bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantification of breast lesion compositions using low‐dose spectral mammography: A feasibility study
Authors: Ding Huanjun , Sennung David , Cho Hyo‐Min , Molloi Sabee 
Published: September 2016

PurposeThe positive predictive power for malignancy can potentially be improved, if the chemical compositions of suspicious breast lesions can be reliably measured in screening mammography. The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of quantifying breast lesion composition, in terms of water and lipid contents, with spectral mammography.MethodsPhantom and tissue samples were imaged with a spectral mammography system based on silicon‐strip photon‐counting detectors. Dual‐energy calibration was performed for material decomposition, using plastic water and adipose‐equivalent phantoms as the basis materials. The step wedge calibration phantom consisted of 20 calibration configurations, which ranged from 2 to 8 cm in thickness and from 0% to 100% in plastic water density. A nonlinear rational fitting function was used in dual‐energy calibration of the imaging system. Breast lesion phantoms, made from various combinations of plastic water and adipose‐equivalent disks, were embedded in a breast mammography phantom with a heterogeneous background pattern. Lesion phantoms with water densities ranging from 0% to 100% were placed at different locations of the heterogeneous background phantom. The water density in the lesion phantoms was measured using dual‐energy material decomposition. The thickness and density of the background phantom were varied to test the accuracy of the decomposition technique in different configurations. In addition, an in vitro study was also performed using mixtures of lean and fat bovine tissue of 25%, 50%, and 80% lean weight percentages as the background. Lesions were simulated by using breast lesion phantoms, as well as small bovine tissue samples, composed of carefully weighed lean and fat bovine tissues. The water densities in tissue samples were measured using spectral mammography and compared to measurement using chemical decomposition of the tissue.ResultsThe thickness of measured and known water contents was compared for various lesion configurations. There was a good linear correlation between the measured and the known values. The root‐mean‐square errors in water thickness measurements were 0.3 and 0.2 mm for the plastic phantom and bovine tissue backgrounds, respectively.ConclusionsThe results indicate that spectral mammography can be used to accurately characterize breast lesion composition in terms of their equivalent water and lipid contents.
Quantum phase transition and entanglement of one-dimensional spinless fermion model
Authors: Ouyang Sheng de , Mi Xian Wu , Zhou Yue Bing , Chen Xiong Wen , Song Ke Hui 
Published: September 2016

Motivated by recent developments in the field of 1D topological superconductors (TSCs), we investigate the phase transition properties of p-wave superconductor with 50 sites. In this paper, we first map the p-wave fermion model into the transverse [Formula: see text] model with an incommensurate modulated transverse field. We study the phase transition from TSC phase to Anderson localization phase by using imaginary time-evolving block decimation (TEBD) algorithm. By calculating the correlation function [Formula: see text], we numerically calculate the average correlation function in different p-wave pairing amplitude [Formula: see text]. By plotting the average correlation function versus the strength of incommensurate [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], we identify the phase transition from TSC phase to Anderson localization phase [X. M. Cai et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 176403 (2013)]. Last but not least, we give an average measure of the entanglement of a single site with the rest of the system and von Neumann entropy of two boundary sites for the same parameters showing that the system possesses very strong entanglement at the critical point. The finite size effect and Majorana fermions are discussed in this paper.
A Consistent AVHRR Visible Calibration Record Based on Multiple Methods Applicable for the NOAA Degrading Orbits. Part I: Methodology
Authors: Bhatt Rajendra , Doelling David R. , Scarino Benjamin R. , Gopalan Arun , Haney Conor O. , Minnis Patrick , Bedka Kristopher M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe 35-yr NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) observation record offers an excellent opportunity to study decadal climate variability, provided that all participating AVHRR instruments are calibrated on a consistent radiometric scale. Because of the lack of onboard calibration systems, the solar imaging channels of the AVHRR must be vicariously calibrated using invariant Earth targets as a calibrated reference source. The greatest challenge in calibrating the AVHRR dataset is the orbit degradation of the NOAA satellites, which eventually drift into a terminator orbit several years after launch. Therefore, the invariant targets must be characterized over the full range of solar zenith angles (SZAs) sampled by the satellite instrument.This study outlines a multiple invariant Earth target calibration approach specifically designed to account for the degrading NOAA orbits. The desert, polar ice, and deep convective cloud (DCC) invariant targets are characterized over all observed SZAs using NOAA-16 AVHRR measurements, which are referenced to the Aqua MODIS Collection 6 calibration via direct transfer of the MODIS calibration to the NOAA-16 AVHRR instrument using simultaneous nadir overpass (SNO) observations over the North Pole. The multiple invariant target calibrations are combined using the inverse of their temporal variance to optimize the resulting calibration stability. The NOAA-18 AVHRR gains derived using the desert, polar ice, and DCC targets, as well as from SNO, were found consistent within 1%, thereby validating that the Aqua MODIS calibration is effectively transferred to the reference calibration targets. The companion paper, Part II, applies the methodology across the AVHRR record to derive the sensor-specific calibration coefficients.
“The General Practice of the Nation”: Walt Whitman, Language, and Computerized Search in the Nineteenth-Century Archive
Authors: Binder Jeffrey M. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Word-search technologies have played a significant role in literary scholarship for decades, yet they have received little attention from literary theorists. This paper considers how we might more thoughtfully approach the use of search in navigating cultural material from the nineteenth century. Taking the writings of Walt Whitman as both an example and a theoretical foil, I argue that the use of these tools can amplify historical differences in word use that are relatively unimportant to close reading, influencing what sorts of texts we read in ways that are not immediately apparent. I suggest that if we as literary scholars are to use word search in our research, we should approach it from a philological point of view, actively exploring the limits of our knowledge about the linguistic practices of the past and considering the effects of technological mediation on our encounters with historical texts.
“Ha-Ha and Again Ha-Ha”: Laughter, Affect, and Emotion in Nathanael West’sThe Day of the Locust
Authors: McDonald Frances 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe eruptive burst of laughter—messy, convulsive, and involuntary—appears repeatedly in French poststructuralism as a metaphor for the productive cracking up of subjectivity. This essay posits that the philosophical potential of laughter is taken up in the American context not in critical theory, but in literature. Focusing in particular on the spasmodic howls and jarring barks of laughter that populate Nathanael West’s final novel, The Day of the Locust (1939), I examine laughter not as an emotional response to humor, but as a form of affect capable of convulsing being. To do so reveals the poststructuralist impulses of West’s novel, which explicitly stages the distinction between being and becoming through two different strains of laughter. The first is a self-reflexive laughter, an emotionally legible “ha-ha” that fixes the laughing person as a general type and in so doing camouflages him or her among the crowds of caricatures that inhabit West’s Hollywood. The second is what I term grotesque laughter—an affective overspill that dismantles subjectivity into a series of ontologically unstable performances.
On the Make: Truman Capote, Seriality, and the Performance of Celebrity
Authors: Bolling Ben 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This essay examines the serialized accrual of narrative in the transmedia celebrity construct of Truman Capote. Through historical and literary analysis of texts ranging from the travelogue The Muses are Heard (1956), the profile of Marlon Brando in “The Duke in His Domain” (1957) and the nonfiction novel In Cold Blood (1965), I argue that Capote’s most enduring text is his celebrity—an embodied serial that may be read as the performance of his unfinished masterpiece Answered Prayers. Capote as the celebrity-author models a site where narrative identities are rendered legible by the confluence of textual work and public performance.
“My Childhood Is Ruined!”: Harper Lee and Racial Innocence
Authors: Henninger Katherine 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis essay uses insights from Southern and childhood studies—particularly Robin Bernstein’s performative theories of racial innocence—to analyze Lee’s newly complicated contributions to understanding US racial histories. I argue that where To Kill a Mockingbird (1960), following American literary tradition, offers child-embodied racial innocence as a solution to injustice, Go Set a Watchman (2015) excoriates it as the problem. Deliberately and forcefully violating childlike trust in Atticus Finch’s racial paternalism, Lee in Watchman invites readers into what for many of her contemporaries, and ours, is uncharted territory: confronting racial injustice not as a black body in pain, or in a despised white Other, but as a system of white power embodied in the self. The extent to which childhood racial innocence is allowed to be ruined in each novel, and the manner of the rage this ruination occasions, offer an important lens into the desires, and the perceived needs, of contemporary readers in both 1960 and 2015.
Training of Future Technicians to the Use of IT Tools to Solve Professional Problems
Authors: �������  , Ivanova M. , ������������  , Abdulgalimov Gramudin 
Published: September 2016

The article presents the results of a study on development and implementation of methods of training future technicians to the use of IT tools to solve
professional problems. The main components of the readiness of the future technicians in the use of IT tools to solve professional problems and a model
of methodical system of formation of such a willingness and the necessary pedagogical conditions for its implementation are presented.
Monitoring of Preschool Education: Problems and Sdutions
Authors: ��������  , Miklyayeva Natalya 
Published: September 2016

The article describes the system of monitoring of preschool education, its problem and solutions. The author gives specialties of drawing up the program
of monitoring and implementation of types of monitoring activity on the basis of Federal state standard of preschool education.
Special attention is paid to the conditions allowing successfully organizing and carrying out a monitoring in the preschool general education organization.
The emphasis is placed on coordination of individual and group results of development of children. That�s why requirements to monitoring of
individual development and monitoring of an educational program of kindergarten are considered by the author. It is made on the basis of approximate
variable educational programs of preschool education.
There are examples of drawing up the passport and program of monitoring, the formulation of purposes and concretized results, the description of the
controlling actions, criteria and indicators which can be used in practice of kindergarten in the article.
Educational and Methodological Problems of Teaching the Humanities and the Social and Historical Disciplines in Engineering, Medical and Science Institutions of Higher Education: Nine Areas of Cooperation of �Cultural Studies� with Other Sciences and Professions
Authors: ��������  , Lotareva T. , �������  , Tarasov O. 
Published: September 2016

The article is addressed to the existing problems of interaction of human, technical and natural sciences in modern scientifi c educational space. Main
topics of the article are focused on aspects of the interaction of the above disciplines in educational and methodical practice of teaching of high school
of Russian Far East, as well as the general principles of vocational training aids oriented. In the fi rst part of the article the basic problems of the teaching
of the humanities in higher education non-humanitarian profi le are considered. Higher school problems, regional and professional aspects are obtained.
In the second part of the article we analyze the direction of the interaction cultural studies and professionally � oriented disciplines. The result of the
study were proposals for the establishment of specialized textbooks on cultural science-oriented undergraduate, sectors of the economy, medicine, information
technology, law, etc.
Modern Ultrasonic Methods for Residual Wall Thickness Measurements of Metal Products under Protective Coatings
Authors: Сясько  , Syasko Vladimir , Булатов  , Bulatov Сергей 
Published: September 2016

With an increasing amount of work on residual thickness measurements of various metal products (petrochemical industry products, marine and bridge structures, transport infrastructure objects, etc.) the task of improving measurement performance is getting increasingly urgent. While measuring the residual wall thickness Hmet of coated metal products with the traditional ultrasonic methods, for example, probe-echo, a significant portion of time is spent to scrape a protective dielectric coating (most often paint) from the testing point and then to restore the coating after the measurements. In recent years the ultrasonic methods, which do not require the coating to be removed for measuring, are intensively developed. The optimal methods are the following: Echo-Echo, different Probe-Echo Coating (including the TopCOAT) and combined.
The article describes in detail the physical basis of the methods, block diagrams of two - and four-element double crystal transducers, time charts and algorithms for Hmet computing, which together enable the coating thickness value to be eliminated from the measurement results. The analysis of every method’s merits and demerits and the restrictions on its usage are given. The article also shows the ways to improve parameters of the equipment used for coated products testing as well as measures to increase the reliability of Hmet measurement results.
Automatic Flaw Detector Channels Sensitivity Adjustment with the Use of an Adaptive Threshold
Authors: Кисляковский  , Kislyakovsky Oleg , Чистякова  , Chistyakova Olga , Тарабрин  , Tarabrin Vladimir , Кононов  , Kononov Dmitriy 
Published: September 2016

Introduction. With high-speed total ultrasonic testing (UT) of the rails, the urgent task is to provide the required testing sensitivity under the impact of a significant number of adverse factors caused by the following reasons:
	unstable acoustic contact;
	incorrect flaw detector channel settings due to underskilled staff;
	a misalignment, for example when passing a small radius curve or when rails have significant lateral wear.
The listed factors lead to level changing of echo signals within a wide dynamic range as well as to echo amplitudes ratio changing of useful and noise signals. In contrast to manual testing when an operator has the possibility of multiple scanning, total rails testing by a mobile diagnostic system is fulfilled by only a single scan.
The objective of the work was to develop an optimal algorithm of flaw detector channels sensitivity adjustment and formulate the reasonable requirements for a mathematical model and hardware.
Method. Theoretical researches and experimental work were conducted and resulted in the development of a multichannel flaw detector for inspection of rails by mobile means. The analysis of different mathematical models has enabled the optimal algorithm for automatic channels sensitivity adjustment to be developed.
Results. The developed algorithm has allowed minimizing the impact of the negative factors and compensating the sensitivity to the level that enables high-speed single-scan rails testing to be fulfilled and maximum information at a high level of reliability to be recorded. Implementation of the adaptive threshold principle has made it possible to develop and offer the technique and technology for automatic flaw detector channels sensitivity adjustment.
Conclusion. The offered technique and technology can be fully put into practice with the developed flaw detector and its control software.
Chromium (III) Nitrate Nonahydrate: An Environmentally Benign and Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Facile One-Pot Biginelli Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-One/Thione Derivatives Under Solvent-Free Conditions
Authors: Lashkari Mojtaba , Heydari Reza , Mohamadpour Farzaneh 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The use of chromium(III) nitrate nonahydrate (Cr(NO3)3·9H2O) as an efficient, mild and economical catalyst for the one-pot three-component Biginelli synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-one/thione derivatives in the reaction between β-keto esters (methyl or ethyl acetoacetate), aromatic aldehydes (benzaldehye derivatives) and urea or thiourea under thermal and solvent-free conditions with good yields and short reaction times is reported. The most benefits of this synthetic method include the use of an efficient, eco-friendly, inexpensive and non-toxic catalyst, as well as the solvent-free conditions. All products were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy and melting point determination.
Relationship between linear velocity and tangential push force while turning to change the direction of the manual wheelchair
Authors: Hwang Seonhong , Lin Yen-Sheng , Hogaboom Nathan S. , Wang Lin-Hwa , Koontz Alicia M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWheelchair propulsion is a major cause of upper limb pain and injuries for manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injuries (SCIs). Few studies have investigated wheelchair turning biomechanics on natural ground surfaces. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between tangential push force and linear velocity of the wheelchair during the turning portions of propulsion. Using an instrumented handrim, velocity and push force data were recorded for 25 subjects while they propel their own wheelchairs on a concrete floor along a figure-eight-shaped course at a maximum velocity. The braking force (1.03 N) of the inside wheel while turning was the largest of all other push forces (p<0.05). Larger changes in squared velocity while turning were significantly correlated with higher propulsive and braking forces used at the pre-turning, turning, and post-turning phases (p<0.05). Subjects with less change of velocity while turning needed less braking force to maneuver themselves successfully and safely around the turns. Considering the magnitude and direction of tangential force applied to the wheel, it seems that there are higher risks of injury and instability for upper limb joints when braking the inside wheel to turn. The results provide insight into wheelchair setup and mobility skills training for wheelchair users.
Fungal diversity of marine biofilms on artificial reefs in the north-central Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Salamone Amy L. , Robicheau Brent M. , Walker Allison K. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
We present the first characterization of fungal community diversity of natural mixed-species biofilms on artificial marine reefs. Four artificial reefs in the Mississippi (MS) Sound, USA, representing low-profile (underwater) and high-profile (periodically air-exposed) conditions were sampled every 3 months over a 23-month period to investigate changes in fungal diversity within reef biofilms. Fungal presence was assessed via PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of fungal ribosomal DNA, and by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of fungal ITS regions – the latter being used to track variation in fungal community structure with respect to season, location, and reef profile type. Fungal communities were also characterized taxonomically through both morphological identification and phylogenetic comparisons of ITS gene sequences, with 36 fungal genera cultured from reef biofilms. Using a multivariate statistical approach, significant temporal and spatial differences in fungal biofilm communities were detected. High-profile reefs differed significantly in biofilm fungal community composition across the 10 sampling periods. This assessment of marine fungal biofilm communities over time provides novel insights into the fungal diversity present on artificial reefs in an understudied region, the north-central Gulf of Mexico.
Honey bee: a consumer’s point of view
Authors: Zavodna Lucie Sara , Pospisil Jan Zavodny 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This article concerns the way bee products are perceived by customers. It is mainly focused on honey, which is considered the main output product of beekeeping. Beekeeping is a very popular activity in the Czech Republic. Based on current data there are over 48 thousand people engaged in beekeeping in the Czech Republic. Hand in hand with the increasing number of beekeepers the popularity of bee products - especially honey - among Czech consumers is also growing. Recently, the consumption of honey in the Czech Republic has been slightly increasing. A big problem today is that honey sold in Czech supermarkets is frequently falsified. At the same time, it is increasingly popular to buy honey directly from beekeepers. The aim of this research was to describe the situation about the honey market in the Czech Republic, and also to examine the relationship between consumers on the one hand, and honey/beekeepers on the other. We have also considered customer's trust in organic honey and honey sold in supermarket chains. Results show that consumers view bee products as generally healthy and prefer to buy bee products from a beekeeper because of greater convenience as locally sourced honey is perceived to be of higher quality. The majority of consumers agree with paying a higher price for a product of higher quality. The article confirmed the hypothesis that most people think that bee products sold by a beekeeper are healthier than those bought at ordinary shops.