bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zygomatic Arch Cortical Area and Diet in Haplorhines
Authors: Edmonds Hallie 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTThe influence that various types of ingested foods have on the form (size and shape) of specific features of the masticatory system is an area in which many questions remain unanswered. The bony zygomatic arch, the focus of this study, is directly linked to the masticatory system because it serves as the anchor for the masseter muscle, a primary muscle of chewing and source of masticatory force. However, the influence of diet and the forces associated with different diet types on the arch's internal bone architecture is not well understood. Despite the breadth of work centered around the craniofacial complex and biomechanics of mastication, there is a need for further investigations into the functional relationships between specific bony features that experience high strains, (e.g., the zygomatic arch), and the masticatory forces generated by different diets (e.g., mechanically resistant versus non‐ mechanically resistant) across non‐human primates. A hypothesis and series of predictions assessing diet in relation to variability in cortical area distributions and values of section moduli (measures of bone strength) throughout the zygomatic arch were tested in a sample of haplorhine primates. Cortical area and measures of section moduli appear to track with the known masticatory strain distribution along the zygomatic arch. Pairwise comparisons between closely related taxa of different diets reveal significant differences in anterior cortical area and section moduli values. These results imply that differences in masticatory loading due to diet manifest in the zygomatic arch's internal bone structure. Anat Rec, 299:1789–1800, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Eye Size and Set in Small‐Bodied Fossil Primates: A Three‐Dimensional Method
Authors: Rosenberger Alfred L. , Smith Tim D. , DeLeon Valerie B. , Burrows Anne M. , Schenck Robert , Halenar Lauren B. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTWe introduce a new method to geometrically reconstruct eye volume and placement in small‐bodied primates based on the three‐dimensional contour of the intraorbital surface. We validate it using seven species of living primates, with dry skulls and wet dissections, and test its application on seven species of Paleogene fossils of interest. The method performs well even when the orbit is damaged and incomplete, lacking the postorbital bar and represented only by the orbital floor. Eye volume is an important quantity for anatomic and metabolic reasons, which due to differences in eye set, or position within (or outside) the bony orbit, can be underestimated in living and fossil forms when calculated from aperture diameter. Our Ectopic Index quantifies how much the globe's volume protrudes anteriorly from the aperture. Lemur, Notharctus and Rooneyia resemble anthropoids, with deeply recessed eyes protruding 11%–13%. Galago and Tarsius are the other extreme, at 47%–56%. We argue that a laterally oriented aperture has little to do with line‐of‐sight in euprimates, as large ectopic eyes can position the cornea to enable a directly forward viewing axis, and soft tissue positions the eyes facing forward in megachiropteran bats, which have unenclosed, open eye sockets. The size and set of virtual eyes reconstructed from 3D cranial models confirm that eyes were large to hypertrophic in Hemiacodon, Necrolemur, Microchoerus, Pseudoloris and Shoshonius, but eye size in Rooneyia may have been underestimated by measuring the aperture, as in Aotus. Anat Rec, 299:1671–1689, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development, Structure, and Function of the Zygomatic Bones: What is New and Why Do We Care?
Authors: Dechow Paul C. , Wang Qian 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTThis issue of The Anatomical Record is the first of a two‐volume set on the zygoma (also called the cheek bone, the zygomatic bone, the malar, or the jugal, the latter term being used in vertebrates other than mammals). The zygoma is an important component of the craniofacial skeleton, in which the zygoma is a connection between the midfacial and the cranial skeletons; has a functional role as the origin of one of the masticatory muscles, the masseter muscle, and several facial muscles; has been considered as an essential buttress of the facial skeleton for resisting masticatory forces; and has importance for determining phylogenetic relationships. In humans, the zygoma is also of aesthetic significance for facial appearance, and its restoration following trauma has resulted in a large clinical literature. In this first volume of this Special Issue, a wide ranging series of papers discuss studies related to issues of development, structure, and function of the zygoma and closely related parts of the craniofacial skeleton in mammals, and in particular primates. This Introductory article provides an overview in which we discuss the primary findings of these studies and some of their implications. The second volume, which will be published as the January 2017 issue of The Anatomical Record, will focus on variation and evolution of the zygoma throughout the vertebrates. Anat Rec, 299:1611–1615, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Internal Bone Architecture in the Zygoma of Human and Pan
Authors: Pryor McIntosh Leslie , Strait David S. , Ledogar Justin A. , Smith Amanda L. , Ross Callum F. , Wang Qian , Opperman Lynne A. , Dechow Paul C. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTThe internal and external anatomy of the primate zygoma is central to orofacial function, health, and disease. The importance of variation in its gross morphology across extinct and extant primate forms has been established using finite element analysis, but its internal structure has yet to be explored. In this study, µCT is used to characterize trabecular bone morphometry in two separate regions of the zygoma of humans and Pan. Trabecular anisotropy and orientation are compared with strain orientations observed in trabecular regions of finite element models of four Pan crania. The results of this study show that trabecular bone morphometry, anisotropy, and orientation are highly compatible with strain orientation and magnitude in the finite element models. Trabecular bone in the zygoma is largely orthotropic (with bone orientation differing in three mutually orthogonal directions), with its primary orientation lying in the mediolateral direction. Trabecular bone in the zygomatic region appears to be highly influenced by the local strain environment, and thus may be closely linked to orofacial function. Anat Rec, 299:1704–1717, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trend Toward Individualization of the Endocrine and Exocrine Portions of the Giant Anteater Pancreas (Myrmecophaga Tridactyla, Xenarthra)
Authors: Iglesias Luciana Pedrosa , Favaron Phelipe Oliveira , Borghesi Jéssica , Oliveira Carreira Ana Claudia , Miglino Maria Angelica , de Melo Alan Perez Ferraz 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTConsidering the physiological importance of the pancreas as an endocrine and exocrine organ, this study described the characteristics of the gross and microscopic morphology of this organ using 16 Myrmecophaga tridactyla individuals. The pancreas was located in the left antimere of the body, was pale in colour and exhibited an elongated shape with a central body and lobulated surface. It was positioned in the abdomen, following the curvatura ventriculi major of the stomach, and was attached to the initial portion of the duodenum. The corpus pancreatis was elongated and showed a caudal curvature of 45°. The pancreas exhibited a facies dorsalis (related to the spleen and stomach) and a facies ventralis (related to the renal capsule and intestine). Macroscopically, a craniodorsal, medial, and caudoventral regions were identified, in addition to the left lobe. Structurally, the organ exhibited two distinct parts: the first had exocrine characteristics, consisting of acini and ducts; the second, which was the endocrine portion, consisted of the pancreatic islets, which were located in the medial, caudoventral and left lobe regions. Ultrastructural analysis identified secretory vesicles containing zymogen granules, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum in pancreatic centroacinar cells. Morphological data on the anatomy of members of the Xenarthra have revealed important peculiarities of several organs and systems, adding great biological value to the representatives of this group. In addition, these studies significantly contribute not only to knowledge of the biology, taxonomy and, consequently, preservation of these animals but also to the discovery of new experimental models. Anat Rec, 300:1104–1113, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unique Turbinal Morphology in Horseshoe Bats (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae)
Authors: Curtis Abigail A. , Simmons Nancy B. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTThe mammalian nasal fossa contains a set of delicate and often structurally complex bones called turbinals. Turbinals and associated mucosae function in regulating respiratory heat and water loss, increasing surface area for olfactory tissue, and directing airflow within the nasal fossa. We used high‐resolution micro‐CT scanning to investigate a unique maxilloturbinal morphology in 37 species from the bat family Rhinolophidae, which we compared with those of families Hipposideridae, Megadermatidae, and Pteropodidae. Rhinolophids exhibit numerous structural modifications along the nasopharyngeal tract associated with emission of high duty cycle echolocation calls via the nostrils. In rhinolophids, we found that the maxilloturbinals and a portion of ethmoturbinal I form a pair of strand‐like bony structures on each side of the nasal chamber. These structures project anteriorly from the transverse lamina and complete a hairpin turn to project posteriorly down the nasopharyngeal duct, and vary in length among species. The strand‐like maxilloturbinals in Rhinolophidae were not observed in our outgroups and represent a synapomorphy for this family, and are unique in form among mammals. Within Rhinolophidae, maxilloturbinal size and cross‐sectional shape were correlated with phylogeny. We hypothesize that strand‐shaped maxilloturbinals may function to reduce respiratory heat and water loss without greatly impacting echolocation call transmission since they provide increased mucosal surface area for heat and moisture exchange but occupy minimal space. Alternatively, they may play a role in transmission of echolocation calls since they are located directly along the path sound travels between the larynx and nostrils during call emission. Anat Rec, 300:309–325, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Palladium‐Catalyzed C−H Functionalization of Phenyl 2‐Pyridylsulfonates
Authors: Li Bin , Guo Dong‐Dong , Guo Shi‐Huan , Pan Gao‐Fei , Gao Ya‐Ru , Wang Yong‐Qiang 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAn efficient palladium(II)‐catalyzed intermolecular direct ortho‐alkenylation and acetoxylation of phenols has been developed. The reaction proceeded via a seven‐membered cyclopalladated intermediate and showed complete regio‐ and diastereoselectivity. The approach also provided an efficient route for the synthesis of coumarins and benzofurans.
Key Structural Elements of Unsymmetrical Cyanine Dyes for Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Turn‐On DNA Probes
Authors: Uno Kakishi , Sasaki Taeko , Sugimoto Nagisa , Ito Hideto , Nishihara Taishi , Hagihara Shinya , Higashiyama Tetsuya , Sasaki Narie , Sato Yoshikatsu , Itami Kenichiro 
Published: November 2016

AbstractUnsymmetrical cyanine dyes, such as thiazole orange, are useful for the detection of nucleic acids with fluorescence because they dramatically enhance the fluorescence upon binding to nucleic acids. Herein, we synthesized a series of unsymmetrical cyanine dyes and evaluated their fluorescence properties. A systematic structure–property relationship study has revealed that the dialkylamino group at the 2‐position of quinoline in a series of unsymmetrical cyanine dyes plays a critical role in the fluorescence enhancement. Four newly designed unsymmetrical cyanine dyes showed negligible intrinsic fluorescence in the free state and strong fluorescence upon binding to double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA) with a quantum yield of 0.53 to 0.90, which is 2 to 3 times higher than previous unsymmetrical cyanine dyes. A detailed analysis of the fluorescence lifetime revealed that the dialkylamino group at the 2‐position of quinoline suppressed nonradiative decay in favor of increased fluorescence quantum yield. Moreover, these newly developed dyes were able to stain the nucleus specifically in fixed HeLa cells examined by using a confocal laser‐scanning microscope.
Luminescent Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes as Nonviral Carriers for DNA Delivery
Authors: Bhat Satish S. , Revankar Vidyanand K. , Khan Ayesha , Pinjari Rahul V. , Necas Marek 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTwo new luminescent ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes, [Ru(bpy)2(tpt‐phen)]Cl2 (1; bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine, tpt‐phen=triptycenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline) and [Ru(phen)2(tpt‐phen)]Cl2 (2; phen=1,10‐phenanthroline), have been developed as potential nonviral vectors for DNA delivery. Photophysical and electrochemical properties of the complexes have been investigated and corroborated with electronic structure calculations. DNA condensation by these complexes has been investigated by UV/Vis and emission spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering, confocal microscopy, and electrophoretic mobility studies. These complexes interact with DNA and efficiently condense DNA into globular nanoparticles that are taken up efficiently by HeLa cells. DNA cleavage inability and biocompatibility of complexes have been explored. Both complexes have good gene transfection abilities.
A Memory Sharing based Low Loss Rate Data Gathering Algorithm with a Mobile Sink for Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks
Authors: Zhu C. , Han G.J. , Wang Y. , Bao P. , Shen J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis paper exploits memory sharing among nodes and a proactively upload method to avoid data loss and improve the energy efficiency of network. A memory sharing low loss rate data gathering algorithm MSDGA is proposed. Based on K‐hop spanning tree topology, MSDGA combines locally passive uploading and globally proactive uploading. On one hand, local data collection mode shortens the length of data routing, therefore the energy consumption of nodes is decreased and the network lifetime is prolonged. On the other hand, the whole network proactive transmission mode reduces the memory overflow ratio and packet loss ratio caused by beyond the validity period, which earns higher packets delivery ratio and acceptable data transmission delay. Extensive simulations show that compared with other algorithms, MSDGA has longer network lifetime, higher packets delivery ratio and acceptable data transmission delay.
Stabilization and H∞ Control of Nonlinear Switched Hamiltonian Systems Subject to Actuator Saturation
Authors: Li Han , Wei Airong 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis paper investigates the stabilization and H∞ control problem of nonlinear switched Hamiltonian systems (NSHSs) subject to actuator saturation (AS) under arbitrary switching paths. First, based on the saturating actuator property, an appropriate state feedback is designed under a realistic assumption for the stabilization of NSHSs with AS. Then, an H∞ controller is designed for NSHSs subject to AS with external disturbances in order to attenuate the disturbances. Futhermore, the results obtained for NSHSs are applied to study the stabilization and H∞ control of switched nonlinear systems with AS via the Hamiltonian realization method. Finally, simulation examples show the efficiency of the methods and results proposed in this paper.
A simulation study on the rapid intensification of Typhoon Megi (2010) in vertical wind shear
Authors: Li Mengxia , Ping Fan , Chen Jun , Xu Liren 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe improved Weather Research and Forecasting model was used to simulate Typhoon Megi, which experienced rapid intensification (RI) and gradual intensification processes. The model reproduced the typhoon track and intensity in accordance with the best‐track observations. Our study has shown that in small or moderate shear environments, the great latent heat released in the upper troposphere through the enhancement of convective bursts, which enhanced the upper‐level warm core and caused the intensification of typhoon. During the onset of RI, strong convective cells were found gathering in downshear eyewall quadrant or the left side of shear. They also indicated an asymmetric structure in the eyewall. As Megi intensified rapidly, the strong convective activity occurred both in upshear and downshear quadrants, then the symmetrical structures developed well.
The Heart and the Head: On Choosing Experiences Intuitively and Possessions Deliberatively
Authors: Gallo Iñigo , Sood Sanjay , Mann Thomas C. , Gilovich Thomas 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAn enduring question in the field of judgment and decision making is when people are likely to choose on the basis of intuition and when they are likely to pursue a more deliberative decision strategy. Here, we attempt to shed light on that question by examining whether people tend to weight intuition more heavily when making experiential purchases, and to weight deliberation more heavily when making material purchases. Results from seven studies indicate that they do. In Study 1 (and a replication), participants expressed an explicit preference for choosing experiential purchases intuitively and material purchases analytically. In Study 2 (and a replication), participants anticipated experiencing more regret after going against reason for material purchases and going against intuition for experiential purchases. Participants in Study 3 who were asked to think about an experiential purchase wanted to see the relevant information presented by alternative, which facilitates intuitive/holistic processing, more than did those who were asked to consider a material purchase. In two additional studies, participants who were induced to think intuitively chose experiential purchases more often (Study 4) and reported a higher willingness to pay for them (Study 5) compared with participants induced to think analytically. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiplex growth rate phenotyping of synthetic mutants in selection to engineer glucose and xylose co‐utilization in Escherichia coli
Authors: Groot Joost , Cepress‐Mclean Sidney C. , Robbins‐Pianka Adam , Knight Rob , Gill Ryan T. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTEngineering the simultaneous consumption of glucose and xylose sugars is critical to enable the sustainable production of biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass. In most major industrial microorganisms glucose completely inhibits the uptake of xylose, limiting efficient sugar mixture conversion. In E. coli removal of the major glucose transporter PTS allows for glucose and xylose co‐consumption but only after prolonged adaptation, which is an effective process but hard to control and prone to co‐evolving undesired traits. Here we synthetically engineer mutants to target sugar co‐consumption properties; we subject a PTS− mutant to a short adaptive step and subsequently either delete or overexpress key genes previously suggested to affect sugar consumption. Screening the co‐consumption properties of these mutants individually is very laborious. We show we can evaluate sugar co‐consumption properties in parallel by culturing the mutants in selection and applying a novel approach that computes mutant growth rates in selection using chromosomal barcode counts obtained from Next‐Generation Sequencing. We validate this multiplex growth rate phenotyping approach with individual mutant pure cultures, identify new instances of mutants cross‐feeding on metabolic byproducts, and, importantly, find that the rates of glucose and xylose co‐consumption can be tuned by altering glucokinase expression in our PTS− background. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 885–893. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Indications for major hepatectomy and combined procedures for advanced gallbladder cancer
Authors: Yamamoto Y , Sugiura T , Ashida R , Okamura Y , Ito T , Uesaka K 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Background
The clinical impact of major hepatectomy for advanced gallbladder cancer is currently unclear.

Methods
Patients who underwent resection for stage II, III or IV gallbladder cancer were enrolled. The surgical outcomes of patients who underwent major hepatectomy were compared with those of patients treated with minor hepatectomy and those with unresectable gallbladder cancer. The clinical impact of major hepatectomy and combined advanced procedures such as portal vein resection or pancreatoduodenectomy for advanced gallbladder cancer were evaluated.

Results
A total of 96 patients were enrolled; 29 patients underwent major and 67 had minor hepatectomy. The overall morbidity rate was higher in the major hepatectomy group (55 versus 27 per cent; P = 0·022). There were no deaths after major hepatectomy. Overall survival was better in the major hepatectomy group than in the group of 15 patients with unresectable disease (median survival 17·7 versus 11·4 months; P = 0·003). In a subgroup analysis of the major hepatectomy group, liver metastasis (P = 0·038) and hepatic arterial invasion (P = 0·017) were independently associated with overall survival. Overall survival in patients with liver metastasis (P = 0·572) or hepatic arterial invasion (P = 0·776) was comparable with that in the unresectable group. However, overall survival among patients with lymph node metastasis (P = 0·062) or following portal vein resection (P = 0·054) or pancreatoduodenectomy (P = 0·011) was better than in the unresectable group.

Conclusion
Major hepatectomy combined with portal vein resection or pancreatoduodenectomy, if necessary, may be considered in the treatment of advanced gallbladder cancer, especially in selected patients without liver metastasis or hepatic arterial invasion.