bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low Carbon Development Pathways in Indian Agriculture
Authors: Wang Sonam Wangyel , Lee Woo-Kyun , Son Yowhan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIndian agriculture sector is a significant emitter of Green House Gas (GHG), which is projected to increase by 47% between 2011 and 2020. In response to this, India has committed itself to voluntarily reduce its emissions intensity (emissions per unit GDP) between 20 to 25 percent below 2005 levels by 2020. This would require rapid and significant scaling up of mitigation efforts including the agriculture sector, which remains a challenge, as mitigation is not a priority in Indian agriculture. The study found out that in-spite of numerous mitigation technologies that are readily available for takeoff, the scale of adoption and deployment is far from sufficient to meet the emission targets set by the Government of India, mainly due to lack of financial incentives, capacity building of farmers, and an enabling policy at different levels. This study identified a suite of feasible interventions for promoting low carbon agriculture such as: low tillage systems as it has negative costs due to savings on tillage and fuel; introduction of superior livestock breeds to reduce numbers (especially unproductive cattle) and increase yield; use of livestock wastes to produce energy for cooking and heating through bio-gas technology can not only reduce methane emission but also save electricity costs for the households and; introduction of carbon credits and exploration of domestic carbon markets. An enabling policy environment must be created for these interventions to take off.
Calibration of SilviScan data of Cryptomeria japonica wood concerning density and microfibril angles with NIR hyperspectral imaging with high spatial resolution
Authors: Ma Te , Inagaki Tetsuya , Tsuchikawa Satoru 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Wood density and microfibril angle (MFA) are strongly correlated with wood stiffness, swelling/shrinkage, and its anisotropy. Understanding the spatial distribution of these data is critical for solid timber applications. In this study, near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging has been calibrated for evaluation of wood density and MFA in an effective manner. Briefly, five wood samples collected from both normal wood (NW) and compression wood (CW) moieties of two different Cryptomeria japonica trees were analyzed. Partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between X-ray densitometry data obtained by SilviScan and NIR spectra, and cross-validation (leave-one-out) approach served for prediction performances. The validation coefficient of determination (r2) between the predicted densities by the NIR technique and the X-ray data was 0.83 with a root mean squared error of cross-validation (RMSECV) of 105.2 kg m−3. Regarding MFA, the r2 was 0.77 and RMSECV 5.36°. Wood density was successfully maped as well as the MFA at a high spatial resolution. As a result, the detection of annual growth ring features and evaluation of aspects of heterogeneous wood quality has been facilitated. The mapping results were visually checked by looking at the difference between earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) for density and by means of the Mäule color reaction indicating high lignin contents in CW in terms of MFA validation as CWs have high MFA values.
Mercury emissions from South Africa’s coal-fired power stations
Authors: Garnham B.L. , Langerman K.E. 
Published: January 2017

Mercury is a persistent and toxic substance that can be bio-accumulated in the food chain. Natural and anthropogenic sources contribute to the mercury emitted in the atmosphere. Eskom’s coal-fired power stations in South Africa contributed just under 93% of the total electricity produced in 2015 (Eskom 2016). Trace amounts of mercury can be found in coal, mostly combined with sulphur, and can be released into the atmosphere upon combustion. Coal-fired electricity generation plants are the highest contributors to mercury emissions in South Africa. A major factor affecting the amount of mercury emitted into the atmosphere is the type and efficiency of emission abatement equipment at a power station. Eskom employs particulate emission control technology at all its coal-fired power stations, and new power stations will also have sulphur dioxide abatement technology. A co-beneficial reduction of mercury emissions exists as a result of emission control technology. The amount of mercury emitted from each of Eskom’s coal-fired power stations is calculated, based on the amount of coal burnt and the mercury content in the coal. Emission Reduction Factors (ERF’s) from two sources are taken into consideration to reflect the co-benefit received from the emission control technologies at the stations. Between 17 and 23 tons of mercury is calculated to have been emitted from Eskom’s coal-fired power stations in 2015. On completion of Eskom’s emission reduction plan, which includes fabric filter plant retrofits at two and a half stations and a flue gas desulphurisation retrofit at one power station, total mercury emissions from the fleet will potentially be reduced by 6-13% by 2026 relative to the baseline. Mercury emission reduction is perhaps currently not the most pressing air quality problem in South Africa. While the focus should then be on reducing emissions of other pollutants which have a greater impact on human health, mercury emission reduction can be achieved as a co-benefit of installing other emission abatement technologies. At the very least, more accurate calculations of mercury emissions per power station should be obtained by measuring the mercury content of more recent coal samples, and developing power station-specific ERF’s before mercury emission regulations are established or an investment into targeted mercury emission reduction technology is made.
O papel do léxico no alçamento sem motivação aparente das vogais médias pretônicas do português brasileiro
Authors: Silva Susiele Machry da , Biasibetti Ana Paula Correa da Silva 
Published: January 2017

Resumo: Este artigo tem por objetivo discutir o papel da frequência lexical no processo variável de alçamento sem motivação aparente das vogais médias pretônicas na variedade de português brasileiro falada em Porto Alegre/RS. O estudo, realizado a partir de dados dos trabalhos desenvolvidos por Bisol (1981), Klunck (2007), Cruz (2010) e Silva (2014), investiga a atuação do léxico a partir dos preceitos da Fonologia de Uso (BYBEE, 2001) e da Teoria de Exemplares (JOHNSON, 1997; PIERREHUMBERT, 2001, 2002). Parte-se da hipótese de que o alçamento se propaga prioritariamente pelos paradigmas frequentes cujas redes de associação apresentam estrutura mais densa, isto é, quanto maior o número de itens lexicais associados ao paradigma, maior a probabilidade de o alçamento se propagar. Os resultados obtidos, em conformidade com essa hipótese, sugerem que o processo atinge, inicialmente, os paradigmas mais frequentes e, gradualmente, se espalha para outras palavras com estrutura igual ou semelhante. Palavras-chave: vogais médias pretônicas; alçamento sem motivação aparente; variação; léxico; frequência.Abstract: This paper aims to discuss the role of lexical frequency in pretonic mid-vowel raising without apparent motivation in the Brazilian Portuguese variety spoken in Porto Alegre/RS. This study reexamines the data analyzed by Bisol (1981), Klunck (2007), Cruz (2010) and Silva (2014) and investigates the role of the lexicon under the assumptions of Usage-Based Phonology (BYBEE, 2001) and Exemplar Theory (JOHNSON, 1997; PIERREHUMBERT, 2001, 2002). It is hypothesized that the raising propagates preferentially through the frequent paradigms whose networks of association have a denser structure, that is, the larger the number of lexical items associated with the paradigm, the higher the chance of the raising propagates. The results confirmed the hypothesis, suggesting that the process initially occurs in the most frequent paradigms and spreads gradually to other words with the same or similar structure.Keywords: Pretonic Mid-Vowels; Raising Without Apparent Motivation; Variation; Lexicon; Frequency.
Proposta de rede de pontos para o Atlas linguístico topodinâmico e topoestático do estado do Tocantins (ALiTTETO): implicações metodológicas
Authors: Silva Greize Alves da , Aguilera Vanderci Andrade 
Published: January 2017

Resumo: Neste trabalho, discutiremos as implicações metodológicas para a fixação da rede de pontos para aqueles que se propõem a fazer um atlas linguístico no Brasil. Com essa finalidade, apresentamos as diretrizes utilizadas pelos dialetólogos e geolinguistas latino-americanos, sobretudo em relação à quantidade de localidades a ser inquiridas e quanto aos aspectos que deverão nortear os pesquisadores nesta seleção. Sob esse ponto de vista, discutiremos a rede de pontos dos atlas linguísticos publicados e em andamento no Brasil. Em termos metodológicos, sob uma perspectiva pluridimensional, apresentamos as diretrizes adotadas para a rede escolhida do Atlas linguístico topodinâmico e topoestático do estado do Tocantins, composta por 10 localidades Palavras-chave: atlas linguístico; Dialetologia pluridimensional; Geolinguística.Abstract: In this paper, we will discuss the methodological implications for the establishment of the network of points for those who intend to make a linguistic atlas in Brazil. To this end, we present the guidelines used by Latin American dialectologists and geolinguists, especially regarding the number of locations to be surveyed and the aspects that should guide the researchers in this selection. From this point of view, we will discuss the network of points of the linguistic atlases published and in progress in Brazil. In methodological terms, under a multi-dimensional perspective, we present the guidelines adopted for the chosen network of the Topodynamic and topostatic linguistic atlas of the state of Tocantins composed of 10 locations. Keywords: Linguistic Atlas; Multi-Dimensional Dialectology; Geolinguistics.
Audit of histomorphology and immunohistochemistry of the brain tumors: Revisited in context to the WHO 2016 molecular classification
Authors: Mukherjee Tanushri , Dutta Rajat , Ghosh Joydeep 
Published: January 2017

<p><span class="Bold">Background:</span><span> The WHO 2016 molecular classification corroborating with the histology has given more significant diagnostic objectivity to the diagnosis of brain tumors and it is more reliable for instituting therapy as the heterogeneity and observer subjectivity are bypassed with the addition of isocitrate dehydrogenase, ATRX, and 1p19q, and other molecular markers. </span><span class="Bold">Aim:</span><span> Our aim is to review the histopathology of diagnosed brain tumors and correlate with immunohistochemical (IHC) findings to note for any disparity to reform the diagnosis in order to benefit the patient and report to the clinician if any treatment change is to be considered. </span><span class="Bold">Materials and Methods:</span><span> This article is based on studies of screening and diagnostic test. A total of 150 brain tumors were retrospectively analyzed. Age, gender, and the tumor histological type and grade were systematically recorded. We compared our histopathological diagnosis before the introduction of the WHO 2016 molecular classification of central nervous system tumors and later after the relevant IHC and fluorescence </span><span class="Italic">in situ</span><span> hybridization studies. </span><span class="Bold">Statistical Analysis:</span><span> The statistical analysis was done by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version recent for Windows. </span><span class="Bold">Results:</span><span> Out of the total 150 brain tumor patients, 65 were males and 45 were females. About 37 were glial and the rest were in other categories. </span><span class="Bold">Conclusions:</span><span> </span><span lang="en-US">The molecular diagnosis that substantiated with the histomorphology is more objective and beneficial in the treatment of the patients.</span></p>
KARAKTERISTIK SIFAT FISIKO-KIMIA DAN THERMAL SERTA PENERIMA ORGANOLEPTIK KUE SAGON BERBASIS TEPUNG PISANG
Authors: Sarifudin Achmat , Ekafitri Riyanti 
Published: January 2017

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Initial experience with endoscopic ultrasonic aspirator in purely neuroendoscopic removal of intraventricular tumors
Authors: Cinalli Giuseppe , Imperato Alessia , Mirone Giuseppe , Di Martino Giuliana , Nicosia Giancarlo , Ruggiero Claudio , Aliberti Ferdinando , Spennato Pietro 
Published: January 2017

OBJECTIVE
Neuroendoscopic removal of intraventricular tumors is difficult and time consuming because of the lack of an effective decompression system that can be used through the working channel of the endoscope. The authors report on the utilization of an endoscopic ultrasonic aspirator in the resection of intraventricular tumors.

METHODS
Twelve pediatric patients (10 male, 2 female), ages 1–15 years old, underwent surgery via a purely endoscopic approach using a Gaab rigid endoscope and endoscopic ultrasonic aspirator. Two patients presented with intraventricular metastases from high-grade tumors (medulloblastoma, atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor), 2 with subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (associated with tuberous sclerosis), 2 with low-grade intraparaventricular tumors, 4 with suprasellar tumors (2 craniopharyngiomas and 2 optic pathway gliomas), and 2 with pineal tumors (1 immature teratoma, 1 pineal anlage tumor). Hydrocephalus was present in 5 cases. In all patients, the endoscopic trajectory and ventricular access were guided by electromagnetic neuronavigation. Nine patients underwent surgery via a precoronal bur hole while supine. In 2 cases, surgery was performed through a frontal bur hole at the level of the hairline. One patient underwent surgery via a posterior parietal approach to the trigone while in a lateral position. The endoscopic technique consisted of visualization of the tumor, ventricular washing to dilate the ventricles and to control bleeding, obtaining a tumor specimen with biopsy forceps, and ultrasonic aspiration of the tumor. Bleeding was controlled with irrigation, monopolar coagulation, and a thulium laser.

RESULTS
In 7 cases, the resection was total or near total (more than 90% of lesion removed). In 5 cases, the resection was partial. Histological evaluation of the collected material (withdrawn using biopsy forceps and aspirated with an ultrasonic aspirator) was diagnostic in all cases. The duration of surgery ranged from 30 to 120 minutes. One case was complicated by subdural hygroma requiring a subduro-peritoneal shunt implant.

CONCLUSIONS
In this preliminary series, endoscopic ultrasonic aspiration proved to be a safe and reliable method for achieving extensive decompression or complete removal in the management of intra- and/or paraventricular lesions in pediatric patients.
Comparison of endovascular and microsurgical management of 208 basilar apex aneurysms
Authors: Bohnstedt Bradley N. , Ziemba-Davis Mary , Sethia Rishabh , Payner Troy D. , DeNardo Andrew , Scott John , Cohen-Gadol Aaron A. 
Published: January 2017

OBJECTIVEThe deep and difficult-to-reach location of basilar apex aneurysms, along with their location near critical adjacent perforating arteries, has rendered the perception that microsurgical treatment of these aneurysms is risky. As a result, these aneurysms are considered more suitable for treatment by endovascular intervention. The authors attempt to compare the immediate and long-term outcomes of microsurgery versus endovascular therapy for this aneurysm subtype.METHODSA prospectively maintained database of 208 consecutive patients treated for basilar apex aneurysms between 2000 and 2012 was reviewed. In this group, 161 patients underwent endovascular treatment and 47 were managed microsurgically. The corresponding records were analyzed for presenting characteristics, postoperative complications, discharge status, and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores up to 1 year after treatment and compared using chi-square and Student t-tests.RESULTSAmong these 208 aneurysms, 116 (56%) were ruptured, including 92 (57%) and 24 (51%) of the endovascularly and microsurgically managed aneurysms, respectively. The average Hunt and Hess grade was 2.4 (2.4 in the endovascular group and 2.2 in the microsurgical group; p = 0.472). Postoperative complications of cranial nerve deficits and hemiparesis were more common in patients treated microsurgically than endovascularly (55.3% vs 16.2%, p < 0.05; and 27.7% vs 10.6%, p < 0.05, respectively). However, aneurysm remnants and need for retreatment were more common in the endovascular than the microsurgical group (41.3% vs 2.3%, p < 0.05; and 10.6% vs 0.0%, p < 0.05, respectively). Stent placement significantly reduced the need for retreatment. Rehemorrhage rates and average GOS score at discharge and 1 year after treatment were not statistically different between the two treatment groups.CONCLUSIONSPatients with basilar apex aneurysms were significantly more likely to be treated via endovascular management, but compared with those treated microsurgically, they had higher rates of recurrence and need for retreatment. The current study did not detect an overall difference in outcomes at discharge and 1 year after either treatment modality. Therefore, in a select group of patients, microsurgical treatment continues to play an important role.
Characterizing and predicting the Nelson-Salassa syndrome
Authors: Graffeo Christopher S. , Perry Avital , Carlstrom Lucas P. , Meyer Fredric B. , Atkinson John L. D. , Erickson Dana , Nippoldt Todd B. , Young William F. , Pollock Bruce E. , Van Gompel Jamie J. 
Published: January 2017

OBJECTIVENelson-Salassa syndrome (NSS) is a rare consequence of bilateral adrenalectomy (ADX) for refractory hypercortisolism due to Cushing disease (CD). Although classically defined by rapid growth of a large, invasive, adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)–secreting pituitary tumor after bilateral ADX that causes cutaneous hyperpigmentation, visual disturbance, and high levels of ACTH, clinical experience suggests more variability.METHODSThe authors conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients 18 years and older with a history of bilateral ADX for CD, adequate pituitary MRI, and at least 2 years of clinical follow-up. Statistical tests included Student's t-test, chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, multivariate analysis, and derived receiver operating characteristic curves.RESULTSBetween 1956 and 2015, 302 patients underwent bilateral ADX for the treatment of hypercortisolism caused by CD; 88 had requisite imaging and follow-up (mean 16 years). Forty-seven patients (53%) had radiographic progression of pituitary disease and were diagnosed with NSS. Compared with patients who did not experience progression, those who developed NSS were significantly younger at the time of CD diagnosis (33 vs 44 years, p = 0.007) and at the time of bilateral ADX (35 vs 49 years, p = 0.007), had larger tumors at the time of CD diagnosis (6 mm vs 1 mm, p = 0.03), and were more likely to have undergone external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT, 43% vs 12%, p = 0.005). Among NSS patients, the mean tumor growth was 7 mm/yr (SE 6 mm/yr); the median tumor growth was 3 mm/yr. Prevalence of pathognomonic symptoms was low; the classic triad occurred in 9%, while hyperpigmentation without visual field deficit was observed in 23%, and 68% remained asymptomatic despite radiographic disease progression. NSS required treatment in 14 patients (30%).CONCLUSIONSNSS is a prevalent sequela of CD after bilateral ADX and affects more than 50% of patients. However, although radiological evidence of NSS is common, it is most often clinically indolent, with only a small minority of patients developing the more aggressive disease phenotype characterized by clinically meaningful symptoms and indications for treatment. Young age at the time of CD diagnosis or treatment with bilateral ADX, large tumor size at CD diagnosis, and EBRT are associated with progression to NSS and may be markers of aggressiveness.
REPRODUCING THE CORRELATIONS OF TYPE C LOW-FREQUENCY QUASI-PERIODIC OSCILLATION PARAMETERS IN XTE J1550–564 WITH A SPIRAL STRUCTURE
Authors: Varniere Peggy , Vincent Frederic H. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT
While it has been observed that the parameters intrinsic to the type C low-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations are related in a nonlinear manner among themselves, there has been, up to now, no model to explain or reproduce how the frequency, the FWHM, and the rms amplitude of the type C low-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations behave with respect to one another. Here we are using a simple toy model representing the emission from a standard disk and a spiral such as that caused by the accretion–ejection instability to reproduce the overall observed behavior and shed some light on its origin. This allows us to prove the ability of such a spiral structure to be at the origin of flux modulation over more than an order of magnitude in frequency.
AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE ΛCDM MODEL: THE CASE OF SCALE INVARIANCE
Authors: Maeder Andre 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT
The hypothesis is made that, at large scales where general relativity may be applied, empty space is scale invariant. This establishes a relation between the cosmological constant and the scale factor λ of the scale-invariant framework. This relation brings major simplifications in the scale-invariant equations for cosmology, which contain a new term, depending on the derivative of the scale factor, that opposes gravity and produces an accelerated expansion. The displacements due to the acceleration term make a high contribution

to the energy density of the universe, satisfying an equation of the form

. The models do not demand the existence of unknown particles. There is a family of flat models with different density parameters

. Numerical integrations of the cosmological equations for different values of the curvature and density parameter k and

are performed. The presence of even tiny amounts of matter in the universe tends to kill scale invariance. The point is that for

the effect is not yet completely killed. Models with non-zero density start explosively with a braking phase followed by a continuously accelerating expansion. Several observational properties are examined, in particular the distances, the m–z diagram, and the

versus

plot. Comparisons with observations are also performed for the Hubble constant H
0 versus

, for the expansion history in the plot

versus redshift z, and for the transition redshift from braking to acceleration. These first dynamical tests are satisfied by scale-invariant models, which thus deserve further study.