bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Closed-Linear-Kinetic-and Open-Kinetic-Chain Isokinetic Strength and Lower Extremity Functional Performance
Authors: Kovaleski John E. , Heitman Robert J. , Andrew Damon P.S. , Gurchiek Larry R. , Pearsall Albert W. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Isokinetic strength and functional performance are used to assess recovery after rehabilitation. It is not known whether low-speed closed-linear-kinetic isokinetic muscle strength correlates with functional performance.Objective:To investigate the relationship between linear closed (CKC) and open (OKC) concentric isokinetic strength of the dominant lower-limb extensors and functional performance.Design:Correlational analysis.Setting:University laboratory.Participants:Thirty uninjured men and women (age = 20.9 ± 2.4 years).Main Outcome Measures:Peak CKC and OKC isokinetic strength and best score from a shuttle run for time, single-leg vertical jump, and single-leg hop for distance.Results:Neither lower-limb CKC nor OKC isokinetic strength measured at low speeds correlated highly with performance on the functional tasks of jumping, hopping, and speed/agility.Conclusions:Although the basis of both closed and open isokinetic strength must be appreciated, they should not be the only determinants of functional performance.
Effect of Gallium-Aluminum-Arsenide Triple-Diode Laser Irradiation on Evoked Motor and Sensory Action Potentials of the Median Nerve
Authors: Bartlett William P. , Quillen William S. , Greer Rebbeca G. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:to measure the effects of gallium-aluminum-arsenide (GaAlAs) triple-diode laser irradiation (830 nm, 90 mW) on neural transmission in the median nerve and to determine whether location of treatment influences effectiveness of treatment.Participants:42 healthy, adult volunteers, each assigned to 1 GaAlAs or placebo laser group and 1 wrist or forearm treatment group under randomized, double-blinded conditions.Method:Nerve-conduction studies were performed on each subject’s nondominant arm before and 10 minutes after treatment. Peak-to-peak amplitudes of both evoked motor and sensory action potentials (APs) were recorded.Results:A 2-way ANOVA indicated no significant differences among the amplitudes associated with placebo and GaAlAs laser irradiation. Amplitudes of sensory APs associated with location (wrist or forearm) were, however, significantly different both before and after treatment. No significant interaction was observed between laser and location after treatment, indicating that GaAlAs laser irradiation did not affect median-nerve APs.
Center-of-Pressure Parameters Used in the Assessment of Postural Control
Authors: Palmieri Riann M. , Ingersoll Christopher D. , Stone Marcus B. , Krause B. Andrew 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To define the numerous center-of-pressure derivatives used in the assessment of postural control and discuss what value each might provide in the assessment of balance.Data Sources:MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus were searched with the termsbalance, postural control, postural sway,andcenter of pressure. The remaining citations were collected from references of similar papers. A total of 67 references were studied.Conclusions:Understanding what is represented by each parameter used to assess postural control is crucial. At the present time the literature has failed to demonstrate how the variables reflect changes made by the postural-control system. Until it can be shown that the center of pressure and its derivatives actually reveal changes in the postural-control system, the value of using these measures to assess deficits in postural control is minimized.
The Effect of Functional Training on the Incidence of Shoulder Pain and Strength in Intercollegiate Swimmers
Authors: Swanik Kathleen A. , Swanik C. Buz , Lephart Scott M. , Huxel Kellie 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To determine whether functional training reduces the incidence of shoulder pain and increases strength in intercollegiate swimmers.Design:Pretest–posttest.Setting:Laboratory and weight room.Participants:26 intercollegiate swimmers (13 men, 13 women).Intervention:6-wk functional training program.Main Outcome Measures:Incidence of shoulder pain was recorded throughout the study. Isokinetic shoulder strength was assessed before and after training.Results:A t test showed significant differences (P < .05) for the incidence of shoulder pain between the experimental (mean episodes = 1.8 ± 2.1) and control (mean episodes = 4.6 ± 4.7) groups. ANOVA with repeated measures revealed no significant strength differences between groups but exhibited significant within-group increases.Conclusions:Incorporating functional exercises might reduce incidence of shoulder pain in swimmers. The results also validate the need to modify preventive programs as the demands of the sport change throughout the season.
Characteristics of Shoulder-Position Sense: Effects of Mode of Movement, Scapular Support, and Arm Orientation
Authors: Janwantanakul Prawit , Jones Mark A. , Magarey Mary E. , Miles Timothy S. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Although the repositioning test is widely used to evaluate proprioception, the effects of several test-associated variables on the test outcome are not known.Objective:To determine the effects of mode of movement, scapular support, and arm orientation on shoulder-position sense.Participants:49 healthy, randomly selected men.Methods:The repositioning test was conducted in 4 settings in which mode of movement, scapular support, and arm orientation were manipulated differently.Main Outcome Measure:Position-sense acuity was quantified as repositioning accuracy and consistency.Results:Active limb movement significantly enhanced repositioning accuracy and consistency compared with passive movement. Repositioning consistency was significantly better when the scapula was supported than when it was not. Arm orientation had no significant effect on repositioning accuracy and consistency.Conclusion:The protocol for evaluating or rehabilitating shoulder proprioception should include active limb movement with the scapula unsupported to ensure that it refects a patient’s proprioceptive demand during functional activities.
Comparisons of Land-Based and Aquatic-Based Plyometric Programs during an 8-Week Training Period
Authors: Miller Michael G. , Berry David C. , Bullard Susan , Gilders Roger 
Published: August 2016

Context:Land and aquatic plyometrics have clinical relevance for exercise, sport performance, and rehabilitation, yet study is limited comparing both.Objective:To compare the effects of land-based and aquatic-based plyometric-training programs on performance variables, muscle soreness, and range of motion (ROM).Setting:Aquatic facility and biomechanics laboratory.Subjects:Forty subjects randomly assigned to 3 groups: land (n = 13), water (n = 13), and control (n = 14).Main Outcome Measures:Performance variables, muscle soreness, and ROM were measured before and after an 8-week training period. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and a Bonferroni post hoc test determined significance.Results:ANCOVA revealed significant differences between groups with respect to plantar-flexion ROM (P < .05). Paired t test determined that the aquatic group significantly increased muscle power pretest to posttest (P < .05).Conclusions:Results indicate that aquatic plyometric training can be an alternative approach to enhancing performance.
A Preliminary Investigation into the Use of Counseling Skills in Support of Rehabilitation from Sport Injury
Authors: Rock Judith A. , Jones Marc V. 
Published: August 2016

Objectives:To explore the usefulness of counseling skills for 3 athletes undergoing rehabilitation from anterior-cruciate-ligament-reconstruction surgery.Design:A series of 3 case studies explored the impact of a counseling-skills intervention over 12 weeks postsurgery. Semistructured interviews were conducted 12 weeks postsurgery for triangulation and social validation of intervention.Participants:3 athletes meeting selection criteria, recruited from a hospital waiting list and receiving standardized rehabilitation regime.Intervention:Participants each received 6 counseling skills interventions at 2-week intervals.Main Outcome Measures:Mood, perceived rehabilitation, pain ratings, social support.Results:Triangulation of interview data and outcome measures provided some evidence of the beneficial impact of counseling skills on psychological outcomes. It also indicated that setbacks could present challenges to rehabilitation.Conclusions:Counseling skills can enhance psychological well-being of athletes during rehabilitation and be especially important during setbacks.
Acute and Chronic Tendon Injuries: Factors Affecting the Healing Response and Treatment
Authors: Sandrey Michelle A. 
Published: August 2016

Objective:Tendons have biomechanical properties based on collaborative remodeling of all their cells through normal lysis and synthesis. This review assesses factors that affect the healing response and presents solutions for rehabilitating acute and chronic tendon injuries.Data Sources:MEDLINE (1970–2002) and SPORTDiscus (1970–2002). Key words searched weretendon, tendinitis, tendinosis, tendinopathy, rehabilitation, ultrasound, NSAIDs, exercise, mobilization, aging, immobilization,andhealing.Data Synthesis:The biomechanical roles tendons play change throughout one’s lifetime and are influenced by maturation and aging, injury and healing, immobilization, exercise, medications, and therapeutic modalities. Suggestions from animal, case, and clinical studies are varied but provide solutions in the treatment of acute and chronic tendon injuries.Conclusions and Recommendations:All factors that affect the tendon structure should be considered in a rehabilitation program. Therapeutic exercise, medications, or therapeutic modalities should never be used as a stand-alone therapy.
Influence of Foot Type and Orthotics on Static and Dynamic Postural Control
Authors: Olmsted Lauren C. , Hertel Jay 
Published: August 2016

Context:The effects of custom-molded foot orthotics on neuromuscular processes are not clearly understood.Objective:To examine these effects on postural control in subjects with different foot types.Design:Between-groups, repeated-measures design.Setting:Athletic training laboratory.Subjects:30 healthy subjects assigned to groups by foot type: planus (n = 11), rectus (n = 12), or cavus (n = 7).Interventions:Custom-fit semirigid orthotics.Main Outcome Measures:Static postural control was measured on a force plate. Dynamic postural control was measured using the Star Excursion Balance Test. Both measurements were assessed with and without orthotics at baseline and 2 weeks later.Results:For static postural control, a significant condition-by-group interaction was found. Subjects with cavus feet had a decreased center-of-pressure velocity while wearing orthotics. For dynamic postural control, a significant condition-by-direction-by-group interaction was found. Subjects with cavus feet had increased reach distances in 3 of 8 directions while wearing orthotics.Conclusions:Custom orthotics were associated with some improvements in static and dynamic postural control in subjects with cavus feet.
Effects of Lower Extremity Fatigue on Indices of Balance
Authors: Yaggie James , Armstrong W. Jeffrey 
Published: August 2016

Context:Use of selective joints in fatiguing protocols might not represent athletic activity and limits generalizability.Objective:To quantify changes in balance indices after a generalized fatiguing activity.Design:Repeated measures.Setting:Clinical laboratory.Participants:16 men (24 ± 3 y) with no orthopedic problems.Intervention:Balance was assessed using the KAT-2000 system before (PRE) and immediately (IMMED) and 10 min (10MIN) after serial Wingate tests and at similar time points under nonfatigue conditions.Main Outcome Measures:Balance index (BI), fore:back ratio, and right:left ratio.Results:MANOVA revealed a significant Condition × Time effect (P = .023). ANOVA revealed that only BI was significant for the condition, time, and Condition × Time effects (P = .020, .007, and .003, respectively). BI increased PRE to IMMED, decreased IMMED to 10MIN, and was different from the nonfatigue condition only for IMMED (P = .002, < .001, and < .001, respectively).Conclusions:Fatigue adversely affects BI; recovery might occur within 10 min.
Gluteus Medius Activity during 3 Variations of Isometric Single-Leg Stance
Authors: Earl Jennifer E. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Gluteus medius (GM) contraction during single-leg stance prevents the contralateral pelvis from “dropping,” providing stability for lower extremity motion.Objective:To determine which combination of hip rotation and abduction exercise results in the greatest activity of the GM and whether the GM responds to increased loads in these exercises.Design and Setting:Repeated measures, laboratory.Subjects:20 healthy volunteers.Interventions:Resistance (2.26 and 4.53 kg) was provided to 3 variations of a single-leg-stance exercise: hip abduction only, abduction-internal rotation (ABD-IR), and abduction-external rotation.Measurements:Muscle activity was recorded from the anterior and middle portions of the GM using surface electromyography.Results:ABD-IR produced the most activity in the anterior and middle sections of the GM muscle. The 4.53-kg load produced significantly more activity than the 2.26-kg load (P< .05).Conclusions:The GM is most active when performing abduction and internal rotation of the hip. This information could be used to develop GM-strengthening exercises.
What Are the Validity of the Single-Leg-Squat Test and Its Relationship to Hip-Abduction Strength?
Authors: DiMattia Mario A. , Livengood Ann L. , Uhl Tim L. , Mattacola Carl G. , Malone Terry R. 
Published: August 2016

Context:The Trendelenburg and single-leg-squat (SLS) tests are purported measures of hip-abduction strength that have not been previously validated.Objective:To correlate isometric hip-abduction strength to frontal-plane hip motion during an SLS and determine the criterion validity of a clinical-observation-analysis method to grade an SLS against 2-dimensional kinematic analysis.Design:Single-measure, concurrent validity.Setting:Biodynamics research laboratory.Participants:50 uninjured participants.Main Outcome Measures:Hip-abduction strength and hip and knee kinematic data during a Trendelenburg test and an SLS.Results:A weak, positive correlation between hip-abduction strength and hip-adduction angle was found during both the Trendelenburg (r= .22,P= .13) and the SLS (r= .21,P= .14) tests. The observation-analysis method revealed a low sensitivity, .23, and a higher specificity, .86, when compared with the kinematic data.Conclusion:The usefulness of the Trendelenburg and SLS test in screening hip-abductor strength in a healthy physically active population is limited. The origin of observable deficits during SLS requires further objective assessment.
The Effects of Calf-Muscle Fatigue on Sagittal-Plane Joint-Position Sense in the Ankle
Authors: Huston Jeffery L. , Sandrey Michelle A. , Lively Mathew W. , Kotsko Kevin 
Published: August 2016

Context:There is limited information on the effect of dynamic fatiguing of the plantar flexors on joint-position sense (JPS).Objective:To examine the effects of fatigue on JPS for ankle plantar flexion (PF) and dorsiflexion (DF).Design:A 2 × 2 factorial design.Setting:Research laboratory.Participants:20 healthy subjects (10 men, 10 women; age 21.75 ± 1.48 years).Interventions:The subjects were tested at 10° DF and 20° PF in the nonfatigued and fatigued conditions on a custom-built JPS device. To induce fatigue, subjects stood with both feet in the plantar-flexed position until they could no longer hold the posture.Main Outcome Measures:JPS absolute error was measured at 10° DF and 20° PF.Results:There was no significant main effect for condition, measurement, or interaction between condition and measurement.Conclusion:With no difference between conditions, the main controller of conscious JPS of the lower extremity might be the tibialis anterior.
Ground-Reaction Forces during Form Skipping and Running
Authors: Johnson Sam T. , Golden Grace M. , Mercer John A. , Mangus Brent C. , Hoffman Mark A. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Form skipping has been used to help injured athletes progress to running. Because little research has been done on form-skipping mechanics, its justification as a progression to running exercises is unclear.Objective:To compare ground-reaction forces (GRF) during form skipping and running in healthy subjects at clinically relevant speeds, 1.75 m/s and 3.83 m/s, respectively.Design:Dependent t tests (α = .05).Setting:Sports-injury research center.Participants:9 male college athletes (age 20 ± 1.33 years, mass 848.4 ± 43.24 N, height 1.80 ± 0.07 m).Main Outcome Measures:Average (Fzavg) and maximum (Fzmax) vertical GRF and (Fy) braking impulse were compared.Results:Fzavg and Fzmax were greater during running than during form skipping (P < .05). Braking impulses were not different (P > .05).Conclusions:It appears that Fz, but not the Fy, GRF might explain why form skipping might be an appropriate progression to running.
Reliability and Precision of in Vivo Scapular Kinematic Measurements Using an Electromagnetic Tracking Device
Authors: Myers Joseph , Jolly John , Nagai Takashi , Lephart Scott 
Published: August 2016

Context:In vivo scapular kinematics during humeral movements are commonly assessed with electromagnetic tracking devices despite few published data related to reliability and precision of these measurements.Objective:To determine the intrasession reliability and precision of assessing scapular kinematics using an electromagnetic tracking device.Design:Scapular position and orientation were measured with an electromagnetic tracking device during humeral elevation/depression in several planes. Intrasession reliability and precision were established by comparing 2 trials performed in succession.Setting:A human-movement research laboratory.Participants:15 healthy individuals.Main Outcome Measures:Intrasession intraclass correlation coefficients and standard error of measurement of all scapular variables were established.Results:The mean intrasession reliability for all variables was ICC = .97 ± .03. The mean intrasession precision was .99° ± .36°.Conclusions:In vivo scapular kinematics can be measured with high reliability and precision during intrasession research designs.
The Relationship between Lower Extremity Isokinetic Work and Single-Leg Functional Hop-Work Test
Authors: English Robert , Brannock Mary , Chik Wan Ting , Eastwood Laura S. , Uhl Tim 
Published: August 2016

Context:Lower extremity functional testing assesses strength, power, and neuro-muscular control. There are only moderate correlations between distance hopped and isokinetic strength measures.Objective:Determine if incorporating body weight in the single-leg hop for distance increases the correlation to isokinetic measures.Study Design:Correlational study.Setting:Musculoskeletal laboratory.Participants:30 healthy college students; 15 men and 15 women; ages 18 to 30 years.Main Outcome Measures:Isokinetic average peak torque and total work of quadriceps and hamstrings and single-leg hop work and distance.Results:Significant correlations include hop work to total-work knee extension (r= .89), average peak-torque knee extension (r= .88), distance hopped to total-work knee extension (r= .56) and average peak-torque knee extension (r= .63). Correlations involving hop work were greater than distance hopped (P< .05).Conclusions:Use of body weight in the assessment of distance hopped provides better information about the patient’s lower extremity strength and ability than the distance hopped alone.
Predisposing Risk Factors on Susceptibility to Exertional Heat Illness: Clinical Decision-Making Considerations
Authors: Cleary Michelle 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To present strategies for identifying predisposing conditions, susceptibility, and incidence reduction for the most common exertional heat illnesses (EHI): heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and most importantly, heat stroke.Data Sources:A comprehensive literature review of MEDLINE and 1996 to 2006, including all retrospective, controlled studies of EHI risk using the following keywords: exertional heat illness risk, exertional heat stroke risk, and exercise-induced dehydration risk. Search limits included the following: English language, published in the last 10 years, clinical trial, meta-analysis, practice guideline, randomized controlled trial, review, and humans. A manual review was conducted of relevant position statements and book chapters including the reference lists.Data Extraction:To evaluate the quality of the empirical studies to be included in this review, each study must have scored at least 17/22 or 77% of items included when reporting a randomized trial using the CONSORT checklist.Data Synthesis:Many cases of EHI are preventable and can be successfully treated if the ATC® identifies individuals at increased relative risk and implement appropriate prevention strategies. The ability to objectively identify individuals at increased relative risk of EHI and to provide appropriate monitoring is critical in EHI prevention and reduction of repeated incidents of EHI.Conclusions:For any heat illness prevention program to be effective, greater attention and continued observation is needed for athletes at high risk for EHI. For many athletic teams or programs, because of the sheer numbers and associated catastrophic injury potential, health care professionals must implement a system by which high-risk individuals are monitored during activity with the highest level of vigilance for prevention of EHI.
The Heat Tolerance Test: An Efficient Screening Tool for Evaluating Susceptibility to Heat
Authors: Moran Daniel S. , Erlich Tomer , Epstein Yoram 
Published: August 2016

Context:Individuals in the population who are not able to sustain heat and whose body temperature will start rising earlier and at a higher rate than that of others, under the same conditions, are defined as “heat intolerant.”Objectives:The applicability of the heat tolerance test (HTT) in identifying individuals’ tolerance/intolerance to heat is presented.Setting:HTT is performed according to the following protocol: 120 minutes exposure to 40°C and 40% relative humidity in a climatic chamber while walking on a treadmill, dressed in shorts and T-shirt, at a pace of 5 km/h and 2% elevation. Rectal temperature and heart rate are continuously monitored, and sweat rate is calculated.Results and Conclusion:The HTT that is based on controlled exposure to an exercise-heat stress is an applicable and an efficient tool in differentiating between a temporary and permanent state of heat susceptibility.
Identification of Risk Factors for Exertional Heat Illness: A Brief Commentary on Genetic Testing
Authors: Muldoon Sheila , Bunger Rolf , Deuster Patricia , Sambuughin Nyamkhishig 
Published: August 2016

Objective:This commentary discusses known links between Exertional Heat Illness (EHI), Malignant Hyperthermia (MH), and other hereditary diseases of muscle. Genetic and functional testing is also evaluated as measures of fitness to return to duty/play.Data Sources:Reviews and research articles from Sports Medicine, Applied Physiology, and Anesthesiology.Data Extraction:Detailed comparisons of existing literature regarding clinical cases of EHI and MH and the potential utility of genetic testing, specifically the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) gene and other genes related to disorders of skeletal muscle.Data Synthesis:EHI is a complex disorder wherein physiological, environmental, and hereditary factors interact to endanger an individual’s ability to maintain thermal homeostasis.Conclusions:Individuals’ genetic background is likely to play an important role, particularly when EHI recurs. Recurrent EHI has been associated with MH and other genetic disorders, highlighting the importance of identification and exclusion of individuals with known high risk factors.