bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new way to synthesize superconducting metal-intercalated C60 and FeSe
Authors: Takahei Yuuki , Tomita Keitaro , Itoh Yugo , Ashida Keishi , Lee Ji-Hyun , Nishimoto Naoki , Kimura Takumi , Kudo Kazutaka , Nohara Minoru , Kubozono Yoshihiro , Kambe Takashi 
Published: January 2016

AbstractDoping with the optimum concentration of carriers (electrons or holes) can modify the physical properties of materials. Therefore, improved ways to achieve carrier doping have been pursued extensively for more than 50 years. Metal-intercalation is one of the most important techniques for electron doping of organic / inorganic solids and has produced superconductors from insulators and metallic solids. The most successful examples are metal-intercalated graphite and C60 superconductors. Metal intercalation has been performed using solid-reaction and liquid solvent techniques. However, precise control of the quantity of intercalants in the target solids can be difficult to achieve using these methods, as that quantity depends largely on the initial conditions. Here we report an electrochemical method for metal-intercalation and demonstrate the preparation of superconductors using organic and inorganic materials (C60 and FeSe). The metal atoms are effectively intercalated into the spaces in C60 and FeSe solids by supplying an electric current between electrodes in a solvent that includes electrolytes. The recorded superconducting transition temperatures, Tc’s, were the same as those of metal-intercalated C60 and FeSe prepared using solid-reaction or liquid solvent techniques. This technique may open a new avenue in the search for organic / inorganic superconductors.
Distribution, function and evolution characterization of microsatellite in Sargassum thunbergii (Fucales, Phaeophyta) transcriptome and their application in marker development
Authors: Liu Fuli , Hu Zimin , Liu Wenhui , Li Jingjing , Wang Wenjun , Liang Zhourui , Wang Feijiu , Sun Xiutao 
Published: January 2016

AbstractUsing transcriptome data to mine microsatellite and develop markers has growingly become prevalent. However, characterizing the possible function of microsatellite is relatively rare. In this study, we explored microsatellites in the transcriptome of the brown algaSargassum thunbergiiand characterized the frequencies, distribution, function and evolution and developed primers to validate these microsatellites. Our results showed that Tri-nucleotide is the most abundant, followed by di- and mono-nucleotide. The length of microsatellite was significantly affected by the repeat motif size. The density of microsatellite in the CDS region is significantly lower than that in the UTR region. The annotation of the transcripts containing microsatellite showed that 573 transcripts have GO terms and can be categorized into 42 groups. Pathways enrichment showed that microsatellites were significantly overrepresented in the genes involved in pathways such as Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, RNA degradation, Spliceosome, etc. Primers flanking 961 microsatellite loci were designed and among the 30 pairs of primer selected randomly for availability test, 23 were proved to be efficient. These findings provided new insight into the function and evolution of microsatellite in transcriptome and the identified microsatellite loci within the annotated gene will be useful for developing functional markers inS. thunbergii.
Annual soil CO2 efflux in a cold temperate forest in northeastern China: effects of winter snowpack and artificial nitrogen deposition
Authors: Liu Boqi , Mou Changcheng , Yan Guoyong , Xu Lijian , Jiang Siling , Xing Yajuan , Han Shijie , Yu Jinghua , Wang Qinggui 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe conducted a snow depth 0 cm (non-snowpack), 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm and natural depth) gradient experiment under four quantities of nitrogen addition (control, no added N; low-N, 5 g N m−2 yr−1; medium-N, 10 g N m−2 yr−1; and high-N, 15 g N m−2 yr−1) and took an-entire-year measurements of soil respiration (Rs) in Korean pine forests in northeastern China during 2013–2014. No evidence for effects of N on Rs could be found during the growing season. On the other hand, reduction of snowpack decreased winter soil respiration due to accompanied relatively lower soil temperature. We found that winter temperature sensitivities (Q10) of Rs were significantly higher than the growing season Q10 under all the N addition treatments. Moderate quantities of N addition (low-N and medium-N) significantly increased temperature sensitivities (Q10) of Rs, but excessive (high-N) addition decreased it during winter. The Gamma empirical model predicted that winter Rs under the four N addition treatments contributed 4.8. ± 0.3% (control), 3.6 ± 0.6% (low-N), 4.3 ± 0.4% (medium-N) and 6.4 ± 0.5% (high-N) to the whole year Rs. Our results demonstrate that N deposition will alter Q10 of winter Rs. Moreover, winter Rs may contribute very few to annual Rs budget.
Indirect excitation of ultrafast demagnetization
Authors: Vodungbo Boris , Tudu Bharati , Perron Jonathan , Delaunay Renaud , Müller Leonard , Berntsen Magnus H. , Grübel Gerhard , Malinowski Grégory , Weier Christian , Gautier Julien , Lambert Guillaume , Zeitoun Philippe , Gutt Christian , Jal Emmanuelle , Reid Alexander H. , Granitzka Patrick W. , Jaouen Nicolas , Dakovski Georgi L. , Moeller Stefan , Minitti Michael P. , Mitra Ankush , Carron Sebastian , Pfau Bastian , von Korff Schmising Clemens , Schneider Michael , Eisebitt Stefan , Lüning Jan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractDoes the excitation of ultrafast magnetization require direct interaction between the photons of the optical pump pulse and the magnetic layer? Here, we demonstrate unambiguously that this is not the case. For this we have studied the magnetization dynamics of a ferromagnetic cobalt/palladium multilayer capped by an IR-opaque aluminum layer. Upon excitation with an intense femtosecond-short IR laser pulse, the film exhibits the classical ultrafast demagnetization phenomenon although only a negligible number of IR photons penetrate the aluminum layer. In comparison with an uncapped cobalt/palladium reference film, the initial demagnetization of the capped film occurs with a delayed onset and at a slower rate. Both observations are qualitatively in line with energy transport from the aluminum layer into the underlying magnetic film by the excited, hot electrons of the aluminum film. Our data thus confirm recent theoretical predictions.
Structure determination of helical filaments by solid-state NMR spectroscopy
Authors: He Lichun , Bardiaux Benjamin , Ahmed Mumdooh , Spehr Johannes , König Renate , Lünsdorf Heinrich , Rand Ulfert , Lührs Thorsten , Ritter Christiane 
Published: January 2016

Significance
The mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) belongs to the emerging class of higher-order signaling machines that adopt a filamentous state on activation and propagate in a prion-like manner. Structures of helical filaments are challenging due to their size and variable symmetry parameters, which are notoriously difficult to obtain, but are a prerequisite for structure determination by electron microscopy and by solid-state NMR. Here we describe a strategy for their efficient de novo determination by a grid-search approach based exclusively on solid-state NMR data. In combination with classical NMR structure calculation, we could determine the atomic resolution structure of fully functional filaments formed by the globular caspase activation and recruitment domain of MAVS. A careful validation highlights the general applicability of this approach.
Mice plan decision strategies based on previously learned time intervals, locations, and probabilities
Authors: Tosun Tuğçe , Gür Ezgi , Balcı Fuat 
Published: January 2016

Significance
A fundamental question is whether experience shapes appropriate behavior by selective reinforcement of that behavior or whether it instills knowledge of environmental parameters, which knowledge may then be deployed to direct behavior in novel situations. We initially trained mice on three different environmental parameters (time intervals, locations, and probabilities) and then confronted these mice for the first time with the situation that required them to combine and use these parameters to predict reward. Mice deployed this knowledge to inform an appropriate behavioral strategy. Their behavioral strategies appeared immediately and did not improve further. These results suggest that mice can directly apply their prior knowledge about time intervals, locations, and probabilities to their decisions without any need for trial and error.
Opposing roles for serotonin in cholinergic neurons of the ventral and dorsal striatum
Authors: Virk Michael S. , Sagi Yotam , Medrihan Lucian , Leung Jenny , Kaplitt Michael G. , Greengard Paul 
Published: January 2016

Significance
The ventral striatum (vSt) and dorsal striatum (dSt) take part in different neuronal circuits that mediate emotional and motoric behaviors, respectively. vSt and dSt are populated by similar types of neurons, and little is known about the molecular differences between neurons of these regions. We report here that, in mice, serotonin [5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] oppositely regulates the excitability of cholinergic interneurons of the vSt and dSt. Postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors and presynaptic 5-HT1B receptors synergistically mediate inhibition of ACh release from cholinergic neurons of the vSt. Deletion of 5-HT1B from cholinergic neurons resulted in an impairment in hedonic, but not motoric behavior. The present results contribute to our understanding of the specific functional roles of these brain areas.
Sympathetic innervation controls homeostasis of neuromuscular junctions in health and disease
Authors: Khan Muzamil Majid , Lustrino Danilo , Silveira Willian A. , Wild Franziska , Straka Tatjana , Issop Yasmin , O’Connor Emily , Cox Dan , Reischl Markus , Marquardt Till , Labeit Dittmar , Labeit Siegfried , Benoit Evelyne , Molgó Jordi , Lochmüller Hanns , Witzemann Veit , Kettelhut Isis C. , Navegantes Luiz C. C. , Pozzan Tullio , Rudolf Rüdiger 
Published: January 2016

Significance
The sympathetic nervous system regulates basic body functions such as heartbeat, blood pressure, and gland activities. Whereas hormone secretion from the adrenal medulla modulates these processes systemically, local and fast responses can be mediated by direct sympathetic innervation. Although many effects of the sympathetic system on skeletal muscle physiology and disease are known, direct sympathetic innervation targets in skeletal muscle have been scarcely studied. We investigated this aspect and found that neuromuscular junctions, the contact points between motor neurons and muscle fibers, are innervated by sympathetic neurons, which is of crucial importance for the integrity and function of nerve–muscle contact. Our findings help to understand and refine treatment of neuromuscular diseases, including myasthenic syndromes.
Evaluation of First Feeds for Larval Lost River Suckers
Authors: Barron James M , Twibell Ronald G , Gannam Ann L 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The Lost River Sucker Deltistes luxatus is endemic to the Klamath Basin in southern Oregon and northern California. Population declines led to listing this species as endangered in 1988. Its native habitat has been greatly reduced and degraded putting their future in question. If this species is to be reared in captivity to prevent extinction, the development of culture methodologies is necessary. Successful initial feeding methods are one of the first areas of culture that need to be developed. Lost River Suckers begin feeding during the larval life stage. Larval fish often require live prey at the onset of feeding; however, it may be possible to start larvae on formulated microdiets. We investigated the use of live Artemia and two commercial microdiets (Hikari and Otohime brands) as first feeds over the course of a 41-d feeding trial. Starting on day 21 of the trial, feed sizes were increased, and the Artemia-fed fish were offered a commercial microdiet (Otohime) while being co-fed Artemia through day 26 of the trial (6 d cofeeding). After day 26 the Artemia-fed fish were only offered the microdiet. The response variables of total length, weight, survival, whole-body lipid content, and whole-body fatty acid profile were measured during and at termination of the trial. Fish grew significantly faster when started on Artemia and also displayed significantly higher survival compared with fish fed only commercial microdiets. Fish started on Artemia transitioned well to Otohime B1, and maintained 95.2% (SD, 2.2) survival over the 41-d feeding trial. The fatty acid profiles of the fish generally reflected the profiles of the diets they were fed. This study demonstrated that live Artemia followed by a transition to Otohime commercial feed is an effective feeding regimen for the duration of the larval phase of this species.
Ventilation and the Response to Hypercapnia after Morphine in Opioid-naive and Opioid-tolerant Rats
Authors: Emery Michael J. , Groves Chase C. , Kruse Timothy N. , Shi Chen , Terman Gregory W. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAbstract
In morphine-sedated rats after chronic opioid administration, hypercapnic ventilatory response remained depressed despite gaining tolerance to morphine analgesia. This animal study suggests a possible increased risk of severe ventilatory depression in chronic opioid patients receiving sufficient opioid for postoperative analgesia.

Background
Opioid-related deaths are a leading cause of accidental death, with most occurring in patients receiving chronic pain therapy. Respiratory arrest is the usual cause of death, but mechanisms increasing that risk with increased length of treatment remain unclear. Repeated administration produces tolerance to opioid analgesia, prompting increased dosing, but depression of ventilation may not gain tolerance to the same degree. This study addresses differences in the degree to which chronic morphine (1) produces tolerance to ventilatory depression versus analgesia and (2) alters the magnitude and time course of ventilatory depression.

Methods
Juvenile rats received subcutaneous morphine for 3 days (n = 116) or vehicle control (n = 119) and were then tested on day 4 following one of a range of morphine doses for (a) analgesia by paw withdraw from heat or (b) respiratory parameters by plethysmography–respirometry.

Results
Rats receiving chronic morphine showed significant tolerance to morphine sedation and analgesia (five times increased ED50). When sedation was achieved for all animals in a dose group (lowest effective doses: opioid-tolerant, 15 mg/kg; opioid-naive, 3 mg/kg), the opioid-tolerant showed similar magnitudes of depressed ventilation (−41.4 ± 7.0%, mean ± SD) and hypercapnic response (−80.9 ± 15.7%) as found for morphine-naive (−35.5 ± 16.9% and −67.7 ± 15.1%, respectively). Ventilation recovered due to tidal volume without recovery of respiratory rate or hypercapnic sensitivity and more slowly in morphine-tolerant.

Conclusions
In rats, gaining tolerance to morphine analgesia does not reduce ventilatory depression effects when sedated and may inhibit recovery of ventilation.
Recasting the dynamic equilibrium model through a functional lens: the interplay of trait‐based community assembly and climate
Authors: Loranger Jessy , Violle Cyrille , Shipley Bill , Lavorel Sandra , Bonis Anne , Cruz Pablo , Louault Frédérique , Loucougaray Grégory , Mesléard François , Yavercovski Nicole , Garnier Éric 
Published: January 2016

Summary

According to the dynamic equilibrium hypothesis (DEH), plant species richness is locally controlled by productivity and disturbance. Given that regional conditions widely affect local environmental variables such as soil nutrient availability, the DEH predictions could be improved by considering how climate influences local controls of species richness. Further, a trait‐based approach to community assembly has the potential to reveal a deeper, mechanistic understanding of species richness variation across environments. Here, we bring together DEH and trait‐based community assembly expectations to examine whether and how local relationships between diversity, disturbance and productivity are affected by habitat filtering and regional climate.

We specifically tested how gradients of local nutrient availability and disturbance intensity interact with climatic conditions to drive the species richness of grassland communities. Further, we recast the DEH through a functional lens by exploring how disturbance–diversity and nutrient availability–diversity relationships are shaped by the functional space occupied by species in a community and species packing within this functional space.

The functional space occupied by co‐occurring species and the way they are functionally packed are quantified using multi‐trait indices calculated with five core plant functional traits. Working with grassland communities spread across differing regional climatic conditions, we used mixed models to test whether the variation in taxonomic and functional metrics corresponded to the DEH predictions as well as to determine the relationship between those metrics.

Contrary to the expectations based on the relation between species richness and the functional components considered, taxonomic and functional metrics did not vary in accordance along environmental gradients. Climate strongly interacted with the local environment to modulate local diversity patterns, sometimes even inversing a given trend and falsifying the DEH predictions.

Synthesis. Our findings quantitatively highlight the interplay between regional and local environmental gradients in driving community assembly. We demonstrate that, depending on climatic conditions, observed patterns of both taxonomic and functional community composition can be opposite to expected productivity–diversity and disturbance–diversity relationships. This emphasizes the relevance of multifaceted studies of biodiversity and the need for a more systematic quantification of regional controls in community assembly studies.
Root functional parameters predict fine root decomposability at the community level
Authors: Prieto Iván , Stokes Alexia , Roumet Catherine 
Published: January 2016

Summary

Root quality is one of the main drivers of fine root decomposition, an important process controlling soil carbon (C) and nutrient cycling in most terrestrial ecosystems. Root quality is defined by chemical and morphological traits, which differ across species and thus communities. This trait variation is assumed to follow a trade‐off between resource acquisition and conservation (i.e. the root economics spectrum). To what extent root quality or the economics spectrum influence fine root decomposition rates at the community level remains poorly understood, particularly within the context of land use change.

Changes in land use induce shifts in plant community composition, which also affect root distribution within the soil profile, resulting in changes in root quality. We hypothesize that at the community level, (i) root decomposability is driven by community root functional parameters (i.e. root traits measured at the community level), (ii) changes in root functional parameters among land use types and with soil depth translate into changes in root decomposability.

We collected shallow and deep fine roots (≤ 2 mm) from 20 plant communities across contrasting land use types in seven sites world‐wide, ranging from agricultural crops to natural forests and determined their decomposition rate in standard conditions. Fine root quality was related to known values of functional parameters for these communities, including specific root length (SRL), carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and lignin concentrations.

A combination of chemical functional parameters (lignin, C and N concentrations) best explained root decomposition rates at the community level, whereas root economics remained a poorer predictor of decomposability rates. Among land use gradients, roots from agricultural and agroforestry communities decomposed faster than roots from forest sites. Across and within plant communities, a consistently greater decomposability in shallow roots was observed. Both land use and depth effects were explained by changes in root chemical traits at the community level.

Synthesis. Our results suggest that the conversion of plant communities from forests to agricultural lands leads to changes in root functional parameters that drastically increase root decomposition rates and may lead to major soil C losses, especially in shallow soil layers.
Reliability of the Walker Cranial Nonmetric Method and Implications for Sex Estimation
Authors: Lewis Cheyenne J. , Garvin Heather M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe cranial trait scoring method presented in Buikstra and Ubelaker (Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. Fayetteville, AR: Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Series No. 44, 1994) and Walker (Am J Phys Anthropol, 136, 2008 and 39) is the most common nonmetric cranial sex estimation method utilized by physical and forensic anthropologists. As such, the reliability and accuracy of the method is vital to ensure its validity in forensic applications. In this study, inter‐ and intra‐observer error rates for the Walker scoring method were calculated using a sample of U.S. White and Black individuals (n = 135). Cohen's weighted kappas, intraclass correlation coefficients, and percentage agreements indicate good agreement between trials and observers for all traits except the mental eminence. Slight disagreement in scoring, however, was found to impact sex classifications, leading to lower accuracy rates than those published by Walker. Furthermore, experience does appear to impact trait scoring and sex classification. The use of revised population‐specific equations that avoid the mental eminence is highly recommended to minimize the potential for misclassifications.
Forensic Analysis of Human Autopsy Tissue for the Presence of Polydimethylsiloxane (Silicone) and Volatile Cyclic Siloxanes using Macro FT‐IR, FT‐IR Spectroscopic Imaging and Headspace GC‐MS
Authors: Lanzarotta Adam , Kelley Caroline Machal 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis study describes effective and straightforward primary and secondary methods for the detection of silicone in human autopsy tissue. The primary method is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) specific and employs either macro‐attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FT‐IR) spectroscopy for samples with a high PDMS concentration (relative to that of the matrix) or micro‐FT‐IR spectroscopic imaging in a reflection/absorption modality for samples with a low PDMS concentration. Although the secondary method is not PDMS specific, it employs headspace gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (HS/GC‐MS) for the detection of low molecular weight volatile cyclic siloxanes (VCS), which are characteristic marker compounds for PDMS. Overall, the combined results from the primary and secondary analyses provide reliable evidence for the presence of silicone.