bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zonal currents in the F region deduced from Swarm constellation measurements
Authors: Lühr Hermann , Kervalishvili Guram , Rauberg Jan , Stolle Claudia 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe Swarm constellation has been used to estimate zonal currents in the topside F region ionosphere at about 500 km. Near‐simultaneous magnetic field measurements from two altitudes but the same meridian are used for the current density calculations. We consider the period 15 February to 23 June 2014 for deriving a full 24 h local time coverage of the latitudinal distribution over ±50° in magnetic latitude. Intervals with close orbital phasing at the two heights are considered, which repeat every 6 days. From such days seven successive orbits are used where the epochs of equator crossings differ by less than 2 min. Deduced current densities are predominantly eastward (about 20 nA/m2) on the dayside and westward (about 10 nA/m2) on the nightside. A number of different drivers contribute to the observed total current. We identified the gravity‐driven eastward current as the most prominent at low latitudes. Eastward currents in the Northern Hemisphere are clearly stronger than in the south. This is attributed to the proximity of our study period to June solstice, when the solar radiation is stronger in the north. In addition, interhemispheric winds from the Northern (summer) to the Southern (winter) Hemisphere contribute. They cause eastward currents in the north and westward in the south. We find a relatively large variability of the zonal currents both in space and time. The standard deviation is at least twice as large as the mean value of current density. This large variability is suggested to be related to gravity wave forcing from below.
Does size matter? Statistical limits of paleomagnetic field reconstruction from small rock specimens
Authors: Berndt Thomas , Muxworthy Adrian R. , Fabian Karl 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAs samples of ever decreasing sizes are being studied paleomagnetically, care has to be taken that the underlying assumptions of statistical thermodynamics (Maxwell‐Boltzmann statistics) are being met. Here we determine how many grains and how large a magnetic moment a sample needs to have to be able to accurately record an ambient field. It is found that for samples with a thermoremanent magnetic moment larger than 10−11Am2 the assumption of a sufficiently large number of grains is usually given. Standard 25 mm diameter paleomagnetic samples usually contain enough magnetic grains such that statistical errors are negligible, but “single silicate crystal” works on, for example, zircon, plagioclase, and olivine crystals are approaching the limits of what is physically possible, leading to statistic errors in both the angular deviation and paleointensity that are comparable to other sources of error. The reliability of nanopaleomagnetic imaging techniques capable of resolving individual grains (used, for example, to study the cloudy zone in meteorites), however, is questionable due to the limited area of the material covered.
An examination of double‐diffusive processes in a mesoscale eddy in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Bebieva Yana , Timmermans Mary‐Louise 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTemperature and salinity measurements of an Atlantic Water mesoscale eddy in the Arctic Ocean's Canada Basin are analyzed to understand the effects of velocity shear on a range of double‐diffusive processes. Double‐diffusive structures in and around the eddy are examined through the transition from low shear (outside the eddy and within its solid body core) to high geostrophic shear zones at the eddy flanks. The geostrophic Richardson number takes large values where a double‐diffusive staircase is observed and lowest values at the eddy flanks where geostrophic velocity is largest and a well‐formed staircase is not present. A Thorpe scale analysis is used to estimate turbulent diffusivities in the flank regions. Double‐diffusive and turbulent heat, salt, and buoyancy fluxes from the eddy are computed, and used to infer that the eddy decays on time scales of around 4–9 years. Fluxes highlight that Atlantic Water heat within the eddy can be fluxed downward into deeper water layers by means of both double‐diffusive and turbulent mixing. Estimated lateral variations in vertical fluxes across the eddy allow for speculation that double diffusion speeds up the eddy decay, having important implications for the transfer of Atlantic Water heat in the Arctic Ocean.
A new framework for comprehensive, robust, and efficient global sensitivity analysis: 1. Theory
Authors: Razavi Saman , Gupta Hoshin V. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractComputer simulation models are continually growing in complexity with increasingly more factors to be identified. Sensitivity Analysis (SA) provides an essential means for understanding the role and importance of these factors in producing model responses. However, conventional approaches to SA suffer from (1) an ambiguous characterization of sensitivity, and (2) poor computational efficiency, particularly as the problem dimension grows. Here, we present a new and general sensitivity analysis framework (called VARS), based on an analogy to “variogram analysis,” that provides an intuitive and comprehensive characterization of sensitivity across the full spectrum of scales in the factor space. We prove, theoretically, that Morris (derivative‐based) and Sobol (variance‐based) methods and their extensions are special cases of VARS, and that their SA indices can be computed as by‐products of the VARS framework. Synthetic functions that resemble actual model response surfaces are used to illustrate the concepts, and show VARS to be as much as two orders of magnitude more computationally efficient than the state‐of‐the‐art Sobol approach. In a companion paper, we propose a practical implementation strategy, and demonstrate the effectiveness, efficiency, and reliability (robustness) of the VARS framework on real‐data case studies.
Continuous Optimization by Variable Neighborhood Search
Authors: Brimberg Jack , Hansen Pierre , MladenoviĆ Nenad 
Published: December 2015

AbstractVariable neighborhood search (VNS) is a metaheuristic for solving optimization problems, whose basic idea is a systematic change of neighborhood structures in the search for a better solution. During the last 15 years, many variants of VNS have been proposed. In this section, we first describe basic VNS procedures and then discuss some recent extensions for solving continuous global optimization problems.
Virtual reconstruction of the Early Pleistocene mandible ATD6‐96 from Gran Dolina‐TD6‐2 (Sierra De Atapuerca, Spain)
Authors: Bermúdez de Castro José María , Martín‐Francés Laura , Modesto‐Mata Mario , Martínez de Pinillos Marina , Martinón‐Torres María , García‐Campos Cecilia , Carretero José Miguel 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesIn this report, we present a further study of the late Early Pleistocene ATD6‐96 human mandible, recovered from the TD6‐2 level of the Gran Dolina cave site (Sierra de Atapuerca, northern Spain) and attributed to Homo antecessor.MethodsATD6‐96 consists of a left half of a gracile mandible of an adult individual with the premolars and molars in place that is broken at the level of the lateral incisor‐canine septum. The present analysis is based on a virtual reconstruction of the whole mandible by means of computed tomography (CT). We have reconstructed the symphysis using information from a modern human sample, as well as from a wide sample composed of several Homo specimens.ResultsThis research has allowed us to record new variables with taxonomic and phylogenetic interest. We have estimated the length/width index of the alveolar arcade, as well as the percentage of the arcade length with regard to the total length. The latter confirms that ATD6‐96 shares with all African and Asian Homo species a primitive structural pattern, as it was established in previous studies. In constrast, the length/width index of the alveolar arcade in the H. antecessor specimen is close to the mean values of Neandertals and the Atapuerca‐Sima de los Huesos hominins.ConclusionsH. antecessor is derived regarding the shape of the mandibular alveolar arcade within the genus Homo and points to an early divergence from contemporaneous African populations. Our results also ratify the affinities of H. antecessor with Neanderthals, although the precise relationship with this lineage needs further research. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:729–736, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapid and Efficient Separation of Oil from Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions Using a Janus Cotton Fabric
Authors: Wang Zijie , Wang Yu , Liu Guojun 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA novel bi‐functional Janus cotton fabric is used to separate oil from oil‐in‐water emulsions. This fabric is superhydrophobic on one surface and polyamine‐bearing on the other. When used as a filter, the polyamine‐bearing side causes the micrometer‐sized oil droplets to coalesce. The coalesced oil then fills fabric pores on the superhydrophobic side and selectively permeates it. Oil separation using this method is rapid and the separated oil is pure. Furthermore, the content of the model oil hexadecane (HD) in water after a separation can be reduced to less than 0.03±0.03 vol %. These features demonstrate the practical potential of this technology.
Accelerating Oxygen‐Reduction Catalysts through Preventing Poisoning with Non‐Reactive Species by Using Hydrophobic Ionic Liquids
Authors: Zhang Gui‐Rong , Munoz Macarena , Etzold Bastian J. M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDeveloping cost‐effective electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a prerequisite for broad market penetration of low‐temperature fuel cells. A major barrier stems from the poisoning of surface sites by nonreactive oxygenated species and the sluggish ORR kinetics on the Pt catalysts. Herein we report a facile approach to accelerating ORR kinetics by using a hydrophobic ionic liquid (IL), which protects Pt sites from surface oxidation, making the IL‐modified Pt intrinsically more active than its unmodified counterpart. The mass activity of the catalyst is increased by three times to 1.01 A mg−1Pt@0.9 V, representing a new record for pure Pt catalysts. The enhanced performance of the IL‐modified catalyst can be stabilized after 30 000 cycles. We anticipate these results will form the basis for an unprecedented perspective in the development of high‐performing electrocatalysts for fuel‐cell applications.
ɛ‐TiO, a Novel Stable Polymorph of Titanium Monoxide
Authors: Amano Shinsaku , Bogdanovski Dimitri , Yamane Hisanori , Terauchi Masami , Dronskowski Richard 
Published: December 2015

AbstractFor the Ti/O system, three titanium monoxide (TiO) phases (α, β, and γ) with defective NaCl‐type structures and a high‐temperature hexagonal phase (H) have been known for decades. In this work, single crystals of a novel polymorph, ɛ‐TiO, were synthesized by using a bismuth flux. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) revealed a hexagonal crystal structure (a=4.9936(3) Å, c=2.8773(2) Å, P
2m) that is isotypic with ɛ‐TaN. While the Ti atoms are surrounded by trigonal prismatic (sixfold coordination) and trigonal planar (threefold coordination) arrangements of O atoms, the O atoms are found in a pseudo‐square‐pyramidal arrangement of Ti atoms. First‐principles calculations of the formation enthalpy and the electron and phonon density of states and crystal orbital Hamilton population (COHP) analysis revealed that ɛ‐TiO is more stable than α‐TiO, which had previously been regarded as the most stable phase at low temperatures.
Synergistic improvement of thermal transport properties for thermoplastic composites containing mixed alumina and graphene fillers
Authors: Yu Wei , Qi Yu , Zhou Yuan , Chen Lifei , Du Haixu , Xie Huaqing 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTIn this work, a novel approach was developed for obtaining a strong three‐dimensional network of heat conducting path by filling alumina (Al2O3) and graphene sheets (GR) into poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) (EVA). This unique structure effectively prevents the inter‐sheet restacking of graphene sheets and minimizes the thermal contact resistance between fillers and interface. The resultant exhibits a high thermal conductivity of 2.40 ± 0.07 W/m K, which is much higher than single filler at the same loading. Additionally, a strong synergistic effect can also be observed, and three‐dimensional schematic models were simulated for this enhancement. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43242.
Investigation and modelling of damping mechanisms of magnetorheological elastomers
Authors: Shuib Raa Khimi , Pickering Kim Louise 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTDamping in MREs is considered to be ascribed to viscous flow of the rubber matrix, interfacial damping at the interface between the magnetic particles and the matrix and magnetism induced damping. In this study, individual components in MREs that contribute to material damping were investigated. A model was developed to include viscous flow of the rubber matrix, interfacial damping and magnetism induced damping to give the total damping capacity of MREs()It was found thatdepends on frequency, iron sand content, strain amplitude andis independent of the applied magnetic field over saturation magnetization. The proposed model was assessed experimentally using a series of isotropic and anisotropic MREs. Comparison between tan δ withshowed thatmatched the experimental trends with average percentage difference of 8.1% and 21.8% for MREs with modified iron sand unmodified iron sand, respectively. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 43247.
Phase‐locked tropical Pacific precipitation
Authors: Curtis Scott , Douglass David H. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPrior studies of the El Niño/La Niña index SST3.4 showed periodicity of exactly 2 or 3 years which were ‘phase‐locked’ to the annual solar cycle. Ten such phase‐locked intervals since 1870 were found. This article extends this work by studying precipitation data (P34) for the same region. We find phase‐locked segments corresponding to those found in SST3.4. Each segment agrees both in the period of oscillation and the date interval. However, the temperature‐precipitation relationship changes from segment to segment, demonstrating the non‐stationarity of the system. The beginnings and ends of these time segments agree with previously reported abrupt climate shifts.
Flexible feeder transit route design to enhance service accessibility in urban area
Authors: Lu Xiaolin , Yu Jie , Yang Xianfeng , Pan Shuliang , Zou Nan 
Published: December 2015

SummaryTo improve the accessibility of transit system in urban areas, this paper presents a flexible feeder transit routing model that can serve irregular‐shaped networks. By integrating the cost efficiency of fixed‐route transit system and the flexibility of demand responsive transit system, the proposed model is capable of letting operating feeder busses temporarily deviate from their current route so as to serve the reported demand locations. With an objective of minimizing total bus travel time, a new operational mode is then proposed to allow busses to serve passengers on both street sides. In addition, when multiple feeder busses are operating in the target service area, the proposed model can provide an optimal plan to locate the nearest one to response to the demands. A three‐stage solution algorithm is also developed to yield meta‐optimal solutions to the problem in a reasonable amount of time by transforming the problem into a traveling salesman problem. Numerical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed model as well as the heuristic solution approach. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adhesive small bowel obstruction after laparotomy during infancy
Authors: Fredriksson F , Christofferson R H , Lilja H E 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

Background
Intra-abdominal adhesions can cause adhesive small bowel obstruction, chronic abdominal pain and female infertility. Reports on long-term outcomes following laparotomy during infancy are scarce. The aims of this study were to investigate the incidence of and risk factors for long-term adhesive small bowel obstruction and associated morbidity after laparotomy during infancy.

Methods
Infants who underwent laparotomy between 1976 and 2011 were identified. Data were extracted from medical records and a questionnaire was sent to the patients.

Results
Some 898 of 1185 eligible patients were included, with a median follow-up time of 14·7 (range 0·0–36·0) years. Median age at first laparotomy was 6 (range 1·0–365·0) days. There were 113 patients (12·6 per cent) with adhesive small bowel obstruction who underwent relaparotomy, 79 (69·9 per cent) occurring during the first 2 years after the initial laparotomy. The highest incidence of small bowel obstruction was found in patients with Hirschsprung's disease (19 of 65, 29 per cent), malrotation (13 of 45, 29 per cent), intestinal atresia (11 of 40, 28 per cent) and necrotizing enterocolitis (16 of 64, 25 per cent). Lengthy duration of surgery (hazard ratio (HR) 1·25, 95 per cent c.i. 1·07 to 1·45), stoma formation (HR 1·72, 1·15 to 2·56) and postoperative complications (HR 1·81, 1·12 to 2·92) were independent risk factors. Chronic abdominal pain was reported in 180 (24·0 per cent) of 750 patients, and 17 (13·8 per cent) of 123 women reported infertility.

Conclusion
The incidence of adhesive small bowel obstruction after laparotomy in infants is high.
Disablism, Identity and Self: Discrimination as a Traumatic Assault on Subjectivity
Authors: Watermeyer Brian , Swartz Leslie 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe international disability movement has favoured a political strategy which relies on historical materialism, eschewing subjective aspects of disability. From this perspective, rehabilitationist and psychological constructions of the subjectivities of disabled people are rejected as victim‐blaming pathologisation. Recently, feminist work has begun to explore psychological aspects of the lives of disabled people, within various paradigms. Drawing loosely on ideas from psychoanalysis, this paper explores the impressions left on subjectivity by symbolic assaults often associated with the disabled identity, thus connecting intra‐psychic and socio‐political arenas. The conceptual ideas employed emerged from psychoanalytically oriented group psychotherapy with severely physically impaired adults performed by the first author. The authors argue that the ongoing nature of socially engendered trauma suffered by disabled persons perpetuates marginality, through internalization of self‐punitive psychological defences, which corrode the entitlement necessary for an assertive political movement. Surviving in a world which continually questions one's belonging, leaves little personal resources for debunking oppressive social phenomena. Material as well as discursive changes are essential if internal narratives are to be reclaimed, overcoming the subjective imprints of ongoing social trauma. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reversible Photomodulation of Electronic Communication in a π‐Conjugated Photoswitch‐Fluorophore Molecular Dyad
Authors: Moreno Javier , Schweighöfer Felix , Wachtveitl Josef , Hecht Stefan 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe extent of electronic coupling between a boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) fluorophore and a diarylethene (DAE) photoswitch has been modulated in a covalently linked molecular dyad by irradiation with either UV or visible light. In the open isomer, both moieties can be regarded as individual chromophores, while in the closed form the lowest electronic (S0→S1) transition of the dyad is slightly shifted, enabling photomodulation of its fluorescence. Transient spectroscopy confirms that the dyad behaves dramatically different in the two switching states: while in the open isomer it resembles an undisturbed BODIPY fluorophore, in the closed isomer no fluorescence occurs and instead a red‐shifted DAE behavior prevails.
InspIRED by Nature: NADPH‐Dependent Imine Reductases (IREDs) as Catalysts for the Preparation of Chiral Amines
Authors: Grogan Gideon , Turner Nicholas J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractImine reductases (IREDs) are NADPH‐dependent oxidoreductases that catalyse the asymmetric reduction of cyclic prochiral imines to amines, with excellent stereoselectivity. Since their discovery, stereocomplementary IREDs have been applied to the production of both (S) and (R) cyclic secondary amines, and the expansion in gene sequences recently identified has hinted at new substrate ranges that extend into acyclic imines and even suggest the possibility of asymmetric reductive amination from suitable ketone and amine precursors. Structural studies of various IREDs are beginning to reveal the complexities inherent in determining substrate range, stereoselectivity and mechanism in these enzymes, which represent a valuable emerging addition to the toolbox of available biocatalysts for chiral amine production.
Acetaldehyde: A Small Organic Molecule with Big Impact on Organocatalytic Reactions
Authors: Kim Sun Min , Kim Young Sug , Kim Dong Wan , Rios Ramon , Yang Jung Woon 
Published: December 2015

AbstractStereocontrolled formation of carbon−carbon and carbon−heteroatom bonds through asymmetric organocatalysis is a formidable challenge for modern synthetic chemistry. Among the most significant contributions to this field are the transformations involving the use of acetaldehyde or α‐heteroatom‐substituted acetaldehydes for constructing valuable synthons (e.g., amino acid derivatives and hydroxycarbonyl). In this Minireview, versatile (enantioselective) organocatalytic transformations are discussed.
Research Progress of Metal‐Organic Frameworks Based on Aromatic Polycarboxylic Acid
Authors: Li Ling , Cao Xinyu , Huang Rudan 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMetal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted tremendous attention due to their fascinating structure types and extensive application prospect in many fields. In the process of synthesis, aromatic polycarboxylic acid as ligand plays an important role in constructing functional MOFs. In this review, we have summarized the research progress on the synthesis and structures analysis of MOFs based on aromatic polycarboxylic acids as well as their potential applications in magnetism, gas adsorption, separation, photodegradation, catalysis and emission.