bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frequency‐domain analysis for pulse current sources in transient electromagnetic method
Authors: Zhu Xuegui , Fu Zhihong , Su Xiangfeng , Qin Shanqiang 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThe transient electromagnetic method has a wide range of depth of exploration in the ground. The transient‐electromagnetic‐method‐based shallow sounding is becoming popular in engineering geophysics such as grounding grid measurement, pipeline detection, and mine exploration. It is useful for shallow sounding to raise the transmitting frequency, improve the spectral resolution, and enhance the power of withstanding all kinds of near‐surface noise. Therefore, a well‐designed transmitter current waveform should not only induce more effective geoelectric information at a low energy cost but also prevent external interferences during transient electromagnetic method prospecting.For this purpose, the frequency‐domain characteristics of single‐pulse waveforms and multi‐pulse sequences are analysed, on the basis of three fundamental waveforms—rectangular, triangular, and half‐sine shapes. The energy efficiency ratio, high‐frequency energy percentage, and frequency resolution are introduced to evaluate the performance of the transmitter current source, in a numerical or graphical manner. Furthermore, six window functions are used to modulate the rectangular pulse sequence. The analysis and simulation results prove that the pulse current source modulated by the Blackman window is advantageous in terms of energy efficiency, high‐frequency content, and frequency resolution. In addition, the Blackman modulating sequence has many blank frequency bands (also called identifiable bands) where the noise is completely exposed and easy to remove. This work is useful for the design, optimisation, and selection of transmitter current waveforms for different applications, especially for near‐surface geophysical prospecting.
Comparison between 2D and 3D ERT inversion for engineering site investigations – a case study from Oslo Harbour
Authors: Lysdahl Asgeir Kydland , Bazin Sara , Christensen Craig , Ahrens Sven , Günther Thomas , Pfaffhuber Andreas A. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTExcavation and piling works related to seafront development in Oslo’s historic harbour area need to mitigate the risk of damaging buried archaeological objects. In the Bjørvika harbour in Oslo, Norway, electrical resistivity tomography was performed to detect structures with potential archaeological value. A 2.5 dataset consisting of four equally spaced parallel lines was collected, trimmed, and systematically processed with both 2D and 3D inversion routines. The results were in good agreement with known underground features, and for the present dataset, an iteratively reweighted least squares 2D inversion was clearly preferable over a 3D inversion. This conclusion is based on differences in model resolution, data processing costs, and the value of the final product for engineering decision‐making.
Muography sensitivity to hydrogeological rock density perturbation: roles of the absorption and scattering on the muon flux measurement reliability
Authors: Hivert Fanny , Roche Ignacio Lázaro , Decitre Jean‐Baptiste , Brunner Jürgen , Busto José , Gaffet Stéphane 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTTomography using muons is a method to investigate the subsurface density. Muons are particles produced in the atmosphere, and their absorption depends on the quantity of matter they pass through, hence on the rock density and thickness. The Temporal Tomography of rock mass Density using Muons flux Measurement (T2DM2) project aims to characterise the spatial and temporal density variations of the first hundreds of metres of the subsurface. These variations can be induced by water transfer within the critical zone or other thermo‐hydro‐mechanical processes like fracturing. The imaging potential of muography and its application to hydrogeological processes are introduced. Numerical simulations are performed to estimate the significance of the muon flux fluctuations associated to rock density and composition variations for depths ranging from 60 to 1000 m. Particular attention is paid to muon scattering in rocks, which should be taken into account in order to achieve a good spatial and angular resolution.
Electromagnetic noise reduction in grounded electrical‐source airborne transient electromagnetic signal using a stationarywavelet‐based denoising algorithm
Authors: Li Dongsheng , Wang Yuan , Lin Jun , Yu Shengbao , Ji Yanju 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThe grounded electrical‐source airborne transient electromagnetic signal is significantly affected by electromagnetic noise (sferics and aircraft engine electromagnetic noise), leading to inferior image formation. We calculate the theoretical response of the grounded electrical‐source airborne transient electromagnetic system and propose a denoising algorithm based on the transient characters of the theoretical electromagnetic response and the measured noise. The proposed algorithm utilises multi‐resolution analysis via a stationary wavelet transform of the data. Primarily, the measured data are decomposed into detailed coefficients and approximated coefficients. Then, the logarithmic slope of the measured data and a threshold are calculated to identify the noise in the detailed coefficients; the corresponding detailed coefficients are processed to reduce the noise. Finally, the undisturbed data are reconstructed using inverse stationary wavelet transform. The algorithm is verified using synthetic signal and is applied for electromagnetic noise suppression in synthetic data and real data collected over the coastal areas in Yanwei Harbor, China. The results confirm that the denoising algorithm can effectively remove the electromagnetic noise from the grounded electrical‐source airborne transient electromagnetic signal. Moreover, the image formations clearly reveal the structure of the Huaiyin–Xiangshui fault zone.
Temporary Wafer Bonding Materials with Mechanical and Laser Debonding Technologies for Semiconductor Device Processing
Authors: Liu Xiao , Wu Qi , Bai Dongshun , Stanley Trevor , Lee Alvin , Su Jay , Huang Baron 
Published: March 2017

Advanced wafer-level packaging (WLP) techniques, mainly driven by high-performance applications in memory and mobile market, have been adopted for large-scale manufacturing in recent years. Temporary wafer bonding and debonding technology have been widely studied and developed over the last decade for use in various WLP technologies, such as package on package, fan-out integration, and 2.5-D and 3-D integration using through-silicon-via. Temporary bonding technology enables handling of thinned substrates (&lt;100 μm), which can no longer self-support during backside processing and packaging. Moreover, some applications require the temporary bonding materials to withstand temperatures up to 250°C in high-vacuum conditions, and even up to 350°C or higher during the dopant activation step required for manufacturing power devices. Therefore, a simple yet effective temporary bonding process and material that can survive all the backside processes is highly desired.
In this study, a series of formulations based on polar thermoplastics was developed for temporary wafer bonding applications. These materials target high-temperature survivability and improved adhesion to prevent the premature delamination during downstream wafer processing. All these materials provide high thermal stability up to 250°C or higher, and are able to be bonded to carrier wafers treated with release layers, which can be selectively debonded by either mechanical or laser release after backside processing. The material left on device wafer after debonding can be easily cleaned using common industrial solvents. Wafers bonded with these materials demonstrate lower overall stack total thickness variation (&lt;5 μm) after grinding and have successfully passed a 200°C plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process without any delamination during grinding and PECVD processes.
Safety and tolerability of Peg-grafeel™, a pegfilgrastim, for the prophylactic treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and febrile neutropenia: A prospective, observational, postmarketing surveillance study in India
Authors: Talwar Vineet , Nirni Sharanabasappa S. , Mallavarapu Krishna Mohan , Ramkumar Anupama , Sinha Nitu 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Background: A granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, pegfilgrastim, is efficacious though expensive for prophylactic treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and febrile neutropenia. Biologics available and accessible today, having acceptable safety-efficacy profiles, require postapproval studies for better understanding of such drugs in clinical settings. Aim: This postmarketing surveillance study evaluated the safety of prophylactic Peg-grafeel™ (pegfilgrastim) in cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Settings and Design: This prospective, noninterventional, single-arm, open-label study was conducted at 10 study sites in India. Methods: Patients received subcutaneous 6 mg Peg-grafeel™ approximately 24 h following chemotherapy as part of routine patient care. Statistical Analysis: Data were summarized descriptively. Results: The study included 250 patients (male: female = 36.4%:63.6%; median age, 54 [16–80] years). Most patients had Stage III (33.2%) or IV (41.6%) cancers and received cyclophosphamide (37.2%) and doxorubicin (31.6%) as chemotherapy. On an average, 4 Peg-grafeel™ doses were administered per patient. Treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) were reported in 115 (46%) patients, the most common being vomiting (11.6%), pain (11.2%), nausea (8.4%), and constipation (8.4%). Peg-grafeel™-related AEs included pain (3.2%), asthenia (2.4%), and arthralgia (1.2%). Bone pain (0.4%) and extremity pain (1.2%) were rare. Grade 3/4 neutropenia and febrile neutropenia occurred in 4 (1.6%) and 3 (1.2%) patients, respectively. Serious AEs included vomiting (2.8%) and pyrexia (2%). No new safety concerns were identified. None of the five deaths was considered related to Peg-grafeel™. Conclusion: The overall safety profile of Peg-grafeel™ was consistent with the expected safety profile of pegfilgrastim in patients with advanced malignancies in a clinical setting.
Drivers of multi-century trends in the atmospheric CO2 mean annual cycle in a prognostic ESM
Authors: Liptak Jessica , Keppel-Aleks Gretchen , Lindsay Keith 
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The amplitude of the mean annual cycle of atmospheric CO2 is a diagnostic of seasonal surface–atmosphere carbon exchange. Atmospheric observations show that this quantity has increased over most of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) extratropics during the last 3 decades, likely from a combination of enhanced atmospheric CO2, climate change, and anthropogenic land use change. Accurate climate prediction requires accounting for long-term interactions between the environment and carbon cycling; thus, analysis of the evolution of the mean annual cycle in a fully prognostic Earth system model may provide insight into the multi-decadal influence of environmental change on the carbon cycle. We analyzed the evolution of the mean annual cycle in atmospheric CO2 simulated by the Community Earth System Model (CESM) from 1950 to 2300 under three scenarios designed to separate the effects of climate change, atmospheric CO2 fertilization, and land use change. The NH CO2 seasonal amplitude increase in the CESM mainly reflected enhanced primary productivity during the growing season due to climate change and the combined effects of CO2 fertilization and nitrogen deposition over the mid- and high latitudes. However, the simulations revealed shifts in key climate drivers of the atmospheric CO2 seasonality that were not apparent before 2100. CO2 fertilization and nitrogen deposition in boreal and temperate ecosystems were the largest contributors to mean annual cycle amplification over the midlatitudes for the duration of the simulation (1950–2300). Climate change from boreal ecosystems was the main driver of Arctic CO2 annual cycle amplification between 1950 and 2100, but CO2 fertilization had a stronger effect on the Arctic CO2 annual cycle amplitude during 2100–2300. Prior to 2100, the NH CO2 annual cycle amplitude increased in conjunction with an increase in the NH land carbon sink. However, these trends decoupled after 2100, underscoring that an increasing atmospheric CO2 annual cycle amplitude does not necessarily imply a strengthened terrestrial carbon sink.
The Met Office HadGEM3-ES chemistry–climate model: evaluation of stratospheric dynamics and its impact on ozone
Authors: Hardiman Steven C. , Butchart Neal , O'Connor Fiona M. , Rumbold Steven T. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Free-running and nudged versions of a Met Office chemistry–climate model are evaluated and used to investigate the impact of dynamics versus transport and chemistry within the model on the simulated evolution of stratospheric ozone. Metrics of the dynamical processes relevant for simulating stratospheric ozone are calculated, and the free-running model is found to outperform the previous model version in 10 of the 14 metrics. In particular, large biases in stratospheric transport and tropical tropopause temperature, which existed in the previous model version, are substantially reduced, making the current model more suitable for the simulation of stratospheric ozone. The spatial structure of the ozone hole, the area of polar stratospheric clouds, and the increased ozone concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere winter stratosphere following sudden stratospheric warmings, were all found to be sensitive to the accuracy of the dynamics and were better simulated in the nudged model than in the free-running model. Whilst nudging can, in general, provide a useful tool for removing the influence of dynamical biases from the evolution of chemical fields, this study shows that issues can remain in the climatology of nudged models. Significant biases in stratospheric vertical velocities, age of air, water vapour, and total column ozone still exist in the Met Office nudged model. Further, these can lead to biases in the downward flux of ozone into the troposphere.
Ultrasound evaluation of carotid artery intima-media thickness in patients with risk factors for cardiovascular disease
Authors: Awad Ibrahim A. , Abbas Hanan Y. 
Published: March 2017

Objective: The study purpose was to assess the change of carotid artery intima-media thickness (CAIMT) in patients with cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF), and determine the main factor that causing the abnormal IMT.Methods: We collected the data of 89 patients who underwent a carotid artery ultrasound between February 2011 and November 2012 (43 men and 46 women aged between 20-80 years old). All patients included in the study had one of the following cardiovascular risk factors: smoking (n = 40), arterial hypertension (n = 25) or diabetes mellitus (n = 24). The IMT of the common carotid artery was measured and the results were correlated with the recorded risk factor. Correlation with the patient’s age and gender was also performed.Results: The study revealed abnormal IMT (> 1 mm) in a total of 71 (79.8%) patients. These included 22 (88%) patients with hypertension, 19 (79.2%) patients with diabetes mellitus and 30 (75%) patients who were smokers (p < .05 for all 3 risk factors). While aging was also associated with increased IMT (p < .05), no gender differences were noted (p > .05).Conclusions: The present study showed that ultrasound is an excellent, noninvasive method for evaluation of carotid intima-media thickness. The main risk factors associated with abnormal carotid IMT were hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking andpatient’s age.
Myocardial infarction in a neonate
Authors: Streif Werner 
Published: March 2017

SummaryDue to the lack of evidence-based guidelines, management strategies for neonatal MI should be individualized and administered largely at the discretion of responsible treating teams. Supportive care with a focus on preserving adequate circulation and antithrombotic therapy with a view to restoring vascular patency are the mainstays of treatment. Thrombolytic therapy of neonatal MI includes a chance to completely restore myocardial function. Understanding the resilience of the neonatal heart and mechanism of cardiac cell repair in neonates may spark novel treatment strategies for severe MI in the large number of affected individuals in an aging population.
Modeling context and register: the long-term project of registerial cartography
Authors: Matthiessen Christian M. I. M. 
Published: March 2017

This paper presents the outlines of a long-term project concerned with the modelling of context and register along the lines originally drawn by M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) — thus with “register” in its original sense of a functional variety of language, i.e. the meanings at risk in a given type of context. The topic of this project can be characterized as register cartography. Section 1 presents the background to work on the modelling of context and register, noting different uses in SFL of the term “register” locating the notion of register as functional variation in terms of the two semiotic dimensions of the hierarchy of stratification and the cline of instantiation. Section 2 sets out alternative models of context and register, identifying the key semiotic dimensions involved in these models. It then compares and contrasts the models. Section 3 adds to this account of work on context and register by summarizing work that has been done in computational linguistics informed by SFL — important work that has sometimes been overlooked by researchers concerned mainly with manual discourse analysis. Based on the background sketched in Sections 1 through 3, Section 4 then reports on the long-term project of registerial cartography, giving a general account with examples of findings such as differentiation of registers in terms of relative text frequency of terms in certain major systems. Section 5 focusses on one aspect of the long-term project — viz. the description of different fields of activity: eight primary fields of activity, each differentiated into more delicate subtypes — illustrated by means of variation in the deployment of pictorial resources.
O TRONCO MACRO-JÊ: HIPÓTESES E CONTRIBUIÇÕES DE ARYON DALL’IGNA RODRIGUES
Authors: Martins Andérbio Márcio Silva , Cabral Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara , Miranda Maxwel Gomes , Costa Lucivaldo Silva da , Camargos Lidiane Szerwinsk 
Published: March 2017

Este artigo oferece um panorama da fundamental contribuição de Aryon Dall’IgnaRodrigues para a construção da hipótese linguística de um agrupamento genético, considerado o de maior profundidade temporal, muito provavelmente originário do Brasil, o tronco linguístico Macro-Jê.
A PARTICULA <em>KE</em> DO KA’APÓR COMO MARCA DE “<em>AFETADO</em>”
Authors: Silva Tabita Fernandes da , Caldas Raimunda Benedita Cristina 
Published: March 2017

Neste artigo apresentamos uma análise da partícula ke do Ka’apór, língua pertencente ao sub-ramo VIII da família Tupí-Guaraní (tronco Tupí) (RODRIGUES, 1984-1985). Argumentamos a favor da função pragmática dessa marca, que expressa o ponto de vista do falante frente ao seu dito, a qual temos denominamos “afetado”. Essa partícula foi analisada, anteriormente, por Kakumasu (1986) sob uma ótica diferente.
TIPOS DE NOMES NA LÍNGUA XIKRÍN DO CATETÉ
Authors: Costa Lucivaldo Silva da 
Published: March 2017

Este artigo descreve os tipos de nomes existentes na língua Xikrín do Cateté. Combase em critérios estruturais, distribucionais e semânticos e, ainda tomando como parâmetro de análise, o critério de dependência, a língua Xikrín distingue três tipos de nomes, os nomes relativos, os nomes descritivos e os nomes absolutos.
IMPROVEMENT OF CORROSION AND WEAR RESISTANCE OF 45 STEEL WITH ANODE PLASMA ELECTROLYTE NITRIDING
Authors: Smirnov Alekseiy A. , Silkin Sergeiy A. , Kusmanov Sergeiy A. , Belkin Pavel N. , Dyakov Ilya G. , Sevostyanova Varvara S. 
Published: March 2017

For citation:Smirnov A.A., Silkin S.A., Belkin P.N., Dyakov I.G., Sevostyanova V.S., Kusmanov S.A. Improvement of corrosion and wear resistance of 45 steel with anode plasma electrolyte nitriding. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 1. P. 81-86.The wear and corrosion resistance was studied after anode plasma electrolytic nitriding (PEN) the carbon steel in electrolyte containing ammonium chloride and ammonia or ammonium nitrate. Tribological properties of nitrided samples were evaluated using a pin-on-disk and ball-on-disk tribometers under lubricated testing conditions and dry sliding. The effect of processing temperature on corrosion resistance of the PEN samples was examined by means of potentiodynamic polarization in a solution of sodium sulfate (0.1 N). The anode PEN at 750 °C during 5 min in electrolyte containing ammonium chloride (15%) and ammonium nitrate (5%) results in a decrease in a corrosion current density by a factor of 16. The anode PEN at 750 °C during 10 min in electrolyte containing ammonium chloride (10%) and ammonia (5%) results in the decrease in a corrosion current density by a factor of 6. Improving the corrosion resistance of steel takes place due to the formation of the surface oxide layer and the nitride-martensite zone. Results of wear tests under lubricated testing conditions with the speed of 0.49 m/s and load of 208.6 N against hardened steel (50 HRC) diskshow that friction coefficient of nitrided samples decreases at all PEN temperatures. The anode PEN at 750 °C during 10 min in electrolyte containing ammonium chloride and ammonia results in the decrease in wear rate more than 9 times and friction coefficient from 0.17 to 0.12. Nitriding in electrolyte with ammonium chloride and nitrate also results in minimum of the wear rate after the PEN at 750 °C during 10 min but it gives lesser result due to the lower hardness of the nitride-martensite sublayer. Wear tests during dry sliding with the speed of 0.2 m/s and load of 5 N against bearing steel ballshow that friction coefficient of nitrided samples decreases from 0.41 to 0.28. The increasing the load reduces the friction coefficient that means saving mode of elastic contact and a good running-in ability of oxide layer in the studied range. Linear wear decreases from 35 to 21 mm at load of 10 N and sliding speed of 0.4 m/s.
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF BIS[1-(DIAMINOMETHYLENE)-THIOURON-1-IUM] SULFATE
Authors: Butina Yuliya V. , Danilova Elena A. , Dmitriev Maxim V. , Solomonov Aleksey V. 
Published: March 2017

For citation:Butina Yu.V., Danilova E.A., Dmitriev M.V., Solomonov А.V. Crystal structure of bis[1-(diaminomethylene)-thiouron-1-ium] sulfate. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 1. P. 45-49. In this work crystal data of bis[1-(diaminomethylene)-thiouron-1-ium] sulfate is shown. This compound was characterized by IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The monocrystal of this compound was obtained and the structure was confirmed by single X-ray analysis. Moreover, the work describes potential application of synthesized compound. Comparative characteristics of thiourea and its known salts are demonstrated. It is known, that derivatives of thiourea have several tautomeric forms, which can be different in crystalline state or in solution. Therefore, changed scheme of the synthesis of 2-imino-4-thiobiuret is proposed. Elemental cell of crystal consists of two 1-(diaminomethylene)thiouron-1-ium cations and one sulfat anion. A full set of X-ray diffraction data was deposited in the Cambridge Structural Database (deposit CCDC 1421710) and it can be gotten from the site www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif.