bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Substance use outcomes of patients served by a large US implementation of Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT)
Authors: Aldridge Arnie , Linford Robyn , Bray Jeremy 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAimsTo estimate changes in the substance use behaviors of patients who received services as part of the US Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's (SAMHSA) Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) grant program.MethodsWe use a pre–post design and performance monitoring data collected by SBIRT organizations. For a sample of 17 575 patients, we compare pre‐SBIRT substance use with substance use 6 months after receipt of SBIRT services. SBIRT's correlation with changes in substance use was estimated using generalized linear mixed models to account for the clustering of patients within health‐care facility and US state.ResultsFrom pre‐ to post‐SBIRT we found large and statistically significant decreases for almost every measure of substance use. Model‐adjusted means indicate that the prevalence of alcohol use was lower 6 months later by 35.6%, heavy drinking by 43.4% and illicit drug use by 75.8%. Greater intervention intensity was associated with larger decreases in substance use. The study design does not support causal conclusions and estimated decreases in reported substance use are due, at least in part, to a well‐known set of confounders and natural substance use patterns that may be unrelated to any particular SBIRT intervention.ConclusionsCompared with previously published findings on the Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment grant program, our estimates of substance use reduction were smaller, but still consistently large in absolute magnitude and within ranges of estimates from past trials of Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment.
No Evidence for Association of β‐Defensin Genomic Copy Number with HIV Susceptibility, HIV Load during Clinical Latency, or Progression to AIDS
Authors: Abujaber Razan , Shea Patrick R. , McLaren Paul J. , Lakhi Shabir , Gilmour Jill , Allen Susan , Fellay Jacques , Hollox Edward J. ,   IAVI Africa HIV Prevention Partnership, Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Published: January 2017

SummaryCommon single‐nucleotide variation in the host accounts for 25% of the variability in the plasma levels of HIV during the clinical latency stage (viral load set point). However, the role of rare variants and copy number variants remains relatively unexplored. Previous work has suggested copy number variation of a cluster of β‐defensin genes affects HIV load in treatment‐naïve sub‐Saharan Africans and rate of response to antiretroviral treatment. Here we analyse a total of 1827 individuals from two cohorts of HIV‐infected individuals from Europe and sub‐Saharan Africa to investigate the role of β‐defensin copy number variation on HIV load at set point. We find no evidence for association of copy number with viral load. We also compare distribution of β‐defensin copy number between European cases and controls and find no differences, arguing against a role of β‐defensin copy number in HIV acquisition. Taken together, our data argue against an effect of copy number variation of the β‐defensin region in the spontaneous control of HIV infection.
Response of vascular pigment epithelium detachment due to age‐related macular degeneration to monthly treatment with ranibizumab: the prospective, multicentre RECOVER study
Authors: Clemens Christoph R. , Wolf Armin , Alten Florian , Milojcic Carolin , Heiduschka Peter , Eter Nicole 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPurposeTo assess the effects of monthly intravitreal ranibizumab injections in patients with vascularized pigment epithelium detachment (vPED) secondary to age‐related macular degeneration (AMD).MethodsA total of 40 patients were prospectively observed and treated monthly with 0.5 mg ranibizumab injections (ClinicalTrials.gov Ident. NCT00976222). Inclusion criterion was a treatment‐naïve vPED lesion with a minimum height of ≥200 μm. Best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) were evaluated at all visits. Fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography were performed at baseline and quarterly. Lesions were differentiated between serous vascular PED (svPED, group A, 29 patients) and fibrovascular PED (fPED, group B, 11 patients). Primary outcome was the effectivity of continuous monthly treatment during a 12‐month period as measured in change in BCVA. Secondary outcomes were change in PED height and PED greatest linear diameter (GLD). Further secondary outcomes were the presence of subretinal fluid and prognostic markers of an impending retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) tear: PED lesion height and diameter, ratio of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) size to PED size, hyperreflective lines in near‐infrared images, microrips and subretinal cleft.ResultsMean BCVA was 56.9 ± 11.5 letters (A: 55.4 ± 10.8; B: 59.1 ± 13.4) at baseline and 55.1 ± 15.9 (A: 53.7 ± 17.0; B: 58.9 ± 12.7) at 12‐month follow‐up. Excluding the RPE tear patients, the svPED group showed an increase in BCVA from 56.1 ± 10.3 at baseline to 62.4 ± 10.2 at 12‐month follow‐up (p = 0.048). Best‐corrected visual acuity in patient who developed a RPE tear was 55.8 ± 12.5 at baseline and 37.1 ± 14.9 at 12‐month follow‐up. The mean change in PED height was −242.1 μm ± 285.5 (A: −427.3 μm ± 299.7; B: −51.6 μm ± 99.5). The mean decrease in PED GLD was −471.8 μm ± 727.6 (A: −738.9 μm ± 788.2; B: −10.4 μm ± 185.6). In group A, 10 patients developed a RPE tear (25%) after a mean of 3.6 injections. No tear was documented in group B. Lesion height, ratio of CNV size to PED size and presence of hyperreflective lines differed significantly between patients with and without RPE tear development.ConclusionSerous vascular PED lesions showed an improvement regarding BCVA and morphologic characteristics unless an RPE tear occurred. In fPED lesions, a functional and morphological stabilization was observed. Monthly ranibizumab injections are an effective treatment regarding the resorption of subretinal fluid in vPED due to AMD. Patients should be screened for the presence of morphologic risk factors for RPE tear development before and during treatment.
Emergency uncross‐matched blood transfusions in a tertiary neonatal unit
Authors: Finn D , Dorrian A , Sheehy J , Dempsey EM , Ryan CA 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAimTo determine the neonatal incidence, indications and outcomes following transfusions with emergency uncross‐matched O‐negative blood.MethodsA five‐year retrospective review in a single tertiary neonatal unit was conducted. The blood transfusion laboratory's database was analysed for all infants who had received an emergency released blood transfusion (ERBT) between January 2010 and December 2014.ResultsWe calculated a total ERBT rate of 0.91 per 1000 live births (39/42 657) and a rate of 0.43 per 1000 in infants >34 weeks’ gestation (18/41 637). A rate of 0.14 per 1000 births (6/42 657) received an ERBT as part of newborn stabilisation despite almost half of our infant cohort having intrapartum haemorrhages (n = 18, 46%). One‐third (13/39) of all infants who were transfused died. Outcome varied depending on underlying aetiology, gestation and birthweight. The highest mortality was in preterm infants weighing <1000 g, of whom 70% died.ConclusionThis study establishes an ERBT rate of <1 per 1000 births, and 0.14 per 1000 infants received an ERBT as part of newborn delivery room stabilisation. ERBTs are associated with a high mortality rate. This study highlights the need for further research and guidelines that clarify the role of ERBTs in newborn stabilisations.
Defining and Negotiating the Social Value of Research in Public Health Facilities: Perceptions of Stakeholders in a Research‐Active Province of South Africa
Authors: Lutge Elizabeth , Slack Catherine , Wassenaar Douglas 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis article reports on qualitative research conducted in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa, among researchers and gate‐keepers of health facilities in the province. Results suggest disparate but not irreconcilable perceptions of the social value of research in provincial health facilities. This study found that researchers tended to emphasize the contribution of research to the generation of knowledge and to the health of future patients while gate‐keepers of health facilities tended to emphasize its contribution to the healthcare system and to current patients. Furthermore, relations between research stakeholders were perceived to be somewhat fragile, making it difficult for stakeholders to achieve consensus about the social value of research, as well as on ways to maximize value. Interventions to negotiate a shared perspective on the social value of research would appear to be warranted, and the findings of this study suggest some focus areas for such intervention.
Reconfiguring Social Value in Health Research Through the Lens of Liminality
Authors: Ganguli‐Mitra Agomoni , Dove Edward S. , Laurie Graeme T. , Taylor‐Alexander Samuel 
Published: January 2017

AbstractDespite the growing importance of ‘social value’ as a central feature of research ethics, the term remains both conceptually vague and to a certain extent operationally rigid. And yet, perhaps because the rhetorical appeal of social value appears immediate and self‐evident, the concept has not been put to rigorous investigation in terms of its definition, strength, function, and scope. In this article, we discuss how the anthropological concept of liminality can illuminate social value and differentiate and reconfigure its variegated approaches. Employing liminality as a heuristic encourages a reassessment of how we understand the mobilization of ‘social value’ in bioethics. We argue that social value as seen through the lens of liminality can provide greater clarity of its function and scope for health research. Building on calls to understand social value as a dynamic, rather than a static, concept, we emphasize the need to appraise social value iteratively throughout the entire research as something that transforms over multiple times and across multiple spaces occupied by a range of actors.
Bayesian Genome- and Epigenome-Wide Association Studies with Gene Level Dependence
Authors: Lock Eric F. , Dunson David B. 
Published: January 2017

Summary
High-throughput genetic and epigenetic data are often screened for associations with an observed phenotype. For example, one may wish to test hundreds of thousands of genetic variants, or DNA methylation sites, for an association with disease status. These genomic variables can naturally be grouped by the gene they encode, among other criteria. However, standard practice in such applications is independent screening with a universal correction for multiplicity. We propose a Bayesian approach in which the prior probability of an association for a given genomic variable depends on its gene, and the gene-specific probabilities are modeled nonparametrically. This hierarchical model allows for appropriate gene and genome-wide multiplicity adjustments, and can be incorporated into a variety of Bayesian association screening methodologies with negligible increase in computational complexity. We describe an application to screening for differences in DNA methylation between lower grade glioma and glioblastoma multiforme tumor samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Software is available via the package BayesianScreening for R: github.com/lockEF/BayesianScreening.
Differential association between affect and somatic symptoms at the between‐ and within‐individual level
Authors: Schenk Hendrika M. , Bos Elisabeth H. , Slaets Joris P. J. , de Jonge Peter , Rosmalen Judith G. M. 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesThe established between‐subjects associations between affect and somatic symptoms have often been interpreted as indicating a causal effect of affect on somatic symptoms, but it is doubtful whether this is valid. In this study, we evaluate the association between positive affect (PA), negative affect (NA), and somatic symptoms at both the between‐ and within‐subject level.Design and methodsDiary data were collected in the context of an online study called ‘HowNutsAreTheDutch’. Participants filled out an online questionnaire, three times a day for 30 consecutive days. A mixed linear model was used to test the contemporaneous and lagged associations between affect and somatic symptoms.ResultsFive hundred and eighty‐six participants (481 females, median age 39.6 years [range 18.1–71.4]) were included with a total number of 28,264 completed questionnaires. At the between‐subjects level, a positive association between NA and somatic symptoms was found (B = .60, p < .001), whereas the negative association between PA and somatic symptoms was much smaller (B = −.14, p = .062). At the within‐subject level, PA (B = −.33, p < .001) was more strongly associated with somatic symptoms than NA (B = .13, p < .001). The lagged analyses showed a negative association between previous‐day PA and somatic symptoms (B = −.05, p = .001).ConclusionsThe results suggest that NA is more important for differences in symptom levels between subjects, whereas PA is more important for variations in symptom levels within subjects. Moreover, our results suggest that an increase in PA is followed by a decrease in somatic symptoms after 24 hr, which suggests a causal effect.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Affect and somatic processes are closely linked. Cross‐sectional studies show, for example, that people with higher levels of negative affect tend to report more somatic symptoms. Findings between individuals, though, might camouflage processes at within‐individual level, and it might not always be possible to translate findings at the population level to the individual. However, diary studies are upcoming and show more about processes on individual level.

What does this study add?

Highlights the difference between processes at the within‐individual and the between‐individual level.

Shows the importance of positive affect at individual level in relation to somatic symptoms.

Shows the benefits of the use of new techniques in diary studies.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thione and 1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐2‐thione as antimycobacterial agents
Authors: Sonawane Amol D. , Rode Navnath D. , Nawale Laxman , Joshi Rohini R. , Joshi Ramesh A. , Likhite Anjali P. , Sarkar Dhiman 
Published: January 2017

Resistance among dormant mycobacteria leading to multidrug‐resistant and extremely drug‐resistant tuberculosis is one of the major threats. Hence, a series of 1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thione and 1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐2‐thione derivatives (4a–5c) have been synthesized and screened for their antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra (H37Ra). The triazolethiones 4b and 4v showed high antitubercular activity (both MIC and IC50) against the dormant H37Ra by in vitro and ex vivo. They were shown to have more specificity toward mycobacteria than other Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive pathogenic bacteria. The cytotoxicity was almost insignificant up to 100 μg/ml against THP‐1, A549, and PANC‐1 human cancer cell lines, and solubility was high in aqueous solution, indicating the potential of developing these compounds further as novel therapeutics against tuberculosis infection.
Radiologically isolated syndrome and clinically isolated syndrome
Authors: Niino Masaaki , Miyazaki Yusei 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging has improved the diagnosis and evaluation of disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS), and its widespread use has contributed to creating the concept of radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) to describe patients without symptoms of MS whose magnetic resonance imaging findings suggest they might be at risk of future demyelinating events. Indeed, using the revised McDonald criteria now allows some patients who would have been diagnosed with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) in the era of Poser criteria to be diagnosed as having MS before a second episode. The present review discusses the current concepts of RIS and CIS, and the risk factors for conversion from these conditions to MS. Clinical trials involving participants with CIS at high risk of developing clinically definite MS have shown that disease‐modifying drugs significantly suppressed the conversion from CIS to MS, and that early treatment with these drugs could improve future disease prognosis in patients who subsequently developed MS. When a patient presents with RIS or CIS, the primary concern for the physician and patient should be the probability of conversion to MS, and the patient should be followed up taking into consideration the risk factors for conversion from RIS or CIS to MS.
Clinical features, diagnosis and therapeutic strategies in pediatric multiple sclerosis
Authors: Ochi Hirofumi 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex immune‐mediated disease characterized by recurrent demyelinating episodes of the central nervous system, which typically occurs in young adults. It is the most common disabling neurological disease of young people; however, pediatric MS, defined as onset of MS before the age of 18 years, has been increasingly recognized worldwide in the past two decades. Pediatric MS might represent up to 10% of all patients with MS. As in adults, the diagnosis of pediatric MS rests on the demonstration of dissemination of lesions in both space and time, and the exclusion of alternative diagnosis. However, it can be more difficult to distinguish MS accurately from other conditions in children compared with the adult population, because there is considerable overlapping of clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features between pediatric MS and other acquired demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system. In view of therapeutic strategies, although interferon‐beta and glatiramer acetate are the most commonly used disease‐modifying drugs for pediatric MS so far, none of the current available disease‐modifying drugs were tested in pediatric MS by randomized controlled trials, and thus there is limited information regarding the efficacy and safety. The present review article describes the epidemiology, clinical features, consensus definition and treatment strategy of pediatric MS.
Endogenous type I interferons and their regulators in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Miyazaki Yusei , Niino Masaaki 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. In the past few decades, several disease‐modifying drugs including interferon (IFN)‐β have become available for treating MS. IFN‐β belongs to the type I IFN family, and thus is an endogenous molecule whose primary role is thought to be host defense against viruses. In addition, type I IFN are constitutively produced at low amounts and involved in the homeostasis of various tissues. In contrast, it is suggested that type I IFN play a pathogenic role in other autoimmune diseases, such as lupus. Several lines of evidence from studies using MS samples and animal models suggest the protective role of endogenous type I IFN in MS. Correspondingly, MS patients with a higher endogenous type I IFN signature show lower disease activity. Paradoxically, these patients have been shown to respond poorly to IFN‐β therapy. In addition, an animal model with a defective regulatory mechanism in type I IFN signaling has been shown to develop augmented central nervous system autoimmunity, suggesting that type I IFN responses need to be appropriately regulated in MS. Multiple endogenous molecules participate in the regulation of type I IFN responses, but their roles in MS have not been studied extensively. Further study delineating the role of endogenous type I IFN and their regulatory mechanisms in MS should enhance our understanding of the disease, and could lead to improvements in the therapeutic effects of IFN‐β in MS.
Physiological basis and practice of rehabilitation medicine in the management of individuals with spinal cord injury
Authors: Tajima Fumihiro , Kamijo Yoshi‐ichiro , Sumiya Tadashi , Nishimura Yukihide , Arakawa Hideki , Nakamura Takeshi , Furusawa Kazunari 
Published: January 2017

AbstractRehabilitation medicine has made dramatic and successful progress in recent years, and neurologists and physiatrists have faced greater challenges in coordinating the clinical management of patients with spinal cord injuries (SCI). To ensure the best clinical outcome in SCI, physiatrist need to comprehend the dysfunctions of various body systems and the physiological aspects of the central nervous, musculoskeletal and autonomic nervous system, as well as the social support system. Furthermore, the rehabilitation team, including physiatrists, nurses, physical therapists, social workers and peer supporters, should provide surgical treatment, clinical management, drug therapy and optimal assistance for SCI. We believe that the first important task in the management of SCI patients is precise diagnosis of the site of the spinal cord lesion. This should be followed as soon as possible by spinal surgery to stabilize the vertebral column. The day after surgery, the patient should be handled by the rehabilitation team. Orthostatic loads should be applied, and exercise of the remaining muscles should begin in order to ensure early mobilization and satisfactory repair. Our group has carried out extensive research into the pathophysiology of the cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine and autonomic nervous systems and exercise responses in SCI, and reported the benefits and improvements of early mobilization and exercise, and the safety of physical medicine and rehabilitation. The rehabilitation team should follow these individuals closely to provide long‐term clinical care, and deal with social issues arising during the chronic phase. Participation in sports activities (para‐sports) could work well to improve the physical condition of these individuals.
Did International Outsourcing Cause the Increase in China's Skill Premium?
Authors: Wang Jun 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis study analyzes the transmission mechanism for the increase in the skill premium caused by international outsourcing through skill‐biased technological change (SBTC). Using 2000–2013 panel data from 27 manufacturing industries in China, this study conducts both probit and Tobit tests and shows that international outsourcing led to SBTC in China's manufacturing industries. A positive correlation is found between international outsourcing and the increase in the skill premium in both static and dynamic models. For each 1‐percent increase in the international outsourcing index, the skill premium will rise approximately 10 percent. This finding indicates the existence of a mechanism through which the effect of international outsourcing on the skill premium is reinforced where SBTC is occurring. However, this may enlarge wage gaps within the same industry. Therefore, China should not only use the skill premium to promote the transformation and upgrading of industries benefiting from outsourcing and optimize the structure of employment but also prevent the negative effects of an increased skill premium.