bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An analysis of an organisational strategy, structure and culture that supports corporate entrepreneurship in established organisations
Authors: Nayager T , Van Vuuren JJ 
Published: June 2017

The environment in which a business operates is not static. Intensifying global competition and rapid technological progress put presure on business to change. Better quality and service and lower costs are no longer enough to give a competitive advantage. Adaptability, flexibility, speed, aggressiveness and innovativeness are increasingly necessary. This can be achieved by entrepreneurial organisations. Through corporate entrepreneurship, big business can improve its profitability and competitive standing. This research aims to determine the characteristics of organisational strategy, structure and culture that foster corporate entrepreneurship in large and established companies. These characteristics were applied to an established organisation to evaluate to what extent its strategy, culture and structure would support entrepreneurial activities and initiatives. Data were collected through self-completion questionnaires and analysed by calculating Cronbach alpha values, t-test and ANOVA.
The South African tax mix and economic growth
Authors: De Wet AH , Schoeman NJ , Koch SF 
Published: June 2017

The research reported in this paper suggests that government fiscal policy can influence economic growth through alterations in the tax mix and the overall size of government spending. The authors estimate the impact on economic growth of changes in fiscal policy via government expenditure, direct taxation and indirect taxation. The results show that economic growth is negatively affected by increases in the size of government, as reflected in its expenditures and direct tax revenues, although significant indirect tax effects are not found.
Suicide Risk in Schizophrenia - a follow-up study after 20 years. Part 2: Symptomatology and pharmacotherapy
Authors: Lippi G , Smit D J , Jordaan J C , Roos J L 
Published: June 2017

<p><strong>Objective: </strong> This study prospectively re-evaluated, after a period of 20 years, a cohort of patients with schizophrenia who had been considered to be at high risk for suicide. The outcome and social factors associated with their suicide risk were investigated over the 2 decades. Method Subjects were contacted and interviewed face-to-face by following a questionnaire devised for this purpose. The Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) was administered and ratings were compared to those from the original study. The Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) was administered. Cross tabulations were performed to identify factors associated with increased suicide risk. A psychological autopsy was performed, for those subjects who had committed suicide since the original study.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong>Fourteen of the original 33 high suicide risk schizophrenia patients were found. Three subjects committed suicide during the 20 year period. Among the living subjects, risks for suicide were found to be lower than 20 years ago. Male gender, poor social support, early age of illness onset, current admission to or recent discharge from hospital and a higher level of education were all factors associated with increased suicide risk. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Demographic factors and those related to illness course, found in this study to be associated with suicide risk in patients with schizophrenia, are congruous with those mentioned in the literature.</p>
Behavioural problems among schoolchildren in Nigeria
Authors: Akpan M U , Ojinnaka N C , Ekanem E 
Published: June 2017

Background. Behavioural problems among schoolchildren can pose a burden on families and society.
Objective. To determine the prevalence and pattern of behavioural problems among children living in Uyo, a town in South-South Nigeria.
Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 572 pupils from six primary schools selected randomly from private and government schools in Uyo. Pupils with a normal IQ were selected using a systematic sampling method. The Rutter behavioural scale for teachers (B2) was completed by their teachers, and that for parents (A2) was completed by the parents. Student’s t-test was used to compare pairs of means, frequencies were compared using the chi-square test, and p<0.05 was taken as significant.
Results. According to the teachers’ scale 132 pupils (23.1%) had scores within the range indicating behavioural problems, compared with 103 pupils (18.0%) on the parents’ scale. This was statistically significant (χ2 = 19.8, p=0.001). Pupils in government and private schools had mean scores of 7.4 (standard deviation (SD) 6.41) and 5.12 (SD 6.26) and 7.29 (SD 5.84) and 6.96 (SD 5.76), respectively. Behavioural problems were more common among children in government schools and among those in the lower socio-economic class. Boys had significantly higher mean scores than girls, and both scales showed more boys to be disturbed. Antisocial behaviour was commonest among boys and older children.
Conclusion. There is a high prevalence of behavioural problems among primary school children in Uyo, with a predominance of antisocial behaviour. The government needs to provide appropriate services to deal with this state of affairs.
Depressive features among adult patients receiving antiretroviral therapy for HIV in Rustenburg district, SA
Authors: Bongongo T , Tumbo John , Govender Indiran 
Published: June 2017

<div class="column"><p><strong>Background. </strong><span>Globally, it is estimated that depressive features occur in 15 - 36% of people suffering from chronic diseases and 60% of people with HIV/AIDS. A high prevalence of mental disorders among HIV-infected individuals has been shown in South Africa and other parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Untreated depression leads to poor adherence to treatment and poor quality of life for patients with chronic diseases. </span></p><p><strong>Methods. </strong><span>Using the Zung self-rating scale, we screened for depressive features among adult patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) who attended primary healthcare facilities in the Rustenburg district of North West Province in South Africa during December 2009. </span></p><p><strong>Results. </strong><span>Among 117 participants, 81 (69.2 %) had mild depressive features, 2 (1.7%) had moderate depressive features, 1 (0.9 %) had severe depressive features and 33 (28.2%) did not have depressive features. Depressive features were more common in males (77.1%) than in females (69.5%), and were most common in patients taking the combination of efavirenz, lamivudine and stavudine.<br /> </span></p><p><strong>Conclusion. </strong><span>Depressive features seem to be common among adult patients receiving HAART and attending primary healthcare facilities in the Rustenburg district. </span></p></div>
Attitudes of undergraduates towards mental illness: A comparison between nursing and business management students in India
Authors: Vijayalakshmi P , Reddy D , Math S B , Thimmaiah R 
Published: June 2017

<p><strong>Background.</strong> Mental illness is an important public health issue worldwide; stigmatisation and negative attitudes towards people with mental illness are widespread among the general public. However, little is known about the attitudes of undergraduates to mental illness. </p><p><strong>Purpose.</strong> To compare the attitudes towards mental illness among undergraduates enrolled in nursing courses v. those enrolled in Bachelor of Business Management (BBM) courses. </p><p><strong>Methods.</strong> A cross-sectional descriptive design was adopted for the present study. A total of 268 undergraduates were selected to complete the<em> </em>Attitude Scale for Mental Illness (ASMI) and the Opinions about Mental Illness in the Chinese Community (OMICC) questionnaires. </p><p><span><strong>Results. </strong>We found significant differences between the number of nursing and BBM students who agreed with statements posed by the questionnaires, e.g., that they would move out of their community if a mental health facility was established there (χ<sup>2</sup>=16.503, <em>p</em>&lt;0.002), that they were not afraid of treated mentally ill people (χ<sup>2</sup>=15.279, <em>p</em>&lt;0.004), and that people with mental illness tend to be violent (χ<sup>2</sup>=14.215, <em>p</em>&lt;0.007) and dangerous (χ<sup>2</sup>=17.808, <em>p</em>&lt;0.001). Nursing students disagreed that people with mental illness are easily identified (χ<sup>2</sup>=30.094, <em>p</em>&lt;0.000), have a lower IQ (χ<sup>2</sup>=70.689, <em>p</em>&lt;0.000) and should not have children (χ<sup>2</sup>=24.531, <em>p</em>&lt;0.000). Nursing students were more benevolent than BBM students, as they agreed that people with mental illness can hold a job (χ<sup>2</sup>=49.992, <em>p</em>&lt;0.000) and can return to their former position (χ<sup>2</sup>=11.596, p&lt;0.021), that everyone faces the possibility of becoming mentally ill (χ<sup>2</sup>=38.726, <em>p</em>&lt;0.000), and that one should not laugh at the mentally ill (χ<sup>2</sup>=17.407, <em>p</em>&lt;0.002). Nursing students held less pessimistic attitudes, as they felt that the mentally ill should receive the same pay for the same job (χ<sup>2</sup>=10.669, <em>p</em>&lt;0.031) and that the public are prejudiced towards people with mental illness (χ<sup>2</sup>=17.604, <em>p</em>&lt;0.001).</span></p><p><strong>Conclusion.</strong> College students’ attitudes towards people with mental illness vary based on the course that they are enrolled in. Attitudes may be positively improved by revising curriculum design to incorporate educational sessions about mental illness. These are essential steps to combat discrimination, and potentially enhance the promotion of human rights for the mentally ill.</p>
Stiff person syndrome (SPS): Literature review and case report
Authors: Pretorius Erna , Struwig Wilmarie 
Published: June 2017

<p>Stiff person syndrome (SPS) is a rare, debilitating condition which presents with progressive and inconsistent neurological features. The main symptoms are stiffness and intermittent, painful muscle spasms, triggered and exacerbated by stressful and emotional stimuli. The fluctuating clinical nature of SPS, and otherwise normal neurological examination, often lead to a misdiagnosis of conversion disorder. Psychiatric symptoms frequently accompany this disorder and patients are often first seen by psychiatrists. SPS is autoimmune-based: antibodies are directed against glutamate decarboxylase, resulting in dysregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain which is considered the cause of the neuropsychiatric symptomatology. SPS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of conversion disorder. Effective management requires early detection, a collaborative approach with GABA-ergic medication and intravenous immunoglobulins, and management of concomitant psychiatric disorders. We describe a patient with SPS. Only one other case has been reported in South Africa.</p><div> </div>
Neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with thymoma-associated and non-thymoma myasthenia gravis
Authors: Freeman Carla , Lewis I , Heckmann J M 
Published: June 2017

<p><strong>Background. </strong>Around 10 - 15% of patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) have a thymoma, and non-motor symptoms are more frequent in these patients. We hypothesised that neuropsychiatric symptoms would also be more frequent. </p><p><strong>Methods. </strong>A cross-sectional study of 30 consecutive MG patients attending a clinic at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, was done over a 6-month period in 2010. Each patient underwent a series of single-blinded neuropsychiatric assessments, including the 16-item, self-reported Flanagan Quality of Life (QOL) scale, the Beck Depression Inventory second version, the Young Mania Rating Scale, the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). </p><p><strong>Results. </strong>The frequency and nature of neuropsychiatric symptoms were similar between thymoma (<em>n</em>=9) and non-thymoma (<em>n</em>=21) MG patients. Symptoms of moderate or severe depression and anxiety were present in around 30%. The severity of depression symptoms correlated with MG severity. Prednisone dosing was not associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms or QOL scores. Those with longer duration of MG were more likely to have higher scores on the BPRS and anxiety scales. Those with younger-onset MG had higher BPRS scores and a tendency to suicidal behaviour. </p><p><strong>Conclusion. </strong>Although no association with thyoma was found, this study shows that neuropsychiatric conditions may be underdiagnosed in patients with MG. Systematic depression screening should be done at outpatient clinics, particularly for those who developed symptoms at a young age, those with severe disease and those with a long duration of illness.</p>
The care, treatment, rehabilitation and legal outcomes of referrals to a tertiary psychiatric hospital according to the Mental Health Care Act No. 17 of 2002
Authors: Madlala Dumisile Priscilla , Sokudela F B 
Published: June 2017

<p><strong>Background. </strong>The Mental Health Care Act No. 17 of 2002 (MHCA) was introduced to combat poor care received by mentally ill persons. </p><p><strong>Objective.</strong> The objective of this study was to evaluate diagnostic and treatment accuracy as well as compliance with procedural matters related to the MHCA, using a sample in the northern region of Gauteng Province, South Africa. </p><p><strong>Method.</strong> Files of 200 patients admitted to Weskoppies Hospital between June and December 2009 were evaluated for admission procedures, and care, treatment and rehabilitation (CTR). </p><p><strong>Results.</strong> From referring hospitals, 174 (87%) persons had appropriate signs and symptoms documented in the referral note or MHCA forms. All of these were appropriately diagnosed. Although about one-third of the patients’ treatment was not documented, more than 50% (<em>n</em>=163) received the correct treatment. In two-thirds of patients, correction of detected abnormalities was not documented. Approximately 50% of the admissions had documents that did not adhere to MHCA provisions. At Weskoppies Hospital, CTR was considered appropriate for 92% of the patients. The legal status of the majority of patients was involuntary at discharge point. The majority of persons stayed for &lt;3 months but for longer than what medical aid schemes allow in the private sector. </p><p><strong>Conclusions. </strong>The study highlighted both improvements and gaps in CTR given to mentally ill persons in the northern Gauteng region, which might apply to the rest of the country. Medicolegal requirements stipulated by the MHCA are still a challenge a decade post enactment, but there may be a move in the right direction.</p>
When apparent schizophrenia is excluded
Authors: Fourie Hester F , Koen Liezl , Niehaus Dana J H , Schoeman Mardelle , Botha Ulla A 
Published: June 2017

<p>Where must a clinician turn when straightforward schizophrenia suddenly turns out to be just the opposite? Fortunately, these days, there are protocols for just about everything. But how much value do these add? This article outlines the journey of our attempt to follow one such protocol.</p><div> </div>
Medical students’ experience and perceptions of their final rotation in psychiatry
Authors: Du Preez Renata , Bergh Anne-Marie , Grimbeek Jackie , Van der Linde Mike 
Published: June 2017

<p><strong>Background.</strong> Evaluation of specific courses, rotations or attachments in medical education is common practice.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Objective.</strong> To evaluate medical students’ perceptions of their final psychiatry rotation of 7 weeks. </p><p><strong>Methods.</strong> A questionnaire was developed for medical students to give feedback on their psychiatry rotation at Weskoppies Hospital in Tshwane, South Africa. Four scores were developed: (<em>i</em>) a clinical exposure score for psychiatric conditions encountered during the rotation; (<em>ii</em>) an ethics exposure score comprising confidentiality and informed consent; (<em>iii</em>) an admissions exposure score for different admission options; and (<em>iv</em>) a perception score related to students’ experience of the rotation. The evaluation took place over a period of 4 years, between 2006 and 2009.</p><p><strong>Results.</strong> Over the study period, 87% of 708 students completed the questionnaire. The higher number of female respondents (63%) was in accordance with the general student profile. The four resulting scores were: clinical exposure 67%; ethics exposure 78%; admissions exposure 86%; and perceptions 75%. The main strengths of the rotation were identified as the positive learning environment, exposure to patients, discussions and ward conferences, and approaches followed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions. </strong>The conceptualisation of the tool to elicit specific scores was useful for presenting the findings. The student feedback provided valuable information for the psychiatry curriculum planners and teachers, and led to further adaptations to the structure of the rotations and the learning opportunities provided.</p>
Efavirenz: A review of the epidemiology, severity and management of neuropsychiatric side-effects
Authors: Gaida Razia , Truter Ilse , Grobler Christoffel 
Published: June 2017

<p>South Africa has the highest proportion of HIV-positive people in the world. HIV cannot be cured; however, there are several major classes of drugs used in its management. Efavirenz is one such agent of the class non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors which inhibits the replication of the virus. Efavirenz is associated with causing neuropsychiatric side-effects (NPSEs), with almost 50% of patients experiencing at least one NPSE while on treatment. The NPSEs tend to occur within the first few days of initiation of therapy and resolve spontaneously within the first 4 - 6 weeks, with the most commonly reported being dizziness, insomnia, headache, abnormal dreams and impaired concentration. The plasma level of efavirenz and genetic polymorphisms are thought to play a role in the development of such NPSEs. NPSEs need to be treated according to severity. If necessary, efavirenz may be replaced with nevirapine or lopinavir/ritonavir. It should be remembered that nevirapine may also produce some severe side-effects such as skin abnormalities and hepatotoxicity. The monitoring of patients receiving efavirenz therapy should be ongoing, with those with a history of mental illness requiring closer monitoring than others. </p><div> </div>
Closed-loop Helium Circulation System for Actuation of a Continuously Operating Heart Catheter Pump
Authors: Karabegovic Alen , Hinteregger Markus , Janeczek Christoph , Mohl Werner , Gföhler Margit 
Published: June 2017

Background Currently available, pneumatic-based medical devices are operated using closed-loop pulsatile or open continuous systems. Medical devices utilizing gases with a low atomic number in a continuous closed loop stream have not been documented to date. This work presents the construction of a portable helium circulation addressing the need for actuating a novel, pneumatically operated catheter pump. The design of its control system puts emphasis on the performance, safety and low running cost of the catheter pump. Methods and results Static and dynamic characteristics of individual elements in the circulation are analyzed to ensure a proper operation of the system. The pneumatic circulation maximizes the working range of the drive unit inside the catheter pump while reducing the total size and noise production. Separate flow and pressure controllers position the turbine's working point into the stable region of the pressure creation element. A subsystem for rapid gas evacuation significantly decreases the duration of helium removal after a leak, reaching subatmospheric pressure in the intracorporeal catheter within several milliseconds. Conclusions The system presented in the study offers an easy control of helium mass flow while ensuring stable behavior of its internal components.
Bone Response to Porous Alumina Implants Coated with Bioactive Materials, Observed Using Different Characterization Techniques
Authors: Camilo Claudia C. , Silveira Celey A.E. , Faeda Rafael S. , de Almeida Rollo João M.D. , de Moraes Purquerio Benedito , Fortulan Carlos Alberto 
Published: June 2017

Background Implants or implantable devices should integrate into the host tissue faster than fibrous capsule formation, in which the design of the interface is one of the biggest challenges. Generally, bioactive materials are not viable for load-bearing applications, so inert biomaterials are proposed. However, the surface must be modified through techniques such as coating with bioactive materials, roughness and sized pores. The aim of this research was to validate an approach for the evaluation of the tissue growth on implants of porous alumina coated with bioactive materials. Methods Porous alumina implants were coated with 45S5 Bioglass® (BG) and hydroxyapatite (HA) and implanted in rat tibiae for a period of 28 days. Ex vivo resections were performed to analyze osseointegration, along with histological analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) line scanning, radiography and biomechanical testing. Results Given that the process of implant integration needs with the bone tissue to be accelerated, it was then seen that BG acted to start the rapid integration, and HA acted to sustaining the process. Conclusions Inert materials coated with bioglass and HA present a potential for application as bone substitutes, preferably with pores of diameters between 100 μm and 400 μm and, restrict for smaller than 100 μm, because it prevents pores without organized tissue formation or vacant. Designed as functional gradient material, stand out for applications in bone tissue under load, where, being the porous surface responsible for the osseointegration and the inner material to bear and to transmit the loads.
First-Principles Calculation of Adsorption of Shale Gas on CaCO3 (100) Surfaces
Authors: Luo Qiang , Pan Yikun , Guo Ping , Wang Zhouhua , Wei Na , Sun Pengfei , Liu Yuxiao 
Published: June 2017

Background To demonstrate the adsorption strength of shale gas to calcium carbonate in shale matrix, the adsorption of shale gas on CaCO3 (100) surfaces was studied using the first-principles method, which is based on the density functional theory (DFT). Methods The structures and electronic properties of CH4, C2H6, CO2 and N2 molecules were calculated by the generalized gradient approximation (GGA), for a coverage of 1 monolayer (ML). Under the same conditions, the density of states (DOS) of CaCO3 (100) surfaces before and after the adsorption of shale gas molecules at high-symmetry adsorption sites were compared. Results The results showed that the adsorption energies of CH4, C2H6, CO2 and N2 on CaCO3 (100) surfaces were between 0.2683 eV and -0.7388 eV. When a CH4 molecule was adsorbed at a hollow site and its 2 hydrogen atoms were parallel to the long diagonal (H3) on the CaCO3 (100) surface, it had the most stable adsorption, and the adsorption energy was only -0.4160 eV. The change of adsorption energy of CH4 was no more than 0.0535 eV. Compared with the DOS distribution of CH4 before adsorption, it shifted to the left overall after adsorption. At the same time, the partial density of states (PDOS) curves of CaCO3 (100) surfaces before and after adsorption basically overlapped. Conclusions This work showed that the adsorption effect of shale gas on calcium carbonate is very weak, and the adsorption is physisorption at the molecular level.