bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Type I Interferon Regulates the Placental Inflammatory Response to Bacteria and is Targeted by Virus: Mechanism of Polymicrobial Infection‐Induced Preterm Birth
Authors: Racicot Karen , Kwon Ja Young , Aldo Paulomi , Abrahams Vikki , El‐Guindy Ayman , Romero Roberto , Mor Gil 
Published: February 2016

ProblemPreterm birth (PTB) affects approximately 12% of pregnancies and at least 50% of cases have no known risk factors. We hypothesize that subclinical viral infections of the placenta are a factor sensitizing women to intrauterine bacterial infection. Specifically, we propose that viral‐induced placental IFN‐β inhibition results in a robust inflammatory response to low concentrations of bacteria.MethodsHuman trophoblast SW.71, C57BL/6, and interferon (IFN) receptor knockout animals were used to determine IFN function. Illumina and Bio‐Rad microarrays identified pathways.ResultsInhibiting the IFN‐β pathway resulted in a significant increase in inflammatory cytokines such as IL‐1B in response to LPS. Twist was positively correlated with IFN‐β expression and STAT3 phosphorylation and overexpressing Twist reduced IL‐1B. Treating IFNAR−/− mice with low‐dose LPS at E15.5 caused preterm birth.ConclusionIFN‐β was identified as a key modulator of placental inflammation and, importantly, is commonly affected by viruses. We propose dysregulation of IFN‐β is a major determinant for preterm birth associated with polymicrobial infection.
Ophthalmological characteristics in children with Leigh syndrome – A long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Åkebrand Rebecka , Andersson Susann , Seyedi Honarvar Antovan K. , Sofou Kalliopi , Darin Niklas , Tulinius Mar , Grönlund Marita Andersson 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPurposeTo describe ophthalmological characteristics in children with Leigh syndrome (LS), an inherited, progressive, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, at diagnosis and over time, and relate the results to causative genetic mutations.MethodsForty‐four children with LS (19 females), with a median age of 2.4 years (range: 0.6–14.2 years) at diagnosis, were studied at the Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. Twenty‐eight children had known genetic defects. The children underwent an ophthalmological examination, including visual acuity (VA), eye motility, refraction, slit lamp examination, ophthalmoscopy and a full‐field electroretinogram (ff‐ERG). Seventeen children were available for follow‐up over a mean time of 5.4 years (range: 0.3–14.8 years). The results of these children were compared with an age‐ and sex‐matched reference group of healthy children (n = 119).ResultsAltogether 36/44 of the children (82%) had ophthalmological abnormalities. The most common findings were refractive errors (n = 16/25), low VA (n = 9/36), strabismus (n = 8/42), reduced eye motility (n = 8/40), optic atrophy (n = 7/41), retinal pigmentation (n = 6/40) and nystagmus (n = 6/42). Several ophthalmological manifestations appeared over time. In 5/22 children, ff‐ERG showed retinal dystrophy. No significant correlation between phenotype and genotype was found. The children with LS had significantly lower VA (p < 0.0001, Mantel‐Haenszel chi‐square exact test), more astigmatism (p = 0.012, Fisher′s exact test) and higher incidence of strabismus (p = 0.0002) compared to controls at follow‐up.ConclusionsIn this unique cohort of children with LS, the vast majority showed ophthalmological findings at diagnosis, which increased over time. Therefore, we recommend that all children diagnosed with LS should be followed up with regular ophthalmological examinations.
The validity and reliability of the EValuation of INtervention Scale: preliminary report
Authors: Warren Inga , Hicks Beverley , Kleberg Agneta , Eliahoo Joseph , Anand Kanwaljeet J. S. , Hickson Mary 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimPain management is a priority for infants receiving neonatal care as they undergo many necessary painful and stressful interventions, which are associated with negative short‐ or long‐term consequences. This study aims to validate the content, and test the reliability, of the EValuation of INtervention Scale (EVIN), which is designed to evaluate the use of widely recommended nonpharmacological strategies to reduce neonatal pain and stress during procedures.MethodsThe content of the EVIN was validated with multidisciplinary participation (N = 80), and consistency was established via observations on preterm infants (N = 12, at 31–34 weeks' gestation) during interventions in a neonatal unit. A revised scale was tested for inter‐rater reliability with observations of invasive (blood sampling, N = 16) and noninvasive (nappy change, N = 18) interventions. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to determine inter‐rater reliability. SPSS (PASW Statistics) version 18 was used for analysis.ResultsVery good intraclass correlation coefficients (>0.8) for both invasive (0.962) and noninvasive procedures (0.970) were achieved.ConclusionThese results indicate that the EVIN is suitable for the evaluation of nonpharmacological support during painful or stressful interventions.
The heterogeneity of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and conduct problems: Cognitive inhibition, emotion regulation, emotionality, and disorganized attachment
Authors: Forslund Tommie , Brocki Karin C. , Bohlin Gunilla , Granqvist Pehr , Eninger Lilianne 
Published: February 2016

This study examined the contributions of several important domains of functioning to attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and conduct problems. Specifically, we investigated whether cognitive inhibition, emotion regulation, emotionality, and disorganized attachment made independent and specific contributions to these externalizing behaviour problems from a multiple pathways perspective. The study included laboratory measures of cognitive inhibition and disorganized attachment in 184 typically developing children (M age = 6 years, 10 months, SD = 1.7). Parental ratings provided measures of emotion regulation, emotionality, and externalizing behaviour problems. Results revealed that cognitive inhibition, regulation of positive emotion, and positive emotionality were independently and specifically related to ADHD symptoms. Disorganized attachment and negative emotionality formed independent and specific relations to conduct problems. Our findings support the multiple pathways perspective on ADHD, with poor regulation of positive emotion and high positive emotionality making distinct contributions to ADHD symptoms. More specifically, our results support the proposal of a temperamentally based pathway to ADHD symptoms. The findings also indicate that disorganized attachment and negative emotionality constitute pathways specific to conduct problems rather than to ADHD symptoms.
Assessment of home hazards for childhood injuries in an urban population in New Delhi
Authors: Parmeswaran G. G. , Kalaivani M. , Gupta S. K. , Goswami A. K. , Nongkynrih B. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundChildhood injuries, especially the unintentional category of injuries, occur most commonly in the environment inside a child's home. The primary objective of the present study was to assess the presence of home hazards for childhood injuries in households in an urban resettlement colony in New Delhi.MethodsA community‐based cross‐sectional study was carried out in an urban resettlement colony in Delhi. A hazards assessment tool was used to check the presence of hazards in the houses.ResultsA total of 225 households were included. It was seen that121 (53.7%) had a cooking stove within the reach of the child, and 190 (84.3%) had the gas pipe within reach. Fire hazard was seen in 84% of houses. About 78% of households did not have locked storage for chemicals.ConclusionThe study revealed a significant burden of hazards for childhood injuries within their own homes, thus emphasizing the need for injury prevention interventions to reduce the number of hazards.
Longitudinal study of caries progression in 2‐ and 3‐year‐old German children
Authors: Pitchika Vinay , Kokel Claudia , Andreeva Jana , Crispin Alexander , Hickel Reinhard , Garcia‐Godoy Franklin , Kühnisch Jan , Heinrich‐Weltzien Roswitha 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectiveThis 2‐year longitudinal study in 2‐ and 3‐year‐old kindergarten children investigated lesion progression on different surfaces of primary teeth.MethodsThe study was conducted between September 2008 and September 2010 on a sample of 400 children from the Kyffhäuser district (Thuringia, Germany). A calibrated investigator recorded (non)cavitated caries lesions according to World Health Organization (WHO), International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) and Universal Visual Scoring System (UniViSS) criteria. Nonparametric methods and linear regression using a mixed‐effects model with an unbalanced design were used for data analysis.ResultsThere was a significant increase in the prevalence of noncavitated caries lesions during the 2‐year period, with the highest chance for change on all surfaces compared to cavitated lesions. First visible sign lesions on occlusal surfaces had the highest chance for change (estimate 0.38), whereas established lesions revealed the highest chance for change on proximal (estimate 1.05) and smooth surfaces (estimate 0.62). Proximal lesions exhibited the greatest chance for change irrespective of severity level.ConclusionOur study demonstrated that each type of carious lesion had different changing rates. Greater lesion severity correlated with greater chances to change and receive treatment. This information is crucial for dental practitioners in decision‐making processes.
The psychological cycle behind dental appointment attendance: a cross‐sectional study of experiences, anticipations, and behavioral intentions
Authors: Schneider Annegret , Andrade Jackie , Tanja‐Dijkstra Karin , White Mathew , Moles David R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectivesThis study explored a promising theoretical model to explain dental patients’ experiences and planning behavior for future appointments. The model predicts that patients pass through a ‘psychological cycle’ when undergoing a course of dental care: past appointment experiences influence their anticipations for future dental visits, which in turn affect behavioral intentions to attend appointments.MethodsVariables representing the hypothesized model stages and other potentially relevant context variables (dental anxiety, subjective oral health ratings, general anxiety, stress) were assessed by means of a cross‐sectional online survey (n= 311). Multiple regression analyses were calculated to estimate the model's fit while controlling for potentially confounding factors.ResultsConsistent with the hypothesized cycle, recollections of past appointment experiences influenced behavioral intentions to attend future appointments. This association was mediated by evaluations of prior visits and expectations for future appointments. The variables included within this model explained 42% of the variance in attendance intentions when controlling for the potential moderating effects of context variables.ConclusionsThe findings highlight the contribution of cognitive factors, such as evaluations and expectations, to patients’ attendance intentions. This knowledge could help find ways to improve treatment expectations to foster better dental service utilization.
Subchronic exposures to fungal bioaerosols promotes allergic pulmonary inflammation in naïve mice
Authors: Nayak A. P. , Green B. J. , Lemons A. R. , Marshall N. B. , Goldsmith W. T. , Kashon M. L. , Anderson S. E. , Germolec D. R. , Beezhold D. H. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryBackgroundEpidemiological surveys indicate that occupants of mold contaminated environments are at increased risk of respiratory symptoms. The immunological mechanisms associated with these responses require further characterization.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to characterize the immunotoxicological outcomes following repeated inhalation of dry Aspergillus fumigatus spores aerosolized at concentrations potentially encountered in contaminated indoor environments.MethodsAspergillus fumigatus spores were delivered to the lungs of naïve BALB/cJ mice housed in a multi‐animal nose‐only chamber twice a week for a period of 13 weeks. Mice were evaluated at 24 and 48 h post‐exposure for histopathological changes in lung architecture, recruitment of specific immune cells to the airways, and serum antibody responses.ResultGerminating A. fumigatus spores were observed in lungs along with persistent fungal debris in the perivascular regions of the lungs. Repeated exposures promoted pleocellular infiltration with concomitant epithelial mucus hypersecretion, goblet cell metaplasia, subepithelial fibrosis and enhanced airway hyperreactivity. Cellular infiltration in airways was predominated by CD4+ T cells expressing the pro‐allergic cytokine IL‐13. Furthermore, our studies show that antifungal T cell responses (IFN‐γ+ or IL‐17A+) co‐expressed IL‐13, revealing a novel mechanism for the dysregulated immune response to inhaled fungi. Total IgE production was augmented in animals repeatedly exposed to A. fumigatus.Conclusions & Clinical RelevanceRepeated inhalation of fungal aerosols resulted in significant pulmonary pathology mediated by dynamic shifts in specific immune populations and their cytokines. These studies provide novel insights into the immunological mechanisms and targets that govern the health outcomes that result from repeated inhalation of fungal bioaerosols in contaminated environments.
Addison's disease with polyglandular autoimmunity carries a more than 2·5‐fold risk for adrenal crises: German Health insurance data 2010–2013
Authors: Meyer Gesine , Badenhoop Klaus , Linder Roland 
Published: February 2016

SummaryObjectiveAdrenal crises are potentially life‐threatening complications in patients with adrenal insufficiency (AI). Our objective was to investigate the frequency of adrenal crises in different forms of AI.Design/PatientsThe Statutory Health Insurance (SHI) database of the Techniker Krankenkasse – covering more than 12% of the German population – was analysed for diagnostic codes from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2013.MeasurementsBy analysis of routine data from a large healthcare provider. Diagnoses of AI were recorded and classified in primary AI, secondary AI and autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS). The ICD‐code E27·2 (AC) was retrieved in all cohorts.ResultsWe found a prevalence of 222/million for secondary and 126/million for primary AI. AC was documented with a frequency of 4·8/100 patient years. Crises were significantly more frequent in patients with primary (7·6/100 patient years) compared to those with secondary AI (3·2/100 patient years; P < 0·0001). Prevalence of crises was higher in individuals with APS (10·9/100 patient years) and highest in patients with primary AI and type 1 diabetes (12·5/100 patient years).ConclusionsApplying a SHI database comprising more than 9 million individuals, we identified robust data about the risk of AC in different groups of patients with AI. Our data confirm and extend the clinical observation that patients with APS are at highest risk for AC. Approximately 1 of 8 patients with primary AI and type 1 diabetes suffers from an AC each year. Specific targeting of efforts aiming at the prevention of AC is necessary.
Autonomic control of inflammation
Authors: Suzuki Kazuhiro , Nakai Akiko 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSubstantial evidence has long suggested that various aspects of the immune system are affected by the activity of the nervous system. However, how the inputs from the nervous system are converted into the outputs from the immune system had been largely unclear. Studies in the past decade revealed the cellular and molecular basis by which inputs from the autonomic and somatosensory nervous systems control the development and functions of immune cells. The principal autonomic neurotransmitters, acetylcholine and noradrenaline, are involved in immune regulation in the context of inflammation through various molecular pathways. Circadian oscillations in the activity of the autonomic nervous system allow concerted actions of immune cells. In the present review, we integrate the current knowledge about the autonomic regulation of inflammatory responses, and provide pathophysiological and therapeutic implications.
Using Q methodology to understand how child protection social workers use attachment theory
Authors: Wilkins David 
Published: February 2016

AbstractChild and family social workers in England are expected to integrate theory and research into their practice. This study investigated how a small sample of social workers from three Local Authorities in Southern England used key ideas from contemporary attachment theory when working with children who may have been abused or neglected. Twenty‐four social workers completed a Q‐sort of 49 items. Four factors emerged from the data, each representing a distinct collective perspective – the use of attachment theory (1) to enable a focus on and better understanding of the child; (2) to enable social workers to take clear decisions and interview purposefully; (3) to emphasize the primacy of relationships and ethical partnership working and (3) as a general framework for understanding and helping parents. These factors are described alongside a discussion of the implications for the use of theory and research in practice.
The phylogeny of Hildoceratidae (Cephalopoda, Ammonitida) resolved by an integrated coding scheme of the conch
Authors: Bardin Jérémie , Rouget Isabelle , Cecca Fabrizio 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAmmonite phylogeny has mainly been established based on a stratigraphic approach, with cladistics underconsidered. The main arguments against the use of cladistics are the supposed large amount of homoplasy and the small number of characters. Resolving the phylogeny of the Hildoceratidae (Early Jurassic) is especially challenging because of its large diversity and disparity. Many forms that have not been determined as closely related in previous studies exhibit very similar shapes. Moreover, some groups are morphologically very different, adding difficulties to building a unique coding scheme at a low taxonomic resolution (i.e. species). Here we propose an integrated coding scheme of the peristome shape and the ornamentation, allowing an increased level of comparison. The shape of the peristome is used as a new reference to locate ornamental features and propose new homology hypotheses. In total, 105 taxa have been analysed for 47 characters. We code continuous characters by their means and ranges ± one standard deviation. We test two weighting schemes: equal weights standardized by unit range and implied weighting with several concavity constants. This work has led to redefinition of the phylogenetic inclusivenesses of all the hildoceratid subfamilies. The new coding scheme based on peristome shapes provides the fewest homoplastic characters. The schemes appear promising to improve phylogenetic analyses in ammonoids as well as molluscs as a whole by creating a general coding framework.
Effects of home and education environments on children's motor performance in China
Authors: Hua Jing , Duan Tao , Gu Guixiong , Wo Da , Zhu Qinqin , Liu Jiang‐Qin , Liu Ming , Wu Zhuochun , Meng Wei 
Published: February 2016

AimThe aim of this study was to examine the effects of home and educational environments on children's motor performance in China.MethodWe conducted a cross‐sectional study of 4001 preschool children selected from 160 classes. The children's motor performance was assessed using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd edition (MABC‐2). Home and educational environments were evaluated using validated checklists. The effects of home and educational environments on motor performance were analysed using mixed and multilevel logistic regression models.ResultsThe results showed that one score increase in the outside space of the family home was positively associated with the increase in total test score (0.104) subtest score of aiming and catching (0.037), and balance (0.034) of the MABC‐2, after adjusting for potential confounders (each p<0.05). Possession of motor toys at home and parental rearing behaviours were also related to total test score, manual dexterity, and balance (β=0.022–0.104, each p<0.05). Space and furnishings, activity, and interaction in the classroom had a significant positive association with total test score (β=0.069–0.201), and with subtest scores of manual dexterity, aiming and catching, and balance respectively (β=0.115–0.206). Space and furnishings of classrooms and possession of toys in the household were protective factors for ‘at risk’ or significant poor performance (odds ratio 0.942–0.973, each p<0.05).InterpretationA permissive and accepting family and educational environment made a positive contribution to children's motor performance. Access to sufficient space and furnishings within the classroom, as well as toys in the family, were protective factors for poor motor performance. Future assistance is needed to support an advantageous environment in early childhood programmes in China.
Utilisation of plant functional diversity in wildflower strips for the delivery of multiple agroecosystem services
Authors: Balzan Mario V. , Bocci Gionata , Moonen Anna‐Camilla 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIncreased plant diversity in cropping systems can play an important role in agriculture by enhancing arthropod‐mediated ecosystem services, including biological control and pollination. However, there is limited research investigating the concurrent influence of plant functional diversity within cultivated systems on different arthropod functional groups, the provision of multiple ecosystem services, and crop yield. During a field experiment, repeated over 2 years, we measured the effect of increasing plant functional diversity on community structure of arthropod visitors, the abundance of multiple pests and induced crop damage, and fruit production in two varieties of tomato. Plant resources (floral and extra‐floral nectar and pollen) were included within experimental plots in four levels, with each level increasing the plant functional group richness, based on floral morphology and availability of resources, in a replacement series. The presence of sown flower mixtures in experimental plots was associated with increased abundance and diversity of natural enemy functional groups and an enhanced abundance of bees (Hymenoptera:Apiformes). However, we only detected relatively small variability in arthropod visitors among types of mixtures, and increased abundance of natural enemies did not translate into stronger pest suppression or reduced crop damage. Lepidoptera pest damage was significantly higher in plots adjacent to wildflower strips, an ecosystem disservice, but a significantly higher crop productivity was recorded from these plots. Our results provide evidence that inclusion of non‐crop plant resources in agroecosystems can improve the conservation of beneficial arthropods and may lead to increased crop productivity.