bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Analysis and Discrimination of Copper Wires Using Spark Source Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Locke J. , Boase D. R. , Smalldon K. W. 
Published: July 2017

Spark source mass spectrometry has been used for the analysis of high purity copper wires taken from electrical cables. The characteristic elements were in the concentration range 0·1 to 35 ppm, with Ag, Fe, Pb and Zn being most prominent. The elements Mn, Ni, As, Se, Sb and Bi were also frequently detectable. The precision of determination was in the region of 18 per cent and calibration using the silver concentration, determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, permitted the calculation of absolute concentrations of some of the impurities. A survey of 20 modern British cables established the experimental and sample variations within and between various electrical conductors. A mathematical routine for comparing the multi-elemental concentrations permitted the objective comparison of cable samples. A criterion for testing for similarity was established and the discriminating power for the pairs of different samples in the survey was estimated to be 0·96. The effect of using data for a limited number of elements, which can be determined by other methods, is discussed.
The Detection of the HLA-A1 Antigen in Bloodstains
Authors: Hodge D.G. , Wolf E. , Lincoln P.J. , Festenstein H. , Dodd B. E. 
Published: July 2017

The wealth of antigens in the HLA white cell blood group system makes their detection in bloodstains a fascinating possibility for the forensic serologist. The work presented in this paper is concerned with the detection of the HLA-A1 antigen in bloodstains. The essence of the technique employed is the inhibition of the lymphocytotoxic activity of anti-HLA-Al antisera by HLA-A1 bearing bloodstains. A 4 cm length of bloodstained thread was used for each test and incubation with the HLA antisera was overnight at 4°C. An inhibition of the cytotoxic activity of the HLA-A1 antiserum of 55–100 per cent was taken as indicative of the presence of the HLA-A1 antigen in the stain, while an inhibition of 0–45 per cent indicated the absence of the antigen. Inhibitions in the range 46–54 per cent were regarded as indeterminate. Three antisera were used in parallel as these produced more satisfactory results than those of a single antiserum. The HLA-A1 antigen appeared to show little loss of activity in stains up to 230 days old. The additional finding that whole blood samples could be successfully typed for the HLA-A1 antigen using this inhibition technique is of particular importance because, in forensic casework, fresh blood samples taken into the media ideal for normal HLA typing may not always be available. Lawyers should take note that, although the HLA system promises to be of great value in forensic problems, owing to the highly specialized nature of the techniques employed it will not be immediately applicable to routine case-work.
A Morphometrical Study of Laryngeal Cartilages
Authors: Watanabe Hiroshi , Kurihara Katsuyoshi , Murai Tatsuya 
Published: July 2017

Morphometrical examinations of the triticeous and thyroid cartilages were carried out on 232 autopsy cases, the age of which was between 0 and 90 years. 1. The triticeous cartilage was more frequently found in males than in females. Bilateral presence was more frequent than unilateral presence. 2. The length of superior horn was usually shortened by the presence of triticeous cartilage. This was notable in the cases of unilateral presence. 3. The inclined angle of superior horn was not constant with age and while ageing it showed antero-medial inclination in male, whereas postero-lateral inclination in female. 4. Only some of the male cases over the age of 39 years showed anterior inclination of less than 90°. 5. Most of the superior horns were straight as a whole, but in some cases over the age of 19 years the horns were bent forward or backward. Our result that the length of superior horn was related to the presence of triticeous cartilage, and that the inclined angle of it was varied by age and sex serves not only to identify a body but also to consider the fracture of superior horn at cervical oppression.
Murder Revealed by a Broken Piece of Glass Bangle: A Case Report
Authors: Mehrotra V. K. , Yadav A. Y. 
Published: July 2017

A small piece of broken glass was of considerable help in differentiating the culprit from another suspect in an interesting murder case. Indian women often wear glass bangles for religious and social reasons. In Europe and Asian countries, these ornaments are increasing in popularity. Because women are becoming more frequently involved in criminal acts, and these bangles are fragile, fragments are being found more often at scenes of crime. Establishing the association between recovered fragments of bangle and their owners is a difficult, time-consuming process.
A Possible Morphological Sexual Dimorphism in the Human Gastrocnemius Muscle
Authors: Mysorekar V. R. , Nandedkar A. N. 
Published: July 2017

In the literature, there is no information about sexual dimorphism in human muscles. The present work attempts to establish sexual dimorphism in the human gastrocnemius muscle. In the females, the femora are more oblique at the lower end due to a broader pelvis. To counteract this obliquity, presumably, at the knee joint a stronger muscle mass would be needed on the medial side. To test this assumption the gastrocnemius muscle was studied in 26 male and 25 female cadavers. In each case, the two heads of the muscle were detached from their origins and the length of each head was measured. The study showed that in the female, on the right side, the medial head of the muscle was significantly longer.
Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase: Applications in Forensic Pathology II: Histochemical Study of Post-Mortem Human Liver Samples
Authors: Piette M. , Devos Ch. , Prest B. De 
Published: July 2017

In part I of this paper the role of a serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) determination as a marker of chronic alcoholism in the course of a forensic autopsy was analysed and discussed. To enhance the reliability of this GGT determination in cadaver serum, the suitability of a histochemical method for detecting chronic alcoholism by means of this enzyme in human liver tissue was analysed. As a preliminary test, the post-mortem stability of the GGT enzyme was observed by storing liver samples in vitro. Subsequently, correlations between liver-staining and the degree of fatty liver degeneration and fibrosis (both ethanol-induced lesions) were searched for. A comparison was then made between selected groups of alcoholics and non-alcoholics. Finally, the correlation between serum GGT activity and liver tissue staining was made. We conclude that, keeping in mind the possibility of both false positive and false negative results, a histochemical test for GGT in hepatic tissue is a further tool for detecting chronic alcoholism at the forensic autopsy. The combined examination of GGT in serum and in liver tissue is emphasized.
A Survey of Male Homicide Cases Resident in an English Special Hospital
Authors: Dolan M , Parry J 
Published: July 2017

The study examines a sample of 120 male special hospital patients whose index offence was one of homicide. Demographic, criminological and psychiatric details are described and the characteristics of those committing psychotic and non-psychotic homicides are compared. The results generally confirmed most of the findings reported in international studies of abnormal homicide. Compared with other studies on in-patient populations we found a greater than expected proportion of non-psychotic homicide offenders, the majority of whom had a clinical diagnosis of personality disorder. Key factors distinguishing psychotic from non-psychotic homicide included a pre-offence criminal history, the objective relationship between perpetrator and victim and the behaviour after the offence. Psychotic men were less likely to have a prior history of criminality and substance abuse than their non-psychotic peers but they were more likely to have had previous contact with the psychiatric services and to have known their victims. Compared with the non-psychotic group the majority of psychotic offenders remained at the crime scene or summoned help. A marked age differential between psychotic and non-psychotic offenders was not apparent in this study.
4. Homicide by Strychnine Poisoning
Authors: Benomran Fawzi A , Henry J Don 
Published: July 2017

Homicide by strychnine has become very rare during the last decades. Its bitter taste and the violent mode of death commonly aroused suspicion of poisoning and this, together with its ease of chemical detection, deterred criminals from using it. We present the case of an elderly woman who arrived at the hospital casualty department in extremis and with severe convulsions. Her death was certified nevertheless as due to natural causes and she was buried without the death being reported to the Director of Public Prosecutions. It was not until a month later that investigation led to the exhumation of the body. Biological samples were found to contain strychnine sulphate. The perpetrator was charged and later confessed.
HIV Serophobia in the Mortuary: An Algorithm System for Handling High-Risk Forensic Cases
Authors: Patel F 
Published: July 2017

A serophobia of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is very noticeable in mortuaries handling high-risk cases. The morbid anxiety about occupationally acquired HIV infection in the forensic practice has made mortuary workers unduly overcautious. Despite the availability of codes of practice and informed principles of health and safety, there is considerable anxiety that an HIV carrier with no identifiable risk factors may be overlooked or a seronegative body may be inadvertently assumed to be uninfected. In contrast, a false sense of safety can pose a health hazard and has public health implications. An algorithm system is outlined for selective handling of unsuspected or unrecognized high-risk cases. It is necessary that guidelines are reasonably simple and incorporate statutory health and safety regulations and local safe working practice in the mortuary. Although it is not a legal obligation, approval by the coroners should facilitate consistent implementation of a protocol. A common experience in public and NHS hospital mortuaries in the London coroners' jurisdictions is characterized.
Suicide among Psychiatric In-Patients with Schizophrenia in an Australian Mental Hospital
Authors: Shah Ajit , Ganesvaran Thirunavakarasu 
Published: July 2017

Psychiatric in-patient suicides are associated with schizophrenia. In this paper, 62 suicides in patients with schizophrenia, over a 21-year period in a large psychiatric hospital in Melbourne, Australia, were examined. The characteristics, including demographic and clinical data, for the suicides were compared with a comparison group of 22 ‘alive’ inpatients with schizophrenia. Suicide among in-patients with schizophrenia was associated with previous deliberate self-harm, a greater number of episodes of previous deliberate self-harm, pre-admission and intra-admission suicidal thoughts, intra-admission suicidal attempts, fluctuating suicidal ideation, longer length of stay, a greater number of ward transfers, and prescription of a greater number of neuroleptics and antidepressants. Over 40% of suicides occurred after absconding from hospital and a similar number during periods of approved leave. Violent methods (including jumping in front of trains, trams and road traffic, jumping off buildings, hanging and drowning) were most frequently used. It is concluded that psychiatric units should be developed away from readily available methods of suicide. In-patients at high risk should be observed carefully to avoid absconding and suicide. Suicide risk should be examined carefully in patients prior to approving leave, particularly if they have fluctuating suicidal ideation.
Children Discharged following Nutritional Rehabilitation: A Follow-up Study
Authors: O'Dwyer M , Gillam S J 
Published: July 2017

The results of a 1-year follow up of children discharged from a nutritional rehabilitation centre (NRC) in eastern Nepal are presented. One hundred and one children were visited at home on discharge from the NRC, at 6 months and 1 year later. Data were collected concurrently on one sibling and two neighbouring children matched for age and sex. Anthropometry was carried out at each visit and information collected on socio-economic variables and child feeding practices. A significantly higher death rate was observed in index children as compared with controls. Index children demonstrated catch-up growth with both greater weight gain and faster increases in height than either control group post-discharge. At 6 months, mean weight-for-height was similar in all three groups but at one year mean height-for-age was still lower in the index children as compared with controls. The prognosis for female children appeared to be poorer than for boys.
Salmonella Septic Arthritis in Zambian Children
Authors: Lavy Christopher B D , Lavy Vicky R , Anderson Ian 
Published: July 2017

Thirty-four children under the age of 3 years with septic arthritis presented to Mukinge Hospital between 1 January 1992 and 31 March 1993. Twenty-six of these cultured Salmonella spp. The salmonella group comprised 17 males and 9 females with an average age of 10 months. Most patients were anaemic and all were under 50th centile for weight. The commonest presentation was swelling, pyrexia and non-use of the limb. The mean white cell count (WBC) was 14 000/mm3 and the mean erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was 15.8 mm/h, but in many cases both the WBC and ESR were normal. All patients were treated with drainage and antibiotics. All made a good recovery and were discharged pain free, apyrexial and using the affected joint. One patient was readmitted because of recurrent infection. Nine patients reviewed after 1 month had continued good function. We consider that malnutrition and local trauma are predisposing factors to the development of salmonella septic arthritis in a population where salmonella is endemic.
Research on the uprising dynamics of a double-carriage overhead crane system
Authors: Yao X , Guo X , Feng Y , Yu C 
Published: July 2017

The dynamic characteristics, in the uprising phase, of an overhead crane carrying two carriages and a cylindrical payload are studied in this article. The crane system investigated mainly consists of a twin beam, two carriages, a rigid payload, and two wire ropes. A new analytical model, in which the beam, carriages, payload, and wire ropes are, respectively, considered as uniform Euler—Bernoulli beam, lumped masses, rigid body, and springs, is presented to describe the uprising dynamics of the specific crane system. The most distinguished characteristic of the model is the dynamic coupling deriving from the presence of a flexible beam, carriages, and the cylindrical payload. The kinetic and potential energies, during the pre-tensing and lifting phases, of the components in the system are presented in particular. Then, utilizing the Rayleigh—Ritz method, one can obtain the differential equations of the dynamic system substituting the energy into Lagrange's equation. The differential equations are numerically solved by the fourth-order Runge—Kutta method, and then some useful results representing the dynamic features of the system are obtained according to the calculation. The validity of the analytical model is demonstrated by an equivalent FE model created by ANSYS and ADAMS. Comparison of the results, obtained by two distinct approaches, indicates good agreements, which can be the validity evidence of the analytical model.
Speech, music and dehumanisation in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four: a linguistic study of metaphors
Authors: Marie Anne , Vandenbergen Simon 
Published: July 2017

This article examines the way in which metaphorical expressions referring to speech and music in George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four contribute to the elaboration of the theme of dehumanisation. The term ‘metaphor’ is used in a broad sense to refer to various types of transfer of meaning, thus including metonymy and synecdoche as well as metaphor, strictly speaking. Further, the viewpoint is that metaphor is the result of grammatical as well as lexical choices, and is therefore to be dealt with on the lexicogrammatical level. The following conclusions can be drawn from the data examined in the article. First, a linguistic analysis of clause types shows that Orwell makes very consistent selections from the grammar to express the central meaning. Second, it appears that metaphors have been drawn from a relatively small number of recurrent donor domains. These are the domains of animals, physical force and liquids. Although superficially unrelated, they are united in the more abstract domain of ‘control’ and play their roles in creating the picture of a world in which individual consciousness and liberty have no place. Third, the article shows that conventional and creative metaphors harmoniously co-operate in establishing the meaning of dehumanisation as a characteristic of the world depicted in the book.
National Exchange Agencies in the Process towards a European Space for Higher Education
Authors: Haug Guy 
Published: July 2017

This article tries to outline how and to what extent academic exchanges sponsored by national governments and agencies fit within the changing context of international academic mobility. The issue will be viewed mainly from the perspective of Europe; some aspects concern the whole of Europe, while others refer more specifically to those countries which are, or will soon be, members of the European Union. The main thrust of this paper is to underline the growing tension between nationally based educational systems, including national exchange agencies, and the growing awareness of the need for a more compatible and understandable higher education system in Europe, both for internal reasons and in order to strengthen European competitiveness in world markets. The picture of European exchange agencies outlined below is based mainly on data provided in ACA's publication Profile of the ACA Member Organisations1 and on information taken from their own Web sites. Observations about the changing role of national agencies in the internationalisation process are also based on the case studies and conclusions in the book National Policies for the Internationalisation of Higher Education in Europe, published by the Swedish National Agency for Higher Education.2
A Non-Invasive Technique for Age at Death Determination
Authors: Lynnerup Niels , Thomsen Inge , Frohlich Bruno 
Published: July 2017

Several methods for age at death determination of human skeletal remains have been developed. These methods have, especially in combination, proved to be useful in making individual identification of skeletal material in forensic cases. This study is based on the known correlation between actual age and structural changes in trabecular bone tissue. Using X-rays taken from live individuals, it provides a useful non-invasive ageing technique for the forensic examiner. An initial pilot study defined five phases of age-related changes in the trabecular tissue of the proximal end of the femur. A total of 60 X-rays, randomly selected, and covering an age span from 14 years to 94 years, were subsequently scored in blind trials. The results demonstrate a clear relationship between age and changes in the trabecular structures. Based on this relationship it is possible to obtain an age estimate by identification of one of the five phases. An exact age determination of a single individual was not possible, but could be approximated to within 20 years. In forensic cases, however, where the removal of soft tissue is not always possible, this method can contribute to the final age determination when used in conjunction with other well-known methods, and thereby strengthen the final age estimate.
Rhythm through Experience
Authors: Jacobi Bonnie Schaffhauser 
Published: July 2017

This article provides a historical context for Placido de Montoliu’s Eurhythmics instruction at Bryn Mawr College, Pennsylvania, between 1913–1922 and 1930–1931, and it highlights pedagogical and philosophical principles that shaped his approach. The research is based on noncirculating, historical documents at the Bryn Mawr College Library Archives. Examples include Placido de Montoliu’s class schedule, contracts, letters, catalogues, student records, photographs, newspaper clippings, and alumni newsletters. Also referenced are Montoliu’s two essays, “The Meaning of Eurhythmics” and “Concepts of Time, Measure and Rhythm,” written in 1931 for Overtones, at the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia, where Montoliu taught between 1925–1940. In an earlier article the author established Montoliu as one of the first of Dalcroze’s students to bring Eurhythmics instruction to America and the first to integrate Eurhythmics fully into an American college curriculum. The present study centers on Montoliu’s assertions that rhythm should be the basis for a child’s first music learning experience and that it should be taught through aural and kinesthetic experience, as opposed to learning through written notation. Montoliu sought to create the “condition” of rhythm in his students through exercises in movement. Within his curriculum, he integrated hearing, singing, reading, coordination, and response. Hand-held percussion instruments were used to simulate ensemble experience, and children were invited to direct the group. Instruction culminated in semiannual demonstrations before the community. Equally important to the development of the child’s coordination and muscle control was cultivation of her artistic temperament. He also placed value on student attention, effort, seriousness, concentration, and interest in Eurhythmics.
Latinos in Science
Authors: Rochin Refugio I. , Mello Stephen F. 
Published: July 2017

In U.S. coverage of leadership in science and engineering (S&E), Latinos are generally dismissed from consideration. The pipeline metaphor tends to ignore advances made by Latinos in completing doctoral degrees in S&E. New data suggest a better metaphor, the pyramid of higher education, for understanding the progress of Latinos in S&E. Questions addressed include, what fields are pursued? What is the citizenship of Latino doctorates? What are the baccalaureate origins of Latina/o doctorates? What roles do community colleges and Hispanic-serving institutions play in serving Latinas/os? Resumen: En los Estados Unidos de América cuando se habla del liderazgo en ciencia e ingeniería (C & I) generalmente no se incluyen individuos latinos. La metáfora de una tubería tiende a ignorar los avances hechos por latinos que han terminado doctorados en C & I. Nueva información sugiere una metáfora superior para entender el progreso de Latinos en C & I: la pirámide de educación superior. Se añaden estas preguntas: ¿Cuáles son los campos que se estudian? ¿Cuál es la ciudadanía de doctores Latinos? ¿Cuáles son los orígenes de pre-grado de doctores latina/os? ¿Qué papeles juegan las preparatorias y las instituciones que sirven poblaciones hispanas cuando le dan servicio a latina/os?