bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 1‐PHENYL‐2‐(PHENYLCARBAMOYL)PYRAZOLIDINES AS POTENTIAL ANTICONVULSANT AGENTS
Authors: KORNET M. J. , GARRETT R. J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Umsetzung der aus den Arylhydrazinen (I) und dem Dibromid (II) erhaltenen Pyrazolidine (III) mit verschiedenen Arylisocyanaten (IV) liefert die Verbindungen (V), die nur geringe anticonvulsive Wirkung zeigen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF SUBSTITUTED THIENO(2,3‐D)IMIDAZOLES
Authors: BINDER D. , HILLEBRAND F. , NOE C. R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIm Rahmen von Synthesen physiologisch aktiver Verbindungen mit einem Thiophenkern, werden Thieno[2,3‐d]‐ imidazole dargestellt, da von solchen Verbindungen wegen ihrer strukturellen Ähnlichkeit mit Benzimidazolen der Etonitazen‐Reihe analgetische Eigenschaften zu erwarten sind.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND H2‐ANTIHISTAMINIC ACTIVITY OF RING METHYLATED METIAMIDE ANALOGS. PART 4. H2‐ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENTS
Authors: SCHUNACK W. , ENGLER H. , FRITSCHI E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Imidazol‐carbinole (I) setzen sich mit den Mercaptanen (II) zu den Thioethern (III) um, aus denen mit den Isocyanaten bzw. Isothiocyanaten (IV) die Metiamid‐Analoga (V) synthetisiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDY OF THE REACTION OF ETHYLENE COMPOUNDS WITH N‐BROMOCARBAMATES
Authors: FILENKO N. I. , MOCHALIN V. B. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas aus dem Carbamat (I) mit Br, /NaOH dargestellte N‐Brom‐Derivat (II) läßt sich mit Styrol bei 60°C glatt zum Oxazolon (III) umsetzen.
ChemInform Abstract: ANIL‐SYNTHESE. 19. MITT. HERSTELLUNG VON STILBENYL‐DERIVATEN DES ISOXAZOLS
Authors: BERGER H. , SIEGRIST A. E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAldehyde (II), die aus entsprechenden 3‐p‐Tolyl‐isoxazolen (I) erhältlich sind, werden mit den Chloranilinen (III) zu Schiffschen Basen (IV) umgesetzt; die S‐p‐Tolyl‐ Isomeren werden analog dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: BENZO‐Γ‐PYRONES. PART VI. REACTION OF Ω‐FORMYL‐O‐HYDROXYACETOPHENONE, CHROMONE, AND DERIVATIVES WITH HYDROXYLAMINE
Authors: BASINSKI W. , JERZMANOWSKA Z. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas Diketon (I) bzw. das Chromon (III) werden mit NHzOH ° HCl zum Isoxazol (II) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDY OF THE RING‐OPENING REACTIONS OF 4‐BROMO‐3,4‐DISUBSTITUTED‐2‐ISOXAZOLIN‐5‐ONES WITH AQUEOUS SODIUM HYDROXIDE
Authors: SILVEIRA A. JUN. , SATRA S. K. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHydroxylamin reagiert mit den substituierten Acylessigestern (I) zu den Isoxazolonen (II), die zu (III) bromiert und dann mit Alkali behandelt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: THE 2‐OXO‐THIAZOLIDINIUM MOIETY AS A NOVEL INITIATING CENTER FOR STEREOSELECTIVE OLEFIN CYCLIZATIONS
Authors: HAMERSMA J. A. M. , SCHOEMAKER H. E. , SPECKAMP W. N. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract2,4‐Thiazolidin‐dione werden über Redoxreaktionen mit den entsprechenden Alkoholen zu den N‐Alkylverbindungen (I) umgesetzt und dann mit Boranat/ Säure zu (II) reduziert.
ChemInform Abstract: A MILD, NEUTRAL O‐ALKYLATION OF 4‐HYDROXY‐6‐METHYL‐2‐PYRONE AND 4‐HYDROXYCOUMARIN WITH ACTIVATED ALCOHOLS
Authors: SUZUKI E. , KATSURAGAWA B. , INOUE S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Reaktion des 4‐Hydroxy‐pyrons (Ia) bzw. des 4‐Hydroxy‐cumarins (Ib) mit den Alkoholen (III) in Gegenwart des Betains (II) (erzeugt in situ aus Diethylazoformiat und Ph3P in THF bei 0°C) als Aktivator der Alkohole (III) führt zu den entsprechenden 4‐Alkoxy‐Derivaten (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND BACTERIOSTATIC ACTIVITY OF 2‐DIALKYLAMINOMETHYL‐4,5,6,7‐TETRAHALOINDOLES
Authors: GRINEV A. N. , DRUZHININA A. A. , SOROKINA I. K. , PERSHIN G. N. , KUKUSHKINA T. S. , SIZOVA T. N. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSetzt man 2‐Chlormethyl‐3‐carbethoxy‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahalogenindol (I) in Benzol bei 60‐70°C mit einem cyclischen sekundären Amin (II) um, so erhält man die 2‐Aminomethyl‐Derivate (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ION RADICALS. 43. ADDITION OF THIANTHRENE AND PHENOXATHIIN CATION RADICALS TO O ALKENES AND ALKYNES
Authors: SHINE H. J. , BANDLISH B. K. , MANI S. R. , PADILLA A. G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus den Radikal‐Kationen (I) erhält man bei der Reaktion mit Olefinen (II) bzw. Alkinen, z.B. (IV), die Addukte (III) bzw. (V).
ChemInform Abstract: SUBSTITUTED 3,4‐DIHYDROXYCINNOLINES
Authors: LORA‐TAMAYO M. , MARCO B. , SENDER C. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDurch Cyclisierung von Isonitrosoacetaniliden in Gegenwart von Polyphosphorsäure entstehen die Isatine (I), die nach Lora‐ Tamayo et al. (Org.
ChemInform Abstract: RING EXPANSION IN THE ISOTHIAZOLE AND 1,2,5‐THIADIAZOLE RING SYSTEMS. PREPARATION OF NOVEL HETEROCYCLES
Authors: ROKACH J. , HAMEL P. , GIRARD Y. , READER G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus den Thiadiazolium‐Salzen (I) entstehen mit den Aminen (II) über die Zwischenstufen (III) die umgelagerten Substitutionsprodukte (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESES OF (+)‐(S,S)‐(CIS‐6‐METHYLTETRAHYDROPYRAN‐2‐YL)ACETIC ACID AND OF (‐)‐(R,R)‐DIDESOXY‐PYRENOPHORINE USING A NEW D5‐REAGENT
Authors: SEEBACH D. , POHMAKOTR M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas Alkali‐Derivat (II) reagiert mit dem Epoxid (I) zum Hydroxyketon (III), das zu einem 3:2‐Gemisch aus cis‐(IV) und trans‐(V) cyclisiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SELECTIVE MONOMER/DIMER FORMATION IN A MANY‐MEMBERED CROWN ETHER LACTONE SYNTHESIS
Authors: FRENSCH K. , VOEGTLE F. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTerephthaloylchlorid (I) liefert mit Tetraethylenglykol (II) die beiden Makrocyclen (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY OF ANALOGS OF AZAPHEN‐2,11‐DISUBSTITUTED 10,11‐DIHYDRO‐11H‐PYRIDAZINO(3,4‐B)‐1,4‐BENZOXAZEPINE
Authors: SHVEDOV V. I. , SAVITSKAYA N. K. , NYRKOVA V. G. , PANKINA Z. A. , FEODOROVA I. N. , FEDOTOVA O. A. , LINBERG L. F. , POLEZHAEVA A. I. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractFrühere Untersuchungen hatten ergeben, daß das Methylpiperazinyl‐diaza‐phenoxazin (I) antidepressive Wirkung besitzt.
ChemInform Abstract: AN EXAMPLE OF PSEUDO FIVE‐COORDINATION IN COPPER(II) COMPLEXES
Authors: BEREMAN R. D. , SHIELDS G. D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDurch nucleophile Addition von Dialkoxiden an den Komplex (I) wurden die Komplexe (II) mit potentiell fünfzähnigen bicyclischen makrocyclischen Liganden erhalten und durch ESR‐ und optische Spektren charakterisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: UNUSUAL QUATERNARY TRIAZOLO‐ AND TETRAZOLOAZINIUM SALTS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF POLYMETHINE DYES
Authors: CHUIGUK V. A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Verbindung (I) ist nicht zur Cyaninfarbstoffbildung befähigt, da die Methylgruppe nicht zum quartären Stickstoff konjugiert ist.
ChemInform Abstract: A SYNTHETIC ENTRY TO CLERODANE DITERPENOIDS
Authors: APSIMON J. W. , YAMASAKI K. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas Oktahydronaphthalin (X) wird wie im Schema angegeben synthetisiert . Die trans‐Struktur des Dekalins (V) wird durch die Darstellung der bekannten Verbindung (XIII) bestätigt.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐ALKYL AND N,N‐DIALKYL‐10‐AMINO‐α‐PINENES. PART I. SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION FOR RESOLUTION OF RACEMIC ACIDS
Authors: MARKOWICZ S. W. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie neuen chiralen IO‐Alkylamino‐a‐pinene (IV), (V) und (X) werden nach angegebenem Schema synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF DERIVATIVES OF NOPADIENE ADDUCT WITH MALEIC ANHYDRIDE. PART I. ADDITION OF HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
Authors: MARKOWICZ S. W. , BOCHWIC B. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas Addukt (III) der Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion zwischen Nopadien (I) und Maleinsäureanhydrid (II) wird mit LiAlH4 zum Diol (IV) reduziert und mit MeOH zum Lacton (V), Diester (VI) und der Säure (VII) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: CONVENIENT PREPARATION OF THE C‐24 STEREOISOMERS OF 24‐ETHYL‐ AND 24‐METHYLCHOLESTEROLS
Authors: FUJIMOTO Y. , IKEKAWA N. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus den Cyclosteroiden (Ia) und (Ib) erhält man je nach den angewandten Reduktionsbedingungen die Carbinole (II) bzw. (IV), die in die isomeren Methyl‐cholesterole (III) bzw. (V) übergeführt werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: ANTIBACTERIAL PEPTIDE DERIVATIVES. PART IV. Nα‐HYDROXYACYLATED DERIVATIVES OF L‐LYSINE AND L‐ORNITHINE
Authors: LAMMEK B. , MACKIEWICZ Z. , ZAWODNA H. , KUPRYSZEWSKI G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractKondensation der Komponenten (II) und (III) [→(IV)] und nachfolgende Schutzgruppenabspaltung liefern die acylierten Aminosäureester (V); weiterhin werden die acylierten Dipeptidester (IX) dargestellt (kondensation der Komponenten (II) und (VI) [→(VIIa) bzw. (VIIb)] und nachfolgende Abspaltung der Na‐Schutzgruppe geben die Ester‐hydrochloride (VIIc) bzw. (VIId), die durch Kondensation mit (III) [→(VIII)] und nachfolgende Schutzgruppenabspal‐ tung in (IX) übergeführt werden).
ChemInform Abstract: PEPTIDES. PART XI. S‐BENZYL‐α‐(HYDROXYMETHYL)CYSTEINE: SYNTHESIS, RESOLUTION, AND ABSOLUTE CONFIGURATION
Authors: LEPLAWY M. T. , OLMA A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas Cystein‐Derivat (I) wird über die Stufen (III) und (V) in das racemische Aminosäure derivat (VI) übergeführt; nachfolgende Racemattrennung (Chinin) gibt die optischen Antipoden, deren Hydrolyse zu den entsprechenden debenzoylierten Aminosäuren, z.B. (VII), führt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF THE TRIPEPTIDE AMIDE CARBOBENZOXY‐L‐PROLYL‐TRIFLUORO‐DL‐LEUCYLGLYCINAMIDE
Authors: PARDANANI N. H. , MULLER N. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAusgehend von der Aminosäure (I) wird das Aminhydrochlorid (VI) dargestellt, das mit Carbobenzoxy‐L‐prolin die Verbindung (VII) ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW EXAMPLES OF ACETONIDES OF FURAN ALDEHYDE SUGARS
Authors: TRONCHET J. M. J. , GENTILE B. , BONENFANT A. P. , MARTIN O. R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractNach konventionellen Methoden werden die neuen Isopropyliden‐formylfuranosen (II), (IIIa),(IV) und (VI) synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOOXYGENATION OF BERBERINES. PART II. A NOVEL ONE‐STEP SYNTHESIS OF ALLOCRYPTOPINE FROM TETRAHYDROBERBERINE METHIODIDE
Authors: HANAOKA M. , MUKAI C. , NAGAYAMA H. , ARATA Y. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Titelverbindung (II) wird durch Photooxidation von (I) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: DIRECTIVE EFFECT OF A LACTAM GROUP ON STEREOCHEMISTRY OF REDUCTIVE ALLYL REARRANGEMENT OF N‐(HYDROXYMETHYL)ANGUSTIFOLINE AND N‐(CYANOMETHYL)ANGUSTIFOLINE
Authors: BRATEK‐WIEWIOROWSKA M. D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Reaktion der Titelverbindung (I) mit Formaldehyd (II) in Gegenwart von Na‐boranat bzw. KCN liefert in Methanol über die Zwischenstufe (III) die "normalen" Produkte (IVa) bzw. (IVb); in wäßriger Lösung verlaufen die Reaktionen reduktiver N‐Hydroxymethylierung und N‐Cyanmethylierung dagegen unter allylischer Umlagerung und Bildung der Produkte (VIa) bzw. (VIb).
ChemInform Abstract: THE STRUCTURE, ABSOLUTE CONFIGURATION, SYNTHESIS, AND CARBON‐13 NMR SPECTRA OF PRENYLATED PYRANOFLAVONOIDS FROM MUNDULEA SERICEA
Authors: VAN ZYL J. J. , RALL G. J. H. , ROUX D. G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus Mundulea sericea werden neben den bekannten Prenyl?avanoiden Lupinifolin (Ia) und Lupinifolinol (Ib) die neuen Pyrano‐ ?avanoide Mundulin (Ic) und Mundulinol (Id) sowie das neue Chalkon Serioon (XII) isoliert.
ChemInform Abstract: A CONVENIENT SYNTHESIS OF HUMAN CALCITONIN MAINLY VIA THE REPETITIVE EXCESS MIXED ANHYDRIDE METHOD
Authors: HIRT J. , KRANENBURG P. , BEYERMAN H. C. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Titelverbindung (VIII) wird durch Kondensation der 4 Fragmente (I), (II), (IV) und (V)mch dem angegebenen Reaktionsschema synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 2‐, 4‐, AND 7‐METHYLTHIO‐SUBSTITUTED CEPHALOSPORINS
Authors: APPLEGATE H. E. , CIMARUSTI C. M. , DOLFINI J. E. , FUNKE P. T. , KOSTER W. H. , PUAR M. S. , SLUSARCHYK W. A. , YOUNG M. G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Einführung von Methylthio‐Gruppierungen in Cephalosporine durch Verwendung von Kaliumtert.‐butylat oder Lithium‐N‐cyclohexylisopropylamid mit Methylmethanthiolsulfat wird ausführlich untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON FUNGAL PRODUCTS. 4. ANTIMICROBIAL ASPECTS OF NEOCERCOSPORIN
Authors: MATSUEDA S. , MASUCHI Y. , TAKAGAKI K. , SHIMOYAMA M. , TAKAHASHI R. , SATOMI I. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie antibakteriellen Eigenschaften von Neocercosporin (I) werden getestet.
Upscaling study of the cyclic solvent injection process for post‐chops reservoirs through numerical simulation
Authors: Zhang Min , Du Zhongwei , Zeng Fanhua , Hong Sam Yeol , Xu Suxin 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe cyclic solvent injection (CSI) process has been suggested as the most promising solvent‐based recovery method for post‐CHOPS reservoirs. Six CSI experiments were performed in three sandpacks with different scales and wormhole locations. Numerical simulations were conducted to history‐match the six CSI experiments. The effects of uncertain parameters such as relative permeability, capillary pressure, reaction rate (foamy oil model), and dispersion coefficient on the history‐matching were studied. The sensitivity analysis indicated that relative permeability and capillary pressure significantly affected the production performance of the CSI process in the numerical simulation. In particular, capillary pressure played the greatest role in upscaling in both axial and radial directions. Furthermore, capillary pressure effects were aggravated when the wormhole was located in the top of the experimental model. Thus, all CSI experimental production data were matched successfully by tuning the capillary pressure based on the same matched relative permeability curves.A heavy oil post‐CHOPS reservoir in western Canada was evaluated for the CSI process at field scale. Wormholes were considered by applying the multi‐lateral well model. Post‐CHOPS conditions were established by history‐matching the field's production of oil and water. The parameters obtained from the history match upscaling studies were adopted in simulating the subsequent CSI process and were set with certain constraints to consider its uncertainty at field scale. The recovery factor after ten years of the CSI process was in the range of 13.5–16.0 %.
High apoptotic index in urine cytology is associated with high‐grade urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Yang Chi‐Shun , Chen Shaoxiong , Cramer Harvey M. , Wu Howard H. 
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUNDThe significance of apoptosis and its association with high‐grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) in urine cytology has yet to be determined.METHODSA computerized search of the study laboratory information system was performed over a 3‐year period for all urine cytology specimens processed using the SurePath liquid‐based preparation technique. Only those cases with correlating surgical pathology obtained within 6 months after the urine cytologic samples were included in the current study. Cases from ileal conduit samples were excluded. A semiquantitative numerical scoring system (apoptotic index) was used to assess the amount of pyknosis or karyorrhexis, with 0 indicating none, 1 indicating < 10 per 10 high‐power fields, 2 indicating 10 to 30 per 10 high‐power fields, and 3 indicating > 30 per 10 high‐power fields. Statistical analysis using the Pearson chi‐square test was performed.RESULTSA total of 228 cases including 105 benign cases, 79 cases of HGUC, and 44 cases of low‐grade urothelial carcinoma (LGUC) diagnosed on follow‐up surgical pathology were selected. A score of 0 was observed in 70 benign, 11 HGUC, and 8 LGUC cases; a score of 1 was observed in 31 benign, 21 HGUC, and 23 LGUC cases; a score of 2 was observed in 3 benign, 27 HGUC, and 9 LGUC cases; and a score of 3 was observed in 1 benign, 20 HGUC, and 4 LGUC cases.CONCLUSIONSExcluding ileal conduit urine specimens, the finding of a high apoptotic index (score ≥ 2) with the presence of pyknosis or karyorrhexis in ≥10 per 10 high‐power fields in the urine cytology appears to be significantly associated with HGUC (P<.05). Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:546‐51. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
High apoptotic index in urine cytology is associated with high‐grade urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Rosenthal Dorothy L. 
Published: April 2016

In this issue, Yang and colleagues report that, using a high apoptotic index as a feature, the 2 categories “high‐grade urine cytology” (HGUC) and “atypical urothelial cells, cannot exclude HGUC,” yield almost equal numbers of samples that, when combined, result in a tissue diagnosis of HGUC 79% of the time. The authors conclude that adding a high apoptotic index to the traditional cytologic features of urothelial carcinoma can improve the sensitivity of urinary cytology for detecting HGUC.See also pages 546‐51.
Inhibition of PDGF‐induced migration and TNF‐α‐induced ICAM‐1 expression by maltotetraose from bamboo stem extract (BSE) in mouse vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Shin Soon Young , Jung You Jung , Yong Yeonjoong , Cho Hi Jae , Lim Yoongho , Lee Young Han 
Published: April 2016

ScopeExpression of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays an important role in the progression of atherosclerosis. We investigated the effects of bamboo stem extract (BSE) on motility and ICAM‐1 expression by using mouse MOVAS‐1 cells. Active constituents of BSE exhibiting an inhibitory activity on TNF‐α‐induced ICAM1 expression were identified using HPLC.Methods and resultsThe effects of BSE on platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)‐BB‐induced migration, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α)‐induced expression of ICAM‐1, and nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB) activation were investigated. BSE inhibited migration of MOVAS‐1 cells and sprout formation by mouse aorta explants. Reverse transcription PCR analysis and promoter reporter assays revealed that BSE suppressed ICAM‐1 expression by inhibiting NF‐κB activity. In addition, BSE reduced adhesion between VSMCs and monocytes. Several oligosaccharides were identified in BSE. Among the oligosaccharides contained in BSE, maltotetraose and stachyose were potent inhibitors of TNF‐α‐induced ICAM‐1 expression. We confirmed that maltotetraose reduced PDGF‐induced sprout formation by mouse aorta explants and inhibited TNF‐α‐induced NF‐κB activation and ICAM‐1 expression in MOVAS‐1 cells.ConclusionThe BSE constituent maltotetraose may be beneficial in the suppression of early atherosclerosis development and could be developed as a dietary supplement for cardiovascular health.
An adaptive cracking particle method for 2D crack propagation
Authors: Ai Weilong , Augarde Charles E. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryComputational modelling of fracture has been attempted in the past with a range of numerical approaches including finite element, extended finite element and meshless methods. The cracking particle method (CPM) of Rabczuk is a pragmatic alternative to explicit modelling of crack surfaces in which a crack is represented by a set of cracking particles that can be easily updated when the crack propagates. The change of cracking angle is recorded in discrete segments of broken lines, which makes this methodology suitable to model discontinuous cracks. In this paper, a new CPM is presented that improves on two counts: firstly, crack path curvature modelling is improved by the use of bilinear segments centred at each particle and secondly, efficiency for larger problems is improved via an adaptive process of both refinement and recovery. The system stiffness is calculated and stored in local matrices, so only a small influenced domain should be recalculated for each step while the remainder can be read directly from storage, which greatly reduces the computational expense. The methodology is applied to several 2D crack problems, and good agreement to analytical solutions and previous work is obtained. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A computational framework for scale‐bridging in multi‐scale simulations
Authors: Knap J. , Spear C. , Leiter K. , Becker R. , Powell D. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryA computational framework for scale‐bridging in multi‐scale simulations is presented. The framework enables seamless combination of at‐scale models into highly dynamic hierarchies to build a multi‐scale model. Its centerpiece is formulated as a standalone module capable of fully asynchronous operation. We assess its feasibility and performance for a two‐scale model applied to two challenging test problems from impact physics. We find that the computational cost associated with using the framework may, as expected, become substantial. However, the framework has the ability of effortlessly combining at‐scale models to render complex multi‐scale models. The main source of the computational inefficiency of the framework is related to poor load balancing of the lower‐scale model evaluation We demonstrate that the load balancing can be efficiently addressed by recourse to conventional load‐balancing strategies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved self‐healing properties of collagen using polyurethane microcapsules containing reactive diisocyanate
Authors: Brey Gil Camila Silva , Patricio Patrícia Santiago , Oliveira Luiz CA , Oréfice Rodrigo Lambert 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCollagen is a natural polymer much available as a waste material. However, a more extensive use of collagen as an engineering material is restricted due to its low mechanical strength. This work presents a collagen–microcapsules system and evaluates the hypothesis that a self‐healing ability can be imposed on a collagen matrix to improve its tensile strength. Collagen films containing various types of microcapsules were studied using tensile tests (TTs). To evaluate the self‐repairing capacity of the developed system, samples were submitted to a 20% strain (to develop micro‐cracks in the material that could lead to the rupture of microcapsules and release of diisocyanate) and then left to stand for 20 min. A new TT was performed, named paused tensile test (PTT). The samples of pure collagen underwent no alteration with respect to their mechanical properties comparing TT and PTT results. In contrast, some samples containing microcapsules presented an increase of around 70% in mechanical strength when compared with the pure collagen results, proving that the released diisocyanates were effective in reacting with collagen and improving its mechanical strength. This type of behavior and the observed enhanced property can extend the usage of collagen to a variety of engineering applications. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Prox1 Is Required for Oligodendrocyte Cell Identity in Adult Neural Stem Cells of the Subventricular Zone
Authors: Bunk Eva C. , Ertaylan Gökhan , Ortega Felipe , Pavlou Maria A. , Gonzalez Cano Laura , Stergiopoulos Athanasios , Safaiyan Shima , Völs Sandra , van Cann Marianne , Politis Panagiotis K. , Simons Mikael , Berninger Benedikt , del Sol Antonio , Schwamborn Jens C. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Adult neural stem cells with the ability to generate neurons and glia cells are active throughout life in both the dentate gyrus (DG) and the subventricular zone (SVZ). Differentiation of adult neural stem cells is induced by cell fate determinants like the transcription factor Prox1. Evidence has been provided for a function of Prox1 as an inducer of neuronal differentiation within the DG. We now show that within the SVZ Prox1 induces differentiation into oligodendrocytes. Moreover, we find that loss of Prox1 expression in vivo reduces cell migration into the corpus callosum, where the few Prox1 deficient SVZ-derived remaining cells fail to differentiate into oligodendrocytes. Thus, our work uncovers a novel function of Prox1 as a fate determinant for oligodendrocytes in the adult mammalian brain. These data indicate that the neurogenic and oligodendrogliogenic lineages in the two adult neurogenic niches exhibit a distinct requirement for Prox1, being important for neurogenesis in the DG but being indispensable for oligodendrogliogenesis in the SVZ.