bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infections classified by organ system
Authors: Matthews Philippa C. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This chapter provides a page-per-topic view for clinical syndromes classified by organ system (central nervous system, cardiac, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal and genitourinary, ocular, and cutaneous syndromes). Each page contains a tabulated list of organisms that may be responsible for causing pathology in this organ system, with a brief description of the likely nature of the clinical presentation. This aims to provide clinicians with a quick check-list of the potential aetiology underpinning any particular clinical presentation, as well as providing a summary of information presented on specific organisms in earlier chapters of the book.
An Evolutionary Approach to Humiliation and Shame Induced by Inhuman and Degrading Treatment
Authors: Björkqvist Kaj 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
In this chapter, the effects of humiliation and shame on the human psyche are examined from an evolutionary point of view, with the purpose of providing information useful for an examination of the role of social pain in torture. There is neurophysiological evidence that the ability to feel social pain has developed from the ability to feel physical pain, and that this development took place when the reptilian brain developed into the mammalian brain, in particular among mammal species living in groups. The ability to feel humiliated and shamed is especially strong in humans, and there is evidence that social pain may be experienced as “worse” than physical pain. This fact has implications for the definition of torture because it casts doubt on the validity of traditional distinctions between torture and cruel and inhuman or degrading treatment.
The United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
Authors: Sveaass Nora 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
According to Article 2 of the Convention Against Torture (UNCAT), each State party should take effective measures to prevent acts of torture. The obligation to prevent torture and ill-treatment (i.e., cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment) (CIDT) is wide ranging and closely related to accountability and the obligation to redress. The chapter presents and discusses CAT jurisprudence in areas such as sexual abuse and other forms of violence against children and adults in domestic settings, as well as in armed conflict, human trafficking, and harmful traditional practices. Questions related to the deprivation of liberty in health care settings, such as involuntary hospitalization of persons with psychosocial disabilities, are discussed. The chapter emphasizes the State’s obligation to show due diligence to prevent acts of torture and ill-treatment by the state and also by private actors.
Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Goodhart Anna , Hall Catriona , O'Neill Harriet 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine provides a unique resource for medical students and junior doctors as a definitive guide to medicine. It is divided into 19 chapters, each covering a core area, including chest medicine, endocrinology, gastroenterology, renal medicine, haematology, infectious diseases, neurology, oncology and palliative care, rheumatology, surgery, clinical chemistry, radiology, practical procedures, and emergency medicine. It presents clinical information in a clear way that makes it easy to revise, remember, and implement on the ward. It gives reliable advice on what to do, and when and how to do it, with clinical photographs and diagrams that bring theory to life. It weaves history, literature, art, and philosophy into its survey of medicine, casting new light on the specialties and encouraging the reader to see beyond the practical aspects of medicine and adopt a patient-centred approach to care.
Cardiovascular medicine
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Goodhart Anna , Hall Catriona , O’Neill Harriet 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This chapter discusses cardiovascular medicine, including cardiovascular health, cardiovascular symptoms at the bedside, ECG abnormalities, cardiac imaging, echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, cardiovascular drugs, angina pectoris, acute coronary syndromes (ACS), complications of MI, arrhythmias, continuous ECG monitoring, narrow complex tachycardia, broad complex tachycardia, atrial fibrillation (AF) and flutter, pacemakers, heart failure, hypertension, rheumatic fever (RF), mitral valve disease, aortic valve disease, right heart valve disease, cardiac surgery, systemic diseases, infective endocarditis (IE), diseases of heart muscle, pericardial diseases, adult congenital heart disease (ACHD), and driving and the heart.
Eponymous syndromes
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Goodhart Anna , Hall Catriona , O’Neill Harriet 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This chapter discusses eponymous syndromes, including Alice in Wonderland syndrome, Arnold–Chiari malformation, Baker’s cyst, Barrett’s oesophagus, Bazin’s disease, Behçet’s disease, Berger’s disease, Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis, Brown-Séquard syndrome, Brugada syndrome, Budd–Chiari syndrome, Buerger’s disease, Caplan’s syndrome, Charcot–Marie–Tooth syndrome, Churg–Strauss syndrome, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), Crigler–Najjar syndrome, Devic’s syndrome, Dressler’s syndrome, Dubin–Johnson syndrome, Dupuytren’s contracture, Ekbom’s syndrome, Fabry disease, Fanconi anaemia, Felty’s syndrome, Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome, Foster Kennedy syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Froin’s syndrome, Gardner’s syndrome, Gélineau’s syndrome, Gerstmann’s syndrome, Gilbert’s syndrome, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, Goodpasture’s disease, Guillain–Barré syndrome, Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP), Horner’s syndrome, Huntington’s disease, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome, Korsakoff’s syndrome, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Leriche’s syndrome, Löffler’s eosinophilic endocarditis, Löffler’s syndrome, Lown–Ganong–Levine syndrome, McArdle’s glycogen storage disease (type V), Mallory–Weiss tear, Marchiafava–Bignami syndrome, Marchiafava–Micheli syndrome, Marfan’s syndrome, Meckel’s diverticulum, Meigs’ syndrome, Ménétrier’s disease, Meyer–Betz syndrome, Mikulicz’s syndrome, Milroy disease, Münchausen’s syndrome, Ogilvie’s syndrome, Ortner’s cardiovocal syndrome, Osler–Weber–Rendu syndrome, Paget’s disease of the breast (PDB), Pancoast’s syndrome, Parinaud’s syndrome, Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, Peutz–Jeghers’ syndrome, Peyronie’s disease, Pott’s syndrome, Prinzmetal (variant) angina, Raynaud’s syndrome, Refsum disease, Romano–Ward syndrome, Rotor syndrome, Sister Mary Joseph nodule, Sjögren’s syndrome, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, Sturge–Weber syndrome (SWS), Takayasu’s arteritis, Tietze’s syndrome, Todd’s palsy, Vincent’s angina, Von Hippel–Lindau syndrome, Von Willebrand’s disease (VWD), Wallenberg’s lateral medullary syndrome, Waterhouse–Friderichsen’s (WhF) syndrome, Weber’s syndrome, Wegener’s granulomatosis, Wernicke’s encephalopathy, Whipple’s disease, Zellweger syndrome, Zollinger–Ellison syndrome.
Practical procedures
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Goodhart Anna , Hall Catriona , O’Neill Harriet 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This chapter presents practical procedures, including nasogastric tubes, placing IV cannulae, cutting down on to a vein, catheterizing bladders, draining ascites, diagnostic aspiration of a pleural effusion, abdominal paracentesis, inserting a chest drain, relieving a tension pneumothorax, aspiration of a pneumothorax, lumbar puncture (LP), cardioversion/defibrillation, arterial blood gas sampling, emergency airway management, central venous cannulation, internal jugular catheterization, and inserting a temporary cardiac pacemaker.
Suprascapular and Interscalene Nerve Block for Shoulder Surgery
Authors: Hussain Nasir , Goldar Ghazaleh , Ragina Neli , Banfield Laura , Laffey John G. , Abdallah Faraj W. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Background
Interscalene block provides optimal shoulder surgery analgesia, but concerns over its associated risks have prompted the search for alternatives. Suprascapular block was recently proposed as an interscalene block alternative, but evidence of its comparative analgesic effect is conflicting. This meta-analysis compares the analgesic effect and safety of suprascapular block versus interscalene block for shoulder surgery.

Methods
Databases were searched for randomized trials comparing interscalene block with suprascapular block for shoulder surgery. Postoperative 24-h cumulative oral morphine consumption and the difference in the area under curve for pooled rest pain scores were designated as primary outcomes. Analgesic and safety outcomes, particularly block-related and respiratory complications, were evaluated as secondary outcomes. Results were pooled using random-effects modeling.

Results
Data from 16 studies (1,152 patients) were analyzed. Interscalene block and suprascapular block were not different in 24-h morphine consumption. The difference in area under the curve of pain scores for the 24-h interval favored interscalene block by 1.1 cm/h, but this difference was not clinically important. Compared with suprascapular block, interscalene block reduced postoperative pain but not opioid consumption during recovery room stay by a weighted mean difference (95% CI) of 1.5 cm (0.6 to 2.5 cm; P < 0.0001). Pain scores were not different at any other time. In contrast, suprascapular block reduced the odds of block-related and respiratory complications.

Conclusions
This review suggests that there are no clinically meaningful analgesic differences between suprascapular block and interscalene block except for interscalene block providing better pain control during recovery room stay; however, suprascapular block has fewer side effects. These findings suggest that suprascapular block may be considered an effective and safe interscalene block alternative for shoulder surgery.
Comparison of the Spectral-Temporally Modulated Ripple Test With the Arizona Biomedical Institute Sentence Test in Cochlear Implant Users
Authors: Lawler Marshall , Yu Jeffrey , Aronoff Justin M. 
Published: September 2017

Objectives:
Although speech perception is the gold standard for measuring cochlear implant (CI) users’ performance, speech perception tests often require extensive adaptation to obtain accurate results, particularly after large changes in maps. Spectral ripple tests, which measure spectral resolution, are an alternate measure that has been shown to correlate with speech perception. A modified spectral ripple test, the spectral-temporally modulated ripple test (SMRT) has recently been developed, and the objective of this study was to compare speech perception and performance on the SMRT for a heterogeneous population of unilateral CI users, bilateral CI users, and bimodal users.

Design:
Twenty-five CI users (eight using unilateral CIs, nine using bilateral CIs, and eight using a CI and a hearing aid) were tested on the Arizona Biomedical Institute Sentence Test (AzBio) with a +8 dB signal to noise ratio, and on the SMRT. All participants were tested with their clinical programs.

Results:
There was a significant correlation between SMRT and AzBio performance. After a practice block, an improvement of one ripple per octave for SMRT corresponded to an improvement of 12.1% for AzBio. Additionally, there was no significant difference in slope or intercept between any of the CI populations.

Conclusion:
The results indicate that performance on the SMRT correlates with speech recognition in noise when measured across unilateral, bilateral, and bimodal CI populations. These results suggest that SMRT scores are strongly associated with speech recognition in noise ability in experienced CI users. Further studies should focus on increasing both the size and diversity of the tested participants, and on determining whether the SMRT technique can be used for early predictions of long-term speech scores, or for evaluating differences among different stimulation strategies or parameter settings.
Midterm follow-up results for 10 patients with giant cell tumor of the distal tibia treated by extended curettage, adjuvant liquid nitrogen, and autogenous bone graft.
Authors: Rahman Mohamed Abdel , Mashhour Mohamed Ahmed , El Masry Ayman Mohammad , Azmy Sherif Ishak 
Published: September 2017

Background:
The distal tibia is an unusual location for giant cell tumor. Less than 4% occurring in bone involve the foot and ankle region; the exact prevalence in the distal tibia is not known. Treatment remains unclear because of the rarity of the lesion in this location, the anatomy of the ankle, and difficulties associated with reconstruction.

Methods:
We retrospectively reviewed 10 patients who underwent extended curettage for giant cell tumor of the distal tibia, using adjuvant cryotherapy and biological reconstruction with autograft. The age of the patients ranged between 23-50 yr. Nine patients had newly diagnosed giant cell tumor while one patient presented with a recurrent lesion after simple curettage and synthetic bone grafting at another hospital. One patient presented with a nondisplaced pathological fracture of the distal tibia. He was treated initially with a short leg cast until the fracture healed, then surgical intervention was done. No intraarticular extension was present preoperatively in any patient.

Results:
The average follow-up from primary surgical intervention was 57 mo. At the end of the study, the mean musculoskeletal tumor score (MSTS) was 90. Local recurrence occurred in two patients. The average duration until union of the graft was 6.2 mo (range, 4-10 mo).

Conclusions:
Giant cell tumor of the distal tibia is a rare benign but aggressive tumor. Extended curettage and liquid nitrogen as adjuvant, followed by biologic reconstruction using autogenous bone graft is a solid line of treatment for lesions without intraarticular extension that provides good results.
Does musculoskeletal health literacy differ between urban and rural orthopaedic patients?
Authors: Johnson Christopher K. , Alley Maxwell C. , Talwar Ankoor , Tirrell Julie , Leinhart August , Pauze Denis R. , Pauze Daniel K. , Rosenbaum Andrew J. 
Published: September 2017

Background:
Many patients lack the necessary skills needed to make informed decisions regarding their health. This critical skill set, broadly defined as health literacy, is influenced by various demographic factors including age, gender, ethnicity, education, and socioeconomic status. Patients seeking care for musculoskeletal ailments are afflicted by low health literacy, with several studies identifying higher rates of inadequate musculoskeletal health literacy than general health literacy. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the prevalence of limited musculoskeletal health literacy in patients seeking orthopaedic care in both urban and rural environments, looking at the geographical distribution in a single state.

Methods:
Validated health literacy assessment instruments and demographic surveys were administered to patients seeking musculoskeletal care in two emergency departments (one rural, one urban). Patients were eligible to participate if they had a single musculoskeletal complaint, were at least 18 yr old, and spoke English.

Results:
There were 55 participants in the rural emergency department (ED), and 65 in the urban ED. Adequate general health literacy was found in 62% of rural and 52% of urban patients, while 44% of rural and 43% of urban patients had adequate musculoskeletal health literacy. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of adequate health literacy between the two populations, but both cohorts had significantly worse rates of musculoskeletal health literacy as compared to general health literacy (P<0.05).

Conclusions:
This study confirms that there is a greater prevalence of limited musculoskeletal health literacy as compared to general health literacy, and that this transcends geographic boundaries.
Closed reduction of shoulder dislocations in the emergency department: does an emergency medicine residency affect the orthopaedic resident experience?
Authors: Mondestin Max , Barfield William R. , Griffith Adam , Smalley Jeremy , Woolf Shane K. 
Published: September 2017

Background:
The shoulder is a mobile joint at risk for dislocation that can lead to presentation to an emergency department (ED). Our objective was to study the impact of establishing an emergency medicine (EM) residency program on the orthopaedic resident experience in management of simple shoulder dislocations (SSD).

Methods:
A retrospective review of patients presenting to the ED with a diagnosis of an isolated SSD was conducted based on ICD-9/CPT code. The time intervals studied were: 2006-07 (Group 1, pre-EM residency) and 2012-13 (Group 2, post-EM residency). Forty-three patients met inclusion criteria in group 1; 38 patients met the inclusion criteria in group 2. Outcomes studied were reduction attempts and success rates by EM and orthopaedic residents.

Results:
In Group 1, orthopaedic residents attempted reductions in 37% (16 of 43) of the patients and were 100% successful in the ED. There was a mean of 2.67 reduction attempts per orthopaedic junior resident per year. In group 2, orthopaedics attempted reductions in 29% of the patients (11 of 38). Orthopaedic residents were successful in nine of 11 of ED reductions. There was a mean of 1.57 attempts at shoulder reductions per orthopaedic resident per year. The average number of shoulder reduction attempts per orthopaedic resident was not significantly different between the groups (P=0.566).

Conclusions:
No significant change in the number of reductions managed by either department was shown, but the discrepancy should be discussed. Orthopaedic residency directors should audit their trainees experience with SSDs and consider collaborating with the EM program to optimize training opportunities.
What Is Caring in Nursing?
Authors: Newbanks R. Shirlene , Rieg Linda S. , Schaefer Beverly 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT:
Historically, some propose that organized nursing was founded on biblical principles and the caring behaviors and characteristics of Christ, and that caring originates with God. More recently, perceptions of caring have shifted to a humanistic, postmodern worldview, where the source of caring is within the person. This integrative literature review synthesized caring literature from humanistic, postmodern, and biblical, theological worldviews. Findings reveal that 95% of research and 85% of nonresearch publications were written from the humanistic perspective. The results lay a foundation for an alternative middle range theory on caring from a biblical worldview for nurses holding Christian beliefs.
Age at natural menopause and its associated factors in Canada: cross-sectional analyses from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging
Authors: Costanian Christy , McCague Hugh , Tamim Hala 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Background:
Early onset of menopause is associated with long-term disease and higher mortality risks. Research suggests that age at natural menopause (ANM) varies across populations. Little is known about factors that affect ANM in Canadian women.

Objective:
This study aims to estimate the median ANM and examine factors associated with earlier ANM among Canadian women.

Methods:
Baseline data from the Tracking cohort of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging was used for this analysis. The relation of sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health-related factors with ANM was examined among 7,719 women aged 40 and above. Nonparametric Kaplan-Meier cumulative survivorship estimates were used to assess the timing of natural menopause. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to characterize ANM and its association with relevant covariates.

Results:
Overall, median ANM was 51 years. Having no partner, low household income and education levels, current and former smoking, and cardiovascular disease were all associated with an earlier ANM, whereas current employment, alcohol consumption, and obesity were associated with later ANM.

Conclusions:
These findings provide a national estimate of ANM in Canada and show the importance of lifestyle factors and health conditions in determining menopausal age. These factors might help in risk assessment, prevention and early management of chronic disease risk during the menopausal transition.
OPACIFICATION OF SCLERAL-SUTURED AKREOS AO60 INTRAOCULAR LENS AFTER VITRECTOMY WITH GAS TAMPONADE: CASE SERIES
Authors: Kalevar Ananda , Dollin Michael , Gupta R. Rishi 
Published: September 2017

Background/Purpose:
We report the first two cases of postoperative opacification of scleral-sutured Akreos AO60 intraocular lens after vitrectomy with the gas tamponade.

Methods:
Two patients with ectopia lentis underwent pars plana vitrectomy, pars plana lensectomy, and scleral fixation of an Akreos AO60 intraocular lens with Gore-Tex suture. Retinal breaks were noted during vitrectomy and consequently intravitreal gas tamponade was used after endolaser retinopexy. Postoperatively, both patients developed intraocular lens opacification but maintained excellent visual acuity; however, one patient developed bothersome though tolerable photophobia.

Conclusion:
Although still an excellent option for the management of surgical aphakia in the absence of capsular support, caution should be taken when using a hydrophilic secondary intraocular lens, such as Akreos AO60, during vitreoretinal surgery if gas is required.
Scleral Lenses in the Management of Corneal Irregularity and Ocular Surface Disease
Authors: Shorter Ellen , Harthan Jennifer , Nau Cherie B. , Nau Amy , Barr Joseph T. , Hodge David O. , Schornack Muriel M. 
Published: September 2017

Purpose:
To describe current practice patterns regarding the use of scleral lens therapy in the management of corneal irregularity and ocular surface disease among eye care providers who fit scleral lenses.

Methods:
The Scleral Lenses in Current Ophthalmic Practice: an Evaluation (SCOPE) study group conducted an electronic survey of eye care providers from January 15 to March 31, 2015. Respondents ranked management options for corneal irregularity in the order in which they would generally consider their use. Respondents also ranked options for the management of ocular surface disease in the order in which they would use each of the treatments. Results for each option were analyzed as percentage first-place ranking; percentage first-, second-, or third-place ranking; and mean rank score.

Results:
Survey responses were obtained from 723 providers who had fit 5 or more scleral lenses. Of these respondents, 629 ranked options for management of corneal irregularity and 612 ranked options for management of ocular surface disease. Corneal rigid gas-permeable lenses were the first option for management of corneal irregularity for 44% of respondents, and scleral lenses were the first option for 34% of respondents. Lubricant drops were the first therapeutic recommendation for ocular surface disease for 84% of respondents, and scleral lenses were ranked first by 6% of respondents.

Conclusion:
Scleral lenses rank second only to corneal rigid gas-permeable lenses for management of corneal irregularity. Scleral lenses are generally considered after other medical intervention and before surgery for the management of ocular surface disease.