bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Text-Critical Witnesses and Methodology for Isolating a Distinctive D-Text in Acts
Authors: Epp Eldon Jay 
Published: July 2017

Within the past decade, a few leading New Testament textual critics have challenged two major, long-standing convictions by urging that we should speak no longer (1) of “text-types” or (2) of two textual streams in the Acts of the Apostles. Certainly the term “type” is too rigid and definitive to describe our textual groups, and “textual clusters” is more appropriate. The present essay concerns whetherdual textscan be identified certifiably in Acts, thereby distinguishing a “D-Textual Cluster” from an alternate cluster headed by Codex Vaticanus (B) and Codex Sinaiticus ( א). It is clear that all D-Text Primary witnesses are mixed texts that, over time in various ways, have been conformed and assimilated to the increasingly dominant B-Cluster, as well as to the ascending Byzantine text.A fresh method, however, is proposed and illustrated at length (1) to identify a tightly cohesive group of Primary witnesses to a D-Textual Cluster, which (2) reveals that these D-Text readings virtually always are opposed by the א-B-Cluster. The result is a strong testimony to the early existence of dual textual streams in Acts that stand firmly over against one another.The fresh aspect of the method involves, for each variation -unit, (1) identifying the Primary witnessesavailablefor a given reading; (2)countingthe number supporting a presumptive D-Text reading; (3)countingthose that do not; and (4) calculating thepercentagesof witnesses agreeing and not agreeing to the readings in question. Three or more Primary witnesses must be present in a variation-unit to be included. The global figures show that available Primary D-Text witnesses agree with one another 88% of the time on readings in 425 variation-units, while 97% of the time these readings are opposed by both א and B together.
An Initial "Search for Tonics"
Authors: Currie Karen L. 
Published: July 2017

This pilot experiment was set up in order to test whether judges who were familiar with the notion "tonic" would identify tonics according to the criteria of maximum F o movement, maximum Fo height and maximum intensity. The hypothesis being tested was that the cumulation of physical maxima when present in an utterance would be identified by judges as the realization of the tonic element. The results indicate that there are several main parameters that function as cues for the identification of the tonic element of an utterance. These are a) the cumulation of physical maxima, b) the rightmost lexical item, c) maximum Fo movement and d) maximum Fo height. These cues may contradict each other or they may conflict with other cues involving syntactic and semantic criteria. The background of hearers who are performing the task of identifying "tonic" must also be taken into consideration. The notion "tonic," therefore, is seen to be very complex and the present experiment was followed by further experiments that tried to restrict some of the semantic and syntactic criteria involved (cf. Currie 1979(c)).
Precision in Weighing: A Comparison of Scales Found in Physician Offices, Fitness Centers, and Weight Loss Centers
Authors: Stein Risa J. , Haddock C. Keith , Poston Walker S.C. , Catanese Dana , Spertus John A. 
Published: July 2017

Objective. Weight assessment is a critical aid in patient care. It is particularly important in monitoring progression of pregnancies, heart failure status, and when adjusting medications. Although weight is generally determined using a scale, few studies have evaluated the precision of non-household scales. The objective of this study was to assess scale precision across a variety of settings. Methods. An evaluation of scales from randomly selected primary care clinics ( n=30), diabetology/endocrinology clinics ( n=7), weight loss facilities ( n=25), and fitness centers ( n=30) was performed. Assessments were completed on a total of 223 scales: 94 from primary care clinics, 32 from diabetology/endocrinology clinics, 39 from weight loss centers, and 58 from fitness centers. Scales were assessed for condition, location in facility, resting surface, commercial designation, and calibration history. Scale precision was validated using 100 lb. (45.5 kg), 150 lb. (68.3 kg), 200 lb. (90.9 kg), and 250 lb. (113.6 kg) certified weights. Results. Overall, scales demonstrated decreased precision with increased weight. At higher weights, more than 15% of scales were off by more than 6 lbs. (2.3 kg), approximately 1 Body Mass Index (BMI) unit. While facility type was not significant, condition, location in facility, resting surface, commercial designation, and calibration history were significant. Conclusions. This study demonstrates that many scales used to measure body weight are imprecise and that scales in health care settings are no more precise than those in other facilities. Clinical decisions based on scales that are imprecise have the potential to cause iatrogenic complications in patient care.
Costs of a Smoking Cessation Counseling Intervention for Pregnant Women: Comparison of Three Settings
Authors: Ayadi M. Femi , Adams E. Kathleen , Melvin Cathy L. , Rivera Carole C. , Gaffney Cecelia A. , Pike Joanne , Rabius Vance , Ferguson Janice N. 
Published: July 2017

Objective. Although the rate of smoking among women giving birth in the United States has declined steadily from 19.5% in 1989 to 11.4% in 2002, it still far exceeds the Healthy People 2010 goal of 1%. The objective of this study was to estimate the costs of a recommended five-step smoking cessation counseling intervention for pregnant women. Methods. Costs were compared across three settings: a clinical trial, a quit line, and a rural managed care organization. Cost data were collected from August 2002 to September 2003. Intervention costs were compared with potential neonatal cost savings from averted adverse outcomes using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Maternal and Child Health Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Morbidity, and Economics Costs software. Results. The costs of implementing the intervention ranged from $24 to $34 per pregnant smoker counseled across the three settings. Potential neonatal cost savings that could be accrued from women who quit smoking during pregnancy were estimated at $881 per maternal smoker. Assuming a 30% to 70% increase over baseline quit rates, interventions could net savings up to $8 million within the range of costs per pregnant smoker. Conclusions. Costs may vary depending on the intensity and nature of the intervention; however, this analysis found a surprisingly narrow range across three disparate settings. Cost estimates presented here are shown to be low compared with potential cost savings that could be accrued across the quit rates that could be achieved through use of the 5A's smoking cessation counseling intervention.
Epidemiology of Non-Canine Bite and Sting Injuries Treated in U.S. Emergency Departments, 2001–2004
Authors: O'Neil Mary Elizabeth , Mack Karin Ann , Gilchrist Julie 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. This study was conducted to estimate the burden of non-canine-related bite and sting injuries in the U.S.; describe the affected population, injury severity, and bite or sting source; and provide considerations for prevention strategies. Methods. Data were from the 2001 through 2004 National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program (NEISS-AIP) (a stratified probability sample of U.S. hospitals). Records included information about age, body part affected, cause, diagnosis, disposition, and gender. Narrative descriptions were coded for the source of the bite or sting. Results. Between 2001 and 2004, an estimated 3.6 million people were treated in emergency departments for injuries related to non-canine bites and stings. Results detail the reported sources of the bite or sting, and examine sources by gender and age group. Common sources included bees (162,000 cases annually), spiders (123,000 cases annually), and cats (66,000 cases annually). Female adults were more likely than male adults to be treated for cat bites. Although rare, of the known venomous snakebites, more than half (58.4%) of the patients were hospitalized. Conclusions. Our results demonstrate the public health burden of non-canine-related bite and sting injuries. More than 900,000 people were treated in emergency departments annually for non-canine bite or sting injuries, or roughly 1.7 injuries per minute. Treatment consumes substantial health-care resources. While preventing these injuries should be the first line of defense, resources could be conserved by educating the public about immediate first aid and when warning signs and symptoms indicate the need for professional or emergency care.
Pyrethrin and Pyrethroid Illnesses in the Pacific Northwest: A Five-Year Review
Authors: Walters Jaime K. , Boswell Laura E. , Green Mandy K. , Heumann Michael A. , Karam Lauren E. , Morrissey Barbara F. , Waltz Justin E. 
Published: July 2017

Objective. Pyrethrin and pyrethroid insecticides are commonly applied in homes and businesses and on some agricultural crops. This research used a two-state regional approach to analyze reports of acute pesticide poisonings due to pyrethrin and pyrethroid insecticides. Methods. The Washington State Department of Health and the Oregon Public Health Division collected pesticide poisoning surveillance data from 2001 through 2005. Cases were included if they involved exposure to at least one pyrethrin or pyrethroid insecticide. Descriptive statistics were calculated; differences between categories were assessed using Chi-square analysis. Results. A total of 407 cases fit our definition. Overall, the rate of poisoning in Oregon was significantly higher than in Washington (incidence rate ratio 1.70, 95% confidence interval 1.40, 2.07), and rates for both states generally increased during the time period. For both states, most exposures resulted in low severity illnesses (92%), and most were classified as possible cases (73%). Only about one-fourth of cases were related to a person's work. The most common category of clinical signs and symptoms of illness was respiratory (52% of cases), followed by neurological (40% of cases). Exposure route was predominantly inhalation; there was no association between route and case severity. There was a significant association between illness severity and losing time from work or regular activities ( p<0.0001). Conclusions. Although the majority of pyrethrin and pyrethroid poisoning cases were low in severity, adverse reactions have occurred, as transpired in Oregon in 2005. Regional analysis has the potential to improve the surveillance system and provide unique opportunities for targeting preventive interventions.
State-Based Surveillance to Determine Trends in Meningococcal Disease
Authors: Clarke Carmen , Mallonee Sue 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. Meningococcal disease (MD), is a leading cause of meningitis in the U.S. The purpose of this study was to determine the epidemiology of MD in Oklahoma, including trends, high-risk populations, and outcomes. Methods. Cases from the statewide passive reporting system with disease onset between 1988 and 2004 were included; 2002–2004 cases were linked to hospital discharge data. We performed a multivariate logistic regression of variables predicting death. Results. There were 545 total cases (mean annual incidence rate 1.0/100,000); 13% died. Rates were highest for children younger than 2 years of age; black males had rates two times higher than the state rate and a different age distribution than other race-gender groups. Mean length of hospital stay was 12 days and mean charges were $37,724. For every 10 years of age, the risk of death increased 13% (adjusted odds ratio 1.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05, 1.22). People younger than age 40 who developed MD between October and February were 68% more likely to die than those who developed it in other months (rate ratio [RR] 1.68, 95% CI 1.39, 2.05); an increased risk of death during these months was not statistically significant in people aged 40 and older (RR 1.19, 95% CI 0.83, 1.69). Conclusion. Using statewide public health surveillance data to characterize the epidemiology of MD is important to understand local trends and risk factors.
Monitoring Progress toward CDC's Health Protection Goals: Health Outcome Measures by Life Stage
Authors: Roy Kakoli , Haddix Anne C. , Ikeda Robin M. , Curry Cecilia W. , Truman Benedict I. , Thacker Stephen B. 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. From 2004 through 2005, as part of a major strategic planning process called the Futures Initiative, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a set of Health Protection Goals to make the best use of agency resources to achieve health impact. These goals were framed in terms of people, places, preparedness, and global health. This article presents a goals framework and a set of health outcome measures with historical trends and forecasts to track progress toward the Healthy People goals by life stage (Infants and Toddlers, Children, Adolescents, Adults, and Older Adults and Seniors). Methods. Measurable key health outcomes were chosen for each life stage to capture the multidimensional aspects of health, including mortality, morbidity, perceived health, and lifestyle factors. Analytic methods involved identifying nationally representative data sources, reviewing 20-year trends generally ranging from 1984 through 2005, and using time-series techniques to forecast measures by life stage until 2015. Results. Improvements in measures of mortality and morbidity were noted among all life stages during the study period except Adults, who reported continued declining trends in perceived health status. Although certain behavioral indicators (e.g., prevalence of nonsmokers) revealed steady improvements among Adolescents, Adults, and Older Adults and Seniors, prevalence of the healthy weight indicator was declining steadily among Children and Adolescents and dramatically among Adults and Older Adults and Seniors. Conclusion. The health indicators for the Healthy People goals established a baseline assessment of population health, which will be monitored on an ongoing basis to measure progress in maximizing health and achieving one component of CDC's Health Protection Goals.
A Pilot Intervention Utilizing Internet Chat Rooms to Prevent HIV Risk Behaviors among Men Who Have Sex with Men
Authors: Rhodes Scott D. , Hergenrather Kenneth C. , Duncan Jesse , Vissman Aaron T. , Miller Cindy , Wilkin Aimee M. , Stowers Jason , Eng Eugenia 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. Chat room-based prevention interventions for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are being implemented to reduce the risk of HIV exposure, infection, and re-infection among men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods. Our community-based participatory research partnership implemented a chat room-based intervention known as Cyber-Based Education and Referral/Men for Men (CyBER/M4M). We collected both quantitative and qualitative data to describe the characteristics of chat-room participants (“chatters”) and their HIV risks and prevention needs, and to document intervention delivery. Results. Of the 1,851 chatters who participated in the 18-month intervention, 210 completed the online assessment. The mean age was 30 years. Although the majority self-identified as gay, 25.8% self-identified as bisexual. More than half self-identified as white and one-third as black or African American. A total of 8.6% reported being HIV-positive and 14.8% reported never having been tested for HIV. Grounded theory analysis of transcripts from chat-room instant-message discussions identified 13 thematic categories related to chatter characteristics, prevention needs, and intervention delivery. Chatters were looking for sexual partners, were not open about their orientation, lacked basic information about HIV, had questions about how to be tested, and perceived a lack of general community resources to meet their needs. Furthermore, CyBER educators had to understand and respect the online culture, build trust, and deliver well-crafted and focused messages. Conclusions. Chat room-based interventions hold promise to systematically reach Internet communities of MSM, a group that is particularly at risk for infection with HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.
Exposure to Secondhand Smoke at Home and at Work in California
Authors: Max Wendy , Sung Hai-Yen , Shi Yanling 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. We estimated self-reported secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in California at home and at work. Methods. We used data from the 2005 and 2007 California Health Interview Surveys ( n = 109,809) for home exposure analysis, and we used data from the 2002 and 2005 California Tobacco Surveys ( n = 12,883) for workplace exposure analysis. Differences in exposure by age, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic characteristics were assessed using Chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results. In the home, children had the lowest rates of SHS exposure (3.4%), followed by adolescents (4.7%) and adults (6.0%). For all age groups, Hispanic people had the lowest exposure to SHS at home, and black people of all ages had higher exposure rates than white people. In the workplace, 12.9% of Californians were exposed to SHS. Men had higher rates of exposure than women, and rates declined with age. Hispanic people had the highest rates of SHS exposure at work (19.5%), followed by Asian/Pacific Islanders (10.5%), black people (10.4%), and white people (9.7%). Workplace exposure rates were highest for people who worked in stores or warehouses, followed by plants or factories, restaurants or bars, and vehicles. Conclusions. Despite many years of tough tobacco-control policies in California, people continue to be exposed to SHS at home and in the workplace. The policies that are already in place, such as smoke-free workplace laws, need to be fully enforced. Interventions for reducing SHS exposure should be targeted to the groups with the greatest exposure rates, including Hispanic people, black people, young adults, and those who work in high-exposure settings.
Safety of incremental inhaled lipopolysaccharide challenge in humans
Authors: Sundy John S. , Wood William A. , Watt Janet L. , Kline Joel N. , Schwartz David A. 
Published: July 2017

Background: Inhalation of environmental endotoxin is important in the pathogenesis of asthma and other environmental airway diseases. Inhaled airway challenge using lipopolysaccharide in humans has been performed for over 20 years to assess the airway response to endotoxin. However, there are no published data on the short-term safety of endotoxin inhalation protocols. Objective: To characterize the safety and tolerability of incremental inhaled lipopolysaccharide challenge in humans. Patients and Methods : We performed a retrospective analysis of data obtained from 119 subjects who underwent inhaled challenge with up to 41.5 µg of lipopolysaccharide. We measured pulmonary function, temperature, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and systemic symptoms for 3 h after challenge. Results: Fever occurred in 30% of subjects and was associated with a higher cumulative dose of lipopolysaccharide. Reduced mean arterial pressure occurred in 21% of subjects and was dose-related. There was no association between fever or decreased mean arterial pressure and airway responsiveness to inhaled lipopolysaccharide. Common symptoms reported by subjects included: chills (64%), malaise (56%), cough (56%), chest tightness (49%), headache (43%), and myalgias (27%). None of the subjects experienced delayed discharge or a serious adverse event. Conclusions: Inhaled lipopolysaccharide causes dose-related systemic responses that include fever, reduced blood pressure, and constitutional symptoms that are not associated with the airway response to inhaled lipopolysaccharide. Systemic responses to inhaled lipopolysaccharide should be expected and subjects undergoing inhaled lipopolysaccharide challenge in the research setting should be carefully monitored for non-pulmonary adverse events for several hours after challenge.
Infection control nursing in the US military
Authors: Stokes Captain R. 
Published: July 2017

I have been a military infection control nurse for six years and have been stationed in California, Turkey and now in England. Each of these assignments has afforded unique and wonderful experiences. In this article, I will describe these assignments and the amazing differences among them. I will touch on the educational differences and levels of infection control practitioners I have found, my specific US Air Force assignments, and the special circumstances I have encountered in all three locations that continue to intrigue and amaze me. I hope this synopsis, from the view of only one ICN in the military. has given some perspective to the unique challenges and opportunities that are afforded us as we move all over the world and perform the job that we are called to do. I daresay that in the US, Turkey, UK and all over the world, ICNs face many similar problems and frustrations. I know that we all face issues with non-compliance from staff members, and that the only time the staff really want to see us is in the event of an outbreak, when we get the phone call frantically stating: ‘Come quick, something truly terrible is going on!’ All of us have certainly felt unappreciated (probably on a daily basis) and known as a nuisance. However, the tremendous passion for the job, and knowing that we are making a difference in the world around us in the hospital or community setting, should encourage each of us to continue in our perseverance for the practice of infection control. If anyone really took time to evaluate all that we must know and learn to perform our jobs, they would clearly see that the hospitals and communities would fall apart without our efforts. Commendation medals should go to all.