bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Montesquieu : une histoire de temps
Authors: Volpilhac-Auger Catherine 
Published: February 2017

Redécouvrir Montesquieu, en son temps et dans le temps long de l’histoire : les œuvres clés du siècle des Lumières, Lettres persanes, L’Esprit des lois, Considérations sur les Romains, prennent tout leur sens si l’on prend en compte à la fois leur dimension littéraire, politique, philosophique, historique, juridique. Des temps forts de l’histoire, comme la découverte des Indes par Alexandre, le voyage africain d’Hannon ou l’invasion de l’Europe par les Huns, la prise de pouvoir par Auguste et le long règne de Justinien, révèlent la puissance de l’esprit humain et la faiblesse des sociétés soumises au pouvoir d’un seul. L’histoire, ancienne ou récente, devient le champ d’action privilégié de la pensée politique, tout en révélant la place infime de l’individu à l’échelle des siècles et des nations. À travers ce monde sans héros, régi par des causes générales et profondes, apparaissent les qualités maîtresses d’un écrivain philosophe : la liberté de l’esprit et l’acuité du regard, révélées par la succession des lectures, parfois contradictoires, qui en ont été données.
Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of patients with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections
Authors: Batra Priyam , Mathur Purva , Misra Mahesh C. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia earlier had limited pathogenic potential, but now with growing degree of immunosuppression in general population, it is being recognized as an important nosocomial pathogen.
METHODOLOGY: A retrospective 7 years study was carried out to determine the clinical characteristics of all patients with Stenotrophomonas infections, antibiotic resistance pattern, and risk factors associated with hospital mortality. All patients with Stenotrophomonas culture positivity were identified and their medical records were reviewed. Risk factor associated with hospital mortality was analyzed.
RESULTS: A total of 123 samples obtained from 88 patients were culture positive. Most patients presented with bacteremia (45, 51%) followed by pneumonia (37, 42%) and skin and soft tissue infections (6, 7%). About 23 of 88 Stenotrophomonas infected patients had co-infection. Percentage resistance to cotrimoxazole; 8 (5.4%) was lower than that for levofloxacin; 18 (12%). Twenty-eight patients died during hospital stay. Intensive Care Unit admission (P = 0.0002), mechanical ventilation (P = 0.0004), central venous catheterization (P = 0.0227), urethral catheterization (P = 0.0484), and previous antibiotic intake (P = 0.0026) were independent risk factors associated with mortality.
CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that Stenotrophomonas can cause various infections irrespective of patient’s immune status and irrespective of potential source. Thus, Stenotrophomonas should be thought of as potential pathogen and its isolation should be looked with clinical suspicion.
Modification and Numerical Method for the Jiles-Atherton Hysteresis Model
Authors: Xue Guangming , Zhang Peilin , He Zhongbo , Li Dongwei , Yang Zhaoshu , Zhao Zhenglong 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe Jiles-Atherton (J-A) model is a commonly used physics-based model in describing the hysteresis characteristics of ferromagnetic materials. However, citations and interpretation of this model in literature have been non-uniform. Solution methods for solving numerically this model has not been studied adequately. In this paper, through analyzing the mathematical properties of equations and the physical mechanism of energy conservation, we point out some unreasonable descriptions of this model and develop a relatively more accurate, modified J-A model together with its numerical solution method. Our method employs a fixed point method to compute anhysteretic magnetization. We obtain the susceptibility value of the anhysteretic magnetization analytically and apply the 4th order Runge-Kutta method to the solution of total magnetization. Computational errors are estimated and then precisions of the solving method in describing various materials are verified. At last, through analyzing the effects of the accelerating method, iterative error and step size on the computational errors, we optimize the numerical method to achieve the effects of high precision and short computing time. From analysis, we determine the range of best values of some key parameters for fast and accurate computation.
Numerical Approximations for Allen-Cahn Type Phase Field Model of Two-Phase Incompressible Fluids with Moving Contact Lines
Authors: Ma Lina , Chen Rui , Yang Xiaofeng , Zhang Hui 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn this paper, we present some efficient numerical schemes to solve a two-phase hydrodynamics coupled phase field model with moving contact line boundary conditions. The model is a nonlinear coupling system, which consists the Navier-Stokes equations with the general Navier Boundary conditions or degenerated Navier Boundary conditions, and the Allen-Cahn type phase field equations with dynamical contact line boundary condition or static contact line boundary condition. The proposed schemes are linear and unconditionally energy stable, where the energy stabilities are proved rigorously. Various numerical tests are performed to show the accuracy and efficiency thereafter.
A geochemical and geophysical reappraisal to the significance of the recent unrest at Campi Flegrei caldera (Southern Italy)
Authors: Moretti Roberto , De Natale Giuseppe , Troise Claudia 
Published: February 2017

AbstractVolcanic unrest at calderas involves complex interaction between magma, hydrothermal fluids, and crustal stress and strain. Campi Flegrei caldera (CFc), located in the Naples (Italy) area and characterized by the highest volcanic risk on Earth for the extreme urbanization, undergoes unrest phenomena involving several meters of uplift and intense shallow microseismicity since several decades. Despite unrest episodes display in the last decade only moderate ground deformation and seismicity, current interpretations of geochemical data point to a highly pressurized hydrothermal system. We show that at CFc, the usual assumption of vapor‐liquid coexistence in the fumarole plumes leads to largely overestimated hydrothermal pressures and, accordingly, interpretations of elevated unrest. By relaxing unconstrained geochemical assumptions, we infer an alternative model yielding better agreement between geophysical and geochemical observations. The model reconciles discrepancies between what observed (1) for two decades since the 1982–1984 large unrest, when shallow magma was supplying heat and fluids to the hydrothermal system, and (2) in the last decade. Compared to the 1980's unrest, the post‐2005 phenomena are characterized by much lower aquifers overpressure and magmatic involvement, as indicated by geophysical data and despite large changes in geochemical indicators. Our interpretation points out a model in which shallow sills, intruded during 1969–1984, have completely cooled, so that fumarole emissions are affected now by deeper, CO2‐richer, magmatic gases producing the modest heating and overpressure of the hydrothermal system. Our results have important implications on the short‐term eruption hazard assessment and on the best strategies for monitoring and interpreting geochemical data.
Impacts of off‐fault plasticity on fault slip and interaction at the base of the seismogenic zone
Authors: Nevitt Johanna M. , Pollard David D. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDirect observations of faults exhumed from midcrustal depths indicate that distributed inelastic deformation enhances fault slip and interaction across steps. Constrained by field measurements, finite element models demonstrate that the slip distribution for a fault in a Mises elastoplastic continuum differs significantly from that of a linear elastic model fault. Lobes of plastic shear strain align with fault tips and effectively lengthen the fault, resulting in greater maximum slip and increased slip gradients near fault tips. Additionally, distributed plastic shear strain facilitates slip transfer between echelon fault segments. Fault arrays separated by contractional steps, which are subjected to greater mean normal stress and Mises equivalent stress, produce greater maximum slip than do those separated by extensional steps (with no fractures). These results provide insight into fault behavior at the base of the seismogenic zone, with implications for rupture dynamics of discontinuous faults.
Modeling the ionospheric prereversal enhancement by using coupled thermosphere‐ionosphere data assimilation
Authors: Chen Chia‐Hung , Lin Charles , Chen Wei‐Han , Matsuo Tomoko 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe report that assimilating total electron content (TEC) into a coupled thermosphere‐ionosphere model by using the ensemble Kalman filter results in improved specification and forecast of eastward prereversal enhancement (PRE) electric field (E field). Through data assimilation, the ionospheric plasma density, thermospheric winds, temperature, and compositions are adjusted simultaneously. The improvement of duskside PRE E field calculation over the prior state is achieved primarily by intensification of eastward neutral wind. The improved E field calculation promotes a stronger plasma fountain and deepens the equatorial trough. As a result, the horizontal gradients of Pedersen conductivity and eastward wind are increased due to greater zonal electron density gradient and smaller ion drag at dusk, respectively. Such modifications provide preferable conditions and obtain a strengthened PRE magnitude closer to the observation. The adjustment of PRE E field is enabled through self‐consistent thermosphere and ionosphere coupling processes captured in the model. This study suggests that the PRE E field that is critical in driving the evening equatorial plasma instability could be better forecasted by assimilation of TECs in the 10 min cycling.
Theory connecting nonlocal sediment transport, earth surface roughness, and the Sadler effect
Authors: Schumer Rina , Taloni Alessandro , Furbish David Jon 
Published: February 2017

AbstractEarth surface evolution, like many natural phenomena typified by fluctuations on a wide range of scales and deterministic smoothing, results in a statistically rough surface. We present theory demonstrating that scaling exponents of topographic and stratigraphic statistics arise from long‐time averaging of noisy surface evolution rather than specific landscape evolution processes. This is demonstrated through use of “elastic” Langevin equations that generically describe disturbance from a flat earth surface using a noise term that is smoothed deterministically via sediment transport. When smoothing due to transport is a local process, the geologic record self organizes such that a specific Sadler effect and topographic power spectral density (PSD) emerge. Variations in PSD slope reflect the presence or absence and character of nonlocality of sediment transport. The range of observed stratigraphic Sadler slopes captures the same smoothing feature combined with the presence of long‐range spatial correlation in topographic disturbance.
Nonlinear fundamental and harmonic cyclotron resonant scattering of radiation belt ultrarelativistic electrons by oblique monochromatic EMIC waves
Authors: Wang Geng , Su Zhenpeng , Zheng Huinan , Wang Yuming , Zhang Min , Wang Shui 
Published: February 2017

AbstractCyclotron resonant scattering by electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves has been considered to be responsible for the rapid loss of radiation belt high‐energy electrons. For parallel‐propagating EMIC waves, the nonlinear character of cyclotron resonance has been revealed in recent studies. Here we present the first study on the nonlinear fundamental and harmonic cyclotron resonant scattering of radiation belt ultrarelativistic electrons by oblique EMIC waves on the basis of test particle simulations. Higher wave obliquity produces stronger nonlinearity of harmonic resonances but weaker nonlinearity of fundamental resonance. Compared to the quasi‐linear prediction, these nonlinear resonances yield a more rapid loss of electrons over a wider pitch angle range. In the quasi‐linear regime, the ultrarelativistic electrons are lost in the equatorial pitch angle range αeq<75°, nearly independent of wave normal angle ψ. In contrast, the upper pitch angle cutoff of nonlinear losses tends to increase with the wave normal angle increasing, which is about αeq=82° at ψ = 0° and αeq>87.5° at ψ = 20° and 40°. At the resonant pitch angles αeq<75°, the difference between quasi‐linear and nonlinear loss timescales tends to decrease with the wave normal angle increasing. At ψ = 0° and 20°, the nonlinear electron loss timescale is 10% shorter than the quasi‐linear prediction; at ψ = 40°, the difference in loss timescales is reduced to <5%.
Global view of the E region irregularity and convection velocities in the high‐latitude Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Forsythe Victoriya V. , Makarevich Roman A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractOccurrence of the E region plasma irregularities is investigated using two Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) South Pole (SPS) and Zhongshan (ZHO) radars that sample the same magnetic latitude deep within the high‐latitude plasma convection pattern but from two opposite directions. It is shown that the SPS and ZHO velocity distributions and their variations with the magnetic local time are different, with each distribution being asymmetric; i.e., a particular velocity polarity is predominant. This asymmetry in the E region velocity distribution is associated with the bump‐on‐tail of the distribution near the nominal ion acoustic speed Cs that is most likely due to the Farley‐Buneman instability (FBI) echoes or an inflection point of the distribution below nominal Cs that is most likely due to the gradient drift instability echoes. In contrast, the distribution of the convection velocity component was found to be symmetric, i.e., with no bump‐on‐tail or an inflection point, but with a bias (i.e., uniform shift) toward a particular polarity. It is demonstrated that the asymmetry in the convection pattern between the eastward and westward zonal components is unexpectedly strong, with the westward zonal component being predominant, especially at lower latitudes, while also exhibiting a strong interplanetary magnetic field By dependence. The observations are consistent with the notion that the asymmetry in the E region velocity distribution is highly sensitive to the bias in the convection component caused by the zonal convection component asymmetry and that the bump‐on‐tail or inflection point features may also depend on the irregularity height and the presence of strong density gradients modifying the FBI threshold value.
Ecohydrological interactions within “fairy circles” in the Namib Desert: Revisiting the self‐organization hypothesis
Authors: Ravi Sujith , Wang Lixin , Kaseke Kudzai Farai , Buynevich Ilya V. , Marais Eugene 
Published: February 2017

AbstractVegetation patterns such as rings, bands, and spots are recurrent characteristics of resource‐limited arid and semiarid ecosystems. One of the most recognizable vegetation patterns is the millions of circular patches, often referred to as “fairy circles,” within the arid grassland matrix extending over hundreds of kilometers in the Namib Desert. Several modeling studies have highlighted the role of plant‐soil interactions in the formation of these fairy circles. However, little is known about the spatial and temporal variabilities of hydrological processes inside a fairy circle. In particular, a detailed field assessment of hydrological and soil properties inside and outside the fairy circles is limited. We conducted extensive measurements of infiltration rate, soil moisture, grass biometric, and sediment grain‐size distribution from multiple circles and interspaces in the Namib Desert. Our results indicate that considerable heterogeneity in hydrological processes exists within the fairy circles, resulting from the presence of coarser particles in the inner bare soil areas, whereas concentration of fine soil occurs on the vegetated edges. The trapping of aeolian and water‐borne sediments by plants may result in the observed soil textural changes beneath the vegetation, which in turn, explains the heterogeneity in hydrological processes such as infiltration and runoff. Our investigation provides new insights and experimental data on the ecohydrological processes associated with fairy circles, from a less studied location devoid of sand termite activity within the circles. The results seem to provide support to the “self‐organization hypothesis” of fairy circle formation attributed to the antiphase spatial biomass‐water distributions.
Decoupling of coral skeletal δ13C and solar irradiance over the past millennium caused by the oceanic Suess effect
Authors: Deng Wenfeng , Chen Xuefei , Wei Gangjian , Zeng Ti , Zhao Jian‐xin 
Published: February 2017

AbstractMany factors influence the seasonal changes in δ13C levels in coral skeletons; consequently, the climatic and environmental significance of such changes is complicated and controversial. However, it is widely accepted that the secular declining trend of coral δ13C over the past 200 years reflects the changes in the additional flux of anthropogenic CO2 from the atmosphere into the surface oceans. Even so, the centennial‐scale variations, and their significance, of coral δ13C before the Industrial Revolution remain unclear. Based on an annually resolved coral δ13C record from the northern South China Sea, the centennial‐scale variations of coral δ13C over the past millennium were studied. The coral δ13C and total solar irradiance (TSI) have a significant positive Pearson correlation and coupled variation during the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age, when natural forcing controlled the climate and environment. This covariation suggests that TSI controls coral δ13C by affecting the photosynthetic activity of the endosymbiotic zooxanthellae over centennial timescales. However, there was a decoupling of the coral skeletal δ13C and TSI during the Current Warm Period, the period in which the climate and environment became linked to anthropogenic factors. Instead, coral δ13C levels have a significant Pearson correlation with both the atmospheric CO2 concentration and δ13C levels in atmospheric CO2. The correlation between coral δ13C and atmospheric CO2 suggests that the oceanic 13C Suess effect, caused by the addition of increasing amounts of anthropogenic 12CO2 to the surface ocean, has led to the decoupling of coral δ13C and TSI at the centennial scale.
Estimating bed shear stress from remotely measured surface turbulent dissipation fields in open channel flows
Authors: Johnson E. D. , Cowen E. A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractSynoptic information on bed shear stress is necessary in predicting the transport of sediments and environmental contaminants in rivers and open channels. Existing methods of estimating bed shear stress typically involve measuring vertical profiles of streamwise velocity or Reynolds stress and taking advantage of the logarithmic or the constant stress region, respectively, to determine friction velocity and subsequently, bed shear stress. While effective, these methods yield local measurements of bed shear stress only. Direct measurements of bed shear stress can also be obtained through measurements with a drag plate. However, this method yields average shear stress information over the area of the plate and is impractical for large‐scale implementation in the field.Here we present a method capable of providing continuous synoptic measurements of bed shear stress over a large field‐of‐view. A series of Large‐Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV) and Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry (ADV) measurements were made in a variety of flows generated in a wide‐open channel facility. Turbulent dissipation is calculated on the free surface from the 2‐D LSPIV results and is correlated with near‐surface ADV measurements of turbulent dissipation in the water column. The ADV results are consistent with the Nezu (1977) established relationship for the vertical variation of turbulent dissipation in the water column. Knowledge of the correlation between free‐surface and near‐surface dissipation values coupled with Nezu's (1977) relationship allow a robust and accurate estimate of friction velocity to be made and subsequently, shear stress at the bed can be estimated.
Improving probabilistic prediction of daily streamflow by identifying Pareto optimal approaches for modeling heteroscedastic residual errors
Authors: McInerney David , Thyer Mark , Kavetski Dmitri , Lerat Julien , Kuczera George 
Published: February 2017

AbstractReliable and precise probabilistic prediction of daily catchment‐scale streamflow requires statistical characterization of residual errors of hydrological models. This study focuses on approaches for representing error heteroscedasticity with respect to simulated streamflow, i.e., the pattern of larger errors in higher streamflow predictions. We evaluate eight common residual error schemes, including standard and weighted least squares, the Box‐Cox transformation (with fixed and calibrated power parameter λ) and the log‐sinh transformation. Case studies include 17 perennial and 6 ephemeral catchments in Australia and the United States, and two lumped hydrological models. Performance is quantified using predictive reliability, precision, and volumetric bias metrics. We find the choice of heteroscedastic error modeling approach significantly impacts on predictive performance, though no single scheme simultaneously optimizes all performance metrics. The set of Pareto optimal schemes, reflecting performance trade‐offs, comprises Box‐Cox schemes with λ of 0.2 and 0.5, and the log scheme (λ = 0, perennial catchments only). These schemes significantly outperform even the average‐performing remaining schemes (e.g., across ephemeral catchments, median precision tightens from 105% to 40% of observed streamflow, and median biases decrease from 25% to 4%). Theoretical interpretations of empirical results highlight the importance of capturing the skew/kurtosis of raw residuals and reproducing zero flows. Paradoxically, calibration of λ is often counterproductive: in perennial catchments, it tends to overfit low flows at the expense of abysmal precision in high flows. The log‐sinh transformation is dominated by the simpler Pareto optimal schemes listed above. Recommendations for researchers and practitioners seeking robust residual error schemes for practical work are provided.