bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin
Authors: El-Sayed Hoda M. , Mansour Hayam H. , El-Mobdy Essam Abd El-Aziz Abd , Mohammed Ragaa R. , Ajam Ahmed N. , Abd El-Hamid Haytham S. , El-Din Zaky Mohammed S. , Biomy Mohamed H. 
Published: January 2018

Introduction
Serum creatinine is a late marker of acute kidney injury (AKI) and its alterations are often not apparent until 48–72 h postinjury. Urine and plasma neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) measurements may represent early biomarker of AKI in intensive care, being able to predict this complication ∼2 days prior to the rise in serum creatinine.

Aim
To evaluate the role of plasma NGAL level as a marker for early diagnosis of AKI in ICU patients and if it is related to the severity of kidney injury and renal outcomes.

Patients and methods
Our study including 40 ICU patients, 20 patients admitted for surgical causes and 20 admitted for medical causes. For all participants, clinical examination, laboratory investigations were done in the form of serum creatinine, plasma NGAL, with daily measurement of urine output and estimation of glomerular filtration rate. Patients with AKI were classified according to Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End stage renal disease (RIFLE) classification, non-AKI patients served as controls for comparison.

Results
Out of 40 patients, 14 (35%) developed AKI, and according to RIFLE classification, seven (17.5%) were class R, four (10%) were class I, three (7.5%) were F. There was statistically significant comparison between operative time and development of AKI in surgical patients. Also patients who did not develop AKI had lowest NGAL level while AKI group showed rising level with RIFLE classes.

Conclusion
Plasma NGAL can be used as early biomarker for diagnosis of AKI and its level is increasing with the severity of AKI classes in ICU patients
Periodisation of the Neolithic and radiocarbon chronology of the Early Neolithic and the beginning of the Middle Neolithic in Finland
Authors: Nordqvist Kerkko , Mökkönen Teemu 
Published: January 2018

This paper discusses the basis of Neolithic periodization used in mainland Finland. It is suggested that the periodization should be revised: boundary between the Middle and Late Neolithic periods should be moved to correspond the appearance of Corded Ware (ca. 2800 calBC), and a term Final Neolithic introduced to cover the final centuries of the Neolithic. This kind of division would reflect changes in the cultural development better than the currently used one. In addition, the chronological frames for the pottery types dated between the late 6th and mid-4th millennium calBC, i.e. the Early Neolithic and the beginning of Middle Neolithic, are presented.
Impact of regional climate change and future emission scenarios on surface O3 and PM2.5 over India
Authors: Pommier Matthieu , Fagerli Hilde , Gauss Michael , Simpson David , Sharma Sumit , Sinha Vinay , Ghude Sachin D. , Landgren Oskar , Nyiri Agnes , Wind Peter 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Eleven of the world's 20 most polluted cities are located in India and poor air quality is already a major public health issue. However, anthropogenic emissions are predicted to increase substantially in the short-term (2030) and medium-term (2050) futures in India, especially if no further policy efforts are made. In this study, the EMEP/MSC-W chemical transport model has been used to predict changes in surface ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) for India in a world of changing emissions and climate. The reference scenario (for present-day) is evaluated against surface-based measurements, mainly at urban stations. The evaluation has also been extended to other data sets which are publicly available on the web but without quality assurance. The evaluation shows high temporal correlation for O3 (r =  0.9) and high spatial correlation for PM2.5 (r =  0.5 and r =  0.8 depending on the data set) between the model results and observations. While the overall bias in PM2.5 is small (lower than 6 %), the model overestimates O3 by 35 %. The underestimation in NOx titration is probably the main reason for the O3 overestimation in the model. However, the level of agreement can be considered satisfactory in this case of a regional model being evaluated against mainly urban measurements, and given the inevitable uncertainties in much of the input data.For the 2050s, the model predicts that climate change will have distinct effects in India in terms of O3 pollution, with a region in the north characterized by a statistically significant increase by up to 4 % (2 ppb) and one in the south by a decrease up to −3 % (−1.4 ppb). This variation in O3 is assumed to be partly related to changes in O3 deposition velocity caused by changes in soil moisture and, over a few areas, partly also by changes in biogenic non-methane volatile organic compounds.Our calculations suggest that PM2.5 will increase by up to 6.5 % over the Indo-Gangetic Plain by the 2050s. The increase over India is driven by increases in dust, particulate organic matter (OM) and secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs), which are mainly affected by the change in precipitation, biogenic emissions and wind speed.The large increase in anthropogenic emissions has a larger impact than climate change, causing O3 and PM2.5 levels to increase by 13 and 67 % on average in the 2050s over the main part of India, respectively. By the 2030s, secondary inorganic aerosol is predicted to become the second largest contributor to PM2.5 in India, and the largest in the 2050s, exceeding OM and dust.
Assimilating bio-optical glider data during a phytoplankton bloom in the southern Ross Sea
Authors: Kaufman Daniel E. , Friedrichs Marjorie A. M. , Hemmings John C. P. , Smith Jr. Walker O. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The Ross Sea is a region characterized by high primary productivity in comparison to other Antarctic coastal regions, and its productivity is marked by considerable variability both spatially (1–50 km) and temporally (days to weeks). This variability presents a challenge for inferring phytoplankton dynamics from observations that are limited in time or space, which is often the case due to logistical limitations of sampling. To better understand the spatiotemporal variability in Ross Sea phytoplankton dynamics and to determine how restricted sampling may skew dynamical interpretations, high-resolution bio-optical glider measurements were assimilated into a one-dimensional biogeochemical model adapted for the Ross Sea. The assimilation of data from the entire glider track using the micro-genetic and local search algorithms in the Marine Model Optimization Testbed improves the model–data fit by  ∼ 50 %, generating rates of integrated primary production of 104 g C m−2 yr−1 and export at 200 m of 27 g C m−2 yr−1. Assimilating glider data from three different latitudinal bands and three different longitudinal bands results in minimal changes to the simulations, improves the model–data fit with respect to unassimilated data by  ∼ 35 %, and confirms that analyzing these glider observations as a time series via a one-dimensional model is reasonable on these scales. Whereas assimilating the full glider data set produces well-constrained simulations, assimilating subsampled glider data at a frequency consistent with cruise-based sampling results in a wide range of primary production and export estimates. These estimates depend strongly on the timing of the assimilated observations, due to the presence of high mesoscale variability in this region. Assimilating surface glider data subsampled at a frequency consistent with available satellite-derived data results in 40 % lower carbon export, primarily resulting from optimized rates generating more slowly sinking diatoms. This analysis highlights the need for the strategic consideration of the impacts of data frequency, duration, and coverage when combining observations with biogeochemical modeling in regions with strong mesoscale variability.
Invited perspectives: Hydrological perspectives on precipitation intensity-duration thresholds for landslide initiation: proposing hydro-meteorological thresholds
Authors: Bogaard Thom , Greco Roberto 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Many shallow landslides and debris flows are precipitation initiated.
Therefore, regional landslide hazard assessment is often based on empirically
derived precipitation intensity-duration (ID) thresholds and landslide
inventories. Generally, two features of precipitation events are plotted and
labeled with (shallow) landslide occurrence or non-occurrence. Hereafter, a
separation line or zone is drawn, mostly in logarithmic space. The practical
background of ID is that often only meteorological information is available
when analyzing (non-)occurrence of shallow landslides and, at the same time,
it could be that precipitation information is a good proxy for both
meteorological trigger and hydrological cause. Although applied in many case
studies, this approach suffers from many false positives as well as limited
physical process understanding. Some first steps towards a more
hydrologically based approach have been proposed in the past, but these
efforts received limited follow-up. Therefore, the objective of our paper is to (a) critically analyze the
concept of precipitation ID thresholds for shallow landslides and debris
flows from a hydro-meteorological point of view and (b) propose a
trigger–cause conceptual framework for lumped regional hydro-meteorological
hazard assessment based on published examples and associated discussion. We
discuss the ID thresholds in relation to return periods of precipitation,
soil physics, and slope and catchment water balance. With this paper, we aim
to contribute to the development of a stronger conceptual model for regional
landslide hazard assessment based on physical process understanding and
empirical data.
Multi-level emulation of a volcanic ash transport and dispersion model to quantify sensitivity to uncertain parameters
Authors: Harvey Natalie J. , Huntley Nathan , Dacre Helen F. , Goldstein Michael , Thomson David , Webster Helen 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Following the disruption to European airspace caused by the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in 2010 there has been a move towards producing quantitative predictions of volcanic ash concentration using volcanic ash transport and dispersion simulators. However, there is no formal framework for determining the uncertainties of these predictions and performing many simulations using these complex models is computationally expensive. In this paper a Bayesian linear emulation approach is applied to the Numerical Atmospheric-dispersion Modelling Environment (NAME) to better understand the influence of source and internal model parameters on the simulator output. Emulation is a statistical method for predicting the output of a computer simulator at new parameter choices without actually running the simulator. A multi-level emulation approach is applied using two configurations of NAME with different numbers of model particles. Information from many evaluations of the computationally faster configuration is combined with results from relatively few evaluations of the slower, more accurate, configuration. This approach is effective when it is not possible to run the accurate simulator many times and when there is also little prior knowledge about the influence of parameters. The approach is applied to the mean ash column loading in 75 geographical regions on 14 May 2010. Through this analysis it has been found that the parameters that contribute the most to the output uncertainty are initial plume rise height, mass eruption rate, free tropospheric turbulence levels and precipitation threshold for wet deposition. This information can be used to inform future model development and observational campaigns and routine monitoring. The analysis presented here suggests the need for further observational and theoretical research into parameterisation of atmospheric turbulence. Furthermore it can also be used to inform the most important parameter perturbations for a small operational ensemble of simulations. The use of an emulator also identifies the input and internal parameters that do not contribute significantly to simulator uncertainty. Finally, the analysis highlights that the faster, less accurate, configuration of NAME can, on its own, provide useful information for the problem of predicting average column load over large areas.
Criminele groepen: een inleiding
Authors: Roks Robby , Blokland Arjan , Weerman Frank 
Published: January 2018

Criminal groups: an introduction
Criminal groups have traditionally been the focus of criminological research because of the collective dimension of many criminal activities or deviance. However, what constitutes a ‘criminal group’ or how specific criminal groups, like gangs, should be defined, remains open for discussion in the scientific literature. This introductory article highlights a number of recent developments illustrating the blurring boundaries between various criminal groups as defined by both insiders and outsiders. In addition, it suggests that the rise of social media and smartphones is changing the structure and dynamics of criminal groups. Future research should focus on how these (new) criminal groups originate, develop and function, but should also address the role of the group in criminal activities.
‘Is daar nog werk voor zakkenrollers?’
Authors: van Gestel Barbra 
Published: January 2018

‘Are there any jobs for pickpockets?’ Itinerant criminal groups and the everyday meaning of crime
This article focuses on mobile organized criminal groups that travel through Europe and commit a broad range of property crimes. The study aims to explore the perspective of individual group members. Information was gathered from fifteen criminal investigations that were carried out in the Netherlands in recent years (2013-2016). The study shows that members of these crime groups view their criminal activities primarily as ‘work’. It is work that is characterized by conflicts and consensus. Conflicts often have to do with the stolen loot and reveal disagreement about leadership, rules and obedience. Rows and threats of violence go along with feelings of fear and distrust. At the same time gang members belong to an international deviant community with a shared common way of life and feelings of togetherness. Performing within this international community gives the possibility to attain social status and to express success and richness. These contractive emotions and symbolic meanings characterize the everyday life of gang members and motivates their daily practices.
Mannen met een hobby
Authors: Koetsenruijter Willem , Burger Peter 
Published: January 2018

Men with a hobby. Outlaw motor clubs, news media and image politic
This study contains a qualitative framing analysis of outlaw motor clubs in Dutch newspaper articles. These clubs appear in the news as a source for positive framing to counterbalance the prevailing organized crime frame. The study shows with what rhetorical means club members are framed and how news media balance a criminal and a non-criminal image. In news articles club members refer to ethical norms and group values, and appear to employ mitigation strategies which take the hard edges off the frame and simultaneously increase their credibility.
Vechten op afspraak
Authors: van Ham Tom 
Published: January 2018

Arranged confrontations. Explanations for organised types of collective violence.
Collective violence around football has been a topic of research since the 1980s. In the Netherlands, in recent decades the size and severity of this problem have decreased sharply and the number of incidents has stabilized due to measures taken. At the same time, these measures have resulted in an increase of football-related incidents outside stadiums and on other days than match days. Confrontations based upon prior mutual agreements, so-called arranged confrontations, are an example of this. Based on multiple research methods, in this article the underlying causes of arranged confrontations and processes influencing individual participation are addressed. Results show that this type of collective violence and partaking in it has various causes and explanations. These fit with extant research literature in the area of group crime and collective violence and are incorporated in the recently developed initiation-escalation model.
Harde-kernsupporters, gelegenheidsstructuren en georganiseerde criminaliteit
Authors: Collard Bart , Kleemans Edward 
Published: January 2018

Hardcore soccer supporters, opportunity structures and organized crime
This paper describes the results of twelve criminal investigations into criminal activities of hardcore supporters of a Dutch soccer club. The information from these criminal investigations consists of among other 74,246 transcribed, wiretapped telephone conversations and 643 pages with transcribed, secretly recorded conversations in cars (between March 2009 and June 2013). The organization and execution of these criminal activities (particularly large-scale drugs trade and extortion) is described within the context of the daily activities of these hardcore supporters. This context consists of regularly visiting soccer games (in the Netherlands and abroad), bars and the supportershome, and the subculture of hooliganism. The results show a criminal group using the opportunity structures related to hooliganism for carrying out criminal activities.
Väg varje ord på guldvåg, som Högsta domstolen. Om språknormer som förmedlas till juridikstudenter
Authors: Blückert Ann 
Published: January 2018

Juridik handlar i hög grad om språk, och att vara juridikstudent innebär att enomgå en språklig inskolningsprocess. I mitt föredrag kommer jag att belysa vilka språkmönster och språknormer som studenterna kan möta under utbildningen. Utformningen av den språkliga träningen har betydelse för om studenterna ska tillägna sig ett juridiskt språk som är både korrekt, klart och begripligt.
Hvordan ser de på sprog i Danmarks Domstole? – En sprogideologisk analyse
Authors: Kjærgaard Anne 
Published: January 2018

I oplægget vil jeg redegøre for en effektanalyse af et klarsprogsprojekt i DanmarksDomstole – med særligt henblik på Sø- og Handelsretten. Jeg vil først besvare spørgsmålet om hvilken effekt klarsprogsprojektet har haft for et udvalg af de domme der skrives i retten – kan man se forskelle på domme skrevet før og efter klarsprogsprojektet?For det andet vil jeg diskutere årsagerne til at klarsprogsprojektet tilsyneladendefik en ret begrænset effekt på de analyserede domme.
Nav og uførereformen: fra maktspråk til klarspråk
Authors: Andersson Martin Brynildsrud 
Published: January 2018

Fra 1. januar 2015 måtte om lag 310 000 uføre forholde seg til nye regler for uføretrygd. Gjennom hele informasjonsarbeidet var språk viktig for å nå ut til brukerne. Blant annet ble brev og tekster til nett brukertestet, og det var tett kontakt mellom Nav, brukerorganisasjoner, tjenestepensjonsordninger og andre etater. Resultatet var at færre brukere enn forventet tok kontakt med Nav, og henvendelsene gikk i stor grad på å hjelpe brukerne med faktiske problemer, og ikke å forklare innholdet og språket i informasjonen de hadde mottatt. SummaryFrom 1st January 2015 approximately 310,000 disabled people had to adapt to the new rules for disability benefits. Plain language played an important role in reaching out to inform users. Among other things, letters and texts were user-tested, and there was close contact between Nav and user organisations, occupational pension schemes and other public agencies. The result was that fewer users than expected contacted Nav, and the responses inquiries mainly entailed helping users with actual problems and not explaining the content and language of the information they had received. The work showed that a good understanding of each other’s roles and responsibilities was very important. Experience from work with the disability benefit reform has provided useful lessons that we can take forward to other projects.
Från krångelspråk till klarspråk. <br>Om språket som auktoritetsmarkör i rättsväsendet
Authors: Bohlin Fredrik 
Published: January 2018

I en fungerande demokrati måste myndighetstexter vara begripliga för alla. Under senare år har myndigheterna därför satsat på att utveckla skriftspråket. Trots dessa satsningar tenderar myndighetsskribenter emellertid fortfarande att använda ett onödigt krångligt fackspråk. Det beror på att skribenterna oreflekterat tar efter ett förlegat juridiskt fackspråk i gamla mallar när de utformar sina texter. Man tror också att ett sådant språk är nödvändigt för att sätta sig i respekt och visa att man kan sitt ämne. För att åstadkomma verklig och varaktig förändring av myndighetsspråket krävs att myndigheterna bedriver ett systematiskt arbete med språkfrågor över tid. Det räcker inte med punktinsatser och engångsjippon. SummaryIn a well-functioning democratic state governed by the rule of law, official texts should be understandable for all citizens. Most of the Swedish authorities have therefore made efforts to develop their written language in recent years. Despite these efforts, there is still a tendency for employees writing official texts to use unnecessarily complicated language for specific purposes (LSP). This is because the employees unthinkingly copy obsolete legal jargon from old templates when formulating their texts. They also believe that such language is necessary to gain respect and to show that they know their subject. To accomplish genuine and lasting change in the way official texts are written, the authorities should work systematically on these issues over time. Selective measures and other types of disposable effort are not enough.
Hvor begripelige er egentlig lovtekster? <br>En metode for å undersøke leseforståelse
Authors: Eriksen Pia Farstad , Fjørtoft Henning , Vatn Gunhild Åm 
Published: January 2018

Som en del av det overordna prosjektet Klart lovspråk er det gjort en leseundersøkelse av fire innbyggerretta lover for å finne ut hvordan ulike lesere tolker og bruker lovtekster. Ved å intervjue profesjonelle brukere og innbyggere som berøres av lovenes virkeområde, får man vite hvordan ulike grupper forstår innholdet. Undersøkelsen viser blant annet at mange ord og uttrykk i lovene er vanskelige å forstå, og at setnings- og tekststrukturen oppleves som tung. En slik leseundersøkelse er en metode som kan benyttes på alle typer tekster for å få tilgang til hvordan ulike lesere oppfatter dem. SummaryUnderstanding the language of the law can be challenging. As a part of the national ‘Klart lovspråk’ project, a group of researchers inquired into the participants’ general experience of legal texts, their ability to make sense of excerpts together, and their ability to reflect upon the social meaning-making processes of the interview session. A key finding from the study was that archaic words and expressions, long sentences and poor text structure were obstacles to comprehension. Another finding was that professional users rely primarily on text-based meaning-making strategies, attempting to make meaning by consulting other texts. Most citizens, however, make meaning through social strategies, e.g. by asking friends, relatives or public officials for legal advice. This method of studying reading comprehension can also be applied to all types of texts to ascertain how people perceive them.