bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attributional Style and Depression in Schizophrenia
Authors: Addington Donald , Addington Jean , Robinson Geraldine 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: The literature implies that negative attributional style is a psychological correlate of depression. Recent evidence suggests that negative attributional style may be specific to depression. This study examines the association between level of depression and negative attributional style in a sample of individuals with schizophrenia. Method: One hundred and thirteen inpatients with schizophrenia were assessed with the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia and the Attributional Style Questionnaire. Results: Attributions of negative events to internal and to global causes were significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Only the global dimension was significantly associated with positive symptoms. No attributional dimensions were significantly associated with negative symptoms. Conclusions: These results are consistent with the idea that negative attributional style may be specific to depression and not a general characteristic of psychopathology.
Creating a Screening Measure of Health Literacy for the Health Information National Trends Survey
Authors: Champlin Sara , Mackert Michael 
Published: January 2017

Purpose: Create a screening measure of health literacy for use with the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). Design: Participants completed a paper-based survey. Items from the survey were used to construct a health literacy screening measure. Setting: A population-based survey conducted in geographic areas of high and low minority frequency and in Central Appalachia. Subjects: Two thousand nine hundred four English-speaking participants were included in this study: 66% white, 93% completed high school, mean age = 52.53 years (SD = 16.24). Measures: A health literacy screening measure was created using four items included in the HINTS survey. Scores could range from 0 (no questions affirmative/correct) to 4 (all questions answered affirmatively/correctly). Analysis: Multiple regression analysis was used to determine whether demographic variables known to predict health literacy were indeed associated with the constructed health literacy screening measure. Results: The weighted average health literacy score was 2.63 (SD = 1.00). Those who were nonwhite ( p = .0005), were older ( p < .0005), or had not completed high school ( p < .0001) tended to have lower health literacy screening measure scores. Conclusion: This study highlights the need to assess health literacy in national surveys, but also serves as evidence that screening measures can be created within existing datasets to give researchers the ability to consider the impact of health literacy.
Multilevel Analysis of Municipal Officials’ Participation in Land Use Policies Supportive of Active Living
Authors: Zwald Marissa , Eyler Amy , Goins Karin Valentine , Lemon Stephenie C. 
Published: January 2017

Purpose: To investigate individual- and city-level factors associated with municipal officials’ participation in a local land use policy that supports active living. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Eighty-three cities in eight states. Subjects: Four hundred thirteen elected and appointed officials with various job functions including mayors, city councilors, aldermen, selectmen, city or town managers, and heads of departments of planning, community development, public works, transportation, engineering, parks and recreation, neighborhood services, and public health. Measures: A Web-based survey assessed perceived importance of physical activity and livability issues to job responsibilities; perceived resident support of local government action to address physical activity and livability issues; and residence. City-level factors obtained from Census data included percentage of commuters by walking, bicycling, and public transit. The dependent variable was self-reported participation in developing, adopting, or implementing a local land use policy supportive of active living. Analysis: Hierarchical (two-level: municipal official–city) logistic regression model, using R. Results: Municipal officials living in the city where they worked were significantly more likely to be involved in a land use policy. Higher perceived importance of livability issues was associated with participation. Perceived importance of physical activity was inversely associated with land use policy involvement. Higher city-level bicycling rates resulted in increased odds of participation in a land use policy. City-level walking rates were inversely associated with land use policy participation. Conclusion: Municipal officials who worked in cities with a higher proportion of bicycle commuters, who prioritized livability issues, and who resided in the city where they worked were more likely to engage in land use policies supportive of active living.
Pragmatic, Randomized Controlled Trials of the Girls on the Go! Program to Improve Self-Esteem in Girls
Authors: Tirlea Loredana , Truby Helen , Haines Terry P. 
Published: January 2017

Purpose: To test the effectiveness of an intervention delivered by health professionals outside the school environment to girls identified with issues such as poor body image, low self-esteem, low self-confidence, nonparticipation in sports, or being overweight or underweight. Design: The study’s design was a stepped-wedge randomized controlled trial to test the efficacy of an intervention on self-esteem, impairment induced by eating disorders, self-efficacy, body satisfaction, and dieting behaviors. Setting: The study took place at the community health center located in a culturally diverse area of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Subjects: Participants were 122 primary and secondary school girls between 10 and 16 years of age. Intervention: Girls on the Go! is a 10-week program designed to improve self-esteem, body image, and confidence, using an empowerment model that involved interactive and experiential learning approaches. Weekly themes included body image and self-esteem, safety and assertiveness, a healthy mind, physical activity, healthy eating, trust and confidence, and connections. Measures: Measurements were made using Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, clinical interview assessment, health self-efficacy (included mental health and physical health self-efficacy scales), body esteem scale, and the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire for Children. Analysis: A linear mixed model was used. Results: The intervention led to a significant increase ( p < .05) in self-esteem and self-efficacy (mental and physical health self-efficacy subscales), for both primary and secondary school-aged participants and reduced dieting behaviors (secondary school participants). These gains were retained after 6 months of follow-up. Conclusion: This group-based, low-dose intervention, which, although targeting girls with a range of psychological issues and including both overweight and underweight participants, is a successful means of improving self-esteem among girls from diverse cultural backgrounds.
Changing Cultures—Determining Domains in the NHS
Authors: Mark Annabelle , Scott Hilary 
Published: January 2017

This article explores changes in the National Health Service (NHS) as an organisation, in the context of the emerging managerial culture. This new culture is also seeking to influence the other forms of organisational culture which have co-existed until now in the NHS; its success in doing so is limited by the lack of a shared value system within the new management culture. The issue is explored with reference to domain theory as suggested by Kouze and Mico (1979), and subsequently amended by others, to fit the developments occurring in the NHS. Consideration is given to the following issues with reference to the three domains of politics, management and professions. Can we establish: Can we establish: the continued existence of each domain the changing location of groups between each domain the interrelationship between the domains the location of issues within or between the domains The theory is then located within the broader discipline of organisational behaviour to provide a revised model for thinking about and acting upon the cultural change in the new NHS; the organisational learning now required is shown to require the following activities by each domain; identification, interpretation and communication.
Undergraduate Medical Education towards Health for All: Progress, Pitfalls, Perspectives
Authors: Carvalho Antonio C. M. 
Published: January 2017

I discuss aspects of undergraduate medical education related to primary health care and analyse innovative programmes, with emphasis on problem-based methods and community-based education. Assessing the impact of these programmes shows problem-based learning is an interesting didactic exercise but not a necessary or sufficient condition for the adequacy of programmes to the Health for All (HFA) policy. Community-based education is pressed by several obstacles inside and outside educational institutions that put at risk its effectiveness as a real agent of change. Amongst these obstacles are political difficulties in building linkages amongst teaching institutions, services, and community; logistical problems in facilitating faculty and student work in the community; reactions from faculties; poor research opportunities in primary health care; pressures for more socially, professionally, and economically rewarding careers; biases in training the present generation of teachers; attempts to fulfil the social, behavioural, epidemiological, and preventive knowledge requirements for medical education by adding to an already overloaded information base; and shortage of relevant and significant sources of information for the medical students. Building corporations representing ‘innovative’ programmes, on one side, and ‘conservative’, ‘traditional’ ones, on the other, is not helpful and probably false. Each Programme should be assessed in its strength and weaknesses in the light of political decisions committed to change in unequal, poor-quality health systems.
False-Positive Result and Reattendance in the Ontario Breast Screening Program
Authors: Chiarelli A M , Mai V , Moravan V , Halapy E , Majpruz V , Tatla R K 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To determine the association between initial screen result and returning for a second screen in an organised breast screening programme for women with a biennial screening recommendation. Setting: Women who attended the Ontario Breast Screening Program (OBSP). Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of 140,723 Ontario women aged 50 years ond older who had an initial screen at the OBSP between 1 July 1990 and 31 December 1995 and were followed until 30 June 1998. Rescreening rates at 36 months and risk ratio estimates were calculated using survival methods. Age of women, year of screen, region (within Ontario) and initial screen result were compared. For initial screen results, returning for a second screen was examined by integration of screening centre with an assessment programme and by modality of referral. Results: Women with a false-positive result were less likely to return for a second screen as were women aged 70 and older and those living in regions of Ontario with fewer OBSP screening centres. However, there were minimal differences in reattendance behaviour by initial screen result for women screened at the OBSP centre with an assessment programme. Conclusions: Integration of breast screening and assessment services improved reattendance of women with false-positive screen results within an organised screening programme.
Screening for Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM): How Often Should it Be Performed?
Authors: Davies Melanie , Day John 
Published: January 2017

Objectives— To examine whether a screening programme for diabetes repeated after an interval of 30 months is worthwhile both in terms of yield of new cases and continued high response rate. Methods— Self testing for postprandial glycosuria was used as it has been shown to have a good response rate, a good yield of cases of diabetes, and a sensitivity and specificity which compares favourably with more expensive and invasive screening methods. A total of 3231 subjects aged 45–70 years in one practice were screened on two occasions 30 months apart. Eighty seven subjects known to have diabetes were excluded. This number included five new patients who had presented since the initial screen; two of whom had moved into the practice, one who screened positive at the initial screen but failed to attend for the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and two subjects who had screened negative, the first presenting 24 months after screening. Results— At repeat screening the return rate was lower than at the first screening (72·5% v 79·2%, P < 0·0001). Glycosuria was detected in 52 subjects (2·3%), at the repeat screening, similar to that at the initial screen. Attendance for the OGTT after a positive screening test was 93·2%. Only six subjects of the 24 with Glycosuria but normal glucose at initial screen were found to have glycosuria again; repeat OGTTs were all normal. Of the remaining 46 subjects, 10 had non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and five impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). The number of subjects with diabetes was not significantly different from that at the initial screening (0·44% v 0·72%, P = 0·2). Conclusions— Repeat screening after 30 months has a high response rate, similar rate of detection of glycosuria, and a further yield of 0·44% of newly diagnosed cases of diabetes. A screening programme detecting postprandial glycosuria identifies additional diabetic subjects 30 months after a previous screening programme.
Presentation of Screen Negative Results on Serum Screening for Down's Syndrome: Variations across Britain
Authors: Allanson Abi , Michie Susan , Marteau Theresa M 
Published: January 2017

Objectives— To document current practice of communicating screen negative results to pregnant women undergoing a test for Down's syndrome. Setting— 169 British NHS hospital antenatal clinics currently offering multiple marker serum screening for Down's syndrome and giving results directly to women. Methods— All 169 clinics were sent a letter asking about the method and form of communicating screen negative results. Results— In only 29% of programmes were specific arrangements made to inform women of screen negative results, and in 5% these results were not given at all. Screen negative results were given as a verbal phrase in 44% of programmes, as a risk figure in 16% of programmes and as both in 40% of programmes. Conclusions— These results highlight a gap between screening policy guidelines and practice in the case of Down's syndrome serum screening.
Quality of the Measurement of the Infrarenal Aortic Diameter by Ultrasound
Authors: Wilmink ABM , Hubbard C S F F , Quick C R G , Wilmink A B M 
Published: January 2017

Objectives— To assess quality and variability in measurements of the infrarenal aortic diameter by ultrasound, and to recommend quality control measures to improve consistency in measurements of the infrarenal aortic diameter (IAD) in a long running screening programme. Setting— An aneurysm screening programme in Huntingdon. Methods— Quality of the ultrasound image was subjectively assessed by each ultrasonographer. Quality of the measurements was assessed by analysing the frequency of measurements that were outside the normal variability of the estimated true diameter. The interobserver variability was measured by analysing repeated measurements of the IAD in the same patient by two ultrasonographers, using the same scanner. The variability between different scanners was measured by analysing repeat measurements of the IAD in the same patient by the same ultrasonographer, using two scanners. The intraobserver variability was estimated by analysing all patients with three consecutive measurements of the IAD, carried out by the same ultrasonographer. Results— Although the subjective assessment of the quality of the ultrasound image of the aorta varied, there were no statistically significant differences in the likelihood of obtaining measurements outside the limits of agreement between the ultrasonographers. The interobserver, intraobserver, and between scanner variability of ultrasound measurements of the IAD were all around 6 mm. Conclusion— The variability in ultrasound measurements of aortic diameters is acceptable for clinical decision making, and the interobserver variability is very similar to the long term intraobserver variability. Quality control measures are suggested to maintain long term consistency of ultrasound measurements of the IAD.
Mental health in pregnancy: the sleeping giant
Authors: Buist Anne 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: This paper examines the difficulties of identifying depression in the perinatal period and proposes a way forward through a ‘beyondblue’ funded program, the National Postnatal Depression Program. Conclusions: The perinatal period offers an excellent opportunity to identify mental illness and to intervene early to prevent transgenerational problems, particularly given increased links between mental health services, general practitioners and obstetric services. Barriers to doing so include attitudes, anxiety and - most importantly - resource implications, but it is argued that without attempting to address this, identify and remedy the deficiencies, change will not occur. General pactitioners have a crucial role, as do psychiatrists, in supporting them.
Interpersonal psychotherapy for postnatal depression: a quality improvement approach
Authors: Reay Rebecca , Robertson Michael , Owen Cathy 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To outline the processes involved in establishing an integrated perinatal mental health service in a public mental health setting. Conclusions: The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Mental Health Services established a perinatal mental health service based on coordinated, evidence-based treatments. One of the treatment approaches introduced into the service was Interpersonal Psychotherapy, a time-limited, empirically validated therapy for postnatal depression.
Why ĘMOPSę should become ĘCPDę (continuing professional development)
Authors: Lancaster Jeanette 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To consider the principles underlying the Maintenance of Professional Standards (MOPS) program, in light of current developments in continuing medical education (CME). Conclusions: MOPS is a quality assurance (QA) project that is now outdated and needs review. Current thinking about how doctors learn suggests that what is needed in its place is an educational program based on continuous quality improvement (CQI) and adult learning principles. Such a program would be practice-based, self-directed, peer-supervised and locally managed. This would provide flexibility in meeting the ongoing educational needs of individual Fellows in a way that the current system does not.
Monitoring of mood stabilizing drugs for bipolar disorder in Australian general practice
Authors: Schrader Geoffrey , Dhillon Rohan , Bastiampillai Tarun , Atrash-Najar Rima Al 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To determine adherence to guidelines by general practitioners for monitoring mood stabilizing drugs in patients with bipolar disorder. Method: A postal survey of general practitioners was conducted in a metropolitan division of general practitioners. Results: Substantial numbers of general practitioners appear to not be following established guidelines for the monitoring of mood stabilising drugs. Conclusion: Greater educational input is required to enable general practitioners to optimise care for patients with chronic psychiatric disorder.
The development and pilot testing of a Focused Education and Psychotherapy Program (FEPP) for treatment of depression in general practice
Authors: Cockram Alexandra , Mccall Louise , Judd Fiona , Piterman Leon , Weissman Myrna , Gronn Peter , Davis Julian , Liaw Teng 
Published: January 2017

Background: Studies demonstrating efficacy of psychological therapies have predominantly been conducted in specialist psychiatric settings. Investigation of the effectiveness of these therapies when provided by general practitioners (GPs) in their specific work setting is lacking and much needed. Objectives: To develop and pilot test a new education and treatment program to assist GPs manage patients with a depressive illness. The Focused Education and Psychotherapy Program (FEPP) is intended to provide GPs and patients with a treatment and education program for the management of depressive illness using a psychological intervention within the cost and time constraints of general practice. Methods: Following consultation, we developed a draft program. This program incorporates established psychological therapies, Interpersonal Counselling (IPC) and Cognitive Behavioural strategies with patient education in a general practitioner manual and accompanying patient handbook. FEPP was reviewed by focus groups and was pilot tested using a simulated depressed patient who Mailed the program with four GPs. Results: Consultation and pilot testing of the program identified important issues for both GPs and their patients. These were incorporated into the final version of the program, which includes a 12-week acute phase of treatment followed by a maintenance program and is based on IPC and cognitive behavioural strategies, and patient and GP education utilising a manualised format. Conclusions: A practical and accessible form of psychological treatment for the general practice setting has been developed. Effectiveness of this program now needs to be established.
Follow-up Observations on 24-Hour Pharmacotherapy Services in the Emergency Department
Authors: Berry Nada S. , Folstad Jon E. , Bauman Jerry L. , Leikin Jerrold B. 
Published: January 2017

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of 24-hour clinical pharmacy (CP) services in the emergency department (ED). DESIGN: A review of the “on-call report forms” and written consultations provided by CP between July 1985 and December 1987. SETTING: The University of Illinois Hospital. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patient-related versus non—patient-related cases; solicitor, type of and time per consultation; drug concentration determinations by CP; and comparison with other ED consultation services. RESULTS: Of 3787 consultations 3650 (96 percent) were patient-related, 137 (4 percent) were non—patient-related. Consultations were solicited from another individual in 2774 cases (73 percent); they were initiated by the clinical pharmacists in 831 cases (22 percent). Of the patient-related consultations, 1215 (33.3 percent) involved pulmonary disease, 796 (21.8 percent) toxicology, 635 (17.4 percent) seizures, 411 (11.3 percent) cardiac cases, 268 (7.3 percent) pharmacokinetics, and 325 (8.9 percent) miscellaneous. Consultations were solicited by physicians (1806, 65 percent), nurses (652, 23.5 percent), cardiac arrest page (237, 8.5 percent), patients (45, 2 percent), or pharmacists (34, 1 percent). They averaged 100 minutes each. Of 2197 drug concentrations, 1939 (88 percent) were completed by the clinical pharmacist. Concentrations were obtained for theophylline (1055, 54.4 percent), phenytoin (511, 26.4 percent), phenobarbital (324, 16.7 percent), and acetaminophen (49, 2.5 percent). Compared with other consultation services, CP ranked first in regard to frequency of use. CONCLUSIONS: The CP consultation service in the ED was as well used as most physician consultation services and tended to involve specific therapeutic areas that have implications for the training of emergency department clinical pharmacists.