bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Type 2 diabetes remission rates 1‐year post‐Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass and validation of the DiaRem score: the Ontario Bariatric Network experience
Authors: Honarmand K. , Chetty K. , Vanniyasingam T. , Anvari M. , Chetty V. T. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryRoux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is associated with the remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). There are a number of scoring systems available that help predict type 2 diabetes remission rates after bariatric surgery; however, relatively few have been validated externally. The DiaRem score, comprised of four preoperative variables (age, haemoglobin A1c [HbA1c], sulfonylurea and insulin‐sensitizing agent use and insulin use), allows for the identification of patients who are most likely to have DM remission following RYGB. Our primary objective was to determine the variables predictive of DM remission 1 year post‐RYGB, determine how well the DiaRem score predicts DM remission 1 year post‐RYGB and identify the optimal cut‐off DiaRem score. The study is based on results of RYGB performed across multiple centres in Ontario, Canada, overseen by the Centre for Surgical Invention and Innovation in Hamilton, with direction from the Ontario Bariatric Network. Regression analysis was used to determine the predictive value of demographic and clinical variables and that of the DiaRem score. The optimal DiaRem cut‐off score was determined using sensitivity and specificity analysis. Of 3874 patients in the Ontario Bariatric Registry between January 2010 and February 2015, 915 had complete 1‐year follow‐up data. Among these, 15 were not classified as having DM at baseline and were excluded. Of the remaining 900 patients with type 2 diabetes and who underwent RYGB surgery, 333 (37.0%) had DM remission at 1‐year follow‐up. Three of four DiaRem variables (age, HbA1c, insulin use), in addition to use of any hypoglycaemic agent, were associated with DM remission. DiaRem score had moderate predictive value. A DiaRem score cut‐off of <5 had a sensitivity of 71.8% and specificity of 71.3%. This study provides guidance to clinicians in using the DiaRem score to inform the selection and prioritization of patients to ensure timely access to bariatric surgery for those who are likely to benefit the most.
Exploring synthetic heroin: Accounts of acetyl fentanyl use from a sample of dually diagnosed drug offenders
Authors: Miller J. Mitchell , Stogner John M. , Miller Bryan Lee , Blough Scott 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIntroduction and AimsAcetyl fentanyl, a fentanyl analogue emerging onto the recreational drug scene, has been responsible for numerous recent fatal overdoses in the USA, Europe and Russia. Studies reporting acetyl fentanyl use are presently limited to case studies and mortality reports. This study explores the nature of acetyl fentanyl use through the collection of first‐hand qualitative data from users to inform public health and drug control policy responses.Design and MethodsA series of focus group interviews within a correctional setting—Delaware County (Ohio) Jail, USA. Participants were 102 individuals in one of two US Bureau of Justice Assistance Second Chance Act substance use treatment initiatives participating in at least one focus group session. Five of these individuals reported acetyl fentanyl use. Semi‐structured qualitative focus group sessions queried subjects' drugs of choice and nature of drug use. Responses were explored through follow‐up organic discourse.ResultsAcetyl fentanyl users were generally unaware that they had administered the substance until after use (initially believing that they were administering heroin). They described the effects of acetyl fentanyl as stronger and qualitatively different from heroin. These individuals showed no interest in using acetyl fentanyl again describing it as unpleasant and more risky, both because of potency and the threat of a ‘bad batch’.Discussion and ConclusionsAcetyl fentanyl is reaching heroin users, some of which administer it unknowingly. Regulation of acetyl fentanyl is recommended in all countries as is increasing public awareness that the substance is distinct from and being sold as heroin. [Miller JM, Stogner JM, Miller BL, Blough S. Exploring synthetic heroin: Accounts of acetyl fentanyl use from a sample of dually diagnosed drug offenders. Drug Alcohol Rev 2018;37:121–127]
The risk of healing complications in primary teeth with extrusive or lateral luxation—A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Lauridsen Eva , Blanche Paul , Yousaf Nadia , Andreasen Jens O. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackground/AimTraumatic dental injuries (TDI) in the primary dentition occur frequently. Long‐term complications may potentially cause damage to the permanent successor. The aim of this study was to report the risk of pulp necrosis (PN), pulp canal obliteration (PCO), infection‐related resorption (IRR), ankylosis‐related resorption (ARR) and premature tooth loss (PTL) in primary teeth following extrusion or lateral luxation and to identify risk factors for PN and PTL.Material and MethodsThis was a retrospective study of 24 patients with 26 extruded primary teeth and 242 patients with 331 primary teeth with lateral luxation. Laterally luxated teeth were left without treatment. Extruded teeth were repositioned. Follow up included examination after 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 6 months, 1 year and when the patients were 6 years old. The minimum follow up was 1 year or until tooth loss. Kaplan‐Meier and Aahlen‐Johansson tests were used along with Cox regression analysis. The level of significance was 5%.ResultsRisk estimated after 3 years—Extrusion: PCO 39.8% (95% CI: NA), PN 15.6% (95% CI: 1.5‐29.7), IRR 3.8% (95% CI: 0‐11.2) and PTL 43.3% (95% CI: 25.5‐61.2). All cases of PN and PTL occurred within the first year. Lateral luxation: PCO 41.3% (CI: 95% 35.7‐46.9), PN 19.8% CI: 95% (15.3‐24.2), IRR 7.0% (95% CI: 4.1‐9.8), ARR 1.4% (95% CI: 0‐3.3) and PTL 24.8% (95% CI: 18.8‐30.8). Risk factors for PN: concomitant crown fracture and patient aged 4 years or more. Nearly all teeth (95%) realigned spontaneously within the first year. Nearly all cases of PN and PTL (95.7%) occurred within the first year.ConclusionThe healing potential for laterally luxated teeth was high and more than half of the extruded teeth, which were repositioned after injury, showed long‐term survival.
The risk of healing complications in primary teeth with intrusive luxation: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Lauridsen Eva , Blanche Paul , Yousaf Nadia , Andreasen Jens O. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackground/AimsIntrusive luxation is a frequent injury in the primary dentition. Complications such as ankylosis or pulp necrosis (PN) and infection with periapical inflammation may affect the developing permanent tooth if not diagnosed and treated in time. The aim of this study was to report the risk of PN, pulp canal obliteration (PCO), infection‐related resorption (IRR), ankylosis‐related resorption (ARR) and premature tooth loss (PTL) in primary teeth following intrusive luxation, and to identify possible risk factors for PN and PTL.Materials and methodA retrospective analysis of a cohort comprising 149 patients 194 intruded primary incisors. No treatment was performed. The follow‐up programme included examination after 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 6 months, 1 year, and at 6 years of age. The minimum follow‐up period was 1 year or until time of tooth loss. Statistics: The Kaplan‐Meier and Aalen‐Johansen methods were employed along with Cox regression analysis. The level of significance was 5%.ResultsRisks estimated after 3 years: PCO 38.9% (95% CI: 31.8‐46.0), PN 24.2% (95% CI: 17.7‐30.6), IRR 8.8% (95% CI: 4.5‐13.1), ARR 3.6% (95% CI: 1.0‐6.2) and PTL 39.4% (95% CI: 31.2‐47.5). Most teeth (83.7%) spontaneously re‐erupted within the first year. Most complications were diagnosed within the first year. The risk of PN was lowest in patients less than 2 years of age. The degree of intrusion or a concomitant crown fracture did not affect the risk of PN or PTL.ConclusionsOver 80% of the intruded primary teeth re‐erupted spontaneously. However, nearly one‐third of the teeth showed complications such as pulp infection/periapical inflammation or ankylosis, which could potentially affect the development of the permanent incisor. Therefore, patients should be monitored regularly, especially during the first year after injury, to diagnose and treat complications in time.
A general framework for effectiveness concepts in mutualisms
Authors: Schupp Eugene W. , Jordano Pedro , Gómez José María 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA core interest in studies of mutualistic interactions is the ‘effectiveness’ of mutualists in providing benefits to their partners. In plant‐animal mutualisms it is widely accepted that the total effect of a mutualist on its partner is estimated as (1) a ‘quantity’ component multiplied by (2) a ‘quality’ component, although the meanings of ‘effectiveness,’ ‘quantity,’ and ‘quality’ and which terms are applied to these metrics vary greatly across studies. In addition, a similar quantity × quality = total effect approach has not been applied to other types of mutualisms, although it could be informative. Lastly, when a total effect approach has been applied, it has invariably been from a phytocentric perspective, focussing on the effects of animal mutualists on their plant partner. This lack of a common framework of ‘effectiveness’ of mutualistic interactions limits generalisation and the development of a broader understanding of the ecology and evolution of mutualisms. In this paper, we propose a general framework and demonstrate its utility by applying it to both partners in five different types of mutualisms: pollination, seed dispersal, plant protection, rhizobial, and mycorrhizal mutualisms. We then briefly discuss the flexibility of the framework, potential limitations, and relationship to other approaches.
Decline of a giant salamander assessed with historical records, environmental DNA and multi‐scale habitat data
Authors: Pitt Amber L. , Shinskie Jamie L. , Tavano Joseph J. , Hartzell Sean M. , Delahunty Tina , Spear Stephen F. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Freshwater species are declining rapidly but more complete data are needed for determining the extent and cause(s) of population declines and extirpations. Integrating newer survey techniques, freely available data, and traditional field work may allow for more effective assessment of population decline.

We used detailed historical species records and environmental DNA (eDNA) survey methods to identify changes in population distribution of a long‐lived, imperiled stream salamander, the eastern hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis: Cryptobranchidae). We used logistic regression with Bayesian inference to test whether selected environmental variables may be good predictors of hellbender population persistence and extirpation.

Hellbenders persisted in only 42% of the 24 historical record sites. The best fit model indicated electrical conductivity (EC) was the strongest predictor of hellbender population persistence (EC < 278 μS/cm) and extirpation. Conductivity was strongly negatively correlated with canopy cover within the total watershed (r = −0.83, n = 21, p < 0.001) and riparian buffer of the watershed (r = −0.77, n = 21, p < 0.001).

Electrical conductivity tends to increase following deforestation, and may inhibit sperm motility and thus limit recruitment of hellbenders and other aquatic vertebrate species with external fertilisation.

By integrating historical data, eDNA, field data, and freely available high resolution remote sensing data, our study design allowed for rapid assessment of predictors of and changes in hellbender distribution over a relatively broad geographic area. This cost‐ and time‐effective approach may be used for evaluating other rare aquatic species.
Spatial and environmental effects on a rock‐pool metacommunity depend on landscape setting and dispersal mode
Authors: Castillo‐Escrivà Andreu , Aguilar‐Alberola Josep A. , Mesquita‐Joanes Francesc 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Empirical studies on structuring mechanisms of metacommunities usually focus on the major roles of environmental filtering and dispersal. Recent works suggest that the relative importance of these structuring mechanisms differs among organisms with different body size, taxonomic affiliation, and dispersal abilities, and also depends on spatial extent and environmental heterogeneity. However, the effects of physical connectivity among sites and dispersal mode are less commonly considered explicitly in field metacommunity studies.

We analysed a rock‐pool animal metacommunity, comparing both environmental and spatial effects between a set of pools in a ravine setting, with ephemeral connecting waterways, and another in a hill setting, without such connections. We also analysed the relative role of structuring mechanisms influencing active versus passive dispersers in the metacommunity. We used permutational multivariate analysis of variance and analysis of the multivariate homogeneity of group dispersions to compare environmental and species variation between landscape settings. Variation partitioning was applied to determine the percentage of species variation explained by environmental and spatial variables.

The relative influence of the structuring mechanisms depended on both the landscape connectivity context and species dispersal mode. Species sorting drove active‐disperser metacommunities in both isolated and waterway connected pools, suggesting that these animals had a dispersal rate among the environmentally suitable sites that was adequate to compensate for extinctions at the spatial scale we considered. In addition, beta diversity of active dispersers and species‐sorting effects were higher in the set of ravine rock pools that were more environmentally heterogeneous and connected by waterways. In contrast, species sorting structured passive‐disperser metacommunities only in the set of pools with connecting waterways, whereas spatial constraints more strongly affected passive dispersers in the relatively more isolated hillside pools.

Overall, environmental variables had a greater effect than spatial variables on rock‐pool metacommunities at the scale we studied, with the exception that passive dispersers in rock pools unconnected by waterways did tend to have spatially constrained distributions.
Performance of partitioning functional beta‐diversity indices: Influence of functional representation and partitioning methods
Authors: Loiseau Nicolas , Legras Gaëlle , Gaertner Jean‐Claude , Verley Philippe , Chabanet Pascale , Mérigot Bastien 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAimTwo frameworks (BASVIL and PODCAR), based on two different functional representations (ordination and dendrogram), have been proposed for partitioning overall functional beta diversity into two analogous components: turnover and nestedness‐resultant dissimilarity, or replacement and difference of functional richness, respectively. We compared the two frameworks by testing the influence of functional representations and partitioning methods on the measurement of overall functional beta diversity and its components.InnovationWe computed beta‐diversity indices from the two frameworks on a set of communities simulated according to five scenarios of assembly: random, richness gradient, pure nestedness, pure turnover and mixed turnover/loss scenarios. To disentangle the effects of the partitioning approach and those of the functional representation on measurement of functional beta diversity, we also computed PODCAR indices in multidimensional space.Main conclusionsBASVIL and PODCAR frameworks led to different results for overall functional beta diversity and their analogous partitioning components. Most of the difference between the two frameworks was due to the functional representation used. The goodness‐of‐fit measure (mean squared deviation, mSD) to assess the quality of functional spaces showed that the one computed on the basis of the dendrogram used in PODCAR remained lower than that of the functional ordination considered in BASVIL. In addition, only functional turnover derived from the BASVIL framework is independent of difference in functional richness. Finally, BASVIL measured functional variations derived from nested phenomena while PODCAR did not allow separation of this variation derived from richness difference. However, the sensitivity of BASVIL to functionally extreme species may make it difficult to know whether variations of the nestedness‐resultant dissimilarity components are due to a turnover with few extreme species or a loss in functional richness. Particular attention with regard to the properties of the two frameworks is required before drawing conclusions regarding processes that structure communities.
Diaspora strategies: Actors, members, and spaces
Authors: Cohen Nir 
Published: March 2017

AbstractRecent years have seen a surge of interest in the engagement of migrant‐sending countries with their diaspora populations. Alternately referred to as diaspora strategies, diaspora engagement policies, diaspora policies, sending state strategies, or extraterritorial citizenship strategies, these systematic sets of policy initiatives were enthusiastically embraced by a broad range of southern and northern countries. The popularity of strategies as a policy tool has been accompanied by a proliferating social scientific literature. The current article reviews the quickly growing body of knowledge on diaspora strategies. Its primary objective is to underscore the distinct geographic contributions to the topic, including the territorial logic, which undergirds strategies, the scales and sites at which they are conceived and enacted, and the sociospatial boundaries, which they give rise to. The article identifies 4 main themes in the literature, namely, types and motivations, (dis)membering, states and other actors, and spatiotemporalities, discusses the salient contributions made within each, identifies their critical lacunas, and, where possible, makes constructive suggestions for a prospective research agenda.
Does the volume of supplemental intraligamentary injections affect the anaesthetic success rate after a failed primary inferior alveolar nerve block? A randomized‐double blind clinical trial
Authors: Aggarwal V. , Singla M. , Miglani S. , Kohli S. , Sharma V. , Bhasin S. S. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAimTo investigate the efficacy of 0.2 mL vs. 0.6 mL of 2% lidocaine when given as a supplementary intraligamentary injection after a failed inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB).MethodologyNinety‐seven adult patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpits received an IANB and root canal treatment was initiated. Pain during treatment was recorded using a visual analogue scale (Heft‐Parker VAS). Patients with unsuccessful anaesthesia (n = 78) randomly received intraligamentary injection of either 0.2 mL or 0.6 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1 : 80 000 epinephrine. Root canal treatment was reinitiated. Success after primary injection or supplementary injection was defined as no or mild pain (HP VAS score ≤54 mm) during access preparation and root canal instrumentation. Heart rate was monitored using a finger pulse oximeter. The anaesthetic success rates were analysed with Pearson chi‐square test at 5% significance levels. The heart rate changes were analysed using t‐tests.ResultsThe intraligamentary injections with 0.2 mL solution gave an anaesthetic success rate of 64%, whilst the 0.6 mL was successful in 84% of cases with failed primary IANB. (χ2 = 4.3, P = 0.03). There was no significant effect of the volume of intraligamentary injection on the change in heart rate.ConclusionsIncreasing the volume of intraligamentary injection improved the success rates after a failed primary anaesthetic injection.
The whys and the hows of psychosocial approaches to addiction
Authors: Frings Daniel , Albery Ian P. , Monk Rebecca L. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe field of addiction psychology attempts to addresses a major social problem. Yet, discourse within the discipline suggests a biological focus, driven by disease‐model of addiction, has caused our understanding to be too narrow. In contrast, psychosocial approaches conceptualize the phenomena from various perspectives. We here bring together papers utilizing a variety of methods in the context of substance use and mis‐use. These explore the effects that alcohol primes have on attentional control, how procrastination may predict hazardous drinking, the typology of “pre‐drinking” motivations and the effects of dyadic membership. It also looks at prevention in terms of public health messaging and also heroin use uptake. We hope showcasing these studies will encourage addiction researchers to widen the scope and method of their enquiries.
Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus sp. isolated from the vaginal environment of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri spp.) bred ex situ
Authors: Donato Anna C.J. , Penna Bruno , Consalter Angélica , Carvalho Daniela D. , Lilenbaum Walter , Ferreira Ana M.R. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundSquirrel monkeys (Saimiri spp.) have been widely used as animal models; however, the occurrence of Staphylococcus sp in their vaginal microbiota remains to be described.MethodsSamples were collected from 175 adult squirrel monkeys to isolate Staphylococcus sp and to test for susceptibility to a panel of nine antimicrobial agents.ResultsIsolates with characteristics of the genus Staphylococcus were detected in 95 of 175 samples. Coagulase‐negative staphylococci (CoNS) were the most common (95.8%, 91/95) isolates. Resistance to antibiotics was observed in 47.3% (45/95) of isolates. Resistance to tetracycline was observed in 28.5% (26/91), chloramphenicol in 15.4% (14/91), and methicillin in 13.2% (12/91) of CoNS. Coagulase‐positive staphylococci were resistant to tetracycline, erythromycin, and methicillin.ConclusionsThe presence of Staphylococcus sp in vaginal samples obtained from squirrel monkeys suggests that these animals were in a carrier state. Furthermore, isolating strains resistant to methicillin reinforces the biosafety care of a colony.
Genomic evidence for convergent evolution of a key trait underlying divergence in island birds
Authors: Cooper Elizabeth A. , Uy J. Albert C. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractReproductive isolation can be initiated by changes in one or a few key traits that prevent random mating among individuals in a population. During the early stages of speciation, when isolation is often incomplete, there will be a heterogeneous pattern of differentiation across regions of the genome between diverging populations, with loci controlling these key traits appearing the most distinct as a result of strong diversifying selection. In this study, we used Illumina‐sequenced ddRADtags to identify genomewide patterns of differentiation in three recently diverged island populations of theMonarcha castaneiventrisflycatcher of the Solomon Islands. Populations of this species have diverged in plumage colour, and these differences in plumage colour, in turn, are used in conspecific recognition and likely important in reproductive isolation. Previous candidate gene sequencing identified point mutations inMC1RandASIP, both known pigmentation genes, to be associated with the difference in plumage colour between islands. Here, we show that background levels of genomic differentiation based on over 70,000SNPs are extremely low between populations of distinct plumage colour, with no loci reaching the level of differentiation found in either candidate gene. Further, we found that a phylogenetic analysis based on theseSNPs produced a taxonomy wherein the two melanic populations appear to have evolved convergently, rather than from a single common ancestor, in contrast to their original classification as a single subspecies. Finally, we found evidence that the pattern of low genomic differentiation is the result of both incomplete lineage sorting and gene flow between populations.