bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
APPRAISAL OF THE FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT SCREEN IN FOOTBALL INJURY PREDICTION
Authors: Grygorowicz Monika , Michalowska Martyna , Piontek Tomasz 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundFunctional Movement Screen (FMS) has been used in the prediction of football injuries. However, the discussion continues on how sensitive and specific the test is. Lately, systematic review[McCall et al. 2014]enrolling studies published up to September 2014 and clinical commentary[Wright et al. 2016]were published underlying caution prior to implementation of the FMS into clinical practice as an injury prediction tool. Thus, it seems necessary to up-date the debate.ObjectiveTo provide up-to-date evidence-based summary of available evidence regarding the predictive value of FMS in football players.DesignCritically Appraised Topic.SettingAmateur, collegiate Division I and II.Patients (or Participants)Male and female footballers.Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)Medline, SPORTDiscuss/with/Full Text, Academic Search Complete, Nursing/Academic Edition, MasterFILE Premier databases were searched (on August 31st 2016) using “football”, “soccer”, “functional movement screen” keywords. Only prospective cohort studies published as full article in reviewed journals were included.Main Outcome MeasurementsBetween samples – injured vs. uninjured analysis, odd ratio (OR), likelihood ratio (LR), receiver operating curve (ROC).ResultsOur search yielded 18 studies, after abstract revision 3 articles met the criteria. The first[Warrenet al. 2015]did not confirm the validity of FMS in injury prediction (OR=1.01, 95% CI 0.53–1.91). The second [Schroederet al. 2016] showed no difference between injured/uninjured players in FMS score (Z=−0.890, p=0.373), concluding FMS to be a poor predictor of injury in football players. The third[Mokhaet al. 2016]found that asymmetry was a better predictor of injury than the composite FMS score. None of the studies used LR ratio or ROC curve analyses in statistical analysis.ConclusionsCaution is required when applying FMS in football injury prediction. It is necessary to conduct a well-designed prospective study with sufficient statistical analysis used for predictive parameters to justify the use of FMS test in injury prediction in football players.
SIDE- AND AGE-SPECIFIC POSTURAL ADAPTATIONS OF MALE ELITE JUNIOR SOCCER PLAYERS (UNDER 16, 17 & 19)
Authors: Hajduk Karen , Schmidtbleicher Dietmar 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundPlaying soccer at professional level may induce functional and structural adaptations of the neuro-musculoskeletal system based on soccer specific movement coordination due to continuous asymmetrical loadings. This may predispose young athletes in particular to pathologic conditions and increased injury risk at early stages within their careers.ObjectiveThe purpose was to quantify the static standing profile. It was hypothesized that the alignment differs between limbs (footedness) and age groups.DesignExperimental, prospective cohort study.SettingBiomechanical assessment in clinical practice.Patients (or Participants)102 uninjured male elite junior soccer players aged between 16 and 19 years old reporting no former joint injury.Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)Three-dimensional motion capture (SIMI Motion 3D) analysing the static standing profile.Main Outcome Measurements3D kinematic data of the thoracic (TH 12) and lumbar spine (L3), pelvis and hips, knees and ankles bilateral, comprising 27 variables.ResultsKinematic data indicate age-specific differences for the amount of thoracic extension, knee adduction and external rotation of the supporting leg (p<0.05). Side-specific adaptations can be proven for functional scoliosis at the thoracolumbar junction and height of iliac crest (p<0.05). K-means analyses show significant differences for hip abduction and external rotation for the kicking leg (p<0.05). By means of correspondence analysis U19 players can be associated with lumbar scoliosis, knee varus for the supporting leg and knee valgus for the kicking leg.ConclusionsThe older the players, the more complex the functional postural adaptations. The results provide plausible explanations for increased injury risk of ACL injuries on the kicking leg, groin pain, and the need for more sophisticated injury prevention programs. From a methodological point of view, comprehensive 3D-static analysis using appropriate statistical analyses seems to be well suited for the assessment of postural deviations for large scale cohorts.
INCLUDING THE COPENHAGEN ADDUCTION EXERCISE IN THE FIFA 11+ PROVIDES MISSING ECCENTRIC HIP ADDUCTION STRENGTH EFFECT: A RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Authors: Harøy Joar , Thorborg Kristian , Hölmich Per , Serner Andreas , Bjørkheim André , Rolstad Linn E , Bahr Roald , Andersen Thor Einar 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundThe FIFA 11+ was developed as a complete warm-up programme to prevent injuries in football players. Although reduced hip adduction strength is associated with groin injuries, none of the exercises included in the FIFA 11+ specifically target hip adduction strength.ObjectiveTo investigate the effect on eccentric hip adduction strength of the FIFA 11+ warm-up programme with or without the Copenhagen Adduction exercise.DesignRandomised controlled trial.SettingU19 elite male football teams.ParticipantsWe recruited 45 eligible players from two teams. Per-protocol analyses were performed, with 12 players excluded due to low compliance (<67% of sessions completed).InterventionsPlayers were randomized into two groups; one group was asked to carry out the standard FIFA 11+ program, while another group was asked to carry out the FIFA 11+, but to replace the Nordic Hamstring exercise with the Copenhagen Adduction exercise. Both groups performed the intervention three times weekly for 8 weeks. Players completed eccentric strength and sprint testing before and after the intervention.Main Outcome MeasurementsEccentric hip adduction strength (Nm/kg).ResultsBetween-group analyses showed that there was a significant difference in the change in eccentric hip adduction strength of 0.32 Nm/kg (10.1%) (p=0.006) on the left side and 0.24 Nm/kg (7.2%) (p=0.046) on the right side in favour of the group performing the Copenhagen Adduction exercise. There was no within-group change in eccentric hip adduction strength in the group that did not perform the Copenhagen adduction exercise (left side: −0.03 Nm/kg (−0.8%) p=0.79, right side: −0.02 Nm/kg (−0.7%) p=0.78).ConclusionsIncluding the Copenhagen Adduction exercise to the FIFA 11+ programme increases eccentric hip adduction strength, while the standard FIFA 11+ programme does not. We therefore suggest adding the Copenhagen Adduction exercise to the FIFA 11+ to potentially prevent groin problems.
NO RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FLOOR TYPE AND MATCH INJURY PATTERNS IN GERMAN MEN'S PROFESSIONAL HANDBALL
Authors: Henke Thomas , Luig Patrick 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundInjuries are likely to negatively affect both individual and team performance in German men's professional handball. The influence of different floor types on injury patterns has not been clearly established.ObjectiveAnalysis of match injury frequency and patterns in relation to floor types.DesignProspective observational cohort study.SettingTwo highest German professional leagues in men's handball.ParticipantsAll first and second league handball players (n=818) of the 2014–2015 season.Assessment of Risk FactorsAnalysis of all injuries of these players that were registered by clubs or physicians with the VBG (German statutory accident insurance for the administrative sector) as part of the occupational accident reporting and that either led to the player's short-term disability (time-loss) and/or to medical treatment costs (medical-attention).Main Outcome MeasurementsInjury prevalence, injury incidence, injured body parts, type of injury, short-term disability.Results641 of the 818 observed players (78.4%) were injured. In total 1,988 injuries were recorded. Of these, 798 injuries occurred during competitive match play (40.1%). The overall match incidence was 71.2 injuries/1,000 h. 51.0% of competitive matches were played on PVC, 36.0% on wood and 13.0% on linoleum. The injury incidences for these three floor types did not differ significantly (PVC: 67.4/1,000 h, linoleum: 73.4/1,000 h, wood: 72.8/1,000 h). Moreover, no significant difference was observed for injured body region, severity of injury or playing position with regard to the floor type. However, there were trends toward significance for very severe injuries (>90 days time-loss) on PVC floors and goalkeeper injuries on linoleum floors.ConclusionsThere seems to be no direct relationship between floor types used in the two highest German men's handball leagues and match injury patterns. Further studies should eventually pay more attention to the floor conditions in handball arenas, especially in view of resin use, rather than to the floor type.
GERMAN TRANSLATION AND CONTENT VALIDATION OF THE OSTRC QUESTIONNAIRE ON OVERUSE INJURIES AND HEALTH PROBLEMS
Authors: Hirschmüller Anja , Steffen Kathrin , Fassbender Katharina , Clarsen Ben , Leonhard Reiner , Konstantinidis Lukas , Südkamp Norbert P , Kubosch Eva Johanna 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundThe importance of a standardised injury and illness surveillance system in elite sports has recently often been highlighted. The OSTRC Questionnaire on Health Problems was developed and validated at the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre in Norway and showed very good validity.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Questionnaire on Health Problems into the German context.DesignA slightly modified back-translation method was used to translate the questionnaire. Validation was done in 24 high-level Paralympic athletes followed over 20 consecutive weeks.SettingWeb-based weekly distribution of the translated OSTRC questionnaire for 20 weeks.Patients (or Participants)24 athletes of the German National Cycling Team.Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)None.Main Outcome Measurementsinternal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha) test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient), weekly response rate, lost training-days, Incidence of illness or injury.ResultsThe translated version of the questionnaire showed a very high internal consistency and good test-retest reliability (Cronbach's Alpha 0.92, ICC 0.91). Additionally, we observed high acceptance and compliance from our cohort of athletes, whose mean weekly response rate was 91.5%. Overall, 114 training-days were lost because of illness or injury within the 20 weeks. On average, five athletes per week (20.8%) reported health problems.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that the translated German version of the OSTRC Questionnaire is a reliable and valid tool with high internal consistency for the medical monitoring of German athletes. The OSTRC-G now offers the opportunity for a continued surveillance of high-level German athletes.
NORDIC HAMSTRING EXERCISE STRENGTH CHANGES OVER A SEASON IN ACADEMY FOOTBALLERS
Authors: Huggins Sam , Davies Nicholas , Evans Kate , Williams Morgan 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundThe Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) has been utilised within Hamstring Strain Injury prevention programmes. However, there is a concern amongst some that once a football season has commenced, there is insufficient time to include the NHE due to short turn around between matches. To date, changes in strength have not been documented over a season.ObjectiveTo determine if changes in strength measured during the NHE using a commercially available device can occur as the season progresses.DesignTime series design that involved measures of Nordic exercise strength (NES) obtained throughout the 2015–2016 season whist undertaking a hamstring strengthening intervention.SettingProfessional Football Academy.Patients (or Participants)33 male football academy players aged between 16 and 21 years.Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)One session of 2 sets 3–6reps NHE in addition to normal posterior chain strengthening exercises weekly.Main Outcome MeasurementsNES (mean of left and right limbs) and between limb difference (%) were analysed by phase of the season (i.e., pre-season pre-Christmas, post-Christmas and end of season periods).ResultsAt pre-season the NES and between limb difference baseline data was 337±68N and 9±6%. Increases were observed in NES from pre-season to pre-Christmas (16N, P=0.0126) and post-Christmas to end of the season (15N, P=0.0180). Over the Christmas period the increase was smaller (5N, P=0.3871). The between limb scores, however, remained stable (P=0.6010). Post-hoc analysis revealed a negative association (r=-0.65) between preseason NES and the change in NES from baseline to end of the preseason.ConclusionsMost players increased their NES over the season, yet imbalance between limbs remaining stable throughout. Stronger players of the squad at the start of pre-season did not improve as much as their weaker colleagues. The weekly low volume stimulus may offer an adequate stimulus to develop strength.
SPORTS SPECIALIZED RISKS FOR REINJURY IN YOUNG ATHLETES: A 2+ YEAR CLINICAL PROSPECTIVE EVALUATION
Authors: Jayanthi Neeru 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundWe previously demonstrated an independent risk of sports specialization in young athletes. However, there is no longitudinal study on the risks of sports specialization and reinjury in young athletes.ObjectiveTo determine the longitudinal risk factors for sports specialization in a clinical population of young athletes. To outline the patterns of reinjury in this clinical population.DesignProspective cohort observational study.SettingMulticenter clinical study from sports medicine clinics and pediatric/family medicine offices.Patients (or Participants)Young athletes 7–18 years old presenting for sports-related injury to a sports medicine clinic or for for a sports physical.Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)Each subject is enrolled at baseline and then given follow up survey every 6 months for up to 3 years. We assessed the following risk factors: Sex, Age, Age of specialization, degree of sports specialization, training volume (organized, free play), year round training (>8 months).Main Outcome MeasurementsInjury, injury type (acute, overuse, serious overuse), clinical diagnosis.ResultsThere were 1191 subjects analysed at baseline, with a total of 1083 follow up evaluations for up to 3 years of follow up. There were 39.4% (427/1083) injured follow up evaluations, 60.6%(656/1083) uninjured. Of the 427 injuries, 69.6% (297/427) were a reinjury (142 repeat injury (same location) and 155 recurrent injury. There were 134 new injuries. Injured follow up subjects were more likely to be female (p<0.02), report age of specialization <12 (p=0.03) and participate in year round training>8 mths/yr (p<0.03), and a higher proportion were more highly specialized.ConclusionsYoung athletes are more likely to develop a reinjury than a new injury on follow ups up to 3 years. Athletes specializing <12 years old and female young athletes were more likely to develop injury. Similar to baseline, there was a higher proportion of injured highly specialized athletes.
AMETROPIA, VISUAL DEFICITS AND MOTOR PERFORMANCE IN SCHOOL SPORTS
Authors: Jendrusch Gernot , Oertzen-Hagemann Vanessa , Platen Petra 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundIn childhood/puberty essential physical and school developments take place. Poor eyesight in this phase represents a handicap, as is known. Concluding, the basic correlation between a good eyesight and a safe, successful engaging in sports activities, as well as a motor development are documented through numerous studies. A database concerning the topic “Ametropia in school and its consequences on motor abilities” does not yet exist.DesignAgainst this background a study at 17 elementary and 6 high schools concerning ametropia in school sports, together with a simultaneous survey of motor abilities has been carried out. Participants were tested with eight tests to assess a motor fitness profile involving strength, endurance, coordination and flexibility. In parallel, various tests to detect ametropia have been carried out (visual-acuity-test, auto-refraction, stereoacuity- and contrast-sensitivity-test).ParticipantsA total of 1.222 children (52.2% male; 47.8% female) at the age of 5–18 participated in the test (age: 8.9±1.7 years).ResultsA synoptic view of the visual test results showed that 25.4% of the children were classified as ametropic (needing correction). This means, a defective vision/ametropia has been discovered for the first time, or else they participated in school sports without actually needed visual aids, or rather, with insufficient correction. The children with ametropia attained significantly worse overall results in the motor performance test than the ones without defective vision (2p<0.05). 38.3% of the pupils with ametropia achieved results below or far below average in the motor performance test (emmetropic students: 12.1%). The coordination test balancing backwards showed analog results.ConclusionsThe high rate of ametropia and the correlation between eyesight in deficit and weaknesses in motor performance shows that regular visual tests are necessary in order to enable the detection and correction of deficits early. Simple screening tests should be implemented in the everyday school (sport) life.
ASYMPTOMATIC ELITE YOUNG TENNIS PLAYERS SHOW LATERAL AND VENTRAL GROWTH PLATE ALTERATIONS OF PROXIMAL HUMERUS ON MRI
Authors: Johansson Fredrik , Skilgate Eva , Debri Edin , Adolfsson Anders , Jenner Göran , Swärd Leif , Cools Ann 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundThe cartilage of the epiphyseal plate might be 2–5 times weaker than surrounding fibrous tissue; therefore epiphyseal (growth) plates are very sensitive to their surrounding mechanical environment.ObjectiveThe specific aim of the study was to investigate and compare epiphyseal length and extension in the proximal humerus, closure in the growth plate and bone marrow signal intensity related to the proximal humeral physis in the dominant arm and the non-dominant arm of the asymptomatic adolescent elite tennis player.DesignCross-sectional study. According to a pre-defined protocol including measurements of epiphyseal extension, epiphyseal length, closure of the growth plate and bone marrow signal intensity related to the proximal humeral physis the MRI scans were evaluated.SettingThe study was an independent complement to the national high-performance program conducted by the Swedish Tennis Association.Patients (or Participants)Our study sample included 35 asymptomatic elite young tennis players (15 male, 20 female, mean age 17.4 years ±2.7).Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)Each player contributed with two shoulders to the MRI evaluation. The non-dominant arm was used as a control. Two fellowship-trained musculoskeletal radiologists independently from each other reviewed magnetic resonance images.Main Outcome MeasurementsEpiphyseal extension and length, closure in the growth plate and bone marrow signal intensity related to the proximal humeral physis in the dominant arm (DA) and the non-dominant arm (NDA).ResultsStatistically significant differences between dominant arm and non-dominant arm in epiphyseal length (mm) laterally (DA 27.33 vs NDA 26.70) were shown. Statistically significant differences were also found in epiphyseal extension (mm) laterally (DA 36.10 vs NDA 35.10) and ventrally (DA 36.23 vs NDA 34.76).ConclusionsSignificant findings assessing MRI measurements of the epiphyseal plate in the asymptomatic adolescent elite tennis player might reflect a development of consecutive alterations in the epiphyseal plate in the dominant arm.
NOVEL DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF RISK FACTORS FOR EXERCISE ASSOCIATED MUSCLE CRAMPING (EAMC) IN A COHORT OF 41 698 DISTANCE RUNNERS
Authors: Jordaan Esmè , Schwellnus Martin 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundWe recently identified novel risk factors for EAMC in distance runners, including age, gender, racing distance, a history of chronic diseases, medication, training and competition load, and running injuries. The relationships between these risk factors for EAMC are over-simplified, and complex path relationships between these risk factors and EAMC have not been investigated.ObjectiveThe objective of the analysis was to explore the complex relationships among the risk factors associated with EAMC by means of path analysis, in order to estimate direct as well as indirect path relationships between the risk factors and EAMC. In addition, we sought to explore total effects by aggregating the direct and indirect effects.Design and Settings41 698 runners (21 km and 56 km), who were part of a 2-year prospective cohort study.Type of StudyPath analysis of prospective data.Main Outcome MeasurementsIndirect, direct and total path estimates of the predictors of EAMC in distance runners.ResultsBody Mass Index (BMI) and age were significant indirect predictors of EAMC (p<0.0001), while training and competition load, a history of chronic disease, medication use for chronic disease, and a history of running injuries were significant direct predictors for EAMC (p<0.0001). Gender was a significant direct as well as indirect predictor of EAMC (P<0.0001) and thus the total effect gives the overall impact of gender as a predictor of EAMC.ConclusionsUsing a path analysis approach, novel risk factors for EAMC (indirect and direct relationships) were identified, indicating that the risk factors associated with EAMC are complex. Indirect risk factors do not impact directly on EAMC, but rather through their effects on direct risk factors. These data enable clinicians to better understand these complex relationships of risk factors and can apply this to knowledge in the prevention, diagnosis and management of EAMC in athletes.