bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neural differentiation of incorrectly predicted memories
Authors: Kim Ghootae , Norman Kenneth A. , Turk-Browne Nicholas B. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWhen an item is predicted in a particular context but the prediction is violated, memory for that item is weakened (Kim et al., 2014). Here we explore what happens when such previously mispredicted items are later re-encountered. According to prior neural network simulations, this sequence of events - misprediction and subsequent restudy - should lead to differentiation of the item's neural representation from the previous context (on which the misprediction was based). Specifically, misprediction weakens connections in the representation to features shared with the previous context, and restudy allows new features to be incorporated into the representation that are not shared with the previous context. This cycle of misprediction and restudy should have the net effect of moving the item‘s neural representation away from the neural representation of the previous context. We tested this hypothesis using fMRI, by tracking changes in item-specific BOLD activity patterns in the hippocampus, a key structure for representing memories and generating predictions. In left CA2/3/DG, we found greater neural differentiation for items that were repeatedly mispredicted and restudied compared to items from a control condition that was identical except without misprediction. We also measured prediction strength in a trial-by-trial fashion and found that greater misprediction for an item led to more differentiation, further supporting our hypothesis. Thus, the consequences of prediction error go beyond memory weakening: If the mispredicted item is restudied, the brain adaptively differentiates its memory representation to improve the accuracy of subsequent predictions and to shield it from further weakening.SignificanceCompetition between overlapping memories leads to weakening of non-target memories over time, making it easier to access target memories. However, a non-target memory in one context might become a target memory in another context. How do such memories get re-strengthened without increasing competition again? Computational models suggest that the brain handles this by reducing neural connections to the previous context and adding connections to new features that were not part of the previous context. The result is neural differentiation away from the previous context. Here provide support for this theory, using fMRI to track neural representations of individual memories in the hippocampus and how they change based on learning.
Energy Conservation as a Measure of Simulation Accuracy
Authors: Eastman Peter , Pande Vijay S. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractEnergy conservation is widely used as a measure of accuracy for molecular simulations. When reporting rates of energy drift, researchers usually assume it is linear in the simulation length, temperature, and system size. We study these assumptions and find that all three are incorrect. Energy drift is too complicated to characterize with a single number, and a more sophisticated analysis is needed to identify the effects of systematic versus random drift, and of integration error versus numerical error. We further argue that energy conservation is not a reliable measure of accuracy. Having small overall drift on long time scales is not a sufficient condition, and in some cases not a necessary condition, for a simulation to produce meaningful results.
Marketing in B2B organisations: as it is; as it should be – a commentary for change
Authors: McDonald Malcolm 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
There are many challenges facing senior marketing people, and this commentary paper, based on the author’s consultancy experience, teaching expertise and observations of the business-to-business (B2B) environment, aims to address the causal relationship between marketing expenditure and results, which is holding back marketers from inclusion in the boardroom.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper includes a contextual analysis with questions and answers, giving supporting examples and facts.

Findings
B2B marketers have work extensively to earn a place in the boardroom. The author remains optimistic that given the increasing number of chartered marketers (marketing executives qualified to practice via the Chartered Institute of Marketing) and marketing MSc programmes, B2B marketers will eventually earn the right become the main drivers of corporate strategy, as is the case in the best companies in the world.

Originality/value
The paper brings valuable insight into enhancing marketing accountability and to provide a better position to marketers in the boardroom.
Does cultural intelligence matter?
Authors: Collins Kathy S. , Duyar Ibrahim , Pearson Carolyn L. 
Published: October 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine whether the levels of cultural intelligence (CQ) of principals and teachers influence Latino students’ achievement. The study first tested the applicability of Ang and Van Dyne’s (2008) Cultural Intelligence Questionnaire (CQS) for the measurement of principals and teachers’ CQ levels by construct validating this instrument. Later, it investigated whether the CQ levels of principals and teachers explain the achievement levels of Latino students in mathematics and language arts.Design/methodology/approachA naturalistic relational research design was used to study the relationships between the study variables. Participants included a cluster random sample of 86 principals and 311 teachers in a southern state. The convergent validation was used to establish the construct validity of the CQS by correlating CQS subscale scores with several measures of principal and teacher multicultural exposure. A series of hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to investigate the association between the principal and teacher CQS subscale scores and the Latino student achievement scores on state standardized tests.FindingsThe four-factor structure of the CQS scale was found to be valid in the educational settings. Principals’ level of CQ significantly predicted Latino students’ achievement scores of eight grade math and eight grade language arts. On the contrary to the expectations, there was no evidence to suggest that teacher-level CQ as measured by the CQS is predictive of Latino student achievement. Further analyses showed that multicultural exposures of teachers, such as being multilingual and visiting other countries, significantly predicted Latino students’ language arts performance.Originality/valueThis study has policy and research implications toward understanding and eliminating achievement gaps of Latino student populations. It sheds empirical light on whether this gap can be explained with the multicultural intelligence levels of principals and teachers, the two most influential actors in schools. By construct validating CQS, the study methodologically contributed to the pertinent educational research, which lacks instruments for the measurement of CQ levels of educational workforce.
Aspiration to enrol children in Islamic studies: a case of academicians
Authors: Islam Tazul , Zayed Tareq M. 
Published: October 2016

PurposeA preliminary observation reveals that children of Islamic studies (IS) academicians do not choose IS as their career discipline. In view of this, this paper aims to explore the dimensions of parental attitudes, behaviours, perceptions and aspirations in seeing a future in IS for their children.Design/methodology/approachFifteen interviews were conducted to explore the attitude of IS academicians. Findings led us to hypothesize that perceived social recognition explains the maximum variance. Later, 126 academicians were surveyed.FindingsResults of regression analysis rejected the null hypothesis. The parental attitude of IS academicians, their engagement and perceived social recognition significantly predicted their aspiration in enrolling their children in IS. The regression model explained 64 per cent of total variance accounted for IS academicians’ career aspirations for their children. This study suggests investigating the socio-cultural and geographical impact on the career aspirations of IS academicians for their children.Originality/valueThe findings and results of the study can contribute to educational counselling to guide the counsellors. Further study on this issue may reveal whether IS academicians have plans to modify the curriculum or change their socio-economic status. It should also be examined whether they are doing so as a part of their implicit or explicit strategy.
Does anthropomorphism influence customers’ switching intentions in the self-service technology failure context?
Authors: Fan Alei , Wu Luorong (Laurie) , Mattila Anna S. 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
To enhance customer experiences, firms are increasingly adding human-like features to their self-service technology (SST) machines. To that end, the purpose of the present study is to examine customer interactions with an anthropomorphic machine in a service failure context. Specifically, the authors investigate the joint effects of machine voice, an individual’s sense of power and the presence of other customers in influencing customers’ switching intentions following an SST failure.

Design/methodology/approach
In this study, the authors used a quasi-experimental design in which they manipulated voice type (anthropomorphic vs robotic) and the presence of other customers (present vs absent) in video-based scenarios while measuring customers’ sense of power. The scenarios reflected a service failure experience with a self-service kiosk at an airport. The authors tested the hypotheses using PROCESS analyses with the Johnson–Neyman technique.

Findings
Consumer reactions to SST failures vary depending on the degree of anthropomorphism associated with an SST machine, an individual’s sense of power and the presence of other customers.

Research limitations/implications
Field inquiry and an investigation in other SST contexts or of other anthropomorphic features are needed to generalize the findings.

Practical implications
Service providers targeting powerful consumers should consider the social presence of others when incorporating anthropomorphic features into their SST facilities.

Originality/value
This study is the first to examine consumer responses to service failures in an anthropomorphic SST context.
Consumer search and satisfaction with mental health services
Authors: Larson Lindsay R.L. , Bock Dora Elizabeth 
Published: October 2016

PurposeRecent evidence on consumer decision-making suggests that highly complex choice scenarios lead consumers to use simplistic decision heuristics, often resulting in suboptimal decision-making. This study aims to investigate the relationships among consumers’ primary information source, patient satisfaction and patient well-being, specifically focused on the search for mental health professionals. The selection of a mental health provider is of interest, because practitioners work from a highly diverse set of theoretical bases, may hold a wide range of different credentials and provide drastically different therapeutic approaches, therefore making the selection complex and difficult for consumers to self-navigate.Design/methodology/approachThree studies were undertaken, with data sampling from both patients of mental health services and practitioners.FindingsConsumers selecting a provider based on self-performed searches, rather than receiving external input (referrals from physicians, relatives or friends), report lower satisfaction with their mental health provider. In turn, patient satisfaction positively impacts patient well-being. Practitioner data corroborate these findings, revealing that a large percentage of patients stem from a self-performed internet search, though mental health providers recognize that external referrals are likely to lead to better outcomes.Originality/valueThe results reveal the importance of understanding the consumer search and, particularly, the use of the internet as a search tool. The results present several implications for service providers, including the need to identify patients’ primary source utilized within an information search, as it can adversely impact patient satisfaction.
Applications of Wine Pomace in the Food Industry: Approaches and Functions
Authors: García‐Lomillo Javier , González‐SanJosé María Luisa 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWinemaking generates large amounts of wine pomace, also called grape pomace. This by‐product has attracted the attention of food scientists and the food industry, due to its high content in nutrients and bioactive compounds. This review mainly focuses on the different published approaches to the use of wine pomace and its functions in the food industry. Traditionally, wine pomace has been used to obtain wine alcohol, food colorings, and grape seed oil. More recently, research has focused in the production of other value‐added products, such as extracts of bioactive compounds, mainly phenols, recovery of tartaric acid, and the making of flours. The most common functions associated with wine pomace products are their use as antioxidants, followed by their use as fortifying, coloring, and antimicrobial agents. These products have mainly been applied to the preparation of meat and fish products and to, a lesser extent, cereal products.
Impacts of Scarification and Degermination on the Expansion Characteristics of Select Quinoa Varieties during Extrusion Processing
Authors: Aluwi Nicole A. , Gu Bon‐Jae , Dhumal Gaurav S. , Medina‐Meza Ilce G. , Murphy Kevin M. , Ganjyal Girish M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractExtrusion of 2 quinoa varieties, Cherry Vanilla and Black (scarified and unscarified) and a mixed quinoa variety, Bolivian Royal (scarified and degermed) were studied for their extrusion characteristics. A corotating twin‐screw extruder with a 3 mm round die was used. Feed moisture contents of 15%, 20%, and 25% (wet basis) were studied. The extruder barrel temperature was kept constant at 140 °C and screw speeds were varied from 100, 150, and 200 revolutions per minutes. Process responses (specific mechanical energy, back pressure, and torque) and product responses (expansion ratio, unit density, and water absorption index/water solubility index) were evaluated. The degermed Bolivian Royal showed the highest expansion in comparison to all other varieties, attributed to its significantly low levels of fat, fiber, and protein. The scarified Cherry Vanilla resulted in the lowest expansion ratio. This was attributed to the increase in the protein content from the removal of the outer layer. The results indicate that all the varieties performed differently in the extrusion process due to their modification processes as well as the individual variety characteristics.
Analysis of cell‐free fetal DNA in maternal blood for detection of trisomy 21, 18 and 13 in a general pregnant population and in a high risk population – a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Iwarsson Erik , Jacobsson Bo , Dagerhamn Jessica , Davidson Thomas , Bernabé Eduardo , Heibert Arnlind Marianne 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this study was to review the performance of non‐invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for detection of trisomy 21, 18 and 13 (T21, T18 and T13) in a general pregnant population as well as to update the data on high‐risk pregnancies.Material and methodsSystematic review and meta‐analysis. PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library were searched. Methodological quality was rated using QUADAS and scientific evidence using GRADE. Summary measures of diagnostic accuracy were calculated using a bivariate random‐effects model.ResultsIn a general pregnant population, there is moderate evidence that the pooled sensitivity is 0.993 (95% CI 0.955–0.999) and specificity was 0.999 (95% CI 0.998–0.999) for the analysis of T21. Pooled sensitivity and specificity for T13 and T18 was not calculated in this population due to the low number of studies. In a high‐risk pregnant population, there is moderate evidence that the pooled sensitivities for T21 and T18 are 0.998 (95% CI 0.981–0.999) and 0.977 (95% CI 0.958–0.987) respectively, and low evidence that the pooled sensitivity for T13 is 0.975 (95% CI 0.819–0.997). The pooled specificity for all three trisomies is 0.999 (95% CI 0.998–0.999).ConclusionsThis is the first meta‐analysis using GRADE that shows that NIPT performs well as a screen for trisomy 21 in a general pregnant population. Although the false positive rate is low compared with first trimester combined screening, women should still be advised to confirm a positive result by invasive testing if termination of pregnancy is under consideration.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new highly concentrated intranasal midazolam formulation for conscious sedation
Authors: Schrier Lenneke , Zuiker Rob , Merkus Frans W. H. M. , Klaassen Erica S. , Guan Zheng , Tuk Bert , van Gerven Joop M. A. , van der Geest Ronald , Groeneveld Geert Jan 
Published: October 2016

AimTo evaluate the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, nasal tolerance and effects on sedation of a highly concentrated aqueous intranasal midazolam formulation (Nazolam) and to compare these to intravenous midazolam.MethodsIn this four‐way crossover, double‐blind, double‐dummy, randomized, placebo‐controlled study, 16 subjects received 2.5 mg Nazolam, 5.0 mg Nazolam, 2.5 mg intravenous midazolam or placebo on different occasions. Pharmacokinetics of midazolam and α‐hydroxy‐midazolam were characterized and related to outcome variables for sedation (saccadic peak velocity, the Bond and Lader visual analogue scale for sedation, the simple reaction time task and the observer's assessment of alertness/sedation). Nasal tolerance was evaluated through subject reporting, and ear, nose and throat examination.ResultsNazolam bioavailability was 75%. Maximal plasma concentrations of 31 ng ml−1 (CV, 42.3%) were reached after 11 min (2.5 mg Nazolam), and of 66 ng ml−1 (coefficient of variability, 31.5%) after 14 min (5.0 mg Nazolam). Nazolam displayed a significant effect on OAA/S scores. Sedation onset (based on SPV change) occurred 1 ± 0.7 min after administration of 2.5 mg intravenous midazolam, 7 ± 4.4 min after 2.5 mg Nazolam, and 4 ± 1.8 min after 5 mg Nazolam. Sedation duration was 118 ± 95.6 min for 2.5 mg intravenous midazolam, 76 ± 80.4 min for 2.5 mg Nazolam, and 145 ± 104.9 min for 5.0 mg Nazolam. Nazolam did not lead to nasal mucosa damage.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the nasal tolerance, safety and efficacy of Nazolam. When considering the preparation time needed for obtaining venous access, conscious sedation can be achieved in the same time span as needed for intravenous midazolam. Nazolam may offer important advantages in conscious sedation.
Mentalization and depressive symptoms in a clinical sample of adolescents and young adults
Authors: Belvederi Murri Martino , Ferrigno Gabriella , Penati Simona , Muzio Caterina , Piccinini Giulia , Innamorati Marco , Ricci Federica , Pompili Maurizio , Amore Mario 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundIncreasing evidence supports that mentalization deficits may have a role in the genesis of young age depression; however, few studies examined this issue in clinical populations.MethodsOutpatients aged 14–21, suffering from various psychiatric disorders, were assessed using the Mentalization Questionnaire (MZQ), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), using data from age‐matched healthy students for comparison. The relationship between CTQ, MZQ, and BDI scores was examined at the cross‐sectional level, including mediation analyses, and longitudinally, in a subsample who underwent a psychotherapy intervention.ResultsOf 83 subjects, 33 (39.8%) had mentalization levels that were 1 standard deviation below those of comparison subjects. In the whole sample, the levels of mentalization were inversely associated with BDI (r = −.68, p < .001) and CTQ scores (r = −.30, p = .006). Moreover, MZQ scores mediated a large part of the effect of childhood trauma on depression (total effect: 10.6, 95% CI: 5.3, 15.9; direct effect: 6.5, 95% CI: 2.1, 10.8; indirect effect: 4.1, 95% CI: 1.5, 7.4). This effect was almost entirely explained by the Affect Regulation subscale. In patients re‐evaluated after four sessions (n = 37), the decrease in BDI scores correlated with the increase in MZQ scores (r = .40, p = .02).ConclusionsIn a juvenile clinical sample, deficits of mentalization abilities were associated with the severity of depression and explained part of the depressogenic effects of childhood trauma.
The Norms of Popular Peers Moderate Friendship Dynamics of Adolescent Aggression
Authors: Laninga‐Wijnen Lydia , Harakeh Zeena , Steglich Christian , Dijkstra Jan K. , Veenstra René , Vollebergh Wilma 
Published: October 2016

This study examined whether peer norms for aggression within the classroom impact friendship selection, maintenance, and socialization processes related to aggression across the 1st year of secondary school (N = 1,134 students from 51 classes, Mage = 12.66). As hypothesized, longitudinal social network analyses indicated that friendship selection and influence processes related to aggression depended on the popularity norm within the classroom (i.e., the class‐level association between popularity and aggression) rather than the descriptive norm (aggregated average of aggressive behavior). Hence, only in classes where the valence of aggression is high (because it is positively associated with popularity), adolescents tend to select their friends based on similarity in aggression and adopt the aggressive behavior of their friends.
Improvement in the prediction of exercise‐induced elevation of left ventricular filling pressure in patients with normal left ventricular ejection fraction
Authors: Meluzin Jaroslav , Starek Zdenek , Kulik Tomas , Jez Jiri , Lehar Frantisek , Tomandl Josef , Dusek Ladislav , Wolf Jiri , Leinveber Pavel , Novak Miroslav 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundNoninvasive diagnosis of exercise‐induced elevation of left ventricular filling pressure is difficult and remains unsatisfactory. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of the ratio of early diastolic transmitral (E) to mitral annular (e′) velocity and to determine new parameters or parameter combinations with the ability to predict exercise‐induced left atrial pressure (LAP) elevation.Methods and resultsEighty patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) referred for catheter AF ablation underwent simultaneous exercise echocardiography and direct invasive LAP measurements, as well as a resting and postexercise biomarker analysis. Exercise E/e′ ≥8.85 predicted exercise LAP ≥20 mm Hg with 61.5% sensitivity and 88.9% specificity (area under the curve [AUC], 0.76). Of all of the individual parameters tested, the best prediction was achieved with exercise E/s′ (s′=peak systolic mitral annular velocity) ≥8.75 (sensitivity, 88.5%; specificity, 64.8%; positive predictive value, 54.8%; negative predictive value, 92.1%; AUC, 0.84). However, the combination of exercise E/A (A = late diastolic transmitral flow velocity) ≥1.22 + exercise E/e′ ≥8.85 + exercise s′≤11.05 cm/s provided the most precise prediction of exercise LAP elevation (sensitivity, 84.6%; specificity, 79.6%; positive predictive value, 66.7%; negative predictive value, 91.5%; AUC, 0.90).ConclusionsExercise E/e′, when used as a sole parameter, was not sufficiently reliable to predict exercise‐induced elevation of LAP. The application of a multivariate‐adjusted combination of parameters appeared to be the preferable approach for the noninvasive prediction of exercise LAP elevation.