bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction to Sexual Violence
Authors: Asaolu Ibitola O. , Koss Mary P. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Sexual violence began to receive proper attention in the United States in the 1990s with the first national Violence Against Women survey, the passage of the Violence Against Women Act, and the addition of violence as a priority area in the Healthy People 2000 initiative. With advances in public health surveillance and clearer definitions of sexual violence, we have begun to see increased sophistication of sexual violence information. This chapter explores the definition and measurement of sexual violence in the United States and how it has evolved in the fields of health, civil rights, and criminal justice. The chapter further discusses risk factors for sexual violence victimization including socioeconomic status, race, cultural background, and cumulative trauma. The chapter concludes with a focus on consequences of sexual violence, especially relating to mental health and maternal and child health.
Genetics of Aggression in Nonhuman Animals
Authors: Kukekova Anna V. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The range of aggressive behaviors observed in humans cannot be studied in a single animal model, but a spectrum of animal models can facilitate an understanding of the genetic regulation of aggression. This chapter discusses recent discoveries in the genetics of aggression in rodents, canids, and primates. Rodents, often used to study intermale aggression, provide advantages for functional studies using gene modification techniques. Dramatic changes in aggressive behavior, which took place during dog and fox domestication, allow the investigation of a wider array of aggressive behaviors. Finally, studies of individual differences in the behavior of rhesus monkeys and other primates provide insight into developmental aspects of aggression and gene–environment interactions. Although studies of human social behavior using animal models present challenges, a spectrum of such models, each of which provides its own unique information, can work synergistically to yield robust insights into human aggressive behavior.
Neuroanatomy of Violence and Aggression
Authors: Yang Yaling 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
An increasing number of structural imaging studies have investigated the neural bases of violent behavior and aggression in recent years. Findings from these studies have suggested that violent behavior and aggression may be consequences of deficits in multiple brain regions involved in behavioral control, emotional regulation, and reward processing. In addition, some evidence points to potential distinct neural mechanisms underlying different forms of aggression. Evidence from lesion studies further suggests the possibility of a causal relationship between brain deficits and the development of violent behavior and aggression. The chapter also considers whether genetic vulnerabilities may interact with environmental risk in the development of brain structure, leading to violent and aggressive behavior. Last, it is noted that further development of effective intervention and treatment is needed to explore the possibility of reversing and remediating brain deficits to alleviate the impact of violence and aggression on the individual and society.
Do Group Processes Cause Violence and Aggression?
Authors: Otten Sabine 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Do group processes cause violence and aggression? The appropriate answer to the question posed by this chapter is not a straightforward “yes” or “no” but rather “sometimes.” On the one hand, people may be involved in conflicts as a direct consequence of their group membership and with the aim of pursuing the group's interest. Their participation in the conflict and the side they are on is directly determined by their group affiliation. Prominent examples are warfare between nations and hooliganism between rival soccer supporters. On the other hand, there are instances where group processes and social identities are not the immediate cause but nonetheless have an impact on how conflicts are perceived and how they further develop. For example, the intentionality of a group member's negative behavior may be interpreted differently based on stereotypes regarding their group. Relevant theory and empirical evidence for both options will be presented and their practical implications discussed.
Displaced Aggression Is Alive and Well
Authors: Pedersen William C. , Ellison Jennifer , Miller Norman 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Displaced aggression refers to aggressive retaliation toward a target other than an initial provocateur. Meta‐analytic evidence confirms its reliability and robustness (mean effect size = +0.54) and indicates moderation by intensity of provocation, similarity of displacement target to provocateur, and negativity of the displaced aggression setting. Experimental research strongly supports this latter correlational finding, (1) confirming the importance of minor negative target actions to its elicitation, (2) showing no instances of it in the absence of a trigger, and (3) thereby establishing the construct validity of triggered displaced aggression. In this chapter, we review several additional moderators of displaced aggression as well as the effects of individual differences in the propensity to engage in it (viz., trait displaced aggression). We also emphasize rumination's role in eliciting it. Finally, we discuss the application of triggered displaced aggression to intergroup violence and the experimental evidence supporting the construct validity of vicarious retribution.
Behavioral Explanations of Aggression and Violence
Authors: Mueller Michael M. , Nkosi Ajamu 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Behavior analysis provides a natural‐science approach like those of the physical sciences to understanding aggression and violence. It focuses on why individuals exhibit aggressive behavior in the context of specific environmental events. As a distinct behavioral topography, aggression does not require a unique explanation. Behavior analysis views aggression as it does all other behaviors, as
learned
behavior displayed by individuals as they interact with the ever‐changing variables present in the environment. Like any other behavior, aggression is lawful and governed by basic behavioral principles. Aggression is the product of biological evolution, cultural evolution, and evolution of operant behavior during the individual's lifespan through the processes of variation and selection, but greatest emphasis is placed upon the current environment's function of selecting behavior.
Race and Gender Stereotypes and Violence and Aggression
Authors: Burgess Melinda C. R. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
In the United States there are a number of stereotypes about aggression, particularly in regard to race and gender. Mere knowledge, separate and independent of endorsement, of these stereotypes can influence both physical and social harm to others (e.g., increased rates of shooting in response to Black male targets, increased acceptance of racist statements, and increased tolerance of sexual harassment and assault) as well as physical and social harm to the self (e.g., hypertension and body image disturbance, stereotype threat, and limiting career choices). This chapter outlines the myriad ways these stereotypes impact our reactions and behaviors toward members of these stereotyped groups, whether they are others or ourselves.
Systematic Screening for Challenging Behaviors in Tiered Support Systems
Authors: Sprague Jeffrey , Lane Kathleen Lynne 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
In this chapter, we describe the logic and procedures for conducting universal screening for antisocial behavior within a three‐tiered system of support. First, we present the purpose and rationale for adopting and implementing universal screening, describing how screening aligns with federal legislation and best practice. Second, we introduce several universal publicly and commercially available screening tools and systems for detecting students in need of more intensive and targeted interventions and supports. Third, we describe model procedures and considerations for installing universal screening with integrity, with the aim of increasing the reliability and validity of the process. Finally, we offer a hypothetical illustration of how to conduct systematic screening for behavior challenges as part of regular school practices effectively and efficiently.
Teaching Gun Safety Skills to Children
Authors: Miltenberger Raymond G. , Valbuena Diego , Sanchez Sindy 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This chapter discusses research on teaching safety skills to children to prevent gunplay. Gunplay by children results in hundreds of accidental deaths and injuries each year. The chapter starts with a discussion of assessment and concludes that in situ assessment is the only valid approach to assessment of safety skills. The chapter then discusses two approaches to training safety skills: an informational approach and an active learning approach. The active learning approach, including behavioral skills training and in situ training, is the only effective approach to training safety skills. The chapter concludes with a discussion of training implemented by peers, parents, and simulation in order to increase the accessibility of training.
Parent Training and the Treatment of Violence and Aggression
Authors: Valle Linda Anne , Kaminski Jennifer W. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Parent training is an intervention in which parents learn strategies to promote changes in their children's behavior. Parent training is effective in treating children's disruptive behaviors, which increase children's risk for future violence and aggression, and in treating parental violence, aggression, and maltreatment of their children. The effects are robust across a wide range of family characteristics, cultural groups, settings, and delivery methods. However, availability and access to evidence‐based parent training remains limited. Translational research is needed to identify optimal ways to increase widespread adoption, successful implementation, sustainability, and accessibility for families.
Treatment of the Psychopathic Personality
Authors: Howe Jacqueline , Wijetunga Charity , Nijdam‐Jones Alicia , Rosenfeld Barry 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the literature on the treatment of psychopathy in adults. First, early treatment approaches are reviewed, with a particular focus on therapeutic communities. Next, studies examining the effectiveness of cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of psychopathy are summarized, including investigations of the Dangerous and Severe Personality Program and sex‐offender‐specific CBT interventions. Finally, research examining integrative approaches to the treatment of psychopathic personality traits in adults is reviewed, with an emphasis on dialectical behavior therapy and schema‐focused therapy. The chapter concludes with a brief critique of existing psychopathy research, highlighting the need for continued study in this area.
Prevention of Aggression and Violence in Families
Authors: Murphy Christopher M. , Farzan‐Kashani Julian , LaMotte Adam D. , Miles‐McLean Haley A. , Maldonado Ana 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Efforts to prevent family violence have focused on specific family subsystems, most notably intimate partner violence (IPV) and child abuse. Intensive programs that reduce normative acceptance of violence and enhance conflict‐management skills have successfully prevented IPV in both universal and high‐risk samples of high‐school‐aged youth. Dyadic interventions for adult couples have not been consistently effective in preventing IPV. For child abuse, significant preventive effects have been found for nurse home visiting, early Head Start, and Triple P, a multilevel public health approach to promoting positive parenting. Parent–Child Interaction Therapy, which uses live coaching to enhance parenting skills, has been effective in preventing new instances of aggression among maltreating parents. Despite evidence that aggression and violence are common in other family subsystems, including sibling aggression, child‐to‐parent aggression, and extended family aggression, our review found no controlled studies of interventions focused on preventing violence in entire family units.
Treatment of Batterers: What Works?
Authors: Armenti Nicholas A. , Iyican Susan , Sommer Johannah M. , Babcock Julia C. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a common problem and men arrested for IPV are typically court‐mandated to attend men‐only groups. These interventions have been found to have only small effect sizes for stopping violence and do not address the abuse perpetrated by women. In the United States, many states mandate against the use of any interventions other than Duluth model men‐only groups. However, there is preliminary theoretical and empirical support for alternative interventions, including new wave and conjoint interventions. These interventions place greater emphasis on treatment‐matching principles and incorporate strategies to address problems such as emotion regulation difficulties, impulsivity, and communication deficits. Given the limited effectiveness of existing interventions and the initial support for alternative interventions, additional experimental studies are needed. However, political barriers continue to hinder the implementation of novel investigations of important treatment targets that may have a greater impact on reducing IPV.
Bullying at Work: Personal Relationships and Undermined Social Support—A Creative Writing Case Study
Authors: Vickers Margaret H. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Workplace bullying is a massive problem with well‐documented, nasty consequences for the mental and physical health, well‐being, careers, and personal lives of targets. What have not been adequately interrogated are the relational consequences for third parties of those impacted by bullying at work: personal relationships with friends, partners, and family members can also be undermined, and the social support normally anticipated, and the relationship itself, can be impaired. This chapter presents a creative nonfiction account of workplace bullying showing the lack of understanding of workplace bullying by all involved, the lack of social support arising from the knowledge gaps, and the negative impacts on all involved. Further research into the social and relational outcomes of workplace bullying is recommended.
Prevention of Football Hooliganism: A Review of the Evidence
Authors: Poutvaara Panu , Priks Mikael 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Hooligan violence is prevalent in many countries. Governments use various law enforcement methods with the common feature that they are costly. Theoretical work suggests that discriminative policing is effective in reducing crime but that indiscriminate policing, such as the use of teargas, may backfire. A problem when evaluating such theories empirically is that societies often respond to crime with law enforcement. It is therefore difficult to identify the cause and effect in law enforcement and crime. We review some empirical work that puts this problem at the center of the analysis. An overall conclusion is that the evidence supports the notion that discriminative law enforcement is effective against hooligan violence.
Creating and Sustaining Safe Environments in Juvenile Corrections
Authors: Leone Peter E. , Lockwood Susan , Gagnon Joseph C. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Too often Juvenile correctional facilities are settings where violence and abuse are routine. The principles of positive youth development and facility‐wide systems of behavior management can be used to shape institutional culture in ways that support youth and teach positive prosocial behavior. Well‐developed education programs and staff development are key elements in transforming juvenile corrections. Pendleton Juvenile Correctional Facility in Indiana, USA, provides an example of the transformation of one institution.
Evidence‐Based Policing: Does It Reduce Violence?
Authors: Telep Cody W. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Evidence‐based policing focuses on using the findings and conclusions drawn from rigorous research to help guide policy and practice. Based on a number of experimental and quasi‐experimental studies, there is strong support for the idea that evidence‐based policing can reduce violence. Focusing in particular on place‐based approaches, this chapter reviews what is known about the impact of various policing strategies on reducing violent crime. We review evidence on a series of innovations since the 1980s in policing that all show overall positive effects in tests examining violent crime outcomes. These include hot spots policing, directed patrol programs focused on gun violence, focused deterrence or pulling levers programs, and problem‐oriented policing. We also discuss broken windows policing, a popular strategy for which the evidence is more mixed. Overall, we find evidence that police can be most effective in reducing violence when they are place based, focused, and proactive.
Mobilizing
C
anada to Promote Healthy Relationships and Prevent Bullying among Children and Youth
Authors: Pepler Debra , Craig Wendy M. , Cummings Joanne , Petrunka Kelly , Garwood Stacey 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
In this chapter, we describe the evolution, mechanisms, and impact of PREVNet (Promoting Relationships and Eliminating Violence Network) in Canada. PREVNet is a national network of researchers, youth‐serving organizations, governments, and corporations working together to prevent bullying and promote healthy relationships for Canadian children and youth. PREVNet has been funded since 2006 by Canada's Networks of Centres of Excellence research program. Through PREVNet's partnerships, we have been engaged in a societal intervention by cocreating tools and resources to enhance the practices of those involved in the lives of children and youth across the country. We have developed several mechanisms to drive our efforts to foster wide‐scale social change, including four strategy pillars for knowledge mobilization, working groups to cocreate tools and resources, and broader strategies to engage multiple sectors within the country to focus on these important issues related to child and youth well‐being.
The Chloroplast Proteolytic Machinery
Authors: Adam Zach 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionProteolytic Processes in ChloroplastsIdentified and Characterized Chloroplast Proteases and PeptidasesPredicted Chloroplast Proteases and PeptidasesRoles of Identified Proteases in Development and MaintenanceDegradation of Integral Membrane ProteinsEvolutionary AspectsFuture Prospects
Condensed Tannins
Authors: Tanner Greg 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionBiosynthesis from Coumaroyl‐CoAto LeucoanthocyanidinSynthesis of Catechin (2,3‐trans‐flavan‐3‐ol)Synthesis of Epicatechin (2,3‐cis‐flavan‐3‐ol)Intravacuolar Transport and PolymerizationEvolution of Biochemical PathwaysRegulation of BiosynthesisOpportunities for Manipulation of ProanthocyanidinsConclusionAcknowledgments
Structure, Function and Regulation of Primary H+and Ca2+Pumps
Authors: López‐Marqués Rosa L. , Schiøtt Morten , Jakobsen Mia Kyed , Palmgren Michael G. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article arePumps in PlantsProton Pumps in Plant CellsCalcium Pumps in Plant CellsOther Plant Cation PumpsAcknowledgements
Potassium Nutrition and Salt Stress
Authors: Amtmann Anna , Armengaud Patrick , Volkov Vadim 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areThe Physiology of Potassium Nutrition and Salt StressSetting the Scene forK+andNa+TransportFunctional Genomics ofK+andNa+Transport: Linking Experimental EvidenceFunctional Types of Transporters Involved inK+Homeostasis and Salt StressRegulation and Integration ofK+andNa+TransportFuture ProspectsConcluding Remarks
Auxin as an Intercellular Signal
Authors: Friml Jiří , Wiśniewska Justyna 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionAuxin Transport – Known PathwaysMolecular ComponentsSubcellular Dynamics of Auxin CarriersThe Role of Auxin Gradients in Plant DevelopmentConclusionsAcknowledgements
Lessons on Signalling in Plant Self‐Incompatibility Systems
Authors: McCubbin Andrew G. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

S‐RNase
‐Based Single‐Locus Gametophytic
SI

Gametophytic Self‐Incompatability in the Papaveraceae

Sporophytic Self‐Incompatability

Summary
Inflorescence Architecture
Authors: Bhatt Anuj M. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areDeterminate and Indeterminate Inflorescence TypesSimple and Compound InflorescencesGrowth and Branching Patterns of ShootsVegetative to Reproductive TransitionMeristem IdentityGenetic Regulation of Inflorescence ArchitectureEvolution of Inflorescence Architecture
Impaired synaptic function is linked to cognition in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Selnes Per , Stav Ane Løvli , Johansen Krisztina K. , Bjørnerud Atle , Coello Christopher , Auning Eirik , Kalheim Lisa , Almdahl Ina Selseth , Hessen Erik , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Aarsland Dag , Fladby Tormod 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObjectiveCognitive impairment is frequent in Parkinson's disease, but the underlying mechanisms are insufficiently understood. Because cortical metabolism is reduced in Parkinson's disease and closely associated with cognitive impairment, and CSF amyloid‐β species are reduced and correlate with neuropsychological performance in Parkinson's disease, and amyloid‐β release to interstitial fluid may be related to synaptic activity; we hypothesize that synapse dysfunction links cortical hypometabolism, reduced CSF amyloid‐β, and presynaptic deposits of α‐synuclein. We expect a correlation between hypometabolism, CSF amyloid‐β, and the synapse related‐markers CSF neurogranin and α‐synuclein.MethodsThirty patients with mild‐to‐moderate Parkinson's disease and 26 healthy controls underwent a clinical assessment, lumbar puncture, MRI, 18F‐fludeoxyglucose‐PET, and a neuropsychological test battery (repeated for the patients after 2 years).ResultsAll subjects had CSF amyloid‐β 1‐42 within normal range. In Parkinson's disease, we found strong significant correlations between cortical glucose metabolism, CSF Aβ, α‐synuclein, and neurogranin. All PET CSF biomarker‐based cortical clusters correlated strongly with cognitive parameters. CSF neurogranin levels were significantly lower in mild‐to‐moderate Parkinson's disease compared to controls, correlated with amyloid‐β and α‐synuclein, and with motor stage. There was little change in cognition after 2 years, but the cognitive tests that were significantly different, were also significantly associated with cortical metabolism. No such correlations were found in the control group.InterpretationCSF Aβ, α‐synuclein, and neurogranin concentrations are related to cortical metabolism and cognitive decline. Synaptic dysfunction due to Aβ and α‐synuclein dysmetabolism may be central in the evolution of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease.