bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
South-Tunguska petroliferous region: geologic structure and petroleum potential
Authors: Kuznetsova E.N. , Gubin I.A. , Gordeeva A.O. , Konstantinova L.N. , Moiseev S.A. , Kontorovich A.E. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Riphean and Vendian terrigenous complexes are not affected by trap injections within the South-Tunguska petroliferous region and thus can be considered a priority for further prospecting for hydrocarbon accumulations. Although these strata are not exposed with wells and are not characterized by core samples, their wide distribution is proved by seismic data. The obtained data and previous paleogeographic reconstructions show similar depositional environments of terrigenous sediments for the South-Tunguska and Baikit petroliferous regions. These facts substantiate criteria for the prediction of sand reservoirs within the study area. Taking into account the complex geologic structure of the South-Tunguska petroliferous region, ambiguity of seismic data interpretation, and problems of deep-drilling technology, we provide recommendations for the geological exploration.
Identification of odorant-binding protein genes inGaleruca daurica(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and analysis of their expression profiles
Authors: Li L. , Zhou Y.-T. , Tan Y. , Zhou X.-R. , Pang B.-P. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractOdorant-binding proteins (OBPs) play a fundamental role in insect olfaction. In recent years,Galeruca daurica(Joannis) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) has become one of the most important insect pests in the Inner Mongolian grasslands of China. This pest only feeds on the species ofAlliumplants, implying the central role of olfaction in its search for specific host plants. However, the olfaction-related proteins have not been investigated in this beetle. In this study, we identified 29 putative OBP genes, namely GdauOBP1–29, from the transcriptome database ofG. dauricaassembled in our laboratory by using RNA-Seq. All 29 genes had the full-length open reading frames except GdauOBP29, encoding proteins in length from 119 to 202 amino acids with their predicted molecular weights from 12 to 22 kDa with isoelectric points from 3.88 to 8.84. Predicted signal peptides consisting of 15–22 amino acid residues were found in all except GdauOBP6, GdauOBP13 and GdauOBP29. The amino acid sequence identity between the 29 OBPs ranged 8.33–71.83%. GdauOBP1–12 belongs to the Classic OBPs, while the others belong with the Minus-C OBPs. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that GdauOBPs are the closest to CbowOBPs fromColaphellus bowringi. RT-PCR and qRT-PCR analyses showed that all GdauOBPs were expressed in adult antennae, 11 of which with significant differences in their expression levels between males and females. Most GdauOBPs were also expressed in adult heads (without antennae), thoraxes, abdomens, legs and wings. Moreover, the expression levels of the GdauOBPs varied during the different development stages ofG. dauricawith most GdauOBPs expressed highly in the adult antennae but scarcely in eggs and pupae. These results provide insights for further research on the molecular mechanisms of chemical communications inG. daurica.
Specific impact of stimulant, alcohol and cannabis use disorders on first-episode psychosis: 2-year functional and symptomatic outcomes
Authors: Ouellet-Plamondon C. , Abdel-Baki A. , Salvat É. , Potvin S. 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundMany studies have concluded that cannabis use disorder (CUD) negatively influences outcomes in first-episode psychosis (FEP). However, few have taken into account the impact of concurrent misuse of other substances.MethodsThis 2-year, prospective, longitudinal study of FEP patients, aged between 18 and 30 years, admitted to early intervention programs in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, examined the specific influence of different substance use disorders (SUD) (alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines) on service utilization, symptomatic and functional outcomes in FEP.ResultsDrugs and alcohol were associated with lower functioning, but drugs had a greater negative impact on most measures at 2-year follow-up. Half of CUD patients and more than 65% of cocaine or amphetamine abusers presented polysubstance use disorder (poly-SUD). The only group that deteriorated from years 1 to 2 (symptoms and functioning) were patients with persistent CUD alone. Outcome was worse in CUD than in the no-SUD group at 2 years. Cocaine, amphetamines and poly-SUD were associated with worse symptomatic and functional outcomes from the 1st year of treatment, persisting over time with higher service utilization (hospitalization).ConclusionThe negative impact attributed to CUD in previous studies could be partly attributed to methodological flaws, like including polysubstance abusers among cannabis misusers. However, our investigation confirmed the negative effect of CUD on outcome. Attention should be paid to persistent cannabis misusers, since their condition seems to worsen over time, and to cocaine and amphetamine misusers, in view of their poorer outcome early during follow-up and high service utilization.
Demonstration of Shot-noise-limited Swept Source OCT Without Balanced Detection
Authors: Fathipour Vala , Schmoll Tilman , Bonakdar Alireza , Wheaton Skylar , Mohseni Hooman 
Published: April 2017

AbstractOptical coherence tomography (OCT) has been utilized in a rapidly growing number of clinical and scientific applications. In particular, swept source OCT (SS-OCT) has attracted many attentions due to its excellent performance. So far however, the limitations of existing photon detectors have prevented achieving shot-noise-limited sensitivity without using balanced-detection scheme in SS-OCT, even when superconducting single-photon detectors were used. Unfortunately, balanced-detection increases OCT system size and cost, as it requires many additional components to boost the laser power and maintain near ideal balanced performance across the whole optical bandwidth. Here we show for the first time that a photon detector is capable of achieving shot noise limited performance without using the balanced-detection technique in SS-OCT. We built a system using a so-called electron-injection photodetector, with a cutoff-wavelength of 1700 nm. Our system achieves a shot-noise-limited sensitivity of about −105 dB at a reference laser power of ~350 nW, which is more than 30 times lower laser power compared with the best-reported results. The high sensitivity of the electron-injection detector allows utilization of micron-scale tunable laser sources (e.g. VCSEL) and eliminates the need for fiber amplifiers and highly precise couplers, which are an essential part of the conventional SS-OCT systems.
Collecting Facts
Authors: Barnes Jonathan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Collecting Facts’ examines Aristotle’s research methods. While much of his work was based on his own study and observations, he also relied on the expertise of others. Written sources were often available, though of limited use in his zoological researches. Many of Aristotle’s discussions begin with a brief history of the question at issue, setting out in summary form the opinions advanced by his predecessors. Aristotle had a strong sense of intellectual history and of his own place in it. He stressed the value of ‘reputable opinions’ — something believed by all or most men — and had a clear idea of the importance of tradition in the growth of knowledge.
Empiricism
Authors: Barnes Jonathan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Empiricism’ stresses that, for Aristotle, knowledge or science ultimately derives from perception. That is the source of the concepts in terms of which we seek to understand reality. Knowledge is not the same as perception, but is bred by generalization out of perception. This raises questions. Is sense perception reliable? How can we tell? How can we distinguish illusion from genuine perception? Are we justified in moving from particular observations to general truths? How can we know if our observations are sufficiently numerous or representative? Aristotle is dismissive of the sceptics in the Metaphysics: he thinks their views are not seriously held and need not be taken seriously.
Psychology
Authors: Barnes Jonathan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
One important distinction within the natural world is that some natural substances are alive and others inanimate. The former are distinguished from the latter by their possession of a soul or animator. ‘Psychology’ explains that Aristotle’s souls are not pieces of living things or bits of spiritual stuff inside physical bodies; rather, they are sets of powers or capacities. Souls are fulfilments of bodies and cannot exist independently. Aristotle’s treatment of thought is both obscure in itself and hard to reconcile with the rest of his psychology. However, that should not detract from his work on psychology, which is persistently scientific in its approach.
Practical Philosophy
Authors: Barnes Jonathan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Though Aristotle focused mainly on the theoretical sciences, the Politics and the Nicomachean Ethics belong to the practical branch of philosophy. These are practical in that they aim not merely to purvey truth but also to affect action. Their themes are êthika (matters connected with character), arête (excellence), and eudaimonia (success). ‘Practical Philosophy’ points out that no one can be said to flourish as a human being unless exercising distinctively human faculties. Aristotle is not asking what makes us happy, and he is not concerned with how we should lead our lives, in a moral sense. He wants to instruct us in how to make a success of our lives.
Engineers of the invisible: making molecules
Authors: Ball Philip 
Published: April 2017

Abstract‘Engineers of the invisible: making molecules’ explores how molecules can be explained, represented, and manufactured. Chemistry studies the properties of elements, and molecules are the smallest units of ‘meaning’ in this field. One analogy likens them to ‘words’ made from atomic ‘letters’. Molecules are impossible to ‘see’ in the spectrum of visible light, but many methods exist to visualize them. Some methods are experimental, like X-ray crystallography; others are theoretical, using quantum theory to predict structures. Scientists can synthesize molecules in a laboratory. This is now a relatively advanced science, but the complexity of nature's creation still dwarfs humanity's achievements.
Epilogue: Confucianism in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries
Authors: Gardner Daniel K. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The ‘Epilogue’ considers the harsh condemnation of Confucianism in the early decades of the twentieth century by leaders of the nationalist May Fourth movement. The Chinese Communist Party was founded in Shanghai in 1921 and, despite two decades of struggle with the Nationalist Party under Chiang Kai-shek who believed in the basis of Confucian ideology, the People's Republic of China was established by Mao Zedong in 1949. Confucianism was deemed the enemy of the proletariat and the Communist state. The 1976 Cultural Revolution set China on a course of economic and political reform, and since 2000 the government have endorsed Confucianism. But what does the future hold for Confucianism in China?
Then and now
Authors: Allen Robert C. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Industrial Revolution’ refers to the far reaching transformation of British society that occurred between the mid-18th and mid-19th centuries. The Industrial Revolution saw great progress, but it also brought poverty. ‘Then and now’ considers the two sides of the Industrial Revolution and how it was the culmination of two centuries of economic evolution. This was due to a set of revolutions that reinforced each other: in technology, agriculture, commerce, transportation, and finance combined with population and urban growth, resulting in a long run increase in GDP. But why did the Industrial Revolution happen in Britain: the rise of capitalism or England’s political and legal systems?
Reform and democracy
Authors: Allen Robert C. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The Industrial Revolution created social tensions and posed practical problems that shaped the politics of the period, affecting much of social and cultural life. Most commentators analysed society in terms of the three-class model anchored in the economics of Adam Smith. The three-class model provides insight into the politics of the Industrial Revolution. ‘Reform and democracy’ looks at key events that resulted in the evolution of a pre-industrial England, where economic life was conducted in a legal framework handed down from the medieval and Elizabethan periods, to the country at the end of the Industrial Revolution. These include the French Revolution, the Napoleonic wars, and the Reform Bill of 1832.
Shaping the savannas
Authors: Furley Peter A. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Savanna landscapes are in a state of continuous change. Some of the determining factors shaping the view at any given locality are relatively short-lived. Fires, storms, seasonal variations, and some wildlife disturbances or human activities last for days, weeks, or a few months. Other factors influence the landscape over much longer stretches of time, such as the development of the underlying soil profile and more gradual processes of climatic change. ‘Shaping the savannas’ considers the drivers of this continuous change: climate; the role of vegetation; the impact of fire and burning–regrowth cycles; the influence of soils; animals and microbes; and humans, the principal determinants of the savanna landscape.
Climate change impacts
Authors: Maslin Mark 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
What is dangerous climate change? What is our coping range? ‘Climate change impacts’ assesses the potential effects of climate change on the natural environment as well as on human societies and our economies. Climate change impacts will increase significantly as global temperature rises. Climate change will affect the return period and severity of floods, droughts, heat waves, and storms. Coastal cities and towns will be especially vulnerable as sea-level rise will worsen the effects of floods and storm surges. Water and food security and public health will become the most important problems facing all countries. Climate change also threatens global biodiversity and the well being of billions of people.
Introduction
Authors: Bryce Trevor 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The origins of Babylon date back almost two thousand years before the foundation of Rome. Among the longest continuously inhabited urban settlements in human history, it became the centre of one of the most culturally and intellectually vibrant civilizations of the ancient world, exercising a profound influence on its Near Eastern contemporaries, and contributing to the religious, scientific, and literary traditions of the Classical world. This VSI does not just deal with Babylon, but with the whole of southern Mesopotamia, extending southwards from modern Baghdad, in the region where the Tigris and the Euphrates closely approach each other, through the marshlands in the deep south to the Persian Gulf.
Old Babylonian cities
Authors: Bryce Trevor 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
What did the city of Babylon look like? There are very few material remains of the royal city from this period, but more can be discovered about Old Babylonian cities from other urban sites in the kingdom, notably Ur and Uruk in its southern part. ‘Old Babylonian cities’ explains that each city had a major temple, or temple precinct, dedicated to its patron or tutelary deity, but the most striking monument in a number of Babylonian cities was a ziggurat: a sacred, stepped building, of between three and seven levels, ascending pyramid-like towards the heavens. The ziggurat of Babylon became notorious in biblical tradition as the ‘tower of Babel’.
Jewish sectarianism in the Second Temple period
Authors: Lim Timothy H. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Jewish sectarianism in the Second Temple period’ contextualizes the Dead Sea Scrolls within the history of Second Temple Judaism and discusses the origins and history of the Qumran community of the Essenes. The period began under Persian rule, when Cyrus adopted a policy of religious tolerance. Alexander’s conquest of Judaea led to Hellenistic rule, until the Maccabaean revolt gained Jewish freedom. The Qumran–Essenes did not view Maccabaeans as legitimate rulers, so left the group before the Hasamonaean dynasty began. Judaism at this time comprised many sects. Some, such as the Qumran–Essenes, were introversionist and isolated, whereas others were reformist and remained in wider society.
Perceiving
Authors: Passingham Richard 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Do you need to recognize an object to know how to handle it? Why do some amputees continue to feel their arm even though it is absent? Why do some people see colours when they read or hear words? ‘Perceiving’ considers these questions and then provides the background information to answer them. It explains that the brain is not a single pathway from input to output, but that there are separate pathways and that pathways diverge. The different regions of the brain—such as the ventral and dorsal systems and primary sensory area—are explained in terms of how they are used for the recognition and classification of objects, and for perceptual awareness.
Checking
Authors: Passingham Richard 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Having made a decision, we need to check that we carry it out as intended. In other words we need to monitor our own behaviour. ‘Checking’ considers the following questions: How does being aware of our intentions influence our actions? How can we learn from our mistakes when we perform tasks that are difficult? How is it that human beings are able to infer the intentions of others? Various cognitive neuroscience studies show that we are aware of what we intend to do and so we can then compare it to what we actually do. We are also aware of our own mental states and have the ability to infer the mental states of others.
Acting
Authors: Passingham Richard 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Why is there a relation between handedness and the cerebral hemisphere that is specialized for language? How is it that we can learn the violin? Why can’t we tickle ourselves? ‘Acting’ considers these questions and in doing so, looks at right-handedness, left hemisphere specialization for gestures, spoken language, learning skills, and the sensory consequences of actions. There is a relation between right-handedness and left hemisphere dominance for speech. It is likely that in human evolution the tendency to right-handedness developed before speech. Both vocal and manual skills depend on cerebellar mechanisms, and in the human brain the cerebellum has expanded in line with the neocortex.
Where does international law come from?
Authors: Lowe Vaughan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The rules of international law come from two main sources: treaties and customary international law, both of which are created by States. States are bound by the rules with which they have chosen to bind themselves—rules to which they have consented. ‘Where does international law come from?’ explains how international law works and considers the nature of customary international law and of treaties. Systems of customary law, including customary international law, are rooted in the regularity of an identified practice, whereas a treaty is an agreement between States that is legally binding. Often the broad principles set out in laws have to be mediated through detailed technical rules and standards.
What international law does badly (or not at all)
Authors: Lowe Vaughan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
International law cannot manufacture agreement where none exists. For this reason, international law is not well suited to the promotion of innovative solutions to international problems where the interests of States are radically divergent. ‘What international law does badly (or not at all)’ considers this in relation to climate change and to the protection of commercial interests in proprietary drugs. Also, international law cannot itself deliver international justice. While the law is an invaluable instrument for the implementation of policies that aim to make the world more just—the special preferential treatment given to developing States within the World Trade Organization, for example—it will not miraculously produce justice and fairness of its own force.
Complex systems
Authors: Holland John H. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
What is complexity? A complex system, such as a tropical rainforest, is a tangled web of interactions and exhibits a distinctive property called ‘emergence’, roughly described by ‘the action of the whole is more than the sum of the actions of the parts’. This chapter explains that the interactions of interest are non-linear and thus hierarchical organization is closely tied to emergence. Complex systems explains several kinds of telltale behaviour: emergent behaviour, self-organization, chaotic behaviour, ‘fat-tailed behaviour’, and adaptive interaction. The field of complexity studies has split into two subfields that examine two different kinds of emergence: complex physical systems and complex adaptive systems.
Emergence
Authors: Holland John H. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Emergence’ looks at the relations between building blocks, generated systems, and the phenomenon of emergence. To understand emergent phenomena, it is necessary to describe the emergence of a system’s behaviour from the non-additive interactions of its building blocks. Emergence occurs when the generators for a generated system combine to yield objects having properties not obtained by summing properties of the individual generators. Co-evolution, often mediated by tags, is one of the major mechanisms for generating non-linear interactions between CAS agents. Tags serve as building blocks but can also be constructed from other building blocks. Tag recombination provides a general mechanism for emergence, because signal-processing lies at the heart of all complex systems.
Putting it all together
Authors: Holland John H. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Putting it all together’ reviews the keys points from previous chapters. The overall objective of this Very Short Introduction is to give a general idea of what we know and don’t know about complex systems, with an emphasis on how an overarching theory would increase our understanding. In looking at language acquisition as a test case, we see how mechanisms, and the structures they help build, tell us ‘where to look’ when trying to understand complex systems. We are still a long way from an overarching theory of complexity, but there is strong evidence that such a theory is possible.
Reading Iran
Authors: Ansari Ali M. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Two important contributing factors to any understanding of Iran and the identity of Iranians are the centrality of history, and the subtle nature of Iran’s relationship with the West. ‘Reading Iran’ explains that an understanding of Iran’s history is not only important for the context and frame of reference it provides, but also the light it sheds on the experiences that Iranians consciously claim to share. Western writers approach Iran with considerable cultural baggage, not all of it negative, but which is undoubtedly coloured by an extensive cultural, literary, and occasionally political relationship. The Iranian present imagines its past and, in so doing, constructs a thoroughly cosmopolitan, inclusive, and frequently contradictory identity.