bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Single‐use vs. reusable flexible bronchoscopes for airway management and in critical care: a narrative review
Authors: Boyd Sean , Murphy Ciara J. , Snyman Lindi 
Published: September 2024

SummaryIntroductionFlexible bronchoscopes have become essential in the operating theatre environment and in critical care. This narrative review compared single‐use and reusable flexible bronchoscopes with a focus on safety, efficacy, cost‐effectiveness and environmental impact.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, Embase and PubMed databases for studies related to flexible bronchoscopes for airway management or use in critical care. Human or animal studies of any design assessing single‐use and reusable flexible bronchoscopes were included and qualitatively synthesised. We also searched manufacturer websites for relevant data.ResultsWe included 52 studies and data from six manufacturer websites. There was mixed evidence for safety, and data on usability also showed significant heterogeneity, with different parameters, manufacturers and models examined. Neither single‐use nor reusable flexible bronchoscopes appeared convincingly superior to the other for safety or usability. Cost analyses showed that the rate of use of flexible bronchoscopes per year, along with several other factors, affects cost‐effectiveness for each institution, though the risk of cross‐contamination is an advantage of single‐use devices. However, sufficient evidence on the rate of bronchoscopy‐induced infection in the operating theatre and critical care environment is lacking. Due to the risk of cross‐contamination, single‐use flexible bronchoscopes must be sterilised or incinerated after use, and completely recyclable single‐use models are not currently available.ConclusionsFurther research is required on safety, usability and life cycle assessment in the operating theatre and critical care environment, as well as on the rate of bronchoscopy‐induced infection. Future comparative studies, including new manufacturers and designs, may lend further insights.
Preemptive temporary right ventricular assist device implantation for severe biventricular heart failure: A case series
Authors: Miyamoto Takuma , Rahimov Daler , Ahmad Danial , Wood Chelsey T. , Leong Ron , Marek‐Iannucci Stefanie , Brailovsky Yevgeniy , Rajapreyar Indranee , Rame J. Eduardo , Alvarez Rene J. , Entwistle John W. , Tchantchaleishvili Vakhtang , Massey Howard T. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractPurposeWe sought to investigate the clinical results of preemptive temporary right ventricular assist device (RVAD) placement with left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation for anticipated right ventricular failure.MethodsPatients at risk for right ventricular failure were identified by the heart team. After median sternotomy, Protekduo (LivaNova, London, UK) dual‐stage cannula was inserted from the right internal jugular vein under fluoroscopy guidance, and advanced into the pulmonary artery to the bifurcation of the main pulmonary artery. This was then connected to the venous drainage from the right atrium for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). After LVAD implantation, we connected the Protekduo cannula to the RVAD with oxygenator, and weaned CPB.ResultsA total of 17 patients have received BiVAD implantation with this technique. The median age of patients was 55 years [Interquartile range (IQR): 51–63.5] and 94% (16/17) patients were male. 63.6% (7/11) of the patients were INTERMACS profile 1 or 2. Preoperatively, the median pulmonary artery pulsatility index was 4.0 [1.5–4.9] and median right ventricular stroke work index was 454.1 g/m/beat/m2 [436.5–530.2]. Postoperatively, the oxygenators were removed on median postoperative day (POD) 3.5 [3 – 5]. Patients received mechanical ventilation for a median of 4 days [1.5–12] and RVADs were explanted on median POD 8 [7–19] at bedside with local anesthesia. Median ICU stay was 15 days [11.4–24]. Perioperative complications included delayed sternal closure [54.5% (6/11)], re‐exploration for bleeding [18% (2/11)], acute kidney injury [36% (4/11)], and heparin induced thrombocytopenia [18% (2/11)]. 30‐day mortality was 0% (0/11) and 1 year survival was 85.9%.ConclusionPreemptive temporary RVAD implantation strategy for right heart failure post‐LVAD showed acceptable clinical outcomes without any 30‐day mortality.
Response predictors of a topical corticosteroid‐based regimen for dry eyes: A real‐life study
Authors: Utheim Tor Paaske , Chen Xiangjun , Fineide Fredrik , Steinkjer Tore , Heegaard Steffen , Kolko Miriam , Dartt Darlene A. , Khan Ayyad Zartasht 
Published: September 2024

AbstractPurposeTo examine the effectiveness and identify clinical response predictors of a short corticosteroid‐based regimen consisting of topical preservative‐free 0.1% dexamethasone (Monopex®, Théa Laboratories) in conjunction with artificial tears (AT) for dry eyes in a real‐life clinical setting.MethodsPatients were recruited from the Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic and were allowed to use ATs of their own choice in addition to the prescribed 14‐day topical dexamethasone course. Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), Dry Eye Questionnaire (DEQ‐5), Schirmer test (ST), fluorescein tear film break‐up time (FBUT), ocular surface staining (OSS), meibum expressibility (ME), meibum quality (MQ), number of expressible meibomian glands among the central eight glands in the lower lids (NMG) and intraocular pressure (IOP) were measured at baseline and at 1‐month follow‐up. The average values of clinical parameters from both eyes were used for analyses. A paired t‐test and a significance value of p < 0.05 were used for statistical analyses. Associations between sex, age, baseline values and the changes after the intervention (Δ) were explored using linear regression.ResultsA total of 167 patients (124 women, mean age 54 years ±17 (standard deviation)) were included. One month after initiation of intervention, OSDI and DEQ5 scores improved from 39.5 ± 22.1 to 31.4 ± 21.3 (p < 0.001) and from 12.6 ± 4.2 to 11.0 ± 4.6 (p < 0.001), respectively. OSS improved from 2.2 ± 1.4 to 1.8 ± 1.5 (p < 0.001), NMG increased from 4.8 ± 2.2 to 5.1 ± 2.2 (p < 0.05), while IOP decreased from 12.9 ± 3.3 to 12.4 ± 3.5 mmHg (p < 0.05). Significant associations were found between the change in symptoms and objective measures of DED (ΔOSDI, ΔDEQ5, ΔOSS, ΔFBUT, ΔNMG, ΔMQ) and their respective baseline values (OSDI, DEQ5, OSS, FBUT, NMG, MQ). The remaining tests did not show statistically significant changes.ConclusionImprovement in dry eye symptoms and signs were observed following a short course of topical, preservative‐free 0.1% dexamethasone treatment in combination with AT. Individuals exhibiting more pronounced symptoms and signs witnessed the most profound improvements with the treatment regimen, suggesting that poor baseline parameters may serve as response predictors of the treatment regimen. While the real‐life data presented herein are valuable, the conclusions are limited by the inherent biases of a non‐controlled study.
A social identity approach to crisis leadership
Authors: Gleibs Ilka H. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThis paper discusses the importance of a social identity approach to crisis leadership in the context of global crises such as the Covid‐19 pandemic and emphasizes the interconnected relationships between leaders and followers. I highlight the role of leaders in fostering unity and shaping citizens' responses especially during crises. I discuss the nature of crises and the significant role of political leaders in guiding societal responses and suggest that crisis leadership extends beyond individual competencies and behaviours and involves a shift from individual to collective responses. With this, I introduce the social identity approach to leadership that views leadership as a social influence process and emphasizes the importance of creating a sense of ‘we‐ness’ among followers. Following from that, crisis leadership involves leaders constructing defining features of collective identity and efficacy to address crises appropriately. However, the value of this approach depends on the careful definition of shared identity boundaries, consideration of diverse experiences within society, the evolving nature of crisis leadership over time and potential consequences of crisis leadership. The sustainability of identity leadership, the dynamics of intergroup and subgroup processes, and the complexities of various crises are identified as areas requiring further research.
Cochlear Synaptopathy Evaluation With Electrocochleography in Patients With Hearing Difficulty in Noise Despite Normal Hearing Levels
Authors: Yaşar Murat , Öner Fatih , Atalay Fatma , Anbar Sezai Sacid 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTObjectiveThis study examined patients with normal hearing thresholds who had trouble understanding speech in noise. We used electrocochleography (ECochG) to detect and compare SP/AP amplitude area ratios, a potential indicator of cochlear synaptopathy, and investigate speech perception disorder in noise.MethodsThe study included 68 people aged between 18 and 65 years, 35 patients and 33 healthy volunteers, who applied to the otorhinolaryngology clinic between November 2023 and March 2024 with a 2‐month history of difficulty understanding speech in noisy environments. Everyone was given a tiptrode electrode ECochG test, and the results were compared between groups. An ECochG test was recorded with tiptrode electrodes and was performed on all participants, and the results were compared between groups.ResultsIn the ECochG test, the summation potential/action potential (SP/AP) amplitude and area ratios of patients who had difficulty understanding speech in a noisy environment were statistically higher than those of the control group.ConclusionECochG testing may provide additional evidence to evaluate auditory nerve pathways.
Exploring Anesthesiology Management of Living Donor Liver Transplantation: Survey From the Society for the Advancement of Transplant Anesthesia and the Korean Society for Transplantation Anesthesiologists
Authors: Crouch Cara E. , Ko Justin Sangwook , Hendrickse Adrian , Kumar Sathish S. , Little Michael , Chae Min Suk , Park Sun Young , Sakai Tetsuro 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTIntroductionWhile living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) serves as the predominant method of adult liver transplant (LT) in the Republic of Korea (ROK), it represents a minority of LT in the United States (US). A survey was conducted to gain insight into these nations’ anesthetic management.MethodsAn electronic questionnaire was distributed to directors of LT anesthesiology overseeing LDLT programs in both countries between May 2021 and October 2021.ResultsThe response rate was 93.0% (100% [37/37] in the US and 80% [16/20] in the ROK). Both countries mainly adhered to deceased donor LT recipient management practices, including the frequency of routine pulmonary artery catheter use, transesophageal echocardiography, and point‐of‐care coagulation monitoring. Differences were observed in early extubation of recipients (US vs. ROK: 39.7% vs. 14.7% of all cases), participation in donor selection meetings (88.9% [32/36] vs. 6.3% [1/16], p < 0.0001), application of the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery donor protocol (69.4% [25/36] vs. 12.5% [2/16], p < 0.0001), and cell saver usage for donors (94.4% [34/36] vs. 18.8% [3/16], p < 0.0001). More ROK programs implemented simultaneous donor/recipient anesthesia supervision by a single anesthesiologist.ConclusionsSeveral important differences were identified between the US and the ROK in adult LDLT anesthetic management.
Mass balance and pharmacokinetic characterization of zavegepant in healthy male subjects
Authors: Bhardwaj Rajinder , Donohue Mary , Madonia Jennifer , Anderson Matt S. , Matschke Kyle , Bertz Richard , Croop Robert , Liu Jing 
Published: September 2024

AbstractZavegepant, a high‐affinity, selective, small‐molecule calcitonin gene‐related peptide receptor antagonist, is approved as a nasal spray for acute treatment of migraine in adults. This phase I, open‐label, single‐center, single‐period, nonrandomized study in six healthy male subjects assessed mass balance recovery after a single 15‐min intravenous (IV) infusion dose of carbon‐14 ([14C])‐zavegepant. Blood, urine, and fecal samples were collected over 192 h for analysis of zavegepant in plasma and urine; total radioactivity (TR) in plasma, whole blood, urine, and feces; and zavegepant metabolite profiling and structural identification in plasma, urine, and feces. An average of 96.6% of radioactivity administered was recovered in excreta. Most TR (mean 84.9%) was recovered in the feces, indicating that biliary/fecal elimination was the main route. Volume of distribution of zavegepant based on the terminal phase (129 L) was higher than total body water (42 L), indicating substantial distribution into tissue. Total plasma clearance of zavegepant (220 mL/min) is identical to whole blood clearance given the blood/plasma partition ratio of 1, lower than typical hepatic blood flow (1450 mL/min). The observed plasma terminal half‐life of zavegepant was 6.8 h. Exposure to zavegepant accounted for ~90% of circulating plasma TR, suggesting that very low levels of uncharacterized circulating metabolites were present. Metabolite profiling did not identify any metabolites representing ≥10% of radioactivity in plasma, urine, or feces. A single IV infusion of 5 mg [14C]‐zavegepant was well tolerated in healthy male subjects. Disposition findings of IV [14C]‐zavegepant are applicable to the disposition of the approved zavegepant nasal spray.
Divergent Importance and Geographic Patterns in Threats to Birds and Mammals in China
Authors: Gao Xin , Liu Zhuoen , Corlett Richard T. , Jiang Zhigang , Hughes Alice , Ma Keping , Svenning Jens‐Christian , Feng Gang 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTAimWildlife populations are continuing to decrease worldwide. Understanding the ranking and distribution of drivers of species declines is crucial to enable targeted actions to counteract major threats. However, few studies have assessed the relative importance and geographic distribution of threats to biodiversity in China, even for high‐profile groups such as birds and mammals. Therefore, this study aims to rank and map the distribution of threat to birds and mammals in China, which could provide novel insight into biodiversity conservation in China.LocationChina.MethodsA database of different threats for 147 threatened bird species and 176 threatened terrestrial mammal species was obtained from China's Red List of Biodiversity published in 2021. We collated information on the distribution and threat categories for birds and mammals in China, aiming to classify, rank and map threats. We used Bray–Curtis dissimilarity index to examine the correlations of threats occurring simultaneously, and compared the distribution of habitat of threatened birds and mammals. In addition, we conducted threat ranking analyses of threatened birds and mammals between different orders and traits (body mass and clutch/litter sizes).ResultsThe results showed that the most common threats to birds were habitat loss, hunting, human disturbance, agriculture, pollution and logging, while the most common threats to mammals were hunting, agriculture, logging, habitat loss, human disturbance and livestock farming or ranching. These threats showed different geographic patterns, and some threats frequently co‐occur as threat syndromes. Forests were the primary habitat for most threatened species, and orders formed by larger species with small clutch or litter sizes were more likely to be threatened.Main ConclusionsWe highlight the most common threats and key areas for conservation. Furthermore, focusing on clusters of co‐occurring threats may be the most effective way to aid recovery of threatened species, and targeted actions are needed to counter ongoing population declines in many groups. These actions should not be limited to the protection of regions where species are at risk of multiple significant threats, but should also include the maintenance and restoration of native forests and strategic planning of afforestation through planted forests.
Cost‐effectiveness of sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy in Japan
Authors: Maruyama‐Sakurai Keiko , Tachimori Hisateru , Saito Eiko , Kohsaka Shun , Segawa Yasumasa , Miyata Hiroaki , Igarashi Ataru 
Published: September 2024

AbstractAimTo assess the cost‐effectiveness of diabetic nephropathy treatment with sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in Japanese clinical practice, considering diabetes‐related complications.Materials and MethodsA population‐based Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate the cost‐effectiveness for people with diabetic nephropathy who initiated pharmacotherapy with an SGLT2 inhibitor plus conventional treatment or conventional treatment alone, based on quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs) and healthcare costs. The Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation study (CREDENCE) and the Japanese Society for Dialysis Research statistical survey were the primary sources of probability and mortality, while Japanese Health Insurance Claims Data were the cost source. The state transition model included diabetic nephropathy, hospitalization due to cardiovascular disease, dialysis, and death. One‐way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were used to explore model uncertainty.ResultsUsing the threshold of JPY 5 000 000 per QALY, SGLT2 inhibitor plus conventional treatment was more cost‐effective than conventional treatment alone, with an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of JPY 654 309 per QALY. Treating 100 000 people, SGLT2 inhibitor plus conventional treatment prevented 2234 deaths and reduced 5793 fewer heart failure cases, 3967 fewer myocardial infarctions and stroke events. Sensitivity analysis affirmed the robustness of these results for patients aged under 70 years.ConclusionsThe SGLT2 inhibitor treatment appeared to be cost‐effective for the overall population of our study and particularly for younger patients (<70 years old). For older patients (≥70 years old), the cost‐effectiveness was less clear and may require further evaluation. Decision‐makers should consider this age‐based heterogeneity when making recommendations about SGLT2 inhibitor treatment.
Remission and relapse of diabetes after sleeve gastrectomy and one‐anastomosis gastric bypass: The Tehran Obesity Treatment Study
Authors: Sadeghi Sara , Hosseinpanah Farhad , Khalaj Alireza , Ebadinejad Amir , Mahdavi Maryam , Valizadeh Majid , Barzin Maryam 
Published: September 2024

AbstractAimsTo evaluate the rates and predictors of remission and relapse of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in individuals with T2DM undergoing sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or one‐anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB).MethodsAn observational prospective study with 5 years of follow‐up was conducted in a total of 891 patients (82.5% female) with concomitant T2DM and obesity (body mass index ≥ 30.0 kg/m2) undergoing SG or OAGB between March 2013 and March 2021. T2DM remission was defined as achieving a glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level < 48 mmol/mol and a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level <7 mmol/L, and being off glucose‐lowering agents/insulin. T2DM relapse was defined as when FPG or HbA1c reverted to the diabetic range (≥7 mmol/L and ≥48 mmol/mol, respectively), or there was a need for pharmacotherapy.ResultsAfter bariatric surgery, the overall T2DM remission and relapse rates were 61.4 per 1000 person‐months (95% confidence interval [CI] 56.8–66.4) and 5.7 per 1000 person‐months (95% CI 4.1–7.9), respectively. These rates were similar in the SG and OAGB groups. Multivariate hazard ratio analysis identified history of insulin therapy and T2DM duration prior to surgery as predictors of remission, while treatment with ≥2 glucose‐lowering agents was the only relapse predictor. Additionally, patients undergoing SG experienced either remission or relapse within a significantly shorter time frame compared to those undergoing OAGB.ConclusionAfter 5 years of follow‐up, there were no significant differences between the SG and OAGB groups with regard to T2DM remission and relapse. Bariatric surgery was less likely to result in remission in patients with a history of insulin therapy and longer durations of T2DM prior to surgery. Furthermore, patients who received ≥2 glucose‐lowering agents, despite possible remission, were at a higher risk of experiencing late relapse.
A weekly 4‐methylpyrazole treatment attenuates the development of non‐obese metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in male mice: Role of JNK
Authors: Burger Katharina , Jung Finn , Staltner Raphaela , Csarmann Katja , Schweiger Kerstin , Brandt Annette , Baumann Anja , Scholda Julia , Kopp Florian , Bergheim Ina 
Published: September 2024

AbstractBackground4‐methylpyrazole (4MP, fomepizole) is a competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) preventing the metabolism of ethylene glycol and methanol, respectively, into their toxic metabolites. 4MP seems also to possess a potential in the treatment of intoxication from other substance, for example, acetaminophen, and to modulate JNK‐dependent signalling. Here, we determined if a treatment with 4MP once weekly affects the development of diet‐induced non‐obese metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in C57BL/6 mice.MethodsMale C57BL/6 mice (6–8 weeks old, n = 7‐8/group) were pair‐fed either a liquid control diet (C) or a liquid sucrose‐, fat‐ and cholesterol‐rich diet (SFC) for 8 weeks while being concomitantly treated with 4MP (50 mg/kg bw i.p.) or vehicle once a week. Liver damage, inflammatory markers and glucose tolerance were assessed. Moreover, in endotoxin‐challenged J774A.1 cells pretreated with 4MP, pro‐inflammatory markers were assessed.ResultsThe concomitant treatment of SFC‐fed mice with 4MP attenuated the increase in JNK phosphorylation and pro‐inflammatory markers like IFNγ, IL‐6 and 3‐nitrotyrosine protein adducts in liver tissue found in vehicle‐treated SFC‐fed mice, while not affecting impairments of glucose tolerance or the increase in portal endotoxin levels. Moreover, a pretreatment of endotoxin‐stimulated J774A.1 cells with 4MP significantly attenuated the increases in JNK phosphorylation and pro‐inflammatory mediators like IL‐6 and Mcp1.ConclusionsTaken together, our results suggest that a treatment with 4MP once weekly attenuates the activation of JNK and dampens the development of non‐obese MASLD in mice.