bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Membrane protein stoichiometry studied in intact mammalian cells using liquid‐phase electron microscopy
Authors: DE JONGE N. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryReceptor membrane proteins in the plasma membranes of cells respond to extracellular chemical signals by conformational changes, spatial redistribution, and (re‐)assembly into protein complexes, for example, into homodimers (pairs of the same protein type). The functional state of the proteins can be determined from information about how subunits are assembled into protein complexes. Stoichiometric information about the protein complex subunits, however, is generally not obtained from intact cells but from pooled material extracted from many cells, resulting in a lack of fundamental knowledge about the functioning of membrane proteins. First, functional states may dramatically differ from cell to cell on account of cell heterogeneity. Second, extracting the membrane proteins from the plasma membrane may lead to many artefacts. Liquid‐phase scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), in short liquid STEM, is a new technique capable of determining the locations of individual membrane proteins within the intact plasma membranes of cells in liquid. Many tens of whole cells can readily be imaged. It is possible to analyse the stoichiometry of membrane proteins in single cells while accounting for heterogenic cell populations. Liquid STEM was used to image epidermal growth factor receptors in whole COS7 cells. A study of the dimerisation of the HER2 protein in breast cancer cells revealed the presence of rare cancer cells in which HER2 was in a different functional state than in the bulk cells. Stoichiometric information about receptors is essential not only for basic science but also for biomedical application because they present many important pharmaceutical targets.
Encapsulation of ritonavir in solid lipid nanoparticles: in-vitro anti-HIV-1 activity using lentiviral particles
Authors: Javan Farzaneh , Vatanara Alireza , Azadmanesh Kayhan , Nabi-Meibodi Mohsen , shakouri Mehdi 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

Objectives
In this study, ritonavir was entrapped into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) employing two production methods. The prepared SLNs were characterized and antiretroviral activity was investigated for more efficient formulation.

Methods
Ritonavir-loaded SLNs were produced by solvent emulsification evaporation (SE) and double emulsion methods (DE), and the effects of Tween80 and poloxamer188 as external phase surfactant were compared. Prepared SLNs were characterized in terms of size, surface charge, entrapment efficiency (EE), release profile and thermal behaviour. Moreover, the activity of drug-loaded SLNs was investigated on the lentiviral-based pseudo-HIV-1 particles.

Key findings
The average size of negatively charged SLNs was 170–250 nm with polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.2. The most EE% was about 53.2% achieved by DE method in the presence of poloxamer188. It was found that addition of poloxamer188 in the process led to increased entrapment efficiency and particle size. The in-vitro antiviral experiment showed ritonavir SLNs can actively maintain inhibition of virus production as well as free drug.

Conclusions
In this study, we showed the SLNs not only can encapsulate ritonavir efficiently but also can maintain its antiviral activity and modulate drug release as promising nanocarrier.
The dynamics of texture perception of hard solid food: A review of the contribution of the temporal dominance of sensations technique
Authors: Fiszman Susana , Tarrega Amparo 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe present paper reviews the use of temporal dominance of sensations (TDS) sensory methodology in relation to texture evaluation. From more than 100 papers initially screened, 28 dealing with the texture of hard solid foods that require mastication were selected. The attributes evaluated by TDS were comprehensively analyzed and the phases of the mastication period in which they occurred were studied. The relation between these attributes and the initial mechanical food properties, the particle size, shape, and aggregation of the increasingly destroyed food structure, and the evolving properties of the bolus through to swallowing were also examined. Results from complementary techniques used alongside TDS, both sensory and nonsensory, were also analyzed. The contribution of TDS methodology to understanding the texture construct is shown to be reliable and suggestions are made for future lines of research.Practical applicationsThe literature on the temporal dominance of sensations method is constantly increasing. The present review examines the application of this method to the dynamics of texture perception of hard solid foods. The key texture attributes perceived in each phase of mastication, together with their relation to the initial food structure, gradual comminution, and bolus formation, will shed light on the usefulness of this methodology for food texture appraisal.
Effect of whole wheat flour on the quality, texture profile, and oxidation stability of instant fried noodles
Authors: Cao Xinlei , Zhou Sumei , Yi Cuiping , Wang Li , Qian Haifeng , Zhang Hui , Qi Xiguang 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe effects of whole wheat flour (WWF) on pasting properties of instant fried noodle dry mix and quality of final product were investigated in this research. Refined wheat flour in the recipe for instant‐fried noodle was replaced by WWF at different levels. The peak and final viscosities were significantly and negatively correlated to WWF substitution level. With increasing WWF level, the hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, and resilience values of instant fried noodles decreased by 11.63, 16.23, 16.67, 20.00%, respectively. WWF darkened noodle's surface color and increased its oil content (26.63%). A porous and less uniformed structure of the WWF instant fried noodles was observed by a scanning electron microscope. Moreover, the WWF incorporation lowered peroxide values of the instant fried noodles during storage. In conclusion, even though the oil content increased, WWF was helpful to inhibit the oil oxidation and produce instant fried noodles with softer texture and less sticky surface.Practical applicationsRefined wheat flour in the recipe for instant‐fried noodle was replaced by whole wheat flour (WWF), which is rich in dietary fibers, vitamins, and other bioactive compounds. The addition of WWF delayed the retrogradation tendency of starch in the dry mix. WWF‐added instant noodles had softer texture, less sticky surface, and lower peroxide value. Based on the results of this study, the refined wheat flour in the recipe for instant‐fried noodle could be partially replaced by WWF to make noodles with better texture profile and higher consumer acceptance.
Efficacy of 12 or 18 weeks of elbasvir plus grazoprevir with ribavirin in treatment‐naïve, noncirrhotic HCV genotype 3‐infected patients
Authors: Gane E. , Nahass R. , Luketic V. , Asante‐Appiah E. , Hwang P. , Robertson M. , Wahl J. , Barr E. , Haber B. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryElbasvir (EBR; HCV NS5A inhibitor) and grazoprevir (GZR; HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitor) are approved as a fixed‐dose combination to treat patients chronically infected with HCV genotypes 1 and 4. During the development programme and supported by in vitro potency, the efficacy of EBR+GZR was assessed in HCV GT3‐infected patients. This study's aim was to determine the efficacy and tolerability of 12 or 18 weeks of EBR+GZR with ribavirin (RBV) in treatment‐naïve, noncirrhotic HCV GT3‐infected patients. Randomized patients received open‐label EBR (50 mg once daily) + GZR (100 mg once daily) + RBV. The primary efficacy objective was to evaluate the sustained virologic response rates 12 weeks after the end of all study therapy (SVR12). SVR12 rates (95% confidence interval) were 45.0% (23.1, 68.5) and 57.1% (34.0, 78.2) after treatment with EBR+GZR+RBV for 12 weeks or 18 weeks, respectively. On‐treatment virologic failure was observed in 41% (17 of 41) of patients. At virologic failure, resistance‐associated substitutions (RASs) with a >five‐fold shift in potency occurred in the NS3 region in six (35%) patients and in the NS5A region in 16 (94%) patients. The most common RAS at virologic failure was Y93H in NS5A which was identified in 13 of 17 (76%) patients. The efficacy of EBR+GZR+RBV was suboptimal in HCV GT3‐infected patients due to a high rate of on‐treatment virologic failure and treatment‐emergent RASs which demonstrates an inadequate barrier to the development of GT3 resistance. However, rapid viral clearance demonstrated the antiviral activity of EBR+GZR+RBV in GT3‐infected patients.clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01717326.
Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets in an urban informal settlement in Kenya and is associated with malnutrition
Authors: Jones Kelsey D. J. , Hachmeister C. Ulrich , Khasira Maureen , Cox Lorna , Schoenmakers Inez , Munyi Caroline , Nassir H. Samira , Hünten‐Kirsch Barbara , Prentice Ann , Berkley James A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe commonest cause of rickets worldwide is vitamin D deficiency, but studies from sub‐Saharan Africa describe an endemic vitamin D‐independent form that responds to dietary calcium enrichment. The extent to which calcium‐deficiency rickets is the dominant form across sub‐Saharan Africa and in other low‐latitude areas is unknown. We aimed to characterise the clinical and biochemical features of young children with rickets in a densely populated urban informal settlement in Kenya. Because malnutrition may mask the clinical features of rickets, we also looked for biochemical indices of risk in children with varying degrees of acute malnutrition. Twenty one children with rickets, aged 3 to 24 months, were identified on the basis of clinical and radiologic features, along with 22 community controls, and 41 children with either severe or moderate acute malnutrition. Most children with rickets had wrist widening (100%) and rachitic rosary (90%), as opposed to lower limb features (19%). Developmental delay (52%), acute malnutrition (71%), and stunting (62%) were common. Compared to controls, there were no differences in calcium intake, but most (71%) had serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels below 30 nmol/L. These results suggest that rickets in young children in urban Kenya is usually driven by vitamin D deficiency, and vitamin D supplementation is likely to be required for full recovery. Wasting was associated with lower calcium (p = .001), phosphate (p < .001), 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (p = .049), and 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D (p = 0.022) levels, the clinical significance of which remain unclear.
Estimating blood flow in skeletal muscle arteriolar trees reconstructed from in vivo data using the Fry approach
Authors: Farid Zahra , Saleem Amani H. , Al‐Khazraji Baraa K. , Jackson Dwayne N. , Goldman Daniel 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo develop a computational method to accurately predict blood flow in skeletal muscle arteriolar trees in the absence of complete boundary data.MethodsWe used arteriolar trees in the rat GM muscle that were reconstructed from montages obtained via IVVM, and incorporated a recently published method for approximating unknown b.c.'s into our existing two‐phase, steady‐state blood flow model. For varying numbers of unknown b.c.'s, we used the new flow model and GM geometry to approximately match RBC flows corresponding to experimental measurements.ResultsWe showed this method gives errors that decrease as the number of unknown b.c.'s decreases. We also showed that specifying total blood flow decreases the mean RBC flow error and its variability. By varying required target values of intravascular pressure and wall shear stress, we showed results are less sensitive to target pressure. Finally, we developed and validated a method for determining target values, so that network hemodynamics and resistance can be accurately calculated based only on measured or estimated total blood flow.ConclusionsWe have developed and validated a computational method that can accurately estimate RBC flow distribution in skeletal muscle arteriolar trees in the absence of complete boundary data.
Electrophysiological characterization of facilitation and interference in the picture‐word interference paradigm
Authors: Bürki Audrey 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe picture‐word interference paradigm is often used to investigate the processes underlying word production. In this paradigm, participants name pictures while ignoring distractor words. The aim of this study is to investigate the processes underlying this task and how/when they differ from those involved in simple picture naming. It examines the electrophysiological signature of general interference (longer response times with than without distractors) and facilitation (shorter response times for distractor‐word stimuli overlapping in phonemes/orthography) effects. Mass univariate analyses are used to determine the temporal boundaries and spatial distribution of these effects without a priori restrictions in the time/space dimensions. Topographic pattern analyses complement this information by indicating whether (and when) the neural networks differ across conditions. Results suggest that the general interference effect has two loci, the grammatical encoding and the phonological encoding of the target word, with different neural networks involved in the two tasks during part of the grammatical encoding process. Furthermore, the electrophysiological signature of interference and facilitation effects in the time window of phonological encoding is highly similar, suggesting that the two effects could result from the same underlying mechanism. These findings are discussed in the light of existing accounts of interference and facilitation effects.
When is translocation required for the population recovery of old‐growth epiphytes in a reforested landscape?
Authors: Ellis Christopher J. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIt is often assumed that species recolonization follows from the restoration of key habitat structure. Thus, forest restoration focuses on the recovery of trees into deforested landscapes, so that a multitude of associated organisms can achieve “colonization credit” and recolonize from remnant source populations into restored habitat. This opportunity for recolonization exists because species vulnerable to habitat loss may experience an “extinction debt,” during which their remnant populations decline only slowly to equilibrium with a deforested landscape. These persistent but declining populations become propagule sources for recolonization. To test limits to “colonization credit,” this study focused on old‐growth dependent lichen epiphytes, using a simulation to identify a hypothetical threshold at which: (1) the number of remnant populations, and (2) their population sizes, are too low to achieve recolonization and population recovery, despite efforts placed into forest restoration. The results show that for a landscape scenario relevant to the industrialized temperate zone, with less than 5% of old‐growth forest remaining, and ambitions for restoration to circa 10–15% forest cover, there is a failure to achieve population recovery over long timescales (i.e. within 600 years), making translocation a necessary option. This delay represents a “colonization deficit” that may be a common feature in ecological restoration more generally.
Innovation and Alliances
Authors: Schmid Jon , Brummer Matthew , Taylor Mark Zachary 
Published: May 2017

AbstractExplanations for national success in science and technology typically focus on domestic institutions and policies. However, that line of research has yet to identify any particular set of institutions or policies that explain variation in national innovation rates across cases or over time. This article offers new evidence that the problem with domestic institutions approaches stems from their failure to consider international security factors. Specifically, this article finds a positive effect for U.S. security alliances on innovation. This finding is robust across different specifications and periods of analysis. While countries that ally militarily with the United States are found to realize benefits in economy‐wide, indigenous innovation, such an effect is not observed in military technologies. This suggests that alliances may substitute for being on the frontier in military technologies. Therefore, this article contributes not just to debates over S&T competitiveness, but also to alliance formation.
The mediating role of coping self‐efficacy beliefs on the relationship between parental conflict and child psychological adjustment
Authors: Brummert Lennings Heidi I. , Bussey Kay 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe effect of parental conflict on children's psychological adjustment is variable. Coping self‐efficacy refers to a person's perceived ability to self‐motivate and access the required cognitive resources to take control of, or exert their coping efforts in a stressful situation. This study investigated the mediating role of children's coping self‐efficacy beliefs between parental conflict and children's psychological adjustment (internalizing, externalizing, anxiety, and prosocial behavior). The participants were 663 school students in grade 5 (M = 10.17 years, SD = .53) and grade 7 (M = 12.11 years, SD = .52). The ethnic composition of the sample was approximately 72% White, 20% Asian, 4% Middle Eastern, and 4% from other ethnic groups. Coping self‐efficacy for avoiding maladaptive cognitions mediated the effect of parental conflict on children's internalizing symptoms longitudinally. The higher the level of parental conflict, the lower the level of children's coping self‐efficacy for avoiding maladaptive cognitions and in turn the higher their levels of internalizing. These findings support the mediational role of children's coping self‐efficacy beliefs in the context of parental conflict. It is proposed that these beliefs should be considered in designing and implementing preventative interventions for children in the context of parental conflict.
The multifaceted nature of prosocial behavior in children: Links with attachment theory and research
Authors: Gross Jacquelyn T. , Stern Jessica A. , Brett Bonnie E. , Cassidy Jude 
Published: May 2017

AbstractProsocial behavior involves attempting to improve others’ welfare and plays a central role in cooperative social relationships. Among the manifold processes that contribute to prosocial development is the quality of children's attachment to their caregivers. Often, researchers have investigated the link between secure attachment and broad indices of prosociality. Recent theory and research, however, suggest that children's prosocial behavior is multifaceted, with distinct correlates and developmental trajectories characterizing specific prosocial behaviors. We offer a theoretical model of the role of parent–child attachment in the development of prosocial behavior, first broadly, and then with regard to comforting, sharing, and helping, specifically. Further, we review the empirical work on this topic from infancy through adolescence. Overall, evidence supports an association between secure attachment and prosociality, broadly defined, but results vary across comforting, sharing, and helping. We discuss potential explanations for the findings and outline directions for future research examining the role of attachment in shaping the diversity of prosocial behaviors across development.
From compliance to self‐regulation: Development during early childhood
Authors: Feng Xin , Hooper Emma G. , Jia Rongfang 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis study examined the development of self‐regulation during early childhood and the reciprocal relations between self‐regulation and maternal sensitivity. Data (N = 1,364) were drawn from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (NICHD SECCYD). Children's situational and committed compliance were assessed in the laboratory at 24 and 36 months, delay of gratification at 54 months, self‐control at 54 months and kindergarten age, and maternal sensitivity was observed at 24, 36, and 54 months. Self‐regulation was characterized to progress from situational compliance to committed compliance and then to fully self‐motivated regulation. Findings also suggest that the development of self‐regulation reflects an ongoing transactional process in which child self‐regulation and maternal sensitivity mutually influence each other.
The Fishing Lifecourse: Exploring the Importance of Social Contexts, Capitals and (More Than) Fishing Identities
Authors: Gustavsson Madeleine , Riley Mark 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThere is an emerging call for social scientists to pay greater attention to the social and cultural contexts of fishing and fishers. A resulting literature is evolving which focuses on individual life experiences, particularly relating to entering the fishing occupation, and what these might mean for the future sustainability of the fishing industry. However, the ways in which these lives are linked and intergenerationally connected remains somewhat of a blindspot. This article considers the potential of a lifecourse approach to help us better understand how fishers accumulate, utilise and share capital(s) in getting onto and moving along the ‘fishing ladder’. Drawing on in‐depth qualitative research with fishing families on the Llŷn peninsula small‐scale fishery in north Wales (UK) the article explores how there are multiple social contexts from which ‘prospective fishers’ can begin their fishing career and which differentially (re)shape how they can accumulate capital over time. Later on in the lifecourse, fishers (re)negotiate their fishing identities in relation to the lives of others, within transitions such as parenthood as well as with older age. The article's findings offer a much‐needed temporal dimension to our understanding of fishing lives and what it means to be a ‘good fisher’.
The End of the Dichotomy: The Effect of Social Proximity to Prototype and Periphery Group Members on Political Attitudes*
Authors: Krueger James S. , Pedraza Francisco I. 
Published: May 2017

ObjectiveWe extend prototype theory to explain why nonmembers who are socially connected to group members hold political attitudes that differ from nonmembers lacking that connection. We anticipate that the intensity of nonmember attitudes varies by connection to a prototype or periphery group member.MethodsUsing data from the 2006 Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES), we model group‐salient political attitudes for veterans, union members, and their family members.ResultsWe find social distance from group members is theoretically linked to within‐group variation that distinguishes prototype from periphery group members.ConclusionAnalysis of political attitudes is enhanced beyond the traditional member/nonmember dichotomy by accounting for nonmembers’ social distance from group members.