bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Physical Aggression in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Marks David J. , McKay Kathleen E. , Himelstein Jessica , Walter Katharine J. , Newcorn Jeffrey H. , Halperin Jeffrey M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe present investigation examined factors that predict physical aggression in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Stepwise, multiple regression-analyses were used to examine predictors of children's physical aggression as rated by parents at a 1-year follow-up point and by teachers at both 1- and 2-year follow-up points. Early parent and teacher ratings of verbal aggression (ie, cursing, teasing, and threatening) accounted for the greatest proportion of the variance in physical aggression ratings obtained at follow-up. None of the other predictor variable, including early ratings of physical aggression and ADHD behaviors, contributed significant additional variance beyond that accounted for by early verbal aggression ratings. Temporal and cross-informant analyses revealed that the relationship between verbal aggression and later physical aggression was situation-specific for teacher ratings but no parent ratings. Although physical aggression may emerge early in development, these data suggest that verbal aggre sion represents a stable, temperamental characteristic that may be of greater value than early physical aggression for predicting later physically aggressive acts.
Neuroimaging Research and Neurocircuitry Models of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Proceedings of the Third IOCDC
Authors: Rauch Scott L. , Benkelfat Chawki , Dager Stephen R. , Greenberg Benjamin D. , Hendler Talma , Hollander Eric , Laruelle Marc , Rosenberg David R. , Saxena Sanjaya , Zohar Joseph , Baxter Lewis R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA summary of the Third International Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Conference proceedings on neuroimaging research and neurocircuitry models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is presented. This survey of recent and ongoing research indicates that a wide range of modern techniques and experimental strategies are being employed in a complementary fashion to enhance our understanding of OCD. Imaging studies in animal models of OCD are helping to elaborate relevant normal anatomy and neuro-chemistry. Functional imaging methods are being employed in conjunction with behavioral, pharmacologic, and cognitive challenge paradigms. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy as well as radiotracer methods are being utilized to measure neurochemical and neuropharmacologic indices in OCD. Transcranial magnetic stimulation has emerged as a tool for probing neurocircuitry that may also have therapeutic potential. Experimental designs and data-analytic methods are evolving to help elucidate the pathophysiology of OCD and related disorders, delineate neurobiologically meaningful subtypes of OCD, and identify potential predictors of treatment response. Collectively, these efforts promise important advances as we approach the new millennium.
Evidence for Immune Etiology in Clozapine-Induced Thrombocytopenia of 40 Months' Duration: A Case Report
Authors: Gonzales M. Francisco , Elmore James , Luebbert Charlotte 
Published: August 2016

Platelet dysfunction and thrombocytopenia rarely occur during clozapine therapy, but constitute an important source of morbidity and mortality if they are not detected and therapy is discontinued. The manufacturer recommends discontinuing clozapine when the platelet count falls below 100,000/μL and resuming therapy when the count returns to within normal range (150,000–450,000/μL). If thrombocytopenia recurs, clozapine should be permanently discontinued.The authors report a rare case of long-term thrombocy-topenia persisting 40 months postclozapine treatment. In addition, increased in vitro platelet [14C] serotonin release was observed in the presence of the drug, suggesting an immune-related cause for the thrombocytopenia.G.W., a 43-year-old African-American man, had been treated in the South Carolina Department of Mental Health since 1974 with a diagnosis of schizophrenia of chronic undifferentiated type, along with severe paranoid, delusional, threatening, and assaulting behavior. There was no history of illicit drug use. He had received intramuscular fluphenazine deconoate and haloperidol, as well as other neuroleptics, with little benefit observed during his years of treatment.Clozapine was initiated at 25 mg bid on July 2, 1993, and was gradually increased to 650 mg daily over the next 20 months. After 7 weeks on this dose, the patient's platelet count fell from 103,000/μL to 60,000/μL, and clozapine was discontinued. A week later, the count had improved to 109,000/μL; 3 weeks later, with the platelet count at 109,000/μL, clozapine was reintroduced and titration started. However, within 7 days, his platelet count fell to 70,000/μL and clozapine was permanently stopped.
Onset of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Premorbid Conditions and Prodromal Phase
Authors: Maina Giuseppe , Albert Umberto , Bogetto Filippo , Ravizza Luigi 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis article focuses on the clinical onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), specifically addressing the of onset, gradual and acute onset, and whether there are some types of premorbid conditions or a prodromal phase that predispose individuals to the onset of OCD. Clinical and epidemiological studies have come to different conclusions regarding age at onset as well as regarding differences between the sexes. Data gleaned from research to date have demonstrated a relationship between OCD and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD), although OCPD does not appear to be the more prevalent personality disorder among patients with OCD. Preliminary research has suggested that Axis I disorders may predispose individuals to OCD onset; however, the significance of this relationship remains to be clarified. Evidence of the association between OCD and subthreshold obsessive-compulsive syndrome suggests that these disorders lie on a continuum of severity, with some cases developing OCD while others do not.
The Effect of Smoking on Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials in Positive- and Negative-Symptom Schizophrenia
Authors: Mubarak Ahmed , Badawy Adel 
Published: August 2016

AbstractStudying brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) and comparing the specific waves in smokers vs nonsmokers in both positive- and negative-symptom schizophrenia may elucidate the role of smoking in information processing. BAEPs were recorded in 40 patients with schizophrenia; 20 had predominantly positive symptoms (10 smokers and 10 nonsmokers) and 20 had predominantly negative symptoms (10 smokers and 10 nonsmokers). The severity of positive and negative symptoms was assessed by scale of assessment of positive symptoms and scale of assessment of negative symptoms (SANS). The BAEP results were compared with 15 healthy control individuals matched with the patients by age, sex, and cultural background. The smokers with negative symptoms showed a significant increase in the alogia, summary, and composite scores of SANS as compared to the nonsmokers. Although, most of the BAEP abnormalities were among patients with positive symptoms. The effect of smoking on the BAEPs was only in patients with negative symptoms.We also studied the interaction between smoking factor (smokers vs nonsmokers) and group type (group with mostly positive symptoms vs group with mostly negative symptoms) on the BAEPs and found a significant difference only for the first-wave latency mainly on the right side (P=0.012). The absence of a significant effect of smoking on most of the parameters of the BAEPs on interaction with the group factor suggests that the effect of smoking on the BAEPs is more apparent when negative symptoms prevail. However, studies are warranted to substantiate this finding.
Treatment Considerations for Anxiety in the Elderly
Authors: Lenze Eric J. , Pollock Bruce G. , Shear M. Katherine , Mulsant Benoit H. , Bharucha Ashok , Reynolds Charles F. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAnxiety is common in the elderly and can present as a primary anxiety disorder or as a symptom of another disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder, in particular, is a common syndrome in late life. Anxiety symptoms are also common features of late-life depression and dementia. Treatment of anxiety in elderly persons has typically involved the use of benzodiazepines, which are often effective but problematic because they are associated with increased risk of cognitive impairment, falls, and fractures. Based on their safety and efficacy, antidepressants, particularly serotonergic medications, are considered first-line treatment for most anxiety disorders as well as anxiety symptoms of major depressive disorder. Psychotherapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy, may be effective in these disorders as well; research is underway to adapt this therapy to the needs of elderly persons. Anxiety symptoms in dementia are poorly understood but may respond to atypical antipsychotics, serotonergic antidepressants, or mood stabilizers. Overall, the research in late-life anxiety has not caught up to the literature in late-life depression and, for the most part, treatment recommendations must be extrapolated from studies in young adults.
New Developments in Autism Clinical Trials
Authors: Hollander Eric , Robinson Ricki , Compton Doug 
Published: August 2016

This issue of CNS Spectrums represents a milestone for both those affected by autism and related disorders and for clinicians and researchers who provide help and support to these individuals. In order to improve the lives of a rapidly increasing number of patients with this diagnosis, it is critical for the medical and research community to apply a collaborative and consistent strategy for clinical studies in autism.The five articles that follow are a synopsis of the five subcommittees of the Autism Clinical Trials Task Force (ACTTF), a collaborative panel of experts convened by the Cure Autism Now (CAN) foundation in the spring of 2002. These subcommittees focused on key issues in clinical trials of autism, including subject selection, outcome measures, study design, biological measures, and governmental issues. CAN brought together this panel of participants from academia, government, and industry for the ACTTF think tank. The panel was organized and chaired by Eric Hollander, MD, and Ricki Robinson, MD, MPH. The overarching goal was to clarify what was known about the state of the art of the field in this area, what key information was still unknown, and to implement specific approaches and suggestions for studies which would provide information to fill in the missing gaps in our knowledge base.
Comorbidity in Compulsive Hoarding: A Case Report
Authors: Kaplan Alicia , Hollander Eric 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTA 56-year-old male presented with compulsive hoarding along with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and schizotypal personality disorder. Hoarding has been described as difficult to treat both pharmacologically and behaviorally, and this patient's comorbid conditions also contributed to his overall impairment. The patient's treatment regimen of fluvoxamine, amphetamine salts, and risperidone, along with behavioral therapy, has helped with hoarding behaviors, motivation, procrastination, and increased socialization. Hoarding may be a unique subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder with poorer prognosis and distinct neuroanatomic dysfunction. Augmentation with stimulants may provide benefits in aspects of hoarding such as procrastination, especially in patients with comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Effectiveness and Safety of Epilepsy Surgery: What is the Evidence?
Authors: Wiebe Samuel 
Published: August 2016

AbstractEvidence from a recent randomized controlled trial of surgical versus medical therapy of temporal lobe epilepsy proves that antero'mesial resection is safe and more effective than medical therapy. The number of patients needed to treat for one patient to become free of disabling seizures is two, which is superior to most interventions in neurology. A meta-analysis of non-randomized trials gives almost identical results; about two-thirds of patients become seizure-free, compared with only 8% with medical therapy. The results are remarkably similar among studies from different parts of the world. Quality of life improves early after epilepsy surgery, the improvements are both statistically and clinically significant, and they are sustained. Surgical morbidity with clinically important permanent sequelae is 2%. Epilepsy surgery remains underutilized in developed countries and it does not exist in all but a few developing countries. Current randomized trials are underway to explore the effect of early surgery versus optimum medical therapy on the prevention of disability in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, and to examine the effectiveness of novel interventions, such as minimally invasive surgery and brain stimulation.
Cholinesterase-inhibitor Therapy for Dementia: Novel Clinical Substrates and Mechanisms for Treatment Response
Authors: Kaufer Daniel I. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTHistorically, drugs that increase central cholinergic transmission have primarily been investigated for relieving cognitive symptoms in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. These efforts have led to the somewhat unexpected findings that cholinergic therapy has a beneficial effect on selected neuropsychiatric symptoms in AD across disease stages. In Parkinson's disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies, cholinergic deficits are more severe than in AD, and there is emerging evidence that cholinesterase inhibitors are efficacious in treating core symptoms of attentional disturbance and psychosis. Recent data also suggest a rational basis for cholinergic therapy in vascular dementia. The cognitive and neuropsychiatric effects of cholinergic therapy observed in AD and other dementias form the crux of an integrative model of cholinergic therapeutic efficacy that encompasses the diverse central nervous system actions of acetylcholine and its complementary interactions with central monoamine transmitters. This heuristic framework highlights the broader therapeutic potential of cholinergic therapy for symptom-based indications in other neuropsychiatric disorders.
Prevalence of Mood Symptoms and Depressions During Pregnancy: Implications for Clinical Practice and Research
Authors: Halbreich Uriel 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTA review of the literature demonstrates that the incidence of new mental disorders and their prevalence during pregnancy is similar to the 12-month incidence of mental disorders in women during other periods of their lives. The prevalence of severe mood, behavior, and cognitive symptoms during pregnancy is rather high. Severe mental symptoms during pregnancy have been reported to be associated with an increased rate of complications during pregnancy and delivery, preterm deliveries, low birth weight, a higher rate of postpartum depression, and a longer-term impact on the offspring's development. Several pre-pregnancy risk factors to develop dysphoric symptoms have been reported, but their utility for primiparous women with no previous history of mental disorders is unclear. The association of mental symptoms with general symptoms and biological changes during pregnancy is also unclear. Given the short- and long-term impact of dysphoric symptoms and stress during pregnancy on mother and child, efficacious, efficient, and safe prevention and treatment modalities are essential and achievable. Clarification of the nature and phenotyping of mental and general symptoms during pregnancy is an important step for the development of effective interventions.
Multiple Perspectives on Cognition in Schizophrenia
Authors: Harvey Philip D. 
Published: August 2016

Cognition in schizophrenia is a topic of major importance and steadily increasing interest. As evidence of this fact, the Mount Sinai School of Medicine Conference on cognition in schizophrenia has had increased attendance at each of its six meetings over the last 10 years. These meetings are official satellites of the International Congress on Schizophrenia Research, a meeting that has had skyrocketing attendance figures over the last decade. The articles in this issue of CNS Spectrum are among those presented at the latest Mount Sinai meeting, in April of 2003 in Colorado Springs, Colorado.One of the factors that has lead to the increased interest in cognition is a clearer appreciation of the functional relevance of cognitive impairments. Since functional deficits are a major source of the indirect cost of schizophrenia and a major source of the reductions in quality of life seen in schizophrenia, which are substantial, cognition has the potential to be a major point of intervention. In addition to “purely cognitive” impairments, patients with schizophrenia have deficits in what is typically referred to as “social cognition” as well. This ability area is defined as the ability to understand social cues and affective displays. It may serve as a critical intermediate function that mediates the performance of socially skilled acts.
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Improves Depersonalization: A Case Report
Authors: Jiménez-Genchi Alejandro M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDepersonalization disorder is a poorly understood and treatment-resistant condition. This report describes a patient with depersonalization disorder who underwent six sessions of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation produced a 28% reduction on depersonalization scores.
Genetics in Eating Disorders: State of the Science
Authors: Bulik Cynthia M. , Tozzi Federica 
Published: August 2016

AbstractEating disorders have been viewed as psychiatric illnesses that are strongly influenced by societal pressures towards thinness and attractiveness. Although the environmental context of these disorders must not be neglected, recent research in the area of genetic epidemiology suggests a substantial influence of genetic factors on liability to eating disorders. This review presents a synthesis of current knowledge about genetic factors implicated in the etiology of eating disorders.
Exercise “Addiction” in Anorexia Nervosa: Model Development and Pilot Data
Authors: Klein Diane A. , Bennett Andrew S. , Schebendach Janet , Foltin Richard W. , Devlin Michael J. , Walsh B. Timothy 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackground:Excessive exercise has long been observed to be a problematic behavior of many patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). However, many questions remain as to the exact role exercise plays in this disorder. In particular, it has been suggested that exercise holds “addictive” properties in persons with AN, but that remains to be demonstrated.Objective:The aim of this study was to adapt and apply a scale used in addictions research to determine whether symptoms of “dependence” to exercise could be measured in a group of women with AN.Results:Forty-eight percent of individuals assessed endorsed symptoms consistent with exercise dependence in the previous month. The number of criteria met for exercise dependence was directly correlated with a clinical measure of anxiety.Conclusion:Results support further investigation into addictive properties for exercise in individuals with AN and its relationship to anxiety.
Selective Antagonism of GABAA Receptor Subtypes: An In Vivo Approach to Exploring the Therapeutic and Side Effects of Benzodiazepine–Type Drugs
Authors: Rowlett James K. , Cook James M. , Duke Angela N. , Platt Donna M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBenzodiazepines (BZs) are clinically used as anxiolytic, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and antispasmodic drugs. Research using transgenic mouse models has suggested that the effects of BZs involve multiple subtypes of the γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor, identified by specific α subunits (α1, α2, α3, α5). This review discusses the experimental uses of β-carboline-3-carboxylate-t-butyl ester (βCCT), a drug that binds preferentially to the GABAA α1 subtype but exerts no action (ie, is a pharmacologic antagonist at the GABAA α1 subtype receptor). βCCT blocks the anxiolytic-like effects of BZs, although studies in primates suggests this antagonism may reflect multiple receptor populations. βCCT antagonized the ataxic but not muscle relaxant effects of BZs, a finding that implicates the GABAA α1 subtype receptor in ataxia but not muscle relaxation. The potential clinical utility of βCCT is discussed, both in terms of treatment (ie, hepatic encephalopathy) and as a diagnostic imaging agent. Altogether, these results indicate that subtype-selective antagonists represent a useful approach to studying receptor mechanisms underlying the behavioral effects of BZ-type drugs.
A Linkage Study Between the GABAA β2 and GABAAγ2 Subunit Genes and Major Psychoses
Authors: Ambrósio Alda M. , Kennedy James L. , Macciardi Fabio , King Nicole , Azevedo Maria H. , Oliveira Catarina R. , Pato Carlos N. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackground:Alterations of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system have been implicated in the pathophysiology of major psychoses.Objective:Restriction fragment length polymorphisms associated with the human γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) β2 and GABAA γ2 subunit genes on chromosome 5q32-q35 were tested to determine whether they confer susceptibility to major psychoses.Methods:Thirty-two schizophrenic families and 25 bipolar families were tested for linkage.Results:Nonparametric linkage (NPL) analysis performed by GENEHUNTER showed no significant NPL scores for both genes in schizophrenia (GABAAβ2: NPL narrow=−0.450; NPL broad=−0.808; GABAA γ2: NPL narrow=0.177; NPL broad=−0.051) or bipolar disorder (GABAA β2: NPL narrow=0.834; NPL broad=0.783; GABAA γ2: NPL narrow=−0.159; NPL broad=0.070).Conclusion:Linkage analysis does not support the hypothesis that variants within the GABAA β2 and GABAA γ2 genes are significantly linked to major psychoses in a Portuguese population.
APP23 Mice as a Model of Alzheimer's Disease: An Example of a Transgenic Approach to Modeling a CNS Disorder
Authors: Van Dam Debby , Vloeberghs Ellen , Abramowski Dorothee , Staufenbiel Matthias , De Deyn Peter Paul 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAnimal models are considered essential in research ensuing elucidation of human disease processes and subsequently, testing of potential therapeutic strategies. This is especially true for neurodegenerative disorders, in which the first steps in pathogenesis are often not accessible in human patients. Alzheimer's disease is vastly becoming a major medical and socioeconomic problem in our aging society. Valid animal models for this uniquely human condition should exhibit histopathological, biochemical, cognitive, and behavioral alterations observed in Alzheimer's disease patients. Major progress has been made since the understanding of the genetic basis of Alzheimer's disease and the development and improvement of transgenic mouse models. All present Alzheimer's disease models developed are partial but nevertheless essential in further unraveling the nature and spatial and temporal development of the complex molecular pathology underlying this condition. One of the more recent transgenic attempts to mode Alzheimer's disease is the APP23 transgenic mouse. This article describes the development and assessment of this human amyloid precursor protein overexpression model. We summarize histopathological and biochemical, cognitive and behavioral observations made in heterozygous APP23 mice, thereby emphasizing the model's contribution to clarification of neurodegenerative disease mechanisms. In addition, the first therapeutic interventions in the APP23 model are included.