bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploitation of Cased Hole Reserves in a Mature Oil Field on Land in South Trinidad
Authors: Ramgarib-Mosadee Naline 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The issues and challenges encountered in exploiting cased hole reserves in mature oilfields on land in Trinidad, operated by Petrotrin, are presented, with mechanisms for overcoming these challenges.
Idle and uneconomic, low producing wells are identified as potential candidates and a documented workflow is followed. This opportunity is pursued on an annual basis via an NRT (New Reserve Type) project by the Petroleum Engineering Department. Conformance with the workflow provides a mechanism for risk mitigation. The petrophysical data set available for evaluating a prospective NRT is inadequate, electric logs are very old or not available. Production from the reservoir has changed the profile of the fluid content over the years and an electric log run in the past does not give a true reflection of the current fluid saturations. This leads to failed NRT’s. Net Oil sand maps in the past also do not reflect the current situation. It was also observed that poor cementation practices have given rise to situations where oil and water sands are poorly isolated.
Conforming to the documented procedures has minimized the risks and has resulted in successful NRT programs. The financial year 2014 – 2015 proved to be one of success for this project with an increase in oil production by 463 barrels of oil per day. Forty (40) recompletions were planned, to give an increase in production of 397 barrels of oil per day. Thirty eight (38) wells were attempted, of which thirty (30) wells were successfully recompleted and put on production.
The recent 3D seismic on land has provided a re-evaluation of reservoirs and structures and this is now being used as an input in improving the success rate. The learnings from this project play a significant role in informing the Company’s future business plans both in terms of upstream and downstream side of the business.
Since there are also a number of small operators, it is the intention to share our learnings so that these operators can cost effectively address the issues when encountered.
Microscopic Oil and Water Percolation Characteristic Investigation of Water Flood Reservoir in Ultrahigh Water Cut Period
Authors: Mi L. , Jiang H. , Pei Y. , Li J. , Tian J. , Xin Y. , Yan B. , Killough J. E. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Most of the water flood reservoirs in China, such as Shenli Oil Field and Daqing Oil Field have entered into an ultrahigh water cut period. The study of remaining oil percolation characteristics under microscopic pore scale plays an important role in enhanced oil recovery for ultrahigh water cut period water flood reservoirs.
In this paper, glass etching microscopic model experiments and computer image processing & recognition techniques are combined to reclassify the microscopic remaining oil flowing patterns which considering the flowing shape and the linkage among the oil, water and rock. Then we design different etching models, study the effect of pore-throat ratio, pore throat radius, coordination number, inject speed and oil viscosity on the flowing patterns and variation of microscopic remaining oil.
Research results indicate all the remaining oil in ultra-high water cut period can be classified into five categories: clustered stream, multi-porous stream, columnar stream, membranous stream and droplet stream. Among of the five categories, clustered stream possesses the largest proportion and is also the main factor of relative permeability curves bended. Meanwhile, as water saturation increases, clustered stream gradually transformed into other patterns, like multi-porous stream, columnar stream, membranous stream and droplet stream. Sensitivity analysis based on pore structure shows that: (1) the larger pore radius, the greater the maximum water saturation, the stronger capability of the continuous phase flow through porous media, and the smaller the clustered stream percentage; (2) the larger pore throat ratio, the easier broken the remaining oil and occurring as non-continuous phase in the pores, and the smaller the maximum water saturation; (3) the larger the coordination number, the better the pore connectivity, the smaller the maximum water saturation; (4) the smaller shape factor, the more complex the porosity, the smaller the maximum water saturation, the easier the remaining oil is transformed into a non-continuous phase". Meanwhile, the greater the oil viscosity, the smaller the maximum water saturation, while the greater the injection rate, the greater the maximum water saturation. Also we found that the occurring occasion of clustered stream inflection point is positively correlated to the maximum water saturation.
In this study, we not only provide the computation code which can recognize and analyze flowing remaining oil, but also explain the oil-water relative permeability curves non-linearity during ultra-high water cut period from the microscopic point of view. The achievements of this study are also the foundation of water flood reservoir ultra-high water cut period improved remaining oil sweeping efficiency and enhanced oil recovery.
An Evaluation of Sand Control Performance within a Field in the Trinmar Acreage
Authors: Judhan Suzan 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
An evaluation of sand control performance on wells in an area within the Trinmar acreage is presented. This evaluation was conducted to determine the causes of the failures and to recommend and implement procedures to improve the performance of the sand control jobs.
Petrotrin Trinmar Operations is located in the Gulf of Paria, south western Trinidad. There are four main producing regions and traversing the field is a major geological feature the Los Bajos fault.
Sand production in association with crude oil is one of the main issues affecting the production from wells and sand control techniques have been used as a mechanism to stop or reduce the production of sand.
For the purpose of this paper, sand control failure occurs when there is A decrease in production post sand controlContinued sand production resulting in sand accumulation of surface facilities andMechanical failures during the execution of the sand control job
A total of fifteen (15) jobs were evaluated. In this paper the process flow for sand control was reviewed and each activity in the process was critically reviewed ranging from design, selection of sand control type, execution and producing technique after sand control. The basis for the current design was examined and it was found to be dictated by current practices which appear to be successful in the other fields of the operation.
Attempts were made to examine peculiarities in reservoir characteristics and completion methods. It has been observed that within a specific area of the fieldLocation 13, the highest failure rate of sand control occurs.
The major failure type was a severe decrease in production post sand control. It was found that the high silt content of the reservoir was creating a reduction in permeability thus accounting for the drop in production and gravel sizing was based on current practice instead of sieve analysis of formation sand.
There was no evidence to suggest that the reduction in production was due to fluid compatibilities or clay swelling.
This paper reinforces the need for emphasis on the design phase with the necessary data set and detailed post job analysis. This would bring forth the most appropriate technical and economical solution which will result in the optimum exploitation of the reserves.
Trinidad and Tobago Natural Gas Industry Long Range Forecast
Authors: Sirinath B. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The audit of the natural gas reserves of Trinidad and Tobago neither provides complete knowledge of all the country's natural gas resources, nor does it provide a future industry production outlook. It does not take into consideration resources that are unknown, undeclared, or outside the scope of its audit ("Unaudited Resources"). These deficiencies are addressed through the Trinidad and Tobago Natural Gas Industry Long Range Forecasting Model.
The Model starts with that subset of the gas resources that has been audited as at 31st December 2014. The unaudited resources are then added together with scenarios of annual rates of natural gas production, resource discovery rates, and different policy measures. The "model' then generates projected demand and production scenarios for the natural gas industry.
Trinidad and Tobago is a vast, significantly under-explored and under-exploited hydrocarbon prone marine territory of over 70,000 square kilometers inclusive of 5,130 square kilometers of land. It has been a leader in the global hydrocarbon industry for over 400 years, which is 300 years more than the often quoted 100 years of commercial oil exploitation. It's current audited 3P reserves as at end of 2014 are ca. 23 TCF and the exploration resources are ca. 44 TCF. This paper asserts that at least a further 33 TCF of Unaudited Resources exist outside the scope of the audit a total of ca. 100 TCF. Based on this more comprehensive estimate, the Model predicts that the natural gas industry of Trinidad and Tobago has at least a further 100 years of life much longer than the R/P ratio of 8 or R/2P of 12.
This paper presents changes to the size of a country, its history and its predicted future by synthesizing knowledge available from different sources. It concludes that there is a much longer future for the natural gas industry in addition to the belief that there is enough time to create new sustainable economic activities to replace the economic contribution of the natural gas industry.
Utilization of Heat and Centrifuge Technology to Recover Crude for Sales from Slop Oil
Authors: Dubay Babita Angeli , Mottley Michael , Ram Ravi , Mungal Kendall 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The exploration and production of heavy oil often results in the formation of tight water in oil and oil in water emulsions that are stabilized further by the presence of paraffin, asphaltene, scale, corrosion inhibitors and other fine solids. This emulsion in its most stable form can be very difficult to break and often requires more than gravity separation and treatment with emulsion breakers. It is a well-established practice in the oilfield to utilize heater treaters in combination with emulsion breaker chemicals to treat slop oil. However some emulsions are so stable due to the presence of fine solids that they cannot be broken without the use of additional heat and centrifugal forces. This paper looks at a case study of the use of a process skid that utilized heat and two centrifuges: to treat stored slop oil that could not be separated to give saleable crude quality of &lt;2%BSW. The stored slop oil was tested in the laboratory to ascertain the impact of emulsion breakers, heat and a combination of both emulsion breakers and heat. However none of these solutions by themselves were found to be successful. The process skid utilizing heat and two centrifuges was successful in application in the field and stored slop oil was treated at a range of 600-800 bpd with an average rate of recovery of 42% saleable crude being achieved. This paper describes the process skid utilized and the challenges encountered in its operation and maintenance. It outlines the lessons learnt and the steps that were taken to optimize its usage to get the best rate of recovery of saleable crude in the shortest time possible.
Long‐term Effects of Rock Type on Appalachian Coal Mine Soil Properties
Authors: Nash Whitney L. , Daniels W. Lee , Haering Kathryn C. , Burger James A. , Zipper Carl E. 
Published: June 2016

Rock‐derived overburden material is used as a topsoil substitute for reclamation of Appalachian coal mines. We evaluated five mixtures (n= 4 each) of sandstone (SS) and siltstone (SiS) overburden as topsoil substitutes for 25+ years to quantify changes in mine soil properties. The study area was planted only to tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus(Schreb.)], but over 50 herbaceous species invaded over time. Standing biomass was highest in early years (5.2–9.3 Mg ha−1in 1983) and was strongly affected by rock type (SS > SiS), declined significantly by 1989 (1.5–2.4 Mg ha−1), and then increased again (2×) by 2008. However, there was no long‐term rock type effect on standing biomass. Rock fragments and texture differed after 26 yr, with fewer rock fragments in the SS‐dominated mixtures (53 vs. 77% in SiS) and lower sand and higher clay in the SiS‐dominated mixtures. Soil pH initially ranged from 5.45 (SS) to 7.45 (SiS), dropped for several years, increased in all SiS mixes, and then slowly declined again to 5.65 (SS) to 6.46 (SiS) over the final 15 yr. Total N, organic matter, and cation exchange capacity increased with time, and extractable P decreased. Chemical weathering was most apparent initially, but physical weathering of rock fragments and changes in texture continued throughout the study period. Influences of original rock mixtures remained apparent after 25+ yr in both physical and chemical properties of these mine soils, which remained much coarser than local native soils but were higher in pH, exchangeable cations, and extractable P.Core IdeasCoal mine overburden rock type controls initial and long‐term mine soil properties.Rock fragments significantly decreased and silt+clay increased over 25+ years.Mine soil pH quickly decreased, increased, and then decreased again over time.Mine soil CEC increased dramatically over time, primarily via humus accumulation.Rock type affected short‐term standing biomass but not over the long‐term.
Reflexión teofilosófica sobre los derechos humanos de las víctimas de la violencia en tiempos de postconflicto
Authors: Velásquez Orrego Dora Elena , Huelgos Sierra Ruth Liliana 
Published: June 2016

Este artículo emprende una reflexión sobre el conflicto en Colombia desde la perspectiva de derechos humanos con enfoque teo-filosófico. Para ello, se hace necesario hablar de la visión teológica entendida como acompañamiento humanizante a quienes se encuentran en condición de víctimas con miras a la recuperación de la libertad y la esperanza. Y de la filosofía como herramienta de análisis racional del sentido de la existencia humana, donde el ser humano se descubra a sí mismo como responsable de lo que hace, revelando al mismo tiempo, desde la acción que supone la ética, el poder de la voluntad como máximo valor. Este miramiento teo-filosófico, no solamente alude a las víctimas del conflicto armado del país, sino también, a las víctimas de otras situaciones que frente al conflicto armado parecen olvidarse o minimizarse.
Revista Perseitas Vol. 1, Núm. 1, (julio-diciembre 2013)
Authors: Zuluaga Mesa David 
Published: June 2016

La Revista Perseitas permite el encuentro de autores y temas en un ejercicio dialógico que funda comunidad académica y que fortalece, en un escenario donde se privilegia el quehacer técnico, la dinámica propia de las ciencias sociales y humanas, que si bien es cierto no se ha perdido, sí necesita oxigenarse. A propósito del nombre: Perseitas está conformado por la expresión Latina per, que según Santiago Segura Munguía en su Diccionario por raíces latinas y de las voces derivadas, traduce: a través de, por medio de, entre. Y la palabra latina se, entendida como: sí mismo, uno mismo. Per se, se entiende entonces como: por sí mismo, por sus propios medios (Segura, 2007). A partir del nombre de la revista se busca integrar el pensamiento de cada uno de los autores que en ella publiquen, dada la diversidad de perspectivas en torno a temas filosóficos y teológicos. Al reunir varias voces, distintas miradas y diversas conceptualizaciones, se busca que cada autor “per se”, manifieste su visión del mundo, sus reflexiones y experiencias, posibilitando ejercicios dialógicos en procura del fortalecimiento de la reflexión filosófica y teológica
PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER DI MADRASAH SALAFIYAH
Authors: Sa’adah Fihris 
Published: June 2016

<p class="IIABSBARU1">Theoretically, one of the dominant factors that influence the development of individual character are environmental factors which is a condition that allows the process of personal character development. Creating an conducive environment to the development of character Girikusumo Salaf Islamic School students is done by creating a tradition /habituation practical in everyday life in all their daily activities in relation to the quality of their religious or otherwise. Attempt the formation of character through this Salaf Islamic school in addition to the above character education, can also be done simultaneously through the educational value of the following steps. First, apply a “modeling” or “exemplary” or “uswah hasanah”. Second, efforts to explain or clarify to students constantly about the value of good and evil has been done in the Girikusumo Salaf Islamic School. Third, implement the SIS is based on character education.</p><p class="IKa-ABSTRAK">***</p>Secara teoritik, salah satu faktor dominan yang mempengaruhi perkembangan karakter individu adalah faktor-faktor lingkungan yang merupakan kondisi yang memungkinkan proses perkembangan karakter pribadi. Menciptakan lingkungan yang kondusif bagi perkembangan karakter di kalangan siswa Sekolah Islam Salaf Girikusumo dilakukan dengan cara menciptakan tradisi atau praktek pembiasaan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari yang terkait dengan peningkatan kualitas keagamaan atau kehidupan mereka. Di samping upaya di atas, pembentukan karakter juga dilakukan dengan simultan melalui penanaman nilai dengan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut: <em>pertama</em>, menerapkan pencontohan atau<em> uswah hasanah</em>. <em>Kedua</em> menjelaskan tentang nilai yang baik dan buruk. <em>Ketiga,</em> mengimplementasikan SIS yang didasarkan pada pendidikan karakter.
NILAI-NILAI PENDIDIKAN DALAM SURAT LUQMAN
Authors: Mukodi Mukodi 
Published: June 2016

<p class="IIABSBARU1">The result of this study —library research— showed that the values of Islamic education are contained in the Holy Qur’an surah Luqman verses 12-19. There are at least three basic education, namely aqidah education, syari’ah education and character education. Aqidah education, there are two things: (1) prohibition of associating partners with Allah. Luqman al-Hakim himself had to prioritize monotheism education (tauhid) to his children, (2) believe in the place of hereafter. Luqman ordered his children to believe the reward of all his deeds. Especially retaliation for our gratitude to Him for every blessing and our sense of respect for both parents. Syari’ah Education, there are two things, namely a command set up prayer and amar ma‘rūf nahy munkar. Character education, which is the command to ingratitude towards Allah SWT. For all the blessings and grace of God, we should be grateful to Him.</p><p class="IKa-ABSTRAK">***</p>Artikel ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan Islam termuat dalam al-Qur’an Surat Lukman 12-19. Setidaknya ada tiga tingkatan yaitu pendidikan aqidah, pendidikan syari’ah, dan pendidik­an karakter. Pendidikan aqidah meliputi dua hal: (1) larangan mensekutukan Allah. Lukman Hakim memprioritaskan pendidikan tauhid kepada anak-anak; (2)mempercayai hari akhir. Lukman Hakim mengajarkan kepada anak-anaknya untuk mempercayai balasan atas perbuatan yang dilakukan di dunia. Pendidikan syariah meliputi dua hal, yaitu mendirikan sholat dan <em>amar ma‘rūf</em><em> nahy munkar</em>. Pendidikan karakter meliputi perintah untuk bersyukur kepada Allah atas semua karunia-Nya.
STRATEGI PENINGKATAN MUTU PERGURUAN TINGGI AGAMA ISLAM BERBASIS BALANCED SCORECARD
Authors: Machasin Machasin 
Published: June 2016

<p class="IIABSBARU1">This study is a policy research, which use STAIN in Central Java as objects of research, while faculty, students, employees, officers and graduates of the unit being analyzed. The analysis technique used is exploratory descriptive. To implement the balanced scorecard at STAIN would require accurately data and documents, it is to be aware of changes in key indicators that can be used as the basis of evidence the organization’s activities. In this study, the perspective which used is the perspective of stakeholders, administrative and financial management, and the teaching and learning process, work ethos, culture and good governance. The results of the five perspective are referred to the differences of implementation, but for administrative and financial management perspective STAIN, in Central Java, faced the same thing that is the not optimal care units so that are still limited contribution to STAIN revenue.</p><p class="IKa-ABSTRAK">***</p>Kajian ini merupakan kajian kebijakan, yang menggunakan STAIN di Jawa Tengah sebagai obyek penelitian, dengan pejabat fakultas, mahasiswa, pegawai, dan lulusan yang menjadi obyek analisis. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah deskriptif eksploratif, dengan perspektif <em>stakeholder</em>, pejabat administratif dan keuangan, proses belajar mengajar, etos kerja, budaya, dan dan <em>good governance</em><em>.</em> Hasil dari lima perspektif ini menunjukkan adanya perbedaan implementasi, sementara dari perspektif pengelola administrasi dan keuangan menghadapi masalah yang sama yaitu tidak optimalnya unit-unit perawatan sehingga masih kecil kontribusinya bagi perolehan STAIN.
The Role of Mean Platelet Volume on Distinction of Submucosal Myomas from Other Etiologies in Increased Endometrial Thickness
Authors: Seçkin Kerem Doğa , Karslı Mehmet Fatih , Yücel Burak , Yılmaz Elif Akkaş , Öz Murat , Balsak Deniz , Kıyak Hüseyin , Yıldırım Gökhan 
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine whether it is possible to differentiate submucosal fibroids before interventional procedures based on mean platelet volume (MPV), in reproductive-age patients presenting with endometrial thickening and abnormal uterine bleeding.STUDY DESIGN: This study included 581 reproductive-age women who underwent diagnostic procedures (curettage or operative hysteroscopy) and were subsequently divided into two groups based on clinico-pathological findings. The first group included those with benign endometrial pathology (control group, n=438), and the second group consisted of those with submucosal leiomyomas (n=143). The demographic characteristics and complete blood count (CBC) data of these patients were collected retrospectively, and comparisons were made between groups.RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found between the groups according to demographic features and CBC parameters such as hemoglobin levels and white blood count (p>0,05). Platelet counts were significantly higher and MPV values were significantly lower in submucosal leiomyoma patients compared with the control subjects (p<0,05).CONCLUSIONS: MPV may be a useful predictive marker when differentiating submucosal leiomyoma from other benign causes of abnormal uterine bleeding. The ability to predict the possibility of the presence of submucosal leiomyoma before surgery can assist in determining the most appropriate type of invasive procedure.
A New Etiologic Factor for Adnexal Torsion: Congenital Omental Fenestrum
Authors: Fidan Ulaş , Fıratlıgil Fahri Burçin , Ulubay Mustafa , Keskin Uğur , Ergün Ali 
Published: June 2016

Torsion seen in ovary, fallopian tube or in both organs is one of the gynecologic emergency pathologies in patients suffering from acute lower abdominal pain, and it constitutes approximately 2.7% of gynecologic emergencies. Delays in diagnosis and treatment can cause ischemic damage, in that way can cause the risk of ovary, fallopian tube or both organs loss. Thus, it can result in fertility problems in people who are desiring future fertility.Although the etiology is not totally known, it has been thought that torsion risk has been increasing in benign cystic teratomas and ovarian tumors. It can be also seen in congenital situations such as vitellointestinal duct anomaly and people who have undergone pelvic surgery.In this article, a case for adnexal torsion developed in congenital omental fenestrum which is considered as a new factor for torsion etiology, was explained.