bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social and Structural Patterns of Drought‐Related Water Conservation and Rebound
Authors: Gonzales Patricia , Ajami Newsha 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWater use practices and conservation are the result of complex sociotechnical interactions of political, economic, hydroclimatic, and social factors. While the drivers of water demand have been extensively studied, they have traditionally been applied to models that assume stationary relationships between these various factors, and usually do not account for potential societal changes in response to increased scarcity awareness. For example, following a period of sustained low demand such as during a drought, communities often increase water use during a hydrologically wet period, a phenomenon known as “rebounding” water use. Previous experiences show the extent of this rebound is not a straightforward function of policy and efficiency improvements, but may also reflect short‐term or long‐lasting change in community behavior, which are not easily captured by models that assume stationarity. In this work, we develop a system dynamics model to represent water demand as a function of both structural and social factors. We apply this model to the analysis of three diverse water utilities in the San Francisco Bay Area between 1980 and 2017, identifying drought response trends and drivers over time. Our model is consistent with empirical patterns and historical context of water use in California, and provides important insights on the rebound phenomenon that can be extended to other locations. This comparative assessment indicates that policies, public outreach, and better data availability have played a key role in raising public awareness of water scarcity, especially with the raise of the internet era in recent years.
Foot Barriers in Patients With Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Interview Study Among Swedish Women and Men
Authors: Björk Mathilda , Thyberg Ingrid , Valtersson Eva , Östlund Gunnel , Stenström Birgitta , Sverker Annette 
Published: December 2017

ObjectiveFoot impairments are related to reduced mobility and participation restrictions in daily activities in patients with established rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The new biologic medications are effective and reduce disease activity, but not disability to the same extent. Foot impairments are assumed to be related to participation restrictions also in patients with early RA, diagnosed after the introduction of biologic medications. Knowledge of foot impairments needs to be explored further after the introduction of biologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs). The aim of this study was to explore the patients’ perspective of foot impairments related to early RA.MethodsThe sample included 59 patients (ages 20–63 years) who were interviewed about participation dilemmas in daily life using the critical incident technique. The interviews were audio‐recorded and transcribed. Data related to foot impairments were extracted and analyzed thematically. A research partner validated the analysis.ResultsPatients with early RA described a variety of participation restrictions related to foot impairments: foot hindrances in domestic life, foot impairments influencing work, leisure activities restricted by one's feet, struggling to be mobile, and foot impairments as an early sign of rheumatic disease.ConclusionThere is a need to focus on foot impairments related to early RA, and for health care professionals to understand these signs. A suggestion for future research is to conduct a longitudinal followup of foot impairment related to medication, disease activity, and disability in patients diagnosed after the introduction of bDMARDs.
Strong SERS Performances of Ultrathin α‐Co(OH)2 Nanosheets to the Toxic Organophosphorus Molecules and Hydrogen Bond‐Induced Charge Transfer Mechanism
Authors: Zhao Qian , Liu Guangqiang , Zhang Hongwen , Li Yue , Cai Weiping 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe ultrathin α‐Co(OH)2 nanosheets are fabricated via homogeneous precipitation from the cobalt nitrate solution. The nanosheet‐built film is used as the substrate for Raman detection of toxic organophosphorus molecules. Such nanosheets are of strong surface enhancement Raman scattering (SERS) effect to the molecules that can be captured by the hydroxyls on the nanosheets. The enhancement factor is up to 2.0 × 103. Typically, for the triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPPO) and 3,3‐diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide (DTTCI) which both can be used as hydrogen bond acceptors and form hydrogen bonds with α‐Co(OH)2 on the nanosheets' surface, the detection are to 0.35 ppm. The Raman peak intensity shows a linear relation with logarithmic DTTCI concentration, due to Temkin adsorption of DTTCI molecules on the nanosheets, and exhibits a linear double logarithmic relation with TPPPO concentration, due to Freundlich‐type adsorption. Further analysis reveal that such enhancement effect is attributed to the hydrogen bond‐induced formation of new excited state in the test molecules, which induces the charge transfer and hence magnifies the test molecules' polarizability. This work not only provides an effective substrate for SERS‐based detection of toxic organophosphorus molecules but also presents a new approach to design of the highly efficient nonmetal SERS‐active materials.
Synthesis of Carbon Nanotube Incorporated Metal Oxides for the Fabrication of Printable, Flexible Nickel‐Zinc Batteries
Authors: Wang Zhiqian , Meng Xianyang , Chen Kun , Mitra Somenath 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe development of printable composite electrodes embedded with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for flexible nickel‐zinc batteries is presented. The cathode and the anode comprised of Ni(OH)2‐CNT and ZnO‐CNT respectively are prepared by coprecipitation of the metal oxides on CNTs. High loading ratio of electroactive materials increases the amount of active materials in electrode, but causes a lower material utilization efficiency due to decrease in overall electrode conductivity. The direct loading of active materials onto CNTs enhances contact where the CNTs serve the pathways for electron transport leading to higher performance than physical mixing of active ingredients. The cells show good performance even under bending conditions and the overall technology is scalable by printing methods.
Lithographically Designed Conical Microcarriers for Programed Release of Multiple Actives
Authors: Je Kwanghwi , Kim Ju Hyeon , Shim Tae Soup , Ku Minhee , Yang Jaemoon , Kim Shin‐Hyun 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe programed release of multiple ingredients is important in the therapeutics and pharmaceutical fields. A variety of core–shell microcarriers have been designed to fulfill the release function; however, encapsulating multiple actives in their own compartments and releasing them in a programed manner remains a challenge due to restrictions on the material sets that may be used to form the compartments. In this work, the development of lithographically featured core–shell microcarriers composed of double cones and a cap that encapsulate and release various combinations of multiactives in a predefined fashion is reported. Active‐free caps are first prepared on a photomask using conventional photolithography. Onto each cap, sequentially, an active‐loaded small cone and large cone in two steps of reaction–diffusion‐mediated photolithography (RDP) are formed. The release kinetics of the actives stored in the inner and outer cones are controlled by tailoring the crosslinking density of the photocured polymers that composed each compartment. The cap prevents direct diffusion from the inner cone to the surrounding. The RDP‐based lithographic means for creating core–shell microcarriers provides new opportunities for delivering synergistic combinations of drugs in pharmacotherapy.
Ultrahigh, Ultrafast, and Self‐Powered Visible‐Near‐Infrared Optical Position‐Sensitive Detector Based on a CVD‐Prepared Vertically Standing Few‐Layer MoS2/Si Heterojunction
Authors: Cong Ridong , Qiao Shuang , Liu Jihong , Mi Jiansong , Yu Wei , Liang Baolai , Fu Guangsheng , Pan Caofeng , Wang Shufang 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMoS2, as a typical transition metal dichalcogenide, has attracted great interest because of its distinctive electronic, optical, and catalytic properties. However, its advantages of strong light absorption and fast intralayer mobility cannot be well developed in the usual reported monolayer/few‐layer structures, which make the performances of MoS2‐based devices undesirable. Here, large‐area, high‐quality, and vertically oriented few‐layer MoS2 (V‐MoS2) nanosheets are prepared by chemical vapor deposition and successfully transferred onto an Si substrate to form the V‐MoS2/Si heterojunction. Because of the strong light absorption and the fast carrier transport speed of the V‐MoS2 nanosheets, as well as the strong built‐in electric field at the interface of V‐MoS2 and Si, lateral photovoltaic effect (LPE) measurements suggest that the V‐MoS2/Si heterojunction is a self‐powered, high‐performance position sensitive detector (PSD). The PSD demonstrates ultrahigh position sensitivity over a wide spectrum, ranging from 350 to 1100 nm, with position sensitivity up to 401.1 mV mm−1, and shows an ultrafast response speed of 16 ns with excellent stability and reproducibility. Moreover, considering the special carrier transport process in LPE, for the first time, the intralayer and the interlayer transport times in V‐MoS2 are obtained experimentally as 5 and 11 ns, respectively.
A Pickering Emulsion Route to Swimming Active Janus Colloids
Authors: Archer Richard J. , Parnell Andrew J. , Campbell Andrew I. , Howse Jonathan R. , Ebbens Stephen J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe field of active colloids is attracting significant interest to both enable applications and allow investigations of new collective colloidal phenomena. One convenient active colloidal system that has been much studied is spherical Janus particles, where a hemispherical coating of platinum decomposes hydrogen peroxide to produce rapid motion. However, at present producing these active colloids relies on a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process, which is difficult to scale and requires access to expensive equipment. In this work, it is demonstrated that Pickering emulsion masking combined with solution phase metallization can produce self‐motile catalytic Janus particles. Comparison of the motion and catalytic activity with PVD colloids reveals a higher catalytic activity for a given thickness of platinum due to the particulate nature of the deposited coating. This Pickering emulsion based method will assist in producing active colloids for future applications and aid experimental research into a wide range of active colloid phenomena.
Photoinduced Rapid Transformation from Au Nanoagglomerates to Drug‐Conjugated Au Nanovesicles
Authors: Poudel Bijay Kumar , Kim Jong Oh , Byeon Jeong Hoon 
Published: December 2017

AbstractGold (Au) agglomerates (AGs) are reassembled using Triton X‐100 (T) and doxorubicin (D) dissolved in ethanol under 185 nm photoirradiation to form TAuD nanovesicles (NVs) under ambient gas flow conditions. The positively charged Au particles are then electrostatically conjugated with the anionic chains of TD components via a flowing drop (FD) reaction. Photoirradiation of the droplets in a tubular reactor continues the photophysicochemical reactions, resulting in the reassembly of Au AGs and TD into TAuD NVs. The fabricated NVs are electrostatically collected onto a polished aluminum rod in a single‐pass configuration. The dispersion of NVs is employed for bioassays to confirm uptake by cells and accumulation in tumors. The chemo‐photothermal activity is determined both in vitro and in vivo. Different combinations of components are also used to fabricate NVs using the FD reaction, and these NVs are suitable for gene delivery as well. This newly designed gaseous single‐pass process results in the reassembly of Au AGs for incorporation with TD without the need of batch wet chemical reactions, modifications, separations, or purifications. Thus, this process offers an efficient platform for preparing biofunctional Au nanostructures that requires neither complex physicochemical steps nor special storage techniques.
Titania‐Coated Gold Nano‐Bipyramids for Blocking Autophagy Flux and Sensitizing Cancer Cells to Proteasome Inhibitor‐Induced Death
Authors: Wan Hong‐Ye , Chen Jian‐Li , Zhu Xingzhong , Liu Liang , Wang Jianfang , Zhu Xiao‐Ming 
Published: December 2017

AbstractTargeting protein degradation is recognized as a valid approach to cancer therapy. The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) and the autophagy–lysosome pathway are two major pathways for intracellular protein degradation. Proteasome inhibitors such as bortezomib are clinically approved for treating malignancies, but to date, they are still unsatisfactory for cancer therapy. This study identifies titania‐coated gold nano‐bipyramid (NBP/TiO2) nanostructures as an autophagic flux inhibitor, as the smallest NBP/TiO2 nanostructures induce significant autophagosome accumulation in human glioblastoma U‐87 MG cells via blocking the autophagosome–lysosome fusion process and inhibiting lysosomal degradation. Further study indicates that NBP/TiO2 nanostructures reduce the intracellular level of mature cathepsin B and directly inhibit the proteolytic activity of cathepsin B, thereby further inhibiting trypsin‐like proteolytic activity, which is a potential cotarget for UPS inhibition. NBP/TiO2 nanostructures interact synergistically with bortezomib to suppress the viability of U‐87 MG cells, as the combined treatment synergistically induces the intracellular accumulation of ubiquitinated protein and endoplasmic reticulum stress. In addition, photothermal therapy further synergistically reduces the cell viability. In summary, this study suggests that NBP/TiO2 nanostructures function as a promising anticancer agent in combination with proteasome inhibitors.
Stimuli‐Directed Dynamic Reconfiguration in Self‐Organized Helical Superstructures Enabled by Chemical Kinetics of Chiral Molecular Motors
Authors: Sun Jian , Lan Ruochen , Gao Yanzi , Wang Meng , Zhang Wanshu , Wang Ling , Zhang Lanying , Yang Zhou , Yang Huai 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDynamic controllability of self‐organized helical superstructures in spatial dimensions is a key step to promote bottom‐up artificial nanoarchitectures and functional devices for diverse applications in a variety of areas. Here, a light‐driven chiral overcrowded alkene molecular motor with rod‐like substituent is designed and synthesized, and its thermal isomerization reaction exhibits an increasing structural entropy effect on chemical kinetic analysis in anisotropic achiral liquid crystal host than that in isotropic organic liquid. Interestingly, the stimuli‐directed angular orientation motion of helical axes in the self‐organized helical superstructures doped with the chiral motors enables the dynamic reconfiguration between the planar (thermostationary) and focal conic (photostationary) states. The reversible micromorphology deformation processes are compatible with the free energy fluctuation of self‐organized helical superstructures and the chemical kinetics of chiral motors under different conditions. Furthermore, stimuli‐directed reversible nonmechanical beam steering is achieved in dynamic hidden periodic photopatterns with reconfigurable attributes prerecorded with a corresponding photomask and photoinduced polymerization.
para‐Xylene Ultra‐selective Zeolite MFI Membranes Fabricated from Nanosheet Monolayers at the Air–Water Interface
Authors: Kim Donghun , Jeon Mi Young , Stottrup Benjamin L. , Tsapatsis Michael 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe control of membrane morphology and microstructure is crucial to improve the separation performance of molecular‐sieve membranes. This can be enabled by making thin, dense, and uniform seed‐crystal coatings, which are then intergrown into continuous membranes. Herein, we show a novel and simple floating particle coating method can give closely packed monolayers of zeolite nanosheets on nonporous or porous supports. The zeolite nanosheet monolayer is formed at the air–water interface in a conical Teflon trough. As the water in the trough is drained, the monolayer is deposited on a support placed below. Membranes prepared by gel‐free secondary growth of the nanosheets deposited by this method show unprecedented ultra‐selective performance for separation of para‐ from ortho‐xylene (separation factor >10 000).
The Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Solution: From Theory, Single Crystal Models, to Practical Electrocatalysts
Authors: Zheng Yao , Jiao Yan , Vasileff Anthony , Qiao Shi‐Zhang 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a fundamental process in electrocatalysis and plays an important role in energy conversion for the development of hydrogen‐based energy sources. However, the considerably slow rate of the HER in alkaline conditions has hindered advances in water splitting techniques for high‐purity hydrogen production. Differing from well documented acidic HER, the mechanistic aspects of alkaline HER are yet to be settled. A critical appraisal of alkaline HER electrocatalysis is presented, with a special emphasis on the connection between fundamental surface electrochemistry on single‐crystal models and the derived molecular design principle for real‐world electrocatalysts. By presenting some typical examples across theoretical calculations, surface characterization, and electrochemical experiments, we try to address some key ongoing debates to deliver a better understanding of alkaline HER at the atomic level.
Compressive response of PMMA microcellular foams at low and high strain rates
Authors: Zhang Ruizhi , Zhang Lianmeng , Zhang Jian , Luo Guoqiang , Xiao Dawu , Song Zhenfei , Li Meijuan , Xiong Yuanlu , Shen Qiang 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTMicrocellular foams are widely applied in various applications in both civil and military applications for barriers and energy absorption materials. Poly(methyl methacrylate) microcellular foams were fabricated via supercritical foaming method. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and mechanical test machine were used to visualize the foam structure and test the quasi‐static compression properties. Moreover, Split Hopkinson Bar (SHPB) setups were adopted to explore the dynamic compression properties. The experimental results show that the microcellular foams have homogeneous cell size distribution and exhibit superior compressive behavior at both quasi‐static and high strain rates. The mechanical properties depend on both foam density and strain rate. Strain rate effects are clearly observed. At quasi‐static strain rate and 7500 S−1 regime, cell wall bucking and folding are the main failure mechanism. However, at high strain rate regime, softening phenomenon is observed. By roughly calculating the energy absorbed and the temperature rise, the temperature of the foams will rise up to as high as 130 °C after conducting high strain rate compression, and it is postulated that the generated heat will destroy the cell structure of the foams. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46044.
Accuracy of birth certificate head circumference measurements: Massachusetts, 2012–2013
Authors: Somerville Nicholas J. , Chen Xiaoli , Heinke Dominique , Stone Sarah L. , Higgins Cathleen , Manning Susan E. , Pagnano Sharon , Yazdy Mahsa M. , Anderka Marlene 
Published: December 2017

BackgroundZika virus has recently emerged as a novel cause of microcephaly. CDC has asked states to rapidly ascertain and report cases of Zika‐linked birth defects, including microcephaly. Massachusetts added head circumference to its birth certificate (BC) in 2011. The accuracy of head circumference measurements from state vital records data has not been reported.MethodsWe sought to assess the accuracy of Massachusetts BC head circumference measurements by comparing them to measurements for 2,217 infants born during 2012–2013 captured in the Massachusetts Birth Defects Monitoring Program (BDMP) data system. BDMP contains information abstracted directly from infant medical records and served as the true head circumference value (i.e., gold standard) for analysis. We calculated the proportion of head circumference measurements in agreement between the BC and BDMP data. We assigned growth chart head circumference percentile categories to each BC and BDMP measurement, and calculated the sensitivity and specificity of BC‐based categories to predict BDMP‐based categories.ResultsNo difference was found in head circumference measurements between the two sources in 77.9% (n = 1,727) of study infants. The sensitivity of BC‐based head circumference percentile categories ranged from 85.6% (<3rd percentile) to 92.7% (≥90th percentile) and the specificity ranged from 97.6% (≥90th percentile) to 99.3% (<3rd percentile).ConclusionsBC head circumference measurements agreed with those abstracted from the medical chart the majority of the time. Head circumference measurements on the BC were more specific than sensitive across all standardized growth chart percentile categories.
Total prevention of folic acid‐preventable spina bifida and anencephaly would reduce child mortality in India: Implications in achieving Target 3.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Kancherla Vijaya , Oakley Godfrey P. 
Published: December 2017

BackgroundThe potential to reduce child mortality by preventing folic acid‐preventable spina bifida and anencephaly (FAP SBA) is inadequately appreciated. To quantify possible reduction in FAP SBA‐associated child mortality in low‐ and middle‐income countries, we conducted an analysis to demonstrate in India, a country with more than 25 million births and 1.2 million under‐five deaths each year, the decrease in neonatal, infant, and under‐five mortality that would occur through total prevention of FAP SBA.MethodsWe estimated the percent reductions in neonatal, infant, and under‐five mortality that would have occurred in India in 2015 had all of FAP SBA been prevented. We also estimated the contributions of these reductions toward India's Sustainable Development Goals on child mortality indicators. We considered the overall prevalence of spina bifida and anencephaly in India as 5 per 1,000 live births, of which 90% were preventable with effective folic acid intervention.ResultsIn the year 2015, folic acid interventions would have prevented about 116,070 cases of FAP SBA and 101,565 under‐five deaths associated with FAP SBA. Prevention of FAP SBA would have reduced annually, neonatal, infant, and under‐five mortality by 10.2%, 8.9%, and 8.3%, respectively. These reductions would have contributed 18.5% and 17.2% to the reductions in neonatal and under‐five mortality, respectively, needed by India to achieve its 2030 Sustainable Developmental Goal Target 3.2 addressing preventable child mortality.ConclusionsTotal prevention of FAP SBA clearly has a significant potential for immediate reductions in neonatal, infant, and under‐five mortality in India, and similarly other countries.