bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Substrate embedded low temperature co‐fired ceramics antenna with wide beamwidth and high gain at millimetre‐wave band
Authors: Kim D.Y. , Kim C.S. , Kang D.M. , Lim J.W. 
Published: November 2015

A cost effective low temperature co‐fired ceramics antenna with wide beamwidth and high gain at 77 GHz is presented. This antenna consists of an aperture coupled dielectric resonator antenna which provides high gain and wide beamwidth. The vias surrounding the dielectric resonator act as a metallic fence, and prevent signal leakage. The top surface of this antenna is covered with dielectric layer, and no metal pattern was exposed to the air. Fabrication cost can be reduced by eliminating the expensive gold plating process due to this top passivation layer. The simulated results of the proposed antenna show a wide beamwidth of 86° and a peak antenna gain at 76.5 GHz of 7.5 dBi.
Rapid genome reshaping by multiple-gene loss after whole-genome duplication in teleost fish suggested by mathematical modeling
Authors: Inoue Jun , Sato Yukuto , Sinclair Robert , Tsukamoto Katsumi , Nishida Mutsumi 
Published: November 2015

Significance
All genes are duplicated by whole-genome duplication (WGD), reverting in number over time, but the actual timing of genome reshaping through gene loss remains poorly understood. We estimated the spatiotemporal loss/persistence pattern of 6,892 gene lineage pairs after the teleost-specific WGD, using careful orthology assignment and a reliable time-calibrated tree. We found that massive gene loss did occur in the first 60 My, mainly due to events involving the simultaneous loss of multiple redundant genes, and the rate of loss then slowed to an approximately constant level for the subsequent 250 My. Similar genomic gene arrangements within teleosts imply that rapid gene loss led to the reshaping of the teleost genomes before their major divergence.
Three-dimensional organization of nascent rod outer segment disk membranes
Authors: Volland Stefanie , Hughes Louise C. , Kong Christina , Burgess Barry L. , Linberg Kenneth A. , Luna Gabriel , Zhou Z. Hong , Fisher Steven K. , Williams David S. 
Published: November 2015

Significance
A vertebrate photoreceptor cell depends on the elaboration of its cilium to generate its light-sensitive organelle, the outer segment (OS), which is made up of a stack of membrane disks, containing the visual receptor, opsin. How this elaboration occurs has been the subject of recent controversy. Here we used electron microscope tomography to obtain a 3D analysis of the membrane organization at the base of the OS, where new membrane disks are continually made to replace the older ones. We show that the nascent disk membrane is continuous with the ciliary plasma membrane, and appears to form by a complex reshaping of this membrane, involving an invagination, followed by outward growth, and, finally, the completion of a disk rim.
Fronted qualifiers in French and English
Authors: Banks David 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
By “fronted qualifier”, I mean a relatively long initial segment, which precedes a headword and which has an adjectival function in relation to it. This structure seems to be relatively common in French. For example, a leaflet from a French university begins with a letter from the vice-chancellor almost entirely written in this form. The leaflet gives an English translation, which calques the French structure. Taken individually, the translation of each clause seems adequate, but when read as a text, unlike the original French, it somehow does not work. This seems to suggest that French accepts this structure more easily than English does. To the extent that it is usual to treat the fronted qualifier as part of the subject, and the whole of the subject group as theme, this would give “Born in Liverpool in 1937, he” as theme of “Born in Liverpool in 1937, he was educated at St. Mary’s College”. However, since the fronted qualifier is in a marked position, does this mean that it should be taken as theme, or, at least, be accorded additional thematic status? And since French seems to accept this structure more easily than English, might this be one of the points at which the two languages differ? These are the sorts of questions, which this article will attempt to address.
Advanced validation of CFD-FDTD combined method using highly applicable solver for reentry blackout prediction
Authors: Takahashi Yusuke 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
An analysis model of plasma flow and electromagnetic waves around a reentry vehicle for radio frequency blackout prediction during aerodynamic heating was developed in this study. The model was validated based on experimental results from the radio attenuation measurement program. The plasma flow properties, such as electron number density, in the shock layer and wake region were obtained using a newly developed unstructured grid solver that incorporated real gas effect models and could treat thermochemically non-equilibrium flow. To predict the electromagnetic waves in plasma, a frequency-dependent finite-difference time-domain method was used. Moreover, the complicated behaviour of electromagnetic waves in the plasma layer during atmospheric reentry was clarified at several altitudes. The prediction performance of the combined model was evaluated with profiles and peak values of the electron number density in the plasma layer. In addition, to validate the models, the signal losses measured during communication with the reentry vehicle were directly compared with the predicted results. Based on the study, it was suggested that the present analysis model accurately predicts the radio frequency blackout and plasma attenuation of electromagnetic waves in plasma in communication.
Introduction
Authors: Hanna Robert 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAccording to a classical view in the philosophy of mind, both human and non-human minded animals inherently or innately possess a capacity to produce mental representations of objects (whether those objects are actual or merely possible, existing or non-existing), locations, events, actions or performances, other minded animals, and themselves. Chapter 1 begins with a discussion of this classical view, going on to provide an introductory account of a Kant-inflected approach to the philosophy of mind and knowledge, categorical epistemology. In so doing, the chapter discusses how categorical epistemology is both non-trivially similar to and also non-trivially dissimilar to other contemporary approaches to epistemology. It also develops several new arguments against narrowly naturalistic approaches to intentionality and intentional content, and contrastively promotes the idea of a liberal naturalist approach, based on the thesis that the conscious rational human mind is essentially embodied.
Rationalism Regained 1
Authors: Hanna Robert 
Published: November 2015

AbstractChapter 6 re-presents the famous Benacerraf Dilemma, now extended from its original version in the context of mathematical truth and knowledge, to logical truth and knowledge, and then generalized to all kinds of a priori knowledge. More specifically, the chapter outlines and addresses five difficult philosophical problems, namely: (1) The Original Benacerraf Dilemma, which seems to entail that objective mathematical necessary truth, on the one hand, and rational human a priori knowledge of objective mathematical necessary truth, on the other hand, are mutually incompatible; (2) The Extended Benacerraf Dilemma, which smoothly extends The Original Benacerraf Dilemma from mathematics to logic; (3) The Generalized Benacerraf Dilemma, which further elaborates the shared deep structure of The Original and The Extended Dilemmas; (4) The Problem of the Epistemic Status of Rational Intuitions; and (5) The Problem of Objectivity.
Proportionality as a General Principle of Law
Authors: Bücheler Gebhard 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This chapter examines whether the principle of proportionality should be relevant to investor–State arbitration. It first examines the role of the principle of proportionality in various domestic legal systems, in particular in Germany, Canada, South Africa, Israel, and the USA. It then discusses three main concerns regarding proportionality that arbitrators should assess before applying proportionality in a particular normative setting: firstly, unwarranted judicial law-making; secondly, the rule of law; and, thirdly, the risk of arbitrary outcomes due to the lack of a relevant value system. Next, it considers the role of proportionality in several subsystems of international law and shows that—as a matter of principle—proportionality is transposable to the international level. It sheds light on the typical situations in which international courts and tribunals resort to proportionality, and how these bodies deal with specific issues that arise when applying proportionality.
Proportionality and the Concept of Systemic Integration
Authors: Bücheler Gebhard 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This chapter discusses the relevant legal instruments and the vehicle that can—under certain conditions—import them into investor–State arbitration: the concept of systemic integration enshrined in Article 31(3)(c) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT). It begins with an overview of the rules of treaty interpretation in international law and some jurisprudence related to the concept of systemic integration. It then clarifies the relationship between Article 31(3)(c) and other means of treaty interpretation. Next, it turns to the content and scope of the concept of systemic integration, shedding light on the role Article 31(3)(c) may play in investor–State arbitration and how this provision may justify and guide the application of the principle of proportionality.
Linking Economic Growth to Poverty Reduction under Globalization
Authors: Nissanke Machiko 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This chapter examines the experiences of the SSA region with globalization–growth–poverty relationships in a comparative perspective. It argues that specific conditions prevailed internationally and domestically—coined as international and institutional traps—could explain the disappointing experiences of the SSA region in harnessing benefits of globalization for the poor in the 1980s and 1990s. These conditions are interrelated through feedback mechanisms which are detrimental to shared growth and poverty reduction through producing a loop of negative private–public interfaces for economic development. Thus, whether or not the recent encouraging sign of overcoming income poverty in SSA can be sustained would depend upon the region’s commitments to creating a new institutional configuration by forging productive private–public interfaces with the purpose of advancing the agenda of inclusive development. Doing this should allow countries in SSA to integrate strategically into the global economy with a view to attenuating ‘inequalizing forces’ innate to globalization.
Marginalization
Authors: Samek-Lodovici Vieri 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis chapter examines Italian marginalization. The name ‘marginalization’ was originally used by Antinucci and Cinque (1977) as a general label for any discourse given constituent found to the right of focus, including right-dislocated ones. After Cardinaletti’s research in 2000 and 2001, this label has been restricted to post-focus discourse-given constituents that occur unstressed in situ, making marginalization similar to the in-situ destressing operation found with English discourse-given phrases. The first part of the chapter establishes the basic word order of Italian, followed by a discussion of marginalization based on Cardinaletti’s work as well as new evidence ranging from the distribution of Italian negative phrases to the analysis of Cinque’s low adverbs. The criteria that distinguish marginalized phrases from right-dislocated ones are particularly important for an effective analysis of contrastive focalization; confusing one with the other is very easy and frequently leads to incorrect conclusions.
Contrastive focus and marginalization
Authors: Samek-Lodovici Vieri 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis chapter examines the distribution of contrastive focalization when any present post-focal constituent is marginalized in situ, i.e. when no constituent is right dislocated. In these cases contrastive foci occur in situ and any attempt to analyse them as having moved to a higher left-peripheral focus projection above TP or intermediate focus projection located between TP and VP quickly runs into serious problems. This chapter also establishes the existence of an independent operation moving lower discourse-given constituents following a focus to a position immediately above it, potentially making the affected focus clause-rightmost. This operation will be eventually reconsidered in the final chapter, where it will be shown to follow from the constraints requiring Italian stress to occur clause-rightmost. Finally, the chapter examines the binding relations between postverbal foci and postverbal unfocused constituents.
Right dislocation
Authors: Samek-Lodovici Vieri 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of Italian right dislocation, which is claimed to (i) occur clause externally, (ii) not require clitic doubling, (iii) involve movement. An accurate understanding of right dislocation is necessary for the analysis of discourse-givennes as well as focalization, as discussed in detail in Chapter 5. The analysis of right dislocation in this chapter challenges widely held but incorrect assumptions concerning the necessity of clitic doubling and the position of right dislocation, both of which can lead to incorrect conclusions about the position of focus when focus is followed by right dislocated constituents. The chapter also includes a detailed comparison between right dislocation and clitic left dislocation as well as a detailed discussion of alternative analyses of right dislocation to date.
Definiteness effects and linking
Authors: Bentley Delia 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This chapter provides an account of the crosslinguistic variation in the definiteness effects, capturing the following facts: languages differ in terms of how freely they admit post-copular definites in there sentences and whether they treat post-copular definites and indefinites differentially. Analysing definiteness in terms of specificity, we propose that, in languages which admit pre-verbal focus, post-copular specifics are normally disallowed because they have canonical properties of subjects. In languages that rule out non-contrastive pre-verbal focus, for example the Italo-Romance dialects, specifics occur more freely in post-verbal position. However, many such languages mark the different degrees of suitability to subjecthood of specific and non-specific noun phrases by the control of finite number agreement on the copula or failure thereof. After providing an empirically rich and theoretically challenging account of copula agreement in there sentences, the chapter discusses semantics–syntax linking in the four types of there sentence introduced in Chapter 2.
Conclusion
Authors: Bentley Delia 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This chapter presents the conclusions on existentials and locatives in the Romance dialects of Italy, highlighting the contribution of the volume to the following core issues in linguistic theory: (i) the typology and distribution of topics and foci, (ii) predication and argument realization, and (iii) the status of grammatical relations as syntactic primitives, derivatives of syntactic configurations, or interface constructs which grammaticalize discourse and semantic roles. In-depth microvariational analysis of existentials and locatives suggests that all types of focus structure have a topic, and supports the distinction between referential and aboutness topics. The analysis also challenges any traditional definition of predication and argumenthood, insofar as existential pivots turn out to be predicates which can behave as arguments by virtue of an argument property, referentiality. Lastly, the findings support the notion of grammatical relations as constructs at the interface of discourse, semantics, and morphosyntax.
Quantum mechanical interaction of light with atoms
Authors: Blood Peter 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The quantum mechanical description of the interaction of light with atoms treats absorption, gain, and recombination as upward and downward induced transitions of electrons between two states by perturbation due to the optical electric field. This provides the basis for a quantitative theory of diode lasers. The chapter begins with Einstein’s description of absorption, stimulated emission, and spontaneous emission, setting the scene for calculation of the transition probability by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for a coherent superposition of the wavefunctions of two states. The resulting absorption spectrum has a Lorentzian lineshape due to dephasing of these wavefunctions. Expressions for the optical absorption cross section and Einstein coefficients are derived in terms of the dipole matrix element, and the dipole is illustrated using a hypothetical one-dimensional atom. Fermi’s Golden Rule for transitions to a continuum of states (as in quantum wells) is introduced in terms of the momentum matrix element.
Prioritizing hypothesis tests for high throughput data
Authors: Kim Sangjin , Schliekelman Paul 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Motivation: The advent of high throughput data has led to a massive increase in the number of hypothesis tests conducted in many types of biological studies and a concomitant increase in stringency of significance thresholds. Filtering methods, which use independent information to eliminate less promising tests and thus reduce multiple testing, have been widely and successfully applied. However, key questions remain about how to best apply them: When is filtering beneficial and when is it detrimental? How good does the independent information need to be in order for filtering to be effective? How should one choose the filter cutoff that separates tests that pass the filter from those that don’t?
Result: We quantify the effect of the quality of the filter information, the filter cutoff and other factors on the effectiveness of the filter and show a number of results: If the filter has a high probability (e.g. 70%) of ranking true positive features highly (e.g. top 10%), then filtering can lead to dramatic increase (e.g. 10-fold) in discovery probability when there is high redundancy in information between hypothesis tests. Filtering is less effective when there is low redundancy between hypothesis tests and its benefit decreases rapidly as the quality of the filter information decreases. Furthermore, the outcome is highly dependent on the choice of filter cutoff. Choosing the cutoff without reference to the data will often lead to a large loss in discovery probability. However, naïve optimization of the cutoff using the data will lead to inflated type I error. We introduce a data-based method for choosing the cutoff that maintains control of the family-wise error rate via a correction factor to the significance threshold. Application of this approach offers as much as a several-fold advantage in discovery probability relative to no filtering, while maintaining type I error control. We also introduce a closely related method of P-value weighting that further improves performance.
Availability and implementation: R code for calculating the correction factor is available at http://www.stat.uga.edu/people/faculty/paul-schliekelman.
Contact: pdschlie@stat.uga.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The intrinsic combinatorial organization and information theoretic content of a sequence are correlated to the DNA encoded nucleosome organization of eukaryotic genomes
Authors: Utro Filippo , Di Benedetto Valeria , Corona Davide F.V. , Giancarlo Raffaele 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Motivation: Thanks to research spanning nearly 30 years, two major models have emerged that account for nucleosome organization in chromatin: statistical and sequence specific. The first is based on elegant, easy to compute, closed-form mathematical formulas that make no assumptions of the physical and chemical properties of the underlying DNA sequence. Moreover, they need no training on the data for their computation. The latter is based on some sequence regularities but, as opposed to the statistical model, it lacks the same type of closed-form formulas that, in this case, should be based on the DNA sequence only.
Results: We contribute to close this important methodological gap between the two models by providing three very simple formulas for the sequence specific one. They are all based on well-known formulas in Computer Science and Bioinformatics, and they give different quantifications of how complex a sequence is. In view of how remarkably well they perform, it is very surprising that measures of sequence complexity have not even been considered as candidates to close the mentioned gap. We provide experimental evidence that the intrinsic level of combinatorial organization and information-theoretic content of subsequences within a genome are strongly correlated to the level of DNA encoded nucleosome organization discovered by Kaplan et al. Our results establish an important connection between the intrinsic complexity of subsequences in a genome and the intrinsic, i.e. DNA encoded, nucleosome organization of eukaryotic genomes. It is a first step towards a mathematical characterization of this latter ‘encoding’.
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Contact: futro@us.ibm.com.
Comparison of Intra-Abdominal Pressure Among 3 Prone Positional Apparatuses After Changing From the Supine to the Prone Position and Applying Positive End-Expiratory Pressure in Healthy Euvolemic Patients: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Kim Eugene , Kim Hyun-Chang , Lim Young-Jin , Kim Chi-Heon , Sohn Seil , Chung Chun-Kee , Kim Hyoung-Jun , Kang Hyun , Park Hee-Pyoung 
Published: November 2015

Background:
Positional apparatuses used for the prone position can affect intra-abdominal pressure (IAP). In this study, we compared the IAP after changing to the prone position and applying various positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels among 3 prone positional apparatuses.

Methods:
A total of 108 healthy euvolemic patients undergoing elective prone spinal surgery were divided into 3 groups based on the positional apparatus used: the Jackson spinal table was used in group J (n=36), the Wilson frame in group W (n=36), and chest rolls in group C (n=36). The IAP was measured 2 minutes after application of 0, 3, 6, and 9 cm H2O of PEEP.

Results:
The IAP in the supine position was 6.4±3.0, 5.9±2.8, and 7.1±2.5 mm Hg in groups J, C, and W, respectively. After the supine-to-prone positional change, the IAP in the prone position was significantly lower in group J than in groups C and W (2.7±2.9 vs. 8.9±4.0 and 12.9±4.3 mm Hg, P<0.01). In the prone position, a PEEP of 9 cm H2O increased the IAP from baseline (zero PEEP) by 1.5±1.3, 1.6±1.3, and 1.7±1.0 mm Hg in groups J, C, and W, respectively.

Conclusions:
The IAP in the prone position was significantly lower using the Jackson table compared with the Wilson frame and chest rolls. A PEEP up to 9 cm H2O can be safely used in healthy euvolemic patients undergoing prone spinal surgery without a clinically significant increase in IAP, irrespective of the type of prone positional apparatus.