bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical evaluation of the Rhynchophorus ferrugineus larvae fed on different substrates as human food source
Authors: Cito Annarita , Longo Santi , Mazza Giuseppe , Dreassi Elena , Francardi Valeria 
Published: April 2017

We investigated the chemical composition of the weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus larvae, traditionally used as human food in Asia and known worldwide as one of the most significant pest for palm trees. Total fat content and fatty acid composition were analyzed using standard methodologies in (1) weevil larvae reared on apple fruit slices and wild specimens collected from attacked (2) Phoenix canariensis and (3) Syagrus romanzoffiana palm trees. Total fat content was extremely high in all the specimens (ranged between 57.62 and 60.03% based on dry weight). Despite sharing the same prevalent fatty acids (myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, α-linoleic acid, and α-linolenic acid), fatty acid composition of the wild weevil larvae significantly differed from that of the specimens raised on apple fruit, due to the presence of other minor compounds. In general, a good balance between unsaturated fatty acids (∼53.68% of total fatty acids) and saturated fatty acids (∼43.41% of total fatty acids) and a low cholesterol content (74.61–152.32 mg/kg based on dry matter) were detected in all the specimens. Conversely, the weevil larvae did not represent a good source of α-tocopherol (14.17–26.22 mg/kg based on dry matter). The ability of the protein extracts obtained from the weevil larvae to inhibit in vitro the angiotensin-converting enzyme, the main enzyme involved in blood pressure regulation, was also investigated. To simulate gastrointestinal digestion process, protein extracts were hydrolyzed by the gastrointestinal enzymes. A significantly lower IC50 (0.588–0.623 mg/ml) was measured in all the protein extracts after enzymatic hydrolysis versus the corresponding crude protein extracts (3.270–3.752 mg/ml). Given that the weevil larvae are able to provide interesting benefits for human health, this study supports their use as human food not just in the native countries where they are traditionally consumed and farmed but also throughout the world.
Association of Exclusive Breastfeeding Duration With Systemic Inflammation Markers in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: González-Jiménez Emilio , Schmidt-RioValle Jacqueline , Sinausía Laura , Perona Javier S. 
Published: April 2017

Background:Breastfeeding duration has been associated with less low-grade inflammation in healthy adolescents, but there is scarce information regarding obese subjects. This study aimed to evaluate whether exclusive breastfeeding is related to serum concentrations of inflammatory markers in a population of Spanish adolescents.Method:A cross-sectional study was performed on 1,001 adolescents (13.2 ± 1.2 years) randomly recruited from schools in southeast Spain. Data on breastfeeding duration were collected via a parental questionnaire. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. C-reactive protein (CRP) was determined by solid-phase chemiluminescent immunometric assay.Results:Nonadjusted and adjusted multivariate correlation analyses confirmed a strong association ( p < .001, 95% confidence interval) between the three markers of inflammation and exclusive breastfeeding duration. No significant differences were observed for IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP serum concentrations among normal weight, overweight, and obese adolescents, except for IL-6 between normal weight and obese subjects. Likewise, no significant association was found between these markers of inflammation and body mass index (BMI) z-score.Conclusions:We found a possible association between inflammatory markers and exclusive breastfeeding duration in adolescents, regardless of their BMI. This finding suggests that increased body weight or obesity might not mediate the association between breastfeeding and inflammation. These results contribute to the understanding of the relationship between breastfeeding and inflammatory markers in adolescents.
Are mothers’ protective attachment strategies related to their children’s strategies?
Authors: Crittenden Patricia M , Robson Katrina , Tooby Alison , Fleming Charles 
Published: April 2017

Aims:We explored the relation between mothers’ protective attachment strategies and those of their school-age children.Methods:In total, 49 child–mother dyads participated in a short longitudinal study when the children were 5.5 and 6.0 years old. Their strategies were first assessed with the Preschool Assessment of Attachment (PAA) and then with the School-age Assessment of Attachment (SAA). Mothers were assessed with the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). The Dynamic-Maturational Model of Attachment and Adaptation (DMM) was used to classify the assessments.Results:The validity and precision of the DMM-AAI were supported: Mothers’ AAI classifications were related to their referral group (normative or clinical) and measures of stress and distress. The DMM categories were more associated with risk than the Ainsworth categories. Types A, C and A/C were differentiated by trauma, triangulation and depression. Mothers’ and children’s protective attachment strategies were related, with B mothers having B children and A or C mothers having children using the same or opposite strategy. Children whose classification changed from the PAA to the SAA had mothers with complex traumas.Conclusion:When psychosocial treatment is needed, knowing whether mother and child use the same or different strategies and whether mothers have complex trauma can affect treatment success.
Nasogastric tube placement confirmation: where we are and where we should be heading
Authors: Fan Esther Monica Peijin , Tan Siok Bee , Ang Shin Yuh 
Published: April 2017

Background: Insertion of a tube via the nasal passage is a common procedure which has been practiced for many years. There are various ways to assess the position of the nasogastric tube (NGT). Objectives: The objective of this study was to discuss the advantages and limitations of each method of NGT placement confirmation, to identify gaps in literature, and provide suggestions for future research. Methods: A search was performed with Pubmed, CINAHL, and Embase. The following keywords were used: “nasogastric,” “tube,” “placement,” “insertion,” and “measurement.” The results were narrowed down to those with full text available, published in the English language, those published within the last 10 years, and those studies done in the adult population. The reference lists of those articles were also referred to and relevant articles were retrieved. A final 26 relevant articles were included in this review, including six that were published more than 10 years ago but still relevant in this review. Results: A method to confirm NGT placement that is accurate, affordable, does not require gastric aspirates, and is able to be used not only upon insertion but also at regular intervals is lacking. Conclusions: This article provides a summary of the different methods of NGT placement confirmation and discusses their advantages and limitations. Gaps in literature and suggestions for future research were also deliberated.
Macroscopic lymphovascular invasion visualized on mammogram and magnetic resonance imaging: Initially misidentified as ductal carcinoma in situ but properly diagnosed by immunohistochemistry
Authors: Sanders Linda M , Dardik Michael , Modi Lopa , Sanders Alison Esteva , Schaefer Sarah S , Litvak Anya 
Published: April 2017

Objectives: Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is a pathologic, microscopic finding associated with invasive cancer, and is a poor prognostic indicator, but has no reported imaging findings. This report presents the first documented case of LVI with seen by imaging. Linear branching microcalcifications were identified on mammography and clumped enhancement was noted on MRI, both imaging findings that are highly predictive of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Methods: Ultrasound guided core biopsy of the dominant mass was performed, confirming invasive ductal malignancy. Stereotactic biopsy performed on the microcalcifications was initially interpreted by pathology as DCIS. Results: Patient underwent mastectomy. Pathologic evaluation of the surgical specimen confirmed the invasive ductal malignancy. Microcalcifications were re-evaluated with immunohistochemistry (IHC) and re-classified as LVI. Radiology images and IHC stains are shown. Conclusion: This is the first report of LVI identified by imaging with findings that mimicked DCIS and initially mis-identified as DCIS by pathology as well. The implications of this overlap in radiologic appearance are discussed.
Rising incidence and prevalence of adult eosinophilic esophagitis in midwestern Spain (2007–2016)
Authors: Molina-Infante Javier , Gonzalez-Cordero Pedro Luis , Ferreira-Nossa Hal Cliff , Mata-Romero Pilar , Lucendo Alfredo J. , Arias Angel 
Published: April 2017

Objectives Epidemiologic studies on eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) are scarce and patient responders to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy have usually been excluded. We aimed to evaluate population-based incidence rates, prevalence and trends in adult EoE over the past decade, including responders to PPI therapy. Methods We conducted an analysis of a prospectively established case registry in the health area of Cáceres, located in midwestern Spain. From the first EoE case diagnosed in 2007, endoscopy and pathology reports up to December 2016 were manually reviewed. A baseline diagnosis of EoE was confirmed upon symptoms of esophageal dysfunction (dysphagia/food impaction) and esophageal eosinophilia ≥ 15 eos/HPF. All patients were re-evaluated on PPI therapy during follow-up. Results A total of 137 patients were diagnosed with EoE during the study period, of whom 63 (46%) achieved clinicohistologic remission on PPI therapy. The prevalence of autoimmune disorders was low. Mean incidence rate was 8.09 new cases/100,000 inhabitants/year, increasing to 9.95 during the last lustrum and peaking in 2016 with 13.7. This trend coincided with late declining of esophageal biopsies rate. Overall prevalence in 2016 was 81.73 patients/100,000 inhabitants, with the highest prevalence in males between age 35 and 44 years (273 cases/100,000). No seasonal variation was observed in the diagnosis of EoE (53% during pollen season vs. 47%, p = 0.4). Conclusions In midwestern Spain, incidence (13.7 cases/100,000 inhabitants/year) and prevalence (81.73 patients/100,000 inhabitants) in 2016 have grown remarkably in just one decade, coming closer to those figures recently reported for Crohn’s disease in Spain.
Validation of the Kidney Failure Risk Equation in Manitoba
Authors: Whitlock Reid H. , Chartier Mariette , Komenda Paul , Hingwala Jay , Rigatto Claudio , Walld Randy , Dart Allison , Tangri Navdeep 
Published: April 2017

Background: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at risk to progress to kidney failure. We previously developed the Kidney Failure Risk Equation (KFRE) to predict progression to kidney failure in patients referred to nephrologists. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the ability of the KFRE to discriminate which patients will progress to kidney failure in an unreferred population. Design: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using administrative databases. Setting: This study took place in Manitoba, Canada. Measurements: Age, sex, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) were measured. Methods: We included patients from the Diagnostic Services of Manitoba database with an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and ACR measured between October 2006 and March 2007. Five-year kidney failure risk was predicted using the 4-variable KFRE and compared with treated kidney failure events from the Manitoba Renal Program database. Sensitivity and specificity for KFRE risk thresholds (3% and 10% over 5 years) were compared with eGFR thresholds (30 and 45 mL/min/1.73 m2). Results: Of 1512 included patients, 151 developed kidney failure over the 5-year follow-up period. The 4-variable KFRE showed a superior prognostic discrimination compared with eGFR alone (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC] values, 0.90 [95% confidence interval {CI}: 0.88-0.92] for KFRE vs 0.78 [95% CI: 0.74-0.83] for eGFR). At a 3% threshold over 5 years, the KFRE had a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 62%. At 10% risk, sensitivity was 86%, and specificity was 80%. Limitations: Only 11.7% of stage 3-5 CKD patients had simultaneous ACR measurement. The KFRE does not account for other indications for referral such as suspected glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, and recurrent stone disease. Conclusions: The KFRE has been validated in a population with a demographic and referral profile heretofore untested and performs well at predicting 5-year risk of kidney failure in a population-based sample of Manitobans with CKD stages 3 to 5. Thresholds of 3% and 10% over 5 years are sensitive, specific, and can be used in clinical decision making. Further testing of the 4-variable KFRE and these thresholds in clinical practice should be considered.
Kruppel-like factor 4 regulates neutrophil activation
Authors: Shen Yuyan , Hong Hong , Sangwung Panjamaporn , Lapping Stephanie , Nayak Lalitha , Zhang Lilei , Jain Mukesh K. , Liao Xudong 
Published: April 2017

Key Points
KLF4 deficiency impairs neutrophil function in vitro and in vivo. This is the first demonstration that KLF4 plays a crucial role in neutrophils.
Van Gogh’s Irises and Roses: the contribution of chemical analyses and imaging to the assessment of color changes in the red lake pigments
Authors: Centeno Silvia A. , Hale Charlotte , Carò Federico , Cesaratto Anna , Shibayama Nobuko , Delaney John , Dooley Kathryn , van der Snickt Geert , Janssens Koen , Stein Susan Alyson 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Vincent van Gogh’s still lifes Irises and Roses were investigated to shed light onto the degree to which the paintings had changed, both individually and in relation to each other since they were painted, particularly in regard to the fading of the red lakes. Non-invasive techniques, including macroscopic X-ray fluorescence mapping, reflectance imaging spectroscopy, and X-radiography, were combined with microanalytical techniques in a select number of samples. The in-depth microchemical analysis was necessary to overcome the complications that arise when evaluating by non-invasive methods alone the compositions of passages with complex layering and mixing of paints. The results obtained by these two approaches were complemented by color measurements performed on paint cross-sections and on protected edges, and with historical information provided by the artist’s own descriptions, early reviews and reproductions, and the data was used to carry out digital color simulations that provided, to a certain extent, a visualization of how the paintings may have originally appeared.
“Mi Fuma il Cervello” self-portrait series of Alighiero Boetti: evaluation of a conservation and maintenance strategy based on sacrificial coatings
Authors: Gulotta Davide , Mariani Bruna , Guerrini Edoardo , Trasatti Stefano , Letardi Paola , Rosetti Laura , Toniolo Lucia , Goidanich Sara 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
“Mi Fuma il Cervello” (“steaming brain”) is the iconic self-portrait of Alighiero Boetti, in which the artist is represented standing up while a copper hose lets water flow on his head. A hidden electric resistance heats the sculpture’s head so that the splashing water forms a dense vapour mist as it comes in contact with the hot metal surface. Such system is normally active only during museum exhibitions and determines critical conservation issues due to the inevitable formation of a thick and adherent calcareous deposit. Recently, the Fonderia Artistica Battaglia (Milan, Italy) conducted an extensive conservative intervention aimed at retrieving the original aesthetic features of the bronze surface and its artificial patina finishing. A conservation strategy was proposed based on the use of a superficial coating, to protect the surface and to ease the removal of the calcareous deposits in view of future cleaning operations. Three siliconic commercial paints were selected and preliminarily applied to specimens that simulate the actual alloy. The efficacy, compatibility and durability of the treatments were tested by accelerated ageing test based on combined thermal and wetting cycles, representative of the real working conditions. A multi-analytical diagnostic approach was followed for the evaluation of the coatings characteristics and performances before and after aging: stereomicroscopy, ESEM-EDX, VIS-Light spectrophotometry, micro-FTIR, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The research showed that from the aesthetic point of view all coatings induce only limited and rather comparable initial colour variations. The permanence of the treatments upon ageing, used as durability indicator, was assessed in all cases but the protective layers appeared damaged and no longer continuous over the metal surface. The best performing treatment was identified and further tested with respect to re-treatability. The results provide indications for the general conservation and maintenance protocol.
Application of solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method for the detection of active moulds on historical objects
Authors: Sawoszczuk Tomasz , Syguła-Cholewińska Justyna 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The main purpose of these studies was to assess the possibility of applying the technique of solid phase microextraction (SPME)–gas chromatography (GC)–mass spectrometry (MS) to detect the activity of moulds on historical objects, based on the analysis of microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs). The studies were performed for selected species of moulds, which were inoculated onto model samples of silk, cellulose, parchment and wool that had been prepared on microbiological medium, in vials for headspace sampling. After a few days of incubation, the MVOCs in the vials were sampled by using SPME fibre, and then they were analysed in the GC–MS system. The acquired chromatograms were qualitatively and quantitatively assessed, and it was ascertained that among the identified compounds are markers of mould activity which can be used to detect the vital mould growing on actual historic items. This usefulness of the method was additionally confirmed by analysis of MVOCs emitted by keratinolytically active mould inoculated on a sample of historical wool prepared in a Petri dish without a medium.
Relationship between pore characteristics and occurrence state of shale gas: A case study of Lower Silurian Longmaxi shale in the Upper Yangtze Platform, South China
Authors: Chen Lei , Jiang Zhenxue , Liu Keyu , Wang Pengfei , Liu Yu , Bi He , Gao Fenglin , Zhang Chen , Ji Wenming 
Published: April 2017

We have used focused ion beam-helium ion microscopy and low-pressure [Formula: see text] adsorption to investigate the pore characteristics of Lower Silurian Longmaxi shale. These results, combined with the molecular potential energy theory, reveal the relationship between pore size and the occurrence state of shale gas. Our results reveal that (1) the pore volume and the specific surface area of Lower Silurian Longmaxi shale are mainly contributed by the pores with diameters of less than 10 nm. Nanoscale organic-matter pores are predominant, and the pore surface is not generally smooth and has fractal characteristics. (2) When the distance between the methane molecule and the pore wall in organic-matter pores is limited to 2 nm, there is a strong interaction force between them, and the methane molecule is affected by the interaction force and is in the adsorbed state accordingly. When the distance between them is greater than 2 nm, the interaction force can be ignored, and the methane molecule is not affected by the interaction force and is in the free state accordingly. (3) In the pores having a radius greater than 2 nm, the adsorption capacity is positively correlated with the specific surface area; whereas in the pores having a radius smaller than 2 nm, the average gas concentration is related to the pore radius. (4) First, the adsorption-zone volume increases, and then it decreases with increasing pore diameter. When the pore diameter ranges from 1 to 6 nm, the adsorption-zone volume is significantly larger than the free-zone volume. Within this range, the adsorption volume nearly equals the pore volume. When the pore diameter ranges from 6 to 60 nm, the adsorption volume gradually decreases, whereas the free volume increases, which equals the adsorption volume when the diameter reaches 15 nm.
Breast Cancer Knowledge, Behaviors, and Preferences in Malawi: Implications for Early Detection Interventions From a Discrete Choice Experiment
Authors: Kohler Racquel E. , Gopal Satish , Lee Clara N. , Weiner Bryan J. , Reeve Bryce B. , Wheeler Stephanie B. 
Published: April 2017

Purpose Breast cancer is the most common female cancer in Africa and leading cause of death resulting from cancer; however, many countries lack early detection services. In Malawi, women are frequently diagnosed with large tumors after long symptomatic periods. Little is known about local cancer knowledge. Methods We administered a cross-sectional survey with a discrete choice experiment to a random sample in urban and rural areas of Lilongwe district. Bivariable and multivariable analyses determined factors associated with knowledge. Preference utilities for early detection interventions were estimated using a hierarchical Bayesian model in Sawtooth software. Results Of 213 women recruited, fewer than half were aware of breast cancer. In multivariable analysis, electricity at home and knowing someone with cancer increased the odds of awareness. Women were more knowledgeable about symptoms than treatment or risk factors; more than 60% erroneously believed local misconceptions. Seventeen percent were aware of breast self-examination, and 20% were aware of clinical breast examination (CBE); few reported either behavior. Common barriers included not knowing where to access CBE and transportation difficulties. Discrete choice experiment results indicated the detection strategy (breast health awareness, CBE, or both) was the most important attribute of an intervention, followed by the encounter setting and travel time. Conclusion Addressing misconceptions in health messages and engaging survivors to promote early detection may help improve breast cancer knowledge in Malawi. Program designs accounting for women’s preferences should provide breast health education and CBEs in convenient settings to address transportation barriers, particularly for women with low socioeconomic position.