bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paz, Octavio
Authors: Crane Nicholas Jon 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Octavio Paz (1914–98) was an award‐winning Mexican writer and a prominent figure in cultural and political debates throughout the latter two‐thirds of the twentieth century. Paz's early writings on the relationship between history, revolution, and poetry reflect his involvement in student politics and in the Marxist and anarchist left. Beginning in the late 1930s, Paz published significant work on the theme of Mexican identity, including his best‐known work
The Labyrinth of Solitude
(1950). Paz was also the founder and editor of many significant literary magazines, including
Plural
and
Vuelta
. From the 1970s until his death in 1998, Paz became critical of the politics to which he had been so committed in his youth. In these years, Paz's writing, literary magazines, and more general public engagement generated tension with the intellectual left, especially those elements of the left committed to Marxism.
Postcolonial Shakespeare Studies
Authors: Minas Steven Aaron 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Over the past 200 years, Shakespeare has risen in the ranks of world authors to become the most recognized and popular author of the twenty‐first century. As his work continues to adapt to new media and attract new generations of viewers and readers, his status as
the
global author seems secure. Setting aside his aesthetic splendor, the reason for Shakespeare's modern ubiquity most likely stems from three sources of transmission: British colonialism, cinema, and translation. These sources, however, have met with considerable criticism, mainly from emergent postcolonial studies.
Rao, Raja
Authors: Jain Bhawana 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Raja Rao (1908–2006) was an eminent Indian English novelist and short story writer. He is the youngest among the three founders of Indo‐English literature, alongside R. K. Narayan and Mulk Raj Anand. His writings were deeply embedded in Indian philosophy, metaphysics, and Hinduism, depicting the quest for the meaning of the real India. He began writing with anti‐colonial fervor in the first half of the twentieth century and continued writing until the turn of the twenty‐first century.
Selvon, Samuel
Authors: Nair Supriya M. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSamuel Selvon was a major figure of the post‐Windrushgeneration of Caribbean writers. He migrated to London from Trinidad in 1950 and wrote several novels, short stories, radio plays, and nonfiction. Although his work was considered pathbreaking, his talents remained undervalued when compared to other writers who followed him. However, a growing body of criticism now recognizes the complex nature of his engagement with the major issues of black British and postcolonial Caribbean identity such as nationalism, migration, social conflict, unemployment, popular culture, and modernity. Selvon migrated to Canada later and died in 1994 in Trinidad.
Senghor, Léopold
Authors: Diagne Souleymane Bachir 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Léopold Sédar Senghor was born on October 9, 1906, in Joal, a village southeast of Dakar, the capital city of Senegal. His ethnic group was the Serer people, and he would later celebrate the Serer homeland. He developed the concept of Négritude with fellow authors, and his work emphasizes
art nègre
. He insisted that art is not an analytical tool but a “vital knowledge” of reality. After World War II he entered politics, and in 1960 he became the first president of the independent Republic of Senegal. When he died in 2001 his legacy was that of one of the greatest poets of the twentieth century, of a philosopher of Négritude, and of a statesman who contributed to the advancement of democracy on the African continent.
Kureishi, Hanif
Authors: Dasgupta Rohit K. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Hanif Kureishi is one of the foremost postcolonial novelists and playwrights of the last three decades. The geographical reach of his writing seldom extends beyond London. His work is an inquiry into the complex models of nationalism and nationhood and a critique of Englishness. His screenplay
My Beautiful Launderette
(1985) explored polemical issues such as ethnic tension and sexual exploration set against the backdrop of 1980s Thatcherite Britain.
Shiva, Vandana
Authors: Singh Madhu 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
A renowned environmentalist, ecofeminist, social justice activist, and author from India, Vandana Shiva is a trained physicist who brings a holistic perspective to the debate around food security, environmental sustainability, intellectual property rights, ecofeminism, and biodiversity. Her key concepts of “earth democracy,” “seed globalization,” “biopiracy,” and “eco‐imperialism” have fostered a new awareness of ecology and environmental justice. Shiva believes in placing women and ecology at the heart of modern development discourse. Ecofeminism, as she conceptualizes it, has always been the feminism of ordinary women; she has never seen ecofeminism “as essentialism in biology” but believes that “women became experts of life because they were entrusted with responsibility of becoming sustainers.” She argues that the violation of nature is linked to the violation and marginalization of women, especially in the Third World. She has campaigned against “biopiracy,” or the patenting of indigenous knowledge, and the establishment of corporate monopolies on the living resources of the poor. With a remarkable power in her grassroots activism and community engagement, Shiva inspires change and empowers others through her optimism, strength, and unwavering determination.
Silko, Leslie Marmon
Authors: Sneider Leah 
Published: June 2017

AbstractLeslie Marmon Silko (Laguna Pueblo/Mexican/European) is one of the foremost contemporary Native American authors and considered a leading Native American literary renaissance author. Silko's body of work includes poetry, novels, short stories, a memoir, correspondence, and essays. Much of her work tends to issues of identity, justice, oppression, culture, and the land.Ceremonyis her most widely read, analyzed, and taught novel.
Socialism
Authors: Cerrato Maddalena 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This entry offers a general overview of the role played by socialism in the postcolonial world. Socialism is a pivotal ideological ingredient in Asian and African countries’ struggles for independence from colonial power after World War II. In such a context, socialism is not implied in an orthodox way with respect to Marxian theory, but much more as a vague nostrum against imperialism. The entry emphasizes the fundamental connection between this use of socialism and those countries which decided to situate themselves in a third position with respect to the dichotomous geopolitical space shaped by the Cold War, the so‐called not‐aligned countries. In this perspective, it provides a broad outline of the phenomena of Arab and African socialism, and their connection with pan‐Arabism and pan‐Africanism. The last part of the entry is dedicated to Latin America, referring to the Cuban Revolution and the Chilean approach to socialism, as well as to the new versions of socialism embodied by the governments of the so‐called “pink tide.”
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty
Authors: Ray Sangeeta 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak is a literary theorist, a postcolonial critic, a translator, feminist, Marxist, and deconstructionist extraordinaire. While most scholars around the world first met her as the consummate translator of Derrida's
De la grammatologie
(Of Grammatology) and remember her brilliant introduction to the book, she probably remains most famous for introducing the phrase “strategic essentialism,” for feminist and colonial critiques based on a recuperation of the sexed and colonized subject, and for her groundbreaking essays, “Three Women's Texts and a Critique of Imperialism” and “Can the Subaltern Speak?”
Transculturation in Latin America
Authors: Brighenti Maura 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

In 1940 Cuban anthropologist Fernando Ortiz introduced the category of
transculturation
to describe and explain historical, social, and cultural processes that originated from the violent colonial encounter. From that moment on, the category has had great success, often combined with concepts such as
mestizaje
and hybridity in forging national Latin American identities and cultures. Apart from the prophecy of a future harmonious synthesis, its first formulation can be understood as a radical materialistic perspective through which colonial and postcolonial modernity as a whole may be considered.
Transnational
Authors: Chakravorty Mrinalini 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Transnational signals the extension of political and economic interests as well as cultural relations beyond singular national borders. Literally describing a reaching across or transcendence of discrete national boundaries, transnational is concerned with the sociocultural effects of deterritorialization, especially those enabled by globalization. It conveys that accelerated stage of late, globalized capitalism when corporations and people became more mobile, less moored to the boundaries of any single nation‐state. It is closely linked to: processes of globalization, diverse social arrangements within border zones, and migrant or diaspora cultures. It stands for a historical phenomenon unique to contemporary political and economic formations, denoting an ontological experience of these conditions. A capacious concept‐metaphor, it variously designates the phenomenal – mainly economic – conditions of late‐modernity, its political orientations toward liberal values, the sociocultural experiences thus produced (often in resistance to transnationalism's economic force), and the kinds of epistemologies or forms of knowledge arising in response.
Vera, Yvonne
Authors: Diabate Naminata 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
In postcolonial African feminist fiction, Yvonne Vera's novels indict colonialism, unexamined nationalism, and patriarchal configurations and their privileging of land ownership over the female body in Zimbabwe. Written in a lyrical and postmodernist prose (repetition, ethereal language, magical realism), her fiction tackles subjects that many consider taboo‐‐ rape, incest, infanticide, self‐abortion, commercial sex work, and sexual pleasure. Despite the physical and emotional strains that female protagonists experience, Vera's narratives still contain an implicit theory of social change and future possibility. In writing the biographies of unknown women, Vera manages to produce remarkable literary works, thereby molding the structures of aesthetic representations in the structures of political representations.
Wendt, Albert
Authors: Bushnell Cameron Fae 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Maualaivao Albert Wendt (b. October 27, 1939, Apia, Samoa) is a foundational figure for Pacific literature. He has consistently proclaimed the right of artists from Oceania to shape their own culture. From his groundbreaking essay, “Towards a New Oceania,” through novels and anthologies, and to his current paintings, Wendt's artistic production has provided a map oriented toward a Pacific Island creative presence.
Women's Movements in the Global South
Authors: Roy Srila 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This entry underscores the politics and ethics of scale in considering women's movements in the Global South – how they have always been simultaneously regional, national, and transnational in scale (materially if not always imaginatively) and consequently, viewed through the twin lens of the global and the local. Questions of scale that emphasize points of connection, proximity and intimacy – rather than separation, distance, and distinctness – might even come to displace an opposition between the local and the global as conventionally conceived in terms of a series of binaries that ultimately reproduce unequal power relations.
Young, Robert J. C.
Authors: Dora‐Laskey Prathim‐Maya 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Robert J. C. Young (b. 1950 in Hertfordshire, UK) is an eminent British cultural critic and postcolonial theorist. Recently elected a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy (2013), he is widely accredited with instituting postcolonial studies as a discrete methodological and philosophical field. Much of Young's work actively embraces resistance to oppression and promotes transnational solidarity; he suggests, specifically, that a redress of postcolonial violence is impossible if we do not address global injustice.
Clothing (non‐royal), Pharaonic Egypt
Authors: Hallmann Aleksandra 
Published: June 2017

AbstractEgyptian clothing fulfilled many functions, from the mundane role of covering and decorating the wearer to protecting the body in a symbolic and apotropaic sense. Clothing expresses identity, gender, social status and/or the ethnicity of the wearer. The most obvious distinction between classes of Egyptian clothing is royal and non‐royal. In more general terms, Egyptian garments are divided into two groups. The first consists of untailored/wraparound garments that were usually rectangular pieces of cloth wrapped in a variety of ways, including kilts, wraparound skirts and dresses, and various outer garments, such as cloaks and shawls. The second group comprises cut‐to‐shape and/or tailored clothes such as tunics, including separate sleeves, loincloths, hip‐cloths, aprons, so‐called “penis sheaths,” and various sashes such as body‐ or neck‐sashes.Information about Egyptian clothing is primarily based on visual sources, which are not always straightforward to decipher due to the Egyptian conceptual and non‐perspectival mode of two‐dimensional representation, which significantly affects the depiction of a clothed figure. The complex way of examining Egyptian clothing is through analysis of the same garment in two and three dimensions and juxtaposing the represented clothing with extant garments, as well as textual sources.
Keys and locks
Authors: Cervi Angela 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Simple wooden indoor lockable devices arose early in different civilizations, and it is difficult to state who influenced whom, as there is little archaeological evidence.

The first well documented locking mechanism operated by a metal key from the outside is the “Homeric Lock,” in use in Greece since at least the fifth century
bce
, which was soon replaced by the “Laconian” or “Pin‐tumbler Lock,” more secure and less unwieldy. The Romans improved the mechanism, adding metal springs, and developed the “rotary lock,” the main locking mechanism used until modern times.

Keys and locks, as devices to control and limit access and to protect spaces and goods, take on symbolic value from very early times, as can be seen from the artistic representation of such objects, which reveal social and religious practices of ancient cultures.
Religion in contact, Germany
Authors: Spickermann Wolfgang 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

We have only a few mentions about Germanic religion by classic authors, mainly Caesar and Tacitus. Archaeological sources are relatively rare, and sometimes difficult to interpret. So, most of the sources for Germanic religion are archaeological and epigraphic, and originate from the period after the Roman conquest until the fall of the limes (first century to 260
ce
). In the course of Romanization with the ensuing process of reciprocal influences (
interpretatio
), a specific regional Gallo/Germano‐Roman religion emerged, at least by the second century
ce
; given the extensive resettlement and immigration of peoples, in particular of soldiers, the mixed provincial population of the Rhine was hardly able to draw on coherent traditions. Owing to these circumstances, this article lays its focus mainly on the provincial religion of the two Germanic provinces.
Najrân
Authors: Schiettecatte Jérémie 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Najrân refers to an oasis settlement and pre‐Islamic tribe of southwest Arabia (Saudi Arabia). This oasis was a major place along the caravan roads linking Yemen to the Gulf and the Mediterranean. As the first Christianized settlement in south Arabia, the city of Najrân witnessed persecutions by the Himyarite kings which in return encouraged an Aksumite offensive and the subjection of the major part of the Arabian Peninsula.
Dedications (Greek and Latin)
Authors: Jacquemin Anne 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
For the Greeks and Romans, dedications were a way of winning the favor of the gods. Anything could be consecrated, but the word “dedication” generally indicated a permanent gift. Whatever was dedicated belonged to the gods forever. However, people knew how to escape an accusation of sacrilege when they used offerings for the well‐being of the community.
Argilos
Authors: Perron Martin 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Argilos is a Greek colony of the Cycladic island of Andros located on the west bank of the Strymon River. It was founded around the mid‐seventh century
bce
on an earlier or contemporary Thracian‐Bisaltian settlement. Exploitation of the natural resources of the area rapidly brought wealth to the colony and led to significant urban development evidenced by the remains of several public and private buildings. The site was destroyed by Philip II of Macedon in 357
bce
and was shortly reoccupied until the end of the third century
bce
.
Tanit, “sign of”
Authors: D'Andrea Bruno 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

The so‐called sign of Tanit is a symbol characteristic of Phoenician and Punic iconography and is found from the sixth to fifth centuries
bce
to the second and third centuries
ce
. This motif is usually depicted on votive stelae from the Tophets, which are the sanctuaries dedicated to Baal Hammon and Tanit. However, it can be found also in residential and funerary contexts as well as on other artefacts (weights, pottery, seals, figurines, etc.). Its meaning, its origin and its direct (and early) connection with the goddess Tanit remain hypothetical.
Altar of Zeus, Pergamon
Authors: Hardiman Craig I. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The Altar of Zeus at Pergamon is a touchstone of Hellenistic art and culture. It is a large Ionic building that includes a high podium and superstructure around an altar. The Altar is most famous for its many sculptural elements, especially the great frieze representing the gods fighting the giants in Baroque style. The whole is a monument meant to extoll the magnificence of the Attalids at Pergamon and present the city as the new Athens and its royalty as the inheritors of Athenian art and culture.
Tróia
Authors: Limão Filomena , Maciel M. Justino 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

The peninsula of Tróia on the southwestern Atlantic coast of Portugal was the site of an important Roman industrial complex that developed from the first century
ce
. Today the archaeological site preserves the remains of industrial facilities such as fish‐salting factories,
balnea
,
insulae
, diverse funerary monuments, and an Early Christian basilica. Tróia slowly declined during Late Antiquity and in the late fifth to early sixth century
ce
life gave way to a vast necropolis.
Seven Sages
Authors: Martin Richard P. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Greek tradition celebrated a group of seven men known for ethical and practical wisdom, who gained fame as advisers to the powerful, or as political figures in their own right, as well as composers of poetry, laws, instructions, and pithy sayings. The exact make‐up of the group varied according to different authorities, and grew to include mystic and mythical figures from diverse eras throughout Greece. The proclamation of the group membership, thought to have occurred in the early sixth century
bce
, seems to have been associated with the organization of contests at Apollo's sanctuary in Delphi, where the wise utterances of the sages were inscribed. Plato refers to the men as proto‐philosophers. Diogenes Laertius provides the richest collection of lore concerning them. Plutarch imagined them as conversing at a symposium.
Teles
Authors: González Pedro Pablo Fuentes 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Teles was a Greek pedagogue and moralist of Cynic inspiration who was active (most likely in Attica) in the mid‐third century
bce
. He is the oldest and best preserved representative of popular Hellenistic philosophy and of the literary genre called
diatribe
, and, in a way, a forerunner of the Christian preacher. Extracts from his moral lessons (diatribes) have been saved in the
Anthology
of John Stobaeus (fifth century
ce
). Teles appears in these extracts as a moralist who addresses his audience with simple speech, lacking in originality but efficient. His intended public is the average man, although he appeals mainly to young men, and for this reason he claims for himself the role of a pedagogue. His objective is to bring human nature into accordance with basic philosophical principles aiming at authenticity and self‐sufficiency, resting upon a clear Socratic and, more specifically, Cynic inspiration.
Advances and Challenges in Metal Sulfides/Selenides for Next‐Generation Rechargeable Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Hu Zhe , Liu Qiannan , Chou Shu‐Lei , Dou Shi‐Xue 
Published: June 2017

AbstractRechargeable sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), as the most promising alternative to commercial lithium‐ion batteries, have received tremendous attention during the last decade. Among all the anode materials for SIBs, metal sulfides/selenides (MXs) have shown inspiring results because of their versatile material species and high theoretical capacity. They suffer from large volume expansion, however, which leads to bad cycling performance. Thus, methods such as carbon modification, nanosize design, electrolyte optimization, and cut‐off voltage control are used to obtain enhanced performance. Here, recent progress on MXs is summarized in terms of arranging the crystal structure, synthesis methods, electrochemical performance, mechanisms, and kinetics. Challenges are presented and effective ways to solve the problems are proposed, and a perspective for future material design is also given. It is hoped that light is shed on the development of MXs to help finally find applications for next‐generation rechargeable batteries.
Recent Progress in Graphite Intercalation Compounds for Rechargeable Metal (Li, Na, K, Al)‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Xu Jiantie , Dou Yuhai , Wei Zengxi , Ma Jianmin , Deng Yonghong , Li Yutao , Liu Huakun , Dou Shixue 
Published: June 2017

AbstractLithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) with higher energy density are very necessary to meet the increasing demand for devices with better performance. With the commercial success of lithiated graphite, other graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) have also been intensively reported, not only for LIBs, but also for other metal (Na, K, Al) ion batteries. In this Progress Report, we briefly review the application of GICs as anodes and cathodes in metal (Li, Na, K, Al) ion batteries. After a brief introduction on the development history of GICs, the electrochemistry of cationic GICs and anionic GICs is summarized. We further briefly summarize the use of cationic GICs and anionic GICs in alkali ion batteries and the use of anionic GICs in aluminium‐ion batteries. Finally, we reach some conclusions on the drawbacks, major progress, emerging challenges, and some perspectives on the development of GICs for metal (Li, Na, K, Al) ion batteries. Further development of GICs for metal (Li, Na, K, Al) ion batteries is not only a strong supplement to the commercialized success of lithiated‐graphite for LIBs, but also an effective strategy to develop diverse high‐energy batteries for stationary energy storage in the future.