bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐AMINOPYRROLO(1,2‐A)‐ AND 3‐AMINOPYRROLO(1,2‐C)‐PYRIMIDINES
Authors: DOUGHTY D. G. , GLOVER E. E. , VAUGHAN K. D. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Umsetzung von 4‐Amino‐6‐methyl‐pyrimidin (II) mit Phenacylbromid und anschließend mit einer Base gibt nicht, wie berichtet wurde, das Imidazopyrimidin (I), sondern über das quaternäre Salz (III) das Pyrrolopyrimidin (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: AZO‐1,3,5‐TRIAZINES
Authors: LOEW P. , WEIS C. D. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCyanurchlorid (I) reagiert‐ mit Hydrazin zum Substitutionsprodukt (IIa), dessen Chloratome zu (IIb) und (IIc) substituiert werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESES AND PROPERTIES OF PHOSPHINO‐ AND PHOSPHINATOPYRAZOLES
Authors: FISCHER S. , HOYANO J. , PETERSON L. K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Pyrazolylphosphine und ‐arsin (I) werden durch Reaktion von Chlorphosphinen oder As‐trichlorid mit Pyrazol in Gegenwart von Triäthylamin, mit K‐ pyrazolid in Äther oder Benzol oder mit Trimethylsilylpyrazol ohne Lösungsmittel dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF TRANSITION METAL CARBONYLS WITH HETEROCYCLIC SYSTEMS. III. SN2′‐TYPE REACTION OF COMPLEXED Π‐ALLYL SYSTEMS
Authors: BECKER Y. , EISENSTADT A. , SHVO Y. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Fähigkeit komplexierter π‐A1ly1‐ systeme Austauschreaktionen einzugehen, wurde experimentell untersucht.
Cytologic subclassification of atypia of undetermined significance may predict thyroid nodules more likely to be malignant at surgery
Authors: Shrestha Rupendra T. , Hennessey James V. 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundThe atypia of undetermined significance or follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) category in the Bethesda System of reporting thyroid fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) includes various cytological findings considered to have a low risk of malignancy. It is still unclear if any particular subset of the cytological findings within this category carries a higher risk for malignancy requiring a more aggressive treatment plan.MethodsWe reviewed 221 AUS/FLUS FNAs performed between January of 2006 and May of 2012. Histopathological data from surgery was available in 101 nodules and characteristics of these nodules were analyzed. We reviewed the initial cytology report and subclassified the nodules into one of four groups: architectural atypia (AA, includes abnormal follicular arrangement but no cellular abnormalities), cellular atypia (CA, atypical cellular findings) with or without AA, Hurthle cells Predominant and Others that included otherwise unspecified AUS categories. The surgical pathology confirmed malignancy rate for each group was calculated.ResultPapillary thyroid carcinoma was the most common malignancy identified (26 of 29 or 90%). We found that in the AA only category, 2/21 (10%) nodules were malignant, whereas when CA with or without AA was present, 23/66 (35%) were malignant, significantly higher than the former group (P values of 0.025).ConclusionCA seen on initial AUS/FLUS had a higher malignancy rate compared to AA group. Further research is required to consider subclassification of this category to assign appropriate risk of malignancy for AUS nodules. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:492–498. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TiLIA: a software package for image analysis of firefly flash patterns
Authors: Konno Junsuke , Hatta‐Ohashi Yoko , Akiyoshi Ryutaro , Thancharoen Anchana , Silalom Somyot , Sakchoowong Watana , Yiu Vor , Ohba Nobuyoshi , Suzuki Hirobumi 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAs flash signaling patterns of fireflies are species specific, signal‐pattern analysis is important for understanding this system of communication. Here, we present time‐lapse image analysis (TiLIA), a free open‐source software package for signal and flight pattern analyses of fireflies that uses video‐recorded image data. TiLIA enables flight path tracing of individual fireflies and provides frame‐by‐frame coordinates and light intensity data. As an example of TiLIA capabilities, we demonstrate flash pattern analysis of the fireflies Luciola cruciata and L. lateralis during courtship behavior.
Bettungsmodul für Trägerbohlwände in mitteldichtem Sand aus an einem Großversuch validierten FEM‐Berechnungen
Authors: Jung Stefan , Vrettos Christos 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn der Baugrubenstatik für Trägerbohlwände können die haltenden Kräfte vor dem im Baugrund einbindenden Teil des Trägers mithilfe eines Bettungsmoduls berücksichtigt werden. Ein realitätsnaher Ansatz hierfür muss in der Lage sein, die Abhängigkeit der tatsächlich mobilisierten Erdwiderstandsspannungen von den Verschiebungen und der Wandgeometrie wiederzugeben. Dies war das Ziel der hier vorgestellten Parameterstudie. Die Berechnungen wurden anhand eines 3D‐Modells nach der Finiten‐Elemente‐Methode (FEM) unter Verwendung eines nichtlinearen, elasto‐plastischen Stoffgesetzes für einen typischen mitteldichten Sand, welches anhand bodenmechanischer Laborversuche kalibriert wurde, durchgeführt. Das numerische Modell wurde an Messergebnissen eines instrumentierten Großversuchs validiert. Die maßgebenden Einflussfaktoren auf Größe und Verlauf des Bettungsmoduls wurden an repräsentativen Wandsystemen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse belegen den starken Einfluss der Verschiebung, der Tiefenlage und der Druckflächenbreite. Aus den Parameterstudien wurde ein iterativer, nichtlinearer Berechnungsansatz für den Bettungsmodul hergeleitet.Subgrade reaction modulus for soldier pile walls in medium‐dense sand from FEM calculations validated on a large‐scale test. In the structural analysis of soldier pile walls, the resisting forces in the soil in front of the embedded pile can be modelled my means of a modulus of subgrade reaction. An adequate approach to this must be able to reproduce the dependency of the actually mobilized earth resistance stresses on the displacements and on the wall geometry. This was the aim of the parametric study presented herein. The calculations were carried out using a 3D model based on the finite element method (FEM) by adopting a nonlinear, elasto‐plastic constitutive law for a typical sand of medium density that has been calibrated from laboratory soil tests. The numerical model has been validated on data obtained from an instrumented large‐scale field test. The factors affecting the magnitude and the distribution of the subgrade reaction modulus were investigated on representative wall systems. The results show the strong influence of the displacement, the depth coordinate, and the width of the beam. The numerical results of the parametric study were subsequently used to derive an iterative, nonlinear relationship for the horizontal subgrade reaction modulus.
Potential Usefulness of BMD and Bone Turnover Monitoring of Zoledronic Acid Therapy Among Women With Osteoporosis: Secondary Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial Data
Authors: Bell Katy JL , Hayen Andrew , Glasziou Paul , Irwig Les , Eastell Richard , Harrison Stephanie L , Black Dennis M , Bauer Douglas C 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

We aimed to compare the clinical validity and the detectability of response of short-term changes in bone mineral density (BMD; hip and spine) and bone turnover markers (serum PINP and CTX) through secondary analysis of trial data. We analyzed data on 7765 women with osteoporosis randomized to 5-mg once-yearly infusions of zoledronic acid or placebo in the Health Outcomes and Reduced Incidence with Zoledronic Acid Once Yearly Pivotal Fracture Trial (HORIZON-PFT; trial ran from 2002 to 2006) and the first extension trial (trial ran from 2006 to 2009). We assessed the clinical validity and detectability of response for 1-year measurements of the following monitoring tests: total hip and lumbar spine BMD, serum N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (sPINP), and serum C-telopeptide of type I collagen (sCTX; 6-month measurement used). Clinical validity was assessed by examining prediction of clinical fracture in Cox models; detectability of response to treatment was assessed by the ratio of signal to noise, estimated from the distributions of change in zoledronic acid and placebo groups. Baseline measurements were available for 7683 women with hip BMD, 558 with spine BMD, 1246 with sPINP, and 517 women with sCTX. Hip BMD and sPINP ranked highly for prediction of clinical fracture, whereas sPINP and sCTX ranked highly for detectability of response to treatment. Serum PINP had the highest overall ranking. In conclusion, serum PINP is potentially useful in monitoring response to zoledronic acid. Further research is needed to evaluate the effects of monitoring PINP on treatment decisions and other clinically relevant outcomes. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Structural, Optical and Thermal Study on PEO‐Based Solid Polymer Electrolyte for Optical Device Applications
Authors: Chapi Sharanappa , S. Raghu , V. Mini , K. Archana , Thomas S. , H. Devendrappa 
Published: March 2016

SummaryThe polymer electrolytes based polyethylene oxide‐cobalt chloride (PEO‐CoCl2) films were prepared by solution casting technique and its structural property was examined by XRD study. The XRD data revealed that the amorphous nature of polymer matrix increased with increase of dopant concentration. The absorption spectra was measured in the wave range from 200–800 nm. The direct optical band gap (Eg) found decreased with increasing the concentration of cobalt chloride. The optical activation energy was evaluated using Urbach‐edges method. The thermal properties of these films were investigated with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The variation in film morphology is examined by scanning electron microscopy examination (SEM). Studies on the structural and optical properties of polymer electrolyte have attracted much attention in view of their application in optical devices like electro‐chromic display devices, fuel cells, gas sensors and solid state batteries.
High population attributable fractions of myocardial infarction associated with waist–hip ratio
Authors: Egeland Grace M. , Igland Jannicke , Vollset Stein Emil , Sulo Gerhard , Eide Geir Egil , Tell Grethe S. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveTo estimate population attributable fractions (PAF) of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) associated with anthropometric measures by sex and age.MethodsThe Cohort of Norway study identified 140,790 participants free of cardiovascular disease, 1994‐2003. Participants were followed for AMI through 2009 by record linkages through the Cardiovascular Disease in Norway Project. PAFs were adjusted for age, smoking, systolic blood pressure, diabetes, and the ratio of total cholesterol to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol.ResultsThe PAFs associated with a waist–hip ratio (WHR) in the top two quintiles were 26.1% (95% confidence interval, CI 14.6–36.1) for middle‐aged women (<60 years, mean of 41 years) and 9.3% (95% CI 3.0–15.1) for similarly aged men after adjustment for body mass index (BMI) and conventional risk factors. However, PAFs associated with anthropometric measures in elderly participants (≥ 60 years, mean of 70 years) were non‐significant in multivariable analyses. Also, WHR was a significant predictor of AMI among men and women without an enlarged waist circumference (<102 cm for men and < 88 cm for women) in adjusted analyses.ConclusionsWHR measurements could improve identification of at‐risk individuals above and beyond that of conventional risk factors, BMI, or an enlarged waist circumference.
Effect of unsaturation in bicarboxylic acid dopants for solid‐state synthesis of polyaniline
Authors: Bhandari Subhendu , Khastgir Dipak 
Published: March 2016

AbstractConjugation in the polymeric backbone leads to an electrical conducting nature for conducting polymers, and organic acids can be used as dopants to manipulate the electroactive behaviour. The present investigation deals with the effect of unsaturation in bicarboxylic acid dopant structures on the properties of polyaniline (PAni). PAni was synthesized via solvent‐free solid‐state polymerization. Oxalic acid, fumaric acid and trans,trans‐muconic acid containing 0, 1 and 2 double bonds, respectively, in their molecular structures were used as dopants. Fine particles directionally agglomerate to form nanowires. The use of a conjugated dopant results in highly crystalline PAni. With an increase in the number of double bonds in the dopant structure, the conductivity at room temperature increases, whereas the activation energy, hopping range, optical band gap and supercapacitive performance reduce. The inter‐chain hopping is expected to be favoured by the presence of unsaturation, and even more by conjugation in the dopant structure. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Naturally triggered persistent deep slab avalanches in western Canada Part II: weather trends from model forecasts
Authors: CONLAN MICHAEL , JAMIESON BRUCE 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTFor 175 difficult-to-forecast persistent deep slab avalanches, weather data were obtained from Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) models produced by Environment Canada. The focus was to determine critical parameters and thresholds for avalanche forecasting from GEM and compare them with weather station data analyzed in Part I (Conlan and Jamieson, this issue). The high-resolution GEM-limited-area model (2.5 km resolution) forecasted higher median precipitation amounts than both the lower-resolution GEM15 (15 km resolution) and weather stations within a small dataset. Air temperatures were lower for both weather models compared with the weather station data, likely because of elevation differences. A multivariate classification tree created with GEM15 data correctly classified 29 of 36 avalanches by their primary cause-of-release, using a primary split of modelled solar warming of 5.9°C, 10 cm into the snowpack. For all 175 avalanches, GEM15 forecasted significantly less precipitation than observed at the weather stations, particularly with multi-day cumulative amounts. The majority of GEM15 surface wind speeds were between 0 and 10 km h−1, producing negligible wind loading amounts. The parameter values may be helpful for predicting future persistent deep slab avalanches. However, GEM output is not always representative of field conditions and should be used in conjunction with other sources.
Grass Material as a Modern Process Standard for 14C Analysis of n-Alkanes
Authors: Cisneros-Dozal L M , Xu X , Bryant C , Pearson E J , Dungait J A J 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOne of the difficulties in reporting accurate radiocarbon results from compound-specific radiocarbon analysis (CSRA) is the lack of suitable process standard materials to correct for the amount and 14C content of carbon added during extensive sample processing. We evaluated the use of n-alkanes extracted from modern grass material (1.224±0.006 fraction modern) as process standards for CSRA. The n-alkanes were isolated using preparative capillary gas chromatography (PCGC) from two independent chemical extraction methods applied to the grass. Since this was our first assessment of the 14C content of the grass n-alkanes, we corrected for extraneous carbon derived from PCGC isolation using commercially available single compounds of modern and 14C-free content. Results were consistent across the two extraction methods showing that the C29n-alkane has a fraction modern value that is within 1σ of the bulk value of the grass while C31n-alkane and less abundant n-alkanes have values within 2σ of the bulk value of the grass. C29 and C31n-alkanes were the most abundant n-alkanes in the grass and, as such, the more feasible for collection of sufficient amounts of carbon for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) analysis. Our results suggest that choosing a grass n-alkane with an elution time closest to that of the unknowns may be advisable due to possibly greater effect from GC column bleed (14C-free) at later elution times. We conclude that C29 and C31n-alkanes in modern grass of known 14C content can be used as in-house standards to correct for the addition of 14C-free carbon during sample preparation for 14C analysis of n-alkanes.
BAAS Keynote Speech A Passion for Democracy: Proximity to Power and the Sovereign Immunity Test
Authors: NELSON DANA D. 
Published: March 2016

In the run-up to the 2004 presidential election, a Bush administration official memorably explained to New York Times reporter Ron Suskind, “when we act, we create our own reality. And while you're studying that reality … we'll act again … We're history's actors … and you … will be left to … study what we do.” This comment was taken both as the administration's assessment of the intellectual left, and as a window into Bush's executive philosophy. Then many believed then that a different President – a liberal or progressive President – would renounce such unilateralism. But these arguments didn't evidence the peculiarity of George W. Bush's Machtpolitik. Rather, they draw on a deep and relatively unnoticed tradition in US political history and government, of the ever more aggressive executive expansion of presidential powers. That expansion has come through the ambitions, machinations, and moxie of individual Presidents – some of them impressively gifted leaders. It has also come through the active and passive consent of citizens, Congress, and the Supreme Court. The President has come to symbolize both our democratic process and our national power: citizens see him simultaneously as democracy's heart and its avenging sword. That trust, trained into US citizens from our earliest days in school, reinforced by popular culture and by the media, makes citizens want to give the President more power, regardless of the Constitutional checks and balances we also learn to treasure as schoolchildren. Over time, this accumulating consent to ever-increasing presidential power means that Presidents are free to act – even in ways that upset the Constitution's balance of power – and that citizens by and large approve, and those who don't are left studying what they did.
The complete mitochondrial genome of Orthocoelium streptocoelium (Digenea: Paramphistomidae) for comparison with other digeneans
Authors: Zhao Y.Y. , Yang X. , Chen H.M. , Wang L.X. , Feng H.L. , Zhao P.F. , Tan L. , Lei W.Q. , Ao Y. , Hu M. , Fang R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOrthocoelium streptocoelium is a common paramphistome species parasitizing the rumen and/or reticulum of small ruminants, leading to significant losses. This study first determined the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of O. streptocoelium. The complete mt genome of O. streptocoelium was amplified, sequenced, assembled, analysed and then compared with those of other digeneans. The entire mt genome of O. streptocoelium is 13,800 bp in length, which is smaller than those of other digeneans except for Opisthorchis viverrini. This mt genome contains 12 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes and two non-coding regions. The arrangement of the O. streptocoelium mt genome is the same as those of other digeneans except for Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma spindale. Phylogenetic analyses based on concatenated amino acid sequences of the 12 protein-coding genes representing 16 digeneans were conducted to assess the relationship of O. streptocoelium with other digeneans. The result indicated that O. streptocoelium is closely related to Paramphistomum cervi and Fischoederius elongates, which is in accordance with their relationships by taxonomy. This complete mt genome of O. streptocoelium enriched the mitochondrial genome data of paramphistomes and provided important molecular markers for diagnostics and studies of population variation, epidemiology, ecology and evolution of O. streptocoelium and other digeneans.
Using linear constraints for logic program termination analysis
Authors: CALAUTTI MARCO , GRECO SERGIO , MOLINARO CRISTIAN , TRUBITSYNA IRINA 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIt is widely acknowledged that function symbols are an important feature in answer set programming, as they make modelling easier, increase the expressive power, and allow us to deal with infinite domains. The main issue with their introduction is that the evaluation of a program might not terminate and checking whether it terminates or not is undecidable. To cope with this problem, several classes of logic programs have been proposed where the use of function symbols is restricted but the program evaluation termination is guaranteed. Despite the significant body of work in this area, current approaches do not include many simple practical programs whose evaluation terminates. In this paper, we present the novel classes ofrule-boundedandcycle-bounded programs, which overcome different limitations of current approaches by performing a more global analysis of how terms are propagated from the body to the head of rules. Results on the correctness, the complexity, and the expressivity of the proposed approach are provided.
Observational Evidence for Galactic Spiral Structure
Authors: Bok Bart J. 
Published: March 2016

Does our Galaxy possess spiral structure and, if so, can this structure be traced observationally with some degree of confidence? This is the major question to which I shall address myself tonight. Following my talk, Professor Lin will speak about the theoretical aspects of spiral structure. I shall be very brief in my references to spiral structure in galaxies outside our own and leave it largely to Professor Lin to speak about observations on other spiral galaxies and their relevance for possible theoretical interpretations.A year ago, my good and distinguished friend Professor B. A. Vorontsov-Velyaminov chided me in his address at the Basel Symposium for having been too eager to accept the fact that observation suggests that our Galaxy really possesses spiral structure. I hope to show in my Discourse that for our Galaxy we have indeed evidence for the presence of an underlying structure of spiral features.
Opening Remarks at Joint Discussion on the Helium in the Universe
Authors: Osterbrock D. E. 
Published: March 2016

I wish to thank the Organizing Committee members who planned and organized this Joint Discussion - Professor Fowler, who will preside this afternoon, Dr Hearn, Dr Reeves, Professor Tayler, Professor Underhill, Professor Wallerstein, and Professor Mathis, who has consented to edit the published proceedings.We feel we have assembled a team of the world’s greatest experts on the helium problem, and we know that there are many other even greater experts in the audience. The general idea of the program is that the first session will be devoted to deductions about what the abundance (or abundances) of helium is (or are) in various objects, and the second session to what these abundances imply about stellar, galactic, or universal evolution. We very much want to encourage discussion and the presentation of new results following each review paper.It is particularly appropriate to discuss helium at this IAU General Assembly in England, as this element was discovered in 1868 by Sir Norman Lockyer, who measured λ5876 in the spectrum of the chromosphere, and realized that none of the then known elements could produce it. Helium is thus a real British astronomical element. Furthermore, helium was first identified on the Earth by Sir William Ramsay, who observed the same line in the gas obtained from uranium, and thus showed it was a terrestrial element too.