bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OBSCURED AGNs IN BULGELESS HOSTS DISCOVERED BY WISE: THE CASE STUDY OF SDSS J1224+5555
Authors: Satyapal S. , Secrest N. J. , Rothberg B. , O’Connor J. A. , Ellison S. L. , Hickox R. C. , Constantin A. , Gliozzi M. , Rosenberg and J. L. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
There is mounting evidence that supermassive black holes (SMBHs) form and grow in bulgeless galaxies. However, a robust determination of the fraction of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in bulgeless galaxies, an important constraint to models of SMBH seed formation and merger-free models of AGN fueling, is unknown, since optical studies have been shown to be incomplete for AGNs in low-mass galaxies. In a recent study using the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, we discovered hundreds of bulgeless galaxies that display mid-infrared signatures of extremely hot dust suggestive of powerful accreting massive black holes, despite having no signatures of black hole activity at optical wavelengths. Here we report X-ray follow-up observations of J122434.66+555522.3, a nearby (z = 0.052) isolated bulgeless galaxy that contains an unresolved X-ray source detected at the 3σ level by XMM-Newton with an observed luminosity uncorrected for intrinsic absorption of

erg s−1. Ground-based near-infrared spectroscopy with the Large Binocular Telescope and multiwavelength observations from ultraviolet to millimeter wavelengths together suggest that J1224+5555 harbors a highly absorbed AGN with an intrinsic absorption of

cm−2. The hard X-ray luminosity of the putative AGN corrected for absorption is

erg s−1, which, depending on the bolometric correction factor, corresponds to a bolometric luminosity of the AGN of

−3 × 1044

and a lower mass limit for the black hole of

, based on the Eddington limit. While enhanced X-ray emission and hot dust can be produced by star formation in extremely low metallicity environments typical in dwarf galaxies, J1224+5555 has a stellar mass of

and an above solar metallicity (12 +

= 9.11), typical of our WISE-selected bulgeless galaxy sample. While collectively these observations suggest the presence of an AGN, we caution that identifying obscured AGNs in the low-luminosity regime is challenging and often requires multiwavelength observations. These observations suggest that low-luminosity AGNs can be heavily obscured and reside in optically quiescent galaxies, adding to the growing body of evidence that the fraction of bulgeless galaxies with accreting black holes may be significantly underestimated based on optical studies.
RADIO NONDETECTION OF THE SGR 1806−20 GIANT FLARE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR FAST RADIO BURSTS
Authors: Tendulkar Shriharsh P. , Kaspi Victoria M. , Patel Chitrang 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We analyze archival data from the Parkes radio telescope, which was observing a location 35.°6 away from SGR 1806−20 during its giant γ-ray flare of 2004 December 27. We show that no fast radio burst (FRB)-like burst counterpart was detected, and set a radio limit of 110 MJy at 1.4 GHz, including the estimated 70 dB suppression of the signal due to its location in the far sidelobe of Parkes and the predicted scattering from the interstellar medium. The upper limit for the ratio of magnetar giant flare radio to γ-ray fluence is η
SGR ≲ 107 Jy ms erg−1 cm2. Based on the nondetection of a short and prompt γ-ray counterpart of 15 FRBs in γ-ray transient monitors, we set a lower limit on the fluence ratios of FRBs to be η
FRB ≳ 107–9 Jy ms erg−1 cm2. The fluence ratio limit for SGR 1806−20 is inconsistent with all but one of the 15 FRBs. We discuss possible variations in the magnetar-FRB emission mechanism and observational caveats that may reconcile the theory with observations.
STATE-SPECIFIC DISSOCIATION RATES FOR H2(v, j) + H2(v′, j′)
Authors: Mandy M. E. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
State-specific rate coefficients for the dissociation of H2 as the result of collisions with H2 were calculated for all combinations of (v, j) with an internal energy below 1 eV. Full-dimensional quasiclassical trajectories were calculated using the BMKP2 interaction potential with a minimum of 80,000 trajectories at each translational energy. Additional large batches of trajectories were carried out to calculate the cross sections near the threshold to dissociation to attain the desired precision of the rate coefficients. A piecewise linear excitation function was used to calculate the rate coefficient between 100 and 100,000 K. The resulting state-specific rate coefficients, γ, were parametrized as a function of temperature over the range 600–10,000 K using:

where

K and

. The values of the resulting rate coefficients were sensitive to the internal energy of both molecules, with initial vibrational energy having a slightly greater effect than rotational energy. This effect diminished as temperature increased.
IMPLICATIONS OF THE TENTATIVE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN GW150914 AND A FERMI-GBM TRANSIENT
Authors: Li Xiang , Zhang Fu-Wen , Yuan Qiang , Jin Zhi-Ping , Fan Yi-Zhong , Liu Si-Ming , Wei Da-Ming 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
The merger-driven gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and their associated gravitational-wave (GW) radiation, if both are successfully detected, have some far-reaching implications, including, for instance: (i) the statistical comparison of the physical properties of the short/long-short GRBs with and without GW detection can test the general origin model; (ii) revealing the physical processes taking place at the central engine; (iii) measuring the velocity of the gravitational wave directly/accurately. In this work, we discuss these implications in the case of a possible association of GW150914/Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) transient 150914. We compared GBM transient 150914 with other SGRBs and found that such an event may be a distinct outlier in some statistical diagrams, possibly due to its specific binary black hole merger origin. However, the presence of a “new” group of SGRBs with “unusual” physical parameters is also possible. If the outflow of GBM transient 150914 was launched by the accretion onto the nascent black hole, the magnetic activity rather than the neutrino process is likely responsible for the energy extraction, and the accretion disk mass is estimated to be ∼10−5
M
⊙. The GW150914/GBM transient 150914 association, if confirmed, would provide the first opportunity to directly measure the GW velocity, and its departure from the speed of the light should be within a factor of ∼10−17.
Comparison of Immunocytochemistry and Immunohistochemistry on Breast Carcinoma: A Boon or a Bane?
Authors: Geethamala Kempula , Murthy Venkataramappa Srinivasa , Vani Bangalore Ramalingiah , Rao Madireddi Sudha , Thejaswini Malugnalli Uddappa , Padmaja Krishnarajapet Padmanabha 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Breast carcinoma is the most common cancer among women in the urban Indian population. Conventionally, immunohistochemistry (IHC) is done to determine the hormone receptor status of the tumor. Immunocytochemistry (ICC) on fine‑needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was carried out to determine the same hormone receptor status of the tumor.
Objective: The study was undertaken to evaluate the diagnostic reliability of performing estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2/neu) receptor status on FNAC by ICC and to compare the results with IHC.
Materials and Methods: A 2 years 6 months prospective study conducted in the Department of Pathology, ESIC Medical College and PGIMSR and ESIC Model Hospital, Rajajinagar, Bengaluru, wherein 100 breast carcinoma patients’ samples both cytology and histology were collected. IHC and ICC were done by peroxidase antiperoxidase technique. Validations of the receptor status were analyzed using sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), and kappa statistics for agreements between ICC and IHC.
Results: ICC was positive for ER, PR, and Her2/neu in 53, 50, and 22 cases, respectively. For ER, a cytohistologic correlation of 98%, with a sensitivity of 96.3%, specificity of 100%, and PPV and NPV being 100% and 95.7%. For PR, concordance of 97%, with a sensitivity of 94.3%, specificity of 100%, and PPV and NPV being 100% and 94%. Her2/neu had an agreement of 89%, with a sensitivity of 72%, specificity of 95.5%, and PPV and NPV being 85.7% and 90.1%.
Conclusion: ICC has been a boon and can be a paramount diagnostic adjunct to the routine investigations.
Internal Carotid Artery Fibromuscular Dysplasia in a Child: Incidental Postmortem Finding after Head Injury
Authors: Subramanian Arulselvi , Aggarwal Garima , Agarwal Deepak , Lalwani Sanjeev 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTFibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a rare, segmental, nonatheromatous, and noninflammatory arterial disease of unknown etiology. It predominantly involves renal artery (60–75%) followed by extracranial part of the internal carotid artery and vertebral arteries (25–30%). The disease typically affects middle-aged women and involves intermediate-sized arteries throughout the body. There are rare case reports of extracranial FMD compounding a trauma case. A patient was brought to trauma center emergency with a history of fall from height. There were one previous episode of seizure and two episodes of vomiting. His Glasgow Coma Scale on admission was E1V1M4. Noncontrast computed tomography of the head showed fracture on the right zygomatic, temporal, and parietal bone, with underlying thin subdural hemorrhage. The patient underwent left frontotemporoparietal decompressive craniectomy and lax duraplasty with bone flap in bone bank. On the 1st postoperative day, he succumbed to his injuries despite timely surgery and necessary interventions. It was only postmortem when FMD was diagnosed in carotid artery by histopathological examination. On microscopy, intimal changes were seen in the form of expansion of subendothelial loose matrix with mesenchymal cells, thickening and hyalinization of the internal elastic lamina, areas of duplication and disruption of internal elastic lamina. Medial wall changes included thickening of the wall, focal loss of the smooth muscle, and replacement with fibrosis (dysplastic change). This case emphasizes the importance of considering this disease in the differential diagnosis of children and young adults with stroke (which subsequently lead to his fall).
Performance of Xpert MTB/RIF on Ascitic Fluid Samples for Detection of Abdominal Tuberculosis
Authors: Rufai Syed Beenish , Singh Sarman , Singh Amit , Kumar Parveen , Singh Jitendra , Vishal Anand 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Background: Diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis (TB) from ascitic fluid samples using routinely available diagnostic methods is challenging due to its paucibacillary nature. Although performance of Xpert MTB/RIF assay has been evaluated extensively on pulmonary samples, its performance on extrapulmonary samples is still under evaluation.
Objectives: The objective of this study was to find out the performance of Xpert MTB/RIF on ascitic fluid samples obtained from suspected cases of abdominal TB. Performance was compared with Mycobacterium growth indicator tube-960 (MGIT-960) culture and in-house multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The latter detects and differentiates Mycobacterium tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria simultaneously.
Materials and Methods: Sixty-seven patients suspected of probable/possible abdominal TB were included in this observational, prospective study. All samples were tested by Ziehl–Neelsen staining, MGIT-960 culture, in-house multiplex PCR, and Xpert MTB/RIF assay.
Results: All 67 samples were smear negative. Seventeen (25.4%) were MGIT-960 culture positive while 12 (17.9%) were detected positive by the Xpert MTB/RIF assay and 9 (13.4%) by in-house multiplex PCR. Sensitivity and specificity of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay compared with the MGIT-960 culture were 70.6% (95%, confidence interval [CI]: 44.1–89.7) and 100% (95%, CI: 92.8–100) and that of in-house multiplex PCR were 52.9% (95%, CI: 30.9–73.8) and 100% (95%, CI: 92.8–100), respectively.
Conclusions: Diagnostic yield of Xpert MTB/RIF assay on ascitic fluid samples was lower than MGIT-960 culture. We thus emphasize on the need for urgent discovery of new biomarkers for paucibacillary TB.
THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA IN THE BED OF A STREAM1
Authors: Coleman Mary J. , Hynes H. B. N. 
Published: August 2016

A type of sampler is described that permits the collection of benthic fauna to a depth of 30 cm in the beds of streams. It depends on the colonization of natural substratum placed into the streambed, and invasion can occur both horizontally and vertically downward. When fully colonized, these samplers collect many times the number of animals taken by vigorous stirring of the substratum upstream of a net.Sets of samplers in which only one of four possible horizontal layers about 7.5 cm deep was available for colonization were emplanted in an Ontario stream and lifted from 1 to 28 days later.The total numbers of many types of animals increased steadily with time in all 4 layers; more than 28 days are probably needed for full colonization. When all the catches are considered together only about 20% of the total was in the top layer, about 26% was in the bottom layer, and the rest was about evenly distributed in the two middle layers. This type of distribution was found for all the groups of animals present. Only Simulium appeared to be normally confined to the surface of the substratum.It is suggested that significant numbers of animals occur deep within the substrata of stony streams, and that even samples collected down to 30 cm do not adequately represent the fauna.
Nitrogen fixation in freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems. 2. Biogeochemical controls1
Authors: Howarth Robert W. , Marino Roxanne , Cole Jonathan J. 
Published: August 2016

Planktonic nitrogen fixation in lakes is strongly related to lake trophic status, with moderate and high rates usually occurring only in eutrophic lakes. Among eutrophic lakes, nitrogen fixation is related to the ratio of nitrogen loading to phosphorus loading to the lake; significant nitrogen fixation by planktonic organisms generally occurs only when the N: P ratio of the nutrient loading is near or below the Redfield ratio of 16: 1. In contrast, nitrogen fixation by planktonic organisms is generally low in estuaries even when the N: P ratio of nutrients inputs is low.The tendency toward less nitrogen fixation by plankton in estuaries and coastal marine ecosystems than in lakes subject to similar loadings of nitrogen and phosphorus may be due to a lower availability in oxic seawater of one or more trace elements required for nitrogen fixation, such as molybdenum and iron. Iron concentrations are generally lower in estuarine waters and seawater than in most lakes. And although molybdenum concentrations in seawater are actually higher than in lakes, molybdenum availability is probably lower, since sulfate inhibits molybdate assimilation by microbes. Molybdate is the primary form of molybdenum in oxic seawater, and the ratio of sulfate: molybdate is greater than in lakes. However, even in lakes sulfate is several orders of magnitude more abundant than molybdenum, and the ratio of dissolved sulfate to dissolved molybdenum typically is much greater than the ratio of sulfur to molybdenum apparently required by nitrogen‐fixing cyanobacteria. Consequently, assimilation of molybdate by cyanobacteria is probably an energetically expensive process in all natural waters, but more so in seawater than in freshwaters. High concentrations of dissolved organic matter are known to favor blooms of cyanobacteria, perhaps by increasing iron and/or molybdenum availability through chelation.The primary controls on nitrogen fixation in sediments, wetlands, macrophyte beds, and cyanobacterial mats may be different from those for fixation by planktonic organisms. Both molybdenum and iron are probably more available in these systems than in oxic waters, since reducing conditions and high DOC concentrations will increase iron solubility and favor the stability of reduced forms of molybdenum; sulfate should not inhibit the assimilation of these reduced molybdenum compounds. Consequently, nitrogenase synthesis (and, therefore, nitrogen fixation) in wetlands and in sediments may be less energetically expensive than in oxic water columns. A major control on nitrogen fixation in sediments may be repression of nitrogenase synthesis by high concentrations of ammonium, a factor less important to planktonic fixation because of the much lower concentrations of ammonium generally found in water columns than in sediments.
A comparison of the ecology of planktonic bacteria in fresh and salt water
Authors: Hobbie John E. 
Published: August 2016

The planktonic bacteria inhabiting fresh and salt waters are not physiologically identical; most marine bacteria, for example, require sodium and some marine forms can thrive at 1,000 atm of pressure in the deep sea. Despite this difference, the conclusion of this review is that the ecology of planktonic bacteria is virtually identical in fresh and salt waters.The differences are small and mostly a matter of relative proportion of various processes. That is, similar bacterial processes occur in fresh and salt waters but in each environment, one process may be more important than another. For example, bacteria in freshwaters are exposed to high amounts of refractory dissolved organic carbon from soil and stream runoff, while many marine bacteria are exposed to relatively more of the labile organic matter from decaying algae. Also, under anaerobic conditions the sulfur cycle will be dominant in the sea while the carbon‐methane cycle will be more important in freshwaters. In spite of the presence of relatively high amounts of methane in the sea, there is thus far little evidence that a significant amount of methane is being oxidized.Not enough is yet known to determine if there are differences in the grazing of bacteria in the two systems. Small, flagellated protozoans are very important grazers in freshwater and marine systems but there is some evidence from salt waters that ciliates are also important grazers. Marine ecosystems also contain large animals that can filter out bacteria. Sponges are the dominant suspension feeders on coral reefs, mussels and oysters are dominant in estuarine and marsh systems, and a large appendicularian may filter significant amounts of bacteria through a mucous net.Ecological understanding of the aquatic bacteria has advanced rapidly in the past two decades. One reason is the basic similarity between microbial ecology in fresh and salt waters and the consequent interchangeability of techniques.
Comparative ecology of submersed grass beds in freshwater, estuarine, and marine environments1
Authors: Stevenson J. Court 
Published: August 2016

Worldwide, there are 500–700 species of submersed angiosperms adapted to freshwater and estuarine environments compared with 50 species adapted to marine waters. In their evolution from freshwater ancestors, seagrasses have undergone extensive anatomical changes (e.g. reduction in floral and leaf structures, reduction of xylem tissue with a lacunal gas transport system), as well as physiological adaptations (bicarbonate utilization in photosynthesis). Seagrasses appear to have more annual production than do their freshwater counterparts because they develop greater standing crops and have the capacity to store photosynthetic products in extensive rhizome systems in the sediments. For example, maximum productivity of >10 g C m−2 d−1 has been reported for tropical seagrass species (Cymodocea nodosa and Thalassia testudinum), but the maximum productivity of temperate freshwater species such as Myriophyllum or tropical freshwater species such as Hydrilla is usually <5 g C m−2 d−1. In addition, the marine environment provides ample supplies of inorganic carbon (C) and increased mixing energies, making CO2 limitation less likely. One calculation suggests that marine macrophytes impact the global C budget by sequestering as much as 109 t of C per year.Secondary productivities of seagrass communities can also be high. For example, stable isotopic ratios suggest that macrophytic C is important in sustaining several species of commercial fish species in Australia, accounting for >50% of their diets. Also, sea urchins (Diadema antilarum) consume plant material, creating bare halos around tropical patch reefs in the Caribbean Sea. It is difficult to generalize regarding brackish submersed aquatics in estuaries because their coverage is variable due to light limitation and algal overgrowth from eutrophication. Freshwater macrophytes seem rarely grazed by fish (except via exotic introductions of Tilapia or carp), but waterfowl use is often significant at the end of the growing season. Thus, trophic relations in freshwater macrophyte beds may be qualitatively different and much more pulsed than in seagrass systems, with more re‐selection in lakes and more K‐selection in marine environments.
The Direction of Change Management in United Arab Emirates
Authors: Baddah Abdulla 
Published: August 2016

<p>The purpose of this paper is to review the current change management literature that exists on the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and then explore the extent to which this literature has responded to the calls for more research in this field. A general and broad search of the literature on change management was made and peer-reviewed articles selected, preferably about the UAE. The findings were then analyzed and a discussion of the literature formed. The aim was to gain some understanding on the direction of change management in the UAE in order to guide future research about change management and to stimulate interest in the topic. The findings show that there is a problem regarding the lack of a research papers on change management in the UAE and the implications for government and business, and decision makers.</p><p> </p>
O que há de magia na poesia? Comparando poéticas do encantamento
Authors: Losso Eduardo Guerreiro Brito 
Published: August 2016

<div><span>Teóricos da poética frequentemente aproximam poesia de mística, ao mesmo tempo que distinguem o poeta do místico. Dizem que o poeta medita na exterioridade e o místico na interioridade, mas especialistas nos grandes místicos afirmam que não há, neles, a separação entre busca espiritual e contemplação da materialidade. De qualquer modo, o místico busca a experiência suprassensível. Por isso, talvez seja mais pertinente examinar as aproximações entre poesia e magia.Ao longo da história da poética, elas são abundantes. Examinamos três ocorrências importantes nessa história: em Platão, Martin Opitz (primeiro poetólogo alemão) e Novalis. Ao compará-las, percebemos que a magia parece ser essencial à origem e atuação da poesia, mas por diferentes motivos.</span></div>