bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Misinterpretation of the chest x ray as a factor in the delayed diagnosis of lung cancer
Authors: Turkington P M , Kennan N , Greenstone M A 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
All patients in 1997 with a histologically proved diagnosis of lung cancer in Castle Hill Hospital in whom a full set of case notes and x rays could be retrieved were studied. All previous chest x rays were reviewed by a consultant chest physician and a radiologist, who were blinded to the eventual site of the lesion and the point at which a suspicious abnormality first appeared. Case notes were inspected to clarify the cause of any error. Fifty eight patients were eligible, 28 of whom had previous chest x rays. Of these 14 were found to be abnormal. A significant difference (p=0.007) in time from diagnosis to death was found between those with a missed abnormality, median (interquartile range, IQR) 105 (55–219) days and those with no previous abnormality, median (IQR) 260 (137–512) days. In the 14 in whom the diagnosis was missed the median (IQR) delay from first abnormal chest x ray to the eventual diagnostic x ray was 101 (48–339) days. A significant difference (p=0.001) was also found between the median (IQR) time from first abnormal chest x ray to start of treatment between those with missed abnormalities, 155 (115–376) days, and those with no previous abnormality on chest x ray, 51 (44–77) days. The most common reason (47%) for the diagnosis to be missed was failure of the radiologist reporting the x ray to recognise the abnormality.
It is not unusual to find previous significant radiological abnormalities in patients in whom a diagnosis of lung cancer is later made. This leads to a diagnostic delay which has a significant effect on time to initiation of treatment and palliation of symptoms, although not necessarily to eventual outcome.
Osteoporosis prophylaxis during corticosteroid treatment: failure to prescribe
Authors: Hart S R , Green B 
Published: July 2002

Abstract

Aims
To investigate prescribing patterns to prevent steroid induced osteoporosis. To compare prophylactic prescribing with National Osteoporosis Society (NOS) guidelines.

Method
All patients (n=92) taking oral corticosteroids admitted to general medical wards at a district general hospital were prospectively investigated over a nine month period.

Results
Variations from recommended management were revealed. Altogether 64.7% of all inpatients who qualified for prophylaxis for steroid induced osteoporosis were not provided with any suitable agent. It was also found that 21.6% of those who qualified for treatment received a bisphosphonate, the only treatment currently licensed for preventing steroid induced osteoporosis. Of those prescribed prophylactic treatment, a bisphosphonate was selected for 39.3%, hormone replacement therapy was given to 25.0%, and 35.7% received treatment that is not recommended in NOS guidelines.

Conclusion
This study revealed substantial variations from NOS guidelines. It is suggested that osteoporosis prophylaxis during steroid treatment is promoted by local hospital guidelines, hospital and community pharmacists, audit, and general practitioners.
SYMMETRIES IN THEORY OF LOCAL OBSERVABLES AND THE CHOICE OF THE NET OF LOCAL ALGEBRAS
Authors: ARAKI HUZIHIRO 
Published: July 2002

For a given net of algebras of local observables, satisfying standard assumptions, we propose the problem of classifying a net of subalgebras which provides the same physical consequences (possibly via Doplicher-Haag-Roberts sector theory) such as particle spectrum and scattering theory. The notion of symmetry of the net of local algebras are introduced and its geometrical aspects are analyzed, with the conclusion that the net reproduces the geometry of supporting regions to some extent. The internal symmetries provides a possible net of subalgebras, as is discussed by Doplicher, Haag and Roberts. We discuss other possibilities by generating subalgebras from a local observable. Results and problems for the simple case of a neutral massive scalar free Held are summarized.
EFFECT OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS ON THE ADHESIVE AND TRIBOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DLC COATING PREPARED ON Co-Cr-Mo ALLOY
Authors: Sheeja D. , Tay B. K. , Lam H. M. , Ng S. K. 
Published: July 2002

The Co-Cr-Mo alloy is extensively used for tribological applications, including orthopaedic components in total joint replacements. High quality diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings on metal/alloy substrates are of great interest as they are able to protect them from severe wear and thus prolong the life span of the component. Since the roughness of the metal/alloy varies depending on the applications, a study has been carried out to investigate the effect of substrate surface roughness on the microstructure, sliding life, wear-resistance, coefficient of friction, adhension and hardness of DLC coatings prepared on Co-Cr-Mo alloy substrates under the same deposition condition. The microstructure of the films studied using Raman spectroscopy suggests that the film prepared on a smoother surface contains slightly higher fraction of sp 3 bonded carbon atoms. The characterization using a pin-on-disk tribometer reveals that, the film prepared on the roughest sample (Ra ~ 0.06 μm) exhibits a very short life span of about 20 cycles compared to the film that is prepared on a relatively smoother surface (Ra ~ 0.02 μm), which exhibits a life span of about 340,000 cycles. In order to investigate the origin of this improved property of the DLC film on the smoother surface, adhesive strength and hardness of the films were studied by using a micro-scratch tester and a Nano-indenter, respectively. The results suggest that the film prepared on the smoother surface exhibits better adhesion (higher critical load) and relatively higher hardness.
THE RÖSSLER EQUATIONS REVISITED IN TERMS OF FEEDBACK CIRCUITS
Authors: THOMAS R. 
Published: July 2002

We would like to show that complex dynamics can be deciphered and at least partly understood in terms of its underlying logical structure, more specifically in terms of the feedback circuits built in the differential equations. This approach has permitted to build a number of new three- and four-variable systems displaying chaotic dynamics. Starting from the well-known Rössler equations for deterministic chaos, one asks how systems with the same types of steady states can be synthesized ab initio from appropriate feedback circuits (= appropriate logical structure). It is found that, granted an appropriate logical structure, the existence of a domain of chaotic dynamics is remarkably robust towards changes in the nature of the nonlinearity used, and towards those sign changes which respect the nature (positive vs negative) of the feedback circuits. Using logical arguments, it was also easy to find related systems with a single steady state. A variety of 3- and 4-d systems based on other combinations of feedback circuits and generating chaotic dynamics are described. The aim of this work is to contribute to a better understanding of the respective roles of feedback circuits and nonlinearity — both essential — in so-called "non trivial behavior", including deterministic chaos. Special emphasis is put on the interest of using the Jacobian matrix and its by-products (characteristic equation, eigenvalues, …) not only close to steady states (where linear stability analysis can be performed) but also elsewhere in phase space, where precious indications about the global behavior can be collected.
DUPUYTREN's DISEASE OF THE WRIST
Authors: Dalton P. A. , Chamberlain S. T. , Stabler D. 
Published: July 2002

The authors present the case of a 47-year-old female who presents with bilateral Dupuytren's disease of the wrist. To date, three English language papers reporting on the occurrence of Dupuytren's disease at the wrist have been presented. These reports represent cases in males with unilateral involvement of their wrists where there has been primary Dupuytren's disease of the palm apparently spreading to the wrist in continuity. Our case demonstrates isolated bilateral Dupuytren's disease of the wrist in a female. The authors feel that this clinical presentation is rare and that consideration should be given to the diagnosis of Dupuytren's disease when there is a painful lesion of the soft tissues adjacent to the wrist. The presence of bilateral lesions at the wrist should further heighten the suspicion of Dupuytren's disease even in the absence of associated disease in the palm or fingers. A discussion of the previous reports is included.
Text categorization for multiple users based on semantic features from a machine-readable dictionary
Authors: Liddy Elizabeth D. , Paik Woojin , Yu Edmund S. 
Published: July 2002

The text categorization module described here provides a front-end filtering function for the larger DR-LINK text retrieval system [Liddy and Myaeing 1993]. The model evaluates a large incoming stream of documents to determine which documents are sufficiently similar to a profile at the broad subject level to warrant more refined representation and matching. To accomplish this task, each substantive word in a text is first categorized using a feature set based on the semantic Subject Field Codes (SFCs) assigned to individual word senses in a machine-readable dictionary. When tested on 50 user profiles and 550 megabytes of documents, results indicate that the feature set that is the basis of the text categorization module and the algorithm that establishes the boundary of categories of potentially relevant documents accomplish their tasks with a high level of performance.
This means that the category of potentially relevant documents for most profiles would contain at least 80% of all documents later determined to be relevant to the profile. The number of documents in this set would be uniquely determined by the system's category-boundary predictor, and this set is likely to contain less than 5% of the incoming stream of documents.
Professionalism in the computing field
Authors: Finerman Aaron 
Published: July 2002

The term professional means different things to different people; nevertheless, there are certain general technical and social standards normally associated with a professional. Further, the term is more generally applied to the practitioner rather than to the researcher. But within the rather broad definition specified, the computing practitioner is, as yet, not regarded as a professional.
Each of the four types of institutions—academic, industry, government, and the professional society—that educate, employ, regulate, and mold the practitioner contributes to the “nonprofessional” status of the computing practitioner. The roles of these institutions are examined, various shortcomings are noted, and recommended changes are suggested.
In the last analysis, professional status is not bestowed; it is earned. However, universities and industry, specifically, can make certain improvements to help the computing practitioner achieve professional status.
A comparison of floating point summation methods
Authors: Gregory James 
Published: July 2002

In the June 1970 issue of Communications, Linz [1] proposed a method of pairwise summing of numbers to reduce accumulated roundoff error. Linz compared his method with only a simple recursive summation. The Linz method should have also been compared with a method published in the January 1965 issue by Kahan [2], which is more accurate.
This note compares the schemes by Linz and Kahan with the straight recursive summation. Comparisons of accuracy, speed and storage were carried out on an IBM 360/75 with various compiler optimization levels. (Linz' restriction to a binary exponent is not essential to his method.)
A code for non-numeric information processing applications in online systems
Authors: Morenoff Edward , McLean John B. 
Published: July 2002

A code has been specifically designed to simplify the internal information processing operations within an online computer system with respect to non-numeric applications, and to maximize the transfer rate of the information channel linking the system and the system user. The code has direct application to problems in areas such as information retrieval, document classification, computer-aided teaching and text editing.
This code, called IPC (Information Processing Code), is an 8-bit code set constructed so that 7, 6, 5 and 4-bit subsets can be easily derived from the basic set. The code set is organized so that simple binary operations can distinguish between the numeric alphabetic, special symbol and control character codes. The number of useable characters within the basic set size may be expanded either by use of escape codes included in the set, or by suitable interpretation of otherwise unassigned codes on the basis of the requirements of local environments.
A unifying computational method for the analysis of complete factorial experiments
Authors: Cooper B. E. 
Published: July 2002

A computational method which may be used for the calculation of sums of squares in the analysis of variance of complete factorial experiments and in the computation of main effect or interaction means is described. The method is elucidated as unifying since one method can be used for a variety of purposes each previously requiring different methods. The programming advantages of such a method are obvious. The following variants are discussed: (1) the standard analysis of variance; (2) analyses omitting certain levels of one or more factors; (3) separate analyses for some levels of a factor or for combinations of levels of more than one factor. These are performed simultaneously; (4) the calculation of main effect or interaction means.
The method expects the data in standard order and it leaves the data in that order so that many analyses of the same data can be performed without rearrangement. The total sum of squares, excluding a replication sum of squares, is partitioned into all polynomial partitions and their interactions each with one degree of freedom. This is so even if factors have unequally spaced factor levels.
Writing an online debugging program for the experienced user
Authors: Brady Paul T. 
Published: July 2002

Presently available online debugging routines are often unsatisfactory for the experienced user because they require unnecessarily rigid and complicated typing formats, make it difficult for the user to correct typing errors, and consume excessive memory with intricate features. In a debugging program it is of prime importance that the program be simple, flexible, and highly efficient to use. Communication between the user and the debugging program can be improved by using certain techniques applicable to most online debugging programs.
These techniques are presented and are illustrated by their use in OPAK (octal package), a debugging program coded for the PDP-5/8 and the SDS-930.
The compromise between economy of utility program core storage and incorporation of elegant debugging features is discussed.
PLEXUS—an on-line system for modeling neural networks
Authors: Dill J. C. , Randall D. L. , Richer I. 
Published: July 2002

A description is presented of PLEXUS, a system which enables a user to construct and specify a neural network, to analyze the output data produced by the network, and to store and retrieve networks and data from a library. The system, operated entirely from a digital display unit, interacts directly with the user and permits easy and rapid transitions between the various phases of the modeling process. PLEXUS is designed to complement neurophysiological research so that the systematic development of neural models can be coordinated with experimental work.
PLEXUS networks are built up from components representing individual neurons, external stimuli, and interconnecting fibers, each component being of a relatively detailed nature. Provision is also made for the use of experimental data as input to a network. Convenient means for specification and modification of a network and extensive error-checking capabilities are provided. Data resulting from the simulation of a network may be analyzed by a variety of techniques ranging from examinations of the gross characteristics of the data to the determination of detailed statistical properties.
STRATEGIES FOR ATTENUATING PROTEIN-CATABOLIC RESPONSES IN THE CRITICALLY ILL
Authors: Ziegler, M.D Thomas R. , Gatzen, FRCS Christopher , Wilmore, M.D Douglas W. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Specialized enteral and parenteral nutrition are now a standard components of care in critically ill patients. This adjunctive therapy corrects and prevents nutrient deficiencies, attenuates the loss of body protein, and improves clinical outcomes in malnourished patients. Several novel strategies designed to improve the metabolic and clinical effects of specialized nutrition are under vigorous clinical investigation. These new approaches include increased emphasis on enteral feeding to maintain intestinal absorptive, immune, and barrier function; administration of conditionally essential amino acids (glutamine, arginine); use of specialized lipid products and antiox idants; and administration of growth factors such as human growth hormone. Randomized, controlled clinical trials will define the clinical and metabolic efficacy and cost-effectiveness of these therapies in specialized nutrition support.
Full Mode and Attribution Mode in Environmental Analysis
Authors: de Haes Helias Udo , Heijungs Reinout , Huppes Gjalt , van der Voet Ester , Hettelingh Jean‐Paul 
Published: July 2002

SummarySeveral tools exist for the analysis of the environmental impacts of chains or networks of processes. These relatively simple tools include materials flow accounting (MFA), substance flow analysis (SFA), life‐cycle assessment (LCA), energy analysis, and environmentally extended input‐output analysis (IOA), all based on fixed input‐output relations. They are characterized by the nature of their flow objects, such as products, materials, energy, substances, or money flows, and by their spatial and temporal characteristics. These characteristics are insufficient for their methodological characterization, and sometimes lead to inappropriate use. More clarity is desirable, both for clearer guidance of applications and for a more consistent methodology development. In addition to the nature of the flow object and to spatial and temporal characteristics, another key feature concerns the way in which processes are included in a system to be analyzed.The inclusion of processes can be done in two fundamentally different ways: according to a full mode of analysis, with the inclusion of all flows and related processes to their full extent as present in a region in a specific period of time; and according to an attribution mode, taking processes into account insofar as these are required for a given social demand, function, or activity, in principle whenever and wherever these processes take place. This distinction, which cuts across families of tools that traditionally belong together, appears to have significant methodological and practical implications. Thus the distinction between the two modes of analysis, however crucial it may be, strengthens the idea of one coherent family of tools for environmental systems analysis.
A NOTE ON THE RISE OF SURAT IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: Subrahmanyam Sanjay 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFar less attention has been paid to the rise to importance of the Gujarati port of Surat, than to its decline. This brief essay, a tribute to the memory of Surat's best-known historian, Ashin Das Gupta, attempts to address the problem of its rise before the Mughal conquest of Gujarat in the 1570s. It argues that once Diu had been taken over by the Portuguese in 1535, Surat emerged as a crucial link between Southeast Asia and West Asia. Thus, one needs to look not only at the relationship between the port and its hinterland, but to Surat's role as an entrepôt, in order to explain its rise.
JOHN WESLEY SLEPT HERE: AMERICAN SHRINES AND AMERICAN METHODISTS
Authors: Tweed Thomas 
Published: July 2002

AbstractHistorians of religion have devoted little attention to shrines in the United States, and the limited scholarship that is available has overlooked Protestants. Protestants, most interpreters have assumed, do not have shrines or make pilgrimages. In this essay I define and classify shrines, surveying a wide range of sacred sites in the United States. Then I challenge the assumptions about Protestants and pilgrimage. Focusing on the United Methodists, I argue that while the spiritual descendants of John Wesley do not consecrate all types of sacred sites or endorse all pilgrimage practices, commemorative shrines play a role in American Methodist piety. If I am right, Protestants, and American Methodists in particular, are less anomalous in the history of religion than most scholars have assumed.
DER MOND UND DIE PLEJADEN GRIECHISCH-ORIENTALISCHE PARALLELEN
Authors: Müller Hans-Peter 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn den letzten Jahren mehrte sich der Eindruck, dass die griechische und die altorientalische Kultur zueinander Berührungen aufweisen, die auch alttestamentliche Tatbestände zu erhellen vermögen. Die Erwähnung von Mond und Plejaden in dem bekannten aiolischen Gedicht "Sappho" 94 D. gibt u.a. Anlass, nach der Darstellung beider Himmelskörper in der palästinischen und babylonischen Glyptik zu fragen, altorientalischen, alttestamentlichen und griechischen Bezugnahmen auf die genannten Himmelskörper nachzugehen sowie mythische Erinnerungsreste aufzuweisen, die nicht nur an den Etymologien von jārēah "Mond", käsä" "Vollmond", lebānā "weiße Dame" (für den Mond) und kesîl "Orion", sondern auch an Texten wie Am. v 8; Hi. ix 8-10; xxxi 26; xxxviii 31; Hld. vi 10 und relevanten babylonischen Entsprechungen haften. Der Artikel schließt mit Bemerkungen zur lyrischen Reproduktion eines sonst nicht mehr lebendigen mythisch-religiösen Naturumgangs.
WHERE THE GOSPEL TEXT BEGINS: A NON-THEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF MARK 1:1
Authors: Croy N. Clayton 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDionysius of Halicarnassus, rhetorician and historian in Rome during the waning years of the first century B.C.E., wrote an essay on Thucydides in which he noted that some critics faulted the great historian of the Peloponnesian War for the arrangement (ταξις) of his work. They complained that Thucydides "neither chose the beginning of the history that was needed, nor did he fit it with a suitable ending." These critics insisted that "by no means the least important part of good arrangement was to choose a beginning, prior to which there would be nothing, and to conclude the matter with an ending in which nothing seemed to be lacking" (On Thucydides 10). If we overlook for the moment that Thucydides's history differs significantly in literary terms from the Gospel of Mark, we might find it remarkable how the same criticism has been leveled against the author of the second gospel. The oddity of Mark's ending at 16:8 is well known, but the beginning of Mark is also inauspicious. Does he, like Thucydides, suffer from faulty ταξις? This paper will examine the beginning of Mark's gospel and propose, or in truth, recall and corroborate, a rather pedestrian explanation of its many peculiarities.