bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Satellite Radiance Data Assimilation within the Hourly Updated Rapid Refresh
Authors: Lin Haidao , Weygandt Stephen S. , Benjamin Stanley G. , Hu Ming 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Assimilation of satellite radiance data in limited-area, rapidly updating weather model/assimilation systems poses unique challenges compared to those for global model systems. Principal among these is the severe data restriction posed by the short data cutoff time. Also, the limited extent of the model domain reduces the spatial extent of satellite data coverage and the lower model top of regional models reduces the spectral usage of radiance data especially for infrared data. These three factors impact the quality of the feedback to the bias correction procedures, making the procedures potentially less effective. Within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Rapid Refresh (RAP) hourly updating prediction system, satellite radiance data are assimilated using the standard procedures within the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) analysis package. Experiments for optimizing the operational implementation of radiance data into RAP and for improving benefits of radiance data have been performed. The radiance data impact for short-range forecasts has been documented to be consistent and statistically significantly positive in systematic RAP retrospective runs using real-time datasets. The radiance data impact has also been compared with conventional observation datasets within RAP. The configuration for RAP satellite radiance assimilation evaluated here is that implemented at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) in August 2016.
Implementing Recommendations From Web Accessibility Guidelines: A Comparative Study of Nondisabled Users and Users With Visual Impairments
Authors: Schmutz Sven , Sonderegger Andreas , Sauer Juergen 
Published: May 2017

Objective: The present study examined whether implementing recommendations of Web accessibility guidelines would have different effects on nondisabled users than on users with visual impairments. Background: The predominant approach for making Web sites accessible for users with disabilities is to apply accessibility guidelines. However, it has been hardly examined whether this approach has side effects for nondisabled users. A comparison of the effects on both user groups would contribute to a better understanding of possible advantages and drawbacks of applying accessibility guidelines. Method: Participants from two matched samples, comprising 55 participants with visual impairments and 55 without impairments, took part in a synchronous remote testing of a Web site. Each participant was randomly assigned to one of three Web sites, which differed in the level of accessibility (very low, low, and high) according to recommendations of the well-established Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 (WCAG 2.0). Performance (i.e., task completion rate and task completion time) and a range of subjective variables (i.e., perceived usability, positive affect, negative affect, perceived aesthetics, perceived workload, and user experience) were measured. Results: Higher conformance to Web accessibility guidelines resulted in increased performance and more positive user ratings (e.g., perceived usability or aesthetics) for both user groups. There was no interaction between user group and accessibility level. Conclusion: Higher conformance to WCAG 2.0 may result in benefits for nondisabled users and users with visual impairments alike. Application: Practitioners may use the present findings as a basis for deciding on whether and how to implement accessibility best.
Measurement of confidence: the development and psychometric evaluation of a stroke-specific, measure of confidence
Authors: Horne Jane C , Lincoln Nadina B , Logan Pip A 
Published: May 2017

Objective: To design, develop and psychometrically evaluate a stroke-specific measure of confidence, the Confidence after Stroke Measure (CaSM). Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Adults in the community. Participants: Stroke survivors and healthy elderly participants. Methods: Questionnaire items were generated based on the literature and qualitative interviews and piloted with expert groups to establish face validity. A 53-item CaSM was administered to stroke survivors and healthy elderly participants in the community. A second copy was posted four weeks later. Completed questionnaires were analysed for extreme responses, missing values, construct validity (factor analysis), convergent validity, divergent validity, reliability (internal consistency and temporal stability) and comparing responses according to age and gender. Results: Stroke ( n = 101) and healthy elderly participants ( n = 101) returned questionnaires. Eight items were removed that had extreme responses and large numbers of missing values. Six items had item total correlations <0.3 and were removed. A further item was removed demonstrating gender difference. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the remaining 38 items. A 27-item three factor solution was derived assessing Self-Confidence, Positive Attitude and Social Confidence, which explained 52% of variance. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient demonstrated good internal consistency ( α = 0.94). A test re-test on the 27 items indicated good temporal stability ( r = 0.85, P = 0.001). Conclusion: The 27-item CaSM was a valid and reliable measure for assessing confidence in stroke survivors.
Imaging features of primary renal lymphoma
Authors: Zhu Qingqiang , Zhu Wenrong , Wu Jingtao , Chen Wenxin 
Published: May 2017

Background Cases of primary renal lymphoma (PRL) are quite rare and are often mistaken for renal cell carcinoma. Purpose To determine the multislice computed tomography (MSCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of PRL. Materials and Methods Twenty-three patients with PRL were identified by CT and MRI, and their tumor characteristics were assessed. Results Tumors exhibited single or multifocal nodules (n = 19) and diffuse renal enlargement (n = 4). Twenty-two tumors exhibited an infiltrative appearance. There was no evidence of calcification in any of the cases. Twenty-one tumors displaced or wrapped around abdominal vessels rather than encasing them. Enlarged retroperitoneal nodes were observed in three cases. Neither extension into the venous system nor distant metastasis was found. Tumor enhancement was of low attenuation compared with that of normal renal cortex and medulla ( P < 0.05). PRL was isointense on T1-weighted imaging, slightly hypointense on T2-weighted imaging and hyperintense on diffusion-weighted imaging. Twenty-two patients exhibited biopsy-confirmed PRN. There were four, 12, and seven cases of low-grade, intermediate-grade, and high-grade tumors, respectively. Patient were followed up over 16 to 166 months. Six patients died within three years and five patients died within five years. Conclusion Infiltrative appearance and tumor displacement or extension around abdominal vessels rather than vessel encasement are common findings on CT or MRI imaging and may suggest a diagnosis of PRL.
Effectiveness of cognition-focused interventions in activities of daily living performance in people with dementia: A systematic review
Authors: Garrido-Pedrosa Jèssica , Sala Isabel , Obradors Núria 
Published: May 2017

Introduction Dementia affects cognitive functions and has a direct impact on the ability to perform activities of daily living. Studies have focused on the impact of cognition-focused interventions on cognitive functions, but less on the daily functionality of people with dementia. The aim of this study was to review systematically evidence of the effectiveness of cognition-focused interventions on the ability of people with dementia to perform activities of daily living. Method A search of randomised controlled trials was performed in 10 databases to find all available evidence on the subject. Two reviewers independently selected articles based on predetermined inclusion criteria. The articles had to describe randomised controlled trials involving cognition-focused interventions in people with some form of dementia, aged 65 years or over, and specify their score on the Mini-Mental State Examination or the Clinical Dementia Rating. Eleven articles met the inclusion criteria for the review. Results Cognitive rehabilitation through functional tasks led to maintenance or improvement in everyday tasks in some cases. In cognitive stimulation studies the subjects maintained their performance in activities of daily living with respect to the control condition, but this was not the case in reminiscence stimulation groups. Subjects who underwent cognitive training of cognitive functions did not show significant improvements in activities of daily living. Conclusion The evidence on the effectiveness of cognition-focused interventions suggests that multi-component programmes that include cognitive rehabilitation or cognitive stimulation could maintain or improve functionality in people with dementia.
The development of a workbook to explore meaningful occupations after life-changing events
Authors: Taylor Jackie , Jones Vivienne 
Published: May 2017

Introduction Following serious illness or other traumatic events, individuals can experience a disruption of identity. This is related to an altered ability to engage in the routines, interactions and occupations of everyday life. The meaningfulness of occupations and of life itself can be changed or diminished. Because engagement in occupations contributes to identity construction, a practical tool to systematically explore the unique meanings of particular occupations to an individual could be of value in helping to re-establish a positive way forward. The aim of this study was to develop such a therapeutic tool, based on a framework of ‘the occupied self’. Method A participatory design approach was employed to engage the expertise of potential end-users of the tool: six occupational therapists in cancer services and nine people living with cancer. The prototype ‘What Now?’ Workbook and associated Guidance Notes were incrementally developed over a period of 8 months. Results The workbook was judged by the expert advisers to be relevant, useful and user-friendly, with the potential to benefit carers, retirees and those recovering from life-changing events. Conclusion The final version of the ‘What Now?’ Workbook is now ready to be tested in practice.
Some Current Biochemical Theories of Psychosis
Authors: Sourkes Theodore L. 
Published: May 2017

Recently certain hypotheses with a biochemical flavour have been proposed to explain the etiology of psychosis. These hypotheses suggest that a disturbance in the metabolism of some important substance such as serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), nor-adrenaline or adrenaline results in a chemical imbalance in the brain, or leads to the formation of an abnormal product which is toxic to the brain, although not completely interfering with its metabolic activities; and, further, that this disturbance is causative in psychoses. In this paper the various hypotheses are described and evaluated. For example, the metabolic disturbance has been attributed to (1) excessive accumulation of serotonin in the brain, (2) a deficiency of it in that organ, or (3) excessive conversion to bufotenine, its dimethyl derivative. “Adrenaline theories” postulate the conversion of (1) nor-adrenaline to a mescaline-like substance, or (2) adrenaline to adrenolutine, adrenochrome or “adrenoxine”, the conversion product playing the role of the toxic, psychosis-producing agent. The limited and contradictory evidence available to these hypotheses is pointed out, as well as the frankly speculative nature of some of the views. A brief indication is made of the considerable biochemical research on the function of serotonin and catecholamines in the brain, research which is going on in many laboratories quite apart from the described hypotheses. The importance of such research for neuropsychiatry is emphasized.
“Mental Fitness to Stand Trial: A Case Report”
Authors: Howitt J. R. , Tennant C. S. 
Published: May 2017

The authors describe with some detail a murder trial at which they gave evidence for the Crown. During the trial an unusual situation developed which resulted in something which is considered without precedent in Canada. There had been no suggestions, prior to the trial, that the accused was mentally ill or unfit to stand his trial, but after the Crown's case was completed the accused took the Box to give evidence on his own behalf. Because of his conduct there the Judge ordered a Trial of the Issue as to his fitness to proceed with his trial. He was found fit to continue but on the following day the Crown Psychiatrists, with the Defence Psychiatrist absent, reported that they observed a change in the patient and suspected that he was not well. A lengthy recess was announced to enable the Psychiatrist to examine the accused and when they reported on their findings to the Crown Attorney, the Judge ordered another Trial of the Issue and the two Crown Psychiatrists reported that the man was unfit to continue his trial and the Jury so found.
Studies on the Physiology of Awareness: Conative Insufficiency in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Doust John W. Lovett , Coleman Laura I. M. 
Published: May 2017

(1) The concept of conation is described and its role as a parameter of awareness is discussed. (2) A modified maximal speed Kraepelin tapping test and a method of estimating total breath holding time were selected to measure conative sufficiency in 272 healthy controls, 11 migrainous and 379 psychiatric patients. (3) The tests correlated significantly with each other and, in both, the highest scores were found among the control groups, the lowest among the organic reaction types and schizophrenics while those of the other diagnostic groups lay between these two extremes. (4) Among the possible variables investigated, that of age was suggestive of a tendency to conative development. (5) The place of conation in the determination of psychiatric breakdown is discussed, with especial reference to neurosis.
Physiological Correlates of Intelligence
Authors: Grant James Russell 
Published: May 2017

An interim report is presented illustrating differences in physiological response to atropine among mental defectives of low and high-grade intelligence. Epileptics, and patients with evidence of organic brain lesions, were excluded from the series. Certain types of response common in schizophrenics occur more frequently among the low-grade defectives, and show increasing intensity over the period of adolescence, while the converse is true of high-grade groups. A concept of ‘inadequate improvement on pre-existing schizophrenic tendencies’ is postulated as a factor in determining the degree of intellectual deficiency in mental defectives of this series. A speculative attempt is made to reconcile this finding with our current knowledge of mental growth in childhood, and is advanced as a possible line of thought for further research.
Autism and Schizophrenia in a Child Guidance Clinic
Authors: Andrews Eva , Cappon Daniel 
Published: May 2017

Twenty-one patients with condition varying from neurotic shyness through autism, to brain injury were described, categorized and placed on a spectrum of autism. Criteria for diagnosis have been developed with consequent increase in the accuracy of prognostication and a more effective approach to treatment. The outcome of our experience with these children over a 5½ year period is discussed. A format for uniform clinical examination and investigations has been suggested; alongside this we have described the usefulness of categorizing the morphology of phantasy. The natural history of “autism” as we see it has been graphically described. The paper contains clinical excerpts on some of our cases.
Observations on the Clinical Effects of a new Tranquillizing Agent in Psychotic Conditions
Authors: Cahn C. H. , Lehmann H. E. 
Published: May 2017

1. The planning and results of an investigation of perphenazine, a new phenothiazine derivative have been presented; this study was carried out with 84 psychotic patients in a mental hospital. 2. The chemistry, pharmacology and psychophysiology of this drug are briefly described, as well as the selection of patients, the setting, administration and dosage. 3. The clinical results were similar to those one would expect to obtain with chlorpromazine, using one-sixth to one-seventh of the dose of chlorpromazine. Good to excellent results were observed in acute psychotic states except depressions. Perphenazine is also a potent therapeutic agent in the management of chronic psychotic patients. 4. Untoward reactions may occur if perphenazine is combined with large doses of reserpine, or patients are immediately changed from perphenazine to chlorpromazine. Caution might be indicated with the use of the drug in obese patients. 5. The principal clinical differences between perphenazine and chlorpromazine as observed in our series were: more frequent and earlier extrapyramidal symptoms (well controlled by various anti-Parkinsonian drugs), fewer autonomic and allergic side effects, less drowsiness, and less pain on intramuscular injection.
Emotional Disease in the Population of a Prepaid Medical Care Plan
Authors: Le Riche Harding 
Published: May 2017

1. The difficulties of objective diagnoses in diseases of emotional origin are discussed. 2. The findings are given of psychiatric diagnoses by all physicians in 8,000 participants in a prepaid medical care plan, over a period of one year. 3. These findings are shown in terms of percentage of total expenditure, episodes of illness, services and number of sick persons per 1,000 per annum. 4. In order of frequency of occurrence the conditions were: Anxiety Reaction without Somatic Symptoms, Nervousness and Debility, Psychoneurotic orders, mixed and unspecified, Psychoneurosis with somatic symptoms affecting the Digestive System, Primary Childhood behaviour Disorders, followed by Psychoneurosis with Somatic Symptoms affecting the Circulatory System, Psychoneurosis with somatic symptoms affecting other systems and Neurotic Depressive Reaction.
Capillary Resistance in Mongolism
Authors: Kerwood L.A. 
Published: May 2017

The incidence of institutional samples and the frequency of birth of mongolism is mentioned. A brief review of hypotheses concerning the possible etiology and genetic factors which may be implicated in this disorder. Mention is made of the appearance of microsymptoms in relatives with particular reference to dermatoglyphic patterns. The difficulty of making objective measurements of some of the associated defects is noted. The work of Ingalls on the temporal aspects of the growth disturbances is mentioned. Lowe's observations on the characteristic lens opacities and speckled irides and his suggestion that an underlying vascular disturbance is likely to be responsible for these findings are noted. Attention is drawn to his observation of the rarity of defects which would suggest disturbance during the organo-genetic period. A suggestion is made that the causation of mongolism must be temporarily extended over a considerable period of foetal development, and Penrose's postulate for foetal requirements of “x” substance is quoted. Experiments with maternal avitaminosis are mentioned. It is suggested that there may be disturbance of growth due to abnormalities in transfer of substances to and from the capillary system to the surrounding tissue fluids. It is suggested that the so-called hypertrophic fungiform papillae of the tongue are a post-natal development due to localized oedema and it is postulated that this may be associated with capillary abnormalities. A clinical observation that petechial haemorrhages occur readily in mongolian children is noted and the results of an experiment measuring the resistance of the capillary wall to negative pressure is described. The results of these experiments demonstrate a significant reduction in capillary resistance in male and female institutionalised mongols and some suggestions are made as to further studies.
Schizophrenic Japanese Canadians and Their Socio-Cultural Backgrounds
Authors: Terashima Shogo 
Published: May 2017

The case histories of three Japanese-Canadian schizophrenic patients (two male, one female) were studied with a view to evaluating the relevance of socio-cultural factors to the etiology, symptomatology and course of the illness. Following a brief description of their socio-cultural background, the personalities of their parents and the interaction between Issei and Nisei were described. The data obtained lend support to the assumption that external stress is of paramount importance for the etiology of schizophrenia. Essential features of Japanese family structure in its relation to conflict between first generation (Issei) Japanese Canadians and second generation Japanese Canadians (Nisei) have been discussed.
The Treatment of Depressive Conditions with Imipramine (G 22355)
Authors: Lehmann H.E. , Cahn C.H. , De Verteuil R. L. 
Published: May 2017

1. Imipramine (G22355) is a new chemical agent with a primarily inhibitory action on the central nervous system. It has definite anti-depressive properties in the psychiatric sense, producing a gradual lessening and frequently a disappearance of the symptoms and signs of depressive states. 2. Of 84 patients with various psychiatric diagnoses who had in common the presence of symptoms of dysphoric depression, 30 per cent recovered or were much improved after two weeks, and 60 per cent recovered or were much improved after eight weeks of therapy with Imipramine (G 22355); a further percentage showed lesser degrees of improvement. These findings correspond fairly well to the results reported by Kuhn in 300 patients, viz. improvement in three-quarters to four-fifths of his cases. 3. The results in depressed patients with neuroses, schizophrenia, and organic conditions were less favourable than in patients with endogenous depressions. 4. The frequency of side effects was low, but increased when the dose was over 200 mgms. daily, especially in patients over the age of 65. Side effects were expressed mainly in disturbed functioning of the autonomic nervous system, although there were also a few cases of toxic confusion, two cases with epileptiform seizures, and one case of mild transient jaundice. There was one death in our series, probably due to acute coronary occlusion and apparently not related to the drug. 5. A rating scale for the rapid and effective assessment of depressive symptoms is described, and the results of a ‘double-blind’ experiment are discussed. 6. The concepts of physiological and psychiatric depression are discussed and several clinical categories are differentiated in order to clarify the use of the term. 7. It is concluded that Imipramine (G 22355) is a relatively non-toxic drug useful in the treatment of depressions, especially of the endogenous type.
Marital Counselling
Authors: Coburn F.G. 
Published: May 2017

1. A method of marital counselling of “non-neurotic” couples is described. 2. The couple are interviewed together at the beginning and ending of the series and separately the rest of the time. 3. The principles involved: (a) The emotional needs of each in marriage arising out of relationship to parents. (b) The role of the marital partner is learned by observation of parents. (c) The relationship to people of the opposite sex is determined largely by the relationship to the parent of the opposite sex. 4. These aspects are explored fox each partner and then by agreement imparted to the other. 5. Stress is laid on communication of difficulties to allow for settlement and avoidance of resentment.