bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arctic Sea Ice in a 1.5°C Warmer World
Authors: Niederdrenk Anne Laura , Notz Dirk 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe examine the seasonal cycle of Arctic sea ice in scenarios with limited future global warming. To do so, we analyze two sets of observational records that cover the observational uncertainty of Arctic sea ice loss per degree of global warming. The observations are combined with 100 simulations of historical and future climate evolution from the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model Grand Ensemble. Based on the high‐sensitivity observations, we find that Arctic September sea ice is lost with low probability (P≈ 10%) for global warming of +1.5°C above preindustrial levels and with very high probability (P> 99%) for global warming of +2°C above preindustrial levels. For the low‐sensitivity observations, September sea ice is extremely unlikely to disappear for +1.5°C warming (P≪ 1%) and has low likelihood (P≈ 10%) to disappear even for +2°C global warming. For March, both observational records suggest a loss of 15% to 20% of Arctic sea ice area for 1.5°C to 2°C global warming.
Contributions of a Strengthened Early Holocene Monsoon and Sediment Loading to Present‐Day Subsidence of the Ganges‐Brahmaputra Delta
Authors: Karpytchev M. , Ballu V. , Krien Y. , Becker M. , Goodbred S. , Spada G. , Calmant S. , Shum C. K. , Khan Z. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe contribution of subsidence to relative sea level rise in the Ganges‐Brahmaputra delta (GBD) is largely unknown and may considerably enhance exposure of the Bengal Basin populations to sea level rise and storm surges. This paper focuses on estimating the present‐day subsidence induced by Holocene sediment in the Bengal Basin and by oceanic loading due to eustatic sea level rise over the past 18 kyr. Using a viscoelastic Earth model and sediment deposition history based on in situ measurements, results suggest that massive sediment influx initiated in the early Holocene under a strengthened South Asian monsoon may have contributed significantly to the present‐day subsidence of the GBD. We estimate that the Holocene loading generates up to 1.6 mm/yr of the present‐day subsidence along the GBD coast, depending on the rheological model of the Earth. This rate is close to the twentieth century global mean sea level rise (1.1–1.7 mm/yr). Thus, past climate change, by way of enhanced sedimentation, is impacting vulnerability of the GBD populations.
Understanding the Warm Water Volume Precursor of ENSO Events and its Interdecadal Variation
Authors: Neske S. , McGregor S. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA wind forced ocean model is used to decompose the equatorial Pacific warm water volume (WWV) between 1980 and 2016 into two components: the (i) adjusted wind response, which is found by letting the model evolve unforced for three months, and (ii) instantaneous wind response, which are the instantaneous WWV changes due to Ekman transports. Our results suggest that roughly half of WWV variability is only as predictable as the winds that drive the instantaneous change. Separate examinations of pre‐2000 and post‐2000 periods reveal (i) nearly equal importance of instantaneous and adjusted responses for the pre‐2000 period and (ii) dominance of the instantaneous response during the post‐2000 period, which is most apparent during the recharged phase. This increasing instantaneous contribution prominence explains the post‐2000 reduction in WWV/El Niño‐Southern Oscillation sea surface temperature lead times (from six to nine months pre‐2000 down to three months post‐2000) and is consistent with the reduction in post‐2000 El Niño‐Southern Oscillation prediction skill.
Extreme High‐Temperature Events Over East Asia in 1.5°C and 2°C Warmer Futures: Analysis of NCAR CESM Low‐Warming Experiments
Authors: Li Donghuan , Zhou Tianjun , Zou Liwei , Zhang Wenxia , Zhang Lixia 
Published: January 2018

AbstractExtreme high‐temperature events have large socioeconomic and human health impacts. East Asia (EA) is a populous region, and it is crucial to assess the changes in extreme high‐temperature events in this region under different climate change scenarios. The Community Earth System Model low‐warming experiment data were applied to investigate the changes in the mean and extreme high temperatures in EA under 1.5°C and 2°C warming conditions above preindustrial levels. The results show that the magnitude of warming in EA is approximately 0.2°C higher than the global mean. Most populous subregions, including eastern China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, will see more intense, more frequent, and longer‐lasting extreme temperature events under 1.5°C and 2°C warming. The 0.5°C lower warming will help avoid 35%–46% of the increases in extreme high‐temperature events in terms of intensity, frequency, and duration in EA with maximal avoidance values (37%–49%) occurring in Mongolia. Thus, it is beneficial for EA to limit the warming target to 1.5°C rather than 2°C.
Multi‐Instrument Observations of Prolonged Stratified Wind Layers at Iqaluit, Nunavut
Authors: Mariani Zen , Dehghan Armin , Gascon Gabrielle , Joe Paul , Hudak David , Strawbridge Kevin , Corriveau Julien 
Published: January 2018

AbstractData collected between October 2015 and May 2016 at Environment and Climate Change Canada's Iqaluit research site (64°N, 69°W) have revealed a high frequency (40% of all days for which observations were available) of stratified wind layer events that occur from near the surface up to about 7.2 km above sea level. These stratified wind layers are clearly visible as wind shifts (90 to 180°) with height in range‐height indicator scans from the Doppler lidar and Ka‐band radar and in wind direction profiles from the Doppler lidar and radiosonde. During these events, the vertical structure of the flow appears to be a stack of 4 to 10 layers ranging in vertical width from 0.1 to 4.4 km. The stratification events that were observed occurred predominantly (81%) during light precipitation and lasted up to 27.5 h. The integrated measurement platforms at Iqaluit permitted continuous observations of the evolution of stratification events in different meteorological conditions.
Effects of Asymmetric Secondary Eyewall on Tropical Cyclone Evolution in Hurricane Ike (2008)
Authors: Zhang Guosheng , Perrie William 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe secondary eyewall plays an important role in tropical cyclone evolution and intensification and is routinely assumed to be axisymmetric. A unique opportunity to investigate the characteristics of the secondary eyewall in two dimensions is provided by the high spatial resolution (about 1 km) sea surface winds that were observed by spaceborne synthetic aperture radar over Hurricane Ike (2008). Here we extract the asymmetric characteristics using our Symmetric Hurricane Estimates for Winds model and analyze the related hurricane evolution by comparisons with aircraft measurements. Compared to the classic eyewall replacement cycle theory, our investigation finds that the primary eyewall did not weaken and the secondary eyewall did not shrink over a period of more than 30 hr. We suggest that the reason for this persistence is that a boundary layer inflow pathway is provided by the relatively low winds in the asymmetric secondary eyewall area, as observed by synthetic aperture radar.
Paleomagnetic Constraints From the Baoshan Area on the Deformation of the Qiangtang‐Sibumasu Terrane Around the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis
Authors: Li Shihu , van Hinsbergen Douwe J. J. , Deng Chenglong , Advokaat Eldert L. , Zhu Rixiang 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe Sibumasu Block in SE Asia represents the eastward continuation of the Qiangtang Block. Here we report a detailed rock magnetic and paleomagnetic study on the Middle Jurassic and Paleocene rocks from northern Sibumasu, to document the crustal deformation during the India‐Asia collision since the Paleocene and reconstruct the overall strike of the Qiangtang/Sibumasu elements before the India‐Asia collision. Although the fold test is inconclusive based solely on our data, a positive reversal test, a positive regional fold test with previous paleomagnetic results, and a detrital origin of hematite in the red beds as indicated by scanning electron microscopy suggest that the magnetizations obtained from the Jurassic and Paleocene rocks are most likely primary, showing an ~80° clockwise rotation since Paleocene. These results, together with previously published paleomagnetic data, suggest that the northern Sibumasu and northern Simao elements experienced a ~60–80° clockwise rotation since Paleocene. This large clockwise rotation is also consistent with the surface GPS velocity field and NE‐SW fault networks, suggesting a rotational motion of crustal material from southeastern Tibet during late Cenozoic. We infer that the large clockwise rotation is a sum of rotation in the Eocene to Middle Miocene time associated with Indochina extrusion and rotation after the Middle Miocene associated with the E‐W extension in central Tibet. This suggests that the eastward motion of Tibetan crustal material along the Xianshuihe‐Xiaojiang fault after Middle Miocene is transmitted to the southwest toward Myanmar. Jurassic and Cretaceous paleomagnetic results suggest that the Qiangtang/northern Sibumasu was originally a curved structure with an orientation of N60°W in Tibet and changes to N10°W in southern Sibumasu.
Evaluation of Precipitation From EURO‐CORDEX Regional Climate Simulations in a Small‐Scale Mediterranean Site
Authors: Mascaro Giuseppe , Viola Francesco , Deidda Roberto 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe evaluation of regional climate models' (RCMs') ability to reproduce the present‐day climate is critical to support their utility in impact studies under future climatic scenarios. This study evaluates the skill of an ensemble of state‐of‐the‐art regional climate simulations from the European Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment initiative in reproducing the precipitation (P) properties in Sardinia, a Mediterranean island of ~24,000 km2. The ensemble includes simulations at 0.44° and 0.11° grid spacing of the “Historical” experiment from 1950 to 2005. Precipitation records from a high‐density network of gauges are used as reference data set. The interannual and seasonal climatology of P, presence of trend, and orographic effect are assessed at the original RCM grid spacings and different spatial scales of aggregation. Most models capture the observed positive relation between annual P and elevation, with better performance at 0.11° spacing. The simulated spatial patterns of the climatological annual and seasonal means are well correlated with the observation at both spacings, but their spatial variability is overestimated. Positive and negative bias of up to ±60% are found in the simulation of annual mean and interannual variability. While the majority of the models reproduce the phase of the seasonal cycle, they underestimate (overestimate) winter (summer) P. The RCMs exhibit different deficiencies in capturing the negative annual and seasonal observed trends. In general, models' skill degrades when analyses are conducted at smaller aggregation scales. Results of this study reveal insight on RCM performances in small‐scale regions, which are often targeted by impact studies and have so far received less attention.
Geochemical Processes During Managed Aquifer Recharge With Desalinated Seawater
Authors: Ganot Y. , Holtzman R. , Weisbrod N. , Russak A. , Katz Y. , Kurtzman D. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe study geochemical processes along the variably‐saturated zone during managed aquifer recharge (MAR) with reverse‐osmosis desalinated seawater (DSW). The DSW, post‐treated at the desalination plant by calcite dissolution (remineralization) to meet the Israeli water quality standards, is recharged into the Israeli Coastal Aquifer through an infiltration pond. Water quality monitoring during two MAR events using suction cups and wells inside the pond indicates that cation exchange is the dominant subsurface reaction, driven by the high Ca2+ concentration in the post‐treated DSW. Stable isotope analysis shows that the shallow groundwater composition is similar to the recharged DSW, except for enrichment of Mg2+, Na+, Ca2+, and
. A calibrated variably‐saturated reactive transport model is used to predict the geochemical evolution during 50 years of MAR for two water quality scenarios: (i) post‐treated DSW (current practice) and (ii) soft DSW (lacking the remineralization post‐treatment process). The latter scenario was aimed to test soil‐aquifer‐treatment (SAT) as an alternative post‐treatment technique. Both scenarios provide an enrichment of ∼2.5 mg L−1 in Mg2+ due to cation exchange, compared to practically zero Mg2+ currently found in the Israeli DSW. Simulations of the alternative SAT scenario provide Ca2+ and
remineralization due to calcite dissolution at levels that meet the Israeli standard for DSW. The simulated calcite content reduction in the sediments below the infiltration pond after 50 years of MAR was low (<1%). Our findings suggest that remineralization using SAT for DSW is a potentially sustainable practice at MAR sites overlying calcareous sandy aquifers.
Forecasting Hourly Water Demands With Seasonal Autoregressive Models for Real‐Time Application
Authors: Chen Jinduan , Boccelli Dominic L. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractConsumer water demands are not typically measured at temporal or spatial scales adequate to support real‐time decision making, and recent approaches for estimating unobserved demands using observed hydraulic measurements are generally not capable of forecasting demands and uncertainty information. While time series modeling has shown promise for representing total system demands, these models have generally not been evaluated at spatial scales appropriate for representative real‐time modeling. This study investigates the use of a double‐seasonal time series model to capture daily and weekly autocorrelations to both total system demands and regional aggregated demands at a scale that would capture demand variability across a distribution system. Emphasis was placed on the ability to forecast demands and quantify uncertainties with results compared to traditional time series pattern‐based demand models as well as nonseasonal and single‐seasonal time series models. Additional research included the implementation of an adaptive‐parameter estimation scheme to update the time series model when unobserved changes occurred in the system. For two case studies, results showed that (1) for the smaller‐scale aggregated water demands, the log‐transformed time series model resulted in improved forecasts, (2) the double‐seasonal model outperformed other models in terms of forecasting errors, and (3) the adaptive adjustment of parameters during forecasting improved the accuracy of the generated prediction intervals. These results illustrate the capabilities of time series modeling to forecast both water demands and uncertainty estimates at spatial scales commensurate for real‐time modeling applications and provide a foundation for developing a real‐time integrated demand‐hydraulic model.
The impact of contextual information and a secondary task on anticipation performance: An interpretation using cognitive load theory
Authors: Runswick Oliver R. , Roca André , Mark Williams A. , Bezodis Neil E. , Mcrobert Allistair P. , North Jamie S. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryWhen performing under severe time constraints, sports performers use kinematic and contextual information to facilitate anticipation. We examined the relative importance of these two information sources and their impact on cognitive load and anticipation performance. Cognitive load theory predicts that adding more information sources to a task will increase cognitive load in less‐skilled but not skilled performers. Skilled and less‐skilled cricket batters anticipated deliveries from bowlers on a life‐size screen under 4 conditions that manipulated access to contextual information and included a secondary task. The presence of context enhanced anticipation accuracy for both skilled and less‐skilled groups, without affecting cognitive load. Skilled performers used sequencing and game‐related contextual information in addition to kinematic information to facilitate anticipation, whereas both groups reported using information pertaining to opponent positioning. Findings highlight the importance of context in anticipation and suggest that the addition of context may not necessarily negatively impact cognitive load.
Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells: Impact of Minor Structural Modifications to the Polymer Backbone on the Polymer–Fullerene Mixing and Packing and on the Fullerene–Fullerene Connecting Network
Authors: Wang Tonghui , Chen Xian‐Kai , Ashokan Ajith , Zheng Zilong , Ravva Mahesh Kumar , Brédas Jean‐Luc 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe morphology of the active layer of a bulk heterojunction solar cell, made of a blend of an electron‐donating polymer and an electron‐accepting fullerene derivative, is known to play a determining role in device performance. Here, a combination of molecular dynamics simulations and long‐range corrected density functional theory calculations is used to elucidate the molecular‐scale effects that even minor structural changes to the polymer backbone can have on the “local” morphology; this study focuses on the extent of polymer–fullerene mixing, on their packing, and on the characteristics of the fullerene–fullerene connecting network in the mixed regions, aspects that are difficult to access experimentally. Three representative polymer donors are investigated: (i) poly[(5,6‐difluoro‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazol‐4,7‐diyl)‐alt‐(3,3′″‐di(2‐octyldodecyl)‐2,2′;5′,2″;5″,2′″‐quaterthiophen‐5,5′″‐diyl)] (PffBT4T‐2OD); (ii) poly[(2,1,3‐benzothiadiazol‐4,7‐diyl)‐alt‐(3,3′″‐di(2‐octyldodecyl)‐2,2′;5′,2″;5″,2′″‐quaterthiophen‐5,5′″‐diyl)] (PBT4T‐2OD), where the fluorine atoms in the benzothiadiazole moieties of PffBT4T‐2OD are replaced with hydrogen atoms; and (iii) poly[(2,2′‐bithiophene)‐alt‐(4,7‐bis((2‐decyltetradecyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)‐5,6‐difluoro‐2‐propyl‐2H‐benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole)] (PT2‐FTAZ), where the sulfur atoms in the benzothiadiazole moieties of PffBT4T‐2OD are replaced with nitrogen atoms carrying a linear C3H7 side‐chain; these polymers are mixed with the phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) acceptor. This study also discusses the nature of the charge‐transfer electronic states appearing at the donor–acceptor interfaces, the electronic couplings relevant for the charge‐recombination process, and the electron‐transfer features between neighboring PC71BM molecules.
Piezo‐Phototronic Effect Modulated Deep UV Photodetector Based on ZnO‐Ga2O3 Heterojuction Microwire
Authors: Chen Mengxiao , Zhao Bin , Hu Guofeng , Fang Xiaosheng , Wang Hui , Wang Lei , Luo Jun , Han Xun , Wang Xiandi , Pan Caofeng , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA strain modulated solar‐blinded photodetector (PD) based on ZnO‐Ga2O3 core–shell heterojuction microwire is developed. This PD is highly sensitive to deep UV light centered at 261 nm. It performs ultrahigh sensitivity and spectral selectivity, which can response to rare weak deep UV light (≈1.3 µw cm−2) and almost no response to visible light wavelength ranges. Moreover, by using the piezo‐phototronic effect, the deep UV current response is enhanced to about three times under −0.042% static strain. This is a three way coupling effect among pizoelectric polarization, simiconductor properties, and optical excitation, which exists in noncentral symmetric wurtzite semiconductors such as ZnO, GaN, and CdS. By modulating the energy band diagrams and charge carriers in the junction area upon straining, the optoelectronic processes are regulated. The strain induced piezopotential modulates carrier transport in the heterostructure, which improves the response of the PD, with potential applications for health monitoring, smart systems, deep space exploration, and security communication.
Cascade Synthesis of Dihydrobenzofurans and Aurones via Palladium‐Catalyzed Isocyanides Insertion into 2‐Halophenoxy Acrylates
Authors: Ali Wajid , Dahiya Anjali , Patel Bhisma K. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA palladium‐catalyzed isocyanides insertion into 2‐halophenoxy acrylates leading to an unparalleled synthesis of dihydrobenzofurans (DHBs) having two exocyclic double bonds have been achieved. While the iodo substrates gave products having an exocyclic imine bond, its bromo analogue yielded reduced secondary amines as the product. An acid hydrolysis of the exocyclic imine bond in DHBs produces various aurone esters.magnified image
Influence of injection molding parameters on the morphology, mechanical and surface properties ofABSfoams
Authors: Gómez‐Monterde Javier , Sánchez‐Soto Miguel , Maspoch Maria L. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn this work, microcellularABSfoams were studied. A series of injection molding samples defined by a design of experiments was carried out to analyze the effect of shot volume, mold temperature, and injection velocity on the morphology, mechanical properties, and surface roughness of microcellular samples. A predominant influence of shot volume on the cell structure and tensile properties was evidenced. Higher cell densities and narrower cell size distributions were obtained at lower injection volume. However, elastic modulus and tensile strength were improved by increasing the shot size. The effect of mold temperature and injection velocity was secondary. Higher levels of mold temperature and injection rate provided finer cell morphologies, but their effects on the elastic modulus and tensile strength were negligible. The decrease in shot volume and increase in gas content led to poor surface quality, whereas it was greatly improved by raising both mold temperature and injection velocity.
Superhydrophobic WS2‐Nanosheet‐Wrapped Sponges for Underwater Detection of Tiny Vibration
Authors: Xu Ruixin , Zhang Kaili , Xu Xiangyang , He Minghui , Lu Fachuang , Su Bin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractUnderwater vibration detection is of great importance in personal safety, environmental protection, and military defense. Sealing layers are required in many underwater sensor architectures, leading to limited working‐life and reduced sensitivity. Here, a flexible, superhydrophobic, and conductive tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanosheets‐wrapped sponge (SCWS) is reported for the high‐sensitivity detection of tiny vibration from the water surfaces and from the grounds. When the SCWS is immersed in water, a continuous layer of bubbles forms on its surfaces, providing the sensor with two special abilities. One is sealing‐free feature due to the intrinsic water‐repellent property of SCWS. The other is functioning as a vibration‐sensitive medium to convert mechanical energy into electric signals through susceptible physical deformation of bubbles. Therefore, the SCWS can be used to precisely detect tiny vibration of water waves, and even sense those caused by human footsteps, demonstrating wide applications of this amphibious (water/ground) vibration sensor. Results of this study can initiate the exploration of superhydrophobic materials with elastic and conductive properties for underwater flexible electronic applications.