bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical treatment of secondary peritonitis
Authors: van Ruler O. , Boermeester M. A. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Secondary peritonitis remains associated with high mortality and morbidity rates. Treatment of secondary peritonitis is challenging even in modern medicine. Surgical intervention for source control remains the cornerstone of treatment, beside adequate antimicrobial therapy and resuscitation. A randomized clinical trial showed that relaparotomy on demand (ROD) after initial emergency surgery is the preferred treatment strategy, irrespective of the severity and extent of peritonitis. The effective and safe use of ROD requires intensive monitoring of the patient in a setting where diagnostic tests and decision making about relaparotomy are guaranteed round the clock. The lack of knowledge on timely and adequate patient selection, together with the lack of use of easy but reliable monitoring tools, seems to hamper full implementation of ROD. The accuracy of the relap decision tool is reasonable for prediction of ongoing peritonitis and selection for computer tomography (CT). The value of CT in an early postoperative phase is unclear. Future research and innovative technologies should focus on the additive value of CT in cases of operated secondary peritonitis and on the further optimization of bedside prediction tools to enhance adequate patient selection for intervention in a multidisciplinary setting.
Does plant size affect growth responses to water availability at glacial, modern and future CO2 concentrations?
Authors: Liu Jin‐Chun , Temme Andries A. , Cornwell William K. , van Logtestijn Richard S. P. , Aerts Rien , Cornelissen Johannes H. C. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPlant responses to carbon (C) and water availability are strongly connected. Thus, we can learn much about the responses of modern plants to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) by studying their performance under a range of carbon and water availabilities, including very low CO2 as in past glacial periods. We hypothesized that, especially in shallow soils, the positive effects of high CO2 and the negative effects of low CO2 on growth response to drought are moderated by plant size‐driven feedbacks through transpiration and soil water depletion. We grew two temperate annual C3 species, Avena sativa and Chenopodium album, in glacial (180 ppm), modern (400 ppm) and future (700 ppm) CO2 levels and five soil water regimes in climate chambers. In both species, low CO2 resulted in a much lower relative growth rate, biomass and total leaf area than at ambient CO2 with higher water availability, but this difference disappeared steadily towards severe drought conditions. Elevated CO2 increased relative growth rate, plant biomass and total leaf area of both species slightly compared with ambient CO2. These results were especially pronounced under drought. Our results support the hypothesis that, in annuals, plant size modulates the negative drought effect at low CO2. However, plant size‐mediated effects of high CO2 on growth response to drought were inconclusive. Further experiments should reveal the interactive effects of CO2 and water regimes in environments closer to a field setting, both in shallow and in deep soils with unconstrained rooting, as well as in mixed communities.
Microstructure of the Nickel-Base Superalloy CMSX-4 Fabricated by Selective Electron Beam Melting
Authors: Ramsperger Markus , Singer Robert F. , Körner Carolin 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPowder bed-based additive manufacturing (AM) processes are characterized by very high-temperature gradients and solidification rates. These conditions lead to microstructures orders of magnitude smaller than in conventional casting processes. Especially in the field of high performance alloys, like nickel-base superalloys, this opens new opportunities for homogenization and alloy development. Nevertheless, the high susceptibility to cracking of precipitation-hardenable superalloys is a challenge for AM. In this study, electron beam-based AM is used to fabricate samples from gas-atomized pre-alloyed CMSX-4 powder. The influence of the processing strategy on crack formation is investigated. The samples are characterized by optical and SEM microscopy and analyzed by microprobe analysis. Differential scanning calorimetry is used to demonstrate the effect of the fine microstructure on characteristic temperatures. In addition,in situheat treatment effects are investigated.
Robotic Surgery for Colon and Rectal Cancer
Authors: Park Eun Jung , Baik Seung Hyuk 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Robotic surgery, used generally for colorectal cancer, has the advantages of a three-dimensional surgical view, steadiness, and seven degrees of robotic arms. However, there are disadvantages, such as a decreased sense of touch, extra time needed to dock the robotic cart, and high cost. Robotic surgery is performed using various techniques, with or without laparoscopic surgery. Because the results of this approach are reported to be similar to or less favorable than those of laparoscopic surgery, the learning curve for robotic colorectal surgery remains controversial. However, according to short- and long-term oncologic outcomes, robotic colorectal surgery is feasible and safe compared with conventional surgery. Advanced technologies in robotic surgery have resulted in favorable intraoperative and perioperative clinical outcomes as well as functional outcomes. As the technical advances in robotic surgery improve surgical performance as well as outcomes, it increasingly is being regarded as a treatment option for colorectal surgery. However, a multicenter, randomized clinical trial is needed to validate this approach.
Adaptability of structured forms for CSII initiation in patients with type 2 diabetes the Getting2GoalSM concept
Authors: Cohen O. , Agabria Z. , Lysyy L. , Ianovitsky Y. , Nguyen X. , Fung M. , Lee S. , Wainstein J. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Background
The goal is to assess the usability and satisfaction of implementing the Getting2GoalSM protocol by physicians transitioning patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) from multiple daily injections (MDI) to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII).

Methods
T2DM patients from three diabetes clinics were switched from MDI to CSII. Physicians used the Getting2Goal type 2 pumping protocol to prescribe and manage insulin pump therapy for T2DM. Surveys were conducted in which the physicians rated their feedback related to acceptability of the Getting2Goal on a 5-point Likert scale.

Results
17 patients with T2DM were switched from MDI to CSII treatment. Mean (±standard deviation) age was 61.2 ± 7.7 (46–77) years, weight was 91.4 ± 21 (66–147) kg, BMI was 31.9 ± 7.6, A1C was 9.2 ± 1.4 % (7.2–12.3) and TDD on MDI was 109.1 ± 53.1 units. Surveys completed by physicians indicated Getting2Goal type 2 pumping protocol to be more efficient, time saving, and structured compared to their current processes. In addition, the primarily prescribed TDD on pump was 98.1 ± 50.0 units and the TDD at first download was 81.4 ± 36.4 units, representing a 25.4 % reduction in TDD At first download. The percentage of all blood glucose readings below 70 mg/dL was also very low.

Conclusions
The data indicate Getting2Goal materials as a standard approach that is simple and efficient to initiate pump therapy for T2DM. At the same time, it is safe and a useful tool for physicians that are starting to prescribe pump therapy for T2DM.
Identifying at‐risk foot among hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes: A cross‐sectional study in one Chinese tertiary hospital
Authors: Zou Sheng‐Yi , Zhao Yuan , Shen Yue‐Ping , Shi Yao‐Fang , Zhou Hui‐Juan , Zou Jian‐Ying , Shi Bi‐Min 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of diabetic at‐risk foot and its associated factors.MethodsA total of 838 hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes were screened for at‐risk foot. Neural and vascular disorders were evaluated by assessing vibration perception thresholds and ankle brachial indexes (ABIs). After excluding 12 patients with abnormally high ABIs, remaining individuals with neural and/or vascular disorder were identified as at‐risk patients and further classified into three subtypes: isolated neural disorder, isolated vascular disorder and mixed disorder. Potential associated factors were examined using Logistic regression models.ResultsIn the final sample of 826 individuals, the prevalence of diabetic at‐risk foot was 30.6%. Among all at‐risk patients, isolated neural disorders (69.6%) were more common than mixed (16.2%) or isolated vascular disorders (14.2%). Isolated neural and vascular disorders shared specific risk factors, including age per 20‐year increment (odds ratio [95% CI], 3.73 [2.59–5.37] and 4.01 [1.98–8.11]), diabetic duration ≥10 years (1.69 [1.13–2.54] and 3.29 [1.49–7.24]) and systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg (1.96 [1.31–2.93] and 2.90 [1.38–6.10]) respectively. In addition, isolated neural disorders were associated with a heavy smoking history (95%CI 2.69 [1.15–6.31]), increased high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein levels (95%CI 1.30 [1.04–1.62]) and mild obesity (95%CI 0.49 [0.20–1.24]). Isolated vascular disorders were linked with decreased high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels (95%CI 3.42 [1.31–8.96]) and increased triglycerides levels (95%CI 2.74 [1.26–5.97]).ConclusionsDiabetic at‐risk foot is epidemic among hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes. Aging, long‐term diabetes, hypertension, smoking, inflammatory response and dyslipidemia may be associated with the prevalence of diabetic at‐risk foot.
Hypoxia‐induced alterations of G2 checkpoint regulators
Authors: Hasvold Grete , Lund-Andersen Christin , Lando Malin , Patzke Sebastian , Hauge Sissel , Suo ZhenHe , Lyng Heidi , Syljuåsen Randi G. 
Published: January 2016

Hypoxia promotes an aggressive tumor phenotype with increased genomic instability, partially due to downregulation of DNA repair pathways. However, genome stability is also surveilled by cell cycle checkpoints. An important issue is therefore whether hypoxia also can influence the DNA damage‐induced cell cycle checkpoints. Here, we show that hypoxia (24 h 0.2% O2) alters the expression of several G2 checkpoint regulators, as examined by microarray gene expression analysis and immunoblotting of U2OS cells. While some of the changes reflected hypoxia‐induced inhibition of cell cycle progression, the levels of several G2 checkpoint regulators, in particular Cyclin B, were reduced in G2 phase cells after hypoxic exposure, as shown by flow cytometric barcoding analysis of individual cells. These effects were accompanied by decreased phosphorylation of a Cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) target in G2 phase cells after hypoxia, suggesting decreased CDK activity. Furthermore, cells pre‐exposed to hypoxia showed increased G2 checkpoint arrest upon treatment with ionizing radiation. Similar results were found following other hypoxic conditions (∼0.03% O2 20 h and 0.2% O2 72 h). These results demonstrate that the DNA damage‐induced G2 checkpoint can be altered as a consequence of hypoxia, and we propose that such alterations may influence the genome stability of hypoxic tumors.
Lutein, zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin content of eggs laid by hens supplemented with free and esterified xanthophylls
Authors: Nolan John M. , Meagher Katherine A. , Howard Alan N. , Moran Rachel , Thurnham David I. , Beatty Stephen 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe xanthophyll carotenoids lutein (L), zeaxanthin (Z) and meso-zeaxanthin (MZ) are found at the macula, the central part of the retina, where they are referred to as macular pigment (MP). MP is studied in human subjects because of its proven role in enhancing visual function and its putative role in protecting against age-related macular degeneration. These benefits are probably due to the antioxidant and short-wavelength filtering properties of MP. It is known that eggs are a dietary source of L and Z. This experiment was designed to measure the egg yolk carotenoid response to hen supplementation with L, Z and MZ. A total of forty hens were used in the trial and were divided into eight groups of five hens. Each group was supplemented (with about 140 mg active xanthophylls/kg feed) with one of the following oil-based carotenoid formulations for 6 weeks: unesterified L (group 1); L diacetate (group 2); unesterified Z (group 3); Z diacetate (group 4); unesterified MZ (group 5); MZ diacetate (group 6); L–MZ (1:1) diacetate mixture (group 7); L–MZ diacetate (1:3) mixture (group 8). Yolk carotenoid content was analysed weekly (in four randomly selected eggs) by HPLC. We found that hens supplemented with Z diacetate and MZ diacetate produced eggs with significantly greater carotenoid concentrations than their free form counterparts. This finding potentially represents the development of a novel food, suitable to increase MP and its constituent carotenoids in serum.
Solutions for a Kirchhoff Equation with Weight and Nonlinearity with Subcritical and Critical Caffarelli–Kohn–Nirenberg Growth
Authors: Figueiredo Giovany M. , Guimarães Mateus Balbino , Rodrigues Rodrigo da Silva 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn this paper we study the multiplicity of non-trivial solutions to a class of nonlinear boundary-value problems of Kirchhoff type. We prove existence results when the problem has nonlinearities with subcritical and with critical Caffarelli–Kohn–Nirenberg exponent.
The Chondritic Moon: a solution to the 142Nd conundrum and implications for terrestrial mantle evolution
Authors: DICKIN ALAN P. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractRecent discoveries that the Earth has a supra-chondritic 142Nd signature have thrown chondritic geochemical Earth models into doubt. Several solutions have been proposed to explain this discrepancy but none has been widely accepted. This paper reviews Nd isotope data for the Moon which bridge the gap between the 142Nd signatures of chondritic meteorites and the accessible Earth. Different chondrite classes define a 142Nd–148Nd correlation line attributed to incomplete mixing of nucleosynthetic components in the solar nebula. Terrestrial standards have 142Nd signatures well above this correlation line, but the 142Nd signature of the Bulk Moon is c. 6 ppm lower than terrestrial (assuming a chondritic Sm/Nd ratio) and falls within error of enstatite chondrites. In view of the demonstrated isotopic similarity between the Earth and Moon, giant impact models require the Moon to be a sample of the early Earth. Therefore, it is inferred that the Earth–Moon system was generated from material similar to enstatite chondrites, but Earth's mantle experienced Sm/Nd fractionation very soon after the Moon-forming collision. Such fractionation processes have been attributed to subduction of early Fe-enriched crust into a deep mantle storage reservoir. Because Sm/Nd fractionation occurred when most 146Sm had already decayed, the hidden incompatible-element-enriched reservoir only became slightly depressed in its 142Nd signature, explaining why this signal has not yet been detected in ocean island basalt sources.
Reindeer champions: culture, rituals and training race reindeer
Authors: Brown-Leonardi Carol 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTReindeer racing is a sport that is unique to the Scandinavian and Russian Arctic countries. The paper is based on fieldwork carried out in Finnish Lapland in which the process of training race reindeer and the reindeer race competition is examined. It gives some insight into the cultural practices that are used by Finnish reindeer herders in Lapland to train reindeer to race and the relationship that is nurtured between the race reindeer and the trainer. This paper focuses primarily on two key ethnographic interviews from the field and uses additional fieldwork data to support the points of discussion. It gives insight into the concept of ownership and what is considered to be a ‘good’ race reindeer. The reindeer trainer's understanding of the semi-domesticated reindeer challenges the concept of what it means to be ‘wild.’ This is taken into consideration in an examination of the process of the further domestication and training of the reindeer to race. The research explored the nature of the racing environment, the uniqueness of the reindeer racing event and aspects that makes it traditional and appealing for both international tourists and spectators from the north.
Rates and predictors of remission, recurrence and conversion to bipolar disorder after the first lifetime episode of depression – a prospective 5-year follow-up study
Authors: Bukh J. D. , Andersen P. K. , Kessing L. V. 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundIn depression, non-remission, recurrence of depressive episodes after remission and conversion to bipolar disorder are crucial determinants of poor outcome. The present study aimed to determine the cumulative incidences and clinical predictors of these long-term outcomes after the first lifetime episode of depression.MethodA total of 301 in- or out-patients aged 18–70 years with a validated diagnosis of a single depressive episode were assessed from 2005 to 2007. At 5 years of follow-up, 262 patients were reassessed by means of the life chart method and diagnostic interviews from 2011 to 2013. Cumulative incidences and the influence of clinical variables on the rates of remission, recurrence and conversion to bipolar disorder, respectively, were estimated by survival analysis techniques.ResultsWithin 5 years, 83.3% obtained remission, 31.5% experienced recurrence of depression and 8.6% converted to bipolar disorder (6.3% within the first 2 years). Non-remission increased with younger age, co-morbid anxiety and suicidal ideations. Recurrence increased with severity and treatment resistance of the first depression, and conversion to bipolar disorder with treatment resistance, a family history of affective disorder and co-morbid alcohol or drug abuse.ConclusionsThe identified clinical characteristics of the first lifetime episode of depression should guide patients and clinicians for long-term individualized tailored treatment.
Taxometric evidence of a dimensional latent structure for depression in an epidemiological sample of children and adolescents
Authors: Liu R. T. 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundA basic phenomenological question of much theoretical and empirical interest is whether the latent structure of depression is dimensional or categorical in nature. Prior taxometric studies of youth depression have yielded mixed findings. In a step towards resolving these contradictory findings, the current taxometric investigation is the first to utilize a recently developed objective index, the comparison curve fit index, to evaluate the latent structure of major depression in an epidemiological sample of children and adolescents.MethodData were derived from Mental Health of Children and Young People in Great Britain surveys. Participants were administered a structured diagnostic interview to assess for current depression. Parents (n= 683) were interviewed for children aged 5–16 years, and child interviews (n= 605) were conducted for those aged 11–16 years.ResultsMAMBAC (mean above minus below a cut), MAXEIG (maximum eigenvalue) and L-Mode (latent mode) analyses provided convergent support for a dimensional latent structure.ConclusionsThe current findings suggest that depression in youth is more accurately conceptualized as a continuous syndrome rather than a discrete diagnostic entity.
Work Enforcement in Liberal Democracies
Authors: RAFFASS TANIA 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe paper aims to contribute to the normative debate concerning work enforcement in liberal democracies. In the late 1980s, OECD countries began to revert to the pre-welfare-state tradition of attributing unemployment to personal failure. The new welfare-to-work policies emphasised individual responsibility for securing employment. Stepping up job search requirements and sanctions for failure to meet them was presented as a public intervention that helps unemployed individuals return from dependency to autonomy. Jobseekers have been made to believe that success in obtaining employment depends on how doggedly they search for work and how adaptable they become to employer needs. These presumptions are challenged in the paper. Contracts that jobseekers are forced to sign with providers of employment services curtail their autonomy not only to the extent that they cannot avoid unproductive activity tests imposed on them, but also from a lifetime perspective in cases where they are forced into inferior jobs. In job-short economies, employers are also certain to discriminate against disadvantaged jobseekers notwithstanding the intensity of their effort or openness to occupational change.
A trend towards increasing viral load in newly diagnosed HIV-infected inpatients in southeast China
Authors: CHEN Y. , WANG Z. , HUANG A. , YUAN J. , WEI D. , YE H. 
Published: January 2016

SUMMARYPeripheral blood viral load is an important indicator of viral production and clearance. Previous studies have suggested that viral load might predict the rate of decrease in CD4+cell count and progression to AIDS and death. Here, we conducted a retrospective analysis of the trends in HIV-1 viral load in southeast China. Among inpatients newly diagnosed with HIV infection, we found that viral load has increased over the past decade from 4·20 log10copies/ml in 2002 to 6·61 log10copies/ml in 2014, with a mean increase of 0·19 log10copies/ml each year. However, the CD4+cell count was stable and insensitive to changes in viral load. Thus, increasing viral load appears to be an emerging trend in newly diagnosed HIV-infected inpatients.
Health and health-related quality of life in pig farmers carrying livestock-associated methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: VAN CLEEF B. A. G. L , VAN BENTHEM B. H. B. , VERKADE E. J. M. , VAN RIJEN M. M. L. , KLUYTMANS-VAN DEN BERGH M. F. Q. , GRAVELAND H. , BOSCH T. , VERSTAPPEN K. M. H. W. , WAGENAAR J. A. , HEEDERIK D. , KLUYTMANS J. A. J. W. 
Published: January 2016

SUMMARYThere is limited knowledge about the effect of livestock-associated methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(LA-MRSA) carriage on health-related quality of life (QoL). With this study, we explored whether LA-MRSA causes infections or affects health-related QoL in pig farmers. This prospective cohort study surveyed persons working on 49 farrowing pig farms in The Netherlands for 1 year (2010–2011). On six sampling moments, nasal swabs, environmental samples and questionnaires on activities and infections were collected. At the end of the study year, persons were asked about their QoL using the validated SF-36 and EQ-5D questionnaires. Of 120 persons, 44 (37%) were persistent MRSA carriers. MRSA carriage was not associated with infections, use of antimicrobials, healthcare contact and health-related QoL items in univariate or multivariate analysis, most likely due to the ‘healthy worker effect’. Despite high carriage rates, the impact of LA-MRSA carriage in this population of relatively healthy pig farmers on health and health-related QoL appears limited; more research is needed for confirmation.