bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What do we GANE with age?
Authors: Nassar Matthew R. , Bruckner Rasmus , Eppinger Ben 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMather and colleagues provide an impressive cross-level account of how arousal levels modulate behavior, and they support it with data ranging from receptor pharmacology to measures of cognitive function. Here we consider two related questions: (1) Why should the brain engage in different arousal levels? and (2) What are the predicted consequences of age-related changes in norepinephrine signaling for cognitive function?
“What have we GANEd?” A theoretical construct to explain experimental evidence for noradrenergic regulation of sensory signal processing
Authors: Navarra Rachel , Waterhouse Barry 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe GANE (glutamate amplifies noradrenergic effects) theory posits a mechanism for amplifying noradrenergic modulatory actions and enhancing the processing of high-priority sensory signals for immediate or future experience-guided action. This theoretical construct is thought provoking with respect to the central processing of high-priority versus low-priority stimuli, but it requires some refinement to account for physiological fluctuations in NE efflux as a function of naturally occurring transitions in behavioral state and the experimentally observed phenomena associated with noradrenergic regulation of sensory signal transfer.
Motility, progressive motility score and DNA integrity of spermatozoa from cold-preserved mouse cauda epididymis
Authors: Jiang Man-Xi , Zhu Yan , Ou Xiang-Hong , Chen Lei-Ning , Jing Tao , Wang Bao-Ping 
Published: January 2017

SummaryThis study attempted to investigate and validate whether epididymis cold storage could be a suitable alternative for short-term preservation of spermatozoa. Mouse cauda epididymides and spermatozoa were preserved at 4–8°C from 1 day to 6 weeks. From days 1 to 10, motility and fertility were daily examined when motility loss occurred. From week 1, spermatozoa were used for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) at weekly intervals to test their fertility, and spermatozoa DNA integrity was determined by comet assay. We found that motility and progressive motility scores gradually decreased with storage time. In nearly all spermatozoa, DNA integrity was maintained from days 1 to 10, but the percentage of spermatozoa with damaged DNA significantly increased from week 2 to week 6. Spermatozoa retained fertility until day 6, although fertility gradually decreased after day 3. From week 1 to week 5, fertilization rates by ICSI were more than 82.69% but decreased gradually after week 3. We found that spermatozoa preserved in the epididymis at 4–8°C had progressively lower motility, fertility and proportion of undamaged DNA, but could still fertilize oocytes. However, all the parameters of cold-preserved spermatozoa were completely inferior to that from cold-preserved cauda epididymides. The results imply that cold storage of cauda epididymides could be conducive to short-term preservation of spermatozoa, and the cold-stored spermatozoa can resist DNA denaturation, which is necessary for maintaining reproductive ability.
Glacier advance during Marine Isotope Stage 11 in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica
Authors: Swanger Kate M. , Lamp Jennifer L. , Winckler Gisela , Schaefer Joerg M. , Marchant David R. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe mapped six distinct glacial moraines alongside Stocking Glacier in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Stocking Glacier is one of several alpine glaciers in the Dry Valleys fringed by multiple cold-based drop moraines. To determine the age of the outermost moraine, we collected 10 boulders of Ferrar Dolerite along the crest of the moraine and analyzed mineral separates of pyroxene for cosmogenic 3He. On the basis of these measurements, the exposure age for the outermost moraine is 391 ± 35 ka. This represents the first documented advance of alpine glacier ice in the Dry Valleys during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11. At this time, Stocking Glacier was ~20–30% larger than today. The cause of ice expansion is uncertain, but most likely it is related to increased atmospheric temperature and precipitation, associated with reduced ice extent in the nearby Ross Embayment. The data suggest complex local environmental response to warm climates in Antarctica and have implications for glacial response to Holocene warming. The study also demonstrates the potential for using alpine glacier chronologies in the Transantarctic Mountains as proxies for retreat of grounded glacier ice in the Ross Embayment.
Simple Resistance Exercise for 24 Weeks Decreases Alanine Aminotransferase Levels in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Takahashi Atsushi , Imaizumi Hiromichi , Hayashi Manabu , Okai Ken , Abe Kazumichi , Usami Keiji , Tanji Nobuo , Ohira Hiromasa 
Published: January 2017

Abstract Exercise therapy is effective and recommended for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) based on the efficacy of hepatic fat reduction. However, the efficacies of exercise therapy are based on short-term intervention. Moreover, no reports have examined whether significant reductions in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) are achieved with exercise therapy in patients with NAFLD. The aim of this study is to assess the effects of simple resistance exercise for 24 weeks in NAFLD. 59 patients with NAFLD were assigned to a resistance exercise group (n=28) or a control group (n=31). The resistance exercise group performed 2 exercises (push-ups and squats) 3 times a week on nonconsecutive days for a trial periods of 24 weeks. Patients in the control group proceeded with regular physical activities under a restricted diet throughout the study. The effects of exercise were compared between groups after 24 weeks.Mean ALT level, homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance index and hepatic steatosis grade were all decreased in the resistance exercise group. Changes in ALT levels correlated negatively with changes in muscle:body weight ratio in the exercise group.These data demonstrate that 24 weeks of simple resistance exercise comprising squats and push-ups represents an effective treatment for NAFLD.
Sulforaphene attenuates multinucleation of pre-osteoclasts by suppressing expression of cell–cell fusion-associated genes DC-STAMP, OC-STAMP, and Atp6v0d2
Authors: Takagi Tomohiro , Inoue Hirofumi , Takahashi Nobuyuki , Katsumata-Tsuboi Rie , Uehara Mariko 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
We assessed the effect of sulforaphene (SFE) on osteoclast differentiation. SFE significantly decreased the number of RANKL-induced tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive cells and suppressed pre-osteoclast multinucleation. Furthermore, SFE downregulated mRNA expression of DC-STAMP, OC-STAMP, and Atp6v0d2, which encode cell–cell fusion molecules. Our data suggest that SFE attenuates pre-osteoclast multinucleation via suppression of cell–cell fusion.
Assessment of stability and reliability of embedded components in printed circuit boards
Authors: Steplewski Wojciech , Dziedzic Andrzej , Borecki Janusz , Serzysko Tomasz 
Published: January 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the basic functional parameters of passive embedded components in printed circuit boards (PCBs) under environmental exposures such as thermal-humidity and thermal exposure.

Design/methodology/approach
The investigations were based on the thin-film resistors made of NiP alloy, thick-film resistors made of carbon or carbon–silver inks, embedded capacitors made of FaradFlex materials and embedded inductor made in various configurations. The capacitors and thin- and thick-film resistors were tested in the climatic chamber in conditions of thermal-humidity exposure at 85°C and 85 per cent RH for 500 h. The embedded inductors were tested in two different environmental conditions: thermal-humidity exposure at 60°C and 95 per cent RH, and thermal exposure at 150°C and additionally at the temperature in the range of +25°C to +150°C.

Findings
Studies show that in the case of embedded capacitors, the changes caused by exposure to thermal-humidity are durable and lead to the capacity increase. The embedded thin-film resistors behave in the same manner, whereas the thick-film resistors were the least resistant to the conditions of exposure. Most of the polymer thick-film resistors have been damaged. The changes of coils' properties during aging are small, and what is most important is that, after some time of exposure, their parameters stabilize at a particular level. The changes resulting from the increase in temperature are typically related to the change of material resistance (Cu) of which coils are made, and as such, they cannot be avoided but they can be predicted.

Research limitations/implications
The realized studies allowed determination of the properties of the embedded passive elements with respect to specific environmental exposures. The studies show that embedded resistors can be used interchangeably with chip passive elements. It allows saving the area on the surface of PCB, occupied by these passive elements, for assembly of active elements integrated circuits (ICs) and thus enabling the miniaturization of electronic devices.

Originality/value
The knowledge about the behavior of the operating parameters of embedded components, considering the environmental conditions, allows for development of more complex systems with integrated PCBs.
Spitznävi: unterschiedliche klinische, dermatoskopische und histopathologische Merkmale in der Kindheit
Authors: Dika Emi , Neri Iria , Fanti Pier Alessandro , Barisani Alessia , Ravaioli Giulia Maria , Patrizi Annalisa 
Published: January 2017

ZusammenfassungHintergrund und ZieleDie Charakterisierung der klinischen Merkmale und des biologischen Potenzials von Spitznävi hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten breites Interesse gefunden. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Beschreibung der klinischen und dermatoskopischen Merkmale von Spitznävi sowie des klinischen Ergebnisses nach chirurgischer Exzision von Spitznävi in drei pädiatrischen Altersgruppen.Patienten und MethodenRestrospektive Studie zur Analyse von klinischen Merkmalen, videodermatoskopischen Bildern, histopathologischen Diagnosen und Behandlungsergebnissen. Der Grad der Pigmentierung wurde sowohl klinisch als auch histopathologisch beurteilt.ErgebnisseBei 71 Patienten wurden 72 spitzoide Neoplasien entfernt. Videodermatologische Bilder lagen für 41 Patienten vor. Das Muster der Pigmentierung korrelierte signifikant mit dem Alter der Patienten: Hyperpigmentierte Läsionen waren bei Vorschulkindern selten, bei Patienten von 7 bis 12 Jahren und ab 13 Jahren dagegen häufiger. Eine histopathologische Diagnose von atypischen Spitznävi wurde selten durchgeführt. Keiner der Patienten, bei denen ursprünglich ein atypischer Spitznävus diagnostiziert worden war, entwickelte ein Lokalrezidiv oder Metastasen während der anschließenden Nachbeobachtung.SchlussfolgerungenPigmentierte Spitznävi traten im Alter ab 13 Jahren häufiger auf. Die Studie bestätigt andere Berichte über die Altersverteilung von Pigmentierungsmustern und hebt die geringe Anzahl atypischer Spitznävi bei pädiatrischen Patienten hervor sowie das Ausbleiben von Rezidiven bei der langfristigen Nachbeobachtung.
Assessing Mathematics Teachers’ Knowledge in Teaching Thinking Skills
Authors: Zulkpli Zulhelmi , Mohamed Mohini , Abdullah Abdul Halim 
Published: January 2017

Teaching of thinking skills, paramount in effective teaching and learning of Mathematics, requires sufficiently knowledgeable teachers for its delivery. As such, it is equally important to determine the minimum level of knowledge required of the teachers, so that, the intended tasks could be carried out successfully. Thus, this quantitative study was conducted with its aim to identify the level of teachers’ knowledge in teaching thinking skills. A total of 199 Mathematics teachers were selected as the respondents in this study. The collected data was analyzed inferentially to identify the levels of teachers’ knowledge in teaching thinking skills across school categories. The results obtained showed that, Mathematics teachers in primary schools had a relatively lower level of knowledge in teaching thinking skills, compared to their peers in secondary schools. This study revealed the importance of teaching thinking skills to students. Teacher must gain the mastery of thinking skills themselves, so that they would be able to deliver the related lessons effectively. Thus, Mathematics teacher should always keep improving themselves to fully master the teaching of thinking skills to the students.
Pharmacokinetics of Clindamycin in Obese and Nonobese Children
Authors: Smith Michael J. , Gonzalez Daniel , Goldman Jennifer L. , Yogev Ram , Sullivan Janice E. , Reed Michael D. , Anand Ravinder , Martz Karen , Berezny Katherine , Benjamin Daniel K. , Smith P. Brian , Cohen-Wolkowiez Michael , Watt Kevin 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT

Although obesity is prevalent among children in the United States, pharmacokinetic (PK) data for obese children are limited. Clindamycin is a commonly used antibiotic that may require dose adjustment in obese children due to its lipophilic properties. We performed a clindamycin population PK analysis using data from three separate trials. A total of 420 samples from 220 children, 76 of whom had a body mass index greater than or equal to the 95th percentile for age, were included in the analysis. Compared to other metrics, total body weight (TBW) was the most robust measure of body size. The final model included TBW and a sigmoidal maturation relationship between postmenstrual age (PMA) and clearance (CL): CL (liters/hour) = 13.8 × (TBW/70)
0.75
× [PMA
2.83
/(39.5
2.83
+PMA
2.83
)]; volume of distribution (
V
) was associated with TBW, albumin (ALB), and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AAG):
V
(liters) = 63.6 × (TBW/70) × (ALB/3.3)
−0.83
× (AAG/2.4)
−0.25
. After accounting for differences in TBW, obesity status did not explain additional interindividual variability in model parameters. Our findings support TBW-based dosing for obese and nonobese children.
Time Trends in Sputum Mycobacterial Load and Two-Day Bactericidal Activity of Isoniazid-Containing Antituberculosis Therapies
Authors: De Jager Veronique , van der Merwe Lize , Venter Amour , Donald Peter R. , Diacon Andreas H. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT

Recent early bactericidal activity (EBA) studies of isoniazid-based antituberculosis therapies have shown a lower EBA over the first two treatment days than in earlier years. To quantify this trend and evaluate factors contributing to it, we extracted individual data from 18 studies with a total of 182 participants using isoniazid-containing therapies between 1992 and 2015 at a single site and laboratory in Cape Town, South Africa. We recalculated EBA as the daily fall in CFU per milliliter sputum up to day 2 of therapy (EBA
0–2
) for individual patients and treatment groups and used mixed-effects linear models to investigate the correlation between pretreatment CFU, EBA
0–2
, and year of study. We found that mean pretreatment CFU and year of study accounted for 46% and 47%, respectively, of the variation in mean EBA
0–2
. Mean pretreatment CFU differed between the periods 1992 to 2001 and 2007 to 2015 by 0.92 log
10
CFU (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57 to 1.28;
P
< 0.0001). On average, pretreatment CFU dropped by 0.053 log
10
CFU (95% CI, 0.029 to 0.076;
P
= 0.0004) and EBA
0–2
by 0.012 log
10
CFU (95% CI, 0.006 to 0.018;
P
= 0.001) per year. The EBA
0–2
of isoniazid-based antituberculosis therapy is strongly correlated with baseline mycobacterial load and shows a declining trend over the past 2 decades.
The Petrosquamous Stalactite: Anatomic Characterization and Mastoid Surgical Implications
Authors: Puricelli Michael D. , Newby Maxwell D. , Fishman Andrew J. , Rivera Arnaldo L. 
Published: January 2017

ObjectiveTo define the presence and relationship of the petrosquamous stalactite (PsS)—a condensation of the trabecular Korner’s septum into a bony plate of the petrosquamous suture—to surrounding structures and understand its surgical implications.Study DesignSeries of cadaver dissections.SettingUniversity of Missouri Alumni Temporal Bone and Microvascular Laboratory.Subjects and MethodsAnatomic dissections were conducted on 15 consecutive formalin‐preserved and frozen adult human temporal bones. A calibrated Dino‐Lite Premier Digital Microscope was used to photograph dissections of each bone. Measurements were conducted with DinoCapture 2.0 software, with measurement agreement between 2 authors.ResultsThe PsS was present in all specimens. A conserved vascular structure courses within the structure, and the superior malleolar ligament inserts on it. The mean ± SEM distances from the PsS to the tegmen tympani and incus buttress were 2 ± 0.24 mm and 4.23 ± 0.14 mm, respectively. The shortest distance from the PsS to the posterior body of the incus was 1.25 ± 0.13 mm, while the greatest distance from the posterior prominence of the PsS to the posterior body of the incus was 4.58 ± 0.25 mm.ConclusionThe PsS is a consistently identifiable structure that may facilitate identification of the tegmen tympani and guide the otologic surgeon from the mastoid antrum to the incus. It is important to recognize the contribution of the PsS to the division of the epitympanic space when cholesteatoma involves the region, to avoid leaving a nidus for future disease.
A conceptual model for the development process of confirmatory adaptive clinical trials within an emergency research network
Authors: Mawocha Samkeliso C , Fetters Michael D , Legocki Laurie J , Guetterman Timothy C , Frederiksen Shirley , Barsan William G , Lewis Roger J , Berry Donald A , Meurer William J 
Published: January 2017

Background: Adaptive clinical trials use accumulating data from enrolled subjects to alter trial conduct in pre-specified ways based on quantitative decision rules. In this research, we sought to characterize the perspectives of key stakeholders during the development process of confirmatory-phase adaptive clinical trials within an emergency clinical trials network and to build a model to guide future development of adaptive clinical trials. Methods: We used an ethnographic, qualitative approach to evaluate key stakeholders’ views about the adaptive clinical trial development process. Stakeholders participated in a series of multidisciplinary meetings during the development of five adaptive clinical trials and completed a Strengths–Weaknesses–Opportunities–Threats questionnaire. In the analysis, we elucidated overarching themes across the stakeholders’ responses to develop a conceptual model. Results: Four major overarching themes emerged during the analysis of stakeholders’ responses to questioning: the perceived statistical complexity of adaptive clinical trials and the roles of collaboration, communication, and time during the development process. Frequent and open communication and collaboration were viewed by stakeholders as critical during the development process, as were the careful management of time and logistical issues related to the complexity of planning adaptive clinical trials. Conclusion: The Adaptive Design Development Model illustrates how statistical complexity, time, communication, and collaboration are moderating factors in the adaptive design development process. The intensity and iterative nature of this process underscores the need for funding mechanisms for the development of novel trial proposals in academic settings.
Multiple large clusters of tuberculosis in London: a cross-sectional analysis of molecular and spatial data
Authors: Smith Catherine M. , Maguire Helen , Anderson Charlotte , Macdonald Neil , Hayward Andrew C. 
Published: January 2017

Large outbreaks of tuberculosis (TB) represent a particular threat to disease control because they reflect multiple instances of active transmission. The extent to which long chains of transmission contribute to high TB incidence in London is unknown. We aimed to estimate the contribution of large clusters to the burden of TB in London and identify risk factors.We identified TB patients resident in London notified between 2010 and 2014, and used 24-locus mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units–variable number tandem repeat strain typing data to classify cases according to molecular cluster size. We used spatial scan statistics to test for spatial clustering and analysed risk factors through multinomial logistic regression.TB isolates from 7458 patients were included in the analysis. There were 20 large molecular clusters (with n>20 cases), comprising 795 (11%) of all cases; 18 (90%) large clusters exhibited significant spatial clustering. Cases in large clusters were more likely to be UK born (adjusted odds ratio 2.93, 95% CI 2.28–3.77), of black-Caribbean ethnicity (adjusted odds ratio 3.64, 95% CI 2.23–5.94) and have multiple social risk factors (adjusted odds ratio 3.75, 95% CI 1.96–7.16).Large clusters of cases contribute substantially to the burden of TB in London. Targeting interventions such as screening in deprived areas and social risk groups, including those of black ethnicities and born in the UK, should be a priority for reducing transmission.
Remarks on the Messinian evaporites of Zakynthos Island (Io- nian Sea, Eastern Mediterranean).
Authors: Karakitsios V. , Roveri M. , Lugli S. , Manzi V. , Gennari R. , Antonarakou A. , Triantaphyllou M. , Agiadi K. , Kontakiotis G. 
Published: January 2017

Detailed mapping of the Neogene deposits on Zakynthos Island shows that the Messinian primary evaporite basins, formed over Ionian basement, are delimited by the westernmost outcrop of the Triassic evaporitic diapirs, located west of the Kalamaki-Argasi Messinian gypsum unit. The post-Miocene external Ionian thrust is emplaced west of the Triassic diapirs. Planktonic foraminifera biostratigraphy indicates that primary evaporite accumulation took place probably during the first stage of the Messinian salinity crisis (5.96-5.60 Ma), in shallower parts of a foreland basin, formed over the Pre-Apulian and the Ionian zone basement. Establishment of these depositional environments, before the Ionian thrust emplacement, was probably due to the particularities of the foreland basin, which extended from the external Ionian to the internal Pre-Apulian zone. Field observations, borehole data and an onshore seismic profile show that the Neogene sediments over the Pre-Apulian basement correspond to the foredeep through forebulge domain of the foreland basin, as it is documented from their spatial thickness distribution. In contrast, the Neogene sediments over the Ionian basement correspond to the wedge top of the foreland basin, which was less subsiding, as it is deduced by their reduced thickness. This lower subsidence rate was the result of the concurrent diapiric movements of the Ionian Triassic evaporites. In Agios Sostis area, located over Pre-Apulian basement, the Neogene sequence is intercalated by decametre-thick resedimented blocks consisting of shallow water selenite. To the southeast, this mass-wasting Messinian gypsum passes to mainly gypsum turbidite. In Kalamaki-Argasi area, located over Ionian basement, the shallow water environment led to the deposition of the observed primary gypsum. Erosion of the primary gypsum of both forebulge and wedge top supplied the foreland basin’s depocenter with gypsum turbidites.