bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Erythrocyte Fraction Within Retrieved Thrombi Contributes to Thrombolytic Response in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Choi Mun Hee , Park Geun Hwa , Lee Jin Soo , Lee Sung Eun , Lee Seong-Joon , Kim Jang-Hee , Hong Ji Man 
Published: January 2018

Background and Purpose—
Recent advent of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) enables us to provide a new perspective on the use of tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) through histological analysis of retrieved thrombus. We investigated the responsiveness of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) according to the thrombus composition in EVT-attempted patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Methods—
We reviewed 92 consecutive patients with anterior circulation stroke who received combined IVT and EVT for 2 years. IVT responsiveness is defined as any decrease in the clot burden from baseline computed tomographic angiography to digital subtraction angiography during EVT. We histologically analyzed the relative fractions of red blood cells (RBCs), congregated fibrin and platelets, and white blood cells in the retrieved thrombi using semiautomated color-based segmentation method. Clinical characteristics according to the RBC fraction were investigated, and associated factors with IVT responsiveness were explored.

Results—

Fifty-two patients with histological analyses were stratified into lowest, middle, and highest tertiles of RBC fraction. Toward higher RBC fraction, there was more common susceptibility vessel signs on magnetic resonance imaging (50.0% versus 66.7% versus 91.7%;
P
=0.022) and prevalent IVT responsiveness (25.0% versus 41.7% versus 75.0%;
P
=0.010). IVT-responsive group (n=23) had higher RBC fraction (45.7±15.5% versus 35.9±12.2%;
P
=0.010), lower fibrin and platelet (50.4±14.0% versus 58.5±11.1%;
P
=0.027), and lower white blood cells fraction (3.9±2.1% versus 5.5±3.0%;
P
=0.027) than IVT-unresponsive group (n=29). After adjusting for potential variables, RBC fraction (odds ratio, 1.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–1.10) remained only independent determinant of IVT responsiveness.

Conclusions—
In EVT-attempted patients with acute ischemic stroke, IVT responsiveness would be closely associated with RBC fraction.
Comorbid Psychiatric Disease Is Associated With Lower Rates of Thrombolysis in Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Bongiorno Diana M. , Daumit Gail L. , Gottesman Rebecca F. , Faigle Roland 
Published: January 2018

Background and Purpose—
Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) improves outcomes after acute ischemic stroke but is underused in certain patient populations. Mental illness is pervasive in the United States, and patients with comorbid psychiatric disease experience inequities in treatment for a range of conditions. We aimed to determine whether comorbid psychiatric disease is associated with differences in IVT use in acute ischemic stroke.

Methods—

Acute ischemic stroke admissions between 2007 and 2011 were identified in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Psychiatric disease was defined by
International Classification of Diseases
, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes for secondary diagnoses of schizophrenia or other psychoses, bipolar disorder, depression, or anxiety. Using logistic regression, we tested the association between IVT and psychiatric disease, controlling for demographic, clinical, and hospital factors.

Results—

Of the 325 009 ischemic stroke cases meeting inclusion criteria, 12.8% had any of the specified psychiatric comorbidities. IVT was used in 3.6% of those with, and 4.4% of those without, psychiatric disease (
P
<0.001). Presence of any psychiatric disease was associated with lower odds of receiving IVT (adjusted odds ratio, 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.76–0.85). When psychiatric diagnoses were analyzed separately individuals with schizophrenia or other psychoses, anxiety, or depression each had significantly lower odds of IVT compared to individuals without psychiatric disease.

Conclusions—
Acute ischemic stroke patients with comorbid psychiatric disease have significantly lower odds of IVT. Understanding barriers to IVT use in such patients may help in developing interventions to increase access to evidence-based stroke care.
The Development of Phonological Stratification: Evidence from Stop Voicing Perception in Gurindji Kriol and Roper Kriol
Authors: Stewart Jesse , Meakins Felicity , Algy Cassandra , Joshua Angelina 
Published: January 2018

This study tests the effect of multilingualism and language contact on consonant perception. Here, we explore the emergence of phonological stratification using two alternative forced-choice (2afc) identification task experiments to test listener perception of stop voicing with contrasting minimal pairs modified along a 10-step continuum. We examine a unique language ecology consisting of three languages spoken in Northern Territory, Australia: Roper Kriol (an English-lexifier creole language), Gurindji (Pama-Nyungan), and Gurindji Kriol (a mixed language derived from Gurindji and Kriol). In addition, this study focuses on three distinct age groups: children (group i, 8>), preteens to middle-aged adults (groupii, 10–58), and older adults (groupiii, 65+). Results reveal that both Kriol and Gurindji Kriol listeners in groupiicontrast the labial series [p] and [b]. Contrarily, while alveolar [t] and velar [k] were consistently identifiable by the majority of participants (74%), their voiced counterparts ([d] and [g]) showed random response patterns by 61% of the participants. Responses to the voiced stimuli from the preteen-adult Kriol group were, however, significantly more consistent than in the Gurindji Kriol group, suggesting Kriol listeners may be further along in acquiring the voicing contrast. Significant results regarding listener exposure to Standard English in both language groups also suggests constant exposure to English maybe a catalyst for setting this change in motion. The more varied responses from the Gurindji, Kriol, and Gurindji Kriol listeners in groupsiiandiii, who have little exposure to English, help support these findings.
Morphological and taxonomical analysis of the terrestrial diatom genus Humidophila (Bacillariophyta) on Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul (Southern Indian Ocean)
Authors: CHATTOVÁ BARBORA , LEBOUVIER MARC , VAN DE VIJVER BART 
Published: January 2018

During a survey of the non-marine diatom flora of the volcanic islands, Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul (southern Indian Ocean), seven species belonging to the terrestrial diatom genus Humidophila have been recorded. Apart from five previously known taxa (Humidophila contenta, H. crozetikerguelensis, H. gallica, H. brekkaensis, H. vidalii), two taxa could not be identified based on the currently available literature and are described as new to science: Humidophila amsterdamensis sp. nov. and Humidophila rouhaniana sp. nov. Detailed morphological descriptions of these taxa are given based on both light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations. The morphological features of each taxon have been compared with similar species and notes on their ecology and associated diatom communities have been added.
Reaching Students and Parents Through Weather Science and Safety Workshops for Teachers
Authors: Stewart Alan E. , Knox John A. , Schneider Pat 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWeeklong weather science and safety workshops were conducted with 66 teachers of kindergarten through eighth grade (K–8) in three Georgia counties using the American Red Cross (ARC) Masters of Disaster (MoD) curriculum. The workshop goals included building teacher interests in the MoD, increasing teacher knowledge about the MoD curriculum, increasing and evaluating its use by teachers, disseminating information about it to other teachers, evaluating students’ weather science and safety knowledge, and evaluating students’ and families’ weather safety behavior. Workshop participation produced significant increases in teachers’ knowledge about the MoD curriculum, their general knowledge of weather science and safety, and self-efficacy in teaching their students about severe weather. In the year following the workshops, at least 32 teachers from the workshops delivered 178 MoD lessons to 2,465 students in K–8. In a sample of 291 students whose teachers delivered an MoD lesson on lightning, tornadoes, hurricanes, or floods, students obtained a mean of 60% correct responses on a comprehensive postlesson follow-up test. In a follow-up study with a subsample of 94 parents whose children received instruction from the MoD curriculum, 71% of the families indicated that they had developed safety plans and took additional steps (e.g., assembled safety kits, identified evacuation routes, and/or gathered supplies) to prepare for severe weather. This project is thought to be the first of its kind to demonstrate systematically the effectiveness of weather science and safety education for teachers, their students, and the students’ parents.
Stratiform Precipitation Processes in Cyclones Passing over a Coastal Mountain Range
Authors: Zagrodnik Joseph P. , McMurdie Lynn A. , Houze Robert A. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The Olympic Mountains Experiment (OLYMPEX) documented precipitation and drop size distributions (DSDs) in landfalling midlatitude cyclones with gauges and disdrometers located at various distances from the coast and at different elevations on the windward side of the mountain range. Statistics of the drop size and gauge data for the season and case study analysis of a high-rainfall-producing storm of the atmospheric river type show that DSDs during stratiform raining periods exhibit considerable variability in regions of complex terrain. Seasonal statistics show that different relative proportions of drop sizes are present, depending on synoptic and mesoscale conditions, which vary within a single storm. The most frequent DSD regime contains modest concentrations of both small and large drops with synoptic factors near their climatological norms and moderate precipitation enhancement on the lower windward slopes. The heaviest rains are the most strongly enhanced on the lower slope and have DSDs marked by large concentrations of small to medium drops and varying concentrations of large drops. During the heavy-rain period of the case examined here, the low-level flow was onshore and entirely up terrain, the melting level was ~2.5 km, and stability moist neutral so that large amounts of small raindrops were produced. At the same time, melting ice particles produced at upper levels contributed varying amounts of large drops to the DSD, depending on the subsynoptic variability of the storm structure. When the low-level flow is directed downslope and offshore, small-drop production at low altitudes is reduced or eliminated.
Moist Adiabats with Multiple Condensing Species: A New Theory with Application to Giant-Planet Atmospheres
Authors: Li Cheng , Ingersoll Andrew P. , Oyafuso Fabiano 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA new formula is derived for calculating the moist adiabatic temperature profile of an atmosphere consisting of ideal gases with multiple condensing species. This expression unifies various formulas published in the literature and can be generalized to account for chemical reactions. Unlike previous methods, it converges to machine precision independent of mesh size. It accounts for any ratio of condensable vapors to dry gas, from zero to infinity, and for variable heat capacities as a function of temperature. Because the derivation is generic, the new formula is not only applicable to planetary atmospheres in the solar system but also to hot Jupiters and brown dwarfs in which a variety of alkali metals, silicates, and exotic materials condense. It is demonstrated that even though the vapors are ideal gases, they interact in their effects on the moist adiabatic lapse rate. Finally, the authors apply the new thermodynamic model to study the effects of downdrafts on the distribution of minor constituents and the thermal profile in the Galileo probe hot spot. The authors find that the Galileo probe measurements can be interpreted as a strong downdraft that displaces an air parcel from the 1-bar to the 4-bar level (1 bar = 100 000 Pa).
Influence of the Pacific–Japan Pattern on Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall
Authors: Srinivas G. , Chowdary Jasti S. , Kosaka Yu , Gnanaseelan C. , Parekh Anant , Prasad K. V. S. R. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This study discusses the impact of the Pacific–Japan (PJ) pattern on Indian summer monsoon (ISM) rainfall and its possible physical linkages through coupled and uncoupled pathways. Empirical orthogonal function analysis of 850-hPa relative vorticity over the western North Pacific (WNP) is used to extract the PJ pattern as the leading mode of circulation variability. The partial correlation analysis of the leading principal component reveals that the positive PJ pattern, which features anticyclonic and cyclonic low-level circulation anomalies over the tropical WNP and around Japan respectively, enhances the rainfall over the southern and northern parts of India. The northwestward propagating Rossby waves, in response to intensified convection over the Maritime Continent reinforced by low-level convergence in the southern flank of westward extended tropical WNP anticyclone, increase rainfall over southern peninsular India. Meanwhile, the anomalous moisture transport from the warm Bay of Bengal due to anomalous southerlies at the western edge of the low-level anticyclone extending from the tropical WNP helps to enhance the rainfall over northern India. The atmospheric general circulation model forced with climatological sea surface temperature confirms this atmospheric pathway through the westward propagating Rossby waves. Furthermore, the north Indian Ocean (NIO) warming induced by easterly wind anomalies along the southern periphery of the tropical WNP–NIO anticyclone enhances local convection, which in turn feeds back to the WNP convection anomalies. This coupled nature via interbasin feedback between the PJ pattern and NIO is confirmed using coupled model sensitivity experiments. These results are important in identifying new sources of ISM variability/predictability on the interannual time scale.
Mechanism of Future Spring Drying in the Southwestern United States in CMIP5 Models
Authors: Ting Mingfang , Seager Richard , Li Cuihua , Liu Haibo , Henderson Naomi 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The net surface water budget, precipitation minus evaporation (P − E), shows a clear seasonal cycle in the U.S. Southwest with a net gain of surface water (positive P − E) in the cold half of the year (October–March) and a net loss of water (negative P − E) in the warm half (April–September), with June and July being the driest months of the year. There is a significant shift of the summer drying toward earlier in the year under a CO2 warming scenario, resulting in substantial spring drying (March–May) of the U.S. Southwest from the near-term future to the end of the current century, with gradually increasing magnitude. While the spring drying has been identified in previous studies, its mechanism has not been fully addressed. Using moisture budget analysis, it was found that the drying is mainly due to decreased mean moisture convergence, partially compensated by the increase in transient eddy moisture flux convergence. The decreased mean moisture convergence is further separated into components as a result of changes in circulation (dynamic changes) and changes in atmospheric moisture content (thermodynamic changes). The drying is found to be dominated by the thermodynamic-driven changes in column-averaged moisture convergence, mainly due to increased dry zonal advection caused by the climatological land–ocean thermal contrast, rather than by the well-known “dry get drier” mechanism. Furthermore, the enhanced dry advection in the warming climate is dominated by the robust zonal mean atmospheric warming, leading to equally robust spring drying in the southwestern United States.
Parameterization of Mixed Layer and Deep-Ocean Mesoscales including Nonlinearity
Authors: Canuto V. M. , Cheng Y. , Dubovikov M. S. , Howard A. M. , Leboissetier A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn 2011, Chelton et al. carried out a comprehensive census of mesoscales using altimetry data and reached the following conclusions: “essentially all of the observed mesoscale features are nonlinear” and “mesoscales do not move with the mean velocity but with their own drift velocity,” which is “the most germane of all the nonlinear metrics.” Accounting for these results in a mesoscale parameterization presents conceptual and practical challenges since linear analysis is no longer usable and one needs a model of nonlinearity. A mesoscale parameterization is presented that has the following features: 1) it is based on the solutions of the nonlinear mesoscale dynamical equations, 2) it describes arbitrary tracers, 3) it includes adiabatic (A) and diabatic (D) regimes, 4) the eddy-induced velocity is the sum of a Gent and McWilliams (GM) term plus a new term representing the difference between drift and mean velocities, 5) the new term lowers the transfer of mean potential energy to mesoscales, 6) the isopycnal slopes are not as flat as in the GM case, 7) deep-ocean stratification is enhanced compared to previous parameterizations where being more weakly stratified allowed a large heat uptake that is not observed, 8) the strength of the Deacon cell is reduced. The numerical results are from a stand-alone ocean code with Coordinated Ocean-Ice Reference Experiment I (CORE-I) normal-year forcing.
The Interaction of Recirculation Gyres and a Deep Boundary Current
Authors: Le Bras Isabela Astiz , Jayne Steven R. , Toole John M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMotivated by the proximity of the Northern Recirculation Gyre and the deep western boundary current in the North Atlantic, an idealized model is used to investigate how recirculation gyres and a deep flow along a topographic slope interact. In this two-layer quasigeostrophic model, an unstable jet imposed in the upper layer generates barotropic recirculation gyres. These are maintained by an eddy-mean balance of potential vorticity (PV) in steady state. The authors show that the topographic slope can constrain the northern recirculation gyre meridionally and that the gyre’s adjustment to the slope leads to increased eddy PV fluxes at the base of the slope. When a deep current is present along the topographic slope in the lower layer, these eddy PV fluxes stir the deep current and recirculation gyre waters. Increased proximity to the slope dampens the eddy growth rate within the unstable jet, altering the geometry of recirculation gyre forcing and leading to a decrease in overall eddy PV fluxes. These mechanisms may shape the circulation in the western North Atlantic, with potential feedbacks on the climate system.
Evaluation of Tropical Cyclone Structure Forecasts in a High-Resolution Version of the Multiscale GFDL fvGFS Model
Authors: Hazelton Andrew T. , Harris Lucas , Lin Shian-Jiann 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
A nested version of the cubed-sphere finite-volume dynamical core (FV3) with GFS physics (fvGFS) is capable of tropical cyclone (TC) prediction across multiple space and time scales, from subseasonal prediction to high-resolution structure and intensity forecasting. Here, a version of fvGFS with 2-km resolution covering most of the North Atlantic is evaluated for its ability to simulate TC track, intensity, and finescale structure. TC structure is evaluated through a comparison of forecasts with three-dimensional Doppler radar from P-3 flights by NOAA’s Hurricane Research Division (HRD), and the structural metrics evaluated include the 2-km radius of maximum wind (RMW), slope of the RMW, depth of the TC vortex, and horizontal vortex decay rate. Seven TCs from the 2010–16 seasons are evaluated, including 10 separate model runs and 38 individual flights. The model had some success in producing rapid intensification (RI) forecasts for Earl, Edouard, and Matthew. The fvGFS model successfully predicts RMWs in the 25–50-km range but tends to have a small bias at very large radii and a large bias at very small radii. The wind peak also tends to be somewhat too sharp, and the vortex depth occasionally has a high bias, especially for storms that are observed to be shallow. Composite radial wind shows that the boundary layer tends to be too deep, although the outflow structure aloft is relatively consistent with observations. These results highlight the utility of the structural evaluation of TC forecasts and also show the promise of fvGFS for forecasting TCs.
Complementarity framework formulation from bond graphs to model a class of nonlinear systems and hybrid systems with fixed causality
Authors: Villa-Villaseñor Noé , Rico-Melgoza J Jesús 
Published: January 2018

A systematic method for constructing models in the complementarity framework from a bond graph is proposed. Bond graphs with and without storage elements in derivative causality are considered. The proposed method allows the study of switching systems represented by a bond graph model of fixed causality. The proposed methodology allows the complementarity framework to be exploited in different engineering areas by using bond graphs. The idea of representing a unidirectional switch with a model that is essentially the same as a diode is presented. By employing a similar representation for diodes and switches, the modeling and simulation of power switching converters are simplified and become more intuitive. Two application examples are shown. A non-inverting buck-boost converter and a zeta converter with an element in derivative causality are simulated.
Redactions in protocols for drug trials: what industry sponsors concealed
Authors: Marquardsen Mikkel , Ogden Michelle , Gøtzsche Peter C. 
Published: January 2018

Objective To describe the redactions in contemporary protocols for industry-sponsored randomised drug trials with patient relevant outcomes and to evaluate whether there was a legitimate rationale for the redactions. Design Cohort study. Under the Freedom of Information Act, we requested access to trial protocols approved by a research ethics committee in Denmark from October 2012 to March 2013. We received 17 consecutive protocols, which had been redacted before we got them, and nine protocols without redactions. In five additional cases, the companies refused to let the committees give us access, and in three other cases, documents were missing. Participants Not applicable. Setting Not applicable. Main outcome measure Amount and nature of redactions in 22 predefined key protocol variables. Results The redactions were most widespread in those sections of the protocol where there is empirical evidence of substantial problems with the trustworthiness of published drug trials: data analysis, handling of missing data, detection and analysis of adverse events, definition of the outcomes, interim analyses and premature termination of the study, sponsor’s access to incoming data while the study is running, ownership to the data and investigators’ publication rights. The parts of the text that were redacted differed widely, both between companies and within the same company. Conclusions We could not identify any legitimate rationale for the redactions. The current mistrust in industry-sponsored drug trials can only change if the industry offers unconditional access to its trial protocols and other relevant documents and data.