bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flow thresholds for leaf retention in hydrodynamic wakes downstream of obstacles
Authors: de Brouwer J.H.F. , Eekhout J.P.C. , Besse‐Lototskaya A.A. , Hoitink A.J.F. , Ter Braak C.J.F. , Verdonschot P.F.M. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractLeaves are the major component of terrestrial litter input into aquatic systems. Leaves are distributed by the flow, accumulate in low flow areas, and form patches. In natural streams, stable leaf patches form around complex structures, such as large woody debris. Until now, little is known about flow conditions under which leaf patches persist. This study aims to quantify flow conditions for stable leaf patches and entrainment of leaf patches. We hypothesize that entraining flow processes, such as turbulence, Reynolds stress, or lift forcing (vertical flow velocity), best explain local leaf retention. This study was performed in an unscaled flume experiment, which conditions coincide with conditions found in low‐energetic lowland streams. We positioned a wooden obstacle perpendicular to the flow on the bed of the flume. A leaf patch was positioned downstream from the wooden obstacle. The experiment was performed under 5 flow conditions. We monitored leaf patch cover and near‐bed flow conditions in the area downstream of the wooden obstacle. We showed that near‐bed flow velocities explain leaf retention better than more complex flow velocity derivatives such as turbulence, Reynolds stress, and vertical flow velocity. The entrainment near‐bed flow velocity for leaves ranges from 0.037 to 0.050 m/s. Flow velocities frequently exceed those values, even in low‐energetic lowland streams. Therefore, complex structures, such as woody debris, create flow conditions to support stable leaf patches. Thus, adding instead of removing obstacles may be a key strategy in restoring biodiversity in deteriorated streams.
Toward an improved conceptual understanding of North American tree species distributions
Authors: Copenhaver‐Parry Paige E. , Shuman Bryan N. , Tinker Daniel B. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSpecies distributions have often been assumed to represent climatic limitations, yet recent evidence has challenged these assumptions and emphasized the potential importance of biotic interactions, dispersal limitation, and disturbance. Despite significant investigation into these factors, an integrated understanding of where and when they may be important is lacking. Here, we review evidence for the factors underlying the historical and contemporary distributions of North American tree species and argue that a cohesive conceptual framework must be informed by an understanding of species ecological and evolutionary history. We further demonstrate that available evidence offers little indication of a significant, independent influence of biotic interactions or dispersal limitation on species distributions. Disturbance may provide important constraints on distributions in limited contexts. Overall, historic and contemporary evidence suggests that species distributions are strongly influenced by climate, yet examples of disequilibrium with climate abound. We propose that differences among life stages and the impacts of human land use may contribute to explain these inconsistencies and are deserving of greater research attention.
Epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical outcomes for heart failure patients with a mid‐range ejection fraction
Authors: Rastogi Ashish , Novak Eric , Platts Anne E. , Mann Douglas L. 
Published: June 2017

AimsHeart failure (HF) patients with a mid‐range ejection fraction (HFmrEF) are not well characterized. Accordingly, we examined the epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical outcomes of HF patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 40–50%.Methods and resultsWe identified 168 patients with an LVEF between 40–50% at enrollment into a HF registry, and determined whether LVEF was improved, worsened, or the same compared to a prior LVEF. Three subgroups of HFmrEF patients were identified: HFmrEF improved (prior LVEF <40%); HFmrEF deteriorated (prior LVEF >50%); HFmrEF unchanged (prior LVEF 40–50%). The majority of patients (73%) were HFmrEF improved, 17% were HFmrEF deteriorated, and 10% were HFmrEF unchanged. The demographics of the HFmrEF cohort were heterogeneous, with more coronary artery disease in the HFmrEF improved group and more hypertension and diastolic dysfunction in the HFmrEF deteriorated group. HFmrEF improved patients had significantly (P<0.001) better clinical outcomes relative to matched patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction, and significantly (P<0.01) improved clinical outcomes relative to HFmrEF deteriorated patients, whereas clinical outcomes of the HFmrEF deteriorated subgroup of patients were not significantly different from matched HF patients with preserved ejection fraction.ConclusionsPatients with a mid‐range LVEF are heterogeneous. Obtaining historical information with regard to prior LVEF allows one to identify a distinct pathophysiological substrate and clinical course for HFmrEF patients. Viewed together, these results suggest that in the modern era of HF therapeutics, the use of LVEF to categorize the pathophysiology of HF may be misleading, and argue for establishing a new taxonomy for classifying HF patients.
Ethanol extraction renders a phenolic compounds‐enriched and highly stable jussara fruit (Euterpe edulis M.) oil
Authors: de O. Silva Laís , N. Castelo‐Branco Vanessa , A. de Carvalho Aline Gabrielle , C. Monteiro Mariana , Perrone Daniel , G. Torres Alexandre 
Published: June 2017

The aims of the present study were to investigate the effect of extraction solvent, using either ethanol or petroleum ether, on the chemical profile and chemical stability of jussara oil. Jussara fruit oil presented high contents of antioxidant compounds, including anthocyanins. Extraction solvent significantly affected the chemical composition of the jussara oils, except for fatty acids and carotenoids, from which oleic acid and β‐carotene, respectively, were predominant in both. Ethanol‐extracted jussara oil showed higher contents of tocopherols (α, β, and γ), chlorophylls, and phenolic compounds, especially anthocyanins. Moreover, ethanol‐extracted jussara oil presented higher oxidative stability and total antioxidant capacity than petroleum ether‐extracted jussara oil. Because of its composition, jussara oil might present potential health benefits. Additionally, the use of the low‐toxicity solvent ethanol to extract oil seems to be an important technique to afford jussara oil with improved nutritional properties and oxidative stability.Practical applications: Value‐added oil was obtained from the jussara fruit (Euterpe edulis), containing, in addition to triacylglycerols, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, tocopherols, β‐carotene, and chlorophyll. Ethanol‐extracted jussara oil was highly stable, due to the high contents of antioxidants. Ethanol extraction proved to be a highly effective mean to obtain value‐added jussara fruit oil.Ethanol and petroleum ether are used to extract jussara oil. Ethanol‐extracted jussara oil is highly stable, as a consequence of the high contents of tocopherols and phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins.
Effect of Temperature Variation on the Performance of Microbial Fuel Cells
Authors: Song Youngil , An Junyeong , Chae Kyu‐Jung 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe anode of a microbial fuel cell (MFC) was inoculated using recycling activated sludge and incubated at 25 °C (start‐up temperature, denoted as 25 °Cstu) for 2 weeks, and the temperature was then stepwise changed to 35, 25, 45, and 25 °C. A maximum power density of 54 mW m−2 and a current density of 348 mA m−2 were observed at 25 °Cstu. The MFC performances at 35 and 45 °C were much lower compared to 25 °Cstu due to substrate limitations. After operation at 35 (11 days) and 45 °C (9 days), the temperature was switched back to the initial temperature of 25 °C, but the MFC performance did not recover to the initial level for 25 °Cstu. These results confirm that after MFC stabilization at a start‐up temperature, the increase of MFC operating temperature could lead to a failure of the MFC system, indicating that the operating temperature of an MFC system for wastewater treatment should be stable and remain as identical to its start‐up temperature as possible.
Using structure‐from‐motion to create glacier DEMs and orthoimagery from historical terrestrial and oblique aerial imagery
Authors: Mertes Jordan R. , Gulley Jason D. , Benn Douglas I. , Thompson Sarah S. , Nicholson Lindsey I. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIncreased resolution and availability of remote sensing products, and advancements in small‐scale aerial drone systems, allows observations of glacial changes at unprecedented levels of detail. Software developments, such as structure‐from‐motion (SfM), now allow users an easy and efficient method to generate three‐dimensional (3D) models and orthoimages from aerial or terrestrial datasets. While these advancements show promise for current and future glacier monitoring, many regions still suffer a lack of observations from earlier time periods. We report on the use of SfM to extract spatial information from various historic imagery sources. We focus on three geographic regions, the European Alps, high Arctic Norway and the Nepal Himalayas. We used terrestrial field photographs from 1896, high oblique aerial photographs from 1936 and aerial handheld photographs from 1978 to generate digital elevation models (DEMs) and orthophotos of the Rhone glacier, Brøggerhalvøya and the lower Khumbu glacier, respectively. Our analysis shows that applying SfM to historic imagery can generate high quality models using only ground control points. Limited camera/orientation information was largely reproduced using self‐calibrated model data. Using these data, we calculated mean ground sampling distances across each site which demonstrates the high potential resolution of resulting models. Vertical errors for our models are ±5.4 m, ±5.2 m and ±3.3 m. Differencing shows similar patterns of thinning at lower Rhone (European Alps) and Brøggerhalvøya (Norway) glaciers, which have mean thinning rates of 0.31 m a−1 (1896–2010) to 0.86 m a−1 (1936–2010) respectively. On these clean ice glaciers thinning is highest in the terminus region and decreasing up‐glacier. In contrast to these glaciers, uneven topography, exposed ice‐cliffs and debris cover on the Khumbu glacier create a highly variable spatial distribution of thinning. The mean thinning rate for the Khumbu study area was found to be 0.54 ± 0.9 m a−1 (1978–2015). Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late Triassic adakite‐like volcanic rocks in Moguqi area in the central Great Xing'an Range, NE China: Implications for partial melting of delaminated thickened crust
Authors: Xu Jiulei , Zheng Changqing , Shi Lu , Xu Xuechun , Han Xiaomeng , Li Juan , Cui Fanghua 
Published: June 2017

Adakite‐like volcanic rocks in the Moguqi area of the central Great Xing'an Range of NE China consist of trachyandesites and trachydacites. These rocks yield LA–ICP–MS U–Pb zircon ages of 229.5–232.6 Ma. These adakite‐like rocks are high in Sr (459–1960 ppm) and MgO (1.2–4.3%), low in Y (11.4–23.70 ppm) and Yb (0.88–2.07 ppm), and have high Sr/Y ratios (37.17–146.31) and high Mg# values (0.43–0.58). These characteristics are similar to those of rocks derived from slab melting. However, the existence of Early Triassic stable continental sedimentary rocks of the Laolongtou Formation does not favour this mode of formation. The zircon εHf(t) values of the samples range from +8.09 to +13.29, indicating the primary magmas were generated by partial melting of juvenile crust. Analysis of geophysical data, combined with the previously published history of the Hegenshan–Heihe Suture in this region and the southward subduction of Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic plate, suggests that the Late Triassic adakite‐like volcanic rocks in the Xing'an Massif formed from the partial melting of delaminated thickened crust in an extensional setting. This occurred after orogenesis involving the Xing'an Massif and the Songnen Massif and was influenced by southward subduction of the Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic plate.
Drug discovery for remyelination and treatment of MS
Authors: Cole Katy L. H. , Early Jason J. , Lyons David A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractGlia constitute the majority of the cells in our nervous system, yet there are currently no drugs that target glia for the treatment of disease. Given ongoing discoveries of the many roles of glia in numerous diseases of the nervous system, this is likely to change in years to come. Here we focus on the possibility that targeting the oligodendrocyte lineage to promote regeneration of myelin (remyelination) represents a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of the demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis, MS. We discuss how hypothesis driven studies have identified multiple targets and pathways that can be manipulated to promote remyelination in vivo, and how this work has led to the first ever remyelination clinical trials. We also highlight how recent chemical discovery screens have identified a host of small molecule compounds that promote oligodendrocyte differentiation in vitro. Some of these compounds have also been shown to promote myelin regeneration in vivo, with one already being trialled in humans. Promoting oligodendrocyte differentiation and remyelination represents just one potential strategy for the treatment of MS. The pathology of MS is complex, and its complete amelioration may require targeting multiple biological processes in parallel. Therefore, we present an overview of new technologies and models for phenotypic analyses and screening that can be exploited to study complex cell–cell interactions in in vitro and in vivo systems. Such technological platforms will provide insight into fundamental mechanisms and increase capacities for drug–discovery of relevance to glia and currently intractable disorders of the CNS.
Generation of a microglial developmental index in mice and in humans reveals a sex difference in maturation and immune reactivity
Authors: Hanamsagar Richa , Alter Mark D. , Block Carina S. , Sullivan Haley , Bolton Jessica L. , Bilbo Staci D. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractEvidence suggests many neurological disorders emerge when normal neurodevelopmental trajectories are disrupted, i.e., when circuits or cells do not reach their fully mature state. Microglia play a critical role in normal neurodevelopment and are hypothesized to contribute to brain disease. We used whole transcriptome profiling with Next Generation sequencing of purified developing microglia to identify a microglial developmental gene expression program involving thousands of genes whose expression levels change monotonically (up or down) across development. Importantly, the gene expression program was delayed in males relative to females and exposure of adult male mice to LPS, a potent immune activator, accelerated microglial development in males. Next, a microglial developmental index (MDI) generated from gene expression patterns obtained from purified mouse microglia, was applied to human brain transcriptome datasets to test the hypothesis that variability in microglial development is associated with human diseases such as Alzheimer's and autism where microglia have been suggested to play a role. MDI was significantly increased in both Alzheimer's Disease and in autism, suggesting that accelerated microglial development may contribute to neuropathology. In conclusion, we identified a microglia‐specific gene expression program in mice that was used to create a microglia developmental index, which was applied to human datasets containing heterogeneous cell types to reveal differences between healthy and diseased brain samples, and between males and females. This powerful tool has wide ranging applicability to examine microglial development within the context of disease and in response to other variables such as stress and pharmacological treatments.
Iron‐sulfur glutaredoxin 2 protects oligodendrocytes against damage induced by nitric oxide release from activated microglia
Authors: Lepka Klaudia , Volbracht Katrin , Bill Eckhard , Schneider Reiner , Rios Natalia , Hildebrandt Thomas , Ingwersen Jens , Prozorovski Timur , Lillig Christopher Horst , van Horssen Jack , Steinman Lawrence , Hartung Hans‐Peter , Radi Rafael , Holmgren Arne , Aktas Orhan , Berndt Carsten 
Published: June 2017

AbstractDemyelinated brain lesions, a hallmark of autoimmune neuroinflammatory diseases like multiple sclerosis, result from oligodendroglial cell damage. Activated microglia are considered a major source of nitric oxide and subsequent peroxynitrite‐mediated damage of myelin. Here, we provide biochemical and biophysical evidence that the oxidoreductase glutaredoxin 2 inhibits peroxynitrite formation by transforming nitric oxide into dinitrosyl‐diglutathionyl‐iron‐complexes. Glutaredoxin 2 levels influence both survival rates of primary oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and preservation of myelin structure in cerebellar organotypic slice cultures challenged with activated microglia or nitric oxide donors. Of note, glutaredoxin 2‐mediated protection is not linked to its enzymatic activity as oxidoreductase, but to the disassembly of its uniquely coordinated iron‐sulfur cluster using glutathione as non‐protein ligand. The protective effect of glutaredoxin 2 is connected to decreased protein carbonylation and nitration. In line, brain lesions of mice suffering from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis, show decreased glutaredoxin 2 expression and increased nitrotyrosine formation indicating that this type of protection is missing in the inflamed central nervous system. Our findings link inorganic biochemistry to neuroinflammation and identify glutaredoxin 2 as a protective factor against neuroinflammation‐mediated myelin damage. Thus, improved availability of glutathione‐coordinated iron‐sulfur clusters emerges as a potential therapeutic approach in inflammatory demyelination.
A market on both “sides” of the law: The use of the hidden web for the sale of new psychoactive substances
Authors: Wadsworth Elle , Drummond Colin , Kimergård Andreas , Deluca Paolo 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe hidden Web is used for the anonymous sale of drugs, and with the UK Psychoactive Substances Act, 2016, implemented on May 26th 2016; it could increase as a platform for obtaining new psychoactive substances (NPS).This study aims to describe the NPS market on the visible and hidden Web preban, and assess whether the hidden Web is a likely place for the sale of NPS postban.MethodsData collection of 113 online shops took place in October 2015. Data collection of 22 cryptomarkets took place every 2 months from October 2015 to 2016 as part of the CASSANDRA project.ResultsAll online shops with a UK domain location sold NPS that were uncontrolled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act, 1971, and closed after the ban. Of the cryptomarkets analysed, the total number of vendors selling NPS, number of substances, and listings advertised, all increased over the year. The majority of the NPS advertised on the hidden Web were phenethylamines and cathinones, yet the majority of uncontrolled NPS were synthetic cannabinoids.ConclusionsVendors selling and availability of NPS increased over the 12 months of data collection. Potential displacement from the visible Web to hidden Web should be taken into consideration.
NEEDS AND CHALLENGES OF HOME VISITORS CONDUCTING PERINATAL DEPRESSION SCREENING
Authors: Doering Jennifer J. , Maletta Kristyn , Laszewski Audrey , Wichman Christina L. , Hammel Jennifer 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTThis article describes the needs and challenges faced by home visitors, supervisors, and clients when conducting perinatal depression screening. Home visitors (n = 11), supervisors (n = 5), and clients (n = 9) representing rural and urban practice settings in Wisconsin were recruited into three separate focus groups. Themes were identified from the transcribed audio‐recorded interviews using content analysis. Results indicate that a trusting relationship was leveraged to facilitate depression screening and referral. Home visitors personalized care to a client's context and to protect confidentiality. Home‐visiting practice demanded flexibility and negotiation in decision‐making with clients and families. Coordinating access to mental health evaluation in areas of limited access was a common challenge. Participants reported a need for further training on safety management. With adequate training and support, home visitors are well‐positioned to promote access to mental health services in vulnerable families to support infant mental health.
Effect of Various Ratios of Co‐Cultured ATDC5 Cells and Chondrocytes on the Expression of Cartilaginous Phenotype in Microcavitary Alginate Hydrogel
Authors: Yao Yongchang , Huang Yuyang , Qian Dongyang , Zhang Shujiang , Chen Yi , Bai Bo 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTThe present study introduced a direct co‐culture of mouse ATDC5 cells and primary porcine chondrocytes into a microcavitary hydrogel, which possessed advantages in promoting the growth of chondrocytes and retaining the phenotype. These two types of cells were encapsulated with gelatin microspheres in alginate hydrogels in either of the three ratios (3:1, 1:1, or 1:3 of ATDC5 cells to chondrocytes) and cultured in chondrogenic medium for 28 days. Simultaneously, the single encapsulation of ATDC5 cells or chondrocytes was set as a control. Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8), real‐time PCR, and immunohistochemistry staining were used to evaluate the effect of various ratios of co‐cultured ATDC5 cells and chondrocytes on the expression of the cartilaginous phenotype. The CCK‐8 data indicated that the ratio of 3:1 group had an outstanding ability of cell growth. The other results demonstrated that higher the ATDC5 ratios and longer the culture duration, greater the expression of cartilage‐specific genes (including type II collagen and aggrecan) and more the synthesized cartilaginous extracellular matrix. Also, the Western blot analysis suggested that p44/42 MAP Kinase was involved in cell proliferation. However, due to the direct co‐culture of the two cell types, the underlying mechanism necessitates further investigation. Overall, the co‐culture system in microcavitary hydrogel improved the effect of chondrogenesis and exhibited promising strategy for cartilage tissue engineering therapies. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3607–3615, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hydrogen Peroxide Stimulates Exosomal Cathepsin B Regulation of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End‐Products (RAGE)
Authors: Downs Charles A. , Dang Viet D. , Johnson Nicholle M. , Denslow Nancy D. , Alli Abdel A. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTExosomes are nano‐sized vesicles that are secreted into the extracellular environment. These vesicles contain various biological effector molecules that can regulate intracellular signaling pathways in recipient cells. The aim of this study was to examine a correlation between exosomal cathepsin B activity and the receptor for advanced glycation end‐products (RAGE). Type 1 alveolar epithelial (R3/1) cells were treated with or without hydrogen peroxide and exosomes isolated from the cell conditioned media were characterized by NanoSight analysis. Lipidomic and proteomic analysis showed exosomes released from R3/1 cells exposed to oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide or vehicle differ in their lipid and protein content, respectively. Cathepsin B activity was detected in exosomes isolated from hydrogen peroxide treated cells. The mRNA and protein expression of RAGE increased in cultured R3/1 cells treated with exosomes containing active cathepsin B while depletion of exosomal cathepsin B attenuated RAGE mRNA and protein expression. These results suggest exosomal cathepsin B regulates RAGE in type 1 alveolar cells under conditions of oxidative stress. J. Cell. Biochem. 119: 599–606, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.