bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrical and physical characterizations of the effects of oxynitridation and wet oxidation at the interface of SiO2/4H-SiC(0001) and
Authors: Shiomi Hiromu , Kitai Hidenori , Tsujimura Masatoshi , Kiuchi Yuji , Nakata Daisuke , Ono Shuichi , Kojima Kazutoshi , Fukuda Kenji , Sakamoto Kunihiro , Yamasaki Kimiyohi , Okumura Hajime 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The effects of oxynitridation and wet oxidation at the interface of SiO2/4H-SiC(0001) and

were investigated using both electrical and physical characterization methods. Hall measurements and split capacitance–voltage (C–V) measurements revealed that the difference in field-effect mobility between wet oxide and dry oxynitride interfaces was mainly attributed to the ratio of the mobile electron density to the total induced electron density. The surface states close to the conduction band edge causing a significant trapping of inversion carriers were also evaluated. High-resolution Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (HR-RBS) analysis and high-resolution elastic recoil detection analysis (HR-ERDA) were employed to show the nanometer-scale compositional profile of the SiC-MOS interfaces for the first time. These analyses, together with cathode luminescence (CL) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), suggested that the deviations of stoichiometry and roughness at the interface defined the effects of oxynitridation and wet oxidation at the interface of SiO2/4H-SiC(0001) and

.
Improvement of the hillslope‐storage Boussinesq model by considering lateral flow in the unsaturated zone
Authors: Kong Jun , Shen Chengji , Luo Zhaoyang , Hua Guofen , Zhao Hongjun 
Published: March 2016

AbstractUnsaturated flow is an important factor that affects groundwater motion. Among various drainage models, the nonlinear Hillslope‐storage Boussinesq (HSB) model has been commonly used to predict water flux along a slope. In this study, we improved this model by considering lateral flow in the unsaturated zone. Using modified van Genuchten functions, we analytically expressed the concept of equivalent propagation thickness in the vadose zone. This analytical expression was then incorporated into the HSB model to reflect two different stages of the drainage process and to simulate the hillslope drainage process more accurately. The model results indicated that lateral flow has significant effects in the unsaturated zone during the hillslope drainage process. Even in sandy aquifers, the amount of water contributed by the unsaturated zone is a key factor that enables a decrease in the water table during the middle and late stages of the process. A comparison between the measured and simulated results based on both convergent‐type and divergent‐type hillslope drainage processes revealed that the thickness of the saturated zone decreases as the unsaturated flow increases. This study emphasizes the necessity of considering unsaturated flow in the HSB model to improve the accuracy of predicting groundwater outflow rates and develop more accurate hydrographs. The concept of equivalent propagation thickness also provides a criterion for assessing the importance of unsaturated lateral flow for future drainage research.
ChemInform Abstract: LOW SURFACE CONCENTRATION OF BORON IN SILICON BY DIFFUSION THROUGH SILICON DIOXIDE
Authors: MUENCH W. VON , GESSERT C. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractEs wird demonstriert, daß die Diffusion von B durch eine dünne SiO2‐Schicht ein geeignetes Mittel zur Erzielung von reproduzierbaren Akzeptor‐Oberflächenkonzentrationen im Bereich von 5·1015 bis 2·1020 cm‐3 mit Übergangstiefen von 0‐15 μm ist.
ChemInform Abstract: EFFECTS OF FORMAL CHARGE ON THE HETEROGENEOUS ELECTRON TRANSFER RATE AT A MERCURY‐DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE INTERFACE FOR A SERIES OF ORGANIC SALTS
Authors: KAKUTANI TADAAKI , WHITE C. KENNETH , RIEKE REUBEN D. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Geschwindigkeitskonstanten für die heterogene Einelektronenreduktion der 1,4‐ Diphosphoniacyclohexadien‐(2,5)‐Salze (I), der Nitrophenyltriphenylphosphoniumund ‐trimethylammonium‐Salze (II) sowie für K‐p‐nitrophenylacetat (III) an einer Hg‐Tropfelektrode in DMF werden mit Hilfe der Wechselstrompolarographie ermittelt.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION OF α‐CYANO‐β‐NITROSTYRENES
Authors: BELLEC CHRISTIAN , COLAU ROGER , DESWARTE STEPHANE , DORE JEAN‐CHRISTOPHE , VIEL CLAUDE 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie durch Nitrierung der entsprechenden Styrole mit N2O4 in Chloroform bei 0°C in 66 bis 85%igen Ausbeuten erhältlichen Nitrostyrole (I) werden bei der Elektroreduktion zu den Oximen (II) reduziert, die (in neutraler Lösung) zu den Isoxazolen (III) cyclisieren bzw. (in saurer Lösung) zu Ketonen, wie (IV), hydrolysiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaktionen von cyclischen Aminoxiden und Nitronen mit aktivierten Methylengruppen. 5. Mitt. Thermolyse von N‐Alkyl‐6,7‐dihydro‐5H‐dibenz[c.e]azepin‐N‐oxiden.
Authors: KREHER RICHARD , PAWELCZYK HUBERT , GERHARDT WERNER 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAusgehend vom Dibromid (I) entstehen durch Cyclisierung mit den entsprechenden Aminen (II) und anschließende Oxidation die N‐Oxide (III) als Hydrate.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCYCLOADDITION OF CIS‐1,2‐DIHYDROPHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE TO BENZENE AND ARENES
Authors: YANG N. C. , NEYWICK C. V. , SRINIVASACHAR K. 
Published: March 2016

Abstractcis‐1,2‐Dihydro‐phthalsäureanhydrid (I) reagiert bei einer Photolyse in Benzol (II) zu einem Gemisch aus dem Umlagerungsprodukt (III) und dem Addukt (IV), das photochemisch in Gegenwart von Xanthon zu (V) cyclisiert werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF SUBSTITUTED 3‐AMINO‐2‐NITROACRYLATES
Authors: KNIPPEL EBERHARD , KNIPPEL MONIKA , MICHALIK MANFRED , KELLING HANS , KRISTEN HELMUT 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Darstellung der Aminoacrylsäureester (III) erfolgt durch Umsetzung der Ester (I) mit den Aminen (II).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF ENEDIONE EPOXIDES WITH BASE
Authors: HERZ W. , IYER V. S. , NAIR M. G. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBei der Behandlung mit katalytischen Mengen an Alkali in Äthanol erhält man aus den Epoxiden (Ia) bzw. (IVa) die anellierten Cyclopentenone (IIa) bzw. (Va).
ChemInform Abstract: FREE‐RADICAL ADDITION OF ALIPHATIC ALCOHOLS TO UNSATURATED CYCLIC ACETALS
Authors: UZIKOVA V. N. , ZLOTSKII S. S. , RAKHMANKULOV D. L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie cyclischen Acetale des Acroleins (I) reagieren in Gegenwart von Di‐tert.‐butylperoxid bei 135°C mit den Alkoholen (II) unter Bildung der Alkohole (III).
ChemInform Abstract: COMPLEXING BEHAVIOR OF 1,3,4‐THIADIAZOLE‐2‐THIOL‐5‐AMINO. I. COMPLEXES OF IRON(II), COBALT(II), RUTHENIUM(III), RUTHENIUM(II), RHODIUM(III), PALLADIUM(IV), IRIDIUM(III), AND PLATINUM(IV)
Authors: GAJENDRAGAD M. R. , AGARWALA U. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Komplexe (I)‐(V) werden durch Umsetzung entsprechender Metallchloride mit dem in Äthanol/Wasser gelösten Titelliganden erhalten.
Effects of experimental snowmelt and rain on dispersal of six plant species
Authors: Sarneel J. M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWater flows affect dispersal of propagules of many plant species, and rivers and streams are therefore very important dispersal vectors. However, small water flows such as trough rain and snowmelt are much more common, but their effects on dispersal are barely studied. The importance of this form of dispersal deserves attention, especially when considering that climate change is predicted to change the amounts of rain and snow worldwide. Dispersal through melting snow and rain was addressed experimentally, using artificial soils mounted on slopes with different angles and subjected to a melting snow pack or an equivalent amount of dripping water. Seeds on the soil moved on average 3·02 cm (±1·81 SE) in rain treatments and 0·23 cm (±0·3 SE) in snowmelt treatments. Tracking plastic granules in field conditions further showed that snowmelt exhibited minimal dispersal capacity. Dispersal distances by rain were enhanced by increasing slope angles and with decreasing seed volume. Given that many species in cold environments have small seeds, dispersal by rain could provide an important (secondary) dispersal mechanism in these habitats. © 2016 The Authors. Ecohydrology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Taming Log Files From Game/Simulation‐Based Assessments: Data Models and Data Analysis Tools
Authors: Hao Jiangang , Smith Lawrence , Mislevy Robert , von Davier Alina , Bauer Malcolm 
Published: March 2016

AbstractExtracting information efficiently from game/simulation‐based assessment (G/SBA) logs requires two things: a well‐structured log file and a set of analysis methods. In this report, we propose a generic data model specified as an extensible markup language (XML) schema for the log files of G/SBAs. We also propose a set of analysis methods for identifying useful information from the log files and implement the methods in a package in the Python programming language, glassPy. We demonstrate the data model and glassPy with logs from a game‐based assessment, SimCityEDU.
Determination of critical heat transfer for the prediction of materials damages during a flame engulfment test
Authors: Schmid Michel , Annaheim Simon , Camenzind Martin , Rossi René M. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryThe personal protective equipment of workers exposed to heat can consist of materials with a relatively low melting point of approximately 250°C (membranes, zippers, and underwear). In particular, users of heat protective clothing (such as volunteer firefighters or industrial workers) are often consider using functional sports underwear for an optimized sweat transport and lower heat stress. However, in an emergency situation (flame engulfment), this kind of clothing can be potentially dangerous because of its low melting temperature. In this study, we investigated the critical heat transfer needed to melt synthetic underwear worn under heat protective clothing and developed a model to predict possible damage to material layers exposed to a flame engulfment condition. The fire protection properties of four clothing systems with varying layer structures were assessed. These combinations were tested on an instrumented manikin according to ISO 13506 (flame engulfment test). The thickness and thermal resistance of the individual garments were measured in order to examine the influence of each parameter on the performance of the complete clothing combination. The measurements showed that synthetic polyester underwear worn underneath heat protective clothing can withstand a 4s flame engulfment exposure without damage when the outer layer has an adequate thermal resistance. By using a simple heat transfer model, we could define a ‘critical thermal resistance’ as the thermal resistance of the outer layer required to prevent the melting of the underwear material. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Should fatty acid signature proportions sum to 1 for diet estimation?
Authors: Bromaghin Jeffrey F. , Budge Suzanne M. , Thiemann Gregory W. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractKnowledge of predator diets, including how diets might change through time or differ among predators, provides essential insights into their ecology. Diet estimation therefore remains an active area of research within quantitative ecology. Quantitative fatty acid signature analysis (QFASA) is an increasingly common method of diet estimation. QFASA is based on a data library of prey signatures, which are vectors of proportions summarizing the fatty acid composition of lipids, and diet is estimated as the mixture of prey signatures that most closely approximates a predator's signature. Diets are typically estimated using proportions from a subset of all fatty acids that are known to be solely or largely influenced by diet. Given the subset of fatty acids selected, the current practice is to scale their proportions to sum to 1.0. However, scaling signature proportions has the potential to distort the structural relationships within a prey library and between predators and prey. To investigate that possibility, we compared the practice of scaling proportions with two alternatives and found that the traditional scaling can meaningfully bias diet estimators under some conditions. Two aspects of the prey types that contributed to a predator's diet influenced the magnitude of the bias: the degree to which the sums of unscaled proportions differed among prey types and the identifiability of prey types within the prey library. We caution investigators against the routine scaling of signature proportions in QFASA.
Response of Primary Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Dermal Keratinocytes to Thermal Printer Materials In Vitro
Authors: Schmelzer Eva , Over Patrick , Gridelli Bruno , Gerlach Jörg C. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Advancement in thermal three-dimensional printing techniques has greatly increased the possible applications of various materials in medical applications and tissue engineering. Yet, potential toxic effects on primary human cells have been rarely investigated. Therefore, we compared four materials commonly used in thermal printing for bioengineering, namely thermally printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, MED610, polycarbonate, and polylactic acid, and investigated their effects on primary human adult skin epidermal keratinocytes and bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) in vitro. We investigated indirect effects on both cell types caused by potential liberation of soluble substances from the materials, and also analyzed BM-MSCs in direct contact with the materials. We found that even in culture without direct contact with the materials, the culture with MED610 (and to a lesser extent acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) significantly affected keratinocytes, reducing cell numbers and proliferation marker Ki67 expression, and increasing glucose consumption, lactate secretion, and expression of differentiation-associated genes. BM-MSCs had decreased metabolic activity, and exhibited increased cell death in direct culture on the materials. MED610 and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene induced the strongest expression of genes associated to differentiation and estrogen receptor activation. In conclusion, we found strong cell-type-specific effects of the materials, suggesting that materials for applications in regenerative medicine should be carefully selected not only based on their mechanical properties but also based on their cell-type-specific biological effects.
How Much do Needlestick Injuries Cost? A Systematic Review of the Economic Evaluations of Needlestick and Sharps Injuries Among Healthcare Personnel
Authors: Mannocci Alice , De Carli Gabriella , Di Bari Virginia , Saulle Rosella , Unim Brigid , Nicolotti Nicola , Carbonari Lorenzo , Puro Vincenzo , La Torre Giuseppe 
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVETo provide an overview of the economic aspects of needlestick and sharps injury (NSI) management among healthcare personnel (HCP) within a Health Technology Assessment project to evaluate the impact of safety-engineered devices on health careMETHODSA systematic review of economic analyses related to NSIs was performed in accordance with the PRISMA statement and by searching PubMed and Scopus databases (January 1997–February 2015). Mean costs were stratified by study approach (modeling or data driven) and type of cost (direct or indirect). Costs were evaluated using the CDC operative definition and converted to 2015 International US dollars (Int$).RESULTSA total of 14 studies were retrieved: 8 data-driven studies and 6 modeling studies. Among them, 11 studies provided direct and indirect costs and 3 studies provided only direct costs. The median of the means for aggregate (direct + indirect) costs was Int$747 (range, Int$199–Int$1,691). The medians of the means for disaggregated costs were Int$425 (range, Int$48–Int$1,516) for direct costs (9 studies) and Int$322 (range, Int$152–Int$413) for indirect costs (6 studies). When compared with data-driven studies, modeling studies had higher disaggregated and aggregated costs, but data-driven studies showed greater variability. Indirect costs were consistent between studies, mostly referring to lost productivity, while direct costs varied widely within and between studies according to source infectivity, HCP susceptibility, and post-exposure diagnostic and prophylactic protocols. Costs of treating infections were not included, and intangible costs could equal those associated with NSI medical evaluations.CONCLUSIONSNSIs generate significant direct, indirect, potential, and intangible costs, possibly increasing over time. Economic efforts directed at preventing occupational exposures and infections, including provision of safety-engineered devices, may be offset by the savings from a lower incidence of NSIs.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:635–646
Unique Risks and Clinical Outcomes Associated With Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Enterobacteriaceae in Veterans With Spinal Cord Injury or Disorder: A Case-Case-Control Study
Authors: Fitzpatrick Margaret A. , Suda Katie J. , Safdar Nasia , Goldstein Barry , Jones Makoto M. , Poggensee Linda , Ramanathan Swetha , LeWan Ryan , Evans Charlesnika T. 
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVESTo describe the burden of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) Enterobacteriaceae in veterans with spinal cord injury or disorder (SCI/D), to identify risk factors for ESBL acquisition, and to assess impact on clinical outcomesDESIGNRetrospective case-case-control studyPATIENTS AND SETTINGVeterans with SCI/D and utilization at a Veterans’ Affairs medical center from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2013.METHODSPatients with a positive culture for ESBL Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, or Proteus mirabilis were matched with patients with non-ESBL organisms by organism, facility, and level of care and to uninfected controls by facility and level of care. Inpatients were also matched by time at risk. Univariate and multivariate matched models were assessed for differences in risk factors and outcomes.RESULTSA total of 492 cases (62.6% outpatients) were matched 1:1 with each comparison group. Recent prior use of fluoroquinolones and prior use of third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins were independently associated with ESBL compared to the non-ESBL group (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.77–3.84; P<.001 for fluoroquinolones and aOR, 3.86; 95% CI, 2.06–7.25; P<.001 for third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins) and the control group (aOR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.29–3.43; P = .003 for fluoroquinolones; and aOR, 3.31; 95% CI, 1.56–7.06; P=.002 for third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins). Although there were no differences in mortality rate, the ESBL group had a longer post-culture length of stay (LOS) than the non-ESBL group (incidence rate ratio, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.13–1.63; P=.001).CONCLUSIONSAll SCI/D patients with ESBL were more likely to have had recent exposure to fluoroquinolones or third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins, and hospitalized patients were more likely to have increased post-culture LOS. Programs targeted toward reduced antibiotic use in SCI/D patients may prevent subsequent ESBL acquisition.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:768–776
Weak convergence to the Student and Laplace distributions
Authors: Schluter Christian , Trede Mark 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
One often observed empirical regularity is a power-law behavior of the tails of some distribution of interest. We propose a limit law for normalized random means that exhibits such heavy tails irrespective of the distribution of the underlying sampling units: the limit is a t-distribution if the random variables have finite variances. The generative scheme is then extended to encompass classic limit theorems for random sums. The resulting unifying framework has wide empirical applicability which we illustrate by considering two empirical regularities in two different fields. First, we turn to urban geography and explain why city-size growth rates are approximately t-distributed, using a model of random sector growth based on the central place theory. Second, turning to an issue in finance, we show that high-frequency stock index returns can be modeled as a generalized asymmetric Laplace process. These empirical illustrations elucidate the situations in which heavy tails can arise.
Weakening the independence assumption on polar components: limit theorems for generalized elliptical distributions
Authors: Seifert Miriam Isabel 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
By considering the extreme behavior of bivariate random vectors with a polar representation R(u(T), v(T)), it is commonly assumed that the radial component R and the angular component T are stochastically independent. We investigate how to relax this rigid independence assumption such that conditional limit theorems can still be deduced. For this purpose, we introduce a novel measure for the dependence structure and present convenient criteria for validity of limit theorems possessing a geometrical meaning. Thus, our results verify a stability of the available limit results, which is essential in applications where the independence of the polar components is not necessarily present or exactly fulfilled.
Moderate deviation principle for a class of stochastic partial differential equations
Authors: Fatheddin Parisa , Xiong Jie 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We establish the moderate deviation principle for the solutions of a class of stochastic partial differential equations with non-Lipschitz continuous coefficients. As an application, we derive the moderate deviation principle for two important population models: super-Brownian motion and the Fleming–Viot process.
Moments for multidimensional Mandelbrot cascades
Authors: Huang Chunmao 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We consider the distributional equation Z =D ∑k=1NAkZ(k), where N is a random variable taking value in N0 = {0, 1, . . .}, A1, A2, . . . are p x p nonnegative random matrices, and Z, Z(1), Z(2), . . ., are independent and identically distributed random vectors in R+p with R+ = [0, ∞), which are independent of (N, A1, A2, . . .). Let {Yn} be the multidimensional Mandelbrot martingale defined as sums of products of random matrices indexed by nodes of a Galton–Watson tree plus an appropriate vector. Its limit Y is a solution of the equation above. For α > 1, we show a sufficient condition for E|Y|α ∈ (0, ∞). Then for a nondegenerate solution Z of the distributional equation above, we show the decay rates of Ee-t∙Z as |t| → ∞ and those of the tail probability P(y ∙ Z ≤ x) as x → 0 for given y = (y1, . . ., yp) ∈ R+p, and the existence of the harmonic moments of y ∙ Z. As an application, these results concerning the moments (of positive and negative orders) of Y are applied to a special multitype branching random walk. Moreover, for the case where all the vectors and matrices of the equation above are complex, a sufficient condition for the Lα convergence and the αth-moment of the Mandelbrot martingale {Yn} are also established.