bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal and mechanical properties of copper/photopolymer composite
Authors: Chiu Shih-Hsuan , Wu Cheng-Lung , Gan Shun-Ying , Chen Kun-Ting , Wang Yi-Ming , Pong Sheng-Hong , Takagi Hitoshi 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to increase the thermal and mechanical properties of the photopolymer by filling with the copper powder for the application of rapid tooling.

Design/methodology/approach
In this study, the photopolymer is filled with the different loading of copper powder for investigating the thermal and mechanical properties of the copper/photopolymer composite. The thermal properties of the copper/photopolymer composite are characterized with the degradation temperature and with the thermal conductivity. The mechanical properties of copper/photopolymer composite are performed with the tensile strength and hardness testing. Moreover, the copper/photopolymer composite is imaged by using a scanning electron microscopic with energy dispersive spectroscopy.

Findings
The tensile strength of the copper/photopolymer composite is increased over 45 per cent at 20 phr copper loading. The hardness of the photopolymer has a negative correlation with the increasing copper loading and is decreased about 28.5 per cent at 100 phr copper loading. The degradation temperature of the copper/photopolymer composite is increased about 7.2 per cent at 70 phr copper loading. The thermal conductivity of the copper/photopolymer composite is increased over 65 per cent at 100 phr copper loading.

Originality/value
The photopolymer used in rapid prototyping system is generally fragile and has poor thermal properties. This study improves the thermal and mechanical properties of the photopolymer with the copper filling which has been never investigated in the field of rapid prototyping applications.
Rapid spread of the invasive yellow‐legged hornet inFrance: the role of human‐mediated dispersal and the effects of control measures
Authors: Robinet Christelle , Suppo Christelle , Darrouzet Eric 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe invasive yellow‐legged hornet was first discovered in Europe, in south‐western France, in 2004. It has since spread very rapidly and has caused significant mortality among honeybees and native entomofauna. It also poses a risk to humans because its sting provokes allergic reactions. The objectives of this study were the following: (i) to disentangle the roles played by human‐mediated dispersal and self‐mediated dispersal in the species' rapid range expansion and (ii) to estimate the intensity of control measures in France and determine what needs to be done to slow the hornet's spread and dramatically reduce its population densities.A mathematical model was developed to describe the hornet's potential spread. This model included parameters describing the population growth rate, carrying capacity, self‐mediated dispersal, human‐mediated dispersal and the efficacy of control measures (i.e. the destruction of detected nests). Model parameters were estimated using 2004–2009 occurrence data for France and the model was then validated using 2013 occurrence data. Several scenarios were tested: human‐mediated dispersal was present or absent and control intensity varied. Then, the species' spread in coming years was simulated (from 2013 to 2020).Despite some uncertainty on the value of the parameters, this model is relatively robust. Human‐mediated dispersal may not be necessarily responsible for the hornet's rapid range expansion; the species could spread rapidly on its own. It is likely that to date, an average of 30–40% of detected nests have been destroyed each year.Increasing the percentage of destroyed nests from 30 to 60% could reduce the species' spread by 17% and its nest density by 29%. If 95% of nests are destroyed, the species' spread and nest density could decline by 43% and 53%, respectively.Synthesis and applications. The mathematical model developed in this study shows that human‐mediated dispersal of the invasive yellow‐legged hornet may not be the only factor explaining the hornet's rapid range expansion and that controlling this invasive pest is still possible. Therefore, there is an urgent need to reduce self‐mediated dispersal and to intensify and improve control measures to diminish the species' impact and prevent its further spread. Control measures could combine the mechanical removal and destruction of individuals or infested materials with biological control techniques.
Comparative genomic analysis of isoproturon‐mineralizing sphingomonads reveals the isoproturon catabolic mechanism
Authors: Yan Xin , Gu Tao , Yi Zhongquan , Huang Junwei , Liu Xiaowei , Zhang Ji , Xu Xihui , Xin Zhihong , Hong Qing , He Jian , Spain Jim C. , Li Shunpeng , Jiang Jiandong 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe worldwide use of the phenylurea herbicide, isoproturon (IPU), has resulted in considerable concern about its environmental fate. Although many microbial metabolites of IPU are known and IPU‐mineralizing bacteria have been isolated, the molecular mechanism of IPU catabolism has not been elucidated yet. In this study, complete genes that encode the conserved IPU catabolic pathway were revealed, based on comparative analysis of the genomes of three IPU‐mineralizing sphingomonads and subsequent experimental validation. The complete genes included a novel hydrolase gene ddhA, which is responsible for the cleavage of the urea side chain of the IPU demethylated products; a distinct aniline dioxygenase gene cluster adoQTA1A2BR, which has a broad substrate range; and an inducible catechol meta‐cleavage pathway gene cluster adoXEGKLIJC. Furthermore, the initial mono‐N‐demethylation genes pdmAB were further confirmed to be involved in the successive N‐demethylation of the IPU mono‐N‐demethylated product. These IPU‐catabolic genes were organized into four transcription units and distributed on three plasmids. They were flanked by multiple mobile genetic elements and highly conserved among IPU‐mineralizing sphingomonads. The elucidation of the molecular mechanism of IPU catabolism will enhance our understanding of the microbial mineralization of IPU and provide insights into the evolutionary scenario of the conserved IPU‐catabolic pathway.
Conversion of the sensor kinase DcuS of Escherichia coli of the DcuB/DcuS sensor complex to the C4‐dicarboxylate responsive form by the transporter DcuB
Authors: Wörner Sebastian , Strecker Alexander , Monzel Christian , Zeltner Matthias , Witan Julian , Ebert‐Jung Andrea , Unden Gottfried 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe sensor kinase DcuS of Escherichia coli co‐operates under aerobic conditions with the C4‐dicarboxylate transporter DctA to form the DctA/DcuS sensor complex. Under anaerobic conditions C4‐dicarboxylate transport in fumarate respiration is catalyzed by C4‐dicarboxylate/fumarate antiporter DcuB. (i) DcuB interacted with DcuS as demonstrated by a bacterial two‐hybrid system (BACTH) and by co‐chromatography of the solubilized membrane‐proteins (mHPINE assay). (ii) In the DcuB/DcuS complex only DcuS served as the sensor since mutations in the substrate site of DcuS changed substrate specificity of sensing, and substrates maleate or 3‐nitropropionate induced DcuS response without affecting the fumarate site of DcuB. (iii) The half‐maximal concentration for induction of DcuS by fumarate (1 to 2 mM) and the corresponding Km for transport (50 µM) differ by a factor of 20 to 40. Therefore, the fumarate sites are different in transport and sensing. (iv) Increasing levels of DcuB converted DcuS from the permanent ON (DcuB deficient) state to the fumarate responsive form. Overall, the data show that DcuS and DcuB form a DcuB/DcuS complex representing the C4‐dicarboxylate responsive form, and that the sensory site of the complex is located in DcuS whereas DcuB is required for converting DcuS to the sensory competent state.
The guanidinobutyrase GbuA is essential for the alkylquinolone‐regulated pyocyanin production during parasitic growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in co‐culture with Aeromonas hydrophila
Authors: Jagmann Nina , Bleicher Vera , Busche Tobias , Kalinowski Jörn , Philipp Bodo 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa controls the production of virulence factors by quorum sensing (QS). Besides cell density, QS in P. aeruginosa is co‐regulated by metabolic influences, especially nutrient limitation. Previously, a co‐culture model system was established consisting of P. aeruginosa and the chitinolytic bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila, in which parasitic growth of P. aeruginosa is strictly dependent on the QS‐controlled production of pyocyanin in response to nutrient limitation (Jagmann et al., ). In this study, the co‐culture was employed to identify novel genes involved in the regulation of pyocyanin production. Via transposon mutagenesis, the gene gbuA encoding a guanidinobutyrase was identified, deletion of which led to a loss of pyocyanin production in co‐cultures and to a reduced pyocyanin production in single cultures. Addition of the natural substrate of GbuA to the mutant strain enhanced the negative effect on pyocyanin production in single cultures. The gbuA mutant showed a reduced transcription of the pqsABCDE operon and could be complemented by PqsE overexpression and addition of alkylquinolone signal molecules. The strong effect of gbuA deletion on the QS‐controlled pyocyanin production in co‐cultures showed the value of this approach for the discovery of novel gene functions linking metabolism and QS in P. aeruginosa.
Stability of Palatal Rugae as a Forensic Marker in Orthodontically Treated Cases
Authors: Ali Batool , Shaikh Attiya , Fida Mubassar 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe palatal rugae have been used as a reference landmark and identification marker by orthodontists and forensic analysts. However, the reliability of palatal rugae as a forensic marker remains questionable once an individual is subjected to orthodontic treatment. This study aimed at evaluating the changes in the rugae pattern after nonextraction, extraction, and maxillary expansion orthodontic treatment. The lengths and shapes of palatal rugae were evaluated on the pretreatment and post‐treatment dental casts of 168 subjects using the Thomas and Kotze classification. Extraction treatment significantly reduced the second and third rugae lengths (p < 0.05), whereas the third rugae length was significantly increased after palatal expansion (p < 0.05). The shape of rugae remained consistent in all the study groups which may be used as a reliable forensic marker in subjects undergoing orthodontic treatment. However, the use of the lengths of palatal rugae in forensic odontology must be made with caution.
How does choice of statistical method to adjust counts for imperfect detection affect inferences about animal abundance?
Authors: Field Christopher R. , Gjerdrum Carina , Elphick Chris S. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThere is ongoing debate in ecology about the value of the increasing complexity of analytical methods, especially as it relates to models that correct occupancy or abundance estimates for imperfect detection. While both arguments for and against increasing complexity have merit, there is a need for greater clarity on how to determine what level of complexity is necessary. We present a general approach and case study for comparing alternative detection methods that vary in their complexity. Our approach puts emphasis on the logistical costs of methods, which are often overlooked in the debate about method complexity, and on developing models that address common sources of error in ecological data sets while avoiding unwarranted complexity.We used point counts of saltmarsh sparrows (Ammodramus caudacutus) to compare estimates of abundance from three alternative protocols that vary by logistical costs: single observer, multiple observers and multiple visits. We also compared results from counts to those from captures and nest searches from the same populations to provide broader context for the evaluation of point count methods.We found that parameter estimates derived from alternative count protocols were similar and that predictions of point‐level abundance were highly correlated (r = 0·96). We found lower correlation between pairwise comparisons of abundance estimated from point count data, the number of individuals captured and the number of nests (all comparisonsr = 0·50 or less).Choosing point counts over alternative measures of abundance may have a greater effect on inferences than choosing among specific count protocols. For saltmarsh sparrows, there is likely little added benefit to adopting count protocols that require additional logistical costs. Determining the frequency of cases like this has broad implications for the appropriate design of studies that rely on estimates of abundance, especially when resources are limited. The general approach we present can be used to assess whether general rules of thumb can be developed to benefit people charged with implementing field studies and allocating limited resources.
Automated content analysis: addressing the big literature challenge in ecology and evolution
Authors: Nunez‐Mir Gabriela C. , Iannone Basil V. , Pijanowski Bryan C. , Kong Ningning , Fei Songlin 
Published: June 2016

Summary

The exponential growth of scientific literature – which we call the ‘big literature’ phenomenon – has created great challenges in literature comprehension and synthesis. The traditional manual literature synthesis processes are often unable to take advantage of big literature due to human limitations in time and cognition, creating the need for new literature synthesis methods to address this challenge.

In this paper, we discuss a highly useful literature synthesis approach, automated content analysis (ACA), which has not yet been widely adopted in the fields of ecology and evolutionary biology. ACA is a suite of machine learning tools for the qualitative and quantitative synthesis of big literature commonly used in the social sciences and in medical research.

Our goal is to introduce ecologists and evolutionary biologists to ACA and illustrate its capacity to synthesize overwhelming volumes of literature. First, we provide a brief history of the ACA method and summarize the fundamental process of ACA. Next, we present two ACA studies to illustrate the utility and versatility of ACA in synthesizing ecological and evolutionary literature. Finally, we discuss how to maximize the utility and contributions of ACA, as well as potential research directions that may help to advance the use of ACA in future ecological and evolutionary research.

Unlike manual methods of literature synthesis, ACA is able to process high volumes of literature at substantially shorter time spans, while helping to mitigate human biases. The overall efficiency and versatility of this method allow for a broad range of applications for literature review and synthesis, including both exploratory reviews and systematic reviews aiming to address more targeted research questions. By allowing for more extensive and comprehensive reviews of big literature, ACA has the potential to fill an important methodological gap and therefore contribute to the advancement of ecological and evolutionary research.
Developing and Testing of a Software Prototype to Support Diagnostic Reasoning of Nursing Students
Authors: de Sousa Vanessa Emille Carvalho , de Oliveira Lopes Marcos Venícios , Keenan Gail M. , Lopez Karen Dunn 
Published: June 2016

PURPOSETo design and test educational software to improve nursing students’ diagnostic reasoning through NANDA‐I‐based clinical scenarios.METHODSA mixed method approach was used and included content validation by a panel of 13 experts and prototype testing by a sample of 56 students.FINDINGSExperts’ suggestions included writing adjustments, new response options, and replacement of clinical information on the scenarios. Percentages of students’ correct answers were 65.7%, 62.2%, and 60.5% for related factors, defining characteristics, and nursing diagnoses, respectively.CONCLUSIONFull development of this software shows strong potential for enhancing students’ diagnostic reasoning.IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICENew graduates may be able to apply diagnostic reasoning more rapidly by exercising their diagnostic skills within this software.OBJETIVODesenvolver e testar um protótipo de software educativo para melhorar o raciocínio diagnóstico de estudantes de enfermagem.MÉTODOSUma abordagem mista foi utilizada e incluiu validação de conteúdo por 13 experts e testagem do protótipo por 56 estudantes.RESULTADOSSugestões dos experts incluíram ajustes na escrita, inclusão de novas opções de resposta e substituição de dados clínicos nos cenários. Os percentuais de respostas corretas dos estudantes foram 65,7%, 62,2% e 60,5% para fatores relacionados, características definidoras e diagnósticos de enfermagem respectivamente.CONCLUSÃOO desenvolvimento deste software tem um forte potencial para melhorar o raciocínio diagnóstico de estudantes.IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A PRÁTICA EM ENFERMAGEMAtravés deste software, enfermeiros poderão ser capazes de exercitar o raciocínio diagnóstico e aplicá‐lo mais rapidamente.
Automated Data Abstraction of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Process Measures for Complete Episodes of Cardiac Arrest Resuscitation
Authors: Lin Steve , Turgulov Anuar , Taher Ahmed , Buick Jason E. , Byers Adam , Drennan Ian R. , Hu Samantha , J. Morrison Laurie 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundCardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) process measures research and quality assurance has traditionally been limited to the first 5 minutes of resuscitation due to significant costs in time, resources, and personnel from manual data abstraction. CPR performance may change over time during prolonged resuscitations, which represents a significant knowledge gap. Moreover, currently available commercial software output of CPR process measures are difficult to analyze.ObjectiveThe objective was to develop and validate a software program to help automate the abstraction and transfer of CPR process measures data from electronic defibrillators for complete episodes of cardiac arrest resuscitation.MethodsWe developed a software program to facilitate and help automate CPR data abstraction and transfer from electronic defibrillators for entire resuscitation episodes. Using an intermediary Extensible Markup Language export file, the automated software transfers CPR process measures data (electrocardiogram [ECG] number, CPR start time, number of ventilations, number of chest compressions, compression rate per minute, compression depth per minute, compression fraction, and end‐tidal CO2 per minute). We performed an internal validation of the software program on 50 randomly selected cardiac arrest cases with resuscitation durations between 15 and 60 minutes. CPR process measures were manually abstracted and transferred independently by two trained data abstractors and by the automated software program, followed by manual interpretation of raw ECG tracings, treatment interventions, and patient events. Error rates and the time needed for data abstraction, transfer, and interpretation were measured for both manual and automated methods, compared to an additional independent reviewer.ResultsA total of 9,826 data points were each abstracted by the two abstractors and by the software program. Manual data abstraction resulted in a total of six errors (0.06%) compared to zero errors by the software program. The mean ± SD time measured per case for manual data abstraction was 20.3 ± 2.7 minutes compared to 5.3 ± 1.4 minutes using the software program (p = 0.003).ConclusionsWe developed and validated an automated software program that efficiently abstracts and transfers CPR process measures data from electronic defibrillators for complete cardiac arrest episodes. This software will enable future cardiac arrest studies and quality assurance programs to evaluate the impact of CPR process measures during prolonged resuscitations.
Causes of Elevated Cardiac Troponins in the Emergency Department and Their Associated Mortality
Authors: Meigher Stephen , Thode Henry C. , Peacock W. Frank , Bock Jay L. , Gruberg Louis , Singer Adam J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectiveCardiac troponins (cTn) are structural components of myocardial cells and are expressed almost exclusively in the heart. Elevated cTn levels indicate myocardial cell damage/death but not reflect the underlying etiology. The third universal definition of myocardial infarction (MI) differentiates MI into various types. Type 1 (T1MI) is due to plaque rupture with thrombus, while type 2 (T2MI) is a result of a supply:demand mismatch. Non‐MI cTn elevations are also common. We determined the causes of elevated cTn in a tertiary care emergency department (ED) and the associated in‐hospital mortality.MethodsWe performed a structured, retrospective review of all consecutive adult ED patients with elevated troponin I (defined as > 99th percentile of the normal population, as run on the ADVIA Centaur platform; Siemens USA) during 1 year. Causes of elevated cTn were classified based on the third universal definitions. Comparisons between groups were performed using chi‐square and Mann‐Whitney U‐tests.ResultsOf 96,612 ED patients presenting from May 2012 to April 2013, a total of 13,502 (14%) had cTn measured, of which 1,310 (9.7%) were elevated. Of these, 340 (26.5%, 95% confidence interval [CI], 24.2% to 29.0%) were T1MI, 452 (35.2%, 95% CI = 32.7% to 37.9%) T2MI, 458 (35.7%, 95% CI = 33.1% to 38.4%) multifactorial, and 33 (2.5%, 95% CI = 1.8% to 3.5%) due to nonischemic injury. Non‐T1MI patients were slightly older, more likely female, and had higher blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. Comorbidities were more common in non‐T1MI while cardiac risk factors were more common in T1MI. Non‐T1MI patients were less likely to have diagnostic ECGs and had lower initial and subsequent cTn levels. In‐hospital mortality rates were similarly high for T1MI and non‐T1MI (11% [95% CI = 8% to 15%] vs. 10% [95% CI = 8% to 12%], p = 0.48).ConclusionsOf all ED patients with elevated cTn, ~75% have a non‐T1MI. The mortality of patients with non‐T1MI is similar to the mortality in patients with T1MI.
Alcohol marketing in the Americas and Spain during the 2014 FIFA World Cup Tournament
Authors: Noel Jonathan K. , Babor Thomas F. , Robaina Katherine , Feulner Melissa , Vendrame Alan , Monteiro Maristela 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackground and aimsTo identify the nature of visual alcohol references in alcohol advertisements during televised broadcasts of the 2014 FIFA World Cup Tournament matches and to evaluate cross‐national differences according to alcohol marketing policy restrictiveness.DesignContent analysis using the Delphi method and identification of in‐game sponsorships.SettingTelevision broadcasts of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Finland, France, Mexico, Spain and the United States.CasesEighty‐seven alcohol advertisements; 20 matches.MeasurementsQuantitative rating scales, combined with the Delphi rating technique, were used to determine compliance of the alcohol advertisements with the International Alliance for Responsible Drinking's (IARD) Guiding Principles. Recordings of five matches from four countries were also used to identify the number of in‐ and out‐of‐game alcohol brand appearances.FindingsA total of 86.2% of all unique alcohol advertisements contained at least one violation of IARD's Guiding Principles, with violation rates ranging from 72.7% (Mexico) to 100% (Brazil). Countries with the least restrictive marketing policies had a higher prevalence of violations in guidelines designed to protect minors. There were 2.76 in‐game alcohol brand appearances and 0.83 out‐of‐game alcohol brand appearances per minute. Brand appearances did not differ across countries or according to a country's marketing policy restrictiveness.ConclusionsSelf‐regulation and statutory policies were ineffective at limiting alcohol advertising during the 2014 FIFA World Cup Tournament television broadcasts. Most advertisements contained content that violated the self‐regulation codes, and there were high levels of within‐broadcast brand appearances.