bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Groundwater: Quality Levels and Human Exposure, SW Nigeria
Authors: Olusola Adeyemi , Adeyeye Opeyemi , Durowoju Olufemi 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Groundwater serves as a source of freshwater for agricultural, industrial and domestic purposes and it accounts for about 42%, 27% and 36% respectively. As it remains the only source of all-year-round supply of freshwater globally, it is of vital importance as regards water security, human survival and sustainable agriculture. The main goal of this study is to identify the main cause-effect relationship between human activities and the state of groundwater quality using a communication tool (the DPSIR Model; Drivers, Pressures, State, Impact and Response). A total of twenty-one samples were collected from ten peri-urban communities scattered across three conterminous Local Government Areas in Southwestern Nigeria. Each of the groundwater samples was tested for twelve parameters - total dissolved solids, pH, bicarbonate, chloride, lead, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, sulphate, magnesium and total suspended solids. The study revealed that the concentrations of DO and Pb were above threshold limits, while pH and N were just below the threshold and others elements were within acceptable limits based on Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality and Nigeria Standard for Drinking Water Quality. The study revealed that groundwater quality levels from the sampled wells are under pressure leading to reduction in the amount of freshwater availability. This is a first-order setback in achieving access to freshwater as a sustainable development goal across Less Developed Communities (LDCs) globally. To combat this threat, there is the need for an integrated approach in response towards groundwater conservation and sustainability by all stakeholders.
Centurial Changes in the Depth Conditions of a Regulated River: Case Study of the Lower Tisza River, Hungary
Authors: Amissah Gabriel Jonathan , Kiss Timea , Fiala Károly 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The Tisza River is the largest tributary of the Danube in Central Europe, and has been subjected to various human interventions including cutoffs to increase the slope, construction of levees to restrict the floodplain, and construction of groynes and revetments to stabilize the channel. These interventions have altered the natural morphological evolution of the river. The aim of the study is to assess the impacts of these engineering works, employing hydrological surveys of 36 cross sections (VO) of the Lower Tisza River for the years of 1891, 1931, 1961, 1976 and 1999. The changes in mean depth and thalweg depth were studied in detail comparing three reaches of the studied section. In general, the thalweg incised during the studied period (1891-1931: 3 cm/y; 1931-1961: 1.3 cm/y and 1976-1999: 2.3 cm/y), except from 1961-1976 which was characterized by aggradation (2 cm/y). The mean depth increased, referring to an overall deepening of the river during the whole period (1891-1931: 1.4 cm/y; 1931-1961: 1.2 cm/y; 1961-1976: 0.6 cm/y and 1976-1999: 1.6 cm/y). The thalweg shifted more in the upper reach showing less stabile channel, while the middle and lower reaches had more stable thalweg. Although the cross-sections subjected to various human interventions experienced considerable incision in the short-term, the cross-sections free from direct human impact experienced the largest incision from 1891-1999, especially along the meandering sections.
Impact of Various Parameters on the Performance of Optical Directional Coupler
Authors: Rani Sumita , Dewra Sanjeev 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This paper presents the impact of optical coupler parameters like length of coupling region, spacing between the coupling region and materials profile on the performance of optical directional coupler (ODC) based on Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). On photonic chips a directional coupler is an essential photonic device used to design the various mixers, balanced power amplifiers, modulators, measurements system, circularly polarized antennas and beam-forming networks. It is observed that the least excess loss (0.2 dB) is achieved at 1550 nm input transmission wavelength using titanium dioxide (TiO2) profile material with value of coupling length (8.58 µm), spacing between the two coupling slits (1.55 µm) and input transmission power (0.1 W/m). The received optical power at both output port of ODC is varied due to the variations in spacing between the two couplings slits and length of coupling region.
Crystal structure of 1,1′-((1E,1′E)-(((ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))bis(2,1-phenylene))bis(azanylylidene))bis(methanylylidene))bis(naphthalen-2-olato-κ3
O,O′,N)zinc(II), C36H26N2O4Zn
Authors: Li Guo qiang , Zhou Rui ping , Luo Xiao fang , Zhou Hong , Xu Qiang 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
C36H26N2O4Zn, monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 43.237(10) Å, b = 17.201(4) Å, c = 11.271(2) Å, β = 103.009(5)°, V = 8168(3) Å3, Z = 12, R
gt(F) = 0.0442, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1530, T = 100(2) K.
Crystal structure of diaqua-bis(5′-(pyridin-1-ium-4-yl)-1H-[3,3′-bi(1,2,4-triazol)]-2′-ide-κ2
N,N′)cobalt(II) — bis(5-(pyridin-4-yl-κN)-1H,1′H-3,3′-bi(1,2,4-triazole))octamolybdate – water (2/1/8), C27H33CoMo4N21O19
Authors: Huang Shan-Xiu , Zhang Lan-He , Ma Ming-Jie , Dan Zhao 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
C27H33CoMo4N21O19, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 12.1200(6) Å, b = 13.0412(6) Å, c = 15.7235(7) Å, α = 103.800(1)
o
, β = 98.427(1)
o
, γ = 110.278(1)
o
, V = 2191.08(18) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F)=0.030, wR
ref(F
2)=0.073, T = 296 K.
The crystal structure of bis(2-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetyl)-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-olato-κ2O,O′)copper(II), C24H16CuF6O4
Authors: Shao HaiFeng , Hou YanJun 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
C24H16CuF6O4, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 6.5651(7) Å, b = 9.4145(10) Å, c = 9.5014(11) Å, α = 68.668(10)°, β = 77.063(9)°, γ = 86.847(9)°, V = 532.91(11) Å3, Z = 1, R
gt(F) = 0.0596, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1477, T = 293 K.
Null objects in the spontaneous speech of monolingual and bilingual speakers of European Portuguese
Authors: Rinke Esther , Flores Cristina , Barbosa Pilar 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis paper investigates object omissions in the spontaneous production of European Portuguese by second-generation Portuguese-German bilingual speakers and compares them to first-generation migrants, and two age-matched groups of monolingual speakers. The results show that bilingual speakers as well as the younger generation of monolinguals show a higher number of null objects in their speech than the two older generations. This may reflect an inter-generational development that favours null objects, which is independent of language contact. The analysis of the syntactic and semantic conditions determining the occurrence of null objects in the speech of the different groups reveals that the semantic properties of the null objects realized by the bilinguals, particularly the higher rates of animate and non-propositional null objects, show that they extend the semantic-pragmatic conditions of null object realization along a referential hierarchy. The bilingual speakers may reflect a language-internal pathway that appears to resemble a diachronic change observed in BP.
Pterin determination in cerebrospinal fluid: state of the art
Authors: Guibal Pierre , Lo Aurélien , Maitre Philippe , Moussa Fathi 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The analysis of pterins in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is mandatory for the etiologic diagnosis of inborn errors of dopamine and serotonin metabolism. The success of the available therapeutic strategies for preventing the ongoing brain dysfunction is tightly dependent of the early diagnosis of these neurotransmitter disorders. Previous methods of pterins determination in the CSF have in common at least one reversed phase HPLC step coupled to electrochemical or fluorescence detection (FD). They differ in the oxidation procedure of the reduced forms of pterins into their oxidized fluorescent counterparts. Most of the methods using the FD include at least one offline chemical oxidation procedure and cannot allow the direct quantification of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). A recent method proposed a single step simultaneous quantification of all forms of pterins including BH4 by HPLC coupled to FD after post-column coulometric oxidation. Nowadays, recent advances in mass spectrometry (MS), notably in term of sensitivity, allow the direct unambiguous determination of all forms of pterins in the CSF by LC-MS/MS.
Synthesis and purification of metallooctachlorophthalocyanines
Authors: Rüffer Tobias , Nurpeisova Dinara , Jakupova Zhanar , Tashenov Ayezkhan , Uhlig Nell , Khalladi Ahmed , Mertens Lutz , Gonser Andreas , Mehring Michael , Lang Heinrich 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
A detailed synthetic procedure based on the use of urea, dichlorophthalic acid, respective transition metal halides and [NH4]2[MoO4] as a catalyst in the melt or by using 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene as a high-boiling inert solvent is described to gain 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-metallooctachlorophthalocyanines (MPcCl8 compounds with M=Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu). In cases that a first purification by subsequent treatment of the crude materials with HCl, NaOH and HCl would not give rise to analytically pure compounds, a second novel purification by using pyridine is described. The degree of purity, exceeding always 98%, is determined by thermogravimetric analysis. Comparative IR, UV/Vis and PXRD studies of the MPcCl8 compounds are reported.
Current Treatments for Surgically Resectable, Limited-Stage, and Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Stinchcombe Thomas E. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The prevalence of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has declined in the U.S. as the prevalence of tobacco use has declined. However, a significant number of people in the U.S. are current or former smokers and are at risk of developing SCLC. Routine histological or cytological evaluation can reliably make the diagnosis of SCLC, and immunohistochemistry stains (thyroid transcription factor-1, chromogranin, synaptophysin, and CD56) can be used if there is uncertainty about the diagnosis. Rarely do patients present with SCLC amendable to surgical resection, and evaluation requires a meticulous workup for extra-thoracic metastases and invasive staging of the mediastinum. Resected patients require adjuvant chemotherapy and/or thoracic radiation therapy (TRT), and prophylactic cranial radiation (PCI) should be considered depending on the stage. For limited-stage disease, concurrent platinum-etoposide and TRT followed by PCI is the standard. Thoracic radiation therapy should be started early in treatment, and can be given twice daily to 45 Gy or once daily to 60–70 Gy. For extensive-stage disease, platinum-etoposide remains the standard first-line therapy, and the standard second-line therapy is topotecan. Preliminary studies have demonstrated the activity of immunotherapy, and the response rate is approximately 10–30% with some durable responses observed. Rovalpituzumab tesirine, an antibody drug conjugate, has shown promising activity in patients with high delta-like protein 3 tumor expression (approximately 70% of patients with SCLC). The emergence of these and other promising agents has rekindled interest in drug development in SCLC. Several ongoing trials are investigating novel agents in the first-line, maintenance, and second-line settings.
Financial Literacy of Financed Rural Development Projects and their Contribution to the Gross Domestic Product
Authors: Mapepeta Benias , Mandizvidza Rejoice 
Published: August 2017

<p>For rural development projects, prosperity hides in financial literacy. However, measurement of financial literacy hampers profitability evidenced through proper record keeping and accountability which has been a thorn in the flesh of the responsible ministries. This research seeks to investigate financial literacy and proper record keeping in rural development projects and how it could be used to measure contributions to the Gross Domestic Product. Thus, the major objective of this paper is to analyse financial record keeping and measurement of profitability in rural development projects in Zimbabwe. The literature review was centred on the empiric researches and publications from other scholarly researchers. The data that was collected was presented using frequency tables and graphs done using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Packages of Social Sciences (SPSS). The researchers found out that even though the rural development projects are viable entities, there are not records to measure their profitability. It was also found out that the there are other players taking advantage of non-record keeping capitalising on the profits of the rural development projects which makes them dwarf enterprises. The researchers concluded that if proper record keeping and financial literacy is to be implemented, measurement of profitability will be beneficial to both responsible authorities and policy makers. The researchers recommended that the stakeholders should work towards systemising record keeping and accounting systems that enables measurement of profitability amongst rural development projects.</p>
The Role of Packing on Buying Behaviour of Rural Consumers with Special Reference to FMCG
Authors: S Sathyanarayana , Suresh B. H. 
Published: August 2017

<p>Indian rural market with its enormous size and demand base offers great opportunities to marketers. However, there are many serious challenges that FMCG manufactures face in tackling rural markets, viz., the scattered nature of rural markets, their small size, remoteness, poor connectivity and tremendous heterogeneity, low level of literacy, too many languages and dialects, cultural diversities, inadequate banking facilities, acute dependence on the monsoon; seasonal demand, and media darkness are some serious limitations. However, the issue of packing is very crucial when it comes to marketing of brands in rural areas as the brand recognition in rural areas generally through its colours, logos, shape and size. Therefore, the current study has been undertaken with an intention to understand the role of packing in rural markets. In order to realize the stated objectives the researcher constructed a structured questionnaire has been constructed and pre tested and administered on 1,600 rural respondents spread across 200 villages in the state of Karnataka. The study revealed that packing make a significant role while buying FMCG. There is a significant difference in the opinion of rural consumer respondents on importance attributed to packing while purchasing FMCG as perceived by rural consumer respondents. There is a significant influence of annual house hold income of the rural consumer respondents on the level of importance attributed to packing while buying FMCG. Majority of the rural consumer respondents preferred sachets while buying FMCG. There is a significant difference in the packing size preference of the rural consumer respondents while purchasing products. There is a significant influence of the annual house hold income of the rural consumers on kind of packing preference. Majority of the rural respondents recognize brands through reading, colours, scanning of logos/pictures/trademarks and through packing style of the products. Based on the analysis of the study a brief summary of findings have been made and a meaningful conclusion has been drawn. Finally the results have been compared with the possible evidence.</p>
The Relevance of Marketing Mix and Service Quality on Students' Decision-Making Factors Regarding Higher Education and Satisfaction
Authors: Tijjang Bakhtiar , Kamase Jeni , Labbase Ilham , Plyriadi Annas 
Published: August 2017

<p>This study conducted aims to examine and analyze the relevance of marketing mix and service quality on the students decision-making, the relevance of marketing mix, service quality on student satisfaction and the effect over decisions related on student satisfaction and the relevance of marketing mix and service quality on student satisfaction as a mediating role of students decision-making. Population in this study were all a new students in the study program management, education level of Bachelor degree of the academic year 2015/2016 in Makassar. There are 381 students were used as samples. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with support Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS). This study provides findings that the marketing mix and service quality has a significant effect on students decision-making, marketing mix does not directly effect in student satisfaction, services quality and student’s decision-making has a significant on student satisfaction. Marketing mix and service quality has a significant effect on student satisfaction as a mediating role of student’s decision-making. These findings explain that the marketing mix directly affects decision-making, but has no direct effect on satisfaction; marketing mix can affect satisfaction if supported by the student’s decision-making. Service quality affects directly and indirectly on satisfaction as a mediating role of decision-making.<em></em></p>
Impact of natural climate variability on runoff based on Monte Carlo method
Authors: Yang Jie , Chang Jianxia , Yao Jun , Wang Yimin , Huang Qiang , Xu Guoxin 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Studying the impact of climate variability is important for the rational utilization of water resources, especially in the case of intensified global climate variability. Climate variability can be caused by natural climate variability or human-caused climate variability. The analysis of Jinghe River Basin (JRB) may not be comprehensive because few studies have concentrated on natural climate variability. Therefore, the primary goal is to explore the impact of natural climate variability on runoff. A modified Mann–Kendall test method was adopted to analyze the aberrance point to determine the natural condition period during which runoff was only influenced by natural climate variability. Then, the Monte Carlo method was employed to extract segments of monthly runoff in the natural condition period and combine them to construct a long series to reduce the instability. Results indicate that the percentage of runoff variability affected by natural climate variability is 30.52% at a confidence level of 95%. Next, a topography-based hydrological model and climate elasticity method were used to simulate runoff after the aberrance point without considering the impact caused by local interference. Through a comparison of the measured and simulated runoff, we discovered that local interference has the greatest impact on runoff in the JRB.
Influence of ultrasound on the heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation of acetic acid
Authors: Cihanoğlu Aydın , Gündüz Gönül , Dükkancı Meral 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of ultrasound on the heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation of acetic acid, which is one of the most resistant carboxylic acids to oxidation. For this purpose, firstly, the degradation of acetic acid was examined by using ultrasound alone and the effects of different parameters such as: type of sonication system, ultrasonic power, and addition of H2O2 were investigated on the degradation of acetic acid. There was no chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction in the presence of sonication alone. In the presence of the heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation process alone, at 303 K, COD reduction reached only 7.1% after 2 h of reaction. However, the combination of the heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation process with ultrasound increased the COD reduction from 7.1% to 25.5% after 2 h of reaction in an ultrasonic bath operated at 40 kHz, while the COD reduction only increased from 7.1% to 8.9% in the ultrasonic reactor operated at 850 kHz. This result indicates that the hybrid process of ultrasound and heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation is a promising process to degrade acetic acid.
Reduction dye in paint and construction chemicals wastewater by improved coagulation–flocculation process
Authors: Ennil Bektaş T. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
A coagulation–flocculation process was applied to wastewater of paint and construction chemicals producing factory in Turkey. Ferric chloride was used as coagulant and several natural based materials, namely limestone, pumice, sepiolite, bentonite and mussel shell were used as flocculant aids. The effects of dosage of flocculant aids on the pH, color and electrical conductivity of wastewater were studied. The experimental results showed that the treatment with all substances was very effective. The pHs of treated wastewater were obtained in the range of 5–7 without needing pH adjustment process. Fifteen Pt-Co color values were obtained on average, which is similar to pure water clarity. The amount of solute in the wastewater was evaluated by the electrical conductivity values. According to the results, under the optimum treatment conditions, chemical oxygen demands were determined. As a result of the work, the cost of chemicals for the wastewater treatment processes has been reduced by about 90%.
A Review on Post-Traumatic Aggression
Authors: Dadgari Bahare 
Published: August 2017

Traumatic brain injury is the first cause of death and disability in children and young adults in worldwide. During the acute phase of recovery from moderate to severe brain injury, a period of post-traumatic confusion state (PTCS) will arise that is a combination of cognitive and behavioral dysfunction. Seven key symptoms of PTCS are identified and measured by Confusion Assessment Protocol (CAP) Agitation can be part of PTCS in the acute phase or, part of the recovery of consciousness in chronic phase. There are different hypothesis and classifications of acute and chronic post-traumatic aggressive syndromes. While post-traumatic aggression is common, its mechanism, assessment tool, outcome and treatment plans are not well-defined. Understanding the different aspects of post-traumatic aggression; mechanism, differential diagnosis, and treatment are reviewed in this article.
Influence of Chitosan-Based Dressing on Prevention of Synechia and Wound Healing after Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Liu Jie , Zeng Quan , Ke Xia , Yang Yucheng , Hu Guohua , Zhang Xuan 
Published: August 2017

Introduction Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) has had many complications, e.g., synechia formation. This meta-analysis investigated the effect of a novel chitosan-based dressing on prevention of synechia and wound healing after ESS. Methods We systematically searched various medical literature data bases and included the randomized controlled trials (RCT) regarding the effect of novel chitosan-based dressing on ESS. The study outcomes included synechia, granulations, hemostasis, crusting scores, and infection. Results Six RCTs, which involved 337 patients, were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with control intervention after ESS, chitosan-based gel dressing substantially inhibited synechia (risk ratio [RR] 0.28 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.15–0.54]; p = 0.0001), improved granulations (RR 1.47 [95% CI, 1.07–2.03]; p = 0.02), and hemostasis (RR 1.47 [95% CI, 1.07–2.03]; p = 0.02) but demonstrated no effect on crusting scores (standard mean difference -0.41 [95% CI, -1.06 to 0.23]; p = 0.21) and infection (RR 0.88 [95% CI, 0.51–1.52]; p = 0.64). Conclusion Compared with control intervention, chitosan-based dressing was associated with significantly reduced synechia and with increased granulations and hemostasis but showed no influence on crusting and infection after ESS.