bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acculturation and Cultural Socialization Practices of Japanese Immigrant and Temporary Resident Families in the United States
Authors: Kayama Misa 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The Asian population is the second-largest immigrant group in the United States. Many Asian immigrant children and their families experience anti-Asian racism, which has been exacerbated after the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as acculturation challenges, such as social isolation. This chapter discusses the experiences of new Japanese immigrant families in the United States as they acculturate to US local communities and schools. Japanese immigrants generally are sensitive to others’ responses to their differences, influenced in part by Confucianism that values group harmony. They may perceive that they are solely responsible for adjusting to US cultures and may be reluctant to seek formal services, concerned that such services may label them as “failures.” These responses further increase their vulnerability to acculturation and anti-Asian racism. Access to Japanese cultural resources, however, helps them navigate challenges and adjust to US culture. Some implications are discussed to support the acculturation of immigrant children and their families.
Reflecting on Racism Within the Social Work Profession and Developing an Anti-Racist Workforce
Authors: Kwong Kenny 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
To address the impacts of racism and xenophobia against Asian Americans, the Social Work Grand Challenge to Eliminate Racism recommends several priorities including developing an anti-racist social work workforce and expanding social work education to address structural inequalities and White privilege and their impacts on marginalized communities. This chapter explores several critical challenges impacting the development of anti-racist social work workforce. Expanding the number and ranks of multilingual and multicultural social workers and revisioning social work education grounded in anti-racist and anti-oppressive practice is critical in eradicating racism and anti-Asian violence. This chapter presents both the cultural humility framework and social justice perspective for social work educators to effectively teach, model, and evaluate anti-racist and anti-oppressive practice. Social workers can apply these models to enhance critical self-reflection and raise self-awareness to address systemic racism, xenophobia, and White supremacy from both within the profession and in the larger society.
Service Access to Depression Treatment
Authors: Leung Patrick , Cheung Monit , Leung Carol A. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
A cross-sectional survey in Houston, Texas, explores mental health concerns and service utilization among 1,840 respondents across six Asian American ethnicities. Examining depression rates and help-seeking sources, six journal articles utilize multivariate analyses to investigate the impact of individual differences on service utilization. This chapter synthesizes these findings, emphasizing the predictive role of addressing traumatic life events in mental health concerns and service access. While the study identifies limited access to mental health care, it also highlights the supportive roles of family and personal networks. Notably, this research underscores the significance of understanding mental health disparities, especially when informal sources are preferred. The call to action for practitioners is to advocate for equitable care that addresses the unique needs of culturally diverse Asian American communities.
Promising, Culturally Sensitive Evidence-Based Interventions for Asian Americans
Authors: Mukherjee Dhrubodhi 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter delves into the evolving landscape of mental health practices tailored for the Asian American community in the United States, particularly in the context of shifting perceptions following COVID-19. It explores the multifaceted challenges faced by this community, including the impact of stereotype threat and its implications for mental health service delivery. The chapter provides an in-depth discussion on how mental health professionals can effectively navigate these stereotype threats while fostering therapeutic relationships with Asian American clients. It emphasizes the importance of cultural sensitivity and understanding in the therapeutic process, particularly in addressing issues related to Asian identity and its influence on mental health. The chapter offers a comprehensive overview of assessment techniques and intervention strategies that are culturally attuned and responsive to the unique needs of Asian American individuals. It serves as a crucial resource for mental health practitioners seeking to adopt best practices and develop a deeper understanding of the specific mental health challenges and needs of the Asian American community.
The Importance of Community-Based Solutions in Addressing Anti-Asian Racism
Authors: Bersamira Clifford S. , Lau Sophia B. , Lee Yeonjung Jane 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
When committing to anti-racist work, social workers have the ability to serve as natural partners with the Asian American community due to the profession’s distinct emphasis on social justice, health equity, and multilevel practice, with its attention to marginalized and underserved populations. In this regard and when partnering with stakeholders, it is imperative for social workers to integrate the community’s inherent wisdom, practices, and advocacy work that have been historically disregarded or untold. This chapter includes a brief overview of the history and context of Asian American community advocacy, a description of Asian American experiences with racially fueled hate during the COVID-19 pandemic as recounted in a study of Asian American social workers, a discussion of the challenges and considerations when doing advocacy work with the Asian American community, and recommended action steps for social workers engaging in Asian American community-based advocacy work.
On Social Closure
Authors: Mackert Jürgen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe book presents an entirely new approach to the theory and analysis of social closure that provides a sociological tool for analysing the three critical forms of closure in the world today: exclusion in the context of neoliberalism, exploitation/new slavery in the context of global capitalism, and elimination in the context of the ongoing legacy of settler colonialism. The approach moves social closure from a descriptive approach to an explanatory concept that transcends society-centred, Eurocentric, or Western-centred analyses of processes of social closure. A mechanismic approach allows us to identify two critical social mechanisms—denial of access and intervention into community closure—that operate in all kinds of social closure struggles. While the former explains how human beings, social groups, or communities are denied access to resources, rights, or critical networks/institutions, the latter brings a fundamentally new dimension into closure analysis. It argues that the powerful in social relations of exclusion, exploitation, and elimination not only deny access but also implement strategies that directly control or suppress social groups and communities. This control keeps them in an underprivileged position, leaving them vulnerable, unable to fight back, and exposed to the arbitrariness of the excluders, exploiters, and eliminators.
Raymond Murphy
Authors: Mackert Jürgen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe chapter discusses Raymond Murphy’s development of the theory of social closure, building on the work of Max Weber and Frank Parkin. It shows the importance of distinguishing the structures, forms, and rules of closure to differentiate between dominant, deviated, and contingent forms of exclusion within societies. These distinctions reveal how different forms and rules of closure can interact, reinforce, and strengthen each other, generating various kinds of closure. The chapter argues that a reductionist approach that ultimately attributes all forms of closure to capitalist class relations is insufficient. Further, the chapter criticizes the methodological perspective and argues that the theory of social closure misses both a concept of agency and of power and sticks to a teleological perspective of ever-enforcing relations of social closure.
Group Action and Acting in Solidarity
Authors: Mackert Jürgen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter brings in the missing concept of group action and the idea of acting in solidarity as one of the missing but necessary concepts into the basic concepts of a new theorizing of social closure. It argues that both Weber and the theory of social closure admittedly discuss collective dynamics. However, they seem to take this kind of social action to be self-evident. Therefore none of them analyses the preconditions and effects of group formation and the inevitable processes for social groups to close their communities to develop a shared political identity that allows them to act in solidarity. The chapter outlines these processes from a relational perspective that allows us to understand these necessary and inevitable processes.
Power in Closure Analysis
Authors: Mackert Jürgen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe chapter presents a broad discussion on power. Given that neither Max Weber nor the theory of social closure developed an explicit concept of power, this chapter analyses the power conceptions of three sociologists of power: Heinrich Popitz, Anthony Giddens, and Michael Mann. These approaches provide a perspective on resources of power in relational terms, offer a convincing agency-strategy perspective, a specific context sensitivity, and highlight the importance of organizing as an indispensable precondition of group formation to become a powerful actor. Crucial aspects of these three approaches relate to each other in a way that enables me to present a coherent concept of power which serves as the basis for understanding and explaining strategies of social closure
Life Chances / Chances of Survival: The Real Goal of Closure Struggles
Authors: Mackert Jürgen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe chapter introduces the concept of life chances / chances of survival into closure theory. While Weber mentioned life chances in the closure context, I argue that in daily social closure struggles human beings try to realize their life chances, which I define as the real goal of social closure struggles. As this concept is a rudimentary one only in sociology, a critical discussion with Robert K. Merton’s and Ralf Dahrendorf’s ideas allows us to elaborate on it, go beyond them, and link it to its structural counterpart: the concept of the opportunity structure. As both concepts are critical for a new approach to social closure, the chapter not only fundamentally reconceptualizes them but also puts them in a methodologically relational perspective.
Conclusion
Authors: Mackert Jürgen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis Conclusion summarizes the book’s efforts to offer a new perspective and approach to closure theory. This theorizing of social closure demonstrates how starting from a generic concept, rather than a specific one, we can address any problem of social closure in today’s world. So far, closure theory has not used or realized the full analytical potential of theorizing social closure. This Conclusion also justifies the book’s focus on developing an approach to understanding the strategies employed by powerful sides in social relations of exclusion, exploitation, and elimination. It agrees that the weaker sides in closure struggles are able to react and fight back, albeit to very different degrees. Repeatedly, the analysis refers to these processes, yet it argues that these strategies deserve systematic consideration in what might be called a theorizing of counterstrategies in struggles of exclusion, exploitation, and elimination.
Beyond Causal Realism and Idealism
Authors: Humphreys Adam R. C. , Suganami Hidemi 
Published: October 2024

Abstract‘Beyond Causal Realism and Idealism: Van Fraassen and the Possibility of Agnosticism’ examines Van Fraassen’s criticisms of scientific realism and causal realism and his defence of agnosticism, showing how these can inform debates about causation and causal inquiry in International Relations (IR). Van Fraassen demonstrates (i) how it is possible to remain agnostic in relation to the metaphysical questions which realists raise about the reality of both causation and unobservable theoretical entities and (ii) that this agnosticism is not detrimental to scientific or causal inquiry—the differences between realists and agnostics have no direct methodological implications. This finding deflates the power of the realist–idealist dichotomy which has shaped recent debates about causation and causal inquiry in IR. Appreciating Van Fraassen’s arguments sets the stage for a shift in focus in these debates: from a predominant focus on metaphysics to a focus on methodology.
Conclusion
Authors: Humphreys Adam R. C. , Suganami Hidemi 
Published: October 2024

AbstractCausal Inquiry in International Relations has sought to provide a fuller and philosophically more adequate account of causal inquiry than has so far been developed in International Relations, demonstrating what is problematic about established ways of thinking, providing a new account of the logic of causal inquiry, and seeking to enhance collective understanding of the contribution that causal inquiry can make to empirically rich and critically aware scholarship about world politics. This Conclusion summarizes the book’s arguments and reflects on how causal inquiry relates to four other prominent forms of inquiry: normative, interpretive, critical, and historical. Contrary to common supposition, causal inquiry complements, and even overlaps with, each of these other forms of inquiry. It is crucial to recognize, moreover, that all causal inquiry depends on precisely the kind of knowledge which historians routinely provide: knowledge of how specific events were brought about.
Weber's Scorecard
Authors: Page Edward C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Max Weber’s influential understanding of bureaucracy is explored through an examination of the development of officialdom in six European territories: England, Sweden, France, Germany, Spain, and Hungary. Taking a long-term perspective from the ninth century to the present, it looks beyond national institutions and includes officials involved in the provision of goods and services locally. The ‘scorecard’ is based on expected developments in four key areas of Weber’s analysis: the functional differentiation of tasks within government, professionalism, formalism, and monocracy. After discussing the character of officialdom in the ninth, twelfth, fifteenth, eighteenth, and twenty-first centuries, Weber’s scorecard appears to have a mixed record, especially weak in its account of the development of monocracy and formalism. The study goes on to set out an account of administrative development based on understanding processes of routinization, institutional integration, and the instrumentalization of law.
Abuse of Process
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter identifies abuse of process as something so unfair and wrong with the prosecution that the court should not allow a prosecutor to proceed with what is, in all other respects, a regular proceeding. A stay of proceedings based on an abuse of process will be rare and should be allowed only in exceptional circumstances. It emphasizes that the court process should compensate for any unfairness or wrongs and allow for a fair trial. The chapter discusses the exclusion of evidence under section 78 PACE 1984 to secure a fair trial, which is to be preferred to using the abuse jurisdiction. There is a duty on the police to contact identified witnesses, and early identification of the significance of relevant material is a key factor to ensure the prosecution is under a duty to obtain it. The prosecution of a person who has received a promise not to prosecute and has a legitimate expectation is capable of being an abuse of process.
Appeals and Reopening
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes an appeal against conviction or sentence that lies as of right to the Crown Court under section 108 MCA 1980. Section 113 MCA 1980 creates an obligation on the magistrates’ court to consider an application for bail pending appeal in every case where a notice of appeal has been lodged in accordance with the Criminal Procedure Rules (Crim PR) 34.3 and a properly constituted application for bail is made. If a custodial sentence is imposed, it is not the normal practice to grant bail pending an appeal and there is no statutory right to bail. The chapter indicates how a provision is made for appeals by way of case stated by section 111 MCA 1980 and Crim PR 35. The making of an application rules out any appeal on the facts to the Crown Court.
Bail
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the presumption in favour of bail being granted in criminal proceedings. A defendant cannot be granted bail unless the court is satisfied that there is no significant risk of an offence being committed while on bail. Bail may be granted only in exceptional circumstances where a defendant is charged with or convicted of an offence and the defendant has been previously convicted in the United Kingdom of any such offence or of culpable homicide. An application for bail may be made at the first hearing of the case before a magistrates’ court, save in respect of a defendant facing a charge of murder. A table sets out the exceptions to the presumption in favour of bail for different types of cases.
Presence of Defendant and Prosecutor in Court
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the mandatory presence of a defendant that has been bailed to attend court unless and until it is excused by the court. Where a defendant on bail fails to appear, a warrant may be issued for his arrest and on summons and certain other matters, the defendant may be represented by a legal representative. Further remand of a defendant in custody can be ordered if there is illness or accident in accordance with section 129 MCA 1980. The chapter cites section 11 MCA 1980 that details the court’s powers when a defendant does not appear for trial. The court has to have regard to several principles in deciding whether or not to proceed in the defendant’s absence.
Sending and Transfer for Trial
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews certain management responsibilities of the magistrates when sending a case to the Crown Court. Careful consideration should be given to the completion of the case management form identifying the issues in the case. Represented defendants need not be physically present in court for sending proceedings for indicatable only matters, but whether the accused is to be present or absent is a matter for the court to decide. Summary only offences that are entirely separate to either way or indicatable offences should not be sent as linked offences. A discount for guilty plea can be reduced if a plea is not entered or indicated at the first hearing in the magistrates’ court.
Video/Live Links
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses how the court may require or permit a person to take part in eligible criminal proceedings. A live link direction may only be made in respect of those who are taking part in the proceedings, including counsel, solicitors, witnesses, and defendants. Those who are not taking part in the proceedings are entitled to apply to observe the proceedings remotely under section 85A of the Courts Act 2003.
Parents and Guardians
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter overviews the notion of parents and guardians in line with sentencing children and young people. A parent typically refer to a person with parental responsibility under the Children Act 1989, while a guardian refers to any person who has the care of the child or young person for the time being. The chapter then cites the requirement of attendance of parents or guardians at court. It cites how the court must order the parent or guardian to pay the fine, costs, surcharge, and compensation if ordered when the defendant is aged under 16 years. Thus, the local authority is responsible for payment of financial orders where the authority has parental responsibility for the defendant if they are under the authority's care or accommodation.
Criminal Damage
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the extent of provisions concerned with criminal damage. It explains that people will be deemed guilty if they do not have a lawful excuse to destroy or damage any property belonging to another with the intent to destroy or damage the property. Additionally, a person will be considered guilty if they commit the offence under the Criminal Damage Act 1971 for racially or religiously aggravated reasons. The chapter elaborates on the sentencing guidelines for endangering life and threats to cause criminal damage. It also details the provisions of the Criminal Damage Act 1971 concerned with threats to destroy and damage property.
Public Order
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter includes the offences created by the Public Order Act 2023 and elaborates on the key concepts surrounding public order. A person is guilty of affray if they use or threaten unlawful violence towards another and the conduct causes a person of reasonable firmness present at the scene to fear for their personal safety. Several provisions within the Sporting Events (Control of Alcohol etc) Act 1985 are concerned with the offences regarding alcohol on coaches and trains. Meanwhile, section 3 of the Vagrancy Act 1824 provided a provision on begging. The chapter considers several other provisions of public order and their respective sentencing, such as the Public Order Act 1986, the Highways Act 1980, and the Criminal Justice Act 1967.
Sexual Offences
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the key sexual offences. It explains that the Sexual Offences Act 2003 provides the definition of consent, which is a prevalent concept across sexual offences. The chapter provides an overview of the offences contained within the Sexual Offences Act 2003, Protection of Children Act 1978, and Criminal Justice Act 1988 concerned with key concepts of sexual assault, rape, penetration, indecent images, exposure, extreme pornography, keeping a brothel used for prostitution, sexual grooming, voyeurism, and upskirting. The new offences of cyber flashing and threatening to share intimate images are included.
Breach of Post-Sentence Supervision
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the breach of post-sentence supervision requirements imposed under section 256AA of the Criminal Justice Act 2003. Under section 256AA, if a person is sentenced to under two years in custody, they will be subject to supervision for a year from the date of their actual release ‘for the purposes of rehabilitation’. In case of breach of supervision requirements, a new application for legal aid may be made under section 14(b) of the Legal Aid Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012. If proceedings are adjourned, the court has the power to remand in custody or on bail under sections 10(4) and 128 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980. Breach of a supervision default order, without reasonable excuse, can be dealt with by using either up to 14 days’ custody; up to a level 3 fine; or a supervision default orders, taking account of what has already been done.