bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partisan Parity in U.S. Election Administration
Authors: Green Rebecca 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Election reformers commonly decry the participation of overt partisans in the administration of U.S. elections. Reliance on partisan actors to run elections in the United States makes it an outlier in comparison to other developed democracies. But focus on partisan involvement as a chief evil in U.S. election administration bears risk. Since the 2020 election particularly, both the political right and left have stoked fears that partisans “rig” U.S. elections. This has contributed to astronomic distrust of election outcomes and alarming targeting of election workers (and their families) with threats of violence and harassment. This chapter seeks to reframe the debate, suggesting that a fixation on partisan participation in election administration misses the mark. It contends instead that addressing single-party domination of state and local election administration should be the focus of reform.
One Person, One Vote
Authors: Eisler Jacob 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In the early 1960s, the Supreme Court declared that all legislative districts must contain equal numbers of persons. This one person, one vote rule has endured, and had significant practical impact. It has mandated the decennial redistricting of state and local legislative and House of Representatives districts following each census. The one person, one vote rule has thereby eliminated numerical malapportionment in these types of districts. Yet critics have argued that one person, one vote has failed to reconfigure elections dramatically to satisfy the demands of democratic equity, and scholars have challenged the normative adequacy of the principle. The rest of this chapter discusses the justification for, historical and doctrinal development of, and possible future of one person, one vote.
Election Law and Gender
Authors: Karlan Pamela S. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The U.S. Constitution contains only two provisions that deal explicitly with gender, and both of them concern voting. Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment penalizes states that deny or abridge “the right to vote” of their “male inhabitants” who meet age and citizenship requirements. The Nineteenth Amendment forbids both states and the federal government from denying or abridging the “right of citizens of the United States to vote … on account of sex.” The two provisions are linked by more than just their references to the sex of the citizens involved. They share a tangled history that continues to reverberate in contemporary issues in election law. This chapter discusses how law governing the right to vote has affected women’s suffrage, election outcomes, and public officeholding throughout U.S. history. The history of women’s participation in the political process illustrates a number of points central to the law of democracy, including the cyclical expansion and contraction of voting rights and the interaction of socioeconomic conditions with formal legal rules. Along the way, this chapter also spotlights several little-known events, such as the nineteenth-century experience with women voting in New Jersey, Puerto Rico’s short-lived women-only literacy requirement, and a 1919 article that is the ancestor of techniques for inferring the behavior of individual voters.
The Census
Authors: Levitt Justin 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The decennial census is essential to American governance. It appears in the sixth sentence of the U.S. Constitution, the first enumerated affirmative obligation of the new federal government. The census determines representation in government and the disbursement of trillions of dollars in funding; it sets the informational architecture for countless public and private decisions. The census helps us understand who we are, and that understanding drives what we choose to do together, and how we do it. This chapter discusses the law of the census, shining a light on some of the policy considerations and design choices that frame our national portrait, with striking consequences for our democracy. It discusses the extraordinary challenges that the census has faced most recently, but also grounds current census practice in historical context. The chapter reviews important controversies about how to conduct the count, where to count people, what information to ask for, and undervalued choices about how to report that data—and the ways in which each of these decisions may alter our conception of the American public and the representation we may receive.
Election Law and Race
Authors: Tokaji Daniel P. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Race and election law are inextricably intertwined. We cannot understand American constitutional democracy, nor hope to improve it, without attending to the ways in which racism and racial exclusion shaped the laws governing elections. Nor can we advance the broader struggle for racial justice without attending to election law, including past violations of the right to vote as well as contemporary efforts to secure political equality for all people. This chapter addresses the past, present, and future of the struggle for racial justice in our electoral system. It begins with a brief summary of the history of race discrimination in voting, including the systematic exclusion of African Americans after Reconstruction and the restoration of voting rights through both the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and judicial decisions. It then turns to contemporary barriers to electoral equality, divided into three categories: vote denial, vote dilution, and vote dissociation. The chapter concludes with reflections on the ongoing struggle for a more inclusive democracy, which requires attention to the relationship between racial identity, party affiliation, and economic inequality.
Islamic Feminism in Turkey
Authors: Burak-Adlı Feyza 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the rise of Islamic feminism in Turkey. The movement aims to achieve gender equality within Islamic frameworks, which reinterprets religious texts to empower women while advocating social justice. Despite longstanding Muslim women’s activism in Turkey, Turkish women did not build alliances with the global platforms of Islamic feminism until very recently. The chapter discusses the division of women’s movements along the secular and religious divide by assessing the liberal reflexes of different feminist aspirations regardless of their epistemological proximity to Islam and secularism. It explains how the contemporary Islamic feminist consciousness in Turkey solidified as part of a broader Muslim dissent against the AKP’s policies.
Reinventing Social Work Education in Thailand
Authors: Wiwitwongwana Rangsima , Worland Shirley 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In 1942 formal social work education in Thailand evolved within a bureaucratic model of social welfare and social security to strengthen nationalistic aims. The enactment of the Social Welfare Act in 2003 formally legitimized social work as a nation-building development strategy, and later, in 2013, the passing of the Social Work Professions Act legitimized the role of social workers. However, to understand the nature and efficacy of social work education and practice in Thailand in the current time, one needs to understand its deeper roots, which are embedded in Buddhism. In this process, it is important to realize that power can be understood in many ways and takes many forms, exercised in relationships and structures. This chapter employs a Foucauldian heterotopian approach to develop a social topology of social work education and practice in Thailand. Through the lens of four heterotopian principles—form, function, juxtaposition, and relation—this study finds that formal social work education and practice have advanced significantly from their origins in 1942, with representative bodies contributing to social work development in national, regional, and international social work forums. However, the continued reliance on imported Western curricula in schools of social work is impacting the ability of social work service delivery to be fully relevant to Thai society and its cultural communities. A growing interest in research focused on Buddhist social work highlights the need for Asian social work scholars to develop an indigenous social work model to parallel global ethical social work standards with culturally relevant modes of practice.
Educational Challenges in Italian Social Work
Authors: Genova Angela , Mura Bruna , Bilotti Andrea 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates the main challenges for social work development toward social justice, social change, and possible future transformation in the coming decades, in the context of Italian social welfare. It discusses three main controversial features: (a) the history of the educational process, (b) the recent statement of ethical and deontological principles in relationship with social worker practices, and (c) the recent regulatory framework for tackling poverty in Italy. The political nature of social work in Italy and the influence of the state, power, and politics on social work education are discussed, showing ambiguous trends in professional development. On the one hand, the state had a crucial role in professionalizing social work in Italy. On the other hand, in the past two decades the social work profession has been subject to a process of bureaucratization that is challenging the professional identity of social workers. This calls for further research into this trend towards de-professionalization. The role of advocacy, social action, and participation in a social movement currently appears, in this context, diminished in the profession in Italy. This demonstrates conceptual and practical failures in developing social work toward social justice and future transformation.
Care-Experienced Social Workers as Relational Activists in the United Kingdom
Authors: Rodgers-Gray Trevor , Starr Michael , Melville-Wiseman Janet 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Contributions in Part VI of the handbook provide hope that social work is part of the world that is making considerable progress and that there are consistent and continuing efforts by various stakeholders in developing educational standards and practice standards in social work. This concluding section of the handbook contains 11 well-researched and timely contributions covering diverse countries and political contexts. Advancing social work education, curricula, practice teaching, and pedagogy is an important mission that needs to be taken up by professional associations and by the state in every country, especially in developing and less developed countries.
Governmentalizing the “Social Work Subject”
Authors: Whelan Joe 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Social work within liberal welfare states is reflective of a particular welfare ideology and is constituted as a residual social service. In Ireland, social work attains legal-rational status through professionalization and corporate governance, which now defines what both is and isn’t social work in a way that eschews social justice as a core part of the profession. This has led to an “epistemic schism” and, resultingly, a form of “epistemic injustice” which demotes social justice and service-user knowledge in favor of instrumentalism. In the absence of social justice, the question arises of what practice concepts social work in Ireland mobilizes to governmentalize its “subjects.” In exploring this question, the chapter argues that governmentalization takes on a theological character through the mobilization of deeply embedded social technologies. For those newly entering the profession, this may lead to the “unfulfilled promise of social justice.”
Power, Politics, and Social Work Education
Authors: Baikady Rajendra , Gao Jiangao 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The central goal of this chapter is to understand the political nature of social work academics in India and China. This chapter is based on the findings of a larger international study involving social work educators from both India and China. The chapter is divided into two parts—the first half outlines the origin, development, and growth of social work in India and China; the second half addresses the following questions: What shapes social work in India and China? Is social work political or apolitical? What are the nature of social work and the functions of political social work in India and China?
Asymmetrical Relationships in International Developmental Social Work Practices
Authors: Higashida Masateru 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The relationships and politics among stakeholders can be crucial in determining the nature of practices related to international social work and development. This chapter briefly overviews the historical background and conceptual development of international social work. From the perspective of international developmental social work, it focuses on the asymmetrical relationships between insiders and outsiders in practice, including different positionalities and potential power dynamics among the stakeholders. While the relationship among stakeholders, including insiders and outsiders, is likely to be asymmetrical, it is not static but dynamic, changeable, and hybrid. Finally, this chapter highlights the significance of the reflective perspective, dialogue, and the co-creation of knowledge for the practice of critical international developmental social work.
Politicized Social Work and Value Conflicts
Authors: Jeevasuthan Subramaniam , Sivakumaran Shamila 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Since the commencement of the Ceylon School of Social Work in Sri Lanka in 1952, values have impacted social work paradigms, aims, and expectations of social work and welfare program beneficiaries and directed the change agent. These values and paradigms are largely created by those in positions of power, resulting in a standard, or norm, that is not applicable across groups, leading to value-practice inconsistencies. Since the country’s founding, an ethnic, middle-class majority has defined societal aims and expectations for its citizens, with social workers serving as brokers, advocates, and assemblers. The ethnic majority (Sinhalese) has been the focus of policies and actions by successive regimes that employ social control measures. Using critical analysis, this study will demonstrate the conflicts between values in social work rhetoric and practice, within the context of power and control, on micro and macro levels in Sri Lankan social work context.
Reinventing Social Work Education in a Superdiverse Global Society
Authors: Baikady Rajendra , Przeperski Jaroslaw , S. M. Sajid , Islam M. Rezaul 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The concluding chapter of the handbook brings fresh perspectives on political social work and policy practices by social workers. It also provides a deeper understanding of issues related to defining political social work, developing a curriculum for political social work, encouraging the political participation of social work students and educators, and encouraging policy advocacy among social work practitioners. The discussion in this handbook centers on the phenomena of power, politics, and social work. Fifty well-researched and evidence-based contributions from different regions and regimes examine the status of social work education, practice, and research in relation to different political systems and explore how social work educators, students, and practitioners can use the political system to create social change. Several chapters in this book provide a closer look at the relationship between social work and government and how social workers can be a powerful tool in bringing about social transformation and addressing societal issues in contemporary global society.
Making Sense of Power and Politics in Everyday Practice through the 3 Ps
Authors: Charfe Lowis , Eichsteller Gabriel 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The Danish social pedagogical concept of the 3 Ps enables students to critically reflect on how professional, personal, and private aspects of the self are interwoven and what this means for their practice. Power and politics are important dimensions of the 3 Ps, stimulating critical reflection on how students use their professional power to address social inequality, how their personal ethos enables them to work in an authentically anti-oppressive way—conscious of their power and privilege—and whether they hold views that would compromise their relational support and should therefore be kept private. Drawing on concrete practice examples, the chapter illustrates how the 3 Ps enable social work educators to help students and practitioners navigate the uncertainties and complexities they encounter in everyday practice, with a more inclusive and nuanced understanding of power and politics not as oppositional forces but as important perspectives that instill human rights.
Power, Politics, and Social Work in England
Authors: Harris John 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Social work in England, as elsewhere, is often seen as a straightforward response to self-evident human needs and/or as the outcome of “professional projects” pursued by social workers. In contrast to such views, in this chapter social work is regarded as a contingent activity, conditioned by and dependent upon the political context from which it emerges and in which it engages. This is evident in and illustrated by consideration of how power and politics have shaped the development and delivery of state social work in England, initially as part of the postwar social democratic welfare state and then through its transformation under the impact of neoliberalism. As part of the postwar social democratic consensus on welfare, English social work was a state-mediated profession, embedded in the state’s organizational structures, shaped by central government’s legislation and policies, and delivered by local government. Over the past 40 years, social work has been transformed and become part of a changed political settlement about the nature of and arrangements for providing social work within neoliberal discourse. Analysis of these two historical moments in English social work, and the discursive shift that has taken place, shows that the political contexts, and their accompanying welfare regimes, have been key in shaping the manner in which social work has been constituted and enacted. The current neoliberal discursive formation constructs social work through markets, managerialism, and shifting responsibility from the state to the individual citizen.
Corporal Punishment
Authors: Moen Ole Martin , Sterri Aksel B. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Corporal punishment is punishment by means of the infliction of bodily pain. In this chapter we discuss the ethical permissibility of corporal punishment, focusing on the method of judicial caning as this is carried out in Singapore. We compare the overall effects of this type of corporal punishment to incarceration in three domains: the welfare of individual convicts (section 14.1), fairness across different categories of convicts (section 14.2), and the welfare of society at large (section 14.3). We argue it is a mistake to assume that it is more humane to inflict psychological pain over long stretches of time (as in the case of incarceration) than to inflict intense bodily pain over a very short period of time (as in the case of corporal punishment). We conclude that although there are downsides to corporal punishment that should be taken very seriously, this method of punishment also has a number of upsides.
The Definition of Punishment
Authors: Thomsen Frej Klem 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the different ways in which punishment can be defined and the choices doing so requires. It argues that contrary to conventional philosophical aspirations there may not be a definition of punishment fit for all purposes, but that we can avoid conceptual confusion and normative malleability by precisely defining the sense of punishment at stake in a given context. The chapter first introduces a classical definition of punishment and the difficulties it encounters. In order to frame the analysis, the chapter then briefly considers the more abstract topic of what it means to define a concept such as punishment, and what our definitional desiderata might be—that is, what it can mean for one definition of punishment to be superior to another. On the basis of these preliminaries, the chapter considers six central questions that arise when defining punishment: 1) Must punishment be in response to wrongdoing? 2) Must punishment be of the culpable? 3) Must the punisher be an authority? 4) Must punishment impose hard consequences? 5) Must punishment be intentional? 6) Must punishment communicate censure? For each of these questions, the chapter reviews arguments for both affirmative and negative responses. A brief final section then summarizes, considers the implications of adopting various definitions, and concludes.
Responsibility and Defenses
Authors: Morse Stephen J. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the role of responsibility in sentencing. After a brief review of the history of sentencing justifications and practices, the chapter turns in detail to the justifications for state blame and punishment, which are the goals of criminal justice in general and sentencing in particular. The chapter then addresses current mitigating factors and how they are applied in both capital and non-capital sentencing. Constitutional constraints on sentencing are also considered. The last section provides an immodest proposal for sentencing that tries to balance the need for individualization with social safety and to cabin judicial discretion to further the goal of equality.
Mens Rea
Authors: Baron Marcia 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on one particular mens rea issue: heat of passion, or the “temperature” of the crime. To what extent and in what way should it be a mitigating factor? A standard view is that one who kills in the heat of passion has lost control. This chapter argues that “loss of control” is a slippery and not very helpful notion, and that once it is disambiguated, and the notion that the action was (quasi-)involuntary is excised from it, what remains is essentially an idea (developed more fully below) that we find in a well-known nineteenth-century case, Maher: a killing in the heat of passion—insofar as mitigation is in order—“is the result of…temporary excitement, by which the control of reason was disturbed, rather than of any wickedness of heart or cruelty or recklessness of disposition.” Importantly, that temporary excitement was generated not primarily by the defendant, but by the situation. A killing in the heat of passion is thus less fully attributable to the agent than is a cold-blooded killing. Also relevant is that the passion (though not the action based on it) was justified, given the provocation.
Juvenile and Very Old Offenders
Authors: Yaffe Gideon 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the grounds for leniency in our punishments to both juvenile and elderly offenders. The chapter argues against three attractive explanations, often presupposed in the popular press, for why the distinctive neuroscientific and psychological features of children support leniency in their punishment. As an alternative, the chapter argues that we should be lenient towards children because of their circumscribed political entitlements, particularly that they lack the vote. Since by contrast the elderly are enfranchised, this is not the reason to be lenient, when we should be, to them. It is argued that in the case of elderly offenders we should be lenient in our punishment only if they in fact have psychological defects that diminish their responsibility, defects of a sort that diminish the responsibility of anyone suffering from them regardless of age.