bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLE EVENT ASSOCIATED WITH THE 2012 JULY 23 EXTREME SOLAR STORM
Authors: Zhu Bei , Liu Ying D. , Luhmann Janet G. , Hu Huidong , Wang Rui , Yang Zhongwei 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We study the solar energetic particle (SEP) event associated with the 2012 July 23 extreme solar storm, for which Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) and the spacecraft at L1 provide multi-point remote sensing and in situ observations. The extreme solar storm, with a superfast shock and extremely enhanced ejecta magnetic fields observed near 1 au at STEREO A, was caused by the combination of successive coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Meanwhile, energetic particles were observed by STEREO and near-Earth spacecraft such as the Advanced Composition Explorer and SOlar and Heliospheric Observatory, suggesting a wide longitudinal spread of the particles at 1 au. Combining the SEP observations with in situ plasma and magnetic field measurements, we investigate the longitudinal distribution of the SEP event in connection with the associated shock and CMEs. Our results underscore the complex magnetic configuration of the inner heliosphere formed by solar eruptions. Examination of particle intensities, proton anisotropy distributions, element abundance ratios, magnetic connectivity, and spectra also gives important clues for particle acceleration, transport, and distribution.
SENSITIVITY OF THE CHERENKOV TELESCOPE ARRAY TO THE DETECTION OF INTERGALACTIC MAGNETIC FIELDS
Authors: Meyer Manuel , Conrad Jan , Dickinson Hugh 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Very high energy (VHE; energy E ≳ 100 GeV) γ-rays originating from extragalactic sources undergo pair production with low-energy photons of background radiation fields. These pairs can inverse-Compton-scatter background photons, initiating an electromagnetic cascade. The spatial and temporal structure of this secondary γ-ray signal is altered as the

pairs are deflected in an intergalactic magnetic field (IGMF). We investigate how VHE observations with the future Cherenkov Telescope Array, with its high angular resolution and broad energy range, can potentially probe the IGMF. We identify promising sources and simulate γ-ray spectra over a wide range of values of the IGMF strength and coherence length using the publicly available ELMAG Monte Carlo code. Combining simulated observations in a joint likelihood approach, we find that current limits on the IGMF can be significantly improved. The projected sensitivity depends strongly on the time a source has been γ-ray active and on the emitted maximum γ-ray energy.
THE CHANDRA COSMOS-LEGACY SURVEY: THE z > 3 SAMPLE
Authors: Marchesi S. , Civano F. , Salvato M. , Shankar F. , Comastri A. , Elvis M. , Lanzuisi G. , Trakhtenbrot B. , Vignali C. , Zamorani G. , Allevato V. , Brusa M. , Fiore F. , Gilli R. , Griffiths R. , Hasinger G. , Miyaji T. , Schawinski K. , Treister E. , Urry C. M. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We present the largest high-redshift (3 < z < 6.85) sample of X-ray-selected active galactic nuclei (AGNs) on a contiguous field, using sources detected in the Chandra COSMOS-Legacy survey. The sample contains 174 sources, 87 with spectroscopic redshift and the other 87 with photometric redshift (z
phot). In this work, we treat z
phot as a probability-weighted sum of contributions, adding to our sample the contribution of sources with z
phot < 3 but z
phot probability distribution >0 at z > 3. We compute the number counts in the observed 0.5–2 keV band, finding a decline in the number of sources at z > 3 and constraining phenomenological models of the X-ray background. We compute the AGN space density at z > 3 in two different luminosity bins. At higher luminosities (logL(2–10 keV) > 44.1 erg s−1), the space density declines exponentially, dropping by a factor of ∼20 from z ∼ 3 to z ∼ 6. The observed decline is ∼80% steeper at lower luminosities (43.55 erg s−1 < logL(2–10 keV) < 44.1 erg s−1) from z ∼ 3 to z ∼ 4.5. We study the space density evolution dividing our sample into optically classified Type 1 and Type 2 AGNs. At logL(2–10 keV) > 44.1 erg s−1, unobscured and obscured objects may have different evolution with redshift, with the obscured component being three times higher at z ∼ 5. Finally, we compare our space density with predictions of quasar activation merger models, whose calibration is based on optically luminous AGNs. These models significantly overpredict the number of expected AGNs at logL (2–10 keV) > 44.1 erg s−1 with respect to our data.
FLUX CANCELLATION AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE ERUPTIVE FILAMENT OF 2011 JUNE 7
Authors: Yardley S. L. , Green L. M. , Williams D. R. , van Driel-Gesztelyi L. , Valori G. , Dacie S. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We investigate whether flux cancellation is responsible for the formation of a very massive filament resulting in the spectacular eruption on 2011 June 7. We analyze and quantify the amount of flux cancellation that occurs in NOAA AR 11226 and its two neighboring active regions (ARs 11227 & 11233) using line-of-sight magnetograms from the Heliospheric Magnetic Imager. During a 3.6 day period building up to the eruption of the filament, 1.7 × 1021 Mx, 21% of AR 11226's maximum magnetic flux, was canceled along the polarity inversion line (PIL) where the filament formed. If the flux cancellation continued at the same rate up until the eruption then up to 2.8 × 1021 Mx (34% of the AR flux) may have been built into the magnetic configuration that contains the filament plasma. The large flux cancellation rate is due to an unusual motion of the positive-polarity sunspot, which splits, with the largest section moving rapidly toward the PIL. This motion compresses the negative polarity and leads to the formation of an orphan penumbra where one end of the filament is rooted. Dense plasma threads above the orphan penumbra build into the filament, extending its length, and presumably injecting material into it. We conclude that the exceptionally strong flux cancellation in AR 11226 played a significant role in the formation of its unusually massive filament. In addition, the presence and coherent evolution of bald patches in the vector magnetic field along the PIL suggest that the magnetic field configuration supporting the filament material is that of a flux rope.
Humanity’s perceived right to life and the impact thereof on the environment: A perspective from Deuteronomy 20:19–20
Authors: Van der Walt Chris 
Published: August 2016

Humanity’s day to day activities are currently impacting on the natural environment in a way unknown before. Although the destruction of natural resources in times of war is prohibited by the Geneva Conventions, it is currently also happening during periods of peace. The reason for this is the undisputed right to life that humans appropriate themselves regardless of the impact of their acts on the environment. According to Deuteronomy 20 all human life is not of equal value and not necessarily superior to life in nature. Deuteronomy 20 challenges conventional thinking on the subject of human-nature relationships. It is also challenged in Jewish Halachic thinking, the practicality of primitive Eskimo’s attitude towards life and nature, as well as Assyrian acts during war. In these societies the dependence of humans on nature in order to ensure survival, was acknowledged. Currently a paradigm shift away from the anthropocentric attitude towards nature is needed to accommodate the conviction that functionality and potentiality should form part of our philosophy concerning the right to life. A new set of moral rules should be established, taking into account the fact that an endeavour to prolong human life indefinitely should not be desirable because it is to the detriment of nature and thus to humanity itself.
Assessing the usefulness of electroencephalography in psychiatry: Outcome of referrals at a psychiatric hospital
Authors: Molokomme Molokashe , Subramaney Ugasvaree 
Published: August 2016

<p>This retrospective study was conducted at Sterkfontein psychiatric hospital in Gauteng. The objectives included investigating reasons for referral to conduct an electroencephalography (EEG) and to determine whether EEG findings have impact on clinical management. Source data included EEG reports over an 18-month period and clinical records. The total sample was 85 adult inpatients (53 males; 32 females). Seizure disorder exclusion was the main reason for EEG referral (69.0%). Seventy-four (87.0%) records were normal, 7 (8.2%) were abnormal 2 (2.4%) were inconclusive and 2 (2.4%) EEG reports were unavailable. There was no statistically significant correlation between abnormal EEG results and demographic variables, symptoms admission diagnosis and medications. EEG recording demonstrated a low yield of abnormal results. In this study, EEG results did not appear to influence the treating psychiatrists regarding management, but this could be as a result of the small sample size. As interactions between psychiatric conditions and epilepsy are important and well established, negative EEGs are indeed useful and it is recommended that clinicians should carefully consider which patients should be referred for EEGs.</p>
Affective Domain: The Relationship between Teachers’ Affective Factors and EFL Students’ Motivation
Authors: Amini Ranjbar Nahid , Haddad Narafshan Mehry 
Published: August 2016

<p>When students are motivated to learn, they try harder to understand the material and thereby learn more deeply, resulting in a better ability to transfer what they have learned to new situations. This study aimed at investigating the relationship between teachers’ affective factors (motivation, anxiety, attitude, and self-confidence) and students’ motivation in EFL classrooms. Affective factors in language learning act as a barrier that filtrates the amount of input in learners’ brain. Some students have very weak performance on the second language acquisition because they have little or no motivation. Ignoring the relationship between teachers’ affective factors and students learning will have negative influence on the teaching and learning process. In order to conduct the study, the quantitative research method was used. In this study, 160 pre-intermediate female EFL students were selected randomly as the sample size from four English language institutes in Rafsanjan. The students were asked to answer two questionnaires (teachers’ affective factors questionnaire and students’ motivation questionnaire).The results revealed that the students’ instrumental motivation was more than their integrative motivation and the teachers’ integrative motivation was the most important factor in predicating the students’ motivation. Additionally, there was no relationship between students’ age range and their motivation for learning English.<strong></strong></p>
Pressupostos epistemológicos, concepções de arte e de educação: conexões para pensarmos o ensino de arte no Brasil em sua fase pré-moderna
Authors: Sérvio Pablo 
Published: August 2016

Este artigo apresenta os pressupostos epistemológicos empirista e racionalista, descreve suas diferenças e semelhanças, e aponta a relação destes com certas concepções de arte e educação. Inicialmente traça relações entre estes pressupostos epistemológicos com concepções de educação inatista e ambientalista e em seguida com concepções de arte baseadas nas noções plantonista e naturalista de mimese. Termina pontuando reverberações sobre práticas de ensino de arte no Brasil em sua fase pré-moderna. Enviado em: 22 de maio de 2016.Aprovado em: 05 de agosto de 2016.
Pesquisa...educação...um olhar sobre a formação docente no estágio curricular supervisionado em artes visuais
Authors: Neuscharank Angélica 
Published: August 2016

Esta escrita se propõe a compartilhar algumas experiências referentes a docência orientada realizada na disciplina de estágio curricular supervisionado, no curso de graduação em Artes Visuais, tendo em vista, o olhar para com o professor-pesquisador e a potencialidade da problematização nesses espaços formativos. Trata-se de experienciar as diferentes instâncias da docência no ensino superior em uma disciplina que vivencia os processos de formação de professores. O intuito é contar sobre os encontros que tivemos, sobre a produção de escritas a partir das leituras realizadas, e as ressonâncias das mesmas nas orientações dos projetos de ensino e pesquisa, nos planejamentos das aulas, nas inserções e assistências nas escolas, nos processos avaliativos e na produção de instrumentos que possam acompanhar esses percursos. Enviado em: 14 de maio de 2016. Aprovado em: 26 de julho de 2016.
Sentidos del escribir
Authors: Skliar Carlos 
Published: August 2016

Este artículo pone de relieve la cuestión del “sentido” de la escritura, del “sentido” del escribir. Aunque tal vez el único “sentido”, la única razón de la escritura sea escribir, sin tener razones para hacerlo, ni de antemano ni a posteriori, ni razones mayúsculas ni razones minúsculas. Ni escribir para ser alguien en el mundo, ni para el futuro, ni para el porvenir, ni para la posteridad; ni para asumir una posición desde la cual ver el mundo, ni para autorizar a que otros tomen ésas u otras posiciones, ni para avanzar en la vida, ni para retroceder. Ni para ser mejor o peor persona. Enviado em: 30 de maio de 2016.Aprovado em: 01 de agosto de 2016.
Directing the Differentiation of Parthenogenetic Stem Cells into Tenocytes for Tissue-Engineered Tendon Regeneration
Authors: Liu Wei , Yin Lu , Yan Xingrong , Cui Jihong , Liu Wenguang , Rao Yang , Sun Mei , Wei Qi , Chen Fulin 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Uniparental parthenogenesis yields pluripotent stem cells without the political and ethical concerns surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) for biomedical applications. In the current study, we hypothesized that parthenogenetic stem cells (pSCs) could be directed to differentiate into tenocytes and applied for tissue-engineered tendon. We showed that pSCs displayed fundamental properties similar to those of ESCs, including pluripotency, clonogenicity, and self-renewal capacity. pSCs spontaneously differentiated into parthenogenetic mesenchymal stem cells (pMSCs), which were positive for mesenchymal stem cell surface markers and possessed osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic potential. Then, mechanical stretch was applied to improve the tenogenic differentiation of pMSCs, as indicated by the expression of tenogenic-specific markers and an increasing COL1A1:3A1 ratio. The pSC-derived tenocytes could proliferate and secrete extracellular matrix on the surface of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid scaffolds. Finally, engineered tendon-like tissue was successfully generated after in vivo heterotopic implantation of a tenocyte-scaffold composite. In conclusion, our experiment introduced an effective and practical strategy for applying pSCs for tendon regeneration.
Le sens de l’alternance. Alternative pédagogique, projet éthique et perspective politique
Authors: Guillaumin Catherine 
Published: August 2016

Le sens de l’alternance est celui qu’a construit, au fil du temps, l’auteur qui exerce le métier de pédagogue-chercheur. Le trait d’union symbolise ici la reliance entre deux pratiques que met en forme un exercice régulier d’écriture. Six processus sont dévoilés en deux temps : ceux qui forment les piliers de cette alternative pédagogique ingénieuse (production, transaction et coopération) et ceux qui sont cachés et secrètement animent la première configuration (intégration, autorisation et émancipation). Leur articulation complexe ouvre une voie alternative pour apprendre, former et se former comme sujet, pour problématiser ce qui fait sens pour soi et pouvoir ensuite se projeter comme acteur social dans un dispositif ou une organisation. Autoriser l’ingéniosité singulière peut permettre à chacun de dessiner les formes convenables pour trouver sa place comme acteur social.
Statistical analysis of nighttime medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances using airglow images and GPS observations over central China
Authors: Huang Fuqing , Dou Xiankang , Lei Jiuhou , Lin Jian , Ding Feng , Zhong Jiahao 
Published: August 2016

AbstractStatistical analyses were conducted to investigate the nighttime medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) for the first time by using airglow images and Global Positioning System (GPS) data over central China during 2013–2015. Our results show that the phase fronts of perturbations are aligned from northwest to southeast direction and propagate toward the southwest direction. The characteristics of the nighttime MSTIDs observed by OI 630.0 nm images are consistent with those of the nighttime MSTIDs obtained from the GPS data. The phase velocity, period, wavelength, and amplitude of nighttime MSTIDs are 50–150 m/s, 0.5–1.5 h, 150–400 km, and 2%–15%, respectively, as measured from 630.0 nm images and GPS data. In addition, we utilized the simultaneous observations from OI 630.0 nm and OI 557.7 nm images to explore the relationship between nighttime MSTIDs and gravity waves (<100 km) in the mesopause. It is found that the nighttime MSTIDs frequently occurred in the summer solstice, which was not consistent with the occurrence of gravity wave observed in the mesopause. Our results indicate that the nighttime MSTIDs may be generated by the coupling of electrodynamic processes rather than be trigged by gravity waves from the lower atmosphere.
On the propagation of a geoeffective coronal mass ejection during 15–17 March 2015
Authors: Wang Yuming , Zhang Quanhao , Liu Jiajia , Shen Chenglong , Shen Fang , Yang Zicai , Zic T. , Vrsnak B. , Webb D. F. , Liu Rui , Wang S. , Zhang Jie , Hu Qiang , Zhuang Bin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe largest geomagnetic storm so far, called 2015 St. Patrick's Day event, in the solar cycle 24 was produced by a fast coronal mass ejection (CME) originating on 15 March 2015. It was an initially west‐oriented CME and expected to only cause a weak geomagnetic disturbance. Why did this CME finally cause such a large geomagnetic storm? We try to find some clues by investigating its propagation from the Sun to 1 AU. First, we reconstruct the CME's kinematic properties in the corona from the SOHO and Solar Dynamics Observatory imaging data with the aid of the graduated cylindrical shell model. It is suggested that the CME propagated to the west ∼33°±10° away from the Sun‐Earth line with a speed of about 817 km s−1 before leaving the field of view of the SOHO/Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) C3 camera. A magnetic cloud (MC) corresponding to this CME was measured in situ by the Wind spacecraft 2 days after the CME left LASCO's field of view. By applying two MC reconstruction methods, we infer the configuration of the MC as well as some kinematic information, which implies that the CME possibly experienced an eastward deflection on its way to 1 AU. However, due to the lack of observations from the STEREO spacecraft, the CME's kinematic evolution in interplanetary space is not clear. In order to fill this gap, we utilize numerical MHD simulation, drag‐based CME propagation model (DBM) and the model for CME deflection in interplanetary space (DIPS) to recover the propagation process, especially the trajectory, of the CME from 30RS to 1 AU under the constraints of the derived CME's kinematics near the Sun and at 1 AU. It is suggested that the trajectory of the CME was deflected toward the Earth by about 12°, consistent with the implication from the MC reconstruction at 1 AU. This eastward deflection probably contributed to the CME's unexpected geoeffectiveness by pushing the center of the initially west‐oriented CME closer to the Earth.
Ion temperature intensification in southern convection flow channels during the 1 October 2001 geomagnetic storm recovery phase
Authors: Horvath Ildiko , Lovell Brian C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn this study, we investigate Southern Hemisphere flow channel (FC) events and their underlying thermal and drift variations during the 1 October 2001 storm recovery phase. We adopt FC classification introduced by previous studies for specifying FCs, ranging from FC‐0 to FC‐4, according to the stages of convection cycle they are related to. Our investigation includes also the subauroral FC known as the subauroral polarization stream (SAPS) and the localized FC underlying plasma density increases crossing the polar cap. For tracking FCs, we utilize multi‐instrument data from the Defence Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). Since our focus is on the region of magnetic South Pole, we utilize DMSP passes that crossed the magnetic pole. We present various scenarios with polar cross sections, constructed with ion density (Ni), electron and ion temperature (Te; Ti), and zonal and vertical drift (VY; VZ) data, where the location of magnetic pole is marked. Our results show (1) the occurrence of FC‐2 in the central polar cap, (2) the propagation of localized FC from the dayside to the nightside across the polar cap implying dayside‐nightside coupling across the polar cap, and (3) the structuring of SAPS FC. These scenarios reveal the local intensification of Ti and/or VZ in FCs (a) ranging from FC‐0 to FC‐3 and (b) specified as SAPS FC and localized FC passing over the magnetic pole. We conclude that strong upward drift, reaching sometimes ~1000 m/s, could enhance localized thermospheric impact caused by elevated Ti in FCs.
Observations of bidirectional lightning leader initiation and development near positive leader channels
Authors: Warner Tom A. , Saba Marcelo M. F. , Schumann Carina , Helsdon John H. , Orville Richard E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBased on the analysis of high‐speed optical and electric field change data, we present three observed cases in which a naturally occurring bidirectional lightning leader initiated and developed in virgin air near a previous established positive leader channel. Twice a new leader formed near an upward propagating positive leader that had initiated from a tower during an upward flash and once a new leader formed near a downward propagating positive leader prior to a positive cloud‐to‐ground return stroke. There were clear and consistent behavioral differences between the positive and negative leader ends of the newly formed bidirectional leader, and the positive end grew more slowly than the negative end in each case. In all three cases, the negative end of the bipolar leader connected with the previously formed positive leader channel creating a new positive leader branch. These rare observations show the bidirectional nature of naturally occurring lightning and suggest that positive leaders can gain branches by connection with newly formed bipolar leaders.
Synthesis of Conductive Magnetite Nanocomposite based on Polyaniline/Poly(maleic acid‐co‐acrylic acid) with Core–Shell Structure
Authors: Khodadadi Fatemeh , Najafi Moghadam Peyman , Mahmoodi Hashemi Mohammad 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn this study, a new type of magnetite nanocomposite with a core–shell structure was synthesized using Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a core and polyaniline (PANI) as a shell. For this propose, the surface of Fe3O4 was chemically modified with hexamethylenediisocyanate (HMDI) to improve its compatibility and interphase interaction with the polymeric matrix. Thereafter, the PANI was reacted with modified Fe3O4 to anchor them to PANI by covalent bands which acted as a shell. In the second step, the poly (maleic acid‐co‐acrylic acid) (P(MAc‐co‐AA)) as polymeric dopant for the PANI was synthesized. Finally, the PANI anchored to Fe3O4 was immersed in an aqueous solution of poly (maleic anhydride‐co‐acrylic acid) to form Fe3O4@PANI@P(MAc‐co‐AA) as a final composition of magnetite nanocomposite. The structural, morphological, thermal, magnetic, and electrochemical properties of the products were characterized by FTIR, H‐NMR, UV‐Vis, XRD, SEM, TEM, TGA, VSM, and CV analysis.