bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sample size under the additive hazards model
Authors: McDaniel Lee S , Yu Menggang , Chappell Rick 
Published: November 2015

Background: The additive hazards model can be easier to interpret and in some cases fits better than the proportional hazards model. However, sample size formulas for clinical trials with time to event outcomes are currently based on either the proportional hazards assumption or an assumption of constant hazards. Aims: The goal is to provide sample size formulas for superiority and non-inferiority trials assuming an additive hazards model but no specific distribution, along with evaluations of the performance of the formulas. Methods: Formulas are presented that determine the required sample size for a given scenario under the additive hazards model. Simulations are conducted to ensure that the formulas attain the desired power. For illustration, the non-inferiority sample size formula is applied to the calculations in the SPORTIF III trial of stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. Conclusion: Simulation results show that the sample size calculations lead to the correct power. Sample size is easily calculated using a tool that is available on the web at http://leemcdaniel.github.io/samplesize.html .
Injury Risk Estimation Expertise
Authors: Petushek Erich J. , Ward Paul , Cokely Edward T. , Myer Gregory D. 
Published: November 2015

Background: Simple observational assessment of movement is a potentially low-cost method for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury screening and prevention. Although many individuals utilize some form of observational assessment of movement, there are currently no substantial data on group skill differences in observational screening of ACL injury risk. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to compare various groups’ abilities to visually assess ACL injury risk as well as the associated strategies and ACL knowledge levels. The hypothesis was that sports medicine professionals would perform better than coaches and exercise science academics/students and that these subgroups would all perform better than parents and other general population members. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 428 individuals, including physicians, physical therapists, athletic trainers, strength and conditioning coaches, exercise science researchers/students, athletes, parents, and members of the general public participated in the study. Participants completed the ACL Injury Risk Estimation Quiz (ACL-IQ) and answered questions related to assessment strategy and ACL knowledge. Results: Strength and conditioning coaches, athletic trainers, physical therapists, and exercise science students exhibited consistently superior ACL injury risk estimation ability (+2 SD) as compared with sport coaches, parents of athletes, and members of the general public. The performance of a substantial number of individuals in the exercise sciences/sports medicines (approximately 40%) was similar to or exceeded clinical instrument-based biomechanical assessment methods (eg, ACL nomogram). Parents, sport coaches, and the general public had lower ACL-IQ, likely due to their lower ACL knowledge and to rating the importance of knee/thigh motion lower and weight and jump height higher. Conclusion: Substantial cross-professional/group differences in visual ACL injury risk estimation exist. The relatively profound differences in injury risk estimation accuracy and their potential implications for risk screening suggest the need for additional training and outreach (see http://www.ACL-IQ.org ). Clinical Relevance: Parents and sport coaches would likely benefit from training or use of decision support tools such as the ACL nomogram to assess ACL injury risk. In addition, physicians and other sports medicine professionals may also benefit from improving risk estimation performance to reach clinical biomechanical standards.
Variegated RHOA mutations in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
Authors: Nagata Yasunobu , Kontani Kenji , Enami Terukazu , Kataoka Keisuke , Ishii Ryohei , Totoki Yasushi , Kataoka Tatsuki R. , Hirata Masahiro , Aoki Kazuhiro , Nakano Kazumi , Kitanaka Akira , Sakata-Yanagimoto Mamiko , Egami Sachiko , Shiraishi Yuichi , Chiba Kenichi , Tanaka Hiroko , Shiozawa Yusuke , Yoshizato Tetsuichi , Suzuki Hiromichi , Kon Ayana , Yoshida Kenichi , Sato Yusuke , Sato-Otsubo Aiko , Sanada Masashi , Munakata Wataru , Nakamura Hiromi , Hama Natsuko , Miyano Satoru , Nureki Osamu , Shibata Tatsuhiro , Haga Hironori , Shimoda Kazuya , Katada Toshiaki , Chiba Shigeru , Watanabe Toshiki , Ogawa Seishi 
Published: November 2015

Key Points
RHOA mutations are common in ATLL and show a unique distribution compared with other T-cell lymphomas. Depending on patients, functionally distinct RHOA mutations are clonally selected and involved in the pathogenesis of ATLL.
MiR-21 is required for efficient kidney regeneration in fish
Authors: Hoppe Beate , Pietsch Stefan , Franke Martin , Engel Sven , Groth Marco , Platzer Matthias , Englert Christoph 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Background
Acute kidney injury in mammals, which is caused by cardiovascular diseases or the administration of antibiotics with nephrotoxic side-effects is a life-threatening disease, since loss of nephrons is irreversible in mammals. In contrast, fish are able to generate new nephrons even in adulthood and thus provide a good model to study renal tubular regeneration.

Results
Here, we investigated the early response after gentamicin-induced renal injury, using the short-lived killifish Nothobranchius furzeri. A set of microRNAs was differentially expressed after renal damage, among them miR-21, which was up-regulated. A locked nucleic acid-modified antimiR-21 efficiently knocked down miR-21 activity and caused a lag in the proliferative response, enhanced apoptosis and an overall delay in regeneration. Transcriptome profiling identified apoptosis as a process that was significantly affected upon antimiR-21 administration. Together with functional data this suggests that miR-21 acts as a pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic factor in the context of kidney regeneration in fish. Possible downstream candidate genes that mediate its effect on proliferation and apoptosis include igfbp3 and fosl1, among other genes.

Conclusion
In summary, our findings extend the role of miR-21 in the kidney. For the first time we show its functional involvement in regeneration indicating that fast proliferation and reduced apoptosis are important for efficient renal tubular regeneration.
Brief inhalation of nitric oxide increases resuscitation success and improves 7-day-survival after cardiac arrest in rats: a randomized controlled animal study
Authors: Brücken Anne , Derwall Matthias , Bleilevens Christian , Stoppe Christian , Götzenich Andreas , Gaisa Nadine T. , Weis Joachim , Nolte Kay Wilhelm , Rossaint Rolf , Ichinose Fumito , Fries Michael 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Introduction
Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) improves outcomes when given post systemic ischemia/reperfusion injury. iNO given during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) may therefore improve return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) rates and functional outcome after cardiac arrest (CA).

Methods
Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 10 minutes of CA and at least 3 minutes of CPR. Animals were randomized to receive either 0 (n = 10, Control), 20 (n = 10, 20 ppm), or 40 (n = 10, 40 ppm) ppm iNO during CPR until 30 minutes after ROSC. A neurological deficit score was assessed daily for seven days following the experiment. On day 7, brains, hearts, and blood were sampled for histological and biochemical evaluation.

Results
During CPR, 20 ppm iNO significantly increased diastolic arterial pressure (Control: 57 ± 5.04 mmHg; 20 ppm: 71.57 ± 57.3 mmHg, p < 0.046) and decreased time to ROSC (Control: 842 ± 21 s; 20 ppm: 792 ± 5 s, (p = 0.02)).
Thirty minutes following ROSC, 20 ppm iNO resulted in an increase in mean arterial pressure (Control: 83 ± 4 mmHg; 20 ppm: 98 ± 4 mmHg, p = 0.035), a less pronounced rise in lactate and inflammatory cytokine levels, and attenuated cardiac damage. Inhalation of NO at 20 ppm improved neurological outcomes in rats 2 to 7 days after CA and CPR. This translated into increases in 7 day survival (Control: 4; 20 ppm: 10; 40 ppm 6, (p ≤ 0.05 20 ppm vs Control and 40 ppm).

Conclusions
Our study revealed that breathing NO during CPR markedly improved resuscitation success, 7-day neurological outcomes and survival in a rat model of VF-induced cardiac arrest and CPR. These results support the beneficial effects of NO inhalation after cardiac arrest and CPR.
Are alternative livelihood projects effective at reducing local threats to specified elements of biodiversity and/or improving or maintaining the conservation status of those elements?
Authors: Roe Dilys , Booker Francesca , Day Mike , Zhou Wen , Allebone-Webb Sophie , Hill Nicholas A. O. , Kumpel Noelle , Petrokofsky Gillian , Redford Kent , Russell Diane , Shepherd Gill , Wright Juliet , Sunderland Terry C. H. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Background
Alternative livelihood projects are used by a variety of organisations as a tool for achieving biodiversity conservation. However, despite characterising many conservation approaches, very little is known about what impacts (if any) alternative livelihood projects have had on biodiversity conservation, as well as what determines the relative success or failure of these interventions. Reflecting this concern, Motion 145 was passed at the Vth IUCN World Conservation Congress in 2012 calling for a critical review of alternative livelihood projects and their contribution to biodiversity conservation. This systematic map and review intends to contribute to this critical review and provide an overview for researchers, policy makers and practitioners of the current state of the evidence base.

Methods
Following an a priori protocol, systematic searches for relevant studies were conducted using the bibliographic databases AGRICOLA, AGRIS, CAB Abstracts, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge, as well as internet searches of Google, Google Scholar, and subject specific and institutional websites. In addition, a call for literature was issued among relevant research networks. The titles, abstracts and full texts of the captured studies were assessed using inclusion criteria for the systematic map and the systematic review, respectively. An Excel spreadsheet was used to record data from each study and to provide a systematic map of the evidence for the effectiveness of alternative livelihood studies. The studies that met additional criteria to be included in the systematic review were described in more detail through a narrative synthesis.

Results
Following full text screening, 97 studies were included in the systematic map covering 106 projects using alternative livelihood interventions. Just 22 of these projects met our additional criteria for inclusion in the systematic review, but one project was removed from the detailed narrative synthesis following critical appraisal. The 21 included projects included reports of positive, neutral and negative conservation outcomes.

Conclusions
Our results show that there has been an extensive investment in alternative livelihood projects, yet the structure and results of most of these projects have not been documented in a way that they can be captured using standardised search processes. Either this is because there has been little reporting on the outcomes of these projects, or that post-project monitoring is largely absent. The implications of this review for policy, management and future research are provided in relation to this evidence gap.
Evidence-based medicine and clinical fluorodeoxyglucose PET/MRI in oncology
Authors: Miles Kenneth , McQueen Liam , Ngai Stanley , Law Phillip 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging (PET/MRI) is a hybrid of two technologies each with its own evidence for clinical effectiveness. This article amalgamates evidence for clinical effectiveness of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT and MRI as separate modalities with current evidence for hybrid PET/MRI and considers whether such an approach might provide a stronger case for the clinical use of PET/MRI at an earlier stage.
Because links between diagnostic accuracy and health outcomes have already been established for FDG-PET/CT in the investigation of suspected residual or recurrent malignancies, evidence showing improved diagnostic performance and therapeutic impact from the use of PET/MRI as an alternative would imply clinical effectiveness of this modality for this application. A meta-analysis of studies comparing FDG-PET/CT to MRI in patients with suspected residual disease or recurrence of tumours indicates complementary roles for these modalities. PET demonstrates greater sensitivity for recurrence within lymph nodes whereas MRI is more effective that PET/CT in the detection of skeletal and hepatic recurrence. A review of studies assessing therapeutic impact of PET/MRI suggests a greater likelihood for change in clinical management when PET/MRI is used for assessment of suspected residual or recurrent disease rather than tumour staging.
Supplementing the evidence-base for FDG-PET/MRI with studies that compare the components of this hybrid technology deployed separately indicates that FDG-PET/MRI is likely to be clinical effective for the investigation of patients with a range of suspected residual or recurrent cancers. This indication should therefore be prioritised for further health technology assessment.
The metallurgical characteristics of non-precious alloys using Nd:YAG laser welding
Authors: Lee Jun-Hee , Choi Seok-Kyu , Hong Min-Ho 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Background
This study aimed to determine the effect of hardness change according to penetration depth in the laser fusing zone and observed the correlation of the microstructure as an Nd:YAG laser was irradiated to Ni-Cr alloy for dental use by setting the spot diameter size with respect to defocusing distances. In all groups, the hardness depth profiles in the laser fusing zone and heat-affecteded zone (HAZ) had larger values than those of the base metal. In addition, the hardness values in places beyond the fusing zone and the HAZ were measured as being quantitatively lower.

Methods
The alloys used in this study were Verabond 2 V, Noritake Super, and Bellabond Plus, which are commercially used non-precious dental alloys. The specimens were cut to have a plate shape with a size of 0.5 × 3.0 × 2.5 mm. This was followed by setting the Nd:YAG laser output, pulse duration, and frequency to 60 W, 10 ms, and 5 Hz, respectively. The laser was then irradiated as the spot diameter condition varied between 0.5 mm and 1.4 mm in accordance with defocusing distance from 0.0 mm to 2.0 mm. After the laser irradiation, a cross-section of the fusing zone in the specimens was observed in terms of laser melted depth, hardness depth profile, and the microstructure of each alloy.

Results
The observation result of the diffusion of the constituent elements and microstructure using field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and electron probe micro-analyzer showed that the fusing zone revealed a much finer dendritic form than the base metal due to the self-quenching effect after laser melting, while no change in constituent elements was found although some evaporation of the main elements was observed.

Conclusions
These results suggest that each Mo and Si combined inter-metallic compounds were formed on the interdendritic area. Through this study, the laser fusing zone had better hardenability due to the inter-metallic compound and grain refinement effect.
Ion efflux and influenza infection trigger NLRP3 inflammasome signaling in human dendritic cells
Authors: Fernandez Melissa Victoria , Miller Elizabeth , Krammer Florian , Gopal Ramya , Greenbaum Benjamin D , Bhardwaj Nina 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome, a multiprotein complex, is an essential intracellular mediator of antiviral immunity. In murine dendritic cells, this complex responds to a wide array of signals, including ion efflux and influenza A virus infection, to activate caspase-1-mediated proteolysis of IL-1β and IL-18 into biologically active cytokines. However, the presence and function of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome in human dendritic cells, in response to various triggers, including viral infection, has not been defined clearly. Here, we delineate the contribution of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome to the secretion of IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-1α by human dendritic cells (monocyte-derived and primary conventional dendritic cells). Activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome in human dendritic cells by various synthetic activators resulted in the secretion of bioactive IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-1α and induction of pyroptotic cell death. Cellular IL-1β release depended on potassium efflux and the activity of proteins nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 and caspase-1. Likewise, influenza A virus infection of dendritic cells resulted in priming and activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 in an M2- and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3-dependent manner. The magnitude of priming by influenza A virus varied among different strains and inversely corresponded to type I IFN production. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the existence and function of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome in human dendritic cells and the ability of influenza A virus to prime and activate this pathway in human dendritic cells, with important implications for antiviral immunity and pathogenesis.
Informing the Population at Accident on Chemically Dangerous Object: System and Dynamic Modeling Results
Authors: Галиуллина  , Galiullina R. , Котосонова  , Kotosonova A. , Дурнев  , Durnev R. 
Published: November 2015

The results of modeling of people’s actions in the accident conditions allowing to determine the rational frequency for
messages mailing and to estimate an informing contribution to protective measures realization of are given in this paper.
These results are the basis for recommendations on population informing in the conditions of emergency situations.
Features and Tasks of Teaching the “Biomedical Basics of Life Safety” in Universities of Civil Engineering
Authors: Сагадеев  , Sagadeev Evgeniy , Строганов  , Stroganov V. 
Published: November 2015

The features and tasks of biomedical education in civil engineering universities for Bachelor-ecologists in 280700.62
“Technosphere safety” major of “Environmental engineering protection” specializationare discussed.
Technique for Assessment of Ecological and Economical Efficiency of Projects in the Road Construction Area
Authors: Артеменков  , Artemenkov A. , Медведева  , Medvedeva O. , Трофименко  , Trofimenko Yuri , Медведев  , Medvedev P. 
Published: November 2015

The history of development of the method for assessment of investment projects’ ecological and economical efficiency
based on &#34;expense-results&#34; analysis is considered in this paper. This method application technique for assessment of public
efficiency of infrastructure projects in the road construction area allowing justify the decisions directed on realization of
principles for road construction’s sustainable development is offered.
Forest Management on Mechanical Properties of Oriented Strand Board
Authors: Jeong Gi Young 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The goal of this study was to integrate forest management practice with the mechanical properties of oriented strand board (OSB). Modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and internal bond strength (IBS) were determined from OSB panels made from control, thinned, and fertilized trees. Different trends were associated with growth ring counts and heights of the feedstock trees. The mechanical properties were not dependent on the density profiles. MOE and IBS from the different forest managed trees were strongly correlated with different anatomical structures. However, the MOR of panels made trees from different forest management schemes was not strongly correlated with any anatomical structures but was strongly correlated with MOE.
Application of response surface methodology for optimization of parameters for microwave heating of rare earth carbonates
Authors: Yin Shaohua , Lin Guo , Li Shiwei , Peng Jinhui , Zhang Libo 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMicrowave heating has been applied in the field of drying rare earth carbonates to improve drying efficiency and reduce energy consumption. The effects of power density, material thickness and drying time on the weight reduction (WR) are studied using response surface methodology (RSM). The results show that RSM is feasible to describe the relationship between the independent variables and weight reduction. Based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the model is in accordance with the experimental data. The optimum experiment conditions are power density 6 w/g, material thickness 15 mm and drying time 15 min, resulting in an experimental weight reduction of 73%. Comparative experiments show that microwave drying has the advantages of rapid dehydration and energy conservation. Particle analysis shows that the size distribution of rare earth carbonates after microwave drying is more even than those in an oven. Based on these findings, microwave heating technology has an important meaning to energy-saving and improvement of production efficiency for rare earth smelting enterprises and is a green heating process.
Endoreversible modeling of a PEM fuel cell
Authors: Wagner Katharina , Hoffmann Karl Heinz 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Fuel cells are known for high efficiencies in converting chemical energy into electrical energy. Nonetheless, the processes taking place in a fuel cell still possess a number of irreversibilities that limit the power output to values below the reversible limit. To analyze these, we developed a model that captures the main irreversibilities occurring inside a proton exchange membrane or polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell.
We used the methods of endoreversible thermodynamics, which enable us to study the entropy production of the different sources of irreversibility in detail. Additionally, performance measures like efficiency and power output can be calculated with such a model, and the influence of different parameters, such as temperature and pressure, can be easily investigated. The comparison of the model predictions with realistic fuel cell data shows that the functional dependencies of the fuel cell characteristics can be captured quite well.
Information and Causation in Tort Law: Generalizing the Learned Hand Test for Causation Cases
Authors: Hylton Keith N. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis paper discusses the economics of causation in tort law, describing precise implications for precautionary incentives when courts are and are not perfectly informed. With precautionary incentives identified, we can ask whether the causation inquiry enhances welfare, and if so under what conditions. Perhaps the most important innovation applies to the Hand Formula. When causation is an issue, the probability of causal intervention should be part of the Hand test, and the generalized Hand test offers a method of distinguishing significant classes of causation cases. I close with implications for the moral significance of causation and for economic analysis of tort law.