bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantificação e distribuição sazonal da precipitação pluvial nas regiões ecoclimáticas do Rio Grande do Sul (Quantification and seasonal distribution of precipitation in the ecoclimatic regions of Rio Grande do Sul)
Authors: Radin Bernadete , Matzenauer Ronaldo , De Melo Ricardo Wanke , Wrege Marcos Silveira , Steinmentz Silvio 
Published: November 2017

O conhecimento do volume de precipitação pluvial ocorrido em uma determinada região é tão importante quanto o conhecimento da distribuição temporal da mesma. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a ocorrência sazonal da precipitação nas diferentes regiões ecoclimáticas do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram utilizados dados mensais de 28 estações meteorológicas no período de janeiro de 1961 até dezembro de 2010, pertencentes às redes de monitoramento da Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Irrigação - SEAPI/RS e do 8º Distrito de Meteorologia, do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia - INMET/Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Os resultados mostraram que a distribuição da precipitação pluvial é aproximadamente uniforme entre as quatro estações do ano, sendo maior na primavera, com 27% do total anual, seguida do verão, com 25%, e do outono e inverno com 24% cada, considerando a média de todas as regiões. Esta distribuição, no entanto, é diferente dentro de cada uma das regiões analisadas. Palavras-chave: variabilidade, riscos climáticos, chuva. A B S T R A C TThe knowledge of the volume of precipitation occurred in a region is so important as the knowledge of its temporal distribution. The objective of this paper was to quantify the seasonal occurrence of precipitation in the regions of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Monthly data of 28 meteorological stations were used from January 1961 to December 2010, belonging to the monitoring networks of the SEAPI/RS and the INMET/MAPA. The results showed that rainfall distribution is approximately uniform between the four seasons of the year, being higher in spring, with 27% of the annual total, followed by summer with 25%, and autumn and winter with 24% each, considering the average of all regions. This distribution, however, is different within each of the analyzed regions.Keywords: variability, climatic risks, rain.
Distribuição espaço-temporal do Índice de anomalia de chuva para o Estado do Ceará (Distribution space-temporal of rain anomaly index for the Ceará State)
Authors: Costa Juliana Alcântara , Da Silva Djane Fonseca 
Published: November 2017

O monitoramento de eventos de precipitação irregular pode ser realizado através da utilização de índices de verificação climática. Dessa forma, objetivou-se apresentar um estudo da variação espaço-temporal da precipitação pluviométrica do Estado do Ceará, utilizando como ferramenta o Índice de Anomalia de Chuvas (IAC); e a sua distribuição espacial também foi realizada no intuito de identificar áreas de maior ou menor severidade dos eventos climáticos. Os dados foram obtidos pelo INMET e pela ANA, para um período de 38 anos. A partir desses dados calculou-se o IAC anual para 12 postos pluviométricos, e o mesmo foi “plotado” em mapas de distribuição espacial. Observou-se que ocorreram mais anos de seca do que anos úmidos no Ceará e o período de seca mais severa e duradoura foi de 1979 a 1993. Notou-se um “ponto de inflexão” com modificações no padrão de precipitação ao longo da série histórica. A associação entre eventos de ATSM de mesma fase no Oceano Pacífico ocasionou a maximização dos eventos de precipitação irregular no Ceará. No Oceano Atlântico as ATSM também influenciaram dependendo de sua fase no aumento ou diminuição do IAC no Estado. A B S T R A C TThe monitoring irregular precipitation events can be accomplished through the use of climate scan rates. Thus, the objective was to present a study of the variation of rainfall space-time rainfall of Ceará, using as a tool the Rains Anomaly Index (RAI); and its spatial distribution was also performed in order to identify areas of greater or lesser severity of weather events. The data were obtained by INMET and the ANA, for a period of 38 years. From these data we calculated the annual IAC for 12 rain gauges, and it was ";plotted"; in spatial distribution maps. It was observed that there were more dry years than wet years in Ceará and the most severe and lasting dry period was from 1979 to 1993. It was noted a ";tipping point"; with changes in rainfall pattern over the time series .The association between same phase SSTA events in the Pacific Ocean caused the maximization of irregular rainfall events in Ceará. In the Atlantic Ocean SSTA also influenced depending on their phase in the increase or decrease in the RAI in the State.Keywords: Drought, Climate, RAI.
Morphological Analysis of Quartz Grains of Two Horizons in a Ultisol, Paraná – Brazil (Análise morfológica de grãos de quartzo de dois horizontes de Argissolos, Paraná – Brasil)
Authors: Zaparoli Fabiana Cristina Meira , Gasparetto Nelson Vicente Lovatto 
Published: November 2017

This research aimed to compare the surface morphology of quartz grains of the E and Bt horizons of an Ultisol of the Aratu stream basin, in the city of Floraí, Paraná. The Ultisol is derived from sandstones of the Caiuá Formation and it is subjected to mesothermal humid subtropical climate. The materials from the E horizon showed abundant porosity compared to the Bt horizon ones, due to the filling of pores by coating of clay and iron oxides. On the surface of the quartz grains of the E horizon, several features were identified such as ";craters";, pyramidal microfeatures, gulfs of dissolution, elongated cavities, and silica reprecipitation, resulting from the chemical change, and fragmented grains resulting from a phenomenon called ";plasma infusion."; In the Bt horizon, nearly all the detrital grains were surrounded by clay and iron oxide. The detrital grains of the Bt horizon were better preserved, showing little corrosion features and rare fragmented grains, compared to the E horizon. These analyzes showed that the water flow accounts for the superficial alteration of detrital quartz grains when they are under the influence of humid subtropical climate. R E S U M OA pesquisa teve como objetivo comparar a morfologia superficial de grãos de quartzo dos horizontes E e Bt de um Argissolo da bacia do córrego Aratu, no município de Floraí, PR. O Argissolo é derivado de arenitos da Formação Caiuá e submetido a clima subtropical úmido mesotérmico. Os materiais do horizonte E apresentam porosidade abundante quando comparados com os do horizonte Bt, em razão do preenchimento dos poros por revestimentos de argila e óxidos de ferro. Foram identificadas na superfície dos grãos de quartzo do horizonte E várias feições tipo “crateras”, microfeições piramidais, golfos de dissolução, cavidades alongadas, reprecipitação de sílica, oriundas da alteração química, e grãos fragmentados devido ao fenômeno denominado “plasma infusion”. No horizonte Bt, praticamente todos os grãos detritais estão envolvidos por argila e óxidos de ferro. Os grãos detritais do horizonte Bt estão mais preservados, exibindo poucas feições de corrosão e raros grãos fragmentados, se comparados com os do horizonte E. Essas análises demonstraram que o fluxo hídrico é o responsável pela alteração superficial dos grãos detritais de quartzo quando sob a influência de clima subtropical úmido. Palavras-chave: Argissolo, morfologia de grãos de quartzo, alteração geoquímica, fluxo hídrico
The pack of Camel contains images that influence adolescents to become established smokers: A three year follow-up
Authors: Sansores Raúl H ,   Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (National Institute of Respiratory Diseases), Mexico, Ramírez-Venegas Alejandra , Noé-Díaz Valeri , García-Gómez Leonor 
Published: November 2017

Introduction: the desire to acquire promotional articles from tobacco companies (receptivity) is a risk factor associated with becoming an established smoker. There is a possibility that the perception of sexual content in tobacco advertising (PCS) may be part of that desire and act as an additional risk factor.

Objective: the objective of this study was to determine the influence of receptivity and PCS in the smoking process.

Method: in 1998, 1186 high school students were surveyed in order to determine their receptivity and PCS. After three years, 303 of them were followed through a telephone interview in order to correlate their current smoking status with the previously recorded antecedent of receptivity and PCS.

Results: 62% of the subjects were receptive and 78% perceived some kind of sexual content in the advertising. Both receptivity and PCS were significantly associated with the probability of becoming an Established Smoker (ES) (OR 2.36 [95%CI 2.36-1.18] and OR 2.56 [1.02-6.42] respectively).

Discussion and conclusions: receptivity and PCS are independent risk factors than can cause teenagers to become established smokers.
Glaucoma in patients with shunt-treated normal pressure hydrocephalus
Authors: Gallina Pasquale , Savastano Alfonso , Becattini Eleonora , Orlandini Simone , Scollato Antonio , Rizzo Stanislao , Carreras Giulia , Di Lorenzo Nicola , Porfirio Berardino 
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVEChanges in the pressure gradient between intraocular and intracranial compartments at the lamina cribrosa level are a possible explanation of normal tension glaucoma (NTG). Shunt-treated normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a model for testing whether the increase (time from disease onset to CSF shunt placement, i.e., “protection period”) and decrease (time from shunt placement to observation, i.e., “exposure period”) in intracranial pressure (ICP) are glaucoma protective or risk factors, respectively. The authors estimated the prevalence of NTG in patients with shunt-treated NPH and calculated the extent of optic nerve exposure to changes in the trans–lamina cribrosa gradient.METHODSData obtained in patients with NPH who had undergone ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placement were analyzed. Patients with more than 6 months’ follow-up, no pathologies associated with ICP changes or CSF dynamics disturbances, and no surgical or valve-related complications were scheduled for ophthalmic evaluation.RESULTSNine of 22 patients had NTG, which is about a 40-fold increase in rate compared with the rate in the general elderly population without hydrocephalus (p < 0.001). The median protection period was 12.0 months in patients with NTG and 18.0 months in those without NTG (p = 0.033). The median ICP decrease multiplied by duration of exposure in months was 76.0 mm Hg × months in the NTG group and 24.1 mm Hg × months in the no-NTG group (p = 0.048). The patients’ median adjusted age (adjusted for “protection” and “exposure” times) was 85.1 years in the NTG group and 78.8 years in the no-NTG group (p = 0.001).CONCLUSIONSA crucial risk factor for development of NTG in patients with shunt-treated NPH is the duration of optic nerve exposure to the lowering of ICP. Patients with NPH who are candidates for CSF shunting should be informed of the risk of incurring glaucoma. Longitudinal studies could provide estimates of tolerated times for a given ICP decrease.
Enhancement of invadopodia activity in glioma cells by sublethal doses of irradiation and temozolomide
Authors: Mao Leon , Whitehead Clarissa A. , Paradiso Lucia , Kaye Andrew H. , Morokoff Andrew P. , Luwor Rodney B. , Stylli Stanley S. 
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVEGlioblastoma is the most common primary central nervous system tumor in adults. These tumors are highly invasive and infiltrative and result in tumor recurrence as well as an extremely poor patient prognosis. The current standard of care involves surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, previous studies have suggested that glioblastoma cells that survive treatment are potentially more invasive. The goal of this study was to investigate whether this increased phenotype in surviving cells is facilitated by actin-rich, membrane-based structures known as invadopodia.METHODSA number of commercially available cell lines and glioblastoma cell lines obtained from patients were initially screened for the protein expression levels of invadopodia regulators. Gelatin-based zymography was also used to establish their secretory protease profile. The effects of radiation and temozolomide treatment on the glioblastoma cells were then investigated with cell viability, Western blotting, gelatin-based zymography, and invadopodia matrix degradation assays.RESULTSThe authors’ results show that the glioma cells used in this study express a number of invadopodia regulators, secrete MMP-2, and form functional matrix-degrading invadopodia. Cells that were treated with radiotherapy and temozolomide were observed to show an increase primarily in the activation of MMP-2. Importantly, this also resulted in a significant enhancement in the invadopodia-facilitated matrix-degrading ability of the cells, along with an increase in the percentage of cells with invadopodia after radiation and temozolomide treatment.CONCLUSIONSThe data from this study suggest that the increased invasive phenotype that has been previously observed in glioma cells posttreatment is mediated by invadopodia. The authors propose that if the formation or activity of these structures can be disrupted, they could potentially serve as a viable target for developing novel adjuvant therapeutic strategies that can be used in conjunction with the current treatment protocols in combatting the invasive phenotype of this deadly disease.
Surgical strategies for the treatment of os odontoideum with atlantoaxial dislocation
Authors: Wu Xinghuo , Wood Kirkham B. , Gao Yong , Li Shuai , Wang Jing , Ge Ting , Zhao Boming , Shao Zengwu , Yang Shuhua , Yang Cao 
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVEThis study aimed to compare the clinical results of using posterior fixation and fusion with or without anterior decompression to treat os odontoideum with atlantoaxial dislocation.METHODSTwenty-five consecutive patients with os odontoideum were included in this study. Sixteen patients with reducible atlantoaxial dislocation were treated by single-level posterior fusion and stabilization; the other 9 were treated with posterior fusion and stabilization combined with transoral decompression. Pre- and postoperative CT scans and MR images were obtained.RESULTSTwenty-four patients were followed for 24–54 months (average 36.5 months). Postoperative CT scans indicated that all pedicle screws were placed satisfactorily except in 2 cases, in which the screws slightly penetrated the transverse foramen. Postoperative MR images demonstrated that sufficient decompression of the spinal cord was obtained in all patients. Complications included 1 case each of pedicle screw breakage, pharynx ulcer, and persistent pharynx discomfort. Statistical analysis of all cases revealed that mean Japanese Orthopaedic Association scores improved from a preoperative score of 10.2 (range 7–13) to a postoperative score of 15.6 (range 11–18).CONCLUSIONSPatients who have os odontoideum with a reducible atlantoaxial dislocation can be effectively treated with single-level posterior fusion and stabilization. Combined transoral decompression and posterior fusion and stabilization is recommended for those with irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation.
Corrigendum: Nutritional Evaluation and Optimisation in Neonates (NEON) trial of amino acid regimen and intravenous lipid composition in preterm parenteral nutrition: a randomised double-blind controlled trial
Authors: Uthaya Sabita , Liu Xinxue , Babalis Daphne , Dore Caroline , Warwick Jane , Bell Jimmy , Thomas Louise , Ashby Deborah , Durighel Giuliana , Ederies Ash , Yanez-Lopez Monica , Modi Neena 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
During the uploading of data for submission to the EudraCT results database, a discrepancy was identified. It was noted that the number of deaths per group was not consistent with the number in the final report and trial publication. This discrepancy was found to relate to two randomisation numbers. During the trial, the randomisation database had been held separately from the trial database, with manual transcription of randomisation numbers from the randomisation database to the trial database. Two randomisation numbers had been entered incorrectly into the trial database and, although this was documented at the time, the correction had not been made in the analysis data set. The two infants in question received the correct treatment in accordance with their allocation, but were analysed according to the wrong treatment group. Following the identification of this error, all analyses were repeated. It was confirmed that this error had a negligible impact on the study results. Furthermore, the two infants in question had not been included in the primary and secondary outcome analyses, as one had died and the other had withdrawn prior to the primary end-point assessment, so the key study outcomes remain unchanged. The only changes to the results are in the number of serious adverse events and minor changes to the data in demographics tables mostly affecting decimal points and the CONSORT diagram. Our interpretation of the study results remains unchanged.
The Francophone/Anglophone Split over Article 47 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Cameroon: An Abiding Malaise with an Explosive Charge
Authors: Nfobin E. H. Ngwa 
Published: November 2017

Voting in 1961for reunification with the Republic of Cameroon instead of remaining Nigerian, the Southern Cameroons made a point. Neither the Treaty of Versailles partitioning the defunct German protectorate between Britain and France nor the superimposition of new values by the successor powers affected nationhood developed under the Germans. They were instead enriching features of that national identity of Kamerun. However, time has revealed how difficult it is to become the beacon of enlightened tolerance. Points of friction emerged, many articulated in the 1993 Buea Declaration that led to the creation of the Southern Cameroons National Council and the 2003 petition mainly for secession to the African Commission. One remains an oozing sore, with all possibilities of opening up into a running sore anytime – the 1972 referendum for the switch to unitarism that gave national destiny a decisively Francophone tilt. Anglophones contend Article 47 of the Federal Constitution guaranteed permanence of status beyond even the power of a referendum and that abolishing federalism entitled them to assert independence from the union. Against these, however, are surefire pro-Francophone arguments: the ‘Francophone spirit’ of the text and the agreed superiority of the French language, which stacked the odds against Anglophones even from the start.
African Natural Resources Agreements: Stabilisation Tricks and Traps for the Unwary
Authors: Temple Richard M. 
Published: November 2017

In Africa, legal certainty has been a much craved ideal by investors in the natural resources sector. A key feature of legal certainty in long-term natural resources contracts is to make sure that if new laws are passed or existing laws amended which adversely affect the sponsor, compensation is paid for such changes. When natural resources prices are rising companies are often prepared to take a robust commercial view on the stabilisation risks. It is often seen as falling in the catastrophic risk category but unlikely to occur. However, with the current challenges in oil and gas and commodities in world markets and the global competition for capital, the strength and enforceability of contractual stabilisation covenants in long-term natural resources contracts in Africa in an increasingly risk-adverse world are ever more important. While there is always much debate over the fiscal package in natural resources deals, the stabilisation provisions rarely receive the attention they merit. How to value contractual stabilisation legal protections against more easily quantified fiscal provisions remains an anathema. What is clear is that companies will be well served to devote attention to stabilisation clauses as the temptation for African governments to tweak laws in the face of dwindling revenues can become overwhelming. This article looks at stabilisation issues in African natural resources contracts (in the context of a change of law by a host government) and how best to enhance the chances of a successful and legally binding stabilisation clause drawing on examples from throughout the African continent.
Circonstance et prédication verbale en français parlé : contraintes sémantico-pragmatiques et filtrage prosodique
Authors: Lacheret-Dujour Anne , François Jacques 
Published: November 2017

Résumé Ce travail, consacré à l’étude des compléments circonstanciels au sein de la phrase verbale, a pour objet d’examiner leur statut dans les constructions prédicatives. Nous montrons que, dans bien des contextes, ce type de compléments, loin d’être accessoire, peut entretenir des relations étroites avec le noyau verbal. Pour étayer notre propos, nous proposons une représentation continue de la structure prédicative, qui permet, pour des cibles circonstancielles données en entrée, d’attribuer des degrés de rattachement variables au noyau verbal. L’analyse, centrée sur des corpus de parole spontanée en situation d’interview, repose sur la mise en relation d’observables prosodiques et d’instructions sémantico-pragmatiques sous-jacentes. L’hypothèse que nous souhaitons défendre consiste à voir les constructions intonatives comme des structures formelles travaillées directement par le sens et l’énonciation ; du point de vue de l’interlocuteur, elles constituent des indices robustes pour un décodage optimal des actes prédicatifs.
Cas locatifs et prédication
Authors: Renault Richard 
Published: November 2017

Résumé M’appuyant sur la typologie des systèmes casuels de Hjelmslev, je propose de rendre compte du système des cas locatifs du finnois (6 à 9 cas) par une analyse en traits morphologiques. Les deux dimensions de ce système casuel – l’orientation et la localisation – sont décrites au moyen de traits renvoyant à des têtes fonctionnelles indépendantes sur le plan syntaxique et à des entités / fonctions sur le plan sémantique, et chacune d’elles repose sur une dépendance syntaxique distincte : l’orientation relève de la rection (réduite à la sous-catégorisation) tandis que la localisation relève de la prédication syntaxique.
La phrase nominale hongroise : encore des questions
Authors: Gouesse Marie-Josèphe 
Published: November 2017

Résumé En hongrois la prédication nominale, ainsi que sa réalisation sous la forme de la phrase nominale, présentent-elles des spécificités ? Dans cette langue, prédication nominale et prédication existentielle sont clairement disjointes. Quant à l’expression de la prédication nominale typique, elle partage certaines propriétés avec une partie de celle de la prédication verbale. Les réalisations de la phrase nominale concernent les types majeurs de phrase : assertive, non assertive, excla-mative… Elles vont de la forme la plus réduite (forme minimale avec le seul cons-tituant prédicat) jusqu’à la forme canonique à deux constituants ; et ceci aussi bien dans des phrases simples que dans des phrases complexes. La structure interne des constituants de cette phrase est elle-même sujette à variations. Si la phrase nominale présente des spécificités, elles sont peut-être à rechercher dans les phrases nominales d’identification : en effet dans celles-ci les deux constituants possèdent un degré de détermination équivalent et cette propriété met en évidence les limites de l’analyse syntaxique appliquée à de telles phrases. Il est alors nécessaire de recourir à un autre type d’analyse (par exemple celle de la structure informationnelle) pour cerner la fonction des constituants d’une phrase de ce type.