bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulatory Role of Peritoneal B Cells in EAE
Authors: Stojanović Bojana , Milovanović Jelena , Arsenijević Aleksandar , Milovanovic Marija , Lukic Miodrag L. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
B cells play a dual role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an experimental model for multiple sclerosis, B cells contribute to disease progression, while their regulatory role predominates in the initial phases of disease development. Several studies have identified different subsets of regulatory B cells, mostly in the spleen, which are all sources of IL-10. However, peritoneal regulatory B cells are also important producers of IL-10, can migrate towards inflammatory stimuli, and could have an immunoregulatory function. As we have observed expansion of regulatory B cells in the peritoneum of resistant mice after EAE induction, herein we discuss the regulatory roles of B cells in EAE pathogenesis and the possible role of peritoneal regulatory B cells in resistance to EAE induction.
The Analysis of Risk Factors and Clinical-Demographic Characteristics of Patients with Clostridium Dificille Infection as Well as The Outcome of Their Treatment
Authors: Raković Ivana , Jovicic Biljana Popovska , Bukonjic Andriana , Petrovic Sara , Canovic Petar , Hamzagic Nedim 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Pseudomembranous colitis is a frequent nosocomial infection associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Clostridium difficile infection incidence most frequently increases due to unreasonable antibiotic use and the appearance of new hypervirulent bacterial strains, which leads to prolonged hospitalization and an increase in the total cost of hospital treatment.
This is a retrospective design study conducted at Clinical Centre Kragujevac from January to December 2014. The patient data were obtained from the protocol of the Virological Laboratory and from medical documentation. All statistical analyses were performed using the computer program SPSS. The descriptive statistical data are expressed as percentage values. Continuous variables are expressed as the arithmetic mean with the standard deviation.
Clostridium difficile infection occurred more frequently with elderly patients (123 patients were over 65 years old). Out of 154 patients on antibiotic treatment, 110 patients were treated with a combination of two or more antibiotics from different pharmacological groups. The most represented antibiotics were from the cephalosporin (71.4%) and quinolone (46.3%) groups. A total of 85.8% of the patients used proton pump inhibitors and H2 blockers.
Our results describe the clinical and demographic characteristics of patients with diagnosed Clostridium difficile infection. The most prevalent characteristics (age, antibiotic therapy, PPI and H2 blocker use), which other researchers have also mentioned as risk factors, were present in our study as well.
COXIELLA BURNETII PATHOGENICITY MOLECULAR BASIS
Authors: Panferova Yu. A. 
Published: June 2016

Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular gram-negative bacterial pathogen, an ethiological agent of Q-fever, a zoonotic disease, elapsing as an acute (mostly atypical pneumonia) or a chronic (mostly endocarditis) form. The host range is represented by wide range of mammal, avian and arthropod species, but the main source of human infection are farm animals. The main route of infection is aerosolic. In case of contact with organism pathogen binds with phagocytal monocytic-macrophagal cell line. C. burnetii promotes maturation of specific phagolysosome-like compartment in host cell, called coxiella-containing vacuole, within this vacuole pathogen becames metabolically activated and actively replicates. Coxiella persists as metabolically inactive spore-like form in environment. Internalisation of C. burnetii occurs using actin-mediated phagocytosis and zipper mechanism. After internalization of bacteria maturation of phagolysosome-like compartment and large coxiella-containing vacuole formation occure, and vacuole can occupy nearly the whole cytoplasm of the host cell. Survivance of infected cells is important for chronic infection with C. burnetii. C. burnetii elongate the viability of host cell by two ways: it actively inhibits apoptotic signal cascades and induce pro-survival factors. Exceptthat C. burnetii involves autophagic pathway during coxiella-containing vacuole formation, and induction of autophagy promotes pathogen replication. During infection C. burnetii translocates effector substrates from bacterial cytosole to euca ryotic host cell cytosole using type IV secretion system, where effectors modulate host cell proteins. Overall approximately 130 secreted effectors of type IV transport system, but function of most of them remains unknown to date. Specific sec reted proteins for variety of strains and isolates were identified, confirmed that certain pathotypes of C. burnetii can exist. Identification and characterization of novel virulence factors it is now possible through axenic media for C. burnetii cultivation and development of site-specific mutagenesis and other genetic technics, which is important for research of C. burnetii molecular pathogenesis.
Nyttige og mindre nyttige lærerkommentarer – slik elevene ser det
Authors: Bueie Agnete Andersen 
Published: June 2016

Når elever skriver tekster i norskfaget, får de ofte skriftlige tilbakemeldinger fra norsklærer. Responsforskning viser at elevene i stor grad leser og verdsetter slike tilbakemeldinger, men at noen typer tilbakemeldinger er til større hjelp enn andre. Denne artikkelen presenterer en studie som undersøker hvilke lærerkommentarer elever på ungdomstrinnet finner nyttige og mindre nyttige. Det empiriske materialet består av en spørreundersøkelse besvart av 159 elever fra 10.trinn i norsk ungdomsskole på grunnlag av en spesielt tilrettelagt tilbakemeldingssituasjon. Resultatene av spørreundersøkelsen viser at elevene foretrekker lærerkommentarer på globale tekstnivå og kommentarer som er spesifikke med klart formulert hva eleven bør gjøre og hvorfor. Elevene setter pris på ros, men også kritiske kommentarer vurderes som nyttige. Resultatene drøftes med bakgrunn i tidligere forskning på området.
English abstract
Useful and Less Useful Comments – From the Student's Perspective
Even though there is a general consensus that feedback is an important part of the learning process, there is little research on pupils’ perceptions of feedback. This includes, for instance, what type of feedback students find useful. This article presents a study that investigates pupils in Norwegian lower secondary schools’ perceptions about teacher comments on a writing sample. Data consist of a survey answered by 159 pupils from 10th grade, based on a specifically adapted feedback situation. The results of the survey show that students prefer teacher comments which are on a global text level (such as content, ideas and genre), that are specific and which clearly formulate what the student should do and why. Students appreciate praise, but also consider critical comments useful. The results are compared with results from previous studies.
Feminización de la Universidad de Granada en el último cuarto del siglo XX: el acceso del profesorado
Authors: Muñoz Muñoz Ana María 
Published: June 2016

<p>A partir de un análisis cuantitativo, se estudia el acceso y la situación profesional del</p><p>profesorado, varones y mujeres, en la Universidad de Granada durante el período 1975- 1990 con el objeto de conocer su incorporación por años, cómo se distribuyen en las áreas de conocimiento y en qué áreas de conocimiento desarrollan su trabajo. El período de tiempo elegido se enmarca en la transición española (1975-1982), entendiendo por ésta el cambio que da lugar a libertades políticas, sociales y culturales, a nuevas formas de pensar y expresarse negadas y/o practicadas de manera clandestina durante la dictadura.</p><p> </p>
Intestinal Calcium Absorption among Hypercalciuric Patients with or without Calcium Kidney Stones
Authors: Vezzoli Giuseppe , Macrina Lorenza , Rubinacci Alessandro , Spotti Donatella , Arcidiacono Teresa 
Published: June 2016

Background and objectives
Idiopathic hypercalciuria is a frequent defect in calcium kidney stone formers that is associated with high intestinal calcium absorption and osteopenia. Characteristics distinguishing hypercalciuric stone formers from hypercalciuric patients without kidney stone history (HNSFs) are unknown and were explored in our study.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
We compared 172 hypercalciuric stone formers with 36 HNSFs retrospectively selected from patients referred to outpatient clinics of the San Raffaele Hospital in Milan from 1998 to 2003. Calcium metabolism and lumbar bone mineral density were analyzed in these patients. A strontium oral load test was performed: strontium was measured in 240-minute urine and serum 30, 60, and 240 minutes after strontium ingestion; serum strontium concentration-time curve and renal strontium clearance were evaluated to estimate absorption and excretion of divalent cations.

Results
Serum strontium concentration-time curve (P<0.001) and strontium clearance (4.9±1.3 versus 3.5±2.7 ml/min; P<0.001) were higher in hypercalciuric stone formers than HNSFs, respectively. The serum strontium-time curve was also higher in hypercalciuric stone formers with low bone mineral density (n=42) than in hypercalciuric stone formers with normal bone mineral density (n=130; P=0.03) and HNSFs with low (n=22; P=0.01) or normal bone mineral density (n=14; P=0.02). Strontium clearance was greater in hypercalciuric stone formers with normal bone mineral density (5.3±3.4 ml/min) than in hypercalciuric stone formers and HNSFs with low bone mineral density (3.6±2.5 and 3.1±2.5 ml/min, respectively; P=0.03). Multivariate regression analyses displayed that strontium absorption at 30 minutes was positively associated calcium excretion (P=0.03) and negatively associated with lumbar bone mineral density z score (P=0.001) in hypercalciuric stone formers; furthermore, hypercalciuric patients in the highest quartile of strontium absorption had increased stone production risk (odds ratio, 5.06; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 20.9; P=0.03).

Conclusions
High calcium absorption in duodenum and jejunum may expose hypercalciuric patients to the risk of stones because of increased postprandial calcium concentrations in urine and tubular fluid. High calcium absorption may identify patients at risk of bone loss among stone formers.
Implications of a Multi-Purpose Reporting System on CEO and CFO Incentives and Risk Preferences
Authors: Friedman Henry L. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a model in which the CEO generates productive output while the CFO oversees a reporting system that provides information useful for monitoring, decision-making, and contracting, but is also subject to costly manipulation. Because the reporting system serves multiple roles, the CEO's compensation incentives and the quality of the reporting system can be substitutes or complements. When they are substitutes, the CEO's incentive compensation is positively related to performance metric risk, firm value can be increasing in the CFO's risk aversion, and high biasing costs can reduce the positive association between firm value and CFO risk aversion. Whether they are primarily substitutes or complements can depend on the speed of decreasing returns to scale in the production function. The potential value of CEO-CFO collusion in this setting is explored in an extension.
Patency of anterior circulation branch vessels after Pipeline embolization: longer-term results from 82 aneurysm cases
Authors: Rangel-Castilla Leonardo , Munich Stephan A. , Jaleel Naser , Cress Marshall C. , Krishna Chandan , Sonig Ashish , Snyder Kenneth V. , Siddiqui Adnan H. , Levy Elad I. 
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVE
The Pipeline Embolization Device (PED) has become increasingly used for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Given its high metal surface area coverage, there is concern for the patency of branch vessels that become covered by the device. Limited data exist regarding the patency of branch vessels adjacent to aneurysms that are covered by PEDs. The authors assessed the rate of intracranial internal carotid artery, anterior circulation branch vessel patency following PED placement at their institution.

METHODS
The authors retrospectively reviewed the records of 82 patients who underwent PED treatment between 2009 and 2014 and in whom the PED was identified to cover branch vessels. Patency of the anterior cerebral, posterior communicating, anterior choroidal, and ophthalmic arteries was evaluated using digital subtraction angiography preoperatively and postoperatively after PED deployment and at longer-term follow-up.

RESULTS
Of the 127 arterial branches covered by PEDs, there were no immediate postoperative occlusions. At angiographic follow-up (mean 10 months, range 3–34.7 months), arterial side branches were occluded in 13 (15.8%) of 82 aneurysm cases and included 2 anterior cerebral arteries, 8 ophthalmic arteries, and 3 posterior communicating arteries. No cases of anterior choroidal artery occlusion were observed. Patients with branch occlusion did not experience any neurological symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS
In this large series, the longer-term rate of radiographic side branch arterial occlusion after coverage by a flow diverter was 15.8%. Terminal branch vessels, such as the anterior choroidal artery, remained patent in this series. The authors' series suggests that branch vessel occlusions are clinically silent and should not deter aneurysm treatment with flow diversion.
A phylogenetic study of the tribe Antirrhineae: Genome duplications and long‐distance dispersals from the Old World to the New World
Authors: Ogutcen Ezgi , Vamosi Jana C. 
Published: June 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Antirrhineae is a large tribe within Plantaginaceae. Mostly concentrated in the Mediterranean Basin, the tribe members are present both in the Old World and the New World. Current Antirrhineae phylogenies have different views on taxonomic relationships, and they lack homogeneity in terms of geographic distribution and ploidy levels. This study aims to investigate the changes in the chromosome numbers along with dispersal routes as definitive characters identifying clades.METHODS:With the use of multiple DNA regions and taxon sampling enriched with de novo sequences, we provide an extensive phylogeny for Antirrhineae. The reconstructed phylogeny was then used to investigate changes in ploidy levels and dispersal patterns in the tribe using ChromEvol and RASP, respectively.KEY RESULTS:Antirrhineae is a monophyletic group with six highly supported clades. ChromEvol analysis suggests the ancestral haploid chromosome number for the tribe is six, and that the tribe has experienced several duplications and gain events. The Mediterranean Basin was estimated to be the origin for the tribe with four long‐distance dispersals from the Old World to the New World, three of which were associated with genome duplications.CONCLUSIONS:On an updated Antirrhineae phylogeny, we showed that the three out of four dispersals from the Old World to the New World were coupled with changes in ploidy levels. The observed patterns suggest that increases in ploidy levels may facilitate dispersing into new environments.
Absence of postmating barriers between a selfing vs. outcrossing Chilean Mimulus species pair
Authors: Stanton Kimmy , Valentin Celine M. , Wijnen Marijke E. , Stutstman Sage , Palacios Jessica J. , Cooley Arielle M. 
Published: June 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Reproductive isolation between sympatric species pairs may be maintained by both pre‐ and postmating barriers. Here we evaluate potential barriers to mating between the outcrossing Mimulus luteus and its more highly selfing sympatric congener, M. cupreus, two members of the South American luteus complex of Mimulus.METHODS:Seed set was compared following autonomous self‐pollination, manual pollination, conspecific outcrossing, and sympatric and allopatric hybridization, for laboratory‐maintained inbred lines and wild‐collected accessions. Survival and reproductive fitness of hybrids relative to parental species were examined across environments that differed with respect to temperature and soil nutrients, two factors that vary across the ranges of M. luteus and M. cupreus.KEY RESULTS:Mimulus luteus was minimally capable of autonomous self‐fertilization, consistent with reliance on an animal pollinator, whereas M. cupreus was a successful selfer across all tested accessions. Postmating barriers to hybridization are negligible, in both low‐ and high‐stress environments, across multiple sympatric and allopatric populations.CONCLUSION:As in the North American M. guttatus–M. nasutus species pair, postmating barriers contribute little to isolation between M. luteus and M. cupreus. This result reinforces the importance of premating barriers, specifically species differences in reliance on, and accessibility to, animal pollinators. A unique aspect of the M. luteus–M. cupreus pair is the recent gain of red floral anthocyanin pigmentation in M. cupreus. On the basis of species differences in vegetative anthocyanin production, a facultative stress‐protective response, we propose a potential stress‐protective role for the constitutive floral anthocyanins of M. cupreus.
Photosynthetic response to nitrogen source and different ratios of nitrogen and phosphorus in toxic cyanobacteria, Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB-905
Authors: Peng Guotao , Fan Zhengqiu , Wang Xiangrong , Chen Chen 
Published: June 2016

<p>The frequent outbreak of cyanobacterial blooms has become a worldwide phenomenon in freshwater ecosystems. Studies have elucidated the close relationship between harmful algal blooms and nutrient contents, including the loading of nitrogen and the ratios of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). In this study, the effect of inorganic (nitrate and ammonium) and organic (urea) nitrogen at varied N/P ratios on the <em>Microcystis</em> <em>aeruginosa</em> FACHB-905 accumulation and photosynthesis was investigated. The optimal NO<sub>3</sub>/P in this study were 30~50 indicated by the cell abundance (4.1×10<sup>6</sup>/mL), pigment concentration (chlorophyll a 3.1 mg/L, phycocyanin 8.3mg/L), and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (<em>rETR</em>, <em>E<sub>k</sub>, α, φPSII</em> and <em>F<sub>v</sub>/F<sub>m</sub> </em>values), while too high NO<sub>3</sub>-N (N/P=100:1) would cause an intracellular nitrate inhibition, leading to a decrease of photosynthetic activity. In addition, low concentration of NH<sub>4</sub>-N (N/P=4:1) would favor the <em>M. aeruginosa </em>growth and photosynthesis, and high NH<sub>4</sub>/P ratio (&gt;16) would rise the ammonium toxicity of algal cells and affect the N assimilation. In urea treatments, <em>M. aeruginosa </em>responded similarly to the NH<sub>4</sub>-N treatments both in growth curves and pigment contents, and the favorable N/P ratio was between 16~30, suggested by the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. The results demonstrated that the various chemical forms of N and N/P ratios have a significant impact on <em>Microcystis</em> abundance and photosynthesis. More work is needed to figure out the mechanism of nitrogen utilization by <em>Microcystis</em> and the photosynthetic response to nutrient stress at the molecular level.</p>
‘BIG, HARD and UP!’ A healthy creed for men to live by?
Authors: Van der Watt Stephan 
Published: June 2016

The social construction of reality is influenced extensively by the mass media. Commercialised images of masculinity, including discourses to interpret it, are continuously reflected and/or created by sources of mass media, in a myriad of ways. These images are subjectively loaded, but still effectively communicate to us, and even entice and persuade us. It furthermore wields extensive power over men – especially over their self-images, passions, and egos. In this article, dominating images and discourses concerning manhood and male identity – particularly those displayed in men’s health magazines (MHM) – were critically examined. This was done through a thematic analysis of 123 issues (spanning more than 10 years) of MHM cover pages. The investigation showed that MHM is infused with traditional masculine ideology. Moreover, MHM fails to confront discourses that endorse hegemonic masculinity, for the sake of holistic health. It was suggested that a sober, precautionary, health strategy should challenge men to critically engage with MHM’s reigning creed: ‘big, hard and up’. This creed incites a utilitarian view of sexuality within a culture of performance-driven masculinity, which subsequently fuels anxieties that can lead to unhealthy issues, such as body image dissatisfaction. From a pastoral care perspective, it was asserted that (specifically) Christian men need to search for alternative ways to instigate their capacity to experience and facilitate authentic intimacy, in order to work toward the social construction of more balanced and healthy discourses on male identity. Keywords:Masculinity/Masculinities; Men's Health; Male Sexuality; Embodiment; Pastoral Care Perspective
The Role of Public Administration in the Elimination of Inequality
Authors: Schuldiner Katie , Garcia-Zamor Jean-Claude 
Published: June 2016

The problem of inequality is now requiring solutions that could not be fully found to solve the problem of poverty. The research question that will be investigated is how to establish a clear distinction between poverty and inequality in public policy debates and how public administrators could formulate and implement policies that will alleviate the current world of inequality. The elimination of poverty will always be difficult because politicians and bureaucrats do not have full control over its geographic and demographic roots. While equality can be understood as parity in the enjoyment of fundamental rights and freedoms, and equality of opportunities with regards to education and work and the fulfillment of one’s potential, in policy debates it is the lack of such conditions that is viewed as inequality . Thus, equality is not necessarily viewed as equality of economic conditions but primarily as equality of opportunities for achieving them. This is why it is necessary to refer to the concept of social equity when addressing inequality. The article will review and analyze current literature on poverty, inequality and social equity and will suggest some new approaches for the elimination of inequality. Although the necessary initiatives to achieve such an objective have to come from politics, public administrators will ultimately be the ones to provide a definite plan or procedure to ensure the fulfillment of these political initiatives. The article will address how public policy makers can promote equity and social justice.
Anthropogenic influence on the frequency of extreme temperatures in China
Authors: Lu Chunhui , Sun Ying , Wan Hui , Zhang Xuebin , Yin Hong 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAnthropogenic influence on the frequencies of warm days, cold days, warm nights, and cold nights are detected in the observations of Chinese temperature data covering 1958–2002. We used an optimal fingerprinting method to compare these temperature indices computed from a newly homogenized observational data set with those from simulations conducted with multiple climate models that participated in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5. We found the clear anthropogenic signals in the observational records of frequency changes in warm and cold days and nights. We also found that the models appear to be doing a better job in simulating the observed frequencies of daytime extremes than nighttime extremes. The model‐simulated variability appears to be consistent with that of the observations, providing confidence on the detection results. Additionally, the anthropogenic signal can be clearly detected at subnational scales, with detectable human influence found in Eastern and Western China separately.