bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Timing is everything: Fishing‐season placement may represent the most important angling‐induced evolutionary pressure on Atlantic salmon populations
Authors: Harvey Alison C. , Tang Yongkai , Wennevik Vidar , Skaala Øystein , Glover Kevin A. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractFisheries‐induced evolution can change the trajectory of wild fish populations by selectively targeting certain phenotypes. For important fish species like Atlantic salmon, this could have large implications for their conservation and management. Most salmon rivers are managed by specifying an angling season of predetermined length based on population demography, which is typically established from catch statistics. Given the circularity of using catch statistics to estimate demographic parameters, it may be difficult to quantify the selective nature of angling and its evolutionary impact. In the River Etne in Norway, a recently installed trap permits daily sampling of fish entering the river, some of which are subsequently captured by anglers upstream. Here, we used 31 microsatellites to establish an individual DNA profile for salmon entering the trap, and for many of those subsequently captured by anglers. These data permitted us to investigate time of rod capture relative to river entry, potential body size‐selective harvest, and environmental variables associated with river entry. Larger, older fish entered the river earlier than smaller, younger fish of both sexes, and larger, older females were more abundant than males and vice versa. There was good agreement between the sizes of fish harvested by angling, and the size distribution of the population sampled on the trap. These results demonstrate that at least in this river, and with the current timing of the season, the angling catch reflects the population's demographics and there is no evidence of size‐selective harvest. We also demonstrated that the probability of being caught by angling declines quickly after river entry. Collectively, these data indicate that that the timing of the fishing season, in relation to the upstream migration patterns of the different demographics of the population, likely represents the most significant directional evolutionary force imposed by angling.
Deep Eutectic Solvents Enable the Enhanced Production of n‐3 PUFA‐Enriched Triacylglycerols
Authors: Xu Long , Zhang Li , Li Daoming , Liu Pengzhan , Tan Chin‐Ping , Wang Weifei , Liu Xiangqian , Yang Bo , Lan Dongming , Wang Yonghua 
Published: August 2017

Efficient synthesis of n‐3 PUFA‐enriched triacylglycerol (TAG) by the esterification of glycerol with n‐3 PUFA in deep eutectic solvents (DES) is reported. There was a 1.2‐fold increase of TAG yield in DES compared with that in the solvent‐free system. Adsorption of the produced water by DES during esterification contributed to enhance the conversion efficiency by changing the reaction equilibrium. DES also served as an effective solvent for enriching the n‐3 PUFA of TAG in the upper layer of reaction media. A TAG yield of 55% was achieved under the optimal condition. Practical Applications: Enzymatic synthesis of n‐3 PUFA‐enriched triacylglycerol (TAG) is challenged by low yields. Here, deep eutectic solvents show great potential for enhancing the production of n‐3 PUFA‐enriched TAG.The production of n‐3 PUFA‐enriched triacylglycerol is greatly enhanced in deep eutectic solvents.
Alkyl‐Branched Fatty Compounds: Hydro‐Alkylation of Non‐Activated Alkenes With Haloalkanes Mediated by Ethylaluminum Sesquichloride
Authors: Biermann Ursula , Metzger Jürgen O. 
Published: August 2017

The general method for the cationic hydro‐alkyl addition to the nonactivated CC double bond of alkenes mediated by ethylaluminum sesquichloride (Et3Al2Cl3) has been importantly improved and simplified by using haloalkanes (primary, secondary, tertiary) instead of alkyl chloroformates as alkylating agent and performing the reaction without any additional solvent. The protocol is especially suited to perform the hydro‐alkylation of internal double bonds. Reaction of the haloalkane with Et3Al2Cl3 gives an alkyl cation which is added to the alkene; hydride transfer from Et3Al2Cl3 to the adduct carbenium ion gives the saturated addition product. Primary halo alkanes give the same addition product as the respective secondary halo alkane because of 1,2‐H shift yielding the secondary carbenium ions. In the case of 1‐alkenes triethylsilane has to be used as additional hydride donor to avoid di‐ and oligomerization. Special interest has been focused on alkylation of unsaturated fatty compounds, which are important renewable feedstocks, mostly (Z)‐configured such as methyl oleate, high oleic sunflower oil, neopentyl glycol dioleate, but also (E)‐configured, that is, dimethyl (E)‐icos‐10‐enedioate, and with terminal double bond such as methyl 10‐undecenoate. The respective alkyl branched fatty compounds were obtained after simple work‐up with excellent to good yields. The protocol was scaled up without problems to >0.5 mol.Practical Applications: The synthesis of alkyl‐branched fatty compounds is of high importance since they have interesting properties that make them attractive for use in the cosmetics and lubricant area. We developed an industrially feasible method for the synthesis of well‐defined alkyl branched oleochemicals.The ethylaluminum sesquichloride (Et3Al2Cl3)‐mediated reaction of non‐activated alkenes with haloalkanes gives the respective hydro alkylation product in excellent to good yields. The reaction protocol allows the synthesis of well‐defined alkyl branched oleochemicals, as for example methyl 9(10)‐isopropylstearate, and can easily be scaled up.
Identification and characterization of metformin on peptidomic profiling in human visceral adipocytes
Authors: Gao Yao , Wang XingYun , Huang FangYan , Cui XianWei , Li Yun , Wang Xing , Cao Yan , Xu PengFei , Xie KaiPeng , Tang RanRan , Zhang Le , Ji ChenBo , You LiangHui , Guo XiRong 
Published: August 2017

AbstractTo gain insight into the effect of metformin on losing weight from peptidomic perspective and to screen potential active peptides for reducing fat lipid deposition. After determining the proper concentration of metformin on human primary visceral adipocytes, we constructed a comparative peptidomic profiling between control and metformin treatment group (n = 3) using a stable isobaric labeling strategy involving tandem mass tag reagents, followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. We identified and quantified 3065 non‐redundant peptides, 304 of which were differentially expressed after metformin treatment, 206 peptides were up regulated and 98 peptides were down regulated significantly. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment and pathway analysis were performed to study differentially peptides though their precursor proteins. We concluded three peptides located within the functional domains of their precursor proteins could be candidate bioactive peptides for obesity. On one hand, these results confirmed the versatile effects of metformin on adipocyte and advance our current understanding of metformin, on the other hand, these identified peptides might play putative roles in treatment of obesity.
Assessment of advanced hepatic MR elastography methods for susceptibility artifact suppression in clinical patients
Authors: Wang Jin , Glaser Kevin J. , Zhang Tianhui , Shan Qungang , He Bingjun , Chen Jun , Yin Meng , Dzyubak Bogdan , Kugel Jennifer L. , Kruse Scott A. , Grimm Roger C. , Venkatesh Sudhakar K. , Ehman Richard L. 
Published: August 2017

PurposeTo assess the success rate, image quality, and the ability to stage liver fibrosis of a standard 2D gradient‐recalled echo (GRE) and four different spin‐echo (SE) magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) sequences in patients with different liver iron concentrations.Materials and MethodsA total of 332 patients who underwent 3T MRE examinations that included liver fat and iron quantification were enrolled, including 136 patients with all five MRE techniques. Thirty‐four patients had biopsy results for fibrosis staging. The liver stiffness, region of interest area, image quality, and success rate of the five sequences were compared in 115/136 patients. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) and the accuracies for diagnosing early‐stage fibrosis and advanced fibrosis were compared. The effect of BMI (body mass index), the R2* relaxation time, and fat fraction on the image quality and liver stiffness measurements were analyzed.ResultsThe success rates were significantly higher in the four SE sequences (99.1–100%) compared with GRE MRE (85.3%) (all P < 0.001). There were significant differences of the mean ROI area between every pair of sequences (all P < 0.0001). There were no significant differences in the AUC of the five MRE sequences for discriminating advanced fibrosis (10 P‐values ranging from 0.2410–0.9171). R2* had a significant effect on the success rate and image quality for the noniron 2D echo‐planar imaging (EPI), 3D EPI and 2D GRE (all P < 0.001) sequences. BMI had a significant effect on the iron 2D EPI (P = 0.0230) and iron 2D SE (P = 0.0040) sequences.ConclusionAll five techniques showed good diagnostic performance in staging liver fibrosis. The SE MRE sequences had higher success rates and better image quality than GRE MRE in 3T clinical hepatic imaging.Level of Evidence: 3Technical Efficacy: Stage 5J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:976–987.
MRI characterization of brown adipose tissue under thermal challenges in normal weight, overweight, and obese young men
Authors: Deng Jie , Neff Lisa M. , Rubert Nicholas C. , Zhang Bin , Shore Richard M. , Samet Jonathan D. , Nelson Paige C. , Landsberg Lewis 
Published: August 2017

PurposeTo implement quantitative Dixon magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods for brown adipose tissue (BAT) characterization at inactive and cold‐activated states in normal weight, overweight, and obese subjects. The hypotheses are that MRI characteristics of BAT would differentiate between nonobese and obese subjects, and activation of BAT in response to thermal challenges that are detected by MRI would be correlated with BAT activity measured by positron emission tomography / computed tomography (PET/CT).Materials and MethodsFifteen male subjects (20.7 ± 1.5 years old) including six normal weight, five overweight, and four obese subjects participated in the study. A multiecho Dixon MRI sequence was performed on a 1.5T scanner. MRI was acquired under thermoneutral, nonshivering thermogenesis, and subsequent warm‐up conditions. Fat fraction (FF), R2*, and the number of double bonds (ndb) were measured by solving an optimization problem that fits in‐ and out‐of‐phase MR signal intensities to the fat‐water interference models. Imaging acquisition and postprocessing were performed by two MRI physicists. In each subject, Dixon MRI measurements of FF, R2*, and ndb were calculated for each voxel within all BAT regions of interest (ROIs) under each thermal condition. Mean FF, R2*, and ndb were compared between nonobese (ie, normal‐weight/overweight) and obese subjects using the two‐sample t‐test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to differentiate nonobese vs. obese subjects. BAT MRI measurement changes in response to thermal condition changes were compared with hypermetabolic BAT volume/activity measured by PET/CT using the Pearson's correlation. In addition, BAT MRI measurements were compared with body adiposity using the Pearson's correlation. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsObese subjects showed higher FF and lower R2* than nonobese subjects under all three thermal conditions (P < 0.01). ROC analyses demonstrated that FF and R2* were excellent predictors for the differentiation of nonobese from obese subjects (100% specificity and 100% sensitivity). FF changes under thermal challenges were correlated with hypermetabolic BAT volume (r = –0.55, P = 0.04 during activation, and r = 0.72, P = 0.003 during deactivation), and with BAT activity (r = 0.69, P = 0.006 during deactivation), as measured by PET/CT. FF and R2* under all three thermal conditions were highly correlated with body adiposity (P ≤ 0.002).ConclusionMRI characteristics of BAT differentiated between nonobese and obese subjects in both inactivated and activated states. BAT activation detected by Dixon MRI in response to thermal challenges were correlated with glucose uptake of metabolically active BAT.Level of Evidence: 1Technical Efficacy: Stage 3J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:936–947.
Effects of ultrasound treatment on physico‐chemical, functional properties and antioxidant activity of whey protein isolate in the presence of calcium lactate
Authors: Jiang Zhanmei , Yao Kun , Yuan Xiangying , Mu Zhishen , Gao Zengli , Hou Juncai , Jiang Lianzhou 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ultrasound applied at various powers (0, 200, 400, 600 or 800 W) and for different times (20 or 40 min) on the physico‐chemical, functional properties and antioxidant activities of whey protein isolate (WPI) dispersions in the presence of 1.20 mmol L−1 calcium lactate.RESULTSSurface hydrophobicity and free sulfhydryl group of the WPI dispersions containing 1.2 mmol L−1 calcium lactate were significantly enhanced after sonication. Furthermore, particle size of WPI dispersions containing 1.20 mmol L−1 calcium lactate was minimised after sonication. Scanning electron microscopy of sonicated WPI suspensions containing 1.20 mmol L−1 calcium lactate showed that WPI microstructure had significantly changed. After WPI dispersions were treated by sonication assisted with calcium lactate, its gel strength enhanced and solubility decreased. Gel strength of sonicated WPI dispersions (600 W, 40 min) was the maximum among all the WPI treatments. Emulsification activity of sonicated WPI dispersions reduced while its emulsion stability increased. The DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferrous reducing power of sonicated WPI dispersions mostly increased.CONCLUSIONUltrasound treatments induced structural changes in WPI molecules, leading to different microstructure and improved gel strength of WPI in the presence of calcium lactate. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Simple and rapid determination of zaltoprofen in human plasma by manual‐shaking‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection
Authors: Han Se Young , Jeong Kyung Min , Yoo Da Eun , Jin Yan , Kim Eun Mi , Kim Su Hyun , Lee Seok‐Yong , Kim Se‐Hyung , Zhao Jing , Lee Jeongmi 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA readily applicable method was developed to determine the concentration level of zaltoprofen, a non‐steroidal antiinflammatory drug from the propionic acid family, in human plasma. This method is based on manual‐shaking‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Factors affecting the extraction efficiency were screened and optimized by experimental design using fractional factorial and central composite designs, respectively. Optimal conditions were: 220 μL of C2H4Cl2 (extraction solvent), 5 mL of 3.75% w/v NaCl aqueous solution at pH 2.0, and manual shaking for 13 s (65 times). The resulting extraction method yielded a reasonable enrichment factor of 18.0 (±0.6, n = 3) and extraction recovery of 86.0% (±3.3%, n = 3). The established method was validated for selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, matrix effect, recovery, dilution integrity, and stability, and it met the acceptable criteria for all of the tested parameters. Specifically, the method was linear in the range of 0.16–50.0 mg/L, precise (< 8.8% RSD), accurate (–7.5–5.6% deviation), and showed negligible matrix effects (96.1–106.4%) with high absolute recovery (94.5–97.7%). Compared with previous methods involving labor‐intensive liquid–liquid extraction or non‐specific protein precipitation, our method allows the simple, rapid, and efficient determination of zaltoprofen using the most affordable analytical instrument, liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.
Evaluation of poly([2‐(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride) cationic polymer capillary coating for capillary electrophoresis and electrokinetic chromatography separations
Authors: McGettrick Julie R. , Palmer Christopher P. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractCapillary electrophoresis and electrokinetic chromatography are typically carried out in unmodified fused‐silica capillaries under conditions that result in a strong negative zeta potential at the capillary wall and a robust cathodic electroosmotic flow. Modification of the capillary wall to reverse the zeta potential and mask silanol sites can improve separation performance by reducing or eliminating analyte adsorption, and is essential when conducting electrokinetic chromatography separations with cationic latex nanoparticle pseudo‐stationary phases. Semipermanent modification of the capillary walls by coating with cationic polymers has proven to be facile and effective. In this study, poly([2‐(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride) polymers were synthesized by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization and used as physically adsorbed semipermanent coatings for capillary electrophoresis and electrokinetic chromatography separations. An initial synthesis of poly([2‐(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride) polymer coating produced strong and stable anodic electroosmotic flow of –5.7 to –5.4 × 10−4 cm2/V⋅s over the pH range of 4–7. Significant differences in the magnitude of the electroosmotic flow and effectiveness were observed between synthetic batches, however. For electrokinetic chromatography separations, the best performing batches of poly([2‐(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride) polymer performed as well as the commercially available cationic polymer polyethyleneimine, whereas polydiallylammonium chloride and hexadimethrine bromide did not perform well.
Ursolic Acid, a Natural Nutraceutical Agent, Targets Caspase3 and Alleviates Inflammation‐Associated Downstream Signal Transduction
Authors: Ma Xiaoyao , Zhang Yuan , Wang Zengyong , Shen Yunbing , Zhang Man , Nie Quandeng , Hou Yuanyuan , Bai Gang 
Published: August 2017

ScopeUrsolic acid (UA) is a pentacyclicterpenoid carboxylic acid that is present in a wide variety of plant foods. There are many beneficial health effects that are attributed to the properties of UA. However, the specific cellular targets of UA and the mechanism underlying downstream signal transduction processes linked to the anti‐inflammation pathway have not been thoroughly elucidated to date.Methods and resultsChemical biology strategies such as target fishing, click reaction synthesis of a UA probe and molecular imaging were used to identify potential target proteins of UA. Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3 (CASP3) and its downstream signaling pathway were verified as potential targets by molecular docking, intracellular enzyme activity evaluation and accurate pathway analysis. The results indicated that UA acted on CASP3, ERK1 and JNK2 targets, alleviated inflammation‐associated downstream multiple signal transduction factors, including ERK1, NF‐κB and STAT3, and exhibited anti‐inflammation activities.ConclusionAs a natural dietary supplement, UA demonstrated anti‐inflammation activity via inhibition of CASP3 and shows the potential to improve the therapy effect of several inflammation‐associated diseases.
Modeling ion recombination in liquid ionization chambers — Improvement and analysis of the two‐dose‐rate method
Authors: Andersson Jonas , Tölli Heikki 
Published: August 2017

PurposeThe use of liquid ionization chambers can provide useful information to endeavors with radiation dosimetry for highly modulated beams. Liquid ionization chambers may be particularly suitable for computed tomography applications where conventional ionization chambers do not present a high enough sensitivity for the spatial resolution required to characterize common X‐ray beams. Due to the sensitivity, which leads to high charge densities, liquid ionization chambers can suffer from large recombination losses leading to degradation in signal to dose rate linearity. To solve this problem, a two‐dose‐rate method for general recombination correction has been proposed for liquid ionization chambers. However, the valid range of recombination losses that the method can accurately account for has been found to vary depending on radiation quality. The present work provides an in‐depth analysis of the performance of the two‐dose‐rate method. Furthermore, the soundness of applying gas theory to liquids is investigated by using the two‐dose‐rate method.MethodsIn the present work, the two‐dose‐rate method for general recombination correction of liquid ionization chambers used in continuous beams is studied by employing theory for gas‐filled ionization chambers. An approximate relation for the general collection efficiency containing a material‐specific parameter that is traceable to liquids has been derived for theoretical and experimental investigation alongside existing theory. Furthermore, the disassociation between initial and general recombination in the method is analyzed both theoretically and experimentally.ResultsThe results indicate that liquids and gases share general recombination characteristics, where the liquids investigated (isooctane and tetramethylsilane) to a large extent mimic the behavior theoretically expected in gases. Furthermore, it is shown that the disassociation between initial and general recombination in the two‐dose‐rate method is an approximation that depends on the relation between initial recombination and the collecting electric field strength at the dose rates used.ConclusionsDue to the approximation used to separate initial and general recombination the valid range of collection efficiencies for the two‐dose‐rate method will not only depend on the model used to describe general recombination but also on the type of liquid and radiation beam quality. As there is no robust theory for initial recombination in liquids to apply, the valid range of general collection efficiencies for the two‐dose‐rate method should be experimentally evaluated for each radiation dosimetry application.
Different nerve ultrasound patterns in charcot‐marie‐tooth types and hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies
Authors: Padua Luca , Coraci Daniele , Lucchetta Marta , Paolasso Ilaria , Pazzaglia Costanza , Granata Giuseppe , Cacciavillani Mario , Luigetti Marco , Manganelli Fiore , Pisciotta Chiara , Piscosquito Giuseppe , Pareyson Davide , Briani Chiara 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTIntroductionNerve ultrasound in Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) disease has focused mostly on the upper limbs. We performed an evaluation of a large cohort of CMT patients in which we sonographically characterized nerve abnormalities in different disease types, ages, and nerves.MethodsSeventy patients affected by different CMT types and hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) were evaluated, assessing median, ulnar, fibular, tibial, and sural nerves bilaterally. Data were correlated with age.ResultsNerve dimensions were correlated with CMT type, age, and nerve site. Nerves were larger in demyelinating than in axonal neuropathies. Nerve involvement was symmetric.DiscussionCMT1 patients had larger nerves than did patients with other CMT types. Patients with HNPP showed enlargement at entrapment sites. Our study confirms the general symmetry of ultrasound nerve patterns in CMT. When compared with ultrasound studies of nerves of the upper limbs, evaluation of the lower limbs did not provide additional information. Muscle Nerve 57: E18–E23, 2018