bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Refining Our Empirical Perspectives on Entrepreneurship Research
Authors: Mishra Chandra S. , Zachary Ramona K. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The empirical realities of entrepreneurship research can be challenging. Measurement, theoretical scope and fit as well as sampling issues abound. To attain the highest research quality, we must strive to posit a broad theoretical view that encompasses the known aspects of entrepreneurial experiences as well as measure carefully and sample appropriately. In the lead editorial, Mike Wright and Shaker A. Zahra offer a provocative revisit of entrepreneurship’s darker side and ask probing questions. What are the real effects of entrepreneurship on our society, families and entrepreneurs, both positive and negative? In an equally thought provoking editorial “Pillow Talk Leaks” Sharon M. Danes delineates the dynamics of couples as they build and operate entrepreneurial ventures. Finally, Stephanie L. Castro carefully reexamines our usual survey measurements relative to underreporting validity, not following guidelines, and altering existing measures. The three competitive research articles epitomize the empirical refinement of our entrepreneurship research perspectives by: 1) examining how the global economic crisis can undermine structural change in developing countries relative to entrepreneurial activities; 2) providing a new examination of the returns to education in self-employment; and 3) offering a unique look at the ethical aspects of empirical studies of entrepreneurs among immigrants and ethnic minorities.
Advancing Research on Innovation and Entrepreneurship
Authors: Mishra Chandra S. , Zachary Ramona K. 
Published: June 2017

In this Inaugural Year of Entrepreneurship Research Journal (ERJ), and with this new Issue 4 titled, „Advancing Research on Innovation and Entrepreneurship“, editors Chandra S. Mishra, Office Depot Eminent Scholar Chair at Florida Atlantic University, and Ramona K. Zachary, Academic Director of the Lawrence N. Field Programs and the Peter S. Jonas Distinguished Professor of Entrepreneurship at Baruch College, offer a dedication to Steve Jobs who was an innovator and entrepreneur extraordinaire. He transformed a sleepy Silicon Valley into the leading innovation center in the world. His technological creations, during his shortened but dynamic life, have not only revolutionized how consumers interact with technology but how we experience human interactions throughout the world. Researchers from all disciplines have been intrigued and inspired by his entrepreneurial vision and creative genius.
The lead article, by William J. Baumol, urges researchers to further investigate the innovation process, the incentives for innovators given their low returns and low odds of success, and the role of the public sector in encouraging innovation given the enormous social gains. The three competitive research articles contribute to our understanding of innovation and entrepreneurship literature by: 1) examining the types of entrepreneurial knowledge and their impact on innovation; 2) examining the linkage between a country‘s investment on R&D and number of startups; and 3) explaining the inability of an entrepreneur to move away from a struggling venture. As ERJ‘s first Commentary, Stuart A. Schulman and Edward G. Rogoff ask us to rethink the technology enabled entrepreneur and begin to build a bridge between economic theory about innovation and the funding and production challenges facing entrepreneurs as they bring their technologies to the market.
Los límites a la autonomía de la Fiscalía en la adecuación típica de la conducta punible.
Authors: Pineda-Castro Diana Karina 
Published: June 2017

El trabajo está orientado a resolver si el Juez de Control de Garantías puede obligar al fiscal a realizar una variación de la imputación jurídica, cuando la misma vulnera el principio de legalidad. Sobre ello se han planteado diversas posturas: en lo que atañe a la denominación jurídica de los hechos, no resulta acertado entender que el fiscal –pese a estar demostrada una determinada configuración típica– cuente con amplias facultades para negociarla con el procesado, toda vez que el principio de legalidad le impone un límite mucho más restringido. Por el contrario, para cierta parte de la doctrina y la jurisprudencia, debe acatarse en debida forma, la concepción del sistema penal con tendencia acusatoria, pues se sostiene que no es del resorte de los jueces ejercer la acción penal; así, tratándose de los alcances y límites de la imputación, esta debe ser meramente fáctica y estar desprovista de consideraciones jurídicas, por lo que el papel del juez sería absolutamente pasivo, el de un simple instrumento a través del cual se formaliza la imputación y asumir una actitud contraria conllevaría una intromisión en la función de investigación asignada a la Fiscalía. Las reflexiones ulteriores se ocupan del análisis de todas ellas y, al final, se toma posición.
Compensation Objectives and Business Unit Pay Strategy
Authors: Gerakos Joseph J. , Ittner Christopher D. , Moers Frank 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT
This study investigates the effects of attraction, retention, and incentive objectives on business unit pay strategies in 173 European business units.Compensation theories provide conflicting implications regarding the use of various pay practices to achieve these objectives. We find that the positioning of cash pay levels relative to the labor market, the provision of benefits, and the breadth of employee eligibility for cash incentive plans and equity grants vary with the compensation objectives being pursued. Our evidence also suggests that some of these pay practices are complements while other are substitutes. Our ability to tie firms' objectives to elements of pay provides more direct evidence on how compensation policies are formed. Moreover, our evidence highlights the need to consider multiple compensation objectives when setting and studying pay strategies.
IN VITRO EFFECT OF L-CARNITINE ON THE ACTIVITY OF LYSOSOMAL CYSTEINE PROTEASES AND THE STATE OF LYSOSOMAL MEMBRANE
Authors: Fomina M A. , Kudlaeva A M. , Ryabkov A N. 
Published: June 2017

The influence of L-carnitine in vitro on the lysosomal cysteine proteinase activity and stability of the lysosomal membrane of the liver homogenates of intact sexually Mature female rats of Wistar line weighing 280-330 g were studied. In the experimental groups isolated lysosomes were incubated in vitro in a solution of L-carnitine during 1, 2 and 4 hours, in the control groups in vitro incubation was carried out in a medium of isolating solution. The activity of ca-thepsins B, L and H was investigated by spectrofluorimetric method of Barrett & Kirschke in two fractions - lysosomal and outside of lysosomes. The activity of acid phosphatase was used as the main marker of a membrane labilization. In vitro incubation of lysosomes showed that carnitine at a concentration of 5 mM increases the total activity of cathepsin B in a one-hour incubation at 73,2% (p=0,008), cathepsin L in a two- and four-hour incubation - at 77,7% (p=0,005) and 42,3% (p=0,013) respectively, and reduces the overall activity of the cathepsin H in a one-hour incubation at 200,0% (p=0,008), in a two-hour - by 67,9% (p=0,05), in a four-hour -27,1% (p=0,02). In addition, incubation in 5 mM L-carnitine solution leads to an increase of unsedimentable activity and fall sedimentaries activity for cathepsin L in a two-hour, and for acid phosphatase - in a two - and four-hour exposure. 5 mM L-carnitine in one - and two-hour incubation stabilizes lysosomal membrane (whereas increase in incubation time up to 4 hours leads to its damage) and increases the selective permeability of the lysosomal membrane for the studied cathepsins, to the greatest extent - for cathepsin H.
Fermi Gamma-Ray Pulsars: Understanding the High-energy Emission from Dissipative Magnetospheres
Authors: Kalapotharakos Constantinos , Harding Alice K. , Kazanas Demosthenes , Brambilla Gabriele 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Based on the Fermi observational data, we reveal meaningful constraints for the dependence of the macroscopic conductivity (σ) of dissipative pulsar magnetosphere models on the corresponding spin-down rate,

. Our models are refinements of the FIDO (Force-free Inside, Dissipative Outside) models, which have dissipative regions that are restricted on the equatorial current sheet outside of the the light-cylinder. Taking into account the observed cutoff energies of all of the Fermi pulsars and assuming that (a) the corresponding γ-ray pulsed emission is due to curvature radiation at the radiation-reaction-limit regime, and (b) this emission is produced at the equatorial current sheet near the light cylinder, we show that the Fermi data provide clear indications about the corresponding accelerating electric-field components. A direct comparison between the Fermi cutoff energies and the model ones reveals that σ increases with

for high

-values, while it saturates for low ones. This comparison indicates also that the corresponding gap width increases toward low

-values. Assuming the Goldreich–Julian flux for the emitting particles, we calculate the total γ-ray luminosity (L

γ
). A comparison between the dependence of the Fermi L

γ
-values and the model ones on

indicates an increase of the emitting particle multiplicity with

. Our modeling, guided by the Fermi data alone, enhances our understanding of the physical mechanisms behind the high-energy emission in pulsar magnetospheres.
Critical Outcomes in Longitudinal Observational Studies and Registries in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: An OMERACT Special Interest Group Report
Authors: Zamora Natalia V. , Christensen Robin , Goel Niti , Klokker Louise , Lopez-Olivo Maria A. , Kristensen Lars E. , Carmona Loreto , Strand Vibeke , Curtis Jeffrey R. , Suarez-Almazor Maria E. 
Published: June 2017

Objective.Outcomes important to patients are those that are relevant to their well-being, including quality of life, morbid endpoints, and death. These outcomes often occur over the longterm and can be identified in prospective longitudinal observational studies (PLOS). There are no standards for which outcome domains should be considered. Our overarching goal is to identify critical longterm outcome domains for patients with rheumatic diseases, and to develop a conceptual framework to measure and classify them within the scope of OMERACT Filter 2.0.Methods.The steps of this initiative primarily concern rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and include (1) performing a systematic review of RA patient registries and cohorts to identify previously collected and reported outcome domains and measurement instruments; (2) developing a conceptual framework and taxonomy for identification and classification of outcome domains; (3) conducting focus groups to identify domains considered critical by patients with RA; and (4) surveying patients, providers, and researchers to identify critical outcomes that can be evaluated through the OMERACT filter.Results.In our initial evaluation of databases and registries across countries, we found both commonalities and differences, with no clear standardization. At the initial group meeting, participants agreed that additional work is needed to identify which critical outcomes should be collected in PLOS, and suggested several: death, independence, and participation, among others. An operational strategy for the next 2 years was proposed.Conclusion.Participants endorsed the need for an initiative to identify and evaluate critical outcome domains and measurement instruments for data collection in PLOS.
Hospitalizations in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in an Academic Health Science Center
Authors: Gu Kaien , Gladman Dafna D. , Su Jiandong , Urowitz Murray B. 
Published: June 2017

Objective.Hospitalization occurs in about 10% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) each year and accounts for most of the direct cost of SLE patient care. We aimed to determine the frequency of admissions of patients with SLE and describe their causes and outcomes.Methods.We identified all hospitalizations at University Health Network in the periods 2011–2012 and 2013–2015 with an International Classification of Diseases, 10th ed. code of M32 (SLE). A retrospective chart review of these patients categorized them based on SLE care provider and cause of admission. Frequency of emergency room visits and duration of hospitalization were ascertained. Poisson and linear regressions were performed to determine factors associated with frequency and duration of hospitalizations.Results.There were 247 unique patients with SLE who were hospitalized a total of 491 times: 87.4% were women, average age of 43.9 ± 17.9 years, and disease duration 13.7 ± 12.3 years. Incidental causes were most common (35.6%); 21.4% and 22.4% of admissions were because of active SLE and infection, respectively. The patients with SLE averaged 1.6 hospitalizations lasting 8.5 days. Thirteen percent of hospitalizations resulted in intensive care unit admission, and 2.8% of hospitalizations resulted in death. Patient employment was associated with fewer hospitalizations during 2011–2015. Antimalarial use was associated with fewer hospitalizations as well as shorter length of stay during 2011–2012. The presence of damage correlated with increased hospitalizations. Higher educational level and antimalarial use correlated with shorter length of stay.Conclusion.Patients with SLE are frequently hospitalized, often because of active SLE or infection, and re-hospitalized within a short period of time.
Abnormal Spontaneous Brain Activity in Patients With Anisometropic Amblyopia Using Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Tang Angcang , Chen Taolin , Zhang Junran , Gong Qiyong , Liu Longqian 
Published: June 2017

Purpose:
To explore the abnormality of spontaneous activity in patients with anisometropic amblyopia under resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (Rs-fMRI).

Methods:
Twenty-four participants were split into two groups. The anisometropic amblyopia group had 10 patients, all of whom had anisometropic amblyopia of the right eye, and the control group had 14 healthy subjects. All participants underwent Rs-fMRI scanning. Measurement of amplitude of low frequency fluctuations of the brain, which is a measure of the amplitudes of spontaneous brain activity, was used to investigate brain changes between the anisometropic amblyopia and control groups.

Results:
Compared with an age- and gender-matched control group, the anisometropic amblyopia group showed increased amplitude of low frequency fluctuations of spontaneous brain activity in the left superior temporal gyrus, the left inferior parietal lobe, the left pons, and the right inferior semi-lunar lobe. The anisometropic amblyopia group also showed decreased amplitude of low frequency fluctuations in the bilateral medial frontal gyrus.

Conclusions:
This study demonstrated abnormal spontaneous brain activities in patients with anisometropic amblyopia under Rs-fMRI, and these abnormalities might contribute to the neuropathological mechanisms of anisometropic amblyopia.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2017;54(5):303–310.]
IL-17 Receptor A Maintains and Protects the Skin Barrier To Prevent Allergic Skin Inflammation
Authors: Floudas Achilleas , Saunders Sean P. , Moran Tara , Schwartz Christian , Hams Emily , Fitzgerald Denise C. , Johnston James A. , Ogg Graham S. , McKenzie Andrew N. , Walsh Patrick T. , Fallon Padraic G. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease affecting up to 20% of children and 3% of adults worldwide and is associated with dysregulation of the skin barrier. Although type 2 responses are implicated in AD, emerging evidence indicates a potential role for the IL-17A signaling axis in AD pathogenesis. In this study we show that in the filaggrin mutant mouse model of spontaneous AD, IL-17RA deficiency (Il17ra−/−) resulted in severe exacerbation of skin inflammation. Interestingly, Il17ra−/− mice without the filaggrin mutation also developed spontaneous progressive skin inflammation with eosinophilia, as well as increased levels of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and IL-5 in the skin. Il17ra−/− mice have a defective skin barrier with altered filaggrin expression. The barrier dysregulation and spontaneous skin inflammation in Il17ra−/− mice was dependent on TSLP, but not the other alarmins IL-25 and IL-33. The associated skin inflammation was mediated by IL-5–expressing pathogenic effector Th2 cells and was independent of TCRγδ T cells and IL-22. An absence of IL-17RA in nonhematopoietic cells, but not in the hematopoietic cells, was required for the development of spontaneous skin inflammation. Skin microbiome dysbiosis developed in the absence of IL-17RA, with antibiotic intervention resulting in significant amelioration of skin inflammation and reductions in skin-infiltrating pathogenic effector Th2 cells and TSLP. This study describes a previously unappreciated protective role for IL-17RA signaling in regulation of the skin barrier and maintenance of skin immune homeostasis.
Cutting Edge: The Aging Immune System Reveals the Biological Impact of Direct Antigen Presentation on CD8 T Cell Responses
Authors: Uhrlaub Jennifer L. , Smithey Megan J. , Nikolich-Žugich Janko 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The vertebrate immune system uses multiple, sometimes redundant, mechanisms to contain pathogenic microorganisms that are always evolving to evade host defenses. Thus, the cowpox virus (CPXV) uses genes encoding CPXV12 and CPXV203 to prevent direct MHC class I presentation of viral peptides by infected cells. However, CD8 T cells are effectively primed against CPXV by cross-presentation of viral Ags in young mice. Old mice accumulate defects in both CD8 T cell activation and cross-presentation. Using a double-deletion mutant (∆12∆203) of CPXV, we show that direct priming of CD8 T cells in old mice yields superior recall responses, establishing a key contribution of this mechanism to host antipoxvirus responses and enhancing our fundamental understanding of how viral manipulation of direct presentation impacts pathogenesis. This also provides a proof of principle that suboptimal CD8 T cell in old organisms can be optimized by manipulating Ag presentation, with implications for vaccine design.
Use of Fellow as Clinical Teacher (FACT) Curriculum for Teaching During Consultation: Effect on Subspecialty Fellow Teaching Skills
Authors: Miloslavsky Eli M. , Degnan Kathleen , McNeill Jenna , McSparron Jakob I. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTBackgroundSubspecialty consultation in inpatient care is increasing. Teaching by subspecialty fellows in a consultation setting may be an important source of work-based learning for students and residents. However, teaching and evaluation of learners in this context may be challenging due to personal and systems-based barriers.ObjectiveWe developed and evaluated a framework designed to overcome barriers to teaching and to improve fellow teaching skills during inpatient consultation.MethodsThe PARTNER (Partner with resident, Assess the learner, Reinforce positives, Teaching objectives, New knowledge, Execute recommendations, Review) framework was delivered to rheumatology and pulmonary and critical care medicine fellows at 3 academic medical centers as part of a 2-session Fellow as Clinical Teacher (FACT) curriculum. Fellows' teaching skills were evaluated using an objective structured teaching exercise (OSTE) pre- and postcurriculum, and at the end of the academic year. Self-assessment surveys were used to evaluate fellows' self-perception of teaching skills.ResultsTwelve of 16 eligible fellows (75%) participated in the program and completed 73 OSTE cases. Teaching skills measured by OSTEs and self-assessment surveys improved after administration of the FACT curriculum. There was no significant skill decay at the end-of-year evaluation. The curriculum was rated highly, and 73% (8 of 11) of fellows stated they would teach more frequently as a result of the intervention.ConclusionsThe FACT curriculum was practical and feasible, and significantly improved fellows' teaching skills teaching during inpatient consultation.
Skank, or the Queer Fascination with Animalic Notes in Contemporary Niche Perfume
Authors: Jensen Lee 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This article looks at the popularity and overt foregrounding of animalic notes in contemporary niche perfume. Although the natural animal notes are rarely used in contemporary perfume and are usually replaced by synthetic aroma chemicals, the idea of them still intrigues. This article proposes the importance of understanding this desire for the animalic in terms of the psychology of disgust, theories of the abject, and a Western history of scatologic art. It examines some of the spaces and places in which the author encounters perfume and the related affects. The article also proposes that the fascination with animalic fragrance also speaks to the ontology of the sense of smell, a fragile ontology that rests on the unreliable narration of memory. The possibility of developing a queer understanding of this subjectively disrupting fascination with the animalic through the lens of postcontinental queer theories is examined.
Non-Identifiability of Simultaneous Spatial Autoregressive Model and Singularity of Fisher Information Matrix
Authors: Rikimaru Yuuki , Shibata Ritei 
Published: June 2017

Simultaneous spatial autoregressive model is widely used for spatial data analysis, observed at a set of grid points in a space. However a problem, not so well known, is that there exists no unique model unlike time series AR model for given autocovariances or spectral density. We show that such a non-identifiability of the model implies existence of multiple maximum likelihood estimates under Gaussianity and causes non-estimability of parameters and the singularity of Fisher information matrix. Several types of necessary and sufficient conditions for the singularity are given.
Yes or no to no oral modification clauses?
Authors: Van Wechem T.H.M. , Schelhaas H.N. 
Published: June 2017

Ja of Nee, geen clausules voor mondelinge wijziging?
Clausules waarin vooraf afspraken worden gemaakt over vormvereisten waaraan toekomstige wijzingen van de gemaakte afspraken moeten voldoen, zogenoemde NOM-clausules, laten zich lastig juridische plaatsen. Wat gaat vóór: de oude afspraak die aangeeft dat een nieuwe afspraak slechts schriftelijk kan worden gemaakt, of de nieuwe mondelinge afspraak waarbij klaarblijkelijk van de oude is afgeweken? In het artikel wordt min of meer aangegeven dat het hiervoor bedoelde ‘klaarblijkelijk’ het scharnierelement is. Om vast te stellen of partijen een nieuwe afspraak hebben willen maken, dient met precisie naar artikel 3:35 BW te worden gekeken. Volgens de auteurs zal het antwoord op voornoemde vraag afhangen van het ‘gerechtvaardigd’ vertrouwen dat in de nieuwe situatie al dan niet is opgewekt.
De uitleg van een olympische Topsportersovereenkomst: Van Gelder/NOC*NSF onder de loep
Authors: de Vlieger M.A. 
Published: June 2017

De uitleg van een olympische Topsportersovereenkomst: Van Gelder/NOC*NSF onder de loep
In Van Gelder/NOC*NSF heeft de rechter marginaal getoetst of NOC*NSF in redelijkheid tot zijn besluit had kunnen komen om Van Gelder uit te sluiten van verdere deelname aan de Olympische Spelen. De auteur analyseert de juistheid van die normtoepassing. Hij concludeert dat een onjuiste maatstaf is toegepast; tussen partijen gold een Topsportersovereenkomst, en uitleg van die overeenkomst met toepassing van de Haviltex-norm was geboden. Het artikel is relevant voor NOC*NSF en atleten: dient NOC*NSF zijn contracten met olympische atleten te herzien en waar moeten atleten zich van vergewissen?