bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legislative Competence
Authors: Niranjan V. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the law of legislative competence in India. After providing an overview of legislative competence in the Indian Constitution, it explains the distinction between legislative power (‘competence’) and the exercise of legislative power (‘repugnance’). In particular, it considers early clashes in the money-lending litigation, the argument of Sir Walter Monckton KC and the Advice of Lord Porter in the Prafulla Kumar Mukherjee case, and the birth of ‘aspect theory’ in Indian law. It then explores how competence and repugnance have impacted the legislative relationship between the States and the Union. It argues that the failure to separate competence and repugnance has given rise to new ‘doctrines’ in India, including aspect theory, and concludes by revisiting a long-standing controversy in Indian law about the applicability of Article 254(1) to legislation outside the Concurrent List.
Local Government
Authors: Sivaramakrishnan K. C. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the constitutional framework for the structure of local government in India, particularly the background, scope, and content of the Seventy-third and Seventy-fourth Constitutional Amendments, 1992 to the Indian Constitution. The Seventy-third Amendment required States to create self-governing, elected village councils, or panchayats, while the Seventy-fourth Amendment required the creation of elected municipalities in urban areas. The history of local self-government in India is discussed, before turning to a discussion of the constitutional position of local government in the country after Independence. The constitutional and statutory provisions on local government are considered, along with the motivations and the context behind the Seventy-third and Seventy-fourth Constitutional Amendments. The chapter explores issues of structure and implementation in local government, the functions and powers of local governments, and the case of industrial townships. Finally, it evaluates the functions and powers of local bodies and their place in the federal framework.
Life and Personal Liberty
Authors: Surendranath Anup 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter considers the ‘right to life and personal liberty’ guaranteed in Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. It provides an account of the content of this right, the way in which its meaning has developed and been understood, and the shape the jurisprudence in this area has taken. It explores certain specific guarantees that have been recognized under the right, and the way in which the right has been expanded, including through the Supreme Court’s emphasis on dignity. It considers debates on the hierarchy of rights and concerns that remain on the nature and meaning of this guarantee within Indian constitutional law.
Free Speech and Expression
Authors: Liang Lawrence 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the place of the right to freedom of speech and expression within Indian constitutionalism. After reviewing the classical normative arguments for free speech, it considers how the domain of speech is related to colonial continuity, sedition, and public order. It discusses the scope of Article19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution with respect to free speech, as well as the Indian Supreme Court’s successes and failures in its efforts to expand the domain of speech. It explores the democracy argument as the primary justification used by the courts in free speech cases, and its consequences. Finally, it looks at the standards for determining reasonableness, hate speech, and obscenity, and argues that the idea of a deliberative democracy must be supplemented with the concept of agonistic politics to enrich and strengthen the free speech tradition that has evolved in the past six decades.
Government Contracts
Authors: Varottil Umakanth 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the Indian constitutional position relating to the formation of contracts and the substantive elements of government contracting. In particular, it considers the key issues and controversies surrounding government contracts and the contracting power of the government. It first discusses the formation of contracts to which the government is a party, along with the circumstances when the government can enter into a contract that binds it into a contractual obligation. It then describes the manner in which the government arrives at a decision to enter into—or award—a contract with (or to) a specific individual or business. It also comments on the nature and extent of judicial review of government contracting. Finally, it explains how the Indian Supreme Court has struck a balance to protect public interest from unauthorised government contracts, while also providing protection to contracting parties to a certain extent.
Impact of Surgical Specialty on Outcomes Following Carotid Endarterectomy
Authors: Lieber Bryan A. , Henry Jensen K. , Agarwal Nitin , Day John D. , Morris Thomas W. , Stephens Marcus L. , Abla Adib A. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The impact of surgeon specialty on outcomes following carotid endarterectomy (CEA) has been widely debated within the literature. Previous studies on this subject are often limited by small sample sizes, single-intuition designs, variability in patients and procedures, and potential confounding factors such as institution type and volume.

OBJECTIVE: To identify similarities and differences between surgeon specialties in postoperative stroke and mortality rates for patients undergoing unilateral CEAs by utilizing a large, multicenter prospective database.

METHODS: We utilized a large national prospective database (National Surgical Quality Inpatient database) and investigated all patients with a 1-sided, surgically naïve CEA, performed by either a general, vascular, cardiothoracic, or neurological surgeon. We employed a logistic regression analysis to control for the most salient variables identified via univariate analysis. Our primary outcomes were all-cause mortality and stroke.

RESULTS: There were 42 369 patients included across all specialties. Patients from each specialty were similar in demographics but varied in medical history. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that among the specialties only general surgeons had significantly greater postoperative stroke rates (2.3%) when compared to vascular surgeons (1.5%; P = .003, odds ratio [OR] 1.574, confidence interval [CI]: 1.168-2.121). In contrast, surgical specialty was not a significant risk factor for 30-d postoperative mortality (0% in cardiothoracic surgeons; 0.8% in vascular surgeons; 1.1% in general surgeons; 1.8% in neurosurgeons; Cardiothoracic surgeons: P = .995, OR: 0 [no incidences of mortality]; neurosurgeon: P = .118, OR: 0.2057, CI: 0.833-2.057; general surgeon P = .210, OR: 1.326, CI: 1.853-2.062). Most secondary outcomes (myocardial infarction, infection, reoperation, pneumonia) were similar between specialties (P = .339-.816). However, length of stay (P < .001), operative duration (P < .001), incidence of venous thromboembolism (P < .001), and the postoperative requirement for a ventilator greater than 48 h (P = .004) were all the greatest among neurosurgeons.

CONCLUSION: Multidisciplinary approaches with improved communication among surgical specialties may enhance patient management and improve success after CEA. Though there were differences in postoperative stroke and other secondary outcomes, no differences were observed among specialties in mortality after unilateral CEA in more than 40 000 patients.
Assessment of the Accuracy and Errors of Head-Up Display by an Optical Neuronavigation System in Brain Tumor Surgery
Authors: Asano Kenichiro , Katayama Kosuke , Kakuta Kiyohide , Oyama Kanae , Ohkuma Hiroki 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND: A head-up display (HUD) in which navigational information is projected into the microscope view may enable surgeons to perform operations more efficiently. Projecting depictions of both tumor and important intracranial structures on the HUD may facilitate safe surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate accuracy and errors regarding important intracranial structures, errors due to brain shifts, and preservation rates for important intracranial structures.

METHODS: A total of 184 surgeries in 172 patients were performed using this operation system. Postoperatively, we determined accuracy and errors for actual structures and virtual reality on the HUD and performed statistical analyses.

RESULTS: Preresection accuracy for important intracranial structures was highest for the internal carotid artery (ICA; 90.4%) and lowest for the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (53.6%). Differences between pre- and postresection accuracy were greatest, in descending order, for the cortical vein (P < .0001), V4 segment of vertebral artery (P < .0001), and anterior inferior cerebellar artery (P = .00780), whereas differences between pre- and postresection errors were smallest for the cranial nerve V (P = .500), middle cerebral artery (P = .0313), and ICA (P = .0313). Cases of poor preresection accuracy and large differences in pre- to postresection accuracy were seen in the prone position.

CONCLUSION: A reliable surgical resection rate was achieved using the HUD, and reliable preservation of important intracranial structures was also possible. Accuracy was concluded to be within an acceptable range.
Strong selection at the level of codon usage bias: evidence against the Li-Bulmer model
Authors: Machado Heather E. , Lawrie David S. , Petrov Dmitri A. 
Published: February 2017

1AbstractCodon usage bias (CUB), where certain codons are used more frequently than expected by chance, is a ubiquitous phenomenon and occurs across the tree of life. The dominant paradigm is that the proportion of preferred codons is set by weak selection. While experimental changes in codon usage have at times shown large phenotypic effects in contrast to this paradigm, genome-wide population genetic estimates have supported the weak selection model. Here we use deep genomic sequencing of twoDrosophila melanogasterpopulations to measure selection on synonymous sites in a way that allowed us to estimate the prevalence of both weak and strong selection. We find that selection in favor of preferred codons ranges from weak (|Nes| ∼ 1) to strong (|Nes| > 10). While previous studies indicated that selection at synonymous sites could be strong, this is the first study to detect and quantify strong selection specifically at the level of CUB. We suggest that the level of CUB in the genome is determined by the proportion of synonymous sites under no, weak, and strong selection. This model challenges the standard Li-Bulmer model and explains some of the longest-standing puzzles in the field.
Disease implications of animal social network structure: a synthesis across social systems
Authors: Sah Pratha , Mann Janet , Bansal Shweta 
Published: February 2017

SummaryThe disease costs of sociality have largely been understood through the link between group size and transmission. However, infectious disease spread is driven primarily by the social organization of interactions in a group and not its size.We used statistical models to review the social network organization of 47 species, including mammals, birds, reptiles, fish and insects by categorizing each species into one of three social systems,relatively solitary,gregariousandsocially hierarchical. Additionally, using computational experiments of infection spread, we determined the disease costs of each social system.We find that relatively solitary species have large variation in number of social partners, that socially hierarchical species are the least clustered in their interactions, and that social networks of gregarious species tend to be the most fragmented. However, these structural differences are primarily driven by weak connections, which suggests that different social systems have evolved unique strategies to organize weak ties.Our synthetic disease experiments reveal that social network organization can mitigate the disease costs of group living for socially hierarchical species when the pathogen is highly transmissible. In contrast, highly transmissible pathogens cause frequent and prolonged epidemic outbreaks in gregarious species.We evaluate the implications of network organization across social systems despite methodological challenges, and our findings offer new perspective on the debate about the disease costs of group living. Additionally, our study demonstrates the potential of meta-analytic methods in social network analysis to test ecological and evolutionary hypotheses on cooperation, group living, communication, and resilience to extrinsic pressures.
Relational citizenship: supporting embodied selfhood and relationality in dementia care
Authors: Kontos Pia , Miller Karen‐Lee , Kontos Alexis P. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe draw on findings from a mixed‐method study of specialised red‐nosed elder‐clowns in a long‐term care facility to advance a model of ‘relational citizenship’ for individuals with dementia. Relational citizenship foregrounds the reciprocal nature of engagement and the centrality of capacities, senses, and experiences of bodies to the exercise of human agency and interconnectedness. We critically examine elder‐clown strategies and techniques to illustrate how relational citizenship can be supported and undermined at the micro level of direct care through a focus on embodied expressions of creativity and sexuality. We identify links between aesthetic enrichment and relational practices in art, music and imagination. Relational citizenship offers an important rethinking of notions of selfhood, entitlement, and reciprocity that are central to a sociology of dementia, and it also provides new ethical grounds to explore how residents’ creative and sexual expression can be cultivated in the context of long‐term care.
Assessing the Effectiveness of High‐Profile Targeted Killings in the “War on Terror”
Authors: Carson Jennifer Varriale 
Published: February 2017

Research SummarySince the attacks of September 11, 2001, and the ensuing “war on terrorism,” the U.S. government has engaged in a series of controversial counterterrorism policies. Perhaps none is more so than the use of targeted killings aimed at eliminating the senior leadership of the global jihadist movement. Nevertheless, prior research has yet to establish that this type of tactic is effective, even among high‐profile targets. Employing a robust methodology, I find that these types of killings primarily yielded negligible effects.Policy ImplicationsGiven the immense controversy surrounding the policy of targeted killings, it has become that much more vital to assess whether such measures are effective. This study's findings, that most of these high‐profile killings either had no influence or were associated with a backlash effect, have important implications for future counterterrorism efforts. All in all, the U.S. government's investment in the policy of targeted killings seems to be counterproductive if its main intention is a decrease in terrorism perpetrated by the global jihadist movement.
Characteristics and Rheological Properties of Polysaccharide Nanoparticles from Edible Mushrooms (Flammulina velutipes)
Authors: Wang Wenhang , Li Cong , Du Guanhua , Zhang Xiuling , Zhang Hongjie 
Published: February 2017

AbstractNanotechnology has become relevant in the food‐related industries, and edible mushrooms can be a potential raw material for providing satisfied edible nanomaterial. In this study, by following 3 different pretreatments (hot water or cold alkali or hot alkali) insoluble polysaccharide nanoparticles were prepared from Flammulina velutipes by wet milling and high pressure homogenization and their properties were investigated. The resultant nanoparticles were characterized by SEM, GC‐MS (for its main compositions), FTIR, XRD, and TG. The 1 wt% nanoparticle dispersions presented non‐Newtonian, shear‐thinning fluids with the viscosity in an increasing order for the hot water < cold alkali < hot alkali. Moreover, the dynamical rheological results showed differences of storage (G′) and loss (G″) moduli of these particle dispersions. It was concluded that the Flammulina velutipes‐derived polysaccharides nanoparticles have great potential applications in the food industry, for example, as emulsifiers, reinforcement agents, and bioactive carriers.
The Tasmanian atrial fibrillation study: Transition to direct oral anticoagulants 2011‐2015
Authors: Alamneh Endalkachew Admassie , Chalmers Leanne , Bereznicki Luke R. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryIntroductionContemporary Australian data regarding antithrombotic prescribing patterns following approval of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) are limited.AimThe aim of this study was to assess antithrombotic prescribing patterns before, during, and after the clinical introduction of DOACs.MethodsUsing digital medical records, this retrospective cohort study included all patients with AF as a primary or secondary diagnosis who were admitted to the Royal Hobart Hospital, Tasmania, Australia, between January 2011 and July 2015.ResultsAntithrombotic agents were prescribed for 2078 (91.9%) of 2261 patients without documented contraindication to therapy. Higher rates of OAC prescribing were observed following government subsidization of DOACs in Quarter 3 (Q3) 2013 than anticoagulation rates in the prior quarters (54.4% in Q3, 2013, to 68.1% in Q2, 2015, P<.001), with the prescribing of warfarin and antiplatelet agents declining. DOACs, as a class, accounted for 18.4% of patients on antithrombotic therapy in 2011‐2015; the proportion of patients receiving a DOAC steadily increased from 3.9% among OAC users in Q3, 2011, to 67.6% in Q2, 2015 (P<.001). In a subset of patients with newly diagnosed AF, patients commenced on DOACs were younger (70.4 vs 73.8 years, P=.04) and had lower stroke and bleeding risk scores (CHA2DS2‐VASc 2.8 vs 3.3, P=.03, HAS‐BLED 2 vs 3, P=.04) than patients who were newly prescribed warfarin.ConclusionsDirect oral anticoagulants rapidly became the most commonly prescribed class of antithrombotic medications in patients with AF soon after they became widely available. Warfarin and antiplatelet prescribing declined significantly, although a substantial proportion of patients continued to be prescribed antiplatelet therapy. Patients who were initiated on DOACs were typically younger with fewer comorbid conditions compared with those initiated on warfarin therapy.
Detection and differentiation of the coconut lethal yellowing phytoplasma in coconut‐growing villages of Grand‐Lahou, Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Rosete Y. A. , Diallo H. A. , Konan Konan J. L. , Yankey N. , Saleh M. , Pilet F. , Contaldo N. , Paltrinieri S. , Bertaccini A. , Scott J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractSurveys for the Côte d'Ivoire lethal yellowing (CILY) phytoplasma were conducted in eight severely CILY‐affected villages of Grand‐Lahou in 2015. Leaves, inflorescences and trunk borings were collected from coconut palms showing CILY symptoms and from symptomless trees. Total DNA was extracted from these samples and tested by nested polymerase chain reaction/RFLP and sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA, ribosomal protein (rp) and the translocation protein (secA) genes. The CILY phytoplasma was detected in 82.9% of the symptom‐bearing palms collected from all the surveyed villages and from all the plant parts. Trunk borings were recommended as the most suitable plant tissue type for sampling. Results indicate that the CILY phytoplasma may have a westward spread to other coconut‐growing areas of Grand‐Lahou. CILY phytoplasma strains infecting coconut palms in the western region of Grand‐Lahou exhibited unique single nucleotide polymorphisms on the rp sequence compared to the strains from the eastern region. Moreover, single nucleotide polymorphisms on the SecA sequence distinguished the CILY phytoplasma from the Cape St. Paul Wilt Disease phytoplasma in Ghana, and the Lethal Yellowing phytoplasma in Mozambique.
Venture capital‐backed and commitments test entity initial public offerings on the ASX
Authors: Murgulov Zoltan , Marsden Alastair , Rhee S. Ghon , Veeraraghavan Madhu 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis paper examines initial returns to venture capital (VC) backed and non‐VC‐backed IPO companies on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX). We find support for the theoretical predictions of Rossetto (2008), by providing empirical evidence that VC‐backed CTE IPOs exhibit greater wealth losses to pre‐IPO investors compared to non‐VC‐backed CTE IPOs during hot issue markets. We also find that greater retained ownership increases IPO underpricing. In the subsample of IPOs with below the median level of retained ownership IPOs, VC‐backed CTE IPOs and VC‐backed, non‐CTE IPOs have significantly higher levels of underpricing and wealth loss compared to non‐VC‐backed, non‐CTE IPOs.
Cesarean section trends in the Nordic Countries – a comparative analysis with the Robson classification
Authors: Pyykönen Aura , Gissler Mika , Løkkegaard Ellen , Bergholt Thomas , Rasmussen Steen C. , Smárason Alexander , Bjarnadóttir Ragnheiður I. , Másdóttir Birna B. , Källén Karin , Klungsoyr Kari , Albrechtsen Susanne , Skjeldestad Finn E. , Tapper Anna‐Maija 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIntroductionThe cesarean rates are low but increasing in most Nordic countries. Using the Robson classification, we analyzed which obstetric groups have contributed to the changes in the cesarean rates.Material and methodsRetrospective population‐based registry study including all deliveries (3 398 586) between 2000 and 2011 in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. The Robson group distribution, cesarean rate and contribution of each Robson group were analyzed nationally for four 3‐year time periods. For each country, we analyzed which groups contributed to the change in the total cesarean rate.ResultsBetween the first and the last time period studied, the total cesarean rates increased in Denmark (16.4 to 20.7%), Norway (14.4 to 16.5%) and Sweden (15.5 to 17.1%), but towards the end of our study, the cesarean rates stabilized or even decreased. The increase was explained mainly by increases in the absolute contribution from R5 (women with previous cesarean) and R2a (induced labor on nulliparous). In Finland, the cesarean rate decreased slightly (16.5 to 16.2%) mainly due to decrease among R5 and R6–R7 (breech presentation, nulliparous/multiparous). In Iceland, the cesarean rate decreased in all parturient groups (17.6 to 15.3%), most essentially among nulliparous women despite the increased induction rates.ConclusionsThe increased total cesarean rates in the Nordic countries are explained by increased cesarean rates among nulliparous women, and by an increased percentage of women with previous cesarean. Meanwhile, induction rates on nulliparous increased significantly, but the impact on the total cesarean rate was unclear. The Robson classification facilitates benchmarking and targeting efforts for lowering the cesarean rates.