bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nad charakterem porušení fiduciárních povinností člena voleného orgánu
Authors: Houdek Zdeněk 
Published: December 2016

Probíhající odborná debata nad charakterem vztahu člena voleného orgánu a obchodní korporace patrně doposud nepřinesla jednotné stanovisko. Konkrétně jsou předmětem dohad otázky, zda lze porušení péče řádného hospodáře považovat za porušení povinnosti ze smlouvy, či ze zákona, a zda je výkon funkce člena orgánu obchodní korporace výkonem smluvního zastoupení, nebo zastoupení ze zákona. Předkládaný příspěvek mapuje doposud publikované názory k těmto otázkám a přináší vlastní závěry k problematice.
K hypotetickému vypořádání společného jmění
Authors: Juřátková Petra 
Published: December 2016

Příspěvek pojednává o hypotetickém vypořádání společné jmění, novém institutu, upraveném v ustanovení § 732 zákona č. 89/2012 Sb., občanský zákoník, který si podle názoru autorky zaslouží mnohem více pozornosti, než kolik je mu doposud věnováno. Cílem tohoto příspěvku je zodpovědět následující otázky - co je hypotetické vypořádání, kdy a za jakých podmínek se použije, jaké jsou procesní prostředky ochrany „proti“ hypotetickému vypořádání společného jmění.
Disciplinární odpovědnost osob ve služebním poměru
Authors: Keisler Ivo 
Published: December 2016

Tématem příspěvku je režim disciplinární odpovědnosti osob ve služebním poměru – konkrétně státních zaměstnanců, příslušníků bezpečnostních sborů a vojáků z povolání. Autor se nejprve zabývá vybranými otázkami pozitivněprávní úpravy disciplinární odpovědnosti osob ve služebním poměru obsažené v zákonu č. 234/2014 Sb., o státní službě, ve znění pozdějších předpisů, zákonu č. 361/2003 Sb., o služebním poměru příslušníků bezpečnostních sborů, ve znění pozdějších předpisů, a zákonu č. 221/ 1991 Sb., o vojácích z povolání, ve znění pozdějších předpisů. Dále se autor zamýšlí nad možností racionální harmonizace obsahu uvedených předpisů stran disciplinární odpovědnosti a načrtává možná řešení.
The Effects of Exercise on Perceived Barriers and Benefits of Exercise by Cancer Survivors Post Treatment
Authors: Marshall Timothy F. , Andzel Walter , Spaccarotella Kim 
Published: December 2016

Exercise may be used to attenuate cancer treatment-related side effects. However, the majority of cancer survivors do not participate in regular exercise.
Purpose: This study examined changes in fitness parameters as well as perceived exercise benefits and barriers held by post-treatment adult cancer survivors, who participated in a 12-week structured exercise program.
Methods: This study used a randomized controlled trial design. Participants were 24 post-treatment adult cancer survivors with various cancer diagnoses. The Exercise Benefits /Barriers Subscale (EBBS) questionnaire was used to evaluate perceived exercise benefits and barriers. Data was analyzed using a mixed-between-within ANOVA.
Results: There were no significant differences in the total EBBS score (128.7 ± 23.2 v. 142.6 ± 17.8; p=.20) or the benefits (86.4 ± 17.2 v. 96.3 ± 12.9; p=.31) and barriers subscales (42.3 ± 7.8 v. 46.5 ± 6.1; p=.14). However, those in the exercise group were significantly more likely to respond that exercise participation would not cause fatigue (2.42 ±.90 v. 3.25 ± .45; p=0.04), but may decrease fatigue (3.0 ± .60 v. 3.17 ±.58; p=.03).
Conclusion: Among cancer survivors, exercise participation may strengthen the perception that exercise reduces, rather than causes, fatigue.
Simplified large African carnivore density estimators from track indices
Authors: Winterbach Christiaan W. , Ferreira Sam M. , Funston Paul J. , Somers Michael J. 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundThe range, population size and trend of large carnivores are important parameters to assess their status globally and to plan conservation strategies. One can use linear models to assess population size and trends of large carnivores from track-based surveys on suitable substrates. The conventional approach of a linear model with intercept may not intercept at zero, but may fit the data better than linear model through the origin. We assess whether a linear regression through the origin is more appropriate than a linear regression with intercept to model large African carnivore densities and track indices.MethodsWe did simple linear regression with intercept analysis and simple linear regression through the origin and used the confidence interval for ß in the linear modely = αx + ß, Standard Error of Estimate, Mean Squares Residual and Akaike Information Criteria to evaluate the models.ResultsThe Lion on Clay and Low Density on Sand models with intercept were not significant (P > 0.05). The other four models with intercept and the six models thorough origin were all significant (P < 0.05). The models using linear regression with intercept all included zero in the confidence interval for ß and the null hypothesis that ß = 0 could not be rejected. All models showed that the linear model through the origin provided a better fit than the linear model with intercept, as indicated by the Standard Error of Estimate and Mean Square Residuals. Akaike Information Criteria showed that linear models through the origin were better and that none of the linear models with intercept had substantial support.DiscussionOur results showed that linear regression through the origin is justified over the more typical linear regression with intercept for all models we tested. A general model can be used to estimate large carnivore densities from track densities across species and study areas. The formulaobserved track density = 3.26 × carnivore densitycan be used to estimate densities of large African carnivores using track counts on sandy substrates in areas where carnivore densities are 0.27 carnivores/100 km2or higher. To improve the current models, we need independent data to validate the models and data to test for non-linear relationship between track indices and true density at low densities.
Network-based analysis of differentially expressed genes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood reveals new candidate genes for multiple sclerosis
Authors: Safari-Alighiarloo Nahid , Rezaei-Tavirani Mostafa , Taghizadeh Mohammad , Tabatabaei Seyyed Mohammad , Namaki Saeed 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundThe involvement of multiple genes and missing heritability, which are dominant in complex diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), entail using network biology to better elucidate their molecular basis and genetic factors. We therefore aimed to integrate interactome (protein–protein interaction (PPI)) and transcriptomes data to construct and analyze PPI networks for MS disease.MethodsGene expression profiles in paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) samples from MS patients, sampled in relapse or remission and controls, were analyzed. Differentially expressed genes which determined only in CSF (MSvs.control) and PBMCs (relapsevs.remission) separately integrated with PPI data to construct the Query-Query PPI (QQPPI) networks. The networks were further analyzed to investigate more central genes, functional modules and complexes involved in MS progression.ResultsThe networks were analyzed and high centrality genes were identified. Exploration of functional modules and complexes showed that the majority of high centrality genes incorporated in biological pathways driving MS pathogenesis. Proteasome and spliceosome were also noticeable in enriched pathways in PBMCs (relapsevs.remission) which were identified by both modularity and clique analyses. Finally, STK4, RB1, CDKN1A, CDK1, RAC1, EZH2, SDCBP genes in CSF (MSvs.control) and CDC37, MAP3K3, MYC genes in PBMCs (relapsevs.remission) were identified as potential candidate genes for MS, which were the more central genes involved in biological pathways.DiscussionThis study showed that network-based analysis could explicate the complex interplay between biological processes underlying MS. Furthermore, an experimental validation of candidate genes can lead to identification of potential therapeutic targets.
Comparison between Mother, ActiGraph wGT3X-BT, and a hand tally for measuring steps at various walking speeds under controlled conditions
Authors: Riel Henrik , Rathleff Camilla Rams , Kalstrup Pernille Møller , Madsen Niels Kragh , Pedersen Elena Selmar , Pape-Haugaard Louise Bilenberg , Villumsen Morten 
Published: December 2016

IntroductionWalking is endorsed as health enhancing and is the most common type of physical activity among older adults. Accelerometers are superior to self-reports when measuring steps, however, if they are to be used by clinicians the validity is of great importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the criterion validity of Mother and ActiGraph wGT3X-BT in measuring steps by comparing the devices to a hand tally under controlled conditions in healthy participants.MethodsThirty healthy participants were fitted with a belt containing the sensor of Mother (Motion Cookie) and ActiGraph. Participants walked on a treadmill for two minutes at each of the following speeds; 3.2, 4.8, and 6.4 km/h. The treadmill walking was video recorded and actual steps were subsequently determined by using a hand tally. Wilcoxon’s signed ranks test was used to determine whether Mother and ActiGraph measured an identical number of steps compared to the hand tally. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the relationship and Root Mean Square error was calculated to investigate the average error between the devices and the hand tally. Percent differences (PD) were calculated for between-instrument agreement (Mother vs. the hand tally and ActiGraph vs. the hand tally) and PDs below 3% were interpreted as acceptable and clinically irrelevant.ResultsMother and ActiGraph under-counted steps significantly compared to the hand tally at all walking speeds (p < 0.001). Mother had a median of total differences of 9.5 steps (IQR = 10) and ActiGraph 59 steps (IQR = 77). Mother had smaller PDs at all speeds especially at 3.2 km/h (2.5% compared to 26.7%). Mother showed excellent ICC values ≥0.88 (0.51–0.96) at all speeds whilst ActiGraph had poor and fair to good ICC values ranging from 0.03 (−0.09–0.21) at a speed of 3.2 km/h to 0.64 (0.16–0.84) at a speed of 6.4 km/h.ConclusionMother provides valid measures of steps at walking speeds of 3.2, 4.8, and 6.4 km/h with clinically irrelevant deviations compared to a hand tally while ActiGraph only provides valid measurements at 6.4 km/h based on the 3% criterion. These results have significant potential for valid objective measurements of low walking speeds. However, further research should investigate the validity of Mother in patients at even slower walking speeds and in free-living conditions.
Impacts of land-use management on ecosystem services and biodiversity: an agent-based modelling approach
Authors: Habib Thomas J. , Heckbert Scott , Wilson Jeffrey J. , Vandenbroeck Andrew J. K. , Cranston Jerome , Farr Daniel R. 
Published: December 2016

The science of ecosystem service (ES) mapping has become increasingly sophisticated over the past 20 years, and examples of successfully integrating ES into management decisions at national and sub-national scales have begun to emerge. However, increasing model sophistication and accuracy—and therefore complexity—may trade-off with ease of use and applicability to real-world decision-making contexts, so it is vital to incorporate the lessons learned from implementation efforts into new model development. Using successful implementation efforts for guidance, we developed an integrated ES modelling system to quantify several ecosystem services: forest timber production and carbon storage, water purification, pollination, and biodiversity. The system is designed to facilitate uptake of ES information into land-use decisions through three principal considerations: (1) using relatively straightforward models that can be readily deployed and interpreted without specialized expertise; (2) using an agent-based modelling framework to enable the incorporation of human decision-making directly within the model; and (3) integration among all ES models to simultaneously demonstrate the effects of a single land-use decision on multiple ES. We present an implementation of the model for a major watershed in Alberta, Canada, and highlight the system’s capabilities to assess a suite of ES under future management decisions, including forestry activities under two alternative timber harvest strategies, and through a scenario modelling analysis exploring different intensities of hypothetical agricultural expansion. By using a modular approach, the modelling system can be readily expanded to evaluate additional ecosystem services or management questions of interest in order to guide land-use decisions to achieve socioeconomic and environmental objectives.
Exploring the cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) fecal microbiome, bacterial inhabitants of a worldwide pet
Authors: Alcaraz Luis David , Hernández Apolinar M. , Peimbert Mariana 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundCockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) were originally endemic to Australia; now, they are popular pets with a global distribution. It is now possible to conduct detailed molecular studies on cultivable and uncultivable bacteria that are part of the intestinal microbiome of healthy animals. These studies show that bacteria are an essential part of the metabolic capacity of animals. There are few studies on bird microbiomes, and, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the cockatiel microbiome.MethodsIn this paper, we analyzed the gut microbiome from fecal samples of three healthy adult cockatiels by massive sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Additionally, we compared the cockatiel fecal microbiomes with those of other bird species, including poultry and wild birds.ResultsThe vast majority of the bacteria found in cockatiels wereFirmicutes, whileProteobacteriaandBacteroideteswere poorly represented. A total of 19,280 different OTUs were detected, of which 8,072 belonged to theErysipelotrichaceaefamily.DiscussionIt is relevant to study cockatiel the microbiomes of cockatiels owing to their wide geographic distribution and close human contact. This study serves as a reference for cockatiel bacterial diversity. Despite the large OTU numbers, the diversity is not even and is dominated byFirmicutesof theErysipelotrichaceaefamily. Cockatiels and other wild birds are almost depleted ofBacteroidetes, which happen to be abundant in poultry-related birds, and this is probably associated with the intensive human manipulation of poultry bird diets. Some probable pathogenic bacteria, such asClostridiumandSerratia,appeared to be frequent inhabitants of the fecal microbiome of cockatiels, whereas other potential pathogens were not detected.
Extension of the prognostic model of sea surface temperature to rain‐induced cool and fresh lenses
Authors: Bellenger Hugo , Drushka Kyla , Asher William , Reverdin Gilles , Katsumata Masaki , Watanabe Michio 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe Zeng and Beljaars (2005) sea surface temperature prognostic scheme, developed to represent diurnal warming, is extended to represent rain‐induced freshening and cooling. Effects of rain on salinity and temperature in the molecular skin layer (first few hundred micrometers) and the near‐surface turbulent layer (first few meters) are separately parameterized by taking into account rain‐induced fluxes of sensible heat and freshwater, surface stress, and mixing induced by droplets penetrating the water surface. Numerical results from this scheme are compared to observational data from two field studies of near‐surface ocean stratifications caused by rain, to surface drifter observations and to previous computations with an idealized ocean mixed layer model, demonstrating that the scheme produces temperature variations consistent with in situ observations and model results. It reproduces the dependency of salinity on wind and rainfall rate and the lifetime of fresh lenses. In addition, the scheme reproduces the observed lag between temperature and salinity minimum at low wind speed and is sensitive to the peak rain rate for a given amount of rain. Finally, a first assessment of the impact of these fresh lenses on ocean surface variability is given for the near‐equatorial western Pacific. In particular, the variability due to the mean rain‐induced cooling is comparable to the variability due to the diurnal warming so that they both impact large‐scale horizontal surface temperature gradients. The present parameterization can be used in a variety of models to study the impact of rain‐induced fresh and cool lenses at different spatial and temporal scales.
Heatwaves and urban heat islands: A comparative analysis of multiple cities
Authors: Ramamurthy P. , Bou‐Zeid E. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe recent International Panel on Climate Change report predicts the highly urbanized Northeastern U.S. to be at high risk to heat waves. Since urban residents and infrastructure are known to be highly vulnerable to extreme heat, the goal of this paper is to understand the interaction between the synoptic‐scale heat wave and the city‐scale urban heat island (UHI) effects. The study also qualitatively analyzes the primary factors that contribute to UHIs by comparing their intensities in different cities with distinct geo‐physical characteristics. Our results, generated by using the Weather Research and Forecasting model augmented with advanced urban surface parameterizations, confirm that the amplitude of UHI is related to the physical size of the city. However, the results suggest that cities of comparabale sizes might interact differently with heat waves: in New York City; Washington, DC; and Baltimore (but not in Philadelphia) the regular UHI was amplified more strongly during heat waves compared to smaller cities. The results also establish that the pattern of UHI in different cities, its variability, and its interaction with heat waves are inherently linked to dynamic factors.
Dynamics and predictability of secondary eyewall formation in sheared tropical cyclones
Authors: Zhang Fuqing , Tao Dandan , Sun Y. Qiang , Kepert Jeffrey D. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis study examines the predictability and dynamics of tropical cyclone (TC) secondary eyewall formation (SEF), eyewall replacement cycles (ERC), and intensity changes under moderate environmental shear through convection‐permitting ensemble simulations. Even with the same environmental shear, the TC intensity changes during formation, rapid intensification, and SEF/ERC can be extremely sensitive to small, unobservable, random initial condition uncertainties, or computer's truncation error due to the chaotic nature of moist convection. Through composite analysis of five ensemble members with similar clear SEF/ERC and diagnostics with a nonlinear boundary layer (BL) model, we identify several key factors in the SEF/ERC process: (1) fast expansion of outer wind fields and changing inertial stability through shear‐induced peripheral convection outside of the primary eyewall, (2) downward building and axisymmetrization of the primary (outer) rainband due to enhanced inertial stability and positive feedback between BL and outer convection, (3) establishment of the secondary eyewall along with moat formation that is facilitated by compensating subsidence from the primary eyewall, and (4) weakening and eventual replacement of the original primary eyewall by the strengthening secondary eyewall. It is also seen from the partial ERC cases that the preexisting rainband can be of great importance to the later development of SEF. Diagnosis with the nonlinear BL model shows that the location and relative strengths of the diagnosed frictional updrafts closely match those in the ensemble simulation of the ERC case, suggesting that the boundary layer convergence substantially influences the location of the convection in both eyewalls there.
Water storage in a changing environment: The impact of allocation institutions on value
Authors: Maas Alexander , Dozier Andre , Manning Dale T. , Goemans Christopher 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAs populations increase in arid regions of the world, investment in water infrastructure improves resource management by increasing control over the location and timing of water allocation. Many studies have explored freer trade as a substitute for additional infrastructure investment. We instead quantify how water allocation institutions, reservoir management objectives, and storage capacity influence the value derived from a reservoir system. We develop a stochastic dynamic programming model of a reservoir system that faces within‐year variation in weather‐dependent water demand as well as stochastic semiannual inflows. We parameterize the model using the Colorado‐Big Thompson system, which transports stored water from the West Slope of the Rocky Mountains to the East Slope. We then evaluate the performance of the system under five institutional settings. Our results suggest that rigid allocation mechanisms and inefficient management objectives result in a decrease of up to 13% in the value generated from stored water when compared to a free trade scenario, an impact on par with predicted losses associated with climate‐change‐induced inflow reductions. We also find that under biased management objectives, increasing storage capacity can decrease the social value obtained from stored water.
High frequency measurements of reach scale nitrogen uptake in a fourth order river with contrasting hydromorphology and variable water chemistry (Weiße Elster, Germany)
Authors: Kunz Julia Vanessa , Hensley Robert , Brase Lisa , Borchardt Dietrich , Rode Michael 
Published: December 2016

AbstractRiver networks exhibit a globally important capacity to retain and process nitrogen. However direct measurement of in‐stream removal in higher order streams and rivers has been extremely limited. The recent advent of automated sensors has allowed high frequency measurements, and the development of new passive methods of quantifying nitrogen uptake which are scalable across river size. Here we extend these methods to higher order streams with anthropogenically elevated nitrogen levels, substantial tributaries, complex input signals, and multiple N species. We use a combination of two station time‐series and longitudinal profiling of nitrate to assess differences in nitrogen processing dynamics in a natural versus a channelized impounded reach with WWTP effluent impacted water chemistry. Our results suggest that net mass removal rates of nitrate were markedly higher in the unmodified reach. Additionally, seasonal variations in temperature and insolation affected the relative contribution of assimilatory versus dissimilatory uptake processes, with the latter exhibiting a stronger positive dependence on temperature. From a methodological perspective, we demonstrate that a mass balance approach based on high frequency data can be useful in deriving quantitative uptake estimates, even under dynamic inputs and lateral tributary inflow. However, uncertainty in diffuse groundwater inputs and more importantly the effects of alternative nitrogen species, in this case ammonium, pose considerable challenges to this method.