bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardioprotective effect of <i>Volvariella volvacea</i> in streptozotocin administered rats
Authors: Punitha Soosaimanickam Carmel , Rajasekaran Muthu 
Published: November 2016

<p class="Abstract">The present study examined the cardioprotective role of methanol extract of the edible mushroom <em>Volvariella volvacea</em> against oxidative stress in hyperglycemic rats. Rats divided into 6 groups were administered with nicotinamide and streptozotocin intraperitoneally, except Group I (control). Group II served as diabetic control. Group III was given glibenclamide. Two groups (IV and V) of rats received (200 and 400 mg/kg) mushroom extracts orally for 30 days and Group VI received vitamin E (40 mg/kg). After the treatment period, lipid peroxides, carbonyl end products, advanced glycation end products, reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S transferase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and non-enzymatic anti-oxidants (vitamin C and E) were assessed in the heart tissues of experimental animals. Glycosylated hemoglobin was estimated in blood. Electrocardiography recordings of the treated groups were also done. The results showed that mushroom extract treatment reduced the lipid peroxides, advanced glycation end products and protein carbonyls significantly and reversed the altered anti-oxidant enzymes, and the vitamins.</p><p class="Abstract"><strong>Video Clips</strong>:</p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/wn01m31-XhY">Hemolysate preparation</a>: 2 min 50 sec</p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/B0OLbU-NdEM">Mixing, glycosylated hemoglobin separation and reading absorbance</a>: 3 min 10 sec</p><p> </p>
2014–2015 MULTIPLE OUTBURSTS OF 15P/FINLAY
Authors: Ishiguro Masateru , Kuroda Daisuke , Hanayama Hidekazu , Kwon Yuna Grace , Kim Yoonyoung , Lee Myung Gyoon , Watanabe Makoto , Akitaya Hiroshi , Kawabata Koji , Itoh Ryosuke , Nakaoka Tatsuya , Yoshida Michitoshi , Imai Masataka , Sarugaku Yuki , Yanagisawa Kenshi , Ohta Kouji , Kawai Nobuyuki , Miyaji Takeshi , Fukushima Hideo , Honda Satoshi , Takahashi Jun , Sato Mikiya , Vaubaillon Jeremie J. , Watanabe Jun-ichi 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
Multiple outbursts of a Jupiter-family comet (JFC), 15P/Finlay, occurred from late 2014 to early 2015. We conducted an observation of the comet after the first outburst and subsequently witnessed another outburst on 2015 January 15.6–15.7. The gas, consisting mostly of C2 and CN, and dust particles expanded at speeds of 1110 ± 180 m s−1 and 570 ± 40 m s−1 at a heliocentric distance of 1.0 au. We estimated the maximum ratio of solar radiation pressure with respect to the solar gravity β
max = 1.6 ± 0.2, which is consistent with porous dust particles composed of silicates and organics. We found that 108–109 kg of dust particles (assumed to be 0.3 μm–1 mm) were ejected through each outburst. Although the total mass is three orders of magnitude smaller than that of the 17P/Holmes event observed in 2007, the kinetic energy per unit mass (104 J kg−1) is equivalent to the estimated values of 17P/Holmes and 332P/2010 V1 (Ikeya–Murakami), suggesting that the outbursts were caused by a similar physical mechanism. From a survey of cometary outbursts on the basis of voluntary reports, we conjecture that 15P/Finlay-class outbursts occur >1.5 times annually and inject dust particles from JFCs and Encke-type comets into interplanetary space at a rate of ∼10 kg s−1 or more.
ON THE RR LYRAE STARS IN GLOBULARS. IV. ω CENTAURI OPTICAL UBVRI PHOTOMETRY*
Authors: Braga V. F. , Stetson P. B. , Bono G. , Dall’Ora M. , Ferraro I. , Fiorentino G. , Freyhammer L. M. , Iannicola G. , Marengo M. , Neeley J. , Valenti E. , Buonanno R. , Calamida A. , Castellani M. , da Silva R. , Degl’Innocenti S. , Di Cecco A. , Fabrizio M. , Freedman W. L. , Giuffrida G. , Lub J. , Madore B. F. , Marconi M. , Marinoni S. , Matsunaga N. , Monelli M. , Persson S. E. , Piersimoni A. M. , Pietrinferni A. , Prada-Moroni P. , Pulone L. , Stellingwerf R. , Tognelli E. , Walker A. R. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
New accurate and homogeneous optical UBVRI photometry has been obtained for variable stars in the Galactic globular cluster ω Cen (NGC 5139). We secured 8202 CCD images covering a time interval of 24 years and a sky area of 84 × 48 arcmin. The current data were complemented with data available in the literature and provided new, homogeneous pulsation parameters (mean magnitudes, luminosity amplitudes, periods) for 187 candidate ω Cen RR Lyrae (RRLs). Among them we have 101 RRc (first overtone) and 85 RRab (fundamental) variables, and a single candidate RRd (double-mode) variable. Candidate Blazhko RRLs show periods and colors that are intermediate between the RRc and RRab variables, suggesting that they are transitional objects. A comparison of the period distribution and the Bailey diagram indicates that RRLs in ω Cen show a long-period tail not present in typical Oosterhoff II (OoII) globulars. The RRLs in dwarf spheroidals and in ultra-faint dwarfs have properties between Oosterhoff intermediate and OoII clusters. Metallicity plays a key role in shaping the above evidence. These findings do not support the hypothesis that ω Cen is the core remnant of a spoiled dwarf galaxy. Using optical period–Wesenheit relations that are reddening-free and minimally dependent on metallicity we find a mean distance to ω Cen of 13.71 ± 0.08 ± 0.01 mag (semi-empirical and theoretical calibrations). Finally, we invert the I-band period–luminosity–metallicity relation to estimate individual RRLs’ metal abundances. The metallicity distribution agrees quite well with spectroscopic and photometric metallicity estimates available in the literature.
From IgE to Omalizumab
Authors: Kawakami Toshiaki , Blank Ulrich 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
IgE is the least abundant Ig isotype, yet it plays a critical role in allergic reactions and host protection from helminth infection. Although IgE was discovered 50 years ago, the ultimate evidence for its role in human allergic diseases was obtained by the efficacy of anti-IgE therapy in many clinical trials on asthma and other allergic diseases. Beginning from the discovery of IgE 50 y ago, followed by studies of IgE receptors and activation mechanisms, this review provides a historic perspective of allergy research that has led to the development of anti-IgE therapy and other strategies targeting IgE and its receptors. Current IgE studies toward future precision medicine are also reviewed.
Vooronderstellings wat die eskatologie beïnvloed
Authors: Scholtz Jacob J. 
Published: November 2016

Presuppositions that influence eschatology. If one is to understand where different views about eschatology originate from, then presuppositions of different theological systems must be identified. This article starts such an investigation by focusing on the relation between the two testaments in biblical theology. If the Old Testament is read through the lens of the New Testament, there is a risk that Old Testament truth may be forced into that prior grid. Further analysis follows – for example an investigation into the covenants – leading to a comparison of how presuppositions of covenant theology and dispensationalism impact their views about eschatology. Ways in which the Old Testament is fulfilled in the New Testament – direct, typological, analogical and summary fulfilment – are then considered and discussed. Guidelines for the relation between the two testaments in biblical theology are then proposed and illustrated with an example.
Valorisation de la jacinthe d’eau (Eichhornia crassipes) par la production de biocarburant : expérimentation
Authors: Adjahatode Flora , Kobede Aurel S.M. , Daouda Mohamed , Hodonou Anthelme , Guehou Boris , Aïna Martin 
Published: November 2016

The efficient management of water hyacinth on Benin's waters remains a challenge. Moreover, given the urgency to find alternative energy sources due to the scarcity of fossil fuels, renewable energy obtained from lignocellulosic biomass is a promising route. The objective of the study is to determine the potential ethanoic water hyacinth. For this, the production of bioethanol from the water hyacinth was made chemically, which results in: a physical pretreatment of the raw material, a pre-hydrolysis with dilute acid, alcoholic fermentation yeast baker (S. cerevisiae) and batch distillation. pH measurement and content Volatile Fatty Acid in various fermented samples allowed the determination of optimal conditions for better fermentation. Indeed, 120 hours of fermentation are found to be satisfactory for optimum fermentation of water hyacinth. This required a yeast contribution of 2.5 % on the dry matter and L/S = 20. The dosage of distillate obtained after distillation of fermented mash by chronometer method was used to determine the concentration of ethanoic. Hyacinth which is 0.95 % V/V distillate from fermented biomass.
La gestion efficiente de la jacinthe d’eau sur les plans d’eau du Bénin demeure un défi à relever. De plus, devant l’urgence de trouver d’autres sources d’énergie suite à la rareté des énergies fossiles, les énergies renouvelables obtenues à partir des biomasses lignocellulosiques constituent une voie prometteuse. L’objectif de l’étude est de déterminer le potentiel éthanoïque de jacinthe d’eau. Pour cela, la production du bioéthanol à partir de la jacinthe d’eau a été faite par voie chimique qui se traduit par : un prétraitement physique de la matière première, une pré-hydrolyse à l’acide dilué, une fermentation alcoolique à la levure boulangère (S. cerevisiae) en mode batch et une distillation. La mesure du pH et de la teneur d’Acide Gras Volatils (AGV) dans différents échantillons fermentés ont permis la détermination des conditions optimales pour une meilleure fermentation. En effet, 120 heures de fermentation se révèlent être satisfaisantes pour une fermentation optimale de la jacinthe d’eau. Cela a nécessité un apport de levure de 2,5 % par rapport à la matière sèche et un rapport L/S = 20. Le dosage du distillat obtenu après distillation du moût fermenté par la méthode chronométrique a permis de déterminer la concentration éthanoïque de la jacinthe qui est de 0,95 %V/V de distillat par biomasse fermentée.
First detection of ammonia (NH3) in the Asian summer monsoon upper troposphere
Authors: Höpfner Michael , Volkamer Rainer , Grabowski Udo , Grutter Michel , Orphal Johannes , Stiller Gabriele , von Clarmann Thomas , Wetzel Gerald 
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Ammonia (NH3) has been detected in the upper troposphere by the analysis of averaged MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding) infrared limb-emission spectra. We have found enhanced amounts of NH3 within the region of the Asian summer monsoon at 12–15 km altitude. Three-monthly, 10° longitude  ×  10° latitude average profiles reaching maximum mixing ratios of around 30 pptv in this altitude range have been retrieved, with a vertical resolution of 3–8 km and estimated errors of about 5 pptv. These observations show that loss processes during transport from the boundary layer to the upper troposphere within the Asian monsoon do not deplete the air entirely of NH3. Thus, ammonia might contribute to the so-called Asian tropopause aerosol layer by the formation of ammonium aerosol particles. On a global scale, outside the monsoon area and during different seasons, we could not detect enhanced values of NH3 above the actual detection limit of about 3–5 pptv. This upper bound helps to constrain global model simulations.
“Character Assassins”: How the FBI Used the Issue of Homosexuality against the Black Freedom Struggle
Authors: Leighton Jared 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This article examines Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) inquiries into and counterintelligence actions against gay and lesbian activists in the Black freedom struggle. Drawing on dozens of individual Freedom of Information Act requests and the files of the counterintelligence program (COINTELPRO), this article argues that the FBI’s investigation and exposure of gay and lesbian activists in the Black freedom struggle served as a tactic typical of the FBI’s attempts to discredit and sow division within and among civil rights and Black Power groups. Prior to creating a formal counterintelligence program against the movement, the bureau focused its efforts on often ineffective attempts at outing individual activists. With the creation in 1967 of a formal COINTELPRO against so-called “Black Nationalist–Hate Groups” and “Black Extremists,” however, the bureau drew on this tactic to even greater effect. While other scholars have highlighted extreme tactics employed in COINTELPRO, like fomenting outright violence, this article finds little evidence of that. Instead, a more typical technique of the FBI was the use of poison-pen letters or leaflets that outed gays in the movement to fellow activists or reporters or raised the issue of homosexuality to sow division within the movement and between organizations. In the end, this article draws attention to a rarely discussed issue in Black freedom struggle historiography—the role of gay and lesbian activists and the added burdens they faced from opposition forces—while reexamining COINTELPRO to gain a better understanding of the actions that typified its efforts to discredit and divide the movement.
Morpho-ecological Characteristics of an Invasive Vine (<i>Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb</i>.) to Varying Light Intensities in Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve, Los Baňos, Philippines
Authors: Godilano-Sarmiento Banjie , Baguinon Nestor T. , Tiburan Jr. Cristino L. , Bantayan Nathaniel C. 
Published: November 2016

Invasive species represent the second most remarkable cause of extinction worldwide after habitat destruction (IUCN, 2011). Skyflower (Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb.) that is slowly invading Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve (MMFR) was subjected to varying light intensities. Morpho-ecological characters were evaluated using Analysis of Variance for Randomized Complete Block Design. Bonferonni’s method at 5% level of significance was used for mean comparison. Plant height, number of leaves and nodes were higher in 0% (open condition) and 50% (partial shade) compared to those grown in 70% (complete shade). There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in stem thickness, biomass, and chlorophyll content in all treatments. Leaf area was smallest in plants grown in the open condition. There was significant difference between the two locations (greenhouse and field) for the number of nodes, number of leaves, and stem thickness (P<0.05). Skyflower has strong morphological plasticity in open and partially shaded areas but can also thrive in areas with low light intensity. It is capable of smothering canopies and continues to spread on the lower slopes of MMFR. An Aspect Map generated from a Digital Elevation Model in ArcGIS can be used to distinguish sites with minimum or maximum sun exposure and serve as a useful tool to identify priority areas for the extirpation of Skyflower in MMFR, Luzon, Philippines.
Observational test of empirical magnetopause location models using geosynchronous satellite data
Authors: Park Eunsu , Moon Y.‐J. , Lee Kangjin 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn this study, we identify 123 geosynchronous magnetopause crossings using geosynchronous satellite observation data from 1996 to 2010 as well as make an observational test of magnetopause location models using the identified events. For this, we consider three models: Petrinec and Russell (1996), Shue et al. (1998), and Lin et al. (2010). To evaluate the models, we estimate a probability of detection (PoD) and a critical success index (CSI) as a function of year. To examine the effect of solar cycle phase, we consider three different time periods: (1) ascending phase (1996–1999), (2) maximum phase (2000–2002), and (3) descending phase (2003–2008). Major results from this study are as follows. First, the PoD values of all models range from 0.4 to 0.8 for the most of years. Second, the PoD values of Lin et al. (2010) are noticeably higher than those of the other models. Third, the CSI values of all models range from 0.1 to 0.3, and those of Shue et al. (1998) are slightly higher than those of the other models. Fourth, the predicted magnetopause radii based on Lin et al.(2010) well match the observed ones within 1 Earth radius, while those on Shue et al. (1998) overestimate the observed ones by about 2 Earth radii. Fifth, the PoD and critical success index (CSI) values of all the models are better for the solar maximum phase than those for the other phases, implying that the models are more optimized for the phase.
Prospects for narrowing bounds on Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity
Authors: Stevens Bjorn , Sherwood Steven C. , Bony Sandrine , Webb Mark J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe concept of Earth's Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity (ECS) is reviewed. A particular problem in quantifying plausible bounds for ECS has been how to account for all of the diverse lines of relevant scientific evidence. It is argued that developing and refuting physical storylines (hypotheses) for values outside any proposed range has the potential to better constrain these bounds and to help articulate the science needed to narrow the range further. A careful reassessment of all important lines of evidence supporting these storylines, their limitations, and the assumptions required to combine them is therefore required urgently.
Conductivity response to intraplate deformation: Evidence for metamorphic devolatilization and crustal‐scale fluid focusing
Authors: Thiel S. , Soeffky P. , Krieger L. , Regenauer‐Lieb K. , Peacock J. , Heinson G. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe present two‐dimensional electrical resistivity models of two 40 km magnetotelluric (MT) profiles across the Frome Embayment to the east of the northern Flinders Ranges, South Australia. The lower crust shows low resistivity of 10 Ω m at around 30 km depth. The middle crust is dominated by resistive (>1000 Ω m) basement rocks underlying the Flinders Ranges. Adjacent to the ranges, conductive lower crust is connected to vertical zones of higher conductivity extending to just below the brittle‐ductile transition at ∼10 km depth. The conductive zones narrow in the brittle upper crust and dip at roughly 45° beneath the surface. Zones of enhanced conductivity coincide with higher strain due to topographic loading and sparse seismicity. We propose that fluids are generated through neotectonic metamorphic devolatilization. Low‐resistivity zones display areas of fluid pathways along either preexisting faults or an effect of crustal compression leading to metamorphic fluid generation. The lower crustal conductors are responding to long‐wavelength flexure‐induced strain, while the upper crustal conductors are responding to short wavelength faulting in the brittle regime. MT is a useful tool for imaging crustal strain in response to far‐field stresses in an intraplate setting and provides important constraints for geodynamic modeling and crustal rheology.
Moment rate scaling for earthquakes 3.3 ≤ M ≤ 5.3 with implications for stress drop
Authors: Archuleta Ralph J. , Ji Chen 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe have determined a scalable apparent moment rate function (aMRF) that correctly predicts the peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), local magnitude, and the ratio of PGA/PGV for earthquakes 3.3 ≤ M ≤ 5.3. Using the NGA‐West2 database for 3.0 ≤ M ≤ 7.7, we find a break in scaling of LogPGA and LogPGV versus M around M ~ 5.3 with nearly linear scaling for LogPGA and LogPGV for 3.3 ≤ M ≤ 5.3. Temporal parameters tp and td—related to rise time and total duration—control the aMRF. Both scale with seismic moment. The Fourier amplitude spectrum of the aMRF has two corners between which the spectrum decays ~ f− 1. Significant attenuation along the raypath results in a Brune‐like spectrum with one corner fC. Assuming that fC ≅ 1/td, the aMRF predicts non‐self‐similar scaling
and weak stress drop scaling
. This aMRF can explain why stress drop is different from the stress parameter used to predict high‐frequency ground motion.
Using stable isotopes of hydrogen to quantify biogenic and thermogenic atmospheric methane sources: A case study from the Colorado Front Range
Authors: Townsend‐Small Amy , Botner E. Claire , Jimenez Kristine L. , Schroeder Jason R. , Blake Nicola J. , Meinardi Simone , Blake Donald R. , Sive Barkley C. , Bon Daniel , Crawford James H. , Pfister Gabriele , Flocke Frank M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractGlobal atmospheric concentrations of methane (CH4), a powerful greenhouse gas, are increasing, but because there are many natural and anthropogenic sources of CH4, it is difficult to assess which sources may be increasing in magnitude. Here we present a data set of δ2H‐CH4 measurements of individual sources and air in the Colorado Front Range, USA. We show that δ2H‐CH4, but not δ13C, signatures are consistent in air sampled downwind of landfills, cattle feedlots, and oil and gas wells in the region. Applying these source signatures to air in ground and aircraft samples indicates that at least 50% of CH4 emitted in the region is biogenic, perhaps because regulatory restrictions on leaking oil and natural gas wells are helping to reduce this source of CH4. Source apportionment tracers such as δ2H may help close the gap between CH4 observations and inventories, which may underestimate biogenic as well as thermogenic sources.
Multiple ionospheric perturbations during the Saint Patrick's Day storm 2015 in the European‐African sector
Authors: Borries Claudia , Mahrous Ayman M. , Ellahouny Nada M. , Badeke Ronny 
Published: November 2016

AbstractStrong ionospheric perturbations were generated by the intense geomagnetic storm on 17 March 2015. In this article, we are studying perturbations in the European‐African sector observed in the total electron content (TEC). Focal points are wavelike phenomena considered as large‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs). In the European‐African sector, the storm produced three different types of LSTIDs: (1) a concurrent TEC perturbation at all latitudes simultaneously; (2) one LSTID propagating toward the equator, having very large wave parameters (wavelength: ≈3600 km, period: ≈120 min, and speed: ≈500 m/s); and (3) several LSTIDs propagating toward the equator with typical wave parameters (wavelength: ≈2100 km, period: ≈60 min, and speed ≈600 m/s). The third type of LSTIDs is considered to be exited as most LSTIDs either due to variations in the Joule heating or variations in the Lorentz force, whereas the first two perturbation types are rather unusual in their appearance. They occurred during the partial recovery phase when the geomagnetic perturbations were minor and the interplanetary magnetic field turned northward. A westward prompt penetration electric field is considered to excite the first perturbation signature, which indicates a sudden TEC depletion. For the second LSTID type, variations in the Lorentz force because of perturbed electric fields and a minor particle precipitation effect are extracted as possible excitation mechanisms.