bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Formulations of Dylox, Oftanol, and Turcam on a Golf Fairway in Centre County, Pa, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The turfgrass area consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (40%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO, compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (25 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 81°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 74°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 72°F; RH, 76%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 43.6% sand, 36.4% silt, 20.0% clay; organic matter, 7.6%; soil moisture (oven baked), 31.3%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 6.6; and clear skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.2 inches of water. Three hours prior to treatment the area received 0.3 inches of natural rainfall. Posttreatment counts were completed on 28 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were taken from each replicate, and the total number of viable Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Effect of Rate of Application on Efficacy of Four Insecticides Against Annual Bluegrass Weevils, Golf Course Fairway, 1994
Authors: Vittum P. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Ethoprop (Mocap 10G), imidacloprid (Merit 75SP), fonofos (Crusade 5G), and bendiocarb (Turcam 2.5G) were applied on 18 Apr (Forsythia in early bloom) to 7 × 7 ft plots, which were replicated 5 times, in a CRB design. The plots were established on a golf course fairway in Scarborough, NY—annual bluegrass 50%, creeping bentgrass 50% maintained at 0.5 inch mowing height. All materials were applied by hand. Granular formulations were applied using glass jars with perforated lids. Liquid formulations were applied with watering cans, using 2 qt water per plot. All applications were made by applying ca. half of the material in one direction and then applying the remainder in the perpendicular direction. The entire test area received 0.25 in irrigation ca. 1 h after application of the last material. Soil pH was 6.4, water pH of water used for application was 6.1. Product efficacy was evaluated on 6 Jun by removing 12 cores (1.85 in diam, 1.5 in deep) per plot and inspecting the cores under magnification in the Amherst laboratory. Insect counts were made by combining totals from 3 plugs per recorded observation (4 observations per plot, 20 observations per treatment). At the time of sampling, the population was 60% early instars (lst-3rd), 20% 4th instar, and 20% 5th instar.
Annual White Grub Control on a Golf Course Fairway Using Subsurface and Conventional Application Methods, 1994
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Von Bargen K. , Grisso R. D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This study was conducted in Lincoln, NE on a golf course fairway. The turf (100% Kentucky bluegrass) was maintained at a mowing height of 5/s inches. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.5 to 0.75 inches. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0. Soil moisture was maintained at approximately 17% by weight, throughout the study. Plots were 40 inches × 15 ft and the experimental design was a RCB with 3 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied on 23 Aug 1994 using either a Cushman prototype subsurface applicator designed to place insecticide granular treatments at the soil-thatch interface (avg depth 0.75 inches), or a Gandy 24H12 drop spreader. Following applications, plots were irrigated with 0.5 inches of water. Posttreatment precipitation totaled 0.42 inches. Treatments were evaluated 21 DAT on 13 Sep by removing from each plot three, 8-inch diam turf-soil cores (1.05 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the number of surviving grubs. Pretreatment counts indicated 10-40 SMC/ft2 with 80-90% in the third instar stage in the test area.
Black Turfgrass Ataenius Rescue Trial, Ft. Morgan, Co, 1991
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was established 24 Jul at the Ft. Morgan Municipal Golf Course. Soil type was a sandy loam, with thatch layer of M-in to %-in. Individual plots were 7-ft × 7-ft, arranged in a RCB design with 5 replications. Treatments were applied between 9:30-11:30 AM, in a water volume of 8 gal/1000 ft2, using a sprinkler can. Immediately preceding application heavy rains had fallen. During application, overcast conditions existed and temperatures ranged from 62-72°F and a light sprinkle occurred at the end of treatments. Plots were sprinkler irrigated within four hours after application. At the time of treatment essentially all larvae were in last instar and pupae were observed. Evaluation was made 31 Jul. Plots were sampled by lifting a 15 × 15-inch turf flap and counting all living larvae which were underneath.
Control of Aphids on Potted Chrysanthemum, Ft. Collins, Co 1993
Authors: Sclar D. Casey , Cranshaw Whitney , Hopper Douglas 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A mixed aphid population (green peach aphid, black chrysanthemum aphid) present on greenhouse grown chrysanthemums was used to determine speed of uptake by plants and efficacy of imidacloprid (Bay NTN 33893). Plants were arranged in a RCB design with 6 replications. Granules were surface applied on either 29 Sep, 3 Nov, or 8 Nov and watered into the potting mix. Evaluations were made 11 Nov and 18 Nov by counting all aphids on one randomly selected terminal per plant in each of the four plants per pot.
Test of Registered and Experimental Insecticides for Aphid Control, 1994
Authors: Beers Elizabeth H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in a 2-yr-old commercial ‘Gala’ orchard near Orondo, WA. Trees were planted in double rows. Plots consisted of groups of contiguous trees within a double row, with buffer trees between plots, and buffer rows between treated rows. Four trees per plot with aphid infestations were chosen, and one shoot per tree was tagged. The number of aphids on the most infested leaf was counted on tagged shoots. Pre-treatmerit counts were used as a blocking factor for randomization. Treatments were applied with a handgun to the point of drip on 15 Jul. Post-treatment counts were taken ca. weekly until late Aug.
Rifa Quarantine Treatments in Commercial Grass Sod, 1993
Authors: Callcott A. M. , Collins H. L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The only RIFA quarantine treatment labelled for use on grass sod is Pageant181 DF applied at 8.0 lb (AI)/acre. Candidate treatments were applied to nonproduction fields of common St. Augustine grass at 3 sites in 1993. Plots at Murff Turf Farms, Crosby, TX were treated on 26 May under extremely wet conditions; Pearl River Valley Turf, Wiggins, MS on 3 Jun under hot dry conditions; and Woerner Turf, Elberta, AL on 7 Jul under hot dry conditions. The Elberta, AL site received routine irrigation after treatment, but neither of the other sites were irrigated. Plots were 1 acre arranged in a CRD with 3 replicates per treatment at each site. Granular formulations were applied with a Herd GT-77® granular applicator mounted on a Suzuki LT4 all-terrain vehicle (ATV). Sprays were applied with a shop built boom sprayer comprised of 5 TSS-4 spray tips spaced 36" apart and overlapped by 5 TSS-3 spray tips. Both pumps and both booms were operated at 20 psi and the system was towed behind an ATV at 4 mph, providing a delivery rate of 32 gal/acre. RIFA population assessments were made in V* acre circular subplots in the center of each treatment plot immediately prior to, and at 6 wk intervals after treatment using a population indexing system (Lofgren and Williams, 1982. J. Econ. Entomol. 75:798-803). Data were analyzed for treatment differences using ANOVA and Tukey’s test.
Control of Arboreal Aphids with Systemic Insecticides, 1992
Authors: Cowles R. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Treatments were applied on 14 Aug or 17 Aug to individual tree replicates for mature street trees (50-70 cm DBH) in Beverly Hills, CA, according to a RCB design with 3 replicates per tree species. Each treatment was applied using standard injection techniques: one pressurized injection unit was inserted into a pre-drilled hole at 10 cm above ground for every 15 cm of breast-height trunk circumference, then the internal seal was broken. Aphid counts were made from foliar samples collected from a hydraulic lift. Pre-treatment samples were obtained 14 Aug from 2 of the 3 ash replicates. Infested leaves were paired with similar infestations which were marked for later sampling. Post-treatment counts were made on 9 Sep from all 3 ash replicates, however, measurable elm leaf aphid populations were found in only one replicate of the elm study.
Control of European Elm Scale with Trunk Injected Insecticides, 1993-1994
Authors: Casey Sclar D. , Cranshaw Whitney 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A shelterbelt planting of mature Siberian elm trees located at the Colorado State Forest Service Nursery (Ft. Collins, CO) were used to test the efficacy of selected systemic insecticides applied with two different trunk injection systems. Arborx capsules (Tree Technologies, Inc.) were applied 30 Jun by drilling holes in the root flares of the tree. Rate of application was one capsule per 6 inch of circumference at breast height (cbh). Individual capsules contained either 5 ml of Bay NTN 33893 200SL (imidacloprid) or 4 ml of Avid (abamectin), which were allowed to drain completely into the tree. Direct trunk injections were made 26 Jul using a modified syringe that placed 1 ml of insecticide under the bark of the trunk. Injection sites were similarly made at intervals of 6 inches of tree cbh. Plot design was a RCB with 5 replications. Evaluations in the first year of the trial (10 Aug 1993) were made by assessing percent mortality of instar II nymphs on 10 leaves per tree. Evaluations the following spring (15 Jun 1994) were based on counting the number of overwintered scales on two 18 inch twig samples per tree.
Control of Bagworm, 1991
Authors: Nixon Philip L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Eastern red cedar (approx. 15 ft. tall) in Urbana, 111. were sprayed to control bagworm larvae on 8 Jul. Insecticides were applied with a 30 gal hand-pressurized portable sprayer to the point of run-off in the morning under rising temperatures. Insecticide treatments were diluted with water; controls consisted of water only. Temperature at the end of spraying was 83°F. Larval mortality was recorded at 2 and 4 DAT, with 10 larvae sampled for each of 3 replications in a CRD. Larvae sampled at 2 DAT were removed during the sampling process. Larval cases were 23—40 mm long, averaging 31.4 mm.
Control of Tuliptree Aphids with a Systemic Insecticide, 1993
Authors: Cowles R. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Treatments were applied on 18 Mar to individual tree replicates for street trees grouped in a RCBD (5 replicates) by proximity and caliper in Claremont, CA. Leaves on the trees had just emerged and were 1 cm across at the time of application. Trees varied from 18 to 56 cm diam at breast-height (DBH). Two application methods were used, in each method 0.6 g AI was applied per cm DBH. Granules were poured into 10 cm deep holes spaced in a 1 m grid pattern under the tree’s drip line. The wettable powder was suspended in water (34 g/liter) then 30 ml injected with a Kioritz applicator into the soil per site, with 0.78 injection sites per cm DBH. Most tees were located in residential lawns and received irrigation from lawn watering; 7.7 cm of precipitation also occurred within 11 d following the application. Ten leaves were sampled from the lower canopy of each tree on 16 Aug. Aphids were counted from each sample and the leaves rated individually for honeydew and sooty mold presence. A few specks of honeydew gave a leaf a rating of 1, substantial honeydew and sooty mold gave a leaf a rating of 10. The ratings were then totalled for all leaves sampled from each tree, to give a rating with possible values on a scale from 0-100.
Apple, Tests of New Compounds Against OBLR, 1994
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. , Smith C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Treatments were applied with a high pressure handgun sprayer (450 psi) to single-tree plots in two orchards in Western NY. In the LaMont orchard the ‘Tdared’ trees were ca. 12 years old, 4.2 m high, and planted 4.9 by 5.5 m apart. In the Brown orchard the ‘Mcintosh’ and ‘Delicious’ trees were ca. 3.0 m high and planted 4 by 6.7 m apart. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated four times. Treatments were applied on 11 and 25 Jul in the Brown orchard and on 12 and 26 Jul in the LaMont orchard. Larval populations were compared by examining 20-25 actively growing terminals/tree in the LaMont orchard on 26 Jul and 2 Aug and on 22 Jul and 2 Aug in the Brown orchard. Fruit damage from the first summer generation of larvae was estimated on 22-23 Aug by sampling a total of 300-500 apples from each tree. Fruit damage was assessed at harvest on 16 Sep in the Brown orchard and on 22 Sep in the LaMont orchard. Damaged fruit was graded using USDA standard grades of Fancy, #1, and culls. Data were analyzed using Fisher’s Protected LSD Test. Data were transformed (arcsine( squareroot x)) prior to analysis.
Efficacy of Insecticide Ear Tags on Cattle in Central Kentucky, 1994
Authors: Webb J. D. , Knapp F. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Tests were conducted on 8 beef cattle herds in central Kentucky using insecticide ear tags against horn flies and face flies. Ear tags were applied 1/ear in all tests during a 5-day period starting 10 Jun. Python tags were applied to 35 heifers (1/animal) and to 16 cows with calves (2/animal). Optimizer tags were applied on 30 heifers (1/animal) and 30 cows with calves (2/animal). Warrior (YT-615) tags were applied to 16 cows with calves (1/animal) and 16 cows with calves (2/animal). Patriot tags were applied to 16 cows with calves (1/animal) and 16 cows with calves (2/animal). Using binoculars, horn fly estimates were taken on one side of 10 animals while face flies were counted on the head and face of the same animals at weekly intervals.
Biting Lice Control on Angora Goats in Northern Minnesota, 1994
Authors: Brown D. R. , Moon R. D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Goats were 82 naturally infested animals divided into 3 groups based on sex and age. Barn 1 contained 39 adult does, barn 2 had 18 bucks and aged whethers, and barn 3 had 25 kid does and whethers. Within each barn goats were assigned to four treatments, balanced by weight and initial louse density. Treatments were control (untreated); Ectrin 1, Ectrin® pour-on at a rate of 1 oz solution per 25 lb body weight; Ectrin-2, Ectrin® pour-on at a rate of 1.5 oz solution per 25 lb body weight; and Malathion 57% EC spray commercial formulation applied at 40 psi to saturate 1.5-inch long fleeces. Treatments were applied at day 0 and day 14. Goats were weighed and examined for lice on day 0, (25 Jan 1994), and reexamined, reweighed, and shorn on days 49 and 234. Additional louse exams were made on days 33, 69, 105, 138, 164 and 202. Louse densities were judged by averaging counts of lice in five, 3-inch hair-parts on each animal’s right shoulder and fore-rib area. Fleeces were evaluated for features affecting sale price; hair length, organic matter and “slippage” (shedding and matting). Barns were treated as blocks and results were analyzed by 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA); if treatment effects were significant (P &lt; 0.05), means were compared by LSD test (P &lt; 0.05).
Comparison of two Neem Insecticides for Fall Webworm Control, Laboratory Bioassay 1992
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney , Eckberg Thomas B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Field collected late instar fall webworm larvae were divided into groups of ten and placed in petri dishes. Six groups (60 larvae) were used in each treatment. Chokecherry foliage was treated by dipping in the various solutions tested and allowing to air dry. On August 6, the larvae were fed the treated foliage for the first 3 days, and subsequently fed untreated foliage for the duration of the experiment. Larval mortality was assessed on August 10 (4 DAT), August 13 (7 DAT), and August 17 (11 DAT).
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Beet Armyworm in a Cotton Plant Terminal Bioassay, 1994
Authors: Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R. , White C. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cotton was planted 1 Jul in plots of 4 rows (40 inch centers) by 30 ft at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station, Winnsboro, LA. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied on 13 Sep with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 11.5 gal total spray/acre through Teejet X-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 46 psi. Ten cotton plant terminals were randomly removed from the 2 centei rows of all plots within 1 h after application. Each plant terminal was placed in a 1 oz plastic cup and infested with a single beet armyworm larvae (10-15 mg). Cups for all treatments were held in the laboratory under ambient temperature and mortality of larvae was recorded at 2, 4 and 6 DAT.
Bioassay, Effect of Field-Aged Residue Degradation of Basillus Thuringiensis, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Using a leaf-disk bioassay, B. thuringiensis products were evaluated for residue effects on PLR and OBLR neonate larvae. The test was conducted in an apple orchard at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. The trees were 15-yr-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. The treatments were applied on 22 Sep at the recommended rate with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. Each treatment was replicated three times with one tree in each. Ten leaves were collected from the interior canopy of each tree at 1, 4, 6 and 8 DAT. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm), keeping the leaves from each replication separate. Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaves. Five petri dishes were prepared for each tree and each leafroller species (75 larvae per treatment). The petri dishes were placed inside a food storage container and kept at 20°C constant temperature and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Petri dishes were examined after 7 d and larval survival recorded.
Sevin Versus Inorganic Insecticides in Cucurbit Bait for Western Corn Rootworm Beetles
Authors: Hesler L. S. , Sutter G. R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Four-day old, laboratory-reared male WCR beetles were assayed under clear plastic cones (11.5-cm diam., 9 cm ht.) that were set on a laboratory countertop (10 WCR per cone). WCR were fed until about 1 h before the bioassay. Under each cone, a 1-cm cube of 0.6% agar was placed on a 4-cm (diam.) plastic lid as a water source for beetles. The narrow end of a no. 8 cork was fitted about 0.5 cm into an opening (2 cm diam.) at the top of the cone. This end was bored (1 cm deep, 1.3 cm diam.), and the bore was filled with 1.5 g of toxic bait. The bait consisted of 5% powdered root of buffalo gourd (Cucurbita foetidissima H.B.K., a feeding stimulant) and 0-8% insecticide. The remainder of the bait was composed of a 3:1 (w/w) mixture of artificial patty diet and corn oil. Sevin was tested as a 2% (wt. AI) bait, and inorganic insecticides were tested as 8% (wt. AI) baits. Carbaryl was a 40% AI (wt.) formulation of Sevin XLR. Sodium fluoride and cryolite were &gt;98% pure. The purity of boric acid was not specified. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Moribund beetles were counted at 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h.
Host Plant Resistance on Pepper to the Pepper Weevil, 1991
Authors: Berdegue M. , Harris M. K. , Riley D. W. , Villalon B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Field screening of 22 multiple virus-resistant pepper breeding lines, along with 11 commercial cultivars of jalepeno, bell, pimiento, serrano, yellow, cayenne, chile, and cherry type peppers was conducted at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station in Weslaco, TX. The lines were arranged in a randomized complete block with three replications using 3 m. single row plots with one plant every 30 cm. Fertilization and irrigation practices were standard for the region. Two applications of Pounce® at a rate of 17 ml in 26.5 liters of water were applied at 68 and 76 days after transplant to prevent excessively high PW densities. Ten terminal buds from two plants per plot were examined twice a week recording the number of PW adults and buds and pods with oviposition scars. The numbers of fallen buds and fruit with and without oviposition scars were also recorded. Plant phenology was examined by recording the number of buds, flower and fruit of each line once a week. Yield and fruit quality data were recorded after each of four harvests 68, 75, 87, and 95 days after transplant.
Performance of Resistant Experimental Sweet Corn Hybrids for European Corn Borer Management in Minnesota, 1991
Authors: Hutchison W. D. , Davis D. W. , Battels D. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This test was conducted on the University of Minnesota Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station. Sweet corn was planted 15 Jun in plots consisting of single rows, 30 ft long on 30 inch centers. Each plot was separated by 5 ft alleys and had no buffer rows. Hybrids were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Experimental hybrids were created by crossing University of Minnesota ECB ear-resistant breeding lines with a general-combining, proprietary sul, inbred, having good ear and kernel quality. ‘Incredible,’ a homozygous sugaryenhanced (se) hybrid, was included as a commercial ECB-susceptible check. The hybrids were not treated with insecticide nor were they manually infested with ECB. All hybrids were evaluated for ECB resistance 7 Sep by randomly selecting 25 primary ears per plot (100 per treatment) and recording total larvae, larval size, ear location and feeding damage. On 12 Oct, each hybrid was evaluated further by recording total larvae per stalk and the amount of tunneling damage based on full-length longitudinal dissection of 25 stalks per hybrid (taken at random across all plots).
Blueberry Maggot Control, E. Machias, 1994
Authors: Collins J. A. , Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Materials were applied on 11, 18, and 26 Jul to ca. 125- by 150-ft plots in a bearing blueberry field at East Machias, Maine. There was one replication of each treatment, applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre using a CIMA P55D Atomizer Low Volume sprayer mounted on an Agco Allis 6670 tractor operating at 40 psi and driven at ca. 1.8 mph. At first treatment, 5% of the berries were ripening and turning blue. On 4 Aug, one quart of berries was raked from each of 9 systematically selected areas within each treated and untreated area at least 25 ft from plot boundaries. Berries were refrigerated and processed within 3 days by boiling the berries and extracting the maggots from the pulp. The only significant weather conditions during this test were rains of 1.12 and 0.78 inches occurring one day after the treatments on 18 and 26 Jul, respectively.