bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
See the unseen: Mesorectal lymph node metastases in prostate cancer
Authors: Hijazi Sameh , Meller Birgit , Leitsmann Conrad , Strauss Arne , Ritter Christian , Lotz Joachim , Meller Johannis , Trojan Lutz , Sahlmann Carsten‐Oliver 
Published: February 2016

BACKGROUNDOur study is the first evaluation of nodal metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) to mesorectal lymph nodes (MLN) detected by 68Ga‐PSMA‐PET/CT.METHODSWe retrospectively analyzed 76 consecutive PCa patients who underwent 68Ga‐PSMA‐PET/CT: 61 PCa patients with biochemical recurrence (BCR) after curative treatment and 15 high‐risk PCa before primary therapy. We assessed PET‐positive MLN, which are indicative for PCa.RESULTSWe detected PET‐positive lesions for PCa in 68Ga‐PSMA‐PET/CT in 66 of 76 (87%) patients. Nodal disease was imaged in 47 of 66 (71%) patients. Indicative mesorectal nodal lesions for PCa were detected in 12 of 76 (15.8%) patients. The median number of PET‐positive MLN was one per patient. Seven of twelve patients had recurrent PCa after radical prostatectomy with a median PSA value of 1.84 ng/ml (range 0.31–13). Five of twelve patients had untreated first diagnosed high‐risk PCa with median PSA value of 90 ng/ml (range 4.6–93) at PET/CT, respectively. For all PET positive MLN a morphological correlate was found in CT (shortest diameter median 4 mm [range 4–21]; longest diameter median 7.5 mm [range 5–25]). After PET/CT, four patients with recurrent PCa received hormonal therapy, one patient was treated with directed radiation therapy of MLN, one patient received chemotherapy, and one patient was treated with pelvic lymph node dissection. Three high‐risk PCa patients received hormonal therapy, and two patients were treated with adjuvant hormonal therapy after radical prostatectomy.CONCLUSIONSDetection and exact location of nodal metastasis for PCa is crucial for the choice of treatment and the patient's prognosis. 68Ga‐PSMA‐PET/CT seems to improve the detection of nodal metastasis in PCa, especially concerning mesorectal lymph nodes. Prostate 76:776–780, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Study of SEM preparation artefacts with correlative microscopy: Cell shrinkage of adherent cells by HMDS‐drying
Authors: Katsen‐Globa Alisa , Puetz Norbert , Gepp Michael M. , Neubauer Julia C. , Zimmermann Heiko 
Published: February 2016

SummaryOne of the often reported artefacts during cell preparation to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is the shrinkage of cellular objects, that mostly occurs at a certain time‐dependent stage of cell drying. Various methods of drying for SEM, such as critical point drying, freeze–drying, as well as hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS)‐drying, were usually used. The latter becomes popular since it is a low cost and fast method. However, the correlation of drying duration and real shrinkage of objects was not investigated yet. In this paper, cell shrinkage at each stage of preparation for SEM was studied. We introduce a shrinkage coefficient using correlative light microscopy (LM) and SEM of the same human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The influence of HMDS‐drying duration on the cell shrinkage is shown: the longer drying duration, the more shrinkage is observed. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that cell shrinkage is inversely proportional to cultivation time: the longer cultivation time, the more cell spreading area and the less cell shrinkage. Our results can be applicable for an exact SEM quantification of cell size and determination of cell spreading area in engineering of artificial cellular environments using biomaterials. SCANNING 38:625–633, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Framing the Genetics Curriculum for Social Justice: An Experimental Exploration of How the Biology Curriculum Influences Beliefs About Racial Difference
Authors: DONOVAN BRIAN M. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThis field experiment manipulated the racial framing of a reading on human genetic disease to explore whether racial terminology in the biology curriculum affects how adolescents explain and respond to the racial achievement gap in American education. Carried out in a public high school in the San Francisco Bay Area, students recruited for the study (N= 86) were randomly assigned to read either a racially framed or a nonracially framed textbook passage on genetic diseases as part of a unit on Mendelian genetics. Afterwards, they responded to two instruments measuring belief in the biological/genetic basis of race and one measure that recorded their explanations of the racial achievement gap and their willingness to volunteer their free time to fix it. Results demonstrated that students in the racially framed condition exhibited significantly greater agreement in the genetic basis of racial difference than students in the nonracially framed condition. A content analysis of students’ explanations of the achievement gap also demonstrated that a significantly greater proportion of students gave genetic explanations of the achievement gap in the racially framed condition compared to the other condition. Furthermore, students’ prior beliefs about race interacted with the reading treatments to affect students’ willingness to fix the racial achievement gap.
Fluoroquinolone prophylaxis in preventing BK polyomavirus infection after renal transplant: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Song Tu‐Run , Rao Zheng‐Sheng , Qiu Yang , Liu Jin‐Peng , Huang Zhong‐Li , Wang Xian‐Ding , Lin Tao 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPrevious studies regarding the prevention of BK viremia following renal transplantation with fluoroquinolone have yielded conflicting results. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the evidence regarding the efficacy of fluoroquinolone in preventing BK polyomavirus infection following renal transplantation. We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for research articles published prior to January 2015 using keywords such as “fluoroquinolone,” “BK viremia,” and “renal transplantation.” We extracted all types of study published in English. The primary outcome was BK viremia and viruria at 1 year post‐transplantation. Secondary outcomes were BK virus‐associated nephropathy (BKVN), graft failure, and fluoroquinolone‐resistant infection. We identified eight trials, including a total of 1477 participants with a mean duration of fluoroquinolone prophylaxis of >1 month. At 1 year, fluoroquinolone prophylaxis was not associated with a decreased incidence of BK viremia [risk ratio (RR), 0.84; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.58–1.20). No significant differences in BKVN (RR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.37–2.11), risk of graft failure due to BKVN (RR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.29–1.59), or fluoroquinolone‐resistant infection (RR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.64–1.83) were observed between the fluoroquinolone prophylaxis and control groups. The results of this study suggest that fluoroquinolone is ineffective in preventing BK polyomavirus infection following renal transplantation.
Ilya Mark Scheinker: Controversial Neuroscientist and Refugee From National Socialist Europe
Authors: Zeidman Lawrence A. , Ziller Matthias Georg , Shevell Michael 
Published: February 2016

AbstractRussian-born, Vienna-trained neurologist and neuropathologist Ilya Mark Scheinker collaborated with Josef Gerstmann and Ernst Sträussler in 1936 to describe the familial prion disorder now known as Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease. Because of Nazi persecution following the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany, Scheinker fled from Vienna to Paris, then after the German invasion of France, to New York. With the help of neurologist Tracy Putnam, Scheinker ended up at the University of Cincinnati, although his position was never guaranteed. He more than doubled his prior publications in America, and authored three landmark neuropathology textbooks. Despite his publications, he was denied tenure and had difficulty professionally in the Midwest because of prejudice against his European mannerisms. He moved back to New York for personal reasons in 1952, dying prematurely just 2 years later. Scheinker was twice uprooted, but persevered and eventually found some success as a refugee.
Detrimental Health Effects of Benzene Exposure in Adults After a Flaring Disaster at the BP Refinery Plant in Texas City
Authors: D’Andrea Mark A. , Reddy G. Kesava 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the adverse effects of benzene exposure in adults from a prolonged flaring disaster at the BP refinery in Texas City, Texas.MethodsAdults aged 18 years and older who had been exposed and unexposed to benzene were included. We reviewed medical charts and compared measures of white blood cells (WBCs), platelets, hemoglobin, hematocrit, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate amino transferase (AST), and alanine amino transferase (ALT) in exposed and unexposed adults.ResultsRecords from 2213 adults (benzene exposed, n=1826; unexposed, n=387) were reviewed. Benzene-exposed subjects had significantly higher WBC counts (7.9±2.3 vs 6.8±1.6×103 per µL, P=0.0000) and platelet counts (270.8±60.9 vs 242.5±53.7×103 per µL, P=0.0000) than did the unexposed subjects. Serum creatinine levels were also significantly higher in the exposed group than in the unexposed group (1.0±0.2 vs 0.8±0.2 mg/dL, P=0.000). Serum levels of ALP were significantly higher in the exposed subjects than in the unexposed subjects (82.1±15.6 vs 71.8±8.2 IU/L, P=0.000). Similarly, benzene-exposed subjects had significantly higher levels of AST (26.2±6.4 vs 19.7±5.3 IU/L, P=0.000) and ALT (30.6±10.8 vs 20.9±9.6 IU/L, P=0.000) than in those unexposed to benzene.ConclusionBenzene exposure resulted in significant alterations in hematologic and liver profiles in adults. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:233–239)
Rivalry and Reformation Politics: Reflections on Andrew Battell’s Jaga Materials Printed by Samuel Purchas from 1613 to 1625
Authors: Staller Jared 
Published: February 2016

Abstract:This paper reviews Andrew Battell’s primary source material for the Jaga (Imbangala) of Angola as printed by Samuel Purchas from 1613 to 1625 in Purchas, his pilgrimage and Purchas, his Pilgrimes. It argues that Purchas most often altered Battell’s data in response to rivalries and Reformation politics in England rather than on new information from Battell. A broad, comparative reading of Purchas’s materials and statistical analysis of his editorial practices demonstrates that Purchas exerted more effort to counter data based on hearsay in the popular Relation of Pigafetta and Lopes than on carefully recording eyewitness data from Andrew Battell.
Integrating Time-Varying and Ecological Exposures into Multivariate Analyses of Hospital-Acquired Infection Risk Factors: A Review and Demonstration
Authors: Brown Kevin A. , Daneman Nick , Stevens Vanessa W. , Zhang Yue , Greene Tom H. , Samore Matthew H. , Arora Paul 
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVESHospital-acquired infections (HAIs) develop rapidly after brief and transient exposures, and ecological exposures are central to their etiology. However, many studies of HAIs risk do not correctly account for the timing of outcomes relative to exposures, and they ignore ecological factors. We aimed to describe statistical practice in the most cited HAI literature as it relates to these issues, and to demonstrate how to implement models that can be used to account for them.METHODSWe conducted a literature search to identify 8 frequently cited articles having primary outcomes that were incident HAIs, were based on individual-level data, and used multivariate statistical methods. Next, using an inpatient cohort of incident Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), we compared 3 valid strategies for assessing risk factors for incident infection: a cohort study with time-fixed exposures, a cohort study with time-varying exposures, and a case-control study with time-varying exposures.RESULTSOf the 8 studies identified in the literature scan, 3 did not adjust for time-at-risk, 6 did not assess the timing of exposures in a time-window prior to outcome ascertainment, 6 did not include ecological covariates, and 6 did not account for the clustering of outcomes in time and space. Our 3 modeling strategies yielded similar risk-factor estimates for CDI risk.CONCLUSIONSSeveral common statistical methods can be used to augment standard regression methods to improve the identification of HAI risk factors.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;37(4):411–419
Higher PUFA andn-3 PUFA, conjugated linoleic acid,α-tocopherol and iron, but lower iodine and selenium concentrations in organic milk: a systematic literature review and meta- and redundancy analyses
Authors: Średnicka-Tober Dominika , Barański Marcin , Seal Chris J. , Sanderson Roy , Benbrook Charles , Steinshamn Håvard , Gromadzka-Ostrowska Joanna , Rembiałkowska Ewa , Skwarło-Sońta Krystyna , Eyre Mick , Cozzi Giulio , Larsen Mette Krogh , Jordon Teresa , Niggli Urs , Sakowski Tomasz , Calder Philip C. , Burdge Graham C. , Sotiraki Smaragda , Stefanakis Alexandros , Stergiadis Sokratis , Yolcu Halil , Chatzidimitriou Eleni , Butler Gillian , Stewart Gavin , Leifert Carlo 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDemand for organic milk is partially driven by consumer perceptions that it is more nutritious. However, there is still considerable uncertainty over whether the use of organic production standards affects milk quality. Here we report results of meta-analyses based on 170 published studies comparing the nutrient content of organic and conventional bovine milk. There were no significant differences in total SFA and MUFA concentrations between organic and conventional milk. However, concentrations of total PUFA andn-3 PUFA were significantly higher in organic milk, by an estimated 7 (95 % CI −1, 15) % and 56 (95 % CI 38, 74) %, respectively. Concentrations ofα-linolenic acid (ALA), very long-chainn-3 fatty acids (EPA+DPA+DHA) and conjugated linoleic acid were also significantly higher in organic milk, by an 69 (95 % CI 53, 84) %, 57 (95 % CI 27, 87) % and 41 (95 % CI 14, 68) %, respectively. As there were no significant differences in totaln-6 PUFA and linoleic acid (LA) concentrations, then-6:n-3 and LA:ALA ratios were lower in organic milk, by an estimated 71 (95 % CI −122, −20) % and 93 (95 % CI −116, −70) %. It is concluded that organic bovine milk has a more desirable fatty acid composition than conventional milk. Meta-analyses also showed that organic milk has significantly higherα-tocopherol and Fe, but lower I and Se concentrations. Redundancy analysis of data from a large cross-European milk quality survey indicates that the higher grazing/conserved forage intakes in organic systems were the main reason for milk composition differences.
The “Knowledge” Rule
Authors: Feller S. Z. 
Published: February 2016

On May 28, 1967, one Solomon Hamatprest voluntarily presented himself before the military authority, after having failed for a number of years to report for registration and medical examination as required by a notice published under the Defence Service Law, 1959 (hereafter called the Law). Omission to fulfil a duty imposed by this law constitutes an offence punishable by two years imprisonment under section 5(a) (1) of the law; and where such offence is committed “with intent to evade defence service”, the maximum penalty is increased by section 35(b) (1) to five years prison.Before the Six Day War those who shirked defence service had consistently been charged with the lesser offence. But in the wake of the War this offence had been covered by an Amnesty Law; and that was probably why Hamatprest, among others, had been committed for trial under the alternative graver offence, involving “intent to evade defence service”, which had been explicitly excluded from the amnesty.
Statement of Reasons and Time-Limit for Administrative Decisions
Authors: Chokron Lydia 
Published: February 2016

The Administrative Procedure Amendment (Statement of Reasons) Law, 1958 imposed on every public servant, the duty—subject to certain exceptions—to give the reasons in writing, for a negative decision, when requested to use his statutory authority.However, no time-limit for furnishing its reasons was laid upon the administrative authority and no legal sanction was placed on failure to perform this duty except in the case of litigation, where the burden of proof that the public servant has legally used his authority was placed on the public servant. In other words, the presumption of legality was thus in favour of the citizen and not of the decision (sec. 6(A)). This measure is certainly important, but it is already within the field of litigation, while the importance of the Law is in the realm of non-litigious procedure.In that situation, deliberate or negligent silence on die part of a public servant was enough to make the Law's provisions ineffective. The citizen could only bring an action before the High Court of Justice, a proceeding which is available in every case. Does this mean, therefore, that the 1958 Law did nothing more than to add another action, for failure to give reasons, to those generally available to the individual? If so, it set about it in a very roundabout way!
Note on the Publication of Israel's Treaties
Authors: Lapidoth Ruth 
Published: February 2016

An Israeli lawyer who reads Professor Engel's very interesting remarks “On the Evidence of U.S. Treaty Law” will feel like the poor man who reacted to a rich man's complaints by saying: “For you the diamonds are sparse, for me the soup is thin”.In Israel there are two official publications which give information about treaties:1) Kitvei Amana—Israel Treaty Documents; and 2) Yalkut HaPirsumim—Government Notices. The Ministry of Justice is responsible for these two publications but it follows the advice of the Foreign Ministry in all substantive matters concerning the publication of information on treaties.The treaties to which Israel has become a party are published in Kitvei Amana. So far, some 22 volumes have been published in this series. Bilateral agreements are published in the two languages in which the treaty was concluded, i.e., Hebrew and the official language of the other party. As to multilateral conventions, a Hebrew translation of them is published, together with the original text in one or two of the official languages of the treaty. For example, the English and the French version of the U.N. Charter were published, as well as a Hebrew translation. Together with the text of the treaty, some additional relevant information is also given: a list (with dates) of the signatures and ratifications of the treaty, date of its coming into force, date of its coming into force for Israel.
The Definition of Employee for Income Tax Purposes
Authors: Edrey Joseph M. 
Published: February 2016

The question of differentiating between an employee and an independent (self-employed) person has always been of primary importance in Israeli Income Tax law as a result of the various rules that distinguish these two types of assessees. In light of the adoption of the Ben-Shahar Commission's recommendations, this distinction has acquired even greater importance, as shall be explained.This article discusses the law as it stands at present, which is not to say that in our view the current law is ideal. On the contrary, it is our opinion that the distinctions between the employed assessee—employee— and the independent assessee—self-employed—ought to be abolished. However since Israeli law does draw such distinctions at present, we shall discuss whatis, de lege lata, and leave the discussionde lege ferendafor another time.
Abortion and Judicial Review of Statutes
Authors: Livneh Ernst 
Published: February 2016

It is difficult to see the connection between these two topics, but on 25 February 1975 the Constitutional Court of the Federal Republic of Germany gave a decision of great importance in both fields, and although Israel adheres to another system of law, in the opinion of the writer, this decision is of great interest here too.The amendment of the German law relating to abortions, whose constitutionality was examined in the judgment mentioned, is part of a reform movement spreading from Europe to the Americas in the West and to Russia, India and Singapore in the East. It began to have influence upon legislation between the two wars (Russia 1920, Scandinavia and Switzerland in the 1930's), but gathered momentum particularly during the last decade (one of the earlier laws in this series is the English Abortion Act, 1967; one of the latest, the French Law of 17 January 1975).
Reflections on the Protection of the Rights of the Individual: Form and Substance
Authors: Shetreet Shimon 
Published: February 2016

In the absence of a written constitution in Israel, the protection of fundamental rights of the citizens depends upon a variety of legal sources. In the course of resolving questions concerning individual rights, the courts rely upon statutory law as well as basic principles of democratic government and concepts of individual freedoms as expressed in the Israel Declaration of Independence and in international covenants.In the Draft Basic Law: Rights of the Man and the Citizen (hereinafter referred to as the Draft Basic Law), which has passed the first reading in the Knesset, the fundamental rights will be embodied into a written Basic Law. This Basic Law together with the Basic Laws already enacted and those in preparation will eventually become the Constitution of Israel. The chapter by chapter legislative policy for enacting Israel's Constitution was laid down in 1950 by the Knesset in what has become known as the Harari Resolution. In the last eight years the drive for legislating Basic Laws, i.e., the chapters of the future Constitution, has gained momentum. It is hoped, therefore, that the day when the State of Israel will have a Constitution is not very far off.The Draft Basic Law extends its protection over the basic civil rights commonly recognized by civilized nations and their constitutions and by international covenants. But social rights, except for the freedom of workers to “associate in labour unions for the protection and furtherance of their economic and social interests”, which is explicitly provided, are not dealt with in the Draft Basic Law.
Public Purpose as a Justification for Expropriation of Rural Land Rights in Ethiopia
Authors: Gebremichael Brightman 
Published: February 2016

AbstractExpropriation of private land rights involves two contradictory interests: there is a public need for land; and landholders expect security of tenure and protection of their private property rights. A satisfactory expropriation policy must strike a balance between these interests. Legislation must therefore only authorize the government to expropriate land rights for a clear and limited public purpose under the supervision of an independent body. The author argues that Ethiopia's rural land laws have defined the public purpose for the expropriation of rural land rights in different ways depending on the nature of the landholders. For peasants and pastoralists the public purpose requirement is defined vaguely and broadly, whereas for investors the concept is limited to projects implemented by government. The author argues that the protection of private property rights and security of tenure are further undermined by a legislative failure to authorize affected people to appeal to an independent body on the basis that the public purpose requirement has not been satisfied.