bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Behavioral Disruption in Rats with Abdominal Inflammation Using Visual Cue Titration and the Five-choice Serial-reaction Time Task
Authors: Martin Thomas J. , Strassburg Tracy J. , Grigg Amanda L. , Kim Susy A. , Ririe Douglas G. , Eisenach James C. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

Background
Both acute and chronic pain result in a number of behavioral symptoms in patients, including cognitive effects such as decreased attention and working memory. Intraperitoneal administration of dilute lactic acid in rodents has been used to induce abdominal inflammation and produce effects in behavioral assays of both sensory-discriminative and affective pain modalities.

Methods
Intraperitoneal injection of dilute lactic acid was used to study the impact of abdominal inflammation on an operant task requiring sustained visual attention in rats (N = 7 to 15/group) that adapts dynamically to performance ability. The effects of ketoprofen and morphine on lactic acid–induced impairment were compared with those on the disruptive effects of scopolamine.

Results
Lactic acid impaired performance in a concentration-dependent manner, increasing the duration of cue presentation required to maintain optimal performance from 0.5 ± 0.2 s (mean ± SD) to 17.2 ± 11.4 s after the administration of 1.8% (v/v) (N = 13). The latency to emit correct responses and to retrieve the food reward were both increased by lactic acid. All effects of lactic acid injection were reversed by both ketoprofen and morphine in a dose-dependent manner. Scopolamine, however, produced dose-dependent, nonpain-related disruption in sustained attention that was not altered by either ketoprofen or morphine.

Conclusions
These data demonstrate that abdominal inflammation induced by lactic acid produces robust disruption in a visual attention-based operant task and that this disruption is reversed by analgesics. Future studies will focus on pain-related circuitry and its impact on both limbic forebrain and frontal cortical mechanisms.
Comparison of Oxygen Consumption Rates of Nondegenerate and Degenerate Human Intervertebral Disc Cells
Authors: Cisewski Sarah E. , Wu Yongren , Damon Brooke J. , Sachs Barton L. , Kern Michael J. , Yao Hai 
Published: May 2017

Study Design.

In vitro measurements of the oxygen consumption rates (OCR) of human intervertebral disc (IVD) cells.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the OCR of nondegenerate and degenerate human annulus fibrosus (AF), nucleus pulposus (NP), and cartilage endplate (CEP) cells at different glucose concentrations.

Summary of Background Data.
The avascular nature of the IVD creates a delicate balance between rate of nutrient transport through the matrix and rate of disc cell consumption necessary to maintain tissue health. Previous studies have shown a dependence of OCR for animal (e.g., bovine and porcine) IVD cells on oxygen level and glucose concentration. However, the OCR of nondegenerate human IVD cells compared to degenerate human IVD cells at different glucose concentrations has not been investigated.

Methods.
IVD cells were isolated from the AF, NP, and CEP regions of human cadaver spines and surgical samples. The changes in oxygen concentration were recorded when cells were sealed in a metabolic chamber. The OCR of cells was determined by curve fitting using the Michaelis-Menton equation.

Results.
Under identical cell culture conditions, the OCR of degenerate human IVD cells was three to five times greater than that of nondegenerate human IVD cells. The degenerate IVD cells cultured in low-glucose medium (1 mmol/L) exhibited the highest OCR compared to degenerate cells cultured at higher glucose levels (i.e., 5 mmol/L, 25 mmol/L), whereas no significant differences in OCR were found among the nondegenerate IVD cells for all glucose levels.

Conclusion.
Considering the significantly higher OCR and unique response to glucose of degenerate human IVD cells, the degeneration of the IVD is associated with a cell phenotypic change related to OCR. The OCR of IVD cells reported in this study will be valuable for understanding human IVD cellular behavior and tissue nutrition in response to disc degeneration.

Level of Evidence: N/A
LONGITUDINAL CORRELATION OF ELLIPSOID ZONE LOSS AND FUNCTIONAL LOSS IN MACULAR TELANGIECTASIA TYPE 2
Authors: Heeren Tjebo F. C. , Kitka Diána , Florea Daniela , Clemons Traci E. , Chew Emily Y. , Bird Alan C. , Pauleikhoff Daniel , Issa Peter Charbel , Holz Frank G. , Peto Tunde ,   on behalf of the MacTel Study Group
Published: May 2017

Purpose:
To compare ellipsoid zone (EZ) loss and functional loss in macular telangiectasia (MacTel) type 2 longitudinally.

Methods:
Prospective natural history study. Ellipsoid zone loss was measured in en-face images created from spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Functional loss was assessed by best-corrected visual acuity and microperimetry, counting the number of test points with impaired function.

Results:
A total of 56 eyes of 31 participants were followed for 4.5 ± 1.2 years. Ellipsoid zone loss was 18,600 ± 3,917.3 pixel at baseline (≈0.59 mm2) and increased 2,627.8 ± 427.9 pixel (≈0.08 mm2) per year. Best-corrected visual acuity decreased 2.2 ± 0.9 letters per year. Change in EZ loss correlated significantly with change in relative and absolute scotomas (r = 0.62; P-value < 0.0001 and r = 0.72; P-value < 0.0001), but not with loss of best-corrected visual acuity. Functional loss showed a similar frequency of progression as EZ loss, but a higher rate of “regression,” likely due to higher variability of the measurement, assuming a progressive neurodegenerative disease.

Conclusion:
The results of the authors support EZ loss as surrogate measure for visual function in MacTel type 2. Being objective, EZ loss might be considered more suitable than microperimetry as primary end point in future interventional trials.
THE CUTTING EDGE OF RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY CARE
Authors: Yonekawa Yoshihiro , Thomas Benjamin J. , Thanos Aristomenis , Todorich Bozho , Drenser Kimberly A. , Trese Michael T. , Capone Antonio 
Published: May 2017

Purpose:
To discuss the latest advances and controversies in the diagnosis and care of infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).

Methods:
Literature review.

Results:
Retinopathy of prematurity remains a major global issue. Industrialized nations now treat profoundly premature infants with posterior and aggressive disease, and middle-income nations are experiencing ROP epidemics. Remote digital imaging may address the decreasing ratio of ROP providers to premature infants, in addition to improving patient care. Widefield angiography, optical coherence tomography, and the Wnt signaling pathway have provided new insights into ROP pathogenesis. Anti–vascular endothelial growth factor treatment is increasing in popularity, but the dearth of information to guide dosing, unpredictable reactivation, persistent vascular abnormalities, the “crunch” phenomenon, and the presently unknown effects of systemic vascular endothelial growth factor suppression remain issues to continue investigating. Neurodevelopmental delay has been raised as a potential consequence, but the evidence currently is weak. Vitrectomy is the treatment of choice for Stages 4 and 5. Illumination techniques, ab interno incisions, plasmin-assisted vitrectomy, staged surgery in the interest of corneal clearing for advanced Stage 5, and immediate sequential bilateral vitreoretinal surgery, are useful techniques.

Conclusion:
We are making progress in ROP management. Our goal as clinicians is to continue expanding the boundaries of our abilities to keep this blinding disease in check globally.
Assessing Community Leadership: Understanding Community Capacity for Health Improvement
Authors: Castle Billie , Wendel Monica , Kelly Pryor Brandy N. , Ingram Monique 
Published: May 2017

Objective:
The purpose of this study was to pilot a quantitative instrument to measure aspects of community leadership within an assessment framework.

Design:
The instrument includes 14 Likert-type questions asking residents how they perceive leaders within 5 sectors: Louisville Metro Council/Mayor's Office, the faith community, education, business, and the civic sector.

Setting:
Louisville/Jefferson County, Kentucky, has a population of about 743 000 residents. Respondents were asked to examine leadership within West Louisville, an economically deprived area of the city made up of 9 contiguous neighborhoods. This area is predominantly African American (78% compared with 22% in Louisville Metro), with an overall poverty rate of 43% (compared with 18% in Louisville Metro), and unemployment rate of 23% (compared with 8% in Louisville Metro). Residents of West Louisville are looking to leadership to address many of the inequities.

Participants:
Twenty-seven participants representing 7 community sectors completed the survey, of whom 90% work in West Louisville.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
The instrument measured local perceptions of leadership strength, effectiveness, trust, communication, community building, and leadership development.

Results:
The majority of respondents agree that strong leadership exists across the 5 sectors, with variation regarding perceptions of the quality of that leadership. City leadership within the Mayor's Office and Metro Council is largely viewed positively, while the growing tensions within the education sector were reflected in the survey results.

Conclusion:
The perception of community leadership is important to understanding local community capacity to improve health and also inclusivity of community voice in the assessment and community improvement processes. Results from such assessments can offer useful information for strengthening community capacity and sustaining relationships needed to enact progressive and equitable solutions to address local issues. Leaders in a variety of settings can utilize this instrument to improve their community as well as their practical approaches towards leadership and equity.
Hyperspectral Imaging Provides Early Prediction of Random Axial Flap Necrosis in a Preclinical Model
Authors: Chin Michael S. , Chappell Ava G. , Giatsidis Giorgio , Perry Dylan J. , Lujan-Hernandez Jorge , Haddad Anthony , Matsumine Hajime , Orgill Dennis P. , Lalikos Janice F. 
Published: May 2017

Background:
Necrosis remains a significant complication in cutaneous flap procedures. Monitoring, and ideally prediction, of vascular compromise in the early postoperative period may allow surgeons to limit the impact of complications by prompt intervention. Hyperspectral imaging could be a reliable, effective, and noninvasive method for predicting flap survival postoperatively. In this preclinical study, the authors demonstrate that hyperspectral imaging is able to correlate early skin perfusion changes and ultimate flap survival in a preclinical model.

Methods:
Thirty-one hairless, immunocompetent, adult male mice were used. Random pattern dorsal skin flaps were elevated and sutured back into place with a silicone barrier. Hyperspectral imaging and digital images were obtained 30 minutes, 24 hours, or 72 hours after flap elevation and before sacrifice on postoperative day 7.

Results:
Areas of high deoxygenated hemoglobin change (124; 95 percent CI, 118 to 129) seen at 30 minutes after surgery were associated with greater than 50 percent flap necrosis at postoperative day 7. Areas demarcated by high deoxygenated hemoglobin at 30 minutes postoperatively had a statistically significant correlation with areas of macroscopic necrosis on postoperative day 7. Analysis of images obtained at 24 and 72 hours did not show similar changes.

Conclusions:
These findings suggest that early changes in deoxygenated hemoglobin seen with hyperspectral imaging may predict the region and extent of flap necrosis. Further clinical studies are needed to determine whether hyperspectral imaging is applicable to the clinical setting.
Sparing a Craniotomy: The Role of Intraoperative Methylene Blue in Management of Midline Dermoid Cysts
Authors: Phelan Alannah L. , Jones Christine M. , Ceschini Ashley S. , Henry Cathy R. , Mackay Donald R. , Samson Thomas D. 
Published: May 2017

Background:
Midline nasal dermoid cysts are rare congenital anomalies that extend intracranially in approximately 10 percent of cases. Cysts with intracranial extension require a craniotomy to avoid long-term complications, including meningitis, abscesses, and cavernous sinus thrombosis. Current guidelines recommend preoperative imaging with either magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography to determine appropriate management.

Methods:
Patients who underwent excision of a midline nasal dermoid cyst between January 1995 and September 2016 were identified using Current Procedural Terminology codes. In cases with equivocal imaging findings or uncertain stalk extent during surgical dissection, methylene blue was used intraoperatively. Demographics, preoperative imaging findings, intraoperative dye findings, surgical approach, and complications were collected.

Results:
A total of 66 midline dermoid cyst excisions were identified; 17 (25.8 percent) had intracranial extension requiring craniotomy. Preoperative imaging showed a subcutaneous cyst in 41 (62.1 percent), intraosseous tracking in three (4.5 percent), and intracranial extension in 15 (22.7 percent). Twelve patients (18.2 percent) had preoperative imaging that was inconsistent with intraoperative findings. Methylene blue was used in 17 cases and indigo carmine was used in one case. Intraoperative dye findings changed management in five cases, and in three cases a craniotomy was avoided without evidence of cyst recurrence.

Conclusions:
This report is the largest published series of midline dermoid cysts with intracranial extension. In almost 20 percent of cases, preoperative imaging was not consistent with intraoperative findings. Given disparate radiographic and intraoperative findings, methylene blue is a valuable tool that can facilitate appropriate, morbidity-sparing management of midline dermoid cysts.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
Principles of Breast Re-Reduction: A Reappraisal
Authors: Mistry Raakhi M. , MacLennan Susan E. , Hall-Findlay Elizabeth J. 
Published: May 2017

Background:
This article examines outcomes following breast re-reduction surgery using a random pattern blood supply to the nipple and vertical scar reduction.

Methods:
A retrospective review was conducted of patients who underwent bilateral breast re-reduction surgery performed by a single surgeon over a 12-year period. Patient demographics, surgical technique, and outcomes were analyzed.

Results:
Ninety patients underwent breast re-reduction surgery. The average interval between primary and secondary surgery was 14 years (range, 0 to 42 years). The majority of patients had previously undergone primary breast reduction using an inferior pedicle [n = 37 (41 percent)]. Breast re-reduction surgery was most commonly performed using a random pattern blood supply, rather than recreating the primary pedicle [n = 77 (86 percent)]. The nipple-areola complex was repositioned in 60 percent of patients (n = 54). The mean volume of tissue resected was 250 g (range, 22 to 758 g) from the right breast and 244 g (range, 15 to 705 g) from the left breast. Liposuction was also used adjunctively in all cases (average, 455 cc; range, 50 to 1750 cc). Two patients experienced unilateral minor partial necrosis of the areolar edge but not of the nipple itself (2 percent).

Conclusions:
Breast re-reduction can be performed safely and predictably, even when the previous technique is not known. Four key principles were developed: (1) the nipple-areola complex can be elevated by deepithelialization rather than recreating or developing a new pedicle; (2) breast tissue is removed where it is in excess, usually inferiorly and laterally; (3) the resection is complemented with liposuction to elevate the bottomed-out inframammary fold; and (4) skin should not be excised horizontally below the inframammary fold.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
Efficiency of B-mode Ultrasound and Strain Elastography in Differentiating Between Benign and Malignant Cervical Lymph Nodes
Authors: Turgut Eser , Celenk Cetin , Tanrivermis Sayit Asli , Bekci Tumay , Gunbey Hediye Pinar , Aslan Kerim 
Published: May 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and efficiency of ultrasonography (US), especially when combined with strain elastography (SE), in differentiating between benign and malignant cervical lymph nodes (LNs).

Methods
Forty-one LNs were examined by B-mode US, power Doppler US, and SE. The following imaging features were analyzed: shape, echogenicity, echogenic hilum, calcification, intranodal vascular pattern, elasticity scores (5 categories), and strain ratio. The average strain ratio was calculated as the mean strain of the adjacent sternocleidomastoid muscle divided by the mean strain of the target LN. The results of the US and SE features were compared with the histopathologic findings.

Results
The imaging features that were significantly associated with malignant LNs were an increased short-to-long axis diameter ratio, abnormal or absence of hilum, microcalcification, type 2-3-4 vascularity, 3-4-5 elasticity scores, and a high level of strain ratio (P < 0.05). The cutoff value of the strain index was detected as 1.18. According to this, there was a significant difference (P = 0.004) in the strain index between benign and malignant LNs.

Conclusions
Strain elastography is useful in differentiating between benign and malignant cervical LNs, thereby informing decisions to perform a biopsy and/or surgery, and facilitating follow-up.
Synthesis of extracellular stable gold nanoparticles byCupriavidus metalliduransCH34 cells (revision)
Authors: Montero-Silva Francisco 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe biogenic synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is of increasing interest. In this report, synthesis of gold nanoparticles by the model heavy metal-resistant strainCupriavidus metalliduransCH34 andEscherichia colistrain MG1655 was studied. For the synthesis of AuNPs, bacterial cells and secretomes were incubated with Au(III) ions, revealing that only CH34 cells can produce dispersions of AuNPs. Comparative bioinformatic analysis of proteomes from both strains showed potential CH34 proteins that may be electron donors during reduction of extracellular Au(III) ions and for the biosynthesis of gold nuggets in nature. Powder X-ray diffraction demonstrated that biogenic AuNPs are composed of face-centered cubic gold with a crystallinity biased towards {111} planes. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that AuNPs morphology was dominated by triangular and decahedral nanostructures. EDX and FT-IR spectra showed the presence of sulfur and vibrations associated to the biogenic AuNPs. Based on these results, and analyses of previous genomic and proteomic data, a mechanism for extracellular gold reduction and synthesis of AuNPs by strain CH34 is proposed. Average AuNPs diameter was obtained by nanoparticle tracking analysis, dynamic light scattering and analysis of electron microscopy images. DLS studies showed that biogenic AuNPs colloids are stable after exposure to ultrasound, high ionic strength and extreme pH conditions, and revealed the presence of basic groups associated to the AuNPs surface. Electrophoretic and dynamic light scattering indicated that biogenic dispersions of AuNPs are stabilized by a steric mechanism. The AuNPs produced byC. metalliduransCH34 are not cytotoxic towards bacterial cells, in contrast to biogenic AgNPs. These stable non-toxic biogenic AuNPs have potential clinical applications including development of topic delivery formulations and optical biosensors.
Biomod2EZ - An R script suite for visualizing projected niche model ensembles and reporting statistical results
Authors: Sesink Clee Paul R. , Woloszynek Stephen , Gonder Mary Katherine 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBiomod2EZ is a suite of R scripts to use in conjunction with the Biomod2 R package by Thuiller et al. (2016) that is used to create ensemble ecological niche models using up to 11 different modeling techniques. Biomod2EZ adds to the functionality of Biomod2 (Thuiller et al. 2016) by incorporating a report generation feature, detailed script annotation, and sample dataset/tutorial to ease the transition from ecological niche modeling using a Graphical User Interface to the coding environment of the R framework (R Development Core Team, 2016).
Inferential Pitfalls in Decoding Neural Representations
Authors: Popov Vencislav , Ostarek Markus , Tenison Caitlin 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA key challenge for cognitive neuroscience is to decipher the representational schemes of the brain. A recent class of decoding algorithms for fMRI data, stimulus-feature-based encoding models, is becoming increasingly popular for inferring the dimensions of neural representational spaces from stimulus-feature spaces. We argue that such inferences are not always valid, because decoding can occur even if the neural representational space and the stimulus-feature space use different representational schemes. This can happen when there is a systematic mapping between them, as shown by two simulations. In one simulation, we successfully decoded the binary representation of numbers from their decimal features. Since binary and decimal number systems use different representations, we cannot conclude that the binary representation encodes decimal features. In the second simulation, we successfully decoded the HSV color representation from the RGB representation of colors, even though these color spaces have different geometries and their dimensions have different interpretations. Detailed analysis of the predicted colors showed systematic deviations from the ground truth despite the high decoding accuracy, indicating that decoding accuracy on its own is not sufficient for making representational inferences. The same argument applies to the decoding of neural patterns from stimulus-feature spaces and we urge caution in inferring the nature of the neural code from such methods. We discuss ways to overcome these inferential limitations.
TiSAn: Estimating Tissue Specific Effects of Coding and Noncoding Variants
Authors: Vervier Kévin , Michaelson Jacob J. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractMeasures of general deleteriousness, like CADD or PolyPhen, have become indispensable tools in the interpretation of genetic variants. However, these measures say little about where in the organism these deleterious effects will be most apparent. An additional, complementary measure is needed to link deleterious variants (as determined by e.g., CADD) to tissues in which their effect will be most meaningful. Here, we introduce TiSAn (Tissue Specific Annotation), a tool that predicts how related a genomic position is to a given tissue (http://github.com/kevinVervier/TiSAn). TiSAn uses machine learning on genome-scale, tissue-specific data to discriminate variants relevant to a tissue from those having no bearing on the development or function of that tissue. Predictions are then made genome-wide, and these scores can then be used to contextualize and filter variants of interest in whole genome sequencing or genome wide association studies (GWAS). We demonstrate the accuracy and versatility of TiSAn by introducing predictive models for human heart and human brain, and detecting tissue-relevant variations in large cohorts for autism spectrum disorder (TiSAn-brain) and coronary artery disease (TiSAn-heart). We find that TiSAn is better able to prioritize genetic variants according to their tissue-specific action than the current state of the art method, GenoSkyLine.