bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Boltzmann equation for dilute gases
Authors: Soto Rodrigo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe Boltzmann equation, which is the first and best known kinetic equation, describes the dynamics of classical dilute gases. For its derivation, the motion of the atoms and molecules is separated in free streaming and binary collisions. Notably, the kinetic equation that is obtained turns out to be irreversible despite the use of concepts of classical reversible mechanics. The origin of the irreversibility, quantified by the H-theorem, is explained and justified. The irreversibility manifests in that after a few collisions, the gases reach local thermal equilibrium described by Maxwellian distributions. For long times, it is shown that the system evolves via hydrodynamic equations and the transport coefficients, viscosity, and thermal conductivity, are computed in terms of the collision properties. The Boltzmann equation is extended to describe dense gases and granular media. Finally, the concepts presented in the chapter are used to explain the cooling of particles in the expanding universe.
Numerical and semianalytical methods
Authors: Soto Rodrigo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractKinetic equations become extremely complex when models become realistic for several effects taking place simultaneously. It is hopeless trying to find analytic solutions and numerical methods should therefore be devised to solve them. This chapter presents numerical methods appropriate for kinetic theory. First, the moment method is described, where the kinetic equations are transformed into coupled partial differential equations, which can be solved using standard tools. The method is exemplified by the Grad method for the Boltzmann equation. Second, the stochastic methods are presented, where particles sample the distribution function and are advanced in time so as to reproduce the evolution of the distribution function. Special methods are given to reproduce the streaming motion, particle collisions (classical and quantum), Brownian motion, and long-range interactions.
The New Faces of Eldercare
Authors: Degiuli Francesca 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Chapter 2 opens with a description of the growing role of female migrant labor in the provision of home eldercare assistance and then proceeds to explore how this labor force became available. In particular, the chapter explores how different actors—such as sending and receiving countries, supranational organizations such as the IMF and the World Bank, and regional ones such as the European Union—participate in generating, managing, and sustaining migration flows from the Global South to the Global North. Through this analysis the chapter describes global trends that have contributed to the creation of a new division of reproductive labor, to the growth of Global Care Chains, and to the “feminization” of migration processes.
The Italian Case
Authors: Degiuli Francesca 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter explores how global and regional macroprocesses become embedded in the local reality of one specific country, in this case Italy, generating new realities, new jobs, and new economic and social relations. Specifically, the chapter looks at how the feminization of migration generated through political and economic transformations both in sending and receiving countries came to intersect with the growing need for short and long-term eldercare in Italy, a need generated not only by demographic processes but also by cultural, social, and economic transformations. In addition, the chapter explores the role that migration policies, both at the regional and national level, play in creating a segmented, gendered, and racialized labor force.
The Athenian Reconciliation Agreement of 403 bce and its Legacy for Greek City-States in the Classical and Hellenistic Ages
Authors: Joyce Christopher 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis chapter surveys amnesty agreements throughout the Greek world in the Classical and Hellenistic ages and argues that in many the principle of political forgiveness was both important and necessary when reconciling communities in the aftermath of civil conflict. The most successful amnesties were those which made use of the law and prohibited the revisiting of old grievances which led to or stemmed from a period of internal strife. Where and when exceptions were made to this rule they normally had to be spelled out in the terms of a treaty. The methods by which individual cities put this principle into effect varied widely, but the most famous and enduring example, the Athenian amnesty of 403 BCE, illustrates that a community could only successfully reconcile if its citizens were willing to forgo vindictive instincts which otherwise would have destabilised it. Robust procedures were put in place to restrain vengeance and protect the rights of individuals.
Right-Handers Speak with the Left Hemisphere, Left-Handers with the Right
Authors: Harris Lauren Julius 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
In 1865 Paul Broca stated, “we speak with the left hemisphere.” In many accounts of Broca’s work, he was referring to right-handers and meant that left-handers speak with the right hemisphere—what I call the “reversal hypothesis.” They go on to note his error in light of current evidence that the majority of left-handers speak with the left. Eling (1984) called such accounts misrepresentations, arguing that Broca’s analysis of the relation between cerebral control for speech and handedness was more compatible with current evidence. He suggested that our better understanding of the relation might have come sooner “had the original papers been properly read” (p. 159). Who, then, originated the “reversal hypothesis,” when and how did it rise to become a neuropsychological “rule,” when and how did it fall, and did Broca ever correct the record or change his mind? These questions and more are addressed in this chapter.
Emergent gauge fields and the high-temperature superconductors
Authors: Sachdev Subir 
Published: July 2016

The quantum entanglement of many states of matter can be represented by electric and magnetic fields, much like those found in Maxwell’s theory. These fields ‘emerge’ from the quantum structure of the many-electron state, rather than being fundamental degrees of freedom of the vacuum. I review basic aspects of the theory of emergent gauge fields in insulators in an intuitive manner. In metals, Fermi liquid (FL) theory relies on adiabatic continuity from the free electron state, and its central consequence is the existence of long-lived electron-like quasi-particles around a Fermi surface enclosing a volume determined by the total density of electrons, via the Luttinger theorem. However, long-range entanglement and emergent gauge fields can also be present in metals. I focus on the ‘fractionalized Fermi liquid’ (FL*) state, which also has long-lived electron-like quasi-particles around a Fermi surface; however, the Luttinger theorem on the Fermi volume is violated, and this requires the presence of emergent gauge fields, and the associated loss of adiabatic continuity with the free electron state. Finally, I present a brief survey of some recent experiments in the hole-doped cuprate superconductors, and interpret the properties of the pseudogap regime in the framework of the FL* theory.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Unifying physics and technology in light of Maxwell's equations’.
Unification of force and substance
Authors: Wilczek Frank 
Published: July 2016

Maxwell’s mature presentation of his equations emphasized the unity of electromagnetism and mechanics, subsuming both as ‘dynamical systems’. That intuition of unity has proved both fruitful, as a source of pregnant concepts, and broadly inspiring. A deep aspect of Maxwell’s work is its use of redundant potentials, and the associated requirement of gauge symmetry. Those concepts have become central to our present understanding of fundamental physics, but they can appear to be rather formal and esoteric. Here I discuss two things: the physical significance of gauge invariance, in broad terms; and some tantalizing prospects for further unification, building on that concept, that are visible on the horizon today. If those prospects are realized, Maxwell’s vision of the unity of field and substance will be brought to a new level.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Unifying physics and technology in light of Maxwell's equations’.
Ephemeral protein binding to DNA shapes stable nuclear bodies and chromatin domains
Authors: Brackley C. A. , Liebchen B. , Michieletto D. , Mouvet F. , Cook P. R. , Marenduzzo D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFluorescence microscopy reveals that the contents of many (membrane-free) nuclear “bodies” exchange rapidly with the soluble pool whilst the underlying structure persists; such observations await a satisfactory biophysical explanation. To shed light on this, we perform large-scale Brownian dynamics simulations of a chromatin fiber interacting with an ensemble of (multivalent) DNA-binding proteins; these proteins switch between two states – active (binding) and inactive (non-binding). This system provides a model for any DNA-binding protein that can be modified post-translationally to change its affinity for DNA (e.g., like the phosphorylation of a transcription factor). Due to this out-of-equilibrium process, proteins spontaneously assemble into clusters of self-limiting size, as individual proteins in a cluster exchange with the soluble pool with kinetics like those seen in photo-bleaching experiments. This behavior contrasts sharply with that exhibited by “equilibrium”, or non-switching, proteins that exist only in the binding state; when these bind to DNA non-specifically, they form clusters that grow indefinitely in size. Our results point to post-translational modification of chromatin-bridging proteins as a generic mechanism driving the self-assembly of highly dynamic, non-equilibrium, protein clusters with the properties of nuclear bodies. Such active modification also reshapes intra-chromatin contacts to give networks resembling those seen in topologically-associating domains, as switching markedly favors local (short-range) contacts over distant ones.
The genome of the crustaceanParhyale hawaiensis: a model for animal development, regeneration, immunity and lignocellulose digestion
Authors: Kao Damian , Lai Alvina G. , Stamataki Evangelia , Rosic Silvana , Konstantinides Nikolaos , Jarvis Erin , Di Donfrancesco Alessia , Pouchkina-Stantcheva Natalia , Sémon Marie , Grillo Marco , Bruce Heather , Kumar Suyash , Siwanowicz Igor , Le Andy , Lemire Andrew , Eisen Michael B. , Extavour Cassandra , Browne William E. , Wolff Carsten , Averof Michalis , Patel Nipam H. , Sarkies Peter , Pavlopoulos Anastasios , Aboobaker A. Aziz 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTThe amphipod crustaceanParhyale hawaiensisis a blossoming model system for studies of developmental mechanisms and more recently regeneration. We have sequenced the genome allowing annotation of all key signaling pathways, transcription factors, and non-coding RNAs that will enhance ongoing functional studies.Parhyaleis a member of the Malacostraca clade, which includes crustacean food crop species. We analysed the immunity related genes ofParhyaleas an important comparative system for these species, where immunity related aquaculture problems have increased as farming has intensified. We also find thatParhyaleand other species within Multicrustacea contain the enzyme sets necessary to perform lignocellulose digestion (“wood eating”), suggesting this ability may predate the diversification of this lineage. Our data provide an essential resource for further development ofParhyaleas an experimental model. The first malacostracan genome will underpin ongoing comparative work in food crop species and research investigating lignocellulose as an energy source.
The proof of a new modified grey relational grade
Authors: Wen Kunli 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
– Until now, many different varieties of grey relational grade methods had been proposed, and there are also many relevant publications. However, in one article published in 2007, which applied the previous grey relational grade to environmental protection fields and some results had been found. After studied it carefully, the author found that the grey relational grade in the paper was not the previous grey relational grade. According to the mathematics logic, it must first prove the proposed grey relational grade satisfies the four axioms in grey relational analysis, and then the author can say that the achieved results are reasonable and correct. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper lists the rational and regular grey relational grade that had been published in the past, and used the four axioms in grey system theory to prove the Pai’s grey relational grade that satisfy the four axioms steps by steps.

Findings
– Through the detail proof of the proposed grey relational grade in Pai’s paper, it indeed satisfies the four axioms in grey relational grade.

Research limitations/implications
– The paper had enhanced the correctness and reasonableness of that paper, and let the grey relational grade, which appear in Pai’s paper is legitimate and correct grey relational grade in grey system theory.

Originality/value
– The paper had identified that Pai’s grey relational grade is a rational and regular grey relational grade in grey system theory, and it proves that the results in Pai’s paper are correct and reasonable.
A network model for solving the yard truck routing and scheduling problem
Authors: Tsai Feng-Ming , Lu Chung-Cheng , Chang Yu-Ming 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to improve the efficiency of loading and discharging operations in container terminals. Accounting for an increase in the size of ships, the yard truck (YT) routing and scheduling problem has become an important issue to terminal operators.

Design/methodology/approach
– A (binary) integer programming model is developed using the time-space network technique to optimally move YTs between quay cranes (QC) and yard cranes (YC) in the time and space dimensions. The objective of the model is to minimize the total operating cost, and the model employs the M/M/S model in the queuing theory to determine the waiting time of YTs. The developed model can obtain the optimal number of YTs and their scheduling and routing plans simultaneously, as shown by the computational results.

Findings
– The results also show that the model can be applied to practical operations. In this research, an experimental design of the QC and YC operation networks was considered with the import and export containers carried by YTs. The model can be used to tackle a real world problem in an international port, and the analysis results could be useful references for port operators in actual practice.

Research limitations/implications
– The purpose of this research only focusses on YTs routing and scheduling problem, however, the container terminal operation problems are interrelated with berth allocation and yard stacking plan. The managerial application of this study is to analyze the trade-off between truck numbers and truck waiting time can be used for terminal operators to adjust the truck assignment. This research can assist an operator to determine the optimal fleet size and schedule in advance to avoid wasted costs and congestion in the quayside and yard block.

Originality/value
– This research solves the YT scheduling and routing problem for container discharging and loading processes with a time-space network model, which has not been previously reported, through an empirical research.
Case formulation in forensic practice: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Delle-Vergini Vanessa , Day Andrew 
Published: July 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of current practice in forensic case formulation, describing different approaches and discussing some of the practical and ethical issues that routinely arise. The paper further identifies areas where future practice and research might be strengthened.Design/methodology/approach– There is only a very small literature to draw upon in reviewing this topic. Therefore a narrative literature review was undertaken, synthesising findings from published, peer-reviewed studies, and papers that addressed case formulation in psychological practice.Findings– Despite case formation being considered by many to be a core competency of evidence-based forensic practice, it is not currently possible to describe a typical forensic case formulation or advocate for a particular approach to practice.Practical implications– A number of practical and ethical issues routinely arise in the process of conducting a forensic case formulation. Ultimately, the absence of a consistent approach can lead to lead to poor clinical decision-making and the delivery of inadequate or inappropriate intervention.Originality/value– This is one of the few discussions of case formulation that have been prepared for forensic practitioners. It is likely to be of interest to readers of the journal given the importance of the formulation process in contemporary forensic practice.
What is effective in promoting a healthy lifestyle in secure psychiatric settings? A review of the evidence for an integrated programme that targets modifiable health risk behaviours
Authors: Long Clive , Rowell Arleen , Rigg Samantha , Livesey Frank , McAllister Peter 
Published: July 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to describe healthy lifestyle initiatives in a secure psychiatric facility and the evidence base for these interventions.Design/methodology/approach– Following a detailed review of the literature on the physical health of psychiatric inpatients, a trans-diagnostic approach to behaviour change is advocated in selected areas.Findings– Lifestyle strategy proposals were produced that incorporate the principle of “libertarian paternalism” in making changes to eating and exercise behaviour; a programme of motivational and reinforcement strategies; and facility-specific environmental restructuring to include maximising the therapeutic use of green space.Practical implications– Instituting described changes needs to be accompanied by a programme of evaluation to assess intervention-specific physical health changes.Originality/value– This paper provides a synthesis of findings in key areas of behaviour change relevant to improving the physical health of psychiatric patients in secure settings. It is a co-ordinated and interlinked lifestyle strategy that has applicability to similar services.
Improving the quality of life with CPTED methodology: high-rise housing in Widzew, Łódź
Authors: Klima Ewa , Janiszewska Anna , Grabski Lech , Woldendorp Tobias 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
The social context in Polish high-rise neighbourhoods varies from one in Western Europe. This typology is not associated with social housing and the ownership of the dwellings mixed. Moreover, nearly half of the population of Poland lives in this type of real estates. Sociological research shows that the subjective quality of life is decent. Nevertheless, the dwellings are still considered a rather poor place to live and there are various aspects that need to be improved. Widzew is a typical example of the 1970s and 80s concrete high-rise housing area. Many similar developments have been built during the communist era in Eastern Europe. There are many degenerated buildings, while new developments intrude the existing environment, obstructing social and urban structure. The purpose of this paper is to analyse this environment and investigate the social problems and the urban context.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors have conducted sociological surveys and field observations to measure the subjective quality of life. After analysing the data, several problems appeared, such as lack of maintenance, poor quality of public space, the sense of insecurity and lack of social cohesion. The main scientific question is if and how the crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) method can address those issues. This paper wants to address major problems found in the social research by using a combination of CPTED solutions.

Findings
The necessity to apply the CPTED analysis in the quasi-public space is clearly noticeable. It is this space that is often perceived by the inhabitants as dangerous. It appears that it can be easily assessed via four criteria – visibility, accessibility, territoriality and attractiveness.

Originality/value
The novel idea was to compare the findings of a sociological survey on quality of life with the results of space analysis based on the CPTED method. This study might bring general recommendations for high-rise neighbourhoods in Eastern Europe.
High-rise in trouble? Learning from Europe
Authors: van Soomeren Paul , Klundert Willemijn van de , Aquilué Inés , de Kleuver Justin 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
All over the world, millions of people live in buildings and neighbourhoods that follow the principles of Congrès International d’Architecture Moderne (CIAM) and Le Corbusier: high-rise “residential machines” in parks reminiscent of green seas. Some of these have become very successful living environments, but in Europe and the USA, several neighbourhoods featuring this architectural design dream have become a social nightmare. Residents who were able to moved to more desirable neighbourhoods. This led to a high level of vacancy and crime and fear of crime have flourished, resulting in a stigma that is often long-lasting and difficult to repair. The pupose of this study is to learn from these experiences.

Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, two high-rise neighbourhoods, built in a Corbusier-like fashion and situated on the outskirts of major cities, are put under the evaluation spotlight: Bijlmermeer: located in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, with an abundance of landscaping, shrubbery, green fields and one high-density neighbourhood; and Bellvitge: located in Barcelona, Cataluña, Spain, looking less like a park and more like a city with open-air parking on ground level, and many small shops, bars and restaurants.

Findings
Both neighbourhoods faced enormous problems from crime, incivilities, disorder and drug abuse. Fear of crime and feelings of insecurity were high. Both governments reacted by investing huge sums of money. In Bellvitge, the investment was mainly in public transport, the public domain and new approaches in policing while keeping the high-rise buildings intact. In Bijlmermeer, a large regeneration project supported the demolition of two-thirds of all apartments and the neighbourhood was rebuilt in a low-rise fashion.

Research limitations/implications
This paper outlines the history of both neighbourhoods and describes the solutions that were implemented. Important lessons can be learned regarding current high-rise neighbourhoods and about the learning capacity of urban designers and planners regarding urban management.

Practical implications
The paper suggests that urban planners, designers and managers are slow in learning from earlier mistakes. The hypothesis is that there is no clear method available to evaluate new urban planning designs by incorporating lessons from the success or failure of previous cases. This paper focuses on density, ownership and design to identify possible approaches to evaluate new high-rise estate plans.

Originality/value
The Western high-rise “wave” has faded away but nowadays has become a high-rise “tsunami” in Asia. Learning from European experience may be beneficial.