bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remediation of memory disorders in schizophrenia
Authors: MEDALIA A. , REVHEIM N. , CASEY M. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Memory deficits are commonly experienced by patients with schizophrenia, often
persist even after effective psychotropic treatment of psychotic symptoms and have been
demonstrated to interfere with many aspects of successful psychiatric rehabilitation. Because of
significant impact on functional outcome, effective remediation of cognitive deficits has been
increasingly cited as an essential component of comprehensive treatment. Efforts to remediate
memory deficits have met with circumscribed success, leaving uncertain whether schizophrenia
patients can be taught, without experimental induction, independently to employ semantic encoding
or a range of other mnemonic techniques.Method. We examined the feasibility of using memory and problem solving teaching techniques
developed within educational psychology – techniques which promote intrinsic motivation and task
engagement through contextualization and personalization of learning activities – to remediate
memory deficits in a group of in-patients with chronic schizophrenia spectrum disorders.Results. Although our memory remediation group significantly improved on the memory
remediation task, they did not make greater gains on measures of immediate paragraph recall or list
learning than the control groups.Conclusions. Targeted remediation of memory appears to yield task specific improvement but the
gains do not generalize to other memory tasks. Subjects receiving memory remediation failed to
independently activate mnemonic encoding strategies learned and used successfully within training
tasks to other general measures of verbal learning and memory.
Personality traits of the relatives of autistic probands
Authors: MURPHY M. , BOLTON P. F. , PICKLES A. , FOMBONNE E. , PIVEN J. , RUTTER M. 
Published: July 2002

Background. There is substantial evidence that the genetic liability to autism confers a risk for a
range of more subtle social and communication impairments, as well as stereotyped and repetitive
behaviours. Recent research suggests that increased expression of particular personality traits may
be a manifestation of the liability to autism.Methods. To investigate this we examined the personality traits of the adult relatives of 99 autistic
and 36 Down's syndrome probands, using the informant version of the Modified Personality
Assessment Schedule.Results. There was significantly increased expression of the traits anxious, impulsive, aloof, shy,
over-sensitive, irritable and eccentric among the autism relatives with evidence of different profiles
for male and female relatives and for parents and adult children. Factor analysis revealed three
broad groups of traits, two of which (‘withdrawn’ and ‘difficult’) appeared to reflect impairments
in social functioning and a third group of anxiety related traits (‘tense’). Each of these factors
differed in their pattern of associations with the factor we termed ‘withdrawn’ showing a similar
pattern of association to that found for other autism related conditions. The ‘tense’ factor appeared
in part to be related to the burden of caring for an autistic child.Conclusions. This study confirms the finding that particular personality traits may aggregate in the
family members of autistic individuals and furthermore that some of these traits may be a
manifestation of the liability to autism.
Pubertal changes in hormone levels and depression in girls
Authors: ANGOLD A. , COSTELLO E. J. , ERKANLI A. , WORTHMAN C. M. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Throughout their reproductive years, women suffer from a higher prevalence of
depression than men. Before puberty, however, this is not the case. In an earlier study, we found
that reaching Tanner Stage III of puberty was associated with increased levels of depression in girls.
This paper examines whether the morphological changes associated with puberty (as measured by
Tanner stage) or the hormonal changes underlying them are more strongly associated with
increased rates of depression in adolescent girls.Methods. Data from three annual waves of interviews with 9 to 15-year-olds from the Great Smoky
Mountains study were analysed.Results. Models including the effects of testosterone and oestradiol eliminated the apparent effect
of Tanner stage. The effect of testosterone was non-linear. FSH and LH had no effects on the
probability of being depressed.Conclusions. These findings argue against theories that explain the emergence of the female excess
of depression in adulthood in terms of changes in body morphology and their resultant psychosocial
effects on social interactions and self-perception. They suggest that causal explanations of the
increase in depression in females need to focus on factors associated with changes in androgen and
oestrogen levels rather than the morphological changes of puberty.
Molecular architecture of bacterial flagellum
Authors: NAMBA KEIICHI , VONDERVISZT FERENC 
Published: July 2002

1. INTRODUCTION 22. OVERALL STRUCTURE AND SUBSTRUCTURES 52.1 Overall structure and components 52.2 Bidirectional rotary motor 52.3 Drive shaft 82.4 Bushing 82.5 Universal joint 92.6 Helical propeller 92.7 Axial junction 102.8 Capping structure 113. ASSEMBLY PROCESS OF THE FLAGELLUM 113.1 Step by step assembly 113.2 Flagellum-specific export apparatus and the channel 124. UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FLAGELLAR MOTOR DYNAMICS
135. STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF FLAGELLIN FOR ASSEMBLY REGULATION AND
POLYMORPHISM 145.1 Domain organization and terminal disorder of flagellin 155.2 The role of terminal disorder in filament formation and polymorphism
175.3 Common structural motif for regulation of self-assembly 216. STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF FLAGELLAR FILAMENTS FOR POLYMORPHISM
226.1 Polymorphic mechanism 236.2 Structures of the filaments deduced by electron microscopy 256.2.1 Overview of the electron microscopic studies 256.2.2 Helical image reconstruction procedure 276.2.3 Structural details of the filament 286.3 X-ray fibre diffraction studies 326.3.1 Overview of the X-ray studies 326.3.2 Orientation of liquid crystalline sols and diffraction patterns 336.3.3 Equatorial analysis 356.3.4 A preliminary map refined at 11 Åresolution 376.4 Overall chain folding of the subunit in the filament 386.4.1 Mapping out the terminal and central regions 386.4.2 The chain folding and role of each domain 426.5 Polymorphic nature of flagellar filament 436.5.1 Comparison of the L- and R-type 436.5.2 New helical symmetry ‘Lt-type’ 466.5.3 Direct comparison of the Lt-type lattice to the other two 486.5.4 Plausible conformational changes involved in polymorphism 517. PERSPECTIVE 558. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 559. REFERENCES 55
English through Chinese: experimenting with sandwich stories
Authors: Yuhua Ji 
Published: July 2002

A novel and dynamic approach to teaching English by starting in Chinese.In China, many schools start teaching EFL to their first graders, aged 6–7. Children have to repeat words and sentences that are meaningless to them. They learn to read EFL not by reading but by going through mechanical drills in letters, words and phonic skills. F. Smith asserts that ‘children learn to read only by reading’. But there is a Catch-22 situation here: to learn to read, you have to read, but you cannot read if you have not learned to read. This situation is, however, being tackled by a new experimental approach over the past five years – a ‘sandwich story’ methodology.
Trampling associated with bait-collection for sandprawns Callianassa kraussi Stebbing: effects on the biota of an intertidal sandflat
Authors: WYNBERG RACHEL P. , BRANCH GEORGE M. 
Published: July 2002

Previous studies have inferred that the side effects of physical disturbance associated with bait-collecting for the sandprawn Callianassa kraussi are more deleterious than the actual removal of the prawns. The present study was specifically designed to disentangle the side-effects of trampling and disturbance associated with using suction pumps for bait-collecting. Separate areas were sucked over with a prawn pump at three different intensities, and the prawns collected from these areas subsequently returned to them. A parallel treatment involved trampling the sediment at levels comparable to the 'sucking' intensities, without removing the prawns. The responses of the meiofauna, macrofauna and microflora were assessed six weeks after this disturbance.Prawn densities were depressed six weeks following both sucking and trampling but recovered by 32 weeks. The meiofauna responded positively to some of the disturbance treatments; macrofaunal numbers on the other hand, declined in most treatment areas, and similarity analysis and multidimensional scaling showed that macrofaunal community composition in the most-disturbed areas was distinct from that in other areas. Chlorophyll levels were reduced at the more intensely-disturbed sites.The results corroborate the conclusion that trampling per se has almost the same effect as sucking for prawns, on both the prawns and on the associated biota. This has important implications in terms of managing the use of lagoonal and estuarine ecosystems.
Variation in abundance and distribution of the chiton Acanthopleura japonica and associated molluscs on a seasonal, tropical, rocky shore
Authors: Harper Kathryn D. , Williams Gray A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTemporal and spatial distribution of the chiton Acanthopleura japonica and associated molluscs were recorded on a semi‐exposed tropical rocky shore in Hong Kong over 24 months. Most molluscs showed a clear vertical distribution pattern which varied with season. Many mobile gastropods, e.g. Monodonta labio, Cellana toreuma, Nerita albicilla and Thais clavigera, were found lower on the shore in summer (June–September), presumably as a response to the hot, desiccating conditions, but extended their range during winter (December–March). Acanthopleura, was distributed throughout the eulittoral and did not show such strong seasonal patterns, possibly due to the ability to use spatial refuges (specifically crevices) as a result of its flexible body‐plan. Chitons exposed on horizontal rocks lost more body water during periods of emersion as compared to those in vertical or crevice habitats and, in summer, all animals on horizontal surfaces died. It is suggested that A. japonica uses cracks and crevices, which are not available to hard‐shelled molluscs, throughout the year to reduce the impact of heat and desiccation stress during periods of emersion. This ability may explain the slight seasonal changes seen in Acanthopleura as compared to other species, and the dominance of chitons as herbivores on tropical shores.
Structure and function in armadillo limbs (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Dasypodidae)
Authors: Vizcaíno S. F. , Milne N. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractArmadillos are a very diverse group ranging from non‐fossorial Tolypeutini through to the powerful diggers like the giant armadillo Priodontes maximus to the totally subterranean Chlamyphorini. A previous study demonstrated a close relationship between the relative length of the olecranon of the ulna (index of fossorial ability, IFA) and the fossorial ability of armadillos. This study examines a wide range of limb proportions to explore the biomechanical correlates with fossorial ability. The study demonstrates that the indices of the forelimb (brachial index, shoulder moment index and IFA) do correlate well with digging habits, but also reveals some interesting exceptions, particularly in the most fossorial and most cursorial forms. On the other hand, the hindlimb indices apparently do not correlate with digging habits, but seem to be influenced more by body size. The correlations among the forelimb indices are quite strong and positive but correlations between forelimb and hindlimb indices are negative or very low. It is apparent that there is still much to be learned about structure and function in armadillos.
Fine Mapping Suggests that the Goat Polled Intersex Syndrome and the Human Blepharophimosis Ptosis Epicanthus Syndrome Map to a 100-kb Homologous Region
Authors: Schibler Laurent , Cribiu Edmond P. , Oustry-Vaiman Anne , Furet Jean-Pierre , Vaiman Daniel 
Published: July 2002

To clone the goat Polled Intersex Syndrome (PIS) gene(s), a chromosome walk was performed from six entry points at 1q43. This enabled 91 BACs to be recovered from a recently constructed goat BAC library. Six BAC contigs of goat chromosome 1q43 (ICC1–ICC6) were thus constructed covering altogether 4.5 Mb. A total of 37 microsatellite sequences were isolated from this 4.5-Mb region (16 in this study), of which 33 were genotyped and mapped. ICC3 (1500 kb) was shown by genetic analysis to encompass the PIS locus in a ∼400-kb interval without recombinants detected in the resource families (293 informative meioses). A strong linkage disequilibrium was detected among unrelated animals with the two central markers of the region, suggesting a probable location for PIS in ∼100 kb. High-resolution comparative mapping with human data shows that this DNA segment is the homolog of the human region associated withBlepharophimosis Ptosis Epicanthus inversus Syndrome(BPES) gene located in 3q23. This finding suggests that homologous gene(s) could be responsible for the pathologies observed in humans and goats.[The sequence data, PCR primers and PCR conditions for STS and microsatellites described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library under accession nos.AQ666547–AQ666579, AQ686084–AQ686129, AQ793920–793931,AQ810429–AQ810527, G41201–G41228, and G54270–G54286.]
Purification and Characterization of Chaperonin 60 and Heat-Shock Protein 70 from Chromoplasts of Narcissus pseudonarcissus (Involvement of Heat-Shock Protein 70 in a Soluble Protein Complex Containing Phytoene Desaturase)
Authors: Bonk M. , Tadros M. , Vandekerckhove J. , Al-Babili S. , Beyer P. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In chromoplast differentiation during flower formation in Narcissus pseudonarcissus, the molecular chaperones chaperonin 60 (Cpn60; α- and [beta]) and heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) greatly increase in abundance. Both were purified and shown to be present in a functional form in chromoplasts, indicating their requirement in the extensive structural rearrangements during the chloroplast-to-chromoplast transition. The purified proteins, sequenced N terminally and from internal peptides, showed strong homology to plastid Cpn60 and Hsp70 representatives from other plant species. During chromoplast differentiation, the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway is strongly induced. The corresponding enzymes are all nuclear encoded and form a large, soluble, hetero-oligomeric protein complex after import but prior to their membrane attachment. By immunoprecipitations we have shown that the plastid Hsp70 is a structural constituent of a soluble entity also containing phytoene desaturase.
Sinapic Acid Ester Metabolism in Wild Type and a Sinapoylglucose-Accumulating Mutant of Arabidopsis
Authors: Lorenzen M. , Racicot V. , Strack D. , Chapple C. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Sinapoylmalate is one of the major phenylpropanoid metabolites that is accumulated in the vegetative tissue of Arabidopsis thaliana. A thin-layer chromatography-based mutant screen identified two allelic mutant lines that accumulated sinapoylglucose in their leaves in place of sinapoylmalate. Both mutations were found to be recessive and segregated as single Mendelian genes. These mutants define a new locus called SNG1 for sinapoylglucose accumulator. Plants that are homozygous for the sng1 mutation accumulate normal levels of malate in their leaves but lack detectable levels of the final enzyme in sinapate ester biosynthesis, sinapoylglucose:malate sinapoyltransferase. A study of wild-type and sng1 seedlings found that sinapic acid ester biosynthesis in Arabidopsis is developmentally regulated and that the accumulation of sinapate esters is delayed in sng1 mutant seedlings.
Targeting of the Arabidopsis Homomeric Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase to Plastids of Rapeseeds
Authors: Roesler K. , Shintani D. , Savage L. , Boddupalli S. , Ohlrogge J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) occurs in at least two forms in rapeseed (Brassica napus): a homomeric (HO) and presumably cytosolic isozyme and a heteromeric, plastidial isozyme. We investigated whether the HO-ACCase of Arabidopsis can be targeted to plastids of B. napus seeds. A chloroplast transit peptide and the napin promoter were fused to the Arabidopsis ACC1 gene and transformed into B. napus, with the following results. (a) The small subunit transit peptide was sufficient to provide import of this very large protein into developing seed plastids. (b) HO-ACCase in isolated plastids was found to be biotinylated at a level comparable to extraplastidial HO-ACCase. (c) In vitro assays of HO-ACCase in isolated plastids from developing seeds indicate that it occurs as an enzymatically active form in the plastidial compartment. (d) ACCase activity in mature B. napus seeds is normally very low; however, plants expressing the SSU/ACC1 gene had 10- to 20-fold higher ACCase activity in mature seeds, suggesting that plastid localization prevents the turnover of HO-ACCase. (e) ACCase over-expression altered seed fatty acid composition, with the largest effect being an increase in oleic acid. (f) The total oil content of seeds was increased approximately 5% by the expression of HO-ACCase in plastids.
Three Different Polygalacturonases Are Expressed in Tomato Leaf and Flower Abscission, Each with a Different Temporal Expression Pattern
Authors: Kalaitzis P. , Solomos T. , Tucker M. L. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Abscission, or organ separation, is accompanied by a marked increase in hydrolases, which are responsible for the degradation of the middle lamella and the loosening of the primary cell wall surrounding cells in the separation layer. We recently reported on the cloning of a tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) polygalacturonase (PG) cDNA, TAPG1, expressed during leaf and flower abscission. In addition to TAPG1, we have cloned two more PG cDNAs (TAPG2 and TAPG4) that are also expressed during leaf and flower abscission. The peptide sequences for the three abscission PGs are relatively similar (76–93% identity) yet different from the those of tomato fruit PG (38-–41% identity). None of the three abscission PG mRNAs are expressed in fruit, stems, petioles, or anthers of fully open flowers. An RNase protection assay revealed that all three PGs are expressed in leaf and flower abscission zones and in pistils of fully open flowers. TAPG4 mRNA is detected much earlier than TAPG1 and TAPG2 mRNA during both leaf and flower abscission.
The Arabidopsis 14-3-3 Multigene Family
Authors: Wu K. , Rooney M. F. , Ferl R. J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The 14–3–3 proteins are ubiquitous eukaryotic proteins and are encoded by a gene family in many species. We examined the 14–3–3 gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana and found that it contains 10 members. Four new cDNAs, GF14[epsilon], GF14[kappa], GF14[mu], and GF14[nu], and two new genomic clones of GF14[phi] and GF14[upsilon] were isolated and characterized. Together with the six previously described 14–3–3 isoforms in Arabidopsis, they constitute a complete family of 10 distinct 14–3–3 proteins of 248 to 268 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of two ancient, distinct 14–3–3 gene classes in Arabidopsis and other plants. The [epsilon] forms diverged early from the other plant isoforms, and plant 14–3–3 genes displayed a different evolutionary course from that of mammals.
Influence of Salicylic Acid on H2O2 Production, Oxidative Stress, and H2O2-Metabolizing Enzymes (Salicylic Acid-Mediated Oxidative Damage Requires H2O2)
Authors: Rao M. V. , Paliyath G. , Ormrod D. P. , Murr D. P. , Watkins C. B. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We investigated how salicylic acid (SA) enhances H2O2 and the relative significance of SA-enhanced H2O2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. SA treatments enhanced H2O2 production, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative damage to proteins, and resulted in the formation of chlorophyll and carotene isomers. SA-enhanced H2O2 levels were related to increased activities of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase and were independent of changes in catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities. Prolonging SA treatments inactivated catalase and ascorbate peroxidase and resulted in phytotoxic symptoms, suggesting that inactivation of H2O2-degrading enzymes serves as an indicator of hypersensitive cell death. Treatment of leaves with H2O2 alone failed to invoke SA-mediated events. Although leaves treated with H2O2 accumulated in vivo H2O2 by 2-fold compared with leaves treated with SA, the damage to membranes and proteins was significantly less, indicating that SA can cause greater damage than H2O2. However, pretreatment of leaves with dimethylthiourea, a trap for H2O2, reduced SA-induced lipid peroxidation, indicating that SA requires H2O2 to initiate oxidative damage. The relative significance of the interaction among SA, H2O2, and H2O2-metabolizing enzymes with oxidative damage and cell death is discussed.
Fusicoccin Counteracts then-Ethylmaleimide and Silver-Induced Stimulation of Oxygen Uptake inEgeria densaLeaves1
Authors: Teresa Marrè Maria , Albergoni Francesco 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIt was previously shown that a number of sulfhydryl [SH] group reagents (N-ethylmaleimide [NEM], iodoacetate, Ag+, HgCl2, etc.) can induce a marked, transitory stimulation of O2 uptake (QO2) in Egeria densa leaves, insensitive to CN− and salicylhydroxamic acid and inhibited by diphenylene iodonium and quinacrine. The phytotoxin fusicoccin (FC) also induces a marked increase in O2 consumption inE. densa leaves, apparently independent of the recognized stimulating action on the H+-ATPase. In this investigation we compared the FC-induced increase in O2consumption with those induced by NEM and Ag+, and we tested for a possible interaction between FC and the two SH blockers in the activation of QO2. The results show (a) the different nature of the FC- and NEM- or Ag+-induced increases of QO2; (b) that FC counteracts the NEM- (and Ag+)-induced respiratory burst; and (c) that FC strongly reduces the damaging effects on plasma membrane permeability observed in E. densa leaves treated with the two SH reagents. Two alternative models of interpretation of the action of FC, in activating a CN−-sensitive respiratory pathway and in suppressing the SH blocker-induced respiratory burst, are proposed.
Parallel Changes in H2O2 and Catalase during Thermotolerance Induced by Salicylic Acid or Heat Acclimation in Mustard Seedlings1
Authors: Dat James F. , Lopez-Delgado Humberto , Foyer Christine H. , Scott Ian M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Spraying mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seedlings with salicylic acid (SA) solutions between 10 and 500 μm significantly improved their tolerance to a subsequent heat shock at 55°C for 1.5 h. The effects of SA were concentration dependent, with higher concentrations failing to induce thermotolerance. The time course of thermotolerance induced by 100 μm SA was similar to that obtained with seedlings acclimated at 45°C for 1 h. We examined the hypothesis that induced thermotolerance involved H2O2. Heat shock at 55°C caused a significant increase in endogenous H2O2 and reduced catalase activity. A peak in H2O2 content was observed within 5 min of either SA treatment or transfer to the 45°C acclimation temperature. Between 2 and 3 h after SA treatment or heat acclimation, both H2O2 and catalase activity significantly decreased below control levels. The lowered H2O2 content and catalase activity occurred in the period of maximum thermoprotection. It is suggested that thermoprotection obtained either by spraying SA or by heat acclimation may be achieved by a common signal transduction pathway involving an early increase in H2O2.