bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Tunnel Field‐Effect Transistor
Authors: Verreck Devin , Groeseneken Guido , Verhulst Anne 
Published: November 2016

AbstractScaling of metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field‐effect transistors (MOSFET) is hitting fundamental limits due to power issues. In this article, an alternative transistor concept, the tunnel FET (TFET), is discussed, which employs quantum mechanical band‐to‐band tunneling to reduce power consumption. The main operating principle is explained, followed by a discussion of different modeling approaches. Next, the main performance challenges are presented. Different options to overcome these challenges are discussed. These options include a different material choice and alternative implementations, including dopant pockets, improved gate configurations, and strain. Specific considerations for using TFET in a circuit are highlighted. The article concludes with an overview of experimental realizations.
L‐Probe Patch Antennas on Dielectric Substrate
Authors: Lai Hau Wah , Luk Kwai Man 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis article introduces the performance of conventional probe‐fed patch antennas with different substrate layers. Then, the geometry of L‐probe fed patch antennas with multiple dielectric layers is discussed. By embedding layers of finite dielectric materials, the L‐probe fed patch antennas achieve wideband performance. The low‐profile characteristic of patch antenna is also retained, and the size of the antenna can be minimized to have a surface area. It is expected that the L‐probe patch antenna design would be attractive in base station antenna design for MIMO (multiple input and multiple output) systems with its characteristics of low profile and compact size.
Photoacoustic Tomography Enhanced by Nanoparticles
Authors: Li Lei , Yao Junjie , Wang Lihong V. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPhotoacoustic tomography (PAT) is a multicontrast and omniscale imaging modality that can provide anatomical, functional, metabolic, and molecular images of biological tissue ranging from organelles to organs or small‐animal organisms. PAT can provide up to submicrometer spatial resolution at shallow depths and hundreds of micrometer resolution at centimeters depths, employing either endogenous or exogenous contrasts. In particular, nanoparticles, as exogenous contrasts, absorb near‐infrared light much more strongly than endogenous chromophores; thus, they can enhance PAT with significantly improved detection sensitivity, imaging contrasts, and specificity at depths. This article reviews the use of nanoparticles to enhance PAT in various biomedical applications. Taking advantage of nanoparticles engineered with different structures and functions, PAT can target specific molecules or cells. By manipulating nanoparticles with light or ultrasound, enhanced PAT can improve drug delivery efficiency and guide therapy. In summary, nanoparticle‐enhanced PAT shows great potential for high‐sensitivity, high‐specificity deep tissue imaging, especially for cancer diagnosis and therapy, and for treatment monitoring.
Radiation Chemistry of Polymers
Authors: Hill David J. T. , Whittaker Andrew K. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPolymeric materials are exposed to high energy radiation either deliberately to alter their properties or inadvertently during their use in high dose environments. As a consequence, an understanding of how radiation modifies polymer structure, and hence properties, is essential for many applications. In addition, the understanding of the degradation of polymers with light or heat can benefit from knowledge of the reaction pathways of radical and charged species formed on irradiation with high energy photons. This article aims to provide a broad overview of the fundamental processes occurring during radiolysis of polymers. This is achieved through a discussion of the interaction of high energy photons with matter, and the subsequent reactions of mainly radical intermediates. Polymers either cross‐link or degrade on exposure to radiation, and the final properties of the polymers depend critically on the balance of these main reaction pathways. Examples are taken from the literature to illustrate how the tendency to undergo cross‐linking or main‐chain scission depends on the polymer structure. The overall yield of reactions can be greatly reduced by the introduction of aromatic groups into the polymer structure. On the other hand, yields can be increased by the inclusion of radiation‐sensitive groups such as sulfones. Similarly, the rates of reactions and the balance between cross‐linking and scission can depend sensitively on the radiolysis temperature. While this review focuses on a discussion of the reactions occurring on radiolysisin vacuo, the effect of the presence of dissolved oxygen on the reaction pathways is also briefly addressed.
Nitroxide‐Mediated Polymerization
Authors: Vivaldo‐Lima Eduardo , Jaramillo‐Soto Gabriel , Penlidis Alexander 
Published: November 2016

AbstractNitroxide‐mediated polymerization (NMP) has been studied abundantly in the past three decades. There are several very good and recent reviews on the topic available in the literature. Although in this article we provide an overview on the research efforts focused on the polymer chemistry of NMP, our emphasis is placed on research aspects of NMP from a polymer reaction engineering perspective. Namely, we emphasize the use of engineering tools (such as mathematical modeling) on the design, analysis, and control of NMP processes (process engineering) and the well‐defined microstructures obtained by NMP (product engineering). These aspects are not sufficiently discussed or even included in previous reviews on NMP. Despite of all the intensive research programs carried out in academia and industrial research centers over 30 years, there are still several issues that limit the commercial exploitation of NMP. These issues, which include slow polymerization rates, reduced amount of monomers amenable for polymerization by NMP, low molecular weights, and insufficient commercial availability of NMP controllers, are also discussed.
Strengths and weaknesses of temporal stability analysis for monitoring and estimating grid‐mean soil moisture in a high‐intensity irrigated agricultural landscape
Authors: Ran Youhua , Li Xin , Jin Rui , Kang Jian , Cosh Michael H. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMonitoring and estimating grid‐mean soil moisture is very important for assessing many hydrological, biological, and biogeochemical processes and for validating remotely sensed surface soil moisture products. Temporal stability analysis (TSA) is a valuable tool for identifying a small number of representative sampling points to estimate the grid‐mean soil moisture content. This analysis was evaluated and improved using high‐quality surface soil moisture data that were acquired by a wireless sensor network in a high‐intensity irrigated agricultural landscape in an arid region of northwestern China. The performance of the TSA was limited in areas where the representative error was dominated by random events, such as irrigation events. This shortcoming can be effectively mitigated by using a stratified TSA (STSA) method, proposed in this paper. In addition, the following methods were proposed for rapidly and efficiently identifying representative sampling points when using TSA. (1) Instantaneous measurements can be used to identify representative sampling points to some extent; however, the error resulting from this method is significant when validating remotely sensed soil moisture products. Thus, additional representative sampling points should be considered to reduce this error. (2) The calibration period can be determined from the time span of the full range of the grid‐mean soil moisture content during the monitoring period. (3) The representative error is sensitive to the number of calibration sampling points, especially when only a few representative sampling points are used. Multiple sampling points are recommended to reduce data loss and improve the likelihood of representativeness at two scales.
Was breaking the taboo on research on climate engineering via albedo modification a moral hazard, or a moral imperative?
Authors: Lawrence Mark G. , Crutzen Paul J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe topic of increasing the reflectivity of the Earth as a measure to counteract global warming has been the subject of high‐level discussions and preliminary research since several decades, though prior to the early 2000s there was only very limited research on the topic. This changed in the mid‐2000s, particularly following the publication of a special section of Climatic Change with a lead paper by Crutzen [2006], which posited the idea of stratospheric aerosol injections as a possible solution to a policy dilemma. The discussions around the publication of Crutzen [2006] demonstrated how contentious the topic was at that time. The special section of Climatic Change contributed to breaking the “taboo” on albedo modification research that was perceived at that time, and scientific publications on the topic have since proliferated, including the development of several large national and international projects, and the publication of several assessment reports over the last decade. Here we reflect on the background and main conclusions of the publications in 2006, the developments since then, and on some of the main developments over the next decade that we anticipate for research and dialogue in support of decision‐making and policy development processes.
Fire and deforestation dynamics in Amazonia (1973–2014)
Authors: van Marle Margreet J. E. , Field Robert D. , van der Werf Guido R. , Estrada de Wagt Ivan A. , Houghton Richard A. , Rizzo Luciana V. , Artaxo Paulo , Tsigaridis Kostas 
Published: November 2016

AbstractConsistent long‐term estimates of fire emissions are important to understand the changing role of fire in the global carbon cycle and to assess the relative importance of humans and climate in shaping fire regimes. However, there is limited information on fire emissions from before the satellite era. We show that in the Amazon region, including the Arc of Deforestation and Bolivia, visibility observations derived from weather stations could explain 61% of the variability in satellite‐based estimates of bottom‐up fire emissions since 1997 and 42% of the variability in satellite‐based estimates of total column carbon monoxide concentrations since 2001. This enabled us to reconstruct the fire history of this region since 1973 when visibility information became available. Our estimates indicate that until 1987 relatively few fires occurred in this region and that fire emissions increased rapidly over the 1990s. We found that this pattern agreed reasonably well with forest loss data sets, indicating that although natural fires may occur here, deforestation and degradation were the main cause of fires. Compared to fire emissions estimates based on Food and Agricultural Organization's Global Forest and Resources Assessment data, our estimates were substantially lower up to the 1990s, after which they were more in line. These visibility‐based fire emissions data set can help constrain dynamic global vegetation models and atmospheric models with a better representation of the complex fire regime in this region.
Mapping of hydrocarbons and H3+ emissions at Jupiter's north pole using Galileo/NIMS data
Authors: Altieri F. , Dinelli B. M. , Migliorini A. , Moriconi M. L. , Sindoni G. , Adriani A. , Mura A. , Fabiano F. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn this paper we report the mapping of H3+, C2H2, and CH4 as derived by an unexploited Galileo/Near‐Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) data set. As previously observed, hydrocarbons emissions appear to be located in the internal part of the auroral main oval, where CH4 3 µm vibrational band intensity ratios suggest that nonthermal excitation mechanisms, such as auroral particle precipitation and/or Joule heating, are responsible for the observed emissions. Temperature estimation are in good agreement for the CH4‐emitting region on the hot spot, while the values obtained for H3+ are lower in comparison with Cassini/visual and infrared mapping spectrometer and ground‐based data. C2H2 emission overlaps the CH4 one only at higher latitudes >75°N, indicating that different energetic particles are at work inside the main oval polar ward. CH4 is also found on the northern section of the main oval (135°< longitude <190°, 60°< latitude <90°N). The present investigation results have implications on the Juno/Jovian InfraRed Auroral Mapper observation planning as well as on the codes that will be used to retrieve temperatures and densities of all the emitting species involved in the Jupiter auroral processes.
Where the continent ends
Authors: Paris Paul J. , Walsh J. P. , Corbett D. Reide 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe Earth's continents and islands are bordered by shallow ocean plains that are arguably the most environmentally, economically, and politically important parts of the sea. Yet in spite of this, they remain poorly defined and understood. A quantitative approach is employed here to map and analyze these plains, or shelves. The Earth's ocean bathymetry was used to determine the continent‐ocean basin transition at ~1200 m and then parsed with a novel geospatial terrain classification concept/method borrowed from the field of image analysis: the geomorphic phonotype, or geomorphon. The technique is less subjective than visual interpretation and digitization and here illustrates that the ocean coastal plains are deeper, wider, and more steeply sloped than previously recognized. Their variable form is related to tectonics and latitude and ultimately affects function and habitat.
Storm impact on sea surface temperature and chlorophyll a in the Gulf of Mexico and Sargasso Sea based on daily cloud‐free satellite data reconstructions
Authors: Shropshire Taylor , Li Yizhen , He Ruoying 
Published: November 2016

AbstractUpper ocean responses to tropical storms/hurricanes have been extensively studied using satellite observations. However, resolving concurrent sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll a (chl a) responses along storm tracks remains a major challenge due to extensive cloud coverage in satellite images. Here we produce daily cloud‐free SST and chl a reconstructions based on the Data INterpolating Empirical Orthogonal Function method over a 10 year period (2003–2012) for the Gulf of Mexico and Sargasso Sea regions. Daily reconstructions allow us to characterize and contrast previously obscured subweekly SST and chl a responses to storms in the two main storm‐impacted regions of the Atlantic Ocean. Statistical analyses of daily SST and chl a responses revealed regional differences in the response time as well as the response sensitivity to maximum sustained wind speed and translation speed. This study demonstrates that SST and chl a responses clearly depend on regional ocean conditions and are not as universal as might have been previously suggested.
Lithosphere thinning induced by slab penetration into a hydrous mantle transition zone
Authors: Wang Zhensheng , Kusky Timothy M. , Capitanio Fabio A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWater plays an important role in deformation and partial melting of Earth's mantle. The mantle transition zone (MTZ) is a deep reservoir of bound water from subducting slabs. When this reservoir is perturbed by subducting slabs, water is released, impacting the rheology and dynamics of the mantle. We model the role of released water from the MTZ in lithospheric destruction, deformation and deep‐source magmatism. Comparing the model results from the North China Craton, we infer that the first peak period of magmatism during craton destruction and lithospheric removal (135–115 Ma) resulted from the subducting Izanagi plate perturbing the strongly hydrous MTZ, whereas the second peak period of magmatism (80 Ma‐Cenozoic) is related to extension and asthenospheric partial melting caused by Pacific slab rollback.
High‐accuracy measurements of total column water vapor from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐2
Authors: Nelson Robert R. , Crisp David , Ott Lesley E. , O'Dell Christopher W. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAccurate knowledge of the distribution of water vapor in Earth's atmosphere is of critical importance to both weather and climate studies. Here we report on measurements of total column water vapor (TCWV) from hyperspectral observations of near‐infrared reflected sunlight over land and ocean surfaces from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐2 (OCO‐2). These measurements are an ancillary product of the retrieval algorithm used to measure atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, with information coming from three highly resolved spectral bands. Comparisons to high‐accuracy validation data, including ground‐based GPS and microwave radiometer data, demonstrate that OCO‐2 TCWV measurements have maximum root‐mean‐square deviations of 0.9–1.3mm. Our results indicate that OCO‐2 is the first space‐based sensor to accurately and precisely measure the two most important greenhouse gases, water vapor and carbon dioxide, at high spatial resolution (1.3 × 2.3 km2) and that OCO‐2 TCWV measurements may be useful in improving numerical weather predictions and reanalysis products.
On the frequency of the 2015 monsoon season drought in the Indo‐Gangetic Plain
Authors: Mishra Vimal , Aadhar Saran , Asoka Akarsh , Pai Sivananda , Kumar Rohini 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe 2015 drought in the Indo‐Gangetic Plain posed new challenges related to food and water security and affected the lives of millions. All‐India monsoon rainfall in 2015 was the tenth driest year on record (1906–2015) with a deficit of 14.5%, and the Indo‐Gangetic Plain witnessed a rainfall deficit of 25.8% (third rank event). Drought severity was amplified by deficits from the previous years in the Indo‐Gangetic Plain and other parts of India. The Indo‐Gangetic Plain faced a 2 year cumulative deficit of 51%, and the drought of 2014–2015 was unprecedented with a return period of 542 years. The GRACE data showed the occurrence of consecutive negative terrestrial water storage and groundwater anomalies in 2014 and 2015, mainly centered over the Indo‐Gangetic Plain region. Notwithstanding uncertainty in future projections, the multiyear droughts in the same regions can pose challenges for water resources and agriculture.
Visualizing and verifying probabilistic forecasts of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation
Authors: Marshall Andrew G. , Hendon Harry H. , Hudson Debra 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe describe a new approach for presenting probabilistic forecasts of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) based on the community standard Real‐time Multivariate MJO (RMM) index, using forecasts from version 2 of the Predictive Ocean Atmosphere Model for Australia. This new display overcomes the difficulty of interpreting a dispersive ensemble plume and directly quantifies the probability for the MJO to occur in each of its eight RMM‐defined phases as well as the weak phase. Beyond monitoring and interpreting predictions of the MJO, this new approach also provides a basis for forecast verification using probability‐based skill scores. Here we present a clear and concise quantitative summary of this innovative method for accessing probability of the state of the MJO in an ensemble forecast. This new method compliments the traditional MJO ensemble forecast display and verification and will benefit global forecasting centers, international MJO working groups, and the World Meteorological Organization Subseasonal to Seasonal Project.
Surface elevation change and mass balance of Icelandic ice caps derived from swath mode CryoSat‐2 altimetry
Authors: Foresta L. , Gourmelen N. , Pálsson F. , Nienow P. , Björnsson H. , Shepherd A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe apply swath processing to CryoSat‐2 interferometric mode data acquired over the Icelandic ice caps to generate maps of rates of surface elevation change at 0.5 km postings. This high‐resolution mapping reveals complex surface elevation changes in the region, related to climate, ice dynamics, and subglacial geothermal and magmatic processes. We estimate rates of volume and mass change independently for the six major Icelandic ice caps, 90% of Iceland's permanent ice cover, for five glaciological years between October 2010 and September 2015. Annual mass balance is highly variable; during the 2014/2015 glaciological year, the Vatnajökull ice cap (~70% of the glaciated area) experienced positive mass balance for the first time since 1992/1993. Our results indicate that between glaciological years 2010/2011and 2014/2015 Icelandic ice caps have lost 5.8 ± 0.7 Gt a−1 on average, ~40% less than the preceding 15 years, contributing 0.016 ± 0.002 mm a−1 to sea level rise.
Response of Jupiter's inner magnetosphere to the solar wind derived from extreme ultraviolet monitoring of the Io plasma torus
Authors: Murakami Go , Yoshioka Kazuo , Yamazaki Atsushi , Tsuchiya Fuminori , Kimura Tomoki , Tao Chihiro , Kita Hajime , Kagitani Masato , Sakanoi Takeshi , Uemizu Kazunori , Kasaba Yasumasa , Yoshikawa Ichiro , Fujimoto Masaki 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBecause Jupiter's magnetosphere is huge and is rotationally dominated, solar wind influence on its inner part has been thought to be negligible. Meanwhile, dawn‐dusk asymmetric features of this region have been reported. Presence of dawn‐to‐dusk electric field is one of the leading explanations of the asymmetry; however, the physical process of generating such an intense electric field still remains unclear. Here we present long and continuous monitoring of the extreme ultraviolet emissions from the Io plasma torus in Jupiter's inner magnetosphere made by the Hisaki satellite between December 2013 and March 2014. We found five occasions where the dusk/dawn brightness ratio was enhanced above 2.5 in response to rapid increase of the solar wind dynamic pressure. The enhancement is achieved as the dusk region brightens and the dawn region dims. The observation indicates that dawn‐to‐dusk electric field in the inner magnetosphere is enhanced under compressed conditions.
Transmitted, reflected, quasi‐reflected, and multiply reflected ions in low‐Mach number shocks
Authors: Gedalin M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe dependence of ion dynamics on the cross‐shock potential and upstream βi in low‐Mach number marginally critical shocks is studied using advanced test particle analysis,. The directly transmitted ions provide the main contribution to the downstream ion pressure. The fraction of reflected ions increases with the increase of the cross‐shock potential and βi. This fraction is small and their contribution to the downstream ion pressure is negligible in marginally critical shocks. A population of quasi‐reflected ions is identified. These ions make a loop inside the ramp and do not appear upstream. They acquire energies comparable to the energies of the true reflected ions, are observed as a halo in the downstream ion distribution, and contribute significantly to the downstream pressure. Thus, the transmitted and quasi‐reflected ions shape the downstream magnetic profile. At higher cross‐shock potentials and βi the reflected ions cause formation of a magnetic dip just ahead of the ramp. A small fraction of ions are multiply reflected at the shock front. All these ions escape into the upstream region and all escaping ions are mutliply reflected.