bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health and death literacy and cultural diversity: insights from hospital-employed interpreters
Authors: Hayes Barbara , Fabri Anne Marie , Coperchini Maria , Parkar Rafatullah , Austin-Crowe Zoe 
Published: July 2017

Objectives001225The aim of this qualitative study is to better understand, through the experiences and insights of hospital interpreters, how people from culturally and linguistic diverse (CALD) communities might respond to advance care planning (ACP) and end-of-life discussions.MethodsHospital interpreters from five Melbourne metropolitan health services were recruited for in-depth semi-structured interviews that explored the question, ‘What can be learnt from hospital interpreters about cultural issues related to ACP and end-of-life decision-making?’ Thirty-nine interpreters, representing 22 language groups, were interviewed. Analysis of the transcribed interviews used qualitative description.ResultsThematic analysis identified three major themes: (1) moral difference; (2) health and death literacy; and (3) diversity within culture.ConclusionA value-based approach to ACP is recommended as a way to capture the person’s individual values and beliefs. Health and death literacy have been identified as areas that may be over-estimated; areas that can be addressed and improved, if recognised. Health and death literacy is a particular area that needs to be assessed and addressed as a pre-requisite to ACP discussions.
Calcium intake and risk of colorectal cancer according to expression status of calcium-sensing receptor (CASR)
Authors: Yang Wanshui , Liu Li , Masugi Yohei , Qian Zhi Rong , Nishihara Reiko , Keum NaNa , Wu Kana , Smith-Warner Stephanie , Ma Yanan , Nowak Jonathan A , Momen-Heravi Fatemeh , Zhang Libin , Bowden Michaela , Morikawa Teppei , Silva Annacarolina da , Wang Molin , Chan Andrew T , Fuchs Charles S , Meyerhardt Jeffrey A , Ng Kimmie , Giovannucci Edward , Ogino Shuji , Zhang Xuehong 
Published: July 2017

ObjectiveAlthough evidence suggests an inverse association between calcium intake and the risk of colorectal cancer, the mechanisms remain unclear. The calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) is expressed abundantly in normal colonic epithelium and may influence carcinogenesis. We hypothesized that calcium intake might be associated with lower risk of CASR-positive, but not CASR-negative, colorectal cancer.DesignWe assessed tumour CASR protein expression using immunohistochemistry in 779 incident colon and rectal cancer cases that developed among 136 249 individuals in the Nurses’ Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. Duplication method Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to assess associations of calcium intake with incidence of colorectal adenocarcinoma subtypes by CASR status.ResultsTotal calcium intake was inversely associated with the risk of developing colorectal cancer (ptrend=0.01, comparing ≥1200 vs <600 mg/day: multivariable HR=0.75, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.95). For the same comparison, higher total calcium intake was associated with a lower risk of CASR-positive tumours (ptrend=0.003, multivariable HR=0.67, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.86) but not with CASR-negative tumours (ptrend=0.67, multivariable HR=1.15, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.78; pheterogeneity=0.06 between the CASR subtypes). The stronger inverse associations of calcium intake with CASR-positive but not CASR-negative tumours generally appeared consistent regardless of sex, tumour location and source of calcium.ConclusionsOur molecular pathological epidemiology data suggest a causal relationship between higher calcium intake and lower colorectal cancer risk, and a potential role of CASR in mediating antineoplastic effect of calcium.
Contrasting speed-accuracy tradeoffs for eye and hand movements reveal the optimal nature of saccade kinematics
Authors: Gopal Atul , Jana Sumitash , Murthy Aditya 
Published: July 2017

In contrast to hand movements, the existence of a neural representation of saccade kinematics is unclear. Saccade kinematics is typically thought to be specified by motor error/desired displacement and generated by brain stem circuits that are not penetrable to voluntary control. We studied the influence of instructed hand movement velocity on the kinematics of saccades executed without explicit instructions. When the hand movement was slow the saccade velocity decreased, independent of saccade amplitude. We leveraged this modulation of saccade velocity to study the optimality of saccades (in terms of velocity and endpoint accuracy) in relation to the well-known speed-accuracy tradeoff that governs voluntary movements (Fitts’ law). In contrast to hand movements that obeyed Fitts' law, normometric saccades exhibited the greatest endpoint accuracy and lower reaction times, relative to saccades accompanying slow and fast hand movements. In the slow condition, where saccade endpoint accuracy suffered, we observed that targets were more likely to be foveated by two saccades resulting in step-saccades. Interestingly, the endpoint accuracy was higher in two-saccade trials, compared with one-saccade trials in both the slow and fast conditions. This indicates that step-saccades are a part of the kinematic plan for optimal control of endpoint accuracy. Taken together, these findings suggest normometric saccades are already optimized to maximize endpoint accuracy and the modulation of saccade velocity by hand velocity is likely to reflect the sharing of kinematic plans between the two effectors. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The optimality of saccade kinematics has been suggested by modeling studies but experimental evidence is lacking. However, we observed that, when subjects voluntarily modulated their hand velocity, the velocity of saccades accompanying these hand movements was also modulated, suggesting a shared kinematic plan for eye and hand movements. We leveraged this modulation to show that saccades had less endpoint accuracy when their velocity decreased, illustrating that normometric saccades have optimal speed and accuracy.
“Sense of Fate Control” and Community Control of the Schools
Authors: Kleinfeld Judith 
Published: July 2017

This study suggests that the sense of fate-control findings of the Coleman Report are irrelevant to the debate over community control of the schools. The sense of fate-control findings appear to be based on an erroneous conceptualization of beliefs about fate-control and on a partly invalid measure. The attitude positively related to school achievement among black students appears to be academic self-concept, not beliefs about fate-control. Let me make an important limitation of this study clear. The students in this study were eleventh and twelfth graders, while the Coleman Report found the strongest relationship between a sense of fate-control and school achievement among black ninth graders. It may be that black ninth graders hold the type of internal-external attitude that the Coleman Report suggests, that the Sense of Fate-Control Scale validly measures it, and that it indeed depresses school effort and achievement. Such students may tend to drop out of school before the later grades, so these processes would not be evident in this study. It is customary to call for more research to explore such a possibility, but I cannot recommend what I believe would be wasted effort. My studies of sense of fate-control and school achievement among white ninth and tenth graders have led to similar conclusions (Kleinfeld, 1970), and the Coleman Report suggested that a low sense of fate-control might depress achievement efforts among disadvantaged white students through similar processes. The sense of fate-control and school achievement issue appears to be a blind alley. This study suggests that research effort could be more profitably directed toward exploring Katz' (1969) provocative finding that black students hold unrealistically low estimates of their ability and also toward experiments designed to increase academic self-concept in black students and determine effects on achievement. One of the unfortunate results of the Coleman Report's highly publicized sense of fate-control findings is that they have diverted research attention from such problems.
Dissemination, Communication, and Utilization
Authors: Ball Samuel , Anderson Scarvia B. 
Published: July 2017

Behold a sower went forth to sow; And when he sowed, some seeds fell by the wayside, and the fowls came and devoured them up: Some fell upon stony places, where they had not much earth: and forthwith they sprung up, because they had no deepness of earth: And when the sun was up, they were scorched; and because they had no root, they withered away. And some fell among thorns; and the thorns sprung up, and choked them: But others fell into good ground, and brought forth fruit, some an hundredfold, some sixtyfold, some thirtyfold. –St. Matthew [ch. 13, verses 3-8]
ASEAN as A Regional Bloc
Authors: Sarma Atul , Mehta Pradeep Kumar 
Published: July 2017

Last decade has witnessed two significant developments in the international trading environment, namely Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations and issue of rising regionalism. While Multilateral Trade Negotiations aimed at integrating national markets and resulting in larger world trade though the process of globalisation, rising negotiations helped and enhanced the role of trading blocs in it. This implies that prominent trading blocs and their member states, particularly developed countries (DCs) and newly industrialised countries (NICs), would play an increasingly important role in the emerging global economic order. This would pose many challenges to the developing countries (DCs), particularly those which are outside the major blocs, and would necessitate changes in their policies and perceptions. It is in the context that the paper makes an attempt to understand the phenomenon of growing regionalism in Asia-Pacific region with special reference to ASEAN in terms of their contour, directions and implications.
Export Potential of Indian Mint Oil Industry
Authors: Ali Jabir 
Published: July 2017

Cultivation of mint crop has recently been introduced in India. India has adequate agricultural resources for production of mint oil but it is still confined to only some parts of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana, due to lack of education about the crop and extension work for propagation of this highly commerial and valuable commodity. Its use in the form of flavour and fragrance shows its importance both in the domestic market as well as in the international market. The primary market for mint oil includes soft drink companies, food companies, perfumery companies, cosmetics and pharmaceutical, which are growing at a rate of 18.23 per cent in terms of sales value and 17.93 per cent in terms of market size. Major international markets for mint oil include USA, Japan and Western Europe. India exported to only J2 countries in J988-89 and has explored 25 export markets in 1995-96, which further increased to 36 in 1997-98. The export of mint oil was amounted to Rs 342.83 lakh in 1988-89, which has increased to Rs 9,693.12 lakh in 1997-98, and is expected to be doubled by the year 2009-2010. Contribution of menthol in mint oil export shows that there are bright opportunities for mint oil processing units for value addition on one hand and linkage gains on the other. The annual compound growth rate of mint oil export is 35.33 per cent in terms of quantity and 46.31 per cent in terms of value during 1988-89 - 1997-98. The highest growth rate is recorded in case of Spearmint oil followed by Peppermint and Menthol. India is the net exporter of mint oil and menthol but export trend is highly fluctuating, mainly because of unorganised sector and absence of any export promotion body/board, specially for essential oils. The import of mint oil generally shows stable trend but wide disparity between quantity imported and amount paid can be seen, resulting in higher import prices. The import is about three times costlier than export price realisation. The export price for mint oil was Rs 1.48 lakh per tonne in 1988-89, which has increased to Rs 3.20 lakh in 1997-98, whereas import price for it was Rs 2.72 lakh per tonne in 1988-89, which has increased to Rs 10.01 lakh per tonne in 1997-98. Hence, proper policy framework in this regard is required to check the unnecessary outflow of foreign exchange. Net foreign exchange earning from mint trade was Rs 232.10 lakh in 1988-89 which has increased to Rs 13,566.72 lakh in 1996-97, i.e. an increase of 98.29 per cent and further came down to Rs 9,346.57 lakh in 1997-98. So its contribution is quite significant for the country. This is a new area which needs supportive policy framework for enhancing its production and diversifying its markets by organising this industry in a scientific manner.
Competitiveness of Leather and Leather Product Exports
Authors: Sharma Anuj , Varma Anupam 
Published: July 2017

Kanpur Cluster, despite being one of the oldest leather clusters of India with availability of all factors of production, is behind Chennai and Kolkata clusters in terms of revenue earned from export of leather and leather products as well as per unit realization in most of the leather products category. The current study focuses on studying export competitiveness of Kanpur cluster vis-a-vis Chennai and Kolkata. The paper has analyzed former cluster on Porter's framework and has brought forward the factors that result in low export performance of the cluster and the steps required by state policy-makers and exporters to improve the export competitiveness. The research design of present study is exploratory followed by descriptive in nature. The sampling technique used is judgmental based on opinion of experts and researchers of the field. The data are collected from exporters of Kanpur through structured questionnaires. The exporters covered by the study account for 80 per cent of export revenue in leather sector from Kanpur. In- depth interviews with government officials and office bearers of organizations like FIEO, Council for Leather Exports were conducted to collect the data. Researchers in consultation with industry experts and literature review determined the factors that have impact on export competitiveness. This study found that lack of external factors like transport infrastructure, power supply, image of State, recession in world market and insufficient State Government support in terms of policy and internal factors like high per unit manufacturing cost, lack of coordination among industry players, low use of technology (Modern Machines) and insufficient marketing activities, are the major reasons for low export performance of the cluster.
China and India: Economic Performance, Competition and Cooperation
Authors: Raghuramapatruni Radha 
Published: July 2017

In the recent years China and India have experienced unprecedented growth in terms of economic development, which have attracted the world economy. From the global perspective, China and India today represent two unique new players in the international market, presenting a combination of high GDP, significant level of poverty, a lower per capita income and living standards. This raises several questions about their becoming the major drivers of international economic growth. It is only in the recent past that political initiatives of confidence building measures began to shape their areas of mutual cooperation. Now the bilateral trade among these economies has been recognized as the most reliable and the agreeable instrument of China-India rapprochement which will tend to influence the world economy and its growth pace. Their long-term potential as trade partners, however, remains to be fully explored and exploited. It is in this context of their fast changing equations, the current paper makes an attempt to hypothesize how this bilateral trade promises to become one of the most potential instruments to intensify their political relations and facilitate progress in actualizing their strategic partnership for their mutual benefit in the future.
A Re-Evaluation of Machine-Generated Abstracts
Authors: Resnick Albert , Savage Terry R. 
Published: July 2017

Twenty-five subjects were divided into five matched groups and each group was given a different type of lexical indicator of content. The purpose was to determine their ability to answer a 72-question criterion test and determine the relevance of the documents furnished relative to that task. The results indicated that there were no major differences between the five groups in their ability to select relevant documents. The group utilizing complete text material, however, obtained a significantly higher score on the examination.
Analysis of a Complex Skill: Vehicle Driving
Authors: Herbert Marvin J. 
Published: July 2017

A battery of twelve driving tests, a majority of which represented new designs, were constructed in the desert. 180 subjects were divided into five groups on the basis of the number of hours members of each group drove a truck on a fatigue course after an initial test and prior to a retest on the battery. The fatigue periods were of 0, 1,3, 7, or 9 hr duration. Pre-and post-fatigue test results were correlated with hours of fatigue driving, where hours-of-driving served as the test criterion. Test-retest reliabilities ranged from 0.35 to 0.88. Validities reached a maximum of 0.38. A small-scale factor analysis was performed on a correlation matrix based upon a single measure from each of eight tests. Proprioception, reaction-time, spatial orientation, response orientation, and multilimb coordination were identified as basic skills in vehicle driving.
Computers: Applications to the Quantification of Human Behavior
Authors: Rath Gustave J. , Allman William P. 
Published: July 2017

This paper discusses the use of computing machines in the biological and social sciences, namely the ultilization of computerized behavior analysis systems in the quantification of human behavior. Only systems of which living human organisms are a part are considered. Some specific functional uses of computers for stimulus preparation and presentation, response collection, and apparatus scheduling and control are presented. All of these functions may be performed by automated systems characterized by the amount of experimental integration and control performed by the computer. Systems types include on-line open-loop, on-line closed loop single or multiple purpose, and off-line. The multiple-man, multiple-purpose system which permits numerous automated investigations upon different source subjects to occur simultaneously is highlighted as the culmination of current automated behavioral analysis systems. But the possibility of behavioral scientists “tapping” into operating systems is presented as possibly having revolutionary consequences with respect to the data gathering of human behaviour. Finally, a general automated behavioral analysis system schematic assists in discussing current advantages, potential advances, and impending limitations of contributions of computers to the quantification of human behavior.
Evaluation of a Fault Localization Job-Aid for a Navy Transceiver
Authors: Rigney J. W. , Fromer R. 
Published: July 2017

The assessment of corrective maintenance performance of Navy technicians has revealed that they have difficulty with the problem-solving aspects of this task. This difficulty is due partly to the large amount of information concerning the relationships between symptoms and malfunctions (S-M relations) that must be available for efficient problem-solving behavior. The sheer bulk of this information almost precludes memorization, especially if the technician is responsible for the maintenance of several different types of equipment. A job-aid which contains S-M relations in an accessible form, should greatly assist the electronics technician in fault localization. A fault locater (XFL) was developed for the AN/URC-32 transceiver. The XFL contains S-M relations for AN-URC-32 circuits and front-panel indications. It accomplishes three things: I) it leads the electronics technician through an appropriate sequence of front-panel tests, 2) it indexes the technician to the smallest possible fault area, and 3) it describes the fault area in terms of equipment circuitry. Two studies were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the XFL. The results showed that both maintenance and non-maintenance personnel can quickly learn to use the job-aid, and that it may be useful in supporting corrective maintenance performance.
Time-Sharing and Self-Tutoring: An Exploratory Case History
Authors: Sackman Harold 
Published: July 2017

This study is concerned with the effectiveness of individual user performance for an extended self-tutoring task in a time-shared computing facility. The investigation is an experimental case history of one individual (the author) following the TINT self-tutoring user manual from beginning to end in the SDC Q-32 Time-Sharing System at a Teletype console. (TINT is a user-oriented dialect of JOVIAL, an interpretive language adapted to time-sharing with many self-teaching features.) The methodology featured measurement of natural user behavior in which the user served as his own control in successive console sessions. The sample included 1,861 user input commands collected over 18 hours at the teletypewriter terminal. The quantitative results revealed some evidence for systematic learning and reinforcement effects; there were progressive tendencies toward higher productivity and lower error rates with increasing TINT experience. The qualitative findings revealed that the numerous and diversified exercises facilitated familiarity with the elements and the varied services of the TINT system. The chief drawback was exclusive reliance of the tutoring method on literal reproduction of the text by the user at his console. The paper concludes with recommendations for more genuine interactive involvement between the user, the central system, and self-tutoring aids.
Human Resources Data in System Design Trade Studies
Authors: Askren William B. , Lintz Larry M. 
Published: July 2017

The system design trade study process was investigated to determine the feasibility of including human resources data. First, 61 completed trade studies from aeronautical, missile, and command and control systems were analyzed to determine the characteristics of trade studies. Then, four simulated trade studies containing engineering and human resources data and representing flight control and avionics subsystems were constructed for experimental use. Seventy-two experienced design engineers performed the simulated trade studies. It was found that engineers can and do use human resources data in system design trade studies. Personnel costs and quantities are assigned more weight than skill types, skill levels, and availability of personnel. A detailed presentation of human resources data is given more weight than a condensed presentation. Four major sources of variability in trade study results were found. These are: choice of parameters, weighting factors for the parameters, methods of normalizing the parametric data, and methods of combining parametric data and weighting factors. Standardization of trade study methods is recommended to help overcome this variability.