bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Qualidade de vida de pacientes com doença de Crohn
Authors: Lopes Antonia Mauryane , Bezerra de Moura Laís Norberta , Machado Raylane Da Silva , Freitas da Silva Grazielle Roberta 
Published: July 2017

Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad de vida de los pacientes con enfermedad de Crohn tratados en la clínica de un Hospital Universitario. <br />Método: Estudio transversal, descriptivo, exploratorio en el Hospital Universitario del Piauí- Brasil, de julio a diciembre de 2015, y con una muestra de 52 pacientes con enfermedad de Crohn. Se aplicó un formulario sociodemográfico y clínico, y el instrumento "Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire” para evaluar la calidad de vida. <br />Resultados: La mayoría eran mujeres, adultos, auto-declarados morenos, casados, con un ingreso familiar de dos salarios mínimos (392 euros), escuela secundaria completa y no bebían alcohol ni fumaban. Con más de cinco años de tiempo de diagnóstico y están parcialmente en remisión de la enfermedad. No mostraron frecuentemente pérdida de peso, diarrea y dolor abdominal en los últimos tres meses. Los pacientes fueron hospitalizados debido a la enfermedad de Crohn, una cuarta parte de ellos fueron sometidos a resección quirúrgica del intestino y como complicaciones las fístulas estaban más presentes. Como tratamiento medicamentoso utilizan asociación de inmunomoduladores y azatioprina. La mayoría hacía pruebas de laboratorio como control, seguido por colonoscopia y nunca ha abandonado el tratamiento. Presentaron calidad de vida regular y tuvieron respuesta "nunca" como la más puntuada en el instrumento. En los dominios síntomas sistémicos, aspectos sociales y emocionales la calidad de vida ha sido regular y en los síntomas intestinales fue satisfactoria con un promedio de 56,15 puntos.<br />Conclusión: Los pacientes con enfermedad de Crohn presentaron una calidad de vida regular.
Use of the ShangRing circumcision device in boys below 18 years old in Kenya: results from a pilot study
Authors: Awori Quentin D. , Lee Richard K. , Li Phillip S. , Moguche Jared N. , Ouma Dan , Sambai Betsy , Goldstein Marc , Barone Mark A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIntroduction: Male circumcision is a proven prevention strategy against the spread of HIV. The World Health Organization's new 2016–2021 strategic framework on voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) targets 90% of males aged 10–29 years to receive circumcision by 2021 in 14 priority sub‐Saharan countries while anticipating an increase in the demand for infant circumcision. It also states that the use of circumcision devices is a safe and efficient innovation to accelerate attainment of these goals. The primary objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the safety and acceptability of the ShangRing, a novel circumcision device, in boys below 18 years of age.Methods: A total of 80 boys, 3 months to 17 years old, were circumcised using the no‐flip ShangRing technique. All rings were removed 5–7 days later. Participants were evaluated weekly until the wound was completely healed. Data on procedure times, adverse events (AEs), time to clinical wound healing and satisfaction were recorded and analysed.Results: Nearly all (79/80, 98.8%) circumcisions were successfully completed using the no‐flip ShangRing technique without complications. In one (1.2%) case, the outer ring slipped off after the foreskin was removed and the procedure was completed by stitching. The mean circumcision and ring removal times were 7.4 ± 3.2 and 4.4 ± 4.2 min, respectively. There were four (5%) moderate AEs, which were managed conservatively. No severe AEs occurred. The mean time to complete clinical healing was 29.8 ± 7.3 days. Participants or their parents liked ShangRing circumcision because it improved hygiene, was quick and possessed an excellent cosmetic appearance. Most (72/80, 94.7%) were very satisfied with the appearance of the circumcised penis, and all (100%) said they would recommend circumcision to others.Conclusions: Our results suggest that no‐flip ShangRing VMMC is safe and acceptable in boys below 18 years of age. Our results are to be compared those seen following ShangRing VMMC in African men. Further study with larger sample sizes are needed to explore the scalability of the ShangRing in larger paediatric cohorts in Africa. We believe that the ShangRing has great potential for use in all age groups from neonates to adults, which would simplify device implementation.
Språkkartlegging av flerspråklige barn i barnehagen - fra kontrovers til kompromiss?
Authors: Essahli Vik Nassira 
Published: July 2017

Språkkartlegging i barnehagen er et konfliktfylt felt som preges av enten/eller tenkning. På den ene siden ser kartleggingstilhengerne ut til å ha en positivistisk tro på at kartlegging kan bidra til løsninger på alt fra enkeltbarns behov for hjelp, til tilrettelegging for livslang læring og sosial utjevning. På den andre siden ser kartleggingsskeptikerne ut til å befinne seg innenfor den nordiske barnehagemodellen, som tradisjonelt bygger på et helhetlig syn på læring og på en sterk vektlegging av barndommens egenverdi. Spenningen kan ha store konsekvenser for praksisfeltet. I denne artikkelen drøfter jeg språkkartleggingsdiskursen i lys av teori om vitenskapelige kontroverser og konkluderer med at det er åpning for kompromisser, men også at det er tendenser i diskursen som snarere kan forsterke enn redusere uenigheten om språkkartlegging av flerspråklige barn i barnehagen. Mapping of language skills in early childhood education and care (ECEC) institutions is controversial. On the one hand, there are those who support language mapping based on a belief that mapping and measuring can help language acquisition and facilitate lifelong learning and social integration. On the other hand, there are skeptics who oppose mapping and emphasize the values of childhood. This article discusses the discourses on language mapping in light of theories on scientific controversies. Based on the analysis I find that although there are openings for compromises, it seems that tendencies in the discourse may amplify rather than reduce the controversy on the language mapping of multilingual children in Norwegian ECEC institutions.
Differential effect of Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (PECAM-1) on leukocyte infiltration during contact hypersensitivity responses
Authors: Early Merideth , Schroeder William G. , Unnithan Ranajana , Gilchrist John M. , Muller William A. , Schenkel Alan 
Published: July 2017

Background2′–4′ Dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) induced contact hypersensitivity is an established model of contact sensitivity and leukocyte migration. Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (PECAM-1) deficient mice were used to examine the role of PECAM-1 in the migration capacity of several different leukocyte populations after primary and secondary application.Resultsγδ T lymphocytes, granulocytes, and Natural Killer cells were most affected by PECAM-1 deficiency at the primary site of application. γδ T lymphocytes, granulocytes, DX5+ Natural Killer cells, and, interestingly, effector CD4+ T lymphocytes were most affected by the loss of PECAM-1 at the secondary site of application.ConclusionsPECAM-1 is used by many leukocyte populations for migration, but there are clearly differential effects on the usage by each subset. Further, the overall kinetics of each population varied between primary and secondary application, with large relative increases in γδ T lymphocytes during the secondary response.
Functional forms and price elasticities in a discrete continuous choice model of the residential water demand
Authors: Vásquez Lavín F. A. , Hernandez J. I. , Ponce R. D. , Orrego S. A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDuring recent decades, water demand estimation has gained considerable attention from scholars. From an econometric perspective, the most used functional forms include log‐log and linear specifications. Despite the advances in this field and the relevance for policymaking, little attention has been paid to the functional forms used in these estimations, and most authors have not provided justifications for their selection of functional forms. A discrete continuous choice model of the residential water demand is estimated using six functional forms (log‐log, full‐log, log‐quadratic, semilog, linear, and Stone‐Geary), and the expected consumption and price elasticity are evaluated. From a policy perspective, our results highlight the relevance of functional form selection for both the expected consumption and price elasticity.
Dam removal: Listening in
Authors: Foley M. M. , Bellmore J. R. , O'Connor J. E. , Duda J. J. , East A. E. , Grant G. E. , Anderson C. W. , Bountry J. A. , Collins M. J. , Connolly P. J. , Craig L. S. , Evans J. E. , Greene S. L. , Magilligan F. J. , Magirl C. S. , Major J. J. , Pess G. R. , Randle T. J. , Shafroth P. B. , Torgersen C. E. , Tullos D. , Wilcox A. C. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDam removal is widely used as an approach for river restoration in the United States. The increase in dam removals—particularly large dams—and associated dam‐removal studies over the last few decades motivated a working group at the USGS John Wesley Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis to review and synthesize available studies of dam removals and their findings. Based on dam removals thus far, some general conclusions have emerged: (1) physical responses are typically fast, with the rate of sediment erosion largely dependent on sediment characteristics and dam‐removal strategy; (2) ecological responses to dam removal differ among the affected upstream, downstream, and reservoir reaches; (3) dam removal tends to quickly reestablish connectivity, restoring the movement of material and organisms between upstream and downstream river reaches; (4) geographic context, river history, and land use significantly influence river restoration trajectories and recovery potential because they control broader physical and ecological processes and conditions; and (5) quantitative modeling capability is improving, particularly for physical and broad‐scale ecological effects, and gives managers information needed to understand and predict long‐term effects of dam removal on riverine ecosystems. Although these studies collectively enhance our understanding of how riverine ecosystems respond to dam removal, knowledge gaps remain because most studies have been short (< 5 years) and do not adequately represent the diversity of dam types, watershed conditions, and dam‐removal methods in the U.S.
Importation Model
Authors: Peterson Bryce Elling 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe importation model is a framework, rooted in criminological theory, for understanding why inmates misbehave while they are in prison or jail. This entry discusses the historical and theoretical development of this model, as well as how it fits into the larger theoretical and empirical body of work on the causes of institutional misbehavior. The entry describes the implications of the importation model for correctional policy and practice, along with the current state and future directions of research on the model.
Habitual Offender Laws
Authors: Crawford Charles 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAddressing the complex issues surrounding repeat offenders has been one of the most enduring difficulties in criminal justice. Those designated as habitual offenders are presumed to pose a danger to society and have subsequently been the recipient of special legislation and harsh mandatory sentencing including life without parole. Habitual offender laws in their current form are intended to incapacitate such offenders, yet this simple concept is fraught with legal, financial, and ethical dilemmas. This entry explores the history of habitual offender laws in the United States, including legal challenges, the impact on crime rates, corrections, and complaints of bias in their application.
J
uvenile
J
ustice and
D
elinquency
P
revention
A
ct (1974)
Authors: Carpenter Vikki 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
It was established in the early 1900s that there was a need to assess the issue of juvenile criminal offenses. Through the history of assessing this problem, juvenile justice has evolved into a federal and state issue. Mandates for dealing with juvenile delinquency have been provided by the United States government. The implementation of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 began a ripple effect establishing assistance, research, and evaluations for juvenile systems. The reauthorization and evolution of the Act provided for issues to be dealt with such as serious offenses, separation, and judicial revisions of the placing of offenders in criminal courts along with providing funds for state systems that complied with the new regulations. Interesting after‐effects are also considered and discussed in this entry.
Mandatory Sentencing
Authors: Schlesinger Traci 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMandatory sentencing policies stipulate a minimum sentence that includes imprisonment and dictates that the sentence can neither be suspended nor probation granted. These policies were rare in the United States until the 1970s, but during the next several decades federal and state legislatures enacted dozens. Research suggests that mandatory sentencing policies have increased both punitiveness and racial and gendered disparities in incarceration by (1) dictating increased punishments for traits that black and Latino citizens are more likely to have or behaviors in which they are more likely to engage, (2) centering on crimes for which policing is known to be racially targeted, (3) ignoring family responsibilities in sentencing, and (4) treating marginally and substantially culpable defendants as legal equivalents.
Imprisonment Binge and “Get Tough” Movement
Authors: Waid‐Lindberg Courtney A. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This entry traces the “get tough” movement in the United States from its roots in early penal reform measures and the first imprisonment binge, to the questioning of progressive ideologies concerning offenders and practices used with them in the late 1960s. It largely focuses on the resulting practices that have led to today's high incarceration rate. Various policies that espouse the “get tough” philosophy are detailed as well. The entry concludes with a questioning of whether the cyclical nature of punishment regimes will eventually affect the current “get tough” mentality and imprisonment binge, or if the practices that have been largely adopted since the 1960s will be a part of the political, public, and policy discourse and practice for years to come.
H
oward,
J
ohn
Authors: Chapman David W. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

John Howard (1726–90) has frequently been called the “Father of Prison Reform,” and there is no question that he dedicated the majority of his life and his financial resources to alleviating suffering and improving conditions for prisoners. His work culminated in the publication of
The State of the Prisons
(1777), which is an exhaustive catalog of conditions at some 300 prisons in the British Isles and throughout Europe. Some of the earliest attempts at prison reform in England can be traced to Howard's pioneering work.
Halfway Houses
Authors: Leban Lindsay 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe United States has the highest incarceration rate of any country, with a prison population that has seen staggering growth in recent decades. Given the social and economic costs of incarceration, residential transitional centers, or “halfway houses” are regarded as an alternative model to prison incarceration. These centers serve as intermediary facilities that attempt to ease the transition from prison back into the community, and aim to circumvent the problems that ex‐offenders often face upon their release. Halfway houses were first popularized in the United States in the early 1920s, with the establishment of facilities known as “Hope Halls” in several southern states. The emphasis in the 1960s on community based corrections brought the halfway house model to widespread popularity. Halfway house programs provide varying degrees of treatment services, skill building, work and educational opportunities, and family and community services to equip individuals with resources for successful community reintegration. Halfway houses fall into two categories: “halfway‐in,” and “halfway‐out.” They tend to be institutional, state‐run establishments targeting juvenile offenders, while halfway‐out programs treat incarcerated individuals who are transferred to the halfway house before entering the community.
Mental Health Courts
Authors: Mazar Laurel 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Mental health courts have been established in many jurisdictions across the United States and internationally. These courts have been developed to address the needs of a special population within the larger criminal justice system. People with mental illness who commit criminal offenses and are incarcerated often face negative outcomes. Mental health courts are attempting to address those outcomes by diverting people with mental illness to special programs that connect them with community centers to address their basic needs as well as their mental illness symptomology. Mental health courts seek to reduce recidivism among this special population through addressing their needs within the community and avoiding incarceration time. By avoiding a repetition of incarceration for a population with a high recidivism rate, courts and corrections systems are able to save time and money.
Inmate Classification
Authors: Pitts James M. A. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Inmate classification is a process of categorizing inmates into similar groups for the purpose of facility management. Classification systems are useful to aid facility administrators with facility management, programming, and security needs. Inmates are generally assessed based upon various risk factors to determine the appropriate level of security required. This process involves both objective methods, such as risk assessment instruments, as well as subjective assessments by correctional officials. An effective classification system is essential to efficient facility management.
O'Brien,Patricia
Authors: Sharp Susan F. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPatricia O'Brien is an associate professor of social work at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Her advocacy, teaching, and research have centered on intimate partner violence and incarcerated women. She is a leading scholar on the impacts of incarceration on women prisoners and their families, as well as problems faced by women re‐entering society after incarceration. Her publications include numerous articles, book chapters, and the book, Making it in the “Free World”: Women in Transition from Prison.
King: “Letter fromBirmingham Jail”
Authors: Fenny Omobolanle 
Published: July 2017

Abstract“Letter from a Birmingham Jail” was written on April 16, 963, by Martin Luther King, Jr. in response to criticism by eight white Alabama clergymen about his passive, nonviolent, resistance method of protesting the injustices experienced by African Americans in Alabama. In this letter, King defended the strategy, timeliness, and propriety of the civil rights movement. He advocated as current president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, concerned citizen, fellow clergyman, black man, politician, and orator. He appealed to the patriotic, religious, moral, and legal sentiments of his intended audience. King painstakingly explained his beliefs, logically marshaled his arguments, and deliberately defended his strategy, while expressing his disappointment with the white church's distance from the movement. This entry provides an overview of the letter, while focusing on King's assessment of various criminal justice agencies.
J
apan, Corrections in
Authors: Silva Jason R. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The foundation of the corrections system in Japan is rooted in a history of low crime rates, strong informal social control, and a nationalized system of operation. This is reportedly attributed to drastic political and cultural changes made after World War II. While contemporary fear of rising crime rates has produced incarceration issues similar to those in other Westernized nations, Japan remains one of the lowest‐ranked countries in terms of per capita prison populations. Rehabilitative efforts remain the core element of the Japanese corrections system, with a focus on work, education, and reintegration, in the hopes of keeping relatively low recidivism rates.
M
exico, Corrections in
Authors: Richie Matt , Randol Blake 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Historically, Mexico's correctional system was adapted from the Spanish colonial penal system and later reforms have emulated developments in the United States. Today, Mexico has a highly decentralized correctional system and most authority for the administration of punishment resides in state and local jurisdictions. Human rights organizations frequently scrutinize Mexico's prison system, whose poor conditions include overcrowding, poor sanitation, lack of proper medical treatment, prevalence of drug use and disease, corruption and organized crime (i.e., cartels), rampant misconduct and violence, and insufficient training for guards and staff. In recent years, Mexican officials have taken a number of steps to reform and modernize the country's correctional system.
HotHouse:LeavenworthPrison
Authors: Koppel Stephen 
Published: July 2017

AbstractKnown as the “Hot House” by inmates, Leavenworth Prison was home to some of the most dangerous offenders in the United States. From 1987 to 1989, in the middle of America's incarceration boom, the Federal Bureau of Prisons opened Leavenworth's gates to journalist Pete Earley. Through the experiences of nine inmates and guards, he records the story of the prison in his book,The Hot House: Life inside Leavenworth Prison.
M
aconochie,
C
aptain
A
lexander
Authors: Spillane Joseph 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Captain Alexander Maconochie (1787–1860) was a British naval officer, geographer, and penal reformer, and his work is widely credited as among the most influential in the development of Western penology. Maconochie served as a penal administrator at Australia's Norfolk Island penal settlement from 1840 to 1844. His innovative administration of Norfolk Island became the basis for his widely circulated public writing on the subject of prisons, which in turn influenced generations of reform‐minded administrators. Maconochie's published work not only made a strong case for the humane treatment of those under confinement, but also helped establish the conceptual foundations for the modern practices of the indeterminate sentence and parole.
NewYork Prison Riots
Authors: Connor David Patrick , McCormack Philip D. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPrison riots have materialized in many jurisdictions throughout the United States. New York, however, has featured a significant number of inmate disturbances. In September 1971, Attica Correctional Facility became the site of arguably the most infamous prison riot in American history. This violent disturbance, colloquially termed the Attica Prison Riot or the Attica Prison Uprising, not only represented a significant event in American corrections, but it also paved the way for correctional innovation and reform outside of the United States. Today, Attica Correctional Facility still stands as a maximum security correctional institution that houses adult male inmates who are generally sentenced to long periods of incarceration.