bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improvement of thermal stability of p‐type ZnO:(Al,N) fabricated by oxidizing Zn3N2:Al thin films
Authors: Wang Y. F. , Song D. Y. , Li L. , Li B. S. , Shen A. , Sui Y. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe authors report the fabrication of p‐type ZnO thin films with improved thermal stability. The p‐type ZnO thin films were obtained by oxidizing Zn3N2:Al thin films in an oxygen ambient. Both Zn3N2:Al and Zn3N2 thin films were deposited on fused silica substrates at 100 °C by megnetron sputtering. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurements showed that the ZnO thin films obtained from by oxiding Zn3N2:Al, have preferred (002) orientation. On the other hand, ZnO films obtained by oxidizing Zn3N2 are polycrystalline. The optical band gap of ZnO (3.294 eV) obtained by annealing Zn3N2:Al thin films is narrower than that of the ZnO (3.31 eV) obtained by annealing Zn3N2. P‐type ZnO films were formed by annealing Zn3N2:Al at temperatures above 600 °C. A maximum hole density of 1.4 x 1016 cm‐3 was obtained in a film annealed at 800 °C. In contrast, only n‐type ZnO can be produced from oxidizing Zn3N2. Our results indicate that the Al can stabilize the nitrogen acceptors in ZnO thin films. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of NH3 flow on incorporation efficiency of Al composition and reduction of surface donor states in AlGaN grown by MOVPE
Authors: Gao Tao , Xu Ruimin , Zhang Dongguo , Li Zhonghui , Peng Daqing , Don Xun , Chen Tangsheng 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe have studied the effect of various ammonia (NH3) flow rates on AlGaN film grown on GaN using c‐plane sapphire as substrate by metal organic chemical vapour deposition. The influences of NH3 flow on the species diffusion anisotropy of thick AlGaN films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and high‐resolution X‐ray diffraction measurements. It is demonstrated that, in addition to the larger NH3 flow, growth of the AlGaN epilayer under the same trimethylaluminum (TMAl) flow condition as others is a critical factor for less micro‐cracks. The results of X‐ray double crystal diffraction showed that the AlGaN films with larger ammonia flow exhibited lower Al content and smaller (0002) rocking curve width, and while NH3 flow rate reached 23 liter per minute, a (0002) rocking curve width of 295 arcsecond was reached. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Application of indium tin oxide to the p‐cladding layers of yellow/green II‐VI compound semiconductor laser diode structures on InP substrates
Authors: Fukushima Koji , Shiraishi Tomohiro , Kobayashi Ryohei , Kishino Katsumi , Nomura Ichirou 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe application of indium tin oxide (ITO) as the p‐cladding layer of II‐VI compound semiconductor laser diodes (LDs) on InP substrates was investigated. The waveguide analysis of the LD structures revealed that the optical confinement effect around the active layer was obviously improved by changing the p‐cladding layer from the conventional MgSe/BeZnTe superlattice to ITO. For example, the estimated optical confinement factors were 0.15 and 0.27 for the conventional and ITO LD structure, respectively, when the emission wavelength was 580 nm. In addition, we investigated optimum LD structures, considering the optical and carrier confinements at the active layer. In experiments, light emitting devices with an ITO layer were fabricated on InP substrates via molecular beam epitaxy and radio‐frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. Yellow emissions at 582 nm were observed by current injections at room temperature. These results indicate that ITO is a promising p‐cladding layer material for II‐VI LDs on InP substrates. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Measurement of oxygen isotope ratios (18O/16O) of aqueous O2 in small samples by gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Pati Sarah G. , Bolotin Jakov , Brennwald Matthias S. , Kohler Hans‐Peter E. , Werner Roland A. , Hofstetter Thomas B. 
Published: February 2016

RationaleOxygen isotope fractionation of molecular O2 is an important process for the study of aerobic metabolism, photosynthesis, and formation of reactive oxygen species. The latter is of particular interest for investigating the mechanism of enzyme‐catalyzed reactions, such as the oxygenation of organic pollutants, which is an important detoxification mechanism.MethodsWe developed a simple method to measure the δ18O values of dissolved O2 in small samples using automated split injection for gas chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS). After creating a N2 headspace, the dissolved O2 partitions from aqueous solution to the headspace, from which it can be injected into the gas chromatograph.ResultsIn aqueous samples of 10 mL and in diluted air samples, we quantified the δ18O values at O2 concentrations of 16 μM and 86 μM, respectively. The chromatographic separation of O2 and N2 with a molecular sieve column made it possible to use N2 as the headspace gas for the extraction of dissolved O2 from water. We were therefore able to apply a rigorous δ18O blank correction for the quantification of 18O/16O ratios in 20 nmol of injected O2.ConclusionsThe successful quantification of 18O‐kinetic isotope effects associated with enzymatic and chemical reduction of dissolved O2 illustrates how the proposed method can be applied for studying enzymatic O2 activation mechanisms in a variety of (bio)chemical processes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neither counterfeit nor paradise: The carrying capacity of pre‐Columbian ecosystems in Brazil
Authors: Bucciferro Justin R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe size of Brazil's population before colonization is indicative of the devastation from slavery, disease, and general upheaval that followed. The question is controversial, however: The coast and Amazon floodplains were heavily settled, yet the extent to which complex societies occupied the upland forests and savannas is uncertain. The carrying capacities of 461 indigenous domains east of 57°W longitude are estimated using 3 approaches: a predator–prey model of energy flow calibrated with remote‐sensing data; feasible yields of maize, manioc, beans, and potatoes; and protein availability from hunting. Native ecosystems were capable of sustaining dozens of people per square kilometer, but the actual density was probably closer to a lower bound of 0.50. Within Amazonia, the floodplain could have supported several times more inhabitants than plateau forests, savannas, or scrubland. The overall standard of living was likely higher than commonly believed, although life in prehistoric Brazil was nonetheless far from “paradise.”
Shareholder perceptions of the changing impact of CEOs: Market reactions to unexpected CEO deaths, 1950–2009
Authors: Quigley Timothy J. , Crossland Craig , Campbell Robert J. 
Published: February 2016

Research summary: Despite a number of studies highlighting the important impact Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) have on firms, several theoretical and methodological questions cloud existing findings. This study takes an alternative approach by examining how shareholders' perceptions of CEO significance have changed over time. Using an event study methodology and a sample of 240 sudden and unexpected CEO deaths, we show that absolute (unsigned) market reactions to these events in U.S. public firms have increased markedly between 1950 and 2009. Our results indicate that shareholders act in ways consistent with the belief that CEOs have become increasingly more influential in recent decades.Managerial summary: With Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) facing increased scrutiny and receiving ever‐increasing pay packages, substantial debate exists about their overall contribution to firm outcomes. While prior research has sought to calculate the proportion of firm outcomes attributable to the CEO, this study takes an alternative approach by using the “wisdom of the crowds” to assess how shareholders think about the importance of CEOs. Our study finds that shareholders, perhaps the most financially motivated stakeholder, view CEOs as increasingly important drivers of firm outcomes, good and bad, versus their peers from decades earlier. Notably, market reaction to the unexpected death of a CEO has increased steadily over the last six decades, highlighting the importance of succession planning and supporting, at least partially, the increased compensation given today's top executives. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Axial loading capacity of concrete‐jacketed RC columns with pre‐ and post‐corrosion damage
Authors: Zhao Yuxi , Zhang Dawei , Shen Shijun , Ueda Tamon 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of pre‐ and post‐jacketing corrosion and loading damage on concrete‐jacketed reinforced concrete (RC) columns under uniaxial loading and to develop a methodology for predicting the corresponding compressive strength. The pre‐ and post‐damage involved preloading up to 50 % of the peak load of the core column, an electrochemical process to accelerate the migration of chlorides from an external electrolyte into the test columns and a wetting–drying cycle process with a controlled current to speed up the corrosion of the steel reinforcing bars in the test columns. Uniaxial loading tests were performed to determine the structural performance of the concrete‐jacketed columns with and without corrosion damage. The failure mode and load–displacement and load–strain responses of the test columns were recorded, and the related mechanisms are discussed. A model capable of evaluating the compressive strength of unjacketed or jacketed RC columns with and without corrosion damage was then developed. The analytical approach considered the effect of reinforcement corrosion on the effective loadbearing area of the concrete and the confinement effect of the stirrups. The analytical results agree well with the experimental results, indicating the reliability and effectiveness of the models developed.
Ongoing Response in BRAF V600E-Mutant Melanoma After Cessation of Intermittent Vemurafenib Therapy: A Case Report
Authors: Dooley Andrew J. , Gupta Avinash , Middleton Mark R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe selective BRAF inhibitors vemurafenib and dabrafenib yield high response rates and improved overall survival in patients with BRAF V600E-mutant metastatic melanoma. Treatment traditionally continues until disease progression or the development of unacceptable toxicity. Acquired drug resistance and toxicity are key challenges with the use of these drugs. Resistance to vemurafenib usually develops within 6–8 months. Management of drug toxicity typically involves stopping vemurafenib until resolution, before restarting at a lower dose, or permanently ceasing vemurafenib therapy. We have recently considered whether intermittent dosing could be used as an alternative to dose reduction/termination in the management of vemurafenib toxicity. One patient treated with intermittent vemurafenib was an 89-year-old woman with metastatic melanoma, who initially showed a good response to continuous dosing. Recurrent toxicity meant that the continuous vemurafenib dosage was repeatedly ceased before restarting at a lower dose. Ten months after vemurafenib was first begun, an intermittent dosing regimen was introduced in an attempt to control toxicity. This continued for 2 months, before cessation due to continued unacceptable toxicity. A further 24 months later, the patient remains fit and well in complete clinical remission, with no recurrence of her previous melanoma and no new primary malignancies. To the best of our knowledge, a continued response after the cessation of selective BRAF inhibitors has never before been described in melanoma. Induction of an immune response and/or epigenetic changes could explain continued disease response after cessation of vemurafenib therapy. Care should be taken when extrapolating the findings from the continued response after vemurafenib cessation to other tumour types. We recommend the collection and analysis of data to investigate the clinical responses seen after cessation of vemurafenib due to intolerable toxicities, which could help further explain vemurafenib’s mechanism of action.
Impact of percutaneous coronary intervention timing on 5-year outcome in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. The ‘wait a day’ approach might be safer
Authors: Oosterwerff Erik F.J. , Fagel N. D. , Slagboom T. , Tijssen J. G. P. , Herrman J. P. , Smits P. C. , Suttorp M. J. , Ronner E. , Laarman G. J. , Patterson M. S. , Amoroso G. , Vink M. A. , van der Schaaf R. J. , Verheugt F. W. A. , Riezebos R. K. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

Background
The OPTIMA trial was a randomised multicentre trial exploring the influence of the timing of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on patient outcomes in an intermediate to high risk non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) population. In order to decide the best treatment strategy for patients presenting with NSTE-ACS, long-term outcomes are essential.

Methods
Five-year follow-up data from 133 of the 142 patients could be retrieved (94 %). The primary endpoint was a composite of death and spontaneous myocardial infarction (MI). Spontaneous MI was defined as MI occurring more than 30 days after randomisation. Secondary endpoints were the individual outcomes of death, spontaneous MI or re-PCI.

Results
No significant difference with respect to the primary endpoint was observed (17.8 vs. 10.1 %; HR 1.55, 95 % CI: 0.73–4.22, p = 0.21). There was no significant difference in mortality rate. However, spontaneous MI was significantly more common in the group receiving immediate PCI (11.0 vs. 1.4 %; HR 4.46, 95 % CI: 1.21–16.50, p = 0.02). We did not find a significant difference between the groups with respect to re-PCI rate.

Conclusion
There was no difference in the composite of death and spontaneous MI. The trial suggests an increased long-term risk of spontaneous MI for patients treated with immediate PCI.
Prevalence of blood type A and risk of vascular complications following transcatheter aortic valve implantation
Authors: Rofe M.-T. , Shacham Y. , Steinvi A. , Barak L. , Hareuveni M. , Banai S. , Keren G. , Finkelstein A. , Shmilovich H. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

Objectives
To assess the prevalence of blood type A among patients referred for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) and whether it is related to vascular complications.

Backgrounds
Vascular complications following TAVI are associated with adverse outcomes. Various blood types, particularly type A, have been shown to be more prevalent in cardiovascular diseases and to be related to prognosis.

Methods
The prevalence of various blood types in a cohort of 491 consecutive patients who underwent TAVI was compared with a control group of 6500 consecutive hospitalised patients. The prevalence and predictors of vascular complications and bleeding events were evaluated in the blood type A group and were compared with non-type A patients.

Results
The mean age of TAVI patients was 83 ± 6 years, and 40 % were males. Patients were divided into two groups: blood type A (n = 220) and non-type A (n = 271). Type A was significantly more prevalent in the TAVI group than in the control group (45 vs. 38 %, p = 0.023). Compared with the non-type A group, patients with blood type A had more major and fatal bleeding (14.5 vs. 8.1 %, p = 0.027) and more vascular complications (any vascular complication: 24.5 vs. 15.9 % p = 0.016; major vascular complications: 12.3 vs. 7 % p = 0.047). In a multivariable analysis, blood type A emerged as a significant and independent predictor for vascular complications and bleeding events.

Conclusions
Blood type A is significantly more prevalent in TAVI patients than in the general population and is related to higher rates of vascular and bleeding complications.
Diagnosis of a pericardial effusion with a thoracic aortic aneurysm by point-of-care ultrasound
Authors: Francispragasam Mario , Yoo Jeff H. , Lam Tong V. , Kim Daniel J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe present a rare case of a young patient with chest pain whose ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) was detected by point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) leading to a successful surgical repair. POCUS identified a moderate pericardial effusion and an associated severely dilated ascending aorta. In this context, it is important to rule out aortic rupture and aortic dissection. We also discuss the epidemiology, complications, and management of TAAs as well as the role of cardiac POCUS in the diagnosis of thoracic aneurysmal disease.
NORMAN AND TRUETEMP REVISITED RELIABILISTICALLY: A PROPER FUNCTIONALIST DEFEAT ACCOUNT OF CLAIRVOYANCE
Authors: Ghijsen Harmen 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe cases of Norman the Clairvoyant and Mr. Truetemp form classic counterexamples to the process reliabilist's claim that reliability is sufficient for prima facie justification. I discuss several ways in which contemporary reliabilists have tried to deal with these counterexamples, and argue that they are all unsuccessful. Instead, I propose that the most promising route lies with an appeal to a specific kind of higher-order defeat that is best cashed out in terms of properly functioning monitoring mechanisms.
HOW TO PERCEIVE REASONS
Authors: Coliva Annalisa 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper deals with the question whether, and to what extent, perceptions can provide a justification for our empirical beliefs. In particular, it addresses the issue of whether they need to be conceptualized by a subject in order to play a justificatory role. It is argued that the conditions under which a subject can have perceptual representational contents and those under which those representational contents can play a justificatory role differ. The upshot is that perception can provide justification only for the beliefs of those creatures who have a conceptual apparatus and are therefore in a position passively to exercise it in perception, even though also creatures devoid of concepts can and often do have perceptual representations.
BASIC BELIEFS AND THE PERCEPTUAL LEARNING PROBLEM: A SUBSTANTIAL CHALLENGE FOR MODERATE FOUNDATIONALISM
Authors: Vaassen Bram M. K. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn recent epistemology many philosophers have adhered to a moderate foundationalism according to which some beliefs do not depend on other beliefs for their justification. Reliance on such ‘basic beliefs’ pervades both internalist and externalist theories of justification. In this article I argue that the phenomenon of perceptual learning – the fact that certain ‘expert’ observers are able to form more justified basic beliefs than novice observers – constitutes a challenge for moderate foundationalists. In order to accommodate perceptual learning cases, the moderate foundationalist will have to characterize the ‘expertise’ of the expert observer in such a way that it cannot be had by novice observers and that it bestows justification on expert basic beliefs independently of any other justification had by the expert. I will argue that the accounts of expert basic beliefs currently present in the literature fail to meet this challenge, as they either result in a too liberal ascription of justification or fail to draw a clear distinction between expert basic beliefs and other spontaneously formed beliefs. Nevertheless, some guidelines for a future solution will be provided.
REFLECTIVE EPISTEMOLOGICAL DISJUNCTIVISM
Authors: Cunningham J.J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIt is now common to distinguishMetaphysicalfromEpistemologicalDisjunctivism. It is equally common to suggest that it is at least not obvious that the latter requires a commitment to the former: at the very least, a suitable bridge principle will need to be identified which takes one from the former to the latter. This paper identifies a plausible-looking bridge principle that takes one from the version of Epistemological Disjunctivism defended by John McDowell and Duncan Pritchard, which I labelReflective Epistemological Disjunctivismor (RED), to Metaphysical Disjunctivism. Moreover, it identifies a modification the proponent of (RED) could, and should, make to the Internalist component of their theory, and argues that the commitment to Metaphysical Disjunctivism remains, even if such a modification is made. The upshot is that the commitment to Metaphysical Disjunctivism on the part of (RED) is shown to be particularly robust.
Hard x-ray transmission curved crystal spectrometers (10–100 keV) for laser fusion experiments at the ShenGuang-III laser facility
Authors: Yu Ming-hai , Hu Guang-yue , An Ning , Qian Feng , Wu Yu-chi , Zhang Xiao-ding , Gu Yu-qiu , Wang Qiu-ping , Zheng Jian 
Published: February 2016

Two transmission curved crystal spectrometers are designed to measure the hard x-ray emission in the laser fusion experiment of Compton radiography of implosion target on ShenGuang-III laser facility in China. Cylindrically curved${\it\alpha}$-quartz (10–11) crystals with curvature radii of 150 and 300 mm are used to cover spectral ranges of 10–56 and 17–100 keV, respectively. The distance between the crystal and the x-ray source can be changed over a broad distance from 200 to 1500 mm. The optical design, including the integral reflectivity of the curved crystal, the sensitivity, and the spectral resolution of the spectrometers, is discussed. We also provide mechanic design details and experimental results using a Mo anode x-ray source. High-quality spectra were obtained. We confirmed that the spectral resolution can be improved by increasing the working distance, which is the distance between the recording medium and the Rowland circle.
Analysis of Thermal and Mechanical Effects on Residual Stress in Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) Machining
Authors: Ji X. , Li B.-Z. , Liang Steven Y. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA physics-based model of residual stress in minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) machining is presented. The stresses resulting from thermal and mechanical loading in the MQL machining process are coupled into an incremental thermal-elastic-plastic model for predicting the final resultant residual stress in the machined workpiece. Comparative analysis is made between the stresses produced by the thermal load and mechanical load in the machining process. Results manifest that for the surface of the machined workpiece, the stress produced by thermal load is on par with the contact stress produced by mechanical load in the magnitude. With the increase of depth into the workpiece, the stress produced by mechanical load is dominant of the total stresses. The rationale demonstrates that thermal load is prone to generate the tensile residual stress at the surface of the machined workpiece, while the mechanical load is prone to generate the compressive residual stress at the surface of the machined workpiece. Finally, the residual stress prediction model is verified by orthogonal cutting of AISI 4130 alloy steel.