bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Qualitative and Quantitative Differences Between Resident Peritoneal Mononuclear Phagocytes of Beige and Control Mice
Authors: Strausbauch Paul , Sehgal Nanda , Volkman Alvin 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
A qualitative and quantitative comparison of resident peritoneal macrophages (RPM) from beige (C57BL6Jbg/bg), (bg), and control black (C57BL/6J), (BL), mice has been made. Giant anomalous lysosomes as described for other leukocytes are inconsistently demonstrable. The principal morphological expression of the bg phenotype in RPM is the presence of elongated dumbbell-shaped, horseshoe-shaped, and ring-formed cytoplasmic lysosomes demonstrable by electron microscopy. Detailed analysis indicates that these are probably variations of the same basic structure, a deformed biconcave disc with differences in form resulting from their being cut in various planes of section. Additional structural complexity results from fusion between adjacent lysosomes. Thus the distinctive lysosomes of bg mouse RPM are not totally analogous to those structures described in other cell types.
A morphometric analysis of control RPM compared to those from bg animals shows a significant decrease in the lysosomal volume proportion from 5.8% to 5.0% (P &lt; 0.02) with a corresponding increase in the mitochondrial volume proportion in cells from bg animals (P &lt; 0.05). There are no differences between bg and controls in regard to cellular profile areas, nuclear profile areas, nuclear volume proportions, and the volume to surface ratios of either the average cell or nucleus. This study represents the first compilation by morphometric methods of total granule content in the bg animal and demonstrates the ability of these techniques to detect significant quantitative changes in cells as structurally complex as mononuclear phagocytes.
Killing of Listeria monocytogenes by Inflammatory Neutrophils and Mononuclear Phagocytes From Immune and Nonimmune Mice
Authors: Czuprynski Charles J , Henson Peter M , Campbell Priscilla A 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Acquired resistance to the facultative intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is thought to require immunologically activated macrophages. Using peritoneal exudate cells from nonimmunized mice in a suspension bactericidal assay, however, we found that peritoneal neutrophils obtained early during the inflammatory process (4 hr after elicitation) and macrophages obtained later during inflammation (maximal listericidal activity at 48 hr after elicitation) were able to kill Listeria in vitro. The kinetics of expression of bactericidal activity by inflammatory neutrophils and macrophages against both L monocytogenes and E coli were similar. Although intraperitoneal immunization or intravenous hyperimmunization markedly enhanced resistance of mice to Listeria in vivo, immunization did not increase the ability of inflammatory peritoneal phagocytes to kill Listeria in vitro. However, in response to intraperitoneal injection of proteose-peptone or dead Listeria, immunized mice mobilized more neutrophils and monocytes into the inflamed peritoneum. These data suggest that, rather than systemic activation of mononuclear phagocyte bactericidal activity, increased mobilization of neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes into sites of infection may be of prime importance in resistance to listeriosis.
Macrophage-Mediated Tumor Lysis Induced by Loach Egg Lectin
Authors: Yamazaki Masatoshi , Okutomi Takafumi , Sakakibara Fusao , Kawauchi Hiroaki , Mizuno Den'ichi 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Vertebrate lectin purified from loach egg was tested for induction of tumor lysis mediated by macrophages. Loach egg lectin lysed tumor cells but not normal spleen cells in cooperation with BCG- or glucan (TAK)-elicited peritoneal macrophages of mice. Corynebacterium parvum-, OK432-, glycogen-, lipopolysaccharide-elicited or resident macrophages were not effective. Neither loach egg lectin nor BCG nor glucan macrophages alone had a cytolytic action on tumor cells. Thus, the vertebrate lectin from loach egg is a mediator in macrophage-mediated tumor lysis, inducing binding of macrophages to target cells. This lectin-dependent macrophage-mediated cytolysis (LDMC) was inhibited by galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose, or rhamnose. These results suggest that tumor cells can be recognized via glycoconjugates on cell membrane in addition to tumor-associated antigen and that some animal lectins participate in macrophage-mediated tumor lysis.
Macrophage Activation by Adjuvants in Aging Mice
Authors: Petrequin Pamela R , Johnson Arthur G 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Peritoneal macrophages from young (3–8 mo) and aging (12–29 mo) mice of the C58, BALB/c, C3H/He, C57BI/6J, and B6D2F1 strains were compared for their capacity to become activated by various adjuvants in four assays. In chemiluminescence, activation by phorbol myristic acetate or zymosan of macrophages from aging mice of the C58, BALB/c, and C3H/He strains was increased approximately twofold greater than that of cells from young mice. A reversal of this was seen in the same three strains when measuring activation of phagocytosis by lipopolysaccharide, polyadenylate:polyuridylate (polyA:poly U), or muramyl dipeptide in that increased activity was induced readily in macrophages from young but not aging mice. Similarly, tumoricidal activity of macrophages from young but not aging mice was stimulated 6.0- and 4.4-fold by lipopolysaccharide and poly A:poly U, respectively, in the C58 strain (the only strain studied). Activation by lipopolysaccharide and poly A:poly U of the hexose monophosphate shunt in macrophages from the C58 and C3H/He strains also was significant in young but not aging mice, whereas it occurred in both age groups of the BALB/c and C57B1/6J mice. A reversal of response patterns was observed between aging female virgin and breeder C58 mice in the chemiluminescence and hexose monophosphate shunt assays in that the breeding mice mimicked the young virgin mice.
Monoclonal Antibody to Human Granulocytes: Cellular Specificity and Functional Studies
Authors: Martin Linda S , Gordon David S , Wilson Mark E , Browning Sandra W , Fritz Robert B 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Antigenic specificity and functional studies of G2, a monoclonal antibody to human granulocytes, prepared by fusing spleen cells from immunized Balb/c mice to the nonimmunoglobulin (Ig) secretor line SP2/0, are described. The antibody was reactive with the HL60 and K562 cell lines and with human peripheral blood granulocytes; and unreactive toward human lymphocytes, erythrocytes, a variety of T and B cell lines, as well as toward leukemic cells obtained from patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and acute myelocytic leukemia (AML). The G2 monoclonal antibody identified cell surface antigens on cells from cases of acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMMoL) and on cells from 2 of 12 cases of acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL). G2 was capable of inhibiting oxygen consumption by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) stimulated with aggregated human immunoglobulin (IgG), opsonized zymosan, f-met-leu-phe (FMLP), and the calcium ionophore A23187. Inhibition of the PMNL response to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and digitonin was dependent upon the dose of the stimulant. G2 should facilitate elucidation of the mechanisms of granulocyte membrane perturbation and subsequent activation of various functions via a selective interaction with key cell surface antigens.
High Incidence of Langerhans Cells in Lymph Nodes of Athymic Nude Mice: An Ultrastructural and Morphometric Study
Authors: Maruyama T , Hasegawa T , Kobayashi F , Tanaka S , Uda H 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Cervical and axillary lymph nodes of athymic nude mice were compared morphometrically and ultrastructurally with those of normal littermates. The lymph nodes of the nude mice were larger and the volumes of the follicle, paracortex, and medulla of the lymph nodes were all larger. The paracortex of nude mice had few lymphocytes and a large number of interdigitating cells (IDC) and Langerhans cells (Lc). The results suggest that the high incidence of Lc and IDC in the lymph nodes of nude mice is due to cell accumulation and not lymphocyte depletion.
Stimulation of Diploid Fibroblast Growth With Serum-Free Medium Conditioned by Mezerein-Treated Monocytic Leukemia Cells
Authors: Gaffney Edwin V , Tsai Shiow-Chuan , Lingenfelter Susan E , Dell'Aquila Marie L , Gonda Janice E 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Medium conditioned by mezerein-treated human acute monocytic leukemia cells (THP-1) stimulated human fibroblast replication. Maximum mitogenic activity was elaborated by THP-1 cells with a 24-hr incubation in 10–7 M mezerein (activator phase) followed by a 36-hr incubation in insulin-supplemented serum-free Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI)-1640 medium (effector phase). Growth stimulation was not due to the presence of residual mezerein. We previously reported that leukemia cells also produced a growth inhibitor. Fibroblast stimulation was resolved by isoelectrofocusing into several active fractions separate from the growth inhibitory activity for malignant mammary cells. Conditioned medium was mitogenic for fibroblasts in the presence of high concentrations of fetal bovine and human whole blood sera. Growth stimulation was observed in plasma-derived serum only when supplemented with exogenous platelet-derived growth factor. Thus, this THP-1 cell product does not fulfill the role of a competence factor.
Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy As Tools for the Study of Phagocytosis of Bacteria Adherent to Hard Surfaces
Authors: Leake Eva S , Gristina Anthony G , Wright Mary J 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
A technique for studying the phagocytosis of bacteria colonizing hard surfaces is described. Rabbit peritoneal macrophages were allowed to settle on the surface of high-molecular-weight polyethylene which had been previously colonized by Escherichia coli. To ascertain the presence of bacteria on the surface of the polyethylene and the degree of spreading of the attached macrophages, the preparations were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The ingestion of E. coli by the macrophages was studied by transmission electron microscopy on ultrathin sections of resin-embedded monolayers after their separation from the polyethylene surface. Numerous intracellular bacteria were located near the area of attachment of the macrophages to the substrata, suggesting that the phagocytosis of bacteria adherent to the surface of the plastic had taken place.
Suppression of the In Vitro Specific Antibody Response by 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in the Mouse
Authors: Shopp George M , Munson Albert E 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), has several effects on the immune system. The effect of TPA on the in vitro antibody response to sheep red blood cells (sRBC) was studied. Spleen cells treated in vitro with TPA resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of the IgM antibody forming cell (AFC) response with an IC50 of 0.74 nM. Nontumor promoting analogs at concentrations up to 1000 nM had no effect on this system. 2-Mercaptoethanol (2ME), which is known to augment macrophage function in this assay, did not reverse the inhibition. Spleen cells were separated into plastic adherent cells (ADC) and nonadherent cells (NAC). When NAC were treated with TPA and cultured with untreated ADC, the inhibition was seen. However, treating the ADC alone did not result in an inhibition. These results show that TPA will suppress the in vitro antibody response in the mouse and that the suppression is due to a selective effect on the plastic nonadherent cell population. The study of these effects of TPA may allow us to gain insight into the mechanism of its tumor promoting activity and to use it as a tool to study the modulation of the immune system.
Reticuloendothelial System Response to Hyperlipidemia in Rhesus and Cynomolgus Monkeys
Authors: Davis Harry R , Vesselinovitch Dragoslava , Wissler Robert W 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
A detailed study of the effect of various periods of hyperlipidemia on the reticuloendothelial system (RES) lipid accumulation in rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys was conducted. The cynomolgus serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were on the average more elevated than the rhesus levels throughout a 12-month period when both species were fed a diet containing 12.5% coconut oil, 12.5% butter fat, and 2% cholesterol. After cynomolgus monkeys were fed this diet, their reticuloendothelial system became more lipid laden than that of the rhesus monkeys, in both the liver and the spleen. This was also true for the circulating monocytes. Furthermore, the parenchymal cells of the cynomolgus livers also become more fat filled, and chemical analyses demonstrated more cholesterol (total, free, and esterified) and triglycerides in the liver and the spleen. Xanthomata development in the cynomolgus, although similar in type and distribution, was more extensive than that in the rhesus monkey after similar periods of experimental diet feeding. Therefore, the RES of two species of macaque monkeys are affected differently when challenged with the same high fat, high cholesterol diet, with the cynomolgus RES being much more involved with lipid and cholesterol storage than the rhesus RES.
Production of Growth Factor Activity for Fibroblasts by Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages
Authors: Leslie Christina C , Musson Robert A , Henson Peter M 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Macrophages, derived from human monocytes by in vitro culture, released a growth factor for rabbit lung fibroblasts. The release of growth factor was increased following stimulation with both soluble (lipopolysaccharide and phor-bol myristate acetate) and particulate (opsonized zymosan) substances. Production of the growth factor activity was dependent on the length of time the monocytes were in culture, the presence of serum during the period of monocyte maturation, and macrophage protein synthesis. The inability of serum-deprived monocytes to produce growth factor could be reversed by adding back serum. Eicosatetraynoic acid and dexamethasone but not indomethacin inhibited the production of growth factor suggesting that arachidonic acid metabolites other than prostaglandins may regulate growth factor production.
Fluorescent Markers for Studying Phagosome-Lysosome Fusion
Authors: Goren Mayer B , Swendsen C L , Fiscus Judith , Miranti Cynthia 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Lysosomotropic fluorescent aminoacridines such as acridine orange and quin- acrine have achieved prominence as markers for studying lysosome-phago- some fusion, especially in macrophages. Experiments described demonstrate that because the aminoacridines traverse biological membranes with facility, they diffuse throughout the system, and ultimately accumulate intra- or extra- cellularly where they are most efficiently bound. Their presence or absence in phagosomes is therefore not unequivocally indicative of fusion or nonfusion. Alternative fluorescent lysosomal markers are described, and systems defined for which the aminoacridines may probably be used with confidence.
Fibronectin-Enhanced Attachment of Gelatin-Coated Erythrocytes to Isolated Hepatic Kupffer Cells
Authors: Cardarelli Pina M , Blumenstock Frank A , Saba Thomas M , Rourke F James 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The phagocytic process is a combination of a sequence of events which includes a recognition attachment phase and a subsequent internalization phase. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of plasma fibronectin on the attachment and ingestion of gelatinized sheep erythrocytes to isolated rat Kupffer cells in a monolayer assay. Kupffer cells were isolated by sequential collagenase-pronase digestion followed by metrizamide density gradient centrifugation and subsequent adherence to plastic. Classification as Kupffer cells was confirmed by the presence of functional Fc receptors, a positive peroxidase reaction, and phagocytic activity. Purified plasma fibronectin as well as rat serum containing fibronectin promoted attachment of gelatinized fixed sheep erythrocytes to Kupffer cells in a dose-dependent manner, whereas fibronectin-deficient serum did not. Heparin did not enhance the fibronectin-mediated attachment or ingestion of gelatinized sheep erythrocytes at lower particle doses, whereas at higher particle doses heparin augmented the response. These results indicate that fibronectin can enhance the binding and ingestion of foreign gelatin-coated particulates by Kupffer cells.
Phospholipase A2 Activity of Fcγ2b Receptors of Thioglycollate-Elicited Murine Peritoneal Macrophages
Authors: Nitta Toshimasa , Saito-Taki Tatsuo , Suzuki Tsuneo 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The detergent lysate of plastic adherent cell population of thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal exudate cells from 100 individual Swiss mice was subjected to affinity chromatography on two different media, Sepharose coupled to heat- aggregated human IgG (IgG-Sepharose) and Sepharose coupled to the phosphatidylcholine analog, rac-1 -(9-carboxyl)nonyl-2-hexadecy1glycero-3-phos- phorylcholine (PC-Sepharose). Both IgG- and PC-binding proteins were further purified by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and isoelectric focusing in the presence of 6M urea. Both IgG- and PC-binding proteins thus purified appear to be homogeneous in size as well as charge properties. The IgG-binding proteins of a molecular weight of 25,000 had an isoelectric point of 4.8, whereas the PC-binding proteins of a molecular weight of 42,000 were more basic and had an isoelectric point of 6.0. Both materials retained their IgG-binding capabilities as judged by their inhibitory capacity of murine EAγ rosetting systems. The subclass specificities of the IgG- and the PC-binding proteins were for lgG2a and lgG2b, respectively. The PC-binding proteins possessed a typical phospholipase A2 activity, which was maximal at pH 9.5, depended on Ca++, and was specific for cleavage of fatty acid from the sn-2 position of phosphatidylcholine. The bindiong of aggregated lgG2b to the PC-binding proteins caused the ninefold increase in noted enzymatic activity in the presence of, but not in the absence of, Ca+ + (5mM). The IgG-binding proteins on the other hand, lacked any detectable phospholipase A2 activity. Thus, the biochemical and biological properties of the PC- and IgG-binding proteins isolated from murine peritoneal macrophages are essentially identical to those homologous proteins previously isolated from P388D1 cells [20].
Characterization of Purified Cryopreserved Human Monocyte Function in Assays of Superoxide Production, Accessory Cell Function, Chemotaxis, and in Fluorescent Cell Sorter Analysis
Authors: Stevenson Henry C , Bonvini Ezio , Favilla Teresa , Miller Paul , Akiyama Yukio , Hoffman Thomas , Oldham Robert , Kanapa Dorothy 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The ability to use highly purified cryopreserved human monocytes in various in vitro assays has a number of practical and theoretical advantages, including convenience and the potential for enhanced reproducibility. Large numbers (up to 1 × 109) human monocytes can be isolated from a single donor in a purified suspension state, by a combination of leukapheresis and counter- current centrifugal elutriation (CCE) technologies. Following short- and long- term periods of cryopreservation, the viability and phagocytic function of these CCE-purified monocytes was unimpaired. Cryopreserved monocytes were similar to fresh cells in their ability to release superoxide anion (O2), although unstimulated and stimulated Of release values tended to increase slightly following weeks to months of cryopreservation. In contrast, even short-term cryopreservation diminished both the random migration and chemotactic responses of human monocytes; however, cryopreserved monocytes could be employed in this assay provided the calculated chemotactic ratio (chemotactic migration/spontaneous migration) was used. Cryopreserved monocytes demonstrate 70% of fresh monocyte accessory cell function in pokeweed mitogen- induced lymphocyte proliferation assays. When the binding of OKT3, OKM1, anti-DR, and fluoresceinated pokeweed mitogen to monocytes was analyzed in the fluorescence activator cell sorter (FACS), cryopreserved and fresh monocytes displayed a similar pattern of membrane reactivity.
The Iron-Hydrogen Peroxide-Iodide System Is Fungicidal: Activity Against the Yeast Phase of Blastomyces dermatitidis
Authors: Sugar Alan M , Chahal Resham S , Brummer Elmer , Stevens David A 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
A series of experiments show the potency of a newly described microbicidal system, involving iron, H2O2, and halide, in killing a fungus (Blastomyces dermatitidis). B dermatitidis has previously been shown susceptible to the myeloperoxidase-H2O2 halide system. The present studies show killing of either of two strains in 1 hour if Fe+ + at 5 × 10−5M, H2O2 at 5 × 10−M and Kl at 5 × 10−4M are all present (P &lt; 0.001). EDTA, a Fe++ chelator, abrogates killing. The mechanism presumably utilizes hydroxyl radical, since an inhibitor, ethanol, also neutralizes the system. The bactericidal and fungicidal system is of great potential importance in vivo.
Deficient Kupffer Cell Phagocytosis and Lysosomal Enzymes in the Endotoxin-Low- Responsive C3H/HeJ Mouse
Authors: McCuskey Robert S , Urbaschek Renate , McCuskey Patricia A , Sacco Nancy , Stauber William T , Pinkstaff Carlin A , Urbaschek Bernhard 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Various substances, including lysosomal enzymes, are produced by Kupffer cells and other macrophages; their release has been implicated in the toxic response to endotoxins. C3H/HeJ mice exhibit little or no response to doses of endotoxin that are lethal in syngeneic C3HeB/FeJ mice. To explore the nature of this deficient response, the Kupffer cells of these mice were studied using in vivo microscopic as well as histochemical and electron microscopical methods. In vivo, the rate of phagocytosis of single 0.8 μ m latex particles was measured in individual Kupffer cells as was the number of phagocytic cells per microscopic field. Frozen sections of livers were stained for a variety of lysosomal enzymes and liver specimens also were processed for electron microscopy. In comparison to the endotoxin-sensitive C3HeB/FeJ mice, the livers of the C3H/HeJ mice contained 60% fewer Kupffer cells that phagocytosed latex. However, the rate of phagocytosis by these cells was not statistically different and ranged from 19–26 sec. The volume density of acid-phosphatase-positive Kupffer cells was 40% less in the C3H/HeJ mice. Similar differences were observed with other lysosomal enzymes including cathepsins B and H and dipeptidyl peptidases I and II. However, light and electron microscopy revealed a relatively normal number of Kupffer cells in livers stained for peroxidase, a nonlysosomal enzyme. The results suggest that the insensitivity of C3H/HeJ mice to endotoxin may be related in part to a lysosomal enzyme deficiency and a paucity of phagocytic Kupffer cells in these animals.