bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fertigation of Brassica rapa L. using treated landfill leachate as a nutrient recycling option
Authors: Alaribe Frank O. , Agamuthu Pariatamby 
Published: March 2016

Optimising nutrient availability and minimising plant metal contamination are vital in sustainable agriculture. This paper reports experiments in which treated leachate was used at different concentrations with predetermined N content for fertigation of Brassica rapa L. (leafy vegetable). An inorganic fertiliser, with N content equivalent to the leachate amount, was also prepared, as well as a control. Growth (leaf length, leaf width and stem height), harvest parameters (total number of leaves, root length and root dry weight) and specific growth rates (mm/day) were determined for three consecutive seasons. The dry weights of leaves, roots and stems in the leachate treatments were within the ranges of 1.95–3.60 g, 1.18–3.60 g and 0.33–1.37 g, with biomasses of 1.75 g, 1.14 g and 0.2 g, respectively, which were higher than those of the control. B. rapa L. fertigated with 25% diluted treated leachate recorded high specific growth rate and a leaf length of 0.53 mm/day and 0.23.17±0.58 cm, respectively (%N=0.023; p<0.05). The maximum permissible mineral concentration set by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) was compared with that of the grown plants. Treated leachate can increase plant nutrient content.
Antimutagenic and antioxidant effects of a South African traditional formulation used as an immune booster
Authors: Ngcobo Mlungisi , Gqaleni Nceba , Ndlovu Victor 
Published: March 2016

The traditional medicines sector in South Africa is still largely unregulated despite legislation aimed at regulating the practice being in place. The HIV and AIDS epidemic has fuelled demand for traditional medicines, with many patients consulting traditional health practitioners who offer different treatments, including herbal immune boosters. This study investigated the mutagenic and antioxidant effects of the widely sold herbal immune booster, uMakhonya®. The Ames test was used for analysis of the genototoxic effects while the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay was used to evaluate cell cytotoxicity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and THP-1 monocytes. To evaluate the antioxidant effects the malondialdehyde (MDA) quantification, the nitric oxide and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assays were used. UMakhonya® doses of up to 5000 μg/mL were not genotoxic in the Ames test. UMakhonya® was shown to induce dose-dependent cytotoxicity in both PBMCs and THP-1 cells with doses ranging from 500 μg/ mL to 1000 μg/mL, showing significant (p<0.05) toxicity. UMakhonya® was able to significantly (p<0.05) reduce nitrite radicals at 100 μg/mL while lower doses were not effective when compared to samples stimulated by lipopolysaccharide only. Non-cytotoxic doses of uMakhonya® showed significant (p<0.05) lipid peroxide scavenging ability in supernatants while this scavenging ability was considerably reduced intracellularly. In the DPPH assay, when both uMakhonya® and ascorbic acid were reconstituted in buffered saline, the traditional herbal remedy showed better radical scavenging abilities. Therefore further studies on the genotoxicity of uMakhonya®, when metabolically activated, and its antioxidant effects in in-vivo models are warranted.
Trading on extinction: An open-access deterrence model for the South African abalone fishery
Authors: Crookes Douglas J. 
Published: March 2016

South African rhinoceros (e.g. Diceros bicornis) and abalone (Haliotis midae) have in common that they both are harvested under open-access conditions, are high-value commodities and are traded illegally. The difference is that a legal market for abalone already exists. An open-access deterrence model was developed for South African abalone, using Table Mountain National Park as a case study. It was found that illegal poaching spiked following the closure of the recreational fishery. The resource custodian’s objective is to maximise returns from confiscations. This study showed that a legal trade results in a ‘trading on extinction’ resource trap, with a race for profits, an increase in the probability of detection after a poaching event and the depletion of populations. In contrast with HS Gordon’s seminal article (J Polit Econ 1954;62:124–142), profit maximisation does not automatically improve the sustainability of the resource. Under certain conditions (e.g. a legal trade with costly enforcement), profit maximisation may actually deplete abalone populations. The article also has implications for rhino populations, as a legal trade is currently proposed.
O conceito de sujeito entre os falantes
Authors: Pontes Eunice Souza Lima 
Published: March 2016

Resumo: O estudo de como as pessoas categorizam objetos naturais tem mostrado que uso dos conceitos não obedece ao ponto de vista clássico. As pessoas usam traços que não são necessários nem suficientes em sua tarefa de categorização. Quando se pede que definam objetos naturais, as pessoas usam esses traços, também.Eu pedi a professora de Português para definir sujeito e descobrir que eles usam traços não necessários e não-suficientes em suas definições. As definições nas gramáticas tradicionais também não obedecem às exigências do ponto de vista clássico. Quando testados, os estudantes demonstram que categorizam o sujeito de acordo com as definições dadas por seus professores. Os resultados obtidos apontam para uma definição prototípica do sujeito em vez de para uma definição do tipo clássico.Abstract: The study of how people categorize natural objects as shown that the use of concepts does not conform to the classical view. People use features which are non-necessary neither sufficient in their tash of categorization.When asked to define objects, people use these features, also. I have asked Portuguese teachers to define the subject and found that they use no sufficient and no necessary features in their definitions. The definitions in tradicional grammars do not obey the demands of classical view either. When tested, students show that they categorize the subject according to the definitions given by teachers. Results point to a phototypical definition of the subject rather than to a classical one.
A fala do poder e o poder da fala
Authors: Campos Maria Helena Rabelo 
Published: March 2016

Resumo: A questão da posse da terra, as relações entre poder e linguagem, a leitura do mundo e a leitura da palavra são aspectos abordados nesta análise de um poema de Patativa do Assaré, poeta-cantador do nordeste do Brasil.Abstract: The problem of the owners of the land, the relation between power and language, the reading of the world and the reading of the word; these are topics dealt with in this analysis of a poem by Patativa do Asaaré, a poet singing of the Brazilian northeast.
CULTURA CLÁSSICA E LITERATURA VERNACULAR NO SÉCULO XV EM CASTELA E PORTUGAL * CLASSICAL CULTURE AND VERNACULAR LITERATURE IN THE XVTH CENTURY IN CASTILLE AND PORTUGAL
Authors: Shibata Ricardo Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2016

Resumo: Neste artigo, procuramos pensar a questão da apropriação da cultura clássica na Península Ibérica, notadamente, nas cortes de Portugal (corte de Avis) e de Castela, no século XV, a partir de uma série de iniciativas de contornos humanistas. Em particular, trata-se de examinar as ações de alguns homens de letras do período, que, por meio de traduções, glosas e comentários, indicaram os caminhos para a constituição estratégica de uma literatura de caráter vernacular. Palavras-chave: Humanismo; século XV; literatura vernacular; Corte de Avis Abstract: In this article, we try to establish the ways of appropriation of classical culture in the Iberian Peninsula, especially, in Portugal (reign of Avis) and Castile courts, in the XVth century according to some works of humanist character. In particular, it means to examine the actions of some men of letters from that period, which, by translations and commentaries, pointed out the directions of a strategic constituion of a vernacular literature. Keywords: Humanismo; XVth century; vernacular culture; Avis Court
Diagramas momento-curvatura para secciones de hormigón armado. Determinacion del valor de ductilidad local de una sección de hormigón armado. Empleo del programa matlab en aplicaciones estructurales a nivel seccional (parte II).
Authors: Rodríguez Morales Sergio 
Published: March 2016

ResumenEn el entorno de la ingeniería de estructuras, resulta de interés el estudio de comportamiento a nivel seccional. Entre los diversos procedimientos que se disponen a tal efecto, encontramos el “Método Multicapa”. El método introducido en un artículo previo, será de nuevo tratado en este segundo texto para estudiar el concepto de ductilidad a nivel de sección, en elementos de hormigón armado, y con la idea fundamental de mostrar las ventajas del método en relación al comportamiento No lineal de los materiales. AbstractSectional study it is an important matter from structural engineering point of view. Among the different available procedures in the present technical paper Multi-layer Method will be treated. The Method which was presented in the previous article, once again will be used in this document to deal in this time with ductility concept in reinforced concrete sections. Also the advantages of the method shall be exposed regarding to Nonlinear material behavior.
Normativa domótica en edificaciones = Building domotic legislation
Authors: Peccisa Natalia , Rodríguez Yuri Jazmín , Morón Carlos , García Alfonso 
Published: March 2016

ResumenEn este trabajo se realiza un estudio sobre el fondo de la cuestión de la técnica aplicada a la mejora de la eficiencia. Con este punto de partida podemos profundizar en las claves en el uso de los recursos para la eficiencia energética y concretarlas en un modelo de actuación que ilustra una aproximación sistémica al campo del aprovechamiento de la energía, y que reintegra a la edificación su valor intrínseco como medio eficiente de gestión de la energía y su transformación. AbstractThis paper presents a study on the merits of the technique applied to improving efficiency. With this starting point we can deepen the keys in the use of resources for energy efficiency and pursue them in a role model illustrating a systemic approach to the field of energy efficiency, and reintegrated into the building its intrinsic value as efficient means of energy management and transformation.
Diagnostic Tools for Borrelia Assessment in Humans
Authors: Bonin Serena 
Published: March 2016

Although the etiological agent of Lyme disease has been known since 1980s, diagnosis of Lyme disease is still a controversial topic because of the wide range of clinical manifestations and the limited diagnostic tools available to assessBorreliain humans.The most used diagnostic tool for Lyme disease is currently serology, but also Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other methods are often used to proveBorreliainfection in different patients’ specimens. The present article deals with most of the diagnostic tools used in clinical practice for Lyme disease detection in human samples. Direct and indirect specific methods forBorreliainfection detection will be discussed.The most recent peer reviewed publications as well as original results from our study and information provided by companies’ web sites have been analyzed to compile this review article.
Bone Parameters and Risk of Hip and Femur Fractures in Patients on Hemodialysis
Authors: Fishbane Steven , Hazzan Azzour D. , Jhaveri Kenar D. , Ma Lin , Lacson Eduardo 
Published: March 2016

Background and objectives
Patients on hemodialysis have a high rate of hip fractures. In this study, we performed a contemporary analysis of mineral and bone parameters and their relationship to hip and femur fracture risk.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Patients on hemodialysis treated between 2000 and 2013 in Fresenius Medical Care North America facilities were included. Predictors were on the basis of data as of December 31 of each baseline year and time-averaged values of selected laboratory parameters and medication doses throughout the year. Four period cohorts were constructed from baseline years: 2000, 2003, 2006, and 2009. Follow-up for each cohort was ≤3 years.

Results
The incidence of hip and femur fractures remained generally unchanged (P=0.40), except among patients who were white and >65 years of age, in whom the rate decreased significantly over the 14-year period (P<0.01). Results from combined multivariable models indicated that the lowest quartiles of time–averaged intact parathyroid hormone were independently associated with higher hip fracture risk (intact parathyroid hormone =181–272 pg/ml: hazard ratio, 1.20; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.03 to 1.41 and intact parathyroid hormone <181 pg/ml: hazard ratio, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.44; referent third quartile, 273 to <433 pg/ml). The lowest quartile of time–averaged serum calcium was also associated with higher risk (calcium <8.7 mg/dl; hazard ratio, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.37) compared with the referent third quartile of 9.1 to <9.5 mg/dl.

Conclusions
We found an association between lower levels of intact parathyroid hormone and serum calcium and greater risk for hip and femur fractures among patients on hemodialysis. These findings support additional research toward elucidating long-term safety of treatment approaches for hyperparathyroidism in patients with ESRD.
Cardiovascular Risk Factor Targets and Cardiovascular Disease Event Risk in Diabetes: A Pooling Project of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, and Jackson Heart Study
Authors: Wong Nathan D. , Zhao Yanglu , Patel Rohini , Patao Christopher , Malik Shaista , Bertoni Alain G. , Correa Adolfo , Folsom Aaron R. , Kachroo Sumesh , Mukherjee Jayanti , Taylor Herman , Selvin Elizabeth 
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE
Controlling cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in diabetes mellitus (DM) reduces the number of CVD events, but the effects of multifactorial risk factor control are not well quantified. We examined whether being at targets for blood pressure (BP), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) together are associated with lower risks for CVD events in U.S. adults with DM.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We studied 2,018 adults, 28–86 years of age with DM but without known CVD, from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), and Jackson Heart Study (JHS). Cox regression examined coronary heart disease (CHD) and CVD events over a mean 11-year follow-up in those individuals at BP, LDL-C, and HbA1c target levels, and by the number of controlled risk factors.

RESULTS
Of 2,018 DM subjects (43% male, 55% African American), 41.8%, 32.1%, and 41.9% were at target levels for BP, LDL-C, and HbA1c, respectively; 41.1%, 26.5%, and 7.2% were at target levels for any one, two, or all three factors, respectively. Being at BP, LDL-C, or HbA1c target levels related to 17%, 33%, and 37% lower CVD risks and 17%, 41%, and 36% lower CHD risks, respectively (P &lt; 0.05 to P &lt; 0.0001, except for BP in CHD risk); those subjects with one, two, or all three risk factors at target levels (vs. none) had incrementally lower adjusted risks of CVD events of 36%, 52%, and 62%, respectively, and incrementally lower adjusted risks of CHD events of 41%, 56%, and 60%, respectively (P &lt; 0.001 to P &lt; 0.0001). Propensity score adjustment showed similar findings.

CONCLUSIONS
Optimal levels of BP, LDL-C, and HbA1c occurring together in individuals with DM are uncommon, but are associated with substantially lower risk of CHD and CVD.
Muscle activity and hand motion in veterinarians performing laparoscopic training tasks with a box trainer
Authors: Tapia-Araya Angelo E. , Usón-Gargallo Jesús , Sánchez-Margallo Juan A. , Pérez-Duarte Francisco J. , Martin-Portugués Idoia Díaz-Güemes , Sánchez-Margallo Francisco M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate muscle activity and hand motion in veterinarians performing a standard set of laparoscopic training tasks.
SAMPLE 12 veterinarians with experience performing laparoscopic procedures.
PROCEDURES Participants were asked to perform peg transfer, coordination, precision cutting, and suturing tasks in a laparoscopic box trainer. Activity of the right biceps brachii, triceps brachii, forearm flexor, forearm extensor, and trapezius muscles was analyzed by means of surface electromyography. Right hand movements and wrist angle data were registered through the use of a data glove, and risk levels for the wrist joint were determined by use of a modified rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) method. One-way repeated-measures ANOVA with a Bonferroni post hoc test was performed to compare values between tasks.
RESULTS Activity in the biceps muscle did not differ significantly among the 4 tasks. Activity in the triceps, forearm flexor, and forearm extensor muscles was significantly higher during precision cutting than during the coordination task. Activity in the trapezius muscle was highest during the suturing task and did not differ significantly among the other 3 tasks. The RULA score was unacceptable (score, 3) for the coordination, peg transfer, and precision cutting tasks but was acceptable (score, 2) for the suturing task.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that the ergonomics of laparoscopic training depended on the tasks performed and the design of the instruments used. Precision cutting and suturing tasks were associated with the highest muscle activity. Acceptable wrist position, as determined with the RULA method, was found with the suturing task, which was performed with an axial-handled instrument. (Am J Vet Res 2016;77:186–193)
Temporal effects of intramuscular administration of medetomidine hydrochloride or xylazine hydrochloride to healthy dogs on tear flow measured by use of a Schirmer tear test I
Authors: Kanda Teppei , Ishihara Satoko , Oka Miina , Sako Kaori , Sato Yoko , Maeta Noritaka , Tamura Katsutoshi , Furumoto Kayo , Furukawa Toshinori 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the temporal effects on tear flow measurements obtained by use of a Schirmer tear test (STT) I after IM administration of various doses of medetomidine or xylazine to healthy dogs.
ANIMALS 5 healthy purpose-bred male Beagles.
PROCEDURES Each dog received IM injections of 2.0 mL of physiologic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control treatment); 0.1% medetomidine hydrochloride (5, 10, 20, and 40 μg/kg), and 2.0% xylazine hydrochloride (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/kg). Treatments were injected into the semimembranosus muscles; there was at least a 1-week interval between successive injections. Order of treatments was determined via a randomized Latin square crossover design. The STT I was performed on both eyes before (baseline) and 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 24 hours after each injection.
RESULTS STT I values decreased significantly within 45 minutes after injection of medetomidine or xylazine, which was followed by gradual recovery. The lowest mean STT I value was < 10 mm/min for all sedation treatments, except when dogs received 5 μg of medetomidine/kg. Linear regression of the area under the curve for the 8 hours after administration yielded significant effects for all sedation treatments.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE IM administration of medetomidine or xylazine to dogs reduced tear flow in a dose-related manner. Artificial tear solution or ophthalmic ointment should be used to protect the ocular surface when these drugs are administered to dogs.
Clinical disease and lung lesions in calves experimentally inoculated with Histophilus somni five days after metaphylactic administration of tildipirosin or tulathromycin
Authors: Confer Anthony W. , Snider Timothy A. , Taylor Jared D. , Montelongo Marie , Sorensen Nicholas J. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare clinical disease and lung lesions in calves experimentally inoculated with Histophilus somni 5 days after metaphylactic administration of tildipirosin or tulathromycin.
ANIMALS Twenty-four 3-month-old Holstein and Holstein-crossbreed steers.
PROCEDURES Calves were randomly allocated to 3 groups of 8 calves. On day 0, calves in group 1 received tildipirosin (4 mg/kg, SC), calves in group 2 received tulathromycin (2.5 mg/kg, SC), and calves in group 3 received isotonic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (1 mL/45 kg, SC; control). On day 5, calves were inoculated with 10 mL of a solution containing H somni strain 7735 (1.6 × 109 CFUs/mL, intrabronchially; challenge). Calves were clinically evaluated on days 5 through 8 and euthanized on day 8. The lungs were grossly evaluated for evidence of pneumonia, and bronchial secretion samples underwent bacteriologic culture.
RESULTS The mean clinical score for each group was significantly increased 12 hours after challenge, compared with that immediately before challenge, and was significantly lower for tildipirosin-treated calves on days 6, 7, and 8, compared with those for tulathromycin-treated and control calves. The mean percentage of lung consolidation for tildipirosin-treated calves was significantly lower than those for tulathromycin-treated and control calves. Histophilus somni was isolated from the bronchial secretions of some tulathromycin-treated and control calves but was not isolated from tildipirosin-treated calves.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that metaphylactic administration of tildipirosin to calves 5 days prior to H somni challenge prevented subsequent culture of the pathogen from bronchial secretions and was more effective in minimizing clinical disease and lung lesions than was metaphylactic administration of tulathromycin.
Accuracy of monitors used for blood pressure checks in English retail pharmacies: a cross-sectional observational study
Authors: Hodgkinson James , Koshiaris Constantinos , Martin Una , Mant Jonathan , Heneghan Carl , Hobbs FD Richard , McManus Richard J 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundFree blood pressure (BP) checks offered by community pharmacies provide a potentially useful opportunity to diagnose and/or manage hypertension, but the accuracy of the sphygmomanometers in use is currently unknown.AimTo assess the accuracy of validated automatic BP monitors used for BP checks in a UK retail pharmacy chain.Design and settingCross-sectional, observational study in 52 pharmacies from one chain in a range of locations (inner city, suburban, and rural) in central England.MethodMonitor accuracy was compared with a calibrated reference device (Omron PA-350), at 50 mmHg intervals across the range 0–300 mmHg (static pressure test), with a difference from the reference monitor of +/− 3 mmHg at any interval considered a failure. The results were analysed by usage rates and length of time in service.ResultsOf 61 BP monitors tested, eight (13%) monitors failed (that is, were >3 mmHg from reference), all of which underestimated BP. Monitor failure rate from the reference monitor of +/− 3 mmHg at any testing interval varied by length of time in use (2/38, 5% <18 months; 4/14, 29% >18 months,P= 0.038) and to some extent, but non-significantly, by usage rates (4/22, 18% in monitors used more than once daily; 2/33, 6% in those used less frequently,P= 0.204).ConclusionBP monitors within a pharmacy setting fail at similar rates to those in general practice. Annual calibration checks for blood pressure monitors are needed, even for new monitors, as these data indicate declining performance from 18 months onwards.