bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic potential of NADPH oxidase 1/4 inhibitors
Authors: Teixeira G , Szyndralewiez C , Molango S , Carnesecchi S , Heitz F , Wiesel P , Wood J M 
Published: June 2016

The NADPH oxidase (NOX) family of enzymes produces ROS as their sole function and is becoming recognized as key modulators of signal transduction pathways with a physiological role under acute stress and a pathological role after excessive activation under chronic stress. The seven isoforms differ in their regulation, tissue and subcellular localization and ROS products. The most studied are NOX1, 2 and 4. Genetic deletion of NOX1 and 4, in contrast to NOX2, has revealed no significant spontaneous pathologies and a pathogenic relevance of both NOX1 and 4 across multiple organs in a wide range of diseases and in particular inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. This has stimulated interest in NOX inhibitors for therapeutic application. GKT136901 and GKT137831 are two structurally related compounds demonstrating a preferential inhibition of NOX1 and 4 that have suitable properties for in vivo studies and have consequently been evaluated across a range of disease models and compared with gene deletion. In contrast to gene deletion, these inhibitors do not completely suppress ROS production, maintaining some basal level of ROS. Despite this and consistent with most gene deletion studies, these inhibitors are well tolerated and slow or prevent disease progression in a range of models of chronic inflammatory and fibrotic diseases by modulating common signal transduction pathways. Clinical trials in patients with GKT137831 have demonstrated excellent tolerability and reduction of various markers of chronic inflammation. NOX1/4 inhibition may provide a safe and effective therapeutic strategy for a range of inflammatory and fibrotic diseases.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Redox Biology and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.12/issuetoc
Effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of a brief school‐based group programme for parents of children at risk of ADHD: a cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: Sayal K. , Taylor J. A. , Valentine A. , Guo B. , Sampson C. J. , Sellman E. , James M. , Hollis C. , Daley D. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundNational Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines recommend a stepped care approach for the identification and management of children with, or at risk of, attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We investigated the effectiveness, cost‐effectiveness and acceptability of a group parenting intervention programme (+/− a teacher session) for children at risk of ADHD.MethodsIn a three‐arm cluster randomised controlled trial, 12 primary schools were randomly assigned to control, parent‐only and combined (parent + teacher) intervention arms. Eligible children had high levels of parent‐rated hyperactivity/inattention (n = 199). At 6 month follow‐up, the primary outcome measure was the parent‐completed Conners' Rating Scale – Revised (ADHD index). Secondary outcomes included the Conners' sub‐scales (hyperactivity, cognitive problems/inattention and oppositional behaviour), the teacher‐completed Conners' Rating Scale – Revised, child health‐related quality of life, parental burden and parental mental health. The cost‐effectiveness analyses reflected a health and personal social services perspective. Trial Registration: ISRCTN87634685.ResultsFollow‐up data were obtained from 76 parents and 169 teachers. There was no effect of the parent‐only (mean difference = −1.1, 95% CI −5.1,2.9;p = 0.57) or combined interventions (mean difference = −2.1, 95% CI −6.4,2.1;p = 0.31) on the ADHD index. The combined intervention was associated with reduced parent‐reported hyperactivity symptoms (mean difference = −5.3; 95% CI −10.5,−0.01;p = 0.05) and the parent‐only intervention with improved parental mental health (mean difference = −1.9; 95% CI −3.2,−0.5;p = 0.009). The incremental costs of the parent‐only and the combined interventions were £73 and £123, respectively. Above a willingness‐to‐pay of £31 per one‐point improvement in the ADHD index, the parent‐only programme had the highest probability of cost‐effectiveness. Participants found the interventions acceptable.ConclusionsFor children at risk of ADHD, this school‐based parenting programme was not associated with improvement in core ADHD symptoms. Secondary analyses suggested a possible reduction in parent‐reported hyperactivity and parental mental health problems. Future research should compare targeted interventions against watchful waiting and specialist referral.
Associations between parents' perception of neighbourhood environments and safety with physical activity of primary school children in Klang, Selangor, Malaysia
Authors: Tung S. E. H. , Ng X. H. , Chin Y. S. , Mohd Taib M. N. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryBackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate parental perception of neighbourhood environments and safety in association with children's physical activity among primary school children in Klang, Selangor, Malaysia.MethodsA total of 250 children (9–12 years of age) and their parents participated in this cross‐sectional study. Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children and Neighbourhood Environmental Walkability Scale as well as questions on constrained behaviours (avoidance and defensive behaviours) were used to assess the children's physical activity and parental perception of neighbourhood environment and safety, respectively.ResultsMore than one‐third (36.0%) of the children were physically inactive compared with only a small percentage (4.8%) who were physically active, with boys achieving higher physical activity levels than girls (t = 2.564, P = 0.011). For the environmental scale, parents' perception of land‐use mix (access) (r = 0.173, P = 0.006), traffic hazards (r = −0.152, P = 0.016) and defensive behaviour (r = −0.024, P = 0.143) correlated significantly with children's physical activity. In multiple linear regression analysis, child's gender (β = −0.226; P = 0.003), parent's education (β = 0.140; P = 0.001), household income (β = 0.151; P = 0.024), land‐use mix (access) (β = 0.134; P = 0.011) and defensive behaviour (β = −0.017; P = 0.038) were significantly associated with physical activity in children (R = 0.349, F = 6.760; P < 0.001), contributing 12.2% of the variances in physical activity of the children.ConclusionResults highlight the links between parental perception of neighbourhood environments, safety and constrained behaviours with their children's participation in active play. Interventions aimed to increase actual and perceived safety and reduce perceptions of risk by parents in safe neighbourhoods can be targeted to increase children's physical activity in their local neighbourhoods.
Children referred for evaluation for ADHD: comorbidity profiles and characteristics associated with a positive diagnosis
Authors: Efron D. , Bryson H. , Lycett K. , Sciberras E. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe symptoms of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are non‐specific, and a range of possible causes and comorbidities need to be considered in children referred for assessment.ObjectiveTo examine the factors associated with ADHD diagnosis following multidisciplinary assessment.MethodsChildren underwent multidisciplinary evaluation including parent and teacher questionnaires; semi‐structured interview to screen for internalizing and externalizing diagnoses; paediatric, psychology and special education assessments; and case conference. Predictors of ADHD diagnosis were examined in univariable and multivariable logistic regression models.ResultsData from 190 assessments (82% male, mean age 6.8 years) were included. ADHD was diagnosed in 132 (70%) cases, of which 77% had one or more comorbidities. In children not diagnosed with ADHD, 60% had one or more alternate diagnosis made. Teacher‐reported ADHD symptom severity and learning difficulties were the strongest predictors of ADHD diagnosis. The pattern of comorbid/alternative diagnoses was similar between those diagnosed with ADHD and those not diagnosed with ADHD.ConclusionsDirect report from teachers is the most critical element of the clinical dataset for the evaluation for ADHD. These findings emphasize the importance of cross‐situational impairment to ADHD diagnosis. The frequency and similarity of diagnoses in both groups highlight the overlapping nature of childhood developmental disorders, and the importance of evaluating for comorbid disorders regardless of the primary diagnosis.
Massacre of the innocents in Cardiocondyla thoracica: Manipulation by adult ant males incites workers to kill their immature rivals
Authors: Heinze Jürgen , Seifert Bernhard , Zieschank Verena 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWingless males of the ant genus Cardiocondyla exhibit a remarkable range of intrasexual competition, from mutual tolerance among males in the colonies of some species to regular lethal fighting in the nests of others. Here, we describe male–male antagonism in Cardiocondyla thoracica (Smith, 1859) from Northern Australia. Males appear to widely ignore adult competitors, but grab defenseless, young rivals during or immediately after emergence and daub them with hindgut secretion. This fluid elicits fatal worker aggression against the besmeared individual. Besmearing and subsequent worker aggression is known from other species of Cardiocondyla but is usually directed towards adult contenders, whereas males kill freshly eclosing males by biting or dismembering. The behavior of C. thoracica males thus constitutes a novel nuance of rival elimination.
Gingival Toll‐like receptor and cytokine messenger RNA levels in equine periodontitis and oral health
Authors: Kennedy R. , Lappin D. F. , Dixon P. M. , Bennett D. , Riggio M. P. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryReasons for performing studyEquine periodontitis is a common and painful condition. However, the disease often goes unnoticed by owners and is thus a major welfare concern. The aetiopathogenesis of the condition remains poorly understood and has been investigated in few studies. The innate immune system is known to play an important role in human periodontitis, but its role in equine periodontitis has not been examined.ObjectivesTo quantify the messenger (m)RNA levels of Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) and cytokines in gingival tissue from orally healthy horses and those affected by periodontitis.Study designObservational study.MethodsGingival tissue samples were taken post‐mortem from 13 horses with no clinical signs of oral disease and 20 horses with periodontitis. mRNA levels of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 and cytokines interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐12, IL‐17 and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) were determined using quantitative real‐time PCR. The statistical significance of results was assessed using appropriate t tests.ResultsmRNA levels of all TLRs and cytokines were upregulated in equine periodontitis. Significant increases in mRNA levels of TLR2, TLR9, IL‐4, IL‐10, IL‐12 (P≤0.05) and IFN‐γ (P≤0.01) were observed for both unweighted and age‐weighted analyses of diseased gingival tissue samples compared with healthy gingival samples. In comparisons of samples of periodontitis lesions with healthy gingival control samples from the same horse, significant increases in mRNA levels of TLR4, TLR9, IL‐10, IFN‐γ (P≤0.05), TLR2, IL‐1β and IL‐12p35 (P≤0.01) were observed.ConclusionsThis study has provided an initial insight into the involvement of the immune system in equine periodontitis. Increased mRNA levels of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 indicate substantial microbial challenge in diseased gingival tissue. A mixed Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine response is produced in equine periodontitis. Further studies are required to more fully characterise the role of the innate immune system in this disease.
Toward a predictive macrosystems framework for migration ecology
Authors: Kelly Jeffrey F. , Horton Kyle G. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractConcern about the sustainability of intercontinental‐scale migration systems grows apace with global change. Traditional organism‐centred approaches to this problem have provided insights at the population level, but not at the systems level. We are sceptical that an accumulation of data from a species‐by‐species approach will yield an understanding of these systems in the near term. As an alternative, we advocate a new research programme that grows from an explicitly system‐based framework that leverages existing Earth observation infrastructure to make inferences directly at the macrosystem level. We illustrate how this approach can be used to generate and test system‐level predictions, using NEXRAD radar data as an example. We urge organismal ecologists to recognize that some of the most urgent migration questions are at the macrosystem scale and that tackling these questions requires an interdisciplinary approach if we are to make progress at a pace that exceeds that of climate change.
Do biological traits drive geographical patterns in European amphibians?
Authors: Trakimas Giedrius , Whittaker Robert J. , Borregaard Michael K. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimsThe present‐day biogeography of European amphibians has been hypothesized to have arisen from range expansion and recolonization of the northern part of the continent from southern late Pleistocene refugia, such that northern species generally possess large ranges while southerly species are mostly small‐ranged. Here we test the hypothesis that these patterns are likely to be underpinned by biological traits associated with dispersal ability. We do this by analysing data for anurans and urodeles, the two main groups of European amphibians.LocationEurope.MethodsWe built a database of biological traits (body size, fecundity, life span, habitat specialization) of European amphibians, excluding island endemics. We mapped the basic macroecological patterns of range size and position, and analysed the causal pathways for range size using structural equation models (SEMs).ResultsAmphibian species with a small range size are largely restricted to areas in southern Europe associated with putative Pleistocene refugia. Those present in northern Europe are exclusively large‐ranged species whose distributions extend all the way from southern Europe. SEMs explained 54% of range size variation for anurans, with long life span and high fecundity being influential explanatory variables, and explained 61% of range size variation within urodeles, with measures of species fecundity being influential.Main conclusionsSpecies that have successfully recolonized the north following deglaciation have the largest ranges for both groups of amphibians. These large‐ranged species generally possess traits that indicate the potential for rapid range expansion, with differences apparent in the balance of traits between anurans and urodeles. The traits linked to northern distributions (and large range size) appear to be a mix of r and K traits, indicating that intermediate life‐history strategies have proved to be optimal for range expansion into northern regions. These results integrate species biology with geographical history in explaining present‐day patterns of species distribution, range size and diversity.
Pain Paroxysms With Coronal Radiation: Case Series and Proposal of a New Variant of Epicrania Fugax
Authors: Casas‐Limón Javier , Cuadrado María L. , Ruiz Marina , Martínez Elena , Gutiérrez‐Viedma Álvaro , Ordás Carlos M. , Guerrero Ángel L. 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveWe aim to report 4 patients with brief pain paroxysms whose clinical features remind of typical epicrania fugax (EF), except for the direction along a transverse trajectory.BackgroundEF has been defined as a brief paroxysmal head pain, with stabbing quality, describing a linear or zig‐zag trajectory across the surface of one hemicranium.MethodsWe considered all patients attending the headache outpatient office at 3 tertiary hospitals from March 2008 to December 2015. We identified a total of 4 cases with dynamic pain paroxysms moving in coronal direction.ResultsThe mean age at onset was 49 years (range 34–75). All the patients suffered a dynamic pain from parietal or temporal areas to the contralateral ones, crossing the midline in a linear or zig zag trajectory, the entire sequence lasting 2–3 seconds. No triggers were identified. One patient noticed mild interictal tenderness at the stemming point. The frequency of the attacks varied from 2 per week to 1 every 2 months. No underlying disorders were identified by physical and neurological exams and neuroimaging and laboratory tests.ConclusionsOur patients presented with a paroxysmal head pain that might correspond to a transverse variant of EF. These observations may not only expand the EF phenotype but also reinforce the distinction between EF and pericranial neuralgias.
A cross‐national validation of a new retail customer equity model
Authors: Yoon Sungjoon , Oh Jong‐Chul 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis study aims to examine retail customers of China and Korea with a view to understanding the differences in the effects of customer equity on perceived store loyalty. We built a modified model of retail customer equity incorporating three drivers of retail customer equity (experience equity, brand equity and relationship equity), and further substantiate the relationships among the three equity drivers. For this purpose, we measured the customer equity of large scale discount stores located in China and Korea.The result shows that experience equity and brand equity significantly influence customer loyalty, whereas relationship equity does not. The relationships among the three drivers of customer equity revealed that experience equity significantly affects both brand and relationship equities, but relationship equity does not significantly affect brand equity. Based on country level analysis, on Korean side the experience equity influences relationship equity, brand equity and store loyalty, whereas on Chinese side, experience equity influences relationship equity and brand equity,
Coping, adapting or self‐managing – what is the difference? A concept review based on the neurological literature
Authors: Audulv Åsa , Packer Tanya , Hutchinson Susan , Roger Kerstin S. , Kephart George 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to report: (1) an analysis of the concepts of coping, adaptation and self‐management in the context of managing a neurological condition; and (2) the overlap between the concepts.BackgroundThe three concepts are often confused or used interchangeably. Understanding similarities and differences between concepts will avoid misunderstandings in care. The varied and often unpredictable symptoms and degenerative nature of neurological conditions make this an ideal population in which to examine the concepts.DesignConcept analysis.Data sourcesArticles were extracted from a large literature review about living with a neurological condition. The original searches were conducted using SCOPUS, EMBASE, CINAHL and Psych INFO. Seventy‐seven articles met the inclusion criteria of: (1) original article concerning coping, adaptation or self‐management of a neurological condition; (2) written in English; and (3) published between 1999–2011.MethodsThe concepts were examined according to Morse's concept analysis method; structural elements were then compared.ResultsCoping and adaptation to a neurological condition showed statistically significant overlap with a common focus on internal management. In contrast, self‐management appears to focus on disease‐controlling and health‐related management strategies. Coping appears to be the most mature concept, whereas self‐management is least coherent in definition and application.ConclusionAll three concepts are relevant for people with neurological conditions. Healthcare teams need to be cautious when using these terms to avoid miscommunication and to ensure clients have access to all needed interventions. Viewing the three concepts as a complex whole may be more aligned with client experience.
The role of environment and core‐margin effects on range‐wide phenotypic variation in a montane grasshopper
Authors: Noguerales V. , García‐Navas V. , Cordero P. J. , Ortego J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe integration of genetic information with ecological and phenotypic data constitutes an effective approach to gain insight into the mechanisms determining interpopulation variability and the evolutionary processes underlying local adaptation and incipient speciation. Here, we use the Pyrenean Morales grasshopper (Chorthippus saulcyi moralesi) as study system to (i) analyse the relative role of genetic drift and selection in range‐wide patterns of phenotypic differentiation and (ii) identify the potential selective agents (environment, elevation) responsible for variation. We also test the hypothesis that (iii) the development of dispersal‐related traits is associated with different parameters related to population persistence/turnover, including habitat suitability stability over the last 120 000 years, distance to the species distribution core and population genetic variability. Our results indicate that selection shaped phenotypic differentiation across all the studied morphological traits (body size, forewing length and shape). Subsequent analyses revealed that among‐population differentiation in forewing length was significantly explained by a temperature gradient, suggesting an adaptive response to thermoregulation or flight performance under contrasting temperature regimes. We found support for our hypothesis predicting a positive association between the distance to the species distribution core and the development of dispersal‐related morphology, which suggests an increased dispersal capability in populations located at range edges that, in turn, exhibit lower levels of genetic variability. Overall, our results indicate that range‐wide patterns of phenotypic variation are partially explained by adaptation in response to local environmental conditions and differences in habitat persistence between core and peripheral populations.