bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
El significado ambivalente del reconocimiento del derecho a la especial protección en Colombia
Authors: Peláez-Grisales Holmedo 
Published: December 2017

<p>Este artículo analiza de manera crítica el significado de la categoría jurídica del derecho a la especial protección en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano y su relación con las teorías de reconocimiento. En un primer momento, sostiene que esta categoría tiene un significado positivo y negativo que obliga a entenderla como una herramienta política en permanente construcción y a interpretarla en sus distintas dimensiones y bifurcaciones. En un segundo momento, argumenta que este derecho tiene su fundamentación en las teorías de reconocimiento y, por tanto, se integra y articula a las tensiones y problemas de las formas de reconocimiento y; en un tercer momento, presenta las caras opuestas que, normalmente, envuelve este tipo de reconocimiento jurídico y; a partir de allí, alimenta la idea según la cual el derecho a la especial protección en Colombia promueve un modelo de reconocimiento formal y no material de los sujetos y grupos desaventajados y reproduce su desigualdad, mediante un nuevo discurso de los derechos, debajo del cual se esconde el viejo discurso del derecho moderno que termina por cuestionar el sentido positivo de esta categoría y afianzar su sentido negativo.</p>
The Corporate Governance Role of Lenders: Minority Shareholders Champions?
Authors: Miramón Botero Santiago 
Published: December 2017

<p>El objetivo de este artículo es determinar si la supervisión de las compañías (no cotizantes en el mercado público de valores y sin problemas de liquidez) por parte de los bancos en el Reino Unido ayuda a superar el problema de la agencia entre los accionistas mayoritarios y minoritarios, y si como consecuencia de esta supervisión los accionistas minoritarios están mejor protegidos por los bancos que por el marco regulatorio vigente en el Reino Unido sobre la protección de accionistas minoritarios</p>
Evaluation of effect of bevacizumab on central subfield macular thickness in the injected and contralateral (untreated) eye of patients with bilateral diabetic macular oedema
Authors: Khatri Anadi , Karki Pratap , Joshi Sagun Narayan , Kharel Sitaula Ranju 
Published: December 2017

PurposeAntivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGFs)—bevacizumab is routinely utilised for the treatment of diabetic macular oedema (DME). We plan to evaluate the impact of bevacizumab on the central subfield macular thickness (CSMT) of the treated and untreated eye.MethodsA sequential group of patients with bilateral DME who were treated with unilateral bevacizumab injection were assessed preinjection and postinjection by Spectral Domain-Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) by CSMT.ResultsThirty-one patients, 20 male and 11 female, were evaluated. Seven patients had type 1 diabetes mellitus and 24 had type 2 diabetes mellitus. In regard to the duration of disease, 23 patients had diabetes for more than 10 years, seven patients had the condition for 5–10 years and one patient for more than 5 years. Mean age of the patients was 60.48 years (SD±7.13) with the range of 46–72 years. Mean follow-up was 28 days (range 26–35 days). The eyes which received intravitreal injection had median CSMT of 473.2 µm(range 321–566 µm). The CSMT of the contralateral eye had median of 347.6 µm (range 357–437 µm). A median reduction of −132 µm (range 93–156 µm) could be observed in the treated eye and −18 µm (range 15–22) in the untreated eye after treatment. Our study also found that eyes with greater CSMT, when injected with bevacizumab, produced higher responses in the contralateral eye (R20.538, P<0.05).ConclusionsPatients with bilateral DME treated with bevacizumab in one eye produced a bilateral response. Eyes with greater CSMT due to DME elicited higher levels of response in the untreated eye.
Tacrolimus therapy in moderate to subacute ulcerative proctocolitis: a large single-centre cohort study
Authors: Saifuddin Aamir , Harris Adam 
Published: December 2017

ObjectiveTo explore the ‘real world’ effectiveness of tacrolimus therapy for refractory ulcerative proctocolitis (UC).DesignRetrospective cohort study using prospectively collated clinical data.SettingA single district general hospital in Kent, UK. Clinical decisions and regular monitoring were undertaken by a single expert in inflammatory bowel disease.PatientsAll patients started on tacrolimus between January 2010 and August 2016 at Tunbridge Wells Hospital.InterventionsFollowing failure of conventional medication, tacrolimus was commenced at 0.5 mg/kg twice daily. Drug trough levels of 5–20 ng/mL were targeted. Other immunomodulation was stopped and steroids were weaned over 4–6 weeks.Main outcome measuresTreatment duration was measured for each patient. If the drug was stopped, the rationale, including specific side effects, was recorded. The patient’s subsequent management plan was noted.ResultsThirty-five patients were started on tacrolimus (range: 18–85, median: 36 years). Disease extent included proctitis to pancolitis. Twenty-five patients derived no benefit. Four patients responded, but drug side effects necessitated withdrawal. Eighteen of these 29 patients (62%) underwent surgery. One patient, who had previously responded, stopped the drug after becoming pregnant (healthy subsequent birth). Therefore, 5 of 35 patients (14%) remain on tacrolimus with sustained clinical response, ranging from 6 to 76 (median: 32) months of treatment. Treatment was most effective for proctosigmoiditis. There were no other demographic or biological markers for success.ConclusionsIn line with UK and European guidelines, tacrolimus can be beneficial for refractory UC. With appropriate monitoring, it appears treatment can be continued safely long term.
A legalização da cannabis no Canadá: os desafios políticos
Authors: Beauchesne Line 
Published: December 2017

O governo liberal do Canadá, que foi eleito por maioria no dia 19 outubro de 2015, tinha em suas promessas eleitorais legalizar a cannabis. Ele manterá sua palavra. Um documento de discussão foi publicado em junho 2016 fundando o Grupo de Trabalho sobre a legalização e a regulamentação da cannabis, que apresentou o seu relatório no dia 30 de novembro de 2016. Esse relatório, explicou o governo, será uma das ferramentas para desenvolver um quadro legislativo e servirá de base para discussões com as províncias e territórios, bem como com os especialistas que irão gerenciar esse quadro regulatório. Neste artigo, nós veremos os principais desafios políticos enfrentados pelo governo nessas discussões com as províncias e territórios, e mesmo com os experts, considerando as questões postas pelos cinco aspectos da regulação neste documento de discussão. Para identificar esses desafios, além de aprender com os estudos sobre a situação no Colorado e em Washington, complementaremos a aprendizagem com os estudos atuais sobre a gestão atual das drogas legais. Em primeiro lugar são expostos os desafios relacionados à chegada desta lei, em seguida, aqueles que tocam os objetivos de saúde pública, o sistema de produção, transformação e distribuição, controle do quadro regulatório e, por fim, a questão mais específica da cannabis para fins terapêuticos. Nós veremos porque a aplicação desta lei será complexa, custosa e pode facilmente se desviar dos objetivos iniciais. Um monitoramento a curto e a longo prazo será necessário para garantir que os diferentes níveis de governo mantenham a primazia da saúde pública e considerem o uso do instrumento penal como último recurso.
Social positions and political recruitment: a study of Brazilian senators
Authors: Codato Adriano , Massimo Lucas , Costa Luiz Domingos 
Published: December 2017

O artigo discute metodologias para a definição, classificação e mensuração de posições sociais de origem e sua influência para compreender processos de recrutamento da elite política. Apresentamos algumas estratégias teóricas e metodológicas para classificar a variável “ocupação prévia à carreira política” e sugerimos o uso de mais de um indicador para essa medida. Argumentamos queuma tipologia que leve em conta características tanto sociais como políticas é a melhor maneira de compreender as transformações nos padrões de recrutamento parlamentar ao longo do século xx. O primeiro modelo testado por nós classificou os senadores brasileiros eleitos entre 1918 e 2010 nas ocupações de origem convencionalmente utilizadas em estudos sobre elites políticas. O segundo modelo procurou mudar a codificação das ocupações. Concluímos com uma nova sugestão de classificação resultante de uma tipologia sensível à variação dos valores atribuídos às ocupações profissionais ao longo da história
Pela metade: implicações do dispositivo médico-criminal da “Nova” Lei de Drogas na cidade de São Paulo
Authors: Campos Marcelo Da Silveira , Alvarez Marcos César 
Published: December 2017

Este texto aborda as implicações da atual lei de drogas no Brasil, analisada como um dispositivo de poder médico-criminal. A análise está voltada, mais especificamente, para algumas implicações da lei n. 11 343 de 2006 – “Nova” Lei de Drogas – no sistema de justiça criminal na cidade de São Paulo, tendo como pano de fundo o fenômeno da intensificação do encarceramento por tráfico de drogas no país após o advento da mesma lei no ano de 2006. São apresentados dados sobre prisões por drogas no Brasil e, em seguida, utiliza-se um modelo de série temporal interrompida [interrupted time series designs] em conjunto com um modelo de regressão binária logística com dados relativos à cidade de São Paulo, para indicar como se dá a atual administração estatal das drogas e como se desenvolvem práticas no interior do sistema de justiça criminal que privilegiam a pena de prisão, mesmo depois do suposto fim desta para o usuário de drogas, com a aprovação da lei de 2006.
Religion and Belief in United Kingdom Employment Law: An Introduction to the Case-Law
Authors: Cranmer Frank 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe interactions between religious belief and employment law touch on a wide variety of issues, ranging from basic questions about the definitions of ‘religion’ and ‘belief’—and, indeed, of ‘employment’—to issues such as time off for religious observance, religious dress in the workplace and the extent to which an employer can impose its religious values on its workforce. This monograph looks at the major issues of religion in relation to employment law in the United Kingdom, primarily by reference to the recent case-law.
The Character and Causes of Elevation-Dependent Warming in High-Resolution Simulations of Rocky Mountain Climate Change
Authors: Minder Justin R. , Letcher Theodore W. , Liu Changhai 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe character and causes of elevation-dependent warming (EDW) of surface temperatures are examined in a suite of high-resolution ( km) regional climate model (RCM) simulations of climate change over the Rocky Mountains using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. A clear EDW signal is found over the region, with warming enhanced in certain elevation bands by as much as 2°C. During some months warming maximizes at middle elevations, whereas during others it increases monotonically with elevation or is nearly independent of elevation. Simulated EDW is primarily caused by the snow albedo feedback (SAF). Warming maximizes in regions of maximum snow loss and albedo reduction. The role of the SAF is confirmed by sensitivity experiments wherein the SAF is artificially suppressed. The elevation dependence of free-tropospheric warming appears to play a secondary role in shaping EDW. No evidence is found for a contribution from elevation-dependent water vapor feedbacks. Sensitivity experiments show that EDW depends strongly on certain aspects of RCM configuration. Simulations using 4- and 12-km horizontal grid spacings show similar EDW signals, but substantial differences are found when using a grid spacing of 36 km due to the influence of terrain resolution on snow cover and the SAF. Simulations using the Noah and Noah-MP land surface models (LSMs) exhibit large differences in EDW. These are caused by differences between LSMs in their representations of midelevation snow extent and in their parameterization of subpixel fractional snow cover. These lead to albedo differences that act to modulate the simulated SAF and its effect on EDW.
Shelf–Open Ocean Exchange Forced by Wind Jets
Authors: Spall Michael A. , Pedlosky Joseph 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe general problem of exchange from a shallow shelf across sharp topography to the deep ocean forced by narrow, cross-shelf wind jets is studied using quasigeostrophic theory and an idealized primitive equation numerical model. Interest is motivated by katabatic winds that emanate from narrow fjords in southeast Greenland, although similar topographically constrained wind jets are found throughout the world’s oceans. Because there is no net vorticity input by the wind, the circulation is largely confined to the region near the forcing. Circulation over the shelf is limited by bottom friction for weakly stratified flows, but stratification allows for much stronger upper-layer flows that are regulated by weak coupling to the lower layer. Over the sloping topography, the topographic beta effect limits the deep flow, while, for sufficient stratification, the upper-layer flow can cross the topography to connect the shelf to the open ocean. This can be an effective transport mechanism even for short, strong wind events because damping of the upper-layer flow is weak. A variety of transients are generated for an abrupt onset of winds, including short topography Rossby waves, long topographic Rossby waves, and inertial waves. Using parameters representative of southeast Greenland, katabatic wind events will force an offshore transport of O(0.4) Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) that, when considered for 2 days, will result in an offshore flux of O(5 × 1010) m3.
Republication of “A Propensity Score Matching Analysis of the Effects of Special Education Services”
Authors: Morgan Paul L. , Frisco Michelle L. , Farkas2 George , Hibel Jacob 
Published: December 2017

Editor’s Note Since the landmark enactment of Education of the Handicapped Act in 1975, special education supports and services have been provided to children with disabilities. Although costly, the intentionality of these specialized services has been to advance the educational and societal opportunities of children with disabilities as they progress to adulthood. For our republished article in this issue of JSE’s 50th anniversary volume, we have selected an article by Paul Morgan, Michelle Frisco, George Farkas, and Jacob Hibel. In this research, Morgan and his colleagues quantified the effectiveness of special education services on children’s learning and behavioral outcomes using large-scale longitudinal data. Their results challenge all education professionals to explore ways to increase the effectiveness of special education and to document research efforts that provide clear evidence that the services and supports provided to individuals with disabilities are improving the extent to which they fully experience the benefits of education and participate fully in society.
Policy Challenges and Ethical Issues with the Breakthrough Technology: The Case of Synthetic Biology
Authors: Pang Samuel , Lee Sam Youl , Seul Ji Yung 
Published: December 2017

Synthetic biology is an exciting field which has enormous potentials for solving various problems human beings are facing up such as genetic disease, food shortage and global warming. Many countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom and China have invested heavily in this field but the negative aspect of such scientific breakthrough draws little attention. Since the harms synthetic biology can cause is not certain, it is neither safe nor proper to leave it to the hands of only experts. Currently researches on synthetic biology are being conducted without proper public discourse and consideration. One of the reasons for the lack of public discussion on synthetic biology is the speed of the development in the field. The field is innovating so fast that people have little chance to digest the consequence of such advances. Also the confusion on the definition of synthetic biology contributes to the lack of proper public discussion on the issue. This article provides a new typology for definition of synthetic biology conceptualised by the authors and analyses the current state of synthetic biology in major countries. In addition, ethical issues associated with synthetic biology are discussed. Scientific transparency and participatory process are suggested as policy options to deal with them.
The effect of a running task on muscle shear elastic modulus of posterior lower leg
Authors: Ohya Shuhei , Nakamura Masatoshi , Aoki Takafumi , Suzuki Daichi , Kikumoto Takanori , Nakamura Emi , Ito Wataru , Hirabayashi Ryo , Takabayashi Tomoya , Edama Mutsuaki 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundMedial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) is one of the most common causes of exercise‐related leg pain in runners. Because stopping training due to pain from MTSS could decrease the athlete's competitiveness, it is necessary to construct MTSS prevention and treatment programs. However, the effect of running, which is believed to cause MTSS, on shear elastic modulus of the posterior lower leg is unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 30 min of running on shear elastic modulus of the posterior lower leg in healthy subjects.MethodsTwenty healthy males volunteered to participate in this study (age, 20.9 ± 0.6 y; height, 169.6 ± 4.5 cm; weight, 62.6 ± 5.2 kg). The shear elastic modulus of the posterior lower leg was measured using ultrasonic shear wave elastography before and immediately after a 30‐min running task.ResultsShear elastic moduli of the flexor digitorum longus and tibialis posterior were significantly increased after 30 min running task. However, there were no significant changes in shear elastic moduli of the lateral gastrocnemius, medial gastrocnemius, peroneus longus and peroneus brevis.ConclusionThe results suggested that the increases in shear elastic moduli of flexor digitorum longus and tibialis posterior after running could be a risk factor for running‐related MTSS development.
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy and Management of Regional Lymph Nodes in Melanoma: American Society of Clinical Oncology and Society of Surgical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Update
Authors: Wong Sandra L. , Faries Mark B. , Kennedy Erin B. , Agarwala Sanjiv S. , Akhurst Timothy J. , Ariyan Charlotte , Balch Charles M. , Berman Barry S. , Cochran Alistair , Delman Keith A. , Gorman Mark , Kirkwood John M. , Moncrieff Marc D. , Zager Jonathan S. , Lyman Gary H. 
Published: December 2017

Purpose To update the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)-Society of Surgical Oncology (SSO) guideline for sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in melanoma. Methods An ASCO-SSO panel was formed, and a systematic review of the literature was conducted regarding SLN biopsy and completion lymph node dissection (CLND) after a positive sentinel node in patients with melanoma. Results Nine new observational studies, two systematic reviews, and an updated randomized controlled trial of SLN biopsy, as well as two randomized controlled trials of CLND after positive SLN biopsy, were included. Recommendations Routine SLN biopsy is not recommended for patients with thin melanomas that are T1a (nonulcerated lesions < 0.8 mm in Breslow thickness). SLN biopsy may be considered for thin melanomas that are T1b (0.8 to 1.0 mm Breslow thickness or < 0.8 mm Breslow thickness with ulceration) after a thorough discussion with the patient of the potential benefits and risk of harms associated with the procedure. SLN biopsy is recommended for patients with intermediate-thickness melanomas (T2 or T3; Breslow thickness of > 1.0 to 4.0 mm). SLN biopsy may be recommended for patients with thick melanomas (T4; > 4.0 mm in Breslow thickness), after a discussion of the potential benefits and risks of harm. In the case of a positive SLN biopsy, CLND or careful observation are options for patients with low-risk micrometastatic disease, with due consideration of clinicopathological factors. For higher-risk patients, careful observation may be considered only after a thorough discussion with patients about the potential risks and benefits of foregoing CLND. Important qualifying statements outlining relevant clinicopathological factors and details of the reference patient populations are included within the guideline. Additional information is available at www.asco.org/melanoma-guidelines and www.asco.org/guidelineswiki .
The Effects of Biogeochemical Modification of Fe-Rich Smectite on the Fate of Pb
Authors: Koo Tae-hee , Kim Jee-young , Choi Jong-woo , Kim Jin-wook 
Published: December 2017

AbstractFe-rich smectite is ubiquitous in soil environments and closely linked to the fate and mobility of hazardous trace metals and particularly to the variations in the biogeochemical redox reactions of structural Fe that determine the sorption and desorption properties of clay minerals. The biotic/abiotic redox reactions of a Fe-rich smectite, nontronite (NAu-1), were performed at various reaction times using the Fe-reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 at 30°C and Na-dithionite (Na2S2O4), respectively. The extent of biotic Fe-reduction of NAu-1 after 30 days of incubation reached up to 10.7% of total Fe and the range of abiotic Fe-reduction varied from 4.9–46.6% at reaction times of 5 min, 30 min, 1 h, and 4 h. The biotically and abiotically Fe-reduced NAu-1 samples were spiked with Pb concentrations of 0.07, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg and incubated under aerobic or anaerobic conditions for 24 h.The amounts of Pb in the supernatants were analyzed using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) and Multi-collector (MC)-ICP-MS. The amounts of Pb removed from the supernatants were negatively related to the extent of Fe(III) reduction in the abiotically Fe-reduced NAu-1 samples. In contrast, less Pb (~15%) was removed from the biotically Fe-reduced NAu-1 samples with a similar extent of Fe(III) reduction. Changes in the isotopic 208/204Pb ratio indicated that the lighter 204Pb isotope was preferentially adsorbed to the NAu-1 samples with less Fe reduction and indicated that variations in the net layer charge affected isotopic fractionation. Significant differences in the 208/204Pb ratios for NAu-1 samples that were biotically Fe-reduced under anaerobic conditions were measured and indicate that the reversibility of the structural/chemical modifications that occur under redox conditions can affect Pb removal and, thus, isotope fractionation. These results collectively infer that the biogeochemical properties of clay minerals should be considered in order to understand the fate of trace metals in natural environments.