bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finite Element Analysis of Prosthetic Running Blades Using Different Composite Materials to Optimize Performance
Authors: Rahman Mosfequr , Bennett Tyler , Glisson David , Beckley Darrell , Khan Jobaidur 
Published: April 2016

A prosthetic limb is an artificial device that replaces missing body part, or parts. Prosthetic limbs are used for many different applications however the application of prosthetic limbs focused in this paper categorized as prosthetic enhancements. Prosthetic enhancements are special prosthetic that allow the patients to participate in more rigorous recreational activities, such as running. These prosthetic limbs now have started to arise in major sporting events like the Olympics. Some researchers say that the legs use only 25% of the energy that an able bodied leg would use.
High performance prosthetic running legs made of carbon fiber, show great advantages over their metal counterparts. Including being lighter and being able to retain more strain energy, current carbon fiber running blades offered by Ossur provide the best performance in the market. In this study, prosthetic racing legs known as blades were analyzed using finite element analysis technique. Performance improvements of these blades were sought by creating mechanical models of the current Ossur products using the finite element analysis software ANSYS and incorporating better performing composite materials into the mechanical simulations. Two different composite materials have taken in consideration by which the legs are created from, these are thermoplastic values for polyethylene epoxy and Vinylester. The use of a new composite material reduces the strain in each of the existing blade geometries, and it permits fewer layers of carbon fiber to be required in the construction of these running blades, which reduces the weight of each leg. Three different blade designs such as Cheetah blade, Flex-Run blade and Flex-Sprint blade have been considered in this study. Also two different loading conditions on the blade such as standing and running conditions have been considered.
Semi-Dirac Points in Phononic Crystals
Authors: Zhang Xiujuan , Wu Ying 
Published: April 2016

A semi-Dirac cone refers to a peculiar type of dispersion relation that is linear along the symmetry line but quadratic in the perpendicular direction. It was originally discovered in electron systems, in which the associated quasi-particles are massless along one direction, like those in graphene, but effective-mass-like along the other. It was reported that a semi-Dirac point is associated with the topological phase transition between a semi-metallic phase and a band insulator. Very recently, the classical analogy of a semi-Dirac cone has been reported in an electromagnetic system.
Here, we demonstrate that, by accidental degeneracy, two-dimensional phononic crystals consisting of square arrays of elliptical cylinders embedded in water are also able to produce the particular dispersion relation of a semi-Dirac cone in the center of the Brillouin zone. A perturbation method is used to evaluate the linear slope and to affirm that the dispersion relation is a semi-Dirac type.
If the scatterers are made of rubber, in which the acoustic wave velocity is lower than that in water, the semi-Dirac dispersion can be characterized by an effective medium theory. The effective medium parameters link the semi-Dirac point to a topological transition in the iso-frequency surface of the phononic crystal, in which an open hyperbola is changed into a closed ellipse. This topological transition results in drastic change in wave manipulation. On the other hand, the theory also reveals that the phononic crystal is a double-zero-index material along the x-direction and photonic-band-edge material along the perpendicular direction (y-direction).
If the scatterers are made of steel, in which the acoustic wave velocity is higher than that in water, the effective medium description fails, even though the semi-Dirac dispersion relation looks similar to that in the previous case. Therefore different wave transport behavior is expected.
The semi-Dirac points in phononic crystals described in this work would offer new ways to manipulate acoustic waves with simple periodic structures.
Characterization of the Damping Behavior of Thin Films With Dynamic Mechanic Analysis in Bending Mode
Authors: Knapp Gilbert , Leyrer Martin , Oreski Gernot , Pinter Gerald 
Published: April 2016

Usually damped structures, consisting of a constrained layer damping (CLD) and free layer damping (FLD) design, are characterized via dynamic mechanic analysis (DMA) in bending mode. Since laminates with thicknesses from 10 to 100 μm exhibit a very low bending stiffness it isn’t possible to determine their damping properties in bending mode with standard DMA setups. Therefore in the present work the main objective was to introduce a new method to overcome this drawback.
Two main geometries were used, such as a variation of the bending mode where the laminates were clamped at the outer supports and on the other hand a set-up where the geometry of a support of loudspeakers was replicated, which was called “speaker” mode. The damping behavior of the laminates then was characterized via the mechanical loss factor tan δ and subsequently compared to results in DMA shear mode. The second objective was to characterize the influence of the design, with a 2-layer laminate consisting of a free layer damping design and a 3-layer laminate with a constrained layer damping design.
A method in DMA “speaker” mode was successfully set up. The test parameters were chosen in order to resemble the support of loudspeakers. Therefore with the laminates two beads with a height of approximately 1 mm were formed symmetrically in gaps of 3 mm between the outer fixtures and the drive shaft. Furthermore in the test the laminates were loaded with a dynamic displacement of 600 μm. Due to the low bending stiffness of the laminates the highest test frequency was limited to 10 Hz. In accordance with literature for the 2-layer laminates significant lower damping levels were found than for the 3-layer laminates. Whereas the constrained layer damping laminate (3-layer) showed a good correlation between measurements in “speaker” and in shear mode, the 2-layer laminate showed a significant loss factor increase at high temperatures in shear mode, which was related to entropy elastic effects.
Impedance Effects During High-Frequency Dielectrophoresis
Authors: Hadady Hanieh , Michael Kelsey A. , Geiger Emil J. 
Published: April 2016

Dielectrophoresis refers to the motion of electrically neutral particles in a spatially non-uniform electric field as a function of frequency. Analytical models predict a second or upper crossover frequency, but there is little experimental evidence to supporting this prediction. One reason for this is that standard bench top function generators are typically limited to maximum frequency of 20 MHz, and those with higher bandwidths are often unable to generate higher frequency electric fields with sufficient amplitude to induce DEP motion. Our experimental set-up seeks to sort cells on the basis of the upper crossover frequency in the range of 10–160 MHz. At these frequencies, the DEP response is expected to depend primarily on the dielectric properties of the cytoplasm.
A needle pattern was used due to the ease of making spatially non-uniform electric fields. Sine waves were generated with a signal generator capable of generating sine waves with frequencies up to 160 MHz which was amplified with an RF amplifier. In order to help match the load to the amplifier and reduce the amount of reflected power an attenuator was placed between the amplifier and the electrodes. Two different amplifiers and attenuators were tested. Conductive copper tape and alligator clips were used to connect the glass slide to the electronic equipment. These systems were capable of 30 Volts peak-to-peak (Vpp) amplitudes in the given frequency range as monitored by an oscilloscope probing the electrodes.
With this set-up, the amplitude of the signal was observed by oscilloscope to vary as much as 40 Vpp across the range of frequencies which is supplied by signal generator. We suspect that the impedance of the experimental set-up was highly frequency dependent at the high frequencies used in this study. Furthermore, the oscilloscope may also be enough of a load on the system to affect the impedance. To maintain the 30 Vpp output, the input amplitude to the RF amplifier was adjusted at each individual frequency across all frequencies of the DEP experiment.
Facile and Effective Phononic Structures for Ultrasound Focusing Application
Authors: Guo Qiuquan , Cai Xiaobing , Yang Jun 
Published: April 2016

Ultrasound therapy is a highly popular non-invasive method to treat diseases. It is desired to increase the resolution of ultrasound therapy, providing more efficient therapeutic effect. In this study, a simple but effective phononic structure was designed to achieve higher resolution close to wavelength resolution of ultrasound focusing.
The objective of this study is to design a unique phononic structure to focus acoustic wave into human body more deeply and precisely. It is known that overheating by high frequency ultrasound will cause a series of side effects including bone burns, soft tissue burns, swelling and bleeding problems. In addition, due to the limited propagation of recovered evanescent wave, the penetration depth of acoustic energy being focused by the acoustic metamaterials is often hindered. In this study, we will design a multilayer acoustic metamaterial which shows sub-wavelength focusing ability at relatively low frequencies. More importantly, our design will also extend the ability of penetration depth by manipulating the focusing length through optimization of the phononic structure.
Relationship between plant nitrogen and phosphorus accumulations in a canola crop as affected by nitrogen management under ample phosphorus supply conditions
Authors: Ma B.L. , Zheng Z.M. 
Published: April 2016

The understanding of plant nutrient uptake and dynamics is a necessary step to develop site-specific, economically viable, and environmentally responsible management practices. A field study on canola (Brassica napus L.), treated with preplant and sidedress nitrogen (N) applications under ample phosphorus (P) supply conditions, was conducted to determine seasonal plant dry matter (DM) and N and P uptake patterns. We found that periodic DM measured at 20% flowering (FL), from FL to 50% pods reaching maximum size (FL-RI), and from RI to physiological maturity (RI-PM) contributed to 30%, 57%, and 14% of total DM, respectively. Yields ranged from 111 to 447 g m−2 with a sharp decline in 2012 induced by heat and drought. The crop took up about 58%–71% of total plant N by FL, whereas up to 42% of total plant P was assembled during the RI-PM. Canola seed accounted for 60%–66% of total plant N and 59%–63% of total plant P. Accumulation of DM and N post-FL, and of P during RI-PM could explain 69%, 43%, and 55%, respectively, variations in yield, seed N, and seed P. Our data indicated that plant P uptake under adequate P supply conditions in canola was largely enhanced by N application.
Investigation of Solar Panel Performance Based on Different Wind Velocity Using ANSYS Software
Authors: Zhe Leow Wai , Yusoff Mohd. Irwan Bin , Misrun Muhammad Irwanto , Abdul Razak Amelia Binti , Ibrahim Safwati , Zhubir Nur Syafiqah Binti 
Published: April 2016

<p> The low conversion energy efficiency of solar panel is affected by the several environmental issues. Solar radiation, ambient temperature, dust accumulation and wind velocity are the environmental problems. This main goal of this paper is to understanding the solar panel behavior under varying of wind velocity amounts. A three-dimension (3-D) model of solar panel is conducted in the present investigation. The solar panel model is simulated under given operating condition and different amounts of wind velocity. Four different of wind velocity value of 0 m/s, 0.43 m/s, 2.5 m/s and 6.95 m/s was selected to examine the solar panel performance. The simulation results are obtained with ANSYS simulation software. The temperature distribution of the solar panel model will be discussed in this current paper. The simulation result is showed highest wind velocity can be provided good cooling effect for the solar panel model in order to enable the solar panel can be operated to perform well at lower temperature.<em></em></p>
Analysis of a New Reduced Switch Nine Level Inverter
Authors: Balamurugan C.R. , Natarajan S.P. , Bensraj R. 
Published: April 2016

<p>The multi level inverter system is mostly used in ac drives, when both reduced harmonic contents and high power are required. In this paper a new topology of multilevel inverter is introduced. This type has many steps with less power electronic switches. Due to the less number of switches the cost of the inverter is very less and also less installation area is required. Firstly, we describe briefly the structural parts of the inverter then switching strategy and operational principles of the proposed inverter are explained and operational topologies are given. Simulation is performed using MATLAB SIMULINK. Various PWM techniques are applied to the circuit such as PDPWM, PODPWM, APODPWM, VFPWM and COPWM. By comparing among the PWM techniques, PODPWM provide the less THD value and COPWM provide a higher fundamental RMS output voltage.</p><p> </p>
State Feedback Linearization of a Non-linear Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drive
Authors: Ramana Pilla , Alice Mary Karlapudy , Surya Kalavathi Munagala 
Published: April 2016

Control system design for inverter fed drives previously used the classical transfer function approach for single-input singleoutput (SISO) systems. Proportional plus Integral (PI) controllers were designed for individual control loops.It is found that the transient response of a PI controller is slow and is improved by pole placement through state feedback. However, the effective gains of the PI controller are substantially decreased as a function of the increase of motor speed. A control system is generally characterized by the hierarchy of the control loops, where the outer loop controls the inner loops. The inner loops are designed to execute progressively faster. The speed controller (PI controller) processes the speed error and generates the reference torque. In the inner loop, firstly a non-linear controller is designed for the system by which the system nonlinearity is canceled using state or exact feedback linearization. In addition, a linear state feedback control law based on pole placement technique including the integral of output error (IOE) is used in order to achieve zero steady state error with respect to reference current specification, while at the same time improving the dynamic response.The proposed scheme has been validated through extensive simulation using MATLAB.
Performance of Coded Modulation in Multicarrier CDMA System
Authors: Meylani Linda , Andini Nur , Hidayat Iswahyudi 
Published: April 2016

<em><span>Coded modulation scheme introduce robust and reliable system. It combine coding and modulation in one system. This paper show performance of coded modulation with coding rate 2/3, using 8PSK and convolutional coding that implemented in MC CDMA system. MC CDMA is one of multicarrier system that combine OFDM and CDMA so its offer reliable system in frequency selective fading. Decoding process for coded modulation is done by using log likelihood ratio for least significant bit (define the subset) and the entire bits (member of subset). Simulation result shown that coded modulation in MC CDMA system have a good performance in flat fading and frequency selective fading. </span></em>
Belief-Rule-Based Intelligent Decision System to Select Hospital Location
Authors: Islam Md. Mahbubul , Mahmud Tanjim , Hossain Mohammad Shahadat 
Published: April 2016

<em>The general public’s demand of Bangladesh for safe health is rising promptly with the improvement of the living standard. However, the allocation of limited and unbalanced medical resources is deteriorating the assurance of safe health of the people. Therefore, the new hospital construction with rational allocation of resources is imminent and significant. The site selection for hospital is one of the crucial policy-related decisions taken by planners and policy makers. The process of hospital site selection is inherently complicated because of this involves many factors to be measured and evaluated. These factors are expressed both in objective and subjective ways where as a hierarchical relationship exists among the factors. In addition, it is difficult to measure qualitative factors in a quantitative way, resulting incompleteness in data and hence, uncertainty. Besides it is essential to address the subject of uncertainty by using apt methodology; otherwise, the decision to choose a suitable site will become inapt. Therefore, this paper demonstrates the application of a novel method named belief rule-based inference methodology-RIMER base intelligent decision system(IDS), which is capable of addressing suitable site for hospital by taking account of large number of criteria, where there exist factors of both subjective and objective nature.</em>
À margem do abismo: uma interpretação poetológica de “Zürich, zum Storchen”, de Paul Celan
Authors: Perez Juliana P. 
Published: April 2016

Das Gedicht “Zürich, zum Storchen” von Paul Celan wird oft als Zeugnis der Spannung zwischen ihm und Nelly Sachs gelesen, die vor allem durch die verschiedenen Einstellungen bezüglich der Schoah entstanden ist. Wird aber das Gedicht im Zusammenhang mit dem Zyklus Die Niemandsrose und mit der poetologischen Reflexion gelesen, die Celan zu dieser Zeit beschäftigte, dann geht Celans Gegenposition weit über eine theologische Diskussion hinaus: Sie gilt der Behauptung der menschlichen Präsenz.
O mal-estar da Gerechtigkeit
Authors: Krausz Luís S. 
Published: April 2016

Em Der Fall Maurizius, romance de Jakob Wassermann de 1928, parcialmente ambientado em 1908, à época da República de We imar, o autor critica o pragmatismo alemão, apoiado numa burocracia de estado que, mesmo de pois do fim do Império, continua a exercer o poder de maneira absoluta. Wass ermann revolta-se contra a má administração da justiça, e contra o caráter perverso daqueles que, tendo se apoderado do aparelho estatal, arrogam a si mesmos o papel de representantes dos mel hores princípios do humanismo alemão. O pragmatismo, assim, apresenta-se como a falsif icação daqueles valores que supostamente o legitimariam – notadamente, do princípio de Justiça, Gerechtigkeit . A inocência de um adolescente, Etzel von Andergast, filho de um grande promotor, é o que traz à luz este estado de adulteração. Ao mesmo tempo, a figura de Waremme, descendente de judeus provenientes de regiões da Polônia ocupadas pela Prússia desde 1772, é uma figura sinistra, que rompeu com o legado ético de seus antepassados, pretendendo exercer um papel de destaque no movimento nacionalista alemão, para frustrar-se e ocupar posição marginal numa sociedade repleta de desencaminhados e perplexos. Desta forma o autor representa as aporias de uma geração que sente na pele esse exílio da justiça e a crise generalizada de valores.
Superior Ultra‐Audiometric Hearing: A New Type of Hearing Loss Which Correlates Highly with Unusually Good Speech in the “Profoundly Deaf”
Authors: Berlin Charles I. , Wexler Kathryn F. , Jerger James F. , Halperin Henry R. , Smith Sharron 
Published: April 2016

This paper reports 42 severely‐to‐profoundly deaf subjects, 6 of whom have better hearing in the range of 8 to 14 kHz than below 8 kHz. Data on speech capabilities in these six subjects suggest that this ultra‐audiometric range may contribute to their speech comprehension and control.
Localization of Collagenase in Chronically Inflamed Guinea Pig Temporal Bone
Authors: Gantz Bruce J. , Abramson Maxwell , Huang Cheng‐Chun 
Published: April 2016

Bone destruction, commonly associated with chronic otitis media, requires collagen degradation. Collagenase, a neutral protease, appears to be an essential component in the process of collagen breakdown. Collagenase was Identified within chronically Inflamed and normal guinea pig temporal bones using an Immunohistochemical technique with fluorescein isothyocyanate and peroxidase‐antiperoxidase labels. Localization of the enzyme identifies sites of matrix resorption.Collagenase was found in osteoclasts, osteocytes, mononuclear inflammatory cells, and at resorbing margins. Inflammation increased the intracellular collagenase content of inflammatory bone osteocytes when compared to normal osteocytes using a microspectrofluorometer. It appears that the inflammatory process directly influences bone destruction through the action of mononuclear inflammatory cells and indirectly by stimulating bone cells to increase their proteolytic enzyme production.
The Anatomy of the Subglottic Larynx
Authors: Carter Donald R. , Meyers Arlen D. 
Published: April 2016

There is little concensus concerning the boundaries of the subglottic space. To better define the subglottis, 50 head and neck surgeons were asked to define its anatomic limits. In addition, the larynx of each of 50 adult cadavers was removed and four measurements in the anterior subglottis were taken. The results revealed significantly smaller subglottic dimensions for women than for men. In most women, the cricothyroid membrane was situated less than 1 cm from the glottis in the anterior midline.
Fibrous Xanthoma of the Frontal Sinus
Authors: McDonald Thomas J. , Weiland Louis H. 
Published: April 2016

Frontal sinus mucocele was our preoperative diagnosis in a patient who had frontal swelling and downward displacement of the eye. Supporting this were typical roentgenogram changes, a long history of asthma, pansinusitis, and previous multiple‐polypectomy surgery. Frontal sinus exploration revealed a locally eroding lesion.It was composed of spindled cells and lipid‐laden histiocyctes with a pattern of fibrous xanthoma and was treated conservatively. It should not be confused with true malignancies such as fibrous histiocytoma having a similar histopathologic appearance and requiring more aggressive surgical treatment.
Lentigo Maligna Melanoma
Authors: Stucker Fred J. 
Published: April 2016

Lentigo maligna melanoma is a malignant melanoma with a recognizable clinical pattern. It is a slow‐growing, pigmented tumor evolving from a premalignant lesion on the exposed cutaneous surface of an elderly patient. Histologically, it is marked by pleomorphism of melanocytes with evidence of invasion.A case is presented demonstrating the features of this malignant melanoma with an exceptionally good prognosis. The importance of the clinical and histologic correlation is emphasized to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.
Bronchogenic Cysts: A Case Report
Authors: Strome Marshall 
Published: April 2016

The otolaryngologist has a reference frame for congenital stridor that rarely includes diagnosis of a bronchogenic cyst. The life‐threatening potential of this lesion makes consideration and recognition imperative. Representing less than 5% of the mediastinal childhood masses in the infant, respiratory distress most often initiates diagnostic studies leading to identification and extirpation. The case presentation highlights the clinical course.The diagnostic hallmark of this case was the delayed onset of stridor with subsequent progression. Thereafter, a chest film and barium swallow suggested the diagnosis. In newborns, however, such cysts may not be evident on routine chest films and, nonetheless, cause significant respiratory distress from airway compression.Surgical extirpation should be affected as soon as possible after the diagnosis is entertained in order to insure against a sudden respiratory death.