bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of reduced‐volume of sprint interval training and the time course of physiological and performance adaptations
Authors: Yamagishi T. , Babraj J. 
Published: January 2017

This study sought to determine the time course of training adaptations to two different sprint interval training programmes with the same sprint: rest ratio (1:8) but different sprint duration. Nine participants (M: 7; F: 2) were assigned to 15‐second training group (15TG) consisting of 4‐6 × 15‐second sprints interspersed with 2‐minute recovery, whereas eight participants (M: 5; F: 3) were assigned to 30‐second training group (30TG) consisting of 4‐6 × 30 second sprints interspersed with 4‐minute recovery. Both groups performed their respective training twice per week over 9 weeks and changes in peak oxygen uptake () and time to exhaustion (TTE) were assessed every 3 weeks. Additional eight healthy active adults (M: 6; F: 2) completed the performance assessments 9 weeks apart without performing training (control group, CON). Following 9 weeks of training, both groups improved (15TG: 12.1%; 30TG: 12.8%, P<.05) and TTE (15TG: 16.2%; 30TG: 12.8%, P<.01) to a similar extent. However, while both groups showed the greatest gains in at 3 weeks (15TG: 16.6%; 30TG: 17.0%, P<.001), those in TTE were greatest at 9 weeks. CON did not change any of performance variables following 9 weeks. This study demonstrated that while the changes in cardiorespiratory function plateau within several weeks with sprint interval training, endurance capacity (TTE) is more sensitive to such training over a longer time frame in moderately‐trained individuals. Furthermore, a 50% reduction in sprint duration does not diminish overall training adaptations over 9 weeks.
Prevalence of Fusobacterium necrophorum in Children Presenting with Pharyngitis
Authors: Van Tam T. , Cox Laura M. , Cox Mike E. , Dien Bard Jennifer 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT

Fusobacterium necrophorum
, an obligate anaerobic bacterium, was recently reported to be an important cause of bacterial pharyngitis with a prevalence as high as that of group A
Streptococcus
(GAS) in adolescents and young adults. Importantly,
F. necrophorum
is the primary causative agent of the life-threatening Lemierre's syndrome, and screening of pharyngeal samples may be warranted for its early detection and prevention. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalences of
F. necrophorum
and groups A and C/G streptococci as agents of bacterial pharyngitis in children. Pharyngeal samples (
n
= 300) were collected from pediatric patients presenting to the emergency department with signs and symptoms of pharyngitis. Overall, 10 (3.3%), 79 (26.3%), and 4 (1.3%) patients were PCR positive for
F. necrophorum
, GAS, and group C/G streptococci, respectively. The prevalence of
F. necrophorum
was significantly higher in patients between the ages of 14 and 20 years at 13.5% than in patients aged 14 years and younger (1.9%,
P
< 0.001). All positive patients presented with signs and symptoms similar to GAS pharyngitis. Our data demonstrated a potential role for
F. necrophorum
as a pathogen of pharyngitis among young adults, but suggests that the prevalence of
F. necrophorum
is low in preadolescent patients.
Multicenter Evaluation of the Portrait Staph ID/R Blood Culture Panel for Rapid Identification of Staphylococci and Detection of the
mecA
Gene
Authors: Denys Gerald A. , Collazo-Velez Vanessa , Young Stephen , Daly Judy A. , Couturier Marc Roger , Faron Matthew L. , Buchan Blake W. , Ledeboer Nathan 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT

Bloodstream infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and are associated with increased health care costs. We evaluated the Portrait Staph ID/R blood culture panel (BCP) multiplex PCR assay (Great Basin Scientific, Salt Lake City, UT) for the rapid and simultaneous identification (ID) of
Staphylococcus aureus
,
Staphylococcus lugdunensis
, and
Staphylococcus
species to the genus level and the detection of the
mecA
gene directly from a positive blood culture bottle. A total of 765 Bactec bottles demonstrating Gram-positive cocci in singles or clusters were tested during the prospective trial at 3 clinical sites. The Portrait Staph ID/R BCP results were compared with results from conventional biochemical and cefoxitin disk methods performed at an independent laboratory. Discordant ID and
mecA
results were resolved by
rpoB
gene sequencing and
mecA
gene sequencing, respectively. A total of 658
Staphylococcus
species isolates (
S. aureus
, 211 isolates;
S. lugdunensis
, 3 isolates; and
Staphylococcus
spp., 444 isolates) were recovered from monomicrobial and 33 polymicrobial blood cultures. After discrepant analysis, the overall ratios of Portrait Staph ID/R BCP positive percent agreement and negative percent agreement were 99.4%/99.9% for
Staphylococcus
ID and 99.7%/99.2% for
mecA
detection.
Rapid Identification of Clinically Relevant Members of the Genus Exophiala by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry and Description of Two Novel Species, Exophiala campbellii and Exophiala lavatrina
Authors: Borman Andrew M. , Fraser Mark , Szekely Adrien , Larcombe Daniel E. , Johnson Elizabeth M. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT

Exophiala
is a ubiquitous pleomorphic genus comprising at least 40 species, many of which have been associated with superficial, visceral, or systemic infections in humans, other mammals, or cold-blooded animals. In this study, we investigated the potential of matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for the identification of
Exophiala
species. A total of 89 isolates (including 50 human and 4 animal clinical isolates) stored in the National Collection of Pathogenic Fungi were identified by PCR amplification and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer region 1. Eighty-three of the isolates corresponded to 16 known species within
Exophiala/Rhinocladiella
. The remaining six isolates are shown by phylogenetic analyses based on four loci to represent two novel
Exophiala
species. Four isolates from domestic bathrooms which form a sister species with
Exophiala lecanii-corni
are described here as
Exophiala lavatrina
sp. nov. The remaining two isolates, both from subcutaneous infections, are distantly related to
Exophiala oligosperma
and are described here as
Exophiala campbellii
sp. nov. The triazoles and terbinafine exhibited low MICs against all
Exophiala
isolates
in vitro
. MALDI-TOF MS successfully distinguished all 18 species and identified all isolates after appropriate reference spectra were created and added to commercial databases. Intraspecific mean log scores ranged from 1.786 to 2.584 and were consistently significantly higher than interspecific scores (1.193 to 1.624), with the exception of
E. lecanii-corni
and
E. lavatrina
, for which there was considerable log score overlap. In summary, MALDI-TOF MS allows the rapid and accurate identification of a wide range of clinically relevant
Exophiala
species.
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Induced Recruitment of Inflammatory Mononuclear Cells Leads to Inflammation and Altered Brain Development in Murine Cytomegalovirus-Infected Newborn Mice
Authors: Seleme Maria C. , Kosmac Kate , Jonjic Stipan , Britt William J. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTCongenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is a significant cause of abnormal neurodevelopment and long-term neurological sequelae in infants and children. Resident cell populations of the developing brain have been suggested to be more susceptible to virus-induced cytopathology, a pathway thought to contribute to the clinical outcomes following intrauterine HCMV infection. However, recent findings in a newborn mouse model of the infection in the developing brain have indicated that elevated levels of proinflammatory mediators leading to mononuclear cell activation and recruitment could underlie the abnormal neurodevelopment. In this study, we demonstrate that treatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-neutralizing antibodies decreased the frequency of CD45+Ly6ChiCD11b+CCR2+activated myeloid mononuclear cells (MMCs) and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the blood and the brains of murine CMV-infected mice. This treatment also normalized neurodevelopment in infected mice without significantly impacting the level of virus replication. These results indicate that TNF-α is a major component of the inflammatory response associated with altered neurodevelopment that follows murine CMV infection of the developing brain and that a subset of peripheral blood myeloid mononuclear cells represent a key effector cell population in this model of virus-induced inflammatory disease of the developing brain.IMPORTANCECongenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is the most common viral infection of the developing human fetus and can result in neurodevelopmental sequelae. Mechanisms of disease leading to neurodevelopmental deficits in infected infants remain undefined, but postulated pathways include loss of neuronal progenitor cells, damage to the developing vascular system of the brain, and altered cellular positioning. Direct virus-mediated cytopathic effects cannot explain the phenotypes of brain damage in most infected infants. Using a mouse model that recapitulates characteristics of the brain infection described in human infants, we have shown that TNF-α plays a key role in brain inflammation, including recruitment of inflammatory mononuclear cells. Neutralization of TNF-α normalized neurodevelopmental abnormalities in infected mice, providing evidence that virus-induced inflammation is a major component of disease in the developing brain. These results suggest that interventions limiting inflammation associated with the infection could potentially improve the neurologic outcome of infants infectedin uterowith HCMV.
BCA2/Rabring7 Interferes with HIV-1 Proviral Transcription by Enhancing the SUMOylation of IκBα
Authors: Colomer-Lluch Marta , Serra-Moreno Ruth 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTBCA2/Rabring7 is a BST2 cofactor that promotes the lysosomal degradation of trapped HIV-1 virions but also functions as a BST2-independent anti-HIV factor by targeting Gag for lysosomal degradation. Since many antiviral factors regulate the NF-κB innate signaling pathway, we investigated whether BCA2 is also connected to this proinflammatory cascade. Here, we show for the first time thatBCA2is induced by NF-κB-activating proinflammatory cytokines and that upregulation of BCA2 provides regulatory negative feedback on NF-κB. Specifically, BCA2 serves as an E3 SUMO ligase in the SUMOylation of IκBα, which in turn enhances the sequestration of NF-κB components in the cytoplasm. Since HIV-1 utilizes NF-κB to promote proviral transcription, the BCA2-mediated inhibition of NF-κB significantly decreases the transcriptional activity of HIV-1 (up to 4.4-fold in CD4+T cells). Therefore, our findings indicate that BCA2 poses an additional barrier to HIV-1 infection: not only does BCA2 prevent assembly and release of nascent virions, it also significantly restricts HIV-1 transcription by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway.IMPORTANCEUnderstanding the interactions between HIV-1 and its host cells is highly relevant to the design of new drugs aimed at eliminating HIV-1 from infected individuals. We have previously shown that BCA2, a cofactor of BST2 in the restriction of HIV-1, also prevents virion assembly in a BST2-independent manner. In this study, we found that BCA2 negatively regulates the NF-κB pathway—a signaling cascade necessary for HIV-1 replication and infectivity—which in turn detrimentally affects proviral transcription and virus propagation. Thus, our results indicate that, besides its previously described functions as an antiviral factor, BCA2 poses an additional barrier to HIV-1 replication at the transcriptional level.
Lack of ADCC Breadth of Human Nonneutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies
Authors: Bruel Timothée , Guivel-Benhassine Florence , Lorin Valérie , Lortat-Jacob Hugues , Baleux Françoise , Bourdic Katia , Noël Nicolas , Lambotte Olivier , Mouquet Hugo , Schwartz Olivier 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTAnti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nonneutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) capable of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) have been identified as a protective immune correlate in the RV144 vaccine efficacy trial. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) also mediate ADCC in cell culture and rely on their Fc region for optimal efficacy in animal models. Here, we selected 9 monoclonal nnAbs and 5 potent bNAbs targeting various epitopes and conformations of the gp120/41 complex and analyzed the potency of the two types of antibodies to bind and eliminate HIV-1-infected cells in culture. Regardless of their neutralizing activity, most of the selected antibodies recognized and killed cells infected with two laboratory-adapted HIV-1 strains. Some nnAbs also bound bystander cells that may have captured viral proteins. However, in contrast to the bNAbs, the nnAbs bound poorly to reactivated infected cells from 8 HIV-positive individuals and did not mediate effective ADCC against these cells. The nnAbs also inefficiently recognize cells infected with 8 different transmitted-founder (T/F) isolates. The addition of a synthetic CD4 mimetic enhanced the binding and killing efficacy of some of the nnAbs in an epitope-dependent manner without reaching the levels achieved by the most potent bNAbs. Overall, our data reveal important qualitative and quantitative differences between nnAbs and bNAbs in their ADCC capacity and strongly suggest that the breadth of recognition of HIV-1 by nnAbs is narrow.IMPORTANCEMost of the anti-HIV antibodies generated by infected individuals do not display potent neutralizing activities. These nonneutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) have been identified as a protective immune correlate in the RV144 vaccine efficacy trial. However, in primate models, the nnAbs do not protect against simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) acquisition. Thus, the role of nnAbs with ADCC activity in protection from infection remains debatable. In contrast, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) neutralize a large array of viral strains and mediate ADCC in cell culture. We analyzed the capacities of 9 nnAbs and 5 bNAbs to eliminate infected cells. We selected 18 HIV-1 strains, including virus reactivated from the reservoir of HIV-positive individuals and transmitted-founder isolates. We report that the nnAbs bind poorly to cells infected with primary HIV-1 strains and do not mediate potent ADCC. Overall, our data show that the breadth of recognition of HIV-1 by nnAbs is narrow.
Suppression of Type I Interferon Signaling by E1A via RuvBL1/Pontin
Authors: Olanubi Oladunni , Frost Jasmine Rae , Radko Sandi , Pelka Peter 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTSuppression of interferon signaling is of paramount importance to a virus. Interferon signaling significantly reduces or halts the ability of a virus to replicate; therefore, viruses have evolved sophisticated mechanisms that suppress activation of the interferon pathway or responsiveness of the infected cell to interferon. Adenovirus has multiple modes of inhibiting the cellular response to interferon. Here, we report that E1A, previously shown to regulate interferon signaling in multiple ways, inhibits interferon-stimulated gene expression by modulating RuvBL1 function. RuvBL1 was previously shown to affect type I interferon signaling. E1A binds to RuvBL1 and is recruited to RuvBL1-regulated promoters in an interferon-dependent manner, preventing their activation. Depletion of RuvBL1 impairs adenovirus growth but does not appear to significantly affect viral protein expression. Although RuvBL1 has been shown to play a role in cell growth, its depletion had no effect on the ability of the virus to replicate its genome or to drive cells into S phase. E1A was found to bind to RuvBL1 via the C terminus of E1A, and this interaction was important for suppression of interferon-stimulated gene transcriptional activation and recruitment of E1A to interferon-regulated promoters. Here, we report the identification of RuvBL1 as a new target for adenovirus in its quest to suppress the interferon response.IMPORTANCEFor most viruses, suppression of the interferon signaling pathway is crucial to ensure a successful replicative cycle. Human adenovirus has evolved several different mechanisms that prevent activation of interferon or the ability of the cell to respond to interferon. The viral immediate-early geneE1Awas previously shown to affect interferon signaling in several different ways. Here, we report a novel mechanism reliant on RuvBL1 that E1A uses to prevent activation of interferon-stimulated gene expression following infection or interferon treatment. This adds to the growing knowledge of how viruses are able to inhibit interferon and identifies a novel target used by adenovirus for modulation of the cellular interferon pathway.
Sitting behaviour is not associated with incident diabetes over 13 years: the Whitehall II cohort study
Authors: Stamatakis Emmanuel , Pulsford Richard M , Brunner Eric J , Britton Annie R , Bauman Adrian E , Biddle Stuart JH , Hillsdon Melvyn 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundAlthough certain types of sedentary behaviour have been linked to metabolic risk, prospective studies describing the links between sitting with incident diabetes are scarce and often do not account for baseline adiposity. We investigate the associations between context-specific sitting and incident diabetes in a cohort of mid-aged to older British civil servants.MethodsUsing data from the Whitehall II study (n=4811), Cox proportional hazards models (adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, employment grade, smoking, alcohol intake, fruit and vegetable consumption, self-rated health, physical functioning, walking and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and body mass index (BMI)) were fitted to examine associations between total sitting and context–specific sitting time (work, television (TV), non-TV leisure time sitting at home) at phase 5 (1997–1999) and fasting glucose-defined incident diabetes up to 2011.ResultsTotal sitting (HR of the top compared with the bottom group: 1.26; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.62; p=0.01) and TV sitting (1.33; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.88; p=0.05) showed associations with incident diabetes; once BMI was included in the model these associations were attenuated for both total sitting (1.19; 95% CI 0.92 to 1.55; p=0.22) and TV sitting (1.31; 95% CI 0.96 to 1.76; p=0.14).ConclusionWe found limited evidence linking sitting and incident diabetes over 13 years in this occupational cohort of civil servants.
Use of antiseptic for cord care and its association with neonatal mortality in a population-based assessment in Bihar State, India
Authors: Dandona Rakhi , Kochar Priyanka S , Kumar G Anil , Dandona Lalit 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesDry cord care is recommended for all births by the Health Ministry in India. We report prevalence of antiseptic cord care in the context of neonatal mortality in the Indian state of Bihar.DesignPopulation-based cross-sectional study with multistage stratified random sampling.SettingHouseholds in 1017 clusters in Bihar.ParticipantsA representative sample of 12 015 women with a live birth in the last 12 months were interviewed from all 38 districts of Bihar (90.7% participation) in 2014.Primary and secondary outcome measuresUse of antiseptic cord care at birth and its association with neonatal mortality using multiple logistic regression.ResultsTopical application of any material on cord was reported by 6534 women (54.4%; 95% CI 53.5% to 55.3%). Antiseptic cord care prevalence was 49.7% (95% CI 48.8% to 50.6%), the majority of which was gentian violet (76.4%). The odds of antiseptic use for cord care were higher in facility births (OR 1.46; 95% CI 1.27 to 1.69) and for deliveries by a qualified health provider (OR 1.44; 95% CI 1.26 to 1.66), but were lower for births that occurred before the expected delivery date (OR 0.77; 95% CI 0.61 to 0.96). A total of 256 (2.1%) newborns died during the neonatal period. The odds of neonatal death were significantly higher for live births with no reported antiseptic use (OR 1.53; 95% CI 1.18 to 1.99), and this association persisted when live births in health facilities were considered separately.ConclusionsEven though dry cord care is recommended by health authorities in India, half the women in this study reported use of antiseptic for cord care mainly with gentian violet; and its use had beneficial effect on neonatal mortality. These findings suggest that the application of readily available gentian violet for cord care in less developed settings should be assessed further for its potential beneficial influence on neonatal mortality.
Adverse events following primary and secondary immunisation with whole-cell pertussis: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Patterson Jenna , Kagina Benjamin M , Gold Michael , Hussey Gregory D , Muloiwa Rudzani 
Published: January 2017

IntroductionPertussis is a contagious respiratory illness caused by the bacteriumBordetella pertussis.Two types of vaccines are currently available against the disease: whole-cell pertussis (wP) and acellular pertussis (aP). With the shift of high-income countries from wP to aP as a result of adverse events following immunisation (AEFI), an upsurge in reported cases of pertussis has been noticed. Owing to this, it is proposed to use wP as a prime and aP for boost vaccination strategy. However, a comparison of the AEFI with the first doses of wP and aP are not clearly documented.Methods and analysisThe primary outcomes of interest are AEFI with dose 1 of wP, subsequent doses of wP and dose 1 of aP. As a secondary outcome frequency of AEFI with wP will be compared with the AEFI of doses 2 and 3 of wP and dose 1 of aP. Electronic databases will be searched and two authors will screen the titles and abstracts of the output. Full texts will then be independently reviewed by the first author and two other authors. Qualifying studies will then be formally assessed for quality and risk of bias using a scoring tool. Following standardised data extraction, statistical analysis will be carried out using STATA. Where data are available, subgroup analyses will be performed. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines will be followed in reporting the findings of the systematic review and meta-analysis.Ethics and disseminationNo ethics approval is required as the systematic review will use only published data already in the public domain. Findings will be disseminated through publication in a peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration numberThis protocol has been registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), registration number CRD42016035809.