bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural insights into the inclusion complexes between clomiphene citrate and β‐cyclodextrin: The mechanism of preferential isomeric selection
Authors: Maheshwari Arti , Saraswat Harish , Upadhyay Santosh Kumar 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA major challenge in pharmaceuticals for clinical applications is to alter the solubility, stability, and toxicity of drug molecules in living systems. Cyclodextrins (CDs) have the ability to form host–guest inclusion complexes with pharmaceuticals for further development of new drug formulations. The inclusion complex of clomiphene citrate (CL), a poorly water‐soluble drug, with native β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) was characterized by a one and two‐dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic approach and also by molecular docking techniques. Here we report NMR and a computational approach in preferential isomeric selection of CL, which exists in two stereochemical isomers, enclomiphene citrate (ENC; E isomer) and zuclomiphene citrate (ZNC; Z isomer) with β‐CD. β‐CD cavity protons, namely, H‐3′ and H‐5′, experienced shielding in the presence of CL. The aromatic ring protons of the CL molecule were observed to be deshielded in the presence of β‐CD. The stoichiometric ratio of the β‐CD:CL inclusion complex was observed by NMR and found to be 1:1. The overall binding constant of β‐CD:CL inclusion complexes was based on NMR chemical shifts and was calculated to be 50.21 M−1. The change in Gibb's free energy (∆G) was calculated to be −9.80 KJ mol−1. The orientation and structure of the β‐CD:CL inclusion complexes are proposed on the basis of NMR and molecular docking studies. 2D 1H‐1H ROESY confirmed the involvement of all three aromatic rings of CL in the inclusion complexation with β‐CD in the solution, confirming the multiple equilibria between β‐CD and CL. Molecular docking and 2D 1H‐1H ROESY provide insight into the inclusion complexation of two isomers of CL into the β‐CD cavity. A molecular docking technique further provided the different binding affinities of the E and Z isomers of CL with β‐CD and confirmed the preference of the Z isomer binding for β‐CD:CL inclusion complexes. The study indicates that the formation of a hydrogen bond between –O– of CL and the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group of β‐CD was the main factor for noncovalent β‐CD:CL inclusion complex formation and stabilization in the aqueous phase.
Paper‐based Invasion Assays for Quantifying Cellular Movement in Three‐dimensional Tissue‐like Structures
Authors: Lloyd C. Chad , Boyce Matthew W. , Lockett Matthew R. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractTo elucidate the chemical and environmental conditions that promote invasion of cancer cells, an assay is needed in which the chemical landscape of a tumor‐like environment can be experimentally manipulated and probed. The three‐dimensional paper‐based invasion assays described here simulate poorly vascularized tissue and allow the invasion of cancerous cells to be visualized and quantified. These cultures are easy to assemble and allow multiple invasion assays to be performed in parallel. By using different materials to control gradients formed across the culture, the chemotactic potential of small molecules can be evaluated in a more representative tissue microenvironment. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Shear resistance of reinforced masonry beams with and without additional concrete or prestress
Authors: Gunkler Erhard , Marx Johann Jakob , Blum Carsten 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis article investigates the transferability of the Simplified Modified Compression Field Theory (SMCFT) [2], which is known in reinforced concrete design and included in the fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010 (Volume 3) [1], to reinforced or prestressed masonry beams (RM beams) with or without an additional layer of concrete. The investigation for this work is the obsolete shear design concept that has been used until now for reinforced masonry under shear loading, which does not adequately reflect the actual load‐bearing behaviour of significant areas of masonry. The fundamentals of the SMCFT are explained and the transferability of the theory to RM beams is examined, taking into account in particular the different material properties of masonry compared to reinforced concrete. A first approach for future application is represented by the equations presented here for the determination of the shear force capacity of RM beams. The verification is performed through a comparison of the shear resistances determined experimentally (exp.) and by calculation (calc.).
Structural calculation of existing masonry arch bridges
Authors: Bothe Eckard , Schöps Peter , Hinze Sirko 
Published: June 2017

AbstractFor masonry bridges with small spans built before 1900, there are often no documents available since such bridges were often built from experience. Surveying is often restricted to the visible parts of the structure. Geometrical assistance in the form of drilling cores is only ever at points, which inevitably have to be interpolated. Large parts of these structures are in the ground (abutments, foundations) and are largely inaccessible for adequate geometrical recording. The constitutive laws for the existing masonry can only be described with reasonable effort through minimum values from regulations. The article describes a procedure with additions to the missing documents from experience to obtain statements about the load‐bearing capacity based on approximate models, which permit categorisation into decisive bridge classes based on the regulations for the structural analysis of existing road bridges and also enable usable results for the comparison between the result of categorisation and special load cases for heavy transport.
Evidence of fuels management and fire weather influencing fire severity in an extreme fire event
Authors: Lydersen Jamie M. , Collins Brandon M. , Brooks Matthew L. , Matchett John R. , Shive Kristen L. , Povak Nicholas A. , Kane Van R. , Smith Douglas F. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractFollowing changes in vegetation structure and pattern, along with a changing climate, large wildfire incidence has increased in forests throughout the western United States. Given this increase, there is great interest in whether fuels treatments and previous wildfire can alter fire severity patterns in large wildfires. We assessed the relative influence of previous fuels treatments (including wildfire), fire weather, vegetation, and water balance on fire‐severity in the Rim Fire of 2013. We did this at three different spatial scales to investigate whether the influences on fire severity changed across scales. Both fuels treatments and previous low to moderate‐severity wildfire reduced the prevalence of high‐severity fire. In general, areas without recent fuels treatments and areas that previously burned at high severity tended to have a greater proportion of high‐severity fire in the Rim Fire. Areas treated with prescribed fire, especially when combined with thinning, had the lowest proportions of high severity. The proportion of the landscape burned at high severity was most strongly influenced by fire weather and proportional area previously treated for fuels or burned by low to moderate severity wildfire. The proportion treated needed to effectively reduce the amount of high severity fire varied by spatial scale of analysis, with smaller spatial scales requiring a greater proportion treated to see an effect on fire severity. When moderate and high‐severity fire encountered a previously treated area, fire severity was significantly reduced in the treated area relative to the adjacent untreated area. Our results show that fuels treatments and low to moderate‐severity wildfire can reduce fire severity in a subsequent wildfire, even when burning under fire growth conditions. These results serve as further evidence that both fuels treatments and lower severity wildfire can increase forest resilience.
System Reduction Method Using Spectrum of Power Oscillation Waveform
Authors: KOSEKI HIDEO , NAGATA MASAKI , HOSOGOE HIDEO , TAKADA HIROSHI , SHUTO TAKANORI , TAKESHITA MITSUHIRO 
Published: June 2017

SUMMARYThis paper proposes a system reduction method to reduce a bulk power system. Recently, power systems have been affected by tight supply and demand, and are operating in more stringent power flow conditions. Thus, improvements to the accuracy of reduction model (interconnected system) dynamics would be useful. In this paper, we propose a method to create a reduction model and parameters suitable for preserving the dynamics in a bulk power system. The model is determined based on an evaluation function using the power spectrum density of the oscillation waveforms obtained using the original detailed model and a reduced order model. The proposed method has the advantage that it requires only limited necessary data (short circuit capacity, total demand, and reference oscillation waveform) and does not require detailed power system data about the interconnected system. We applied the proposed method to a full‐scale system and verified the accuracy of the dynamics of the system.
Numerical modelling of downstream migrating antidunes
Authors: Olsen Nils Reidar B. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA numerical model is presented that compute the geometrical dimensions and movement of downstream migrating antidunes. The model solves the Navier–Stokes equations together with the k‐epsilon turbulence model to find the water flow field over the bedforms. A two‐dimensional width‐averaged grid is used. The bed elevation changes are computed by solving the convection–diffusion equation for suspended sediments and bedload, together with the Engelund–Hansen sediment transport formula. The free surface is computed with an algorithm based on water continuity in the surface cells. Non‐orthogonal adaptive grids were used, moving vertically with the computed location of the bed and the free water surface. The numerical model was tested on data from a physical model study where regular downstream migrating antidunes had been observed. The numerical model started out with a flat bed and the trains of antidunes formed over time. Many of the physical processes observed in earlier studies were replicated by the numerical model. Four dune parameters were computed in the current tests: The antidune wavelength, height and celerity, together with the average water depth. The antidune wavelengths were best predicted with an accuracy of 3 to 8% compared with the measurements. The antidune heights were computed with a deviation of 11 to 25% compared with an empirical formula. The water depths over the antidunes were predicted with an accuracy of 3 to 9% related to the measured values. The average antidune celerity was the parameter with largest deviation: For the coarsest grid it was overpredicted with 37%. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring perspectives of young onset dementia caregivers with high versus low unmet needs
Authors: Millenaar Joany K. , Bakker Christian , van Vliet Deliane , Koopmans Raymond T.C.M. , Kurz Alexander , Verhey Frans R.J. , de Vugt Marjolein E. 
Published: June 2017

BackgroundThis study is part of the Research to Assess Policies and Strategies for Dementia in the Young project. Information about specific needs in young onset dementia (YOD) will provide the basis for the development of an e‐health intervention to assist caregivers in coping with YOD in several European countries.ObjectiveThe aim was to investigate the issues caregivers of people with YOD face.MethodsA qualitative content analysis method was used to analyse interviews with YOD caregivers. Quantitative data of the Needs in Young Onset Dementia study were used to select caregivers based on a ranking of unmet needs, to capture differences and similarities between caregivers that experienced high levels of unmet needs versus those with low levels of unmet needs. Needs were assessed with the Camberwell Assessment of Needs in the Elderly.ResultsFindings revealed the following themes: (i) acceptance; (ii) perception of the relationship; (iii) role adaptation; (iv) Availability of appropriate services; (v) social support; and (vi) awareness in the person with dementia and acceptance of help. Several factors seemed more apparent in the caregivers who experienced few unmet needs opposed to the caregivers who experienced more unmet needs.ConclusionThe current study provides an in‐depth perspective on the caregiver's experiences and emphasizes specific themes that could be addressed in future interventions. This might contribute to a caring situation in which the caregiver experiences less unmet needs. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methacrylate‐based root canal sealer containing chlorexidine and α‐tricalcium phosphate
Authors: Collares Fabrício Mezzomo , Leitune Vicente Castelo Branco , Portella Fernando Freitas , Santos Paula Dapper , Balbinot Gabriela de Souza , dos Santos Luís Alberto , Parolo Clarissa Cavalcanti Fatturi , Samuel Susana Maria Werner 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe aim of this study was to develop and to characterize a methacrylate‐based root canal sealer containing chlorhexidine (CHX) and α‐tricalcium phosphate (α‐TCP). Experimental dual cure methacrylate‐based sealer was produced containing 0, 2.5, or 5 wt% of CHX and 0, 25, or 50 wt% of α‐TCP. Experimental sealers were evaluated based on flow, film thickness, radiopacity, degree of conversion (DC), degradation in water, pH and antibacterial activity. Flow ranged from 15.09 ± 0.11 to 17.47 ± 0.42 mm. All groups presented mean film thickness lower than 50 µm and had radiopacity equivalent to 3 mmAl. DC was higher than 60% for all compositions. The weight loss (WL) ranged 0.12–3.47%. The groups containing 5% of CHX presented the highest WL and the lower pH values after 28 days of water immersion. All chlorexidine‐compositions exhibited antibacterial efficacy against Enterococcus faecalis on direct contact and agar diffusion tests. CHX and α‐TCP addition at an experimental methacrylate‐based root canal sealer influenced the physicochemical properties and provided antibacterial properties. The incorporation of CHX and α‐TCP could be an alternative to antibacterial sealers with potential to improve periapical healing in endodontic treatments. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomater Res Part B: 106B: 1439–1443, 2018.
Prevalence of exposure of heavy metals and their impact on health consequences
Authors: Rehman Kanwal , Fatima Fiza , Waheed Iqra , Akash Muhammad Sajid Hamid 
Published: June 2017

AbstractEven in the current era of growing technology, the concentration of heavy metals present in drinking water is still not within the recommended limits as set by the regulatory authorities in different countries of the world. Drinking water contaminated with heavy metals namely; arsenic, cadmium, nickel, mercury, chromium, zinc, and lead is becoming a major health concern for public and health care professionals. Occupational exposure to heavy metals is known to occur by the utilization of these metals in various industrial processes and/or contents including color pigments and alloys. However, the predominant source resulting in measurable human exposure to heavy metals is the consumption of contaminated drinking water and the resulting health issues may include cardiovascular disorders, neuronal damage, renal injuries, and risk of cancer and diabetes. The general mechanism involved in heavy metal‐induced toxicity is recognized to be the production of reactive oxygen species resulting oxidative damage and health related adverse effects. Thus utilization of heavy metal‐contaminated water is resulting in high morbidity and mortality rates all over the world. Thereby, feeling the need to raise the concerns about contribution of different heavy metals in various health related issues, this article has discussed the global contamination of drinking water with heavy metals to assess the health hazards associated with consumption of heavy metal‐contaminated water. A relationship between exposure limits and ultimate responses produced as well as the major organs affected have been reviewed. Acute and chronic poisoning symptoms and mechanisms responsible for such toxicities have also been discussed.
Effect of TET1 regulating MGMT on chemotherapy resistance of oral squamous cell carcinoma stem cells
Authors: Wang Wei , Li Xin , Wang Fan , Sun Xiang‐Yu 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe study was to evaluate the effect of ten‐eleven translocation 1 (TET1) regulating o6‐methylguanine‐DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in chemotherapy resistance of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) stem cells. OSCC stem cells were divided into the blank, negative control (NC), TET1‐siRNA, TET1‐siRNA + MGMT‐OE, and MGMT‐OE groups. Methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP), qRT‐PCR and Western blotting were conducted to detect the methylation status of MGMT, expressions of TET1, MGMT, ABCG2, and Oct‐4. Cell proliferation, cisplatin chemosensitivity, and cell cycle and apoptosis, were detected using CCK8 and flow cytometry. A chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was employed for detecting the link between TET1 and MGMT gene promoters. In comparison to the NC group, the TET1‐siRNA group exhibited increased levels of MGMT methylation, the number of apoptotic cells and cisplatin chemosensitivity consisting of varying concentrations, however, decreased levels of mRNA and protein expressions of TET1 as well as MGMT, cell viability, the number of cells in the S phase, and protein expressions of ABCG2 and Oct‐4 were all have diminished amounts. The TET1‐siRNA + MGMT‐OE and MGMT‐OE groups had higher MGMT mRNA and protein expression, as well as increased protein expressions of ABCG2 and Oct‐4, greater cell activity, higher number of cells in the S phase, decreased apoptotic rates in cells and decreased cisplatin chemosensitivity with different concentrations. Our study provided evidence that low‐expression of TET1 in OSCC stem cells may stimulate MGMT promoter methylation, while inhibiting MGMT mRNA expression, this ultimately strengthens the sensitivity of OSCC stem cells in regards to chemotherapeutics.
Activated proline‐rich tyrosine kinase 2 regulates meiotic spindle assembly in the mouse oocyte
Authors: Meng Xiao‐Qian , Cui Bing , Cheng Dong , Lyu Hui , Jiang Li‐Gang , Zheng Ke‐Gang , Liu Shu‐Zhen , Pan Jie , Zhang Cong , Bai Jing , Zhou Jun 
Published: June 2017

AbstractProline‐rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2), a member of the protein tyrosine kinase family, plays an important role in various cellular processes. PYK2 can be phosphorylated on tyrosine 402 by diverse stimuli at the cell surface, and recent studies have shown that this activated form of PYK2 is enriched in oocytes and required for fertilization. However, the subcellular localization and functions of activated PYK2 in oocytes remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that the localization of p‐PYK2 undergoes dynamic changes during in vitro maturation of mouse oocytes. The signal of p‐PYK2 is initially dispersed in the cytoplasm, but begins to decorate organized microtubules after the germinal vesicle breakdown and localizes to spindle poles at metaphase. Our data further show that p‐PYK2 colocalizes with γ‐tubulin from the germinal vesicle stage through the end of meiosis in mouse oocytes. Nocodazole treatment and washout experiments confirm that p‐PYK2 associates with the oocyte spindle and spindle poles. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of PYK2 activity dramatically alters the morphology of the bipolar spindle and prevents oocyte maturation. Together, these data suggest that activated PYK2 may function as a component of the microtubule organizing center to regulate spindle assembly during the meiotic process of mouse oocytes.
Microglia‐targeted stem cell therapies for Alzheimer disease: A preclinical data review
Authors: Shen Zhiwei , Li Xueyuan , Bao Xinjie , Wang Renzhi 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAlzheimer disease (AD) is a severe, life‐threatening illness characterized by gradual memory loss. The classic histological features of AD include extracellular formation of β‐amyloid plaques (Aβ), intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), and synaptic loss. Recently, accumulated evidence has confirmed the critical role of microglia in the development and exacerbation of AD. When Aβ forms deposits, microglia quickly respond to restore brain physiology by activating a series of repair mechanisms. However, prolonged microglial activation is considered detrimental and may aggravate AD progression. To date, there are no curative therapies for AD. The advent of stem cell transplantation offers novel strategies to treat AD in animal models. Furthermore, studies have reported that transplanted stem cells might ameliorate AD symptoms by regulating microglial functions, from detrimental to protective. This review focuses on the crucial functions of microglia in AD and examines the reactions of microglia to transplanted stem cells.
Spatial and temporal analysis of trends in extreme temperature indices in Iran over the period 1960–2014
Authors: Rahimi Mohammad , Hejabi Somayeh 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTThe recent years have witnessed a rapid increase in frequency, severity, duration and geographical extent of extreme weather events. Having an area of 1 648 195 km2, Iran spans over a wide latitudinal range and enjoys a diverse terrain in terms of topography and elevation. The combination of this topographic complexity with the effects of extensive water bodies in the north and the south plays a major role in the distribution of temperature over this country. This study analysed the temporal trend of extreme temperature indices observed in 33 synoptic stations across Iran over the period 1960–2014, and then examined their relationship with elevation and latitude. The results showed a significant warming trend in extreme temperature indices of many stations, especially the indices that are based on daily minimum temperature. At low elevations, the trends of indices exhibited the features of a warming climate, but at higher elevations, these indices showed a mixture of positive and negative trends. Examining the relationship between the trends of indices and elevation showed that in the altitudinal band E1 [elevations lower than 23 m above sea level (ASL)], only the trend of growing season length is correlated with elevation; but in the altitudinal band E2 (elevations higher than 700 m ASL), elevation exhibited significant correlation with the trends of percentage of cool nights, frequency of frost days, diurnal temperature range, cold spell duration, percentage of warm nights and frequency of tropical nights. The analysis did not show any meaningful relationship between extreme temperature indices trends with latitude. Considering the high heterogeneity of the trends of indices and the limited number of stations with sufficient data, generalizing the results and predicting the wider trend patterns require further studies using a denser network of stations.
Accelerated Tests for Lifetime Prediction of PE‐HD Pipe Grades
Authors: Nezbedová Eva , Pinter Gerhard , Frank Andreas , Hutař Pavel , Poduška Jan , Hodan Jiří 
Published: June 2017

SummaryPipe failure in long‐term applications is characterized by creep crack initiation and creep crack growth. Both can be determined by fracture mechanics based tests of the pipe materials. Nowadays, several accelerated tests are available: PENT (Pennsylvania Edge Notch Tensile test), FNCT (Full Notch Creep Tensile test), CRB (Cracked Round Bar test) or SHT (Strain Hardening Test) and NCBT (Notched Cylindrical Bars Test). The PENT, CRB and SHT were applied to one unimodal polyethylene (PE 80), four bimodal polyethylene (three of PE 100 and one of PE 100‐RC) and one PE‐BF (for blow molding). The contribution is focused mainly on two topics: (i) difference in specimen's preparation and test conditions and (ii) comparison of the experimental results obtained using different accelerated tests.