bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A NEW ASTROBIOLOGICAL MODEL OF THE ATMOSPHERE OF TITAN
Authors: Willacy K. , Allen M. , Yung Y. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
We present results of an investigation into the formation of nitrogen-bearing molecules in the atmosphere of Titan. We extend a previous model to cover the region below the tropopause, so the new model treats the atmosphere from Titan’s surface to an altitude of 1500 km. We consider the effects of condensation and sublimation using a continuous, numerically stable method. This is coupled with parameterized treatments of the sedimentation of the aerosols and their condensates, and the formation of haze particles. These processes affect the abundances of heavier species such as the nitrogen-bearing molecules, but have less effect on the abundances of lighter molecules. Removal of molecules to form aerosols also plays a role in determining the mixing ratios, particularly of HNC, HC3N, and HCN. We find good agreement with the recently detected mixing ratios of C2H5CN, with condensation playing an important role in determining the abundance of this molecule below 500 km. Of particular interest is the chemistry of acrylonitrile (C2H3CN) which has been suggested by Stevenson et al. as a molecule that could form biological membranes in an oxygen-deficient environment. With the inclusion of haze formation, we find good agreement of our model predictions of acrylonitrile with the available observations.
CHANGE OF MAGNETIC FIELD-GAS ALIGNMENT AT THE GRAVITY-DRIVEN ALFVÉNIC TRANSITION IN MOLECULAR CLOUDS: IMPLICATIONS FOR DUST POLARIZATION OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Chen Che-Yu , King Patrick K. , Li Zhi-Yun 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
Diffuse striations in molecular clouds are preferentially aligned with local magnetic fields, whereas dense filaments tend to be perpendicular to them. When and why this transition occurs remain uncertain. To explore the physics behind this transition, we compute the histogram of relative orientation (HRO) between the density gradient and the magnetic field in three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of prestellar core formation in shock-compressed regions within giant molecular clouds. We find that, in the magnetically dominated (sub-Alfvénic) post-shock region, the gas structure is preferentially aligned with the local magnetic field. For overdense sub-regions with super-Alfvénic gas, their elongation becomes preferentially perpendicular to the local magnetic field. The transition occurs when self-gravitating gas gains enough kinetic energy from the gravitational acceleration to overcome the magnetic support against the cross-field contraction, which results in a power-law increase of the field strength with density. Similar results can be drawn from HROs in projected two-dimensional maps with integrated column densities and synthetic polarized dust emission. We quantitatively analyze our simulated polarization properties, and interpret the reduced polarization fraction at high column densities as the result of increased distortion of magnetic field directions in trans- or super-Alfvénic gas. Furthermore, we introduce measures of the inclination and tangledness of the magnetic field along the line of sight as the controlling factors of the polarization fraction. Observations of the polarization fraction and angle dispersion can therefore be utilized in studying local magnetic field morphology in star-forming regions.
KINETICS AND MECHANISMS OF THE ACID-BASE REACTION BETWEEN NH3 AND HCOOH IN INTERSTELLAR ICE ANALOGS
Authors: Bergner Jennifer B. , Öberg Karin I. , Rajappan Mahesh , Fayolle Edith C. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
Interstellar complex organic molecules are commonly observed during star formation, and are proposed to form through radical chemistry in icy grain mantles. Reactions between ions and neutral molecules in ices may provide an alternative cold channel to complexity, as ion-neutral reactions are thought to have low or even no-energy barriers. Here we present a study of the kinetics and mechanisms of a potential ion-generating, acid-base reaction between NH3 and HCOOH to form the salt NH

HCOO−. We observe salt growth at temperatures as low as 15 K, indicating that this reaction is feasible in cold environments. The kinetics of salt growth are best fit by a two-step model involving a slow “pre-reaction” step followed by a fast reaction step. The reaction energy barrier is determined to be 70 ± 30 K with a pre-exponential factor 1.4 ± 0.4 × 10−3 s−1. The pre-reaction rate varies under different experimental conditions and likely represents a combination of diffusion and orientation of reactant molecules. For a diffusion-limited case, the pre-reaction barrier is 770 ± 110 K with a pre-exponential factor of ∼7.6 × 10−3 s−1. Acid-base chemistry of common ice constituents is thus a potential cold pathway to generating ions in interstellar ices.
Assessing the Value of Novel Habitats to Snail Kites through Foraging Behavior and Nest Survival
Authors: Pias Kyle E. , Fletcher Robert J. , Kitchens Wiley M. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Novel ecosystems arise for a variety of reasons, most notably from the introduction of nonnative species. Understanding the interactions between traditional habitats, novel habitats, and species of conservation interest is important when planning successful conservation strategies. In the United States, the snail kite Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus is a federally endangered species whose population in Florida has undergone declines within the past decade. While studying the foraging behavior of breeding snail kites on Lake Tohopekaliga (Lake Toho), we discovered the unexpected use of disturbed ephemeral wetlands adjacent to the lake. These wetlands represent a novel habitat for snail kites; they would not have been viable foraging areas prior to the introduction of the exotic island apple snail Pomacea maculata. By examining the differences between snail kite behavior in traditional and novel habitats, we were able to identify some characteristics of novel habitats that may be important in determining their value to snail kites. The novel wetland areas were highly attractive to snail kites, likely because of the high snail capture rates. The survival of snail kite nests occurring within the novel areas appeared to be similar to that of nests occurring in more traditional, nearby areas on Lake Toho. However, whether or not snail kites used novel habitats as nesting areas appeared to be dependent upon water depth and availability of nesting substrate within these areas. The snail kites' dynamic use of the novel habitat demonstrates both the value of a novel ecosystem and the importance of traditional habitats to a species of conservation concern.
On the representation and evolution of Australian English and New Zealand English
Authors: Przewozny Anne , Viollain Cécile 
Published: September 2016

L’anglais australien (AusE) et l’anglais néo-zélandais (NZE) sont deux variétés d’anglais dit « transporté » dans l’hémisphère sud. Bien qu’il ne fasse aujourd’hui aucun doute au sein de la communauté scientifique qu’ils constituent deux dialectes distincts comprenant chacun leurs propres caractéristiques lexicales, morphosyntaxiques et phonético-phonologiques, et malgré l’abondance des descriptions linguistiques endocentriques depuis la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, la description et la représentation de l’AusE et du NZE se sont souvent retrouvées figées en un unique dialecte « australasien ». L’ AusE et le NZE comptant parmi les variétés ayant émergé le plus tardivement au sein du monde anglophone, elles n’ont été étudiées de façon approfondie et considérées comme des objets d’étude valides par la communauté des chercheurs que très récemment. Le propos principal du présent article est d’évaluer certains changements en cours et leurs possibles conséquences sur la description de l’ AusE et du NZE. Nous considérons d’abord certains arguments historiques qui ont résulté en un amalgame descriptif erroné de l’ AusE et du NZE. Ceci laissait peu de place à la variation phonologique et/ou phonétique spécifique à chaque variété, et encore moins à la possibilité d’une description de l’ AusE et du NZE comme deux entités linguistiques distinctes en Australasie. Après avoir passé en revue quelques faits historiques, quelques dénonciations critiques et théories profanes parallèles sur l’origine des deux variétés australes, nous nous concentrons sur la représentation phonologique de l’ AusE et du NZE dans la littérature consacrée aux accents de l’anglais à travers le monde. Dans le but de contribuer à la définition de l’ AusE et du NZE comme des objets linguistiques en mouvement et de promouvoir un portrait dynamique de chaque variété, des données orales contemporaines issues du programme PAC permettent de fournir des analyses comparatives en faveur de deux arguments majeurs du caractère distinctif de l’ AusE et du NZE: la rhoticité en Nouvelle-Zélande et les changements en chaîne des voyelles antérieures brèves en AusE et en NZE.
Global bioethics and human rights in an African context: A reformed theological discourse on global bioethics as a new human rights ethos
Authors: Rheeder A.L. 
Published: September 2016

The 2005 UNESCO Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights (UDBHR) is specifically aimed at Africa and developing countries from other regions. The acceptance of this UNESCO instrument shows that global bioethics and human rights have become part of the bioethics discourse of today. It is clear that there is a certain affinity between human rights and bioethics, which makes such a link desirable. The value of this link lies in the fact that human rights facilitate a normative universal expansion of bioethical principles. The human rights framework provides bioethical principles with some authority and political influence, an instrument that can protect people in our broken context. Human rights practice and a reformed understanding of natural law both show that humanity can reach consensus on ethical principles such as those found in the UDBHR. Consensus on the theoretical foundation of human rights is not a prerequisite for the successful utilisation of these principles.
Drainage and tillage practices in the winter fallow season mitigate CH4
and N2O emissions from a double-rice field in China
Authors: Zhang Guangbin , Yu Haiyang , Fan Xianfang , Yang Yuting , Ma Jing , Xu Hua 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Traditional land management (no tillage, no drainage, NTND) during the winter fallow season results in substantial CH4 and N2O emissions from double-rice fields in China. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of drainage and tillage during the winter fallow season on CH4 and N2O emissions and to develop mitigation options. The experiment had four treatments: NTND, NTD (drainage but no tillage), TND (tillage but no drainage), and TD (both drainage and tillage). The study was conducted from 2010 to 2014 in a Chinese double-rice field. During winter, total precipitation and mean daily temperature significantly affected CH4 emission. Compared to NTND, drainage and tillage decreased annual CH4 emissions in early- and late-rice seasons by 54 and 33 kg CH4 ha−1 yr−1, respectively. Drainage and tillage increased N2O emissions in the winter fallow season but reduced it in early- and late-rice seasons, resulting in no annual change in N2O emission. Global warming potentials of CH4 and N2O emissions were decreased by 1.49 and 0.92 t CO2 eq. ha−1 yr−1, respectively, and were reduced more by combining drainage with tillage, providing a mitigation potential of 1.96 t CO2 eq. ha−1 yr−1. A low total C content and high C / N ratio in rice residues showed that tillage in the winter fallow season reduced CH4 and N2O emissions in both early- and late-rice seasons. Drainage and tillage significantly decreased the abundance of methanogens in paddy soil, and this may explain the decrease of CH4 emissions. Greenhouse gas intensity was significantly decreased by drainage and tillage separately, and the reduction was greater by combining drainage with tillage, resulting in a reduction of 0.17 t CO2 eq. t−1. The results indicate that drainage combined with tillage during the winter fallow season is an effective strategy for mitigating greenhouse gas releases from double-rice fields.
Porous aerosol in degassing plumes of Mt. Etna and Mt. Stromboli
Authors: Shcherbakov Valery , Jourdan Olivier , Voigt Christiane , Gayet Jean-Francois , Chauvigne Aurélien , Schwarzenboeck Alfons , Minikin Andreas , Klingebiel Marcus , Weigel Ralf , Borrmann Stephan , Jurkat Tina , Kaufmann Stefan , Schlage Romy , Gourbeyre Christophe , Febvre Guy , Lapyonok Tatyana , Frey Wiebke , Molleker Sergej , Weinzierl Bernadett 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Aerosols of the volcanic degassing plumes from Mt. Etna and Mt. Stromboli were probed with in situ instruments on board the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt research aircraft Falcon during the contrail, volcano, and cirrus experiment CONCERT in September 2011. Aerosol properties were analyzed using angular-scattering intensities and particle size distributions measured simultaneously with the Polar Nephelometer and the Forward Scattering Spectrometer probes (FSSP series 100 and 300), respectively. Aerosols of degassing plumes are characterized by low values of the asymmetry parameter (between 0.6 and 0.75); the effective diameter was within the range of 1.5–2.8 µm and the maximal diameter was lower than 20 µm. A principal component analysis applied to the Polar Nephelometer data indicates that scattering features of volcanic aerosols of different crater origins are clearly distinctive from angular-scattering intensities of cirrus and contrails. Retrievals of aerosol properties revealed that the particles were "optically spherical" and the estimated values of the real part of the refractive index are within the interval from 1.35 to 1.38. The interpretation of these results leads to the conclusion that the degassing plume aerosols were porous with air voids. Our estimates suggest that aerosol particles contained about 18 to 35 % of air voids in terms of the total volume.
Versterk de civielrechtelijke fraudebestrijding door de curator!
Authors: van Nielen W.J.B. 
Published: September 2016

Versterk de Civielrechtelijke Fraudebestrijding door de curator! Fraudebestrijding door de curator
Op 14 juli 2015 is het wetsvoorstel versterking positie curator bij de Tweede Kamer ingediend, dat in het kader staat van het bestrijden van faillissementsfraude, het verbeteren van de informatiepositie van de curator en het institutionaliseren van een fraudesignalerende rol.De kern van het wetsvoorstel betreft het verankeren van de fraudesignalerende taak van de curator, waarmee hij de plicht krijgt om onrechtmatigheden te onderzoeken en er eventueel melding van te doen. Dit versterkt de positie van de curator uiteraard niet. Het ministerie kan de civiele aanpak door de curator echter bevorderen door de curator te voorzien in financiering, welke zijn grondslag kan vinden in de verruiming van de Garantstellingsregeling curatoren. Ten slotte is begin 2012 het project regionale ‘fraudespreekuren’ opgezet.
Nice to know or need to know
Authors: Ronteltap P. 
Published: September 2016

Nice to know or need to know. Noodzakelijke strafrechtelijke gegevens voor bestuursrechtelijke sancties
Vaak zijn strafrechtelijke gegevens nodig voor de bestuursrechtelijke aanpak van georganiseerde criminaliteit. Door de geheimhoudingsplicht mogen de politie en het Openbaar Ministerie niet meer gegevens verstrekken dan noodzakelijk. Daarom onderzoekt het artikel welke soort gegevens nodig zijn voor het onderbouwen van de meest voorkomende sancties. Hierbij wordt een onderscheid gemaakt tussen herstellende en bestraffende sancties. Het artikel sluit af met de conclusie dat de huidige wijze van informatieverstrekking niet vrij is van risico’s.
Dit lijkt sprekend (nergens) op...
Authors: Sackers H.J.B. 
Published: September 2016

Dit lijkt sprekend (nergens) op… De achtergrond van twee strafzaken over de sprekende gelijkenis van luchtdrukwapens en de Wet wapens en munitie
De Wet wapens en munitie stelt voorwerpen strafbaar die een sprekende gelijkenis vertonen met een vuurwapen. In veel gevallen geldt dit luchtdrukwapens. Het bezit van luchtdrukwapens is in beginsel geoorloofd. In recente rechtspraak worden criteria zichtbaar waaraan de rechter de ‘sprekende gelijkenis’ toetst.
Proportionaliteit van strafrechtelijk beslag volgens het Europese Hof van de Rechten van de Mens
Authors: Baar J.L. 
Published: September 2016

Proportionaliteit van strafrechtelijk beslag volgens het Europese Hof van de Rechten van de Mens. Noot bij EHRM 17 mei 2016, Dzinic tegen Kroatië
Het EHRM komt tot schending van artikel 1 van het Eerste Protocol EVRM, nu de waarde van het beslag de vermeende vordering van het OM ruim overstijgt. Daartoe wordt van belang geacht dat de nationale autoriteiten die waarde nooit hebben onderzocht en op de stellingen van klager niet zijn ingegaan. De vraag is welke gevolgen deze uitspraak heeft voor de Nederlandse rechtspraktijk.
Application of the Rules of the American Bureau of Shipping (Abs) to Design Mobile offshore Structures
Authors: Flis Leszek 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The article presents the calculations of Cooling Skid units used on oil rigs required by the specific provisions of the classification society American Bureau of Shipping (ABS). Stringent requirements for equipment intended for offshore drilling research relates to the strength of the environmental loads such as wind loads and strength check points in towing and lifting hooks. The article describes how the simulation calculations are carried out to meet the criteria set for by the classification society American Bureau of Shipping (ABS).
A Discrete Non-Classical Operational Calculus Model with the Horadam Difference
Authors: Wysocki Hubert 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
In this paper, there has been constructed such a model of the non-classical Bittner operational calculus, in which the derivative related to Horadam sequences is understood as a difference operation S{x(k)}: ={x(k+2) - ax(k+1) - bx(k)}.
Human Lung Spheroids as In Vitro Niches of Lung Progenitor Cells with Distinctive Paracrine and Plasticity Properties
Authors: Chimenti Isotta , Pagano Francesca , Angelini Francesco , Siciliano Camilla , Mangino Giorgio , Picchio Vittorio , De Falco Elena , Peruzzi Mariangela , Carnevale Roberto , Ibrahim Mohsen , Biondi-Zoccai Giuseppe , Messina Elisa , Frati Giacomo 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Basic and translational research on lung biology has discovered multiple progenitor cell types, specialized or facultative, responsible for turnover, renewal, and repair. Isolation of populations of resident lung progenitor cells (LPCs) has been described by multiple protocols, and some have been successfully applied to healthy human lung tissue. We aimed at understanding how different cell culture conditions may affect, in vitro, the phenotype of LPCs to create an ideal niche-like microenvironment. The influence of different substrates (i.e., fibronectin, gelatin, laminin) and the impact of a three-dimensional/two-dimensional (3D/2D) culture switch on the biology of LPCs isolated as lung spheroids (LSs) from normal adult human lung biopsy specimens were investigated. We applied a spheroid culture system as the selective/inductive step for progenitor cell culture, as described in many biological systems. The data showed a niche-like proepithelial microenvironment inside the LS, highly sensitive to the 3D culture system and significantly affecting the phenotype of adult LPCs more than culture substrate. LSs favor epithelial phenotypes and LPC maintenance and contain cells more responsive to specific commitment stimuli than 2D monolayer cultures, while secreting a distinctive set of paracrine factors. We have shown for the first time, to our knowledge, how culture as 3D LSs can affect LPC epithelial phenotype and produce strong paracrine signals with a distinctive secretomic profile compared with 2D monolayer conditions. These findings suggest novel approaches to maintain ex vivo LPCs for basic and translational studies.
Impact of the Secretome of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Brain Structure and Animal Behavior in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Teixeira Fábio G. , Carvalho Miguel M. , Panchalingam Krishna M. , Rodrigues Ana J. , Mendes-Pinheiro Bárbara , Anjo Sandra , Manadas Bruno , Behie Leo A. , Sousa Nuno , Salgado António J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractResearch in the last decade strongly suggests that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-mediated therapeutic benefits are mainly due to their secretome, which has been proposed as a possible therapeutic tool for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Indeed, it has been shown that the MSC secretome increases neurogenesis and cell survival, and has numerous neuroprotective actions under different conditions. Additionally, using dynamic culturing conditions (through computer-controlled bioreactors) can further modulate the MSC secretome, thereby generating a more potent neurotrophic factor cocktail (i.e., conditioned medium). In this study, we have characterized the MSC secretome by proteomic-based analysis, investigating its therapeutic effects on the physiological recovery of a 6-hydroxidopamine (6-OHDA) PD rat model. For this purpose, we injected MSC secretome into the substantia nigra (SNc) and striatum (STR), characterizing the behavioral performance and determining histological parameters for injected animals versus untreated groups. We observed that the secretome potentiated the increase of dopaminergic neurons (i.e., tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells) and neuronal terminals in the SNc and STR, respectively, thereby supporting the recovery observed in the Parkinsonian rats’ motor performance outcomes (assessed by rotarod and staircase tests). Finally, proteomic characterization of the MSC secretome (through combined mass spectrometry analysis and Bioplex assays) revealed the presence of important neuroregulatory molecules, namely cystatin C, glia-derived nexin, galectin-1, pigment epithelium-derived factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, interleukin-6, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. Overall, we concluded that the use of human MSC secretome alone was able to partially revert the motor phenotype and the neuronal structure of 6-OHDA PD animals. This indicates that the human MSC secretome could represent a novel therapeutic for the treatment of PD.