bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dobry Pasterz a pasterze Kościoła w Sermo 46 św. Augustyna
Authors: Mejzner Mirosław 
Published: September 2016

Sermo 46 of St. Augustine’s, offered for meditation in the 24th and 25th week of the Liturgy of the Hours, is entitled De pastoribus. The scriptural basis is constituted by the reading of Ez 34 : 1–16 where the prophet criticizes the shepherds of Israel who feed themselves and not their sheep, and announced the Lord’s promise to feed his people himself. Augustine, by using an actualizing, allegorical exegesis, develops his homily to describe a true Christian shepherd distinct from a mercenary. The latter only searches for his own interest and honour, symbolized by the sheep’s milk and wool. His selfish attitude causes damage: the strong sheep become weak, then sick and in the end are lost. For Augustine the scattering of the sheep signifies approaching heretic and schismatic groups. The bishop of Hippo disputes especially with the donatists. He emphasizes that Christ is the foundation of our salvation, the only Good Shepherd whose sheepfold is the Catholic Church throughout the world. The shepherds are good when they belong to that sheepfold, and following Christ they accomplish their mission to feed the sheep. The meaning of priesthood is indeed to serve God’s people by proclaiming the Word, distributing the Sacraments and promoting unity. The priest accomplishes Christ’s work and not his own. Therefore his responsibility is immense, since it deals with the eternal life to which God will welcome all those who faithfully served him.
Autor Księgi Mądrości i czas jej powstania (1)
Authors: Poniży Bogdan 
Published: September 2016

This article is the first part of a longer essay, which is divided into two parts. The Book of Wisdom is a special book in the Bible. It is the youngest book of the Old Testament, but Canon Muratori enlists it among the New Testament books. Many manuscripts and old translations call this book the Wisdom of Salomonos, because Salomon seemed to be the author of this work (cf. Wis 7–9). Strong arguments exclude his authorship, but it is sure, that an Israelite must have been the author. Although there are many hypotheses about the date of its birth, Sitz im Leben and the wording defend the view that the text must have been written while the Romans ruled in Egypt.
Auditing Challenging Fair Value Measurements: Evidence from the Field
Authors: Cannon Nathan H. , Bedard Jean C. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
Concern about effective auditing of fair value measurements (FVMs) has risen in recent decades. Building on prior interview-based and experimental research, we provide an engagement-level analysis of challenging FVMs, using quantitative and qualitative data on audit phases from risk assessment to booking adjustments. Challenging FVMs have high estimation uncertainty, high subjectivity, significant/complex assumptions, and multiple valuation techniques. Estimation uncertainty is associated with higher inherent risk assessments, which are, in turn, predictive of client problems identified during the engagement. The use of a valuation specialist by auditors, associated with higher inherent risk and client specialist use, is a key decision: procedures performed by specialists have the highest yield in identifying problems. Auditor-client discussion of an adjustment increases with problem identification and auditors' expressions of residual concern about uncertainty post-testing. However, booked audit adjustments are infrequent; the only factors explaining income-decreasing adjustments are better evidential support and breadth of problems identified.
Disclosure Readability and the Sensitivity of Investors' Valuation Judgments to Outside Information
Authors: Asay H. Scott , Elliott W. Brooke , Rennekamp Kristina 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
Prior literature suggests that investors react less strongly to information in less readable disclosures. We extend this literature by considering how disclosure readability affects the sensitivity of investors' valuation judgments to the information contained in outside (i.e., non-firm) sources of information. Using an experiment, we present investors with a disclosure containing mixed news about the valence of firm performance, and this disclosure varies in readability. We find that investors who initially view a less readable firm disclosure provide valuation judgments that incorporate the outside information to a greater extent, such that their valuation judgments are more sensitive to whether outside information is relatively more or less supportive of management's positive forward-looking statements. We find evidence that this occurs primarily because investors who view a less readable initial disclosure feel less comfortable evaluating the firm and, in turn, rely more on the outside information. We also find that viewing a less readable firm disclosure indirectly increases the extent to which participants search outside information. Combined, our results suggest that investors' valuation judgments may be more influenced by outside sources of information when managers provide less readable firm disclosures, potentially limiting the extent to which managers can benefit from strategically issuing less readable disclosures to obfuscate poor performance. These findings also imply that investors might over-rely on more readable disclosures while discounting outside sources of information about the firm.
Data Availability: Contact the authors.
Changes in apical base sagittal relationship in Class II malocclusion treatment with and without premolar extractions: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Janson Guilherme , Aliaga-Del Castillo Aron , Niederberger Ana 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the changes in apical base sagittal relationship in Class II treatment with and without premolar extractions.
Materials and Methods: Controlled studies evaluating ANB angle changes after Class II Division 1 malocclusion treatment with or without premolar extractions were considered. Electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, The Cochrane Library, Lilacs, and Google Scholar) without limitations regarding publication year or language were searched. Risk of bias was assessed with Risk Of Bias in Non-randomized Studies—of Interventions tool of the Cochrane Collaboration. Mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated from the random-effects meta-analysis. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were also performed.
Results: Twenty-five studies satisfied the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis. Eleven nonextraction and only one extraction Class II treatment studies presented untreated Class II control group. Therefore, meta-analysis was performed only for the nonextraction protocol. In treated Class II nonextraction patients, the average of the various effects was a reduction in the ANB angle of 1.56° (95% CI: 1.03, 2.09, P &lt; .001) compared with untreated Class II subjects. Class II malocclusions treated with two maxillary-premolar extractions and four-premolar extractions produced estimated mean reductions in ANB of −1.88° and −2.55°, respectively. However, there is a lack of low-risk-of-bias studies.
Conclusions: According to the existing low quality evidence, the apical base sagittal relationship in nonextraction, two-maxillary and four-premolar extractions Class II treatments decreases −1.56°, 1.88° and 2.55°, respectively. Further studies are necessary to obtain more robust information.
Dimension, pseudorandomness and extraction of pseudorandomness
Authors: Agrawal Manindra , Chakraborty Diptarka , Das Debarati , Nandakumar Satyadev 
Published: September 2016

In this paper we propose a quantification of ensemble of distributions on a set of strings, in terms of how close to pseudorandom a distribution is. The quantification is an adaptation of the theory of dimension of sets of infinite sequences introduced by Lutz. Adapting Hitchcock’s work, we also show that the logarithmic loss incurred by a predictor on an ensemble of distributions is quantitatively equivalent to the notion of dimension we define. Roughly, this captures the equivalence between pseudorandomness defined via indistinguishability and via unpredictability. Later we show some natural properties of our notion of dimension. We also do a comparative study among our proposed notion of dimension and two well known notions of computational analogue of entropy, namely HILL-type pseudo min-entropy and next-bit pseudo Shannon entropy. Further, we apply our quantification to the following problem. If we know that the dimension of an ensemble of distributions on the set of n-length strings is [Formula: see text], can we extract out [Formula: see text] pseudorandom bits out of the distribution? We show that to construct such extractor, one needs at least [Formula: see text] bits of pure randomness. However, it is still open to do the same using [Formula: see text] random bits. We show that deterministic extraction is possible in a special case – analogous to the bit-fixing sources introduced by Chor et al., which we term nonpseudorandom bit-fixing source. We adapt the techniques of Gabizon, Raz and Shaltiel to construct a deterministic pseudorandom extractor for this source. By the end, we make a little progress towards P vs. BPP problem by showing that existence of optimal stretching function that stretches [Formula: see text] input bits to produce n output bits such that output distribution has dimension [Formula: see text], implies [Formula: see text].
Coloring the rationals in reverse mathematics
Authors: Frittaion Emanuele , Patey Ludovic 
Published: September 2016

Ramsey’s theorem for pairs asserts that every 2-coloring of the pairs of integers has an infinite monochromatic subset. In this paper, we study a strengthening of Ramsey’s theorem for pairs due to Erdős and Rado, which states that every 2-coloring of the pairs of rationals has either an infinite 0-homogeneous set or a 1-homogeneous set of order type η, where η is the order type of the rationals. This theorem is a natural candidate to lie strictly between the arithmetic comprehension axiom and Ramsey’s theorem for pairs. This Erdős–Rado theorem, like the tree theorem for pairs, belongs to a family of Ramsey-type statements whose logical strength remains a challenge.
Information flow analysis for a dynamically typed language with staged metaprogramming
Authors: Lester Martin , Ong Luke , Schäfer Max 
Published: September 2016

Web applications written in JavaScript are regularly used for dealing with sensitive or personal data. Consequently, reasoning about their security properties has become an important problem, which is made very difficult by the highly dynamic nature of the language, particularly its support for runtime code generation via eval. In order to deal with this, we propose to investigate security analyses for languages with more principled forms of dynamic code generation. To this end, we present a static information flow analysis for a dynamically typed functional language with prototype-based inheritance and staged metaprogramming. We prove its soundness, implement it and test it on various examples designed to show its relevance to proving security properties, such as noninterference, in JavaScript. To demonstrate the applicability of the analysis, we also present a general method for transforming a program using eval into one using staged metaprogramming. To our knowledge, this is the first fully static information flow analysis for a language with staged metaprogramming, and the first formal soundness proof of a CFA-based information flow analysis for a functional programming language.
Disparities found in perception of symptoms between patients and oncology team
Authors: Barton Mary Kay 
Published: September 2016

Key Points

The prevalence and importance of pain and fatigue in patients with cancer continue to be underestimated by oncology physicians and nurses.
Clinicians need to assess symptoms of fatigue and pain carefully at each encounter.
An increased awareness of patient‐reported outcomes and education for HCPs is needed to improve patients' QOL.
YOUNG STELLAR CLUSTERS CONTAINING MASSIVE YOUNG STELLAR OBJECTS IN THE VVV SURVEY
Authors: Borissova J. , Alegría S. Ramírez , Alonso J. , Lucas P. W. , Kurtev R. , Medina N. , Navarro C. , Kuhn M. , Gromadzki M. , Retamales G. , Fernandez M. A. , Agurto-Gangas C. , Chené A.-N. , Minniti D. , Pena C. Contreras , Catelan M. , Decany I. , Thompson M. A. , Morales E. F. E. , Amigo P. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research is to study the connections of the global properties of eight young stellar clusters projected in the Vista Variables in the Via Lactea (VVV) ESO Large Public Survey disk area and their young stellar object (YSO) populations. The analysis is based on the combination of spectroscopic parallax-based reddening and distance determinations with main-sequence and pre-main-sequence ishochrone fitting to determine the basic parameters (reddening, age, distance) of the sample clusters. The lower mass limit estimations show that all clusters are low or intermediate mass (between 110 and 1800 M
⊙), the slope Γ of the obtained present-day mass functions of the clusters is close to the Kroupa initial mass function. The YSOs in the cluster’s surrounding fields are classified using low resolution spectra, spectral energy distribution fits with theoretical predictions, and variability, taking advantage of multi-epoch VVV observations. All spectroscopically confirmed YSOs (except one) are found to be massive (more than 8 M
⊙). Using VVV and GLIMPSE color–color cuts we have selected a large number of new YSO candidates, which are checked for variability and 57% are found to show at least low-amplitude variations. In few cases it was possible to distinguish between YSO and AGB classifications on the basis of light curves.
HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS OF ACTIVE ASTEROID 324P/La SAGRA
Authors: Jewitt David , Agarwal Jessica , Weaver Harold , Mutchler Max , Li Jing , Larson Stephen 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

Hubble Space Telescope observations of active asteroid 324P/La Sagra near perihelion show continued mass loss consistent with the sublimation of near-surface ice. Isophotes of the coma measured from a vantage point below the orbital plane are best matched by steady emission of particles having a nominal size of a ∼ 100 μm. The inferred rate of mass loss, dM

d
/dt ∼ 0.2 kg s−1, can be supplied by sublimation of water ice in thermal equilibrium with sunlight from an area as small as 930 m2, corresponding to about 0.2% of the nucleus surface. Observations taken from a vantage point only 0.°6 from the orbital plane of 324P set a limit to the velocity of ejection of dust in the direction perpendicular to the plane, V
⊥ < 1 m s−1. Short-term photometric variations of the near-nucleus region, if related to rotation of the underlying nucleus, rule-out periods ≤3.8 hr and suggest that rotation probably does not play a central role in driving the observed mass loss. We estimate that, in the previous orbit, 324P lost about 4 × 107 kg in dust particles, corresponding to 6 × 10−5 of the mass of a 550 m spherical nucleus of assumed density ρ = 1000 kg m−3. If continued, mass loss at this rate would limit the lifetime of 324P to ∼1.6 × 104 orbits (about 105 years). To survive for the 100–400 Myr timescales corresponding to dynamical and collisional stability requires a duty cycle of 2 × 10−4 ≤ f

d
≤ 8 × 10−4. Unless its time in orbit is overestimated by many orders of magnitude, 324P is revealed as a briefly active member of a vast population of otherwise dormant ice-containing asteroids.
THE AGE OF THE YOUNG BULGE-LIKE POPULATION IN THE STELLAR SYSTEM TERZAN 5: LINKING THE GALACTIC BULGE TO THE HIGH-Z UNIVERSE*
Authors: Ferraro F. R. , Massari D. , Dalessandro E. , Lanzoni B. , Origlia L. , Rich R. M. , Mucciarelli A. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
The Galactic bulge is dominated by an old, metal-rich stellar population. The possible presence and the amount of a young (a few gigayears old) minor component is one of the major issues debated in the literature. Recently, the bulge stellar system Terzan 5 was found to harbor three sub-populations with iron content varying by more than one order of magnitude (from 0.2 up to two times the solar value), with chemical abundance patterns strikingly similar to those observed in bulge field stars. Here we report on the detection of two distinct main-sequence turnoff points in Terzan 5, providing the age of the two main stellar populations: 12 Gyr for the (dominant) sub-solar component and 4.5 Gyr for the component at super-solar metallicity. This discovery classifies Terzan 5 as a site in the Galactic bulge where multiple bursts of star formation occurred, thus suggesting a quite massive progenitor possibly resembling the giant clumps observed in star-forming galaxies at high redshifts. This connection opens a new route of investigation into the formation process and evolution of spheroids and their stellar content.
SIGNATURES OF STEADY HEATING IN TIME LAG ANALYSIS OF CORONAL EMISSION
Authors: Viall Nicholeen M. , Klimchuk James A. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
Among the multitude of methods used to investigate coronal heating, the time lag method of Viall & Klimchuk is becoming increasingly prevalent as an analysis technique that is complementary to those that are traditionally used. The time lag method cross correlates light curves at a given spatial location obtained in spectral bands that sample different temperature plasmas. It has been used most extensively with data from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on the Solar Dynamics Observatory. We have previously applied the time lag method to entire active regions and surrounding the quiet Sun and created maps of the results. We find that the majority of time lags are consistent with the cooling of coronal plasma that has been impulsively heated. Additionally, a significant fraction of the map area has a time lag of zero. This does not indicate a lack of variability. Rather, strong variability must be present, and it must occur in phase between the different channels. We have previously shown that these zero time lags are consistent with the transition region response to coronal nanoflares, although other explanations are possible. A common misconception is that the zero time lag indicates steady emission resulting from steady heating. Using simulated and observed light curves, we demonstrate here that highly correlated light curves at zero time lag are not compatible with equilibrium solutions. Such light curves can only be created by evolution.
X-RAY AND OPTICAL CORRELATION OF TYPE I SEYFERT NGC 3516 STUDIED WITH SUZAKU AND JAPANESE GROUND-BASED TELESCOPES
Authors: Noda Hirofumi , Minezaki Takeo , Watanabe Makoto , Kokubo Mitsuru , Kawaguchi Kenji , Itoh Ryosuke , Morihana Kumiko , Saito Yoshihiko , Nakao Hikaru , Imai Masataka , Moritani Yuki , Takaki Katsutoshi , Kawabata Miho , Nakaoka Tatsuya , Uemura Makoto , Kawabata Koji , Yoshida Michitoshi , Arai Akira , Takagi Yuhei , Morokuma Tomoki , Doi Mamoru , Itoh Yoichi , Yamada Shin’ya , Nakazawa Kazuhiro , Fukazawa Yasushi , Makishima Kazuo 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
From 2013 April to 2014 April, we performed X-ray and optical simultaneous monitoring of the type 1.5 Seyfert galaxy NGC 3516. We employed Suzaku and five Japanese ground-based telescopes—the Pirka, Kiso Schmidt, Nayuta, MITSuME, and the Kanata telescopes. The Suzaku observations were conducted seven times with various intervals ranging from days or weeks to months, with an exposure of ∼50 ks each. The optical B-band observations not only covered those of Suzaku almost simultaneously, but also followed the source as frequently as possible. As a result, NGC 3516 was found in its faint phase with a 2–10 keV flux of 0.21–2.70 × 10−11 erg s−1 cm−2. The 2–45 keV X-ray spectra were composed of a dominant variable hard power-law (PL) continuum with a photon index of ∼1.7 and a non-relativistic reflection component with a prominent Fe–Kα emission line. Producing the B-band light curve by differential image photometry, we found that the B-band flux changed by ∼2.7 × 10−11 erg s−1 cm−2, which is comparable to the X-ray variation, and we detected a significant flux correlation between the hard PL component in X-rays and the B-band radiation, for the first time in NGC 3516. By examining their correlation, we found that the X-ray flux preceded that in the B band by

days (1σ error). Although this result supports the X-ray reprocessing model, the derived lag is too large to be explained by the standard view, which assumes a “lamppost”-type X-ray illuminator located near a standard accretion disk. Our results are better explained by assuming a hot accretion flow and a truncated disk.
A BAYESIAN ANALYSIS OF THE AGES OF FOUR OPEN CLUSTERS
Authors: Jeffery Elizabeth J. , Hippel Ted von , Dyk David A. van , Stenning David C. , Robinson Elliot , Stein Nathan , Jefferys William H. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
In this paper we apply a Bayesian technique to determine the best fit of stellar evolution models to find the main sequence turn-off age and other cluster parameters of four intermediate-age open clusters: NGC 2360, NGC 2477, NGC 2660, and NGC 3960. Our algorithm utilizes a Markov chain Monte Carlo technique to fit these various parameters, objectively finding the best-fit isochrone for each cluster. The result is a high-precision isochrone fit. We compare these results with the those of traditional “by-eye” isochrone fitting methods. By applying this Bayesian technique to NGC 2360, NGC 2477, NGC 2660, and NGC 3960, we determine the ages of these clusters to be 1.35 ± 0.05, 1.02 ± 0.02, 1.64 ± 0.04, and 0.860 ± 0.04 Gyr, respectively. The results of this paper continue our effort to determine cluster ages to a higher precision than that offered by these traditional methods of isochrone fitting.
Une forme de psychothérapie non-directive islamique exposée à travers le travail d’une thérapeute musulmane dans l’État du Qatar
Authors: Al-Thani Aisha , Moore Judy , Graap Caroline , Ducroux-Biass Françoise 
Published: September 2016

Entre 2006 et 2010, sous la supervision académique de Judy Moore, Aisha Al-Thani a examiné les effets de l’introduction d’une forme de psychothérapie non-directive sur une sélection de clients dépressifs du Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), dans l’État du Qatar. Cet article expose la conception de la psychothérapie 1 au Moyen-Orient qui demande une sensibilité culturelle à l’enseignement de l’Islam lors de l’introduction de la pratique d’une thérapie non-directive dans cette société. Les séances de thérapie enregistrées ont été transcrites en arabe puis traduites en anglais ; les clients ont été classés selon l’Inventaire de Dépression de Beck. Les résultats de neuf cas sont énumérés et suivis d’une brève discussion sur la directivité et sur la non-directivité. Le cas de Faimah, pieuse musulmane qui répondit particulièrement bien à la thérapie non-directive est relaté plus en détail à titre d’exemple. Il est évident que le partage des références est extrêmement important pour le succès de la thérapie et que cette thérapie non-directive peut fonctionner dans une culture musulmane quand elle y est introduite par une sensibilité « initiée ».