bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Like Dreams That Delude The Sleeping Senses’: Aeneas' Moral Failure and Vergil's Imagery of The Insubstantial
Authors: Northrup Mark D. 
Published: August 2016

tum dea nube cava tenuem sine viribus umbram in faciem Aeneae — visu mirabile monstrum — Dardaniis ornat telis, clipeumque iubasque divini adsimulat capitis, dat inania verba, dat sine mente sonum gressusque effingit euntis, morte obita qualis fama est volitare figuras aut quae sopitos deludunt somnia sensus. (A. 10.636-642)Then out of hollow mist the goddess makes a powerless phantom in the likeness of Aeneas — a sight marvelous to behold! — fits it with Trojan arms, simulates the shield and plumes on its godlike head, and gives it empty words, a voice without a mind, and the gait of a walking man; like phantom forms that flit about, it is said, when death is past, or like dreams that delude the sleeping senses.Near the mid-point of his aristeia in Iliad 5, Diomedes crushes the hip bone of Aeneas with a great boulder (302 ff.). Before he can administer the coup de grâce, however, Aphrodite intervenes and attempts to protect her son by covering him with the folds of her garment (311 ff.). Not to be thwarted, Diomedes attacks the goddess herself, wounding her on the wrist (334 ff.). She immediately abandons Aeneas and returns, in pain, to Olympus.
Vergil's Pastoral Modes
Authors: Coleman Robert 
Published: August 2016

Although there can be little doubt that Theocritus invented the pastoral genre, it is not at all clear that he regarded the pastoral poems as distinct from the rest of his idylls in anything but their rural setting. The narrative-dramatic form kata lepton (‘on a small scale’), the Doric dialect and the hexameter metre, which characterize the eight authentic Pastorals — I, III-VII, X and XI — are also exhibited in the urban mimes II, XIV and XV and in the mythological pieces XVIII and XXVI.Nor is it easy to see the emergence of a distinct pastoral genre in the work of his Hellenistic successors. For although the pseudo-Theocritean Idylls VIII, IX, XX and XXVII are clearly in the tradition and the fragments of Moschus and Bion, whatever their context may have been, are markedly pastoral in style and content, the boundaries of the genre remain indeterminate. There is for instance Id. XXIII, an isolated precedent for the Renaissance piscatory Eclogues, and the mythological pieces like Moschus' Europa and Aphrodite in search of Eros, Bion's Lament of Aphrodite for Adonis and the anonymous Bucolic fragment (Page Greek Literary Papyri no. 123). Affinities between the Pastoral and erotic poetry of other genres are confirmed by the non-pastoral Id. XXIII. Finally there are two poems that point forward to subsequent developments within the Pastoral itself. In Bion's Myrson and Lycotas the pastoral setting is but a pretty frame for the tale of Achilles on Scyros and the anonymous Lament for Bion shows the first certain instance (since the precise circumstances of Id. VII are obscure) of the use of the pastoral myth for the treatment of a topical subject, the death of an actual poet. The attribution in this poem of a distinctly pastoral poesy to the dead poet is the one firm testimony we have that a specific pastoral genre was recognized in the Hellenistic world.
The Will of the Beast: Sexual Imagery in the Trachiniae
Authors: Wender Dorothea 
Published: August 2016

The Women of Trachis — or more properly, the Girls of Trachis — looks backward to a work of Aeschylus, and forward to one of Euripides. All three, the Oresteia, the Trachiniae, the Medea, are tragedies about the sexes.The Trachiniae reminds us of the Oresteia in the following points: Heracles, like Agamemnon, has been away for a long time, on ‘men's business’. He brings home a concubine, Iole, as Agamemnon brings Cassandra. Deianeira, like Clytemnestra, comments on the silence of the captive girl. Deianeira, like Clytemnestra, causes the death of her husband. Deianeira has a son Hyllus who, like Orestes, is loyal to his father and outraged by his father's murder. There the similarity ends. Although Heracles is not totally unlike Agamemnon, Deianeira could hardly be more different from Clytemnestra: she is feminine and passive, gentle with Iole, whose silence she understands, and she kills her husband accidentally, from love, not hatred. Hyllus, too, is different from Orestes: even when he thinks Deianeira has wilfully murdered his father, the worst treatment he can conceive for her is banishment with his curse. In the Oresteia, gods are ever-present, and appear in person on the stage to effect the happy conclusion of the trilogy.
The Pathetic Fallacy in Hellenistic Pastoral
Authors: Buller J. L. 
Published: August 2016

Thee, shepherd, thee the woods, and desert caves And all their echoes mourn.Milton,LycidasWebster's Third International Dictionary defines the ‘pathetic fallacy’ as ‘the ascription of human traits or feelings to inanimate nature.’ While this definition is in substance what John Ruskin meant when he first spoke of the pathetic fallacy more than a century ago, the great critic intended not merely to describe a movement in art, but to denounce that movement:All violent feelings … produce in us a falseness in all our impressions of external things, which I would generally characterize as the ‘Pathetic fallacy.’… The temperament which admits the pathetic fallacy, is … that of a mind or body in some sort too weak to deal fully with what is before them or upon them; borne away, or over-clouded, or over-dazzled by emotion …Ruskin rejected the pathetic fallacy when artists reduced it to a stock attribute of nature which neither they nor their public believed to reflect the truth. When, however, the pathetic fallacy did convey the artist's true feelings about nature — as groundless in reality as that feeling might have been — the artist was somehow less culpable: the truth of the sentiment mitigated the violation of empirical Truth.
Myth, Cult, and Memory in Pindar's Third and Fourth Isthmian Odes
Authors: Segal Charles 
Published: August 2016

Isthmians3 and 4 have not fared well at the hands of critics. Norwood judged them (taken together) as spurious, Wilamowitz as ‘artistically insignificant.’ Most discussions have focussed on the problem of whether they form one ode or two and on the fortunes of the Cleonymid clan to which the victor, Melissus of Thebes, belonged. Of recent interpreters, Köhnken stresses the significance of the myth of Ajax for the unity of the composition, but, like most scholars, ignores the pyres of the children of Heracles at the end, a passage to which I shall pay particular attention later (as if to confirm thede gustibusof Pindaric criticism, these lines were Norwood's final proof of the inauthenticity of the ode). Thummer's commentary is helpful for the relation ofI. 3 toI. 4 and for thetopoiof epinician praise, but he attempts no full critical study. McNeal has offered a good analysis of the architecture ofI. 4, but in his search for formal unity underestimates the quality of Pindar's poetic language and indeed findsI. 4 not ‘particularly noteworthy for any unique images.’The ‘unity’ of this work, as of most Pindaric odes, lies not merely in a ‘program’ or a rhetorical structure of encomium (which is not to deny their importance) but in the interaction of the formal elements in that encomiastic armature with imagery, myth, and conventional symbols of success and failure in Pindaric diction (e.g. light, flowers, gold). Repetitions of words or themes, recurrent metaphors, and parallel thought-patterns and image-patterns also help shape and clarify the ode's organic coherence as it proceeds from its beginning to its end. All this is to say that Pindaric poetry, despite the special circumstances of epinician festival and encomiastic convention, is ultimately not different from any other poetry and (subject to obvious limitations and qualifications) is amenable to the same analytical techniques. I should not want to throw out the Bundy with the bath water, only remind us that every bathtub obeys those fundamental laws of hydraulics which make plumbing possible.
Red and White in Ovid's Metamorphoses: The Mulberry Tree in the Tale of Pyramus and Thisbe
Authors: Rhorer Catherine Campbell 
Published: August 2016

Throughout theMetamorphosesOvid draws special attention to the colors red and white. Red (rubor, rutilus, rubesco, puniceus, purpureus, ‘red’ or ‘purple’) is, of course, the color of blood, of a blush, of ripening fruit, Tyrean dye, and the sky at dawn. White is the color of marble, ivory, lilies, and the sky at noon. If we examine this pair ineroticcontexts, however, we will find that white is associated with innocence and chastity, with the frigid absence of sexual feeling and with emotional and physical death. Red is associated withpudor, that sense of shame that afflicts the innocent whose eyes have just been opened to erotic reality, and with the heat of violence, both the violence of feeling (furor) and the violence of rape.Perhaps one of the most familiar examples of this color contrast and its erotic associations occurs in the story of Pygmalion and his ivory maiden, in Book X. Ovid is emphatic that the statue is ivory (X.247-48:niveum…ebur, ‘snowy ivory’; 255:ebur, twice) and that the ivory is white. Her ivory flesh, however, is so lifelike that the sculptor fears she will bruise. He dresses her like a real woman, adorns her with countless gifts, and makes her recline on a couch covered with red-dyed spreads (X.267:conlocat hanc stratis concha Sidonide tinctis).
Pseudoepidemic of Endocarditis in Patients Undergoing Open Heart Surgery
Authors: Aber Robert C. , Appelbaum Peter C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBetween July 2 and July 16, 1979, three patients were reported to have gram-positive cocci as seen on Gram stain of excised, macerated heart valve tissue. No organisms were isolated in culture; however, our usual procedure for handling such valves is not adequate for isolation of strict anaerobes. The first patient was treated for presumed endocarditis; this resulted in three additional weeks of hospitalization.Review of the remaining 34 patients who had heart valve replacement surgery between February 1 and July 20, 1979 revealed three additional cases.Careful analysis revealed that nonviable, gram-positive cocci present in commercially prepared trypticase soy broth were being added to the tissue just prior to mortar and pestle grinding in the microbiology laboratory. The contaminated tubes were noted to have a visible sediment when carefully examined.The procedure for handling the broth has been revised; a simple screening procedure is used now to identify potentially contaminated broth. No further instances of false positive results on Gram-staining of heart value tissue have occurred since this screening procedure was introduced.
Gentamicin and Tobramycin Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli in a Community Hospital
Authors: Magnussen C. Richard , Sammartino Maria 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe incidence and spectrum of resistance to gentamicin and tobramycin among gram-negative bacilli (GNB) isolated in a community hospital over a one-year period were studied. The overall incidence of resistance was 3.7%. Pseudomonads constituted almost half of the resistant organisms. The majority of resistant GNB was isolated from the respiratory and urinary tracts. Acquisition of resistance was correlated with both the total use of gentamicin in the hospital and recent treatment of individual patients with gentamicin plus tobramycin. The overall incidence of resistant isolates (3.7%) and the incidence of resistance for the enterobacteriaceae (1.9%) were lower than rates reported by comparable studies at several university or municipal hospitals.
Gentamicin Treatment Associated with Later Nosocomial Gentamicin-Resistant Serratia marcescens Infections
Authors: Graham Donald R. , Clegg Herbert W. , Anderson Roger L. , Chelgren Gladys A. , Mostow Steven R. , Dixon Richard E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDuring a hospital epidemic of infections with gentamicin-resistantSerratia marcescens(GRS), we studied the relation between receiving antibiotics and acquiring GRS. In a five-month period, 22 patients acquired GRS, whereas 18 patients acquired gentamicin-sensitiveSerratia(GSS). When compared with patients with nosocomial GSS infection, patients with nosocomial GRS had been in the hospital (p = 0.04) and the intensive care unit (p = 0.003) longer before infection and more had received gentamicin (p = 0.001) or ampicillin (p = 0.02) before infection. To control for the influence of underlying disease, we matched all 12 ICU patients with GRS infection and 12 patients without GRS infection for underlying illness and duration of intensive care. Use of any antibiotic (p = 0.04), or a combination of gentamicin plus ampicillin or cephalosporin (p = 0.047) was more common among patients with GRS infection. The hospital had not significantly increased the use of aminoglycosides from the previous year. We conclude that for the individual patient antimicrobial therapy, especially with gentamicin or ampicillin, creates a risk for later infection by GRS that is independent of the severity of the underlying illness.
Effect of Bacteriologic Monitoring of Urinary Catheters on Recognition and Treatment of Hospital-Acquired Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Jacobson Jay A. , Burke John P. , Kasworm Evelyn 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCatheter-associated urinary tract infections remain the most common hospital-acquired infection. Regular bacteriologie monitoring of urine from catheterized patients has been advocated as a measure for reducing the morbidity associated with this infection. To assess the effectiveness of this measure we reviewed the records of 100 catheterized patients hospitalized before implementation of a monitoring program and 200 such patients admitted after a daily monitoring program was operational. We found that culturing urine from catheterized patients was infrequent prior to monitoring but, when done, patients usually were febrile, cultures usually were positive, and patients were treated. Monitoring identified more cases of bacteriuria, but less than half of the patients so identified were treated. Being febrile was associated with receiving antibiotics. Infection rates increased with duration of catheterization; long periods of catheterization typically occurred on the neurosurgical, orthopedic, and medical services. Daily bacteriologie monitoring of all catheterized patients is relatively inefficient and does not predictably lead to therapeutic intervention in infected patients. The cost:benefit ratio of this measure might be decreased by applying it to selected patients chosen on the basis of risk factors, including hospital service assignment (Infect Control 1981; 2(3):227-232.)
Bacteriologie Studies on Electronic Hospital Thermometers
Authors: Smith Leon , Prince Herbert N. , Johnson Edward 
Published: August 2016

AbstractElectronic thermometers used in many hospitals require insertion into the mouth of a temperature-sensing probe covered by a pre-packaged probe cover. Handling procedures used by hospital personnel can lead to inadvertent manual contact with the probe cover. We attempted to determine the rate of non-sterility of these probe covers under normal hospital conditions and the extent to which pathogens could be detected on these and other components of the thermometer. Probe covers were removed before entry into the patient's mouth and aseptically inoculated into fluid thioglycollate medium. Subcultures were made to appropriate differential media. Over a 13-week period, 180 covers were cultured on two private hospital services. Forty-three percent were found to be non-sterile; control covers from central supply were only 6% non-sterile. Four percent of the probe covers harbored potential pathogens: coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterobacter, and Bacteroides. No attempt was made to correlate these findings with infection. These results indicated a potential infection hazard for high-risk patient groups and a need by hospital personnel to consider this as a possible source of contamination [Infect Control 1981; 2(4):315-6.]
Toxocariasis in an Institution for the Mentally Retarded
Authors: Brook Itzhak , Fish Charles H. , Schantz Peter M. , Cotton David D. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA seroepidemiologic investigation was conducted in order to determine the cause of an apparent increase in rates of eosinophilia among 1400 institutionalized children during 1976-1977. The annual serologic survey during this period revealed 283 (20%) individuals with eosinophilia that exceeded 600 cells/cu mm of blood. During a five-month period in 1977, five patients who were hospitalized in adjacent wards developed acute pneumonia with eosinophilia. Because laboratory tests of sputum, bone marrow, and stool failed to identify the, etiologie agent, it was thought that these pneumonia cases might be related to the increased rates of eosinophilia. Analyses of random samples of sera from patients with eosinophilia revealed seroprevalence rates of 12% forAscaris, 20% forToxocara cants, 24% forStrongyloides stercoralis, and 32% with increased antibody toEntamoeba histolytica. Further investigation showed a statistically significant positive association between occurrence of eosinophilia and pica behavior, and eosinophilia and contact with dogs. Although the serologic survey showed patients to have had previous exposure to a variety of parasites, we hypothesize that a principal cause of eosinophilia among institutionalized children may beToxocarainfestation, due to their frequent pica behavior and, in this case, contact with resident animals. We recommend that children in similar facilities have limited contact with pet dogs, and only after frequent and vigorous examination of the animals for infectious parasites.
Perioperative Prophylactic Use of Antibiotics in Surgery: Principles and Practice
Authors: Shapiro Mervyn 
Published: August 2016

AbstractProphylatic use of antimicrobics represents about 30% of total hospital use of these agents. Previous studies in animal models have suggested that timing of such prophylaxis is crucial, to the extent of the existence of a “critical period” for effective administration. This phenomenon has further been shown to exist in man, in numerous double-blind, controlled clinical trials in various types of surgical wounds. On these bases, we introduced new prophylactic protocols in a university hospital, specifically directed at reducing infection in high-risk procedures. Surveillance was conducted by infection control nurses, and one antibiotic-day was the comparative unit. Infection rates were markedly diminished under these new protocols. Total usage of antimicrobial drugs also decreased by 38% over previous rates. The rationale for limiting prophylaxis to a conscribed period was clearly demonstrated, although the exact mechanisms responsible for this effect are, as yet, unclear.
Respiratory Illness in Conference Participants Following Exposure to Rug Shampoo
Authors: Robinson Patrick A. , Tauxe Robert V. , Winkler William G. , Levy Martin E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPersons participating in a conference in a major city motel experienced transient mild respiratory illness associated with their presence in the motel conference rooms. The illness was characterized by coughing, sneezing, sore throat, headache, eye irritation, and other symptoms of exposure to a respiratory irritant. Investigation incriminated a chemical shampoo used to clean the conference room rugs approximately one week earlier. Repeated cleaning of the rugs to remove excess cleaning compound eliminated the problem. Excessive application of the shampoo, coupled with a poorly ventilated environment, apparently produced a chemical concentration sufficient to cause clinical illness.
Management of Infectious Waste from Hospitals
Authors: Rutala William A. , Sarubbi Felix A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn October 1980, 80% (120/150) of North Carolina (NC) hospitals responded to a comprehensive solid waste questionnaire intended to identify their solid waste disposal practices. NC hospitals generated an average of 13 lb. of solid waste/patient/day and infectious waste comprised 5% to 11% of the total hospital waste. Most hospitals (>66%) considered blood, isolation, laboratory (including microbiology), pathology, and autopsy waste as infectious, while other sources of solid waste were generally considered non-infectious. The infectious wastes were normally incinerated or steam sterilized before discarding. Nearly all hospitals (95%) used a Class A landfill to dispose of the non-infectious waste. Two-thirds of the NC hospitals are discarding blood, microbiological, pathological, and isolation waste in accordance with the CDC recommendations, while the compliance rates for the JCAH and EPA recommendations for these wastes were 94% and 24%, respectively. If the EPA modified its recommendations to include incineration of microbiological waste, which is practiced by 50 responding NC hospitals, the compliance rate would be 95.5% for these wastes and 61.7% overall.
Role of Aminoglycosides in Face of Introduction of New Beta-Lactam Antibiotics in Treatment of Nosocomial Infection
Authors: McGowan John E. , McClellan David B. , Irwin Paula S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAminoglycosides often are employed for empiric therapy of nosocomial infection because of their activity against a wide spectrum of gram-negative aerobic bacilli (GNAB). New beta-lactam antimicrobials also are active against many GNAB. As toxicity appears less likely for the beta-lactams than for aminoglycosides, their use might be preferable if susceptibility profiles were equivalent.We studied susceptibility of 90 GNAB recovered from blood culture during a three-month period. All were susceptible to aminoglycosides; 93% were susceptible to at least one of the following: ampicillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. All were susceptible to at least one of our newer beta-lactams (cefamandole, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, moxalactam, piperacillin), but the percentage susceptible to any single beta-lactam was lower than that for any of the aminoglycosides tested. All of the isolates were susceptible to combinations of two beta-lactam drugs.In our hospital, beta-lactams may be reasonable alternatives to aminoglycosides in selected cases where susceptibility has been demonstrated. However, aminoglycosides continue to provide the broadest single-drug coverage for empiric therapy of known or suspected sepsis with GNAB. The utility of combinations of beta-lactam drugs for empiric therapy requires further assessment by clinical trials.