bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Topical Androgen Treatment for ACNE a Review
Authors: Vermorken A. J. M. , Houben J. J. G. 
Published: June 2017

Acne results from the increased production of sebum and the accumulation of sebum in the sebaceous duct. Androgens have a direct influence on this condition as they stimulate both the formation of sebum and the hyperkeratinisation of the upper part of the duct which leads eventually to its obstruction. Clinical tests have demonstrated that most acne patients do not have an increased level of androgen in the blood. They do, however, show an increased conversion of testosterone to 5-alpha-dihy-drotestosterone (5-alpha-DHT) in the skin. This latter hormone is responsible for the stimulation of the sebaceous gland. The enzymic conversion of testosterone to 5-alpha-DHT can be inhibited by progesterone. Progesterone, when applied topically in an alcohol/water solution, is 80 percent metabolized in the skin and is not converted into androgens in the body. It may therefore be expected that the topical application of progesterone will not give rise to side effects in either men or women. Preliminary trials are in agreement with this expectation. Extensive clinical investigations of an alcohol/ water solution of progesterone are therefore recommended, as this may be the first clinically useful, locally active, antiandrogen to be effective in the treatment of acne.
Activated Charcoal Adsorption of Theophylline in Vitro
Authors: Sintek Charles , Hendeles Leslie , Weinberger Miles 
Published: June 2017

This study was initiated to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of activated charcoal as a potential agent in the treatment of acute theophylline overdoses. Two, ten, and twenty mg/ml solutions were analyzed for theophylline concentration by high-pressure cation-exchange chromatography before and after shaking with 10 g of activated charcoal. The results indicate that 1 g of activated charcoal may adsorb in vitro as much as 300 mg of theophylline. Controlled studies in humans are now indicated. A wide variety of written forms of prescription drug information for patients are catalogued and discussed. These materials are designed to be delivered by the pharmacist, the physician or the nurse, or to serve as general reference material provided directly to consumers. Materials that describe specific prescription drugs come in the form of stickers or folded sheets directly attached to the medicine container, checklists, wallet or index card size materials, one page sheets, leaflets, brochures and booklets. The best form of patient oriented prescription drug printed material must be evaluated in the context of the goal that it is desired to achieve. Whereas shorter materials are more apt to be read, they cannot provide complete information, the rationale or explanations for the cause or prevention of therapeutic or adverse drug effects. The importance of providing written prescription drug information to patients is indicated by the fact that many health care professionals produce or distribute these materials to augment and reinforce verbal consultation. In addition, consumer surveys indicate that written communication is a preferred source for this additional information. The examination of existing forms of written prescription drug information for patients is particularly relevant to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Senior officials in the FDA have announced support for the concept of written reinforcement of verbal consultation and have said that plans will be proposed for the expanded requirement of patient oriented prescription drug labeling via patient package inserts.
Critical moments in long-term condition management: A longitudinal qualitative social network study
Authors: Morris Rebecca L , Sanders Caroline 
Published: June 2017

Objectives Recent literature has demonstrated the nature and importance of social networks. This study aimed to understand how support needs of people with long-term conditions change over time and how this influences their ability to self-manage. Methods A longitudinal qualitative design was used to explore changes in individual’s social networks over a period of year. Thirty participants were recruited and completed initial in-depth face-to-face interviews, telephone follow-ups, and final face-to-face interviews. Results Findings illuminated that changes in health and changes in social networks can influence each other. The social networks implicated in the management of long-term conditions change over time at critical moments and can range between positive and negative reciprocal influences with self-management. Network changes, such as the breaking or reconnecting of ties influenced the context of health management and the degree of engagement with self-management activities. Discussion By examining the specific processes of support and resource provision, this study highlights how overtime the variety of relationships and support available implicated in long-term condition management changes. This has implications for the provision of formal support services and the need for a wider range of support to be identified that recognises change in support requirements as self-management strategies evolve.
‘You want to show you’re a valuable employee’: A critical discourse analysis of multi-perspective portrayals of employed women with fibromyalgia
Authors: Oldfield Margaret , MacEachen Ellen , MacNeill Margaret , Kirsh Bonnie 
Published: June 2017

Background Advice on fibromyalgia, a chronic illness primarily affecting women, often presents it as incompatible with work and rarely covers how to remain employed. Yet many women do. Objectives We aimed to understand how these women, their family members, and workmates portrayed employees with fibromyalgia, and how these portrayals helped women retain employment. Methods We interviewed 22 participants, comprising five triads and three dyads of people who knew each other. Using the methodology of critical discourse analysis, we analysed the interview data within and across the triads/dyads through coding, narrative summaries, and relational mapping. Results Participants reported stereotypes that employees with fibromyalgia are lazy, malingering, and less productive than healthy workers. Countering these assumptions, participants portrayed the women as normal, valuable employees who did not ‘give in’ to their illness. The portrayals drew on two discourses, normalcy and mind-controlling-the-body, and a related narrative, overcoming disability. We propose that participants’ portrayals helped women manage their identities in competitive workplaces and thereby remain employed. Discussion Our findings augment the very sparse literature on employment with fibromyalgia. Using a new approach, critical discourse analysis, we expand on known job-retention strategies and add the perspectives of two key stakeholders: family members and workmates.
Video Analysis of Primary Shoulder Dislocations in Rugby Tackles
Authors: Maki Nobukazu , Kawasaki Takayuki , Mochizuki Tomoyuki , Ota Chihiro , Yoneda Takeshi , Urayama Shingo , Kaneko Kazuo 
Published: June 2017

Background: Characteristics of rugby tackles that lead to primary anterior shoulder dislocation remain unclear. Purpose: To clarify the characteristics of tackling that lead to shoulder dislocation and to assess the correlation between the mechanism of injury and morphological damage of the glenoid. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Eleven elite rugby players who sustained primary anterior shoulder dislocation due to one-on-one tackling between 2001 and 2014 were included. Using an assessment system, the tackler’s movement, posture, and shoulder and head position were evaluated in each phase of tackling. Based on 3-dimensional computed tomography, the glenoid of the affected shoulder was classified into 3 types: intact, erosion, and bone defect. Orientation of the glenoid defect and presence of Hill-Sachs lesion were also evaluated. Results: Eleven tackles that led to primary shoulder dislocation were divided into hand, arm, and shoulder tackle types based on the site at which the tackler contacted the ball carrier initially. In hand and arm tackles, the tackler’s shoulder joint was forcibly moved to horizontal abduction by the impact of his upper limb, which appeared to result from an inappropriate approach to the ball carrier. In shoulder tackles, the tackler’s head was lowered and was in front of the ball carrier at impact. There was no significant correlation between tackle types and the characteristics of bony lesions of the shoulder. Conclusion: Although the precise mechanism of primary anterior shoulder dislocation could not be estimated from this single-view analysis, failure of individual tackling leading to injury is not uniform and can be caused by 2 main factors: failure of approach followed by an extended arm position or inappropriate posture of the tackler at impact, such as a lowered head in front of the opponent. These findings indicate that injury mechanisms should be assessed for each type of tackle, as it is unknown whether external force to the glenoid is different in each mechanism during shoulder dislocation.
Hierarchical Activated Green Carbons from Abundant Biomass Waste for Symmetric Supercapacitors
Authors: Shu Yu , Maruyama Jun , Iwasaki Satoshi , Li Cong , Shen Yehua , Uyama Hiroshi 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Hierarchically porous activated carbons (ACs) derived from apricot shell (AS), which is a low-cost and abundant carbon source from a renewable and sustainable biomass waste, were prepared by a green and facile approach via carbonization followed by steam activation and applied to electrodes for symmetric supercapacitors (SCs). The as-obtained AC possessed large surface area and developed porosity with hierarchical pore texture, leading to the specific capacitance of 38.3 F g−1 for an AC//AC symmetrical SC in 20 wt% H2SO4 aqueous electrolyte. Moreover, the assembled AC//AC SC exhibited superior cycling life stability with 99% retention after 6000 cycles at 5 A g−1. These results demonstrate that the present facile, low-cost, and environmentally friendly synthetic strategy for hierarchical ACs from AS can promote the utilization and conversion of AS to high value-added industrial products as well as commercial applications in energy storage devices.
Breeding novel solutions in the brain: A model of Darwinian neurodynamics
Authors: Szilágyi András , Zachar István , Fedor Anna , de Vladar Harold P. , Szathmáry Eörs 
Published: June 2017

Background: The fact that surplus connections and neurons are pruned during development is well established. We complement this selectionist picture by a proof-of-principle model of evolutionary search in the brain, that accounts for new variations in theory space. We present a model for Darwinian evolutionary search for candidate solutions in the brain. Methods: We combine known components of the brain – recurrent neural networks (acting as attractors), the action selection loop and implicit working memory – to provide the appropriate Darwinian architecture. We employ a population of attractor networks with palimpsest memory. The action selection loop is employed with winners-share-all dynamics to select for candidate solutions that are transiently stored in implicit working memory. Results: We document two processes: selection of stored solutions and evolutionary search for novel solutions. During the replication of candidate solutions attractor networks occasionally produce recombinant patterns, increasing variation on which selection can act. Combinatorial search acts on multiplying units (activity patterns) with hereditary variation and novel variants appear due to (i) noisy recall of patterns from the attractor networks, (ii) noise during transmission of candidate solutions as messages between networks, and, (iii) spontaneously generated, untrained patterns in spurious attractors. Conclusions: Attractor dynamics of recurrent neural networks can be used to model Darwinian search. The proposed architecture can be used for fast search among stored solutions (by selection) and for evolutionary search when novel candidate solutions are generated in successive iterations. Since all the suggested components are present in advanced nervous systems, we hypothesize that the brain could implement a truly evolutionary combinatorial search system, capable of generating novel variants.
Phylogeny and systematics of African Melastomateae (Melastomataceae)
Authors: Veranso-Libalah Marie Claire , Stone Robert Douglas , Fongod Augustina G.N. , Couvreur Thomas L.P. , Kadereit Gudrun 
Published: June 2017

AbstractMelastomateae are the most species‐rich (185 spp./13 gen.) and morphologically diverse tribe within the African Melastomataceae. In this study we present the first in‐depth phylogenetic analysis of African Melastomateae using sequences generated from one nuclear (nrITS) and two plastid spacers (accD‐psaI, psbK‐psbL) sampling 183 accessions representing 75 African, 10 Madagascan and 7 Asian species and a broad outgroup sampling. We infer phylogenetic relationships using maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian approaches and propose a revised generic classification of African Melastomateae based on our molecular trees in combination with a careful reassessment of morphological variation. Our phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of Old World Melastomateae except Dinophora which clearly falls outside Melastomateae. Asian and Madagascan endemic genera of Melastomateae are nested among the African genera. Of the African genera only two monophyletic groups, Dichaetanthera and Tristemma, are recovered in addition to the monospecific Pseudosbeckia lineage, while Antherotoma, Dissotis and Heterotis as currently circumscribed are polyphyletic. However, the subgenera and sections of these genera are mostly recovered as morphologically distinct and molecularly well‐supported clades. Isomorphism versus dimorphism of the stamens is found to be an unreliable character when delimiting genera in Melastomateae. We propose the reinstatement of Argyrella and Dupineta, a new status at generic rank for Dissotis subg. Dissotidendron, a broadened circumscription of Guyonia (to include the species previously placed in Heterotis sect. Cyclostemma), and description of a new, monospecific genus Anaheterotis for the Heterotis pobeguinii lineage. Heterotis is maintained at generic rank but with a narrower circumscription in comparison to earlier treatments. We accommodate the rare Osbeckia porteresii lineage from Mt. Nimba (Guinea) within an expanded Melastomastrum. To complete our generic realignment, a total of 42 new combinations are effected at the species level and below, and a key is provided for the 12 genera presently recognised in African Melastomateae. Denser taxonomic sampling and sequencing of more loci will be needed to resolve relationships within the large clade of Dissotis s.str. and allies (including Antherotoma as well as three West African species erroneously placed in the otherwise Asian Osbeckia).
Sex, drugs and pupusas: Disentangling relationships in Echiteae (Apocynaceae)
Authors: Morales J. Francisco , Endress Mary E. , Liede-Schumann Sigrid 
Published: June 2017

AbstractEchiteae (Apocynaceae) comprises about 200 species divided among 19 genera, 16 of which are restricted to the Neotropics, the other 3 to the Paleotropics. There are two large genera, Prestonia and Parsonsia, in the Neotropics and Paleotropics, respectively, whereas three‐fourths of the genera contain only one to four species. In this study DNA of 82 species was extracted and amplified for four molecular markers: three plastid (trnL intron+trnL‐trnF intergenic spacer, rpl16 intron, matK + 5′/ 3′ trnK intron) and the nuclear ribosomal region ITS. The ingroup comprised 70 species from 17 genera in the tribe, and included representatives of all subtribes; the outgroup included 5 species each from the two putatively most closely related tribes, Odontadenieae and Mesechiteae, as well as 2 rooting species. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood approaches. Echiteae and four of its subtribes (Echitinae, Parsonsiinae, Peltastinae, Prestoniinae) as currently circumscribed were shown to be non‐monophyletic. The fifth subtribe, Pentalinoninae, though monophyletic, does not belong to Echiteae; it was resolved as sister to a clade of Odontadenieae, where it fits better, since in both the characteristic secondary compounds are cardenolides. Prestonia and Temnadenia were resolved as polyphyletic, with P. riedelii grouped with Rhodocalyx and T. ornata nested within Prestonia. Fernaldia is nested within Echites and Peltastes is nested in Macropharynx. Fourteen genera are maintained. The new subtribe Laubertiinae is proposed, as are the combinations resulting from the merging of Fernaldia and Peltastes and the transfer of P. riedelii and T. ornata to Rhodocalyx and Prestonia, respectively. In the ancestors of Echiteae, we hypothesize that an evolutionary shift took place in which steroidal alkaloids and/or cardenolides, characteristic for apocynoids, were replaced by parsonsine‐type pyrrolizidine alkaloids as the predominant defense compounds.
Sub‐Paratethyan origin and Middle to Late Miocene principal diversification of the Lactucinae (Compositae: Cichorieae) inferred from molecular phylogenetics, divergence‐dating and biogeographic analysis
Authors: Kilian Norbert , Sennikov Alexander , Wang Ze-Huan , Gemeinholzer Birgit , Zhang Jian-Wen 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe Lactucinae or Lactuca alliance include approximately 200 species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere and Africa. They were not recognised as a separate lineage until the late 20th century and their circumscription is still not fully settled. The generic classification of no other group of the Cichorieae has faced as many controversies as the Lactuca alliance and competing taxonomies coexist. This paper provides the first molecular phylogeny of the subtribe on a global scale as a major step towards its revised systematics. The sampling includes almost 60% of the species‐level diversity and spans all species groups. Two datasets were created, one including the nrDNA ITS region, the other five concatenated non‐coding plastid DNA loci. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference were used to produce a robust phylogenetic backbone. The diversification and expansion of the Lactucinae in a geohistorical context was reconstructed by estimating the age of their lineages using relaxed molecular clock dating and by inferring the ancestral areas using Bayesian binary analysis. The redelimited monophyletic Lactucinae are composed of seven lineages that also include Prenanthes, which is confirmed to have a single species, P. purpurea. The positions of two further lineages shift between Lactucinae and Crepidinae in the nuclear and plastid DNA phylogenies. Incongruence between the phylogenies suggests events of ancient reticulation or incomplete lineage sorting in the formation of these latter two lineages and in two of the seven other Lactucinae lineages. The phylogenetic results show a dilemma for Lactucinae systematics: most generic concepts proposed to date are highly artificial but the resolved phylogenetic lineages do not constitute practicable taxonomic entities with our current knowledge. Diversification of the subtribe is inferred to have taken place since the Middle Miocene. Biogeographic analysis proposes that the clade originated in the mountains of the landmass mediating between the European and Asian continents and delimited in the south by the Tethys Sea and in the north by the Paratethys Sea. Several independent migrations have occurred into various parts of Asia, Europe, tropical Africa and North America.
‘Modern’ distal femoral locking plates allow safe, early weight-bearing with a high rate of union and low rate of failure
Authors: Poole W. E. C. , Wilson D. G. G. , Guthrie H. C. , Bellringer S. F. , Freeman R. , Guryel E. , Nicol S. G. 
Published: June 2017

Aims Fractures of the distal femur can be challenging to manage and are on the increase in the elderly osteoporotic population. Management with casting or bracing can unacceptably limit a patient’s ability to bear weight, but historically, operative fixation has been associated with a high rate of re-operation. In this study, we describe the outcomes of fixation using modern implants within a strategy of early return to function. Patients and Methods All patients treated at our centre with lateral distal femoral locking plates (LDFLP) between 2009 and 2014 were identified. Fracture classification and operative information including weight-bearing status, rates of union, re-operation, failure of implants and mortality rate, were recorded. Results A total of 127 fractures were identified in 122 patients. The mean age was 72.8 years (16 to 101) and 92 of the patients (75%) were female. A consultant performed the operation in 85 of the cases, (67%) with the remainder performed under direct consultant supervision. In total 107 patients (84%) were allowed to bear full weight immediately. The rate of clinical and radiological union was 81/85 (95%) and only four fractures of 127 (3%) fractures required re-operation for failure of surgery. The 30-day, three- and 12-month mortality rates were 6 (5%), 17 (15%) and 25 (22%), respectively. Conclusion Our study suggests an exponential increase in the incidence of a fracture of the distal femur with age, analogous to the population suffering from a proximal femoral fracture. Allowing immediate unrestricted weight-bearing after LDFLP fixation in these elderly patients was not associated with failure of fixation. There was a high rate of union and low rate of re-operation. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:951–7.
Laparoscopic treatment of cystic artery pseudoaneurysm in the presence of calculous cholecystitis
Authors: Zucker B , Walsh U , Nott D 
Published: June 2017

Cystic artery pseudoaneurysm is a very rare disease in which there is an abnormal, focal dilatation of the artery supplying the gallbladder. The condition may occur as a consequence of a localised inflammatory response, such as in cholecystitis. Here, we present the case of a 56-year-old man who presented with chronic cholecystitis in whom a 1.8 cm × 2 cm cystic artery pseudoaneurysm was found incidentally during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Prior to the operation, routine investigations such as ultrasound revealed no indication of cystic artery pseudoaneurysm, ruptured or otherwise. This case is reported to emphasise that cystic artery pseudoaneurysm may be caused by chronic or acute cholecystitis and that skilled surgeons may handle them laparoscopically.
La cultura corporativa en las industrias creativas del Arco Mediterráneo en España a través de un análisis Delphi
Authors: Rodríguez-Monteagudo Eliseo , Olivares-Delgado Fernando 
Published: June 2017

Este trabajo aborda la conceptualización, valoración e interconexión del territorio creativo, las industrias creativas y la cultura corporativa. Para ello se emplea el método Delphi a través de un panel de 16 expertos y expertas de España de los ámbitos del territorio, la economía, el branding y la gestión de la cultura corporativa al que se le remite un cuestionario en varias rondas. Los datos tanto cuantitativos como cualitativos obtenidos permiten aportar nuevas y/o definiciones actualizadas, así como especificar la influencia de la cultura de empresa en los procesos de comunicación y creatividad, entre otros aspectos, de las industrias creativas.