bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel Technique for Measurement of Fetal Right Myocardial Performance Index Using Dual Gate Pulsed‐Wave Doppler
Authors: Lee Mi‐Young , Won Hye‐Sung , Shim Jae‐Yoon , Lee Pil‐Ryang , Kim Ahm , Kil Eun‐Mi , Kim Min‐Ju 
Published: May 2017

ObjectivesTo evaluate the reproducibility of the fetal right myocardial performance index determined by simultaneous recording of inflow and outflow using a dual gate pulsed‐wave Doppler (DD).MethodsThis was a prospective study of 39 normal singleton fetuses. Two experienced operators each measured the right myocardial performance index in three ways, twice: (1) separate recording of the inflow and outflow using single‐gate pulsed‐wave Doppler (PD), (2) simultaneous recordings of the inflow and outflow using tissue Doppler (TD), and (3) simultaneous recordings of the inflow and outflow using DD. Intra‐ and interoperator reproducibility were assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients. The measurements from all three methods taken by the more experienced operator were compared using Bland‐Altman plots and mean differences.ResultsFor both operators, intra‐operator reproducibility was the highest when using DD, followed by PD, and TD. Interoperator agreement was the highest for PD measurements, followed by DD, and TD. The smallest mean difference was between the PD and DD measurements by the more experienced operator. There was a positive correlation between PD and DD values (r = 0.369, P < .001).ConclusionsDual gate pulsed‐wave Doppler may be an effective alternative to the PD or TD methods, and can separately evaluate systolic and diastolic myocardial function.
Stochastic Systems
Authors: Pasik‐Duncan Bozenna 
Published: May 2017

AbstractStochastic systems are described with emphasis on their use in stochastic control, filtering, and stochastic differential games. Some background is given for the Wiener process, stochastic calculus, and stochastic differential equations. The linear filtering problem is described. Some general notions of stochastic control are given and the linear–quadratic Gaussian control problem is solved. Weighted least‐squares estimation is applied to continuous‐time adaptive control and an adaptive control problem is solved. A solution is given for the linear–quadratic control problem with a general noise process. Stochastic differential games are described and both linear and nonlinear stochastic differential games are explicitly solved by determining optimal control strategies.
Satellite Altimetry: Principles and Applications in Earth Sciences
Authors: Frappart Frédéric , Blumstein Denis , Cazenave Anny , Ramillien Guillaume , Birol Florence , Morrow Rosemary , Rémy Frédérique 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSatellite altimetry is a radar technique measuring the topography of the Earth surface. It was initially designed for the measuring of the topography of the sea surface with reference to an ellipsoid and for the determination of the marine geoid. It also provided valuable information on the ocean circulation. With the improvement of the orbit accuracy from the meter to the centimeter level, satellite altimetry has become a key measurement to estimate sea level variations from regional to global scales. Satellite altimetry is mostly used over the ocean to measure the surface geostrophic currents, eddy structures, wave heights, and the propagation of oceanic Kelvin and Rossby waves. Altimetry has also demonstrated a strong potential for ice and hydrology studies and is now commonly used for the monitoring of the Arctic and Antarctic ice sheets topography and of terrestrial surface water levels.
Overcurrent Protection
Authors: Das Ratan 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Overcurrent protection is a basic approach to protect power system equipment from current levels that are beyond the design limits of equipment due to either an overload or a short circuit. This article describes the overcurrent protection principles, devices used in their implementation, and some applications. The references provide detail information on topics discussed and also on topics that could not be discussed due to space limitations.
The use of fuses is the most popular and cheapest method for protecting equipment, but each fuse needs to be replaced once it ruptures. Miniature circuit breakers with built‐in current sensing devices are now commonly used in place of fuses in residential and commercial/industrial applications. Fuses are still used in many medium voltage applications because of pricing, while overcurrent protection is used for primary feeder protection. Overcurrent and other means of protective relaying are used for high‐, extra‐, and ultrahigh voltage applications.
Flexible RF Components and Sensors Using Inkjet‐Printing Technologies
Authors: Tentzeris Manos M. , Nauroze Abdullah 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe explosive growth in mobile and communication technologies in the past decade has pushed the industry toward technologies that can enable rapid fabrication of low‐cost prototypes and systems. As a consequence, additive manufacturing technologies, such as 3Dprinting and inkjet printing, have attracted a lot of attention in the recent years because of their scalable, low‐cost, and eco‐friendly flexible device fabrication capabilities. In this article, a detailed description of the design and fabrication of state‐of‐the‐art inkjet‐printed flexibleRFcomponents, sensors, multilayer structures, system‐on‐package solutions, and programmable chipless Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems is presented, setting the stage for next‐generation Internet of things (IoT) and smart skins (SS) ubiquitous nodes. The presented prototypes are fabricated using a wide range of different substrates and inks to demonstrate the versatility and universality of inkjet‐printing technology.
Crystal structure of the Entamoeba histolytica RNA lariat debranching enzyme EhDbr1 reveals a catalytic Zn2+/Mn2+ heterobinucleation
Authors: Ransey Elizabeth , Paredes Eduardo , Dey Sourav K. , Das Subha R. , Heroux Annie , Macbeth Mark R. 
Published: May 2017

The RNA lariat debranching enzyme, Dbr1, is a metallophosphoesterase that cleaves 2′‐5′ phosphodiester bonds within intronic lariats. Previous reports have indicated that Dbr1 enzymatic activity is supported by diverse metal ions including Ni2+, Mn2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, and Zn2+. While in initial structures of the Entamoeba histolytica Dbr1 only one of the two catalytic metal‐binding sites were observed to be occupied (with a Mn2+ ion), recent structures determined a Zn2+/Fe2+ heterobinucleation. We solved a high‐resolution X‐ray crystal structure (1.8 Å) of the E. histolytica Dbr1 and determined a Zn2+/Mn2+ occupancy. ICP‐AES corroborate this finding, and in vitro debranching assays with fluorescently labeled branched substrates confirm activity.
Cell‐free DNA copy number variations in plasma from colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Li Jian , Dittmar Rachel L. , Xia Shu , Zhang Huijuan , Du Meijun , Huang Chiang‐Ching , Druliner Brooke R. , Boardman Lisa , Wang Liang 
Published: May 2017

To evaluate the clinical utility of cell‐free DNA (cfDNA), we performed whole‐genome sequencing to systematically examine plasma cfDNA copy number variations (CNVs) in a cohort of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC, n = 80), polyps (n = 20), and healthy controls (n = 35). We initially compared cfDNA yield in 20 paired serum–plasma samples and observed significantly higher cfDNA concentration in serum (median = 81.20 ng, range 7.18–500 ng·mL−1) than in plasma (median = 5.09 ng, range 3.76–62.8 ng·mL−1) (P < 0.0001). However, tumor‐derived cfDNA content was significantly lower in serum than in matched plasma samples tested. With ~10 million reads per sample, the sequencing‐based copy number analysis showed common CNVs in multiple chromosomal regions, including amplifications on 1q, 8q, and 5q and deletions on 1p, 4q, 8p, 17p, 18q, and 22q. Copy number changes were also evident in genes critical to the cell cycle, DNA repair, and WNT signaling pathways. To evaluate whether cumulative copy number changes were associated with tumor stages, we calculated plasma genomic abnormality in colon cancer (PGA‐C) score by summing the most significant CNVs. The PGA‐C score showed predictive performance with an area under the curve from 0.54 to 0.84 for CRC stages I‐IV. Locus‐specific copy number analysis identified nine genomic regions where CNVs were significantly associated with survival in stage III‐IV CRC patients. A multivariate model using six of nine genomic regions demonstrated a significant association of high‐risk score with shorter survival (HR = 5.33, 95% CI = 6.76–94.44, P < 0.0001). Our study demonstrates the importance of using plasma (rather than serum) to test tumor‐related genomic variations. Plasma cfDNA‐based tests can capture tumor‐specific genetic changes and may provide a measurable classifier for assessing clinical outcomes in advanced CRC patients.
Emission factors of trace gases and particles from tropical savanna fires in Australia
Authors: Desservettaz Maximilien , Paton‐Walsh Clare , Griffith David W. T. , Kettlewell Graham , Keywood Melita D. , Vanderschoot Marcel V. , Ward Jason , Mallet Marc D. , Milic Andelija , Miljevic Branka , Ristovski Zoran D. , Howard Dean , Edwards Grant C. , Atkinson Brad 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSavanna fires contribute significantly to global aerosol loading and hence to the Earth's radiative budget. Modeling of the climatic impact of these aerosols is made difficult due to a lack of knowledge of their size distribution. Australia is the third largest source of global carbon emissions from biomass burning, with emissions dominated by tropical savanna fires. Despite this, only a few previous studies have reported emission factors of trace gases from this important ecosystem and there are no previous published emission factors for the aerosol properties reported here for Australian savanna fires. In June 2014, the SAFIRED campaign (Savanna Fires in the Early Dry season) took place in the Northern Territory of Australia, with the purpose of investigating emissions and aging of aerosols from Australian savanna fires. This paper presents observed enhancement ratios and inferred emission factors of trace gases (CO2, CO, CH4, N2O, and gaseous elemental mercury), particles over different size modes (Aitken and accumulation), and speciated aerosols components (organics, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and chloride). Nine smoke events were identified from the data using large enhancements in CO and/or aerosol data to indicate biomass burning event. The results reported in this paper include the first emission factors for Aitken and accumulation mode aerosols from savanna fires, providing useful size information to enable better modeling of the climatic impact of this important source of global aerosols.
Global change induced biomass growth offsets carbon released via increased forest fire and respiration of the central Canadian boreal forest
Authors: Gonsamo Alemu , Chen Jing M. , Colombo Stephen J. , Ter‐Mikaelian Michael T. , Chen Jiaxin 
Published: May 2017

AbstractNorthern boreal forests are sensitive to many effects of global change. This is of particular concern due to the proportionally greater climate change projected for the area in which these forests occur. One of the sensitive areas is the Far North of Ontario (FNO), consisting of one of the world's largest remaining tracts of unmanaged boreal forest, the world's third largest area of wetland, and the most southerly area of tundra. We studied past, present, and potential future carbon (C) balance of FNO forests using the Integrated Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Model and the Canadian Regional Climate Model with stand‐replacing fire disturbance. The forced simulations of past (1901–2004) C balances indicated that vegetation C stock remained stable, while soil C stock gradually declined (−0.07 t C ha−1 yr−1, p < 0.001), resulting in an overall significant decrease in total ecosystem C balance (−0.07 t C ha−1 yr−1, p < 0.001). Two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), RCP8.5 and RCP4.5, simulations of future (2007–2100) C balances indicated that the carbon dioxide fertilization and climate growth‐enhancing effects of global change will outweigh C loss through increased ecosystem respiration, disturbance, and changes in forest age class structure resulting in an increase in total FNO ecosystem C stock by mid‐21st century. However, the projected simulations also indicated that the relative sizes of forest C stocks will change, with relatively less in the soil and more in vegetation, increasing fuel loads and making the entire ecosystem susceptible to forest fire and insect disturbances.
Assessing the effectiveness of Multi‐Sector Partnerships to manage droughts: The case of the Jucar river basin
Authors: Carmona María , Máñez Costa María , Andreu Joaquín , Pulido‐Velazquez Manuel , Haro‐Monteagudo David , Lopez‐Nicolas Antonio , Cremades Roger 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSouth‐east Spain is a drought prone area, characterized by climate variability and water scarcity. The Jucar River Basin, located in Eastern Spain, has suffered many historical droughts with significant socio‐economic impacts. For nearly a hundred years, the institutional and non‐institutional strategies to cope with droughts have been successful through the development of institutions and partnerships for drought management including multiple actors. In this paper, we show how the creation and institutionalisation of Multi‐Sector Partnerships (MSPs) has supported the development of an efficient drought management. Furthermore, we analyze the performance of one of the suggested instruments by the partnership related to drought management in the basin. Two methodologies are used for these purposes. On one hand, the Capital Approach Framework to analyze the effectiveness of the governance processes in a particular partnership (Permanent Drought Commission), which aims to highlight the governance strength and weakness of the MSP for enhancing drought management in the Jucar River Basin. Through a dynamic analysis of the changes that the partnership has undergone over time to successfully deal with droughts, its effectiveness on drought management is demonstrated. On the other hand, an econometric approach is used to analyze the economic efficiency of the emergency drought wells as one of the key drought mitigation measures suggested by the Permanent Drought Commission and implemented. The results demonstrate the potential and efficiency of applying drought wells as mitigation measures (significant reduction of economic losses, around 50 M€ during the drought period, 2005–2008).
Biochemistry of Terpenoids: Monoterpenes, Sesquiterpenes and Diterpenes
Authors: Ashour Mohamed , Wink Michael , Gershenzon Jonathan 
Published: May 2017

AbstractTerpenoids represent the largest class of secondary metabolites and usually do not contain nitrogen or sulfur in their structures. Many terpenoids serve as defence compounds against microbes and herbivores and/or are signal molecules to attract pollinating insects, fruit‐dispersing animals or predators which can destroy insect herbivores. As a consequence, many terpenoids have pronounced pharmacological activities and are therefore interesting for medicine and biotechnology. The first part of the biosynthesis is the generation of a C5 unit, such as isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) or dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Two independent pathways have been discovered that can produce the C5 unit: the mevalonate and the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. Depending on the number of C5 units, we distinguish hemiterpenes C5, monoterpenes including iridoids (C10), sesquiterpenes (C15), diterpenes (C20), sesterterpenes (C25), triterpenes (including steroids) (C30), tetraterpenes (C40) and polyterpenes (>C40). The biosynthesis (including enzymes, genes and their regulation) of mevalonate and the methylerythritol phosphate pathway and the consecutive pathways leading to mono‐, sesqui‐ and diterpenes are discussed in this chapter in detail.
Dissection of Plant Cell Walls by High‐Throughput Methods
Authors: Persson Staffan , Sørensen Iben , Moller Isabel , Willats William , Pauly Markus 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe structural complexity and heterogeneity of plant cell walls presents major obstacles to understanding the precise role of their constituent polysaccharides in plant growth and development. Further complexity is added as cell wall structures are modulated during plant development and in response to environmental cues. A variety of techniques have been developed to help advance our understanding of cell wall structures, and functions. Recent advances in immunocytochemistry, monosaccharide composition and linkage analysis, MALDI‐TOF oligosaccharide fingerprinting and carbohydrate microarrays now provide cell wall biologists with powerful, robust and in some cases high‐throughput tools for accurately determining cell wall structures. This chapter covers some of the latest developments in cell wall analysis, and also explores the prospects for effectively integrating different analytical platforms.
Glycosyltransferases of theGT77 Family
Authors: Petersen Bent Larsen , Faber Kirsten , Ulvskov Peter 
Published: May 2017

AbstractGT77 does not include entries from animals, prokaryotes or fungi, but it spans the entire green plant lineage from the simplest marine microalgae to angiosperms. Only two biochemical activities have been demonstrated in the family: the xylosyltransferases involved in rhamnogalacturonan‐II synthesis and a cytoplasmic galactosyltransferase from the single slime mould member of the family. With so little biochemical information available, we will instead analyse and use phylogenetic and taxonomic information to characterize the family and occasionally develop working hypotheses regarding function. Some evolutionary contours of the GT77 family emerge, which are interesting in themselves, and lead us to propose which organisms may turn out to be useful models for functional dissection of family GT77 and possibly other families of glycosyltransferases.
Hydroxyproline‐Rich Glycoproteins: Form and Function
Authors: Kieliszewski Marcia J. , Lamport Derek T.A. , Tan Li , Cannon Maura C. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe extracellular matrix is a morphogenetic substrate based on scaffold proteins comprising hydroxyproline‐rich glycoproteins (HRGPs): collagens in animals and extensins in plants. Repetitive peptide motifs and glycomodules define the extensin superfamily, richly diverse in both structure and function. There are two major groups: highly basic classical extensins form insoluble covalent networks, while the classical arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are acidic and easily solubilized. In both extensins and AGPs the primary sequence encodes extensive post‐translational modifications: addition of a GPI anchor to AGPs, crosslinking of extensins via isodityrosine (Idt) and diisodityrosine (di‐Idt), and hydroxylation of proline residues where subsequentO‐Hypglycosylation defines the glycomodule. Non‐contiguous Hyp directs addition of small, compact, beadlike arabinogalactan polysaccharides that coat the plasma membrane and hypothetically also act as a pectic plasticizer. However, in the basic extensins blocks of contiguous Hyp direct addition of small oligoarabinosides. The resulting hydrophilic glycomodules alternate with short hydrophobic Idt motifs to form self‐assembling amphiphiles that react with acidic pectin. Thus an extensin pectate coacervate may be a template for the formation of the cell plate. Evolution of the cell plate and the acquisition of turgor required for land plant evolution were thus crucially dependent on HRGPs.
Plant Cell Wall Biology: Polysaccharides in Architectural and Developmental Contexts
Authors: McCann Maureen C. , Knox J. Paul 
Published: May 2017

AbstractLand plant cell walls contain in the region of 11 major polysaccharides that are grouped as cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectins. Methodologies involving the use of molecular probes and advanced spectroscopies are revealing considerable diversity and complexity as to how these polysaccharides are configured within cell wall structures. Our knowledge of the integration of selected sets of polysaccharides into diverse and multifunctional primary and secondary cell walls is currently increasing although many challenges remain. In addition to understanding the structure and function of polysaccharides in the architectures of individual cell walls and in varied developmental contexts there is also a taxonomic dimension to cell wall polysaccharides that is likely to reveal insights into functions. Challenges for future studies include the understanding of aspects of possible polysaccharide redundancy during cell wall assembly and function, and of how specific polysaccharides are integrated with the mechanical attributes of cell walls and the placing of specific polysaccharide dynamics within physiological frameworks of regulation.
Glycan Engineering in Transgenic Plants
Authors: Bardor Muriel , Cremata José A. , Lerouge Patrice 
Published: May 2017

AbstractN‐glycosylation is a major post‐translational modification step in the biosynthesis of proteins in eukaryotes. This process consists of two main steps, the earlyN‐glycan processing occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum and its maturation in the Golgi apparatus. The earlyN‐glycan processing steps are conserved among eukaryotes and are involved in the quality control of proteins. In contrast, the maturation steps in the Golgi apparatus give rise to a large variety of organism‐specific complex structures. This divergence in the resultingN‐glycan structures is a key issue when the plant is used as a cell factory for the production of human therapeutic proteins. In this chapter, we describe the main aspects of theN‐glycan biosynthesis in plants as well as strategies that have been developed to engineer thisN‐glycosylation pathway in order to allow the production in transgenic plants of pharmaceutical proteins that carry human‐like glycans.
Plants Recognize Herbivorous Insects by Complex Signalling Networks
Authors: Bonaventure Gustavo 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe recognition of phytophagous insects by plants induces a set of very specific responses aimed at deterring tissue consumption and reprogramming plant metabolism and development to tolerate herbivory. This recognition requires the plant's ability to perceive chemical cues generated by the insects and to distinguish a particular pattern of tissue disruption.Relatively little is known about the molecular basis of insect perception by plants and the signalling mechanisms directly associated with this perception. Importantly, the insect feeding behaviour (piercing‐sucking versus chewing) is a decisive determinant of the plant's defence response, and the mechanisms used to perceive insects from different feeding guilds may be distinct. During insect feeding, components of the saliva of chewing or piercing‐sucking insects come into contact with plant cells, and elicitors or effectors present in this insect‐derived fluid are perceived by plant cells to initiate the activation of specific signalling cascades.