bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association between sucrose intake and acute coronary event risk and effect modification by lifestyle factors: Malmö Diet and Cancer Cohort Study
Authors: Warfa K. , Drake I. , Wallström P. , Engström G. , Sonestedt E. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPrevious studies have suggested that a high intake of sugar-sweetened beverages is positively associated with the risk of a coronary event. However, a few studies have examined the association between sucrose (the most common extrinsic sugar in Sweden) and incident coronary events. The objective of the present study was to examine the associations between sucrose intake and coronary event risk and to determine whether these associations are specific to certain subgroups of the population (i.e. according to physical activity, obesity status, educational level, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, intake of fat and intake of fruits and vegetables). We performed a prospective analysis on 26 190 individuals (62 % women) free from diabetes and without a history of CVD from the Swedish population-based Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort. Over an average of 17 years of follow-up (457 131 person-years), 2493 incident cases of coronary events were identified. Sucrose intake was obtained from an interview-based diet history method, including 7-d records of prepared meals and cold beverages and a 168-item diet questionnaire covering other foods. Participants who consumed >15 % of their energy intake (E%) from sucrose showed a 37 (95 % CI 13, 66) % increased risk of a coronary event compared with the lowest sucrose consumers (<5 E%) after adjusting for potential confounders. The association was not modified by the selected lifestyle factors. The results indicated that sucrose consumption higher than 15 E% (5 % of this population) is associated with an increased risk of a coronary event.
Summation of blood glucose and TAG to characterise the ‘metabolic load index’
Authors: Emerson Sam R. , Haub Mark D. , Teeman Colby S. , Kurti Stephanie P. , Rosenkranz Sara K. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractResearch points to postprandial glucose and TAG measures as preferable assessments of cardiovascular risk as compared with fasting values. Although elevated postprandial glycaemic and lipaemic responses are thought to substantially increase chronic disease risk, postprandial glycaemia and lipaemia have historically only been considered separately. However, carbohydrates and fats can generally ‘compete’ for clearance from the stomach, small intestine, bloodstream and within the peripheral cell. Further, there are previous data demonstrating that the addition of carbohydrate to a high-fat meal blunts the postprandial lipaemic response, and the addition of fat to a high-carbohydrate meal blunts the postprandial glycaemic response. Thus, postprandial glycaemia and lipaemia are interrelated. The purpose of this brief review is 2-fold: first, to review the current evidence implicating postprandial glycaemia and lipaemia in chronic disease risk, and, second, to examine the possible utility of a single postprandial glycaemic and lipaemic summative value, which will be referred to as the metabolic load index. The potential benefits of the metabolic load index extend to the clinician, patient and researcher.
Improving paranasal sinus computed tomography reporting prior to functional endoscopic sinus surgery – an ENT-UK panel perspective
Authors: Mistry S G , Strachan D R , Loney E L 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackground:Functional endoscopic sinus surgery is recognised to have a significant complication profile (e.g. blindness, cerebrospinal fluid leak and intracranial sepsis). Pre-operative computed tomography imaging is considered mandatory for surgical planning to reduce intra-operative risk. A radiological report is the ‘gold standard’ in image interpretation; however, because of a lack of otolaryngological or radiological guidance, its contents may be variable. By surveying practising otolaryngologists, this study aimed to provide some guidance which may be used by radiologists to produce more surgically relevant radiological reports.Method:A prospective questionnaire was distributed to the ENT-UK panel.Results:A total of 117 consultant members of the panel completed the survey. Twenty-nine per cent indicated that they were uncomfortable interpreting all areas of the computed tomography scan. Greatest importance was given to areas including the ethmoid roof (dehiscence, asymmetry and angle), lamina papyracea (dehiscence) and sphenoid sinus (carotid canal dehiscence and optic nerve relationships).Conclusion:Functional endoscopic sinus surgery is commonly performed by non-subspecialist rhinologists. The information obtained from this study can be used by radiologists to improve report relevance, particularly for the generalist ENT surgeon. This contributes to improving patient safety and helps avoid medicolegal litigation when complications arise.
Characteristics of home range areas used by Saker Falcons (Falco cherrug) wintering on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
Authors: DIXON ANDREW , LI XINHAI , RAHMAN MD. LUTFOR , BATBAYAR NYAMBAYAR , ZHAN XIANGJIANG 
Published: October 2016

SummaryBetween 1998 and 2011 we monitored the winter ranging behaviour of eight female Saker Falcons Falco cherrug fitted with satellite-received transmitters. Our tracking revealed that the winter home range area occupied by individual Saker Falcons varied greatly (median = 166 km2, range = 5-18,469 km2). A random forest model showed that Saker Falcons wintering on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau preferentially occupied areas with rich grassland (cover > 50%) on high altitude plateaus (4,000–5,000 m asl) with low levels of anthropogenic influence. Plant biomass in rich grasslands can support high winter densities of plateau pikas Ochotona curzoniae, which likely explains the preference exhibited by Saker Falcons for grassland cover > 50%. Factors influencing the abundance and distribution of this ‘keystone’ prey species are likely to have an effect on Saker Falcons and other predatory species. A key element of rangeland management on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau has been the establishment of extensive protected areas as part of a strategy to balance economic and social development with the requirement of sustainably managing water resources, maintaining rangelands for pastoralists and conserving biological diversity. Wide ranging predatory species, such as the Saker Falcon, can be useful indicators of biodiversity in protected areas and act as ‘sentinels’ for anthropogenic changes that may impact many different taxa.
The Responsibilities of Carbon Major Companies: Are They (and Is the Law) Doing Enough?
Authors: Benjamin Lisa 
Published: October 2016

AbstractTransnational carbon major companies are responsible for over 30% of global industrial greenhouse gas emissions and exert tremendous influence over future global climate trajectories. Yet, they are not governed through top-down, stringent emissions limits, but are instead regulated largely by disclosure-only domestic requirements and market-based or voluntary corporate social responsibility mechanisms. Through an examination of the requirements of domestic laws such as the United Kingdom (UK) Climate Change Act 2008 and the UK Energy Act 2013, as well as the environmental and sustainability reports produced under the UK Companies Act 2006 (Strategic Report and Directors’ Report) Regulations 2013, this article analyzes the regulatory requirements placed on carbon majors, and the climate change pledges and emissions of five UK-based carbon majors: BP, Royal Dutch Shell, BG Group, National Grid, and Centrica. The article concludes that the efforts to curb emissions in these carbon major entities are being subverted by company law, company theory and commercial norms such as shareholder wealth maximization.
Common But Differentiated Responsibilities Beyond the Nation State: How Is Differential Treatment Addressed in Transnational Climate Governance Initiatives?
Authors: Castro Paula 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMany multilateral environmental agreements have adopted differentiated rules for different countries, based on the recognition of the ‘common but differentiated responsibilities’ (CBDRs) of states. By establishing two rigid groups of countries with and without emissions reduction obligations, the intergovernmental climate regime represents the most extreme case of such differentiation. The regime has struggled to overcome this rigidity and the resulting political deadlock between developing and developed countries. Transnational climate governance (TCG) initiatives have emerged as an alternative to provide mitigation, adaptation or finance outside the multilateral process. By drawing on synergies between public and private actors, it is hoped that they overcome the paralysis of the intergovernmental process. Yet, they take place in the same world of unequal peers, with different levels of capacity and responsibility for climate change. This article investigates the extent to which such TCG initiatives reflect the CBDR principle. Do different types of initiative – involving different types of actor or with different climate-related goals – address differentiation in distinct ways? Does taking account of CBDRs affect the membership of transnational initiatives? This article explores these questions empirically by analyzing a sample of TCG initiatives in terms of how they include differential treatment of states and non-state members. It concludes that TCG initiatives address differentiation in a pragmatic way. Most frequently, they either offer participants flexibility in how to implement their commitments, or provide support to members from developing countries. Such support is, so far, still insufficient to address the limited involvement of developing country actors.
Differential Treatment in Environmental Law: Addressing Critiques and Conceptualizing the Next Steps
Authors: Cullet Philippe 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDifferential treatment in international environmental law is the broader manifestation of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDRs). It reflects equity concerns that have underlain most environmental debates on a North-South basis for several decades. Over the past two decades, various forms of differentiation have been introduced in environmental law instruments to the point where it has become an essential element of any international environmental agreement. At the same time, differential treatment has been the object of sustained criticism, arguing that it should be temporary, that it fails to target beneficiaries appropriately, and undermines environmental outcomes. This article takes the opposite view and argues that differentiation remains crucial in a world where widespread inequalities remain. Beneficiaries need to be identified on the basis of environmental and social indicators and differentiation should constitute the basis on which environmental measures are adopted. Worsening environmental conditions and an evolving global context call for adding new elements to the existing framework for differentiation. This requires thinking beyond the current structure centred around nation states and conceptualizing differentiation around common heritage equity. It also requires expanding differentiation beyond the field of environmental law, to include all areas of sustainable development law. Further, differential treatment needs to be implemented in a way that benefits the most disadvantaged in every country. These measures are necessary to foster a vibrant international environmental law which addresses the equity needs of all states in years to come.
Epidermal radio frequency electronics for wireless power transfer
Authors: Huang Xian , Liu Yuhao , Kong Gil Woo , Seo Jung Hun , Ma Yinji , Jang Kyung-In , Fan Jonathan A. , Mao Shimin , Chen Qiwen , Li Daizhen , Liu Hank , Wang Chuxuan , Patnaik Dwipayan , Tian Limei , Salvatore Giovanni A. , Feng Xue , Ma Zhenqiang , Huang Yonggang , Rogers John A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractEpidermal electronic systems feature physical properties that approximate those of the skin, to enable intimate, long-lived skin interfaces for physiological measurements, human–machine interfaces and other applications that cannot be addressed by wearable hardware that is commercially available today. A primary challenge is power supply; the physical bulk, large mass and high mechanical modulus associated with conventional battery technologies can hinder efforts to achieve epidermal characteristics, and near-field power transfer schemes offer only a limited operating distance. Here we introduce an epidermal, far-field radio frequency (RF) power harvester built using a modularized collection of ultrathin antennas, rectifiers and voltage doublers. These components, separately fabricated and tested, can be integrated together via methods involving soft contact lamination. Systematic studies of the individual components and the overall performance in various dielectric environments highlight the key operational features of these systems and strategies for their optimization. The results suggest robust capabilities for battery-free RF power, with relevance to many emerging epidermal technologies.
Targeted inhibition of the COP9 signalosome for treatment of cancer
Authors: Schlierf Anita , Altmann Eva , Quancard Jean , Jefferson Anne B. , Assenberg René , Renatus Martin , Jones Matthew , Hassiepen Ulrich , Schaefer Michael , Kiffe Michael , Weiss Andreas , Wiesmann Christian , Sedrani Richard , Eder Jörg , Martoglio Bruno 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a central component of the activation and remodelling cycle of cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRLs), the largest enzyme family of the ubiquitin–proteasome system in humans. CRLs are implicated in the regulation of numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression and apoptosis, and aberrant CRL activity is frequently associated with cancer. Remodelling of CRLs is initiated by CSN-catalysed cleavage of the ubiquitin-like activator NEDD8 from CRLs. Here we describe CSN5i-3, a potent, selective and orally available inhibitor of CSN5, the proteolytic subunit of CSN. The compound traps CRLs in the neddylated state, which leads to inactivation of a subset of CRLs by inducing degradation of their substrate recognition module. CSN5i-3 differentially affects the viability of tumour cell lines and suppresses growth of a human xenograft in mice. Our results provide insights into how CSN regulates CRLs and suggest that CSN5 inhibition has potential for anti-tumour therapy.
Single-molecule imaging reveals modulation of cell wall synthesis dynamics in live bacterial cells
Authors: Lee Timothy K. , Meng Kevin , Shi Handuo , Huang Kerwyn Casey 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe peptidoglycan cell wall is an integral organelle critical for bacterial cell shape and stability. Proper cell wall construction requires the interaction of synthesis enzymes and the cytoskeleton, but it is unclear how the activities of individual proteins are coordinated to preserve the morphology and integrity of the cell wall during growth. To elucidate this coordination, we used single-molecule imaging to follow the behaviours of the two major peptidoglycan synthases in live, elongating Escherichia coli cells and after perturbation. We observed heterogeneous localization dynamics of penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 1A, the synthase predominantly associated with cell wall elongation, with individual PBP1A molecules distributed between mobile and immobile populations. Perturbations to PBP1A activity, either directly through antibiotics or indirectly through PBP1A’s interaction with its lipoprotein activator or other synthases, shifted the fraction of mobile molecules. Our results suggest that multiple levels of regulation control the activity of enzymes to coordinate peptidoglycan synthesis.
Genetic variation at the 8q24.21 renal cancer susceptibility locus affects HIF binding to a MYC enhancer
Authors: Grampp Steffen , Platt James L. , Lauer Victoria , Salama Rafik , Kranz Franziska , Neumann Viviana K. , Wach Sven , Stöhr Christine , Hartmann Arndt , Eckardt Kai-Uwe , Ratcliffe Peter J. , Mole David R. , Schödel Johannes 
Published: October 2016

AbstractClear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is characterized by loss of function of the von Hippel–Lindau tumour suppressor (VHL) and unrestrained activation of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs). Genetic and epigenetic determinants have an impact on HIF pathways. A recent genome-wide association study on renal cancer susceptibility identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in an intergenic region located between the oncogenes MYC and PVT1. Here using assays of chromatin conformation, allele-specific chromatin immunoprecipitation and genome editing, we show that HIF binding to this regulatory element is necessary to trans-activate MYC and PVT1 expression specifically in cells of renal tubular origins. Moreover, we demonstrate that the risk-associated polymorphisms increase chromatin accessibility and activity as well as HIF binding to the enhancer. These findings provide further evidence that genetic variation at HIF-binding sites modulates the oncogenic transcriptional output of the VHL–HIF axis and provide a functional explanation for the disease-associated effects of SNPs in ccRCC.
In-depth analysis of chloride treatments for thin-film CdTe solar cells
Authors: Major J. D. , Al Turkestani M. , Bowen L. , Brossard M. , Li C. , Lagoudakis P. , Pennycook S. J. , Phillips L. J. , Treharne R. E. , Durose K. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCdTe thin-film solar cells are now the main industrially established alternative to silicon-based photovoltaics. These cells remain reliant on the so-called chloride activation step in order to achieve high conversion efficiencies. Here, by comparison of effective and ineffective chloride treatments, we show the main role of the chloride process to be the modification of grain boundaries through chlorine accumulation, which leads an increase in the carrier lifetime. It is also demonstrated that while improvements in fill factor and short circuit current may be achieved through use of the ineffective chlorides, or indeed simple air annealing, voltage improvement is linked directly to chlorine incorporation at the grain boundaries. This suggests that focus on improved or more controlled grain boundary treatments may provide a route to achieving higher cell voltages and thus efficiencies.
Evolution from the plasmon to exciton state in ligand-protected atomically precise gold nanoparticles
Authors: Zhou Meng , Zeng Chenjie , Chen Yuxiang , Zhao Shuo , Sfeir Matthew Y. , Zhu Manzhou , Jin Rongchao 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe evolution from the metallic (or plasmonic) to molecular state in metal nanoparticles constitutes a central question in nanoscience research because of its importance in revealing the origin of metallic bonding and offering fundamental insights into the birth of surface plasmon resonance. Previous research has not been able to probe the transition due to the unavailability of atomically precise nanoparticles in the 1–3 nm size regime. Herein, we investigate the transition by performing ultrafast spectroscopic studies on atomically precise thiolate-protected Au25, Au38, Au144, Au333, Au∼520 and Au∼940 nanoparticles. Our results clearly map out three distinct states: metallic (size larger than Au333, that is, larger than 2.3 nm), transition regime (between Au333 and Au144, that is, 2.3–1.7 nm) and non-metallic or excitonic state (smaller than Au144, that is, smaller than 1.7 nm). The transition also impacts the catalytic properties as demonstrated in both carbon monoxide oxidation and electrocatalytic oxidation of alcohol.
Laser recrystallization and inscription of compositional microstructures in crystalline SiGe-core fibres
Authors: Coucheron David A. , Fokine Michael , Patil Nilesh , Breiby Dag Werner , Buset Ole Tore , Healy Noel , Peacock Anna C. , Hawkins Thomas , Jones Max , Ballato John , Gibson Ursula J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractGlass fibres with silicon cores have emerged as a versatile platform for all-optical processing, sensing and microscale optoelectronic devices. Using SiGe in the core extends the accessible wavelength range and potential optical functionality because the bandgap and optical properties can be tuned by changing the composition. However, silicon and germanium segregate unevenly during non-equilibrium solidification, presenting new fabrication challenges, and requiring detailed studies of the alloy crystallization dynamics in the fibre geometry. We report the fabrication of SiGe-core optical fibres, and the use of CO2 laser irradiation to heat the glass cladding and recrystallize the core, improving optical transmission. We observe the ramifications of the classic models of solidification at the microscale, and demonstrate suppression of constitutional undercooling at high solidification velocities. Tailoring the recrystallization conditions allows formation of long single crystals with uniform composition, as well as fabrication of compositional microstructures, such as gratings, within the fibre core.
GPR133 (ADGRD1), an adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor, is necessary for glioblastoma growth
Authors: Bayin N S , Frenster J D , Kane J R , Rubenstein J , Modrek A S , Baitalmal R , Dolgalev I , Rudzenski K , Scarabottolo L , Crespi D , Redaelli L , Snuderl M , Golfinos J G , Doyle W , Pacione D , Parker E C , Chi A S , Heguy A , MacNeil D J , Shohdy N , Zagzag D , Placantonakis D G 
Published: October 2016

AbstractGlioblastoma (GBM) is a deadly primary brain malignancy with extensive intratumoral hypoxia. Hypoxic regions of GBM contain stem-like cells and are associated with tumor growth and angiogenesis. The molecular mechanisms that regulate tumor growth in hypoxic conditions are incompletely understood. Here, we use primary human tumor biospecimens and cultures to identify GPR133 (ADGRD1), an orphan member of the adhesion family of G-protein-coupled receptors, as a critical regulator of the response to hypoxia and tumor growth in GBM. GPR133 is selectively expressed in CD133+ GBM stem cells (GSCs) and within the hypoxic areas of PPN in human biospecimens. GPR133 mRNA is transcriptionally upregulated by hypoxia in hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (Hif1α)-dependent manner. Genetic inhibition of GPR133 with short hairpin RNA reduces the prevalence of CD133+ GSCs, tumor cell proliferation and tumorsphere formation in vitro. Forskolin rescues the GPR133 knockdown phenotype, suggesting that GPR133 signaling is mediated by cAMP. Implantation of GBM cells with short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of GPR133 in the mouse brain markedly reduces tumor xenograft formation and increases host survival. Analysis of the TCGA data shows that GPR133 expression levels are inversely correlated with patient survival. These findings indicate that GPR133 is an important mediator of the hypoxic response in GBM and has significant protumorigenic functions. We propose that GPR133 represents a novel molecular target in GBM and possibly other malignancies where hypoxia is fundamental to pathogenesis.