bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pinpointing Water Entries in Dead Horizontal Wells
Authors: Bawazir Mustafa Abdulrahman , Haji Ahmad Haji Nawawi , Zeybek Murat , Malik Shauket 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Increased water production is often the cause of reduced well performance, decreased hydrocarbon production, and/or killing the well. Water entry must be pinpointed before the remedial work to shutoff the water and to increase well productivity. A standard practice for shutting off the water is by running an integrated multiphase production logging tool, which is challenging in horizontal wells due to the high deviation, wellbore conditions, and multiple flow regimes. The diagnosis of this type of well becomes complicated when the horizontal well is dead.
In this paper, three field examples are presented on data acquisition (logging) in dead horizontal wells, with subsequent interpretation to pinpoint the water entry interval(s). The first well was completed with an inflow control device (ICD). An integrated production logging run during shut-in identified a leak with crossflow from the blank pipe to the open hole. The water source was determined to be a zone above the completed intervals. The second example is an open hole completion. The well flowed after nitrogen (N2) gas kickoff and the water entry was pinpointed from the toe section along with the oil profile. The third example is also a horizontal open hole completion. This well did not flow naturally, despite N2 lifting for 8 hours. Logging was conducted while injecting N2. Repeated passes yielded consistent results in pinpointing the water entry interval, and the water entry was identified also from the toe section.
These field examples demonstrated that integrated job planning and integrated interpretation are essential to opening new opportunities for diagnosing dead wells and providing solutions. Guidelines and recommendations for logging dead wells are now available for these types of logging conditions.

Introduction
The objectives of running integrated horizontal multiphase production logging (MPL) tools are mainly to obtain fluid-flow profiles, determine the relative contribution of the reservoir intervals, and identify water/gas breakthrough intervals to provide data for water/gas shutoff operations. Integrated horizontal MPLs are also used to evaluate the performance of open hole horizontal producers (Al-Muthana, et al. 2008), the effectiveness of a well completion (such as smart completions) or workover operations (such as water/gas shutoffs).
Multiphase production logging is challenging in horizontal wells due to high deviation, wellbore conditions, and/or multiple flow regimes. In addition, there are many different scenarios that could lead to high-water production sources such as:· Tubing, casing, or packer leak· Flow behind the casing and problems in or near the wellbore such as poor cement· Water coning· Rapid breakthrough of water through fissures
Floating LNG - Groundbreaking Innovation Becoming a Reality
Authors: Stegenga Sander , Pek Barend Johan Jan 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
While today's volatile business environment - including the global financial crisis; technological advancements, maturing 'easy gas' developments, heightened environmental scrutiny and an overheated construction market may have delayed FIDs for LNG projects, this same combination of forces and trends have led to the energy industry's renewed interest in Floating LNG (FLNG) and a growing belief that its time may have finally come, at least for a few of the interested parties and as evidenced by Shell taking FID on the Prelude FLNG Project in Australia.
Floating liquefaction of natural gas or FLNG has captured the imagination of engineers and LNG business developers ever since it was first considered. The concept is simple, but attractive: "Let's put the LNG facilities directly over the offshore gas resource rather than processing and piping the gas long distances to onshore liquefaction facilities".
FLNG has huge potential to extend the portfolio of traditional LNG concepts necessary to meet the energy challenge of the 21st century. Technological and commercial challenges may have prevented FLNG succeeding for a long time, as evidenced by the fact that there are no FLNG facilities currently in operation, but the world's first FID has been taken in May this year and the Prelude FLNG Project will move ahead through detailed design and construction over the next few years. The market circumstances, the environmental circumstances, and the technical maturity lead us to believe that Shell FLNG has now grown up to become a very serious gas monetisation option and that this first FID will not be the last.
The technical concept of Shell FLNG with some of its key technical challenges, and the inherent safety approach applied throughout the design is described in this paper. The main focus is on some of the key technical challenges and choices made in the design.
Managing Structural Integrity of Offshore Platforms: Looking Back to Drive the Future
Authors: Piva Roberto , Latronico Margherita , Nero Andrea , Sartirana Stefano 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The ability of a structure to perform its required function effectively and efficiently over a defined time period whilst protecting health, safety and environment is one of the major task to take into account especially for the old ageing installations.
Considering that actual industry and regulatory authorities require the management of integrity not only at the design stage but during the entire service life, a Structural Integrity Management (SIM) process was developed by eni e&p to monitor offshore fields in the world by means of appropriate programmes of periodic inspections and life-extensions assessments. SIM evolved over the last 25 years according to Company best practices. Considering that the underwater inspection of offshore installations is a complex and expensive activity, a risk-based approach was adopted by eni e&p to monitor platforms conditions as an efficient methodology to obtain cost-efficient and state-of-art inspection plans. The risk-based strategy for the development of inspection scopes of work requires a thorough understanding of susceptibility to damage, tolerance of damage, and actual conditions of a platform.
Due to the awareness that in-service inspection campaigns can only assess the local platform degradation due to environment, corrosion and accidental impacts, engineering activities as Ultimate Strength Methods are also performed with the purpose of investigating the global platform behaviour and safety level. This typically involves the use of nonlinear, large deformation analysis to determine the maximum loading that the platform can sustain without collapsing, even in presence of local damages.
According to these approaches, at present, about 100 offshore conventional platforms installed in Italy seas are monitored, with 40 of them recertified to extend their operative life over the design life. Eni e&p Integrity Assessment approach was also applied to old steel gravity platforms within-service life of about 40 years in the offshore Congo.
Effect of Main Factors on Oil Recovery of Surfactant-Polymer Flooding
Authors: Zhu Youyi , Zhang Yi , Hou Qingfeng , Yuan Hong , Jian Guoqing 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Alkali-free surfactant-polymer combination flooding (SP flooding) can avoid side-effects encountered in alkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP) combination flooding, such as scaling and corrosion damaged the lifting system, strong emulsification resulted in produced liquid treatment problems and high cost of water handing. It can reduce the operation cost and be applied in oilfield easily. However, the oil displacement mechanism of SP flooding is not fully understood. In this paper, the main factors on enhancing oil recovery of SP flooding such as viscoelasticity, interfacial tension, emulsification and wettability of rocks surface were studied based on the Berea core oil displacement tests.
The results of SP flooding physical simulation tests showed that:High viscoelasticity of SP flooding was an important factor contributing higher oil recovery. When the ratio of viscosity of the displacement fluid to that of oil was more than 2, the higher oil recovery could be obtained by SP flooding.The lower the interfacial tension, the higher the incremental oil recovery. When the interfacial tension of oil and water decreased to 5×10-3mN/m level, almost the highest incremental oil recovery of SP flooding could be obtained. Compared with the SP flooding system of solely high viscosity, more than 7–15% incremental oil recovery could be obtained by that of both lower interfacial tension and high viscosityWhen emulsification intensity increased, the incremental oil recovery of SP flooding increased accordingly. Compard to the weak emulsification SP system, more than 6–11% incremental oil recovery could be obtained by means of enhancing emulsification ability.Oil recovery of SP flooding at water-wet core condition was higher than that at intermediate-wet or oil-wet one.
Studies on main factors for oil displacement efficiency of SP flooding are very important for the formula optimization of SP system, and they will provide foundation for scenario design of field tests and applications of SP flooding.
New Findings on Heatloss of Superheated Steam Transmitted Along the Wellbore and Heating Enhancement in Heavy Oil Reservoirs
Authors: An Zhu Xu , Longxin Mu , Zifei Fan , Lun Zhao 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
At the conclusion of several cycles conventional saturated steam huff and puff in heavy oil reservoirs, the heating radius are typically only 20–30m as it went through successive saturated steam huff and puff. The heating scope can't be enlarged by continuing saturated steam huff and puff any more. However, superheated steam huff and puff as a additional heavy oil recovery significantly increased heating radius of saturated steam huff and puff. Conventional saturated steam huff and puff theory is not applicable for superheated steam. In this study, superheat steam heat transmission mathematical models was established by three laws such as the law of conservation of mass, the theorem of momentum and the law of conservation of energy, thermodynamics and fluid flow theories. Based on models, the parameters such as temperature, dryness, pressure, degree of superheat, heat loss along the wellbore were calculated. This work analysis the superior properties of superheated steam and bring forward superiority of superheated steam huff and puff to effectively develop heavy oil reservoirs in recovery mechanisms, including simulation studies, and current pilot test effects.
UMA ANÁLISE GEOGRÁFICA DO PLANO DE DESENVOLVIMENTO TURÍSTICO DE CAVALCANTE-GOIÁS
Authors: Araújo Sobrinho Fernando Luiz , Da Silva Alves Iara Cristina , Mollo Vieira Patrícia Laundry 
Published: May 2016

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o Plano de Desenvolvimento Turístico do Município de Cavalcante enquanto instrumento de planejamento turístico do governo municipal e de política pública, considerando-se conceitos centrais geográficos para a compreensão da transformação do espaço. A importância da ciência geográfica para a análise do plano de desenvolvimento do turismo no Município de Cavalcante se deve ao fato de a Geografia possibilitar a compreensão do turismo como vetor de desenvolvimento social local. A partir do levantamento de indicadores socioeconômicos do município e do cotejamento destes com o Plano, verificou-se que, não tendo sido considerado o contexto socioeconômico de Cavalcante (GO) no diagnóstico, o Plano de Desenvolvimento Turístico proposto perdeu a oportunidade de integrar áreas importantes de políticas públicas a fim de potencializar não só o turismo local, como também de proporcionar o incremento dos indicadores de desenvolvimento humano e melhoria da qualidade de vida da comunidade local.
The Centennial of a Landmark Case in Obstetric and Gynecologic Law and Ethics: Retelling the Story of Schloendorff vs New York Hospital
Authors: McCullough Laurence B , Chervenak Frank A , Chervenak Judith 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
This paper honors the centennial of a case, Schloendorff vs Society of New York Hospital, that became a landmark in the history of consent for clinical care. For a century, Schloendorff has been understood as a case of surgery done without consent on an anesthetized patient when a pelvic mass was discovered. We honor the centennial of this case by retelling the story of what actually was a case that illustrates the clinical ethical errors that occur when physicians fail to communicate with each other and with their patient. To retell this story, we review the original medical and surgical records, letters of key participants in the case, and the trial-court record. Contrary to what is commonly thought, Ms Schloendorff actually lost her legal case and, indeed, her surgery might not have been performed at all, had her clinicians known, communicated, documented, and reaffirmed what the patient actually wanted. This new perspective on Schloendorff is important for obstetric and gynecologic care, because it vividly documents the perils of the medical errors of implicit consent, delegating the obtaining of consent, and miscommunication among clinicians. In the context of Schloendorff, the modern culture of patient safety and quality that has come to define excellent obstetric and gynecologic care, including ultrasound, should be understood as a powerful preventive to the clinical ethical perils of miscommunication that reduce the quality of patient care and unnecessarily compromise professional obstetric and gynecologic ultrasound.

How to cite this article
Chervenak J, McCullough LB, Chervenak FA. The Centennial of a Landmark Case in Obstetric and Gynecologic Law and Ethics: Retelling the Story of Schloendorff vs New York Hospital. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(1):3-8.
Benefits and Limitations with Ultrasound Imaging in the First Trimester
Authors: Rayburn William F , Izquierdo Luis A 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Widespread use of home pregnancy tests and the availability of first trimester genetic screening many ultrasound imaging studies being performed before 14 weeks gestation. While these scans are believed to be safe, the additional time and expense has led to questioning about its value unless indicated by vaginal bleeding, persistent nausea, potential teratogen exposure, medical complications associated with early reproductive loss or an congenital anomalies, repetitive early pregnancy loss, or desire for genetic testing. A scan at or beyond 7 weeks allows for confirmation of viability and accuracy of gestational dating by crown rump measurement. The observation of either a subchorionic hematoma or an abnormal configuration of the uterine cavity alerts the provider to the greater risk of a spontaneous abortion, placental abruption, preterm delivery, or fetal growth restriction. Gestational trophoblastic disease can be diagnosed earlier with subsequent performance of an ultrasound-directed suction curettage before morbid conditions worsen. Certain congenital anomalies can be diagnosed as early as the 11 to 14th week. Multifetal gestations can be diagnosed early with chorionicity determined between the 6th and 12th week. Nearly all maternal adnexal masses are small and require no follow-up imaging by the 15th week unless large (> 5 cm), complex, or discomfort ensues. Experience of the sonographer, resolution capabilities of the imaging machinery, maternal obesity, and fetal positioning limit interpretation capabilities. Technological refinements with three-dimensional (3D) imaging and higher definition resolution hold promise for improved accuracy in anatomic and blood flow studies.

How to cite this article
Rayburn WF, Izquierdo LA. Benefits and Limitations with Ultrasound Imaging in the First Trimester. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(1):9-13.
Obstetric Ultrasound: Balancing Recommendations with Expectations
Authors: Bartholomew Marguerite Lisa 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTObstetric ultrasound is unlike any other form of medical imaging. The expectations of the provider performing the ultrasound are dramatically different from those of the woman receiving the ultrasound. Ultrasound providers are often put into situations where the practice of medicine is superseded by expectations of a pregnant woman and her family who see themselves as consumers of ‘medictainment’ rather than patients. Women come to obstetric ultrasound with the primary expectation to hear the simple news that their baby is normal and most wish to know the fetal sex as a secondary piece of information. They would also like to have information ahead of time about what to expect from an ultrasound examination experience. Ultrasound physicians are charged with the task of identifying something wrong, providing a definitive diagnosis, and communicating it in a balanced and relatively unemotional manner, while at the same time being beneficent and respectful of patient autonomy. Patients may not want to find out that something is wrong, but when there is, they want direct, compassionate communication, and a plan of action.How to cite this articleBartholomew ML. Obstetric Ultrasound: Balancing Recommendations with Expectations. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(1):14-22.
Fetal Ultrasound as a Window into Maternal Health
Authors: Yamasato Kelly , Burlingame Janet 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Healthcare providers commonly use obstetric ultrasound to assess fetal well-being. However, the potential for fetal findings to manifest maternal disease is often underappreciated. This article will review the relationships between obstetric ultrasound findings and underlying maternal medical conditions in three settings: (1) fetal growth abnormalities related to underlying maternal disease, (2) congenital malformations secondary to diabetes and maternal exposure to chemical and infectious teratogens, and (3) congenital heart block due to maternal autoimmune disease. The obstetric ultrasound should be a tool used for the care and evaluation of the maternal as well as the fetal patient.

How to cite this article
Yamasato K, Burlingame J. Fetal Ultrasound as a Window into Maternal Health. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(1):37-41.
Just Images: Gynecology
Authors: Lum Jennifer , Hiraoka Mark 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTDiagnostic ultrasound is the primary imaging modality utilized to detect abnormalities of the female reproductive tract. The following cases represent some of the interesting cases imaged at our institution.ObjectivesInterpret ultrasound images of the female reproductive tract. Assimilate the interpretation of sonographic images into a differential diagnosis. Correlate sonographic imaging with clinical outcomes.How to cite this articleLum J, Hiraoka M. Just Images: Gynecology. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(1):42-49.
Placental Blood Flow by Three-dimensional Doppler Ultrasound
Authors: Zalud Ivica 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
This review aims to provide the reader with an overview of the potential clinical applications in three-dimensional (3D) Doppler ultrasound for the evaluation of vascularity and blood flow within the placenta. Significant innovations have recently occurred, improving the visualization and evaluation of placental vascularity, resulting from enhancements in delineation of tissue detail through electronic compounding and harmonics, as well as enhancements in signal processing of frequencyand/ or amplitude-based color Doppler ultrasound. Spatial representation of vascularity can be improved by utilizing 3D processing. Greater sensitivity of 3D Doppler ultrasound to macro- and microvascular flow has provided improved anatomical and physiologic assessment throughout pregnancy. The rapid development of these new sonographic techniques will continue to enlarge the scope of clinical applications in placental studies. Three-dimensional Doppler sonography is a unique ultrasound technique that enables assessment of vascular signals within the whole investigated area. Homodynamic changes included in the process of placentation are one of the most exciting topics in the investigation of early human development.

How to cite this article
Zalud I. Placental Blood Flow by Threedimensional Doppler Ultrasound. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(1):55-62.
Antenatal Detection of Fetal Syndromes by Ultrasound: From a Single Piece to a Complete Puzzle
Authors: Pooh Ritsuko K , Barisic Lara Spalldi , Delic Taib 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
There are hundreds of known fetal syndromes and their variant yet, the real occurrence for most of them is not quite known, only estimated. The real incidence is probably much higher, but many of them are lost due to natural selection early, in the first few weeks of existence. Novel technology, enables us also to exchange information and improve the team's cumulative knowledge. Detection of dysmorphic features and recognizable patterns of fetal malformations and diagnosing syndromes is still big challenge in prenatal as well as postnatal period.

How to cite this article
Barisic LS, Kurjak A, Pooh RK, Delic T, Stanojevic M, Porovic S. Antenatal Detection of Fetal Syndromes by Ultrasound: From a Single Piece to a Complete Puzzle. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(1):63-77.
Assessment of Tubal Patency with Tridimensional Coded Contrast Imaging Hysterosalpingo-Contrast- Sonography Compared with Conventional HyCoSy: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Alcázar Juan Luis , Manuela Moya , Maria Caparros , Aina Salas , Tania Errasti , Alvaro Ruiz-Zambrana 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Objective
The aim of this preliminary study is to analyze and compare tridimensional coded contrast imaging hysterosalpingocontrast- sonography (3D-CCI HyCoSy) with conventional hysterosalpingo-contrast-sonography (HyCoSy) with saline serum for the evaluation of tubal patency in women with sterility.

Materials and methods
This was a prospective preliminary observational study performed in the Clinica Universidad de Navarra. Intending to compare 3D-CCI HyCoSy with conventional HyCoSy, we decided and perform conventional HyCoSy between 1st of January 2015 and 15th of February 2015 and 3D-CCI HyCoSy between 16th of February and 15th of April 2015, in different sets of patients. Exclusion criteria were: recent vaginal infection, previous pelvic inflammatory disease, previous salpingectomy or hidrosalpinx diagnosed previously or while performing the ultrasound examination.

Results
Total number of cases was 22 (12 women underwent conventional HyCoSy and 10 a 3D-CCI HyCoSy). The mean age of patients was 33.8 years (SD: 3.2 range: 23–40 years). Three cases (100%) of Fallopian tube obstruction were detected by 3D-CCI HyCoSy and confirmed by laparoscopic tubal chromopertubation (LTC). Four of the six cases (67%) of obstruction detected by conventional HyCoSy were confirmed by hysterosalpingography/LTC (HSG/LTC). Two cases of severe post-procedure pain were reported in women who underwent conventional HyCoSy.

Conclusion
The results of the study show that 3D-CCI HyCoSy was better to visualize the entire Fallopian tube and evaluate its patency

How to cite this article
Alcázar JL, Moya M, Caparros M, Salas A, Errasti T, Ruiz-Zambrana A. Assessment of Tubal Patency with Tridimensional Coded Contrast Imaging Hysterosalpingo-Contrast-Sonography Compared with Conventional HyCoSy: A Preliminary Study. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(1):103-106.
Obstetric Ultrasound Challenge
Authors: Broady Autumn , Taylor Sherri K 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Obstetric ultrasound is the primary modality for detecting fetal anomalies that affect antepartum care of the mother and care of the neonate after delivery. The following cases represent the challenging cases imaged in our Fetal Diagnostic Center.

Objectives
Determine the fetal anomaly. Understand the workup for the associated fetal anomaly

How to cite this article
Broady A, Taylor SK. Obstetric Ultrasound Challenge. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(1):107-110.