bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
XIX.—Filial and Fraternal Correlations in Sex-linked Inheritance
Authors: Hogben Lancelot 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe results obtained may be summarised in the following table comparing the filial and fraternal coefficients for autosomal and sex-linked variation. When dominance is complete the values given are referred to equal frequency of the allelomorphic genes, i.e.p = ½ = q.Briefly, then, the contribution of sex-linked genes to the observed variance will tend to lower the correlation between father and son and between brother and sister. It will raise the correlation between father and daughter or between sister and sister conspicuously. These considerations emphasise the interest attaching to a separate investigation of fraternal correlation for sibs of all three sex classes in connection with studies on twins. If the correlation for dizygotic twins of like sex is higher than for dizygotic twins of unlike sex, the difference might be due to the greater similarity of environment for two individuals of the same sex, or it might be due to the contribution of sex-linked genes to the observed variance. In the latter case the correlation for boy pairs should be significantly lower than the correlation for girl pairs. The wide discrepancies in recorded data for fraternal correlations with respect to intelligence quotients might be re-examined from this standpoint. If an appreciable proportion of the total variance is due to sex-linked genes, it is of more importance that a boy should have a clever mother than a clever father.
I.—On a Problem concerning Matrices with Variable Diagonal Elements
Authors: Ledermann Walter 
Published: June 2016

Suppose that in a given non-negative definite symmetric matrix R = [rij] of order n the diagonal entries are replaced by arbitrary quantities x1, x2,…, xn so that the matrix assumes the formMatrices of this type are met with in the statistical technique known as Factorial Analysis (Thurstone, 1935; Thomson, 1939); there the nondiagonal elements rij(i≠j) are the correlation coefficients of certain tests and are given by observation. The diagonal entries of the “correlational matrix,” which is always non-negative definite, are originally all equal to unity, but, on the hypothesis which underlies the process of Factorial Analysis, it is permissible to diminish the diagonal entries arbitrarily provided the modified matrix is still non-negative definite, it being assumed that the amount which has been deducted from the diagonal cells is due to the variance of the specific factors, the investigation of which is not the primary aim of the theory.
III.—Observations on the Balmer Series of Hydrogen
Authors: Geddes A. E. M. 
Published: June 2016

According to the quantum theory of the production of spectra the lines Hα and Hβ of the Balmer series in the hydrogen spectrum may be produced in six and eight different ways respectively. This general conclusion, however, has to be modified. The mass of an electron in its elliptical orbit is not constant but depends upon its velocity. Consequently, the total energy of an electron in its orbit must be expressed in the formwhere na and nr are the azimuthal and radial quantum numbers and where , and the other symbols have their usual meaning.
XXIII.—On a Class of Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Ince E. L. 
Published: June 2016

In but a few cases are solutions of equations of the typeknown, and even in the simplest cases the most general of the known solutions suffers from the disadvantage of being in a symbolic form. The equations to be studied in the present paper are those which can be derived fromby a change in the independent variable. This equation is the one which most naturally claims the attention of the investigator, after the equation of wave-motionhas been disposed of.
III.—On Fourier Constants
Authors: Copson E. T. 
Published: June 2016

§ 1. Notation.—Suppose that a0, a1a2,… are real constants, such that, for some fixed p (≥1), the series is convergent. It is a consequence of the generalised Riesz-Fischer Theorem that there exists a function f(t) L1+p over ( – 1 , 1), of whichis the Fourier Series.
III.—The Diffusion of Salt Vapours in a Bunsen Flame
Authors: Symon Fred. J. 
Published: June 2016

The following paper is a description of experiments carried out to determine the coefficient of diffusion of alkali salt vapours in a bunsen flame.The colouration of the flame when a bead of salt is heated in it seems to be due to the presence of neutral atoms of the metallic vapour, and the intensity of the colour at any part of the flame depends on the concentration of the metallic vapour at the particular point.
IV.—Researches into the Characteristic Numbers of the Mathieu Equation
Authors: Ince E. L. 
Published: June 2016

The characteristic numbers of the Mathieu equationare those values of a for which, when q is given, the equation admits of a solution of period π or 2π. The periodic solutions, or Mathieu functions, may be developed as a Fourier-series convergent for all values of q,multiplied by one or other of the factors
XVII.—Some Hyperspace Harmonic Analysis Problems introducing Extensions of Mathieu's Equation
Authors: Humbert Pierre 
Published: June 2016

It is well known that two problems of harmonic analysis in ordinary three-dimensional space can be solved by Mathieu's functions, namely, (a) harmonic analysis for an orthogonal system of elliptic (or hyperbolic) cylinders,(b) harmonic analysis for a system of confocal paraboloïds,
XVIII.—The Invariant Theory of Forms in Six Variables relating to the Line Complex
Authors: Turnbull H. W. 
Published: June 2016

It is well known that the Plücker coordinates of a straight line in ordinary space satisfy a quadratic identitywhich may also be considered as the equation of a point-quadric in five dimensions, if the six coordinates Pij are treated as six homogeneous coordinates of a point. Projective properties of line geometry may therefore be treated as projective properties of point geometry in five dimensions. This suggests that certain algebraic theories of quaternary forms (corresponding to the geometry of ordinary space) can best be treated as algebraic theories of senary forms: that is, forms in six homogeneous variables.
XVII.—On the X-Ray Corpuscular Emission from Iron in a Magnetised and Unmagnetised State
Authors: Carse G. A. , Jack D. 
Published: June 2016

Sir A. Ewing in his paper, “On Models of Ferromagnetic Induction,” has suggested that there is something in the atom which turns in response to an applied magnetic field.In discussing the above it was suggested by Professor Barkla that it would be a matter of interest to study the X-ray corpuscular emission from iron when magnetised and unmagnetised, especially under the influence of very penetrating rays.
V.—Experiments and Observations on Crustacea: Part II. Moulting of Isopods
Authors: Tait John 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARY(1) Ligia, like other iposods, moults in two stages. First the coverin of the abdomen with that of the posterior three thoracic segments is es uviated. About four days later the anterior covering is thrown off. Th external changes that occur in the cuticle as it ages, and the behaviou of the animal during moult, are described.(2) At the moult the cuticle splits in two main directions: (i) transvers between the fourth and fifth (free) thoracic segments; (ii) longitudina at the coxotergal junctions of (free) thoracic segments 2 to 7, there being no coxotergal split in segment 1. Coxotergal splitting is an arthrostracai if not a peracaridan, feature.(3) Ligiæ that have fasted for many weeks in sea-water may still moult normally. It follows that onset of the moult is determined by an underlying cyclic change, not as Réaumur suggested by simple growth of the animal. A second moult during the period of fast was not observed.
XX.—The Square Roots of a Linear Vector Function
Authors: Hitchcock Frank L. 
Published: June 2016

The equation in linear vector functionswas proposed by Tait, and an elegant solution was obtained by him which does not require a determination of the axes of ω. He showed that upon this equation depends the separation of the pure and the rotational parts of a homogeneous strain. The problem appears to be interesting also from the point of view of algebraic analysis. The number and character of the solutions is more varied, given different types of the function ω, than we might at first suppose. In fact there are two forms which may be assigned to M such that the equation does not permit of solution. Otherwise the number of solutions.
I.—On Tubes of Electromagnetic Force
Authors: Whittaker E. T. 
Published: June 2016

The object of the present paper is to introduce certain surfaces, which will be shown to play the same part in the general electromagnetic field as Faraday's tubes of force do in electrostatic and magnetostatic fields.The value of Faraday tubes in electrostatics and magnetism has led many investigators to seek for them a wider application, in connection with variable electromagnetic fields.
III.—Prehensility: a Factor of Gaseous Adsorption
Authors: Briggs Henry 
Published: June 2016

SummaryPrehensility is defined as the slope at the origin of an adsorption isotherm.A method of measuring prehensility is described, and results given for various adsorbents at liquid air temperature.It is shown that from the prehensility the evacuating power of a substance may be calculated. In evacuating any given volume, the weight of charcoal required to yield a required reduction of pressure may be computed. The degree of vacuum obtained in a Dewar liquid-air container is discussed.The plumstone charcoal used by the author had a higher evacuating power than cocoanut charcoal.Reference is made to a colloidal silica of appreciable evacuating power, though, at –190° C. over four times as much of it is required (by volume) as of plumstone charcoal to attain the same result, and it acts more slowly.The very high degree of vacuum procurable by using a succession of charcoal bulbs is discussed, and it is shown that with a given weight of charcoal the reduction of pressure obtainable by division of the mass among a number of bulbs does not indefinitely increase with that number, but eventually reaches a maximum.
XXI.—On the Dominance Ratio
Authors: Fisher R. A. 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARYThe frequency ratio of the allelomorphs of a Mendelian factor is only stable if selection favours the heterozygote: such factors, though occurring rarely, will accumulate in the stock, while those of opposite tendency will be eliminated.The survival of a mutant gene although established in a mature and potent individual is to a very large extent a matter of chance ; only when a large number of individuals have become affected does selection, dependent on its contribution to the fitness of the organism, become of importance. This is so even for dominant mutants; for recessive mutants selection remains very small so long as the mutant form is an inconsiderable fraction of the interbreeding group.The distribution of the frequency ratio for different factors may be calculated from the condition that this distribution is stable, as is that of velocities in the Theory of Gases : in the absence of selection the distribution of logis given in fig. 1. Fig. 2 represents the case of steady decay in variance by the action of random survival (the Hagedoorn effect).Fig. 3 shows the distribution in the somewhat artificial case of uniform genetic selection : this would be the distribution to be expected in the absence of dominance. Fig. 4 shows the asymmetrical distribution due to uniform genotypic selection with or without homogamy.Under genotypic selection the dominance ratio for complete dominance comes to be exactly ⅓, in close agreement with the value obtained from human measurements.The rate of mutation necessary to maintain the variance of the species may be calculated from these distributions. Very infrequent mutation will serve to counterbalance the effect of random survival; for equilibrium with selective action a much higher level is needed, though still mutation may be individually rare, especially in large populations.It would seem that the supposition of genotypic selection balanced by occasional mutations fitted the facts deduced from the correlations of relatives in mankind.
Preliminary Note on the Conductivity of Concentrated Aqueous Solutions of Electrolytes
Authors: Gibson J. 
Published: June 2016

In a paper communicated to the Society in 1897, the author drew attention to increase in electrical conductivity as a characteristic of photo-chemical action, and in a second communication in December of the same year, made the following statement—“It would appear that the chemical behaviour of the acids just mentioned (HNO3, HCl, H2SO4) depends in many of their reactions on whether their concentration is above or below that corresponding to their maximum electrolytic conductivity.”
A Dietary Study of Five Halls of Residence for Students in Edinburgh
Authors: Cameron I. D. 
Published: June 2016

Summary of Results1. The diet of five halls of residence was studied. This represents the food of 1129·4 men for one day.2. The average amount taken per man per day was: proteids, 143 grammes; fats, 138 grammes; carbohydrates, 511 grammes; with a fuel value of 3979 Calories.3. In all the studies the proteid value is high. The animal proteid is 63 per cent, of the total proteid.4. The average cost per man per day (exclusive of beverages and condiments) is 15·1 pence. Sixty-six per cent, of this is expended on animal food.5. The amount of nutritive material per penny is much lower than that given in the study of the diet of Edinburgh labourers' families.6. The waste varies considerably. The approximate cost of waste was from 2·4 per cent, to 7 per cent, of the total money spent on food.7. The proteids and carbohydrates are higher than in the American college studies. As the fats are lower, the Calorific value is about the same. The amount of food taken is greatly in excess of that in Japanese students' dietaries.8. The waste is only about one-half of that in the American studies of college residences.9. The expenditure on food of 9s. 2d. per man per week seen in this study is probably about the average spent on a middle-class dietary.
X.—The Variation of Young's Modulus under an Electric Current
Authors: Walker Henry 
Published: June 2016

The results of the investigations on four metals, viz. steel, iron, copper, and platinum, form the subject of my two first papers. In Parts I. and II. the effects on the modulus when the wire was stretched with a small load, and also with a much greater load, were examined. In this, my third paper, the investigation of these metals has been extended in several directions. The scope of the whole work has also been widened by subjecting nickel and cobalt to examination.As the question of temperature still seemed doubtful, and as the justification given near the beginning of the second paper might not be altogether convincing, I thought it better to put the matter beyond all question. I therefore adopted the following method. Using the doublewalled tube already described, the wires were passed through it and over the wheel in the same way as in the main experiments.
XVI.—The Theory of Wronskians in the Historical Order of Development up to 1860
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2016

The previous history of Wronskians being not at all lengthy, was included in the chapter on “Miscellaneous Special Forms” (History, i., chap, xvi.), and is to be found there under Wronski 1812, Wronski 1815, Wronski 1816–17, and Schweins 1825 (pp. 472–478, 482–485).The name dates only from 1882, being first suggested on p. 224 of my Text-book on Determinants.
I.—Further Experiments with the Ewing Ball-and-Tube Flowmeter
Authors: Awbery J.H. , Griffiths Ezer 
Published: June 2016

The Ewing Flowmeter is a device which may be inserted in a circuit through which liquid is flowing, to give a continuous indication of the rate of flow of the liquid.The authors, acting on behalf of the Engineering Committee of the Food Investigation Board, have carried out some further experiments, the results of which confirm and supplement those of Sir Alfred Ewing, described by him to the Society in June 1925 (Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xlv, p. 308). They have also endeavoured to discuss the results by applying the theory of similitude.
XI.—The Effects of Implantation upon Ovarian Grafts in the Male Mouse
Authors: Tamura Y. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryI. A series of experiments is described in which ovaries from litter sisters at the age of from 8 to 20 weeks old were grafted on to the surface of the kidney of male mice.II. The grafts were examined at periods varying from 10 to 35 days after operation. It was found that in the majority of cases the graft had retained the typical ovarian structure; in one case corpora lutea were present (35 days after transplantation).III. It is suggested that the survival of the graft is dependent primarily upon its vascularisation, and secondarily upon the degree of activity of the germinal epithelium.IV. It is assumed that if the germinal epithelium is unimpaired it proliferates; proliferation occurs first sometime before the 10th day, and continues until the graft has attained the stage at which it was at the time of operation.V. The original large follicles begin to degenerate soon after transplantation; the medium-sized and small ones develop for a certain period of time, but afterwards also undergo degeneration.VI. Graafian follicles undergo degeneration at various stages of development.VII. Interstitial tissue appears to be derived from the follicular cells of the atretic, or more probably of the primary and medium-sized anovular follicles.VIII. It is concluded that the presence of the testis does not affect the vitality of the ovarian graft.
XXI.—Submergence and Postural Apnœa in the Swan
Authors: Paton D. Noël 
Published: June 2016

Paul Bert (1) (1870) and later Richet (2) (1894) investigated the apnœa in diving produced in the duck (Anas Boschas var. domesticus) by submergence of the head in water.In 1911 Frances M. Huxley (3), while studying this apnœa, discovered that it is largely a postural reflex and that it could be induced without submergence. She also showed that in this reflex a labyrinthine and a cervical element are involved, and later I (4) showed that in most ducks the former, but in some the latter, predominates and that they are cooperative, acting together.
VI.—Mental Measurement: The Probable Error of some Boundary Conditions in Diagnosing the Presence of Group and General Factors
Authors: Black Thomas P. 
Published: June 2016

1. Let x1, x2, x3 represent three mental activities; r12 the correlation coefficient of x1 and x2; r23 that of x2 and x3; r31 that of x3 and x1.J. Ridley Thompson has shown (Brit. Journ. Psychol., 1919, vol. ix, p. 335) that ifF(r)≡r122 + r232 + r312 + 2r12r23r31be greater than 1, a “general factor” is undoubtedly present in the three activities.
IX.—On the Relation of Fertility in Fowls to the Amount of Testicular Material and Density of Sperm Suspension
Authors: Hutt F. B. 
Published: June 2016

Summary1. Fertility tests of eight partially castrated cocks and three controls show that within quite wide limits of fertility and of testis size the fertility of the male fowl is not in any way dependent upon size of the testis.2. The average density of sperm suspension was found to be approximately four million spermatozoa per cubic millimetre for the thirty-six samples examined from ten males.3. The variations in the average density of sperm suspension from different birds ranged from 825,000 to over 7,000,000 cells per cu. mm., but within this range the density of sperm suspension bore no relation to fertility.4. The number of sperm per cubic millimetre of semen appears to be entirely independent of the size of the testes within the ranges covered by this experiment.5. Compensatory hypertrophy to a degree approximating to the normal weight of both testes was observed in the retained right testes of cocks castrated unilaterally on the left side at one week of age.6. Exceptions to the rule of compensatory hypertrophy included birds with subcutaneous testis grafts and two in which one whole testis and part of the other had been removed.7. It is suggested that fertility in the male fowl is dependent upon the physiological efficiency of the spermatozoa rather than upon their quantitative production.
X.—Studies in Embryonic Mortality in the Fowl. I. The Frequencies of Various Malpositions of the Chick Embryo and their Significance
Authors: Hutt F. B. 
Published: June 2016

Summary1. An examination has been made of 11,797 eggs which had failed to hatch, among which were 5050 embryos which had died after the eighteenth day.2. Four major malpositions of the chick embryo are described and the frequency of each given.3. It is concluded that one of these, in which the head is buried between the legs, definitely prevents hatching. In the material examined, this abnormality was responsible for 9·25 per cent. of the mortality among embryos of eighteen days or over.4. It is suggested that the other three malpositions usually result fatally, by reason of their preventing pulmonary respiration in the embryo as well as by mechanical hindrance.5. Of the embryos over eighteen days, nearly 56 per cent. were in one or another of the four major malpositions.6. Possible causes are discussed, and the suggestion made that some of the abnormal positions result from an incorrect orientation of the embryo established early in cleavage.
XI.—Studies in Embryonic Mortality in the Fowl. II. Chondrodystrophy in the Chick
Authors: Hutt F. B. , Greenwood A. W. 
Published: June 2016

Summary1. Among 7135 chick embryos of nine days or over, obtained from unhatched eggs from three poultry farms, 112 cases of chondrodystrophy were observed. From 1900 eggs set at this Department, 124 chondrodystrophic embryos were obtained.2. The mortality caused by this condition varied in different flocks from 0.80 to 7.96 per cent. of the embryos dying after the eighth day; at this Department it was responsible for loss of 6.5 per cent. of the eggs set.3 The incidence of chondrodystrophic embryos was found to be greatest in January and February, and to decline steadily thereafter to an almost complete absence in June.4. The occurrence of chondrodystrophy appears to be independent of breed of fowl, sex of embryo, and age of dam.5. The number of these abnormal embryos produced by individual hens ranged from 1 to 28.6. Evidence is advanced in support of the theory that the causal agency is an hereditary physiological abnormality in the dam which, under certain unfavourable conditions, results in the production of chondrodystrophy in the embryo.7. It is shown that the incidence of chondrodystrophy appears to be inversely proportional to the amount of sunshine, and the suggestion is made that lack of direct sunlight is a factor in the etiology of the abnormality.
XXI.—The Influence of Air and Moisture on the Budde Effect in Bromine
Authors: Ludlam E. B. , Mooney R. B. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryA survey is given of recent work on the action of light on bromine vapour, both dry and in presence of air and moisture.Suggested explanations of the facts are discussed. It is concluded that the influence of water is due to a “poisoning” of the walls of the vessel, which prevents them from catalysing the recombination of bromine atoms.
2. Analysis of the Mineral Waters of Baden Baden.
Authors: Muspratt Sheridan 
Published: June 2016

The author, after mentioning that no analysis of this water is to be found in any English work, and the great multitudes who resort to it, described briefly the situation of the Ursprung or original spring, the chief one at Baden, which was known to, and esteemed by, the Romans.It has a temperature of 153·5° F., and contains, in the imperial gallon, 181·120 grains of solid matter. The predominating ingredient is chloride of sodium or common salt, which amounts to 132·6 grains in the gallon.