bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of interventions to promote healthier ready‐to‐eat meals (to eat in, to take away or to be delivered) sold by specific food outlets open to the general public: a systematic review
Authors: Hillier‐Brown F. C. , Summerbell C. D. , Moore H. J. , Routen A. , Lake A. A. , Adams J. , White M. , Araujo‐Soares V. , Abraham C. , Adamson A. J. , Brown T. J. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryIntroductionReady‐to‐eat meals sold by food outlets that are accessible to the general public are an important target for public health intervention. We conducted a systematic review to assess the impact of such interventions.MethodsStudies of any design and duration that included any consumer‐level or food‐outlet‐level before‐and‐after data were included.ResultsThirty studies describing 34 interventions were categorized by type and coded against the Nuffield intervention ladder: restrict choice = trans fat law (n = 1), changing pre‐packed children's meal content (n = 1) and food outlet award schemes (n = 2); guide choice = price increases for unhealthier choices (n = 1), incentive (contingent reward) (n = 1) and price decreases for healthier choices (n = 2); enable choice = signposting (highlighting healthier/unhealthier options) (n = 10) and telemarketing (offering support for the provision of healthier options to businesses via telephone) (n = 2); and provide information = calorie labelling law (n = 12), voluntary nutrient labelling (n = 1) and personalized receipts (n = 1). Most interventions were aimed at adults in US fast food chains and assessed customer‐level outcomes. More ‘intrusive’ interventions that restricted or guided choice generally showed a positive impact on food‐outlet‐level and customer‐level outcomes. However, interventions that simply provided information or enabled choice had a negligible impact.ConclusionInterventions to promote healthier ready‐to‐eat meals sold by food outlets should restrict choice or guide choice through incentives/disincentives. Public health policies and practice that simply involve providing information are unlikely to be effective.
Extinction of South American sparassodontans (Metatheria): environmental fluctuations or complex ecological processes?
Authors: López‐Aguirre Camilo , Archer Michael , Hand Suzanne J. , Laffan Shawn W. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSparassodontans are a diverse but now extinct group of metatherians that were apex predators in South America during most of the Cenozoic. Studying their decline has been controversial mainly due to the scarcity of the fossil record, and different methodological approaches have led to contradictory hypotheses. In an effort to explore questions about their extinction, we developed a novel multi‐model statistical approach to analyse all of the currently available data at a continental scale. Using multiple regression analysis and new advances in beta diversity analysis, we used all currently available fossil data at a continental scale to test four competing hypotheses to account for the decline of sparassodontans: competition with placental carnivorans, competition with avian phorusrhacids, non‐competitive ecological interactions, and environmental fluctuations. Our results show that the sparassodontan extinction was a gradual process with species disappearing throughout the Cenozoic. Multiple regression analysis supported non‐competitive ecological interactions as the best extinction model. Native South American ungulates, African migrants (caviomorph rodents and platyrrhine primates) and didelphimorphians were the groups with the highest statistical significance. Sparassodontan beta diversity increased between South American Land Mammal Ages after the Paleocene–Eocene boundary. Our results demonstrate that ecological modelling techniques illuminate aspects of extinction processes whilst mitigating the limitations of the fossil record. Our study suggests that non‐competitive ecological interactions could have been the main driver for sparassodontan extinction rather than, as commonly assumed, a result of competition and/or abiotic fluctuations.
Household‐level risk factors for secondary influenza‐like illness in a rural area of Bangladesh
Authors: Weaver Anne M. , Khatun‐e‐Jannat Kaniz , Cercone Emily , Krytus Kimberly , Sohel Badrul Munir , Ahmed Makhdum , Rahman Mustafizur , Azziz‐Baumgartner Eduardo , Yu Jihnhee , Fry Alicia M. , Luby Stephen P. , Ram Pavani K. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo describe household‐level risk factors for secondary influenza‐like illness (ILI), an important public health concern in the low‐income population of Bangladesh.MethodsSecondary analysis of control participants in a randomised controlled trial evaluating the effect of handwashing to prevent household ILI transmission. We recruited index‐case patients with ILI – fever (<5 years); fever, cough or sore throat (≥5 years) – from health facilities, collected information on household factors and conducted syndromic surveillance among household contacts for 10 days after resolution of index‐case patients’ symptoms. We evaluated the associations between household factors at baseline and secondary ILI among household contacts using negative binomial regression, accounting for clustering by household.ResultsOur sample was 1491 household contacts of 184 index‐case patients. Seventy‐one percentage reported that smoking occurred in their home, 27% shared a latrine with one other household and 36% shared a latrine with >1 other household. A total of 114 household contacts (7.6%) had symptoms of ILI during follow‐up. Smoking in the home (RRadj 1.9, 95% CI: 1.2, 3.0) and sharing a latrine with one household (RRadj 2.1, 95% CI: 1.2, 3.6) or >1 household (RRadj 3.1, 95% CI: 1.8–5.2) were independently associated with increased risk of secondary ILI.ConclusionTobacco use in homes could increase respiratory illness in Bangladesh. The mechanism between use of shared latrines and household ILI transmission is not clear. It is possible that respiratory pathogens could be transmitted through faecal contact or contaminated fomites in shared latrines.
Video Gaming as Practical Accomplishment: Ethnomethodology, Conversation Analysis, and Play
Authors: Reeves Stuart , Greiffenhagen Christian , Laurier Eric 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAccounts of video game play developed from an ethnomethodological and conversation analytic (EMCA) perspective remain relatively scarce. This study collects together an emerging, if scattered, body of research which focuses on the material, practical “work” of video game players. The study offers an example‐driven explication of an EMCA perspective on video game play phenomena. The materials are arranged as a “tactical zoom.” We start very much “outside” the game, beginning with a wide view of how massive‐multiplayer online games are played within dedicated gaming spaces; here, we find multiple players, machines, and many different sorts of activities going on (besides playing the game). Still remaining somewhat distanced from the play of the game itself, we then take a closer look at the players themselves by examining a notionally simpler setting involving pairs taking part in a football game at a games console. As we draw closer to the technical details of play, we narrow our focus further still to examine a player and spectator situated “at the screen” but jointly analyzing play as the player competes in an online first‐person shooter. Finally, we go “inside” the game entirely and look at the conduct of avatars on‐screen via screen recordings of a massively multiplayer online game. Having worked through specific examples, we provide an elaboration of a selection of core topics of ethnomethodology and conversation analysis that is used to situate some of the unstated orientations in the presentation of data fragments. In this way, recurrent issues raised in the fragments are shown as coherent, interconnected phenomena. In closing, we suggest caution regarding the way game play phenomena have been analyzed in this study, while remarking on challenges present for the development of further EMCA‐oriented research on video game play.
The effects of becoming taller: direct and pleiotropic effects of artificial selection on plant height in Brassica rapa
Authors: Zu Pengjuan , Schiestl Florian P. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryPlant height is an important trait for plant reproductive success. Plant height is often under pollinator‐mediated selection, and has been shown to be correlated with various other traits. However, few studies have examined the evolutionary trajectory of plant height under selection and the pleiotropic effects of plant height evolution. We conducted a bi‐directional artificial selection experiment on plant height with fast cycling Brassica rapa plants to estimate its heritability and genetic correlations, and to reveal evolutionary responses to artificial selection on height and various correlated traits. With the divergent lines obtained through artificial selection, we subsequently conducted pollinator‐choice assays and investigated resource limitation of fruit production. We found that plant height variation is strongly genetically controlled (with a realized heritability of 41–59%). Thus, plant height can evolve rapidly under phenotypic selection. In addition, we found remarkable pleiotropic effects in phenology, morphology, floral scent, color, nectar and leaf glucosinolates. Most traits were increased in tall‐line plants, but flower size, UV reflection and glucosinolates were decreased, indicating potential trade‐offs. Pollinators preferred plants of the tall selection lines over the short selection lines in both greenhouse experiments with bumblebees and field experiment with natural pollinators. We did not detect any differences in resource limitation between plants of the different selection lines. Overall, our study predicts that increased height should evolve under positive pollinator‐mediated directional selection with potential trade‐offs in floral signals and herbivore defense.
INFLUENCE OF PROCESSING ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF 3Y-TZP FOR DENTAL APPLICATIONS
Authors: Aboras Mohamed , Muchtar Andanastuti , Azhari Che Husna , Yahaya Norziha , Hao Chin Chuin 
Published: November 2016

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the influence of processing on the mechanical properties of 3 mol% yttrium–tetragonal zirconia (3Y–TZP) for dental applications. In this study, cold isostatic pressing (CIP) was adopted as a second consolidation process to enhance the mechanical properties of slip-cast 3Y–TZP. Methods: Two batches were prepared. The first batch of 3Y–TZP suspension was fabricated via colloidal processing. Then, the suspension was subjected to the slip casting process. Simultaneously, the second batch was prepared via colloidal processing, followed by CIP. The specimens were sintered at 1600 °C. Sintered density, hardness, microstructure, and phase distribution were examined and analyzed. Results showed that the specimens fabricated via slip casting and CIP had the highest density of 99% of the theoretical density (6.1 g/cm3) and hardness of 14.4 GPa. The microstructure of the CIP samples was homogeneous with low porosity. According to X-ray diffraction examination, both batches exhibited a single phase (tetragonal phase). Conclusion(s): The density, hardness, and homogeneity of the microstructure of Y–TZP fabricated via slip casting and CIP improved. Using CIP as the second consolidation method improved the quality of green bodies
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF Tinospora crispa (putarwali) STEMS METHANOLIC EXTRACT
Authors: Sulaiman Fatimatul Akmal , Fuad Nurfarahin , Rahman Farawahida , Iqbal Anwar , Darnis Deny Susanti 
Published: November 2016

Apart from being the primary source of food to other living things, plants also have medicinal value to treat various kinds of diseases. In recent years, it has been proposed that the extract from plants may be used as natural antioxidants which can help to prevent the generation of carcinogens in human body. In addition, plants also have antimicrobial agents to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microbes. This study was intended to investigate the antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of Tinospora crispa stems extracted using soxhlet extraction method. The antimicrobial properties of T. crispa stems extract were tested using disc diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Candida albicans IMR C S23/11 A and Saccharomyces cerevisiae IMR S 617/068. The antioxidant properties of the extract were investigated by using Total Phenolics Content (TPC), Total Flavonoids Content (TFC), DPPH free radical scavenging and b–carotene bleaching assays. The TPC value was 6.12 g GAE/100 g of dried extract while the TFC value was 55.58 g QE/100 g of dried extract. The IC50 of DPPH scavenging assay for the extract and ascorbic acid were 0.21 and 0.04 mg/mL, respectively. The average percentage of b–carotene bleaching assay was 38.3 % as compared to BHT, which was 45.1%. The disc diffusion method showed no inhibition zone against all the strains of microorganisms at all concentrations of the extracts (0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/disc).
MARINE Streptomyces SP. UKMCC_PT15 PRODUCING UNDECYLPRODIGIOSIN WITH ALGICIDAL ACTIVITY
Authors: Zainal Abidin Zaima Azira , Ahmad Asmat , Latip Jalifah , Usup Gires 
Published: November 2016

Marine actinomycetes are now in demand as they are capable of producing unique and novel compounds with wide biological activities. Marine Streptomyces sp. UKMCC_PT15 previously isolated from seawater collected in Pulau Tinggi, Johor was used in this study. Molecular identification showed high similarity of Streptomyces sp. UKMCC_PT15 with Streptomyces fradiae and S. diastaticus subsp. ardesiacus based on partial sequence of 16S rRNA gene. Further characterisations of this bacterium include spore morphology using SEM, growth on various media, salt tolerance test and carbon utilisation profile. This bacterium had straight spore chain with smooth-surfaced spores and was able to tolerate up to 11% NaCl with capabilities of utilising >40 carbon sources. Undecylprodigiosin (C25H35N3O) was successfully purified through succession of column chromatography and finally using HPLC. Structure elucidation was confirmed through NMR spectroscopy, MS and comparison with established data. This compound demonstrated strong antibacterial activities against S. aureus, B. subtilis and C. albicans but weak antibacterial activities against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Interestingly, undecylprodigiosin also demonstrated algicidal activity when tested against toxic dinoflagellates, A. minutum and P. bahamense, both of which are responsible for harmful algal blooms (HABs). Undecylprodiogiosin with concentration of 10-100 μg/ml gave ~100% algicidal activity against both dinoflagellates. Further testing with undecylprodigiosin concentration < 10 µg/ml showed that undecylprodigision was capable of killing significantly high numbers of both dinoflagellates, giving a high algicidal activity. Findings from this study suggested the potential use of undecylprodigiosin as algicidal agent which could be used for the mitigation of HABs
“Transparent Pump”: An Approach to Visualize Lifetime Limiting Factors in Axial Piston Pumps
Authors: Ivantysyn Roman , Weber Jürgen 
Published: November 2016

The lifetime of axial piston pumps is depending on the application and it’s overall robustness to external loads, but even in ideal conditions pumps will fail eventually. The analytics to this problem are known to pump manufacturers. Bearing and shaft calculations paired with FEM models are invaluable tools, however the main questions remain with the rotating kit — cylinder block, piston, and slippers. If properly designed these parts should theoretically outlast the finite lifetime parts, such as roller bearings due to their hydrostatic and hydrodynamic bearings. In reality however failures still occur due to fatigue or other factors such as contamination or wear.
This paper describes the approach to measure and quantify the physical effects that occur in the lubricating gaps of axial pumps by means of simulation and measurements. Simulations are done with cooperation of Purdue University and the Caspar FSTI tool. These simulations are used to locate potential lifetime affecting areas and analyze them. The analysis includes temperature and pressure distributions in the gap with changing operating conditions and studies of the influence of wear and deformation on the parts that are forming the lubricating gaps. After the most critical areas are located within the simulation environment, gap and temperature sensors are placed right at these critical locations. This is planned at two of the three main lubricating gaps — slipper and swash plate as well as cylinder block and valve plate. In addition pressure sensors are placed within many critical areas of the pump, such as the transitional zone between high pressure and low pressure on the valve plate, as well as in the displacement chamber. The first results for the slipper/swashplate investigation of this approach will be shown in this paper.
A Numerical Study of High Pressure Flow Through a Hydraulic Pressure Relief Valve Considering Pressure and Temperature Dependent Viscosity, Bulk Modulus and Density
Authors: Osterland Sven , Weber Jürgen 
Published: November 2016

This paper investigates the flow through a hydraulic pressure relief valve at high levels of operating pressure up to 700 bar (10000 Psi).
Following the flow path from the cold high pressure region before the metering edge to the warm low pressure region behind, the mean viscosity decreases by a factor of 16, the mean bulk modulus decreases by a factor of 2 and the mean density decreases by 6 %. Based on this preliminary considerations, a turbulent single phase flow considering pressure and temperature dependent viscosity, bulk modulus and density is modelled and steady state as well as transient calculations are performed.
The results of this study show that a pressure and temperature dependent viscosity reduces the pressure drop and the spool force by 10 % compared to a simulation with constant fluid parameters. Moreover, it is shown that compressible flow modelling has negligible influence on pressure drop and spool force — nevertheless, it is required to describe the temperature correctly. Due to the effect of volumetric work an incompressible model approach predicts the mean temperature rise 20 % too high. Finally, it was found that the temperature on the spool exceeds 400 °C. Afterwards, this fact is experimentally validated obtaining tempering colors in high pressure tests.
Motion Control Concepts for the Hydraulic Infinite Linear Actuator
Authors: Hochwallner Martin , Krus Petter 
Published: November 2016

This contribution presents the novel Hydraulic Infinite Linear Actuator (HILA). It focuses on the control of motion and is based on simulation and analysis.
The novel actuator consists of two symmetric double acting cylinders with a common piston rod and hydraulically detachable pistons. Alternatingly one cylinder engages and drives the load while the other retracts, the HILA thus works in a kind of rope climbing motion.
The purpose of this contribution is to study the motion control of the HILA and to mimic the behaviour of a conventional cylinder. The HILA has three degrees of freedom which are temporarily coupled compared with one in a conventional cylinder. Further, the HILA with the chosen hydraulic system has two continuous and two digital control inputs. The challenge to be tackled is to combine the short stroke back and forth motions of the cylinders into a continuous smooth motion ofthe whole actuator.
Results from simulations and analyses show that the investigated concepts can keep the jerk within acceptable limits for many applications.
A Three-Dimensional CFD Methodology to Study Vane-Ring and Vane-Under-Vane Interactions of a Vane Pump Power Split Transmission
Authors: Frosina Emma , Senatore Adolfo , Buono Dario , Stelson Kim A. , Wang Feng , Gao Haiyang 
Published: November 2016

This paper presents a study of a novel vane pump power split transmission (VPPST). The transmission incorporates a new component, the Vane Power Split Unit (VPSU). The VPSU is a double-acting vane pump with a floating ring where the input shaft is connected to the engine and the floating ring is connected to the output shaft. The VPSU generates hydraulic oil flow at a rate proportional to the difference in angular velocities between the input and output shafts. This flow enters a hydraulic motor mounted to the output shaft. The vane pump power split transmission (VPPST) is a combination of the double-acting vane pump (VPSU) and the hydraulic motor directly connected to the pump.
A CFD model of the VPSU has been created to better understand its performance. The model uses the three-dimensional CFD commercial code PumpLinx®, developed by Simerics® Inc.
Thanks to collaboration with the code developers, the model is able to predict the complex fluid dynamics in the pockets in the rotor into which the vanes retract. These pockets are referred to as under-vane volumes. The rotor of the vane pump, in fact, has several internal channels that connect the pumping chambers between the vanes to the under-vane volumes. The combination of the vanes and the internal ducts and volumes of the under-vanes have been modelled as dynamic “valves” that rotate with the rotor. In this way the radial movements of the vanes are computed as a part of the simulation, based on the pressures due to the compression of the volumes on the inner diameter side of the vanes.
The study is a result of collaboration between the University of Minnesota and the University of Naples “Federico II” research groups and the code developers of Simerics® Inc. The universities and Simerics® Inc. have all been involved in this project, working in close cooperation for the model building and simulations.
Lyapunov Based Adaptive Control Method for Hydraulic Servo Drive
Authors: Roozbahani Hamid , Frumkin Konstantin , Handroos Heikki 
Published: November 2016

Adaptive control systems are one of the most significant research directions of modern control theory. It is well known that every mechanical appliance’s behavior noticeably depends on environmental changes, functioning-mode parameter changes and changes in technical characteristics of internal functional devices. An adaptive controller involved in control process allows reducing an influence of such changes. In spite of this such type of control methods is applied seldom due to specifics of a controller designing.
The work presented in this paper shows the design process of the adaptive controller built by Lyapunov’s function method for a hydraulic servo system. The modeling of the hydraulic servo system were conducting with MATLAB® software including Simulink® and Symbolic Math Toolbox™. In this study, the Jacobi matrix linearization of the object’s mathematical model and derivation of the suitable reference models based on Newton’s characteristic polynomial were applied. In addition, an intelligent adaptive control algorithm and system model including its nonlinearities was developed to solve Lyapunov’s equation.
Developed algorithm works properly and considered plant is met requirement of functioning with. The results shows that the developed adaptive control algorithm increases system performance in use devices significantly and might be used for correction of system’s behavior and dynamics.