bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Homoeologous exchanges cause extensive dosage‐dependent gene expression changes in an allopolyploid crop
Authors: Lloyd Andrew , Blary Aurélien , Charif Delphine , Charpentier Catherine , Tran Joseph , Balzergue Sandrine , Delannoy Etienne , Rigaill Guillem , Jenczewski Eric 
Published: October 2017

Summary

Structural variation is a major source of genetic diversity and an important substrate for selection. In allopolyploids, homoeologous exchanges (i.e. between the constituent subgenomes) are a very frequent type of structural variant. However, their direct impact on gene content and gene expression had not been determined.

Here, we used a tissue‐specific mRNA‐Seq dataset to measure the consequences of homoeologous exchanges (HE) on gene expression in Brassica napus, a representative allotetraploid crop.

We demonstrate that expression changes are proportional to the change in gene copy number triggered by the HEs. Thus, when homoeologous gene pairs have unbalanced transcriptional contributions before the HE, duplication of one copy does not accurately compensate for loss of the other and combined homoeologue expression also changes. These effects are, however, mitigated over time.

This study sheds light on the origins, timing and functional consequences of homeologous exchanges in allopolyploids. It demonstrates that the interplay between new structural variation and the resulting impacts on gene expression, influences allopolyploid genome evolution.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi promote coexistence and niche divergence of sympatric palm species on a remote oceanic island
Authors: Osborne Owen G. , De‐Kayne Rishi , Bidartondo Martin I. , Hutton Ian , Baker William J. , Turnbull Colin G. N. , Savolainen Vincent 
Published: October 2017

Summary

Microbes can have profound effects on their hosts, driving natural selection, promoting speciation and determining species distributions. However, soil‐dwelling microbes are rarely investigated as drivers of evolutionary change in plants.

We used metabarcoding and experimental manipulation of soil microbiomes to investigate the impact of soil and root microbes in a well‐known case of sympatric speciation, the Howea palms of Lord Howe Island (Australia). Whereas H. forsteriana can grow on both calcareous and volcanic soils, H. belmoreana is restricted to, but more successful on, volcanic soil, indicating a trade‐off in adaptation to the two soil types.

We suggest a novel explanation for this trade‐off. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are significantly depleted in H. forsteriana on volcanic soil, relative to both H. belmoreana on volcanic soil and H. forsteriana on calcareous soil. This is mirrored by the results of survival experiments, where the sterilization of natural soil reduces Howea fitness in every soil–species combination except H. forsteriana on volcanic soil. Furthermore, AMF‐associated genes exhibit evidence of divergent selection between Howea species.

These results show a mechanism by which divergent adaptation can have knock‐on effects on host–microbe interactions, thereby reducing interspecific competition and promoting the coexistence of plant sister species.
A Behavior‐Based Approach to the Estimation of Poverty in India
Authors: Almås Ingvild , Kjelsrud Anders , Somanathan Rohini 
Published: October 2017

AbstractEstimates of poverty in India are crucial inputs for the understanding of world poverty, yet there is much disagreement about the numbers and the legitimacy of methods used to derive them. In this paper, we propose and justify an alternative approach to identify the poor, which uses the proportion of income spent on food. Our estimates have weaker data requirements than official methods, and they compare favorably with several validation tests. Most notably, households around our state poverty lines obtain their calories from similar sources, whereas this is not true of official poverty lines. We also find that rates of self‐reported hunger are higher in states that we classify as poor.
Incidence and risk factors of surgical site infection and septic arthritis after elective arthroscopy in horses
Authors: Brunsting Julie Y. , Pille Frederik J. , Oosterlinck Maarten , Haspeslagh Maarten , Wilderjans Hans C. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the incidence of infection and associated risk factors, after elective arthroscopy.Study designRetrospective case study.AnimalsHorses (n=1079) undergoing elective arthroscopy.MethodsMedical records of all horses that underwent elective arthroscopy between 2006 and 2013 were reviewed. Age, gender, breed, surgeon, number of joints operated, total anesthetic time, perioperative antimicrobial administration, and the presence and size of osteochondral fragments/subchondral lesions were recorded. For each operated joint, the development of postoperative infection (surgical site infection [SSI] and/or septic arthritis) and long‐term outcome (>6 months) were recorded. Multivariate logistic regression was used to test for association between the independent variables and the dependent outcomes.ResultsA total of 1741 joints in 1079 horses underwent arthroscopy. SSI without septic arthritis occurred in 1 fetlock joint (0.14%), 1 tibiotarsal joint (0.19%), and 6 femoropatellar joints (1.67%). Thirteen joints (0.75%) were diagnosed with septic arthritis, including 1 fetlock joint (0.14%), 4 tibiotarsal joints (0.74%), and 8 femoropatellar joints (2.23%). The probability of postoperative SSI was higher when large lesions (>40 mm long) were treated, compared to medium (20‐40 mm, P = .005) and small (<20 mm, P < .001) lesions. SSI was a significant risk factor for the development of septic arthritis (P < .001). Although age did not affect the incidence of SSI, increasing age was associated with a lower rate of septic arthritis rate (P = .028).ConclusionSeptic arthritis after elective arthroscopy was more likely in the presence of SSI and younger age. Horses with large lesions were at risk for SSI, which translated into a higher incidence of postoperative septic arthritis after femoropatellar arthroscopy.
Carotid chemoreceptor control of muscle sympathetic nerve activity in hypobaric hypoxia
Authors: Fisher James P. , Flück Daniela , Hilty Matthias P. , Lundby Carsten 
Published: October 2017

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
High‐altitude hypoxia increases muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), but whether intravenous infusion of dopamine, to blunt the responsiveness of the carotid chemoreceptors, reduces MSNA at high altitude is not known.

What is the main finding and its importance?
Muscle sympathetic nerve activity was elevated after 15–17 days of high‐altitude hypoxia (3454 m) compared with values at ‘sea level’ (432 m). However, intravenous dopamine infusion to blunt the responsiveness of the carotid chemoreceptors did not significantly decrease MSNA either at sea level or at high altitude, suggesting that high‐altitude sympathoexcitation arises via a different mechanism.

High‐altitude hypoxia causes pronounced sympathoexcitation, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We tested the hypothesis that i.v. infusion of dopamine to attenuate carotid chemoreceptor responsiveness would reduce muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) at high altitude. Nine healthy individuals [mean (SD); 26 (4) years of age] were studied at ‘sea level’ (SL; Zurich) and at high altitude (ALT; 3454 m; 15–17 days after arrival), both while breathing the ambient air and during an acute incremental hypoxia test (eight 3 min stages; partial pressure of end‐tidal O2 90–45 mmHg). Intravenous infusions of dopamine (3 μg kg−1 min−1) and placebo (saline) were administered on both study days, according to a single‐blind randomized cross‐over design. Sojourn to high altitude decreased the partial pressure of end‐tidal O2 (to ∼60 mmHg) and increased minute ventilation [; mean ± SEM, SL versus ALT: saline, 8.6 ± 0.5 versus 11.3 ± 0.6 l min−1; dopamine, 8.2 ± 0.5 versus 10.6 ± 0.8 l min−1; P < 0.05] and MSNA burst frequency by ∼80% [SL versus ALT: saline, 16 ± 3 versus 28 ± 4 bursts min−1; dopamine, 16 ± 4 versus 31 ± 4 bursts min−1; P < 0.05) when breathing the ambient air, but were not different with dopamine. Increases in MSNA burst frequency and during the acute incremental hypoxia test were greater at ALT than SL (P < 0.05). Dopamine did not affect the magnitude of the MSNA burst frequency response to acute incremental hypoxia at either SL or ALT. However, was lower with dopamine than saline administration throughout the acute incremental hypoxia test at ALT. These data indicate that i.v. infusion of low‐dose dopamine to blunt the responsiveness of the carotid chemoreceptors does not significantly decrease MSNA at high altitude.
Effect of Preexercise Ingestion of Modified Amylomaize Starch on Glycemic Response While Cycling
Authors: Parks Rachel B. , Angus Hector F. , King Douglas S. , Sharp Rick L. 
Published: October 2017

Amylomaize-7 is classified as a resistant corn starch and is 68% digestible. When modified by partial hydrolysis in ethanol and hydrochloric acid its digestibility is 92%, yet retains its low glycemic and insulinemic properties. The purpose of this study was to characterize the metabolic response when modified amylomaize-7 or dextrose is consumed in the hour before exercise, and to compare the effect on performance of a brief high-intensity cycling trial. Ten male, trained cyclists were given 1 g/kg body mass of dextrose (DEX) or modified amylomaize-7 (AMY-7) or a flavored water placebo (PL) 45 min prior to exercise on a cycle ergometer. A 15-min ride at 60% Wmax was immediately followed by a self-paced time trial (TT) equivalent to 15 min at 80% Wmax. When cyclists consumed DEX, mean serum glucose concentration increased by 3.3 ± 2.1 mmol/L before exercise, compared to stable serum glucose observed for AMY-7 or PL. Glucose concentrations returned to baseline by pre-TT in all treatments. However, the mean post-TT glucose concentration of the DEX group was significantly lower than baseline, AMY-7, or PL. Serum insulin concentration increased nine-fold from baseline to preexercise in the DEX trial, whereas PL or AMY-7 remained unchanged. Time required to complete the performance trial was not significantly different between DEX, AMY-7 or PL. Preexercise ingestion of modified amylomaize-7 compared to dextrose resulted in a more stable serum glucose concentration, but did not offer a performance advantage in this high-intensity cycling trial.
External Match Loads of Footballers With Cerebral Palsy: A Comparison Among Sport Classes
Authors: Yanci Javier , Castillo Daniel , Iturricastillo Aitor , Urbán Tomás , Reina Raúl 
Published: October 2017

Purpose:To determine and compare the external match load, according to sport class (FT), of footballers with cerebral palsy (CP) during the International Federation of CP Football World Championships Qualification Tournament.Methods:Forty-two international male footballers with CP participated in the data collection. The footballers with CP were classified according to their FT into 3 groups (ie, FT5/6, FT7, and FT8). External match load (ie, total distance covered, distance covered at different speeds, accelerations, decelerations, player load, peak metabolic power, and changes of directions) was collected for both halves during official matches with global positioning system devices.Results:Players with lower impairment (FT8) covered more distance (effect size = 0.30–0.60) at high-intensity running (13.0–18.0 km·h−1) and sprinting (>18.0 km·h−1) and performed more (effect size = 0.29–1.08) accelerations, decelerations, and changes of direction at high intensity in matches than did other players (ie, FT5/6 and FT7 groups).Conclusion:Because high-intensity actions are relevant to football performance and there are differences caused by players’ impairments, the International Federation of CP Football classification protocols should include high-intensity actions during the technical assessment as part of the procedures for determining the sport class of football players with CP.
Effect of Intensified Endurance Training on Pacing and Performance in 4000-m Cycling Time Trials
Authors: Wallett Alice M. , Woods Amy L. , Versey Nathan , Garvican-Lewis Laura A. , Welvaert Marijke , Thompson Kevin G. 
Published: October 2017

Studies examining pacing strategies during 4000-m cycling time trials (TTs) typically ensure that participants are not prefatigued; however, competitive cyclists often undertake TTs when already fatigued. This study aimed to determine how TT pacing strategies and sprint characteristics of cyclists change during an intensified training period (mesocycle). Thirteen cyclists regularly competing in A- and B-grade cycling races and consistently training (>10 h/wk for 4 [1] y) completed a 6-wk training mesocycle. Participants undertook individually prescribed training, using training stress scores (TrainingPeaks, Boulder, CO), partitioned into a baseline week, a build week, 2 loading weeks (designed to elicit an overreached state), and 2 recovery weeks. Laboratory-based tests (15-s sprint and TT) and Recovery-Stress Questionnaire (RESTQ-52) responses were repeatedly undertaken over the mesocycle. TT power output increased during recovery compared with baseline and loading weeks (P = .001) with >6-W increases in mean power output (MPO) detected for 400-m sections (10% bins) from 1200 to 4000 m in recovery weeks. Decreases in peak heart rate (P < .001) during loading weeks and postexercise blood lactate (P = .005) during loading week 2 and recovery week 1 were detected. Compared with baseline, 15-s sprint MPO declined during loading and recovery weeks (P < .001). An interaction was observed between RESTQ-52 total stress score with a 15-s sprint (P = .003) and with a TT MPO (P = .04), indicating that participants who experienced greater stress during loading weeks exhibited reduced performance. To conclude, intensified endurance training diminished sprint performance but improved 4000-m TT performance, with a subtle change in MPO evident over the last 70% of TTs.
The Impact of Knee Injury History on Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescent Athletes
Authors: Lam Kenneth C. , Markbreiter Jessica G. 
Published: October 2017

Context: Current evidence suggests that, despite returning to full participation, physically active adults with a previous knee injury experience lower health-related quality of life (HRQOL) than those with no knee injury history. It is unknown if this relationship is present in adolescent athletes. Objective: To determine the impact of knee injury history on HRQOL in adolescent athletes who were medically cleared for full participation. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Athletic training clinics. Participants: A convenience sample of 183 adolescent athletes, who were medically cleared for full participation, were grouped by self-report of a previous knee injury: positive knee injury history (HIS; n = 36, age = 15.7 [1.4] y, height = 168.0 [11.9] cm, and weight = 71.8 [11.9] kg) and no knee injury history (NO-HIS; n = 147, age = 15.5 [1.4] y, height = 166.0 [10.5] cm, and weight = 67.6 [14.6] kg). Interventions: Participants completed the Pediatric International Knee Documentation Committee form and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory during their preparticipation examination. Main Outcome Measures: Generalized linear models were used to compare group differences for the total and subscale scores of the Pediatric International Knee Documentation Committee and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. Results: Main effects of injury group indicated that the HIS group reported significantly lower scores than the NO-HIS group for the Pediatric International Knee Documentation Committee total score (P < .001; HIS = 79.2 [21.7], NO-HIS = 95.8 [8.6]) and for the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory total (P = .001; HIS = 85.7 [10.9], NO-HIS = 90.9 [7.3]), physical functioning (P = .002; HIS = 86.7 [13.6], NO-HIS = 92.1 [8.2]), school functioning (P = .01; HIS = 80.6 [12.4], NO-HIS = 86.8 [12.2]), and social functioning (P = .01; HIS = 89.3 [12.4], NO-HIS = 94.6 [8.9]) scores. No group differences were reported for the emotional functioning subscale (P = .13; HIS = 85.7 [17.7], NO-HIS = 89.7 [13.1]). No interactions or main effects of sex were reported (P > .05). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that, despite returning to full sport participation, adolescent athletes with a previous knee injury generally experience lower HRQOL than their peers with no knee injury history, specifically for knee-specific HRQOL, physical functioning, school functioning, and social functioning. Our results are similar to previous findings reported in college athletes and military cadets.
“It’s This Thing of Being an Olympian That You Don’t Get From Anything Else”: Changing Experiences of Canadian Individual-Sport Athletes With Olympic Team Selection
Authors: McEwen Carolyn E. , Hurd Clarke Laura , Bennett Erica V. , Dawson Kimberley A. , Crocker Peter R.E. 
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine elite Canadian individual-sport athletes’ experiences with an Olympic team-selection process. Six nonselected Canadian individual-sport athletes who were attempting to qualify for the Olympics took part in 3 semistructured interviews during the Olympic team-selection process, after they gained knowledge of their selection status, and after the Olympic Games. Data were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Three major themes emerged from the interpretation of the athletes’ experiences: (a) pursuing and expressing the Olympic athlete identity; (b) navigating the Olympic team-selection process: expectations, barriers, and tensions; and (c) moving on: reactions, life-goal reinvestment, and athletic-goal adjustment. Participants’ experiences were shaped by personal motivation and social expectations, with changes shifting across the 3 interview periods. Athletes attempted to manage the discontent of nonselection through processes of positive reappraisal, athletic-goal adjustment, and accentuating other life goals and identities.
Cervical and breast cancer screening participation and utilisation of maternal health services: a cross-sectional study among immigrant women in Southern Italy
Authors: Bianco Aida , Larosa Elisabetta , Pileggi Claudia , Nobile Carmelo G A , Pavia Maria 
Published: October 2017

ObjectivesWomen make up approximately half of the world’s one billion migrants. Immigrant women tend to be one of the most vulnerable population groups with respect to healthcare. Cancer screening (CS) and maternal and reproductive health have been included among the 10 main issues pertinent to women’s health. The aim of this study is to explore breast and cervical CS participation and to acquire information regarding access to healthcare services during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period among age eligible immigrant women in Southern Italy.MethodsA structured questionnaire was used to collect data from each participant. Women aged 25–64 years who had not had a hysterectomy and women aged 50–69 years without history of breast cancer were considered eligible for the evaluation of cervical and breast CS participation, respectively. Moreover, women who had delivered at least once in Italy were enrolled to describe antenatal and postpartum care services use. All women were recruited through the third sector and non-profit organisations (NPOs).ResultsRate of cervical CS among the 419 eligible women was low (39.1%), and about one-third had had a Pap test for screening purposes within a 3-year period from interview (32.8%). Regarding breast CS practices, of the 125 eligible women 45.6% had had a mammography for control purposes and less than a quarter (26, 20.8%) had their mammography within the recommended time interval of 2 years. About 80% of the respondents did not report difficulties of access and use of antenatal and postpartum services.ConclusionThis study provides currently unavailable information about adherence to CS and maternal and child health that could encourage future research to develop and test culturally appropriate, women-centred strategies for promoting timely and regular CS among immigrant women in Italy.
Early sexual experiences of teenage heterosexual males in Australia: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Chow Eric P F , Wigan Rebecca , McNulty Anna , Bell Charlotte , Johnson Mandy , Marshall Lewis , Regan David G , Owen Louise , Brotherton Julia M L , Bradshaw Catriona S , Fairley Christopher K , Russell Darren , Chen Marcus Y 
Published: October 2017

ObjectiveThere are limited data on the patterns of early sexual behaviours among Australian teenage heterosexual boys. This study describes the nature and onset of early sexual experiences in this population through a cross-sectional survey.DesignA cross-sectional survey between 2014 and 2015SettingMajor sexual health clinics and community sources across AustraliaParticipantsHeterosexual men aged 17–19 yearsResultsThere were 191 men in the study with a median age of 19.1 years. Median age at first oral sex was 16.4 years (IQR: 15.5–17.7) and 16.9 years (IQR: 16.0–18.0) for first vaginal sex. Most men had engaged in oral sex (89.5%) and vaginal sex (91.6%) in the previous 12 months with 32.6% reporting condom use at last vaginal sex. Of the total lifetime female partners for vaginal sex reported by men as a group (n=1187): 54.3% (n=645) were the same age as the man, 28.3% (n=336) were a year or more younger and 17.4% (n=206) were a year or more older. Prior anal sex with females was reported by 22% with 47% reporting condom use at last anal sex. Median age at first anal sex was 18.2 years (IQR: 17.3–18.8). Anal sex with a female was associated with having five or more lifetime female sexual partners for oral and vaginal sex.ConclusionsThese data provide insights into the trajectory of sexual behaviours experienced by teenage heterosexual boys following sexual debut, findings which can inform programme promoting sexual health among teenage boys.
Effects of school-based intervention by emergency medical technicians on students and their parents: a community-based prospective study of the Akashi project
Authors: Tomari Shinya , Yokota Chiaki , Nishimura Kunihiro , Hino Tenyu , Ohyama Satoshi , Arimizu Takuro , Wada Shinichi , Ohnishi Hideyuki , Toyoda Kazunori , Minematsu Kazuo 
Published: October 2017

ObjectiveStroke lessons for youth provided by emergency medical technicians (EMTs) may be an effective strategy to facilitate early intervention for patients with stroke. The aim of this study was to examine how effective EMT-led lessons on stroke awareness for schoolchildren were at disseminating stroke information.Setting, participants and outcome measuresThe study was performed in the city of Akashi, Hyogo, Japan (Akashi project). Children (aged 9–10 years old) at 11 public elementary schools and their parents were enrolled in this study. EMTs from the firefighting headquarters provided lessons on stroke to the children using our educational materials between September 2014 and October 2015. Each child was given our educational materials to take home and discuss stroke with their parents. The children and their parents answered questionnaires on stroke knowledge before, immediately and at 3 months after the lesson.ResultsA total of 763 children and 489 parents were enrolled (ie, 64% of children). The scores of either stroke symptoms or risk factors were significantly higher immediately and at 3 months after the lesson, compared with before the lesson, both in children and the parents (p<0.01). Compared with the baseline in both groups (58% in children, 83% in parents), the meaning of the FAST mnemonic at 3 months (88%, 94%), as well as at immediately after the lesson (90%, 89%), was significantly higher (p<0.001).ConclusionStroke education by EMTs was effective in increasing stroke awareness in elementary school children, as well as their parents.