bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution and kinetics of the Kv1.3-blocking peptide HsTX1[R14A] in experimental rats
Authors: Bergmann Ralf , Kubeil Manja , Zarschler Kristof , Chhabra Sandeep , Tajhya Rajeev B. , Beeton Christine , Pennington Michael W. , Bachmann Michael , Norton Raymond S. , Stephan Holger 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe peptide HsTX1[R14A] is a potent and selective blocker of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3, which is a highly promising target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and other conditions. In order to assess the biodistribution of this peptide, it was conjugated with NOTA and radiolabelled with copper-64. [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-HsTX1[R14A] was synthesised in high radiochemical purity and yield. The radiotracer was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The biodistribution and PET studies after intravenous and subcutaneous injections showed similar patterns and kinetics. The hydrophilic peptide was rapidly distributed, showed low accumulation in most of the organs and tissues, and demonstrated high molecular stability in vitro and in vivo. The most prominent accumulation occurred in the epiphyseal plates of trabecular bones. The high stability and bioavailability, low normal-tissue uptake of [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-HsTX1[R14A], and accumulation in regions of up-regulated Kv channels both in vitro and in vivo demonstrate that HsTX1[R14A] represents a valuable lead for conditions treatable by blockade of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3. The pharmacokinetics shows that both intravenous and subcutaneous applications are viable routes for the delivery of this potent peptide.
High-resolution imaging of a cell-attached nanointerface using a gold-nanoparticle two-dimensional sheet
Authors: Masuda Shihomi , Yanase Yuhki , Usukura Eiji , Ryuzaki Sou , Wang Pangpang , Okamoto Koichi , Kuboki Thasaneeya , Kidoaki Satoru , Tamada Kaoru 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis paper proposes a simple, effective, non-scanning method for the visualization of a cell-attached nanointerface. The method uses localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) excited homogeneously on a two-dimensional (2D) self-assembled gold-nanoparticle sheet. The LSPR of the gold-nanoparticle sheet provides high-contrast interfacial images due to the confined light within a region a few tens of nanometers from the particles and the enhancement of fluorescence. Test experiments on rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells with fluorescence-labeled actin filaments revealed high axial and lateral resolution even under a regular epifluorescence microscope, which produced higher quality images than those captured under a total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscope. This non-scanning-type, high-resolution imaging method will be an effective tool for monitoring interfacial phenomena that exhibit relatively rapid reaction kinetics in various cellular and molecular dynamics.
Design of Non-Deterministic Quasi-random Nanophotonic Structures Using Fourier Space Representations
Authors: Yu Shuangcheng , Wang Chen , Zhang Yichi , Dong Biqin , Jiang Zhen , Chen Xiangfan , Chen Wei , Sun Cheng 
Published: June 2017

AbstractDespite their seemingly random appearances in the real space, quasi-random nanophotonic structures exhibit distinct structural correlations and have been widely utilized for effective photon management. However, current design approaches mainly rely on the deterministic representations consisting two-dimensional (2D) discretized patterns in the real space. They fail to capture the inherent non-deterministic characteristic of the quasi-random structures and inevitably result in a large design dimensionality. Here, we report a new design approach that employs the one-dimensional (1D) spectral density function (SDF) as the unique representation of non-deterministic quasi-random structures in the Fourier space with greatly reduced design dimensionality. One 1D SDF representation can be used to generate infinite sets of real space structures in 2D with equally optimized performance, which was further validated experimentally using light-trapping structures in a thin film absorber as a model system. The optimized non-deterministic quasi-random nanostructures improve the broadband absorption by 225% over the unpatterned cell.
Targeting the duality of cancer
Authors: Arbiser Jack L. , Bonner Michael Y. , Gilbert Linda C. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractCancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, and is an increasing cause of death in the developing world. While there is great heterogeneity in the anatomic site and mutations involved in human cancer, there are common features, including immortal growth, angiogenesis, apoptosis evasion, and other features, that are common to most if not all cancers. However, new features of human cancers have been found as a result of clinical use of novel “targeted therapies,” angiogenesis inhibitors, and immunotherapies, including checkpoint inhibitors. These findings indicate that cancer is a moving target, which can change signaling and metabolic features based upon the therapies offered. It is well-known that there is significant heterogeneity within a tumor and it is possible that treatment might reduce the heterogeneity as a tumor adapts to therapy and, thus, a tumor might be synchronized, even if there is no major clinical response. Understanding this concept is important, as concurrent and sequential therapies might lead to improved tumor responses and cures. We posit that the repertoire of tumor responses is both predictable and limited, thus giving hope that eventually we can be more effective against solid tumors. Currently, among solid tumors, we observe a response of 1/3 of tumors to immunotherapy, perhaps less to angiogenesis inhibition, a varied response to targeted therapies, with relapse and resistance being the rule, and a large fraction being insensitive to all of these therapies, thus requiring the older therapies of chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation. Tumor phenotypes can be seen as a continuum between binary extremes, which will be discussed further. The biology of cancer is undoubtedly more complex than duality, but thinking of cancer as a duality may help scientists and oncologists discover optimal treatments that can be given either simultaneously or sequentially.
Existence and multiplicity of solutions for a class of quasilinear elliptic field equation on ℝN
Authors: Alves Claudianor O. , dos Santos Alan C.B. 
Published: June 2017

In this paper, we establish existence and multiplicity of solutions for the following class of quasilinear field equation
−Δu + V(x)u − Δpu + W′(u) = 0,  in  ℝN,    (P)
where u = (u1, u2, … , uN+1), p > N ≥ 2, W is a singular function and V is a positive continuous function.
Efficacy, Safety, and Duration of a Frameless Fiducial-Less Brain Biopsy versus Frame-based Stereotactic Biopsy: A Prospective Randomized Study
Authors: Ellul John , Chroni Elisabeth , Constantoyannis Constantine , Georgiopoulos Miltiadis 
Published: June 2017

Background/Objective We compared the efficacy, duration, safety, length of hospital stay of a frameless fiducial-less brain biopsy with those of the standard frame-based stereotactic biopsy.
Patients and Methods This prospective cohort study enrolled 56 adult patients: (1) for whom no conclusive diagnosis could be reached noninvasively; (2a) who had lesions involving deep-seated and eloquent areas, multifocal lesions, or lesions for which craniotomy and lesion removal was not indicated, or (2b) were poor candidates for craniotomy (> 80 years of age and/or with serious comorbidities). Frameless and frame-based biopsy were performed in 28 patients each
Results A diagnosis was not made in four cases (14.3%) of the frame-based biopsy group and in three cases (10.7%) of the frameless biopsy group, in spite of accurate targeting (p = 1.0). The mean duration of the whole procedure (preparatory steps outside the operating room [OR], inside the OR, surgery) was 111.3 minutes for the frame-based biopsy and 79.1 minutes for the frameless biopsy (p = 0.001). No statistically significant differences between the two methods were found concerning new neurologic symptoms, new abnormal findings in postoperative computed tomography (CT) and length of postoperative hospital stay (LOS). The smallest diameter of a successfully biopsied lesion was 15 mm for both groups.
Conclusions The frameless fiducial-less brain biopsy was equally efficacious and safe compared with the standard stereotactic frame-based biopsy. The overall duration of frameless biopsy is shorter than that of frame-based biopsy, mainly because the preparatory steps in frameless biopsy require less time. However, the overall time spent in the OR did not differ between the two groups. The LOS also did not differ significantly.
Insular Epilepsy: Clinical, Electrophysiological Features, and Surgical Treatment
Authors: Lew Sean , Inglese Christopher , Mueller Wade , Marashly Ahmad 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe insula, also known as the fifth lobe of the brain, is a phylogenetically older part of the cortex that forms the floor of the Sylvian fissure. It is densely connected with multiple regions in the brain, reflecting its rich functionality. Epilepsy arising from the insula has been only relatively recently described and characterized in details. Besides having unique features, the insula is believed to be the origin of seizures resembling those of suspected temporal or frontal lobe epilepsy that do not respond to traditional surgical resections. In this review article, we describe the gross and functional anatomy of the insula, clinical and electrophysiological manifestations of insular epilepsy, and surgical evaluation and treatment approaches.
Improving Shoulder Dystocia Management and Outcomes with a Targeted Quality Assurance Program
Authors: Will Susan , Allen Robert , Satin Andrew , Gurewitsch Allen Edith 
Published: June 2017

Background Several investigators have achieved remarkable success in transferring shoulder dystocia management skills mastered with simulation training to clinical practice. However, other investigators have not demonstrated similar benefits, raising questions about the comparative effectiveness of specific simulation schemes, instructional content, and additional quality assurance measures between successful and unsuccessful interventions. After our initial review revealed gaps in following shoulder dystocia management algorithms, documentation and timely follow-up of injured neonates, we developed and implemented five interventions, three educational and two systems-level, aimed at improving shoulder dystocia management.
Objective To describe the clinical impact of a systematic program of quality improvement on outcomes of vaginal births complicated by shoulder dystocia.
Setting An urban tertiary academic medical center that trains 36 obstetrics/gynecology residents (9 per year) and provides comprehensive obstetrical services for approximately 2,000 deliveries annually.
Study Design We use SQUIRE 2.0 (Standards for Quality Improvement Reporting Excellence) to (1) describe our core instructional content and simulation-based practice, emphasizing specific proscriptive and prescriptive recommendations and their evidence basis, and (2) to report an interrupted time series assessment of the clinical impact of our systematic quality improvement program targeting shoulder dystocia-associated brachial plexus injury.
Results Compared with baseline (June 1993 to December 2004), the incidence of shoulder dystocia among vaginally delivered infants with birth weight ≥ 2,500 g at Johns Hopkins Hospital (January 2014 to December 2015) increased from 2.6 to 4.6% (X
2 = 29.8; df = 1; p < 0.0001); in addition, documentation improved, direct fetal manipulation increased, while use of episiotomy for the management of shoulder dystocia decreased. While preintervention only 65% of brachial plexus injury were associated with shoulder dystocia, 100% of neonatal brachial plexus injuries were associated with shoulder dystocia postintervention (80/122 [65%] vs. 7/7 [100%], X
2 = 3.66; df = 1; p = 0.055), a trend reflecting simultaneous increased recognition of impacted shoulders and improved overall management of shoulder dystocia. Most importantly, the incidence of brachial plexus injury among shoulder-dystocia-complicated vaginal deliveries has decreased from a baseline of 31.6 to 6.3% (X
2 = 27.9; df = 1; p < 0.0001), and the absolute brachial plexus injury rate declined from 8.2 to 2.9 per 1,000 vaginal births ≥ 2,500 g, a reduction of 64.5% (X
2 = 7.3; df = 1; p = 0.007).
Conclusion A systematic program of quality assurance with specific proscriptive and prescriptive instructional content and management recommendations is associated with improved recognition, management, and clinical outcomes of shoulder dystocia.
Placental Teratoma, Omphalomesenteric Duct Remnant, or Intestinal Organoid (Enteroid) Differentiation: A Diagnostic Dilemma
Authors: Jazaerly Tarek , Kostadinov Stefan , Khedr Salwa 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe report an unusual case of fully developed fetal intestinal segment(s) within a nodule on the chorionic plate of the placenta of a 27-year-old female patient at 37 weeks gestation with spontaneous vaginal delivery. Gross examination of the placenta revealed a chorionic plate nodule near the insertion of the umbilical cord, which, upon microscopic evaluation, raised the differential diagnostic possibilities of placental teratoma, vitelline/omphalomesenteric duct anomaly, and intestinal organoid differentiation. We discuss the distinguishing features, morphogenesis, and clinical significance of the aforementioned entities and review the pertinent medical literature.
Monochorionic-Triamniotic Triplet Pregnancy Complicated by Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion Sequence: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Pan Pingshan , Luo Guoyang , Tang Lu , Rolle Jeanne , Qin Yuqin , Zeng Quan , Wei Jiangting , Chen Yuanfang , Wei Hongwei 
Published: June 2017

Background Monochorionic-triamniotic pregnancies are rare and fraught with complications.
Case A case of monochorionic-triamniotic triplet pregnancy complicated by twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence is presented. The patient declined termination or selective fetal reduction. Triplet C was acardiac. At 24 weeks, triplet B developed polyhydramnios. At 30 weeks, polyhydramnios was seen in all three amniotic sacs, but without signs of fetal hydrops and with normal Doppler velocimetry measurements in the umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery, and ductus arteriosus of triplets A and B. At 322/7 weeks, the patient presented with preterm premature rupture of membranes and preterm labor. Two live male infants were delivered by cesarean delivery weighing 1,350 and 1,390 g, respectively; the acardiac fetus weighed 1,460 g. Pathology examination revealed a single placenta weighing1,250 g, with evidence of direct vascular connections between triplets A and C as well as between triplets A and B.
Conclusion Monochorionic-triamniotic triplet pregnancy with TRAP sequence is rare. Although the risk of complications is high, such pregnancies can be managed conservatively in select cases.
Projekt SAMBA
Authors: Peters S. , Wäsche H. ,   Projektteam SAMBA
Published: June 2017

ZusammenfassungBewegungsmangel ist ein verbreiteter Risikofaktor für chronische Erkrankungen und körperliche Aktivität
und körperliches Training stellen effektive therapeutische Maßnahmen bei einer Vielzahl von bestehenden
Erkrankungen dar. Dennoch besteht ein hohes Maß an körperlicher Inaktivität in der deutschen Bevölkerung.
Bewegungsförderung wird benötigt und ist in verschiedenen Formaten effektiv (individuumsbezogene sowie
umwelt- und politikbasierte Ansätze). Seit September 2016 gibt es in Deutschland Nationale Empfehlungen
für Bewegung und Bewegungsförderung (NEBB), die Aussagen dazu treffen, in welchem Ausmaß sich Menschen
verschiedener Bevölkerungsgruppen (z. B. Kinder & Jugendliche, Erwachsene) bewegen sollten und welche
Maßnahmen der Bewegungsförderung gemäß wissenschaftlicher Evidenz ratsam sind. Für die zukünftige
Dissemination der NEBB erscheint die Kenntnis relevanter Akteure notwendig, welche in Deutschland einen
direkten oder indirekten Beitrag zur Bewegungsförderung leisten. Für einen systematischen Überblick wurde
das hier vorgestellte Projekt SAMBA initiiert. In der Studie wird ein mehrstufiges Verfahren eingesetzt.
Einerseits werden qualitative Experteninterviews, eine anschließende Netzwerkvisualisierung und eine
Analyse zur Netzwerkentwicklung durchgeführt, andererseits erfolgt eine Fragebogenbefragung relevanter
und potenzieller Akteure der Bewegungsförderung.
Irony and sarcasm in follow-ups of metaphorical slogans
Authors: Musolff Andreas 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
In public political discourse, figurative expressions used by one participant are often followed up and ‘countered’ by other participants through ironical allusions, comments and altered quotations aimed at denouncing the original version or deriving a new, contrarian conclusion from it. What is the relationship between metaphor and irony in such cases: are they independently processed and then added to each other in the overall interpretation or are they integrated into a ‘blended’, context-dependent implicature? Using data from a corpus documenting the long-running political debate in Britain about the nation’s place at the heart of Europe, this paper investigates the interplay of metaphor, irony and sarcasm in comprehension processes. It is argued that the latter two involve speaker-hearer-shared awareness of aspects of the ‘discourse history’ of the slogan, including a default version of the metaphor, which in the case of sarcasm, is recontextualised in a contrasting scenario (e.g. that of a dead, rotting, diseased heart) with the aim of insulting or disqualifying the echoed or pretended ‘preceding’ speaker.
Investigating sarcasm comprehension using eye-tracking during reading
Authors: Țurcan Alexandra , Filik Ruth 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This chapter tests the hypothesised effects of various factors on sarcasm processing. In an eye-tracking experiment, participants read texts ending in either literal or sarcastic and familiar or unfamiliar remarks, either echoing a previous contextual utterance or not. Results indicated that (1) the effect of utterance literality was observed in the later processing stages when sarcasm was more difficult to process than literal language, (2) utterance familiarity also affected processing, and (3) echoing an antecedent made comments faster to read. A novel finding was that echoing an antecedent made sarcastic comments as easy to process as literal equivalents – a result not easily explained within any of the frameworks under investigation here. Implications for theories of sarcasm comprehension are discussed.
“The people” in populist discourse
Authors: Chilton Paul 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
At the centre of populism is a problem of meaning. We could simply say it is a semiotic problem, but I would like to go further, and say that it’s a cognitive problem, one intrinsic to the human nervous system. It is a characteristic of our species that becomes highly active and significant in group action at certain social and historical conjunctures. The problem is the meaning of the word people, which on most accounts is centrally important for making out what the phenomenon called “populism” is about. It is unhelpful to say the word is meaningless or vague, because clearly something is going on in the minds of its users and their hearers. That something is not simply about denoting an entity; it is about activating a mental effect.
Language growth in child Emirati Arabic
Authors: Ntelitheos Dimitrios , Idrissi Ali 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This study calculates developmental indices of language growth in Emirati Arabic based on a two-year longitudinal corpus collected from six Emirati children.1 The target indices include Mean Length of Utterance in morphemes and words (MLUm and MLUw), utterance-per-turn counts (UoT), type-token-ratio (TTR) and an index of vocabulary diversity (D). Spearman correlation tests show significant correlations between MLUm, MLUw and age. A slightly weaker correlation is found between age and D, while no correlation is found with TTR. Finally, a strong correlation is found between age and UoT. The results provide an important new data point in the body of knowledge about language growth, and show that language acquisition displays similar developmental patterns for linear morphological processes across languages.
Key concepts in the history of creole studies
Authors: Bakker Peter 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This chapter serves as a brief introduction to creole studies. It mostly deals with issues that are discussed in the book, but not exclusively. It starts with an introduction of terminology, and key terms are printed in CAPITALS. The second part presents a number of observations and claims that have been made more or less explicitly in creole literature. Some key sources are given, and arguments are discussed briefly. This background knowledge should enable the reader to interpret the subsequent chapters, and take an informed position on the basis of the results presented there. We end by discussing a number of issues that could become important in the future of creole studies.
Methods
Authors: Bakker Peter , Sippola Eeva , Borchsenius Finn 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the phylogenetic models used in this book. In the introduction, we present the aims and limitations of the chapter and clarify some basic concepts. After presenting the steps of linguistic phylogenetic analyses, we proceed to explain the different data types that are examined in this book, such as lexical and typological features, and describe how these are coded. In the final sections, we discuss the resulting network and tree models and how to interpret the graphic representations built using linguistic data. In short, this chapter enables the reader to interpret the graphs and to assess the validity of the results.
Creole typology I
Authors: Bakker Peter , Daval-Markussen Aymeric 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of structural properties of creole languages based on widely different languages and spoken in a broad geographic range. We discuss phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon. Phonologically, creoles tend to have average properties. Creoles are generally not endowed with a rich morphological apparatus, for instance contextual inflection is largely absent, but compounding, reduplication and some derivational processes are common. Syntactically, creoles are quite diverse in their nominal structures. Preverbal markers are common in the verb phrase. A relatively fixed constituent order is found in the basic transitive sentence, mostly SVO. These creole properties are compared with a sample of non-creole languages. The results suggest that lexically, creoles seem to be less mixed than European languages.
West African languages and creoles worldwide
Authors: Daval-Markussen Aymeric , Friis Bøegh Kristoffer , Bakker Peter 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
In creole studies, there has been a long tradition of discussing the respective contributions of African languages in the genesis of creoles spoken primarily in the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans. Creolists have often assumed that the African languages that contributed to the creation of creoles were typologically rather uniform (e.g. Singler 1988). Very few studies have compared more than a handful of languages when searching for African influences in creoles (e.g. Parkvall 2000). In this chapter, we investigate the claim that the African languages involved in the colonial settings, and hence in the creation of various creole languages, were typologically homogeneous. Moreover, we assess the extent to which a selection of proposed stable features is shared (i) between creoles with and without African influence, (ii) between creoles and West African languages known to have influenced these creoles, and finally, (iii) between creoles and their lexifiers.