bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die relative Steuerbelastung mittelständischer Kapitalgesellschaften: Evidenz von handelsbilanziellen Mikrodaten
Authors: Gebhardt Heinz , Siemers Lars-H. R. 
Published: April 2017

Zusammenfassung:Die amtliche Statistik stellt keine hinreichend disaggregierte Steuerstatistik zur Verfügung, um die relative Steuerbelastung mittelständischer Kapitalgesellschaften in Deutschland zu ermitteln. Aufgrund des Steuergeheimnisses liegen auch keine Mikrodaten zu den Steuererklärungen vor. Jedoch kann auf handelsbilanzielle Daten zurückgegriffen werden, um die effektive Steuerbelastung zu messen. Wir diskutieren die dabei auftretenden methodischen Probleme und verwenden einen vergangenheitsorientierten Ansatz, der den Vorteil hat, für Steueroptimierungsstrategien der Unternehmen und eine möglicherweise unterschiedliche Schärfe der Steuerprüfungen zu kontrollieren. Wir nutzen gewichtete 6 %-trimmed Quantilsschätzungen mit Bootstrapping, um belastbare Ergebnisse für profitable Unternehmen herzuleiten. Auf dieser Basis schätzen wir die effektive Steuerbelastung von kleinen, mittleren und großen Kapitalgesellschaften für die Jahre 1998 bis 2007. Wir finden Evidenz für eine Belastung gemäß einer umgekehrten U-Form: kleine Unternehmen haben eine signifikant geringere Steuerbelastung als mittelgroße Unternehmen, welche wiederum eine signifikant höhere Last als die großen Unternehmen aufweisen. Im betrachteten Zeitraum kann bei Kapitalgesellschaften daher von einem „Mittelstandsgipfel“ der Besteuerung gesprochen werden. Gegeben die empirische Evidenz, dass kleine und mittlere Unternehmen (KMU) Wachstum und Beschäftigung fördern, würde die Körperschaftsteuer in Deutschland die Wachstums- und Beschäftigungsperspektiven beeinträchtigen. Wir finden darüber hinaus Evidenz für einen signifikanten Entlastungseffekt durch die „Steuerreform 2000“, der bei kleinen, mittleren und großen Kapitalgesellschaften unterschiedlich stark ausfiel.
Promoting the Hegemonic Paradigm: The Case Study of the Journal International Security in the Discipline of International Security Studies
Authors: Dufort Julie , Anzueto Marc-André , Goulet-Cloutier Catherine 
Published: April 2017

This paper seeks to shed light on the evolution of the hegemonic paradigm in the subfield of International Security Studies (ISS) by looking at one highly influential journal, International Security. Questions we will be considering: What are the parameters of the hegemonic paradigm that characterize ISS? What are its main continuities and ruptures? More generally, how do academic journals contribute to building, maintaining or deconstructing the hegemonic paradigm? Using the method of longitudinal content analysis, this paper highlights the different continuities and ruptures in this so-called hegemonic paradigm. Our aim is to show how International Security has contributed to building and maintaining this paradigm and how it can transcend these limits.
Aus dem schwäbischen Pfarrhaus nach Amerika: Reiseschilderungen (1860): Louise Weil’s America as Experience and Fiction
Authors: Martin Judith 
Published: April 2017

In her autobiographical travelogue, Aus dem schwäbischen Pfarrhaus nach Amerika: Reiseschilderungen(“From the Swabian Parsonage to America: Travel Descriptions,” 1860), Louise Weil recounts her experiences of living, teaching, and traveling in the United States for nearly five years, beginning in 1854. Responding to the flood of German immigration to America in 1852-54, Weil’s declared aim is to rectify idyllic images of America put forth to would-be immigrants by presenting a realistic assessment of American life and institutions.Far from idealizing the United States, Weil condemns slavery and capitalist greed, two phenomena that exemplify America’s failure to live up to its founding ideals of equality and freedom.
Vienna’s Feuilletons from 42nd Street: Culture and Civilization in Ann Tizia Leitich’s Amerika, du hast es besser (1926)
Authors: McFarland Rob 
Published: April 2017

While so many of her fellow European writers, like Zweig, either naïvely celebrated the mechanical wonders of Henry Ford’s factories or made paranoid forecasts of American jazz music squelching out Europe’s symphonies and concertos, the author of those lines, Ann Tizia Leitich (1891-1976), contended that America is much more than an ideological projection space for Europe’s hopes and fears. As the American correspondent for Vienna’s influential Neue Freie Presse newspaper, Leitich chronicles the complexity and power of the United States from a specific, personal and intimate perspective. In this article, I will argue that Leitich counters the popular interwar perception of Europe as a beautiful, doomed culture that is under attack by a soulless but powerful American civilization. Focusing on her appropriation of Oswald Spengler’s dichotomy between civilization and culture, I will explore Leitich’s concept of a cultural syncretism that combines artistic beauty and economic power in a mutually beneficial relationship.
The Relationship of Core Strength and Activation and Performance on Three Functional Movement Screens
Authors: Johnson Caleb D. , Whitehead Paul N. , Pletcher Erin R. , Faherty Mallory S. , Lovalekar Mita T. , Eagle Shawn R. , Keenan Karen A. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Johnson, CD, Whitehead, PN, Pletcher, ER, Faherty, MS, Lovalekar, MT, Eagle, SR, and Keenan, KA. The relationship of core strength and activation and performance on three functional movement screens. J Strength Cond Res 32(4): 1166–1173, 2018—Current measures of core stability used by clinicians and researchers suffer from several shortcomings. Three functional movement screens appear, at face-value, to be dependent on the ability to activate and control core musculature. These 3 screens may present a viable alternative to current measures of core stability. Thirty-nine subjects completed a deep squat, trunk stability push-up, and rotary stability screen. Scores on the 3 screens were summed to calculate a composite score (COMP). During the screens, muscle activity was collected to determine the length of time that the bilateral erector spinae, rectus abdominis, external oblique, and gluteus medius muscles were active. Strength was assessed for core muscles (trunk flexion and extension, trunk rotation, and hip abduction and adduction) and accessory muscles (knee flexion and extension and pectoralis major). Two ordinal logistic regression equations were calculated with COMP as the outcome variable, and: (a) core strength and accessory strength, (b) only core strength. The first model was significant in predicting COMP (p = 0.004) (Pearson's Chi-Square = 149.132, p = 0.435; Nagelkerke's R-Squared = 0.369). The second model was significant in predicting COMP (p = 0.001) (Pearson's Chi-Square = 148.837, p = 0.488; Nagelkerke's R-Squared = 0.362). The core muscles were found to be active for most screens, with percentages of “time active” for each muscle ranging from 54–86%. In conclusion, performance on the 3 screens is predicted by core strength, even when accounting for “accessory” strength variables. Furthermore, it seems the screens elicit wide-ranging activation of core muscles. Although more investigation is needed, these screens, collectively, seem to be a good assessment of core strength.
The Effects of Multi-Day vs. Single Pre-exercise Nitrate Supplement Dosing on Simulated Cycling Time Trial Performance and Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation
Authors: Jo Edward , Fischer Michelle , Auslander Alexandra T. , Beigarten Alan , Daggy Bruce , Hansen Ken , Kessler Lisa , Osmond Adam , Wang Hong , Wes Rachel 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Jo, E, Fischer, M, Auslander, AT, Beigarten, A, Daggy, B, Hansen, K, Kessler, L, Osmond, A, Wang, H, and Wes, R. The effects of multiday vs. single pre-exercise nitrate supplement dosing on simulated cycling time trial performance and skeletal muscle oxygenation. J Strength Cond Res 33(1): 217–224, 2019—A transient augmentation in the metabolic efficiency of skeletal muscle is the purported basis for dietary nitrate supplementation amongst competitive and recreational athletes alike. Previous studies support the ergogenic effects of nitrate supplementation, as findings indicated improved microvascular blood flow, exercise economy, and performance with relatively short-term supplementation. As with most ergogenic aids, the optimum duration of supplementation before performance or competition, i.e., loading phase, is a critical determinant for efficacy. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of long-term vs. single dosing nitrate supplementation on skeletal muscle oxygenation and cycling performance. In a randomized, placebo controlled, double blind, parallel design study, healthy, recreationally active men (n = 15) and women (n = 14) subjects (age = 18–29 years) completed an 8 km (5 mi) simulated cycling time trial before and after a 14-day supplementation period with either a nitrate supplement (Multi-Day Dosing Group) (n = 14) or placebo (Single Pre-Exercise Dosing Group; SD) (n = 15). Both groups consumed a single dose of the nitrate supplement 2 hours before the post-treatment time trial. In addition, skeletal muscle oxygenation was measured via near-infrared spectroscopy during each time trial. Multiday nitrate supplementation significantly decreased time to completion (p = 0.01) and increased average power (p = 0.04) and speed (p = 0.02) from pre-to post-treatment, while a single dosing produced no significant changes to these measures. There were no significant differences over time and across treatments for any other measures including muscle oxygenation variables. Overall, long-term nitrate supplementation appears to have an advantage over a single pre-exercise dosing on cycling performance and metabolic efficiency as indicated by an increase in power output with no change in oxygenation.
Brain metabolism in health, aging, and neurodegeneration
Authors: Camandola Simonetta , Mattson Mark P 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBrain cells normally respond adaptively to bioenergetic challenges resulting from ongoing activity in neuronal circuits, and from environmental energetic stressors such as food deprivation and physical exertion. At the cellular level, such adaptive responses include the “strengthening” of existing synapses, the formation of new synapses, and the production of new neurons from stem cells. At the molecular level, bioenergetic challenges result in the activation of transcription factors that induce the expression of proteins that bolster the resistance of neurons to the kinds of metabolic, oxidative, excitotoxic, and proteotoxic stresses involved in the pathogenesis of brain disorders including stroke, and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Emerging findings suggest that lifestyles that include intermittent bioenergetic challenges, most notably exercise and dietary energy restriction, can increase the likelihood that the brain will function optimally and in the absence of disease throughout life. Here, we provide an overview of cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate brain energy metabolism, how such mechanisms are altered during aging and in neurodegenerative disorders, and the potential applications to brain health and disease of interventions that engage pathways involved in neuronal adaptations to metabolic stress.
A photoconversion model for full spectral programming and multiplexing of optogenetic systems
Authors: Olson Evan J , Tzouanas Constantine N , Tabor Jeffrey J 
Published: April 2017

AbstractOptogenetics combines externally applied light signals and genetically engineered photoreceptors to control cellular processes with unmatched precision. Here, we develop a mathematical model of wavelength‐ and intensity‐dependent photoconversion, signaling, and output gene expression for our two previously engineered light‐sensing Escherichia coli two‐component systems. To parameterize the model, we develop a simple set of spectral and dynamical calibration experiments using our recent open‐source “Light Plate Apparatus” device. In principle, the parameterized model should predict the gene expression response to any time‐varying signal from any mixture of light sources with known spectra. We validate this capability experimentally using a suite of challenging light sources and signals very different from those used during the parameterization process. Furthermore, we use the model to compensate for significant spectral cross‐reactivity inherent to the two sensors in order to develop a new method for programming two simultaneous and independent gene expression signals within the same cell. Our optogenetic multiplexing method will enable powerful new interrogations of how metabolic, signaling, and decision‐making pathways integrate multiple input signals.
New records of marine eels (Teleostei: Anguilliformes) from Brazilian waters
Authors: Carvalho Filho Alfredo , Paiva Maria Isabel G. 
Published: April 2017

Two species of different families belonging to the order Anguilliformes have their ranges extended in the southwestern Atlantic: the chlopsid Chlopsis dentatus (Seale, 1917) from Rio de Janeiro and the muraenid Gymnothorax maderensis (Johnson, 1862) from Bahia. The new records extend the distribution of these species south along the Brazilian coastline. Morphometric data of the specimens are provided and compared to data from the literature.
A Systematic Review of Strategies to Prevent Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity
Authors: Crona Daniel J. , Faso Aimee , Nishijima Tomohiro F. , McGraw Kathleen A. , Galsky Matthew D. , Milowsky Matthew I. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Introduction
Cisplatin, a platinum-based antineoplastic agent, is the cornerstone for the treatment of many malignancies. Nephrotoxicity is the primary dose-limiting toxicity, and various hydration regimens and supplementation strategies are used to prevent cisplatin-induced kidney injury. However, evidence-based recommendations on specific hydration regimens are limited. A systematic review was performed to evaluate clinical studies that have examined hydration and supplementation strategies to prevent cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.

Materials and Methods
PubMed and Excerpta Medica databases were searched from 1966 through October 2015 for clinical trials and other studies focused on hydration regimens to prevent nephrotoxicity in cancer patients treated with cisplatin. The University of Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine criteria were used to grade level of evidence.

Results
Among the 1,407 identified studies, 24 were included in this systematic review. All studies differed on type, volume, and duration of hydration. Among the 24 studies, 5 evaluated short-duration hydration, 4 evaluated low-volume hydration, 4 investigated magnesium supplementation, and 7 reviewed forced diuresis with hydration. Short-duration and lower-volume hydration regimens are effective in preventing cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Magnesium supplementation may have a role as a nephroprotectant, and forced diuresis may be appropriate in some patients receiving cisplatin.

Conclusion
Hydration is essential for all patients to prevent cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Specifically, short-duration, low-volume, outpatient hydration with magnesium supplementation and mannitol forced diuresis (in select patients) represent best practice principles for the safe use of cisplatin.
FDA Approval Summary: Nivolumab for the Treatment of Relapsed or Progressive Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Kasamon Yvette L. , de Claro R. Angelo , Wang Yaping , Shen Yuan Li , Farrell Ann T. , Pazdur Richard 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
On May 17, 2016, after an expedited priority review, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration granted accelerated approval to nivolumab for the treatment of patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) that has relapsed or progressed after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and post-transplantation brentuximab vedotin (BV). Nivolumab in cHL had been granted breakthrough therapy designation. Accelerated approval was based on two single-arm, multicenter trials in adults with cHL. In 95 patients with relapsed or progressive cHL after autologous HSCT and post-transplantation BV, nivolumab, dosed at 3 mg/kg intravenously every 2 weeks, produced a 65% (95% confidence interval: 55%–75%) objective response rate (58% partial remission, 7% complete remission). The estimated median duration of response was 8.7 months, with 4.6-month median follow-up for response duration. The median time to response was 2.1 (range: 0.7–5.7) months. Among 263 patients with cHL treated with nivolumab, 21% reported serious adverse reactions (ARs). The most common all-grade ARs (reported in ≥20%) were fatigue, upper respiratory tract infection, cough, pyrexia, diarrhea, elevated transaminases, and cytopenias. Infusion-related reaction and hypothyroidism or thyroiditis occurred in &gt;10% of patients; other immune-mediated ARs, occurring in 1%–5%, included rash, pneumonitis, hepatitis, hyperthyroidism, and colitis. A new Warning and Precaution was issued for complications of allogeneic HSCT after nivolumab, including severe or hyperacute graft-versus-host disease, other immune-mediated ARs, and transplant-related mortality. Continued approval for the cHL indication may be contingent upon verification of clinical benefit in a randomized trial.
Chile y la guerra de Corea. Un episodio de la política exterior chilena
Authors: Garay Vera Cristián , Castro Arcos Javier 
Published: April 2017

La Guerra de Corea en el ojo del huracán durante la Guerra Fría. Escenario de tensión que en sus inicios implicó a Latinoamérica, y que problematizó la posición chilena. ¿Hubiese sido factible la participación efectiva de sus Fuerzas Armadas en los albores de la Guerra de Corea, como parte de una estrategia diplomática de alineamiento anticomunista? La diplomacia chilena se tentó del conflicto como escalera política de posicionamiento internacional, no exclusivamente ligada a Washington. El objeto es analizar el enfrentamiento bélico significativo dentro del contexto de la Guerra Fría, que generaron planificaciones y cálculos chilenos como participante latinoamericano del enfrentamiento Este-Oeste. Los resultados se develaron en una estrategia plagada de variables con predominio económico y diplomático. Sin embargo, la estrategia central, continuaba siendo la consideración de la ideología transversal de contención —tan propia de la Guerra Fría —, y que por ende, se sometía inmediatamente a lógicas estratégicas de alianzas en Seguridad Hemisférica. Para la realización de la investigación, se utilizó una metodología basada en el análisis documental de archivos inéditos, fuentes diplomáticas y de orden secundario.
Kajian Aspek Security pada Jaringan Informasi dan Komunikasi Berbasis Visible Light Communication
Authors: Fuada Syifaul 
Published: April 2017

Cahaya tampak dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai media informasi ataupun komunikasi, teknologi ini dikenal dengan istilah Visible Light Communication yang menawarkan beberapa keunggulan dibandingkan komunikasi nirkabel lainnya seperti RF dan IR. Yakni cakupan bandwidth lebih lebar dan bebas lisensi, aman bagi kesehatan manusia dan tidak terganggu interferensi elektromagnetik. Sistem VLC terdiri atas tiga bagian besar, yakni bagian transmitter dengan menggunakan devais LED, kanal yang berupa ruang bebas (free space) dan receiver dengan menggunakan devais photodetector atau image camera. Penerapan VLC berlandaskan pedoman IEEE 802.15.17 yang mana baru dirancang dalam waktu 5 tahun belakangani ini (sejak tahun 2009), meliputi meliputi layer fisik (physical layer) dan layer MAC (medium access control). Sebagaimana teknologi komunikasi pada umumnya, VLC juga menyediakan akses security yang dibahas pada bagian layer MAC. Namun pada praktiknya masih belum begitu masif dilakukan oleh para peneliti. Hal ini sangat wajar karena mengingat VLC merupakan teknologi yang sedang dalam tahap pengembangan yang menjadikan penelitian VLC umumnya berfokus pada ‘bagaimana meningkatkan speed dari keterbatasan komponen-komponen pembangun (IC, photodiode, LED, transistor, dll) yang tersedia saat ini’. Tantangan teknologi VLC selain target peningkatan kecepatan bit-rate, mobility communication, mengurangi interference noise, menyediakan layanan multi-acces juga salah satunya adalah isu security. Makalah ini merupakan studi literature (review paper) yang didapatkan dari dokumen-dokumen hasil peneltian baik di jurnal dan conference terkait dengan praktik-praktik security VLC yang pernah dilakukan dengan skema indoor maupun outdoor.
Authors: Utami Sri 
Published: April 2017

Photovoltaic systems produce very intermittent energy and highly dependent on the wheather conditions. To optimize the power of solar cell, Maximum Power Point (MPP) is usually used . This project presented implementation of Perturb and Observe algorithm for Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) as controller for solar power generator. Constructed system harnessed Arduino Uno R3 to extract maximum power of solar cell. Microcontroller controlled DC buck converter for storing the energy using 6V battery. This methode provided perturbing (increase or decrease), voltage or current of terminal array, and compared power produced with solar cell output power. Appropriate perturbing is necessary to receive the most optimimal power. Validity of the photovoltaic module with P & O method allowed better performance of MPPT due to variation of both power and voltage. Using perturbation parameter 0.1 V for proposed method in the MPPT, solar panel was able to optimize power output up to 24.49W using load 5? in 523 W/m2 irradiance level compared with conventional methode using identical load and irradiance level 527 W/m2 providing power output 15.37W
Authors: Negara Ridha Muldina , Tulloh Rohmat 
Published: April 2017

Pada jaringan konvensional, konfigurasi protocol routing sangat tidak fleksibel, tidak efisien dan konfigurasi dilakukan pada tiap perangkat. Hal ini tentu saja tidak dapat memenuhi tuntutan operasional saat ini yang rata-rata memiliki jaringan yang besar dan perangkat jaringan yang memiliki spesifikasi berbeda. Software Defined Network (SDN) muncul sebagai harapan untuk permasalahan kompleksitas jaringan konvensional. Paradigma baru SDN melakukan pemisahan antara control plane dan forwarding plane. RouteFlow merupakan salah satu komponen berbasis software yang dapat mengaplikasikan protocol routing konvensional pada jaringan SDN. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) merupakan sebuah protokol routing konvensional yang memiliki kemampuan untuk mendeteksi perubahan topologi jaringan dengan cepat dalam sebuah jaringan yang besar. Protokol routing OSPF diterapkan pada teknologi SDN menggunakan RouteFlow dengan tujuan untuk mempermudah dalam mengontrol jaringan dengan sistem terpusat. Convergence time dan parameter Quality of Service (Throughput, Delay, Jitter dan Packet Loss) diukur dengan skenario pemutusan link, penambahan jumlah switch dan background traffic. Hasil pengukuran convergence time menunjukan bahwa penambahan jumlah switch mempengaruhi pertambahan waktu konvergensi, sedangkan untuk parameter Quality of Service (QoS) pada peningkatan topologi switch didapatkan hasil yang masih sesuai dengan standar ITU-T G.1010 namun apabila ditambahkan background traffic yang memenuhi 50% bandwidth jaringan maka QoS memburuk.