bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Søvnproblemer blant eldre
Authors: Bjorvatn Bjørn , Fetveit Arne 
Published: May 2016

Mange eldre sover dårlig, og dårlig søvn påvirker helse og livskvalitet. Vi vil i denne artikkelen ta for oss typiske trekk ved søvnen hos eldre mennesker. Søvnsykdommer deles inn i seks ulike undergrupper: insomnier, døgnrytmeforstyrrelser, søvnrelaterte respirasjonsforstyrrelser, søvnrelaterte bevegelsesforstyrrelser, hypersomnier og parasomnier. Hovedfokuset i artikkelen vil være på insomni, men også de andre søvnsykdommene blir beskrevet. Flere av søvnsykdommene er hyppigere hos eldre enn hos yngre mennesker. I tillegg er mange somatiske og psykiske lidelser assosiert til søvnproblemer, hvorav depresjon regnes som den hyppigste komorbide lidelsen. Grundig anamnese vil avdekke de fleste av søvnsykdommene, og bruk av søvndagbøker gir viktig tilleggsinformasjon. Behandlingsalternativene varierer fra ikke-medikamentelle til medikamentelle tiltak, avhengig av hvilken diagnose som stilles. Langvarig bruk av hypnotika frarådes på grunn av toleranseutvikling og uheldige bivirkninger. Det er viktig at utredning gjøres før behandlingen starter, og korrekt behandling kan ha stor effekt – også hos eldre. ENGLISH SUMMARY Sleep problems are common among the elderly, and poor sleep affects health and quality of life. In this paper we will cover the characteristics of sleep in elderly patients. Sleep disorders are divided into six subgroups: insomnia, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, sleep related breathing disorders, sleep related movement disorders, hypersomnias, and parasomnias. The main focus of this paper will be on insomnia, but also the other sleep disorders will be described. Several of the sleep disorders are more common among older than younger people. Furthermore, many somatic and psychiatric disorders are associated with sleep problems, with depression being the most common comorbid disorder. A thorough patient history will uncover most of the sleep disorders, and the use of sleep diaries gives important additional information. The treatments of choice vary from non-pharmacological to pharmacological approaches, depending on the diagnosis. Chronic use of hypnotics is discouraged due to risk of tolerance and unfavourable side effects. It is vital to do a proper assessment before treatment is commenced, and appropriate treatment may have large effects – also among elderly patients.Bjorvatn B, Fetveit A. Sleep problems among the elderly. Nor J Epidemiol 2012; 22 (2): 177-186.
Sport Studies: A Model for the Twenty-first-century University
Authors: Fields Sarah K. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The need to restructure and rethink higher education has been the subject of many essays and books. This essay argues that the century-old structure of organizing institutions around discipline-based departments needs to be changed so that the institution is organized in interdisciplinary groups around topics or questions. The disciplines themselves would not be abandoned, but, rather than cluster all the experts in one discipline together, scholars from multiple disciplines would work together to address pressing societal issues. The field of sport studies provides an example of this model. To examine and understand fully the implications of sport, a variety of disciplines ranging from medicine to philosophy to history are necessary. Thus, sport studies should be a model for the university of the future in which the institution emphasizes questions rather than disciplines.
Crystalline structure of TiC ultrathin layers formed on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite by chemical reaction from Ti/graphite system
Authors: Nakatsuka Osamu , Hisada Kenji , Oida Satoshi , Sakai Akira , Zaima Shigeaki 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
We have investigated the atomic-scale reaction between a Ti thin layer and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) mainly by scanning tunneling microscopy. A deposited Ti layer shows an epitaxial orientation structure on a HOPG substrate even in room-temperature deposition, while the bonding between Ti and HOPG is very weak. The chemical reaction between Ti and HOPG takes place, and epitaxial TiC domains on HOPG are formed for annealing at above 600 °C. The TiC domains shows a smooth surface corresponding to the TiC(111) plane after annealing at 700 °C. The formation of TiC(001) facets and significant surface roughening of not only TiC but also HOPG substrates are observed for annealing at as high as 900 °C.
Palladium Nanoparticles in Water: A Reusable Catalytic System for the Cycloetherification or Benzannulation of α‐Allenols
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro , González Ana M. , Luna Amparo , Martínez‐Ramírez Sagrario 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA convenient ligand‐free catalytic system has been developed for the chemoselective cyclization reaction of various α‐allenol derivatives by palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) in an aqueous reaction medium.magnified image
Peptiligase, an Enzyme for Efficient Chemoenzymatic Peptide Synthesis and Cyclization in Water
Authors: Toplak Ana , Nuijens Timo , Quaedflieg Peter J. L. M. , Wu Bian , Janssen Dick B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe describe a novel, organic cosolvent‐stable and cation‐independent engineered enzyme for peptide coupling reactions. The enzyme is a variant of a stable calcium‐independent mutant of subtilisin BPN′, with the catalytic Ser212 mutated to Cys and Pro216 converted to Ala. The enzyme, called peptiligase, catalyzes exceptionally efficient peptide coupling in water with a surprisingly high synthesis over hydrolysis (S/H) ratio. The S/H ratio of the peptide ligation reaction is correlated to the length of the peptide substrate and proved to be >100 for the synthesis of a 13‐mer peptide, which corresponds to >99% conversion to the ligated peptide product and <1% hydrolytic side‐reaction. Furthermore, peptiligase does not require a particular recognition motif resulting in a broadly applicable and traceless peptide ligation technology. Peptiligase is very robust, easy to produce in Bacillus subtilis, and its purification is straightforward. It shows good activity and stability in the presence of organic cosolvents and chelating or denaturing agents, enabling the ligation of poorly soluble (hydrophobic) or folded peptides. This enzyme could be useful for the (industrial) synthesis of diverse (pharmaceutical) peptides. In addition, peptiligase is able to efficiently catalyze head‐to‐tail peptide cyclization reactions.magnified image
Phosphane‐Catalyzed [3+3] Annulation of C,N‐Cyclic Azomethine Imines with Ynones: A Practical Method for Tricyclic Dinitrogen‐Fused Heterocycles
Authors: Li Zhen , Yu Hao , Liu Yang , Zhou Leijie , Sun Zhanhu , Guo Hongchao 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA phosphane‐catalyzed [3+3] annulation of azomethine imines with ynones has been developed. Under mild reaction conditions, the reaction proceeds smoothly to afford tricyclic dinitrogen‐fused heterocyclic compounds in moderate to excellent yields with moderate to excellent stereoselectivies. Using a chiral phosphine as the catalyst, the reaction could work to give the cycloadduct in moderate yield with moderate enantioselectivity.magnified image
Ethnic differences in inter‐ and intra‐situational blood pressure variation: Comparisons among African‐American, Hispanic‐American, Asian‐American, and European‐American women
Authors: James Gary D. , Bovbjerg Dana H. , Hill Leah A. 
Published: May 2016

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to compare the daily inter‐ and intra‐situational ambulatory blood pressure (BP) variation by ethnicity in women.MethodsThe African‐American (N = 82; Age = 39.7 + 8.9), Hispanic‐American (N = 25; age = 37.5 + 9.4), Asian‐American (N = 22; Age = 35.2 + 8.6), and European‐American (N = 122; Age = 37.2+ 9.4) women in this study all worked in similar positions at two major medical centers in NYC. Each wore an ambulatory monitor during the course of one mid‐week workday. Proportional BP changes from work or home to sleep, intra‐situational BP variation (standard deviation [SD]) and mean situational BP levels were compared among the groups using ANOVA models.ResultsAfrican‐American and Asian‐American women had significantly smaller proportional work‐sleep systolic changes than either European‐ (P < 0.05) or Hispanic‐American (P < 0.05) women, but the Asian‐American women's changes tended to be smallest. The variability (SD) of diastolic BP at work was significantly greater among African‐ and Hispanic‐American women compared to Asian‐ and European‐American women (all P < 0.05). African‐American women had greater sleep variability than European‐American women (P < 0.05). Asian‐American women had the highest level of sleep diastolic pressure (all comparisons P < 0.05).ConclusionsAfrican‐American and Asian‐American women have an attenuated proportional BP decline from waking environments to sleep compared to European‐American and Hispanic‐American women. Asian‐American nocturnal BP may be elevated relative to all other groups. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:932–935, 2016. © 2016Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reliability of a decision‐tree model in predicting occupational lead poisoning in a group of highly exposed workers
Authors: Stoia Mihaela , Kurtanjek Zelimir , Oancea Simona 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to provide the toxicological profile of some lead‐exposed workers and obtain a predictive model for lead poisoning.MethodsData regarding external and absorbed exposure were collected from 585 subjects employed in ten metallurgical production departments. Airborne lead concentration, blood lead level (BLL), cumulative blood lead index (CBLI), urine delta‐aminolevulinic acid (DALA), age, workplace/section, exposure period, and whether reported lead poisoning as occupational disease were examined using ANOVA, and, post‐ANOVA, Pearson correlation matrix, PCA (principal component analysis), decision‐tree modeling, and logistic modeling.ResultsBLL was less sensitive than CBLI in predicting poisoning. Decision‐tree modeling highlighted the importance of CBLI ≥1,041 µg.years/dl and air lead concentration ≥0.3 mg/m3 in the occurrence of occupational poisoning. Age ≥48 years and DALA ≥19.3 mg/L were also factors.ConclusionsWorkers were at risk of poisoning as a result of their long term unacceptable exposure. Decision‐tree modeling is potentially useful for risk management. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:575–582, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Geminal Oxyfluorination and Oxytrifluoro‐Methylation of Diazocarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Yuan Weiming , Eriksson Lars , Szabó Kálmán J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA new reaction for the rhodium‐catalyzed geminal‐difunctionalization‐based fluorination is presented. The substrates are aromatic and aliphatic diazocarbonyl compounds. As the fluorine source a stable and easily accessible benziodoxole reagent was used. A variety of alcohol, phenol, and carboxylic acid reagents were employed to introduce the second functionality. The reaction was extended to trifluoromethylation using a benziodoxolon reagent. The fluorination and trifluoromethylation reactions probably proceed by a rhodium‐containing onium ylide type intermediate, which is trapped by either the F or CF3 electrophiles.
Cationic Poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) Materials as a Multifunctional Platform for Light‐Enhanced siRNA Delivery
Authors: Li Shengliang , Yuan Huanxiang , Chen Hui , Wang Xiaoyu , Zhang Pengbo , Lv Fengting , Liu Libing , Wang Shu 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn this work, a multifunctional platform based on the versatile function of cationic poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) (PPV) derivative has been developed for white light‐enhanced siRNA delivery in a remote control manner. Conjugated polyelectrolyte PPV, which possesses cationic and amphipathic features, can effectively self‐assemble with siRNA and deliver siRNA into living cells. More importantly, PPV can sensitize surrounding oxygen into reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon exposure to white light and disrupt the endosomal membrane, and the resulting enhanced endosomal escape increases the gene silencing ability of siRNA. Besides, due to high fluorescent emission, PPV can also be used to image the siRNA delivery and intracelluar location. Therefore, by taking full advantage of PPV, this strategy provides a new enhanced siRNA delivery in a non‐invasive and spatiotemporal photochemical manner.
Hybrid Corannulene–Perylene Dyes: Facile Synthesis and Optoelectronic Properties
Authors: Lin Zhi , Li Cheng , Meng Dong , Li Yan , Wang Zhaohui 
Published: May 2016

AbstractConsidering the peculiar topology of corannulene and extraordinary optoelectronic properties of perylene dyes, a series of hybrid corannulene–perylene dyes, namely corannulene‐fused perylene‐3,4‐dicarboxylic acid monoimide (PMI) and corannulene‐fused perylene‐3,4,9,10‐tetracarboxylic acid diimides (PDIs), were efficiently synthesized by a Suzuki coupling (carbon–carbon bond formation) and subsequent oxidative cyclization and photocyclization, respectively. Single crystal packing demonstrates that the solid state of the corannulene‐fused PMI is arranged in back to back antiparallel dimers due to the strong dipole–dipole interactions. Integration of the corannulene unit to the perylene dyes along peri‐positions makes the absorption bathochromically‐shifted together with a much higher molar extinction coefficient, whereas integration of the corannulene unit to the perylene dyes along bay‐positions has a much broader absorption. Strong and broad absorption properties, strong electron‐accepting ability, and suitable LUMO levels close to that of [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) make hybrid corannulene–perylene dyes promising electron‐acceptor materials for organic optoelectronic devices.
Gene cloning, expression, and characterization of a novel β‐mannanase from the endophyte Paenibacillus sp. CH‐3
Authors: Zhang Jian‐Xin , Chen Ze‐Tian , Meng Xiao‐Lin , Mu Guang‐Ya , Hu Wen‐Bo , Zhao Jie , Nie Guo‐Xing 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAn endophyte with high yield of β‐mannanase, designated as Paenibacillus sp. CH‐3, was isolated from black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) seeds. The β‐mannanase gene (manB) has been cloned, expressed, purified, and characterized. With an open reading frame of 984 bp, the manB gene encodes 327 amino acid residues, which belongs to GH family 5. The recombinant β‐mannanase (ManB) has an apparent molecular weight of 50.4 kDa with an optimal activity level at pH 7.0 and 45 °C, and it is stable in the range of pH 4–9. By optimizing, the temperature, isopropyl β‐d‐thiogalactoside concentration, and induction time were 28 °C, 0.05 mM, and 12 H, respectively. The highest activity reached at 1,054.17 U/mL. In addition, ManB had Km values of 7.30, 8.69, and 27.17 mg/mL for locust bean gum (LBG), guar gum, and konjac glucomannan (KGM), respectively. Its catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) was 176.31 mL/(mg·Sec) for LBG, 116.69 mL/(mg·Sec) for guar gum, and 115.49 mL/(mg·Sec) for KGM. The products of glucomannans, which were hydrolyzed by ManB, mainly contain mannobiose, mannotetrose, and a higher manno‐oligosaccharide. The characteristics of ManB revealed that it could be exploited as an effective additive in the animal feed industry.
Rapid on‐site detection of airborne asbestos fibers and potentially hazardous nanomaterials using fluorescence microscopy‐based biosensing
Authors: Kuroda Akio , Alexandrov Maxym , Nishimura Tomoki , Ishida Takenori 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA large number of peptides with binding affinity to various inorganic materials have been identified and used as linkers, catalysts, and building blocks in nanotechnology and nanobiotechnology. However, there have been few applications of material‐binding peptides in the fluorescence microscopy‐based biosensing (FM method) of environmental pollutants. A notable exception is the application of the FM method for the detection of asbestos, a dangerous industrial toxin that is still widely used in many developing countries. This review details the selection and isolation of asbestos‐binding proteins and peptides with sufficient specificity to distinguish asbestos from a large variety of safer fibrous materials used as asbestos substitutes. High sensitivity to nanoscale asbestos fibers (30–35 nm in diameter) invisible under conventional phase contrast microscopy can be achieved. The FM method is the basis for developing an automated system for asbestos biosensing that can be used for on‐site testing with a portable fluorescence microscope. In the future, the FM method could also become a useful tool for detecting other potentially hazardous nanomaterials in the environment.
Fluorescent 2‐Aminopyridine Nucleobases for Triplex‐Forming Peptide Nucleic Acids
Authors: Cheruiyot Samwel K. , Rozners Eriks 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDevelopment of new fluorescent peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) is important for fundamental research and practical applications. The goal of this study was the design of fluorogenic nucleobases for incorporation in triplex‐forming PNAs. The underlying design principle was the use of a protonation event that accompanied binding of a 2‐aminopyridine (M) nucleobase to a G‐C base pair as an on switch for a fluorescence signal. Two fluorogenic nucleobases, 3‐(1‐phenylethynyl)‐M and phenylpyrrolo‐M, were designed, synthesized and studied. The new M derivatives provided modest enhancement of fluorescence upon protonation but showed reduced RNA binding affinity and quenching of fluorescence signal upon triple‐helix formation with cognate double‐stranded RNA. Our study illustrates the principal challenges of design and provides guidelines for future improvement of fluorogenic PNA nucleobases. The 3‐(1‐phenylethynyl)‐M may be used as a fluorescent nucleobase to study PNA–RNA triple‐helix formation.
Novel Approach for the Characterization of Lewis Acidic Solid Catalysts by Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Lang Swen , Benz Michael , Obenaus Utz , Himmelmann Robin , Hunger Michael 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAcetone‐2‐13C, trimethylphosphine oxide (TMPO), and ammonia were applied as probe molecules for solid‐state NMR investigations of Lewis acid sites on γ‐Al2O3, TiO2/anatase, and lithium‐exchanged zeolite Na‐Y. An indication for Lewis acid sites are the 31P MAS NMR signals at 48–51 ppm for TMPO‐loaded catalysts. The determination of the Lewis site density through the evaluation of these 31P MAS NMR signals, however, is difficult owing to the demanding TMPO adsorption procedure. Upon ammonia adsorption, the formation of ammonium ions at Brønsted acid sites and the coordination of ammonia at Lewis acid sites cause 1H MAS NMR signals at 6–7 ppm and −0.5–3 ppm, respectively. The integration of these signals results in the densities of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites. Future studies have to clarify whether the different 1H chemical shifts in the range of −0.5–3 ppm for ammonia coordinated at Lewis acid sites on solid catalysts are a hint at the different strengths of these surface sites.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Detection of Aluminosilicate Species in Aqueous Solution by Silicon‐29 and Aluminum‐27 NMR Spectroscopy.
Authors: KINRADE S. D. , SWADDLE T. W. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe NMR results obtained for 1 M SiO2/0.07 M Al/2.4 M NaOH solutions indicate that the major aluminosilicate species in solution are Al‐substituted derivatives of the silicate dimer, cyclic trimer, cyclic tetramer, and acyclic trimer.
ChemInform Abstract: NMR Study of Acid‐Base Equilibria and Other Reactions of Ammineplatinum Complexes with Aqua and Hydroxo Ligands.
Authors: APPLETON T. G. , HALL J. R. , RALPH S. F. , THOMPSON C. S. M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe equilibria outlined in the scheme are studied by 15N and 195Pt NMR; pH dependences and pKa values are reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Diels‐Alder Reaction of α,β‐Unsaturated Ester Dienophiles with Cyclopentadiene and the Dependence on Tether Length.
Authors: STILLE J. R. , GRUBBS R. H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractReduction of the butyrolactone (I) yields the lactol (II) which is coupled with (III) to give the tetrahydrofuranylacetate (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Nitrilimine and Nitrile Oxide 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Norbornane‐and Norbornene‐Fused Dihydro‐1,3‐oxazines.
Authors: STAJER G. , SZABO A. E. , BERNATH G. , SOHAR P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe fused dihydro‐1,3‐oxazines (I), (IV), (VI), (X), and (XII) are subjected to 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction with benzonitrile oxide or diphenylnitrilimine, both generated in situ, yielding various tetracyclic products as shown in the reaction scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Phosphorus Pentachloride with Perhalocarbonyl‐Containing Compounds.
Authors: CHEN L. S. , CHEN G. J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe polyfluorinated ketones (III) or diketones (VI), prepared by coupling the esters (II) or diesters (V) with the perfluoroalkyl iodides (I) or (IV) in the presence of methyllithium, are heated with phosphorus pentachloride to form the chlorinated products (VII) ‐ (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: Effect of Substituent on Reactions Remote from Silicon: Regioselective α‐Alkylation of α‐Silylallyl Carbanions.
Authors: HORVATH R. F. , CHAN T. H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractLithiation of the allylsilanes (I) generates the corresponding anions which react with the electrophiles (II) or (V) to form substituted allylsilanes.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkenylfluorosilanes as Widely Applicable Substrates for the Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling of Alkenylsilane/F‐ Reagents with Alkenyl Iodides.
Authors: HATANAKA Y. , HIYAMA T. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe coupling reaction of the alkenylfluorosilanes (I), (IV), and (VII) with the alkenyl iodides (II) or (V), yielding the conjugated E,E‐(III), Z,Z‐ (VI), and E,Z‐dienes (VIII) stereospecifically, is mediated by fluoride ions and palladium catalysts.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Formation of α‐Keto Acids by Artifical CO2 Fixation.
Authors: TANAKA K. , MATSUI T. , TANAKA T. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractElectrochemical reduction of CO2 (II) under controlled potential electrolysis in solutions of (I) catalyzed by the FeMoS cluster produces the α‐keto acids (III).
ChemInform Abstract: (R,R)‐O,O′‐(2,2‐Dichlorovinyl)tartaric Acid: An Easily Synthesized Optically Pure Vinyl Ether. A New Synthesis of (R,R)‐O,O′‐Diethyltartaric Acid.
Authors: URAY G. , LINDNER W. , REITER F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe acetal (I), derived from chloral and (R,R)‐tartaric acid, is reduced to yield the bisdichlorovinyl tartaric acid (II) which is converted to the esters (V), (Xb), and the amide (Xa) by known methods.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Carboxylic Acids with “Phosphonium Anhydrides”.
Authors: HENDRICKSON J. B. , HUSSOIN M. S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCarboxylic acids such as (I) are dehydrated under the action of so‐called phosphonium anhydrides, generated in situ from triphenylphosphine oxide and triflic anhydride, to give the corresponding acid anhydrides such as (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloaddition of the Anion Derived from Homophthalic Anhydride to cis,cisoid,cis‐Tricyclo(6.3.0.02,6)undeca‐4,9‐diene‐3,11‐dione. Aromatization as a Driving Force for Intramolecular Sigmatropic Hydrogen Transfer.
Authors: MARCHAND A. P. , ANNAPURNA P. , WATSON W. H. , NAGL A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe (4 + 2)cycloaddition reaction of the salt (III), derived from homophthalic anhydride (I), with the unsaturated tricyclic diketone (IV) yields the naphthol (V) via decarboxylation and subsequent intramolecular hydrogen migration.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New Thieno(3,4‐c)thiophene Derivatives Having Formyl Substituents.
Authors: TSUBOUCHI A. , MATSUMURA N. , INOUE H. , HAMASAKI N. , YONEDA S. , YANAGI K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe known thienothiophene (I) reacts with Vilsmeier's reagent to give the aldehydes (III) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Activity of Some New Substituted Pyrazolines and Isoxazolines.
Authors: SHINGARE M. S. , SIDDIQUI H. B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTwenty‐eight derivatives of type (III) are prepared and used as educts for the synthesis of the title compounds (V) (17 examples), (VII) (18 examples) and (IX)/(X) (17 examples).