bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of gender‐based disparities in time from initial haematuria presentation to upper tract urothelial carcinoma diagnosis: analysis of a nationwide insurance claims database
Authors: Chappidi Meera R. , Kates Max , Tosoian Jeffrey J. , Johnson Michael H. , Hahn Noah M. , Bivalacqua Trinity J. , Pierorazio Phillip M. 
Published: April 2017

ObjectiveTo investigate the length of time from initial haematuria presentation to upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) diagnosis and the effect of gender on this duration.Patients and MethodsPatients with haematuria claims in the year prior to UTUC diagnosis were identified from the MarketScan database (2010–2014). Delayed diagnosis was defined as >90 days from haematuria presentation to UTUC diagnosis. Multivariable Poisson regression models were used to determine factors associated with delayed UTUC diagnosis.ResultsAmong 1 326 patients with UTUC, 469 (35.4%) experienced delayed diagnosis. Men (n = 866) had a longer median interval from haematuria to diagnosis than women (60 vs 49 days; P = 0.04). In the multivariable model, male gender (relative risk [RR] 1.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.95–1.34) was not associated with delayed diagnosis, while urinary tract infection (UTI; RR 1.52, 95% CI 1.32–1.76), nephrolithiasis (RR 1.23, 95% CI 1.06–1.44), new (RR 1.37, 95% CI 1.12–1.66) and recurrent prostate‐related diagnoses (RR 1.61, 95% CI 1.23–2.10) were. For men presenting to non‐urologists, UTI (RR 1.44, 95% CI 1.22–1.71), nephrolithiasis (RR 1.25 95% CI 1.05–1.49), new (RR 1.41, 95% CI 1.12–1.78) and recurrent prostate‐related diagnoses (RR 1.94, 95% CI 1.45–2.58) were associated with delayed diagnosis; however, for men presenting to urologists, nephrolithiasis (RR 1.08 95% CI 0.78–1.49), new (RR 1.15, 95% CI 0.79–1.68) and recurrent prostate‐related diagnoses (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.69–1.97) were not associated with delayed diagnosis, while UTI diagnosis (RR 1.74, 95% CI 1.31–2.31) was still associated with delayed diagnosis.ConclusionA UTUC diagnosis was made >90 days after haematuria presentation in approximately one‐third of patients. Men experienced a longer median interval from haematuria to UTUC diagnosis compared with women, but male gender was not an independent predictor of delayed diagnosis. Benign diagnoses during haematuria evaluation were strongly associated with delayed diagnosis, especially among patients initially seen by non‐urologists. Future interventions should focus on development of non‐invasive techniques to improve clinical risk stratification of patients presenting with haematuria and to educate practitioners, especially non‐urologists, with regard to the importance of a thoughtful haematuria evaluation and the common mimickers of UTUC, to help reduce delays in diagnosis.
Genetically engineered mouse models of craniopharyngioma: an opportunity for therapy development and understanding of tumor biology
Authors: Apps John Richard , Martinez‐Barbera Juan Pedro 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAdamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP) is the commonest tumor of the sellar region in childhood. Two genetically engineered mouse models have been developed and are giving valuable insights into ACP biology. These models have identified novel pathways activated in tumors, revealed an important function of paracrine signalling and extended conventional theories about the role of organ‐specific stem cells in tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize these mouse models, what has been learnt, their limitations and open questions for future research. We then discussed how these mouse models may be used to test novel therapeutics against potentially targetable pathways recently identified in human ACP.
Real‐time measurement of needle forces and acute pressure changes during intravitreal injections
Authors: Christensen Logan , Cerda Ashlee , Olson Jeffrey L 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to use a physiological pressure transducer to measure real‐time, continuous pressure changes in an ex vivo study model of porcine eyes to record the amount of force needed for scleral penetration and to measure acute intraocular pressure rise during intravitreal injections.MethodsA pressure transducer was inserted into the anterior chamber of 30 fresh porcine eyes, and intraocular pressure was measured 2 s prior to intravitreal injection until 2 s after. A force transducer plate was used to insert various gauge needles into the vitreous cavity and the amount of force in Newtons (N) required for scleral penetration was recorded.ResultsFor scleral perforation, 32‐ and 30‐gauge needles required 0.44 N and 0.45 N, significantly less than larger gauge needles (P < 0.05). Similarly, 27‐ and 25‐gauge needles required more force than smaller gauge needles but less than 19 gauge (P < 0.05). Intraocular pressure increased an average of 64.5 mmHg during intravitreal injection. Two seconds postinjection intraocular pressure readings showed a residual intraocular pressure increase of 11.1 mmHg from pre‐injection baseline.ConclusionReal‐time continuous recordings of pressure reveal that an instantaneous intraocular pressure spike occurs during intravitreal injection and appears to be separate from the intraocular pressure spike that occurs during needle insertion. This pressure spike is transient and has not been captured by previous methods of intraocular pressure measurement, which rely on single time point measurements. The clinical significance of this brief intraocular pressure spike is unclear and warrants further investigation.
Cash Transfers and Child Nutrition: Pathways and Impacts
Authors: de Groot Richard , Palermo Tia , Handa Sudhanshu , Ragno Luigi Peter , Peterman Amber 
Published: April 2017

AbstractChildhood malnutrition remains a significant global problem, with an estimated 162 million children under the age of five suffering from stunted growth. This article examines the extent to which cash transfer programmes can improve child nutrition. It adopts a framework that captures and explains the pathways and determinants of child nutrition. The framework is then used to organize and discuss relevant evidence from the impact evaluation literature, focusing on impact pathways and new and emerging findings from sub‐Saharan Africa to identify critical elements that determine child nutrition outcomes as well as knowledge gaps requiring further research, such as children's dietary diversity, caregiver behaviours and stress.
A ‘new’ economic history of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region
Authors: Saleh Mohamed 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article argues that there is a need to develop a ‘new’ economic and social history of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region that is based on exploiting novel sources of data, including (a) primary papyrological sources from the medieval period, (b) primary sources at the region's local archives and European (colonial) archives, and (c) primary sources from the ancient (pre‐Islamic) period. The proposed ‘new’ history of the MENA region must be inter‐disciplinary for two reasons: (a) digitizing and employing these novel data sources in research requires the collaboration of social scientists, historians, archaeologists, anthropologists, demographers and papyrologists, as well as the co‐operation of MENA‐based scholars who have better access to MENA's local archives, and (b) even if these novel sources are digitized, data limitations are likely to impose a constraint on the reach of quantitative analysis and thus necessitate an inter‐disciplinary methodology that combines quantitative evidence with historical analysis.
“What is the point of life?”: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of suicide in young menwith first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Gajwani Ruchika , Larkin Michael , Jackson Chris 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundLifetime risk of suicide in first‐episode psychosis far exceeds the general population, with the risk of suicide persisting long after first presentation. There is strong evidence to suggest that women more frequently attempt suicide, while men are at a greater risk of completing suicide. First‐hand experiential evidence is needed in order to better understand men's motives for, and struggles with, suicidality in early psychosis.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were conducted with 7 participants. The interviews explored each respondent's account of their suicide attempt within the broader context of their life, in relation to their past, present and future. In line with the exploratory, inductive nature of the study, an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to explore the meaning of suicide attempts in these accounts.ResultsThree super‐ordinate themes emerged: Self‐as‐vulnerable (intra‐ and inter‐personal relationships), appraisal of cumulative life events as unbearable and meaning of recovery marked by shared sense of hope and imagery for the future.ConclusionsYoung men in the early stages of their treatment are seeking to find meaning for frightening, intrusive experiences with origins which often precede psychosis. These experiences permeate personal identity, relationships and recovery. Suicide was perceived as an escape from this conundrum, and was pursued angrily and impulsively. By contrast, the attainment of hope was marked by sharing one's burden and finding a sense of belonging. Specialized assertive outreach programmes may be beneficial in improving the social inclusion of young men who may be particularly marginalized.
The impact of OECD‐PISA results on Japanese educational policy
Authors: Tasaki Noritomo 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe author describes the results of PISA, including those of 2015 and Japan's reaction, as well as their impact. Highly‐ranked in PISA, Japan has always tried to improve its education system. The promotion of reading comprehension remains an important issue and low interest and motivation to learn subjects are crucial problems. The author discusses these questions and reform policies from a Japanese point of view. He explains the latest reform plan which will be implemented in 2020. The Japanese peculiarity in education is referred to in the conclusion.
Clinical frailty is independently associated with non‐prescription of anticoagulants in older patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Induruwa Isuru , Evans Nicholas R. , Aziz Ayesha , Reddy Snigdha , Khadjooi Kayvan , Romero‐Ortuno Roman 
Published: April 2017

AimAnticoagulants are underused in older patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Scoring systems, such as CHA2DS2‐VASc and HAS‐BLED, are recommended to guide clinicians in anticoagulation decisions, but patients’ frailty might be an underrecognized factor. We investigated the association between the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) and community anticoagulant prescribing habits in patients aged ≥75 years with AF admitted acutely to hospital.MethodsData were gathered retrospectively over 3 months on individuals admitted under a medical team to a tertiary teaching hospital in the UK. Demographics, AF history, CHA2DS2−VASc, HAS‐BLED and CFS were collected. Bivariable analysis compared anticoagulated and non‐anticoagulated groups. Each component of the CHA2DS2‐VASc and HAS‐BLED scores, as well as frailty, age and sex, were entered in a multivariable analysis.ResultsA total of 419 patients with known AF were included. Of these, 215 were not anticoagulated (51.3%) on admission. Non‐anticoagulated individuals were older (median age 87 years, [interquartile range (IQR) 7] vs 83 years [IQR 6], P < 0.001), more likely to be frail (81.4% vs 52.5%, P < 0.001) and had lower CHA2DS2‐VASc scores (median 4, [IQR 2] vs 5 [IQR 2], P = 0.01). In the multivariable analysis, frailty had the strongest effect against anticoagulant prescription (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.70–0.85, P < 0.001) compared with other significant risk factors, such as age (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97–0.98, P < 0.001) and bleeding risk (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.74–0.97, P = 0.02).ConclusionsFrailty is associated with non‐prescription of anticoagulants, independently of CHA2DS2‐VASc and HAS‐BLED. It could be an important unmeasured factor in anticoagulation decisions. The utility of explicit frailty measurements in anticoagulation decisions and patient outcomes requires further research. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 2178–2183.
Genetic analysis of a morphologically heterogeneous ovarian endometrioid carcinoma
Authors: Geyer Felipe C , Pareja Fresia , Burke Kathleen A , Schultheis Anne M , Hussein Yaser R , Ye Jiqing , De Filippo Maria R , Marchio Caterina , Macedo Gabriel S , Piscuoglio Salvatore , Lim Raymond S , Toy Eugene , Murali Rajmohan , Jungbluth Achim A , Reis‐Filho Jorge S , Soslow Robert A , Weigelt Britta 
Published: April 2017

AimsLow‐grade ovarian endometrioid carcinomas may be associated with high‐grade components. Whether the latter are clonally related to and originate from the low‐grade endometrioid carcinoma remains unclear. The aim of this study was to use massively parallel sequencing to characterize the genomic landscape and clonal relatedness of an ovarian endometrioid carcinoma containing low‐grade and high‐grade components.Methods and resultsDNA samples extracted from each tumour component (low‐grade endometrioid, high‐grade anaplastic and high‐grade squamous) and matched normal tissue were subjected to targeted massively parallel sequencing with the 410‐gene Memorial Sloan Kettering‐Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets (MSK‐IMPACT) sequencing assay. Somatic single nucleotide variants, small insertions and deletions, and copy number alterations were detected with state‐of‐the‐art bioinformatics algorithms, and validated with orthogonal methods. The endometrioid carcinoma and the associated high‐grade components shared copy number alterations and four clonal mutations, including SMARCA4 mutations, which resulted in loss of BRG1 protein expression. Subclonal mutations and mutations restricted to single components were also identified, such as distinct TP53 mutations restricted to each histological component.ConclusionsHistologically distinct components of ovarian endometrioid carcinomas may show intratumour genetic heterogeneity but be clonally related, harbouring a complex clonal composition. In the present case, SMARCA4 mutations were probably early events, whereas TP53 somatic mutations were acquired later in evolution.
Editorial Perspective: Longitudinal research in autism – introducing the concept of ‘chronogeneity’
Authors: Georgiades Stelios , Bishop Somer L. , Frazier Thomas 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD or autism) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder. We are now at a critical juncture in autism research where we have the knowledge base and expertise to begin to think about studies that view heterogeneity, not as ‘statistical noise’ that can be ‘accounted for’ using data‐reduction techniques (such as group trajectories), but rather as ‘informative variance’ that can help form a more precise and dynamic picture of autism. In this Editorial we coin a new term and introduce the concept of ‘chronogeneity’ for the study of autism heterogeneity in relation to the dimension of time (chrono). Using examples of ongoing research and analytical advances we build the case for the potential utility of the concept of ‘chronogeneity’ and argue that a refined approach to the longitudinal investigation of autism (and other neurodevelopmental disorders) may move us closer to more precise and adaptive models of care for the children and youth affected by these disorders.
Algal supplementation of vegetarian eating patterns improves plasma and serum docosahexaenoic acid concentrations and omega‐3 indices: a systematic literature review
Authors: Craddock J. C. , Neale E. P. , Probst Y. C. , Peoples G. E. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundVegetarians are likely to have lower intakes of preformed docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) than omnivorous populations who consume fish and animal products. As such, vegetarian populations have omega‐3 indices up to 60% lower than those who consume marine products. Algae, the primary producer of DHA in the marine food chain, offer an alternative source of DHA for those who do not consume marine or animal products. This systematic review aims to examine the evidence for the relationship between supplementation with algal forms of DHA and increased DHA concentrations in vegetarian populations.MethodsThe SCOPUS, Science Direct and Web of Science scientific databases were searched to identify relevant studies assessing the effect of algal DHA consumption by vegetarian (including vegan) populations.ResultsFour randomised controlled trials and two prospective cohort studies met the inclusion criteria. All included studies reported algal sources of DHA significantly improve DHA concentrations (including plasma, serum, platelet and red blood cell fractions), as well as omega‐3 indices, in vegetarian populations. An evident time or dose response was not apparent given the small number of studies to date.ConclusionsFuture studies should address long chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiencies in vegetarian populations using algal DHA and explore the potential physiological and health improvements in these individuals.
Bilateral cataract surgery with intraocular lens implant in a captive western lowland gorilla
Authors: Warwick Alasdair , Redrobe Sharon , Lotery Andrew , Watts Jenny 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWe report a case of bilateral cataract surgery performed in a 21‐year‐old western lowland gorilla. Phacoemulsification with intraocular lens insertion was performed using standard human surgical equipment. Visual function significantly improved. She subsequently mated and gave birth. Ultimately, cataract surgery enabled the birth of a baby gorilla.
Acupressure as adjuvant treatment for the inpatient management of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: A double‐blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Adlan Aizura‐Syafinaz , Chooi Kar Yoke , Mat Adenan Noor Azmi 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAimTo evaluate the efficacy of acupressure at the Neiguan point (Pericardium [P]6) as adjuvant treatment during inpatient management of severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy.MethodsLow risk, spontaneously conceived singleton pregnancies were randomly assigned to a treatment group, who received an acupressure band placed at the Neiguan point (P6) or a placebo group who received an otherwise identical non‐stimulating wristband. Participants wore the band for 12 h daily for the first three days of admission. The primary outcome measure was the severity of symptoms of nausea, vomiting and retching, recorded according to Pregnancy‐Unique Quantification of Emesis and Nausea score.ResultsThere was a statistically significant improvement in Pregnancy‐Unique Quantification of Emesis and Nausea scores from day 1 until day 3 of admission in the treatment group compared with the placebo. Patients who received Neiguan point acupressure also showed a significant improvement in their ketonuria scores. The treatment group required a shorter hospital stay compared with the placebo. The only reported side effect of the acupressure band was redness on the wrist.ConclusionsThe use of the acupressure band at the Neiguan point (P6) for 12 h daily for three days for inpatients with hyperemesis gravidarum significantly reduced the symptoms of nausea, vomiting and retching and ketonuria and led to a reduction in hospital stay. We recommend the use of the acupressure band at the Neiguan point (P6) as an adjunct/supplementary therapy to co‐exist with the standard care of management for hyperemesis gravidarum, particularly in low‐risk pregnant women.
Pyoderma gangrenosum in a pregnant patient: A case report and literature review
Authors: Takeshita Naoki , Takashima Akiko , Ishida Hiroaki , Manrai Megumi , Kinoshita Toshihiko 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare ulcerative skin disease that usually starts as a pustular lesion and rapidly progresses to a painful ulcer with undermined violaceous borders. The occurrence of PG during pregnancy is uncommon. We describe a case of a pregnant patient with PG who was diagnosed as having ulcerative colitis after delivery. Obstetricians need to understand the pathogenesis of PG and its associated conditions because it is important to make a proper diagnosis and provide targeted therapy.
Nutritional parameters as mortality predictors in haemodialysis: Differences between genders
Authors: Oliveira Telma Sobral , Valente Ana Tentúgal , Caetano Cristina Guerreiro , Garagarza Cristina Antunes 
Published: April 2017

SUMMARYBackgroundMalnutrition is common in patients undergoing haemodialysis (HD). Several studies have described different nutritional parameters as mortality predictors but few have studied whether there are differences between genders. This study aimed to evaluate which nutrition parameters may be associated with mortality in patients undergoing long‐term HD depending on their gender.MethodsLongitudinal prospective multicentre study with 12 months of follow‐up. Anthropometric and laboratory measures were obtained from 697 patients.ResultsMen who died were older, had lower dry weight, body mass index, potassium, phosphorus and albumin, compared with male patients who survived. Female patients who died had lower albumin and nPCR compared with survivors. Kaplan–Meier analysis displayed a significantly worse survival in patients with albumin <3.5 g/dl in both genders and with body mass index <23 kg/m2 in men. In the Cox regression analysis patients overall mortality was related to body mass index <23 kg/m2, potassium ≤5.5 mEq/l and phosphorus <3.0 mg/dl for male patients and albumin <3.5 g/dl and normalised protein catabolic rate (nPCR) <0.8 g/kg/day for both genders. Associations between albumin, body mass index and mortality risk continued to be significant after adjustments for age, length of time on dialysis and diabetes for males. However, in women, only albumin persisted as an independent predictor of death.ConclusionDepending on the gender, different parameters such as protein intake, potassium, phosphorus, body mass index and albumin are associated with mortality in patients undergoing HD. Albumin <3.5 g/dl is an independent mortality predictor in both genders, whereas a body mass index <23 kg/m2 is an independent predictor of death, but only in men.