bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Late Osagean and Meramecian Actinocrinites (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) from the Mississippian stratotype region
Authors: Ausich William I. , Kammer Thomas W. 
Published: August 2016

ActinocrinitesMiller from the Mississippian stratotype region of Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri are redescribed and redefined based upon study of the type material and morphometric analyses.Actinocrinites pernodosus, A. lowei, A. jugosus, A. gibsoni, andA. probolosn. sp. are recognized as valid species that occur in these strata. A combination of both metric and qualitative characters must be used to differentiate these species.Actinocrinitesis known from the Montrose Chert Member of the Keokuk Limestone, the Keokuk Limestone, and the lower part of the Warsaw Formation, all late Osagean, in the stratotype region. In addition,Actinocrinites pernodosusandA. loweiare reported from the early Meramecian upper part of the Warsaw Formation, which is the first Meramecian occurrence ofActinocrinitesin the stratotype region.Actinocrinites probolosn. sp. was ancestral toA. lowei, and the latter was probably ancestral toA. pernodosus.Nomenclatural and systematic acts include the following: 1)Actinocrinites lowei(Hall, 1858) is the senior synonym ofActinocrinus brontesHall, 1860,Actinocrinites lobatus(Hall, 1860), andA. unicarinatus(Hall, 1860); 2)Actinocrinites jugosus(Hall, 1860) is the senior synonym ofA. augustatusMiller and Gurley, 1894; and 3) the concept applied incorrectly toA. lobatusby Wachsmuth and Springer (1897) represents a distinct species,Actinocrinites probolosn. sp.
Conodont biostratigraphy of the upper part of the Clinton Group and the Lockport Group (Silurian) in the Niagara Gorge region, New York and Ontario
Authors: Kleffner Mark A. 
Published: August 2016

Twenty-nine conodont species are represented in formations comprising the upper part of the Clinton Group and the Lockport Group at four localities in Niagara County, New York, and adjacent Ontario, Canada. Four previously unrecognized species of Ozarkodina represented in two samples from the Oak Orchard Formation are described. Ozarkodina sagitta rhenana (Walliser) and O. sagitta sagitta (Walliser) appear to form an evolutionary lineage in which the latter evolved from the former during the late early Wenlockian by slight modification of the Pa element. Elements in the other corresponding positions in their respective apparatuses are virtually identical.
The Williamson Shale, Irondequoit Limestone, Rochester Shale, and DeCew Formation of the Clinton Group belong in the upper part of the Pterospathodus amorphognathoides to the middle part of the Ozarkodina sagitta sagitta Chronozone, and are early to early middle Wenlockian in age. The Gasport, Goat Island, Eramosa, and Oak Orchard Formations of the Lockport Group belong in the middle part of the O. sagitta sagitta to the lower part of the Ancoradella ploeckensis Chronozone, and are early middle to late Wenlockian in age.
Protoreodon walshi, a new species of agriochoerid (Oreodonta, Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the late Uintan of San Diego County, California
Authors: Theodor Jessica M. 
Published: August 2016

A new agriochoerid,Protoreodon walshinew species, from the middle Eocene Santiago Formation, San Diego County, California, is described from the Jeff's Discovery and Rancho del Oro local faunas, considered to be late Uintan in age. It differs from most other species ofProtoreodonin having an undivided P4para-metacone and a P3protocone connected to the paracone by a buccolingual crest. Associated postcranial material is abundant and well preserved. The postcranial skeleton shows several features which probably represent the primitive oreodont condition, including closely appressed metapodials, hoofed ungual phalanges, the lunar in broad contact with both the magnum and the unciform in anterior view, and having the magnum larger than the trapezoid.Two specimens of a larger morph,Protoreodoncf.walshi, show a different P3morphology and might represent another new species. Diversity of agriochoerid oreodonts in California is at least as high as has been reported for the Vieja Group of Texas, although not as high as in the Uinta Basin of Utah, where the genusDiplobunopsis also present.
A new subfamily of geomyoid rodents (Mammalia) and a possible origin of Geomyidae
Authors: Korth William W. , Chaney Dan S. 
Published: August 2016

Two new species, Mojavemys galushai and Phelosaccomys neomexicanus, are described from the Barstovian of New Mexico. Both of these species are assigned to a new subfamily, the Mojavemyinae. It is uncertain as to whether this new subfamily should be referred to the Heteromyidae or Geomyidae.Both Mojavemys an Phelosaccomys retain some heteromyid characteristics while developing advanced traits of geomyids. It is possible that these genera represent transitional forms between a heteromyid ancestor and advanced geomyines, thus deriving the Geomyidae directly from the Heteromyidae sometime in the middle Tertiary. It is also possible that the Mojavemyinae are a subfamily of heteromyids only convergent with geomyids. A third possiblity is that the mojavemyines are among a group of middle Tertiary geomyoids from which both Recent heteromyids and geomyids were derived.
Paleobiologic and evolutionary significance of corallite increase and associated features inSaffordophyllum newcombae(Tabulata, Late Ordovician, southern Manitoba)
Authors: Lee Dong-Jin , Elias Robert J. 
Published: August 2016

Saffordophyllum newcombaeFlower, 1961, displays unique abilities and an unprecedented range in types of corallite increase. Cerioid growth was characteristic, but colonies on soft substrates could grow in a tollinaform manner during early astogeny. The capacity for recovery from damage and partial mortality is amazing. Rejuvenation may have been accompanied by peripheral expansion in some cases. Rapid regeneration could involve axial increase. Circular lacunae that formed during recovery became sites of rapid lateral increase or corallite decrease.Two types of axial increase occurred within coralla. Lateral increase was concentrated mainly along the basal wall and adjacent to certain circular lacunae. In typical cerioid parts of the corallum, lateral increase seldom yielded “adult” corallites, but incipient lateral offsets could be numerous. The level of colony integration was probably moderately high. There was likely soft-tissue continuity among polyps, coordination of polyp behavior, subjugation of individuals for the good of the colony, and perhaps astogenetic control.Saffordophyllum newcombaeis considered to be a tabulate coral, although one type of axial increase is similar to that in a few rugose corals and the other type of axial increase as well as possible peripheral expansion resemble modes of increase in some coralline sponges. Lateral increase is considered compatible with cnidarian rather than poriferan biology. Corallite size is typical of tabulates.Saffordophyllummay not be the direct ancestor of favositid tabulates, and may not even be closely related to them;S. newcombaeis very different fromPaleofavositesandFavosites.The remarkable range in forms of increase discovered inS. newcombaedemonstrates the critical need for detailed paleobiologic studies, if we are to understand the early evolutionary history of corals and to establish reliable criteria for distinguishing various coral groups and homeomorphs.
The Oligocene rodentIschyromysof the Great Plains: replacement mistaken for anagenesis
Authors: Heaton Timothy H. 
Published: August 2016

Ischyromys, the most abundant early Oligocene rodent from the Great Plains, has been considered by some workers to represent a single gradually evolving lineage comprising three or more chronospecies. Statistical investigation of large samples suggest instead that two closely related species coexisted, and the shift in mean size that was thought to represent anagenesis actually represents replacement. In Nebraska and eastern Wyoming bothI. parvidens(small) andI. typus(large) were rare but of equal abundance in the Chadronian,I. parvidenswas more prevalent in the early Orellan, andI. typuswas more prevalent in the middle and late Orellan. In northeastern Colorado, northern South Dakota, and North DakotaI. typusis the only species ofIschyromysfound in Orellan deposits, thus showing that the two species had differing geographic ranges.The mean size ofI. typusdoes increase up section at all localities, but this change is minor and not deserving of chronospecies recognition. Much of this change occurred in the latest Orellan and earliest Whitneyan asI. typusapproached extinction, and it was accomplished mostly by loss of small individuals rather than a shift of the entire distribution. Rate of evolutionary change inIschyromysis found to be inversely correlated with population size, and no new species arose during the Orellan whenIschyromyswas most abundant.
Viola Group (Ordovician, Oklahoma) cryptolithinid trilobites: biogeography and taxonomy
Authors: Shaw Frederick C. 
Published: August 2016

Cryptolithinid trilobites have been repeatedly described from North America for over 150 years. Earlier work on these forms is here integrated with new information from Oklahoma to form a strong case for the following conclusions: 1) the genusCryptolithusmigrated to (present-day) eastern North America from Europe at a single time in the early Caradoc; 2) it gave rise rapidly to a western North American relative,Cryptolithoides; 3) both genera were restricted to relatively cool-water shelf environments roughly 30 m deep and remained, in general, geographically isolated for several million years. The Viola Group, geographically between these eastern and western occurrences and representing much of Middle and Upper Ordovician time, chronicles the interplay between these two genera over some six million years.In the biogeographic boundary region formed by Oklahoma, the two supposedly distinct genera showed suprising convergence of fringe pit and other character traits as marine transgression reduced provinciality through Ordovician time. This suprising convergence of genera is interpreted as hybridization of mere subspecies after several million years of incomplete geographic separation.
The skull of Cedromus and a review of the Cedromurinae (Rodentia, Sciuridae)
Authors: Korth William W. , Emry Robert J. 
Published: August 2016

The problematical rodent genus Cedromus Wilson, previously only known from the Orellan of the Great Plains, has been considered a sciurid by some authors and an aplodontid by others. An excellent collection of complete skulls with associated mandibles from Converse County, Wyoming, has provided evidence that this genus is a sciurid but that it represents a new subfamily distinguished from all other sciurids by a unique zygomasseteric structure that closely approaches myomorphy. A second genus, Oligospermophilus Korth, also from the Orellan of the Great Plains, is allocated to this subfamily.Additional and more complete cranial material of the primitive aplodontid Prosciurus indicates that sciurids and aplodontids share a common ancestry and should be included together at least within the same suborder Sciuromorpha.Three species of Cedromus are recognized, C. wardi Wilson, C. wilsoni n. sp., and Cedromus sp.; the latter extends the known temporal range of the genus into the Whitneyan.
“Pipe-organ structures” in the Lee Formation (Pennsylvanian) of the central Appalachian Basin: animal or plant?
Authors: Chesnut Donald R. , Cobb James C. , Greb Stephen F. 
Published: August 2016

A sequence of unusual vertical tubes, arranged in multiple groups, and each tube several meters high occurs in the Middlesboro Member of the Lee Formation (Lower Pennsylvanian). These structures are controversial with various interpretations suggesting either plant or animal origin. Observations supporting a plant origin include: 1) numerous C- and D-shaped, and multichambered tube cross sections are similar to fern and seed fern structures, 2) numerous membrane relicts loosely enclosing the tubes are similar to fern and seed fern tissues, 3) microscopic bundles are observed in cross-sectional thin sections, 4) presence of carbonaceous material and reported fecal pellets over a vertical distance in excess of 5 m are consistent with deteriorating plant material, not escape structures, 5) tubes are composed of casts and molds, but lack spreite or other features typical of escape structures, 6) tubes occur in clusters about one meter in diameter and are associated with coaly material at their base, which suggests that the clusters represent trees, 7) other trace fossils are absent in the enclosing sandstone, 8) tubes branch upward, which is a common structure in plants but unlikely in escape structures, 9) a coalified root structure was found at the base of the sandstone, and 10) all the tubes extend from the bottom of the sandstone to the top. The probability of burrowing animals escaping through as much as 8 m of sand with 100 percent survivorship is low.The structures may represent a stand of pteridosperms with each “tree” approximately 1–1.5 m in diameter. The individual pipe-organ structures represent aerial stems, shoots, and adventitious roots; each cluster of pipe-organ structures represents a single tree.Based upon sedimentologic features such as presence of 1) channel form, 2) scoured base, and 3) fining-upward sequence, we interpret the sandstone containing the pipe-organ structures to have been deposited in a sandy fluvial or tidal channel. The unidirectional cross-bed dips, poor sorting, occurrence only of very restrictive fauna and terrestrial flora, position of the sandstone above a possible floodplain facies, and lack of characteristic tidal structures suggest that the sandstone is more probably a sandy fluvial channel that may have minor tidal influence.
Conodonts and the Devonian–Carboniferous boundary in the upper Woodford Shale, Arbuckle Mountains, south-central Oklahoma
Authors: Over D. Jeffrey 
Published: August 2016

The Woodford Shale of south-central Oklahoma was deposited in an offshore, quiet-water, oxygen-poor setting on the southern margin of North America in assocation with other dark organic-rich shales of the Upper Devonian–Lower Carboniferous black-shale facies. The basal Woodford was deposited unconformably over lower Paleozoic carbonate strata as a south-to-north transgressive unit during the Frasnian and early Famennian. Black shales and cherts lie directly above the basal beds.Phosphatic shales in the upper Woodford contain a conodont succession characterized by three distinct environmentally controlled faunas. The lower fauna is characterized by Palmatolepis gracilis ssp., Branmehla inornata, Bispathodus stabilis, and Pseudopolygnathus marburgensis trigonicus, indicative of the Late Devonian Lower expansa Zone to Upper praesulcata Zone. The middle fauna, which spans the Devonian–Carboniferous (D/C) boundary, is characterized by Polygnathus communis communis and species of Protognathodus. On the Lawrence uplift the D/C boundary is disconformable, as indicated by the absence of Protognathodus kockeli before the first occurrence of Siphonodella sulcata. Light-colored phosphate laminae and beds, indicative of erosion and nondeposition, and a change in biofacies from an offshore palmatolepid–bispathodid fauna to a more nearshore, palmatolepid–polygnathid–protognathodid fauna indicate higher energy conditions and a lowering of sea level associated with the boundary interval. In the eastern Arbuckle Mountains the D/C boundary is apparently conformable, marked by a green shale interval containing a Protognathodus fauna. Species of Siphonodella, indicative of an offshore setting, characterize the third and youngest fauna. The Early Carboniferous sulcata, Lower duplicata, and Upper duplicata Zones are recognized in the upper Woodford. The Woodford Shale is conformably overlain by the “pre-Welden Shale’ and its equivalents, or unconformably overlain by the lower Caney Shale (Osagean?–Meramecian) in the northern outcrop regions and the Sycamore Formation (late Osagean?–Meramecian) in the southern Arbuckle Mountains.
Late Ordovician (Ashgill)Foliomenafauna brachiopods from northeastern Maine
Authors: Neuman Robert B. 
Published: August 2016

Foliomena folium(Barrande) and other very small, thin-shelled brachiopods from the Pyle Mountain Argillite in Aroostook County, Maine, provide the only record of the presence of theFoliomenafauna in North America. Associated fossils include numerous small trilobites and a few specimens of other groups. An Ashgill age is established by the presence of graptolites of theClimacograptus spiniferousZone in the underlying Winterville Formation.Most of the 190 specimens are small strophomenaceans and plectambonitaceans. One of the most numerous is the christianiidNubialba forbesin. gen. and sp. that has ribs and elaborately developed internal features. In the absence of evidence to contradict previous interpretations that theFoliomenafauna records cold-water environments, the presence of one or more deep basins along the southeastern margin of the trans-equatorial North American paleoplate occupied by cool peri-Gondwanan waters during a short segment of Ashgill time is implied.
New Ostracoda species from an Upper Cretaceous oyster reef, northern Gulf Coastal Plain, U.S.A.
Authors: Puckett T. Markham 
Published: August 2016

This paper describes new species of Ostracoda from Late Cretaceous (late Santonian) oyster reefs of the Eutaw Formation of eastern Alabama. The reefs are composed almost exclusively ofOstrea cretaceaMorton, with rarer occurrences of the oystersExogyra upatoiensisStephenson andLopha ucheensis(Stephenson) and the bivalveAnomia preolmstediStephenson. Total thickness of the reefs is about 30 m, and the reefs are a major topographic feature across most of Macon and Russell Counties, Alabama, a distance of about 60 km. The reefs are interpreted to have been backbarrier sediments deposited under brackish conditions.Eight species of ostracodes are identified, including five new species described herein. The fauna is typically well preserved, and includes males, females, and juveniles. New species includeHaplocytheridea?eutawensis, Antibythocypris dimorphicus, A. nephotrema, Brachycythere asymmetrica, andEocytheropteron mutafoveata.Also discussed and illustrated areCytherella tuberculiferaAlexander,Haplocytheridea renfroensis renfroensisCrane, andFissocarinocythere gapensis(Alexander).
Calcareous microfossils from the Upper Mississippian (Chesterian) Maxville Limestone, southeastern Ohio
Authors: Hoare R. D. , Skipp Betty 
Published: August 2016

A low-diversity assemblage of smaller calcareous microfossils is present in the Upper Mississippian Maxville Limestone in Muskingum and Perry Counties, southeastern Ohio. Diagnostic faunal elements that suggest an early Chesterian age include the foraminifers Neoarchaediscus maxvillensis n. sp., Paraarchaediscus aff. P. Pachytheca (Petryk), Paraarchaediscus cf. P. koktjubensis (Rauzer-Chernousova), Endothyra excellens (Zeller), Endothyra bowmani Phillips emend. Brady, and attached forms. The presence of these diagnostic faunal elements in the Chesterian of Ohio significantly extends their known geographic range into the eastern Midcontinent region.Other forms present include the foraminifers Priscella? of the group P. prisca (Rauzer-Chernousova and Reitlinger), Diplosphaerina inaequalis (Derville), Earlandia spp., and the problematic Asphaltinoides macadami (Brenckle and Groves) and Salebra irregularis Bogush and Brenckle. Microfossils are present in both calcareous mudstone and limestone.
Examples of Mesozoic and CenozoicBathysiphon(Foraminiferida) from the Pacific Rim and the taxonomic status ofTerebellinaUlrich, 1904
Authors: Miller William 
Published: August 2016

The generic nameTerebellinawas proposed by E. O. Ulrich for large (> 100 mm long, several millimeters wide), siliceous, tubular fossils from Cretaceous rocks of southern Alaska. Originally interpreted as annelid tubes, these unusual agglutinated fossils are locally abundant in Triassic to Neogene flysch and other basinal deposits of the Pacific borderlands. Other generic names employed for the same fossils includeTorlessia(used in New Zealand) andYokoia(in Japan). Although most authors have regarded the tubes as body fossils of worms, some workers have speculated recently that PacificTerebellinaare really large bathysiphonid foraminiferids. At the same time, the name has been co-opted by trace fossil workers for thick-walled, grain-lined burrows usually occurring in outer-shelf to slope facies.Based on comparisons with modern and fossil bathysiphonids, including a new species (Bathysiphon harperi) from the Cretaceous of southwestern Oregon, the body fossils calledTerebellinaare here reinterpreted as large species ofBathysiphon, and the nameTerebellinais therefore a junior synonym of this foraminiferid genus. Except for the compression and recrystallization of tubes, PacificTerebellinaresemble very closely the tests of larger species of modernBathysiphon. Terebellinashould not be salvaged for use as an ichnogenus. Most of the trace fossils identified with this name in the recent literature could be accommodated in other established ichnogenera, primarilyPalaeophycus(where grain-lined burrows occur individually and are dominantly horizontal) andSchaubcylindrichnus(where they occur in curved bundles).
The green algaChaetocladus(Dasycladales)
Authors: LoDuca Steven T. 
Published: August 2016

Two species of the enigmatic algaChaetocladus, C. ruedemanni(new species) andC. dubius(previously regarded as a graptolite incertae sedis), are described from the Silurian Lockport Group of New York and Ontario, Canada, respectively. A comprehensive investigation reveals that these and otherChaetocladustaxa occur in distinctive Konservat-Lagerstätten in association with other thallophytic algae, annelid worms, and lightly sclerotized arthropods. The sedimentology, taphonomy, and biotic composition ofChaetocladus-bearing deposits indicate that this alga thrived in shallow, stagnant, occasionally storm-agitated marine environments. In these settings, preservation of thallophytic algae and associated soft-bodied animals apparently was facilitated by a combination of obrution, anoxia, and early diagenesis of the burial muds.The morphology ofChaetocladuscorresponds to that characteristic of the green alga order Dasycladales, and it is herein referred to this long-ranging taxon as a representative of a new subtribe (Chaetocladinae, new subtribe) within the tribe Salpingoporelleae (emended herein), family Triploporellaceae (emended herein). This euspondyl, endosporate genus extends the range of the euspondyl dasyclads significantly, from the Early Devonian back to the Middle Ordovician, and bridges an evolutionary gap between early Paleozoic aspondyl, endosporate forms and middle Paleozoic euspondyl, cladosporate forms.
Pennsylvanian marine gastropods from the Appalachian Basin
Authors: Hoare R. D. , Sturgeon M. T. , Anderson J. R. 
Published: August 2016

Extensive collections of Pennsylvanian marine gastropods from 20 marine units in the Appalachian Basin contain 227 recognizable taxa. Twenty-two new species and subspecies are recognized includingBellerophon(Bellerophon)laticallis, B.(B.)graphicus varicallis, B.(Pharkidonotus)breyeri, Knightites(Cymatospira)montfortianus discordis, K.(Retispira)fascireticulatus, Colpites lirata, Abylea formosa, A. paradoxus, A insolitus, Spiroscala decorata, Euconospira equisita, Neilsonia invisitata, Worthenia parvula, Gosseletina nodosa, Glyptotomaria(Dictyotomaria)concinna, G.(D.)facta, G.(D.)decora, Phymatopleura preclara, Callispira grossa, Ceraunocochlis?subulata, Streptacis?ingens, and S.?complanata.Correlation of marine stratigraphic units within the collection area are discussed. Zonation on the basis of pseudozygopleurid taxa, following that of Anderson et al. (1989), is presented as well as mention of characteristic taxa of the various series.