bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RT‐PCR quantification of periodontal pathogens in crack users and non‐users
Authors: Casarin M , Antoniazzi RP , Vaucher RA , Feldens CA , Zanatta FB 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveTo compare counts of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum between crack users and non‐users.Materials and methodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted involving seventy‐four crack cocaine users and eighty‐one non‐users matched for age, gender and tobacco use. Demographic and clinical variables were analysed. Subgingival bacterial samples were collected from four sites with the greatest probing depths and were analysed using real‐time polymerase chain reaction.ResultsNo significant difference was found in the prevalence of total counts for each bacterial species analysed between groups. However, crack users had a 1.85 (95% CI: 1.03–3.31), 2.19 (95% CI 1.24–3.88), 2.53 (95% CI 1.27–5.04) and 2.40 (95% CI 1.22–4.75) greater probability of having the higher counts (≥75th percentile) for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum, respectively.ConclusionAlthough some crack users had higher (>75th percentile) bacterial counts for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum, total counts did not differ between crack users and non‐users, leading to the hypothesis that the higher occurrence of periodontitis on crack users may be related to other non‐bacterial factors.
Shell composition of Terreneuvian tubular fossils from north‐east Sichuan, China
Authors: Pang Yanchun , Steiner Michael , Shen Cen , Feng Mingshi , Lin Li , Liu Dingkun 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIdentification of the primary constituents of small shelly fossil (SSF) shells is important for explaining the evolution of SSF faunas. The characteristics and constituents of Terreneuvian tubular SSFs found in north‐east Sichuan, China, are revealed using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. Petrographic thin sections indicate that the chemical composition of the shells is mainly calcium carbonate with smaller amounts of phosphorus, silica and pyrite. Most of the tubular shells composed of calcium carbonate have a distinct layered structure. Evidence of replacement of the original shell by phosphatization, pyritization and silicification, and recrystallization of calcium carbonate have been found, all of which destroyed the shell's original layered structure. Most fossils treated with acetic acid are phosphatic casts or steinkerns, with some preserving organic textures of the shell as phosphatic casts. We conclude that the Terreneuvian tubular SSFs from north‐east Sichuan were originally composed mainly of calcium carbonate; indeed, most Terreneuvian small skeletal fossils appear to have had an originally calcareous composition. The fossil casts or internal core fossils are composed of phosphate, which is related to local taphonomic processes.
The influence of leaf size and shape on leaf thermal dynamics: does theory hold up under natural conditions?
Authors: Leigh A. , Sevanto S. , Close J.D. , Nicotra A.B. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractLaboratory studies on artificial leaves suggest that leaf thermal dynamics are strongly influenced by the two‐dimensional size and shape of leaves and associated boundary layer thickness. Hot environments are therefore said to favour selection for small, narrow or dissected leaves. Empirical evidence from real leaves under field conditions is scant and traditionally based on point measurements that do not capture spatial variation in heat load. We used thermal imagery under field conditions to measure the leaf thermal time constant (τ) in summer and the leaf‐to‐air temperature difference (∆T) and temperature range across laminae (Trange) during winter, autumn and summer for 68 Proteaceae species. We investigated the influence of leaf area and margin complexity relative to effective leaf width (we), the latter being a more direct indicator of boundary layer thickness. Normalized difference of margin complexity had no or weak effects on thermal dynamics, but we strongly predicted τ and ∆T, whereas leaf area influenced Trange. Unlike artificial leaves, however, spatial temperature distribution in large leaves appeared to be governed largely by structural variation. Therefore, we agree that small size, specifically we, has adaptive value in hot environments but not with the idea that thermal regulation is the primary evolutionary driver of leaf dissection.
The use of NH4+ rather than NO3− affects cell stoichiometry, C allocation, photosynthesis and growth in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. UTEX LB 2380, only when energy is limiting
Authors: Ruan Zuoxi , Giordano Mario 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe assimilation of N‐NO3− requires more energy than that of N‐NH4+. This becomes relevant when energy is limiting and may impinge differently on cell energy budget depending on depth, time of the day and season. We hypothesize that N‐limited and energy‐limited cells of the oceanic cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. differ in their response to the N source with respect to growth, elemental stoichiometry and carbon allocation. Under N limitation, cells retained almost absolute homeostasis of elemental and organic composition, and the use of NH4+ did not stimulate growth. When energy was limiting, however, Synechococcus grew faster in NH4+ than in NO3− and had higher C (20%), N (38%) and S (30%) cell quotas. Furthermore, more C was allocated to protein, whereas the carbohydrate and lipid pool size did not change appreciably. Energy limitation also led to a higher photosynthetic rate relative to N limitation. We interpret these results as an indication that, under energy limitation, the use of the least expensive N source allowed a spillover of the energy saved from N assimilation to the assimilation of other nutrients. The change in elemental stoichiometry influenced C allocation, inducing an increase in cell protein, which resulted in a stimulation of photosynthesis and growth.
Moral Indeterminacy, Normative Powers and Convention
Authors: Dougherty Tom 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMoral indeterminacy can be problematic: prospectively it can give rise to deliberative anguish, and retrospectively, it can leave us in a limbo as to what attitudes it is appropriate to form with respect to past actions with indeterminate moral status. These problems give us reason to resolve ethical indeterminacy. One mechanism for doing so involves the use of our normative powers to place obligations on ourselves and to waive our claims against others. This mechanism could operate through an explicit agreement, but could also operate through implicit endorsement of a social convention. However, there are important limits on when the mechanism can eliminate moral indeterminacy.
Short‐term releases of CO2 from newly mixed biochar and calcareous soil
Authors: Cardelli R. , Becagli M. , Marchini F. , Saviozzi A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe work aimed to quantify native organic C mobilized in one calcareous soil in the 21 days after addition of biochar at a range of large to very large applications. The experiment was carried out in unplanted microcosms, and CO2 flux was used as a measure of net mineralization. A rapid methodological approach, which does not require 13C as a tracer, was used to assess any priming effects induced by the biochar. The amount of CO2‐C mobilized was small relative to the amount of biochar C and proportional to the amount of the biochar added. The additional CO2‐C was similar to the content of the water‐soluble organic carbon in the biochar added with each application. No interaction with native soil C, that is priming effect, was observed.
Internal migration and maternal health service utilisation in Jiangsu, China
Authors: Gu Hai , You Hua , Ning Weiqing , Zhou Hua , Wang Jianming , Lu Ying , Sun Jun , Kou Yun , Dong Hengjin 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the use of maternal health care services by internal migrants in view of their migration status.MethodsCross‐sectional household survey in two cities of Jiangsu Province. Questions elicited data on socioeconomic information and MHC service use (pre‐natal examination, post‐natal visit, pre‐natal health education). Chi‐square tests and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with MHC service use.ResultsA total of 946 married women were recruited, of whom 22.3% were internal migrants. Compared to local residents, migrants were five times less likely to attend pre‐natal examinations (84.4%vs. 91.7%; OR = 0.49,P= 0.002), three times less likely to have post‐natal visits (15.6%vs. 50.2%; OR = 0.18,P< 0.001) and less likely to attend health education during pregnancy (87.0%vs. 95.7%; OR = 0.30,P< 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression also revealed a lower proportion of MHC use among migrants (ORm 0.52, 0.16, and 0.3, respectively).ConclusionsInternal migrants in Jiangsu Province underuse MHC services to a significant degree. More attention needs to be paid to pregnant migrant women, as they are vulnerable group in society.
Improving quality of care through payment for performance: examining effects on the availability and stock‐out of essential medical commodities in Tanzania
Authors: Binyaruka Peter , Borghi Josephine 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of payment for performance (P4P) on the availability and stock‐out rate of reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health (RMNCH) medical commodities in Tanzania and assess the distributional effects.MethodsThe availability of RMNCH commodities (medicines, supplies and equipment) on the day of the survey, and stock‐outs for at least one day in the 90 days prior to the survey, was measured in 75 intervention and 75 comparison facilities in January 2012 and 13 months later. Composite scores for each subgroup of commodities were generated. A difference‐in‐differences linear regression was used to estimate the effect of P4P on outcomes and differential effects by facility location, level of care, ownership and socio‐economic status of the catchment population.ResultsWe estimated a significant increase in the availability of medicines by 8.4 percentage points (P = 0.002) and an 8.3 percentage point increase (P = 0.050) in the availability of medical supplies. P4P had no effect on the availability of functioning equipment. Most items with a significant increase in availability also showed a significant reduction in stock‐outs. Effects were generally equally distributed across facilities, with effects on stock‐outs of many medicines being pro‐poor, and greater effects in facilities in rural compared to urban districts.ConclusionP4P can improve the availability of medicines and medical supplies, especially in poor, rural areas, when these commodities are incentivised at both facility and district levels, making services more acceptable, effective and affordable, enhancing progress towards universal health coverage.
Environmental Kuznets curve and the water footprint: an empirical analysis
Authors: Paolo Miglietta Pier , De Leo Federica , Toma Pierluigi 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWater is an essential element for life, playing an important role in economic development, although it is threatened by negative externalities that do not make it available for everyone. The main purpose of this article is to offer insightful empirical evidence of the nexus between economic growth and water usage. In this article we investigate the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis using a country's water footprint as an indicator of water impact. Using linear and nonlinear models we estimate, through the ordinary least square, the relationship between water impact and gross national income (GNI) per capita for 94 Countries. Our study shows an N‐shape curve, which does not confirm the EKC hypothesis, both for the relationship between Water Footprint per capita and GNI per capita and Grey Water Footprint per capita and GNI per capita. From this results, a number of recommendations can be provided to strengthen the water resources policies and management.
Development of retrocorneal membrane following pig‐to‐monkey penetrating keratoplasty
Authors: Lee Whayoung , Mammen Alex , Dhaliwal Deepinder K. , Long Cassandra , Miyagawa Yuko , Ayares David , Cooper David K.C. , Hara Hidetaka 
Published: November 2016

AbstractRecent reports of long‐term survival after wild‐type (WT) pig‐to‐monkey corneal xenotransplantation are encouraging. We experienced the rapid development of retrocorneal membranes, a rare complication after corneal allotransplantation (although seen in infants and young children). The original specific aim of the study was to determine the factors associated with successful (young) pig corneal transplantation in monkeys. However, when it was obvious that retrocorneal membranes rapidly developed, our aims became to determine the factors involved in its development after both WT and Genetically engineered (GE ) pig corneal xenotransplantation and to investigate the characteristics of the retrocorneal membrane. Rhesus monkeys were recipients of penetrating keratoplasty using WT and GE pigs (n=2, respectively, 1‐3 months old). Local/systemic steroids were administered for 3 months. Grafts were evaluated by slit lamp for corneal transparency, edema, and neovascularization. Hematoxylin and eosin, Masson trichrome staining, and immunohistochemical analysis were performed. Gal staining was also carried out to distinguish the origin of the membrane. All penetrating keratoplasty recipients developed fibrous retrocorneal membranes in the early post‐transplantation period, regardless of whether the graft was from a WT or GE pig. There were no features of rejection, with no cell infiltrate in the graft or anterior chamber during the three‐month follow‐up. There was no difference in the clinical course between the two groups (WT or GE corneas). Immunohistochemistry indicated that the retrocorneal membranes were CK negative, α‐SMA positive, and vimentin positive, suggesting that they were of fibrous (keratocytic) origin. Also, the membrane was Gal positive, suggesting that it is derived from pig cornea. Following pig‐to‐monkey corneal xenotransplantation, we report that retrocorneal membranes are derived from donor pig keratocytes. Prevention of retrocorneal membranes will be necessary to achieve successful corneal xenotransplantation.
Experimental Investigation and Discussion of Heat Transfer Mechanisms During Flow Boiling in Mini-Channels Using Refrigerant R134a
Authors: La Forgia Nicolas , Dorao Carlos A. , Fernandino Maria 
Published: November 2016

The main objective of this work was to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of elongated bubbles in 0.5mm diameter mini-channels using R134a as working fluid. In particular to identify the contribution of the nucleate and film boiling to the heat transfer mechanism at low thermodynamical qualities. The measurements were performed in a glass test section with several diabatic and adiabatic regions. The adiabatic region was heated by Joule effect using an ITO coating as heater.
The measurement of heat transfer coefficient for elongated bubbles without the presence of bubble nucleation were compared with the case with nucleation showing that heat transfer in elongated bubbles is only larger than the case with nucleation at very small heat fluxes. In addition, heat transfer coefficient showed a dependence with the thermodynamic quality.
Investigation of Bubble Break-Up in Microchannel Orifices
Authors: Reichmann Felix , Tollkötter Alexander , Kockmann Norbert 
Published: November 2016

Two-phase gas-liquid reactions often occur in chemical processes such as hydrogenation or oxidation. The flow of microbubbles in millichannels offers large specific contact surface for enhanced mass transfer and intensified chemical reactions. For low pressure loss, a combination of micro nozzles and millistructured channels is an alternative equipment design. Continuous dispersion flow through micro orifices with high flow velocity and pressure gradient deforms the phase boundary of bubbles triggering their break-up. In the nozzle’s outlet larger eddies are generated close to the wall disintegrating into smaller vortices with high flow oscillation. This has a major impact since eddies equaling bubble sizes initiate their break-up.
In this work bubble break-up and its location in micro nozzles is studied in a flexible microchannel reactor concept. The dependence of the break-up location is investigated related to hydraulic diameter of the orifice, gas content, flow rate, and energy dissipation rate and its related volume. Regions of backflow increase energy loss; hence, the nozzle’s outlet angle was optimized reducing recirculation zones. Bubble dispersion and bubbly flow are studied in different orifices and channel elements with widths up to 7 mm. The outlet angle was varied between 6 and 45° to investigate different backflow regions. The effect of orifice dimensions on bubble sizes is evaluated for hydraulic diameters of 0.25 to 0.5 mm. The channel elements are fixed under a view glass enabling optical investigation of bubble size, first break-up points, and recirculation zones via high-speed camera. Analysis of bubble diameters and tracking of suspended particles was carried out by GIMP and ImageJ software. Generated bubble diameters are in the range of less than 0.1 mm up to 0.7 mm with narrow size distribution depending on the total flow rate through the channel. First break-up points; hence, the maximum energy input location are shifted closer to the outlet of the orifice with increasing velocities and smaller hydraulic diameters. However, the entire break-up region stays nearly constant for each orifice indicating stronger velocity oscillations acting on the bubble surface. A relation between smaller bubble diameter and larger energy dissipation was identified. Orifice outlet angles above 6° resulted in flow detachments and recirculation zones around the effluent jet. Ongoing investigation is carried out to further understand the mechanism and the influence of various parameters.
Some Mixotrophic Flagellate Species Selectively Graze on Archaea
Authors: Ballen-Segura Miguel , Felip Marisol , Catalan Jordi 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Many phototrophic flagellates ingest prokaryotes. This mixotrophic trait becomes a critical aspect of the microbial loop in planktonic food webs because of the typical high abundance of these flagellates. Our knowledge of their selective feeding upon different groups of prokaryotes, particularly under field conditions, is still quite limited. In this study, we investigated the feeding behavior of three species (
Rhodomonas
sp.,
Cryptomonas ovata
, and
Dinobryon cylindricum
) via their food vacuole content in field populations of a high mountain lake. We used the catalyzed reporter deposition-fluorescence
in situ
hybridization (CARD-FISH) protocol with probes specific for the domain
Archaea
and three groups of
Eubacteria
:
Betaproteobacteria
,
Actinobacteria
, and
Cytophaga-Flavobacteria
of
Bacteroidetes
. Our results provide field evidence that contrasting selective feeding exists between coexisting mixotrophic flagellates under the same environmental conditions and that some prokaryotic groups may be preferentially impacted by phagotrophic pressure in aquatic microbial food webs. In our study,
Archaea
were the preferred prey, chiefly in the case of
Rhodomonas
sp., which rarely fed on any other prokaryotic group. In general, prey selection did not relate to prey size among the grazed groups. However,
Actinobacteria
, which were clearly avoided, mostly showed a size of <0.5 μm, markedly smaller than cells from the other groups.

IMPORTANCE
That mixotrophic flagellates are not randomly feeding in the main prokaryotic groups under field conditions is a pioneer finding in species-specific behavior that paves the way for future studies according to this new paradigm. The particular case that
Archaea
were preferentially affected in the situation studied shows that phagotrophic pressure cannot be disregarded when considering the distribution of this group in freshwater oligotrophic systems.
Evidence for a Second Type of Resistance against Cydia pomonella Granulovirus in Field Populations of Codling Moths
Authors: Jehle J. A. , Schulze-Bopp S. , Undorf-Spahn K. , Fritsch E. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTCydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) is an important biocontrol agent for the codling moth (CM) in organic and integrated apple production worldwide. Previously, Z chromosome-linked dominant resistance in at least 38 CM field populations in Europe was reported, threatening organic apple production. Growers responded by switching to a different resistance-breaking isolate of CpGV that could control these populations. Here, we report a nonuniform response of different CM field populations to CpGV isolates from CpGV genome groups A to E. Even more strikingly, one field population, NRW-WE, was resistant to all known CpGV genome groups except group B. Single-pair crossing experiments with a susceptible strain, followed by resistance testing of the F1offspring, clearly indicated cross-resistance to CpGV isolates that had been considered to be resistance breaking. This finding provides clear evidence of a second, broader type of CpGV resistance with a novel mode of inheritance that cannot be fully explained by Z-linkage of resistance.IMPORTANCECpGV is registered and used in virtually all commercial apple growing areas worldwide and is therefore the most widely used baculovirus biocontrol agent. Recently, resistance to CpGV products was reported in different countries in Europe, threatening organic growers who rely almost exclusively on CpGV products. This resistance appeared to be targeted against a 24-bp repeat in thepe38gene in isolate CpGV-M of genome group A, which had been used commercially for many years. On the other hand, resistance could be broken by CpGV isolates from CpGV genome groups B to E. Here, we report clear evidence of a second type of field resistance that is also directed against resistance-breaking isolates of CpGV genome groups C, D, and E and which appears not to be targeted against CpGVpe38. Therefore, we propose to differentiate between type I resistance, which is targeted againstpe38of CpGV genome group A, and a novel type II resistance with an unknown molecular target. This finding stresses the need for further adoption of resistance management strategies for CpGV, since growers cannot rely solely on the use of resistance-breaking CpGV isolates.