bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Space Cabin Atmosphere Trace Contaminants and Their Possible Influence on Visual Parameters
Authors: Lagerwerff John M. 
Published: January 2017

In the investigation of various factors which can adversely influence the proper functioning of the visual apparatus in the aerospace environment, the study of space-cabin atmosphere composition and contamination has been largely neglected. Visual effects of the more classical contaminants have been little investigated. This paper discusses these contaminants as well as the effects of ozone on certain visual parameters, in view of the fact that under influence of solar and cosmic radiations ozone may be formed from liquid and gaseous oxygen supplies on board spacecraft. Based upon the observed physiological effects of small doses of positive and negative free air ions, it is hypothesized that, in the ionized state, some gaseous and volatile human metabolic waste products may have entirely different properties than they have in the ordinary state, and may affect vision. Until definitely proven otherwise, this possibility must be accepted and investigated.
Detecting Out-of-Tolerance Conditions with Meter and Digital Displays
Authors: Lincoln Robert S. , Cahill Hugh E. 
Published: January 2017

Four experiments were conducted to determine the relative effectiveness of meter and digital displays currently used for checking the status of a missile's hydraulic control system. In all experiments, information was provided either on a configuration of four digital displays or on a similar configuration of four panel meters. The subjects' task was to determine the class of information being displayed (attitude response) and the condition of the hydraulic system with respect to established tolerance limits (tolerance response). The main conclusions were: The tolerance response was performed significantly faster with the digital displays. Error rates for the two display panels were essentially equivalent on both the attitude and tolerance responses. Subjects made significantly more errors in reporting an “in tolerance” condition when the display was “out-of-tolerance” than they made in reporting an “out-of-tolerance” condition when the display was “in tolerance.” This bias was independent of the subjects' previous level of experience on similar tasks.
A Subjective Value Approach to Information Utility
Authors: McKendry James M. , Enderwick Thomas P. , Harrison Paul C. 
Published: January 2017

Following formulation of a subjective value model and laboratory validation of some of its key assumptions, the model was applied to the airborne antisubmarine warfare situation by pooling judgments of experienced personnel selected from operational airborne-antisubmarine-warfare squadrons. When scaled, these judgments permitted structuring of three sets of airborne-antisubmarine-warfare problems which varied in terms of the perceived value of information provided to crews. The dependent variable was adequacy of performance on realistic exercises in a training simulator. Personnel who made the original subjective judgments and others as well were employed. The proportion of search area remaining per unit time decreased as a linear function of perceived information value as predicted. The subjective model accounted for approximately 90% of the observed between-group variance, thereby demonstrating its efficacy in a limited real-world situation.
Adaptation to Speed Stress in an Immediate Memory Task
Authors: McKendry James M. , Hurst Paul M. 
Published: January 2017

Subjects identified which of eight matrices were being presented or made a “none of the above” response. The response alternatives were matrices in which each cell was filled with a color coded geometric figure, but the stimulus elements, which were presented separately, filled only one cell at a time with other cells left blank. Thus, the subjects were required to use their immediate memory prior to making a response selection. Independent variables were (1) input speed, defined in terms of stimulus element presentation rate, and (2) stimulus complexity, defined in terms of matrix size. Subjects were given a large number of performance trials. Results showed that extensive practice reduces the time required to respond accurately to a set of stimulus elements; the more complex the stimuli, the smaller the reduction. Whenever the minimal response time was surpassed, both performance accuracy and the amount of information transmitted per minute fell to a degree that was disproportionately greater than increases in input speed relative to the minimal response time (channel capacity). Apparently, subjects tended to recirculate information in immediate memory even when overloaded. Response times related to performance accuracy indicated that when the number of stimulus elements in immediate memory exceeded seven, chances of a correct response were practically zero, with sharp decrements occurring when five stimulus elements were being handled.
Teaching Systems and Control Using Matlab
Authors: Rodgerson J. L. , Anderson J. H. 
Published: January 2017

Teaching systems and control using MATLAB The paper describes how the software package MATLAB has been used to remove the burden of numerical calculation from tutorial and laboratory work in the Systems and Control courses at the University of Natal. The package has been enhanced through the addition of two simple commands to enable it to be used to implement real-time control in a laboratory environment.
The Differentiation of Toothed Marks: Report of a Case of Special Forensic Interest
Authors: Goodbody R. A. , Turner C. H. , Turner J. L. 
Published: January 2017

The first case reported in the literature where a toothed weapon was found in the murder room and therefore suspected of causing injuries is described. Detailed dental examination showed conclusively that the toothed marks were bites, which proved important in differentiating between a sadistic attack with a saw and an attempted drunken sexual arousal. The case demonstrates that a full dental evaluation, as described, is mandatory in any case of wounding where a toothed cause is suspected. The value of the acetate film technique for speedy and accurate reproduction of bite marks is illustrated.
Iatrogenic Injury Compensation
Authors: Taylor J. Leahy 
Published: January 2017

The Royal Commission on Civil Liability and Compensation for Personal Injury is expected to report early in 1977. The injuries suffered at the hands of doctors constitute a very small proportion of the total number of injuries, but, by their very nature, have features that distinguish them from accidents on the road, in the factory and in the home. There is an obvious danger that iatrogenic injury, being such a comparatively small issue, may not receive from the Royal Commission and from any subsequent legislation adequate recognition of its unique features. The New Zealand Accident Compensation Act came into operation on 1 April, 1974, but the difficulties of handling cases of medical misadventure are only now becoming apparent. This paper outlines the various methods by which iatrogenic injury might be compensated, considers their pros and cons, and emphasizes the need for individual treatment of this particular facet of injury compensation.
Haptoglobins in the Maltese Population
Authors: Grech Joseph L. 
Published: January 2017

Haptoglobin (Hp) phenotyping was carried out on 535 healthy blood donors, 467 patients hospitalized in Malta and on 53 hospital patients from Gozo. The frequencies in the three groups were compared. No statistical differences were observed between these three groups. Only 7·5 per cent of cord blood samples could be phenotyped. Hp phenotyping can be carried out with a high degree of confidence after the early post-natal period and independently of the physical state of the subject. The frequency of the Hp phenotypes in the Maltese population fits well within the range of other European populations.
Late Inhalation Toxicology and Pathology Produced by Exposure to a Single Dose of 2-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile (CS) in Rats and Hamsters
Authors: Marrs T. C. , Clifford E. , Colgrave H. F. 
Published: January 2017

Hamsters and rats exposed to single doses of CS were retained for up to 32 months, together with appropriate controls. Survival was unaffected and in no case was the incidence of histological changes significantly higher in the test animals than corresponding control animals. The overall incidence of neoplastic disease was similar in test and control animals. A high incidence of pituitary acidophil adenomas was detected in the female rats: these tumours were present both in control and test rats and it was concluded that they were probably the result of ad libitum feeding. It was concluded that single doses of CS of 28 800 mg min m−3 administered during 1 hour or 18 000 mg min m−3 administered over 2 hours produced no long-term adverse effects in the two species studied.
Duplicate Breath Alcohol Analysis: Some Further Parameters for Evaluation
Authors: Gullberg Rodney G. 
Published: January 2017

An individual exhaling into a breath alcohol instrument produces a breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) profile which is a continuous function of time. Microprocessor based breath alcohol instruments provide the capability to collect and store the BrAC profile data in discrete format. The present study collected duplicate BrAC profile data arrays on 11 field tested subjects and 16 experimentally tested subjects. The field subjects provided duplicate breath samples under normal field conditions. The experimental group provided one sample following normal breathing and one following breath holding. Each profile was subjected to ten different mathematical procedures. The duplicate results were then evaluated by a t-test for paired data. The experimental group showed statistical significance (P <0.01) for all but one mathematical parameter evaluated. The field group showed no statistical significance on any of the mathematical parameters. The results showed that BrAC profiles can be evaluated in a variety of ways and provide an index for detecting differences in breathing pattern prior to breath exhalation. The field data showed remarkable reproducibility by all mathematical indices. The results have forensic as well as physiological implications.
Injuries Due to Violent Crimes: A Study of Police Reported Assaults during 1979, 1982 and 1985 in a Police District of a Suburb of Stockholm, Sweden
Authors: STRÖM Christer , Nordenram Åke , Johanson Gunnar 
Published: January 2017

The study is based on a sample of 249 violent crimes reported to the police in Huddinge during 1979, 1982 and 1985. Throughout the period it was found that the violence increased not only in number but also in seriousness. Most of the cases took place during weekends and in the evenings. Different accommodations were the most common scene of the crime. The majority of victims and offenders were men. Many were foreign citizens. Three-quarters of the victims had some kind of injury, mostly haematomata and swellings. The left side of the face was the anatomical region mostly hit.
Altered Collagen (Fibrinoid Change) at the Site of Post-Mortem Injuries
Authors: Ali T T 
Published: January 2017

The terms fibrinoid degeneration and fibrinoid substance were first introduced by Neumann in 1880 to describe some alterations in the staining characteristics of collagen. Collagen fibres which have undergone this change are eosinophilic, homogeneous and take some of the tinctorial properties of fibrin. Lendrum et al. (1962) developed Martius-Scarlet-Blue (MSB) stain, which is preferentially taken up by fibrin. The principle of the method described by Lendrum and his colleagues is the use of acid dyes of different molecular size (Martius yellow, Brilliant Crystal Scarlet 6R, methyl blue) in accordance with the alteration in structure of fibrin at different stages of development. The newest fibrin likely to be found in sections is presumably the fine network of post-mortem fibrin. Much of this takes a yellow stain with the MSB method, as do erythrocytes. Slightly older fibrin (16 hours) takes a bright red stain with the MSB. Complete validity of the method depends on prolonged fixation in formal-sublimate. It gives brilliant staining with acid dyes and enhances metachromasia. In the Department of Forensic Medicine in Leeds it was noticed that an alteration in collagen staining with MSB stain was taking place in samples collected from different kinds of injuries, e.g. ligature marks, electrical injuries and burns. Similar changes were only occasionally seen in abrasions. It was therefore decided to inflict different kinds of injuries on the skins of rats and to fresh pieces of human skin in vitro, to observe any alterations in collagen staining with MSB and to assess the significance of these changes in relation to the timing of injuries. The experimental findings are presented, along with discussion and a review of the literature.
Violent Incidents in an Adolescent Forensic Unit
Authors: Kelsall M , Dolan M , Bailey S 
Published: January 2017

Violent incidents in psychiatric institutions have been the focus of much study over the past few decades. But there has been little work looking at similar incidents in child and adolescent units. The authors set out to examine whether some of the patterns observed in adult populations are true of adolescent groups. The Gardener Unit was considered appropriate in light of reports of a higher frequency of assaultative behaviour among younger clients and because of the nature of problems presented by clients needing a secure environment. All violent incidents are automatically recorded. The violent incident register was examined between 1 June 1991 and 1 June 1992 and the information cross-checked with case notes and nursing reports. Demographic details, etc. were obtained from case notes. The results indicated a slightly higher daily incident rate than adult studies. At least half of the population were involved in some form of violent episode over the 12-month period. The majority of incidents were minor in nature. Nursing staff were the most frequent targets, although females showed an excess of inwardly directed aggression (self harm). A prior history of violent behaviour did not serve as a realistic predictor of frequency of violent incidents in this study. With increasing concern regarding the care of this disturbed group of young people, it was felt important to look closely at the nature of and handling of violent incidents on this unit. A second paper will consider in detail how these incidents were dealt with.
Does Integrating Viral Hepatitis Services into a Public STD Clinic Attract Injection Drug Users for Care?
Authors: Hennessy Robin R. , Weisfuse Isaac B. , Schlanger Karen 
Published: January 2017

Objective. Injection drug users (IDUs) are at high risk for multiple health problems, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), viral hepatitis, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and are likely to have poor access to health care. To more effectively serve high-risk clients, experts recommend that programs accessed by such client populations offer integrated services. In 2000, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene integrated viral hepatitis services (vaccine and screening) into a publicly funded STD clinic. We evaluated integrated service delivery to high-risk IDUs at this clinic. Methods. Hepatitis data were reviewed to identify clients who self-reported as IDUs. STD medical records of these clients were abstracted to ascertain primary reason for clinic visit, STD/HIV services received, and diagnoses made. Results. Between May 2000 and March 2004, 8,778 individuals received hepatitis services, of whom 3% (279/8,778) reported injection drug use. Nearly 60% (161/279) of IDUs reported availability of hepatitis services as the primary reason for the clinic visit. Of these 161 clients, 103 (64%) also received other services; 54% (55/103) had an STD exam (yielding 12 new STD diagnoses), and 59% (61/103) had HIV counseling and testing (yielding two new HIV cases). Of these 103 clients, 31 (30%) were referred to the clinic for hepatitis services from a drug treatment center, and 77% (24/31) tested positive for the antibody to hepatitis C virus. Conclusions. Integrated hepatitis services appeared to attract IDUs to this STD clinic, where many also benefited from STD/HIV exams, testing, treatment, and referrals they may not have received otherwise.
Viral Hepatitis Vaccination in an Opioid Treatment Program: Hartford, Connecticut, 2002–2005
Authors: McLaughlin Paul 
Published: January 2017

Hartford Dispensary, a private, not-for-profit behavioral health care organization specializing in opioid treatment program services, serves more than 4,200 clients per day in seven licensed facilities. In May 2002, the Dispensary began offering free combined hepatitis A and B vaccine for all eligible clients in two Hartford clinics. Initial eligibility criteria required a client to be hepatitis C antibody positive, hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) negative, not pregnant, and not have a contraindication due to a medical condition. From May 2002 through April 2005, 5,419 doses of combined vaccine were given. Of the 2,072 clients who received a first dose, 92% (1,914) received the second dose and 69% (1,433) completed the series. Long treatment duration, frequent client visits, availability of medical staff, and counseling support contributed to high rates of combined vaccine series completion in the two programs. Opioid treatment programs appear to be good settings in which to provide hepatitis vaccination for high-risk adults.
Barriers to Routine HIV Testing among Massachusetts Community Health Center Personnel
Authors: Mimiaga Matthew J. , Johnson Carey V. , Reisner Sari L. , VanDerwarker Rodney , Mayer Kenneth H. 
Published: January 2017

Objectives. We assessed the extent to which Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations have influenced routine HIV testing among Massachusetts community health center (CHC) personnel, and identified specific barriers and facilitators to routine testing. Methods. Thirty-one CHCs were enrolled in the study. We compared those that did and did not receive funding support from the federal Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program. An anonymous survey was administered to a maximum five personnel from each CHC, including a senior administrator, the medical director, and three medical providers. Overall, 137 participants completed the survey. Results. Among all CHCs, 53% of administrators reported having implemented routine HIV testing at their CHCs; however, only 33% of medical directors/providers reported having implemented routine HIV testing in their practices ( p<0.05). Among administrators, 60% of those from Ryan White-supported CHCs indicated that both they and their CHCs were aware of CDC's recommendations, compared with 27% of administrators from non-Ryan White-supported CHCs. The five most frequently reported barriers to the implementation of routine HIV testing were (1) constraints on providers' time (68%), (2) time required to administer counseling (65%), (3) time required to administer informed consent (52%), (4) lack of funding (35%), and (5) need for additional training (34%). In a multivariable logistic regression model, the provision of on-site HIV testing by nonmedical staff resulted in increased odds of conducting routine HIV testing (odds ratio [OR] = 9.84, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.77, 54.70). However, the amount of time needed to administer informed consent was associated with decreased odds of providing routine testing (OR=0.21, 95% CI 0.05, 0.92). Conclusions. Routine HIV testing is not currently being implemented uniformly among Massachusetts CHCs. Future efforts to increase implementation should address personnel concerns regarding time and staff availability.
Tuberculosis in Indigenous Peoples in the U.S., 2003–2008
Authors: Bloss Emily , Holtz Timothy H. , Jereb John , Redd John T. , Podewils Laura Jean , Cheek James E. , McCray Eugene 
Published: January 2017

Objectives. We examined trends and epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB) across racial/ethnic groups to better understand TB disparities in the United States, with particular focus on American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) and Native Hawaiians/other Pacific Islanders (NH/PIs). Methods. We analyzed cases in the U.S. National Tuberculosis Surveillance System and calculated TB case rates among all racial/ethnic groups from 2003 to 2008. Socioeconomic and health indicators for counties in which TB cases were reported came from the Health Resources and Services Administration Area Resource File. Results. Among the 82,836 TB cases, 914 (1.1%) were in AI/ANs and 362 (0.4%) were in NH/PIs. In 2008, TB case rates for AI/ANs and NH/PIs were 5.9 and 14.7 per 100,000 population, respectively, rates that were more than five and 13 times greater than for non-Hispanic white people (1.1 per 100,000 population). From 2003 to 2008, AI/ANs had the largest percentage decline in TB case rates (–27.4%) for any racial/ethnic group, but NH/PIs had the smallest percentage decline (–3.5%). AI/ANs were more likely than other racial/ethnic groups to be homeless, excessively use alcohol, receive totally directly observed therapy, and come from counties with a greater proportion of people living in poverty and without health insurance. A greater proportion of NH/PIs had extrapulmonary disease and came from counties with a higher proportion of people with a high school diploma. Conclusions. There is a need to develop flexible TB-control strategies that address the social determinants of health and that are tailored to the specific needs of AI/ANs and NH/PIs in the U.S.
Disparities in Influenza Vaccination Coverage among Women with Live-Born Infants: PRAMS Surveillance during the 2009–2010 Influenza Season
Authors: Ahluwalia Indu B. , Ding Helen , Harrison Leslie , D'Angelo Denise , Singleton James A. , Bridges Carolyn ,   The PRAMS Influenza Working Group
Published: January 2017

Objectives. Vaccination during pregnancy significantly reduces the risk of influenza illness among pregnant women and their infants up to 6 months of age; however, many women do not get vaccinated. We examined disparities in vaccination coverage among women who delivered a live-born infant during the 2009–2010 influenza season, when two separate influenza vaccinations were recommended. Methods. Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) data from 29 states and New York City, collected during the 2009–2010 influenza season, were used to examine uptake of seasonal (unweighted n=27,153) and pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (pH1N1) ( n=27,372) vaccination by racially/ethnically diverse women who delivered a live-born infant from September 1, 2009, through May 31, 2010. Results. PRAMS data showed variation in seasonal and pH1N1 influenza vaccination coverage among women with live-born infants by racial/ethnic group. For seasonal influenza vaccination, coverage was 50.5% for non-Hispanic white, 30.2% for non-Hispanic black, 42.1% for Hispanic, and 48.2% for non-Hispanic other women. For pH1N1, vaccination coverage was 41.4% for non-Hispanic white, 25.5% for non-Hispanic black, 41.1% for Hispanic, and 43.3% for non-Hispanic other women. Compared with non-Hispanic white women, non-Hispanic black women had lower seasonal (crude prevalence ratio [cPR] = 0.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.55, 0.64) and pH1N1 (cPR=0.62, 95% CI 0.57, 0.67) vaccination coverage; these disparities diminished but remained after adjusting for provider recommendation or offer for influenza vaccination, insurance status, and demographic factors (seasonal vaccine: adjusted PR [aPR] = 0.80, 95% CI 0.74, 0.86; and pH1N1 vaccine: aPR=0.75, 95% CI 0.68, 0.82). Conclusion. To reduce disparities in influenza vaccination uptake by pregnant women, targeted efforts toward providers and interventions focusing on pregnant and postpartum women may be needed.