bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Double inferior vena cava and associated venous anomalies: a case report
Authors: Khamanarong K. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Introduction: Double inferior vena cava and associated venous anomalies are rare. Materials and Methods: In the present case study, during routine cadaveric dissection of the retroperitoneal region, an interesting venous anomalies was seen in the retroperitoneal region of a 70 years old embalmed male cadaver from the department ofAnatomy, Khon Kaen University, Thailand. Results: I describe here a case of double inferior vena cava (IVC) associated with double left suprarenal veins (LSRV) and double right testicular veins (RTV). Double IVC were connected with the transverse interiliac vein. While the upper LSRV is a tributary of IVC, the lower LSRV is a tributary of the left renal vein. Right testicular vein bifurcate at about the height of iliac cristae to form medial and lateral RTVs, which drain into right IVC at different heights. All these duplication and associated anomalies are assumed to occur during embryological development. Conclusion: These anomalies are rare, but the knowledge about the possibilities of such anomalies is of great importance during retroperitoneal surgeries, and interventional radiology.
Brain weights in adult africans
Authors: Salami A. , Ajani M. , Orhorho I. , Ogun G. , Adeoye A. , Okolo C. , Oluwasola A. , Ogunbiyi J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Introduction: The average brain weight of adult humans, using Caucasian figures, is said to be between 1300g to 1400g. Few studies have however been done to make actual evaluations of brain weights in adult Africans. This study seeks to examine the weight of brains from people of African descent with respect to variations in sex and age in decades using autopsy specimens. Materials and Methods: Analysis of the weight of brains removed from both male and female adult patients during fresh autopsy of their bodies in our center over a ten year period was done. The study criteria required non-involvement of the central nervous system in the cause of death. The brains were grouped based on age in decades and further grouped into early, middle and late age groups. Descriptive statistical analysis was done using SPSS 20 statistics software. Results: A total of one hundred and sixteen brains were included in the study and the mean brain weight was 1280g with a range between 1015g to 1590g. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean brain weight of the different age groups. The average male brain was heavier than those of females and the difference was statistically signiicant. Conclusion: The brain weight of adult Africans in our study is similar to that seen in Caucasians. There is no statistically significant difference in the brain weight of adults from early adulthood to the elderly adults. Male adults have statistically heavier brains than the females.
Evaluation of changes in the locomotion and histology of sciatic nerve following experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Chang S. , Wai S. , Chin P. , Lim J. , Mitra N. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Introduction: Involvement of peripheral nerves in the experimental model of multiple sclerosis (MS) is rarely observed. The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in the locomotion in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and correlate with histological changes, if any, in the sections of sciatic nerve and lumbar part of spinal cord. Material and Methods: C57BL/6 mice (10 weeks, n = 8) were immunized with single subcutaneous injection of 300 μg of MOG35-55 and 200 μL of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) to produce EAE models. Limp tail with weakness of hindlimb was observed on day 10 and improvement in the weakness was observed on day 20 onwards. Footprint analysis was done to evaluate the impairment in the locomotion on day 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 of the experiment. Results: One way repeated measure ANOVA found significant reduction in the mean hindlimb stride length on day 10 and 15 (left) and on day 15 and day 20 (right) when compared to mean stride length in day 0 (p<0.05). Histological analysis showed evidence of macrophage infiltration around the dilated blood vessels in the epineurium of sciatic nerve and evidence of damage in the myelinated white matter of lateral funiculus of the lumbar sections of the spinal cord in EAE mice. Conclusion: It is concluded that in mouse model of EAE, the impairment oflocomotion due to damage in the lumbar part of spinal cord can be associated with inflammatory changes in the sciatic nerve.
Mandibular and maxillary canine as a tool for sex determination
Authors: Mohsenpour K. , Gangadhar M. , Samehsalari S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Introduction: Teeth measurement assist in the forensic and anthropological investigation to estimate age, confirm sex and race of a person. Maximum resistance to change in a natural disaster and also the most level of sexual dimorphism in canines makes them important in mentioned fields. Materials and Methods: During this study, an effort has been created to determine the sex of a person by using Canine Index (CI) which calculated for mandibular and maxillary canines. Mesio-distal (MD) breadth of canines and also the respective inter-canine distances (ICD) were tested using the independent samples t-test revealed significant sex dimorphism among the 100 individuals (50 males and 50 females) of Iranian population in the age group of 18-35 years. Conclusion: It is evident from our study that the maxillary canine index (MaxCI) is a valuable tool for determining sex.
Men and women do not have the same relation between body composition and bone mineral density in Brazilian people
Authors: Alonso A. , Ribeiro T. , Ferreira R. , Duarte R. , Brech G. , Silva L. , Bocalini D. , Peterson M. , Maifrino L. , Greve J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Objectives: The main objective this study was to examine if lean mass and the adiposity related with BMD in a eutrophic population of Brazilian adults, in different sites and gender. Methods: A crossectional observational study, without intervention. One hundred non-obese men and women, aged 20-40 years, who did not practice regular physical activity were evaluated. Body composition analysis was conducted by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and multiple regression was used to examine the sex-specific association between adiposity and lean mass profiles. Results: Even after adjusting for age, sex, and BMI, total fat mass was inversely associated with total BMD (β=-4.52 g/cm2, p<0.01). Lean mass was positively associated with BMD and female groups. In our study the lean mass has a postive effect in BMD for eutrophic Brazilian adults, opposite of adiposity. Although when stratified by gender, in adults women lean mass and adiposity have positive effects on BMD, which did not happen with men.
Measuring Lava Flows With ArcticDEM: Application to the 2012–2013 Eruption of Tolbachik, Kamchatka
Authors: Dai Chunli , Howat Ian M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractArcticDEM is an open‐access collection of high‐resolution (2 m), repeat, digital surface models, created from submeter resolution, stereoscopic satellite imagery, covering the entire Arctic landmass. To demonstrate the application of this powerful new data source for measuring Earth surface change, we measure elevation changes resulting from the 2012–2013 eruption of Tolbachik volcano in Kamchatka, Russia, which reveals detailed variations in lava thickness. We estimate a total lava volume of 0.573 ± 0.007 km3 emplaced over an area of 45.8 km2 at a mean rate of 21 m3/s. Furthermore, the size and timing of eruptions over the past 2,000 years support the hypothesis that the combined eruptions of 1976–77 and 2012–2013 ejected much or all of the magma stored over the previous ~1,000 years, so that a multicentury repose is expected. The approaches developed in this study will guide future, expanded applications of ArcticDEM to mapping terrain change.
Energetic Electron Periodicities During the Cassini Grand Finale
Authors: Carbary J. F. , Mitchell D. G. , Kollmann P. , Krupp N. , Roussos E. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe Cassini F ring and Proximal orbits took the spacecraft closer to Saturn than any previous mission and allowed determination of energetic charged particles (E > 20 keV) in the inner magnetosphere of the planet. The periodicities of the energetic electrons show a remarkable consistency when analyzed using Lomb periodograms. From the beginning of the F ring orbits in October 2016 to the end of the mission in September 2017, the particles manifest a strong main period of 10.79 h ± 0.01 h, with small Doppler‐related signals slightly above and below this period. The signal‐to‐noise ratio of the main period indicates one of the strongest periods ever seen in Saturn's magnetosphere. As implied by latitude separation, the main period seems to be associated with the northern hemisphere. The 10.79 h period is exactly the same as the single period observed during the early part of the Cassini mission in 2005–6 when Saturn experienced southern summer. A simple rotating searchlight model can simulate the periodograms.
Geis, Gilbert (1925–2012)
Authors: Dodge Mary 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Gilbert Geis (1925–2012) was best known for his work in white collar crime. His prolific publications included a vast number of topics. In addition to books and articles on corporate and professional crime and deviance, he examined gangs, juvenile delinquency, victims, law, case study methodology, policing, prostitution, fraud, and gender. Geis received numerous awards during his career and served as the president of the American Society of Criminology. He received governmental grants to explore drug usage, rape, rehabilitation, and victims of crime. With over 500 articles and book chapters and 28 books, Geis's research and commentary represent one of the largest and varied body of works produced by a sociologist/criminologist.
Clinard, Marshall (1911–2010)
Authors: Yeager Peter Cleary 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Marshall B. Clinard (1911–2010) became one of the world's leading research criminologists over a career that spanned five decades. Spending virtually his entire academic career at the University of Wisconsin‐Madison, he conducted research in both the United States and abroad and on both conventional and white collar crimes. In all, his scholarship produced ten books, ranging from the definitive text on deviancy that has seen its 15th edition published in 2015 to his last book – on corporate corruption – when he was nearly 80. These books included important conceptual and theoretical contributions as well as creative comparative analyses of crime in other nations. But Clinard became most identified with his stream of research on corporate crime, the subject on which he wrote his final books. In this he followed the inspiration of his beloved graduate school mentor, Edwin H. Sutherland, who had established white collar crime as an important area of criminological research. Clinard became the leading scholar of his generation in this subject area. By then, however, his professional reputation had already been well established. In 1971 he won criminology's highest academic honor, the Edwin H. Sutherland Award, some years prior to his launching his pathbreaking research on corporate crime.
Big Data
Authors: Mather Mark , Jarosz Beth 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Data available for social science research is expected to increase exponentially in the coming decades, along with new tools and procedures to analyze them. These new big data resources present many opportunities for social scientists but also pose significant challenges. Big data allow researchers to observe actual behavior rather than relying on self‐reported information – providing the basis for real‐time, data‐based decision‐making. However, big data can also suffer from problems such as respondent recall bias, reporting error, and data entry error. In the social sciences, big data can be used to monitor public opinion, track emerging health issues, analyze social networks, and develop models to help predict crime and other behaviors. Big data also provide opportunities to reach hard‐to‐reach populations – those who may be reluctant to respond to surveys but who use social media on a regular basis. Statisticians and social scientists can help infuse appropriate methods into the process of analyzing big data to ensure that conclusions are not overstated. Effective research will require collaboration with researchers in other disciplines, including computer scientists, to create a new generation of “computational social scientists” who can effectively use big data to answer questions about human behavior and forecast change.
Base and Superstructure
Authors: Beamish Rob 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
In the preface to the first published installment of his critique of political economy, Marx presented the classic statement of the base and superstructure metaphor. Sketching the “guiding thread” of his work, Marx noted that humankind enters determinate, necessary social relations of production appropriate to a determinate developmental stage of the material forces of production. These relations, comprised of real individuals, their activity, and the material conditions in which they live, constitute the “economic structure” – the real basis of the legal and political superstructure and determinate forms of social consciousness. The material infrastructure, Marx maintained, was the real locus of fundamental transformation – not new ideas or changes in the superstructure. The social relations of production – property relations – initially facilitate but later fetter the development of the material forces of production, leading to social change. The material forces of production consist of raw materials, machinery, technology, production facilities and labor power. The conscious, revolutionary subject – the proletariat – is one of the productive forces. Similarly, the social relations of production include workers' aggregation in increasingly larger factories which could influence class consciousness and fuel revolutionary enthusiasm. Read this way, Marx's position is not objectively (or structurally) deterministic.
Du Bois, W.E.B. (1868–1963)
Authors: Dennis Rutledge M. , Dennis Kimya N. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractW.E.B. Du Bois (William Edward Burghardt Du Bois) (1868–1963) was a sociologist, historian, and philosopher, born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. He attended Fisk University, where he received his BA in 1888, then received a second BA from Harvard University in 1890, from which he was also awarded an MA (1891) and PhD (1895) with the dissertation, “The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America, 1638–1870.” Between 1892 and 1894 Du Bois studied at the University of Berlin. This experience would have enduring consequences on both his personality and his scholarship, though, as he stated in his classicSouls of Black Folk, his experiences at both Fisk and Harvard, prior to his European experience, had already shaped much of his views on race, class, sociology, history, and philosophy. Du Bois's scientific and philosophical astuteness is clearly seen in his prophetic and prescient statement that “The problem of the Twentieth Century is the problem of the color‐line.”
Mediation
Authors: Nicholls Brett 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe term “mediation” has historically functioned in four distinct ways. First of all, the concept has been employed as a third term in a triadic structure, mediating between one state of reality and another. Second, the concept refers to the technical means for transmitting messages, such as in mass media. In this second case, the relationship between the means and the message is examined. Third, the concept refers to the dominance of media in contemporary constructions of knowledge. Fourth, mediation refers to the process of linking nodal points in a network or an assembled structure, where reality is produced or performed. The first understanding has been the main focus of critical thought. The second developed in the context of industrial forms of mass media. And the third and fourth emerged as central aspects of contemporary techno‐capitalist society.
Middleman Minorities
Authors: Min Pyong Gap 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMiddleman minorities are characterized by their intermediate economic role, host hostility, and reactive solidarity. Their most important characteristic is their intermediary economic role (retail trade) between the producers of the dominant group and the consuming masses (minority customers), as we can see from the examples of the Chinese in Southeast Asian countries and Jews in medieval Europe. As a result of their intermediate economic role, they encounter prejudice and host hostility from both minority customers and producers of the ruling group. Middleman minorities' ethnic attachment helped them to establish and operate their businesses. Their experiences with host hostility have further solidified middleman minorities.
Reification
Authors: Beamish Rob 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Sociologists from several perspectives have critically addressed reification. In general, reification is a misplaced concreteness that occurs when an analytic or abstract concept is thought of or treated as a material reality. Through reification people regard human relations, actions, and ideas as independent of themselves, sometimes governing them. The abstraction “society” is frequently reified into something that has the power to act. Society does not act – people do. The significance of reification is found in Marx's discussion of “the fetishism of commodities” where social relationships appear as the relationships among things. For phenomenologists, reification is part of the natural attitude where human agents forget their own authorship of the lifeworld. In Bourdieu's work, doxa emphasizes reification in a similar manner where the existing world seems natural and inevitable.
Sorokin,PitirimA.(1889–1968)
Authors: Nichols Lawrence T. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA world‐class scholar of exceptional erudition, Pitirim A. Sorokin contributed much to the development of both academic and public sociology in Russia and in the United States. As a young man, Sorokin was deeply involved in politics, but he became disillusioned and devoted himself to scholarship, though always with an eye toward social issues. He held professorships at the University of Saint Petersburg, the University of Minnesota, and Harvard University. In 1937, Sorokin published his major work,Social and Cultural Dynamics, which introduced his mature approach, called integralism. Sorokin subsequently pioneered the sociological study and teaching of altruism. He also founded the Harvard Center for Research in Creative Altruism, helped organize the International Society for the Comparative Study of Civilizations, and served as president of the American Sociological Association. Since the late 1980s there has been an international resurgence of interest in Sorokin, most recently highlighted by the 2014 decision of the Komi Autonomous Republic to rename a university in his honor.
Space
Authors: Wasson Leslie 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Space has many faces, including individual, private, public, and “human” space. Although some theorists use the terms space and place interchangeably, they are not the same concept. A place is a social organization of space to which we have attached a particular meaning, and in which certain activities are more likely to occur. Space is the physical distance among the elements of which that place is constituted.
Validity, Qualitative
Authors: Lather Patti 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This entry tracks the shifts in how scientific knowledge is made credible in contemporary qualitative research. From standardized, regulatory practices to postepistemic discourses, it surveys new imaginaries that are situated and socially grounded. Continuing the work against the claims of scientism, it concludes with the validity‐to‐come given the “ontological turn.”
Band Structure and Photoelectric Characterization of GeSe Monolayers
Authors: Zhao Hongquan , Mao Yuliang , Mao Xin , Shi Xuan , Xu Congshen , Wang Chunxiang , Zhang Shangmin , Zhou Dahua 
Published: December 2017

AbstractGermanium selenide monolayer is promising in photoelectric applications for its natural p‐type semiconductor and complicated band structures. Basic experimental investigations of few‐to‐monolayer germanium selenide are still absent; major scientific challenge is to develop of techniques for controllably thinned monolayers. In this study laser thinned monolayer germanium selenide on SiO2/Si substrates is demonstrated. A broad photoluminescence spectrum with eight continues peaks is observed from visible to infrared wavebands centered at ≈589, 655, 737, 830, 1034, 1178, 1314, and 1456 nm, respectively. First‐principle calculations based on density functional theory illuminate the band structures of few‐to‐monolayer germanium selenide. Photoluminescence investigation combined with first‐principle calculations indicates that the indirect to direct bandgap transition happens at few layers of N = 3. Current–voltage and photoresponse characteristics of monolayer based devices show 3.3 times the photosensitivity and much faster falling edges compared with those of the pristine nanosheet based devices. The present results provide useful insight into deep understanding of thickness dependent performances of germanium selenide monocrystalline.
Synthesis of Sulfonated Benzo[d][1,3]oxazines by Merging Photoredox Catalysis and Insertion of Sulfur Dioxide
Authors: Liu Tong , Zheng Danqing , Li Zhenhua , Wu Jie 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA photocatalytic reaction of N‐(2‐vinylphenyl)amides, DABCO⋅(SO2)2 and arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates for the synthesis of 4‐((arylsulfonyl)methyl)‐4H‐benzo[d][1,3]oxazines under mild conditions is reported. This synthetic approach is enabled by merging photoredox catalysis and insertion of sulfur dioxide via a radical process. The specific role of photoredox catalysis in this transformation is supported by mechanistic investigations and theoretical calculations.magnified image
Brønsted Acid‐Mediated Formal [3+3] Annulation Between Propargylic Alcohols and 1,3‐Diketones
Authors: Han Ya‐Ping , Li Xue‐Song , Zhu Xin‐Yu , Sun Zhou , Li Ming , Wang Yu‐Zhao , Liang Yong‐Min 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA Brønsted acid‐mediated formal [3+3] cascade annulation of propargylic alcohols with 1,3‐diketones proceeds through a sequential Meyer−Schuster rearrangement/1,2‐addition. This protocol, which has a wide scope and is conducted under an ambient atmosphere, enables access to a broad array of valuable chromenone derivatives related to many natural products in satisfactory yields under mild conditions. This method could be scaled up to the gram scale, which highlights the latent applicability of this transformation.magnified image