bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nurses’ clinical reasoning practices that support safe medication administration: An integrative review of the literature
Authors: Rohde Emily , Domm Elizabeth 
Published: September 2017

Aims and objectivesTo review the current literature about nurses’ clinical reasoning practices that support safe medication administration.BackgroundThe literature about medication administration frequently focuses on avoiding medication errors. Nurses’ clinical reasoning used during medication administration to maintain medication safety receives less attention in the literature. As healthcare professionals, nurses work closely with patients, assessing and intervening to promote mediation safety prior to, during and after medication administration. They also provide discharge teaching about using medication safely. Nurses’ clinical reasoning and practices that support medication safety are often invisible when the focus is medication errors avoidance.DesignAn integrative literature review was guided by Whittemore and Knafl's (Journal of Advanced Nursing, 5, 2005 and 546) five‐stage review of the 11 articles that met review criteria. This review is modelled after Gaffney et al.'s (Journal of Clinical Nursing, 25, 2016 and 906) integrative review on medical error recovery.MethodsHealth databases were accessed and systematically searched for research reporting nurses’ clinical reasoning practices that supported safe medication administration. The level and quality of evidence of the included research articles were assessed using The Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence‐Based Practice Rating Scale©.ResultsNurses have a central role in safe medication administration, including but not limited to risk awareness about the potential for medication errors. Nurses assess patients and their medication and use knowledge and clinical reasoning to administer medication safely. Results indicated nurses’ use of clinical reasoning to maintain safe medication administration was inadequately articulated in 10 of 11 studies reviewed.ConclusionNurses are primarily responsible for safe medication administration. Nurses draw from their foundational knowledge of patient conditions and organisational processes and use clinical reasoning that supports safe medication practice. There was minimal evidence clearly articulating nurses’ clinical reasoning used to support medication safety.Relevance to clinical practiceThis review focused on finding evidence of nurses’ clinical reasoning that supported safe medication administration.
Facilitation of child health research in hospital settings: The views of nurses
Authors: Brown Julie , Barr Owen , Lindsay Mary , Ennis Edel , O'Neill Siobhan 
Published: September 2017

Aims and objectivesTo explore the views of nurses towards child health research and to identify factors influencing their willingness to facilitate it in practice.BackgroundChild health research in clinical practice is increasing throughout the UK. Nurses and midwives facilitate access to patients, enact research study protocols and have a critical role in parental decisions to enrol children into research studies. Little is known about their perception of this process.DesignThis study was a descriptive study design.MethodsA newly designed questionnaire was completed in 2013 by 105 nurses in three neonatal and two children's units in two discrete acute hospital sites.ResultsOverwhelming support for clinical research was reported. Participants were motivated to facilitate research in order to improve patient care and contribute to the evidence base, but discouraged by external organisational factors and ethical concerns. Training, education and a dedicated team to support research were considered important. Misconceptions regarding consent and the allocation of treatment were reported. Participants raised particular concerns about trials of investigational medicinal product.ConclusionNegative views of nurses towards research, combined with a lack of knowledge of research processes, governance and ethics, have the potential to threaten the success of clinical research studies.Relevance to clinical practiceFocus on three main areas: staff education, improved communication and the demonstration of managerial commitment to clinical research.
Adult plasticity in African cichlids: Rapid changes in opsin expression in response to environmental light differences
Authors: Nandamuri Sri Pratima , Yourick Miranda R. , Carleton Karen L. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPhenotypic plasticity allows organisms to adapt quickly to local environmental conditions and could facilitate adaptive radiations. Cichlids have recently undergone an adaptive radiation in Lake Malawi where they inhabit diverse light environments and tune their visual sensitivity through differences in cone opsin expression. While cichlid opsin expression is known to be plastic over development, whether adults remain plastic is unknown. Adult plasticity in visual tuning could play a role in cichlid radiations by enabling survival in changing environments and facilitating invasion into novel environments. Here we examine the existence of and temporal changes in adult visual plasticity of two closely related species. In complementary experiments, wild adult Metriaclima mbenji from Lake Malawi were moved to the lab under UV‐deficient fluorescent lighting; while lab raised M. benetos were placed under UV‐rich lighting designed to mimic light conditions in the wild. Surprisingly, adult cichlids in both experiments showed significant changes in the expression of the UV‐sensitive single cone opsin, SWS1, in only 3 days. Modeling quantum catches in the light environments revealed a possible link between the light available to the SWS1 visual pigment and SWS1 expression. We conclude that adult cichlids can undergo rapid and significant changes in opsin expression in response to environmental light shifts that are relevant to their habitat and evolutionary history in Lake Malawi. This could have contributed to the rapid divergence characteristic of these fantastic fishes.
Retinal vessel morphology in rheumatoid arthritis: Association with systemic inflammation, subclinical atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular risk
Authors: Anyfanti Panagiota , Triantafyllou Areti , Gkaliagkousi Eugenia , Koletsos Nikolaos , Athanasopoulos Georgios , Zabulis Xenophon , Galanopoulou Vasiliki , Aslanidis Spyros , Douma Stella 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObjectiveQuantification of retinal vessel morphology has emerged as a marker of cardiovascular health. We examined retinal microvascular diameters in RA, particularly in regard to systemic inflammation, subclinical atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular risk.MethodsRetinal images from RA patients and controls were processed using computerized software, to obtain CRAE and CRVE and AVR. Subclinical atherosclerosis was assessed with cIMT, and 10‐year risk of general cardiovascular disease was calculated.ResultsBoth CRAE (78.8 ± 8.9 vs 90.2 ± 9.9 μm, P < .001) and AVR (0.69 ± 0.09 vs 0.81 ± 0.09, P < .001) were decreased in RA patients (n = 87) compared to controls (n = 46), whereas CRVE did not differ. Among RA patients, CRAE and AVR were inversely associated with both cIMT and CRP, whereas CRVE positively correlated with CRP (P < .05 for all). CRAE additionally correlated with cardiovascular risk score (r = −.396, P = .001). In the multivariate analysis, cardiovascular risk was associated with CRAE; age with CRVE, while CRP independently predicted AVR.ConclusionsOur study shows altered retinal microvascular morphology in RA patients. Inflammation appears as the biological link for the observed association between retinal microvascular abnormalities and subclinical atherosclerosis. Retinal arteriolar narrowing might play its own role in cardiovascular risk prediction in RA.
SUB1 has photoreceptor dependent and independent functions in sexual development and secondary metabolism in Trichoderma reesei
Authors: Bazafkan Hoda , Beier Sabrina , Stappler Eva , Böhmdorfer Stefan , Oberlerchner Josua T. , Sulyok Michael , Schmoll Monika 
Published: September 2017

SummaryLight dependent processes are involved in the regulation of growth, development and enzyme production in Trichoderma reesei. The photoreceptors BLR1, BLR2 and ENV1 exert crucial functions in these processes. We analyzed the involvement of the transcription factor SUB1 in sexual development as well as secondary metabolism and its position in the light signaling cascade. SUB1 influences growth and in contrast to its homologue in N. crassa, SUB1 is not essential for fruiting body formation and male fertility in T. reesei, but required for female fertility. Accordingly, SUB1 is involved in the regulation of the pheromone system of T. reesei. Female sterility of mutants lacking env1 is rescued in triple mutants of blr1, blr2 and env1, but not in double mutants of these genes. Confrontation of strains lacking sub1 results in growth arrest prior to contact of the potential mating partners. This effect is at least in part due to altered secondary metabolite production. Additionally, together with BLR1 and BLR2, SUB1 is essential for spore pigmentation and transcription of pks4, and secondary metabolism is regulated by SUB1 in a light‐ and nutrient dependent manner. Our results hence indicate rewiring of several pathways targeted by SUB1 in T. reesei.
Why Take Painkillers?
Authors: Bain David 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAccounts of the nature of unpleasant pain have proliferated over the past decade, but there has been little systematic investigation of which of them can accommodate its badness. This paper is such a study. In its sights are two targets: those who deny the non‐instrumental disvalue of pain's unpleasantness; and those who allow it but deny that it can be accommodated by the view—advanced by me and others—that unpleasant pains are interoceptive experiences with evaluative content. Against the former, I argue that pain's unpleasantness does indeed have noninstrumental disvalue; against the latter I argue both that my critics’ own desire‐theoretic accounts of pain's unpleasantness cannot accommodate such disvalue, and that my evaluativist view can—either by appealing to “anti‐unpleasantness” desires or by exploiting pain's perceptuality.
Childhood obesity and school absenteeism: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: An R. , Yan H. , Shi X. , Yang Y. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryRegular school attendance is a key determinant of student's academic achievement and psychosocial development. Obesity may affect children's school attendance through its detrimental impact on their physical and mental health. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library for articles published until April 2017 that examined the relationship between unhealthy body weight and school absenteeism among children and adolescents. Thirteen studies total (10 cross‐sectional and three longitudinal) conducted in seven countries were identified. The mean and median sample sizes were 24,861 and 3,113, respectively. Ten studies objectively measured children's height and weight, and three were based on parents' self‐report. Four studies measured absenteeism using school administrative data, and nine administered questionnaires on children's parents. Among them, 11 reported a statistically significant positive association between childhood overweight/obesity and school absence, whereas two reported null effect. The meta‐analysis found that the odds of being absent from school was 27% and 54% higher among children with overweight and obesity than among their normal weight counterparts, respectively. Future studies should adopt an experimental study design and accurate measures on school attendance and delineate the underlining pathways linking childhood obesity to school absenteeism through obesity‐related illnesses and psychosocial problems.
Dissection of additive, epistatic and QTL × environment effects involved in oil content variations in rapeseed
Authors: Huang Jixiang , Chen Fei , Zhang Haozhong , Ni Xiyuan , Wang Yilong , Liu Han , Yao Xiangtan , Xu Haiming , Wang Hao , Meng Jinling , Zhao Jianyi 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn this study, we observed variation of rapeseed oil content in SG population across 11 environments. A joint mapping was conducted to detect the quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in oil content variation. We examined additive main (a), epistatic effects (aa) and their interactions with environments (QE). Apart from a of 12 QTL (collectively to 6.74% of oil content), aa of 18 locus pairs contributed to 5.36% difference, explaining 45.3% of phenotypic variation in the population. Moreover, 28 QE interactions contributed to a change of 1.55% in oil content in each environment, accounting for 13.3% phenotypic variation. Two environmentally sensitive QTL (OilC2 and OilC8‐1) exhibited a small a (0.17) but strong ae (0.41 and 0.32 averagely). These two QTL were also frequently involved in epistatic interactions. However, two major QTL (OilA7 and OilC8‐2) showed few QE and uninvolved in epistasis. In conclusion, a and aa were the dominant contributors to oil content in rapeseed, while QE accounted for 10‐15% of variation. The results suggest OilA7 and OilC8‐2 are potential candidates for breeding utilization and gene cloning.
In situ temperature relationships of biochemical and stomatal controls of photosynthesis in four lowland tropical tree species
Authors: Slot Martijn , Winter Klaus 
Published: September 2017

AbstractNet photosynthetic carbon uptake of Panamanian lowland tropical forest species is typically optimal at 30–32 °C. The processes responsible for the decrease in photosynthesis at higher temperatures are not fully understood for tropical trees. We determined temperature responses of maximum rates of RuBP‐carboxylation (VCMax) and RuBP‐regeneration (JMax), stomatal conductance (Gs), and respiration in the light (RLight) in situ for 4 lowland tropical tree species in Panama. Gs had the lowest temperature optimum (TOpt), similar to that of net photosynthesis, and photosynthesis became increasingly limited by stomatal conductance as temperature increased. JMax peaked at 34–37 °C and VCMax ~2 °C above that, except in the late‐successional species Calophyllum longifolium, in which both peaked at ~33 °C. RLight significantly increased with increasing temperature, but simulations with a photosynthesis model indicated that this had only a small effect on net photosynthesis. We found no evidence for Rubisco‐activase limitation of photosynthesis. TOpt of VCMax and JMax fell within the observed in situ leaf temperature range, but our study nonetheless suggests that net photosynthesis of tropical trees is more strongly influenced by the indirect effects of high temperature—for example, through elevated vapour pressure deficit and resulting decreases in stomatal conductance—than by direct temperature effects on photosynthetic biochemistry and respiration.
Radiographic fibrosis score predicts survival in systemic sclerosis‐associated interstitial lung disease
Authors: Takei Reoto , Arita Machiko , Kumagai Shogo , Ito Yuhei , Tokioka Fumiaki , Koyama Takashi , Saito Rintaro , Nishimura Keisuke , Tokumasu Hironobu , Ishida Tadashi 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveInterstitial lung disease (ILD) is a common pulmonary manifestation of systemic sclerosis (SSc). It is unknown whether radiographic fibrosis score predicts mortality in SSc‐associated ILD (SSc‐ILD). We retrospectively analysed patients with SSc‐ILD to evaluate whether radiographic fibrosis score was a useful predictor of mortality.MethodsWe identified SSc‐ILD patients evaluated at Kurashiki Central Hospital (Japan) from 2006 to 2016, and radiographic fibrosis scores based on the extent of reticulation and honeycombing on high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scanning were calculated by manually tracing around each fibrotic area. Independent predictors of overall survival were determined using the Cox proportional hazards model.ResultsThe study included 48 patients, of whom 19 had usual interstitial pneumonia on HRCT. The median follow‐up period was 56.6 months, and over the follow‐up period 15 patients died. The 5‐year survival was 72.4%. In the multivariate analysis, radiographic fibrosis score, age, being male and forced vital capacity were independently associated with an increased risk of death, while HRCT pattern was not.ConclusionA high radiographic fibrosis score was a poor prognostic factor in SSc‐ILD. More widespread fibrosis was associated with an increased risk of death, independent of HRCT pattern.
Private security and military contractors: A troubling oversight
Authors: Swed Ori , Crosbie Thomas 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThough private military and security companies (PMSCs) have been addressed extensively in the literature, little research has been done on the contractors themselves, leaving us in the dark as to who these individuals are. In this article, we focus on the critical case of the United States armed services and argue that two broad developments have been converging that both point to the need for new, microlevel sociological research on the people who are involved in the global PMSC industry. To this end, we first draw from an extensive political science literature to illustrate the rise of the PMSCs and concomitant evolution of the security sector, while noting a new trend that points to the need for moving from the macrosocial to the microsocial level of inquiry. Second, we indicate the challenges contractors pose to the sociological paradigm of military professionalism: These suggest a need to move from the mesosocial to the microsocial level of inquiry. We conclude by reviewing the existing research on the demographics of the sector and then indicating the troubling gaps in our current understanding of this critical sector of the national security apparatus.
18F‐FDG‐PET/CT as adjunctive diagnostic modalities in canine fever of unknown origin
Authors: Grobman Megan , Cohn Leah , Knapp Stephanie , Bryan Jeffrey N. , Reinero Carol 
Published: September 2017

AbstractFever of unknown origin (FUO) is a persistent or recurrent fever for which the underlying source has not been identified despite diagnostic investigation. In people, 18F‐fluoro‐2‐deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F‐FDG‐PET) alone or in combination with computed tomography (CT) is often beneficial in detecting the source of fever when other diagnostics have failed. Veterinary reports describing use of these modalities in animals with fever of unknown origin are currently lacking. Aims of this retrospective case series were to describe 18F‐FDG‐PET or 18F‐FDG‐PET/CT findings in a group of dogs with fever of unknown origin. Dogs presenting to a single center between April 2012 and August 2015 were included. A total of four dogs met inclusion criteria and underwent either positron emission tomography (n = 2) or positron emission tomography/CT (n = 2) as a part of their diagnostic investigation. All subjects underwent extensive diagnostic testing prior to 18F‐FDG‐PET/CT. Initial diagnostic evaluation failed to identify either a cause of fever or an anatomic location of disease in these four dogs. In each dog, positron emission tomography or positron emission tomography/CT was either able to localize or rule out the presence of focal lesion thereby allowing for directed sampling and/or informed disease treatment. Follow up 18F‐FDG‐PET/CT scans performed in two patients showed improvement of observed abnormalities (n = 1) or detected recurrence of disease allowing for repeated treatment before clinical signs recurred (n = 1). Fever resolved after specific treatment in each dog. Findings from the current study supported the use of positron emission tomography or positron emission tomography/CT as adjunctive imaging modalities for diagnosis and gauging response to therapy in dogs with fever of unknown origin.
The horizontal transfer of Salmonella between the lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) and poultry manure
Authors: Crippen T. L. , Sheffield C. L. , Beier R. C. , Nisbet D. J. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThere is need to determine the nature of enduring reservoirs of Salmonella contributing to perpetual contamination within poultry flocks. The dispersal of Salmonella between birds, litter and the lesser mealworm has been established, but the extent that these act as critical components in the epidemiology of Salmonella infection during broiler grow‐out and flock rotation has not been delineated; in particular, the level of participation by the lesser mealworm beetles (LMB) as agents of retention and dispersal. This study defines this route of transmission and provides empirical data on bacterial loads that facilitate Salmonella transfer. Results showed differential Salmonella transfer dependent on bacterial concentration. At 103 cfu/ml, only a small, but not significant, amount of Salmonella was transferred, from the LMB to the manure and back to uninfected LMB; while from 105 to 107 cfu/ml, a significant acquisition and transfer occurred both internally and externally to the LMB over 4 and 24 hr exposures. These data will be used in correlation with facility management practices to develop intervention strategies to mitigate the establishment and spreading of reservoir Salmonella populations contributing to pre‐harvest contamination of poultry flocks.
Age-Related Trends in Adults with Community-Onset Bacteremia
Authors: Lee Ching-Chi , Wang Jiun-Ling , Lee Chung-Hsun , Hung Yuan-Pin , Hong Ming-Yuan , Chang Chia-Ming , Ko Wen-Chien 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT

To understand the epidemiological variation in bacteremia characteristics among differently aged populations, adults with community-onset bacteremia during a 6-year period were studied in a retrospective cohort. A total of 2,349 bacteremic patients were stratified into four age categories: young adults (18 to 44 years old; 196 patients; 8.3%), adults (45 to 64 years old; 707 patients; 30.1%), the elderly (65 to 84 years old; 1,098 patients; 46.7%), and the oldest old (
≥
85 years old; 348 patients; 14.8%). Age-related trends in critical illness (a Pitt bacteremia score of ≥4) at bacteremia onset, antibiotic-resistant pathogens (extended-spectrum β-lactamase [ESBL]-producing
Escherichia coli
,
Klebsiella
species, and
Proteus mirabilis
[EKP]; methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
[MRSA]; and levofloxacin nonsusceptible EKP), inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy (EAT), and 4-week mortality rate were observed. Using a multivariate regression model, critical illness at bacteremia onset (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 9.03;
P
< 0.001) and inappropriate EAT (AOR, 2.67;
P
< 0.001) were the two leading predictors of 4-week mortality. Moreover, ESBL-producing EKP (AOR, 12.94;
P
< 0.001), MRSA (AOR, 8.66;
P
< 0.001), and levofloxacin-nonsusceptible EKP (AOR, 4.27;
P
< 0.001) were linked to inappropriate EAT. In conclusion, among adults with community onset bacteremia, significant positive age-related trends were noted in antibiotic-resistant pathogens and bacteremia severity, which were related to the increasing incidence of inappropriate EAT and 4-week mortality with age. Thus, different empirical antimicrobial regimens should be considered for distinct age groups.