bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bovine tuberculosis: effects and challenges faced by developed and developing countries in the eradication process.
Authors: Kwaghe A. V. , Vakuru C. T. , Iwar V. N. , Ndahi M. D. , Abubakar A. G. , Eze E. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic disease of cattle caused by
Mycobacterium bovis
. The disease has a significant impact on the international cattle trade, and - as it is a zoonotic disease - implications for animal and public health. Today, some of the world's developed countries have been certified to be bTB-free, whereas bTB is still a serious challenge in most developing countries. In the developed countries where bTB still exists, the persistence of bTB in wildlife seems to be a major setback in eradicating the disease. In developing countries, on the other hand, eradicating the disease is hindered by the lack of funding and proper logistics, and inadequate adherence to basic procedures such as antemortem and post-mortem inspections. Effective control and management of bTB is essential to eliminate it, but in developing countries the battle against the disease is far from being over due to the lack of funds needed to restrain bTB. In developing countries, the number of laboratories that can diagnose bTB is limited, and diagnosing the disease in humans stops at the smear level making it impossible to estimate the role of
M. bovis
in human infections. There is also a scarcity of data on bTB in the developing countries, which influences the control of the disease. This paper reviews the general information available on bTB and its zoonotic implications, current trends in bTB control and management, the state of bTB in Nigeria, and some of the challenges developing countries face when trying to control the disease. Finally, the paper reflects on how to proceed with the issue in the future.
Hard to fly the nest: A study of body condition and plumage quality in house sparrow fledglings
Authors: Leloutre Charlène , Gouzerh Alice , Angelier Frédéric 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Contrary to the nestling phase, the post-fledging phase has been less studied probably because it is challenging to follow the chicks after they fledge. However, this phase is crucial to consider when focusing on the life cycle of individuals because it is associated with new demands: After leaving the nest, individuals have to find their own food and cope with a new set of previously unknown stressors. In this study, we aimed at better understanding how energetically demanding the post-fledging period is in house sparrows Passer domesticus by measuring several indices of a fledgling’s state (body condition, fat and muscle scores and plumage quality). If the energetic demands of the post-fledging period are greater than those of the adult life, we predicted that fledglings should be in lower condition and should have a plumage of lower quality relative to adults. Supporting this prediction, the condition and the plumage of fledglings differed dramatically from those of adults. Interestingly, this difference disappeared in autumn. Overall, our results suggest that the post-fledging period is probably one of the most energetically demanding of the life cycle in this species. Supporting this idea, the resighting probability of fledglings was lower relative to adults. However, resighting probability depends on many factors (mortality, dispersal, habitat use and behaviours) and future studies are necessary to tease apart their relative importance in determining resighting probability [Current Zoology 60 (4): 449–459, 2014].
Social networking in an academic conference context: insights from a case study
Authors: Levy Meira , Hadar Irit , Te'eni Dov , Unkelos-Shpigel Naomi , Sherman Sofia , Harel Nassi 
Published: February 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to propose a conference-based online social network (OSN) for academics’ knowledge sharing and collaboration around and beyond a conference, while exploring the entanglement of the social and technical aspects of the system.Design/methodology/approach– Following an exploratory study, an OSN prototype was developed and implemented in ECIS 2014. The usage of the OSN platform was monitored and in-depth interviews were conducted with seven of its active users.Findings– Academic researchers have positive attitudes toward using conference-based OSN. However, there is a gap between academics’ perceptions and their actual behavior. Several barriers for engagement were identified, leading to technical and social recommendations, including the following needs: integrating the OSN platform with other conference information systems; addressing privacy concerns; allowing on-going collaboration; increasing OSN vitality; using the wisdom of the crowd; and promotion and its timing.Research limitations/implications– The case study highlighted existing benefits, and identified potential future benefits from implementing a conference-based OSN. Future research is required to generalize the findings and evaluate the proposed strategies for enhancing user engagement.Practical implications– This study revealed the set of considerations that should be taken upon launching a new academic OSN, which are beyond the technical issuesper se.Social implications– The paper presents the expected benefits from, and existing barriers to using a conference-based OSN, and suggests recommendations for encouraging academics to engage in such OSN, in order to enhance long-term social interactions, knowledge sharing and collaboration among conference participants.Originality/value– This is a first study to examine a conference-based OSN.
LA sprouts randomized controlled nutrition, cooking and gardening programme reduces obesity and metabolic risk in Hispanic/Latino youth
Authors: Gatto N.M. , Martinez L.C. , Spruijt‐Metz D. , Davis J.N. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryBackgroundMany programmes for children that involve gardening and nutrition components exist; however, none include experimental designs allowing more rigorous evaluation of their impact on obesity.ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to explore the effects of a novel 12‐week gardening, nutrition and cooking intervention {‘LA Sprouts’} on dietary intake, obesity parameters and metabolic disease risk among low‐income, primarily Hispanic/Latino youth in Los Angeles..MethodsThis study used a randomized control trial involving four elementary schools [two randomized to intervention {172, 3rd–5th grade students}; two randomized to control {147, 3rd–5th grade students}]. Classes were taught in 90‐min sessions once per week for 12 weeks. Data collected at pre‐intervention and post‐intervention included dietary intake via food frequency questionnaire, anthropometric measures {body mass index, waist circumference}, body fat, and fasting blood samples.ResultsLA Sprouts participants compared with controls had significantly greater reductions in body mass index z‐scores {−0.1 vs. −0.04, respectively; p = 0.01} and waist circumference {−1.2 vs. 0.1 cm; p < 0.001}. Fewer LA Sprouts participants had the metabolic syndrome after the intervention than before, while controls with metabolic syndrome increased. LA Sprouts participants compared with controls increased dietary fiber intake {+3.4% vs. −16.5%; p = 0.04}. All participants decreased vegetable intake, but decreases were less in LA Sprouts than controls {−3.7% vs. −26.1%; p = 0.04}. Change in fruit intake did not differ between LA Sprouts and controls.ConclusionsLA Sprouts was effective in reducing obesity and metabolic risk; however, additional larger and longer‐term studies are warranted.
Physical Activity and the Risk of Gallbladder Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies
Authors: Aune Dagfinn , Leitzmann Michael , Vatten Lars Johan 
Published: February 2016

Background:Physical activity has been hypothesized to reduce the risk of gallbladder disease (gallstones, cholecystitis, cholecystectomy); however, results from epidemiological studies have not always shown statistically significant associations. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify the presence and strength of an association between physical activity and gallbladder disease risk.Methods:PubMed and Embase databases were searched for studies of physical activity and gallbladder disease up to 9th of January 2015. Prospective studies reporting relative risk (RR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of gallbladder disease associated with physical activity were included. Summary RRs were estimated using a random effects model.Results:Eight studies including 6958 cases and 218,204 participants were included. The summary RR for the highest versus the lowest level of physical activity was 0.75 (95% CI: 0.69–0.81, n = 8) and there was no evidence of heterogeneity, I2 = 0%). In the dose-response analysis the summary relative risk per 20 MET-hours of activity was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.80–0.90, I2 = 0%, n = 2) for leisure-time physical activity, 0.83 (95% CI: 0.76–0.90, I2 = 0%, n = 2) for vigorous physical activity, and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.76–0.98, I2 = 0%, n = 2) for nonvigorous physical activity.Conclusion:Our analysis confirms a protective effect of physical activity on risk of gallbladder disease.
Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in Gastrostomy Tube Placement After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in the United States
Authors: Faigle Roland , Bahouth Mona N. , Urrutia Victor C. , Gottesman Rebecca F. 
Published: February 2016

Background and Purpose—
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes are widely used for enteral feeding of patients after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We sought to determine whether PEG placement after ICH differs by race and socioeconomic status.

Methods—
Patient discharges with ICH as the primary diagnosis from 2007 to 2011 were queried from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between race, insurance status, and household income with PEG placement.

Results—

Of 49 946 included ICH admissions, a PEG was placed in 4464 (8.94%). Among PEG recipients, 47.2% were minorities and 15.6% were Medicaid enrollees, whereas 33.7% and 8.2% of patients without a PEG were of a race other than white and enrolled in Medicaid, respectively (
P
<0.001). Compared with whites, the odds of PEG were highest among Asians/Pacific Islanders (odds ratio [OR] 1.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32–1.99) and blacks (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.28–1.59). Low household income (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.09–1.44 in lowest compared with highest quartile) and enrollment in Medicaid (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.17–1.59 compared with private insurance) were associated with PEG placement. Racial disparities (minorities versus whites) were most pronounced in small/medium-sized hospitals (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.43–2.20 versus OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.17–1.47 in large hospitals;
P
value for interaction 0.011) and in hospitals with low ICH case volume (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.38–1.81 versus OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.12–1.50 in hospitals with high ICH case volume;
P
value for interaction 0.007).

Conclusions—
Minority race, Medicaid enrollment, and low household income are associated with PEG placement after ICH.
Isolation and characterisation of 20 microsatellite loci from the Chinese green tree viper Trimeresurus stejnegeri stejnegeri
Authors: Chang Yi-Chun , Lin Hua-Ching , Li Shou-Hsien , Chang Ming-Hsung 
Published: February 2016

The Chinese green tree viper (Trimeresurus stejnegeri stejnegeri), one of the most common snakes in Southeast Asia, can be a good model species for evolutionary and behavioral research. However, there is no high polymorphic co-dominant marker that can be used for individual-based genetic analyses available for this species. Therefore, we developed 20 polymorphic microsatellite loci for T. s. stejnegeri in Taiwan by screening a microsatellite-enriched DNA library. The allele numbers of these loci ranged from 3 to 22, and the observed heterozygosity were 0.042-1.000. The probability of false parent non-exclusion was 2 × 10−5 for those loci that conformed to the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. These highly polymorphic microsatellite markers are useful for both individual-based and population-level analysis. Furthermore, this is the first set of microsatellite markers developed for Trimeresurus, and could be applied to closely related species to address various research questions on evolution and animal behavior.
Rhigognostis senilella (Zetterstedt, 1839) and R. marmorosella (Wocke, 1849): two valid species distinguishable in genitalia (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae)
Authors: BARANIAK EDWARD 
Published: February 2016

Rhigognostis senilella was described from Greenland over 150 years ago by Zetterstedt. Its historical range of distribution included also mountains in most of Europe. It was classified in Europe as a boreal-alpine zoogeographic element. Analysis of the structure of the male and female genitalia over its historical range shows that two distinct species are present. The range of R. senilella (Zetterstedt, 1839) is limited to Greenland and Iceland, whereas the mountains of Europe are inhabited by R. marmorosella (Wocke, 1849). The paper includes keys to distinguish these two species, one based on external characters, another on male or female genitalia.
Winter Weather Regimes in the Northeast United States
Authors: Roller Christopher D. , Qian Jian-Hua , Agel Laurie , Barlow Mathew , Moron Vincent 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The method of k-means cluster analysis is applied to U.S. wintertime daily 850-hPa winds across the Northeast. The resulting weather patterns are analyzed in terms of duration, station, gridded precipitation, storm tracks, and climate teleconnections. Five distinct weather patterns are identified. Weather type (WT) 1 is characterized by a ridge over the western Atlantic and positive precipitation anomalies as far north as the Great Lakes; WT2, by a trough along the eastern United States and positive precipitation anomalies into southern New England; WT3, by a trough over the western Atlantic and negative precipitation anomalies along much of the U.S. East Coast; WT4, by a trough east of Newfoundland and negative precipitation anomalies along parts of the U.S. East Coast; and WT5, by a broad, shallow trough over southeastern Canada and negative precipitation anomalies over the entire U.S. East Coast. WT5 and WT1 are the most persistent, while WT2 typically progresses quickly to WT3 and then to WT4. Based on mean station precipitation in the northeastern United States, most precipitation occurs in WT2 and WT3, with the least in WT1 and WT4. Extreme precipitation occurs most frequently in WT2. Storm tracks show that WT2 and WT3 are associated with coastal storms, while WT2 is also associated with Great Lakes storms. Teleconnections are linked with a change in WT frequency by more than a factor of 2 in several cases: for the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in WT1 and WT4 and for the Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern in WT1 and WT3.
Seasonal and Interannual Variations of the Energy Flux Equator and ITCZ. Part I: Zonally Averaged ITCZ Position
Authors: Adam Ori , Bischoff Tobias , Schneider Tapio 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
In the zonal mean, the ITCZ lies at the foot of the ascending branch of the tropical mean meridional circulation, close to where the near-surface meridional mass flux vanishes. The ITCZ also lies near the energy flux equator (EFE), where the column-integrated meridional energy flux vanishes. This latter observation makes it possible to relate the ITCZ position to the energy balance, specifically the atmospheric net energy input near the equator and the cross-equatorial energy flux. Here the validity of the resulting relations between the ITCZ position and energetic quantities is examined with reanalysis data for the years 1979–2014. In the reanalysis data, the EFE and ITCZ position indeed covary on time scales of seasons and longer. Consistent with theory, the ITCZ position is proportional to the cross-equatorial atmospheric energy flux and inversely proportional to atmospheric net energy input at the equator. Variations of the cross-equatorial energy flux dominate seasonal variations of the ITCZ position. By contrast, variations of the equatorial net energy input, driven by ocean energy uptake variations, dominate interannual variations of the ITCZ position (e.g., those associated with ENSO).
Trends in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for the Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in the United States
Authors: Rush Barret , Wiskar Katie , Berger Landon , Griesdale Donald 
Published: February 2016

Objectives: Our aim was to describe patient characteristics and trends in the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in the United States from 2006 to 2011. Methods: We used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample to isolate all patients aged 18 years who had a discharge International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnosis of ARDS, with and without procedure codes for ECMO, between 2006 and 2011. Results: We examined a total of 47 911 414 hospital discharges, representing 235 911 271 hospitalizations using national weights. Of the 1 479 022 patients meeting the definition of ARDS (representing 7 281 206 discharges), 775 underwent ECMO. There was a 409% relative increase in the use of ECMO for ARDS in the United States between 2006 and 2011, from 0.0178% to 0.090% ( P = .0041). Patients treated with ECMO had higher in-hospital mortality (58.6% vs 25.1%, P < .0001) and longer hospital stays (15.8 days vs 6.9 days, P < .0001). They were also younger (47.9 vs 66.4 years, P < .0001) and more likely to be male (62.2% vs 49.6%, P < .0001). The median time to initiate ECMO from the time of admission was 0.5 days (interquartile range [IQR] 4.9 days). Conclusion: There has been a dramatic increase in ECMO use for the treatment of ARDS in the United States.
Short-term venlafaxine v. lithium monotherapy for bipolar type II major depressive episodes: Effectiveness and mood conversion rate
Authors: Amsterdam Jay D. , Lorenzo-Luaces Lorenzo , Soeller Irene , Li Susan Qing , Mao Jun J. , DeRubeis Robert J. 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundControversy exists over antidepressant use in bipolar II depression.AimsTo compare the safety and effectiveness of antidepressant v. mood stabiliser monotherapy for bipolar type II major depressive episodes.MethodRandomised, double-blind, parallel-group, 12-week comparison of venlafaxine (n = 65) v. lithium (n = 64) monotherapy in adult out-patients (trial registration number NCT00602537).ResultsPrimary outcome – venlafaxine produced a greater response rate (67.7%) v. lithium (34.4%, P<0.001). Secondary outcomes – venlafaxine produced a greater remission rate (58.5% v. 28.1%, P<0.001); greater decline in depression symptom scores over time (β=–5.32, s.e. = 1.16, χ2 = 21.19, P<0.001); greater reduction in global severity scores over time (β=–1.05, s.e. = 0.22, χ2 = 22.33, P<0.001); and greater improvement in global change scores (β=–1.31, s.e. = 0.32, χ2 = 16.95, P<0.001) relative to lithium. No statistically significant or clinically meaningful differences in hypomanic symptoms were observed between treatments.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that short-term venlafaxine monotherapy may provide effective antidepressant treatment for bipolar II depression without a statistically significant increase in hypomanic symptoms relative to lithium.
Greatwall dephosphorylation and inactivation upon mitotic exit is triggered by PP1
Authors: Ma Sheng , Vigneron Suzanne , Robert Perle , Strub Jean Marc , Cianferani Sara , Castro Anna , Lorca Thierry 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
Entry into mitosis is induced by the activation of cyclin-B–Cdk1 and Greatwall (Gwl; also known as MASTL in mammals) kinases. Cyclin-B–Cdk1 phosphorylates mitotic substrates, whereas Gwl activation promotes the phosphorylation of the small proteins Arpp19 and ENSA. Phosphorylated Arpp19 and/or ENSA bind to and inhibit PP2A comprising the B55 subunit (PP2A-B55; B55 is also known as PPP2R2A), the phosphatase responsible for cyclin-B–Cdk1 substrate dephosphorylation, allowing the stable phosphorylation of mitotic proteins. Upon mitotic exit, cyclin-B–Cdk1 and Gwl kinases are inactivated, and mitotic substrates are dephosphorylated. Here, we have identified protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) as the phosphatase involved in the dephosphorylation of the activating site (Ser875) of Gwl. Depletion of PP1 from meiotic Xenopus egg extracts maintains phosphorylation of Ser875, as well as the full activity of this kinase, resulting in a block of meiotic and mitotic exit. By contrast, preventing the reactivation of PP2A-B55 through the addition of a hyperactive Gwl mutant (GwlK72M) mainly affected Gwl dephosphorylation on Thr194, resulting in partial inactivation of Gwl and in the incomplete exit from mitosis or meiosis. We also show that when PP2A-B55 is fully reactivated by depleting Arpp19, this protein phosphatase is able to dephosphorylate both activating sites, even in the absence of PP1.
Oxidized LDL induces FAK-dependent RSK signaling to drive NF-κB activation and VCAM-1 expression
Authors: Yurdagul Arif , Sulzmaier Florian J. , Chen Xiao L. , Pattillo Christopher B. , Schlaepfer David D. , Orr A. Wayne 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) accumulates early in atherosclerosis and promotes endothelial nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation, proinflammatory gene expression and monocyte adhesion. Like for other atherogenic factors, oxLDL-induced proinflammatory responses requires integrin-dependent focal adhesion kinase (FAK, also known as PTK2) signaling; however, the mechanism by which FAK mediates oxLDL-dependent NF-κB signaling has yet to be revealed. We now show that oxLDL induces NF-κB activation and VCAM-1 expression through FAK-dependent IκB kinase β (IKKβ, also known as IKBKB) activation. We further identify FAK-dependent activation of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase family proteins (RSK) as a crucial mediator of oxLDL-dependent IKKβ and NF-κB signaling, as inhibiting RSK blocks oxLDL-induced IKKβ and NF-κB activation, VCAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion. Finally, transgenic mice containing a kinase-dead mutation in FAK specifically in the endothelial cells show reduced RSK activity, decreased VCAM-1 expression and reduced macrophage accumulation in regions of early atherosclerosis. Taken together, our data elucidates a new mechanism whereby oxLDL-induced endothelial FAK signaling drives an ERK–RSK pathway to activate IKKβ and NF-κB signaling and proinflammatory gene expression.
A Natureza Principiológica do Duplo Grau de Jurisdição
Authors: Pedra Adriano Sant'Ana 
Published: February 2016

A doutrina diverge em considerar o duplo grau de jurisdição como um princípio constitucional, haja vista que inexiste a sua previsão expressa no texto da Constituição Federal. A escolha do tema justifica-se no fato de ser um assunto de relevante interesse, repleto de controvérsias, com as conseqüentes implicações no mundo jurídico. Almeja-se enfrentar neste trabalho a compreensão e aplicação do duplo grau de jurisdição como princípio constitucional, bem como questões daí decorrentes, em especial aquelas que dizem respeito aos limites em que tal princípio poderá confinar o legislador infraconstitucional.