bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ДІАГНОСТИКА ПРОБЛЕМ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ РЕГУЛЯТОРНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ У АГРОПРОМИСЛОВІЙ СФЕРІ ВІТЧИЗНЯНОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ
Authors: Nebozhenko T.T. 
Published: October 2016

Доведено необхідність та значимість державного регулювання функціонування суб’єктів господарювання агропромислової сфери. Виявлено проблеми державної регуляторної політики у агропромисловій сфері вітчизняної економіки та окреслено перелік напрямків їх усунення. Проведено дослідження сучасного стану державного регулювання функціонування суб’єктів аграрної сфери та його впливу на розвиток сільськогосподарських підприємств в Україні. Конкретизовано функції державного регулювання сільського господарства. Охарактеризовано організаційно–правові форми підприємництва, які використовуються в сільському господарстві України. Проаналізовані різні види підприємств, що провадять свою діяльність у сільськогосподарській сфері. Наголошено на необхідності законодавчого закріплення основоположних принципів державної підтримки сільськогосподарських товаровиробників, такі як системність і стабільність. Доведено необхідність державного регулювання функціонування підприємницьких структур у сільському господарстві. Проідентифікувались теоретичні й загальнометодологічні проблеми державного регулювання організаційно–правових форм сільськогосподарських підприємств. Деталізувалися правові проблеми державного регулювання сільського господарства в Україні. Обґрунтовано недостатню ефективність державної політики щодо створення умов формування кооперативних та інших некомерційних об’єднань сільськогосподарських підприємств у сфері виробництва та збуту сільськогосподарської продукції. Проводиться виявлення недоліків у організації та регулюванні агропромислового виробництва в Україні.
СУТНІСТЬ, ФУНКЦІЇ ТА ФОРМИ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦЬКОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ В СІЛЬСЬКОМУ ГОСПОДАРСТВІ
Authors: Smolynets I. , Gachek T. , Dorosh–Kizym M. , Dadak O. , Gutyj B. , Hariv I. 
Published: October 2016

В статті розглядаються сутність, функції та форми підприємницької діяльності в сільському господарстві. Сучасний розвиток виробничих об'єднань характеризується використанням таких юридичних форм, які зберігають основні характеристики сімейного фермерського господарства і водночас створюють сприятливі умови для організації виробничих структур, адекватних великим підприємствам, сімейної передачі господарств. Тобто колективні форми фермерської діяльності увіковічують особистий і сімейний характер сільського господарства, попереджують «пролетаризацію» селянства, зберігають його статус господаря сільської території. Саме такі тенденції у формуванні підприємницької діяльності у сільському господарстві з огляду на вітчизняні реалії повинні бути враховані в розробках щодо реструктуризації і трансформації вітчизняного аграрного виробництва. Типовий сільськогосподарський виробник, навіть коли володіє малим сімейним господарством, поєднує інвестора, управлінця і керівника у ньому. У дещо більших структурах, таких як наприклад сімейні ферми, може бути ще й бухгалтером, організатором праці, спеціалістом із догляду за рослинами і тваринами, механізатором тощо. Про успішну підприємницьку діяльність, на наш погляд, можна говорити, якщо:підприємство має дохід для оплати всіх необхідних витрат; підприємство має додатковий дохід необхідний для сплати кредитів, які можуть бути за інвестовані; виробнича спроможність підприємства і його потенціал не зменшуються, а бажано – розвиваються. Дотримання цих умов може стати однією з важливих причин успішного розвитку підприємницької діяльності.
Незважаючи на певні переваги чи недоліки окремих форм підприємницької діяльності, слід розвивати різні організаційно–правові форми в сільському господарстві на ринкових конкурентних умовах. Але при цьому необхідно враховувати, що суспільні зміни впливають на систему організаційно–економічних і правових відносин у сільському господарстві. Суб'єкти підприємницької діяльності, що господарюють сьогодні в сільському господарстві, функціонуючи на основі різних форм власності, не лише мають право на існування, але й, конкуруючи один із одним, створюють умови для розвитку ринкових відносин, прибуткового ведення сільськогосподарського виробництва.
PHARMACEUTICAL MARKETING: OBJECTIVES AND TYPES
Authors: Smolynets I.B. , Gutyj B.V. , Khariv І.І. , Petryshak O.Y. , Lytvyn R.I. 
Published: October 2016

Pharmaceutical marketing objectives and types depending on demand state are overviewed in this article. Pharmaceutical enterprise has always a certain idea of the desired level of market demand. In practice demand is not always in accordance with level that has been predicted. One can strictly outline eight situations that characterise the state of demand. Every such situation is in accordance with certain marketing managerial task and its types. Conversional marketing is related tomedicines’ negative demand and medical services availability, e.g. such kind of situation, when they cannot find their own buyer at substantial part of potential market. Stimulating marketing is related to demand absence, e.g. state, when potential market does not reveal (or almost does not reveal) interest towards concrete proposal. Marketing that develops is related to medicines demand, that is at the stage of formation (hidden demand). Potential (hidden) demand occurs when certain consumers part need real problem solving, that cannot remain satisfied with the medicines and medical services that are available at the market. Remarketing is related to medicines or medical services decreasing demand situation for a particular period of time, as a result of moral degradation, not consideration sale stimulation tools, advertising updates, and competition factors. Sync marketing (irregular marketing) is related to uneven demand, its fluctuation: seasonality (medicines against a cold,stomach–intestinal diseases and etc.); daily (pharmacies are more often attended during the weekdays, less – at the weekend); hourly (pharmacies are most often attended in a period of time from eight to eleven in the morning and from five to seven in the evening accordingly to research data). Supportive marketing is related to satisfied demand availability. Demarketing is related to surplus of demand, so medicines demand is higher than its supply (producing opportunities). Counteractive marketingis related to irrational (non rational) demand, with harmfulness in terms of health, consumer and society welfare. Market research provisions medicines demand study and projection, price analysis and rivals medicines, market capacity determination and enterprise’s share on it. Such kind of analysis assists to estimate market opportunities and determine attractive marketing activity direction, where enterprise can acquire competitive advantages
ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ЧУБУШНИКА ЯК ЛІКАРСЬКОЇ РОСЛИНИ
Authors: Ishchenko V.D. , Kostenko S.V. , Kostenko V.M. , Tymoshyk Y.V. 
Published: October 2016

Medicinal plants are insufficiently studied and almost endless. The use of phytomedication enables reduce the impact of xenobiotics on animals organism through the natural origin of active compounds and associated and auxiliary substances smoothing the basic action and prevent the manifestation of side effects. One of such plants the possibility of using in veterinary practice is still insufficiently studied is mock–orange. Considering on the important role of phenolic compounds in the metabolic regulation of plant and diversity of impact of these substances on organism of animals and humans, in leaves of mock–oranges different cultivar was identified the content of phenolic secondary metabolites to identify the prospects for their further using in veterinary medicine. The qualitative reaction with the Wilson reagent, solution of iron (III) chloride and by cyanidin reaction in extracts from mock–orange leaves was established the presence of phenolic compounds. Further phytochemical investigations established that the content of phenols in the investigated extracts is between 33.0 ± 0.48 to 107.1 ± 0.91 mg/g (in Philadelphus L. 'Avalanche'). The content of flavonoids in alcohol extracts from leaves of different species of mock–oranges varies from 5.3 ± 0.41 to 10.6 ± 0.41 mg/g. Greatest quantity of flavonoids at relatively of low content of phenols contained in the preparation from leaves of Philadelphus coronaries 'Nana '(mock–orange dwarf), the use of which, along with Philadelphus L. 'Avalanche' can be perspective in medical and veterinary practice, considering on the high concentration of phenols and flavonoids and coumarins in these mock–oranges breed.
ЯКІСТЬ СПЕРМІЇВ ЗА РОЗРІДЖЕННЯ ЕЯКУЛЯТІВ БУГАЇВ ЛАКТОЗО–ЖОВТКОВО–ГЛІЦЕРИНОВИМ СЕРЕДОВИЩЕМ
Authors: Kava S.Y. , Ostapiv D.D. , Yaremchuk І.М. , Bodnar Yu.V. , Kuzmina N.V. 
Published: October 2016

Quality and fertilizing ability of spermatozoa in cryopreserved sperm depends on numerous factors caused by both physiological characteristics and environments dilution of bull ejaculates. So studying physiological characteristics of ejaculates, respiratory activity and redox abillity of sperm, content of lipoproteins, succinate dehydrogenase activity and survival of spermatozoa in sperm diluted by lactose–yolk–glycerine environment.It was found that freshly obtained bull semen can be characterized by: volume – 2.0 – 8.0 ml sperm concentration – 0.28–1.56 × 109 cells / ml. Thus, the respiratory activity of sperm ranges from 0.70–2.02 ng–atom O / min × 0,1 ml of semen and redox ability 0,02–0,14 mV/min × 0.1 ml of semen. It was found that typical freshly obtained bull ejaculates characterize by such content of lipoprotein fractions: chylomicrons (hm) – 26,9 ± 1,93%, lipoproteins with very low density – 10,4 ± 0,44%, low (β–LP) – 18,3 ± 1.84%, high (α–LA) – 17,1 ± 1,09% and very high density – 26,8 ± 1,94%. Dilution of semen by lactose–yolk–glycerin environment leads to a likely (p <0,001) increase in the content of lipoproteins with very low density and reduction in high density lipoprotein fraction. The survival of spermatozoa in sperm diluted by lactose–yolk–glycerin medium varies between 77.1–162.0 hours, and the activity of the enzyme–marker of fertilizing ability succinate dehydrogenase – 5.0–71.7 UI / h × 0,1 ml of semen.
Phenotypic Characterization of 16 Accessions of Sunn Hemp in Florida
Authors: Cho Alyssa H. , Chase Carlene A. , Koenig Rosalie L. , Treadwell Danielle D. , Gaskins Jeremy , Morris J. Bradley , Morales‐Payan J. Pablo 
Published: October 2016

Adoption of sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) as a cover crop has been limited primarily due to the availability of seed sources, leading to high seed costs and unreliable supplies. Seed production in Florida with the commercially available sunn hemp cultivar Tropic Sun has been largely unsuccessful. An experiment was designed to evaluate 16 accessions of sunn hemp for potential commercial seed production in Florida at three planting dates (May, June, July). Vegetative and reproductive characteristics were evaluated to provide baseline information for future development of a cultivar of sunn hemp that could produce seed in Florida with desirable cover crop attributes. The results indicate that the sunn hemp accessions could be separated into two groups. Regardless of planting date, accessions in Group 1 (PI 234771, PI 248491, PI 295851, PI 337080, PI 468956, PI 561720, PI 652939) displayed desirable cover crop characteristics, such as high biomass production and leaf area. Accessions in Group 1 had a short‐day flowering response and produced few to no pods and seeds. Group 2 accessions (PI 207657, PI 250485, PI 250486, PI 250487, PI 314239, PI 322377, PI 346297, PI 391567, PI 426626) were less sensitive to photoperiod, were generally smaller plants because of earlier transition to reproductive growth, and produced more seedpods and seeds. Seed production was generally better when seeds were sown at the earliest date. It appears that in Florida, sunn hemp accessions that are capable of flowering in summer rather than fall have greater potential for seed production.Core Ideas

Based on vegetative and reproductive characteristics sunn hemp accessions could be divided into two groups.
Group 1 accessions produce more shoot biomass and have a short‐day flowering response.
Flowering occurs in fall when effective pollinators are absent.
Group 2 accessions are less sensitive to photoperiod.
Group 2 accessions flower in summer when effective pollinators occur and successfully set seed.
Association of Green Stem Disorder with Agronomic Traits in Soybean
Authors: Harbach C. , Chawla S. , Bowen C. R. , Hill C. B. , Nafziger E. D. , Hartman G. L. 
Published: October 2016

Green stem disorder (GSD) of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is the occurrence of non‐senescent, fleshy green stems of plants with normal, fully mature pods and seeds. The main focus of this study was to determine the relationship between GSD incidence and agronomic traits and to determine if GSD incidence was associated with soybean cultivars, years, location of trials, and rainfall. Data on GSD incidence based on a percentage of plants in plots showing symptoms were collected for soybean cultivars in 86 trials from 2009 to 2012 at seven locations in Illinois. The incidence of GSD ranged from 0% (three trials) to 88% with a mean incidence of 12% averaged over the 83 trials. The GSD incidence was correlated with data on yield, plant height and lodging, and seed moisture, protein, and oil content for all trials. The incidence of GSD was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with yield (12 cases), plant height (24) and lodging (29), and seed moisture (35), protein (19), and oil content (2), and negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with yield (eight cases), plant height (2) and lodging (3), and seed moisture (1), protein (3), and oil content (24). Correlations among agronomic traits, GSD, and in‐season precipitation, indicated that yield and precipitation (May, June, and July) were negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with GSD. The incidence of GSD is a result of the genetics of soybean cultivars and how they interact with the environment.Core Ideas

Out of the 83 field trials, 12 had positive and 8 had negative associations of green stem disorder with yield.
Green stem disorder was more often positively correlated with protein content and negatively correlated with oil content.
Ratings of cultivars for green stem disorder were positively associated in 132 out of 332 pairs of trials with 10 or more cultivars in common with no negative associations.
Strip‐Intercropping of Rye–Vetch Mixtures Affects Biomass, Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio, and Spatial Distribution of Cover Crop Residue
Authors: Lowry C. J. , Brainard D. C. 
Published: October 2016

Altering the spatial arrangement of cover crop mixtures with strip‐intercropping is an under‐explored strategy that may enhance cover crop performance and provisioning of ecosystem services. We hypothesized that strip‐intercropping of a cereal rye (Secale cereale L.; “rye”) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth; “vetch”) mixture would increase cover crop productivity and concentrate low C/N vetch residue within the future crop zone, thereby increasing the potential for improved N use efficiency. We conducted a field study in southwestern Michigan to examine how strip‐intercropping of rye–vetch mixtures influences: (i) total cover crop productivity, and (ii) the spatial distribution and C/N ratio of rye–vetch residues. Spatial arrangements included the standard full‐width mixture (MIX) in which rye and vetch were sown together in the same rows; and segregated mixtures with either two rows of rye alternated with two rows of vetch (SEG2) or three rows of rye alternated with one row of vetch (SEG1). Benefits of strip‐intercropping for reducing interspecific competition appear to have been offset by the costs of increased intraspecific competition and/or reduced facilitation. Over 5 site‐years, strip‐intercropping either had no effect or reduced total rye–vetch biomass or the biomass of component species relative to MIX. However, SEG2 resulted in greater concentration of N‐rich vetch tissue and a lower C/N ratio of both aboveground and belowground rye–vetch biomass in the crop‐planting zone. Strip‐intercropping may be a promising strategy to increase future crop access to mineralized N, and improve N use efficiency in agroecosystems.

Strip‐intercropping of rye and vetch either had no effect or reduced cover crop biomass.
Strip‐intercropping of rye and vetch concentrated N‐rich vetch residue in the future crop row.
By reducing the C/N ratio of rye–vetch within the crop row, strip‐intercropping may increase crop N.
Guar Stand Establishment, Physiology, and Yield Responses to Planting Date in Southern New Mexico
Authors: Singla Sudhir , Grover Kulbhushan , Angadi Sangamesh V. , Schutte Brian , VanLeeuwen Dawn 
Published: October 2016

Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) is a drought‐tolerant summer annual legume that can be grown for forage, green pods, or seeds. Galactomannans use in various industries such as food, cosmetic, paper, and oil etc. has attracted the guar production for seed. Currently, most of the United States’ demand for guar is met through imports. Preliminary research has shown that guar can be potentially grown in semiarid irrigated conditions in southern New Mexico (NM). A 2‐yr field study was conducted from 2014–2015 to evaluate stand establishment, physiology, and yield performance of eight guar genotypes under four planting dates in southern NM. In both years, mid‐June planting resulted in better stand establishment by having higher plant density than late‐April and mid‐May plantings. The mid‐June planting resulted in higher photosynthetic rate (Pn) compared to late‐April and early July plantings. Transpiration rate (Tr), leaf area index (LAI), clusters plant−1, pods plant−1, and seeds plant−1 were also higher for mid‐June planting compared to mid‐May and early July plantings in both years. Across genotypes and years, mid‐June planting produced 13, 27, and 45% higher seed yield than late‐April, mid‐May, and early July plantings. Across planting dates, genotype NMSU‐15‐G1 had highest seed yield among all genotypes in both years; however, it did not differ significantly from cultivar Matador. Introduction lines and cultivar Matador took more days to reach various stages. The mid‐June planting showed early maturity. Guar planted under mid‐June planting appears to increase seed yield along with having early maturity in southern NM.

Planting date had a significant effect on guar seed yield.
Significant genotypic variation for seed yield was observed across planting dates.
Planting dates and genotypes showed a significant interaction for guar seed yield.
Mid‐June planting increased guar seed yield over other tested planting dates.
Effect of Intercropped Tropical Perennial Grasses on the Production of Sorghum‐Based Silage
Authors: Costa Nídia Raquel , Andreotti Marcelo , Crusciol Carlos Alexandre Costa , Pariz Cristiano Magalhães , Lopes Keny Samejima Mascarenhas , Leonardo de Almeida Yokobatake Kazuo , Ferreira João Paulo , da Rocha Lima César Gustavo , de Souza Daniel Martins 
Published: October 2016

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] intercropped with tropical grasses can be used in silage production systems to increase the dry matter yield per area, provide pasture after sorghum harvesting and improve land‐use efficiency (LUE). Our objective was to compare the production and quality of sorghum silage intercropped with palisade grass [Urochloa brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf ‘Marandu’] or guinea grass [Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K. Simon & S.W.L. Jacobs ‘Tanzânia’] with that of monocropped sorghum, the pasture in the off‐season, as well as the land equivalent ratios of these systems during two growing seasons (2010–2011 and 2011–2012). The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block with four replicates. The treatments were: monocropped sorghum silage, sorghum silage intercropped with palisade grass and sorghum silage intercropped with guinea grass. The productivity of the intercropped systems was as high as that of the monocropped sorghum. The development of the sorghum was not affected by intercropping with grasses. Intercropping sorghum with tropical grasses generally increases the fiber content of the silage compared with monocropped sorghum; however, this is a viable option for producing feed with adequate nutritional quality. Intercropping sorghum with palisade grass improved the land equivalent ratio, resulting in greater LUE. Intercropping sorghum with palisade and guinea grass also improved the relative N yield compared with monocropped sorghum and did not influence aggressivity and relative crowding coefficient. The main benefit of these intercropping systems is established grazing during the off‐season, which can be considered a good cultivation strategy for tropical regions.Core Ideas

Intercropping crops in a no‐till system increase the diversification of agricultural production.
Intercropping systems provide better uses of agricultural areas throughout the year.
The intercropping systems productivity is as high as that of monocropped crops.
Intercropping sorghum with grasses is a viable option for feed production.
One of the intercropping systems benefits is established grazing during the off‐season.
A case of undiagnosed hyperthyroidism during anaesthesia in an adolescent
Authors: Ayyash Katie , Outram Matthew 
Published: October 2016

SummaryChildhood thyrotoxicosis is rare, with palpitations being the predominant presenting symptom [1]. Untreated patients attending for both elective and emergency surgery can develop a thyrotoxic storm intra‐operatively, a life threatening condition with a high morbidity and mortality. We present a case of suspected undiagnosed hyperthyroidism in an adolescent under anaesthesia. Our case highlights the importance of early recognition of symptoms and differentiation from other hyper‐metabolic conditions to allow early initiation of appropriate treatment, which is essential in reducing morbidity and mortality from this disorder.
Awake videolaryngoscopic intubation in a pregnant patient with a large vocal cord lesion
Authors: Thomas Rajeev , McKnight Angus , Athanassoglou Vassilis 
Published: October 2016

SummaryWe describe the case of a 39‐year‐old female, 29 weeks pregnant who required urgent excision of a large laryngeal lesion. This was symptomatic, almost completely obstructing her glottis and creating a ball‐valve effect. Rapid progression of the lesion made the patient increasingly dyspnoeic and stridulous over the course of 2 weeks from presentation until surgery. Due to pregnancy‐related challenges and additional risks of complete airway obstruction, we conducted an awake videolaryngoscopic intubation supplemented with Transnasal Humidified Rapid‐Insufflation Ventilatory Exchange (THRIVE) for oxygenation.We discuss the anaesthetic challenges and management of this case, in particular this patient's airway pathology in the context of pregnancy. An overview of laryngeal pathology under the influence of pregnancy hormones is also presented.
Inferior alveolar neuropraxia following laryngeal mask use
Authors: Liu Christopher , Mathews Abey Matthew Varughese 
Published: October 2016

SummaryWe report a patient with an inferior alveolar neuropraxia following the use of an LMA ProsealTM device. Inferior alveolar neuropraxia is a rare complication following use of a supraglottic airway device. Although it is often self‐limiting, it may cause considerable distress to the patient. We discuss previous reports of inferior alveolar neuropraxia following use of supraglottic airway devices and propose recommendations in order to prevent this complication.