bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Article
Authors: Lamontagne Yves 
Published: April 2017

This is a report of recent developments in behaviour therapy in the treatment of phobias, observed while studying at the Institute of Psychiatry in London, England from July 1971 to May 1972. The modified flooding technique as practised by Marks and his team is less extreme than that employed by Stampfl. Furthermore it is more rapid and practical than Wolpe's systematic desensitization, while it is as efficient as this method in the treatment of specific phobias and surpasses it in the treatment of agoraphobia. In specific phobias flooding in practice gives better results than flooding in imagination. In agoraphobia the superiority of one part of the treatment over the other has not yet been demonstrated. The importance of prolonged exposure to the phobic situation is now obvious. This technique is not time consuming, the treatment is active, generally well accepted by the patients and improvement, both subjective and objective, is remarkable.
Lowering the Cost of Psychiatric Care
Authors: Smith Stuart L. 
Published: April 2017

This paper reports a four-year experience and includes follow-up data from the operation of a novel inpatient general hospital unit. The two main features of the unit are: a relatively brief duration of hospitalization; and the employment of nursing staff as therapists in exactly the way residents are usually used. The inpatient stay is considered to be a special opportunity for organizing important changes in the life styles and living arrangements of patients. It is also a time for making careful observations of behaviours and treatment trials. Daily interviews are conducted, including family members and other relevant persons. The nurse-therapists are trained to perform individual and family therapy as well as to organize all the social and environmental contacts. They conduct groups and behaviour therapies and are in charge of the planning for discharge. The patients here differ little from those in other general hospital units and the follow-up data show results to be at least as good as those reported anywhere else. The shortened hospital stay represents a considerable saving, and the use of the nurse-therapist has important implications for economies in the health care system. There are some problems with the role changes required to make this system work but it is felt that the benefits far outweigh the disadvantages.
Effect of Chlorpromazine on Rem Rebound in Normal Volunteers
Authors: Naiman J. , Poitras R. , Engelsmann F. 
Published: April 2017

The effect of chlorpromazine on the REM deprivation rebound was studied. Five normal subjects participated in the experiment which consisted of three periods of nine nights each. The first period was without medication, the second with medication and the third again without medication. Four dependent variables — Total Sleep Time, REM latency, REM time and REM percentage — were measured in each period as follows: baseline — three nights, REM deprivation — two nights and recovery — four nights. Analysis of variance (three-way classification) was computed in order to evaluate both the main effects as well as the interaction between medication and sleep conditions. The results showed significant difference over the three conditions of sleep — baseline, REM deprivation and recovery. While there were no significant differences due to medication the replication of the measurements in the same subjects proved to be a slightly significant source of the variance of the scores in all variables except REM latency.
Denial of Death and the Unconscious Longing for Indestructability and Immortality in the Terminal Phase of Adolescence
Authors: Gerald J. Sarwer-Foner 
Published: April 2017

This paper is an attempt to delineate some specific factors in the terminal phase of adolescence in the current social scene which act as impediments to becoming adult and accepting adult roles and responsibilities. Part of the problem is the adolescent's fear of dying and nothingness, which leads him to reject adulthood and its responsibilities as compromises indicating that one has accepted death and (if God does not exist) eventual nothingness. They long for and yet intellectually cannot believe in indestructibility and immortality. Their physical sense of well-being, their bodily development, their bursting with vigor and life only accents their fear of decrepitude, decay and death. They turn to their peer group for solace, to control loneliness and to love people like themselves. The role religion used to play in helping bridge this kind of impasse by offering hope for an on-going future — an afterlife — is discussed. The formerly valued role of adulthood, of elders, of acquired experience and wisdom has also been discussed in this framework. The ways in which anxiety, depressive feelings, guilt and hypochondriasis break through has been delineated, as have the denials and some of the defensive preoccupations with ‘goodness’ or ‘badness’, including food fads, physical well-being, fear of poisons, pollution and preservatives. The intense rage and frustration which adolescents can feel against parents who treated them, when children, as central to all, and who can no longer protect them from the ravages of a threatening and thus ‘bad’ world, has been discussed.
Comparative Therapeutic Factors in Schizophrenia
Authors: Gauthier R. , Panaccio L. , Kekhwa G. , Lefebvre G. , Tetreault L. , Bordeleau J. M. 
Published: April 2017

A comparative psychiatric study which evaluated the effects of milieu, group psychotherapy and occupational therapy on sixty-four chronic schizophrenic female patients has been described. These patients had been hospitalized for a mean period of seventeen years, eight months. Two of the factors, milieu and occupational therapy, did not significantly affect the patients' psychiatric condition as assessed by the three rating scales. The third factor, group psychotherapy, did significantly (p < 0.05) reduce the degree of anxiety without modifying the mental state or the behaviour. A fourth factor, repetition of the experiment, has been statistically analysed indicating that some elements deriving from the milieu may have been responsible for the higher degree of anxiety in the first group of patients.
Declining-Dose Drug Desensitization for Phobias
Authors: Mccormick W.O. 
Published: April 2017

In this paper the theoretical basis and technique of Declining-Dose Drug Desensitization are described. Encouraging results from an unselected series of 14 patients are reported, and the applicability of the treatment and the low cost in both patient and therapist time are examined. The contribution of the drug element to the acceptability and pleasantness of this treatment are discussed, with illustrations from psychophysiological investigations.
General Papers
Authors: Amyot Arthur , Messier Michel 
Published: April 2017

Following a brief review of the literature the article describes the deployment of psychiatric teams in isolated, deprived, rural areas. The visiting teams were put into operation according to the principles of community psychiatry and were acting mostly as consultants to the local resources. In a little more than a year, 1608 files were started, 25 percent of this number were for children. The number of adults requiring hospitalization outside the region was reduced from 170 to 47. Local hospitalizations were also studied, and conditions which resulted in the findings in this paper were examined. The usefulness and value of travelling teams in isolated rural areas is emphasized.
Mental Illness and Cultural Beliefs in a Southern Italian Immigrant Family: A Case Report
Authors: Goetzl Ugo 
Published: April 2017

Culture has a profound effect upon the manifestation of mental disorders. Unusual cultural beliefs are usually inadequate explanations for symptoms, no matter how bizarre the belief may be. Other parameters — genetic, family interaction, role expectation and so on — must be considered. Cultural beliefs can mask anxiety-laden intrapsychic dysfunction as well as maladaptive family behavioural patterns. Fulfilment of role expectation is a significant determinant of psychological functioning. Persistent awareness of psychopathology, together with a thorough familiarity with cultural aspects of an individual's background, is of utmost diagnostic importance. The absence of the latter leads to the danger of labeling and misunderstanding ‘symptoms’; the absence of the former can lead to the situation described in this case report. Therapeutic endeavours must be multi-variant, and cultural consideration is but one important aspect.
Family Placement — in France
Authors: Palframan David S. 
Published: April 2017

A family placement service program wherein stabilized mental patients are placed with families to whom they are not related is described. The service is located south of Paris, France, and is likely to be adaptable to the areas adjacent to any large city. Family recruitment and patient selection criteria are described and the role of the social worker-psychiatrist team is reviewed. The families and patients appear to function best when a situation of mutual need exists. The patient population and the therapeutic results over a brief follow-up period are described statistically.
Clomipramine HCL — A Double-Blind Study of a New Antidepressant Drug
Authors: Mcclure D.J. , Low G.L. , Gent M. 
Published: April 2017

A double-blind study was carried out comparing the antidepressant and anxiolytic properties of clomipramine HCL (a new antidepressant) and imipramine on a group of 24 subjects suffering from psychotic depression. The patients were divided into two groups of twelve by random sampling. Clinical assessments were made by two independent psychiatrists using the Hamilton Depression Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory, and also by a psychologist using the Welsh Anxiety Index of the MMPI and IPAT scales. The assessments were carried out one day prior to treatment and on the 5th, 10th, 15th, 22nd and 44th day after treatment commenced. Clomipramine HCL was found to be as effective as imipramine in the treatment of depression, and it also showed similar anxiolytic properties. There were no significant changes in the laboratory tests carried out before and after the treatment program was completed in both treatment groups.
Depression and Mania Associated with Kleine-Levin-Critchley Syndrome
Authors: Jeffries J. Joel , Lefebvre Arlette 
Published: April 2017

This is the fortieth reported case of K-L-C syndrome in the world and the second case reported in Canada. A study of this particular case, together with a review of the literature, is presented to clarify the phenomenology of this syndrome. Three aspects are emphasized: a) The presence of this syndrome in women is confirmed although the male-female ratio is 9:1. b) Rather than occurring in schizoid persons, as previously suggested, the syndrome is in fact an affective disorder which is closely related to manic-depressive psychosis, which may also have periods of delirium or pre-delirium associated with the hypersomnia spells. c) The occasional temporal association of a disorder of sleeping and eating, with menstruation and often accompanied by evidence of organicity, suggests a diencephalic problem. The further association of this disorder with affective changes suggests that manic-depressive psychosis should be considered as a possible disease of the diencephalon, rather than as a ‘functional’ psychosis with diencephalic signs.
Etude D'Un Cas De Transsexuel Male
Authors: Martel Pierre G. 
Published: April 2017

The case reported illustrates the sexual behaviour pattern described briefly in category No. 6 of Benjamin's Sex Orientation Scale. Neither observation of the patient nor the material reported revealed any sign of castration anxiety. The identification of the patient appears in all respects to be a real and complete identification as a female. The indications for conversion intervention are those already reported in the literature. The post-operative course of this patient for the last year has been uneventful. Signs of depression, suicidal gestures or wishes, and hysterical features have all disappeared. ‘His’ beard has been destroyed by electrolysis. He is happier, strives for something more, particularly a better husband, and is generally more relaxed and behaves in a more acceptable way.
Psychiatric Status of the Marihuana User
Authors: Marcus Anthony M. , Klonoff Harry , Low Morton 
Published: April 2017

This paper is concerned with the psychiatric evaluation of 81 volunteers in a marihuana project. The psychiatric status has been evaluated in a standard manner and the drug history, both prescribed and non-prescribed, has been determined. A method of classification of the non-adverse and adverse drug effects is suggested. Observations are made with respect to the subjective responses of the volunteers in regard to their drug intake, and these are compared to the hard data obtained in the neurophysiological and neuropsychological parts of the study and from fifteen key papers reviewed. The serious lack of precise methodological design and the need for more accurate information with respect to placebo effects, suggestibility and the social set in the area of marihuana use are noted.
The Relationships between Measures of General Depression and the Endogenous versus Reactive Classification
Authors: Costello C. G. , Christensen S. J. , Rogers T. B. 
Published: April 2017

The Pilowsky Questionnaire and a number of self-report measures of general depression were administered to 95 patients, mostly consecutive admissions to the psychiatric unit of a general hospital. There were high correlations (mean = .72) between the scores on the measures of general depression and the scores on the reactive and endogenous scales of the Pilowsky Questionnaire. The correlations between the scores on the measures of general depression and the classification score from the Pilowsky Questionnaire were generally low (mean = .33). The implications of these findings for the issue concerning the unitary or binary nature of depression are discussed .
Differential Diagnosis of Schizophrenic and Nonschizophrenic Adolescents by Tests Based on Interference Theory
Authors: MacCrimmon D. J. , Sigal J. J. , Streiner D. L. 
Published: April 2017

Interference theory is proposed as one of the better current constructs that may explain schizophrenic deficits. A battery of psychological tests that embody competing stimuli was created. Consecutive adolescent patients admitted to a general hospital psychiatric inpatient service were tested. The patients were diagnosed as schizophrenic or nonschizophrenic, based on classical symptomatology. Both groups were comparable in terms of age, years of schooling, and medications given. The results showed that although all group mean differences were in the predicted direction, only one measure, the Competing Voices Task, significantly differentiated between the two groups. A discriminant function and classification analysis showed that a function could be derived which correctly classified 8 of the 9 subjects in the nonschizophrenic group, and 9 out of the 12 in the schizophrenic group, solely on the basis of their scores on two of the measures. Adding the other variables did not increase the discriminating ability of the test battery as a whole. A general hypothesis was proposed relating to sufficient conditions for the evocation of a schizophrenic deficit, and the difficulties of applying current theories were underlined.
The Introduction of a Crisis Unit in a Mental Hospital
Authors: Voineskos George , Morrison M. F. , Jain R. C. 
Published: April 2017

A community oriented Crisis Unit was introduced in a mental hospital as an integral part of a comprehensive Clinical Service. The unit is doing crisis assessment and intervention for patients referred to this Clinical Service and a 72-hour inpatient or day-care crisis oriented therapy.The locale, the organization of the team and the work of the unit are described. Data are given regarding the number of patients seen during the first six months, of those admitted and of those discharged within 72 hours or transferred to another unit of the service. Additional data referring to the patients admitted to the Crisis Unit and during a corresponding six-month period of the previous year when the Unit was not operating are also given. The reduction of the inpatient population of the service and the associated financial savings are outlined.The management of the Unit on an open-door policy is described. The impact of the Unit on the treatment programs of the other units of the service is discussed.It is suggested that crisis therapy oriented units should be considered an essential and integral component of the psychiatric services offered by mental or general hospitals. Comparative studies of patient populations before and after the introduction of such units and long-term follow-up evaluative studies are required.
The Psychological Implications of Organ Transplantation — A Selective Review
Authors: Freebury D. R. 
Published: April 2017

Organ transplantation presents society with a number of ethical and legal problems such as the validity of removing healthy organs from healthy donors, and implanting them into recipients who cannot be guaranteed success, the competence of living donors to give their consent, and the problems of timing of death where cadaver organs are used. The selection of recipients is primarily a medical one with surprisingly few psychiatric contraindications. This is similarly true for living donors, but in both recipients and donors there are psychological issues which have been subject to considerable debate. Some workers have observed that almost exclusively positive effects in donors lead to the suggestion that growth by crisis resolution is the expected outcome, but other workers contradict this, noting that depression, resentment and hostility with an increase in psychiatric referral is the rule. Innovative surgery, particularly where it is dramatic and appealing to the information media, and also where it is accompanied by high risk always seems initially to be associated with undesirable psychological sequelae which diminishes in severity and frequency as the surgery becomes an accepted practice. No doubt several factors are involved, not the least of which is the psychiatric contribution to the prediction, prophylaxis and treatment of such sequelae. Organ transplantation provides an opportunity to learn more about some very early psychic phenomena such as introjection and incorporation, and what part psychic events have to play in the process of organ rejection. It is clear there is a continuing role for the psychiatrist both as a member of the treatment team and as a researcher in this field.
Suicide and Abnormalities of Consciousness
Authors: Chuaqui Constantino 
Published: April 2017

This paper postulates that abnormalities of consciousness can play an important role in the psychopathology of suicide and also as major factors leading to self destruction. Five cases, chosen both from the literature and from personal clinical experience, are presented to illustrate how consciousness disturbances can lead to suicide. The concept of passive attention of William James is considered as highly relevant, not only during sleep mentation but also during consciousness abnormalities. It would appear that this mechanism produces a substantial restriction in the capacity to see alternatives other than suicide as a solution to solve conflict situations. It is suggested that further clinical investigation should be devoted to this aspect of the psychopathology and phenomenology of suicide.
Psychiatric Problems of the Deaf Child
Authors: Goldberg Benjamin , Lobb Harold , Kroll Hilda 
Published: April 2017

The presence of deafness in children creates a higher risk for emotional maladjustment. In a group of 172 deaf children seen at CPRI over 70 percent had an additional central nervous system disorder. Specialized audiometric and psychometric testing must be used to differentiate deaf children from other psychiatric disorders in children. There is a void in our knowledge regarding the cause of brain damage in a significant number of deaf children, despite early diagnosis. Familial type deafness, although a significant cause of deafness in some studies was not significant at a children's mental health setting. Mental retardation and severity of deafness are not related and care must be taken not to mislabel each handicap because of their different needs, despite the fact that the conditions do merge.Deafness does not produce any specific psychiatric syndrome, although more hyperkinetic and immature deaf children were seen in this study. ‘Pathological’ homes are associated with antisocial disorders in deaf children, as they are with normal hearing, delinquent children. So-called ‘good’ homes err on the side of protectiveness, resulting in dependent, immature, anxious deaf children. The presence of mental retardation and deafness reduced the perplexity of mothers but will more likely lead to separation from the family. There is a tightening of parenting bonds to healthy siblings of a deaf child with possible exclusion of the deaf child. Some staff in a mental health setting should be trained in ‘manualisms’ but all can reach out to the deaf child. Further studies of this kind can lead to better understanding of psychological problems in the deaf child, which in turn can lead to improved parenting and serve as a base to the development of preventive mental health programs.
Manic-Depressive Psychosis and DRug Abuse
Authors: El-Guebaly N. 
Published: April 2017

Many publications explore the causal relationship between psychiatric illness and drug abuse, but less information is available regarding the complications encountered in the diagnoses and management. Manic-depressive psychoses are reported by several authors to be underdiagnosed, and some cases may actually present a picture of alcoholism. The presence of manic-depressives among drug abusers is demonstrated in this report, and case summaries of manic-depressive patients with variable patterns of drug abuse are presented. Patterns of drug abuse as self-medication or as part of an identification process are observed; however, a controlled experimentation independent of the cyclic pattern of the illness is possible. Availability appears to be the important social determinant as to the type of drug taken.