bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of frequency of consumption of cariogenic snacks by freshmen versus the senior dental students in Tehran and the related factors: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Gholami Mahdia , Mohebbi Simin Z , Mafakheri Milad , Shahhosseini Houra 
Published: October 2024

BackgroundSenior dental students are more aware of the harmful effects of cariogenic snacks and are expected to better watch their diet compared with freshmen dental students. This study aimed to compare the frequency of consumption of cariogenic snacks by senior and freshmen dental students of Tehran city and the related factors.MethodsThis cross-sectional study evaluated the senior and freshmen dental students attending dental schools in Tehran in 2018, who were selected by census sampling. A cariogenic snack record form was used to collect information regarding the frequency of consumption of cariogenic snacks both prospectively (within the upcoming week) and retrospectively (previous 24 hours). We also collected information on the demographic characteristics of the participants. The plaque-producing and decay-producing potential of the diet (PAP) index was calculated for each dental student. Data were analysed by the backward regression model using SPSS.ResultsA total of 294 dental students with a mean age of 22±2.85 years participated in this study. The mean PAP score was 76.48±49.91 for the freshmen and 89.87±49.41 for the senior dental students with a significant difference between them (p=0.023). Older dental students (p=0.008) and those not living with their parents (p=0.001) acquired a higher PAP score.ConclusionThe mean PAP score of freshmen and senior dental students in Tehran was slightly higher than the optimal level. So the instructional techniques of dental curricula are better to be revised to improve the performance of dental students to cut down the consumption of cariogenic snacks.
Lifestyle approaches to hypertension for prevention of stroke and vascular cognitive impairment: a realist review protocol
Authors: Ibrahim Sarah , Bielecki Joanna , Kocabas Emine , Singh Sanjula , Senff Jasper R , Casaubon Leanne K , Rosand Jonathan , Rac Valeria E , Pikula Aleksandra 
Published: October 2024

IntroductionStroke and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) are major global public health pandemics. The increased incidence of stroke and VCI is in part due to modifiable risk factors (MRFs), with hypertension (HTN) being the strongest single MRF. Even though the underlying causes of HTN are multifactorial, lifestyle choices (eg, poor diet, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption) are chief contributors. Lifestyle medicine (LSM) is a medical and evidence-based discipline that is a promising approach for preventing stroke and cognitive impairment, including VCI. The empirical evidence from systematic reviews, meta-analyses and large population-based studies has reported on the effectiveness of LSM interventions. However, the evaluation of such complex, social and behavioural interventions warrants more information to allow its successful implementation into innovative clinical care models. More importantly, we need to understand how such interventions work, who it works for and under what circumstances to successfully manage HTN and other MRFs (eg, hyperlipidaemia, smoking, alcohol use and diet).Methods and analysisThis realist review will follow the Realist and Meta-narrative Evidence Synthesis: Evolving Standards. The review will comprise four stages: (1) clarify the scope, (2) search for the evidence, (3) critically appraise primary studies and extract data focusing on the context, mechanism and outcome configuration and (4) synthesise evidence and draw conclusions.Ethics and disseminationResearch ethics board approval is not required for this review. The primary output of this review will be an evidence-based programme theory for LSM interventions for the management of HTN and other MRFs to reduce the risk of stroke and VCI. Findings from this review will be disseminated at three levels: micro (eg, patients, caregivers, clinicians, non-research partners), meso (eg, public, national not-for-profit organisations, professional associations and centres) and macro (eg, policymakers and government partners).PROSPERO registration numberCRD42024511566.
Changes in food habits during the transition to retirement: the Whitehall II cohort study
Authors: Lagström Hanna , Lahdenperä Mirkka , Ravyse Chirsna , Akbaraly Tasnime , Kivimaki Mika , Pentti Jaana , Stenholm Sari , Head Jenny 
Published: October 2024

Background
The transition to retirement is a significant turning point in life, which may lead to changes in food habits.

Objective
To examine changes in red meat, fish, vegetables and fruit consumption during the retirement transition and whether these changes vary between sociodemographic groups.

Methods
The data were from the Whitehall II study, a cohort of 10 308 British civil servants aged 35–55 years at study induction (1985–1988). Data collection has taken place every 2–3 years. Food consumption (n=2484–2491) was assessed with the Food Frequency Questionnaire in the periods before (max. 16 years) and after retirement (max. 16 years). Changes in preretirement and postretirement consumption were compared in the total cohort and subgroups by sex, marital status, preretirement occupation status and financial hardship using linear regression analyses with generalised estimating equations.

Results
Weekly red meat consumption was stable before retirement but increased after retirement (p=0.02), especially among women, single and lower occupational status participants. Fish consumption increased during the follow-up and the increase was steeper before retirement than postretirement period (p=0.02). Vegetable and fruit consumption also increased during the entire follow-up, but more strongly during preretirement than postretirement period (p<0.001 for both).

Conclusion
The transition to retirement is accompanied by favourable (increase in fruit, vegetable and fish) and unfavourable (increase in red meat) dietary changes, varied to some extent by sex, marital status and preretirement occupational status. Our findings suggest that attention should be paid to this transitional phase to promote eating habits in accordance with the recommendations for retirement.
C‐Reactive Protein Is Not the Driver Factor in Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Ge Zhong-Bo , Zhang Xin-Yun , Zhang Chun-Miao , Xu Tao-Tao , Li Si-Yi , Wei Meng-Xiao , Ding Xin-Yuan , Bai Cai-Juan , Wang Han , Zhou Hai-Hong , Wang Ming-Yu 
Published: October 2024

Purpose: C‐reactive protein (CRP) functions as a nonspecific marker in various inflammatory disorders, particularly in evaluating the efficacy of pharmacological treatments in patients with ulcerative colitis. The existing body of evidence does not offer adequate support for the direct implication of CRP in modulating the advancement of ulcerative colitis.Methods: Our study employed a rigorous mouse model. An ulcerative colitis mouse model was established by subjecting CRP‐deficient mice to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) treatment. The phenotype of the mice, which encompassed parameters such as body weight, colon length, and spleen weight, was meticulously evaluated. Additionally, various physiological and biochemical indicators were assessed, including colon histopathology, expression levels of inflammatory factors, and staining of the intestinal mucus layer.Results: The absence of CRP did not significantly affect the phenotype, physiological characteristics, and biochemical indices in a mouse model of ulcerative colitis compared to mice with wild‐type CRP. Additionally, eliminating intestinal bacteria flora interference through antibiotic treatment revealed that mice lacking CRP did not demonstrate any notable variations in the ulcerative colitis model. Meanwhile, the survival rate of mice lacking CRP did not exhibit a statistically significant difference compared to wild‐type mice.Conclusion: The results of our study suggest that CRP may not directly mediate ulcerative colitis. Instead, it is more likely to be a bystander that is present alongside with elevated inflammatory factors. Further investigation is warranted to determine the precise role of CRP in humans, given the significant limitations associated with the use of mouse models.
Morphology of Roots and Canals of Maxillary First Premolars: A CBCT Study in a Peruvian Sample
Authors: Yanqui-Gómez Juan Salvador , Dulanto-Vargas Julissa Amparo , Carranza-Samanez Kilder Maynor 
Published: October 2024

Introduction: It is important to take into account variations in structures related to dental pulp for planning the most adequate endodontic treatment management. The objective of this study was to determine the morphology of roots and canals of maxillary first premolars (MFPs) using cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT).Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included a sample of 392 CBCTs of Peruvian adults proportionally selected by sex, age, and quadrant. One MFP per individual was selected for evaluation by a calibrated evaluator based on the number of roots and canal configuration according to the Vertucci classification (VC; Cohen’s κ ≥ 0.834). Pearson’s χ2 and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used with a significance level of P < 0.05.Results: Most MFP presented double roots (59.9%) and were VC type IV (52%). Morphology showed a nonsignificant difference by quadrants (P = 0.994). A significant positive association was found between the presence of double roots and type IV in men and with older age, while single roots and type I and II were associated with women and younger age (P < 0.05). Double roots were associated with VC type IV (86%) and single roots with types III (34%), II (32%), and I (26%; P < 0.001).Conclusions: MFPs in a Peruvian sample presented a higher frequency of double roots with two separate canals. The morphology of root and canals was associated with age and sex.
Determining the Ability of Senior Dental Students to Detect Interproximal Caries Using Different Radiographic Techniques
Authors: Abdalla Muzan , Khan Saadika B. 
Published: October 2024

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic capability of 5th‐year students using digital imaging, conventional bitewing (BW) radiographs, and printed film on paper to detect interproximal caries lesions.Methods: A cross‐sectional study was conducted with senior dental students. Three different radiographs: digital, BW, and printed films on paper were used; thus, nine radiographs, each with a 2‐min viewing time, were considered by students along with a questionnaire. A control group of specialists from Prosthodontics and Radiology had finalized the answers prior to conducting the study. The appropriate responses were divided into five categories: R0: Intact surface, R1: Radiolucency in the outer half of enamel, R2: Radiolucency in the inner half of enamel, R3: Radiolucency in the outer half of dentin, and R4: Radiolucency in the inner half of dentin. Students’ responses were analyzed using a one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and a t‐test.Results: Ethics for the study was obtained from the institutional committee (Reg No: BM19/9/8). When compared with the control group using ANOVA testing, the results showed good detection accuracy with a success rate of ~64 accuracy. There was a significant difference in the outcomes when detecting the presence of the caries lesion between the three diagnostic techniques (p  > 0.001). In detecting the size of the carious lesion, the students’ ability was recorded as poor. The highest average for detecting the presence of the carious lesion was correspondent to the printed film on paper method.Conclusions: Senior dental students have shown good accuracy in detecting the presence but not the size of interproximal caries on all radiographs viewed.Clinical Significance: Teachings and availability of diverse radiological diagnostic techniques ensured a reasonable level of understanding and use of the diagnostic caries risk assessment methodologies as required in restorative treatment planning.
Relationship Between Renin, Aldosterone, Aldosterone-to-Renin Ratio and Arterial Stiffness and Left Ventricular Mass Index in Young Adults
Authors: Ananda Roshan A. , Gwini StellaMay , Beilin Lawrence J. , Schlaich Markus P. , Stowasser Michael , Young Morag J. , Adler Brendan , Fuller Peter J. , Mori Trevor A. , Yang Jun 
Published: October 2024

BACKGROUND:
Primary aldosteronism, characterized by renin-independent aldosterone production, is associated with adverse cardiovascular remodeling and outcomes. Elevated cardiovascular risk is observed even in subclinical forms of primary aldosteronism according to studies conducted primarily in middle-aged and elderly populations. This study aimed to assess whether early changes in primary aldosteronism biomarkers during young adulthood are associated with arterial stiffness and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) before the onset of overt disease.

METHODS:
The Raine Study is a longitudinal, population-based cohort study in Western Australia that enrolled women during pregnancy. We analyzed the data from the offspring of these women at 17 (2006–2009) and 27 (2016–2018) years of age. Participants with elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (>10 mg/L) and female participants who were on oral contraception were excluded. Pulse wave velocity and aortic augmentation index were measured by SphygmoCor Pulse Wave System at both ages, and aortic distensibility and LVMI were measured by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at 27 years. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine the relationship between plasma renin, aldosterone, or aldosterone-to-renin ratio and arterial stiffness and LVMI. Mediation analysis was used to test the role of systolic blood pressure.

RESULTS:

This study included 859 participants at 17 (38.0% female) and 758 participants at 27 (33.2% female) years of age. Females had lower renin concentration at both 17 (20.7 mU/L versus 25.7 mU/L;
P
<0.001) and 27 (12.0 mU/L versus 15.4 mU/L;
P
<0.001) years of age; hence, the aldosterone-to-renin ratio was significantly higher at both 17 (18.2 versus 13.5;
P
<0.001) and 27 (21.0 versus 15.6;
P
<0.001) years of age in females compared with males. At 27 years of age, a significant association was detected between aldosterone and LVMI in males (β=0.009 [95% CI, 0.001–0.017];
P
=0.027) and between aldosterone-to-renin ratio and LVMI in females (β=0.098 [95% CI, 0.001–0.196];
P
=0.050) independently of systolic blood pressure and other confounders. No association was found between primary aldosteronism biomarkers and measures of arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity, aortic augmentation index, and aortic distensibility) at either age.

CONCLUSIONS:
Aldosterone concentration and aldosterone-to-renin ratio were positively associated with the LVMI in young males and females, respectively, independently of systolic blood pressure. Long-term follow-up is required to determine whether the relationship persists over time, and clinical trials are needed to assess the cardiovascular benefits of early interventions to block aldosterone.
Decadal Prediction Centers Prepare for a Major Volcanic Eruption
Authors: Sospedra-Alfonso Reinel , Merryfield William J. , Toohey Matthew , Timmreck Claudia , Vernier Jean-Paul , Bethke Ingo , Wang Yiguo , Bilbao Roberto , Donat Markus G. , Ortega Pablo , Cole Jason , Lee Woo-Sung , Delworth Thomas L. , Paynter David , Zeng Fanrong , Zhang Liping , Khodri Myriam , Mignot Juliette , Swingedouw Didier , Torres Olivier , Hu Shuai , Man Wenmin , Zuo Meng , Hermanson Leon , Smith Doug , Kataoka Takahito , Tatebe Hiroaki 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The World Meteorological Organization’s Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction issues operational forecasts annually as guidance for regional climate centers, climate outlook forums, and national meteorological and hydrological services. The occurrence of a large volcanic eruption such as that of Mount Pinatubo in 1991, however, would invalidate these forecasts and prompt producers to modify their predictions. To assist and prepare decadal prediction centers for this eventuality, the Volcanic Response activities under the World Climate Research Programme’s Atmospheric Processes and Their Role in Climate (APARC) and the Decadal Climate Prediction Project (DCPP) organized a community exercise to respond to a hypothetical large eruption occurring in April 2022. As part of this exercise, the Easy Volcanic Aerosol forcing generator was used to provide stratospheric sulfate aerosol optical properties customized to the configurations of individual decadal prediction models. Participating centers then reran forecasts for 2022–26 from their original initialization dates and, in most cases, also from just before the eruption at the beginning of April 2022, according to two candidate response protocols. This article describes various aspects of this APARC/DCPP Volcanic Response Readiness Exercise (VolRes-RE), including the hypothesized volcanic event, the modified forecasts under the two protocols from the eight contributing centers, the lessons learned during the coordination and execution of this exercise, and the recommendations to the decadal prediction community for the response to an actual eruption.
Investigating energy performance of build-to-rent buildings in england
Authors: Li Ying Yan , Hong Sung Min , Watkins Brogan , Wilkinson Samuel 
Published: October 2024

The domestic sector made up 16% of UK’s total greenhouse gas emissions in 2021. The build-to-rent market is experiencing a rapid expansion, but the energy performance and distinctiveness of this building sector are still generally undiscovered. Therefore, 423 build-to-rent flats from three build-to-rent developments in England were evaluated with top-down approach. Energy use intensities of flats were compared against domestic energy benchmarks and design targets. Possible determinants of energy consumption in build-to-rent flats, including EPC rating, number of bedrooms, air permeability, glazing area and glazing orientation were investigated through correlation analyses. Research discovers discrepancy between actual energy performance of the studied flats and design targets supporting UK’s 2050 net zero target. In this case study, number of bedrooms is identified as the most noticeable factor influencing energy consumption. Results of this study provide an introductory insight of the build-to-rent sector and serve as a starting point to encourage further exploration. Practical application: This paper specifically focuses on build-to-rent buildings within the domestic sector. Energy use situations of build-to-rent flats in the UK were investigated with actual measured data provided by a build-to-rent developer. Results demonstrate the discrepancy between energy use in the build-to-rent flats being studied and existing domestic benchmarks. This paper provides insights to researchers, building developers and policymakers regarding the energy performance of this upsurging build-to-rent building sector and its associated influencing factors. It also contributes ideas on the importance of data sharing and development of energy benchmarking of the build-to-rent sector.
Case Series of Akathisia in Palliative Medicine: Patient Perspective and Efficacy of Procyclidine in Diagnosis and Management
Authors: Murphy David , Maher Senan , Kennedy Grace , Looi Steven , Minogue Riana , Brassil Maeve , McDonnell Tara , Mannion Eileen , Waldron Dympna 
Published: October 2024

Aims Akathisia is a disturbing, reversible but under-diagnosed extrapyramidal side effect of medications used in palliative medicine. We assessed patients’ subjective experience of akathisia and response to procyclidine, an anticholinergic used to treat extrapyramidal effects. We also aimed to discuss future areas of research and alternatives to akathisia-causing medications. Methods Suitable patients were retrospectively identified by palliative medicine physicians in a tertiary hospital and a chart review was undertaken. Information gathered included the account of their experience of akathisia, use of inciting medications, treatment, and outcome. Results 20 patients were identified, 12 females, 8 males. Mean number of days on the inciting drug(s) to onset of akathisia symptoms was 18.1. Mean number of days from commencing inciting drug(s) to diagnosis was 20.9. Patients’ descriptions revealed similarities including feeling “locked in” and a need to constantly move. One patient described a “glass coffin” enclosing her. 16 patients had full response to treatment with procyclidine, 3 had partial response requiring up-titration of dosing, response was not documented in 1. Conclusions Akathisia is an elusive symptom that can have dramatic reversibility when treated. Lack of recognition causes unnecessary patient suffering. Procyclidine appears to aid diagnosis and be an effective treatment. Protocols to reduce incidence and guide diagnosis and management are proposed. Further studies are required, in which subjective outcome measures are used and medications to treat akathisia are studied. Recognition remains challenging, causing significant distress for palliative patients, for whom quality of life is paramount.
Discrete time stability of augmented Lagrangian formalism based underactuated inverse dynamics control method
Authors: Zana Roland R. , Zelei Ambrus 
Published: October 2024

Stability problems of robotic systems arise sometimes suddenly, seemingly for no reason. The digital time sampling is often the main cause of these instabilities. Discrete models, which are capable of the prediction of stability, are available for low-degree-of-freedom template models of linear position and force control. However, for the inverse dynamics control of underactuated systems, the literature has a lack of generally applicable results related to the effect of time discretization. Several control approaches are available in the literature out of which a widely used one, the augmented Lagrangian formalism and its stability properties are analysed in this work. Theoretical stability properties are obtained for a generally usable, linear, underactuated, two-degree-of-freedom constrained template model. The actuator dynamics, the finite difference approximation of the feedback velocity and the filtering of the feedback data are considered in the model. These phenomena strongly affects the stability properties. The theoretically obtained stability maps are experimentally validated on an underactuated crane-like indoor robot. The position and orientation accuracy of the robot were assessed: the absolute position error was below 30 mm and the orientation error was below 3°.