bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Reading Naturally: Evidence From Combined Recordings of Eye Movements and Electric Brain Potentials
Authors: Metzner Paul , von der Malsburg Titus , Vasishth Shravan , Rösler Frank 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHow important is the ability to freely control eye movements for reading comprehension? And how does the parser make use of this freedom? We investigated these questions using coregistration of eye movements and event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) while participants read either freely or in a computer‐controlled word‐by‐word format (also known as RSVP). Word‐by‐word presentation and natural reading both elicited qualitatively similar ERP effects in response to syntactic and semantic violations (N400 and P600 effects). Comprehension was better in free reading but only in trials in which the eyes regressed to previous material upon encountering the anomaly. A more fine‐grained ERP analysis revealed that these regressions were strongly associated with the well‐known P600 effect. In trials without regressions, we instead found sustained centro‐parietal negativities starting at around 320 ms post‐onset; however, these negativities were only found when the violation occurred in sentence‐final position. Taken together, these results suggest that the sentence processing system engages in strategic choices: In response to words that don't match built‐up expectations, it can either explore alternative interpretations (reflected by regressions, P600 effects, and good comprehension) or pursue a “good‐enough” processing strategy that tolerates a deficient interpretation (reflected by progressive saccades, sustained negativities, and relatively poor comprehension).
Conservation (In)Action: Renewing the Relevance of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves
Authors: Reed Maureen G. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe research and policy landscape for biodiversity conservation is changing. Protected areas are now expected to meet a broad range of objectives including effective and equitable management. In this new landscape, organizations strive to find ways to ensure the rights of local and Indigenous peoples are respected while conservation scientists have endorsed the need for platforms for international research and practice. For 40 years, a growing international network of sites support such research and practice, yet, it has been underutilized and largely ignored by scientists and decision‐makers alike. To better understand this paradox, this article explores the evolution of the World Network of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves internationally and its application in Canada. Analysis of archived materials, a national survey of practitioners, and interviews with past and present members of Canada's national committee reveals an expanded mandate for biosphere reserves beyond conservation science and biodiversity protection. The article recommends that to support the expanded conservation agenda, biosphere reserves work with governments and conservation scientists to connect more effectively with global concerns and initiatives such as the Convention on Biological Diversity and Sustainable Development Goals; establish appropriate, reliable, and active transdisciplinary partnerships; and meaningfully engage a broader range of knowledge holders.
Alcohol‐attributable cancer deaths under 80 years of age in New Zealand
Authors: Connor Jennie , Kydd Robyn , Maclennan Brett , Shield Kevin , Rehm Jürgen 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIntroduction and AimsCancer deaths made up 30% of all alcohol‐attributable deaths in New Zealanders aged 15–79 years in 2007, more than all other chronic diseases combined. We aimed to estimate alcohol‐attributable cancer mortality and years of life lost by cancer site and identify differences between Māori and non‐Māori New Zealanders.Design and MethodsWe applied the World Health Organization's comparative risk assessment methodology at the level of Māori and non‐Māori subpopulations. Proportions of specific alcohol‐related cancers attributable to alcohol were calculated by combining alcohol consumption estimates from representative surveys with relative risks from recent meta‐analyses. These proportions were applied to both 2007 and 2012 mortality data.ResultsAlcohol consumption was responsible for 4.2% of all cancer deaths under 80 years of age in 2007. An average of 10.4 years of life was lost per person; 12.7 years for Māori and 10.1 years for non‐Māori. Half of the deaths were attributable to average consumption of <4 standard drinks per day. Breast cancer comprised 61% of alcohol‐attributable cancer deaths in women, and more than one‐third of breast cancer deaths were attributable to average consumption of <2 standard drinks per day. Mortality data from 2012 produced very similar findings.Discussion and ConclusionsAlcohol is an important and modifiable cause of cancer. Risk of cancer increases with higher alcohol consumption, but there is no safe level of drinking. Reduction in population alcohol consumption would reduce cancer deaths. Additional strategies to reduce ethnic disparities in risk and outcome are needed in New Zealand. [Connor J, Kydd R, Maclennan B, Shield K, Rehm J. Alcohol‐attributable cancer deaths under 80 years of age in New Zealand. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:415–423]
Per rectal endoscopic myotomy for the treatment of adult Hirschsprung's disease: First human case (with video)
Authors: Bapaye Amol , Wagholikar Gajanan , Jog Sameer , Kothurkar Aditi , Purandare Shefali , Dubale Nachiket , Pujari Rajendra , Mahadik Mahesh , Vyas Viral , Bapaye Jay 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHirschsprung's disease (HD) is a congenital disorder characterized by the absence of intrinsic ganglion cells in submucosal and myenteric plexuses of the hindgut; and presents with constipation, intestinal obstruction and/or megacolon. HD commonly involves the rectosigmoid region (short segment HD), although shorter and longer variants of the disease are described. Standard treatment involves pull‐through surgery for short segment HD or posterior anorectal myotomy in selected ultrashort segment candidates. Third space endoscopy has evolved during the past few years. Per oral endoscopic myotomy and per oral pyloromyotomy are described for treatment of achalasia cardia and refractory gastroparesis, respectively. Using the same philosophy of muscle/sphincter disruption for spastic bowel segments, per rectal endoscopic myotomy could be considered as a treatment option for short segment HD. A 24‐year‐old male patient presented with refractory constipation since childhood, and habituated to high‐dose laxative combinations. Diagnosis was confirmed as adult short segment HD by barium enema, colonoscopic deep suction mucosal biopsies and anorectal manometry. Histopathology confirmed aganglionosis in the distal 15 cm. By implementing principles of third space endoscopy, per rectal endoscopic myotomy 20 cm in length was successfully carried out. At 24‐week follow up, the patient reported significant relief of constipation and associated symptoms. Sigmoidoscopy, anorectal manometry and barium enema confirm improved rectal distensibility and reduced rectal pressures. The present case report describes the first human experience of per rectal endoscopic myotomy for successful treatment of adult short segment HD.
Evidence for genetic regulation of the human parieto‐occipital 10‐Hz rhythmic activity
Authors: Salmela Elina , Renvall Hanna , Kujala Jan , Hakosalo Osmo , Illman Mia , Vihla Minna , Leinonen Eira , Salmelin Riitta , Kere Juha 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSeveral functional and morphological brain measures are partly under genetic control. The identification of direct links between neuroimaging signals and corresponding genetic factors can reveal cellular‐level mechanisms behind the measured macroscopic signals and contribute to the use of imaging signals as probes of genetic function. To uncover possible genetic determinants of the most prominent brain signal oscillation, the parieto‐occipital 10‐Hz alpha rhythm, we measured spontaneous brain activity with magnetoencephalography in 210 healthy siblings while the subjects were resting, with eyes closed and open. The reactivity of the alpha rhythm was quantified from the difference spectra between the two conditions. We focused on three measures: peak frequency, peak amplitude and the width of the main spectral peak. In accordance with earlier electroencephalography studies, spectral peak amplitude was highly heritable (h2 > 0.75). Variance component‐based analysis of 28 000 single‐nucleotide polymorphism markers revealed linkage for both the width and the amplitude of the spectral peak. The strongest linkage was detected for the width of the spectral peak over the left parieto‐occipital cortex on chromosome 10 (LOD = 2.814, nominal P < 0.03). This genomic region contains several functionally plausible genes, including GRID1 and ATAD1 that regulate glutamate receptor channels mediating synaptic transmission, NRG3 with functions in brain development and HRT7 involved in the serotonergic system and circadian rhythm. Our data suggest that the alpha oscillation is in part genetically regulated, and that it may be possible to identify its regulators by genetic analyses on a realistically modest number of samples.
Strategic down‐regulation of attentional resources as a mechanism of proactive response inhibition
Authors: Langford Zachary D. , Krebs Ruth M. , Talsma Durk , Woldorff Marty G. , Boehler C. N. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractEfficiently avoiding inappropriate actions in a changing environment is central to cognitive control. One mechanism contributing to this ability is the deliberate slowing down of responses in contexts where full response cancellation might occasionally be required, referred to as proactive response inhibition. The present electroencephalographic (EEG) study investigated the role of attentional processes in proactive response inhibition in humans. To this end, we compared data from a standard stop‐signal task, in which stop signals required response cancellation (‘stop‐relevant’), to data where possible stop signals were task‐irrelevant (‘stop‐irrelevant’). Behavioral data clearly indicated the presence of proactive slowing in the standard stop‐signal task. A novel single‐trial analysis was used to directly model the relationship between response time and the EEG data of the go‐trials in both contexts within a multilevel linear models framework. We found a relationship between response time and amplitude of the attention‐related N1 component in stop‐relevant blocks, a characteristic that was fully absent in stop‐irrelevant blocks. Specifically, N1 amplitudes were lower the slower the response time, suggesting that attentional resources were being strategically down‐regulated to control response speed. Drift diffusion modeling of the behavioral data indicated that multiple parameters differed across the two contexts, likely suggesting the contribution from independent brain mechanisms to proactive slowing. Hence, the attentional mechanism of proactive response control we report here might coexist with known mechanisms that are more directly tied to motoric response inhibition. As such, our study opens up new research avenues also concerning clinical conditions that feature deficits in proactive response inhibition.
MicroRNA‐23b‐3p regulates human keratinocyte differentiation through repression of TGIF1 and activation of the TGF‐ß–SMAD2 signalling pathway
Authors: Barbollat‐Boutrand Laetitia , Joly‐Tonetti Nicolas , Dos Santos Morgan , Metral Elodie , Boher Aurélie , Masse Ingrid , Berthier‐Vergnes Odile , Bertolino Philippe , Damour Odile , Lamartine Jérôme 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short non‐coding RNAs capable of repressing gene expression at the post‐transcriptional level. miRNAs participate in the control of numerous cellular mechanisms, including skin homeostasis and epidermal differentiation. However, few miRNAs involved in these processes have been identified so far in human skin, and the gene networks they control remain largely unknown. Here, we focused on miR‐23b‐3p, a miRNA that is expressed during the late step of human keratinocyte differentiation. We report that miR‐23b‐3p silencing modulates epidermal differentiation in human skin reconstructs. The SMAD transcriptional corepressor TGIF1 was identified on bioinformatic analysis as a potential target of miR‐23b‐3p. Expression analysis and reporter gene assays confirmed direct regulation of TGIF1 expression by miR‐23b‐3p. Finally, we showed that miR‐23‐3p was able to activate TGF‐ß signalling in human keratinocytes by increasing SMAD2 phosphorylation through TGIF1 repression. Taken together, these data identify miR‐23b‐3p as a new regulator of human epidermal differentiation in line with TGF‐ß signalling.
Low doses of paclitaxel enhance liver metastasis of breast cancer cells in the mouse model
Authors: Li Qi , Ma Zhuang , Liu Yinhua , Kan Xiaoxi , Wang Changjun , Su Bingnan , Li Yuchen , Zhang Yingmei , Wang Pingzhang , Luo Yang , Na Daxiang , Wang Lanlan , Zhang Guoying , Zhu Xiaoxin , Wang Lu 
Published: June 2016

Paclitaxel is the most commonly used chemotherapeutic agent in breast cancer treatment. In addition to its well‐known cytotoxic effects, recent studies have shown that paclitaxel has tumor‐supportive activities. Importantly, paclitaxel levels are not maintained at the effective concentration through one treatment cycle; rather, the concentration decreases during the cycle as a result of drug metabolism. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of paclitaxel's effects requires insight into the dose‐specific activities of paclitaxel and their influence on cancer cells and the host microenvironment. Here we report that a low dose of paclitaxel enhances metastasis of breast cancer cells to the liver in mouse models. We used microarray analysis to investigate gene expression patterns in invasive breast cancer cells treated with low or clinically relevant high doses of paclitaxel. We also investigated the effects of low doses of paclitaxel on cell migration, invasion and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that low doses of paclitaxel promoted inflammation and initiated the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, which enhanced tumor cell migration and invasion in vitro. These effects could be reversed by inhibiting NF‐κB. Furthermore, low doses of paclitaxel promoted liver metastasis in mouse xenografts, which correlated with changes in estrogen metabolism in the host liver. Collectively, these findings reveal the paradoxical and dose‐dependent effects of paclitaxel on breast cancer cell activity, and suggest that increased consideration be given to potential adverse effects associated with low concentrations of paclitaxel during treatment.DatabaseGene expression microarray data are available in the GEO database under accession number GSE82048.
The effects of elevated CO2 and eutrophication on surface elevation gain in a European salt marsh
Authors: Reef Ruth , Spencer Tom , Mӧller Iris , Lovelock Catherine E. , Christie Elizabeth K. , McIvor Anna L. , Evans Ben R. , Tempest James A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSalt marshes can play a vital role in mitigating the effects of global environmental change by dissipating incident storm wave energy and, through accretion, tracking increasing water depths consequent upon sea level rise. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations and nutrient availability are two key variables that can affect the biological processes that contribute to marsh surface elevation gain. We measured the effects of CO2 concentrations and nutrient availability on surface elevation change in intact mixed‐species blocks of UK salt marsh using six open‐top chambers receiving CO2‐enriched (800 ppm) or ambient (400 ppm) air. We found more rapid surface elevation gain in elevated CO2 conditions: an average increase of 3.4 mm over the growing season relative to ambient CO2. Boosted regression analysis to determine the relative influence of different parameters on elevation change identified that a 10% reduction in microbial activity in elevated CO2‐grown blocks had a positive influence on elevation. The biomass of Puccinellia maritima also had a positive influence on elevation, while other salt marsh species (e.g. Suaeda maritima) had no influence or a negative impact on elevation. Reduced rates of water use by the vegetation in the high CO2 treatment could be contributing to elevation gain, either directly through reduced soil shrinkage or indirectly by decreasing microbial respiration rates due to lower redox levels in the soil. Eutrophication did not influence elevation change in either CO2 treatment despite doubling aboveground biomass. The role of belowground processes (transpiration, root growth and decomposition) in the vertical adjustment of European salt marshes, which are primarily minerogenic in composition, could increase as atmospheric CO2 concentrations rise and should be considered in future wetland models for the region. Elevated CO2 conditions could enhance resilience in vulnerable systems such as those with low mineral sediment supply or where migration upwards within the tidal frame is constrained.
Does bilateral seminal vesicle invasion at radical prostatectomy predict worse prognosis than unilateral invasion among patients with pT3b prostate cancers?
Authors: Lee Hyun Jung , Han Jun‐Hee , Lee Dong Hoon , Nam Jong Kil , Kim Tae Nam , Chung Moon Kee , Park Sung‐Woo 
Published: June 2016

ObjectivesTo determine whether bilateral seminal vesicle invasion is associated with worse biochemical recurrence‐free survival than unilateral seminal vesicle invasion after radical prostatectomy.MethodsWe reviewed the clinicopathological data of 598 men who underwent radical prostatectomy between 2008 and 2015. Among them, 107 (17.9%) had seminal vesicle invasion. After excluding cases with neo‐/adjuvant hormone treatment or radiotherapy, 93 were included in the analysis. We compared biochemical recurrence‐free survival rates in subgroups with or without bilateral seminal vesicle invasion using Kaplan–Meier estimates. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to determine the predictors of biochemical recurrence‐free survival.ResultsBilateral prostatic lobes and bilateral seminal vesicles were involved by prostate cancers in 85 (91.4%) and 35 patients (37.6%), respectively. Actuarial 3‐year and 5‐year biochemical recurrence‐free survival rates in patients with pT3b tumors with/without bilateral seminal vesicle invasion were 13.0%/34.3%, and 4.3%/19.8%, respectively. On multivariable analysis, preoperative prostate‐specific antigen (hazard ratio 1.01, 95% confidence interval 1.00–1.02, P = 0.034), lymph node metastasis (hazard ratio 2.88, 95% confidence interval 1.43–5.81, P = 0.003) and bilateral seminal vesicle invasion (hazard ratio 1.75, 95% confidence interval 1.01–3.05, P = 0.047) were independent predictors of biochemical recurrence‐free survival. After excluding cases with lymph node metastasis, preoperative prostate‐specific antigen, surgical margin status and bilateral seminal vesicle invasion were independent predictors of biochemical recurrence‐free survival.ConclusionsAlthough most men with seminal vesicle invasion experience biochemical recurrences after radical prostatectomy, their survival outcome is not uniform. Bilateral seminal vesicle invasion seems to represent an independent prognostic factor for pT3b patients, together with the preoperative prostate‐specific antigen and lymph node status.
Non‐compliance with minimum wage laws in Latin America: The importance of institutional factors
Authors: MARINAKIS Andrés 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBased on household survey data, the author compares the level of minimum wages in 16 Latin American countries with average wages, GDP, poverty lines and purchasing power. He then estimates the degree of non‐compliance with minimum wage laws and its correlation with the minimum wage/average wage ratio. Comparing the situation in Chile, Costa Rica, Peru and Uruguay, he concludes that, when the minimum wage is very low or very high relative to average wages, the degree of compliance will depend on the quality of the institutional system, particularly the labour inspection system, in which regard he recommends a number of improvements.
HOTAIRM1 as a potential biomarker for diagnosis of colorectal cancer functions the role in the tumour suppressor
Authors: Wan Ledong , Kong Jianlu , Tang Jinlong , Wu Yihua , Xu Enping , Lai Maode , Zhang Honghe 
Published: June 2016

AbstractRecent studies have revealed many different long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA), however, the investigation for their function and clinical value as tumour biomarkers has scarcely begun. Here, we found that expression of HOTAIRM1 was reduced in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues compared with matched normal tissues, and plasma HOTAIRM1 levels in CRC patients were less than in controls. The cut‐off point was chosen as 0.003 with a sensitivity of 64.00% and a specificity of 76.50% in the validation set. The performance of HOTAIRM1 was highly comparable to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and better than CA19‐9 and CA125. The combined assay of HOTAIRM1 and CEA raised the sensitivity and specificity to 84.00%. HOTAIRM1 knockdown resulted in obvious changes in expression of the cell proliferation related to genes and promoted cell proliferation. HOTAIRM1 plays a role of tumour suppressor in CRC; Down‐regulation of HOTAIRM1 can serve as a biomarker for CRC, and combined HOTAIRM1 and CEA assay might provide a promising diagnosis for CRC.
Suppressive effect of epigallocatechin‐3‐O‐gallate on endoglin molecular regulation in myocardial fibrosis in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Lin Chiu‐Mei , Chang Hang , Wang Bao‐Wei , Shyu Kou‐Gi 
Published: June 2016

AbstractEpigallocatechin‐3‐O‐gallate (EGCG), derived from green tea, has been studied extensively because of its diverse physiological and pharmacological properties. This study evaluates the protective effect of EGCG on angiotensin II (Ang II)‐induced endoglin expression in vitro and in vivo. Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) from the thoracic aorta of adult Wistar rats were cultured and induced with Ang II. Western blotting, Northern blotting, real‐time PCR and promoter activity assay were performed. Ang II increased endoglin expression significantly as compared with control cells. The specific extracellular signal‐regulated kinase inhibitor SP600125 (JNK inhibitor), EGCG (100 μM) and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) siRNA attenuated endoglin proteins following Ang II induction. In addition, pre‐treated Ang II‐induced endoglin with EGCG diminished the binding activity of AP‐1 by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Moreover, the luciferase assay results revealed that EGCG suppressed the endoglin promoter activity in Ang II‐induced CFs by AP‐1 binding. Finally, EGCG and the JNK inhibitor (SP600125) were found to have attenuated endoglin expression significantly in Ang II‐induced CFs, as determined through confocal microscopy. Following in vivo acute myocardial infarction (AMI)‐related myocardial fibrosis study, as well as immunohistochemical and confocal analyses, after treatment with endoglin siRNA and EGCG (50 mg/kg), the area of myocardial fibrosis reduced by 53.4% and 64.5% and attenuated the left ventricular end‐diastolic and systolic dimensions, and friction shortening in hemodynamic monitor. In conclusion, epigallocatechin‐3‐O‐gallate (EGCG) attenuated the endoglin expression and myocardial fibrosis by anti‐inflammatory effect in vitro and in vivo, the novel suppressive effect was mediated through JNK/AP‐1 pathway.