bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Corneal Backward Light Scattering in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Özyol Pelin , Özyol Erhan 
Published: October 2016

Objectives:
To analyze corneal backward light scattering differences in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods:
We enrolled 43 eyes from 43 diabetic patients and 40 eyes from 40 healthy controls. Corneal backward light scattering was evaluated using densitometry measurements from different corneal layers and zones obtained using Scheimpflug tomography (PentacamHR).

Results:
When densitometry values were divided by depth, anterior layer of diabetic corneas displayed significantly higher corneal backward light scattering values than controls (32.05, 95% confidence intervals [CI], 31.02–33.08 vs. 29.18, 95% CI, 27.60–30.76, P=0.024). Corneal densitometry measurements were also significantly higher in diabetic eyes compared with control eyes, when considered by concentric zones of total cornea in the 0 to 2 mm (21.65, 95% CI, 20.28–23.01 vs. 18.87 95% CI, 18.49–19.25, P=0.020), and anterior layer in the 0 to 2 mm (27.3, 95% CI, 25.04–29.56 vs. 22.31, 95% CI, 20.57–24.05, P<0.001), 2 to 6 mm (26.2, 95% CI, 24.99–27.41 vs. 22.4, 95% CI, 20.18–24.62, P<0.001) and 6 to 10 mm (32.19, 95% CI, 29.98–34.40 vs. 27.2, 95% CI, 25.39–29.01, P=0.022). There was excellent positive correlation between anterior total corneal densitometry measurements and duration of diabetes (r=0.802, P<0.001), although no significant correlation was observed with anterior total corneal densitometry measurements and hemoglobin A1c levels (r=0.080, P=0.621) in diabetic eyes.

Conclusions:
Backward light scattering values from the anterior layer of the cornea is greater in diabetic eyes than in controls. Anterior total corneal densitometry measurements show positive correlation with the duration of diabetes.
Objective and Subjective Outcome of Clear Lensectomy With Toric IOL Implantation After Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking in Selected Cases of Keratoconus
Authors: Abou Samra Waleed Ali , Awad Eman Azmy , El Kannishy Amr Hassan 
Published: October 2016

Aim:
To evaluate the visual and topographic outcomes of a two-stage approach treatment for selected cases of progressive keratoconus (KC); corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) followed by phacoemulsification with toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation.

Methods:
The study included 9 eyes of 6 patients diagnosed with progressive KC, aged from 35 to 47 years (41.6±11.2 years). All studied eyes underwent a two-stage approach treatment: first corneal collagen CXL followed after at least 6 months by phacoemulsification with foldable toric IOL implantation in both eyes of three patients and only one eye of the other three patients. A complete ophthalmological examination was performed preoperatively and postoperatively. Topographical and visual outcomes were evaluated during 1-year follow-up period.

Results:
At baseline, seven eyes had mild and two eyes had moderate KC. Sphere ranged from −3.00 to −8.00 diopter (D) and cylinder from −3.50 to −5.50 D. All eyes could be corrected by glasses to 0.50 (log of minimal angle of resolution [logMAR]) or more. At 6 months after CXL, only Kmax decreased significantly from baseline, with no change in visual acuity or manifest refraction. After phacoemulsification with toric IOL implantation, sphere changed from −5.74±1.88 D preoperatively to 0.33±0.72 D 12 months postoperatively (P<0.001), and cylinder changed from −4.53±0.98 to −1.10±0.76 D (P<0.001). There was significant improvement in mean uncorrected distance visual acuity from logMAR 1.43±0.51 preoperatively to 0.30±0.09 postoperatively (P<0.001) and the mean corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) from 0.34±0.12 preoperatively to 0.24±0.13 (P=0.03) 1 year after IOL implantation. All patients were satisfied with their visual improvement.

Conclusions:
This two-stage approach in selected cases of progressive KC is a safe and effective procedure regarding keratometric stability, and visual and refractive results.
Protective determinants of sickness absence among employees with multisite pain—a 7-year follow-up
Authors: Haukka Eija , Ojajärvi Anneli , Kaila-Kangas Leena , Leino-Arjas Päivi 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
We identified factors protective of all-cause sickness absence (SA) among subjects with multisite musculoskeletal pain (MSP). The nationally representative source sample comprised 3420 actively working Finns aged 30 to 55 in year 2000 and alive at follow-up. Pain in 18 body locations was combined into four sites (neck, low back, upper limbs, and lower limbs). The baseline prevalence of MSP (pain in ≥ 2 sites) was 32%. Baseline data on sociodemographic factors, work ability, work, health, and lifestyle were gathered by questionnaire, interview, and clinical examination and linked with national registers on all-cause SA (periods lasting ≥10 workdays) for 2002 to 2008. Based on trajectory analysis, 74% of those with MSP had a low and 26% a high probability of SA. In logistic regression analysis, younger age, male sex, and professional occupational group were inversely associated with SA. Allowing for these, good physician-assessed work ability, physically light work, possibility to adjust workday length, encouraging workplace atmosphere, no problems with working community or mental stress, normal weight, and no sleep disorders were predictive of lower SA rates (odds ratios between 0.47 and 0.70). In a final stepwise model adjusted for age, sex, and occupational group, no exposure to lifting (odds ratio 0.58, 95% confidence interval 0.39-0.85) and to repetitive hand movements (0.57, 0.39-0.83), possibility to adjust workday length (0.73, 0.53-0.99), and normal weight (0.59, 0.40-0.87) were inversely associated with SA. In conclusion, several modifiable factors related to work and lifestyle were found as predictive of lower rates of longer SA among occupationally active subjects with MSP.
Metabolic Abnormalities Related to Treatment With Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Patients With Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Fjukstad Katrine Kveli , Engum Anne , Lydersen Stian , Dieset Ingrid , Steen Nils Eiel , Andreassen Ole A. , Spigset Olav 
Published: October 2016

Objective
The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.

Method
We used data from a cross-sectional study on 1301 patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, of whom 280 were treated with SSRIs. The primary outcome variable was the serum concentration of total cholesterol. Secondary outcome variables were low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose levels, body mass index, waist circumference, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Results
After adjusting for potential confounders, an SSRI serum concentration in the middle of the reference interval was associated with an increase of the total cholesterol level by 14.56 mg/dL (95% confidence interval (CI) 5.27–23.85 mg/dL, P = 0.002), the LDL cholesterol level by 8.50 mg/dL (CI 0.22–16.77 mg/dL, P = 0.044), the triglyceride level by 46.49 mg/dL (CI 26.53–66.46 mg/dL, P < 0.001) and the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome by a factor of 2.10 (CI 1.21–3.62, P = 0.008). There were also significant associations between the SSRI dose and total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels.

Conclusions
This study is the first to reveal significant associations between SSRI use and metabolic abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Although the effects were statistically significant, alterations were small. Thus, the clinical impact of the findings is most likely limited.
Child Sexual Abuse Revictimization: Child Demographics, Familial Psychosocial Factors, and Sexual Abuse Case Characteristics
Authors: Hornor Gail , Fischer Beth A. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Introduction:The purposes of this study were to describe child demographics, familial psychosocial factors, and sexual abuse case characteristics in children experiencing sexual abuse revictimization before the age of 18 years, and to compare them with children not identified as experiencing revictimization. Method:A retrospective chart review was conducted from both the revictimization group and the one-assessment group and reviewed for child sexual abuse case characteristics, familial psychosocial characteristics, and child demographic information. Results:Children in the revictimization group were younger and more likely to possess a developmental delay and mental health diagnosis when compared with children in the one-assessment group. Higher proportions of parents in the one-assessment group were supportive and believed their child's sexual abuse allegation when compared with parents of the revictimization group. Families in the revictimization group were more likely to report multiple psychosocial risk factors when compared with the one-assessment group, including domestic violence, substance abuse concerns, mental health, parental history of sexual abuse, and financial concerns. Discussion:This study suggests that children most at risk for sexual abuse revictimization often present with multiple familial psychosocial concerns and have parents/caregivers who are not supportive of them or their sexual abuse allegations.
Carotid Artery Dissection and Ischemic Stroke After Severe Coughing
Authors: Zank Jennifer Shin , Singh Rani , Carney Michele 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Vigorous coughing leading to internal carotid artery dissection has been described in the adult literature but has not been reported in the pediatric population. We describe an 8-year-old right-handed girl who had a 1-week history of increased work of breathing and vigorous coughing. She initially presented to her pediatrician's office for her respiratory symptoms which improved with steroid therapy and albuterol treatments. However, she developed evolving left-sided motor weakness over the course of 2 days and presented to our pediatric emergency department where she was found to have an ischemic stroke in the right corona radiata with a right internal carotid artery dissection.
Zika Virus Disease: Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Darko Richmond , Mashburn Jessica L. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection and its associated complications have become a significant public health concern. Zika virus is a Flavivirus, and is transmitted to humans by Aedes species mosquitoes. In May 2015, the World Health Organization reported the first locally acquired transmission of ZIKV in Brazil, the first case in the Western Hemisphere. There have also been reports of increased incidence of microcephaly and other neurologic complications associated with ZIKV infection, as well as a 20-fold increase in the incidence of Guillain-Barre Syndrome during ZIKV outbreaks. In light of the clusters of microcephaly and neurologic manifestations in areas of ZIKV transmission, the World Health Organization declared ZIKV and associated complications an international public health emergency. The clinical presentations of ZIKV disease resemble many common infections, making the diagnosis of ZIKV disease a clinical challenge. Patients with ZIKV infection may have other coinfections that can distract clinicians from suspecting ZIKV disease in their patients. Complications from ZIKV, although uncommon, may be severe. Therefore, it is important for health care providers to remain alert and up to date in the efforts to control this emerging global health crisis. It is critical for physicians and other providers to know the growing list of countries and territories on the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention list of nations with endemic ZIKV disease and to work closely with local health departments to prevent spread. In this article, we present a case of ZIKV disease in a pediatric patient and review of the current literature.
Distinct protein and mRNA kinetics of skeletal muscle proton transporters following exercise can influence interpretation of adaptations to training
Authors: McGinley Cian , Bishop David J. 
Published: October 2016

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Following a training intervention, how is the interpretation of adaptations in skeletal muscle H+ transporters influenced by biopsy timing in the context of individual protein and mRNA kinetics after the final exercise bout?
What is the main finding and its importance?
We show that distinct postexercise protein and mRNA kinetics for monocarboxylate transporter 1/4 and sodium–hydrogen exchanger 1 indicate that timing of a single end‐point biopsy after a training intervention can influence the inferences made. Furthermore, we found the intrasubject, intersample variability of the muscle buffer capacity titration assay to be greater than the typical training effect.
In order to gain a better understanding of training‐induced adaptations in skeletal muscle pH regulation, in this study we measured protein and mRNA kinetics of proton (H+) transporters for 72 h following a bout of high‐intensity interval exercise (HIIE), conducted after 4 weeks of similar training. We also assayed muscle buffer capacity (βm) by a titration technique (βmin vitro) over the same period. Sixteen active men cycled for seven bouts of 2 min at ∼80% of peak aerobic power, interspersed with 1 min rest. Compared with the first 9 h postexercise, monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 1 protein content was ∼1.3‐fold greater 24–72 h post‐HIIE, whereas there was no such change in MCT4 protein content. Conversely, MCT1 and MCT4 mRNA expression progressively decreased 9–72 h post‐HIIE. Sodium–hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1) protein content was lower 9 h post‐HIIE (∼0.8‐fold) compared with every other postexercise time point, but NHE1 mRNA expression was 2.2 to 2.9‐fold greater 24–72 h post‐HIIE, compared with the first 24 h post‐HIIE. Furthermore, we determined the intrasubject, intersample variability (11.5%) of βmin vitro for resting samples taken on consecutive days to be greater than the typical training effect (mean 6%; 95% confidence limits ±4%). In conclusion, the delay in steady‐state protein turnover should inform biopsy timing in studies investigating the response to training of the H+ transport proteins, whereas the temporal resolution provided by single time points has been shown to be of limited epistemological value for their corresponding mRNA expression. Finally, our data cast doubt on the ecological validity of the βmin vitro assay for measuring true changes in βm.
A Single Nucleotide Change in the Promoter
mutp
Enhances Fluoride Resistance of Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Liao Ying , Brandt Bernd W. , Zhang Min , Li Jiyao , Crielaard Wim , van Loveren Cor , Deng Dong Mei 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Previously, we identified a single nucleotide mutation in the promoter (
mutp
) of the fluoride antiporter-coding genes in a naturally fluoride-resistant
Streptococcus mutans
strain. Here, we studied the role of this mutation in a defined genetic background. The results confirmed that this mutation alone confers fluoride resistance on
S. mutans
, as shown by growth and lactic acid production assays. This resistance was explained by constitutively higher
mutp
promoter activity and upregulation of the fluoride antiporter-coding genes.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Liposomal Amphotericin B in Immunocompromised Children
Authors: Lestner Jodi M. , Groll Andreas H. , Aljayyoussi Ghaith , Seibel Nita L. , Shad Aziza , Gonzalez Corina , Wood Lauren V. , Jarosinski Paul F. , Walsh Thomas J. , Hope William W. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Liposomal amphotericin B (LAmB) is widely used in the treatment of invasive fungal disease (IFD) in adults and children. There are relatively limited pharmacokinetic (PK) data to inform optimal dosing in children that achieves systemic drug exposures comparable to those of adults. Our objective was to describe the pharmacokinetics of LAmB in children aged 1 to 17 years with suspected or documented IFD. Thirty-five children were treated with LAmB at doses of 2.5 to 10 mg kg
−1
daily. Samples were taken at baseline and at 0.5- to 2.0-h intervals for 24 h after receipt of the first dose (
n
= 35 patients) and on the final day of therapy (
n
= 25 patients). LAmB was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The relationship between drug exposure and development of toxicity was explored. An evolution in PK was observed during the course of therapy, resulting in a proportion of patients (
n
= 13) having significantly higher maximum serum concentrations (
C
max
) and areas under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC
0–24
) later in the course of therapy, without evidence of drug accumulation (trough plasma concentration accumulation ratio of <1.2). The fit of a 2-compartment model incorporating weight and an exponential decay function describing volume of distribution best described the data. There was a statistically significant relationship between mean AUC
0–24
and probability of nephrotoxicity (odds ratio, 2.37; 95% confidence interval, 1.84 to 3.22;
P
= 0.004). LAmB exhibits nonlinear pharmacokinetics. A third of children appear to experience a time-dependent change in PK, which is not explained by weight, maturation, or observed clinical factors.
Pharmacokinetic Interactions between Tafenoquine and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine or Artemether-Lumefantrine in Healthy Adult Subjects
Authors: Green Justin A. , Mohamed Khadeeja , Goyal Navin , Bouhired Samia , Hussaini Azra , Jones Siôn W. , Koh Gavin C. K. W. , Kostov Ivan , Taylor Maxine , Wolstenholm Allen , Duparc Stephan 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Tafenoquine is in development as a single-dose treatment for relapse prevention in individuals with
Plasmodium vivax
malaria. Tafenoquine must be coadministered with a blood schizonticide, either chloroquine or artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). This open-label, randomized, parallel-group study evaluated potential drug interactions between tafenoquine and two ACTs: dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine and artemether-lumefantrine. Healthy volunteers of either sex aged 18 to 65 years without glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency were randomized into five cohorts (
n
= 24 per cohort) to receive tafenoquine on day 1 (300 mg) plus once-daily dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine on days 1, 2, and 3 (120 mg/960 mg for 36 to <75 kg of body weight and 160 mg/1,280 mg for ≥75 to 100 kg of body weight), or plus artemether-lumefantrine (80 mg/480 mg) in two doses 8 h apart on day 1 and then twice daily on days 2 and 3, or each drug alone. The pharmacokinetic parameters of tafenoquine, piperaquine, lumefantrine, artemether, and dihydroartemisinin were determined by using noncompartmental methods. Point estimates and 90% confidence intervals were calculated for area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximum observed plasma concentration (
C
max
) comparisons of tafenoquine plus ACT versus tafenoquine or ACT. All subjects receiving dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine experienced QTc prolongation (a known risk with this drug), but tafenoquine coadministration had no clinically relevant additional effect. Tafenoquine coadministration had no clinically relevant effects on dihydroartemisinin, piperaquine, artemether, or lumefantrine pharmacokinetics. Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine coadministration increased the tafenoquine
C
max
by 38% (90% confidence interval, 25 to 52%), the AUC from time zero to infinity (AUC
0–∞
) by 12% (1 to 26%), and the half-life (
t
1/2
) by 29% (19 to 40%), with no effect on the AUC from time zero to the time of the last nonzero concentration (AUC
0–last
). Artemether-lumefantrine coadministration had no effect on tafenoquine pharmacokinetics. Tafenoquine can be coadministered with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine or artemether-lumefantrine without dose adjustment for any of these compounds. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT02184637.)
Liver Fatty Acid Binding Protein Deficiency Provokes Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis-Mediated Hepatotoxicity Induced by Pyrazinamide in Zebrafish Larvae
Authors: Zhang Yun , Liu Kechun , Hassan Hozeifa M. , Guo Hongli , Ding Pingping , Han Liwen , He Qiuxia , Chen Weiyun , Hsiao Chung-Der , Zhang Luyong , Jiang Zhenzhou 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Pyrazinamide (PZA) is an essential antitubercular drug, but little is still known about its hepatotoxicity potential. This study examined the effects of PZA exposure on zebrafish (
Danio rerio
) larvae and the mechanisms underlying its hepatotoxicity. A transgenic line of zebrafish larvae that expressed enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in the liver was incubated with 1, 2.5, and 5 mM PZA from 72 h postfertilization (hpf). Different endpoints such as mortality, morphology changes in the size and shape of the liver, histological changes, transaminase analysis and apoptosis, markers of oxidative and genetic damage, as well as the expression of certain genes were selected to evaluate PZA-induced hepatotoxicity. Our results confirm the manner of PZA dose-dependent hepatotoxicity. PZA was found to induce marked injury in zebrafish larvae, such as liver atrophy, elevations of transaminase levels, oxidative stress, and hepatocyte apoptosis. To further understand the mechanism behind PZA-induced hepatotoxicity, changes in gene expression levels in zebrafish larvae exposed to PZA for 72 h postexposure (hpe) were determined. The results of this study demonstrated that PZA decreased the expression levels of liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) and its target gene, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR-α), and provoked more severe oxidative stress and hepatitis via the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). These findings suggest that L-FABP-mediated PPAR-α downregulation appears to be a hepatotoxic response resulting from zebrafish larva liver cell apoptosis, and L-FABP can be used as a biomarker for the early detection of PZA-induced liver damage in zebrafish larvae.