bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ageing and inflammation in patients with HIV infection
Authors: Nasi M , De Biasi S , Gibellini L , Bianchini E , Pecorini S , Bacca V , Guaraldi G , Mussini C , Pinti M , Cossarizza A 
Published: May 2016

SummaryNowadays, HIV+ patients have an expected lifespan that is only slightly shorter than healthy individuals. For this reason, along with the fact that infection can be acquired at a relatively advanced age, the effects of ageing on HIV+ people have begun to be evident. Successful anti-viral treatment is, on one hand, responsible for the development of side effects related to drug toxicity; on the other hand, it is not able to inhibit the onset of several complications caused by persistent immune activation and chronic inflammation. Therefore, patients with a relatively advanced age, i.e. aged more than 50 years, can experience pathologies that affect much older citizens. HIV+ individuals with non-AIDS-related complications can thus come to the attention of clinicians because of the presence of neurocognitive disorders, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, bone abnormalities and non-HIV-associated cancers. Chronic inflammation and immune activation, observed typically in elderly people and defined as ‘inflammaging’, can be present in HIV+ patients who experience a type of premature ageing, which affects the quality of life significantly. This relatively new condition is extremely complex, and important factors have been identified as well as the traditional behavioural risk factors, e.g. the toxicity of anti-retroviral treatments and the above-mentioned chronic inflammation leading to a functional decline and a vulnerability to injury or pathologies. Here, we discuss the role of inflammation and immune activation on the most important non-AIDS-related complications of chronic HIV infection, and the contribution of aging per se to this scenario.
Reconstruction of the severely atrophic edentulous maxillae with calvarial bone grafts
Authors: Mertens Christian , Freier Kolja , Engel Michael , Krisam Johannes , Hoffmann Jürgen , Freudlsperger Christian 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectivesTreatment of the severely atrophic maxilla with dental implants is challenging due to the insufficient horizontal and vertical bone volume and centripetal resorption pattern of the maxilla. Bone‐augmentation procedures are often necessary prior to implant placement. The objective of this study was to assess the suitability of using calvarial bone grafts to enable implant placement in severely atrophic maxillae.Material and MethodsSeventeen patients with severe atrophic edentulous maxillae were reconstructed with autogenous calvarial bone grafts. After a 4‐month healing period, the patients received a total of 134 dental implants, which were left to heal in submerged positions for 3 months before prosthetic rehabilitation was performed. Patients were followed clinically and radiographically for an average observation period of 53.94 months.ResultsAt the intraoral recipient sites, two infections developed, causing partial loss of the respective bone grafts. Implant placement, however, was possible at all sites. No donor‐site complications occurred. Two of 134 implants were lost in two patients prior to prosthetic loading. The implant survival rate was 98.51%. The implant success rate was 87.6%, and a mean marginal bone loss of 0.62 mm (SD 0.77 mm) was documented.ConclusionsPatients with severe bone atrophy of the edentulous maxilla can be successfully reconstructed with calvarial bone grafts and dental implants and show a stable clinical and radiographic situation after a mean observation period of 53 months.
The copulatory plug delays ejaculation by rival males and affects sperm competition outcome in house mice
Authors: Sutter A. , Lindholm A. K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractFemales of many species mate with multiple males (polyandry), resulting in male–male competition extending to post‐copulation (sperm competition). Males adapt to such post‐copulatory sexual selection by altering features of their ejaculate that increase its competitiveness and/or by decreasing the risk of sperm competition through female manipulation or interference with rival male behaviour. At ejaculation, males of many species deposit copulatory plugs, which are commonly interpreted as a male adaptation to post‐copulatory competition and are thought to reduce or delay female remating. Here, we used a vertebrate model species, the house mouse, to study the consequences of copulatory plugs for post‐copulatory competition. We experimentally manipulated plugs after a female's first mating and investigated the consequences for rival male behaviour and paternity outcome. We found that even intact copulatory plugs were ineffective at preventing female remating, but that plugs influenced the rival male copulatory behaviour. Rivals facing intact copulatory plugs performed more but shorter copulations and ejaculated later than when the plug had been fully or partially removed. This suggests that the copulatory plug represents a considerable physical barrier to rival males. The paternity share of first males increased with a longer delay between the first and second males' ejaculations, indicative of fitness consequences of copulatory plugs. However, when males provided little copulatory stimulation, the incidence of pregnancy failure increased, representing a potential benefit of intense and repeated copulation besides plug removal. We discuss the potential mechanisms of how plugs influence sperm competition outcome and consequences for male copulatory behaviour.
Influence of larval rearing temperature on the quality of cold‐stored Oomyzus sokolowskii Kurdjumov (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
Authors: Sun Y.‐X. , Tong C. , Liu T.‐X. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractOomyzus sokolowskii, an important parasitoid of Plutella xylostella, has great potential for use in biological control. Storage at suboptimal temperature is valuable for increasing the shelf‐life of insect parasitoids. In this study, O. sokolowskii larvae were reared at 30/25, 25/25 and 25/20°C light/dark (65 ± 5% RH, 16 : 8 h L : D) until pupation. The pupae were then cold‐stored at 4 ± 1°C (60 ± 5% RH, full darkness). The pupae were removed out from the storage at 10, 20, 30 and 40 days after storage (DAS) and maintained at 25 ± 2°C until adults emerged or pupae died. Quality of the emerging adults and their F1 offspring were assessed. Incidence of parasitism by O. sokolowskii was higher at 30/25°C than at 25/20°C. Cold storage of O. sokolowskii pupae greatly affected the fitness of the parasitoid: adult emergence rates were lower in the 40 DAS treatment than in other treatments; when O. sokolowskii larvae developed at 25/25°C, female proportions of the emerged adults were lower in the 40 DAS treatment than in the 0 and 10 DAS treatments. Larval rearing temperature mildly affected the adult emergence rate, post‐storage developmental time and female proportion with a few exceptions. Number of parasitoids emerged per host pupa, and incidence of parasitism by the females were neither affected by larval rearing temperature nor cold storage duration. Trans‐generational effects on F1 offspring were evident in adult emergence rate, egg‐adult developmental time and female proportion which were negatively affected by long duration of storage (40 days), but not by larval rearing temperature with a few exceptions. In conclusion, O. sokolowskii pupae could be stored at 4°C for up to 30 days without significant fitness loss.
Acaricides impair prey location in a predatory phytoseiid mite
Authors: Lima D. B. , Oliveira H. K. V. , Melo J. W. S. , Gondim Júnior M. G. C. , Guedes R. N. C. , Pallini A. , Oliveira J. E. M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe use of predatory mites as the sole management tactic in biological control programmes frequently does not fully and reliably prevents damage of phytophagous mites on plants. Therefore, as an alternative, the integration of predatory mites with acaricides can provide more effective control of phytophagous mites than that of the predators only. However, for such integration, acaricides minimal negative impacts on predatory mites are required. In this study, we evaluated the sublethal effects of three acaricides on the foraging behaviour of Neoseiulus baraki (Athias‐Henriot) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in a coconut production system. The acaricides were assessed for interference with the location of prey habitat using a Y‐tube olfactometer and for interference with the location of the prey colony within the habitat using a video‐tracking system. In addition to the choice of odour source, the time required and the distance walked to make the choice were assessed. The acaricides tested were abamectin, azadirachtin and fenpyroximate. The predatory mite preferred coconuts infested with the coconut mite Aceria guerreronis Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae) over uninfested coconuts when not exposed to acaricides. However, when exposed to acaricides, the predator did not distinguish between infested and uninfested fruits. When exposed to abamectin, N. baraki spent more time resting and walked greater distances before making the choice of an odour source. Thus, the acaricides impair the ability of the predatory mite N. baraki to locate a prey habitat and to locate a prey within that habitat. The acaricides differentially affected prey foraging by interfering with odour perception.
A new framing approach in guideline development to manage different sources of knowledge
Authors: Lukersmith Sue , Hopman Katherine , Vine Kristina , Krahe Lee , McColl Alexander 
Published: May 2016

AbstractRationaleContemporary guideline methodology struggles to consider context and information from different sources of knowledge besides quantitative research. Return to work programmes involve multiple components and stakeholders. If the guideline is to be relevant and practical for a complex intervention such as return to work, it is essential to use broad sources of knowledge.Aims and ObjectiveThis paper reports on a new method in guideline development to manage different sources of knowledge.MethodsThe method used framing for the return‐to‐work guidance within the Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Rotator Cuff Syndrome in the Workplace. The development involved was a multi‐disciplinary working party of experts including consumers. The researchers considered a broad range of research, expert (practice and experience) knowledge, the individual's and workplace contexts, and used framing with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Following a systematic database search on four clinical questions, there were seven stages of knowledge management to extract, unpack, map and pack information to the ICF domains framework. Companion graded recommendations were developed.ResultsThe results include practical examples, user and consumer guides, flow charts and six graded or consensus recommendations on best practice for return to work intervention.ConclusionsOur findings suggest using framing in guideline methodology with internationally accepted frames such as the ICF is a reliable and transparent framework to manage different sources of knowledge. Future research might examine other examples and methods for managing complexity and using different sources of knowledge in guideline development.
Influence of Input‐Scrap Quality on the Environmental Impact of Secondary Steel Production
Authors: Haupt Melanie , Vadenbo Carl , Zeltner Christoph , Hellweg Stefanie 
Published: May 2016

SummaryIn electric arc furnaces (EAFs), different grades of steel scrap are combined to produce the targeted carbon steel quality. The goal of this study is to assess the influence of scrap quality on the recycling process and on the final product by investigating the effect of the scrap mix composition, and other inputs, for example, preheating energy, on the electricity demand of the melting process. A large industrial data set (empirical data set of ∼20,000 individual heats recorded during 2.5 years at a Swiss EAF site) is analyzed using linear regression. The influence of scrap grades on electricity demand are found to correlate strongly with their respective quality; specific electricity demand is up to 45% higher for low‐quality scrap than for high‐quality scrap. Given that chemical compositions of scrap grades are highly variable and often unknown, average concentrations are determined using linear regression with scrap input as the predictors and the amounts of the investigated elements in liquid steel as the dependent variable. The lowest quality (highest copper and tin concentrations) and the highest electricity demand in the EAF are found for scrap recovered from bottom ashes of municipal solid waste incineration. Although even with low‐quality scrap input steel recycling is environmentally superior to primary steel production, the optimization potential in terms of energy efficiency and resource recovery, for example, through pretreatment, seems to be substantial.
Combined microscopy and molecular analyses show phloem occlusions and cell wall modifications in tomato leaves in response to ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’
Authors: MARCO F. DE , PAGLIARI L. , DEGOLA F. , BUXA S. V. , LOSCHI A. , DINANT S. , HIR R. LE , MORIN H. , SANTI S. , MUSETTI R. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryCallose deposition, phloem‐protein conformational changes and cell wall thickening are calcium‐mediated occlusions occurring in the plant sieve elements in response to different biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the significance of these structures in plant–phytoplasma interactions requires in‐depth investigations. We adopted a novel integrated approach, based on the combined use of microscopic and molecular analyses, to investigate the structural modifications induced in tomato leaf tissues in presence of phytoplasmas, focusing on vascular bundles and on the occlusion structures. Phloem hyperplasia and string‐like arrangement of xylem vessels were found in infected vascular tissue. The diverse occlusion structures were differentially modulated in the phloem in response to phytoplasma infection. Callose amount was higher in midribs from infected plants than in healthy ones. Callose was observed at sieve plates but not at pore‐plasmodesma units. A putative callose synthase gene encoding a protein with high similarity to Arabidopsis CalS7, responsible for callose deposition at sieve plates, was upregulated in symptomatic leaves, indicating a modulation in the response to stolbur infection. P‐proteins showed configuration changes in infected sieve elements, exhibiting condensation of the filaments. The transcripts for a putative P‐protein 2 and a sieve element occlusion‐related protein were localized in the phloem but only the first one was modulated in the infected tissues.
Australian Cattle Dogs with Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis are Homozygous for aCLN5Nonsense Mutation Previously Identified in Border Collies
Authors: Kolicheski A. , Johnson G.S. , O'Brien D.P. , Mhlanga‐Mutangadura T. , Gilliam D. , Guo J. , Anderson‐Sieg T.D. , Schnabel R.D. , Taylor J.F. , Lebowitz A. , Swanson B. , Hicks D. , Niman Z.E. , Wininger F.A. , Carpentier M.C. , Katz M.L. 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundNeuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), a fatal neurodegenerative disease, has been diagnosed in young adult Australian Cattle Dogs.ObjectiveCharacterize the Australian Cattle Dog form ofNCLand determine its molecular genetic cause.AnimalsTissues from 4 Australian Cattle Dogs withNCL‐like signs and buccal swabs from both parents of a fifth affected breed member. ArchivedDNAsamples from 712 individual dogs were genotyped.MethodsTissues were examined by fluorescence, electron, and immunohistochemical microscopy. A whole‐genome sequence was generated for 1 affected dog. A TaqMan allelic discrimination assay was used for genotyping.ResultsThe accumulation of autofluorescent cytoplasmic storage material with characteristic ultrastructure in tissues from the 4 affected dogs supported a diagnosis ofNCL. The whole‐genome sequence contained a homozygous nonsense mutation:CLN5:c.619C>T. All 4DNAsamples from clinically affected dogs tested homozygous for the variant allele. Both parents of the fifth affected dog were heterozygotes. ArchivedDNAsamples from 346 Australian Cattle Dogs, 188 Border Collies, and 177 dogs of other breeds were homozygous for the reference allele. One archived Australian Cattle Dog sample was from a heterozygote.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe homozygousCLN5nonsense is almost certainly causal because the same mutation previously had been reported to cause a similar form ofNCLin Border Collies. Identification of the molecular genetic cause of Australian Cattle DogNCLwill allow the use ofDNAtests to confirm the diagnosis ofNCLin this breed.
Genomic evidence for ecological divergence against a background of population homogeneity in the marine snail Chlorostoma funebralis
Authors: Gleason Lani U. , Burton Ronald S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe balance between natural selection, gene flow and genetic drift is difficult to resolve in marine invertebrates with extensive dispersal and fluctuating population sizes. The intertidal snail Chlorostoma funebralis has planktonic larvae and previous work using mtDNA polymorphism reported no genetic population structure. Nevertheless, recent studies have documented differences in thermal tolerance and transcriptomic responses to heat stress between northern and southern California, USA, populations. To gain insight into the dynamics influencing adaptive divergence, we used double‐digest restriction site‐associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing to identify 1861 genomewide, quality‐filtered single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci for C. funebralis collected from three northern and three southern California sites (15 individuals per population). Considering all SNPs, there was no evidence for genetic differentiation among populations or regions (average FST = 0.0042). However, outlier tests revealed 34 loci putatively under divergent selection between northern and southern populations, and structure and SNP tree analyses based on these outliers show clear genetic differentiation between geographic regions. Three of these outliers are known or hypothesized to be involved in stress granule formation, a response to environmental stress such as heat. Combined with previous work that found thermally tolerant southern populations show high baseline expression of stress response genes, these results further suggest that thermal stress is a strong selective pressure across C. funebralis populations. Overall, this study increases our understanding of the factors constraining local adaptation in marine organisms, while suggesting that ecologically driven, strong differentiation can occur at relevant loci in a species with planktonic larvae.
Equating spatial summation in visual field testing reveals greater loss in optic nerve disease
Authors: Kalloniatis Michael , Khuu Sieu K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPurposeTo test the hypothesis that visual field assessment in ocular disease measured with target stimuli within or close to complete spatial summation results in larger threshold elevation compared to when measured with the standard Goldmann III target size. The hypothesis predicts a greater loss will be identified in ocular disease. Additionally, we sought to develop a theoretical framework that would allow comparisons of thresholds with disease progression when using different Goldmann targets.MethodsThe Humphrey Field Analyser (HFA) 30‐2 grid was used in 13 patients with early/established optic nerve disease using the current Goldmann III target size or a combination of the three smallest stimuli (target size I, II and III). We used data from control subjects at each of the visual field locations for the different target sizes to establish the number of failed points (events) for the patients with optic nerve disease, as well as global indices for mean deviation (MD) and pattern standard deviation (PSD).ResultsThe 30‐2 visual field testing using alternate target size stimuli showed that all 13 patients displayed more defects (events) compared to the standard Goldmann III target size. The median increase for events was seven additional failed points: (range 1–26). The global indices also increased when the new testing approach was used (MD −3.47 to −6.25 dB and PSD 4.32 to 6.63 dB). Spatial summation mapping showed an increase in critical area (Ac) in disease and overall increase in thresholds when smaller target stimuli were used.ConclusionsWhen compared to the current Goldmann III paradigm, the use of alternate sized targets within the 30‐2 testing protocol revealed a greater loss in patients with optic nerve disease for both event analysis and global indices (MD and PSD). We therefore provide evidence in a clinical setting that target size is important in visual field testing.
Changes in Implantation Patterns and Therapy Rates of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators over Time in Ischemic and Dilated Cardiomyopathy Patients
Authors: VANDENBERK BERT , GARWEG CHRISTOPHE , VOROS GABOR , FLORÉ VINCENT , MARYNISSEN THOMAS , STICHERLING CHRISTIAN , ZABEL MARKUS , ECTOR JORIS , WILLEMS RIK 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundClinical guidelines on implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy changed significantly in the last decades with potential inherent effects on therapy efficacy. We aimed to study therapy rates in time and the association between therapies and mortality.MethodsAll patients receiving an ICD, primary and secondary prevention, were included in a single‐center retrospective registry. Information on first appropriate and inappropriate therapies was documented. Dates of implant were divided in P1: 1996–2001, P2: 2002–2008, and P3: 2009–2014.ResultsA total of 727 patients, 84.9% male—66.4% ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM)—56% primary prevention—mean follow‐up 5.2 ± 4.1 years, were included. There was a shift from secondary to primary prevention indications, from ischemic to non‐ICM, and from single chamber to cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator devices. The annual 1‐ and 3‐year appropriate shock (AS) rate declined from 29.4% and 15.1% in P1, over 13.3% and 9.2% in P2 to 7.8% and 5.7% in P3 (log‐rank P < 0.001), while inappropriate shock (IAS) rates remained unchanged (log‐rank P = 0.635). After multivariate regression analysis a higher age at implant, lower left ventricular ejection fraction, history of stroke, diabetes mellitus, intake of loop diuretics or digitalis, higher creatinine, and longer QTc were independent predictors of mortality.ConclusionThese changes in clinical practice with a shift to primary prevention and rise in non‐ICM implants caused a significant decrease in AS incidence, while IAS remained stable. Receiving AS or IAS was not an independent predictor of mortality in our real‐life cohort.