bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Universal Expositions, Utopias, and Architecture
Authors: Picon Antoine 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe chapter explores the influence of early nineteenth‐century utopias upon later world expositions held in Paris starting in 1855. Key figures of the utopian movements were present in the organization of these international events, and many conceptual links can be established between utopian themes and exposition architecture: the cult of industry embodied in the religious overtones of its buildings and their polychrome ornaments; the concern for and display of product labor and workers’ living conditions; the fusion of didactic goals with entertainment, merging education and spectacle; and the vision of an alternative, idealized network city.
Canadian Architecture in the Nineteenth Century: Identities in Tension
Authors: Grignon Marc , Thomas Christopher 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis chapter examines how architectural forms were used to address the question of Canadian identity during the nineteenth century. At every stage, architecture participated in the process of nation building by proposing cultural references, by adapting European and American models, and by elaborating critical responses to existing situations, quite varied from east to west. The chapter is divided into three historical periods, corresponding to the political development of the country: first the “colonial” times and the separation between Upper Canada and Lower Canada; then the “Union era” inaugurated by the Act of Union of 1841; and, finally, the beginnings of the nation‐state “Canada,” grounded in the British North America Act of 1867. In each of these periods, architectural forms can be interpreted as “identity” projects, emphasizing cultural affiliations, regional traits, or hypothetical common denominators. In this manner, the chapter demonstrates that a focus on the question of identity, and on the tensions it implies, promotes a clearer understanding of the specificity and the originality of architectural forms appropriated by architects in Canada. Moreover, it reveals how the identity paradox became a defining problem of nineteenth‐century architecture in Canada.
Multiple Modernisms in Khedivial Egypt
Authors: Volait Mercedes 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe heterogeneity of nineteenth‐century architecture in modern Egypt reflects the variety of cultures, societies, and powers that shaped its history. Late Ottoman structures infused with Mediterranean aesthetics coexisted with Italianate buildings, Mitteleuropa influences or wooden architecture in the colonial style. A characteristic phenomenon is the naturalization of European typologies and styles in Egyptian building culture, in response to innovation and local lifestyles, eventually resulting in anachronistic designs and overly ornate architecture. The ambivalences of historicism (in the form of the Mamluk Revival) are another salient feature: references to historic architecture were used for a wide array of commissions and were charged with diverse meanings. The process of selective borrowing was sustained by the early development of architectural education and the rise of local professionals.
Villa Müller: Adolf Loos
Authors: Long Christopher 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

The Villa Müller, completed in Prague in 1930, is among Adolf Loos’ signature works and one of the epochal buildings of the modern movement. With its tight, interlocking volumes positioned on multiple levels, the house remains perhaps the best illustration of Loos’ Raumplan, or space‐plan, conception. It is a
tour de force
of modern space‐making, an essay on how to foster complex volumes and how to connect them. It is the key building of Loos’ later years, a summation of all he sought to achieve as an architect and a
précis
of his idiosyncratic ideas of form and living. It has become one of the most oft‐studied and discussed buildings of those years, an object lesson in three‐dimensional design.
Vanna Venturi House: Robert Venturi
Authors: Stierli Martino 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe Vanna Venturi House in Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania, lovingly known as the “Mother's House,” was arguably Robert Venturi's quintessential architectural statement. It was planned and built between 1959 and 1964, a wide time span that is telling of the exceedingly large amount of thought and intellectual work that went into its realization. A house of modest scale, commissioned by the architect's widow mother, is a typical brief for a young architect's first commission, for obvious social and economic reasons. In many ways, little houses are a testing ground for the young architect to consider, evaluate, modify, and adjust his theoretical knowledge against the requirements of reality. Given the special relationship between architect and client, such early projects for a small house often are more daring and experimental than larger buildings for corporate clients. Ideally, they expand the known limitations of construction, excel on the level of aesthetics, and enhance contemporary discourse by exemplifying the theoretical standpoint of an emerging voice. For these reasons, such houses bear great potential for the discipline of architecture, being capable of transcending current standards and opening up new horizons for this specific form of knowledge.
Experimental verification of Advanced Collapsed‐cone Engine for use with a multichannel vaginal cylinder applicator
Authors: Cawston‐Grant Brie , Morrison Hali , Menon Geetha , Sloboda Ron S 
Published: March 2017

AbstractModel‐based dose calculation algorithms have recently been incorporated into brachytherapy treatment planning systems, and their introduction requires critical evaluation before clinical implementation. Here, we present an experimental evaluation of Oncentra® Brachy Advanced Collapsed‐cone Engine (ACE) for a multichannel vaginal cylinder (MCVC) applicator using radiochromic film. A uniform dose of 500 cGy was specified to the surface of the MCVC using the TG‐43 dose formalism under two conditions: (a) with only the central channel loaded or (b) only the peripheral channels loaded. Film measurements were made at the applicator surface and compared to the doses calculated using TG‐43, standard accuracy ACE (sACE), and high accuracy ACE (hACE). When the central channel of the applicator was used, the film measurements showed a dose increase of (11 ± 8)% (k = 2) above the two outer grooves on the applicator surface. This increase in dose was confirmed with the hACE calculations, but was not confirmed with the sACE calculations at the applicator surface. When the peripheral channels were used, a periodic azimuthal variation in measured dose was observed around the applicator. The sACE and hACE calculations confirmed this variation and agreed within 1% of each other at the applicator surface. Additionally for the film measurements with the central channel used, a baseline dose variation of (10 ± 4)% (k = 2) of the mean dose was observed azimuthally around the applicator surface, which can be explained by offset source positioning in the central channel.
Practice Pattern of Hepatitis B Testing in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Cross‐National Comparison Between the US and Taiwan
Authors: Lin Tzu‐Chieh , Hashemi Nikroo , Kim Seoyoung C. , Yang Yea‐Huei Kao , Yoshida Kazuki , Tedeschi Sara , Desai Rishi , Solomon Daniel H. 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveThe hepatitis B virus (HBV) testing rates and patterns in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients starting disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) have not been well studied. We describe and compare the practice patterns of HBV testing among RA patients in the US and Taiwan.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study, including RA patients starting a first DMARD in the US or Taiwan. The first date patients newly received any DMARD was defined as the index date, and the 1‐year period before the index date was the baseline period. HBV testing was defined as any of the following tests 1 year before or after the index date: hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B surface antibody, hepatitis B core antibody, hepatitis B envelope antigen, hepatitis B envelope antibody, or HBV DNA. We calculated the HBV testing rate by year and used Poisson regression to calculate the testing rate ratio.ResultsWe identified 14,568 RA patients in the US and 46,265 in Taiwan. The overall testing rate was 20.3% in the US and 24.5% in Taiwan, and gradually increased over the study period from 13.1–23.0% in the US and 16.8–30.0% in Taiwan. More than one type of HBV test was used in 43.4% of patients in the US and 16.3% of patients in Taiwan receiving tests. Results of Poisson regression found Taiwan had a 17% higher testing rate over the US during the followup period (crude rate ratio 1.17 [95% confidence interval 1.12–1.22]).ConclusionWe found small differences in the HBV testing rates across the US and Taiwan. Although the rate gradually increased in the past decade, it remained low in both countries.
Chiral N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Michael–Intramolecular Aldol‐Lactonization Cascade for Enantioselective Construction of β‐Propiolactone‐Fused Spiro[cyclopentane‐oxindoles]
Authors: Zhang Jun‐Qi , Li Nai‐Kai , Yin Shao‐Jie , Sun Bing‐Bing , Fan Wei‐Tai , Wang Xing‐Wang 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA cascade asymmetric Michael–intramolecular aldol‐lactonization of enals with oxindolyl β,γ‐unsaturated α‐keto esters was developed. An optically pure aminoindanol‐derived triazolium‐based N‐heterocyclic carbene was used as the catalyst. The corresponding desired β‐propiolactone‐fused spiro[cyclopentane‐oxindoles] were obtained in moderate yields with excellent diastereoselectivities and enantioselectivities. Notably, the obtained enantio‐enriched highly functionalized complex molecules contain four contiguous stereocenters, including a spiro all‐carbon center and a quaternary carbon center.magnified image
Nickel Catalysis Enables Hetero [2+2+1] Cycloaddition between Yne‐Isothiocyanates and Isonitriles with Low Catalyst Loading
Authors: Liu Rui‐Juan , Wang Peng‐Fei , Yuan Wen‐Kui , Wen Li‐Rong , Li Ming 
Published: March 2017

AbstractNickel(II) can be used to catalyze the hetero [2+2+1] cycloaddition of 2‐alkynylaryl isothiocyanates and isonitriles in 2‐methyltetrahydrofuran (2‐MeTHF) to give a wide array of thieno[2,3‐b]indoles in excellent yields. The reaction is featured by employing as little as 0.3 mol% nickel(II) acetylacetonate [Ni(acac)2] under air conditions in the absence of any additives (additional reducing agents and external ligands). This is the first successful example to apply nickel(II) directly in hetero [2+2+1] cycloadditions.magnified image
Distinct expression of NK2 homeobox 1 (NKX2‐1) and goblet cell hyperplasia in nasal polyps with different endotypes
Authors: Du Jintao , Ba Luo , Li Bo , Liu Feng , Hu Xianting , Zhang Jie , Liu Yafeng , Xian Junming , Liu Sixi , Li Huabin 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundDecreased expression of airway epithelial‐specific transcription factor NK2 homeobox 1 (NKX2‐1) was associated with allergic inflammation in asthma patients. However, the expression and role of NKX2‐1 in nasal polyps (NPs) with different endotypes were undefined yet.MethodsWe examined the expression of key cytokines (interleukin [IL]‐4 IL‐5, IL‐13, and IL‐17A, etc.) and NKX2‐1 in NPs with different endotypes and control tissues by immunohistochemistry staining, qualitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western blot analysis.ResultsWe found 23% of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with NP (CRSwNP) patients had IL‐5+ eosinophilic NPs, 40.7% of NPs were key cytokines negative NPs (KCN NPs) with less eosinophil accumulation. The expression of NKX2‐1 in IL‐5+ NPs was significantly lower than KCN NPs and normal controls (p < 0.05). The expression of mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) and MUC5B, as well as goblet cells hyperplasia, were significantly elevated in IL‐5+ NPs, which correlated with the decreased expression of NKX2‐1 (p < 0.05). Moreover, “SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor” (SPDEF) was significantly elevated, while expression of Forkhead Box A2 (FoxA2) was significantly decreased in IL‐5+ NPs (p < 0.05). The expression of chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 17 (CCL17) and IL‐4 was significantly increased in IL‐5+ NPs, which was associated with eosinophil accumulation(p < 0.05).ConclusionThe downregulation of NKX2‐1 in IL‐5+ NPs may be associated with tissue eosinophilia and goblet cells hyperplasia.
Chromium(0), Molybdenum(0), and Tungsten(0) Isocyanide Complexes as Luminophores and Photosensitizers with Long‐Lived Excited States
Authors: Büldt Laura A. , Wenger Oliver S. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractArylisocyanide complexes based on earth‐abundant Group 6 d6 metals are interesting alternatives to photoactive complexes made from precious metals such as RuII, ReI, OsII, or IrIII. Some of these complexes have long‐lived 3MLCT excited states that exhibit luminescence with good quantum yields as well as nano‐ to microsecond lifetimes, and they are very strongly reducing. Recent studies have demonstrated that Cr0, Mo0, and W0 arylisocyanide complexes have great potential for applications in luminescent devices, photoredox catalysis, and dye‐sensitized solar cells.
Synthesis, characterization and biological activities of two novel orthopalladated complexes: Interactions with DNA and bovine serum albumin, antitumour activity and molecular docking studies
Authors: Karami Kazem , Hashemi Sara , Lipkowski Janusz , Mardani Fatemeh , Momtazi‐borojeni Amir Abbas , Lighvan Zohreh Mehri 
Published: March 2017

[Pd(L1)(C,N)]CF3SO3 and [Pd(L2)(C,N)]CF3SO3 (L1 = 2,2′‐bipyridine, L2 = 1,10‐phenanthroline and C,N = benzylamine) novel orthopalladated complexes have been synthesized and characterized using various techniques. The binding of the complexes with native calf thymus DNA (CT‐DNA) was monitored using UV–visible absorption spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectroscopy and thermal denaturation studies. Our results indicate that these complexes can strongly bind to CT‐DNA via partial intercalative mode. In addition, fluorescence spectrometry of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with the complexes shows that the fluorescence quenching mechanism of BSA is a static process. The results of site‐competitive replacement experiments with specific site markers clearly indicate that the complexes bind to site I of BSA. Notably, the complexes exhibit significant in vitro cytotoxicity against two human cancer cell lines (Jurkat and MCF‐7) with IC50 values varying from 37 to 53 μM. Finally, a molecular docking experiment effectively proves the binding of the Pd(II) complexes to DNA and BSA.
New polyurea MWCNTs nanocomposite films with enhanced mechanical properties
Authors: Toader Gabriela , Rusen Edina , Teodorescu Mircea , Diacon Aurel , Stanescu Paul O. , Damian Celina , Rotariu Traian , Rotariu Adrian 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTPolyurea nanocomposites represent a promising option in the development of advanced materials for applications that require high mechanical resistance. This article describes an optimized synthetic route for obtaining polyurea nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical properties by employing epoxy‐functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as reinforcing agent. The experimental measurements revealed that these functionalized nanofillers have a positive effect on the properties of the composite only until they reach a certain concentration; therefore, the optimal composition was reported (the samples containing 0.2 weight % functionalized MWCNTs). The functionalization of the MWCNTs was confirmed through RAMAN, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis, while the polyurea nanocomposites obtained have been characterized by thermal (differential scanning calorimetry and TGA) and mechanical (dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile tests) analyses. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45061.
Comparison of bacterial cellulose production by Gluconacetobacter xylinus on bagasse acid and enzymatic hydrolysates
Authors: Qi Gao‐Xiang , Luo Mu‐Tan , Huang Chao , Guo Hai‐Jun , Chen Xue‐Fang , Xiong Lian , Wang Bo , Lin Xiao‐Qing , Peng Fen , Chen Xin‐De 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTTo fulfill the comprehensive utilization of cellulose and hemicellulose components in bagasse for bacterial cellulose (BC) production, both bagasse acid and enzymatic hydrolysates were used for BC production by Gluconacetobacter xylinus. Although the BC accumulation rate was slower during the early period of fermentation in the bagasse acid hydrolysate than in the enzymatic hydrolysate, the highest BC yield (1.09 vs. 0.42 g/L) was higher in the bagasse acid hydrolysate. The substrate utilization was evaluated in both bagasse acid and enzymatic hydrolysates, and glucose, xylose, and acetic acid were better carbon sources than arabinose and cellobiose for G. xylinus. The structure of the BC samples obtained from bagasse acid and enzymatic hydrolysates, including the microscopic morphology, functional groups, and crystals, was similar especially in the later phase of fermentation, which was analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. Thus, both bagasse acid and enzymatic hydrolysates could be promising substrates for BC production. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45066.
Preparation and evaluation of chitosan/β‐cyclodextrin magnetic nanoparticles as a photodegradable and hydrophobic drug delivery carrier
Authors: Shi Xu , Xiang Cuncheng , Liu Yuehua , Lin Huihuan , Xu Yi , Ji Jingou 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTIn this study, novel tumor targeting nanocarriers comprised of chitosan (CS)/β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) magnetic nanoparticles were prepared to improve the photodegradable stability and bioavailability of hydrophobic drug. Resveratrol (Res) with photodegradable and hydrophobic properties was selected as a model drug. The photodegradation rate of Res in Fe3O4 nanoparticles solution was 7.8 times lower than that in the ethanol solution. In addition, the value of the saturation magnetization of CS/β‐CD nanoparticles was found to be 19.56 emu/g with characteristic of superparamagnetism. Approximately 90% Res was entrapped into the CS/β‐CD magnetic nanoparticles with the size distribution ranging from 200 to 359 nm, and the nanoparticles were spherical in shape with high zeta potentials. Furthermore, the formation of CS/β‐CD nanoparticles showed a sustained release in vitro. These results indicated that the obtained CS/β‐CD magnetic nanoparticles were a promising magnetic targeting carrier for photodegradable and hydrophobic drugs. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45076.
Effects of Treadmill Exercise on Advanced Osteoarthritis Pain in Rats
Authors: Allen Joshua , Imbert Ian , Havelin Joshua , Henderson Terry , Stevenson Glenn , Liaw Lucy , King Tamara 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveExercise is commonly recommended for patients with osteoarthritis (OA) pain. However, whether exercise is beneficial in ameliorating ongoing pain that is persistent, resistant to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and associated with advanced OA is unknown.MethodsRats treated with intraarticular (IA) monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) or saline underwent treadmill exercise or remained sedentary starting 10 days postinjection. Tactile sensory thresholds and weight bearing were assessed, followed by radiography at weekly intervals. After 4 weeks of exercise, ongoing pain was assessed using conditioned place preference (CPP) to IA or rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM)–administered lidocaine. The possible role of endogenous opioids in exercise‐induced pain relief was examined by systemic administration of naloxone. Knee joints were collected for micro–computed tomography (micro‐CT) analysis to examine pathologic changes to subchondral bone and metaphysis of the tibia.ResultsTreadmill exercise for 4 weeks reversed MIA‐induced tactile hypersensitivity and weight asymmetry. Both IA and RVM lidocaine D35, administered post‐MIA, induced CPP in sedentary but not exercised MIA‐treated rats, indicating that exercise blocks MIA‐induced ongoing pain. Naloxone reestablished weight asymmetry in MIA‐treated rats undergoing exercise and induced conditioned place aversion, indicating that exercise‐induced pain relief is dependent on endogenous opioids. Exercise did not alter radiographic evidence of OA. However, micro‐CT analysis indicated that exercise did not block lateral subchondral bone loss or trabecular bone loss in the metaphysis, but did block MIA‐induced medial bone loss.ConclusionThese findings support the conclusion that exercise induces pain relief in advanced, NSAID‐resistant OA, likely through increased endogenous opioid signaling. In addition, treadmill exercise blocked MIA‐induced bone loss in this model, indicating a potential bone‐stabilizing effect of exercise on the OA joint.
Regional Differences Between Perisynovial and Infrapatellar Adipose Tissue Depots and Their Response to Class II and Class III Obesity in Patients With Osteoarthritis
Authors: Harasymowicz Natalia S. , Clement Nick D. , Azfer Asim , Burnett Richard , Salter Donald M. , Simpson A. Hamish W. R. 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveObesity is associated with an increased risk of developing osteoarthritis (OA), which is postulated to be secondary to adipose tissue–dependent inflammation. Periarticular adipose tissue depots are present in synovial joints, but the association of this tissue with OA has not been extensively explored. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in local adipose tissue depots in knees with OA and characterize the changes related to class II and class III obesity in patients with end‐stage knee OA.MethodsSynovium and the infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP) were collected during total knee replacement from 69 patients with end‐stage OA. Histologic changes, changes in gene and protein expression of adiponectin, peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR‐4), and immune cell infiltration into the adipose tissue were investigated.ResultsIPFP and synovium adipose tissue depots differed significantly and were influenced by the patient's body mass index. Compared to adipocytes from the IPFP and synovium of lean patients, adipocytes from the IPFP of obese patients were significantly larger and the synovium of obese patients displayed marked fibrosis, increased macrophage infiltration, and higher levels of TLR4 gene expression. The adipose‐related markers PPARγ in the IPFP and adiponectin and PPARγ in the synovium were expressed at lower levels in obese patients compared to lean patients. Furthermore, there were increased numbers of CD45+ hematopoietic cells, CD45+CD14+ total macrophages, and CD14+CD206+ M2‐type macrophages in both the IPFP and synovial tissue of obese patients.ConclusionThese differences suggest that IPFP and synovium may contain 2 different white adipose tissue depots and support the theory of inflammation‐induced OA in patients with class II or III obesity. These findings warrant further investigation as a potentially reversible, or at least suppressible, cause of OA in obese patients.