bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Initiation of sweating in man after abrupt rise in environmental temperature
Authors: Colin Jean , Houdas Yvon 
Published: December 2017

In 38 experiments a total of eight men were subjected, after a long waiting period in a neutral environment, to an abrupt rise in environmental temperature. Skin, rectal, oral, and tympanic temperatures, and weight loss were continuously recorded. Two types of responses were seen: a) nonadapted subjects presented a delay in the onset of sweating, with a good correlation between this onset and rise in rectal or tympanic temperature, but without correlation with rise in skin temperature; b) adapted subjects presented an immediate onset of sweating without correlation with rectal temperature, and a second acceleration of sweating corresponding to the rise of rectal temperature. It is concluded that for nonadapted subjects the mechanism of sweating is activated by centrally located receptors, but that in adapted subjects, skin receptors are able to activate the sweating mechanism before central receptors feed their impulses to the heat loss center. rapid rise in temperature; adaptation to warmth; skin, rectal, and tympanic temperatures; adjustable set point; heat loss in man Submitted on August 17, 1964
Development of a criterion for physical fitness tests from factor analysis results
Authors: Ismail A. H. , Falls H. B. , MacLeod D. F. 
Published: December 2017

The purpose of the study is twofold: 1) to illustrate a method whereby it is possible to combine the various criteria for physical fitness to form one composite criterion and 2) to develop physical fitness test batteries. As a result, a method for combining the various criteria of physical fitness tests into one composite criterion was described. Furthermore, physical fitness test batteries were developed. work capacity—assessment from single criterion; exercise tolerance—factor analysis; composite fitness score Submitted on July 10, 1964
Effect of acceleration on the distribution of pulmonary blood flow
Authors: Bryan A. C. , Macnamara W. D. , Simpson J. , Wagner H. N. 
Published: December 2017

The distribution of pulmonary blood flow has been measured during increased positive (+Gz) acceleration. Macroaggregated albumin labeled with iodine 131 was injected intravenously during centrifugal acceleration, by the method described by Wagner and co-workers. The particles embolize the pulmonary vascular bed in proportion to flow and can be subsequently detected by scintillation scanning of the lung. One study was done in one subject in one of the five following conditions: supine, seated, +2 Gz, +3 Gz, and +4 Gz. The results show a progressively smaller reduction in upper zone perfusion with increasing acceleration agreeing with hydrostatic principles. Flow increased in the base up to +2 Gz but thereafter becomes fixed, suggesting that the vessels were then maximally dilated. The gas exchange consequences of these changes of perfusion are discussed indicating that there must also be ventilatory changes. lung; perfusion; iodine 131; acceleration Submitted on January 18, 1965
Precooling of peripheral arterial blood in cold-adapted and warm-adapted rabbits
Authors: Honda Nishio 
Published: December 2017

The role of precooling of peripheral arterial blood in temperature regulation has been studied in cold-adapted and warm-adapted rabbits. It was found that precooling of arterial blood during its flow from the interior to the surface (ear) of the body in a cold environment is more marked in the cold-adapted rabbits than in warm-adapted rabbits. In a warm environment no difference was found between the two groups. countercurrent heat exchange; cold adaptation or acclimation Submitted on February 8, 1965
Effect of a transient displacement of blood toward the heart on the pulse rate
Authors: Walker Roger L. , Mackay Ian F. S. 
Published: December 2017

Sudden release of venous congesting cuffs in human subjects may cause a tachycardia. Among the factors that may be responsible for this increase in heart rate are a) a fall in arterial pressure, b) the hyperpnea that follows the cuff release, and c) an increase in “venous return.” A technique was designed which excluded the first two of these factors and, under the conditions of this technique, a demonstrable transient displacement of blood toward the heart with an associated rise in venous pressure but no change in arterial pressure did not cause cardiac acceleration. The presence of a “Bainbridge” type of reflex in man is questioned. Bainbridge reflex; cardiac reflexes in man; right heart filling Submitted on September 28, 1964
Static features of the passive rib cage and abdomen-diaphragm
Authors: Agostoni Emilio , Mognoni Piero , Torri Giorgio , Agostoni Ada Ferrario 
Published: December 2017

The static relation between lung volume and rib cage circumference has been determined over the vital capacity range, during relaxation and activity of the respiratory muscles with open airway. At small volume the circumference is larger during relaxation; the reverse occurs at large volume. During relaxation at full expiration the cross section of the rib cage becomes more elliptical and in some subjects also greater. Hence the shape of the chest wall during muscular activity is different from that during relaxation. Because of this change of chest wall shape the outward recoil of the passive rib cage at full expiration, in the seven subjects examined, is higher than that given by the conventional volume-pressure curve during relaxation. The volume displacements of the rib cage and of the abdomen-diaphragm have been calculated and the volume-pressure curves of the passive rib cage and abdomen-diaphragm have been constructed, taking into account the changes of the chest wall shape occurring during relaxation. change of chest wall shape during relaxation; relation between lung volume and rib cage circumference during relaxation; relation between pleural pressure and rib cage circumference during relaxation; recoil of the passive rib cage; pressure exerted by the expiratory muscles at full expiration; volume-pressure curve of the passive rib cage; volume-pressure curve of the passive abdomen-diaphragm Submitted on September 14, 1964
Effects of forward acceleration on anatomical dead space
Authors: Jacquemin Charles , Demange Jean , Timbal Jean , Varene Pierre 
Published: December 2017

The effects of transverse acceleration (1–5 G) on anatomical dead space have been studied on four human subjects. Instantaneous analysis of expired gases has been done by mass spectrometer. Half deflection between inspired gases and alveolar plateau levels is considered as the signal for the end of dead-space sweep. It is confirmed that no obstructive syndrome occurs during these accelerations. The airway size is not reduced; on the contrary, the anatomical dead space increases with the level of accelerations. Furthermore, a decreasing slope of the CO2 alveolar plateau has been noted on two subjects. These facts can be interpreted admitting a passive displacement of the pulmonary blood mass under influence of forward acceleration and the adjustment of ventilation to perfusion. transverse acceleration; mass spectrometer; ventilation-perfusion ratio Submitted on February 8, 1965
Adrenergic effects in splenic pO2 of rats in air or oxygen at 5 atmospheres
Authors: Jamieson Dana 
Published: December 2017

Oxygen tensions have been measured in the spleens of rats breathing air and during exposure of the animals to 5 atm abs of oxygen (HPO). The response of splenic pO2 to compression was complex, usually reaching a peak value immediately after compression, then falling to a lower value. This form of response has been termed a hump response. After adrenalectomy or bretylium tosylate injection the hump response of pO2 after compression was almost abolished, and the values of splenic pO2 at 5 atm were considerably higher than in control animals. A combination of adrenalectomy and bretylium tosylate also markedly reduced the number of hump responses, but unexpectedly significantly lowered splenic oxygen tensions, both when the animals were under ambient conditions or at 5 atm of oxygen. Cardiac rate and blood pressure were studied in an attempt to find the explanation of this latter effect, and while blood pressure was the same in adrenalectomized rats and control rats after bretylium injection, adrenalectomy potentiated the bradycardia produced by bretylium tosylate. bretylium tosylate; compression in oxygen; cardiac rate; adrenalectomy; blood pressure Submitted on September 21, 1964
Morphological changes in avian eggs subjected to accelerative force
Authors: Besch E. L. , Smith A. H. , Walker M. W. 
Published: December 2017

Subacute accelerative forces cause a yolk particle displacement (apparent on the yolk surface) which erodes the blastoderm cells and results in reduced hatchability. The disturbance of the yolk substance is slowly induced, proportional to the force intensity, and its degree directly related to reduced hatchability. There is no apparent effect of the accelerative force on the vitelline membrane which surrounds the yolk. Impact deceleration does not cause an apparent morphological or biological change in the blastoderm. yolk particle displacement; blastoderm alteration; egg yolk structure; hatchability; impact deceleration; centrifugal force Submitted on December 31, 1964
Effect of immersion on intrapulmonary pressure
Authors: Jarrett A. S. 
Published: December 2017

Pressure-volume relaxation curves have been determined for relaxed, breath-holding subjects lying and sitting in air and water. Immersion in water resulted in a marked increase in intrapulmonary pressure, the whole pressure-volume curve appearing to be shifted along the pressure axis. From the regression equations of the four curves the pressures at normal relaxed chest volume were calculated, and the center of pressure of the immersed chest shown to lie 19 cm below and 7 cm behind the sternal angle. The significance of this to the positioning of a diver's demand valve is discussed. center of pressure of thorax; immersion and chest volume; eupneic pressure; diving physiology; underwater respiration Submitted on September 10, 1964
Effect of repetition on the energy expenditure of women performing selected activities
Authors: Richardson Martha 
Published: December 2017

Twenty-one typical homemaking tasks were performed by physiologically “normal” women 2–6 times/day, several days per week. Results from these studies are appraised from the standpoint of the possible “learning” effects of repeated performance of the same task. Energy expenditures for sitting and standing quietly and for 8 of 21 activities showed no significant decrease with a repetition of trials, presumably because the work conditions were already familiar to the subjects. For 13 of the activities, significant decreases in energy expenditure resulted with increasing number of times the task was performed, and the negative relationships were plotted. Rates of decrease appeared to vary according to the type of basic component movements involved in each task, e.g., manipulatory as compared with travel components. Data from studies of 8 of the 13 tasks were fitted by quadratic and quartic curves, an indication of interruptions in the effects of repetition. work Submitted on March 19, 1965
Modifications of the portacaval shunt in the rat
Authors: Kennan A. L. 
Published: December 2017

Two refinements of the end-to-side portacaval anastomosis in the rat, the superior mesenteric-caval and the splenocaval, have been presented along with a continuous-suture method which makes possible a more rapid surgical procedure. Rats have been maintained with these shunts for 6 months after which autopsies have shown the shunts to be patent. The superior mesentericcaval anastomosis offers a unique system for examining the influence of dietary products on the liver. The diversion of insulin in the splenocaval anastomosis may provide a liver condition more nearly like that of the diabetic patient than those experimental systems previously used. Both shunts are being utilized in this laboratory for further study of liver systems. liver function; suture methods Submitted on January 27, 1965
Energy cost of Piloting fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft
Authors: Littell D. E. , Joy R. J. T. 
Published: December 2017

The energy cost of piloting three US Army helicopters (light, utility, and medium) and one utility fixed-wing aircraft was investigated. Energy expenditure was calculated from expired minute volume and expired air oxygen content measured during the basal state and in normal flight conditions. Data were collected on a total of 16 pilots, 5 of whom flew all three helicopters. All of the helicopter pilots were experienced test pilots. The data indicate that, for these pilots, and flying conditions studied (level flight in good weather) and aircraft, the energy cost must be classed as very light work, averaging 1.79 kcal/min. The energy cost of flying the fixed-wing aircraft by less experienced pilots was similar to previously reported energy expenditures for such aircraft. The data were segregated to separate measurements made at altitude from those made during flight in close proximity to the ground (take off, hover, etc). In three of the four aircraft, the pilot's energy expenditure was greater when ground contact was possible. flying; energy expenditure; work fatigue; helicopters; bioenergetics; oxygen consumption; military medicine Submitted on August 12, 1968
Chemosensitivity in normal subjects, athletes, and patients with chronic airways obstruction
Authors: Godfrey Simon , Edwards Richard H. T. , Copland Grahame M. , Gross Peter L. 
Published: December 2017

Studies of CO2 and O2 sensitivity have been made using rebreathing methods in normal subjects, athletes, and patients with and without chronic airways obstruction. The rebreathing techniques enabled isoxic CO2 response curves and isocapnic O2 response curves to be constructed from many points obtained over a short time. There was little difference in response among the groups of normal subjects but the patients with lung disease had a flatter CO2 response curve and required lower levels of Po2 to stimulate ventilation. When ventilation was expressed as a fraction of the maximal voluntary ventilation, much of the difference between normal subjects and chest patients disappeared, suggesting that the reduced ventilatory response may be of mechanical origin. There remained some patients who were truly insensitive to one or both stimuli and they appeared to be those whose clinical condition was poorest. rebreathing techniques; isoxic CO2 sensitivity; isocapnic O2 sensitivity; relation to ventilatory capacity; insensitivity of some patients
Carotid Body: Structure and Function
Authors: Biscoe T. J. 
Published: December 2017

Through an unfortunate error in make-up of the article “Carotid Body: Structure and Function,” by T. J. Biscoe, in the July issue of this journal, two sections of the review are out of order. To correct the error, the journal has reprinted pages 449–456. The corrected pages are bound in the front of the October issue. Readers and librarians who casebind the journal should instruct their binders to remove pages 449–456 inclusive from the July issue and replace them with revised pages R449–R456 before completing the binding. [See PDF for corrected pages]
Airway Obstruction and Collateral Ventilation
Authors: Macklem Peter T. 
Published: December 2017

Peter T. Macklem, “Airway Obstruction and Collateral Ventilation,” p. 380, paragraph 5, line 1, should read: Above a critical length-diameter ratio of 2−1/2 catenoid formation is impossible; T. J. Biscoe, “Carotid Body: Structure and Function,” p. 449–456. See corrected pages (R449–R456) bound in the front of this issue (October).
Overcoming barriers to inclusive education: A reproductive health awareness programme for adolescents in rural Tanzania
Authors: Aiko Tohi , Horiuchi Shigeko , Shimpuku Yoko , Madeni Frida , Leshabari Sebalda 
Published: December 2017

Aim: To evaluate a reproductive health awareness programme for unmarried adolescent girls and boys in rural Tanzania. Methods: A pre-test–post-test research design was used to evaluate adolescents' knowledge, attitude and behaviour towards reproductive health before and after participation in a 45-minute reproductive health awareness programme. The programme was conducted using a picture drama, reproductive health materials and group discussion. Data were collected using a 23-item structured questionnaire previously used in a similar programme conducted in an urban setting in Tanzania. Results: Data were collected anonymously from 383 participants aged 11–18 years (95.6% response rate). A significant increase was observed only in the girls' mean score in the knowledge test (t=5.1, p=0.0). However, scores derived from the pre- and post-test attitude and behaviour tests showed no statistically significant differences for either girls or boys. Conclusions: As compared with the study conducted in an urban area of Tanzania using the same education programme and instrument, the impact of the programme in rural Tanzania was not as effective. Therefore, revisions must be made to the existing programme for adolescents living in rural areas, taking into account their specific culture, practices and learning needs.
An assessment of strategies used to encourage male involvement in antenatal care and women's uptake of PMTCT services in Cameroon
Authors: Nkuoh Godlove N , Meyer Dorothy J 
Published: December 2017

Background/Aims: In Sub-Saharan Africa, antenatal clinics that include prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) services remain the primary entry point where women are screened for HIV infection and receive antiretroviral therapy. Male partner involvement has been a strongly promoted strategy to increase women's uptake of PMTCT services. Although a programme for men has been in place for almost 10 years at Mbingo Baptist Hospital, the proportion of men accompanying their partner to PMTCT care visits has never exceeded 20%. This outcome exhibited the need to evaluate present strategies so as to increase male participation in PMTCT care. Methods: A survey was administered to women (n=80) attending the antenatal clinic to obtain their opinions of the strategies being used to encourage male involvement in PMTCT care. Results: Women expressed their support of male participation in PMTCT care but also identified cultural and gender barriers to male involvement. They indicated that invitation letters to men should continue to be provided but that a direct appeal to men would improve their response. All women requested that free HIV testing be continued. The majority did not think that providing rewards or incentives encouraged male participation. Conclusions: Male involvement in PMTCT care is dependent on multiple cultural, social and economic factors. Health care providers and other stakeholders need to make conscious efforts to tailor programmes that will reach out to the community with complete information about PMTCT care options.
‘It is what it is’: mothers' experiences of providing bladder and bowel care to their daughters living with life-limiting conditions
Authors: Combes Sarah , Woodward Sue , Norton Christine 
Published: December 2017

Background: Informal carers (carers) support palliative patients to live at home. Most palliative patients require bladder and bowel care (B&BC) at some point, but there is limited evidence about carers providing B&BC and how best to support them. Aim: To explore carers' experiences of providing B&BC to life-limited young adults. Methods: Interpretative phenomenological analysis of five interviews with purposively selected carers. Results: One overarching theme, ‘It is what it is’, and three superordinate themes (‘Whatever my daughter needs’, ‘Mum knows best’, and ‘Coping with caring’) emerged. While B&BC could be challenging at times, it was not a major concern. Instead it engendered closeness and opportunities for carers to provide better care than they felt professionals could. Conclusions: This study informs how professionals should understand the support carers offer. Professionals should ensure that carer/patient dyads who wish to manage B&BC are supported to do so, and that their support needs are regularly assessed.
What do patients with cancer and their families value most at the end of life? A critical analysis of advance care planning
Authors: Johnson Stephanie B , Butow Phyllis N , Kerridge Ian , Tattersall Martin HN 
Published: December 2017

Background: Advance care planning (ACP) is defined in a variety of ways, although it is widely understood as a process undertaken by patients, when they have capacity, to define and communicate their treatment preferences for future care. Few studies have explored the meaning and importance patients place on their ability to participate in directing their medical care. Aim: This study aimed to explore how cancer patients and their family members value autonomy at the end of life (EoL) and understand how this may impact on the way they develop and act on EoL decisions and planning. Methods: Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with patients and family members of people with cancer. Participants were recruited from metropolitan cancer centres in Sydney, Australia. Interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings: Findings from 11 participant interviews (five patients with cancer and six family members) were organised into four themes: ‘the threat of death and cancer’; ‘patients seek trust and safety at the end of life’; ‘doctors are human and the healthcare system has limitations’; and ‘the role of ACP’. Participants experienced cancer and death as a ‘threat’, to self and others and as something ‘uncontrollable’. ACP was seen to have the potential to enhance EoL care by contributing to decreasing uncertainty, enhancing comfort, helping to achieve ‘the small things’, and in helping the family ‘know what to do’. However, participants were, in general, distrustful of documentation and cognisant of uncertainty around medical outcomes and the legal limitations of their capacity to influence care. Conclusions: These findings suggest that models of ACP which are constructed around patients' ‘rights’ to determine what happens to their bodies may do little to enhance the quality of EoL care, as patients value veracity, trust and comfort at the EoL more than autonomy. Quality EoL care should focus on paying increased attention to the relational and social aspects of care.
Fat, fashion and public shaming in the British long eighteenth century
Authors: Gilman Sander 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Dieting as a fashionable undertaking in the public sphere appears throughout the course of the long eighteenth century. It was part of a shift in awareness to the public stigma of obesity, and marks the rise of a dieting culture focused on psychological effects rather than purely somatic phenomena. It is coterminous with the redefinition of the ‘reasonable’ (rational) person both in law as well as in the public sphere: ‘reasonableness’ comes to define the normal within the cult of the rational; obesity comes to mark that state beyond reasonableness. Such views led and continue to lead to a potential for psychological difficulties, which have come to be the hallmark of modern dieting practice.