bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Daily Wear Contact Lenses Manufactured in Etafilcon A Are Noninferior to Two Silicone Hydrogel Lens Types With Respect to Hypoxic Stress
Authors: Szczotka-Flynn Loretta B. , Debanne Sara , Benetz Beth Ann , Wilson Tawnya , Brennan Noel 
Published: October 2016

Purpose:This study hypothesized that a traditional high-water contact lens of moderate oxygen transmissibility (Dk/t) is noninferior to common silicone hydrogel (SH) lenses worn for daily wear with respect to measures of hypoxic stress.Methods:Thirty-six habitual contact lens wearers completed wear of three lens types worn in a randomized order: etafilcon A (ACUVUE 2, control), lotrafilcon B (Air Optix Aqua), and comfilcon A (Biofinity). Central corneal thickness (CT) and limbal hyperemia were measured >2 hr after waking and after 6 to 8 hr of wear on days 1 and 7. Endothelial bleb formation was measured on day 1 of each lens type. Noninferiority of etafilcon A, with respect to the other two lens types, was assumed if the following difference margins of equivalence were met: <1.5% for corneal swelling, <0.5 grade for limbal hyperemia, and <1% area of endothelial blebs. Outcomes were modeled using generalized linear mixed modeling techniques.Results:All lenses showed reductions in least-square mean estimates of CT on both days: etafilcon A −0.26% at day 1 and −0.31% at day 7; lotrafilcon B −1.11% at day 1 and −1.06% at day 7; comfilcon A −0.63% at day 1 and −0.84% at day 7. The difference in mean swelling between etafilcon A and lotrafilcon B was 0.85% at day 1 (95% confidence interval [0.4%–1.3%]) and 0.75% at day 7 (0.3%–1.2%). The difference in mean swelling between etafilcon A and comfilcon A was 0.37% at day 1 (−0.1% to 0.8%) and 0.53% at day 7 (0.1%–1.0%). For limbal redness, etafilcon A fell within 0.1 grade of lotrafilcon B and 0.18 grade of comfilcon A. For endothelial bleb formation, etafilcon A fell within 0.45% of lotrafilcon B and 0.23% of comfilcon A.Conclusion:The etafilcon A control lens resulted in corneal deswelling throughout the day as did the SH lens types. Limbal hyperemia and endothelial bleb formation with all lenses were negligible, and noninferiority assumptions were met between the lens types for all outcomes. Equivalence of etafilcon A with respect to the two SH lenses for three measures of hypoxic stress was demonstrated.
Irregular Corneas: Improve Visual Function With Scleral Contact Lenses
Authors: de Luis Eguileor Beatriz , Etxebarria Ecenarro Jaime , Santamaria Carro Alaitz , Feijoo Lera Raquel 
Published: October 2016

Objectives:
To assess visual function in patients with irregular cornea who do not tolerate gas permeable (GP) corneal contact lenses and are fitted with GP scleral contact lenses (Rose K2 XL).

Methods:
In this prospective study, we analyzed 15 eyes of 15 patients who did not tolerate GP corneal contact lenses and were fitted with scleral contact lenses (Rose K2 XL). We assessed visual function using visual acuity and the visual function index (VF-14); we used the VF-14 as an indicator of patient satisfaction. The measurements were taken with the optical correction used before and 1 month after the fitting of the Rose K2 XL contact lenses. We also recorded the number of hours lenses had been worn over the first month.

Results:
Using Rose K2 XL contact lenses, visual acuity was 0.06±0.07 logMAR. In all cases, visual acuity had improved compared with the measurement before fitting the lenses (0.31±0.18 logMAR; P=0.001). VF-14 scores were 72.74±12.38 before fitting of the scleral lenses, and 89.31±10.87 after 1 month of lens use (P=0.003). Patients used these scleral lenses for 9.33±2.99 comfortable hours of wear.

Conclusions:
Both visual acuity and VF-14 may improve after fitting Rose K2 XL contact lenses in patients with irregular corneas. In addition, in our patients, these lenses can be worn for a longer period than GP corneal contact lenses.
Quetiapine Extended Release Open-Label Treatment Associated Changes in Amygdala Activation and Connectivity in Anxious Depression
Authors: Altinay Murat , Karne Harish , Beall Erik , Anand Amit 
Published: October 2016

Background
This study investigated extended release quetiapine (quetiapine XR) associated changes in functional MRI (fMRI) measures of task-induced amygdalar activation and resting state connectivity in anxious unipolar major depressive disorder (AMDD).

Methods
Anxious unipolar major depressive disorder patients (n = 15) (17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) >18 and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) >18) and closely matched healthy control (HC) subjects were compared at baseline for task induced amygdala activation and resting state connectivity on fMRI. Subsequently, AMDD patients were treated for 8 weeks with open-label quetiapine XR. Weekly HAM-D and HAM-A ratings were obtained, and the fMRI scan was repeated at weeks 2 and 8. Changes in fMRI measures were calculated using repeated-measures analysis of variance and correlation with decrease in HAM-D and HAM-A scores was examined.

Results
At baseline, AMDD compared with HC exhibited increased task-induced left amygdalar activation (P = 0.05 clusterwise corrected) and decreased resting state amygdala-cortical and amygdala-pons connectivity (P < 0.05 clusterwise corrected). Quetiapine XR treatment was associated with significant decrease in HAM-D (df = 1,28; female [F] = 39; P = 0.001) and HAM-A scores (df = 1,28; F = 55; P = 0.001). The AMDD group showed increased amygdala-cortical connectivity (P < 0.05 [clusterwise corrected]) at week 2, which was maintained at week 8. At week 8, additional areas showed increased connectivity including insula and putamen. At 8 weeks, decrease in HAM-D scores correlated with increase in amygdala-mid cingulate and amygdala-cuneus connectivity (P = 0.05 [clusterwise corrected]). Decrease in HAM-A scores correlated with increase in amygdala-cuneus and parietal cortex connectivity (P = 0.05 [clusterwise corrected]).

Limitations
Small sample-size, open-label single-arm design, HC only tested at baseline, focused only on amygdala.

Conclusions
Quetiapine XR effects in the treatment of AMDD are associated with modulation of amygdala connectivity.
Clinical Risk Factors for Orthostatic Hypotension: Results Among Elderly Fallers in Long-Term Care
Authors: Gray-Miceli Deanna , Ratcliffe Sarah J. , Thomasson Arwin , Quigley Patricia , Li Kang , Craelius William 
Published: October 2016

Background
Patients at greatest risk for fall-related injuries are older adults with orthostatic hypotension (OH), a condition which drops blood pressure. This study sought to determine salient demographic and patient-level factors increasing risk for OH among a sample of elderly fallers.

Methods
Data analysis for this retrospective study sought to assess the relationship between various demographic and clinical risk factors and the likelihood of OH. Because fallers could experience multiple falls, generalized estimating equations were used to account for patient-level correlations.

Results
One hundred seventeen falls occurred in 47 patients, who were primarily female with a mean age of 90.7 years. Falls resulted in 18 cases of OH. Orthostatic hypotension cases were less likely to have a gait in a steady line (5.6% vs 55.6%, P = 0.001). Patients with decreased muscular coordination were almost 5 times more likely to experience OH than those with no coordination problems (odds ratio = 4.86, P = 0.02). Patients with gait in a steady line were less likely to experience OH after a fall (OR = 0.06, P = 0.006).

Conclusions
Orthostatic hypotension is potentially modifiable once detected. Evidenced-based protocol for assessment and management of OH among patients with gait and balance impairment is presented.
Measuring Patient Safety: The Medicare Patient Safety Monitoring System (Past, Present, and Future)
Authors: Classen David C. , Munier William , Verzier Nancy , Eldridge Noel , Hunt David , Metersky Mark , Richards Chesley , Wang Yun , Brady P. Jeffrey , Helwig Amy , Battles James 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The explicit declaration in the landmark 1999 Institute of Medicine report “To Err Is Human” that, in the United States, 44,000 to 98,000 patients die each year as a consequence of “medical errors” gave widespread validation to the magnitude of the patient safety problem and catalyzed a number of U.S. federal government programs to measure and improve the safety of the national healthcare system. After more than 10 years, one of those federal programs, the Medicare Patient Safety Monitoring System (MPSMS), has reached a level of maturity and stability that has made it useful for the consistent measurement of the safety of inpatient care. The MPSMS is a chart review–based national patient safety surveillance system that provides rates of 21 specific hospital inpatient adverse event measures, which have been divided into 4 clinical domains (general, hospital-acquired infections, postprocedure adverse events, and adverse drug events) for analysis. The 2014 MPSMS national sample was drawn from 1109 hospitals and includes approximately 20,000 medical records of patients admitted to the hospital (all payors) for at least 1 of the 4 conditions of congestive heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, pneumonia, and major surgical procedures as defined by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Surgical Care Improvement Project. The MPSMS is now going through a major transformation to capture additional types of adverse events and is being redeveloped as the Quality and Safety Review System (QSRS). As an example of this transformation, QSRS will electronically import electronic data, which are standardized according to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services billing definitions and will be updated and evolve over time to incorporate expanded standardized data available from electronic health records. This article reviews the development of MPSMS, the strengths and limitations of MPSMS, and expected future directions in patient safety measurement, focusing on those issues that are informing the development and implementation of QSRS.
Modelling avoidance in pathologically anxious humans using reinforcement-learning
Authors: Mkrtchian Anahit , Aylward Jessica , Dayan Peter , Roiser Jonathan P , Robinson Oliver J 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSerious and debilitating symptoms of anxiety are the most common mental health problem worldwide, accounting for around 5% of all adult ‘years lived with disability’ in the developed world. Avoidance behaviour –avoiding social situations for fear of embarrassment, for instance–is a core feature of such anxiety. However, as for many other psychiatric symptoms, the biological mechanisms underlying avoidance remain unclear. Reinforcement-learning models provide formal and testable characterizations of the mechanisms of decision-making; here, we examine avoidance in these terms. One hundred and one healthy and pathologically anxious individuals completed an approach-avoidance go/no-go task under stress induced by threat of unpredictable shock. We show an increased reliance in the anxious group on a parameter of our reinforcement-learning model that characterizes a prepotent (Pavlovian) bias to withhold responding in the face of negative outcomes. This was particularly the case when the anxious individuals were under stress. This formal description of avoidance within the reinforcement-learning framework provides a new means of linking clinical symptoms with biophysically plausible models of neural circuitry and, as such, takes us closer to a mechanistic understanding of pathological anxiety.
Ribbon: Visualizing complex genome alignments and structural variation
Authors: Nattestad Maria , Chin Chen-Shan , Schatz Michael C. 
Published: October 2016

To the EditorVisualization has played an extremely important role in the current genomic revolution to inspect and understand variants, expression patterns, evolutionary changes, and a number of other relationships1–3. However, most of the information in read-to-reference or genome-genome alignments is lost for structural variations in the one-dimensional views of most genome browsers showing only reference coordinates. Instead, structural variations captured by long reads or assembled contigs often need more context to understand, including alignments and other genomic information from multiple chromosomes.
Effect of common and experimental anti-tuberculosis treatments onMycobacterium tuberculosisgrowing as biofilms
Authors: Dalton J.P. , Uy B. , Phummarin N. , Copp B. R. , Denny W.A. , Swift S. , Wiles S. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMuch is known regarding the antibiotic susceptibility of planktonic cultures ofMycobacterium tuberculosis,the bacterium responsible for the lung disease tuberculosis (TB). As planktonically-grownM. tuberculosisare unlikely to be entirely representative of the bacterium during infection, we set out to determine how effective a range of anti-mycobacterial treatments were againstM. tuberculosisgrowing as a biofilm, a bacterial phenotype known to be more resistant to antibiotic treatment. Light levels from bioluminescently-labelledM. tuberculosisH37Rv (strain BSG001) were used as a surrogate for bacterial viability, and were monitored before and after 1 week of treatment. After treatment, biofilms were disrupted, washed and inoculated into fresh broth and plated onto solid media to rescue any surviving bacteria. We found that in this phenotypic stateM. tuberculosiswas resistant to the majority of the compounds tested. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) increased by 20-fold to greater than 1000-fold, underlying the potential of this phenotype to cause significant problems during treatment.
The effect of the discounted attribute importance in two-sided messages
Authors: Pizzutti Cristiane , Basso Kenny , Albornoz Manuela 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this research is to test the importance of the discounting attribute in the two-sided communication from a retail salesperson as a boundary condition that eliminates the trade-off between trustworthiness and purchase intentions.

Design/methodology/approach
The hypotheses are tested by three experimental studies in three different retail contexts. Two lab studies manipulate the importance of the attribute and the type of message: one-sided vs two-sided. A field study improves the external validity of the findings.

Findings
A two-sided message from a salesperson reduces the use of persuasion knowledge and, therefore, enhances the consumer’s perception of the salesperson’s trustworthiness; this positive effect remains significant across different levels of importance of the discounting attribute. A two-sided message decreases the consumer’s probability of purchase only when an important attribute is disclaimed, through the consumer’s beliefs regarding the product’s attributes.

Practical implications
For the appropriate use of two-sided appeals, retailers should identify the importance of product attributes from the consumers’ perspective. A negative remark from a salesperson when referred to an unimportant attribute makes no harm to purchase intentions while leading to stronger intentions to return to the store and to recommend the store by enhancing trustworthiness.

Originality/value
This paper shows that it is possible to enhance trustworthiness through a two-sided message without mitigating the intentions of buying by discounting an attribute at low importance in the two-sided message.
Asymmetric demand patterns for products with added nutritional benefits and products without nutritional benefits
Authors: Yan Ji , Tian Kun , Heravi Saeed , Morgan Peter 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to investigate consumers’ demand patterns for products with nutritional benefits and products with no nutritional benefits across processed healthy and unhealthy foods. This paper integrates price changes (i.e. increases and decreases) into a demand model and quantifies their relative impact on the quantity of food purchased. First, how demand patterns vary across processed healthy and unhealthy products is investigated; second, how demand patterns vary across nutrition-benefited (NB) products and non-nutrition-benefited (NNB) products is examined; and third, how consumers respond to price increases and decreases for NB across processed healthy and unhealthy foods is investigated.

Design/methodology/approach
Here, a demand model quantifying scenarios for price changes in consumer food choice behaviour is proposed, and controlled for heterogeneity at household, store and brand levels.

Findings
Consumers exhibit greater sensitivity to price decreases and less sensitivity to price increases across both processed healthy and unhealthy foods. Moreover, the research shows that consumers’ demand sensitivity is greater for NNB products than for NB products, supporting our prediction that NB products have higher brand equity than NNB products. Furthermore, the research shows that consumers are more responsive to price decreases than price increases for processed healthy NB foods, but more responsive to price increases than price decreases for unhealthy NB foods. The findings suggest that consumers exhibit a desirable demand pattern for products with nutritional benefits.

Originality/value
Although studies on the effects of nutritional benefits on demand have proliferated in recent years, researchers have only estimated their impact without considering the effect of price changes. This paper contributes by examining consumers’ price sensitivity for NB products across processed healthy and unhealthy foods based on consumer scanner data, considering both directionalities of price changes.
Political ideologies as shapers of future tourism development
Authors: Webster Craig , Ivanov Stanislav 
Published: October 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify the link between political ideology and the management of tourism in countries. The authors stipulate that the predominant political ideology in the country influences the nature and logic of state interventions in the tourism industry.Design/methodology/approachThe paper elaborates several case studies from various countries – Bulgaria, Cyprus, Scandinavia, Russia, USA, China, Japan, Indonesia, and North Korea.FindingsCountries with predominant (neo)liberal ideology do not typically interfere in tourism regulation, while nationalism leads governments to stimulate inbound and domestic tourism. Communist ideological approaches tend to be burdensome, inhibiting growth while stressing the promotion of the socialist achievements of a country. Countries that are traditionally thought of as social democratic have been evolving in recent years to regulate tourism in ways that are more liberal in nature than social democratic.Practical implicationsPolitical ideologies shape the acceptability of government support for private tourist companies, legislation in field of tourism, limitation/stimulation of inbound/outbound tourist flows. For the future the authors expect greater politicisation of tourism, active tourism “wars” between countries, greater control of governments on populations, thriving nationalism, “aggressive” environmentalism.Originality/valueThis is one of the first papers to discuss the impact of the political ideology on the management of tourism at the national level.
New opportunities for future tourism after 25 years of political and socioeconomic transformation – foresight in Poland’s tourism planning
Authors: Awedyk Matylda , Niezgoda Agnieszka 
Published: October 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the changes in political and socioeconomic conditions after 25 years of transformation and how it provided to adopt new methodology in tourism planning. It shows the possibilities offered by the use of the foresight process in planning the development of tourism in Poland. Since one of the main foresight goals is to identify trends, the paper takes attempt to verify trends that occurred in Poland after 1989 and if they have now and will have in the near future influence on Polish tourism. Detailed objective is to characterize the systemic transformation and its impact on the tourism economy.Design/methodology/approachPaper is the review, which used literature, legislation and strategic documents query. It also includes comparative analysis.FindingsThe analysis of the political and economic changes that have taken place in Poland over the last 25 years shows that they were positive for the development of tourism base. The impact of globalization and global trends is now clearly noticeable also in Poland. Political and economic changes allow the use of foresight methodology in studies on the future of tourism while maintaining its main attributes: anticipation, participation, action, networking, vision.Research limitations/implicationsThe analysis included the impact of political changes and social trends on the tourist economy. Proposals that show the positive aspects of these changes relate to tourism and present extensive opportunities to create scenarios, both at the national and regional levels.Practical implicationsThe analysis forms the basis for the activities of tourism entities in Poland. It shows the characteristics for the future of the tourism market particularly the demand side.Social implicationsThe analysis of changes in systemic and social trends enables anticipation of changes in tourism as a social phenomenon.Originality/valueThe paper presents the historical basis for the development of tourism in Poland after political changes in relation to the planning of tourism by using the methodology of foresight. It also presents these phenomena and social trends that have an impact on the development of tourism.
Non‐specific transient mutualism between the plant parasitic nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, and the opportunistic bacterium Serratia quinivorans BXF1, a plant‐growth promoting pine endophyte with antagonistic effects
Authors: Nascimento Francisco X. , Espada Margarida , Barbosa Pedro , Rossi Márcio J. , Vicente Cláudia S. L. , Mota Manuel 
Published: October 2016

SummaryThe aim of this study is to understand the biological role of Serratia quinivorans BXF1, a bacterium commonly found associated with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the plant parasitic nematode responsible for pine wilt disease. Therefore, we studied strain BXF1 effect in pine wilt disease. We found that strain BXF1 promoted in vitro nematode reproduction. Moreover, the presence of bacteria led to the absence of nematode chitinase gene (Bxcht‐1) expression, suggesting an effect for bacterial chitinase in nematode reproduction. Nevertheless, strain BXF1 was unable to colonize the nematode interior, bind to its cuticle with high affinity or protect the nematode from xenobiotic stress. Interestingly, strain BXF1 was able to promote tomato and pine plant‐growth, as well as to colonize its interior, thus, acting like a plant‐growth promoting endophyte. Consequently, strain BXF1 failed to induce wilting symptoms when inoculated in pine shoot artificial incisions. This bacterium also presented strong antagonistic activities against fungi and bacteria isolated from Pinus pinaster. Our results suggest that B. xylophilus does not possess a strict symbiotic community capable of inducing pine wilt disease symptoms as previously hypothesized. We show that bacteria like BXF1, which possess plant‐growth promoting and antagonistic effects, may be opportunistically associated with B. xylophilus, possibly acquired from the bacterial endophytic community of the host pine.