bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Azithromycin Treatment Failure for Chlamydia trachomatis Among Heterosexual Men With Nongonococcal Urethritis
Authors: Kissinger Patricia J. , White Scott , Manhart Lisa E. , Schwebke Jane , Taylor Stephanie N. , Mena Leandro , Khosropour Christine M. , Wilcox Larissa , Schmidt Norine , Martin David H. 
Published: August 2016

Background
Three recent prospective studies have suggested that the 1-g dose of azithromycin for Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) was less effective than expected, reporting a wide range of treatment failure rates (5.8%–22.6%). Reasons for the disparate results could be attributed to geographic or methodological differences. The purpose of this study was to reexamine the studies and attempt to harmonize methodologies to reduce misclassification as a result of false positives from early test-of-cure (TOC) or reinfection as a result of sexual exposure rather than treatment failure.

Methods
Men who had sex with women, who received 1-g azithromycin under directly observed therapy for presumptive treatment of nongonococcal urethritis with confirmed Ct were included. Baseline screening was performed on urethral swabs or urine, and TOC screening was performed on urine using nucleic acid amplification tests. Posttreatment vaginal sexual exposure was elicited at TOC. Data from the 3 studies were obtained and reanalyzed. Rates of Ct retest positive were examined for all cases, and a sensitivity analysis was conducted to either reclassify potential false positives/reinfections as negative or remove them from the analysis.

Results
The crude treatment failure rate was 12.8% (31/242). The rate when potential false positives/reinfections were reclassified as negative was 6.2% (15/242) or when these were excluded from analysis was 10.9% (15/138).

Conclusions
In these samples of men who have sex with women with Ct-related nongonococcal urethritis, azithromycin treatment failure was between 6.2% and 12.8%. This range of failure is lower than previously published but higher than the desired World Health Organization's target chlamydia treatment failure rate of < 5%.
Implementation of Oral and Rectal Gonococcal and Chlamydial Nucleic Acid Amplification-Based Testing as a Component of Local Health Department Activities
Authors: Nall Jennifer , Barr Breona , McNeil Candice J. , Bachmann Laura H. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
From January 1, 2014, to May 31, 2015, 452 individuals received extragenital nucleic acid amplification-based Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis testing through public health venues. Seventy-four individuals (16%) tested positive for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and/or Chlamydia trachomatis at an extragenital site and 40 (54%) would not have been effectively diagnosed and treated in the absence of extragenital testing.
Prevalence of 9-Valent Human Papillomavirus Types by Race/Ethnicity in the Prevaccine Era, United States, 2003–2006
Authors: Liu Gui , Unger Elizabeth R. , Hariri Susan , Steinau Martin , Markowitz Lauri E. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Before any vaccine introduction, overall DNA prevalence of any 9-valent human papillomavirus (9vHPV) types, HPV 31/33/45/52/58, and HPV 16/18 was 16.0%, 9.5%, and 6.2%, respectively, among female participants in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Non-Hispanic black females were more likely to have infection with HPV 31/33/45/52/58, but not HPV 16/18, compared to non-Hispanic white females.
Sex Work as an Emerging Risk Factor for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Seroconversion Among People who Inject Drugs in the SurvUDI Network
Authors: Blouin Karine , Leclerc Pascale , Morissette Carole , Roy Élise , Blanchette Caty , Parent Raymond , Serhir Bouchra , Alary Michel 
Published: August 2016

Background
Recent analyses have shown an emerging positive association between sex work and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in the SurvUDI network.

Methods
Participants who had injected in the past 6 months were recruited across the Province of Quebec and in the city of Ottawa, mainly in harm reduction programs. They completed a questionnaire and provided gingival exudate for HIV antibody testing. The associations with HIV seroconversion were tested with a Cox proportional hazard model using time-dependent covariables including the main variable of interest, sexual activity (sex work; no sex work; sexually inactive). The final model included significant variables and confounders of the associations with sexual activity.

Results
Seventy-two HIV seroconversions were observed during 5239.2 person-years (py) of follow-up (incidence rates: total = 1.4/100 py; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–1.7; sex work = 2.5/100 py; 95% CI, 1.5–3.6; no sex work = 0.8/100 py; 95% CI, 0.5–1.2; sexually inactive = 1.8/100 py; 95% CI, 1.1–2.5). In the final multivariate model, HIV incidence was significantly associated with sexual activity (sex work: adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 2.19; 95% CI, 1.13–4.25; sexually inactive: AHR, 1.62; 95% CI, 0.92–2.88), and injection with a needle/syringe used by someone else (AHR, 2.84; 95% CI, 1.73–4.66).

Conclusions
Sex work is independently associated with HIV incidence among PWIDs. At the other end of the spectrum of sexual activity, sexually inactive PWIDs have a higher HIV incidence rate, likely due to more profound dependence leading to increased vulnerabilities, which may include mental illness, poverty, and social exclusion. Further studies are needed to understand whether the association between sex work and HIV is related to sexual transmission or other vulnerability factors.
Outcome of Benign Acute Childhood Myositis
Authors: Rosenberg Tom , Heitner Shmuel , Scolnik Dennis , Levin Ben-Adiva Einav , Rimon Ayelet , Glatstein Miguel 
Published: August 2016

Objective
The aims of the study were to determine the evolution of benign acute childhood myositis in children and to assess the relationship between creatine phosphokinase (CPK) values and myoglobinuria.

Study design
A retrospective study of patients with benign acute childhood myositis seen in 2 tertiary care university-affiliated pediatric hospitals during overlapping 4-year periods.

Methods
Demographic data, historical details, clinical, and laboratory results were extracted from the charts of children younger than 16 years with a CPK greater than 3 times normal. Complications, treatments, and outcomes were recorded.

Results
Fifty-four children were included, 43 (80%) were male, and mean age was 7.3 years (median [range], 6 [3–16] years), none showed abnormal neurological findings, manifested hematuria, or developed renal failure. Mean CPK level at presentation was 1872 IU/L (range, 511–8086 IU/L). None developed renal failure, and there were no adverse outcomes on follow-up.

Conclusions
Acute childhood myositis is a predominantly benign disease. Neurological examination is usually normal and rhabdomyolysis is rare. Although severe pathological comorbid conditions must be excluded, a complete history and examination, coupled with simple blood and urine tests, can help minimize unnecessary diagnostic investigations.
Mathematical Methods for Modeling Chemical Reaction Networks
Authors: Carden Justin , Pantea Casian , Craciun Gheorge , Machiraju Raghu , Mallick Parag 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCancer’s cellular behavior is driven by alterations in the processes that cells use to sense and respond to diverse stimuli. Underlying these processes are a series of chemical processes (enzyme-substrate, protein-protein, etc.). Here we introduce a set of mathematical techniques for describing and characterizing these processes.
Assessment of the Proposed India-China Free Trade Agreement: A General Equilibrium Approach
Authors: Arora Rahul , Singh Sarbjit , Mathur Somesh K. 
Published: August 2016

PurposeThe present study is an attempt to evaluate the impact of the proposed India-China free trade agreement (FTA) in goods trade on both countries under a static general equilibrium framework.Design/Methodology/ApproachThe study has utilized the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model of world trade with the presence of skilled and unskilled unemployment in the world. For analysis purposes, 57 GTAP sectors, representing the whole regional economy, have been aggregated into 43 sectors and 140 GTAP regions, representing the whole world, have been aggregated into 19 regions. The study has also used the updated tariff rates provided by the World Trade Organization for better results.FindingsThe preliminary analysis using trade indicators depicted that by utilizing their own comparative advantage, both of the countries can maximize their gains by exporting more to the world. The simulation results from the GTAP analysis revealed that a tariff reduction in all goods trade would be more beneficial for both the countries than the tariff reduction in each other's specialized products. All other regions lose in terms of shifting the Indian imports towards China in a post-simulation environment. Regions with a significant loss are: the European Union (28 members), Southeast Asia, the Unites States, Japan, Korea, West Asia, and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).Originality/ValueThe disaggregated sector-wise analysis has been performed using the latest available GTAP database, version 9.
Teaching and learning
Authors: Samkin Grant , Stainbank Lesley 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
Positioned within a framework of challenges facing universities, this paper aims to focus on challenges faced by teachers of accounting as a business discipline to ensure it remains relevant in a fast-moving and changing environment.

Design/methodology/approach
Drawing on a variety of sources, this paper explores a number of issues surrounding teaching and learning in the current university environment. The seven papers that make up the special issue are located within a framework which is used to illustrate how each one contributes to the field. This paper is primarily discursive in nature.

Findings
The theoretical, methodological and empirical approaches used in the papers that make up this special issue are described. In addition, the paper suggests that to remain relevant, teaching and learning will remain an important area for future research.

Practical implications
This paper on teaching and learning is of interest to accounting teachers and researchers, university managers and members of the accounting profession.

Originality/value
This special issue provides a range of examples of research relevant to teaching and learning and sets an agenda for future research.
The playground of the rich? Growing social business in the 21st century
Authors: Steiner Artur , Teasdale Simon 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to explore how nascent social businesses move beyond the incubation phase and it develops understanding of how early-stage social businesses access finance to achieve growth.

Design/methodology/approach
This exploratory and inductive study is based on four focus group discussions with early-stage social entrepreneurs, “successful” social entrepreneurs who had achieved growth, and social impact investors.

Findings
Social capital allows a social business founder to access financial capital to “prove their concept”, or to directly attract investment from family and friends for start-up costs. To gain funding, social entrepreneurs present the desired image of the heroic change-maker. Interestingly, creating the right impression is equally important in securing financial capital as the “hard-work” itself.

Research limitations/implications
This study was conducted in London, which, like many other “global” cities, has a unique business environment. The study is exploratory in nature. Further work in this area is required to draw more definitive conclusions.

Practical implications
Financial products offered to social businesses are often dispersed and inappropriate. The study indicates that access to “soft loans” and grants is critical in the early stages of social business growth and that social entrepreneurs use both formal and informal funding sources to develop their businesses. Where a person is not connected to wealthy acquaintances either through family, or through social networks, they may often struggle to access finance in a world where the network’s resources appear to be as important as the entrepreneur’s resourcefulness. This has particular implications for the demographic make-up of “successful social entrepreneurs” operating social businesses, as these may be drawn from the most privileged and/or well-connected members of a group which already appears skewed towards white middle-class males.

Social implications
This study highlights that current support structures favour relatively privileged social entrepreneurs rather than encompassing and empowering those disadvantaged, social minority groups and those in the greatest need. This is important because social business is often portrayed, possibly incorrectly, as a mechanism for addressing poverty through empowerment of disadvantaged groups.

Originality/value
Research in social business development has largely neglected the social and cultural dynamics that embed start-ups. This paper tackles this gap and contributes to building knowledge in the area of early-stage social business development.
Lord John Browne: beyond CSR – why business needs to engage more radically with society
Authors: Leavy Brian 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
This interview with petroleum executive John Browne, lead author of Connect: How Companies Succeed by Engaging Radically with Society, discusses sustainability practices that could be more successful than those of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) movement.

Design/methodology/approach
Lord Browne, a British peer, was CEO of BP (British Petroleum) from 1995 to 2007 and is currently executive chairman of L1 Energy, He was interviewed by Prof. Brian Leavy, an S&L contributing editor

Findings
Connected leadership means integrating societal and environmental considerations into core business strategy at every level of the company.

Practical implications
The key lesson for business leaders in the wake of …accidents and scandals is that reputation is an outcome of your core business activity, not something constructed alongside it.

Social implications
Shareholder value, as a theory, presents a false tension between serving stakeholders and shareholders.

Originality/value
Browne was the first Big Oil chief executive to acknowledge the link between man-made carbon emissions and global warming. His insights into integrating social responsibility and corporate strategy are cutting edge.
Learning to be a leader
Authors: Allio Robert J. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
The author believes it is possible to select a better strategy for improving leadership effectiveness. His hypothesis: although leadership cannot be taught, paradoxically, leadership can be learned.

Design/methodology/approach
The playbook for developing potential leaders comprises these three elements: Establish a leadership identity and persona. Acquire relevant leadership knowledge and skills. Practice acts of leadership.

Findings
We preach the need for moral leaders, but in pursuit of maximizing shareholder returns and stock option bonuses for CEOs society embraces rogues and celebrates robber barons who successfully elbow their way ahead of the pack!

Practical implications
Whatever other personal traits the leader may possess, the one absolute prerequisite is the judicious exercise of power – specifically, the power to change the way followers think and behave.

Originality/value
Success leadership ultimately depends on the ability to communicate, to tell a story that explains the proposed corporate vector and inspires the followers to sign on for the adventure.
How to make the whole organization “Agile”
Authors: Denning Stephen 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
Agile is the umbrella term for a family of management practices, which include Scrum, Kanban, and Lean. To investigate Agile management as it was being practiced in large firms, in 2015 Scrum Alliance, whose mission is “to transform the world of work,” launched a Learning Consortium for the Creative Economy (LC), composed of a group of firms that included Microsoft, Ericsson, Magna International, Riot Games and others.

Design/methodology/approach
The group conducted site visits to learn from each other’s experiences with Agile. The questions to be explored included: To what extent are Agile management practices in fact occurring at scale in old and new firms? How effective are these management practices? Is it possible for the whole firm, particularly older firms with entrenched bureaucratic cultures, to become Agile?

Findings
The LC found that Agile management is already taking hold in large-scale implementations in both new and old firms. The LC observed that some firms were implementing Agile for large-scale, complex business challenges in areas beyond software, including operations where reliability is an issue.

Practical implications
Agile was seen as a different way of understanding and acting in the world. The successful firms were “being Agile,” not merely “doing Agile” within their existing management framework.

Originality/value
In the world of Agile management, delivering value to customers is the goal of every individual in the organization. Profits are seen as the result, not the goal. The Learning consortium sites visit offer managers an opportunity to study this philosophy in practice.
Global Investment Environment of the Post‐Quantitative Easing World: The ‘new‐old’ and ‘new‐new’ Normal
Authors: Melvin Michael 
Published: August 2016

AbstractGlobal markets since late 2007 are not ‘normal’, where normal means market conditions we would expect to observe going forward in the absence of any new economic shocks. Financial markets have been dominated by extraordinary central bank policies that were created to deal with challenging market conditions reflecting heightened risk aversion and illiquidity. Markets in the future will have some characteristics that look more like the market conditions observed in the pre‐crisis period, which I call the ‘new‐old normal’ and other conditions that differ from the past, which I call the ‘new‐new normal’. I first review what happened during the financial crisis in terms of developments in three asset classes, equities, fixed income and currencies, to place the forward‐looking view in proper context. Then the transition period from the quantitative easing (QE) era of exceptional monetary policy to post‐QE markets is discussed. Post‐transition, we will see some features of the post‐QE world that will resemble pre‐crisis market conditions, the ‘new‐old normal’ with higher policy interest rates, wider cross‐country interest differentials, lower cross‐asset return correlations and a resurgence of the importance of cross‐country differences in fundamentals in international investing. However, some features of the post‐QE investment environment will be unlike anything observed in the past: the ‘new‐new normal’ with reduced liquidity and more days of exceptionally large volatility and asset price moves due to regulatory effects resulting in a reduced ability of market‐makers to provide inventory buffers for counterparties and electronic trading venues that shut down trading in high volatility periods; low inflation; flatter yield curves; and emerging markets providing less opportunity for diversification gains as they converge to developed financial market characteristics.
Red cell alloimmunisation in patients with different types of infections
Authors: Evers Dorothea , van der Bom Johanna G. , Tijmensen Janneke , Middelburg Rutger A. , de Haas Masja , Zalpuri Saurabh , de Vooght Karen M. K. , van de Kerkhof Daan , Visser Otto , Péquériaux Nathalie C. V. , Hudig Francisca , Zwaginga Jaap Jan 
Published: August 2016

SummaryRed cell alloantigen exposure can cause alloantibody‐associated morbidity. Murine models have suggested that inflammation modulates red cell alloimmunisation. This study quantifies alloimmunisation risks during infectious episodes in humans. We performed a multicentre case–control study within a source population of patients receiving their first and subsequent red cell transfusions during an 8‐year follow‐up period. Patients developing a first transfusion‐induced red cell alloantibody (N = 505) were each compared with two similarly exposed, but non‐alloimmunised controls (N = 1010) during a 5‐week ‘alloimmunisation risk period’ using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Transfusions during ‘severe’ bacterial (tissue‐invasive) infections were associated with increased risks of alloantibody development [adjusted relative risk (RR) 1·34, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0·97–1·85], especially when these infections were accompanied with long‐standing fever (RR 3·06, 95% CI 1·57–5·96). Disseminated viral disorders demonstrated a trend towards increased risks (RR 2·41, 95% CI 0·89–6·53), in apparent contrast to a possible protection associated with Gram‐negative bacteraemia (RR 0·58, 95% CI 0·13–1·14). ‘Simple’ bacterial infections, Gram‐positive bacteraemia, fungal infections, maximum C‐reactive protein values and leucocytosis were not associated with red cell alloimmunisation. These findings are consistent with murine models. Confirmatory research is needed before patients likely to develop alloantibodies may be identified based on their infectious conditions at time of transfusion.
Examining the effects of climate change and species invasions on Ontario walleye populations: can walleye beat the heat?
Authors: Van Zuiden Thomas M. , Sharma Sapna 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAimThe combined effects of multiple environmental stressors continue to threaten global biodiversity, yet predicting how biotic interactions between native and invasive species may change across a landscape in a multiple stressor environment is relatively understudied. We aim to identify how the invasion of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomeiu) may influence native walleye (Sander vitreus) populations across Ontario lakes at the landscape scale in a changing climate.LocationOntario, Canada.MethodsUsing a database that included the abundance and occurrence of over 130 fish species, lake chemistry and lake morphology for 722 lakes, a redundancy analysis was conducted to identify environmental conditions preferred by walleye and smallmouth bass. Multiple linear regression models were then developed to identify the relationship between walleye and multiple stressors (including climate change and biotic interactions with invasive species). Using future scenarios of climate change, we were then able to project future walleye–smallmouth bass co‐occurrences.ResultsSmallmouth bass were found to prefer different environmental conditions than walleye; however, when walleye and smallmouth bass were found in the same lakes, walleye abundance was reduced almost threefold. Multiple regression models further suggested that there are fewer walleye in lakes with smallmouth bass. Subsequently, we predicted that under future scenarios of climate change the overlapping co‐occurrence of walleye and smallmouth bass may increase by 86–332% by the year 2070.Main conclusionsWe illustrate the importance of including multiple environmental stressors in statistical models when attempting to understand how native species will be impacted by invasive species and climate change. While independently climate change is anticipated to lower walleye abundances across Ontario, this change is expected to be exacerbated by invasions of warmwater predators.