bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The international responsibility of a belligerent State in the event of transboundary environmental damage
Authors: Mingashang Ivon , Tshiamala Banungana Christian 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe outbreak and continuation of armed hostilities can sometimes cause harm to bordering States not directly involved in the hostilities. This has occurred in many military operations conducted during the last few decades. The scope of the provisions relating to the protection of the environment during armed conflict appears to be strictly limited to the territory in which the operations are taking place. It is therefore important to determine the extent to which a belligerent State at the origin of acts that have had devastating consequences on the territory of one or more States not involved in the conflict can be held internationally responsible for those acts based on the principle of international liability for injurious consequences arising out of acts not prohibited by international law, which is still under discussion. The argument put forward in this article is based on the hypothesis that this principle is at least implicitly recognized when it comes to environmental damage caused in the context of an armed conflict. In our view, this is grounded both in the principle of the inviolability of neutral States and in the no-harm principle, whereby a State cannot use its territory in a way that is harmful to other States not involved in the armed conflict. These principles are based on the notions of fault and risk.
Magnetic Field in the Earth's Magnetosheath: Models Versus Observations
Authors: Vandas M. , Romashets E. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractMagnetic field measurements in the Earth's magnetosheath are compared with four analytical models, namely Kobel and Flückiger (1994), (https://doi.org/10.1029/94ja01778), Romashets and Vandas (2019), (https://doi.org/10.1029/2018ja026006), Vandas and Romashets (2019), (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2019.07.007), and Romashets et al. (2010), (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2010.10.010). The bow shock and the magnetopause are modeled as paraboloids in all models except that of Vandas and Romashets (2019), (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2019.07.007), in which they are assumed to be spheroids. 34 magnetosheath crossings by spacecraft are analyzed in detail and it is concluded that the model by Kobel and Flückiger (1994), (https://doi.org/10.1029/94ja01778) performs the best.
Identifying Robust Decarbonization Pathways for the Western U.S. Electric Power System Under Deep Climate Uncertainty
Authors: Sundar Srihari , Lehner Flavio , Voisin Nathalie , Craig Michael T. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractClimate change threatens the resource adequacy of future power systems. Existing research and practice lack frameworks for identifying decarbonization pathways that are robust to climate‐related uncertainty. We create such an analytical framework, then use it to assess the robustness of alternative pathways to achieving 60% emissions reductions from 2022 levels by 2040 for the Western U.S. power system. Our framework integrates power system planning and resource adequacy models with 100 climate realizations from a large climate ensemble. Climate realizations drive electricity demand; thermal plant availability; and wind, solar, and hydropower generation. Among five initial decarbonization pathways, all exhibit modest to significant resource adequacy failures under climate realizations in 2040, but certain pathways experience significantly less resource adequacy failures at little additional cost relative to other pathways. By identifying and planning for an extreme climate realization that drives the largest resource adequacy failures across our pathways, we produce a new decarbonization pathway that has no resource adequacy failures under any climate realizations. This new pathway is roughly 5% more expensive than other pathways due to greater capacity investment, and shifts investment from wind to solar and natural gas generators. Our analysis suggests modest increases in investment costs can add significant robustness against climate change in decarbonizing power systems. Our framework can help power system planners adapt to climate change by stress testing future plans to potential climate realizations, and offers a unique bridge between energy system and climate modeling.
On the Formation of Auroral Spirals
Authors: Haerendel Gerhard , Partamies Noora 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe paper contains a detailed analysis of the formation of an auroral spiral based on hitherto not published observations by the all‐sky camera in Kilpisjärvi, Northern Finland. We conclude that spirals appearing during a substorm form by a modification of the interface between tail and magnetosphere, the location of the generator current of the westward electrojet. Driven by the arriving flow bursts, this current is subject to ruptures by the appearance of a sequence of hook‐like structures. These structures can move eastward with speeds up to 3 km/s. The propagation is attributed to a constructive magnetic fracture process driven from behind by the power of the arriving flow bursts. Poleward bending and extension of a hook‐like structure, followed by a turning to the west and then equatorward, is the first step in spiral formation. It becomes the primary spiral arm, if a poleward arm grows out of weaker auroral structures, poleward and eastward of it. We suggest that the upward field‐aligned currents related to the bright spiral arms are largely balanced by adjacent downward currents. The electric fields associated with the connecting Pedersen currents are consistent with the counter‐clockwise motion. An important additional ingredient in the observed configuration is an eastward directed flow field, which is the generator of an additional upward current and possibly crucial for the spiral formation. Electric field data from literature throw confusing light on the propagation of a spiral, whether like a vessel in the ocean or by incorporating the magnetic flux ahead of it.
Investigation of Co‐Seismic Ionospheric Perturbations Generated by Shallow Earthquakes in the Chile Subduction Zone
Authors: Kundu Subrata , Bagiya Mala S. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe Chile subduction zone is known to host megathrust earthquakes. This study investigates the near‐field co‐seismic ionospheric perturbations (CIP) associated with recent large to great, shallow depth (22–25 km) earthquakes that occurred in the Chile subduction zone. These earthquakes are (a) 16 September 2015, Mw 8.3 (EQ1) (b) 03 April 2014, Mw 7.7 (EQ2) (c) 01 April 2014, Mw 8.2 (EQ3) (d) 02 January 2011, Mw 7.1 (EQ4), and (e) 27 February 2010, Mw 8.8 (EQ5). Using the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measured total electron content (TEC), we found that despite the lower magnitude of EQ3 than EQ1 and EQ5, the CIP observed during EQ3 had higher amplitudes than that of EQ5 and EQ1. The amplitude of CIP also depends on non‐seismic parameters in addition to the concerning earthquake magnitude. The comparison of relative CIP amplitudes, in light of the non‐seismic parameters of the geomagnetic field and satellite geometry indicates that background electron density (due to different local times of earthquake occurrence) might contributed to CIP amplitudes. We believe that this thorough analysis leads to a better understanding of non‐seismic factors that can largely influence the CIP amplitudes apart from the earthquake magnitudes.
A New Proton‐Hydrogen‐Electron Transport Model for Simulating Optical Emissions From Proton Aurora and Comparison With Ground Observations
Authors: Liang Jun , Fang X. , Spanswick E. , Donovan E. F. , Gillies D. M. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractEnergetic proton precipitation from the magnetosphere plays an important role in the magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere coupling and energy transfer. Proton precipitation causes hydrogen emissions, such as Hβ (486.1 nm), and also triggers the excitation of other emission lines such as the blue‐line (427.8 nm) and the green‐line (557.7 nm). In light of the growing availability of ground‐based proton auroral measurements in recent years, we revisit the proton auroral modeling in this study, with more focus on the application for interpreting ground observations. An accurate simulation of these optical emissions requires a comprehensive understanding of particle transport and collisions in the upper atmosphere, where the simultaneous consideration of precipitating protons, newly generated energetic hydrogen atoms, and secondary electrons is critical. For this purpose, we couple a 3D Monte‐Carlo proton transport model and an electron transport model. The integrated model framework can compute the emission rates of most major auroral emission lines/bands resulting from proton precipitation, along with self‐consistent calculation of the ionospheric electron density variations. The model results show improved agreement with ground optical observations in terms of the Hβ yield and the green‐to‐Hβ ratio compared to previous model studies. Our new model is a valuable tool for quantifying excitation and ionization due to proton aurora. It has the potential to leverage ground observations to infer precipitating conditions at high altitudes and even for studying magnetospheric activity.
Local Time Distribution and Activity Dependence of Extreme Electron Densities in the Auroral D‐Region as an Image of Energy‐Dependent Energetic Electron Precipitation
Authors: Sergeev V. A. , Stepanov N. A. , Ogawa Y. , Rozanov E. V. , Shukhtina M. A. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractStudying the episodes with the most elevated electron density (Ne) values provides valuable information about spatial distribution and drivers of intense energetic electron (EE) precipitation, which has important space weather implications. By combining EISCAT‐Tromso UHF observations in different modes made in 2001–2021, we survey Ne occurrences and study statistical properties of EE precipitation, producing the highest 10% and 1% of Ne values at the altitudes between 100 and 75 km (corresponding to EE energies of ∼20–∼200 keV). We found that the highest Ne values occur in the nightside‐morning local time sector at the altitudes 90–100 km and in the morning‐noon sector at low altitudes (75–85 km). Although this bimodal pattern could partly be contributed by the suppressed Ne in the dark ionosphere, by analyzing measurements in the twilight conditions at all MLTs together with published patterns of EE precipitation, we argue that a dominance of pre‐noon maximum at low altitudes reflects the enhanced precipitation of >100 keV electrons in this local time sector. At all altitudes (especially below 90 km), the appearance of the highest Ne values favors enhanced auroral activity and shows a strong correlation with fast solar wind (V > 550 km/s) events. These properties mimic the well‐known driving characteristics of energetic electrons. From the correlation of Ne with integral magnetic activity indexes we found that the memory of preceding magnetic activity increases with decreasing altitude, reaching roughly one day at H = 75 km. We discuss the advantages of exploring Ne data at specific altitudes (compared to direct measurements of EE precipitation) to investigate statistically the effects of specific precipitated energy components and the evolution of EE energy spectra.
Impact of Interplanetary Shock on Thermospheric Cooling Emission: A Case Study
Authors: Bag Tikemani , Sivakumar V. , Ogawa Y. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractInterplanetary (IP) shock is one of the most common phenomena that controls the shape and size of the magnetosphere. It affects the whole magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere (MIT) system. We utilized the NO 5.3 m radiative emission, as observed by SABER (Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry) onboard NASA's TIMED (Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics Dynamics) satellite, to investigate its response to fast forward shock during 26 January 2017. The high latitude NO emission exhibits a strong enhancement (three times with respect to pre‐event value) during IP shock within 5 hr of onset. We analyzed both the energy dissipation sources and subsequent chemical mechanisms. The Field‐Aligned‐Current observations from Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Response Experiment (AMPERE), EISCAT measurements of Pederson conductivity and the defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP F18) calculated hemispheric power demonstrate a strong intensification. The low energy particle precipitation from DMSP F18 spacecraft shows an early enhancement for energy less than 1 keV. The particle flux of higher energy responds later which remained elevated for longer duration. The thermospheric density and temperature also experience significant variation during IP shock. The NO molecule and temperature displayed an early enhancement. NO density increased by an order of magnitude with respect to the pre‐event value. About 20 increase is noticed in the temperature variation. The atomic oxygen and atomic nitrogen illustrate an early depletion during IP event. The enhanced response of NO cooling to IP shock can be attributed to the combined effects of energy input and subsequent chemical mechanisms.
High discrimination ratio, broadband circularly polarized light photodetector using dielectric achiral nanostructures
Authors: Zhang Guanyu , Lyu Xiaying , Qin Yulu , Li Yaolong , Fan Zipu , Meng Xianghan , Cheng Yuqing , Cao Zini , Xu Yixuan , Sun Dong , Gao Yunan , Gong Qihuang , Lyu Guowei 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe on-chip measurement of polarization states plays an increasingly crucial role in modern sensing and imaging applications. While high-performance monolithic linearly polarized photodetectors have been extensively studied, integrated circularly polarized light (CPL) photodetectors are still hindered by inadequate discrimination capability. This study presents a broadband CPL photodetector utilizing achiral all-dielectric nanostructures, achieving an impressive discrimination ratio of ~107 at a wavelength of 405 nm. Our device shows outstanding CPL discrimination capability across the visible band without requiring intensity calibration. It functions based on the CPL-dependent near-field modes within achiral structures: under left or right CPL illumination, distinct near-field modes are excited, resulting in asymmetric irradiation of the two electrodes and generating a photovoltage with directions determined by the chirality of the incident light field. The proposed design strategy facilitates ultra-compact CPL detection across diverse materials, structures, and spectral ranges, presenting a novel avenue for achieving high-performance monolithic CPL detection.
Surufatinib plus toripalimab combined with etoposide and cisplatin as first-line treatment in advanced small-cell lung cancer patients: a phase Ib/II trial
Authors: Zhang Yaxiong , Huang Yan , Yang Yunpeng , Zhao Yuanyuan , Zhou Ting , Chen Gang , Zhao Shen , Zhou Huaqiang , Ma Yuxiang , Hong Shaodong , Zhao Hongyun , Zhang Li , Fang Wenfeng 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThere is still room for improvement in first-line treatment of advanced small cell lung cancer (SCLC). This trial firstly investigated efficacy and safety of antiangiogenic therapy (surufatinib) (200 mg, qd, po) plus anti-PD-1 treatment (toripalimab) (240 mg, d1, ivdrip) combined with etoposide (100 mg/m², d1-d3, iv, drip) and cisplatin (25 mg/m², d1-d3, ivdrip) for advanced SCLC as first-line treatment, which has been registered on ClinicalTrials.gov under the identifier NCT04996771. The four-drug regimen was conducted q3w for 4 cycles with maintenance therapy of surufatinib and toripalimab. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). The secondary end points included objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), overall survival (OS) and safety. All of the 38 patients were enrolled for safety analysis, while only 35 patients were enrolled for efficacy analysis since loss of efficacy evaluation in 3 cases after treatment. After a median follow-up of 21.3 months, the ORR was 97.1% (34/35), and the DCR and the tumor shrinkage rate were both 100% (35/35). The median PFS was 6.9 months (95% CI: 4.6 m–9.2 m) and the median OS was 21.1 months (95% CI: 12.1 m–30.1 m). The 12-month, 18-month, and 24-month OS rates were 66.94%, 51.39% and 38.54%. The occurrence rate of grade ≥3 treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) was 63.2% (24/38), including neutrophil count decreased (31.6%, 12/38), white blood cell count decreased (23.7%, 9/38) and platelet count decreased (10.5%, 4/38). No unexpected adverse events occurred. This novel four-drug regimen (surufatinib, toripalimab, etoposide plus cisplatin) revealed impressive therapeutic efficacy and tolerable toxicities.
CircSEC24B activates autophagy and induces chemoresistance of colorectal cancer via OTUB1-mediated deubiquitination of SRPX2
Authors: Wang Di , Li Yongge , Chang Weilong , Feng Meina , Yang Yiming , Zhu Xiuxiang , Liu Zhibo , Fu Yang 
Published: September 2024

AbstractCircular RNAs (circRNAs) are a type of regulatory RNA that feature covalently closed single-stranded loops. Evidence suggested that circRNAs play important roles in the progression and development of various cancers. However, the impact of circRNA on autophagy-mediated progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unclear. The objective of this project was to investigate the influence of circSEC24B on autophagy and its underlying mechanisms in CRC. To validate the presence and circular structure of circSEC24B in CRC cells and tissues, PCR and Sanger sequencing techniques were employed. Drug resistance and invasive phenotype of CRC cells were evaluated using CCK8, transwell, and Edu assays. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments were conducted to assess the effects of circSEC24B and its protein partner on the growth, invasion, and metastasis of CRC cells in vitro and in vivo. Interactions between circSEC24B, OTUB1, and SRPX2 were analyzed through immunofluorescence, RNA-pulldown, and RIP assays. Mass spectrometry analysis was used to identify potential binding proteins of circRNA in CRC cells. Vectors were constructed to investigate the specific structural domain of the deubiquitinating enzyme OTUB1 that binds to circSEC24B. Results showed that circSEC24B expression was increased in CRC tissues and cell lines, and it enhanced CRC cell proliferation and autophagy levels. Mechanistically, circSEC24B promoted CRC cell proliferation by regulating the protein stability of SRPX2. Specifically, circSEC24B acted as a scaffold, facilitating the binding of OTUB1 to SRPX2 and thereby enhancing its protein stability. Additionally, evidence suggested that OTUB1 regulated SRPX2 expression through an acetylation-dependent mechanism. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that circSEC24B activated autophagy and induced chemoresistance in CRC by promoting the deubiquitination of SRPX2, mediated by the deubiquitinating enzyme OTUB1.
Altered molecular and cellular mechanisms in KIF5A-associated neurodegenerative or neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Cozzi Marta , Magri Stefania , Tedesco Barbara , Patelli Guglielmo , Ferrari Veronica , Casarotto Elena , Chierichetti Marta , Pramaggiore Paola , Cornaggia Laura , Piccolella Margherita , Galbiati Mariarita , Rusmini Paola , Crippa Valeria , Mandrioli Jessica , Pareyson Davide , Pisciotta Chiara , D’Arrigo Stefano , Ratti Antonia , Nanetti Lorenzo , Mariotti Caterina , Sarto Elisa , Pensato Viviana , Gellera Cinzia , Di Bella Daniela , Cristofani Riccardo M. , Taroni Franco , Poletti Angelo 
Published: September 2024

AbstractMutations targeting distinct domains of the neuron-specific kinesin KIF5A associate with different neurodegenerative/neurodevelopmental disorders, but the molecular bases of this clinical heterogeneity are unknown. We characterised five key mutants covering the whole spectrum of KIF5A-related phenotypes: spastic paraplegia (SPG, R17Q and R280C), Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT, R864*), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, N999Vfs*40), and neonatal intractable myoclonus (NEIMY, C975Vfs*73) KIF5A mutants. CMT-R864*-KIF5A and ALS-N999Vfs*40-KIF5A showed impaired autoinhibition and peripheral localisation accompanied by altered mitochondrial distribution, suggesting transport competence disruption. ALS-N999Vfs*40-KIF5A formed SQSTM1/p62-positive inclusions sequestering WT-KIF5A, indicating a gain of toxic function. SPG-R17Q-KIF5A and ALS-N999Vfs*40-KIF5A evidenced a shorter half-life compared to WT-KIF5A, and proteasomal blockage determined their accumulation into detergent-insoluble inclusions. Interestingly, SPG-R280C-KIF5A and ALS-N999Vfs*40-KIF5A both competed for degradation with proteasomal substrates. Finally, NEIMY-C975Vfs*73-KIF5A displayed a similar, but more severe aberrant behaviour compared to ALS-N999Vfs*40-KIF5A; these two mutants share an abnormal tail but cause disorders on the opposite end of KIF5A-linked phenotypic spectrum. Thus, our observations support the pathogenicity of novel KIF5A mutants, highlight abnormalities of recurrent variants, and demonstrate that both unique and shared mechanisms underpin KIF5A-related diseases.
Towards building multilingual language model for medicine
Authors: Qiu Pengcheng , Wu Chaoyi , Zhang Xiaoman , Lin Weixiong , Wang Haicheng , Zhang Ya , Wang Yanfeng , Xie Weidi 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe development of open-source, multilingual medical language models can benefit a wide, linguistically diverse audience from different regions. To promote this domain, we present contributions from the following: First, we construct a multilingual medical corpus, containing approximately 25.5B tokens encompassing 6 main languages, termed as MMedC, enabling auto-regressive domain adaptation for general LLMs; Second, to monitor the development of multilingual medical LLMs, we propose a multilingual medical multi-choice question-answering benchmark with rationale, termed as MMedBench; Third, we have assessed a number of open-source large language models (LLMs) on our benchmark, along with those further auto-regressive trained on MMedC. Our final model, MMed-Llama 3, with only 8B parameters, achieves superior performance compared to all other open-source models on both MMedBench and English benchmarks, even rivaling GPT-4. In conclusion, in this work, We present a large-scale corpus, a benchmark and a series of models to support the development of multilingual medical LLMs.
Context-dependent agricultural intensification pathways to increase rice production in India
Authors: Nayak Hari Sankar , McDonald Andrew J. , Kumar Virender , Craufurd Peter , Dubey Shantanu Kumar , Nayak Amaresh Kumar , Parihar Chiter Mal , Peramaiyan Panneerselvam , Poonia Shishpal , Tesfaye Kindie , Malik Ram K. , Urfels Anton , Gautam Udham Singh , Silva João Vasco 
Published: September 2024

AbstractYield gap analysis is used to characterize the untapped production potential of cropping systems. With emerging large-n agronomic datasets and data science methods, pathways for narrowing yield gaps can be identified that provide actionable insights into where and how cropping systems can be sustainably intensified. Here we characterize the contributing factors to rice yield gaps across seven Indian states, with a case study region used to assess the power of intervention targeting. Primary yield constraints in the case study region were nitrogen and irrigation, but scenario analysis suggests modest average yield gains with universal adoption of higher nitrogen rates. When nitrogen limited fields are targeted for practice change (47% of the sample), yield gains are predicted to double. When nitrogen and irrigation co-limitations are targeted (20% of the sample), yield gains more than tripled. Results suggest that analytics-led strategies for crop intensification can generate transformative advances in productivity, profitability, and environmental outcomes.