bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal variations of phytoplankton in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea revealed by lipid biomarkers
Authors: Wu Peng , Bi Rong , Duan Shanshan , Jin Haiyan , Chen Jianfang , Hao Qiang , Cai Yuming , Mao Xinyan , Zhao Meixun 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe East China Sea (ECS) and the Southern Yellow Sea (SYS) ecosystem is undergoing dramatic changes, but the spatiotemporal patterns and forcing mechanisms of phytoplankton variations remain understudied. Phytoplankton lipid biomarkers are useful proxies for productivity and community structure changes, and they were measured in suspended particles of more than 81 sites from spring and summer of 2011 in the ECS and SYS. In spring, the concentrations of brassicasterol (4.7–127 ng L−1) and dinosterol (0.7–37 ng L−1) were markedly higher in the northern and central SYS, while C37 alkenones (0–15 ng L−1) were detected at only seven sites in the ECS. In summer, brassicasterol (25.3–1178 ng L−1) and dinosterol (0–125 ng L−1) showed high values off the Changjiang River Estuary (CRE), while C37 alkenones (0–410 ng L−1) had high values in the northwest and central SYS. The mean concentrations of the three lipid biomarkers in summer were 3 to 61 times higher than those in spring. Spatiotemporal patterns of biomarkers reveal higher ratios of diatom/dinoflagellate and diatom/haptophyte in higher productivity areas, off the CRE in summer and the northern and central SYS in spring. This study validates the applicability of brassicasterol, dinosterol, and alkenones as proxies of productivity and community structure of the three phytoplankton taxa: diatoms, dinoflagellates, and haptophytes. The results indicate that nutrients (in summer) and turbidity‐induced photosynthetic available radiation (in spring) play important roles in regulating spatiotemporal variations of phytoplankton in the ECS and SYS.
Upper molar morphology of the early oligocene egyptian anthropoid Qatrania wingi
Authors: Beard K. Christopher , Coster Pauline M. C. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesQatrania wingi is a poorly documented fossil anthropoid known only from Quarry E in the Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum Depression, Egypt. This report augments our knowledge of the dental morphology of Qatrania in order to clarify its phylogenetic relationships with other early African anthropoids.Materials and MethodsYPM 18008 from Quarry E is the first example of an upper molar fragment that can reasonably be assigned to Qatrania wingi. Maximum parsimony phylogenetic analyses incorporating the new data from YPM 18008 were performed.ResultsIf YPM 18008 is treated as a separate OTU, it is reconstructed as a member of Qatraniinae (the parapithecid clade containing Qatrania and Apidium). The only qatraniine known to occur at Quarry E is Qatrania wingi, and YPM 18008 is allocated to this species based on its size, provenance, and morphology. Despite its small size and early stratigraphic occurrence, the upper molar morphology of Qatrania wingi is highly derived with respect to that of other parapithecids aside from Apidium. Like that of Apidium, the upper molar morphology of Qatrania bears multiple neomorphic cusps and cuspules. These features appear to be synapomorphies linking Apidium and Qatrania to the exclusion of other parapithecids for which upper molar morphology is known, namely Simonsius grangeri and Biretia spp.DiscussionYPM 18008 supports the recent proposal of a Qatrania + Apidium clade within Parapithecidae. This conflicts with earlier hypotheses, in which Qatrania was reconstructed as being phylogenetically basal to a clade including the younger, larger‐bodied parapithecid taxa Apidium, Parapithecus, and Simonsius. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:714–721, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neutron microtomography‐based virtual extraction and analysis of a cercopithecoid partial cranium (STS 1039) embedded in a breccia fragment from sterkfontein member 4 (South Africa)
Authors: Beaudet Amélie , Braga José , de Beer Frikkie , Schillinger Burkhard , Steininger Christine , Vodopivec Vladimira , Zanolli Clément 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThe Plio‐Pleistocene karstic sedimentary deposits of Sterkfontein Cave, South Africa, yielded numerous fossil primate specimens embedded in blocks of indurated breccia, including the partial cercopithecoid cranium labelled STS 1039. Because the surrounding matrix masks most of its morphology, the specimen remains taxonomically undetermined. While the use of X‐ray microtomography did not allow extracting any structural information about the specimen, we experimented a new investigative technique based on neutron microtomography. Using this innovative approach, we successfully virtually extracted, reconstructed in 3D and quantitatively assessed the preserved dentognathic structural morphology of STS 1039, including details of its postcanine maxillary dentition. Following comparative analyses with a number of Plio‐Pleistocene and extant cercopithecoid taxa, we tentatively propose a taxonomic attribution to the taxon Cercopithecoides williamsi. Our experience highlights the remarkable potential of this novel imaging method to extract diagnostic information and to identify the fossil remains embedded in hard breccia from the South African hominin‐bearing cave sites. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:737–745, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fabrication and analysis of polymer microstructures through ion microprobe techniques
Authors: Stori Elis Moura , de Souza Claudia Telles , Dias Johnny Ferraz 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTIn this work, we explored the capabilities of energetic focused beams of light ions for the fabrication and analysis of microstructures produced on commercial polyethylene terephthalate (PET) foils. To that end, single lines and multi‐structure patterns were drawn directly on the foils using Proton Beam Writing (PBW) techniques followed by chemical etching. The characterization of the microstructures was carried out with on‐axis Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy (STIM) employing H+1, He+2, and Li+3 ions in the MeV range. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was employed as well. The results show that a polymer like PET can be patterned trough a proper combination of irradiation parameters and etching times. However, aspect ratios obtained in this way are quite poor. Moreover, STIM images obtained from different regions of the ion energy spectra reveal patterns and cavities seen neither by conventional STIM, where the whole energy spectrum is used, nor by SEM. Moreover, striking differences are observed when different ions are used for STIM analysis. The results suggest that heavier ions provide additional information of the structures under analysis when compared with usual STIM employing protons. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43253.
Mitochondria and the non‐genetic origins of cell‐to‐cell variability: More is different
Authors: Guantes Raúl , Díaz‐Colunga Juan , Iborra Francisco J. 
Published: December 2015

Gene expression activity is heterogeneous in a population of isogenic cells. Identifying the molecular basis of this variability will improve our understanding of phenomena like tumor resistance to drugs, virus infection, or cell fate choice. The complexity of the molecular steps and machines involved in transcription and translation could introduce sources of randomness at many levels, but a common constraint to most of these processes is its energy dependence. In eukaryotic cells, most of this energy is provided by mitochondria. A clonal population of cells may show a large variability in the number and functionality of mitochondria. Here, we discuss how differences in the mitochondrial content of each cell contribute to heterogeneity in gene products. Changes in the amount of mitochondria can also entail drastic alterations of a cell's gene expression program, which ultimately leads to phenotypic diversity.Also watch the Video Abstract.
Reprogramming the genetic code: The emerging role of ribosomal frameshifting in regulating cellular gene expression
Authors: Advani Vivek M. , Dinman Jonathan D. 
Published: December 2015

Reading frame maintenance is a critical property of ribosomes. However, a number of genetic elements have been described that can induce ribosomes to shift on mRNAs, the most well understood of which are a class that directs ribosomal slippage by one base in 5' (‐1) direction. This is referred to as programmed ‐1 ribosomal frameshifting (‐1 PRF). Recently, a new ‐1 PRF promoting element was serendipitously discovered in a study examining the effects of stretches of adenosines in the coding sequences of mRNAs. Here, we discuss this finding, recent studies describing how ‐1 PRF is used to control gene expression in eukaryotes, and how ‐1 PRF is itself regulated. The implications of dysregulation of ‐1 PRF on human health are examined, as are possible new areas in which novel ‐1 PRF promoting elements might be discovered.Also watch the Video Abstract.
Biolabile peptidyl delivery systems toward sequential drug release
Authors: Ragozin Elena , Redko Boris , Tuchinsky Elena , Rozovsky Alex , Albeck Amnon , Grynszpan Flavio , Gellerman Gary 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTCompact carriers for peptidyl delivery systems (PDSs) loaded with various drugs were synthesized using a simple and convenient solid phase organic synthesis strategy, including semi‐orthogonal functional group protection schemes. Each attachment point of the compact carrier can thus be bound to an anticancer agent through a biodegradable covalent link. Chemo‐ and biostability experiments of a model peptidyl platform loaded with three different drugs revealed pH and liver homogenate (metabolic) dependent sequential release behavior. The versatility of this approach will serve to expedite the preparation of PDS libraries. This approach may prove useful for applications suitable for personalized medicine where multiple drug delivery is required in a sequential and controlled fashion. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 119–132, 2016.
Acute stroke from paradoxical embolism of dense fibrous tissue following pacemaker lead extraction: salvation by mechanical thrombectomy
Authors: Dayal Nicolas B. , Narata Ana Paula , Burri Haran 
Published: December 2015

Key Clinical MessageSystemic embolization is a dreaded complication of transvenous lead extraction (TLE), even without visible vegetations. Preoperative patent foramen ovale evaluation is important, justifying neurological surveillance or consideration of surgical extraction in selected cases. In case of stroke after TLE, mechanical thrombectomy is a successful therapy, and should be readily available.
Improving the material efficiency of recycled furnish for papermaking through enzyme modifications
Authors: Verma Piyush Kumar , Bhardwaj Nishi Kant , Singh Surendra Pal 
Published: December 2015

AbstractFibre fines and fibrils within recycled cellulosic pulp have high amorphous cellulose content. These fines, having a high surface area, restrict the free drainage of water and retain bound water within the pressed sheet but contribute little to the hydrogen bonding potential of the fibre slurry. The advantage of higher freeness, achieved by selective hydrolysis of excess fines through enzymes, can be used for enhancement of the drainage rate, leading to increased paper production. In this study, monocomponent cellulase treatment of recycled pulp for drainage improvement as a result of selective and controlled hydrolysis is investigated. The effectiveness of specific types of enzyme activity, endoglucanase or cellobiohydrolase, is studied. The increased solubilization of amorphous cellulose mediated by endoglucanase treatments improved pulp drainability by 11–25 %, along with providing better paper properties such as tensile index and smoothness.
Three‐dimensional brain atlas of pygmy squid, Idiosepius paradoxus, revealing the largest relative vertical lobe system volume among the cephalopods
Authors: Koizumi Motoki , Shigeno Shuichi , Mizunami Makoto , Tanaka Nobuaki K. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTCephalopods have the largest and most complex nervous system of all invertebrates, and the brain‐to‐body weight ratio exceeds those of most fish and reptiles. The brain is composed of lobe units, the functions of which have been studied through surgical manipulation and electrical stimulation. However, how information is processed in each lobe for the animal to make a behavioral decision has rarely been investigated. To perform such functional analyses, it is necessary to precisely describe how brain lobes are spatially organized and mutually interconnected as a whole. We thus made three‐dimensional digital brain atlases of both hatchling and juvenile pygmy squid, Idiosepius paradoxus. I. paradoxus is the smallest squid and has a brain small enough to scan as a whole region in the field‐of‐view of a low‐magnification laser scan microscope objective. Precise analyses of the confocal images of the brains revealed one newly identified lobe and also that the relative volume of the vertical lobe system, the higher association center, in the pygmy squid represents the largest portion compared with the cephalopod species reported previously. In addition, principal component analyses of relative volumes of lobe complexes revealed that the organization of I. paradoxus brain is comparable to those of Decapodiformes species commonly used to analyze complex behaviors such as Sepia officinalis and Sepioteuthis sepioidea. These results suggest that the pygmy squid can be a good model to investigate the brain functions of coleoids utilizing physiological methods. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2142–2157, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Different tonotopic regions of the lateral superior olive receive a similar combination of afferent inputs
Authors: Gómez‐Álvarez Marcelo , Saldaña Enrique 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThe mammalian lateral superior olive (LSO) codes disparities in the intensity of the sound that reaches the two ears by integrating ipsilateral excitation and contralateral inhibition, but it remains unclear what particular neuron types convey acoustic information to the nucleus. It is also uncertain whether the known conspicuous morphofunctional differences and gradients along the tonotopic axis of the LSO relate to qualitative and/or quantitative regional differences in its afferents. To clarify these issues, we made small, single injections of the neuroanatomical tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into different tonotopic regions of the LSO of albino rats and analyzed the neurons labeled retrogradely in brainstem auditory nuclei. We demonstrate that the LSO is innervated tonotopically by four brainstem neuron types: spherical bushy cells and planar multipolar neurons of the ipsilateral ventral cochlear nucleus, principal neurons of the ipsilateral medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, and small multipolar neurons of the contralateral ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body. Unexpectedly, the proportion of labeled neurons of each type was virtually identical in all cases, thus indicating that all tonotopic regions of the LSO receive a similar combination of inputs. Even more surprisingly, our data also suggest that the representation of frequencies in the LSO differs from that of the nuclei that innervate it: compared to the latter nuclei, the LSO seems to possess a relatively larger portion of its volume devoted to processing frequencies in the lower‐middle part of the spectrum, and a relative smaller portion devoted to higher frequencies. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2230–2250, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Alterations in the subcellular distribution of NADPH oxidase p47phox in hypothalamic paraventricular neurons following slow‐pressor angiotensin II hypertension in female mice with accelerated ovarian failure
Authors: Van Kempen Tracey A. , Narayan Ankita , Waters Elizabeth M. , Marques‐Lopes Jose , Iadecola Costantino , Glass Michael J. , Pickel Virginia M. , Milner Teresa A. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTAt younger ages, women have a lower risk for hypertension than men, but this sexual dimorphism declines with the onset of menopause. These differences are paralleled in rodents following “slow‐pressor” angiotensin II (AngII) administration: young male and aged female mice, but not young females, develop hypertension. There is also an established sexual dimorphism both in the cardiovascular response to the neurohypophyseal hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP) and in the expression of oxidative stress. We examined the relationship between AngII‐mediated hypertension and the cellular distribution of the superoxide generating NADPH oxidase (NOX) in AVP‐expressing hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurons in “menopausal” female mice. Dual‐labeling immunoelectron microscopy was used to determine whether the subcellular distribution of the organizer/adapter NOX p47phox subunit is altered in PVN dendrites following AngII administered (14 days) during the “postmenopausal” stage of accelerated ovarian failure (AOF) in young female mice treated with 4‐vinylcyclohexene diepoxide. Slow‐pressor AngII elevated blood pressure in AOF females and induced a significant increase in near plasmalemmal p47phox and a decrease in cytoplasmic p47phox in PVN AVP dendrites. These changes are the opposite of those observed in AngII‐induced hypertensive male mice (Coleman et al. [2013] J. Neurosci. 33:4308‐4316) and may be ascribed in part to baseline differences between young females and males in the near plasmalemmal p47phox on AVP dendrites seen in the present study. These findings highlight fundamental differences in the neural substrates of oxidative stress in the PVN associated with AngII hypertension in postmenopausal females compared with males. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2251–2265, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of primary afferents in the developmental regulation of motor axon synapse numbers on Renshaw cells
Authors: Siembab Valerie C. , Gomez‐Perez Laura , Rotterman Travis M. , Shneider Neil A. , Alvarez Francisco J. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTMotor function in mammalian species depends on the maturation of spinal circuits formed by a large variety of interneurons that regulate motoneuron firing and motor output. Interneuron activity is in turn modulated by the organization of their synaptic inputs, but the principles governing the development of specific synaptic architectures unique to each premotor interneuron are unknown. For example, Renshaw cells receive, at least in the neonate, convergent inputs from sensory afferents (likely Ia) and motor axons, raising the question of whether they interact during Renshaw cell development. In other well‐studied neurons, such as Purkinje cells, heterosynaptic competition between inputs from different sources shapes synaptic organization. To examine the possibility that sensory afferents modulate synaptic maturation on developing Renshaw cells, we used three animal models in which afferent inputs in the ventral horn are dramatically reduced (ER81−/− knockout), weakened (Egr3−/− knockout), or strengthened (mlcNT3+/− transgenic). We demonstrate that increasing the strength of sensory inputs on Renshaw cells prevents their deselection and reduces motor axon synaptic density, and, in contrast, absent or diminished sensory afferent inputs correlate with increased densities of motor axons synapses. No effects were observed on other glutamatergic inputs. We conclude that the early strength of Ia synapses influences their maintenance or weakening during later development and that heterosynaptic influences from sensory synapses during early development regulates the density and organization of motor inputs on mature Renshaw cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:1892–1919, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Proton Transverse Relaxation as a Sensitive Probe for Structure Determination in Solid Proteins
Authors: Rovó Petra , Grohe Kristof , Giller Karin , Becker Stefan , Linser Rasmus 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe front cover artwork is provided by the group of Dr. Rasmus Linser from the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry. The image shows a protein chemically modified to contain a paramagnetic spin label. By quantifying the effects on proton spin states in solid‐state NMR, this effect is employed to shed light on the protein structure. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cphc.201500799
Utility of serum lipid ratios for predicting incident type 2 diabetes: the Isfahan Diabetes Prevention Study
Authors: Janghorbani Mohsen , Amini Masoud 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundIn this study, we evaluate the association between triglyceride to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL) ratio and total cholesterol (TC) to HDL (TC/HDL) ratio and the risks of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in an Iranian high‐risk population.MethodsWe analysed 7‐year follow‐up data (n = 1771) in non‐diabetic first‐degree relatives of consecutive patients with T2D 30–70 years old. The primary outcome was the diagnosis of T2D based on repeated oral glucose tolerance tests. We used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate hazard ratio for incident T2D across tertiles of TG/HDL and TC/HDL ratios and plotted a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to assess discrimination.ResultsThe highest tertile of TG/HDL and TC/HDL ratios compared with the lowest tertile was not associated with T2D in age‐ and gender‐adjusted models (HR 0.99, 95% CI: 0.88, 1.11 for TG/HDL ratio and 1.10, 95% CI: 0.97, 1.23 for TC/HDL ratio). Further adjustment for waist circumference or body mass index, fasting plasma glucose, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol did not appreciably alter the hazard ratio compared with the age‐ and gender‐adjusted model. The area under the ROC curve for TG/HDL ratio was 57.7% (95% CI: 54.0, 61.5) and for TC/HDL ratio was 55.1% (95% CI: 51.2, 59.0).ConclusionsTG/HDL and TC/HDL ratios were not robust predictors of T2D in high‐risk individuals in Iran. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.