bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Climatic Conditions and Management Practices on Agricultural Carbon and Water Budgets in the Inland Pacific Northwest USA
Authors: Chi Jinshu , Waldo Sarah , Pressley Shelley N. , Russell Eric S. , O'Keeffe Patrick T. , Pan William L. , Huggins David R. , Stöckle Claudio O. , Brooks Erin S. , Lamb Brian K. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCropland is an important land cover influencing global carbon and water cycles. Variability of agricultural carbon and water fluxes depends on crop species, management practices, soil characteristics, and climatic conditions. In the context of climate change, it is critical to quantify the long‐term effects of these environmental drivers and farming activities on carbon and water dynamics. Twenty site‐years of carbon and water fluxes covering a large precipitation gradient and a variety of crop species and management practices were measured in the inland Pacific Northwest using the eddy covariance method. The rain‐fed fields were net carbon sinks, while the irrigated site was close to carbon neutral during the winter wheat crop years. Sites growing spring crops were either carbon sinks, sources, or neutral, varying with crops, rainfall zones, and tillage practices. Fluxes were more sensitive to variability in precipitation than temperature: annual carbon and water fluxes increased with the increasing precipitation while only respiration increased with temperature in the high‐rainfall area. Compared to a nearby rain‐fed site, irrigation improved winter wheat production but resulted in large losses of carbon and water to the atmosphere. Compared to conventional tillage, no‐till had significantly lower respiration but resulted in slightly lower yields and water use efficiency over 4 years. Under future climate change, it is expected that more carbon fixation by crops and evapotranspiration would occur in a warmer and wetter environment.
On the gEUD biological optimization objective for organs at risk in Photon Optimizer of Eclipse treatment planning system
Authors: Fogliata Antonella , Thompson Stephen , Stravato Antonella , Tomatis Stefano , Scorsetti Marta , Cozzi Luca 
Published: November 2017

AbstractInverse planning optimization using biologically based objectives is becoming part of the intensity modulated optimization process. The performances and efficacy of the biologically based gEUD (generalized Equivalent Uniform Dose) objective implemented in the Photon Optimizer (PO) of Varian Eclipse treatment planning system have been here analyzed. gEUD is associated with the parameter a that accounts for the seriality of a structure, being higher for more serial organs. The PO was used to optimize volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans on a virtual homogeneous cylindrical phantom presenting a target and an organ at risk (OAR). The OAR was placed at 4 mm, 1 and 2 cm distance, or cropped at 0, 2 and 4 mm from the target. Homogeneous target dose of 60 Gy in 20 fractions was requested with physical dose‐volume objectives, while OAR dose was minimized with the upper gEUD objective. The gEUD specific a parameter was varied from 0.1 to 40 to assess its impact to OAR sparing and target coverage. Actual head and neck and prostate cases, with one parotid and the rectum as test OAR, were also analyzed to translate the results in the more complex clinical environment. Increasing the a parameter value in the gEUD objective, the optimization achieved lower volumes of the OAR which received the highest dose levels. The maximum dose in the OAR was minimized well with a values up to 20, while further increase of a to 40 did not further improve the result. The OAR mean dose was reduced for the OAR located at 1 and 2 cm distance from the target, enforced with increasing a. For cropped OARs, a mean dose reduction was achieved for a values up to 3–5, but mean dose increased for higher a values. The optimal choice of the parameter a depends on the mutual OAR and target position, and seriality of the organ. Today no significant compendium of clinical and biological specific a and gEUD values are available for a wide range of OARs.
Commissioning of the world's first compact pencil‐beam scanning proton therapy system
Authors: Pidikiti Rajesh , Patel Bijal C. , Maynard Matthew R. , Dugas Joseph P. , Syh Joseph , Sahoo Narayan , Wu Hsinshun Terry , Rosen Lane R. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis paper summarizes clinical commissioning of the world's first commercial, clinically utilized installation of a compact, image‐guided, pencil‐beam scanning, intensity‐modulated proton therapy system, the IBA Proteus®ONE, at the Willis‐Knighton Cancer Center (WKCC) in Shreveport, LA. The Proteus®ONE is a single‐room, compact‐gantry system employing a cyclotron‐generated proton beam with image guidance via cone‐beam CT as well as stereoscopic orthogonal and oblique planar kV imaging. Coupling 220° of gantry rotation with a 6D robotic couch capable of in plane patient rotations of over 180° degrees allows for 360° of treatment access. Along with general machine characterization, system commissioning required: (a) characterization and calibration of the proton beam, (b) treatment planning system commissioning including CT‐to‐density curve determination, (c) image guidance system commissioning, and (d) safety verification (interlocks and radiation survey). System readiness for patient treatment was validated by irradiating calibration TLDs as well as prostate, head, and lung phantoms from the Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core (IROC), Houston. These results confirmed safe and accurate machine functionality suitable for patient treatment. WKCC also successfully completed an on‐site dosimetry review by an independent team of IROC physicists that corroborated accurate Proteus®ONE dosimetry.
Tolerance levels of CT number to electron density table for photon beam in radiotherapy treatment planning system
Authors: Nakao Minoru , Ozawa Shuichi , Yamada Kiyoshi , Yogo Katsunori , Hosono Fumika , Hayata Masahiro , Saito Akito , Miki Kentaro , Nakashima Takeo , Ochi Yusuke , Kawahara Daisuke , Morimoto Yoshiharu , Yoshizaki Toru , Nozaki Hiroshige , Habara Kosaku , Nagata Yasushi 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe accuracy of computed tomography number to electron density (CT‐ED) calibration is a key component for dose calculations in an inhomogeneous medium. In a previous work, it was shown that the tolerance levels of CT‐ED calibration became stricter with an increase in tissue thickness and decrease in the effective energy of a photon beam. For the last decade, a low effective energy photon beam (e.g., flattening‐filter‐free (FFF)) has been used in clinical sites. However, its tolerance level has not been established yet. We established a relative electron density (ED) tolerance level for each tissue type with an FFF beam. The tolerance levels were calculated using the tissue maximum ratio (TMR) and each corresponding maximum tissue thickness. To determine the relative ED tolerance level, TMR data from a Varian accelerator and the adult reference computational phantom data in the International Commission on Radiological Protection publication 110 (ICRP‐110 phantom) were used in this study. The 52 tissue components of the ICRP‐110 phantom were classified by mass density as five tissues groups including lung, adipose/muscle, cartilage/spongy‐bone, cortical bone, and tooth tissue. In addition, the relative ED tolerance level of each tissue group was calculated when the relative dose error to local dose reached 2%. The relative ED tolerances of a 6 MVFFF beam for lung, adipose/muscle, and cartilage/spongy‐bone were ±0.044, ±0.022, and ±0.044, respectively. The thicknesses of the cortical bone and tooth groups were too small to define the tolerance levels. Because the tolerance levels of CT‐ED calibration are stricter with a decrease in the effective energy of the photon beam, the tolerance levels are determined by the lowest effective energy in useable beams for radiotherapy treatment planning systems.
Analysis of Optical Losses in a Photoelectrochemical Cell: A Tool for Precise Absorptance Estimation
Authors: Cendula Peter , Steier Ludmilla , Losio Paolo A. , Grätzel Michael , Schumacher Jürgen O. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractOptical losses in a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell account for a substantial part of solar‐to‐hydrogen conversion losses, but limited attention is paid to the detailed investigation of optical losses in PEC cells. In this work, an optical model of combined coherent and incoherent light propagation in all layers of the PEC cell based on spectroscopic measurements is presented. Specifically, photoelectrodes using transparent conductive substrates such as F:SnO2 coated with thin absorber films are focused. The optical model is verified for hematite photoanodes fabricated by atomic layer deposition and successfully used to determine wavelength‐dependent reflection, transmission, layer absorptances, and charge generation rates. Furthermore, the calculated absorptances enable 20–30% more accurate calculations of the absorbed photon‐to‐current efficiency of PEC cells. Our optical model is a powerful tool for the optimization of the optical performance of PEC cells focusing on single absorber or tandem configurations and represents a cornerstone of a complete (optical and electrical) model for PEC water splitting cells.
Influence of Radiation on the Properties and the Stability of Hybrid Perovskites
Authors: Lang Felix , Shargaieva Oleksandra , Brus Viktor V. , Neitzert Heinz C. , Rappich Jörg , Nickel Norbert H. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractOrganic–inorganic perovskites are well suited for optoelectronic applications. In particular, perovskite single and perovskite tandem solar cells with silicon are close to their market entry. Despite their swift rise in efficiency to more than 21%, solar cell lifetimes are way below the needed 25 years. In fact, comparison of the time when the device performance has degraded to 80% of its initial value (T80 lifetime) of numerous solar cells throughout the literature reveals a strongly reduced stability under illumination. Herein, the various detrimental effects are discussed. Most notably, moisture‐ and heat‐related degradation can be mitigated easily by now. Recently, however, several photoinduced degradation mechanisms have been observed. Under illumination, mixed perovskites tend to phase segregate, while, further, oxygen catalyzes deprotonation of the organic cations. Additionally, during illumination photogenerated charge can be trapped in the NH antibonding orbitals causing dissociation of the organic cation. On the other hand, organic–inorganic perovskites exhibit a high radiation hardness that is superior to crystalline silicon. Here, the proposed degradation mechanisms reported in the literature are thoroughly reviewed and the microscopic mechanisms and their implications for solar cells are discussed.
Strong Coupling in a Photonic Molecule Formed by Trapping a Microsphere in a Microtube Cavity
Authors: Wang Jiawei , Yin Yin , Hao Qi , Zhang Yang , Ma Libo , Schmidt Oliver G. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA photonic molecule formed by trapping a microsphere cavity into a hollow microtube cavity is demonstrated, which provides a novel design over conventional photonic molecules comprised of solid‐core whispering gallery mode microcavities with externally tangent configuration. Periodic spectral modulations of mode intensity, resonant mode shift, and quality factor are observed owing to the largely mismatched cavity sizes. The intercavity coupling strength can be tuned by shifting the excitation position off the tangent point of the microsphere‐tube system along the tube axis, rather than the conventional strategy of changing the spacing between coupled cavities. In particular, anticrossing feature of coupled modes is revealed to verify the existence of optical strong coupling in the microsphere‐tube system. Numerical simulation results show an excellent agreement with the experimental observations. The present work provides a flexible strategy for designing photonic molecules and tuning the coupling behavior of resonant modes, which is of high interest for both fundamental and applied studies.
Environmental TEM Investigation of Electrochemical Stability of Perovskite and Ruddlesden–Popper Type Manganite Oxygen Evolution Catalysts
Authors: Mierwaldt Daniel , Roddatis Vladimir , Risch Marcel , Scholz Julius , Geppert Janis , Abrishami Majid Ebrahimizadeh , Jooss Christian 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe sluggish kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a grand challenge for energy storage technologies. Several perovskites and other oxides of earth‐abundant elements are found to exhibit improved catalytic OER activity. However, less attention is paid to the electrochemical stability, an important factor for large‐scale application. The ongoing search for stable catalysts calls for characterizing active catalyst surfaces and identifying mechanisms of deactivation, activation, or repair. In situ techniques are indispensable for these tasks. This study uses environmental transmission electron microscopy on the highly correlated perovskite Pr1–xCaxMnO3 and the Ruddlesden–Popper Pr0.5Ca1.5MnO4 as model electrodes to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the stability trends identified on rotating ring disk electrodes. An electron beam at fluxes well below those that would cause radiation damage is used to induce positive local electrode potentials due to secondary electron emission, driving electrochemical reactions in H2O vapor. The stability of the model systems increases with increasing ionic character of the MnO bond, while more covalent bonds are prone to corrosion, which is triggered by formation of point defects in the oxygen sublattice.
Lead‐Free Hybrid Perovskite Absorbers for Viable Application: Can We Eat the Cake and Have It too?
Authors: Liang Lusheng , Gao Peng 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMany years since the booming of research on perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the hybrid perovskite materials developed for photovoltaic application form three main categories since 2009: (i) high‐performance unstable lead‐containing perovskites, (ii) low‐performance lead‐free perovskites, and (iii) moderate performance and stable lead‐containing perovskites. The search for alternative materials to replace lead leads to the second group of perovskite materials. To date, a number of these compounds have been synthesized and applied in photovoltaic devices. Here, lead‐free hybrid light absorbers used in PV devices are focused and their recent developments in related solar cell applications are reviewed comprehensively. In the first part, group 14 metals (Sn and Ge)‐based perovskites are introduced with more emphasis on the optimization of Sn‐based PSCs. Then concerns on halide hybrids of group 15 metals (Bi and Sb) are raised, which are mainly perovskite derivatives. At the same time, transition metal Cu‐based perovskites are also referred. In the end, an outlook is given on the design strategy of lead‐free halide hybrid absorbers for photovoltaic applications. It is believed that this timely review can represent our unique view of the field and shed some light on the direction of development of such promising materials.
Modified Back Contact Interface of CZTSe Thin Film Solar Cells: Elimination of Double Layer Distribution in Absorber Layer
Authors: Zhang Zhaojing , Yao Liyong , Zhang Yi , Ao Jianping , Bi Jinlian , Gao Shoushuai , Gao Qing , Jeng Ming‐Jer , Sun Guozhong , Zhou Zhiqiang , He Qing , Sun Yun 
Published: November 2017

AbstractDouble layer distribution exists in Cu2SnZnSe4 (CZTSe) thin films prepared by selenizing the metallic precursors, which will degrade the back contact of Mo substrate to absorber layer and thus suppressing the performance of solar cell. In this work, the double‐layer distribution of CZTSe film is eliminated entirely and the formation of MoSe2 interfacial layer is inhibited successfully. CZTSe film is prepared by selenizing the precursor deposited by electrodeposition method under Se and SnSex mixed atmosphere. It is found that the insufficient reaction between ZnSe and Cu‐Sn‐Se phases in the bottom of the film is the reason why the double layer distribution of CZTSe film is formed. By increasing Sn content in the metallic precursor, thus making up the loss of Sn because of the decomposition of CZTSe and facilitate the diffusion of liquid Cu2Se, the double layer distribution is eliminated entirely. The crystallization of the formed thin film is dense and the grains go through the entire film without voids. And there is no obvious MoSe2 layer formed between CZTSe and Mo. As a consequence, the series resistance of the solar cell reduces significantly to 0.14 Ω cm2 and a CZTSe solar cell with efficiency of 7.2% is fabricated.
Assessing consumers’ preferences and willingness to pay for novel sliced packed fresh pears: A latent class approach
Authors: Ikiz Dila , Gallardo R. Karina , Dhingra Amit , Hewitt Seanna 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe North American fresh pear industry faces marketing challenges that could jeopardize its’ long‐term economic profitability. The production of sliced fresh pears is a promising alternative to overcome the lack of supplying consistently a product with superior quality with added convenience, potentially able to increase domestic consumption. In this paper, we used sensory evaluation and a Vickrey experimental auction to elicit consumers’ preferences and willingness to pay for sliced packed fresh pears treated with SmartFresh™ (1‐methylcyclopropene) and subsequently with a ripening compound (RC) in the form of glyoxylic acid at different concentration levels (1%, 2%, 3%, and control). Panelists were willing to pay a price premium equivalent to $0.119/2 oz packet for the 2% RC sample, $0.055/2 oz packet for the 3% RC sample, and $0.025/2 oz packet for the 1% RC sample compared to the control sample. Results from a market segmentation analyses indicate the presence of two groups in the panelist sample. The group that liked sliced pears assigned higher importance to locally grown fruit and price, shopped at conventional retailer grocery stores, had fewer children in the household, and were younger compared to the group that disliked sliced pears. [EconLit citation: Q13].
Combining sensory evaluations and experimental auctions to assess consumers’ preferences for fresh fruit quality characteristics
Authors: Gallardo R. Karina , Hanrahan Ines , Yue Chengyan , McCracken Vicki A. , Luby James , McFerson James R. , Ross Carolyn , Carrillo‐Rodriguez Lilian 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA combination of sensory evaluation and experimental auctions was used to analyze consumer preferences for external and internal quality characteristics of two fresh apple varieties “Honeycrisp” and “Gala.” A group of 384 panelists in three locations in the United States evaluated the appearance, the internal quality characteristics, in three sequential rounds, for the two apple variety samples. Each panelist responded to a sensory evaluation questionnaire, and then bid on the samples in an incentive compatible second price auction. We found that panelists’ bids increased with the amount of information given. Also, we found that for some attributes such as sweetness, panelists preferred levels closer to their ideal rather than objectively measured higher levels. When evaluating consumers’ preference and valuation for different fresh fruit varieties, a greater explanatory power is obtained when including an indicator variable for the variety along with the set of quality attributes. The indicator variable could improve the control of inherent factors related with the varieties but cannot be observed or inferred easily. Finally, our findings add to previous studies in that flavor, when expressed as a combination of sweetness and acidity in addition to textural attributes, are important determinants of consumers’ acceptance. [EconLit citations: Q13]
Community Data Collection with Children of Mothers Living withHIV: Boundaries of the Researcher Role
Authors: LeCroix Rebecca Hill , Goodrum Nada M. , Hufstetler Schell , Armistead Lisa P. 
Published: November 2017

HighlightsDescribes experiences of depression by mothers living with HIV and their children.Provides vignette compilation to illustrate the ways in which children have expressed depression.Suggests ways that researchers conduct ethical and thorough risk assessment to provide resources.Describes how community psychology values influence boundaries and ethics of researchers.
Valuing Our Communities: Ethical Considerations for Economic Evaluation of Community‐Based Prevention
Authors: Crowley Max , Jones Damon 
Published: November 2017

AbstractRestricted public budgets and increasing efforts to link the impact of community interventions to public savings have increased the use of economic evaluation. While this type of evaluation can be important for program planning, it also raises important ethical issues about how we value the time of local stakeholders who support community interventions. In particular, researchers navigate issues of scientific accuracy, institutional inequality, and research utility in their pursuit of even basic cost estimates. We provide an example of how we confronted these issues when estimating the costs of a large‐scale community‐based intervention. Principles for valuing community members’ time and conducting economic evaluations of community programs are discussed.
Additive genetic variation in the craniofacial skeleton of baboons (genus Papio) and its relationship to body and cranial size
Authors: Joganic Jessica L. , Willmore Katherine E. , Richtsmeier Joan T. , Weiss Kenneth M. , Mahaney Michael C. , Rogers Jeffrey , Cheverud James M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectivesDetermining the genetic architecture of quantitative traits and genetic correlations among them is important for understanding morphological evolution patterns. We address two questions regarding papionin evolution: (1) what effect do body and cranial size, age, and sex have on phenotypic (VP) and additive genetic (VA) variation in baboon crania, and (2) how might additive genetic correlations between craniofacial traits and body mass affect morphological evolution?Materials and MethodsWe use a large captive pedigreed baboon sample to estimate quantitative genetic parameters for craniofacial dimensions (EIDs). Our models include nested combinations of the covariates listed above. We also simulate the correlated response of a given EID due to selection on body mass alone.ResultsCovariates account for 1.2–91% of craniofacial VP. EID VA decreases across models as more covariates are included. The median genetic correlation estimate between each EID and body mass is 0.33. Analysis of the multivariate response to selection reveals that observed patterns of craniofacial variation in extant baboons cannot be attributed solely to correlated response to selection on body mass, particularly in males.DiscussionBecause a relatively large proportion of EID VA is shared with body mass variation, different methods of correcting for allometry by statistically controlling for size can alter residual VP patterns. This may conflate direct selection effects on craniofacial variation with those resulting from a correlated response to body mass selection. This shared genetic variation may partially explain how selection for increased body mass in two different papionin lineages produced remarkably similar craniofacial phenotypes.