bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Configural Frequency Analysis for Research on Developmental Processes
Authors: von Eye Alexander , Mun Eun‐Young 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMost statements in the empirical social and behavioral sciences are based on analyses of aggregate‐level data. In such analyses, researchers relate variables to each other, create factor spaces of variables, or regress latent variables onto each other. This is done although it is known that aggregate‐level statements rarely, if ever, describe data at the level of individuals (Molenaar, 2004; von Eye & Bergman, 2003). Configural frequency analysis (CFA) allows researchers to analyze profiles of individuals instead of relations among variables. By using CFA, researchers can test very detailed hypotheses, specifically those that apply only to individuals with particular profiles. CFA uses cross‐classifications of categorical variables. It allows researchers to specify hypotheses either cross sectionally or longitudinally. It also allows researchers to identify typical as well as atypical trajectories of development. This is of importance when the multitude of developmental pathways is to be depicted but also in developmental psychopathology, where unusual developmental patterns are of interest, and where treatment options can be tailored to the individual pattern of development. In this chapter, we introduce readers to CFA and present data examples for each of the CFA models.
Moderation and Mediation in Interindividual Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Krull Jennifer L. , Cheong JeeWon , Fritz Matthew S. , MacKinnon David P. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDevelopmental psychopathology research often involves hypotheses about multiple variables interacting and affecting each other over time to produce adaptive and maladaptive behavior and thus analytic methods for examining moderation and mediation in longitudinal data are particularly germane in this area. This chapter describes methods for testing moderation and mediation in cross sectional data, outlines two frameworks frequently used for the analysis of longitudinal data, and describes a number of models for testing longitudinal moderation and mediation, including ax lag as moderator model, multilevel models with time‐varying covariate interactions, a model of mediation change over time, autoregressive panel models, latent growth curve models, latent change score models, and exponential decay models. Methods for combining moderation and mediation and causal inference in longitudinal data are also discussed. Illustrative analyses are conducted using example data on kindergarten through fifth‐graders' attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, interpersonal skills, academic performance, and depression variables from the ECLS‐K data set.
Latent Growth Modeling and Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Kim‐Spoon Jungmeen , Grimm Kevin J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe review variations of latent growth modeling and their applications in developmental psychopathology. We begin by reviewing core principles of developmental psychopathology. We then review basic assumptions of longitudinal studies and key issues in latent growth modeling. We present the history of the development of latent growth modeling as well as a series of specific latent growth models that are commonly considered in psychopathology. We then illustrate latent growth modeling studies for understanding developmental pathways in terms of continuity/discontinuity, equifinality/multifinality, and contextual influences. We describe latent change score modeling and growth mixture modeling studies and illustrate studies using these techniques to examine risk and protective mechanisms as predictors, mediators, and moderators for understanding cross‐population differences, contextual influences, cross‐domain relations, and prevention and intervention effects. Finally, we identify future directions for developmental psychopathology research that will benefit from latent growth modeling approaches.
Understanding Developmental Psychopathology: How Useful Are Evolutionary Perspectives?
Authors: Leckman James F. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractOver the past 2 decades evolutionary perspectives have come to play an increasingly important role in theoretical formulations concerning the various forms of psychopathology. Efforts to understand how early adversity can shape life trajectories that impact mental and physical health are gaining momentum across a board range of scientific disciplines, extending beyond child development to genetics and epigenetics, developmental neurobiology, cognitive and social neuroscience, and neuroimmunology. Evolutionary theories concerning specific forms of psychopathology have also been formulated. Despite their conceptual value and explanatory value, evolution‐based hypotheses are difficult to test. Nevertheless, evolutionary perspectives have to be of great value in shaping conceptualizations of developmental psychopathology and they are beginning to inform clinical practice across the entire life span.
Quantitative and Molecular Behavioral Genetic Studies of Gene–Environment Correlation
Authors: Jaffee Sara R. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The significance of genotype–environment interplay is its focus on how causal factors, be they environmental or genetic, have their effects. It is difficult to establish causality in observational research due to the potential for reverse causation and confounding. Most environmental measures are heritable, which means that their effects on risk for psychopathology are potentially confounded by genotype. On the other hand, genetic influences on psychopathology may be mediated by their effect on environmental exposures. The existence of genetic influences on putative environmental risk factors offers both possibilities and pitfalls for research into environmental epidemiology. We describe multiple research designs for (1) identifying gene‐environment correlations (G‐E), (2) ruling out G‐E correlations as sources of confounding in studies estimating the relationship between exposures and outcomes, and (3) leveraging G‐E correlations to better understand causal processes. Findings from these studies are summarized.
Epigenetic Mechanisms in the Development of Behavior
Authors: Hill Kathryn , Roth Tania L. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWithin the past decade we have experienced a paradigm shift in our understanding of gene–environment interactions and pathways through which experiences can become part of our biology. Advances in molecular biology have provided new insights into epigenetic factors (e.g., DNA methylation, histone acetylation) that are remarkably sensitive to environmental input and capable of registering and perpetuating altered gene activity states without affecting the underlying sequence of DNA. Groundbreaking studies have revealed that environmental adversity, social stress, and traumatic experiences can become encoded within epigenetic factors that control gene activity. As will be highlighted here, the birth of epigenetics research has provided an exciting new level of analysis for understanding tenets central to the discipline of developmental psychopathology, and a candidate biological pathway linking gene–environment interactions to long‐term and even multigenerational trajectories in the development of behavior.
Developments in the Developmental Approach to Intellectual Disability
Authors: Burack Jacob A. , Russo Natalie , Green Cathryn Gordon , Landry Oriane , Iarocci Grace 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBased in classic developmental theory and in more than two centuries of ever increasingly sophisticated medical thinking and science, the developmental approach has transformed the theory, methodology, and interpretation of the study of persons with intellectual disability. The primary contributions include the differentiation among persons with intellectual disability by etiology, the application of developmental principles to the specific etiological groups, the emphasis on mental age (MA) (rather than chronological age; CA), and the consideration of the “whole person” along with his or her family and community. In debunking the monolithic approach to intellectual disability as a single disorder, the developmental approach allows for considerably more precision in the study of this population and the resultant rejection of common myths, albeit as part of a process that highlights the extent to which this field is a nascent one. In highlighting the broadening of the understanding of persons with intellectual disability, we review contributions from the study of social competence, language development, and family relations. We then introduce the potential impact and current limitations of the application of cutting‐edge technology in the study of neuroscience among persons with intellectual disability.
Traumatic Stress From a Multilevel Developmental Psychopathology Perspective
Authors: Douglas Bremner J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis chapter reviews psychological trauma from a multilevel developmental psychopathology. This perspective holds that no single approach or discipline adequately encompasses the phenomenon of psychological trauma and how it interacts with development in terms of its impact on the individual. Rather, multiple levels are preferable, including the areas of neurobiology, psychology, psychopathology, and psychiatric diagnosis, individual, familial, societal, cultural, economic, and physical. To address all of these levels, an interdisciplinary team approach is required, with individuals who have expertise in as wide a range of fields as psychology, psychiatry, neurobiology, immunology, genetics, cardiology, internal medicine, statistics, radiology, physics, computer science, psychopharmacology, child development, philosophy and literature. The implication is that no single individual or specialty will have sufficient expertise and knowledge in enough areas to provide an appropriate characterization of the effects of trauma on the individual. Additionally, all of these areas will interact with developmental epoch in different ways. Use of the multilevel developmental psychopathology approach has the promise of being more helpful to individuals affected by psychological trauma.
A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective on Foster Care Research
Authors: Fisher Philip A. , Leve Leslie D. , Delker Brianna , Roos Leslie E. , Cooper Bryna 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis chapter provides a developmental psychopathology perspective on foster care research. Empirical studies of foster children have existed for over 100 years, documenting risks faced by this population and instances in which foster children display remarkable resilience. Knowledge emanating from the published studies on foster children, especially where it intersects with research on other populations that have experienced early life adversity, has potential to shed light on how healthy development can be negatively affected, but also how it may be preserved, when adverse rearing conditions exist. Investigations in this area have been conducted across numerous disciplines. Following a brief history of foster care in the United States and elsewhere, we review what is known about nine topics that are germane to the study of foster children from a developmental psychopathology perspective and conclude with a discussion of the translational implications of prior research and directions for future research.
Memory Development, Emotion Regulation, and Trauma‐Related Psychopathology
Authors: Goodman Gail S. , Goldfarb Deborah , Quas Jodi A. , Narr Rachel K. , Milojevich Helen , Cordon Ingrid M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIndividuals with a history of trauma, particularly maltreatment, often have accurate memories for trauma‐related events. This does not mean that trauma never adversely affects autobiographical memory performance; indeed, some individuals with a trauma history reveal deficits in their memory performance while others at times show memory advantages over individuals without a trauma history. We posit here that individual differences in memory may be related in part to the emotion dysregulation and psychopathology resulting from the trauma and in part to the nature of the event to be recalled. In this chapter, we focus on the scientific literature on child maltreatment, trauma‐related psychopathology, and memory from a developmental psychopathology perspective. We summarize relevant theory and research on memory development, trauma‐related psychopathology symptoms, and psychophysiological and neuroscience processes relevant to child maltreatment. We also review behavioral studies on childhood trauma and autobiographical memory development. We discuss the translation of such research into clinical and legal practice. We conclude with future directions for research, with the hope of moving this crucial area of study forward to spawn new insights.
The Development and Ecology of Antisocial Behavior: Linking Etiology, Prevention, and Treatment
Authors: Dishion Thomas J. , Patterson Gerald R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of findings about the development of antisocial behavior from early childhood through young adulthood. Consistent with a developmental psychopathology framework, linkages are made between biology, relationship dynamics with parents and peers, and progressions from deficits in self‐regulation in early childhood, to antisocial behavior in childhood, and to various forms of adolescent problem behavior, including serious violence. Parent–child coercion and peer contagion continue to play out as key relationship dynamics that are linked to escalating problem behavior throughout development. Self‐regulation, parent–child coercion, and peer contagion are core targets of evidence‐based interventions shown to prevent and treat antisocial behavior from early childhood to adolescence. The scientific study of the development of antisocial behavior provides a model for the advantages of translational research to the design of effective interventions. Important future directions include a better understanding of unique developmental pathways relevant to adapting and tailoring interventions for antisocial behavior at various stages of development.
Toward a Developmental Psychopathology of Personality Disturbance: A Neurobehavioral Dimensional Model Incorporating Genetic, Environmental, and Epigenetic Factors
Authors: Lenzenweger Mark F. , Depue Richard A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe propose a dimensional model of personality disturbance in which personality pathology develops as an emergent product defined by extreme values on interacting subsets of several major personality traits. Being at the extreme ends of the continua described in this model has marked effects on the threshold for eliciting those traits under stimulus conditions: marked effects on the extent to which the environment affects the neurobiological functioning underlying the traits. To explore the nature of development of extreme values on these traits, each trait is discussed in terms of three major issues: (1) the neurobiological variables associated with the trait; (2) individual variation in this neurobiology as a function of genetic polymorphisms; and (3) the effects of environmental adversity on these neurobiological variables through the action of epigenetic processes. It is noted that gene–environment interaction appears to be dependent on two main factors: (1) both genetic and environmental variables appear to have the most profound and enduring effects when they exert their effects during early postnatal periods, times when the forebrain is undergoing exuberant experience‐expectant dendritic and axonal growth; and (2) environmental effects on neurobiology are strongly modified by individual differences in trait‐like functioning of neurobiological variables. We present this model of the development of personality disturbance for its heuristic potential as an organizing framework for understanding personality disturbance, one that emphasizes the interaction between environmental and neurobiological variables in the development of this form of psychopathology.
Social Support and Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Thompson Ross A. , Goodvin Rebecca 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe rely on the support of other people in everyday experience, and considerable research documents the association of social support with psychological well‐being and coping with stress. Yet enlisting social support to address the needs of at‐risk children and families is challenging and often unsuccessful. We explore why this is so, discuss the specific characteristics of social support for children and youth, and profile the lessons of promising intervention strategies. In this chapter, we: (a) offer a definition and conceptualization of social support and its multiple functions; (b) discuss social support as it prevents stress and buffers stress; (c) consider the complex, bidirectional association between social support and stress; (d) examine social support in relation to the social relationships and social networks of children and their parents; (e) discuss cultural influences; and (f) profile research related to social support and the origins, maintenance, prevention, and treatment of developmental psychopathology.
The Effects of Early Psychosocial Deprivation on Brain and Behavioral Development: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project
Authors: Nelson Charles A. , Fox Nathan A. , Zeanah Charles H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe institutional care of young, parentless children (be they orphaned or abandoned) is a practice that dates back centuries. Despite decades of research that document the hazards of institutional care, many countries throughout the world continue to rear children in institutions; indeed, current estimates place the number of parentless children living in institutions at approximately 8 million. The focus of this chapter is the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, which is a randomized controlled trial of foster care as an intervention for early institutionalization. It seeks to examine the developmental sequelae of early institutional rearing and whether placement into a family—in our case, high‐quality foster care—can ameliorate such sequelae. After discussing the context for launching this project and the history of institutional care in Romania, we describe our foster care intervention. We then turn our attention to describing the project itself and its main findings. We conclude by situating the project into a broader framework of developmental psychopathology.
Assembly of Enantioenriched cis‐3a,8a‐Hexahydropyrrolo[2,3‐b]indole Scaffolds by Silver(I)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Domino Reaction of Isocyanoacetates in the Presence of Cinchona‐Derived Chiral Phosphorus Ligands
Authors: Cheng Hengguang , Zhang Runmei , Yang Shiwei , Wang Min , Zeng Xiaofei , Xie Lingjie , Xie Chunsong , Wu Jing , Zhong Guofu 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBy using Cinchona‐derived chiral phosphines as catalytic ligands, enantioenriched cis‐3a,8a‐hexahydropyrrolo[2,3‐b]indoles (ent‐HPIs), which are core scaffolds in a large array of biologically active natural products, can be convergently assembled under mild conditions through the silver(I)‐catalyzed asymmetric domino reaction of readily available isocyanoacetates and 2‐(2‐aminophenyl)acrylates. Various functionalities can be tolerated in the reaction, affording enantioenriched HPIs in high overall yields and good enantioselectivities (up to 92% ees).magnified image
Iridium‐Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of 1,10‐Phenanthrolines using Formic Acid as the Hydrogen Source
Authors: Xu Conghui , Zhang Lingjuan , Dong Chaonan , Xu Jianbin , Pan Yixiao , Li Yali , Zhang Hanyu , Li Huanrong , Yu Zhiyong , Xu Lijin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe iridium‐catalyzed highly regioselective transfer hydrogenation of a variety of 2‐substituted and 2,9‐disubstituted 1,10‐phenanthrolines under mild conditions with formic acid as the hydrogen source is described. In the presence of a catalytic amount of the iridium complex [Cp*IrCl2]2, the transfer hydrogenation proceeded smoothly in 1,4‐dioxane under ligand‐free conditions, exclusively leading to a range of 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐1,10‐phenanthroline products in high yields. The catalyst generated in situ from [Cp*IrCl2]2 and (R,R)‐(CF3)2C6H3SO2‐dpen [N‐(2‐amino‐1,2‐diphenylethyl)‐3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonamide] could efficiently catalyze the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of these 1,10‐phenanthrolines in isopropyl alcohol (i‐PrOH) to afford chiral 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐1,10‐phenanthrolines in high yields with up to >99% ee. The key to the success of the reduction is the choice of solvent and hydrogen source.magnified image
Copper(I) Oxide‐Mediated Cyclization of o‐Haloaryl N‐Tosylhydrazones: Efficient Synthesis of Indazoles
Authors: Tang Meng , Kong Yuanfang , Chu Bingjie , Feng Dan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAn efficient synthesis of indazoles from readily accessible E/Z mixtures of o‐haloaryl N‐tosylhydrazones has been developed. The thermo‐induced isomerization of N‐tosylhydrazones is discussed. A series of valuable indazole derivatives are prepared in good yields, and the method has been successfully applied to the synthesis of the bioactive compounds, lonidamine, AF‐2785, axitinib, YC‐1 and YD‐3.magnified image
Analytic soliton solutions of cubic‐quintic Ginzburg‐Landau equation with variable nonlinearity and spectral filtering in fiber lasers
Authors: Huang Long‐Gang , Pang Li‐Hui , Wong Pring , Li Yan‐Qing , Bai Shao‐Yi , Lei Ming , Liu Wen‐Jun 
Published: February 2016

In fiber lasers, the study of the cubic‐quintic complex Ginzburg‐Landau equations (CGLE) has attracted much attention. In this paper, four families (kink solitons, gray solitons, Y‐type solitons and combined solitons) of exact soliton solutions for the variable‐coefficient cubic‐quintic CGLE are obtained via the modified Hirota method. Appropriate parameters are chosen to investigate the properties of solitons. The influences of nonlinearity and spectral filtering effect are discussed in these obtained exact soliton solutions, respectively. Methods to amplify the amplitude and compress the width of solitons are put forward. Numerical simulation with split‐step Fourier method and fourth‐order Runge‐Kutta algorithm are carried out to validate some of the analytic results. Transformation from the variable‐coefficient cubic‐quintic CGLE to the constant coefficients one is proposed. The results obtained may have certain applications in soliton control in fiber lasers, and may have guiding value in experiments in the future.
image
The compact radio structure of the high‐redshift quasar OQ172
Authors: Liu Y. , Jiang D. R. , Gu M. , Gurvits L. I. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe GHz‐Peaked Spectrum (GPS) quasar OQ172 (J1445+0958) has an extremely high rest‐frame rotation measure (RM > 20000 rad m–2) and an RM gradient in its inner nucleus. Its jet observed with Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) is strongly bent along an arc spanning > 100 pc. Near infrared (NIR) spectra reveal an unusually large [O III] line width which suggests a large mass within the NLR and/or strong interactions between the emerging jet and the dense material therein. We present our VLBI Space Observatory Programme (VSOP) and Multi‐frequency Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) observation of the GPS quasar OQ172. The observations will help us to explore the VLBI radio properties and to better understand the circumnuclear environment of OQ172. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)