bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The strengths and capacities of Authentic Followership
Authors: de Zilwa Deanna 
Published: April 2016

Purpose– Exploring a new conceptual framework for authentic followership (AF) comprised of three components: individual, dyadic and organisational. The purpose of this paper is to explain how the components of AF interact as a positive, non-linear feedback loop. It presents three propositions of positive outcomes arising from AF. First, AF builds follower’s strengths and capacities. Second, AF strengthens dyadic relationships between followers and leaders. Third, AF deepens and strengthens positive organisational culture thereby improving organisational performance. It discusses the practical significance of these propositions for followers, leaders and firms.Design/methodology/approach– The paper provides an overview of AF. Then three propositions of positive outcomes arising from AF are presented. It identifies how these propositions could benefit followers, leaders and firms. In conclusion, it offers suggestions for future research directions and notes some limitations of this work.Findings– The key finding of this paper is that AF could potentially strengthen the capacities and performance of followers, leaders and organisations if the propositions presented in this work are correct – if the three components of AF interact with each other as a positive feedback loop strengthening and reinforcing each component of AF. To establish the validity of the AF model and the three propositions the paper suggests that investigations in different empirical settings are undertaken: SME’s and multinational corporations, in different countries under different market conditions, with followers and leaders of different gender, age, education level, roles and tenure of employment.Originality/value– The paper’s core contention that the components of AF interact as a positive feedback loop has significant practical implications – beneficial outcomes for followers, leaders and firms.P1explains how AF enables followers to gain confidence, maturity and create solid foundations from which to thrive and flourish.P2explains how dyadic relationships between followers and leaders could be strengthened, deepening trust and respect between each party, thereby enhancing leadership effectiveness.P3explains how the dynamic processes of AF can strengthen and deepen positive organisational culture and enhance organisational performance.
Computer Modeling of Fiber Movements in High-Speed Airflow
Authors: Cai Yiyun , Oxenham William 
Published: April 2016

High-speed airflow is widely used in many processes in the textile industry. Even though the interactions between fibers and airflows have attracted many researchers' interest, there have been few published studies that focus on the computer modeling of fiber motion in airflow fields. This research was aimed at developing a model that can effectively simulate the interactions between fibers and airflows, thus providing a clearer understanding of the behavior of textile fibers in certain processing machines.
A three-dimensional model of the aerodynamic component of a rotor spinning machine was established. A commercial computation fluid dynamics (CFD) software package was used to compute the airflow field of this model and the results were analyzed to study the airflow field's characteristics. Resultant data were used as input for the fiber movement model by using a one-way coupling method. A mathematical model of fiber movement was developed, including numerical methods and visualization programs that were used to solve the model and illustrate fiber movements. The results obtained were studied and compared under different initial and boundary conditions.
This research successfully demonstrates the effectiveness of computer modeling for studying the fiber motion in high-speed airflow. It provides a better understanding of fiber behavior in airflow fields and its potential and prospect in the research of textile processes, in which airflow plays an important role, are very promising.
The Practice of Midwifery in Rural US Hospitals
Authors: Kozhimannil Katy B. , Henning‐Smith Carrie , Hung Peiyin 
Published: April 2016

IntroductionWorkforce shortages limit access to care for pregnant women in rural and remote areas. The goal of this analysis was to describe the role of certified nurse‐midwives (CNMs) in providing maternity care in rural US hospitals and to examine state‐level variation in rural CNM practice.MethodsWe identified 306 rural hospitals with at least 10 births in 2010 using discharge data from the Statewide Inpatient Databases for 9 US states. We conducted a telephone survey of hospital maternity unit managers (N = 244) from November 2013 to March 2014 to understand their maternity care workforce and practice models. We describe the presence of CNMs attending births by hospital and state characteristics. Using logistic multivariate regression, we examined whether CNMs attend births, adjusting for hospital characteristics, practice regulations, and state. We also analyzed the content of open‐ended responses about staffing plans, challenges, and opportunities that unit managers identified, with a focus on midwifery practice.ResultsCNMs attend births at one‐third of rural maternity hospitals in 9 US states. Significant variability across states appears to be partially related to autonomous practice regulations: states allowing autonomous midwifery practice have a greater proportion of rural hospitals with midwives attending births (34% vs 28% without autonomous midwifery practice). In rural maternity hospitals, CNMs practice alongside obstetricians in 86%, and with family physicians in 44%, of hospitals. Fourteen percent of all respondents planned recruitment to increase the number of midwives at their hospital, although many, especially in smaller hospitals, noted challenges in doing so.DiscussionCNMs play a crucial role in the maternity care workforce in rural US hospitals. The participation of CNMs in birth attendance varies by hospital birth volume and across state settings. Interprofessional practice is common for CNMs attending births in rural hospitals, and administrators hope to increase the number of midwives in rural maternity practice.
Educational strategies and challenges in peritoneal dialysis: a qualitative study of renal nurses’ experiences
Authors: Bergjan Manuela , Schaepe Christiane 
Published: April 2016

Aims and objectivesThe aim of the study was to explore renal nurses’ experiences, strategies and challenges with regard to the patient education process in peritoneal dialysis.BackgroundPatient education in peritoneal dialysis is essential to developing a successful home‐based peritoneal dialysis program. In this area research is scarce and there is a particular lack of focus on the perspective of the renal nurse.DesignQualitative design formed by thematic qualitative text analysis.MethodsFive group interviews (n = 20) were used to explore the challenges peritoneal dialysis nurses face and the training strategies they use. The interviews were analyzed with thematic qualitative content analysis using deductive and inductive subcategory application.ResultsThe findings revealed the education barriers perceived by nurses that patients may face. They also showed that using assessment tools is important in peritoneal dialysis patient education, as is developing strategies to promote patient self‐management. There is a need for a deeper understanding of affective learning objectives, and existing teaching activities and materials should be revised to incorporate the patient's perspective. Patients usually begin having questions about peritoneal dialysis when they return home and are described as feeling overwhelmed. Adapting existing conditions is considered a major challenge for patients and nurses.ConclusionsThe results provided useful insights into the best approaches to educating peritoneal dialysis patients and served to raise awareness of challenges experienced by renal nurses. Findings underline the need for nosogogy – an approach of teaching adults (andragogy) with a chronic disease. Flexibility and cooperation are competencies that renal nurses must possess.Relevance to clinical practiceStill psychomotor skills dominate peritoneal dialysis patient training, there is a need of both a deeper understanding of affective learning objectives and the accurate use of (self‐)assessment tools, particularly for health literacy.
Mental Health, Racial Discrimination, and Tobacco Use Differences Across Rural‐Urban California
Authors: Agunwamba Amenah A. , Kawachi Ichiro , Williams David R. , Finney Rutten Lila J. , Wilson Patrick M. , Viswanath Kasisomayajula 
Published: April 2016

AbstractObjectiveDisparities in tobacco use persist despite successful policies reducing use within the United States. In particular, the prevalence of tobacco use in rural and certain minority communities is significantly higher compared to that of their counterparts. In this work, we examine the impact of rurality, mental health, and racial discrimination on tobacco use.MethodsData come from the 2003 California Health Interview Survey (n = 42,044). Modified Poisson regression models were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, birth origin, education, income, insurance, and marital status.ResultsCompared to urban residents, rural residents had a significantly higher risk for smoking after adjustment (RR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01‐1.19). Those who reported having experienced racial discrimination also had a significantly greater risk for smoking compared to those who did not (RR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.07‐1.27). Additionally, those who reported higher stress had a significantly greater risk for smoking (RR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.07‐1.67). There was evidence of interaction between rurality and race/ethnicity, and rurality and gender (P < .05).ConclusionResiding in rural areas was associated with an increased risk for smoking, above and beyond sociodemographics. There were no significant differences across rural‐urban environments for the relationship between stress and tobacco use—an indication that the impact of stress and discrimination is not buffered or exacerbated by environmental characteristics potentially found in either location. Mechanisms that explain rural‐urban tobacco use disparities need to be explored, and smoking cessation programs and policies should be tailored to target these factors within rural communities.
Measurement and Computational Skepticism
Authors: Matthews Robert J. , Dresner Eli 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPutnam and Searle famously argue against computational theories of mind on the skeptical ground that there is no fact of the matter as to what mathematical function a physical system is computing: both conclude (albeit for somewhat different reasons) that virtually any physical object computes every computable function, implements every program or automaton. There has been considerable discussion of Putnam's and Searle's arguments, though as yet there is little consensus as to what, if anything, is wrong with these arguments. In the present paper we show that an analogous line of reasoning can be raised against the numerical measurement (i.e., numerical representation) of physical magnitudes, and we argue that this result is a reductio ad absurdum of the challenge to computational skepticism. We then use this reductio to get clearer about both (i) what's wrong with Putnam's and Searle's arguments against computationalism, and (ii) what can be learned about both computational implementation and numerical measurement from the shortcomings of both sorts of skeptical argument.
Son Preference and Gender Gaps in Child Nutrition: Does the Level of Female Autonomy Matter?
Authors: Dasgupta Shatanjaya 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis paper examines the association between parental son preference and child anthropometric status, and the extent to which this relationship depends on the level of female autonomy. Results highlight the importance of maternal son preference and mothers' involvement in household decision making when gender gaps in child nutrition are considered. These findings have important policy implications.
Tariffs and Wages in Trade Theory
Authors: Thompson Henry 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe theory of production and trade is motivated in large part by the effects of tariffs on wages. General equilibrium models that examine these effects include constant costs, factor proportions, specific factors, imperfect competition and noncompetitive factor market. The present paper reviews the effects of tariffs on wages in small open economies across this broad range of trade theory. From this wide perspective, tariffs support wages only under narrow sets of assumptions. There should be no presumption that tariffs support wages.
Generic Identifiability of Linear Structural Equation Models by Ancestor Decomposition
Authors: Drton Mathias , Weihs Luca 
Published: April 2016

AbstractLinear structural equation models, which relate random variables via linear interdependencies and Gaussian noise, are a popular tool for modelling multivariate joint distributions. The models correspond to mixed graphs that include both directed and bidirected edges representing the linear relationships and correlations between noise terms, respectively. A question of interest for these models is that of parameter identifiability, whether or not it is possible to recover edge coefficients from the joint covariance matrix of the random variables. For the problem of determining generic parameter identifiability, we present an algorithm building upon the half‐trek criterion. Underlying our new algorithm is the idea that ancestral subsets of vertices in the graph can be used to extend the applicability of a decomposition technique.
A Framework for Monte Carlo based Multiple Testing
Authors: Gandy Axel , Hahn Georg 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe are concerned with a situation in which we would like to test multiple hypotheses with tests whose p‐values cannot be computed explicitly but can be approximated using Monte Carlo simulation. This scenario occurs widely in practice. We are interested in obtaining the same rejections and non‐rejections as the ones obtained if the p‐values for all hypotheses had been available. The present article introduces a framework for this scenario by providing a generic algorithm for a general multiple testing procedure. We establish conditions that guarantee that the rejections and non‐rejections obtained through Monte Carlo simulations are identical to the ones obtained with the p‐values. Our framework is applicable to a general class of step‐up and step‐down procedures, which includes many established multiple testing corrections such as the ones of Bonferroni, Holm, Sidak, Hochberg or Benjamini–Hochberg. Moreover, we show how to use our framework to improve algorithms available in the literature in such a way as to yield theoretical guarantees on their results. These modifications can easily be implemented in practice and lead to a particular way of reporting multiple testing results as three sets together with an error bound on their correctness, demonstrated exemplarily using a real biological dataset.
Antimicrobial Formulations of Absorbable Bone Substitute Materials as Drug Carriers Based on Calcium Sulfate
Authors: Pförringer D. , Obermeier A. , Kiokekli M. , Büchner H. , Vogt S. , Stemberger A. , Burgkart R. , Lucke M. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Substitution of bones is a well-established, necessary procedure to treat bone defects in trauma and orthopedic surgeries. For prevention or treatment of perioperative infection, the implantation of resorbable bone substitute materials carrying antibiotics is a necessary treatment. In this study, we investigated the newly formulated calcium-based resorbable bone substitute materials containing either gentamicin (CaSO
4
-G [Herafill-G]), vancomycin (CaSO
4
-V), or tobramycin (Osteoset). We characterized the released antibiotic concentration per unit. Bone substitute materials were implanted in bones of rabbits via a standardized surgical procedure. Clinical parameters and levels of the antibiotic-releasing materials in serum were determined. Local concentrations of antibiotics were measured using antimicrobial tests of bone tissue. Aminoglycoside release kinetics
in vitro
per square millimeter of bead surface showed the most prolonged release for gentamicin, followed by vancomycin and, with the fastest release, tobramycin.
In vivo
level in serum detected over 28 days was highest for gentamicin at 0.42 μg/ml, followed by vancomycin at 0.11 μg/ml and tobramycin at 0.04 μg/ml. The clinical parameters indicated high biocompatibility for materials used. None of the rabbits subjected to the procedure showed any adverse reaction. The highest availability of antibiotics at 14.8 μg/g on day 1 in the cortical tibia
ex vivo
was demonstrated for gentamicin, decreasing within 14 days. In the medulla, vancomycin showed a high level at 444 μg/g on day 1, decreasing continuously over 14 days, whereas gentamicin decreased faster within the initial 3 days. The compared antibiotic formulations varied significantly in release kinetics in serum as well as locally in medulla and cortex.
Complete Reconstitution of the Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Phenotype of Strain Mu50 in Vancomycin-Susceptible S. aureus
Authors: Katayama Yuki , Sekine Miwa , Hishinuma Tomomi , Aiba Yoshifumi , Hiramatsu Keiichi 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Complete reconstitution of the vancomycin-intermediate
Staphylococcus aureus
(VISA) phenotype of strain Mu50 was achieved by sequentially introducing mutations into six genes of vancomycin-susceptible
S. aureus
(VSSA) strain N315ΔIP. The six mutated genes were detected in VISA strain Mu50 but not in N315ΔIP. Introduction of the mutation Ser329Leu into
vraS
, encoding the sensor histidine kinase of the
vraSR
two-component regulatory (TCR) system, and another mutation, Glu146Lys, into
msrR
, belonging to the LytR-CpsA-Psr (LCP) family, increased the level of vancomycin resistance to that detected in heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate
S. aureus
(hVISA) strain Mu3. Introduction of two more mutations, Asn197Ser into
graR
of the
graSR
TCR system and His481Tyr into
rpoB
, encoding the β subunit of RNA polymerase, converted the hVISA strain into a VISA strain with the same level of vancomycin resistance as Mu50. Surprisingly, however, the constructed quadruple mutant strain ΔIP4 did not have a thickened cell wall, a cardinal feature of the VISA phenotype. Subsequent study showed that cell wall thickening was an inducible phenotype in the mutant strain, whereas it was a constitutive one in Mu50. Finally, introduction of the Ala297Val mutation into
fdh2
, which encodes a putative formate dehydrogenase, or a 67-amino-acid sequence deletion into
sle1
[
sle1
(Δ67aa)], encoding the hydrolase of
N
-acetylmuramyl-
l
-alanine amidase in the peptidoglycan, converted inducible cell wall thickening into constitutive cell wall thickening.
sle1
(Δ67aa) was found to cause a drastic decrease in autolysis activity. Thus, all six mutated genes required for acquisition of the VISA phenotype were directly or indirectly involved in the regulation of cell physiology. The VISA phenotype seemed to be achieved through multiple genetic events accompanying drastic changes in cell physiology.
Nested Russian Doll-Like Genetic Mobility Drives Rapid Dissemination of the Carbapenem Resistance Gene
bla
KPC
Authors: Sheppard Anna E. , Stoesser Nicole , Wilson Daniel J. , Sebra Robert , Kasarskis Andrew , Anson Luke W. , Giess Adam , Pankhurst Louise J. , Vaughan Alison , Grim Christopher J. , Cox Heather L. , Yeh Anthony J. ,   the Modernising Medical Microbiology (MMM) Informatics Group, Sifri Costi D. , Walker A. Sarah , Peto Tim E. , Crook Derrick W. , Mathers Amy J. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

The recent widespread emergence of carbapenem resistance in
Enterobacteriaceae
is a major public health concern, as carbapenems are a therapy of last resort against this family of common bacterial pathogens. Resistance genes can mobilize via various mechanisms, including conjugation and transposition; however, the importance of this mobility in short-term evolution, such as within nosocomial outbreaks, is unknown. Using a combination of short- and long-read whole-genome sequencing of 281
bla
KPC
-positive
Enterobacteriaceae
isolates from a single hospital over 5 years, we demonstrate rapid dissemination of this carbapenem resistance gene to multiple species, strains, and plasmids. Mobility of
bla
KPC
occurs at multiple nested genetic levels, with transmission of
bla
KPC
strains between individuals, frequent transfer of
bla
KPC
plasmids between strains/species, and frequent transposition of
bla
KPC
transposon Tn
4401
between plasmids. We also identify a common insertion site for Tn
4401
within various Tn
2
-like elements, suggesting that homologous recombination between Tn
2
-like elements has enhanced the spread of Tn
4401
between different plasmid vectors. Furthermore, while short-read sequencing has known limitations for plasmid assembly, various studies have attempted to overcome this by the use of reference-based methods. We also demonstrate that, as a consequence of the genetic mobility observed in this study, plasmid structures can be extremely dynamic, and therefore these reference-based methods, as well as traditional partial typing methods, can produce very misleading conclusions. Overall, our findings demonstrate that nonclonal resistance gene dissemination can be extremely rapid, presenting significant challenges for public health surveillance and achieving effective control of antibiotic resistance.
Complete Sequence of the FII Plasmid p42-2, Carrying
bla
CTX-M-55
,
oqxAB
,
fosA3
, and
floR
from Escherichia coli
Authors: Yang Qiu E. , Walsh Timothy Rutland , Liu Bao Tao , Zou Meng Ting , Deng Hui , Fang Liang Xing , Liao Xiao Ping , Sun Jian , Liu Ya Hong 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

We sequenced a novel conjugative multidrug resistance IncF plasmid, p42-2, isolated from
Escherichia coli
strain 42-2, previously identified in China. p42-2 is 106,886 bp long, composed of a typical IncFII-type backbone (∼54 kb) and one distinct acquired DNA region spanning ∼53 kb, harboring 12 antibiotic resistance genes [
bla
CTX-M-55
,
oqxA
,
oqxB
,
fosA3
,
floR
,
tetA
(A),
tetA
(R),
strA
,
strB
,
sul2
,
aph(3′)-II
, and Δ
bla
TEM-1
]. The spread of these multidrug resistance determinants on the same plasmid is of great concern and, because of coresistance to antibiotics from different classes, is therapeutically challenging.
Initial Assessment of the Molecular Epidemiology of
bla
NDM-1
in Colombia
Authors: Rojas Laura J. , Wright Meredith S. , De La Cadena Elsa , Motoa Gabriel , Hujer Kristine M. , Villegas Maria V. , Adams Mark D. , Bonomo Robert A. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

We report complete genome sequences of four
bla
NDM-1
-harboring Gram-negative multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates from Colombia. The
bla
NDM-1
genes were located on 193-kb Inc FIA, 178-kb Inc A/C2, and 47-kb (unknown Inc type) plasmids. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) revealed that these isolates belong to sequence type 10 (ST10) (
Escherichia coli
), ST392 (
Klebsiella pneumoniae
), and ST322 and ST464 (
Acinetobacter baumannii
and
Acinetobacter nosocomialis
, respectively). Our analysis identified that the Inc A/C2 plasmid in
E. coli
contained a novel complex transposon (Tn
125
and Tn
5393
with three copies of
bla
NDM-1
) and a recombination “hot spot” for the acquisition of new resistance determinants.