bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in Atlantic horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) after single injection
Authors: Kirby A. , Lewbart G. A. , Hancock‐Ronemus A. , Papich M. G. 
Published: October 2017

The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and the metabolite ciprofloxacin were studied in horseshoe crabs after a single injection of 5 mg/kg. Twelve Atlantic horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) of undetermined age were injected with enrofloxacin into the dorsal cardiac sinus. Hemolymph samples were collected by syringe and needle at regular intervals for 120 hr. Samples were analyzed by high‐pressure liquid chromatography and compartmental analysis performed on the results. Following injection, the elimination half‐life (T½), peak concentration, area under the curve (AUC), and volume of distribution (VD) for enrofloxacin were 27.9 (29.13) hr, 8.98 (18.09) μg/ml, 367.38 (35.41) hr μg/ml, and 0.575 (20.48) L/kg, respectively (mean value, CV%). For ciprofloxacin, the elimination T½, peak concentration, and AUC were 61.36 (34.55) hr, 2.34 (24.11) μg/ml, and 304.46 (24.69) μg hr/ml. In these animals, the ciprofloxacin concentrations comprised an average of 45.8% of the total fluoroquinolone concentrations, which is substantial compared to other marine invertebrates. The total AUC produced (sum of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin) was 682.69 ± 180.61 μg hr/ml. Concentrations that were achieved after a single dose of 5 mg/kg horseshoe crabs were sufficient to treat bacteria susceptible to enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin.
Pharmacokinetics and antinociceptive effects of the soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitort‐TUCBin horses with experimentally induced radiocarpal synovitis
Authors: Guedes A. G. P. , Aristizabal F. , Sole A. , Adedeji A. , Brosnan R. , Knych H. , Yang J. , Hwang S.‐H. , Morisseau C. , Hammock B. D. 
Published: October 2017

This study determined the pharmacokinetics, antinociceptive, and anti‐inflammatory effects of the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitort‐TUCB(trans‐4‐{4‐[3‐(4‐Trifluoromethoxy‐phenyl)‐ureido]‐cyclohexyloxy}‐benzoic acid) in horses with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced radiocarpal synovitis. A total of seven adult healthy mares (n = 4–6/treatment) were administered 3 μgLPSinto one radiocarpal joint andt‐TUCBintravenously (i.v.) at 0 (control), 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg in a blinded, randomized, crossover design with at least 3 weeks washout between. Two investigators independently assigned pain scores (at rest, walk and trot) and lameness scores before and up to 48 hr aftert‐TUCB/LPS. Responses to touching the joint skin to assess tactile allodynia, plasma, and synovial fluid (SF)t‐TUCBconcentrations were determined before and up to 48 hr aftert‐TUCB/LPS. Blood andSFwere collected for clinical laboratory evaluations before and up to 48 hr aftert‐TUCB/LPS. Areas under the curves of pain and lameness scores were calculated and compared between control and treatments. Data were analyzed using repeated measuresANOVAwith Dunnett or Bonferroni post‐test.p < .05 was considered significant. Data are mean ± SEM. Compared to control, pain, lameness, and tactile allodynia were significantly lower with 1 mg/kgt‐TUCB, but not the other doses. For 0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg/kgt‐TUCBtreatments, plasma terminal half‐lives were 13 ± 3, 13 ± 0.5, and 24 ± 5 hr, and clearances were 68 ± 15, 48 ± 5, and 14 ± 1 ml hr−1 kg−1. The 1 mg/kgt‐TUCBreached theSFat high concentrations. There were no important anti‐inflammatory effects. In conclusion,sEHinhibition witht‐TUCBmay provide analgesia in horses with inflammatory joint pain.
Entropy‐Based Optimal Sensor Placement for Model Identification of Periodic Structures Endowed with Bolted Joints
Authors: Yin Tao , Yuen Ka‐Veng , Lam Heung‐Fai , Zhu Hong‐ping 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe number of sensors and the corresponding locations are very important for the information content obtained from the measured data, which is a recognized challenging problem for large‐scale structural systems. This article pays special attention to the sensor placement issues on a large‐scale periodically articulated structure representing typical pipelines to extract the most information from measured data for the purpose of model identification. The minimal model parameter estimation uncertainties quantified by the information entropy (IE) measure is taken as the optimality criterion for sensors placement. By utilizing the inherent periodicity property of this type of structure together with the Bloch theorem, a novel tailor‐made modeling approach is proposed and the computational cost required for dynamic analysis to form the IE with respect to the entire periodic structure can be dramatically reduced regardless of the number of contained periodic units. In addition, to avoid the error of dynamic modeling induced by conventional finite element method based on static shape function, the spectral element method, a highly accurate dynamic modeling method, is employed for modeling the periodic unit. Moreover, a novel discrete optimization method is developed, which is very efficient in terms of the number of function evaluations. The proposed methodology is demonstrated by both numerical and laboratory experiments conducted for a bolt‐connected periodic beam model.
Food allergy in EAACI journals (2016)
Authors: Wahn Ulrich , Matricardi Paolo M , Bieber Thomas , Bousquet Jean , Grattan Clive , Simon Hans‐Uwe , Muraro Antonella , Agache Ioana 
Published: October 2017

AbstractOver the last years we have observed considerable progress in the area of food allergy, particularly in children. This review article focusses on important contributions which have lately been published in the three journals of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. A better understanding of allergens as well as the mechanisms of sensitization and tolerance induction may hopefully lead to a more targeted management of food allergy in the near future.
Agronomic and chemical performance of field‐grown tobacco engineered for triterpene and methylated triterpene metabolism
Authors: Jiang Zuodong , Kempinski Chase , Kumar Santosh , Kinison Scott , Linscott Kristin , Nybo Eric , Janze Sarah , Wood Connie , Chappell Joe 
Published: October 2017

SummarySqualene is a linear intermediate to nearly all classes of triterpenes and sterols and is itself highly valued for its use in wide range of industrial applications. Another unique linear triterpene is botryococcene and its methylated derivatives generated by the alga Botryococcus braunii race B, which are progenitors to fossil fuel deposits. Production of these linear triterpenes was previously engineered into transgenic tobacco by introducing the key steps of triterpene metabolism into the particular subcellular compartments. In this study, the agronomic characteristics (height, biomass accumulation, leaf area), the photosynthetic capacity (photosynthesis rate, conductance, internal CO2 levels) and triterpene content of select lines grown under field conditions were evaluated for three consecutive growing seasons. We observed that transgenic lines targeting enzymes to the chloroplasts accumulated 50–150 times more squalene than the lines targeting the enzymes to the cytoplasm, without compromising growth or photosynthesis. We also found that the transgenic lines directing botryococcene metabolism to the chloroplast accumulated 10‐ to 33‐fold greater levels than the lines where the same enzymes were targeted to in the cytoplasm. However, growth of these high botryococcene accumulators was highly compromised, yet their photosynthesis rates remained unaffected. In addition, in the transgenic lines targeting a triterpene methyltransferase (TMT) to the chloroplasts of high squalene accumulators, 55%–65% of total squalene was methylated, whereas in the lines expressing a TMT in the cytoplasm, only 6%–13% of squalene was methylated. The growth of these methylated triterpene‐accumulating lines was more compromised than that of nonmethylated squalene lines.
Clinical profile of congenital rubella syndrome in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Herini Elisabeth S. , Gunadi  , Triono Agung , Wirastuti Fita , Iskandar Kristy , Mardin Niprida , Soenarto Yati 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBackgroundCongenital rubella syndrome (CRS) has many severe neurological manifestations and other systemic consequences. Although various studies have been done in Indonesia, there are no conclusive results on CRS incidence. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the incidence, clinical manifestations and outcomes of CRS in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.MethodsA descriptive study involving a review of congenital anomalies associated with CRS was carried out at Dr Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, from July 2008 to June 2013. CRS was categorized according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. This study involved children aged <1 year old, and was conducted at the outpatient clinic, pediatric and neonatology wards.ResultsA total of 201 children met the criteria for suspected CRS during the 5 year study. Of those patients, 6% were classified as having laboratory‐confirmed CRS, 21.4% as having clinically compatible CRS, and 72.6% as having discarded CRS (i.e. a suspected case that does not meet the criteria for CRS). The estimated incidence of laboratory‐confirmed CRS and laboratory‐confirmed and clinically compatible CRS in Yogyakarta, Indonesia during the study period was 0.05:1,000 and 0.25:1,000 live births, respectively. Of the laboratory‐confirmed CRS patients, 83.3% of children had congenital heart disease (CHD), 75% had hearing impairment, 66.7% had congenital cataract and 50% had microcephaly. Furthermore, none of the mothers was vaccinated against rubella.ConclusionsThe incidence of CRS in infants in Yogyakarta Indonesia is considered high, with most clinical manifestations being CHD, hearing impairment and congenital cataract. This emphasizes the necessity for epidemiological study of CRS in other hospitals and the importance of establishing a national rubella vaccination program in Indonesia.
The Modern Profile of Tuberculosis: Developing the TB Social Survey to understand contemporary social patterns in tuberculosis
Authors: Noppert Grace A. , Clarke Philippa 
Published: October 2017

AbstractSocial disparities in tuberculosis have been documented for decades, yet to date there has not been a comprehensive study to examine the contemporary causes of these disparities. Local public health departments, and particularly public health nursing staff are charged with delivering directly observed therapy to individuals with tuberculosis disease. As a result of the frequency and duration of treatment, practitioners delivering therapy are often well‐acquainted with the lives and challenges of their constituents. Thus, through these practitioners there exists a deep repository of knowledge on the drivers of social disparities in tuberculosis disease. Partnering with local public health departments, we developed a survey instrument aimed at understanding the social profile of individuals with tuberculosis disease in metropolitan Detroit, Michigan. We discuss the development and implementation of the survey instrument as well as challenges in developing partnerships between academic researchers and local public health practitioners. This study can serve as a framework for both academic researchers and public health practitioners interested in addressing social disparities in infectious disease.
Unexpectedly high genetic diversity and divergence among populations of the apomictic Neotropical tree Miconia albicans
Authors: Dias A. C. C. , Serra A. C. , Sampaio D. S. , Borba E. L. , Bonetti A. M. , Oliveira P. E. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract

Since tropical trees often have long generation times and relatively small reproductive populations, breeding systems and genetic variation are important for population viability and have consequences for conservation. Miconia albicans is an obligate, diplosporous, apomictic species widespread in the Brazilian Cerrado, the savanna areas in central Brazil and elsewhere in the Neotropics. The genetic variability would be, theoretically, low within these male‐sterile and possibly clonal populations, although some variation would be expected due to recombination during restitutional meiosis.

We used ISSR markers to assess genetic diversity of M. albicans and to compare with other tropical trees, including invasive species of Melastomataceae. A total of 120 individuals from six populations were analysed using ten ISSR primers, which produced 153 fully reproducible fragments.

The populations of M. albicans presented mean Shannon's information index (I) of 0.244 and expected heterozygosity (He) of 0.168. Only two pairs of apparently clonal trees were identified, and genetic diversity was relatively high. A hierarchical amova for all ISSR datasets showed that 74% of the variance was found among populations, while only 26% of the variance was found within populations of this species. Multivariate and Bayesian analyses indicated marked separation between the studied populations.

The genetic diversity generated by restitutional meiosis, polyploidy and possibly other genome changes may explain the morpho‐physiological plasticity and the ability of these plants to differentiate and occupy such a wide territory and different environmental conditions. Producing enormous amounts of bird‐dispersed fruits, M. albicans possess weedy potential that may rival other Melastomataceae alien invaders.
An Assessment of the Causes of the Errors in the 2015 UK Gseneral Election Opinion Polls
Authors: Sturgis Patrick , Kuha Jouni , Baker Nick , Callegaro Mario , Fisher Stephen , Green Jane , Jennings Will , Lauderdale Benjamin E. , Smith Patten 
Published: October 2017

SummaryThe opinion polls that were undertaken before the 2015 UK general election underestimated the Conservative lead over Labour by an average of 7 percentage points. This collective failure led politicians and commentators to question the validity and utility of political polling and raised concerns regarding a broader public loss of confidence in survey research. We assess the likely causes of the 2015 polling errors. We begin by setting out a formal account of the statistical methodology and assumptions that are required for valid estimation of party vote shares by using quota sampling. We then describe the current approach of polling organizations for estimating sampling variability and suggest a new method based on bootstrap resampling. Next, we use poll microdata to assess the plausibility of different explanations of the polling errors. Our conclusion is that the primary cause of the polling errors in 2015 was unrepresentative sampling.
Financial Development, Growth Volatility and Information Asymmetry in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Does Law Matter?
Authors: Ibrahim Muazu , Alagidede Paul 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWe re‐examine the law–finance theory relying on 33 countries in sub‐Saharan Africa over the period 2004–2011. Our evidence suggests that legal origin significantly explains cross‐country differences in financial development and economic volatility. More importantly, relative to civil law, English common law countries and those in Southern Africa have higher financial sector development both in terms of financial activity and banking efficiency on the back of lower volatility. While private credit bureau positively (negatively) affects financial development (economic volatility) with economically large impact for English legal legacy countries, the latter effect is contingent on the form of legal origin suggesting that, the establishment of information sharing offices per se may be insufficient in taming growth vagaries.
Soil physical changes and maize growth in a structurally fragile tropical soil due to mulching and duration between irrigation intervals
Authors: Moura E. G. , Macedo V. R. A. , Sena V. G. L. , Campos L. S. , Aguiar A. C. F. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractUnder tropical meteorological conditions, the volume of soil explored by plant roots is crucial for crop growth as it allows increased water and nutrient use efficiency. We hypothesized that, under different irrigation intervals, leguminous mulch can extend the duration between irrigation events but maintain crop performance, because decreased evaporative fluxes also reduce constraints to root exploration imposed by mechanical stress. We evaluated the combined effects of leguminous mulch and irrigation intervals on soil physical properties to determine whether the growth and productivity of maize were modified in a structurally fragile tropical soil. The experiment involved the following treatments: 4‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (4C) or bare (4S), 6‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (6C) or bare (6S), 8‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (8C) or bare (8S) and 10‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (10C) or bare (10S). Mulch decreased soil penetration resistance and increased to 4 days the favourable time for root development in drying soil. Relative to bare soil, mulch with a 6‐day irrigation interval almost doubled nitrogen uptake post‐tasselling, which decreased nitrogen remobilization and increased the crop growth rate during this stage. These conditions had a positive effect on the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance as well as on the growth and yield of maize. A 6‐day irrigation interval with mulch compared to 4 days with bare soil resulted in similar conditions for root development, but greater uptake of nitrogen (102.73–78.70 kg/ha) and better yield (6.2–5.3 t/ha), which means greater efficiency in nitrogen and water use.
Core Genome Multilocus Sequence Typing: a Standardized Approach for Molecular Typing of Mycoplasma gallisepticum
Authors: Ghanem Mostafa , Wang Leyi , Zhang Yan , Edwards Scott , Lu Amanda , Ley David , El-Gazzar Mohamed 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

Mycoplasma gallisepticum
is the most virulent and economically important
Mycoplasma
species for poultry worldwide. Currently,
M. gallisepticum
strain differentiation based on sequence analysis of 5 loci remains insufficient for accurate outbreak investigation. Recently, whole-genome sequences (WGS) of many human and animal pathogens have been successfully used for microbial outbreak investigations. However, the massive sequence data and the diverse properties of different genes within bacterial genomes results in a lack of standard reproducible methods for comparisons among
M. gallisepticum
whole genomes. Here, we proposed the development of a core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) scheme for
M. gallisepticum
strains and field isolates. For development of this scheme, a diverse collection of 37
M. gallisepticum
genomes was used to identify cgMLST targets. A total of 425
M. gallisepticum
conserved genes (49.85% of
M. gallisepticum
genome) were selected as core genome targets. A total of 81
M. gallisepticum
genomes from 5 countries on 4 continents were typed using
M. gallisepticum
cgMLST. Analyses of phylogenetic trees generated by cgMLST displayed a high degree of agreement with geographical and temporal information. Moreover, the high discriminatory power of cgMLST allowed differentiation between
M. gallisepticum
strains of the same outbreak.
M. gallisepticum
cgMLST represents a standardized, accurate, highly discriminatory, and reproducible method for differentiation among
M. gallisepticum
isolates. cgMLST provides stable and expandable nomenclature, allowing for comparison and sharing of typing results among laboratories worldwide. cgMLST offers an opportunity to harness the tremendous power of next-generation sequencing technology in applied avian mycoplasma epidemiology at both local and global levels.
Plague: Recognition, Treatment, and Prevention
Authors: Yang Ruifu 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

Plague is caused by
Yersinia pestis
and is not commonly encountered in clinics, although natural plague foci are widely distributed around the world.
Y. pestis
has been listed as a category A bioterrorism agent. A neglected diagnosis will cause severe consequences. Therefore, this minireview briefly introduces the current understanding on
Y. pestis
and then focuses on practical aspects of plague, including clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, to alert clinicians about this notorious disease.
Emergence and Adaptation of a Novel Highly Pathogenic H7N9 Influenza Virus in Birds and Humans from a 2013 Human-Infecting Low-Pathogenic Ancestor
Authors: Qi Wenbao , Jia Weixin , Liu Di , Li Jing , Bi Yuhai , Xie Shumin , Li Bo , Hu Tao , Du Yingying , Xing Li , Zhang Jiahao , Zhang Fuchun , Wei Xiaoman , Eden John-Sebastian , Li Huanan , Tian Huaiyu , Li Wei , Su Guanming , Lao Guangjie , Xu Chenggang , Xu Bing , Liu Wenjun , Zhang Guihong , Ren Tao , Holmes Edward C. , Cui Jie , Shi Weifeng , Gao George F. , Liao Ming 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT
Since its emergence in 2013, the H7N9 low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) has been circulating in domestic poultry in China, causing five waves of human infections. A novel H7N9 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) variant possessing multiple basic amino acids at the cleavage site of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein was first reported in two cases of human infection in January 2017. More seriously, those novel H7N9 HPAIV variants have been transmitted and caused outbreaks on poultry farms in eight provinces in China. Herein, we demonstrate the presence of three different amino acid motifs at the cleavage sites of these HPAIV variants which were isolated from chickens and humans and likely evolved from the preexisting LPAIVs. Animal experiments showed that these novel H7N9 HPAIV variants are both highly pathogenic in chickens and lethal to mice. Notably, human-origin viruses were more pathogenic in mice than avian viruses, and the mutations in the PB2 gene associated with adaptation to mammals (E627K, A588V, and D701N) were identified by next-generation sequencing (NGS) and Sanger sequencing of the isolates from infected mice. No polymorphisms in the key amino acid substitutions of PB2 and HA in isolates from infected chicken lungs were detected by NGS. In sum, these results highlight the high degree of pathogenicity and the valid transmissibility of this new H7N9 variant in chickens and the quick adaptation of this new H7N9 variant to mammals, so the risk should be evaluated and more attention should be paid to this variant.

IMPORTANCE
Due to the recent increased numbers of zoonotic infections in poultry and persistent human infections in China, influenza A(H7N9) virus has remained a public health threat. Most of the influenza A(H7N9) viruses reported previously have been of low pathogenicity. Now, these novel H7N9 HPAIV variants have caused human infections in three provinces and outbreaks on poultry farms in eight provinces in China. We analyzed the molecular features and compared the relative characteristics of one H7N9 LPAIV and two H7N9 HPAIVs isolated from chickens and two human-origin H7N9 HPAIVs in chicken and mouse models. We found that all HPAIVs both are highly pathogenic and have valid transmissibility in chickens. Strikingly, the human-origin viruses were more highly pathogenic than the avian-origin viruses in mice, and dynamic mutations were confirmed by NGS and Sanger sequencing. Our findings offer important insight into the origin, adaptation, pathogenicity, and transmissibility of these viruses to both poultry and mammals.