bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conserved Region C Functions To Regulate PD-1 Expression and Subsequent CD8 T Cell Memory
Authors: Bally Alexander P. R. , Tang Yan , Lee Joshua T. , Barwick Benjamin G. , Martinez Ryan , Evavold Brian D. , Boss Jeremy M. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1) on CD8 T cells promotes T cell exhaustion during chronic Ag exposure. During acute infections, PD-1 is transiently expressed and has the potential to modulate CD8 T cell memory formation. Conserved region C (CR-C), a promoter proximal cis-regulatory element that is critical to PD-1 expression in vitro, responds to NFATc1, FoxO1, and/or NF-κB signaling pathways. Here, a CR-C knockout mouse was established to determine its role on PD-1 expression and the corresponding effects on T cell function in vivo. Deletion of CR-C decreased PD-1 expression on CD4 T cells and Ag-specific CD8 T cells during acute and chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus challenges, but did not affect the ability to clear an infection. Following acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, memory CD8 T cells in the CR-C knockout mouse were formed in greater numbers, were more functional, and were more effective at responding to a melanoma tumor than wild-type memory cells. These data implicate a critical role for CR-C in governing PD-1 expression, and a subsequent role in guiding CD8 T cell differentiation. The data suggest the possibility that titrating PD-1 expression during CD8 T cell activation could have important ramifications in vaccine development and clinical care.
Thymic Dendritic Cell Subsets Display Distinct Efficiencies and Mechanisms of Intercellular MHC Transfer
Authors: Kroger Charles J. , Spidale Nicholas A. , Wang Bo , Tisch Roland 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Thymic dendritic cells (DC) delete self-antigen–specific thymocytes, and drive development of Foxp3-expressing immunoregulatory T cells. Unlike medullary thymic epithelial cells, which express and present peripheral self-antigen, DC must acquire self-antigen to mediate thymic negative selection. One such mechanism entails the transfer of surface MHC–self peptide complexes from medullary thymic epithelial cells to thymic DC. Despite the importance of thymic DC cross-dressing in negative selection, the factors that regulate the process and the capacity of different thymic DC subsets to acquire MHC and stimulate thymocytes are poorly understood. In this study intercellular MHC transfer by thymic DC subsets was investigated using an MHC-mismatch–based in vitro system. Thymic conventional DC (cDC) subsets signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα+) and CD8α+ readily acquired MHC class I and II from thymic epithelial cells but plasmacytoid DC were less efficient. Intercellular MHC transfer was donor-cell specific; thymic DC readily acquired MHC from TEC plus thymic or splenic DC, whereas thymic or splenic B cells were poor donors. Furthermore DC origin influenced cross-dressing; thymic versus splenic DC exhibited an increased capacity to capture TEC-derived MHC, which correlated with direct expression of EpCAM by DC. Despite similar capacities to acquire MHC–peptide complexes, thymic CD8α+ cDC elicited increased T cell stimulation relative to SIRPα+ cDC. DC cross-dressing was cell-contact dependent and unaffected by lipid raft disruption of donor TEC. Furthermore, blocking PI3K signaling reduced MHC acquisition by thymic CD8α+ cDC and plasmacytoid DC but not SIRPα+ cDC. These findings demonstrate that multiple parameters influence the efficiency of and distinct mechanisms drive intercellular MHC transfer by thymic DC subsets.
Influence of gender on SME performance in emerging economies
Authors: Shava Herring , Rungani Ellen C. 
Published: November 2016

Research purpose: The aim of this article was to establish whether or not performance between male-owned and female-owned small and medium-sized entities (SMEs) differs significantly and to assess the extent to which the gender gap in SME performance (if any) could be allocated to gender differences in levels of business-related experience.Motivation for the study: The influence of gender on SME performance is well documented from an international perspective. However, what lacks in extant literature is the understanding of whether the performance gap between male and female entity owners with similar business-related experience exists or not. This study investigated gender influence through data collected from both male and female entity owners.Research design, approach and method: The study was descriptive by design. Primary data were collected through self-administered questionnaires. Data analysis was undertaken through t-test and chi-square analysis.Main findings: The findings confirm that male- and female-owned SMEs perform at similar levels, given that such owners possess high business-related experience. Therefore, gender gap in firm performance does not exist among male and female entrepreneurs who fall either in low or high business-related experience categories.Contribution/value-add: The value of this research lies in the findings contrary to extant literature; that gender plays no role in the performance of SMEs. However, the level of business-related experience the owner holds, regardless of gender, influences the entity’s performance.Conclusion: Contrary to evidence provided in literature, the study concludes that focusing on the impact of gender on entrepreneurship with the aim of comparing business outcomes of male- and female-owned entities, while ignoring the role of key variables such as business-related experience, may yield misleading results.
Mechanisms for inspiring action in South African youth
Authors: Waller Cara E. , Wheaton Philippa , Asbury Natasha 
Published: November 2016

Many young people in South Africa are in the process of transforming their country. To positively contribute to the development agenda, young people need the skills and capacity to bring about change and set themselves apart as leaders. This retrospective, mixed-method evaluation study provides insight into the multi-level mechanisms that allow young South Africans opportunities to grow personally and to take action on issues of significance. Results show that development of three non-cognitive competencies (grit, growth mindset, and self-efficacy) was integral to starting (and finishing) a social action project. Social support, social capital and teamwork were also critical mechanisms – while school location, socioeconomic status and gender were not. Non-cognitive competency development is integral to this research as there is evidence that building these skills promotes leadership which creates a bias to action. This article reflects on the implications for effective youth development program design and the youth leadership sector more generally.
Performance of post-processing algorithms for rainfall intensity using measurements from tipping-bucket rain gauges
Authors: Stagnaro Mattia , Colli Matteo , Lanza Luca Giovanni , Chan Pak Wai 
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Eight rainfall events recorded from May to September 2013 at Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) have been selected to investigate the performance of post-processing algorithms used to calculate the rainfall intensity (RI) from tipping-bucket rain gauges (TBRGs). We assumed a drop-counter catching-type gauge as a working reference and compared rainfall intensity measurements with two calibrated TBRGs operated at a time resolution of 1 min. The two TBRGs differ in their internal mechanics, one being a traditional single-layer dual-bucket assembly, while the other has two layers of buckets. The drop-counter gauge operates at a time resolution of 10 s, while the time of tipping is recorded for the two TBRGs. The post-processing algorithms employed for the two TBRGs are based on the assumption that the tip volume is uniformly distributed over the inter-tip period. A series of data of an ideal TBRG is reconstructed using the virtual time of tipping derived from the drop-counter data. From the comparison between the ideal gauge and the measurements from the two real TBRGs, the performances of different post-processing and correction algorithms are statistically evaluated over the set of recorded rain events. The improvement obtained by adopting the inter-tip time algorithm in the calculation of the RI is confirmed. However, by comparing the performance of the real and ideal TBRGs, the beneficial effect of the inter-tip algorithm is shown to be relevant for the mid–low range (6–50 mmh−1) of rainfall intensity values (where the sampling errors prevail), while its role vanishes with increasing RI in the range where the mechanical errors prevail.
Spatial and temporal variation of total electron content as revealed by principal component analysis
Authors: Talaat Elsayed R. , Zhu Xun 
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Eleven years of global total electron content (TEC) data derived from the assimilated thermosphere–ionosphere electrodynamics general circulation model are analyzed using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) decomposition and the corresponding principal component analysis (PCA) technique. For the daily averaged TEC field, the first EOF explains more than 89 % and the first four EOFs explain more than 98 % of the total variance of the TEC field, indicating an effective data compression and clear separation of different physical processes. The effectiveness of the PCA technique for TEC is nearly insensitive to the horizontal resolution and the length of the data records. When the PCA is applied to global TEC including local-time variations, the rich spatial and temporal variations of field can be represented by the first three EOFs that explain 88 % of the total variance. The spectral analysis of the time series of the EOF coefficients reveals how different mechanisms such as solar flux variation, change in the orbital declination, nonlinear mode coupling and geomagnetic activity are separated and expressed in different EOFs. This work demonstrates the usefulness of using the PCA technique to assimilate and monitor the global TEC field.
The Postmodern Nineteenth Century: “Sonnet—To Science” and the Case for Poe's Avant-Garde Poetics
Authors: Pollard Derek 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Edgar Allan Poe's poetry has often suffered at the hands of critics. This is due in large part to the complicated relationship between the poems and Poe's theoretical writings. The indeterminate quality of these latter texts—do they map a legitimate poetics, or are they instead further instances of hoaxing?—has led to a body of criticism in the United States that tends to mistake innovation for infelicity and to dismiss the poems merely as scaffolding for Poe's prose writings. In this paper, I argue that Poe's poetry, far from being the dabbling of an exemplary short story writer and magazinist, is as important to the American poetic tradition as that of his near contemporaries, founding figures Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman. His poems, like theirs, not only entice and perplex us with what they have to say but also, as Jerome McGann has pointed out in The Poet Edgar Allan Poe: Alien Angel, with how they say it. Looking at “Sonnet—To Science” as one example, I show how Poe's poetry is able to remain out front of the very literary conventions—and accompanying evaluative criteria—it invokes by routinely teasing at the preferred reading those conventions are meant to authorize. The resulting disarray, calculated if at times vexing, is the hallmark of what I refer to as Poe's avant-gardism, that serious play that anticipates both the European and American avant-garde movements of the twentieth century and those wide-ranging poetries that continue to emerge in the twenty-first in response to the postmodern turn.
The Reform of the EU Data Protection Framework: Outlining Key Changes and Assessing Their Fitness for a Data-Driven Economy
Authors: Burri Mira , Schär Rahel 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis article analyzes the recent data protection reform of the European Union (EU). It introduces the drivers of the reform, in particular by looking at a few seminal judgments of the Court of Justice of the EU. Against this backdrop, the article highlights the key changes that the new General Data Protection Regulation brings about, assesses their implications, and seeks to situate them in the wider context of the digital economy and its governance, in particular with regard to the free cross-border flow of data.
Desarme para el desarrollo humano: De una cultura de guerra a una cultura de Paz y no violencia
Authors: Mayor Zaragoza Federico 
Published: November 2016

Federico Mayor Zaragoza afi rma en el presente texto, que es moralmente inaceptable que cada día mueran de hambre miles y miles de personas cuando se invierten en gastos militares y armamento millones de dólares. Advierte que la mejor solución es el desarme, incluyendo el nuclear y que actualmente, se está llegando a puntos de no retorno en cuestiones esenciales del legado intergeneracional.Señala lo urgente de un nuevo concepto de seguridad, dado a que los grandes poderes siguen pensando que la fuerza militar es la única expresión y referencia de “seguridad”. Las soluciones existen. La acción inmediata es necesaria para cumplir con nuestras responsabilidades intergeneracionales. Ahora, a través de la tecnología digital, la gente se puede expresar libremente, levantar su voz y reclamar no sólo seguridad territorial sino de alimentos, de acceso al agua potable, a los servicios de salud, a la acción rápida, coordinada y eficaz en situaciones de emergencia. Este, y no otro, es el tipo de seguridad que los seres humanos sueñan y merecen.Palabras clave: Desarme, desarrollo, gasto militar, paz, seguridad.
Pobres por los pobres: Las Comunidades Eclesiales de Base de la Parroquia San Pablo Apóstol (1966-2016), de Félix Jiménez
Authors: Jiménez Felix 
Published: November 2016

Obra publicada en conmemoración del 50 aniversario del nacimiento de las Comunidades eclesiales de Base, Parroquia San Pablo Apóstol. Managua, EDITARTE, 2016.
Ayotzinapa ¿Dónde están?
Authors: Núñez Denis 
Published: November 2016

Título: Ayotzinapa ¿Dónde están?, de la serie Los desaparecidos. Técnica: Mixta (óleo, acrílico y tiza sobre papel).Medidas: 25 plgs. x 4 mts.Fotografía: Edward Dávila.
Management of chronic hepatitis C in 2017
Authors: von Köckritz Leona , Dufour Jean-François 
Published: November 2016

SummaryHepatitis C virus (HCV) represents one of the most common aetiologies of chronic liver disease and causes a major global health burden. Globally an estimated 80 million people are chronically infected, but the majority of whom is still undiagnosed. Prior to the discovery of the virus in 1989 a significant number of patients were exposed and consecutively infected with HCV via contaminated transfusions, as it is a blood-borne disease. Chronic HCV infection pursues a progressive course that ultimately results in the development of cirrhosis, liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), if left untreated. The efficiency and tolerability of therapeutical approaches improved considerably with the development of direct-acting antivirals (DAA). The majority of patients treated with the recommended DAA combinations can be cured, which is reflected in achievement of sustained virological response (SVR).This review is intended to provide guidance in the management of patients with chronic hepatitis C, including recommendations for adequate screening, diagnostic procedures, clinical care, treatment and follow-up strategies.
The Environmental Cost of Global Fuel Subsidies
Authors: Davis Lucas W. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT Despite increasing calls for reform many countries continue to provide subsidies for gasoline and diesel. This paper quantifies the external costs from global fuel subsidies using the latest available data and estimates from the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. Under preferred assumptions about supply and demand elasticities, current subsidies cause $44 billion in external costs annually. This includes $8 billion from carbon dioxide emissions, $7 billion from local pollutants, $12 billion from traffic congestion, and $17 billion from accidents. These external costs are in addition to conventional deadweight loss, estimated to be $26 billion annually. Government incentives for alternative fuel vehicles are unlikely to cost-effectively reduce these externalities as they do little to address traffic congestion or accidents and only indirectly address carbon dioxide and local pollutants.
De relatie tussen burgers en overheden: nu echt aan herijken toe!
Authors: Bandringa Tjeerd , van Engelenburg Rob 
Published: November 2016

De relatie tussen burgers en overheden: nu echt aan herijken toe! Achtergrond en aanleiding
Burgers willen meer en nadrukkelijker zelf invloed hebben op hun eigen en de collectieve leefomgeving. Overheden worstelen met dit, an sich legitieme, vraagstuk, met name hoe dit vorm en inhoud gegeven moet worden binnen de vastgelegde kaders. De huidige procesgang in de relatie tussen burgers en overheden bij leefomgevingsingrijpen is gebaseerd op het aloude vierluik (spoor 1): de overheid informeert de belanghebbende burgers over haar voornemens, burgers kunnen zienswijzen indienen, die al dan niet meegenomen worden, daarna bestaat de mogelijkheid van bezwaar aantekenen (niet bindend), en tot slot kan een beroepsprocedure bij de Raad van State worden doorlopen (wel bindend maar steeds minder effectief). Kortom, een erg defensieve en steeds minder resultaatgerichte benadering. De auteurs van deze bijdrage pleiten nu voor de ontwikkeling van een tweede spoor waarbij constructieve burgerparticipatie via samenspraak en samenwerking optrekt met het bevoegd gezag om vaak sneller en goedkoper tot projectresultaten met draagvlak te komen. Helaas zijn zowel aan de zijde van de burgers als bij veel overheden de noodzakelijke randvoorwaarden nog niet ingevuld om deze coproductie op voorhand succesvol te laten verlopen. De auteurs doen een oproep aan bestuurders en politici om hier invulling aan te geven. Praktijkervaringen wijzen uit dat constructieve burgerparticipatie veel meerwaarde heeft, met name ook voor overheden.
Biokuro savybių ir juo kūrenamų mažos bei vidutinės galios įrenginių efektyvumo ir taršos parametrų tyrimai
Authors: Pedišius Nerijus , Praspaliauskas Marius , Valantinavičius Mantas , Vonžodas Tomas , Zaleskas Vladas , Lemanas Egidijus , Čepauskienė Deimantė 
Published: November 2016

Atlikti mažos galios šildymo katilų, kūrenamų biokuru, efektyvumo ir išmetamų emisijų tyrimai. Tyrimai vykdyti keliais etapais: pirmajame etape buvo eksperimentiškai tiriamos šiuo metu plačiausiai naudojamo biokuro, pagaminto iš biomasės, ir potencialiai perspektyvaus biokuro, pagaminto iš agromasės, savybės siekiant nustatyti, kaip toks kuras turi būti paruošiamas, kad efektyviai sudegtų šildymo įrenginiuose; antrajame etape atlikti oro / degiųjų produktų maišymosi įvairios konstrukcijos šildymo katilų degimo kamerose ir oro / degimo produktų kanaluose skaitiniai, eksperimentiniai tyrimai siekiant užtikrinti tinkamą degimo produktų buvimo laiką karštojoje zonoje ir jų temperatūrą. Šiame darbe taip pat pateikiami kietųjų dalelių (KD) koncentracijos pasiskirstymo degimo produktuose priklausomai nuo jų dydžio tyrimo rezultatai ir KD koncentracijos mažinimo metodų analizė.
L’expérience d’habiter dans ou autour du Quartier des spectacles de Montréal
Authors: Bélanger Hélène , Cameron Sara 
Published: November 2016

Montréal, ville de festivals. La construction d’une image de marque « en dur » à Montréal, par l’altération de ses caractéristiques physiques afin de créer une expérience unique, s’est matérialisée dans le projet de (re) développement du Quartier des spectacles. Localisé dans le quartier Faubourg Saint-Laurent, le projet de (re) développement, qui comprend différentes interventions concentrées sur une aire de 1 km2, semble avoir favorisé une nouvelle dynamique dans le quartier. En plus des nouveaux investissements dans les activités commerciales et de loisirs répondant notamment aux besoins des nombreux touristes et visiteurs, s’ajoute un regain d’intérêt pour les quartiers centraux montréalais comme milieu de vie. On y assiste donc, depuis quelques années, à des transformations physiques et sociales importantes. Les impacts de ce projet de construction d’un territoire spectaculaire sur les résidents de longue date sont difficiles à évaluer. S’intéressant à la complexité des expériences des résidents vivant au quotidien les impacts du projet de (re) développement du Quartier des spectacles, cette étude utilise une approche phénoménologique qui explore l’expérience d’habiter dans ou autour du Quartier des spectacles, à partir d’entretiens en profondeur et ouverts auprès de trois résidents. Ces discussions ont permis l’identification de thèmes majeurs de leur expérience d’habiter dans ou autour du Quartier des spectacles tels que l’attachement, eux/ils, changement/défis. L’expérience du Quartier des spectacles en lui-même est multidimensionnelle : site physique, image, festivals, gens et catalyseur de changement. Mais l’expérience des résidents de longue date met en doute le Quartier des spectacles comme environnement résidentiel.
Les jeunes familles au coeur des transformations des quartiers péricentraux : le cas d’Ahuntsic à Montréal
Authors: Jean Sandrine , Bilodeau Annie 
Published: November 2016

L’embourgeoisement des quartiers centraux a fait couler beaucoup d’encre au cours des dernières décennies. Le rôle joué par les familles dans les processus de transformations des quartiers demeure cependant méconnu. Nous étudions les transformations du quartier Ahuntsic comme quartier péricentral montréalais, un type de quartier en transformation peu exploré dans la littérature, face à l’arrivée de familles avec de jeunes enfants. Les résultats présentés sont le fruit d’une enquête conduite à Ahuntsic entre 2010 et 2012 où ont été menées : 1) une trentaine d’observations d’espaces publics (parcs, installations sportives, centres communautaires et bibliothèques) ; 2) plus d’une quarantaine d’entrevues courtes avec des résidents et usagers de ces espaces ; ainsi que 3) plus d’une vingtaine d’entrevues approfondies auprès de familles avec de jeunes enfants. L’arrivée de familles avec de jeunes enfants participe à la transformation du quartier à travers leur occupation de l’espace public, leurs habitudes de consommation et leurs relations sociales. Deux principaux changements sont observés. Premièrement, les familles ont des attentes spécifiques à l’égard des commerces, des parcs et des installations sportives dans le quartier. Deuxièmement, elles ont des rapports de voisinage et des pratiques de sociabilité quotidienne qui altèrent les dynamiques locales et participent au maintien de leur mode de vie urbain, précédant l’arrivée des enfants. Les changements qu’occasionne l’arrivée de familles avec de jeunes enfants invitent à repenser la place et le rôle des familles dans les quartiers péricentraux, de même qu’à une production renouvelée et inclusive de la ville.