bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of CURB-65 in predicting mortality of patients with community-acquired pneumonia in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Tawfiq Jaffar A. , Diamond Michael , Joy Diamond , Hinedi Kareem 
Published: November 2017

Introduction: Various objective scoring systems were developed to standardize the approach to the designation of severity of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). There is limited data on the use of CURB-65 among admitted CAP patients in Saudi Arabia.
Methodology: The retrospective study included CAP patients, admitted to a general hospital in Eastern Saudi Arabia. The CURB-65 was extracted from the available medical records.
Results: During the study period, from 2013 to 2016, a total of 1786 adults were admitted with a mean age of 63.9 ± 21.7 (range 14-108 years). The majority of the patients (51.7%) had CURB-65 score 0 or 1 followed by the score 2, 3 and 4/5 (29%, 15.2%, and 4.1%, respectively). The mean CURB-65 was 1.4 ± 1.12 for those who survived and 2.27 ± 1.03 for those who died (p < 0.001). The mean age was 63.01± 21.9 years for survived patients and 75.1 ± 15.58 years for fatal cases (p < 0.001). The overall 30-day crude mortality rate was 7.6%. The mortality rates for CURB-65 scores 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4/5 were 1.8%, 4.3%, 10.2%, 14%, and 21.9%, respectively.
Conclusions: The mortality rates of admitted patients with CAP did not differ from those reported in the literature. However, the utilization of CURB-65 score was low and there is a need for wider implementation of pneumonia severity index for patients presenting with CAP.
A comparative look at a centenary. A review of World War I commemorative events in Brussels
Authors: Jaumain Serge , Vaesen Joost , Benvindo Bruno , Bouchat Pierre , Bousmar Eric , Degryse Iadine , Kesteloot Chantal , Klein Olivier , Vanraepenbusch Karla 
Published: November 2017

The centenary of World War I has marked an abrupt change: historical events will never be commemorated in the same way, especially in Belgium. The federated entities have demonstrated the autonomous role which they intend to play in future events of this type. The Brussels-Capital Region was not outdone. While the political choice to be directly involved in the commemorative events was made later there than in the other main regions and communities, it demonstrated its will and capacity to implement different activities aimed at reaching a very wide public. The systematic study of just over 430 activities identified between January 2014 and June 2017 in the territory of the Brussels-Capital Region thus highlights their extreme diversity as well as the exceptional dynamism of the municipalities which were at the origin of one quarter of them. Overall, the theme of the majority of events studied wavered between two main lines: the daily life of the inhabitants of Brussels and the global history of the conflict in its Belgian dimension. But these approaches were also used to prompt debates and reflection on current issues which make sense in today's society: the defence of freedom, solidarity, democracy, social cohesion, etc. The historical approach was therefore used as a tool for cohesion and as a lever for integration, with a past which concerns everybody: the inhabitants of Brussels from here and elsewhere, history enthusiasts, lovers of historical memory tourism, non-natives, expatriates, tourists for a day, etc.
The Type 1 Diabetes–Resistance Locus Idd22 Controls Trafficking of Autoreactive CTLs into the Pancreatic Islets of NOD Mice
Authors: Whitener Robert L. , Gallo Knight Lisa , Li Jianwei , Knapp Sarah , Zhang Shuyao , Annamalai Mani , Pliner Vadim M. , Fu Dongtao , Radichev Ilian , Amatya Christina , Savinov Alexei , Yurdagul Arif , Yuan Shuai , Glawe John , Kevil Christopher G. , Chen Jing , Stimpson Scott E. , Mathews Clayton E. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) has a strong genetic component. The insulin dependent diabetes (Idd)22 locus was identified in crosses of T1D-susceptible NOD mice with the strongly T1D-resistant ALR strain. The NODcALR-(D8Mit293-D8Mit137)/Mx (NOD-Idd22) recombinant congenic mouse strain was generated in which NOD mice carry the full Idd22 confidence interval. NOD-Idd22 mice exhibit almost complete protection from spontaneous T1D and a significant reduction in insulitis. Our goal was to unravel the mode of Idd22-based protection using in vivo and in vitro models. We determined that Idd22 did not impact immune cell diabetogenicity or β cell resistance to cytotoxicity in vitro. However, NOD-Idd22 mice were highly protected against adoptive transfer of T1D. Transferred CTLs trafficked to the pancreatic lymph node and proliferated to the same extent in NOD and NOD-Idd22 mice, yet the accumulation of pathogenic CTLs in the islets was significantly reduced in NOD-Idd22 mice, correlating with disease resistance. Pancreatic endothelial cells from NOD-Idd22 animals expressed lower levels of adhesion molecules, even in response to inflammatory stimuli. Lower adhesion molecule expression resulted in weaker adherence of T cells to NOD-Idd22 endothelium compared with NOD-derived endothelium. Taken together, these results provide evidence that Idd22 regulates the ability of β cell–autoreactive T cells to traffic into the pancreatic islets and may represent a new target for pharmaceutical intervention to potentially prevent T1D.
A Protective Function of IL-22BP in Ischemia Reperfusion and Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury
Authors: Kleinschmidt Dörte , Giannou Anastasios D. , McGee Heather M. , Kempski Jan , Steglich Babett , Huber Francis Jessica , Ernst Thomas Michael , Shiri Ahmad Mustafa , Wegscheid Claudia , Tasika Elena , Hübener Peter , Huber Philipp , Bedke Tanja , Steffens Niklas , Agalioti Theodora , Fuchs Tobias , Noll Jill , Lotter Hannelore , Tiegs Gisa , Lohse Ansgar W. , Axelrod Jonathan H. , Galun Eithan , Flavell Richard A. , Gagliani Nicola , Huber Samuel 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Acute liver injury can be secondary to a variety of causes, including infections, intoxication, and ischemia. All of these insults induce hepatocyte death and subsequent inflammation, which can make acute liver injury a life-threatening event. IL-22 is a dual natured cytokine which has context-dependent protective and pathogenic properties during tissue damage. Accordingly, IL-22 was shown to promote liver regeneration upon acute liver damage. However, other studies suggest pathogenic properties of IL-22 during chronic liver injury. IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP, IL-22Ra2) is a soluble inhibitor of IL-22 that regulates IL-22 activity. However, the significance of endogenous IL-22BP in acute liver injury is unknown. We hypothesized that IL-22BP may play a role in acute liver injury. To test this hypothesis, we used Il22bp-deficient mice and murine models of acute liver damage induced by ischemia reperfusion and N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (acetaminophen) administration. We found that Il22bp-deficient mice were more susceptible to acute liver damage in both models. We used Il22 × Il22bp double-deficient mice to show that this effect is indeed due to uncontrolled IL-22 activity. We could demonstrate mechanistically increased expression of Cxcl10 by hepatocytes, and consequently increased infiltration of inflammatory CD11b+Ly6C+ monocytes into the liver in Il22bp-deficient mice upon liver damage. Accordingly, neutralization of CXCL10 reversed the increased disease susceptibility of Il22bp-deficient mice. In conclusion, our data indicate that IL-22BP plays a protective role in acute liver damage, via controlling IL-22–induced Cxcl10 expression.
Towards a conceptual framework for protection of personal information from the perspective of activity theory
Authors: Iyamu Tiko , Ngqame Yandiswa 
Published: November 2017

Background: Personal information about individuals is stored by organisations including government agencies. The information is intended to be kept confidential and strictly used for its primary and legitimate purposes. However, that has not always been the case in many South African government agencies and departments. In recent years, personal information about individuals and groups has been illegally leaked for other motives, in which some were detrimental. Even though there exists a legislation, Protection of Personal Information (POPI) Act, which prohibits such malpractices, illegally leaked information has however, not stopped or reduced. In addition to the adoption of the POPI Act, a more stringent approach is therefore needed in order to improve sanity in the use and management of personal information. Otherwise, the detriment that such malpractices cause too many citizens can only be on the increase.Objectives: The objectives of this study were in twofold: (1) to examine and understand the activities that happen with personal information leaks, which includes why and how information is leaked; and (2) to develop a conceptual framework, which includes identification of the factors that influence information leaks and breaches in an environment.Method: Qualitative research methods were followed in achieving the objectives of the study. Within the qualitative methods, documents including existing literature were gathered. The activity theory was employed as lens to guide the analysis.Result: From the analysis, four critical factors were found to be of influence in information leaks and breaches in organisations. The factors include: (1) information and its value, (2) the roles of society and its compliance to information protection, (3) government and its laws relating to information protection and (4) the need for standardisation of information usage and management within a community. Based on the factors, a conceptual framework was developed.Conclusion: This study can be used to guide implementation of information protection acts in any environment. It empirically contributes to societal awareness on how and why personal information is leaked and breached. Also, it will benefit academic domain, particularly in the use of activity theory.
Glass Ionomer Restorative Materials Response to Its Color Stability with Effect of Energy Beverages
Authors: Al-Samadani Khalid H 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT

Introduction
To evaluate the effects of energy drinks on glass ionomers (GI) restorative materials color stability after different periods of aging time.

Materials and methods
Glass ionomers disks, 8 mm diameter, 3 mm thickness within Teflon beverages are Code Red, Red Bull, and Power Horse. Specimens were tested for aging in beverages (Code Red, Red Bull, and Power Horse). The distilled water was used as a control. The variations in color were evaluated in the CIELAB [CIE L*a*b* (CIELAB) is a color space specified by Commission International de Eclairage (CIE)] using a colorimeter pre- and post-storage period. Color differences (ÄE*ab, Äb*) in each specimen were recorded. The t-test analysis was performed (p < 0.05 was considered as significant).

Results
The color changes by Code Red, Red Bull, and Power Horse energy drinks were significantly different for all tested materials (p < 0.05). Each specimen exhibited total color changes toward yellowness, after a period of 1, 7, and 30 days. The greatest color difference (ÄE*ab) was observed in the case of Red Bull group following 1 week.

Conclusion
The energy beverages affected the color stability of tested GI restorative materials with the increase of aging time. The effect on the color stability of GI was influenced by factors, such as the type of solution and the presence of the acids causing erosion.

Clinical significance
Glass ionomer is used as cosmetic filling material. Energy beverages have erosive effect on glass ionomer which influences clinical importance by influencing on mastication and TMJ problem.

How to cite this article
Al-Samadani KH. Glass Ionomer Restorative Materials Response to Its Color Stability with Effect of Energy Beverages. World J Dent 2017;8(4):255-261.
Effect of 15% Carbamide Peroxide on the Surface Roughness and Adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to Microhybrid Composite Resin and Giomer
Authors: Rikhtegaran Sahand , Rahbar Mahdi , Mohammadi Narmin , Mowlaie Shadieh , Savadi-Oskoee Siavash , Ebrahimi Mohammad E , Pirzadeh Tahereh 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Adhesion of bacteria, especially Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), to the surface of tooth restorations is a factor in the etiology of secondary caries. Given the ever-increasing popularity of bleaching procedures, the aim of the present study was to evaluate adhesion of S. mutans and surface roughness (SR) of microhybrid composite resin and giomer subsequent to the application of 15% carbamide peroxide.

Materials and methods
Twenty disk-shaped samples were prepared from each material, measuring 8 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness. Then, the samples of each material were divided into two groups (n = 10): (a) microhybrid without bleaching; (b) microhybrid with bleaching; and (c) giomer without bleaching; and (d) giomer with bleaching. The samples in groups I and III were immersed in artificial saliva for 14 days without any bleaching procedure; the samples in groups II and IV underwent a bleaching procedure on their polished surfaces with 15% carbamide peroxide for 14 days (4 hours of bleaching and 20 hours of immersion in artificial saliva). The SR of all the samples was determined with the use of a profilometer. The samples were added to the culture medium after 4 hours of placement in a microbial suspension at 37°C; after 24 hours of incubation at 37°C, the bacterial counts, indicating the number of bacteria adhering to the surface, were determined by counting them in the plates containing the solid culture medium.

Results
The type of the restorative material had a significant effect on SR, with greater SR in giomer (p = 0.03). However, bleaching had no significant effect on SR (p = 0.099). In relation to the rate of bacterial adhesion (BA), both the types of the restorative materials and bleaching procedures were significantly effective; in this context, there was more BA in microhybrid composite resin samples that did not undergo bleaching (p < 0.001). Bleaching resulted in the adhesion of S. mutans to the surface of both materials decrease. Pearson's correlation coefficient did not reveal any correlation between BA and SR (p = 0.42).

Conclusion
The BA was higher in microhybrid composite resin, and SR was higher in giomer. The BA was higher in samples that did not undergo a bleaching procedure.

Clinical significance
There is no change in the SR of microhybrid composite resin and giomer after application of 15% carbamide peroxide; therefore, it is not necessary to polish or replace these restorative materials after bleaching. In addition, use of 15% carbamide peroxide does not increase caries risk.

How to cite this article
Mohammadi N, Mowlaie S, Savadi- Oskoee S, Ebrahimi ME, Rikhtegaran S, Rahbar M, Pirzadeh T. Effect of 15% Carbamide Peroxide on the Surface Roughness and Adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to Microhybrid Composite Resin and Giomer. World J Dent 2017;8(4):288-295.
Factors influencing Oral Health and Utilization of Oral Health Care in an Indian Fishing Community, Mangaluru City, India
Authors: Pai Mithun BH , Rao Ashwini , Bhatt Sumeet , Rajesh Guru R , Nayak Vijayendra 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT

Aim
The aim of this study was to assess factors influencing the oral health and utilization patterns of oral health services by fishermen community in Mangaluru city, Karnataka, India.

Materials and methods
A house-to-house survey was conducted among 840 individuals in fishermen population. Oral health status was evaluated by employing the World Health Organization basic oral health survey form. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess patterns of utilization of dental services and their sociodemographic details.

Results
Mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) of the population was 3.78 ± 6.02 and prevalence of caries and periodontal conditions was 55 and 99% respectively. About 55% participants had never visited a dentist. Age, gender, and education of the respondents showed significant associations with DMFT status. Periodontal health showed significant association with age, gender, education, and income of the respondents. Visit to the dentist was associated with age, gender, education, and dental caries. The major barrier recognized in seeking dental care was the perception of not having any dental problem.

Conclusion
The dental care utilization was poor, and majority of the dental visits were for tooth extraction. Lack of perceived oral health care need was the main barrier to the utilization of dental services.

Clinical significance
The fishing population had high dental caries and poor periodontal health due to low utilization of dental care.

How to cite this article
Bhatt S, Rajesh GR, Rao A, Shenoy R, Pai MBH, Nayak V. Factors influencing Oral Health and Utilization of Oral Health Care in an Indian Fishing Community, Mangaluru City, India. World J Dent 2017;8(4):321-326.
Gemination of Primary Canine with Congenitally Missing Primary Central Incisors
Authors: Lakshmi Vijay 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTAimTo differentiate between gemination and fusion as both are consequences of the developmental anomalies resulting in the formation of a wide tooth, difficult to differentiate clinically.IntroductionGemination is often confused with fusion. Fusion occurs when two tooth buds unite, while gemination is said to occur when one tooth bud tries to divide. Various terms, such as double tooth, connation, linking tooth, synodontia, and shizodontia are also used for describing fusion or gemination.Case ReportThis article presents the case report of a 6-yearold girl with an asymptomatic wide primary canine present in the right mandibular arch.ConclusionThe tooth was finally diagnosed as gemination, although clinical features suggested fusion, but radiographic evaluation led to gemination.Clinical significanceGemination ranges from 0.5 to 2.5%. Early and correct diagnosis of such cases helps clinician in the proper treatment planning and avoiding of complications.How to cite this articleLakshmi V, Marwah N, Goenka P. Gemination of Primary Canine with Congenitally Missing Primary Central Incisors. World J Dent 2017;8(4):331-333.
Mixing times of organic molecules within secondary organic aerosol particles: a global planetary boundary layer perspective
Authors: Maclean Adrian M. , Butenhoff Christopher L. , Grayson James W. , Barsanti Kelley , Jimenez Jose L. , Bertram Allan K. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract. When simulating the formation and life cycle of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) with chemical transport models, it is often assumed that organic molecules are well mixed within SOA particles on the timescale of 1 h. While this assumption has been debated vigorously in the literature, the issue remains unresolved in part due to a lack of information on the mixing times within SOA particles as a function of both temperature and relative humidity. Using laboratory data, meteorological fields, and a chemical transport model, we estimated how often mixing times are  < 1 h within SOA in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), the region of the atmosphere where SOA concentrations are on average the highest. First, a parameterization for viscosity as a function of temperature and RH was developed for α-pinene SOA using room-temperature and low-temperature viscosity data for α-pinene SOA generated in the laboratory using mass concentrations of  ∼ 1000 µg m−3. Based on this parameterization, the mixing times within α-pinene SOA are  < 1 h for 98.5 % and 99.9 % of the occurrences in the PBL during January and July, respectively, when concentrations are significant (total organic aerosol concentrations are  > 0.5 µg m−3 at the surface). Next, as a starting point to quantify how often mixing times of organic molecules are  < 1 h within α-pinene SOA generated using low, atmospherically relevant mass concentrations, we developed a temperature-independent parameterization for viscosity using the room-temperature viscosity data for α-pinene SOA generated in the laboratory using a mass concentration of  ∼ 70 µg m−3. Based on this temperature-independent parameterization, mixing times within α-pinene SOA are  < 1 h for 27 and 19.5 % of the occurrences in the PBL during January and July, respectively, when concentrations are significant. However, associated with these conclusions are several caveats, and due to these caveats we are unable to make strong conclusions about how often mixing times of organic molecules are  < 1 h within α-pinene SOA generated using low, atmospherically relevant mass concentrations. Finally, a parameterization for viscosity of anthropogenic SOA as a function of temperature and RH was developed using sucrose–water data. Based on this parameterization, and assuming sucrose is a good proxy for anthropogenic SOA, 70 and 83 % of the mixing times within anthropogenic SOA in the PBL are  < 1 h for January and July, respectively, when concentrations are significant. These percentages are likely lower limits due to the assumptions used to calculate mixing times.
Marine cloud brightening – as effective without clouds
Authors: Ahlm Lars , Jones Andy , Stjern Camilla W. , Muri Helene , Kravitz Ben , Kristjánsson Jón Egill 
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Marine cloud brightening through sea spray injection has been proposed as a climate engineering method for avoiding the most severe consequences of global warming. A limitation of most of the previous modelling studies on marine cloud brightening is that they have either considered individual models or only investigated the effects of a specific increase in the number of cloud droplets. Here we present results from coordinated simulations with three Earth system models (ESMs) participating in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) G4sea-salt experiment. Injection rates of accumulation-mode sea spray aerosol particles over ocean between 30° N and 30° S are set in each model to generate a global-mean effective radiative forcing (ERF) of −2.0 W m−2 at the top of the atmosphere. We find that the injection increases the cloud droplet number concentration in lower layers, reduces the cloud-top effective droplet radius, and increases the cloud optical depth over the injection area. We also find, however, that the global-mean clear-sky ERF by the injected particles is as large as the corresponding total ERF in all three ESMs, indicating a large potential of the aerosol direct effect in regions of low cloudiness. The largest enhancement in ERF due to the presence of clouds occur as expected in the subtropical stratocumulus regions off the west coasts of the American and African continents. However, outside these regions, the ERF is in general equally large in cloudy and clear-sky conditions. These findings suggest a more important role of the aerosol direct effect in sea spray climate engineering than previously thought.