bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenies and angiosperm diversification
Authors: Doyle James A. , Donoghue Michael J. 
Published: July 2016

Approaches to patterns of diversification based on counting taxa at a given rank can be misleading, even when all taxa are monophyletic. Such “rank-based” approaches are unable to reflect a hierarchy of evolutionary events because taxa of the same rank cannot be nested within one another. Phylogenetic trees specify an order of origination of characters and clades and can therefore be used in some cases to test hypotheses on causal relationships between characters and changes in diversity. “Tree-thinking” also clarifies discussions of the age of groups, by distinguishing between splitting of the stem-lineage from its sister group and splitting of the crown-group into extant clades.Cladistic evidence thatPentoxylon, Bennettitales, and Gnetales are the sister group of angiosperms implies that the angiosperm line (angiophytes) existed by the Late Triassic. The presence of primitive members of five basic angiosperm clades indicates that the crown-group (angiosperms) had begun to diversify by the mid-Early Cretaceous (Barremian-Aptian), but not necessarily much earlier. The greatest unresolved issue raised by cladistic analyses concerns the fact that the angiosperm tree can be rooted in two almost equally parsimonious positions. Trees rooted near Magnoliales (among “woody magnoliids”) suggest that the angiosperm radiation may have been triggered by the origin of intrinsic traits, e.g., a fast-growing, rhizomatous habit in the paleoherb and eudicot subgroup. However, trees rooted among paleoherbs, which are favored by rRNA data, imply that these traits are basic for angiosperms as a whole. This could mean that the crown-group originated not long before its radiation, or, if it did originate earlier, that its radiation was delayed due to extrinsic factors. Such factors could be a trend from environmental homogeneity and stability in the Jurassic to renewed tectonic activity and disturbance in the Early Cretaceous. Potentially relevant pre-Cretaceous fossils cannot be placed with confidence, but may be located along the stem-lineage (stem angiophytes); their generally paleoherb-like features favor the paleoherb rooting. The history of angiophytes may parallel that of Gnetales: some diversification of the stem-lineage in the Late Triassic, near disappearance in the Jurassic, and vigorous radiation of the crown-group in the Early Cretaceous.
Discordance and concordance between morphological and taxonomic diversity
Authors: Foote Mike 
Published: July 2016

Morphological and taxonomic diversity each provide insight into the expansion and contraction of major biological groups, while the nature of the relationship between these two aspects of diversity also has important implications for evolutionary mechanisms. In this paper, I compare morphological and taxonomic diversity within the classes Blastoidea and Trilobita, and within the trilobite clades Libristoma, Asaphina, Proetida, Phacopida, and Scutelluina. Blastoid morphology is quantified with homologous landmarks on the theca, and trilobite form is measured with a Fourier description of the cranidium. Morphological diversity is measured as the total variance among forms in morphological space (proportional to the mean squared distance among forms). Blastoid taxonomic diversity is based on published compilation of stratigraphic ranges of genera. TheZoological Recordwas used to determine the number of new species of trilobites described since the publication of theTreatise; temporal patterns in species richness are similar to those for generic richness based on theTreatise, suggesting a common underlying signal.Morphological variety and taxonomic richness often increase together during the initial diversification of a clade. This pattern is consistent with diffusion through morphospace, although some form of adaptive radiation cannot be ruled out. Morphological diversity varies little throughout much of the history of Proetida, a pattern that may suggest major constraints on the magnitude and direction of evolution, and that agrees with the perception of Proetida as a morphologically conservative group. Two major patterns are seen during the decline of clades. In Blastoidea, Trilobita, Libristoma, and Asaphina, morphological diversity is maintained at substantial levels, and in fact continues to increase, even in the face of striking reductions in taxonomic richness. This pattern suggests continued diffusion through morphospace and taxonomic attrition that is effectively non-selective with respect to morphology. In Phacopida, Scutelluina, and to some extent in Proetida, morphological diversity decreases along with taxonomic diversity. This pattern suggests heterogeneities such as elevated extinction and/or reduced origination in certain regions of morphospace. As found previously for the echinoderm subphylum Blastozoa, all studied clades of trilobites except Proetida show maximal morphological diversity in the Mid–Late Ordovician and maximal taxonomic diversity sometime during the Ordovician, suggesting some degree of common control on diversification patterns in these groups.
Time-averaging and postmortem skeletal survival in benthic fossil assemblages: quantitative comparisons among Holocene environments
Authors: Meldahl Keith H. , Flessa Karl W. , Cutler Alan H. 
Published: July 2016

We used radiocarbon ages on dead Holocene shells of the venerid bivalveChionespp. to investigate how time-averaging and taphonomy in shallow marine benthic assemblages vary with sedimentary and tectonic setting. We compared shells collected from the sediment surface in five depositional environments from two regions of the Gulf of California, Mexico: Bahía Concepción, a young faulted rift basin with high rates of terrigenous and carbonate sedimentation; and Bahía la Choya, an intertidal system along a sediment-starved shelf. Frequency distributions of shell ages in all environments form a hollow curve, with a mode at young ages and a long tail toward older ages. This pattern suggests that shells are added to the taphonomically active zone (TAZ) at roughly constant rates (via continuous shell deaths), and removed from the TAZ at random, either through destruction or by achieving final burial. Shell half-lives (the amount of time to remove half the shells from the TAZ) provide a comparative measure of time-averaging. Time-averaging varies with sedimentary and tectonic setting. The lowest amounts of time-averaging (shell half-lives of 90 to 165 years) occur in Bahía Concepción, where rapid rates of terrigenous sedimentation (on fan-deltas) and carbonate sedimentation (in pocket bays) bury shells rapidly. Time-averaging is higher in the sediment-starved environments of Bahía la Choya (shell half-lives of 285 to 550 years). The highest amounts of time-averaging occur the inner tidal flats of Bahía la Choya (shell half-life of 550 years). Here the conjunction of low sedimentation rates with low rates of shell destruction (due to periodic tidal emergence) permits shells to persist in the TAZ for very long time spans.There is no systematic relationship between a shell's age and its taphonomic condition (taphonomic grade) in any environment, probably because of the complex and random nature of burial-exhumation in the TAZ. Agevariancetends to increase with increasing taphonomic alteration: highly altered shells range in age from young to several thousand years old, while less altered shells are mostly young. The correspondence between time-averaging and the taphonomic condition of entire shell assemblages is also weak, but might be resolved with further study.These results provide quantitative data on time-averaging in benthic assemblages as a function of sedimentary and tectonic setting, and suggest some guidelines for facies appropriate for particular studies. Shallow marine rift basins like Bahía Concepción can potentially contain within-horizon fossil assemblages representing time spans of only a few hundred years—time resolution often beyond reach in paleontology. In contrast, sediment-starved shelf habitats like Bahía la Choya are unlikely to yield assemblages with time resolution finer than several thousands of years.
Interpretation of paleoecological similarity matrices
Authors: Pielou E. C. 
Published: July 2016

Consider a one-dimensional sequence (temporal or spatial) of samples from a many-species community. The sequence may exhibit no steady change, or gradual, steady change, or one or more abrupt, stepwise changes. The pattern is graphically displayed in a similarity matrix, whose elements are the pairwise similarities between every possible pair of samples.Statistical study of the patterns of similarity matrices will be shown to be informative. A criterion, Q, is proposed for measuring the “disarray” of a similarity matrix; matrices constructed from “perfect” sequences, exhibiting uninterrupted steady change, have Q = 0. The probability distribution of Q in “random” similarity matrices (constructed from sequences in which the ordering is wholly haphazard) is examined.Several applications are illustrated, using data on foraminiferal assemblages in marine sediment cores as examples. Use of the criterion permits the following: (1) Objective recognition of regions in which stratigraphy is especially well preserved. (2) Selection for study of cores in which the sequence of change is especially clear, and rejection of cores in which the natural sequence has been obscured by reworking. (3) Judgment as to whether, in sequences exhibiting stepwise changes, gradual change between the steps occurs as well. (4) Discrimination between species-sets that track gradual environmental change and sets that switch abruptly. (5) Objective choice of the best similarity index for measuring pairwise similarities in a given body of data.
Estimating taxonomic durations and preservation probability
Authors: Foote Mike 
Published: July 2016

Paleontological completeness and stratigraphic ranges depend on extinction rate, origination rate, preservation rate, and the length of the interval of time over which observations can be made. I derive expressions for completeness and the distribution of durations and ranges as functions of these parameters, considering both continuous- and discrete-time models.Previous work has shown that, if stratigraphic ranges can be followed indefinitely forward, and if extinction and preservation occur at stochastically constant rates, then extinction rate and preservability can be estimated from (1) discrete (binned) stratigraphic ranges even if data on occurrences within ranges are unknown, and (2) continuous ranges if the number of occurrences within each range is known. I show that, regardless of whether the window of observation is finite or infinite, extinction and preservation rates can also be estimated from (3) continuous ranges when the number of occurrences is not known, and (4) discrete ranges when the number of occurrences is not known. One previous estimation method for binned data involves a sample-size bias. This is circumvented by using maximum likelihood parameter estimation. It is worth exploiting data on occurrences within ranges when these are available, since they allow preservation rate to be estimated with less variance. The various methods yield comparable parameter estimates when applied to Cambro-Ordovician trilobite species and Cenozoic mammal species.Stratigraphic gaps and variable preservation affect stratigraphic ranges predictably. In many cases, accurate parameter estimation is possible even in the face of these complications. The distribution of stratigraphic ranges can be used to estimate the sizes of gaps if their existence is known.
Variation in dinosaur skeletochronology indicators: implications for age assessment and physiology
Authors: Horner John R. , de Ricqlès Armand , Padian Kevin 
Published: July 2016

Twelve different bones from the skeleton of the holotype specimen of the hadrosaurian dinosaur Hypacrosaurus stebingeri were thin-sectioned to evaluate the significance of lines of arrested growth (LAGs) in age assessments. The presence of an external fundamental system (EFS) at the external surface of the cortex and mature epiphyses indicate that the Hypacrosaurus specimen had reached adulthood and growth had slowed considerably from earlier stages. The number of LAGs varied from none in the pedal phalanx to as many as eight in the tibia and femur. Most elements had experienced considerable Haversian reconstruction that had most likely obliterated many LAGs. The tibia was found to have experienced the least amount of reconstruction, but was still not optimal for skeletochronology because the LAGs were difficult to count near the periosteal surface. Additionally, the numbers of LAGs within the EFS vary considerably around the circumference of a single element and among elements. Counting LAGs from a single bone to assess skeletochronology appears to be unreliable, particularly when a fundamental system exists.Because LAGs are plesiomorphic for tetrapods, and because they are present in over a dozen orders of mammals, they have no particular physiological meaning that can be generalized to particular amniote groups without independent physiological evidence. Descriptions of dinosaur physiology as “intermediate” between the physiology of living reptiles and that of living birds and mammals may or may not be valid, but cannot be based reliably on the presence of LAGs.
Form and function: structural analysis in evolutionary morphology
Authors: Lauder George V. 
Published: July 2016

A theoretical approach to the analysis of historical factors (Raup 1972) in evolutionary morphology is presented which addresses transformational hypotheses about structural systems. This (structural) approach to testing historical hypotheses about phylogenetic constraints on form and function and structural and functional versatility involves (1) the reconstruction of nested sets of structural features in monophyletic taxa, (2) the use of general or emergent organizational properties of structural and functional systems (as opposed to uniquely derived morphological features), and (3) the comparative examination of the consequences for structural and functional diversity of these general features in related monophyletic taxa.Three examples of emergent organizational properties are considered: structural complexity, repetition of parts, and the decoupling of primitively constrained systems. Two classes of hypotheses about the evolution of design are proposed. Transformational hypotheses concern historical pathways of change in form as a consequence of general organizational features which are primitive for a lineage. Relational hypotheses involve correlations between structure-function networks primitive for a clade and morphological diversity both between and within terminal taxa. To the extent that transformational and relational hypotheses about form are corroborated, they provide evidence of underlying regularity in the transformation of organic design that may be a consequence of the hierarchical organization of structural and functional patterns in organisms.
XXXIV. Some Observations on the Gothic Buildings abroad, particularly those in Italy; and on Gothic Architecture in general. By T. Kerrich, M.A. F.S.A. Principal Librarian to the University of Cambridge
Authors: Kerrich T. 
Published: July 2016

By the Gothic I mean the light style of Architecture which has been long known by that name, and was the mode of building most in use, all over Europe, during the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries.When it received this appellation, has been much disputed: Torré intimates that it was first so called by Cesare Cesariani, in his Commentary on Vitruvius. But it seems to have been the custom, upon the revival of antique architecture, and classical learning, to give the name of Gothic, by way of reproach, to every thing in the arts, as well as in literature, which differed from, or was not formed upon ancient models.
XL. A Description of a Font in the Church of South Kilvington. Communicated by Robert Darley Waddilove, D.D. F.A.S. Dean of Rippon. In a Letter to William Bray, Esq. F.A.S. Treasurer
Authors: Waddilove Robert Darley 
Published: July 2016

Our worthy Member, the Dean of Rippon, presents to the Society a Drawing of an uncommon and curious Font in the Church of South Kilvington, in Yorkshire, with an account of it.I am willing to hope that we shall receive from him a farther account of the Minster, over which he so worthily presides, and which well deserves a full description.
XXV. Remarks on Gog and Magog, as they are mentioned in Genesis, chap. x, v. 2.; in Ezekiel, chap. xxxviii.; and in the Revelation of St. John the Divine; in a Letter from the Rev. Stephen Weston, B.D. F.R.S. and S.A. to the Earl of Aberdeen, K.T. F.R.S. President
Authors: Weston Stephen 
Published: July 2016

I propose to offer to your Lordship and the Society some remarks on Gog and Magog as we find them in Genesis x. v. 2. Ezekiel xxxviii. and in the Revelation of St. John, c. xx. v. 8.Ezekiel is the first, from the days of Moses to his own time, who mentions Gog and Magog in a certain prophecy, that a nation from the North should in some future time invade Palestine, Gog being the Prince, and Magog the Country.
XXXI. Sir Martin Forbisher's Instructions, when going on a Voyage to the North West Parts and Cathay, t. Qu. Eliz. Communicated by Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary, in a Letter to Samuel Lysons, Esq. F.R.S. V.P.
Authors: Ellis Henry 
Published: July 2016

The Letter, of which I enclose a Copy, shews that in the time of King James the First there was a more summary mode of settling disputes in a Corporation, as to the choice of their officers, than that now in use of applying to the Court of King's Bench for a Mandamus, or a Quo Warranto.If you think it worth reading to the Society as a morsel of the history of one of the ancient Cinque Ports, it is at your service.
Viewpoint 2
Authors: Viaux Jacqueline 
Published: July 2016

The first meeting of a new section of IFLA, the Art Libraries Section, was held at the IFLA Conference in Brussels on 8th September, 1977. This was the outcome of several years’ work, both in various different countries and within IFLA itself.It was at the 39th IFLA Conference (Grenoble, August 1973) that I first suggested to a Special Libraries Division meeting the benefits for IFLA of establishing a group within which art libraries could effectively co-operate. This idea made slow progress, and we had had to arrive at a point where art libraries throughout the world were on the verge of setting up an International Association of Art Libraries, independent of IFLA, before the Special Libraries Division decided to pursue their well justified request.
Viewpoint
Authors: Wood Kath 
Published: July 2016

How exactly does one interpret the term ‘User Education’ and how is it best done? These are questions which still puzzle me after two years of working at them.Rigid interpretation of User Education as chalk and talk stand-up teaching (‘class contact’) can reduce it to apolitical hour counting activity, useful for promotion but guaranteed to get least response from students.Whilst I think that teaching methods are all important in User Education I would argue that they must be appropriate to the activity and not imposed for the sake of form. You can’t, for example, write a series of Information Retrieval lectures into a course submission document and expect them to work because they have a degree of legitimacy. The activity may be best treated informally.
Selected recent Exhibition Catalogues
Authors: Houghton Beth , Cieskowski Krzysztof Z. 
Published: July 2016

An exhibition of American folk painting: selections from the collection of Mr. &Mrs. William E. Wiltshire III, was shown at THE VIRGINIA MUSEUM RICHMOND, Virginia (29 November 1977-8 January 1978). The 110p. catalogue is notable for the fact that all 51 exhibits are illustrated in colour, and provided with notes, provenances, list of places exhibited, and bibliographic references if appropriate.An exhibition of European landscape painting, mainly from Western museums, was held at THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF WESTERN ART, TOKYO (14 September - 26 October 1978), accompanied by a 220p. catalogue, with Japanese text. However the catalogue contains 120 illustrations of which 24 are in colour, which may make its acquisition worthwhile.The MINNEAPOLIS INSTITUTE OF ARTS exhibition of James Tissot prints (25 May — 16 July 1978) was accompanied by a publication declared to be ‘the first complete catalogue raisonné of Tissot’s prints’ as well as catalogue of the exhibition. 88 credited works are documented in the 356p. catalogue, with 200 illustrations. The author is Michael Justin Wentworth.
Art library resources in Scotland
Authors: Macandrew Hugh 
Published: July 2016

The general survey I am about to treat you to is almost entirely based on the information supplied by librarians, teachers and curators of museums and galleries. May I say now how grateful I am to those who have been so generous with their time in telling me most of what I know about the subject. I regard my role this evening as essentially one of disseminating the knowledge of others which in this field does not always circulate as freely as it might.What has rather surprised me while preparing this talk is how quite important material in one centre is unknown in another. My talk will serve some use, therefore, if it helps to rectify this situation.
The new art library at Brighton Polytechnic
Authors: Lavigueur Paul 
Published: July 2016

A brief outline is given of events which in 1979 led to the Art and Design Library being moved out of the main faculty block at Grand Parade into an adjacent building. This is followed by a description and assessment of the improved facilities in the new library.Acknowledgements are due to Leslie Willmot, site librarian from 1962-1977, for his help with information on the development of the Library. Photographs courtesy of Zul Mukhida.
Ephemera and art libraries: archive or lucky dip?
Authors: Pacey Philip 
Published: July 2016

Ephemera, the fleeting images of moments in time, are valuable for the historical perspectives, social insights and visual stimuli they can generate. The means of collecting are various and frequently cheap. Collections can be organised along simple or sophisticated lines depending on individual libraries’ resources.These notes started life as a short paper, presented to audiences at Sydney, Melbourne, and Hobart during a tour of Australia which the author made at the invitation of ARLIS/ANZ in September 1979; in this revised and extended form they were read to an inaugural meeting of an ARLIS North West of England group, at Preston Polytechnic on October 31st 1979.
AACR 2 and “graphic materials”: use for a descriptive catalogue for the Science Museum
Authors: Sheridan Wendy 
Published: July 2016

AACR2 encourages specialist and archival libraries to “use the rules as the basis of their cataloguing and augment their provisions as necessary.” Is this relevant to the needs of an image collection? What are the implications? The Science Museum has evolved a supplement to AACR2 to cope with visual materials of all kinds retained primarily for their documentary value, and the special needs of its users. A case study suggests how traditional descriptions of art works may metamorphese into computer-based systems such as those of the MDA and AACR2.This article has developed from a contribution to the ARLIS/UK and LA course “The Image Library” at the Library Association on 20 February 1981. The views expressed are those of the author, and not necessarily those of the Science Museum.