AL-HALLÂJ SEBAGAI KORBAN POLITIK ATAU TRANSGRESOR TEOLOGIS?
Authors: Hodri Hodri 
Published: December 2015

<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">The article attempts to reveal </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;" lang="IN">a</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">l-Hallâj’s history of thought that caused his death as he was considered an apostate who violated religious boundaries. On several occasions, moreover, </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;" lang="IN">a</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">l-Hallâj was made as a sort of warning for those “cheat” with religious issues will be firmly punished by death penalty. It has been rarely clarified that Al-Hallâj was, in fact, a political victim by divulging religious issues as the main reason. As a concept, Hulûl, which becomes the main doctrine of </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;" lang="IN">a</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">l-Hallâj, has been often misunderstood and seen as a conduct that leads to apostasy. The reason is that its founder was executed by the death penalty as he was accused as being an apostate. On the other side, such view is not quite surprising, since the level of understanding held by the majority of Muslims has, in fact, been within </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes;">khitâbî</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;"> level. It has caused them hard to properly and correctly understand such philosophical discourses as </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes;">hulûl</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">, </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes;">ittihâd</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">, or </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes;">wahda al-wujûd</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">. This condition has been worsened by the fact that literatures on </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;" lang="IN">a</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">l-Hallâj and </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes;">hulûl</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">, especially in Indonesian language, are rare. After centuries, the idea of </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes;">hulûl</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;"> has been frequently misunderstood. However, careful study will show that </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes;">hulûl</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">, like other Sufi’s doctrines, is Sufism experience expression of </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;" lang="IN">a</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">l-Hallâj when he felt the presence of God, i.e. the encounter of human’s </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes;">lâhût</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;"> with God’s </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes;">nâsût</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">. Therefore, the execution of </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;" lang="IN">a</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">l-Hallâj has been based on more political interest than theological reason</span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif';">.</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: -1.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 106.35pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span></strong></p><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Angsana New'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">Keywords</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Angsana New'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;" lang="IN">:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Angsana New'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">Political victim,</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Angsana New'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">religious issues,</span><em></em><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Angsana New'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-no-proof: yes;">hulûl</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Angsana New'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-no-proof: yes;" lang="IN">.</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> 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mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: -1.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 106.35pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">The article attempts to reveal </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;" lang="IN">a</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">l-H</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Arabic','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">{</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">allâj’s history of thought that caused his death as he was considered an apostate who violated religious boundaries. On several occasions, moreover, </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;" lang="IN">a</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">l-H</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Arabic','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">{</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">allâj was made as a sort of warning for those “cheat” with religious issues will be firmly punished by death penalty. It has been rarely clarified that Al-H</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Arabic','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">{</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">allâj was, in fact, a political victim by divulging religious issues as the main reason. As a concept, H</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Arabic','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">{</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">ulûl, which becomes the main doctrine of </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;" lang="IN">a</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">l-H</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Arabic','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">{</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">allâj, has been often misunderstood and seen as a conduct that leads to apostasy. The reason is that its founder was executed by the death penalty as he was accused as being an apostate. On the other side, such view is not quite surprising, since the level of understanding held by the majority of Muslims has, in fact, been within </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes;">khitâbî</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;"> level. It has caused them hard to properly and correctly understand such philosophical discourses as </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes;">hulûl</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">, </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes;">ittihâd</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">, or </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes;">wahda al-wujûd</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">. This condition has been worsened by the fact that literatures on </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;" lang="IN">a</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">l-H</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Arabic','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">{</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">allâj and </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes;">hulûl</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">, especially in Indonesian language, are rare. After centuries, the idea of </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes;">hulûl</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;"> has been frequently misunderstood. However, careful study will show that </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes;">hulûl</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">, like other Sufi’s doctrines, is Sufism experience expression of </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;" lang="IN">a</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">l-H</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Arabic','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">{</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">allâj when he felt the presence of God, i.e. the encounter of human’s </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes;">lâhût</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;"> with God’s </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes;">nâsût</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">. Therefore, the execution of </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;" lang="IN">a</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">l-H</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Arabic','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">{</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">allâj has been based on more political interest than theological reason</span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif';">.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: -1.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 106.35pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span></strong></p><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Angsana New'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">Keywords</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Angsana New'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;" lang="IN">:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Angsana New'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">Political victim,</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Angsana New'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">religious issues,</span><em></em><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Angsana New'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-no-proof: yes;">hulûl</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Angsana New'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-no-proof: yes;" lang="IN">.</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> 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