bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Bashkirian Rugosa (Anthozoa) from the Donets Basin (Ukraine). Part 5. The Family Bothrophyllidae Fomichev, 1953
Authors: Fedorowski Jerzy 
Published: July 2017

AbstractFour genera (one new, one questionable), seven named species (five new) and five taxa left in open nomenclature are described from uppermost Serpukhovian (Limestone D53) to middle Bashkirian (Limestone G11) strata. A new genus: Nina and the new species: Bothrophyllum kalmyussi, B. gorbachevensis, Nina donetsiana, N. dibimitaria and N. magna are introduced. The genus Cystilophophyllum Fomichev, 1953 is redefined and transferred to the Family Bothrophyllidae. Three general topics discussed in the Considerations are: 1. The taxonomic value of the microstructure of the septa and the necessity for a distinction between that character and diagenetic alterations; 2. Depositional conditions, under which the rugose coral skeletons were deposited; 3. The similarity of skeletal constructions vs. relationships in some taxa of the Subfamily Dibunophyllinae Wang, 1950 and the Family Bothrophyllidae Fomichev, 1953. The lack of final conclusions in the matter of the relationships is due to the incompleteness and restricted number of specimens studied herein and the incomplete investigations of a great majority of the earlier described bothrophyllid taxa.
The Effect of the Use of Technological Lubricants Based on Vegetable Oils on the Process of Titanium Sheet Metal Forming
Authors: Więckowski W. , Dyja K. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The paper evaluates the drawability of titanium sheet metal Grade 2, with the focus on friction conditions that are present in the sheet metal forming process. The study aims to present the results of the examinations of the friction coefficient during a strip drawing test. The focus of the experiment was on lubricants based on vegetable oils i.e. rapeseed oil, sunflower oil and olive oil. Boric acid was used to improve the lubricating properties of vegetable oils. The results of numerical simulations of the process of forming a cover with stiffening components made of grade 2 titanium sheet metal was also presented. The numerical simulation was carried out using the FEM method with PAMStamp 2G software. The effect of conditions of friction between the sheet metal and tool parts and pressure force of the blank holder on the forming process were investigated. Numerical calculations were performed with consideration for the phenomenon of material strain hardening and anisotropy of plastic properties of the sheet metal formed. The analysis of the deformations and reduction in wall thickness of the drawn parts can be used for determination of the effect of changes in selected parameters on the process of drawn part forming. The quality of drawn parts was assessed based on the shape inaccuracy determined during simulation of forming. The inaccuracy depended on the conditions of the process and strength properties of the titanium sheet metal.
Diode Laser Surface Alloying of Armor Steel with Tungsten Carbide
Authors: Janicki D. , Górka J. , Kwaśny W. , Gołombek K. , Kondracki M. , Żuk M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMetal matrix composite (MMC) surface layers reinforced by WC were fabricated on armor steel ARMOX 500T plates via a laser surface alloying process. The microstructure of the layers was assessed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.The surface layers having the WC fraction up to 71 vol% and an average hardness of 1300 HV were produced. The thickness of these layers was up to 650 μm. The addition of a titanium powder in the molten pool increased the wettability of WC particles by the liquid metal in the molten pool increasing the WC fraction. Additionally, the presence of titanium resulted in the precipitation of the (Ti,W)C phase, which significantly reduced the fraction of W-rich complex carbides and improved a structural integrity of the layers.
Microstructural and Mechanical Study of Inconel 625 – Tungsten Carbide Composite Coatings Obtained by Powder Laser Cladding
Authors: Huebner J. , Rutkowski P. , Kata D. , Kusiński J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis study focuses on the investigation of fine (~0.54 μm) tungsten carbide particles effect on structural and mechanical properties of laser cladded Inconel 625-WC composite. Three powder mixtures with different Inconel 625 – WC weight ratio (10, 20 and 30 weight % of WC) were prepared. Coatings were made using following process parameters: laser beam diameter ø ≈ 500 μm, powder feeder rotation speed – 7 m/min, scanning velocity – 10 m/min, laser power – 220 W changed to 320 W, distance between tracks – 1 mm changed to 0.8 mm. Microstructure and hardness were investigated. Coatings produced by laser cladding were crack and pore free, chemically and structurally homogenous. High cooling rate during cladding process resulted in fine microstructure of material. Hardness improved with addition of WC from 396.3 ±10.5 HV for pure Inconel 625, to 469.9 ±24.9 HV for 30 weight % of WC. Tungsten carbide dissolved in Inconel 625 which allowed formation of intergranular eutectic that contains TCP phases.
Estimation of the Effect of Production Parameters on Mechanical Properties of Sintered Steels using ANOVA
Authors: Sułowski M. , Jordan A. , Czarski A. , Matusiewicz P. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The object of the study was to assess the influence of selected production parameters of sintered Fe-Mn-Cr-Mo-C steels i.e. chemical composition, sintering temperature, sintering atmosphere and heat treatment on the following mechanical properties: impact toughness, hardness of the surface, tensile strength, bend strength after static tensile tests.
In the investigations, the general linear model (GLM) of the multivariate analysis of variance ANOVA was used. All assumptions of ANOVA, i.e. randomization of the experiment, the normality of the residuals, equality of variance at different levels have been fulfilled and verified. The predictive strength of the constructed models expressed by the adjusted determination coefficient (R2adj) is at medium or large level – R2adj is in the range from 41.46% to 76.97%. This work is focused mainly on the ANOVA methodology. A wide physical interpretation of the results will be possible after the optimization of the ANOVA models used.
Metallographic Study of the Casting Made from CMSX-6 SC Nickel-Based Superalloy
Authors: Szczotok A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMicrostructural characterization is an important tool to optimize the properties of engineering materials. Quantitative metallography is a common technique, which provides three-dimensional estimations of phases and structure elements from two-dimensional images. Metallography has been described as both a science and an art [1].Superalloys are high-performance alloys which exhibits excellent mechanical strength and creep resistance at high temperatures, good surface stability, and corrosion and oxidation resistance. Temperature and corrosion resistant materials such as nickel-based superalloys are prepared mostly with standard metallographic techniques. However, the results can be significantly improved by using finely graded CMP (chemical mechanical polish) polishing solutions on a high napped polishing pad.Sample preparation requires a certain degree of skills and experience, due to the high chemical resistance of most superalloys. Some chemical solutions are able to dissolve theγmatrix and recover theγ'residue, and some others solutions can be used to obtain a contrary effect – dissolve theγ'phase precipitates and recover theγmatrix residue. The aim of the presented research is to describe qualitatively and quantitatively the as-cast microstructure of CMSX-6 SC superalloy. The author’s attention has been concentrated on theγ'phase precipitates morphology. The results of using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are presented.
The Impact of the Thickness of the Ceramic Shell Mould on the (γ + γ′) Eutectic in the IN713C Superalloy Airfoil Blade Casting
Authors: Szczotok A. , Nawrocki J. , Pietraszek J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn the study the wall thickness of ceramic shell mould influence on (γ+γ′) eutectic in the IN713C nickel-based superalloy airfoil blade casting was described.Two castings formed as a blade from two wax pattern assemblies were analysed. In the experiment in one pattern the thick ceramic layer was obtained on pressure side and in another one on suction side of the airfoil blade. The microstructure of the cross-sections of the castings were observed on polished and etched metallographic specimens. The microstructure and phases chemical compositions of specimens was analyzed by using the scanning electron microscope Hitachi S-4200 equipped with EDS. It was established, that wall thickness of ceramic shell mould affect size, shape and volume fraction of (γ+γ′) eutectic islands in airfoil blade made from IN713C superalloy.The analysis was provided in accordance to the typical statistical methodology [1].
The Application of Acoustic Emission and Artificial Neural Networks in an Analysis of Kinetics in the Phase Transformation of Tool Steel During Austempering
Authors: Łazarska M. , Woźniak T.Z. , Ranachowski Z. , Ranachowski P. , Trafarski A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDuring the course of the study it involved tool steel C105U was used. The steel was austempered at temperatures of 130°C, 160°C and 180°C respectively. Methods of acoustic emission (AE) were used to investigate the resulting effects associated with transformations and a large number of AE events were registered. Neural networks were applied to analyse these phenomena. In the tested signal, three groups of events were identified of: high, medium and low energy. The average spectral characteristics enabled the power of the signal spectrum to be determined. After completing the process, the results were compiled in the form of diagrams of the relationship of the AE incidence frequency as a function of time. Based on the results, it was found that in the austempering of tool steel, in the first stage of transformation midrib morphology is formed. Midrib is a twinned thin plate martensite. In the 2nd stage of transformation, the intensity of the generation of medium energy events indicates the occurrence of bainite initialised by martensite. The obtained graphic of AE characteristics of tool steel austempering allow conclusions to be drawn about the kinetics and the mechanism of this transformation.
The Effects of Finish Rolling Temperature and Niobium Microalloying on the Microstructure and Properties of a Direct Quenched High-Strength Steel
Authors: Kaijalainen A. , Vähäkuopus N. , Somani M. , Mehtonen S. , Porter D. , Kömi J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis paper comprehends the effects of finish rolling temperature (FRT) and Nb-microalloying on the microstructural evolution and resultant properties of a low carbon direct quenched steel in the yield strength category of ≥900 MPa. Results indicate that a decrease in FRT close to Ar3temperature significantly influenced the microstructure following phase transformation, especially at the subsurface (~50-400 μm) of the rolled strip. On decreasing the FRT, the subsurface microstructure revealed a fine mixture of ferrite and bainite obviously as a result of strain-induced transformation, whereas the structure at the centreline remained essentially martensitic. Further, Nb-microalloying promoted the formation of ferrite and bainite even at higher FRTs, thus influencing the mechanical properties. The microstructures of the hot-rolled strips were further corroborated with the aid of CCT diagrams.
Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Electron Beam Welded Joints of High Strength S960QL and Weldox 1300 Steel Grades
Authors: Błacha S. , Węglowski M.S. , Dymek S. , Kopyściański M. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The paper shows the results of metallographic examination and mechanical properties of electron beam welded joints of quenched and tempered S960QL and Weldox 1300 steel grades. The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of producing good quality electron beam welded joints without filler material.
Metallographic examination revealed that the concentrated electron beam significantly affects the changes of microstructure in the weld and the adjacent heat affected zone (HAZ) in both steel grades. The microstructure of the welded joints is not homogeneous. The four zones, depending on the distance from the weld face, can be distinguished. Basically, the microstructure of the weld consists of a mixture of martensite and bainite. However, the microstructure of HAZ depends on the distance from the fusion line. It is composed of martensite near the fusion line and a mixture of bainite and ferrite in the vicinity of the base material.
Significant differences in mechanical properties of the welded joints were observed. For a butt welded joint of the S960QL steel grade the strength is at the level of the strength of the base material (Rm = 1074 MPa). During the bending test the required angle of 180° was achieved. The impact strength at −40°C was 71,7 J/cm2. In the case of the Weldox 1300 steel grade butt welded joints exhibit high mechanical properties (Rm = 1470 MPa), however, the plastic properties are on the lower level than for the base material.
Fabrication and Crystal Structure of Sol-Gel Deposited BST Thin Films with Compositional Gradient
Authors: Czekaj D. , Lisińska-czekaj A. , Plewa J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn the present research technology of compositionally graded barium strontium titanate Ba1-xSrxTiO3thin films deposited on stainless steel substrates by sol-gel spin coating followed with thermal annealing atT= 650°C is reported. Results of thermal behavior of the sol-gel derived powders with compositions used for fabrication of graded structure (i.e. with Sr mole fractionx= 0.5, 0.4 and 0.3) are described. X-ray diffraction studies of the phase composition and crystal structure of such complex thin film configuration are given. It was found that gel powders exhibited a large total weight loss of about Δm≈ 44-47%. Three stages of weight loss took place at temperature ranges: belowT≈ 300°C, at ΔT≈ 300-500°C and betweenT= 600°C andT= 800°C. Phase analysis has shown that the dominating phase is Ba0.67Sr0.33TiO3compound while the second phase is Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3or Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3for “up-graded” and “down-graded” structure, respectively.
Study of Composite Insulator Sheds Subjected to Wheel Test
Authors: Mackiewicz M. , Mikulski J.L. , Wańkowicz J. , Kucharski S. , Ranachowski P. , Ranachowski Z. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The paper presents investigation of the properties of the surface and the material stiffness – flexibility of series of samples taken from the sheds of the composite insulators. The insulators were previously subjected to wheel test. The wheel test and 1000 h salt fog test are regarded as alternative examination of the material resistance to the effects of electrical surface discharges. There were investigated two series of the samples of the composite insulators sheds. Examined specimens, made of HTV silicone rubber, were taken from the sheds of medium-voltage composite insulators of two different manufacturers. Insulators of both types passed the 1000 h salt fog test without reservation. Meanwhile, the wheel test can provide a basis for better distinguishing between physical properties of the tested materials. In the case of the insulators of one of the manufacturers the wheel test result was negative. Cross puncture effect of the sheds took place in several places. In addition, sheds were covered with dark coating of varying thicknesses. The results of the study indicated a significantly stronger influence of electrical and temperature factors on the sheds under investigations during the wheel test than in the case of the 1000 h salt fog test. It can be stated that these tests cannot be considered as alternative and it seems that wheel test enables better distinguishing between properties of the materials.
Microstructure and Soft Magnetic Properties of Fe-Zr-(Pt)-Nb-Cu-B Amorphous Alloys
Authors: Gondro J. , Błoch K. , Nabiałek M. , Walters S. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis paper presents the results of investigations into the microstructure and magnetic properties of Fe86Zr7Nb1Cu1B5, Fe82Zr7Nb2Cu1B8and Fe81Pt5Zr7Nb1Cu1B5alloys. The alloys were investigated in their as-quenched state, in the form of thin ribbons with approximate dimensions as follows: width 3 mm and thickness 20 μm.The investigations were performed utilizing Mössbauer spectrometry and X-ray diffractometry. Also, an evaluation of the low-field magnetic susceptibility and measurements of the magnetization versus temperature and magnetizing field were performed.
Thermal Stability of AA1050 Aluminum Alloy after Equal Channel Angular Pressing
Authors: Koprowski P. , Bogucki R. , Bieda M. , Kawałko J. , Sztwiertnia K. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe annealing behavior of AA1050 aluminum alloy deformed by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) was studied experimentally. The material was subjected to extrusion through die with channels intersecting at an 90° angle. Samples were pressed for up to 8 passes using route BC, then cut into slices and subsequently annealed for 1 hour at temperatures from 100°C to 350°C. Hardness measurements were performed on each slice. Microstructure of material was analyzed in the longitudinal section by means of Electron Backscatter Diffraction system in a scanning electron microscope (EBSD/SEM). From the obtained sets of Kikuchi diffraction patterns orientation maps and Image Quality maps were determined. Grain size, disorientation distributions and crystallographic texture were also estimated. ECAP caused significant improvement of hardness, with stabilization after 4 passes. Refinement of microstructure was obtained with the increasing amount of passes. Material properties were stable during annealing at temperatures lower than 150°C. Annealing at higher temperatures caused a decrease in hardness corresponding to an increase of the grain size.
TEM Microstructure and Chemical Composition of Transition Zone Between Steel Tube and An Inconel 625 Weld Overlay Coating Produced by CMT Method
Authors: Rozmus-Górnikowska M. , Blicharski M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe aim of this work was to investigate the microstructure and chemical composition of the transition zone between 16Mo3 steel and Inconel 625 weld overlay coating produced by the Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) method. Investigations were primarily carried out through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on thin foils prepared by FIB (Focus Ion Beam).The chemical analysis demonstrated that the amount of certain elements (Fe, Ni, Cr, Mo, Nb) in the transition zone between the base material and the weld overlay changes quickly, from the composition of the steel to the composition of the composite zone. STEM and TEM investigations revealed that two areas are clearly visible in the transition zone. In the narrow band close to the fusion boundary where plates are clearly visible and theMstemperature is higher than room temperature, electron diffraction analyses show reflections of martensite and austenite. Moreover, the crystallographic relations between martensite and austenite can be described by the Kurdjumov-Sachs (K-S) relationship$\{ 110\} _{\alpha '} ||\{ 111\} _\gamma < 1\bar 11 > _{\alpha '} || < 1\bar 10 > _\gamma $). The microstructure of the part of the transition zone with anMstemperature lower than room temperature as well as that of the composite zone is austenite. The investigations proved that the width of the martensitic area can be significantly limited by using the CMT technique for weld overlaying.
Investigation of the Ultrafine-Grained Structure Formation under Different Strain Rates
Authors: Kováčová A. , Kvačkaj T. , Bidulský R. , Bidulská J. , Kočiško R. , Dutkiewicz J. , Lityńska-Dobrzyńska L. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe present paper deals with a study on formation of specific substructural features in OFHC copper processed by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) considering different strain rate conditions. Since two mechanical tensile testing equipments were being used, strain rate response could be studied in a wide range (both in static and dynamic regimes). Moreover, the copper before tensile testing was subjected to drawing and ECAP, separately, which allows to study the influence of both structural and substructural features (CG vs. UFG structure). Considering the static regime, it was found that UFG materials have advanced properties, showing higher strength and ductility in comparison to their CG counterparts. However, this is valid only to the critical value of the strain rate. In the dynamic regime, mathematical linearized results imply that ultimate tensile strength in samples processed by ECAP increases twice every 10 s−1rising, however, they lost approximately the same plastic properties than samples after drawing. Differences in the progress of mechanical properties are related to specific structural and substructural features evolved in the material during ECAP processing. Above mentioned features were studied in detail by methods of transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM, SEM).
Investigations of Temperatures of Phase Transformations of Low-Alloyed Reinforcing Steel within the Heat Treatment Temperature Range
Authors: Kargul T. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe paper presents the results of DSC analysis of steel B500SP produced in the process of continuous casting, which is intended for the production reinforcement rods with high ductility. Studies were carried out in the temperature range below 1000°C in a protective atmosphere of helium during samples heating program. The main objective of the study was to determine the temperature range of austenite structure formation during heating. As a result of performed experiments:Ac1s,Ac1f– temperatures of the beginning and finish of the eutectoid transformation,Ac2– Curie temperature of the ferrite magnetic transformation and the temperature Ac3of transformation of proeutectoid ferrite into austenite were elaborated. Experimental determination of phase transformations temperatures of steel B500SP has great importance for production technology of reinforcement rods, because good mechanical properties of rods are formed by the special thermal treatment in Tempcore process.
Influence of Cooling Conditions on a Slab’s Chill Zone Formation During Continuous Casting of Steel
Authors: Drożdż P. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe cooling conditions of a slab during continuous casting of steel have an impact on the crystalline structure formation. Numerical methods allow real processes to be modelled. Professional computer programs are available on the market, so the results of their simulations allow us to understand the processes that occur during the casting and solidification of the slab. The study attempts to evaluate the impact of the intensity of the secondary cooling on the chilled zone size. The calculations show the differences in the structure of a slab cast with various speeds while maintaining industrial cooling parameters during operation of a continuous casting machine.
Calorimetric Measurements of Ga-Li System by Direct Reaction Method
Authors: Dębski A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe direct reaction calorimetric method was used for the determination of the formation enthalpy of alloys which concentrations correspond to the: Ga7Li2, Ga9Li5, GaLi, Ga4Li5, Ga2Li3, and GaLi2intermetallic phases. The obtained experimental values of the formation enthalpy were: −18.1 ±0.8 kJ/mol at., −26.5 ±0.3 kJ/mol at., −34.7 ±0.3 kJ/mol at., −33.5 ±0.5 kJ/mol at., −32.8 ±0.3 kJ/mol at. and −24.6 ±1.4 kJ/mol at., respectively. After the calorimetric measurements, all the samples were checked by way of X-ray diffraction investigations to confirm the structure of the measured alloys. All the measured values of the formation enthalpy of the Ga-Li alloys were compared with literature data and the data calculated with use of the Miedema model.