bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Open Classes: Evaluation of an Innovation Program
Authors: Roseth Naomi 
Published: December 2016

A two‐year research program was carried out to evaluate the workings of open education classes in primary schools. Four studies were conducted. Two were comparative: instruments testing cognitive and non‐cognitive variables by the use of standardized as well as behavioural probe measures were administered to experimental (open) and control (traditional) classes. Tests of mathematics, reading, inquiry, cooperation, yielding to authority and creativity showed no differences between children in open and traditional classes. The work of children in the experimental class was less affected by the teachers' absence from the classroom than that of children in the control class.A third study involved interviews aimed at assessing children's views about the open classroom. A fourth study involved behavioural observations of the use a sample of children made of the special features of the open classroom.
Social Legislation in Australia
Authors: Cole Stuart 
Published: December 2016

Despite strong public interest in law reform by both state and federal governments, very little has been written about social legislation in Australia. Discussions about social legislation frequently proceed with each participant assuming an individual and subjective definition of social legislation; rarely is there agreement about the role and purpose of social legislation.This paper examines some writings on social policy in an effort to provide a definition of social legislation; a basis for identifying legislation as ‘social’ is provided. It is argued that for legislation to be social it must have a distributional character.Further consideration is given to the role of social legislation and the motivations for introducing legislative measures to deal with social ills. Attention is focused on approach, rights and tokenism in social legislation.
Motoring Offences as Crime: Some Priorities for Social and Action Research
Authors: Homel Ross 
Published: December 2016

This paper highlights recent trends in criminology and assesses their relevance for road safety research. It is concluded that research priorities should be in the areas of general deterrence (particularly the value of random breath testing), physical prevention and study of the criminal justice system (especially the police). In addition, close attention should be paid to the political context within which the research is carried out.Lessons for methodology include greater use of direct and self reported measures of behaviour in addition to official statistics, experimental techniques rather than ‘quasi‐experimental’, where possible, and interrupted time series analyses of the effects of legislative changes. There is a great need for a close analysis of the way in which traffic crash and violation data are recorded.
HINE‐TITAMA: MAORI CONTRIBUTIONS TO FEMINIST DISCOURSES AND IDENTITY POLITICS
Authors: Diamond Jo 
Published: December 2016

‘Post‐colonial criticism bears witness to the unequal and uneven forces of cultural representation involved in the contest for political and social authority within the modern world order’. (Homi Bhabha 1994, p. 171)Feminist discourses attend to the experiences of women in many social spheres, including that of the artworld. In this paper I, as a Maori woman, offer an outline of Postcolonial Maori Feminism that complies with the cultural theorist Homi Bhabha's notion of ‘Post‐colonial criticism’. The connection between feminist discourse and the accomplished Maori artist Robyn Kahukiwa has not been strongly emphasised in current published literature. The cultural context that Robyn Kahukiwa refers to in her art is, primarily, that of Maori women. I argue, by using one exemplary picture entitled Hine‐Titama, that Robyn Kahukiwa and her artwork align with the work of some other Maori feminists. I also posit an association between Kahukiwa and some examples of ‘non‐Maori’ feminist writing that furthers our understanding of cultural identities based on gender and race. I refer to those cultural identities as they relate to Maori women in New Zealand.
CIVIL CONSCRIPTION OR RECIPROCAL OBLIGATION: THE ETHICS OF ‘WORK‐FOR‐THE‐DOLE’
Authors: Bessant Judith 
Published: December 2016

The Coalition parties campaigned on the need to create ‘real jobs’ during the 1996 Federal election. After a number of years in office joblessness, both for young people and prime age workers, remains as high as ever. Yet as major companies and government agencies continued to downsize their work force, the Coalition government decided to respond to this central social problem by introducing a ‘new’ plan that initially required some young people (between the age of 18–24 years) to work for their unemployment benefits. Those ‘eligible’ for participation in the program have been extended from its original ‘youth target’ to included older people. Prime Minister Howard maintained that his ‘work for the dole scheme’ will give priority to the long‐term unemployed and thereby help jobless young people, who he claims have lost the incentive to work and/or become welfare dependents, to re‐enter the labour market (DEETYA, 1998).In the first part of this article I query official justifications for the Australian workfare scheme; concentrating on the arguments for reciprocal obligation, I ask what those rationales indicate about government understandings of the causes of unemployment. In the later part of the article I assess the value of the scheme in terms of certain human rights criteria, arguing that it contravenes the Australian constitutions which prohibit any form of civil conscription.As I indicate, the workfare scheme provides little if any reasonable economic justifications, and none have been advanced by the Howard government. Although I concentrate on the Howard government's work‐for‐the‐dole policy initiative, it needs to be made clear that the principle of reciprocal obligation is not unique to the Liberal National Coalition government, it provides the basis for similar programs in the UK, USA and Canada. It was also embedded in the Keating Labor government's ‘Working Nation’ and has been practiced within many Aboriginal communities for many years.
SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP — FALSE PREMISES AND DANGEROUS FOREBODINGS
Authors: Cook Beth , Dodds Chris , Mitchell William 
Published: December 2016

As a reaction against neo‐liberalism, Social Entrepreneurship has been promoted as the solution to welfare problems brought about by social change and persistent unemployment. The Social Entrepreneurship Movement (SEM) proposes the reconstruction of welfare by building social partnerships between the public, social and business sectors. Major aspects of this agenda include non‐profit organisations undertaking entrepreneurial ventures and the pooling of government welfare funding under the control of local communities.In this paper we argue that the SEM literature is based on two false premises: the failure to understand the true causes of mass unemployment, and the assumption that the government faces financial constraints in the provision of welfare services. We also argue that implementation of the SEM proposals would erode the rights‐based eligibility to universal welfare services based on the principle of social justice. We also conclude that the SEM is indistinguishable from neo‐liberalism and as such does not represent a viable solution to unemployment and the welfare needs that accompany it.
Equipping child protection practitioners to intervene to protect children from cumulative harm: legislation and policy in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Broadley Karen 
Published: December 2016

Many children are repeatedly reported to statutory child protection services, but do not receive the protection they need. Many such children are suffering chronic maltreatment, which is likely to result in cumulative harm. Chronic maltreatment encompasses emotional abuse and chronic neglect. As a result, children can experience a range of cognitive, emotional, and behavioural problems that are more serious than those associated with other abuse types.This paper focuses on the Victorian statutory child protection system, and considers why cumulative harm is not receiving the attention the legislation intends. Under the Victorian legislation cumulative harm must be proven on grounds of emotional abuse and/or neglect. However, it is difficult for child protection practitioners to place before the court the necessary evidence to establish these grounds.The paper concludes that the legal definitions of emotional abuse and neglect should not require evidence of a link between the abusive actions of the parent and the poor outcomes for the child. The evidentiary focus should be on the actions of the parent. Furthermore, legislation should focus on abusive parental behaviours that are likely to result in cumulative harm, which are more concrete and measureable than emotional abuse and neglect, such as intimate partner violence and parental illicit drug use.
Shaping attitudes to disability employment with a national disability insurance scheme
Authors: Hemphill Elizabeth , Kulik Carol T. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractApproximately twenty per cent of the world's population has some form of disability, but workforce participation of people with disability has been intractably low. In an effort to improve the economic and social participation of people with disability, the Australian Government introduced legislation in 2013 designed to provide individualised support and encourage communities and employers to be more receptive to people with disability. The authors surveyed 1,230 workforce members and 715 employer decision‐makers at three points in time (2010, 2012, and 2014) to examine how attitudes to people with disability and employer hiring behaviour are changing in response to the legislation. The evidence demonstrated that both groups are experiencing greater contact with people with disability, reporting more positive interactions with people with disability, and endorsing more reasons for employers hiring people with disability. However, these positive attitudes have not been accompanied by improvements in hiring: there was a decline in decision‐makers' hiring of people with disability from 2012 to 2014.
Mind the gap: the extent of violence against women with disabilities in Australia
Authors: Dowse Leanne , Soldatic Karen , Spangaro Jo , van Toorn Georgia 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA comprehensive national response to violence against women with disabilities is long overdue in Australia. Work to date suggests that the issue is endemic yet largely invisible. Responses at the national level are hampered by the lack of information regarding violence against women with disabilities due to under‐reporting and inadequate capture of the prevalence of this violence. This article explores approaches to collecting data regarding violence against women with disabilities in Australia and adds to the limited body of knowledge about the prevalence of violence for these women through interrogation of available data. Further analysis of the 2012 Personal Safety Survey data indicates that among women with disabilities aged under 50, 62 per cent have experienced violence since the age of 15, and women with disabilities had experienced three times the rate of sexual violence in the past 12 months compared to those without disabilities. These findings still do not represent the full extent of violence against women with disabilities, since the Personal Safety Survey samples only women who reside in private dwellings and excludes those living in disability care settings. Insight is offered as to what is needed to comprehensively capture the required data and the implications for policy.
Therapy of primary and metastatic liver cancer by human iPS cell‐derived myeloid cells producing interferon‐β
Authors: Sakisaka Masataka , Haruta Miwa , Komohara Yoshihiro , Umemoto Satoshi , Matsumura Keiko , Ikeda Tokunori , Takeya Motohiro , Inomata Yukihiro , Nishimura Yasuharu , Senju Satoru 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundiPS‐ML are myeloid lineage cells with a proliferative capacity derived from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. This study aimed to examine therapeutic effect of iPS‐ML producing interferon‐β (iPS‐ML/IFN‐β) towards primary and metastatic liver cancer and investigate the mechanism of that effect.MethodsWe established a xenograft model of liver metastasis by injecting the spleen of SCID mice with MKN‐45 human gastric cancer cells and also a primary liver cancer model by injecting SK‐HEP‐1 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells into the liver. After cancer lesions were established, iPS‐ML/IFN‐β was administered by intraperitoneal injection, and therapeutic effect was evaluated.ResultsThe i.p. injection of iPS‐ML/IFN‐β resulted in a significant retardation of cancer progression and prolonged mouse survival. The infiltration of i.p. administered iPS‐ML into tumor lesions located below the liver capsule was observed, suggesting tumor‐directed migration and penetration of the liver capsule by iPS‐ML. The IFN‐β concentration in the liver was maintained at levels sufficient to exert an anti‐cancer effect for at least 3 days post‐injection, accounting for the potent therapeutic effect obtained by injection two to three times per week.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the therapeutic potential of the iPS‐ML/IFN‐β in patients with liver cancer.
Discovery of novel potent nuclear factor kappa‐B inhibitors (IKK‐β) via extensive ligand‐based modeling and virtual screening
Authors: Al‐Sha'er Mahmoud A. , Almazari Inas S. , Taha Mutasem O. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractInhibitor kappa‐B kinase‐beta (IKK‐β) controls the activation of nuclear transcription factor kappa‐B and has been linked to inflammation and cancer. Therefore, inhibitors of this kinase should have potent anti‐inflammatory and anticancer properties. Accordingly, we explored the pharmacophoric space of 218 IKK‐β inhibitors to identify high‐quality binding models. Subsequently, genetic algorithm‐based quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) analysis was employed to select the best possible combination of pharmacophoric models and physicochemical descriptors that explain bioactivity variation among training compounds. Three successful pharmacophores emerged in 2 optimal QSAR equations (r12175 = 0.733, r12LOO = 0.52, F1 = 65.62, r12PRESS against 43 test inhibitors = 0.63 and r22175 = 0.683, r22LOO = 0.52, F2 = 72.66, r22PRESS against 43 test inhibitors = 0.65). Two pharmacophores were merged in a single binding model. Receiver operating characteristic curve validation proved the excellent qualities of this model. The merged pharmacophore and the associated QSAR equations were applied to screen the National Cancer Institute list of compounds. Ten hits were found to exhibit potent anti‐IKK‐β bioactivity, out of which, one illustrates IC50 of 11.0nM.
Spatiotemporal variability of Hokkaido's seasonal precipitation in recent decades and connection to water vapour flux
Authors: Duan Weili , He Bin , Sahu Netrananda , Luo Pingping , Nover Daniel , Hu Maochuan , Takara Kaoru 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTBased on 169 stations, annual, seasonal and monthly precipitation trends for the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido were analysed for the period 1980–2011 using the Mann–Kendall test and geostatistical interpolation techniques. Possible association with water vapour flux was explored usingERA‐Interim reanalysis data. Precipitation increased in Hokkaido over the study period at both the annual and seasonal scales. In general, the northwest had higher precipitation than the southeast in winter, autumn and on an interannual basis and precipitation tended to be concentrated in the southeast in both spring and summer. There was also more precipitation during warm times of the year. For example, precipitation occurred mainly during the summer, ranging from 233 to 751 mm and autumn, ranging from 218 to 724 mm, while precipitation was significantly less in winter and spring. Most stations with declining precipitation trends were located in areas with higher precipitation, such as the west in winter and autumn and the southeast fringe in summer and scattered across the areas with lower precipitation in spring. Increases in precipitation were mainly seen in February, May, June, July, September, November and December at more than 100 stations. Amongst these, almost all of the stations showed positive trends in May (168 stations) and July (165 stations). Finally, the changes of the water vapour transport and budget in whole‐layers between the period 1980–2011 possibly explained the spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation trends in Hokkaido.
The effect of radiation parameterization schemes on surface temperature in regional climate simulations over the MENA‐CORDEX domain
Authors: Zittis G. , Hadjinicolaou P. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTWe investigated the effect of radiation schemes on the performance of a climate version of the Weather, Research and Forecasting (CLWRF) model over a domain covering the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), so often called the Arab domain. The ability of the model to reproduce recent past climate conditions was tested with 30‐year simulations that cover the 1981–2010 period. The model was driven by the ERA‐Interim reanalyses at a horizontal resolution of 50 km. We explored the sensitivity of the model to the short‐ and long‐wave (LW) radiation parameterizations by testing the RRTMG and CAM3 schemes in order to optimize the model performance as a contribution to the MENA‐CORDEX initiative. The results have been compared with gridded surface observational data and satellite measurements for several variables, including mean, maximum and minimum 2‐m air temperature, total cloud cover and surface short‐ and LW radiation fluxes. The model is found to capture reasonably well the inter‐annual variability and the observed warming trends over the last three decades. Although we generally found that CAM3 driven simulations are relatively cooler than the RRTMG driven ones, each radiation scheme can give better results depending on the season, location and dominant land use type of each of the model's grid point. The largest discrepancies between these hindcast simulations are found over the desert part of the domain while they are found to closely agree over southern Europe.
New icing media for quality enhancement of chilled hake (Merluccius merluccius) using a jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) skin extract
Authors: Ezquerra‐Brauer Josafat Marina , Miranda José M , Chan‐Higuera Jesús Enrique , Barros‐Velázquez Jorge , Aubourg Santiago P 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDAn advanced strategy for chilled fish preservation, based on the inclusion in ice of an extract of jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) skin (JSS), is proposed. Aqueous solutions including acetic acid–ethanol extracts of JSS were tested at two different concentrations as icing media, with the effects on the quality evolution of chilled hake (Merluccius merluccius) being monitored.RESULTSA significant inhibition (P < 0.05) of microbial activity (aerobes, psychrotrophs, Enterobacteriaceae, proteolytic bacteria; pH, trimethylamine) was obtained in hake corresponding to the icing batch including the highest JSS concentration. Additionally, fish specimens from such icing conditions showed an inhibitory effect (P < 0.05) on lipid hydrolysis development, while no effect (P > 0.05) was depicted for lipid oxidation. Sensory analysis (skin and mucus development; eyes; gills; texture; external odour; raw and cooked flesh odour; flesh taste) indicated a shelf life extension of chilled hake stored in ice including the highest JSS concentration.CONCLUSIONA profitable use of JSS, an industrial by‐product during jumbo squid commercialisation, has been developed in the present work, which leads to a remarkable microbial inhibition and a significant shelf life extension of chilled hake. In agreement with previous research, ommochrome pigments (i.e. lipophilic‐type compounds) would be considered responsible for this preservative effect. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Voice disorders and associated risk markers among young adults in the United States
Authors: Bainbridge Kathleen E. , Roy Nelson , Losonczy Katalin G. , Hoffman Howard J. , Cohen Seth M. 
Published: December 2016

Objectives/HypothesisTo examine the prevalence of voice disorders in young adults and identify sociodemographic factors, health conditions, and behaviors associated with voice disorder prevalence.Study DesignCross‐sectional analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health.MethodsDuring home interviews, 14,794 young adults, aged 24 to 34 years, reported their health conditions and behaviors. Presence and duration of voice disorders were reported over the past 12 months. We computed overall and stratified prevalence estimates by age, gender, race/ethnicity, medical conditions, smoking, and alcohol use. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors for a voice disorder while accounting for the complex sample design.ResultsSix percent of participants reported a voice disorder lasting at least 3 days. Females had 56% greater odds of voice disorders than males. Number of days drinking alcohol was associated with voice disorders, but number of smoking days was not. Conditions that increased the likelihood of voice disorders included hypertension (OR = 1.42 [95% confidence interval {CI}: 1.07‐1.89]), tinnitus (OR = 1.53 [95% CI: 1.06‐2.20]), and anxiety/panic disorder (OR = 1.26 [95% CI: 1.00‐1.60]). Results were independent of gender, alcohol consumption, upper respiratory symptoms, and lower respiratory conditions including asthma, bronchitis/emphysema, and gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea/nausea/vomiting).ConclusionsVoice disorders in young adulthood were associated with hypertension, tinnitus, and anxiety. Greater awareness of these relationships may facilitate voice evaluation among people who seek healthcare for these chronic conditions.Level of Evidence2b Laryngoscope, 127:2093–2099, 2017
A Practical Approach to Reaction Calorimetry in Presence of Supercritical Vinylidene Fluoride
Authors: Méndez‐Ecoscia Ana C. , Sheibat‐Othman Nida , McKenna Timothy F. L. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryA practical approach was implemented to follow the kinetics of the polymerization of supercritical vinylidene fluoride via emulsion polymerization using reaction calorimetry on a 4L laboratory scale reactor, in batch and semi‐batch mode. The heat flow term was studied by determining the dynamic evolution of the system under both non‐reactive and reactive conditions. Simultaneous estimations of the evolution of overall heat transfer coefficient and heat of reaction were determined using a high‐gain nonlinear cascade state estimator. Estimation strategy and hypotheses were validated by comparing the reaction rates obtained independently by calorimetry on the one hand and direct measurement of monomer consumption on the other. It was shown that while the presence of supercritical fluid in the head space led to some unexpected variation of the overall heat transfer coefficient, the method proposed here is robust enough that accurate values of the heat flow were obtained under all conditions.