bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of body condition on the population dynamics of Atlantic salmon with consideration of the potential impact of sea lice
Authors: Susdorf R , Salama N K G , Lusseau D 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAtlantic salmon Salmo salar is an iconic species of high conservation and economic importance. At sea, individuals typically are subject to sea lice infestation, which can have detrimental effects on their host. Over recent decades, the body condition and marine survival in NE Atlantic stocks have generally decreased, reflected in fewer adults returning to rivers, which is partly attributable to sea lice. We developed a deterministic stage‐structured population model to assess condition‐mediated population dynamics resulting in changing fecundity, age at sexual maturation and marine survival rate. The model is parameterized using data from the North Esk system, north‐east Scotland. Both constant and density‐dependent juvenile survival rates are considered. We show that even small sea lice‐mediated changes in mean body condition of MSW can cause substantial population declines, whereas 1SW condition is less influential. Density dependence alleviates the condition‐mediated population effect. The resilience of the population to demographic perturbations declines as adult condition is reduced. Indirect demographic changes in salmonid life‐history traits (e.g., body condition) are often considered unimportant for population trajectory. The model shows that Atlantic salmon population dynamics can be highly responsive to sea lice‐mediated effects on adult body condition, thus highlighting the importance of non‐lethal parasitic long‐term effects.
Histochemical and immunohistochemical characterization of rodlet cells in the intestine of two teleosts, Anguilla anguilla and Cyprinus carpio
Authors: Bosi G , DePasquale J A , Manera M , Castaldelli G , Giari L , Sayyaf Dezfuli B 
Published: November 2017

AbstractRodlet cells (RC) are characterized by a distinctive cell cortex and conspicuous inclusions named “rodlets.” These cells are particularly abundant and large in size in intestine of eels. Histochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural investigations were carried out on European eel Anguilla anguilla and Common carp Cyprinus carpio from Northern Italy. Eight biotinylated lectins were used to probe for specific carbohydrate residues in deparaffinized, hydrated intestinal sections of eel and carp. Five antibodies were tested on intestinal sections of both fish species: inducible nitric oxide synthase (i‐NOS), leu‐enkephalin, lysozyme, serotonin and tumour necrosis factor‐α. Lectin histochemistry revealed rodlet cells (RCs) of the eel intestine to react with two of the eight lectins tested, specifically Concanavalin A (ConA) and Sambucus Nigra Agglutinin (SNA). This contrasted to lectin staining of RCs in the intestine of common carp, where four of the eight lectins showed a positive reaction; Dolichos Biflorus Agglutinin (DBA), Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA), SNA and ConA. RCs in eel and carp intestine were immunoreactive with antibodies to lysozyme and i‐NOS. The occurrence of the inflammatory peptides lysozyme and i‐NOS in RCs of the eel and common carp poses in favour that these cells are involved in the mechanism of defence against pathogens.
Identification of factors contributing to successful self‐directed weight loss: a qualitative study
Authors: Rafiei N. , Gill T. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBackgroundDespite the number of weight management programmes and their wide promotion, most overweight and obese individuals tend to lose weight on their own. The present study aimed to understand the characteristics and strategies of those who successfully engage in self‐directed weight loss, which could empower other overweight and obese individuals with information and strategies to manage their weight on their own.MethodsMen and women who had lost at least 5% of their body weight without direct interaction with professionals or weight management programmes were recruited. Demographic data were collected by questionnaire and participants' weight‐loss experiences were explored using semi‐ structured interviews to elicit in‐depth individual experiences and perspectives. Iterative thematic method data analysis was used to generate themes describing contributing factors to the success of self‐directed weight loss identified by participants.ResultsMost characteristics of those who successfully self‐managed their weight loss were in line with those reported by successful weight losers participating in professional‐led projects. However, strategies such as early embedding of new lifestyle behaviours into daily routine, the ability to learn from previous weight‐loss experiences, and not requiring social support were identified as distinctive factors that contributed to the success of self‐directed weight loss by participants of the present study.ConclusionsOverweight or obese individuals with strong internal motivation, problem‐solving skills and self‐reliance are more likely to be successful at achieving self‐directed weight loss. The patients identified with these characteristics could be encouraged to self‐manage their weight‐loss process, leaving the places available in more resource‐intensive professional‐led programmes to those individuals unlikely to succeed on their own.
Linking Data Choices and Context Specificity in Life Cycle Assessment of Waste Treatment Technologies: A Landfill Case Study
Authors: Henriksen Trine , Astrup Thomas Fruergaard , Damgaard Anders 
Published: November 2017

SummaryTo generate meaningful results, life cycle assessments (LCAs) require accurate technology data that are consistent with the goal and scope of the analysis. While literature data are available for many products and processes, finding representative data for highly site‐specific technologies, such as waste treatment processes, remains a challenge. This study investigated representative life cycle inventory (LCI) modeling of waste treatment technologies in consideration of variations in technological level and climate. The objectives were to demonstrate the importance of representative LCI modeling as a function of the specificity of the study, and to illustrate the necessity of iteratively refining the goal and scope of the study as data are developed. A landfill case study was performed where 52 discrete landfill data sets were built and grouped to represent different technology options and geographical sites, potential impacts were calculated, and minimum/maximum (min‐max) intervals were generated for each group. The results showed decreasing min‐max intervals with increasing specificity of the scope of study, which indicates that compatibility between the scope of study and LCI model is critical. Hereby, this study quantitatively demonstrates the influence of representative modeling on LCA results. The results indicate that technology variations and site‐specific conditions (e.g., the influence of precipitation and cover permeability on landfill gas generation and collection) should be carefully addressed by a systematic analysis of the key process parameters. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the targeted waste treatment technologies is necessary to ensure that appropriate data choices are made within the boundaries of the defined scope of the study.
Comparative analysis of vestibular ecomorphology in birds
Authors: Benson Roger B. J. , Starmer‐Jones Ethan , Close Roger A. , Walsh Stig A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe bony labyrinth of vertebrates houses the semicircular canals. These sense rotational accelerations of the head and play an essential role in gaze stabilisation during locomotion. The sizes and shapes of the semicircular canals have hypothesised relationships to agility and locomotory modes in many groups, including birds, and a burgeoning palaeontological literature seeks to make ecological interpretations from the morphology of the labyrinth in extinct species. Rigorous tests of form–function relationships for the vestibular system are required to support these interpretations. We test the hypothesis that the lengths, streamlines and angles between the semicircular canals are related to body size, wing kinematics and flying style in birds. To do this, we applied geometric morphometrics and multivariate phylogenetic comparative methods to a dataset of 64 three‐dimensional reconstructions of the endosseous labyrinth obtained using micro‐computed tomography scanning of bird crania. A strong relationship between centroid size of the semicircular canals and body size indicates that larger birds have longer semicircular canals compared with their evolutionary relatives. Wing kinematics related to manoeuvrability (and quantified using the brachial index) explain a small additional portion of the variance in labyrinth size. We also find strong evidence for allometric shape change in the semicircular canals of birds, indicating that major aspects of the shape of the avian labyrinth are determined by spatial constraints. The avian braincase accommodates a large brain, a large eye and large semicircular canals compared with other tetrapods. Negative allometry of these structures means that the restriction of space within the braincase is intense in small birds. This may explain our observation that the angles between planes of the semicircular canals of birds deviate more strongly from orthogonality than those of mammals, and especially from agile, gliding and flying mammals. Furthermore, we find little support for relationships between labyrinth shape and flying style or wing kinematics. Overall, our results suggest that the topological problem of fitting long semicircular canals into a spatially constrained braincase is more important in determining the shape of the avian labyrinth than the specifics of locomotory style or agility. Our results tentatively indicate a link between visual acuity and proportional size of the labyrinth among birds. This suggests that the large labyrinths of birds compared with other tetrapods may result from their generally high visual acuities, and not directly from their ability to fly. The endosseous labyrinths of extinct birds and their close dinosaurian relatives may allow broad inferences about flight or vision, but so far provide few specific insights into detailed aspects of locomotion.
New soft tissue filler derived from autologous keratin and fibroblast for neck wrinkles
Authors: Wang Yue , Wang Bingqing , Zhang Qingguo , Ma Jiguang 
Published: November 2017

SummaryObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness of injection of autologous keratin gel and fibroblast for neck aging as soft tissue filler.Materials and methodsTotally 30 volunteers received treatment of autologous keratin and fibroblast for neck wrinkles and 5 of them received hyaluronic acid (HA) treatment as control. Clinical features of the volunteers were collected at 1st, 3rd, 6th, 12th, and 24th months after treatment. The volunteers were independently assessed using Lemperle's methods at different time points.ResultsThe neck wrinkles ameliorated observably and no severe complications were reported after treatment. The effect and maintain time of autologous keratin and fibroblast were better than HA control.ConclusionAutologous keratin and fibroblast as soft tissue filler is an effective treatment option for neck rejuvenation with long‐term efficacy for reversing of skin aging.
Effect of iron on the growth of Phaeodactylum tricornutum via photosynthesis
Authors: Zhao Peipei , Gu Wenhui , Huang Aiyou , Wu Songcui , Liu Changheng , Huan Li , Gao Shan , Xie Xiujun , Wang Guangce 
Published: November 2017

Iron is a limiting factor that controls the phytoplankton biomass in the modern ocean, and iron fertilization of the ocean could lead to blooms dominated by diatoms. Thus, iron plays an important role in controlling the distribution of diatoms. In this study, we measured the growth rate and photosynthetic activity of the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum cultured under different iron concentrations and found that it grew more rapidly and had a much higher photosynthetic efficiency under higher iron concentrations. In order to explore the unique mechanism of the response of diatoms to iron, a proteomic analysis was carried out, and the results indicated that iron promotes the Calvin cycle of P. tricornutum. Diatoms can tolerate the pressure of iron limitation by replacing iron‐rich proteins with flavodoxin, and so on. Moreover, we found that the photosystem I (PSI) activity of iron‐limited algae that were treated by N’,N’,N’,N’‐tetramethyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (TMPD) was increased significantly. As TMPD plays the role of a cytochrome b6/f complex that transfers electrons from photosystem II to PSI, the cytochrome b6/f complex is the key to photosynthesis regulation. Iron could influence the growth of P. tricornutum by regulating its biosynthesis. All of the results suggest that iron might affect the growth of diatoms through the Calvin cycle and the cytochrome b6/f complex.
Effects of a short midday nap on habitual nappers’ alertness, mood and mental performance across cognitive domains
Authors: Ru Taotao , Chen Qingwei , You Jianing , Zhou Guofu 
Published: November 2017

SummaryThis study examines whether the benefits of a short midday nap on habitual nappers’ mental performance depend on the cognitive domain and the task difficulty. Eighteen healthy college students with the long‐term habit of a midday nap (13:00–14:00 hours) participated in a nap‐deprivation study. On two separate days with at least 3 days in between, participants either took a nap or remained awake, and were subsequently tested on a simple sustained attention task (Psychomotor Vigilance Test), two more complex attention tasks (Go/No‐Go and Flanker task) and one working memory task (2‐back). For each task, an easy and a difficult version were administered. The time course of subjective sleepiness and mood were also measured in both napping conditions. The results revealed that short midday nap deprivation significantly impaired participants’ performance on both the easy and difficult versions of the Psychomotor Vigilance Test task, as well as accuracy but not reaction speed in the Go/No‐Go task. Accuracy in the difficult version of the Flanker task and the 2‐back task was also lower in the no‐nap condition, while reaction speed in the 2‐back task but not the Flanker task was reduced without a nap in both the easy and difficult versions. Moreover, subjective sleepiness was significantly increased after nap deprivation, but moods remained unaffected in the no‐nap condition. These findings contribute to current research suggesting that effects of a midday nap on task performance depend on the cognitive domain as well as task difficulty. Our study highlights the importance of considering task characteristics to evaluate the benefits of a regular midday nap in practical working life.
Steady bipedal locomotion with a forward situated whole‐body centre of mass: the potential importance of temporally asymmetric ground reaction forces
Authors: Clemente C. J. , Bishop P. J. , Newman N. , Hocknull S. A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBipedalism has repeatedly evolved in many independent lineages throughout tetrapod history. Despite being widespread, the fundamental biomechanical factors involved in bipedalism remain unclear. This study experimentally investigated bipedalism in facultatively bipedal lizards and obligatorily bipedal birds to explore temporal asymmetry in the vertical component of the ground reaction force (Fz). Both lizards and birds showed significant temporal asymmetry – with higher vertical forces exerted earlier in the stance – as indicated by three different measures computed from force‐time profiles. This result parallels those reported previously for other bipedal animal groups that have a forward situated whole‐body centre of mass (COM), such as kangaroos and non‐human primates. Humans, in contrast, exhibit an orthograde posture with theCOMclose the hips, and show little temporal asymmetry inFz, particularly during walking. Across a wide range of quadrupedal animals, temporal asymmetry is quite variable. Collectively, these results suggest that an ‘early‐skewed’Fzmay be an important feature of steady bipedal locomotion when theCOMis forward of the hips, although an exact mechanism of cause‐and‐effect, if one exists, remains to be established. This finding has relevance for attempts at better understanding bipedal locomotion in extinct animals that likely had aCOMlocated forward of the hips, such as carnivorous dinosaurs.
Shaker‐related voltage‐gated K+ channel expression and vasomotor function in human coronary resistance arteries
Authors: Nishijima Yoshinori , Korishettar Ankush , Chabowski Dawid S. , Cao Sheng , Zheng Xiaodong , Gutterman David D. , Zhang David X. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectivesKV channels are important regulators of vascular tone, but the identity of specific KV channels involved and their regulation in disease remain less well understood. We determined the expression of KV1 channel subunits and their role in cAMP‐mediated dilation in coronary resistance arteries from subjects with and without CAD.MethodsHCAs from patients with and without CAD were assessed for mRNA and protein expression of KV1 channel subunits with molecular techniques and for vasodilator response with isolated arterial myography.ResultsAssays of mRNA transcripts, membrane protein expression, and vascular cell‐specific localization revealed abundant expression of KV1.5 in vascular smooth muscle cells of non‐CAD HCAs. Isoproterenol and forskolin, two distinct cAMP‐mediated vasodilators, induced potent dilation of non‐CAD arterioles, which was inhibited by both the general KV blocker 4‐AP and the selective KV1.5 blocker DPO‐1. The cAMP‐mediated dilation was reduced in CAD and was accompanied by a loss of or reduced contribution of 4‐AP‐sensitive KV channels.ConclusionsKV1.5, as a major 4‐AP‐sensitive KV1 channel expressed in coronary VSMCs, mediates cAMP‐mediated dilation in non‐CAD arterioles. The cAMP‐mediated dilation is reduced in CAD coronary arterioles, which is associated with impaired 4‐AP‐sensitive KV channel function.
Mosaic art in modern Israel and the construction of a sense of place
Authors: Shavit Ze'ev 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe article deals with the construction of a narrative and sense of place among the Jewish immigrant‐settler society in 20th century Israel in the context of its efforts to establish a national collective identity on indigenous (i.e. authentic) foundations and with the symbolic struggle with the Palestinian national movement as its backdrop. The case study under discussion is the instalment in public spaces of mosaic decorations inspired by ancient Jewish mosaics unearthed in archaeological excavations. I argue that intentionally or unintentionally, these decorations functioned as agents in the construction of an authentic narrative and a sense of place by producing a link between the current and the ancient Jewish presence in the place. This practice went hand‐in‐hand with the hegemonic national dogma about the link between an ancient, allegedly glorious era of the Jewish people in Palestine, and the modern Zionist project.
Intersecting race, space, and place through community gardens
Authors: HITE EMILY BENTON , PEREZ DORIE , D'INGEO DALILA , BOSTON QASIMAH , MITCHELL MIAISHA 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn this article, we examine the structure and meaning of community gardens in Florida's most cohesive and oldest African American community of Frenchtown in Tallahassee. Here, residents reclaim and transform empty spaces into places of engagement and empowerment, effectively resisting systemic racism. Using a mixed methods approach during a 5‐week NSF‐funded ethnographic field school with the Health Equity Alliance of Tallahassee, we counter the prevailing stigma of Frenchtown that perpetuates its continued marginalization. We argue that community gardens are expressions of social resistance. Through garden activities, residents transcend race, culture, income, and neighborhoods, while also promoting health, heritage, place‐making, and economic opportunities. Place is constituted by spatial politics in a cultural milieu, evident in the community's ability to intersect diverse institutional boundaries via gardens. This research contextualizes how a community‐based participatory research project successfully resists violent environments through spatial transformation.
Incidence and predictors of 30‐day postoperative readmission in children
Authors: Vo Daniel , Zurakowski David , Faraoni David 
Published: November 2017

SummaryBackgroundHospital readmissions are being used as a quality metric for hospital reimbursement without a clear understanding of the factors that contribute to readmission.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to report the incidence of 30‐day postsurgical readmission in children, identify the predictors for readmission, and create an algorithm to identify high‐risk children.MethodsData from the 2012‐2014 Pediatric database of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program were analyzed using univariable and multivariable logistical regression analysis.ResultsAmong 182 589 children included in the 2012‐2014 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Pediatric database, 4.8% (8815/182 589) experienced a readmission within 30 days. Four significant predictors were retained in the multivariable logistic regression model: American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status ≥ 3 (OR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.8‐2.0), presence of congenital heart disease (OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.31‐2.11), inpatient status at time of surgery (OR: 3.5, 95% CI: 3.3‐3.7), and at least 1 postoperative complication (neurologic, renal, wound, cardiac, bleeding, or pulmonary) (OR: 3.14, 95% CI: 2.92‐3.34). The multivariable logistic regression model showed reasonably good discrimination in predicting 30‐day readmissions with receiver operating characteristic area under the curve of 0.747 (95% CI: 0.73‐0.75) and good calibration (Brier score: 0.044). We created a predictive algorithm of 30‐day readmission based on the 4 significant predictors.ConclusionChildren with congenital heart disease, high American Society of Anesthesiologist physical class, inpatient status, and at least 1 postoperative complication of any kind are at high risk for postsurgical readmissions. We provide an algorithm for quantifying this risk with the goal of reducing the number of readmissions, improving the care of patients with complex chronic illnesses, and reducing hospital costs.
Insect cuticular melanins are distinctly different from those of mammalian epidermal melanins
Authors: Barek Hanine , Sugumaran Manickam , Ito Shosuke , Wakamatsu Kazumasa 
Published: November 2017

SummaryMelanin from several insect samples was isolated and subjected to chemical degradation and HPLC analysis for melanin markers. Quantification of different melanin markers reveals that insect melanins are significantly different from that of the mammalian epidermal melanins. The eumelanin produced in mammals is derived from the oxidative polymerization of both 5,6‐dihydroxyindole and 5,6‐dihydroxyindole‐2‐carboxylic acids. The pheomelanin is formed by the oxidative polymerization of cysteinyldopa. Thus, dopa is the major precursor for both eumelanin and pheomelanin in mammals. But insect eumelanin appears to be mostly made from 5,6‐dihydroxyindole and originates from dopamine. More importantly, our study points out the wide spread occurrence of pheomelanin in many insect species. In addition, cysteinyldopamine and not cysteinyldopa is the major precursor for insect pheomelanin. Thus, both eumelanin and pheomelanin in insects differ from higher animals using dopamine and not dopa as the major precursor.