bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manic episode, thyroid gland function and lithium
Authors: Foeken K. , van de Wetering B.J.M. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThis paper addresses the issue of (recurrent) mania in relation to an increased T4-value, whether or not influenced by lithium. Lithium has an anti-TSH-effect on the thyroid gland by inhibiting the intracellular enzyme adenylate cyclase. This might cause hypothyroidism. Moreover, lithium is also known to have a direct stabilizing effect on (behavioral manifestations) of dopamine receptor supersensitivity.The hypothesis regarding the relation between thyroid function and affective disturbances is that the altered thyroid function may cause a change in the availability of the central dopamine receptors. Dopamine is known to be able to cause a manic state. TSH and TRH are also involved in this mechanism. It is, therefore, very likely that an increased thyroid function, whether or not caused by discontinuation of lithium-therapy, could induce a (recurrent) mania.
The effect of stress and psychosocial variables on natural killer cells: a review
Authors: Gerits P. , de Brabander B. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIn this review we discuss the results of studies about the effect of stress, depression, anxiety, social support and various psychosocial treatments on numbers and activity of Natural Killer (NK) cells. In general a suppressive effect is observed among depressive persons and persons who react to stressfull events with feelings of helplessness and anxiety. Lack of social support also seems to engender immunosuppression including NK suppression. Various forms of psychosocial care seem to be able to undo these negative consequences. However, the real clinical relevance of these findings is still a matter of dispute.
The use of thyroid hormone in the treatment of depression: a review
Authors: Vegt M. , Bruijn J.A. , Birkenhäger T.K. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe writers of this paper made an inventory of the studies on the use of thyroid hormone in the treatment of depression. Fifteen clinical trials (353 patients), published between 1969 and 1987. were found, that can be described, as to their design, in two seperate groups:One group (7 studies) administers thyroid hormone simultaneously with a tricyclic antidepressant to reach a faster effect of the antidepressant. The other group (8 studies) adds thyroid hormone to a tricyclic antidepressant in patients who fail to respond to this treatment, with the aim to convert therapeutic failure to success. After studying the literature we think we are able to conclude that it can be usefull to combine the antidepressant with thyroid hormone in view of the fact that, in a number of depressed patients, it shortens the duration of the illness. The augmentation of tricyclics by thyroid hormone needs further study.
Psychofarmakologikum VI
Authors: Pieters G. 
Published: July 2016

InleidingIn deze rubriek zal worden ingegaan op recente observaties betreffende de psychofarmakologie in de breedst mogelijke zin. Vaak zullen zaken uit de Literatuur worden behandeld. De gekozen onderwerpen dienen altijd klinische relevantie te hebben. Ook zal deze rubriek gaan over gewoontes die in psychofarmakologische behandeling of in onderzoek zijn geslopen die volgens de auteur lang niet altijd logisch zijn. Soms zal deze rubriek een oproep bevatten om te reageren op een bijdrage gepubliceerd in dit of in een ander tijdschrift. Ook zal de lezer worden aangemoedigd hier zijn eigen ervaringen mee te delen. Het is niet de bedoeling in deze rubriek onderzoeken uitvoerig te rapporteren. Daarvoor staan andere pagina's van de Acta Neuropsychiatrica voor u open.
A rare complication of carcinoÏd carcinoma
Authors: Broek W.W. Van Den , Pepplinkhuizen L. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIn this case report of a patient with carcinoid carcinoma we discuss the normal metabolism of tryptophan, one of the essential amino acids.We also examined the changes of this metabolism due to the metastasis of the carcinoid carcinoma and its psychiatric complications based on a central tryptophan deficiency.A less frequent complication of the changes in the tryptophan metabolism due to carcinoidosis is the disease pellagra. This disease is always accompanied with psychiatric symptoms. It plays an important role in the development of the transmethylation hypothesis of schizophrenia.
Klinefelter syndroom en psychiatrische stoornissen: Twee gevalsbeschrijvingen en een literatuuroverzicht
Authors: Michielsen P.J.S. , Verhoeven W.M.A. , de Blécourt C.V. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYKlinefelter syndrome is a genetically determined disorder characterized by an additional X-chromosome. Apart from the phenotypical features, the literature about this disorder mentiones a psychopathological phenotype comprising mainly psychoses, depressive diseases and personality disorders. A substantial number of patients presents with mild to moderate mental retardation.In this paper, two case reports are described and their psychopathology is compared with the data from the existing literature.
Genetics of bipolar disorders
Authors: Souery D. , Massat I. , Mendlewicz J. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTAdvances towards the understanding of the etiological mechanisms involved in mood disorders provide interesting yet diverse hypotheses and promising models. In this context, molecular genetics has now been widely incorporated into genetic epidemiological research in psychiatry. Affective disorders and, in particular, bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) have been examined in many molecular genetic studies which have covered a large part of the genome, specific hypotheses such as mutations have also been studied. Most recent studies indicate that several chromosomal regions may be involved in the aetiology of BPAD. Other studies have reported the presence of anticipation in BPAD. This phenomenon describes the increase in clinical severity and decrease in age of onset observed in successive generations. This mode of transmission correlates with the presence of specific mutations (Trinucleotide Repeat Sequences) and may represent a genetic factor involved in the transmission of the disorder. In parallel to these new developments in molecular genetics, the classical genetic epidemiology, represented by twin, adoption and family studies, provided additional evidence in favour of the genetic hypothesis in mood disorders. Moreover, these methods have been improved through models to test the gene-environment interactions. While significant advances have been made in this major field of research, it appears that integrative models, taking into account the interactions between biological (genetic) factors and social (psychosocial environment) variables offer the most reliable way to approach the complex mechanisms involved in the etiology and outcome of mood disorders.
Epidemiology and pathobiology of bipolar disorder, and their exploration within a complete catchment area population
Authors: Scully P.J. , Owens J.M. , Kinsella A. , Waddington J.L. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTEpidemiological and pathobiological findings in bipolar disorder [BP] have often been limited by selection bias and lack of epidemiological representativeness. In a rural, circumscribed catchment area, ‘all’ patients with BP were identified and assessed. On preliminary analysis, morbid risk [MR] for BP over the area as a whole was 5.0 ± 0.6/1000. The distribution of MR for BP over geographical subregions showed no significant deviation from a statistical model for random occurrences in space by place at birth, in contrast to schizophrenia [SZ], and varied only modestly among males by place at onset. These results imply different etiological factors acting in BP in comparison with SZ, particularly with regard to the role of early versus later life events. In preliminary analyses of psychotic and cognitive features, current severity of positive symptoms was predicted in BP only by increasing dominance of the left hand; negative symptoms by duration of illness and current anticholinergic exposure; poorer general and frontal cognitive function by older age at onset of illness, increasing duration of illness, and current anticholinergic exposure. The finding on handedness suggests disturbance of cerebral asymmetry associated with positive symptoms in BP, while both negative symptoms and cognitive impairment may involve progressive processes. Further analysis of this epidemiologically complete population, including systematic comparisons of BP with schizoaffective disorder and SZ, continues.
Towards a new model for cellular pathophysiology in affective disorder
Authors: Normann C. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTThe mode of action of serotonin in depression is unclear. We tested the modulation of hippocampal long-term plasticity, a model for learning and memory, by 5-HT and found a selective impairment of long-term depression resulting in a positive modification of synaptic network properties. We hypothetize a role for long-term plasticity in emotional regulation and the pathophysiology of affective disorders.
Pediatric mania: a developmental subtype of bipolar disorder?
Authors: Biederman J. , Mick E. , Faraone S.V. , Spencer Th. , Wilens T. , Wozniak J. 
Published: July 2016

Despite ongoing controversy, the view that pediatric mania is rare or non-existent has been increasingly challenged not only by case reports but also by systematic research. This research strongly suggests that pediatric mania may not be rare but that it may be difficult to diagnose. Since children with mania are likely to become adults with bipolar disorder, the recognition and characterization of childhood-onset mania may help identify a meaningful developmental subtype of bipolar disorder worthy of further investigation. The major difficulties that complicate the diagnosis of pediatric mania include:- its pattern of comorbidity may be unique by adult standards, especially its overlap with ADHD, aggression and conduct disorder;- its overlap with substance use disorders;- its association with trauma and adversity;- its response to treatment is atypical by adult standards.These issues will be reviewed in the presentation.
Neural mechanisms of childhood-onset bipolar illness
Authors: Post R.M. , Leverich G.S. , Speer A.M. , Xing G. , Weiss S.R.B. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTSubstantial evidence exists for a cohort effect (earlier onset and increased prevalence) for both unipolar and bipolar affective disorder in every generation born since World War II. This effect could be related to inherited mechanisms (e.g., bi-Hneal pedigrees or genetic anticipation) or to environmental/experiential effects on gene expression (e.g., stressor effects on the induction of transcription and growth factors, enzymes, hormones and their receptors, and signal transduction molecules) as documented in preclinical models of neonatal maternal separation.This laboratory evidence is summarized and new clinical data on the impact of severe stressors on the unfolding course of bipolar illness are noted. The reported occurrence of childhood or adolescent physical or sexual abuse, compared to those who report their absence, is associated with: earlier bipolar illness onset; faster cycling (including ultradian) patterns; increased Axis I and II comorbidities; and increased time ill in a prospective year of follow-up. Selectively, physical abuse was associated with a reported pattern of increasingly severe mania and sexual abuse with increased numbers of serious suicide attempts.In a retrospective survey of parents of children with an approximate average age of 13 who were diagnosed with bipolar illness (compared to those with other diagnoses and those with no diagnosis), a cluster of symptoms related to irritability and dyscontrol differentiated the bipolar children earliest. These symptoms included: temper tantrums, irritability, inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, poor frustration tolerance, and increased aggression.Given the growing evidence that episodes of affective dysfunction can not only convey morbidity and mortality, but may also sensitize to further recurrence and thus change the course of illness, opportunities abound for early recognition and intervention in childhood onset bipolar illness. Such a successful endeavor would both allow a more normal psychobiological development and allow the possibility of preventing the unfolding of more full-blown bipolar illness altogether.
Different modes of action of alprazolam in the treatment of panic attacks
Authors: Gool Dominique Van 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYAlprazolam (a benzodiazepine in the group of the triazolo-benzodiazepines) is a potent drug for the treatment of panic disorder. This is possible due to four different interactions with neurotransmitter systems. First, it facilitates, as all diazepines, the inhibitory acitivity of gamma-amino-butyricacid (GABA). The chemical structure differs from the benzodiazepines by incorporation of the triazoloring. Due to this triazoloring, the drug has three additional modes of action. These modes of action inhibit the locus coeruleus which plays a role in the origin of panic disorder. A first specific action is a stimulation of the serotonergic system. Triazolobenzodiazepines are also α2-adrenoreceptor agonists. Both mechanisms are responsible for inhibition of the locus coeruleus. Triazolo-benzodiazepines inhibit the platelet-activating-factor (PAF). PAF stimulates the corticotropin-releasing-hormone (CRH). This hormone stimulates the locus coeruleus. CRH in patients with panic attacks is elevated. This could be a result of hyperactive metabolism of the right parahippocampal area, which is observed in patients with panic attacks. Triazolo-benzodiazepines decrease the activity of the locus coeruleus because of a low CRH-level due to inhibited PAF.
Neurologic and psychiatric symptoms following chronic phenytoin intoxication
Authors: Boermans J.A.J. , Nijdam JR. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYReported (ir)reversibility of neurological and psychiatric symptoms induced by Phenytoin intoxication is being discussed by means of a case report concerning a 40-year old man who sets fire to his house during a psychosis. Observation after admission to a general psychiatric hospital, following a short period of detention, leads to diagnosing neurological and psychiatric symptoms due to chronic Phenytoin intoxication. Discontinuation of Phenytoin supply induces partial remission of the symptoms. Literature on the subject is being revised.
Brain alterations in depression
Authors: Hoogendijk Witte J.G. , Meynen Gerben , Eikelenboom Piet , Swaab Dick F. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYThis article describes a number of studies by our research group to find brain structures that may be involved in the symptoms of idiopathic depression, depression in Alzheimer's disease and depression in Parkinson's disease. Until recently, idiopathic depression has generally been related to deficiencies of aminergic systems. In Alzheimer patients we found a strong decrease in the number of neurons in the locus coeruleus and brain noradrenaline concentrations, but in depressed Alzheimer patients we did not find an extra de crease. This is in agreement with the finding that there is no cell loss in the locus coeruleus in idiopathic depression. We did find, however, that the number of corticotropin-releasing hormone-, vasopressin- and oxytocin expressing neurons, the number of corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons co-expressing vasopressin and the amount of corticotropin-releasing hormone -mRNA in idiopathic depression were strongly increased in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. This result supports the hypothesis on the pathogenetic involvement of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in depression and is of clinical relevance, since it may provide a theoretical rationale for antidepressive therapy with CRH antagonists.
Cardiopsychiatry
Authors: Honig A. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryAffective disorders cluster in patients with cardiac diseases, in particular in coronary artery disease (CAD) which has become one of the most prevalent chronic disorders in the western world. Affective dysregulation has been recognized as a major riskfactor for cardiac death in patients with CAD. Therefore treatment of affective dysregulation is important from both the psychiatric and cardiac perspective. An evidence based treatment algorithm for affective disorders is as yet not available. In this paper a possible etiological model for the relationship between affective and cardiac dysregulation is proposed, based on the stress-diathesis model.
Whiplash associated disorders: is there a place for psychiatrists and psychologists?
Authors: Verhey F.R.J. , Stapert S.Z. , Jolles J. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryBetween 25 and 30% of the victims of a whiplash injury have complaints after one year. This condition is referred to as late whiplash syndrome. This syndrome is characterized by pain of the neck, headache, forgetfulness, poor concentration, mental fatigue, and affective symptoms. The causes of the persistent symptoms are unknown. In all, the evidence that late-whiplash syndrome is a neurological disorder is flimsy. Current opinion holds that the acute basis is the painful injury of the neck. In the months following the accident, pain is the substrate on which psychological and social factors may act. Emotional symptoms such as lability of affect and disturbed mood, or posttraumatic stress disorders are common after whiplash. Although there is definitely a place for psychiatrists and psychologists in the treatment of late whiplash syndrome, these professionals are not involved in late whiplash disorder as much as they should be. Brief psychological treatment has proven to significantly reduce the severity and duration of symptoms. Optimal management must cover the treatment of pain, depression, anxiety, and fatigue; adequate psycho-education, stressing the good long-term outcome; and education of patients and relatives on possible cognitive symptoms.
Positron emissie tomografie (PET) bij stemmingsstoornissen: een overzicht
Authors: Van Eyken N. , D'haenen H. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryPositron emission tomography is one of the most important techniques of functional imaging in psychiatry. This paper gives a synopsis of the findings in mood disorders: determination of brain glucose metabolism, cerebral blood flow and receptor studies. Investigation in a resting state as well as after activation are discussed.Although findings are somewhat discrepant hypometabolism, and/or hypoperfusion, most often in frontal and limbic areas are frequently described. Further research is needed, and standardization of the methodology would be most wellcome.
Therapeutic drug monitoring
Authors: Noten J.B.G.M. , Verhoeven W.M.A. , Tuinier S. , Touw D. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYThe cytochrome P450 iso-enzyme system plays a key role in the biotransformation of many drugs, including psychotropics. Its activity is determined by both genetic and environmental factors. The most important iso-enzymes for psychiatry in general are P450 IID6, 3A4 and 1A2. Knowledge about the involvement of these enzymes and biotransformation processes is mandatory because of the individual variability in their metabolic capacity. Regular measurement of plasmaconcentrations of (psycho)pharmacological compounds is therefore essential. In addition, the potential value of pheno- and/or genotyping has to be investigated.
Integratie van opleiding en onderzoek in de opleiding tot psychiater
Authors: Verhoeven W.M.A. , Goessens L.F.M. , van den Berg Y.W.M.M. , Tuinier S. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYIn the training program for residents in psychiatry, scientific education and participation in research projects are relatively underdeveloped. This may result in a gap between recently acquired scientific knowledge and its implementation in clinical practice.Since the start of the residency training in psychiatry in 1989 in the Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, several research lines have been developed especially concerning dimensional diagnostic procedures, evaluation of treatment effects, stress and psychopathology, pharmacokinetics of psychotropic compounds and disordered impulse and aggression regulation. It is concluded that active participation in research projects by both psychiatrists and residents in psychiatry is increasingly mandatory due to social-economic en scientific developments. Despite several countervailing factors, the Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry has succeeded in the creation of a scientific orientation in the residency program resulting in a number of publications.
Leeftijdsgeassocieerde cognitieve functiestoornissen: Cognitive aging in a longitudinal perspective: the Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS)
Authors: Jolles J. , Boxtel M.P.J. van , Ponds R.W.H.M. , Metsemakers J.F.M. , Houx P.J. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryCognitive dysfunctions in old individuals can be a precursor of dementia. The Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS) was designed to characterize the usual and pathological aging of cognitive function. The study involves a group of 1,900 initially healthy individuals who will be followed-upfor a period of 12 years with respect to health characteristics and neurocognitive status. For this purpose a sample was drawn from a patient register of collaborating family practices, stratified for age (range 24 to 81 years), sex and general ability level. Rationale and design of MAAS are discussed and also some findings from the cross-sectional baseline measurement: general aspects of memory and attention, cognitive functioning after brain trauma and general anesthesia, physical condition (fitness, morbidity and vascular risk factors) as predictor of cognitive function, and finally cognitive complaints and metamemory.
Psychobiological aspects of Sensation Seeking Behavior
Authors: te Riele Y.L.M. , Colon EJ. 
Published: July 2016

SamenvattingSensation Seekers zijn personen die vrijwillig levensgevaarlijke situaties opzoeken. Sensation Seeking gedrag kan sociaal en lichamelijk schadelijke effecten hebben. In vergelijking met controlegroepen zijn bij Sensation Seekers significante ver-schillen aangetoond in verscheidene psychobiologische reacties die optreden bij informatieverwerking.
The significance of the expression of Fos protein in the brain for the classification of antipsychotics
Authors: Korf J. , Sebens J.B. 
Published: July 2016

SamenvattingIn de afgelopen zes jaar is veel onderzoek verficht naar de effecten van antipsychotica op de regionale c-fos-expressie in de hersenen. Deze benadering biedt in een dierexperimentele proefopzet de mogelijkheid op cellulair niveau de effecten van psychofarmaca te bestuderen. Het fos-gen behoort tot de groep ‘immediate early genes’. Dit zijn genen die de transcriptie van andere, vaak onbekende genen reguleren. Een aantal aspecten van dit mechanisme wordt in deze bijdrage beschreven. Het onderzoek naar de effecten van antipsychotica op c-fos-expressie wordt samengevat en de betekenis voor de classificatie van antipsychotica benadrukt. Het blijkt dat deze farmaca effectief zijn in zowel de (meso)limbische gebieden (als nucleus accumbens, septum en amygdala) als ook in de basale ganglia. De relatieve effecten, wat betreft de c-fos-reactie, van de atypische antipsychotica (als clozapine en risperidon) zijn hoger in de limbische structuren, vergeleken met de effecten van de typische (als haloperidol). De potentie van de c-fos-methodiek voor verdere ontwikkelingen in dit gebied wordt aangegeven.