bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Punching shear tests on compact footings with uniform soil pressure
Authors: Simões João T. , Bujnak Jan , Ruiz Miguel Fernández , Muttoni Aurelio 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPunching shear is usually the governing failure criterion when selecting the depth of reinforced concrete footings. Despite the fact that large experimental programmes aimed at the punching strength of slender flat slabs have been performed in the past, only a few experimental campaigns on full‐scale compact reinforced concrete footings can be found in the literature. This paper presents the results of an experimental programme including eight reinforced concrete footings with a nominal thickness of 550 mm. These experiments investigated the influence of column size, member slenderness and the presence of compression and shear reinforcement. The tests were performed using an innovative test setup to ensure a uniform soil pressure. The experimental results show that slenderness influences the punching shear strength as well as the effectiveness of the shear reinforcement. The experiments also show that an important interaction occurs between bending and shear for high levels of shear force near the column (the typical case of compact footings or members with large amounts of shear reinforcement). Different continuous measurements recorded during the experimental tests allow a complete description of the kinematics and strains at failure. On that basis, experimental evidence is obtained showing that crushing of the concrete struts near the column is the phenomenon that triggers the punching failure of compact footings.
Recent advances in experimental studies of the mechanical behaviour of natural fibre‐reinforced cementitious composites
Authors: Tian He , Zhang Y. X. , Yang Chunhui , Ding Yining 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper presents a review of recent research and development work involving natural fibre‐reinforced concrete (NFRC). The recent developments in NFRC reinforced with different types of natural fibre, such as sisal fibre, bagasse fibre, coir fibre, banana fibre, eucalyptus fibre, flax fibre, jute fibre and pinus radiate fibre, are covered. Natural fibres and their modification methods are introduced first and the development history of natural fibre‐reinforced concrete and the relevant research into the mechanical behaviour of NFRC in both the short‐ and long‐term are reviewed. The applications of NFRC are also summarized.
Estimating the spatial distribution of snow water equivalent in the world's mountains
Authors: Dozier Jeff , Bair Edward H. , Davis Robert E. 
Published: February 2016

Estimating the spatial distribution of snow water equivalent (SWE) in mountainous terrain is currently the most important unsolved problem in snow hydrology. Several methods can estimate the amount of snow throughout a mountain range: (1) Spatial interpolation from surface sensors constrained by remotely sensed snow extent provides a consistent answer, with uncertainty related to extrapolation to unrepresented locations. (2) The remotely sensed date of disappearance of snow is combined with a melt calculation to reconstruct the SWE back to the last significant snowfall. (3) Passive microwave sensors offer real‐time global SWE estimates but suffer from several problems like subpixel variability in the mountains. (4) A numerical model combined with assimilated surface observations produces SWE at 1‐km resolution at continental scales, but depends heavily on a surface network. (5) New methods continue to be explored, for example, airborne LiDAR altimetry provides direct measurements of snow depth, which are combined with modelled snow density to estimate SWE. While the problem is aggressively addressed, the right answer remains elusive. Good characterization of the snow is necessary to make informed choices about water resources and adaptation to climate change and variability. WIREs Water 2016, 3:461–474. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1140This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Methods
The role of sustainable biomass in the heat market sector for EU27
Authors: Panoutsou Calliope 
Published: February 2016

This paper provides evidence‐based information for biomass heat as a low‐carbon option to meet the renewable energy targets in the European Union by employing both qualitative and quantitative frameworks in order to (1) characterize market segments within the heat, district heating, and combined heat and power (CHP) sectors in EU27; (2) define a set of key factors affecting future penetration of biomass in them; (3) evaluate the market segments across all the key factors and define which are the most promising for biomass uptake by 2020; and (4) assess the quantitative role that biomass can play in the various market segments for 2020. The demand analysis is combined with detailed cost supply information for a range of scenarios, from individual National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs) country information to explicit, consistent, and harmonized datasets for all EU Member States which also comply with two sets of sustainability criteria, one reflecting the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) and the other applying very strict mitigation factors to the biomass value chains and also expanding the RED criteria to all bioenergy carriers (liquid, solid, and gaseous). WIREs Energy Environ 2016, 5:430–450. doi: 10.1002/wene.197This article is categorized under:

Bioenergy > Economics and Policy
Bioenergy > Science and Materials
Biplots: qualititative data
Authors: Gower John C. , Le Roux Niël J. , Gardner‐Lubbe Sugnet 
Published: February 2016

A previous paper, Biplots: Quantitative data, dealt exclusively with biplots for quantitative data. This paper is mainly concerned with qualitative data or data in the form of counts. Qualitative data can be nominal or ordinal, and it is usually reported in a coded numerical form. In the analysis of qualitative data, many methods can be grouped as quantification methods (e.g., categorical principal component analysis, correspondence analysis, multiple correspondence analysis, homogeneity analysis): transforming qualities into quantitative values that may then be treated with quantitative methods. All the features of quantitative biplots are found in qualitative biplots, but calibrated interpolation axes become labeled category‐level points and calibrated prediction axes become prediction regions. Interpretation remains in terms of distance, inner products, and sometimes area.WIREs Comput Stat2016, 8:82–111. doi: 10.1002/wics.1377This article is categorized under:Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Exploratory Data AnalysisStatistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Multivariate AnalysisStatistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Analysis of High Dimensional Data
Synthesis, Single Crystal Growth and Crystal Structure of Ta7Cu10Ga34 – a 8 × 4 × 2 Super Structure of CsCl
Authors: Koffi Agbelenko , Ade Martin , Hillebrecht Harald 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSingle crystals of Ta7Cu10Ga34 were grown from the elements in a Cu/Ga melt. Ta7Cu10Ga34 represents the first ternary compound of the system Ta/Cu/Ga. The crystal structure (Cmmm, oC102, Z = 2, a = 23.803(1), b = 12.2087(4), c = 5.7487(2) Å, 1291 refl. 78 parameters, R1 = 0.037, wR2 = 0.070). The crystal structure is characterized by rods of pentagonal prisms MGa10, which are alternatingly occupied by Ta and Cu. Four of these rods are connected to columns running in direction (001). These columns are linked by cubic units TaGa8, CuGa8, and GaGa8. According to the characteristic structural elements and the size of the unit cell Ta7Cu10Ga34 represents a 8 × 4 × 2 super structure of CsCl or bcc. With respect to the underlying CsCl structure the formula can be written as [Ta7Cu10Ga2□13]Ga32, i.e. a cubic primitive packing of 32 Ga atoms with Ta, Cu, and Ga in cubic voids and 13 vacancies. The pentagonal‐prismatic coordination of Ta and Cu can formally be obtained from the cubic primitive packing of Ga atoms by a 45° rotation of a part of the Ga8 cubes. There is a close similarity to the binary compounds Ta8Ga41 and Ta2–xGa5+x. The first one is also related to a CsCl‐like structure, the latter one contains rods of pentagonal prisms, which form the same columns. There are also relations to the ternaries V2Cu3Ga8 and V11Cu9Ga46, whose cubic structures are more or less complex variants of CsCl.
Pertrochanteric osteotomy and distraction femoral neck lengthening for treatment of proximal hip ischemic deformities in children
Authors: Teplenky Mikhail , Mekki Waleed 
Published: February 2016

Purpose Proximal femoral ischemic deformities in the pediatric population is a challenging pathological situation. Many surgical techniques have been proposed to treat this problem, with variable reported results. We believe that a C-shaped pertrochanteric osteotomy plus neck lengthening utilizing distraction osteogenesis principles would restore the femoral anatomical ratios between neck, shaft, and the head, and redress the biomechanics of the proximal femur with resultant sufficient containment of the femoral head within the acetabulum. Methods We reviewed the results of 19 patients divided into two groups with proximal femoral ischemic deformities. Between 2002 and 2009, preoperative and postoperative clinical examination and radiographs were assessed measuring the neck–shaft angle (NSA), neck–epiphyseal angle (NEA), articulo-trochanteric distance (ATD), lateralization of the greater trochanter (LT), the angle of Wiberg (CEA), index of lateral head displacement by Reimers (IM), and lateral angle of displacement (LDA). Results All patients were followed prospectively. Clinical outcome was assessed using Colton's criteria, which showed average good improvement in function (58.9 %). Radiological indicators were assessed using Kruczynski's criteria. For group I, the postoperative NSA, NEA, and CEA showed significant change ( p < 0.01, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). For group II, the postoperative NSA, NEA, and CEA showed significant change ( p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion The midterm functional results are favorable for the implementation of pertrochanteric osteotomy and distraction osteogenesis to treat proximal femoral ischemic deformities in the pediatric population.
High duty cycle, highly efficient fiber coupled 940-nm pump module for high-energy solid-state lasers
Authors: Platz René , Eppich Bernd , Rieprich Juliane , Pittroff Wolfgang , Erbert Götz , Crump Paul 
Published: February 2016

Tailored diode laser single emitters with long (6 mm) resonators and wide (1.2 mm) emission apertures that operate with 940 nm emission wavelength were assembled in novel edge-cooled vertically stacked arrays, and used to construct a compact and highly efficient fiber coupled pump source for Yb:YAG pulsed high-energy class solid-state lasers. The novel configuration is shown to allow repetition rates of 200 Hz at 1 ms pulse duration, at an output power of 130 W per single emitter. The emission of two stacked arrays was then optically combined to realize pump modules that deliver 6 kW peak power (pulse energy 6 J) from a 1.9 mm core diameter fiber, with wall plug efficiency of 50%. This represents a significant improvement in terms of duty cycle and electro-optical efficiency over conventional sources. The pump module has been successfully tested at the Max Born Institute, Berlin during trials for pumping of disk lasers.
Novel Laser Ablation Sampling Device for the Rapid Radiocarbon Analysis of Carbonate Samples by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Welte C , Wacker L , Hattendorf B , Christl M , Koch J , Synal H-A , Günther D 
Published: February 2016

AbstractConventional radiocarbon analysis of carbonate records with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is time consuming and the achievable spatial resolution is limited, because individual samples have to be taken and need to be converted to graphite for the measurement. A new laser ablation (LA) in situ sampling technique for rapid online 14C analyses of carbonate records by AMS is presented. By focusing a 193-nm ArF excimer laser on carbonate samples, carbon dioxide is generated and can directly be introduced into the gas ion source of an AMS. A dedicated LA cell for AMS was constructed in a way that combines rapid gas exchange with the capacity to carry sample specimen with maximum dimensions of 15×2.5×1.5 cm3. With the presented setup, negative carbon ion currents up to 20 µA were achieved. A low 14C background of 0.011±0.002 F14C was observed on 14C-free marble and different standard and reference materials could be well reproduced within errors. The novel technique allows scanning carbonate samples continuously over several cm per hour with achievable measurement precisions of less than 1% for modern samples. This approach allows acquiring highly spatially resolved 14C records at a far higher rate than with any currently available method.
Dietary patterns in early childhood and child cognitive and psychomotor development: the Rhea mother–child cohort study in Crete
Authors: Leventakou Vasiliki , Roumeliotaki Theano , Sarri Katerina , Koutra Katerina , Kampouri Mariza , Kyriklaki Andriani , Vassilaki Maria , Kogevinas Manolis , Chatzi Leda 
Published: February 2016

AbstractEarly-life nutrition is critical for optimal brain development; however, few studies have evaluated the impact of diet as a whole in early childhood on neurological development with inconsistent results. The present analysis is a cross-sectional study nested within an ongoing prospective birth cohort, the Rhea study, and aims to examine the association of dietary patterns with cognitive and psychomotor development in 804 preschool (mean age 4·2 years) children. Parents completed a validated FFQ, and dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis. Child cognitive and psychomotor development was assessed by the McCarthy Scales of Children’s Abilities (MSCA). Multivariable linear regression models were used to investigate the associations of dietary patterns with the MSCA scales. After adjustment for a large number of confounding factors, the ‘Snacky’ pattern (potatoes and other starchy roots, salty snacks, sugar products and eggs) was negatively associated with the scales of verbal ability (β=−1·31; 95 % CI −2·47, −0·16), general cognitive ability (β=−1·13; 95 % CI −2·25, −0·02) and cognitive functions of the posterior cortex (β=−1·20; 95 % CI −2·34, −0·07). Further adjustment for maternal intelligence, folic acid supplementation and alcohol use during pregnancy attenuated the observed associations, but effect estimates remained at the same direction. The ‘Western’ and the ‘Mediterranean’ patterns were not associated with child neurodevelopmental scales. The present findings suggest that poorer food choices at preschool age characterised by foods high in fat, salt and sugar are associated with reduced scores in verbal and cognitive ability.
Impact of food supplementation on weight loss in randomised-controlled dietary intervention trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Wibisono Cinthya , Probst Yasmine , Neale Elizabeth , Tapsell Linda 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDietary trials provide evidence for practice and policy guidelines, but poor adherence may confound results. Food supplementation may improve adherence to dietary interventions, but the impact of supplementation on study outcomes is not known. The aim of this review was to examine the impact of food supplementation on weight loss in dietary intervention trials. The databases Scopus, PubMed and the Cochrane Library were searched for dietary intervention trials published between January 2004 and March 2015 using the following keyword combinations: ‘trial’ OR ‘intervention’, ‘food’ OR ‘diet’, ‘weight loss’ and ‘adherence’ OR ‘adherence’. Studies were included if food was provided to at least one study group and both ‘weight change’ and ‘adherence’ were reported. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted to assess weighted mean differences (WMD) in body weight (change or final mean values). The included studies formed two groups: trials involving an intervention group supplemented with a food and a control without food supplementation (food v. no food), and trials in which food was provided to all subjects (food v. food) (PROSPERO registration: CRD42015017563). In total, sixteen studies were included. Significant weight reduction was reported in the food v. no food studies (WMD −0·74 kg; 95 % CI −1·40, −0·08; P=0·03, I2=63 %). A non-significant increase in weight was found among the food v. food studies (WMD 0·84 kg; 95 % CI −0·60, 2·27; P=0·25, I2=0 %). Food supplementation appeared to result in greater weight loss in dietary trials. Energy restrictions and intensity of interventions were other significant factors influencing weight loss.
1666 AND LONDON'S FIRE HISTORY: A RE-EVALUATION
Authors: GARRIOCH DAVID 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWhile it is incontestable that the Great Fire led to a new awareness and to stronger measures to prevent and to fight fires, this was not because it was the worst in a long series of serious fires, but because it was one of the first. London had no really large fires in the four centuries before 1666, but was to experience fifty or more in the following 200 years. This article asks why. Alongside the obvious facts of rapid population growth and the resulting shoddy building, the continued use of timber for housing, and the inadequacy of fire prevention measures, it suggests that the growth of London's maritime trade and the concentration of stores of new types of highly flammable products, particularly along the river, created a new vulnerability to disaster that made earlier forms of fire control inadequate.
Livestock predation by jaguars Panthera onca in south-eastern Mexico: the role of local peoples’ practices
Authors: Peña-Mondragón Juan L. , Castillo Alicia , Hoogesteijn Almira , Martínez-Meyer Enrique 
Published: February 2016

AbstractInadequate livestock husbandry practices threaten the maintenance of global biodiversity and provoke conflicts between people and wildlife, and large carnivorous mammals are among the most affected. The jaguar Panthera onca is one of the most threatened species in the Americas, being targeted by livestock producers who suffer economic losses as a result of predation. The way in which rural producers in countries such as Mexico conduct husbandry practices may influence levels of predation by jaguars. Our objective was to understand how such practices are conducted in the Selva Lacandona in south-eastern Mexico, to identify their influence on the vulnerability of livestock to predation by jaguars. We characterized local husbandry practices through participant observation, interviews and surveys. Our results show that the most important practices that make livestock vulnerable to predation include the location of grazing lands close to forested areas and water sources, the absence of practices for the proper disposal of carcasses, and poor control of calving and care of calves. Our recommendations include monitoring of livestock movements and synchronization of calving. Economic investment and behavioural change can be accomplished through capacity building and providing people with the means to monitor and manage their livestock. Small actions can reduce livestock losses and improve the economic circumstances of rural people, and thus increase their tolerance and respect towards jaguars.
Impact of chemical structure of flavanol monomers and condensed tannins onin vitroanthelmintic activity against bovine nematodes
Authors: DESRUES OLIVIER , FRYGANAS CHRISTOS , ROPIAK HONORATA M. , MUELLER-HARVEY IRENE , ENEMARK HEIDI L. , THAMSBORG STIG M. 
Published: February 2016

SUMMARYPlants containing condensed tannins (CT) may have potential to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of cattle. The aim was to investigate the anthelmintic activities of four flavan-3-ols, two galloyl derivatives and 14 purified CT fractions, and to define which structural features of CT determine the anti-parasitic effects against the main cattle nematodes. We usedin vitrotests targeting L1 larvae (feeding inhibition assay) and adults (motility assay) ofOstertagia ostertagiandCooperia oncophora. In the larval feeding inhibition assay,O. ostertagiL1 were significantly more susceptible to all CT fractions thanC. oncophoraL1. The mean degree of polymerization of CT (i.e. average size) was the most important structural parameter: large CT reduced larval feeding more than small CT. The flavan-3-ols of prodelphinidin (PD)-type tannins had a stronger negative influence on parasite activity than the stereochemistry, i.e.cis- vs trans-configurations, or the presence of a gallate group. In contrast, forC. oncophorahigh reductions in the motility of larvae and adult worms were strongly related with a higher percentage of PDs within the CT fractions while there was no effect of size. Overall, the size and the percentage of PDs within CT seemed to be the most important parameters that influence anti-parasitic activity.
In vitro efficacy of essential oils and extracts of Schinus molle L. against Ctenocephalides felis felis.
Authors: DE S. O. BATISTA LILIAN C. , CID YARA P. , DE ALMEIDA ANA PAULA , PRUDÊNCIO EDLENE R. , RIGER CRISTIANO J. , DE SOUZA MARCO A. A. , COUMENDOUROS KATHERINE , CHAVES DOUGLAS S. A. 
Published: February 2016

SUMMARYExtracts and essential oils from plants are important natural sources of pesticides. These compounds are considered an alternative to control ectoparasites of veterinary importance. Schinus molle, an endemic species of Brazil, produces a high level of essential oil and several other compounds. The aim of this work was to determinate the chemical composition of extracts and essential oils of S. molle and further to evaluate the activity against eggs and adults of Ctenocephalides felis felis, a predominant flea that infests dogs and cats in Brazil. In an in vitro assay, the non-polar (n-hexane) extract showed 100% efficacy (800 µg cm−2; LD50 = 524·80 µg cm−2) at 24 and 48 h. Its major compound was lupenone (50·25%). Essential oils from fruits and leaves were evaluated, and had 100% efficacy against adult fleas at 800 µg cm−2 (LD50 = 353·95 µg cm−2) and at 50 µg cm−2 (LD50 = 12·02 µg cm−2), respectively. On the other hand, the essential oil from fruits and leaves was not active against flea eggs. This is the first study that reports the insecticidal effects of essential oils and extracts obtained from Schinus molle against Ctenocephalides felis felis.
Szidat's rule re-tested: relationships between flea and host phylogenetic clade ranks in four biogeographic realms
Authors: KRASNOV BORIS R. , KIEFER DANIEL , WARBURTON ELIZABETH M. , KHOKHLOVA IRINA S. 
Published: February 2016

SUMMARYWe tested Szidat's rule (the more primitive the host, the more primitive the parasites it harbours) by analysing the relationships between phylogenetic clade ranks of fleas and their small mammalian hosts in four biogeographic realms (Afrotropics, Neotropics, Nearctic and Palearctic). From the host perspective, we tested the association between host clade rank and the mean clade rank of all fleas collected from this host. From the flea perspective, we tested the relationships between flea clade rank and the mean clade rank of hosts on which this flea was recorded. First, we tested whether the analysis of the relationships between host and flea clade ranks should be controlled for phylogenetic dependence among either host or flea species. Then, we tested for the associations between host and flea clade ranks separately for each realm using either a phylogenetic general least-squares analysis or an ordinary least-squares analysis. In all realms, the mean clade rank of fleas parasitic on a given host increased with an increase of this host's clade rank, and the mean clade rank of hosts recorded on a given flea increased with an increase of this flea's clade rank, suggesting that Szidat's rule, at least to some extent, holds for fleas.