bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Joseph Morgan et le monde islamique
Authors: Thomson Ann 
Published: June 2016

Ann Thomson : Joseph Morgan and the Islamic World.
Little is known about Morgan — who wrote several works about the Islamic world, in particular North Africa, in the 1720s and 30s — beyond the fact that he had spent twenty years in Algiers, was probably a Freemason and was arrested in London with Radicati for having translated the Italian's irreligious Philosophi¬ cal Dissertation on Death. Due to his numerous translations, he has generally been accused of being little more than a plagiarist. This article shows that the accusation is unfounded and studies his most interesting works, in particular his Complete History of Algiers (1731) and his Mahometism Fully Explained (1723-25). These works show a sympathetic knowledge of Moslem civilisation and a desire to combat European prejudices about it. They also perhaps provide further evidence of the link between heterodox religious ideas and a more sympathetic attitude towards Islam.
Moscovie ou Russie ? Regard de Joseph-Nicolas Delisle et des savants français sur les États de Pierre le Grand
Authors: Chabin Marie-Anne 
Published: June 2016

Marie-Anne Chabin : Muscovy or Russia ? The activity of the Delisle family.
17th-century geographical works showed Muscovy, about which very little was known, next to Tartary, Persia or China ; by the end of the 18th Century, Catherine II' s Russia had become a European power. Thus in a century the perception of the country of the Tsars had totally changed, in both the political and the intellectual sphere. This article studies this evolution through the Delisle family of Parisian scholars, who contributed to the development of knowledge about Russia in France. The father, Claude, a historian, interviewed the Tsar's ambassador ; William, the eldest son, discussed with Peter the Great the geography of his states ; Joseph-Nicolas set up the Saint Petersburg observatory and worked for 25 years in Russia on the great Russian atlas ; Louis died in Kamchatka on Bering's second expedition. J. -N. Delisle' s rich archives show both how Russia replaced Muscovy and what this change symbolized.
Jean-Baptiste Gentil, collectionneur de manuscrits persans
Authors: Richard Francis 
Published: June 2016

Francis Richard : J.-B. Gentil, a collector of Persian manuscripts.
After living in Faizabad in northern India for twelve years, Jean-Baptiste Gentil (1726-99) had by 1775 assembled for Anquetil-Duperron and the King a great collection of objects, paintings and coins. Their aim was to study Indian history with a view to restoring French power in India. An analysis of the list of manuscripts that he collected shows that he wished above all to be a historian.
Les fantasmes orientaux d'un fermier général : la Zaïrette de La Poupelinière
Authors: Duprilot Jacques 
Published: June 2016

Jacques Duprilot : A Farmer-general's oriental obsessions : de La Poupelinière's Zaïrette.
The extravagant, music-loving Farmer-General Le Riche de La Poupelinière, who was famous for his eclectic friendships as protector or patron of Rameau, Vaucanson, Thiriot or J.-J. Rousseau, was also fascinated by the Orient. This appears in Daira and above all Zaïrette, two anonymous stories which were published in mysterious circumstances. The erotic content of the Histoire de Zaïrette, a young Frenchwoman abducted by a Sultan given to flagellation, obviously explains this secrecy, but should not disguise the fact that La Poupeli¬ nière was fascinated all his life by the way of life of wealthy Orientals, so much so that at times he thought he was in a seraglio, as his curious Journal de voyage en Hollande shows. But while his obsessions found an outlet in his oriental stories and an as yet unpublished comedy, they still retain their darker side.
Opinion et public dans les Considérations sur les mœurs de Duclos
Authors: Dornier Carole 
Published: June 2016

Carole Dornier : Opinion and public in Duclos's Considérations sur les
mœurs de ce siècle.
In his Considérations sur les mœurs de ce siècle (1751), Duclos accords to public opinion a function of justice alongside positive laws and individual conscience. The fear of public judgement, which is the outcome of a process of civilisation characterising polite nations, is a form of self-censorship of behaviour which furthers sociability and serves the general interest. Opposed to this optimis¬ tic conception of public judgement, the author condemns the spirit of coteries and cabals, the tyranny of fashion and the fear of ridicule, which are remnants of a court-centred society encouraging an aristocratic minority's pursuit of distinction and social prestige. Public opinion can undermine the voluntary servitude of misplaced respect and become a social force tending towards the happiness of the greatest number.
Philidor, une éthique de l'écoute
Authors: Jacob François 
Published: June 2016

François Jacob : Philidor, a European artist.
If François André Danican Philidor, whose bicentenary we have just celebrated, allowed the Comic Opera to expand as it did, it was perhaps thanks to behaviour, or more generally an ethics, which consisted primarily of openness to others. He was open to the influences of his own dynasty which had provided illustrious royal musicians for nearly 150 years, but he was also open to the concert of nations ; his frequent journeys meant that, perhaps despite himself, he made a vast synthesis of it. But Philidor, whose natural tendency was to introspection, as his passion for chess shows, did not manage to impose his genius. Unlucky in friendship and in circumstances, he could only express his musical originality on the stage of the Comic Opera, and left to posterity only one important instrumental work and the finally tragic picture of a lonely, little-known and misunderstood man.
«Odor di vino ». A travers les lettres italiennes aux 17e et 18e siècles
Authors: Luciani Gérard 
Published: June 2016

Gérard Luciani : "Odor di vino" in hth and isth-century Italian literature.
Wine and the vine have always been present in Italian life and culture, but the most important and probably the only poetic work dealing exclusively with wine dates from the 17th Century, when the Florentine doctor Francesco Redi wrote the dithyramb Bacco in Toscana (Bacchus in Tuscany). This poem is an eulogy of Tuscany wines, which Redi rates (rightly, so it seems, at the time) well above the other Italian wines and even the most famed foreign vintages. In the 18th Century however appeared another perception of Italian wines, as foreign rivals from Hungary, Spain, Greece and especially France arrived on the market at a time when the consumption of chocolate and, even more, coffee became ever more widespread. On the use of wine, traditionally regarded as considerable while remaining within reasonable limits, we have many accounts by writers, particularly from the region of Venice, such as the Gozzi brothers and C. Goldoni. These texts give a more varied picture of the presence of wine in Italy at the time.
Six lettres de madame Necker à Ivan Ivanovitch Chouvalov
Authors: Rosset François , Triaire Dominique 
Published: June 2016

François Rosset and Dominique Triaire : Six letters from Madame Necker to Ivan Ivanovitch Shuvalov.
Ivan Ivanovitch Shuvalov (1727-97), a former favourite of the Empress Elisabeth of Russia, was asked to travel aboard on Catherine's accession. He visited London, Italy, and above all Paris, where he mixed with writers and artists. This taste for the arts won him back the good graces of the Empress, who authorised him to return to Russia in September 1777. He continued to correspond with his former Western acquaintances until his death ; among them was Suzanne Necker, née Curchod (1739-94), the wife of the minister, six of whose letters to Shuvalov, from 1777 to 1789, have been found in Ukraine and Russia. For her Russian correspondent Mme Necker describes mainly literary and political news and thus provides a trace of the passage of this great Russian aristocrat in her salon, proving that her family's relations with Russia began long before has been hitherto believed.
Diderot et le concept de civilisation
Authors: Goggi Gianluigi 
Published: June 2016

Gianluigi Goggi : Diderot and the concept of civilisation.
In 1772, Diderot wrote a short piece on the civilisation of Russia, whose starting-point was his opposition to Voltaire's ideas concerning the transplantation of arts and sciences to Peter I's Russia. Diderot discusses the civilisation of Russia in the light of two other issues emphasized at the time : the civilisation or sédentarisation of savages ; and the development of civilisation in Europe during the Middle Ages. We can see that Diderot's piece combines two conceptions : on the one hand, the idea of a political project leading Russia from barbarism to civilisation through clearly defined stages (beginning with the installation of colonies of foreigners and aiming at transforming Russian society from below) ; and on the other, a conception of civilisation as a slow social evolution, based on a very different idea of the pace of civilisation from that implied by the political project. As he moves from one to the other, Diderot finally takes up certain of Voltaire's suggestions, which he had rejected at the beginning (for example, concerning the role of circumstances in the civilising process).
Sieyès, lecteur du Traité des sensations
Authors: Guilhaumou Jacques 
Published: June 2016

Pierre Serna : Antonelle's critical reading of Condillac.
During the 1770s and then the 1780s, Sieyès and Antonelle read Condillac, made notes on his works and criticized them at length. These two articles, based on their unpublished manuscripts, constitute commentaries on the two authors' reactions, illustrated by long extracts. Their two readings of Condillac converge at some points but remain distinct. These critical notes insist on the important role of reflection concerning the social construction of the individual, or in other words the elaboration of the self in reciprocal interaction. During the revolutionary decade, Condillac's influence was still important when the two writers from Provence, now députés, continued their reflection on the nature of political representation and tried to elaborate a "well-constructed" revolutionary language.
Cabanis et Destutt de Tracy, ou la balance de la société réajustée
Authors: Ben Saïd Cherni Zeineb 
Published: June 2016

Zeineb Ben Said Cherni : Cabanis and Destutt de Tracy or readjusting the balance of society.
According to Cabanis, the organisation of society prolongs the multiple forms in which matter is organised, for it is set up smoothly and spontaneously. It is the result of sympathy and is the focus for all expressions of sensibility ; thus it is a social prolongation of the "physical". This "admirable transaction" follows a cyclical rhythm for, like a machine as conceived by Huyghens, it contains its own balancing system which reestablishes its equilibrium. This engine regulating social life is related to the medical and physiological notions of pathology, conservation and compensation, in which the influence of the Hippo-cratic and vitalistic Montpellier schools are evident. However, the naturalism of the Ideologues Cabanis and Destutt de Tracy is sometimes disturbed when the idea of regulation is replaced by régularisation or that of a brake on natural tendencies. For de Tracy, a crisis cannot be resolved spontaneously ; an artificial critical reason stops the natural impulses of domination and the unbridled indulgence of the individual will, and it readjusts the social balance. The resulting critical reason and civic spirit generate progress which is enclosed in a regulation dominated by order.
Le prince Boris Vladimirovitch Golitsyne (1769-1813). Un des premiers admirateurs de Schiller en Russie
Authors: Tsoffka Victor 
Published: June 2016

Victor Tsoffka : Prince B. V. Golitsyn and F. Schiller.
Prince B. V. Golitsyn (1769-1813), a dillettante writer who lived in France on the eve of the Revolution, was also one of F. Schiller's first admirers in Russia. During his stay in Paris he sent the German poet a letter and one of his works in German, hoping that it would be published in Schiller's review Rheinische Thalia. It was probably a German translation of an essay by O. Goldsmith. In line with the fashion of the age, Golitsyn was strongly influenced by German culture, and he published in the Mercure de France an article on J. K. Riesbeck, in which he tried to bring German literature to the attention of the French public. He also published in the same periodical several French works, in verse and prose, in the style of Gessner and Bernardin de Saint-Pierre. Prince Golitsyn, who was later the neighbour of the young Pushkin in the countryside near Moscow, was possibly the model for Lenski, one of the main heroes of Pushkin's poem Eugene Onegin, like Golitsyn an admirer of Schiller and German literature.
Le récit d'enfance du 17e siècle à Rousseau
Authors: Perrin Jean-Francois 
Published: June 2016

Jean-François Perrin : Childhood Accounts, from the 17th Century to Rousseau.
The present article demonstrates, through a corpus of religious literature (spiritual and hagiographical autobiographies), Memoirs, Lives and novels, that Rousseau's Confessions inherited five characteristics of childhood accounts as they had been written since the 17th Century, namely the puer senex, the child prodigy, the passion for novels, the child who kills his mother at birth and the child who is born dying.
L'Esclavage des noirs, ou la mauvaise conscience d'Olympe de Gouges
Authors: Tarin René 
Published: June 2016

René Tarin : L'Esclavage des noirs and Olympe de Gouges' Guilty Conscience.
In December 1789 the Théâtre de la Nation staged L'Esclavage des noirs ou l'heureux naufrage, by Olympe de Gouges. This production was not a success, but like all her works the play was noteworthy for the unrest and scuffles it occasioned. The colonial lobby saw it as a threat. Some denounced the author's subversive aims ; did men declared free by the Declaration of Rights stop being free in the colonies ? Olympe de Gouges' play is part of the debate on the colonial issue, a major political question in the period 1789-1794, and it illustrates what was at stake and the contradictions of the debate.
Pierres écrites et dessinées
Authors: Pinault-Sørensen Madeleine 
Published: June 2016

Madeleine Pinault Sorensen : Stones in writing and art.
This article attempts to show the diverse forms of representation used by artists to introduce into their works different subjects linked to mineralogy, which almost became a leitmotiv in the second half of the 18th Century, with volcanoes, glaciers, grottos, waterfalls and streams. Artists tackled these subjects after having studied mineralogy, when accompanying a travelling scientist, when travelling alone, or when working on the illustrations for a book or catalogue. Thus we can see the diversity of artists' views of mineralogy, from a panorama of nature to a detailed study of a sample, for example. A whole aspect of landscape painting was thereby transformed, and even more so at the end of the century when sensibility moved towards a clear taste for the unchained elements, in the form of avalanches, storms, eruptions of Vesuvius and earthquakes. These nightmare visions emphasize humain frailty and precarity in the face of nature.
Les paradoxes d'un anti-philosophe. L'Éloge historique de Monseigneur le Duc de Bourgogne, par J.-J. Lefranc de Pompignan
Authors: Ferret Olivier 
Published: June 2016

Olivier Ferret : The paradoxes of an enemy of the philosophes. J.-J. Lefranc de Pompignan's Éloge historique de Monseigneur le duc de Bourgogne.
In his Éloge historique de Monseigneur le duc de Bourgogne (1761), Jean-Jacques Lefranc de Pompignan develops the paradigm of the traditional celebration of a great man's virtues. But it is a delicate exercise, as the dead man was only nine ; this creates a series of contradictions which make the work veer between the desired pathetic tone and involuntary ridicule. The paradoxe thus created can only be understood by taking into account Pompignan's polemical purpose ; for behind the portrait of the ideal sovereign that the Duke of Bourgogne could (and should) have been, the author of this work is constructing the exact antithesis of the 'so-called philosophes'. Thus the pamphlet-like style, by invading the conventional funereal oration, subverts its primary aim and becomes part of the attack launched in the second half of the 18th Century against the philosophes, presented as irreligious and seditious.
Les voyages portugais dans l'Histoire générale des voyages de l'abbé Prévost
Authors: Albertan-Coppola Sylviane 
Published: June 2016

Sylviane Albertan-Coppola : Portuguese journeys in Prévost's Histoire générale des voyages.
Prévost's collection of travel accounts, like the Encyclopédie, aims, by means of synthetic pictures, to provide and popularize universal knowledge. The conception of history behind the work is similar to that of Montesquieu or Voltaire, for human development is not presented as the result of providence or chance, but as a simple chain of cause and effect. This can be seen in the way he treats Portuguese travellers. The importance assigned to their travels, which varies between 1746 and 1759, derives from the editor's task. Prévost, at first given simply the job of translating, soon took on the transitional task of correcting, and finally undertook the work of an editor, following the synthetic method which he preferred. Thus we can see that the very definition of a Portuguese voyage changed according to the sources and the plan of each part.
Jacques le fataliste et le renouveau du roman carnavalesque
Authors: Cronk Nicholas 
Published: June 2016

Jacques le fataliste and the renewal of the carnivalesque novel.
Bakhtin suggests that until the second half of the 17th Century, the carnivalesque in literature was a reflection of man's direct experience of carnival ; therefore, as carnival itself waned, the literary carnivalesque became an increasingly literary (intertextual) phenomenon. Thus Voltaire's Candide exemplifies certain thematic aspects of the carnivalesque, but stops well short of linguistic subversion. Dulaurens's Le Compère Mathieu is, in contrast, a more fully carnivalesque text, embodying the carnivalesque at the level of theme, of genre and of language. Diderot's Jacques le fataliste goes further still, and may be said to represent a "renewal" of the carnivalesque novel. It derives its inspiration not only indirectly from other carnivalesque literature, but also (and notwithstanding Bakhtin's view that 18th-century authors had lost immediate contact with carnival) directly from Diderot's experience of popular culture.
Le rire et la parodie. Freud ou Bergson ?
Authors: de Rougemont Martine 
Published: June 2016

Parodic laughter : between Freud and Bergson.
Theatrical parody, a genre which defined its forms in the 18th Century, occupies a place in the theatrical landscape. Its almost instantaneous composition, sometimes in complicity with the object of attack, means that it is as much advertisement (albeit buffoon-like) as criticism. It familiarizes audiences with the noble genres, brings out the criteria of well-crafted theatre and teaches the spectator to be inside/outside. The parodies by Parisau, La Veuve de Cancale, Richard, Le Roi Lu, are here studied as examples of this procedure, through themes, language and direct or indirect ways of addressing the public. Is parodie laughter made of exclusion and condemnation or of almost affectionate familiarity which undermines the authority of great literature ? Parisau seems closer to Freud than to Bergson.
Le rire des anti-philosophes
Authors: Cave Christophe 
Published: June 2016

Anti-philosophical laughter.
How was the question of laughter posed by the "anti-philosophes" ? By representing the laughter of their adversaries - seen as a homogeneous group - as a sign of social rupture, destruction of relationships, the expression of an opposition between good and bad laughter based on the axiological distinction between cheerfulness and wit (or mockery or disturbing outbursts). This laughter is also presented as a sign of the hubris of Reason, forbidden by theology, but which the philosophes tried to exempt from this condemnation. The philosophes' enemies used the theatre and notions of "type" and "character", to create a new topical vulgate of social and ideological images. Moreau, Sabatier de Castres, Fréron or Palissot attribute to these images, sometimes explicitly, the imagined function of social catharsis and political regulation.
La maladie, le rire, le risible
Authors: Imbroscio Carmelina 
Published: June 2016

Illness, laughter and risibility.
This article attempts to place the 18th Century's rehabilitation of the healthy function of laughter in the Hippocratic medical tradition. Laughter therapy, like other "moral" therapies by music, balls, voyages or the open air, is applied to illnesses of the nerves (vapours, spleen, hypochondria etc). The laughter advised by doctors, which was derived from an intuition of the disease, was opposed to another type of laughter, based on the negation of the illness itself and provoked in the theatre by the presence on stage of more or less imaginary sufferers who themselves constitute the risible subject of the play. Medicine and comic theatre, enlightenment and society, thus take opposing positions concerning this subject (illness) and its instrument (laughter) and come to very different conclusions : on the one hand, an openness towards the complex relationship between the physical and the moral and on the other, the continuation of fears and prejudices.
Des dessins inédits du Marquis de Sade
Authors: Stroev Alexandre 
Published: June 2016

Unpublished designs by the marquis de Sade.
Three designs by Sade, preserved in Russian archives, concern a labyrinth and a grand place of debauchery. The plans, accompanied by legends, are very similar to contemporary Utopian architectural projects, in particular those of Claude-Nicolas Ledoux. They show a theatre of action and the main stages of sexual torture suffered by hundreds of victims. The journey through the rooms of the pleasure house, from the entrance to the cemetary, can be interpreted as a text in which each cell generates writing. These designs can be seen as an after-text and a pre-text : the conclusion of the 120 journées de Sodome and the plan for a new novel, the Journées de Florbelle.
Un projet avorté d'intégration républicaine. L'institution nationale des colonies (1797-1802)
Authors: Gainot Bernard 
Published: June 2016

A failed plan for republican integration : the National Institution for the Colonies (1797-1802).
The former Collège de la Marche in Paris was the site of an original republican experiment during the First Republic, aimed at providing a common education for the sons of the new (essentially black and mulatto) West Indian ruling class that emerged during the revolution and for the heirs to the great white planter families. There were also to be some sons of colonial civil servants and of Oriental dignitaries. The experiment was directed by abbé Coisnon, a friend of Grégoire's and a contact of Toussaint-Louverture's in 1802. It was encouraged by the Minister for the Navy, Truguet, in 1797, under the auspices of the representatives of the colony of Saint-Domingo at the Directoire legislature. This experiment shows, even more clearly than other institutions, the official colonial policy of the Directoire, which was republican integration. Its sudden closure under the Consulat, together with the reestablishment of West Indian slavery, shows how important was the change in May 1802, marking a break with Enlightenment principles of emancipation.