bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Framework and Guidelines for Assessing and Developing Board-Level Information Technology Committee Charters
Authors: Price Jean B. , Lankton Nancy 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT
IT governance is important to the success of most business enterprises. One form of IT governance is the use of board-level IT committees. This study examines committee charters, which are the basic foundation for an effective committee. Based on prior literature and theory, we develop a framework and six propositions for assessing IT committee charter components including committee characteristics, member characteristics, and roles and responsibilities. We test the propositions by exploring the IT committee charters and information from other sources for 23 Fortune 500 companies. We find that most IT committees have more members and meet more often than required by the charter. All but one committee has at least one member with IT expertise as defined in our study. Also, most roles and responsibilities are focused on the five IT governance focus areas prescribed by the Information Technology Governance Institute. However, the roles are not consistently specified in all charters. Suggestions for future research and guidelines for practice are provided.
Twin Block appliance with acrylic capping does not have a significant inhibitory effect on lower incisor proclination
Authors: van der Plas Mark Cornelis , Janssen Krista Ingeborg , Pandis Nikolaos , Livas Christos 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To investigate the effect of acrylic capping, treatment duration, overjet, and lower incisor inclination on the posttreatment tooth position in patients treated with 2 Twin Block (TB) appliance versions.

Materials and Methods:
Cephalograms of 56 patients with Class II malocclusion (21 boys, 35 girls; mean age before treatment [T1] = 12.5 years; standard deviation, 0.7) treated with a TB appliance with either acrylic capping or ball-ended clasps on lower incisors were retrospectively collected and traced. Lower incisor inclination (L1-GoGn, L1-GoMe, L1-MP) was measured at T1 and after TB appliance removal (T2). Regression analysis was performed to evaluate the effect on the lower incisor inclination of appliance type, overjet, lower incisor inclination at T1, and treatment duration after adjusting for baseline measurements.

Results:
Appliance design was not a significant predictor for either incisor inclination measurement (P&lt; .05). Pretreatment lower incisor inclination was the only factor significantly associated with final tooth inclination (L1-GoGn: β = 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.30, 0.84, P &lt; .001; L1-GoMe: β = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.28, 0.84, P &lt; .001; L1-MP: β = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.17, 0.75, P = .003). There was weak evidence that treatment duration excluding L1-MP (95% CI = –1.85, –0.02; P = .045) and overjet might be associated with inclination of lower incisors at T2.

Conclusions:
TB appliance design with acrylic capping on lower incisors appears not to significantly control incisor proclination. Pretreatment lower incisor inclination may be significantly associated with tooth inclination after active TB treatment and should be considered in treatment planning.
PENELITIAN HUKUM TRANSFORMATIF PARTISIPATORIS: SEBUAH GAGASAN DAN KONSEP AWAL
Authors: Susanto Anthon Freddy , B. Gialdah Tapiansari 
Published: January 2017

Penelitian hukum normatif-dogmatiek, maupun empirik-kuantitatif memiliki kecenderungan simplifikasi yaitu pengabaian terhadap berbagai aspek dalam realitas hukum yang kompleks, sehingga penelitian hukum kering dari aspek nilai, simbol-simbol, makna-makna kultural dan moralitas kemanusiaan, bahkan tidak memiliki tindakan aksi di dalamnya. Penelitian hukum normatif-dogmatiek dan juga penelitian empirik kuantitatif (keduanya di bawah paradigma positivism hukum) hanya menjelaskan keterkaitan (mekanis) antara angka angka dengan aturan, asas-asas dan prinsip yang kaku. Pengabaian-pengabaian demikian itu mengakibatkan, rusaknya tatanan hukum, tatanan masyarakat, serta hancurnya kehidupan ekologis (lingkungan hidup) oleh kebijakan-kebijakan hukum formal, yang lebih memihak kekuasaan. Kita temukan marjinalisasi masyarakat kecil, penggusuran dan penghakiman atas nama hukum yang banyak dilakukan Negara. Pembangunan hukum yang lebih mengarah kepada kepentingan kelas tertentu atau kelompok yang kuat dalam masyarakat. Pada satu sisi pembangunan hukum yang terlalu terfokus pada kebijakan perundang-undangan pada hakekatnya hanya menampilkan pembangunan semu, sekalipun peraturan perundang-undangan itu memiliki tujuan tujuan yang mulia, namun minim dalam pencapaian, terlebih yang selalu mengemuka akan perilaku yang Nampak dalam perundang-undangan itu.
Pembangunan hukum yang terlalu terfokus pada perundang-undangan itu tidak mendorong partisipasi public.Hukum kehilangan kemampuan untuk menjelaskan relasinya dengan masyarakat dan realitas kultural dan akhirnya hukum gagal menjadi medium yang dapat meningkatkan partisipasi masyarakat.Dari berbagai problem hukum saat ini, memperlihatkan kepada kita, diperlukan pendekatan yang mampu merespon perubahan dan tentu saja keberpihakan terhadap masyarakat yang tidak mampu.Oleh karena itu penelitian hukum seharusnya mampu mendorong partisipasi masyarakat, terbuka terhadap berbagai ragam pendekatan sehingga mampu memberikan berbagai solusi yang dihadapi oleh masyarakat.
Kata Kunci: Konsep, Penelitian Hukum Transformatif–Partisipatoris.
Storage Projects in Nepal’s Electricity Development Decade 2016/2026 For Whom Nepal’s Storage Projects Toll?
Authors: Pun Santa Bahadur 
Published: January 2017

The Nepal government’s Electricity Development Decade 2016/2026 to develop 10,000 MW in 10 years has 11 storage projects totaling over 5,000 MW. Nine of these eleven projects would store 11 billion cubic meters of freshwater submerging vast tracts of fertile valleys, villages, farms and forests in Nepal. Brushing aside these social and environmental costs lightly, the government has launched the holy ‘jihad/crusade’ to develop hydroelectricity. Nepal’s policy framers of 10,000 MW in 10 years crusade have totally failed to see the larger picture in the Ganges basin. This failure to see the larger Ganges picture is, to a large extent, attributed to Prime Minister Madhav Kumar Nepal’s 2009 decision to unbundle Water Resources Ministry into Energy and Irrigation. Electricity attained the upper class status with Water downgraded to Dalit class!India’s greatest burning problem in the Ganges basin, that supports nearly fifty per cent of her 1,200 million people, is WATER. India, therefore, is in desperate need of storages in Nepal to realize her master plan, the Interlinking of Rivers. With Nepal in desperate pursuit of hydroelectricity, India sees this as an opportune moment to avail GRATIS stored WATER through Nepal’s default. According to Bhim Subba, a Bhutanese of Nepalese origin, this is the fundamental flaw in all past Indo-Nepal deals. Subba believes India must concede that success of her Ganges water strategy hinges entirely on Nepal. He argues that water stored in Nepal has monetary value and this must be factored in all storage projects. Such a policy would be mutually beneficial for both the countries. Unfortunately, this would be a bitter pill to swallow for our policy framers of 10,000 MW in 10 years crusade. This article dwells on these issues. HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water Energy and EnvironmentIssue: 20Page: 6-10
An Environmentally Friendly Integrated Development Approach for Nepal (Experiences from Irrigation Sector Projects)
Authors: Singh Achyut Man 
Published: January 2017

Nepal has distinctly three ecological regions: (i) high mountain, (ii) mid-hills, and (iii) terai with their varying climatic and physiographic features. The experiences gathered from Irrigation Sector Projects implemented under various donor agencies such as the World Bank (WB), Asian Development Bank (ADB), and UN/ILO have shown that successful irrigation projects must be defined and planned according to specific ecological regions and pertinent to the local environment. An integrated development approach considers the land use, roads, market, and other economic activities as they relate to prospects for poverty alleviation. Land evaluation and subsequent land use planning according to the soil, climate, land profile, and suitability of agriculture practices should be considered in the development works to ensure true benefit to the rural populations. The integrated approach as such will provide long term sustainability through environmentally sound practices. This approach has been widely applied in the European countries, Korea, Japan, and Sri Lanka.This paper primarily focuses on the irrigation and development approaches most suitable to Nepal’s three ecological regions. High mountain regions should be developed with pasture land, horticulture, organic vegetable farming, and tourism. Irrigation technology in these areas should be simple pipe conveyance, and tank irrigation. In the mid-hills horticulture on the sloping terrain and cereal crops in the river valleys with other diversified cropping systems should be applied. The Terai region is the ‘Bread Basket’ of Nepal, and has high potential for diversified agriculture and industrial development.For development in these regions to succeed, road networks and transportation facilities are essential to economic growth. Road transportation maximizes opportunity for tourism and other economic activities. Development work must be planned in an integrated approach, which should be based on appropriate land use patterns for environmentally sustainable practices. An ideal solution would be to envision the watershed as the unit for eco-friendly sustainable development planning involving all the stakeholders under the watershed purview. As an example, the principles of Integrated Water Resources Management Planning (IWRMP), and Integrated Watershed Management Plan (IWMP) have been successfully applied in the USA and Australia (Box 1). It has illustrated that vegetative covered catchment stores large amount of rain water, increases groundwater table, reduces erosion of soil, and lastly decreases the intensity of flood hazard. Whereas, the naked catchment areas are highly erodible, does not store rain water, susceptible to high erosion and landslides, and increases the flood intensity by three fold than a vegetative covered one. The vegetative cover increases the water resources availability for over all development for agriculture. HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water Energy and EnvironmentIssue: 20Page: 31-40
Effect of grain defects on the mechanical behavior of nickel-based single crystal superalloy
Authors: Tang Haibin , Guo Haiding 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
In this paper, a single crystal (SC) partition model, consisting of primary grains and grain defects, is proposed to simulate the weakening effect of grain defects generated at geometric discontinuities of SC materials. The plastic deformation of SC superalloy is described with the modified yield criterion, associated flow rule and hardening law. Then a bicrystal model containing only one group of misoriented grains under uniaxial loading is constructed and analyzed in the commercial finite element software ABAQUS. The simulation results indicate that the yield strength and elastic modulus of misoriented grains, which are determined by the crystallographic orientation, have a significant effect on the stress distribution of the bicrystal model. A critical stress, which is calculated by the stress state at critical regions, is proposed to evaluate the local stress rise at the sub-boundary of primary and misoriented grains.
Evolution of mechanical properties and microstructure of differently cryogenically treated hot die steel AISI–H13
Authors: Katoch Sanjeev , Sehgal Rakesh , Singh Vishal 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis paper investigates the influence of different cryogenic treatments vis-à-vis conventional vacuum heat treatment on the evolution of static mechanical properties and microstructure of hot die steel grade AISI–H13. Deep cryogenic treatment was performed under two different temperatures (−154 °C and −184 °C) and varying soak duration of 6, 21, and 36 h. The resultant mechanical properties were characterized in order to understand the influence of cryogenic treatment vis-à-vis vacuum heat treatment and tempering on the hardness, toughness and the tensile strength. The results showed that samples cryogenically treated at −154°C for a soak duration of 6 h and tempered at 620°C for 2 h had 3.1% higher hardness, samples cryogenically treated at −184 °C for a soak duration of 6 h and tempered at 620 °C for 2 h showed 69 % higher percentage elongation, 36% higher toughness (Charpy V–notch) and showed 12.8% reduction in tensile strength in comparison to conventionally treated samples. X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy techniques were utilized for confirmation of various phases and complex carbides, morphology of microstructure and morphology of fractured surfaces, respectively.
Slag corrosion resistance of Al4SiC4
Authors: Yu Chao , Deng Chengji , Zhu Hongxi , Xue Zhengliang , Ding Jun 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Powdered mixtures of Al2O3/SiO2/C/Al were heated together to synthesize Al4SiC4 and the corrosion resistance of the Al4SiC4 product was subsequently investigated. The results show that the addition of aluminium accelerates the synthesis of Al4SiC4. The slag corrosion resistance of the Al4SiC4 product is excellent (as determined using the static-crucible method). At high temperatures, the surface of the Al4SiC4 initially reacts with oxygen to form Al2O3 and SiO2. The Al2O3 formed dissolves in molten slag, and further reacts with MgO to form MgAl2O4. The above reaction processes can form a protective layer on the surface of the ternary carbide, which inhibits further corrosion of the Al4SiC4 material.
New classification of spinal lipomas based on embryonic stage
Authors: Morota Nobuhito , Ihara Satoshi , Ogiwara Hideki 
Published: January 2017

OBJECTIVE
Spinal lipomas are generally thought to occur as a result of failed primary neurulation. However, some clinical features cannot be explained by this theory. The authors propose a novel classification of spinal lipomas based on embryonic changes seen during primary and secondary neurulation.

METHODS
A total of 677 patients with occult spinal dysraphism underwent 699 surgeries between August 2002 and May 2015 at the National Center for Child Health and Development and Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center. This group of patients had 378 spinal lipomas, including 119 conus spinal lipomas, 27 lipomyelomeningoceles, and 232 filum lipomas, which the authors classified into 4 types based on neural tube formation during embryonic development. Type 1 is defined as pure primary neurulation failure; Type 2 ranges from primary to secondary neurulation failure; Type 3 consists of secondary neurulation failure (early phase); and Type 4 is defined as secondary neurulation failure (late phase). The authors also review embryogenesis in secondary neurulation and analyze the clinical utility of the new classification.

RESULTS
There were 55 Type 1 spinal lipomas, 29 Type 2, 62 Type 3, and 232 Type 4. All filum lipomas fell into the Type 4 spinal lipoma category. Association with anorectal and/or sacral anomalies was seen in none of the Type 1 cases, 15 (52%) of Type 2, 35 (56%) of Type 3, and 31 (13%) of Type 4. Urogenital anomalies were observed in none of the Type 1 or Type 2 cases, 1 (2%) of Type 3, and 28 (12%) of Type 4. Anomaly syndromes were present in none of the Type 1 cases, 6 (21%) of Type 2, 3 (5%) of Type 3, and 16 (7%) of Type 4. Associated anomalies or anomaly syndromes were clearly observed only for Type 2–4 spinal lipomas encompassing failed secondary neurulation. Radical resection was feasible for Type 1 spinal lipomas.

CONCLUSIONS
Secondary neurulation of the spinal cord gives rise to the conus medullaris and filum terminale, which are often involved in spinal lipomas. Formation of spinal lipomas seems to be a continuous process overlapping primary and secondary neurulation in some cases. Association with other anomalies was higher in Type 2–4 spinal lipomas, which included failed secondary neurulation, than in Type 1 lipomas, with failed primary neurulation. On the other hand, radical resection was indicated for Type 1, but not for Type 2, spinal lipomas. The new classification of spinal lipomas based on embryonic stage has the potential for clinical use and agrees well with both clinical and surgical findings. The classification proposed here is still preliminary. Further studies and verification are necessary to establish its clinical utility.
Volume-staged versus dose-staged stereotactic radiosurgery outcomes for large brain arteriovenous malformations: a systematic review
Authors: Ilyas Adeel , Chen Ching-Jen , Ding Dale , Taylor Davis G. , Moosa Shayan , Lee Cheng-Chia , Cohen-Inbar Or , Sheehan Jason P. 
Published: January 2017

OBJECTIVESeveral recent studies have improved our understanding of the outcomes of volume-staged (VS) and dose-staged (DS) stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for the treatment of large (volume > 10 cm3) brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). In light of these recent additions to the literature, the aim of this systematic review is to provide an updated comparison of VS-SRS and DS-SRS for large AVMs.METHODSA systematic review of the literature was performed using PubMed to identify cohorts of 5 or more patients with large AVMs who had been treated with VS-SRS or DS-SRS. Baseline data and post-SRS outcomes were extracted for analysis.RESULTSA total of 11 VS-SRS and 10 DS-SRS studies comprising 299 and 219 eligible patients, respectively, were included for analysis. The mean obliteration rates for VS-SRS and DS-SRS were 41.2% (95% CI 31.4%–50.9%) and 32.3% (95% CI 15.9%–48.8%), respectively. Based on pooled individual patient data, the outcomes for patients treated with VS-SRS were obliteration in 40.3% (110/273), symptomatic radiation-induced changes (RICs) in 13.7% (44/322), post-SRS hemorrhage in 19.5% (50/256), and death in 7.4% (24/323); whereas the outcomes for patients treated with DS-SRS were obliteration in 32.7% (72/220), symptomatic RICs in 12.2% (31/254), post-SRS hemorrhage in 10.6% (30/282), and death in 4.6% (13/281).CONCLUSIONSVolume-staged SRS appears to afford higher obliteration rates than those achieved with DS-SRS, although with a less favorable complication profile. Therefore, VS-SRS or DS-SRS may be a reasonable treatment approach for large AVMs, either as stand-alone therapy or as a component of a multimodality management strategy.
Cervical lordotic alignment following posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: reciprocal changes and risk factors for malalignment
Authors: Hayashi Kazunori , Toyoda Hiromitsu , Terai Hidetomi , Suzuki Akinobu , Hoshino Masatoshi , Tamai Koji , Ohyama Shoichiro , Nakamura Hiroaki 
Published: January 2017

OBJECTIVE
Numerous reports have been published on the effectiveness and safety of correction of the coronal Cobb angle and thoracolumbar sagittal alignment in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Suboptimal sagittal alignment, such as decreased thoracic kyphosis (TK), after corrective surgery, is a possible cause of lumbar or cervical spinal degeneration and junctional malalignment; however, few reports are available on reciprocal changes outside of the fused segments, such as the cervical lordotic angle (CLA). This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the perioperative CLA and other radiographic factors or clinical results in AIS, and to identify independent risk factors of postoperative cervical hyperkyphosis.

METHODS
A total of 51 AIS patients who underwent posterior spinal fusion with the placement of pedicle screw (PS) constructs at thoracic levels were included in the study. Clinical and radiographic follow-up of patients was conducted for a minimum of 2 years, and the postoperative course was evaluated. The authors measured and identified the changes in the CLA and other radiographic parameters using whole-spine radiography, with the patient in the standing position, performed immediately before surgery, 2 weeks after surgery, and 2 years after surgery. The postoperative cervical hyperkyphosis group included patients whose CLA at 2-year follow-up was smaller than −10°. The reciprocal changes of the CLA and other parameters were also investigated. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine the associated risk factors for postoperative cervical hyperkyphosis.

RESULTS
This study comprised 48 females and 3 males (mean age 16.0 years). The mean follow-up period was 47 months (range 24–90 months). The main coronal thoracic curve was corrected from 54.6° to 16.4°, and the mean correction rate was 69.8% at 2 years. The CLA significantly increased from the mean preoperative measurement (−5.4° ± 14°) to the 2-year follow-up measurement (−1.7° ± 11°) (p = 0.019). Twelve of the 51 patients had postoperative cervical hyperkyphosis. This group exhibited significantly smaller preoperative CLA and TK measurements (p = 0.001 and 0.004, respectively) than the others. After adjusting for confounding factors, preoperative CLA less than −5° and preoperative TK less than 10° were significantly associated with postoperative cervical hyperkyphosis (p < 0.05; OR 12.5 and 8.59, respectively). However, no differences were found in the clinical results regardless of cervical hyperkyphosis.

CONCLUSIONS
The CLA increased significantly from preoperatively to 2 years after surgery. Preoperative small CLA and TK measurements were independent risk factors of postoperative cervical hyperkyphosis. However, there was no difference in the clinical outcomes regardless of cervical hyperkyphosis.