bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
36. Practicing medicine and music II: Ophthalmology and music
Authors: Hwi L. P. , Ting J. W. 
Published: May 2017

Cecil Cameron Ewing (1925-2006) was a lecturer and head of ophthalmology at the University of Saskatchewan. Throughout his Canadian career, he was an active researcher who published several articles on retinoschisis and was the editor of the Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. For his contributions to Canadian ophthalmology, the Canadian Ophthalmological Society awarded Ewing a silver medal. Throughout his celebrated medical career, Ewing maintained his passion for music. His love for music led him to be an active member in choir, orchestra, opera and chamber music in which he sang and played the piano, violin and viola. He was also the director of the American Liszt Society and a member for over 40 years.
The connection between music and ophthalmology exists as early as the 18th Century. John Taylor (1703-1772) was an English surgeon who specialized in eye diseases. On the one hand, Taylor was a scientist who contributed to ophthalmology by publishing books on ocular physiology and diseases, and by advancing theories of strabismus. On the other hand, Taylor was a charlatan who traveled throughout Europe and blinded many patients with his surgeries. Taylor’s connection to music was through his surgeries on two of the most famous Baroque composers: Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) and George Frederick Handel (1685-1759). Bach had a painful eye disorder and after two surgeries by Taylor, Bach was blind. Handel had poor or absent vision prior to Taylor’s surgery, and his vision did not improve after surgery. The connection between ophthalmology and music spans over three centuries from the surgeries of Taylor to the musical passion of Ewing.
Ewing E. Cecil Cameron Ewing. BMJ 2006; 332(7552):1278.
Jackson DM. Bach, Handel, and the Chevalier Taylor. Med Hist 1968; 12(4):385-93.
Zegers RH. The Eyes of Johann Sebastian Bach. Arch Ophthalmol 2005; 123(10):1427-30.
37. Unlikely bedmates: A critical look at the history of public health and prostitution
Authors: Berkhout S. 
Published: May 2017

The trope of the prostitute as a vector of sexually transmitted disease is longstanding, though not as old as the profession itself. The regulation and control of sex work also boasts of an incredibly long history; the practices that have developed into the field of public health in particular have been an important source of the ideology suffusing sex work, as well as the social identities associated with sex workers.
A general form of a ‘medical police’ (to borrow from Foucault) emerged rather abruptly in the 18th Century, gaining greater support with the advent of positivism in the early 19th Century. The developing methods of epidemiology were intertwined with the uncovering of correlations between poverty, class, and disease, providing both a methodological and ethical foundation for public health interventions and social control, including the legal regulation and sequestering of women thought to be prostituting, forced medical examinations, as well as moral rehabilitation campaigns directed toward sex workers. The breadth of interventions justified by the interests of public health demonstrates that the relationship between public health and prostitution is far deeper than the use of population statistics and outbreak investigations to curb the spread of disease.
In this paper, I consider some of the various ways in which prostitution has been constructed through norms regarding class, gender, and sexuality, and how aspects of the historical relationship between public health practices and prostitution have influenced, and been influenced by, these understandings. Appreciating the historical context of sex work and public health is of significance, given that current ideas about appropriate interventions and regulations continue to be informed by this type of politics of health.
Bell S. Reading, Writing, and Rewriting the Prostitute Body. Indiana University Press, 1994.
Brock D. Making Work, Making Trouble: Prostitution as a Social Problem. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998.
Lupton D. The Imperative of Health: Public Health and the Regulated Body. Sage Publications, 1995.
38. Max Brodel (1870-1941): His artistic influence on surgical learning at John Hopkins Medical School
Authors: Pace-Asciak P. , Gelfand T. 
Published: May 2017

Medical students depend on illustration to learn anatomical facts and details that may be too subtle for the written or spoken word. For surgical disciplines, learners rely on tools such as language, 2-dimensional illustrations, and 3-dimensional models to pass on important concepts. Although a photograph can convey factual information, illustration can highlight and educate the pertinent details for understanding surgical procedures, neurovascular structures, and the pathological disease processes.
In order to understand the current role of medical illustration in education, one needs to look to the past to see how art has helped solve communication dilemmas when learning medicine. This paper focuses on Max Brodel (1870-1941), a German-trained artist who eventually immigrated to the United States to pursue his career as a medical illustrator. Shortly after his arrival in Baltimore, Brodel made significant contributions to medical illustration in Gynecology at John Hopkins University, and eventually in other fields of medicine such as Urology and Otolaryngology. Brodel is recognized as one of America’s most distinguished medical illustrators for creating innovative artistic techniques and founding the profession of medical illustration.
Today, animated computer based art is synergistically used with medical illustration to educate students about anatomy. Some of the changes that have occurred with the advancement of computer technology will be highlighted and compared to a century ago, when illustrations were used for teaching anatomy due to the scarcity of cadavers.
Schultheiss D, Udo J. Max Brodel (1870-1941) and Howard A.Kelly (1858-1943) – Urogynecology and the birth of modern medical illustration. European Journal of Obstetrics & gynecology and Reproductive Biology 1999; 86:113-115.
Crosby C. Max Brodel: the man who put art into medicine. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1991.
Papel ID. Max Brodel’s contributions to otolaryngology – Head and Neck surgery. The American Journal of Otology 1986; 7(6):460-469.
39. Thomas Hodgkin. 1798-1866. Health advocate for Manitoba
Authors: Warren P. 
Published: May 2017

CanMEDS 2005 includes health advocate. Pertinently Michel Foucault wrote “The first task of the doctor is therefore political…Man will be totally and definitively cured only if first liberated.” No one exemplified this more than Thomas Hodgkin widely known for his eponymous disease. What is less known is his unceasing work, as a Quaker, for aboriginal people around the world. He was secretary of the Aboriginal Protection Society. He had been interested in Canada since meeting John Norton, as a teenager. His involvement in the plight of Canada’s Indians may have cost him a staff position at Guy’s Hospital; the Treasurer, Benjamin Harrison, is quoted as saying “he would have no officer of the hospital who drove about with a North American Indian in his carriage.” Hodgkin played an active role in the history of Manitoba. His friend Dr Richard King undertook expeditions in Western Canada to find Sir John Franklin corresponded with Hodgkin on his anthropological observations on the Aboriginals and the treatment of them by the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC). Hodgkin campaigned actively about the management of the Manitoba aboriginals by the HBC. The presentation will illustrate this with excerpts from his letters to Sir George Simpson, Governor HBC, from Captain Kennedy who also sought Franklin and the archives of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba. He presented evidence to the House of Commons as HBC was ceded to Canada. As editor of the Colonial Intelligencer he wrote much on Manitoba and received a letter from Louis Riel. Hodgkin was passionately committed to ensure that people were free both politically and economically.
Foucault M. The Birth of the Clinic. Archaeology of Medical Perception. trans. A.M. Sheridan Smith. New York: Vintage Books, 1994.
Wilks S, Bettany GT. A Biographical History of Guy’s Hospital. London: Ward, Lock and Co., 1892.
Kass AM, Kass EH. Perfecting the World. The Life and Times of Dr. Thomas Hodgkin 1798-1866. Boston: Harcourt Brace Johanovich Publishers, 1988.
41. The cost of mistakes: Penalties for surgical malpractice through the ages
Authors: Vartian B. A. 
Published: May 2017

In recent years the United States has undergone what some have termed a malpractice “crisis”. It has affected Canada and other parts of the world to a lesser extent and has been the subject of much debate. Throughout history the idea of what constitutes negligent surgical care and its consequences has not been an immutable concept but rather has fluctuated between seemingly polar extremes.
In ancient Mesopotamia, the Hammurabi code describes bountiful rewards for successful surgery contrasted with mutilation or death for failed attempts. In ancient Egypt we see the extremes of strict dogma, where acceptable practice was laid out by ancient priestly documents and those who strayed from their precise format could be met with deportation or beheading, a practice that discouraged developing treatment for those with a poor chance of survival. In stark contrast to these cultures the physician/surgeons of ancient Greece had almost complete impunity. After the monastic orders in Europe were banned from surgical practice in 1130 the uneducated barber surgeons dominated the field. The minority of educated surgeons pointed out many examples of negligence and improper care by this group. Capital punishment and mutilation of negligent surgeons became common once again in the crusader states, as public humiliation was added to the punishment. During the renaissance in Italy, the actions of a regulatory council levied stiff fines for surgeons who infringed on the practice of physicians while seemingly paying very little attention to examples of gross negligence and patient abuse. Finally in the modern era, surgery developed much more effective treatments for many conditions. Paradoxically as soon as a technique became better for a condition, accusations of negligence for treatment of that condition became common.
42. The psychoneuroimmunophysiological responses to incongruous actions or statements/prevarications made for the purpose of eliciting rhythmic, spasmodic expiratory reflexes
Authors: Ahmed S. 
Published: May 2017

Although humans know instinctually that humour has healing powers, an understanding of the precise effects of humour and laughter had been largely unknown until the twentieth Century, due to the lack of technology. Not all of the barriers to research have been removed – it is still not possible to know “how much” good humour a person has or is experiencing – but there have been significant discoveries that help to prove that while laughter may not be the best medicine, it certainly helps the medicine go down.
The understanding of humour has come in four distinct areas, and in periods that reflect the available technologies. With the discovery of laughing diseases, interest in humour drove Harry Paskind in 1932 to create a new machine to study muscle tone during good humour. From the 1950s to 1970s, the neurology of laughter was researched, accompanying further research into the pathology of laughter after an epidemic of laughter in Uganda from 1962-64. After this came the study of the immunology and the discovery that laughter fights cancer, with the champion of laughter research, William Fry, dedicating a decade from 1969-79 to this work. Finally came research on the indisputable effect of laughter – its healthy effects on human psychology. Thanks, in part, to this research, and also supporting it, the past forty years have seen men like Norman Cousins and Hunter “Patch” Adams bring humour into mainstream healthcare. This research provides doctors an opportunity both now and in the future, as we learn even more about humour, to bring a softer face to medicine and truly give patients something to smile about.
Cousins N. Anatomy of an Illness. New York: WW Norton & Company, Inc., 1979.
Paskind H. Effect of Laughter on Muscle Tone. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 1932; 28-3:623-628.
Robinson VM. Humor and the Health Professions. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991.
47. Evaluation of new implementation strategies, program effectiveness and dissemination of new pedagogical knowledge: Centre for faculty development's stepping stones teaching certificate program
Authors: Richardson D. , Silver I. , Dionne A. 
Published: May 2017

This evaluation of the integrated Stepping Stones (SS) Teaching Certificate program, including its instructional development (workshops) and theory review (journal club) components, will inform further program development. Results of this project will also add to the limited amount of scholarly work in the area of faculty development program evaluation.
Faculty development literature in the area of organized program assessment reveals use of either quantitative OR qualitative methods. In this project, a novel method combining both techniques was used to explore program impact. Participants completed 2 questionnaires to identify skill-set knowledge gaps in teaching effectiveness. Pre- and post-program quantitative gaps were generated. Focus groups were used for qualitative exploration. Areas explored pre-program included: a) motives for enrollment, b) program expectations and c) prior teaching preparation. Post-program discussion explored: the impact of the program on a) participant’s perceived gaps, b) teaching behaviour change, and c) its influence on their career in education.
We believed the program’s interprofessional environment would foster development of a learning community having impact on faculty knowledge, skills and attitudes related to teaching, and potentially elicit behavioural change in teaching practices. Results from a 2004-2005 cohort of participants have identified a variety of benefits for faculty and their teaching practice. Results from a second separate cohort, 2005-2006 participants, validated the initial findings. Remarkable harmonization in the results of the qualitative analysis between the two cohort samples was evident. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in each of the domains examined qualitatively.
Both qualitative and quantitatively, program effectiveness was demonstrated immediately following completion of the program. Follow up to assess the sustainability of the effects is ongoing. The analysis of the quantitative discrepancy (gaps) data has lead to a possible technique to assist in identifying unperceived educational needs.
McLeod PJ, Steinert Y, Nasmith L, Conochie L. Faculty Development in Canadian medical schools: a 10-year update. CMAJ 1997; 156(10):1419-23.
Hewson MG, Copeland HL, Fishleder AJ. What’s the use of faculty development? Program evaluation using retrospective self-assessments and independent performance ratings. Teach Learn Med 2001; 13(3):153-60.
Moore EM. A Framework for Outcomes Evaluation in the Continuing Development of Physicians, in: The Continuing Professional Development of Physicians. Eds. Davis D, Barnes BE, Fox R. AMA Press, 2003.
48. MD/MBA: A useful combination in Canadian specialty medicine?
Authors: Shantz J. 
Published: May 2017

The practice of medicine has changed greatly in the face of rapidly changing technology, limited or controlled funding and heightened patient expectations. In the early 1990s curricula for the management education of residents appeared. The Social Needs Working Group identified competencies grouped under the manager role as a major weakness of residency training in Canada. Recent graduates in the United States and Canada found they were unprepared for the increased responsibility of office management, contract negotiation and healthcare administration.
The popularity of masters degrees in business administration (MBA) has grown exponentially. At the same time the number of medical professionals completing MBAs in Canada is still small by comparison, as opposed to the United States where MD-MBAs are more prevalent. The utility of MBAs is still in question in Canada. The effects on practice patterns of Canadian residents completing an MBA is also unknown.
The following workshop aims to allow participants to experience the format of case-based learning applied in many MBA programs. The cases will also highlight the unique approach a business mind can bring to current issues within medicine. The usefulness of an MBA will also be explored through small group exercises and testimonials. The process of applying to and funding this degree will be elaborated.
Frank RA. Practice management education--are residency programs properly preparing physicians for the 21st Century? College review - Denver, Colo. 1993 (Fall); 10(2):22-47.
Gill JB, Schutt RC, Jr. Practice management education in orthopaedic surgical residencies. The Journal of bone and joint surgery 2007; Jan; 89(1):216-9.
Parekh SG, Singh B. An MBA: the utility and effect on physicians' careers. The Journal of bone and joint surgery 2007 (Feb); 89(2):442-7.
49. Effect of a resident-as-teacher training programme on surgical resident clinical teaching skills
Authors: Ying Y. , Fitzgerald P. , Reid S. 
Published: May 2017

This study was designed to assess the benefits of a resident-as-teacher training programme on surgical residents within a surgical clinical teaching unit.
A randomized controlled trial was conducted at McMaster University between July 2005 and June 2006. Twenty-eight (28) General Surgery Residents and one 134 Medical Students participated in the study. Residents were randomly assigned to participate in a two-day training course on clinical teaching skills at the 3 or 12-month interval. Medical Students completed teaching evaluations on residents whom they had significant exposure. Resident scores on teaching evaluations as well as medical student performance on rotation examinations were assessed.
The intervention (n=14) and control (n=14) groups were at similar levels of training. Only 5 intervention and 9 control residents had both pre and post intervention evaluations. Evaluations were measured on a 1 to 5 Likert scale. Data was analyzed by intention-to-treat. The mean evaluation score in both control and intervention groups were higher than pre-intervention (8% and 14%, p=0.03). However, the magnitude of change between the 2 groups was not statistically significant. Medical student performance by those exposed to more intervention residents was not significantly different from those exposed to more control residents.
There is a significant improvement in resident teaching over an academic year, as determined by medical student evaluations of the resident-teachers. Although there was a trend of improved teaching with the teaching- skills intervention, the difference was not statistically significant, and did not affect medical student performance on the end-of rotation examinations.
Blue AV, et al. Surgical Teaching Quality Makes a Difference. American Journal of Surgery 1999; 177:86-9.
Dunnington GL, DaRosa D. A prospective Randomized Trial of Residents-as-teachers Training Program. Academic Medicine 1998; 73: 696-700.
Griffith CH, et al. Relationship of How Well Attending Physicians Teach to Their Students’ Performances and Residency Choices. Academic Medicine 1997; 72:S118-120.
51. Structured assessment format for evaluating operative reports (SAFE-OR) in general surgery
Authors: Vergis A. , Gillman L. , Taylor M. , Minor S. , Park J. 
Published: May 2017

This study determined the construct validity, inter-rater reliability and internal consistency of a “Structured Assessment Format for Evaluating Operative Reports” (SAFE-OR) in general surgery. The assessment instrument was developed using consensus criteria set forth by the Canadian Association of General Surgeons. It includes a structured assessment and a global quality rating scale. Residents divided into novice and experienced groups viewed and dictated a video-taped laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy. Transcriptions were then graded by blinded, independent faculty evaluators using SAFE-OR.
Twenty-one residents participated in the study. Mean structured assessment scores (out of 44) were significantly lower for novice versus experienced residents (23.3 ± 5.2 vs 34.1 ± 6.0, t=0.001). Mean global quality scores (out of 45) were similarly lower for novice residents (25.6 ± 4.7 vs 35.9 ± 7.6, t=0.006). Inter-class correlation coefficients were 0.98 (95% CI 0.96-0.99) for structured assessment and 0.93 (95% CI 0.83-0.97) for global quality scales. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for internal consistency were 0.85 for structured assessment and 0.96 for global quality assessment scales.
SAFE-OR demonstrates significant construct validity, excellent inter-rater reliability and high internal consistency. This tool will allow educators to objectively evaluate the quality of trainee operative reports and ultimately provide a mechanism for implementing, monitoring, and refining curriculum for operative dictation communication skills.
Moore R. The dictated operative note: important but is it being taught? Journal of the American College of Surgeons 2000; 190(5):639-40.
Novitsky Y, Sing R, et al. Prospective, blinded evaluation of accuracy of operative reports dictated by surgical residents. The American Surgeon 2005; 71(8):627-31.
Wanzel K, Ward R, et al. Teaching the surgical craft: From selection to certification. Current Problems in Surgery 2002; 39(6):573-659.