bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectrum of gallbladder malignancies on fine‐needle aspiration cytology: 5 years retrospective single institutional study with emphasis on uncommon variants
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Srinivasan Radhika , Gupta Nalini , Dey Pranab , Rajwanshi Arvind , Nijhawan Raje , Lal Anupam , Kalra Naveen 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundUltrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is the standard modality for diagnosis of gallbladder malignant neoplasms. Adenocarcinoma is the most common malignancy; however, other types may also be encountered. The aim of this study was to perform a retrospective analysis of gallbladder malignancies diagnosed on FNAC in the last 5 years to document the cytomorphological spectrum and the variations thereof.MethodsThe records of the Department of Cytology, PGIMER were searched from July 2010 to June 2015 and all cases of gallbladder malignancies were analyzed in detail for cytomorphological characteristics. Giemsa and Hematoxylin−Eosin stained slides were evaluated with immunocytochemistry on cell blocks wherever available.ResultsA total of 791 gallbladder FNAC performed in cases of radiologically suspected gallbladder malignancies were evaluated. Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) was more common in females with a male to female ratio of 1:2.3. Median age was 53.4 years (range 24‐85 years); 81 cases (10.2%) were nondiagnostic and 31 (3.9%) were suspicious of malignancy. A total of 645 FNACs were positive for malignancy, out of which there were 619 (96%) adenocarcinoma and 26 cases with unusual malignancies. These included adenosquamous carcinoma (8, 1.2%), squamous cell carcinoma (7, 1.1%), small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (9, 1.3%), and one case each of undifferentiated carcinoma and Non Hodgkin lymphoma respectively. The unusual malignancies were confirmed on cell block immunocytochemistry.ConclusionAdenocarcinoma is most common type of gallbladder malignancy; however, other unusual types of carcinomas occur and in such cases, FNAC supplemented by cell block immunocytochemistry is required for an accurate diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2017;45:36–42. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Grassland management impacts on soil carbon stocks: a new synthesis
Authors: Conant Richard T. , Cerri Carlos E. P. , Osborne Brooke B. , Paustian Keith 
Published: November 2016

AbstractGrassland ecosystems cover a large portion of Earths’ surface and contain substantial amounts of soil organic carbon. Previous work has established that these soil carbon stocks are sensitive to management and land use changes: grazing, species composition, and mineral nutrient availability can lead to losses or gains of soil carbon. Because of the large annual carbon fluxes into and out of grassland systems, there has been growing interest in how changes in management might shift the net balance of these flows, stemming losses from degrading grasslands or managing systems to increase soil carbon stocks (i.e., carbon sequestration). A synthesis published in 2001 assembled data from hundreds of studies to document soil carbon responses to changes in management. Here we present a new synthesis that has integrated data from the hundreds of studies published after our previous work. These new data largely confirm our earlier conclusions: improved grazing management, fertilization, sowing legumes and improved grass species, irrigation, and conversion from cultivation all tend to lead to increased soil C, at rates ranging from 0.105 to more than 1 Mg C·ha−1·yr−1. The new data include assessment of three new management practices: fire, silvopastoralism, and reclamation, although these studies are limited in number. The main area in which the new data are contrary to our previous synthesis is in conversion from native vegetation to grassland, where we find that across the studies the average rate of soil carbon stock change is low and not significant. The data in this synthesis confirm that improving grassland management practices and conversion from cropland to grassland improve soil carbon stocks.
Linking otolith microchemistry and dendritic isoscapes to map heterogeneous production of fish across river basins
Authors: Brennan Sean R. , Schindler Daniel E. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractProduction patterns of highly mobile species, such as anadromous fish, often exhibit high spatial and temporal heterogeneity across landscapes. Such variability is often asynchronous in time among habitats, which stabilizes production at aggregate scales of complexity. Reconstructing production patterns explicitly in space and time across multiple scales, however, remains difficult but is important for prioritizing habitat conservation. This is especially true for fishes inhabiting river basins due to long‐range dispersal, high mortality at early life stages, complex population structure and elusive life history variation. We develop a new approach for mapping production patterns of Pacific salmon across a large river basin by integrating otolith microchemistry and dendritic isoscape models. The geographically continuous Bayesian assignment framework presented here yielded high accuracies (>90%) and relatively high precisions (precisions <4%; i.e., assignment areas of <530 river km of the 13 100 km total river length) when used to determine the natal source of known‐origin juvenile Chinook salmon captured throughout the study region. Integrating these methods enabled us to base estimates of provenance and habitat use of individuals on a per location basis using strontium isotopic data throughout the continuous spatial domain of a river network. Such a framework provides substantial advantages over the more common nominal approach to employing otolith microchemistry to reconstruct movement patterns of fish. In doing so, we reconstructed the spatial production patterns of adult Chinook salmon returning to a large watershed in Bristol Bay, Alaska and illustrate the power of such an approach to conservation efforts.
Does cooperation mean kinship between spatially discrete ant nests?
Authors: Procter Duncan S. , Cottrell Joan E. , Watts Kevin , A'Hara Stuart W. , Hofreiter Michael , Robinson Elva J. H. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractEusociality is one of the most complex forms of social organization, characterized by cooperative and reproductive units termed colonies. Altruistic behavior of workers within colonies is explained by inclusive fitness, with indirect fitness benefits accrued by helping kin. Members of a social insect colony are expected to be more closely related to one another than they are to other conspecifics. In many social insects, the colony can extend to multiple socially connected but spatially separate nests (polydomy). Social connections, such as trails between nests, promote cooperation and resource exchange, and we predict that workers from socially connected nests will have higher internest relatedness than those from socially unconnected, and noncooperating, nests. We measure social connections, resource exchange, and internest genetic relatedness in the polydomous wood antFormica lugubristo test whether (1) socially connected but spatially separate nests cooperate, and (2) high internest relatedness is the underlying driver of this cooperation. Our results show that socially connected nests exhibit movement of workers and resources, which suggests they do cooperate, whereas unconnected nests do not. However, we find no difference in internest genetic relatedness between socially connected and unconnected nest pairs, both show high kinship. Our results suggest that neighboring pairs of connected nests show a social and cooperative distinction, but no genetic distinction. We hypothesize that the loss of a social connection may initiate ecological divergence within colonies. Genetic divergence between neighboring nests may build up only later, as a consequence rather than a cause of colony separation.
Mobility of moose—comparing the effects of wolf predation risk, reproductive status, and seasonality
Authors: Wikenros Camilla , Balogh Gyöngyvér , Sand Håkan , Nicholson Kerry L. , Månsson Johan 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn a predator–prey system, prey species may adapt to the presence of predators with behavioral changes such as increased vigilance, shifting habitats, or changes in their mobility. In North America, moose (Alces alces) have shown behavioral adaptations to presence of predators, but such antipredator behavioral responses have not yet been found in Scandinavian moose in response to the recolonization of wolves (Canis lupus). We studied travel speed and direction of movement of GPS‐collared female moose (n = 26) in relation to spatiotemporal differences in wolf predation risk, reproductive status, and time of year. Travel speed was highest during the calving (May–July) and postcalving (August–October) seasons and was lower for females with calves than females without calves. Similarly, time of year and reproductive status affected the direction of movement, as more concentrated movement was observed for females with calves at heel, during the calving season. We did not find support for that wolf predation risk was an important factor affecting moose travel speed or direction of movement. Likely causal factors for the weak effect of wolf predation risk on mobility of moose include high moose‐to‐wolf ratio and intensive hunter harvest of the moose population during the past century.
Reindeer habitat selection under the risk of brown bear predation during calving season
Authors: Sivertsen Therese R. , Åhman Birgitta , Steyaert Sam M. J. G. , Rönnegård Lars , Frank Jens , Segerström Peter , Støen Ole‐Gunnar , Skarin Anna 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe depredation of semi‐domesticated reindeer by large carnivores reflects an important human–wildlife conflict in Fennoscandia. Recent studies have revealed that brown bears (Ursus arctos) may kill substantial numbers of reindeer calves (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in forest areas in Sweden. Several authors have suggested that predation risk is an important driver of habitat selection in wildRangiferpopulations where predation is a limiting factor, but little is known about these mechanisms in semi‐domesticated populations. We examined the habitat selection of female reindeer in relation to spatial and temporal variations in brown bear predation risk on the reindeer calving grounds and evaluated the simultaneous responses of brown bears and reindeer to landscape characteristics. We usedGPSdata from 110 reindeer years (97 individuals) and 29 brown bear years (19 individuals), from two reindeer herding districts in the forest area of northern Sweden. Our results did not indicate that reindeer alter their behavior in response to spatiotemporal variation in brown bear predation risk, on the scale of the calving range. Instead, we suggest that spatiotemporal behavioral adjustments by brown bears were the main driver of prey–predator interactions in our study system. Contrasting responses by brown bears and reindeer to clear‐cuts and young forest indicate that forestry can influence species interactions and possibly yield negative consequences for the reindeer herd. Even if clear‐cuts may be beneficial in terms of calf survival, logging activity will eventually cause greater abundance of young regenerating forest, reducing available reindeer habitats and increasing habitat preferred by brown bears. Domestication may have made semi‐domesticated reindeer in Fennoscandia less adapted to cope with predators. Areal restrictions, limiting the opportunity for dispersion and escape, possibly make the calves more susceptible to predation. Also, a generally higher population density in semi‐domesticated herds compared to wild populations can make dispersion a less efficient strategy and the reindeer calves easier prey. Overall, the lack of ability of the reindeer females to reduce brown bear encounter risk on the scale of the calving range is probably an important reason for the high brown bear predation rates on reindeer calves documented in our study areas.
Degradation of fatty acids and tocopherols to form tocopheryl quinone as risk factor during microwave heating, pan‐frying and deep‐fat frying
Authors: Kreps František , Burčová Zuzana , Schmidt Štefan 
Published: November 2016

We investigated degradation of tocopherols to form tocopheryl quinones (TQ) and cytotoxic γ‐tocopheryl quinone in oils and French fries during microwave heating, pan‐frying and deep‐fat frying. We proved that the microwave oven caused rapid increase of oil temperature, with the consequence of two to three times greater degradation of fatty acids and tocopherols than pan‐frying and deep‐fat frying. Pan‐frying with sunflower oil caused three‐time greater formation of fatty acids polymers, compare with rapeseed oil. The gentlest one was deep‐fat frying, which caused two times slower formation of fatty acid hydroperoxides and tocopheryl quinones in 900 g of oil. We found that not only the quantity but also the type of oil had critical effect on the formation of cytotoxic γ‐tocopheryl quinone. During 50 min of pan‐frying in rapeseed oil, 22 mg/kg of γ‐tocopheryl quinones was formed, of which 5–7 mg/kg penetrated into the homemade French fries. While the deep‐fat frying technique generated only 6 mg/kg of γ‐tocopheryl quinones in rapeseed oil. The rapid microwave heating caused formation of 8 mg/kg of γ‐tocopheryl quinones within 10 min. The emergence of γ‐tocopheryl quinones during culinary preparation of food has not yet been explored.Practical applications: Although an extensive research have been conducted in the area of microwave heating of foods, this is the first report about formation of cytotoxic γ‐tocopheryl quinone in microwave‐heated rapeseed oil. Formation of this reactive compound was also confirmed during frying process. The most γ‐tocopheryl quinone was formed during pan‐frying and subsequently entered into fried food. It was observed that the amount of oil used for frying has a major impact on slowing formation of cytotoxic γ‐tocopheryl quinone and other tocopherols and fatty acids degradation product.Formation of health‐promoting α‐tocopheryl quinone and cytotoxic γ‐tocopheryl quinone during pan‐frying.
A multiple power level random access method for M2M communications in LTE‐A network
Authors:  Alavikia Zahra , Ghasemi Abdorasoul 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAccess control is an effective way to protect the radio access part of Long‐Term Evolution–Advanced (LTE‐A) network from the overload caused by a huge number of Machine‐Type Communication Devices (MTCDs). A class of access control mechanisms is the Access Class Barring (ACB), which regulates the Machine‐to‐Machine (M2M) traffic in accordance with the available Random Access (RA) resources. In this paper, we extend the single power level ACB scheme to a multiple power level method to increase the number of successfully transmitted requests in the case of overload. Our analysis is based on the capture effect in the third step of RA procedure of the LTE‐A system in which one of the transmitted requests by 2 or more co‐tagged MTCDs, MTCDs which use the same preamble in the first step, can be decoded by the evolved–Node B (eNB). We first formulate the power level selection as an optimization problem assuming the perfect capture model without considering MTCDs' energy budget. Then, to take into account MTCDs' energy consumption, the scenario is extended for the signal‐to‐interference ratio–based capture model. In addition, we investigate the advantages of the proposed multiple power level RA method on discriminating the access of MTCDs with different priorities. The numerical results show that using the optimal parameters, the RA throughput can be improved in comparison with the single power level system at the cost of slightly increasing MTCDs' energy consumption and the complexity of RA procedure.
An efficient front‐tracking method for simulation of multi‐density bubbles
Authors: Mehrabani M. T. , Nobari M. R. H. , Tryggvason G. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn this article, a masked bubble strategy is proposed using the front‐tracking method when simulation of multi‐density bubbles to reduce remarkably the computational cost from both the RAM usage and the number of computations at each time step comparing with the regular method. In the masked bubble strategy, instead of using full domain to update the properties at each time step, each bubble is considered as enclosed in the smallest box required to compute the properties based on the Peskin's function, which needs at least two full mesh sizes from both sides of the interface of each bubble in any directions. To show the performance of the masked bubble strategy in the front‐tracking method, we study the multi‐density bubbles motion in a curved duct flow induced by a pressure gradient in the absence of gravity. To solve the density Poisson equation, the parallel direct solver scheme is tested. The comparison of numerical simulations at the same conditions indicates that the parallel direct solver scheme under the masked bubble strategy considerably reduces the computational time and RAM usage relative to the regular full‐domain method, providing using simulations on finer grid resolutions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of big data for drug development and for public and personal health and care
Authors: Leyens Lada , Reumann Matthias , Malats Nuria , Brand Angela 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTThe use of data analytics across the entire healthcare value chain, from drug discovery and development through epidemiology to informed clinical decision for patients or policy making for public health, has seen an explosion in the recent years. The increase in quantity and variety of data available together with the improvement of storing capabilities and analytical tools offer numerous possibilities to all stakeholders (manufacturers, regulators, payers, healthcare providers, decision makers, researchers) but most importantly, it has the potential to improve general health outcomes if we learn how to exploit it in the right way. This article looks at the different sources of data and the importance of unstructured data. It goes on to summarize current and potential future uses in drug discovery, development, and monitoring as well as in public and personal healthcare; including examples of good practice and recent developments. Finally, we discuss the main practical and ethical challenges to unravel the full potential of big data in healthcare and conclude that all stakeholders need to work together towards the common goal of making sense of the available data for the common good.
Foreign Subsidiary Exit from Africa: The Effects of Investment Purpose Diversity and Orientation
Authors: Getachew Yamlaksira S. , Beamish Paul W. 
Published: November 2016

Research SummaryThis study considers the exit likelihood of foreign subsidiaries operating in Africa and identifies strategic orientations that can improve their chances of survival. We find that, on average, subsidiaries entering the African market have a greater exit likelihood than those entering the OECD market. However, those subsidiaries entering the African market with diverse investment purposes or greater market‐seeking orientation are less likely to exit, as they tend to enjoy flexibility, adaptability, and learning advantages useful in mitigating economic challenges and/or tapping into strategic opportunities.Managerial summaryThis study examines how the decision to enter African markets relates to the exit probability of MNE subsidiaries. Using a longitudinal, paired‐sample design of Japanese foreign subsidiaries operating in Africa and OECD countries, we find that entry to Africa increases the hazard rate of subsidiaries, but that subsidiaries entering with more diverse investment purposes and greater market‐seeking orientation have a better survival likelihood. Consistent with the institutional‐based theory of corporate diversification, our findings introduce purpose diversity and market‐seeking orientation as potential mechanisms to mitigate the hazards of institutional voids/instability. Also, by looking at the phenomenon of within‐subsidiary diversity (of purposes) and its interaction with institutional conditions, we advance the notion ofsubsidiary scopeand its implications. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overcoming Human Capital Voids in Underdeveloped Countries
Authors: Wang Stephanie L. , Cuervo‐Cazurra Alvaro 
Published: November 2016

Research SummaryIn underdeveloped countries like those in Sub‐Saharan Africa, firms suffer from human capital voids (i.e., a prevalence of very low levels of skills among individuals). These human capital voids have a negative effect on performance improvement. However, managers can solve this negative effect by choosing organizational upgrading mechanisms that are contextually appropriate. In particular, operating joint ventures with foreign partners compensate for this negative effect, whereas internal research and development (R&D) amplifies this negative effect. Managers should also monitor and push for the reduction of country‐level human capital voids because the influences of organizational upgrading mechanisms change. In countries with more developed human capital, joint ventures have a weaker compensating effect, and R&D investments cease to amplify the negative effect.Managerial summaryWe analyze how firms in underdeveloped countries overcome human capital voids—a prevalence of very low levels of skills among individuals—to improve performance. Building on the knowledge‐based view, we argue that managers can strategically select organizational upgrading mechanisms to compensate for the negative effect of the human capital deficiencies of employees on firm performance improvement. We propose that external mechanisms (e.g., operating a joint venture with foreign partners) are better than internal mechanisms (e.g., internal research and development) because external mechanisms provide appropriate ready‐made knowledge for learning of low‐skilled labor, whereas internal mechanisms create additional learning inefficiencies. However, these influences change in countries with more developed human capital: external mechanisms have a lower compensating influence, whereas internal mechanisms become less inefficient. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.