bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simplified Solutions for Sorption in Systems Having Nimodal Adsorbents
Authors: Bhaskar G.V. , Do D.D. 
Published: January 2017

Adsorption in a porous solid having a bimodal pore size distribution has been investigated theoretically using an n-th order approximation suggested by Do and Mayfield (1987). For the two physical systems involving bimodal adsorbents, a single particle and a batch adsorber, the new model solution shows remarkable agreement with the exact solution. The classical linear driving force model (LDF) has also been considered; it is found that this model is inferior to the new model suggested by Do and Mayfield.
A Geodesic Dome-Type Based on Pure Plate Action
Authors: Wester Ture 
Published: January 2017

In recent years a theory for pure plate-domes has been developed. The strength and global stability for plate domes are based on membrane forces in the plates and and the transfer of shear forces between the plates. The theoretical relation to the traditional lattice-dome type, whose strength and global stability are based on bars and nodes, is so close, that the two dome types may be regarded as opposites, as mirror images, antagonists, polars, reciprocals or, as used in the following: Duals. Even for creating the system of the facets, the traditional lattice-dome methods can be used, if only nodes are replaced by plates and bars by shear force resistant “lines of support” as intersection lines between the plates. Some methods for systematic generation of facets will be discussed, as well as some advantages of using plate-domes instead of lattice-domes.
The Correspondence Between Convex Polydedra and Tensegrity Systems: A Classification System
Authors: Grip Robert 
Published: January 2017

Since tensegrity systems are often topologically and geometrically complex it is important to have a simple and effective method to describe and classify them in an orderly manner. This paper sets forth a system of relating any convex polyhedron to a tensegrity by defining a one-to-one correspondence between the elements of the polyhedron and the elements of the tensegrity. This system, which was first introduced by the author in a 1978 booklet while working in Buckminster Fuller's Philadelphia office, is now extended to include agglomerations of convex polyhedra — both regular and irregular space-filling arrays. In both the original system and its extension, the principle of geometric duality is clearly demonstrated. More importantly for engineers, the method will allow those familiar with space structures an easy and convenient way to relate any space frame or truss to a corresponding tensegrity structure.
A Class of Tensegrity Domes
Authors: Pellegrino S. 
Published: January 2017

The paper investigates the structural behaviour of a class of cable-and-strut prestressed tensegrity domes which have been proposed by D.H. Geiger. The largest existing dome of this type, completed in September 1989, has circular plan and diameter of 210 m. The investigation concentrates on a cut-down version of this dome, consisting of only twentyfour cable segments and eight struts, with one statical indeterminacy (as in the bigger domes) and thirteen independent inextensional modes of deformation. It is shown that the state of self-stress associated with the statical redundancy stiffens all of the inextensional modes. The response of the domes to a general load condition is discussed: the inextensional loads, which can induce large displacements from the initial configuration, are identified and contrasted to the extensional loads, which induce mainly tension changes and comparatively small displacements. For a particular extensional load, a simple stability analysis shows that overall buckling of the dome and slackening of some cables occur at approximately the same value of the load but, if the same loads are applied in the opposite direction, overall buckling precedes cable slackening. An experiment on a 1.7m prestressed dome is described. The measured response is compared to analytical predictions based on the nominal shape of the dome, as well as on its actual shape — which was carefully measured.
Influences of Uncertainties on Mechanical Behavior of a Double-Layer Space Truss
Authors: Wada Akira , Wang Zhu 
Published: January 2017

A space truss, as all other structures, is constantly subject to various types of uncertainties. For the purpose of estimating, and furthermore, ensuring the safety of a space truss, it is important to investigate its mechanical behavior with consideration of the influences of uncertainties. A 6 × 6 square-plan, double-layer space truss is designed in accordance with minimum weight design concept and used as an example to study. A computer program is written to analyze the truss structure, with an ability to simulate member buckling. The Monte Carlo method is applied for statistical studies with trial number of each study set to 100. The variation of member strength, initial imperfection of member length are chosen for component uncertainties, and the error in assembly process is chosen for human error. The mechanical behavior of the space truss influenced by these uncertainties is studied. A comparison between the influences of the component's uncertainties originating in human error, is made to determine where the most critical uncertainties lie.
Concepts of Deployable Space Structures
Authors: Miura K. 
Published: January 2017

This paper presents several concepts of deployable space structures with emphasis on their relation to the basic principles of mechanics on which the concepts depend. The following subjects are treated: the coilable longeron extendible mast and the theory of “Elastica” by Euler and Kirchhoff; the two-dimensionally deployable array and the theory of elastic surfaces (“Plate Elastica”) by Miura and Tanizawa; the variable geometry truss and the theory of truss by Mobius; the tension truss antenna and the theory of truss.
A Sequentially Deployable Truss for Attached Payloads
Authors: Rivacoba J. , Unda J. , Sierra M. , Eiden M. 
Published: January 2017

Future space applications include very large elements, whose in orbit configuration cannot be launched in a single flight by the existing launchers. Deployable structures present great advantages in this field, as the mass and volume savings that can be achieved are significant. SENER has carried out, under ESA contract, a study to develop, manufacture and test a deployable Large Truss Structure (LTS), that meets the requirements for the mid-term applications foreseen within the European scenario. This paper presents the design, analysis, manufacturing and test phases of a full scale three-module Engineering Model of the LTS.
Numerical Analyses of an Energy Loaded Joint for a Deployable Satellite Structure
Authors: Hollaway L , York D 
Published: January 2017

Reflectors which are an integral part of space vehicles must be collapsed into the body of the vehicle for transportation to space. It is not efficient to store solid reflectors with a diameter greater than about 2.5 m in the launch vehicle and consequently deployable reflectors are used. This paper discusses the use of a flexible joint mechanism to enable a large reflector to be folded to a compact size and then deployed at geosynchronous orbit. The joint would be incorporated into the members of a skeletal truss structure and their effect on the dynamic behaviour of a single structural member and a large truss framework has been studied. It has been shown that the resonant behaviour of a structural member was significantly altered by introducing a joint into the system, but that of large trusses was not as seriously affected and resembled the equivalent of a non-jointed structure. The resonant frequencies of the jointed structure are shown to be similar to those of the non-jointed one but the amplitudes of vibration are significantly lower.
The Structural Design of the Gallery-Roof of the Feyenoord Stadium in Rotterdam
Authors: Krijgsman A. , Koetsier R.H. , Vliet J.A.M. Van 
Published: January 2017

The Feyenoord Stadium, built in 1938, needed a face-lift. When building new Stadiums it is wise to integrate the cantilevering gallery-rood with the bearing structure of the gallery itself. This was not possible with the existing Stadium. The special features of the plan of the Feyenoord Stadium are its strong curvature at the corners and the long, more or less, straight sides. This required a totally new structural approach. Up to now tensile ring systems were only applied on circular or at least oval plans. The development of this rectangular tensile ring system has been realised with the aid of the DIANA-computer program. Since with the presented system any plan-shape can be roofed this structural development is one step ahead in the history of spatial roof-structures.
Approximate Analysis of Space Trusses
Authors: El-Sheikh Ahmed 
Published: January 2017

For decades, space trusses have been designed using approximate numerical methods that are based on simplified truss layouts. Although these methods still rely on using computers, their demand on computer time and resources is considerably less than that associated with full finite element analyses. However, as the last decade has seen a revolutionary advance in computer technology, full F.E. analyses are no longer time consuming or expensive, and as a consequence, the old approximate analysis methods have become almost obsolete. Now the need has shifted towards methods that are quick and easy to use, and yet accurate enough for preliminary designs and as a check on F.E. analysis results. In practice, a suitable method is adopted for a first choice of member sizes, then the results obtained are fed into a cycle or more of F.E. analysis and redesign until a final design is reached. Following a discussion on the required characteristics of modem approximate methods of space truss analysis, two examples of these methods are presented and assessed in this paper.
Malar Festoons: Anatomy and Treatment Strategies
Authors: Kotlus Brett S. , Schwarcz Robert 
Published: January 2017

Introduction: To describe the anatomic basis for malar festoons and mounds and to review the available options for surgical correction. Materials and Methods: A review of relevant literature was performed to identify previously documented corrective measures for malar festoons and mounds. Results: A wide variety of methods exist for reducing malar festoons. Discussion: Each procedure for minimizing festoons has a rationale that addresses one or more anatomic features, but none represents a method that results in universal correction. A multimodality approach may be favorable based on specific patient findings.
Are Your Liposuction Cannulas and Handle-Cannulas a Potential Problem if Used for Autologous Fat Graft/Transfer?
Authors: Shippert Ron 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: To create surgeon awareness that some liposuction instruments should not be used for harvest and reinjection during autologous fat grafting (AFG), to outline which instruments need special cleaning techniques, and to increase awareness of available customized devices that will eliminate the accumulation of debris in defect areas. Methods: The author examined 13 common liposuction handles and 22 liposuction cannulas noting their construction and ease of cleaning by brush and pressured water. Internal examination of the handles was done by cutting them in half longitudinally observing the pathway of the fat during harvest. The cannulas were examined by probing the tips of the cannulas to determine if blind pockets were present. Results: A few of the instruments had an acceptable continuous pathway and no problem cleaning areas. However, 10 of the 13 liposuction handles had severe drop-offs and cracks that would be very difficult to clean, and 18 out of the 22 cannulas contained a blind pocket in their distal tip. The most common structural problem for the handles was the severe drop-off but the most serious problem for the handles was the crack. The most common and serious problem for the cannulas was the tip blind pocket. These areas would require special cleaning efforts to qualify for use during AFG/T. Discussion: When AFG became a more popular procedure, surgeons adapted by using liposuction instruments for harvest and reinjection. However, because fat transfer involves reinjecting fat back into the body, the instruments must be easy to clean. Most liposuction instruments are built to transport liposuction waste fat only; thus, they have a crude interior design with drop-offs and pockets that make them difficult to clean. Some of these devices can harbor pockets of old tissue. In general, if the pathway is continuous and is not interrupted by drop-offs or blind pockets, the instrument can be used for both liposuction and AFG. If, however, there are drop-offs and/or blind pockets, the surgeon should make certain the unit is dismantled and every area cleaned manually between procedures or should turn to the many customized instruments for AFG. Conclusions: The decision to purchase and use liposuction instruments for AFG should be made only after the surgeon has examined the product and is confident that the pathway has no drop-offs and/or blind pockets that make it difficult to clean. Custom AFG instruments are available that are constructed in a manner that negates the need for special cleaning procedures.
Laser-Assisted Liposculpture Improves Male Gynecomastia Outcomes with Minimal Scarring
Authors: Schafer Jeffry B. , Montgomery Jennifer A. 
Published: January 2017

Background: Currently, 36% to 40% of men have gynecomastia. Most cases involve excessive subareolar glandular development, an enlarged subareolar region, and adipose cells. When obesity is present, gynecomastia is complicated by the intertwining of glandular breast tissue with enlarged adipose cells. Although direct excision has been the standard technique for fat removal, it is often accompanied by periareolar scars, skin laxity, and other adverse events. Laser-assisted liposculpture removes adipose and glandular tissue in gynecomastia with postsurgical contraction of the skin. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the use of laser-assisted liposculpture for removing glandular and adipose tissue in gynecomastia. Materials/Participants/Methods: Forty men (aged 30 to 35 years) with gynecomastia underwent treatment in both breasts with laser-assisted liposculpture. Most participants were overweight but in good overall health. Using Klein's double-strength solution as a local anesthetic, breast tissue was treated using a 4-mm Blugerman disruptor for 3–5 minutes on each side until the tissue became morsalized. Laser-assisted lipolysis was then used on the subareolar bud and remaining fatty and fibrous breast tissue to create tissue coagulation and skin contraction. Energy levels of 1000 J per pass were used, and total energy applied to each breast ranged from 3000 to 5000 J. After treatment, components of the destroyed adipocytes were removed by negative pressure (350–450 mm Hg) through a 3-mm cannula. The small incisions did not require sutures. Patients were examined for symmetry between the treated breasts. Diluted triamcinolone (0.1 mL Kenalog 40 mg/0.9 mL sterile water) was injected beneath the areolar complex to reduce swelling. Patient satisfaction with skin tightening, chest contour, skin smoothness, and reduction of areolar size was graded on a scale of 0 to 10. Results: Postsurgical photographs showed reductions in breast tissue volume and more masculine-appearing chests. Patient expectations for outcome were met; satisfaction was generally 8 or higher. Discussion: Two earlier studies and the present study show that use of laser-guided lipolysis results in cellular lysis and collagen neoformation. Laser-assisted lipolysis and traditional liposculpture have similar risks and complications: increased asymmetry, waviness, pitting, and cobble-stoning or sagging in breasts. Patients may also develop hematomas, seromas, nerve damage, hypertrophic scars, infection/sepsis, bleeding, persistent edema, and allergic reaction. Conclusion: The SmartLipo and SlimLipo laser-assisted liposculpture systems can be used on most anatomic regions. Both offer reduced treatment time, smoother skin and less contour deformities, improved healing, less bruising, and reduced pain compared with traditional lipolysis.
Higher-Level Skills in the UK
Authors: Connor Helen 
Published: January 2017

This article provides an overview of current trends in the supply of higher-level skills in the UK. The author suggests that at higher levels increasing the supply of qualified people is unlikely to be an adequate measure to gain international competitive advantage, and that greater attention needs to given to increasing the quality (in terms of better and more relevant skills) and to stimulating demand for graduates in the wider economy. It is, she argues, difficult to justify expansion of the higher education sector in the absence of evidence of an increased requirement on the part of employers to match any growth in supply. The articles that follow in this ‘Special Focus’ on skills needs discuss specific aspects of the labour market for higher-level skills. Gill Court considers the labour market for graduates in the USA and the lessons for other countries of moving to a mass higher education system; Helen Lawton Smith looks at national laboratories and the effects that recent political decisions have had on their role in skill supply and skill renewal; and finally Gill Court and Nick dagger assess data on the recruitment of non-national staff to research centres, highlighting the extent of the European mobility of scientists and engineers.
Extensive white matter lesions after 2 years of fingolimod: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy or MS relapse?
Authors: Boudot de la Motte Marine , Louapre Céline , Bertrand Anne , Reach Pauline , Lubetzki Catherine , Papeix Caroline , Maillart Elisabeth 
Published: January 2017

Background: Fingolimod is a widely used treatment for highly active relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. Objectives: To describe the case of a 27-year-old patient treated for more than 2 years by Fingolimod, who presented hemiplegia and speech disturbances associated with extensive white matter lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: Case study. Results: Although initial presentation questioned the possibility of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, final diagnosis was multiple sclerosis (MS) relapse. Appropriate treatment resulted in clinical and radiological improvement. Conclusion: Severe MS relapses under Fingolimod have been reported, but late onset after treatment initiation and extensive subcortical topography is unusual and represents a diagnostic challenge.
Review: The potential benefits of aldosterone antagonism in Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Davies Justine , Struthers Allan 
Published: January 2017

Interest in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has increased since the development of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. It has been discovered that the potential uses of this class of treatment extend far beyond their initial developmental role as antihypertensives, and they are now used routinely in the treatment of heart failure, nephropathy, myocardial infarction and diabetes. However, there is more to RAAS blockade than just inhibition of angiotensin II, and inhibition of aldosterone is becoming recognised as an additional therapeutic manoeuvre in chronic heart failure.1 Since inhibition of the RAAS at the level of ACE is now seen to be an important therapy in diabetes; 2 the purpose of this article is to explore the potential benefits of additional aldosterone inhibition in Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Evaluation of the utilization of primary healthcare staff for control of oral cancer
Authors: Amarasinghe AAHK , Usgodaarachchi US , Johnson NW 
Published: January 2017

Background: Population-based screening programmes utilizing primary healthcare (PHC) staff have been undertaken in several countries with high incidence of oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). Objective: The main objective of this study is to re-evaluate the utilization of PHC staff for the detection of OPMD and the early detection of oral cancer. Methods: A cross-sectional community-based study was done in the Sabaragamuwa province in Sri Lanka by conducting interview and oral examination on 1029 subjects aged 30 years or more, over a 1 year period from November 2006. The study protocol included an interviewer-administered questionnaire to gather sociodemographic factors and lifestyle habits. A 2-day training programme involving didactic sessions followed by practical field training was held for all local PHC staff ( n = 67). Subjects screened by PHC staff were re-examined by the principal investigator (PI) to assess the validity of the screening. Results: A total of 685 subjects were screened by both PHC staff and the PI. In terms of the detection of any abnormality, sensitivity of the screening by PHC workers was 63%, with a specificity of 82.6%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 24.8% and negative predictive value of 96.1%. Of the various OPMDs, poor agreement was noted in the detection of early oral submucous fibrosis. Among intra-oral sites missed by PHC staff, surprisingly high numbers were in the buccal mucosa and commissures. Conclusion: Low sensitivity and PPV in the present study indicate the necessity for improved training and facilities for better visualization of all intra-oral sites and/or an entirely different approach. An alternative strategy based on determining risk factors in the lives of individuals, with referral to local government dental clinics, could be a better option for screening for early detection of oral cancer in the South Asian scenario.
Twelve-lead electrocardiogram and mortality in young adults after ischaemic stroke
Authors: Pirinen Jani , Putaala Jukka , Aarnio Karoliina , Aro Aapo L , Mustanoja Satu , Sinisalo Juha , Kaste Markku , Haapaniemi Elena , Tatlisumak Turgut , Lehto Mika 
Published: January 2017

Introduction Ischaemic stroke at young age carries an increased risk for mortality in comparison to the general population, but factors associated with mortality have been poorly studied. We studied the role of electrocardiogram in mortality risk stratification in young stroke patients. Patients and methods The Helsinki Young Stroke Registry encompasses 1008 patients aged <50 years with ischaemic stroke. We included 690 patients for this electrocardiogram substudy. Our endpoints were all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Cox regression models – adjusted for clinical and demographic characteristics – were used to identify the electrocardiogram parameters associated with these endpoints. Results At a mean follow-up of 8.8 years, cumulative all-cause and cardiovascular mortality were 16.1 and 9.1%, respectively. Factors associated with both endpoints included diabetes (type 1 for all-cause, type 2 for cardiovascular mortality), heavy drinking, malignancy, as well as stroke severity and aetiology. Of the electrocardiogram parameters, higher heart rate (hazard ratio 1.35 per 10/min, 95% confidence interval 1.21–1.49), a shorter P-wave (hazard ratio 0.78 per 10 ms decrement, 0.64–0.92) and longer QTc interval (1.09 per 10 ms, 1.03–1.16) were associated with increased all-cause mortality. Only a higher heart rate (1.42 per 10/min, 1.24–1.60) was associated with death from cardiovascular causes. Conclusions A higher heart rate during the subacute phase after stroke is associated with an elevated risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in young adults. A longer QTc interval is associated only with higher all-cause mortality. P-wave characteristics and their possible association with mortality need further studies.