bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eigenmode analysis of compressional poloidal modes in a self‐consistent magnetic field
Authors: Xia Zhiyang , Chen Lunjin , Zheng Liheng , Chan Anthony A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn this study, we simulate a self‐consistent magnetic field that satisfies force balance with a model ring current that is radially localized, axisymmetric, and has anisotropic plasma pressure. We find that the magnetic field dip forms near the high plasma pressure region with plasma β >∼ 0.6, and the formed magnetic dip becomes deeper for larger plasma β and also slightly deeper for larger anisotropy. We perform linear analysis on a ppol of self‐consistent equilibria for second harmonic compressional poloidal modes of sufficiently high azimuthal wave number. We investigate the effect of anisotropic pressure on the eigenfrequency of the poloidal modes and the characteristics of the compressional magnetic field component. We find that the eigenfrequency is reduced at the outer edge of the thermal pressure peak and increased at the inner edge. The compressional magnetic field component occurs primarily within 10° of the equator on both the inner and outer edges, with stronger compressional magnetic field component on the outer edge. Larger β and smaller anisotropy can increase the change of eigenfrequency and the strength of the compressional magnetic field component. The critical condition on plasma β and pressure anisotropy of an Alfvén ballooning instability is also identified.
Enhanced δ13C and δ18O Differences Between the South Atlantic and South Pacific During the Last Glaciation: The Deep Gateway Hypothesis
Authors: Sikes Elisabeth L. , Allen Katherine A. , Lund David C. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractEnhanced vertical gradients in benthic foraminiferal δ13C and δ18O in the Atlantic and Pacific during the last glaciation have revealed that ocean overturning circulation was characterized by shoaling of North Atlantic sourced interior waters; nonetheless, our understanding of the specific mechanisms driving these glacial isotope patterns remains incomplete. Here we compare high‐resolution depth transects of Cibicidoides spp. δ13C and δ18O from the Southwest Pacific and the Southwest Atlantic to examine relative changes in northern and southern sourced deep waters during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and deglaciation. During the LGM, our transects show that water mass properties and boundaries in the South Atlantic and Pacific were different from one another. The Atlantic between ~1.0 and 2.5 km was more than 1‰ enriched in δ13C relative to the Pacific and remained more enriched through the deglaciation. During the LGM, Atlantic δ18O was ~0.5‰ more enriched than the Pacific, particularly below 2.5 km. This compositional difference between the deep portions of the basins implies independent deep water sources during the glaciation. We attribute these changes to a “deep gateway” effect whereby northern sourced waters shallower than the Drake Passage sill were unable to flow southward into the Southern Ocean because a net meridional geostrophic transport cannot be supported in the absence of a net east‐west circumpolar pressure gradient above the sill depth. We surmise that through the LGM and early deglaciation, shoaled northern sourced waters were unable to escape the Atlantic and contribute to deep water formation in the Southern Ocean.
Retracted: Middle Miocene to Early Pliocene Contraction in the Chos Malal Fold‐and‐Thrust Belt (Neuquén Basin, Argentina): Insights From Structural Analysis and Apatite Fission‐Tracks Thermochronology
Authors: Sánchez Natalia , Coutand Isabelle , Turienzo Martín , Lebinson Fernando , Araujo Vanesa , Dimieri Luis 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn the southern central Andes at 37–38°S latitude, the Chos Malal fold‐and‐thrust belt (FTB), which results from the Late Cretaceous closure of the Neuquén Basin, has generated increasing interest because of its potential for hydrocarbon exploration. Using detailed field mapping, seismic reflection and well data analysis, cross‐section balancing, and detrital apatite fission‐track thermochronology from 18 samples distributed along the FTB, we bring new quantitative constraints on the chronology of the Neogene structural development of the Chos Malal FTB. Our data set reveals that extensive tectonically driven exhumation through basement‐involved thrusting occurred at ~15–7 Ma in both the inner and outer sectors of the FTB. This age range is corroborated by indirect dating of the Chos Malal Formation, a syntectonic unit also deformed after deposition, which we find was deposited after 7.2 Ma ± 1.6/2.0 Ma, an age much younger than the Miocene age it was previously assigned. We document for the first time an early Pliocene rapid cooling stage that was ongoing ~5.5 to 5.1 Ma ago in the interior of the orogenic wedge, which we attribute to out‐of‐sequence thrusting along basement‐involved thrust faults bounding the Cordillera del Viento, driving the surface uplift of this prominent topographic feature. Finally, our sequential reconstruction of the thick‐ and thin‐skinned structures of the Chos Malal FTB shows that most of the horizontal shortening was accommodated after the middle Miocene, which we thus consider as being the main phase of orogenic building in this sector of the Andes.
Foundering Triggered by the Collision of India and Asia Captured in Xenoliths
Authors: Shaffer Madeline , Hacker Bradley R. , Ratschbacher Lothar , Kylander‐Clark Andrew R. C. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractXenoliths that erupted in the SE Pamir of Tajikistan from 1000 to 1050°C and 90 km depth illuminate what happens when crust founders into the mantle. 40Ar/39Ar dating of minerals from the xenoliths and volcanic host rocks of the shoshonitic Dunkeldik pipe and dike field indicates eruption at 11.2 ± 0.2 Ma. U‐Pb and trace element laser‐ablation split stream inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry of zircon shows that the igneous and metasedimentary xenoliths were likely derived from the crustal section into which they were intruded: the Jurassic‐Cretaceous Andean‐style magmatic arc and its Proterozoic‐Mesozoic host rocks along the southern margin of Asia. Recrystallization of these zircons was extensive, yielding a range of dates down to 11 Ma. The zircons show distinct changes in Eu anomaly, Lu/Gd ratio, and Ti concentrations compatible with garnet growth and minimal heating at 22–20 Ma and then 200‐300°C of heating, ~25 km of burial, and alkali‐carbonate melt injection at 14–11 Ma. These changes are interpreted to coincide with (i) heat input due to Indian slab breakoff at ~22–20 Ma and (ii) rapid thickening and foundering of the Pamir lithosphere at 14‐11 Ma, prior to and synchronous with collision between deep Indian and Asian lithospheres beneath the Pamir.
Fusion of Time‐Lapse Gravity Survey and Hydraulic Tomography for Estimating Spatially Varying Hydraulic Conductivity and Specific Yield Fields
Authors: Tsai Jui‐Pin , Yeh Tian‐Chyi Jim , Cheng Ching‐Chung , Zha Yuanyuan , Chang Liang‐Cheng , Hwang Cheinway , Wang Yu‐Li , Hao Yonghong 
Published: September 2017

AbstractHydraulic conductivity
and specific yield (
) are important aquifer parameters, pertinent to groundwater resources management and protection. These parameters are commonly estimated through a traditional cross‐well pumping test. Employing the traditional approach to obtain detailed spatial distributions of the parameters over a large area is generally formidable. For this reason, this study proposes a stochastic method that integrates hydraulic head and time‐lapse gravity based on hydraulic tomography (HT) to efficiently derive the spatial distribution of K and
over a large area. This method is demonstrated using several synthetic experiments. Results of these experiments show that the K and
fields estimated by joint inversion of the gravity and head data set from sequential injection tests in unconfined aquifers are superior to those from the HT based on head data alone. We attribute this advantage to the mass constraint imposed on HT by gravity measurements. Besides, we find that gravity measurement can detect the change of aquifer's groundwater storage at kilometer scale, as such they can extend HT's effectiveness over greater volumes of the aquifer. Furthermore, we find that the accuracy of the estimated fields is improved as the number of the gravity stations is increased. The gravity station's location, however, has minor effects on the estimates if its effective gravity integration radius covers the well field.
On the Longitudinal Dispersion in Conservative Transport Through Heterogeneous Porous Formations at Finite Peclet Numbers
Authors: Severino Gerardo , Cuomo Salvatore , Sommella Angelo , D'urso Guido 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe consider transport of a conservative solute through an aquifer as determined: (i) by the advective velocity, which depends upon the hydraulic conductivity K and (ii) by the local spreading due to the pore‐scale dispersion (PSD). The flow is steady, and it takes place in a porous formation where, owing to its erratic spatial variations, the hydraulic log conductivity
is modeled as a stationary Gaussian random field. The relative effect of the above mechanisms (i)–(ii) is quantified by the Peclet number
which, in most of the previous studies, was considered infinite (i.e., no PSD) due to the overtake of advective heterogeneities upon the PSD. Here we aim at generalizing such studies by accounting for the impact of finite Pe on conservative transport. Previous studies on the topic required extensive numerical computations. In the present note, we remove the computational burden by adopting the rational approximate expression of Dagan and Cvetkovic (1993) for the covariance of the velocity field. This allows one to obtain closed form expressions for the quantities characterizing the longitudinal plume's dispersion. Transport can be straightforwardly investigated by dealing with a modified Peclet number
incorporating both the PSD and the aquifer's anisotropy. The satisfactory match to Cape Cod field data suggests that the present theoretical results lend themselves as a useful tool to assess the impact of the PSD upon conservative transport through heterogeneous porous formations.
Structures, Functions, and Assembly of Tyrosinases and Hemocyanins
Authors: Fujieda Nobutaka , Itoh Shinobu 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMetal‐assembling processes in the metalloproteins and metalloenzymes have attracted much recent attention due to their strong relevance not only to enzymology but also to medical science. Concerning the coupled dinuclear copper proteins, so‐called type‐3 copper proteins, a growing amount of information has been accumulated during the past decades. In this chapter, we introduce how copper ions are sorted and transferred to the type‐3 copper proteins in prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic cells. Furthermore, the detailed molecular mechanisms of copper incorporation processes in the type‐3 copper protein active sites will be depicted especially in the bacterial and fungal tyrosinases.
Multicopper Oxidase Assembly
Authors: Kosman Daniel J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe cohort of enzymes designated as multicopper oxidases (MCOs) are expressed by species in all organismal domains. As an enzyme class, these proteins minimally possess a catalytic quartet of copper prosthetic groups that are organized specifically into two, spatially separated (by ∼13 Å) copper centers: (i) a mononuclear copper site—designated as a Type 1 Cu(II)—whose electronic structure and reactivity is dominated by strong S → Cu charge transfer involving an invariant sulfur ligand contributed by a protein cysteine residue; and (ii) a trinuclear copper cluster (TNC) that is linked to the mononuclear site by an invariant –HCH‐sequence motif in which the Cys residue is ligand to the Type 1 Cu and the two His residues are each ligand to one of the Cu atoms in the TNC. This connectivity provides efficient electronic coupling matrix elements for intramolecular electron transfer from the Type 1—as Cu(I)—to the TNC. In MCO turnover, a reducing substrate shuttles electrons to the Type 1 Cu(II) by an outer‐sphere electron transfer pathway; the HCH motif couples this reduced Type 1 Cu(I) to the TNC where O2is reduced to 2H2O. MCOs are therefore members of a few enzyme classes that reduce dioxygen to water, members that include at the least the terminal heme‐copper oxidases, cytochromebdoxidases, and type A flavoproteins found in some methanogenic and other bacteria that contain a unique coenzyme F420. The Type 1 Cu site in an MCO is homologous to the copper site found in small (∼120 kDa) “blue” copper proteins, for example, azurin and plastocyanin; the Type 1 Cu in an MCO is likely metallated in a process similar to how those proteins characterized by a single cupredoxin domain acquire their prosthetic group. The assembly of the TNC, however, is unique to MCOs and has not been well characterized. This chapter reviews the structural properties of MCO family members and discusses how cell copper trafficking might lead to the activation of these widely distributed members of the copper protein family.
Assembly ofMoco inMo/WEnzymes
Authors: Leimkühler Silke 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor (Moco) is ubiquitous and highly conserved in all organisms from bacteria to humans. In Moco, the molybdenum atom is coordinated to a dithiolene group present in the pterin‐based 6‐alkyl side chain of molybdopterin (MPT). In general, the biosynthesis of Moco can be divided into three steps in eukaryotes, and four steps in bacteria and archaea: (i) the starting point is the formation of the cPMP from 5′GTP, (ii) in the second step MPT is formed by the insertion of two sulfur molecules into cPMP, (iii) in the third step the molybdenum atom is inserted into MPT and Moco is formed, and (iv) additional modification of Moco occurs in bacteria and archaea in a fourth step by the attachment of nucleotides (CMP or GMP) to the phosphate group of MPT, forming the dinucleotide variants of Moco. Further, small differences exist in Moco formation among the different phyla. In higher eukaryotes Moco biosynthesis is located in different cellular compartments, many individual Moco biosynthesis proteins appear to have several cellular roles, and some proteins are shared between different biosynthetic pathways. Further, bacteria contain a large variety of more than 60 different molybdoenzymes being involved in specific, however, usually nonessential redox reactions. In contrast, in humans only four different molybdoenzymes have been identified, and a defect in Moco biosynthesis is lethal due to the loss of sulfite oxidase activity. This review will focus on the biosynthesis of Moco in bacteria and humans.
Cobalamin Biosynthesis and Insertion
Authors: Mattes Theodoric A. , Deery Evelyne , Warren Martin J. , Escalante‐Semerena Jorge C. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMetal‐containing cyclic tetrapyrroles are widely distributed in nature, and together comprise the family of compounds frequently referred to as “the pigments of life,” namely cobamides (Cba, contain cobalt), chlorophylls (contain magnesium), hemes (contain iron), and factor F430(contains nickel). In comparison to these other modified tetrapyrroles, the B12architecture is slightly different. The chemistry of the cobalt ion is key to the function of the molecule as either a coenzyme or cofactor. Other differences include a contraction of the tetrapyrrole mainframe, which allows for tighter binding of the metal, and the presence of a lower nucleotide loop that provides an extra ligand for the metal. The biosynthesis of adenosylcobalamin requires the concerted effort of around 30 enzyme‐mediated steps tethered with the cellular provision of a range of cofactors and cobalt. The biosynthesis can be divided into two major sections, the first being the synthesis of the tetrapyrrole‐derived corrin ring and the second involving the synthesis and attachment of the lower nucleotide loop. In the last decade, much has been learned about how the vitamin form is converted to its biologically active coenzymic form, providing mechanistic answers into the events that overcome steep thermodynamic barriers in the formation of the covalent, organometallic bond between the cobalt ion of the ring and the 5′‐deoxyadenosyl upper ligand. Exciting recent discoveries regarding the biosynthesis of the lower ligand base 5,6‐dimethylbenzimidazole in aerobes and anaerobes have filled long‐standing gaps of knowledge, providing a solid platform for the analysis of what is likely to be a membrane‐anchored multienzyme complex.
Communication as an academic field: Turkey
Authors: Turkoglu Nurcay 
Published: September 2017

In Turkey, the start of communication as an academic field was closely linked to → journalism education. The need for a school of journalism was first announced in 1947 by Sedat Simavi, a journalist and then president of the Istanbul Journalists' Association (also called the Turkish Journalists' Association). In the early 1950s the institute at Istanbul University enrolled almost 500 students to study for a degree in journalism. The courses were taught by experienced journalists who wrote textbooks for journalists. The curriculum was interdisciplinary and included courses in the general knowledge of sociology and law (Tokgöz 2003; Topuz 2003).
Party–Press Parallelism
Authors: Mancini Paolo 
Published: September 2017

Colin Seymour‐Ure (1974) was the first scholar to speak of a “parallelism” between parties and newspapers. In his view this refers to three main features: the ownership of the mass media by political parties, the editorial choices of the news organizations, and the party affiliation of the readers (→ Ownership in the Media). Jay Blumler and Michael Gurevitch (1995) further developed this concept, slightly changing it (→ Freedom of the Press, Concept of). In their view, party parallelism – or partisanship – includes “any organizational connections to political parties, the stability and intensity of editorial commitments and presence or absence of legal restraints on the rights of the media to back individual parties” (Blumler & Gurevitch 1995, 65). Even in the absence of organizational links, party parallelism in Blumler and Gurevitch's view may include also all those situations in which a news organization backs in a more or less stable condition a political party, either because of a historical tradition or because of contingent decisions (→ Balance; Commentary; Editorial; Endorsement; Neutrality; Partisan Press).
Patient–Provider Communication
Authors: Cline Rebecca J. W. 
Published: September 2017

Patient–provider communication, interaction between patients and professional and familial caregivers in formal health‐care contexts, has significant influences on health‐care outcomes. During health‐care, patients interact with numerous health‐care professionals (e.g., primary providers, specialists, nurses) and familial providers (e.g., elderly adults' children, spouses, young children's parents). Familial providers interact with health‐care professionals on behalf of patients (Eggly et al. 2006), patients behave differently in family members' presence (Greene et al. 1987), and patient–provider communication affects health outcomes (e.g., pain and distress) (Cline et al. 2006). However, the majority of patient–provider communication research has investigated physician–patient dyads (→ Health Communication; Doctor–Patient Talk).
Contrast enhancement for portal images by combination of subtraction and reprojection processes for Compton scattering
Authors: Hariu Masatsugu , Suda Yuhi , Chang Weishan , Myojoyama Atsushi , Saitoh Hidetoshi 
Published: September 2017

AbstractFor patient setup of the IGRT technique, various imaging systems are currently available. MV portal imaging is performed in identical geometry with the treatment beam so that the portal image provides accurate geometric information. However, MV imaging suffers from poor image contrast due to larger Compton scatter photons. In this work, an original image processing algorithm is proposed to improve and enhance the image contrast without increasing the imaging dose. Scatter estimation was performed in detail by MC simulation based on patient CT data. In the image processing, scatter photons were eliminated and then they were reprojected as primary photons on the assumption that Compton interaction did not take place. To improve the processing efficiency, the dose spread function within the EPID was investigated and implemented on the developed code. Portal images with and without the proposed image processing were evaluated by the image contrast profile. By the subtraction process, the image contrast was improved but the EPID signal was weakened because 15.2% of the signal was eliminated due to the contribution of scatter photons. Hence, these scatter photons were reprojected in the reprojection process. As a result, the tumor, bronchi, mediastinal space and ribs were observed more clearly than in the original image. It was clarified that image processing with the dose spread functions provides stronger contrast enhancement while maintaining a sufficient signal‐to‐noise ratio. This work shows the feasibility of improving and enhancing the contrast of portal images.
Versatile Surface Modification Using Polydopamine and Related Polycatecholamines: Chemistry, Structure, and Applications
Authors: Barclay Thomas G. , Hegab Hanaa M. , Clarke Stephen R. , Ginic‐Markovic Milena 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPolydopamine and related polycatecholamines can be easily deposited onto almost any surface from mild, aqueous solution. This results in durable, nanoscale coatings that exhibit high biocompatibility and have useful chemical and electronic properties. Additionally, these materials can be readily chemically and physically modified, and consequently, they are used extensively for surface modification. This review investigates the formation and modification of polycatecholamines; how they adhere to surfaces; and the chemical, physical, and electronic properties of the resultant materials. There is also an exploration of the extraordinary array of applications in which these fascinating materials are employed.
Bottom Up Chalcogenide Thermoelectric Materials from Solution‐Processed Nanostructures
Authors: Ding Defang , Lu Chenguang , Tang Zhiyong 
Published: September 2017

AbstractTo improve the figure of merit (ZT) of thermoelectric (TE) materials, the decoupling of the power factor and thermal conductivity, which are mutually dependent on each other in the traditional TE materials, is desired. The chalcogenides are one of the typical TE materials. When the chalcogenide TE materials are made from nanostructures, large interface density would apparently result in a low thermal conductivity. Additionally, the power factor of the chalcogenide TE materials can also be improved by some modification of their electronic structures. The bottom‐up solution‐processed synthesis to prepare the nanostructured chalcogenide TE materials is versatile, simple, low‐cost, and compatible with the scale‐up manufacture and printed flexible electronics. In this progress report, first, the techniques used to improve the ZT of chalcogenides with nanostructures are summarized. Subsequently, the chemical strategies to enhance the ZT are summarized. Finally, the interface and microstructure engineering concepts are concluded, which are crucial to improvement of the ZT of the chalcogenide TE materials from the solution‐processed nanostructures.