Abstract C132: Therapeutic reactivation of PP2A for prostate cancer treatment
Authors: McClinch Kim , Avelar Rita , Callejas David , Kastrinsky David , Ohlmeyer Michael , Plymate Stephen , Galsky Matthew , Narla Goutham 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Several new therapies have recently been approved for patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), however, none are curative and tumors ultimately develop resistance. Advances in the treatment of CRPC require novel approaches and therapies such as those outlined in this study. Most drug development efforts have focused on targeting single oncogenic proteins, an approach limited by the complexity of signaling networks and associated cross talk. Targeting phosphatases, the key negative regulators of signaling proteins, on the other hand, may overcome some of these limitations, particularly if these negative regulators themselves are altered.Through reverse engineering of tricyclic neuroleptic drugs, we have developed a series of small molecule activators of the serine/threonine phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a key negative regulator of numerous oncogenic signaling pathways. PP2A acts as a tumor suppressor and dephosphorylates several critical nodes in prostate cancer pathogenesis including the androgen receptor (AR). Decreased PP2A expression and/or activity have been correlated with castration-resistance in cell culture and human prostate cancer studies. These small molecule activators of PP2A (SMAPs), as represented by TRC-794, TRC-1154, and DT-061, directly bind and activate PP2A and have favorable pharmaceutical properties. In this study we sought to determine the activity of SMAPs in clinically relevant preclinical models of prostate cancer.
Treatment of prostate cancer cell lines with SMAPs resulted in decreased cell viability and colony formation, cell cycle arrest, and an increase in apoptosis. Global Phosphoproteomic analysis of TRC-794 treated prostate cancer cells revealed that the AR and MYC were significantly perturbed in drug treated cells compared to controls which was subsequently confirmed by western blotting. Western blot analysis of prostate cancer cells demonstrated dose-dependent degradation of the AR resulting in PSA reduction and changes in canonical AR target gene expression. In order to investigate whether PP2A was mediating SMAP induced AR degradation, LNCAP cells were stably transduced with the SV40 small t antigen (ST), a potent oncoprotein that perturbs PP2A function. SMAPs were unable to degrade AR in LNCAP cells transduced with ST, suggesting that PP2A mediates SMAP induced AR degradation.
SMAPs were evaluated in vivo in xenograft models representing prostate cancers that are sensitive to conventional therapy and resistant to enzalutamide, the current gold standard, due to overexpression of the AR or expression of androgen receptor splice variants (AR-SV). Single agent treatment with DT-1154 or DT-061 in vivo resulted in either significant tumor growth inhibition or tumor regression and induction of tumor cell apoptosis comparable to enzalutamide. Western blot analysis of the tumors demonstrated that the effects on tumor volume correlated strongly with target engagement as evidenced by significant decreases in PSA and AR expression in vivo. Additionally, these compounds demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetics and showed no overt toxicity. Combined these data highlight the potential for PP2A activation for both the treatment of CRPC and potentially for diverse PP2A inactivated tumor types and diseases.
Citation Format: Kim McClinch, Rita Avelar, David Callejas, David Kastrinsky, Michael Ohlmeyer, Stephen Plymate, Matthew Galsky, Goutham Narla. Therapeutic reactivation of PP2A for prostate cancer treatment. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr C132.