bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gérer les crises — Comment les gouvernements locaux ont-ils réagi à la crise financière de 2008 et comment expliquer les différences ? Le cas des communes suisses
Authors: Ladner Andreas , Soguel Nils 
Published: December 2015

Les communes suisses sont largement souveraines pour financer leurs activités. Leurs ressources proviennent avant tout de l’impôt sur le revenu et de l’impôt foncier prélevés auprès des ménages et des entreprises. Une crise, comme celle de 2008, qui touche la sphère financière et l’économie en général risque d’avoir des répercussions directes sur les budgets locaux. Dans le présent article, nous examinons la manière dont les communes perçoivent ce risque et y réagissent. Dans une enquête menée à l’échelle nationale fin 2009 dans les 2596 communes suisses, nous avons demandé aux secrétaires municipaux quelles mesures avaient été prises face aux pertes fiscales attendues et à la hausse possible des dépenses sociales suite à la crise de 2008. Des mesures keynésiennes ont-elles été prises, en augmentant les dépenses et en acceptant des déficits plus importants, ou y a-t-il eu tentative de limiter les déficits par des mesures d’austérité, notamment en restreignant les investissements prévus ? Nos résultats indiquent que quelques communes seulement (essentiellement les plus grandes) s’attendaient à être durement touchées par la crise. On n’observe cependant pas de tendance systématique et conforme à la théorie. Certes des mesures d’austérité ont été mises en place ou un déficit budgétaire a été provoqué, mais bon nombre de communes ont appliqué simultanément des mesures relevant des deux théories. L’impact perçu de la crise au niveau local et l’appartenance de la commune à la partie francophone du pays sont les principaux facteurs expliquant la réaction des communes et les raisons de cette réaction. La taille de la commune joue aussi un rôle. Mais l’influence du parti social-démocrate est négligeable. Le type de mesures que les communes sont susceptibles de prendre est plus difficile à expliquer. Cependant, plus une commune se sent touchée, plus elle s’orientera vers des mesures d’austérité. Remarques à l’intention des praticiens Comment réagir à une crise financière ? Voilà une question à laquelle il est difficile de répondre, tant d’un point de vue scientifique que d’un point de vue pratique lorsqu’il s’agit de procéder à un arbitrage entre les diverses options possibles. La présente contribution montre que les débats théoriques entre les mesures de soutien à l’économie au prix de déficits publics d’un côté et des mesures d’austérité budgétaire de l’autre ne correspondent guère à la réalité, du moins au niveau local. Les responsables politiques avisés réduisent les dépenses et investissent là où c’est nécessaire. Tel est l’enseignement apporté par le comportement des communes suisses au lendemain de la crise de 2008.
The Costimulatory Molecule ICOS Regulates Host Th1 and Follicular Th Cell Differentiation in Response to Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS Infection
Authors: Wikenheiser Daniel J. , Ghosh Debopam , Kennedy Brian , Stumhofer Jason S. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS infection requires cell- and Ab-mediated immunity to control acute and persistent infection, respectively. ICOS regulates CD4+ T cell activation and promotes the induction of follicular Th (TFH) cells, CD4+ T cells that support B cell affinity maturation within germinal centers (GCs), resulting in the production of high-affinity Abs. In this article, we demonstrate that, in response to P. c. chabaudi AS infection, the absence of ICOS resulted in an enhanced Th1 immune response that reduced peak parasitemia. Despite the absence of ICOS, CD4+ T cells were capable of expressing PD-1, B cell lymphoma 6, and CXCR5 during early infection, indicating TFH development was not impaired. However, by day 21 postinfection, Icos−/− mice accumulated fewer splenic TFHs compared with Icos+/+ mice, leading to substantially fewer GC B cells and a decrease in affinity, but not production, of parasite-specific isotype-switched Abs. Moreover, treatment of mice with anti–ICOS ligand Abs to modulate ICOS–ICOS ligand signaling revealed a requirement for ICOS in TFH differentiation only after day 6 postinfection. Ultimately, the quality and quantity of isotype-switched Abs produced in Icos−/− mice declined over time, resulting in impaired control of persistent parasitemia. Collectively, these data suggest ICOS is not required for TFH induction during P. c. chabaudi AS infection or production of isotype-switched Abs, but it is necessary for maintenance of a sustained high-affinity, protective Ab response.
SATB1 Plays a Critical Role in Establishment of Immune Tolerance
Authors: Kondo Motonari , Tanaka Yuriko , Kuwabara Taku , Naito Taku , Kohwi-Shigematsu Terumi , Watanabe Akiko 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Special AT-rich sequence binding protein 1 (SATB1) is a genome organizer that is expressed by T cells. T cell development is severely impaired in SATB1 null mice; however, because SATB1 null mice die by 3 wk of age, the roles of SATB1 in T cell development have not been well clarified. In this study, we generated and analyzed SATB1 conditional knockout (cKO) mice, in which the SATB1 gene was deleted from all hematopoietic cells. T cell numbers were reduced in these mice, mainly because of a deficiency in positive selection at the CD4+CD8+ double-positive stage during T cell development in the thymus. We also found that SATB1 cKO mice developed autoimmune diseases within 16 wk after birth. In SATB1 cKO mice, the numbers of Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells were significantly reduced at 2 wk of age compared with wild-type littermates. Although the numbers gradually increased upon aging, Treg cells in SATB1 cKO mice were still less than those in wild-type littermates at adulthood. Suppressive functions of Treg cells, which play a major role in establishment of peripheral tolerance, were also affected in the absence of SATB1. In addition, negative selection during T cell development in the thymus was severely impaired in SATB1 deficient mice. These results suggest that SATB1 plays an essential role in establishment of immune tolerance.
Activator of G-Protein Signaling 3–Induced Lysosomal Biogenesis Limits Macrophage Intracellular Bacterial Infection
Authors: Vural Ali , Al-Khodor Souhaila , Cheung Gordon Y. C. , Shi Chong-Shan , Srinivasan Lalitha , McQuiston Travis J. , Hwang Il-Young , Yeh Anthony J. , Blumer Joe B. , Briken Volker , Williamson Peter R. , Otto Michael , Fraser Iain D. C. , Kehrl John H. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Many intracellular pathogens cause disease by subverting macrophage innate immune defense mechanisms. Intracellular pathogens actively avoid delivery to or directly target lysosomes, the major intracellular degradative organelle. In this article, we demonstrate that activator of G-protein signaling 3 (AGS3), an LPS-inducible protein in macrophages, affects both lysosomal biogenesis and activity. AGS3 binds the Gi family of G proteins via its G-protein regulatory (GoLoco) motif, stabilizing the Gα subunit in its GDP-bound conformation. Elevated AGS3 levels in macrophages limited the activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, a sensor of cellular nutritional status. This triggered the nuclear translocation of transcription factor EB, a known activator of lysosomal gene transcription. In contrast, AGS3-deficient macrophages had increased mammalian target of rapamycin activity, reduced transcription factor EB activity, and a lower lysosomal mass. High levels of AGS3 in macrophages enhanced their resistance to infection by Burkholderia cenocepacia J2315, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, whereas AGS3-deficient macrophages were more susceptible. We conclude that LPS priming increases AGS3 levels, which enhances lysosomal function and increases the capacity of macrophages to eliminate intracellular pathogens.
Tilings of Normed Spaces
Authors: Alberto De Bernardi Carlo , Veselý Libor 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
By a tiling of a topological linear space
X, we mean a covering of
X by at least two closed convex sets, called
tiles, whose nonempty interiors are pairwise
disjoint. Study of tilings of infinite dimensional spaceswas initiated in the
1980's with pioneer papers by V. Klee. We prove some general properties of tilings
of locally convex spaces, and then apply these results to study the existence of
tilings of normed and Banach spaces by tiles possessing
certain smoothness or rotundity properties. For a Banach space
X, our main results are the following.

(i)

X admits no tiling
by Fréchet smooth bounded tiles.

(ii)
If X is locally uniformly rotund (LUR),
it does not admit any tiling by
balls.

(iii)
On the other hand, some spaces, г
uncountable, do admit a tiling by pairwise
disjoint LUR bounded tiles.
Spatial Homogenization of Stochastic Wave Equation with Large Interaction
Authors: Jiang Yongxin , Wang Wei , Feng Zhaosheng 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA dynamical approximation of a stochastic wave equation with large interaction is derived. A random invariant manifold is discussed. By a key linear transformation, the random invariant manifold is shown to be close to the random invariant manifold of a second-order stochastic ordinary differential equation.
Análise do processo de elaboração da proposta de Lei Orçamentária Anual em uma instituição pública federal de ensino superior
Authors: Milioni Karoline Cristina , Behr Ariel , Goularte Jeferson Luís Lopes 
Published: December 2015

O presente artigo descreve o processo de elaboração da Proposta de Lei Orçamentária Anual em uma Instituição Pública Federal de Ensino Superior (IFES) e os procedimentos internos que são adotados a partir das determinações do Ministério da Educação. É uma pesquisa descritiva e analítica que, para a consecução dos seus objetivos, conta com uma abordagem qualitativa na análise dos dados coletados. Assim, são apresentados os principais instrumentos que orientam o processo orçamentário: o Plano Plurianual, a Lei de Diretrizes Orçamentárias e a Lei Orçamentária Anual. Na sequência, é demonstrado o Ciclo Orçamentário desde a elaboração até o controle orçamentário. Este estudo é uma tentativa de evidenciar a forma de gestão orçamentária em uma IFES e contribuir para o conhecimento da sociedade em geral.
A possible transoceanic tsunami directed toward the U.S. west coast from the Semidi segment, Alaska convergent margin
Authors: von Huene Roland , Miller John J. , Dartnell Peter 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe Semidi segment of the Alaska convergent margin appears capable of generating a giant tsunami like the one produced along the nearby Unimak segment in 1946. Reprocessed legacy seismic reflection data and a compilation of multibeam bathymetric surveys reveal structures that could generate such a tsunami. A 200 km long ridge or escarpment with crests >1 km high is the surface expression of an active out‐of‐sequence fault zone, recently referred to as a splay fault. Such faults are potentially tsunamigenic. This type of fault zone separates the relatively rigid rock of the margin framework from the anelastic accreted sediment prism. Seafloor relief of the ridge exceeds that of similar age accretionary prism ridges indicating preferential slip along the splay fault zone. The greater slip may derive from Quaternary subduction of the Patton Murray hot spot ridge that extends 200 km toward the east across the north Pacific. Estimates of tsunami repeat times from paleotsunami studies indicate that the Semidi segment could be near the end of its current inter‐seismic cycle. GPS records from Chirikof Island at the shelf edge indicate 90% locking of plate interface faults. An earthquake in the shallow Semidi subduction zone could generate a tsunami that will inundate the US west coast more than the 1946 and 1964 earthquakes because the Semidi continental slope azimuth directs a tsunami southeastward.
Climatic and terrestrial storage control on evapotranspiration temporal variability: Analysis of river basins around the world
Authors: Zeng Ruijie , Cai Ximing 
Published: December 2015

AbstractKnowledge of the temporal variability of evapotranspiration (ET) is fundamental to a comprehensive understanding of hydroclimatologic processes under a changing climate and anthropogenic interferences. This study applies a variance decomposition framework to assessing ET interannual and intra‐annual variance in 32 large river basins. It is found that climate (precipitation and potential ET) and terrestrial storage play different roles in ET variance with different time scales. At the interannual scale, ET variance is primarily controlled by climatic variability and dampened/enhanced by terrestrial storage change. At the intra‐annual scale, the sources of ET variance exhibit a geographic pattern: ET variance is controlled by terrestrial storage change in Middle Asia, by seasonality in the Indian monsoon region, by precipitation and terrestrial storage in low altitude arid regions, and by potential ET and terrestrial storage in boreal regions. Quantifying the components of ET variability will help scientists understand the factors on ET processes under various natural and anthropogenic conditions.
Transient seafloor venting on continental slopes from warming‐induced methane hydrate dissociation
Authors: Darnell K. N. , Flemings P. B. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMethane held in frozen hydrate cages within marine sediment comprises one of the largest carbon reservoirs on the planet. Recent submarine observations of widespread methane seepage may record hydrate dissociation due to oceanic warming, which consequently may further amplify climate change. Here we simulate the effect of seafloor warming on marine hydrate deposits using a multiphase flow model. We show that hydrate dissociation, gas migration, and subsequent hydrate formation cangenerate temporary methane venting into the ocean through the hydrate stability zone. Methane seeps venting through the hydrate stability zone on the eastern Atlantic margin may record this process due to warming begun thousands of years ago. Our results contrast with the traditional view that venting occurs only updip of the hydrate stability zone.
Delayed dynamic triggering: Local seismicity leading up to three remote M ≥ 6 aftershocks of the 11 April 2012 M8.6 Indian Ocean earthquake
Authors: Johnson Christopher W. , Bürgmann Roland 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe 11 April 2012 M8.6 strike‐slip Indian Ocean earthquake (IOE) was followed by an increase in global seismic activity, with three remote M ≥ 6.0 earthquakes within 24 h. We investigate delayed dynamic triggering by systematically examining three offshore regions hosting these events for changes in microseismic activity preceding the IOE, and during the hours between the IOE surface‐wave arrival and the triggered‐event candidate. The Blanco Fault Zone, USA, and the Tiburón Fault Zone, Mexico, each host a strike‐slip event, and the Michoacán Subduction Zone, Mexico, hosts a reverse event. At these locations we estimate transient Coulomb stresses of ±1–10 kPa during the IOE. Each study area contains a regional seismic network allowing us to examine continuous waveforms at one or more nearby stations. We implement a short‐/long‐term‐average algorithm and template matching to detect events and assess the seismicity with the β‐statistic. Our results indicate low‐magnitude seismicity in the days prior to the IOE and the occurrence of earthquakes during the surface‐wave passage after more than 2 h of transient loading. We find both transtensional tectonic environments respond to the transient stresses with a substantial increase observed in the seismicity rates during the hours after the passage of surface waves. In contrast, seismicity rates remain constant in the subduction zone we investigate during the 14 h delay between the IOE and the large‐magnitude earthquake. The seismicity rate increases we observe occur after many hours of dynamic stresses and suggest the long duration of transient loading initiated failure processes leading up to these M ≥ 6.0 events.
Evidence of enhanced double‐diffusive convection below the main stream of the Kuroshio Extension
Authors: Nagai Takeyoshi , Inoue Ryuichiro , Tandon Amit , Yamazaki Hidekatsu 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn this study, a Navis‐MicroRider microstructure float and an EM‐APEX float were deployed along the Kuroshio Extension Front. The observations deeper than 150 m reveal widespread interleaving thermohaline structures for at least 900 km along the front, presumably generated through mesoscale stirring and near‐inertial oscillations. In these interleaving structures, microscale thermal dissipation rates χ are very high
(
K2s−1), while turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates ϵ are relatively low
(
Wkg−1), with effective thermal diffusivity
of
(
m2s−1) consistent with the previous parameterizations for double‐diffusion, and,
is two orders of magnitude larger than the turbulent eddy diffusivity for density
. The average observed dissipation ratio Γ in salt finger and diffusive convection favorable conditions are 1.2 and 4.0, respectively, and are larger than that for turbulence. Our results suggest that mesoscale subduction/obduction and near‐inertial motions could catalyze double‐diffusive favorable conditions, and thereby enhancing the diapycnal tracer fluxes below the Kuroshio Extension Front.
Hygroscopicity of materials internally mixed with black carbon measured in Tokyo
Authors: Ohata Sho , Schwarz Joshua P. , Moteki Nobuhiro , Koike Makoto , Takami Akinori , Kondo Yutaka 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBlack carbon (BC) aerosols become internally mixed with non‐BC compounds (BC coatings) during aging in the atmosphere. In this study, we measured the hygroscopicity parameter κ on a single‐particle basis for both BC‐coating materials (κBC‐coat) and BC‐free particles (κBC‐free) in the urban atmosphere of Tokyo, using a single‐particle soot photometer (SP2). In our measurement system, dry ambient particles were first mass selected by an aerosol particle mass analyzer, then humidified, and then passed to the SP2 for detection of their refractory BC mass content and optical diameter. A quadrupole aerosol mass spectrometer was also employed to interpret the hygroscopicity data. During the observation period, the measured κBC‐coat generally agreed with κBC‐free to within ±25% and was usually in typical range for inorganic and organic aerosols. These results indicate that BC‐coating materials and BC‐free particles in Tokyo usually had similar chemical compositions, internal mixtures of inorganic and organic compounds, even in a source region. However, occasionally κBC‐coat was much higher than κBC‐free values, when the mass concentrations of BC and organic aerosols were poorly correlated. This indicates external mixing of BC‐containing and BC‐free particles from different sources. These findings improve our understanding of the cloud condensation nuclei activity of BC‐containing particles, which strongly influences their wet removal, and optical properties in the ambient air.
Variability of innate immune system genes in Native American populations—relationship with history and epidemiology
Authors: Lindenau Juliana Dal‐Ri , Salzano Francisco Mauro , Hurtado Ana Magdalena , Hill Kim R. , Petzl‐Erler Maria Luiza , Tsuneto Luiza Tamie , Hutz Mara Helena 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe immune system of a host, defending him/her against invading pathogens, has two main subsystems: innate immunity and acquired immunity. There are several evidences showing that Native American populations are immunologically different from non‐Native populations. Our aim was to describe the variability of innate immune system genes in Native American populations.Materials and MethodsWe investigated heterozygozities and patterns of population differentiation (FST) of 14 polymorphisms related to the innate immune response in five Native American populations (Aché, Guarani‐Kaiowá, Guarani‐Ñandeva, Kaingang, and Xavante) and the results were compared with the three major world population data (YRI, CEU, and CHB) available at the 1,000 genomes database.ResultsMean heterozygosities ranged between 0.241 ± 0.057 (Aché) and 0.343 ± 0.033 (Kaingang), but no significant differences were observed (Friedman test, P = 0.197). Mean heterozygosities were also not significantly different when Amerindians were pooled and compared with the 1000 genomes populations (Friedman test, P = 0.506). When the Native American populations were grouped as Amerindians, a significantly higher FST value (0.194) was observed between the Amerindian and African populations. The Ewens‐Watterson neutrality test showed that these markers are not under strong selective pressure.DiscussionNative American populations present similar levels of heterozygosity as those of other continents, but are different from Africans in the frequency of polymorphisms of innate immune genes. This higher differentiation is probably due to demographic processes that occurred during the out‐of‐Africa event. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:722–728, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inferring chronological age from DNA methylation patterns of human teeth
Authors: Giuliani Cristina , Cilli Elisabetta , Bacalini Maria Giulia , Pirazzini Chiara , Sazzini Marco , Gruppioni Giorgio , Franceschi Claudio , Garagnani Paolo , Luiselli Donata 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveCurrent methods to determine chronological age from modern and ancient remains rely on both morphological and molecular approaches. However, low accuracy and the lack of standardized protocols make the development of alternative methods for the estimation of individual's age even more urgent for several research fields, such as biological anthropology, biodemography, forensics, evolutionary genetics, and ancient DNA studies. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify genomic regions whose DNA methylation level correlates with age in modern teeth.MethodsWe used MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry to analyze DNA methylation levels of specific CpGs located in the ELOVL2, FHL2, and PENK genes. We considered methylation data from cementum, dentin and pulp of 21 modern teeth (from 17 to 77 years old) to construct a mathematical model able to exploit DNA methylation values to predict age of the individuals.ResultsThe median difference between the real age and that estimated using DNA methylation values is 1.20 years (SD = 1.9) if DNA is recovered from both cementum and pulp of the same modern teeth, 2.25 years (SD = 2.5) if DNA is recovered from dental pulp, 2.45 years (SD = 3.3) if DNA is extracted from cementum and 7.07 years (SD = 7.0) when DNA is recovered from dentin only.DiscussionWe propose for the first time the evaluation of DNA methylation at ELOVL2, FHL2, and PENK genes as a powerful tool to predict age in modern teeth for anthropological applications. Future studies are needed to apply this method also to historical and relatively ancient human teeth. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:585–595, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antiferromagnetic Stabilization in the Ti8O12 Cluster
Authors: Yu Xiaohu , Oganov Artem R. , Popov Ivan A. , Qian Guangrui , Boldyrev Alexander I. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractUsing the evolutionary algorithm USPEX and DFT+U calculations, we predicted a high‐symmetry geometric structure of the bare Ti8O12 cluster composed of 8 Ti atoms forming a cube, in which O atoms are at midpoints of all of its edges, in excellent agreement with experimental results. Using natural bond orbital analysis, adaptive natural density partitioning algorithm, electron localization function, and partial charge plots, we find the origin of the particular stability of bare Ti8O12 cluster: unique chemical bonding where eight electrons of Ti atoms interacting with each other in antiferromagnetic fashion to lower the total energy of the system. The bare Ti8O12 is thus an unusual molecule stabilized by d‐orbital antiferromagnetic coupling.