bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral health needs in individuals with trisomy 18 and trisomy 13: Implications for dental professionals
Authors: Bruns Deborah , Martinez Alyssa , All Campbell Emily 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to examine oral health needs and dental care in individuals with trisomy 18 and trisomy 13 (full, mosaic, partial and other, mixed types). Primary feeding method was also examined. Data was collected from a parent‐completed, mixed method survey (TRIS Survey). Mean age in months was 120.2 (range 38 to 394 months) and 133 (range 36 to 405 months), respectively, for trisomy 18 and trisomy 13 individuals. Results indicated the majority of individuals received routine dental care from their family dentist. Approximately 80% in both groups needed some form of specialized dental care. Close to 25% and 30% of trisomy 18 and trisomy 13 individuals, respectively, required hospital admission for specialized dental care. Responses indicated the presence of excessive plaque and tooth decay across the groups with a higher incidence for individuals with trisomy 13. Although not the primary form of intake, over half of the individuals received oral feedings. Implications for dental care and management are provided along with the need for additional research to confirm or disconfirm this study's findings.
Cordon Pricing and Land‐Use Regulation
Authors: Kono Tatsuhito , Kawaguchi Hiroya 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis study explores the simultaneous imposition of cordon pricing and land‐use regulations in a continuous and closed monocentric city with homogeneous households. Results reveal the optimal level of a single cordon toll and its location and the optimal floor area ratio (FAR) regulation, clarifying what distortions remain in the existence of cordon pricing and FAR regulation. Among other results, this paper shows that, with an optimal cordon toll, FAR regulation should alternate between a minimum and a maximum regulation, both inside and outside the cordon line.
Prevalence and causes of hearing impairment in Africa
Authors: Mulwafu W. , Kuper H. , Ensink R. J. H. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo systematically assess the data on the prevalence and causes of hearing impairment in Africa.MethodsSystematic review on the prevalence and causes of hearing loss in Africa. We undertook a literature search of seven electronic databases (EMBASE, PubMed, Medline, Global Health, Web of Knowledge, Academic Search Complete and Africa Wide Information) and manually searched bibliographies of included articles. The search was restricted to population‐based studies on hearing impairment in Africa. Data were extracted using a standard protocol.ResultsWe identified 232 articles and included 28 articles in the final analysis. The most common cut‐offs used for hearing impairment were 25 and 30 dB HL, but this ranged between 15 and 40 dB HL. For a cut‐off of 25 dB, the median was 7.7% for the children‐ or school‐based studies and 17% for population‐based studies. For a cut‐off of 30 dB HL, the median was 6.6% for the children or school‐based studies and 31% for population‐based studies. In schools for the deaf, the most common cause of hearing impairment was cryptogenic deafness (50%) followed by infectious causes (43%). In mainstream schools and general population, the most common cause of hearing impairment was middle ear disease (36%), followed by undetermined causes (35%) and cerumen impaction (24%).ConclusionThere are very few population‐based studies available to estimate the prevalence of hearing impairment in Africa. Those studies that are available use different cut‐offs, making comparison difficult. However, the evidence suggests that the prevalence of hearing impairment is high and that much of it is avoidable or treatable.
Treatment of zinc toxicosis in a dog with chelation usingd‐penicillamine
Authors: Lee Ye‐Rin , Kang Min‐Hee , Park Hee‐Myung 
Published: November 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo describe chelation therapy withd‐penicillamine for treatment of zinc toxicosis in a dog.Case SummaryA 1.5‐year‐old intact female Maltese dog weighing 2.7 kg was presented with acute, progressive anorexia, lethargy, pigmenturia, and melena. The owner reported that the dog had ingested a hook from a dog leash made of a zinc‐based alloy 9 days prior. A blood transfusion was administered and an abdominal radiograph revealed a metal‐dense foreign body in the stomach. Laboratory findings revealed a serum zinc concentration of 1845.12 μg/dL (reference interval, 70–200 μg/dL) and a decreased hematocrit that remained low despite removal of the zinc foreign body. On day 3, another blood transfusion was performed andd‐penicillamine therapy was instituted. After the administration ofd‐penicillamine, the clinical signs and hemogram progressively improved and the dog was discharged 2 days later. On day 9 after initial presentation, the hematocrit and platelet values were within normal limits and the serum zinc concentration was 280.16 μg/dL.New or Unique Information ProvidedThis case demonstrates the use ofd‐penicillamine in the treatment of zinc toxicosis. Serum zinc concentration appeared to decline more rapidly after administration ofd‐penicillamine than before chelation therapy. This is the first report to evaluate serial serum zinc concentrations before and during chelation therapy withd‐penicillamine.
Is rate–pressure product of any use in the isolated rat heart? Assessing cardiac ‘effort’ and oxygen consumption in the Langendorff‐perfused heart
Authors: Aksentijević Dunja , Lewis Hannah R. , Shattock Michael J. 
Published: November 2015

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
Rate–pressure product (RPP) is commonly used as an index of cardiac ‘effort’. In canine and human hearts (which have a positive force–frequency relationship), RPP is linearly correlated with oxygen consumption and has therefore been widely adopted as a species‐independent index of cardiac work. However, given that isolated rodent hearts demonstrate a negative force–frequency relationship, its use in this model requires validation.

What is the main finding and its importance?
Despite its widespread use, RPP is not correlated with oxygen consumption (or cardiac ‘effort’) in the Langendorff‐perfused isolated rat heart. This lack of correlation was also evident when perfusions included a range of metabolic substrates, insulin or β‐adrenoceptor stimulation.

Langendorff perfusion of hearts isolated from rats and mice has been used extensively for physiological, pharmacological and biochemical studies. The ability to phenotype these hearts reliably is, therefore, essential. One of the commonly used indices of function is rate–pressure product (RPP); a rather ill‐defined index of ‘work’ or, more correctly, ‘effort’. Rate–pressure product, as originally described in dog or human hearts, was shown to be correlated with myocardial oxygen consumption (). Despite its widespread use, the application of this index to rat or mouse hearts (which, unlike the dog or human, have a negative force–frequency relationship) has not been characterized. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between RPP and in Langendorff‐perfused rat hearts. Paced hearts (300–750 beats min−1) were perfused either with Krebs–Henseleit (KH) buffer (11 mm glucose) or with buffer supplemented with metabolic substrates and insulin. The arteriovenous oxygen consumption () was recorded. Metabolic status was assessed using 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy and lactate efflux. Experiments were repeated in the presence of isoprenaline and in unpaced hearts where heart rate was increased by cumulative isoprenaline challenge. In KH buffer‐perfused hearts, increased with increasing heart rate, but given that left ventricular developed pressure decreased with increases in rate, RPP was not correlated with , lactate production or phosphocreatine/ATP ratio. Although the provision of substrates or β‐adrenoceptor stimulation changed the shape of the RPP– relationship, neither intervention resulted in a positive correlation between RPP and oxygen consumption. Rate–pressure product is therefore an unreliable index of oxygen consumption or ‘cardiac effort’ in the isolated rat heart.
Myoglobin and the regulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV
Authors: Yamada Tatsuya , Takakura Hisashi , Jue Thomas , Hashimoto Takeshi , Ishizawa Rie , Furuichi Yasuro , Kato Yukio , Iwanaka Nobumasa , Masuda Kazumi 
Published: November 2015

Key points
Mitochondrial respiration is regulated by multiple elaborate mechanisms.
It has been shown that muscle specific O2 binding protein, Myoglobin (Mb), is localized in mitochondria and interacts with respiratory chain complex IV, suggesting that Mb could be a factor that regulates mitochondrial respiration.
Here, we demonstrate that muscle mitochondrial respiration is improved by Mb overexpression via up‐regulation of complex IV activity in cultured myoblasts; in contrast, suppression of Mb expression induces a decrease in complex IV activity and mitochondrial respiration compared with the overexpression model.
The present data are the first to show the biological significance of mitochondrial Mb as a potential modulator of mitochondrial respiratory capacity.
AbstractMitochondria are important organelles for metabolism, and their respiratory capacity is a primary factor in the regulation of energy expenditure. Deficiencies of cytochrome c oxidase complex IV, which reduces O2 in mitochondria, are linked to several diseases, such as mitochondrial myopathy. Moreover, mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle tissue tends to be susceptible to complex IV activity. Recently, we showed that the muscle‐specific protein myoglobin (Mb) interacts with complex IV. The precise roles of mitochondrial Mb remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Mb facilitates mitochondrial respiratory capacity in skeletal muscles. Although mitochondrial DNA copy numbers were not altered in Mb‐overexpressing myotubes, O2 consumption was greater in these myotubes than that in mock cells (Mock vs. Mb‐Flag::GFP: state 4, 1.00 ± 0.09 vs. 1.77 ± 0.34; state 3, 1.00 ± 0.29; Mock: 1.60 ± 0.53; complex 2‐3‐4: 1.00 ± 0.30 vs. 1.50 ± 0.44; complex IV: 1.00 ± 0.14 vs. 1.87 ± 0.27). This improvement in respiratory capacity could be because of the activation of enzymatic activity of respiratory complexes. Moreover, mitochondrial respiration was up‐regulated in myoblasts transiently overexpressing Mb; complex IV activity was solely activated in Mb‐overexpressing myoblasts, and complex IV activity was decreased in the myoblasts in which Mb expression was suppressed by Mb‐siRNA transfection (Mb vector transfected vs. Mb vector, control siRNA transfected vs. Mb vector, Mb siRNA transfected: 0.15 vs. 0.15 vs. 0.06). Therefore, Mb enhances the enzymatic activity of complex IV to ameliorate mitochondrial respiratory capacity, and could play a pivotal role in skeletal muscle metabolism.
Effects of acute and chronic systemic methamphetamine on respiratory, cardiovascular and metabolic function, and cardiorespiratory reflexes
Authors: Hassan Sarah F. , Wearne Travis A. , Cornish Jennifer L. , Goodchild Ann K. 
Published: November 2015

Key points
Methamphetamine (METH) abuse is escalating worldwide, with the most common cause of death resulting from cardiovascular failure and hyperthermia; however, the underlying physiological mechanisms are poorly understood.
Systemic administration of METH in anaesthetised rats reduced the effectiveness of some protective cardiorespiratory reflexes, increased central respiratory activity independently of metabolic function, and increased heart rate, metabolism and respiration in a pattern indicating that non‐shivering thermogenesis contributes to the well‐described hyperthermia.
In animals that showed METH‐induced behavioural sensitisation following chronic METH treatment, no changes were evident in baseline cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic measures and the METH‐evoked effects in these parameters were similar to those seen in saline‐treated or drug naïve animals.
Physiological effects evoked by METH were retained but were neither facilitated nor depressed following chronic treatment with METH.
These data highlight and identify potential mechanisms for targeted intervention in patients vulnerable to METH overdose.
AbstractMethamphetamine (METH) is known to promote cardiovascular failure or life‐threatening hyperthermia; however, there is still limited understanding of the mechanisms responsible for evoking the physiological changes. In this study, we systematically determined the effects on both autonomic and respiratory outflows, as well as reflex function, following acute and repeated administration of METH, which enhances behavioural responses. Arterial pressure, heart rate, phrenic nerve discharge amplitude and frequency, lumbar and splanchnic sympathetic nerve discharge, interscapular brown adipose tissue and core temperatures, and expired CO2 were measured in urethane‐anaesthetised male Sprague‐Dawley rats. Novel findings include potent increases in central inspiratory drive and frequency that are not dependent on METH‐evoked increases in expired CO2 levels. Increases in non‐shivering thermogenesis correlate with well‐described increases in body temperature and heart rate. Unexpectedly, METH evoked minor effects on both sympathetic outflows and mean arterial pressure. METH modified cardiorespiratory reflex function in response to hypoxia, hypercapnia and baroreceptor unloading. Chronically METH‐treated rats failed to exhibit changes in baseline sympathetic, cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic parameters. The tonic and reflex cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic responses to METH challenge were similar to those seen in saline‐treated and drug naive animals. Overall, these findings describe independent and compound associations between physiological systems evoked by METH and serve to highlight that a single dose of METH can significantly impact basic homeostatic systems and protective functions. These effects of METH persist even following chronic METH treatment.
Approach for Configuring a Standardized Vessel for Processing Radioactive Waste Slurries
Authors: Bamberger Judith Ann , Enderlin Carl W. , Minette Michael J. , Holton Langdon K. 
Published: November 2015

A standardized vessel design is being considered at the Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) that is under construction at Hanford, Washington. The standardized vessel design will be used for storing, blending, and chemical processing of slurries that exhibit a variable process feed including Newtonian to non-Newtonian rheologies over a range of solids loadings. Developing a standardized vessel is advantageous and reduces the testing required to evaluate the performance of the design.
The objectives of this paper are to: 1) present a design strategy for developing a standard vessel mixing system design for the pretreatment portion of the waste treatment plant that must process rheologically and physically challenging process streams, 2) identify performance criteria that the design for the standard vessel must satisfy, 3) present parameters that are to be used for assessing the performance criteria, and 4) describe operation of the selected technology.
Vessel design performance will be assessed for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian simulants which represent a range of waste types expected during operation.
Desired conditions for the vessel operations are the ability to shear the slurry so that flammable gas does not accumulate within the vessel, that settled solids will be mobilized, that contents can be blended, and that contents can be transferred from the vessel. A strategy is presented for adjusting the vessel configuration to ensure that all these conditions are met.
General Observations of the Time-Dependent Flow Field Around Flat Plates in Free Fall
Authors: Hærvig Jakob , Lyhne Jensen Anna , Cecilie Pedersen Marie , Sørensen Henrik 
Published: November 2015

The free fall trajectories of flat plates are investigated in order to improve understanding of the forces acting on falling blunt objects. The long term goal is to develop a general applicable model to predict free fall trajectories. Numerically the free fall of a flat plate is investigated using a six degrees of freedom (6DOF) solver and a dynamic mesh. To validate the simulation, the trajectories of aluminium plates falling in water are recorded by digital camera recordings and compared to the simulation. The simulation is able to calculate the motion of the plate within each time step with high accuracy, and thereby allowing the whole trajectory to be predicted with fair accuracy.
With the numerical model able to predict the free fall and the complex plate fluid interactions, fluids forces can be extracted for model development in future studies.
Novel Implementation of Fluid-Solid Interaction Analysis in Air Breathing Propulsion Systems
Authors: Song Yangkun , Bayandor Javid 
Published: November 2015

A bird strike event is one of the largest threats to the safety of aircraft, yet, the studies conducted to ensure the integrity of aircraft systems have so far been based mainly on empirical data, rather than a numerical analysis. From a wide spectrum of bird strike scenarios, bird ingestion into an aircraft’s propulsion system is the most hazardous. To ensure passenger safety, engine manufacturers are required by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to design engines that can sustain thrust for at least 20 minutes in the event of a catastrophic soft body ingestion incident [1]. To satisfy these regulations, manufactures need to perform a variety of certification tests, but such tests can drastically increase cost, time, and efforts required to develop a final product. To avoid such challenges, a numerical analysis becomes an essential tool.
In order to analyze the dynamic damage response of a propulsion system subjected to bird ingestion, Fluid-Solid Interaction (FSI) must be considered. FSI is a very important phenomenon for most of the engineering applications which requires coupling two complicated disciplines. Previously, a preliminary dynamic damage assessment had been performed on the front fan section of a propulsion system in the event of a soft body impact. In this study, a more precise propulsion system is developed and implemented to predict the dynamic damage evolution of the propulsion system which is subject to a soft body impact.
Application of an Integrated Flow and DBD Plasma Actuation Model to a High-Lift Airfoil: Part I — RANS
Authors: Shan Hua , Aram Shawn , Lee Yu-Tai 
Published: November 2015

An integrated numerical simulation tool that couples the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) or the large eddy simulation (LES) solver for incompressible flows with the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) electro-hydrodynamic (EHD) body force model has been developed. The EHD body force model is based on solving the electrostatic equations for the electric potential due to applied voltage and the net charge density due to ionized air. The boundary condition for the charge density on the dielectric surface is obtained from a Space-Time Lumped-Element (STLE) circuit model that accounts for the time and space dependence of air ionization on the input voltage amplitude, frequency, electrode geometry, and dielectric properties. The development of the numerical simulation tool is based on the framework of NavyFOAM using a multi-domain approach. The electric potential equation, the net charge density equation, and the flow equations are solved in separate computational domains. All equations are discretized in space using the cell-centered finite volume method. Parallel computation is implemented using domain-decomposition and message passing interface (MPI). Due to a large disparity in time scales between the electric discharge and the flow, a multiple sub-cycle technique is used in coupling the plasma solver and the flow solver.
This paper focuses on its application to numerical simulation of flow separation and control over a high-lift flapped airfoil at a Reynolds number of 240,000. The 2-D unsteady RANS simulation utilized the Wilcox k-ω, the SST k-ω, and the k-kl-ω turbulence models. For the baseline case, in comparison with the measurement, the k-kl-ω model captures the feature of the unsteadiness of flow field associated with flow separation and shedding of vortices, better than the Wilcox k-ω and SST k-ω models. In the RANS simulations for flow separation control with DBD plasma actuation, the actuator is driven by voltage signals of a continuous or an amplitude-modulated sine waveform with a range of voltage amplitudes. The numerical results indicate that the modulated forcing is more effective than the continuous forcing for a certain range of applied voltages. The electrical power consumption calculated by the plasma model fits to a parabolic curve as a function of the root-mean-square of applied voltage.
The Experimental Study of Water Accumulation in PEMFC Cathode Channel
Authors: Bozorgnezhad Ali , Shams Mehrzad , Ahmadi Goodarz , Kanani Homayoon , Hasheminasab Mohammadreza 
Published: November 2015

In the recent years, Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) has attracted much attention as a source of green energy and alternative to internal combustion engines. The PEMFC produces electrical power with heat and water as only byproducts. Water is needed to providing proper hydration of membrane and its ionic conductivity in PEMFCs, but excess water accumulation known as flooding phenomenon decreases reaction sites on gas diffusion and increases mass transport loss and consequently it leads to performance loss of PEMFC. Proper water management depends on characterization and study two-phase flow phenomenon of PEMFC as flooding. In the present work, the two-phase flow in the cathode channel of transparent PEMFC with single serpentine flow field is studied by direct optical visualization and utilization of Digital Image Processing for different inlet flow parameters and operational conditions. Liquid water accumulation in the cathode channel is quantified and the water coverage ratio is calculated as a scale of water content of the cathode channel in the unsteady and time-averaged states. Increasing the temperature and stoichiometry decrease the accumulation of liquid water in the cathode channel while increasing the reactants relative humidity leads to accumulation of more liquid water. Observations show in higher cathode stoichiometries, the effect of anode stoichiometry on the water coverage ratio decreases. The effect of anode stoichiometry on the water coverage ratio is more than the cathode stoichiometry.
In higher anode stoichiometries, the effect of cathode stoichiometry on the water coverage ratio decreases so that the change in cathode stoichiometry has no significant effect on the values of water coverage ratio.