bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calculation of Heavy Ion Inactivation Probabilities Based on Track Structure, X Ray Sensitivity and Target Size
Authors: Scholz M. , Kraft G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A track structure model for the calculation of inactivation probabilities of heavy ions has been developed, which is based on measurable quantities only. The model describes the following inactivation properties of heavy ion radiation: (1) the transition from shouldered to exponential survival curves, depending on the atomic number, energy and LET of the particle; (2) the LET dependence of inactivation cross sections s, including the supralinear increase for low LET particles, the plateau region between 200 and 1000 keV.µm-1 and the s LET hooks for higher LET values; (3) differences in the shape of the s LET hooks for different biological objects; (4) the shift of RBE maxima from 30 to 300 keV.µm-1 with increasing atomic number; (5) the exchanged efficiency of heavy ions in the case of mixed radiation fields (X rays combined with heavy ion irradiation).
Biological Consequences of Non-Homogeneous Energy Deposition by Ionising Radiation
Authors: Ward J.F. , Jones G.D.D. , Milligan (INVITED) J.R. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The chemically reactive species produced by ionising radiation react within 2-3 nm of their site of origin causing locally multiply damaged sites (LMDS) (such as double strand breaks (DSBs)) on cellular DNA. As the LET of the radiation increases the number of individual damages in a LMDS increase. Since initial yields of DSBs show little dependence on LET, the higher RBE associated with higher LET radiation must be associated with the cell's ability to handle the damage - the nature of the damage is important. DSB repair studies do not assess the repair fidelity, this may be assessed at the molecular level by studies of mutation types produced: correct DSB rejoining, but with an error in base sequence would show as a point mutation in an exon. Degradation at DSB termini, non-homologous recombinational repair or misrejoining of a DSB with the wrong DSB terminus would form a deletion.
Transformation Frequency of Gamma-Irradiated Plasmid DNA and the Enzymatic Double Strand Break Formation by Incubation in a Protein Extract of Escherichia Coli
Authors: Schulte-Frohlinde D. , Mark F. , Ventur Y. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
It was found that incubation of ?-irradiated or DNaseI-treated plasmid DNA in a protein extract of Escherichia coli leads to enzyme-induced formation of double strand breaks (dsb) in competition with repair of precursors of these dsb. A survival curve of the plasmid DNA (as determined by transformation of E. coli was calculated on the basis of enzyme-induced dsb as well as those produced by irradiation assuming that they are lethal. The calculated D0 value was the same as that measured directly by transformation of irradiated plasmid DNA. Two models are presented that fit the experimental survival data as a function of dose. One is based on damage formation in the plasmid DNA including enzymatic conversion of single strand damage into dsb (U-model), the other is an enzymatic repair saturation model based on Michaelis-Menten kinetics. A closer inspection of the models shows that the U-model does not incorporate the observed repair saturation and the repair saturation model does not incorporate the observed higher order formation of dsb. A more valid model may be developed by combining the two models.
Nuclear and Chromatin Structures and Their Influence on the Radiosensitivity of DNA
Authors: Oleinick N.L. , Chiu (INVITED) S.-M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Among the factors contributing to the distribution of DNA damage within irradiated mammalian cell nuclei are the interactions of DNA with nuclear proteins and the formation of multi-molecular chromatin structures. Studies on the manipulation of chromatin structures of isolated nuclei are summarised. The majority of chromatin within the nucleus of living cells is tightly compacted into nucleosomal superhelices and other higher order structures which have a limited ability to be damaged by radiation. The treatment of isolated nuclei with hypotonic buffers causes a decondensation of these structures and markedly sensitises the DNA to radiation, while retaining the majority of the chromosomal proteins. On the other hand, treatment of nuclei with hypertonic buffers strips the DNA of specific classes of nuclear proteins, destroying chromatin structure, and this procedure also enhances the sensitivity of the DNA to radiation. The various expanded chromatin structures are models for the structure of the minor fraction of DNA which is decondensed in preparation for transcription or replication. The combined results indicate that the majority of nuclear DNA is protected by histones and other nuclear proteins from radiation damage, partially as a result of the limited accessibility of the condensed structures to hydroxyl radical and partially as a result of the scavenging of radicals by the proteins. In addition to these considerations, the elevated radiosensitivity of DNA associated with the nuclear matrix may result from the site specific generation of hydroxyl radical by matrix bound metal ions.
Microdosimetric Dosemeters for Individual Monitoring Based on Semiconductor Detectors
Authors: Schröder O. , Schmitz T. , Pierschel M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The benefit of applying microdosimetric methods to practical radiation protection has been shown with regard to area monitoring. Tissue-equivalent proportional counters are used to measure distributions of energy deposition, which allows the simultaneous determination of absorbed dose and radiation quality in mixed photon and neutron fields. Semiconductor chips are an alternative to proportional counters as active individual dosemeters as they are small in size and very robust. They can be used as microdosimetric detectors for mixed field dosimetry since in memory chips and charged coupled devices (CCD), the radiation sensitive structures have thicknesses of the order of some micrometres. Measurements were performed in a collimated fast neutron beam with commercially available static random access memory (SRAM) chips. Additional tests were performed using a 241Am source. The charge collection capabilities of a modified CCD were studied with simulation calculations. The suitability of these two kinds of silicon semiconductor devices as microdosimetric detectors is discussed.
New Devices for Individual Neutron Dosimetry
Authors: Barthe J. , Bordy J.M. , Mourgues M. , Lahaye T. , Boutruche B. , Ségur P. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This paper deals with the design and fabrication of three new dosimetric sensors to be used in personal radiation monitoring. The first two sensors, double diode and streamer chamber, are based on the same particle detection principle, the last is a multicellular tissue-equivalent proportional counter. Each dosimetric sensor has a preferential range of applications. The double diode dosemeter, called DIAC, is the least sensitive, but can be reduced to the size of an 'electronic credit card' weighing a few 10s of grams. Two versions of the streamer chamber have been developed, the first corresponding to a personal device called DINE and the second to an ambient device called DANE. These two sensors are much more sensitive than the DIAC. The last sensor, studied in the SDOS laboratory, is a multicellular proportional counter called MC-TEPC. Giving both the dose and the dose equivalent quantities, it is more suitable for a good evaluation of the radiation risk but many problems due to gas aging have to be solved.
Analysis of Radon Mitigation Techniques Used in Existing US Houses
Authors: Henschel (INVITED) D.B. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This paper reviews the full range of techniques that have been installed in existing US houses for the purpose of reducing indoor radon concentrations resulting from soil gas entry. The review addresses the performance, installation and operating costs, applicability, mechanisms, advantages, and disadvantages of each radon mitigation technique. Active soil depressurisation (ASD) techniques are the measures most widely used by mitigation contractors. ASD techniques consistently and reliably provide the highest radon reductions, at costs often competitive with the less effective alternatives. The large majority of existing US houses having elevated radon can be effectively treated using ASD. Various other techniques can be used in houses where ASD is difficult or impractical to apply, or where lesser radon reductions are acceptable. However, these other techniques are always less effective, less reliable, or less well demonstrated than ADS.
Field Trials on the Effectiveness of Radon Protection Measures in New Dwellings
Authors: Woolliscroft M. , Scivyer C. , Parkins L. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The purpose of the field trials reported here was to verify the effectiveness of radon protection measures implemented under UK Building Regulations. Measurements were carried out in a total of 423 dwellings using etched track detectors. Some of the dwellings were protected, others were not. Four factors were considered likely to affect the annual average indoor radon level: (1) The radon level of the area. (2) The type of floor construction. (3) The presence or absence of a protective membrane in the floor construction. (4) Whether the dwelling was detached or attached to other dwellings. The radon level of the area is characterised by the proportion of existing houses in the area above the action level. The type of construction is generally in situ concrete floor or block and beam floor. Houses were situated on a total of 33 sites scattered all over Devon and Cornwall in the south west of England (an area of relatively high radon levels) offering a variety of both terrain and housing types. Statistical analysis showed that the effect of the membrane in reducing the radon level was significant at the 0.1% level. The effect of the floor construction, was however only significant at the 5% level. Neither the radon level of the area in which the dwelling was situated nor whether the dwelling was detached or attached had statistically significant effects on the radon level.
Reduction of the Radon Entry Rate from Building Materials by Industrial Surface Coatings
Authors: de Jong P. , van Dijk W. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The retaining effect of over 20 different surface coatings on the free 222Rn exhalation rate has been studied. Coatings that are normally applied for decoration of walls and ceilings in homes were found to be ineffective. Reductions of up to 75% were found for other coatings studied, when applied to all sides of the test walls. If the surface coating is applied to only one side of the wall, coatings on the basis of epoxy resin and polyurethane could reduce the exhalation rate by 95% according to model calculations.
Radon Risk Mapping - A Method of Predicting Problem Areas on Geological Grounds
Authors: Kullman F. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The Swedish stipulations of a maximum radon daughter level of 200 Bq.m3 for permanently inhabited buildings, and of 70 Bq.m-3 for buildings built later than 1981, has created a need to evaluate the radon risk caused by the ground. Radon risk mapping is done both on a regional scale and a detailed scale. When mapping, the ground is classified into high, normal and low risk areas. The classification work is started by an interpretation of all available geological material from the investigated area. This is followed by field investigations including radon measurements in possible risk areas, and control of radium content by gamma spectrometry in the typical rock types and soil types of the area. Results from MRM Konsult's radon measurements show a very large increase of high radon houses within high risk areas, classified according to the above model, if compared to randomly distributed measurements.
A Fast and Accurate Radon Measurement Tool for Remedial Actions in Buildings
Authors: Soavi R. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Continuous monitoring of radon concentration is an effective and fast method for assessing radon sources in buildings. For this purpose, fast response and absence of residual contribution from previous measurements is of primary importance to cut intervention time and cost in a remedial action. An instrument is described based on a scintillation cell. Counts from the detection assembly are processed by a microprocessor-based unit in order to compensate plateout and thus shorten the detector response step down to 15 min compared to the typical 3 h. A new treatment of the cell background, added to the algorithms, cancels the detector memory of previous measurements. The instrument has the ability to characterise both high and low activity environments in rapid sequence, even with a switch off/on operation in between, with almost no influence on the measure accuracy. A discussion of the computations and results from measurements is given.
Recent Models for TL Supralinearity
Authors: Horowitz (INVITED) Y.S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The various models proposed to explain TL supralinearity, i.e., trap and luminescent centre creation, competition, statistical 'multi-hit' processes, correlated TC-LC and track interaction are reviewed. The track interaction model, consistent with dose dependent efficiency of luminescent recombination, and created to conceptually accommodate the dependence of supralinearity on ionisation density is the preferred candidate to explain TL supralinearity and is reviewed in depth along with recent quantitative application of track structure-track interaction theory to alpha particle TL dose response curves.
Electron Spin Resonance and Thermoluminescence in Calcium Oxide Crystals
Authors: Boas J.F. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Highly coloured crystals of CaO and CaO:Mg have been studied using thermoluminescence emission spectra and electron spin resonance. The undoped CaO crystals show an intense phosphorescence at around 620 nm at room temperature and this arises from a peak in the TL curve at around 330 K. The emission arises from the process: F+ + e ® F* ® F + h? and the electron arises from the thermally activated release of electrons from Mg+ ions as well as from other traps of an unknown nature. The Mg doped CaO crystals do not exhibit the intense phosphorescence and do not show a glow curve peak at around 330 K. Rather they exhibit a glow curve peak at around 180 K with a peak emission wavelength ca 690 nm. The electron transfer processes in these crystals appear to be more complex than those in undoped CaO.
The Use of Thin Layer Vacuum Deposited Films for Integrating Radiation Dosimetry by Exo-electron Emission
Authors: Brown L.D. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Thermally stimulated exo-electron emission is a surface effect which permits the preparation of thin integrating dosemeter elements with a sensitive layer a few nanometres thick. The dosemeters described in this paper were prepared by the evaporation of lithium fluoride onto thin polyimide sheets under vacuum. These are suitable for measurements under situations involving appreciable dose gradients such as charged particle dosimetry, interface dosimetry and some microdosimetry problems. Development of an appropriate reader and early evaluation of the resulting dosimetry system are also discussed.
A New Automatic TLD Reader for Personnel Monitoring
Authors: King C.W. , Tawil R.A. , Shrader E.F. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The Model 8000 System is a high throughput, automatic TLD reader for personnel monitoring. This menu driven system is capable of reading stacked cards or holders and generates up to 4 simultaneous glow curves from a multiple-element badge. It displays these curves in colour graphics, and transmits the data for further processing. Experimental results on randomness of the system 'zero', the overall precision and the response to beta rays and neutrons are presented. Multiple dosemeter elements, when combined with different filter media, make it possible to determine mixed field dose.
A Remote Fibre-Optic Microdosimetry Reader
Authors: Braunlich P. , Jones S.C. , Tetzlaff W. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A microdosemeter probe has been developed which permits remote in vivo and, if desired, in situ measurement. It is primarily intended for application in radiotherapy. Its basic features are a microdosemeter placed in the tip of a hypodermic needle. It is heated by a short (&lt;500 ms) pulse from a 6 watt CO2 laser. The heating pulse is coupled into an approximately 1 m long flexible KRS-5 fibre of 0.5 mm diameter. This coupler is attached to the output port of the laser. The fibre penetrates the centre of a 45 o mirror of 25 mm focal length inside a hand held device and enters a thin walled quartz tube inserted in a hypodermic needle. Both the quartz tube and the fibre terminate in the tip of the needle about 2 mm in front of a small amount of thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD) material. The thermoluminescence, emitted from the microdosemeter in the tip of the needle, is guided by the quartz tube to the mirror and deflected towards a miniature phototube for registration. The signal is digitised and processed with a transient digitiser and a microcomputer. Preliminary performance data are reported.
Progress in Lyoluminescence Dosimetry in Aberdeen
Authors: Ettinger K.V. , Miola U.J. , Hunter C. , Temperton D.H. , Dixon S.M. , Forrester (INVITED) A.R. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Secondary alkyl radicals have been postulated as participating in the Russell-Vassilev scheme of generation of light, in lyoluminescence (LL). Using the spin-trapping technique, the presence of these radicals has been confirmed in many LL phosphors. Low energy ß emitters incorporated in co-crystallised mannose and sucrose impart a dose to the matrix, in good agreement with the expected value when calibrated with soft X ray sources. Accuracy of a few per cent is attained using glutamine dosemeters in a series of mailed intercomparisons in the industrial radiation processing dose range, by use of a heat treatment at 114 oC for 5 hours. New LL phosphors, leucine and iso-leucine have similar hydrogen content to standard muscle and thus their neutron kerma are very close to those of ICRU muscle in the energy range from a few keV to 10 MeV. These phosphors are suitable for medical application particularly when used with sensitisers.
TSEE and TL from Physically Processed Surface of Dosemeter Material
Authors: Kawanishi M. , Kikuchi R. , Yamamoto T. , Kubozoe T. , Watanabe Y. , Okabe S. , Kawamoto (INVITED) T. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
With the purpose of searching for a way to discriminate with a single dosemeter between the absorbed dose in the surface region identified by TSEE or TL and that of the bulk by TL of different spectrum, Cu+ implantation into Li2B4O7 glass ceramics and Ag+, Cu+ and Mg+ implantation into LiF single crystals was carried out. The effects of ion implantation on the TSEE and the TL glow curves have been measured and are discussed.
Energy Dependence of the TSEE for Monoenergetic Electrons
Authors: Wieters C.U. , Kriegseis W. , Petel M. , Portal G. , Scharmann A. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The dependence of the TSEE from BeO thin film dosemeters on the energy of incident monoenergetic electrons in the 200 keV to 1.2 MeV range has been investigated in view of beta dosimetry applications in radioprotection. The dose response of samples covered with 7 mg.cm-2 tissue-equivalent material is not influenced by energy variations in the range between 200 and 700 keV. The sensitivities for electrons and 60Co photons are nearly the same.
A Combination of TLD Albedo and Sulphur Activation Techniques for Fast Neutron Personnel Dosimetry
Authors: Tuyn J.W.N. , Lakshmanan A.R. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A combination of a TL albedo dosemeter system consisting of a 6LiF + 7LiF pair and a sulphur pellet has been studied for fast neutron personnel monitoring in high-energy accelerator environments.
Kilogray Dosimetry with CaSO4:Dy-Teflon TL Dosemeters
Authors: Fontaine J. , Distenfeld C.H. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Thermoluminescence dosemeters routinely used for electron, photon and neutron personnel dosimetry have been used to monitor exposures up to 2000 Gy (2 x 105 rad). The system, manufactured by Teledyne Isotopes, was used to answer certain shielding questions arising in the control rod drive room of the Big Rock Point Nuclear Power Station. The useful upper exposure limit of CaSO4:Dy-Teflon has been extended by a factor of 2 to 10 over values quoted in popular references.
Fading Characteristics of LiF and Li2B4O7 TLD Systems Dependent on the Ambient Temperature, the Monitoring Period and the Interval Between Irradiation and Readout
Authors: Burgkhardt B. , Piesch E. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The change in response of oven-annealed Harshaw LiF:Mg,Ti and Studsvik Li2B4O7:Mn,Si detectors has been investigated as a function of storage periods of up to 100 days at ambient temperatures of -18 oC, 25 oC, 40 oC and 70 oC. Detectors have been irradiated before storage, after storage, and at different times within the storage period of 100 days. In environmental monitoring LiF generally enables determination of field fading correction factors if control dosemeters are used.
Simultaneous Determination of Dose and Elapsed Time in Accident Dosimetry Using Thermoluminescent Materials
Authors: Furetta C. , Tuyn J.W.N. , Louis F. , Azorin J. , Driscoll C.M.H. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Information about the time which has elapsed since an external radiation exposure is useful in determining the time of occurence of an abnormal exposure in personal and accident dosimetry. This information can be obtained from certain irradiated thermoluminescence dosemeters. A computational method based on decay rates of thermoluminescence glow peaks has been used to estimate a range of suitable values of trap lifetimes of low temperature glow peaks. This provides a basis for the selection of an appropriate thermoluminescent material to assess not only the absorbed dose from a radiation exposure but also the elapsed time. The results of experimental studies have been used to obtain additional information on decay rates as a function of energy, temperature, and absorbed dose.
Optical Dating: Methodological Aspects
Authors: Smith B.W. , Aitken M.J. , Rhodes E.J. , Robinson P.D. , Geldard D.M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
We have utilised the 514 nm line from a 2 W argon ion laser in application to mineral grains of quartz, zircon and apatite, extracted from samples of archaeological relevance. In this dating technique the age-dependent population of trapped electrons is measured by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) rather than by thermoluminescence (TL). Hence only light-sensitive traps are sampled. This is particularly advantageous for unburnt sediment because of the reliance for zero setting on exposure to sunlight prior to deposition. For OSL this is accomplished in a matter of minutes whereas for TL there is often a substantial residual, particularly in the case of quartz, even after twenty four hours or so. The difficulties which arise are discussed, and some promising results presented.