bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of White Grubs in Turf Using Carbaryl Formulations, 1995
Authors: Held D. , Potter D. A. , Williamson C. , Keathley C. , Kunkel B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This test was conducted in turf-type tall fescue at the University of Kentucky Spindletop Farm, near Lexington. The turf was on a Maury silt loam soil (pH = 6.4) with negligible thatch. Plots (4 X 6 ft: 2 ft untreated borders) were arranged in a RCB with 4 replications. The turf was treated on 17 Aug, after egg hatch of JB and SMC. At that time, the population consisted mostly of 1 st and 2nd instars. Granular formulations were preweighed, mixed with dry sand, and applied evenly to the plots by gloved hand. Liquid applications were applied at a volume of 50 gal/acre using a low volume, CO2 sprayer equipped with 4 Spraying System 8004 Tee Jet nozzles that delivered 2109 g pressure per cm2. Each plot was syringed with about 1/8 inch of water within 5 min after application, and the whole site received about 3/4 inch of irrigation as soon as the last treatment was applied. Conditions at the time of treatment were 90°F with winds &lt; 10 mph. The most recent precipitation before the treatment date was on 10 Aug, when 1.70 inches of rain fell. There was 0.44 and 0.17 inch of rain on the 18th and 19th of August, respectively; i.e., 1 and 2 DAT. Plots were sampled on 16 Sep. A motorized sod cutter was used to cut a 3 X 1.5 ft strip, about 3 inches deep, from the center of each plot. The sod was rolled back, broken apart, and all grubs were identified and counted.
Pear, Degree Day Timing for the Control of Codling Moth, 1996
Authors: Wise John C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Mature Bartlett trees at the Trevor Nichols Research Complex in Fennville, MI (Pear 1 Block) were sprayed at a rate of 100 GPA with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Trees were arranged in a CRB design of single trees replicated 4 times. Application of treatment materials based on covers were made on 16 May (white bud), 23 May (petal fall), and 4 Jun (1C), 19 Jun (2C), 3 Jul (4C), 17 Jul (5C), 31 Jul (6C), and 16 Aug (7C). Degree day timed applications were made for treatment 7 on 19 Jun (200-250 DD), 3 Jul (550-600 DD), 31 Jul (1250 DD), and 16 Aug (1560 DD). CM degree-days were calculated using a base of 50°F and accumulated from first sustained moth flight in the spring. Streptomycin, Benlate, Penncozeb, Rubigan, Captan, and Funginex were applied to all treatments separately. Green fruitworm evaluations were made on 21 May and 29 May by randomly selecting 50 leaves per replicate, 200 leaves per treatment, and examining them for the presence of GFW larvae. Harvest fruit evaluations were made on 27 Aug by picking 50 fruit randomly from the periphery of the tree from each replicate (200 fruit per treatment) and evaluating them for damage by CM and OBLR.
Control of Rose Aphids in a Landscape Setting, Summer 1996
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Roses are routinely planted on the UCR campus as part of the landscape. They are rarely treated for pest problems and typically exhibit moderate infestations of the more common pests. A single planting of roses approximately 30 m2 was used to determine the efficacy of selected pesticides against the rose aphid, Macrosiphum rosae (L.). The plants were arranged in seven rows of eight plants each, one meter apart. The average maximum and minimum temperatures during the trial were 98.2°F and 62.9°F. The roses were irrigated for 8 minutes two times each night three days a week, and no rain occurred during the trial. Granular applications were applied the night before spray treatments, 7 Aug, to allow an irrigation cycle to occur. Two leaves and two flowers were collected from each rose plant at each sampling time. Aphids were collected from the samples by placing the leaves and flowers in a quartsized food container filled with 80% ethanol. They were shaken for thirty seconds, and the solution was filtered through a Buchner funnel. Aphids were collected and counted on a piece of filter paper in the funnel. A pre-treatment count was taken on 6 Aug. Ten treatments and an untreated check were set up on 8 Aug. Post-treatment counts of aphids were taken weekly for four weeks after treatment (WAT). The data were analyzed using ANOVA and DNMRT was used to separate means.
Control of Gypsy Moth Larvae on Container Grown Crabapple, 1996
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The 10 ft tall container grown trees were held in a nursery holding area on the Michigan State University Campus in East Lansing, Michigan for the duration of this test. To alleviate drift problems, branches were dipped in the appropriate pesticide solutions on 30 May. Treatments were replicated 6 times with a replication consisting of an individual branch. Several trees had up to 4 branches with different treatments. Sleeve cages were put on the branches and ten 2nd instar larvae were placed within each cage on 4 Jun. Larvae were counted on 7 Jun and 11 Jun by rolling back the cages and counting live larvae.
Pear, Early Season Control of Pear Psylla and Pear Rust Mite, 1996
Authors: Wise John C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Mature ‘Bartlett’ trees at the Trevor Nichols Research Complex in Fennville, MI (Pear 1 Block) were sprayed at a rate of 100 gpa with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Trees were arranged in a CR design of single trees replicated 4 times. All materials were applied as indicated in the table on 4 Jun (IC) and 17 Jul (4C, PP Threshold of 0.3 nymphs per leaf). Streptomycin, Benlate, Penncozeb, Rubigan, Captan, and Funginex were applied to all treatments separately. Dates of PP and PRM evaluation were 19 Jun, 2 Jul, 15 Jul, and 8 Aug. At each evaluation, 50 leaves per replicate were picked, brushed in a mite-brushing machine and then examined under a stereo microscope for PRM adults. Twenty-five leaves per replicate were also evaluated under a stereomicroscope for PP nymphs and eggs. Mean data are reported as PRM adults per leaf, and PP nymphs or eggs per leaf. Harvest fruit evaluations were made on 27 Aug by picking 25 fruit randomly from the periphery of the tree from each replicate per treatment. They were examined for sooty mold from PP and PRM russetting. Sooty mold and russetting evaluations were based on visual inspection, with the scoring criteria listed in the table.
The Effect of Adjuvants on the Activity of Tracer™ 480SC on Cabbage in the Laboratory, 1996
Authors: Larson L.L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
NAF-85, the Tracer™ formulation was tested with various adjuvants to determine potential problems with their use. Cabbage looper was used as an indicator species on greenhouse grown cabbage seedlings. Single plants were sprayed using a Mandel Track Sprayer at 6 gpa utilizing a TeeJet 8003 EVS nozzle at 40 psi at 18 inches above the cabbage. The plants were sampled and placed 1 meter under a Hubbell Sun Lamp™ in a sunlight chamber. Samples were taken and placed into four 150 mm plastic petri dishes and each infested with 5 late second instars of cabbage looper. The mortality was determined at 48 hours after infestation and analyzed using the Spearman-Karber log dose-probit to determine the LC50 value and its 95% confidence limits (shown in parentheses in the table).
Laboratory Treatments for Suppression of Southern Red Mite, 1996
Authors: Skinner Robert , Spray Ocean , Weldon Monika 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
In response to cancellation of Omite (propargite) as the only short-term control for this pest mite on cranberries in 1996, we evaluated seven compounds to determine which warranted further field testing. Forty sweet pepperbush (Clethra alnifolia) leaves were ‘cleaned’ of existing debris using a paper towel wetted with distilled water. Each pepperbush leaf was then placed singly in a petri dish that contained three sheets of filter paper saturated with distilled water to prevent both mite escape and leaf desiccation. Each treatment and the check (water) had 5 replicates. Applications were made with a hand sprayer. Ten adult mites were placed on each pepperbush leaf and were sprayed with a test material to runoff. Covers were then placed on the petri dishes to reduce evaporation. The bioassay plates were placed in a growth chamber at 25& C, with 14:10 LD. Each treatment and check was evaluated for living and dead mites at 1, 3 or 4, and 7 days after treat-ment.
Efficacy of the Bollgard Gene in Transgenic Cotton Lines Against Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm, 1995
Authors: Benedict J.H. , Ring D.R. , Correa J.C. , Buehler R.E. , Johnson E.M. , Bradshaw L.D. , Deaton W.R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Transgenic cotton lines expressing an insecticidal protein produced by the crylA(c) gene (i.e., BoUgard Gene), or cryllA gene (Monsanto Co.) from Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki, and the nontransgenic parent line Coker 312 (COK 312), were planted 25 Apr 1995 near Corpus Christi, Texas. Field plots were 4 row (38 inch centers) X 30 ft. Treatments (i.e., cotton lines) were arranged in a split plot RCB and each plot replicated 6 times. The main plot was lepidopteran control (i.e., with or without lepidopteran sprays of Karate (0.03 lb[AI]/acre) to suppress tobacco budworm, bollworm and other lepidopteran pests) and subplots were 6 cotton lines. Plots for lepidopteran suppression were sprayed on 6, 14, 21, 28 Jul with Karate using a backpack, CO2 powered sprayer and a 2 row handheld spray boom. The entire test was planted with in-furrow insecticide and oversprayed as needed for inseason control of insect pests such as thrips, aphids, boll weevil and cotton fleahopper. Efficacy of transgenic cottons to control target lepidopteran pests was determined by examining 20 flower buds and 20 capsules per plot on 5, 12, 19, 26 Jul for bollworm-tobacco budworm feeding injury, and taking lint yields per plot. Supplemental soil moisture was provided by sprinkler and furrow irrigation during the season but not within 48 h following a lepidopteran control spray. The plots were hand-harvested (13 ft 9 inches from middle 2 rows) and seedcotton ginned on a laboratory 10-saw gin.
Evaluation of Insecticides Against Lepidopterous Pests During Bloom on Blueberries, 1996
Authors: Polavarapu S. , Peng H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This study was conducted in a ‘Bluecrop’ blueberry field near Whitesbog, NJ. Blueberry bushes were approximately 5 ft tall and spaced 9 X 4 ft apart. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 5 times with each replication consisting of 6 bushes in 2 rows. Two unsprayed rows between blocks and 8 unsprayed bushes between treatments within a block served as buffers. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 pressurized Model T backpack sprayer (R & D sprayers) equipped with a Tee Jet hollowcone (4 VS) nozzle calibrated to deliver 30 gal/acre at 40 PSI. Insecticides were applied twice on 14 May and 24 May approximately at 40 and 80% bloom, respectively. Spray adjuvants, Nu-Film 17 (4 oz/acre) and Latron B-1956 (0.12% v/v) were included in all B.t. and Confirm treatments, respectively. GM eggmasses were obtained from USDA-APHIS facility at Otis Air Base in Cape Code, MA, to augment larval populations in the field plots. Eggmasses were stapled to the bush on 4 May at the rate of one eggmasses per bush. Eggmasses began hatching on 6 May and larvae were well distributed on the bushes within a week after hatching. Larval populations were assessed by sampling 25 clusters from each of 4 randomly selected bushes/replicate for a total of 100 leaf and flower clusters/replicate on 13 May (pretreatment count), and 24 May and 1 Jun (post-treatment counts). Leaf and flower clusters were randomly selected from the top, middle and bottom thirds of each bush.
Low-Risk Miticides for Control of Southern Red Mite on Cranberry, 1996
Authors: Weber Donald C. , Skinner Robert , Cranberries Ocean Spray 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
An established commercial cranberry bog in Taunton, MA, was treated with 4 materials under investigation as alternatives to propargite for Southern red mite control. Plots were 1 by lm in size, separated by 20-cm buffer strips, and arranged with five replicates per treatment in a Latin-square design. All treatments were made at 100 gallons per acre and 40 psi with a stainless steel backpack CO2 pressurized sprayer. All plots were treated on 20 Aug, following pre-treatment sample collections. All plots except pyridaben were retreated on 29 Aug. Check plots were sprayed with water only. Evaluations involved examination of 25 uprights per plot for all mite stages under a dissecting microscope, on 20 (pretreatment), 21, 29 (before 2nd treatment), and 30 Aug, 5 and 10 Sep, and on 16 and 30 Sep for untreated check and pyridaben plots only. The bog was flooded for harvest between 21 and 28 Sep.
Efficacy of Insecticides to Citrus Peel Miner Larvae on Grapefruit, 1996
Authors: Kerns D. L. , Maurer M. , Tellez T. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Ten year old grapefruit trees in Maricopa, AZ were treated with insecticides for control of CPM larvae. The treatments were arranged in a RCB design with four replicates. Each plot (20 by 60 ft) consisted of three trees in a row spaced 20 ft apart. Applications were initiated as soon as visible mines were detected. Applications were made using a backpack air-blast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa. Prior to application, 10 to 15 fruits with active mines were tagged in each plot. Treatments were applied on Sep 18. The following day, the fruits were picked and the number of mines on each fruit were counted. The fruits were then placed in 3 gal buckets (1 bucket per plot) with ventilated lids. The number of emerged adult CPMs were counted on 11 Oct. Henderson-Tilton’s equation [C = 100(1 – XcYtlXtYc); where C = percent control, Xc = precount in the untreated, Xt = precount in the treatment, Yc = postcount in the untreated and Yt = post-count in the treatment] was used to estimate percent control. Differences among treatments were separated using ANOVA and an F protected LSD.
Igr Evaluation Experiment 1,1996
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in 4 miniblocks, each 1/3 acre, of 16-yr-old trees on M 7A rootstock. Trees measured 16.5 ft. in height and 16 ft. in width and were planted at a spacing of 20 X 20 ft. The experimental design consisted of half a miniblock (18 trees) for each spray treatment and an entire miniblock for the untreated plot. Insecticides were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the trees with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.3 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gpa. Dates (plant growth stage and degree-days after first pheromone trap catch in spring of codling moth, TABM, OFM of application were 12 Apr (delayed dormant), 18 Apr (pre-pink), 10 May (petal fall, 163,-,296), 20 May (266, 115,442), 3 Jun (410, 317, 644), 11 Jun (561, 508, 835), 18 Jun (721, 703, 1031), 3 Jul (1034, 1091, 1418), 11 Jul (1191, 1285, 1613), 25 Jul (1499, 1641, 1969), 2 Aug (1626, 1831, 2158), and 8 Aug (1754, 1989, 2317). Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Agri-Mycin, COCS, Dithane, Nova, Penncozeb, Rubigan, and Ziram. Treatment effect was evaluated by counting insects and injury on the periphery of 4 single-tree replications in the center row(s) of each plot periodically during the season. RAA control was determined by counting colonies per tree. Con-trol of WALH was determined by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 leaves per tree. Effect of treatments against ERM was determined by sampling 25 leaves/tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting motile stages with a binocular microscope. OFM control was determined by counting injured terminals per tree. Control of STLM was determined by counting all tissue-feeding mines during a 5 minute period per tree. Effect of treatments against TABM was determined by counting leaf shelters and live larvae within leaf shelters per tree.
Efficacy of Experimental Insecticides to Citrus Thrips on Lemons, 1996
Authors: Kerns D. L. , Tellez T. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Eight year old lemon trees in Yuma, AZ, were treated with experimental insecticides for control of citrus thrips. The treatments were arranged in a RCB design, consisting of four replicates. Each plot (30 by 90 ft) consisted of three trees, spaced 30 ft apart, in a row. Applications were made using a backpack air-blast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa. Treatments were applied approximately seven days after petal fall on Apr 2, Apr 23 and May 08. Evaluations were made on 4 Apr, 9 Apr, 15 Apr, 23 Apr, 25 Apr, 29 Apr, 6 May, 10 May, 13 May, 20 May and 29 May. Percent infested fruit were estimated by sampling ten fruit per tree for the presence or absence of immature CT. Fruit damage was assessed on Aug 19 by rating the degree of rind scarring: 1 = no scarring, 2 = slight scarring around the calyx, 3 = significant scarring around the calyx, 4 = slight scarring on the side of the fruit and 5 = major scarring on the side of the fruit. Percentages fruit infested with immature CT were statistically analysed using a square-root transformation, but the data presented in the tables is untransformed. Differences among treatments were separated using ANOVA and an F protected LSD.
Aphid Control on Pecans, 1996
Authors: French J. Victor , Jackson Ben M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Different rates of experimental BAS 300 1II were compared with MetaSystox-R for control of blackmargined pecan aphid. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times on plots of 4-5 trees each in a 12-yr-old pecan planting at a 30 X 30 ft spacing. Sprays were applied 30 Jul using a Lockwood Hardie Super 40 air blast sprayer with nozzling, pressure and speed adjusted to apply 200 gpa. All live aphids were counted on 12 compound leaves randomly sampled per replicate (36 leaves per treatment) at 3, 7 DAT and weekly thereafter.
Control of Pecan Weevil in Pecans, 1995
Authors: Mulder P. G. , Smith Michael W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Three insecticides were evaluated for control of pecan weevil (PW) on ‘Western’ cultivar of pecans. Trials were conducted at the Pecan Research Station located near Sparks, OK (Lincoln Co.) and were arranged in a RCB design with three single-tree replications. Timing of application was based on monitoring PW emergence from the soil using Tedder’s traps. Insecticides were applied when a threshold of 0.4 weevils/trap/day was captured. Based on this threshold, two applications were made, the first on 11 Sep and the second on 27 Sep. Treatments were applied using a PTO driven, air blast orchard sprayer calibrated to deliver 97 gpa. All chemical treatments were applied with a surfactant, Latron B-1956, at 0.5 pt/100 gal. PW populations did not reach threshold levels after the second application. Damage was evaluated at harvest (November) using random samples of 40 nuts/tree before cleaning. Each nut was cracked by hand and examined for presence of weevils. Percentage infestations were calculated for each tree, then data were analyzed using ANOVA with mean separation by DMRT.
Control of Pecan Nut Casebearer and Fall Webworm in Pecans, 1996
Authors: Mulder P. G. , Collins J. K. , Smith Michael W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Eight insecticides were evaluated for control of PNC and FW on pecans. Trials were conducted at a commercial pecan orchard located near Bumeyville, OK (Love Co.). A section of the pecan orchard was divided into 9 blocks of trees, with each block receiving one of the treatments. Each block was about one acre in size. The trial used mature native pecan trees. Pretreatment PNC infestation levels were determined 29 May. Twenty nut clusters on at least five trees per block (100 nut clusters per treatment), were inspected for the presence of PNC eggs and damage. If an egg or damage was found on any nut within a cluster, it was considered infested. No fall webworm larval infestations were found when insecticides were applied; however, adult activity was observed. Treatments were applied on 30 May using a Duran-Wayland Model 500 ATF, motor driven, air blast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa. Only one application was made. PNC damage was evaluated on 21 Jun by inspecting 25 nut clusters/tree on each of 10 trees (250 nut clusters per treatment), at 5 to 8 feet above the ground for case-bearer entries. Damage from FW was evaluated on 15 Jul by counting the number of webs on each of five trees per treatment.
Twospotted Spider Mite Control with Cm-006,1996
Authors: Steenwyk R. A. Van , Sibbett S. G. , Nomoto R. M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The study was conducted in a commercial walnut orchard near Visalia, CA on 3-year old trees. Six treatments were replicated six times in a RCB design. Each replicate consisted of an individual tree. There was a buffer row in each direction from the experimental trees. Treatments were applied on 10 Jul with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 200 psi and delivering 37.5 gpa of finished spray (0.5 ga/tree). TSM were sampled weekly from 10 Jul (pre-treatment sample) through 7 Aug by collecting five leaflets per replicate. The leaflets were brushed and TSM were counted under magnification (20 X).
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Grasshoppers in Snap Bean, 1996
Authors: McLeod Paul 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The study was conducted in a commercial snap bean field 5 miles southwest of Anderson, MO. Plants were in full bloom at treatment application. Plot size was 16 ft X 50 ft and 2 non-treated rows separated plots. Insecticides were applied with a bicycle sprayer equipped with 10 Tee Jet 80015 nozzles calibrated to deliver 15.2 gpa at 2.4 mph. Treatments were applied 1 Oct in a RCB design with 4 replications. Dead grasshoppers were counted at 3 DAT by searching the ground under each of the 2 center rows of each plot.
Evaluation of Pyrethroids and Selected Insecticides for Control of Cabbage Looper in Broccoli
Authors: Palumbo J. C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Broccoli was direct seeded into double-row beds on 21 Sep at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ. Each plot consisted of four, 30 ft long beds spaced 42 inches apart and bordered on each side by an untreated bed. Plots were arranged in a CRB design with 4 replicates. Foliar applications were made on 30 Oct and 4 Nov with a hand-held CO2 sprayer operated at 50 psi, delivering 20 gpa. Spreader-sticker (Kinetic) was included in all spray treatments at a rate of 0.125% of the total volume. Insecticide efficacy was determined by counting the total number of small (1 st and 2nd instars) and large (&gt;2nd instar) CL larvae on 5 randomly selected broccoli plants per replicate. A pre-treatment sample was taken on 29 Oct and evaluations were made 5 DAT on 4 and 9 Nov. Data were analyzed as a 1-way ANOVA using a protected LSD F test to distinguish treatment mean differences.
Control of Beet Armyworm on Pepper, Spring 1996
Authors: Seal Dakshina R. , McCord Elzie 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Pepper seedlings were transplanted in Rockdale soil on 5 Oct, 1995. A RCB design was employed to provide 3 replicates each for 8 treatments comprising a plot size of 2 rows, 25 feet long. Insecticide applications were initiated on 15 Nov, 1995 and continued at approximately 7-day intervals. Insecticides were applied using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer using 2 nozzles per row at 40 PSI delivering 100 gpa. No phytotoxicity was observed with either product. Evaluations were conducted after odd-numbered treatments; i.e.1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th. B AWs were evaluated by counting the number of larvae on 5 randomly selected plants per plot. B AW fruit damage was determined by collecting 20 mature fruit per plot. Fruit with feeding damage was rated as non-marketable.