bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Re–Establishing Britishness/Englishness: Representation Through Music in a non–Parliamentary Nation
Authors: Burns Robert George Henry 
Published: February 2016

Folk singers were once principal media sources by which news of national events was disseminated in what became the United Kingdom in 1707. Folk song has since been imbued with significance as a record of political events and socio/cultural change. This folk tradition still exists in the present with folk performers either singing critical narratives of historical events or criticising current politics. This paper discusses the question of national identity in the United Kingdom, particularly from the perspective of English identity. Interviews carried out with leading folk–orientated performers indicate that the question of Englishness is of lesser importance to politicians than the UK being a component of Europe. Moreover, Englishness does not enjoy the political representation experienced by other UK nations, yet it is key to English cultural arts and traditions, particularly in a number of new folk styles that have lead to a third phase of revivalism.
The Edge of Ladyspace: Ladi6 and the Political Limits of Self-Branding
Authors: Friend Annalise 
Published: February 2016

Musicians connected through online and offline networks make use of a personal brand to represent themselves and their work. This self-branding must be recognisable, repetitive, and ‘fresh’ if it is to cut through the deluge of contemporary media content. The brands of politically engaged performers’ – referred to as ‘conscious’ – often revolve around themes of political critique, ‘oneness’, and personal and spiritual uplift. The circulation and consumption of personal brands may not necessarily however, preclude the impact of apparent political critique. This article will explore how the Samoan Aotearoa-New Zealander vocalist Ladi6 plays with the role of ‘lady’ in her brand. Ladi6 draws on genre resources from conscious hip hop, soul, reggae, and electronic music. Her assertion of female presence, or creation of a ‘ladyspace’, is both ambiguous and reflexive. However, I argue that her personal brand, found in videos, lyrics, photos, online presence, merchandise, and live performance, operates according to the logic of global capitalism, where consumption restricts alternative ways of engaging with others.
Technical Note: Preferred dosimeter size and associated correction factors in commissioning high dose per pulse, flattening filter free x‐ray beams
Authors: Sudhyadhom A. , Kirby N. , Faddegon B. , Chuang C. F. 
Published: February 2016

Purpose:High dose rate flattening filter free (FFF) beams pose new challenges and considerations for accurate reference and relative dosimetry. The authors report errors associated with commonly used ion chambers and introduce simple methods to mitigate them.Methods:Dosimetric errors due to (1) ion recombination effects of high dose per pulse (DPP) FFF beams and (2) volume‐averaging effects of the radial profile were examined on a TrueBeam STx. Four commonly used cylindrical ion chambers spanning a range of lengths (0.29–2.3 cm) and volumes (0.016–0.6 cm3) were used to determine the magnitude of these effects for 6 and 10 MV unflattened x‐ray beams (6XFFF and 10XFFF, respectively). Two methods were used to determine the magnitude of ion collection efficiency: (1) direct measurement of the percent depth dose (PDD) for the clinical, high DPP beam in comparison to that obtained after reducing the DPP and (2) measurement of Pion as a function of depth. Two methods were used to quantify the magnitude of volume‐averaging: (1) direct measurement of volume‐averaging via cross‐calibration and (2) calculation of volume‐averaging from radial profiles of the beam. Finally, a simple analytical expression for the radial profile volume‐averaging correction factor, Prp = [OAR(0.29L)]−1, or the inverse of the off‐axis ratio of dose at 0.29L, where L is the length of the chamber's sensitive volume, is introduced to mitigate the volume‐averaging effect in Farmer‐type chambers.Results:Errors in measured PDD for the clinical beams were 1.3% ± 0.07% and 1.6% ± 0.07% at 35 cm depth for the 6XFFF and 10XFFF beam, respectively, using an IBA CC13 ion chamber, due to charge recombination with a high DPP. Volume‐averaging effects were 0.4% and 0.7% for the 6XFFF and 10XFFF beam, respectively, when measured with a Farmer‐type chamber. For the application of TG‐51, these errors combine when using a CC13 to measure the PDD and a Farmer for absolute output dosimetry for a total error of up to 2% at dmax for the 10XFFF beam.Conclusions:Relative and absolute dosimetry in high DPP, unflattened x‐ray beams of 10 MV or higher requires corrections for charge recombination and/or volume‐averaging when dosimeters with certain geometries are used. Chambers used for PDD measurement are available that do not require a correction for charge recombination. A simple analytical expression of the correction factor Prp was introduced in this work to account for volume‐averaging effects in Farmer chambers. Choice of an appropriate dosimeter coupled with application of the established correction factors Pion and Prp reduces the uncertainty in the PDD measurement and the reference dose measurement.
Regional Similarities and Consistent Patterns of Local Variation in Beach Sand Bacterial Communities throughout the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Staley Christopher , Sadowsky Michael J. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

Recent characterization of the bacterial community structure in beach sands has revealed patterns of biogeography similar to those observed in aquatic environments. Studies to date, however, have mainly focused on subtidal sediments from marine beaches. Here, we investigate the bacterial diversity, using Illumina-based sequencing of the V5-V6 region of the 16S rRNA gene, at 11 beaches representing those next to the Great Lakes, Florida, and the Pacific Ocean. The alpha diversity differed significantly among regions (
P
< 0.0001), while the within-region diversity was more similar. The beta diversity also differed by region (
P
< 0.001), where freshwater sands had significantly higher abundances of taxa within the
Actinobacteria
,
Betaproteobacteria
, and
Verrucomicrobia
than marine environments. In contrast, marine sands harbored greater abundances of
Gammaproteobacteria
and
Planctomycetes
, and those from Florida had more
Deltaproteobacteria
and
Firmicutes
. Marine beaches had significantly different phylogenetic community structures (
P
≤ 0.018), but freshwater and Florida beaches showed fewer within-region phylogenetic differences. Furthermore, regionally distinct patterns in taxonomic variation were observed in backshore sands, which had communities distinct from those in nearshore sands (
P
< 0.001). Sample depth minimally influenced the community composition. The results of this study reveal distinct bacterial community structures in sand on a broad geographic scale but moderate regional similarity and suggest that local variation is primarily related to the distance from the shoreline. This study offers a novel comparison of the bacterial communities in freshwater and marine beach sands and provides an important basis for future comparisons and analyses to elucidate factors affecting microbial ecology in this underexplored environment.

IMPORTANCE
This study presents a large-scale geographic characterization of the bacterial communities present in beach sands. While previous studies have evaluated how environmental factors influence bacterial community composition, few have evaluated bacterial communities in freshwater sands. Furthermore, the use of a consistent methodology to characterize bacterial communities here allowed a novel comparison of communities across geographic regions. We reveal that while the community composition in sands at individual beaches is distinct, beach sands within the same region harbor similar assemblages of bacteria and these assemblages differ greatly between regions. In addition, moisture, associated with distance from the shoreline, strongly influences the bacteria present in sands and more strongly influences the bacteria present than sample depth does. Thus, the data presented here offer an important basis for a broader characterization of the ecology of bacteria in sands, which may also be relevant to public health and resource management initiatives.
Isolation and Structural Elucidation of Brevibacillin, an Antimicrobial Lipopeptide from Brevibacillus laterosporus That Combats Drug-Resistant Gram-Positive Bacteria
Authors: Yang Xu , Huang En , Yuan Chunhua , Zhang Liwen , Yousef Ahmed E. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

A new environmental bacterial strain exhibited strong antimicrobial characteristics against methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
, vancomycin-resistant strains of
Enterococcus faecalis
and
Lactobacillus plantarum
, and other Gram-positive bacteria. The producer strain, designated OSY-I
1
, was determined to be
Brevibacillus laterosporus
via morphological, biochemical, and genetic analyses. The antimicrobial agent was extracted from cells of OSY-I
1
with isopropanol, purified by high-performance liquid chromatography, and structurally analyzed using mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The MS and NMR results, taken together, uncovered a linear lipopeptide consisting of 13 amino acids and an N-terminal C
6
fatty acid (FA) chain, 2-hydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid. The lipopeptide (FA-Dhb-Leu-Orn-Ile-Ile-Val-Lys-Val-Val-Lys-Tyr-Leu-valinol, where Dhb is α,β-didehydrobutyric acid and valinol is 2-amino-3-methyl-1-butanol) has a molecular mass of 1,583.0794 Da and contains three modified amino acid residues: α,β-didehydrobutyric acid, ornithine, and valinol. The compound, designated brevibacillin, was determined to be a member of a cationic lipopeptide antibiotic family. In addition to its potency against drug-resistant bacteria, brevibacillin also exhibited low MICs (1 to 8 μg/ml) against selected foodborne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria, such as
Listeria monocytogenes
,
Bacillus cereus
, and
Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris
. Purified brevibacillin showed no sign of degradation when it was held at 80°C for 60 min, and it retained at least 50% of its antimicrobial activity when it was held for 22 h under acidic or alkaline conditions. On the basis of these findings, brevibacillin is a potent antimicrobial lipopeptide which is potentially useful to combat drug-resistant bacterial pathogens and foodborne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria.
Carbon Isotope Fractionation during Catabolism and Anabolism in Acetogenic Bacteria Growing on Different Substrates
Authors: Freude Christoph , Blaser Martin 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

Homoacetogenic bacteria are versatile microbes that use the acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) pathway to synthesize acetate from CO
2
and hydrogen. Likewise, the acetyl-CoA pathway may be used to incorporate other 1-carbon substrates (e.g., methanol or formate) into acetate or to homoferment monosaccharides completely to acetate. In this study, we analyzed the fractionation of pure acetogenic cultures grown on different carbon substrates. While the fractionation of
Sporomusa sphaeroides
grown on C
1
compounds was strong (ε
C1
, −49‰ to −64‰), the fractionation of
Moorella thermoacetica
and
Thermoanaerobacter kivui
using glucose (ε
Glu
= −14.1‰) was roughly one-third as strong, suggesting a contribution of less-depleted acetate from fermentative processes. For
M. thermoacetica
, this could indeed be validated by the addition of nitrate, which inhibited the acetyl-CoA pathway, resulting in fractionation during fermentation (ε
ferm
= −0.4‰). In addition, we determined the fractionation into microbial biomass of
T. kivui
grown on H
2
/CO
2
(ε
anabol.
= −28.6‰) as well as on glucose (ε
anabol.
= +2.9‰).
Data Acceptance Criteria for Standardized Human-Associated Fecal Source Identification Quantitative Real-Time PCR Methods
Authors: Shanks Orin C. , Kelty Catherine A. , Oshiro Robin , Haugland Richard A. , Madi Tania , Brooks Lauren , Field Katharine G. , Sivaganesan Mano 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
There is growing interest in the application of human-associated fecal source identification quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) technologies for water quality management. The transition from a research tool to a standardized protocol requires a high degree of confidence in data quality across laboratories. Data quality is typically determined through a series of specifications that ensure good experimental practice and the absence of bias in the results due to DNA isolation and amplification interferences. However, there is currently a lack of consensus on how best to evaluate and interpret human fecal source identification qPCR experiments. This is, in part, due to the lack of standardized protocols and information on interlaboratory variability under conditions for data acceptance. The aim of this study is to provide users and reviewers with a complete series of conditions for data acceptance derived from a multiple laboratory data set using standardized procedures. To establish these benchmarks, data from HF183/BacR287 and HumM2 human-associated qPCR methods were generated across 14 laboratories. Each laboratory followed a standardized protocol utilizing the same lot of reference DNA materials, DNA isolation kits, amplification reagents, and test samples to generate comparable data. After removal of outliers, a nested analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to establish proficiency metrics that include lab-to-lab, replicate testing within a lab, and random error for amplification inhibition and sample processing controls. Other data acceptance measurements included extraneous DNA contamination assessments (no-template and extraction blank controls) and calibration model performance (correlation coefficient, amplification efficiency, and lower limit of quantification). To demonstrate the implementation of the proposed standardized protocols and data acceptance criteria, comparable data from two additional laboratories were reviewed. The data acceptance criteria proposed in this study should help scientists, managers, reviewers, and the public evaluate the technical quality of future findings against an established benchmark.
Environmental Contamination in Households of Patients with Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection
Authors: Shaughnessy Megan K. , Bobr Aleh , Kuskowski Michael A. , Johnston Brian D. , Sadowsky Michael J. , Khoruts Alexander , Johnson James R. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

Recurrent
Clostridium difficile
infection (R-CDI) is common and difficult to treat, potentially necessitating fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Although
C. difficile
spores persist in the hospital environment and cause infection, little is known about their potential presence or importance in the household environment. Households of R-CDI subjects in the peri-FMT period and of geographically matched and age-matched controls were analyzed for the presence of
C. difficile
. Household environmental surfaces and fecal samples from humans and pets in the household were examined. Households of post-FMT subjects were also examined (environmental surfaces only). Participants were surveyed regarding their personal history and household cleaning habits. Species identity and molecular characteristics of presumptive
C. difficile
isolates from environmental and fecal samples were determined by using the Pro kit (Remel, USA), Gram staining, PCR, toxinotyping,
tcdC
gene sequencing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Environmental cultures detected
C. difficile
on ≥1 surface in 8/8 (100%) peri-FMT households, versus 3/8 (38%) post-FMT households and 3/8 (38%) control households (
P
= 0.025). The most common
C. difficile
-positive sites were the vacuum (11/27; 41%), toilet (8/30; 27%), and bathroom sink (5/29; 17%).
C. difficile
was detected in 3/36 (8%) fecal samples (two R-CDI subjects and one household member). Nine (90%) of 10 households with multiple
C. difficile
-positive samples had a single genotype present each. In conclusion,
C. difficile
was found in the household environment of R-CDI patients, but whether it was found as a cause or consequence of R-CDI is unknown. If household contamination leads to R-CDI, effective decontamination may be protective.
Generation and Characterization of Indoor Fungal Aerosols for Inhalation Studies
Authors: Madsen Anne Mette , Larsen Søren T. , Koponen Ismo K. , Kling Kirsten I. , Barooni Afnan , Karottki Dorina Gabriela , Tendal Kira , Wolkoff Peder 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTIn the indoor environment, people are exposed to several fungal species. Evident dampness is associated with increased respiratory symptoms. To examine the immune responses associated with fungal exposure, mice are often exposed to a single species grown on an agar medium. The aim of this study was to develop an inhalation exposure system to be able to examine responses in mice exposed to mixed fungal species aerosolized from fungus-infested building materials. Indoor airborne fungi were sampled and cultivated on gypsum boards. Aerosols were characterized and compared with aerosols in homes. Aerosols containing 107CFU of fungi/m3air were generated repeatedly from fungus-infested gypsum boards in a mouse exposure chamber. Aerosols containedAspergillus nidulans,Aspergillus niger,Aspergillus ustus,Aspergillus versicolor,Chaetomium globosum,Cladosporiumherbarum,Penicillium brevicompactum,Penicillium camemberti,Penicillium chrysogenum,Penicillium commune,Penicillium glabrum,Penicillium olsonii,Penicillium rugulosum,Stachybotrys chartarum, andWallemia sebi. They were all among the most abundant airborne species identified in 28 homes. Nine species from gypsum boards and 11 species in the homes are associated with water damage. Most fungi were present as single spores, but chains and clusters of different species and fragments were also present. The variation in exposure level during the 60 min of aerosol generation was similar to the variation measured in homes. Through aerosolization of fungi from the indoor environment, cultured on gypsum boards, it was possible to generate realistic aerosols in terms of species composition, concentration, and particle sizes. The inhalation-exposure system can be used to study responses to indoor fungi associated with water damage and the importance of fungal species composition.
A Novel Glycoside Hydrolase Family 113 Endo-β-1,4-Mannanase from Alicyclobacillus sp. Strain A4 and Insight into the Substrate Recognition and Catalytic Mechanism of This Family
Authors: Xia Wei , Lu Haiqiang , Xia Mengjuan , Cui Ying , Bai Yingguo , Qian Lichun , Shi Pengjun , Luo Huiying , Yao Bin 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

Few members of glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 113 have been characterized, and information on substrate recognition by and the catalytic mechanism of this family is extremely limited. In the present study, a novel endo-β-1,4-mannanase of GH 113, Man113A, was identified in thermoacidophilic
Alicyclobacillus
sp. strain A4 and found to exhibit both hydrolytic and transglycosylation activities. The enzyme had a broad substrate spectrum, showed higher activities on glucomannan than on galactomannan, and released mannobiose and mannotriose as the main hydrolysis products after an extended incubation. Compared to the only functionally characterized and structure-resolved counterpart
Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius
ManA (
Aa
ManA) of GH 113, Man113A showed much higher catalytic efficiency on mannooligosaccharides, in the order mannohexaose ≈ mannopentaose > mannotetraose > mannotriose, and required at least four sugar units for efficient catalysis. Homology modeling, molecular docking analysis, and site-directed mutagenesis revealed the vital roles of eight residues (Trp13, Asn90, Trp96, Arg97, Tyr196, Trp274, Tyr292, and Cys143) related to substrate recognition by and catalytic mechanism of GH 113. Comparison of the binding pockets and key residues of β-mannanases of different families indicated that members of GH 113 and GH 5 have more residues serving as stacking platforms to support −4 to −1 subsites than those of GH 26 and that the residues preceding the acid/base catalyst are quite different. Taken as a whole, this study elucidates substrate recognition by and the catalytic mechanism of GH 113 β-mannanases and distinguishes them from counterparts of other families.
Acupuncture for Recovery after Surgery in Patients Undergoing Colorectal Cancer Resection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kim Kun Hyung , Kim Dae Hun , Kim Hee Young , Son Gyung Mo 
Published: February 2016

Objective To assess the efficacy/effectiveness and safety of acupuncture in patients recovering from colorectal cancer resection. Methods We systematically searched four English language databases (Medline, Embase, CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials), and AMED (Allied and Complementary Medicine Database)) and one Chinese database (CAJ, China Academic Journals). Randomised trials of acupuncture compared with usual/routine care, sham interventions or active comparators in patients undergoing colorectal cancer resection were eligible for inclusion. Postoperative symptoms and quality of life (QoL) were the primary outcomes for the review. Results Of 1225 screened hits, seven randomised trials with 540 participants were included. High or uncertain risk of bias and significant heterogeneity were observed. All outcomes were measured before discharge, and no trial explicitly reported post-discharge outcomes. The response to acupuncture in terms of postoperative symptoms was inconsistent across trials. QoL was not measured in the included studies. For certain outcomes reflecting physiological recovery, favourable effects of acupuncture were observed compared with sham acupuncture, namely time to first flatus (n=207, three studies; mean difference (MD) −7.48 h, 95% CI −14.58 to −0.39 h, I2=0%) and time to first defaecation (n=149, two studies; MD −18.04 h, 95% CI −31.90 to −4.19 h, I2=0%). Two studies reported there were no acupuncture-related adverse events, whereas the remaining studies did not consider adverse events. Conclusions We found low-to moderate-quality evidence for the efficacy and safety of acupuncture for recovery after surgery in colorectal cancer patients. Future trials with adequate allocation concealment, blinding of outcome assessors, and measurement of post-discharge outcomes including QoL or functional recovery are warranted. Trial Registration Number CRD42014015537.