bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metformin Suppresses Systemic Autoimmunity in Roquinsan/san Mice through Inhibiting B Cell Differentiation into Plasma Cells via Regulation of AMPK/mTOR/STAT3
Authors: Lee Seon-Yeong , Moon Su-Jin , Kim Eun-Kyung , Seo Hyeon-Beom , Yang Eun-Ji , Son Hye-Jin , Kim Jae-Kyung , Min Jun-Ki , Park Sung-Hwan , Cho Mi-La 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Circulating autoantibodies and immune complex deposition are pathological hallmarks of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). B cell differentiation into plasma cells (PCs) and some T cell subsets that function as B cell helpers can be therapeutic targets of SLE. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is implicated in the formation of B cells and germinal centers (GCs). We assessed the effect of metformin, which inhibits mTOR, on the development of autoimmunity using Roquinsan/san mice. Oral administration of metformin inhibited the formation of splenic follicles and inflammation in kidney and liver tissues. It also decreased serum levels of anti-dsDNA Abs without affecting serum glucose levels. Moreover, metformin inhibited CD21highCD23low marginal zone B cells, B220+GL7+ GC B cells, B220−CD138+ PCs, and GC formation. A significant reduction in ICOS+ follicular helper T cells was found in the spleens of the metformin-treated group compared with the vehicle-treated group. In addition, metformin inhibited Th17 cells and induced regulatory T cells. These alterations in B and T cell subsets by metformin were associated with enhanced AMPK expression and inhibition of mTOR–STAT3 signaling. Furthermore, metformin induced p53 and NF erythroid-2–related factor-2 activity in splenic CD4+ T cells. Taken together, metformin-induced alterations in AMPK–mTOR–STAT3 signaling may have therapeutic value in SLE by inhibiting B cell differentiation into PCs and GCs.
Inhibiting Oxidative Phosphorylation In Vivo Restrains Th17 Effector Responses and Ameliorates Murine Colitis
Authors: Franchi Luigi , Monteleone Ivan , Hao Ling-Yang , Spahr Mark A. , Zhao Wenpu , Liu Xikui , Demock Kellie , Kulkarni Aditi , Lesch Chuck A. , Sanchez Brian , Carter Laura , Marafini Irene , Hu Xiao , Mashadova Oksana , Yuan Min , Asara John M. , Singh Harinder , Lyssiotis Costas A. , Monteleone Giovanni , Opipari Anthony W. , Glick Gary D. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Integration of signaling and metabolic pathways enables and sustains lymphocyte function. Whereas metabolic changes occurring during T cell activation are well characterized, the metabolic demands of differentiated T lymphocytes are largely unexplored. In this study, we defined the bioenergetics of Th17 effector cells generated in vivo. These cells depend on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for energy and cytokine production. Mechanistically, the essential role of OXPHOS in Th17 cells results from their limited capacity to increase glycolysis in response to metabolic stresses. This metabolic program is observed in mouse and human Th17 cells, including those isolated from Crohn disease patients, and it is linked to disease, as inhibiting OXPHOS reduces the severity of murine colitis and psoriasis. These studies highlight the importance of analyzing metabolism in effector lymphocytes within in vivo inflammatory contexts and suggest a therapeutic role for manipulating OXPHOS in Th17-driven diseases.
Is Psalm 104 an expression (also) of dark green religion?
Authors: Viviers Hennie 
Published: February 2017

Bron Taylor defines dark green religion as follows: ‘… a deep sense of belonging to and connectedness in nature, while perceiving the earth and its living systems to be sacred and interconnected’. Can Psalm 104, with its conspicuous focus on nature, also be described as an expression of dark green religion? Utilising especially the dark green values of belonging, interconnectedness and sacredness, it was found that the psalm aptly confirms Earth as home, illustrates a deep-seated kinship with other living creatures and acknowledges nature as intrinsically worthy or sacred through its close association with God. Of the four kinds of dark green religion, Gaian Naturalism and Naturalistic Animism (‘Darwinist’, naturalist view), Gaian Spirituality and Spiritual Animism (supernaturalist view), the psalm belongs to the last-mentioned, acknowledging Yahweh as upholding and ‘permeating’ the harmonious whole of creation. The poet is, however, also well informed of ‘natural’ knowledge of his environment (for his time obviously). The psalm’s joy, awe, astonishment, humility and fear (to a limited extent), being almost overwhelmed by awesome nature, are emotions that can also be shared by adherers to the naturalist view, those who doubt if there is some spiritual world running parallel to the natural world. The religious-like experience of naturalists provides common ground with the religious and enhances a much-needed change of view of respect towards nature.
Enhanced trans-Himalaya pollution transport to the Tibetan Plateau by cut-off low systems
Authors: Zhang Ruixiong , Wang Yuhang , He Qiusheng , Chen Laiguo , Zhang Yuzhong , Qu Hang , Smeltzer Charles , Li Jianfeng , Alvarado Leonardo M. A. , Vrekoussis Mihalis , Richter Andreas , Wittrock Folkard , Burrows John P. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Long-range transport followed by deposition of black carbon on glaciers of Tibet is one of the key issues of climate research as it induces changes on radiative forcing and subsequently impacting the melting of glaciers. The transport mechanism, however, is not well understood. In this study, we use short-lived reactive aromatics as proxies to diagnose transport of pollutants to Tibet. In situ observations of short-lived reactive aromatics across the Tibetan Plateau are analyzed using a regional chemistry and transport model. The model performance using the current emission inventories over the region is poor due to problems in the inventories and model transport. Top-down emissions constrained by satellite observations of glyoxal are a factor of 2–6 higher than the a priori emissions over the industrialized Indo-Gangetic Plain. Using the top-down emissions, agreement between model simulations and surface observations of aromatics improves. We find enhancements of reactive aromatics over Tibet by a factor of 6 on average due to rapid transport from India and nearby regions during the presence of a high-altitude cut-off low system. Our results suggest that the cut-off low system is a major pathway for long-range transport of pollutants such as black carbon. The modeling analysis reveals that even the state-of-the-science high-resolution reanalysis cannot simulate this cut-off low system accurately, which probably explains in part the underestimation of black carbon deposition over Tibet in previous modeling studies. Another model deficiency of underestimating pollution transport from the south is due to the complexity of terrain, leading to enhanced transport. It is therefore challenging for coarse-resolution global climate models to properly represent the effects of long-range transport of pollutants on the Tibetan environment and the subsequent consequence for regional climate forcing.
Standardization of a geo-referenced fishing data set for the Indian Ocean bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus (1952–2014)
Authors: Wibawa Teja A. , Lehodey Patrick , Senina Inna 
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Geo-referenced catch and fishing effort data of the bigeye tuna fisheries in the Indian Ocean over 1952–2014 were analyzed and standardized to facilitate population dynamics modeling studies. During this 62-year historical period of exploitation, many changes occurred both in the fishing techniques and the monitoring of activity. This study includes a series of processing steps used for standardization of spatial resolution, conversion and standardization of catch and effort units, raising of geo-referenced catch into nominal catch level, screening and correction of outliers, and detection of major catchability changes over long time series of fishing data, i.e., the Japanese longline fleet operating in the tropical Indian Ocean. A total of 30 fisheries were finally determined from longline, purse seine and other-gears data sets, from which 10 longline and 4 purse seine fisheries represented 96 % of the whole historical geo-referenced catch. Nevertheless, one-third of total nominal catch is still not included due to a total lack of geo-referenced information and would need to be processed separately, accordingly to the requirements of the study. The geo-referenced records of catch, fishing effort and associated length frequency samples of all fisheries are available at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.864154.
Katalytische Friedel‐Crafts‐C‐H‐Borylierung elektronenreicher Arene: starke Reaktionsbeschleunigung durch Versetzen mit Alkenen
Authors: Yin Qin , Klare Hendrik F. T. , Oestreich Martin 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBei einer elektrophilen C‐H‐Borylierung elektronenreicher Arene mit Catecholboran wird die katalytische Bildung des Borelektrophils durch B‐H‐Bindungsheterolyse mit verschiedenen Lewis‐ und Brønsted‐Säuren eingeleitet. Dabei bildet sich nur das Boroniumion. Nach Dissoziation eines Liganden geht das dazugehörige Boreniumion regioselektive elektrophile aromatische Substitutionen mit Anilinderivaten und N‐Heterocyclen ein. Die Katalyse ist für B(C6F5)3 als Initiator optimiert und läuft ohne Zusatz einer externen Base oder eines H2‐Akzeptors ab. Typischerweise werden über 80 °C für einen effizienten Umsatz bei diesen Friedel‐Crafts‐Reaktionen benötigt. Mechanistischen Experimenten zufolge ist die Neubildung des Boronium‐/Boreniumions durch Wasserstofffreisetzung geschwindigkeitsbestimmend. Diese Erkenntnis führte zur Entdeckung, dass das Versetzen mit katalytischen Mengen an Alken die Reaktion stark beschleunigt. Damit sind diese katalytischen C‐H‐Borylierungen erstmals bei Raumtemperatur möglich.
Dynamisches makromolekulares Materialdesign – die Vielseitigkeit von Cyclodextrin‐basierter Wirt‐Gast‐Chemie
Authors: Schmidt Bernhard V. K. J. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDynamische und adaptive Materialien sind leistungsfähige Konstrukte in der Polymerchemie mit einer Vielzahl von Anwendungen im Wirkstofftransport, in biologisch aktiven Systemen oder selbstheilenden Materialien. Sehr häufig werden dynamische Materialien mittels maßgeschneiderter Cyclodextrin(CD)‐Wirt‐Gast‐Wechselwirkungen aufgebaut. Die präzise Einbindung dieser Wirt‐ und Gastbausteine ermöglicht die Bildung komplexer makromolekularer Strukturen, die für den Aufbau von Strukturen höherer Ordnung mit vordefinierten Funktionen verwendet werden können. So können dynamische Materialien mit außergewöhnlichen Eigenschaftsprofilen erzeugt werden. Hier wird die hierarchische Bildung komplexer Architekturen vom molekularen über den makromolekularen und den kolloidalen zum makroskopischen Bereich beschrieben. Dabei wird ein besonderes Augenmerk auf die Funktionalität und Responsivität der Strukturen auf äußere Felder insbesondere im biologischen Kontext gelegt.
Simultaneous bilateral cochlear implants: Developmental advances do not yet achieve normal cortical processing
Authors: Easwar Vijayalakshmi , Yamazaki Hiroshi , Deighton Michael , Papsin Blake , Gordon Karen 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackgroundSimultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation promotes symmetric development of bilateral auditory pathways but binaural hearing remains abnormal. To evaluate whether bilateral cortical processing remains impaired in such children, cortical activity to unilateral and bilateral stimuli was assessed in a unique cohort of 16 children who received bilateral cochlear implants (CIs) simultaneously at 1.97 ± 0.86 years of age and had ~4 years of CI experience, providing the first opportunity to assess electrically driven cortical development in the absence of reorganized asymmetries from sequential implantation.MethodsCortical activity to unilateral and bilateral stimuli was measured using multichannel electro‐encephalography. Cortical processing in children with bilateral CIs was compared with click‐elicited activity in 13 normal hearing children matched for time‐in‐sound. Source activity was localized using the Time Restricted, Artefact and Coherence source Suppression (TRACS) beamformer method.ResultsConsistent with dominant crossed auditory pathways, normal P1 activity (~100 ms) was weaker to ipsilateral stimuli relative to contralateral and bilateral stimuli and both auditory cortices preferentially responded to the contralateral ear. Right hemisphere dominance was evident overall. Children with bilateral CIs maintained the expected right dominance but differences from normal included: (i) minimal changes between ipsilateral, contralateral and bilateral stimuli, (ii) weaker than normal contralateral stimulus preference, (iii) symmetric activity to bilateral stimuli, and (iv) increased occipital lobe recruitment during bilateral relative to unilateral stimulation. Between‐group contrasts demonstrated lower than normal activity in the inferior parieto‐occipital lobe (suggesting deficits in sensory integration) and greater than normal left frontal lobe activity (suggesting increased attention), even during passive listening.ConclusionsTogether, findings suggest that early simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation promotes normal‐like auditory symmetry but that abnormalities in cortical processing consequent to deafness and/or electrical stimulation through two independent speech processors persist.
β2, 2‐Amino Acid N‐Carboxyanhydrides Relying on Sequential Enantioselective C(4)‐Functionalization of Pyrrolidin‐2,3‐diones and Regioselective Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation
Authors: Badiola Eider , Olaizola Iurre , Vázquez Ana , Vera Silvia , Mielgo Antonia , Palomo Claudio 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA catalytic enantioselective entry to β2, 2‐amino acids enabling their direct coupling with nucleophiles is described. The approach is based upon an effective bifunctional Brønsted base catalyzed construction of a quaternary carbon stereocenter at C4 position of pyrrolidin‐2,3‐diones. Subsequent regioselective Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of the resultant adducts gives β2, 2‐amino acid N‐carboxyanhydrides as the reactive species, which can further react with nucleophiles. Following this strategy both, β2, 2‐amino acid derivatives with different functionalities at the newly created stereocenter, and spirocyclic structures can be efficiently prepared.
Direct Access to π‐Extended Phosphindolium Salts by Simple Proton‐Induced Cyclization of (o‐Alkynylphenyl)phosphanes
Authors: Arndt Sebastian , Hansmann Max M. , Rominger Frank , Rudolph Matthias , Hashmi A. Stephen K. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA detailed synthetic and mechanistic study for the synthesis of phosphindolium salts from easy accessible (o‐alkynylphenyl)phosphanes is reported. Mechanistic investigation indicates a fast protonation at phosphorus as evidenced by the isolation of the phosphonium intermediate, followed by a protophosphonylation reaction across the alkyne moiety. DFT calculations support our mechanistic proposal and indicate a reaction highly exergonic compared to our recently reported phosphinoauration. Photophysical measurements recorded fluorescence quantum yields up to 97 % in solution for the phosphindolium core and fluorescence was observed in the solid state.
Immediate effects of microclimate modification enhance native shrub encroachment
Authors: Thompson Joseph A. , Zinnert Julie C. , Young Donald R. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractShrubs have become more dense and expanded beyond their range all over the world for a variety of reasons including increased temperatures, overgrazing, and alteration of historical fire regime. Native shrubs have been encroaching on Virginia barrier island grasslands for over half a century for unknown reasons. Species composition, soil nutrients, leaf area index (LAI), and ground and air temperature were recorded across the shrub to grass transition and at free‐standing shrubs in a coastal grassland in order to determine the effect of shrub encroachment on plant community and microclimate. Species richness was significantly lower inside shrub thickets. Soil water content, organic matter, nitrogen (N), carbon (C), and LAI were higher in shrub thickets and free‐standing shrubs compared to grasslands. Summer and fall maximum temperatures were lower and more moderate where shrubs were present. Fall and winter minimum temperatures were highest inside shrub thickets. Native shrubs impact microclimate and species composition immediately upon encroachment. These shrubs lower overall species composition, increase soil nutrients and moisture, moderate summer temperature, and increase winter temperature, which has consequences on a larger scale. As barrier islands are critical for protecting marsh and mainland habitats, understanding this mechanism for shrub expansion is important to predict future encroachment of shrubs and displacement of grassland habitat.
Metrics to assess how longitudinal channel network connectivity and in‐stream Atlantic salmon habitats are impacted by hydropower regulation
Authors: Buddendorf Willem B. , Malcolm Iain A. , Geris Josie , Wilkinson Mark E. , Soulsby Chris 
Published: February 2017

AbstractHabitat fragmentation in channel networks and riverine ecosystems is increasing globally due to the construction of barriers and river regulation. The resulting divergence from the natural state poses a threat to ecosystem integrity. Consequently, a trade‐off is required between the conservation of biodiversity in channel networks and socio‐economic factors including power generation, potable water supplies, fisheries, and tourism. Many of Scotland's rivers are regulated for hydropower generation but also support populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) that have high economic and conservation value. This paper investigates the use of connectivity metrics and weightings to assess the impact of river barriers (impoundments) associated with hydropower regulation on natural longitudinal channel connectivity for Atlantic salmon. We applied 2 different weighting approaches in the connectivity models that accounted for spatial variability in habitat quality for spawning and fry production and contrasted these models with a more traditional approach using wetted area. Assessments of habitat loss using the habitat quality weighted models contrasted with those using the less biologically relevant wetted area. This highlights the importance of including relevant ecological and hydrogeomorphic information in assessing regulation impacts on natural channel connectivity. Specifically, we highlight scenarios where losing a smaller area of productive habitat can have a larger impact on Atlantic salmon than losing a greater area of less suitable habitat. It is recommended that future channel connectivity assessments should attempt to include biologically relevant weightings, rather than relying on simpler metrics like wetted area which can produce misleading assessments of barrier impacts.
In vitro fermentation of oat β‐glucan and hydrolysates by fecal microbiota and selected probiotic strains
Authors: Dong Ji‐lin , Yu Xiao , Dong Liang‐er , Shen Rui‐ling 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDEmerging evidence suggested that the prebiotic ability of β‐glucan was intimately related to its molecular weight (Mw). However, the effect of oat β‐glucan with differing Mw on gut homeostasis was inconsistent. Importantly, knowledge of the fermentation properties of oat β‐glucan fractions was still limited. The present study aimed to evaluate the prebiotic potential of raw and hydrolyzed oat β‐glucan during in vitro fermentation by fecal microbiota and selected probiotic strains.RESULTSThe results obtained showed that both oat β‐glucan (OG) and hydrolysates (OGH) comparably promoted the growth of fecal Lactobacillus counts (P < 0.05). Importantly, OGH revealed greater fermentability compared to OG as denoted by lower pH value and higher short‐chain fatty acid concentration (P < 0.05). Moreover, OGH was found to be more favorable to provide growth substrates for Lactobacillus helveticus R389 (LR389), Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC 53103 (LGG) and Bifidobacterium longum BB536 (BB536) than OG, and was preferentially utilized by LR389, LGG and BB536 as the sole carbon source.CONCLUSIONThe results of the present study indicate that oat β‐glucan hydrolysates could serve as a more promising material for developing novel symbiotic foods. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Rapid determination of trace semicarbazide in flour products by high‐performance liquid chromatography based on a nucleophilic substitution reaction
Authors: Wei Tianfu , Li Gongke , Zhang Zhuomin 
Published: February 2017

Semicarbazide, a toxic food contaminant, widely exists in food products and it originates from the thermal degradation of a food additive of azodicarbonamide or a metabolite of nitrofurazone abused in meat specimens. Many previous methods for semicarbazide determination usually required expensive instruments, difficult‐to‐prepare monoclonal antibodies, and a long operation time. In this study, a high‐performance liquid chromatography method was developed for the rapid determination of trace semicarbazide coupling with a nucleophilic substitution reaction firstly using 4‐nitrobenzoyl chloride as derivatization reagent. The derivatization reaction was mild at room temperature for 1 min in neutral solution. Then, semicarbazide derivative was separated and quantified by high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection under optimal separation conditions at λmax = 261 nm. The proposed method offered the detection limit of 1.8 μg/L and was successfully applied for the rapid determination of trace semicarbazide in flour products. Semicarbazide in positive real samples could be actually found and quantified in the range of 0.47−7.53 mg/kg. The recoveries were 76.6−119% with relative standard deviations of 0.5–9.1% (n = 3). This developed method was rapid, reliable, and convenient for the determination of trace semicarbazide in food.
Improved fat suppression of the breast using discretized frequency shimming
Authors: van der Velden Tijl A. , Luijten Peter R. , Klomp Dennis W.J. 
Published: February 2017

PurposeRobust fat suppression is essential in bilateral breast MRI at 7 Tesla. The lack of good fat suppression can result in errors when calculating the enhancement curve from dynamic contrast‐enhanced acquisitions. In this work we propose discretized frequency shimming to improve the quality of fat suppression by exploiting the capabilities of a parallel transmit setup.MethodsWith discretized frequency shimming, different resonance frequencies are used for the different transmitters of the radiofrequency coil. This can be particularly useful for frequency‐selective radiofrequency pulses, such as water excitation. The potential of this method has been investigated by simulations on seven acquired B0 maps. Prospective experiments on phantoms and four healthy volunteers were performed to illustrate the performance of discretized frequency shimming.ResultsSimulations show a decrease in off‐resonance excitation for all subjects when discretized frequency shimming is used. This decrease is highly subject‐dependent, but can result in up to 30% better fat suppression, as observed in phantom and volunteer experiments.ConclusionsDiscretized frequency shimming improves fat suppression in bilateral breast MRI at 7 Tesla. Magn Reson Med 79:593–599, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.