bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypovitaminosis A in extensively grazed beef cattle
Authors: Parker EM , Gardiner CP , Kessell AE , Parker AJ 
Published: February 2017

Case reportVitamin A deficiency was diagnosed in a herd of 97 19‐month‐old Braford heifers in the Mitchell Grass Downs (Astrebla spp.) bioregion of Hughenden in north‐western Queensland during November 2015. Two heifers died after a 48‐h history of sternal recumbency and of the 19 that had neurological signs, 7 were blind. Histological changes in the optic nerves of the two necropsied cattle were consistent with vitamin A deficiency. This diagnosis was supported by vitamin A concentrations in fresh liver samples of 5 and 6 mg/kg wet tissue (reference range, 100–175 mg/kg) despite treatment of the cattle with twice the recommended dose of parenteral vitamin A 3 weeks prior to sampling. Rainfall on the property during the 2 years before the outbreak was less than the annual rainfall average of 464 mm, with a total of 281 mm in 2014 and 117 mm from January to November in 2015, most of this falling in January.ConclusionPlant assays for both β‐carotene and crude protein concentrations in dry matter (DM) were less than the recommended dietary requirements for beef cattle (0.30 mg/kg DM and 56 g/kg, respectively).
Neospora caninum in beef herds in New South Wales, Australia. 1: seroprevalence study
Authors: Moloney BJ , Kirkland PD , Heuer C 
Published: February 2017

ObjectiveTo determine the seroprevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in beef breeding herds across New South Wales (NSW) and to determine if there are any differences associated with geographic location and other herd‐level factors.MethodsCross‐sectional survey of beef breeding cows (n = 3298) from 63 properties (approximately 55 cows per herd) sampled randomly from six regions in NSW using a multistage survey design. Samples were tested by ELISA for N. caninum. Seroprevalence was determined at animal and herd levels, using an analysis approach to account for stratification, sample weighting and within‐herd clustering.ResultsAnimal‐level seroprevalence ranged from 1.8% to 11.3% across regions and the overall animal seroprevalence for NSW was 5.9%. The mean within‐herd seroprevalence was 5.2%. The herd seroprevalence ranged from 50% to 92%, with an overall point estimate for NSW of 63.8% (using ≥ 1 animal positive = herd positive). The within‐herd seroprevalence ranged from 1.6% to 32.7% Prevalence and associated confidence limits were adjusted for the design of the survey.ConclusionsOverall, about two‐thirds of all herds in NSW showed evidence of infection, but the seroprevalence of N. caninum in individual beef cattle in NSW was low to moderate (1.8–11.3%). Significant differences occurred between regions. The risk for herds being positive for N. caninum was associated with geographic factors, particularly in the Mid‐North Coast Region.
Increased hippocampal, thalamus and amygdala volume in long‐term lithium‐treated bipolar I disorder patients compared with unmedicated patients and healthy subjects
Authors: López‐Jaramillo Carlos , Vargas Cristian , Díaz‐Zuluaga Ana M. , Palacio Juan David , Castrillón Gabriel , Bearden Carrie , Vieta Eduard 
Published: February 2017

ObjectiveMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in bipolar I disorder (BD‐I) suggest that lithium is associated with increased volumes of cortico‐limbic structures. However, more rigorous control of confounding factors is needed to obtain further support for this hypothesis. The aim of the present study was to assess differences in brain volumes among long‐term lithium‐treated BD‐I patients, unmedicated BD‐I patients, and healthy controls.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study with 32 euthymic BD‐I patients (16 on lithium monotherapy for a mean of 180 months, and 16 receiving no medication for at least the 2 months prior to the study) and 20 healthy controls. Patients were euthymic (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [HDRS] <6 and Young Mania Rating Scale [YMRS] <7) and had not taken psychotropic medications other than lithium for at least 6 months. Brain images were acquired on a 1.5 Tesla MRI (Phillips, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) and segmented to generate volumetric measures of cortical and subcortical brain areas, ventricles and global brain.ResultsSignificant differences were found in the volumes of the left amygdala (P=.0003), right amygdala (P=.030), left hippocampus (P=.022), left thalamus (P=.022), and right thalamus (P=.019) in long‐term lithium‐treated BD‐I patients, compared to unmedicated patients and controls, after multivariable adjustment. No differences were observed in global brain volume or in ventricular size among the three groups. Likewise, there was no correlation between serum lithium levels and the increase in size in the described brain areas.ConclusionsThe structural differences found among the three groups, and specifically those between long‐term lithium‐treated and unmedicated BD‐I patients, indicate increased limbic structure volumes in lithium‐treated patients.
Is Consent Based on Trust Morally Inferior to Consent Based on Information?
Authors: Kongsholm Nana Cecilie Halmsted , Kappel Klemens 
Published: February 2017

AbstractInformed consent is considered by many to be a moral imperative in medical research. However, it is increasingly acknowledged that in many actual instances of consent to participation in medical research, participants do not employ the provided information in their decision to consent, but rather consent based on the trust they hold in the researcher or research enterprise. In this article we explore whether trust‐based consent is morally inferior to information‐based consent. We analyse the moral values essential to valid consent – autonomy, voluntariness, non‐manipulation, and non‐exploitation – and assess whether these values are less protected and promoted by consent based on trust than they are by consent based on information. We find that this is not the case, and thus conclude that trust‐based consent if not morally inferior to information‐based consent.
Stimulation of Na+‐K+‐pump currents by epithelial nicotinic receptors in rat colon
Authors: Bader Sandra , Lottig Lena , Diener Martin 
Published: February 2017

Background and PurposeAcetylcholine‐induced epithelial Cl− secretion is generally thought to be mediated by epithelial muscarinic receptors and nicotinic receptors on secretomotor neurons. However, recent data have shown expression of nicotinic receptors by intestinal epithelium and the stimulation of Cl− secretion by nicotine, in the presence of the neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin. Here, we aimed to identify the transporters activated by epithelial nicotinic receptors and to clarify their role in cholinergic regulation of intestinal ion transport.Experimental ApproachUssing chamber experiments were performed, using rat distal colon with intact epithelia. Epithelia were basolaterally depolarized to measure currents across the apical membrane. Apically permeabilized tissue was also used to measure currents across the basolateral membrane in the presence of tetrodotoxin.Key ResultsNicotine had no effect on currents through Cl− channels in the apical membrane or on currents through K+ channels in the apical or the basolateral membrane. Instead, nicotine stimulated the Na+‐K+‐pump as indicated by Na+‐dependency and sensitivity of the nicotine‐induced current across the basolateral membrane to cardiac steroids. Effects of nicotine were inhibited by nicotinic receptor antagonists such as hexamethonium and mimicked by dimethyl‐4‐phenylpiperazinium, a chemically different nicotinic agonist. Simultaneous stimulation of epithelial muscarinic and nicotinic receptors led to a strong potentiation of transepithelial Cl− secretion.Conclusions and ImplicationsThese results suggest a novel concept for the cholinergic regulation of transepithelial ion transport by costimulation of muscarinic and nicotinic epithelial receptors and a unique role of nicotinic receptors controlling the activity of the Na+‐K+‐ATPase.
Ask Me! self‐reported features of adolescents experiencing neglect or emotional maltreatment: a rapid systematic review
Authors: Naughton A. M. , Cowley L. E. , Tempest V. , Maguire S. A. , Mann M. K. , Kemp A. M. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackgroundNeglect is often overlooked in adolescence, due in part to assumptions about autonomy and misinterpretation of behaviors being part of normal adolescent development. Emotional maltreatment (abuse or neglect) has a damaging effect throughout the lifespan, but is rarely recognized amongst adolescents. Our review aims to identify features that adolescents experiencing neglect and/ or emotional maltreatment report.MethodA rapid review methodology searched 8 databases (1990‐2014), supplemented by hand searching journals, and references, identifying 2,568 abstracts. Two independent reviews were undertaken of 279 articles, by trained reviewers, using standardised critical appraisal. Eligible studies: primary studies of children aged 13‐17 years, with substantiated neglect and/ or emotional maltreatment, containing self‐reported features.Results19 publications from 13 studies were included, demonstrating associations between both neglect and emotional maltreatment with internalising features (9 studies) including depression, post traumatic symptomatology and anxiety; emotional maltreatment was associated with suicidal ideation, while neglect was not (1 study); neglect was associated with alcohol related problems (3 studies), substance misuse (2 studies), delinquency for boys (1 study), teenage pregnancy (1 study), and general victimization for girls (1 study), while emotionally maltreated girls reported more externalising symptoms (1 study). Dating violence victimization was associated with neglect and emotional maltreatment (2 studies), while emotional abuse of boys, but not neglect, was associated with dating violence perpetration (1 study), and neither neglect nor emotional maltreatment had an association with low self‐esteem (2 studies). Neither neglect nor emotional maltreatment had an effect on school performance (1 study), but neglected boys showed greater school engagement than neglected girls (1 study).ConclusionsIf asked, neglected or emotionally maltreated adolescents describe significant difficulties with their mental health, social relationships, and alcohol or substance misuse. Practitioners working with youths who exhibit these features should recognize the detrimental impact of maltreatment at this developmental stage, and identify whether maltreatment is a contributory factor that should be addressed.
Is abdominal CT useful for the management of patients with severe acute colitis complicating inflammatory bowel disease? A study in 54 consecutive patients
Authors: Mege D. , Monsinjon M. , Zappa M. , Stefanescu C. , Treton X. , Maggiori L. , Bouhnik Y. , Panis Y. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAimTo evaluate the contribution of CT for the management of patients with severe acute exacerbation of colitis (SAC) complicating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); in particular, its contribution to surgical decision making.MethodAll patients who were admitted to our institution for SAC complicating IBD were divided into two groups: group A (those who received surgical treatment); and group B (those who received medical treatment). Admission CT results were compared between groups.ResultsFrom 2006 to 2015, 54 patients [26 male; median age 39 (17–71) years] presenting with SAC were placed in either group A (n = 41; 76%) or group B (n = 13; 24%). Surgical patients in group A more frequently had altered general status (50 vs 17%; P = 0.01). Physical examination, Lichtiger score, endoscopic findings and laboratory results were similar between the groups. There was no significant difference in CT data between the groups with respect to extent of the colitis (pan‐colitis in 54 and 69%, respectively, P = 0.35), median colonic thickness [10 (4–16) vs 8 (6–11) mm, P = 0.15], target enhancement (88 vs 77%, P = 0.38) and occurrence of toxic megacolon (2 vs 0%).ConclusionAdmission CT is not helpful in surgical decision making in SAC.
Impact of a restrictive vs liberal transfusion strategy on anastomotic leakage and infectious complications after restorative surgery for rectal cancer
Authors: Ozben V. , Stocchi L. , Ashburn J. , Liu X. , Gorgun E. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to investigate the impact of a restrictive vs liberal transfusion strategy on anastomotic leakage and infectious complications after rectal cancer surgery.MethodsPatients undergoing restorative proctectomy for rectal cancer between January 2008 and December 2013 were divided into four groups according to the perioperative lowest haemoglobin (Hgb) level and transfusion status: group 1 with Hgb level ≥ 10 g/dl; group 2 with Hgb level ≥ 7 and < 10 g/dl who did not receive transfusion; and group 3 with Hgb level ≥ 7 and < 10 g/dl and group 4 with Hgb level < 7 g/dl, both of which received a transfusion. Clinical characteristics, anastomotic leakage and infectious complications within 30 days of surgery were compared.ResultsThere were 398 patients (66% men) with a mean age of 59.3 ± 11.9 years. Groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 included 162 (40.7%), 163 (41.0%), 47 (11.8%) and 26 (6.5%) patients, respectively. Perioperative characteristics were significantly different among groups regarding neoadjuvant chemo/radiotherapy use, preoperative albumin and Hgb levels, operative approach and blood loss, tumour size and stage, surgical margin involvement and histological differentiation. The unadjusted rates of overall infectious complications were 17.2%, 27.6%, 36.2% and 50% in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively (P = 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, compared to group 2, group 3 was associated with an increased likelihood of organ/space surgical site infections (SSIs) (OR 3.63, 95% CI 1.29–10.22, P = 0.01) with no significant differences in terms of anastomotic leakage, overall SSIs or overall infectious complications.ConclusionBlood transfusion of haemodynamically stable patients with Hgb level ≥ 7 g/dl is associated with increased organ/space SSIs in rectal cancer surgery.
Burnout, depression and suicidal ideation in dental and dental hygiene students
Authors: Deeb George R. , Braun Sarah , Carrico Caroline , Kinser Patricia , Laskin Daniel , Golob Deeb Janina 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this study was to assess the relationship between burnout, depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in dental and dental hygiene students and to evaluate the influence of gender, programme type and year of study.Subjects and methodsThird‐ and fourth‐year dental (DS) and first‐ and second‐year hygiene students (DHS) completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9) and an abbreviated Maslach Burnout Inventory online as measures of depressive symptoms/suicidality and burnout, respectively. The statistical analyses included summary statistics and tests for intergroup comparisons (chi‐square) to evaluate the influence of gender, programme type (DHS or DS) and year of study. Correlations between depression, suicidality and burnout were also conducted.ResultsA total of 32 dental hygiene and 119 dental students participated. 40% of the dental and 38% of the hygiene students met criteria for burnout. No differences were found between years or between programmes. Nine per cent of both dental and hygiene students were above the cut‐off for moderate depressive symptoms, but there were no statistical differences between the third‐ and fourth‐year dental and the first‐ and second‐year hygiene students. Six per cent of the dental and 9% of the dental hygiene students were above the cut‐off for clinically significant suicidal ideation, but there were no statistical differences between dental and hygiene students. There were no differences noted in the dental students based on gender for any of the measures. Depression was significantly associated with all three subscales of burnout. Suicidal ideation was only significantly related to the lack of personal accomplishment subscale of burnout.DiscussionThese findings suggest the need for introducing preventive measures for such affective states in dental and dental hygiene training programmes.
Management of digital mucous cysts: a systematic review and treatment algorithm
Authors: Jabbour Samer , Kechichian Elio , Haber Roger , Tomb Roland , Nasr Marwan 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDigital mucous cysts (DMC) are benign, highly recurrent lesions of the digits. To date, there is still no treatment agreement on the treatment of DMC. Herein, we review available data on treatment modalities, including both surgical and nonsurgical techniques, and to provide a practical algorithm for the management of DMC. A systematic review was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. Articles studying the management of DMC were included in this review. A total of 40 articles were included in the review. The five most frequently used treatments for DMC were surgery (n = 849), expression of cyst content (n = 132), sclerotherapy (n = 119), corticosteroid injection (n = 108), and cryotherapy (n = 103). Surgery yielded the highest cure rate among all treatment modalities (95%) compared to sclerotherapy (77%), cryotherapy (72%), corticosteroid injection (61%), and expression of cyst content (39%) (P < 0.001). Surgery should be considered as the first‐line treatment for DMC. Second‐line treatments include sclerotherapy and cryotherapy. Third‐line treatments include corticosteroid injections, expression of cyst content, and less‐studied modalities. Surgery showed the highest cure rates. Future adequately designed randomized controlled trials are warranted to compare different treatment modalities.
Biogeographical evidence for common vicariance and rare dispersal in a southern Appalachian harvestman (Sabaconidae, Sabacon cavicolens)
Authors: Hedin Marshal , McCormack Maureen 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAimSpecies or higher taxa that are obviously dispersal‐limited, but which occupy large geographical distributions, represent a biogeographical paradox. Dispersal must have happened, likely under special and infrequent environmental conditions, but details have been lost to history. The overarching goal of our research is to understand the details of a ‘common vicariance, rare dispersal’ biogeographical history in a widespread but habitat‐specialized harvestman species (Sabacon cavicolens) with a southern Appalachian centre of distribution.LocationEastern North America, southern Appalachians.MethodsWe assessed cryptic speciation using mitochondrial and nuclear gene DNA sequence data, testing alternative delimitation hypotheses using multispecies coalescent analyses. We also tested whether riverine barriers are associated with mitochondrial genealogical structuring, focusing on multiple rivers in the southern Blue Ridge physiographical province. Finally, we conducted population genetic analyses to assess female‐based range expansion out of the southern Blue Ridge.ResultsGenetic analyses suggest a large number of species‐level lineages within S. cavicolens, although we prefer a more conservative three‐species hypothesis. These putative species are geographically cohesive and allopatric (Ozarks, Cumberland Plateau, southern Blue Ridge), with the Blue Ridge species including multiple divergent mitochondrial haplogroups. Several genealogical breaks in the Blue Ridge species coincide with riverine barriers, separating mostly allopatric mitochondrial lineages. Contrasting with evidence for constrained gene flow and vicariance, two Blue Ridge haplogroups reveal extensive range expansion both northwards and westwards, resulting in the widespread distribution of closely related haplotypes, and occasional sympatry of dispersive haplotypes.Main ConclusionsHidden beneath the apparently widespread distribution of a single species is a history of old vicariance separating geographically disjunct cryptic species. How these lineages came to occupy such disparate geographies is illustrated by dynamics within the Blue Ridge species, where both in situ vicariance and long‐distance dispersal have shaped a ‘common vicariance, rare dispersal’ biogeographical history.
Morphological and ecological divergence in South American canids
Authors: Zurano Juan Pablo , Martinez Pablo Ariel , Canto‐Hernandez Jhoann , Montoya‐Burgos Juan I. , Costa Gabriel C. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAimClosely related species are expected to be similar in their ecological attributes. However, clades colonizing new environments and diversifying due to ecological processes often show morphological and ecological divergence. Canids arrived in South America after the formation of the Isthmus of Panama and diversified to occupy a variety of habitats. We test whether the diversification of this group was followed by divergence in species niches. If ecological processes are associated with species divergences, we expect to see species occupying distinct climatic niches, showing divergent phenotypes, and showing a close association between their phenotypes and ecological attributes.LocationSouth AmericaMethodsWe use comparative and multivariate climatic niche analysis, geometric morphometric (skull and jaw), and distance‐based phylogenetic regressions to test whether the diversification of South American canids was followed by divergence in their climatic niches and phenotypic traits.ResultsWe found a pattern of continental niche occupancy (north to south) along a complex climatic gradient. As species diverged, they evolved distinct climatic tolerances. Climatic niche similarities are not related to species phylogenetic relationships, indicating that closely related species may have distinct climatic tolerances. Our morphological analysis also showed strong phenotypic divergence between species. Our results suggest that these differences were related to climatic and trophic niches. Results show divergent phenotypes in both the skull and jaw, and that there is a close association between phenotype and ecological strategies.Main conclusionsOur study integrates phylogenetic history, ecological and morphological data to study the evolution of South American canids. Canid colonization of South America was followed by species ecological divergences. Our results support the hypothesis that ecological processes are the main drivers of diversification of this clade and illustrate a complex biogeographical history of ecological diversification of canids at continental scale.