bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Simple Method to Determine the Purity of Adipose-Derived Stem Cell-Based Cell Therapies
Authors: Dufrane Denis , Lafosse Aurore 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
It is important to standardize methods to quantify the purity of adipose tissue-derived cells for regenerative medicine. We developed a simple and robust tool to discriminate fibroblasts and adipose stem cells (ASCs) by testing release of specific growth factors. ASCs and dermal fibroblasts (DFs) were isolated from human donors (n = 8). At passage 4, cultures were prepared with progressive ASC/DF ratios of 100%/0%, 75%/25%, 50%/50%, 25%/75%, and 0%/100% for each donor and incubated in hypoxic chambers at 0.1% and 5% O2 and hyperglycemia at 1.0 and 4.5 g/l. After incubation for 24 hours, cell survival, proliferation, and growth factor release (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], hepatocyte growth factor [HGF], insulin-like growth factor 1 [IGF-1], stromal cell-derived factor 1α [SDF-1α], and basic fibroblast growth factor [bFGF]) were assessed for each condition. The proliferation and viability of ASCs and DFs were not impacted by the oxygen tension conditions. No significant difference in HGF, IGF-1, bFGF, and keratinocyte growth factor secretome was found across the various ASC/DF ratios. Interestingly, a negative relation for VEGF secretion was found when ASCs were contaminated by fibroblasts, especially when cells were exposed to 4.5 g/l glucose and 0.1% O2 (R = −0.521; p &lt; .001). In contrast, secretion of SDF-1α was positively correlated with the fibroblast ratio, more prominently in low glucose and low oxygen tension (r = .657; p &lt; .001). Above and beyond these previously unreported metabolic features, these results (a) allow us to discriminate fibroblasts and ASCs specifically and (b) allow new tools be developed for the rapid testing (a response within 24 hours) for the release of ASC-based therapies.

Significance
In order to provide direction to academia, industry, and regulatory authorities regarding purity assessment for adipose tissue-derived cells, this report describes a simple tool to facilitate development of international standards based on reproducible parameters and endpoints that may systematize cellular products across boundaries and accelerate the delivery of safe and effective adipose stem cell (ASC)-based tools to the medical community and the patients it serves. This tool (a) can discriminate specifically fibroblasts and ASCs and (b) can be rapidly implemented and performed before the release of the ASC-based therapy (a response within 24 hours).
Anomalous electrical properties of Au/SrTiO3 interface
Authors: Xu Lun , Yajima Takeaki , Nishimura Tomonori , Toriumi Akira 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Metal/dielectric interface properties of Au/SrTiO3 (STO) and SrRuO3/SrTiO3 (SRO/STO) interfaces were investigated using metal/STO/heavily Nb-doped STO (0.5 wt % Nb:STO) capacitors. The observed interfacial capacitance at SRO/STO accords with results predicted theoretically, whereas that at the Au/STO interface is strongly suppressed, suggesting an intrinsic low-k (dielectric constant) interfacial layer formation at the Au/STO interface owing to in situ evaporated Au after STO film deposition. Furthermore, metal/0.01 wt % Nb:STO junctions were also analyzed. It was found that the SRO/Nb:STO junction forms an ideal Schottky dipole, whereas the Au/Nb:STO junction exhibits anomalous electrical properties.
GaAsP tunable distributed Bragg reflector laser with indium tin oxide thin-film heater
Authors: Uemukai Masahiro , Suhara Toshiaki 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A GaAsP quantum well tunable distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser with a thin-film heater above a DBR grating was designed and fabricated. As a result of the optimization of the DBR grating to obtain both high reflectivity and sharp wavelength selectivity, single-mode lasing with an output power of 54 mW and a side-mode suppression ratio of 43 dB was obtained. By forming the transparent thin-film heater at a distance of 0.1 µm above the DBR grating, the DBR grating was heated locally and efficiently, and a wide wavelength tuning range of 5.2 nm was achieved by heating with a heater power as low as 160 mW.
Atmospheric nitrate leached from small forested watersheds during rainfall events: Processes and quantitative evaluation
Authors: Osaka Ken'ichi , Kugo Tatsuro , Komaki Naoto , Nakamura Takashi , Nishida Kei , Nagafuchi Osamu 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTo determine the availability of atmospheric NO3− deposition on forested ecosystems and to understand the interaction between the nitrogen cycle in a forest ecosystem and atmospheric nitrogen input/output, we quantitatively evaluated the atmospheric NO3− passing through forested watersheds by measuring δ18ONO3 leaching during rainfall events in two forest ecosystems (Su‐A and Ab‐S). Atmospheric NO3− leaching in rainfall events was clearly higher in Ab‐S than in Su‐A, even for a similar amount of rainfall, which demonstrated that atmospheric NO3− leaching differs among forested watersheds. Our observations suggest that a large part of the atmospheric NO3− leached from the watersheds was derived from surface soil, which was deposited before rainfall events occurred; however, direct atmospheric NO3− leaching via throughfall discharge also contributed, especially at the beginning of rainfall events. In Ab‐S, 2.9–37.8% (average = 15.5%) of atmospheric NO3− deposition passed through the watershed, accounting for 3.1–49.8% (average, 26.4%) of the total NO3− leached during rainfall events. The NO3− input was not large, and the NO3− pool and net nitrification rate were small; therefore, nitrogen was not saturated in the soil at Ab‐S. Nevertheless, some of the atmospheric NO3− deposition was not assimilated and was leached immediately. Moreover, our observations suggest that the hydrological characteristics of the watersheds, which control the ease of rainwater discharge, strongly influenced the rate of atmospheric NO3− leaching. This suggests that the hydrological characteristics of watersheds influence the availability of atmospheric NO3− deposition in forested ecosystems and the progression of nitrogen saturation.
Revisiting the Canterbury earthquake sequence after the 14 February 2016 Mw 5.7 event
Authors: Herman Matthew W. , Furlong Kevin P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOn 14 February 2016, an Mw 5.7 (GNS Science moment magnitude) earthquake ruptured offshore east of Christchurch, New Zealand. This earthquake occurred in an area that had previously experienced significant seismicity from 2010 to 2012 during the Canterbury earthquake sequence, starting with the 2010 Mw 7.0 Darfield earthquake and including four Mw ~6.0 earthquakes near Christchurch. We determine source parameters for the February 2016 event and its aftershocks, relocate the recent events along with the Canterbury earthquakes, and compute Coulomb stress changes resolved onto the recent events and throughout the greater Christchurch region. Because the February 2016 earthquake occurred close to previous seismicity, the Coulomb stress changes resolved onto its nodal planes are uncertain. However, in the greater Christchurch region, there are areas that remain positively loaded, including beneath the city of Christchurch. The recent earthquake and regional stress changes suggest that faults in these regions may pose a continuing seismic hazard.
The thermospheric auroral red line Angle of Linear Polarization
Authors: Lilensten Jean , Barthélemy Mathieu , Besson Gérard , Lamy Hervé , Johnsen Magnar G. , Moen Jøran 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe auroral red line at 630 nm is linearly polarized. Up to now, only its Degree of Linear Polarization had been studied. In this article, we examine for the first time the Angle of Linear Polarization (AoLP) and we compare the measurements to the apparent angle of the magnetic field at the location of the red line emission. We show that the AoLP is a tracer of the magnetic field configuration. This opens new perspectives, both in the frame of space weather and in the field of planetology.
Simulation of tropical tropospheric ozone variation from 1982 to 2010: The meteorological impact of two types of ENSO event
Authors: Hou Xuewei , Zhu Bin , Fei Dongdong , Zhu Xiaoxin , Kang Hanqing , Wang Dongdong 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe effects of two types of ENSO events on tropical ozone (O3) variations from 1982 to 2010, and the mechanisms underlying these effects, were analyzed using observations and model simulations. Tropospheric column O3 anomalies (TCOA) during canonical El Niño were different from El Niño Modoki. Absolute TCOA values are larger during canonical El Niño than during El Niño Modoki in most regions. La Niña events were not separated into the different types because of their similarity in terms of sea surface temperature patterns. TCOA in La Niña showed a reversed dipole from canonical El Niño. During canonical El Niño, anomalous downward motion together with suppressed convection weakened O3 outflow from the troposphere, causing an increase in tropospheric O3 over western Pacific. Over central and eastern Pacific, decreased O3 concentrations resulted primarily from a change in net chemical production of O3. The change in net O3 chemical production relates to increased levels of HOx under wetter condition. During El Niño Modoki, transport and chemical fluxes were similar but weaker than during canonical El Niño. During La Niña, O3 anomalies and transport fluxes were the opposite of those during the El Niño Modoki. Stratospheric O3 played a key role in the development of O3 anomaly above 250 hPa during ENSO events, contributing >30% to the O3 anomalies. The change in free tropospheric O3 affected the O3 anomaly from 850 hPa to 200 hPa (60% of O3 anomaly). The contribution of O3 from planetary boundary layer was concentrated at the surface, with a contribution of <15%.
Evaluation of the precipitation seasonal variation over eastern China simulated by BCC_CSM model with two horizontal resolutions
Authors: Wang Qian , Huang Anning , Zhao Yong , Zhou Yang , Yang Ben , Zhang Lujun , Wu Haomin , Jiang Yanmin , Kan Mengyun 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe performance of Beijing Climate Center climate system model (BCC_CSM) with two horizontal resolutions in simulating the precipitation seasonal variation over eastern China has been evaluated. The possible reasons related to the differences in the simulations of BCC_CSM1.1 m model with fine resolution and BCC_CSM1.1 model with coarse resolution also have been addressed and discussed. Results show that the improved simulation of the timing and amount of precipitation in dry seasons except for larger biases during rainy seasons can be noted in BCC_CSM1.1 m model relative to BCC_CSM1.1 model. The occurrence time of the precipitation annual peaks in BCC_CSM1.1 m model shows better agreements with the observation compared to BCC_CSM1.1 model. Mechanism analysis indicates that BCC_CSM1.1 produced earlier East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) onset and northward jump of western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), leading to the earlier start of the rainy seasons and occurrence time of the precipitation annual peaks over eastern China comparing with the observation and BCC_CSM1.1 m simulation. The improved EASM onset and northward jump of WPSH in BCC_CSM1.1 m model resulted in better simulation of precipitation seasonal transition and occurrence time of the precipitation annual peaks. However, compared to BCC_CSM1.1 model, the much more underestimated summer precipitation over most eastern China in BCC_CSM1.1 m model is mainly due to the weakly simulated northeastward water vapor transport, which is resulted from the much stronger WPSH with farther northwest location and weaker land‐sea thermal contrast.
Subregional inversion of North African dust sources
Authors: Escribano Jerónimo , Boucher Olivier , Chevallier Frédéric , Huneeus Nicolás 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe emission of mineral dust aerosols in arid and semiarid regions is a complex process whose representation in atmospheric models remains crude, due to insufficient knowledge about the aerosol lifting process itself, the lack of global data on soil characteristics, and the impossibility for the models to resolve the fine‐scale variability in the wind field that drives some of the dust events. As a result, there are large uncertainties in the total emission flux of mineral dust, its natural variability at various timescales, and the possible contribution from anthropogenic land use changes. This work aims for estimating dust emissions and reduces their uncertainty over the Sahara desert and the Arabian Peninsula—the largest dust source region of the globe. We use a data assimilation approach to constrain dust emission fluxes at a monthly resolution for 18 subregions. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite‐derived aerosol optical depth is assimilated in a regional configuration of a general circulation model coupled to an aerosol model. We describe this data assimilation system and apply it for 1 year, resulting in a total mineral dust emissions flux estimate of 2900 Tg yr−1 over the Sahara desert and the Arabian Peninsula for the year 2006. The analysis field of aerosol optical depth shows an improved fit relative to independent Aerosol Robotic Network measurements as compared to the model prior field.
Lightning Mapping Array flash detection performance with variable receiver thresholds
Authors: Chmielewski Vanna C. , Bruning Eric C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis study characterizes Lightning Mapping Array performance for networks that participated in the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry field program using new Monte Carlo and curvature matrix model simulations. These open‐source simulation tools are readily adapted to real‐time operations or detailed studies of performance. Each simulation accounted for receiver threshold and location, as well as a reference distribution of source powers and flash sizes based on thunderstorm observations and the mechanics of station triggering. Source and flash detection efficiency were combined with solution bias and variability to predict flash area distortion at long ranges. Location errors and detection efficiency were highly dependent on the station configuration and thresholds, especially at longer ranges, such that performance varied more than expected across different networks and with azimuth within networks. Error characteristics matched prior studies, which led to an increase in flash distortion with range. Predicted flash detection efficiency exceeded 95% within 100 km of all networks.
Modeling the growth and migration of sandy shoals on ebb‐tidal deltas
Authors: Ridderinkhof W. , de Swart H. E. , van der Vegt M. , Hoekstra P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCoherent sandy shoals that migrate toward the downdrift coast are observed on many ebb‐tidal deltas. In this study, processes that cause the growth and migration of shoals on ebb‐tidal deltas are identified. Moreover, the effect of the incident wave energy and the tidal prism of an inlet on the migration speed of these shoals is investigated. For this, a numerical morphodynamic model with an idealized geometric setup is employed. The model computes the bed level evolution due to local erosion and deposition of sand driven by tides and waves. Analysis of model results shows that shoals grow when there is a local imbalance between the bathymetry and the wave conditions, which in this study was imposed by manually breaching the ebb‐tidal delta or by adding storms to the wave forcing. There are thresholds for shoal formation that depend on the distribution of the sand and the incident wave energy. Wave refraction over the shoals leads to focusing of wave energy and increased wave energy dissipation around the location of the local minimum water depth. This generates residual currents over the shoal and increased skin friction toward the local minimum water depth, which together create a sand transport pattern that induces the growth and migration of the shoal. Sand transport due to asymmetric waves contributes to keeping the shoal a coherent structure. The shoal migration speed increases with increasing incident wave energy and decreasing tidal prism; this is because tidal residual currents oppose the wave‐driven residual currents that cause shoal migration.
Constraints on methane oxidation in ice‐covered boreal lakes
Authors: Denfeld Blaize A. , Ricão Canelhas Monica , Weyhenmeyer Gesa A. , Bertilsson Stefan , Eiler Alexander , Bastviken David 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBoreal lakes can be ice covered for a substantial portion of the year at which time methane (CH4) can accumulate below ice. The amount of CH4 emitted at ice melt is partially determined by the interplay between CH4 production and CH4 oxidation, performed by methane‐oxidizing bacteria (MOB). Yet the balance between oxidation and emission and the potential for CH4 oxidation in various lakes during winter is largely unknown. To address this, we performed incubations at 2°C to screen for wintertime CH4 oxidation potential in seven lakes. Results showed that CH4 oxidation was restricted to three lakes, where the phosphate concentrations were highest. Molecular analyses revealed that MOB were initially detected in all lakes, although an increase in type I MOB only occurred in the three lake water incubations where oxidation could be observed. Accordingly, the increase in CO2 was on average 5 times higher in these three lake water incubations. For one lake where no oxidation was measured, we tested if temperature and CH4 availability could trigger CH4 oxidation. However, regardless of incubation temperatures and CH4 concentrations, ranging from 2 to 20°C and 1–500 μM, respectively, no oxidation was observed. Our study indicates that some lakes with active wintertime CH4 oxidation may have low emissions during ice melt, while other and particularly nutrient poor lakes may accumulate large amounts of CH4 below ice that, in the absence of CH4 oxidation, will be emitted following ice melt. This variability in CH4 oxidation rates between lakes needs to be accounted for in large‐scale CH4 emission estimates.
Does mycorrhizal inoculation improve plant survival, aggregate stability, and fine root development on a coarse‐grained soil in an alpine eco‐engineering field experiment?
Authors: Bast A. , Wilcke W. , Graf F. , Lüscher P. , Gärtner H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSteep vegetation‐free talus slopes in high mountain environments are prone to superficial slope failures and surface erosion. Eco‐engineering measures can reduce slope instabilities and thus contribute to risk mitigation. In a field experiment, we established mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal research plots and determined their biophysical contribution to small‐scale soil fixation. Mycorrhizal inoculation impact on plant survival, aggregate stability, and fine root development was analyzed. Here we present plant survival (ntotal = 1248) and soil core (ntotal = 108) analyses of three consecutive years in the Swiss Alps. Soil cores were assayed for their aggregate stability coefficient (ASC), root length density (RLD), and mean root diameter (MRD). Inoculation improved plant survival significantly, but it delayed aggregate stabilization relative to the noninoculated site. Higher aggregate stability occurred only after three growing seasons. Then also RLD tended to be higher and MRD increased significantly at the mycorrhizal treated site. There was a positive correlation between RLD, ASC, and roots <0.5 mm, which had the strongest impact on soil aggregation. Our results revealed a temporal offset between inoculation effects tested in laboratory and field experiments. Consequently, we recommend to establish an intermediate to long‐term field experimental monitoring before transferring laboratory results to the field.
Enhanced carbon loss from anoxic lake sediment through diffusion of dissolved organic carbon
Authors: Peter Simone , Isidorova Anastasija , Sobek Sebastian 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLakes are highly relevant players in the global carbon cycle as they can store large amounts of organic carbon (OC) in sediments, thereby removing OC from the actively cycling pool. However, sediment OC can be released to pore water under anoxic conditions and diffuse into the water column. In carbon budgets of lake ecosystems, this potential OC loss pathway from sediments is generally disregarded. Combining field observations and incubation experiments, we quantitatively investigated dissolved OC (DOC) diffusion from sediments into anoxic water of a boreal lake. We observed substantial increases of bottom water DOC (26% in situ, 16% incubation), translating into a DOC flux from the sediment that was comparable to anoxic sediment respiration (3.3 versus 5.1 mmol m−2 d−1). Optical characterization indicated that colored and aromatic DOC was preferentially released. Reactivity assays showed that DOC released from anoxic sediment enhanced water column respiration and flocculation in reoxygenated water. Upon water oxygenation, flocculation was the most important loss pathway removing ~77% of released DOC, but the remaining ~23% was mineralized, constituting a pathway of permanent loss of sediment OC. DOC diffusion from lake sediment during anoxia and subsequent mineralization in oxic water during mixing increases overall OC loss from anoxic sediments by ~15%. This study enlarges our understanding of lake ecosystems by showing that under anoxic conditions significant amounts of DOC can be released from OC stored in sediments and enter the active aquatic carbon cycle again.
Derivation of the magnetic field on a metal cylinder excited by a longitudinal magnetic dipole transmitter: II. Cylinder in a two‐layer dissipative dielectric medium
Authors: Freedman Robert 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe derive an exact convergent analytical solution for the complex frequency‐dependent magnetic field on the surface of an infinitely long and perfectly conducting metal cylinder situated in a cylindrically layered dissipative medium. The inhomogeneous medium consists of two exterior cylindrical layers that are concentric with the cylinder. The magnetic field on the cylinder is excited by a longitudinally oriented oscillating magnetic dipole transmitter on the cylinder surface. An exact analytical solution to this problem has not been previously published and is of theoretical as well as practical importance, e.g., in modeling the responses of electromagnetic wave propagation well logging tools. It is shown that the magnetic field on the cylinder surface can be expressed as a real‐axis integral; however, the integrand oscillates rapidly and diverges for large values of the integration variable. The real‐axis integral is replaced by the sum of two convergent branch line integrals and a sum over the residues of the complex poles in the integrand of the real‐axis integral. The poles correspond physically to waveguide modes that propagate with discrete wave numbers. A pole search algorithm is developed to locate the positions of the poles and compute their residues. Phase shifts and attenuations of the magnetic field between receivers for a 1.1 GHz well logging tool are computed to elucidate the pole spectra and the relative contributions of the waveguide modes and the branch cut integrals for different thicknesses of the innermost dielectric layer and for different layer properties.