bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cluster analysis of European surface ozone observations for evaluation of MACC reanalysis data
Authors: Lyapina Olga , Schultz Martin G. , Hense Andreas 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. The high density of European surface ozone monitoring sites provides unique opportunities for the investigation of regional ozone representativeness and for the evaluation of chemistry climate models. The regional representativeness of European ozone measurements is examined through a cluster analysis (CA) of 4 years of 3-hourly ozone data from 1492 European surface monitoring stations in the Airbase database; the time resolution corresponds to the output frequency of the model that is compared to the data in this study. K-means clustering is implemented for seasonal–diurnal variations (i) in absolute mixing ratio units and (ii) normalized by the overall mean ozone mixing ratio at each site. Statistical tests suggest that each CA can distinguish between four and five different ozone pollution regimes. The individual clusters reveal differences in seasonal–diurnal cycles, showing typical patterns of the ozone behavior for more polluted stations or more rural background. The robustness of the clustering was tested with a series of k-means runs decreasing randomly the size of the initial data set or lengths of the time series. Except for the Po Valley, the clustering does not provide a regional differentiation, as the member stations within each cluster are generally distributed all over Europe. The typical seasonal, diurnal, and weekly cycles of each cluster are compared to the output of the multi-year global reanalysis produced within the Monitoring of Atmospheric Composition and Climate (MACC) project. While the MACC reanalysis generally captures the shape of the diurnal cycles and the diurnal amplitudes, it is not able to reproduce the seasonal cycles very well and it exhibits a high bias up to 12 nmol mol−1. The bias decreases from more polluted clusters to cleaner ones. Also, the seasonal and weekly cycles and frequency distributions of ozone mixing ratios are better described for clusters with relatively clean signatures. Due to relative sparsity of CO and NOx measurements these were not included in the CA. However, simulated CO and NOx mixing ratios are consistent with the general classification into more polluted and more background sites. Mean CO mixing ratios are within 140–145 nmol mol−1 (CL1–CL3) and 130–135 nmol mol−1 (CL4 and CL5), and NOx mixing ratios are within 4–6 nmol mol−1 and 2–3 nmol mol−1, respectively. These results confirm that relatively coarse-scale global models are more suitable for simulation of regional background concentrations, which are less variable in space and time. We conclude that CA of surface ozone observations provides a powerful and robust way to stratify sets of stations, being thus more suitable for model evaluation.
Rusmiddelbruk i Norge
Authors: Nordlund Sturla 
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGAlkohol er, og har alltid vært, det dominerende rusmiddel i Norge, men forbruket har variert enormt gjennomtidene. I løpet av de siste 200 år har det variert med en faktor på ca. 20. Forbruket har imidlertid aldri værtspesielt høyt i internasjonal målestokk. Omtrent 87 prosent av den voksne befolkningen (15 år og over) oppgirat de har drukket alkohol minst en gang i løpet av siste år. Mange drikker imidlertid betydelig hyppigere oghar et høyt forbruk. Det kan anslås at ca. 55 000 nordmenn har et forbruk på mer enn 10 cl ren alkohol pr. dag(dvs. 36,5 liter pr. år). Alkoholforbruket er størst i Oslo og områdene omkring Oslofjorden, samt i Rogaland,Hedmark og Sør-Trøndelag. Menn drikker omtrent to og en halv gang mer enn kvinner. Forbruket øker moten topp rundt 20-års alderen og synker deretter. Cannabisbruk kom inn som et ungdomsfenomen på midten av1960-tallet. Ca. 10 prosent av ungdommen mellom 15 og 20 år sier de har prøvd cannabis en eller annengang, mens det tilsvarende tallet for Oslo er nesten dobbelt så høyt. Ca. 11 prosent av den voksnebefolkningen har noen gang prøvd cannabis, mens under 4 prosent har brukt det i løpet av siste 12 måneder.Nordlund S. The use of alcohol and other drugs in Norway. Nor J Epidemiol 1996; 6 (1): 3-12. ENGLISH SUMMARYAlcohol is, and has always been, the dominant intoxicant in Norway. However, the extent of use has variedenormously over the years, with amounts varying by a factor of about 20 during the last 200 years. Alcoholuse has never been especially high by international comparison. About 87 per cent of the population aged 15and over report having consumed alcohol at least once during the past year, but many Norwegians drink muchmore frequently and have a high level of consumption. It is estimated that about 55 000 Norwegians consumeon the average more than 10 cl of pure alcohol per day (36.5 litres per year). The consumption levels areabove average in the Oslofjord area and in the counties of Rogaland, Hedmark and Sør-Trøndelag. Men drinkabout two-and-a-half times more than women. Consumption reaches a maximum around age 20, anddecreases thereafter. The use of cannabis started as a youth phenomenon in the mid-sixties. About 10 per centof Norwegian youth between 15 and 20 years of age have ever used cannabis, while the figure for Oslo isnearly 20 per cent. About 11 per cent of the adult population have ever used cannabis, while less than 4 percent have used it during the last 12 months.
Tenåringsdrikking i utviklingspsykologisk perspektiv
Authors: Pape Hilde 
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGHvorfor er alkohol så populært blant unge mennesker? Dette viktige spørsmålet har vært gjenstand for fåempiriske studier. Forskningsbasert kunnskap om alkoholens positive sider og forsterkende egenskaper erderfor av begrenset omfang. Derimot har tallrike undersøkelser fokusert på ulike skadevirkninger som følgeav tenåringsdrikking. Resultatene av denne forskningen har bidratt til å understreke behovet for en aktivrusforebyggende innsats. Innsikt i alkoholens opplevde goder er imidlertid nødvendig for å kunne utvikleeffektive forebyggingsstrategier. På denne bakgrunn er søkelyset i artikkelen rettet mot psykososiale funksjonerved unge menneskers drikkevaner. Spørsmål knyttet til gruppepress og modell-læring vil også bli berørt.Hensikten er å formidle sentrale funn fra nyere forskning på feltet. Oppsummeringsvis tyder resultatene på atalkohol har en særlig appell til ungdom som er veltilpassede og sosialt anlagte. Samtidig ser det ut til atdrikking kan bidra til å fremme utviklingsprosessen i ungdomstida, men at det primært handler om indirekteeffekter. Hvilke implikasjoner de ulike funnene har mht. forebygging, er skissert i avslutningsdelen.Pape H. Teenage alcohol use from the perspective of psychological development.Nor J EpidemiolEWhy is alcohol so popular among young people? So far, few studies have addressed this important question.The body of scientific research on the positive and reinforcing aspects of drinking is accordingly of limitedextent. Numerous studies have focused on the harmful effects of teenage alcohol use and the findings clearlyunderscore the importance of primary prevention. Knowledge about the perceived advantages of alcohol useis needed to develop effective preventive programs, however. On this background, the article focuses onpsychosocial functions of youthful drinking. Findings from recent research regarding the link between alcoholuse and various indicators of adolescent adjustment are reviewed. In conclusion, empirical evidence indicatesthat alcohol has a special appeal to well-adjusted adolescents. Indirectly, drinking may also promotesociability and psychological development in young people. The article also discusses the importance of peerpressure and social modelling. Finally, some implications for preventive efforts are outlined.NGLISH SUMMARY1996; 6 (1): 85-90.
Alcohol and trauma: The impact of acute and chronic alcohol abuse on injury severity and death in a trauma population
Authors: Nilssen Odd 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTStudy objectives Design Setting Participants Main results Conclusion Key words Abbreviations : AIS (Abbreviated Injury Scale); BAL (blood alcohol level); GDH (glutamate dehydrogenase); GGT(gamma-glutamyltransferase); HMC (Harborview Medical Centre); ISS (Injury Severity Score); MCV (mean corpuscularvolume); MV-occupants (motor vehicle occupants); SMAST (Short Michigan Alcohol Screening Test); WAM(weighed alcohol markers).: alcohol markers; biological; injury severity; lethality; screening tests; trauma: This study indicates that acute and chronic alcohol use, at least for some types of injury, hascontrasting effects on injury severity and mortality in men and women hospitalized for trauma. Futurestudies on alcohol and trauma should recognize this, and present sex-specific analyses.: The effect of alcohol use on injury severity and mortality was different between genders.Increasing use of alcohol in men showed a "protective" effect, while the opposite effect was observed inwomen. With the exception of injury severity in motor vehicle occupants and motorcyclists, the "protective"effect of alcohol was found for all types of trauma in men, whereas increasing alcohol use in womenwas associated with an increase in injury severity and mortality for penetrating injuries and for motorvehicle occupants and motorcyclists. Women with blunt injuries, however, showed the same "protective"effect from alcohol as observed in men. No differences was found between acute and chronic alcohol usewith respect to trauma morbidity and mortality.: 2195 men and 664 women 18 years or older, admitted with blunt or penetrating trauma.: Regional Level 1 trauma center in Seattle, Washington, USA.: A prospective cohort study.: To explore possible impact of acute and chronic alcohol abuse on injury severity andmortality in male and female trauma patients.
Utslåtte kvinner og oppegående menn – Rusmisbrukere i behandling
Authors: Vandeskog Abbi , Skutle Arvid 
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGDenne undersøkelsen fokuserer på kjønnsforskjeller blant mannlige og kvinnelige misbrukere med hensyntil sosiodemografi, behandlingshistorie og rusmiddelmisbruk. 149 klienter (51 kvinner) ble rekruttert fra enbehandlingsinstitusjon. Flere kvinner enn menn er uten arbeid, og lever på ulike former for sosial støtte.Relativt sett få kvinner har mottatt behandling for sitt rusproblem tidligere, inkludert avrusning. De harkortere misbrukskarrierer før de kommer til behandling, og drikker mindre alkohol enn menn. Imidlertid erflere av dem blandingsmisbrukere, hyppigst kombineres alkohol og benzodiazepiner.Vandeskog A, Skutle A. Gender differences among substance abusers in treatment.Nor J Epidemiol ENGLISH SUMMARYThe present study focuses on gender differences regarding sociodemography, treatment history, andalcohol and drug use among male and female abusers. One hundred and forty-nine subjects (51 women)were recruited from a clinical setting. More women than men are unemployed and living on different formsof social benefits. Relatively few women have been in treatment earlier, including detoxification units.They have shorter abuse careers before entering treatment, and consume less alcohol than men. Morewomen are multiple substance abusers, most frequently combining alcohol and benzodiazepines.1996; 6 (1): 115-122.
Brillouin optical correlation domain reflectometry with lock-in detection scheme
Authors: Yao Yuguo , Kishi Masato , Hotate Kazuo 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
We propose a Brillouin optical correlation domain reflectometry (BOCDR) technique with a lock-in detection scheme in this paper. By designing a new system using the lock-in detection scheme and amplifying a small spontaneous Brillouin signal with a lock-in amplifier, a Brillouin scattering spectrum with a stable shape is obtained. By further introducing a periodical on/off phase modulation for chopping for lock-in detection, the undesired optical background spectrum is effectively reduced, and a 20 cm section with 7,000 µε strain is clearly measured.
High-average-power water window soft X-rays from an Ar laser plasma
Authors: Amano Sho 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
A high average power of 140 mW and high conversion efficiency of 14% were demonstrated in “water window” soft X-rays generated using a laser plasma source developed in-house, when a solid Ar target was irradiated by a commercial Nd:YAG Q-switched laser with an energy of 1 J at a repetition rate of 1 Hz. This soft X-ray power compared favorably with that produced using a synchrotron radiation source, and the developed laser plasma source can be used in various applications, such as soft X-ray microscopy, in place of synchrotron facilities.
Degradation mechanism of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells induced by exposure to air
Authors: Nishinaga Jiro , Kamikawa Yukiko , Koida Takashi , Shibata Hajime , Niki Shigeru 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The degradation mechanism of unencapsulated Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells upon exposure to air has been investigated. Exposure to air at room temperature slightly reduces the conversion efficiency of CIGS solar cells. However, this conversion efficiency decreases significantly under damp heat testing at 85 °C and a relative humidity of 85% for 15 h. The shunt resistance and conversion efficiency are completely recovered after removing the side edges of the CIGS solar cells by mechanical scribing. This result suggests that low-resistive layers are formed on the sidewalls of the solar cells during damp heat testing. In addition, alkaline solution etching has been confirmed to be an effective way of removing the low-resistive layers. The low-resistive layers on the sidewalls are identified to be molybdenum oxides and sodium molybdate by Auger electron spectroscopy. After etching the oxides on the sidewalls, the saturation current density and ideality factor are confirmed to be improved.
Remote excitation-tip-enhanced Raman scattering microscopy using silver nanowire
Authors: Fujita Yasuhiko , Walke Peter , De Feyter Steven , Uji-i Hiroshi 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) microscopy is a promising technique for use in surface analysis, allowing both topographic and spectroscopic information to be obtained simultaneously at a scale below 10 nm. One proposed method to further improve spatial resolution is the use of propagating surface plasmons as an excitation light source (i.e., remote excitation). However, this requires a specialized tip that can only be fabricated via expensive procedures, such as electron-beam lithography. Here, we propose a new method for fabricating silver nanowire-based tips that are suitable for remote excitation-TERS, removing the need for such techniques. A silver nanowire was fixed onto a tungsten-tip using a micromanipulator, before gold nanoparticles were attached in a site-specific manner using AC-dielectrophoresis. All the processes were completed using an optical microscope in the ambient. The background intensities in TERS spectra were suppressed with remote excitation relative to the conventional excitation configuration, indicating an increase in TERS sensitivity.
Novel source follower transistor structure without lightly doped drain for high performance CMOS image sensor
Authors: Song Hyeong-Sub , Kwon Sung-Kyu , Jeon So-Ra , Oh Dong-Jun , Lee Ga-Won , Lee Hi-Deok 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
To realize high-resolution pixels in the CMOS image sensor, it is necessary to reduce low-frequency noise, particularly random telegraph signal (RTS) noise of the source-follower transistor (SFT). To achieve less relative variation of drain noise current, ΔI
D/I
D, a metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor structure without the lightly doped drain (LDD) for the SFT transistor is proposed. Then, a comparison of RTS noise characteristics between the proposed SFT structure without LDD and the conventional SFT structure with LDD was conducted. Although the RTS noise occurrence probability of the proposed SFT structure without LDD is somewhat greater than that of the conventional SFT structure with LDD, the amplitude of relative variation of drain noise current of the proposed SFT structure is significantly less than that of the conventional SFT. Despite changes in several factors in the proposed SFT, such as effective channel length, trap depth profile in gate oxide, and random dopant fluctuation (RDF), it is believed that the change of trap depth profile is a primary factor for the improved RTS characteristic. Therefore, the proposed SFT is highly desirable for the high-resolution CMOS image sensor.
Transcriptome analysis of immature xylem in the Chinese fir at different developmental phases
Authors: Zhang Yunxing , Han Xiaojiao , Sang Jian , He Xuelian , Liu Mingying , Qiao Guirong , Zhuo Renying , He Guiping , Hu Jianjun 
Published: June 2016

Background.Chinese fir [Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.) Hook.] is one of the most important native tree species for timber production in southern China. An understanding of overall fast growing stage, stem growth stage and senescence stage cambium transcriptome variation is lacking. We used transcriptome sequencing to identify the repertoire of genes expressed during development of xylem tissue in Chinese fir, aiming to delineate the molecular mechanisms of wood formation.Results.We carried out transcriptome sequencing at three different cultivation ages (7Y, 15Y and 21Y) generating 68.71 million reads (13.88 Gbp). A total of 140,486 unigenes with a mean size of 568.64 base pairs (bp) were obtained viade novoassembly. Of these, 27,427 unigenes (19.52%) were further annotated by comparison to public protein databases. A total of 5,331 (3.79%) unigenes were mapped into 118 pathways by searching against the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Pathway database (KEGG). Differentially expressed genes (DEG) analysis identified 3, 16 and 5,899 DEGs from the comparison of 7Y vs. 15Y, 7Y vs. 21Y and 15Y vs. 21Y, respectively, in the immature xylem tissues, including 2,638 significantly up-regulated and 3,280 significantly down-regulated genes. Besides, five NAC transcription factors, 190 MYB transcription factors, and 34 WRKY transcription factors were identified respectively from Chinese fir transcriptome.Conclusion.Our results revealed the active transcriptional pathways and identified the DEGs at different cultivation phases of Chinese fir wood formation. This transcriptome dataset will aid in understanding and carrying out future studies on the molecular basis of Chinese fir wood formation and contribute to future artificial production and applications.
High‐latitude circulation in giant planet magnetospheres
Authors: Southwood D. J. , Chané E. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe follow‐up the proposal by Cowley et al. (2004) that the plasma circulation in the magnetospheres of the giant planets is a combination of two cycles or circulation systems. The Vasyliunas cycle transports heavy material ionized deep within the magnetosphere eventually to loss in the magnetotail. The second cycle is driven by magnetic reconnection between the planetary and the solar wind magnetic fields (the Dungey cycle) and is found on flux tubes poleward of those of the Vasyliunas cycle. We examine features of the Dungey system, particularly what occurs out of the equatorial plane. The Dungey cycle requires reconnection on the dayside, and we suggest that at the giant planets the dayside reconnection occurs preferentially in the morning sector. Second, we suggest that most of the solar wind material that enters through reconnection on to open flux tubes on the dayside never gets trapped on closed field lines but makes less than one circuit of the planet and exits down tail. In its passage to the nightside, the streaming ex‐solar wind material is accelerated centrifugally by the planetary rotation primarily along the field; thus, in the tail it will appear very like a planetary wind. The escaping wind will be found on the edges of the tail plasma sheet, and reports of light ion streams in the tail are likely due to this source. The paper concludes with a discussion of high‐latitude circulation in the absence of reconnection between the solar wind and planetary field.
Estimating the concentration of aluminum‐substituted hematite and goethite using diffuse reflectance spectrometry and rock magnetism: Feasibility and limitations
Authors: Hu Pengxiang , Jiang Zhaoxia , Liu Qingsong , Heslop David , Roberts Andrew P. , Torrent José , Barrón Vidal 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHematite and goethite in soils are often aluminum (Al) substituted, which can dramatically change their reflectance and magnetic properties and bias abundance estimates using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and magnetic techniques. In this study, synthetic Al‐substituted hematites and goethites and two Chinese loess/paleosol sequences were investigated to test the feasibility and limitations of estimating Al‐hematite and Al‐goethite concentration. When Al substitution is limited (Al/(Al + Fe) molar ratio < ~8%), the reflectance spectrum provides a reliable estimate of the goethite/hematite concentration ratio. New empirical relationships between the DRS band intensity ratio and the true concentration goethite/hematite ratio are estimated as goethite/hematite = 1.56 × (I425 nm/I535 nm) or goethite/hematite = 6.32 × (I480 nm/I535 nm), where I425 nm, I480 nm, and I535 nmare the amplitudes of DRS second‐derivative curves for characteristic bands at ~425 nm, ~480 nm, and ~535 nm, respectively. High Al substitution (> ~8%) reduces DRS band intensity, which leads to biased estimates of mineral concentration. Al substitution and grain size exert a control on coercivity distributions of hematite and goethite and, thus, affect the hard isothermal remanent magnetization. By integrating DRS and magnetic methods, we suggest a way to constrain hematite and goethite Al substitution in natural loess. Results indicate that hematite and goethite in Chinese loess have Al contents lower than ~8% and, thus, that DRS can be used to trace hematite and goethite concentration variations.
A Universal Dynamic Threshold Cloud Detection Algorithm (UDTCDA) supported by a prior surface reflectance database
Authors: Sun Lin , Wei Jing , Wang Jian , Mi Xueting , Guo Yamin , Lv Yang , Yang Yikun , Gan Ping , Zhou Xueying , Jia Chen , Tian Xinpeng 
Published: June 2016

AbstractConventional cloud detection methods are easily affected by mixed pixels, complex surface structures, and atmospheric factors, resulting in poor cloud detection results. To minimize these problems, a new Universal Dynamic Threshold Cloud Detection Algorithm (UDTCDA) supported by a priori surface reflectance database is proposed in this paper. A monthly surface reflectance database is constructed using long‐time‐sequenced MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer surface reflectance product (MOD09A1) to provide the surface reflectance of the underlying surfaces. The relationships between the apparent reflectance changes and the surface reflectance are simulated under different observation and atmospheric conditions with the 6S (Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum) model, and the dynamic threshold cloud detection models are developed. Two typical remote sensing data with important application significance and different sensor parameters, MODIS and Landsat 8, are selected for cloud detection experiments. The results were validated against the visual interpretation of clouds and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation cloud measurements. The results showed that the UDTCDA can obtain a high precision in cloud detection, correctly identifying cloudy pixels and clear‐sky pixels at rates greater than 80% with error rate and missing rate of less than 20%. The UDTCDA cloud product overall shows less estimation uncertainty than the current MODIS cloud mask products. Moreover, the UDTCDA can effectively reduce the effects of atmospheric factors and mixed pixels and can be applied to different satellite sensors to realize long‐term, large‐scale cloud detection operations.