bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expansion of aquaculture parks and the increasing risk of non‐native species invasions in Brazil
Authors: Lima Luciano B. , Oliveira Fagner Junior M. , Giacomini Henrique C. , Lima‐Junior Dilermando P. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAquaculture is the main vector for introduction of non‐native species in Brazil and around the world. Despite the potentially serious and irreversible ecological impacts caused by non‐native species, they continue to be in many cases the preferred option in aquaculture farms, of which the recent plans of aquaculture expansion promoted by the Brazilian Government are an emblematic example. In this study, we present a survey of publicly available information on aquaculture parks to be installed across the Brazilian territory, with emphasis on species status as native or non‐native, and discuss the implications for the conservation of aquatic biodiversity. One hundred and thirty‐nine aquaculture parks (APs), with a total of 1556 sites covering 941.38 hectares, have been called for bids. Among these, 122 APs will contain at least one non‐native species, and 68 APs will be based exclusively on their cultivation. A predictable consequence is the enhancement of propagule pressure in surrounding aquatic ecosystems, increasing the risk of non‐native species establishment or persistence, which will likely intensify the environmental impacts already in course in four major river basins and along the Brazilian coast. These impacts will add up to more direct effects of aquaculture farming – for example elevated input of nutrients and organic matter – and include changes in habitat and water quality, spread of diseases, biotic homogenization, loss of population viability resulting from hybridization and outbreeding depression, and the local extirpation of native species.
Buffalo (Bubalus bubali) Late Embryo and Foetus Development: A Morphological Analysis
Authors: Morini AC , Pieri NCG , Roballo KCS , Martins DS , Ambrósio CE , Morini Junior JC , Favaron PO , Minervino AHH , Pereira FVT , Miglino MA 
Published: June 2016

ContentsMany researches describe the embryonic developmental features in domestic animals; however, in farm animals, they are scarce. Most farm animal studies are related to assisted reproduction and embryos transfer techniques. But, morphological features and size measure to estimate the age gestation are rarely reported in literature. Thus, in this study, we described the developmental changes in the bubaline (Bubalus bubali) concepts from 21 to 60 days of gestation. Our results revealed that buffalo embryos similar morphological characteristics similar to other mammalian species. Also, similarities between bovine and bubaline persist; except on foetal stages when buffalos have a faster development than bovine. Therefore, buffalo's gestation period exhibits some varieties and accurate embryo age is more difficult. Yet, when we use a combination of the crown–rump, macroscopic analysis and alizarin red, it is possible to describe better the whole embryogenesis stages of the buffalo and which can contribute for future reproduction researches and applications in veterinary practice.
Micro X‐ray fluorescence (μXRF) line scanning on Cretaceous rudist bivalves: A new method for reproducible trace element profiles in bivalve calcite
Authors: de Winter Niels J. , Claeys Philippe 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe reconstruction of palaeoclimate on a sub‐annual scale requires the measurement of chemical proxies in fossil material at a high spatial resolution. While various methods for trace element analysis on the micrometre scale are available, they are usually destructive to the sample or not widely accessible. This study evaluates the performance of a table‐top micro X‐ray fluorescence scanner in obtaining reproducible trace element profiles on bivalve calcite. Standard calibration and repeatability tests demonstrate the robustness of results obtained with this new generation micro X‐ray fluorescence device that uses a comparatively high excitation energy of 30 W. Results show that elemental abundances measured using this fast, readily accessible and non‐destructive analytical set‐up are reproducible on the μg g−1 level, and therefore suitable for the analysis of the abundance of commonly studied elements in bivalve calcite (for example, Sr, Mn and Fe). Spectra obtained in this study show considerable improvement in terms of signal to noise ratio compared to earlier table‐top micro X‐ray fluorescence studies. Reliability of the measurements is tested using a conservative detection and quantification limit. Count rates of Ca are used to check for point measurements disturbed by irregularities on the sample surface. Furthermore, the method allows semi‐quantitative two‐dimensional element mapping, which is a convenient tool for the detection of diagenetic alteration in fossil samples. The method reveals records of Sr/Ca, Fe/Ca and Mn/Ca ratios in a Late Campanian Vaccinites vesiculosus shell, with Sr/Ca ratios showing a trend opposite to Mn/Ca and Fe/Ca. Resulting trace element records are discussed in terms of seasonal cyclicity in the Late Cretaceous and diagenetic alteration of the fossil shell.
From Generation to Generation: Changing Dimensions of Intergenerational Farm Transfer
Authors: Chiswell Hannah M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe transfer of managerial control between generations on the family farm has long been understood as a critical and often problematic phase, with implications for both the individual farm business and more broadly, the sustainability of family farming systems. Drawing on empirical data from interviews with prospective successors and farmers in Devon, England, the article provides a contemporary analysis of the transfer of managerial control on family farms. Although in line with traditional conceptualisations, findings reaffirm how many prospective successors were delegated tasks of increasing responsibility, with limited access to the higher responsibility financial management tasks, an emergent cohort of younger prospective successors enjoyed a contrasting progression towards managerial control, involving varied involvement across all aspects of farm management. With reference to late modernity and the individualisation thesis, the article explores how unconstrained by tradition the emerging cohort described a wealth of off‐farm experiences, including what the article terms short‐term diversions, which the analysis reveals have informed and shaped their progression towards managerial control. In view of these findings, the article offers an alternative and up‐to‐date conceptualisation of the transfer of managerial control in the form of the succession matrix, before considering the potential applications and some avenues for future research.
The influence of gender and age on the thickness and echo‐density of skin
Authors: Firooz A. , Rajabi‐Estarabadi A. , Zartab H. , Pazhohi N. , Fanian F. , Janani L. 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundThe more recent use of ultrasound scanning allows a direct measurement on unmodified skin, and is considered to be a reliable method for in vivo measurement of epidermal and dermal thickness. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of gender and age on the thickness and echo‐density of skin measured by high frequency ultrasonography (HFUS).Materials and methodsThis study was carried out on 30 healthy volunteers (17 female, 13 male) with age range of 24–61 years old. The thickness and echo‐density of dermis as well as epidermal entrance echo thickness in five anatomic sites (cheek, neck, palm, dorsal foot, and sole) were measured using two different types of B mode HFUS, 22 and 50 MHz frequencies.ResultsThe epidermal entrance echo thickness and thickness of dermis in males were higher than females, which was statistically significant on neck and dorsum of foot. The echo‐density of dermis was higher in females on all sites, but was only statistically significant on neck. The epidermal entrance echo thickness and thickness of dermis in young age group was statistically higher than old group on sole and dorsal of the foot respectively. Overall, the skin thickness decreased with age.ConclusionHigh frequency ultrasonography method provides a simple non‐invasive method for evaluating the skin thickness and echo‐density. Gender and age have significant effect on these parameters. Differences in study method, population, and body site likely account for different results previously reported.
Characterising the variations in ethnic skin colours: a new calibrated data base for human skin
Authors: Xiao K. , Yates J. M. , Zardawi F. , Sueeprasan S. , Liao N. , Gill L. , Li C. , Wuerger S. 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundAccurate skin colour measurements are important for numerous medical applications including the diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous disorders and the provision of maxillofacial soft tissue prostheses.MethodsIn this study, we obtained accurate skin colour measurements from four different ethnic groups (Caucasian, Chinese, Kurdish, Thai) and at four different body locations (Forehead, cheek, inner arm, back of hand) with a view of establishing a new skin colour database for medical and cosmetic applications. Skin colours are measured using a spectrophotometer and converted to a device‐independent standard colour appearance space (CIELAB) where skin colour is expressed as values along the three dimensions: Lightness L*, Redness a* and Yellowness b*. Skin colour differences and variation are then evaluated as a function of ethnicity and body location.ResultsWe report three main results: (1) When plotted in a standard colour appearance space (CIELAB), skin colour distributions for the four ethnic groups overlap significantly, although there are systematic mean differences. Between ethnicities, the most significant skin colour differences occur along the yellowness dimension, with Thai skin exhibiting the highest yellowness (b*) value and Caucasian skin the lowest value. Facial redness (a*) is invariant across the four ethnic groups. (2) Between different body locations, there are significant variations in redness (a*), with the forehead showing the highest redness value and the inner arm the lowest. (3) The colour gamut is smallest in the Chinese sample and largest in the Caucasian sample, with the Chinese gamut lying entirely the Caucasian gamut. Similarly, the largest variability in skin tones is found in the Caucasian group, and the smallest in the Chinese group.ConclusionBroadly speaking, skin colour variation can be explained by two main factors: individual differences in lightness and yellowness are mostly due to ethnicity, whereas differences in redness are primarily due to different body locations. Variations in lightness are more idiosyncratic probably reflecting the large influence of environmental factors such as exposure to sun.
The Effect of Perfusate Volume on Amikacin Concentration in the Metacarpophalangeal Joint Following Cephalic Regional Limb Perfusion in Standing Horses
Authors: Oreff Gil L. , Dahan Roee , Tatz Amos J. , Raz Tal , Britzi Malka , Kelmer Gal 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveTo determine the influence of 3 perfusate volumes on amikacin concentration in the metacarpophalangeal joint following cephalic regional limb perfusion (RLP) in standing horses.AnimalsSeven healthy horses.MethodsThree perfusate volumes (100, 60, and 30 mL), containing 2 grams of amikacin, were tested during intravenous RLP at the cephalic vein, placing the tourniquet at mid antebrachium, in standing sedated horses. Synovial fluid was collected from the metacarpophalangeal joint before perfusion and at 30 and 120 minutes after perfusion. Serum samples were taken from the jugular vein at the same time points. Samples were analyzed for amikacin concentrations and a repeated measures ANOVA, followed by least squares difference pairwise comparisons to identify differences in amikacin concentration across perfusate volumes. Differences were considered significant at P<.05.ResultsThe mean amikacin concentration in synovial fluid at 30 minutes after perfusion was significantly higher following perfusate volume of 100 mL (579 μg/mL), compared to volumes of 60 mL (227 μg/mL) or 30 mL (282 μg/mL) (P<.05). When a threshold of 160 μg/mL was used, more horses reached the synovial therapeutic threshold following perfusate volume of 100 mL (100%), than horses receiving 60 mL (43%) and 30 mL (57%) at 30 minutes after injection.ConclusionThe use of 100 mL volume for RLP at the cephalic vein in standing horses resulted in higher concentration of amikacin in the synovial fluid and is recommended for use in clinical cases.
A Modular Optimization Method Based on a Multi-DOE Approach Proposed for a Centrifugal Impeller
Authors: Cicconi Paolo , Landi Daniele , Germani Michele 
Published: June 2016

Nowadays, design processes need of agile and flexible tools and methods to meet market needs and Ecodesign directive in the industry of household appliances. Virtual prototyping techniques are widespread in design processes and practices, in order to reduce the project development lead-time and the cost related to any real physical prototyping.
The aim of this paper is the study of a generic modular approach to support the optimization process of simple mechanical parts, using virtual prototyping tools and a multi-DOE solving analysis based on virtual experiments. The target is to increase flexibility in design phases. The research context regards the optimization of a blower for cooker hood applications, in order to improve the fluid dynamic efficacy indicator in accordance with EU Ecodesign directive regarding ventilation fans. The increasing of fluid dynamic efficiency is a way to reduce electrical energy consumption during blower operation.
Particularly, this paper focuses on the design optimization of an impeller for kitchen hood. The research-work takes into account the optimization of the blade profile. Inlet and outlet fluid-blade angles have been analyzed and discussed. The methodology proposes the study of a set of geometrical parameters through an analysis based on DOE scheduling with virtual experiments. The proposed test case provides a study of two different fan wheel models for the same hood application. Three geometrical parameters have been considered. The DOE objective function fits the maximization of the fluid dynamic efficiency indicator, in order to reduce energy consumptions. A multi-DOE approach has been used to evaluate the best configuration set. Several CFD simulations have been conducted and the resultant impeller configuration has been also validated through physical tests.
Understanding Engineering Relational and Knowledge Structures for Facilitation of Collaboration and Global Development
Authors: Pezeshki Charles 
Published: June 2016

The theme of the ASME 2014 Congress has been stated as “Engineering for Global Development”, and emphasizes the need for engineering collaboration for facing the complex challenges extant in the developing world for critical infrastructure, clean water, and so on. Yet there exists little awareness of how to structure design communities to create the knowledge, and the design solutions, for developing countries or global problems. And there is not even a general theory on how to create such design communities that can effectively come to terms with the immense problems facing the globe, as population expands, CO2 in the atmosphere goes up, and the challenges presented by climate change come home to roost on basic human need.
In this paper, the author presents an attempt at the creation of a neurogenic, empathy-based emergent model for creating such communities linking Clare Graves’ and Don Beck’s Spiral Dynamics, empathy development, and Conway’s Law. Coupled with work done previously by Andrew Kahneman, this paper will explain how to create larger design community structures based on empathetic development of design engineers, that will yield both the individuals, as well as the communities based on self-similar principles, that have the temporal and spatial awarenesses necessary to deal with these problems. Additionally, the author will discuss how such relational development will affect the physical structure of design solutions (such as concentrated, hierarchical, or distributed) by integrating this theory with Conway’s Law, which states that the structure of a given product will be a reflection of the organizational structure that created it.
Sustainability Assessment of Products: A Comparative Study of Sustainability Assessment Tools
Authors: Borja Vicente , Ávila Javier , López-Parra Marcelo , Ramírez-Reivich Alejandro , Espinosa Adrián 
Published: June 2016

The number of existing tools, principles and approaches to assess sustainability in products is growing to meet industry and society needs. For those related to design and development in universities, research institutes and companies it is a fundamental issue to recognize features and details of the sustainability assessment tools in order to select the one that best fits their particular needs. This paper describes the outcomes of a product sustainability assessment carried out at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM. The approach followed by the authors in this assessment was aimed at comparing the results provided by a set of software tools and a previous sustainability integrated-criteria tool developed by the research group.
The main contribution of this paper is the insight on the software tools used and on the results of the assessment since the design point of view. The results of the assessment included metrics such as: carbon footprint, energy use, end of life potential, toxicity, eco-toxicity, human toxicity, recyclability, and others. In the first part of the paper, an introduction of the criteria and the software based tools for sustainability assessment used by the authors is presented. Then a justification of the tools used and an explanation on how the comparison was achieved are given. The product used as a case study and the results of its sustainability assessment are presented. The case study part is a home appliance subsystem. In the end of the paper conclusions, insights and further work are given.
Investigations on Deformation in Spur Gear for Transmission Efficiency
Authors: Jawale H. P. , Thorat H. T. , Zalke Harshal 
Published: June 2016

Mechanical gears are important power transmission element in drive systems. The efficiency of the gear drive is important as it is employed in almost all mechanical systems for obtaining desired speed-torque characteristics. Spur gears are obvious choice as a transmission element. The efficiency of spur gear is function of the friction factor, lubrication and dynamic factors like nature of contact and loading on teeth. Loads on gear teeth results in local elastic deformation at point of contact on profile, in addition to cantilever effect. Under tri-axial strains at teeth contour, strain energy is utilized, which is neither capable of performing useful work; nor capable of resuming it as useful energy to the drive.
The present paper considers the effect of tri-axial strain on gear teeth. The deformation in profile is estimated. Strain energy required for elastic deformation under tooth load is predicted. Resulting effect on the transmission efficiency of spur gear is predicted.
Decision-Making Competencies in Engineering and Medicine
Authors: Kahlen Franz-Josef , Swingler George , Alves Anabela C. , Flumerfelt Shannon 
Published: June 2016

A number of studies conducted since the turn of the millennium have identified several deficits in engineering education; the most widely cited are deficits in critical analysis, systems thinking, and visualizing non-linear cause-effect chains. The field of engineering education has undergone a number of notable changes in response to such identified deficits but recent field studies such as Vision 2030 identified remaining shortfalls in engineering competencies as well as significant discrepancies in the perception of the severity of these deficits. While academic engineering programs feel that their programs adequately prepare engineering students for the practice of engineering, entry-level hiring managers disagree.
In the practice of medicine, decision-making in practicing physicians is a critical competency which can make the difference between appropriate and incorrect diagnoses, and may affect the patient’s well-being or his life. Making a decision for an appropriate treatment plan in the face of insufficient or contradicting data points often times is compounded by the fact that time-scales can be significantly shorter than in the case of a machine design project. And while the majority of patients is discharged from hospital care in better health, medical professionals and educators are questioning their own approach to decision making in light of technological advances affecting their disciplines, and because of an improved understanding of the biochemistry and opportunities of genetic manipulations of the human body. Therefore, the field of medical decision making is also undergoing an overhaul in the education and training of medical students.
This paper contrasts the current decision-making competencies that are imparted as part of the respective fields’ academic education, identifies the challenges in each discipline, and identifies opportunities for cross-pollination of better practices to develop decision-making competencies.
Exocytosis of Alphaherpesvirus Virions, Light Particles, and Glycoproteins Uses Constitutive Secretory Mechanisms
Authors: Hogue Ian B. , Scherer Julian , Enquist Lynn W. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

Many molecular and cell biological details of the alphaherpesvirus assembly and egress pathway remain unclear. Recently we developed a live-cell fluorescence microscopy assay of pseudorabies virus (PRV) exocytosis, based on
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otal
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nternal
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eflection
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luorescence (TIRF) microscopy and a virus-encoded pH-sensitive fluorescent probe. Here, we use this assay to distinguish three classes of viral exocytosis in a nonpolarized cell type: (i) trafficking of viral glycoproteins to the plasma membrane, (ii) exocytosis of viral light particles, and (iii) exocytosis of virions. We find that viral glycoproteins traffic to the cell surface in association with constitutive secretory Rab GTPases and exhibit free diffusion into the plasma membrane after exocytosis. Similarly, both virions and light particles use these same constitutive secretory mechanisms for egress from infected cells. Furthermore, we show that viral light particles are distinct from cellular exosomes. Together, these observations shed light on viral glycoprotein trafficking steps that precede virus particle assembly and reinforce the idea that virions and light particles share a biogenesis and trafficking pathway.

IMPORTANCE
The alphaherpesviruses, including the important human pathogens herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, and varicella-zoster virus (VZV), are among the few viruses that have evolved to exploit the mammalian nervous system. These viruses typically cause mild recurrent herpetic or zosteriform lesions but can also cause debilitating herpes encephalitis, more frequently in very young, old, immunocompromised, or nonnatural hosts. Importantly, many of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of viral assembly and egress remain unclear. This study addresses the trafficking of viral glycoproteins to the plasma membrane, exocytosis of light particles, and exocytosis of virions. Trafficking of glycoproteins affects immune evasion and pathogenesis and may precede virus particle assembly. The release of light particles may also contribute to immune evasion and pathogenesis. Finally, exocytosis of virions is important to understand, as this final step in the virus replication cycle produces infectious extracellular particles capable of spreading to the next round of host cells.