bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of an elastic β‐cyclodextrin hydrogel cage by hydroxyethyl cellulose
Authors: Chen Zhi , Wang Ting , Yan Xiufeng 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTCurrent cyclodextrin (CD) hydrogels have disadvantages, including a limited CD content, long reaction time, and complicated chemical reactions. To overcome these, a one‐pot reaction was adopted, and a concept of a β‐CD hydrogel cage was proposed. Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) was used as the raw material with the adjustment of the stoichiometric relationship among the crosslinking agent of epichlorohydrin, alkali environment, and β‐CD amount, and an elastic β‐CD hydrogel cage system was established. After the β‐CD was caged, the contents of active β‐CD in hydrogel products reached 74.45 and 69.14 wt % by weight measurement and photometric titration, respectively. Furthermore, compared to the pure HEC hydrogel, the hydrogel mechanical strength improved obviously after the β‐CD was caged, and we obtained a faster water swelling rate at the same time. Finally, a hydrophobic molecule of phenolphthalein (PP) was used to evaluated the activity of caged β‐CD in the hydrogel. In addition, the absorption and release of PP by an elastic β‐CD hydrogel cage at certain time intervals were also studied. The results demonstrate that the β‐CD hydrogel cage was used as a functional molecule carrier to quickly absorb and sustain the release of PP. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44388.
High performance polyurethane composites with isocyanate‐functionalized carbon nanotubes: Improvements in tear strength and scratch hardness
Authors: Lopes Magnovaldo Carvalho , Ribeiro Helio , Gonçalves Santos Mayara Cele , Seara Luciana Moreira , Queiroz Ferreira Felipe Luiz , Lavall Rodrigo Lassarote , Silva Glaura Goulart 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTA microwave‐assisted functionalization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with isocyanate groups allowed a reduction of functionalization time from 24 h to 30 min with no change in the degree of functionalization or in the nanotube characteristics. Polymer nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical properties were obtained because of the tailored interface by the covalent linkage between the surface‐modified multiwalled‐carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and an elastomeric polyurethane (PUE) matrix. The mechanical data revealed that the composite containing 0.25 wt % of MWCNT‐NCO showed an increase of 31% in tear strength and 28% in static toughness. A good adhesion between the matrix and individually dispersed nanotubes was observed in the scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images. Nanoindentation and nanoscratch experiments were conducted to investigate the properties on the sub‐surface. An increase by a factor of 3 in the scratch hardness was observed for the composite with 0.50 wt % of MWCNT‐NCO with respect to the neat PUE. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44394.
Regulation of trans‐1,4‐polyisoprene crystallinity and mechanical properties of styrene‐butadiene rubber/trans‐1,4‐polyisoprene vulcanizate
Authors: Wang Chunwei , Liu Zijin , Zhang Yong , Jiang Jie , Moriguchi Nobuhiro , Zhu Jun , Yamana Yoshihiro 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTThe effects of processing temperature and bis‐[γ‐(triethoxysilyl)‐propyl]‐tetrasulfide (Si69) on crystallization, morphology, and mechanical properties of styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR)/trans‐1,4‐polyisoprene (TPI) vulcanizate are investigated. The crystallinity and crystalline melting temperature (Tm) of TPI in the vulcanizates with TPI/silica/(Si69) pre‐mixed at 150 °C are much lower than that pre‐mixed at 80 °C. At the same pre‐mixing temperature, the presence of 1 phr Si69 leads to a decreased crystallinity and Tm. The TPI domains with phase size of about 1 μm and silica are well dispersed in the vulcanizate, and TPI crystals get smaller in size and less in amount by pre‐mixing TPI, silica and Si69 at 150 °C. The vulcanizates with TPI/silica/(Si69) pre‐mixed at 150 °C have decreased tensile strength and modulus at a given extension than that pre‐mixed at 80 °C. At the same pre‐mixing temperature, the tensile strength and modulus of the vulcanizate increase with the addition of 1 phr Si69. The crystallinity of TPI component in SBR/TPI vulcanizate is effectively controlled by changing processing temperature and adding Si69, which is important for theoretical research and practical application of TPI. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44395.
Influences of monomer self‐association on the radical solution homopolymerization of N‐[3‐(dimethylamino)propyl](meth)acrylamide
Authors: Kamorin Denis M. , Rumyantsev Misha , Kazantsev Oleg A. , Sivokhin Alexey P. , Kamorina Sofia I. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTThe specific dependencies of the initial reduced polymerization rate on the initial monomer concentration were introduced for the radical homopolymerization of N‐[3‐(dimethylamino)propyl]acrylamide (DMAPA) and N‐[3‐(dimethylamino)propyl]methacrylamide (DMAPMA) in toluene, DMF, and water at 60 °С. The degree of the monomer self‐association and the ratio of the amides constituting various types of associates were evaluated using FT‐IR spectroscopy and computer simulation for the solutions of DMAPA and DMAPMA in toluene with different monomer concentrations. The hypothesis linking the type of predominant pre‐reaction monomer assemblies and the revealed concentration effects was proposed for the homopolymerization of aminoamide monomers and explaining unconventional experimental data. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44412.
Biobased blends of poly(propylene carbonate) and poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyvalerate): Fabrication and characterization
Authors: Enriquez Eugene , Mohanty Amar K. , Misra Manjusri 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTPoly(propylene carbonate) (PPC), a CO2‐based bioplastic and poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) were melt blended followed by injection molding. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy detected an interaction between the macromolecules from the reduction in the OH peak and a shift in the CO peak. The onset degradation temperature of the polymer blends was improved by 5% and 19% in comparison to PHBV and PPC, respectively. Blending PPC with PHBV reduced the melting and crystallization temperatures and crystallinity of the latter as observed through differential scanning calorimetry. The amorphous nature of PPC affected the thermal properties of PHBV by hindering the spherulitic growth and diluting the crystalline region. Scanning electron micrographs presented a uniform dispersion and morphology of the blends, which lead to balanced mechanical properties. Incorporating PHBV, a stiff semi‐crystalline polymer improved the dimensional stability of PPC by restricting the motion of its polymer chains. © 2016 The Authors Journal of Applied Polymer Science Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44420.
Fumed SiO2 nanoparticle reinforced biopolymer blend nanocomposites with high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss for flexible organic electronics
Authors: Deshmukh Kalim , Ahamed M. Basheer , Sadasivuni Kishor Kumar , Ponnamma Deepalekshmi , AlMaadeed Mariam Al‐Ali , Deshmukh Rajendra R. , Pasha S. K. Khadheer , Polu Anji Reddy , Chidambaram K. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTIn the present study, fumed silica (SiO2) nanoparticle reinforced poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) blend nanocomposite films were prepared via a simple solution‐blending technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to elucidate the successful incorporation of SiO2 nanoparticles in the PVA/PVP blend matrix. A thermogravimetric analyzer was used to evaluate the thermal stability of the nanocomposites. The dielectric properties such as dielectric constant (ɛ) and dielectric loss (tan δ) of the PVA/PVP/SiO2 nanocomposite films were evaluated in the broadband frequency range of 10−2 Hz to 20 MHz and for temperatures in the range 40–150 °C. The FTIR and UV–vis spectroscopy results implied the presence of hydrogen bonding interaction between SiO2 and the PVA/PVP blend matrix. The XRD and SEM results revealed that SiO2 nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed in the PVA/PVP blend matrix. The dielectric property analysis revealed that the dielectric constant values of the nanocomposites are higher than those of PVA/PVP blends. The maximum dielectric constant and the dielectric loss were 125 (10−2 Hz, 150 °C) and 1.1 (10−2 Hz, 70 °C), respectively, for PVA/PVP/SiO2 nanocomposites with 25 wt % SiO2 content. These results enable the preparation of dielectric nanocomposites using a facile solution‐casting method that exhibit the desirable dielectric performance for flexible organic electronics. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44427.
Reinforcement of electrospun poly(ε‐caprolactone) scaffold using diopside nanopowder to promote biological and physical properties
Authors: Hosseini Yasamin , Emadi Rahmatollah , Kharaziha Mahshid , Doostmohammadi Ali 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTConsiderable efforts have been devoted toward the development of electrospun scaffolds based on poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) for bone tissue engineering. However, most of previous scaffolds have lacked the structural and mechanical strength to engineer bone tissue constructs with suitable biological functions. Here, we developed bioactive and relatively robust hybrid scaffolds composed of diopside nanopowder embedded PCL electrospun nanofibers. Incorporation of various concentrations of diopside nanopowder from 0 to 3 wt % within the PCL scaffolds notably improved tensile strength (eight‐fold) and elastic modulus (two‐fold). Moreover, the addition of diopside nanopowder significantly improved bioactivity and degradation rate compared to pure PCL scaffold which might be due to their superior hydrophilicity. We investigated the proliferation and spreading of SAOS‐II cells on electrospun scaffolds. Notably, electrospun PCL‐diopside scaffolds induced significantly enhanced cell proliferation and spreading. Overall, we concluded that PCL‐diopside scaffold could potentially be used to develop clinically relevant constructs for bone tissue engineering. However, the extendedin vivostudies are essential to evaluate the role of PCL‐diopside fibrous scaffolds on the new bone growth and regeneration. Therefore, in vivo studies will be the subject of our future work. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2017,134, 44433.
Establishment of SV40 large T antigen‐immortalized bovine liver sinusoidal cell lines and their immunological responses to deoxynivalenol and lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Yoshioka Miyako , Takenouchi Takato , Kitani Hiroshi , Okada Hiroyuki , Yamanaka Noriko 
Published: September 2016

AbstractImmortalized bovine sinusoidal cell lines provide useful tools to study the immunological responses in the liver to the gastrointestinal tract‐derived toxic substances, which may cause systemic symptoms in the affected livestock. Here, we established two immortalized bovine liver sinusoidal cell lines, endothelial‐like B46, and myofibroblast‐like A26, from primary cultures of bovine liver cells by the transfection with SV40 large T antigen. The pro‐inflammatory cytokine responses in these cell lines to deoxynivalenol (DON) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were then compared to those in the primary bovine Kupffer cells (BKC). BKC were highly responsive to LPS, showing increased levels of IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α mRNA 3 h after stimulation. DON induced similar pro‐inflammatory cytokine responses in BKC, except for IL‐6. The endothelial B46 cells exhibited upregulation of IL‐1α, IL‐1β, and IL‐6 3 h after stimulation by LPS. In contrast to the stimulation by LPS, B46 had relatively low pro‐inflammatory cytokine responses to DON, except for IL‐1α, which was moderately induced at 3 h and increased at 24 h after stimulation. The myofibroblast‐like A26 cells exhibited low responses in the induction of pro‐inflammatory cytokines to LPS or DON; however, the expression of IL‐6 was significantly observed 3 h after DON stimulation. Our results suggest that bovine liver sinusoidal cells have distinctive pro‐inflammatory cytokine responses against harmful substances, and these immune responses might determine the consequence of systemic inflammations in the diseased animal.
Zinc‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrosilylation of Ketones and Imines under Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Szewczyk Marcin , Bezłada Agata , Mlynarski Jacek 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe zinc acetate promoted asymmetric hydrosilylation of various ketones and imines under solvent‐free conditions was examined by using an unprecedented low catalyst loading. Exposure of ketones to 0.05 mol % Zn‐based chiral diamine complex in the presence of triethoxysilane afforded enantioenriched alcohols in excellent yields (up to 98 %) and enantioselectivities (up to 97 % ee). This methodology also allowed for the chemoselective 1,2‐reduction of α,β‐unsaturated ketones and imines.
Reaction‐separation interaction on the control of ideal two‐feed, two‐product exothermic reactive distillation columns
Authors: Kumar Malladi V. Pavan , Mathew Anish K. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this paper, the interaction of reaction and separation in an optimal design of an ideal, hypothetical, exothermic, quaternary (A + B↔C + D) reactive distillation (RD) system is explored. The relative volatilities of the components are αC:αA:αB:αD = 8:4:2:1. The closed loop dynamics of the column are evaluated for five different decentralized control structures. The prevention of the accumulation of light reactant A is crucial for successful control. A drastic improvement in the controllability is observed for a modified design of the RD system having a greater number of reactive trays as the accumulation of A is effectively prevented. The controllability improvement is observed to be control structure specific. A comprehensive understanding of the interaction of reaction and separation is very helpful for the design of RD columns of improved controllability. Application of the plant‐wide control principles in the control of RD columns is highlighted.
Differentiation in putative male sex pheromone components across and within populations of the African butterfly Bicyclus anynana as a potential driver of reproductive isolation
Authors: Bacquet Paul M. B. , de Jong Maaike A. , Brattström Oskar , Wang Hong‐Lei , Molleman Freerk , Heuskin Stéphanie , Lognay George , Löfstedt Christer , Brakefield Paul M. , Vanderpoorten Alain , Nieberding Caroline M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSexual traits are often the most divergent characters among closely related species, suggesting an important role of sexual traits in speciation. However, to prove this, we need to show that sexual trait differences accumulate before or during the speciation process, rather than being a consequence of it. Here, we contrast patterns of divergence among putative male sex pheromone (pMSP) composition and the genetic structure inferred from variation in the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 and nuclear CAD loci in the African butterfly Bicyclus anynana (Butler, 1879) to determine whether the evolution of “pheromonal dialects” occurs before or after the differentiation process. We observed differences in abundance of some shared pMSP components as well as differences in the composition of the pMSP among B. anynana populations. In addition, B. anynana individuals from Kenya displayed differences in the pMSP composition within a single population that appeared not associated with genetic differences. These differences in pMSP composition both between and within B. anynana populations were as large as those found between different Bicyclus species. Our results suggest that “pheromonal dialects” evolved within and among populations of B. anynana and may therefore act as precursors of an ongoing speciation process.
Strategies for determining kinship in wild populations using genetic data
Authors: Städele Veronika , Vigilant Linda 
Published: September 2016

AbstractKnowledge of kin relationships between members of wild animal populations has broad application in ecology and evolution research by allowing the investigation of dispersal dynamics, mating systems, inbreeding avoidance, kin recognition, and kin selection as well as aiding the management of endangered populations. However, the assessment of kinship among members of wild animal populations is difficult in the absence of detailed multigenerational pedigrees. Here, we first review the distinction between genetic relatedness and kinship derived from pedigrees and how this makes the identification of kin using genetic data inherently challenging. We then describe useful approaches to kinship classification, such as parentage analysis and sibship reconstruction, and explain how the combined use of marker systems with biparental and uniparental inheritance, demographic information, likelihood analyses, relatedness coefficients, and estimation of misclassification rates can yield reliable classifications of kinship in groups with complex kin structures. We outline alternative approaches for cases in which explicit knowledge of dyadic kinship is not necessary, but indirect inferences about kinship on a group‐ or population‐wide scale suffice, such as whether more highly related dyads are in closer spatial proximity. Although analysis of highly variable microsatellite loci is still the dominant approach for studies on wild populations, we describe how the long‐awaited use of large‐scale single‐nucleotide polymorphism and sequencing data derived from noninvasive low‐quality samples may eventually lead to highly accurate assessments of varying degrees of kinship in wild populations.
Scale dependent drivers of wild bee diversity in tropical heterogeneous agricultural landscapes
Authors: Basu Parthiba , Parui Arpan Kumar , Chatterjee Soumik , Dutta Aditi , Chakraborty Pushan , Roberts Stuart , Smith Barbara 
Published: September 2016

SummaryFactors associated with agricultural intensification, for example, loss of seminatural vegetation and pesticide use has been shown to adversely affect the bee community. These factors may impact the bee community differently at different landscape scales. The scale dependency is expected to be more pronounced in heterogeneous landscapes. However, the scale‐dependent response of the bee community to drivers of its decline is relatively understudied, especially in the tropics where the agricultural landscape is often heterogeneous. This study looked at effects of agricultural intensification on bee diversity at patch and landscape scales in a tropical agricultural landscape. Wild bees were sampled using 12 permanent pan trap stations. Patch and landscape characteristics were measured within a 100 m (patch scale) and a 500 m (landscape scale) radius of pan trap stations. Information on pesticide input was obtained from farmer surveys. Data on vegetation cover, productivity, and percentage of agricultural and fallow land (FL) were collected using satellite imagery. Intensive areas in a bee‐site network were less specialized in terms of resources to attract rare bee species while the less intensive areas, which supported more rare species, were more vulnerable to disturbance. A combination of patch quality and diversity as well as pesticide use regulates species diversity at the landscape scale (500 m), whereas pesticide quantity drove diversity at the patch scale (100 m). At the landscape scale, specialization of each site in terms of resources for bees increased with increasing patch diversity and FL while at the patch scale specialization declined with increased pesticide use. Bee functional groups responded differentially to landscape characteristics as well as pesticide use. Wood nesting bees were negatively affected by the number of pesticides used but other bee functional groups were not sensitive to pesticides. Synthesis and Applications: Different factors affect wild bee diversity at the scale of landscape and patch in heterogeneous tropical agricultural systems. The differential response of bee functional groups to agricultural intensification underpins the need for guild‐specific management strategies for wild bee conservation. Less intensively farmed areas support more rare species and are vulnerable to disturbance; consequently, these areas should be prioritized for conservation to maintain heterogeneity in the landscape. It is important to conserve and restore seminatural habitats to maintain complexity in the landscapes through participatory processes and to regulate synthetic chemical pesticides in farm operations to conserve the species and functional diversity of wild bees.
Grazed wet meadows are sink habitats for the southern dunlin (Calidris alpina schinzii) due to nest trampling by cattle
Authors: Pakanen Veli‐Matti , Aikio Sami , Luukkonen Aappo , Koivula Kari 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe effect of habitat management is commonly evaluated by measuring population growth, which does not distinguish changes in reproductive success from changes in survival or the effects of immigration or emigration. Management has rarely been evaluated considering complete life cycle of the target organisms, including also possible negative impacts from management. We evaluated the effectiveness of cattle grazing in the restoration of coastal meadows as a breeding habitat for small and medium‐sized ground‐nesting birds by examining the size and demography of a southern dunlin (Calidris alpina schinzii) breeding population. Using a stochastic renesting model that includes within‐season variation in breeding parameters, we evaluated the effect of grazing time and stocking rates on reproduction. The census data indicated that the population was stable when nest trampling was prevented, but detailed demographic models showed that the population on managed meadows was a sink that persisted by attracting immigrants. Even small reductions in reproductive success caused by trampling were detrimental to long‐term viability. We suggest that the best management strategy is to postpone grazing to after the 19th of June, which is about three weeks later than what is optimal from the farmer's point of view. The differing results from the two evaluation approaches warn against planning and evaluating management only based on census population size and highlight the need to consider target‐specific life history characteristics and demography. Even though grazing management is crucial for creating and maintaining suitable habitats, we found that it was insufficient in maintaining a viable population without additional measures that increase nest success. In the presently studied case and in populations with similar breeding cycles, impacts from nest trampling can be avoided by starting grazing when about 70% of the breeding season has past.