bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forensic Phytopathology: a Critical Review
Authors: Bayman Paul , Serrato-Díaz Luz M. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTForensic phytopathology is the application of plant pathology to legal or criminal matters. It is an emerging field. The existing literature focuses mainly on potential agricultural bioterrorism threats to the United States. Here we try to take a broader view including agricultural bioterrorism, mycoherbicide applications to eradicate plants used for illegal drugs, civil cases involving charges of sale or movement of diseased plants, and mycotoxins. In several of the examples given the evidence is inconclusive, but the examples are no less interesting for that.
Induction of Immunological Tolerance as a Therapeutic Procedure
Authors: Waldmann Herman , Howie Duncan , Cobbold Stephen 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTA major goal of immunosuppressive therapies is to harness immune tolerance mechanisms so as to minimize unwanted side effects associated with protracted immunosuppressive therapy. Antibody blockade of lymphocyte coreceptor and costimulatory pathways in mice has demonstrated the principle that both naive and primed immune systems can be reprogrammed toward immunological tolerance. Such tolerance can involve the amplification of activity of regulatory T cells, and is maintained through continuous recruitment of such cells through processes of infectious tolerance. We propose that regulatory T cells create around them microenvironments that are anti-inflammatory and endowed with enhanced protection against destructive damage. This acquired immune privilege involves the decommissioning of cells of the innate as well as adaptive immune systems. Evidence is presented that nutrient sensing by immune cells acting through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway provides one route by which the immune system can be directed toward noninflammatory and regulatory behavior at the expense of destructive functions. Therapeutic control of immune cells so as to harness metabolic routes favoring dominant regulatory mechanisms has offered a new direction for immunosuppressive therapy, whereby short-term treatment may be sufficient for long-term benefit or even cure.
Anti-TNF Therapy
Authors: Udalova Irina , Monaco Claudia , Nanchahal Jagdeep , Feldmann Marc 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTTumor necrosis factor (TNF) is one of the most important cytokines produced by macrophages. TNF is a very important component of host defense, released very rapidly after all types of injuries and stimuli. The kinetics of TNF release are short, and so it is perhaps not surprising that prolonged TNF production is associated with pathology. This was first elucidated in rheumatoid arthritis but extends to other chronic inflammatory diseases such as Crohn’s disease and psoriasis. In this chapter, the discovery of anti-TNF therapy is reviewed, with its benefit but also its limitations. The potential of anti-TNF therapy in other diseases, e.g., cardiovascular and fibrosis, is discussed, as is the opportunity to define ways of blocking TNF synthesis.
Adaptive Characteristics of Innate Immune Responses in Macrophages
Authors: Arts Rob J. W. , Netea Mihai G. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
The innate immune system is considered to have no immune memory. However, lately there has been as shift in paradigm. Cells of the innate immune system, and especially monocytes and macrophages, are capable of building a nonspecific memory, resulting in either better or worse responses to secondary stimulations/infections, as a result of epigenetic changes. This review gives a general overview of the at-the-moment available data.
Toxoplasma gondiias a Parasite in Food: Analysis and Control
Authors: Hill Dolores E. , Dubey Jitender P. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTFoodborne infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and foodborne parasitic diseases, though not as widespread as bacterial and viral infections, are common on all continents and in most ecosystems, including arctic, temperate, and tropical regions. Outbreaks of disease resulting from foodstuffs contaminated by parasitic protozoa have become increasingly recognized as a problem in the United States and globally. Increased international trade in food products has made movement of these organisms across national boundaries more frequent, and the risks associated with infections have become apparent in nations with well-developed food safety apparatus in place.
Experimental Infection Models of Tuberculosis in Domestic Livestock
Authors: Buddle Bryce M. , Vordermeier H. Martin , Hewinson R. Glyn 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTIn this article we present experimentalMycobacterium bovisinfection models in domestic livestock species and how these models were applied to vaccine development, biomarker discovery, and the definition of specific antigens for the differential diagnosis of infected and vaccinated animals. In particular, we highlight synergies between human and bovine tuberculosis (TB) research approaches and data and propose that the application of bovine TB models could make a valuable contribution to human TB vaccine research and that close alignment of both research programs in a one health philosophy will lead to mutual and substantial benefits.
Socioeconomic disparities in preterm birth and birth weight in a non-Western developed setting: evidence from Hong Kong's ‘Children of 1997’ birth cohort
Authors: Leung June Y Y , Leung Gabriel M , Schooling C Mary 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundPreterm birth (PTB), low birth weight and small-for-gestational age (SGA) are associated with lower socioeconomic position (SEP) in developed Western settings, but it is unclear if such disparities persist to the same extent elsewhere, and whether associations differ by measure of SEP used. Here, we assessed the association of SEP with PTB, birth weight and SGA in the recently developed non-Western setting of Hong Kong where few women smoke or use alcohol.MethodsWe used multivariable logistic and linear regression to assess the associations of parental and neighbourhood SEP with PTB, birth weight and SGA among 8173 singleton births from the Hong Kong population-representative ‘Children of 1997’ birth cohort.ResultsThe only measure of SEP associated with PTB was type of housing adjusted for maternal age (p for trend 0.046). Highest paternal education had a small positive association with birth weight adjusted for gestational age (21 g, 95% CI 0.2 to 43 g for ≥grade 12 compared with ≤grade 9), as did residing in private compared with public housing (21 g, 95% CI 3 to 39 g). However, these associations did not persist after adjusting for mother's age. Lower neighbourhood Gini coefficient adjusted for mother's age was associated with a lower risk of SGA (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.98). None of these associations remained after adjusting for multiple comparisons.ConclusionsPTB, birth weight and SGA may be less clearly socially patterned in Hong Kong than other developed settings, highlighting the need for setting-specific interventions to prevent adverse birth outcomes.
Socioeconomic inequalities in a 16-year longitudinal measurement of successful ageing
Authors: Kok Almar A L , Aartsen Marja J , Deeg Dorly J H , Huisman Martijn 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundThis study examines to what extent education, occupation and income are associated with the multidimensional process of successful ageing, encompassing trajectories of physical, mental and social functioning in old age.MethodsWe employed 16-year longitudinal data from 2095 participants aged 55–85 years at baseline in the Dutch, nationally representative Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. For 9 indicators of successful ageing, separate Latent Class Growth models were used to identify subgroups of older adults with a ‘successful’ trajectory. A ‘Successful Aging Index’ expressed the number of indicators for which individual respondents had a successful trajectory (range 0–9). Using multivariate regression models, we investigated associations between socioeconomic position and the Successful Ageing Index, and with separate indicators of successful ageing.ResultsHigher education, occupational skill level and income were independently associated with higher numbers of successful trajectories. Education (β=0.09) was a slightly stronger correlate of successful ageing than income (β=0.08). Analyses of separate indicators of successful ageing showed that cognitive functioning, functional limitations and emotional support given were associated with all three components of socioeconomic position, while other indicators were associated with only one (eg, life satisfaction) or none (eg, social loneliness). For some indicators of successful ageing, socioeconomic inequalities were present at baseline, and also increased or decreased during follow-up.ConclusionsEducation, occupation and income represent distinct socioeconomic life course factors, each of which contribute in a specific way to inequalities in successful ageing. Physical and cognitive functioning were associated more strongly with socioeconomic position than social and emotional functioning.
Large-scale Radiomic Profiling of Recurrent Glioblastoma Identifies an Imaging Predictor for Stratifying Anti-Angiogenic Treatment Response
Authors: Kickingereder Philipp , Götz Michael , Muschelli John , Wick Antje , Neuberger Ulf , Shinohara Russell T. , Sill Martin , Nowosielski Martha , Schlemmer Heinz-Peter , Radbruch Alexander , Wick Wolfgang , Bendszus Martin , Maier-Hein Klaus H. , Bonekamp David 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Purpose: Antiangiogenic treatment with bevacizumab, a mAb to the VEGF, is the single most widely used therapeutic agent for patients with recurrent glioblastoma. A major challenge is that there are currently no validated biomarkers that can predict treatment outcome. Here we analyze the potential of radiomics, an emerging field of research that aims to utilize the full potential of medical imaging.
Experimental Design: A total of 4,842 quantitative MRI features were automatically extracted and analyzed from the multiparametric tumor of 172 patients (allocated to a discovery and validation set with a 2:1 ratio) with recurrent glioblastoma prior to bevacizumab treatment. Leveraging a high-throughput approach, radiomic features of patients in the discovery set were subjected to a supervised principal component (superpc) analysis to generate a prediction model for stratifying treatment outcome to antiangiogenic therapy by means of both progression-free and overall survival (PFS and OS).
Results: The superpc predictor stratified patients in the discovery set into a low or high risk group for PFS (HR = 1.60; P = 0.017) and OS (HR = 2.14; P &lt; 0.001) and was successfully validated for patients in the validation set (HR = 1.85, P = 0.030 for PFS; HR = 2.60, P = 0.001 for OS).
Conclusions: Our radiomic-based superpc signature emerges as a putative imaging biomarker for the identification of patients who may derive the most benefit from antiangiogenic therapy, advances the knowledge in the noninvasive characterization of brain tumors, and stresses the role of radiomics as a novel tool for improving decision support in cancer treatment at low cost. Clin Cancer Res; 22(23); 5765–71. ©2016 AACR.
TGFβR1 Blockade with Galunisertib (LY2157299) Enhances Anti-Neuroblastoma Activity of the Anti-GD2 Antibody Dinutuximab (ch14.18) with Natural Killer Cells
Authors: Tran Hung C. , Wan Zesheng , Sheard Michael A. , Sun Jianping , Jackson Jeremy R. , Malvar Jemily , Xu Yibing , Wang Larry , Sposto Richard , Kim Eugene S. , Asgharzadeh Shahab , Seeger Robert C. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Purpose: Immunotherapy of high-risk neuroblastoma using the anti-GD2 antibody dinutuximab induces antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Galunisertib, an inhibitor of TGFβR1, was examined for its ability to enhance the efficacy of dinutuximab in combination with human ex vivo activated NK (aNK) cells against neuroblastoma.
Experimental Design: TGFB1 and TGFBR1 mRNA expression was determined for 249 primary neuroblastoma tumors by microarray analysis. The ability of galunisertib to inhibit SMAD activity induced by neuroblastoma patient blood and bone marrow plasmas in neuroblastoma cells was tested. The impact of galunisertib on TGFβ1-induced inhibition of aNK cytotoxicity and ADCC in vitro and on anti-neuroblastoma activity in NOD-scid gamma (NSG) mice was determined.
Results: Neuroblastomas express TGFB1 and TGFBR1 mRNA. Galunisertib suppressed SMAD activation in neuroblastoma cells induced by exogenous TGFβ1 or by patient blood and bone marrow plasma, and suppressed SMAD2 phosphorylation in human neuroblastoma cells growing in NSG mice. In NK cells treated in vitro with exogenous TGFβ1, galunisertib suppressed SMAD2 phosphorylation and restored the expression of DNAM-1, NKp30, and NKG2D cytotoxicity receptors and the TRAIL death ligand, the release of perforin and granzyme A, and the direct cytotoxicity and ADCC of aNK cells against neuroblastoma cells. Addition of galunisertib to adoptive cell therapy with aNK cells plus dinutuximab reduced tumor growth and increased survival of mice injected with two neuroblastoma cell lines or a patient-derived xenograft.
Conclusions: Galunisertib suppresses activation of SMAD2 in neuroblastomas and aNK cells, restores NK cytotoxic mechanisms, and increases the efficacy of dinutuximab with aNK cells against neuroblastoma tumors. Clin Cancer Res; 23(3); 804–13. ©2016 AACR.
See related commentary by Zenarruzabeitia et al., p. 615
Therapeutics for Brain Metastases, v3
Authors: Steeg Patricia S. , Zimmer Alexandra , Gril Brunilde 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The role of blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability in the efficacy of brain metastasis therapeutics is debated. Both BBB-permeable and BBB-impermeable compounds were compared in a melanoma brain metastasis model using imaging through a cranial window. Only the BBB-permeable compound inhibited both the ∼30% permeable metastases and the ∼70% impermeable metastases. Clin Cancer Res; 22(24); 5953–5. ©2016 AACR.
See related article by Osswald et al., p. 6078
Incremental Learning on Non-stationary Data Stream using Ensemble Approach
Authors: Thalor Meenakshi Anurag , Patil Shrishailapa 
Published: October 2016

<span lang="EN-US">Incremental Learning on non stationary distribution has been shown to be a very challenging problem in machine learning and data mining, because the joint probability distribution between the data and classes changes over time. Many real time problems suffer concept drift as they changes with time. For example, an advertisement recommendation system, in which customer’s behavior may change depending on the season of the year, on the inflation and on new products made available. An extra challenge arises when the classes to be learned are not represented equally in the training data i.e. classes are imbalanced, as most machine learning algorithms work well only when the training data is balanced. The objective of this paper is to develop an ensemble based classification algorithm for non-stationary data stream (ENSDS) with focus on two-class problems. In addition, we are presenting here an exhaustive comparison of purposed algorithms with state-of-the-art classification approaches using different evaluation measures like recall, f-measure and g-mean</span>
Face Recognition with Modular Two Dimensional PCA under Uncontrolled Illumination Variations
Authors: S Venkatramaphanikumar , Krishna Kishore K. V. 
Published: October 2016

Person authenticaton using faces became one of the most popular security approaches for the last three decades. From the literature it is found that perofrmance of most of the methods used in recognition was limited due to uncontrolled conditions like illumination and pose variations. In this work, to address the limitations of uncontrolled environment, Modular two-dimensional Principle Component Analysis (M2D-PCA) is proposed. In this approach, the input image is partitioned into four equal segments and then Histogram Equalization is applied to reduce illumination impact caused due to varying lightening conditions. Then M2D-PCA algorithm is applied parallel on each segment and then all features extracted from the segments are fused with wieghted summation. Experiments are carried out on bench mark datasets like extended Yale database B, ORL and AR database. Results of the proposed approach produced good recognition rate with low computational time against various illumination environments.
Design of Microwave LNA Based on Ladder Matching Networks for WiMAX Applications
Authors: Ibrahim Abu Bakar , Mohamad Ali Ahmad Zamzuri 
Published: October 2016

<p>Advancement in the wireless industry, internet access without borders and increasing demand for high data rate wireless digital communication moving us toward the optimal development of communication technology. Wireless communication is a technology that plays an important role in current technology transformation. Broadband communication is a method of telecommunication that are available for transmitting large amounts of data, voice and video over long distance using different frequencies. Specifically, Low Noise Amplifier which is located at the first block of receiver system, makes it one of the important element in improving signal transmition. This study was aimed to design a microwave Low Noise Amplifier for wireless application that will work at 5.8 GHz using high-performance low noise superHEMT transistor FHX76LP manufactured by Eudyna Technologies. The low noise amplifier (LNA) produced gain of 16.8 dB and noise figure (NF) of 1.20 dB. The input reflection (S<sub>11</sub>) and output return loss (S<sub>22</sub>) are -10.5 dB and -13.3 dB respectively. The bandwidth of the amplifier recorded is 1.2 GHz. The input sensitivity is compliant with the IEEE 802.16 standards.</p>
The STRATEGY Study (Stress Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Versus Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography for the Management of Symptomatic Revascularized Patients)
Authors: Pontone Gianluca , Andreini Daniele , Guaricci Andrea I. , Rota Cristina , Guglielmo Marco , Mushtaq Saima , Baggiano Andrea , Beltrama Virginia , Fusini Laura , Solbiati Anna , Segurini Chiara , Conte Edoardo , Gripari Paola , Annoni Andrea , Formenti Alberto , Petulla’ Maria , Lombardi Federico , Muscogiuri Giuseppe , Bartorelli Antonio L. , Pepi Mauro 
Published: October 2016

Background—
Computed tomography coronary angiography (cTCA) and stress cardiac magnetic resonance (stress-CMR) are suitable tools for diagnosing obstructive coronary artery disease in symptomatic patients with previous history of revascularization. However, performance appraisal of noninvasive tests must take in account the consequent diagnostic testing, invasive procedures, clinical outcomes, radiation exposure, and cumulative costs rather than their diagnostic accuracy only. We aimed to compare an anatomic (cTCA) versus a functional (stress-CMR) strategy in symptomatic patients with previous myocardial revascularization procedures.

Methods and Results—

Six hundred patients with chest pain and previous revascularization included in a prospective observational registry and evaluated by clinically indicated cTCA (n=300, mean age 68.2±9.7 years, male 255) or stress-CMR (n=300, mean age 67.6±9.7 years, male 263) were enrolled and followed-up in terms of subsequent noninvasive tests, invasive coronary angiography, revascularization procedures, cumulative effective radiation dose, major adverse cardiac events, defined as a composite end point of nonfatal myocardial infarction and cardiac death, and medical costs. The mean follow-up for cTCA and stress-CMR groups was similar (773.6±345 versus 752.8±291 days;
P
=0.21). Compared with stress-CMR, cTCA was associated with a higher rate of subsequent noninvasive tests (28% versus 17%;
P
=0.0009), invasive coronary angiography (31% versus 20%;
P
=0.0009), and revascularization procedures (24% versus 16%;
P
=0.007). Stress-CMR strategy was associated with a significant reduction of radiation exposure and cumulative costs (59% and 24%, respectively;
P
<0.001). Finally, patients undergoing stress-CMR showed a lower rate of major adverse cardiac events (5% versus 10%;
P
<0.010) and cost-effectiveness ratio (119.98±250.92 versus 218.12±298.45 Euro/y;
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—
Compared with cTCA, stress-CMR is more cost-effective in symptomatic revascularized patients.
Comparing the penetrative stab performance of the UK HOSDB P1/B and Stanley Tools 1992 trimming blades on certified body armour specimens
Authors: Johnson AA , Bingham GA , Majewski CE 
Published: October 2016

This body of research assessed the penetrative stab performance of the United Kingdom Home Office Scientific Development Branch’s (HOSDB) P1/B certified blades against the readily accessible Stanley Tools 1992 trimming blade. All tests were performed against the HOSDB KR1-E1 impact energy of 24 Joules on HOSDB KR1 certified body armour specimens. Results demonstrated that the Stanley 1992 trimming blade posed a 30% greater stab threat in comparison to the HOSDB P1/B blade. This paper demonstrates the threat imposed by readily available utility blades and a requirement to enhance existing stab resistant body armour test procedures.
What Is “Best Achievable” Practice in Implementing the Enhanced Protein‐Energy Provision via the Enteral Route Feeding Protocol in Intensive Care Units in the United States? Results of a Multicenter, Quality Improvement Collaborative
Authors: Heyland Daren K. , Lemieux Margot , Shu Lin , Quisenberry Kristen , Day Andrew G. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackground: The purpose of this study was to determine what was “best achievable practice” with the implementation of a novel enteral feeding protocol (Enhanced Protein‐Energy Provision via the Enteral Route Feeding Protocol [PEP uP protocol]). Methods: This study was a multicenter quality improvement collaborative wherein we describe nutrition practices and outcomes within PEP uP sites. We report the minimum, average, and maximal site‐level performance on aspects related to nutrition practices and outcomes. Results: In 2014, 7 intensive care units (ICUs) in the United States implemented the PEP uP protocol. On average, over the first 5 ICU days, patients received 35% (site range, 26%–53%) of their prescribed energy requirements and 42% (site range, 29%–66%) of their prescribed protein requirements from enteral nutrition. In PEP uP sites, 71% (site range, 58%–95%) of patients received a semidigested formula within 72 hours of admission to the ICU, 72% had a volume‐based goal as the initial feeding strategy (site range, 47%–100%), 56% had prophylactic protein supplements (site range, 0%–100%), and 19% received prophylactic motility agents (site range, 0%–85%). Conclusions: There was variable success with the implementation of the different components of the PEP uP protocol. Improving the implementation of the various components may further increase nutrition delivery.