bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A household SIR epidemic model incorporating time of day effects
Authors: Neal Peter 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
During the course of a day an individual typically mixes with different groups of individuals. Epidemic models incorporating population structure with individuals being able to infect different groups of individuals have received extensive attention in the literature. However, almost exclusively the models assume that individuals are able to simultaneously infect members of all groups, whereas in reality individuals will typically only be able to infect members of any group they currently reside in. In this paper we develop a model where individuals move between a community and their household during the course of the day, only infecting within their current group. By defining a novel branching process approximation with an explicit expression for the probability generating function of the offspring distribution, we are able to derive the probability of a major epidemic outbreak.
Convergence to the structured coalescent process
Authors: Kozakai Ryouta , Shimizu Akinobu , Notohara Morihiro 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe coalescent was introduced by Kingman (1982a), (1982b) and Tajima (1983) as a continuous-time Markov chain model describing the genealogical relationship among sampled genes from a panmictic population of a species. The random mating in a population is a strict condition and the genealogical structure of the population has a strong influence on the genetic variability and the evolution of the species. In this paper, starting from a discrete-time Markov chain model, we show the weak convergence to a continuous-time Markov chain, called the structured coalescent model, describing the genealogy of the sampled genes from whole population by means of passing the limit of the population size. Herbots (1997) proved the weak convergence to the structured coalescent on the condition of conservative migration and Wright–Fisher-type reproduction. We will give the proof on the condition of general migration rates and exchangeable reproduction.
Gerber–Shiu distribution at Parisian ruin for Lévy insurance risk processes
Authors: Baurdoux Erik J. , Pardo Juan Carlos , Pérez José Luis , Renaud Jean-François 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Inspired by the works of Landriault et al. (2011), (2014), we study the Gerber–Shiu distribution at Parisian ruin with exponential implementation delays for a spectrally negative Lévy insurance risk process. To be more specific, we study the so-called Gerber–Shiu distribution for a ruin model where at each time the surplus process goes negative, an independent exponential clock is started. If the clock rings before the surplus becomes positive again then the insurance company is ruined. Our methodology uses excursion theory for spectrally negative Lévy processes and relies on the theory of so-called scale functions. In particular, we extend the recent results of Landriault et al. (2011), (2014).
Convergence of tandem Brownian queues
Authors: López Sergio I. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIt is known that in a stationary Brownian queue with both arrival and service processes equal in law to Brownian motion, the departure process is a Brownian motion, identical in law to the arrival process: this is the analogue of Burke's theorem in this context. In this paper we prove convergence in law to this Brownian motion in a tandem network of Brownian queues: if we have an arbitrary continuous process, satisfying some mild conditions, as an initial arrival process and pass it through an infinite tandem network of queues, the resulting process weakly converges to a Brownian motion. We assume independent and exponential initial workloads for all queues.
Sparre Andersen identity and the last passage time
Authors: Ivanovs Jevgenijs 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIt is shown that the celebrated result of Sparre Andersen for random walks and Lévy processes has intriguing consequences when the last time of the process in (-∞, 0], say σ, is added to the picture. In the case of no positive jumps this leads to six random times, all of which have the same distribution—the uniform distribution on [0, σ]. Surprisingly, this result does not appear in the literature, even though it is based on some classical observations concerning exchangeable increments.
Distribution of the quasispecies for a Galton–Watson process on the sharp peak landscape
Authors: Dalmau Joseba 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
We study a classical multitype Galton–Watson process with mutation and selection. The individuals are sequences of fixed length over a finite alphabet. On the sharp peak fitness landscape together with independent mutations per locus, we show that, as the length of the sequences goes to ∞ and the mutation probability goes to 0, the asymptotic relative frequency of the sequences differing on k digits from the master sequence approaches (σe-a - 1)(ak/k!)∑i≥ 1ik/σi, where σ is the selective advantage of the master sequence and a is the product of the length of the chains with the mutation probability. The probability distribution Q(σ, a) on the nonnegative integers given by the above equation is the quasispecies distribution with parameters σ and a.
Optimization results for a generalized coupon collector problem
Authors: Anceaume Emmanuelle , Busnel Yann , Schulte-Geers Ernst , Sericola Bruno 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In this paper we study a generalized coupon collector problem, which consists of analyzing the time needed to collect a given number of distinct coupons that are drawn from a set of coupons with an arbitrary probability distribution. We suppose that a special coupon called the null coupon can be drawn but never belongs to any collection. In this context, we prove that the almost uniform distribution, for which all the nonnull coupons have the same drawing probability, is the distribution which stochastically minimizes the time needed to collect a fixed number of distinct coupons. Moreover, we show that in a given closed subset of probability distributions, the distribution with all its entries, but one, equal to the smallest possible value is the one which stochastically maximizes the time needed to collect a fixed number of distinct coupons.
Extension of de Bruijn's identity to dependent non-Gaussian noise channels
Authors: Khoolenjani Nayereh Bagheri , Alamatsaz Mohammad Hossein 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
De Bruijn's identity relates two important concepts in information theory: Fisher information and differential entropy. Unlike the common practice in the literature, in this paper we consider general additive non-Gaussian noise channels where more realistically, the input signal and additive noise are not independently distributed. It is shown that, for general dependent signal and noise, the first derivative of the differential entropy is directly related to the conditional mean estimate of the input. Then, by using Gaussian and Farlie–Gumbel–Morgenstern copulas, special versions of the result are given in the respective case of additive normally distributed noise. The previous result on independent Gaussian noise channels is included as a special case. Illustrative examples are also provided.
Asymptotic behaviour near extinction of continuous-state branching processes
Authors: Berzunza Gabriel , Pardo Juan Carlos 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn this paper we study the asymptotic behaviour near extinction of (sub-)critical continuous-state branching processes. In particular, we establish an analogue of Khintchine's law of the iterated logarithm near extinction time for a continuous-state branching process whose branching mechanism satisfies a given condition.
Molecular and phylogenetic analyses of the liver amphistome Explanatum explanatum (Creplin, 1847) Fukui, 1929 in ruminants from Bangladesh and Nepal based on nuclear ribosomal ITS2 and mitochondrial nad1 sequences
Authors: Mohanta U.K. , Rana H.B. , Devkota B. , Itagaki T. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractExplanatum explanatum flukes, liver amphistomes of ruminants, cause significant economic loss in the livestock industry by inducing severe liver damage. A total of 66 flukes from 26 buffaloes and 7 cattle in four different geographic areas of Bangladesh and 20 flukes from 10 buffaloes in the Chitwan district of Nepal were subjected for analysis. The sequences (442 bp) of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of ribosomal DNA and the variable fragments (657 bp) of mitochondrial nicotinamide dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) of E. explanatum flukes from Bangladesh and Nepal were analysed. The aim of this study was molecular characterization of the flukes and to elucidate their origin and biogeography. In the ITS2 region, two genotypes were detected among the flukes from Bangladesh, while flukes from Nepal were of only one genotype. Phylogenetic analyses inferred from the nad1 gene revealed that at least four divergent populations (groups I–IV) are distributed in Bangladesh, whereas two divergent populations were found to be distributed in Nepal. Fst values (pairwise fixation index) suggest that Bangladeshi and Nepalese populations of group I to IV are significantly different from each other; but within groups III and IV, the populations from Bangladesh and Nepal were genetically close. This divergence in the nad1 gene indicates that each lineage of E. explanatum from diverse geography was co-adapted during the multiple domestication events of ruminants. This study, for the first time, provides molecular characterization of E. explanatum in Bangladesh and Nepal, and may provide useful information for elucidating its origin and dispersal route in Asia.
2. Note on Knots on Endless Cords
Authors: Kempe A. B. 
Published: June 2016

1.Each crossing divides the cord into two loops.2.Any other crossing either lies on both these loops, say is linked to the former crossing, or on one loop only, say is not linked to the former crossing.3.It can be shown without difficulty that if crossing a is linked to crossing b, then crossing b is linked to crossing a; and therefore, also, if crossing a is not linked to crossing b, crossing b is not linked to crossing a.4.Hence pairs of crossings are of two sorts, viz., linked and unlinked.
3. Note on the Effects of Explosives
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

AbstractMany of the victims of the dynamite explosion, a year or two ago, in the London Underground Railway, are said to have lost the drum of one ear only, that nearest to the source. This seems to point to a projectile, not an undulatory, motion of the air and of the gases produced by the explosion. So long, in fact, as the disturbance travels faster than sound, it must necessarily be of this character, and would be capable of producing such effects.Another curious fact apparently connected with the above is the (considerable) finite diameter of a flash of forked lightning. Such a flash is always photographed as a line of finite breadth, even when the focal length is short and the focal adjustment perfect. This cannot be ascribed to irradiation. The air seems, in fact, to be driven outwards from the track of the discharge with such speed as to render the immediately surrounding air instantaneously self-luminous by compression.
6. The Nephridia of Lanice conchilega, Malmgren
Authors: Cunningham J. T. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe excretory system in this species has never been adequately described; it presents an extremely interesting condition from a morphological point of view. There are four well-developed nephridia in somites 6–9, inclusive. Each of these commences by an internal aperture or nephrostome, and consists of a bent tube or loop, the inner side (the side nearer the median plane) of the loop being connected with the nephrostome, while the outer passes downwards and opens into a longitudinal tube common to all the four nephridia of a side. Four openings, corresponding to the four nephridia, place the longitudinal tube in communication with the exterior; these openings are close behind the upper ends of the 2nd to the 5th uncinigerous tori respectively; the 1st uncinigerous torus being in the 5th somite. The longitudinal tube is continued backwards on each side through somites 10–13, representing four more coalesced nephridia; but in this region there are neither internal nor external openings, nor any loops similar to those in the more interior region; the longitudinal tube is simple, almost cylindrical, showing slight indentations between the successive somites, which mark where the successive nephridia have coalesced. The outer side of the whole longitudinal tube is in contact with the ventral longitudinal muscles, while the upper and inner side is beneath the oblique muscles. The internal openings already mentioned are situated immediately behind the notopodial fascicles of setae of somites 5–8 inclusive. The longitudinal tube extends into the 5th somite, but I could not find there an external opening. Behind the 1st to the 4th somites are traces of incomplete septa, of which that behind the 4th is the most complete. Attached to the front of the latter septum is a nephrostome, but I could not trace any connection between this and the part of the tube in the 5th somite. There are two other well-marked nephrostomata attached to the septa behind somites 2 and 3, and these openings lead into tubes seen in somites 3 and 4. I could not find external openings in the two latter somites. There are thus eleven nephridia represented altogether,—three rudimentary, in somites 3, 4, 5; four perfect, in somites 6–9; and four imperfect, in somites 10–13; the eight posterior being all in communication, their distal parts having fused to form a longitudinal tube. This is the first case in which such a longitudinal coalescence of nephridia has been discovered, and its morphological similarity to the condition in Vertebrates is obvious.
6. On the Compressibility of Water and of Different Solutions of Common Salt
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

Within the limits of the experiments, which were for t from 0° C. to 15° C, and forp from 1 to 3 tons-weight per square inch, it was found that the average compressibility of water per atmosphere may be fairly represented bya formula which, while very convenient for application in the hydrostatic equations, extends to the whole range of temperature and pressure ordinarily occurring in nature.
5. On the Thermoelectric Properties of Iron
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

For some time Signor Battelli has been engaged, with remarkable success, in measuring directly the amount of the ‘Thomson effect’ in various metals.With the exception of iron, the common metals have given him results coinciding as closely as could be expected with those I found in 1872 by an indirect method. Among other particularly satisfactory things, he has directly verified the first of the two changes of sign of the Thomson effect in nickel. And I think it will be allowed that what I introduced long ago as a mere working hypothesis,–that the Thomson effect is directly proportional to the absolute temperature,–if it was not completely established as a fact by my own experiments, has been made absolutely certain by the recent work of Campbell and of Battelli.
7. Arrested Twin Development
Authors: Brown Macdonald 
Published: June 2016

One of the most interesting departments of embryology is that which treats of twin development, and the many forms of abnormality or monstrosity produced by the arrest or modification of its process.When the first cleft of the ovum is incomplete at some part, and two organisms arise from its halves, arrested twin development in its widest sense occurs, and a form of double monstrosity results. That the condition is due to imperfect cleavage, and not to a fusion of two ova, is shown by the fact that the sex of the twins is invariably the same, and, as Ahlfeld has pointed out, that they are always united at identical parts. The individuals are rarely of equal size and perfection of structure, although there are several instances on record where such was the case; more commonly one of the organisms has its growth arrested at an early period of life, and clings as a parasite to the fully developed autosite. In such cases the parasite varies in size and form, existing sometimes as an almost complete organism, possessing not only external parts, but internal organs; at other times, it is represented by a limb or part of such, only (as in the case described by Handyside). This arrested development of the second organism (parasitism) is undoubtedly due to an incomplete blood supply passing to the second fœtus, a condition brought about either by placental changes, or changes within the body of the monster itself, at a very early period of intrauterine life.
The Theory of Determinants in the Historical Order of its Development
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2016

In Reiss we have an author who starts to his subject as if it were entirely new, the only preceding mathematician whom he mentions being Lagrange. Like Cauchy he opens by explaining a mode of forming functions more general than those of which he afterwards treats, the essence of it being that an expression involving several of the n.v quantities,is taken, and each exponent (“exposant”) changed successively with all the other exponents, α, β, …, or each base changed with all the other bases, a, b,.… Only a line or two, however, is given to this, the special class known to us as determinants being taken up at once.
Strophanthus hispidus –continued: Pharmacological Action
Authors: Fraser Thomas R. 
Published: June 2016

(Abstract.)Strophanthus extract and Strophanthin are substances of great pharmacological activity, as, by subcutaneous administration, Strophanthin produces death in average-sized frogs with a dose of . of a grain, and in rabbits weighing about 3 lbs. with a dose of of a grain. The kind of action is the same with both substances, and therefore Strophanthin may properly be regarded as the active principle of Strophanthus hispidus.
Report on Atmospheric Circulation, based on the Observations made on Board H.M.S. “Challenger” 1873–76
Authors: Buchan Alexander 
Published: June 2016

(Abstract.)In these papers the meteorological observations taken during the voyage of the “Challenger ” are discussed; and, from data collected from all parts of the world, fifty-two maps have been prepared, showing for each month of the year the distribution of temperature and pressure over the globe and the prevailing winds. Part I. deals with the diurnal, and Part II. with the seasonal phenomena of meteorology.
On the Nature of a Voluntary Muscular Movement
Authors: Haycraft John Berry 
Published: June 2016

(Abstract)Histologists have long ago demonstrated that a muscle is not a simple histological unit, and that it consists of innumerable muscle fibres associated together in fasciculi, each muscle fibre being brought into individual relationship with the central nervous system by its own fibre. Physiologists have been too apt to overlook this fact, and have regarded a muscle as a simple indivisible physiological unit. When a muscle or its nerve are stimulated by an instantaneous electrical shock all the fibres contract together, for they are all stimulated in the same way, and at the same time. This is not the case, according to the investigations of the author, when the muscle contracts reflexly or voluntarily, and especially during any prolonged contraction. The individual fibres are then never completely co-ordinated together, and vary constantly in their “pull.” They are like a body of men pulling on a rope where perfect and prolonged co-ordination is impossible. The proof of this is obtained by the use of very delicate levers attached to different parts (fasciculi) of the same muscle. Two levers attached in this way to a muscle always give slightly different curves, evidence of individuality being very apparent. Experiments were conducted both upon the human masseter muscle and upon the gastrocnemius of a frog, and in each case the curves obtained by the two levers corresponding in the main always differed in detail.
Synthesis by Means of Electrolysis.—Part IV. Synthesis of Suberic and n-Dicarbododecanic Acids
Authors: Brown Crum , Walker James 
Published: June 2016

(Abstract)Suberic Acid.—In continuation of our syntheses of dibasic acids by* means of electrolysis, we have prepared suberic acid from glutaric acid, and from the former again a new acid, which we term w-dicarbododecanic acid.
List of the Fossil Dipnoi and Ganoidei of Fife and the Lothians
Authors: Traquair R. H. 
Published: June 2016

No district of Great Britain is so rich in genera and species of Carboniferous Dipnoi and Ganoidei as that of Fife and the Lothians, and in the frequency of entire specimens of these fishes it is only approached by North Staffordshire.Another feature of the greatest geological interest is the abundance of fish remains in estuarine strata below the horizon of the Millstone grit, whereby a means of comparing the Ganoid fish faunæ of the Upper and Lower divisions of the Carboniferous formation is afforded.
On an Optical Proof of the Existence of Suspended Matter in Flames
Authors: Stokes G. G. 
Published: June 2016

Dear Professor Tait,-—I write to put on paper an account of the observation I mentioned to you to-night, in case you should think it worth communicating to the Royal Society of Edinburgh.In the course of last summer I was led, in connection with some questions about lighthouses, to pass a beam of sunlight, condensed by a lens, through the flame of a candle. I noticed that where the cone of rays cut the luminous envelope there were two patches of light brighter than the general flame, which were evidently due to sunlight scattered by matter in the envelope which was in a state of suspension.
Application of Miller's Trisector to the Quinquesection of any Angle
Authors: Miller James N. 
Published: June 2016

The diagram outlines the Trisector as in the position in which the angle B A L, which may be any angle of less than 225°, is by its aid divided into five equal angles.That instrument was described to this Society in a communication submitted to them on the 4th of November last. It consists of two pieces, A I F D and BHG. Those pieces are conjoined, as the blades of a pair of scissors are, by a small cylindrical pin inserted in a small cylindrical hole at C in each of them, which it fits, and round which they may turn.
Note on the Standard of Relative Viscosity, and on “Negative Viscosity.”
Authors: Taylor W. W. 
Published: June 2016

The absolute viscosity calculated from the formula(where p = the pressure, t the time, r the radius, l the length of capillary, and v the volume of liquid), which connects the viscosity of a liquid with the rate of flow through a long capillary tube, is not often made use of, mainly on account of the difficulty of accurately determining some of the constants (r in particular).
The Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Chlorides, Bromides, and Iodides
Authors: Taylor W. W. , Ranken Clerk 
Published: June 2016

Summary1. We have determined the relative viscosity of aqueous solutions of KCl, KBr, KI, HCl, HBr at 0°, 15°, and 25° C.; and at concentrations of 1 mol., 2 mol., and 3 mol. per litre. Also the equivalent conductivity of the same solutions at 0° C.2. The change of viscosity with change of temperature diminishes from Cl-Br-I.3. The effect of concentration on the viscosity depends on the temperature: it may affect the viscosity in opposite directions at different temperatures.4. There are considerable differences in viscosity of chloride, bromide, and iodide, and especially in the effect of changes in concentration and temperature.