bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fundamentals for an Osteopathic Obesity Designed Study: The Effects of Education on Osteopathic Medical Students’ Attitudes Regarding Obesity
Authors: Gayer Gregory G. , Weiss Jennifer , Clearfield Michael 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Context
Obesity is a major health concern in the United States, and its prevalence continues to rise. Although it is a common health issue, many people, including health care professionals, are biased against people with obesity.

Objective
To determine whether a comprehensive obesity curriculum presented to students in medical school can positively influence their attitudes toward obesity.

Methods
The study was designed around a comprehensive educational obesity curriculum at Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine-CA, involving the classes of 2013 through 2018. A survey to assess student attitudes toward obesity was distributed to first-year students before the curriculum, directly after completion, and each year after until graduation (graduating classes of 2015 through 2018). Second- and third-year medical students in 2011 (graduating classes of 2014 and 2013), who did not complete the curriculum, were given an examination to establish baseline values and served as the control group. The obesity curriculum consisted of lectures delivered during the first and second year of medical school and case study simulations during the third year. Knowledge gained from the curriculum was assessed with a multiple-choice examination, and bias was assessed using the Fat Phobia Scale.

Results
A total of 718 first- through fourth-year students were included. Students who completed the first year of the obesity curriculum (n=528) showed significantly greater medical knowledge regarding obesity-related epidemiology, pathogenesis, biochemistry, pathophysiology, and metabolic factors; nutrition, diet, physical activity, self-control, and behavior modification; pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions; and associated chronic disorders, based on their multiple-choice examination scores compared with the control group. The examination scores indicated significant increases in medical knowledge compared with the precurriculum cohort after the curriculum (OMS I students: 130 [72.4%]; 133 [92.6%]; 133 [91.1%]; 132 [89.0%]; vs control: 105 [47.2%]; 134 [52.6%], respectively [P<.01]). In all 4 years observed, there was a significant reduction in bias among first-year medical students after obesity curriculum (before: 3.65, 3.76, 3.57, 3.61, and after: 3.47, 3.38, 3.34, 3.37, respectively) (P<.05). The reduction in bias was also significantly sustained throughout the fourth year.

Conclusion
A comprehensive obesity curriculum throughout medical school resulted in an improvement in students’ attitudes toward and knowledge of obesity.
Conversion of Sugar to Fat: Is Hepatic de Novo Lipogenesis Leading to Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Chronic Diseases?
Authors: Schwarz Jean-Marc , Clearfield Michael , Mulligan Kathleen 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Epidemiologic studies suggest a link between excess sugar consumption and obesity, fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. One important pathway that may link these metabolic diseases to sugar consumption is hepatic conversion of sugar to fat, a process known as de novo lipogenesis (DNL). Mechanistic studies have shown that diets high in simple sugars increase both DNL and liver fat. Importantly, removal of sugar from diets of children with obesity for only 9 days consistently reduced DNL and liver fat and improved glucose and lipid metabolism. Although the sugar and beverage industries continue to question the scientific evidence linking high-sugar diets to metabolic diseases, major health organizations now make evidence-based recommendations to limit consumption of simple sugars to no more than 5% to 10% of daily intake. Clear recommendation about moderating sugar intake to patients may be an important nonpharmacologic tool to include in clinical practice.
Evolutionary response to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau uplift: phylogeny and biogeography ofAmmopiptanthusand tribe Thermopsideae (Fabaceae)
Authors: Shi Wei , Liu Pei-Liang , Duan Lei , Pan Bo-Rong , Su Zhi-Hao 
Published: July 2017

Previous works resolved diverse phylogenetic positions for genera of the Fabaceae tribe Thermopsideae, without a thoroughly biogeography study. Based on sequence data from nuclear ITS and four cpDNA regions (matK,rbcL,trnH-psbA,trnL-trnF) mainly sourced from GenBank, the phylogeny of tribe Thermopsideae was inferred. Our analyses support the genera of Thermopsideae, with the exclusion ofPickeringia, being merged into a monophyletic Sophoreae. Genera of Sophoreae were assigned into the Thermopsoid clade and Sophoroid clade. Monophyly ofAnagyris,BaptisiaandPiptanthuswere supported in the Thermopsoid clade. However, the genera Thermopsis and Sophora were resolved to be polyphyly, which require comprehensive taxonomic revisions. Interestingly,Ammopiptanthus, consisting ofA. mongolicusandA. nanus, nested within the Sophoroid clade, withSalweeniaas its sister.AmmopiptanthusandSalweeniahave a disjunct distribution in the deserts of northwestern China and the Hengduan Mountains, respectively. Divergence age was estimated based on the ITS phylogenetic analysis. Emergence of the common ancestor ofAmmopiptanthusandSalweenia, divergence between these two genera and the split ofAmmopiptanthusspecies occurred at approximately 26.96 Ma, 4.74 Ma and 2.04 Ma, respectively, which may be in response to the second, third and fourth main uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, respectively.
Effect of environmental noise and music on dexmedetomidine-induced sedation in dogs
Authors: Albright Julia D. , Seddighi Reza M. , Ng Zenithson , Sun Xiaocun , Rezac DJ 
Published: July 2017

BackgroundPrevious studies in human patients suggest depth of sedation may be affected by environmental noise or music; however, related data in domestic animals is limited. The objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of noise and music on dexmedetomidine-induced (DM- 10 µg/kg, IM) sedation in 10 dogs.MethodsIn a crossover design, post-DM injection dogs were immediately subjected to recorded human voices at either 55–60 decibel (dB) (Noise 1) or 80–85 dB (Noise 2); classical music at 45–50 dB (Music); or background noise of 40–45 dB (Control+). Control− included IM saline injection and exposure to 40–45 dB background noise. Sedation was assessed via monitoring spontaneous behavior and accelerometry (delta-g) throughout three 20-min evaluation periods: baseline, noise exposure, and post-treatment. Sedation was further assessed during two restraint tests at 30 min (R1) and 40 min (R2) post-injection. A mixed model for crossover design was used to determine the effect of noise exposure and time on either spontaneous behavior scores or delta-g. The restraint scores were analyzed using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA.ResultsSpontaneous behavior scores indicated less sedation during Noise 2 compared to Control+ (P = 0.05). R2 restraint scores for all DM treatments except Noise 2 indicated significantly higher sedation than Control− [C+ (P = 0.003), M (P = 0.014) and N1 (P = 0.044)].DiscussionResults suggest that the quality of sedation is negatively impacted by high-intensity noise conditions (80–85 dB), but exposure to music did not improve sedation in this population of research dogs.
Large paleoearthquake timing and displacement near Damak in eastern Nepal on the Himalayan Frontal Thrust
Authors: Wesnousky Steven G. , Kumahara Yasuhiro , Chamlagain Deepak , Pierce Ian K. , Reedy Tabor , Angster Stephen J. , Giri Bibek 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAn excavation across the Himalayan Frontal Thrust near Damak in eastern Nepal shows displacement on a fault plane dipping ~22° has produced vertical separation across a scarp equal to 5.5 m. Stratigraphic, structural, geometrical, and radiocarbon observations are interpreted to indicate that the displacement is the result of a single earthquake of 11.3 ± 3.5 m of dip‐slip displacement that occurred 1146–1256 A.D. Empirical scaling laws indicate that thrust earthquakes characterized by average displacements of this size may produce rupture lengths of 450 to >800 km and moment magnitudesMwof 8.6 to >9. Sufficient strain has accumulated along this portion of the Himalayan arc during the roughly 800 years since the 1146–1256 A.D. earthquake to produce another earthquake displacement of similar size.
On the origin of plasma sheet reconfiguration during the substorm growth phase
Authors: Gordeev Evgeny , Sergeev Victor , Merkin Viacheslav , Kuznetsova Maria 
Published: July 2017

AbstractRecently, Hsieh and Otto (2014) suggested that transport of the closed magnetic flux to the dayside reconnection region may be a key process which controls the reconfiguration of magnetotail during the substorm growth phase. We investigate this problem using global self‐consistent MHD simulations and confirm that magnetotail reconfiguration is essentially a 3‐D process which cannot be fully described based on 2‐D‐like tail evolution powered by the magnetic flux loading into the lobes. We found that near‐Earth return convection strength on the nightside is directly related to the intensity of dayside reconnection, which causes the formation of antisunward azimuthal pressure gradients that force plasma to flow toward the dayside magnetopause. This near‐Earth part of global convection develops immediately after the onset of dayside reconnection and reaches a quasi‐steady level in 10–15 min. Its magnitude exceeds the total sunward flux transport in the midtail plasma sheet at X≈−20RE by an order of magnitude, causing significant amount (0.1–0.2 GWb) of closed magnetic flux to be removed from the near‐Earth plasma sheet during moderate substorm. In that region the Bz depletion and current sheet thinning are closely related to each other, and the local Jy(Bz) relationship in the simulations matches reasonably well the power law expression found in the plasma sheet. In summary, global simulations confirm quantitatively that near‐Earth return convection is primarily responsible for the severe depletion of the closed magnetic flux in the plasma sheet, major tail stretching, and current sheet thinning in the near magnetotail at r < 15RE.
High‐quality eddy‐covariance CO2 budgets under cold climate conditions
Authors: Kittler Fanny , Eugster Werner , Foken Thomas , Heimann Martin , Kolle Olaf , Göckede Mathias 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis study aimed at quantifying potential negative effects of instrument heating to improve eddy‐covariance flux data quality in cold environments. Our overarching objective was to minimize heating‐related bias in annual CO2 budgets from an Arctic permafrost system. We used continuous eddy‐covariance measurements covering three full years within an Arctic permafrost ecosystem with parallel sonic anemometers operation with activated heating and without heating as well as parallel operation of open‐ and closed‐path gas analyzers, the latter serving as a reference. Our results demonstrate that the sonic anemometer heating has a direct effect on temperature measurements while the turbulent wind field is not affected. As a consequence, fluxes of sensible heat are increased by an average 5 W m−2 with activated heating, while no direct effect on other scalar fluxes was observed. However, the biased measurements in sensible heat fluxes can have an indirect effect on the CO2 fluxes in case they are used as input for a density‐flux WPL correction of an open‐path gas analyzer. Evaluating the self‐heating effect of the open‐path gas analyzer by comparing CO2 flux measurements between open‐ and closed‐path gas analyzers, we found systematically higher CO2 uptake recorded with the open‐path sensor, leading to a cumulative annual offset of 96 gC m−2, which was not only the result of the cold winter season but also due to substantial self‐heating effects during summer. With an inclined sensor mounting, only a fraction of the self‐heating correction for vertically mounted instruments is required.
Equatorial plasma bubble generation/inhibition during 2015 St. Patrick's Day storm
Authors: Rajesh P. K. , Lin Charles H. , Chen C. H. , Lin J. T. , Matsuo Tomoko , Chou M. Y. , Chen W. H. , Chang M. T. , You C. F. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAll‐sky camera observations carried out over Taiwan showed intense equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) in 630.0 nm airglow images on consecutive nights of 13–16 March 2015 but were absent in the following night of 17 March when St. Patrick's Day magnetic storm occurred. Rate of total electron content (TEC) index by using Global Positioning System (GPS) network data also confirmed the absence of irregularities on the night 17 March. The results, however, revealed strong irregularities over Indian sector on the same night. Flux tube integrated Rayleigh‐Taylor instability growth rates computed using the prior (forecast) state of Thermosphere‐Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model output after assimilating the GPS‐TEC measurements also agree with the observations, showing smaller values over Taiwan and larger values over India on the night of 17 March. The ionospheric response to the storm over Taiwan that resulted in the apparent inhibition of EPB is investigated in this study by using the data assimilation output. Results indicate that on the night of the magnetic storm, prereversal enhancement of zonal electric field over Taiwan was weaker when compared to that over India. Further analysis suggests that the absence of enhancement in the zonal electric field could be due to westward penetration electric field in response to rapid northward turning of interplanetary magnetic field that occurred during the dusk period over Taiwan.
Efficient Near‐Infrared (NIR) Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Donor–Acceptor Architecture: An Improved Emissive State from Mixing to Hybridization
Authors: Wang Chu , Li Xiang‐Long , Gao Yu , Wang Lu , Zhang Shitong , Zhao Lijuan , Lu Ping , Yang Bing , Su Shi‐Jian , Ma Yuguang 
Published: July 2017

AbstractHerein, a high‐efficiency near‐infrared (NIR) material PXZ‐3‐NZP is designed and sythesized using the concept of hybridized local and charge‐transfer (CT) state (HLCT), which is composed of donor (D) and acceptor (A) moieties as well as 10‐substituted isomeride PXZ‐10‐NZP for the purpose of comparison and deep understanding on the essential difference of their excited state properties. As a result, the nondoped electroluminescent (EL) device of PXZ‐3‐NZP exhibits an excellent NIR emission (λmax = 738 nm) with a maximum external quantum efficiency (ηEQE) of 0.82% and a Commission International de L'clairage coordinate of (0.70, 0.29), which is record‐setting among NIR fluorescent organic light emitting diodes with similar EL chromaticity. Also, a high ηEQE of 2.03% is achieved in a doped device with a deep red emission at λmax = 676 nm. As a comparison, PXZ‐10‐NZP shows far inferior performance to those of PXZ‐3‐NZP in both nondoped and doped devices, due to the instinct CT character of its S1 excited state. In terms of excited state, HLCT state is exactly superior to mixed state in high‐efficiency luminescence, which is a particularly useful strategy to design narrow‐bandgap light‐emitting materials beyond energy gap law with donor–acceptor architectures.
Analysis of structural changes in injection‐molded parts due to cyclic loading
Authors: Bociaga Elzbieta , Kula Monika , Kwiatkowski Konrad 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe investigations of the change in properties and structure of polypropylene injection‐molded parts, arising from cyclic loading, are presented. The strain–stress characteristics were determined in the cyclic tensile tests, at a fixed stress or deformation level. Experiments showed that cyclic loading causes some changes in structure and mechanical properties of polypropylene samples. Smaller total strain of samples and increase in Young's modulus after each consecutive ten cycles of loading were observed as the result of loading at a fixed stress level. In experiments carried out at the fixed strain level, the width of the loop decreases with the increase in number of cycles that indicates the material strengthening. Microscopic examinations showed the change in the structure of injection‐molded parts after cyclic loading. The transient zone, occurring in the area of high shear stress between the core and the skin, became significantly wider for cyclically loaded parts. Phase changes in the part structure were investigated using WAXS method. Samples exhibited the difference in the content of polypropylene polymorphic modifications between the core and skin layers. In the skin, both for nonloaded and loaded parts, the presence of β‐phase was confirmed, whereas this phase did not occur in the core. The investigation by DSC method demonstrated a small change in the degree of crystallinity in the sample core after 4,000 cycles of loading, while in the skin layer, the degree of crystallinity was reduced by about 2% when compared to the value obtained for samples after one loading cycle.
Trade associations and labor organizations as intermediaries for disseminating workplace safety and health information
Authors: Okun Andrea H. , Watkins Janice P. , Schulte Paul A. 
Published: July 2017

BackgroundThere has not been a systematic study of the nature and extent to which business and professional trade associations and labor organizations obtain and communicate workplace safety and health information to their members. These organizations can serve as important intermediaries and play a central role in transferring this information to their members.MethodsA sample of 2294 business and professional trade associations and labor organizations in eight industrial sectors identified by the National Occupational Research Agenda was surveyed via telephone.ResultsA small percent of these organizations (40.9% of labor organizations, 15.6% of business associations, and 9.6% of professional associations) were shown to distribute workplace safety and health information to their members. Large differences were also observed between industrial sectors with construction having the highest total percent of organizations disseminating workplace safety and health information.ConclusionThere appears to be significant potential to utilize trade and labor organizations as intermediaries for transferring workplace safety and health information to their members. Government agencies have a unique opportunity to partner with these organizations and to utilize their existing communication channels to address high risk workplace safety and health concerns.
Non‐Locality Effects in Excitation and Spatial Propagation of Surface Plasmon‐Polaritons
Authors: Vagov A. , Croitoru M. D. , Larkin I. A. , Axt V. M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis work investigates the influence of non‐locality in the dielectric response on the spatio‐temporal evolution of surface plasmon‐polaritons (SPP). SPP excitations are coherently generated by a quantum scatterer in the vicinity of a flat metal interface. It is demonstrated that the excited non‐equilibrium SPP population eventually splits into two coherent localized wave packets. One packet propagates along the interface and the other is centered in the vicinity of the scatter. The amplitude of both waves slowly decreases due to several relaxation mechanisms, with the Landau damping being the strongest. The non‐locality of the metallic dielectric response considerably influences spatial profiles of the plasmon field intensity, in particular, leading to coherent spatio‐temporal oscillations between the two wave packets.
Formation of Binuclear Zigzag Hexapentaene Titanium Complexes via a Titanacumulene [Ti=C=C=CH2] Intermediate
Authors: Oswald Tim , Gelert Tina , Lasar Christian , Schmidtmann Marc , Klüner Thorsten , Beckhaus Rüdiger 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe reaction of bis(η5:η1‐pentafulvene)titanium complexes with an allylidenephosphorylide Ph3P=C(H)‐ C(H)=CH2 leads to binuclear zigzag hexapentaene titanium complexes (Ti2a, Ti2b). The formation of the central C6H4 unit can be described as a spontaneous double C−H bond activation process, leading to an R3P=C=C=CH2 intermediate, as a synthon for a titanabutatriene fragment [(CpR)2Ti=C=C=CH2] (R: 2‐adamantyl, CH(p‐tol)2). In a subsequent dimerization Ti2a and Ti2b are formed, proofed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and NMR measurements. The reaction sequence is confirmed by DFT calculations.
Regulating the crystallizing and rheological behaviors of poly(butylene succinate) by incorporating novel macromolecular ionomers
Authors: Wu Fang , Xie Si‐Yu , Chen Jun‐Hong , Chen Si‐Chong , Wu Gang , Wang Yu‐Zhong 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACTWe designed a novel, facile, and mass‐producible strategy for regulating the crystallizing and rheological behaviors of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) by incorporating segmented PBS urethane ionomers (PBSUI). These macromolecular ionomers contain two segments: one is an ionic enriched segment, which can spontaneously form inter‐ and intramolecular ionic aggregates in PBS to serve as physical crosslinking points to increase the crystallization rate and complex viscosity of the PBS matrix; the other one is a PBS segment, which can improve the compatibility between the PBSUI and PBS matrix. The results from differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, and rotational rheometry suggest that the performance tunability of PBS was easily achieved by adding a very low content of PBSUI (1–5 wt %). PBS containing 3 wt % PBSUI, in which the mass ratio of ionic groups in PBSUI is 7.4%, showed the fastest overall crystallization rate at 12 times faster than PBS to finish crystallization, due to the remarkably increased nucleating efficiency. The dynamic mechanical analysis indicates that for those samples with relatively high ionic concentrations, a cluster of glass‐transition temperatures occurred that was related to an aggregation of PBSUI. The complex viscosity and storage modulus G′ of PBS/PBSUI were also increased, due to the ionic aggregates formed by PBSUI. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45545.
In Situ Assembly of Au Nanoclusters within Protein Hydrogel Networks
Authors: Wang Liqiang , Jiang Xingxing , Zhang Min , Yang Minghui , Liu You‐Nian 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe report a new approach of in situ assembling gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) into hydrogel networks by exploiting the triple roles of protein as a gelator, a reducing agent as well as a template. The strategy simply involves the mixing of BSA and AuCl4− under alkaline condition. The obtained AuNCs‐protein nanocomposite hydrogels with injectable and moldable features can be made into semi‐transparent films or N‐doped C/Au composites. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of fabricating AuNCs in situ embedded in hybrid hydrogels, which can serve as multifunctional precursors for constructing diverse nanocomposite materials.
Nanostructured Three‐Dimensional (3D) Assembly of 2D MoS2 and Graphene Directly Build From Acidic Graphite Oxide
Authors: Lonkar Sunil P. , Pillai Vishnu V. , Alhassan Saeed M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractA 3D highly interconnected macroporous network of reduced GO having finely dispersed few‐layered 2D MoS2 nanosheets was constructed through direct use of acidic graphite oxide (GO) for the first time. This facile and technologically scalable process can afford efficient hydrodesulfurization electrocatalysts as potential anode materials at lower cost, and can circumvent the poor thermal stability and recyclability of the material. The strategy provided here can be the basis to design and develop practical processes to address the ultimate goal of large‐scale manufacturing of hybrids composed of 2D materials for various energy and catalysis applications.