bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retracted: The impact of a boundary layer height formulation on the GEOS‐5 model climate
Authors: McGrath‐Spangler E. L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPlanetary boundary layer (PBL) processes are important for the estimation of surface‐atmosphere exchanges that impact global climate. One way of characterizing the strength of these processes is the PBL depth. In the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS‐5) atmospheric general circulation model, the PBL depth is also used in calculating the turbulent length scale, which, in turn, is used in estimating the turbulence and vertical mixing within the model. Therefore, changing the PBL depth definition directly affects the model climate. This study evaluates the climatological model response of two long‐term simulations using different PBL depth definitions. The first definition is based on a bulk Richardson number; the second uses a combination of the same bulk Richardson number definition over land plus a definition based on the turbulent eddy diffusion coefficient over water. The two simulations produce different spatiotemporal patterns of temperature, specific humidity, and wind speed related to the differences in turbulence. The largest differences, as expected, are present over water. Due to differences in atmospheric stability, the relationship between the two PBL depth estimates differ among the majority of the oceans and off the west coasts of continents, affecting the climatic response. Due to its optimization of the climatic response while maintaining a realistic diurnal cycle of PBL depth, the mixed PBL depth configuration is preferred.
Hydrothermal activity recorded in post Noachian‐aged impact craters on Mars
Authors: Turner Stuart M. R. , Bridges John C. , Grebby Stephen , Ehlmann Bethany L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHydrothermal systems have previously been reported in ancient Noachian and Hesperian‐aged craters on Mars using CRISM but not in Amazonian‐aged impact craters. However, the nakhlite meteorites do provide evidence of Amazonian hydrothermal activity. This study uses CRISM data of 144 impact craters of ≥7 km diameter and 14 smaller craters (3–7 km diameter) within terrain mapped as Amazonian to search for minerals that may have formed as a result of impact‐induced hydrothermal alteration or show excavation of ancient altered crust. No evidence indicating the presence of hydrated minerals was found in the 3–7 km impact craters. Hydrated minerals were identified in three complex impact craters, located at 52.42°N, 39.86°E in the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle, at 8.93°N, 141.28°E in Elysium, and within the previously studied Stokes crater. These three craters have diameters 20 km, 62 km, and 51 km. The locations of the hydrated mineral outcrops and their associated morphology indicate that two of these three impact craters—the unnamed Ismenius Lacus Crater and Stokes Crater—possibly hosted impact‐induced hydrothermal systems, as they contain alteration assemblages on their central uplifts that are not apparent in their ejecta. Chlorite and Fe serpentine are identified within alluvial fans in the central uplift and rim of the Ismenius Lacus crater, whereas Stokes crater contains a host of Fe/Mg/Al phyllosilicates. However, excavation origin cannot be precluded. Our work suggests that impact‐induced hydrothermalism was rare in the Amazonian and/or that impact‐induced hydrothermal alteration was not sufficiently pervasive or spatially widespread for detection by CRISM.
Overland flow resistances on varying slope gradients and partitioning on grassed slopes under simulated rainfall
Authors: Pan Chengzhong , Ma Lan , Wainwright John , Shangguan Zhouping 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIt is still unclear how slope steepness (S) and revegetation affect resistance (f) to overland flow. A series of experiments on runoff hydraulics was conducted on granular surfaces (bare soil and sandpaper) and grassed surfaces, including grass plots (GP), GP with litter (GL), and GP without leaves (GS) under simulated rainfall and inflow (30<Re<1400) with varying slopes ranging from 2.6% to 50%. The results show that the observed f based on a small‐size runoff plot under rainfall conditions tends to be overestimated due to the increase in flow rate, or Re (Reynolds number), with downward cross sections and a good f‐Re relation (f = KRe−1). There exists a good f‐Re relation for granular surfaces and a good f‐Fr relation (Fr, Froude number) for grass plots. A greater f occurred at the gentle and steep slopes for the granular surfaces, while f decreased with increasing slopes for the grass treatments. The different f‐S relations suggest that f is not a simple function of S. When Re≈1000, the sowing rye grass with level lines increased f by approximately 100 times and decreased bed shear stress to approximately 5%. The contribution of grass leaves, stems, litter, and grain surface to total resistance in the grass plots were averagely 52%, 32%, 16%, and 1%. The greater resistance from leaves may result from the leaves lying at the plot surface impacted by raindrop impact. These results are beneficial to understand the dynamics of runoff and erosion on hillslopes impacted by vegetation restoration.
Subsidence along the Atlantic Coast of North America: Insights from GPS and late Holocene relative sea level data
Authors: Karegar Makan A. , Dixon Timothy H. , Engelhart Simon E. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe Atlantic Coast of North America is increasingly affected by flooding associated with tropical and extratropical storms, exacerbated by the combined effects of accelerated sea‐level rise and land subsidence. The region includes the collapsing forebulge of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. High‐quality records of late Holocene relative sea‐level (RSL) rise are now available, allowing separation of long‐term glacial isostatic adjustment‐induced displacement from modern vertical displacement measured by GPS. We compare geological records of late Holocene RSL to present‐day vertical rates from GPS. For many coastal areas there is no significant difference between these independent data. Exceptions occur in areas of recent excessive groundwater extraction, between Virginia (38°N) and South Carolina (32.5°N). The present‐day subsidence rates in these areas are approximately double the long‐term geologic rates, which has important implications for flood mitigation. Tide gauge records, therefore, should be used with caution for studying sea‐level rise in this region.
Predictability of the recent slowdown and subsequent recovery of large‐scale surface warming using statistical methods
Authors: Mann Michael E. , Steinman Byron A. , Miller Sonya K. , Frankcombe Leela M. , England Matthew H. , Cheung Anson H. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe temporary slowdown in large‐scale surface warming during the early 2000s has been attributed to both external and internal sources of climate variability. Using semiempirical estimates of the internal low‐frequency variability component in Northern Hemisphere, Atlantic, and Pacific surface temperatures in concert with statistical hindcast experiments, we investigate whether the slowdown and its recent recovery were predictable. We conclude that the internal variability of the North Pacific, which played a critical role in the slowdown, does not appear to have been predictable using statistical forecast methods. An additional minor contribution from the North Atlantic, by contrast, appears to exhibit some predictability. While our analyses focus on combining semiempirical estimates of internal climatic variability with statistical hindcast experiments, possible implications for initialized model predictions are also discussed.
Lithospheric thickness controlled compositional variations in potassic basalts of Northeast China by melt‐rock interactions
Authors: Liu Jian‐Qiang , Chen Li‐Hui , Zeng Gang , Wang Xiao‐Jun , Zhong Yuan , Yu Xun 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMelt‐rock interaction is a common mantle process; however, it remains unclear how this process affects the composition of potassic basalt. Here we present a case study to highlight the link between compositional variations in the potassic basalts and melt‐rock interaction in cold lithosphere. Cenozoic potassic basalts in Northeast China are strongly enriched in incompatible elements and show EM1‐type Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes, suggesting an enriched mantle source. These rocks show good correlations between 87Sr/86Sr and K2O/Na2O and Rb/Nb. Notably, these ratios decrease with increasing lithospheric thickness, which may reflect melt‐lithosphere interaction. Phlogopite precipitated when potassic melts passed through the lithospheric mantle, and K and Rb contents of the residual melts decreased over time. The thicker the lithosphere, the greater the loss of K and Rb from the magma. Therefore, the compositions of potassic basalts were controlled by both their enriched sources and reactions with lithospheric mantle.
Impact of increasing heat waves on U.S. ozone episodes in the 2050s: Results from a multimodel analysis using extreme value theory
Authors: Shen L. , Mickley L. J. , Gilleland E. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe develop a statistical model using extreme value theory to estimate the 2000–2050 changes in ozone episodes across the United States. We model the relationships between daily maximum temperature (Tmax) and maximum daily 8 h average (MDA8) ozone in May–September over 2003–2012 using a Point Process (PP) model. At ~20% of the sites, a marked decrease in the ozone‐temperature slope occurs at high temperatures, defined as ozone suppression. The PP model sometimes fails to capture ozone‐Tmax relationships, so we refit the ozone‐Tmax slope using logistic regression and a generalized Pareto distribution model. We then apply the resulting hybrid‐extreme value theory model to projections of Tmax from an ensemble of downscaled climate models. Assuming constant anthropogenic emissions at the present level, we find an average increase of 2.3 d a−1 in ozone episodes (>75 ppbv) across the United States by the 2050s, with a change of +3–9 d a−1 at many sites.
Mechanisms of step‐like tilt changes and very long period seismic signals during the 2000 Miyakejima eruption: Insights from kinematic GPS
Authors: Munekane Hiroshi , Oikawa Jun , Kobayashi Tomokazu 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDuring the 2000 eruption of the Miyakejima volcano in Japan, step‐like tilt changes (TC) generally accompanied by very long period (VLP) seismic signals with a pulse‐like shape and widths of ∼50 s were repeatedly observed (TC/VLP events). Kinematic GPS time series for Miyakejima were investigated in order to detect displacements associated with these events. We found that the kinematic GPS time series could be interpreted as the superposition of the following features: (1) displacement associated with the TC/VLP events, the source of which possibly corresponded to a shallow magma chamber represented by an almost vertical ellipsoidal cavity elongated NE–SW at a depth of 2–3 km; (2) displacement following TC/VLP events that may have been caused by exponential‐type volume decreases of the same magma chamber with a decay constant of approximately half a day; and (3) displacements that may be caused by continuous volume decreases of the same magma chamber. These features broadly support the piston model of VLP seismic signals, in which a vertical piston of solid conduit material intermittently sinks into a magma chamber located a few kilometer beneath the edifice following deflation caused by continuous outflux of magma. The volume increase of the magma chamber associated with the TC/VLP events was found to be much smaller than that of the collapsed caldera, suggesting that most of the mass in the conduit sank into the magma chamber without generating VLP seismic waves or step‐like TC.
A Mild TEMPO‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Conversion of Aldehydes into Nitriles
Authors: Fang Chaojie , Li Meichao , Hu Xinquan , Mo Weimin , Hu Baoxiang , Sun Nan , Jin Liqun , Shen Zhenlu 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAn efficient method to prepare nitriles from aldehydes using hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) as the nitrogen source has been developed. The reactions were performed with 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine l‐oxyl (TEMPO) as the catalyst, NaNO2 or TBN as the co‐catalyst, and molecular oxygen as the terminal oxidant under mild conditions. A variety of aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic and allylic aldehydes could be converted into their corresponding nitriles in good to excellent yields.magnified image
Four‐Electron Electrocyclic Ring‐Opening/Intermolecular [4+2] Cycloadditions of α‐Hydroxycyclobutenones: Stereoselective Synthesis of Multiple Substituted δ‐Lactams
Authors: Song Peidong , Li Qing , Wang Congcong , Wu Wenfa , Mao Xu , Wang Jiajia , Hu Xiangdong 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA four‐electron electrocyclic ring‐opening/intermolecular [4+2] cycloaddition of α‐hydroxycyclobutenones is reported. The reaction represents the first example for the intermolecular cycloaddition of the extensively studied enol‐ketene intermediate, and provides a new synthetic route to multiply substituted δ‐lactams in high stereoselectivity.magnified image
Y chromosome diversity in a linguistic isolate (Mirandese, NE Portugal)
Authors: Marques Sofia L. , Gusmão Leonor , Amorim Antonio , Prata Maria João , Alvarez Luis 
Published: March 2016

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to genetically characterize the male lineages of people who speak Mirandese, an interesting case of a linguistic relict that can still be found in the municipality of Miranda do Douro, NE Portugal. This region lies within the area of the Leonese dialects, which are remnants of the Romance dialects spoken in the Kingdom of Leon currently grouped in the Astur–Leonese linguistic continuum. We intended to disclose affinities with surrounding populations, namely from Spain where the Astur–Leonese is also spoken.MethodsEighty‐eight unrelated males (58 from Miranda and 30 from Bragança, the broad Portuguese region where Miranda is located) were genotyped with the combined use of 17 Y chromosome short tandem repeats (Y‐STRs) and a high resolution Y chromosome single nucleotide polymorphism (Y‐SNPs) strategy. Moreover, 236 males from Miranda and neighboring regions, previously classified as R‐M269, were also genotyped.ResultsR‐P312 was the most frequent haplogroup in the Mirandese, followed by J‐12f2.1 and T‐M70. The male lineages J‐12f2.1 and T‐M70 were also well represented, and both were shared with descendants of Sephardic Jews. No signs of diversity reduction were detected.ConclusionsMirandese speakers display a Y chromosome gene pool that shows a subtle differentiation from neighboring populations, mainly attributable to the assimilation of lineages ascribed to be of Jewish ancestry. Although not revealing signs of geographic/linguistic isolation, no clear affinities with other Astur–Leonese populations were detected. The results suggest that in Miranda language sharing is not accompanied by significant gene flow between populations from both sides of the political border. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:671–680, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interleukin‐9 and interleukin‐17C in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Olcott Clara M. , Han Joseph K. , Cunningham Tina D. , Franzese Christine B. 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundInterleukin (IL)‐9 and IL‐17C have been known to play a role in allergic inflammation, yet, their roles in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) are not well defined. IL‐9 induces changes in epithelial cell gene expression leading to goblet cell metaplasia, whereas IL‐17C is functionally distinct in that its expression can be induced by bacterial challenge and inflammatory stimuli. This study aimed to compare levels of IL‐9 and IL‐17C in CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) as well as atopy.MethodsNasal polyp or sinus mucosal specimens from CRSwNP (n = 36), CRSsNP (n = 9), and control (n = 9) groups were collected and processed. Patient atopy status was determined by history of skin‐prick test and pulmonary function test. Immunohistochemistry was carried out using anti‐human IL‐9 and IL‐17C antibodies. Positively‐stained cells were enumerated under high‐power (×400) magnification in 5 consecutive fields.ResultsThe level of expression of IL‐9 was higher in CRSwNP than CRSsNP and control. Similar findings were demonstrated in IL‐17C with higher expression in CRSwNP than CRSsNP and control. Both the averages of positively‐stained cells expressing IL‐9 and IL‐17C were higher in CRS with asthma and allergy compared to control. This suggested that IL‐9 and IL‐17C were both involved in the pathogenesis of CRS, allergy, and asthma.ConclusionInflammatory cell expression of IL‐9 and IL‐17C were increased in CRS, particularly with allergy and asthma. These interleukins may contribute to the pathogenesis of CRSwNP as well as atopy and may serve as therapeutic targets for disease management.
Human rhinovirus in experimental infection after peroral Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG consumption, a pilot study
Authors: Tapiovaara Laura , Kumpu Minna , Mäkivuokko Harri , Waris Matti , Korpela Riitta , Pitkäranta Anne , Winther Birgit 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundData has emerged on possible beneficial effects of probiotics in respiratory tract viral infections, but it is unclear if the promising positive effects evidenced are due to a reduced viral load during infections. The aims of this work were to investigate the effect of peroral probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (American Type Culture Collection [ATCC], Accession No. 53103) consumption on human rhinovirus (HRV) load in nasopharyngeal lavage samples in experimental HRV infection, and to correlate viral load to clinical symptoms.MethodsIntranasal HRV A39 inoculation was performed on 59 adults, who had consumed juice enriched with live or heat‐inactivated L. rhamnosus GG or control juice for 3 weeks prior to inoculation in a randomized, controlled, pilot trial setting. Nasopharyngeal lavage samples and symptom data were analyzed on day 0 before inoculation, and on days 2 and 5. Samples were subjected to quantitative HRV detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).ResultsBefore inoculation 9 of 59 (15%) samples presented with another HRV strain than the studied A39. There was a tendency toward the lowest HRV loads in the L. rhamnosus GG groups and the highest in placebo group (log10 copies/mL, 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.20 [5.18 to 7.40] in live, 6.30 [4.91 to 7.08] in inactivated L. rhamnosus GG, and 7.25 [5.81 to 7.52] in placebo group, p = 0.57 in day 2) in the wild‐type excluded population. The HRV load positively correlated with the symptom scores on days 2 and 5 (correlation coefficient 0.61 [p < 0.001] and 0.28 [p = 0.034], respectively).ConclusionResults did not show statistical differences in viral loads in subjects using L. rhamnosus GG when compared to placebo. HRV load positively correlated with the total symptom scores.
Radiological–pathological correlation of diffusion tensor and magnetization transfer imaging in a closed head traumatic brain injury model
Authors: Tu Tsang‐Wei , Williams Rashida A. , Lescher Jacob D. , Jikaria Neekita , Turtzo L. Christine , Frank Joseph A. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveMetrics of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and magnetization transfer imaging (MTI) can detect diffuse axonal injury in traumatic brain injury (TBI). The relationship between the changes in these imaging measures and the underlying pathologies is still relatively unknown. This study investigated the radiological–pathological correlation between these imaging techniques and immunohistochemistry using a closed head rat model of TBI.MethodsTBI was performed on female rats followed longitudinally by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) out to 30 days postinjury, with a subset of animals selected for histopathological analyses. A MRI‐based finite element analysis was generated to characterize the pattern of the mechanical insult and estimate the extent of brain injury to direct the pathological correlation with imaging findings.ResultsDTI axial diffusivity and fractional anisotropy (FA) were sensitive to axonal integrity, whereas radial diffusivity showed significant correlation to the myelin compactness. FA was correlated with astrogliosis in the gray matter, whereas mean diffusivity was correlated with increased cellularity. Secondary inflammatory responses also partly affected the changes of these DTI metrics. The magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) at 3.5ppm demonstrated a strong correlation with both axon and myelin integrity. Decrease in MTR at 20ppm correlated with the extent of astrogliosis in both gray and white matter.InterpretationAlthough conventional T2‐weighted MRI did not detect abnormalities following TBI, DTI and MTI afforded complementary insight into the underlying pathologies reflecting varying injury states over time, and thus may substitute for histology to reveal diffusive axonal injury pathologies in vivo. This correlation of MRI and histology furthers understanding of the microscopic pathology underlying DTI and MTI changes in TBI. Ann Neurol 2016;79:907–920
Mit Peptiden dekorierte Dendrimere und ihre biotechnologische Nutzung
Authors: Wan Jingjing , Alewood Paul F. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPeptid‐dekorierte Dendrimere (PDDs) bilden eine Klasse kugelförmiger, regulärer, verzweigter Polymere, die an ihren Oberflächen kovalent durch Peptide modifiziert sind. PDDs sind als Proteinmimetika, neuartige Biomaterialien sowie für ein breites Spektrum biomedizinischer Anwendungen zum Einsatz gekommen. Seit ihrer Konzeption und Entwicklung in den späten 1980er Jahren ist Poly‐l‐lysin die bevorzugte Kernstruktur für PDDs. Jüngst haben zahlreiche Innovationen in der Polymer‐ und Ligationschemie das Feld neu belebt. Dies hat dazu geführt, dass heute wohldefinierte Dendrimere mit vielfältigeren Strukturen und Funktionen vorliegen. Dieser Kurzaufsatz beleuchtet die Entwicklung von PDDs als Produkte einer signifikant verbesserten Ligationschemie unter Einbeziehung strukturell wohldefinierter Peptide sowie erste Anwendungen von PDDs in den Bereichen Bildgebung und Wirkstoffentwicklung.
Synthesis of Octafluoroporphyrin
Authors: Kashi Chiranjeevulu , Wu Chu‐Chun , Mai Chi‐Lun , Yeh Chen‐Yu , Chang Chi K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDespite the long list of known fluoroporphyrinoids, the most fundamental 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18‐octafluoroporphyrin (OFP) has not been synthesized until now. It is achieved by condensation of two molecules of tetrafluoro‐dipyrrylmethane‐2‐carboxaldehyde in the presence of magnesium(II) salts. The fluorinated dipyrrylmethane also gives 5,15‐bis(pentafluorophenyl)‐OFP (F18P) with a reasonable yield. Both Mg/OFP and Zn/F18P in the solid‐state reveal an essentially flat structure. The fluoro groups impart as much as a 0.5 V anodic shift for porphyrin ring oxidation/reduction, as well as hypsochromic shifts in the Uv‐vis spectra.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Carboxylation of Benzylic C−N Bonds with CO2
Authors: Moragas Toni , Gaydou Morgane , Martin Ruben 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA user‐friendly Ni‐catalyzed reductive carboxylation of benzylic C−N bonds with CO2 is described. This procedure outperforms state‐of‐the‐art techniques for the carboxylation of benzyl electrophiles by avoiding commonly observed parasitic pathways, such as homodimerization or β‐hydride elimination, thus leading to new knowledge in cross‐electrophile reactions.
A Mixed‐Ligand Chiral Rhodium(II) Catalyst Enables the Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Piperarborenine B
Authors: Panish Robert A. , Chintala Srinivasa R. , Fox Joseph M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA novel, mixed‐ligand chiral rhodium(II) catalyst, Rh2(S‐NTTL)3(dCPA), has enabled the first enantioselective total synthesis of the natural product piperarborenine B. A crystal structure of Rh2(S‐NTTL)3(dCPA) reveals a “chiral crown” conformation with a bulky dicyclohexylphenyl acetate ligand and three N‐naphthalimido groups oriented on the same face of the catalyst. The natural product was prepared on large scale using rhodium‐catalyzed bicyclobutanation/ copper‐catalyzed homoconjugate addition chemistry in the key step. The route proceeds in ten steps with an 8 % overall yield and 92 % ee.