bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formal Learning Theory and the Philosophy of Science
Authors: Kelly Kevin T. 
Published: January 2016

Consider the following collection of familiar questions in the philosophy of science.Underdetermination: What collections of theories can be reliably distinguished from one another on a given sort of evidence presentation? How do differences in evidence presentation, background knowledge, and hypothesis vocabulary affect underdetermination?Realism: How plausible is it that the methods employed by science are capable of arriving at the truth in a given domain of inquiry? If not, is it plausible that there exist such methods? How does the answer differ from domain to domain?Scientific progress: Is it possible that scientific knowledge could be continually improved, even if it is never perfectly correct? Is there any sense to be made of the increasing verisimilitude of inquiry?Methodology: How do standard methodological directives interact? Do different directives interfere with one another or do our favorite ideas about method complement one another? Is experiment really more powerful than passive observation?
Locality/Separability: Is This Necessarily a Useful distinction?
Authors: Cushing James T. 
Published: January 2016

In the philosophy of science, we are to assess critically and on their
intrinsic merits various proposals for a consistent interpretation of
quantum mechanics, including resolutions of the measurement problem and
accounts of the long-range Bell correlations. In this paper I suggest that
the terms of debate may have been so severely and unduly constrained by the
reigning orthodoxy that we labor unproductively with an unhelpful vocabulary
and set of definitions and distinctions. I first review this situation and
how we arrived there. Then I present an alternative conceptual framework,
free of many of the standard conundrums, and ask why we seem unwilling to
pursue it as a serious possibility.
I begin by sampling how some of the central tenets of the standard, or
“Copenhagen”, theory of quantum mechanics came to be formulated. As is
typical for his writing on broader philosophical issues, Niels Bohr's
pronouncements on the interpretation of quantum mechanics are often
difficult to understand and at times just plain opaque.
Methodology, Epistemology and Conventions: Popper's Bad Start
Authors: Preston John 
Published: January 2016

Popper's philosophy is founded on his early conceptions of the problem
of demarcation, of its solution, and of the roles of epistemology and
methodology. I shall give an account of these, and of his idea of the
alternative, ‘naturalistic’ conceptions. I then hope to show that Popper's
conceptions are confused.
At the beginning of The Logic of Scientific
Discovery Popper tells us that “the task of the logic of
scientific discovery, or the logic of knowledge, [is]… to analyse the method
of the empirical sciences” (Popper 1959, 27), and
that its first job is “to put forward a concept of
empirical science, in order to make linguistic usage, now
somewhat uncertain, as definite as possible, and in order to draw a clear
line of demarcation between science and metaphysical ideas” (1959,
38-39).
The Notion of Accuracy in Current Social Perception Research
Authors: Von Eckardt Barbara 
Published: January 2016

There are many different kinds of psychology: abnormal, behavioral, clinical, cognitive, developmental, physiological, personality, and social, to name some of the major categories. In recent years, philosophers of psychology (in the sense under discussion today) have focused primarily on cognitive psychology and Freudian psychoanalysis (which cross-cuts abnormal and personality). In this paper, I propose to turn my attention to one of the least discussed of these fields: social psychology. Specifically, I will consider a debate currently raging in the sub-field of social psychology known as “social perception research.”Social psychology is - to quote from a recent textbook - “the scientific study of the thoughts, actions, and interactions of individuals as affected by the actual, implied, or imagined presence of others…. The social emphasis distinguishes social psychology from [other fields of] psychology, and the emphasis on the individual distinguishes it from sociology” (Tedeschi, Lindskold, and Rosenfeld 1985, 4-5).
A detailed calculation model for costing of green manufacturing
Authors: Orji Ifeyinwa , Wei Sun 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– Manufacturing firms are expected to implement green manufacturing and increase product complexity at a competitive price. However, a major problem for engineering managers is to ascertain the costs of embarking on green manufacturing. Thus, a planning and control methodology for costing of green manufacturing at the early design stage is important for engineering managers. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper integrates “green manufacturing,” concepts of industrial dynamics, and product lifecycle aiming at developing a methodology for cost calculation. The methodology comprises of a process-based cost model and a systems dynamics (SD) model. The process-based cost model focusses mainly on carbon emission costs and energy-saving activities. Important metrics usually ignored in traditional static modeling were incorporated using SD model.

Findings
– Equipment costs and carbon emission costs are major components of costs in manufacturing. The total life cycle cost of product in green manufacturing is lower than that of same product in conventional manufacturing.

Research limitations/implications
– The specific results of this study are limited to the case company, but can hopefully contribute to further research on ascertaining cost of implementing “green issues” in manufacturing. The proposed cost calculation model can be efficiently applied in any manufacturing firm on the basis of accessibility of real cost data. This necessitates a comprehensive cost database. At the development of the model and database management system, time and cost resources could be demanding, but once installed, use of the model becomes less demanding.

Practical implications
– The cost model provides cost justifications of implementing green manufacturing. The reality is that green manufacturing will see its development peak with cost justifications. The results of the application show that the proposed detailed cost model can be effective in ascertaining costs of implementing green manufacturing. Manufacturing firms are recommended to adopt energy-saving activities based on the proposed detailed cost calculation model.

Originality/value
– The main contributions of the study includes: first, to help engineering managers more accurately understand how to allocate resources for energy-saving activities through appropriate cost drivers. Second, to simulate with SD the dynamic behavior of few important metrics, often ignored in traditional mathematical modeling. The detailed model provides a pre-manufacturing decision-making tool which will assist management in implementing green manufacturing by incorporating a life cycle assessment measurement into manufacturing cost management.
Fabrication and characterization of polyimide/Al2O3 composite films via surface modification and ion exchange technique
Authors: Zhang M.Y. , Liu L.Z. , Weng L. , Cui W.W. , Hui K.S. 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– The aim of this study was to fabricate polyimide (PI)/Al2O3 composite films via surface modification and ion exchange techniques, and examine their properties.

Design/methodology/approach
– The method involves hydrolyzing the PI film double surface layers in an aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution and incorporating aluminium ions (Al3+) into the hydrolyzed layers of the PI film via subsequent ion exchange, followed by a treatment of the Al3+-loaded PI films with an aqueous ammonia solution, which leads to the formation of Al(OH)3 in the surface-modified layers. After a final thermal annealing treatment in ambient air, the Al(OH)3 decomposes to Al2O3, and forms composite layers on both surfaces of the re-imidized PI film.

Findings
– The PI/Al2O3 composite film obtained with a 6 hours of KOH treatment exhibited excellent thermal stability, good mechanical properties and better electric breakdown strength and corona-resistance properties than the pristine PI film.

Practical implications
– The method for obtaining the composite films in this paper is worth consideration, but additional research will be needed. Furthermore, this method is of general importance for the fabrication of composite PI films with tailored properties.

Originality/value
– This study showed that surface modification and ion-exchange techniques are powerful methodologies for the fabrication of PI/Al2O3 composite films.
Wool dyeing with binary mixture of natural dyes
Authors: Dehnavi E. , Shams-Nateri A. , Khalili H. 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– This paper aims to focus on the absorption behaviour of single and binary mixtures of natural dyes on wool. Natural dyes are multi-components with different structures and properties.

Design/methodology/approach
– In this research, the absorption behaviour of single and binary mixtures of natural dyes was investigated on wool fibre. Study was conducted via some natural dyes, including pomegranate peel as a yellow natural dye with tannin, weld as a yellow natural dye without tannin and madder as a red natural dye without tannin. Applied mordant was alum, which was used in the pre-mordant method. Different shades were obtained by varying dye concentration in the binary mixture. The effect of tannin on absorption behaviour of binary mixture of natural dyes was investigated by spectral reflectance and colour parameters of dyed samples measurements.

Findings
– Obtained results indicate that tannin affects the absorption behaviour of natural dyes in binary mixtures.

Practical implications
– Because natural dyes are multi-components with different structure and properties, the study of compatibility and absorption behaviour of natural dyes in binary mixture on wool is important in applied researches.

Originality/value
– The study of compatibility and absorption behaviour of binary mixture of natural dyes on wool is novel.
A Global TrendEU‐style: Democracy Promotion in ‘Fragile’ and Conflict‐Affected South Caucasus
Authors: Babayan Nelli 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis article examines theEU's democracy promotion in ‘fragile’ and conflict‐affected states. The article discusses theEU's perception of state fragility, contrasts it to the evolving understanding of the concept in the literature, and discusses its actions in the conflict‐affected states of the South Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. The analysis demonstrates that while theEUhas adjusted its democracy promotion policies following critical international junctures, it has not specifically addressed the perceived fragility or conflicts of states where it promotes democracy. While theEU's democracy promotion profile in the South Caucasus countries has become more visible, its involvement in the resolution of regional conflicts has remained marginal. Yet, by not following the trend of accentuating fragility, theEUmay have proven itself as a more nuanced democracy promoter, attempting to take into consideration local perceptions and realities.
Prognostic significance of centrosomal protein 55 in stage I pulmonary adenocarcinoma after radical resection
Authors: Jiang Wenpeng , Wang Zhou , Chen Gang , Jia Yang 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundPulmonary adenocarcinoma is a predominant pathologic non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with a high morbidity in China. Even at histological stage I, many patients still experience recurrence after radical surgery; therefore, it is critical to determine useful indicators to stratify patients according to recurrent risk. Centrosomal protein 55 (CEP55) shares certain characteristics with oncogenes and aberrant expression of CEP55 can lead to tumorigenesis. Therefore, we aimed to clarify the clinicopathological significance and prognostic value of CEP55 in stage I pulmonary adenocarcinoma.MethodsWe enrolled 106 patients with stage I pulmonary adenocarcinoma who had received complete resection in our study. CEP55 expression levels in the pulmonary tissues of all patients were validated by Western blot analyses and immunohistochemistry. SPSS 17.0 software was employed to analyze the correlation between CEP55 expression and clinicopathological characteristics of patients, as well as prognosis.ResultsCEP55 overexpression was detected in 67 patients (63.2%). Overexpression is associated with tumor differentiation (P = 0.036), T stage (P = 0.000) and visceral pleural invasion (P = 0.009). Patients with CEP55 overexpression had worse survival compared with those with low expression (P = 0.043). Univariate analysis revealed that T stage (P = 0.000), differentiation degree (P = 0.002), visceral pleural invasion (P = 0.000), and tumor size (P = 0.013) were also significant prognostic factors.ConclusionCEP55 is a useful predicator to improve stratification of patients with stage I pulmonary adenocarcinoma.
Children With Arachnoid Cysts Who Sustain Blunt Head Trauma: Injury Mechanisms and Outcomes
Authors: Rogers Alexander J. , Kuppermann Nathan , Thelen Angela E. , Stanley Rachel M. , Maher Cormac O. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectivesArachnoid cysts are abnormal intracranial fluid collections, and there is concern that these cysts may bleed or rupture following blunt head trauma. Our objective was to determine the risk of cyst‐related complications in a cohort of children with arachnoid cysts who were evaluated for head trauma.MethodsWe analyzed the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) head trauma public use data set, which was the product of a study that enrolled children with blunt head trauma from June 2004 to September 2006. We identified children with arachnoid cysts on cranial computed tomography (CT) and described the patient demographics, mechanisms of injury, clinical presentations, CT evidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), and clinical outcomes. Clinically important TBI was defined as TBI leading to: 1) death from TBI, 2) neurosurgical intervention, 3) intubation for > 24 hours for the TBI, or 4) hospitalization for 2 or more nights for the head injury in association with TBI on CT.ResultsData were available for 43,399 children who sustained blunt head trauma, of whom 15,899 had cranial CT scans obtained and 68 (0.4%) had arachnoid cysts. Falls were the most common mechanisms of injury (47%) and 87% of children had either moderate or severe injury mechanisms. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores ranged from 6 to 15, with 61 (90%) having GCS scores of 15. Two of the children with arachnoid cysts had TBIs on CT, one of which was clinically important. There were no identified cases of arachnoid cyst‐related bleeding or complications.ConclusionsIn this cohort of 68 children with arachnoid cysts who sustained head trauma, none demonstrated cyst‐related bleeding or complications. This suggests the risk of arachnoid cyst–related complications in children following blunt head trauma is low and evaluation should align with existing clinical decision rules.
Assessment of Common Preoxygenation Strategies Outside of the Operating Room Environment
Authors: Groombridge Christopher , Chin Cheau Wern , Hanrahan Bernard , Holdgate Anna 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectivesPreoxygenation prior to intubation aims to increase the duration of safe apnea by causing denitrogenation of the functional residual capacity, replacing this volume with a reservoir of oxygen. In the operating room (OR) the criterion standard for preoxygenation is an anesthetic circuit and well‐fitting face mask, which provide a high fractional inspired oxygen concentration (FiO2). Outside of the OR, various strategies exist to provide preoxygenation. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of commonly used preoxygenation strategies outside of the OR environment.MethodsThis was a prospective randomized unblinded study of 30 healthy staff volunteers from a major trauma center emergency department (ED) in Sydney, Australia. The main outcome measure is fractional expired oxygen concentration (FeO2) measured after a 3‐minute period of tidal volume breathing with seven different preoxygenation strategies.ResultsThe mean FeO2 achieved with the anesthetic circuit was 81.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 78.3% to 83.6%), bag‐valve‐mask (BVM) 80.1% (95% CI = 76.5% to 83.6%), BVM with nasal cannula (NC) 74.8% (95% CI = 72.0% to 77.6%), BVM with positive end‐expiratory pressure valve (PEEP) 78.9% (95% CI = 75.4% to 82.3%), BVM + NC + PEEP 75.5% (95% CI = 72.2% to 78.9%), nonrebreather mask (NRM) 51.6% (95% CI = 48.8% to 54.4%), and NRM + NC 57.1% (95% CI = 52.9% to 61.2%). Preoxygenation efficacy with BVM strategies was significantly greater than NRM strategies (p < 0.01) and noninferior to the anesthetic circuit.ConclusionsIn healthy volunteers, the effectiveness of BVM preoxygenation was comparable to the anesthetic circuit (criterion standard) and superior to preoxygenation with NRM. The addition of NC oxygen, PEEP, or both did not improve the efficacy of the BVM device.
Population dynamics of noctuid moths and damage forecasting in sugar beet
Authors: Lemic Darija , Drmić Zrinka , Bažok Renata 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The most damaging Noctuidae pests in sugar beets in Croatia are classified into two groups based on the injuries that their larvae produce: the cutting species (Agrotis ipsilon and Agrotis segetum) and the surface‐feeding species (Mamestra brassicae, Lacanobia oleracea and Autographa gamma).
The flight activity of male moths was detected and monitored using traps baited with sex pheromone.
The study aimed to determine the population dynamics of noctuid pests in sugar beet crops and to propose damage forecasts and thresholds based on male moths capture in pheromone traps in specific weather conditions.
A strong positive correlation between captured male moths in pheromone traps and the level of damage to sugar beet crops was established. The population densities were extremely affected by the weather conditions that prevailed in the sugar beet growing period. If the weather conditions are not optimal, the population of the second generation of moths and larvae will be smaller, and the level of damage to plants will decrease accordingly.
Thus, intensive monitoring of noctuid male moth flights and weather conditions in the sugar beet growing season enabled forecasting of future damage to a larger area, although visual inspections are necessary to plan insecticide applications.
Alessandro B. Antognini and Alessandra Giovagnoli, Adaptive Designs for Sequential Treatment Allocation. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman and Hall/CRC
Authors: Carriere K.C. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
EDITOR: TAESUNG PARK
Adaptive Designs for Sequential Treatment Allocation(Alessandro B. Antognini and Alessandra Giovagnoli)K. C. Carriere
Modeling to Inform Infectious Disease Control(Niels G. Becker)Jin Kyung Park
Data Analysis with Competing Risks and Intermediate States(Ronald B. Geskus)Jinheum Kim
Analysis of Categorical Data with R(Christopher R. Bilder and Thomas M. Loughin)Taesung Park
Mutations affecting both the rearranged and the unrearranged PML alleles in refractory acute promyelocytic leukaemia
Authors: Iaccarino Licia , Ottone Tiziana , Divona Mariadomenica , Cicconi Laura , Cairoli Roberto , Voso Maria Teresa , Lo‐Coco Francesco 
Published: January 2016

SummaryAcute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) is characterized by the PML/RARA fusion transcript. PML and RARA mutations have been shown to directly respond to arsenic trioxide (ATO) and all‐trans retinoic (ATRA). We analysed the prevalence of PML mutations in 32 patients with de novo or therapy‐related APL (t‐APL; n = 5), treated with ATO. We identified one ATO‐resistant t‐APL patient, who presented a PML A216T mutation in both the rearranged and unrearranged PML alleles, and two mutations in the rearranged RARA gene. In this patient, subclones with different PML and RARA mutations acquired clonal dominance during the disease course, probably leading to treatment resistance.
Personalization of dexamethasone therapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Jackson Rosanna K. , Irving Julie A. E. , Veal Gareth J. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryDexamethasone is a key component in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Despite playing a key role in the improved survival of ALL over several decades, intensification of dexamethasone therapy has also contributed to the increased toxicity associated with treatment, which is now seen to be at unacceptable levels given the favourable disease prognosis. Therefore the focus for treatment is now shifting towards reducing toxicity whilst maintaining current survival rates. As approximately 50% of patients were successfully treated on less intensive protocols of the 1980s, it has been questioned whether therapy intensification is necessary in all patients. Furthermore, there remains a subset of children who are still not cured of their disease. New strategies are therefore needed to identify patients who could benefit from dose reduction or intensification. However, adjusting a potentially life threatening therapy is a challenging task, particularly given the heterogeneous nature of ALL. This review focuses on the potential for patient stratification based on our current knowledge of dexamethasone pharmacokinetics, pharmacogenetics and the action of dexamethasone at the cellular level. A carefully designed, combined approach is needed if we are to achieve the aim of improved personalization of dexamethasone therapy for future patients.
How to manage lung infiltrates in adults suffering from haematological malignancies outside allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Maschmeyer Georg , Donnelly J. Peter 
Published: January 2016

SummaryPulmonary complications affect up to 40% of patients with severe neutropenia lasting for more than 10 d. As they are frequently associated with fever and elevation of C‐reactive protein or other signs of inflammation, they are mostly handled as pneumonia. However, the differential diagnosis is broad, and a causative microbial agent remains undetected in the majority of cases. Pulmonary side effects from cytotoxic treatment or pulmonary involvement by the underlying malignancy must always be taken into account and may provide grounds for invasive diagnostic procedures in selected patients. Pneumocystis jirovecii (in patients not receiving co‐trimoxazole as prophylaxis), multi‐resistant gram‐negative bacilli, mycobacteria or respiratory viruses may be involved. High‐risk patients may be infected by filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus spp., but these infections are seldom proven when treatment is initiated. Microorganisms isolated from cultures of blood, bronchoalveolar lavage or respiratory secretions need careful interpretation as they may be irrelevant for determining the aetiology of pulmonary infiltrates, particularly when cultures yield coagulase‐negative staphylococci, enterococci or Candida species. Non‐culture based diagnostics for detecting Aspergillus galactomannan, beta‐D‐glucan or DNA from blood, bronchoalveolar lavage or tissue samples can facilitate the diagnosis, but must always be interpreted in the context of clinical and imaging findings. Systemic antifungal treatment with mould‐active agents, given in combination with broad‐spectrum antibiotics, improves clinical outcome when given pre‐emptively. Co‐trimoxazole remains the first‐line treatment for Pneumocystis pneumonia, while cytomegalovirus pneumonia will respond to ganciclovir or foscarnet in most cases. The clinical outcome of acute respiratory failure can also be successful with proper intensive care, when indicated.