bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BEHAVIOR IN GROUP CONTESTS: A REVIEW OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Authors: Sheremeta Roman M. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractGroup contests are ubiquitous. Some examples include warfare between countries, competition between political parties, team‐incentives within firms, and rent‐seeking. In order to succeed, members of the same group have incentives to cooperate with each other by expending effort. However, since effort is costly, each member also has an incentive to abstain from expending any effort and instead free ride on the efforts of other members. Contest theory predicts that the intensity of competition between groups and the amount of free riding within groups depend on the group size, sharing rule, group impact function, contest success function, and heterogeneity of players. We review experimental studies testing these theoretical predictions. Most studies find significant over‐expenditure of effort relative to the theory and significant heterogeneity of behavior within and between groups. Also, most studies find support for the comparative statics predictions of the theory (with the exception of the “group size paradox”). Finally, studies show that there are effective mechanisms that can promote within‐group cooperation and conflict resolution mechanisms that can de‐escalate and potentially eliminate between‐group conflict.
Effect of feeding a high‐carbohydrate or a high‐fat diet on subsequent food intake and blood concentration of satiety‐related hormones in dogs
Authors: Schauf S. , Salas‐Mani A. , Torre C. , Jimenez E. , Latorre M. A. , Castrillo C. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryAlthough studies in rodents and humans have evidenced a weaker effect of fat in comparison to carbohydrates on the suppression of food intake, very few studies have been carried out in this field in dogs. This study investigates the effects of a high‐carbohydrate (HC) and a high‐fat (HF) diets on subsequent food intake and blood satiety‐related hormones in dogs. Diets differed mainly in their starch (442 vs. 271 g/kg dry matter) and fat (99.3 vs. 214 g/kg dry matter) contents. Twelve Beagle dogs received the experimental diets at maintenance energy requirements in two experimental periods, following a cross‐over arrangement. In week 7 of each period, blood concentrations of active ghrelin, glucagon‐like peptide (GLP‐1), peptideYY, insulin, and glucose were determined before and at 30, 60, 120, 180, and 360 min post‐feeding. The following week, intake of a challenge food offered 180 min after theHCandHFdiets was recorded over two days. In comparison to the dogs on theHCdiet, those on theHFdiet had a higher basal concentration ofGLP‐1 (p = .010) and a higher total area under the curve over 180 min post‐prandial (tAUC0–180) (p = .031). Dogs on theHCdiet showed a higher elevation of ghrelin at 180 min (p = .033) and of insulin at 360 min (p = .041), although ghrelin and insulintAUC0–180did not differ between the two diets (p ˃ .10). Diet had no effect on challenge food intake (p ˃ .10), which correlated with thetAUC0–180of ghrelin (r = .514,p = .010), insulin (r = −.595,p = .002), and glucose (r = −.516,p = .010). Feeding a diet high in carbohydrate or fat at these inclusion levels does not affect the feeding response at 180 min post‐prandial, suggesting a similar short‐term satiating capacity.
Age‐specific reproduction in relation to body size and condition in female Eurasian beavers
Authors: Parker H. , Zedrosser A. , Rosell F. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBasic information on patterns and correlates of growth and reproduction are essential for understanding a species’ life history strategy. For the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber), knowledge of life history is fragmentary and correlates of growth and reproduction unstudied. We related measures of somatic fitness including growth rate, body size (length), body condition (fat) and body mass to measures of reproductive investment including fecundity (number of corpora lutea (CL) and fetuses), age‐specific reproduction, age of primiparity and parturition date in 59 female beavers culled from mid‐March to mid‐May in south‐east Norway. Increase in body length ceased after age three. Primiparity at ages two and three was related to body length and mass, but not fat. Postponed primiparity beyond age two was common. Fecundity was significantly higher in fatter individuals and showed a trend to increase with age. For females ≥age three, those pregnant were significantly fatter than barren individuals. Intermittent years of non‐breeding were common among sexually mature females. The mean number of CL and fetuses alive at the females time of death among 32 pregnant individuals was 3.0 ± 0.9 (range 1–6) and 2.3 ± 0.9 (range 1–4) respectively. Females conceiving at the normal peak time in late January were significantly heavier than individuals that conceived 1–3 months later. Late breeders, however, had significantly more CL, possibly because the improved nutrient levels provided by early spring growth led to higher ovulation rates. Fat accumulated during summer and autumn prior to winter breeding appears to be an important determinant of reproduction in female beavers.
The genetic dimension of pest pressure in the tropical rainforest
Authors: Todesco Marco , Cronk Quentin 
Published: April 2017

Wet tropical forests are among the most diverse ecosystems on Earth and can host several hundreds of tree species per hectare. To maintain such diversity, the community must contain large numbers of relatively rare species rather than be dominated by a few very common trees, as is often the case in temperate forests. Explaining the mechanisms preventing dominance by common species has been a major task of tropical forest ecology. One of the most promising mechanisms is negative density dependence (NDD) of tree abundance driven by pests, including fungal diseases (‘pest pressure’). NDD entails that the chance of survival of a sapling increases with the distance from a mature tree of the same species, thus preventing species from becoming locally dominant. Curiously, the strength of NDD is negatively correlated with abundance, meaning that tree species that are more common generally show weaker NDD (Comita et al. ). Interactions between plants and soil pathogens have been shown to play an important role in NDD (Klironomos ), and rare species are apparently more strongly affected (Mangan et al. ). However, the genetic mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have remained obscure. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Marden et al. () suggest that reduced diversity of the genes involved in pathogen recognition (Resistance genes or R genes) could explain why NDD is stronger in locally rare species.
Psychological Distress and Widespread Pain Contribute to the Variance of the Central Sensitization Inventory: A Cross‐Sectional Study in Patients with Chronic Pain
Authors: van Wilgen Cornelis P. , Vuijk Pieter J. , Kregel Jeroen , Voogt Lennard , Meeus Mira , Descheemaeker Filip , Keizer Doeke , Nijs Jo 
Published: April 2017

AbstractObjectivesCentral sensitization (CS) implies increased sensitivity of the nervous system, resulting in increased pain sensitivity as well as widespread pain. Recently, the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) was developed to assess symptoms of CS and central sensitivity syndromes. The aim of this study was to examine the convergent validity of the CSI by comparing the outcome to psychosocial factors and clinical features of CS.MethodsIn a cross‐sectional explorative study, patients with chronic pain completed multiple questionnaires, including the CSI, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, and Symptom Checklist 90, for psychological distress, duration of pain, intensity of pain, widespread pain, and lateralization of pain. Based on bivariate correlations, relevant predictors of CS were selected and used to fit an exploratory structural equation model (SEM) of CS.ResultsIn total, 114 patients with chronic pain were included, 56.1% being women. The average pain duration was 88 months. The mean total score on the CSI was 36.09 (15.26). The CSI was strongly related to known contributing and related factors of CS. SEM analysis showed that both psychological distress and widespread pain contributed significantly to the variance in symptoms of CS in patients with chronic pain.ConclusionIn this study, the convergent validity of the CSI was measured with demonstration of a strong relationship between contributing factors and clinical features of CS. These findings of convergent validity, considering former studies of the CSI, underline the use of the questionnaire in the clinical practice.
The impact of mood on empathy for pain: Evidence from an EEG study
Authors: Li Xiang , Meng Xianxin , Li Hong , Yang Jiemin , Yuan Jiajin 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe current work investigated whether the neural correlates of empathy for pain are altered by mood valence of observers. Following mood induction, participants watched pictures representing painful or nonpainful situations. We used EEG to record neural activity and assessed event‐related desynchronization at central sites during pain observation. Greater mu desynchronization was observed during painful relative to nonpainful situations in positive and neutral mood but not in negative mood. We also found that the pain empathy effect, indexed by mu suppression differences between painful and nonpainful conditions, was smaller in negative than in neutral and positive mood, while this effect was similar between neutral and positive mood. The current study demonstrates that observers' mood states influence the motoric component of empathy for pain, and specifically the negative mood suppresses the motoric empathic resonance for others' pain.
Blood flow after contraction and cuff occlusion is reduced in subjects with muscle soreness after eccentric exercise
Authors: Souza‐Silva E. , Christensen S. W. , Hirata R. P. , Larsen R. G. , Graven‐Nielsen T. 
Published: April 2017

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) occurs within 1‐2 days after eccentric exercise, but the mechanism mediating hypersensitivity is unclear. This study hypothesized that eccentric exercise reduces the blood flow response following muscle contractions and cuff occlusion, which may result in accumulated algesic substances being a part of the sensitization in DOMS. Twelve healthy subjects (five women) performed dorsiflexion exercise (five sets of 10 repeated eccentric contractions) in one leg, while the contralateral leg was the control. The maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the tibialis anterior muscle was recorded. Blood flow was assessed by ultrasound Doppler on the anterior tibialis artery (ATA) and within the anterior tibialis muscle tissue before and immediately after 1‐second MVC, 5‐seconds MVC, and 5‐minutes thigh cuff occlusion. Pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) were recorded on the tibialis anterior muscle. All measures were done bilaterally at day 0 (pre‐exercise), day 2, and day 6 (post‐exercise). Subjects scored the muscle soreness on a Likert scale for 6 days. Eccentric exercise increased Likert scores at day 1 and day 2 compared with day 0 (P<.001). Compared with pre‐exercise (day 0), reduced PPT (~25%, P<.002), MVC (~22%, P<.002), ATA diameter (~8%, P<.002), ATA post‐contraction/occlusion blood flow (~16%, P<.04), and intramuscular peak blood flow (~23%, P<.03) were found in the DOMS leg on day 2 but not in the control leg. These results showed that eccentric contractions decreased vessel diameter, impaired the blood flow response, and promoted hyperalgesia. Thus, the results suggest that the blood flow reduction may be involved in the increased pain response after eccentric exercise.
An effective ensemble classification framework using random forests and a correlation based feature selection technique
Authors: Chutia Dibyajyoti , Bhattacharyya Dhruba Kumar , Sarma Jaganath , Raju Penumetcha Narasa Lakshmi 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAccurate classification of heterogeneous land surfaces with homogeneous land cover classes is a challenging task as satellite images are characterized by a large number of features in the spectral and spatial domains. The identifying relevance of a feature or feature set is an important task for designing an effective classification scheme. Here, an ensemble of random forests (RF) classifiers is realized on the basis of relevance of features. Correlation‐based Feature Selection (CFS) was utilized to assess the relevance of a subset of features by studying the individual predictive ability of each feature along with the degree of redundancy between them. Predictability of RF was greatly improved by random selection of the relevant features in each of the splits. An investigation was carried out on different types of images from the Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (Landsat ETM+) and QuickBird sensors. It has been observed that the performance of the RF classifier was significantly improved while using the optimal set of relevant features compared with a few of the most advanced supervised classifiers such as maximum likelihood classifier (MLC), Navie Bayes, multi‐layer perception (MLP), support vector machine (SVM) and bagging.
Comparison of administrative and survey data for estimating vitamin A supplementation and deworming coverage of children under five years of age in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Janmohamed Amynah , Doledec David 
Published: April 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo compare administrative coverage data with results from household coverage surveys for vitamin A supplementation (VAS) and deworming campaigns conducted during 2010–2015 in 12 African countries.MethodsPaired t‐tests examined differences between administrative and survey coverage for 52 VAS and 34 deworming dyads. Independent t‐tests measured VAS and deworming coverage differences between data sources for door‐to‐door and fixed‐site delivery strategies and VAS coverage differences between 6‐ to 11‐month and 12‐ to 59‐month age group.ResultsFor VAS, administrative coverage was higher than survey estimates in 47 of 52 (90%) campaign rounds, with a mean difference of 16.1% (95% CI: 9.5–22.7; P < 0.001). For deworming, administrative coverage exceeded survey estimates in 31 of 34 (91%) comparisons, with a mean difference of 29.8% (95% CI: 16.9–42.6; P < 0.001). Mean ± SD differences in coverage between administrative and survey data were 12.2% ± 22.5% for the door‐to‐door delivery strategy and 25.9% ± 24.7% for the fixed‐site model (P = 0.06). For deworming, mean ± SD differences in coverage between data sources were 28.1% ± 43.5% and 33.1% ± 17.9% for door‐to‐door and fixed‐site distribution, respectively (P = 0.64). VAS administrative coverage was higher than survey estimates in 37 of 49 (76%) comparisons for the 6‐ to 11‐month age group and 45 of 48 (94%) comparisons for the 12‐ to 59‐month age group.ConclusionReliance on health facility data alone for calculating VAS and deworming coverage may mask low coverage and prevent measures to improve programmes. Countries should periodically validate administrative coverage estimates with population‐based methods.
Systematic review of sex work interventions in sub‐Saharan Africa: examining combination prevention approaches
Authors: Awungafac George , Delvaux Therese , Vuylsteke Bea 
Published: April 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe incidence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections is disproportionately high among sex workers (SW). We aimed to update the evidence on the effectiveness of SW interventions in sub‐Saharan Africa and to provide more insights into combination prevention.MethodsThe Systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines in a search of PUBMED and POPLINE for peer‐reviewed literature published between 1 January 2000 and 22 July 2016 (registration number on PROSPERO: CRD42016042529). We considered cohort interventions, randomised controlled trials and cross‐sectional surveys of SW programmes. A framework was used in the description and mapping of intervention to desired outcomes.ResultsTwenty‐six papers(reporting on 25 studies) were included. A strategy that empowered peer educator leaders to steer community activities showed a twofold increase in coverage of behaviour change communication and utilisation of health facility among SW. Brief alcohol harm reduction effort demonstrated a significant effect on sexual violence and engagement in sex trading. A risk reduction counselling intervention among drug‐injecting SW showed an effect on alcohol, substance use and engagement in sex work. No study on a promising intervention like PrEP among SWs was found. We observed that interventions that combined some structural components, biomedical and behavioural strategies tend to accumulate more desired outcomes.ConclusionThe evidence base that can be considered in intervention designs to prevent HIV in SW in SSA is vast. The health sector should consider interventions to reduce binge alcohol intake and intravenous drug use among sex workers. Programmes should staunchly consider multicomponent approaches that explore community‐based structural approaches.
Bilingual creativity in Saudi stand‐up comedy
Authors: FALLATAH WAFAA 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTStand‐up comedy is one of those art forms in which linguistic creativity can be seen in its most extravagant form, as stand‐up comedians mainly rely on their creative use of language to interact with their audience. This paper explores bilingual creativity in stand‐up comedy in Saudi English as an emerging variety. It investigates the form and function of bilingual creativity processes employed by Saudi comedians performing in English, and sets out to answer such questions as: What are the common forms of bilingual creativity in Saudi English stand‐up comedy and what functions do they serve; what cultural conceptualizations do these forms and functions evoke, and what are the implications of this study for researching bilingual creativity in world Englishes?
Structure and function of human muscle fibres and muscle proteome in physically active older men
Authors: Brocca Lorenza , McPhee Jamie S. , Longa Emanuela , Canepari Monica , Seynnes Olivier , De Vito Giuseppe , Pellegrino Maria Antonietta , Narici Marco , Bottinelli Roberto 
Published: April 2017

Key points
Loss of muscle mass and strength in the growing population of elderly people is a major health concern for modern societies. This condition, termed sarcopenia, is a major cause of falls and of the subsequent increase in morbidity and mortality.
Despite numerous studies on the impact of ageing on individual muscle fibres, the contribution of single muscle fibre adaptations to ageing‐induced atrophy and functional impairment is still unsettled.
The level of physical function and disuse is often associated with ageing.
We studied relatively healthy older adults in order to understand the effects of ageing per se without the confounding impact of impaired physical function.
We found that in healthy ageing, structural and functional alterations of muscle fibres occur. Protein post‐translational modifications, oxidation and phosphorylation contribute to such alterations more than loss of myosin and other muscle protein content.
AbstractContradictory results have been reported on the impact of ageing on structure and functions of skeletal muscle fibres, likely to be due to a complex interplay between ageing and other phenomena such as disuse and diseases. Here we recruited healthy, physically and socially active young (YO) and elderly (EL) men in order to study ageing per se without the confounding effects of impaired physical function. In vivo analyses of quadriceps and in vitro analyses of vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were performed. In EL subjects, our results show that (i) quadriceps volume, maximum voluntary contraction isometric torque and patellar tendon force were significantly lower; (ii) muscle fibres went through significant atrophy and impairment of specific force (isometric force/cross‐sectional area) and unloaded shortening velocity; (iii) myosin/actin ratio and myosin content in individual muscle fibres were not altered; (iv) the muscle proteome went through quantitative adaptations, namely an up‐regulation of the content of several groups of proteins among which were myofibrillar proteins and antioxidant defence systems; (v) the muscle proteome went through qualitative adaptations, namely phosphorylation of several proteins, including myosin light chain‐2 slow and troponin T and carbonylation of myosin heavy chains. The present results indicate that impairment of individual muscle fibre structure and function is a major feature of ageing per se and that qualitative adaptations of muscle proteome are likely to be more involved than quantitative adaptations in determining such a phenomenon.
Draft Genome Sequence of a Biodesulfurizing Bacterium,
Gordonia
sp. Strain IITR100
Authors: Jaishankar Jananee , Singh Pooja , Srivastava Preeti 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT

We report here the whole-genome sequence of a biodesulfurizing bacterium,
Gordonia
sp. strain IITR100. The bacterium has the unique ability to desulfurize both aliphatic and aromatic organosulfurs. The draft genome sequence will provide insights into the various genes and regulators involved in biodesulfurization and other catabolic pathways.
Draft Genome Sequence of the 1,2-Dichloroethane-Utilizing
Micrococcus
sp. Strain NDB3Y10, Isolated from an Australian Bore Well Producing Coal Seam Gas
Authors: Adelskov Joseph , Patel Bharat K. C. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT

Micrococcus luteus
strain NDB3Y10, which utilizes 1,2-dichloroethane as a carbon source, was isolated from a bore well that produces coal seam gas. The draft genome size of the strain was 2.49 Mb with a G+C content of 72.97%. Genes involved in the metabolism of halogenated substrates, including halogenated hydrocarbons, were identified.
Evaluation of the Accelerate Pheno System for Fast Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing from Positive Blood Cultures in Bloodstream Infections Caused by Gram-Negative Pathogens
Authors: Marschal Matthias , Bachmaier Johanna , Autenrieth Ingo , Oberhettinger Philipp , Willmann Matthias , Peter Silke 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTBloodstream infections (BSI) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Increasing rates of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens limit treatment options, prompting an empirical use of broad-range antibiotics. Fast and reliable diagnostic tools are needed to provide adequate therapy in a timely manner and to enable a de-escalation of treatment. The Accelerate Pheno system (Accelerate Diagnostics, USA) is a fully automated test system that performs both identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) directly from positive blood cultures within approximately 7 h. In total, 115 episodes of BSI with Gram-negative bacteria were included in our study and compared to conventional culture-based methods. The Accelerate Pheno system correctly identified 88.7% (102 of 115) of all BSI episodes and 97.1% (102 of 105) of isolates that are covered by the system's identification panel. The Accelerate Pheno system generated an AST result for 91.3% (95 of 104) samples in which the Accelerate Pheno system identified a Gram-negative pathogen. The overall category agreement between the Accelerate Pheno system and culture-based AST was 96.4%, the rates for minor discrepancies 1.4%, major discrepancies 2.3%, and very major discrepancies 1.0%. Of note, ceftriaxone, piperacillin-tazobactam, and carbapenem resistance was correctly detected in blood culture specimens with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producingEscherichia coli(n= 7) and multidrug-resistantPseudomonas aeruginosa(n= 3) strains. The utilization of the Accelerate Pheno system reduced the time to result for identification by 27.49 h (P< 0.0001) and for AST by 40.39 h (P< 0.0001) compared to culture-based methods in our laboratory setting. In conclusion, the Accelerate Pheno system provided fast, reliable results while significantly improving turnaround time in blood culture diagnostics of Gram-negative BSI.