place immense dans notre société.
« Y croire. » Retour sur l’« efficacité symbolique »
Authors: Caillé Alain , Prades Pierre 
Published: December 2015

Plus de soixante ans après l’article de Claude Lévi-Strauss, la notion d’« efficacité symbolique » a-t-elle fait son temps ? On préfère aujourd’hui chercher le mystérieux pouvoir des mots et des images dans le « cognitif » ou dans le « virtuel » plutôt que dans le « symbolique », ce dernier terme n’étant plus guère employé par les anthropologues. Pourtant, ce que Marcel Mauss appelait le symbolisme est bien présent dans des expériences aussi diverses que la psychothérapie, la conversion religieuse, le don et le jeu : pour guérir d’un mal psychique comme pour sauver son âme, pour nouer un pacte d’alliance comme pour entrer dans un jeu, il faut y croire. Et l’on peut chercher un ressort commun de ces « faits totaux », à la fois biologiques, psychologiques et sociaux, dans cet y croire qui n’est pas seulement un penser mais aussi un ressentir et un vouloir.