bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the interaction of activity limitations with context, systems, community and personal factors in accessing public health care services: A presentation of South African case studies
Authors: Mji Gubela , Braathen Stine H. , Vergunst Richard , Scheffler Elsje , Kritzinger Janis , Mannan Hasheem , Schneider Marguerite , Swartz Leslie , Visagie Surona 
Published: February 2017

Background: There are many factors that influence access to public health services, such as the context people live in, the existing health services, and personal, cultural and community factors. People with disabilities (activity limitations), through their experience of health services, may offer a particular understanding of the performance of the health services, thus exposing health system limitations more clearly than perhaps any other health service user.Aim: This article explores how activity limitations interact with factors related to context, systems, community and personal factors in accessing public health care services in South Africa.Setting: We present four case studies of people with disabilities from four low-resource diverse contexts in South Africa (rural, semi-rural, farming community and peri-urban) to highlight challenges of access to health services experienced by people with activity limitations in a variety of contexts.Methods: One case study of a person with disabilities was chosen from each study setting to build evidence using an intensive qualitative case study methodology to elucidate individual and household experiences of challenges experienced by people with activity limitations when attempting to access public health services. In-depth interviews were used to collect data, using an interview guide. The analysis was conducted in the form of a thematic analysis using the interview topics as a starting point.Results: First, these four case studies demonstrate that equitable access to health services for people with activity limitations is influenced by a complex interplay of a variety of factors for a single individual in a particular context. Secondly, that while problems with access to public health services are experienced by everyone, people with activity limitations are affected in particular ways making them particularly vulnerable in using public health services.Conclusion: The revitalisation of primary health care and the introduction of national health insurance by the Health Department of South Africa open a window of opportunity for policy makers and policy implementers to revisit and address the areas of access to public health services for people with activity limitations.
Targeted O‐glycoproteomics explored increased sialylation and identified MUC16 as a poor prognosis biomarker in advanced‐stage bladder tumours
Authors: Cotton Sofia , Azevedo Rita , Gaiteiro Cristiana , Ferreira Dylan , Lima Luís , Peixoto Andreia , Fernandes Elisabete , Neves Manuel , Neves Diogo , Amaro Teresina , Cruz Ricardo , Tavares Ana , Rangel Maria , Silva André M. N. , Santos Lúcio Lara , Ferreira José Alexandre 
Published: February 2017

Bladder carcinogenesis and tumour progression is accompanied by profound alterations in protein glycosylation on the cell surface, which may be explored for improving disease management. In a search for prognosis biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets we have screened, using immunohistochemistry, a series of bladder tumours with differing clinicopathology for short‐chain O‐glycans commonly found in glycoproteins of human solid tumours. These included the Tn and T antigens and their sialylated counterparts sialyl‐Tn(STn) and sialyl‐T(ST), which are generally associated with poor prognosis. We have also explored the nature of T antigen sialylation, namely the sialyl‐3‐T(S3T) and sialyl‐6‐T(S6T) sialoforms, based on combinations of enzymatic treatments. We observed a predominance of sialoglycans over neutral glycoforms (Tn and T antigens) in bladder tumours. In particular, the STn antigen was associated with high‐grade disease and muscle invasion, in accordance with our previous observations. The S3T and S6T antigens were detected for the first time in bladder tumours, but not in healthy urothelia, highlighting their cancer‐specific nature. These glycans were also overexpressed in advanced lesions, especially in cases showing muscle invasion. Glycoproteomic analyses of advanced bladder tumours based on enzymatic treatments, Vicia villosa lectin‐affinity chromatography enrichment and nanoLC‐ESI‐MS/MS analysis resulted in the identification of several key cancer‐associated glycoproteins (MUC16, CD44, integrins) carrying altered glycosylation. Of particular interest were MUC16 STn+‐glycoforms, characteristic of ovarian cancers, which were found in a subset of advanced‐stage bladder tumours facing the worst prognosis. In summary, significant alterations in the O‐glycome and O‐glycoproteome of bladder tumours hold promise for the development of novel noninvasive diagnostic tools and targeted therapeutics. Furthermore, abnormal MUC16 glycoforms hold potential as surrogate biomarkers of poor prognosis and unique molecular signatures for designing highly specific targeted therapeutics.
Uniform Supersonic Chemical Reactors: 30 Years of Astrochemical History and Future Challenges
Authors: Potapov Alexey , Canosa André , Jiménez Elena , Rowe Bertrand 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe interstellar medium is of great interest to us as the place where stars and planets are born and from where, probably, the molecular precursors of life came to Earth. Astronomical observations, astrochemical modeling, and laboratory astrochemistry should go hand in hand to understand the chemical pathways to the formation of stars, planets, and biological molecules. We review here laboratory experiments devoted to investigations on the reaction dynamics of species of astrochemical interest at the temperatures of the interstellar medium and which were performed by using one of the most popular techniques in the field, CRESU. We discuss new technical developments and scientific ideas for CRESU, which, if realized, will bring us one step closer to understanding of the astrochemical history and the future of our universe.
On the diffusion around a slender drop in a simple shear flow
Authors: Favelukis Moshe 
Published: February 2017

AbstractMass transfer around a slender drop in a simple shear and creeping flow, at zero Peclet numbers (Pe = 0), is the subject of this theoretical report. The problem is governed by two dimensionless parameters: the capillary number (Ca >> 1) and the viscosity ratio (λ << 1). The fluid mechanics model of Hinch and Acrivos predicts an S‐shaped drop with pointed ends that is almost parallel with the direction of the flow. Making use of the analogy between electrostatics and diffusion (Pe = 0), both governed by the Laplace equation, together with the work of Szegö on the capacity of a condenser, a simple model is suggested by assuming the drop to be a slender prolate spheroid with rounded ends. The results suggest the following: (a) as the capillary number increases, the drop becomes thinner and longer and its surface area increases, leading to larger mass transfer rates; and (b) for the same capillary number, extensional flow is much more effective than simple shear flow in mass transfer operations.
Retinal ganglion cell topography and spatial resolving power in the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum)
Authors: Coimbra João Paulo , Manger Paul R. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTThis study sought to determine whether the retinal organization of the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum), a large African herbivore with lips specialized for grazing in open savannahs, relates to its foraging ecology and habitat. Using stereology and retinal wholemounts, we estimated a total of 353,000 retinal ganglion cells. Their density distribution reveals an unusual topographic organization of a temporal (2,000 cells/mm2) and a nasal (1,800 cells/mm2) area embedded within a well‐defined horizontal visual streak (800 cells/mm2), which is remarkably similar to the retinal organization in the black rhinoceros. Alpha ganglion cells comprise 3.5% (12,300) of the total population of ganglion cells and show a similar distribution pattern with maximum densities also occurring in the temporal (44 cells/mm2) and nasal (40 cells/mm2) areas. We found higher proportions of alpha cells in the dorsal and ventral retinas. Given their role in the detection of brisk transient stimuli, these higher proportions may facilitate the detection of approaching objects from the front and behind while grazing with the head at 45 °. Using ganglion cell peak density and eye size (29 mm, axial length), we estimated upper limits of spatial resolving power of 7 cycles/deg (temporal area), 6.6 cycles/deg (nasal area), and 4.4 cycles/deg (horizontal streak). The resolution of the temporal area potentially assists with grazing, while the resolution of the streak may be used for panoramic surveillance of the horizon. The nasal area may assist with detection of approaching objects from behind, potentially representing an adaptation compensating for limited neck and head mobility. J. Comp. Neurol., 525:2484–2498, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparative T2 and T1ρ mapping of patellofemoral cartilage under in situ mechanical loading with prospective motion correction
Authors: Lange Thomas , Knowles Benjamin R. , Herbst Michael , Izadpanah Kaywan , Zaitsev Maxim 
Published: February 2017

PurposeTo demonstrate improved T2 and T1ρ mapping of patellofemoral cartilage with in situ loading by means of prospective motion correction and to assess load‐induced changes in healthy subjects.Materials and MethodsEstablished T2 and T1ρ mapping sequences were augmented with prospective motion correction based on optical tracking. Protocols were optimized for robust imaging of the patellofemoral cartilage at a field strength of 3T. Subjects were positioned in the scanner with knee flexion and in situ loading of the patellofemoral joint was performed with a pneumatic loading device. In a pilot study on a cohort of 10 healthy subjects, load‐induced T2 and T1ρ changes were evaluated through measurements with axial loads of 0/20/40 kg.ResultsWith prospective motion correction and additional lipid saturation, motion artifacts in patellofemoral cartilage magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with in situ loading could be notably decreased, as demonstrated for T2 mapping. The acquired relaxation maps suggested a T2/T1ρ decrease in superficial cartilage and a T2/T1ρ increase in deep cartilage under loading. However, in the quantitative group evaluation of the lateral patellar facet, only T1ρ in superficial cartilage was significantly changed by loading (P ≤ 0.05), while no significant T2 differences for the three loading conditions were observed (P ≥ 0.3).ConclusionProspective motion correction enables T2 and T1ρ mapping of patellofemoral cartilage with in situ loading and a comparison of the two contrasts in terms of their response to mechanical loading. T1ρ is a more sensitive marker for load‐induced patellar cartilage changes than T2.Level of Evidence: 3Technical Efficacy: Stage 1J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;46:452–460
Quasiequilibrium crystal shape and kinetic Wulff plot for GaN grown by trihalide vapor phase epitaxy using GaCl3
Authors: Iso Kenji , Matsuda Karen , Takekawa Nao , Murakami Hisashi , Koukitu Akinori 
Published: February 2017

We demonstrated the selective‐area growth (SAG) of the nonpolar m‐plane and the polar −c‐plane substrates to determine the quasiequilibrium crystal shape (quasi‐ECS) by trihalide vapor phase epitaxy (THVPE). The results were compared with those by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). The polar N‐face and the nonpolar m‐planes were consistently stable with the semipolar planes emerging only at high temperature for the quasi‐ECS grown by THVPE. The clear facets of the polar Ga‐face (0001) and Ga‐face sense semipolar planes such as did not appear. The kinetic Wulff plots for THVPE were constructed using the growth velocities for each emerging facet of the SAG.Bird's‐eye view SEM images of the selective‐area GaN crystals grown on the m‐plane and –c‐plane for THVPE.
Constructions of p‐variable 1‐resilient rotation symmetric functions over GF(p)
Authors: Du Jiao , Li Chao , Fu Shaojing , Pang Shanqi 
Published: February 2017

AbstractRotation symmetric Boolean functions have been extensively studied in the recent years because of their applications in cryptography. In this study, a novel method to construct p‐variable 1‐resilient rotation symmetric functions over GF(p) is proposed based on a Latin square with maximum cycle structure, which is not required to solve any equation system. And a lower bound on the number of p‐variable 1‐resilient rotation symmetric functions is given. At last, an equivalent characterization of p‐variable 1‐resilient rotation symmetric functions over GF(p) is demonstrated, as a direct corollary, the number of p‐variable 1‐resilient rotation symmetric functions is represented by all the solutions of the equation system. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anatomy of targeted attacks with smart malware
Authors: Bahtiyar Şerif 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe expansive connectivity of information systems has set the stage for pervasive malware to leverage multiple attack vectors and propagation methods. In doing so, this malware has taken on the complexity and richness of the very society it endeavors to control. Defending against it is therefore exceptionally difficult because defense systems have no autonomy in perceiving threats of complex malware and reacting against it. In this paper, smart malware model is defined as emerging complex malware that may be used by defense systems to perceive complex malware and reacting to its attacks. A targeted attack is also presented to show the difficulty of defending systems against smart malware. It is also compared with conventional malware to analyze malware types. Moreover, a numerical study about smart malware is presented to evaluate the proposed model in a more precise manner. The comparison and the numerical study show that our model can be used to perceive smart malware autonomously by automated tools. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lysine Acetylation and Deacetylation in Brain Development and Neuropathies
Authors: Tapias Alicia , Wang Zhao-Qi 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Embryonic development is critical for the final functionality and maintenance of the adult brain. Brain development is tightly regulated by intracellular and extracellular signaling. Lysine acetylation and deacetylation are posttranslational modifications that are able to link extracellular signals to intracellular responses. A wealth of evidence indicates that lysine acetylation and deacetylation are critical for brain development and functionality. Indeed, mutations of the enzymes and cofactors responsible for these processes are often associated with neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Lysine acetylation and deacetylation are involved in all levels of brain development, starting from neuroprogenitor survival and proliferation, cell fate decisions, neuronal maturation, migration, and synaptogenesis, as well as differentiation and maturation of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, to the establishment of neuronal circuits. Hence, fluctuations in the balance between lysine acetylation and deacetylation contribute to the final shape and performance of the brain. In this review, we summarize the current basic knowledge on the specific roles of lysine acetyltransferase (KAT) and lysine deacetylase (KDAC) complexes in brain development and the different neurodevelopmental disorders that are associated with dysfunctional lysine (de)acetylation machineries.
Characterization of Leaf Transcriptome in Banksia Hookeriana
Authors: Lim Sim Lin , D’Agui Haylee M. , Enright Neal J. , He Tianhua 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Banksia is a significant element in vegetation of southwestern Australia, a biodiversity hotspot with global significance. In particular, Banksia hookeriana represents a species with significant economic and ecological importance in the region. For better conservation and management, we reported an overview of transcriptome of B. hookeriana using RNA-seq and de novo assembly. We have generated a total of 202.7 million reads (18.91 billion of nucleotides) from four leaf samples in four plants of B. hookeriana, and assembled 59,063 unigenes (average size = 1098 bp) through de novotranscriptome assembly. Among them, 39,686 unigenes were annotated against the Swiss-Prot, Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), and NCBI non-redundant (NR) protein databases. We showed that there was approximately one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) per 5.6–7.1 kb in the transcriptome, and the ratio of transitional to transversional polymorphisms was approximately 1.82. We compared unigenes of B. hookeriana to those of Arabidopsis thaliana and Nelumbo nucifera through sequence homology, Gene Ontology (GO) annotation, and KEGG pathway analyses. The comparative analysis revealed that unigenes of B. hookeriana were closely related to those of N. nucifera. B. hookeriana, N. nucifera, and A. thaliana shared similar GO annotations but different distributions in KEGG pathways, indicating that B. hookeriana has adapted to dry-Mediterranean type shrublands via regulating expression of specific genes. In total 1927 potential simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were discovered, which could be used in the genotype and genetic diversity studies of the Banksia genus. Our results provide valuable sequence resource for further study in Banksia.
Minimal abdominal incisions
Authors: Magi João Carlos , Santos Bruna Fernandes dos , Boarini Lucas Rodrigues , Oliveira Pietro Dadalto de , Formiga Galdino José Sitonio 
Published: February 2017

AbstractMinimally invasive procedures aim to resolve the disease with minimal trauma to the body, resulting in a rapid return to activities and in reductions of infection, complications, costs and pain. Minimally incised laparotomy, sometimes referred to as minilaparotomy, is an example of such minimally invasive procedures. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility and utility of laparotomy with minimal incision based on the literature and exemplifying with a case. The case in question describes reconstruction of the intestinal transit with the use of this incision. Male, young, HIV-positive patient in a late postoperative of ileotiflectomy, terminal ileostomy and closing of the ascending colon by an acute perforating abdomen, due to ileocolonic tuberculosis. The barium enema showed a proximal stump of the right colon near the ileostomy. The access to the cavity was made through the orifice resulting from the release of the stoma, with a lateral-lateral ileo-colonic anastomosis with a 25 mm circular stapler and manual closure of the ileal stump. These surgeries require their own tactics, such as rigor in the lysis of adhesions, tissue traction, and hemostasis, in addition to requiring surgeon dexterity – but without the need for investments in technology; moreover, the learning curve is reported as being lower than that for videolaparoscopy. Laparotomy with minimal incision should be considered as a valid and viable option in the treatment of surgical conditions.
THE INFLUENCE OF ON- AND OFF-FARM SURFACE WATER INVESTMENT ON GROUNDWATER EXTRACTION FROM AN AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE
Authors: KOVACS KENT , DURAND-MORAT ALVARO 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe use of surface water to replace groundwater for irrigation is often viewed as an effective approach for reducing groundwater overdraft on an agricultural landscape. However, the availability of surface water does not necessarily lead to groundwater conservation in practice. The expected increase in the aquifer volume in the presence of surface water does not occur unless the off-farm water price is low enough to generate a significant shift away from groundwater. There is a change in the crop pattern toward more irrigation-intensive crops, and the net effect can be a rise in groundwater extraction.
Disease burden and the role of pharmacogenomics in African populations
Authors: Mpye K. L. , Matimba A. , Dzobo K. , Chirikure S. , Wonkam A. , Dandara C. 
Published: February 2017

Background.The burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa poses a challenge in achieving quality healthcare. Although therapeutic drugs have generally improved health, their efficacy differs from individual to individual. Variability in treatment response is mainly because of genetic variants that affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs.Method.The intersection of disease burden and therapeutic intervention is reviewed, and the status of pharmacogenomics knowledge in African populations is explored.Results.The most commonly studied variants with pharmacogenomics relevance are discussed, especially in genes coding for enzymes that affect the response to drugs used for HIV, malaria, sickle cell disease and cardiovascular diseases.Conclusions.The genetically diverse African population is likely to benefit from a pharmacogenomics-based healthcare approach, especially with respect to reduction of drug side effects, and separation of responders and non-responders leading to optimized drug choices and doses for each patient.
AMS14C and Chemical Composition of Atmospheric Aerosols from Mexico City
Authors: Solís C , Gómez V , Ortíz E , Chávez E , Miranda J , Aragón J , Martínez M A , Castro T , Peralta O 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAir pollution in Mexico City, which has more than 22 million inhabitants, continues to be one of the main environmental issues. Aerosol samples (PM10) collected in Mexico City and the city of Cuernavaca (a clean reference site) have been characterized using different techniques. This multifaceted approach addresses the source apportionment of the carbonaceous matter in PM10, as well as the airborne elements and ions. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon analysis of total carbon, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and ion chromatography were performed on aerosols collected at three sites in Mexico City and one site in Cuernavaca, during 2 months of the cold-dry season (November–December) in 2012. New results obtained for Mexico City are compared with previous reports. Average levels of PM10were higher in Mexico City sites (43.3–60.8 μg/m3) than in Cuernavaca (32.2 μg/m3). According to the material balance, PM10collected in Mexico City had a lower contribution of crustal material (31.2–36.8%) than Cuernavaca (46.9%). Average contributions of particulate carbonaceous matter to PM10were similar in both cities, but much higher contributions of mineral salts, trace elements, and ions were observed in Mexico City in comparison to Cuernavaca. Total organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) contents were higher in aerosols from Mexico City than those from Cuernavaca. The temporal variation results showed that within all locations studied the OC concentration was high compared to the EC. Results from a theoretical calculation of fossil carbon (FC) and biogenic carbon (BC) concentrations showed that FC and BC levels depend on the site: at Mexico City sites, FC was equal or higher than BC. At Cuernavaca, BC was always higher than FC.