bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Runoff sensitivity over Asia: Role of climate variables and initial soil conditions
Authors: Liu Di , Mishra Ashok K. , Zhang Ke 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe applied statistical and numerical modeling approach to evaluate the sensitivity of runoff (ROF) to climate variables using Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) data and regional climate model (RegCM4). It was observed that ROF is more sensitive to precipitation (P) compared to other analyzed hydroclimatic variables (potential evapotranspiration (PET), 2 m air temperature (T2m), solar radiation (Rn), specific humidity (SSH), and wind speed (U), especially over India, Indochina, and south‐north‐northeast China semihumid‐humid climate transition zones based on the higher correlation coefficient (>0.7) and elasticity (>2). The abnormal positive T2m‐ROF observed over Tibetan Plateau region (TP) may be due to its high topography and cold weather regime, while positive PET‐ROF over India and north China‐southeast Mongolia regions can be attributed to the stronger influence of local land‐atmosphere interactions. Soil moisture (SM) reflects high correlation with runoff, especially over the climate transition zones (i.e., India and Indochina‐southeast China). The initial wet (dry) soil moisture (SM) anomalies lead to an increase (decrease) of ROF in each season with the hot spots mainly located in middle to high latitudes (spring), TP and northeast (summer and autumn), and Indochina (autumn) regions. Such influence can persist almost 4 months in spring while only about 1 month in autumn during dry and wet conditions. The wet condition has stronger influence at beginning but dissipates quickly, while the dry condition can last longer within the same season. The impact of initial soil temperature anomalies on ROF is weaker than SM, with the only obvious ROF changes located over south China (spring and summer) and north India (autumn).
Submesoscale contribution to subduction: Tracer and momentum fluxes
Authors: Canuto V. M. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAn important component of the carbon‐cycle is subduction, for example of dissolved carbon, from the surface layers to depths of (
–
Recently, attention has been focused on the contribution by small‐scale, mesoscale M, and submesoscale SM eddies. In the Southern Ocean, the M contribution to subduction was found to be negative and of an order of magnitude smaller than the positive one by vertical diffusion. Since there is now observational evidence that SM export organic carbon but they have not yet been included in subduction studies, the goal of this work is to derive the following results needed to carry out such studies: (a) OGCMs used in C‐cycle studies solve the equations for the mean temperature, mean salinity, and mean concentration. We derive the forms of the 3‐D arbitrary tracer fluxes in terms of resolved fields. (b) The same OGCMs also solve the mean momentum equation. We derive the form of the SM momentum fluxes (Reynolds Stresses) also in terms of resolved fields. (c) It is shown that whether there is subduction or obduction depends on the ratio h/H, where h is depth of the SM regime and H is the mixed‐layer depth. We show that in the ACC the ratio depends on the specific location and that both subduction and obduction occur but with a topology different than that of mesoscales.
The importance of elevation angle measurements in HF radar investigations of the ionosphere
Authors: Greenwald Raymond A. , Frissell Nathaniel , de Larquier Sebastien 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe evaluate the performance of three methods for determining the ground range and refractive index of ionospheric scattering volumes. Each method uses the same equivalent path analysis with the latter parameter derived through the additional use of Snell's law. Two of these methods make their predictions using the group range and a virtual height model for each scattering volume; the third method uses the group range and the elevation angle of the ray. The effectiveness of each of these methods is evaluated using ray tracing through a simulated reference ionosphere. Ray tracings provide determinations of the initial elevation angle and group range of the transmitted signal and the ground range and refractive index of the scattering volume. The first pair of parameters is used as inputs to the geolocation methods, and the second pair becomes part of a data set against which the predictions of the geolocation methods are evaluated. We find that the geolocation methods using virtual height models change the initial elevation angle to a value that is consistent with their virtual height model but inconsistent with ray tracing. Consequently, predictions of ground range and refractive index from methods using virtual height models are rarely consistent with predictions from ray tracing. In contrast, the third method uses the initial elevation angle from ray tracing and yields accurate predictions in the bottomside ionosphere. Two modifications were made to this method to extend the agreement between it and ray tracing to all backscattered signals.
Modeling sediment mobilization using a distributed hydrological model coupled with a bank stability model
Authors: Stryker J. , Wemple B. , Bomblies A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn addition to surface erosion, stream bank erosion and failure contributes significant sediment and sediment‐bound nutrients to receiving waters during high flow events. However, distributed and mechanistic simulation of stream bank sediment contribution to sediment loads in a watershed has not been achieved. Here we present a full coupling of existing distributed watershed and bank stability models and apply the resulting model to the Mad River in central Vermont. We fully coupled the Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model (BSTEM) with the Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM) to allow the simulation of stream bank erosion and potential failure in a spatially explicit environment. We demonstrate the model's ability to simulate the impacts of unstable streams on sediment mobilization and transport within a watershed and discuss the model's capability to simulate watershed sediment loading under climate change. The calibrated model simulates total suspended sediment loads and reproduces variability in suspended sediment concentrations at watershed and subbasin outlets. In addition, characteristics such as land use and road‐to‐stream ratio of subbasins are shown to impact the relative proportions of sediment mobilized by overland erosion, erosion of roads, and stream bank erosion and failure in the subbasins and watershed. This coupled model will advance mechanistic simulation of suspended sediment mobilization and transport from watersheds, which will be particularly valuable for investigating the potential impacts of climate and land use changes, as well as extreme events.
Multiobjective hedging rules for flood water conservation
Authors: Ding Wei , Zhang Chi , Cai Ximing , Li Yu , Zhou Huicheng 
Published: February 2017

AbstractFlood water conservation can be beneficial for water uses especially in areas with water stress but also can pose additional flood risk. The potential of flood water conservation is affected by many factors, especially decision makers' preference for water conservation and reservoir inflow forecast uncertainty. This paper discusses the individual and joint effects of these two factors on the trade‐off between flood control and water conservation, using a multiobjective, two‐stage reservoir optimal operation model. It is shown that hedging between current water conservation and future flood control exists only when forecast uncertainty or decision makers' preference is within a certain range, beyond which, hedging is trivial and the multiobjective optimization problem is reduced to a single objective problem with either flood control or water conservation. Different types of hedging rules are identified with different levels of flood water conservation preference, forecast uncertainties, acceptable flood risk, and reservoir storage capacity. Critical values of decision preference (represented by a weight) and inflow forecast uncertainty (represented by standard deviation) are identified. These inform reservoir managers with a feasible range of their preference to water conservation and thresholds of forecast uncertainty, specifying possible water conservation within the thresholds. The analysis also provides inputs for setting up an optimization model by providing the range of objective weights and the choice of hedging rule types. A case study is conducted to illustrate the concepts and analyses.
Magnetospheric Multiscale mission observations of the outer electron diffusion region
Authors: Hwang K.‐J. , Sibeck D. G. , Choi E. , Chen L.‐J. , Ergun R. E. , Khotyaintsev Y. , Giles B. L. , Pollock C. J. , Gershman D. , Dorelli J. C. , Avanov L. , Paterson W. R. , Burch J. L. , Russell C. T. , Strangeway R. J. , Torbert R. B. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis paper presents Magnetospheric Multiscale mission (MMS) observations of the exhaust region in the vicinity of the central reconnection site in Earth's magnetopause current sheet. High‐time‐resolution measurements of field and particle distributions enable us to explore the fine structure of the diffusion region near the X line. Ions are decoupled from the magnetic field throughout the entire current sheet crossing. Electron jets flow downstream from the X line at speeds greater than the E × B drift velocity. At/around the magnetospheric separatrix, large‐amplitude electric fields containing field‐aligned components accelerate electrons along the magnetic field toward the X line. Near the neutral sheet, crescent‐shaped electron distributions appear coincident with (1) an out‐of‐plane electric field whose polarity is opposite to that of the reconnection electric field and (2) the energy transfer from bulk kinetic to field energy. The observations indicate that MMS passed through the edge of an elongated electron diffusion region (EDR) or the outer EDR in the exhaust region.
Sample Surveys in the Health Sciences
Authors: Beckett Laurel A. , Brock Dwight B. , Bienias Julia L. , Tancredi Daniel J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe use of sample surveys in biostatistics arises from the need to answer questions about health issues in the community. The earliest uses of survey methodology in health research in the United States were motivated more by policy issues than by epidemiologic questions and paralleled the use of surveys by the US Census Bureau and other Federal agencies to address social and economic concerns. More recently, it has been recognized that research into the causes and outcomes of disease can benefit from studies in the entire community, rather than just in the formal health care system, particularly in countries such as the United States, where access to health care is not uniform. The Affordable Care Act, passed in 2010 with the goals of increasing access to and reducing the costs of health care in the United States, has motivated both government and nongovernment studies to assess its impact. A number of practical concerns about conducting studies in the community then lead to the use of sample surveys, rather than complete enumeration. In this article, we review the history of sample surveys in the health sciences, present an overview of the major elements and features in the design of sample surveys and analysis of data from such studies, and discuss major methodological advances especially in the last decade. Finally, we provide a large set of references that might be of use to the reader wishing to delve more deeply into specific areas.
Survey Questionnaire Design
Authors: Yan Ting 
Published: February 2017

AbstractSurvey questionnaire design encompasses a variety of activities ranging from library research to formal experiments that estimate the reliability or validity of different versions of a questionnaire. Although handbooks with advice for survey questionnaire designers first appeared more than 60 years ago, it has only been during the past 30 years that researchers have attempted to provide a firm theoretical and empirical foundation for such guidelines, based on a cognitive analysis of the survey response process. The past 30 years or so have also seen an expansion in the methodological and statistical tools used in developing survey questionnaires; these tools include focus groups, expert reviews, cognitive interviews, field tests, behavior coding of respondent‐interviewer exchanges, experiments, and several statistical methods.
Categorical Response Models
Authors: Tutz Gerhard 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis article gives an overview on categorical response models. Binary as well as multicategorical are considered. In the case of multicategorical responses, it is distinguished between measurements on a nominal and ordinal scale. In addition to the multinomial logit model, which is typically used for nominal data, cumulative and sequential model and adjacent categories models for ordered response categories are described. Basic tools for inferences are given and illustrated by applications.
Introduction to Simulation Modeling
Authors: Rossetti Manuel D. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This article introduces the concepts of computer simulation modeling. The types of systems and models are first explained, with a focus on discrete‐event modeling. The notion of how time is managed for discrete‐event simulation models is overviewed. Then, randomness in both the input and the output models is overviewed to emphasize that computer simulation requires careful statistical and experimental analysis methods. Finally, a methodology is presented to assist modelers with problem solving and best practices.
Studies on the Formation of Dienamine and Trienamine Intermediates by 1H NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Łągiewka Bartosz , Albrecht Łukasz 
Published: February 2017

AbstractFormation of dienamines and trienamines from common aminocatalysts and conjugated enals or dienals, respectively, have been monitored by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The protocol allows a fast, simple and direct comparison of various starting materials in the reactions examined. Furthermore, important insights on the configuration and conformation of these crucial intermediates in the corresponding catalytic cycles are provided.
Racial discrimination associated with higher diastolic blood pressure in a sample of American Indian adults
Authors: Thayer Zaneta M. , Blair Irene V. , Buchwald Dedra S. , Manson Spero M. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractObjectivesHypertension prevalence is high among American Indians (AIs). AIs experience a substantial burden of interpersonal racial discrimination, which in other populations has been associated with higher blood pressure. The purpose of this study is to understand whether racial discrimination experiences are associated with higher blood pressure in AIs.Materials and MethodsWe used the Everyday Discrimination Scale to evaluate the relationship between discrimination and measured blood pressure among 77 AIs from two reservation communities in the Northern Plains. We used multivariate linear regression to evaluate the association of racial discrimination with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively. Racial discrimination, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were analyzed as continuous variables. All analyses adjusted for sex, waist circumference, age, posttraumatic stress disorder status, and education.ResultsWe found that 61% of participants experienced discrimination that they attributed to their race or ancestry. Racial discrimination was associated with significantly higher diastolic blood pressure (β = 0.22, SE = 0.09, p = .02), and with a similar non‐significant trend toward higher systolic blood pressure (β = 0.25, SE = 0.15, p = .09).ConclusionThe results of this analysis suggest that racial discrimination may contribute to higher diastolic blood pressure within Native communities. These findings highlight one pathway through which the social environment can shape patterns of biology and health in AI and other socially and politically marginalized groups.
Cation Translocation around Single Polyoxometalate–Organic Hybrid Cluster Regulated by Electrostatic and Cation–π Interactions
Authors: Li Dong , Liu Zhuonan , Song Jie , Li Hui , Zhang Baofang , Yin Panchao , Zheng Zhaoxiong Norm , Roberts James E. , Tsige Mesfin , Hill Craig L. , Liu Tianbo 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe report herein an interesting dynamic translocation process of countercations around one polyoxometalate(POM)–organic hybrid anionic cluster at various concentrations and temperatures. It was found that both electrostatic interactions and cation–π interactions regulate the position of small countercations around single clusters. The dynamic geometry and the symmetry of the hybrid macroions are largely affected by the type of counterions, as shown by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy studies and all‐atom molecular dynamics simulation. It is also shown that electrostatic interactions dominate over cation–π interactions in determining the locations of the counterions in the current system.
Systematic review of the feasibility of laparoscopic reoperation for early postoperative complications following colorectal surgery
Authors: Wright D B , Koh C E , Solomon M J 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

Background
Returning to the operating theatre for management of early postoperative complications after colorectal surgery is an important key performance indicator. Laparoscopic surgery has benefits that may be useful in surgical emergencies. This study explored the evidence for the advantages of laparoscopic reoperation.

Methods
A systematic review was performed to identify publications reporting the outcomes of laparoscopy as a mode of reoperation for the management of early postoperative complications of colorectal surgery. The main outcomes examined were 30-day mortality, 30-day morbidity, length of hospital stay, second reoperation rate, ICU admission and stoma formation at reoperation.

Results
After screening 3657 citations, ten non-randomized cohort studies were identified (1137 reoperations). Laparoscopic reoperation was equivalent to or better than open reoperation, with lower rates of 30-day mortality (0–4·4 versus 0–13·6 per cent), 30-day morbidity (6–40 versus 30–80 per cent), length of stay (mean(s.d.) 15·8(2·8) versus 29·1(14·5) days), ICU admission and duration of stay in the ICU. Anastomotic leak was the most common indication, after which more patients received a defunctioning loop stoma instead of an end stoma at laparoscopic than open reoperation.

Conclusion
Laparoscopic reoperation is feasible in selected patients, with the advantages of improved short-term outcomes.
Tat‐biliverdin reductase A protects INS‐1 cells from human islet amyloid polypeptide‐induced cytotoxicity by alleviating oxidative stress and ER stress
Authors: Lee Su Jin , Kang Hyung Kyung , Eum Won Sik , Park Jinseu , Choi Soo Young , Kwon Hyeok Yil 
Published: February 2017

AbstractHuman islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP), a major constituent of islet amyloid deposits, induces pancreatic β‐cell apoptosis and eventually contributes to β‐cell deficit in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this study, Tat‐mediated transduction of biliverdin reductase A (BLVRA) was investigated in INS‐1 cells to examine whether exogenous supplementation of BLVRA prevented hIAPP‐induced apoptosis and dysfunction in insulin secretion in β‐cells. Tat‐BLVRA fusion protein was efficiently delivered into INS‐1 cells in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. Exposure of cells to hIAPP induced apoptotic cell death, which was dose‐dependently inhibited by pre‐treatment with Tat‐BLVRA for 1 h. Transduced Tat‐BLVRA reduced hIAPP‐evoked generation of reactive oxygen species, a crucial mediator of β‐cell destruction. Immunoblot analysis showed that Tat‐BLVRA suppressed hIAPP‐induced increase in the levels of proteins involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis signaling. Transduced Tat‐BLVRA also recovered hIAPP‐induced dysfunction in basal and glucose‐stimulated insulin secretions. These results suggested that transduced Tat‐BLVRA enhanced the tolerance of β‐cells against IAPP‐induced cytotoxicity by alleviating oxidative stress and ER stress. Therefore, Tat‐mediated transduction of BLVRA may provide a potential tool to ameliorate β‐cell deficit in pancreas with T2DM.
Young lady with a typical solid–cystic abdominal mass
Authors: Kumar Saket , Rahul Rahul , Chandra Abhijit 
Published: February 2017

Key Clinical MessageSolid pseudopapillary tumor is a rare pancreatic neoplasm that typically affects young women. Characteristic CT appearance is that of a mixed‐density lesion with solid component peripherally and cystic component centrally. Even larger tumors are well encapsulated with sharp demarcation, amenable to complete resection.
Carbon Nanotubes as a Solid Acid Fuel Cell Cathode Material: Insights into In Operando Functional Stability
Authors: Naumov Olga , Lohmann Felix P. , Abel Bernd , Varga Aron 
Published: February 2017

AbstractCarbon nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes and graphene doped with heteroatoms, have drawn much attention, owing to their activity as a fuel cell electrocatalyst. This discovery is very important, as the wide application of low‐ and intermediate‐temperature fuel cells is partly hindered by the need for precious‐metals, such as platinum, as the electrocatalyst. Here, we report multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as the active electrode component for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in solid acid fuel cells (SAFCs) and their in operando changes of surface chemistry and structure. We show, for the first time with fuel cell measurements, the effective (time‐dependent) electrocatalytic behavior of MWCNTs in SAFC cathodes. For all measurements, the MWCNTs were platinum free and were not doped with heteroatoms during or after the synthesis. AC impedance spectroscopy of the electrochemical cells, MWCNT|CsH2PO4|MWCNT, with and without a DC bias, were performed and the long‐term stability was evaluated over a 20 day period. Scanning electron microscopy, Raman, and XPS spectroscopy, before and after the electrochemical measurements, show significant changes in the surface chemistry and structure of the MWCNTs. We observe an increase in the surface oxygen concentration and an increased electrochemical activity. However, this active state is transient in nature, as other chemical degradation processes become more dominant. We conclude that carbon nanomaterials are promising as electrochemically active SAFC materials; however, challenges with stability need to be overcome for a realistic application.