bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic scale in ecology and evolution
Authors: Graham Catherine H. , Storch David , Machac Antonin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAimMany important patterns and processes vary across the phylogeny and depend on phylogenetic scale. Nonetheless, phylogenetic scale has never been formally conceptualized, and its potential remains largely unexplored. Here, we formalize the concept of phylogenetic scale, review how phylogenetic scale has been considered across multiple fields and provide practical guidelines for the use of phylogenetic scale to address a range of biological questions.InnovationWe summarize how phylogenetic scale has been treated in macroevolution, community ecology, biogeography and macroecology, illustrating how it can inform, and possibly resolve, some of the longstanding controversies in these fields. To promote the concept empirically, we define phylogenetic grain and extent, scale dependence, scaling and the domains of phylogenetic scale. We illustrate how existing phylogenetic data and statistical tools can be used to investigate the effects of scale on a variety of well‐known patterns and processes, including diversification rates, community structure, niche conservatism or species‐abundance distributions.Main conclusionsExplicit consideration of phylogenetic scale can provide new and more complete insight into many longstanding questions across multiple fields (macroevolution, community ecology, biogeography and macroecology). Building on the existing resources and isolated efforts across fields, future research centred on phylogenetic scale might enrich our understanding of the processes that together, but over different scales, shape the diversity of life.
Helicobacter pylori infection and occurrence of celiac disease in subjects HLA‐DQ2/DQ8 positive: A prospective study
Authors: Dore Maria P. , Salis Roberta , Loria Maria F. , Villanacci Vincenzo , Bassotti Gabrio , Pes Giovanni M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackgroundCeliac disease (CD) occurs in subjects positive for HLA‐DQ2 and/or DQ8 gene loci at any age following ingestion of gluten‐containing food. An increased permeability of the mucosa allows interactions between gliadin macromolecules and genetic factors. It has been observed that Helicobacter pylori has the ability to modulate the integrity of the duodenal epithelium. We aimed to determine whether H. pylori infection may enhance the occurrence of CD in genetically susceptible subjects.Materials and MethodsThis was a prospective observational study. Patients undergoing upper endoscopy for any reason and positive for HLA‐DQ2 and/or DQ8 haplotypes with or without CD were included. H. pylori infection was defined as a positive gastric histopathology and/or 13C‐urea breath test. Prevalence of infection was compared between enrolled subjects with and without CD. Multiple logistic regression analysis, adjusting odds ratios for patient age, gender, smoking habit, residency, body mass index, and assumption of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and proton‐pump inhibitors (PPIs) were performed.ResultsA total of 397 genetically susceptible individuals (mean age: 37.7 ± 15.3 years; 86% women) were enrolled between October 2014 and October 2017. There were 265 (68%) patients with a diagnosis of CD. Overall, the prevalence of H. pylori infection was 33% and was similar in patients with and without CD (32% vs 36%). Adjustment for all covariates did not reveal any significant association, although adjusted odds ratio (OR) for CD was higher in female (OR = 1.302), in patients H. pylori positive (OR = 1.277), followed by use of NSAIDs (OR = 1.126), respectively. The use of PPIs appeared to be mildly protective against CD (OR = 0.644).ConclusionOur study did not reveal any significant relationship between H. pylori and CD risk, even taking into account other confounders. More importantly, our findings do not support a “protective” role of H. pylori infection against CD, as previously reported. Therefore, there are no reasons to avoid eradication of H. pylori also in subject genetically susceptible for CD.
Relationship between orthodox and traditional medical practitioners in the transmission of traditional medical knowledge in Nigeria
Authors: Adekannbi Janet O. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe problem of incomplete transmission of traditional medical knowledge to the younger generation is of concern to information professionals especially in developing countries where most rural communities depend on traditional medicine for primary health care.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate the collaboration between orthodox and traditional medical practitioners as well as the implication of the collaboration for transmission of traditional medical knowledge in Nigeria.MethodEighteen communities were purposively selected from six states in south‐western Nigeria. Snowball technique was used in selecting 110 traditional medical practitioners. Three key informant interviews and two focus group discussion sessions were conducted in each state. Data were analysed thematically.DiscussionResults showed the existence of a low level of collaboration mainly in the form of patient referrals which were not performed officially and mostly one sided. This was attributed to the negative perception of traditional medicine by orthodox practitioners and the failure of government to give traditional medicine its due recognition. This was reportedly responsible for the lack of interest by children of traditional medical practitioners to acquire traditional medical knowledge.ConclusionThe study recommends inclusion of traditional medicine in the health policy and educational curriculum from the basic level.
How I investigate monocytosis
Authors: Lynch D. T. , Hall J. , Foucar K. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMonocytosis is a common finding that is caused by a wide variety of neoplastic and non‐neoplastic conditions. The adequate evaluation of monocytosis involves the integration of laboratory data, morphology, clinical findings, and the judicious use of ancillary studies. We review the literature on monocytosis, including the 2017 revised 4th edition of the World Health Organization classification of hematopoietic neoplasms. We present a review of monocytosis with practical guidelines on how to approach both routine and challenging cases.
Ethnicity, socioeconomic status and the severity and course of non‐cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis
Authors: de Boer Sally , Lewis Christopher A. , Fergusson Wendy , Ellyett Kevin , Wilsher Margaret L. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTBackground and AimsThis study evaluated whether there are ethnic factors which affect the severity and progression of bronchiectasis in our adult multi‐ethnic population in Auckland, New Zealand.MethodsClinical records were reviewed from patients attending the outpatient facilities of our institution between 2007 and 2010. Data collected included demographics, clinical features, smoking status, self‐reported ethnicity, socioeconomic status (NZDep), pulmonary function and sputum microbiology.ResultsA total of 437 patients was identified: median age 65 years, 66% female, mean forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) 62.4% predicted, and 10.5% of patients had recurrent growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Patients of Maori and Pacific ethnicity were overrepresented compared to the institution population catchment and had more severe impairment of lung function: mean % predicted FEV1 for Pacific 52.0, Maori 58.6, European 68.6, Asian 64.2 (P < 0.0001). This was independent of socioeconomic status. However, no overall decline was seen in serial lung function measurements, either across the whole cohort or in any particular ethnic group.ConclusionsPatients of Maori and Pacific ethnicity are both overrepresented and have more severe bronchiectasis in this cohort, independent of socioeconomic status. Ethnicity did not predict decline in pulmonary function. Further studies into genetic predisposition to bronchiectasis in Maori or Pacific people may be warranted.
Non‐GAAP reporting: Evidence from academia and current practice
Authors: Black Dirk E. , Christensen Theodore E. , Ciesielski Jack T. , Whipple Benjamin C. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe number of firms reporting earnings on a non‐GAAP basis has increased dramatically over the last decade, and non‐GAAP reporting is now commonplace in capital markets. This proliferation of non‐GAAP reporting has renewed both regulators’ and standard setters’ interests in these alternative performance metrics. For example, the SEC, FASB, and IASB have all recently questioned what this increasing reporting trend means for IFRS‐ and US‐GAAP‐based reporting and whether these measures are misleading to investors. This increasing focus on non‐GAAP metrics motivates us to synthesize the nearly two decades of research on non‐GAAP reporting to provide insights on what academics have learned to date about this reporting practice. Then, we utilize a novel dataset of detailed non‐GAAP disclosures to provide new descriptive evidence on current trends in non‐GAAP reporting and its recent proliferation. Finally, we discuss important questions for future researchers to consider in moving the literature forward.
Genetic variation in the shape of cold‐survival curves in a single fly population suggests potential for selection from climate variability
Authors: Teets N. M. , Hahn D. A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractTemperature variation is one of the primary challenges facing ectotherms, and the ability to tolerate a range of thermal environments is critical for setting current and future species distributions. Low temperature is particularly challenging for ectotherms because winter conditions have strong latitudinal and temporal variation. Lower lethal temperature (LLT) is a common metric of cold tolerance used in studies of local adaptation and plasticity. Comparisons of LLT across groups typically assume parallel S‐shaped survival curves, but genetic variation in the shape of survival vs. temperature curves has not been assessed. Here, we measured the ability of 36 lines of the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) to survive a 1‐h cold shock at seven ecologically relevant low temperatures (−1 to −7 °C) to create a high‐resolution response curve for each genotype. We observed surprising variation both in the magnitude of survival and in the shapes of the response curves, with the curves clustering into four distinct shapes. To encompass variation in the shapes of these survival curves, we developed a new cold tolerance metric, cumulative cold tolerance (CCT). By comparing our survival data with climatological data, we propose that variation in the shapes of cold‐survival curves arose from weak selection pressure to survive intermediate subzero temperatures in this mid‐latitude population of flies. Using publicly available genome sequence and transcript expression data for these lines, we identified several candidate genes associated with CCT, and using transgenic RNAi, we confirmed a functional role for many of these genes.
An Orphan Protist Quadricilia rotundata Finally Finds Its Phylogenetic Home in Cercozoa
Authors: Yabuki Akinori , Ishida Ken‐ichiro 
Published: January 2018

AbstractQuadricilia rotundata is a heterotrophic flagellate with four flagella. However, because this species has no clear morphological characteristics or molecular data affiliating it with any known group, Q. rotundata has been treated as a protist incertae sedis, for a long time. Here, we established a clonal culture of Q. rotundata and sequenced its 18S rDNA sequence. Molecular phylogenetic analysis successfully placed Q. rotundata in an environmental clade within Cercozoa, which contributes to expand the morphological and species diversity within Cercozoa. We also discuss morphological evolution within Cercozoa based on this finding.
Effects of Cognitive Training on Cognition and Quality of Life of Older Persons with Dementia
Authors: Kallio Eeva‐Liisa , Öhman Hannareeta , Hietanen Marja , Soini Helena , Strandberg Timo E. , Kautiainen Hannu , Pitkälä Kaisu H. 
Published: January 2018

ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of cognitive training on cognition and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in community‐dwelling persons with dementia.DesignSingle‐blind randomized controlled trial with 3‐ and 9‐month follow‐up.SettingAdult day care centers in Helsinki, Finland.ParticipantsOlder individuals with mild to moderate dementia living at home and attending adult day care twice a week (N = 147; mean age 83, 72% female, 63% at mild stage of dementia).InterventionA systematic 12‐week training program focused on subskills of executive function: attention, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and planning. The intervention group (n = 76) underwent cognitive training twice a week for 45 minutes, and the control group (n = 71) attended day care as usual.MeasurementsPrimary outcomes were the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale—Cognitive subscale (ADAS‐Cog) for global cognition and the 15‐dimensional instrument (15D) for HRQoL. The outcomes were measured at baseline and 3 and 9 months.ResultsBoth groups deteriorated in global cognition and HRQoL during follow‐up, and there were no differences between the two groups in change on the ADAS‐Cog (P = .43) or 15D (P = .61) over time (adjusted for age and sex). At 3 months, changes were 0.8 (95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.2–1.8) for the intervention group and 1.7 (95% CI = 0.6–2.7) for the control group on the ADAS‐Cog and −0.040 (95% CI = −0.058 to −0.021) for the intervention group and −0.037 (95% CI = −0.056 to −0.018) for the control group on the 15D.ConclusionSystematic cognitive training had no effect on global cognition or HRQoL in community‐living persons with mild to moderate dementia.
Cryolipolysis for the treatment of submental fat: Review of the literature
Authors: Lipner Shari R 
Published: January 2018

SummaryBackgroundSubmental fat accumulation is a common cosmetic concern. Cryolipolysis utilizes noninvasive cooling to lyse adipocytes. A cryolipolysis device was recently approved for treatment of submental fat.ObjectiveThis manuscript provides a review of the preclinical work and clinical trials related to cryolipolysis for the treatment of submental fat. Settings, efficacy, and side effects are also discussed.Materials and MethodsA literature search was performed through Pubmed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and CINAHL, using the search terms “cryolipolysis,” “submental,” and “paradoxical adipose hyperplasia”. Additional sources from the original source bibliographies were used to further supplement this review.ResultsThere are 4 clinical trials and one case series (total 101 patients) that evaluated the use of cryolipolysis for treatment of submental fat. In these studies, there was a statistically significant reduction in submental fat and patients expressed high satisfaction with the treatment. Adverse effects were mild and transient.ConclusionsCryolipolysis is a noninvasive cooling technique that is safe and effective for treatment of submental fat. To date, there are no reports of marginal mandibular nerve injury or paradoxical adipose hyperplasia following treatment with this device.
Reliability and criterion‐related validity testing (construct) of the Endotracheal Suction Assessment Tool (ESAT©)
Authors: Davies Kylie , Bulsara Max K. , Ramelet Anne‐Sylvie , Monterosso Leanne 
Published: January 2018

Aims and objectivesTo establish criterion‐related construct validity and test–retest reliability for the Endotracheal Suction Assessment Tool© (ESAT©).BackgroundEndotracheal tube suction performed in children can significantly affect clinical stability. Previously identified clinical indicators for endotracheal tube suction were used as criteria when designing the ESAT©. Content validity was reported previously. The final stages of psychometric testing are presented.DesignObservational testing was used to measure construct validity and determine whether the ESAT© could guide “inexperienced” paediatric intensive care nurses’ decision‐making regarding endotracheal tube suction. Test–retest reliability of the ESAT© was performed at two time points.MethodsThe researchers and paediatric intensive care nurse “experts” developed 10 hypothetical clinical scenarios with predetermined endotracheal tube suction outcomes. “Experienced” (n = 12) and “inexperienced” (n = 14) paediatric intensive care nurses were presented with the scenarios and the ESAT© guiding decision‐making about whether to perform endotracheal tube suction for each scenario. Outcomes were compared with those predetermined by the “experts” (n = 9). Test–retest reliability of the ESAT© was measured at two consecutive time points (4 weeks apart) with “experienced” and “inexperienced” paediatric intensive care nurses using the same scenarios and tool to guide decision‐making.ResultsNo differences were observed between endotracheal tube suction decisions made by “experts” (n = 9), “inexperienced” (n = 14) and “experienced” (n = 12) nurses confirming the tool's construct validity. No differences were observed between groups for endotracheal tube suction decisions at T1 and T2.ConclusionCriterion‐related construct validity and test–retest reliability of the ESAT© were demonstrated. Further testing is recommended to confirm reliability in the clinical setting with the “inexperienced” nurse to guide decision‐making related to endotracheal tube suction.Relevance to clinical practiceThe ESAT© is the first validated tool to systematically guide endotracheal nursing practice for the “inexperienced” nurse.
MiRNA‐320a inhibits trophoblast cell invasion by targeting estrogen‐related receptor‐gamma
Authors: Gao Tian , Deng Mou , Wang Qian 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAimMicroRNAs (miRs) play an essential role in the modulation of trophoblast function. We explored miR‐320a expression in the human placenta. In addition, we report the promising effect and target functional loop of miR‐320a in trophoblasts.MethodsMiR‐320a expression was investigated in both pre‐eclamptic and healthy placenta tissues by quantitative real time‐polymerase chain reaction to determine how miR‐320a affected invasion, proliferation and migration in trophoblasts. A lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model was established in trophoblasts to reveal how LPS supplementation stimulated miR‐320a expression. Western blot was applied to measure protein expression, which was involved in pathways modulated by miR‐320a in pre‐eclamptic placentas.ResultsMiR‐320a expression was enhanced in the placental specimens of pre‐eclamptic patients. Excessive miR‐320a expression remarkably suppressed trophoblast invasion but did not affect migration or proliferation. However, transfection with miR‐320a inhibitor reinforced trophoblast invasion in vitro. Luciferase assays verified that estrogen‐related receptor‐gamma (ERRγ) served as a direct target of miR‐320a. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot demonstrated that excessive miR‐320a expression downregulated ERRγ transcription and translation. Additionally, LPS supplementation showed excessive miR‐320a expression and ERRγ downregulation. Impaired ERRγ and enhanced miR‐320a expression occurred in PE placentas compared to controls. Pearson correlation and linear regression analysis revealed that miR‐320a expression was negatively related to ERRγ expression in normal and pre‐eclamptic placentas.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that miR‐320a overexpression causes anomalous placentation by targeting ERRγ. Our research reveals the promising effect of miR‐320a and the ERRγ functional loop on placentation.
An immunohistochemical score to predict the outcome for oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Monteiro Luís Silva , Diniz‐Freitas Márcio , Warnakulasuriya Saman , Garcia‐Caballero Tomás , Forteza Jerónimo , Fraga Máximo 
Published: January 2018

BackgroundOral cancer is a major public health problem worldwide, with a poor survival. Our aim was to evaluate several protein markers in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) and analyse their prognostic value on patient′s survival.MethodsWe analysed the expression of EGFR, p53, p27, p16, cyclin D1, cyclin A2, COX‐2, Ki‐67, Bcl‐2, VEGFR‐1 and VEGFR‐2, by immunohistochemistry on 67 primary OSCC. Cancer‐specific survival (CSS) analysis was evaluated by the Cox regression model.ResultsMarkers showed variable expression between 27.9% and 95.2%. In univariate analysis for CSS, we found that four of the tested markers, namely high expression of p53 (P = .001), EGFR (P = .003), cyclin A2 (P = .005) and low expression of p16 (P = .019), along with clinical stage (P < .001), tumour size (P < .001), presence of nodal metastasis (P < .001) and perineural permeation (P = .039) were related to decreased survival. On the basis of these results, we constructed an immunohistochemical score hinging on the possibility that any tumour could express none of these four markers (score 0), one or two markers (score 1) and three or more markers (score 2). In multivariable analysis, this immunohistochemical score revealed an independent prognostic value on cancer‐specific survival (P = .001; HR: 3.7: 95%CI 1.7‐7.9). Moreover, we confirmed that in early‐stage tumours (stage I or II) this score maintained its independent prognostic value (P = .025; HR: 7.9, 95%CI 1.3‐49.1) on CSS.ConclusionThe expression of the markers p53, p16, EGFR and cyclin A in OSCC, combined to give an immunohistochemical score, may identify high‐risk subgroups for decreased survival and to further guide therapeutic decisions.
Bibliometric analysis of a century of research on oral erythroplakia and leukoplakia
Authors: Foy Jean‐Philippe , Bertolus Chloé , Goudot Patrick , Deneuve Sophie , Blanc Ellen , Lasset Christine , Pérol David , Saintigny Pierre 
Published: January 2018

BackgroundOral squamous cell carcinoma is a major cause of cancer‐associated morbidity and mortality and may develop from oral erythroplakia and leukoplakia (OEL), the most common oral potentially malignant lesions. Our objective was to provide a descriptive overview of the global research activity on OEL over the past decades.MethodsWe performed a systematic bibliometric analysis of articles and reviews on OEL up to December 31st 2016 using the SCOPUS database. Contribution of each country was analyzed by density‐equalizing mapping (DEMP). The overall scientific productivity was analyzed for each journal and country.ResultsA total of 5098 published items (articles or reviews) were identified. They are expected to double by 2040, with an expected number of 400 items per year. Only 4% of all research on oral oncology is focused on OEL. Together with the increasing number of publications since 1980s, an increasing number of international collaborative studies were observed. Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine and Oral Oncology are the leading journals in terms of number of published items. The US, India, and the UK were the most prolific countries in terms of publications overtime.ConclusionsWe identified the leading journals as well as the leading authors and countries contributing to the research on OEL. International collaborative studies in the field are to be encouraged to refine strategies of oral cancer prevention.