bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is it worth having focused values?
Authors: Malbašić Ivan , Marimon Frederic , Mas-Machuca Marta 
Published: December 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of a specific category of organizational values on organizational effectiveness. Specifically, the aim of the paper is twofold: to propose a metric scale for assessing the organizational values, and to find the impact that different categories of values have on the overall effectiveness of the organization, as an overall measure of organizational success. Moreover, this second objective is expanded with the moderation between values and effectiveness when different balanced scorecard (BSC) perspectives are attended in a balanced way.Design/methodology/approachThe methodological approach is empirical, based on surveying employees – in total 813 valid responses were obtained, alongside with other information sources within 24 companies in the Republic of Croatia. A set of analyses using structural equation modelling were conducted in order to: define a scale to assess organizational values, assess the impact of different categories of values on organizational effectiveness, and assess the moderator role of the balancing attention to stakeholders.FindingsThe findings show that construct of organizational values is multifactorial, composed by business, relational, development, and contribution values. These values categories (except relational values) are significant antecedents of effectiveness. Moreover, the balancing of the attention paid to different BSC perspectives moderates the impact of the contribution values on effectiveness.Originality/valueThe present study sought to expand the understanding of organizational values and their impact on performance and to ask if focussing on a specific category of values can increase the overall level of organizational effectiveness.
Police militarization in the USA: the state of the field
Authors: Bieler Sam 
Published: December 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to review the state of research of police militarization in the USA to explore the claim that the police are becoming more like the military, or “militarized” in order to identify gaps in the research on this topic that require further investigation.

Design/methodology/approach
To explore the state of police militarization, this paper draws on a scan of scholarly papers published on militarization in the American context as well as a select array of gray literature on the topic.

Findings
While the nature of militarization has received substantial scholarly attention, debate on the phenomenon remains and there is little consensus on the definition of what makes a department militarized. The impact of militarization is similarly unclear: some scholars suggest that it has a negative impact on policing because it creates community hostility and encourages police to see force as a central problem-solving tool. However, other scholars suggest militarization is a positive development, as it could promote professionalism and accountability. To date, there has been little empirical work on the impact of militarization on policing that could inform this debate.

Originality/value
This paper suggests that empirical assessments of how militarization affects use of force and legitimacy will be valuable for informing the militarization debate. As scholars on both sides of the debate have suggested that militarization affect policing outcomes in these areas, empirical tests here offer a way to explore both sides’ claims. Such tests could offer new evidence on how militarization is affecting the character and operations of American police.
Police UAV use: institutional realities and public perceptions
Authors: Saulnier Alana , Thompson Scott N. 
Published: December 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore institutional realities and public perceptions of police use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in Canada in relation to each other, drawing attention to areas of public misunderstanding and concern.

Design/methodology/approach
Public perceptions data are drawn from a national survey (n=3,045) of UAV use. Institutional realities data are drawn from content analyses of all Special Flight Operation Certificates issued by Transport Canada from 2007 to 2012 and flight logs of a regional service kept from 2011 to 2013. Officer interviews (n=2) also provide qualitative insights on institutional realities from this same regional service.

Findings
The data reveal disparities between institutional realities and public perceptions. Although federal, provincial and regional services currently use UAVs, awareness of police use of UAVs relative to traditionally piloted aircraft was low. Further, support for police use of UAVs was significantly lower than traditionally piloted craft; but, support also varied considerably across UAV applications, with the greatest opposition tied to tasks for which police do not report using UAVs and the greatest support tied to tasks for which police report using UAVs.

Originality/value
This research provides previously unknown descriptive data on the institutional realities of police use of UAVs in Canada, positioning that knowledge in relation to public perceptions of police use of the technology. The findings raise concerns over how UAVs may negatively shape police/civilian relations based on procedural justice literature which demonstrates that a lack of public support for the technology may affect the police more broadly.
Long‐term satellite tracking reveals region‐specific movements of a large pelagic predator, the shortfin mako shark, in the western North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Vaudo Jeremy J. , Byrne Michael E. , Wetherbee Bradley M. , Harvey Guy M. , Shivji Mahmood S. 
Published: December 2016

Summary

As upper level predators, sharks serve an important role in marine ecosystems, but are often at risk from fisheries. Successful management of these species will require detailed information about their movements and distributions.

Using satellite telemetry, we investigated the long‐term horizontal movements and seasonal distributions of shortfin mako sharks Isurus oxyrinchus in the western North Atlantic Ocean.

Twenty‐six sharks (14 USA, 12 Mexico) were tracked for durations of 78–527 days. Ten sharks were tracked for >1 year. Sharks displayed region‐specific movements, with little distributional overlap between the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, and the western North Atlantic. Sharks tagged off the USA ranged over a larger area, including shelf and pelagic habitats. Their core distribution was largely over the continental shelf and fluctuated seasonally, ranging from South Carolina, USA, in the winter to Nova Scotia, Canada, in the autumn, and appeared to follow seasonal productivity peaks while favouring warmer waters. Sharks tagged off Mexico displayed more restricted movements, largely confined to shelf habitats, with core activity centred year‐round on the eastern Campeche Bank, Mexico.

Sharks moved across the jurisdictional management boundaries of 17 nations, and the proportion of tracked sharks harvested (22%) was twice that obtained from previous fisheries‐dependent, conventional tagging studies.

Sharks also displayed considerable variability in movements, with seven sharks tagged off the USA making long‐distance, highly directional southern excursions into unproductive subtropical/tropical waters before returning north.

Policy implications. The large‐scale and region‐specific movements of shortfin mako sharks underscore the need for close cooperation amongst western North Atlantic nations and implementation of regionally and seasonally specific management strategies. The movement patterns also provide baseline information, which could be used in spatially explicit stock assessment models. Identification of high‐use areas by shortfin mako sharks provides focal areas for quantifying interactions with fisheries. The high harvest rate observed in our fisheries‐independent tracking study raises questions about the true rate of fisheries mortality experienced by shortfin mako sharks, calling for a cautionary interpretation of past stock assessments used to determine management policy for this highly migratory species of conservation concern.
It is elemental: soil nutrient stoichiometry drives bacterial diversity
Authors: Delgado‐Baquerizo Manuel , Reich Peter B. , Khachane Amit N. , Campbell Colin D. , Thomas Nadine , Freitag Thomas E. , Abu Al‐Soud Waleed , Sørensen Søren , Bardgett Richard D. , Singh Brajesh K. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryIt is well established that resource quantity and elemental stoichiometry play major roles in shaping below and aboveground plant biodiversity, but their importance for shaping microbial diversity in soil remains unclear. Here, we used statistical modeling on a regional database covering 179 locations and six ecosystem types across Scotland to evaluate the roles of total carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availabilities and ratios, together with land use, climate and biotic and abiotic factors, in determining regional scale patterns of soil bacterial diversity. We found that bacterial diversity and composition were primarily driven by variation in soil resource stoichiometry (total C:N:P ratios), itself linked to different land uses, and secondarily driven by other important biodiversity drivers such as climate, soil spatial heterogeneity, soil pH, root influence (plant‐soil microbe interactions) and microbial biomass (soil microbe‐microbe interactions). In aggregate, these findings provide evidence that nutrient stoichiometry is a strong predictor of bacterial diversity and composition at a regional scale.
Paleomicrobiology to investigate copper resistance in bacteria: isolation and description of Cupriavidus necator B9 in the soil of a medieval foundry
Authors: Gillan David C. , Van Camp Camille , Mergeay Max , Provoost Ann , Thomas Nicolas , Vermard Laurent , Billon Gabriel , Wattiez Ruddy 
Published: December 2016

SummaryRemains of a medieval foundry were excavated by archaeologists in 2013 in Verdun (France). Ancient workshops specialized in brass and copper alloys were found with an activity between 13th to 16th c. Levels of Cu, Zn and Pb reached 20000, 7000 and 6000 mg kg−1 (dw), respectively, in several soil horizons. The objective of the present work was to examine the microbial community in this contaminated site. A total of 8–22 106 reads were obtained by shotgun metagenomics in four soil horizons. Bioinformatic analyses suggest the presence of complex bacterial communities dominated by Proteobacteria. The structure of the community was not affected by metals, contrary to the set of metal‐resistance genes. Using selective media, a novel strain of Cupriavidus necator (eutrophus), strain B9, was isolated. Its genome was sequenced and a novel metal resistance gene cluster with Hg resistance genes (merRTPCA) followed by 24 copper‐resistance genes (actP, cusCBAF, silP, copK1, copH4QLOFGJH3IDCBARS, copH2H1, copK2) was found. This cluster is partly homologous to the cop genes of Cupriavidus gilardii CR3 and C. metallidurans CH34. Proteomics indicated that the four copH genes were differentially expressed: CopH1 and CopH2 were mostly induced by Cd while CopH4 was highly expressed by Cu.
The Ageing Workforce: Policy Dilemmas and Choices
Authors: Gahan Peter , Harbridge Raymond , Healy Joshua , Williams Ruth 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPopulation ageing is profoundly challenging the institutions and systems that organise paid work, healthcare, and retirement. A major response to these challenges has been to encourage older workers to remain longer in employment, thereby extending the period of ‘productive life’ in which they are net contributors to government revenue. Yet this strategy depends on a range of micro‐level adjustments, about which relatively little is known. These include how willingly older workers and employers adjust their attitudes and practices, and what types of policies facilitate these adjustments. In this paper, we critique the major policy responses to workforce ageing in Australia to date, and consider further measures to improve recruitment and retention of older workers. We argue that a more holistic policy response will require better evidence about ageist employment barriers, late‐career transitions, and older workers’ job performance. We outline a research agenda to improve evidence and policy in these areas.
Reduced incidence of extra‐articular manifestations of RA through effective disease control: Karnataka Rheumatoid Arthritis Comorbidity (KRAC) study
Authors: Chandrashekara S. , Shobha Vineeta , Dharmanand B. G. , Jois Ramesh , Kumar Sharath , Mahendranath Kurugodu Mathada , Haridas Vikram , Prasad Shiva , Singh Yogesh , Daware Manisha Ashwin , Swamy Anupama , Subramanian R. , Somashekar Srirama Attappa , Shanthappa Arun Madhanaghatta , Anupama K. R. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimTo estimate the prevalence of extra‐articular manifestations (EAM) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and the impact of demographic, clinical and treatment factors.MethodThe study was carried out as a part of ‘Karnataka Rheumatoid arthritis comorbidity (KRAC) study’ conducted at 14 centers across Karnataka, India between September 2014 and July 2015. The data were collected by trained clinical research associates using a structured pro forma, under the supervision of the consulting rheumatologists. Based on the factors evaluated, the study participants were classified as follows: age, < 30 years, 30–39 years, 40–49 years, 50–59 years and ≥ 60 years; and duration of illness prior to visiting rheumatologist (DOIP), ≤ 6 months, > 6 months‐2 years, 2–10 years and > 10 years. The Disease Activity Score of 28 joints‐3 (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) score was calculated for each patient by three variable methods.ResultsThe total number of patients considered for the study after exclusion was 1716. The subjects had a mean (SD) age of 48.1 (12.71) years, the male‐to‐female ratio was 1 : 5, and median (range) of duration of RA was 48 (0.5–484) months. The prevalence of EAM noted was around 13%. EAM were more likely during the first 2 years of the disease (odds ratio [OR]: 1.465; P = 0.047) and increased with longer DOIP. The incidence was less in patients with low disease activity (OR: 0.657) and worse with the presence of deformities (OR: 2.1).ConclusionThe study corroborates the current concept of effective disease control to reduce the incidence/likelihood of EAM in RA patients.
Nitrate addition has minimal short‐term impacts on Greenland ice sheet supraglacial prokaryotes
Authors: Cameron Karen A. , Stibal Marek , Chrismas Nathan , Box Jason , Jacobsen Carsten S. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryTropospheric nitrate levels are predicted to increase throughout the 21st century, with potential effects on terrestrial ecosystems, including the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS). This study considers the impacts of elevated nitrate concentrations on the abundance and composition of dominant bulk and active prokaryotic communities sampled from in situ nitrate fertilization plots on the GrIS surface. Nitrate concentrations were successfully elevated within sediment‐filled meltwater pools, known as cryoconite holes; however, nitrate additions applied to surface ice did not persist. Estimated bulk and active cryoconite community cell abundance was unaltered by nitrate additions when compared to control holes using a quantitative PCR approach, and nitrate was found to have a minimal affect on the dominant 16S rRNA gene‐based community composition. Together, these results indicate that sampled cryoconite communities were not nitrate limited at the time of sampling. Instead, temporal changes in biomass and community composition were more pronounced. As these in situ incubations were short (6 weeks), and the community composition across GrIS surface ice is highly variable, we suggest that further efforts should be considered to investigate the potential long‐term impacts of increased nitrate across the GrIS.
Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation after out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest in a Danish health region
Authors: Fjølner J. , Greisen J. , Jørgensen M. R. S. , Terkelsen C. J. , Ilkjær L. B. , Hansen T. M. , Eiskjær H. , Christensen S. , Gjedsted J. 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundExtracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (ECPR) has emerged as a feasible rescue therapy for refractory, normothermic out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Reported survival rates vary and comparison between studies is hampered by heterogeneous study populations, differences in bystander intervention and in pre‐hospital emergency service organisation. We aimed to describe the first experiences, treatment details, complications and outcome with ECPR for OHCA in a Danish health region.MethodsRetrospective study of adult patients admitted at Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark between 1 January 2011 and 1 July 2015 with witnessed, refractory, normothermic OHCA treated with ECPR. OHCA was managed with pre‐hospital advanced airway management and mechanical chest compression during transport. Relevant pre‐hospital and in‐hospital data were collected with special focus on low‐flow time and ECPR duration. Survival to hospital discharge with Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) of 1 and 2 at hospital discharge was the primary endpoint.ResultsTwenty‐one patients were included. Median pre‐hospital low‐flow time was 54 min [range 5–100] and median total low‐flow time was 121 min [range 55–192]. Seven patients survived (33%). Survivors had a CPC score of 1 or 2 at hospital discharge. Five survivors had a shockable initial rhythm. In all survivors coronary occlusion was the presumed cause of cardiac arrest.ConclusionExtracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation is feasible as a rescue therapy in normothermic refractory OHCA in highly selected patients. Low‐flow time was longer than previously reported. Survival with favourable neurological outcome is possible despite prolonged low‐flow duration.
Follow‐Up of Alcohol Consumption After Liver Transplantation: Interest of an Addiction Team?
Authors: Donnadieu‐Rigole Hélène , Olive Laetitia , Nalpas Bertrand , Winter Audrey , Ursic‐Bedoya José , Faure Stéphanie , Pageaux Georges‐Philippe , Perney Pascal 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundAlcohol relapses after liver transplantation (LT) constitute a critical issue. Because there is no widely accepted definition of LT, its prevalence varies from 7 to 95% across studies. Only a severe relapse, the frequency of which is estimated to be 11 to 26%, decreases life expectancy after 5 years of LT and requires specific care. To improve the early identification of alcohol consumption among transplanted patients, liver transplant teams may be helped by input from an addiction team. Nevertheless, added benefit of involvement by addiction specialists in treating posttransplant patients has not been demonstrated. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the evaluation of the alcohol consumption after LT performed routinely during the transplant consultation or obtained from a specific addiction consultation.MethodsThis was a prospective single‐site study. Patients were seen consecutively by their hepatologist and by an addiction specialist, and they completed the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test–Consumption (AUDIT‐C). Thus, the patient's alcohol status was assessed using 3 different sources of information: the hepatologist's interview, the AUDIT‐C score, and the addiction specialist visit.ResultsOne hundred forty‐one patients were consecutively evaluated. Alcohol consumption was identified by the hepatologist in 31 patients (21.9%), in 52 (36.8%) using the AUDIT‐C questionnaire, and in 58 (41.1%) by the addiction specialist. The 31 patients concerned reported an average of 6.5 alcohol units/wk to the transplant physician, a number which was significantly greater (p = 0.001) by 8.6 units/wk when they were interviewed by the addiction specialist.ConclusionsThis study highlights the clinical utility of a systematic addiction consultation among liver transplant patients, irrespective of the reason for transplantation.
Trends in serious quit attempts in the United States, 2009–14
Authors: Gitchell Joe G. , Shiffman Saul , Sembower Mark A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackground and aimsQuitting smoking is the most potent way to reduce the health risks associated with smoking cigarettes, and public health objectives in the United States include dramatic increases in the proportion of smokers making a serious quit attempt each year. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has, since 2000, set as its Healthy People 2020 objective to encourage 80% of smokers to make a serious quit attempt per year. This study assessed the trend in quit attempts from 2009 to 2014.DesignWe examined the percentage of US smokers making a serious quit attempt each year from 2009 to 2014 from the repeating cross‐sectional National Health Interview Survey (NHIS).SettingUnited States.ParticipantsThe number of qualifying respondents per year ranged from 5748 in 2010 to 7219 in 2012, with a total of 40 362 respondents included in the analysis.MeasurementsRespondents were deemed to have made a serious quit attempt if they were either current smokers who reported that they stopped smoking for more than 1 day in the past 12 months because they were trying to quit smoking, or reported being former smokers (smoked 100+ cigarettes life‐time, but now not smoking) who quit in the past year.FindingsAnalyses of trends from 2009 to 2014 showed an overall linear increase in quit attempts [odds ratio (OR) = 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01–1.04, P = 0.0075], but also a quadratic trend (OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 1.00–1.02, P = 0.0189).ConclusionsThe proportion of US smokers making a serious quit attempt has increased since 2009, due to an upward trend since 2011. The 2014 serious quit attempt rate was 55.0%. These rates are still below the Healthy People 2020 objective of 80% of smokers making a serious quit attempt per year.
Isoniazid clearance is impaired among human immunodeficiency virus/tuberculosis patients with high levels of immune activation
Authors: Vinnard Christopher , Ravimohan Shruthi , Tamuhla Neo , Ivaturi Vijay , Pasipanodya Jotam , Srivastava Shashikant , Modongo Chawangwa , Zetola Nicola M. , Weissman Drew , Gumbo Tawanda , Bisson Gregory P. 
Published: December 2016

AimsImmune activation, which is characteristic of both tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, is associated with impaired drug metabolism. We tested the hypothesis that elevated levels of systemic immune activation among adults with HIV/TB initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) would be associated with impaired clearance of isoniazid.MethodsWe conducted a prospective observational study of isoniazid pharmacokinetics (PK) and systemic immune activation prior to and 1 month after ART initiation. Nonlinear mixed effects analysis was performed to measure the covariate effect of immune activation on isoniazid clearance in a model that also included N‐acetyltransferase‐2 (NAT‐2) genotype and interoccasional variability on clearance (thereby analyzing the PK data before and after ART initiation in a single model).ResultsWe enrolled 40 patients in the PK visit prior to ART, and 24 patients returned for the second visit a median of 33 days after initiating antiretroviral therapy. The isoniazid concentration data were best described by a two‐compartment model with first‐order elimination. After accounting for NAT‐2 genotype, increasing levels of CD38 and HLA‐DR expression on CD8+ T cells (CD38+DR+CD8+) were associated with decreasing isoniazid clearance.ConclusionHIV/TB patients with high levels of immune activation demonstrated impaired isoniazid clearance. Future efforts should determine the role of this relationship in clinical hepatotoxicity events.