bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emotional, physical and sexual abuse are associated with a heightened limbic response to cocaine cues
Authors: Regier Paul S. , Monge Zachary A. , Franklin Teresa R. , Wetherill Reagan R. , Teitelman Anne , Jagannathan Kanchana , Suh Jesse J. , Wang Ze , Young Kimberly A. , Gawrysiak Michael , Langleben Daniel D. , Kampman Kyle M. , O'Brien Charles P. , Childress Anna Rose 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDrug‐reward cues trigger motivational circuitry, a response linked to drug‐seeking in animals and in humans. Adverse life events have been reported to increase sensitivity to drug rewards and to bolster drug reward signaling. Therefore, we hypothesized that cocaine‐dependent individuals with prior emotional, physical and sexual abuse might have a heightened mesolimbic brain response to cues for drug reward in a new brief‐cue probe. Cocaine‐dependent human individuals (N = 68) were stabilized in an inpatient setting and then completed an event‐related blood‐oxygen‐level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging task featuring 500‐ms evocative (cocaine, sexual, aversive) and comparator (neutral) cues. Responses to three questions about emotional, physical and sexual abuse from the Addiction Severity Index were used to divide the patients into subgroups (history of Abuse [n = 40] versus No Abuse [n = 28]). When subjects were grouped by the historical presence or absence of emotional, physical or sexual abuse, the Abuse group showed a heightened midbrain, thalamic, caudate, and caudal orbitofrontal cortex response to cocaine cues; a similar result was found in other evocative cues, as well. These findings are the first reported for a 500‐ms cocaine‐cue probe, and they highlight the ability of very brief evocative cues to activate the brain's motivational circuitry. Although all participants had severe cocaine use disorders, individuals reporting prior abuse had a heightened mesolimbic response to evocative cues. To our knowledge, this is the first study in humans linking a history of abuse to a brain vulnerability (heightened mesolimbic response to drug cues) previously shown to contribute to drug‐seeking.
Knowledge of Kidney Donation Among Care Givers in Two Tertiary Hospitals in Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Adejumo Oluseyi A. , Solarin Adaobi U. , Abiodun Moses T. , Akinbodewa Ayodeji A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractOne of the major challenges of kidney transplantation is shortage of kidney donors. Care givers (CGs) are potential kidney donors, but the majority of them are unwilling to donate due to inadequate knowledge on kidney donation. This study evaluated the knowledge of kidney donation and its determinants among CGs in two tertiary hospitals in Southwest Nigeria. This was a cross‐sectional study that was carried out in the Kidney Care Centre (KCC), Ondo and Babcock University Teaching Hospital (BUTH), Ilishan‐Remo using a self‐administered pretested questionnaire that assessed knowledge of kidney donation and its determinants.Pvalue of <0.05 was taken as significant. A total of 244 respondents participated in the study. The majority were below 40 years, married, and female. The proportion of respondents with adequate knowledge of kidney donation was 63.4%. More respondents from BUTH compared to KCC had adequate knowledge of kidney donation (80% vs. 46.7%,P ≤ 0.001). Similarly, the mean knowledge score was higher in respondents from BUTH (P ≤ 0.001). Factors that determined knowledge of kidney donation were female gender (AOR: 3.43, 95% CI: 1.25–9.40,P = 0.02) and social class (AOR: 1.22, 95% CI: 0.50–2.95,P ≤ 0.001). There was positive correlation between knowledge of kidney donation among the respondents from both hospitals and their willingness to donate kidneys (r = 0.439,P ≤ 0.001). Knowledge of kidney donation was better among BUTH's respondents. Gender and social class were predictors of knowledge of kidney donation. Improving knowledge of kidney donation may improve willingness to donate among the public.
Detection of Thrombosis in the Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Circuit by Infrasound: Proof of Concept
Authors: Fuchs Gabriel , Berg Niclas , Eriksson Anders , Prahl Wittberg Lisa 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAs of today, there exist no reliable, objective methods for early detection of thrombi in the extracorporeal membrane oxygenators (ECMO) system. Within the ECMO system, thrombi are not always fixed to a certain component or location in the circuit. Thus, clot fragments of different shapes and consistencies may circulate and give rise to vibrations and sound generation. By bedside sound measurements and additional laboratory experiments (although not detailed herein), we found that the presence of particles (clots or aggregates and fragments of clots) can be detected by analyzing the strength of infra‐sound (< 20 Hz) modes of the spectrum near the inlet and outlet of the centrifugal pump in the ECMO circuit. For the few patients that were considered in this study, no clear false positive or negative examples were found when comparing the spectral approach with clinical observations. A laboratory setup provided insight to the flow in and out of the pump, confirming that in the presence of particles a low‐amplitude low‐frequency signal is strongly amplified, enabling the identification of a clot.
From imitation to implementation: How two‐ and three‐year‐old children learn to enforce social norms
Authors: Hardecker Susanne , Tomasello Michael 
Published: September 2016

Young children enforce social norms from early on, but little research has examined how this enforcement behaviour emerges. This study investigated whether observing an adult's norm enforcement influences children's own enforcement of that norm compared with observing an action demonstration without enforcement. Additionally, children experienced enforcement either following their own (second‐party) or a third‐party's transgression (N = 120). Results revealed that observing enforcement increased two‐ and three‐year‐old children's protest against the sanctioned action regardless of second‐ or third‐party context. However, only three‐year‐olds generalized their enforcement to a novel action not matching the norm, whereas two‐year‐olds only protested against the previously sanctioned action. Importantly, without any enforcement demonstration, two‐year‐olds rarely protested at all while three‐year‐olds did so quite frequently. Thus, providing an opportunity to imitate enforcement seems to give rise to enforcement behaviour in two‐year‐olds while three‐year‐olds already understand normative implications following a variety of cues and even apply norm enforcement without any demonstration of how to do it.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Children conform to social norms from early in development.

Young children from 2 to 3 years of age also enforce social norms on third parties.

What does this study add?

Observing enforcement by an adult increases two‐ and three‐year‐olds’ protest against the sanctioned action.

It does not matter whether children experienced enforcement on their own or a third party's action.

Three‐, but not two‐year‐olds, generalize their enforcement to novel actions that do not match the norm.
Choroidal abnormalities in café‐au‐lait syndromes: a new differential diagnostic tool?
Authors: Cassiman C. , Casteels I. , Jacob J. , Plasschaert E. , Brems H. , Dubron K. , Keer K.V. , Legius E. 
Published: September 2016

The best known café‐au‐lait syndrome is neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Legius syndrome (LS) is another, rarer syndrome with café‐au‐lait macules (CALMs). In young patients their clinical picture is often indistinguishable. We investigated the presence of choroidal abnormalities in syndromes with CALMs as a candidate tool for a more efficient diagnosis.Thirty‐four patients with NF1 (14 with a truncating mutation, 14 with a non‐truncating mutation and 6 with unknown mutation) and 11 patients with LS. All patients underwent an ophthalmological examination. Infrared images were performed.Choroidal nodules were diagnosed in 65% of the NF1 group. About 71% of NF1 patients with a truncating mutation and 50% of patients with a non‐truncating mutation were found to have nodules. Choroidal nodules were seen in 18% of the LS patients, never more than one nodule/eye was detected in this group.Choroidal nodules are more abundantly present in NF1 genotypes with truncating mutations. In contrast, the number of choroidal nodules in LS is comparable with their presence in healthy individuals. Especially at an early age, when the clinical picture is incomplete, the detection of choroidal nodules is of diagnostic value, and helps in an appropriate genetic counselling and follow‐up. These results support the suggestion to include choroidal nodules to the diagnostic criteria for NF1.
Global Salmonidae introductions reveal stronger ecological effects of changing intraspecific compared to interspecific diversity
Authors: Buoro Mathieu , Olden Julian D. , Cucherousset Julien 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe introduction of organisms within the native range of wild conspecifics is a widespread phenomenon and locally modifies patterns in intraspecific diversity. However, our knowledge of the resulting ecological effects, as opposed to those caused by invasion‐induced changes in interspecific diversity, is still limited. Here, we investigated the ecological effects of native and non‐native invaders across levels of biological organisations and recipient organisms using the global and long history introductions of salmonids. Our meta‐analysis demonstrated that the global effects of native species introductions exceeded those induced by non‐native invaders. The impacts of native invaders were primarily manifested at the individual level on wild conspecifics, but remained largely unexplored on other native organisms and at the community and ecosystem levels. Overlooked and poorly appreciated, quantifying the impacts of native invaders has important implications because human‐assisted introductions of domesticated organisms are ubiquitous and likely to proliferate in the future.
Parasite infection alters host stable‐isotope composition under controlled feeding
Authors: Pulkkinen Katja , Aalto Sanni L. , Nykänen Hannu 
Published: September 2016

Summary

Stable isotopes are widely used for studying trophic relationships, but variation driven by environmental conditions or food availability complicates the interpretation of trophic dynamics. Parasites are ubiquitous and known to affect physiological functions of their hosts, but only few studies have assessed the effects of parasites on isotope composition of hosts.

We measured the changes in two of the most commonly used stable isotopes in food‐web studies, nitrogen (i.e. 15N:14N ratio; denoted as δ15N) and carbon (13C:12C; δ13C) in Daphnia hosts exposed to infection by a parasitic micosporidian in the laboratory. Isotopic signatures of hosts fed a standardised controlled diet were compared with uninfected animals under conditions of high food availability and under food limitation.

Parasite infection led to enriched δ15N and δ13C values that were associated with decreased growth and decreased lipid content, indicating energy limitation comparable to that in food‐limited animals. However, enrichment in 13C values was apparent sooner in infected well‐fed animals than in the food‐limited animals, suggesting strong parasite‐induced effects on host C‐metabolism.

By using experimental exposure to parasite infection and a standardised diet, our study excluded the effects of changes in food sources via parasite‐induced altered habitat or feeding behaviour on host isotope composition and demonstrated for the first time that parasite infection directly alters the isotopic values of the host.

Our study demonstrates that parasite‐induced changes in isotope values may add to the variability in the estimates of the contribution of each food type assimilated by consumers, and thus should be taken into account during investigations of trophic relationships and food webs.
Loss of expression of SMARCA4 (BRG1), SMARCA2 (BRM) and SMARCB1 (INI1) in undifferentiated carcinoma of the endometrium is not uncommon and is not always associated with rhabdoid morphology
Authors: Ramalingam Preetha , Croce Sabrina , McCluggage W Glenn 
Published: September 2016

AimAbnormalities of SMARCB1 (INI1), which encodes a member of the SWI/SNF pathway, are found in neoplasms with rhabdoid morphology, such as malignant rhabdoid tumour of the kidney and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour of the central nervous system. SMARCA4 (BRG1), which encodes another member of the SWI/SNF pathway, and which is mutated in almost all small‐cell carcinomas of the ovary, hypercalcaemic type, has been investigated in endometrial carcinomas, and mutations with resultant loss of immunohistochemical staining have been demonstrated in some endometrial undifferentiated carcinomas/dedifferentiated carcinomas. The aim of this study was to evaluate immunohistochemical expression of SMARCA4, SMARCB1 and SMARCA2 in a cohort of undifferentiated endometrial carcinomas, and to correlate expression of these markers with rhabdoid morphology and clinical outcome.Methods and resultsForty undifferentiated endometrial carcinomas (18 pure and 22 dedifferentiated carcinomas) were stained with SMARCA4 (n = 40), SMARCB1 (n = 27), and SMARCA2 (n = 37). SMARCA4 expression was intact in 26 of 40 (65%) cases, lost in 13 of 40 (32.5%) cases, and unassessable in one case (2.5%). SMARCB1 expression was intact in 26 of 27 (96%) cases and lost in one of 27 (4%) cases. SMARCA2 expression was intact in 23 of 37 (62%) cases, lost in 10 of 37 (27%) cases, and unassessable in four cases. SMARCA2 expression showed corresponding loss in nine of the 13 (69%) SMARCA4‐deficient cases. Rhabdoid morphology was present in three of 13 (23%) SMARCA4‐deficient cases, in two of 10 (20%) SMARCA2‐deficient cases, in four of 26 (15%) SMARCA4‐intact cases, and in four of 23 (17%) SMARCA2‐intact cases. There was no correlation between SMARCA4 or SMARCA2 expression and clinical outcome.ConclusionsOur study demonstrated that almost one‐third of endometrial undifferentiated carcinomas show loss of SMARCA4 and SMARCA2 expression, and that a subset show rhabdoid morphology. The majority of the SMARCA4‐deficient cases show concomitant loss of SMARCA2 expression. There is no correlation between SMARCA4 or SMARCA2 expression and outcome. Our results confirm that the SWI/SNF chromatin‐remodelling complex is involved in the pathogenesis of endometrial undifferentiated carcinomas.
My choice, your problem? Mandating IT use in large organisational networks
Authors: Carugati Andrea , Fernández Walter , Mola Lapo , Rossignoli Cecilia 
Published: September 2016

AbstractOn the basis of a four‐year exploratory study of a mandatory information systems implementation by an Italian, multibillion‐dollar dairy cooperative with 2200 members, this paper describes how key stakeholders engage in dynamic transformation processes that shape the technology, the users' practices and the organisation itself. In doing so, this study responds to calls for process‐oriented longitudinal explorations and suggests an alternative path of adoption in which the technology becomes the reification of a bi‐directional discourse about the transformation of practices for the entire network of organisations. In presenting this alternative path, this study unveils a five‐phase change process that both altered perceptions of the technology and its possibilities at the same time resolving tensions among the drivers and users of the mandated system. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Peroxiredoxin 1 – an antioxidant enzyme in cancer
Authors: Ding Chenbo , Fan Xiaobo , Wu Guoqiu 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPeroxiredoxins (PRDXs), a ubiquitous family of redox‐regulating proteins, are reported of potential to eliminate various reactive oxygen species (ROS). As a major member of the antioxidant enzymes, PRDX1 can become easily over‐oxidized on its catalytically active cysteine induced by a variety of stimuli in vitro and in vivo. In nucleus, oligomeric PRDX1 directly associates with p53 or transcription factors such as c‐Myc, NF‐κB and AR, and thus affects their bioactivities upon gene regulation, which in turn induces or suppresses cell death. Additionally, PRDX1 in cytoplasm has anti‐apoptotic potential through direct or indirect interactions with several ROS‐dependent (redox regulation) effectors, including ASK1, p66Shc, GSTpi/JNK and c‐Abl kinase. PRDX1 is proven to be a versatile molecule regulating cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. Recent studies have found that PRDX1 and/or PRDX1‐regulated ROS‐dependent signalling pathways play an important role in the progression and metastasis of human tumours, particularly in breast, oesophageal and lung cancers. In this paper, we review the structure, effector functions of PRDX1, its role in cancer and the pivotal role of ROS in anticancer treatment.
Rare Earths from Mines to Metals: Comparing Environmental Impacts from China's Main Production Pathways
Authors: Lee Jason C.K. , Wen Zongguo 
Published: September 2016

SummaryOver the past decade, China has supplied over 90% of global rare earths, and in doing so bore significant environmental burdens from processing its complex ores. In this study, we used life cycle assessment to quantify environmental impacts for producing 1 kilogram (kg) of 15 rare earth elements from each major production pathway. The scope of assessment included the largest rare earth oxide (REO) production chain in Bayan Obo, as well as lesser known production chains for bastnäsite in Sichuan and in‐situ leaching of kaolin clays in the Seven Southern Provinces of China. This was followed by assessing impacts from the three major metal refining processes: molten salt electrolysis, calciothermic reduction, and lanthanothermic reduction. Among 11 impact categories assessed, results were highest for human toxicity that ranged between 13.1 and 50.4 kg 1,4‐dichlorobenzene‐eq (equivalent)/kg of rare earth metal−1, followed by eutrophication (0.04 to 1.26 kg phosphate‐eq/kg of rare earth metal−1), abiotic depletion potential of fossil fuels (592 to 1,857 megajoules per kg of rare earth metal−1), acidification (0.25 to 0.87 kg sulfur dioxide‐eq/kg of rare earth metal−1), and global warming (39.1 to 109.6 kg carbon dioxide‐eq/kg of rare earth metal−1) potentials. Regionally, impacts in Sichuan were lower across all key impact categories than in Bayan Obo: 32% lower for human toxicity, 67% lower for eutrophication, 58% lower for acidification, and 45% lower for global warming. A scenario analysis between the industry average and best available technologies revealed considerable potential to mitigate impacts across all production chains, particularly by improving waste treatment practices.
The Zones of Fragility: Outlaws and the Forms of Violence in the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Cayli Baris 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis study explores the relationship between violence and power through examining the archival documents about the outlaws in the Ottoman Empire from 1852 to 1876. I argue that the outlaws and the use of violence in the public sphere defied the power of the Ottoman Empire. Thereof, the present study agrees with the main thesis of Hannah Arendt about the destructive influence of violence on power. However, I take Hannah Arendt's argument on violence one step further by claiming that the form of violence ‐whether political or non‐political‐ loses its significance when both public safety and state sovereignty are under great threats at the same time in the zones of fragility.
Paediatric clinical exposure for medical students: Are they seeing enough?
Authors: Uther Penelope , Ooi Chee Y 
Published: September 2016

AimTo determine whether students are exposed to the 25 clinical presentations included in a comprehensive paediatric curriculum based on presenting features, as well as to evaluate for any variation in case exposure between the different locations and seasons of the student attachments.MethodsStudents in the final 2 years of a 6‐year medical degree completed logbooks during their 8‐week paediatric attachment, recording which of 25 listed clinical presentations they had seen. Data were then collected regarding the period and location of the clinical placement, and which presentations had been seen by each student. Analysis was performed to detect differences in student case exposure depending on location and season of attachment, as well as the frequency with which each presentation was seen.ResultsThree hundred and sixty‐one student logbooks were included for analysis. Only one student had seen all 25 presentations; the median (range; interquartile range) number of cases seen was 14 (4–25; 11–17). There was no significant difference in the number of cases seen relating to location (rural, metropolitan or tertiary children's hospital) or season of the paediatric attachment. Only three presentations (infant/child with fever, breathing difficulties and vomiting/diarrhoea) had been seen by more than 90% of students; nine presentations had been seen by less than 50% of students.ConclusionsStudents rarely gain exposure to all clinical presentations suggested in a comprehensive paediatric curriculum based on presenting features during an 8‐week clinical attachment. Students have a similar experience regardless of the hospital or season of attachment.
Degenerative Encephalopathy in Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers Presenting with a Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder
Authors: Barker E.N. , Dawson L.J. , Rose J.H. , Van Meervenne S. , Frykman O. , Rohdin C. , Leijon A. , Soerensen K.E. , Järnegren J. , Johnson G.C. , O'Brien D.P. , Granger N. 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundNeurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by loss of neurons and are commonly associated with a genetic mutation.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo characterize the clinical and histopathological features of a novel degenerative neurological disease affecting the brain of young adult Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers (NSDTRs).AnimalsNine, young adult, relatedNSDTRs were evaluated for neurological dysfunction and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder.MethodsCase series review.ResultsClinical signs of neurological dysfunction began between 2 months and 5 years of age and were progressive in nature. They were characterized by episodes of marked movements during sleep, increased anxiety, noise phobia, and gait abnormalities. Magnetic resonance imaging documented symmetrical, progressively increasing, T2‐weighted image intensity, predominantly within the caudate nuclei, consistent with necrosis secondary to gray matter degeneration. Abnormalities were not detected on clinicopathological analysis of blood and cerebrospinal fluid, infectious disease screening or urine metabolite screening in most cases. Postmortem examination of brain tissue identified symmetrical malacia of the caudate nuclei and axonal dystrophy within the brainstem and spinal cord. Genealogical analysis supports an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceA degenerative encephalopathy was identified in young adultNSDTRs consistent with a hereditary disease. The prognosis is guarded due to the progressive nature of the disease, which is minimally responsive to empirical treatment.