bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Takeover Time in Highly Automated Vehicles: Noncritical Transitions to and From Manual Control
Authors: Eriksson Alexander , Stanton Neville A. 
Published: January 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was to review existing research into driver control transitions and to determine the time it takes drivers to resume control from a highly automated vehicle in noncritical scenarios. Background: Contemporary research has moved from an inclusive design approach to adhering only to mean/median values when designing control transitions in automated driving. Research into control transitions in highly automated driving has focused on urgent scenarios where drivers are given a relatively short time span to respond to a request to resume manual control. We found a paucity in research into more frequent scenarios for control transitions, such as planned exits from highway systems. Method: Twenty-six drivers drove two scenarios with an automated driving feature activated. Drivers were asked to read a newspaper, or to monitor the system, and to relinquish, or resume, control from the automation when prompted by vehicle systems. Results: Significantly longer control transition times were found between driving with and without secondary tasks. Control transition times were substantially longer than those reported in the peer-reviewed literature. Conclusion: We found that drivers take longer to resume control when under no time pressure compared with that reported in the literature. Moreover, we found that drivers occupied by a secondary task exhibit larger variance and slower responses to requests to resume control. Workload scores implied optimal workload. Application: Intra- and interindividual differences need to be accommodated by vehicle manufacturers and policy makers alike to ensure inclusive design of contemporary systems and safety during control transitions.
White Americans, the New Minority?: Non-Blacks and the Ever-Expanding Boundaries of Whiteness
Authors: Warren Jonathan W. , Twine France Winddance 
Published: January 2017

We Hispanics are, finally, like other immigrant groups… Yes, the Hispanics are going to become more like the majority. Their families will be smaller, better educated, more traveled. Roots will be lost. Language will be lost. Food will be the last to go. We will be eating tacos and tortillas for a long time to come. (Cesar Chavez, cited in Morgan, 1985, pp. 79–80) The American Dream is at the expense of the American Negro. (James Baldwin, cited in Leeming, 1994)
3. The Reconstruction: a Useful Tool in Forensic Sciences
Authors: Brandt-Casadevall Conxita , Krompecher Thomas , Mangin Patrice 
Published: January 2017

The intervention of a forensic pathologist may be required at any stage of a judicial investigation. Clearly, he or she plays an important role at a crime scene and later on during the examination of the body. But the forensic pathologist's contribution is equally important during reconstruction, which is most frequently called for in cases of violent deaths, homicides in particular. However, reconstruction may also be very useful in cases of less importance in terms of criminal law. It requires little investment and can provide precious evidence. In the two cases presented here we were able to exclude, respectively, the presumption of the adulteration of a blood sample taken for alcohol dosage and the accidental origin of an attempted murder. In fact, reconstruction may be a valuable procedure in any event requiring the participation of a forensic expert.
Observations on the Vascular Pattern of the Left Ventricular Freewall in Normal and Hypertrophied Hearts
Authors: Odesanmi W. O. 
Published: January 2017

The arterial vascular pattern of the myocardium of the left ventricular freewall of normal and hypertrophied human hearts was studied by post mortem injection of a radio-opaque medium Colourpaque, and the taking of microradiographs of transverse ventricular slices using the immersion technique. The branching type arteries supplied the myocardial wall including the subendocardial zone, the straight type arteries supplied the papillary muscles and the trabeculae carnae. The branching and straight type arteries in the hypertrophied hearts were of smaller calibre than normal hearts. The vascular pattern in the freewall of hearts with concentric left ventricular hypertrophy was similar to those of hearts with asymmetrical left ventricular hypertrophy.
Peel's Principles and Their Acceptance by American Police: Ending 175 Years of Reinvention
Authors: Williams Keith L. 
Published: January 2017

Since the inception of modem policing in 1829, the policing styles of Britain and the United States have run incongruent courses. While the Metropolitan Police Department of London has stayed true to the principles first articulated by Sir Robert Peel, American policing has undergone several sweeping changes in the administration of service. These reinventions have hampered the establishment of a true ideology of police service in America. Through a comparative historical overview of these policing models, this article will strive to explain the reason behind the lack of acceptance of Peel's original nine principles by police in America. Further discussion will focus on the current acceptance of these principles by many police agencies within the United States in their community policing missions and ask what might have been had the Peelian virtues been accepted from the beginning.
The Techniques of Interviewing: I—The Need for Training
Authors: Anstey Edgar 
Published: January 2017

Dr. Anstey writes with exceptional authority. A First-Class Honours graduate in Mathematics and Psychology of the University of Cambridge, and a Doctor of Philosophy (in Psychology) of the University of London, he joined the Civil Service in 1938 as an Assistant Principal. After war service, in which he first served and was commissioned in the infantry, later becoming major in charge of Army selection tests, he was founder-head of the Civil Service Commission Research Unit. He has worked in the Home Office and the Ministry of Defence and has held his present appointment as Chief Psychologist, Civil Service Commission since 1964. His publications include Interviewing for the Selection of Staff (with Dr. E. O. Mercer, 1956), Staff Reporting and Staff Development ( 1961), Committees, How they work and how to work them ( 1962), all published by Allen and Unwin, and Psychological Tests (Thomas Nelson, 1966).
The Heart and Art of a Detective Officer: I
Authors: Lockley Thomas 
Published: January 2017

This is the first time THE POLICE JOURNAL has published a serial, and we count ourselves fortunate indeed to have secured the memoirs of a great policeman, for whom all who served with him have the greatest admiration and affection. Mr. Lockley joined the Staffordshire Constabulary in 1924, rising to become chief superintendent in charge of the C.I.D. In 1955 he went out to Cyprus as officer commanding the U.K. Police Unit and was soon appointed assistant commissioner in charge of crime and prosecutions. On his return to England he was deputy commandant of the Police College for almost six years, and he completed his service as assistant chief constable of Staffordshire. The memoirs were written at Bramshill, some seven years ago, hence the use of a few terms no longer current since the new Theft Act. The memoirs were written at Bramshill, some seven years ago, hence the use of a few terms no longer current since the new Theft Act.
Discrepancies between Published Data on Racial Classification and Self-Reported Race: Evidence from the 2002 North Carolina Live Birth Records
Authors: Buescher Paul A. , Gizlice Ziya , Jones-Vessey Kathleen A. 
Published: January 2017

Objectives. We compared data on race as reported by the mother on North Carolina birth certificates with data on race in officially reported statistics. We also determined to what extent differences in the classification of race affect measures of racial disparity in maternal and child health indicators. Methods. We examined how data on race are collected, coded, and tabulated in North Carolina via live birth certificates, death certificates, the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) telephone survey, and the Central Cancer Registry case records. We showed how the data on race collected through North Carolina birth and death certificates are translated into 10 fixed racial categories designated by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) for use in official vital statistics. We compared race as reported by the mother on birth certificates to racial tabulations used in the official published birth statistics. We also examined to what extent differences in the determination of race affect measures of racial disparity in maternal and child health indicators. Results. Out of nearly 118,000 live births in North Carolina in 2002, mothers reported more than 600 different versions of race on birth certificates. These entries were collapsed into the 10 standard racial categories outlined in federal coding rules. Approximately two-thirds of mothers of Hispanic ethnicity report their race with a label that can be categorized as “Other” race, but nearly all of these births are re-coded to “white” for the official birth statistics. Measures of racial disparity vary depending on whether self-reported or officially coded race is used. Conclusions. This study shows that, given the opportunity to report their own race, North Carolinians describe their race using a wide variety of terms and concepts. In contrast, health statistics are usually reported using a few standardized racial categories defined by federal policy. The NCHS rules for coding race should be reexamined. As the ethnic and racial diversity of the United States continues to increase, these rules will become increasingly antiquated.
Disparities in Children's Use of Oral Health Services
Authors: Hughes Dana C. , Duderstadt Karen G. , Soobader Mah-J , Newacheck Paul W. 
Published: January 2017

Objectives. We sought to determine if the recent expansions in Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) have resulted in a narrowing of income disparities over time with the use of dental care in children 2 to 17 years of age. Methods. Six years of data from the National Health Interview Survey were utilized. A trend analysis was conducted using 1983 as a baseline, which predates the expansions, and 2001–2002, the endpoint, which postdates implementation of the expansions. In addition, we examined two intermediate time points (1989 and 1997–1998). We conducted unadjusted and adjusted analyses using logistic regression. Results. Overall, use of ambulatory dental care has increased dramatically for children over the past two decades. In 1983, more than one in three children (38.5%) had no dental care within the previous 12 months. By 2001–2002, about one-quarter of children (26.3%) were reported to have no dental care within the year, a reduction of 12.2% from 1983 ( p<0.001). Frequency of unmet dental care remained unchanged between 1997–1998 (the first year this measure was available) and 2001–2002. A reduction in income disparities for use of dental care was found in our unadjusted analysis but this difference became statistically insignificant in the adjusted analysis. No changes in income disparities occurred for unmet dental needs in either the unadjusted or adjusted analyses. Conclusions. A substantial overall improvement in dental care use has occurred among all income groups, including poor and near poor children. This “keeping up” with their higher-income counterparts represents an important public health accomplishment for children in low-income families. Nevertheless, additional efforts are needed to close remaining disparities in access to dental care.
Assuring Public Health Professionals are Prepared for the Future: The UAB Public Health Integrated Core Curriculum
Authors: Petersen Donna J. , Hovinga Mary E. , Pass Mary Ann , Kohler Connie , Oestenstad R. Kent , Katholi Charles 
Published: January 2017

In response to calls to improve public health education and our own desire to provide a more relevant educational experience to our Master of Public Health students, the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) School of Public Health designed, developed, and instituted a fully integrated public health core curriculum in the fall of 2001. This curriculum combines content from discipline-specific courses in biostatistics, environmental health, epidemiology, health administration, and the social and behavioral sciences, and delivers it in a 15 credit hour, team-taught course designed in modules covering such topics as tobacco, infectious diseases, and emergency preparedness. Weekly skills-building sessions increase student competence in data analysis and interpretation, communication, ethical decision-making, community-based interventions, and policy and program planning. Evaluations affirm that the integrated core is functioning as intended: as a means to provide critical content in the core disciplines in their applied context. As public health education continues to be debated, the UAB public health integrated core curriculum can serve as one model for providing quality instruction that is highly relevant to professional practice.
The Road Map to Preparedness: A Competency-Based Approach to All-Hazards Emergency Readiness Training for the Public Health Workforce
Authors: Parker Cindy L. , Barnett Daniel J. , Fews Ayanna L. , Blodgett David , Links Jonathan M. 
Published: January 2017

Facing limited time and budgetary resources, state and local health departments need a practical, competency-based training approach to meet the all-hazards readiness requirements of their employees. The Road Map to Preparedness is a training tool designed to assist health departments in providing comprehensive, agency-tailored readiness instruction to their employees. This tool uses an incentive-based, game-like, experiential learning approach to meet the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's nine core competencies for all public health workers while facilitating public health employees' understanding and acceptance of their emergency response roles. A corresponding evaluation tool, the Road Map to Preparedness Evaluation, yields metrically-driven assessments of public health employee readiness competencies. Since its pilot in 2003, the Road Map to Preparedness has met with enthusiastic response from participating health departments in the mid-Atlantic region. In addition to its public health impact, the Road Map offers future promise as a tool to assist organizational emergency response training in private sector and non-public health first-responder agency settings.
A Review of Instruments Assessing Public Health Preparedness
Authors: Asch Steven M. , Stoto Michael , Mendes Marc , Valdez R. Burciaga , Gallagher Meghan E. , Halverson Paul , Lurie Nicole 
Published: January 2017

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to review instruments that assess the level of preparedness of state and local public health departments to respond to health threats such as bioterrorism. Methods. The authors examined 27 published population-based instruments for planning or evaluating preparedness that were mostly unavailable in the peer-reviewed literature. Using the Essential Public Health Services framework, the instruments were evaluated for ( 1) clarity of measurement parameters, ( 2) balance between structural and process measures, ( 3) evidence of effectiveness, and ( 4) specification of an accountable entity. Results. There was a great deal of overlap but little consistency in what constitutes “preparedness” or how it should be measured. Most instruments relied excessively on subjective or structural measures, lacked scientific evidence for measures assessed, and failed to clearly define what entity was accountable for accomplishing the task or function. Conclusion. Strategies for improvement include measure standardization, better interagency communication, and investment in public health practice research to develop the underlying evidence base required for developing quality measures and assessments.
Blackout of 2003: Public Health Effects and Emergency Response
Authors: Beatty Mark E. , Phelps Scot , Rohner Chris , Weisfuse Isaac 
Published: January 2017

We examined the public health effects of the Northeast blackout of August 2003 and the emergency response to the blackout by the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH). We reviewed departmental documents from the DOHMH Emergency Operations Center and surveyed DOHMH employees to identify deficiencies in the response and elicit suggestions for improvement. DOHMH deployed its all-hazards, scalable public health Incident Management System to respond to several impacts: ( 1) failure of multiple hospital emergency generators; ( 2) patients dependent on electrically powered equipment; ( 3) loss of electronic data input to the DOHMH syndromic surveillance system from hospital emergency departments; ( 4) potential for vaccine spoilage due to loss of refrigeration; ( 5) beach contamination with untreated sewage; ( 6) heat-related health effects and increase of foodborne disease; and ( 7) potential for an increased rodent population as a result of increased amounts of discarded perishables. Areas identified for improvement included communications during the event, DOHMH dependence on an external source of electricity, facility management during the response, and lack of readily available and appropriate emergency supplies.
Acculturation and Diabetes among Hispanics: Evidence from the 1999–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Mainous Arch G. , Majeed Azeem , Koopman Richelle J. , Baker Richard , Everett Charles J. , Tilley Barbara C. , Diaz Vanessa A. 
Published: January 2017

Objective. Hispanic individuals in the United States have a greater prevalence of diabetes mellitus than non-Hispanic white individuals; however, it is unclear whether Hispanics' risk of diabetes differs based on their level of acculturation. The purpose of our research was to examine acculturation among Hispanic Americans with respect to prevalence and control of diabetes. Methods. We conducted an analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999–2002, a nationally representative sample of the noninstitutionalized U.S. population. We evaluated data on Hispanic adults (≥18 years of age, unweighted n=2,696), analyzing diagnosed diabetes, glycemic blood pressure and lipid control, and diabetes complications according to acculturation as measured by language and birth outside the United States. Results. Hispanics with low acculturation were more likely to be without a routine place for health care, have no health insurance, and have low levels of education. In adjusted analyses, individuals with low acculturation, measured by language, were more likely to have diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 1.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02, 3.54). Among individuals with diagnosed diabetes, no significant association was yielded between acculturation and diabetes control. However, individuals with low language acculturation were more likely to have the diabetes complication of peripheral neuropathy (OR 4.01, 95% CI 1.40, 11.48). Conclusions. Acculturation as measured through language is associated with diabetes and complications among Hispanics even after controlling for a variety of demographic characteristics including health insurance and education. The findings suggest that even within a “single” minority ethnic group, there are differences in disease prevalence and complications and access to health care.
Health Characteristics of U.S. Adults by Body Mass Index Category: Results from NHANES 1999–2002
Authors: McDowell Margaret A. , Hughes Jeffery P. , Borrud Lori G. 
Published: January 2017

Objectives. We examined self-reported health characteristics, health care utilization, activity patterns, and demographic characteristics of U.S. adults 20 years and over by body mass index (BMI) category. We hypothesized that overweight and obese adults would report fair/poor health more often, report more health provider visits annually, experience more joint pain, report greater limitations in their daily activities, and report more hours of sedentary leisure-time activity than normal-weight adults. Methods. Self-reported health characteristics of U.S. adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2002 were examined for three BMI categories: normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9), overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9), and obese (BMI ≥30.0). Covariates included gender, race/ethnicity, cigarette smoking, and educational attainment. We examined BMI group differences using descriptive and regression methods. Results. Compared to normal-weight individuals, overweight individuals reported fair/poor health more often, more limitations in daily activities, and more health provider contacts. Overweight and obese subjects reported more hours of television watching and video game use compared to normal-weight subjects. Conclusion. Our findings are useful to describe the health characteristics of U.S. adults and may be used to anticipate future demand for health services and to support intervention programs that help individuals achieve desirable weight status.
Addressing Poverty as Risk for Disease: Recommendations from CDC's Consultation on Microenterprise as HIV Prevention
Authors: Stratford Dale , Mizuno Yuko , Williams Kim , Courtenay-Quirk Cari , O'Leary Ann 
Published: January 2017

In March 2006, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) convened a consultation meeting to explore microenterprise as a potential human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention intervention. The impulse to link microenterprise with HIV/AIDS prevention was driven by the fact that poverty is a significant factor contributing to the risk for infection. Because increasingly high rates of HIV infection are occurring among women, particularly among poor African American women in the southern United States, we focused the consultation on microenterprise as an intervention among that population. In the international arena, income generated by microenterprise has contributed to improving family and community health outcomes. This article summarizes the contributions made to the consultation by participants from the diverse fields of microenterprise, microfinance, women's studies, and public health. The article ends with recommendations for HIV/AIDS prevention and, by implication, addressing other public health challenges, through the development of multifaceted intervention approaches.
A Model for Surveillance of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Simons Hannah , Alcabes Philip 
Published: January 2017

It is well recognized that methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a community pathogen. Several key differences between community-associated and hospital-associated MRSA strains exist, including distinct methicillin resistance genes and genetic backgrounds and differing susceptibility to antibiotics. Recent studies have demonstrated that typical hospital and community strains easily move between hospital and community environments. Despite evidence of MRSA's expanding reach in the community, the best methods for population-level detection and containment have not been established. In an effort to determine effective methods for monitoring the spread of MRSA, we reviewed the literature on hospital-associated and community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) in the community and proposed a model for enhanced surveillance. By linking epidemiologic and molecular techniques within a surveillance system that coordinates activities in the community and health-care setting, scientists and public health officials can begin to measure the true extent of CA-MRSA in communities and hospitals.