bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustainable Production of Biomass‐Derived Graphite and Graphene Conductive Inks from Biochar
Authors: You Haoyang , Hui Janan , Zhou Yilun , Vittore Kayla , Zhang Jinrui , Chaney Lindsay E. , Chinta Sritarun , Zhao Yunhao , Lim Gilhwan , Lee DoKyoung , Ainsworth Elizabeth A. , Dunn Jennifer B. , Dravid Vinayak P. , Hersam Mark C. , Rowan Stuart J. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractGraphite is a commonly used raw material across many industries and the demand for high‐quality graphite has been increasing in recent years, especially as a primary component for lithium‐ion batteries. However, graphite production is currently limited by production shortages, uneven geographical distribution, and significant environmental impacts incurred from conventional processing. Here, an efficient method of synthesizing biomass‐derived graphite from biochar is presented as a sustainable alternative to natural and synthetic graphite. The resulting bio‐graphite equals or exceeds quantitative quality metrics of spheroidized natural graphite, achieving a Raman ID/IG ratio of 0.051 and crystallite size parallel to the graphene layers (La) of 2.08 µm. This bio‐graphite is directly applied as a raw input to liquid‐phase exfoliation of graphene for the scalable production of conductive inks. The spin‐coated films from the bio‐graphene ink exhibit the highest conductivity among all biomass‐derived graphene or carbon materials, reaching 3.58 ± 0.16 × 104 S m−1. Life cycle assessment demonstrates that this bio‐graphite requires less fossil fuel and produces reduced greenhouse gas emissions compared to incumbent methods for natural, synthesized, and other bio‐derived graphitic materials. This work thus offers a sustainable, locally adaptable solution for producing state‐of‐the‐art graphite that is suitable for bio‐graphene and other high‐value products.
Nanoscale Wet Etching of Molybdenum Interconnects with Organic Solutions
Authors: Deng Kerong , Erofeev Ivan , Chowdhuri Angshuman Ray , Philipsen Harold , Aabdin Zainul , Hartanto Antony Winata , Tjiu Weng Weei , Zhang Mingsheng , Fernando Devshan , Saidov Khakimjon , Kumar Krishna , Pacco Antoine , Holsteyns Frank , Huynh Han Vinh , Mirsaidov Utkur 
Published: October 2024

AbstractMolybdenum (Mo) has emerged as a promising material for advanced semiconductor devices, especially in the design and fabrication of interconnects requiring sub‐10 nm metal nanostructures. However, current wet etching methods for Mo using aqueous solutions struggle to achieve smooth etching profiles at such scales. To address this problem, we explore wet chemical etching of patterned Mo nanowires (NWs) using an organic solution: ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) dissolved in acetonitrile (ACN). In this study, we demonstrate two distinct etching pathways by controlling the reaction temperature: i) digital cyclic scheme at room temperature, with a self‐limiting Mo recess per cycle of ≈1.6 nm, and ii) direct etching at elevated temperature (60 °C), with a time‐controlled Mo recess of ≈2 nm min−1. These methods not only offer a highly controllable nanoscale Mo etching but also ensure smooth and uniform etching profiles independent of the crystal grain orientation of the metal.
Ionic Liquid‐Assisted Synthesis of Higher Loaded Ni/Fe Dual‐Atom Catalysts in N, F, B Codoped Carbon Matrix for Accelerated Sulfur Reduction Reaction
Authors: Chen Shengmin , Zhu, Zhenye , Li Guanglei , Yue Yapeng , Li Gefeng , Zhou Liang , Yan Zhenghong , Zhu Rongshu 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIn response to mitigating the severe shuttle effect within lithium–sulfur batteries, single‐atom catalysts have emerged as one of the most effective solutions. Here, N, F, B codoped porous hollow carbon nanocages (NFB‐NiFe@NC) with high Ni and Fe doping are rationally designed and synthesized using ionic liquids (ILs) as dopants. The introduction of ILs inhibits the growth of zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF8), resulting in NFB‐ZIF8 precursors with smaller particle sizes, enabling higher loading dual‐atom catalysts. Meanwhile, the abundant heteroatoms increase the reactive sites and alter the carbon matrix's nonpolar intrinsic properties, thus enhancing the chemisorption of polysulfides. The synergistic interaction of the heteroatoms with Ni and Fe dual‐atoms ultimately promotes the catalytic conversion kinetics of polysulfides. As a result of these beneficial properties, the cells prepared using the NFB‐NiFe@NC modified separator exhibit significantly improved performance, including a high initial capacity of 1448 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C. Even at a high S‐loading of 7.6 mg cm−2, the ideal area capacity of 8.38 mAh cm−2 can still be maintained at 0.1 C. New insights are provided here for designing highly loaded dual‐atom catalysts for application in lithium–sulfur batteries.
Elucidating the Dynamics of Biodegradation and Biosynthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Human Stem Cells
Authors: Curcio Alberto , Curé Guilhem , Espinosa Ana , Menguy Nicolas , Galarreta‐Rodriguez Itziar , Abou‐Hassan Ali , Piquet Bérénice , Motte Laurence , Lalatonne Yoann , Wilhelm Claire , Van de Walle Aurore 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIron oxide nanoparticles, due to their magnetic properties, are versatile tools for biomedical applications serving both diagnostic and therapeutic roles. Their performance is intricately intertwined with their fate in the demanding biological environment. Once inside cells, these nanoparticles can be degraded, implying a loss of magnetic efficacy, but also transformed into neo‐synthesized magnetic nanoparticles, potentially restoring functionality. This study aims to delineate biological features governing these processes. Magnetic nanoparticles are internalized in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), and their biotransformations are investigated from nano‐ to micro‐scale using electron microscopy (STEM‐HAADF, HRTEM, SAED), a benchtop magnetic sensor, and fine structural characterizations (synchrotron XRD, VSM). Results evidence a delicate equilibrium between the biodegradation and biosynthesis of magnetic nanoparticles, with biotransformation kinetics depending on cell density at magnetic labeling and on spatial cell configuration (monolayers vs spheroids). The biotransformed nanoparticles, composed of magnetite or maghemite, are localized within endosomal/lysosomal compartments and associated with the recruitment of ferritin proteins.
Charge transfer behavior of triboelectric polymers and triboelectric sensors operated under ultrahigh pressure
Authors: Hu Jun , Liu Zhaoqi , Yang Peng , Qin Siyao , Li Ning , Ji Wenyu , Wang Zhong Lin , Chen Xiangyu 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe energy generation performance of triboelectric materials under ultrahigh pressure remains to be investigated. Here, the variations in molecular structure and built‐in electric field of triboelectric polymers under ultrahigh pressure have been thoroughly studied. The attenuation of built‐in electric field and the escaping of triboelectric charges under ultrahigh pressure are observed in different triboelectric polymers, whereas the existence of deep traps allows the built‐in electric field to be recoverable with the release of pressure. Moreover, the macromolecular conformational changes, including twisting molecular chains and crystal structure changes, can also induce the redistribution of deep traps, leading to a sudden increase in built‐in electric field under specific pressure. Finally, a triboelectric sensor for ultrahigh pressure condition is fabricated with excellent cycle repeatability and a total thickness of 2 mm, which has a sensitivity of 0.07 V MPa−1 within a linear region of 1–100 MPa. This study offers in‐depth insight into the physical understanding of charge behavior both on interface and in bulk of triboelectric materials, whereas the proposed ultrahigh pressure sensors can promote various potential applications of triboelectric sensor in extreme environments.
Shape Analysis of Biomimetic and Plasma Membrane Vesicles
Authors: Kudawla Rajni , Kaur Harshmeet , Pandey Tanmay , Bhatia Tripta 
Published: October 2024

AbstractGiant membrane vesicles (GUVs) and Giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs) are used as models to study membrane properties. We conducted a comparative study to examine how reducing the volume of vesicles with different lipid compositions, solution symmetries, solution asymmetries, and membrane charges affects their morphology. We used three‐dimensional visualization techniques to study the shape of the vesicles. Although the vesicles may not be perfectly spherical, they exhibit some fluctuations in their shape. To understand these variations, we used confocal image stacks for visualization. Our experimental observations show that the membrane′s charge influences the deflation of the GUVs in the presence of trans‐bilayer sugar asymmetries. The lipid bilayers of our GUVs have a uniform distribution of lipids in both leaflets, indicating no asymmetry in lipid composition. We induce trans‐bilayer asymmetries by exposing each leaflet of the bilayer to different solution compositions. We also estimated and compared the deformation of GPMV extracted from HEK‐293 cells with trans‐bilayer buffer asymmetries and inherent leaflet compositional asymmetry with biomimetic membranes.
Zwitterion Modification in Desalination Membrane for Rejecting Salt and Salt Ions in Brackish Water – A Mini Review
Authors: Ratnasari Anisa , Tangahu Bieby Voijant , Yuniarto Adhi , Slamet Agus , Soedjono Eddy Setiadi , Thakur Samrendra Singh 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTDesalination membrane using zwitterion modification provides a significant opportunity to enhance excellent properties for rejecting salt and salt ions. The outstanding properties are designed by positive and negative charges attached to the membrane surface, including water permeability, salt permeability, fouling, and hydrophilicity of the membrane surface. The hydrophilic membrane, which is mentioned as one of the types of desalination membrane, presents the ability to repel salt and salt ions and pass the water. The modification of hydrophilic membranes is also affected by several factors, including water permeability, salt permeability, fouling of membrane surfaces, crossflow velocity, transmembrane pressure, and temperature. Regarding membrane modification, zwitterion has been applied for several ranges, such as the hemodialysis process, live cell imaging, antibacterial surfaces, and wound dressing. However, using a zwitterion modification membrane for desalinating water containing salt content, including brackish water, has yet to be developed. In addition, literature reviews related to polymer membranes for brackish water desalination have never been comprehensively documented. Thus, this review article addresses the zwitterion modification for desalination membranes, which can reject salt and salt ions in brackish water. Furthermore, the mechanism of zwitterion modification for desalination membranes has been presented. Finally, the challenge of zwitterion modification for desalination membranes has been evaluated to inspire insight for future studies.
Net‐Zero Transition Pathways in Belt and Road Economies: Insights From Threshold Effects and Heterogeneous Analysis
Authors: Kamil Rabiatu , Saeed Ummar Faruk , Essel Francis Kofi , Nagriwum Timothy Masuni 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTGiven the pressing need for economies to mitigate climate change and champion carbon neutrality, this study investigates the threshold effects of financial development and foreign direct investment (FDI) on carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) within the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) bloc, taking into account the moderating role of the regulatory environment. Drawing on the environmental Kuznets curve and the pollution haven hypothesis, the study utilizes the dynamic generalized method of moments (GMM) modeling, proposed by Arellano and Bover, to analyze panel data from 37 SSA countries spanning 1990–2022. The findings reveal that financial development in the banking, financial, and private sectors, along with FDI outflows, is associated with a reduction in CO₂ emissions. Conversely, FDI inflows are linked to increased CO₂ emissions. A curvilinear relationship is observed, where initial increases in financial development and FDI correlate with higher emissions, which decline beyond a certain threshold. Stronger regulations enhance the positive impact of financial development on reducing CO₂ emissions. Finally, the findings show a significant heterogeneous effect across the SSA regional blocs. These findings underscore the critical need for implementing stringent environmental regulations and promoting sustainable financial practices to mitigate negative environmental impact. This research provides both theoretical and practical insights into fostering a carbon neutrality agenda and advancing Sustainable Development Goal 13.
Macroeconomic volatility and terrorism incidents in Africa
Authors: Ajide Kazeem B. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis article investigates the impact of macroeconomic volatility on terrorism in 38 African economies spanning the period from 1980 to 2012, using available data. It examines four categories of terrorism markers: domestic, transnational, uncertain, and total, and their correlation with the volatility of four macroeconomic indicators—inflation, output growth, domestic credit to the private sector, and government expenditures. The study employs the negative binomial regression estimator on both the conditional variance structures of the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) and exponential GARCH (EGARCH) and the unconditional measure of a 3‐year interval time varying of measuring macroeconomic variables' volatilities on other regressors. I find, first, that inflation volatility is a significant predictor of all terrorism markers, except for transnational terrorism. This implies that high inflation volatility is linked to increased domestic terrorism. Second, the role of domestic credit to the private sector in mitigating transnational terrorist activities highlights the importance of stable private sector access to credit in reducing such incidents. Third, government consumption expenditure volatility has a dual effect on terrorism: it amplifies domestic terrorism but serves as a mitigating factor for total terrorism. This indicates that stable government expenditure can reduce overall terrorism, but might increase domestic terrorism. Last, other variables—such as population, ethnicity, conflicts, surface areas, and lagged terrorism values—are also found to influence the examined terrorism measures. For robustness, I employ alternative statistical techniques, including Poisson Pseudo‐maximum likelihood (PPML) estimation with multiple high‐dimensional fixed effects (HDFE). In summary, this study emphasizes the critical role of addressing inflation volatility in macroeconomic policies as a primary measure to counter terrorism. Stable economic conditions, particularly in relation to inflation, can significantly contribute to reducing terrorism in African economies.
Unveiling Invisible Extracellular Vesicles: Cutting‐Edge Technologies for Their in Vivo Visualization
Authors: Gangadaran Prakash , Khan Fatima , Rajendran Ramya Lakshmi , Onkar Akanksha , Goenka Anshika , Ahn Byeong‐Cheol 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTExtracellular vesicles (EVs), nanosized lipid bilayer vesicles released by nearly all types of cells, play pivotal roles as intercellular signaling mediators with diverse biological activities. Their adaptability has attracted interest in exploring their role as disease biomarker theranostics. However, the in vivo biodistribution and pharmacokinetic profiles of EVs, particularly following administration into living subjects, remain unclear. Thus, in vivo imaging is vital to enhance our understanding of the homing and retention patterns, blood and tissue half‐life, and excretion pathways of exogenous EVs, thereby advancing real‐time monitoring within biological systems and their therapeutic applications. This review examines state‐of‐the‐art methods including EV labeling with various agents, including optical imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, and nuclear imaging. The strengths and weaknesses of each technique are comprehensively explored, emphasizing their clinical translation. Despite the potential of EVs as cancer theranostics, achieving a thorough understanding of their in vivo behavior is challenging. This review highlights the urgency of addressing current questions in the biology and therapeutic applications of EVs. It underscores the need for continued research to unravel the complexities surrounding EVs and their potential clinical implications. By identifying these challenges, this review contributes to ongoing efforts to optimize EV imaging techniques for clinical use. Ultimately, bridging the gap between research advancements and clinical applications will facilitate the integration of EV‐based theranostics, marking a crucial step toward harnessing the full potential of EVs in medical practice.
Hall effect on mixed convection MHD flow of nanofluid with clean, copper and Ag water through a vertical rotating channel
Authors: Akbar Noreen Sher , Butt Adil Wahid , Akhtar Salman , Tripathi Dharmendra 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis article aims to investigate the hall current consequences on the transfer of clean water containing silver in addition to copper nanoparticles suspended nanofluids through vertical rotating channel. Boussinesq approximation is taken into consideration. Exact analytical solutions of governing equations subject to physical boundary conditions are obtained using the techniques of non‐dimensionalization. The impacts of Grashof number, radiation parameter, Prandlt number, frequency parameter, magnetic parameter, Hall parameter, parameter of rotation and its effects on primary as well as secondary velocity and temperature profiles are presented graphically. We analyze the Hall effects and mixed convection in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of nanofluids through a vertical rotating channel, based on extensive research and applications. An analytical approach is used to derive the exact solution to this problem. A comparative study for silver and copper nanoparticles is made. A tabular solution for impacts of said parameters on convection rate and skin friction coefficient is also presented. This study is applicable for geophysical dynamics and engineering applications.
The effect of extracellular potassium concentration on the oscillation frequency of the pacemaker nucleus in the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus
Authors: Kawasaki Masashi , Zupanc Günther K. H. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The weakly electric brown ghost knifefish (Apteronotus leptorhynchus) exhibits a pronounced sexual dimorphism in its electric behavior—males discharge at higher frequencies than females, with little overlap between the sexes. The frequency of these electric organ discharges is controlled by the frequency of the synchronized oscillations of the medullary pacemaker nucleus. Previous studies have suggested that sex-specific differences in the morphology and gene expression pattern of the astrocytic syncytium that envelopes the pacemaking neural network cause differences in its capacity to buffer the extracellular concentration of K+. This change in the K+ buffering capacity affects the K+ equilibrium potential of the neurons constituting the neural network, which in turn modulates the frequency of the pacemaker nucleus. In the present study, we have tested a critical element of this hypothesis by examining whether, and how, changes in the extracellular K+ concentration influence the frequency of the pacemaker nucleus oscillations. By using an in vitro preparation of the pacemaker nucleus, the results of this investigation demonstrate that exposure of this nucleus to acutely increased/decreased concentrations of K+ in the perfusate (while maintaining osmolarity) leads to concentration-dependent increases/decreases in the frequency of the synchronized oscillations generated by the pacemaker nucleus.
Deep Learning Segmentation of Chromogenic Dye RNAscope From Breast Cancer Tissue
Authors: Davidson Andrew , Morley-Bunker Arthur , Wiggins George , Walker Logan , Harris Gavin , Mukundan Ramakrishnan , Investigators kConFab 
Published: October 2024

AbstractRNAscope staining of breast cancer tissue allows pathologists to deduce genetic characteristics of the cancer by inspection at the microscopic level, which can lead to better diagnosis and treatment. Chromogenic RNAscope staining is easy to fit into existing pathology workflows, but manually analyzing the resulting tissue samples is time consuming. There is also a lack of peer-reviewed, performant solutions for automated analysis of chromogenic RNAscope staining. This paper covers the development and optimization of a novel deep learning method focused on accurate segmentation of RNAscope dots (which signify gene expression) from breast cancer tissue. The deep learning network is convolutional and uses ConvNeXt as its backbone. The upscaling portions of the network use custom, heavily regularized blocks to prevent overfitting and early convergence on suboptimal solutions. The resulting network is modest in size for a segmentation network and able to function well with little training data. This deep learning network was also able to outperform manual expert annotation at finding the positions of RNAscope dots, having a final $$\varvec{F}_\textbf{1}$$

F

1

-score of 0.745. In comparison, the expert inter-rater $$\varvec{F}_\textbf{1}$$

F

1

-score was 0.596.
Non-symplectic involutions of normal K3 surfaces associated with Hirzebruch surfaces
Authors: Hayashi Taro 
Published: October 2024

AbstractFor a non-symplectic involution g of a K3 surface X, the fixed point set of g and the quotient space $$X/\langle g\rangle $$

X
/
⟨
g
⟩

are well studied. In this paper, we study a non-symplectic involution f of a normal K3 surface Y such that the smooth model of Y is a double cover K3 surface of a Hirzebruch surface and f is induced by its covering involution. We determine the fixed point set of f, the singular points of Y, and the quotient space $$Y/\langle f\rangle $$

Y
/
⟨
f
⟩

.
Untangling the dominant culture in China’s elite universities
Authors: Zheng Yajun , Postiglione Gerard A. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractWestern literature has shown that elite universities are not culturally inclusive, presuming that these institutions predominantly reflect the culture of the affluent middle class. While cultural inclusion of socioeconomically disadvantaged students is a globally relevant issue, the overarching presumption does not necessarily apply to non-Western societies. This article reconsiders this assumption in the Chinese context, addressing the lack of systematic research untangling the dominant culture in elite Chinese universities. A two-phase, mixed-methods case study was conducted at two top-ranked universities in eastern and western China. In the first phase, a content analysis of the stories of the universities’ award-winning seniors was combined with a thematic analysis of the in-depth interviews with 49 graduating seniors to untangle the formal and informal dominant culture in China’s elite universities. The findings led to a three-fold model of dominant culture characterized by an emphasis on individual academic performance, loyalty to Communist Party ideology, and the significant influence of students from advantaged family backgrounds. In the second phase, three hypotheses about the impacts of this dominant culture on students’ socio-cultural integration were tested, largely supporting the three-fold model and highlighting the roles of academic and political performance in facilitating cultural inclusion. This study sheds new light on cultural capital studies in non-Western contexts and emphasizes that cultural (dis)advantages should be cautiously examined considering the historical and ideological context shaping higher education.