bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How to do (or not to do)… gender analysis in health systems research
Authors: Morgan Rosemary , George Asha , Ssali Sarah , Hawkins Kate , Molyneux Sassy , Theobald Sally 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Gender—the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for males, females and other genders—affects how people live, work and relate to each other at all levels, including in relation to the health system. Health systems research (HSR) aims to inform more strategic, effective and equitable health systems interventions, programs and policies; and the inclusion of gender analysis into HSR is a core part of that endeavour. We outline what gender analysis is and how gender analysis can be incorporated into HSR content, process and outcomes. Starting with HSR content, i.e. the substantive focus of HSR, we recommend exploring whether and how gender power relations affect females and males in health systems through the use of sex disaggregated data, gender frameworks and questions. Sex disaggregation flags female–male differences or similarities that warrant further analysis; and further analysis is guided by gender frameworks and questions to understand how gender power relations are constituted and negotiated in health systems. Critical aspects of understanding gender power relations include examining who has what (access to resources); who does what (the division of labour and everyday practices); how values are defined (social norms) and who decides (rules and decision-making). Secondly, we examine gender in HSR process by reflecting on how the research process itself is imbued with power relations. We focus on data collection and analysis by reviewing who participates as respondents; when data is collected and where; who is present; who collects data and who analyses data. Thirdly, we consider gender and HSR outcomes by considering who is empowered and disempowered as a result of HSR, including the extent to which HSR outcomes progressively transform gender power relations in health systems, or at least do not further exacerbate them.
Collaboration Platforms in China for Translational and Clinical Research: The Partnership Between Peking University Health Science Center and the University of Michigan Medical School
Authors: Kolars Joseph C. , Fang Weigang , Zheng Kai , Huang Amy Y. , Sun Qiudan , Wang Yanfang , Woolliscroft James O. , Ke Yang 
Published: April 2016

Problem
Clinical and translational research is increasing in China, attracting faculty-to-faculty collaborations between U.S. and Chinese researchers. However, examples of successful institution-to-institution collaborations to facilitate this research are limited. The authors describe a partnership between Peking University Health Science Center (PUHSC) and the University of Michigan Medical School (UMMS) designed to enable faculty-initiated joint translational and clinical research projects.

Approach
In 2009, UMMS leadership identified PUHSC as the most appropriate institutional partner, and the Joint Institute for Translational and Clinical Research was established in 2010. Each contributed $7 million for joint research projects in areas of mutual interest. A shared governance structure, four thematic programs (pulmonary, cardiovascular, liver, and renal diseases), three joint research-enabling cores, and processes for awarding funding have been established along with methods for collaborating and mechanisms to share data and biomaterials.

Outcomes
As of November 2015, 52 joint faculty proposals have been submitted, and 25 have been funded. These projects have involved more than 100,000 patients in the United States and China and have generated 13 peer-reviewed publications. Pilot data have been leveraged to secure $3.3 million of U.S. extramural funding. Faculty and trainee exchanges take place regularly (including an annual symposium), and mechanisms exist to link faculty seeking collaborations. Critical determinants of success include having co-ownership at all levels with coinvestment of resources.

Next Steps
Each institution is committed to continuing its support with a repeat $7 million investment. Next steps include initiating studies in new clinical areas and pursuing large clinical intervention trials.
Predictors of Primary Care Physician Practice Location in Underserved Urban or Rural Areas in the United States: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Goodfellow Amelia , Ulloa Jesus G. , Dowling Patrick T. , Talamantes Efrain , Chheda Somil , Bone Curtis , Moreno Gerardo 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
The authors conducted a systematic review of the medical literature to determine the factors most strongly associated with localizing primary care physicians (PCPs) in underserved urban or rural areas of the United States.

Method
In November 2015, the authors searched databases (MEDLINE, ERIC, SCOPUS) and Google Scholar to identify published peer-reviewed studies that focused on PCPs and reported practice location outcomes that included U.S. underserved urban or rural areas. Studies focusing on practice intentions, nonphysicians, patient panel composition, or retention/turnover were excluded. They screened 4,130 titles and reviewed 284 full-text articles.

Results
Seventy-two observational or case–control studies met inclusion criteria. These were categorized into four broad themes aligned with prior literature: 19 studies focused on physician characteristics, 13 on financial factors, 20 on medical school curricula/programs, and 20 on graduate medical education (GME) programs. Studies found significant relationships between physician race/ethnicity and language and practice in underserved areas. Multiple studies demonstrated significant associations between financial factors (e.g., debt or incentives) and underserved or rural practice, independent of preexisting trainee characteristics. There was also evidence that medical school and GME programs were effective in training PCPs who locate in underserved areas.

Conclusions
Both financial incentives and special training programs could be used to support trainees with the personal characteristics associated with practicing in underserved or rural areas. Expanding and replicating medical school curricula and programs proven to produce clinicians who practice in underserved urban or rural areas should be a strategic investment for medical education and future research.
Prevalence, Reasons for Use, and Risk Perception of Electronic Cigarettes Among Post–Acute Coronary Syndrome Smokers
Authors: Busch Andrew M. , Leavens Eleanor L. , Wagener Theodore L. , Buckley Maria L. , Tooley Erin M. 
Published: April 2016

PURPOSE:
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has risen dramatically in recent years. However, there are currently no published data on the use of e-cigarettes among cardiac patients. The current study reports on the prevalence, reasons for use, and perceived risks of e-cigarettes among patients with post–acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The relationship between e-cigarette use and post-ACS tobacco smoking cessation is also explored.

METHODS:
Participants were drawn from a randomized trial of smoking cessation treatments following hospitalization for ACS. The current study focused on 49 participants who completed e-cigarette questions at 24 weeks post-ACS.

RESULTS:
Of the 49 of participants, 51.0% reported ever use of an e-cigarette and 26.5% reported using an e-cigarette at some time during the 24 weeks post-ACS. Ever use and post-ACS use were both significantly associated with lower rates of abstinence from tobacco cigarettes. Participants perceived e-cigarettes as less harmful to cardiac health than tobacco use and Chantix (varenicline), and similarly harmful as nicotine replacement therapy. Participant perceived likelihood of experiencing a heart attack in the next year was 34.6% if they were to regularly use only e-cigarettes, significantly lower than the perceived risk of recurrence if they were to regularly smoke only tobacco cigarettes (56.2%) and significantly higher than the perceived risk of recurrence if they were to use no nicotine (15.2%).

CONCLUSIONS:
A significant minority of patients are using e-cigarettes post-ACS. Providers should be prepared to discuss potential discrepancies between patient beliefs about the safety of e-cigarettes and the current state of the science.
Traumatic Brain Injury, Sleep, and Mental Health: A Longitudinal Study of Air Force Personnel Pre- and Postdeployment to Iraq
Authors: Holster Jessica L. , Bryan Craig J. , Heron Elizabeth A. , Seegmiller Robert A. 
Published: April 2016

Objective:
We investigated the complex relationships between traumatic brain injury (TBI), sleep, and mental health problems longitudinally among US service members (SMs) pre- and postdeployment to Iraq.

Participants:
One hundred sixty-eight SMs enrolled in a 4-week Air Force Basic Combat Convoy Course predeployment.

Design:
Self-report data were collected at the beginning and end of training and then at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postdeployment. Regression analyses were implemented, and participants were categorized into 4 groups based on TBI history for further statistical analysis.

Results:
Positive TBI history was associated with greater symptoms of insomnia and posttraumatic stress predeployment and persistence of insomnia symptoms, posttraumatic stress, and depression postdeployment. Positive TBI history and posttraumatic stress served as risk factors for head injury in Iraq, and SMs who reported a head injury during deployment also endorsed greater posttraumatic stress postdeployment than those without head injury. SMs with positive TBI history who also reported a new TBI in Iraq endorsed the greatest sleep and mental health problems across the study period.

Conclusions:
This study provides valuable information regarding temporal relationships between TBI, sleep, and mental health problems among a combat military population. Findings have important implications from both prevention and clinical perspectives.
CONCURRENT ENDOPHTHALMITIS AND ANTERIOR SEGMENT ISCHEMIA AFTER STRABISMUS SURGERY
Authors: Smith Jesse M. , Hwang Richard Y. , Siringo Frank , Quiroz-Mercado Hugo , Oliver Scott C. N. , Mandava Naresh , Mathias Marc T. , Olson Jeffrey L. 
Published: April 2016

Background/Purpose:
To report a case of simultaneous endophthalmitis and anterior segment ischemia (ASI) that occurred in a patient after strabismus surgery. This is the first known case of both complications occurring at the same time.

Methods:
Case report.

Results:
A 60-year-old woman presented with eye pain and loss of vision 6 days after uncomplicated strabismus surgery for thyroid eye disease. On examination, she had corneal edema, anterior segment fibrin, an atonic iris, and no view to the posterior segment. On fluorescein angiography of the anterior segment, a large portion of the iris was nonperfused. Posterior segment ultrasound showed dense vitritis and a choroidal abscess. Intraoperative cultures grew methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Conclusions:
Endophthalmitis and anterior segment ischemia are both exceedingly rare complications of strabismus surgery. It is possible that each one occurred independently, but more likely one process potentiated the other. One possible mechanism is inflammation-induced thrombosis.
DEXAMETHASONE IMPLANT REMOVAL FROM ANTERIOR CHAMBER: SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
Authors: Ruiz-Casas Diego , Gros-Otero Juan , Casado Alfonso 
Published: April 2016

Purpose:
To describe a surgical technique for complete and safe dexamethasone intravitreal implant (Ozurdex; Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA) removal from anterior chamber.

Methods:
Description of a new surgical technique for Ozurdex removal using a lens injector cartridge.

Results:
Dexamethasone implant was removed completely from anterior chamber with no damage to corneal endothelium or posterior chamber luxation in a patient with Ozurdex anterior chamber migration.

Conclusion:
Dexamethasone implants can be removed from anterior chamber in an easy, cheap, fast, and save way.
Two frequency bands contain the most stimulus-related information in visual cortex
Authors: Lewis Christopher M. , Bosman Conrado A. , Brunet Nicolas M. , Lima Bruss , Roberts Mark J. , Womelsdorf Thilo , de Weerd Peter , Neuenschwander Sergio , Singer Wolf , Fries Pascal 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSensory cortices represent the world through the activity of diversely tuned cells. How the activity of single cells is coordinated within populations and across sensory hierarchies is largely unknown. Cortical oscillations may coordinate local and distributed neuronal groups. Using datasets from intracortical multi-electrode recordings and from large-scale electrocorticography (ECoG) grids, we investigated how visual features could be extracted from the local field potential (LFP) and how this compared with the information available from multi-unit activity (MUA). MUA recorded from macaque V1 contained comparable amounts of information as simultaneously recorded LFP power in two frequency bands, one in the alpha-beta band and the other in the gamma band. ECoG-LFP contained information in the same bands as microelectrode-LFP, even when identifying natural scenes. The fact that information was contained in the same bands in both intracortical and ECoG recordings suggests that oscillatory activity could play similar roles at both spatial scales.
Assessing the accuracy of Approximate Bayesian Computation approaches to infer epidemiological parameters from phylogenies
Authors: Saulnier Emma , Gascuel Olivier , Alizon Samuel 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPhylodynamics typically rely on likelihood-based methods to infer epidemiological parameters from dated phylogenies. These methods are essentially based on simple epidemiological models because of the difficulty in expressing the likelihood function analytically. Computing this function numerically raises additional challenges, especially for large phylogenies. Here, we use Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) to circumvent these problems. ABC is a likelihood-free method of parameter inference, based on simulation and comparison between target data and simulated data, using summary statistics. We simulated target trees under several epidemiological scenarios in order to assess the accuracy of ABC methods for inferring epidemiological parameter such as the basic reproduction number (R0), the mean duration of infection, and the effective host population size. We designed many summary statistics to capture the information in a phylogeny and its corresponding lineage-through-time plot. We then used the simplest ABC method, called rejection, and its modern derivative complemented with adjustment of the posterior distribution by regression. The availability of machine learning techniques including variable selection, motivated us to compute many summary statistics on the phylogeny. We found that ABC-based inference reaches an accuracy comparable to that of likelihood-based methods for birth-death models and can even outperform existing methods for more refined models and large trees. By re-analysing data from the early stages of the recent Ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone, we also found that ABC provides more realistic estimates than the likelihood-based methods, for some parameters. This work shows that the combination of ABC-based inference using many summary statistics and sophisticated machine learning methods able to perform variable selection is a promising approach to analyse large phylogenies and non-trivial models.
Recurrently deregulated lncRNAs associated with HCC tumorigenesis and metastasis revealed by genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic profiling in paired primary tumor and PVTT samples
Authors: Yang Yang , Chen Lei , Gu Jin , Zhang Hanshuo , Yuan Jiapei , Lian Qiuyu , Lv Guishuai , Wang Siqi , Wu Yang , Yang Yu-Cheng T. , Wang Dongfang , Liu Yang , Tang Jing , Luo Guijuan , Li Yang , Hu Long , Sun Xinbao , Wang Dong , Guo Mingzhou , Xi Qiaoran , Xi Jianzhong , Wang Hongyang , Zhang Michael Q. , Lu Zhi John 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are highly potent to invade the portal venous system and subsequently develop into the portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT). PVTT could induce intrahepatic metastasis, which is closely associated with poor prognosis. A comprehensive systematic characterization of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) associated with HCC metastasis has not been reported. Here, we first assayed 60 clinical samples (matched primary tumor, adjacent normal tissue, and PVTT) from 20 HCC patients using total RNA sequencing. We identified and characterized 8,603 novel lncRNAs from 9.6 billion sequenced reads, indicating specific expression of these lncRNAs in our samples. On the other hand, the expression patterns of 3,212 known and novel recurrently deregulated lncRNAs (in >=20% of our patients) were well correlated with clinical data in a TCGA cohort and published liver cancer data. Some lncRNAs (e.g., RP11-166D19.1/MIR100HG) were shown to be useful as putative biomarkers for prognosis and metastasis. Moreover, matched array data from 60 samples showed that copy number variations (CNVs) and alterations in DNA methylation contributed to the observed recurrent deregulation of 716 lncRNAs. Subsequently, using a coding-noncoding co-expression network, we found that many recurrently deregulated lncRNAs were enriched in clusters of genes related to cell adhesion, immune response, and metabolic processes. Candidate lncRNAs related to metastasis, such as HAND2-AS1, were further validated using RNAi-based loss-of-function assays. The results of our integrative analysis provide a valuable resource regarding functional lncRNAs and novel biomarkers associated with HCC tumorigenesis and metastasis.
Mitigation of the cogging torque and loss minimization in a permanent magnet machine using shape and topology optimization
Authors: Putek Piotr Adam 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
The paper presents the topology optimization method to design the rotor and the tooth base in the stator of the permanent magnet (PM) excited machine with the improved high-speed features. The topological and shape sensitivity through the Multi-Level Set Method (MLSM) have been used to attain an innovative design of both the rotor and stator made of different materials.

Design/methodology/approach
This framework is based on the application of the topological and the shape derivative, obtained by incorporating the AVM into the multi-level set method for the magnetoquasistatic system. The representation of the shape and their evolution during the iterative optimization process are obtained by the multi-level set method.

Findings
To find the optimal configuration of a PM machine, the stator and rotor poles were simultaneously optimized by redistributing the iron and the magnet material over the design domains. In this way, it was possible to obtain an innovative design which allows to reduce mechanical vibration and the acoustic noise caused by the Cogging Torque, while taking the back-EMF into account.

Originality/value
The novelty of the proposed method is to apply the modified multi-level-set algorithm with the Total Variation (TV) to the magnetoquasistatic optimization problem. Given the eddy currents phenomenon in the model of a PM machine, it was possible not only to optimize the structure of a PM machine but also to analyse electromagnetic losses distribution.
A 4-node quadrilateral flat shell element formulated by the shape-free HDF plate and HSF membrane elements
Authors: Shang Yan , Cen Song , Li Chenfeng 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to propose an efficient low-order quadrilateral flat shell element that possesses all outstanding advantages of novel shape-free plate bending and plane membrane elements proposed recently.

Design/methodology/approach
By assembling a shape-free quadrilateral hybrid displacement-function (HDF) plate bending element HDF-P4-11β (Cen et al. 2014) and a shape-free quadrilateral hybrid stress-function (HSF) plane membrane element HSF-Q4θ-7β (Cen et al. 2011b) with drilling degrees of freedom, a new 4-node, 24-DOF (6 DOFs per node) quadrilateral flat shell element is successfully constructed. The trial functions for resultant/stress fields within the element are derived from the analytical solutions of displacement and stress functions for plate bending and plane problems, respectively, so that they can a priori satisfy the related governing equations. Furthermore, in order to take the influences of moderately warping geometry into consideration, the rigid link correction strategy (Taylor 1987) is also employed.

Findings
The element stiffness matrix of a new simple 4-node, 24-DOF quadrilateral flat shell element is obtained. The resulting models, denoted as HDF-SH4, not only possesses all advantages of original HDF plate and HSF plane elements when analyzing plate and plane structures, but also exhibits good performances for analyses of complicated spatial shell structures. Especially, it is quite insensitive to mesh distortions.

Originality/value
This work presents a new scheme, which can take the advantages of both analytical and discrete methods, to develop low-order mesh-distortion resistant flat shell elements.
Indirect cost of maternal mortality in the WHO African Region, 2013
Authors: Kirigia Joses M , Mwabu Germano M , Orem Juliet N , Muthuri Rosenabi Karimi 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to estimate discounted value of potential non-health gross domestic product (GDP) losses attributable to the 167,913 maternal deaths that occurred among 45 countries in the WHO African Region in 2013.

Design/methodology/approach
– A cost-of-illness method was used to estimate non-health GDP losses related to maternal deaths. Future non-health GDP losses were discounted at 3 per cent. The analysis was undertaken for countries categorized under three income groups.

Findings
– The discounted value of future non-health GDP loss due to maternal deaths in 2013 is in the order of Int$5.53 billion. About 17.6 per cent of that occurred in countries in the high and upper income group, 45.7 per cent in the middle income group and 36.7 per cent in the lower middle income group, and the average non-health GDP loss per maternal death was Int$136,799, Int$43,304 and Int$19,822, respectively.

Research limitations/implications
– This study omitted costs related to direct health care, direct non-health care treatment, patient time for treatment, informal caregivers’ time, intangible costs such as pain and grief, lost output due to morbidity, and negative externalities on the family and community.

Social implications
– The study demonstrated that maternal deaths have a sizable negative effect on non-health GDP of the region, implying that maternal mortality is not only a human rights concern but also an economic issue and that universal coverage of maternal health interventions ought to be an imperative goal in all countries.

Originality/value
– This paper provides new evidence on the impact of maternal deaths on non-health GDP of 45 countries in the WHO African Region.