bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atf6α deficiency suppresses microglial activation and ameliorates pathology of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Ta Hieu Minh , Le Thuong Manh , Ishii Hiroshi , Takarada‐Iemata Mika , Hattori Tsuyoshi , Hashida Koji , Yamamoto Yasuhiko , Mori Kazutoshi , Takahashi Ryosuke , Kitao Yasuko , Hori Osamu 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAccumulating evidence suggests a critical role for the unfolded protein response in multiple sclerosis (MS) and in its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this study, we investigated the relevance of activating transcription factor 6α (ATF6α), an upstream regulator of part of the unfolded protein response, in EAE. The expressions of ATF6α‐target molecular chaperones such as glucose‐regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and glucose‐regulated protein 94 (GRP94) were enhanced in the acute inflammatory phase after induction of EAE. Deletion of Atf6α suppressed the accumulation of T cells and microglia/macrophages in the spinal cord, and ameliorated the clinical course and demyelination after EAE induction. In contrast to the phenotypes in the spinal cord, activation status of T cells in the peripheral tissues or in the culture system was not different between two genotypes. Bone marrow transfer experiments and adoptive transfer of autoimmune CD4+ T cells to recipient mice (passive EAE) also revealed that CNS‐resident cells are responsible for the phenotypes observed in Atf6α−/− mice. Further experiments with cultured cells indicated that inflammatory response was reduced in Atf6α−/− microglia, but not in Atf6α−/− astrocytes, and was associated with proteasome‐dependent degradation of NF‐κB p65. Thus, our results demonstrate a novel role for ATF6α in microglia‐mediated CNS inflammation.
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We investigated the relevance of ATF6α, an upstream regulator of part of the UPR, in EAE. Deletion of Atf6α suppressed inflammation, and ameliorated demyelination after EAE. Bone marrow transfer experiments and adoptive transfer of autoimmune CD4+ T cells revealed that CNS‐resident cells are responsible for the phenotypes in Atf6α−/− mice. Furthermore, inflammatory response was reduced in Atf6α−/− microglia, and was associated with degradation of NF‐κB p65. Our results demonstrate a novel role for ATF6α in microglia‐mediated inflammation.
Cover image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.13346.
A training programme for Taiwan nurses to improve child abuse reporting
Authors: Lee Pei‐Yu , Chou Fan‐Hao 
Published: June 2016

Aims and objectivesTo design a training programme for nurses and evaluate the effectiveness of the training programme in improving the nurses’ self‐efficacy in reporting cases of child abuse and neglect.BackgroundThe problem of child abuse and neglect cases has become prevalent throughout numerous countries. Previous studies have found that more than 70% of Taiwanese nurses considered that they required child abuse and neglect training. Moreover, a training programme for child abuse and neglect reporting based on self‐efficacy theory in clinical practice has been developed previously.MethodsA quasi‐experimental research design was implemented. The study participants comprised 80 clinical nurses: 40 in an experimental group and 40 in a control group; the pretest, post‐test and follow‐up results were compared between the groups. Moreover, an analysis of covariance was applied to test the effectiveness of a nurse child abuse and neglect training programme after controlling for the effects of age, marital status and working years. The experimental and control groups were compared according to their scores on each self‐efficacy subscale.ResultsThe experimental and control groups differed significantly regarding the outcome measures of all six subscales of child abuse and neglect reporting self‐efficacy between the pretest and post‐test. Therefore, the results supported the hypothesis that nurse self‐efficacy in reporting child abuse and neglect cases would improve after completing the Child Abuse and Neglect Training Program for Nurses.ConclusionThe Child Abuse and Neglect Training Program for Nurses is an appropriate training programme for improving nurse competence and confidence in reporting suspected child abuse and neglect cases.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study is relevant to clinical practice because it clarifies a relationship between nurses’ self‐efficacy and reporting behaviour. It also highlights the importance and effectiveness of the training programme Child Abuse and Neglect Training Program for Nurses in improving nurses’ reporting behaviour for child abuse and neglect cases.
Feeling Rushed: Gendered Time Quality, Work Hours, Nonstandard Work Schedules, and Spousal Crossover
Authors: Craig Lyn , Brown Judith E. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe authors investigated gender differences in couple parents' subjective time pressure, using detailed Australian time use data (n=756 couples with minor children). They examined how family demand, employment hours, and nonstandard work schedules of both partners relate to each spouse's non‐employment time quality (“pure” leisure, “contaminated” leisure, multitasking housework, and child care) and subjective feelings of being rushed or pressed for time. Mothers averaged more contaminated leisure and less pure leisure and did much more unpaid work multitasking than fathers. These results suggest that these differences in time quality do partially account for mothers feeling more rushed than fathers. Weekend work was associated with mothers having less pure leisure, but not contaminated leisure. The opposite was found for fathers. Spousal work characteristics also related to time use and feeling rushed in gendered ways, with male long work hours positively associated with higher time pressure for mothers as well as the fathers who worked them.
Simple Technique to Reorient Different Casts of Same Patient on a Dental Surveyor
Authors: Patil Pravinkumar G. , Nimbalkar‐Patil Smita P. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAccurate planning for the framework design of removable partial dentures requires careful analysis of the diagnostic cast with a dental surveyor to determine the optimal path of placement. Some techniques described in the literature are helpful in reorienting the same cast on the surveyor, including the tripod marking method; however, there is a possibility of introducing human errors during marking and repositioning of the tripod points on to the different casts at the same location. Other techniques, which do not require markings on the cast to reorient different casts of the same patient, need specific devices or trays. This article suggests the direct use of a putty‐elastomeric orientation index that can be preserved and used multiple times while reorienting different casts of the same patients at various laboratory steps. A putty elastomeric impression material is mixed and adapted on to the diagnostic cast, covering key teeth areas of the cast and incorporating the analyzing rod of the surveyor. Thus there is no need to use a special device or the tray to reorient different casts.
High-throughput sequencing reveals unprecedented diversities of Aspergillus species in outdoor air
Authors: Lee S. , An C. , Xu S. , Lee S. , Yamamoto N. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This study used the Illumina MiSeq to analyse compositions and diversities of Aspergillus species in outdoor air. The seasonal air samplings were performed at two locations in Seoul, South Korea. The results showed the relative abundances of all Aspergillus species combined ranging from 0·20 to 18% and from 0·19 to 21% based on the number of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and β-tubulin (BenA) gene sequences respectively. Aspergillus fumigatus was the most dominant species with the mean relative abundances of 1·2 and 5·5% based on the number of the ITS1 and BenA sequences respectively. A total of 29 Aspergillus species were detected and identified down to the species rank, among which nine species were known opportunistic pathogens. Remarkably, eight of the nine pathogenic species were detected by either one of the two markers, suggesting the need of using multiple markers and/or primer pairs when the assessments are made based on the high-throughput sequencing. Due to diversity of species within the genus Aspergillus, the high-throughput sequencing was useful to characterize their compositions and diversities in outdoor air, which are thought to be difficult to be accurately characterized by conventional culture and/or Sanger sequencing-based techniques.

Significance and Impact of the Study
Aspergillus is a diverse genus of fungi with more than 300 species reported in literature. Aspergillus is important since some species are known allergens and opportunistic human pathogens. Traditionally, growth-dependent methods have been used to detect Aspergillus species in air. However, these methods are limited in the number of isolates that can be analysed for their identities, resulting in inaccurate characterizations of Aspergillus diversities. This study used the high-throughput sequencing to explore Aspergillus diversities in outdoor, which are thought to be difficult to be accurately characterized by traditional growth-dependent techniques.
First insights into the demography of the rare gorgonian Spinimuricea klavereni in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Topçu Nur Eda , Öztürk Bayram 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe present the results of the first study to highlight the demography, morphometry and growth rates of Spinimuricea klavereni, a rare Mediterranean endemic gorgonian exceptionally common in shallow depths of the Northeast Marmara Sea. In the study area, this species forms vast populations on rocks, boulders and attached to pebbles/stones/shells on soft substrates between 20 and 45 m depth, with a total average density of 0.3 colonies·m−2 but comprising patches up to 3 colonies·m−2. Colonies, which are on average 42.9 (±20.1) cm in height, can reach up to 110 cm. Unlike other Mediterranean gorgonians, the colonies studied here showed fast growth rates that decreased with increasing colony height, between 1.5–11.1 and 4.96 ± 3.01 cm·year−1 on average. The low necrosis and high growth rates displayed by this species in the Northeast Marmara Sea confirm the previously hypothesized opportunistic behaviour of the species. The unique community consisting of S. klavereni and other rare gorgonian/soft corals has limited distribution in this area and should be considered to be a vulnerable marine ecosystem. Therefore we recommend that some conservation measures are taken, including the prohibition of all fisheries and anchoring over these assemblages.
The perilipin‐like PPE15 protein in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is required for triacylglycerol accumulation under dormancy‐inducing conditions
Authors: Daniel Jaiyanth , Kapoor Nidhi , Sirakova Tatiana , Sinha Rajesh , Kolattukudy Pappachan 
Published: June 2016

SummaryMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes latent tuberculosis infection in one‐third of the world population and remains quiescent in the human body for decades. The dormant pathogen accumulates lipid droplets containing triacylglycerol (TAG). In mammals, perilipin regulates lipid droplet homeostasis but no such protein has been identified in Mtb. We identified an Mtb protein (PPE15) that showed weak amino acid sequence identities with mammalian perilipin‐1 and was upregulated in Mtb dormancy. We generated a ppe15 gene‐disrupted mutant of Mtb and examined its ability to metabolically incorporate radiolabeled oleic acid into TAG, accumulate lipid droplets containing TAG and develop phenotypic tolerance to rifampicin in two in vitro models of dormancy including a three‐dimensional human granuloma model. The mutant showed a significant decrease in the biosynthesis and accumulation of lipid droplets containing TAG and in its tolerance of rifampicin. Complementation of the mutant with a wild‐type copy of the ppe15 gene restored the lost phenotypes. We designate PPE15 as mycobacterial perilipin‐1 (MPER1). Our findings suggest that the MPER1 protein plays a critical role in the homeostasis of TAG ‐containing lipid droplets in Mtb and influences the entry of the pathogen into a dormant state.
Trypanosomatid parasites rescue heme from endocytosed hemoglobin through lysosomal HRG transporters
Authors: Cabello‐Donayre María , Malagarie‐Cazenave Sophie , Campos‐Salinas Jenny , Gálvez Francisco J. , Rodríguez‐Martínez Alba , Pineda‐Molina Estela , Orrego Lina M. , Martínez‐García Marta , Sánchez‐Cañete María P. , Estévez Antonio M. , Pérez‐Victoria José M. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryPathogenic trypanosomatid parasites are auxotrophic for heme and they must scavenge it from their human host. Trypanosoma brucei (responsible for sleeping sickness) and Leishmania (leishmaniasis) can fulfill heme requirement by receptor‐mediated endocytosis of host hemoglobin. However, the mechanism used to transfer hemoglobin‐derived heme from the lysosome to the cytosol remains unknown. Here we provide strong evidence that HRG transporters mediate this essential step. In bloodstream T. brucei, TbHRG localizes to the endolysosomal compartment where endocytosed hemoglobin is known to be trafficked. TbHRG overexpression increases cytosolic heme levels whereas its downregulation is lethal for the parasites unless they express the Leishmania orthologue LmHR1. LmHR1, known to be an essential plasma membrane protein responsible for the uptake of free heme in Leishmania, is also present in its acidic compartments which colocalize with endocytosed hemoglobin. Moreover, LmHR1 levels modulated by its overexpression or the abrogation of an LmHR1 allele correlate with the mitochondrial bioavailability of heme from lysosomal hemoglobin. In addition, using heme auxotrophic yeasts we show that TbHRG and LmHR1 transport hemoglobin‐derived heme from the digestive vacuole to the cytosol. Collectively, these results show that trypanosomatid parasites rescue heme from endocytosed hemoglobin through endolysosomal HRG transporters, which could constitute novel drug targets.
Cognitive dysfunction and regional cerebral blood flow changes in Japanese females after human papillomavirus vaccination
Authors: Matsudaira Takashi , Takahashi Yukitoshi , Matsuda Kazumi , Ikeda Hitoshi , Usui Keiko , Obi Tomokazu , Inoue Yushi 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundHuman papillomavirus vaccination is used to prevent cervical cancer in adolescent females; however, few vaccinated individuals show long‐lasting symptoms.AimWe investigated cognitive dysfunction and regional cerebral blood flow changes in human papillomavirus‐vaccinated patients to estimate their pathological condition.MethodsWe retrospectively included patients with cognitive dysfunction after human papillomavirus vaccination. N‐isopropyl‐(123I)‐p‐iodoamphetamine single‐photon emission computed tomography images of patients were compared with those of 10 healthy unvaccinated females (19.6 ± 0.5 years) using 3‐D stereotactic surface projection and stereotactic extraction estimation methods. We also investigated the correlation between the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐Third edition score and anatomical region with decreased regional cerebral blood flow.ResultsA total of 17 females (age 17.7 ± 1.4 years) showed cognitive dysfunction, including memory impairment (17 patients, 100%), acalculia (4, 23.5%), transient prosopagnosia‐like symptoms (3, 17.6%), and topographical impairment and hemispatial neglect (2, 11.8%). Significantly decreased regional cerebral blood flow was found in the right medial frontal, subcallosal, anterior cingulate, orbital, rectal, parahippocampal, fusiform gyrus, left angular and superior occipital gyrus, and bilateral thalamus. Significant negative correlations were found between the full scale intelligence quotient and extent of decreased regional cerebral blood flow in the right medial frontal and rectal gyrus, verbal intelligence quotient and right subcallosal, rectal gyrus and left thalamus, and performance intelligence quotient and the right medial frontal gyrus.ConclusionIn patients with cognitive dysfunction after human papillomavirus vaccination, regional cerebral blood flow was decreased mainly in the regions connected to the limbic system. Hypoperfusion in the limbic system might reflect cognitive dysfunction, mainly memory impairment, after human papillomavirus vaccination.
Interventions that cause weight loss and the impact on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zomer E. , Gurusamy K. , Leach R. , Trimmer C. , Lobstein T. , Morris S. , James W.P.T. , Finer N. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryOverweight and obesity increase the risks of diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This has been shown to be reversed with weight loss. A systematic review and meta‐analysis were performed to determine the effect of weight loss in the primary prevention of CVD. PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library databases were searched electronically through to May 2013. Randomized controlled trials assessing weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes were included. A random effects meta‐analysis, with sub‐group analyses for degree of weight loss, and age were performed. Because few studies reported clinical outcomes of CVD, analyses were limited to cardiovascular risk factors (83 studies). Interventions that caused any weight loss significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (−2.68 mmHg, 95% CI −3.37, −2.11), diastolic blood pressure (−1.34 mmHg, 95% CI −1.71, −0.97), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (−0.20 mmol L−1, 95% CI −0.29, −0.10), triglycerides (−0.13 mmol L−1, 95% CI −0.22, −0.03), fasting plasma glucose (−0.32 mmol L−1, 95% CI −0.43, −0.22) and haemoglobin A1c(−0.40%, 95% CI −0.52, −0.28) over 6–12 months. Significant changes remained after 2 years for several risk factors. Similar results were seen in sub‐group analyses. Interventions that cause weight loss are effective at improving cardiovascular risk factors at least for 2 years. © 2016 World Obesity
Residual FDG‐PET metabolic activity in metastatic melanoma patients with prolonged response to anti‐PD‐1 therapy
Authors: Kong Benjamin Y. , Menzies Alexander M. , Saunders Catherine A. B. , Liniker Elizabeth , Ramanujam Sangeetha , Guminski Alex , Kefford Richard F. , Long Georgina V. , Carlino Matteo S. 
Published: June 2016

Summary18‐Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) scans were performed on 27 patients with unresectable stage IIIC or IV melanoma after prolonged treatment with anti‐PD‐1 antibodies to examine the hypothesis that patients with prolonged response to treatment may have metabolically inactive lesions by FDG‐PET. Scans were performed at a median of 15.2 months (range 12–29 months) after starting treatment. Overall, 15 of 27 (56%) patients had a positive FDG‐PET scan. Eight patients with positive scans underwent biopsy; 5 of 8 (62%) were melanoma and 3 of 8 (38%) were immune cell infiltrates. Of the 12 patients with negative FDG‐PET scans, six had residual computerized tomography‐visible lesions, five have ceased treatment, and none have recurred with follow‐up of 6–10 months. Patients with residual metastases after a prolonged period without progression on anti‐PD‐1 therapy may have metabolically inactive lesions. Isolated metabolically active lesions in clinically well patients may reveal immune cell infiltrates rather than melanoma.
Genetic variability of Fusarium fujikuroi populations associated with bakanae of rice in Italy
Authors: Valente M. T. , Desiderio F. , Infantino A. , Valè G. , Abbruscato P. , Aragona M. 
Published: June 2016

The heterothallic ascomycete Fusarium fujikuroi (teleomorph: Gibberella fujikuroi) is the causal agent of bakanae of rice, a disease of increasing economic importance in the major rice‐producing areas in the world and a serious threat for Italian rice cultivation. A few studies have characterized F. fujikuroi isolates in America and the Philippines but no data are available on the genetic structure of Italian pathogen populations. Microsatellite SSRs are useful tools to study the intraspecific diversity at population level. In this study, 19 polymorphic SSRs have been identified and applied to characterize the genetic variation of 334 isolates of F. fujikuroi coming from eight Italian rice‐growing areas. A high degree of diversity at haplotype level has emerged: in the eight populations, 107 unique haplotypes were scored. Analysis of molecular variance (amova) showed that 98% of genetic variability occurred within F. fujikuroi Italian populations, as confirmed by the allelic Shannon index ranging from 0.56 to 1.06. The presence of a 1:1 ratio of mating type alleles in six out of eight of the Italian fungal populations suggests a potential for sexual reproduction in the field. However, the high fraction of clonality (43%), confirmed by neighbour‐joining clustering analysis, and the high level of linkage disequilibrium observed, indicates that reproduction of F. fujikuroi is mostly clonal in Italy. All data suggest that the observed genetic variability was probably mediated by human activity and transmission by rice seeds.
Prevalence of constipation among persons living in institutional geriatric‐care settings – a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Lämås Kristina , Karlsson Stig , Nolén Anna , Lövheim Hugo , Sandman Per‐Olof 
Published: June 2016

RationalThe current state of knowledge about the prevalence of constipation among persons living in institutional geriatric‐care settings is limited.AimThe aim was to investigate the prevalence of constipation among institutional geriatric‐care residents and identify resident characteristics related to constipation.Methodological designIn a cross‐sectional study of all the institutional geriatric‐care settings in a county in northern Sweden, 2970 residents were assessed. The member of staff who knew each resident best used the Multi‐Dimensional Dementia Assessment Scale and the resident's records of prescribed medication to monitor cognitive function, activities in daily life, behavioural and psychological symptoms, physical restraints, speech ability, nutrition and pharmacologic agents. The study was approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board.ResultThe prevalence of constipation was 67%. The mean age was higher among those with constipation. A significantly higher proportion of the constipated had cognitive and/or physical impairments, physical restraints, impaired speech, problems with nutrition, and higher numbers of drugs for regular use. Of those with constipation, 68% were prescribed laxatives for regular use. Twenty‐three per cent of the constipated residents were prescribed opioid analgesics (n = 465), and 29% (n = 134) of these were not prescribed any laxatives.Study limitationDue to the cross‐sectional design, the results should be interpreted with caution in terms of causal reasoning, generalisation and conclusions about risk factors. Another limitation is the use of proxy assessments of constipation.ConclusionThe results show that constipation is common among residents in institutional geriatric‐care settings in Sweden, which is in line with previous studies from other Western countries. Despite being constipated when having prescribed opioid analgesics, a large number did not have prescribed laxatives. The results indicate the urgency of finding strategies and implementing suitable interventions to improve bowel management in residents in institutional geriatric‐care settings.