bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breast Ultrasonography: Findings in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Harth Sebastian , Behrens Christopher , Roller Fritz , Alzen Gerhard , Krombach Gabriele 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Purpose To analyze referral indications, imaging findings and diagnoses in breast sonography in a division of pediatric radiology.
Materials and Methods Breast ultrasound examinations of 270 patients were analyzed for referral reasons, imaging findings and final diagnoses (152 females, 118 males). The mean age of the patients was 8.8 years (range, 6 days–18 years). Each breast was examined systematically in two orthogonal probe orientations. Pathological findings were documented on two orthogonal imaging planes. Color Doppler ultrasonography was used additionally. Images and clinical data were reviewed in all cases.
Results The most frequent referral reasons in female patients were breast enlargement (104 patients), palpable mass (24 patients) and mastodynia (23 patients). The most frequent diagnoses were normal gland tissue (101 patients), cysts (9 patients), augmented adipose tissue (7 patients) and hemangiomas (7 patients). The most frequent referral reasons in male patients were breast enlargement (106 patients), palpable mass (13 patients) and mastodynia (9 patients). The most frequent diagnoses were gland tissue (79 patients), augmented adipose tissue (24 patients) and cysts (10 patients). Only 2 malignant masses were diagnosed: A Burkitt lymphoma and a relapsed ALL.
Conclusion Fear of breast cancer and permanent damage to the breast leads to low-threshold medical consultations and referrals. Sensitive handling is required especially in adolescent patients. Most disorders arise due to the variability of breast development. Ultrasound serves as a means to exclude significant diseases of the breast.
Exploring the chemistry and evolution of the isomerases
Authors: Martínez Cuesta Sergio , Rahman Syed Asad , Thornton Janet M. 
Published: February 2016

Significance
Biologists are now challenged with the functional interpretation of vast amounts of sequencing data derived from genomics initiatives. Among all known proteins, the function of enzymes is probably the most investigated and best described at the molecular level. Together with enzymes changing the redox state of substrates and transferring chemical groups between molecules, isomerases catalyze interconversion of isomers, molecules sharing the same atomic composition but different arrangements of chemical groups. This study presents a way of describing isomerases that will give biochemists a method to search and utilize reaction data in a more knowledge-based manner. It captures our current knowledge, characterizing the chemistry of isomerization in biology, and will contribute to improving the annotation of sequences derived from genomes.
In vivo imaging reveals an essential role of vasoconstriction in rupture of the ovarian follicle at ovulation
Authors: Migone Fernando F. , Cowan Robert G. , Williams Rebecca M. , Gorse Kiersten J. , Zipfel Warren R. , Quirk Susan M. 
Published: February 2016

Significance
Release of the oocyte from the ovarian follicle at ovulation occurs with precise timing and spatial localization to the outer surface of the ovary to insure deposition of the oocyte in the oviduct for fertilization. The role that vasoconstriction of follicular vessels may play in follicle rupture was tested using multiphoton microscopy to measure repeatedly, at intervals, blood flow and the diameter of individual follicular vessels relative to follicle rupture in vivo. Blocking the acute vasoconstriction that occurred at the outer surface of the follicle before ovulation prevented follicle rupture, whereas restoring vasoconstriction induced rupture. These findings contribute to our understanding of the mechanics of ovulation, showing that vasoconstriction of follicular vessels is essential for follicle rupture.
Robust functional clustering of ERP data with application to a study of implicit learning in autism
Authors: Hasenstab Kyle , Sugar Catherine , Telesca Donatello , Jeste Shafali , Şentürk Damla 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Motivated by a study on visual implicit learning in young children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), we propose a robust functional clustering (RFC) algorithm to identify subgroups within electroencephalography (EEG) data. The proposed RFC is an iterative algorithm based on functional principal component analysis, where cluster membership is updated via predictions of the functional trajectories obtained through a non-parametric random effects model. We consider functional data resulting from event-related potential (ERP) waveforms representing EEG time-locked to stimuli over the course of an implicit learning experiment, after applying a previously proposed meta-preprocessing step. This meta-preprocessing is designed to increase the low signal-to-noise ratio in the raw data and to mitigate the longitudinal changes in the ERP waveforms which characterize the nature and speed of learning. The resulting functional ERP components (peak amplitudes and latencies) inherently exhibit covariance heterogeneity due to low data quality over some stimuli inducing the averaging of different numbers of waveforms in sliding windows of the meta-preprocessing step. The proposed RFC algorithm incorporates this known covariance heterogeneity into the clustering algorithm, improving cluster quality, as illustrated in the data application and extensive simulation studies. ASD is a heterogeneous syndrome and identifying subgroups within ASD children is of interest for understanding the diverse nature of this complex disorder. Applications to the implicit learning paradigm identify subgroups within ASD and typically developing children with diverse learning patterns over the course of the experiment, which may inform clinical stratification of ASD.
Behavioral Pure-Tone Threshold Shifts Caused by Tympanic Membrane Electrodes
Authors: Smith Spencer B. , Lichtenhan Jeffery , Cone Barbara 
Published: February 2016

Objective:
To determine whether tympanic membrane (TM) electrodes induce behavioral pure-tone threshold shifts.

Design:
Pure-tone thresholds (250 to 8000 Hz) were measured twice in test (n = 18) and control (n = 10) groups. TM electrodes were placed between first and second threshold measurements in the test group, whereas the control group did not receive electrodes. Pure-tone threshold shifts were compared between groups. The effect of TM electrode contact location on threshold shifts was evaluated in the test group.

Results:
TM electrodes significantly increased average low-frequency thresholds, 7.5 dB at 250 Hz and 4.2 dB at 500 Hz, and shifts were as large as 25 dB in individual ears. Also, threshold shifts did not appear to vary at any frequency with TM electrode contact location.

Conclusions:
Low-frequency threshold shifts occur when using TM electrodes and insert earphones. These findings are relevant to interpreting electrocochleographic responses to low-frequency stimuli.
Optical Coherence Tomographic Elastography Reveals Mesoscale Shear Strain Inhomogeneities in the Annulus Fibrosus
Authors: Han Sang K. , Chen Chao-Wei , Labus Kevin M. , Puttlitz Christian M. , Chen Yu , Hsieh Adam H. 
Published: February 2016

Study Design.
Basic science study using in vitro tissue testing and imaging to characterize local strains in annulus fibrosus (AF) tissue.

Objective.
To characterize mesoscale strain inhomogeneities between lamellar and inter-/translamellar (ITL) matrix compartments during tissue shear loading.

Summary of Background Data.
The intervertebral disc is characterized by significant heterogeneities in tissue structure and plays a critical role in load distribution and force transmission in the spine. In particular, the AF possesses a lamellar architecture interdigitated by a complex network of extracellular matrix components that form a distinct ITL compartment. Currently, there is not a firm understanding of how the lamellar and ITL matrix coordinately support tissue loading.

Methods.
AF tissue samples were prepared from frozen porcine lumbar spines and mounted onto custom fixtures of a materials testing system that incorporates optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging to perform tissue elastography. Tissues were subjected to 20 and 40% nominal shear strain, and OCT images were captured and segmented to identify regions of interest corresponding to lamellar and ITL compartments. Images were analyzed using an optical flow algorithm to quantify local shear strains within each compartment.

Results.
Using histology and OCT, we first verified our ability to visualize and discriminate the ITL matrix from the lamellar matrix in porcine AF tissues. Local AF strains in the ITL compartment (22.0 ± 13.8, 31.1 ± 16.9 at 20% and 40% applied shear, respectively) were significantly higher than corresponding strains in the surrounding lamellar compartment (12.1 ± 5.6, 15.3 ± 5.2) for all tissue samples (P < 0.05).

Conclusion.
Results from this study demonstrate that the lamellar and ITL compartments of the AF distribute strain unevenly during tissue loading. Specifically, shear strain is significantly higher in the ITL matrix, suggesting that these regions may be more susceptible to tissue damage and more mechanobiologically active.

Level of Evidence: N/A
Impact of parent-subsidiary conflict on ERP implementation
Authors: Gavidia Jose V. 
Published: February 2016

Purpose– In spite of the large body of literature on success factors of enterprise resource planning (ERP) implementation, there is a need to explore its multinational dimension. The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of the conflict between parent and subsidiary on the process of ERP implementation in a multinational enterprise (MNE).Design/methodology/approach– Using an interpretive case study methodology, this paper analyses the theoretical frameworks of parent-subsidiary conflict and applies them to interpret an in-depth case study and generate a set of managerial prescriptions.Findings– Theoretical analysis and case evidence suggest that managing parent-subsidiary conflict is a critical success factor of ERP implementation in MNEs.Research limitations/implications– This case relates to a diversified multinational group producing a variety of materials through subsidiaries. The data collection includes multiple sources in the company, and strong theoretical development provides a high level of generalizability. The paper shows that managers should consider the impact of conflict from the planning stages of any multinational ERP implementation.Practical implications– A detailed set of practical managerial prescriptions is derived from case and theoretical analysis. These prescriptions provide guidance to multinational managers planning a successful global ERP rollout.Originality/value– Although parent-subsidiary conflict is clearly a major factor in multinational ERP implementations, this topic has never been analysed in detail in the literature. This paper breaks new ground applying grounded theoretical frameworks of parent-subsidiary conflict to an implementation case, and providing managerial guidance for implementation decisions.
Civility climate mitigates deviant reactions to organizational constraints
Authors: Clark Olga L. , Walsh Benjamin M. 
Published: February 2016

Purpose– Research has consistently shown that organizational constraints lead to deviant behavioral reactions. Although many studies have investigated personality variables as moderators of such predictors of deviance, considerably less research has considered cross-level moderators of these effects. The purpose of this paper is to draw on several related theories to test team civility climate as a cross-level moderator of the organizational constraints – interpersonal deviance relationship.Design/methodology/approach– Data were collected using paper-and-pencil surveys from 239 employees nested within 68 work teams. Teams were employed in various industries including healthcare, insurance, manufacturing/engineering, and financial services.Findings– Results from hierarchical linear modeling analyses demonstrated that the effect of organizational constraints on interpersonal deviance varied significantly across teams. In addition, the positive relationship between organizational constraints and interpersonal deviance was attenuated in teams with a high civility climate.Practical implications– Organizational constraints may be difficult to eliminate in many workplaces. However, results suggest that by developing a positive civility climate, teams can help prevent deviant behaviors that may be associated with experienced constraints.Originality/value– This is one of the first studies to examine civility climate as a shared property of the team and as a cross-level moderator. Findings from this research contribute to theories of deviant organizational behavior by highlighting the critical role of variables emanating from levels of analysis beyond the individual.
The reasons behind change recipients’ behavioral reactions: a longitudinal investigation
Authors: Vakola Maria 
Published: February 2016

Purpose– At the heart of organizational change lies the extent to which individuals cope with the uncertainties and complexities that change introduces into their work lives. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the behavioral reactions of employees to change and their associated reasons for or against a large-scale technological change implemented in a bank.Design/methodology/approach– A total of 146 bank employees located in 40 bank branches participated two times in providing critical incidents regarding their initial and midcourse reactions to this change.Findings– Results showed that anticipated benefits associated with change initiate positive reactions to change. These reactions are maintained positive due to supervisory support. Resistance is activated by perceived high cost-low benefit change at hand and it is shifted to active support when there is open communication and supervisory support.Originality/value– Until now the majority of research studies on reactions to change do not investigate the duration and/or continuity of a behavior, assuming that once the reasons behind and the behaviors are formulated these will persist over time.
Open innovation in SMEs: a systematic literature review
Authors: Hossain Mokter , Kauranen Ilkka 
Published: February 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to synthesize the extant literature on open innovation (OI) in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).Design/methodology/approach– An examination of the literature was undertaken to review the studies on open innovation in SMEs. The selected articles were classified in different themes and analyzed accordingly.Findings– The study finds that adopting OI by SMEs improves their overall innovation performance. The authors found that a larger number of studies are based on a quantitative approach. Surprisingly, unlike in many other disciplines, scholars of North America have had a limited contribution. European scholars, along with some scholars from Korea and China, have been active in developing this field of OI in SMEs.Research limitations/implications– This study provides theoretical and managerial implications. With thematic analysis, along with identifying gaps, conflations, and contradictions in the literature, this study proposes an agenda for future exploration.Originality/value– The value of this study lies in the integration of the limited but scattered studies on OI in SMEs.
Organizational slack in declining firms and surviving firms
Authors: Guha Mahua 
Published: February 2016

Purpose– There is a preponderance of evidence in the established literature that declining firms have lower levels of organizational slack when compared with surviving firms. To further advance the current literature, the purpose of this paper is to examine whether or not organizational slack in its various forms differ in declining firms and in surviving firms. Additionally, this study examines whether there is a change in the extent of slack in the declining firms in the years immediately preceding bankruptcy filing.Design/methodology/approach–t-tests and panel regressions with random effects are performed.Findings– Available slack, potential slack and total slack of bankrupts significantly differ from that of survivors in each year. However, recoverable slack levels do not differ in bankrupts and survivors. Available slack of bankrupts reduces significantly over the last five years before bankruptcy. Recoverable slack, potential slack and total slack conditions do not drastically deteriorate for the bankrupts over the last few years prior to bankruptcy.Research limitations/implications– Not confirming to prior evidences, the results of this study suggest that not every type of organizational slack is in a worse condition within a declining firm than in a surviving firm.Practical implications– Among all the slack types, what differentiates bankrupts from survivors is the amount of available slack. Decreasing available slack within declining firms should forewarn managers of further likely deteriorations.Originality/value– The results of this study questions the prevailing wisdom that financial resource levels, especially the levels of organizational slack is in a significantly lower level in declining firms than in surviving firms.
Modularizing business models: between strategic flexibility and path dependence
Authors: Gärtner Christian , Schön Oliver 
Published: February 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explicate why and how modularization of business models can lead to path dependence or strategic flexibility, thus either inhibiting or favoring business model innovation.Design/methodology/approach– Conceptual paper that depicts a model based on the extant literature. The derived implications for business model innovation are illustrated by several examples.Findings– Modularity can be used as cognitive frame to explore issues of dynamics, evolution and transformation of business models. Thereby, the paper reveals drivers as well as barriers to business model innovation which sensitizes managers that modularity as a design principle is a two-edged sword: managers cannot simply rely on what they know about the benefits of modularity because this might lead to path dependence in the future.Practical implications– The authors suggest that middle managers might best focus on managing modules and their direct relations. Senior management should put more emphasis on encouraging extra-modular thinking.Originality/value– By outlining the concept of business model modularity, the authors add to the scarce literature that addresses modularity beyond the fields of products, production and organization design. The discussion also advances to the literature on drivers as well as barriers to managing business model innovation. While most of the extant literature has portrayed modularity as a means to increase flexibility, only a few studies have revealed the downside of modularity and explained how it gives rise to path dependence. In this respect, the authors highlight the relation between managerial action, self-reinforcing mechanisms and characteristics of the environment. Finally, the paper’s findings provide a lens to consider contradictory strategies simultaneously which is crucial for managing complex business models.
Net working capital, cash flow and performance of UK SMEs
Authors: Afrifa Godfred Adjapong 
Published: February 2016

Purpose– This paper aims to examine the influence of cash flow on the relationship between net working capital and firm performance.Design/methodology/approach– The paper uses unbalanced panel data regression analysis on a sample of 6,926 non-financial small and medium enterprises in the UK for the period from 2004 to 2013.Findings– The results indicate a strong concave relationship between net working capital and performance in the absence of cash flow; however, the relationship becomes convex after taking cash flow into consideration. The results further show that firms with cash flow below the sample median exhibit lower investment in working capital, but firms with cash flow above the sample median have higher investment in working capital. The results suggest that managers should consider their firms cash flow when determining the appropriate investment to be made in working capital, so as to improve performance.Practical implications– Overall, the results suggest that whilst firms with limited cash flow should strive to reduce investment in working capital, firms with available cash flow should increase investment in working capital to improve performance.Originality/value– This current study incorporates the relevance of cash flow in assessing the association between working capital management and firm performance.
Why do family firms switch between family CEOs and non-family professional CEO?
Authors: Kang Hyung Cheol , Kim Jaemin 
Published: February 2016

Purpose
– This study aims to examine whether a switching decision between a family CEO and a non-family professional CEO has a different effect on firm performance and what determines such a decision by family firms.

Design/methodology/approach
– This study uses multiple regressions, Probit and univariate analyses, based the sample of family-controlled Chaebol firms in Korea for the 11-year period from 2001 to 2011.

Findings
– Evidence found was consistent with the family entrenchment hypothesis: firms experiencing declining Q value are more likely to replace family CEOs with non-family CEOs, and that these firms, having switched to non-family CEOs, exhibit an improvement in firm performance as measured by the change in Q value. On the other hand, for those firms that replace non-family CEOs with family member CEOs, no evidence was found that the switching decision either decreases or increases firm performance. The results of Probit and univariate analyses suggest that firms switching to family CEOs tend to be larger, stock-exchange listed and more “central”, with more cash flow rights held by the controlling families and with relatively more equity holdings in the other affiliated firms of the same Chaebol group. In contrast, firms switching to non-family CEOs tend to be smaller, unlisted and less “central”, with less equity holdings in the other affiliated firms of the same Chaebol group.

Originality/value
– This study sheds light on the different value implications and determinants of a decision between “family CEO” and “non-family CEO”.