bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shape memory induced structural evolution of high performance copolyimides
Authors: Yang Zenghui , Song Fuzhi , Wang Qihua , Wang Tingmei 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTIn this work, two kinds of high temperature shape memory copolyimides were prepared and the shape memory cycles induced structural evolution of macromolecular chains was investigated in detail. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of poly(benzoxazole‐co‐imide) (PI1) and poly(benzimidazole‐co‐imide) (PI2) are 280 °C and 355 °C, respectively. The results show that PI1 could keep stable macromolecular chain structure under shape memory cycles and exhibit outstanding shape memory performance (Rf > 98%, Rr > 97%) under different stretch condition. Whereas, shape memory cycles induced orientation with more ordered macromolecular chains packing is formed for PI2 after several thermal mechanical cycles, which strongly affect physical crosslinking points, thermal mechanical properties as well as shape memory behaviors. The study on macroscopic property and microscopic structure evolution will promote a better understanding of the shape memory effect of polyimides and accelerate development of high performance polyimides for shape memory applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 3858–3867
Diethynylbenzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐based small molecule and cross‐conjugated copolymers for organic solar cells
Authors: Xie Ruihao , Xu Rongguo , Liang Yiming , Yin Qingwu , Huang Yunping , Ying Lei , Huang Fei , Cao Yong 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTIn this manuscript we reported the synthesis of diethynylbenzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene(DEBDT)‐based small molecule BDTTIPS and three new cross‐conjugated copolymers PBDTE‐Th, PBDTE‐FBT, and PBDTE‐DPP that consist of DEBDT unit. The thermal, optophysical, and electronic properties of these materials were systematically investigated. The small molecule BDTTIPS exhibited higher absorption coefficient than the cross‐conjugated copolymers. The LUMO/HOMO energy levels of such three cross‐conjugated copolymers were −3.74/5.51, −3.77/–5.53, and −4.02/–5.58 eV as estimated from cyclic voltammetry measurements, which were lower than that of −3.63/–5.39 eV for the small molecule BDTTIPS. Due to the unique molecular structure and electronic properties of cross‐conjugated polymers, hole mobilities of PBDTE‐Th and PBDTE‐DPP were higher than that of BDTTIPS. Photovoltaic performances were investigated by fabricating organic solar cells with the configuration of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/donor:PC61BM/Ca/Al. The small molecule chromophore BDTTIPS exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 4.19%, which was much higher than those obtained from devices based on conjugated polymers as the photoactive layer. These observations indicated that the DEBDT can be a promising building block for the construction of organic semiconducting materials for organic solar cell applications, and the rational molecular design was required for the attainment of high photovoltaic performances. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 660–671
Understanding the Compatibility of the Energetic Binder PolyNIMMO with Energetic Plasticizers: Experimental and DFT Studies
Authors: Shee Sujit Kumar , Shah Priya Nitin , Athar Javaid , Dey Abhijit , Soman R. R. , Sikder Arun Kanti , Pawar Suman , Banerjee Shaibal 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe development of energetic binders with suitable energetic plasticizers is required to enhance the mechanical properties and to reduce the glass transition temperature of propellant and explosive formulations. The compatibility of the energetic binder poly(3‐nitratomethyl‐3‐methyloxetane) (polyNIMMO) with five different energetic plasticizers viz. bis(2,2‐dinitro propyl)acetal (BDNPA), dinitro‐diaza‐alkanes (DNDA‐57), 1,2,4‐butanetriol trinitrate (BTTN), N‐N‐butyl‐N‘(2‐nitroxy‐ethyl) nitramine (BuNENA) and diethyleneglycoldinitrate (DEGDN) was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), rheology, and DFT methods. The results obtained for the pure binder were compared with the results obtained for the binder/plasticizer blend in regard of the decomposition temperature and the format of the peak indicated the compatibility of polyNIMMO with the plasticizers. The glass transition temperatures of the blends were determined by low temperature DSC and showed desirable lowering of glass transition temperature with single peak. The rheological evaluation revealed that the viscosity of the binder is considerably lowered by means of flow behavior upon addition of 20 % (w/w) plasticizer. The addition of BuNENA and DEGDN has maximum effect on the lowering of viscosity of polyNIMMO. The predicted relative trend of interaction energies between plasticizer and binder is well correlated with the corresponding trend of viscosity of binder/plasticizer blends. These experimental studies verified by theoretical methods are valuable to design practical blends of new plasticizers and binders.
Evaluation of a novel PXR‐knockout in HepaRG™ cells
Authors: Williamson Beth , Lorbeer Mathias , Mitchell Michael D. , Brayman Timothy G. , Riley Robert J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe nuclear pregnane X receptor (PXR) regulates the expression of genes involved in the metabolism, hepatobiliary disposition, and toxicity of drugs and endogenous compounds. PXR is a promiscuous nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) with significant ligand and DNA‐binding crosstalk with the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR); hence, defining the precise role of PXR in gene regulation is challenging. Here, utilising a novel PXR‐knockout (KO) HepaRG cell line, real‐time PCR analysis was conducted to determine PXR involvement for a range of inducers. The selective PXR agonist rifampicin, a selective CAR activator, 6‐(4‐chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3]thiazole‐5‐carbaldehyde O‐(3,4‐dichlorobenzyl)oxime (CITCO), and dual activators of CAR and PXR including phenobarbital (PB) were analyzed. HepaRG control cells (5F clone) were responsive to prototypical inducers of CYP2B6 and CYP3A4. No response was observed in the PXR‐KO cells treated with rifampicin. Induction of CYP3A4 by PB, artemisinin, and phenytoin was also much reduced in PXR‐KO cells, while the response to CITCO was maintained. This finding is in agreement with the abolition of functional PXR expression. The apparent EC50 values for PB were in agreement between the cell lines; however, CITCO was ~threefold (0.3 μmol/L vs. 1 μmol/L) lower in the PXR‐KO cells compared with the 5F cells for CYP2B6 induction. Results presented support the application of the novel PXR‐KO cells in the definitive assignment of PXR‐mediated CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 induction. Utilization of such cell lines will allow advancement in composing structure activity relationships rather than relying predominantly on pharmacological manipulations and provide in‐depth mechanistic evaluation.
Combined thermionic and field emission reverse current for ideal graphene/n‐Si Schottky contacts in a modified Landauer formalism
Authors: Varonides Argyrios 
Published: September 2016

AbstractFundamental understanding of carrier transport is needed for current graphene‐based devices (e.g. graphene based Schottky diodes, FET geometries, solar cells) involving single layer graphene grown directly over n‐ or p‐ type semiconductors. In an intimate (ideal) G/n‐Si junction under reverse bias, carriers may (a) tunnel through the junction and/or (b) thermionically overcome the junction barrier. Tunneling occurring at the junction is in essence thermionic field emission of carriers with energy levels below the junction barrier, with a less‐than‐one tunneling probability; thermal escape may occur as long as carriers have sufficient energy to overcome the barrier at the interface. The total current is expected to be the sum of two current components, thermionic emission (TE) and thermionic field emission (TFE), respectively, representing carriers surmounting and tunneling through the barrier, in the form I = ITE + ITFE, and is strongly dependent on temperature and doping. Specifically, we derive explicit results for both currents within the general Schottky diode current‐voltage characteristic: I = Io (eqV/kT–1). The combined current prefactor includes strong dependencies on (a) temperature as T3/2 and T5/2 for TE and TFE components, respectively, (b) junction barrier qΦB, (c) graphene layer thickness δ and (d) different Richardson constants for both components. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multiplexed azido‐group isotopic capture (MAGIC) beads: Selective analysis of azido compounds using a propargyl‐based cleavable linker, a proof of concept
Authors: McLellan Michelle , Doyle Michael G. J. , Bodnar Edward D. , Lopez Paul G. , Domalaon Ronald , Roy Rini , Cordova Katherine , Schweizer Frank , Perreault Hélène 
Published: September 2016

RationaleA cleavable linker is designed and synthesized for the selective capture of azide‐containing compounds. This article presents a proof of concept methodology involving the use of peptide‐functionalized aminopropyl silica, on which the peptide is constructed by solid‐phase peptide synthesis.MethodsThe peptide linker has L‐propargylglycine (Pra) at one terminal end to allow the conjugation of azide‐containing molecules by copper assisted azide alkyne cycloaddition, also known as click reaction. L‐Arginine (Arg) is placed just before Pra to permit the release of the captured product by tryptic cleavage. Three glycine (Gly) residues, as part of the linker, are appended to the silica bead to present a spacer section that allows efficient tryptic cleavage devoid of steric hindrance imposed by the bulky bead. The bead composition is Si‐O‐propyl‐NH‐Gly‐Gly‐Gly‐Arg‐Pra.ResultsThis solid‐phase material can be used to capture and release azide‐functionalized compounds. The beads are first tested on three azido compounds, 2‐azido‐2‐deoxyglucose (ADG), BOC‐p‐azido‐Phe‐OH (BAzPhe), where BOC = tert‐butoxycarbonyl, and tetraacetylated‐N‐azidomannosamine (Ac4ManNAz). Copper‐mediated click reaction conditions are used and released products are characterized by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS) and tandem MS (MS/MS).ConclusionsThis method allows easy identification of captured compounds based on mass and fragmentation analysis. Moreover, it is useful for the analysis of small azide‐containing compounds by MALDI‐TOF‐MS which may not be possible otherwise due to matrix interferences. The insertion of isotopically labeled Arg residues provides the possibility of multiplex analysis, from which the beads have been called MAGIC (for Multiplexed Azido‐Group Isotopic Capture). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safety margins in robotic bone milling: from registration uncertainty to statistically safe surgeries
Authors: Siebold Michael A. , Dillon Neal P. , Fichera Loris , Labadie Robert F. , Webster Robert J. , Fitzpatrick J. Michael 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundWhen robots mill bone near critical structures, safety margins are used to reduce the risk of accidental damage due to inaccurate registration. These margins are typically set heuristically with uniform thickness, which does not reflect the anisotropy and spatial variance of registration error.MethodsA method is described to generate spatially varying safety margins around vital anatomy using statistical models of registration uncertainty. Numerical simulations are used to determine the margin geometry that matches a safety threshold specified by the surgeon.ResultsThe algorithm was applied to CT scans of five temporal bones in the context of mastoidectomy, a common bone milling procedure in ear surgery that must approach vital nerves. Safety margins were generated that satisfied the specified safety levels in every case.ConclusionsPatient safety in image‐guided surgery can be increased by incorporating statistical models of registration uncertainty in the generation of safety margins around vital anatomy.
Dynamic Hash key‐based stream cipher for secure transmission of real time ECG signal
Authors: Pandian K. K. Soundra , Ray Kailash Chandra 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn the last few decades, patients demand the data integrity and confidentiality of their Electrocardiography (ECG) signal for remote diagnosis through the network. In this context, a Dynamic Hash key‐based stream cipher for a cryptosystem is proposed to transmit the ECG signal to maintain integrity and confidentiality. The novelty of this proposed methodology is based on real‐time dynamic non‐recursive pseudorandom keystream using dynamic Toeplitz hash value‐based RC4 algorithm, unlike the existing static key‐based stream ciphers. The Toeplitz hash value (HV) is constructed from the sequence generated using non‐singular sequence folding‐based nonlinear feedback function expressed in algebraic normal form. The proposed design is realized using Verilog hardware description language (HDL) to construct the non‐recursive dynamic key stream sequence and prototyped on existing hardware Field‐programmable gate array (FPGA) device Virtex 5 xc5vlx110t‐2ff1136. The generated dynamic binary key stream sequence is analysed for key size, correlation and further verified by randomness tests using National Institute of Standards and Technology statistical test suites. The laboratory experiment is carried out with the existing two FPGA boards to prototype the proposed hardware cryptosystem for the encryption and decryption of real time ECG signal. The implementation result in the FPGA device accomplishes with the initial latency of 257 clock cycles and improved data throughput of 534Mbps than the existing design. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive capacity to technological change: A microfoundational approach
Authors: Aggarwal Vikas A. , Posen Hart E. , Workiewicz Maciej 
Published: September 2016

Research summary>:We take a microfoundational approach to understanding the origin of heterogeneity in firms' capacity to adapt to technological change. We develop a computational model of individual‐level learning in an organizational setting characterized by interdependence and ambiguity. The model leads to organizational outcomes with the canonical properties of routines: constancy, efficacy, and organizational memory. At the same time, the process generating these outcomes also produces heterogeneity in firms' adaptive capacity to different types of technological change. An implication is that exploration policy in the formative period of routine development can influence a firm's capacity to adapt to change in maturity. This points to a host of strategic trade‐offs, not only between performance and adaptive capacity, but also between adaptive capacities to different forms of change.Managerial summary:Why are firms differentially effective at adapting to technological change? We argue that firms differ in the adaptive capacity of the routines that underlie their capabilities. These differences arise well before change occurs, and result because firms build routines that are differentially responsive to signals of performance decline associated with technological change. Thus, early managerial efforts to build superior productive efficiency must be complemented by efforts to build superior adaptive capacity. Our theory suggests that managers can prepare for technological change by implementing policies, in the formative period of organizational development, that promote individuals' exploration of novel actions. However, there are trade‐offs because preparation aimed at building adaptive capacity to one type of technological change may limit adaptive capacity to other types of change. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using spatial, economic, and ecological opinion data to inform gray wolf conservation
Authors: Berry Meredith S. , Nickerson Norma P. , Metcalf Elizabeth Covelli 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTPublic opinion can be an influential factor in wildlife management decisions. Evaluating public opinions can help legitimize, or delegitimize, management and facilitate long‐term conservation goals. This is especially true for the controversial issues surrounding the management of predators. We surveyed Montana, USA, residents during summer of 2013 to measure public opinion regarding economic and ecological impacts of the gray wolf (Canis lupus), and current management of this species. Although opinions were polarized in some areas, a greater percentage of Montanans think that wolves negatively affect the economy, but impact tourism (which contributes to the economy) positively. These differences may reflect the belief that rancher economic losses from wolf predation of cattle is greater than overall tourism gains related to wolves (e.g., wolf‐watching), in addition to the perception of wolves negatively affecting big game (e.g., elk [Cervus canadensis]). Results also show that a slightly greater percentage of Montanans feel that wolves positively rather than negatively affect the ecosystem. Regarding specific practices, more Montanans than not have a positive opinion of maintaining wolves on the landscape and also support hunting of wolves. More Montanans hold negative rather than positive opinions, however, regarding wolf trapping. This result was most evident in western Montana as assessed by a spatial distribution of opinions by county and has implications for current wolf management and nontarget species. Results of ordinal regression analyses revealed that big game hunters, males, and those who held negative opinions of the effect of wolves on the Montana ecosystem and economy were significantly more likely to support both hunting and trapping practices. Living in western Montana predicted positive opinions of hunting, but alternatively, negative opinions of trapping. These results provide an understanding of public opinion of wolf management by county as well as statistical inferences that can be useful for informing more regionally oriented management practices. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Assimilating surface observations in a four-dimensional variational Doppler radar data assimilation system to improve the analysis and forecast of a squall line case
Authors: Chen Xingchao , Zhao Kun , Sun Juanzhen , Zhou Bowen , Lee Wen-Chau 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis paper examines how assimilating surface observations can improve the analysis and forecast ability of a fourdimensional Variational Doppler Radar Analysis System (VDRAS). Observed surface temperature and winds are assimilated together with radar radial velocity and reflectivity into a convection-permitting model using the VDRAS four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) data assimilation system. A squall-line case observed during a field campaign is selected to investigate the performance of the technique. A single observation experiment shows that assimilating surface observations can influence the analyzed fields in both the horizontal and vertical directions. The surface-based cold pool, divergence and gust front of the squall line are all strengthened through the assimilation of the single surface observation. Three experiments—assimilating radar data only, assimilating radar data with surface data blended in a mesoscale background, and assimilating both radar and surface observations with a 4DVAR cost function—are conducted to examine the impact of the surface data assimilation. Independent surface and wind profiler observations are used for verification. The result shows that the analysis and forecast are improved when surface observations are assimilated in addition to radar observations. It is also shown that the additional surface data can help improve the analysis and forecast at low levels. Surface and low-level features of the squall line—including the surface warm inflow, cold pool, gust front, and low-level wind—are much closer to the observations after assimilating the surface data in VDRAS.
Präimplantationsdiagnostik
Authors: Zühlke Christine , Hellenbroich Yorck , Fondel Sabine , Schöpper Beate , Hüning Irina , Busche Andreas , Depenbusch Marion , Schultze-Mosgau Askan , von Horn Kyra , Osterholz-Zaleski Tina , Griesinger Georg , Gillessen-Kaesbach Gabriele 
Published: September 2016

Zusammenfassung
Paare mit Kinderwunsch, bei denen aufgrund genetischer Veränderungen eine erhöhte Wahrscheinlichkeit für eine Fehl- oder Totgeburt oder ein erhöhtes Risiko für die Geburt eines Kindes mit einer schweren, genetisch bedingten Erkrankung besteht, dürfen in Deutschland eine Präimplantationsdiagnostik (PID) durchführen lassen. In diesem Artikel fassen wir unsere Erfahrungen aus dem PID-Zentrum Lübeck zusammen, das seit 1. März 2014 vom Gesundheitsministerium in Schleswig-Holstein zugelassen ist. Im Zeitraum zwischen März 2014 und Juni 2016 haben sich 230 Paare an das PID-Zentrum Lübeck gewandt, davon wurden 108 zur persönlichen Vorstellung eingeladen. Von den Anfragen bezogen sich ca. 30 % auf chromosomale Veränderungen, 70 % auf monogen verursachte Erkrankungen. Mehrfach wurden Untersuchungen für die Huntington-Krankheit, cystische Fibrose, spinale Muskelatrophie, Muskeldystrophie Duchenne, β‑Thalassämie, myotone Dystrophie, das fragile X‑Syndrom und die Neurofibromatosen gewünscht. Im PID-Zentrum haben sich 71 der 108 Paare informieren und beraten lassen, 28 davon haben einen Antrag an die PID-Kommission Nord gestellt. Von den 28 Anträgen an die PID-Kommission handelte es sich in 14 Fällen um Translokationen, in 14 Fällen um monogene Ursachen. Es wurden 27 Fälle durch die PID-Kommission Nord zustimmend beurteilt, einer wurde abgelehnt. Im o. g. Zeitraum wurden für elf Paare PID-Zyklen durchgeführt: sieben für Translokationen (durch Array-CGH), vier für monogen verursachte Erkrankungen (Mutationsnachweis einschließlich gekoppelter polymorpher Marker).
Early Eocene Calcareous Algae and Benthic Foraminifera from Meghalaya, NE India: A New Record of Microfacies and Palaeoenvironment
Authors: Sarkar Suman 
Published: September 2016

Abstract:
Early Eocene carbonate sediments of the Umlatdoh Limestone (Meghalaya, N-E India) represent a shallow marine shelf environment. The major biotic components characterizing these carbonates are calcareous green algae and small to larger benthic foraminifera. Based on the biogenic associations and general sedimentological features, five major facies types (MFTs) are distinguished. They are dominated by poor to moderately sorted grainstones followed by packstones, rudstones and wackestones. Considerable abundance of Halimeda, scarcity of z-corals and poor to moderate occurrence of filter-feeding organisms imply mesotrophic to a slightly oligotrophic nutrient regime. Rare occurrence of geniculate coralline algae is probably due to the lack of suitable substrate and environmental conditions. High incidence of grainstones and packstones, fairly preserved microfossils and few reworked specimens indicate a parautochthonous mode of deposition. Preponderance of Alveolina and Nummulites indicate the possible advent of larger foraminiferal turnover (LFT) in the east Tethys during or even before early Eocene. A conceptual palaeoenvironmental model for the studied succession is provided to showcase various facies gradients, bathymetry levels and shelf zones pertinent to the Umlatdoh Limestone.