bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deaths Due to Accidental Air Conditioner Compressor Explosion: A Case Series
Authors: Behera Chittaranjan , Bodwal Jatin , Sikary Asit K. , Chauhan Mohit Singh , Bijarnia Manjul 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn an air‐conditioning system, the compressor is a large electric pump that pressurizes the refrigerant gas as part of the process of turning it back into a liquid. The explosion of an air conditioner (AC) compressor is an uncommon event, and immediate death resulted from the blast effect is not reported in forensic literature. We report three such cases in which young AC mechanics were killed on the spot due to compressor blast, while repairing the domestic split AC unit. The autopsy findings, the circumstances leading to the explosion of the compressor, are discussed in this study.
Case of Fatal Starvation: Can Stable Isotope Analysis Serve to Support Morphological Diagnosis and Approximate the Length of Starvation?
Authors: Baković Marija , Vreča Polona , Mayer Davor 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe diagnosis of death as a result of starvation is established on anthropological measurements, visual appearance of the deceased on external and internal examination, microscopic analysis, laboratory testing, and exclusion of other causes of death. Herein, we present our findings on a case of 95‐year‐old man who died of starvation. After the diagnosis of starvation was established by traditional forensic medicine methods, we have conducted retrospective segmental analysis of stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope ratios in hair sample. This method reveals periods of starvation through decrease in δ13C and increase in δ15N along the strand of hair. Our analysis revealed the decrease of 0.6 ‰ in δ13C during the last 10–12 weeks prior to death, similar as reported in other investigations. Also, a decrease of 0.7 ‰ in δ15N during the last 8–10 weeks prior to death was determined that was different than observed in previous studies.
Chronic Alcohol Abuse Leads to Low Bone Mass with No General Loss of Bone Structure or Bone Mechanical Strength,
Authors: Ulhøi Maiken Parm , Meldgaard Karoline , Steiniche Torben , Odgaard Anders , Vesterby Annie 
Published: November 2016

AbstractChronic alcohol abuse (CAA) has deleterious effects on skeletal health. This study examined the impact of CAA on bone with regard to bone density, structure, and strength. Bone specimens from 42 individuals with CAA and 42 individuals without alcohol abuse were obtained at autopsy. Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA), compression testing, ashing, and bone histomorphometry were performed. Individuals with CAA had significantly lower bone mineral density (BMD) in the femoral neck and significantly lower bone volume demonstrated by thinner trabeculae, decreased extent of osteoid surfaces, and lower mean wall thickness of trabecular osteons compared to individuals without alcohol abuse. No significant difference was found for bone strength and structure. Conclusion: CAA leads to low bone mass due to a decrease in bone formation but with no destruction of bone architecture nor a decrease in bone strength. It is questionable whether this per se increases fracture risk.
Taphonomic Effects of Mechanical Plowing on Buried Juvenile‐Sized Remains
Authors: Newcomb Alyssa M. , Pokines James T. , Moore Tara L. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAgricultural activity is a worldwide taphonomic process and can present unique challenges in the recovery of buried remains. Previous research has been mostly within the realm of site formation processes of archeological sites utilizing only surface material. This research expands upon the previous research by incorporating the distribution of subsurface material by the use of archeological excavation techniques. An experiment was conducted utilizing juvenile pig (Sus scrofa) skeletons buried in relative anatomical position at two different depths (15 cm below the surface [cmbs] and 22 cmbs). The burials were then subjected to different intervals of mechanical plowing: one, three, five, seven, or 10 plow passes. The skeletal material was recovered using pedestrian survey followed by hand excavation and screening of all sediments. This research shows that there is a significant relationship between the degree of plowing and the distance skeletal material is distributed and the percentage of material recovered undamaged.
Multiple Giant Coronary Artery Aneurysms: A Rare Cause of Sudden Cardiac Death
Authors: Janík Martin , Hejna Petr , Ublová Michaela , Šteiner Ivo 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMultiple giant aneurysms involving the coronary arteries are uncommon and rarely reported. In the presented case, a 63‐year‐old man with poorly controlled hypertension died suddenly. Gross autopsy examination showed multiple giant thrombus‐filled coronary artery aneurysms, atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, and cardiomegaly. Histological sections of the coronary aneurysms showed atherosclerotic changes with both organized and fresh thrombus. Giant coronary aneurysm is defined as a segmental enlargement of a coronary artery with a diameter exceeding 20 mm or more. The main etiology of this nebulous entity is attributed to atherosclerosis and inflammatory or inherited connective tissue disorders with the remainder being congenital, infectious, or idiopathic. Before its cataclysmic presentation, when ruptured or thrombosed, giant coronary aneurysm usually has a silent clinical course. Sudden death owing to giant multiple coronary aneurysms is rare and mandates careful classification of the aneurysms and prudent search for autoimmune‐mediated or genetically based factors for subsequent ancillary autopsy studies.
The Interplay Between Diabetes and Pancreatitis: Two Case Reports of Sudden, Natural Deaths and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Butler Daniel C. , Emanuel Anthony J. , Self Sally E. , Batalis Nicholas I. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a common disease involving insulin resistance or deficit that, when left unchecked, may cause severe hyperglycemia and subsequent end‐organ damage. Acute pancreatitis (AP) is inflammation of the pancreas that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. AP and DM both account for a significant amount of sudden deaths, and rarely both disease processes may be present in the same decedent, causing some difficulty in wording the cause of death statement. Although much research has been directed at studying the causes and risk factors for AP and DM, there is a complex interplay between these diseases that is not fully understood. This study presents two autopsy cases of sudden, natural deaths that illustrate this interplay, along with a review of the literature. An algorithm for differentiating AP and DM is then discussed in the context of the presented cases as a proposed aid for forensic pathologists in the certification of such deaths.
The Impact of Freezing on Bone Mineral Density: Implications for Forensic Research
Authors: Hale Amanda R. , Ross Ann H. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIt is common for researchers using animal or human remains for scientific study to freeze samples prior to use. However, effects of freezing on bone macro‐ or microstructure are relatively unknown. The research objective of this study was to determine whether freezing could potentially bias experimental results by analyzing changes in bone mineral density (BMD) with the freezing of remains over time. Eight fetal pigs were scanned to determine their initialBMDbefore freezing. Three piglets underwent a freeze‐thaw cycle to assess the effects of the freezing process. Four piglets were frozen and scanned weekly for 20 weeks to assess freezing over time. The overall average between the fresh initial scan and final frozen scan was significantly different (p< 0.001). Per contra, the final thawedBMDscans did not differ from the initial fresh scan (p= 0.418). Thus, completely thawed remains are recommended for experimental studies.
Patient Profiles of Criminal Behavior in the Context of Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Lane Kristy S. , St. Pierre Maria E. , Lauterbach Margo D. , Koliatsos Vassilis E. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to significant post‐traumatic disturbances in mood and behavior, with the frontal lobes playing a key role in emotional and behavioral regulation. Injury to the frontal lobe can result in disinhibition and aggression which can result in police intervention and/or incarceration. We highlight four adult cases with a history of severe TBI with frontal lobe injuries and the presence of post‐TBI criminal behaviors. There is evidence to support an anatomical basis for aggressive behaviors, yet there are other risk factors to be considered. Behaviors must be investigated thoroughly by obtaining adequate pre‐ and post‐TBI psychiatric and psychosocial histories. By having a comprehensive understanding of aggression while appreciating the complex relationship between TBI, aggression, and premorbid risk factors, clinicians can more adequately treat patients with TBI, with the aim of potentially preventing criminal behaviors and recidivism.
Evaluation of the Role of Toxicological Data in Discriminating Between H2S Femoral Blood Concentration Secondary to Lethal poisoning and Endogenous H2S Putrefactive Production
Authors: Barbera Nunziata , Montana Angelo , Indorato Francesca , Arbouche Nadia , Romano Guido 
Published: November 2016

AbstractHydrogen sulfide is a colorless gas and has a strong odor of rotten eggs. It is absorbed by the upper respiratory tract mucosa, and it causes histotoxic hypoxemia and respiratory depression by exerting an inhibitory effect on cytochrome oxidase. To evaluate the role of toxicological data in distinguishing between the H2S blood concentration secondary to lethal poisoning and the endogenous H2S produced during putrefaction, we compared the postmortem H2S concentrations of six fatal H2S poisoning cases (8.7–28.6 mg/L) with the postmortem concentrations of endogenous H2S of 12 subjects who died from other causes (traffic‐related deaths) (2.2–32.7 mg/L). These results will be of interest to the forensic community as it underlines the importance of considering circumstantial evidence along with the toxicological and pathological findings in the identification of H2S lethal poisoning.
Comparing single‐incision versus standard laparoscopic gastrostomy in paediatric patients
Authors: Chung Patrick H.Y. , Wong Kenneth K.Y. , Tam Paul K.H. 
Published: November 2016

AimThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the outcomes of single‐incision laparoscopic gastrostomy (SILG) compared with standard laparoscopic gastrostomy (LG).Patients and MethodsPaediatric patients (age <18 years) with gastrostomy placement (+/−concomitant fundoplication) in the past 3 years were reviewed. Demographic data and intraoperative and postoperative events were compared.ResultsThirty‐eight patients were identified (LG : SILG = 25:13). There were no significant differences between (LG vs SILG) age (5.7 vs 4.2 years, P = 0.45) and body weight at operation (15.3 vs 12.4 kg, P = 0.36). The median operative durations for the LG and SILG groups were 38 versus 45 min, respectively (P = 0.21). There was one major complication in the LG group, but none was reported in the SILG group. Seven patients (28 per cent) in the LG group suffered from minor complications compared to two (15.4 per cent) in the SILG group (P = 0.8). Gastrostomy feeding was initiated on postoperative day 1 the in majority of patients in both groups (LG: 92 per cent vs SILG: 100 per cent, P = 0.18).Conclusion
SILG is technically feasible in paediatric patients, and outcomes were comparable to LG in the present study. This approach should be considered when concomitant procedure is not required in order to minimize the number of surgical wounds.
Effective Reduction of Acute Ethanol Withdrawal by the Tetracycline Derivative, Tigecycline, in Female and Male DBA/2J Mice
Authors: Martinez Joseph M. , Groot Jessica A. , Curtis David C. , Allison Clayton L. , Marquardt Patrick C. , Holmes Ashley N. , Edwards David S. , Trotter David R. M. , Syapin Peter J. , Finn Deborah A. , Bergeson Susan E. 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundAlcohol use disorder (AUD) is a spectrum disorder characterized by mild to severe symptoms, including potential withdrawal signs upon cessation of consumption. Approximately five hundred thousand patients with AUD undergo clinically relevant episodes of withdrawal annually (New Engl J Med, 2003, 348, 1786). Recent evidence indicates potential for drugs that alter neuroimmune pathways as new AUD therapies. We have previously shown the immunomodulatory drugs, minocycline and tigecycline, were effective in reducing ethanol (EtOH) consumption in both the 2‐bottle choice and drinking‐in‐the‐dark paradigms. Here, we test the hypothesis that tigecycline, a tetracycline derivative, will reduce the severity of EtOH withdrawal symptoms in a common acute model of alcohol withdrawal (AWD) using a single anesthetic dose of EtOH in seizure sensitive DBA/2J (DBA) mice.MethodsNaïve adult female and male DBA mice were given separate injections of 4 g/kg i.p. EtOH with vehicle or tigecycline (0, 20, 40, or 80 mg/kg i.p.). The 80 mg/kg dose was tested at 3 time points (0, 4, and 7 hours) post EtOH treatment. Handling‐induced convulsions (HICs) were measured before and then over 12 hours following EtOH injection. HIC scores and areas under the curve were tabulated. In separate mice, blood EtOH concentrations (BECs) were measured at 2, 4, and 7 hours postinjection of 4 g/kg i.p. EtOH in mice treated with 0 and 80 mg/kg i.p. tigecycline.ResultsAWD symptom onset, peak magnitude, and overall HIC severity were reduced by tigecycline drug treatment compared to controls. Tigecycline treatment was effective regardless of timing throughout AWD, with earlier treatment showing greater efficacy. Tigecycline showed a dose‐responsive reduction in acute AWD convulsions, with no sex differences in efficacy. Importantly, tigecycline did not affect BECs over a time course of elimination.ConclusionsTigecycline effectively reduced AWD symptoms in DBA mice at all times and dosages tested, making it a promising lead compound for development of a novel pharmacotherapy for AWD. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanism of tigecycline action.
Practitioner mentoring of undergraduate accounting students: helping prepare students to become accounting professionals
Authors: Adler Ralph , Stringer Carolyn 
Published: November 2016

AbstractEmployers have long raised concerns about university accounting graduates' business awareness and understanding of the real world. This paper describes and explores the effectiveness of an undergraduate student mentoring programme for accounting majors that includes as one of its aims promoting students' real‐world understandings of accounting. The programme has been operating for the past 12 years at a large Australasian, research‐focused university and involves highly experienced business practitioners as mentors (i.e. partners of accounting firms, CFOs, COOs or CEOs), who represent a wide range of industries (e.g. Big Four, small/regional accounting firm, healthcare, manufacturing, retail). The programme has been associated with a high degree of success. Compared with a control group of students who did not participate in the mentoring programme, mentored students reported having better professional networks and a better understanding of the benefits and responsibilities of being a member of a professional accounting body. Some support was also found for mentored students having superior understandings of work and career opportunities. As encouraged by The Pathways Commission Report () and the 2015 CPA Australia report Shaping the future of accounting in business education in Australia, the study's findings provide support for how a mentoring programme like the one described in this paper can assist with showcasing the wider purposes and career opportunities associated with the accounting profession, as well as forge closer linkages between accounting practitioners and accounting educators and better integration of accounting practice into accounting curricula.
Advanced parental age and autism risk in children: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wu S. , Wu F. , Ding Y. , Hou J. , Bi J. , Zhang Z. 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveAdvanced parental age has raised additional concern as a risk factor of autism. We conducted a meta‐analysis of observational studies investigating the association between advanced parental age and risk of autism.MethodPubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched for reports published up to November 11, 2015. Risk estimates from individual studies were pooled using random‐effects models.ResultsTwenty‐seven studies were included in the meta‐analysis. Compared with the reference points, the lowest parental age category was associated with a reduced risk of autism in the offspring, with adjusted odds ratios (ORs) 0.89 (95% confidence intervals [CIs] 0.75–1.06) and 0.81 (95% CI 0.73–0.89) for mother and father, respectively, and the highest parental age category was associated with an increased risk of autism in the offspring, with adjusted ORs 1.41 (95% CI 1.29–1.55) and 1.55 (95% CI 1.39–1.73) for mother and father respectively. Dose–response meta‐analysis indicated that an increase of 10 years in maternal and paternal age was associated with an 18% and 21% higher risk of autism.ConclusionAdvanced parental age was associated with an increased risk of autism in the offspring. More mechanistic studies are needed to further explain this positive association.
Is outpatient hysteroscopy the new gold standard? Results from an 11 year prospective observational study
Authors: Ma Tony , Readman Emma , Hicks Lauren , Porter Jenny , Cameron Melissa , Ellett Lenore , Mcilwaine Kate , Manwaring Janine , Maher Peter 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundIn Australia, gynaecologists continue to investigate women with abnormal bleeding and suspected intrauterine pathology with inpatient hysteroscopy despite some evidence in the literature that that there is no difference in safety and outcome when compared to an outpatient procedure.AimsThis prospective study assessed the safety, effectiveness and acceptability of outpatient hysteroscopy over 11 years at a tertiary hospital in Australia. Resource savings were then calculated.Materials and MethodsA prospective database was analysed from March 2003 to January 2014 (130 months, 990 women).ResultsSuccessful hysteroscopic access was obtained in 94% of cases. Twenty‐six percent of patients required a second procedure, including 132 for endometrial polyps and 33 for submucosal fibroids that were not able to be treated in the outpatient setting. On questioning, 88% of women would be happy to have the procedure again. Factors affecting success were pre‐procedure pain, menopausal status and previous vaginal delivery. The difference between pain experienced versus pain expected was a major factor in patient acceptability. A vasovagal episode occurred in 5% of cases.ConclusionOutpatient hysteroscopy was demonstrated to be safe, effective and acceptable to women. Provision of an outpatient hysteroscopy service saves theatre time and approximately $1000 per case. Improved techniques and technology will allow progression to a ‘see and treat’ service, providing further savings. With budget constraints, increasing wait times for major procedures and concerns about trainee surgical experience, an outpatient hysteroscopy service should be considered the ‘gold standard’ investigation over hysteroscopy in theatre.
Interest in rural clinical school is not enough: Participation is necessary to predict an ultimate rural practice location
Authors: Playford Denese , Puddey Ian B. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectiveRural exposure during medical school is associated with increased rural work after graduation. How much of the increase in rural workforce by these graduates is due to pre‐existing interest and plans to work rurally and how much is related to the extended clinical placement is not known.DesignThis cohort study compared the employment location of medical graduates who professed no rural interest as undergraduates (negative control), with those who applied but did not participate in Rural Clinical School of Western Australia (RCSWA) (positive control), and those who applied and participated in RCSWA (participants).ParticipantsAll 1026 University of Western Australia students who had an opportunity to apply for a year‐long rotation in RCSWA from 2004 to 2010, and who had subsequently graduated by the end of 2011, were included.Main Outcome MeasureGraduates’ principal workplace location (AHPRA, Feb 2014).ResultThe three groups differed significantly in their graduate work locations (χ2 = 39.2, P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, only being of older age at graduation (OR 2.28 (95% CI 1.40, 3.72), P = 0.001), being from a rural background (OR 2.99 (95% CI 1.85, 4.85), P < 0.001), being a recipient of a Medical Rural Bonded Scholarship (OR 3.36 (95% CI 1.68, 6.73, P = 0.001) and actually participating in the RCSWA remained significantly related to rural work (OR 3.10 (95% CI 1.95, 4.93), P < 0.001).ConclusionAfter accounting for other factors relating to rural work, RCSWA graduates were three times more likely to work rurally than either control group. These data suggest that RCSWA has a significant independent effect on rural workforce.
Prepregnancy body mass index influences lipid oxidation rate during pregnancy
Authors: Bugatto Fernando , Quintero‐Prado Rocío , Vilar‐Sánchez José M. , Perdomo Germán , Torrejón Rafael , Bartha José L. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIntroductionThe influence of maternal body mass index (BMI) on respiratory quotient during pregnancy is not clear. We aim to evaluate longitudinal changes in energy expenditure, respiratory quotient, and substrate oxidation rates in normal and overweight women with uncomplicated pregnancies. We hypothesized that the threshold period in switching from a predominantly carbohydrate to a predominantly lipid metabolism may be different in normal and overweight women.Material and methodsForty healthy pregnant women were recruited for a prospective cohort study. They were divided into two groups, normal and overweight (BMI <25 kg/m2 or ≥25 kg/m2). Comparisons of indirect calorimetry data were performed monthly throughout pregnancy. The relationships between energy and substrate metabolism variables and maternal BMI were also analyzed.ResultsThere was a significant increase in oxygen consumption (Vo2), carbon dioxide production (Vco2) and resting energy expenditure during pregnancy in both normal and overweight women. In the normal weight group, respiratory quotient decreased during the second trimester and increased in the last trimester. Respiratory quotient was lower in the overweight group in the second trimester and decreased in the last trimester; between‐group differences being significant at 20 and 36 weeks (0.85 ± 0.06 vs. 0.81 ± 0.01, p = 0.009; 0.87 ± 0.05 vs. 0.80 ± 0.03, p = 0.01, respectively). Lipid oxidation was significantly higher in overweight women at both 20 and 36 weeks (36.8 ± 19.7% vs. 55.2 ± 5.6%, p = 0.003 and 33.6 ± 18.2% vs. 59.6 ± 12.7%, p = 0.007, for normal and overweight group, respectively).ConclusionPrepregnancy maternal BMI influences lipid oxidation rate and respiratory quotient during pregnancy.