bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A conceptual model of supra‐glacial lake formation on debris‐covered glaciers based on GPR facies analysis
Authors: Mertes Jordan R. , Thompson Sarah S. , Booth Adam D. , Gulley Jason D. , Benn Douglas I. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSupra‐glacial lakes and ponds can create hotspots of mass loss on debris‐covered glaciers. While much research has been directed at understanding lateral lake expansion, little is known about the rates or processes governing lake deepening. To a large degree, this knowledge gap persists due to sparse observations of lake beds. Here we report on the novel use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys to simultaneously collect supra‐glacial lake bathymetry and bottom composition data from Spillway Lake (surface area of 2.4 × 105 m2; volume of 9.5 × 104 m3), which is located in the terminus region of the Ngozumpa Glacier in the Khumbu region of the Nepal Himalaya. We identified two GPR bottom signals corresponding to two sedimentary facies of (1) sub‐horizontal layered fine sediment drape and (2) coarse blocky diamict. We provide an understanding of the changes in subaqueous debris distribution that occur through stages of lake expansion by combining the GPR results with in situ observations of shoreline deposits matching the interpreted facies. From this, we present an updated conceptual model of supra‐glacial lake evolution, with the addition of data on the evolving debris environment, showing how dominant depositional processes can change as lakes evolve from perched lakes to multi‐basin base‐level lakes and finally onto large moraine‐dammed lakes. Throughout lake evolution, processes such as shoreline steepening, lakebed collapse into voids and conduit interception, subaerial and subaqueous calving and rapid areal expansion alter the spatial distribution and makeup of lakebed debris and sediments forcing a number of positive and negative feedbacks on lake expansion. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
REFLECTIVE PRACTICE IN ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING, CULTURAL SELF‐UNDERSTANDING, AND COMMUNITY SELF‐STRENGTHENING
Authors: Sparrow Joshua 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTThe infant mental health field can amplify its effects when it extends its purview beyond the dyad to the larger contexts in which infants and adult caregivers interact and develop over time. Within health, mental health, education, and other human service organizations, the quality of relationships is a critical variable in the individual‐level outcomes that such organizations seek. The goals of this work and the means for accomplishing them are highly dependent on human qualities and interactions that are shaped by organizational processes. In communities, too, processes that shape relationships also strongly influence child‐, family‐, and community‐level outcomes. The Touchpoints approach to reflective practice can guide relational processes among professionals, parents, and infants in organizations and communities that influence these outcomes.
Toll‐like receptor 4 signalling mediates inflammation in skeletal muscle of patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Verzola Daniela , Bonanni Alice , Sofia Antonella , Montecucco Fabrizio , D'Amato Elena , Cademartori Valeria , Parodi Emanuele Luigi , Viazzi Francesca , Venturelli Chiara , Brunori Giuliano , Garibotto Giacomo 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundInflammation in skeletal muscle is implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and cachexia but why uremia up‐regulates pro‐inflammatory cytokines is unknown. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) regulate locally the innate immune responses, but it is unknown whether in chronic kidney disease (CKD) TLR4 muscle signalling is altered. The aim of the study is to investigate whether in CKD muscle, TLRs had abnormal function and may be involved in transcription of pro‐inflammatory cytokine.MethodsTLR4, phospho‐p65, phospho‐ikBα, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, phospho p38, Murf 1, and atrogin were studied in skeletal muscle from nondiabetic CKD stage 5 patients (n = 29) and controls (n = 14) by immunohistochemistry, western blot, and RT–PCR. Muscle cell cultures (C2C12) exposed to uremic serum were employed to study TLR4 expression (western blot and RT–PCR) and TLR‐driven signalling. TLR4 signalling was abrogated by a small molecule chemical inhibitor or TLR4 siRNA. Phospho AKT and phospho p38 were evaluated by western blot.ResultsCKD subjects had elevated TLR4 gene and protein expression. Also expression of NFkB, p38 MAPK and the NFkB‐regulated gene TNF‐α was increased. At multivariate analysis, TLR4 protein content was predicted by eGFR and Subjective Global Assessment, suggesting that the progressive decline in renal function and wasting mediate TLR4 activation. In C2C12, uremic serum increased TLR4 as well as TNF‐α and down‐regulated pAkt. These effects were prevented by blockade of TLR4.ConclusionsCKD promotes muscle inflammation through an up‐regulation of TLR4, which may activate downward inflammatory signals such as TNF‐α and NFkB‐regulated genes.
Diffusion kurtosis imaging for differentiating between the benign and malignant sinonasal lesions
Authors: Jiang Jing Xuan , Tang Zuo Hua , Zhong Yu Feng , Qiang Jin Wei 
Published: October 2016

PurposeThe study aimed to evaluate diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) in the differentiation between benign and malignant sinonasal lesions, and to compare the diagnostic performance of DKI with diffusion weighted imaging (DWI).Materials and MethodsEight‐one patients with solid sinonasal lesions confirmed by surgery and pathology (46 malignant and 35 benign) underwent conventional MRI, DWI, and DKI. DKI was performed employing a 13 extended b‐value ranging from 0 to 2500 s/mm2. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) from DWI, kurtosis (K), and diffusion coefficient (D) from DKI were measured and compared between two groups.ResultsADC and D values were significantly lower in the malignant sinonasal lesions than in the benign sinonasal lesions (1.11 ± 0.41 versus 1.58 ± 0.50 × 10−3 mm2/s and 1.45 ± 0.36 versus 2.03 ± 0.49 × 10−3 mm2/s, respectively, both P < 0001). K value was significantly higher in the malignant lesions than in the benign lesions (0.91 ± 0.23 versus 0.57 ± 0.24, P < 0001). The receiver operating characteristic curve analyses yielded a cutoff ADC value of 1.27 × 10−3 mm2/s for differentiating between benign and malignant lesions, with a sensitivity of 69.6%, a specificity of 77.1% and an accuracy of 74.0%; a cutoff D value of 1.75 × 10−3 mm2/s, with a sensitivity of 82.6%, a specificity of 77.1% and an accuracy of 80.2%; a cutoff K value of 0.63 with a sensitivity of 95.7%, a specificity of 77.1% and an accuracy of 87.7%. The area under the curve of K value was significantly larger than that of ADC value (0.875 versus 0.762; P < 0.05).ConclusionK value of DKI demonstrates significantly higher accuracy compared with ADC value for the differentiation between benign and malignant sinonasal lesions. DKI may be a noninvasive method to evaluate the sinonasal lesions.Level of Evidence: 1J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;45:1446–1454
Accurate MR thermometry by hyperpolarized 129Xe
Authors: Zhang Le , Burant Alex , McCallister Andrew , Zhao Victor , Koshlap Karl M. , Degan Simone , Antonacci Michael , Branca Rosa Tamara 
Published: October 2016

PurposeTo investigate the temperature dependence of the resonance frequency of lipid‐dissolved xenon (LDX) and to assess the accuracy of LDX‐based MR thermometry.MethodsThe chemical shift temperature dependence of water protons, methylene protons, and LDX was measured from samples containing tissues with varying fat contents using a high‐resolution NMR spectrometer. LDX results were then used to acquire relative and absolute temperature maps in vivo and the results were compared with PRF‐based MR thermometry.ResultsThe temperature dependence of proton resonance frequency (PRF) is strongly affected by the specific distribution of water and fat. A redistribution of water and fat compartments can reduce the apparent temperature dependence of the water chemical shift from −0.01 ppm/°C to −0.006 ppm, whereas the LDX chemical shift shows a consistent temperature dependence of −0.21 ppm/°C. The use of the methylene protons resonance frequency as internal reference improves the accuracy of LDX‐based MR thermometry, but degrades that of PRF‐based MR thermometry, as microscopic susceptibility gradients affected lipid and water spins differently.ConclusionThe LDX resonance frequency, with its higher temperature dependence, provides more accurate and precise temperature measurements, both in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, the resonance frequency of nearby methylene protons can be used to extract absolute temperature information. Magn Reson Med 78:1070–1079, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Polyhedral elements by means of node/edge‐based smoothed finite element method
Authors: Lee Chan , Kim Hobeom , Im Seyoung 
Published: October 2016

SummaryThe node‐based or edge‐based smoothed finite element method is extended to develop polyhedral elements that are allowed to have an arbitrary number of nodes or faces, and so retain a good geometric adaptability. The strain smoothing technique and implicit shape functions based on the linear point interpolation make the element formulation simple and straightforward. The resulting polyhedral elements are free from the excessive zero‐energy modes and yield a robust solution very much insensitive to mesh distortion. Several numerical examples within the framework of linear elasticity demonstrate the accuracy and convergence behavior. The smoothed finite element method‐based polyhedral elements in general yield solutions of better accuracy and faster convergence rate than those of the conventional finite element methods. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Unusual Erosive Arthropathy from Medieval England
Authors: Mays S. , Watt I. , Loe L. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn palaeopathology, diagnosis of skeletal disease is classically made with reference to changes wrought by known diseases in modern or recent cases. This report presents a skeleton from medieval England which shows a form of erosive arthropathy. A more precise diagnosis is problematic because the alterations appear inconsistent with any of the principle forms of erosive arthropathy in current clinical classification. The distribution of lesions in the axial and appendicular skeleton resembles that in seronegative spondyloarthropathies. The nature of the lesions however, which are almost entirely lytic and concentrated principally at synovial articulations rather than entheses, is inconsistent with seronegative spondyloarthropathies and is more consistent with pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis. These observations raise the possibility that the manifestations of erosive arthropathies may have altered over time and/or that our clinical understanding of the skeletal distribution of lesions in these diseases may be incomplete. These scenarios would have profound implications for our ability to identify the various forms of erosive arthritis in archaeological populations, but further work investigating erosive arthritis in patients, together with systematic studies of skeletal cases, would be required before firm conclusions can be made. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The rise and future of glyphosate and glyphosate‐resistant crops
Authors: Green Jerry M 
Published: October 2016

AbstractGlyphosate and glyphosate‐resistant crops had a revolutionary impact on weed management practices, but the epidemic of glyphosate‐resistant (GR) weeds is rapidly decreasing the value of these technologies. In areas that fully adopted glyphosate and GR crops, GR weeds evolved and glyphosate and glyphosate traits now must be combined with other technologies. The chemical company solution is to combine glyphosate with other chemicals, and the seed company solution is to combine glyphosate resistance with other traits. Unfortunately, companies have not discovered a new commercial herbicide mode‐of‐action for over 30 years and have already developed or are developing traits for all existing herbicide types with high utility. Glyphosate mixtures and glyphosate trait combinations will be the mainstays of weed management for many growers, but are not going to be enough to keep up with the capacity of weeds to evolve resistance. Glufosinate, auxin, HPPD‐inhibiting and other herbicide traits, even when combined with glyphosate resistance, are incremental and temporary solutions. Herbicide and seed businesses are not going to be able to support what critics call the chemical and transgenic treadmills for much longer. The long time without the discovery of a new herbicide mode‐of‐action and the epidemic of resistant weeds is forcing many growers to spend much more to manage weeds and creating a worst of times, best of times predicament for the crop protection and seed industry. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Spontaneous decays of magneto-elastic excitations in non-collinear antiferromagnet (Y,Lu)MnO3
Authors: Oh Joosung , Le Manh Duc , Nahm Ho-Hyun , Sim Hasung , Jeong Jaehong , Perring T. G. , Woo Hyungje , Nakajima Kenji , Ohira-Kawamura Seiko , Yamani Zahra , Yoshida Y. , Eisaki H. , Cheong S. -W. , Chernyshev A. L. , Park Je-Geun 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMagnons and phonons are fundamental quasiparticles in a solid and can be coupled together to form a hybrid quasi-particle. However, detailed experimental studies on the underlying Hamiltonian of this particle are rare for actual materials. Moreover, the anharmonicity of such magnetoelastic excitations remains largely unexplored, although it is essential for a proper understanding of their diverse thermodynamic behaviour and intrinsic zero-temperature decay. Here we show that in non-collinear antiferromagnets, a strong magnon–phonon coupling can significantly enhance the anharmonicity, resulting in the creation of magnetoelastic excitations and their spontaneous decay. By measuring the spin waves over the full Brillouin zone and carrying out anharmonic spin wave calculations using a Hamiltonian with an explicit magnon–phonon coupling, we have identified a hybrid magnetoelastic mode in (Y,Lu)MnO3 and quantified its decay rate and the exchange-striction coupling term required to produce it.
The growth of the central region by acquisition of counterrotating gas in star-forming galaxies
Authors: Chen Yan-Mei , Shi Yong , Tremonti Christy A. , Bershady Matt , Merrifield Michael , Emsellem Eric , Jin Yi-Fei , Huang Song , Fu Hai , Wake David A. , Bundy Kevin , Stark David , Lin Lihwai , Argudo-Fernandez Maria , Bergmann Thaisa Storchi , Bizyaev Dmitry , Brownstein Joel , Bureau Martin , Chisholm John , Drory Niv , Guo Qi , Hao Lei , Hu Jian , Li Cheng , Li Ran , Lopes Alexandre Roman , Pan Kai-Ke , Riffel Rogemar A. , Thomas Daniel , Wang Lan , Westfall Kyle , Yan Ren-Bin 
Published: October 2016

AbstractGalaxies grow through both internal and external processes. In about 10% of nearby red galaxies with little star formation, gas and stars are counter-rotating, demonstrating the importance of external gas acquisition in these galaxies. However, systematic studies of such phenomena in blue, star-forming galaxies are rare, leaving uncertain the role of external gas acquisition in driving evolution of blue galaxies. Here, based on new measurements with integral field spectroscopy of a large representative galaxy sample, we find an appreciable fraction of counter-rotators among blue galaxies (9 out of 489 galaxies). The central regions of blue counter-rotators show younger stellar populations and more intense, ongoing star formation than their outer parts, indicating ongoing growth of the central regions. The result offers observational evidence that the acquisition of external gas in blue galaxies is possible; the interaction with pre-existing gas funnels the gas into nuclear regions (<1 kpc) to form new stars.
Horizontal Transfer of a Novel Soil Agarase Gene from Marine Bacteria to Soil Bacteria via Human Microbiota
Authors: Song Tao , Xu Hui , Wei Congchong , Jiang Tengfei , Qin Shishang , Zhang Weijia , Cao Yu , Hu Chao , Zhang Fan , Qiao Dairong , Cao Yi 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSeaweed is receiving an increasing amount of attention as a “sea vegetable”. The microbiota of coastal populations may acquire seaweed associated enzymes through marine food. Several agarases have been found in non-marine environments; however, their origin is unknown. In this study, a hypothetical protein, Aga1, was identified as an agarase from an inland soil agar-degrading bacterium, Paenibacillus sp. SSG-1.Having low similarity to known glycoside hydrolases, Aga1 may be a distant member of the glycoside hydrolase family 86. Aga1 has good pH stability (pH 3–11) and is stable in the presence of various metal ions. Aga1 is an exo-type β-agarase that produces NA 4 (neoagarotetraose) and NA 6 (neoagarohexaose) as its main products. In addition, Aga1 may be a cell-surface-binding protein. The bioinformatic analysis showed aga1 may have been transfered together with its surrounding genes, from marine bacteria to soil bacteria via human microbiota. The use of seaweed as food and the disposal of human faeces or saliva were the most likely reasons for this gene transfer pathway. Notably, the results also indicated that microbes from inland humans may degrade agar and that these microbes may have acquired seaweed associated genes because of increased seaweed in diets.
Discovery of putative capsaicin biosynthetic genes by RNA-Seq and digital gene expression analysis of pepper
Authors: Zhang Zi-Xin , Zhao Shu-Niu , Liu Gao-Feng , Huang Zu-Mei , Cao Zhen-Mu , Cheng Shan-Han , Lin Shi-Sen 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe Indian pepper ‘Guijiangwang’ (Capsicum frutescens L.), one of the world’s hottest chili peppers, is rich in capsaicinoids. The accumulation of the alkaloid capsaicin and its analogs in the epidermal cells of the placenta contribute to the pungency of Capsicum fruits. To identify putative genes involved in capsaicin biosynthesis, RNA-Seq was used to analyze the pepper’s expression profiles over five developmental stages. Five cDNA libraries were constructed from the total RNA of placental tissue and sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq 2000. More than 19 million clean reads were obtained from each library, and greater than 50% of the reads were assignable to reference genes. Digital gene expression (DGE) profile analysis using Solexa sequencing was performed at five fruit developmental stages and resulted in the identification of 135 genes of known function; their expression patterns were compared to the capsaicin accumulation pattern. Ten genes of known function were identified as most likely to be involved in regulating capsaicin synthesis. Additionally, 20 new candidate genes were identified related to capsaicin synthesis. We use a combination of RNA-Seq and DGE analyses to contribute to the understanding of the biosynthetic regulatory mechanism(s) of secondary metabolites in a nonmodel plant and to identify candidate enzyme-encoding genes.
Gene-expression reversal of lncRNAs and associated mRNAs expression in active vs latent HIV infection
Authors: Nair Madhavan , Sagar Vidya , Pilakka-Kanthikeel Sudheesh 
Published: October 2016

AbstractInterplay between lncRNAs and mRNAs is rapidly emerging as a key epigenetic mechanism in controlling various cell functions. HIV can actively infect and/or can persist latently for years by manipulating host epigenetics; however, its molecular essence remains undiscovered in entirety. Here for the first time, we delineate the influence of HIV on global lncRNAs expression in monocytic cells lines. Our analysis revealed the expression modulation of nearly 1060 such lncRNAs which are associated with differentially expressed mRNAs in active and latent infection. This suggests a greater role of lncRNAs in regulating transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene expression during HIV infection. The differentially expressed mRNAs were involved in several different biological pathways where immunological networks were most enriched. Importantly, we discovered that HIV induces expression reversal of more than 150 lncRNAs between its active and latent infection. Also, hundreds of unique lncRNAs were identified in both infection conditions. The pathology specific “gene-expression reversal” and “on-and-off” switching of lncRNAs and associated mRNAs may lead to establish the relationship between active and HIV infection.
Structural insights into bacterial flagellar hooks similarities and specificities
Authors: Yoon Young-Ho , Barker Clive S. , Bulieris Paula V. , Matsunami Hideyuki , Samatey Fadel A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAcross bacteria, the protein that makes the flagellar hook, FlgE, has a high variability in amino acid residue composition and sequence length. We hereby present the structure of two fragments of FlgE protein from Campylobacter jejuni and from Caulobacter crescentus, which were obtained by X-ray crystallography, and a high-resolution model of the hook from Caulobacter. By comparing these new structures of FlgE proteins, we show that bacterial hook can be divided in two distinct parts. The first part comprises domains that are found in all FlgE proteins and that will make the basic structure of the hook that is common to all flagellated bacteria. The second part, hyper-variable both in size and structure, will be bacteria dependent. To have a better understanding of the C. jejuni hook, we show that a special strain of Salmonella enterica, which was designed to encode a gene of flgE that has the extra domains found in FlgE from C. jejuni, is fully motile. It seems that no matter the size of the hook protein, the hook will always have a structure made of 11 protofilaments.
Caudal migration and proliferation of renal progenitors regulates early nephron segment size in zebrafish
Authors: Naylor Richard W. , Dodd Rachel C. , Davidson Alan J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe nephron is the functional unit of the kidney and is divided into distinct proximal and distal segments. The factors determining nephron segment size are not fully understood. In zebrafish, the embryonic kidney has long been thought to differentiate in situ into two proximal tubule segments and two distal tubule segments (distal early; DE, and distal late; DL) with little involvement of cell movement. Here, we overturn this notion by performing lineage-labelling experiments that reveal extensive caudal movement of the proximal and DE segments and a concomitant compaction of the DL segment as it fuses with the cloaca. Laser-mediated severing of the tubule, such that the DE and DL are disconnected or that the DL and cloaca do not fuse, results in a reduction in tubule cell proliferation and significantly shortens the DE segment while the caudal movement of the DL is unaffected. These results suggest that the DL mechanically pulls the more proximal segments, thereby driving both their caudal extension and their proliferation. Together, these data provide new insights into early nephron morphogenesis and demonstrate the importance of cell movement and proliferation in determining initial nephron segment size.