bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breaking Bad News Training Program Based on Video Reviews and SPIKES Strategy: What do Perinatology Residents Think about It?
Authors: Setubal Maria Silvia Vellutini , Gonçalves Andrea Vasconcelos , Rocha Sheyla Ribeiro , Amaral Eliana Martorano 
Published: August 2017

Objective Resident doctors usually face the task to communicate bad news in perinatology without any formal training. The impact on parents can be disastrous. The objective of this paper is to analyze the perception of residents regarding a training program in communicating bad news in perinatology based on video reviews and setting, perception, invitation, knowledge, emotion, and summary (SPIKES) strategy.
Methods We performed the analysis of complementary data collected from participants in a randomized controlled intervention study to evaluate the efficacy of a training program on improving residents' skills to communicate bad news. Data were collected using a Likert scale. Through a thematic content analysis we tried to to apprehend the meanings, feelings and experiences expressed by resident doctors in their comments as a response to an open-ended question. Half of the group received training, consisting of discussions of video reviews of participants' simulated encounters communicating a perinatal loss to a “mother” based on the SPIKES strategy. We also offered training sessions to the control group after they completed participation. Twenty-eight residents who were randomized to intervention and 16 from the control group received training. Twenty written comments were analyzed.
Results The majority of the residents evaluated training highly as an education activity to help increase knowledge, ability and understanding about breaking bad news in perinatology. Three big categories emerged from residents' comments: SPIKES training effects; bad news communication in medical training; and doctors' feelings and relationship with patients.
Conclusions Residents took SPIKES training as a guide to systematize the communication of bad news and to amplify perceptions of the emotional needs of the patients. They suggested the insertion of a similar training in their residency programs curricula.
Analysis of Injuries and Risk Factors in Taekwondo during the 2014 Italian University Championship
Authors: Fortina Mattia , Mangano Simone , Carta Serafino , Carulli Christian 
Published: August 2017

Purpose This study aims to analyze the risk factors and type of injuries occurring in Taekwondo athletes participating in a national competition.
Methods Out of the 127 competitors, 18 athletes got injured during a Taekwondo championship who were analyzed for the following parameters: modality of training; age, weight; belt color; and the type of injury.
Results Around 89% of the injuries were due to bruising and were found mainly on the lower limbs (61%) during the elimination rounds and during the first match of the day. The higher probability of injury was in the second round (56%), and during the first match of the day (72%). Nearly all the athletes were able to complete the game in which they were injured (83%). Comparing the average age of the athletes suffering an injury (23.6 ± 2.06 years) with their average years of training (8.4 ± 7.05 years) it can be noted that these athletes began this discipline rather late. The more is the training age and the weekly hours of training, the more are the numbers of matches completed, even as injured. Beginners with a low-level belt suffered more injuries than the experienced subjects did.
Conclusion The following risk factors for injury were found: starting to practice in late age, weekly training sessions with a few number of hours, male sex, low-level belt, elimination rounds, the first match of the day, and second round.
Level of Evidence Level III, observational analytic study without a control group.
Structural ambiguity and case assignment in Hungarian clausal and phrasal comparatives
Authors: Bacskai-Atkari Julia 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This paper presents a contrastive analysis of comparative degree complements in Germanic (English, German) and Hungarian, focussing on two particular types of constructions that are potentially ambiguous in isolation. I argue that Hungarian has both clausal and phrasal comparatives. In clausal comparatives, the morphological case of the single remnant always corresponds to its underlying function (subject or object), hence ambiguities arise only if both interpretations involve subjects, but there are no subject/object ambiguities. This differs from Germanic, where subject/object ambiguities arise due to case syncretism, and where subjects of small clauses can be marked by the accusative case. In Hungarian phrasal comparatives, case distinction does not play a role, and the interpretation is governed by semantic rules.
Co-patterns, subpatterns and conflicting generalizations in Hungarian vowel harmony
Authors: Rebrus Péter , Törkenczy Miklós 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
In this paper we examine coexisting patterns of variation in Hungarian front/back harmony conditioned by prosodic structure (the Polysyllabic Split), locality (the Count Effect), morphological structure/uniformity (Harmonic Uniformity) and the paradigmatic property of whether a suffix is harmonically alternating or harmonically invariant (Sequential Bias). We show that these patterns of harmony may be in conflict and some prevail over the others in environments of conflict. We argue for an approach that employs wide-scope generalisations holding over all the relevant forms where the conflict is resolved by specificity: when in conflict, the more specific ones win.
Focus and quantifier scope
Authors: Surányi Balázs , Turi Gergő 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The scope interpretation of doubly quantified sentences is known to be influenced by a variety of contextual factors, among them, Information Structure. While the topic status of an NP has been recurrently argued to give rise to wide scope, the effect of focus status remains controversial: in the literature it has been linked both to narrow scope and to wide scope. This paper presents an empirical study designed to explore whether the focus status of a quantified NP affects its scope-taking options by biasing its interpretation either towards narrow scope or towards wide scope with regard to another, non-focal and non-topical quantified NP in its background. The experiment is based on a rating task using contextualized target sentences accompanied by visual stimuli. While the study detects a mild advantage of linear scope over inverse scope, as well as a markedness effect of the post-verbal placement of focus, the focus status of quantified NPs is not found to interact with their scope interpretation. From a broader perspective, the finding that focus sharply differs from topic in terms of (the lack of) its effect on scope corroborates approaches that view topic and focus as belonging to two distinct dimensions of Information Structure.
*VV in Hungarian
Authors: Vago Robert M. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
In Hungarian, suffixation derives robust instances of heteromorphemic vowel sequences (V1+V2). This work reports on an investigation of the facts (as culled, inter alia, from traditional grammars; Kenesei et al. 1998; Siptár & Törkenczy 2000; Siptár 2008) and provides analyses for the data within the framework of Optimality Theory. It brings together a conspiratorial web of mechanisms to respect a *VV constraint: V1 deletion; V2 deletion; suffix allomorphy. Exceptional cases are treated in terms of constraint reranking (Gouskova 2013). The main finding is that the story of vowel sequences across suffixes, not well studied in the phonological literature, as told from the perspective of Hungarian, provides strong support for Casali’s (1997, 1998, 2011) model of hiatus resolution.
The Truth Value Judgment Task
Authors: Thornton Rosalind 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Thirty years have passed since the dynamic Truth Value Judgment Task was invented (Crain & McKee 1985). The methodology was created to test children’s knowledge of constraints and to test whether or not children could access both meanings associated with ambiguous sentences. The task is widely used today in its original format as detailed in Crain and Thornton (1998) but it has also been adapted to solve new issues and to meet the demands of cross-linguistic data. This paper reviews the task and discusses extensions. The extensions accommodate contexts of uncertainty, felicity judgments, and include an adaptation called the Question/Statement task designed to address special linguistic properties of Mandarin Chinese.
Negation, uncertainty, and the Truth Value Judgment Task
Authors: Goro Takuya 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This article discusses a variant of the Truth Value Judgment Task (TVJT), which I call the uncertainty mode. In a TVJT experiment conducted with children, a puppet manipulated by an experimenter presents the test sentences to the participant. In the uncertainty mode of TVJT, the crucial test sentences are presented as a guess regarding what has happened in an experimental story, rather than as a description or as a prediction. The crucial feature of this experimental design is that the experimental story employs a certain structure so that the puppet can access only incomplete information at the time when he provides the test sentence. This methodology allows the researcher to create a pragmatic context in which negation and uncertainty expressions, such as disjunction or indefinite pronouns, can be felicitously used. I will review the background from which the uncertainty mode emerged, as well as the advantages of this variant of the TVJT.
Kare and the acquisition of bound variable interpretations by Korean speaking learners of Japanese
Authors: Hong Sungshim , Nakayama Mineharu 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This paper reports on pronominal interpretations by Korean speaking learners of Japanese. Korean, like Japanese, has both null and overt pronouns and null pronouns can take quantifier antecedents while overt pronouns cannot. Most of the learners at the lowest proficiency level erroneously accepted overt pronouns with the quantifier antecedents in a truth value judgment experiment. This suggests that L1 transfer was not a general trend among the participants of the present study. The finding is similar to that in recent studies on English and Turkish speaking learners of Japanese. Taken together, they suggest that some L2 learners appear to follow a default strategy that accepts all pronouns with a bound variable reading.
Interpretation of bound pronouns by learners of Japanese Sign Language
Authors: Matsuoka Kazumi , Lillo-Martin Diane 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This study deals with the interpretation of bound pronouns by hearing learners of Japanese Sign Language (JSL). It is the first attempt to investigate JSL second language (L2) acquisition from a theoretical perspective. The Overt Pronoun Constraint (OPC) states that an overt pronoun can be bound by a referential NP, but not by an operator (including quantifiers and Wh-elements). JSL, as well as Japanese, allows an overt pronoun to corefer with a referential NP. However, (at least in some cases) the overt pronoun can be bound by a Wh-operator in JSL, but never in Japanese. A Truth-Value Judgment Task (TVJT) study was conducted, with different levels of Japanese-speaking learners of JSL, to observe if the OPC applies to a L1-L2 pair in different modalities, with different OPC status. The results showed that there was an anti-OPC effect among beginners, which lessened somewhat for intermediate learners.
Scrambling and locality constraints in child Japanese
Authors: Sugisaki Koji , Murasugi Keiko 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Scrambling has been one of the central issues in the theoretical studies of Japanese syntax. Yet, there is still limited research that investigates children’s knowledge of this movement phenomenon, and further research is needed to obtain a deeper understanding of when and how children acquire various properties of Japanese scrambling. In this study, we conduct an experiment with Japanese-speaking preschool children to determine whether these children are sensitive to the locality constraints on long-distance scrambling. The results of our experiment confirm the findings from previous studies on short-distance scrambling that preschool children have adult-like knowledge of this movement phenomenon. More importantly, our findings add a new piece of evidence from Japanese for the hypothesis that properties of UG constrain the course of acquisition from the earliest observable stages (e.g., Crain 1991).
The acquisition of the wh-pronoun duo-shao in child Mandarin
Authors: Huang Aijun , Ursini Francesco-Alessio 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The Mandarin Chinese wh-pronouns ji-ge ‘how many-cl’ and duo-shao ‘a lot-a little’ can be roughly translated in English as ‘how-many’ and ‘how-much’, respectively. When these two wh-pronouns interact with the negation operator mei ‘not’, there derive similar but not identical readings: while the negative ji-ge structure conveys a ‘smallness’ in number (i.e., ‘small-number’), the negative duo-shao structure conveys a ‘smallness’ in quantity (i.e., ‘small-amount’). Huang and Crain (2014a) studied Mandarin-speaking children’s acquisition of the ‘small-number’ reading of the negative ji-ge structure. It was found that children undergo three developmental stages in the acquisition of the ‘small-number’ reading of the negative ji-ge structure, exhibiting the emergence of the full range of the meanings of ji-ge in the course of language development. The present study extends the inquiry of Huang and Crain (2014a) and investigates the acquisition of the ‘small-amount’ reading of the negative duo-shao structure. The experimental data exhibit two developmental stages, which are argued to reflect the development of the semantic and pragmatic properties of the wh-pronoun duo-shao. In short, the acquisition scenario of the negative duo-shao structure is different from that of the negative ji-ge structure, but both studies suggest that the semantic and pragmatic properties of Chinese wh-pronouns determine the acquisition of Chinese wh-pronouns in negative structures.
Syntax and semantics of additive focus markers from a cross-linguistic perspective
Authors: König Ekkehard 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Looking back on three decades of research on focus markers, I will make a cautious attempt to give an overview over this rich set of relevant publications, trying to identify and distinguish general trends, important results, open questions, obvious gaps and errors. I will provide further evidence for the view that focus markers interact with the information structure of a sentence or text, i.e. with a structured proposition or text segment analyzed in terms of focus and scope by extending this analysis also to the relevant “discourse markers”. A comparative analysis of data from various languages reveals the most frequent parameters of variation in the identification of the focus and scope of a focus marker. Finally, I will show that cross-linguistic generalizations in the relevant domain are only possible if the comparison is restricted to a certain core group of markers.
Processing additivity in Spanish
Authors: Nadal Laura , Fernández Inés Recio , Rudka Martha , Loureda Óscar 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This paper offers an experimental analysis of how additive discourse relations are processed in Spanish. The processing data were obtained from an eye-tracking reading experiment on utterances in which the focus operator incluso ‘even’ and the additive connective además ‘furthermore’ were either absent or present. Incluso acts fundamentally on the level of the information structure, whereas además is generally found in argumentative relations. Results show that, despite some differences during semantic and syntactic integration, the presence of a discourse marker affects principally high-level processing. These results seem to underpin theoretical studies that claim for a mainly procedural meaning of discourse markers.
Additive focus particles in German-speaking learners of Italian as L2
Authors: Caloi Irene 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
German-speaking learners of Italian as L2 often misplace the additive focalizer anche (‘also, too’) in the sentence and therefore fail at conveying the intended meaning. The present study investigates mistakes through a multiple-choice task in which participants choose the word order that sounds the most correct among alternatives that only differ in the positioning of anche. Short dialogues force the interpretation towards either an object-, a predicate- or a subject scope. Data shows that learners master the use of additive focalizers in structures with scope on the subject, rather than in those with scope either on the predicate or on the object. Moreover, learners tend to transfer the position of additive focalizers in the sentence from their L1, independent of the scope to be realized.
Prepositional phrase vs. bare instrumental
Authors: Philippova Natalia 
Published: August 2017

The trajectory of motion in Russian can be expressed by a prepositional phrase with the noun in the dative case or a bare NP in the instrumental case. It is argued that the latter construction is falling into disuse, along with the general trend toward analyticity in Slavic languages (Comrie et al. 1996). In this paper, I present a corpus-based diachronic study of the distribution of the two constructions with respect to various variables, such as noun frequency, the conceptualization of the Ground object, verb aspect, and others. I provide an argument that the bare NP construction is going through lexicalization as an adverb.
In the face of resistance
Authors: Etelämäki Marja , Couper-Kuhlen Elizabeth 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
In this paper we focus on one particular practice for dealing with resistance to an imperatively formatted directive, namely that of re-issuing the directive in a second-person declarative form as a subsequent version. In our data, from Finnish everyday adult interaction, this practice is used either after straightforward resistance or after lack of full commitment to the directive. In the former case, the subsequent version insists on the directive by disregarding the resistance and any accounts given for it. In the latter case, the subsequent version insists on the directive not by merely reiterating it but by dealing with possible obstacles that might prevent the recipient from committing to it. We argue that the second-person declarative form of the subsequent version is understood deontically because the prior imperative form has set up a directive context. Moreover, the declarative form makes explicit a “you – me” axis and treats the intended action, which the recipient is to carry out, as a fait accompli. Whereas imperative forms, lacking person marking, put a focus on the action, declarative forms, with person marking, foreground the participants’ relationship to one another when these forms follow resistance. The use of this practice confirms the earlier claim made about imperatives, namely that they expect immediate commitment, since if imperatively formatted directives are resisted, the imperative form is not repeated as such in the subsequent version.
Managing compliance in violin instruction
Authors: Stevanovic Melisa 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The chapter considers the verbal design of Finnish second-person singular imperative and first-person plural hortative turns, asking whether and how those turns where there is a clitic particle -pA or -pAs attached to the finite verb differ from the non-cliticized turns, and whether -pA and -pAs are used in similar or dissimilar ways. The imperative and hortative turns used in the analysis are drawn from a data set of four violin lessons with a 5-year-old child and her teacher as the participants. All the imperative and hortative turns analyzed were spoken by the teacher to the child.
The analysis shows that the non-cliticized imperative or hortative turns and the ones with -pA or -pAs are used differently. The non-cliticized turns are common in contexts where the speaker and the recipient are actively engaged in an ongoing collaboration. The imperative and hortative turns with ‑pA occur characteristically after the recipient’s immediately preceding failures, which need to be remedied for the participants to be able to continue what they are up to. The imperatives and hortatives with ‑pAs are frequently used at activity transitions, where the speaker demonstrates her right to determine the broader agenda of the participants’ joint activity.
The chapter suggests that the linguistic design of Finnish second-person singular imperative and first-person plural hortative turns is informed by the speaker’s understanding of the extent to which, and the particular sense in which, the participants’ current actions are to be seen as joint ones. While the selection between imperatives and hortatives is warranted by the identity of the agent(s) of the nominated action (whether it is the recipient alone, or both the speaker and the recipient together), it is in and through the choices between the cliticized and non-cliticized formats that speakers invoke and manage the more specific basis upon which the recipient’s compliance can be expected.
Adjusting the design of directives to the activity environment
Authors: Raevaara Liisa 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the design of directives in Finnish conversation in the specific institutional setting of cooking club meetings held in a youth club. During these meetings, children bake pastries and a teacher supervises them, organising activities and giving the children instructions and advice. This chapter focuses on the teacher’s verbal directives. More specifically, the analysis examines imperatively formatted directives, but also compares the activity environments in which imperatives and other directive formats are used, especially second-person declaratives. This choice of these different formats is discussed as well as the specific design features of the imperatively formatted turns, exploring how they are adjusted to the progress and temporality of the ongoing actions as well as to the emerging participation framework.
Orchard microclimate modification.
Authors: Blanke M. M. , Lang G. A. , Meland M. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the effects of light, temperature, wind speed and relative humidity in determining the extent to which cherry can be grown in a particular environment. The importance of microclimate modification in cherry production, such as the use of orchard covers, and its effects on plant development, fruit production, pests and diseases and fruit quality are also discussed.
Viruses, viroids, phytoplasmas and genetic disorders of cherry.
Authors: James D. , Cieślińska M. , Pallás V. , Flores R. , Candresse T. , Jelkmann W. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

This chapter focuses on some of the most important viruses, viroids and phytoplasmas affecting cherries. The efficacy of some methods used in the control of these pathogens and their vectors are discussed. Some cherry disorders attributed to genetic abnormalities are also presented.