bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Slow Processing Speed Predicts Falls in Older Adults With a Falls History: 1‐Year Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Davis Jennifer C. , Best John R. , Khan Karim M. , Dian Larry , Lord Stephen , Delbaere Kim , Hsu Chun Liang , Cheung Winnie , Chan Wency , Liu‐Ambrose Teresa 
Published: April 2017

Background/ObjectivesA previous fall is a strong predictor of future falls. Recent epidemiologic data suggest that deficits in processing speed predict future injurious falls. Our primary objective was to determine a parsimonious predictive model of future falls among older adults who experienced ≥1 fall in the past 12 months based on the following categories: counts of (1) total, (2) indoor, (3) outdoor or (4) non‐injurious falls; (5) one mild or severe injury fall (yes vs no); (6) an injurious instead of a non‐injurious fall; and (7) an outdoor instead of an indoor fall.Design12‐month prospective cohort study.SettingVancouver Falls Prevention Clinic, Canada (www.fallsclinic.ca).ParticipantsTwo‐hundred and eighty‐eight community‐dwelling older adults aged ≥70 years with a history of ≥1 fall resulting in medical attention in the previous 12 months.MeasurementsWe employed principal component analysis to reduce the baseline predictor variables to a smaller set of five factors (i.e., processing speed, working memory, emotional functioning, physical functioning and body composition/fall risk profile). Second, we used the extracted five factors as predictors in regression models predicting the incidence of falls over a 12‐month prospective observation period. We conducted regression analyses for the seven falls‐related categories (defined above).ResultsAmong older adults with a falls history, processing speed was the most consistent predictor of future falls; poorer processing speed predicted a greater number of total, indoor, outdoor, and non‐injurious falls, and a greater likelihood of experiencing at least one mild or severe injurious fall (all P values < .01).ConclusionPoorer performance on the processing speed factor, a trainable factor, was independently associated with the most costly type of falls–injurious falls.
Outcomes in Older Adults with Multimorbidity Associated with Predominant Provider of Care Specialty
Authors: Bynum Julie P. W. , Chang Chiang‐Hua , Austin Andrea , Carmichael Don , Meara Ellen 
Published: April 2017

ObjectivesTo determine whether receiving the predominance of ambulatory visits from a primary care provider compared to a specialty provider is associated with better outcomes in older adults with multi morbidity.DesignObservational study using propensity score matching.SettingMedicare fee‐for‐service, 2011–12.ParticipantsBeneficiaries aged 65 and older with multimorbidity.MeasurementsThe independent variable was an indicator for having a specialty (versus primary care) as the predominant provider of care (PPC). Main outcomes were 1‐year mortality, hospitalization, standardized expenditures, and ambulatory visit patterns.RESULTS: Two‐thirds of 3,934,942 beneficiaries with multimorbidity had a primary care provider as their PPC. Individuals with a specialty PPC had more hospitalizations (40.3 more per 1,000) and higher spending ($1,781 more per beneficiary) than those with a primary care PPC, but there was little difference in mortality (0.2% higher) or preventable hospitalizations. Spending differences were largest for professional fees ($769 higher per beneficiary), inpatient stays ($572 higher per beneficiary), and outpatient facilities ($510 higher per beneficiary) (all P < .001). In addition, people with a specialist PPC had lower continuity of care and saw more providers.ConclusionsOlder adults with multimorbidity with a specialist as their main ambulatory care provider had higher spending and lower continuity of care than those whose PPC was in primary care but similar clinical outcomes.
Psychological profiles in patients with symptomatic reticular forms of oral lichen planus: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Adamo Daniela , Cascone Marco , Celentano Antonio , Ruoppo Elvira , Leuci Stefania , Aria Massimo , Mignogna Michele D. 
Published: April 2017

ObjectivesTo analyze intra, extra‐oral symptoms and psychological profiles in symptomatic patients with reticular (R) forms of oral lichen planus (OLP).Materials and MethodsThirty symptomatic R‐OLP (sR‐OLP) patients were compared with an equal number of non‐symptomatic R‐OLP (nsR‐OLP) patients, burning mouth syndrome (BMS) patients, and healthy subjects (HS). The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), the Total Pain Rating Index (T‐PRI), and the Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression (HAM‐D) and Anxiety (HAM‐A) were administered. Descriptive statistics, the non‐parametric ANOVA procedure by Kruskal‐Wallis, the exact Fisher test, and the multiple comparison test by the Mann‐Whitney U test were performed.ResultsThe median and IQR of the HAM‐D and HAM‐A were 16.0 (11.7‐24.0) and 17.5 (13.7‐27.2) for the BMS, 13.5 (12.0‐15.0) and 15.5 (10.7‐18.0) for the sR‐OLP patients, 2.0 (2.0‐3.2) and 2.0 (2.0‐4.0) for the nsR‐OLP patients, and 3.0 (2.0‐4.0) and 3.0 (2.0‐4.0) for the HS, respectively. The median and IQR of the NRS and T‐PRI were 9.0 (7.7‐10.0) and 11.0 (9.0‐12.2) for the BMS and 9.0 (7.7‐10.0) and 11.5 (7.0‐13.0) for the sR‐OLP patients, respectively. Comparison analysis between the BMS and sR‐OLP patients revealed a non‐significant difference between the medians of the psychological profile and pain in the two groups (P‐value>.05).ConclusionsThe oral complaints are correlated with anxious and depressive symptoms in sR‐OLP patients. Mood disorders could modulate the pain perception or that patients could develop two different associated oral diseases, OLP and BMS.
Trait and perceived environmental competitiveness in achievement situations
Authors: Elliot Andrew J. , Jury Mickaël , Murayama Kou 
Published: April 2017

AbstractObjectiveTrait and perceived environmental competitiveness are typically studied separately, but they undoubtedly have a joint influence on goal pursuit and behavior in achievement situations. The present research was designed to study them together. We tested the relation between trait and perceived environmental competitiveness, and we tested these variables as separate and sequential predictors of both performance‐based goals and performance attainment.MethodIn Studies 1a (N = 387 U.S. undergraduates) and 1b (N = 322 U.S. undergraduates), we assessed participants' trait and perceived environmental competitiveness, as well as third variable candidates. In Study 2 (N = 434 MTurk workers), we sought to replicate and extend Study 1 by adding reports of performance‐based goal pursuit. In Study 3 (N = 403 U.S. undergraduates), we sought to replicate and extend Study 2 by adding real‐world performance attainment. The studies focused on both the classroom and the workplace.ResultsTrait and perceived environmental competitiveness were shown to be positively related and to positively predict separate variance in performance‐approach and performance‐avoidance goal pursuit. Perceived environmental competitiveness and performance‐based goal pursuit were shown to be sequential mediators of the indirect relation between trait competitiveness and performance attainment.ConclusionsThese studies highlight the importance of attending to the interplay of the person and the (perceived) situation in analyses of competitive striving.
Characterization of the Fecal Bacterial Microbiota of Healthy and Diarrheic Dairy Calves
Authors: Gomez D.E. , Arroyo L.G. , Costa M.C. , Viel L. , Weese J.S. 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundNeonatal diarrhea accounts for more than 50% of total deaths in dairy calves. Few population‐based studies of cattle have investigated how the microbiota is impacted during diarrhea.ObjectivesTo characterize the fecal microbiota and predict the functional potential of the microbial communities in healthy and diarrheic calves.MethodsFifteen diarrheic calves between the ages of 1 and 30 days and 15 age‐matched healthy control calves were enrolled from 2 dairy farms. The Illumina MiSeq sequencer was used for high‐throughput sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene (Illumina, San Diego, CA).ResultsSignificant differences in community membership and structure were identified among healthy calves from different farms. Differences in community membership and structure also were identified between healthy and diarrheic calves within each farm. Based on linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe), the genera Bifidobacterium, Megamonas, and a genus of the family Bifidobacteriaceae were associated with health at farm 1, whereas Lachnospiraceae incertae sedis, Dietzia and an unclassified genus of the family Veillonellaceae were significantly associated with health at farm 2. The Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) analysis indicated that diarrheic calves had decreased abundances of genes responsible for metabolism of various vitamins, amino acids, and carbohydrate.Clinical RelevanceThe fecal microbiota of healthy dairy calves appeared to be farm specific as were the changes observed during diarrhea. The differences in microbiota structure and membership between healthy and diarrheic calves suggest that dysbiosis can occur in diarrheic calves and it is associated with changes in predictive metagenomic function.
Suspected aspirin resistance in individual healthy adult warmblood horses
Authors: Roscher K. A. , Failing K. , Schenk I. , Moritz A. 
Published: April 2017

The reasons for this prospective experimental study were to determine a dosing scheme with loading and maintenance dose of aspirin inducing inhibition of platelet function measured by whole blood impedance aggregometry. Ten horses received aspirin orally in the morning with one loading dose of 4.7–5 mg/kg and maintenance doses of 1–1.3 mg/kg daily the following 4 days. Aggregometries (COLtest,ASPItest,ADPtest) and serum salicylic acid were measured.ASPItest showed significant difference in inhibition at 24 and 48 hr (p < .05) and 96 hr (p < .01). Significant change forADPtest andCOLtest couldn't be detected. Serum salicylic acid concentrations were significantly (p < .01) increased at 6 and 12 hr. Despite this, three horses failed any inhibitory effect of platelet function, suspecting an aspirin resistance. Regarding the other seven horses platelet aggregation induced byASPItest was reduced between 37% and 100% from baseline at 6 and 12 hr and between 0 and 98% during the next 4 days. Correlations of serum concentration of salicylic acid and aggregometries couldn't be detected. It can be presumed that equine platelets are less susceptible to aspirin what may compromise eventually the anticoagulatory effects and efficacy in preventing and treating diseases with increased platelet activation as endotoxaemia or laminitis.
Copy number increases of transposable elements and protein‐coding genes in an invasive fish of hybrid origin
Authors: Dennenmoser Stefan , Sedlazeck Fritz J. , Iwaszkiewicz Elzbieta , Li Xiang‐Yi , Altmüller Janine , Nolte Arne W. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractEvolutionary dynamics of structural genetic variation in lineages of hybrid origin is not well explored, although structural mutations may increase in controlled hybrid crosses. We therefore tested whether structural variants accumulate in a fish of recent hybrid origin, invasive Cottus, relative to both parental species Cottus rhenanus and Cottus perifretum. Copy‐number variation in exons of 10,979 genes was assessed using comparative genome hybridization arrays. Twelve genes showed significantly higher copy numbers in invasive Cottus compared to both parents. This coincided with increased expression for three genes related to vision, detoxification and muscle development, suggesting possible gene dosage effects. Copy number increases of putative transposons were assessed by comparative mapping of genomic DNA reads against a de novo assembly of 1,005 repetitive elements. In contrast to exons, copy number increases of repetitive elements were common (20.7%) in invasive Cottus, whereas decrease was very rare (0.01%). Among the increased repetitive elements, 53.8% occurred at higher numbers in C. perifretum compared to C. rhenanus, while only 1.4% were more abundant in C. rhenanus. This implies a biased mutational process that amplifies genetic material from one ancestor. To assess the frequency of de novo mutations through hybridization, we screened 64 laboratory‐bred F2 offspring between the parental species for copy‐number changes at five candidate loci. We found no evidence for new structural variants, indicating that they are too rare to be detected given our sampling scheme. Instead, they must have accumulated over more generations than we observed in a controlled cross.
Sweet vernal grasses (Anthoxanthum) colonized African mountains along two fronts in the Late Pliocene, followed by secondary contact, polyploidization and local extinction in the Pleistocene
Authors: Tusiime Felly Mugizi , Gizaw Abel , Wondimu Tigist , Masao Catherine Aloyce , Abdi Ahmed Abdikadir , Muwanika Vincent , Trávníček Pavel , Nemomissa Sileshi , Popp Magnus , Eilu Gerald , Brochmann Christian , Pimentel Manuel 
Published: April 2017

AbstractHigh tropical mountains harbour remarkable and fragmented biodiversity thought to a large degree to have been shaped by multiple dispersals of cold‐adapted lineages from remote areas. Few dated phylogenetic/phylogeographic analyses are however available. Here, we address the hypotheses that the sub‐Saharan African sweet vernal grasses have a dual colonization history and that lineages of independent origins have established secondary contact. We carried out rangewide sampling across the eastern African high mountains, inferred dated phylogenies from nuclear ribosomal and plastid DNA using Bayesian methods, and performed flow cytometry and AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) analyses. We inferred a single Late Pliocene western Eurasian origin of the eastern African taxa, whose high‐ploid populations in one mountain group formed a distinct phylogeographic group and carried plastids that diverged from those of the currently allopatric southern African lineage in the Mid‐ to Late Pleistocene. We show that Anthoxanthum has an intriguing history in sub‐Saharan Africa, including Late Pliocene colonization from southeast and north, followed by secondary contact, hybridization, allopolyploidization and local extinction during one of the last glacial cycles. Our results add to a growing body of evidence showing that isolated tropical high mountain habitats have a dynamic recent history involving niche conservatism and recruitment from remote sources, repeated dispersals, diversification, hybridization and local extinction.
Do ecological communities disperse across biogeographic barriers as a unit?
Authors: Satler Jordan D. , Carstens Bryan C. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBiogeographic barriers have long been implicated as drivers of biological diversification, but how these barriers influence co‐occurring taxa can vary depending on factors intrinsic to the organism and in their relationships with other species. Due to the interdependence among taxa, ecological communities present a compelling opportunity to explore how interactions among species may lead to a shared response to historical events. Here we collect single nucleotide polymorphism data from five commensal arthropods associated with the Sarracenia alata carnivorous pitcher plant, and test for codiversification across the Mississippi River, a major biogeographic barrier in the southeastern United States. Population genetic structure in three of the ecologically dependent arthropods mirrors that of the host pitcher plant, with divergence time estimates suggesting two of the species (the pitcher plant moth Exyra semicrocea and a flesh fly Sarcophaga sarraceniae) dispersed synchronously across this barrier along with the pitcher plant. Patterns in population size and genetic diversity suggest the plant and ecologically dependent arthropods dispersed from east to west across the Mississippi River. In contrast, species less dependent on the plant ecologically show discordant phylogeographic patterns. This study demonstrates that ecological relationships may be an important predictor of codiversification, and supports recent suggestions that organismal trait data should be prominently featured in comparative phylogeographic investigations.
Preponderance of clonality triggers loss of sex in Bulbophyllum bicolor, an obligately outcrossing epiphytic orchid
Authors: Hu Ai‐Qun , Gale Stephan W. , Kumar Pankaj , Saunders Richard M. K. , Sun Mei , Fischer Gunter A. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractVegetative propagation (clonal growth) conveys several evolutionary advantages that positively affect life history fitness and is a widespread phenomenon among angiosperms that also reproduce sexually. However, a bias towards clonality can interfere with sexual reproduction and lead to sexual extinction, although a dearth of effective genetic tools and mathematical models for clonal plants has hampered assessment of these impacts. Using the endangered tropical epiphytic or lithophytic orchid Bulbophyllum bicolor as a model, we integrated an examination of breeding system with 12 microsatellite loci and models valid for clonal species to test for the “loss of sex” and infer likely consequences for long‐term reproductive dynamics. Bagging experiments and field observations revealed B. bicolor to be self‐incompatible and pollinator‐dependent, with an absence of fruit‐set over 4 years. Challenging the assumptions that clonal populations can be as genotypically diverse as sexually reproducing ones and that clonality does not greatly influence genetic structure, just 22 multilocus genotypes were confirmed among all 15 extant natural populations, 12 of the populations were found to be monoclonal, and all three multiclonal ones exhibited a distinct phalanx clonal architecture. Our results suggest that all B. bicolor populations depend overwhelmingly on clonal growth for persistence, with a concomitant loss of sex due to an absence of pollinators and a lack of mating opportunities at virtually all sites, both of which are further entrenched by habitat fragmentation. Such cryptic life history impacts, potentially contributing to extinction debt, could be widespread among similarly fragmented, outcrossing tropical epiphytes, demanding urgent conservation attention.
Molecular and pathobiological characterization of 61 Potato mop‐top virus full‐length cDNAs reveals great variability of the virus in the centre of potato domestication, novel genotypes and evidence for recombination
Authors: Kalyandurg Pruthvi , Gil Jose Fernando , Lukhovitskaya Nina I. , Flores Betty , Müller Giovanna , Chuquillanqui Carlos , Palomino Ladislao , Monjane Aderito , Barker Ian , Kreuze Jan , Savenkov Eugene I. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryThe evolutionary divergence of Potato mop‐top virus (PMTV), a tri‐partite, single‐stranded RNA virus, is exceptionally low, based on the analysis of sequences obtained from isolates from Europe, Asia and North America. In general, RNA viruses exist as dynamic populations of closely related and recombinant genomes that are subjected to continuous genetic variation. The reason behind the low genetic variation of PMTV remains unclear. The question remains as to whether the low variability is a shared property of all PMTV isolates or is a result of the limited number of isolates characterized so far. We hypothesized that higher divergence of the virus might exist in the Andean regions of South America, the centre of potato domestication. Here, we report high variability of PMTV isolates collected from 12 fields in three locations in the Andean region of Peru. To evaluate PMTV genetic variation in Peru, we generated full‐length cDNA clones, which allowed reliable comparative molecular and pathobiological characterization of individual isolates. We found significant divergence of the CP‐RT and 8K sequences. The 8K cistron, which encodes a viral suppressor of RNA silencing, was found to be under diversifying selection. Phylogenetic analysis determined that, based on the CP‐RT sequence, all PMTV isolates could be categorized into three separate lineages (clades). Moreover, we found evidence for recombination between two clades. Using infectious cDNA clones of the representatives of these two clades, as well as reassortants for the RNA‐CP genomic component, we determined the pathobiological differences between the lineages, which we coined as S (for severe) and M (for mild) types. Interestingly, all isolates characterized previously (from Europe, Asia and North America) fall into the S‐type clade, whereas most of the Peruvian isolates belong to the M‐type. Taken together, our results support the notion of the single introduction of PMTV from the centre of potato origin to Europe, and subsequent spread of the S‐type into Asia and USA. This is also supported by the suggested novel classification of isolates based on genetic constellations.
Involvement of salicylic acid, ethylene and jasmonic acid signalling pathways in the susceptibility of tomato to Fusarium oxysporum
Authors: Di Xiaotang , Gomila Jo , Takken Frank L. W. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryPhytohormones, such as salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET) and jasmonic acid (JA), play key roles in plant defence following pathogen attack. The involvement of these hormones in susceptibility following Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) infection has mostly been studied in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, Fo causes vascular wilt disease in a broad range of crops, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Surprisingly little is known about the involvement of these phytohormones in the susceptibility of tomato towards Fo f. sp. lycopersici (Fol). Here, we investigate their involvement by the analysis of the expression of ET, JA and SA marker genes following Fol infection, and by bioassays of tomato mutants affected in either hormone production or perception. Fol inoculation triggered the expression of SA and ET marker genes, showing the activation of these pathways. NahG tomato, in which SA is degraded, became hypersusceptible to Fol infection and showed stronger disease symptoms than wild‐type. In contrast, ACD and Never ripe (Nr) mutants, in which ET biosynthesis and perception, respectively, are impaired, showed decreased disease symptoms and reduced fungal colonization on infection. The susceptibility of the def1 tomato mutant, and a prosystemin over‐expressing line, in which JA signalling is compromised or constitutively activated, respectively, was unaltered. Our results show that SA is a negative and ET a positive regulator of Fol susceptibility. The SA and ET signalling pathways appear to act synergistically, as an intact ET pathway is required for the induction of an SA marker gene, and vice versa.