bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trois lettres inédites de Crébillon fils à Mme de Graffigny
Authors: L. Grayson Vera 
Published: June 2016

Three unpublished letters from Crébillon fils to Madame de Graffigny, presented by Vera L. Grayson.
Madame de Graffigny met Crébillon fils at the salon of Mlle Quinault in December 1741. In March 1744, she invited him to a dinner at her house ; his letter of acceptance is published here. Attempting to invite him again over the course of the next few weeks, she was annoyed by his constant refusals. Two of his letters of refusal are published in this article. The two continued to see each other at Mlle Quinault' s, and by January 1745 Crébillon was a regular guest at the house of Madame de Graffigny. But by March 1745, the Quinault salon was abandoned and they made no more attempts to see each other, Graffigny complaining of Crébillon' s laziness.
Le Rat du Châtelet
Authors: Nédélec Claudine 
Published: June 2016

Claudine Nédélec : Le Rat du Chatelet.
Le Rat du Châtelet, a small duodecimo volume published anonymously in 1790, is a novel, a report and a political statement on prisons ; it shows us how the political and the social are integrated into the literary, and how reality is described and recomposed through textual traditions, in particular the picaresque tale and parodies of noble genres. The work also provides a social portrait of criminality by 'quoting' dialogues in argot, the secret language of thieves and murderers, which here appears for the first time as the language of criminels in prison, in a context which is both realistic and dramatic and very different from the burlesque, 'comic' (in Scarron's sense) writing of the stories of beggars in early 17th-century popular literature, which was still widely sold. This work, half-way between a raw document and a literary reworking, prefigures the great 19th-century works in argot.
Condorcet et les assignats : présentation
Authors: Dorigny Marcel 
Published: June 2016

Manuela Albertone, Jean-Nicolas Rieucau, Marcel Dorigny and François Hincker : Condorcet and the assignats.
This dossier is made up of three studies centred around a single theme, namely Condorcet' s attitude towards the paper money issued by the Constituent Assembly. The three approaches proposed here offer quite different interpretations of this question and open up a debate concerning the nature of assignats and the significance of the divisions between the revolutionaries on this point.
Manuela Albertone recalls the doctrinal elements of Condorcet' s initial opposi¬ tion to the creation of money assignats ; it was above all the formation of his economic thought and his experience as an Inspector of the Mint which prevented him from supporting this type of fiduciary currency. As his thinking was influenced first by the Physiocrats and then by Turgot and Smith, he could not imagine a non-metallic money with no universally accepted intrinsic value.
Jean-Nicolas Rieucau, on the other hand, emphasizes the fact that Condorcet refused assignats not so much from a doctrinal attachment to quantitativist theory or from a superstitious attachment to precious metals, as from certainty concerning the imperfect nature of assignats which were incapable of completely fulfilling the role of 'true money'.
His refusal was based on an awareness that the assignat was unsatisfactory as a complete means of payment. Paradoxically, this analysis led Condorcet to ask for a generalisation of small assignats which could play an almost perfect monetary role, at least for everyday transactions.
Marcel Dorigny and François Hincker note that Condorcet did not stick rigidly to his initial hostility, but became by the end of 1791 one of the most fervent partisans of money assignats ; they describe the different stages of this about-turn and try to explain its causes.
Les manuscrits religieux de Newton et leur occultation
Authors: Baillon Jean-François 
Published: June 2016

Jean-François Bâillon : Newton's religious manuscripts and their exclusion from the canon.
This article attempts to assess the impact of Newton's manuscripts on their first readers (heirs, editors, biographers). Instead of seing the fact that they were ignored as the result of positivistic prejudices, the author suggests that it was rather their heterodox contents that frightened readers who were concerned to maintain an ideological solidarity between official science and the national religion. An analysis of the manuscripts themselves in the light of this hypothesis shows that they undermine the authority of the clergy in a way that could at the time seem close to certain deistic theses. Paradoxically, the very existence of a positivistic myth about Newton was made possible by the fact that, for theological reasons, Newton's religious manuscripts were removed from the canon of his writings.
Idoménée de Fénelon à Crébillon père. Du statut ambigu donné à l'expérience tragique
Authors: Soulatges Magali 
Published: June 2016

Magali Soulatges : Idomeneo from Fénelon to the elder Crébillon.
At the end of the 17th Century the tragic story of Idomeneo, the infanticide king, excited almost simultaneously the interest of two authors involved in very different types of literary création. Fénelon gave the ruler an important place in his novel Les Aventures de Télémaque (1699) and the elder Crébillon began his career with the tragedy of Idoménée (1705). Although both authors inserted the story into a scenario of initiation, they brought their characters to two different types of knowledge drawn from tragic expérience : Fénelon's hero overcame his mistake by redemption, while Crébillon's Idomeneo was confronted with meaninglessness verging on absurdity. But Fénelon's monarch is a truly tragic character, for his submission to the tyranny of a didactic account prevents him assuming freely the meaning of and responsability for his act. Crébillon's Idome¬ neo, taking full advantage of the freedom of expression provided by the theatre, constructs his tragic identity alone, thus escaping momentarily from the weight of transcendence.
Les vaudevilles, un medium théâtral
Authors: Robinson Philip 
Published: June 2016

Philip Robinson : Vaudevilles, an 18th-century theatrical medium.
Early French opéra-comique (or théâtre de la foire) is typified by vaudevilles , which are the theatrical application of the pont-neuf (the singing of satirical lyrics to already known tunes) ; this means not only refrain songs at the ends of acts or whole plays, but the very dialogue itself. Vaudevilles become a theatrical medium in a quite specific musical sense, for even when present in only limited numbers they impose, thanks to the cultural connotations and references of their airs, a light and comical tone which tends to dominate the entire play. The point is demonstrated by following, through a number of plays from the period 1740-70, the use of two airs for which the connotations and references can be reconstructed and the musical effects illustrated.
Rétif de la Bretonne en Suède
Authors: Björkman Margareta 
Published: June 2016

Margareta Bjôrkman : Rétif de la Bretonne in Sweden.
This article deals with the reception of the Swedish translations of Rétif de la Bretonne's novels La Famille vertueuse (1767 ; Swedish translation 1780) and Lucile ou le progrès de la vertu (1768 ; translation 1785). Advertisements in the press, catalogues from booksellers and circulating libraries have been used to trace their path to the readers, and even typolographical layout is taken into consideration. The aim is to draw attention to the amazingly universal sphere of popular reading. The translators are seen as representatives of two types : either using their translations to advance within the civil service, or simply needing to make a living. Translations of prose fiction were of great importance for the development of Swedish prose, as there was practically no domestic production of prose fiction at this time.
Communautés vigneronnes en vallée de Montmorency et catholicisme (1750-1800)
Authors: Arzalier Francis 
Published: June 2016

Francis Arzalier : Wine-growing communities in the Montmorency valley and catholicism, 1750-1800.
The Montmorency Valley, twenty kilometres from Paris, is now simply one huge suburb, but in the 18th Century it was an area of scattered wine-growing villages. The village community, although it was less important from the strictly economic point of view, was very important in mentalities and behaviour, expressed in a religion that represented social rituals rather than dogma. The Valley reacted to the French Revolution firstly as a region of scattered rural communities, with overwhelming support for the disappearance of feudal restraints, but a refusal of the reforms which undermined Catholic practice. Attachment to Catholicism remained very strong, at the same time as the movement of déchristianisation in 1794 was important among the labourers on the neighbouring wheat-growing lands of the Valois, Brie or the Plaine de France.
De dictionnaires en Encyclopédie. Le savoir œnologique et sa diffusion
Authors: Giaufret Colombani Hélène , Mascarello Maria-Teresa 
Published: June 2016

Hélène Giauffret-Colombani and Maria Teresa Mascarello : From dictionaries to the Encyclopédie : oenological knowledge and its popularisation.
An analysis of the entries for "wine" in some 18th-century lexicographical works (Dictionnaire de l'Académie, Dictionnaire de Trévoux, Savary de Bruslons's Dictionnaire du commerce and the Encyclopédie) provides a good idea of the impressive body of knowledge concerning wine, initially reserved for the upper classes, but which was later to reach a new reading public through more didactic works. Fermentation (still a mysterious process), vinification, adulteration, commercialisation, and wine-producing regions and countries were all covered. An elaborate framework was used to analyse wine quality (body, strength and acidity, bouquet and taste, colour and age). While focussing mainly on wine consumption, the entries also paid much attention to therapeutic and dietetic uses. Finally, figurative phrases and expressions bear witness to the role of wine in the French language.
Les vignerons et le marché immobilier de l'Ancien Régime à l'Empire, dans la région d'Amboise
Authors: Jollet Anne 
Published: June 2016

Anne Jollet : Wine-growers and the property market from the Old Regime to the Empire in the Amboise region.
At the end of the 18th Century wine-growers were numerous in the countryside around Amboise, a small town in the Touraine, in the middle Loire valley. They constituted a third of the 3 900 families living there, corresponding to the majority of the peasants. This article studies how this particular social group fared on the property market throughout the French Revolution. Their activity increased together with that of the whole society, and during the thirty years under study they became more and more buyers rather than sellers, which shows their economic health. Their property increased slowly, as a result of numerous transactions, involving very small plots of land, which became ever smaller, particularly vineyard plots. This facilitated their activity and at the same time their activity helped to increase the number of tiny plots of land, which modified the structure of this property market.
Bordeaux, le vin et les Anglais : commerce ou passion ?
Authors: Larrère Catherine 
Published: June 2016

Catherine Larrère : Bordeaux, wine and the English : trade or passion ?
As Melon complained in his Essai politique sur le commerce (1734), "Trade between the two nations in wine and draperies is prohibited. The English are forced to go to Portugal to acquire wines which they do not like". There was agreement on both sides of the Channel, and it was not simply a question of criticising commercial rivalry. From Montesquieu to Adam Smith, there was a developing debate on the quality of wine, for the debate between Bordeaux, wine and the English was less about interest than about passion.
«Le vin, cette liqueur traîtresse»
Authors: Dornier Carole 
Published: June 2016

Carole Dornier : "Wine, that treacherous liquor".
In the first half of the century, drunkenness concerned moralists more than doctors. Theologians and philosophers were aware of alcoholic dependence and its consequences, but disagreed when defining appropriate use. For Catholic orthodoxy (Pontas, Dictionnaire des cas de conscience), appropriate use means to drink from necessity only, but this justifies Islamic prohibition and Jansenist rigour rather than Christian toleration (La Médecine théologique ). Lay moralists distinguished reasonable pleasure from destructive behaviour and excessive rigour (Le Maître de Claville, Le Traité du vrai mérite) to find happiness in conformity with natural law (Toussaint, Les Mœurs). But if pleasure is a means to avoid pain, drunkenness and suicide, condemned or justified by the same arguments, are remedies for life's miseries (Maupertuis, Essai de philosophie morale). The effects of wine, alcohol and drugs are compared by philosophers who consider the search for exaltation and relief as a universal phenomenon. The reasonable use of wine seems to be based either on submission to Divine Providence or on respect and self-control as a duty (Kant, Anthropology and Doctrine of Virtue).
De la République des lettres aux réformes de Turgot. Autour de deux lettres inédites de Condorcet
Authors: Macé Laurence 
Published: June 2016

Laurence Macé : From the Republic of Letters to Turgot's reforms. Concerning two unpublished letters by Condorcet.
Although the history of relations between French and Italian scholars has been admirably studied by Françoise Waquet for the period 1680-1750, nothing has been done on the years leading up to the French Revolution. We publish two letters from the University library in Pisa, from Condorcet to the Tuscan ecclesiastic and man of letters Angelo Fabroi, who probably met Condorcet during his first visit to Paris in late 1772 or early 1773. While the first letter illustrates, through Cordorcet's aspirations, the continuing influence of the practices and institutions of the Republic of Letters in groups close to the Encyclopédie, the second, from February 1776, bears a rare witness to the great hopes aroused by the imminent registration of Turgot's reforms, as well as to the change in the role of the scholar, whose political struggle already includes, in 1776, the vision of a historical progress of science and Enlightenment.
La fidélité de Volney. De la première à la dixième édition des Ruines
Authors: Deneys Henry 
Published: June 2016

Henry Deneys : Volney's consistency, from the first to the tenth edition of the Ruins.
In the absence of manuscripts of the Ruins or of accounts of its composition, a comparison of the text of the first and tenth editions reveals how the author's theses and references developed from (at least) 1791 to 1820. The comparison of firstly the notes and then the major chapters brings out the way the discussion of fundamental philosophico-political issues in chapters 15, 16 and 17 has been toned down or changed, and what has been removed (which had not hitherto been noticed by commentators). This new reading confirms, for example, the author's concern in 1789 with the historical basis for the Rights of Man, and his tendency to complicate his initial theory of the link between Justice and Equality. While a biographical study emphasizes the way the man changed, the study of the changes to the text of the Ruins brings out the hidden consistency of the author and his faithfulness to the popular dramaturgy of La Sentinelle du peuple, and above all to the "natural" philosophy of Helvétius and d'Holbach.
L'Orient vu par Prévost dans l'Histoire d'une Grecque moderne : l'ambassadeur et l'eunuque
Authors: Leborgne Erik 
Published: June 2016

Erik Leborgne : Ortf.ntai, fantasies in Prévost's Histoire d'une Grecque moderne : the ambassador and the Eunuch.
The Orient depicted in both the Lettres persanes and the Histoire d'une Grecque moderne is based on a paradox, for it represents the frustration of desire in a despotic world that is nevertheless fantasized by the West as a sexual paradise. Political and erotic fantasies come together in Prévost's treatment of his hero, who appears at the end of the novel as a sort of "ambassador-eunuch" and as the emblem of the impossible conjunction of domination and pleasure. This study of significant episodes in the work (the entry into the seraglio, the night in Oru, the "fête du roi" in the Embassy) brings out the psychological conflicts within this character and the problematc status of his "enlightened libertinism".
L'Irlande et les Lumières
Authors: Davies Simon 
Published: June 2016

Simon Davies : Ireland and the Enlightenment.
Ireland has never been envisaged as a significant contributor to the Enlightenment. However, recent years have seen important reassessments of Irish writers and thinkers as well as revisionist studies of Ireland as a colonised nation. Thinkers such as John Toland and Francis Hutcheson and movements such as the United Irishmen have been reconsidered in a wider, often European, context. This article draws attention to these re-evaluations, ongoing subjects of debate and controversy, and implicitly broaches the question of Irish identity in both 18th-century and 20th-century terms.
Pour une histoire littéraire du livre
Authors: Séité Yannick 
Published: June 2016

Yannick Séité : Towards a literary history of the book.
During the last thirty years, book history and the history of reading have seen a spectacular development. Nevertheless, as practice lags behind statements, the persistance of certain frontiers between disciplines has meant that the editorial practices of Enlightenment authors have tended to be ignored. The present article particularly looks at the way these authors used their typographical knowledge to ensure the transformation of their texts into books, sometimes running counter to workshop practices. Summing up the last thirty years' research on the book, in a critical dialogue with the writing of G. Genette, R. Chartier or D. F. McKenzie, we lay the foundations of a literary history of the book in the 18th century. This is a history of the way in which writers thought about and treated the book-object in a close relationship with their writing and with enlightened thinking.
Casanova en 1998
Authors: Lahouati Gérard , Luna Marie-Françoise 
Published: June 2016

Gérard Lahouati and Marie-Françoise Luna : Casanova in 1998.
The bicentenary of the death of Casanova is an invitation, in addition to celebrations, to look at present developments in Casanova studies. First of all there is, in addition to the republication of many of his French or Italian works, the systematic publication of his extensive manuscripts (unpublished texts and letters). Above all, the republication (for only the second time) of his Memoirs in the original French (Laffont, 1993) has given a boost to works on Casanova. While biographical and historical studies continue to fascinate the critics, there is growing interest in the writer, of the memoirs and other works, and in the literary, philosophical, or political aspects of his work. The myth of Casanova continues to stimulate, as it has always done, the dreams or the agressivity of many novellists, playwrights, cineasts and artists.
Les tendances historiographiques d'après la Bibliographie annuelle de l'histoire de France (1975-1995)
Authors: Sonnet Martine 
Published: June 2016

Martine Sonnet : Trends in historiography according to the annual bibliography of french history (1975-1995).
The Bibliographie annuelle de l'Histoire de France published by the C.N.R.S. since 1955 lists French and foreign works on French history (articles, monographs, collective works, theses, etc.) and is thus a good basis for studying developments in French historiography. In the volumes for 1975, 1980, 1985, 1990 and 1995 we can see the place occupied by the 18th Century, both quantitatively and from the point of view of the type of questions studied. A count reveals that the 18th Century comes in third place, after the Third Republic and the Middle Ages, but is declining. The study of society and institutions is preferred, before art, religion and the economy ; political history comes sixth and is in steady decline, while interest in social history has progressed regularly. The most obvious traits to emerge are : the preponderance (increasing from 1975 to 1995) of questions of society and civilisation, the importance of commemorations (in particular the bicentenary of 1789) and the number of foreign studies.
Une redécouverte restreinte : la rhétorique française du 18e siècle
Authors: Léoni Sylviane 
Published: June 2016

Sylviane Léoni : French Rhetoric.
Classical rhetoric, embodying a system of learning which is no longer accepted, is a true discipline which drew its meaning and coherence from its close relationship with philosophy, Aristotelian dialectics, topics, poetics and so on. These relationships, thanks to which rhetoric became an art in the classical sense, gradually dissolved in the 17th and 18th Centuries under the influence of Cartesianism and English empiricism. Nevertheless, the prestige of the classical tradition, force of habit and the institutional power backing up the teaching of the art of persuasion slowed down the decline of this discipline which, contrary to what is often said, was not limited in the 18th Century to the production of stylistic effects and the study of figures and tropes.
Traduire le roman du 18e siècle
Authors: Stewart Philip 
Published: June 2016

Philip Stewart : Translating the 18th-century Novel.
This article draws on the author's experience in translating Rousseau's Julie (in collaboration with Jean Vaché) for reflections on the options confronting the translator of a text from an earlier period. A canonical text requires a more conservative and scholarly approach than a new one, where creative re-invention of the language may be preferred. But one cannot either translate 'word for word', nor re-create authentically an 18th-century English equivalent to Rousseau's French ; moreover, it is more important to use a broad panoply of the 'target' language's vocabulary than to transliterate only. Many discriminations that would be desirable, like the French tu, are unavoidably lost, and the available paradigms of nouns, adjectives or verbs are never the same in the two languages. Above all, the original's stylistic qualities must be respected insofar as possible, and for Rousseau, this has as much to do with sentence structure as with vocabulary.
Un débat franco-américain autour de la Révolution française
Authors: Guilhaumou Jacques 
Published: June 2016

Jacques Guilhaumou : A Franco-American debate around the French Revolution.
A critical view of the French school of history has become the major issue in the debate between French and foreign historians. This article highlights a significant example through a study of the relations between the 'critical historiography' of the French Revolution, around François Furet and Mona Ozouf, and American historians. Ten years after the bicentenary of 1789, the history of the French Revolution is becoming professionalised, leading to an unprecedented accumulation of new knowledge. The almost permanent debate between critical historiography and American historians allows for the maintenance of a critical pole in relation to political invention.