bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limited membership in Pleistocene reef coral assemblages from the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea: constancy during global change
Authors: Pandolfi John M. 
Published: July 2016

One of the most intriguing questions in community ecology remains unanswered: Are ecological communities open assemblages with each species reacting individually to environmental change, or are they integrated units consisting of multispecies assemblages acting in concert? I address this question for marine organisms by examining the taxonomic composition and diversity of Indo-Pacific reef coral communities that have undergone repeated global change between 125 and 30 Ka (thousand years before present).Investigation of community constancy through time relies on two critical questions: (1) Are there significant differences in taxonomic composition among communities from different times? and if not, (2) Are the observed patterns in temporal similarity significantly different from expected patterns resulting from a random sampling of the available within-habitat species pool?Constancy in taxonomic composition and species richness of Pleistocene reef coral assemblages is maintained through a 95-k.y. interval in the raised reef terraces of the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea. Fossil reef coral assemblages show limited membership in species composition despite repeated exposure to marked fluctuations in sea level (up to 120 m) and sea-surface temperatures (up to 6°). During the 95-k.y. interval, the reefs experienced nine cycles of perturbation and subsequent reassembly with similar species composition. Spatial differences in reef coral species composition were greater among the three study sites than among reefs of different ages. Thus local environmental parameters associated with riverine and terrestrial sources had a greater influence on reef coral composition than global climate and sea level changes.The ecological dynamics of reef communities from Papua New Guinea are in marked contrast to those of Quaternary terrestrial and level bottom marine communities which appear to show unlimited community membership on both larger and smaller time scales. Differences in community assembly among ecosystems mean either that coral reefs are fundamentally different or that different ecological patterns and processes are occurring at different temporal scales.
What is gradualism? Cryptic speciation in globorotaliid foraminifera
Authors: Norris Richard D. , Corfield Richard M. , Cartlidge Julie 
Published: July 2016

Analysis of the evolution of theGloborotalia(Fohsella) lineage of planktic foraminifera suggests that reproductive ecology and shell shape have evolved independently in this group. The silhouette of fohsellid shells displays a nearly unbroken anagenetic trend, yet isotopic data show that the fohsellids changed their depth of reproduction during the anagenetic evolution of their skeletons. Remarkably, there are no correlations between anagenesis in skeletal shape and the establishment of reproductive isolation. Apparently, anagenesis masks at least one speciation event that is apparent only in the isotopic evidence for a change in reproductive ecology. Although anagenetic trends have been widely cited as evidence for gradual speciation in planktic foraminifera and other microfossil groups, our data suggest that they should not always be considered to record either the tempo or mode of speciation.Speciation was apparently uncoupled from morphological evolution in fohsellids because these evolutionary phenomena occurred in different phases of ontogeny. Gradual morphological changes were associated with the main phase of shell growth of both the ancestor and descendant species in the near-surface ocean. Reproductive isolation occurred when ancestral and descendant populations became established at different depths near the end of the life cycle. Morphological evolution may also be uncoupled from reproductive isolation in other organisms that experience very different selection pressures over the duration of their ontogenies, such as parasites with many hosts, species with multiple phases of metamorphosis, and organisms that broadcast their gametes.
Symbiosis as an evolutionary innovation in the radiation of Paleocene planktic foraminifera
Authors: Norris Richard D. 
Published: July 2016

Symbioses are often regarded as an important means for the creation of evolutionary novelty as well as a trigger for the abrupt appearance of higher taxa. The fossil record of foraminifer-algal symbiosis suggests that the appearance of this ecological association contributed to the radiation of Paleogene planktic foraminifera. Isotopic evidence shows that photosymbiosis evolved in synchrony with a major diversification of trochospiral planktic foraminifera about 3.5 m.y. after the end-Cretaceous extinction. In modern planktic foraminifera, photosymbiotic species tend to have more cosmopolitan distributions than asymbiotic foraminifera and a greater ability to withstand periods of nutrient stress. The simultaneous taxonomic radiation and acquisition of photosymbiosis are evidence that the ecological strategy permitted Paleocene foraminifera to expand their niche in pelagic environments by diversifying into low-nutrient surface waters.A comparison of the species longevities of Neogene and Paleogene symbiotic clades suggests that photosymbiosis does not regulate the characteristic rate of taxonomic turnover in clades after they appear. Species longevities are much shorter in Paleocene and Eocene photosymbiotic morphospecies than they are among photosymbiotic Neogene clades; apparently photosymbiosis does not exert a significant control over long-term evolutionary rates. In addition, the absence of a characteristic morphology associated with photosymbiosis in Cenozoic planktic foraminifera suggests that morphology, as with rate of evolutionary turnover, is linked to symbiosis only because of common inheritance instead of a functional relationship. Although the coincidence between the acquisition of photosymbiosis and generic diversification does suggest a linkage between this ecology and the appearance of foraminiferal higher taxa, there is little indication at the present that symbioses control long-term morphological or ecological patterns within these groups after their appearance. Photosymbiosis, and other evolutionary innovations, may be more a catalyst for the differentiation of major groups than a predictable governor on evolutionary rates.
Cryptic speciation in the living planktonic foraminiferGlobigerinella siphonifera(d'Orbigny)
Authors: Huber Brian T. , Bijma Jelle , Darling Kate 
Published: July 2016

Two living forms ofGlobigerinella siphonifera(d'Orbigny), presently identified as Type I and Type II, can easily be distinguished and collected by SCUBA divers because of differences in appearance, arrangement of the rhizopodial network, and the presence or absence of commensals. Additional biological differences are apparent from laboratory culture experiments; Type I individuals survive significantly longer than Type II under conditions of darkness and starvation and have significantly slower chamber formation rates. Stable isotopic analyses of Types I and II also reveal notable differences, with Type I consistently yielding more negative δ18O and δ13C values. Results of Mg/Ca ratio analyses indicate that Type II specimens precipitated their shells in slightly cooler (deeper) surface waters than Type I specimens. These observations and results from DNA sequencing unequivocally demonstrate thatG. siphoniferaTypes I and II should be regarded as biological sister species.Contrarily, biometric analysis of the empty shells reveals few significant differences betweenG. siphoniferaTypes I and II. Of all the features measured from X-ray and SEM images of serially dissected specimens, only shell porosity yields readily discernible differences, with Type I adult chambers averaging 10–20% porosity and Type II adult chambers averaging 4–7% porosity. Statistically significant differences between Type I and II populations are revealed in maximum test diameter (Type I is typically larger) and coiling (Type I is typically more evolute), but these differences do not justify species level distinction of Types I and II using traditional paleontological species concepts.On the basis of the above evidence, and since all specimens were collected at the same location at ∼3–8 m water depth, we conclude thatG. siphoniferaTypes I and II are living examples of cryptic speciation, whereby biological speciation has occurred in the absence of discernable change in shell morphology. However, it is not clear when or where this speciation took place. Preliminary study of deep-sea cores from the Caribbean and Pacific sides of the Isthmus of Panama reveals a predominance of specimens with Type II porosity values, with rare occurrence of specimens yielding Type I porosity values. Systematic downcore measurement of shell porosity and tightness of coiling needs to be extended back to the middle Miocene, whenG. siphoniferafirst appeared, to determine the timing of the Type I and II morphological divergence.Postulated mechanisms for reproductive isolation and speciation of Types I and II include alloparapatric, depth parapatric, and sympatric speciation. These models could be tested if further analysis of fossilG. siphoniferashells allows determination of the timing of speciation, the preferred depth distribution, and the history of geographic distribution of Types I and II.
Crises and extinction in the fossil record—a role for ultraviolet radiation?
Authors: Cockell Charles S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA number of natural events can cause ozone depletion, including asteroid and comet impacts, large-scale volcanism involving the stratospheric injection of chlorine, and close cosmic events such as supernovae. These events have previously been postulated to have been sole or contributory causes of mass extinctions. Following such events, UV-B radiation would have been elevated at the surface of the earth. The possibilities for detecting elevated UV-B as a kill mechanism in the fossil record are discussed. In the case of impact events and large-scale volcanism, the taxa affected by increases in UV-B radiation are likely to be similar to those affected by cooling and by the initial drop in irradiance caused by stratospheric dust injection. Thus UV-B may synergistically exacerbate the effects of these other environmental changes and contribute to stress in the biosphere, although UV-B alone is unlikely to cause a mass extinction. By the same token, however, this similarity in affected taxa is likely to make delineating the involvement of UV-B radiation in the fossil record more difficult. Cosmic events such as supernovae may produce smaller extinction events, but ones that are “cleaner” UV catastrophes without the involvement of other environmental changes.
Duration and habitat of fossil taxa: changes through time in variance and taxonomic selectivity
Authors: Holman Eric W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractVariance and taxonomic selectivity were studied as functions of time across the Phanerozoic for duration of genera and families in the fossil record and for habitat of fossil families. The variance of duration increases temporarily before mass extinctions but otherwise decreases across the Phanerozoic, and the variance of habitat increases to an asymptote. For both duration and habitat, the percentage of variance explained by differences among orders and classes shows no temporal trend, whereas the percentage of variance explained by differences among phyla decreases across the Phanerozoic. The latter decrease depends upon the time elapsed since the origination of classes within phyla in the early Paleozoic; a similar decrease appears in differences among classes if the analysis is restricted to orders that originate before the Silurian. The observed patterns can be described by bounded random walks that include some infrequent but large steps.
XXVI. Account of some Lids of Stone Coffins discovered in Cambridge Castle in 1810. By the Rev. T. Kerrich, M.A. F.S.A. Principal Librarian to the University of Cambridge; in a Letter to Nicholas Carlisle, Esq. Secretary
Authors: Kerrich T. 
Published: July 2016

I here send you Drawings (Pl. XV. XVI.) of some broken Lids of Stone Coffins, which were discovered in Cambridge Castle, when great part of it was destroyed, in the beginning of the year 1810.This castle, we are told, was built by William the Conqueror; and as they were found under part of the original ramparts, it should seem that they must be, at least, as ancient as his time. However I do not mean to offer any conjectures concerning their antiquity, but shall be obliged to you to lay the Drawings of them before the Society, if you think them worthy of their notice.
XVI. Notices of some Antiquities discovered in Cornwall, in the Year 1793. In a Letter from the Right Hon. Reginald Pole Carew, F.R.S. and F.A.S. to Samuel Lysons, Esq. F.R.S. Director
Authors: Carew Reginald Pole 
Published: July 2016

I have just received from Mr. Rashleigh of Menabilly, in Cornwall, and have the honour of transmitting to you, three articles, which he desires to submit, through your channel, to the inspection of the Society of Antiquaries.They consist of 1. A Tin Cup of singular Form.2. Three portions of a Circle of Metal, inlaid with real or artificial Gem.3. A Hurling Ball.
XII. An account of certain earthen Masks from the Musquito Shore. By Charles Rogers, Esq. In a Letter to the President
Authors: Rogers Charles 
Published: July 2016

By the favor of Daniel Braithwaite, Esq. a gentleman who lives in the city, I lay before you and your Society several pieces of Terra-cotta brought from the Musquito shore about the year 1775 [a].They were sent by a very intelligent gentleman who had long resided in that country, and gave the following account of them.
XXXI. Account of Antiquities discovered at Bath 1790. By Sir Henry Charles Englefield, Bart. F.R.A.S.
Authors: Englefield Henry Charles 
Published: July 2016

Having visited the remains of Roman antiquity lately discovered at Bath, I beg leave to present to the Society the following account of them.The remains in question were brought to light by digging the foundation of a new pump room and baths between the present pump room and Stall-street.
VII. Letter to the Rev. James Douglas, F. A. S. from John Pownall, Esq. on a Roman Tile found at Reculver in Kent
Authors: Pownall John 
Published: July 2016

I have the honour to send you herewith a very rude and imperfect sketch of one of the tiles which cover some ducts or drains, now discernible in the cliff at Reculver in Kent, about eight feet below the surface of the Roman station.I call these ducts, or drains, because I am unable to determine whether they were merely drains or sewers to the camp, or whether they were ducts to a bath.
XVI. Observations on a Picture by Zuccaro from Lord Falkland's Collection supposed to represent the Game of Primero. By the Hon. Daines Barrington. Inscribed to the Rev. Mr. Bowle.
Authors: Barrington Daines 
Published: July 2016

I conceive that the following account of a picture, which was sold last week at Greenwood's auction-room in Leicester Fields, may be interesting to the Society.It originally belonged to the great and good lord Falkland; from whom it descended to the late viscount of that title, who died not long since.According to tradition in the family it was painted by Zuccaro; and represented lord Burleigh playing at cards with three other persons, who, from their dress, appear to be of distinction, each of them having two rings on the same fingers of both their hands.
XLI. A Letter from the Rev. Mr. Douglas to Lieutenant General Melvill, F.A.S. on the Sword mentioned in the preceding Article
Authors: Douglas  
Published: July 2016

Having been for these several days too much pressed for time to return you an answer to your obliging favour on the Roman sword in my possesion, I beg you will permit business to apologize for the delay.I have enclosed to you a letter from Mr. Mutlow of the College Precincts, Gloucester, in answer to some queries which I directed to him on the subject of the relic in question; but as I have since received further information on the discovery of Roman remains dug out of the spot from whence the sword was taken, I here subjoin a few remarks and a concise account of them.
XIX. Six Original Letters addressed from Persons high in the State, in the Years 1647 and 1648, to Col. Hammond, Governor of the Isle of Wight, chiefly relating to the intended Escape of King Charles the First from the Castle of Carisbrook. Communicated by Taylor Combe, Esq. F.R.S. Director
Authors: Combe Taylor 
Published: July 2016

“Deerest Robin,“Nowe (blessed bee God) I can write and thou receaue, freely, I never in my life sawe more deepe sence, and lesse will to shewe ill unchristianly, then in that wch thou diddest write to us when wee were att Windsor, and thou in the middest of thy tentation, wch indeed (by what wee understood of itt) was a great one, and occasioened the greater, by the letter the Generall sent thee, of wch, thou wast not mistaken, when thou didest challenge mee to bee the pēner.
XX. Account of Antiquities in Lancashire. In a Letter to George Allan, Esq. F.A.S. from William Hutchinson, Esq. F.A.S.
Authors: Hutchinson William 
Published: July 2016

Agreeable to my promise, I send you drawings of the Lancashire remains I mentioned to you some time ago, with a short account taken from my minutes.In the beginning of July 1785, being upon an excursion into Lancashire, I was led to view the British remains in the parish of Warton, about eight miles from Lancaster; my curiosity being greatly excited by the accounts given thereof in conversation with Robert Gibson, Esq, who for some months in the summer makes Yelling the place of his residence, on account of the copper-works he is projecting there.
IV. Observations on the Seal of Ethilwald Bishop of Dunwich, lately discovered at Eye, in Suffolk: by Hudson Gurney, Esq. M.P. F.R.S. Vice-President. In a Letter to Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary.
Authors: Gurney Hudson 
Published: July 2016

By the kindness of Mr. Fenner, of Eye, I have now the pleasure of sending you the Seal, of which I before forwarded you the impression, for the inspection of the Society.It appears to have been the Seal of Ethilwald Bishop of Dunwich, of whom the “Profession of Faith,” addressed to Celnoth Archbishop of Canterbury from A.D. 830 to 870, is referred to by Wharton in the Appendix to the Anglia Sacra, vol. I. p. 801, as existing in the Cottonian MS. Cleopatra, E. 1. in the British Museum.
VIII. On “St. Martin's Rings.” By Francis Cohen, Esq. F.S.A.
Authors: Cohen Francis 
Published: July 2016

In the passages collected by Mr. Brand in the following note, a term occurs, the signification of which does not appear to have been hitherto ascertained.“In ‘Whimsies; or, a new Cast of Characters,’ 12mo. Lond. 1631, the unknown author, in his description of a pedlar, Part ii. p. 21, has the following passage: Can it allude to the custom of exchanging betrothing rings? ‘St. Martin's Rings and counterfeit bracelets are commodities of infinite consequence: they will passe for current at a may-pole, and purchase a favor from their May Marian.’
XXXVII. On the Origin and Antiquity, Use and Advantage of Cufic Coins. By the Rev. Stephen Weston, in a Letter to the Earl of Aberdeen, K.T. F.R.S. President
Authors: Weston Stephen 
Published: July 2016

I offer to your Lordship and the Society a short Paper on the origin and antiquity, use and advantage of Cufic Coins.Wheresoever the arms and religion of the disciples of Mahomed have forced their way, coins that have Arabic titles, whether struck in Syria, Persia, Africa, Spain, or Arabia, are called Mahometan. The most ancient of these are said to be Cufic, because their legends are written in Cufic letters, that is, in characters first used in Cufa, a city of Mesopotamia, and first employed in transcribing the Koran for the space of three hundred years, and for inscriptions on stones and coins for three hundred more, to the 13th century of the Christian æra.
IV. Explanation of a Carving over a Chimney Piece, at Speke Hall, in Lancashire, by Henry John Hinchliffe, Esq. F.A.S.
Authors: Hinchliffe Henry John 
Published: July 2016

Explanation of a Carving on the Wainscot, over a Chimney Piece, at Speke Hall, in the County of Lancaster, formerly the Residence of the Norris family, from whom it descended to the late Topham Beauclerk, Esq. whose Son, the present Mr, Beauclerk, sold it to the late Richard Watt, Esq.The Carving (Pl. III.) represents the pedigree of the Norris family for three generations, as may be collected from an inscription painted on canvas, and inserted in the compartments of the frieze, but now in a great measure effaced.
The ARLIS International Conference on Art Periodicals
Authors: Dallett Anne 
Published: July 2016

Each of the 120-odd delegates to the International Conference went away with a different impression. Anne Dallet’s report draws on one of these; it will, we hope, refresh readers’ memories of their conference, as well as informing those who could not attend.Certain themes threaded the whole weekend. The significance of the art periodical, especially in recording contemporary art in the context of its times, for that time and for times to come, was continuously reaffirmed; on the other hand, the problems of publishing and acquiring those ‘little’ magazines which can play such an important part in this process, were raised time and time again. But also, some specific proposals won the approval of the conference, and deserve to be noted here whether or not they are capable of achievement. (Some may be more likely to be translated into effective action if the spirit of the conference can be embodied by an international organisation representing art librarians everywhere). These were
(1)that a comprehensive bibliography of art periodicals, and union lists of library subscriptions to and holdings of art magazines, should be compiled;(2)that art librarians should bring periodicals in need of reprinting to the notice of publishers;(3)that art librarians should join in persuading magazine publishers to refrain from extracting from libraries a considerably higher subscription rate than that offered to individuals;(4)that a periodicals subscriptions agency is needed, which will specialise in art, and with whom art librarians could confidently place all their orders (including orders for ‘little’ magazines).
Research into practice in user education
Authors: Malley Ian 
Published: July 2016

User education is a field of activity in which there are a number of problems that would benefit from detailed study, particularly because of its multidisciplinary nature. Such research must be initiated, reported upon, and not least communicated to librarians in the field who may subsequently be able to implement it.(The text of a paper presented at the ARLIS Seminar on User Education held at Leeds Polytechnic, 7 – 8 April, 1978.)
Library instruction, individualised learning and independent learnings
Authors: Hatt Frank 
Published: July 2016

Within higher education courses are being designed which emphasise the acquisition of learning skills rather than the absorption of ‘blocks’ of subject knowledge. Such courses indicate the way in which library-based learning skills can be developed alongside other learning skills, and also show the necessity of the librarian’s involvement in course design teams. This approach to library teaching has been developed most, perhaps, in art and design libraries where the demands of the ‘hidden curriculum’ have always been felt, if not overtly acknowledged.(The text of a paper presented at the ARLIS Seminar on User Education held at Leeds Polytechnic, 7-8 April, 1978.)