bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
77 Antenatal MgS04 in very preterm babies is not related to improved 36 month neurodevelopmental outcomes once accounting for neonatal interventions
Authors: Arumugarasan Arthiga , Selvanathan Thiviya , Charlton Julia K , Au-Young Stephanie , Guo Ting , Branson Helen , Synnes Anne , Ly Linh G , Kelly Edmond , Grunau Ruth Eckstein , Miller Steven Paul , Chau Vann 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4) has become a standard practice for fetal neuroprotection prior to delivery of very-preterm babies due to an association with MgSO4 and reduction of cerebral palsy at 2 years of age in randomized clinical trials.

Objectives
In a prospective cohort of very preterm babies, we aimed to define the association between antenatal MgSO4 administration and neurodevelopmental outcome.

Design/Methods
We included a prospective cohort of 265 infants born ≤ 32 weeks’ gestation recruited at three tertiary neonatal intensive care units (NICU). Infants underwent two brain MRIs, one in the initial weeks after birth and one at term-equivalent age. Neurodevelopmental follow-up assessments were completed using the Bayley-3 at 3 years. Univariate analysis was undertaken to determine whether MgSO4 was associated with outcome. Multiple maternal and neonatal factors were analyzed according to their relationship with outcome. Gestational age was accounted for in all models. Maternal factors associated with MgSO4 administration were hypertension, multiple births and antenatal corticosteroid administration. Neonatal factors were sex, neonatal resuscitation, major surgery, and moderate-severe white matter injury (volume &gt;40mm3). Multivariable linear regression models of maternal and neonatal risk factors were used to account for potential confounders based on those factors that were significantly (p&lt;0.05) associated in univariate analysis.

Results
On univariate analysis, MgSO4 administration was inversely associated with 36-month motor scores (p&lt;0.05). On the multivariable analysis, no maternal confounders had an impact on the relationship between MgSO4 and outcome (Table 2). MgS04 was no longer statistically related to any Bayley outcomes after adjusting for confounders at 36 months (Table 2). Neonatal surgery was related to poorer 36-month motor and cognitive outcomes.

Conclusion
Antenatal MgSO4 exposure was not associated with improved measures on the Bayley scales at 3 years after adjusting for potential confounders. However, neonatal interventions remained significant risk factors for poorer neurodevelopmental outcome.
Knowing (in) organizations: calculative cultures and paradigmatic learning in the case of the World Bank
Authors: Bandola-Gill Justyna 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This paper explores the evidence culture in one of the key global knowledge institutions—the World Bank. Framing itself as a “Knowledge Ban,” the World Bank is a leading organization in data and evidence provision around poverty and inequalities, and as such, it shapes the broader evidentiary standards and knowledge infrastructures around the world. Drawing on a rich qualitative study of 46 semistructured interviews with experts working on poverty knowledge as well as document analysis of the key reports and strategic documents, this paper explores the manner in which the calculative evidence culture of the World Bank mediates the production of evidence and expertise within the institution. This paper explores the collectively formulated interpretative lenses that guide formative questions such as what counts as (good) evidence, how it is used in decision-making, and how to deal with uncertainty with data and evidence. By doing so, this paper makes two contributions to the literature on evidence-based policymaking. First, it provides a cultural lens to the production and use of evidence in policymaking, a lens that is significantly underdeveloped in the existing scholarship. Second, it addresses the question of evolving evidentiary standards and learning within knowledge organizations. By exploring how institutions “change their mind,” this paper provides a dynamic account of the evolving politics of knowledge within organizations.
The Causal Effect of Candidate Extremity on Citizens’ Preferences: Evidence from Conjoint Experiments
Authors: Amsalem Eran , Zoizner Alon 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Previous studies demonstrate that politicians’ issue positions and rhetorical style have grown increasingly extreme. It remains unclear, however, whether extremity pays off electorally. Using two preregistered conjoint experiments conducted in the United States (N = 2,006) and Israel (N = 1,999), we investigate whether citizens reward or penalize candidates for taking extreme positions (i.e., proposing radical solutions to societal problems) and using an extreme rhetorical style (i.e., communicating in a way that signals rigidity and dogmatism). The results are consistent in showing that extremity is costly for candidates. Across countries, citizens penalize both in-party and out-party candidates for both extreme positions and an extreme rhetorical style, and the average penalty for being extreme is a 16-percentage-point decrease in candidate support. Our results are in line with scholarship demonstrating that citizens disapprove of elite extremity. They also indicate that citizens react independently to elites’ substantive policy positions and their communication style.
Partisanship and Older Americans’ Engagement with Dubious Political News
Authors: Lyons Benjamin , Montgomery Jacob M , Reifler Jason 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Studies based on digital trace data show that older Americans visit and share dubious news sources far more often than younger cohorts, tendencies often attributed to lower levels of digital literacy. At the same time, survey experiments show that older Americans are no worse, if not better, at discerning between false and accurate news. If older Americans can identify misleading news content equally well, why are they still more likely to engage with it in observational settings? In this article, we combine survey measures and digital trace data for three nationally representative samples (N = 9,944) to argue that the existing literature overemphasizes the importance of factors like digital literacy relative to standard political variables such as political interest and partisanship, factors known to increase across the lifespan. Calcified partisanship in particular makes older Americans vulnerable to hyperpartisan news—which is highly slanted but not verified as explicitly false. High rates of engagement with this category of content, which has been examined in survey studies of older citizens less regularly in the literature, may partially explain the high rates of engagement with dubious news domains in behavioral trace data. In all, our findings have important implications for how we understand—and might intervene to reduce—high engagement among this cohort with dubious news.
The basic statistical concepts and their interrelationships in diagnostic research
Authors: Mao Yitao , Xiao Juxiong , Zhu Liping , Zhang Yu , Leng Yueshuang , Li Qingling , Li Ying , Liu Chuyi , Zhao Luqing 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Many medical postgraduate students exhibit a lack of clarity in their understanding of relevant statistical concepts during the conduct of diagnostic studies.

Methods
This article, grounded in research practice, delves into the role of understanding statistical concepts in diagnostic research. It includes an exploration of sensitivity, specificity, types of statistical errors, and their interrelationships, as well as a discussion on statistical power—an often-overlooked but crucial concept in research.

Results
The article elucidates these important concepts with specific examples and illustrations, and addresses an issue of inconsistency related to the receiver operating characteristic curve in research practice.

Conclusion
By drawing analogies between basic concepts in diagnostic tests and concepts in statistics, this article helps to enhance researchers' abilities in designing and interpreting clinical diagnostic studies, thereby improving the quality of clinical diagnostic research.
Determination of the ambient dose equivalent H*(10) at high-altitude cities using a NaI(Tl) scintillator
Authors: Nina Choque Carlos Lorenzo , Rivera Bretel Hugo Marcelo 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The ambient dose equivalent rate H*(10) was determined at various locations in the metropolitan area of the cities of La Paz and El Alto in Bolivia. A NaI(Tl) scintillation detector was employed to infer the gamma-ray fluence, and the fluence was transformed in dose rates by means of the appropriate coefficients. In this paper, a full methodology for the estimation of dose rates associated with gamma rays emitted from the ground (terrestrial radiation) and the atmosphere is developed from measurements made with the scintillator instrument. The energy calibration and resolution of the apparatus are presented, followed by the estimation of its response and efficiency by means of Monte Carlo simulations. Lastly, the definition of H*(10) is used to determine the conversion coefficients needed to transform gamma-ray fluence in dose rates. With this methodology, rates for H*(10) around 123 ± 8 nSv/h were estimated using data collected in three city districts: Mallasa (3320 m a.s.l.), San Antonio (3620 m a.s.l.), and Zona Sur (3400 m a.s.l.). The dose rates are believed to be representative of the terrestrial radiation fields encountered in the highlands of Bolivia.
Genetic variants associated with chronic fatigue syndrome predict population-level fatigue severity and actigraphic measurements
Authors: Liu Patrick Z , Raizen David M , Skarke Carsten , Brooks Thomas G , Anafi Ron C 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Study Objectives
The diagnosis of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is based on a constellation of symptoms which center around fatigue. However, fatigue is commonly reported in the general population by people without CFS. Does the biology underlying fatigue in patients with CFS also drive fatigue experienced by individuals without CFS?

Methods
We used UK Biobank actigraphy data to characterize differences in physical activity patterns and daily temperature rhythms between participants diagnosed with CFS compared to controls. We then tested if single nucleotide variants (SNVs) previously associated with CFS are also associated with the variation of these actigraphic CFS correlates and/or subjective fatigue symptoms in the general population.

Results
Participants diagnosed with CFS (n = 295) had significantly decreased overall movement (Cohen’s d = 0.220, 95% CI of −0.335 to −0.106, p-value = 2.42 × 10−15), lower activity amplitudes (Cohen’s d = -0.377, 95% CI of −0.492 to −0.262, p-value = 1.74 × 10−6), and lower wrist temperature amplitudes (Cohen’s d = −0.173, 95% CI of -0.288 to -0.059, p-value = .002) compared to controls (n = 63,133). Of 30 tested SNVs associated in the literature with CFS, one was associated in the control population with subjective fatigue and one with actigraphic measurements (FDR &lt; 0.05).

Conclusions
The genetic overlap of CFS risk with actigraphy and subjective fatigue phenotypes suggests that some biological mechanisms underlying pathologic fatigue in patients with CFS also underlie fatigue symptoms at a broader population level. Therefore, understanding the biology of fatigue in general may inform our understanding of CFS pathophysiology.
Effects of microgravity on human iPSC-derived neural organoids on the International Space Station
Authors: Marotta Davide , Ijaz Laraib , Barbar Lilianne , Nijsure Madhura , Stein Jason , Pirjanian Nicolette , Kruglikov Ilya , Clements Twyman , Stoudemire Jana , Grisanti Paula , Noggle Scott A , Loring Jeanne F , Fossati Valentina 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Research conducted on the International Space Station (ISS) in low-Earth orbit (LEO) has shown the effects of microgravity on multiple organs. To investigate the effects of microgravity on the central nervous system, we developed a unique organoid strategy for modeling specific regions of the brain that are affected by neurodegenerative diseases. We generated 3-dimensional human neural organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from individuals affected by primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) or Parkinson’s disease (PD) and non-symptomatic controls, by differentiating them toward cortical and dopaminergic fates, respectively, and combined them with isogenic microglia. The organoids were cultured for a month using a novel sealed cryovial culture method on the International Space Station (ISS) and a parallel set that remained on Earth. Live samples were returned to Earth for analysis by RNA expression and histology and were attached to culture dishes to enable neurite outgrowth. Our results show that both cortical and dopaminergic organoids cultured in LEO had lower levels of genes associated with cell proliferation and higher levels of maturation-associated genes, suggesting that the cells matured more quickly in LEO. This study is continuing with several more missions in order to understand the mechanisms underlying accelerated maturation and to investigate other neurological diseases. Our goal is to make use of the opportunity to study neural cells in LEO to better understand and treat neurodegenerative disease on Earth and to help ameliorate potentially adverse neurological effects of space travel.
Pilot Study: Use of Stem Cell Therapy and Diced Cartilage in Secondary Rhinoplasty Cases Clinical Outcomes: The Golden Turkish Delight
Authors: Unlu Ramazan Erkin , Ozmut Ozer , Ergani Hasan Murat , Yasar Burak , Yildirim Furkan 
Published: October 2024

Background:
Although many techniques in the secondary rhinoplasty field have been developed in recent years, there are debates regarding achieving results with a high satisfaction rate. We aimed to share the surgical use technique in secondary rhinoplasty patients by enriching the Turkish delight technique with mesenchymal stem cells, which we described as the golden Turkish delight (GTD) technique, and the long-term patient satisfaction results.

Methods:
The study was planned as prospective research, and 30 secondary rhinoplasty patients who presented to our service for rhinoplasty were included. The GTD technique was applied to these patients. The patient’s satisfaction with the surgical procedure was evaluated at least 9–12 months after the surgery, and the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) was used as a measurement tool.

Results:
Of the participants, the satisfaction levels of 30 patients were evaluated with a 1-year follow-up on average, and the rate of those who improved was found to be 80% using the GAIS score. The rate of those with high GAIS scores and those with high satisfaction levels was approximately 56%. Twenty percent of the patients were not satisfied with the result.

Conclusions:
When we evaluate the postoperative 1-year results of our patients in terms of satisfaction and complications, we may state that the absorption that may occur in the Turkish delight technique over time could give better results with the GTD technique. In addition to GTD and fat graft support, regenerative medicine products such as stromal vascular fraction are very effective in obtaining favorable results.
The relative contribution of hemodynamic parameters to blood pressure decrease in classical orthostatic hypotension
Authors: Gagaouzova Boriana S. , van der Stam Amber , Johansson Madeleine , Van Rossum Ineke A. , Kerkhof Fabian I. , Reijntjes Robert , van Houwelingen Marc , Thijs Roland D. , Fedorowski Artur , van Dijk J. Gert 
Published: October 2024

Purpose:
We studied the relative contributions of total peripheral resistance (TPR), stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR) to low blood pressure in classical orthostatic hypotension (cOH) on group and individual levels.

Methods:
We retrospectively analyzed tilt test records from cOH patients and age/sex-matched controls. We quantified relative effects of HR, SV and TPR on mean arterial pressure (MAP) with the log-ratio method. We studied relations of changes of HR, SV or TPR with the change of MAP across patients and variability of contributions of HR, SV and TPR to MAP. We also explored neurogenic vs. nonneurogenic causes.

Results:
MAP responded to tilt with a decrease in patients (n = 80) and an increase in controls (n = 80). A too small TPR-increase contributed most to cOH, followed by a too large SV-decrease; both effects were partially corrected by a larger increase of HR. Only TPR changes consistently affected MAP change in patients and controls. TPR decreased almost exclusively in patients, most in those with severe cOH. Contributions of HR, SV and TPR to MAP did not differ between probable neurogenic and nonneurogenic causes.

Conclusion:
HR, SV and TPR all contributed to cOH, with a key role for TPR; a decrease of TPR was almost unique to patients and may be due to hyperventilation. The lack of differences between neurogenic and nonneurogenic causes needs further study.
FLUID RESOLUTION WITHOUT SHORTENING INJECTION INTERVAL DURING SUBRETINAL FLUID–TOLERATING TREATMENT IN NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Authors: Lee Ji Hyun , Park Sang Min , Kim Jae Hui 
Published: October 2024

Purpose:
To investigate the incidence and factors associated with subretinal fluid (SRF) resolution during SRF-tolerating treatment in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Methods:
This retrospective study included patients diagnosed with neovascular age-related macular degeneration who exhibited fovea-involving residual SRF persisting for at least 6 months during aflibercept treatment. Patients who showed SRF resolution despite maintaining the injection intervals were included in the resolution group, while those who exhibited persisting SRF throughout the study period were included in the nonresolution group. The incidence and associated factors of SRF resolution without reducing the injection interval were evaluated. Furthermore, the frequency of successfully extending the injection intervals while maintaining SRF resolution was identified.

Results:
In total, 65 patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration were included (32 and 33 in the resolution and nonresolution groups, respectively). When compared with the nonresolution group, the resolution group showed a lower mean height of SRF (67.7 ± 33.4 vs. 109.9 ± 44.9 µm, P < 0.001) and a lower maximum height of SRF (138.3 ± 88.6 vs. 176.2 ± 76.9 µm, P = 0.034). In multivariate analysis, the mean SRF height (P = 0.001), maximum SRF height (P = 0.006), and interval of anti–vascular endothelial growth factor injections (P = 0.023) were significantly associated with the resolution of SRF. In the resolution group, 14 patients (43.8%) successfully expanded the injection interval.

Conclusion:
During SRF-tolerating treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration, a substantial proportion of patients exhibited resolution of fluid without shortening the injection interval. Patients with lesser residual SRF during treatment were more likely to achieve fluid resolution. After SRF resolution, injection intervals can be extended in more than 40% of patients.
Socioeconomic and Racial Disparities in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma in the United States
Authors: Downs Carolyn S. , Percelay Paul J. , Williams Brandon , Goedecke Patricia J. , Wesberry Jess M. , Mandal Nawajes 
Published: October 2024

Précis:
Socioeconomic status is a potentially significant, although difficult to isolate, factor in determining glaucoma severity.

Purpose:
To analyze the level of glaucoma severity (mild, moderate, or severe) based on demographic factors, including age, gender, ethnicity, insurance profile, and zip code, and to use this data to extrapolate the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) and race on glaucoma severity at the community level in Memphis, TN.

Patients and Methods:
Totally, 2913 patients from a tertiary care center with 3 clinic locations in Memphis, TN who had been given the diagnosis of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) through use of the ICD-10 codes for mild (H40.1111, H40.1121, H40.1131), moderate (H40.1112, H40.1122, H40.1132), and severe (H40.1113, H40.1123, H40.1133) POAG between January 2016 and July 2021 were included in this study. Diagnoses were made after a complete glaucoma workup consisting of Snellen visual acuity, applanation IOP measurement, gonioscopy, automated Humphreys visual fields (10-2 and 24-2), and optic nerve OCT. Demographic information, including age, gender, ethnicity, insurance profile, and zip code, was also collected with disease severity for each patient. SES was approximated using zip code-level census poverty data and insurance profiles. Statistical analyses were performed, including descriptive, multivariable ordinal logistic modeling, and stepwise multivariable linear modeling.

Results:
Glaucoma severity was shown to increase with poverty rate (OR=1.089, P<0.0071), age (OR=1.030, P<0.0001), male sex (OR=1.374, P<0.0001), and Black race (OR=1.896, P<0.0001). Severity was shown to be decreased in patients with private insurance compared with Medicare (OR=0.895, P<0.093) and those from Shelby County compared with other counties (OR=0.703, P<0.0001).

Conclusions:
Our findings indicate that worsening glaucoma severity was associated with higher poverty rates in our patient population. However, isolating socioeconomic status (SES) as an independent factor influencing the incidence and severity of glaucoma remains challenging, given the strong correlation between race and SES.
Blast Exposure, Tinnitus, Hearing Loss, and Postdeployment Quality of Life in U.S. Veterans: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Mohammed Hoda A.O. , Reavis Kelly M. , Thapa Samrita , Thielman Emily J. , Helt Wendy J. , Carlson Kathleen F. , Hughes Charlotte K. 
Published: October 2024

Objective
Examine the association between military blast exposure and functional status among veterans with a focus on functional disability as a proxy for quality of life and explore the potential modifying effect of hearing loss on this association.

Study Design
Prospective cohort.

Setting
Multi-institutional tertiary referral centers.

Patients
540 veterans.

Exposure
Self-reported military blast exposure with and without tinnitus; high-frequency hearing loss (yes/no).

Main Outcome Measure
WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 questionnaires at baseline and annually over 5 years. The odds of membership into three functional disability trajectory groups: low functional disability, moderate functional disability, and high functional disability.

Results
Of 540 veterans, 197 (36.5%) self-reported a blast exposure history, and 106 of 197 (53.8%) reported tinnitus as a direct result of the blast. Blast exposure without tinnitus increased the odds of moderate functional disability compared with low functional disability (odds ratio [OR] = 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.92–2.51), which strengthened among those with blast with tinnitus (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 2.1–6.1). Blast exposure without tinnitus also increased the odds of membership to high functional disability versus low functional disability (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1–4.8). Hearing loss further increased the odds of reporting functional disability. The probability of low functional disability was approximately 60% if there was no history of blast or hearing loss, dropping to 20% if there was blast, tinnitus, and hearing loss history.

Conclusions
Blast exposure negatively affects the quality of life of veterans, especially when compounded with tinnitus and hearing loss.