bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coating-free reflection technique for fiber-optic sensors based on multimode interference: A temperature sensing study
Authors: Taue Shuji , Takahashi Tsuyoshi , Fukano Hideki 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A novel reflection technique for use in fiber-optic sensors is investigated and applied to a multimode interference structure. The reflectivity at a fiber end face is increased with two operations. Firstly, the light intensity is increased toward the periphery of the end-face by adjusting the fiber length, which is determined theoretically. Secondly, the fiber end-face is deformed into an ellipsoid by heating it with a gas torch. The deformed shape is characterized from microscopic images. The reflected light intensity is increased by more than 10 dB as a result of controlling the fiber length and deforming its end-face. Temperature sensing was performed using the reflection-type multimode interference structure immersed in temperature-controlled silicone oil. The resulting sensitivity was 0.028 °C for a 29.60 mm sensing region, achieved without using any reflection coating.
Contribution of prosthetic treatment considerations for dental extractions of permanent teeth
Authors: Fernández-Barrera Miguel Ángel , Medina-Solís Carlo Eduardo , Casanova-Rosado Juan Fernando , Mendoza-Rodríguez Martha , Escoffié-Ramírez Mauricio , Casanova-Rosado Alejandro José , Navarrete-Hernández José de Jesús , Maupomé Gerardo 
Published: July 2016

Background.Tooth loss is an easily identifiable outcome that summarizes a complex suite of factors in an individual’s history of dental disease and its treatment by dental services over a lifetime. Assessment of overall tooth loss data is essential for epidemiologically evaluating the adequacy of dental care provided at a systems level, as well as for placing in context tooth loss for non-disease causes. For example, when derived from prosthetic treatment planning, the latter may unfortunately lead to some teeth being extracted (pulled) for the sake of better comprehensive clinical results. The objective of the present manuscript was to identify the contribution to overall tooth loss, by extraction of permanent teeth because of prosthetic treatment reasons.Material and Methods.A cross-sectional study included sex, age, total number of extractions performed by subject, sextant (anterior vs. posterior), group of teeth (incisors, canines, premolars and molars), upper or lower arch, and the main reason underlying extraction (extraction for any reason vs. prosthetic treatment), in patients 18 years of age and older seeking care at a dental school clinic in Mexico. A multivariate logistic regression model was generated.Results.A total of 749 teeth were extracted in 331 patients; 161 teeth (21.5% of total) were extracted for explicit prosthetic treatment indications. As age increased, the likelihood of having an extraction for prosthetic reasons increased 3% (OR = 1.03,p< 0.001). Women (OR = 1.57,p< 0.05) were more likely to be in this situation, and molars (OR = 2.70,p< 0.001) were most at risk. As the total number of extractions increased, the risk of having an extraction for prosthetic reasons decreased (OR = 0.94,p< 0.05).Conclusions.A significant amount (21.5%) of the extractions of permanent teeth were performed for prosthetic reasons in this dental school clinical environment; age, sex, type of tooth, and the total number of extractions moderated such pattern.
Comparison of initiation methods in the structure of CPAM and sludge flocs properties
Authors: Sun Yongjun , Zhu Chengyu , Xu Yanhua , Zheng Huaili , Xiao Xuefeng , Zhu Guocheng , Ren Mengjiao 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTCationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) synthesized by thermal, ultrasonic, microwave, and UV initiation were characterized through magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy (1H NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectra, scanning electron microscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis. The CPAMs for flocculation and dewatering of alum sludge produced through drinking water treatment were evaluated based on the residual turbidity of the supernatant, dry solid content, mean volume diameter and floc size distribution, fractal dimension of the flocs, and zeta potential as a function of flocculant dosage. Comparisons of the characteristics and performance of CPAMs synthesized through different initiation methods were systematically conducted. Flocculation and dewatering test results demonstrated that CPAMs synthesized through microwave and UV initiation had better flocculation performance and dewatering capability than those synthesized through thermal and ultrasonic initiation. All four CPAMs exhibited a similar final floc size distribution but different mean volume diameters and floc structures. The fractal dimension of the flocs and the zeta potential were in the following order: CPAM3 (microwave initiation) > CPAM4 (UV initiation) > CPAM1 (thermal initiation) > CPAM2 (ultrasonic initiation). Discussions on fractal dimension and zeta potential indicated that the electrostatic patches model and adsorption/bridging effect mechanisms played the main role in the formation of sludge flocs. Lastly, microwave and UV initiation were found to be alternative and recommendable initiation methods for the synthesis of CPAMs with improved flocculation performance and sludge dewatering capability. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44071.
Performance and structure changes of the aromaticco‐polysulfonamide fibers during thermal‐oxidative aging process
Authors: Yu Jinchao , Chen Kang , Li Xiaoyun , Tian Feng , Chen Shenghui , Zhang Yumei , Wang Huaping 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTThe changes in performance during thermal‐oxidative aging process of the aromaticco‐polysulfonamide (co‐PSA) fibers over a broad temperature range from 250 °C to 320 °C have been investigated. In addition, the mechanism of thermal‐oxidative aging process has been studied by using structural information obtained from the fibers at varying length scales. The results showed that a significant reduction in tensile strength was observed compared with that of initial modulus during aging process. Macroscopically, thermal‐oxidative aging mainly causes color changes of fibers and thermally induced macro defects begin to appear only at 320 °C for 100 h. On a micro level, the crystal structure of fibers remained stable and did not show significant changes expect that aging at 320 °C. In addition, thermo‐degradation as well as crosslinking has been observed primarily in amorphous region. With the increase of temperature and time duration, the crosslinking became more dominant and crosslinking density increases. Correspondingly, the fibril length decreases due to degradation and then increases due to the formation of crosslinked structures within the fibers. The results suggest that molecular degradation is the main cause of strength loss and the formation of crosslinking structure within the fibers contributes to the retention of modulus and improvement of creep resistance. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 44078.
Timing, magnitude and effects of late Holocene sea level drawdown on island habitability, Aitutaki, Cook Islands
Authors: ALLEN MELINDA S. , MORRISON ALEX E. , LORREY ANDREW M. , ZHAO JIAN‐XIN , JACOBSEN GERALDINE E. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTGeologist Bill Dickinson argued that prior to late Holocene sea level fall, in many Pacific island settings low‐lying islands were awash, shallow nearshore environments were restricted and human settlement was constrained or sometimes impossible. Stable coastlines and islets of modern configuration only developed after the “cross‐over date”, when declining high‐tide levels fell below mid‐Holocene low‐tide levels, a regionally variable process. We evaluate evidence from the almost‐atoll of Aitutaki, Cook Islands against this model, providing: (1) a local late Holocene sea level reconstruction including nine U/Th‐dated microatolls; (2) 22 new AMS dates on human activities, many from small, low‐lying offshore islets; and (3) elevation data for 14C‐dated cultural deposits on three islets. Our results include an early first millennium sea level position 0.74–0.97 m (± 0.126) above modern height‐of‐living‐corals, an eighth to eleventh century AD minimum relative to the long‐term trend, and a sea level rise peaking in the mid‐fourteenth to sixteenth centuries. This reconstruction, combined with twelfth century AD Cocos nucifera charcoal, informs on the timing and distribution of human activities across Aitutaki's evolving land and seascapes and sea level impacts. While our findings do not contradict Dickinson's model of sea level constrained island settlement, other explanations cannot be excluded.
Case report: Intraneural perineurioma of the sciatic nerve in an adolescent – strategies for revealing the diagnosis
Authors: Dahlin Lars B. , Nennesmo Inger , Besjakov Jack , Ferencz Istvan , Andersson Gert S. , Backman Clas 
Published: July 2016

Key Clinical MessageDiagnosis of intraneural conditions can be revealed by a combination of clinical examination, electrophysiology, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and targeted fascicular biopsy with subsequent microscopic analyses.
Shaping Covalent Triazine Framework for the Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide to Formic Acid
Authors: Bavykina Anastasiya V. , Rozhko Elena , Goesten Maarten G. , Wezendonk Tim , Seoane Beatriz , Kapteijn Freek , Makkee Michiel , Gascon Jorge 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe front cover artwork for Issue 13/2016 is provided by researchers from the Catalysis Engineering group, Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology (The Netherlands). The image shows the formation of covalent triazine framework (CTF) based spheres by using commercially available polyimide as a binder. See the Full Paper itself at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201600419.
Effect of Shear Work on the Heat Transfer Characteristics of Gaseous Flows in Microchannels
Authors: Kushwaha* Hari M. , Raj Poris B. , Sahu Santosh K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe effect of shear work at solid boundaries for parallel plates and a micropipe is considered to analyze the heat transfer characteristics in the slip flow region for gaseous flow. The fluid flow is assumed to be laminar, incompressible, steady, and hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed. The effects of second‐order velocity slip, temperature jump, shear work at the solid surface, and viscous dissipation are considered. The constant heat flux boundary condition is used at the surface of the parallel plates and of the micropipe. Closed‐form expressions are obtained for the temperature distribution and Nusselt number as a function of various modeling parameters for both geometries. The results show that neglecting the shear work underpredicts the Nusselt number.
Coalescence Deformation of Bubble Pairs Generated from Twin Nozzles in CMC Solutions
Authors: Fan Wenyuan , Qi Tong , Sun Yawei , Zhu Ping , Chen Hui 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA coupled level‐set/volume‐of‐fluid method, under the consideration of the rheological characteristics of a fluid, is employed to investigate numerical coalescence deformation of bubble pairs generated at two adjacent nozzles in carboxymethyl cellulose aqueous solutions. The satisfactory agreement between numerical results and experimental measurements proves the validity of this approach in predicting the surface evolution of bubbles. Simulated results show that the bubble coalescence process involves four stages of independent growth, rapid mergence, radial expansion, and vertical stretching. The various effects of surfactant concentration, gas flow rate, nozzle spacing, and nozzle diameter on the aspect ratio depend greatly on each coalescence period.
Layered Xerogel Films Incorporating Monolayer‐Protected Cluster Networks on Platinum‐Black‐Modified Electrodes for Enhanced Sensitivity in First‐Generation Uric Acid Biosensing
Authors: Wayu Mulugeta B. , Pannell Michael J. , Leopold Michael C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAmperometric uric acid (UA) biosensing schemes incorporating networks of alkanethiolate‐protected gold nanoparticles, monolayer protected clusters (MPCs), and platinum black (Pt‐B) electrode modification through the layer‐by‐layer construction of xerogels are investigated. MPC doping and Pt‐B augmentation are implemented within hydroxymethyltriethoxysilane xerogel bilayers at platinum electrodes. The first xerogel adlayer is doped with an MPC network and houses uricase for the enzymatic reaction required for first‐generation schemes. Polyluminol–aniline and polyurethane are used as selective/stabilizing interfacial layers. The sensing performance with and without Pt‐B and/or MPC doping is assessed by amperometry with standardized UA injections. The use of each individual material results in an enhancement of UA sensitivity compared with analogous films without these materials. The use of Pt‐B and MPC doping in concert results in a biosensor design with the highest observed UA sensitivity (0.97 μA mm−1) and fast, linear responses over physiologically relevant UA concentrations. Enhancement is attributed to Pt‐B providing increased electrode surface area and integration into the xerogel for greater electronic coupling of the MPC network and more efficient reporting of H2O2 oxidation. The findings have implications for advancing clinical in vivo sensing devices that require scalability or additional biocompatibility layering, both of which would benefit from signal enhancement strategies.
Aerosol‐Assisted Synthesis of Porous TiNxOy@C Nanocomposites
Authors: Maurice Vincent , Clavel Guylhaine , Antonietti Markus , Giordano Cristina 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPorous TiNxOy‐based particles were synthesized by an aerosol spray process. At first, the starting sol solution containing the metal precursor and the nitrogen source is sprayed to form an aerosol that is subsequently pyrolysed at different temperatures. The obtained dried particles are an amorphous coordination “polymer” rich in carbon and nitrogen. These “glassy” particles are finally thermally treated at 800 °C, promoting the crystallization of the particles and the release of a major part of the carbon. As the particles keep their original shape, carbon loss and density increase during the crystallization step and lead to the development of an accessible pore structure. The process was analyzed and extended to the synthesis of other metal nitrides, such as VN and W2N, thereby showing its general validity for the production of functional nanocrystalline nitride ceramics with high porosity still occupying a relatively small volume, and otherwise not easily accessible.
Fast and Efficient Oxidative Cycloreversion Reaction of a π‐Extended Photochromic Terarylene
Authors: Calupitan Jan Patrick , Nakashima Takuya , Hashimoto Yuichiro , Kawai Tsuyoshi 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe report herein a dramatic improvement in the kinetics and efficiency of an oxidative cycloreversion reaction of photochromic dithiazolylthiazoles. The cycloreversion reaction of a colored isomer of dithiazolylthiazole proceeds not only by photo‐irradiation, but also through chemical oxidation with a net efficiency far exceeding 100 % owing to a chain reaction mechanism. By introducing aromatic groups on the reactive carbon atoms at the ends of a photoreactive 6π system in a dithiazolylthiazole, the net bleaching reaction rates were increased by up to 1300‐fold, and turnover rates increased by two orders of magnitude. Based on a combination of classical kinetic analyses and DFT calculations, we attribute this improvement to acceleration of the rate‐determining step to produce the active species in the chain‐reaction oxidative cycloreversion.
Enhanced Electrocatalytic Performance of a Porous g‐C3N4/Graphene Composite as a Counter Electrode for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Guiqiang , Zhang Juan , Kuang Shuai , Zhang Wei 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA porous graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4)/graphene composite was prepared by a simple hydrothermal method and explored as the counter electrode of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs). The obtained g‐C3N4/graphene composite was characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show that incorporating graphene nanosheets into g‐C3N4 forms a three‐dimensional architecture with a high surface area, porous structure, efficient electron‐transport network, and fast charge‐transfer kinetics at the g‐C3N4/graphene interfaces. These properties result in more electrocatalytic active sites and facilitate electrolyte diffusion and electron transport in the porous framework. As a result, the as‐prepared porous g‐C3N4/graphene composite exhibits an excellent electrocatalytic activity. In I−/I3− redox electrolyte, the charge‐transfer resistance of the porous g‐C3N4/graphene composite electrode is 1.8 Ω cm2, which is much lower than those of individual g‐C3N4 (70.1 Ω cm2) and graphene (32.4 Ω cm2) electrodes. This enhanced electrocatalytic performance is beneficial for improving the photovoltaic performance of DSCs. By employing the porous g‐C3N4/graphene composite as the counter electrode, the DSC achieves a conversion efficiency of 7.13 %. This efficiency is comparable to 7.37 % for a cell with a platinum counter electrode.
Deliberate Design of TiO2 Nanostructures towards Superior Photovoltaic Cells
Authors: Sun Ziqi , Liao Ting , Sheng Liyuan , Kou Liangzhi , Kim Jung Ho , Dou Shi Xue 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTiO2 nanostructures are being sought after as flexibly utilizable building blocks for the fabrication of the mesoporous thin‐film photoelectrodes that are the heart of the third‐generation photovoltaic devices, such as dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), quantum‐dot‐sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs), and the recently promoted perovskite‐type solar cells. Here, we report deliberate tailoring of TiO2 nanostructures for superior photovoltaic cells. Morphology engineering of TiO2 nanostructures is realized by designing synthetic protocols in which the precursor hydrolysis, crystal growth, and oligomer self‐organization are precisely controlled. TiO2 nanostructures in forms varying from isolated nanocubes, nanorods, and cross‐linked nanorods to complex hierarchical structures and shape‐defined mesoporous micro‐/nanostructures were successfully synthesized. The photoanodes made from the shape‐defined mesoporous TiO2 microspheres and nanospindles presented superior performances, owing to the well‐defined overall shapes and the inner ordered nanochannels, which allow not only a high amount of dye uptake, but also improved visible‐light absorption. This study provides a new way to seek an optimal synthetic protocol to meet the required functionality of the nanomaterials.
A Systematic Study of Structure and E−H Bond Activation Chemistry by Sterically Encumbered Germylene Complexes
Authors: Usher Matthew , Protchenko Andrey V. , Rit Arnab , Campos Jesús , Kolychev Eugene L. , Tirfoin Rémi , Aldridge Simon 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA series of new germylene compounds has been synthesized offering systematic variation in the σ‐ and π‐capabilities of the α‐substituent and differing levels of reactivity towards E−H bond activation (E=H, B, C, N, Si, Ge). Chloride metathesis utilizing [(terphenyl)GeCl] proves to be an effective synthetic route to complexes of the type [(terphenyl)Ge(ERn)] (1–6: ERn=NHDipp, CH(SiMe3)2, P(SiMe3)2, Si(SiMe3)3 or B(NDippCH)2; terphenyl=C6H3Mes2‐2,6=ArMes or C6H3Dipp2‐2,6=ArDipp; Dipp=C6H3iPr2‐2,6, Mes=C6H2Me3‐2,4,6), while the related complex [{(Me3Si)2N}Ge{B(NDippCH)2}] (8) can be accessed by an amide/boryl exchange route. Metrical parameters have been probed by X‐ray crystallography, and are consistent with widening angles at the metal centre as more bulky and/or more electropositive substituents are employed. Thus, the widest germylene units (θ>110°) are found to be associated with strongly σ‐donating boryl or silyl ancillary donors. HOMO–LUMO gaps for the new germylene complexes have been appraised by DFT calculations. The aryl(boryl)‐germylene system [ArMesGe{B(NDippCH)2}] (6‐Mes), which features a wide C‐Ge‐B angle (110.4(1)°) and (albeit relatively weak) ancillary π‐acceptor capabilities, has the smallest HOMO–LUMO gap (119 kJ mol−1). These features result in 6‐Mes being remarkably reactive, undergoing facile intramolecular C−H activation involving one of the mesityl ortho‐methyl groups. The related aryl(silyl)‐germylene system, [ArMesGe{Si(SiMe3)3}] (5‐Mes) has a marginally wider HOMO–LUMO gap (134 kJ mol−1), rendering it less labile towards decomposition, yet reactive enough to oxidatively cleave H2 and NH3 to give the corresponding dihydride and (amido)hydride. Mixed aryl/alkyl, aryl/amido and aryl/phosphido complexes are unreactive, but amido/boryl complex 8 is competent for the activation of E−H bonds (E=H, B, Si) to give hydrido, boryl and silyl products. The results of these reactivity studies imply that the use of the very strongly σ‐donating boryl or silyl substituents is an effective strategy for rendering metallylene complexes competent for E−H bond activation.
Atom and Bond Fukui Functions and Matrices: A Hirshfeld‐I Atoms‐in‐Molecule Approach
Authors: Oña Ofelia B. , De Clercq Olivier , Alcoba Diego R. , Torre Alicia , Lain Luis , Van Neck Dimitri , Bultinck Patrick 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe Fukui function is often used in its atom‐condensed form by isolating it from the molecular Fukui function using a chosen weight function for the atom in the molecule. Recently, Fukui functions and matrices for both atoms and bonds separately were introduced for semiempirical and ab initio levels of theory using Hückel and Mulliken atoms‐in‐molecule models. In this work, a double partitioning method of the Fukui matrix is proposed within the Hirshfeld‐I atoms‐in‐molecule framework. Diagonalizing the resulting atomic and bond matrices gives eigenvalues and eigenvectors (Fukui orbitals) describing the reactivity of atoms and bonds. The Fukui function is the diagonal element of the Fukui matrix and may be resolved in atom and bond contributions. The extra information contained in the atom and bond resolution of the Fukui matrices and functions is highlighted. The effect of the choice of weight function arising from the Hirshfeld‐I approach to obtain atom‐ and bond‐condensed Fukui functions is studied. A comparison of the results with those generated by using the Mulliken atoms‐in‐molecule approach shows low correlation between the two partitioning schemes.
A simultaneously bidirectional inductively coupled link in a 0.13‐µm CMOS technology
Authors: Jeon Min‐Ki , Yoo Changsik 
Published: July 2016

SummaryA simultaneously bidirectional inductively coupled link has been developed to provide higher signaling bandwidth for a given inductively coupled channel. Two types of echo signals, that is, the resistive and inductive echo signals, are canceled without an inductive replica load to save silicon area. The resistive echo signal is canceled with a replica driver driving a resistive replica load, while the inductive echo signal is canceled by deliberately controlling the timing of a receiver comparator. The prototype implemented in a 0.13‐µm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology occupies 0.019 mm2 including an on‐chip channel inductor and shows 9.1‐pJ/b energy efficiency at 3.0‐Gbps signaling bandwidth, that is, 1.5 Gbps in each signaling direction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.