bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolism and metabolite profiles in vitro and in vivo of ospemifene in humans and preclinical species
Authors: Uusitalo Jouko , Turpeinen Miia , Tolonen Ari , Koskimies Pasi , Lammintausta Risto , Pelkonen Olavi 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Background: Metabolite profiles of ospemifene, a novel nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator, were surveyed as part of its development.

Methods: The pharmacokinetics of ospemifene and its two major, pharmacologically active metabolites 4-hydroxyospemifene and 4′-hydroxyospemifene, was elucidated in studies of volunteer humans given various doses of ospemifene and in experiments of several animal species (rat, mouse, dog, and cynomolgus monkey), which had been used either for pharmacological or toxicological studies of ospemifene. Metabolites produced in in vitro human and animal liver preparations were compared between species and with the metabolite profiles in the in vivo investigations.

Results: Considerable interspecies differences were observed in the metabolite profiles and quantities. The major human metabolite, 4-hydroxyospemifene, was produced in substantial amounts both in vitro and in vivo in most animal species, except dog, and thus the exposure to this metabolite seems adequate in the most important toxicology species, the rat and the cynomolgus monkey. 4′-Hydroxyospemifene was equally abundant in vitro and in vivo metabolite in mice and dogs, and consequently, its contribution to the total exposure of ospemifene-related activity would be adequately covered in animal experiments. Other ospemifene metabolites were variably detected in different species, but probably they are not of consequence to pharmacology or toxicology of ospemifene.

Conclusions: Overall, there are quantitative and also some qualitative differences in the metabolism of ospemifene in different species. Generally, in vitro metabolite profiles were predictive for in vivo profiles. The contribution of two major hydroxyl metabolites to activity and toxicity of ospemifene is adequately covered by at least some animal species.
Micro Wind Turbine for Powering Wireless Sensor Nodes
Authors: Marin Anthony , Kishore Ravi , Schaab Darian A. , Vuckovic Dusan , Priya Shashank 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The goal of this study was to design a micro wind turbine having dimensions on the order of 1–10 cm3 for powering wireless sensor nodes. Using the parametric study based upon a computational model, the coupling factor between the blade and generator section was significantly enhanced. Building upon the formulation for the coupling factor, we derived efficiency metric for the rotational generators. A prototype was designed based upon the analytical study conducted through the combination of blade element momentum theory and ANSYS magnetics to match the performance of the generator to that of the blades. The blade diameter and depth was 72 mm and 9 mm, respectively. The generator diameter was 26 mm with total volume of 18.1 cm3. It was found that the micro wind turbine generated DC output power of 12.39 mW, 49.03 mW and 102.61 mW at 3.7 m/s, 6 m/s and 8 m/s wind speeds, respectively. The power density was computed to be 0.304, 1.204, and 2.52 mW/cm2, respectively, which are higher than all the other results reported in the literature.
Thickness Influence on the Creep Response of DD6 Ni-Based Single-Crystal Superalloy
Authors: Wen Zhixun , Pei Haiqing , Li Dongfan , Yue Zhufeng , Gao Jingyun 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe effect of specimen thickness on the creep response of Ni-based single-crystal superalloy DD6 was investigated. With the thickness of 0.3 mm, 0.6 mm and 1.2 mm, a series of thin-wall specimens were tested in this paper respectively at 760℃, 980℃ and 1,100℃. Under the conditions of lower temperatures and higher stresses, the creep life of thin-wall specimens increases with the increase of δ, but it is almost equal under higher temperatures and lower stresses conditions. Compared with the standard specimens, an obvious reduction (about 60%) of creep life of the thin-wall specimens was found at 760℃, whereas it is almost the same at 980℃ and 1,100℃. Therefore, obvious thickness effect is prone to lower temperature and higher stress. The thickness effect is a comprehensive effect, which is caused by fracture mode, the degree of necking, the shape and quantity of creep cavities, oxide thickness, etc. Under each condition, an increased thickness resulted in increased creep strain to rupture.
Performance Analysis of Hybrid PON (WDM-TDM) with Equal and Unequal Channel Spacing
Authors: Sharma Ramandeep , Dewra Sanjeev , Rani Aruna 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn this hybrid WDM-TDM PON has been evaluated and compared the downstream wavelengths with equal and unequal channel spacing at 5 Gbit/s per wavelength in the scenario of triple play services with 128 optical network units (ONUs). The triple play services: data, voice and video signals are transmitted up to 50 km distance having Q factor of 6.68 and BER of 3.64e-012 with unequal channel spacing and 45 km distance having Q factor of 6.33 and BER of 2.40e-011 with equal channel spacing in downstream direction. It has been observed that downstream wavelengths with unequal channel spacing provide better results than equal channel spacing.
Clinical Impact and Relevance of Antiganglioside Antibodies Test Results / Antigangliozīdu Antivielu Testa Rezultātu Klīniskā Ietekme un Nozīme Pacientam
Authors: Ķēniņa Viktorija , Glāzere Ieva , Ziemele Dace , Jaunalksne Inta 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Autoantibodies most commonly found in association with neuropathies are those against the ganglioside family antigens - GM1, GQ1b, asialo-GM1, GM2, GD1a, and GD1b. The major diagnostic role is set for two of antibodies - anti-GM1 and anti-GQ1b. This retrospective study was designed to evaluate the status of antiganglioside antibodies in patients with possible autoimmune neuropathy. The study included 85 patients tested for antiganglioside antibodies during their hospitalization. Clinical information such as demographic data and antecedent illness was collected for all patients, and paraclinical studies including results from cerebrospinal fluid and neuroelectrophysiological examination were analyzed. In our study, a total of 27 patients (32%) were found positive for at least one antiganglioside antibody. The most commonly found antibodies were against asialoGM1 (n=13) and GM1 (n=10) gangliosides. Eight patients were diagnosed with a disease where antiganglioside antibodies are used as a diagnostic marker: five patients - Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), 1 patient - Miller-Fisher syndrome (MFS), two patients - multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN). Three out of five patients diagnosed with GBS and one of two patients diagnosed with MMN were seronegative. The acute course of disease, positive antiganglioside antibodies and cytoalbuminologic dissociation in cerebrospinal fluid-induced patients is preference for a specific immune therapy. The results of our study support the previously described immunological association between antiganglioside antibodies and GBS, MFS, and MMN.
Research on Characteristics of Essential Tremor in the Latvian Population / Esenciālā Tremora Īpatnību Izpēte Latvijas Populācijā
Authors: Smeltere Ligita , Smeltere Elvīra 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Essential tremor (ET) is a common movement disorder, characterised by symptoms such as bilateral postural and kinetic tremor with prevalent manifestation in hands. The disease has chronic progressive development. In the case of continuous severe form it may resemble Parkinson’s disease (PD) and sometimes comorbidity with PD is possible. Although both diseases have different pathogenesis and treatment, some tremor characteristics for both are similar, thus causing difficulties and mistakes in diagnosing. The aim of the research was to determine ET characteristics within the Latvian population to identify possible causes for making mistakes.
Awareness f Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy Among Neurologists in Latvia / Neirologu Informētība par Pēkšņas, Negaidītas Nāves Epilepsijas Laikā Sindromu Latvijā
Authors: Sūna Normunds , Lazdāne Madara , Karelis Guntis , Vītols Egils 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is a common cause of mortality in patients with epilepsy, but it is unknown how neurologists disclose this risk when counselling patients. This study was aimed at examining SUDEP discussion practices of neurologists in Latvia, as well as the awareness of the syndrome. Two hundred questionnaires were distributed, and we received 84 responses. We found that the majority of Latvian neurologists (79.0%) do not inform their patients of SUDEP, which is opposite to the findings in other countries. Despite the existing practice, 93.1% of neurologists believed that patients should be informed about SUDEP. A partial explanation for not discussing the negative aspects of epilepsy is that 75.3% of caregivers believe that being informed about SUDEP would cause permanent anxiety in patients, whereas 69.4% believe that it would improve compliance. This study revealed average awareness of SUDEP risk factors and warrants further studies for in-depth analysis of existing counselling practice.
[F-18] FDG-PET/CT parameters as predictors of outcome in inoperable NSCLC patients
Authors: Nappi Antonio , Gallicchio Rosj , Simeon Vittorio , Nardelli Anna , Pelagalli Alessandra , Zupa Angela , Vita Giulia , Venetucci Angela , Di Cosola Michele , Barbato Francesco , Storto Giovanni 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Background. We evaluated the prognostic significance of standardized uptake value (SUVmax), metabolic tumour volume (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) in [F-18] FDG PET/CT findings in patients with inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Patients and methods. One hundred and three patients (mean age, 65.6 ± 16 years) underwent [F-18] FDG PET/CT before the chemotherapy. The SUVmax value, the MTV (cm3; 42% threshold) and the TLG (g) were registered. The patients were followed up to 18 months thereafter (range 12-55 months). Failure to respond without progression, progression and/or disease-related death constituted surrogate end-points. The optimal SUVmax, MTV and TLG cut-off to predict the patients’ outcome were estimated. PET/CT results were then related to disease outcome (progression free survival; PFS).

Results. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis for SUVmax showed a significant shorter PFS in patients presenting with lower values as compared to those with higher (p < 0.05, log-rank test). MTV and TLG were not suitable for predicting PFS apart from the subset of patients with mediastinal nodal involvement.

Conclusions. Despite the availability of new tools for the quantitative assessment of disease activity on PET/CT, the SUVmax rather than MTV and TLG remains the only predictor for PFS in NSCLC patients. MTV holds a value only when concomitant nodal involvement occurs.
Double electrode systems with microelectrode arrays for electrochemical measurements
Authors: Zhu Feng , Mao Bingwei , Yan Jiawei 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMicroelectrode arrays-based double electrode systems possess the property of diffusion layer overlapping between the two sets of electrodes. They have received increased attention in recent years in the field of electrochemistry and electroanalytical chemistry. This review introduces the fabrication, characterization, and applications of microelectrode arrays-based double electrode systems. The progress of photolithography enables and benefits microfabrication of the electrode systems with various geometries. As an essential step before electrochemical applications, various characterization methods are addressed to monitor the quality of the fabricated electrodes. Following that, applications as electrochemical sensors in generator-collector mode are discussed. Then, electrochemical sensors in bipolar mode, an interesting phenomenon existing in double electrode systems, are also introduced. Finally, applications of double electrode systems to the measurement of fundamentally electrochemical parameters are demonstrated.
Fourth mandibular molar in a pediatric patient – Case report
Authors: Vlaykov Atanas , Sharlanov Dian , Vicheva Dilyana 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Background. Supernumerary teeth are described as an excess of the normal teeth number of 20 deciduous and 32 permanent teeth and can occur in any dental region.
Material and methods. The authors present the case of a 12-year-old female child with a paramolar in the maxilla, discovered accidentally during an orthopantomogram, emphasising the treatment modality and the complications that can appear.
Conclusion. Supernumerary teeth can be present in any region of the oral cavity. Both practitioners and clinicians should be aware of the various types of paramolars and make a treatment plan after an accurate clinical and radiographic examination.
Increased circulating osteopontin levels in adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and association with dysmetabolic profile
Authors: Barchetta I , Alessandri C , Bertoccini L , Cimini F A , Taverniti L , Di Franco M , Fraioli A , Baroni M G , Cavallo M G 
Published: November 2015

ObjectiveOsteopontin (OPN) is a sialoprotein implicated in different immunity and metabolic pathways. Capable of activating dendritic cells and inducing Th1-Th17-mediated tissue damage, OPN plays a significant role in the development/progression of several autoimmune diseases; interestingly, it was also shown that OPN participates in the acute pancreatic islets response to experimentally induced diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Furthermore, OPN promotes adipose tissue dysfunction, systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. Our aims of this study were to evaluate circulating OPN levels in adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) compared to non-diabetic control participants and to unravel clinical and biochemical correlates of OPN concentration.DesignCase–control study.MethodsWe enrolled 54 consecutive T1DM patients referred to our diabetes outpatient clinic at Sapienza University of Rome and 52 healthy sex and age-comparable controls. The study population underwent clinical evaluation, blood sampling for biochemistry and complete screening for diabetes complications. Serum OPN levels were measured by MILLIPLEX Multiplex Assays Luminex.ResultsT1DM patients had significantly higher serum OPN levels than controls (17.2±12.9 vs 10.5±11.6 mg/ml,P=0.009). OPN levels correlated with T1DM, higher blood pressure, BMI, creatinine, γ-GT, ALP and lower HDL; the association between high OPN levels and T1DM was independent from all confounders. No correlation was shown between OPN and HbA1c, C-peptide, insulin requirement, co-medications and diabetes duration.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates for the first time in a case–control study that adults with T1DM have increased serum OPN levels, and that higher OPN concentrations are associated with an unfavorable metabolic profile in these patients.
Abdominal adipocyte populations in women with visceral obesity
Authors: Michaud Andréanne , Laforest Sofia , Pelletier Mélissa , Nadeau Mélanie , Simard Serge , Daris Marleen , Lebœuf Mathieu , Vidal Hubert , Géloën Alain , Tchernof André 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundVisceral obesity is independently related to numerous cardiometabolic alterations, with adipose tissue dysfunction as a central feature.ObjectiveTo examine whether omental (OM) and subcutaneous (SC) adipocyte size populations in women relate to visceral obesity, cardiometabolic risk factors and adipocyte lipolysis independent of total adiposity.Design and methodsOM and SC fat samples were obtained during gynecological surgery in 60 women (mean age, 46.1±5.9 years; mean BMI, 27.1±4.5 kg/m2(range, 20.3–41.1 kg/m2)). Fresh samples were treated with osmium tetroxide and were analyzed with a Multisizer Coulter. Cell size distributions were computed for each sample with exponential and Gaussian function fits.ResultsComputed tomography-measured visceral fat accumulation was the best predictor of larger cell populations as well as the percentage of small cells in both OM and SC fat (P<0.0001 for all). Accordingly, women with visceral obesity had larger cells in the main population and higher proportion of small adipocytes independent of total adiposity (P≤0.05). Using linear regression analysis, we found that women characterized by larger-than-predicted adipocytes in either OM or SC adipose tissue presented higher visceral adipose tissue area, increased percentage of small cells and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index as well as higher OM adipocyte isoproterenol-, forskolin- and dbcAMP-stimulated lipolysis compared to women with smaller-than-predicted adipocytes, independent of total adiposity (P≤0.05).ConclusionExcess visceral adipose tissue accumulation is a strong marker of both adipocyte hypertrophy and increased number of small cells in either fat compartment, which relates to higher insulin resistance index and lipolytic response, independent of total adiposity.
Environmental justice and air quality in Santiago de Chile
Authors: Perez Richelle Rose 
Published: November 2015

<p><strong>Objective </strong>The metropolitan region in Santiago, Chile has an air quality problem. However, the larger issue may lie in the inequities created by the distribution of the air pollution.</p><p><strong>Methods </strong>To assess the inequities created by the spatial differences in air pollution, the author analyzed fine particle pollution levels for 2008-2011 at monitoring stations throughout the region. The author also compared air quality data with socioeconomic data.</p><p><strong>Results </strong>The areas of the Santiago metropolitan region with the worst air quality have lower socioeconomic levels. Pollution in these areas reaches levels higher than the current Chilean 24 hour standard for fine particles. These areas also have longer time periods of unhealthy air and 21 % more days with unhealthy levels of air pollution.</p><p><strong>Discussion </strong>The differences in exposure to pollution create an inequality and environmental injustice among the socioeconomic groups in the metropolitan region. Chilean policymakers have the regulatory tools needed to improve environmental justice. However, they need to improve the implementation of these tools in order to achieve that goal: Chilean policy makers should consider local sources of air pollution in the most polluted municipalities; Government decision makers should make extra efforts to listen to the community and improve access to environmental information; Environmental justice advocates should involve stakeholders from the social justice movement and other related areas; Policy makers should track progress towards environmental justice by evaluating differences in health outcomes related to differential exposure to air pollution in different parts of the Santiago metropolitan area.</p>
Análisis climático de la concentración de metales pesados asociados al sedimento depositado sobre vías urbanas
Authors: Zafra Mejía Carlos Alfonso , Santamaria Galindo Diana Marcela , Torres Galindo Christian David 
Published: November 2015

<p><strong>Objetivo</strong> Realizar una evaluación climática (diaria) de la concentración de metales pesados (Pb y Cu) asociada con el sedimento depositado sobre las superficies viales de las localidades de Kennedy y Puente Aranda (Bogotá D.C., Colombia). Adicionalmente, se evaluaran las concentraciones detectadas con respecto a la legislación seleccionada como de referencia para la protección de la salud humana en suelo urbano.</p><p><strong>Métodos</strong> La concentración se determinó mediante espectrometría de absorción atómica con llama; previamente las muestras fueron digeridas en una mezcla de ácido clorhídrico y nítrico (3:1; agua regia).</p><p><strong>Resultados</strong> Se evidencia con respecto a la fracción de tamaño del sedimento vial más cercana a la potencialmente inhalable desde el punto de vista de la salud pública (≤ 10 µm), que las concentraciones metálicas en promedio tienden a aumentar en tiempo seco (29 %). Al respecto, las concentraciones durante estos períodos de tiempo son en promedio 1,69 veces superiores al valor límite más bajo fijado por la normatividad de referencia. No obstante, se sugiere que las concentraciones metálicas están dominadas por el uso del suelo antes que por las condiciones climáticas.</p><p><strong>Conclusiones</strong> Los hallazgos se constituyen en un punto de referencia a nivel colombiano para la discusión y publicación de normatividad ambiental asociada con la protección de la salud humana por metales pesados, y para visualizar futuras líneas de investigación acerca del efecto del cambio climático sobre las concentraciones metálicas en ambientes urbanos. </p>
Accidentes y lesiones: Necesidad de cambio de paradigma
Authors: Rodríguez-Hernández. Jorge M. 
Published: November 2015

<p>Desde hace al menos 20 años, la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) y la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), han reorientado el enfoque conceptual de accidentes, poniendo énfasis en los resultados (lesión, traumatismo, muerte), bajo la óptica que estos eventos no ocurren sólo por azar y que era necesario identificar los factores asociados a su ocurrencia para controlarlos y prevenirlos (1).Un a<em>ccidente o un evento accidental </em>es definido como un grupo complejo de eventos, de carácter no intencional, súbito e incidental, que genera un comportamiento humano responsable de una posible lesión(1,2).</p><p> </p><p class="Default">En el presente, los Centros de Control de Enfermedades de los Estados Unidos (CDC), reconocen que las lesiones son aceptadas como parte de nuestras vidas; no obstante, éstas no son accidentes. Las lesiones, en su gran mayoría pueden ser prevenidas, y sus consecuencias pueden ser reducidas, para lo cual se debe trabajar en su prevención (3).</p><p> </p><p>Algunos autores definen una lesión como el desequilibrio existente entre la energía biomecánica transferida que produce daño a un organismo (4). Para otros, corresponde a un daño que padece un organismo y se caracteriza por dos condiciones: el daño ocurre de forma rápida y aparece súbitamente, el agente causal es la energía que interactúa con el cuerpo (5).Las lesiones se clasifican en no intencionales e intencionales; las primeras son secundarias a la ocurrencia de una variedad de mecanismos que involucran lesiones causadas por el tráfico, fuego, líquidos calientes, caídas y envenenamientos accidentales; las segundas involucran hechos violentos como intentos de suicidio, lesiones personales u homicidios.</p><p> </p><p>También, desde hace algunos años, las revistas Injury Prevention y el British Medical Journal (6) no aceptan como palabras clave ni en los contenidos de los artículos la palabra accidente. Noto con preocupación que en Colombia esta diferenciación aún no es clara, por lo que es importante que los salubristas públicos, los medios académicos, periodísticos y de comunicación, <em>cambiemos el paradigma de accidentes por lesiones</em>. Los primeros son frutos del azar, mientras que las lesiones son eventos prevenibles cuyos factores de riesgo deben ser identificados e intervenidos. </p>