bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The incidence and assessment of multiple mandibular canals prior to implant placement
Authors: Wright S. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIntroductionDental implants are increasingly being used to replace missing teeth, not just in the aesthetic zone, but posteriorly to increase function, preserve alveolar bone and provide posterior support.During the surgical placement of dental implants in this region, it is essential that the location and configuration of the mandibular canal is assessed to avoid serious complications. However, few dentists are aware of the differing configurations of this structure, and the incidence of multiple canals, often relying on ‘imaging centres’ to highlight the its position.AimThe purpose of this study is to investigate the incidence of multiple mandible canals, and then to use a case report to demonstrate the dangers of relying on a third party to highlight the mandibular canal.ResultsThe incidence of multiple mandibular canals is not uncommon (3.24% of OPT's and 31.31% of CBCT's).ConclusionsIt is essential that screening for bifid and trifid canals form part of the pre‐surgical assessment. An OPT is not sufficient for this purpose and therefore it is recommended that a CBCT is used for treatment planning in the posterior mandible.It is also imperative that dentists when placing dental implants in posterior mandible should be aware of the variations of the mandibular canal and do not rely on a third party to highlight the canal structure.
Phylogeography of the freshwater red alga Batrachospermum viride‐brasiliense (Rhodophyta, Batrachospermales)
Authors: Paiano Monica O. , Necchi Jr Orlando 
Published: December 2016

SUMMARYPhylogeography of
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atrachospermum viride‐brasiliense was investigated using two mitochondrial regions: the cox2‐3 spacer and the barcode region of cox1 gene. Eighty‐seven individuals were analyzed from nine stream segments throughout its distribution in Brazil. Ten cox2‐3 spacer and nine cox1 haplotypes were observed among the individuals studied (87 vs. 43, respectively). Divergences among haplotypes were relatively low (≤2.4% for cox2‐3 and ≤1.8% for cox1). Most locations have a single haplotype, whereas only two locations had two haplotypes for both markers. The haplotype network for cox2‐3 showed a phylogeographic trend from the south towards the southeast with haplotypes from the southeast more closely related. For cox1 a trend from the southeast spreading towards the south and north was revealed, with the southern haplotypes more closely associated. Results clearly indicated that
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. viride‐brasiliense represents a single species and the phylogeographic pattern consisted of a closely connected group of haplotypes from southern and southeastern Brazil. Levels of intra‐ and inter‐population variation were similar for the two markers with slightly higher values for cox2‐3. The trend observed in this study is similar to that in other members of Batrachospermales with little variation within a stream segment (one or two haplotypes) and more distant haplotypes showing higher divergences. This pattern could be attributed to the fact that colonization of a site might be rare by a single event with subsequent proliferation of the population. The geographic distribution of
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. viride‐brasiliense was interpreted according to the biogeographic models proposed for South America being limited to three morpho‐climatic domains or biogeographic provinces: tropical Atlantic rainforest, sub‐tropical rainforest and cerrado (Brazilian savannah).
A Theory of Comparative Advantage with Specialized Subnational Regions
Authors: Dong Baomin , Wong Siu‐kee 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis paper investigates the effects of subnational regionalization on a country's terms of trade, trade patterns and its welfare. We show that a country can gain from dividing itself into two regions with different factor ratios (and preclude the cross‐region factor mobility). Allowing a region in a country to have a comparative advantage different from the country as a whole can generate a welfare‐improving terms‐of‐trade effect, which is reminiscent of immiserizing growth in reverse. Our simple model can provide a justification for “self‐sufficiency” programs or “special industry zone” policies in some developing countries. We also show that subnational regionalization can reduce the volume of trade and or even reverse countries' trade patterns. This finding could provide an alternative explanation for the missing trade problem and the paradox between trade patterns predicted by the standard Heckscher–Ohlin comparative advantage model and those found empirically.
Metaphor in intergroup relations
Authors: White Mark H. , Landau Mark J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBelonging to groups and relating to other groups are central parts of our lives, but they confront us with abstract ideas (e.g., identity and power) and nebulous feelings. To make sense of it all, people rely on conceptual metaphors: cognitive tools that ground abstractions in dissimilar, more concrete ideas that are easier to grasp. We review some common metaphors that people use in intergroup contexts—metaphors that draw on knowledge of such familiar experiences as physical cleansing and warmth sensations. We review evidence that these metaphors are not mere figures of speech, but have a systematic and practically important influence on intergroup attitudes and behavior. Most of this work shows that reliance on metaphor contributes to prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination, sometimes without the person's awareness. Yet we consider the hopeful possibility that citizens, politicians, and researchers can harness the power of metaphor to promote intergroup harmony and peace.
Variability, heterogeneity, and anisotropy in the quasi‐static response of laser sintered PA12 components
Authors: Faes M. , Wang Y. , Lava P. , Moens D. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAdditive manufacturing (AM) receives an increasing industrial interest thanks to its advantages in the economic production of highly complex and small‐series components. Especially laser sintering (LS) is in this context of particular interest for the production of plastic components, as it is generally deemed the most robust AM technology for polymer parts and therefore is expected to enable AM for functional components in the near future. However, to date, designers are often confronted with a severe lack of knowledge on the possible mechanical behavior of AM components. More specifically, the unit‐to‐unit variability, heterogeneity (within‐part variation), and anisotropy of the mechanical properties very often prove to be substantial and therefore require more elaborated studies in order to take these effects into account in the engineering of reliable components. Moreover, typical experimental results that are used for the determination of the elastic stiffness tensor are subject to variability, caused by the influence of the difference in thermal history between produced parts. This work therefore focuses first on the identification and quantification of the variability and heterogeneity in the quasi‐static response of laser sintering‐polyamide 12 (LS‐PA12) components. Second, also the anisotropy in this quasi‐static response is studied. For the first part, uniaxial tensile tests are performed and the variability on the quasi‐static properties is quantified by means of statistical analysis. Also, the elastic stiffness tensor is identified based on these tests. Next, the heterogeneity in the tested specimens is investigated by means of digital image correlation. Finally, in order to study the anisotropy in the quasi‐static properties, the Virtual Fields Method is applied to determine the variability in the elastic stiffness tensor of the LS‐PA12 material. A variability with a coefficient of variance of up to 6.5% on Young's modulus was measured. It was also found that the production planning has an important influence on the homogeneity of the mechanical properties of the produced parts. Finally, the Virtual Fields Method showed that, contrary to most literature on the topic, the elastic properties of LS‐PA12 material is best described using an isotropic material model.
Melanin granules melanophages and a fully‐melanized epidermis are common traits of odontocete and mysticete cetaceans
Authors: Morales‐Guerrero Blanca , Barragán‐Vargas Cecilia , Silva‐Rosales German R. , Ortega‐Ortiz Christian D. , Gendron Diane , Martinez‐Levasseur Laura M. , Acevedo‐Whitehouse Karina 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundThe cellular mechanisms used to counteract or limit damage caused by exposure of marine vertebrates to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation are poorly understood. Cetaceans are vulnerable because they lack protective skin appendages and are obliged to surface continuously to breathe, thus being exposed repeatedly to UV light. Although molecular mechanisms of photoprotection of cetaceans have been studied, there is limited knowledge about their epidermal structure and photoprotective effectors.ObjectiveTo describe and compare the epidermis of mysticete and odontocete cetaceans and identify potentially photoprotective traits.AnimalsTwenty eight free‐living individuals belonging to six cetacean species were sampled in the Mexican Central Pacific and Gulf of California. Species sampled were the bottlenose dolphin, pantropical spotted dolphin, spinner dolphin, Bryde's whale, fin whale and humpback whale.MethodsHistological and cytological evaluation of skin biopsy tissue collected in the field between 2014 and 2016.ResultsAll cetaceans had only three epidermal layers, lacking both the stratum granulosum and stratum lucidum. A relatively thick stratum corneum with a parakeratosis‐like morphology was noted. Melanin was observed within keratinocytes in all epidermal layers, including the stratum corneum and apical melanin granules obscured the keratinocyte nucleus. Keratinocytes had a perinuclear halo. Keratinocyte diameter differed between cetacean suborders and amongst species. Melanophage clusters were common in most cetacean species.ConclusionsThe widespread presence of melanin and the unexpectedly high number of melanophages may constitute a unique photoprotective trait of cetaceans and could reflect primitive adaptations to their environment and to their obligate marine‐bound life.
Compactness of the Set of Trajectories of the Control System Described by a Urysohn Type Integral Equation
Authors: Huseyin Nesir 
Published: December 2016

The control system with integralconstraint on the controls is studied, where the behavior of the system by a Urysohn type integral equation is described. It is assumed thatthe system is nonlinear with respect to the state vector, affine with respect to the control vector. The closed ball ofthe space $L_p(E;\mathbb{R}^m)$ $(p>1)$ with radius $r$ and centered at theorigin, is chosen as the set of admissible control functions, where $E\subset \mathbb{R}^k$ is a compact set. Itis proved that the set of trajectories generated by all admissible control functions is a compact subset of the space of continuous functions.
The age‐dependent association between aortic pulse wave velocity and telomere length
Authors: McDonnell Barry J. , Yasmin  , Butcher Lee , Cockcroft John R. , Wilkinson Ian B. , Erusalimsky Jorge D. , McEniery Carmel M. 
Published: December 2016

Key points
Age significantly modifies the relationship between aortic pulse wave velocity and telomere length.
The differential relationships observed between aortic pulse wave velocity and telomere length in younger and older individuals suggest that the links between cellular and vascular ageing reflect a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors acting over the life‐course.
AbstractAgeing is associated with marked large artery stiffening. Telomere shortening, a marker of cellular ageing, is linked with arterial stiffening. However, the results of existing studies are inconsistent, possibly because of the confounding influence of variable exposure to cardiovascular risk factors. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between telomere length (TL) and aortic stiffness in well‐characterized, younger and older healthy adults, who were pre‐selected on the basis of having either low or high aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV), a robust measure of aortic stiffness. Demographic, haemodynamic and biochemical data were drawn from participants in the Anglo‐Cardiff Collaborative Trial. Two age groups with an equal sex ratio were examined: those aged <30 years (younger) or >50 years (older). Separately for each age group and sex, DNA samples representing the highest (n = 125) and lowest (n = 125) extremes of aPWV (adjusted for blood pressure) were selected for analysis of leukocyte TL. Ultimately, this yielded complete phenotypic data on 904 individuals. In younger subjects, TL was significantly shorter in those with high aPWV vs. those with low aPWV (P = 0.017). By contrast, in older subjects, TL was significantly longer in those with high aPWV (P = 0.001). Age significantly modified the relationship between aPWV and TL (P < 0.001). Differential relationships are observed between aPWV and TL, with an inverse association in younger individuals and a positive association in older individuals. The links between cellular and vascular ageing reflect a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors acting over the life‐course.
"THE HORROR OF EXISTENCE": A Labyrinth of Evasions in Mercier et Camier
Authors: Shidlo Anna 
Published: December 2016

In Beckett's novel Mercier and Camier, written in French in 1948 soon after World War II, history is a central concern. The novel has been neglected by critics, who either ignore it or underestimate it as a minor work with major flaws. Most studies focus on its intertextual relationships with Waiting for Godot or with the Trilogy; the few critics who identify some of the numerous historical references, including specific wars, point to an Irish context. It is possible, however, to see the gaps, obscurities, and digressions in it not as flaws but as Beckett's technique of evasion–a mayor artistic strategy.Three critical approaches are used: (1) an analysis of the evasiveness, which is a narrative technique and a feature of characterization. The combination of these approaches clarifies several puzzling aspects of this novel; (2) a Freudian reading; and (3) a neo-historical approach.This paper focuses in particular on several war memories which haunt the two titular protagonists, Mercier and Camier, and which dictate the twists and turns of their labyrinthine journey. True to the Freudian pattern of repression and return of the repressed, they reveal in displaced form their traumatic, shameful World War 11 experiences.
Hexi painting on Xitian Fanjing, a Qing imperial Buddhist temple in Beijing, China: technology revealed by analytical approaches (an initial report)
Authors: Zhu Tiequan , Li Tao , Liu Naitao , Chen Jian , Huang Hong , Fu Qianli , Zhang Shangxin 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Hexi painting (和玺彩画) was historically documented as the most sophisticated decorative art representing the highest levels of technological knowledge and skills for decorating the Chinese Qing (1644–1911 AD) imperial architecture. However, the technological complexity of Hexi painting has barely been scientifically investigated. This article presents a technical case study that aimed to promote a better understanding of (inorganic) materials used in, and the painting/decorating procedure of, Hexi painting. Microscopic examination, compositional analysis, and phase/fiber identification were applied on fragments of golden-dragon Hexi painting (金龙和玺彩画), the most prestigious form of Hexi painting, which were sampled from Xitian Fanjing (西天梵境) in Beihai Park (Beijing, China). The results suggest that neither the kinds of used (inorganic) materials nor the painting/decorating process is exclusively restricted to Hexi painting and distinguishes it from other contemporaneous decorative forms. It is the combination of material use and the painting/decorating procedure that seems to make Hexi painting special. Further studies are needed to investigate the use of organic materials in Hexi painting to expand our current understanding.
Unravelling the glass trade bead sequence from Magoro Hill, South Africa: separating pre-seventeenth-century Asian imports from later European counterparts
Authors: Koleini Farahnaz , Prinsloo Linda C. , Biemond Wim , Colomban Philippe , Ngo Anh-Tu , Boeyens Jan C. A. , van der Ryst Maria M. , van Brakel Koos 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Excavations conducted between 2010 and 2012 at Magoro Hill, a site in South Africa’s Limpopo Province frequented or intermittently occupied by African farming communities since the first millennium AD, yielded a substantial glass bead assemblage. A selection of the beads was studied non-destructively by classifying them according to morphological attributes, supplemented by Raman analyses and XRF measurements. It became evident that a morphological classification of beads recovered from sites that include imports into Africa after the seventeenth century AD could be problematic due to apparent morphological similarities between earlier and later beads. This paper demonstrates the use and archaeological application of Raman and XRF measurements to separate earlier imported beads from later counterparts by identifying glass nanostructure, as well as pigments and opacifiers, which were not used in bead series pre-dating the seventeenth century AD. Results obtained from Raman and XRF measurements indicate that although some beads retrieved from Magoro Hill pre-date the seventeenth century and belong to the Indo-Pacific (K2, East Coast, Khami) and Zimbabwe series, the largest number of beads is from a later European origin. This ties in with the settlement history of the site, which suggests that it primarily served as a rendezvous for episodic rainmaking rituals before it became the stronghold and capital of a Venda chiefdom, headed by the Magoro dynasty, in the second half of the eighteenth century AD. The comparative analysis of the long bead sequence sheds new light on changing patterns in the availability, range, consumption and origin of glass trade beads imported into the northern interior of South Africa over a period of about 1000 years.
Untranslatable Subjects
Authors: Jarrín Alvaro 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis article employs Bruno Latour's notion of “translation” to examine the ways by which anglophone discourses of transsexuality are deployed in the Brazilian context. The author argues that transsexuality is utilized by the medical class in ways that refuse to medicalize the bodies of travestis, delegitimize their access to health care, portray them as inauthentic and improper women, and render their identity untranslatable and thus invisible. In order to get access to medico-legal rights, travestis and transsexuals have formed a united political front that seeks to reduce the importance of sex-reassignment surgery as a signifier of authentic gender variance, while at the same time asserting travesti subjectivity as unique and distinct from both transsexuality and transgender identity. The author concludes that the academic community needs to develop new methods of analysis to critique the pathologization of gender-variant identities in different sociocultural contexts, avoiding a Eurocentric frame of reference.
Always in Translation
Authors: Leung Helen Hok-Sze 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This article examines the role of audiovisual translation in the cinematic circulation of trans knowledge. Through a case study of the Cantonese-dubbed version of the Thai-language film The Iron Ladies in Hong Kong, the article analyzes a regional production of trans meanings that negotiates between local subjectivities and globalized categories. The article also demonstrates the importance of a multilingual approach to the study of trans cinema.
Translation, Transition, Transgender
Authors: Baer Brian James 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This article discusses the anglophone reception of the life and work of the East German transvestite Charlotte von Mahlsdorf following the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe. Particular attention is paid to the translation and marketing of von Mahlsdorf's memoir against the backdrop of Eastern Europe's purported transition to Western capitalist democracy. Using the concept of framing developed first by Erving Goffman and adapted to the study of translation by Albrecht Neubert and Gregory Shreve, and then Mona Baker, the author analyzes the ways in which the presentation of von Mahlsdorf's life in the translated memoir reflects a specific Western framing of queer lives, which is later altered in Doug Wright's award-winning play about von Mahlsdorf following the release of von Mahlsdorf's secret police file and the troubled progress of the so-called transition. The article demonstrates how the careful study of translations can challenge the universalizing of Western conceptual and temporal frames by highlighting the historical and contingent nature of our sexual selves.
Tongues without Bodies
Authors: Keegan Cáel M. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Sense8 marks a number of televisual “firsts” in the circulation of trans* as an increasingly transnational and translingual identity category. It is not only the first television program to feature a transgender character written/directed by trans creators and acted by a trans performer, but it also attempts to visualize a global imaginary in thrilling new ways that revolutionize both the temporality and spatiality of televisual production. In this review, Cáel M. Keegan analyzes Sense8 as a text that simultaneously represents and replicates the conditions of hypermodern globality, discussing how the lingual politics of Sense8 strain against and yet partially reproduce the conditions of the (neo)colonial encounter.
Finding Sequins in the Rubble
Authors: Alvarez Eddy Francisco 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This essay is based on the fashion choices, negotiations, and embodied knowledge or “theories in the flesh” of Bamby Salcedo and other trans Latinas in Los Angeles. Their experiences and memories are instrumental in the development of “finding sequins in the rubble,” a theoretical framework for understanding trans and queer Chicana/o and Latina/o life in the city, and how they make sense of their lives, engaging in an ongoing process of self-fashioning that involves aesthetic and affective strategies, fashion, and style practices. The essay explores the aesthetic, cultural, and archival relevance of physical and metaphorical sequins in the lives and memories of trans and queer Latinas/os.
Building pathway graphs from BioPAX data in R
Authors: Benis Nirupama , Schokker Dirkjan , Kramer Frank , Smits Mari A. , Suarez-Diez Maria 
Published: December 2016

Biological pathways are increasingly available in the BioPAX format which uses an RDF model for data storage. One can retrieve the information in this data model in the scripting language R using the package rBiopaxParser, which converts the BioPAX format to one readable in R. It also has a function to build a regulatory network from the pathway information. Here we describe an extension of this function. The new function allows the user to build graphs of entire pathways, including regulated as well as non-regulated elements, and therefore provides a maximum of information. This function is available as part of the rBiopaxParser distribution from Bioconductor.