bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Questions of Race in Bioethics: Deceit, Disregard, Disparity, and the Work of Decentering
Authors: Russell Camisha A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPhilosophers working in bioethics often hope to identify abstract principles and universal values to guide professional practice, relying on ideals of objectivity and impartiality, and on the power of rational (individual, autonomous) deliberation. Such a focus has made it difficult to address issues arising from group‐based, sociohistorical differences like race and ethnicity. This essay offers a survey of some of the major issues concerning race in the field of bioethics. These issues include a long history of racialized abuse in medical and scientific research, reproductive injustice and abuse against women of color, and persistent racial and ethnic disparities in U.S. health and health care. The essay also argues that the field of bioethics as a whole would be improved by taking the experience of racial minorities into account in all its theorizing. Philosophers can aid in this task by expanding their theoretical focus beyond questions of individual rights to questions of social justice, beyond informed consent to community collaboration, and beyond cultural competency to both structural competency and cultural humility.
Biochemical and molecular changes in rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) to cope with chromium stress
Authors: Kabir A. H. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractChromium (Cr) is very toxic to both humans and plants. This investigation aimed to understand the physiological and molecular responses of rice seedlings to Cr stress. Cr toxicity did not significantly affect morphological features and Cr accumulation in roots and shoots in Pokkali but not in BRRI 51, although there was a reduction in chlorophyll concentration in leaves of both genotypes. These results imply that Pokkali has mechanisms to cope with Cr supplementation. We therefore performed quantitative real‐time PCR on the expression pattern of two chelator genes, OsPCS1 and OsMT1, but there were no significant changes in expression in roots and shoots of Pokkali and BRRI 51 following Cr stress. This suggests that there was no metal sequestration following heavy metal stress in roots of these genotypes. Moreover, no expression of two heavy metal transporter genes, OsHMA3 and OsNRAMP1, was induced after Cr stress in roots and shoots, suggesting that these transporter genes are not induced by Cr stress or might not be involved in Cr uptake in rice. We also performed a targeted study on the effect of Cr on Fe uptake mechanisms. Our studies showed a consistent reduction in Fe uptake, Fe reductase activity and expression of Fe‐related genes (OsFRO1 and OsIRT1) under Cr stress in both roots and leaves of Pokkali. In contrast, these parameters and genes were significantly increased in Cr‐sensitive BRRI 51 under Cr stress. The results confirm that limiting Fe uptake through the down‐regulation of Fe reductase and Fe transporter genes is the main strategy of Cr‐tolerant Pokkali to cope with Cr stress. Finally, increased CAT, POD and GR activity and elevated glutathione and proline synthesis might provide strong antioxidant defence against Cr stress in Pokkali. Taken together, our findings reveal that Cr stress tolerance in rice (Pokkali) is not related to metal sequestration but is associated with reduced Fe transport and increased antioxidant defence.
Ocean acidification and marine aquaculture in North America: potential impacts and mitigation strategies
Authors: Clements Jeff C. , Chopin Thierry 
Published: January 2016

AbstractShifting environmental conditions resulting from anthropogenic climate change have recently garnered much attention in the aquaculture industry; however, ocean acidification has received relatively little attention. Here, we provide an overview of ocean acidification in the context of North American aquaculture with respect to potential impacts and mitigation strategies. North American shellfish farms should make ocean acidification an immediate priority, as shellfish and other calcifying organisms are of highest concern in an increasingly acidifying ocean and negative effects have already been felt on the Pacific coast. While implications for various finfish have been documented, our current understanding of how acidification will impact North American finfish aquaculture is limited and requires more research. Although likely to benefit from increases in seawater CO2, some seaweeds may also be at risk under more acidic conditions, particularly calcifying species, as well as non‐calcifying ones residing in areas where CO2 is not the primary driver of acidification. Strategies to mitigate and adapt to the effects of acidification exist on the regional scale and can aid in identifying areas of concern, detecting changes in seawater carbonate chemistry early enough to avoid catastrophic outcomes, and adapting to long‐term shifts in oceanic pH. Ultimately, ocean acidification has already imposed negative impacts on the aquaculture industry, but can be addressed with sufficient monitoring and the establishment of regional mitigation plans.
Comparison of different optical coherence tomography devices for diagnosis of non‐melanoma skin cancer
Authors: Schuh S. , Kaestle R. , Sattler E. , Welzel J. 
Published: January 2016

PurposeTo compare the diagnostic imaging ability of three different optical coherence tomography (OCT) devices in non‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC).MethodsThirty actinic keratoses (AKs) and 27 basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) of 29 patients were examined with three different OCT devices, VivoSight®, Callisto® and Skintell®.ResultsComplete data sets were available for 16 BCCs and 10 AKs of 18 patients. All OCT devices were able to discriminate BCCs and AKs significantly from perilesional normal skin due to lower signal intensities as well as a thicker stratum corneum and epidermis in AKs. A significant decrease in the signal intensity and thickness of all skin layers was noted with Skintell® in contrast to VivoSight® and Callisto®. OCT comparisons revealed only slight differences between VivoSight® and Callisto®. Regarding BCC tumor thickness VivoSight® and Callisto® correlated well, histology did not correlate with the three OCT devices, whereas Skintell® showed no correlation with VivoSight®, Callisto® or histology.ConclusionAll tested OCT devices could identify BCCs and AKs objectively through standardized measurement of signal intensity and skin layer thickness. Due to their technical specifications (resolution, penetration depth), each of the OCT systems offers additional and special information on NMSC.
Automatic Update of Road Attributes by Mining GPS Tracks
Authors: van Winden Karl , Biljecki Filip , van der Spek Stefan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractDespite advances in cartography, mapping is still a costly process which involves a substantial amount of manual work. This article presents a method for automatically deriving road attributes by analyzing and mining movement trajectories (e.g. GPS tracks). We have investigated the automatic extraction of eight road attributes: directionality, speed limit, number of lanes, access, average speed, congestion, importance, and geometric offset; and we have developed a supervised classification method (decision tree) to infer them. The extraction of most of these attributes has not been investigated previously. We have implemented our method in a software prototype and we automatically update the OpenStreetMap (OSM) dataset of the Netherlands, increasing its level of completeness. The validation of the classification shows variable levels of accuracy, e.g. whether a road is a one‐ or a two‐way road is classified with an accuracy of 99%, and the accuracy for the speed limit is 69%. When taking into account speed limits that are one step away (e.g. 60 km/h instead of the classified 50 km/h) the classification increases to 95%, which might be acceptable in some use‐cases. We mitigate this with a hierarchical code list of attributes.
User Contribution Patterns and Completeness Evaluation of Mapillary, a Crowdsourced Street Level Photo Service
Authors: Juhász Levente , Hochmair Hartwig H. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMapillary is a Web 2.0 application which allows users to contribute crowdsourced street level photographs from all over the world. In the first part of the analysis this article reviews Mapillary data growth for continents and countries as well as the contribution behavior of individual mappers, such as the number of days of active mapping. In the second part of the analysis the study assesses Mapillary data completeness relative to a reference road network dataset at the country level. In addition, a more detailed completeness analysis is conducted for selected urban and rural areas in the US and part of northern Europe for which the completeness of Mapillary data will also be compared with that of Google Street View. Results show that Street View provides generally a better coverage on almost all road categories with some exceptions for pedestrian and cycle paths in selected cities. However, Mapillary data can be conveniently collected from any mobile device that is equipped with a photo camera. This gives Mapillary the potential to reach better coverage along off‐road segments than Google Street View.
Lost opportunities to identify and treat HIV‐positive patients: results from a baseline assessment of provider‐initiated HIV testing and counselling (PITC) in Malawi
Authors: Ahmed Saeed , Schwarz Monica , Flick Robert J. , Rees Chris A. , Harawa Mwelura , Simon Katie , Robison Jeff A. , Kazembe Peter N. , Kim Maria H. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo assess implementation of provider‐initiated testing and counselling (PITC) for HIV in Malawi.MethodsA review of PITC practices within 118 departments in 12 Ministry of Health (MoH) facilities across Malawi was conducted. Information on PITC practices was collected via a health facility survey. Data describing patient visits and HIV tests were abstracted from routinely collected programme data.ResultsReported PITC practices were highly variable. Most providers practiced symptom‐based PITC. Antenatal clinics and maternity wards reported widespread use of routine opt‐out PITC. In 2014, there was approximately 1 HIV test for every 15 clinic visits. HIV status was ascertained in 94.3% (5293/5615) of patients at tuberculosis clinics, 92.6% (30 675/33 142) of patients at antenatal clinics and 49.4% (6871/13 914) of patients at sexually transmitted infection clinics. Reported challenges to delivering PITC included test kit shortages (71/71 providers), insufficient physical space (58/71) and inadequate number of HIV counsellors (32/71) while providers from inpatient units cited the inability to test on weekends.ConclusionsVarious models of PITC currently exist at MoH facilities in Malawi. Only antenatal and maternity clinics demonstrated high rates of routine opt‐out PITC. The low ratio of facility visits to HIV tests suggests missed opportunities for HIV testing. However, the high proportion of patients at TB and antenatal clinics with known HIV status suggests that routine PITC is feasible. These results underscore the need to develop clear, standardised PITC policy and protocols, and to address obstacles of limited health commodities, infrastructure and human resources.
Why women bypass front‐line health facility services in pursuit of obstetric care provided elsewhere: a case study in three rural districts of Tanzania
Authors: Kanté A. M. , Exavery A. , Phillips J. F. , Jackson E. F. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectivesIn the Tanzanian health system, women are expected to first visit their nearest front‐line health facility (FLF) for delivery. However, women frequently bypass these FLF. Our study estimates the extent of bypassing for childbirth and assesses factors associated with this behaviour.MethodsData describing the experiences of 597 women who recently delivered at a facility and the EmONC service capability at 107 health facilities were collected in 2011. Women who did not deliver at their nearest FLF were considered ‘bypassers’. Factors associated with bypassing were assessed using multivariate logistic regression models. Three sets of analyses were conducted: among 597 women who delivered at the first facility they visited, among 521 women with no previous complications, and among 407 women not primigravida and without previous complications.ResultsMore than 75.4% of women bypassed. In the fully adjusted model of all 597 women those who had experienced complications were more likely to bypass for delivery [OR = 6.31 (2.36, 16.86)]. In the fully adjusted model excluding women with previous complications, primigravida women were more likely to bypass [OR = 3.70 (1.71, 8.01)]. Fully adjusted models for each set of analysis found that, for each additional emergency obstetric and newborn care signal function (EmONC SF) available at the nearest FLF, women's odds of bypassing almost halved.ConclusionsBypassing is highly associated with EmONC SF score at nearest FLF, controlling for individual and community‐level factors.
International R&D Spillovers and Business Service Innovation
Authors: Pöschl Johannes , Foster‐McGregor Neil , Stehrer Robert 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA major international transmission channel of productivity increases is trade in intermediate products and services. This paper follows existing literature to analyse international spillovers at the industry level, extending the analysis to investigate the importance of spillovers from services sector in this framework. The analysis makes use of newly available data on international input–output linkages between industries. Our results indicate significant positive productivity effects from innovation in knowledge‐intensive, high‐technology business services and confirm the productivity effects from international manufacturing spillovers found in recent literature.
In or Out? Standards, Discretion, Compliance and the WTO
Authors: Hartigan James C. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSelf‐enforcement in international agreements in the presence of uncertainty in the form of shocks and imperfect information regarding the extent of compliance by other members is enhanced by the use of standards in performance of commitments. Standards are less precise than rules. They must be sufficiently demanding that undercompliance is distinguishable from non‐compliance. Discretion permits undercompliance as an alternative to renegotiation of commitments, safeguards and the filing of disputes. Undercompliance, particularly when restrained, is a lower cost and less confrontational resolution to addressing adverse shocks. Signatories are restrained in undercomplying so that the effects of their actions are imperfectly distinguishable from the effects of shocks. Compliance and evidentiary standards for formal disputes define the accomplishments of the agreement. Evidentiary standards serve as an important discipline to undercompliance even in the absence of formal disputes.
Factors related to allergic transfusion reactions and febrile non‐haemolytic transfusion reactions in children
Authors: Yanagisawa R. , Shimodaira S. , Sakashita K. , Hidaka Y. , Kojima S. , Nishijima F. , Hidaka E. , Shiohara M. , Nakamura T. 
Published: January 2016

Background and ObjectivesAllergic transfusion reactions (ATRs) and febrile non‐haemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTRs) are the two major types of transfusion‐related adverse reactions (TRARs). Although prestorage leucocyte reduction and diversion of the first aliquot of blood (LR/D) could reduce FNHTRs and bacterial contamination in adult transfusion, ATRs are still problematic. In addition, there is little information about TRARs in paediatric population.Materials and MethodsWe conducted a single‐centre retrospective analysis of all transfusions, except washing products, and TRARs for 153 months to evaluate related factors such as delivery of treatment and the characteristics of recipients.ResultsMost TRARs were FNHTRs and/or ATRs in children. In delivering blood products with LR/D, the frequencies of not only FNHTRs but also ATRs were significantly reduced with both platelet concentrates (PCs) and red cell concentrates (RCCs). TRARs of fresh‐frozen plasma were infrequent in children. In addition, even after the introduction of LR/D, ATRs were significantly more frequent in patients with primary haematological and malignant diseases who received PCs and RCCs, older patients who received PCs and patients who received frequent RCCs.ConclusionThese results suggest that leucocytes or mediators from leucocytes are underlying cause of ATRs in addition to FNHTRs in children. Furthermore, particular characteristics of patients would be other risk factors for ATRs.
Distinctive injury deaths: the role of environment, policy and measurement across states
Authors: Heins Sara E , Crifasi Cassandra K 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundMaps identifying the most distinctive feature of each state have become popular on social media, but may also have important public health applications. A map identifying the most distinctive injury death in each state could be a useful tool for policymakers, enabling them to identify potential gaps in prevention efforts.ObjectiveTo identify the most distinctive cause of injury death in each state and explore potential reasons for the geographical variation.MethodsThe Centers for Disease Control Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System was used to identify the injury death for each state with a rate which was the largest multiple of the national rate. Analyses were conducted with and without inclusion of ‘indefinite’ codes, which include injury causes of death of undetermined intent, unspecified person killed in a motor vehicle crash (MVC; vehicle occupant, cyclist, pedestrian, etc) or unspecified injury.ResultsNoteworthy patterns included seven states in Appalachia and the Southeast with high relative rates of unintentional firearm deaths (2.14–4.06 times the national average) and five states on the West Coast with high relative rates of legal intervention deaths (1.76–3.49 times the national average). Sensitivity analyses indicated that use of ‘undetermined intent’ classifications and the level of detail in coding MVCs vary substantially by state.ConclusionsThese analyses highlight potential areas for prevention, such as promotion of safe storage laws in states with relatively high rates of unintentional firearm deaths and areas where standardisation of cause of death codes could be improved.
ПЕРФОРАЦІЯ ТОНКОЇ КИШКИ У ВІЛ-ІНФІКОВАНОЇ ХВОРОЇ З ПОЗАЛЕГЕНЕВИМ ТУБЕРКУЛЬОЗОМ
Authors: Vasylieva N. A. , Benedyct V. V. , Zadorozhny V. S. , Prodan A. M. , Pankiv N. B. 
Published: January 2016

<p><em>Наведено клінічний випадок перфорації тонкої кишки у ВІЛ-інфікованої хворої з позалегеневим туберкульозом. Звертається увага на різноманітність клінічного перебігу і складність в діагностичному плані. На думку авторів, наявні в Україні нормативно-правові акти направлені в основному на захист особистих прав ВІЛ-інфікованих осіб і не захищають інших членів суспільства.</em></p><p><strong><em>Ключові слова: </em></strong><em>тонка кишка, перфорація, ВІЛ-інфекція, туберкульоз.</em></p><p><strong> </strong></p>
Цитокіновий статус у хворих із запально-деструктивними ураженнями пародонта на тлі гастроезофагеальної рефлюксної хвороби залежно від перебігу захворювання
Authors: Lobanets V. Ya. , Pereyma V. R. , Smilʹsʹka I. M. 
Published: January 2016

<p>РЕЗЮМЕ. У статті досліджено та проаналізовано зміни рівнів про- і протизапальних цитокінів, а саме: IL-1β, IL-12 та IL-4, у хворих із запально-деструктивними захворюваннями пародонта на тлі гастроезофагеально рефлюксної хвороби залежно від перебігу захворювання. Встановлено, що дисбаланс цитокінової відповіді місцевого і загального характеру більш виражений у пацієнтів з пародонтитом на тлі ерозивної форми гастроезофагеальної рефлюксної хвороби.</p><p>КЛЮЧОВІ СЛОВА:<strong> </strong>пародонт,<strong> </strong>гастроезофагеальна рефлюксна хвороба, цитокіни. </p>
L-аргінін та рексод покращують стан печінки при експериментальному перитоніті
Authors: Chernyashova V. V. 
Published: January 2016

<p>РЕЗЮМЕ. Мета роботи – встановлення впливу попередника синтезу оксиду азоту – L-аргініну та рекомбінантної супероксиддисмутази (рексоду) на стан печінки при гострому експериментальному перитоніті. L-аргінін (“Sigma”, США, вводили внутрішьоочеревинно по 25 мг/кг маси, чотириразово – за 30 хв до і через 12, 24 та 36 год після моделювання перитоніту) сприяв покращенню стану печінки тварин, що проявлялось пригніченням процесів ліпопероксидації, нормалізацією активності антиоксидантної системи та ферментів мітохондрій, супроводжувалось зростанням синтезу оксиду азоту у печінці. Препарат супероксиддисмутази – рексод (SODrec, РФ, вводили внутрішьоочеревинно по 0,05 мг/кг, чотириразово на тлі перитоніту за тією ж схемою) сприяв зменшенню вмісту у піддослідних тварин показників пероксидного окиснення ліпідів, зниженню рівня ендогенної інтоксикації, активував антиоксидантну систему та активність ферментів мітохондрій.</p><p>КЛЮЧОВІ СЛОВА:<strong> </strong>гострий перитоніт, печінка, L-аргінін, рексод.<strong></strong></p>
Взаємозв’язок добового ритму артеріального тиску з надлишковою масою тіла у пацієнтів з артеріальною гіпертензією та остеоартрозом
Authors: Shvets N. V. 
Published: January 2016

<p><strong>Резюме.</strong> Важливим фактором у поєднанні остеоартрозу та артеріальної гіпертензії є те, що лікування першого захворювання у багатьох випадках призводить до прогресування іншого. А за наявності ще й надлишкової маси тіла гормони та цитокіни, які утворює жирова тканина, взаємодіють на рівні нейрональних систем, спричиняючи гіперактивацію симпатичної активності, зростання рівня артеріального тиску. Добове моніторування артеріального тиску – єдиний неінвазивний метод артеріального тиску впродовж доби.<strong> </strong>Отже, у пацієнтів з поєднаним перебігом артеріальної гіпертензії та остеоартрозу відмічається більш істотне збільшення середньодобових значень артеріального тиску, що може бути пов’язане з цілим рядом причин. На підставі аналізу змін показників добового моніторування артеріального тиску виявлено, що при коморбідному перебігу артеріальної гіпертензії та остеоартрозу реєструються достовірно вищі середньодобові значення систолічного артеріального тиску та діастолічного артеріального тиску, збільшується його варіабельність, причому всі наведені зміни прогресують зі збільшенням індексу маси тіла.<strong></strong></p><strong>Ключові слова:</strong> артеріальна гіпертензія, ожиріння, остеоартроз, добове моніторування артеріального тиску, індекс маси тіла.