bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Not a barrier but a key: How bacteriophages exploit host's O‐antigen as an essential receptor to initiate infection
Authors: Broeker Nina K. , Barbirz Stefanie 
Published: June 2017

SummaryTailed bacteriophages specific for Gram‐negative bacteria encounter lipopolysaccharide (LPS) during the first infection steps. Yet, it is not well understood how biochemistry of these initial interactions relates to subsequent events that orchestrate phage adsorption and tail rearrangements to initiate cell entry. For many phages, long O‐antigen chains found on the LPS of smooth bacterial strains serve as essential receptor recognized by their tailspike proteins (TSP). Many TSP are depolymerases and O‐antigen cleavage was described as necessary step for subsequent orientation towards a secondary receptor. However, O‐antigen specific host attachment must not always come along with O‐antigen degradation. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology Prokhorov et al. report that coliphage G7C carries a TSP that deacetylates O‐antigen but does not degrade it, whereas rough strains or strains lacking O‐antigen acetylation remain unaffected. Bacteriophage G7C specifically functionalizes its tail by attaching the deacetylase TSP directly to a second TSP that is nonfunctional on the host's O‐antigen. This challenges the view that bacteriophages use their TSP only to clear their way to a secondary receptor. Rather, O‐antigen specific phages may employ enzymatically active TSP as a tool for irreversible LPS membrane binding to initiate subsequent infection steps.
Telephone nursing in Sweden: A narrative literature review
Authors: Kaminsky Elenor , Röing Marta , Björkman Annica , Holmström Inger K. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractTelephone nursing services are expanding globally. Swedish Healthcare Direct is the largest healthcare provider in Sweden. This paper provides a comprehensive understanding of telephone nursing, as reflected by research on Swedish national telephone nursing, and discusses the findings in relation to international literature. A descriptive, mixed‐studies literature review was conducted. Twenty‐four articles from January 2003 to April 2015 were identified from PubMed, Scopus, and CINAHL, and included. The issues explored in this study are how telephone nursing is perceived by callers, telephone nurses, and managers, and what characterizes such calls. Callers value reassurance, support, respect and satisfaction and involvement in decisions can increase their adherence. The telephone nurses' perspective focused on problems and ethical dilemmas, communication, the decision support tool, and working tasks. The managers' perspective focused on nursing work goals and malpractice claims. Concerning call characteristics, authentic calls, incident reports, and threats to patient safety were considered. Telephone nursing seems safe, but gender can play a role in calls. Future research on caller access, equity, and efficiency, healthcare cost‐effectiveness, distribution, and patient safety is needed.
Cell‐specific diversity in the expression and organization of cytoplasmic plaque proteins of apical junctions
Authors: Vasileva Ekaterina , Sluysmans Sophie , Bochaton‐Piallat Marie‐Luce , Citi Sandra 
Published: June 2017

AbstractTight and adherens junctions play critical roles in the barrier, adhesion, and signaling functions of epithelial and endothelial cells. How the molecular organization of these junctions is tuned to the widely diverse physiological requirements of each tissue type is not well understood. Here, we address this question by examining the expression, localization, and interactions of major cytoplasmic plaque proteins of tight and adherens junctions in different cultured epithelial and endothelial cell lines. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence analyses show that the expression profiles of cingulin, paracingulin, ZO‐1, ZO‐2, ZO‐3, PLEKHA7, afadin, PDZD11, p120‐catenin, and α‐catenin, as well as the transmembrane junctional proteins occludin, E‐cadherin, and VE‐cadherin, are significantly diverse when comparing kidney cells (MDCK, mCCD), keratinocytes (HaCaT), lung carcinoma (A427, A549), and endothelium‐derived cells (bEnd.3, meEC, H5V). Proximity ligation and co‐immunoprecipitation assays show that PLEKHA7 and PDZD11 are significantly more associated with the tight junction proteins cingulin and ZO‐1 in aortic endothelium–derived (meEC) cells but not kidney collecting duct epithelial (mCCD) cells. These results provide evidence that the cytoplasmic plaques of tight and adherens junctions are diverse in their composition and molecular architecture and establish a conceptual framework by which we can rationally address the mechanisms of tissue‐dependent junction physiology and signaling by cytoplasmic junctional proteins.
‘Acquired’ concrescence causing surgical complications – a report of two cases
Authors: Dargue A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractConcrescence is a rare odontogenic anomaly. It is defined as the roots of teeth being united by cementum only. Two types of concrescence have been suggested: ‘true’ concrescence, which forms during tooth development, and ‘acquired’ concrescence, which is due to hypercementosis associated with chronic inflammation. This article presents two unsuspected cases of acquired concrescence, the first involving the roots of the upper second and third molars and the second case involving the roots of the lower second and third molars. The current literature is reviewed along with a discussion of the aetiology, typical presentation, diagnostic techniques and possible complications of this condition.
Ultra‐low radiation dose during electrophysiology procedures using optimized new generation fluoroscopy technology
Authors: Crowhurst James , Haqqani Haris , Wright Daniel , Whitby Mark , Lee Adam , Betts John , Denman Russell 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBackgroundElectrophysiology procedures require fluoroscopic guidance, with the associated potentially adverse effects of ionizing radiation. Newer fluoroscopy systems have more features that enable dose‐reduction strategies. This study aimed to investigate any reduction in radiation dose between an older fluoroscopy system (Philips Integris H5000, Philips Healthcare, Einhoven, Netherlands) and one of the latest systems (Siemens Artis Q, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany), optimized with dose‐reduction strategies.MethodsRadiation dose measures were collected over a 2‐year period in a single electrophysiology laboratory. Procedures were separated into seven groups: devices, biventricular devices, electrophysiology studies, standard radiofrequency ablation, complex atrial ablation, ablation for ventricular arrhythmias, and pulmonary vein isolation. In the first year, an older fluoroscopy system was used, and in the second year, a new system, with dose reduction strategies. Comparisons were also made to the literature with regard to radiation dose levels.ResultsPatient characteristics, fluoroscopy times, number of digital acquisitions, procedural times, and procedural success were largely similar between the old and new system across procedure groups. Overall dose area product (DAP) was reduced by 91% (5.0 [2.0–17.0] to 0.45 [0.16–2.61] Gycm2 [P > 0.001]) with the new system and was lower across all groups. DAP readings with the new system are some of the lowest published in the literature in all groups.ConclusionAn optimized contemporary digital fluoroscopy system, with low radiation dose configuration and continued good procedural practice, can result in ultra‐low radiation levels for all electrophysiology procedures, without compromising procedural time or procedural success.
From Play to Peril: A Historical Examination of Media Coverage of Accidental Shootings Involving Children*
Authors: Carlson Jennifer , Cobb Jessica 
Published: June 2017

ObjectivesTo examine how firearms‐related incidents are defined as social problems versus personal tragedies. This is achieved by examining a case of gun violence where the actors immediately involved are apparently blameless: child‐involved accidental firearms deaths and injuries. Specifically, we examine changing narratives of these incidents from the mid‐19th century to the present.MethodsA database of 314 New York Times articles on child‐involved accidental shootings from the mid‐1800s to the present day was compiled and analyzed using Atlas.ti.ResultsOur content analysis shows that despite declining prevalence and coverage over time, these incidents were increasingly framed as social problems through narratives of criminalization and responsibilization. These discursive frameworks differ in how they allocate blame and advance appropriate social responses to child‐involved shootings. First, “criminalization” involves a police response to both the child shooter and, especially after the 1911 promulgation of New York's Sullivan Act requiring a license for concealable firearms, to adult custodians. Second, “responsibilization” allocates responsibility for the proper management of guns to adults at home (since the 1970s) as well as to society at large (since the 1980s) within a discourse that frames child‐involved accidental shootings as indicative of broader social disorder.ConclusionsNarratives of child‐involved shootings reflect a broader social transformation of accidents into public problems that occurred in the 20th century. As such, the results provide insight into both the contemporary gun debate and the moral valuation of children.
The Socialization of Conflict and Its Limits: Gender and Gun Politics in America*
Authors: Goss Kristin A. 
Published: June 2017

ObjectiveThis study considers efforts by gun rights and gun regulation groups to socialize the conflict over firearms policy by engaging a coveted issue public—women. I assess whether gun rights groups have succeeded in weakening women's support for gun control laws and increasing women's firearms ownership. I also examine whether gun regulation groups have succeeded in mobilizing their female sympathizers for political action.MethodsDrawing on two survey archives spanning several decades, I use descriptive statistics and logistic regression to analyze the relationship between women and guns over time.ResultsGun rights groups have had little success in persuading women to become “pro‐gun” in attitudes or behaviors. Gun regulation groups have mobilized their female sympathizers but not enough to offset the political engagement of pro‐gun men.ConclusionThe findings suggest that civic identities, organizational capacities, and countervailing pressures constrain efforts to socialize conflict through persuasion and mobilization.
Planting in Fertile Soil: The National Rifle Association and State Firearms Legislation*
Authors: Reich Gary , Barth Jay 
Published: June 2017

ObjectiveAre increases in citizen demand for guns a boon to advocates of firearms deregulation? We examine this question via state firearms legislation approved between 2009 and 2013, a period marked both by state activism regarding firearms and large surges in the demand for guns in response to Barack Obama's two presidential elections.MethodsWe conduct a multivariate analysis of an original data set of state firearms laws approved between 2009 and 2013. We measure directional shifts in the tenor of firearms legislation across 49 states, controlling for both demographic and political variables.ResultDuring this period, deregulation of firearms was associated with more ideologically conservative state legislatures as well as the interaction between Obama‐induced surges in gun sales and increased National Rifle Association state campaign spending.ConclusionThe findings suggest that increased citizen demand for firearms provides a legislative climate that is advantageous for groups advocating the deregulation of firearms.
The Role of Interest Groups and Group Interests on Gun Legislation in the U.S. House*
Authors: Richards Robert 
Published: June 2017

ObjectiveI examine the differential effects on legislative behavior of organized and unorganized subgroups related to gun policy.MethodsUsing various data sources on campaign contributions, voter characteristics, and legislative behaviors, I estimate logit models of the decision to co‐sponsor or vote for gun bills in the U.S. House of Representatives.ResultsBoth interest group contributions and the percentage of hunters in a district are independently predictive of legislative behavior, above and beyond district ideology and party affiliation. These findings are robust and substantively meaningful.ConclusionsThose involved in the politics surrounding gun policy should take into account the difference between the influence of organized interests like the National Rifle Association (NRA) and the unorganized interests of voter subgroups.
Phylogeny and historical biogeography of silky lacewings (Neuroptera: Psychopsidae)
Authors: BAKKES DEON K. , MANSELL MERVYN W. , SOLE CATHERINE L. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractPsychopsidae (silky winged lacewings) are a small family of Neuroptera characterized by broad hirsute wings that impart a physical resemblance to moths. The fossil record includes many psychopsid‐like taxa from the Late Triassic to Early Oligocene from all major continents. Extant species have a disjunct, tripartite distribution comprising Afrotropical, Southeast Asian and Australian regions that is significant to historical biogeography. Two subfamilies are currently recognized: Zygophlebiinae in the Afrotropics, and Psychopsinae in Australia and Southeast Asia. This study explores phylogeny and historical biogeography of Psychopsidae, using data from biogeography, comparative morphology and molecular sequences (16S, 18S, CAD, COI). Our results show that: (i) the morphological phylogeny is incongruent with molecular data; (ii) Afrotropical Silveira Navás represent a separate lineage that warrants placement in its own subfamily; (iii) the family originated in Pangea; and (iv) the present genus level distribution resulted from two vicariance events associated with Gondwanan fragmentation.
Assessing the impact of perioperative blood transfusions on the survival of adults undergoing cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for appendiceal carcinomatosis
Authors: Owusu‐Agyemang P. , Zavala A. M. , Williams U. U. , Van Meter A. , Soliz J. , Kapoor R. , Shah A. , Hernandez M. , Gottumukkala V. , Cata J. P. 
Published: June 2017

Background and ObjectivesPerioperative red blood cell transfusions (PBT) may be associated with worse survival. In this study of adults undergoing cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS‐HIPEC), we investigated whether there was an association between PBT and survival.Materials and MethodsA retrospective study of adults who had undergone CRS‐HIPEC for appendiceal carcinomatosis was conducted. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify factors associated with survival.ResultsOf the 270 patients analysed, 170 (63%) received PBT. A PBT was not significantly associated with recurrence‐free survival (RFS) (HR = 1·03; 95% CI: 0·7–1·51; P = 0·879) or overall survival (OS) (HR = 0·65; 95% CI: 0·38–1·11; P = 0·116). Higher number of PBT units (≥5) was not associated with worse RFS (P = 0·077) or OS (P = 0·079). Independent predictors of poor survival included as follows: estimated blood loss and high tumour grade for RFS (both P < 0·001), and male gender (P = 0·029) and high tumour grade (P < 0·001) for OS. Higher preoperative haemoglobin was independently associated with better RFS (P = 0·011) and OS (P = 0·006).ConclusionsIn this retrospective study of adults who had undergone CRS‐HIPEC for appendiceal carcinomatosis, PBT was not significantly associated with survival.
Emergency Department Urinary Antibiograms Differ by Specific Patient Group
Authors: Jorgensen S. , Zurayk M. , Yeung S. , Terry J. , Dunn M. , Nieberg P. , Wong-Beringer A. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT

Patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) represent a heterogeneous population comprised of all ages, various backgrounds, such as from the community and skilled-nursing facilities (SNFs), and at various risks for resistant pathogens. The aim of this study was to compare patient group-specific urinary antibiograms in the ED. Adults presented to the ED with an ICD 9/10 code urinary tract infection (UTI) diagnosis during July 2015 to June 2016 were randomly selected (
n
= 500) to extract relevant demographic, laboratory, and clinical data from the medical record. Urinary
Escherichia coli
antibiograms were compared between institutional versus ED and among ED patients (male versus female; age of 18 to 64 years versus ≥65 years; female aged 18 to 50 years versus >50 years; home versus SNF; and admitted versus discharged).
E. coli
grew from 56% (145/259) of the positive urine cultures. Overall ciprofloxacin (CIP), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT), and cefazolin (CFZ) susceptibilities were <71%. Differences in antibiograms were the following: lower CFZ and SXT susceptibilities in ED versus institutional (CFZ, 67% versus 86% [
P
= 0.001]; SXT, 66% versus 74% [
P
= 0.02]), lower ampicillin and gentamicin susceptibilities in females aged 18 to 50 years versus >50 years (32% versus 52% [
P
= 0.04]; 78% versus 93% [
P
= 0.02]), lower CIP susceptibilities in the elderly (64% versus 81%;
P
= 0.03), SNF versus home (35% versus 77%;
P
< 0.001), admitted versus discharged (63% versus 78%;
P
= 0.04), and lower SXT susceptibilities in patients aged <65 years versus the elderly (58% versus 71%;
P
= 0.01). Nitrofurantoin showed >80% susceptibility in all groups. Patient group-specific urinary antibiograms revealed distinct differences in
E. coli
susceptibility and should be developed to better inform empirical UTI therapy selection in the ED.
Is This the Carbapenemase Test We've Been Waiting for? A Multicenter Evaluation of the Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method
Authors: Butler-Wu Susan M. , Abbott April N. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT

A plethora of phenotypic methods exist for the detection of carbapenemases; however, clinical laboratories have struggled for years with accurate, objective phenotypic detection of carbapenemase activity in
Enterobacteriaceae
. In this issue of the
Journal of Clinical Microbiology
, V. M. Pierce et al. (J Clin Microbiol 55:2321–2333, 2017,
https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00193-17
) report on a multicenter evaluation of the modified carbapenem inactivation method (mCIM). The high sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and ease of interpretation associated with the mCIM for
Enterobacteriaceae
will likely lead to its adoption by clinical laboratories.
Clostridium difficile PCR Cycle Threshold Predicts Free Toxin
Authors: Senchyna Fiona , Gaur Rajiv L. , Gombar Saurabh , Truong Cynthia Y. , Schroeder Lee F. , Banaei Niaz 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT

There is no stand-alone
Clostridium difficile
diagnostic that can sensitively and rapidly detect fecal free toxins. We investigated the performance of the
C. difficile
PCR cycle threshold (

C
T

) for predicting free toxin status. Consecutive stool samples (
n
= 312) positive for toxigenic
C. difficile
by the GeneXpert
C. difficile
/Epi
tcdB
PCR assay were tested with the rapid membrane C. Diff Quik Chek Complete immunoassay (RMEIA). RMEIA toxin-negative samples were tested with the cell cytotoxicity neutralization assay (CCNA) and tgcBIOMICS enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Using RMEIA alone or in combination with CCNA and/or ELISA as the reference method, the accuracy of

C
T

was measured at different

C
T

cutoffs. Using RMEIA as the reference method, a

C
T

cutoff of 26.35 detected toxin-positive samples with a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 96.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 90.2% to 98.9%), 65.9% (95% CI, 59.0% to 72.2%), 57.4% (95% CI, 52.7% to 62%), and 97.1% (95% CI, 92.8% to 98.9), respectively. Inclusion of CCNA in the reference method improved

C
T

specificity to 78.0% (95% CI, 70.7% to 84.2%). Intercartridge lot

C
T

variability measured as the average coefficient of variation was 2.8% (95% CI, 1.2% to 3.2%). Standardizing the input stool volume did not improve

C
T

toxin specificity. The median

C
T

values were not significantly different between stool samples with Bristol scores of 5, 6, and 7, between pediatric and adult samples, or between presumptive 027 and non-027 strains. In addition to sensitively detecting toxigenic
C. difficile
in stool, on-demand PCR may also be used to accurately predict toxin-negative stool samples, thus providing additional results in PCR-positive stool samples to guide therapy.
Impaired Downregulation of NKG2D Ligands by Nef Proteins from Elite Controllers Sensitizes HIV-1-Infected Cells to Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity
Authors: Alsahafi Nirmin , Richard Jonathan , Prévost Jérémie , Coutu Mathieu , Brassard Nathalie , Parsons Matthew S. , Kaufmann Daniel E. , Brockman Mark , Finzi Andrés 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT

HIV-1 Nef clones isolated from a rare subset of HIV-1-infected elite controllers (EC), with the ability to suppress viral load to undetectable levels in the absence of antiretroviral therapy, are unable to fully downregulate CD4 from the plasma membrane of CD4
+
T cells. Residual CD4 left at the plasma membrane allows Env-CD4 interaction, which leads to increased exposure of Env CD4-induced epitopes and increases susceptibility of infected cells to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). ADCC is mediated largely by natural killer (NK) cells, which control their activation status through the cumulative signals received through activating and inhibitory receptors. Recently, the activating NKG2D receptor was demonstrated to positively influence ADCC responses. Since HIV-1 Nef has been reported to reduce the expression of NKG2D ligands, we evaluated the relative abilities of Nef from EC and progressors to downmodulate NKG2D ligands. Furthermore, we assessed the impact of EC and progressor Nef on the ADCC susceptibility of HIV-1-infected cells. We observed a significantly increased expression of NKG2D ligands on cells infected with viruses coding for Nef from EC. Importantly, NKG2D ligand expression levels correlated with enhanced susceptibility of HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC. The biological significance of this correlation was corroborated by the demonstration that antibody-mediated blockade of NKG2D significantly reduced ADCC of cells infected with viruses carrying Nef from EC. These results suggest the involvement of NKG2D-NKG2D ligand interactions in the enhanced susceptibility of EC HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC responses.

IMPORTANCE
Attenuated Nef functions have been reported in HIV-1 isolated from EC. The inability of elite controller Nef to fully remove CD4 from the surface of infected cells enhanced their susceptibility to elimination by ADCC. We now show that downregulation of NKG2D ligands by HIV-1 Nef from EC is inefficient and leaves infected cells susceptible to ADCC. These data suggest a critical role for NKG2D ligands in anti-HIV-1 ADCC responses.