bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of PBL Parameterizations for Modeling Surface Wind Speed during Storms in the Northeast United States
Authors: Frediani Maria E. B. , Hacker Joshua P. , Anagnostou Emmanouil N. , Hopson Thomas 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This study identifies conditions that determine errors in numerical simulations of 10-m wind speed over moderately complex terrain, emphasizing winds that lead to overhead power-line damage over a subregion of the northeast United States. Simulations with the Mellor–Yamada–Janjić (MYJ) scheme, the Yonsei University (YSU) scheme, and a subgrid-scale topographic drag correction (Topo) applied to YSU are used to investigate error components. The wind speed distribution is dominated by low speeds, which are well depicted by Topo, but are underestimated by the MYJ and YSU schemes. Conversely, moderate and high speeds are underestimated by Topo, and MYJ and YSU perform better across specific ranges. Verification samples are conditioned by season, diurnal cycle, topography, and spatial patterns obtained with a clustering analysis. The systematic error is characterized by a positive bias in low speeds, and as speed increases the biases become more negative. Quantile comparisons, along with systematic and random errors, indicate that beyond the dependence on wind speed itself, errors also depend on seasonal characteristics, indirectly defined by scheme stability profiles. The positive relationship between absolute bias and speed originates in the friction velocity parameterization, and the correction for drag in the Topo scheme exacerbates the effect. The Topo scheme adjusts the total bias and sharpens the bias spread but penalizes moderate and high winds. Clusters reveal that in Topo the bias is primarily driven by wind direction. Excessive correction occurs on terrain-interacting flows, and oceanic flow modulates the adjustment, enhancing the scheme’s performance.
“Vocal but not particularly strong”? Air Canada’s ill-fated vacation package to Rhodesia and South Africa and the anti-apartheid movement in Canada
Authors: Bangarth Stephanie 
Published: August 2016

In mid-1971, an advertisement from Air Canada (then a Canadian Crown corporation) and South African Airways appeared in the pages of the Globe and Mail, Canada’s national newspaper. It offered prospective vacationers the chance of a lifetime: the opportunity to tour the game parks of South Africa and Rhodesia, including the famous Kruger National Park, with stays afterward in various African cities. News of Air Canada’s “opportunity” was met with a great deal of controversy. Linda Freeman has described anti-apartheid forces in the 1970s as “vocal, but not particularly strong” and other scholars argue that Canadian policy toward South Africa did not change substantially between 1961 and 1984. Still, this case study demonstrates that despite the fact that no major Canadian economic, strategic, or political interest was involved in South Africa and that while Canadian trade with South Africa during the period in question was relatively marginal, the Canadian government gave the concerns of those appalled at Air Canada’s intransigence some attention. More importantly, so did Air Canada. Where government failed to act, public pressure forced a major Canadian corporation to rethink its business practices to adhere to international human rights norms.
Time Trends in Incidence and Severity of Injury Among Collegiate Soccer Players in the United States
Authors: Chandran Avinash , Barron Mary J. , Westerman Beverly J. , DiPietro Loretta 
Published: August 2016

Background: A number of sociocultural and environmental changes have occurred over the past several decades that may affect the risk of injury among young athletes playing soccer. Purpose: To identify trends in injury incidence and severity between 2 time periods (1990-1996 and 2004-2009) in both male and female National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) soccer players in the United States. Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Data were analyzed from the NCAA Injury Surveillance System. The rate ratio (RR), along with the 95% Wald CI, compared incidence density in 2004-2009 relative to that in 1990-1996. Results: Overall sex-pooled injury rates were significantly lower in the 2004-2009 cohort compared with the 1990-1996 cohort (RR = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.86-0.91), and this was true for almost every category of injury studied. We observed only 1 significant sex difference between the time periods with regard to noncontact injuries, as men experienced a significant increase in rate of noncontact injuries between 1990-1996 and 2004-2009 (RR = 1.09; 95% CI = 1.02-1.17), whereas women experienced a significant decrease (RR = 0.70; 95% CI = 0.67-0.75). Conclusion: These surveillance data show decreasing trends in collegiate soccer injuries. Whether these decreases are attributable to greater resources being allocated toward athlete health, injury management, or the safety of the playing environment cannot be determined. Given the prominence of soccer play in the United States, public health efforts should promote the use of this surveillance system to better inform and evaluate injury prevention practices and policies directed toward player safety.
Comparison of the Modified Broström Procedure for Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability With and Without Subfibular Ossicle
Authors: Ahn Hyeon-wook , Lee Keun-Bae 
Published: August 2016

Background: Subfibular ossicles are frequently found in patients with chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI). However, there is a lack of consensus about the optimal surgical treatment for CLAI with subfibular ossicle. Purpose: To evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of the modified Broström procedure with subfibular ossicle excision compared with the same procedure for CLAI without subfibular ossicle. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Ninety-six patients (96 ankles) treated with the modified Broström procedure using bone tunnel and suture anchor techniques for CLAI constituted the study cohort. The 96 ankles were divided into 2 groups with and without subfibular ossicles. The ossicle group (42 ankles) and nonossicle group (54 ankles) consisted of patients with a mean age of 26.6 and 30.3 years, respectively, at the time of surgery with a mean follow-up duration of 63.7 and 62.1 months, respectively. Subfibular ossicles were excised in the ossicle group. Results: Mean Karlsson scores improved from 55.2 to 95.3 in the ossicle group and from 56.4 to 94.8 in the nonossicle group at final follow-up. Mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot scores also improved from 63.3 to 95.9 in the ossicle group and from 62.8 to 95.1 in the nonossicle group at final follow-up. Mean talar tilt angles were 14.0° in the ossicle group and 12.2° in the nonossicle group preoperatively and 7.6° and 6.8° at the final follow-up, respectively. Mean anterior talar translations in the ossicle group and nonossicle groups improved from 9.3 and 9.4 mm preoperatively to 5.8 and 5.7 mm at final follow-up, respectively. No significant differences were found between the 2 groups in terms of Karlsson score, AOFAS score, talar tilt angle, and anterior talar translation at final follow-up ( P > .05). Conclusion: The modified Broström procedure with subfibular ossicle excision provided similarly good clinical and radiographic outcomes compared with the same procedure without subfibular ossicle excision. Accordingly, the study results suggest that these procedures appear to be effective and reliable method for the treatment of CLAI with subfibular ossicle.
No Effects of Early Viscosupplementation After Arthroscopic Partial Meniscectomy
Authors: Filardo Giuseppe , Di Matteo Berardo , Tentoni Francesco , Cavicchioli Alessia , Di Martino Alessandro , Lo Presti Mirco , Iacono Francesco , Kon Elizaveta , Marcacci Maurilio 
Published: August 2016

Background: The management of the postoperative period after knee arthroscopic surgery may be challenging because surgical trauma deeply alters the joint microenvironment, causing the release of several catabolic molecules and proinflammatory factors that might slow down functional recovery. The possibility of using hyaluronic acid (HA) to promote postoperative pain relief and expedite functional improvement seems attractive, considering its biological properties. Purpose: The aim of the present double-blind randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the effects, in terms of pain control and functional recovery, provided by a single HA injection performed at the end of arthroscopic meniscectomy. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: A total of 90 patients, 18 to 55 years old, were included according to the following criteria: (1) chronic, symptomatic meniscal tears requiring partial resection; (2) a healthy contralateral knee; (3) no previous surgery on the index knee; and (4) no other concurrent articular lesions requiring surgical treatment (eg, cartilage or ligament injuries). Patients were randomized into 2 treatment groups: one underwent meniscectomy alone, whereas the other also received an injection of 3 mL HA at the end of the procedure. All patients were evaluated at baseline and then at 15, 30, 60, and 180 days using the following tools: International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, VAS for general health status, and Tegner scores. The transpatellar circumference and active and passive ranges of motion were also recorded during the follow-up evaluations. Results: No major adverse events were reported using HA postoperatively. A statistically significant increase in all the clinical scores was reported in both treatment groups, but no significant intergroup difference was documented at any follow-up evaluation. No difference was observed also in the objective measurements. The mean time to return to full sports activity was not different between groups, and a comparable satisfaction rate was recorded in both treatment groups. Conclusion: Early postoperative viscosupplementation did not provide significant clinical benefits after arthroscopic meniscectomy. Despite the lack of major adverse events, the administration of a single HA injection at the end of the surgical procedure is not a successful strategy to provide either faster functional recovery or symptomatic improvement after meniscectomy. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02629380.
Critical Findings on Magnetic Resonance Arthrograms in Posterior Shoulder Instability Compared With an Age-Matched Controlled Cohort
Authors: Galvin Joseph W. , Parada Stephen A. , Li Xinning , Eichinger Josef K. 
Published: August 2016

Background: Posterior shoulder instability is less common and potentially more difficult to diagnose clinically and radiographically compared with anterior shoulder instability. Radiographic findings including posterior labral tears, increased retroversion, presence of glenoid dysplasia, and increased capsular area are associated with symptomatic recurrent posterior shoulder instability. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and severity of associated radiographic parameters found on magnetic resonance arthrograms (MRAs) in patients with arthroscopically confirmed isolated posterior labral tears and symptomatic recurrent posterior shoulder instability, compared with an age-matched cohort of patients without posterior instability or labral injury confirmed with shoulder arthroscopy. Study Design: Cross-sectional study, Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Patients who received a preoperative standard shoulder MRA at an academic institution over a 5-year period and had symptomatic posterior instability and received a repair of an arthroscopically confirmed posterior labral tear (n = 63) were identified. These patients were compared with an age-matched control group of patients without posterior instability (n = 49) who underwent an isolated arthroscopic distal clavicle resection that included an arthroscopic glenohumeral joint evaluation. Glenoid version, posterior humeral head subluxation, glenoid dysplasia, and linear and capsular area measurements were evaluated between the 2 groups. Interobserver reliability for continuous and categorical variables was assessed for all measurements. Results: Multivariate logistic regression revealed that the presence of increased glenoid retroversion ( P = .0018), glenoid dysplasia ( P = .03), and increased axial posterior capsular cross-sectional area ( P = .05) were significantly associated with posterior labral tears and symptomatic posterior shoulder instability compared with the age-matched control group. Posterior humeral head subluxation was found to be a statistically significant variable with univariate analysis ( P = .001) for posterior shoulder instability but not with multivariate logistic regression ( P = .53). Interobserver reliability was good to very good for all measurements (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.74-0.85; κ = 0.64) but was moderate for total capsular area and sagittal capsular area measurements (ICC = 0.43-0.56). Conclusion: The presence of increased glenoid retroversion, glenoid dysplasia, and increased posterior capsular area on MRA are significantly associated with posterior labral tears and symptomatic posterior shoulder instability. Identification of these critical radiographic variables on magnetic resonance arthrography assists in the accurate diagnosis and management of clinically significant posterior shoulder instability.
Cognitive impairment predicts disability progression and cortical thinning in MS: An 8-year study
Authors: Pitteri Marco , Romualdi Chiara , Magliozzi Roberta , Monaco Salvatore , Calabrese Massimiliano 
Published: August 2016

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Although cognitive impairment (CI) affects a large proportion of MS patients, only few data are available about its prognostic value associated with advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) metrics. Objectives: We aimed at investigating the relationship between the early CI and the disease progression over 8-year follow-up in MS patients. Methods: We conducted a retrospective 8-year longitudinal study involving 78 patients with relapsing-remitting MS, who completed neuropsychological examination and structural MRI at the time of diagnosis. Each patient was clinically evaluated every 6 months, and cortical thickness was quantified at baseline and at the end of the follow-up. Patients were classified as having normal cognition and mild or severe CI. Results: The results show that CI at the time of diagnosis is a good predictor of conversion to definite MS ( p < 0.001), disability progression ( p < 0.001), as well as of transition to secondary progressive phase ( p < 0.001) and of cortical thinning ( p < 0.001). Conclusion: We confirmed and extended the evidence that early CI might be helpful in the identification of MS patients at high risk of disability progression and poor clinical outcome and should be considered as a marker of most aggressive pathology.
A Randomized Trial on the Efficacy of Prophylactic Active Drainage in Prevention of Complications after Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Jiang H. , Liu N. , Zhang M. , Lu L. , Dou R. , Qu L. 
Published: August 2016

Background and Aims: This randomized controlled trial was conducted to examine whether prophylactic active drainage decreases morbidity associated with pancreati-coduodenectomy. Material and Methods: A prospective, randomized controlled trial was conducted between April 2010 and May 2015 when 160 consecutive patients following elective pancreaticoduodenectomy were randomized intraoperatively to either prophylactic active drainage group or conventional passive drainage group. The main objectives were the incidence of postoperative pancreatic fistula and the associated clinical outcomes. Results: There were 82 patients in the active drain group and 78 patients in the passive drain group. The overall pancreatic fistula rate occurred similarly in the two groups (11.0% (9/82) vs 14.1% (11/78), p = 0.360). Grade C pancreatic fistula in active drain group was significantly less than that in passive drain group (0% (0/82) vs 6.4% (5/78), p = 0.026). The mean postoperative hospital stay and parenteral nutrition support time in active drainage group were shorter than those in passive drainage group (12.6 days vs 14.5 days, p = 0.037; 6.9 days vs 8.6 days, p = 0.047, respectively). Conclusion: Prophylactic active drainage reveals significant reduction in severity of complications associated with pancreatic fistula and might be recommended as an alternative for patients with high risk of developing serious pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy.
SPECTRUM
Authors: Gehr Bernhard , Holder Martin , Kulzer Bernhard , Lange Karin , Liebl Andreas , Sahm Claudia , von Sengbusch Simone , Schlüter Sandra , Siegmund Thorsten , Thurm Ulrike , Ziegler Ralph , Freckmann Guido , Heinemann Lutz ,   for the SPECTRUM Group
Published: August 2016

Background: Optimal usage of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) requires adequate training of the users. Providing patients with a CGM system without such a training usually doesn’t lead to the intended improvement in metabolic control. Methods: In Germany we developed a structured training program (“SPECTRUM”) to ensure a high quality standard for the use of CGM systems. Results: This program is suitably for patients of all age groups and is applicable to all CGM systems and all forms of insulin therapy. A curriculum was also developed so that training centers with less experience with CGM could become capable of offering comprehensive CGM training. Conclusions: We believe that usage of such a program can be an important step forward in achieving more widespread acceptance and use of CGM systems. Translations in other languages and evaluation with a controlled clinical trial are planned.
Can’t Stand the Pressure: The Association Between Unprotected Standing, Walking, and Wound Healing in People With Diabetes
Authors: Najafi Bijan , Grewal Gurtej S. , Bharara Manish , Menzies Robert , Talal Talal K. , Armstrong David G. 
Published: August 2016

Objective:The objective was to report patterns of physical activity and their relationship to wound healing success in patients with diabetic foot ulcers protected with removable or irremovable offloading devices.Methods:Forty-nine people with diabetic foot ulcers were randomized to wear either a removable cast walker (RCW) or an irremovable instant total contact cast (iTCC). Primary outcome measures included change in wound size, physical activities including position (ie, sitting, standing, lying) and locomotion (speed, steps, etc). Outcomes parameters were assessed on weekly basis until wound healing or until 12 weeks.Results:A higher proportion of patients healed at 12 weeks in the iTCC group ( P = .038). Significant differences in activity were observed between groups starting at week 4. RCW patients became more active than the iTCC group (75% higher duration of standing, 100% longer duration of walking, and 126% longer unbroken walking bout, P < .05). Overall, there was an inverse association between rate of weekly wound healing and number of steps taken per day ( r < –.33, P < .05) for both groups. RCW patients had a significant inverse correlation between duration of daily standing and weekly rate of healing ( r = –.67, P < .05). Standing duration was the only significant predictor of healing at 12 weeks.Conclusion:The results from this study suggest significant differences in activity patterns between removable and irremovable offloading devices. These patterns appear to start diverging at week 4, which may indicate a decline in adherence to offloading. Results suggest that while walking may delay wound healing, unprotected standing might be an even more unrealized and sinister culprit.
Prescribing attitudes, behaviors and opinions regarding metformin for patients with diabetes: a focus group study
Authors: Trinkley Katy E. , Malone Daniel C. , Nelson Jennifer A. , Saseen Joseph J. 
Published: August 2016

Background: The purpose of this study was to identify the reasons why metformin prescribing is suboptimal. Methods: Two semi-structured focus groups with attitudinal questionnaires and a brief educational presentation were held in two US cities. Participants included providers (physicians, pharmacists, midlevel practitioners) caring for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in an ambulatory setting. Outcome measures included provider attitudes, behaviors and opinions regarding the use of metformin. Results: Participants identified three main themes influencing the use of metformin, including the appropriate timing of metformin initiation, known risks associated with metformin, and procedures to manage safety concerns and mitigate adverse effects associated with metformin. Participant prescribing behaviors of metformin were not consistent with the best available evidence in the settings of renal insufficiency, heart failure, hepatic dysfunction, alcohol use, and lactic acidosis. With minimal education, provider prescribing behaviors appeared to change by the end of the focus group to align more closely with the best available evidence. Conclusions: Provider attitudes, behaviors and opinions regarding the use of metformin for T2DM reveals the need for further education to improve appropriate use of metformin. Educational interventions should target prescribing behaviors and opinions identified to be inconsistent with the evidence.