bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chronic Anorexia: A Behaviour Problem
Authors: Ayllon T. , Haughton E. , Osmond H. O. 
Published: April 2017

The chronic refusal to eat sometimes referred to as chronic anorexia can be effectively controlled through techniques developed in the behavioural laboratory. Contemporary methods used to reinstate normal eating such as persuasion, coaxing, spoon-feeding, insulin injections, tube-feeding, and others, can result in the patient being shaped or conditioned to eat only with assistance. Based on an experimental investigation of erratic eating in mental patients, the authors present a behavioural model for the identification and treatment of chronic refusal to eat. The syndrome of chronic anorexia is regarded largely as the acquired, learned, behaviour of rejecting food. When food rejection is not followed by social reinforcement it disappears in a relatively short period of time, and normal eating is reinstated.
A Psychiatric Service for University Students
Authors: Schwarz Conrad J. 
Published: April 2017

The first Canadian Conference on Student Mental Health has provided the stimulus for this review of the development of a Psychiatric Service for students attending the University of British Columbia, and some of the data obtained for the Winter Session 1962–63 has been presented. The Psychiatric Service functions as an integral part of the Student Health Service of the University and is staffed by a part-time Consultant Psychiatrist and a full-time Resident. In addition, other Residents in the Department of Psychiatry provide valuable psychotherapy time for the treatment of University students. It is pointed out that the figure of 1.5% of the student population being seen by the Psychiatric Service must be taken as a low estimate of the incidence of emotional problems among students, since a number of other counselling-type resources are available on the campus. It would appear that there is an uneven distribution of patients in relation to academic year and faculty or school, with more senior students and those receiving some kind of psychiatric orientation in their courses showing a readier tendency to seek help. The motivation of students involved in psychiatric treatment is estimated to be fairly high in view of the large percentage of self-referrals and the small percentage of drop-outs, missed appointments and students missing more than one appointment. The mean number of interviews was 7.8 per student with a mean time of 6.34 hours per student due to the use of less-than-one-hour sessions. The need to regard hospitalization as a concomitant of out-patient treatment is stressed and the extensive use of the 26-bed campus hospital as a night and as a day facility for the treatment of emotionally disturbed students, is outlined. Reference is made to the monthly distribution of requests for assessment and some of the factors in the high peaks in October and January are discussed. The low incidence of new referrals during examination times is not felt to be due simply to the students having something on which to focus their anxiety during these times and some of the other possible factors involved are mentioned.
Hypnotherapy of Migraine
Authors: Hanley F. W. 
Published: April 2017

Hypnotherapy was used in the successful treatment of six young women with migraine, in whom the attacks were related to unexpressed resentment, usually toward their husbands, without secondary gain. Hypnosis shortened the psychotherapy by increasing rapport and verbalization in the initial phase, facilitating expression of feeling and acquisition of insight in the middle phase, and consolidating self-expression and improving the marital relationship in the later phase. In one case deeper analysis was facilitated. There were two failures, both in older people in whom the migraine served a need. It is realized that these cases may not be a representative sample of migraine in the community, but they do indicate the existence of a group which can be helped by hypnotherapy.
Withdrawal of Long-Term Phenothiazines from Chronically Hospitalized Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Marjerrison G. , Irvine D. , Stewart C. N. , Williams R. , Matheu H. , Demay M. 
Published: April 2017

A study was conducted of the effect of substituting placebo medication for active phenothiazine medication under double-blind conditions, in a population of chronically hospitalized psychotic patients who had all been undergoing long-term phenothiazine treatment. Behavioural change was assessed monthly by psychiatric nurses using a ward behaviour inventory, which had been specially constructed to be sensitive to kinds of behaviour likely to affect the clinical prescription of phenothiazines. At the fifth month of the study, differences were noted between the placebo-substituted group and a control group continuing to receive their originally-prescribed phenothiazine compounds. Significant worsening in the Placebo group did not appear until the fifth monthly rating, and at that time significant improvement in the control (medication unchanged) group also first became evident. These results support the hypothesis that the continued long-term use of phenothiazine compounds in chronically-hospitalized psychotics is effective in the sustained reduction of psychopathological behaviour. An investigation of trifluoperazine and chlorprothixene within the same double-blind design indicated that both were significantly more effective than placebo in maintaining the behavioural level typical of the prior long-term medication with phenothiazines. Using the FPN test as one measure of the time course of urinary excretion of some of the phenothiazine metabolites, no relationship was demonstrated in the placebo-substituted group between FPN changes and behavioural worsening. The FPN test, rated blind, was able to discriminate the placebo-substituted group from the group continuing to receive their usual phenothiazines; as a single measure of the time course of urinary excretion of phenothiazine metabolites, however, FPN changes were not related to behavioural worsening within the placebo-substituted group.
The Follow-Up of 100 Patients Admitted to a Mental Hospital
Authors: Cahn C. H. 
Published: April 2017

This follow-up report of 100 patients admitted to a mental hospital in Montreal showed that 73 patients were discharged, 16 patients died, and 11 patients were still in hospital 15 months after admission. The average duration of stay (first or only) of those who were discharged was 3.6 months; 36 patients who, prior to admission had been last treated at general hospitals with psychiatric in-patient services, stayed an average of only five days longer. Treatments in order of frequency employed were psycho-active drugs, occupational and work therapy, social service referral, psychotherapy, and E.C.T., (usually a combination of treatments was used). Post-discharge follow-up in the hospital After-Care Clinic usually was successful in preventing re-admission of co-operative schizophrenics, but not of manic-depressives and unco-operative schizophrenics. It is concluded that regardless of what treatment patients receive prior to admission, the great majority do not require prolonged in-patient treatment, and that a modern mental hospital can provide effective treatment and rehabilitation services, not always fully available in general hospitals, even for short-term patients. Further comparative studies are indicated.
A Clinical Formulation of Conditions Conducive to Favourable Change in Psychotherapy.—Part I
Authors: Thomson P. G. 
Published: April 2017

This paper is Part I of a three-part presentation attempting to assess, with the use of clinical material, those conditions which seem most to bring about favourable change in patients undergoing psychotherapy. This includes an attempt to differentiate between two kinds of change. The first is that which occurs under the suggestive influence of the therapist and in which the change comes about as a result of the patient's incorporation of the therapist as a friendly and powerful transference figure.
L'Anxiété au Cours de la Formation Psychiatrique
Authors: Bonaccorsi M. T. 
Published: April 2017

This paper is concerned with the role and the consequences of anxiety during psychiatric training in relation to three fundamental factors: a) The personality of the resident. b) The clinical and theoretical aspects of psychiatry itself. c) The teaching and training centres. The psychiatric resident has already made a first decisive choice by becoming a physician. This orientation seems to be determined mainly by unconscious drives as narcissistic, sadistic, voyeuristic impulses, fear of dependency and castration feelings. The medical profession offers ego-syntonic defence mechanisms like reaction-formation, denial or sublimation. Psychiatry introduces a new possibility: The use of the patient's problems as a dress-rehearsal for personal difficulties in an effort of integration. The choice of pre-genital defence mechanisms obscures the therapeutic understanding, becoming anxiety-provoking. The same is true for the exploitation of the patient in order to obtain vicarious satisfactions. The personality of the resident, in terms of level of maturity, is also responsible for the handling and understanding of counter-transference reactions. The positive and negative aspects of counter-transference, its role in anxiety formation, the contribution of the supervisors are discussed and clinical examples are presented in relation to anxiety. The second factor studied is the clinical and theoretical aspect of psychiatry itself in its interaction with the resident's personality. The emphasis is laid on the premature case-load, the sudden and total investment of the resident's energy and time on mental patients and related theories, the stress caused by the treatment of psychotics in terms of reactivation of early infantile conflicts. Some criticism is directed towards the policy of training-centres. It is noted that pragmatic needs — such as keeping wards and O.P.D. active — are of paramount importance in the choice of the program. Little time is left for reading and research. The method of teaching relies heavily on seminars, often poorly prepared and given by foreign students with language problems. The approach to the special branches of psychiatry, like psychoanalysis, is rather dogmatic and rigid. The resident is stuffed (often with incomplete notions), but not oriented to a critical and creative mental activity. The result is the production of standardized psychiatrists. The same holds true for psychoanalytic education, which aims at the formation of a special S.E. (Ferenczi's “S.E. intro-pression”) in order to avoid criticism or secessions. The sad consequence is the poverty in psychiatric and psychoanalytic research, for, in order to discover something new, one needs a strong, curious and plastic Ego and a tolerant, friendly S.E., able to accept the alteration of the old paternal order.
Notes on Group Psychotherapy with Pedophiles
Authors: Hartman V. 
Published: April 2017

Here reported are some of the highlights of a research project completed at the Forensic Clinic, Toronto Psychiatric Hospital. It was aimed at exploring the dynamics of pedophilia and the testing treatment techniques in a context of long-term psychotherapy with chronic pedophiles. Analytically oriented group psychotherapy is seen as the treatment method of choice for unmotivated pedophiles. The group psychotherapeutic sessions are seen as providing the therapeutic attention and interaction necessary for better reality testing, acceptance of responsibility, insight, integrated knowledge about self and the lessening and disappearance of pedophilic urges. In conducting the group, emphasis is placed on the need for flexibility in the therapist. In the integrative phase the therapist must be active, involved, reality-oriented and supportive, to foster ego and the development necessary for the abandonment of compromise devices. Later the therapist's activities are mainly focused on exploring resistances, and there is a gradual change to free group association, to the underlying unconsciously motivated common group themes and to the emphasis on the group as a whole. The pedophilic act per se is seen as a defensive measure by which the ego establishes homeostasis in time of stress. For pedophiles almost any stress caused by disturbance in object relationships can produce a state of panic. The ego of the pedophile faces tremendous regressive urges toward the recreation of the infantile symbiosis with the mother. Simultaneously there are intense fears of disintegration caused by sadistic rage towards the mother-figure. The unbearable tensions created by these are alleviated by the pedophilic act in those cases where a complex mother-child identification takes place. The powerful therapeutic effect of the group sessions is seen also as being further strengthened by the symbolic meaning that the group as a whole becomes, viz, assurance of the group members against object loss. The writer's gratitude to the group members of the Forensic Clinic's group psychotherapy seminar, for their valuable discussions, is herewith acknowledged.
Occupational Accidents: Some Psychosocial Factors in the Accident Syndrome
Authors: Lipinski Edwin , Winslow Walter W. , Powles William E. , Ross W. Donald 
Published: April 2017

Accident prevention in industry has been actively promoted by labour and management for many years but only in recent years has the psychological and motivational aspects of accident behaviour been systematically studied. The three ‘E's’, engineering, education and enforcement, have been the bases upon which successful accident-prevention programs have been erected in the past. Our attention is now directed to a fourth ‘E,’ emotions, as we attempt to understand the emotional aspects of accident behaviour, and weave this knowledge into a constructive accident prevention program.Reference is made to a five-year study conducted by the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, in the general area of mental health in the industrial setting, with a major emphasis on case-finding and early intervention, secondary prevention. This paper is based on data particularly related to occupational accidents.The results of the study, in general, corroborate much of the work already done in the area of accident behaviour. Accidents are multi-factorial in origin, each employee has a certain accident potential which is variable and dependent upon many internal and external factors. The severity of interpersonal problems, the employee's satisfactions or dissatisfactions, act together with ever-present dangers in his environment, with chance factors to determine the accident potential of an employee at any given point in time.Accident behaviour is only one of many job-disruptive types of behaviour. Other types are long-term absences, short-term absences, AWOL, work spoilage, grievances, garnishments, and interpersonal and efficiency problems, to mention a few. Our results show an absence of significant correlation between more than one job-disruptive type of behaviour at any given point in time. It is hypothesized that the employee is either moving from one type of job-disruptive behaviour to another or to the problem-free group.Attention is also given to preventive measures, dealing with the various levels of prevention — primary, secondary and tertiary.
Treatment of Severely Emotionally Disturbed Children in a Community
Authors: Jensen S. E. , Boden F. K. , Multari G. 
Published: April 2017

The paper has discussed the development of treatment services for severely emotionally disturbed children by an outpatient Mental Health Clinic adopting an approach which may be illustrated by such modern key-words as ‘Community Psychiatry’, ‘Total approach’, ‘Therapy in Crisis’ and ‘Family Therapy’. Basically, the approach we used has included: 1. The setting up of a special educational program for the child in close collaboration with school authorities. The details of such a program will vary with local legislation. 2. A program of intensive psychiatric treatment or play therapy with the child and with the parents individually, and in groups. 3. A program of instruction or counselling the parents in how to meet the special needs and problems in caring for their ‘exceptional’ child. This counselling was conducted on a group basis. 4. The intelligent but aggressive use of all other resources within the community, which might be able and willing to structure themselves to meet the child's needs. We do not pretend that we have offered ideal therapy. We do want to suggest that the lack of facilities for treatment of this psychiatric category, which exists almost everywhere, gives us no excuse to despair or give up. We submit that it is possible to offer a very real help in these cases by the intelligent and aggressive use of all the resources existing within the Community. The nature of the available facilities will vary but almost everywhere there are resources which are able and willing to structure themselves to meet some of the child's needs, if encouraged to do so. The Community Psychiatric Clinic is in a unique position to encourage and develop this.
The Psychiatric Care of Children in a Teaching Hospital
Authors: Mctaggart A. N. 
Published: April 2017

1. An in-patient psychiatric service for children in a general hospital can be maintained on an open setting in conjunction with other medical units. 2. It should be small in size, probably from eight to fourteen children. 3. Maximum age range should not extend beyond twelve years. 4. Sex ratio to be expected is two males to one female. 5. With one aide on the 11 p.m. - 7 a.m. shift, a ratio of one staff to one patient on the remaining two eight-hour shifts is required. 6. All diagnostic categories and degrees of disturbances can be treated providing the milieu of the ward is taken into account. 7. Effective operation requires ample space and a closely coordinated outpatient service. 8. Good inter-departmental relations, particularly between the departments of paediatrics and psychiatry, are essential. 9. Effective communication between staff and children is essential for operation. 10. The unit described can deal with between 75 - 100 children per year.
Communication, Learning and Therapeutic Process in a Children's Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Alderton Harvey R. 
Published: April 2017

Some principles which have appeared to be helpful to the staff in working with children showing serious behavioural difficulties in a children's psychiatric hospital, have been described. The necessity for dealing with the very disturbed behaviour focuses on the ‘here and now’ interactions characterizing the therapeutic milieu. These principles are intended to help the staff maintain a frame of reference which will facilitate the milieu. These principles are: 1) The child's behaviour may be viewed as an expression of his beliefs. 2) Active confirmation of beliefs is sought. 3) Behaviour should be viewed in interactional and not in structural terms. 4) The frames of reference of staff and children are distinct. 5) The importance of contradictory messages. 6) There is often confusion between the thought and the action. 7) Staff function as behavioural models. 8) Significant communication must be actively maintained. 9) The importance of verbal communication. 10) It is essential to establish a hierarchy of treatment aims. Communication theory appears to provide the most satisfactory framework within which to examine these principles. Reference is also made to some recent learning theory formulations which focus on the social context of learning. It is essential, if the psychiatrist is to facilitate therapeutic behaviour by the child-care staff, that he can communicate in a way that has meaning in terms of their actual role. Early treatment aims consist of avoiding confirming beliefs we wish changed, reflection of feeling, helping to discriminate between thought and feeling, maintaining affective interchange and providing suitable behavioural models. Methods of facilitating socially desirable responses are very briefly considered. Positive staff responses to the socially appropriate behaviour which even these very seriously disturbed children show, appear likely to be effective provided these are accompanied by congruent staff behaviour. Some reasons why these principles require constant reaffirmation and reexamination are proposed and comments made on their teaching.
A Study of Childhood Schizophrenia and Early Infantile Autism: Part I — Description of the Sample
Authors: Ward T. F. , Hoddinott B. A. 
Published: April 2017

This group was chosen initially to obtain a survey of the syndrome of childhood schizophrenia. The results of the survey suggested to the investigators that a group selected for rehabilitation should have: 1) An autistic illness without the presence of organic symptoms. 2) The potential for intellectual functioning within the average range. 3) Age below eight years. 4) An intact family group willing to have their child return to them. 5) Residence within reasonable geographic limits.
Hyperactivity in Twins
Authors: Lopez Rafael E. 
Published: April 2017

A hypothesis was made that hyperactivity as stated by others was not a direct result of brain anoxia produced in pre and post-natal factors, but that they share a common genetic cause. A comparison between four Mz. and six Dz. sets of twins were made. It was found that all Mz. pairs were male and concordant to hyperactivity. In the Dz. group all pairs were discordant except one male-male combination. Also in the Dz. group hyperactivity was always present in the male partners but for one discordant pair where the syndrome was present in the female. The importance of genetics as a causative factor was not obviously due to the small amount of hyperactive females studied in this project.
The Prepsychotic Characteristics of Schizophrenic Patients A Comparison with a Non-Psychotic Sibling of the Same Sex
Authors: Hobbs G.E. , Wanklin J.M. , Buck Carol , Egener K.M. 
Published: April 2017

In this study we have compared selected aspects of the early life history of ninety-eight schizophrenic patients with those of a sibling of the same sex. As a group the patients were lower in educational attainment, were more frequently first employed in unskilled labour, and were married less frequently than their siblings. Since these were differences between members of the same family, they suggest that the basic intelligence and/or personality of the individual contributes to the development of schizophrenia over and above the environment in which he is reared. Since the inferiority of the patients' education and first occupation refer to a period of life before the onset of the psychosis, they suggest a primary defect rather than simply a downward social drift of the sick individual.