bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remote Collaboration Reduces Risk in Casing-Exit Jobs Around the Globe
Authors: Vuyk Adrian 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Executing a quality casing exit is often viewed as a craft skill that relies on a technician's personal experience and talent. Opinions on the best way to mill a window may vary significantly from person to person. However, by measuring milling parameters and window quality indicators such as mill wear, the drag through a window after milling, and the total time and money required to mill a window, the optimal parameters can be statistically determined and reduced to a metric all understand: money. Opinions are sported or replaced with clear guidance, and gut feel is replaced by statistics. Moreover, taking these optimized parameters and providing the technician with foot by foot parameter guidance saves real money and provides a new level of control.
This paper reviews a new technology and service that significantly reduces real financial risk from casing exits by combining field-proven tools, certified technicians, service-specific real-time data streaming, and remote consultation during the service delivery into one package. By means of several brief case studies, the paper reviews how this new process has resulted in time savings on technically complex jobs in offshore markets.
Effective Applications of Extended Exponential Decline Curve Analysis to both Conventional and Unconventional Reservoirs
Authors: Zhang HE , Nelson Eric , Olds Dan , Rietz Dean , Lee W. John 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In the last decade, the hydrocarbon production from shale plays has increased dramatically, which has greatly impacted the petroleum industry. While this increased production has benefited the industry, at the same time these unconventional resources have presented many challenges to oil and gas reserves evaluators. One of these challenges is predicting long-term shale production performance and life, especially in a timely and reliable manner.
When Arps derived the hyperbolic model in 1944, b-factor was assumed as a constant and limited to values less than or equal to 1.0. However, many literature papers and field observations have shown that the b-factor instead changes with time in shale wells and, in many cases, can be well above 1.0, especially during the transient period. As a result, evaluators have modified the original DCA ("modified hyperbolic model") to incorporate a b-factor larger than 1.0 and a minimum exponential decline rate (Dmin) at the late-time life in shale production predictions. This paper further discusses this transient b-factor effect and the benefits of the Extended Exponential Decline Curve Analysis (EEDCA), (Zhanget. al , 2015).
EEDCA does not require an estimate of when to switch to a Boundary-Dominated Flow (BDF) model or when to switch to exponential decline for shale oil and gas. All of the model parameters are interdependent and can be calibrated by fitting from the first production data point. Meanwhile, the Dmin used in the modified hyperbolic model is independent from early-time data. This paper further extends the use of EEDCA by applying it to conventional wells. It shows EEDCA is a useful alternative for the Arps method while it holds certain advantages in forecasting shale production. Thus, EEDCA is an integrated solution for both conventional and unconventional reservoirs.
The Economic Analysis and Application Strategies of EOR Technology in Low-Oil-Price Period—8 Cases Study of a New Polymerflooding Technology
Authors: Wu Xingcai , Qu Debin , Xu Hanbing , Li Junjian , Xiong Chunming , Liang Wuquan , Wang Li , Xiong Ying , Wu Qinghui , Yu Zhentao , Ye Yinzhu , Chen Jingjing , Jiang Yuzhu , Wu Xinmin 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
To fulfill the demand increase for oil, is it better to actively seek and develop high cost resources such as tight, deep-water, and polar-region reservoirs, or to enhance development of mature fields? Especially in low-oil-price period, is it more economical and less risky to take efficiency EOR to recover mature fields? The paper conducted studies on it by analyzing technical and economical effect of applying a new type of polymer flooding technology on 8 reservoirs.
The paper made statistics of the technical and economical effect of applying a new micro-nano particle-type polymer flooding method on 8 reservoirs with different conditions, which were reservoir temperature from 24 to 126 °C, crude oil viscosity from 1.36 to 156 mPa·s, salinity from 4212 to 200,000 mg/L, waterflooding phase water cut from 81.4% to 97.5%, and waterflooding phase recovery degree from 9.55% to 64.4%. And based on the statistics, a numerical simulation model and economic analysis model were built up. The economical competency of the technology was calculated and analyzed under different oil price.
The statistics showed that all the 8 projects of the new polymer flooding obtained good technical and economic effect. Even though using the oil price of 30 USD/bbl to make calculation, the input to output ratio of the 8 projects is between 1:1.0 and 1:9.04. The studies on the numerical simulation model and economic analysis model illustrated that it was economically feasible to use this type of EOR method to develop mature fields when oil price was under 30 USD/bbl. Through conversion, the investment of using this EOR method to develop mature fields for 1 million tons of productivity was 488.7 million USD, while the investment of developing conventional new area and untouched tight shale oil reservoir for the same productivity was 900-1100 million USD and higher than 1500 million USD. Since there was lack of deep water field and polar region field development data, they were not able to be compared.
Using efficient EOR method to develop mature oil fields can rejuvenate numerous conventional oil resources, and it need not spending heavy exploration investment. Under low oil price condition, it is obviously more economical to use EOR technology. The opinion of the paper may provide some reference for oil companies to make investment decision in low oil price period.
Development of a Numerical Tool to Assess the Structural Resistance of Pre-Perforated Liners
Authors: Mantovano Luciano , Grittini Santiago 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
To assess the influence of the pre-machining on the structural resistance of the pipes, a tool based on finite element method was developed by Tenaris. Pipe geometry, pipe mechanical properties and the slot or hole patterns were used as main input for the models. Validation of the model was carried out through extensive internal work performed on FEA and full scale tests of pre-perforated liners. Once the model was validated, several cases on different slot and hole patterns were analyzed. The following loads were considered in the analyses: collapse, tension, compression, torsion and bending for both the pre-holed and the slotted pipe. The influence of the machining on the structural resistance of pre-machined pipes was assessed numerically by comparison between the performance of a pre-machined liner and a non-machined one. The results for the non-machined pipes were taken as a reference and the loss of strength of the machined ones was obtained from the numerical analysis and expressed as a de-rate of the non-machined pipe strength for the different loads (tension, compression, torsion, bending and collapse) and slot/hole patterns considered. Significant de-rates were found in the cases of high slot/hole density with values as high as 82% for collapse loads and 94% for torsion loads. The tool can be used also to optimized slot or hole pattern designs increasing the structural resistance while keeping the desired flow path open area of the liner.
This paper presents an useful tool to optimize and verified the mechanical resistance of pre-machined liners with different patterns designs, considering the demanding loads it could be subjected to during installation and also during its service life. Different slot and hole sizes as well as different distribution patterns can be assessed and optimized according to the application requirements. This tool represents a significant improvement to the use of theoretical formulas available in the literature.
Design Process of Inflow Control Technologies - From Inception to Application
Authors: Abdelfattah Tarik , Fisher Britain , Snitkoff Joshua 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The number of inflow control technologies, predominantly organized into passive inflow control devices (PICDs) and inflow control valves (ICVs), are rapidly increasing. The inflow control device (ICD) level of autonomy, or ability to automatically choke back unwanted fluid flow, is also considered when classifying the device, creating a sub-category of PICDs known as autonomous inflow control devices (AICDs). These distinctions can often cause confusion, and currently there is no agreement about the metrics for judging the performance of an ICD. This confusion negatively affects the industry's ability to identify application-specific criteria and deliver fit-for-purpose ICDs.
A recent collaboration has demonstrated the potential for designating ICDs to meet a specific application's unique requirements. When the preferred flow characteristics are identified in advance, these preferences guide the design, testing, and qualification process. In this instance, the needs of cyclic steam stimulation were met by a viscosity-insensitive, autonomous device that was tailored to this particular application. The design included different options of an inflow control mechanism and a wide range of flow resistance settings.
As flow control technologies continue to gain industry acceptance as an effective means of balancing reservoir inflow, understanding the categorization and corresponding design process becomes critical. Because there are no current industry standards for ICD design, this paper should serve as guidance for industry personnel to identify flow control requirements and deliver a suitable solution.
Lightweight Cement Systems Help Prevent Permafrost Melt
Authors: Benge Maggie , Reyes Julio , Xiao Erin 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
As an increasing number of thermal wells are drilled in arctic and subarctic regions, such as the north slope of Alaska and northern Canada, there is an urgent need for lightweight cement systems with thermally insulating properties. Significant temperature changes resulting from activities such as shut-in, steam injection, and production can lead to increased temperatures in the wellbore. As the wellbore temperature rises, there is an increased risk of melting permafrost, which can allow the formation to move and result in costly damage to the well. Lightweight and thermally insulating cement would contribute to the life of a well by maintaining low thermal conductivity while providing structural support for the casing strings. This study compares the thermal and mechanical properties of water-extended, foam, and microsphere cements with densities of 1.32, 1.50, and 1.68 specific gravity (SG) (11, 12.5, and 14 lbm/gal).
To simulate several different conditions in a well, thermal conductivity of the foam system was measured for dried, as-poured, and saturated conditions. While the amount of air or fluid in the foam samples influenced the measured thermal conductivity, both microsphere and foamed systems appeared to be comparable.
Initial findings from mechanical properties testing demonstrated foamed slurries have higher tensile and compressive strengths. Under confining pressure, the foam cement system had a larger failure envelope and would be able to withstand greater downhole pressure increases compared to the microsphere design at the same density.
When designing wells in areas with permafrost, including a cement system with low thermal conductivity would help minimize the risk of melting the permafrost and maximizing the longevity of the well. This paper reviews several possible lightweight solutions and presents the thermal and mechanical properties of various foam and microsphere cement designs.
Revisiting Thermal Well Integrity Through a Closer Look at Casing-Cement-Formation Interaction
Authors: Ichim A. C. , Teodoriu C. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Thermal wells (observation, productions or abandoned) are highly susceptible to leaks due to cement degradation resulting from thermo-chemical-mechanical loads. Therefore, successful application of thermal processes requires a close look at well integrity assessment and prediction for long periods of time. During the life of the well, the casing-cement-rock system is experiencing a cumulative damage which can, for instance, explain the sustained casing pressure that appears after years of good well integrity. Our industry is striving to implement the highest well integrity standards during the field development and beyond.
Deficiencies in well construction and well abandonment are the most common causes of defects inside the composite system of rock, cement and casing. These defects can be measured using standard wellbore measurement tools, and some solutions exist to cure them. Long time exposure of the well to several loads may change the well response due to parameter degradation, with typical loading mechanisms being related to chemical and mechanical interactions. A large number of studies have been conducted to investigate chemical and thermal degradation process of Portland cement systems. The degradation process is very complex and is affected by temperature, pressure, chemistry of the products and time. A literature review of various investigations on well degradation processes shows that most of the experiments are time limited, and therefore the well integrity is limited to the frame in which we can extrapolate the results.
This paper will point out the future need for research to improve the prediction of well integrity. The results of the work show that the major unknowns are long-term properties of the downhole environment like casing, cement, and the interaction between casing-cement-formation. Some preliminary laboratory testing also point out the importance of specific cement testing, beyond those recommended by various regulations and recommended practices. As an example, a theoretical demonstration of why fully cemented casing strings may additionally damage the cement sheath during heating and cooling cycles is provided in this paper, pointing out a novel testing procedure.
Desempenho de frangos de corte criados em aviários dark house versus convencional
Authors: Rovaris Ellen , Corrêa Gerusa da Silva Salles , Corrêa André Brito , Caramori Junior João Garcia , Luna Uanderson Verrissímo de , Assis Saullo Diogo de 
Published: October 2016

In order to evaluate the growth performance of broiler chickens at two different facilities, conventional aviaries (with positive ventilation) and avian dark house (with negative ventilation dark curtain), this study was conducted, from data field of a poultry company located in a region with a warm climate in state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Was evaluated the performance of broilers by body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, mortality and incidence of foot calluses. The results showed that broilers reared in dark house sheds system presented better performances for final weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion. Significant reduction in the incidence of foot callus of chickens reared in conventional sheds. Regarding mortality while creating, there was no significant difference between the two technologies. So the best system, regarding zootechnical results for the keeping of chickens in hot region is the dark house system.
Efeito do ninho com coleta manual versus automática na eclosão de ovos incubáveis
Authors: Rovaris Ellen , Corrêa Gerusa da Silva Salles , Corrêa André Brito , Caramori Junior João Garcia , Luna Uanderson Verrissímo de , Assis Saullo Diogo de 
Published: October 2016

In order to evaluate the quality of fertile eggs and chicks born in two different systems of collecting eggs, manual and automatic, a study was conducted from field data of a poultry company located in Mato Grosso, Brazil. Was evaluated the hatchery hatchability, cracked eggs and contamination by bacteria and fungi, the farm was evaluated eggs laid on the floor and use. The results showed that eggs collected from automated nests had better results and lower hatchability percentages of bacterial and fungal contamination, on the other hand, the manual nests showed higher recovery for incubation and lower floor eggs, cracked eggs in relation to no difference. There was no difference of the number of cracked eggs between nests and broiler breeders age.
Deep tree hollows: important refuges from extreme temperatures
Authors: O'Connell Chris , Keppel Gunnar 
Published: October 2016

Tree hollows constitute crucial habitats for fauna and can buffer ambient environmental conditions. The latter property should be especially relevant during extreme weather conditions, which are forecast to increase under anthropogenic climate change. We investigated the buffering capacity of Eucalyptus oleosa F.Muell. ex Miq. subsp. oleosa tree hollows in semi‐arid southern Australia for 28 days under a wide range of ambient temperatures. Tree hollows provided more stable microclimates than ambient conditions, maintaining lower temperatures and higher humidity during the day and higher temperatures and lower humidity during the night. Daytime buffering capacity increased slightly with depth and we recorded a maximum buffering of 15.1°C below ambient temperatures. Maximum day time buffering capacity increased at a rate of approximately 0.6°C per 1°C increase in ambient temperature, meaning that maximum buffering capacity was reached during the hottest periods. The high buffering capacity of tree hollows suggests that old trees with deep hollows are important in facilitating the persistence of fauna during extreme weather events. Therefore, protecting old‐growth forests and vegetation remnants that are rich in tree hollows is an important strategy for mitigating the impact of climate change on fauna.
Simulated drilling noise affects the space use of a large terrestrial mammal
Authors: Drolet Amélie , Dussault Christian , Côté Steeve D. 
Published: October 2016

Wildlife is exposed to increasing anthropogenic disturbances related to shale oil and gas extraction in response to rising worldwide demands. As these disturbances increase in intensity and occurrence across the landscape, understanding their impacts is essential for management. On Anticosti Island (Québec, Canada), we equipped six white‐tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus with GPS collars taking hourly locations. We then designed a playback experiment by simulating constant drilling noise emitted by generators to which half of the collared deer were exposed for a three‐week period. Deer tolerated noise levels up to 70 dB(C). However, the number of locations recorded in areas where the noise was above 70 dB(C) was on average 73% (SE ± 18%) lower than before the disturbance, which suggests that deer experienced fine scale functional habitat loss. This loss of habitat occurred up to 200 m from the noise source. The size of home ranges and movement rates did not appear to be affected by the noise disturbance. In addition, during the experiment, deer were able to relocate in areas of their home range where food availability was similar to that of sites used before the disturbance. These results show that drilling noise can affect the habitat use of white‐tailed deer. However, future research is needed to better understand the cumulative impacts of shale mining on large mammals, as this study isolated only one of the many disturbances present near mining sites and for a limited period.
Head impacts in a junior rugby league team measured with a wireless head impact sensor: an exploratory analysis
Authors: King Doug , Hume Patria , Gissane Conor , Clark Trevor 
Published: October 2016

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency, magnitude, and distribution of head impacts sustained by players in a junior rugby league over a season of matches.

METHODS
The authors performed a prospective cohort analysis of impact magnitude, frequency, and distribution on data collected with instrumented XPatches worn behind the ear of players in an “under-11” junior rugby league team (players under 11 years old).

RESULTS
A total of 1977 impacts were recorded. Over the course of the study, players sustained an average of 116 impacts (average of 13 impacts per player per match). The measured linear acceleration ranged from 10g to 123g (mean 22g, median 16g, and 95th percentile 57g). The rotational acceleration ranged from 89 rad/sec2 to 22,928 rad/sec2 (mean 4041 rad/sec2, median 2773 rad/sec2, and 95th percentile 11,384 rad/sec2).

CONCLUSIONS
The level of impact severity based on the magnitude of impacts for linear and rotational accelerations recorded was similar to the impacts reported in studies of American junior and high school football, collegiate football, and youth ice hockey players, but the players in the rugby league cohort were younger, had less body mass, and played at a slower speed than the American players. Junior rugby league players are required to tackle the player to the ground and use a different tackle technique than that used in American football, likely increasing the rotational accelerations recorded at the head.
Patient-reported outcomes of occipitocervical and atlantoaxial fusions in children
Authors: Vedantam Aditya , Hansen Daniel , Briceño Valentina , Brayton Alison , Jea Andrew 
Published: October 2016

OBJECTIVE
There is limited literature on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) outcomes in pediatric patients undergoing surgery for craniovertebral junction pathology. The aim of the present study was to assess surgical and quality of life outcomes in children who had undergone occipitocervical or atlantoaxial fusion.

METHODS
The authors retrospectively reviewed the demographics, procedural data, and outcomes of 77 consecutive pediatric patients who underwent posterior occipitocervical or atlantoaxial fusion between 2008 and 2015 at Texas Children's Hospital. Outcome measures (collected at last follow-up) included mortality, neurological improvement, complications, Scoliosis Research Society Outcomes Measure–22 (SRS-22) score, SF-36 score, Neck Disability Index (NDI), and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to identify factors affecting PROs and HRQOL scores at follow-up.

RESULTS
The average age in this series was 10.6 ± 4.5 years. The median follow-up was 13.9 months (range 0.5–121.5 months). Sixty-three patients (81.8%) were treated with occipitocervical fusion, and 14 patients (18.1%) were treated with atlantoaxial fusion. The American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) grade at discharge was unchanged in 73 patients (94.8%). The average PRO metrics at the time of last follow-up were as follows: SRS-22 score, 4.2 ± 0.8; NDI, 3.0 ± 2.6; the parent's PedsQL (ParentPedsQL) score, 69.6 ± 22.7, and child's PedsQL score, 75.5 ± 18.7. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that older age at surgery was significantly associated with lower SRS-22 scores at follow-up (B = −0.06, p = 0.03), and the presence of comorbidities was associated with poorer ParentPedsQL scores at follow-up (B = −19.68, p = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS
This study indicates that occipitocervical and atlantoaxial fusions in children preserve neurological function and are associated with acceptable PROs and ParentPedsQL scores, considering the serious nature and potential for morbidity in this patient population. However, longer follow-up and disease-specific scales are necessary to fully elucidate the impact of occipitocervical and atlantoaxial fusions on children.