bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of smartphones to prospectively evaluate predictors and outcomes of caregiver responses to pain in youth with chronic disease
Authors: Connelly Mark , Bromberg Maggie H. , Anthony Kelly K. , Gil Karen M. , Schanberg Laura E. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This study examined outcomes and predictors of different types of responses to child pain used by caregivers of youth with chronic disease. Sixty-six children and adolescents (age 7-18 years) with juvenile idiopathic arthritis answered questions about pain, pain interference in activities, and mood on a smartphone 3 times per day for one month, while a caregiver contemporaneously answered questions about their own mood and use of protecting, monitoring, minimizing, or distracting responses to their child's pain. Multilevel models were used to evaluate (1) how a child's pain and pain interference changes after a caregiver uses different types of pain responses; (2) the extent to which caregiver responses to pain vary across days; and (3) whether variability in caregiver responses to pain is predicted by changes in child pain characteristics, child mood, and/or caregiver mood. Results showed that children's pain intensity and pain interference increased after moments when caregivers used more protective responses, whereas children's pain interference decreased after times when caregivers responded with minimizing responses. Caregiver pain responses varied considerably across days, with caregivers responding with more protecting and monitoring responses and fewer minimizing responses at moments when their child reported high levels of pain unpleasantness and pain interference. Caregivers also were found to respond with fewer protective responses at moments when they themselves were in a more positive mood. Implications for clinical recommendations and future studies are discussed.
Diagnostic Yield and Complications of EBUS-TBNA Performed Under Bronchoscopist-directed Conscious Sedation
Authors: Dhooria Sahajal , Sehgal Inderpaul S. , Gupta Nalini , Aggarwal Ashutosh N. , Behera Digambar , Agarwal Ritesh 
Published: December 2016

Background:
Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) can be performed under either conscious sedation or general anesthesia. Herein, we describe the diagnostic yield and complications of EBUS-TBNA performed under bronchoscopist-directed conscious sedation.

Methods:
This is a retrospective analysis of data collected in the bronchoscopy suite of this center on EBUS-TBNA or endoscopic ultrasound with a bronchoscope-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-B-FNA) procedures performed between July 2011 and January 2016. All procedures were performed under bronchoscopist-directed conscious sedation with midazolam and pentazocine. The diagnostic yield, sample adequacy rate, complications, and doses of sedative agents are presented.

Results:
Of the total 1005 EBUS-TBNA/EUS-B-FNA procedures performed during the study period, 1004 were performed under conscious sedation in spontaneously breathing subjects [mean (SD) age, 45.9 (15.8) years; 378 (37.6%) women]. The mean (SD) doses of midazolam and pentazocine used were 2.53 (1.8) mg and 30.9 (6.9) mg, respectively. The diagnostic yield of the procedure (972 subjects) was 61.2%. Complications related to EBUS were observed in 60 (5.9%) subjects. Majority of them were minor and self-limiting; major complications occurred in 11 (1.1%) subjects and included respiratory failure requiring assisted ventilation (n=6), arrhythmia (n=3), and hypotension (n=2). Escalation of the level of care was needed in only 8 (0.8%) subjects.

Conclusion:
EBUS-TBNA/EUS-B-FNA performed under bronchoscopist-guided conscious sedation was found to be safe and is associated with a reasonable diagnostic yield.
Vulvodynia: What We Know and Where We Should Be Going
Authors: Havemann Logan M. , Cool David R. , Gagneux Pascal , Markey Michael P. , Yaklic Jerome L. , Maxwell Rose A. , Iyer Ashvin , Lindheim Steven R. 
Published: December 2016

Objective
The aim of the study was to review the current nomenclature and literature examining microbiome cytokine, genomic, proteomic, and glycomic molecular biomarkers in identifying markers related to the understanding of the pathophysiology and diagnosis of vulvodynia (VVD).

Materials and Methods
Computerized searches of MEDLINE and PubMed were conducted focused on terminology, classification, and “omics” variations of VVD. Specific MESH terms used were VVD, vestibulodynia, metagenomics, vaginal fungi, cytokines, gene, protein, inflammation, glycomic, proteomic, secretomic, and genomic from 2001 to 2016. Using combined VVD and vestibulodynia MESH terms, 7 references were identified related to vaginal fungi, 15 to cytokines, 18 to gene, 43 to protein, 38 to inflammation, and 2 to genomic. References from identified publications were manually searched and cross-referenced to identify additional relevant articles. A narrative synthesis of the articles was conducted; however, meta-analysis was not conducted because of substantial heterogeneity in the studies and limited numbers of control-matched studies.

Results
Varying definitions of VVD complicate a meta-analysis, and standard definitions will better allow for comparisons of studies and enhance the applicability of evidence to patient populations. Although data are still limited, genomic and molecular diagnostic testings continue to be investigated as potential tools for the diagnosis of VVD.

Conclusions
Standardized nomenclature will allow for comparability of studies and progress in research related to the pathophysiology of VVD and to facilitate clinical decision making and treatment choices. Although the current understanding of the pathogenesis of VVD is limited, there are new opportunities to explore potential diagnostic markers differences in women with VVD, which may lead to targeted therapy.
Retrospective validation of the pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria rule in ‘PE unlikely’ patients with suspected pulmonary embolism
Authors: Crane Steven , Jaconelli Tom , Eragat Mazin 
Published: December 2016

Introduction
Patients presenting to emergency departments (EDs) with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) can be risk stratified and those who are deemed to be at low risk for PE usually undergo D-dimer testing. A negative D-dimer in this low-risk group rules out PE with a high degree of certainty because of its high sensitivity. The D-dimer is, however, a poorly specific test and positive results often lead to unnecessary radiological imaging (notably computed tomography pulmonary angiography). The Pulmonary Embolism Rule-Out Criteria (PERC) rule has been suggested as an alternative to D-dimer testing in these patients. This study looked at whether the PERC rule could safely replace the use of D-dimer in patients suspected of PE, but deemed ‘PE unlikely’ by the dichotomized Wells score in a UK ED setting.

Patients and methods
This was a retrospective review of 986 patients with suspected PE who had a blood sample for D-dimer level taken. In patients deemed ‘PE unlikely’ (using the dichotomized Wells score), the diagnostic performance of the PERC rule was compared with a standard D-dimer level in the detection of PE at index presentation and up to 3 months afterwards.

Results
Of the 986 patients, 940 patients were deemed ‘PE unlikely’ using the dichotomized Wells score. Three patients with confirmed PE would have been missed by the PERC rule compared with only one missed by the D-dimer test. In these patients, the sensitivity of the PERC rule for detecting PE was 91.4% [95% confidence interval (CI): 76.9–98.2%], with a negative likelihood ratio of 0.25 (95% CI: 0.08–0.73). However, the negative predictive value of the PERC rule was 99.1% (95% CI: 97.3–99.8%). In comparison, the sensitivity for the standard D-dimer test was 97.1% (95% CI: 85.1–99.9%), with a negative likelihood ratio of 0.04 (95% CI: 0.01–0.27). The negative predictive value for the standard D-dimer test was 99.8% (95% CI: 99.2–100%).

Conclusion
The PERC rule has a high negative predictive value for excluding PE in patients presenting with suspected PE to the ED. However, the PERC rule may still miss around 8% of confirmed PE in patients who are deemed ‘PE unlikely’ by a dichotomized Wells score. Caution is advised in using the PERC rule as a substitute for the standard D-dimer test in all these patients.
Relationship between Corneal Thickness and Radius to Body Height
Authors: Jonuscheit Sven , Doughty Michael J. , Martín Raúl , Rio-Cristobal Ana 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To investigate the possible association between body stature (height) and corneal thickness and radius in younger-adult Caucasians, especially within the context of previously published literature.

Methods
Body height and weight were measured in 109 healthy subjects, with an average age of 24 ± 6 years (mean ± SD). Subjects underwent an ophthalmic assessment including anterior segment imaging by Scheimpflug topography and specular microscopy. Central and peripheral corneal thickness and corneal radius were analyzed. The relationship between body stature and corneal parameters was assessed using simple and multiple regression analysis. Effect size was determined by generating regression and correlation coefficients.

Results
Body height ranged from 1.54 to 1.86 m (mean ± SD 1.67 ± 0.08 m), central corneal thickness from 465 to 629 μm (554 ± 33 μm), whereas corneal radius measured between 7.16 and 8.49 mm (7.75 ± 0.24 mm). Body height was weakly associated with central corneal thickness and peripheral corneal thickness (r ≥ −0.180), and moderately with corneal radius (r = 0.351). Based on the regression equations, central corneal thickness decreases by 8 μm, whereas corneal radius increases by 0.11 mm for each 0.1-m difference in body height. No significant correlations were found for similar assessments using body weight or body mass index.

Conclusions
Differences in corneal radius and corneal thickness can be linked to body stature. However, effect sizes were consistently small and no more than 13% of the variability in corneal curvature could be explained by variations in body stature.
A tutorial on Gaussian process regression: Modelling, exploring, and exploiting functions
Authors: Schulz Eric , Speekenbrink Maarten , Krause Andreas 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis tutorial introduces the reader to Gaussian process regression as an expressive tool to model, actively explore and exploit unknown functions. Gaussian process regression is a powerful, non-parametric Bayesian approach towards regression problems that can be utilized in exploration and exploitation scenarios. This tutorial aims to provide an accessible introduction to these techniques. We will introduce Gaussian processes which generate distributions over functions used for Bayesian non-parametric regression, and demonstrate their use in applications and didactic examples including simple regression problems, a demonstration of kernel-encoded prior assumptions and compositions, a pure exploration scenario within an optimal design framework, and a bandit-like exploration-exploitation scenario where the goal is to recommend movies. Beyond that, we describe a situation modelling risk-averse exploration in which an additional constraint (not to sample below a certain threshold) needs to be accounted for. Lastly, we summarize recent psychological experiments utilizing Gaussian processes. Software and literature pointers are also provided.
Research Note: The sensitivity of surface seismic P‐wave data in transversely isotropic media to reflector depth
Authors: Alkhalifah Tariq 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThe leading component of the high‐frequency asymptotic description of the wavefield, given by the travel time, is governed by the eikonal equation. In anisotropic media, traveltime measurements from seismic experiments conducted along one surface cannot constrain the long‐wavelength attribute of the medium along the orthogonal‐to‐the‐surface direction, as anisotropy introduces an independent parameter controlling wave propagation in the orthogonal direction. Since travel times measured on the Earth's surface in transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis are mainly insensitive to the absolute value of the anisotropic parameter responsible for relating these observations to depth δ, the travel time was perturbed laterally to investigate the traveltime sensitivity to lateral variations in δ. This formulation can be used to develop inversion strategies for lateral variations in δ in acoustic transversely isotropic media, as the surface‐recorded data are sensitive to it even if the model is described by the normal moveout velocity and horizontal velocity, or the anellipticity parameter η. Numerical tests demonstrate the enhanced sensitivity of our data when the model is parameterised with a lateral change in δ.
The Populist Surge in Post‐Democratic Times: Theoretical and Political Challenges
Authors: Katsambekis Giorgos 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPopulism has often been described as a great challenge and threat to Western democracies. Not surprisingly, at a time in which we are witnessing a significant rise in populist actors in Europe and the US, scientific analyses and commentary regarding populism have become particularly popular and, indeed, necessary. My aim in this article is to offer a brief yet comprehensive overview of the ongoing debates in a bid to problematise the supposed ‘imminent threat’ of populism in light of recent developments within the political systems and societies of established democracies, especially under conditions of crisis. I understand populism as a specific type of discourse, and thus as a way—among others—of doing politics and appealing to groups of people. Thus, I highlight the varying orientations that populist movements might take, depending on the ideological traditions with which they are closely articulated and the sociopolitical environment in which they manifest. Last, I relate the ‘populist surge’ to discussions regarding post‐democracy.
Hyperemesis gravidarum and long‐term mortality: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Fossum S , Vikanes ÅV , Næss Ø , Vos L , Grotmol T , Halvorsen S 
Published: December 2016

ObjectiveTo investigate whether exposure to hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is associated with increased maternal long‐term mortality.DesignPopulation‐based cohort study.SettingMedical Birth Registry of Norway (1967–2002) linked to the Cause of Death Registry.PopulationWomen in Norway with singleton births in the period 1967–2002, with and without HG. Women were followed until 2009 or death.MethodsCox proportional hazard regression model was applied to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence interval (CI).Main outcome measuresThe primary outcome was all‐cause mortality during follow up. Secondary outcomes were cause‐specific mortality (cardiovascular mortality, deaths due to cancer, external causes or mental and behavioural disorders).ResultsOf 999 161 women with singleton births, 13 397 (1.3%) experienced HG. During a median follow up of 26 years (25 902 036 person‐years), 43 470 women died (4.4%). Women exposed to HG had a lower risk of long‐term all‐cause mortality compared with women without HG (crude HR 0.82; 95% CI 0.75–0.90). When adjusting for confounders, this reduction was no longer significant (adjusted HR 0.92; 95% CI 0.84–1.01). Women exposed to HG had a similar risk of cardiovascular death as women not exposed (adjusted HR 1.04; 95% CI 0.83–1.29), but a lower long‐term risk of death from cancer (adjusted HR 0.86; 95% CI 0.75–0.98).ConclusionIn this large population‐based cohort study, HG was not associated with an increased risk of long‐term all‐cause mortality. Women exposed to HG had no increase in mortality due to cardiovascular disease, but had a reduced risk of death from cancer.Tweetable abstractPopulation‐based cohort study: Hyperemesis was not associated with an increased risk of long‐term mortality.
Assisted reproductive technology and severe postpartum haemorrhage: a case–control study
Authors: Nyfløt LT , Sandven I , Oldereid NB , Stray‐Pedersen B , Vangen S 
Published: December 2016

ObjectiveTo investigate the association between assisted reproductive technology and severe postpartum haemorrhage.DesignCase–control study.SettingThe study was conducted in Norway; Division of Gynaecology and Obstetrics at Oslo University Hospital and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Drammen Hospital.PopulationA source population including all women admitted for delivery at Oslo University Hospital and Drammen Hospital during the time period 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2011. The study population consisted of all cases of severe postpartum haemorrhage (n = 1064) and a random sample of controls (n = 2059).MethodsWe used an explanatory strategy in the analysis, with multivariable logistic regression.Main outcome measuresSevere postpartum haemorrhage; defined as blood loss ≥1500 ml or need for blood transfusion.ResultsAssisted reproductive technology was associated with an increased risk of severe postpartum haemorrhage (crude OR = 2.92; 95% CI 2.18–3.92, P < 0.001). Mode of delivery and anticoagulant medication had significant confounding effects. Strong interaction was found for multiple pregnancies. After adjusting for confounding and interaction, an increased risk was observed both in the strata of multiple pregnancies (adjusted OR = 7.00, 95% CI 2.70–18.12, P < 0.001), and in the strata of single gestation (adjusted OR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.12–2.24, P = 0.010).ConclusionsOur findings warrant an increased awareness of the risk of severe postpartum haemorrhage in women conceiving with assisted reproductive technology. Furthermore, the high risk of severe postpartum haemorrhage in the presence of a twin or triplet pregnancy is an additional argument for single embryo transfer.Tweetable abstractAssisted reproductive technology is associated with an increased risk of severe postpartum haemorrhage.
Validation of Toolmark Comparisons Made At Different Vertical and Horizontal Angles
Authors: Macziewski Chad , Spotts Ryan , Chumbley Scott 
Published: December 2016

AbstractNumerous studies have focused on determining whether objective statistical methods can be used to discriminate between known matches and nonmatches when comparing laboratory prepared toolmarks. This study involved an analysis of striated toolmarks made as a function of varying vertical and horizontal angles of attack. Comparisons based on experimental data show that replicate toolmarks from the same tool show high correlation values at identical vertical and horizontal angles, with the correlation decreasing as the angular difference increases, especially for horizontal angular changes. Comparisons between nonmatching samples produce low correlation values that remain unchanged as horizontal angular differences increase. While complete statistical separation was not achieved between matching and nonmatching samples, there is evidence demonstrating that toolmarks can be identified if the variation in horizontal angle is within 10°. The experiment shows that computer‐aided comparison techniques could be viable for identification with the proper statistical algorithm.
The Etiology of Basal Vacuolizations in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells Evaluated in an Isolated Perfused Kidney Model
Authors: Zhou Chong , Yool Andrea J. , Byard Roger W. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTo determine whether basal lipid vacuolization characteristic of ketoacidosis could be induced with short‐term hypertriglyceridemia, adult Sprague Dawley rat kidneys were perfused in an isolated perfused kidney model with, and without, 11.3 mM (10 g/L) of triglycerides in Krebs‐Henseleit buffer, for 1 and 2 h (n = 5/group). Additional treatments included perfusion with triglycerides with 20 mM of β‐hydroxybutyrate and 2 mM of acetoacetate (n = 5) and perfusion with triglycerides with 70 mM of glucose (n = 1). Basal vacuolization was produced in all groups, but differed in morphology to that reported in postmortem studies. There was no further increase in vacuolization after 2 h of perfusion compared to 1 h (p = 0.24), and the addition of ketones did not alter the morphology or extent of vacuolization. This study using an ex vivo model has confirmed that isolated hypertriglyceridemia is sufficient to cause basal lipid vacuolization in renal tubular epithelial cells, but with different morphology to vacuoles observed in lethal ketoacidosis at autopsy.
Armanni–Ebstein Lesions in Terminal Hyperglycemia
Authors: Zhou Chong , Yool Andrea J. , Byard Roger W. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractArmanni–Ebstein lesions (AEL) occur in deaths related to uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. To investigate the relationship between AEL and terminal hyperglycemia, we retrospectively reviewed 71 cases with vitreous glucose levels ≥11.1 mmol/L; 27 (38%) cases had AEL (vitreous glucose 14.0–77.3 mmol/L); and 44 cases (62%) did not (vitreous glucose 11.1–91.9 mmol/L). There was no significant difference (p = 0.271) in vitreous glucose levels between the cases with AEL (mean 39.2, SD 16.7 mmol/L) and those without (mean 34.2, SD 19.8 mmol/L). Similarly, there was no difference in the degree of dehydration, renal failure, or osmolality. However, there was a significantly higher level of β‐hydroxybutyrate among the cases with AEL compared to those without (p = 0.007), suggesting that ketoacidosis may facilitate the development of AEL. Given the possible synergistic role of β‐hydroxybutyrate, the correlation between AEL and terminal hyperglycemia in animal studies may not be applicable to humans. AEL may also possibly occur with sublethal elevations in glucose.
Survival and Growth of Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria in Refrigerated Pickle Products
Authors: Fan Sicun , Breidt Fred , Price Robert , Pérez‐Díaz Ilenys 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe examined 10 lactic acid bacteria that have been previously characterized for commercial use as probiotic cultures, mostly for dairy products, including 1 Pediococcus and 9 Lactobacilli. Our objectives were to develop a rapid procedure for determining the long‐term survivability of these cultures in acidified vegetable products and to identify suitable cultures for probiotic brined vegetable products. We therefore developed assays to measure acid resistance of these cultures to lactic and acetic acids, which are present in pickled vegetable products. We used relatively high acid concentrations (compared to commercial products) of 360 mM lactic acid and 420 mM acetic acid to determine acid resistance with a 1 h treatment. Growth rates were measured in a cucumber juice medium at pH 5.3, 4.2, and 3.8, at 30 °C and 0% to 2% NaCl. Significant differences in acid resistance and growth rates were found among the 10 cultures. In general, the acid resistant strains had slower growth rates than the acid sensitive strains. Based on the acid resistance data, selected cultures were tested for long‐term survival in a simulated acidified refrigerated cucumber product. We found that one of the most acid resistant strains (Lactobacillus casei) could survive for up to 63 d at 4 °C without significant loss of viability at 108 CFU/mL. These data may aid in the development of commercial probiotic refrigerated pickle products.