bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overweight, obese, underweight, and frequency of sugar consumption as risk indicators for early childhood caries in Brazilian preschool children
Authors: Ribeiro Cecilia Claudia Costa , Silva Mariana Carvalho Batista da , Nunes Ana Margarida Melo , Thomaz Erika Bárbara de Abreu Fonseca , Carmo Cadidja Dayane Sousa , Ribeiro Marizélia Rodrigues Costa , Silva Antônio Augusto Moura da 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundA possible association between being overweight or obese and early childhood caries (ECC) remains controversial.AimTo investigated this association in a developing country testing the confounding effects of socioeconomic factors and frequency of sugar consumption.MethodsHistorical cohort study, 388 children (aged 24–71 months) living in São Luís, Brazil. A theoretical model adjusted according to income, birthweight, and nutritional status at twelve months and frequency of sugar consumption was generated with directed acyclic graphs to analyze this association. Caries were considered a discrete variable in the Poisson regression models; incidence density ratios (IRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated.ResultsBeing overweight or obese (IR = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.03–2.22) was independently associated with ECC. Being thin or very thin (IR = 1.97; 95% CI: 1.52–2.54), a high frequency of sugar consumption (IR = 1.83; 95% CI: 1.42–2.38), and age (IR = 3.62; 95% CI: 2.58–5.08) were associated with ECC.ConclusionsChildren overweight or obese, as well as children exhibiting being thin/very thin, were associated with ECC independent of socioeconomic variables and a high frequency of sugar consumption.
Design Pedagogy for an Unknown Future: A View from the Expanding Field of Design Scholarship and Professional Practice
Authors: Wilson Stephanie Elizabeth , Zamberlan Lisa 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis article draws on current research investigating the notion of design for an unknown future. It reflects on recent thinking about the role of creativity in design practice and discusses implications for the development and assessment of creativity in the design studio. It begins with a review of literature on the issues and challenges associated with the assessment of creativity in design education. It then discusses and distinguishes three significant assessment models in design and creative arts education and emphasises the importance of opening debate on notions of creativity within the discipline. Following this, the article examines recent developments in the way that creativity is being practised, driven, fostered and implemented in contemporary design practice, and argues that these recent developments must feature in current scholarship about the development and assessment of creativity in design education. The article recommends areas for future research that pay close attention to developments in the rapidly expanding field of design practice.
Updated evidence‐based (S2e) European Dermatology Forum guideline on topical corticosteroids in pregnancy
Authors: Chi C.‐C. , Kirtschig G. , Aberer W. , Gabbud J.‐P. , Lipozenčić J. , Kárpáti S. , Haustein U.‐F. , Wojnarowska F. , Zuberbier T. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackgroundTopical corticosteroids may be needed for treating skin conditions in pregnancy. Nevertheless, only limited data on the fetal effects of topical corticosteroids are available.ObjectiveTo update an evidence‐based guideline on the safe use of topical corticosteroids in pregnancy.MethodsA guideline subcommittee of the European Dermatology Forum updated the guideline by adding and appraising new evidence.ResultsThe current best evidence from 14 observational studies with 1 601 515 study subjects found no significant associations between maternal use of topical corticosteroids of any potency and some adverse pregnancy outcomes including mode of delivery, birth defect, preterm delivery and fetal death. However, maternal use of potent/very potent topical corticosteroids, especially in large amounts, is associated with an increase in the risk of low birthweight.ConclusionMild/moderate topical corticosteroids should be preferred to potent/very potent ones in pregnancy. The well‐known topical side‐effects of corticosteroids on the mother's side need to be considered as well.
Logistic growth of the host‐specific obligate insect pathogenic fungus Entomophthora muscae in house flies (Musca domestica)
Authors: Hansen A. N. , De Fine Licht H. H. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractInsect pathogenic fungi (IPF) need to overcome the host immune system in order to sporulate and ensure transmission to new hosts. Some IPF produce immunosuppressive toxins, whereas others rely on rapid fungal proliferation to kill the host by sheer fungal mass, resulting in a trade‐off between allocating resources to toxin production and fungal proliferation. The obligate entomopathogenic fungus, Entomophthora muscae sensu stricto, is host specific to the common house fly, Musca domestica. E. muscae grows as protoplast cells without cell walls and is not known to produce toxins. Here, we assessed the growth of E. muscae, in vivo, using real‐time PCR to measure the amount of a single‐copy actin gene. We find that E. muscae exhibits S‐shaped logistic growth between time post‐exposure and the number of fungal nuclei. The results show that E. muscae initially grows exponentially inside the host until depletion of available nutrient sources signifies the ‘limiting capacity’ where after the host is killed. This growth pattern differs markedly from toxin‐producing IPF species of Metarhizium and Beauveria in which maximal (plateau) growth and sporulation do not occur until well after the death of the host.
Preceding crop affects soybean aphid abundance and predator–prey dynamics in soybean
Authors: Lundgren J. G. , Hesler L. S. , Anderson R. L. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractCrop rotations alter the soil environment and physiology of the subsequent crop in ways that may affect the abundance of herbivores and their natural enemies. Soybean aphids are a consistent pest of soybean throughout North America, but little work has focused on how preceding crops may affect pest–predator dynamics. In a replicated experiment over three years, we examined how two preceding crops (spring wheat or an oat/pea mixture) affected seasonal soybean aphid pressure and the ratio of aphids to their predator community. Peak aphid populations were reduced by 40% and 75% in years 1 and 2 by planting spring wheat before soybeans (relative to the oat–pea mixture). Aphid densities were unaffected by preceding crop in the third year of study (aphids were at threshold in this year). Predators responded positively to aphid population increases and were unaffected by preceding crops. Additional research on how crop rotations can be used as a tool to manage soybean aphids warrants further attention.
Air sacculitis in three rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and one Japanese macaque (M. fuscata)
Authors: Cullin Cassandra O. , Colgin Lois M. A. , Lewis Anne D. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBacterial infection of the laryngeal air sacs (air sacculitis) is infrequently reported in nonhuman primates, where it leads to chronic respiratory disease. It is particularly uncommon in macaques; however, we report here suppurative air sacculitis with extension to adjacent cervical tissues in three rhesus macaques and one Japanese macaque. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp., and an anaerobic bacterium were isolated.
Melatonin systemically ameliorates drought stress‐induced damage in Medicago sativa plants by modulating nitro‐oxidative homeostasis and proline metabolism
Authors: Antoniou Chrystalla , Chatzimichail Giannis , Xenofontos Rafaella , Pavlou Jan J. , Panagiotou Evangelia , Christou Anastasis , Fotopoulos Vasileios 
Published: February 2017

AbstractRecent reports have uncovered the multifunctional role of melatonin in plant physiological responses under optimal and suboptimal environmental conditions. In this study, we explored whether melatonin pretreatment could provoke priming effects in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plants subsequently exposed to prolonged drought stress (7 days), by withholding watering. Results revealed that the rhizospheric application of melatonin (10 μmol L−1) remarkably enhanced the drought tolerance of alfalfa plants, as evidenced by the observed plant tolerant phenotype, as well as by the higher levels of chlorophyll fluorescence and stomatal conductance, compared with nontreated drought‐stressed plants. In addition, lower levels of lipid peroxidation (MDA content) as well as of both H2O2 and NO contents in primed compared with nonprimed stressed plants suggest that melatonin pretreatment resulted in the systemic mitigation of drought‐induced nitro‐oxidative stress. Nitro‐oxidative homeostasis was achieved by melatonin through the regulation of reactive oxygen (SOD, GR, CAT, APX) and nitrogen species (NR, NADHde) metabolic enzymes at the enzymatic and/or transcript level. Moreover, melatonin pretreatment resulted in the limitation of cellular redox disruption through the regulation of the mRNA levels of antioxidant and redox‐related components (ADH, AOX, GST7, GST17), as well via osmoprotection through the regulation of proline homeostasis, at both the enzymatic (P5CS) and gene expression level (P5CS, P5CR). Overall, novel results highlight the importance of melatonin as a promising priming agent for the enhancement of plant tolerance to drought conditions through the regulation of nitro‐oxidative and osmoprotective homeostasis.
Olanzapine‐induced early cardiovascular effects are mediated by the biological clock and prevented by melatonin
Authors: Romo‐Nava Francisco , Buijs Frederik N. , Valdés‐Tovar Marcela , Benítez‐King Gloria , Basualdo MariCarmen , Perusquía Mercedes , Heinze Gerhard , Escobar Carolina , Buijs Ruud M. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractSecond generation antipsychotics (SGA) are associated with adverse cardiometabolic side effects contributing to premature mortality in patients. While mechanisms mediating these cardiometabolic side effects remain poorly understood, three independent studies recently demonstrated that melatonin was protective against cardiometabolic risk in SGA‐treated patients. As one of the main target areas of circulating melatonin in the brain is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), we hypothesized that the SCN is involved in SGA‐induced early cardiovascular effects in Wistar rats. We evaluated the acute effects of olanzapine and melatonin in the biological clock, paraventricular nucleus and autonomic nervous system using immunohistochemistry, invasive cardiovascular measurements, and Western blot. Olanzapine induced c‐Fos immunoreactivity in the SCN followed by the paraventricular nucleus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus indicating a potent induction of parasympathetic tone. The involvement of a SCN‐parasympathetic neuronal pathway after olanzapine administration was further documented using cholera toxin‐B retrograde tracing and vasoactive intestinal peptide immunohistochemistry. Olanzapine‐induced decrease in blood pressure and heart rate confirmed this. Melatonin abolished olanzapine‐induced SCN c‐Fos immunoreactivity, including the parasympathetic pathway and cardiovascular effects while brain areas associated with olanzapine beneficial effects including the striatum, ventral tegmental area, and nucleus accumbens remained activated. In the SCN, olanzapine phosphorylated the GSK‐3β, a regulator of clock activity, which melatonin prevented. Bilateral lesions of the SCN prevented the effects of olanzapine on parasympathetic activity. Collectively, results demonstrate the SCN as a key region mediating the early effects of olanzapine on cardiovascular function and show melatonin has opposing and potentially protective effects warranting additional investigation.
Effects of melatonin on seedling growth, mineral nutrition, and nitrogen metabolism in cucumber under nitrate stress
Authors: Zhang Ruimin , Sun Yunkuo , Liu Zeyu , Jin Wen , Sun Yan 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn China, excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers in glasshouses leads to nitrate accumulations in soil and plants, which then limits productivity. Melatonin, an evolutionarily highly conserved molecule, has a wide range of functions in plants. We analyzed the effects of melatonin pretreatment on the growth, mineral nutrition, and nitrogen metabolism in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. “Jin You No. 1”) when seedlings were exposed to nitrate stress. An application of 0.1 mmol/L melatonin significantly improved the growth of plants and reduced their susceptibility to damage due to high nitrate levels (0.6 mol/L) during the ensuing period of stress treatment. Although excess nitrate led to an increase in the concentrations of nitrogen, potassium, and calcium, as well as a decrease in levels of phosphorus and magnesium, exogenous melatonin generally had the opposite effect except for a further rise in calcium concentrations. Pretreatment also significantly reduced the accumulations of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen and enhanced the activities of enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism. Expression of Cs‐NR and Cs‐GOGAT, two genes that function in that metabolism, was greatly down‐regulated when plants were exposed to 0.6 mol/L nitrate, but was up‐regulated in plants that had received the 0.1 mmol/L melatonin pretreatment. Our results are the first evidence that melatonin has an important role in modulating the composition of mineral elements and nitrogen metabolism, thereby alleviating the inhibitory effect on growth normally associated with nitrate stress.
Metabolic syndrome and severity of fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: An age‐dependent risk profiling study
Authors: Petta Salvatore , Eslam Mohammed , Valenti Luca , Bugianesi Elisabetta , Barbara Marco , Cammà Calogero , Porzio Marianna , Rosso Chiara , Fargion Silvia , George Jacob , Craxì Antonio 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackground & AimsMetabolic syndrome (MS) and its individual components are associated with the severity and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We sought to evaluate the relationship between MS components and the risk of severe hepatic fibrosis in NAFLD patients discriminated by age.MethodsWe considered 863 consecutive patients with biopsy‐proven NAFLD, who had been fully evaluated for components of MS.ResultsMultivariate logistic regression analysis showed that F3‐F4 was associated with visceral obesity, IFG/diabetes, and low high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, but not triglycerides >150 or arterial hypertension. A significant interaction was found between age and visceral obesity (P=.04). By stratifying patients for age, we confirmed the interaction between inclusion in the third age tertile (>54 years) and visceral obesity (P=.04). In the lower (<41 years) and middle (41‐54 years) age tertiles, the risk for F3‐F4 fibrosis was mostly driven by visceral obesity and IFG/diabetes. This risk was higher in those with all three metabolic risk factors. Finally, among patients in the higher age tertile (>54 years), obesity did not affect the severity of fibrosis, and the risk of severe fibrosis was higher in those with low HDL and IFG/diabetes with/without visceral obesity (52%‐54%).ConclusionsAmong patients with NAFLD, the metabolic profiles associated with risk for severe fibrosis varied among age groups. Low HDL, obesity and IFG/diabetes were prevalent among patients in the lower and middle age tertiles. HDL and IFG/diabetes but not visceral obesity were prevalent among those in the highest age tertile.
Topographical Pressure Pain Sensitivity Maps of the Temporalis Muscle in People with Frequent Episodic and Chronic Tension‐Type Headache
Authors: Palacios Ceña María , Castaldo Matteo , Wang Kelun , Madeleine Pascal , Guerrero Ángel L. , Arendt‐Nielsen Lars , Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas César 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackgroundPrevious pilot studies suggest the presence of heterogeneous sensitivity to pressure in primary headaches without considering the frequency of headache episodes.ObjectiveTo investigate the differences in topographical pressure pain sensitivity maps in the temporalis muscle between individuals with frequent episodic (FETTH) and chronic (CTTH) tension‐type headache by controlling the presence of anxiety and depression.MethodsoPressure pain thresholds (PPTs) were assessed bilaterally from 9 points distributed over the temporalis muscle (3 points in the anterior portion, 3 in the middle portion, and the remaining 3 in the posterior portion of the muscle belly) in 113 patients with FETTH and 91 with CTTH in a blinded design. Topographical pressure pain sensitivity maps based on interpolation of the PPTs were constructed. Clinical features of headache were collected in a 4‐week headache diary. Anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) were also assessed.ResultsThe multilevel analysis of covariance found significant difference in PPT levels between points (F = 47.649; P < 0.001), but not between groups (F = 0.801; P = 0.602) or sides (F = 0.331; P = 0.565). No significant effect of gender (F = 0.785; P = 0.667), depression (F = 0.515; P = 0.846), or anxiety (F = 0.639; P = 0.745) was observed. Post hoc comparisons revealed: (1) no differences between FETTH and CTTH; (2) no side‐to‐side differences; and (3) anterior‐to‐posterior gradient with the most sensitive points located in the anterior column, followed by those located in the central column and the posterior column of the muscle (all, P < 0.001).ConclusionsThis study confirmed an anterior‐to‐posterior gradient of sensitivity to pressure in both groups, with the highest sensitivity at the anterior part of the muscle. Further, we found similar pressure pain sensitivity in the trigeminal area in people with FETTH or CTTH with no association with depressive or anxiety levels.
Geometric Accuracy Evaluation of YG‐18 Satellite Imagery Based on RFM
Authors: Zhao Ruishan , Jiang Yonghua , Zhang Guo , Deng Mingjun , Yang Fan 
Published: February 2017

AbstractYaoGan‐18 (YG‐18) is a Chinese high‐resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite, which was launched on 29th October 2013. So far, however, there have been no published reports evaluating the geometric accuracy of its imagery; this is rectified in this paper. A refined rational function model (RFM) with an affine transformation is utilised for the spaceborne SAR processing. By setting corner reflectors as ground control points (GCPs) and independent check points, the orthorectification accuracy of YG‐18 satellite images was better than 2·5 m. Its stereo‐SAR measurement accuracy was subsequently evaluated using a high‐precision digital surface model (DSM), achieving an elevation accuracy of 11·36 m. The feasibility of the orthorectification method based on GCPs selected from corresponding image points of YG‐18 SAR images and ZiYuan‐3 (ZY‐3) optical images was also verified, offering single‐image accuracy better than 4·5 m.
Lobbying and Nonprofits: Money and Membership Matter—But Not for All
Authors: Chand Daniel E. 
Published: February 2017

ObjectiveLobbying by nonprofits is a relatively new topic that has drawn attention from political science scholars and nonprofit managers. Several studies have demonstrated there to be lobbying inequalities among nonprofits, but few have compared lobbying expenditures across groups and none have taken into account how well groups have mobilized.MethodsExamining 227 groups that issue legislative “scorecards” over six terms of Congress (1999–2010), the author uses a mix of analysis of variance and regression analysis to determine whether groups with different missions lobby at different levels and whether mobilization factors, such as revenue and membership, can help explain these differences.ResultsThe author finds that organizational revenue and membership predict how much most groups spend on lobbying. However, this finding does not apply to all groups. Public interest nonprofits lobby at higher levels as both their revenues and memberships increase. But business associations lobby at significantly high levels regardless of how well they mobilize.ConclusionsThese results suggest that business associations view lobbying as a more necessary activity for completion of their missions than other tax‐exempt organizations. Many of the most active groups in Washington are small business associations representing “niche” interests. If public interest groups formed around broader social interests are less represented in Washington, as these results suggest, then the voices of large sectors of society, and not just public interest group members, are lost in the policy discussion.
Tolerance to Caspofungin in Candida albicans Is Associated with at Least Three Distinctive Mechanisms That Govern Expression of
FKS
Genes and Cell Wall Remodeling
Authors: Yang Feng , Zhang Lulu , Wakabayashi Hironao , Myers Jason , Jiang Yuanying , Cao Yongbing , Jimenez-Ortigosa Cristina , Perlin David S. , Rustchenko Elena 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

Expanding echinocandin use to prevent or treat invasive fungal infections has led to an increase in the number of breakthrough infections due to resistant
Candida
species. Although it is uncommon, echinocandin resistance is well documented for
Candida albicans
, which is among the most prevalent bloodstream organisms. A better understanding is needed to assess the cellular factors that promote tolerance and predispose infecting cells to clinical breakthrough. We previously showed that some mutants that were adapted to growth in the presence of toxic sorbose due to loss of one chromosome 5 (Ch5) also became more tolerant to caspofungin. We found here, following direct selection of mutants on caspofungin, that tolerance can be conferred by at least three mechanisms: (i) monosomy of Ch5, (ii) combined monosomy of the left arm and trisomy of the right arm of Ch5, and (iii) an aneuploidy-independent mechanism. Tolerant mutants possessed cell walls with elevated chitin and showed downregulation of genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis, namely,
FKS
, located outside Ch5, and
CHT2
, located on Ch5, irrespective of Ch5 ploidy. Also irrespective of Ch5 ploidy, the
CNB1
and
MID1
genes on Ch5, which are involved in the calcineurin signaling pathway, were expressed at the diploid level. Thus, multiple mechanisms can affect the relative expression of the aforementioned genes, controlling them in similar ways. Although breakthrough mutations in two specific regions of
FKS1
have previously been associated with caspofungin resistance, we found mechanisms of caspofungin tolerance that are independent of
FKS1
and thus represent an earlier event in resistance development.