bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exposure to activity‐based anorexia impairs contextual learning in weight‐restored rats without affecting spatial learning, taste, anxiety, or dietary‐fat preference
Authors: Boersma Gretha J. , Treesukosol Yada , Cordner Zachary A. , Kastelein Anneke , Choi Pique , Moran Timothy H. , Tamashiro Kellie L. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTRelapse rates are high amongst cases of anorexia nervosa (AN) suggesting that some alterations induced by AN may remain after weight restoration.ObjectiveTo study the consequences of AN without confounds of environmental variability, a rodent model of activity‐based anorexia (ABA) can be employed. We hypothesized that exposure to ABA during adolescence may have long‐term consequences in taste function, cognition, and anxiety‐like behavior after weight restoration.MethodsTo test this hypothesis, we exposed adolescent female rats to ABA (1.5 h food access, combined with voluntary running wheel access) and compared their behavior to that of control rats after weight restoration was achieved. The rats were tested for learning/memory, anxiety, food preference, and taste in a set of behavioral tests performed during the light period.ResultsOur data show that ABA exposure leads to reduced performance during the novel object recognition task, a test for contextual learning, without altering performance in the novel place recognition task or the Barnes maze, both tasks that test spatial learning. Furthermore, we do not observe alterations in unconditioned lick responses to sucrose nor quinine (described by humans as “sweet” and “bitter,” respectively). Nor Do we find alterations in anxiety‐like behavior during an elevated plus maze or an open field test. Finally, preference for a diet high in fat is not altered.DiscussionOverall, our data suggest that ABA exposure during adolescence impairs contextual learning in adulthood without altering spatial leaning, taste, anxiety, or fat preference. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:167–179).
Genetic and environmental components to self‐induced vomiting
Authors: Peterson Claire M. , Baker Jessica H. , Thornton Laura M. , Trace Sara E. , Mazzeo Suzanne E. , Neale Michael C. , Munn‐Chernoff Melissa A. , Lichtenstein Paul , Pedersen Nancy L. , Bulik Cynthia M. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveWe examined the association between the genetic and environmental factors contributing to the liability to having ever engaged in self‐induced vomiting (SIV initiation) and the genetic and environmental factors contributing to regular SIV behaviors (weekly or daily) for weight control.MethodSIV was assessed in 3,942 women from monozygotic twin pairs and 2,790 women from same‐sex dizygotic twin pairs, aged 20–47, from the Swedish Twin study of Adults: Genes and Environment. A causal‐contingent‐common pathway model assessed the extent to which genetic and environmental factors that influence initiation of SIV also influence regular SIV behaviors.ResultsIn the best‐fit model, genetic and individual‐specific environmental factors influenced liability to SIV initiation. The genetic factors influencing regular SIV behaviors were the same as the genetic factors influencing SIV initiation. Additional individual‐specific environmental factors that were unrelated to SIV initiation influenced regular SIV behaviors.DiscussionOur findings provide evidence that the underlying liabilities for SIV initiation and regular SIV lie on the same continuum given the degree of overlap in risk between SIV initiation and regular SIV behaviors. Further, the lack of specific genetic factors and the importance of individual‐specific environmental factors for regular SIV behaviors highlight the significance of environmental factors in the etiology of eating disorder symptomatology and the non‐deterministic nature of genetic factors. Finally, our results suggest that when it comes to preventing individuals from developing regular SIV behavior, intervening at an environmental level is warranted. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:421–427)
Discovering hidden biodiversity: the use of complementary monitoring of fish diet based on DNA barcoding in freshwater ecosystems
Authors: Jo Hyunbin , Ventura Marc , Vidal Nicolas , Gim Jeong‐Soo , Buchaca Teresa , Barmuta Leon A. , Jeppesen Erik , Joo Gea‐Jae 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEcological monitoring contributes to the understanding of complex ecosystem functions. The diets of fish reflect the surrounding environment and habitats and may, therefore, act as useful integrating indicators of environmental status. It is, however, often difficult to visually identify items in gut contents to species level due to digestion of soft‐bodied prey beyond visual recognition, but new tools rendering this possible are now becoming available. We used a molecular approach to determine the species identities of consumed diet items of an introduced generalist feeder, brown trout (Salmo trutta), in 10 Tasmanian lakes and compared the results with those obtained from visual quantification of stomach contents. We obtained 44 unique taxa (OTUs) belonging to five phyla, including seven classes, using the barcode of life approach from cytochrome oxidase I (COI). Compared with visual quantification, DNA analysis showed greater accuracy, yielding a 1.4‐fold higher number of OTUs. Rarefaction curve analysis showed saturation of visually inspected taxa, while the curves from the DNA barcode did not saturate. The OTUs with the highest proportions of haplotypes were the families of terrestrial insects Formicidae, Chrysomelidae, and Torbidae and the freshwater Chironomidae. Haplotype occurrence per lake was negatively correlated with lake depth and transparency. Nearly all haplotypes were only found in one fish gut from a single lake. Our results indicate that DNA barcoding of fish diets is a useful and complementary method for discovering hidden biodiversity.
Seed viability and germination success of Acacia tortilis along land‐use and aridity gradients in the Eastern Sahara
Authors: Andersen Gidske Leknæs , Krzywinski Knut , Gjessing Håkon K. , Pierce Richard Holton 
Published: December 2015

AbstractOur study focuses on the keystone species Acacia tortilis and is the first to investigate the effect of domestic ungulates and aridity on seed viability and germination over an extensive part of the Eastern Sahara. Bruchids infest its seeds and reduce their viability and germination, but ingestion by ruminant herbivores diminishes infestation levels and enhances/promotes seed viability and germination. The degree of these effects seems to be correlated with animal body mass. Significantly reduced numbers of wild ruminant ungulates have increased the potential importance of domestic animals and pastoral nomadism for the functionality of arid North African and Middle Eastern ecosystems. We sampled seeds (16,543) from A. tortilis in eight areas in three regions with different aridity and land use. We tested the effect of geography and sampling context on seed infestation using random effects logistic regressions. We did a randomized and balanced germination experiment including 1193 seeds, treated with different manure. Germination time and rates across geography, sampling context, and infestation status were analyzed using time‐to‐event analyses, Kaplan–Meier curves and proportional hazards Cox regressions. Bruchid infestation is very high (80%), and the effects of context are significant. Neither partial infestation nor adding manure had a positive effect on germination. There is a strong indication that intact, uningested seeds from acacia populations in the extremely arid Western Desert germinate more slowly and have a higher fraction of hard seeds than in the Eastern Desert and the Red Sea Hills. For ingested seeds in the pastoralist areas we find that intact seeds from goat dung germinate significantly better than those from camel dung. This is contrary to the expected body‐mass effect. There is no effect of site or variation in tribal management.
Inbreeding depression of sperm traits in the zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata
Authors: Opatová Pavlína , Ihle Malika , Albrechtová Jana , Tomášek Oldřich , Kempenaers Bart , Forstmeier Wolfgang , Albrecht Tomáš 
Published: December 2015

AbstractInbreeding depression, or the reduction in fitness due to mating between close relatives, is a key issue in biology today. Inbreeding negatively affects many fitness‐related traits, including survival and reproductive success. Despite this, very few studies have quantified the effects of inbreeding on vertebrate gamete traits under controlled breeding conditions using a full‐sib mating approach. Here, we provide comprehensive evidence for the negative effect of inbreeding on sperm traits in a bird, the zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata. We compared sperm characteristics of both inbred (pedigree F = 0.25) and outbred (pedigree F = 0) individuals from two captive populations, one domesticated and one recently wild‐derived, raised under standardized conditions. As normal spermatozoa morphology did not differ consistently between inbred and outbred individuals, our study confirms the hypothesis that sperm morphology is not particularly susceptible to inbreeding depression. Inbreeding did, however, lead to significantly lower sperm motility and a substantially higher percentage of abnormal spermatozoa in ejaculate. These results were consistent across both study populations, confirming the generality and reliability of our findings.
On the selection of thresholds for predicting species occurrence with presence‐only data
Authors: Liu Canran , Newell Graeme , White Matt 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPresence‐only data present challenges for selecting thresholds to transform species distribution modeling results into binary outputs. In this article, we compare two recently published threshold selection methods (maxSSS and maxFpb) and examine the effectiveness of the threshold‐based prevalence estimation approach. Six virtual species with varying prevalence were simulated within a real landscape in southeastern Australia. Presence‐only models were built with DOMAIN, generalized linear model, Maxent, and Random Forest. Thresholds were selected with two methods maxSSS and maxFpb with four presence‐only datasets with different ratios of the number of known presences to the number of random points (KP–RPratio). Sensitivity, specificity, true skill statistic, and F measure were used to evaluate the performance of the results. Species prevalence was estimated as the ratio of the number of predicted presences to the total number of points in the evaluation dataset. Thresholds selected with maxFpb varied as the KP–RPratio of the threshold selection datasets changed. Datasets with the KP–RPratio around 1 generally produced better results than scores distant from 1. Results produced by We conclude that maxFpb had specificity too low for very common species using Random Forest and Maxent models. In contrast, maxSSS produced consistent results whichever dataset was used. The estimation of prevalence was almost always biased, and the bias was very large for DOMAIN and Random Forest predictions. We conclude that maxFpb is affected by the KP–RPratio of the threshold selection datasets, but maxSSS is almost unaffected by this ratio. Unbiased estimations of prevalence are difficult to be determined using the threshold‐based approach.
Three‐dimensional flow structure and patterns of bed shear stress in an evolving compound meander bend
Authors: Engel Frank L. , Rhoads Bruce L. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCompound meander bends with multiple lobes of maximum curvature are common in actively evolving lowland rivers. Interaction among spatial patterns of mean flow, turbulence, bed morphology, bank failures and channel migration in compound bends is poorly understood. In this paper, acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements of the three‐dimensional (3D) flow velocities in a compound bend are examined to evaluate the influence of channel curvature and hydrologic variability on the structure of flow within the bend. Flow structure at various flow stages is related to changes in bed morphology over the study timeframe. Increases in local curvature within the upstream lobe of the bend reduce outer bank velocities at morphologically significant flows, creating a region that protects the bank from high momentum flow and high bed shear stresses. The dimensionless radius of curvature in the upstream lobe is one‐third less than that of the downstream lobe, with average bank erosion rates less than half of the erosion rates for the downstream lobe. Higher bank erosion rates within the downstream lobe correspond to the shift in a core of high velocity and bed shear stresses toward the outer bank as flow moves through the two lobes. These erosion patterns provide a mechanism for continued migration of the downstream lobe in the near future. Bed material size distributions within the bend correspond to spatial patterns of bed shear stress magnitudes, indicating that bed material sorting within the bend is governed by bed shear stress. Results suggest that patterns of flow, sediment entrainment, and planform evolution in compound meander bends are more complex than in simple meander bends. Moreover, interactions among local influences on the flow, such as woody debris, local topographic steering, and locally high curvature, tend to cause compound bends to evolve toward increasing planform complexity over time rather than stable configurations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of aggregate and water to cement ratio on concrete properties at elevated temperature
Authors: Al‐Jabri Khalifa S. , Waris Muhammad Bilal , Al‐Saidy Abdullah H. 
Published: December 2015

SUMMARYProperties of concrete during and after fire exposure are of significant importance for serviceability and rehabilitation of buildings. This article presents an experimental investigation on the effects of elevated temperature on physical and mechanical properties of concrete made using two types of locally available coarse aggregates (crushed and wadi aggregates) and water‐to‐cement (w/c) ratios of 0.50 and 0.70. Temperature range from 200 °C to 1000 °C was used with intervals of 200 °C. Test results indicate that the weight of concrete reduced with increase in temperature. This reduction was quite sharp beyond 800 °C. Minor spalling was observed in concrete with Wadi aggregates at temperatures beyond 800 °C. The results also reveal that relative strength of concrete decreased as exposure temperature increased. The effect of high temperatures on the strength of concrete was more pronounced in concrete with Wadi aggregates. w/c ratio had insignificant effect on weight loss after exposure to elevated temperatures, but it increased the rate of strength degradation irrespective of aggregate type used. Comparison of results with Eurocode (EC‐2) and American Concrete Institute (ACI) standards indicate that the concrete with both aggregate types can satisfy the limits of siliceous aggregates set by ACI, but concrete made with Wadi aggregates with w/c ratio of 0.50 failed to satisfy limits of EC‐2. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of β‐catenin silencing in overcoming radioresistance of head and neck cancer cells by antagonizing the effects of AMPK on Ku70/Ku80
Authors: Chang Hyo Won , Nam Hae Yun , Kim Hyo Jung , Moon So Young , Kim Mi Ra , Lee Myungjin , Kim Gui Chul , Kim Seong Who , Kim Sang Yoon 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundWe attempted to elucidate the mechanism of cell death after radiation by studying how β‐catenin silencing controls the radiation sensitivity of radioresistant head and neck cancer cells.MethodsThe most radioresistant cancer cell line (AMC‐HN‐9) was selected for study. Targeted silencing of β‐catenin was used on siRNAs. Sensitivity to radiation was examined using clonogenic and methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assays.ResultsA combination of irradiation plus β‐catenin silencing led to a significant reduction in the inherent radioresistance of AMC‐HN‐9 cells. Although expression of Ku70/80 was upregulated in AMC‐HN‐9 cells after irradiation, Ku70/80 was dramatically decreased in a combination of irradiation and β‐catenin silencing. Interestingly, irradiation‐induced Ku70/80 was completely prevented by β‐catenin silencing‐induced LKB1/AMP‐activated protein kinase (LKB1/AMPK) signal.ConclusionThe LKB1/AMPK pathway might relay the signal between the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway and the Ku70/Ku80 DNA repair machinery, and play a decisive role in fine‐tuning the responses of cancer cells to irradiation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1909–E1917, 2016
The relationship between communicative participation and postlaryngectomy speech outcomes
Authors: Eadie Tanya L. , Otero Devon , Cox Steven , Johnson Jordan , Baylor Carolyn R. , Yorkston Kathryn M. , Doyle Philip C. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to examine relationships between communicative participation and postlaryngectomy speech outcomes, including listener‐rated speech intelligibility and acceptability, and patient‐rated speech acceptability and voice handicap.MethodsThirty‐six laryngectomized individuals completed the Communicative Participation Item Bank (CPIB) short form and the Voice Handicap Index‐10 (VHI‐10). They provided recordings from the Sentence Intelligibility Test (SIT) and a reading passage, and rated their own speech acceptability. Forty‐eight inexperienced listeners transcribed the SIT sentences to derive intelligibility scores. Eighteen additional listeners judged the speech acceptability using the rating scales.ResultsListeners judged tracheoesophageal speakers as significantly more intelligible and acceptable than electrolaryngeal speakers (p < .05). Speech acceptability was significantly more acceptable to speakers than listeners (p < .05). Weak, nonsignificant relationships were found between communicative participation and listener‐rated outcomes. Stronger, significant relationships were found between communicative participation and self‐rated speech acceptability and voice handicap (p < .05).ConclusionPatient‐reported communication outcomes are complementary to listener‐rated outcomes. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1955–E1961, 2016
Transoral robotic medial hypopharyngectomy: Surgical technique
Authors: Sims John R. , Robinson Nathaniel L. , Moore Eric J. , Janus Jeffrey R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundTransoral robotic surgery (TORS) has been shown to be both feasible and oncologically sound for use in early T classification hypopharyngeal cancers. The purpose of this study was to present our surgical technique for performing a transoral robotic hypopharyngectomy.MethodsA 48‐year‐old man with a T2, N2a, M0 squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx underwent a transoral robotic hypopharyngectomy and a left select neck dissection of levels II to IV.ResultsThe hypopharyngeal tumor was removed en bloc after circumferential cuts were made until the tumor was finally amputated from the apex of the piriform sinus. Negative margins were achieved. A left select neck dissection was performed. The patient was tolerating an oral diet and his tracheostomy tube was decannulated before discharge.ConclusionTORS offers improved manual dexterity and tumor manipulation over conventional transoral approaches to hypopharyngeal cancers. It is both a feasible and effective method for certain early‐stage hypopharyngeal cancers. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2127–E2129, 2016
Long‐term retention of pristine multi‐walled carbon nanotubes in rat lungs after intratracheal instillation
Authors: Shinohara Naohide , Nakazato Tetsuya , Ohkawa Kumiko , Tamura Moritaka , Kobayashi Norihiro , Morimoto Yasuo , Oyabu Takako , Myojo Toshihiko , Shimada Manabu , Yamamoto Kazuhiro , Tao Hiroaki , Ema Makoto , Naya Masato , Nakanishi Junko 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAs a result of the growing potential industrial and medical applications of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), people working in or residing near facilities that manufacture them may be exposed to airborne MWCNTs in the future. Because of concerns regarding their toxicity, quantitative data on the long‐term clearance of pristine MWCNTs from the lungs are required. We administered pristine MWCNTs well dispersed in 0.5 mg ml−1 Triton‐X solution to rats at doses of 0.20 or 0.55 mg via intratracheal instillation and investigated clearance over a 12‐month observation period. The pristine MWCNTs pulmonary burden was determined 1, 3, 7, 28, 91, 175 and 364 days after instillation using a method involving combustive oxidation and infrared analysis, combined with acid digestion and heat pretreatment. As 0.15‐ and 0.38‐mg MWCNTs were detected 1 day after administration of 0.20 and 0.55 mg MWCNTs, respectively, approximately 30% of administrated MWCNTs may have been cleared by bronchial ciliary motion within 24 h of administration. After that, the pulmonary MWCNT burden did not decrease significantly over time for up to 364 days after instillation, suggesting that MWCNTs were not readily cleared from the lung. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that alveolar macrophages internalized the MWCNTs and retained in the lung for at least 364 days after instillation. MWCNTs were not detected in the liver or brain within the 364‐day study period (<0.04 mg per liver, < 0.006 mg per brain). Copyright © 2015 The Authors Journal of Applied Toxicology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Motor Competence in Early Childhood Is Positively Associated With Bone Strength in Late Adolescence
Authors: Ireland Alex , Sayers Adrian , Deere Kevin C , Emond Alan , Tobias Jon H 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT

The onset of walking in early childhood results in exposure of the lower limb to substantial forces from weight bearing activity that ultimately contribute to adult bone strength. Relationships between gross motor score (GMS), at 18 months and bone outcomes measured at age 17 years were examined in 2327 participants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Higher GMS indicated greater motor competence in weight-bearing activities. Total hip bone mineral density (BMD) and hip cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI) were assessed from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Bone measures including cortical bone mineral content (BMC), periosteal circumference (PC), cortical thickness (CT), cortical bone area (CBA), cortical BMD (BMDC) and cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI) were assessed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) at 50% distal-proximal length. Before adjustment, GMS was associated with hip BMD, CSMI, and tibia BMC, PC, CT, CBA and CSMI (all p &lt; 0.001) but not BMDC (p &gt; 0.25). Strongest associations (standardized regression coefficients with 95% CI) were between GMS and hip BMD (0.086; 95% CI, 0.067 to 0.105) and tibia BMC (0.105; 95% CI, 0.089 to 0.121). With the exception of hip BMD, larger regression coefficients were observed in males (gender interactions all p &lt; 0.05). Adjustment for lean mass resulted in substantial attenuation of regression coefficients, suggesting associations between impaired motor competence and subsequent bone development are partly mediated by alterations in body composition. In conclusion, impaired motor competence in childhood is associated with lower adolescent bone strength, and may represent a risk factor for subsequent osteoporosis. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).