bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decent deepfakes? Professional deepfake developers’ ethical considerations and their governance potential
Authors: Pawelec Maria 
Published: September 2024

AbstractPolicymakers and societies are grappling with the question of how to respond to deepfakes, i.e., synthetic audio-visual media which is proliferating in all areas of digital life– from politics to pornography. However, debates and research on deepfakes’ impact and governance largely neglect the technology’s sources, namely the developers of the underlying artificial intelligence (AI), and those who provide code or deepfake creation services to others, making the technology widely accessible. These actors include open-source developers, professionals working in large technology companies and specialized start-ups, and for deepfake apps. They can profoundly impact which underlying AI technologies are developed, whether and how they are made public, and what kind of deepfakes can be created. Therefore, this paper explores which values guide professional deepfake development, how economic and academic pressures and incentives influence developers’ (perception of) agency and ethical views, and how these views do and could impact deepfake design, creation, and dissemination. Thereby, the paper focuses on values derived from debates on AI ethics and on deepfakes’ impact. It is based on ten qualitative in-depth expert interviews with academic and commercial deepfake developers and ethics representatives of synthetic media companies. The paper contributes to a more nuanced understanding of AI ethics in relation to audio-visual generative AI. Besides, it empirically informs and enriches the deepfake governance debate by incorporating developers’ voices and highlighting governance measures which directly address deepfake developers and providers and emphasize the potential of ethics to curb the dangers of deepfakes.
Application of center for disease control and prevention standardized antimicrobial administration ratio to an Indian hospital
Authors: Sarma Smita , Borde Kalyani , Robinson Matthew , Rawat Neelam , Khurana Prerna , Singh Vyoma , Singh Padam , Mehta Yatin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background:
Rigorous antibiotic stewardship is advised by international societies to combat rising antibiotic resistance. A major component of these programs is the metric used for antibiotic consumption measurement. A method for standardized antimicrobial administration ratio (SAAR) is suggested by the Centre for Disease Control & Prevention—National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN).

Objectives:
We applied the SAAR method to calculate antibiotic consumption in a tertiary care hospital in India. We also validated a limited sampling approach to calculate SAAR.

Method:
The prospective study was conducted in three medical intensive care units over a period of 12 months. Monthly antibiotic consumption was measured by the hospital electronic records. Limited sampling was performed by weekly bedside review of the antibiotic orders. Formulae for SAAR calculation were derived from the NHSN guide. SAAR obtained by electronic records and limited sampling were compared to validate this approach.

Results:
SAAR was calculated as >1 for an Indian hospital (1.49 by electronic records and 1.43 by limited sampling approach). The difference between the two ratios was not statistically significant (P = .47).

Conclusions:
SAAR in our setting is 1.49, which is slightly higher than the NHSN benchmark. Antibiotic usage (AU) risk adjustment based on data from the NHSN might not be adequate for calculating SAAR for Indian hospitals. There is a need to perform AU risk factor analysis for Indian settings for better defining SAAR in Indian context. The limited sampling approach can be adapted for calculation of SAAR in settings with limited resources.
A far ultraviolet-C light technology is effective for decontamination of items in proximity to sinks and is enhanced by a far UV-C reflective surface
Authors: Kaple Claire E. , Memic Samir , Cadnum Jennifer L. , Varghese Martin Mathew , Hebrink Timothy J. , Donskey Curtis J. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractBackground:Dispersal of gram-negative bacilli from sink drains has been implicated as a source of transmission in multiple outbreaks.Methods:In an acute care hospital, we assessed how often patient care supplies and other frequently touched items were within 1 meter of sink drains. We tested the efficacy of a ceiling-mounted far ultraviolet-C (UV-C) light technology for decontamination of sink bowls and surfaces near sinks with and without a wall-mounted film that reflects far UV-C light.Results:Of 190 sinks assessed, 55 (29%) had patient care supplies or other frequently touched items within 1 meter of the drain. The far UV-C technology reduced Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae and Candida auris on steel disk carriers by ≥1.5 log10 colony-forming units (CFU) in 45 minutes. On inoculated real-world items, ≥1.9 log10 CFU reductions in P. aeruginosa were achieved on sites in line with the light source versus 0.4–1.8 log10 CFU reductions on shaded surfaces. The addition of the reflective surface significantly enhanced efficacy in shaded sites (P < 0.01).Conclusions:In a hospital setting, patient care supplies and other frequently touched items were often in proximity to sinks. The far UV-C light technology could potentially be useful for sink decontamination in high-risk areas.
The Pact of the Old Guard: Religion, Law, and Politics for a Russia at War
Authors: Stoeckl Kristina 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This article examines the evolution of the Russian Orthodox Church’s identities and political alignments from the post-Soviet era to the present in three chronological phases. First, the author explores the church’s varied post-Soviet identities shaped by experiences of repression, collaboration, dissidence, and emigration from 1991 to approximately 2010. The author identifies key legislative and political developments between 2010 and 2021 that have aligned the Russian Orthodox Church with the autocratic state. Finally, the author analyzes the shifting stance of the Moscow Patriarchate on Ukraine from 2014 to 2022, including Patriarch Kirill’s support for Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine since 2022, which is interpreted as a continuation of the church’s historical role as a collaborator during Soviet times. The author argues that the church’s contemporary role is confined to providing ritualistic and spiritual legitimization for state ideology, perpetuating a logic of authority, control, obedience, and dichotomous friend/enemy thinking reminiscent of Soviet-era security services. Through this analysis, the author reveals how the state and church leadership of the past decades has strategically positioned the church in preparation for conflict.
Latent class analysis of depressive symptoms and associations with suicidal thoughts, plans, and attempts among a large national sample
Authors: Mournet Annabelle M. , Kleiman Evan M. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractBackgroundDepression is strongly associated with risk for suicidal behaviors. However, depression is a highly heterogeneous condition (i.e. there are more than 200 combinations of DSM-5-TR depressive symptoms to correspond to a depression diagnosis). Limited research to date has taken an empirical approach to see how people cluster together based on their classification of depressive symptoms and whether people in certain classes are more likely to report suicide outcomes than other classes. This analysis leverages the National Survey on Drug Use and Health and examines classes of depressive symptoms to explore differences in suicide-related outcomes by class among adults endorsing depressive symptoms (n = 41 969).MethodsWe used latent class analysis (LCA) to identify classes of individuals’ DSM-5 depressive symptoms presentation and then explored differences in suicide-related outcomes (i.e. suicide plans, suicide attempts) by the resulting classes.ResultsA four-class model was determined to optimize the fit criteria. Class 3 (high depressive symptoms) had significantly greater rates of suicide-related outcomes, followed by class 1 (high depressed mood and moderate worthlessness), with classes 4 and 2 having significantly lower rates of suicide-related outcomes.ConclusionsThe use of LCA provided valuable findings on the importance of leveraging both a multi-faceted assessment of depressive symptoms to identify cases where a high number of depressive symptoms are endorsed, and review of the specific symptoms endorsed. Worthlessness, in particular, may be of particular value to focus on within the context of suicide prevention.
Psychosis risk for lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Selten Jean-Paul , Alrashed Hussam , Oh Hans , Blokland Gabriëlla A. M. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe social defeat hypothesis posits that low status and repeated humiliation increase the risk for psychotic disorders (PDs) and psychotic experiences (PEs). The purpose of this paper was to provide a systematic review of studies on risk of PDs and PEs among lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) people and a quantitative synthesis of any difference in risk. PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, and Web of Science were searched from database inception until January 30, 2024. Two independent reviewers assessed the eligibility and quality of studies, extracted effect sizes, and noted the results of mediation analyses. Using a random effects model we computed pooled odds ratios (ORs). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. The search identified seven studies of PDs and six of PEs. As for PDs, the unadjusted (2.13; 95% confidence interval 0.72–6.34) and covariate-adjusted pooled OR (2.24; 1.72–3.53) were not significantly increased for LGB individuals. After exclusion of a study of limited quality, both the unadjusted pooled OR (2.77; 1.21–6.32) and the covariate-adjusted pooled OR (2.67; 1.53–4.66) were significantly increased. The pooled ORs were increased for PEs: unadjusted, pooled OR = 1.97 (1.47–2.63), covariate-adjusted, pooled OR = 1.85 (1.50–2.28). Studies of PE that examined the mediating role of several variables reported that the contribution of drug abuse was small compared to that of psychosocial stressors. The results of a study in adolescents suggested a protective effect of parental support. These findings suggest an increased psychosis risk for LGB people and support the social defeat hypothesis.
Omicron incidence and seroprevalence among children in Montreal, Canada, in early 2023: final results from the longitudinal EnCORE serology study
Authors: Charland Katia , Pierce Laura , Saucier Adrien , Hamelin Marie-Ève , Barbosa Da Torre Margot , Carbonneau Julie , Nguyen Cat Tuong , De Serres Gaston , Papenburg Jesse , Boivin Guy , Quach Caroline , Zinszer Kate 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Since early 2022, routine testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) based on symptoms and exposure history has largely ceased in Canada. Consequently, seroprevalence studies, particularly longitudinal studies, have become critical for monitoring the rate of incident SARS-CoV-2 infections and the proportion of the population with evidence of immunity. EnCORE is a longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence study comprising five rounds of serology testing from October 2020 to June 2023, in a sample of 2- to 17-year-olds (at baseline), recruited from daycares and schools in four neighbourhoods of Montreal, Canada. We report on SARS-CoV-2 incidence and seroprevalence among the 509 participants in the fifth and final round of the study. Seroprevalence of antibodies from either infection or vaccination was 98% (95 per cent confidence interval [CI]: 97, 99). The infection-acquired seroprevalence was 78% (95% CI: 73–82), and the incidence rate was 113 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 94–132), compared to the seroprevalence of 58% and the incidence rate of 133 per 100 person-years, respectively, in the fourth round of testing (mid–late 2022). Of the 131 participants newly seropositive for infection in Round 4, only 18 were seronegative for infection in Round 5 (median follow-up: 326 days).
Racism on Trial in U.S. Symphony Orchestras
Authors: Wang Grace 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This essay examines how racial discrimination operates under the surface and through the guise of preserving musical excellence, as exemplified through the 1969 lawsuit filed by double bassist Arthur Davis and cellist Earl Madison charging the New York Philharmonic with racial discrimination in hiring practices. Analyzing the narratives that emerged during the 1969 hearings around artistic merit, racial discrimination, and screened auditions, I argue that the New York Philharmonic weaponized musical excellence as a pure entity abstracted from race and other social categories in order to claim that its sanctity required protection from societal charges of discrimination. Notably, these same legal arguments were used in a subsequent case in which timpanist Elayne Jones charged the San Francisco Symphony with discrimination on the basis of race and sex following her tenure denial in 1974. Placing these two cases in conversation not only illuminates the tenacity and power of discriminatory ideas and practices in U.S. orchestras, but it also demonstrates how the experience of fighting legal battles reverberated personally and professionally for Black classical musicians. These lawsuits exacted a significant toll on Davis, Madison, and Jones, each of whom was sacrificed at the altar of change that, decades later, has yet to come.
The Quality of Supervision Questionnaire – associations between quality, person and context variables
Authors: Maaß Ulrike , Kühne Franziska , Schöttler Alexandra , Weck Florian 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Only a few instruments can monitor the quality of individual supervision sessions. Therefore, the first objective was to develop a brief Quality of Supervision Questionnaire (QSQ). The second objective was to examine person and context variables associated with more effective supervision sessions. Two online samples of n=374 psychotherapy trainees and n=136 supervisors were used to develop the QSQ using exploratory factor analysis, validity and reliability analyses, and tests for measurement invariance. In addition, correlations between the QSQ and person and context variables were examined. The final QSQ included 12 items and three factors (Effectiveness, Procedural Knowledge, Relationship). The supervisee version had good reliability (α=.83 to .88) and correlated moderately to strongly with convergent measures (r=.37 to .68). The supervisor version was partially invariant to the supervisee version, displayed weak to good convergent validity (r=.27 to .51) and mixed reliabilities (α=.67 to .81). Regarding person variables, higher session quality was positively associated with supervisee self-efficacy (r=.16) and being a supervisor (vs supervisee, d=0.33 to 0.56). Regarding context variables, there were significant effects for supervisors in cognitive behaviour therapy (vs psychodynamic therapy; in terms of Procedural Knowledge, d=0.86) and for competence feedback (vs no feedback; d=0.47 to 0.68), but not for individual (vs group-based) sessions. Overall, the QSQ is a valid and reliable self-report questionnaire. We discuss the conceptual overlap between supervision scales.

Key learning aims
As a result of reading this paper, readers will:

(1)
Be aware of the Quality of Supervision Questionnaire (QSQ), which is a brief self-report scale assessing the quality of individual supervision sessions with 12 items and three subscales: Effectiveness, Procedural Knowledge, and Relationship.

(2)
Learn that there are no significant differences in the quality of supervision between sessions in individual and group formats. Compared with psychodynamic supervisors, supervisors in cognitive behaviour therapy report more procedural knowledge (i.e. what exactly to do and how to do it) in their sessions.

(3)
Understand that supervisees evaluate sessions that included competence feedback as qualitatively better than supervisees who did not receive competence feedback.
Emotional Regulation Problems in Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (formerly Sluggish Cognitive Tempo), Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder, Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Cano-Crespo Almudena , Moreno-García Inmaculada , Servera Mateu , Morales-Ortiz Manuel 
Published: September 2024

AbstractParents have reported emotional regulation problems in cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS) and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The first objective of this research was to explore the differences between the parents’ ratings on CDS, ADHD, hyperactivity/impulsivity, inattention, anxiety, depression and emotional dysregulation. The second one was to compare the predictive capacity of CDS and ADHD over anxiety, depression and emotional regulation problems. The third one was to analyze the mediation of emotional dysregulation in CDS, ADHD, hyperactivity/impulsivity, inattention, and anxiety and depression. The sampling used was non-probabilistic. The final sample consisted of 1,070 participants (484 fathers and 586 mothers) who completed the Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC) and the Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory (CABI). In relation to the first objective, first, mothers reported more emotional regulation problems in children than in fathers. Second, emotional regulation problems were more strongly correlated with hyperactivity/impulsivity. Significant differences were found in all father scores, except for anxiety and the emotional regulation subscale. Regarding mothers, significant differences were only observed in ADHD scores, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and depression. Both parents reported more problems in older children, except for hyperactivity/impulsivity scores and ADHD rated by mothers. According to the second objective, CDS scores were found to significantly predict anxiety and depression scores, but not those of inattention or emotional regulation problems. Finally, in relation to the third objective, emotional regulation problems mediated the relationships between CDS, ADHD, and anxiety and depression. In conclusion, the data support the importance of emotional regulation problems in understanding CDS and its relationship with ADHD, anxiety, and depression.
What is the prospect of a perennial grain revolution of agriculture?
Authors: Olsson Lennart , Andersson Elina , Ardö Jonas , Crews Timothy , David Christophe , DeHaan Lee , Hilling Axel , Streit Krug Aubrey , Palmgren Michael , Rey Sergio , Tagesson Torbern , Westerbergh Anna , Vestin Patrik 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Non-technical summary
Agriculture has been dominated by annual plants, such as all cereals and oilseeds, since the very beginning of civilization over 10,000 years ago. Annual plants are planted and uprooted every year which results in severe disturbance of the soil and disrupts ecosystem services. Science has shown that it is possible to domesticate completely new perennial grain crops, i.e. planted once and harvested year after year. Such crops would solve many of the problems of agriculture, but their development and uptake would be at odds with the current agricultural technology industry.

Technical summary
Agriculture is arguably the most environmentally destructive innovation in human history. A root cause is the reliance on annual crops requiring uprooting and restarting every season. Most environmental predicaments of agriculture can be attributed to the use of annuals, as well as many social, political, and economic ones. Advances in domestication and breeding of novel perennial grain crops have demonstrated the possibility of a future agricultural shift from annual to perennial crops. Such a change could have many advantages over the current agricultural systems which are to over 80% based on annual crops mainly grown in monocultures. We analyze and review the prospects for such scientific advances to be adopted and scaled to a level where it is pertinent to talk about a perennial revolution. We follow the logic of E.O. Wright's approach of Envisioning Real Utopias by discussing the desirability, viability, and achievability of such a transition. Proceeding from Lakatos' theory of science and Lukes' three dimensions of power, we discuss the obstacles to such a transition. We apply a transition theory lens to formulate four reasons of optimism that a perennial revolution could be imminent within 3–5 decades and conclude with an invitation for research.
CMIP6 Models Underestimate ENSO Teleconnections in the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Fang Yingfei , Screen James A. , Hu Xiaoming , Lin Shuheng , Williams Ned C. , Yang Song 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThis study evaluates the capability of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models to simulate El Niño‐Southern Oscillation teleconnections in the Southern Hemisphere during austral summer. The wave trains from the tropical Pacific to the Amundsen Sea are underestimated and too far westward in CMIP6 simulations. However, Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (AMIP6) experiments well capture the observed location and amplitude of the teleconnection. El Niño and La Niña‐related tropical precipitation anomalies are underestimated in CMIP6 and have their maximum amplitude too far westward, while the precipitation responses in AMIP6 simulations are similar to those observed. The weaker precipitation response in CMIP6 likely arises from a cold bias in climatological‐mean SST, which reduces the sensitivity of precipitation to SST anomalies. Increased resolution in coupled experiments eradicates the westward bias in the El Niño and La Niña‐related circulation anomalies over the Amundsen Sea, but not their insufficient amplitude.
Influence of the October 14, 2023, Ring of Fire Annular Eclipse on the Ionosphere: A Comparison Between GNSS Observations and SAMI3 Model Prediction
Authors: Ray Sayak , Huba J. D. , Kundu Bhaskar , Jin Shuanggen 
Published: September 2024

AbstractCelestial phenomena such as solar eclipses disrupt the ionosphere's inherent photochemical, dynamic, and electrodynamic processes and can be viewed as a natural experiment that provides a unique opportunity to study ionospheric perturbations. We investigate the spatiotemporal ionospheric response induced by the 14 October 2023 annular eclipse using ground‐based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers located over the continental region of North and South America. The largest total electron content (TEC) change (∼22 TECU decrease) is observed over the path of the eclipse at around 16°–18°N which lies just before the greatest eclipse location. However, the percentage change in TEC here is ∼44% (of the background value), which is less than that observed at midlatitudes around 30°–35°N (∼18.7 TECU, ∼50%). We observed a latitudinal dependency of TEC variation and time delay in ionospheric response to the eclipse with midlatitudes experiencing greater TEC changes and longer time delays compared to low‐latitude and equatorial regions. The SAMI3 model used to simulate the impact of the eclipse, captures the large decrease in VTEC along the eclipse path. Interestingly, increases in the TEC are also observed in several GNSS sites and it varied from 4.5 to 6.5 TECU in the Northern Hemisphere and 7 to 12 TECU in the Southern Hemisphere. The SAMI3 model results also show an enhancement in TEC but significantly less than that observed. Moreover, the SAMI3 model simulations for individual GNSS site coordinates within the conjugate regions failed to predict accurately, the TEC enhancement recorded by the GNSS sites.