bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Venous Hemodialysis Catheters and Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices: Avoiding a High‐Risk Combination
Authors: Saad Theodore F. , Weiner Henry L. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractEnd‐stage renal disease is frequently accompanied by cardiac comorbidity that warrants treatment with a cardiovascular implantable electronic device (permanent pacemaker or implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator). In the United States, chronic hemodialysis (HD) population, cardiac implantable devices are present in up to 10.5% of patients; a venous HD catheter is utilized for blood access in 18% of prevalent patients. The concomitant presence of a venous HD catheter and cardiovascular implantable device creates a high‐risk circumstance, with potential for causing symptomatic central venous stenosis, and for developing complicated endovascular infection. This dangerous combination may be avoided for many patients by utilizing nondialysis methods for management of advanced chronic kidney disease, initiating dialysis without venous catheter access, or managing cardiac rhythm disorders without use of transvenous cardiac implantable electronic devices. In those situations where the combination of a venous HD catheter and cardiac implantable device is unavoidable, there are strategies to minimize duration of venous catheter access, and to reduce risks for infectious complications. It is essential for nephrologists and cardiologists to understand the indications, alternatives, and risks involved with venous HD access and cardiac implantable devices. Coordinated management of renal disease and cardiac rhythm disorders has potential to minimize risks, improve outcomes, and substantially reduce the cost of care.
COMPARISON BETWEEN SEDATION AND GENERAL ANESTHESIA FOR HIGH RESOLUTION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION OF CANINE IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS IN WEST HIGHLAND WHITE TERRIERS
Authors: Roels Elodie , Couvreur Thierry , Farnir Frédéric , Clercx Cécile , Verschakelen Johny , Bolen Géraldine 
Published: February 2017

Canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive interstitial lung disease mainly affecting West Highland white terriers. Thoracic high‐resolution computed tomographic (T‐HRCT) findings for Canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis acquired under general anesthesia have been described previously. However, the use of general anesthesia may be contraindicated for some affected dogs. Sedation may allow improved speed and safety, but it is unknown whether sedation would yield similar results in identification and grading of Canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lesions. The aim of this prospective, observational, method‐comparison, case‐control study was to compare findings from T‐HRCT images acquired under sedation versus general anesthesia for West Highland white terriers affected with Canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (n = 11) and age‐matched controls (n = 9), using the glossary of terms of the Fleischner Society and a scoring system. Ground‐glass opacity was identified in all affected West Highland white terriers for both sedation and general anesthesia acquisitions, although the Ground‐glass opacity extent varied significantly between the two acquisitions (P < 0.001). Ground‐glass opacity was the sole lesion observed in control dogs (n = 6), but was less extensive compared with affected West Highland white terriers. Identification and grading of a mosaic attenuation pattern differed significantly between acquisitions (P < 0.001). Identification of lesions such as consolidations, nodules, parenchymal and subpleural bands, bronchial wall thickening, and bronchiectasis did not differ between acquisitions. The present study demonstrated that T‐HRCT obtained under sedation may provide different information than T‐HRCT obtained under general anesthesia for identification and grading of some Canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lesions, but not all of them. These differences should be taken into consideration when general anesthesia is contraindicated and sedation is necessary for evaluating West Highland white terriers with Canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Antibody Responses to Zika Virus Infections in Environments of Flavivirus Endemicity
Authors: Keasey Sarah L. , Pugh Christine L. , Jensen Stig M. R. , Smith Jessica L. , Hontz Robert D. , Durbin Anna P. , Dudley Dawn M. , O'Connor David H. , Ulrich Robert G. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

Zika virus (ZIKV) infections occur in areas where dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), yellow fever virus (YFV), and other viruses of the genus
Flavivirus
cocirculate. The envelope (E) proteins of these closely related flaviviruses induce specific long-term immunity, yet subsequent infections are associated with cross-reactive antibody responses that may enhance disease susceptibility and severity. To gain a better understanding of ZIKV infections against a background of similar viral diseases, we examined serological immune responses to ZIKV, WNV, DENV, and YFV infections of humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs). Using printed microarrays, we detected very specific antibody responses to primary infections with probes of recombinant E proteins from 15 species and lineages of flaviviruses pathogenic to humans, while high cross-reactivity between ZIKV and DENV was observed with 11 printed native viruses. Notably, antibodies from human primary ZIKV or secondary DENV infections that occurred in areas where flavivirus is endemic broadly recognized E proteins from many flaviviruses, especially DENV, indicating a strong influence of infection history on immune responses. A predictive algorithm was used to tentatively identify previous encounters with specific flaviviruses based on serum antibody interactions with the multispecies panel of E proteins. These results illustrate the potential impact of exposure to related viruses on the outcome of ZIKV infection and offer considerations for development of vaccines and diagnostics.
Update on Chlamydia trachomatis Vaccinology
Authors: de la Maza Luis M. , Zhong Guangming , Brunham Robert C. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTAttempts to produce a vaccine to protect againstChlamydia trachomatis-induced trachoma were initiated more than 100 years ago and continued for several decades. Using whole organisms, protective responses were obtained. However, upon exposure toC. trachomatis, disease exacerbation developed in some immunized individuals, precluding the implementation of the vaccine. Evidence of the role ofC. trachomatisas a sexually transmitted pathogen started to emerge in the 1960s, and it soon became evident that it can cause acute infections and long-term sequelae in women, men, and newborns. The main focus of this minireview is to summarize recent findings and discuss formulations, including antigens, adjuvants, routes, and delivery systems for immunization, primarily explored in the female mouse model, with the goal of implementing a vaccine againstC. trachomatisgenital infections.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Sequence Typing for Antimicrobial Resistance, a Novel Antimicrobial Resistance Multilocus Typing Scheme for Tracking Global Dissemination of N. gonorrhoeae Strains
Authors: Demczuk W. , Sidhu S. , Unemo M. , Whiley D. M. , Allen V. G. , Dillon J. R. , Cole M. , Seah C. , Trembizki E. , Trees D. L. , Kersh E. N. , Abrams A. J. , de Vries H. J. C. , van Dam A. P. , Medina I. , Bharat A. , Mulvey M. R. , Van Domselaar G. , Martin I. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

A curated Web-based user-friendly sequence typing tool based on antimicrobial resistance determinants in
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
was developed and is publicly accessible (
https://ngstar.canada.ca
). The
N. gonorrhoeae
Sequence Typing for Antimicrobial Resistance (NG-STAR) molecular typing scheme uses the DNA sequences of 7 genes (
penA
,
mtrR
,
porB
,
ponA
,
gyrA
,
parC
, and 23S rRNA) associated with resistance to β-lactam antimicrobials, macrolides, or fluoroquinolones. NG-STAR uses the entire
penA
sequence, combining the historical nomenclature for
penA
types I to XXXVIII with novel nucleotide sequence designations; the full
mtrR
sequence and a portion of its promoter region; portions of
ponA
,
porB
,
gyrA
, and
parC
; and 23S rRNA sequences. NG-STAR grouped 768 isolates into 139 sequence types (STs) (
n
= 660) consisting of 29 clonal complexes (CCs) having a maximum of a single-locus variation, and 76 NG-STAR STs (
n
= 109) were identified as unrelated singletons. NG-STAR had a high Simpson's diversity index value of 96.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.959 to 0.969). The most common STs were NG-STAR ST-90 (
n
= 100; 13.0%), ST-42 and ST-91 (
n
= 45; 5.9%), ST-64 (
n
= 44; 5.72%), and ST-139 (
n
= 42; 5.5%). Decreased susceptibility to azithromycin was associated with NG-STAR ST-58, ST-61, ST-64, ST-79, ST-91, and ST-139 (
n
= 156; 92.3%); decreased susceptibility to cephalosporins was associated with NG-STAR ST-90, ST-91, and ST-97 (
n
= 162; 94.2%); and ciprofloxacin resistance was associated with NG-STAR ST-26, ST-90, ST-91, ST-97, ST-150, and ST-158 (
n
= 196; 98.0%). All isolates of NG-STAR ST-42, ST-43, ST-63, ST-81, and ST-160 (
n
= 106) were susceptible to all four antimicrobials. The standardization of nomenclature associated with antimicrobial resistance determinants through an internationally available database will facilitate the monitoring of the global dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant
N. gonorrhoeae
strains.
Functional Relevance of the N-Terminal Domain of Pseudorabies Virus Envelope Glycoprotein H and Its Interaction with Glycoprotein L
Authors: Vallbracht Melina , Rehwaldt Sascha , Klupp Barbara G. , Mettenleiter Thomas C. , Fuchs Walter 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

Several envelope glycoproteins are involved in herpesvirus entry into cells, direct cell-to-cell spread, and induction of cell fusion. The membrane fusion protein glycoprotein B (gB) and the presumably gB-activating heterodimer gH/gL are essential for these processes and conserved throughout the
Herpesviridae
. However, after extended cell culture passage of gL-negative mutants of the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PrV), phenotypic revertants could be isolated which had acquired spontaneous mutations affecting the gL-interacting N-terminal part of the gH ectodomain (gDH and gH
B4.1
) (B. G. Klupp and T. C. Mettenleiter, J Virol 73:3014–3022, 1999; C. Schröter, M. Vallbracht, J. Altenschmidt, S. Kargoll, W. Fuchs, B. G. Klupp, and T. C. Mettenleiter, J Virol 90:2264–2272, 2016). To investigate the functional relevance of this part of gH in more detail, we introduced an in-frame deletion of 66 codons at the 5′ end of the plasmid-cloned gH gene (gH
32/98
). The N-terminal signal peptide was retained, and the deletion did not affect expression or processing of gH but abrogated its function in
in vitro
fusion assays. Insertion of the engineered gH gene into the PrV genome resulted in a defective mutant (pPrV-gH
32/98
K), which was incapable of entry and spread. Interestingly,
in vitro
activity of mutated gH
32/98
was restored when it was coexpressed with hyperfusogenic gB
B4.1
, obtained from a passaged gL deletion mutant of PrV. Moreover, the entry and spread defects of pPrV-gH
32/98
K were compensated by the mutations in gB
B4.1
in
cis
, as well as in
trans
, independent of gL. Thus, PrV gL and the gL-interacting domain of gH are not strictly required for function.

IMPORTANCE
Membrane fusion is crucial for infectious entry and spread of enveloped viruses. While many enveloped viruses require only one or two proteins for receptor binding and membrane fusion, herpesvirus infection depends on several envelope glycoproteins. Besides subfamily-specific receptor binding proteins, the core fusion machinery consists of the conserved fusion protein gB and the gH/gL complex. The role of the latter is unclear, but it is hypothesized to interact with gB for fusion activation. Using isogenic virus recombinants, we demonstrate here that gL and the gL-binding domain of PrV gH are not strictly required for membrane fusion during virus entry and spread when concomitantly mutations in gB are present which increase its fusogenicity. Thus, our results strongly support the notion of a functional gB-gH interaction during the fusion process.
Using three-dimensional, digital models of pterosaur skulls for the investigation of their relative bite forces and feeding styles
Authors: Henderson Donald M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Simple, three-dimensional, digital models of the crania and mandibles of 22 pterosaurs – 13 pterodactyloids and nine non-pterodactyloids (‘rhamphorhynchoids’) – were generated to investigate gross-level mechanical aspects of the skulls as they would related to feeding behaviour such as bite force and speed of jaw motions. The key parameter was the determination of second moments of area of the mid-muzzle region and the computation of the bending moment relative to the occiput. The shorter, stockier skulls of basal ‘rhamphorhynchoids’ were the strongest for their size in terms of potential resistance to dorso-ventral bending, and this finding correlates with their robust dentitions. More derived ‘rhamphorhynchoids’ showed the start of a trend towards weaker skulls, but faster jaw adduction was interpreted to be an adaptation for the snatching of small prey. Pterodactyloids continued the trend to lengthen the skull and to reduce its cross-sectional area, resulting in less stiff skulls, but more rapid opening and closing of the jaws. Changes in the rear of the skulls and the development of coronoid eminences on the mandibles of all the pterodactyloids are correlated with the reduction in bite force and a concomitant increase in jaw closing speed.
Sex Differences in Long-Term Mortality After Stroke in the INSTRUCT (INternational STRoke oUtComes sTudy)
Authors: Phan Hoang T. , Blizzard Christopher L. , Reeves Mathew J. , Thrift Amanda G. , Cadilhac Dominique , Sturm Jonathan , Heeley Emma , Otahal Petr , Konstantinos Vemmos , Anderson Craig , Parmar Priya , Krishnamurthi Rita , Barker-Collo Suzanne , Feigin Valery , Bejot Yannick , Cabral Norberto L. , Carolei Antonio , Sacco Simona , Chausson Nicolas , Olindo Stephane , Rothwell Peter , Silva Carolina , Correia Manuel , Magalhães Rui , Appelros Peter , Kõrv Janika , Vibo Riina , Minelli Cesar , Gall Seana 
Published: February 2017

Background—
Women are reported to have greater mortality after stroke than men, but the reasons are uncertain. We examined sex differences in mortality at 1 and 5 years after stroke and identified factors contributing to these differences.

Methods and Results—
Individual participant data for incident strokes were obtained from 13 population-based incidence studies conducted in Europe, Australasia, South America, and the Caribbean between 1987 and 2013. Data on sociodemographics, stroke-related factors, prestroke health, and 1- and 5-year survival were obtained. Poisson modeling was used to estimate the mortality rate ratio (MRR) for women compared with men at 1 year (13 studies) and 5 years (8 studies) after stroke. Study-specific adjusted MRRs were pooled to create a summary estimate using random-effects meta-analysis. Overall, 16 957 participants with first-ever stroke followed up at 1 year and 13 216 followed up to 5 years were included. Crude pooled mortality was greater for women than men at 1 year (MRR 1.35; 95% confidence interval, 1.24–1.47) and 5 years (MRR 1.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.12–1.38). However, these pooled sex differences were reversed after adjustment for confounding factors (1 year MRR, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.72–0.92 and 5-year MRR, 0.76; 95% confidence interval, 0.65–0.89). Confounding factors included age, prestroke functional limitations, stroke severity, and history of atrial fibrillation.

Conclusions—
Greater mortality in women is mostly because of age but also stroke severity, atrial fibrillation, and prestroke functional limitations. Lower survival after stroke among the elderly is inevitable, but there may be opportunities for intervention, including better access to evidence-based care for cardiovascular and general health.
Introduction: Maps of Diasporic Consciousness(簡介：海外華人意識的地圖)
Authors: Duara (杜贊奇) Prasenjit 
Published: February 2017

There are several good reasons for the reluctance to call the overlapping waves of Chinese migration overseas since at least the 14th century, the Chinese diaspora. The term diaspora has come to refer to relatively homogenized groups with a strong sense of loyalty to the homeland. The overseas Chinese distributed over six populated continents are not homogenous. Yet the term diaspora is not entirely mistaken because the overwhelming bulk of the Chinese emigrant population left China over the last century and a half and developed some relationship of identity or loyalty with the homeland and the nation-state of China. To understand the diaspora historically, we need to outline the maps of consciousness—loyalties, interests, discourses, identities, projects and goals—that are relevant to the group being researched or investigated. A more embedded layer of activity often shapes and segments these maps of consciousness: these are the geopolitical and economic circumstances. The hinge between geopolitics and the maps of consciousness that has allowed Chinese communities to respond and navigate their ways through these changing circumstances have been their institutions and perhaps even more importantly, the ubiquitous and multiple networks in which most Chinese participate. Networks of native-place origins, lineages, provincial ties, language groups, religious groups and secret society groups, among others, have been historically well documented and need not detain us here. What this volume reveals however is other, perhaps more modern, networks: those constructed by the Japanese imperialist labor regime, and those developed along the dissemination of Christianity, political parties, academic research, financial capital, advertisement and even a legend of a Hokkien pirate among key global port cities.
一直以來都有一些拒絕把至少從十四世紀以來一波波出洋移居的華人通稱為「華僑」的看法，其中一個好理由是：「僑胞」所指涉的是一群相對同質、對原鄉帶有強烈忠誠的團體；而散居在六大洲的海外華人並不是同質的。但「僑胞」的概念卻又可以適切地反映出在過去一個半世紀以來，從中國移出的、並非同質的社群之間對於祖籍和中國這個民族國家所發展出的某種認同或效忠的關係。為了要歷史性地了解海外華人，我們必須探討所欲研究的各個團體所發展出來之意識的地圖──包括忠誠、利益、論述、認同、議程和目標等。這些意識的地圖鑲篏在地緣政治和經濟環境之上，後者往往會形塑或切割這些意識的地圖。透過華人的制度以及或許是更為重要的、無所不在和多元層次的華人網絡，華人社群得以回應並在各種變遷的地緣政治和經濟環境裡游移；這構成了地緣政治經濟和意識地圖之間的連結。既有的歷史資料已充分記載各種華人網絡，包括同鄉組織、宗族、省籍連帶、語言群、宗教和秘密社會等，在此毋庸贅言。本專輯卻呈現出不同的、或者是以更為現代的形式所出現的各種網絡：日本殖民主義主導下的勞工移民，以及華人在各全球港口之間散布的基督教、政黨、學術研究、金融資本、廣告甚至是閩南海盜傳說。 (This article is in English).
A Ghost and His Apparition Roam the South China Sea: Limahong and the Dream of a Hokkien Nation (南中國海上陰魂不散的鬼魅及其幻影：林鳳和一個閩南民族的夢)
Authors: Guingona (顧恒) Phillip B. 
Published: February 2017

Through an analysis of three “hauntings” that spanned the sixteenth to twenty-first centuries, this article highlights recurring instances of Hokkien political maneuvering when the possibility of an autonomous Fujian or maritime-based Hokkien empire threatened the contrasting imperial and national missions of Spanish, Chinese, and Filipinos in the region. The first haunting occurred in the Spanish-controlled Philippines from the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries when the imagined threat of an invasion from China led to reactionary pogroms and a schizophrenic Spanish China-policy. The second haunting occurred in the early twentieth century when Chinese nation-makers were challenged by a nascent Hokkien nationalism that threatened to tear Fujian from China. The final haunting took place in the pages of novels and history books from the Philippines in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries; Filipino authors attempted to create and reinforce a stereotyped image of Chinese as apolitical business-minded people.透過對十六世紀到二十一世紀的三波「著魔」現象的分析，本文強調每當以福建為主體或以海洋活動為基礎的閩南華人有可能發展成一政體，從而威脅到包括西班牙、中國和菲律賓等帝國和民族主義者的使命時，針對閩南認同的政治工作就會一次又一次地在這個地區出現。第一次著魔現象出現在十六到十九世紀、西班牙統治時期的菲律賓。當時一旦有任何可能來自中國的入侵，就會引起西班牙在與中國相關政策上極大的精神恐慌。第二次的著魔現象發生在二十世紀初期，當時中國民族建構者面對新興的閩南民族主義試圖將福建從中國分離出來的挑戰。最後一波的著魔現象呈現在菲律賓二十世紀及二十一世紀的小說和歷史書籍裡。菲律賓作者嘗試去創造並強化華人對政治冷感、只是在商言商的刻版印象。 (This article is in English).
Current attitudes and practice of American Society of Clinical Oncology-member clinical oncologists regarding cancer prevention and control.
Authors: Chlebowski R T , Sayre J , Frank-Stromborg M , Lillington L B 
Published: February 2017

PURPOSE AND METHODS A nationwide needs assessment survey including a validated Cancer Prevention and Early Detection Attitude Inventory of 1,500 randomly selected American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)-member clinical oncologists was conducted via a 67-item, mailed questionnaire to assess practice and attitudes regarding cancer prevention and control. RESULTS Responses of 729 physicians from 48 states representing medical (57%), radiation (17%), surgical (16%), and pediatric oncology (6%), and hematology/other (4%) fields were obtained. Except for ambivalence regarding an important role for diet in cancer causation, cancer prevention and control recommendations were widely endorsed despite skepticism about their impact on reducing deaths from cancer. Surprisingly, a significantly (P less than .001) more favorable attitude for cancer prevention and control issues was found in physicians with greater than 20 years practice compared with younger oncology colleagues, as measured by a 22-item Cancer Prevention and Early Detection Attitude Inventory. Among all physicians, participation in cancer therapy trials exceeded that in cancer prevention and control trials (91% v 27%, P less than .01). Formal instruction during postgraduate training in cancer screening (34%) or prevention (23%) was received by few oncologists; nonetheless, 69% considered themselves a resource for cancer prevention and control issues in their practice communities. Of potential barriers to cancer prevention and control activity, only lack of patients without cancer (53%) and difficulty in including such activity economically into clinical practice (65%) were majority selections. Importantly, 64% agreed they could "motivate their patients to change lifestyle to reduce cancer risk." CONCLUSION Clinical oncologists may represent a potential resource for implementation of cancer prevention and control objectives if economically feasible models for their use in practice settings can be identified.
Diagnosing infection in febrile granulocytopenic patients with indium-111-labeled human immunoglobulin G.
Authors: Oyen W J , Claessens R A , Raemaekers J M , de Pauw B E , van der Meer J W , Corstens F H 
Published: February 2017

PURPOSE Delineation of focal infection is a major problem in the management of febrile granulocytopenic patients. The utility of indium-111-labeled human nonspecific immunoglobulin G (In-111-IgG), a newly developed radiopharmaceutical for imaging focal inflammation, was reported in patients with adequate WBC counts. In the present study, we investigated whether In-111-IgG scintigraphy could be used to locate infection in granulocytopenic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Granulocytopenic rats with focal infection were imaged after In-111-IgG injection. Thereafter, In-111-IgG scintigraphy was performed in 20 granulocytopenic patients. Images were obtained 4, 24, and 48 hours after injection of 75 mBq In-111-IgG. Scintigraphic findings were compared with clinical, roentgenologic, and ultrasonographic methods and culture results. RESULTS In the animal model high In-111-IgG accumulation was observed in the infectious focus. In the patients, 13 proven pulmonary, abdominal, joint, and soft tissue infections of both bacterial and fungal origin were detected adequately. In-111-IgG uptake not due to verified inflammation was observed in the large bowel of two patients. A thoracic wall infiltrate showing only mild inflammatory activity was not detected. Small toxoplasmosis lesions in heart, liver, and kidneys were obscured by physiologic In-111-IgG activity in these organs. CONCLUSIONS In-111-IgG scintigraphy is a useful technique to delineate focal infection in patients with granulocytopenia. Accumulation of the radiopharmaceutical does not appear to be granulocyte-mediated. In-111-IgG is a safe and convenient radiopharmaceutical that probably contributes to the early diagnosis of focal infection in granulocytopenic patients.