bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fate and Removal of Pharmaceuticals and Illegal Drugs Present in Drinking Water and Wastewater
Authors: Szymonik Anna , Lach Joanna , Malińska Krystyna 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Rapid development of pharmaceutical industry, and thus widespread availability of different types of therapeutical and increased intake of pharmaceuticals, results in elevated concentrations of pharmaceuticals in municipal wastewater subjected to treatment in wastewater treatment plants. Pharmaceuticals present in raw wastewater discharged from hospitals, households, veterinary and health care clinics eventually end up in wastewater treatment plants. Commonly applied methods for treating wastewater do not allow complete removal of these contaminants. As a consequence, pharmaceuticals still present in treated wastewater are introduced to water environment. The most frequently identified pharmaceuticals in surface water belong to the following groups: non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs, beta-blockers, estrogens and lipid regulators. The most difficult is removal of diclofenac, clofibric acid and carbamazepine as these substances show low biodegradability. Diclofenac can be removed in the process of wastewater treatment by 40%, carbamazepine by 10%, and clofibric acid from 26 to 50%. The presence of diclofenac sodium in the rivers in Poland was confirmed and the concentrations were following: 380 ng/dm3 (the Warta river), 470 ng/dm3 (the Odra river), 140 ng/dm3 (the Vistula river). Naproxene was found in the Warta river at the concentration of 100 ng/dm3. The presence of pharmaceuticals in surface water can be toxic to aqueous microorganisms and fish. Recent studies confirmed also the presence of pharmaceuticals in drinking water. This is considered as a problem especially in urban agglomerations such as Berlin or large cities in Spain and China. The studies showed that pharmaceuticals were also identified in the samples taken from the Polish rivers and drinking water. The presence of naproxene and diclofenac at the concentrations of 13 and 4 ng/dm3 was identified in drinking water sampled from water intakes in Poznan. Surface water and drinking water showed also the presence of illegal drugs.
Experimental Paper. Intrapopulation variability of flavonoid content in roots of Baikal skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi)
Authors: Kosakowska Olga 
Published: April 2017

Summary
Introduction: Baikal skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) is an important medicinal plant, indigenous to Asia. Due to a wide range of pharmacological activities, its roots has been used for ages in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Recently, the species has become an object of interest of Western medicine, as well. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the variability of Baikal skullcap population originated from Mongolia and cultivated in Poland, in terms of content and composition of flavonoids in the roots. Methods: The objects of the study were 15 individual plants, selected within examined population and cloned in order to obtain a sufficient amount of raw material. The total content of flavonoids in roots was determined according to Polish Pharmacopeia 6th. The qualitative analysis of flavonoids was carried out using HPLC, Shimadzu chromatograph. Results: The dry mass of roots ranged from 25.88 to 56.14 g × plant-1. The total content of flavonoids (expressed as a quercetin equivalent) varied between 0.17 and 0.52% dry matter (DM). Nine compounds were detected within the group, with oroxylin A 7-Oglucuronide (346.90-1063.00 mg × 100 g-1 DM) as a dominant, which differentiated investigated clones at the highest degree (CV=0.27). Baicalin (391.40-942.00 mg × 100 g-1 DM), wogonoside (324.00-641.10 mg × 100 g-1 DM) and hesperetine 7-O-glucoside (163.00-346.32 mg × 100 g-1 DM) were also present in a considerable amounts. Clone 7 was distinguished by the highest content of all investigated compounds, except wogonin and oroxylin A 7-O-glucuronide. Conclusions: Results obtained in present study show a high variability within Baical skullcap investigated population in respect of flavonoid compounds detected in roots. Thus, the results may be used in future investigations concerning the selection and breeding of this species.
Finite Element Analysis of Surface Residual Stress in Functionally Gradient Cemented Carbide Tool
Authors: Su Chuangnan , Liu Deshun , Tang Siwen , Li Pengnan , Qiu Xinyi 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA component distribution model is proposed for three-component functionally gradient cemented carbide (FGCC) based on electron probe microanalysis results obtained for gradient layer thickness, microstructure, and elemental distribution. The residual surface stress of FGCC-T5 tools occurring during the fabrication process is analyzed using an ANSYS-implemented finite element method (FEM) and X-ray diffraction. A comparison of the experimental and calculated values verifies the feasibility of using FEM to analyze the residual surface stress in FGCC-T5 tools. The effects of the distribution index, geometrical shape, substrate thickness, gradient layer thickness, and position of the cobalt-rich layer on residual surface stress are studied in detail.
Is Lhasa Tibetan Sign Language emerging, endangered, or both?
Authors: Hofer Theresia 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article offers the first overview of the recent emergence of Tibetan Sign Language (TibSL) in Lhasa, capital of the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), China. Drawing on short anthropological fieldwork, in 2007 and 2014, with people and organisations involved in the formalisation and promotion of TibSL, the author discusses her findings within the nine-fold UNESCO model for assessing linguistic vitality and endangerment. She follows the adaptation of this model to assess signed languages by the Institute of Sign Languages and Deaf Studies (iSLanDS) at the University of Central Lancashire. The appraisal shows that TibSL appears to be between “severely” and “definitely” endangered, adding to the extant studies on the widespread phenomenon of sign language endangerment. Possible future influences and developments regarding the vitality and use of TibSL in Central Tibet and across the Tibetan plateau are then discussed and certain additions, not considered within the existing assessment model, suggested. In concluding, the article places the situation of TibSL within the wider circumstances of minority (sign) languages in China, Chinese Sign Language (CSL), and the post-2008 movement to promote and use “pure Tibetan language”.
A Method of Partner Selection for Knowledge Collaboration Teams using Weighted Social Network Analysis
Authors: Su Jiafu , Yang Yu , Yu Kunpeng , Zhang Na 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Partner selection is the primary aspect of the formation of knowledge collaboration teams (KCTs). We propose a method of partner selection for KCTs based on a weighted social network analysis (SNA) method in which the individual knowledge competence and the collaboration performance of candidates are both considered. To select the desired partners, a biobjective 0-1 model is built, integrating the knowledge competence and collaboration performance, which is an NP-hard problem. Then, a multiobjective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is developed to solve the proposed model. Finally, a real-world example is provided to illustrate the applicability of the model, and the MOGA is implemented to search for Pareto solutions of partner selection for KCT in this case. Moreover, some simulation examples are used to test the efficiency of the algorithm. The results suggest that the proposed method can support effective and practical partner selection.
Operating household wastewater treatment plants in the light of binding quality standards for wastewater discharged to water bodies or to soil
Authors: Jawecki Bartosz , Pawęska Katarzyna , Sobota Marcin 
Published: April 2017

Abstract The study presents the legal requirements concerning the quality of wastewater discharged to waterbodies and to soil after treatment in household wastewater treatment plants located in agglomerations or outside them. The procedure of stopping the operation of a household treatment plant that doesn’t meet the statutory wastewater treatment efficiency was presented. The decision ordering to stop the use of a household wastewater treatment plant has to be preceded by a decision ordering to take measures to limit its adverse impact on the environment. The clarification procedure has to determine the adverse impact on the environment in a doubtless manner and it has to be reflected in the documentation. The assessment of adverse impact should take into account the binding standards of use of the environment. Stopping the operation of a household wastewater treatment plant may result in issuing a decision ordering the user to connect to the sanitary sewage system.
An experimental study on the grape orchard: Effects comparison of two irrigation systems
Authors: Kadbhane Sharad J. , Manekar Vivek L. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractTable grape (Vitis vinifera cultivars) is a major cash crop in the Nashik district of India, which requires irrigation water throughout the year as per demand instantly. Canal irrigation is the adopted irrigation systems in the study area, but canal irrigation has got several serious disadvantages, such as mismatching rotation schedules and crop water demands, water allotment system and restrictions on the use of efficient irrigation methods. The storing the canal water in the farm pond instead of directly applying to the field using the free flooding method is alternate solution to overcome the disadvantages of the canal irrigation system. Once the canal water storing in the pond, it increases the possibilities to use the advance irrigation system like drip, subsurface, sprinkler etc. to enhance water use efficiency. The comparative study between the canal water directly applying for the field and canal water storing in the farm pond then use for irrigation, executed through the field experiments carried out on the grape orchard during a period April 2013 to March 2016. Results have been evaluated based on grape yield, water-productivity, berry size, and biomass. Water productivity (kg·m-3) with respect to water delivery to crop through the pond irrigation method was found 37% higher than the canal irrigation method during the study period. Based on the results, this study recommended the use of the farm pond to store the canal water and use it as per crop demand using advance irrigation systems.
Translation Difficulty: How to Measure and What to Measure
Authors: Akbari Alireza , Segers Winibert 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The present research opens up the theoretical light on measuring translation difficulty through various perspectives. However, accurate evaluation of translation difficulty by means of the level of the text, translator’s characteristics, and the quality of translation are significant for translation pedagogy and accreditation. To measure translation difficulty, one has to scrutinize it into four ways as (1) the identification of resources of translation difficulty, (2) the measurement of text readability, (3) the measurement of translation difficulty by means of translation evaluation products such as holistic, analytic, calibrated dichotomous items (CDI), and the preselected items evaluation (PIE) methods, and (4) the measurement of mental workload. This article will expand on the mentioned factors in detail in order to shed light upon translation difficulty on how and what to measure.
Cultural aspects of death in subtitling animated films of M. Ocelot
Authors: Cómitre Narváez Isabel 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The aim of the present work is to describe the strategies adopted by subtitlers from French into Spanish in the shadow-puppet style animation films by the French renowned director Michel Ocelot. Following the Pedersen’s (2011) and Yuste Frias’ (2010) models, the descriptive analysis will focus on the visual and verbal transfer strategies chosen by subtitlers when rendering linguistic and extra-linguistic culture-bound references with special attention to the cultural aspects of death and suffering when translating for a family audience. Finally, the importance of transculturality and cultural identity will be highlighted.
La problemática traducción al español y al portugués de ingl. brain y de al. (Ge)hirn en los textos científicos (didácticos y divulgativos)
Authors: Garrido Carlos 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Concept inclusion constitutes a kind of imperfect equivalence in translating that gives rise to a 1:2 terminological relation and that represents an important translation problem. In translating scientific texts in the fields of biology or medicine into Spanish or Portuguese one such case of concept inclusion is that brought about by the (frequent) usage of the words brain, in English, and (Ge)hirn, in German (whose proper meaning is ‘encephalon’), as generic terms, i. e., as referring to structures or processes that take place exclusively within the cerebrum (therefore, as synonyms of, respectively, cerebrum and Großhirn or Cerebrum). Currently, through the undue calque of this phenomenon, many scientific texts written in Spanish or Portuguese and translated from English or (to a lesser degree) from German show the unidiomatic usage of the word encéfalo, which means ‘encephalon’, as a generic term (which causes a remarkable strangeness effect, especially in popularizing texts), or, even more frequently, they improperly and deceively use the term cerebro/cérebro (which means ‘cerebrum’) to refer to the encephalon as a whole. In order to avoid this harmful interference, in rendering brain and (Ge)hirn into Spanish or Portuguese the translator of a scientific text should strive to discriminate (with resort to adequate documentation) between occurrences of the word in its proper sense and occurrences of the word as a generic term. Based on the analysis of a number of author-made translations into Spanish (and Portuguese) of passages of English and German-language encyclopedic articles, popularizing books and popularizing articles with scientific content, the present study aims to define the most adequate translation strategy for the problem described, which can be summarized in the three following cases: a) usage of brain or (Ge)hirn in its proper sense (with extracerebral referents), translated as Sp. encéfalo, encefálico, intracraneal (Port. encéfalo, encefálico, intracraniano); b) usage of brain or (Ge)hirn as generic terms (with exclusively cerebral referents), translated as Sp. cerebro, cerebral (Port. cérebro, cerebral); c) usage of brain or (Ge)hirn as generic terms (with exclusively cerebral referents), but not directly translatable as Sp. cerebro, cerebral (Port. cérebro, cerebral) owing to the occurrence in the source text of data pertaining to the encephalon as a whole (in this case, the translator should assess the possibility of using in the target text cerebro/cérebro for all occurrences—by adapting the original data—, or, at least, complementarily with encéfalo—by departing from the original wording).
Zur speziellen Terminologiedidaktik für Übersetzer. Text- vs. Systemhaftigkeit juristischer Terminologie
Authors: Błażek Agnieszka 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The first part of the contribution discusses the requirements terminology training for translators must meet regarding the specific characteristics of translation competence. Secondly, taking a short critical overview of general proposals for terminology teaching courses within Translation Study Degree Programmes as a starting point, a specific terminology teaching proposal will be made in order to show that not only fundamental aspects of terminology must be taught, but also specific ones deriving from the subject field, the characteristics of L1 and L2 and the presupposed special knowledge of the target group.
„Ham wir a Gaudi k’habt“ – Dialektübersetzung am Beispiel der kroatischen Übersetzung der bairischen Textpassagen in Thomas Manns Buddenbrooks
Authors: Cimer Sanja , Babić Sesar Tena 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The following paper looks at the Croatian translation of Buddenbrooks by Thomas Mann aiming at analyzing the way the Bavarian dialect spoken by the character Permaneder has been translated into Croatian: for this purpose the translator used Kajkavian, a dialect spoken in the northwest of Croatia. Although generally not recommended as a translation strategy by many translation scholars, the use of a dialect in the target language brings several positive aspects to the translation: it gives the character a social background and preserves the humorous effect of the clash between the dialect of Permaneder and the standard language of the Buddenbrook family. The strategy remains problematic due to the differences in the geographic and cultural context of the story.
Ich denke, also übersetze ich: die Relevanz einer bewussten Reflexion über die Verstehensprozesse beim literarischen Übersetzen mit Beispielen aus der Übersetzung des Briefromans La Tesis de Nancy (1962) von Ramón J. Sender ins Deutsche
Authors: Helmchen Mona 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
In the present article and in a theoretical frame based in cognitive linguistics, we will justify and analyse some of the translational processes that have taken place during the translation of the novel “La Tesis de Nancy” (1962). The human being constantly perceives a multitude of impressions which operate as mental impulses and which activate parts of the long-term memory to facilitate the understanding of new information. Apart from the development of mental spaces, the metaphorical thinking plays an important role in the creation of meaning and in the understanding of reality. A professional translator has to consider that an awareness of such processes can be an inspirational source for a creative and functional translation.
Rural identity and landscape aesthetics in exurbia: Some issues to resolve from a Central European perspective
Authors: Janečková Molnárová Kristina , Skřivanová Zuzana , Kalivoda Ondřej , Sklenička Petr 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Although perceptions of landscape aesthetics are currently attracting great research interest, some aspects of the topic have remained almost unexamined. This review highlights some less studied areas that are of particular importance for landscape management, with special focus on rapidly growing exurban areas. While the visual quality of the environment is undoubtedly one of the drivers that has been spurring the exurban development of rural settlements, much remains unknown about the perception of the visual quality of these settlements. Another pressing issue is the need to determine general principles of consensus formation concerning visual landscape preferences. This study concludes that in order to preserve the rural character of exurban landscapes, there is an urgent need to identify the aesthetic values that define the character of rural settlements and their importance to the stakeholder groups.
Crystal structure of 4,4′-((1Z,1′Z)-2,2′-(2,5-diethoxy-1,4-phenylene)bis(ethene-2,1-diyl))dipyridine, C24H24N2O2
Authors: Sheng Liang-Quan , Liang Yan-Nan , Du Na-Na , Xu Hua-Jie 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
C24H24N2O2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 11.7857(4) Å, b = 10.6233(4) Å, c = 8.0268(3) Å, β = 102.104(2)°, V = 982.64(6) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0320, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0827, T = 293(2) K.
Crystal structure of aquadichlorido(2,4,6-tri-2-pyridyl-1,3,5-triazine-κ3
N,N′,N′′)nickel(II) monohydrate, C18H16Cl2N6NiO2
Authors: Yağci Nermin Kahveci , Güven Kutalmış , Yildiz Gökçen Dikici 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
C18H16Cl2N6NiO2, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 8.5737(6) Å, b = 11.4177(9) Å, c = 20.3031(16) Å, β = 99.309(3)°, V = 1961.3(3) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0479, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0865, T = 293 K.
Healthy Athletes Program as a chance for a good quality of life of persons with intellectual disability and their families in the context of health and pro-health activities
Authors: Nadolska Anna , Bejster Piotr 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackground: One of the consequences of improperly extending the process of socialization is incorrect health education and thus, different structure of the behaviors associated with taking care of their own health. More difficult socio-economic situation of families with children with intellectual disabilities may not adequately protect the needs of family members (especially children’s) associated with health. Up to 1/3 of the cases of people with intellectual disabilities of poorer health state can result from lower socio-economic position (Emerson and Hatton, 2007). Educational failure, typical for families of children and young people with intellectual disabilities (especially mild) can result in the children not acquiring appropriate behaviors, important for health. If these behaviors are missing, consequently, can be expected to accelerate the deterioration of health.The health status of people with intellectual disabilities is worse than the state of health in the general population (Allerton, Welch, Emerson, 2011; Tample et al., 2006). The most serious consequence of the poorer health of people with intellectual disabilities is a higher mortality rate (Krahn et al, 2006). The average life expectancy of people with intellectual disabilities is 66 (excluding people with Down syndrome whose life expectancy is even shorter), and so more than 10 years shorter than of people. In so-called intellectual norm!Bearing in mind that access to the highest standard of health care for all people with disabilities is a law that was adopted on 13 December 2006 under the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Special Olympics Poland have taken the initiative leading to beneficial changes in quality of life for the players and their families in the context of health and modeling appropriate health behavior through the implementation of the Health Programme, which includes the two related projects: Healthy Athletes and Healthy Special Olympics Community.
The role of postural control in physical activity
Authors: Matyja Małgorzata , Dzierżęga Joanna 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Background: Postural control concerns control of body position in space in two aspects:
1. stability that is understood as ability to maintain projection of center of gravity on support surface
2. orientation understood as proper relation of individual body segments towards each other and towards surrounding
In pediatric physiotherapy different term is used that constitute synonym of postural control - it is postural reflex mechanism of which the most important factor is postural tone
Aim of study: To determine relation between postural control and moderate physical activity in children?
Material/Methods: Method used in the study encompasses physiotherapeutic assessment of postural control before and after two weeks period of moderate physical activity. It included multi-sport activities (with prevalence of activities with use of water equipment), that stimulate postural control. 23 children (11 girls and 12 boys) aged 7-16 were examined. Their postural control was assessed with use of two parameters: size of postural tone (Postural Tone Coefficient) and body stabilization (Body Stabilization Test). Obtained results were processed statistically
Results: After two weeks of moderate physical activity, parameters that concern postural control were improved. In the statistical analyze improvement appears to be statistically significant on the level of p < 0,05.
Conclusions: Moderate physical activity influences postural control improvement.