bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment‐related adverse events associated with a modified UK ALLR3 induction chemotherapy backbone for childhood relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Sun Weili , Orgel Etan , Malvar Jemily , Sposto Richard , Wilkes Jennifer J. , Gardner Rebecca , Tolbert Vanessa P. , Smith Alison , Hur Minjun , Hoffman Jill , Rheingold Susan R. , Burke Michael J. , Wayne Alan S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe UK ALLR3 (R3) regimen has been adopted to treat pediatric relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by many centers in the United States and has become a preferred therapeutic backbone for testing novel agents in clinical trials. A detailed toxicity profile of this platform has not previously been reported. The toxicity and response rates for its use beyond first relapse are unknown.ProceduresWe performed a multi‐institutional, retrospective study including children with relapsed ALL treated with the R3 reinduction chemotherapy backbone block 1 across five pediatric centers. Data were extracted from medical records and analyzed.ResultsFifty‐nine patients were included in the study, including 16 patients with ≥2nd relapse. Ninety‐seven percent of patients experienced at least one Grade ≥3 nonhematologic adverse event (AE). Grade 3 or higher infection was reported in 90% of patients. Other nonhematologic Grade ≥3 AEs included electrolyte abnormalities, elevation in hepatic enzymes, and pain. Eighty‐five percent of patients achieved a complete remission (CR). There were no significant differences in the incidence of AEs, CR rate, and rate of minimal residual disease negativity between patients with 1st or ≥2nd relapse.ConclusionOur study confirmed that R3 block 1 is a highly active reinduction regimen in childhood relapsed ALL. However, it was associated with a high incidence of severe toxicities, particularly infection. The toxicity profiled in our report should be used to inform optimal supportive care and future clinical trial design with the R3 backbone, particularly when new agents are combined with this regimen.
Oxygen additions in serial femtosecond crystallographic protein structures
Authors: Wang Jimin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn principle, serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) could yield data sets that are completely free of the effects caused by slow, radiation‐induced chemical reactions, for example, oxygen additions, responsible for radiation damage. However, experimental evidence is presented here that SFX data sets obtained by techniques that expose different parts of the same specimen to single pulses of radiation do not have this property, even if the specimen in question is frozen. The diffraction image of each such crystal obtained with the first pulse of radiation is certain to represent the structure of a protein that has not been modified chemically, but all of the images obtained subsequently from the same crystal will represent structures that have been modified to a lesser or greater extent by oxygen additions because of the rapid diffusion of oxygenic free radicals through the specimen. The higher the level of oxygen additions a crystal suffers during data collection, the poorer the statistical quality of data set obtained from it will, and the higher the free R‐factors of the resulting structural model.
Point of view filming and the elicitation interview
Authors: Skinner Jonathan , Gormley Gerard J. 
Published: July 2016

Face-to-face interviews are a fundamental research tool in qualitative research. Whilst this form of data collection can provide many valuable insights, it can often fall short of providing a complete picture of a research subject’s experiences. Point of view (PoV) interviewing is an elicitation technique used in the social sciences as a means of enriching data obtained from research interviews. Recording research subjects’ first person perspectives, for example by wearing digital video glasses, can afford deeper insights into their experiences. PoV interviewing can promote making visible the unverbalizable and does not rely as much on memory as the traditional interview. The use of such relatively inexpensive technology is gaining interest in health profession educational research and pedagogy, such as dynamic simulation-based learning and research activities. In this interview, Dr Gerry Gormley (a medical education researcher) talks to Dr Jonathan Skinner (an anthropologist with an interest in PoV interviewing), exploring some of the many crossover implications with PoV interviewing for medical education research and practice.
Chronostratigraphy of uplifted Quaternary hemipelagic deposits from the Dodecanese island of Rhodes (Greece)
Authors: Quillévéré Frédéric , Cornée Jean-Jacques , Moissette Pierre , Lopez-Otalvaro Gatsby Emperatriz , Baak Christiaan van , Münch Philippe , Melinte-Dobrinescu Mihaela Carmen , Krijgsman Wout 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn integrated magneto-biostratigraphic study, based on calcareous nannofossils and foraminifers, together with the radiometric dating of a volcaniclastic layer found in several outcrops, was carried out on the hemipelagic deposits of the Lindos Bay Formation (LBF) at six localities on the island of Rhodes (Greece). Our highly refined chronostratigraphic framework indicates that the lower and upper lithos-tratigraphic boundaries of the LBF are diachronous. Associated with the 40Ar/39Ar age determination of 1.85 ± 0.08 Ma for the volcaniclastic layer, our data show that among the investigated outcrops, the Lindos Bay type locality section provides the longest record (1.1 Ma) of the LBF. Hemipelagic deposition occurred continuously from the late Gelasian (~1.9 Ma) to the late Calabrian (~0.8 Ma), i.e., from Chrons C2n (Olduvai) to C1r.1r (Matuyama) and from nannofossil Zones CNPL7 to CNPL10. This long record, together with the hemipelagic nature of the deposits, make the Lindos Bay type locality section a unique element in the eastern Mediterranean region, allowing future comparisons with other early Quaternary deep-sea sections available in the central and western Mediterranean regions.
University of Miami Radiocarbon Dates XXIII
Authors: Hood D G , Johnson R A , Stipp J J 
Published: July 2016

The following radiocarbon dates are a partial list of samples measured for a variety of projects and materials since May 1982. Chemical and counting procedures remain the same as indicated in R, v 20, p 274–282.Calculations are based on the 5568-year Libby 14C half-life. Precision is reported as one-standard deviation based only on statistical counting uncertainties in the measurement of the background, NBS modern standard, and sample activities. δ13C values are measured relative to PDB and reported ages are corrected for isotopic fractionation by normalizing to −25‰.
Background Measurements with Different Shielding and Anticoincidence Systems
Authors: Loosli H H , Forster Markus , Otlet R L 
Published: July 2016

Extremely low background count rates are a necessary condition for both the measurement of 39Ar concentrations in ground and ocean water and of 14C activities in small samples using gas proportional counting techniques. A systematic comparison of the performance of three different designs of shielding systems in four different installations has been made.Background values of selected gas proportional counters were measured, compared and separated into their various components. Acceptably low backgrounds were obtained in all the systems tried. The performance of a NaI shield in a surface laboratory was found to be at least equal to the best obtained with a gas anticoincidence detector in a deep underground laboratory.
Global and Local Effects of14C Discharges from the Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Authors: McCartney Martin , Baxter M S , McKay Keith , Scott E Marian 
Published: July 2016

The radiologic impact of14C produced by the nuclear fuel cycle is assessed at both global and local levels. In the former context, it is predicted here that the specific activity of atmospheric CO2in the year 2050 will be ca 7.6 pCig-1C. Although this is similar to the present level, the subsequent collective dose commitment could be highly significant.The enhancement of14C concentrations around the nuclear fuel-reprocessing plant at Sellafield (Windscale) in Cumbria, U K has been monitored over recent years. For example, maximum levels of 27.2 pCig-1C (∼350% above natural) during 1984 were observed < 1 km from the plant, with enhanced activities detectable to at least 29km. Nevertheless, it is clear that the radiologic significance to the local population is low. The spatial distribution of the excess14C allows atmospheric dispersion models to be tested in the context of continuous releases and the results thus far show that the Gaussian plume model performs successfully.
Patterns of Atmospheric 14C Changes
Authors: Stuiver Minze , Quay Paul D 
Published: July 2016

Natural atmospheric 14C changes are caused by fluctuations in upper atmospheric 14C production rates (Q) that are related to earth geomagnetic field variations and changes in solar wind magnetic shielding properties. Climate variability may also be responsible for some of the changes because it influences exchange rates of 14C between the various terrestrial carbon reservoirs.Upper atmospheric 14C production rates QM, in at/sec cm2 (earth), were calculated for the past 1200 years from the atmospheric 14C record and a carbon reservoir model. The changes in QM are compared in detail with the predicted Q variability derived from an Aa solar modulation mechanism and 20th century neutron flux observations. The influence of earth geomagnetic field changes on the magnitude of the solar wind modulation is discussed, and it is shown that the variations in this magnitude agree with the known differences in earth magnetic field intensity during the past 1200 years. The larger calculated QM oscillations during the sixth millennium bp also agree with this concept.Solar wind magnetic as well as geomagnetic forces modulate the incoming cosmic ray flux and explain the main features of the atmospheric 14C record. It is argued that climatic fluctuation is not a dominant cause.The oscillations between 3200 and 3700 BC, as measured by de Jong, Mook, and Becker, differ in rise time from those found for the current millennium.
Radiocarbon Evidence for Holocene Recharge of Groundwater, Western Desert, Egypt
Authors: Haynes C Vance , Haas Herbert 
Published: July 2016

During Pleistocene pluvial precipitation was sufficient for the maintenance of groundwater supported lakes and for the accumulation of playa lakes in wind-scoured depressions during the early Holocene pluvial. At places where ground water reaches near to the surface, wells (birs) have been dug and maintained in historic times. These birs have been used as sampling sites for water analyses, including carbon-14 levels, carbon and oxygen stable isotope ratios, tritium concentrations, and chemical data.All the waters from birs analyzed to date produced apparent radiocarbon ages ranging from late historic to early Holocene, and tritium analyses on some of these indicate no recharge during the Atomic age.Sources of error for the radiocarbon analyses, including exchange with atmospheric CO2, respiration by plant roots, and contact with carbonates of considerably older age, were evaluated. None of these factors have such an extreme impact on the measurements as to render the result invalid. Two trends revealed by these data are an increase in apparent age from northwest to southwest and with subsequent extractions at the same site where the hand-dug well was bailed out and sampled four times within two days.We conclude that recharge of shallow ground water occurred in early Holocene time, and some recharge of deeper aquifers may have occurred where infiltration paths permitted. Some recharge occurred in late Holocene (post pluvial) time, but the net trend has been toward hyper-aridity that characterizes the area today.
Use of 39Ar and 14C for Groundwater Dating
Authors: Loosli Heinz Hugo , Oeschger Hans 
Published: July 2016

Cosmic-ray produced atmospheric 39Ar activity (T1/2 = 269 yr) has been determined at 0.11 ±0.012 dpm/lt argon. Ice samples from two profiles in Greenland bore holes showed conclusively that 39Ar dating leads to correct ages. Corrections can be made for possible contamination of the samples with ambient air during field extraction and during laboratory processing by measuring 85Kr in the same samples.The following isotopes: 14C, 39Ar, 85Kr, 3H, partly 32Si, 13C, and 18O were investigated in 20 groundwater samples. Unexpectedly large discrepancies between “14C ages” and “39Ar ages” were observed for many of these samples. For example, a horizontal profile of a confined sandstone aquifer in the Franconian Albvorland showed decreasing 39Ar and 14C activities from respectively, 100 percent to 17 percent and 80 percent to 0.3 percent of modern activity, corresponding to elapsed time periods of 700 and >20,000 years, respectively.It seems unlikely that gas exchange through the aquiclude is the cause of this discrepancy. It can neither be explained by only assuming that the water represents a mixing of components with different ages. We detected the possibility of underground production of 39Ar in thermal spring water from Zurzach, Switzerland. Its argon showed higher specific activity than atmospheric argon. Elsewhere, however, samples were found containing no detectable 39Ar activity: two wells of a confined carstic aquifer in Ingolstadt, Germany, show less than 7 percent atmospheric activity.In our opinion, the assumptions on which the 14C method in hydrology are based need to be critically re-examined. It is possible that for some aquifers carbonate exchange between solid and liquid phases in the aquifer changes 14C results to a larger degree than generally assumed.
Search for Pedogenic Phases During the Younger Pleistocene and Holocene (Soltanien and Rharbien) of Tunisia
Authors: Scharpenseel H W , Zakosek Heinrich , Neue Ulrich , Schiffmann Heinrich 
Published: July 2016

Radiocarbon dates, obtained from paleosols, sediments, fossils, and groundwater samples of North Africa and especially, Tunisia, were investigated for information on phases of pedogenesis throughout the younger Pleistocene and Holocene in north and central Tunisia. This paper evaluates available data, while a larger set of new samples is under study, which, hopefully will exhaust the problem and will reveal whether extrapolations such as those made in this paper, eg, phases of pedogenesis from groundwater data, are correct.Frequency distribution of the dates from groundwaters taken by systematic sampling, as well as from random soil samples from open pits that yielded access to buried paleosols, indicate that organic matter was being produced for 7 or 8 periods. The evidence suggests major pedogenic activity at about 2000 BP, 4000 to 6000 BP, 8000 to 12,000 BP, and perhaps 21,000 to 25,000 BP.
National Physical Laboratory Radiocarbon Measurements II
Authors: Callow W. J. , Baker M. J. , Pritchard Daphne H. 
Published: July 2016

The following list comprises measurements made since those reported in NPL I and is complete to the end of November 1963.Ages are relative to a.d. 1950 and are calculated using a half-life of 5568 yr. The measurements have been corrected for fractionation and referred to 0.950 times the activity of the NBS oxalic acid as a contemporary reference standard. The quoted uncertainty is one standard deviation derived from a proper combination of the parameter variances, viz. those of the standard and background measurements over a rolling twenty-week period, of the sample measurements from at least three independent fillings, of the δC13 measurements and of the de Vries effect (assumed to add an additional uncertainty equivalent to a standard deviation of 80 yr). Any uncertainty in the half-life has been excluded so that relative C14 ages may be correctly compared. Absolute age assessments, however, should be made using the accepted best value for the half-life and the appropriate uncertainty included. If the net sample activity is less than 4 times the standard error of the difference between the sample and background activities, a lower limit to the age is reported equivalent to a sample activity of 4 times the standard error of this difference.The description of each sample is based on information provided by the person submitting the sample to the Laboratory.The work reported forms part of the research programme of the Laboratory and is published by permission of the Director.
U. S. Geological Survey Radiocarbon Dates VII
Authors: Ives Patricia C. , Levin Betsy , Robinson Richard D. , Rubin Meyer 
Published: July 2016

This date list contains the results of measurements made during 1961, 1962 and 1963. The method of counting, utilizing acetylene gas, remains essentially unchanged, except for the addition of some solid state electronics. The method of computation, using the Libby half-life of 5568 ± 30 yr, is continued. The error listed is always larger than the one-sigma statistical counting error commonly used, and takes into account known uncertainty laboratory factors, and does not include external (field or atmospheric) variations.Unless otherwise stated, collectors of all samples are members of the U. S. Geological Survey.
Uppsala Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IV
Authors: Olsson Ingrid U. , Kilicci Serap 
Published: July 2016

The following list covers most of the samples measured at the Uppsala C14 laboratory since the last list (Uppsala III) except for all the samples utilized for determining the increase of the C14/C12 ratio due to explosion of nuclear devices and the few samples measured with a new proportional counter.The technique used is the same as previously described by Olsson (1958) and the pretreatment is that which has been used earlier (wood, charcoal, peat, gyttja and other organic sediments are boiled with HC1, 1 to 2%, washed with distilled water, kept in NaOH, 1 to 2%, at +80°C over night, washed with distilled water and finally acidified to pH about 3 before being dried) except for Foraminifera tests, see below.The reference sample is 95% of the activity of the NBS oxalic-acid standard. Any corrections for apparent water ages are thus not included here, but will be discussed in later papers dealing with the marine samples. Corrections for deviations from the normal C13/C12 ratio (-2S.0% in the PDB scale) are applied for the unknown samples. Our oxalic acid was measured by Craig (1961) and has a C13/C12 ratio of -18.97% and corresponds to the accepted standardized value, -19%, which should be used for age determinations (Editorial Statement in Radiocarbon, v. 3). Two new combustions of oxalic acid have not shown any significant difference in their C13 content relative to the oxalic acid 1 sample measured by Craig.The value 5570 yr has been used for the half-life of C14. Results are expressed in years before 1950 (b.p.). Errors include the standard deviations (a) of the counted particles as well as the error in the δC13 values. When the activity is very low, so that 2σ corresponds to a possibility of infinite age, 2σ has been used instead of σ.Several samples had to be diluted with CO2 from an old source to bring them to the normal working pressure of 3 atm.
Birmingham University Radiocarbon Dates II
Authors: Shotton F. W. , Blundell D. J. , Williams R. E. G. 
Published: July 2016

Measurements have continued with the 6 L counter which has proved reliable at pressures as high as 2.6 atm and as low as 0.3 atm. It has now been enclosed in a double ring of 27 geiger tubes which has reduced the background count to 10 cpm at 2 atm. So far, we have had no success with the 1.5 L Oeschger-type proportional counter. Failure to obtain steady readings is probably due to continued outgassing from the teflon insulation. All insulating parts have now been remanufactured from the same source of teflon as was used in the 6 L counter, and the Oeschger counter is being reassembled.Results are still given without correction for δC13. Errors quoted refer only to the standard deviation calculated from a statistical analysis of count rates and the Libby half-life of 5570 ± 30 yr.
Riken Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IV
Authors: Yamasaki Fumio , Hamada Tatsuji , Fujiyama Chikako 
Published: July 2016

The C14 dates given below are a continuation of the work presented in our previous list (RIKEN III), and have been obtained by counting CO2 at ca. 2 atm pressure in a 2.7 L stainless steel counter. Results obtained mainly during 1967 are described.Shell samples were treated with 1% HCl to remove the outer 10%. Calcareous deposits on the surface, when observed, were removed by mechanical means.Dates were calculated on the basis of the C14 half-life of 5568 yr and 95% NBS oxalic acid as modern standard. No correction was applied even for fresh water shell samples.
University of Rome Carbon-14 Dates VI
Authors: Alessio M. , Bella F. , Cortesi C. , Graziadei B. 
Published: July 2016

The list includes age measurements carried out from December 1966 and November 1967. All samples both of archaeologic and geologic interest are drawn from Italian territory.Chemical techniques have remained unchanged (Bella and Cortesi, 1960). Two counters have been used for dating: the 1st, of 1.5 L, already described (Bella and Cortesi, 1960; Alessio, Bella, and Cortesi, 1964), the 2nd, of 1 L, recently assembled, is identical to the previous 1 L counter (Alessio, Bella, and Cortesi, 1964), its anticoincidence system was realized by a plastic scintillator and photomultipliers. Background 6.15 ± 0.08 counts/min, counting rate for modern carbon 24.49 ±0.15 counts/min. Higher efficiency of electronic recording was obtained by reducing pulse length and by a few other changes. All samples are usually measured by both counters.The errors quoted, as in previous measurements, are 1σ statistical error. Age has been calculated using Libby's half-life of 5568 ± 30 yr, with 1950 as the standard year of reference. As in all previous measurements, the same modern wood, grown near Rome between 1949 and 1953, has been taken as modern standard: its activity has once again been carefully checked and judged satisfactory.
Gakushuin Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII
Authors: Kigoshi Kunihiko , Aizawa Hiroko , Suzuki Nobuko 
Published: July 2016

This list continues Gakushuin VI (Radiocarbon, 1967, v. 9, p. 43-62), the same instruments and techniques having been employed.Age calculations are based on the Libby half-life of C14, 5570 ± 30 years, and the modern activity given by 0.95 Aox, i.e., 95% of the activity of NBS oxalic acid standard. The errors quoted are the standard deviation obtained from the number of counts only. When observed activity is less than 2σ above background, infinite date is given with a limit corresponding to the activity of 3σ, and when it is greater than 0.95 Aox −2σ, modern date is given with a limit = 0.95 Aox —3σ. For shell samples, dates are computed without any correction for environmental and biological isotopic fractionation.The description and comments are essentially those of the submitters.