bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rotational Knee Instability in ACL-Deficient Knees
Authors: Noyes Frank R. , Huser Lauren E. , Levy Martin S. 
Published: February 2017

Background:
The anterolateral ligament (ALL) has been proposed as a primary restraint for knee rotational stability. However, the data remain inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the ALL and the iliotibial band (ITB) on knee rotational stability.

Methods:
A 6-degrees-of-freedom robotic simulator was used to test 14 fresh-frozen cadaveric knee specimens. There were 4 testing conditions: intact, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-sectioned, ACL and ALL or ITB-sectioned (determined at random), and ACL and both ALL and ITB-sectioned. Lateral, central, and medial tibiofemoral compartment translations and internal tibial rotations were measured under 100-N anterior drawer (Lachman), 5-Nm internal rotation torque, and 2 pivot-shift simulations (Pivot Shift 1 was 5 Nm of internal rotation torque, and Pivot Shift 2 was 1 Nm of internal rotation torque). Statistical equivalence within 2 mm and 2° was defined as p < 0.05.

Results:
Sectioning the ACL alone produced increased pivot shift and Lachman compartment translations (p > 0.05). Further sectioning of either the ALL or the ITB separately produced minor added increases in pivot-shift compartment translations and tibial internal rotations (<2 mm or <3°) in the ACL-deficient knee. Sectioning both the ALL and ITB produced increases not equivalent to the ACL-deficient knee in pivot-shift lateral compartment translations (4.4 mm; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.7 to 6.1 mm [p = 0.99] for Pivot Shift 1 and 4.3 mm; 95% CI, 2.6 to 6.0 mm [p = 0.99] for Pivot Shift 2), with 10 of 14 knees being converted to a corresponding Grade-3 pivot-shift (>20 mm of lateral translation). Increases in internal rotation after ALL and ITB sectioning occurred at 25°, 60°, and 90° (p = 0.99 for all) and ranged from 1° to 12°, with 21% of the knees having 8° to 12° increases.

Conclusions:
With ACL sectioning, a positive pivot-shift anterior subluxation occurred even with intact ALL and ITB structures, which indicates that the latter are not primary restraints but function together as anterolateral secondary restraints. With ACL deficiency, concurrent loss of the ALL and ITB resulted in conversion in a majority of knees (71%) to a Grade-3 pivot-shift subluxation, along with major increases of internal rotation in select knees.

Clinical Relevance:
With ACL rupture, major increases in rotational instability are not adequately resisted by native ALL or ITB structures. Therefore, anatomic ALL or ITB surgical reconstruction would not block a positive pivot shift. The potential protective effects of ACL graft-unloading from these structures require further study.
Long-Term Results After Total Knee Arthroplasty with Contemporary Rotating-Hinge Prostheses
Authors: Cottino Umberto , Abdel Matthew P. , Perry Kevin I. , Mara Kristin C. , Lewallen David G. , Hanssen Arlen D. 
Published: February 2017

Background:
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with a rotating-hinge prosthesis is considered a salvage procedure. While excellent immediate stability is achieved, the historically high failure rate has tempered its use. The goal of this study was to determine clinical outcomes, radiographic results, and survivorship after TKA with contemporary rotating-hinge components.

Methods:
We identified 408 consecutive TKAs performed with rotating-hinge components for nononcologic indications from 2002 to 2012 at a single academic institution. Two hundred and sixty-four knees (65%) had rotating-hinge TKA components implanted for aseptic etiologies, while 144 knees (35%) were managed with the components in 2-stage reimplantation following infection. Rotating-hinge TKA implants were used for complex primary procedures in 74 knees (18%) and as a revision construct in 334 knees (82%). Clinical outcomes were assessed with the Knee Society scoring system, survivorship analyses, and cumulative incidence of revision. The mean age of the patients at the time of the index arthroplasty was 69 years, and the mean duration of follow-up was 4 years (range, 2 to 12 years).

Results:
At the most recent follow-up, the mean Knee Society knee score had increased from 51 points preoperatively to 81 points (p < 0.0001), and the mean Knee Society functional score had increased from 26 to 36 points (p < 0.0001). At a mean of 4 years, loosening of components was observed in 13 (3.7%) of 349 knees. At the most recent follow-up, 59 revision procedures and 25 reoperations had been performed. The cumulative incidence of any revision was 9.7% at 2 years and 22.5% at 10 years. The cumulative incidence of revision for aseptic loosening was 1.7% at 2 years and 4.5% at 10 years. Metaphyseal cones were used in 114 knees (28%). Survivorship analysis revealed a trend toward a lower risk of revision (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.39 to 1.22; p = 0.20) and reoperation (HR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.22 to 1.19; p = 0.12) in patients with metaphyseal cones, despite their use in the most severe of bone defects.

Conclusions:
Contemporary rotating-hinge TKA implants had a low 10-year cumulative incidence of revision for aseptic loosening of 4.5%. Greater use of metaphyseal fixation has aided this improvement. Patients can expect substantial improvements in clinical outcomes with this revision strategy.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Measures of the Appropriateness of Elective Orthopaedic Joint and Spine Procedures
Authors: Katz Jeffrey N. , Winter Amelia R. , Hawker Gillian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract:
Total knee arthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty are 2 of the most commonly performed elective orthopaedic procedures. They are remarkably successful in relieving pain and improving function in individuals with advanced, symptomatic arthritis. Since, in addition to providing benefits, these procedures pose risks, it is important to provide clinicians with guidance in determining which patients should undergo total joint replacement surgery. The development of the RAND approach in 1986 and its application to total hip and knee replacement have enabled clinicians, payers, and others to assess the appropriateness of past and current procedures for particular patients. However, current appropriateness criteria for elective orthopaedic procedures have important limitations that suggest that they be used cautiously. New approaches to the assessment of appropriateness that overcome many of these limitations are under development.
Status Perkembangan Perbaikan Sifat Genetik Padi Menggunakan Transformasi Agrobacterium
Authors: Rahmawati Syamsidah 
Published: February 2017

<p class="p1">Genetic transformation of rice becomes an important research area in recent years. Rice is staple food for almost half of world population and has been extensively used as a plant model system for monocotyledonous plant. Compare to direct DNA transfer techniques (PEG, electroporation, and DNA bombardment), <em>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</em>-mediated transformation was considered to be more advantageous because it is easy to handle, integration and segregation pattern are more predictable, and the likelihood to get transgenic plant with low copy number is high, thus decreasing gene silencing phenomena. Various important genes have been introduced into rice genome via <em>Agrobacterium </em>transformation. A number of important factors affecting the <em>Agrobacterium </em>transformation and the application of this technique in the next future will be discussed.</p>
Overcoming Challenges of Stimulating a Deepwater Frac-Pack-Completed Well in the Gulf of Mexico Using Coiled Tubing with Real-Time Downhole Measurements
Authors: Gagen Eric J. , Menkhaus Alex D. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Achieving effective fluid coverage of stimulation operations in deepwater frac-pack completions is often challenging due to a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, the length of screened intervals, the uncertainty of damage mechanisms, and the ability of diversion materials/fluids to divert beyond the screens and into the formation. This case study demonstrates a successful technique used in conditions not previously attempted.
This treatment in a deepwater, frac-packed well with fiber-optic-equipped coiled tubing (CT) and a rotating, hydraulic high-pressure jetting tool achieved the successful stimulation of a 500-ft-long frac-packed zone after several previous failures using different techniques. By using a CT equipped with fiber optics and downhole measurement tools, engineers were able to perform a data-driven operation based on real-time bottomhole measurements and distributed temperature surveys.
This successful treatment improved productivity by 75% compared to the well before treatment. Typically, treatments of this nature are investigated and techniques for a field or region are refined over the course of multiple stimulation operations of large numbers of similar wells in the area. However, in deep water, most fields have only a very small number of wells. The costs associated with gaining wellbore access to conduct an acid treatment and with handling produced stimulation fluids are very large compared with costs in other geographic areas. Each individual well has a high productivity, and improper stimulation is an enormously costly lost opportunity for the operator. This makes it very important to ensure that every job is performed as optimally as possible, without resort to iterative or empirical methods. This method increases the opportunity to produce a successful treatment the first time and expands the technical envelope of application. These enhancements should allow other operations of this type to be conducted that previously would have been too high risk to consider.
This was a high-pressure application compared to previous operations. It was one of the longest fiber optic cables injected into a CT reel. Modifications were made to the CT reel to support the expanded weight. A stronger type of fiber optic carrier had to be utilized. A customized testing and validation procedure had to be used to extend the operating envelope of the fiber-optic-enabled downhole tools to perform reliably.
Electric-Line Deployed Lightweight Intervention Technology for The Effective Removal of Barium Sulphate Scale Obstructions from Small Diameter Wellbores
Authors: Haugen I. , Døssland L. , Brankovic M. , Osaland E. , Osugo L. , Grødem M. , Grønnerød Anders 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Barium Sulphate (BaSO4) scale is classified as a hard scale and removal is extremely resistant to both chemical and mechanical methods. Coiled-tubing deployed mechanical intervention is effective, but with inherent logistics, footprint and cost implications. Electric-line deployed wellbore cleanout systems have the advantage of being light and easily deployable. In wellbores with inside diameters (ID) of less than 3 in., removal and downhole collection of hard debris has proved to be a particular challenge.
This paper describes a wellbore cleanout operation on powered electrical wireline in the North Sea. The main operational objective was to clear out the wellbore to the top of a suspected malfunctioning Sliding Side Door (SSD), with a drift ID of 2.797 in. Access was required to run a tubing punch to establish communication with the target reservoir and therefore restore well production. The debris severely plugging the wellbore was predominantly BaSO4 scale.
Slickline broaching was initially attempted to remove the obstruction, but could not make sufficient progress. An electric-line deployed wellbore cleanout system, with bottomhole assembly (BHA) outside diameters (OD) of 2.625 in. and 2.75 in. and reservoir chamber OD of 2.5 in. was subsequently deployed, which was effective and consistently able to interact with, and remove to surface, the scale blockage. 168.6 litres of debris was collected by the electric line wellbore cleanout system.
Contributing to the success of the operation was extensive pre-job testing and measurements executed in the laboratory. These simulated downhole completion geometry and expected debris condition and interaction. The pre-job test results fed in to the design of an optimum BHA and were a basis for decision-making during the operation. The resulting system design maximised solids recovery per run, which increased cleanout and collection efficiency. A surface wellsite washout system was used to clean out the collection chambers, which enabled the rapid turnaround of equipment in-between runs.
Cleanout was executed through multiple runs, with the majority returning maximum fill to surface, which ultimately gained access to target depth as efficiently as possible. A multi-finger caliper log run confirmed the removal of the obstruction and a tubing puncher was run to perforate the inner tubing. Production was restored, with an average (over the first three months) oil production rate of 1,290 STB/D (205 Sm3/d), gas rate of 7.2 MMscfd/D (204,321 Sm3/d) and water cut of 69%.
This is the first time that an electric-line deployed wellbore cleanout system with an OD as small as 2.625 in. has delivered high, successive, repeatability in cleaning out hard BaSO4 scale from a completion with an ID as small as 2.797 in.
Rigless Isolated Formation Testing in a Producing Well A Case History
Authors: Zsolt Liam 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Cook Inlet Energy (CIE) had several wells producing gas from the Tyonek formation, which overlays the oil-bearing Hemlock formation. CIE needed to obtain a fluid sample and/or well test from the Hemlock without interrupting flow from the Tyonek. This paper discusses methods for independently testing a particular zone in a comingled completion, without requiring a rig or a production interruption.
The procedure began with setting a cement retainer across the Hemlock with tubing-conveyed perforating guns made up to the bottom. Next, a stinger was run on the end of a coiled tubing (CT) string, which landed in the retainer. This isolated the inside of the CT from the Tyonek formation and put it in communication with the perforating guns. The CT was then cut at surface and pressured up with nitrogen to fire the perforating guns. This allowed the Hemlock formation to be tested through a temporary CT velocity string without ever shutting in the Tyonek formation. Also addressed in the design and execution phases were the maintenance and confirmation of well barriers, restricted centralization, inability to confirm spaceout, and unusually sized components that had to be custom designed.
This operation was executed in June and July of 2014. It was a challenging and unconventional job, which required major collaboration. Ultimately, the decision was made to kill the Tyonek formation during the CT cutting stage, as the health, safety, and environment (HSE) exposure was intensified by the novelty of the method. Recommendations are made in this paper to remove this necessity in similar jobs in the future. The well was brought online successfully and is still producing gas in 2016. The job was executed effectively, efficiently, and without major cost or time overruns.
In a depressed price environment, operators must seek creative solutions to execute well work at a fraction of the previous cost. This paper shows how jobs that would traditionally necessitate a workover rig or snubbing unit can be reimagined with less costly intervention equipment while maximizing the flow time of producing wells.
Fracturing Plugs Drillout Experiences in Unconventional Applications
Authors: Zanellato Gabriel , Szklarz Juan Martin , Pach Esteban , Nebiolo Martín 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A drill-bit supplier provided mills and bits for drilling out fracturing plugs for a new project in the Vaca Muerta formation in Argentina; however, it was difficult to locate information on similar experiences elsewhere. This paper presents the experience gained during execution of a completions project that included fracturing plug drillouts.
Several technologies were used, and their performances are reviewed, including mills, roller-cone bits, and polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits. Drillout times, size and shape of debris, hole cleaning, and tool dull grades are analyzed. All operations were performed with coiled tubing (CT) equipment. Other parameters considered in the analysis include drilling parameters, number of runs to complete a well, plugs per run drilled, and tolerances with respect to casing drift. Some problems that occurred during project execution are discussed, such as motor stall and casing deformation.
The operations were performed in a combination of horizontal and vertical wells. More than 500 fracturing plugs were drilled out in more than 60 wells, gaining sufficient experience to derive significant conclusions. To help reduce drilling time, improve economics, minimize risks, and reduce CT system fatigue, the five to six-blade PDC bit was verified as the best option in this context. This drill type has an acceptable rate of penetration (ROP), does not risk losing moving parts, and minimizes motor stall. When tolerance with respect to casing drift is correct, the five to six-blade PDC bit also minimizes debris size, which helps reduce stuck-in-hole risks and improves subsequent well production.
Several statistics, images, and resolved issues are presented to advise future CT and well intervention projects. Conclusions regarding various plug types, materials, and drillout procedures are also explained to aid similar projects.
High-Strength 130-kpsi Coiled Tubing Intervention in High-Pressure/Extreme-Temperature Wells, North Sea
Authors: Ermakov Konstantin , Savenkova Anna 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This paper introduces challenges faced in the exploration and development of high-pressure/extreme-temperature (HP/ET) wells and discusses how these challenges were successfully overcome through the development of materials and electronics capable of withstanding such harsh environments.
As HP/ET wells are produced, parts of the reservoir are differentially depleted by as much as 640 bar less than virgin pressure. When perforating wells, including virgin sands, this differential pressure has to be properly managed to reduce the risk of stuck guns. The safest method of perforation has been to complete as few runs as possible using high-strength (130 kpsi) coiled tubing (CT) to perforate a full interval of 230 m (755 ft) in one run. Gun weights of 3200 kg (7,055 lbm) have been deployed, fired, and retrieved under pressure without accident or incident.
Some HP/ET wells in the field have the additional challenge of scale formation throughout the completion. This scale cannot be dissolved in acid and is too heavy to be circulated out of the hole using CT. During a reperforation campaign, a cut of 25% Cr 125-kpsi tubing was correlated and completed successfully on CT in a high-angle well of 52° and a total depth (TD) of 7200 m measured depth (MD) (23,622 ft).
Consistent, Systematic Approach to Deepwater Coiled Tubing Efficiency Improvement Substantially Reduces Operational Time, Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Weiland Peter , Rudnik Alexander , Gagen Eric 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Despite new deepwater project economics being strongly challenged by the halved oil prices, it is expected that the ongoing projects will continue, given the large, long-term investments that have already been made. In this challenging market environment, operators are required to reduce operating costs to balance expenditures with available cash flow. With the reduction in operator spending, coiled tubing (CT) service companies are further pressed to reduce service charges. Lowering service rates is not the ultimate solution because it neglects to consider a prevalent factor that often relates to excessive expenditures: inefficient performance. Improved operational efficiency holds significant cost-saving potential. Efficient performance in the areas of equipment loading, offloading, rigging up, pressure testing, in-hole operations, and rigging down enables substantial financial reward in the form of time savings.
The importance of efficiency improvements in deepwater vessel-based CT operations, along with the key areas of improvement and performance solutions, were explained in previous papers, Ottolina et al. (2016) and Rudnik et al. (2014). The objective of this study is to transform efficiency improvement into a repeatable process that can be applied to every aspect of CT operations to decrease operational risk, enhance performance and reduce intervention cost.
Low-performance areas and locations of recurring non-productive time (NPT) were addressed with remedial work plans. Meanwhile, high-performance areas were analyzed to record the best practices for efficient execution to realize efficiency gains for the campaign's duration. These best practices were applied to areas of mediocre performance to elevate the percentage of tasks performed on an efficient level. To ensure continuous improvement and unbiased performance review, a performance tracking system and various performance metrics were created. To ensure consistency of performance and continuity between three offshore crews, the development of standard work instructions, process flow charts, and templates were created and deployed.
The development of a total efficiency solution provided the framework for a step change in performance for seven well intervention operations. A consistent, systematic approach to CT operation efficiency improvement has resulted in reductions of 60% for average pressure testing time, 63% for BHA makeup with break test, and 30% reduction in rig up and rig down series. Additionally, improved consistency has accompanied increased performance as the online pressure testing success rate improved from 64 to 95%. These efficiency gains currently provide an estimated 22 hr total time savings for a typical 7-day CT operation.