bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alpha taxonomy of Dromiciops (Microbiotheriidae) with the description of 2 new species of monito del monte
Authors: D’Elía Guillermo , Hurtado Natalí , D’Anatro Alejandro 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
A previous study showed that Dromiciops gliroides has deep phylogeographic structure, with 3 allopatric and highly differentiated groups. Here, we constructed on that study by assessing the morphologic variation of D. gliroides. Our results show that along its distribution Dromiciops is morphologically highly variable and that the geographic pattern of morphologic variation matches the phylogeographic pattern. Taken together, morphological and molecular data indicate the existence of 2 unrecognized and unnamed species of monito del monte, which are here named and described. Cranial and dental features can easily distinguish species of Dromiciops. One of the new species is endemic of Chile, and the other new species occurs in Argentina and Chile. D. gliroides s.s. is restricted to the southern part of the genus distribution including Chiloé Island. We comment on the conservation significance of our findings and on the need of continuing with field- and collection-based research in order to characterize the richness of the Chilean mammal assemblage.
Un estudio previo mostró que Dromiciops gliroides tiene una marcada estructura filogeográfica con 3 grupos alopátridos bien diferenciados. Dado esos resultados, en el presente estudio analizamos la variación morfológica de D. gliroides. Nuestros resultados indican que D. gliroides es, a través de su distribución, altamente variable y que el patrón geográfico de la variación morfológica es congruente con el patrón filogeografico. Considerada en conjunto, la evidencia morfológica y molecular indica la existencia de dos especies de monito del monte que no han sido reconocidas, las que son aca descritas y nominadas. Las tres especies de Dromiciops se pueden distinguir fácilmente por características craneales y dentales. Una de las nuevas especies es endémica de Chile y la otra se distribuye en Argentina y Chile. D. gliroides s.s. se restringe a la porción sur del área distribucional del género, incluyendo la Isla de Chiloé. Cerramos el trabajo comentado sobre la necesidad de continuar realizando colectas y trabajo basado en colecciones con el fin de caracterizar la diversidad del ensamble de mamíferos de Chile.
Closed Versus Open Supracondylar Fractures of the Humerus in Children: A Comparison of Clinical and Radiographic Presentation and Results
Authors: Lewine Eliza , Kim Jaehon M. , Miller Patricia E. , Waters Peter M. , Mahan Susan T. , Snyder Brian , Hedequist Daniel , Bae Donald S. 
Published: April 2016

Background:
The purpose of this investigation was to compare the presentation and postoperative results of children treated for open and closed, completely displaced type III supracondylar humerus fractures (SCFs).

Methods:
Thirty patients with open and 66 patients with closed, completely displaced type III SCFs were evaluated. Open fractures underwent irrigation and debridement, and all patients were treated by open or closed reduction and pin fixation. Medical records were reviewed to obtain demographic information as well as preoperative and postoperative clinical data regarding mechanism of injury, neurovascular status, associated injuries, postoperative range of motion, infections, and pain. Radiographs were evaluated to quantify displacement, Baumann’s angle, humeral capitellar angle, position of the anterior humeral line, and adequacy of reduction. Outcomes were assessed using Flynn criteria. Mean clinical follow-up for the open and closed fracture groups was 8.9 and 5.7 months, respectively.

Results:
Both groups were similar with respect to age, sex distribution, weight and body mass index, laterality of involvement, and mechanism of injury. At presentation, 35% of closed SCFs and 23% of open SCFs presented with abnormal neurovascular status. There was a higher prevalence of diminished/absent pulses or distal limb ischemia in patients with open injuries (27%) compared with closed fractures (18%). Conversely, severely displaced closed fractures were more commonly associated with nerve injury/palsy at presentation (35%) than those with open fractures (23%). Spontaneous nerve recovery was seen in 87% within 3 to 6 months. Postoperative loss of reduction and malunion were more common in the closed fracture group. However, 84% of patients achieved good-to-excellent results by Flynn criteria, with no appreciable difference based upon open versus closed fractures.

Conclusions:
With timely wound and fracture treatment, the clinical and radiographic results of children treated for open SCFs is similar to those with closed type III injuries, with little increased risk for infection, malunion, or neurovascular compromise.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Analysis of the Relationship Between Response to Chemotherapy and Response to Radiation Therapy in Patients With Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Receiving Sequential Treatment
Authors: Maquilan Genevieve , Grover Surbhi , Xanthopoulos Eric , Evans Tracey L. , Aggarwal Charu , Langer Corey J. , Cohen Roger B. , Stevenson James P. , Simone Charles B. , Rengan Ramesh 
Published: April 2016

Objectives:
We examine whether induction chemotherapy response predicts thoracic radiotherapy response in locally advanced or oligometastatic non–small cell lung cancer.

Materials and Methods:
Between January 2001 to August 2010, 25 consecutive patients were identified who received systemic dose chemotherapy followed by definitive thoracic radiotherapy alone. All patients had measurable disease after chemotherapy that was evaluable for response to radiotherapy. Response to each modality was scored by RECIST as stable disease (SD), progressive disease (PD), partial response (PR), or complete response (CR).

Results:
Patients had adenocarcinoma (n=13), squamous cell carcinoma (n=8), or other histologies (n=4). They had stage IIIA (n=6), IIIB (n=14), and IV (n=5) disease. Patients received 2 to 6 cycles (median 4) of platinum-based chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy (median 66.6/1.8 Gy [range 50 to 84 Gy]). Median time between chemotherapy end and radiotherapy start was 6.7 weeks (range, 1.6 to 53.4 wk). Twelve patients responded to chemotherapy (all were PRs) and 13 did not (SD+PD). Fifteen patients responded to radiotherapy (7 CR, 8 PR) and 10 did not (SD+PD). Of the 12 patients who responded to chemotherapy, 8 also responded to radiotherapy (4 CR, 4 PR). Of the 13 chemotherapy nonresponders, 7 responded to radiotherapy (3 CR, 4 PR). χ2 analysis did not find any association between chemotherapy and radiotherapy response (P=0.513). Regression analysis also failed to identify any correlation between chemotherapy and radiotherapy response (r
2=0.008).

Conclusions:
This study suggests that response to chemotherapy does not predict response to radiotherapy in locally advanced or oligometastatic non–small cell lung cancer. Lack of response to chemotherapy, therefore, should not preclude treatment with definitive radiotherapy.
Mental Health Effects of Premigration Trauma and Postmigration Discrimination on Refugee Youth in Canada
Authors: Beiser Morton , Hou Feng 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This report examines the role of pre- and post-migration trauma in explaining differences in refugee and immigrant mental health. Data were derived from mother-youth refugee and immigrant dyads from six countries of origin who were living in Canada at the time of the study. Youth reports of emotional problems (EP) and aggressive behavior (AB) were the mental health outcomes. EP and AB were regressed on predictor blocks: a) status (refugee versus immigrant), visible minority, and gender; b) premigration trauma and postmigration discrimination; c) parent and youth human and social capital; d) poverty, neighborhood, and schools. Refugees suffered higher levels of EP and AB, premigration traumas, and discrimination. Postmigration perception of discrimination predicted both EP and AB and explained immigrant versus refugee differences in EP. Antirefugee discrimination net of discrimination based on immigrant or visible minority status has deleterious mental health consequences.
Association of Hospital Structure and Complications With Mortality After Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Nasr Viviane G. , Faraoni David , DiNardo James A. , Thiagarajan Ravi R. 
Published: April 2016

Objectives:
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is increasingly utilized to provide cardiopulmonary support to critically ill children. Although life-saving in many instances, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. This study evaluates the effect of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation complications and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation hospital characteristics on mortality in neonates and children supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Design:
Retrospective analysis of administrative data.

Setting:
Data from 31 U.S. states included in 2012 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids’ Inpatient Database.

Patients:
Children treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Study subject were identified using International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition Clinical Modification code 39.65 and classified into six diagnostic categories: 1) cardiac surgery, 2) non-surgical heart disease, 3) congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 4) neonatal respiratory failure, 5) pediatric respiratory failure, and 6) sepsis. Demographics, hospital characteristics, and outcome information were used in a multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine factors associated with mortality. We identified 1,465 children treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Overall mortality was 40% (591/1,465). Mortality was independently associated with diagnosis (heart disease: odds ratio, 1.7; p = 0.01; congenital diaphragmatic hernia: odds ratio, 5.1; p < 0.001; and sepsis odds ratio: 2.4; p = 0.003 compared with neonatal respiratory failure) time from hospital admission to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation of more than 10 days (odds ratio, 4.5; p < 0.001) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation complications (renal [odds ratio: 5; p < 0.001] and neurologic [odds ratio, 1.4; p = 0.03] injury). In addition, hospitals with bed size less than 400 had higher mortality (odds ratio, 1.4; p = 0.02). In patients with any extracorporeal membrane oxygenation complication, probability of mortality was lower for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients in larger hospitals, 38% (95% CI, 37–39) versus 44% (95% CI, 43–46) with p value of less than 0.001.

Conclusions:
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation mortality was significantly associated with patient diagnosis, time to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation initiation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation complications, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation hospital bed size. Improved survival in larger hospitals supports centralization of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation services to larger centers.
Impact of Telemedicine on Severity of Illness and Outcomes Among Children Transferred From Referring Emergency Departments to a Children’s Hospital PICU*
Authors: Dayal Parul , Hojman Nayla M. , Kissee Jamie L. , Evans Jacqueline , Natale JoAnne E. , Huang Yunru , Litman Rebecca L. , Nesbitt Thomas S. , Marcin James P. 
Published: April 2016

Objectives:
To compare the severity of illness and outcomes among children admitted to a children’s hospital PICU from referring emergency departments with and without access to a pediatric critical care telemedicine program.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
Tertiary academic children’s hospital PICU.

Patients:
Pediatric patients admitted directly to the PICU from referring emergency departments between 2010 and 2014.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements:
Demographic factors, severity of illness, and clinical outcomes among children receiving care in emergency departments with and without access to pediatric telemedicine, as well as a subcohort of children admitted from emergency departments before and after the implementation of telemedicine.

Main Results:
Five hundred eighty-two patients from 15 emergency departments with telemedicine and 524 patients from 60 emergency departments without telemedicine were transferred and admitted to the PICU. Children admitted from emergency departments using telemedicine were younger (5.6 vs 6.9 yr; p< 0.001) and less sick (Pediatric Risk of Mortality III score, 3.2 vs 4.0; p < 0.05) at admission to the PICU compared with children admitted from emergency departments without telemedicine. Among transfers from emergency departments that established telemedicine programs during the study period, children arrived significantly less sick (mean Pediatric Risk of Mortality III scores, 1.2 units lower; p = 0.03) after the implementation of telemedicine (n = 43) than before the implementation of telemedicine (n = 95). The observed-to-expected mortality ratios of posttelemedicine, pretelemedicine, and no-telemedicine cohorts were 0.81 (95% CI, 0.53–1.09), 1.07 (95% CI, 0.53–1.60), and 1.02 (95% CI, 0.71–1.33), respectively.

Conclusions:
The implementation of a telemedicine program designed to assist in the care of seriously ill children receiving care in referring emergency departments was associated with lower illness severity at admission to the PICU. This study contributes to the body of evidence that pediatric critical care telemedicine programs assist referring emergency departments in the care of critically ill children and could result in improved clinical outcomes.
Ex-STORM: Expansion Single Molecule Super-resolution Microscopy
Authors: Tong Zhisong , Beuzer Paolo , Ye Qing , Axelrod Josh , Hong Zhenmin , Cang Hu 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe present critical improvements to recently invented Expansion Microscopy (ExM), which resolve the incompatibility between ExM and single molecule super-resolution microscopy STORM. Specifically, the improved ExM circumvents the massive, 50-100%, bleaching of fluorophores during sample preparations, and preserve the efficiency of enzymatic oxygen scavenging systems in expanded samples. These improvements open up new avenues for Ex-STORM - expanding a sample mechanically, and then visualizing the sample with STORM.
Estimating seven coefficients of pairwise relatedness using population genomic data
Authors: Ackerman Matthew S , Johri Parul , Spitze Ken , Xu Sen , Doak Thomas , Young Kimberly , Lynch Michael 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTPopulation structure can be described by genotypic correlation coefficients between groups of individuals, the most basic of which are the pair-wise relatedness coefficients between any two individuals. There are nine pair-wise relatedness coefficients in the most general model, and we show that these can be reduced to seven coefficients for biallelic loci. Although all nine coefficients can be estimated from pedigrees, six coefficients have been beyond empirical reach. We provide a numerical optimization procedure that estimates them from population-genomic data. Simulations show that the procedure is nearly unbiased, even at 3× coverage, and errors in five of the seven coefficients are statistically uncorrelated. The remaining two coefficients have a negative correlation of errors, but their sum provides an unbiased assessment of the overall correlation of heterozygosity between two individuals. Application of these new methods to four populations of the freshwater crustaceanDaphnia pulexreveal the occurrence of half-siblings in our samples, as well as a number of identical individuals that are likely obligately asexual clone-mates. Statistically significant negative estimates of these pair-wise relatedness coefficients, including inbreeding coefficents that were typically negative, underscore the difficulties that arise when interpreting genotypic correlations as estimations of the probability that alleles are identical by descent.
CNView: a visualization and annotation tool for copy number variation from whole-genome sequencing
Authors: Collins Ryan L. , Stone Matthew R. , Brand Harrison , Glessner Joseph T. , Talkowski Michael E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSummaryCopy number variation (CNV) is a major component of structural differences between individual genomes. The recent emergence of population-scale whole-genome sequencing (WGS) datasets has enabled genome-wide CNV delineation. However, molecular validation at this scale is impractical, so visualization is an invaluable preliminary screening approach when evaluating CNVs. Standardized tools for visualization of CNVs in large WGS datasets are therefore in wide demand.Methods & ResultsTo address this demand, we developed a software tool, CNView, for normalized visualization, statistical scoring, and annotation of CNVs from population-scale WGS datasets. CNView surmounts challenges of sequencing depth variability between individual libraries by locally adapting to cohort-wide variance in sequencing uniformity at any locus. Importantly, CNView is broadly extensible to any reference genome assembly and most current WGS data types.Availability and ImplementationCNView is written in R, is supported on OS X, MS Windows, and Linux, and is freely distributed under the MIT license. Source code and documentation are available fromhttps://github.com/RCollins13/CNViewContacttalkowski@chgr.mgh.harvard.edu
Robust cell tracking in epithelial tissues through identification of maximum common subgraphs
Authors: Kursawe Jochen , Bardenet Rémi , Zartman Jeremiah J. , Baker Ruth E. , Fletcher Alexander G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTracking of cells in live-imaging microscopy videos of epithelial sheets is a powerful tool for investigating fundamental processes in embryonic development. Characterising cell growth, proliferation, intercalation and apoptosis in epithelia helps us to understand how morphogenetic processes such as tissue invagination and extension are locally regulated and controlled. Accurate cell tracking requires correctly resolving cells entering or leaving the field of view between frames, cell neighbour exchanges, cell removals and cell divisions. However, current tracking methods for epithelial sheets are not robust to large morphogenetic deformations and require significant manual interventions. Here, we present a novel algorithm for epithelial cell tracking, exploiting the graph-theoretic concept of a ‘maximum common subgraph’ to track cells between frames of a video. Our algorithm does not require the adjustment of tissue-specific parameters, and scales in sub-quadratic time with tissue size. It does not rely on precise positional information, permitting large cell movements between frames and enabling tracking in datasets acquired at low temporal resolution due to experimental constraints such as photoxicity. To demonstrate the method, we perform tracking on theDrosophilaembryonic epidermis and compare cell-cell rearrangements to previous studies in other tissues. Our implementation is open source and generally applicable to epithelial tissues.
Evolution of Mating Types Driven by Purifying Selection against Mitochondrial Mutations
Authors: Radzvilavicius Arunas L 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSexual cell fusion combines genetic material of two gametes, but why the two reproductive cells have to belong to distinct self-incompatible gamete classes is not known. In a vast majority of sexual eukaryotes, mitochondria are inherited uniparentally from only one of the two mating types, which is thought to facilitate purifying selection against deleterious mitochondrial mutations and limit the inter-genomic conflicts. Here I argue that two mating types in eukaryotes represent a mechanism of mitochondrial quality control through the highly asymmetric transmission of mitochondrial genes at cell fusion. I develop a mathematical model to explicitly study the evolution of two self-incompatible mating type alleles linked to the nuclear locus controlling the pattern of organelle inheritance. The invasion of mating-type alleles is opposed by the short-term fitness benefit of mitochondrial mixing under negative epistasis and the lower chance of encountering a compatible mating partner. Nevertheless, under high mitochondrial mutation rates purifying selection against defective mitochondria can drive two mating types with uniparental inheritance to fixation. The invasion is further facilitated by the paternal leakage of mitochondria under paternal control of cytoplasmic inheritance. In contrast to previous studies, the model does not rely on the presence of selfish cytoplasmic elements, providing a more universal solution to the longstanding evolutionary puzzle of two sexes.
Sanctions, partner recognition, and variation in mutualism
Authors: Yoder Jeremy B. , Tiffin Peter 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMutualistic interactions can be stabilized against invasion by non-cooperative individuals by putting such “cheaters” at a selective disadvantage. Selection against cheaters should eliminate genetic variation in partner quality — yet such variation is often found in natural populations. One explanation for this paradox is that mutualism outcomes are determined not only by responses to partner performance, but also by partner signals. Here, we build a model of coevolution in a symbiotic mutualism, in which hosts’ ability to sanction non-cooperative symbionts and recognition of symbiont signals are determined by separate loci, as are symbionts’ cooperation and expression of signals. In the model, variation persists without destabilizing the interaction, in part because coevolution of symbiont signals and host recognition is altered by the coevolution of sanctions and cooperation, and vice-versa. Individual-based simulations incorporating population structure strongly corroborate these results. The dual systems of sanctions and partner recognition converge toward conditions similar to some economic models of mutualistic symbiosis in which hosts offering the right incentives to potential symbionts can initiate symbiosis without screening for partner quality. These results predict that mutualists can maintain variation in recognition of partner signals or in the ability to sanction non-cooperators without destabilizing mutualism, and reinforce the notion that studies of mutualism should consider communication between partners as well as the exchange of benefits.
Jiang Hu theory of organizing: in-depth study of self-managing of tourism
Authors: Wen Tong , Li Jieyi , Liang Zengxian 
Published: April 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore self-management among informal tourism employees in urban China with the theoretical basis ofJianghuand reveal the forming process and operation mechanism of China’s urban informal organizations’ self-management.Design/methodology/approachThis paper adopts process–event analysis of informal tourism photographers surrounding Guangzhou Tower. Conducting field inspection and in-depth interviews, the forming process is analyzed and typical events are captured to unveil this self-management mechanism.FindingsThe self-management of informal tourism employees in China is based on theJianghutheory, which specifies the role, obligation and responsibility of a member. These above rely on word-of-mouth order or implicit ways to treat newcomers, realize internal communication and deal with public affairs. Brotherhood, benevolence and etiquette make up the core values of theJianghutheory that advises strategies in dealing with different events. This self-management, based on theJianghutheory, has not only effectively solved internal conflicts, but has also achieved the goal of social management.Originality/valueInformal employees’ self-management is extremely important due to the high cost of government intervention. Through China’s urban informal tourism employees’Jianghu-styled self-management, the paper shows that the government should not crack down on this group indiscriminately. Instead, it should, through the management agent, set up effectiveJianghurules to realize regular control over this group.