bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconciling the role of terrestrial leaves in pond food webs: a whole‐ecosystem experiment
Authors: Holgerson Meredith A. , Post David M. , Skelly David K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTerrestrial carbon and nutrients can subsidize the detrital pool of freshwater ecosystems; yet, the importance of terrestrial subsidies to lake and pond food webs is uncertain and debated. Terrestrial detritus is expected to have the greatest impact on food webs when water bodies are small and shallow with low levels of incident light. Temporary forested ponds fit this description and are often assumed to have a leaf detritus‐based food web, but this has not been quantified. In a whole‐ecosystem experiment, we traced the flow of isotopically enriched leaf litter to primary producers and consumers in a small, forested pond. We found that terrestrial leaves provided nutrients to algae, offering an indirect pathway in which leaf litter can enter the food web. Terrestrial leaves were also consumed directly, and larval caddisfly (Limnephilus sp.) shredders likely mobilized leaf nutrients to other consumers, a process overlooked in many previous small‐scale experiments that did not incorporate shredders. Unexpectedly, most consumers relied heavily upon algal food pathways despite low light and net heterotrophic conditions. Overall, our study highlights the interconnectedness of algal and leaf litter pathways in small pond food webs, and emphasizes that algal pathways are prevalent and important even in small, shaded ponds with high loads of terrestrial leaf litter.
Persistent asymmetrical priority effects in a California grassland restoration experiment
Authors: Werner Chhaya M. , Vaughn Kurt J. , Stuble Katharine L. , Wolf Kristina , Young Truman P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe order of species arrival can dramatically alter the trajectory of community development. While there is experimental evidence that priority effects can be important drivers of community structure early on, the persistence and duration of these effects is unclear. Here we report on a community assembly experiment in which a mix of four native grasses and a mix of four native forbs were planted on their own, together, or with one‐year priority over the other guild. We found positive effects of priority for both grasses and forbs in the initial years of the experiment. However, 6–8 yr after planting, the effectiveness of priority treatments were mixed. Some species became rare, persisting only in treatments in which they had been given priority; others continued to maintain high cover and exhibit a strong positive signal of priority effects; still others remained common but no longer showed a signature of the initial priority effects; and finally, some species became locally extinct across all experimental plots. Grass priority over forbs was strong and persistent, but not forb priority over grasses. Our results demonstrate that the long‐term benefits of temporal priority can persist for at least 8 yr for some, but not all species, and these continued effects result in distinct community composition. Manipulating the trajectory of community assembly through priority in seeding has potential as a useful tool for restoration.
Opposing effects of different soil organic matter fractions on crop yields
Authors: Wood Stephen A. , Sokol Noah , Bell Colin W. , Bradford Mark A. , Naeem Shahid , Wallenstein Matthew D. , Palm Cheryl A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSoil organic matter is critical to sustainable agriculture because it provides nutrients to crops as it decomposes and increases nutrient‐ and water‐holding capacity when built up. Fast‐ and slow‐cycling fractions of soil organic matter can have different impacts on crop production because fast‐cycling fractions rapidly release nutrients for short‐term plant growth and slow‐cycling fractions bind nutrients that mineralize slowly and build up water‐holding capacity. We explored the controls on these fractions in a tropical agroecosystem and their relationship to crop yields. We performed physical fractionation of soil organic matter from 48 farms and plots in western Kenya. We found that fast‐cycling, particulate organic matter was positively related to crop yields, but did not have a strong effect, while slower‐cycling, mineral‐associated organic matter was negatively related to yields. Our finding that slower‐cycling organic matter was negatively related to yield points to a need to revise the view that stabilization of organic matter positively impacts food security. Our results support a new paradigm that different soil organic matter fractions are controlled by different mechanisms, potentially leading to different relationships with management outcomes, like crop yield. Effectively managing soils for sustainable agriculture requires quantifying the effects of specific organic matter fractions on these outcomes.
Introduction of New Technologies in Orthopaedic Surgery
Authors: Goodman Stuart B. , Mihalko William M. , Anderson Paul A. , Sale Katherine , Bozic Kevin J. 
Published: May 2016

➢ The introduction of new devices, biologics, and combination products to the orthopaedic marketplace is increasing rapidly.➢ The majority of these new technologies obtain clearance to market by demonstrating substantial equivalence to a predicate (previously approved device) according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 510(k) process.➢ Surgeons play a critical role in the introduction of new technologies to patients and must take a leadership role in promoting safe, efficacious, appropriate, and cost-effective care, especially for operative procedures.➢ Surgeons should monitor and document their patients’ clinical outcomes and adverse events when using new technology, to ensure that the new technology is performing as desired.
The Multifaceted Roles of Adipose Tissue—Therapeutic Targets for Diabetes and Beyond: The 2015 Banting Lecture
Authors: Scherer Philipp E. 
Published: May 2016

The Banting Medal for Scientific Achievement is the highest scientific award of the American Diabetes Association (ADA). Given in memory of Sir Frederick Banting, one of the key investigators in the discovery of insulin, the Banting Medal is awarded annually for scientific excellence, recognizing significant long-term contributions to the understanding, treatment, or prevention of diabetes. Philipp E. Scherer, PhD, of the Touchstone Diabetes Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, received the prestigious award at the ADA's 75th Scientific Sessions, 5–9 June 2015, in Boston, MA. He presented the Banting Lecture, “The Multifaceted Roles of Adipose Tissue—Therapeutic Targets for Diabetes and Beyond,” on Sunday, 7 June 2015.
A number of different cell types contribute to the cellular architecture of adipose tissue. Although the adipocyte is functionally making important contributions to systemic metabolic homeostatis, several additional cell types contribute a supportive role to bestow maximal flexibility on the tissue with respect to many biosynthetic and catabolic processes, depending on the metabolic state. These cells include vascular endothelial cells, a host of immune cells, and adipocyte precursor cells and fibroblasts. Combined, these cell types give rise to a tissue with remarkable flexibility with respect to expansion and contraction, while optimizing the ability of the tissue to act as an endocrine organ through the release of many protein factors, critically influencing systemic lipid homeostasis and biochemically contributing many metabolites. Using an example from each of these categories—adiponectin as a key adipokine, sphingolipids as critical mediators of insulin sensitivity, and uridine as an important metabolite contributed by the adipocyte to the systemic pool—I will discuss the emerging genesis of the adipocyte over the past 20 years from metabolic bystander to key driver of metabolic flexibility.
Addition of Liraglutide to Insulin in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of 12 Weeks
Authors: Kuhadiya Nitesh D. , Dhindsa Sandeep , Ghanim Husam , Mehta Aditya , Makdissi Antoine , Batra Manav , Sandhu Sartaj , Hejna Jeanne , Green Kelly , Bellini Natalie , Yang Min , Chaudhuri Ajay , Dandona Paresh 
Published: May 2016

OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether addition of three different doses of liraglutide to insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) results in significant reduction in glycemia, body weight, and insulin dose.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We randomized 72 patients (placebo = 18, liraglutide = 54) with T1D to receive placebo and 0.6, 1.2, and 1.8 mg liraglutide daily for 12 weeks.

RESULTS
In the 1.2-mg and 1.8-mg groups, the mean weekly reduction in average blood glucose was −0.55 ± 0.11 mmol/L (10 ± 2 mg/dL) and −0.55 ± 0.05 mmol/L (10 ± 1 mg/dL), respectively (P &lt; 0.0001), while it remained unchanged in the 0.6-mg and placebo groups. In the 1.2-mg group, HbA1c fell significantly (−0.78 ± 15%, −8.5 ± 1.6 mmol/mol, P &lt; 0.01), while it did not in the 1.8-mg group (−0.42 ± 0.15%, −4.6 ± 1.6 mmol/mol, P = 0.39) and 0.6-mg group (−0.26 ± 0.17%, −2.8 ± 1.9 mmol/mol, P = 0.81) vs. the placebo group (−0.3 ± 0.15%, −3.3 ± 1.6 mmol/mol). Glycemic variability was reduced by 5 ± 1% (P &lt; 0.01) in the 1.2-mg group only. Total daily insulin dose fell significantly only in the 1.2-mg and 1.8-mg groups (P &lt; 0.05). There was a 5 ± 1 kg weight loss in the two higher-dose groups (P &lt; 0.05) and by 2.7 ± 0.6 kg (P &lt; 0.01) in the 0.6-mg group vs. none in the placebo group. In the 1.2- and 1.8-mg groups, postprandial plasma glucagon concentration fell by 72 ± 12% and 47 ± 12%, respectively (P &lt; 0.05). Liraglutide led to higher gastrointestinal adverse events (P &lt; 0.05) and ≤1% increases (not significant) in percent time spent in hypoglycemia (&lt;55 mg/dL, 3.05 mmol/L).

CONCLUSIONS
Addition of 1.2 mg and 1.8 mg liraglutide to insulin over a 12-week period in overweight and obese patients with T1D results in modest reductions of weekly mean glucose levels with significant weight loss, small insulin dose reductions, and frequent gastrointestinal side effects. These findings do not justify the use of liraglutide in all patients with T1D.
Dynamic Changes in Renal Function Are Associated With Major Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Ragot Stéphanie , Saulnier Pierre-Jean , Velho Gilberto , Gand Elise , de Hauteclocque Astrid , Slaoui Yousri , Potier Louis , Sosner Philippe , Halimi Jean-Michel , Zaoui Philippe , Rigalleau Vincent , Fumeron Frederic , Roussel Ronan , Marre Michel , Hadjadj Samy 
Published: May 2016

OBJECTIVE
The pattern of renal function decline prior to cardiovascular (CV) events in type 2 diabetes is not well known. Our aim was to describe the association between renal function trajectories and the occurrence of a CV event.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We considered patients with type 2 diabetes from the SURDIAGENE (Survie, Diabete de type 2 et Genetique) study (discovery cohort) and the DIABHYCAR (Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes, Hypertension, Microalbuminuria or Proteinuria, Cardiovascular Events, and Ramipril) study (replication cohort). Global patterns of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration [CKD-EPI]) and serum creatinine (SCr) prior to a major CV event (MACE) or last update were determined using a linear mixed-effects model and annual individual slopes computed by simple linear regression.

RESULTS
In the 1,040 participants of the discovery cohort, establishment of global patterns including 22,227 SCr over 6.3 years of follow-up showed an annual eGFR decline and an annual SCr increase that were significantly greater in patients with MACE compared with patients without (−3.0 and −1.7 mL/min/1.73 m2/year and +10.7 and +4.0 μmol/L/year, respectively; P &lt; 0.0001 for both). Median annual individual slopes were also significantly steeper in patients with MACE, and adjusted risk of MACE was 4.11 times higher (3.09–5.45) in patients with rapid decline in eGFR (change less than −5 mL/min/1.73 m2/year). Consideration of renal function trajectories provided significant additive information helping to explain the occurrence of MACE for both SCr and eGFR (PIDI &lt; 0.0001 and P = 0.0005, respectively). These results were confirmed in the replication cohort.

CONCLUSIONS
Renal function decline was associated with a higher risk of MACE. The pattern of renal function decline, beyond baseline kidney function, is an independent factor of CV risk.
Synthesis and anti-depressant evaluation of novel pyrazolone derivatives
Authors: Merugumolu Vijay Kumar , Chandrashekara Revanasiddappa Bistuvalli 
Published: May 2016

<p class="Abstract">Diazotization of substituted anilines with NaNO<sub>2</sub> and concentrated hydro-chloric acid at 0ºC gave the diazonium chlorides. Coupling of substituted aryl diazonium chlorides with ethyl acetoacetate in methanol gave ethyl-2-aryl-hydrazono-3-oxobutyrates (2a-h). Reaction of (2a-h) with naphthoic carbohydrazide (3) gave the title compounds pyrazolone derivatives (4a-h). The newly synthesized compounds were screened for their in vivo anti-depressant activity by tail suspension test and forced swimming test. Some of the tested compounds 4f, 4g showed very good activity when compared to the standard drug imipramine. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by physical parameters and the structures were elucidated by spectral data.</p><p><strong>Video Clips</strong></p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/TZtb2a5u4CU">Forced swimming test</a>: 12 min 19 sec</p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/92mFRfBJgBw">Tail suspension test</a>: 8 min 5 sec</p><p> </p>
Strongly asymmetric hybridization barriers shape the origin of a new polyploid species and its hybrid ancestor
Authors: Vallejo‐Marín Mario , Cooley Arielle M. , Lee Michelle Yuequi , Folmer Madison , McKain Michael R. , Puzey Joshua R. 
Published: May 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Hybridization between diploids and tetraploids can lead to new allopolyploid species, often via a triploid intermediate. Viable triploids are often produced asymmetrically, with greater success observed for “maternal‐excess” crosses where the mother has a higher ploidy than the father. Here we investigated the evolutionary origins ofMimulus peregrinus, an allohexaploid recently derived from the triploidM. ×robertsii, to determine whether reproductive asymmetry has shaped the formation of this new species.METHODS:We used reciprocal crosses between the diploid (M. guttatus) and tetraploid (M. luteus) progenitors to determine the viability of triploidM. ×robertsiihybrids resulting from paternal‐ vs. maternal‐excess crosses. To investigate whether experimental results predict patterns seen in the field, we performed parentage analyses comparing natural populations ofM. peregrinusto its diploid, tetraploid, and triploid progenitors. Organellar sequences obtained from pre‐existing genomic data, supplemented with additional genotyping was used to establish the maternal ancestry of multipleM. peregrinusandM. ×robertsiipopulations.KEY RESULTS:We found strong evidence for asymmetric origins ofM. peregrinus, but opposite to the common pattern, with paternal‐excess crosses significantly more successful than maternal‐excess crosses. These results successfully predicted hybrid formation in nature: 111 of 114M. ×robertsiiindividuals, and 27 of 27M. peregrinus, had anM. guttatusmaternal haplotype.CONCLUSION:This study, which includes the firstMimuluschloroplast genome assembly, demonstrates the utility of parentage analysis through genome skimming. We highlight the benefits of complementing genomic analyses with experimental approaches to understand asymmetry in allopolyploid speciation.
Where Is the Nursing?: Baccalaureate Nursing Students' Perceptions of Nontraditional Child Health Clinical Placements
Authors: Studnicka Katie , O'Brien Karen 
Published: May 2016

Background:
Nursing students tend to look forward to their child health clinical placement in a hospital setting. However, there has been a shift away from hospital experiences to nontraditional community settings. When students are notified that the clinical settings are in the community, they often are disappointed. However, on completion of the placement, students' preconceptions about the community setting often have been changed positively.

Method:
This qualitative study using focus groups explored the pre- and postperceptions of nursing students in nontraditional clinical placements.

Results:
The overarching theme was Where Is the Nursing? This theme was underpinned by subthemes of the value of the placement and role (expectations and self-identification as a nurse).

Conclusion:

Participants were able to identify key aspects of nursing (e.g., communication, building relationships), but many of the students did not view these as nursing skills. In addition, some participants had difficulty identifying their roles as nurses. [
J Nurs Educ.
2016;55(6):349–352.]
Nursing Student Work-Study Internship Program: An Academic Partnership
Authors: Wallace Jonalyn 
Published: May 2016

Background:
A large northern California-based integrated health system and five universities partnered to conduct an innovative work-study internship program designed to address the education-to-practice gap for nursing students.

Method:
The nursing student work-study intern-ship program provides prelicensure nursing students with a paid internship in the health system. Interns are exposed to the realities of clinical practice and master learned skills working under the supervision of an RN preceptor.

Results:
Work-study interns reported that participation in the program exposed them to new clinical situations, helped them integrate clinical knowledge and critical thinking skills, improved prioritization and time management skills, and expanded their communication skills within the interprofessional team. Interns cited feeling better equipped to safely and effectively transition into the new graduate role.

Conclusion:

The nursing student work-study program shows how an academic practice partnership can address the education-to-practice gap in an innovative manner. [
J Nurs Educ.
2016;55(6):357–359.]
Evaluation of an Electronic Module for Reconciling Medications in Home Health Plans of Care
Authors: Gibson Bryan , Livnat Yarden , Thraen Iona , Brody Abraham , Rupper Randall , Kramer Heidi 
Published: May 2016

SummaryTransitions in patient care pose an increased risk to patient safety. One way to reduce this risk is to ensure accurate medication reconciliation during the transition. Here we present an evaluation of an electronic medication reconciliation module we developed to reduce the transition risk in patients referred for home healthcare.Nineteen physicians with experience in managing home health referrals were recruited to participate in this within-subjects experiment. Participants completed medication reconciliation for three clinical cases in each of two conditions. The first condition (paper-based) simulated current practice – reconciling medication discrepancies between a paper plan of care (CMS 485) and a simulated Electronic Health Record (EHR). For the second condition (electronic) participants used our medication reconciliation module, which we integrated into the simulated EHR.To evaluate the effectiveness of our medication reconciliation module, we employed repeated measures ANOVA to test the hypotheses that the module will: 1) Improve accuracy by reducing the number of unaddressed medication discrepancies, 2) Improve efficiency by reducing the reconciliation time, 3) have good perceived usability.The improved accuracy hypothesis is supported. Participants left more discrepancies unaddressed in the paper-based condition than the electronic condition, F (1,1) = 22.3, p < 0.0001 (Paper Mean = 1.55, SD = 1.20; Electronic Mean = 0.45, SD = 0.65). However, contrary to our efficiency hypothesis, participants took the same amount of time to complete cases in the two conditions, F (1, 1) =0.007, p = 0.93 (Paper Mean = 258.7 seconds, SD = 124.4; Electronic Mean = 260.4 seconds, SD = 158.9). The usability hypothesis is supported by a composite mean ability and confidence score of 6.41 on a 7-point scale, 17 of 19 participants preferring the electronic system and an SUS rating of 86.5.We present the evaluation of an electronic medication reconciliation module that increases detection and resolution of medication discrepancies compared to a paper-based process. Further work to integrate medication reconciliation within an electronic medical record is warranted.
Napping and Nighttime Sleep: Findings From an Occupation-Based Intervention
Authors: Leland Natalie E. , Fogelberg Donald , Sleight Alix , Mallinson Trudy , Vigen Cheryl , Blanchard Jeanine , Carlson Mike , Clark Florence 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. To describe sleeping behaviors and trends over time among an ethnically diverse group of community-living older adults.
METHOD. A descriptive secondary data analysis of a subsample (n = 217) from the Lifestyle Redesign randomized controlled trial was done to explore baseline napping and sleeping patterns as well as 6-mo changes in these outcomes.
RESULTS. At baseline, the average time sleeping was 8.2 hr daily (standard deviation = 1.7). Among all participants, 29% reported daytime napping at baseline, of which 36% no longer napped at follow-up. Among participants who stopped napping, those who received an occupation-based intervention (n = 98) replaced napping time with nighttime sleep, and those not receiving an intervention (n = 119) experienced a net loss of total sleep (p &lt; .05).
CONCLUSION. Among participants who stopped napping, the occupation-based intervention may be related to enhanced sleep. More research examining the role of occupation-based interventions in improving sleep is warranted.
Bidirectional air–sea exchange and accumulation of POPs (PAHs, PCBs, OCPs and PBDEs) in the nocturnal marine boundary layer
Authors: Lammel Gerhard , Meixner Franz X. , Vrana Branislav , Efstathiou Christos I. , Kohoutek Jiři , Kukučka Petr , Mulder Marie D. , Přibylová Petra , Prokeš Roman , Rusina Tatsiana P. , Song Guo-Zheng , Tsapakis Manolis 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. As a consequence of long-range transported pollution, air–sea exchange can become a major source of persistent organic pollutants in remote marine environments. The vertical gradients in the air were quantified for 14 species, i.e. four parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), three polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), three organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and two polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in the gas-phase at a remote coastal site in the southern Aegean Sea in summer. Most vertical gradients were positive (Δc∕Δz > 0), indicating downward (net depositional) flux. Significant upward (net volatilisational) fluxes were found for three PAHs, mostly during daytime, and for two OCPs, mostly during night-time, as well as for one PCB and one PBDE during part of the measurements. While phenanthrene was deposited, fluoranthene (FLT) and pyrene (PYR) seem to undergo flux oscillation, hereby not following a day–night cycle. Box modelling confirms that volatilisation from the sea surface has significantly contributed to the night-time maxima of OCPs. Fluxes were quantified based on eddy covariance. Deposition fluxes ranged from −28.5 to +1.8 µg m−2 day−1 for PAHs and −3.4 to +0.9 µg m−2 day−1 for halogenated compounds. Dry particle deposition of FLT and PYR did not contribute significantly to the vertical flux.