bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Violence and War
Authors: Dos Santos M.A. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionIn a globalized world, violence, present in all forms and in all places, is a public health problem with serious early or late consequences for the mental health of those who are direct or indirect victims. Violence is avoidable and preventable and is not evenly distributed by population groups or regions being among the top 20 causes worldwide of years lost due to disability and with a projected increase by 2030 according to the World Health Organization (Mathers, Fat & Boerma, 2008).MethodologyThe search was made on ScienceDirect database, using the following keywords: posttraumatic stress disorder; violence and war. It was included documents in English published between 2004 and 2015; as well as textbooks and documents officers.DiscussionViolence is a risk factor for the disorder of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) which, in turn, is also a risk factor for perpetrating violence. The PTSD can occur when a person faces or faces an unexpected traumatic stressor, such as war, violent personal assault, have been held hostage or kidnapped confinement as a prisoner of war, torture, terrorist attack, or serious car accidents (Javidi & Yadollahie, 2012). The costs of violence are high and its routinization for a living have important effects on mental health.ConsiderationsStudies in relation to PTSD and violence are necessary for us to have a better understanding of the phenomenon and its consequences for public health, as well as to promote the mental health of all.References not available.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Challenging MCMI-III Results With In-Depth Psychometric Assessment and Lacter & Lehmann (2008) Complex Trauma Guidelines
Authors: Kurz R. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionComplex trauma resulting from neglect and abuse in early childhood is frequently misdiagnosed.ObjectiveThis presentation shares emerging “best assessment practices” that help to differentiate complex trauma from Schizophrenia.AimsThe case study demonstrates that a wide-ranging psychometric assessment and the application of Lacter & Lehmann (2008) guidelines provide accurate results while MCMI-III results can be spurious.Method“Unbelievable” disclosures of an adult survivor prompted a search for scientific references, experiences in the survivor scene and historical examples. Work-related personality questionnaires, in-depth ability tests and Lacter & Lehmann (2008) guidelines were deployed to differentiate complex trauma from an erroneous diagnosis based largely on MCMI-III results.ResultsThe research identified measurement issues with the MCMI-III clinical personality questionnaire that generated spurious elevations on Narcissistic, Delusional and Paranoid scales. Work-related personality questionnaires provided much more useful information showing no “personality disorder” risks at all. WAIS results confirmed an earlier “Twice Exceptional” ability pattern with very high verbal IQ (95%ile) and extraordinarily poor auditory working memory (2nd%ile) i.e. a “Dyslexia” performance pattern. Lacter & Lehmann (2008) guidelines showed that none of the 42 schizophrenia indicators applied and only 1/3 of the complex trauma indicators.ConclusionMental health professionals must remain cognizant to the chilling notion that extreme abusers may “frame” victims in order to make them “appear” schizophrenic. As MCMI-III was developed originally for those seeking therapy, its use in forensic settings with the general population should be avoided. Tests do not diagnose people – people do!Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
PTSD And Quality of Life Among Firefighters and Municipal Police Forces
Authors: Lima C. , Maia Â. , Ferreira R. , Magalhães A. , Nunes H. , Pinheiro S. , Ribeiro L. , Rodrigues C. , Santos P. , Santos V. , Teles R. 
Published: May 2016

Research has shown that PTSD is prevalent among firefighters and police forces and that Quality of Life (QoL) is seriously compromised in individuals suffering from PTSD. However, QoL studies with these professionals are scarce. This study results from a screening program held by the Portuguese Red Cross (PRC) aiming to analyze predictors of QoL. Participants were 95 firefighters and municipal police officers. They answered the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-5) in order to evaluate the prevalence of PTSD symptoms, as well as measures of social support (3-Item Oslo Social Support Scale) and QoL (EUROHIS-QOL-8). From the results, there were no group differences regarding total PTSD, social support or QoL and 10% of participants reported enough symptoms to PTSD diagnostic. Social Support and PTSD explained 25% of QoL variance, PTSD symptoms explaining 10% (negative beta) and, in the second step, social support explained 15%. The results suggest that it would be important to include QoL as an outcome measure in clinical and research work in these populations, with special attention to PTSD and social support.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Differences in Psychiatrists’ and Psychologists’ Classification of Trauma-Related Changes of Consciousness in PTSD
Authors: Schmidt T. , Uldall S.W. , Carlsson J. , Munk-Jørgensen P. , Andersen K. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionMental trauma may precede persistent changes in a person's mental health in the form of psychosis and dissociation. Presently, there are no subtypes to the diagnosis of PTSD. A psychotic subtype of PTSD has been proposed, and studies show that these patients differ as well in symptoms as biologically from patients with non-psychotic PTSD. Dissociation and psychosis are generally viewed as different phenomena. Where dissociation is understood as a disintegration of the mind, psychosis is viewed as a neurodegenerative disorder on a mainly biological/genetic basis. The delineation of psychotic and dissociative symptoms is not clear however.ObjectivesOur objective is to clarify, whether psychologists and psychiatrists describe trauma-related changes of consciousness (TCC) differently as dissociative or psychotic. Furthermore, we wish to compare scientific journals, and look for differences in how psychiatrists’ and psychologists’ make use of the terms dissociation and psychosis in relation to TCC.AimsWe aim to investigate whether TCC are interpreted differently among psychiatrists and psychologists.MethodsThis study is a systematic critical review of the literature. The databases PubMed, Embase and PsychInfo will be used. Articles involving PTSD with TCC will be included. Studies will be classified as viewing TCC's as either psychotic or dissociative, based on the terms the authors use to describe the observed phenomena.ResultsThe results will be presented at the EPA in March 2016 in Madrid.ConclusionThe study will reveal differences in how psychiatrists and psychologists classify TCC's in PTSD.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Clinical-Psychopathological Peculiarities of the Prodromal Stage of Psychosis
Authors: Maruta N.O. , Kutikov O.Y. , Bilous V.S. , Zakal K.Y. , Yaroslavtsev S.O. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionUnder conditions of growing of mental pathology in population, the European Psychiatric Association proposes an early detection of such pathology and timely medical interventions as the main strategy. First of all, this concerns psychoses at whole, and schizophrenia particularly, as the most disabling mental disorders. Here, a special role belongs to early interventions in the prodromal stage of psychosis (PSP). Such interventions might prevent development of the pathological process, promote solving of everyday and financial problems of patients, an early restoring of cognitive deficits and social functioning.AimTo investigate clinical-psychopathological peculiarities and quality of life (QoL) of patients with PSP 72 patients (first hospitalization) with acute polymorph psychotic disorder (F23.0, F23.1) were examined both in the format of real time and retrospectively.MethodsA clinical-psychopathological and psychometric (PANSS, Scale of Suicidal Risk, SOPS, Scale for Detection of Clinical-Dynamic Variant of Course of Prodromal Period, PAS-SI) methods; the Method for Assessment of Integrative QoL Index.ResultsIn the patients clinical-psychopathological impairments in the PSP period manifested in form of a lowered stress tolerability (80.5%), agitation (40.2%), anxious conditions (72.2%), tension, concentration and attention problems (68.0%), sleep disorders (93.0%), contents of thoughts (56.9%). The patients had low QoL indexes on scales of personality realization (81.9%), psychological well-being (87.5%), and a general QoL impression (95.8%).ConclusionsThe abovementioned clinical manifestations should be considered as PSP diagnostic criteria, which open possibilities for an early interventions and prevention of consequences of this pathology.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
A Creative Experience in the Treatment of Patients in Mental Health
Authors: Jaber J. , Humel S. , Reys B. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionThe work describes a well-succeeded experience in the utilization of art therapy in a psychiatric clinic in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The clinic is concentrated on the treatment of diverse mental disorders, in special, the disorder due to the use of psychoactive substances.ObjectiveTo present new and creative therapeutic ways inside the hospital for the treatment of patients having diverse psychiatric disorders, especially disorders due to the use of psychoactive substances.AimsDemonstrate the decrease of resistance to the treatment under the hospital system, the strengthening of the therapeutic alliance, the appreciation of the therapeutic space and the well-being promotion during the treatment.MethodsOne hundred and twenty patients, in a clinic for psychiatric treatment, participated in this therapeutic project, which offered psychological treatment through artistic and creative processes, promoting the possibility of experiencing their recovery through the realization of a Carnival programming inside the therapeutic setting.ResultsAll patients showed good acceptance to the workshops and participated in the presentations. Over the workshops, the patients also received therapeutic approaches and worked personal difficulties, which came up along the therapeutic process.ConclusionsThrough the project development, the patients showed excellent investment and appreciation of the alliance and therapeutic space, demonstrating the great potential of the psychological treatment, through the creative processes of art therapy.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Different Attitudes Toward Psychiatry and Psychiatric Patients in Nursing Students: Can Personal Experiences Reduce Stigma?
Authors: Pascucci M. , Rubini G. , Stella E. , La Montagna M. , Capobianco F. , Ventriglio A. , De Angelis A. , Parente P. , Janiri L. , Pozzi G. , Di Nunzio V. , Piemontese G. , Bellomo A. 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundPsychiatric patients often do not receive the same health treatment reserved for patients with no mental disorders. Stigma in mental-health nurses can worsen the patients’ healing time and quality of care.ObjectiveTo explore the different attitudes towards mental illness and psychiatry in nursing students (NS) of the first and the final year of university, and the importance of having visited a psychiatric ward and having known a psychiatric patient.MethodsFifty NS completed the following tests:– Community attitudes towards mental ill (CAMI);– Attitudes towards psychiatry (ATP-30);– Empathy quotient (EQ).ResultsNS of the final year differ significantly from those of the first year in 4 CAMI items, in Authoritarianism subscale (P = 0.041), Social Restrictiveness (P = 0.029) and Community Mental Health Ideology (P = 0.045), indicating a more mature and responsible approach to psychiatric patients, without considering them a threat to be secluded. EQ does not show a significant difference in empathy, not even considering the individual items. Final year NS also have more positive attitudes toward Psychiatry in 3 ATP-30 items and total score (P = 0.01). Those who visited a psychiatric ward have more positive attitudes towards mental illness and Psychiatry, in 6 CAMI items and 3 ATP-30 items. Having personally known a psychiatric patient leads to positive attitudes in only a few CAMI items.ConclusionsLast-year NS, who have had more direct relationships with patients through practical training, have more empathetic and less stigmatizing attitudes. It is also very useful to attend a psychiatric ward during the nursing training.Normal 0 14 false false false IT X-NONE X-NONE.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Management And Psychiatric Manifestations Of Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis, A Case Report
Authors: Gallego R. , Flores A. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionAnti-NMDA receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis, formally recognized in 2007 by Dalmau et al, is an autoimmune disorder with a complex presentation that includes psychiatric symptoms, memory deficits, and autonomic instability. The exact incidence is unknown but age, gender, and ethnicity may all play a role. Presence of antibodies against the GluN1 subunit of the NMDAR in the CSF and serum confirm the diagnosis of NMDAR encephalitis.Case reportWe report the case of a previously healthy, 19-year-old woman, 6 weeks pregnant. She had a generalized tonic-clonic seizure followed by psychiatric symptoms, including insomnia, emotional lability, delusions, and disorganized behavior. During the course of the disease, she demonstrated speech impairments and catatonic features associated with abnormal movements.She was provided lorazepam 1 mg twice a day to treat her catatonic symptoms, her insomnia and her speech improved. Olanzapine was introduced, reaching a dose of 20 mg/day for managing psychosis and agitation.DiscussionNMDA-R encephalitis is a novel disorder with prominent psychiatric manifestations that is widely underdiagnosed. Neuroleptics may be helpful for managing psychosis and agitation, but may exacerbate movement abnormalities. Benzodiazepines are helpful for agitation, insomnia and catatonia associated with this condition.ConclusionEarlier recognition of this illness is crucial as prompt diagnosis and multidisciplinary treatment, can potentially improve prognosis. There is an increasing need for psychiatrists to become aware of the disorder and consider it in their differential diagnosis, specially in patients with new onset psychosis, history of encephalitis or subtle neurological symptoms. Careful selection of psychopharmacological interventions may reduce suffering.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Aids Mania – Is It A Potential Indicator to Initiate HAART?
Authors: Marinho M. , Marques J. , Bragança M. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionMania occurs in higher rates among individuals with HIV/AIDS, especially with the progression of HIV infection, and constitutes an additional risk factor for facilitate the HIV spread.ObjectiveTo provide an overview of secondary mania in HIV-infected patients.MethodsLiterature review based on PubMed/Medline, using the keywords “HIV”, “AIDS” and “mania”.ResultsSecondary mania or AIDS mania may be due to illicit or prescribed drugs, CNS infection with HIV, medical illness, including opportunistic infections. Of these, HIV neurotoxicity has been proposed to be the most important factor in its pathogenesis. Mania AIDS differs from primary mania with regard to clinical presentation, course, management and prognosis. The authors will analyze them. Besides decrease to treatment adherence, maniac symptoms also predispose to HIV risk behaviors, which may lead to further HIV transmission. Importantly, the occurrence of HIV mania may announce the transition from HIV infection to AIDS perhaps before other clinical signs are evident. Early recognition and treatment of manic symptoms with mood stabilisers, antipsychotics and HAART improve quality of life, protect from further cognitive deterioration and decrease mortality. In these patients, medication side-effects toxicity, drug interactions, and adherence require special attention.ConclusionsMania has been associated with HIV/AIDS and in many instances acts as a barrier to achieving best treatment outcomes. Thus, psychiatrists need to be aware of the complexities involved in the emergence of manic episodes in HIV-infected patients in order to deal with them in the most appropriate and effective manner.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Modulation of the Nuclear Factor (Erythroid 2-Derived)-Like 2 Pathway by Antidepressants In Rats
Authors: Martín Hernández D. , Bris Á.G. , MacDowell K.S. , Sayd A. , Azpiazu D. , Alba M.T. , Torres G. , García-Bueno B. , Madrigal J.L.M. , Leza J.C. , Caso J.R. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionPatients with major depression who are otherwise medically healthy have activated inflammatory pathways. It has been described that depression is not only escorted by inflammation but also by induction of multiple oxidative/nitrosative stress pathways. Nevertheless, there are finely regulated mechanisms involved in preserving cells from damage, such as the nuclear factor Nrf2.AimsTo explore in a depression-like model the Nrf2 pathway in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the hippocampus of rats and to analyze which classic antidepressants affect the antioxidant activity of the Nrf2 pathway.MethodsMale Wistar rats were exposed to chronic mild stress (CMS) and some of them were treated with desipramine, escitalopram or duloxetine. We studied the expression in the PFC and hippocampus of upstream and downstream elements of the Nrf2 pathway and the oxidative damage induced by the CMS.ResultsAfter exposure to a CMS protocol, in the PFC, there is an inhibition of upstream and downstream elements of the Nrf2 pathway. Moreover, antidepressant treatments, particularly desipramine and duloxetine, are able to recover some of these elements and to reduce the oxidative damage induced by the depression model. In the hippocampus however, Nrf2 pathways are not that affected and antidepressants do not have many actions.ConclusionsNrf2 pathway is differentially regulated by antidepressants in the PFC and hippocampus. The Nrf2 pathway is involved in the oxidative/nitrosative damage detected in the PFC after CMS exposure. However, it seems that Nrf2 is not very involved in the effects caused by the CMS in the hippocampus.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Folie à Deux: Shared or “Infected” Madness? About a Case Report
Authors: Soriano M.Á. , Garcia C. 
Published: May 2016

The shared madness or Folie à deux was described in France in the nineteenth century by Charles Lasage and Pierre Falret, as a condition where a person (the primary) builds a delusional system, sharing it with another (the secondary), who must be very close to the first affected, becoming delirious with the same subject. Several theories attempt to explain the phenomenon that challenges theories of personality structures, rooted in relational and/or environmental features of psychosis. Theoretically, there are many attempts to classify this psychotic experien in some manuals they distinguish various types of partners: the simultaneous psychosis, where the two people start to became delirious at once; imposed psychosis, in which the disorder arises first with one, then going on to “healthy” individual and symptomatology disappears after being separated; and communicated psychosis, where the first transmitted the psychotic experience to the second, and he or she develops his or her own delusion not interrupted even while separated. Other classifications about shared madness not only between two people, but three, and four, even a whole family show us how complicated the delirium systems can become. In our paper, we will discuss the different theories explaining this rare psychiatric condition based on a case about two brothers of 35 and 37, who live together with the rest of the family, and also come together to the same mental health center, although with different psychiatrists.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Cryptococcal Meningitis in Acute Onset Psychosis: A Case-Study
Authors: Michielsen P. , Arts M. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionCryptococcal meningitis is a frequently observed opportunistic infection in patients with late-stage HIV-infection, especially among people living in South-East Asia and Central Africa. The worldwide incidence is estimated at one million cases. The worldwide mortality of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis remains high (10–30%), due to the inadequacy of antifungal treatments and complications of increased intracranial pressure. Clinical symptoms of cryptococcal meningitis are fever, headache, vomiting, and altered mental status. Neck stiffness, papiledema, and focal neurological symptoms are sometimes present.ObjectivesWe describe the case of a patient who first developed a delirium, and a few months later an acute-onset psychosis, after a past cryptococcal infection.AimsTo report a case-study describing acute-onset psychosis as a neuropsychiatric consequence of HIV-infection.MethodsA case-study is presented and discussed, followed by a literature review.ResultsA 49-year-old African-born male was admitted to hospital with an acute psychosis. He had been treated by an internist after being found to have HIV. As a result of non-compliance over a period of about four months, his cd4-count had dropped to 40. Six months earlier he had developed cryptococcal meningitis, which left him a number of neurological and psychiatric symptoms. During his stay in hospital, there had to be good collaboration with the specialist in internal medicine whose dual task was to manage the patient's dramatically low cd4-count as well as his psychosis.ConclusionCryptococcal meningitis is a risk factor for psychiatric disorders and mortality in HIV-infected persons.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
The psychopathology scan from the phenomenology
Authors: Rodrígue Vargas S. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionThis is a doctrinal movement that seeks to analyze mental illness without reductionism and seeks to grasp the nearest as possible to the reality of the patient.AimsThis is the analysis of an event, a concept, a feeling, trying to grasp as it is lived by the subject and in the direction you may have for him.MethodsReview of literature.ResultsIt was the first approach to the knowledge of the pathological experience and was the first scientific model to characterize the mental pathology. It was the central doctrine of psychiatry until the end of World War II, when the hegemony of the German psychiatric science gave way to the views that are primarily developed in Anglo-Saxon countries (psychoanalysis and behavioral psychology), although some European countries such as Germany and Spain continued growing until the 1980s, when it culminated in the publication of the DSM-III (1980).ConclusionsThese approaches are “old fashioned” but are essential to understand and know the reality of human sick, “mentally ill man.”Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.