bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relation between ice sheet internal radio-echo reflections and ice fabric at Mizuho Station, Antarctica
Authors: Fujita Shuji , Mae Shinji 
Published: February 2017

The relationship between ice fabric and the internal radio-echo reflections was investigated using observation data collected at Mizuho Station, Antarctica. The data were obtained by 179 MHz radio-echo sounding and the ice fabric was measured from 700 m Mizuho ice core. The dielectric permittivity tensor at given depths in the ice sheet was calculated from the ice fabric.
The calculated dielectric permittivity tensor showed that the ice sheet at Mizuho Station is a uniaxially birefringent medium. The symmetrical axis of rotation was the same as the flow line. In such a medium, theory predicts that the electric field vectors are allowed only in the two directions parallel and perpendicular to the flow line. The prediction coincided well with the observation: a strong signal was observed only when the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna, kept parallel to one another, were oriented parallel or perpendicular to the flow line. However, the observed signal strength in these two directions differed from one another at each depth.
It is also shown that the power reflection coefficient due to the variation of ice fabric with depth is of approximately the same order as that due to the density change and is large enough to produce the predominant internal radio-echo reflections.
On the effect of sea-ice dynamics on oceanic thermohaline circulation
Authors: Hibler W. D. , Zhang Jinlun 
Published: February 2017

An idealized planetary flat-bottom geostrophic ice–ocean model is constructed with boundaries at latitudes 5° and 65° N and longitudes 50° W and 10° E in order to approximate the North Atlantic. The model is driven by fixed zonally averaged wind, surface air temperatures and surface ocean salinity. A dynamic thermodynamic sea-ice model is coupled to the ocean model. Only the thermodynamic insulating effects of the sea ice are considered, and no salt fluxes due to melting and freezing are included. Four equilibrium simulations of about 5000 years each are performed: two with interactive sea ice with and without ice dynamics, and two control simulations with either a fixed or no ice cover.
In the two simulations including interactive sea ice, characteristic oscillations in the ice thickness and ocean temperature are found to occur. The oscillations are smaller when sea-ice dynamics are included. The dominant oscillation occurs at about a 5 year period, with the key feature being that the presence of sea ice tends to insulate the ocean and hence allows an oceanic warming. This warming in turn eventually causes a melt-back of the ice and a subsequent cool-down of the ocean. Oscillations at longer periods of about 20 years in the thermohaline circulation are also observed. These longer-period oscillations are particularly pronounced in the northward surface water transport.
Contractants: A New Method for the Numerical Evaluation of Determinants
Authors: MacMillan R. H. 
Published: February 2017

A new method for evaluating determinants or matrices is given; it is rather tedious to describe and awkward to prove, but is very easy to use. The chief advantages this method is believed to possess are:(i)It involves as few arithmetical manipulations as does the most rapid method of pivotal condensation currently used.(ii)It is easier than any other known method to learn and to remember.(iii)It can be adapted to routine computation, in such a way as to minimise the likelihood of error.(iv)A digital computor can readily be programmed to use it.
Barriers to SCHIP enrollment: A cross-county study of the State Children's Health Insurance Program in Pennsylvania
Authors: Kelton Christina M. L. , Levitt Miriam , Pasquale Margaret K. 
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND. Enrollment in the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), created under the federal Balanced Budget Act of 1997, had a distressingly slow start and varied substantially county-to-county in many states, including Pennsylvania.METHODS. We performed a quantitative county-level analysis of barriers to enrollment in Pennsylvania's Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) for the year 2000, seven years after it was implemented and three years after federal SCHIP legislation. Using multivariate regression analysis with a county as the unit of observation, we modeled enrollment in SCHIP as a function of accessibility to health care, availability of clinicians, and community economic health.RESULTS. High clinic density and Medicaid managed-care membership predicted SCHIP enrollment success, while female head-of-household predicted SCHIP enrollment failure. A principal-components factor analysis revealed four underlying barriers to enrollment: accessibility, availability, affordability, and effort.CONCLUSIONS. The most formidable barriers to SCHIP enrollment success in Pennsylvania were not programmatic; they were correlates of poverty itself.
Book Reviews: Maxwell - The Sociobiological ImaginationMary Maxwell (ed.) Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1991, 376 pp. US$44.50 cloth. ISBN 0-7914-0767-5. US$14.95 paper. ISBN 0-7914-0768-3. State University of New York Press, P.O. Box 6525, Ithaca, NY 14851, USA.
Authors: Losco Joseph 
Published: February 2017

PrécisAs the editor reports in the introduction, this volume has three goals: (1) to acknowledge the influence of sociobiology in a wide number of disciplines and areas of inquiry; (2) to illustrate the ways in which practitioners of these disparate disciplines employ sociobiological approaches in their own fields of study; and (3) to introduce major principles of sociobiology.Contributors assess the current and potential influence of sociobiology in their own fields, including psychiatry (Randolph M. Nesse), law (John H. Beckstrom), management theory (J. Gary Bernhard and Kalman Glantz), anthropology (William Irons), economics (Robert H. Frank), primatology (Birute Galdikas and Paul Vasey), history (Laura Betzig), political science (Roger D. Masters), ethical philosophy (John Chandler), cognitive psychology (Douglas Kenrick and Robert Hogan), epistemology (Michael Ruse), religious studies (Vernon Reynolds), studies of conflict (Johan M. G. van der Dennen), Marxist thought (Regina Karpinskaya), aesthetics (Charles J. Lumsden), sociology (Pierre L. van den Berghe), linguistics (James R. Hurford), and psychology (Charles Crawford). The introductory essay includes a glossary of sociobiological terms.
Human Nature and Political Theory: Can Biology Contribute to the Study of Politics?
Authors: Masters Roger D. 
Published: February 2017

As part of the continuing series of “Dialogues in Biology and Politics” panels sponsored by the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences at its annual conventions, Professor Roger D. Masters was invited to review his own work over the past decade and a half in order to illustrate how that body of scholarship contributes to the political understanding of human nature.—The Editor“If any person thinks the examination of the rest of the animal kingdom an unworthy task, he must hold in like disesteem the study of man.”—Aristotle, Parts of Animals, 1.645a
Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge - Edward O. Wilson New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998, 332 pp. US$26.00. ISBN 0-679-45077-7. Alfred A. Knopf, 201 E. 50th St., New York, NY 10022, USA.
Authors: Losco Joseph 
Published: February 2017

PrécisEdward O. Wilson continues an argument begun in earlier works that all branches of knowledge are converging around basic fundamental laws of nature discovered through the scientific method. He eclipses earlier calls to bridge the gaps between evolutionary biology and philosophy, for example, by an appeal to involve the arts as well as the humanities in this “jumping together” of the various branches of human knowledge. Wilson draws upon his work in population genetics, entomology, and ethology to propose ways in which science can inform and transform current debates in philosophy, ethics, and aesthetics. He maintains that the sciences, humanities, and arts, properly understood, contribute to the “conviction, far deeper than a mere working proposition, that the world is orderly and can be explained by a small number of natural laws.”
Beyond Cliché – Reclaiming the Concept of Sustainability
Authors: Fuller Robert J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn closing his 2008 Myer Lecture, the scientist and environmentalist Dr Tim Flannery said that this century will be defined by the search for sustainability. How perilous therefore that nowadays there is so much overuse of the word “sustainability” that it has become a cliché. Today's tertiary students studying architecture and energy-related subjects are so exposed to this linguistic devaluation that most of them appear to have accepted the vagueness of the term and are on their way to becoming the next generation of misusers. This paper presents a case study of an attempt to sharpen up the debate with some university students from these particular disciplines. A model of the four principles of sustainable development that has been found to be particularly useful is described. The students in question were challenged to think about the meaning of some of the words ascribed to new buildings and about the implications of the four principles to energy supply systems.
Teaching Urban Politics and Urban Policy
Authors: Rich Michael J. 
Published: February 2017

We are a nation of cities. The 1980 census reported that almost three out of every four Americans lived in urban areas, and estimates are that the 1990 census will show that the proportion of the population living in urban areas will increase further. Many of the nation's most pressing domestic problems deeply affect the well being of urban residents: welfare reform, homelessness, substance abuse, education, health care for the uninsured, quality of the work force, and the like, all have significant urban dimensions. And while we may never see “urban” regain the popularity it obtained during most of the 1960s, any policy response designed to address these pressing problems will have a major urban component; whether it is called urban policy is another matter. It was interesting to observe during the past presidential campaign how frightened the candidates were of using the word urban or city. While I have not yet seen a content analysis of the 1988 election campaign, the words urban and city were noticeably absent from the debates, speeches, and sound bites. We did, however, hear a lot about community in one of the debates.The purpose of this essay is to highlight some of the prominent issues cities and their residents are likely to face in the 1990s, with emphasis on ways in which these issues can be structured into an undergraduate urban policies and urban policy curriculum through reference to the recent book literature.
Urban Revitalization Simulation
Authors: Godek Stephen C. 
Published: February 2017

I have developed and used the role playing simulation described here in discussion sections of a first-year course entitled “Introduction to the Study of Policy Problems.” The purpose of the game is to materialize concepts presented in a lecture entitled “Revitalizing Urban America: Values and Urban Policy,” which has been an organizing focus for the course. It introduces four views of the functions cities perform for those who live and work in or near them. These views include seeing the city as an engine of economic growth, a provider of services to residents, a locale for social communities, and a forum for democracy.Before playing the game, students learn about the history of American urban development, current economic and fiscal problems in cities, and options for economic development and residential revitalization that have been suggested to make the transition from an industrial to a service-based economy. (A list of readings from the course syllabus follows.) The values to be represented by each group in the game are described as the goals of residents of a metropolitan area as well as their perceptions of themselves and their surroundings.Students are put into four groups, each representing a distinct functional interest, or “vision” of the city. The groups represent the values identified in the lecture as answers to the question “What are cities for?” They include a “pro-growth coalition,” a “service bureaucracy,” a “social communities” and a “political officials” group.
Volunteer survey effort for high-profile species can benefit conservation of non-focal species
Authors: CROCKFORD NICOLA J. , BUCHANAN GRAEME M. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryThe last irrefutable record of the Critically Endangered Slender-billed CurlewNumenius tenuirostriscame from 1995. The range of the species is poorly known, but between 2009 and 2011, volunteer observers surveyed more than 680 sites in 19 countries, with additional search effort in a further 12 countries. Although there were no definite sightings (two birds that might have been Slender-billed Curlew were reported), there were other benefits. These included increased knowledge of species distributions and populations in seldom visited areas (over 500,000 birds of over 400 species were observed), the identification of threats to at least 10 Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas, the identification of sites that could qualify as Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas, and capacity building and education through involvement with local survey teams and observers and finally recommendations for future surveys. Thus, these surveys demonstrate the potential benefits of volunteer field surveys for non-focal species.
SN1991bg-like supernovae are a compelling source of most Galactic antimatter
Authors: Panther Fiona H. , Crocker Roland M. , Seitenzahl Ivo R. , Ruiter Ashley J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe Milky Way Galaxy glows with the soft gamma ray emission resulting from the annihilation of ~5 × 1043 electron-positron pairs every second. The origin of this vast quantity of antimatter and the peculiar morphology of the 511keV gamma ray line resulting from this annihilation have been the subject of debate for almost half a century. Most obvious positron sources are associated with star forming regions and cannot explain the rate of positron annihilation in the Galactic bulge, which last saw star formation some 10 Gyr ago, or else violate stringent constraints on the positron injection energy. Radioactive decay of elements formed in core collapse supernovae (CCSNe) and normal Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) could supply positrons matching the injection energy constraints but the distribution of such potential sources does not replicate the required morphology. We show that a single class of peculiar thermonuclear supernova - SN1991bg-like supernovae (SNe 91bg) - can supply the number and distribution of positrons we see annihilating in the Galaxy through the decay of 44Ti synthesised in these events. Such 44Ti production simultaneously addresses the observed abundance of 44Ca, the 44Ti decay product, in solar system material.
The high SNR rate in the Galactic Center: origin of the cosmic rays excess?
Authors: Jouvin L. , Lemière A. , Terrier R. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe center of our Galaxy hosts a Super-Massive Black Hole (SMBH) of about 4 × 106 M⊙. Since it has been argued that the SMBH might accelerate particles up to very high energies, its current and past activity could contribute to the population of Galactic cosmic-rays (CRs). Additionally, the condition in the Galactic Center (GC) are often compared with the one of a starburst system. The high supernovae (SN) rate associated with the strong massive star formation in the region must create a sustained CR injection in the GC via the shocks produced at the time of their explosion.The presence of an excess of very high energy (VHE) cosmic rays in the inner 100 pc of the Galaxy in close correlation with the massive gas complex known as the central molecular zone (CMZ) has been revealed in 2006 by the H.E.S.S. collaboration. Recently, by analysing 10 years of H.E.S.S. data, the H.E.S.S. collaboration confirmed the presence of this extended VHE diffuse emission and deduced a CR density peaked toward the GC. The origin of the CR over-abundance in the GC still remains mysterious: Is it due to a single accelerator at the center or to multiple accelerators filling the region?In order to investigate the presence of these multiple CR accelerators, and in particular the impact of their spatial distribution on the VHE emission morphology, we build a 3D model of CR injection and diffusive propagation with a realistic 3D gas distribution. We discuss the CR injection in the region by a spectral and morphological comparison with H.E.S.S. data.We show that a peaked γ-ray profile towards the GC center is obtained using a realistic SN spatial distribution taking into account the central massive star clusters. The contribution of theses sources cannot be neglected in particular at high longitudes. In order to fit the very central excess observed with H.E.S.S., another central VHE component is probably necessary.
The AGN Jet Model of the Fermi Bubbles
Authors: Guo Fulai 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe nature and origin of theFermibubbles detected in the inner Galaxy remain elusive. In this paper, we briefly discuss some recent theoretical and observational developments, with a focus on the AGN jet model. Analogous to radio lobes observed in massive galaxies, theFermibubbles could be naturally produced by a pair of opposing jets emanating nearly along the Galaxy’s rotation axis from the Galactic center. Our two-fluid hydrodynamic simulations reproduce quite well the bubble location and shape, and interface instabilities at the bubble surface could be effectively suppressed by shear viscosity. We briefly comment on some potential issues related to our model, which may lead to future progress.
FIR Spectroscopy of the Galactic Center: Hot and Warm Molecular Gas
Authors: Goicoechea Javier R. , Etxaluze Mireya , Cernicharo José , Gerin Maryvonne , Pety Jerome ,   collaborators
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe angular resolution (~10″) achieved by the Herschel Space Observatory ~3.5 m telescope at FIR wavelengths allowed us to roughly separate the emission toward the inner parsec of the galaxy (the central cavity) from that of the surrounding circumnuclear disk (the CND). The FIR spectrum toward Sgr A* is dominated by intense [O iii], [O i], [C ii], [N iii], [N ii], and [C i] fine-structure lines (in decreasing order of luminosity) arising in gas irradiated by the strong UV field from the central stellar cluster. The high-J CO rotational line intensities observed at the interface between the inner CND and the central cavity are consistent with a hot isothermal component at Tk ≈ 103.1 K and n(H2)≈ 104 cm−3. They are also consistent with a distribution of lower temperatures at higher gas density, with most CO at Tk≈300 K. The hot CO component (either the bulk of the CO column density or just a small fraction depending on the above scenario) likely results from a combination of UV and shock-driven heating. If UV-irradiated and heated dense clumps do not exist, shocks likely dominate the heating of the hot molecular gas component. Although this component is beam diluted in our FIR observations, it may be resolved at much higher angular resolution. An ALMA project using different molecular tracers to characterize UV-irradiated shocks in the innermost layers of the CND is ongoing.
Molecular gas in the immediate vicinity of Sgr A* seen with ALMA
Authors: Moser Lydia , Sánchez-Monge Álvaro , Eckart Andreas , Requena-Torres Miguel A. , García-Marin Macarena , Kunneriath Devaky , Zensus Anton , Britzen Silke , Sabha Nadeen , Shahzamanian Banafsheh , Borkar Abhijeet , Fischer Sebastian 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe report serendipitous detections of line emission with ALMA in band 3, 6, and 7 in the central parsec of the Galactic center at an up to now highest resolution (<0.7″). Among the highlights are the very first and highly resolved images of sub-mm molecular emission of CS, H13CO+, HC3N, SiO, SO, C2H, and CH3OH in the immediate vicinity (~1″ in projection) of Sgr A* and in the circumnuclear disk (CND). The central association (CA) of molecular clouds shows three times higher CS/X (X: any other observed molecule) luminosity ratios than the CND suggesting a combination of higher excitation - by a temperature gradient and/or IR-pumping - and abundance enhancement due to UV- and/or X-ray emission. We conclude that the CA is closer to the center than the CND is and could be an infalling clump consisting of denser cloud cores embedded in diffuse gas. Moreover, we identified further regions in and outside the CND that are ideally suited for future studies in the scope of hot/cold core and extreme PDR/XDR chemistry and consequent star formation in the central few parsecs.
The late-type stellar density profile in the Galactic Center: A statistical approach
Authors: Chappell S. N. , Ghez A. M. , Do T. , Martinez G. D. , Yelda S. , Sitarski B. N. , Lu J. R. , Morris M. R. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe late-type stellar population in the Galactic Center was first predicted to reside in a dynamically relaxed cusp (power law slope ranging from 3/2 to 7/4). However, other works - which rely on models to correct for projection effects - have suggested a flat distribution instead. The need for this correction is due to the lack of information regarding the line-of-sight distances. With a two decade long baseline in astrometric measurements, we are now able to measure significant projected radial accelerations, six of which are newly reported here, which directly constrain line-of-sight distances. Here we present a statistical approach to take advantage of this information and more accurately constrain the shape of the radial density profile of the late-type stellar population in the Galactic Center.
Hidden Star Formation in High-Velocity Gas Clouds in Clump 2 near the Edge of the CMZ
Authors: Tolls Volker , Smith Howard A. ,   HIGGS Team
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe present a snapshot of our ongoing investigation of molecular clouds in Clump 2 located in the Galactic Bar region at a projected distance of ~400pc from the Galactic Center. We show that the analysis of the Clump 2 molecular clouds is complicated because of many fore- and background clouds in the line of sight. Of all clouds, IGGC 22 is the most interesting one, showing very high dust column densities, significant high-J CO emission, and, potentially harbors star formations as eluded to by the detection of [OIII] emission.
Star Formation in the Galactic Center
Authors: Kauffmann Jens 
Published: February 2017

AbstractResearch on Galactic Center star formation is making great advances, in particular due to new data from interferometers spatially resolving molecular clouds in this environment. These new results are discussed in the context of established knowledge about the Galactic Center. Particular attention is paid to suppressed star formation in the Galactic Center and how it might result from shallow density gradients in molecular clouds.
The Galactic Center compared with nuclei of nearby galaxies
Authors: Combes Francoise 
Published: February 2017

AbstractUnderstanding our Galactic Center is easier with insights from nearby galactic nuclei. Both the star formation activity in nuclear gas disks, driven by bars and nuclear bars, and the fueling of low-luminosity AGN, followed by feedback of jets, driving molecular outflows, were certainly present in our Galactic Center, which appears now quenched. Comparisons and diagnostics are reviewed, in particular of m = 2 and m = 1 modes, lopsidedness, different disk orientations, and fossil evidences of activity and feedback.