bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of hemorrhage through the osteotomy gap during tibial plateau leveling osteotomy: 9 cases
Authors: Matres‐Lorenzo Luis , McAlinden Aidan , Bernardé Antoine , Bernard Fabrice 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo describe a new technique to control intraoperative hemorrhage during tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) and report subsequent short‐term and long‐term complications.Study DesignRetrospective case series.AnimalsNine dogs with arterial hemorrhage during TPLO.MethodsMedical records of dogs with hemorrhage controlled through the osteotomy gap of a TPLO were reviewed at 2 institutions over 8 years. Inclusion criteria included diagnosis of single cranial cruciate ligament rupture, intraoperative arterial hemorrhage during the radial osteotomy controlled with bipolar electrocautery or hemostatic clips placed along the cranial tibial artery through the osteotomy, complete medical records, radiographic follow‐up for at least 8 weeks postoperatively, and completion of long‐term follow‐up questionnaire by the owner.ResultsDogs were 4.6 ± 1.8 years old and weighed 36.6 ± 9.7 kg. In total, 3 ± 1 hemostatic clips were placed per stifle. Intraoperative hemostasis was achieved in all cases. One of the first dogs received a blood transfusion during the procedure and had a postoperative packed cell volume of 37%. The only complication consisted of fibular fracture, which was noticed on radiographs of 1 dog 8 weeks after TPLO.ConclusionArterial hemorrhage during the radial osteotomy of a TPLO can be controlled by occlusion of the compromised artery through distraction of the osteotomy gap. This technique was not associated with long‐term complications.
Spatial variation in the parasite communities and genomic structure of urban rats in New York City
Authors: Angley L. P. , Combs M. , Firth C. , Frye M. J. , Lipkin W. I. , Richardson J. L. , Munshi‐South J. 
Published: November 2017

SummaryBrown rats (Rattus norvegicus) are a globally distributed pest. Urban habitats can support large infestations of rats, posing a potential risk to public health from the parasites and pathogens they carry. Despite the potential influence of rodent‐borne zoonotic diseases on human health, it is unclear how urban habitats affect the structure and transmission dynamics of ectoparasite and microbial communities (all referred to as “parasites” hereafter) among rat colonies. In this study, we use ecological data on parasites and genomic sequencing of their rat hosts to examine associations between spatial proximity, genetic relatedness and the parasite communities associated with 133 rats at five sites in sections of New York City with persistent rat infestations. We build on previous work showing that rats in New York carry a wide variety of parasites and report that these communities differ significantly among sites, even across small geographical distances. Ectoparasite community similarity was positively associated with geographical proximity; however, there was no general association between distance and microbial communities of rats. Sites with greater overall parasite diversity also had rats with greater infection levels and parasite species richness. Parasite community similarity among sites was not linked to genetic relatedness of rats, suggesting that these communities are not associated with genetic similarity among host individuals or host dispersal among sites. Discriminant analysis identified site‐specific associations of several parasite species, suggesting that the presence of some species within parasite communities may allow researchers to determine the sites of origin for newly sampled rats. The results of our study help clarify the roles that colony structure and geographical proximity play in determining the ecology ofR. norvegicusas a significant urban reservoir of zoonotic diseases. Our study also highlights the spatial variation present in urban rat parasite communities, indicating that rats across New York City are not reservoirs for a homogenous set of parasites and pathogens. As a result, the epidemiological risks may be similarly heterogeneous for people in urban habitats.
K2P TASK‐2 and KCNQ1–KCNE3 K+ channels are major players contributing to intestinal anion and fluid secretion
Authors: Julio‐Kalajzić Francisca , Villanueva Sandra , Burgos Johanna , Ojeda Margarita , Cid L. Pablo , Jentsch Thomas J. , Sepúlveda Francisco V. 
Published: November 2017

Key points
K+ channels are important in intestinal epithelium as they ensure the ionic homeostasis and electrical potential of epithelial cells during anion and fluid secretion.
Intestinal epithelium cAMP‐activated anion secretion depends on the activity of the (also cAMP dependent) KCNQ1–KCNE3 K+ channel, but the secretory process survives after genetic inactivation of the K+ channel in the mouse.
Here we use double mutant mice to investigate which alternative K+ channels come into action to compensate for the absence of KCNQ1–KCNE3 K+ channels.
Our data establish that whilst Ca2+‐activated KCa3.1 channels are not involved, K2P two‐pore domain TASK‐2 K+ channels are major players providing an alternative conductance to sustain the intestinal secretory process.
Work with double mutant mice lacking both TASK‐2 and KCNQ1–KCNE3 channels nevertheless points to yet‐unidentified K+ channels that contribute to the robustness of the cAMP‐activated anion secretion process.
AbstractAnion and fluid secretion across the intestinal epithelium, a process altered in cystic fibrosis and secretory diarrhoea, is mediated by cAMP‐activated CFTR Cl− channels and requires the simultaneous activity of basolateral K+ channels to maintain cellular ionic homeostasis and membrane potential. This function is fulfilled by the cAMP‐activated K+ channel formed by the association of pore‐forming KCNQ1 with its obligatory KCNE3 β‐subunit. Studies using mice show sizeable cAMP‐activated intestinal anion secretion in the absence of either KCNQ1 or KCNE3 suggesting that an alternative K+ conductance must compensate for the loss of KCNQ1–KCNE3 activity. We used double mutant mouse and pharmacological approaches to identify such a conductance. Ca2+‐dependent anion secretion can also be supported by Ca2+‐dependent KCa3.1 channels after independent CFTR activation, but cAMP‐dependent anion secretion is not further decreased in the combined absence of KCa3.1 and KCNQ1–KCNE3 K+ channel activity. We show that the K2P K+ channel TASK‐2 is expressed in the epithelium of the small and large intestine. Tetrapentylammonium, a TASK‐2 inhibitor, abolishes anion secretory current remaining in the absence of KCNQ1–KCNE3 activity. A double mutant mouse lacking both KCNQ1–KCNE3 and TASK‐2 showed a much reduced cAMP‐mediated anion secretion compared to that observed in the single KCNQ1–KCNE3 deficient mouse. We conclude that KCNQ1–KCNE3 and TASK‐2 play major roles in the intestinal anion and fluid secretory phenotype. The persistence of an, admittedly reduced, secretory activity in the absence of these two conductances suggests that further additional K+ channel(s) as yet unidentified contribute to the robustness of the intestinal anion secretory process.
Blepharitis as an early sign of metabolic syndrome: a nationwide population-based study
Authors: Lee Chia-Yi , Chen Hung-Chi , Lin Hui-Wen , Huang Jing-Yang , Chao Shih-Chun , Yeh Chao-Bin , Lin Hung-Yu , Yang Shun-Fa 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundTo investigate the relationship between blepharitis and metabolic syndrome (MetS) by using the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database (LHID) of Taiwan.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study was conducted using data collected from the LHID for the period from 2009 to 2013. This study enrolled patients who received a diagnosis of blepharitis according to the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, diagnostic code. The exclusion criteria were legal blindness, eyeball removal, ocular tumours prior to the diagnosis of blepharitis, and patients diagnosed with blepharitis and initiated antibiotic treatment concurrently. An age-matched, gender-matched and disease-matched population without blepharitis served as the control group. Multivariate analysis with a multiple Cox regression model was applied to analyse the data.ResultsIn this study, a total of 10 093 patients with blepharitis were included in the study group, and another 40 372 participants without blepharitis were included in the control group. Conditional logistic regression revealed a higher cumulative probability of hyperlipidaemia and coronary arterial disease. After adjustment, patients with blepharitis had a higher probability of developing new MetS than controls. According to subgroup analysis, hyperlipidaemia and coronary artery diseases were significantly correlated with the prior development of blepharitis. However, hypertension and diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance showed no correlation with blepharitis.ConclusionBlepharitis is significantly related to MetS and can serve as an early sign of MetS. Additional studies should examine the relationship between blepharitis and MetS in terms of severity.
Antenatal care services and its implications for vital and health outcomes of children: evidence from 193 surveys in 69 low-income and middle-income countries
Authors: Kuhnt Jana , Vollmer Sebastian 
Published: November 2017

ObjectivesAntenatal care (ANC) is an essential part of primary healthcare and its provision has expanded worldwide. There is limited evidence of large-scale cross-country studies on the impact of ANC offered to pregnant women on child health outcomes. We investigate the association of ANC in low-income and middle-income countries with short- and long-term mortality and nutritional child outcomes.SettingWe used nationally representative health and welfare data from 193 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 1990 and 2013 from 69 low-income and middle-income countries for women of reproductive age (15–49 years), their children and their respective household.ParticipantsThe analytical sample consisted of 752 635 observations for neonatal mortality, 574 675 observations for infant mortality, 400 426 observations for low birth weight, 501 484 observations for stunting and 512 424 observations for underweight.Main outcomes and measuresOutcome variables are neonatal and infant mortality, low birth weight, stunting and underweight.ResultsAt least one ANC visit was associated with a 1.04% points reduced probability of neonatal mortality and a 1.07% points lower probability of infant mortality. Having at least four ANC visits and having at least once seen a skilled provider reduced the probability by an additional 0.56% and 0.42% points, respectively. At least one ANC visit is associated with a 3.82% points reduced probability of giving birth to a low birth weight baby and a 4.11 and 3.26% points reduced stunting and underweight probability. Having at least four ANC visits and at least once seen a skilled provider reduced the probability by an additional 2.83%, 1.41% and 1.90% points, respectively.ConclusionsThe currently existing and accessed ANC services in low-income and middle-income countries are directly associated with improved birth outcomes and longer-term reductions of child mortality and malnourishment.
A national cohort study evaluating infant and fetal mortality caused by birth defects in Korea
Authors: Ko Hyun Sun , Kim Dong Joo , Chung Yoohyun , Wie Jeong Ha , Choi Sae Kyung , Park In Yarg , Park Yong Gyu , Shin Jong Chul 
Published: November 2017

ObjectiveTo analyse the prevalence of fetal and infant deaths due to birth defects in Korea and those trends according to maternal age.DesignRetrospective national cohort studySettingKorean Vital Statistics database of the Korean Statistical Information Service, between 2009 and 2015.Participants2176 infant deaths and 4343 fetal deaths caused by birth defects, among 3 181 145 total live births and 43 385 fetal deaths during the study periods.MethodsInfant and fetal mortality rates (IMRs and FMRs) by birth defects, from deaths caused by birth defects, were analysed. They were compared, according to maternal age groups: (I) ‘10–19 years’; (II) ‘20–29 years’; (III) ‘30–34 years’; (IV) ‘35–39 years’; and (V) ‘40–55 years’.Main outcome measuresIMRs and FMRs by birth defects and comparison according to maternal age group.ResultsIMRs and FMRs by birth defects were 6.84 per 10 000 live births and 13.47 per 10 000 total births. The most common causes of infant deaths and fetal deaths by birth defect were anomaly of the circulatory system (51.1%, IMR 3.5) and chromosomal abnormality (33.1%, FMR 4.46), respectively. Among groups by maternal age, FMRs by birth defects were significantly higher in groups I and V compared with group III (OR 6.59, 95% CI 3.49 to 12.43; and OR 3.46, 95% CI 1.77 to 6.78, respectively). IMR and FMR by nervous system anomaly were significantly higher in group I at 3.63 (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.97 to 2.03) and 29.84 (OR 15.04, 95% CI 3.59 to 62.96) compared with 0.32 and 1.97 in group III.ConclusionFMRs by birth defects were the highest in the extreme maternal age groups. Severe anomalies, except for chromosomal abnormality, were most prevalent in teenage pregnancies.
Logistic regression analysis of factors influencing the effectiveness of intensive sound masking therapy in patients with tinnitus
Authors: Cai Yuexin , Zhou Qian , Yang Haidi , Jiang Jiajia , Zhao Fei , Huang Xiayin , Mo Hanjie , Chen Xiaoting , Xiong Hao , Chen Suijun , Zhang Xueyuan , Zheng Yiqing 
Published: November 2017

ObjectivesTo investigate factors influencing the effectiveness of intensive sound masking therapy on tinnitus using logistic regression analysis.DesignThe study used a retrospective cross-section analysis.Participants102 patients with tinnitus were recruited at the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, China.InterventionIntensive sound masking therapy was used as an intervention approach for patients with tinnitus.Primary and secondary outcome measuresParticipants underwent audiological investigations and tinnitus pitch and loudness matching measurements, followed by intensive sound masking therapy. The Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) was used as the outcome measure pre and post treatment. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to investigate the association of demographic and audiological factors with effective therapy.ResultsAccording to the THI score changes pre and post sound masking intervention, 51 participants were categorised into an effective group, the remaining 51 participants were placed in a non-effective group. Those in the effective group were significantly younger than those in the non-effective group (P=0.012). Significantly more participants had flat audiogram configurations in the effective group (P=0.04). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR=0.96, 95% CI 0.93 to 0.99, P=0.007), audiometric configuration (P=0.027) and THI score pre treatment (OR=1.04, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.07, P<0.001) were significantly associated with therapeutic effectiveness. Further analysis showed that patients with flat audiometric configurations were 5.45 times more likely to respond to intervention than those with high-frequency steeply sloping audiograms (OR=5.45, 95% CI 1.67 to 17.86, P=0.005).ConclusionAudiometric configuration, age and THI scores appear to be predictive of the effectiveness of sound masking treatment. Gender, tinnitus characteristics and hearing threshold measures do not seem to be related to treatment effectiveness. A further randomised control study is needed to provide evidence of the effectiveness of prognostic factors in tinnitus interventions.
What are older smokers’ attitudes to quitting and how are they managed in primary care? An analysis of the cross-sectional English Smoking Toolkit Study
Authors: Jordan Hannah , Hidajat Mira , Payne Nick , Adams Jean , White Martin , Ben-Shlomo Yoav 
Published: November 2017

ObjectivesTo investigate whether age is associated with access to smoking cessation services.DesignData from the Smoking Toolkit Study 2006–2015, a repeated multiwave cross-sectional household survey (n=181 157).SettingEngland.ParticipantsPast-year smokers who participated in any of the 102 waves stratified into age groups.Outcome measuresAmount smoked and nicotine dependency, self-reported quit attempts and use of smoking cessation interventions. Self-report of whether the general practitioner (GP) raised the topic of smoking and made referrals for pharmacological support (prescription of nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs)) or other support (counselling or support groups).ResultsOlder smokers (75+ years) were less likely to report that they were attempting to quit smoking or seek help from a GP, despite being less nicotine-dependent. GPs raised smoking as a topic equally across all age groups, but smokers aged 70+ were more likely not to be referred for NRT or other support (ORs relative to 16–54 years; 70–74 years 1.27, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.55; 75–79 years 1.87, 95% CI 1.43 to 2.44; 80+ years 3.16, 95% CI 2.20 to 4.55; p value for trend <0.001).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that there are potential missed opportunities in facilitating smoking cessation in older smokers. In this large population-based study, older smokers appeared less interested in quitting and were less likely to be offered support, despite being less addicted to nicotine than younger smokers. It is unclear whether this constitutes inequitable access to services or reflects informed choices by older smokers and their GPs. Future research is needed to understand why older smokers and GPs do not pursue smoking cessation. Service provision should consider how best to reduce these variations, and a stronger effectiveness evidence base is required to support commissioning for this older population so that, where appropriate, older smokers are not missing out on smoking cessation therapies and the health benefits of cessation at older ages.
Comparative effectiveness of injectable penicillin versus a combination of penicillin and gentamicin in children with pneumonia characterised by indrawing in Kenya: a retrospective observational study
Authors: Malla Lucas , Perera-Salazar Rafael , McFadden Emily , English Mike 
Published: November 2017

ObjectivesKenyan guidelines for antibiotic treatment of pneumonia recommended treatment of pneumonia characterised by indrawing with injectable penicillin alone in inpatient settings until early 2016. At this point, they were revised becoming consistent with WHO guidance after results of a Kenyan trial provided further evidence of equivalence of oral amoxicillin and injectable penicillin. This change also made possible use of oral amoxicillin for outpatient treatment in this patient group. However, given non-trivial mortality in Kenyan children with indrawing pneumonia, it remained possible they would benefit from a broader spectrum antibiotic regimen. Therefore, we compared the effectiveness of injectable penicillin monotherapy with a regimen combining penicillin with gentamicin.SettingWe used a large routine observational dataset that captures data on all admissions to 13 Kenyan county hospitals.Participants and measuresThe analyses included children aged 2–59 months. Selection of study population was based on inclusion criteria typical of a prospective trial, primary analysis (experiment 1, n=4002), but we also explored more pragmatic inclusion criteria (experiment 2, n=6420) as part of a secondary analysis. To overcome the challenges associated with the non-random allocation of treatments and missing data, we used propensity score (PS) methods and multiple imputation to minimise bias. Further, we estimated mortality risk ratios using log binomial regression and conducted sensitivity analyses using an instrumental variable and PS trimming.ResultsThe estimated risk of dying, in experiment 1, in those receiving penicillin plus gentamicin was 1.46 (0.85 to 2.43) compared with the penicillin monotherapy group. In experiment 2, the estimated risk was 1.04(0.76 to 1.40).ConclusionThere is no statistical difference in the treatment of indrawing pneumonia with either penicillin or penicillin plus gentamicin. By extension, it is unlikely that treatment with penicillin plus gentamicin would offer an advantage to treatment with oral amoxicillin.
Impact of Tumor Purity on Immune Gene Expression and Clustering Analyses across Multiple Cancer Types
Authors: Rhee Je-Keun , Jung Yu Chae , Kim Kyu Ryung , Yoo Jinseon , Kim Jeeyoon , Lee Yong-Jae , Ko Yoon Ho , Lee Han Hong , Cho Byoung Chul , Kim Tae-Min 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Surgical archives of tumor specimens are often impure. The presence of RNA transcripts from nontumor cells, such as immune and stromal cells, can impede analyses of cancer expression profiles. To systematically analyze the impact of tumor purity, the gene expression profiles and tumor purities were obtained for 7,794 tumor specimens across 21 tumor types (available in The Cancer Genome Atlas consortium). First, we observed that genes with roles in immunity and oxidative phosphorylation were significantly inversely correlated and correlated with the tumor purity, respectively. The expression of genes implicated in immunotherapy and specific immune cell genes, along with the abundance of immune cell infiltrates, was substantially inversely correlated with tumor purity. This relationship may explain the correlation between immune gene expression and mutation burden, highlighting the need to account for tumor purity in the evaluation of expression markers obtained from bulk tumor transcriptome data. Second, examination of cluster membership of gene pairs, with or without controlling for tumor purity, revealed that tumor purity may have a substantial impact on gene clustering across tumor types. Third, feature genes for molecular taxonomy were analyzed for correlation with tumor purity, and for some tumor types, feature genes representing the mesenchymal and classical subtypes were inversely correlated and correlated with tumor purity, respectively. Our findings indicate that tumor purity is an important confounder in evaluating the correlation between gene expression and clinicopathologic features such as mutation burden, as well as gene clustering and molecular taxonomy. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(1); 87–97. ©2017 AACR.