bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contemporary mandibular reconstruction
Authors: Divi Vasu , Schoppy David W. , Williams Ryan A. , Sirjani Davud B. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose of review
Multiple disease processes, including neoplasia, trauma, and medication side-effects, necessitate segmental resection and subsequent reconstruction of the mandible. As surgical techniques have advanced, several technologies have been developed with the potential to significantly transform a surgeon's approach to the restoration of mandibular continuity. The purpose of this review is to highlight many of these relatively newer tools and discuss their evolving role in mandibular reconstruction.

Recent findings
Several contemporary studies have documented the application of different approaches and modifications to mandibular reconstruction – including computer-aided design or computer-aided modeling, contemporary plating systems, osseointegrated implants, and various modifications to existing osseocutaneous free tissue transfer options – and have reported relatively high success rates.

Summary
In discussing these reports, we present a survey of current and developing technologies in the field of mandibular reconstruction and aim to provide sufficient context for the gradual integration of these techniques into practice.
Current concepts in the management of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: O’Connell Brendan P. , Hunter Jacob B. , Haynes David S. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this manuscript is to review the initial management strategies for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss, with an emphasis on the role that steroids play in treatment of this condition, and discuss options for auditory rehabilitation of persistent unilateral hearing loss.Recent findingsRecent data suggest that hearing improvement may be greater for patients initially treated with both systemic and intratympanic steroid when compared with those treated with systemic steroids alone. Salvage intratympanic steroids have been shown to confer hearing benefit if initial management fails. The ideal dosing regimen for intratympanic steroids has not been established, but evidence supports that higher dosing strategies are advantageous. Cochlear implantation has emerged as a strategy for auditory rehabilitation of persistent unilateral hearing loss. Recent studies have demonstrated high patient satisfaction, subjective improvement in tinnitus, and objective performance benefit after cochlear implantation for single-sided deafness.SummaryPatients can be offered steroid therapy in the initial management of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss, but should be counseled that the efficacy of steroids remains unclear. If patients fail to improve with initial management, salvage intratympanic steroid administration should be considered. If hearing loss persists long term, options for auditory rehabilitation should be discussed.
Student Outcomes of School-Based Physical Therapy as Measured by Goal Attainment Scaling
Authors: Chiarello Lisa A. , Effgen Susan K. , Jeffries Lynn , McCoy Sarah Westcott , Bush Heather 
Published: June 2016

Purpose:
The main purposes were to describe individualized outcomes of students receiving school-based physical therapy and determine if goal attainment differed by gross motor ability and age.

Methods:
One hundred nine physical therapists and 296 students participated. At the beginning of the school year, therapists translated students' Individualized Education Program goals into subgoals using Goal Attainment Scaling and determined students' Gross Motor Functional Classification System level. Researchers categorized goals (posture/mobility, recreation/fitness, self-care, or academics), and therapists identified students' primary goal. At the end of the school year, therapists scored the goals. Descriptive statistics and 2-way analyses of variance were conducted.

Results:
Students exceeded their expected goal level for primary goals and goals categorized as posture/mobility, recreation/fitness, and self-care and made progress on academic goals. No differences were found by gross motor ability. Younger students had higher goal attainment for primary and recreation goals.

Conclusion:
Students achieve individualized outcomes addressed by school-based physical therapy.
Feasibility and Effectiveness of a Novel Exoskeleton for an Infant With Arm Movement Impairments
Authors: Babik Iryna , Kokkoni Elena , Cunha Andrea B. , Galloway James Cole , Rahman Tariq , Lobo Michele A. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose:
To determine whether a novel exoskeletal device (Pediatric-Wilmington Robotic Exoskeleton [P-WREX]) is feasible and effective for intervention to improve reaching and object interaction for an infant with arm movement impairments.

Methods:
An 8-month old infant with arthrogryposis was followed up every 2 weeks during a 1-month baseline, 3-month intervention, and 1-month postintervention. At each visit, reaching and looking behaviors were assessed.

Results:
Within sessions, the infant spent more time contacting objects across a larger space, contacting objects with both hands, and looking at objects when wearing the P-WREX. Throughout intervention, the infant increased time contacting objects both with and without the device and increased bilateral active shoulder flexion.

Conclusions:
(1) It may be feasible for families to use exoskeletons for daily intervention, (2) exoskeletons facilitate immediate improvements in function for infants with impaired upper extremity mobility, and (3) interventions using exoskeletons can improve independent upper extremity function across time.
Effect of Segmental Trunk Support on Posture and Reaching in Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Santamaria Victor , Rachwani Jaya , Saavedra Sandra , Woollacott Marjorie 
Published: June 2016

Purpose:
To test the effects of segmental trunk support on seated postural and reaching control in children with cerebral palsy.

Methods:
Seventeen children (age range 2-15 y, Gross Motor Function Classification System levels III-V) were classified with the Segmental Assessment of Trunk Control into mild (complete trunk control/lower lumbar deficits), moderate (thoracic/upper lumbar deficits), and severe (cervical/upper thoracic deficits). Postural and arm kinematics were measured while reaching with trunk support at axillae, mid-ribs, or pelvis.

Results:
Children in the mild group did not display changes in posture or reaching across conditions. The moderately involved group showed decrements in postural and reaching performance with pelvic compared with higher supports (P < .01). Children in the severe group were unable to maintain posture with pelvic support and showed postural deficiencies with mid-ribs compared with axillae support (P < .01).

Conclusions:
Children with cerebral palsy and trunk dysfunction demonstrate improved motor performance when the external assistance matches their intrinsic level of trunk control.
Thromboembolic disease and breathlessness
Authors: Noble Simon 
Published: June 2016

Purpose of review
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) comprising deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolus, confers a significant symptom burden in the supportive care setting, and yet is often unrecognized. Its management remains challenging because the clinical trials informing practice recruited patients that are largely unrepresentative of the advanced disease populations.

Recent findings
Recent years have seen several developments in the management of VTE including new oral anticoagulants, an appreciation of the patient's experience of VTE, and the importance of considering other comorbidities in ensuring an individualized approach to VTE treatment.

Summary
This study reviews the challenges of VTE management within supportive and palliative care, the new oral anticoagulants and the management of VTE in cases in which the evidence is lacking.
Dynamic changes in Sox2 spatio-temporal expression direct the second cell fate decision throughFgf4/Fgfr2signaling in preimplantation mouse embryos
Authors: Mistri Tapan Kumar , Arindrarto Wibowo , Ng Wei Ping , Wang Choayang , Hiong Lim Leng , Sun Lili , Chambers Ian , Wohland Thorsten , Robson Paul 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTOct4 and Sox2 regulate the expression of target genes such asNanog, Fgf4andUtf1, by binding to their respective regulatory motifs. Their functional cooperation is reflected in their ability to heterodimerise on adjacentcisregulatory elements, the composite Sox/Oct motif. Given that Oct4 and Sox2 regulate many developmental genes, a quantitative analysis of their synergistic action on different Sox/Oct motifs would yield valuable insights into the mechanisms of early embryonic development. In this study, we measured binding affinities of Oct4 and Sox2 to different Sox/Oct motifs using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). We found that the synergistic binding interaction is driven mainly by the level of Sox2 in the case of theFgf4Sox/Oct motif. Taking into accountSox2expression levels fluctuate more thanOct4, our finding provides an explanation on how Sox2 controls the segregation of the epiblast (EPI) and primitive endoderm (PE) populations within the inner cell mass (ICM) of the developing rodent blastocyst.
Numerical and Spatial Patterning of Yeast Meiotic DNA Breaks by Tel1
Authors: Mohibullah Neeman , Keeney Scott 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe Spo11-generated double-strand breaks (DSBs) that initiate meiotic recombination are dangerous lesions that can disrupt genome integrity, so meiotic cells regulate their number, timing, and distribution. Here, we use Spo11-oligonucleotide complexes, a byproduct of DSB formation, to examine the contribution of the DNA damage-responsive kinase Tel1 (ortholog of mammalian ATM) to this regulation inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Atel1Δmutant had globally increased amounts of Spo11-oligonucleotide complexes and altered Spo11-oligonucleotide lengths, consistent with conserved roles for Tel1 in control of DSB number and processing. A kinase-deadtellmutation also increased Spo11-oligonucleotide levels, but mutating known Tel1 phosphotargets on Hop1 and Rec114 did not. Deep sequencing of Spo11 oligonucleotides fromtel1Δmutants demonstrated that Tel1 shapes the nonrandom DSB distribution in ways that are distinct but partially overlapping with previously described contributions of the recombination regulator Zip3. Finally, we uncover a context-dependent role for Tel1 in hotspot competition, in which an artificial DSB hotspot inhibits nearby hotspots. Evidence for Tel1-dependent competition involving strong natural hotspots is also provided.
Disordered clusters of Bak dimers rupture mitochondria during apoptosis
Authors: Uren Rachel T. , O’Hely Martin , Iyer Sweta , Bartolo Ray , Brouwer Jason M. , Alsop Amber E. , Dewson Grant , Kluck Ruth M. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTDuring apoptosis, Bak and Bax undergo major conformational change and form symmetric dimers that coalesce to perforate the mitochondrial outer membrane via an unknown mechanism. We have employed cysteine labelling and linkage analysis to the full length of Bak in mitochondria. This comprehensive survey showed that in each Bak dimer the N-termini are fully solvent-exposed and mobile, the core is highly structured, and the C-termini are flexible but restrained by their contact with the membrane. Dimer-dimer interactions were more labile than the BH3:groove interaction within dimers, suggesting there is no extensive protein interface between dimers. In addition, linkage in the mobile Bak N-terminus (V61C) specifically quantified association between dimers, allowing mathematical simulations of dimer arrangement. Together, our data show that Bak dimers form disordered, compact clusters to generate lipidic pores. These findings provide a molecular explanation for the observed structural heterogeneity of the apoptotic pore.
Decontextualizing Big Data for a Better Perception of Macroecology
Authors: Mulder Christian , Mancinelli Giorgi 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTFish species are charismatic subjects widely used for ecological assessment and modelling. We investigated the influence of electrofishing in an attempt to illuminate the extent to which datasets might be merged together. Three American Midwestern regions in Ohio were chosen as study area and the changes in the size-biomass spectra of more than 2000 fish assemblages were analysed. These communities behaved differently according to the sampling method in conjunction to the morphology of the investigated streams and rivers, as shown by decreasing predatory species and lowering of allometric slopes. There are here several lines of evidence indicating that the chosen sampling method, as determined by different habitats, acts as a pitfall and strongly influences the allometry of fish spectra. In the ongoing data-rich era, our results highlight that macroecological investigations, often performed by machine-learning systems without considering the different procedures adopted to collect original data, can easily produce artefactual allometric scalings.
High virulence does not necessarily impede viral adaptation to a new host: A case study using a plant RNA virus
Authors: Willemsen Anouk , Zwart Mark P. , Elena Santiago F. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundWhen between-host selection pressures predominate, theory suggests that high virulence could hinder between-host transmission of microparasites, and that virulence therefore will evolve to lower levels that optimize between-host transmission. Highly virulent microparasites could also curtail host development, thereby limiting both the host resources available to them and their own within-host effective population size. High virulence might therefore curtail the mutation supply rate and increase the strength with which genetic drift acts on microparasite populations, thereby limiting the potential to adapt to the host and ultimately perhaps the ability to evolve lower virulence. As a first exploration of this hypothesis, we evolvedTobacco etch viruscarrying an eGFP fluorescent marker in two semi-permissive host species,Nicotiana benthamianaandDatura stramonium, for which it has a large difference in virulence. We compared the results to those previously obtained in the typical host,Nicotiana tabacum, where we have shown that carriage ofeGFPhas a high fitness cost and its loss serves as a real-time indicator of adaptation.ResultsAfter over half a year of evolution, we sequenced the genomes of the evolved lineages and measured their fitness. During the evolution experiment, marker loss leading to viable virus variants was only observed in one lineage of the host for which the virus has low virulence,D. stramonium. This result was consistent with the observation that there was a fitness cost ofeGFPin this host, while surprisingly no fitness cost was observed in the host for which the virus has high virulence,N. benthamiana. Furthermore, in both hosts we observed few lineages with increases in viral fitness, and host-specific convergent evolution at the genomic level was only found inN. benthamiana.ConclusionsThe results of this study do not lend support to the hypothesis that high virulence impedes microparasites’ evolution. Rather, they exemplify that jumps between host species can be game changers for evolutionary dynamics. When considering the evolution of genome architecture, host species jumps might play a very important role, by allowing evolutionary intermediates to be competitive.
How are age-related difference in sleep quality associated with health outcomes? An epidemiological investigation in a UK cohort of 2406 adults
Authors: Gadie Andrew , Shafto Meredith , Leng Yue ,   Cam-CAN, Kievit Rogier A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo examine age related differences in self-reported sleep quality and their associations with health outcomes across four domains: Physical Health, Cognitive Health, Mental Health and Neural Health.SettingCam-CAN is a cohort study in East Anglia/England, which collected self-reported health and lifestyle questions as well as a range of objective measures from healthy adults.Participants2406 healthy adults (age 18-98) answered questions about their sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) and measures of Physical, Cognitive, Mental, and Neural Health. A subset of 641 individuals provided measures of brain structure.Main outcome measuresPittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores (PSQI) of sleep, and scores across tests within the four domains of health. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) is used to identify sleep types across the lifespan. Bayesian regressions quantify the presence, and absence, of relationships between sleep quality and health measures.ResultsBetter sleep is generally associated with better health outcomes, strongly so for mental health, moderately for cognitive and physical health, but not for sleep quality and neural health. Latent Class Analysis identified four sleep types: ‘Good sleepers’ (68.6%, most frequent in middle age), ‘inefficient sleepers’ (13.05%, most frequent in old age), ‘Delayed sleepers’ (9.76%, most frequent in young adults) and ‘poor sleepers’ (8.6%, most frequent in old age). There is little evidence for interactions between sleep quality and age on health outcomes. Finally, we observe u-shaped associations between sleep duration and mental health (depression and anxiety) as well as self-reported general health, such that both short and long sleep were associated with poorer outcomes.ConclusionsLifespan changes in sleep quality are multifaceted and not captured well by summary measures, but instead as partially independent symptoms that vary in prevalence across the lifespan. Better self-reported sleep is associated with better health outcomes, and the strength of these associations differs across health domains. Notably, we do observed associations between self-reported sleep quality and white matter.FundingBiotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (grant number BB/H008217/1). RAK is supported by the Wellcome Trust (grant number 107392/Z/15/Z and the UK Medical Research Council (MC-A060-5PR61).Strengths and limitations of this studyBroad phenotypic assessment of healthy ageing across multiple health domainsAdvanced analytic techniques (i.e. Latent Class Analysis regression) allows new insightsA uniquely large neuroimaging sample combined with Bayesian inference allows for quantification of evidence for the null hypothesisSubjective sleep measures may have drawbacks in older samplesCross-sectional data precludes modelling of within subject changes
Natural DEET substitutes that are strong olfactory repellents of mosquitoes and flies
Authors: Boyle Sean Michael , Guda Tom , Pham Christine Krause , Tharadra Sana Khalid , Dahanukar Anupama , Ray Anandasankar 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARYDespite shortcomings, N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) has remained the gold-standard of insect repellents for >60 years. There are significant impediments to finding improved substitutes because the molecular targets causing repellency are unclear, new chemistries will require significant human-safety testing, and predicted costs for development are exorbitant. Here we identify shared structural features important for repellency and using a supervised chemical-informatics method screeninsilico>400,000 compounds to identify >100 natural compounds as candidate repellents. We select 4 candidates that are affordable, 3 approved as safe for human food use, and demonstrate that they are strong olfactory and gustatory repellents to both mosquitoes andDrosophila. The chemicals do not dissolve plastic and have a mild and pleasant odor. These repellents are representative of a new generation of affordable substitutes for DEET that can be rapidly deployed globally because of excellent human-safety profiles, and have great potential in reducing deadly diseases by reducing mosquito-human contact.
Suboptimality in Perceptual Decision Making
Authors: Rahnev Dobromir , Denison Rachel N. 
Published: June 2016

Short AbstractHuman perceptual decisions are often described as optimal, but this view remains controversial. To elucidate the issue, we review the vast literature on suboptimalities in perceptual tasks and compile the proposed hypotheses about the origins of suboptimal behavior. Further, we argue that general claims about optimality are virtually meaningless and result in a false sense of progress. Instead, real progress can be achieved by building observer models that account for both optimal and suboptimal behavior. To achieve such progress, the field should focus on assessing the hypotheses about suboptimal behavior compiled here and stop chasing optimality.Long AbstractHuman perceptual decisions are often described as optimal. Critics of this view have argued that claims of optimality are overly flexible and lack explanatory power. Meanwhile, advocates for optimality have countered that such criticisms single out a few selected papers. To elucidate the issue of optimality in perceptual decision making, we review the extensive literature on suboptimal performance in perceptual tasks. We discuss eight different classes of suboptimal perceptual decisions, including improper placement, maintenance, and adjustment of perceptual criteria, inadequate tradeoff between speed and accuracy, inappropriate confidence ratings, misweightings in cue combination, and findings related to various perceptual illusions and biases. In addition, we discuss conceptual shortcomings of a focus on optimality, such as definitional difficulties and the limited value of optimality claims in and of themselves. We therefore advocate that the field drop its emphasis on whether observed behavior is optimal and instead concentrate on building and testing detailed observer models that explain behavior across a wide range of tasks. To facilitate this transition, we compile the proposed hypotheses regarding the origins of suboptimal perceptual decisions reviewed here. We argue that verifying, rejecting, and expanding these explanations for suboptimal behavior – rather than assessing optimality per se – should be among the major goals of the science of perceptual decision making.
A wireless centrifuge force microscope (CFM) enables multiplexed single-molecule experiments in a commercial centrifuge
Authors: Hoang Tony , Patel Dhruv S. , Halvorsen Ken 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe centrifuge force microscope (CFM) was recently introduced as a platform for massively parallel single-molecule manipulation and analysis. Here we developed a low-cost and selfcontained CFM module that works directly within a commercial centrifuge, greatly improving accessibility and ease of use. Our instrument incorporates research grade video microscopy, a power source, a computer, and wireless transmission capability to simultaneously monitor many individually tethered microspheres. We validated the instrument by performing single-molecule force shearing of short DNA duplexes. For a 7 bp duplex, we collected over 1000 statistics of force dependent shearing kinetics from 2 pN to 12 pN with dissociation times in the range of 10-100 seconds. We extended the measurement to a 10 bp duplex, applying a 12 pN force clamp and directly observing single-molecule dissociation over an 85 minute experiment. Our new CFM module facilitates simple and inexpensive experiments that dramatically improve access to singlemolecule analysis.