bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Translation and folding of single proteins in real time
Authors: Wruck Florian , Katranidis Alexandros , Nierhaus Knud H. , Büldt Georg , Hegner Martin 
Published: May 2017

Significance
How proteins fold natively with efficient fidelity while being synthesized remains largely unexplored. Understanding protein synthesis on a single-molecule level is of particular interest to the life sciences and relevant for various diseases. Although protein synthesis and folding are well-studied subjects, cotranslational folding has been proven difficult to observe. Using optical tweezers, we measured the mechanics of synthesis and simultaneous folding in real time. We found that cotranslational folding occurs at predictable locations, exerting forces on the nascent polypeptide. Furthermore, we show that transient pauses and gradual slowing of translation occur in particular locations along the protein sequence, facilitating native secondary-structure formation. Thus, the rate of synthesis is inherently coupled to cotranslational folding, assuring reliable and fast native folding.
Stem cell migration and mechanotransduction on linear stiffness gradient hydrogels
Authors: Hadden William J. , Young Jennifer L. , Holle Andrew W. , McFetridge Meg L. , Kim Du Yong , Wijesinghe Philip , Taylor-Weiner Hermes , Wen Jessica H. , Lee Andrew R. , Bieback Karen , Vo Ba-Ngu , Sampson David D. , Kennedy Brendan F. , Spatz Joachim P. , Engler Adam J. , Choi Yu Suk 
Published: May 2017

Significance
Mechanobiology is receiving an increasing amount of focus, but the mechanics of cell-substrate behavior are often neglected in cell biology. As such, novel materials and systems that are simple to build and share in a nonengineering laboratory are sorely needed. We have fabricated gradient hydrogels with continuous linear gradients above and below the durotactic threshold, making it possible to pinpoint optimal stiffness values for a wide range of biological phenomena without the confounding effects of durotaxis. This system has the potential for wide adoption in the cell biology community because of its ease of fabrication, simple material ingredients, and wide gradient possibilities in a single well.
In vivo photolabeling of tumor-infiltrating cells reveals highly regulated egress of T-cell subsets from tumors
Authors: Torcellan Tommaso , Hampton Henry R. , Bailey Jacqueline , Tomura Michio , Brink Robert , Chtanova Tatyana 
Published: May 2017

Significance
Understanding the consequences of immune infiltration of solid tumors is vital to continued development of successful immune therapies. However, little is known about the fate of tumor-experienced leukocytes. Here we used in vivo photoconversion to label tumor-infiltrating cells and demonstrated specific egress and dissemination of effector T-cell subsets from tumors. The identity and functions of tumor-egressing cells, and those retained inside tumors, are of great importance to our understanding of tumor immunity because of the crucial role tumor-infiltrating cells play in primary tumors and their potential to provide antitumor immunity at secondary tumor sites and in secondary lymphoid organs. The results of this study will guide strategies that harness T-cell immunity for anticancer therapies.
The general form of Hamilton’s rule makes no predictions and cannot be tested empirically
Authors: Nowak Martin A. , McAvoy Alex , Allen Benjamin , Wilson Edward O. 
Published: May 2017

Significance
Hamilton’s rule is a well-known concept in evolutionary biology. It is usually perceived as a statement that makes predictions about natural selection in situations where interactions occur between genetic relatives. Here, we examine what has been called the “exact and general” formulation of Hamilton’s rule. We show that in this formulation, which is widely endorsed by proponents of inclusive fitness theory, Hamilton’s rule does not make any prediction and cannot be tested empirically. This formulation of Hamilton’s rule is not a consequence of natural selection and not even a statement specifically about biology. We give simple and transparent expressions for the quantities of benefit, cost, and relatedness that appear in Hamilton’s rule, which reveal that these quantities depend on the data that are to be predicted.
Direct observation of structure and dynamics during phase separation of an elastomeric protein
Authors: Reichheld Sean E. , Muiznieks Lisa D. , Keeley Fred W. , Sharpe Simon 
Published: May 2017

Significance
An increasing number of proteins have been shown to undergo liquid–liquid phase separation in response to changes in their environment, resulting in formation of a dense protein-rich phase (coacervate), and plays an important role in several systems regulating the growth and development of cells and tissues. Determining the effects of phase separation on protein structure and dynamics is critical for understanding how it modulates protein function. However, structural studies have been limited by the intrinsic disorder and decreased mobility of coacervated proteins. We report direct observation of protein structure and dynamics during the phase transition of an elastomeric protein. Despite large changes in dynamics, coacervation has little effect on protein structure, such that intrinsic disorder is retained.
Spatially restricted dental regeneration drives pufferfish beak development
Authors: Thiery Alexandre P. , Shono Takanori , Kurokawa Daisuke , Britz Ralf , Johanson Zerina , Fraser Gareth J. 
Published: May 2017

Significance
Teleost fishes have evolved a wonderful array of diverse dentitions. The highly derived order Tetraodontiformes exhibits the most unique dental forms among teleosts. The novel beak-like dentition of the pufferfish develops through a drastic shift in dental morphology during ontogeny. A simple first-generation tooth set is followed by the repetitive development of multiple elongated jaw-length tooth bands, which fuse together over time to form the characteristic beak. A restriction of the tooth-regenerative process in all but four tooth sites, coupled with the maintenance of lifelong stem cells for perpetual tooth development, is essential for the formation of this unique dentition. In pufferfish, regeneration plays a vital role in producing this novel dental form from highly conserved developmental underpinnings.
Strategies for translating racist discourse about African-Americans into Slovenian
Authors: Trupej Janko 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis article examines how racist discourse about African-Americans has been translated from English into Slovenian throughout history. Strategies for translating explicitly racist discourse, racial terminology and African American Vernacular English in translations published between 1853 and 2007 are analyzed. The results of the textual comparison are considered in the light of contemporary Slovenian attitudes towards black people and the socio-political situation in the target culture. The results show that the strategies for translating racist discourse in pre-World War II translations differed significantly from those used after a socialist regime was established in Slovenia. Translation strategies were also influenced by the important role that the Slovenian language played in the development of the national identity, by the target readership of the translations, as well as by contemporary relations between the source and target culture. Ideological interventions sometimes considerably affected the interpretive possibilities of a particular literary work.
The ecosystem of translator workstation
Authors: Mo Aiping , Man Deliang 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
In 2007, the Commission of Academic Degrees of the State Council of China approved an education program-Master of Translation and Interpreting (henceforth MTI), and in 2014 there are already 206 higher learning institutions started running such a program, aiming at training postgraduate students to be professional translators with advanced translation competence. Part of this translation competence is the ability to use electronic tools and resources, which has not received adequate scholarly attention in the field of translation studies in China.
The objective of this research is to construct an ideal learning environment for MTI students from the social constructivist perspective by exploring the possibility and benefit of bringing the students out of the traditional classroom teaching into the authentic environment wherein professional translators use electronic tools on a daily basis. This article addresses the following research questions: (1) What constitutes an ideal environment wherein its various components interact to facilitate the student’s learning? (2) In what way does such an environment assist the MTI students to learn to use electronic tools? (3) How can the gap between the student translator and the professional translator be bridged in terms of the skills to use electronic tools in a 2-year training program?
In response to these questions, this article explores the interaction among the various components of the external environment of translator workstation. It proposes an ideal learning environment metaphorically referred to as “the ecosystem of translator workstation”, which aims to enable MTI students to learn to use electronic tools in an environment similar to their future workplace. Such a research has great implications for translator education in present-day China by revealing what is best taught or trained in the workplace rather than the traditional classroom setting.
Dubbing versus subtitling yet again?
Authors: Matamala Anna , Perego Elisa , Bottiroli Sara 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The dubbing versus subtitling debate has been a recurrent topic in the audiovisual translation literature, but empirical research into the reception of both modes is still lacking. This article presents the results of an experiment that aimed to investigate to what extent comprehension, memory, and enjoyment of a film differ in a dubbed and a subtitled version in a country that traditionally uses dubbing, like Spain. Fifty-one young Spanish adults participated in the study, which measured general comprehension, dialogue recognition, face-name association and visual scene recognition, as well as evaluative measures including film appreciation, self-reported effort related to film viewing, and metacognitive judgments of memory.
Experimental contributions of eye-tracking to the understanding of comprehension processes while hearing and reading code-switches
Authors: Valdés Kroff Jorge R. , Guzzardo Tamargo Rosa E. , Dussias Paola E. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Researchers who study code-switching using lab-based approaches face a series of methodological challenges; these include, but are not limited to, using adequate techniques and tasks that allow for processing that reflects real-language usage and selecting stimuli that reflect the participants’ code-switching community norms. We present two illustrative eye-tracking studies that consider these challenges. Study 1 tests whether experience with code-switching leads to differential processing of Spanish determiner-English noun code-switches (e.g., una cookie ‘a cookie’). Study 2 examines auxiliary-verb code-switches involving the progressive structure (e.g., están cooking ‘are cooking’) and perfect structure (e.g., han cooked ‘have cooked’) while participants read either for comprehension or provide grammaticality judgments. The results of both studies highlight the advantages that eye-tracking provides when its use is accompanied by an appropriate bilingual sample, by stimuli that reflect actual bilingual language use, and by secondary tasks that do not invoke metalinguistic processes.
The ‘interrogative gaze’
Authors: Harper Richard , Rintel Sean , Watson Rod , O’Hara Kenton 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This paper identifies salient properties of how talk about video communication is organised interactionally, and how this interaction invokes an implied order of behaviour that is treated as ‘typical’ and ‘accountably representative’ of video communication. This invoked order will be called an interrogative gaze. This is an implied orientation to action, one that is used as a jointly managed interpretative schema that allows video communication to be talked about and understood as rationally, purposively and collaboratively undertaken in particular, ‘known in common’ ways. This applies irrespective of whether the actions in question are prospective (are about to happen) or have been undertaken in the past and are being accounted for in the present or are ‘generally the case’ – in current talk. The paper shows how this constitutive device also aids in sense making through such things as topic management in video-mediated interaction, and in elaborating the salience of the relationship between this and the patterned governance of social affairs – viz, mother-daughter, friend-friend – as normatively achieved outcomes. It will be shown how the interrogative gaze is variously appropriate and consequentially invoked not just in terms of what is done in a video call or making such calls accountable, but in helping articulate different orders of connection between persons, and how these orders have implications for sensible and appropriate behaviour in video calling and hence, for the type of persons who are involved. This, in turn, explains how a decision to avoid using video communication is made an accountably reasonable thing to do. The relevance of these findings for the sociology of everyday life and the philosophy of action are explored.
Showing ‘digital’ objects in web-based video chats as a collaborative achievement
Authors: Rosenbaun Laura , Licoppe Christian 
Published: May 2017

AbstractShowing material objects by bringing them to the camera or turning the camera toward them are pervasive practices in domestic and recreational video-mediated communication (VMC). We here discuss a set of specific showing practices characteristic of digitally embedded video-mediated settings, which may be called ‘digital showings’. These involve participants’ collaboration to retrieve a digital object so as to ensure a shared perceptual experience on screen of said object. We draw on data from multiparty Google Hangouts On Air (HOAs) to show that while digital and material showings share an overall sequential organization, the former display the emergence of unique collaborative practices that at times become collective performances of computer literacy. We focus on three instances of digital showings: (a) screenshares of pictures – showing an image by sharing one’s screen; (b) screenshares of videos – showing a running video by sharing one’s screen; and (c) link-share showings – showing by sharing the link to a showable content that may be independently retrieved while experienced jointly.
Final report of key comparison AFRIMETS.AUV.A-K5: primary pressure calibration of LS1P microphones according to IEC 61094-2, over the frequency range 2 Hz to 10 kHz.
Authors: Nel R , Avison J , Harris P , Blabla M , Hämäläinen J 
Published: May 2017

The degrees of equivalence of the AFRIMETS.AUV.A-K5 regional key comparison are reported here as the final report. The scope of the comparison covered the complex pressure sensitivities of two LS1P microphones over the frequency range 2 Hz to 10 kHz in accordance with IEC 61094-2: 2009. Four national metrology institutes from two different regional metrology organisations participated in the comparison. Two LS1P microphones were circulated simultaneously to all the participants in a circular configuration. One of the microphones sensitivity shifted and all results associated with this microphone were subsequently excluded from further analysis and linking. The AFRIMETS.AUV.A-K5 comparison results were linked to the CCAUV.A-K5 comparison results via dual participation in the CCAUV.A-K5 and AFRIMETS.AUV.A-K5 comparisons. The degrees of equivalence, linked to the CCAUV.A-K5 comparison, were calculated for all participants of this comparison.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCAUV, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Effects of environmental factors and landscape features on movement patterns of Florida black bears
Authors: Karelus Dana L , McCown J Walter , Scheick Brian K , van de Kerk Madelon , Bolker Benjamin M , Oli Madan K 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA greater understanding of how environmental factors and anthropogenic landscape features influence animal movements can inform management and potentially aid in mitigating human–wildlife conflicts. We investigated the movement patterns of 16 Florida black bears (Ursus americanus floridanus; 6 females, 10 males) in north-central Florida at multiple temporal scales using GPS data collected from 2011 to 2014. We calculated bi-hourly step-lengths and directional persistence, as well as daily and weekly observed displacements and expected displacements. We used those movement metrics as response variables in linear mixed models and tested for effects of sex, season, and landscape features. We found that step-lengths of males were generally longer than step-lengths of females, and both sexes had the shortest step-lengths during the daytime. Bears moved more slowly (shorter step-lengths) and exhibited less directed movement when near creeks, in forested wetlands, and in marsh habitats, possibly indicating foraging behavior. In urban areas, bears moved more quickly (longer step-lengths) and along more directed paths. The results were similar across all temporal scales. Major roads tended to act as a semipermeable barrier to bear movement. Males crossed major roads more frequently than females but both sexes crossed major roads much less frequently than minor roads. Our findings regarding the influence of landscape and habitat features on movement patterns of Florida black bears could be useful for planning effective wildlife corridors and understanding how future residential or commercial development and road expansions may affect animal movement.
Big Data Research in Neurosurgery: A Critical Look at this Popular New Study Design
Authors: Oravec Chesney S , Motiwala Mustafa , Reed Kevin , Kondziolka Douglas , Barker Fred G , Michael L Madison , Klimo Paul 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The use of “big data” in neurosurgical research has become increasingly popular. However, using this type of data comes with limitations. This study aimed to shed light on this new approach to clinical research. We compiled a list of commonly used databases that were not specifically created to study neurosurgical procedures, conditions, or diseases. Three North American journals were manually searched for articles published since 2000 utilizing these and other non-neurosurgery-specific databases. A number of data points per article were collected, tallied, and analyzed.
A total of 324 articles were identified since 2000 with an exponential increase since 2011 (257/324, 79%). The Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group published the greatest total number (n = 200). The National Inpatient Sample was the most commonly used database (n = 136). The average study size was 114 841 subjects (range, 30-4 146 777). The most prevalent topics were vascular (n = 77) and neuro-oncology (n = 66). When categorizing study objective (recognizing that many papers reported more than 1 type of study objective), “Outcomes” was the most common (n = 154). The top 10 institutions by primary or senior author accounted for 45%–50% of all publications. Harvard Medical School was the top institution, using this research technique with 59 representations (31 by primary author and 28 by senior).
The increasing use of data from non-neurosurgery-specific databases presents a unique challenge to the interpretation and application of the study conclusions. The limitations of these studies must be more strongly considered in designing and interpreting these studies.
The SAFARI Score to Assess the Risk of Convulsive Seizure During Admission for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Jaja Blessing N R , Schweizer Tom A , Claassen Jan , Le Roux Peter , Mayer Stephan A , Macdonald R Loch ,   SAHIT Collaborators, Noble Adam , Molyneux Andrew , Quinn Audrey , Schatlo Bawarjan , Lo Benjamin , Jaja Blessing N R , Hanggi Daniel , Hasan David , Wong George K C , Etminan Nima , Lantigua Hector , Fukuda Hitoshi , Torner James , Singh Jeff , Suarez Jose I , Spears Julian , Schaller Karl , Stienen Martin N , Vergouwen Mervyn D I , Cusimano Michael D , Todd Michael , Tseng Ming-Yuan , Le Roux Peter , Macdonald R Loch , Johnston S Claiborne , Yamagata Sen , Mayer Stephan , Schenk Thomas , Schweizer Tom A , van den Bergh Walter 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Seizure is a significant complication in patients under acute admission for aneurysmal SAH and could result in poor outcomes. Treatment strategies to optimize management will benefit from methods to better identify at-risk patients.

OBJECTIVE
To develop and validate a risk score for convulsive seizure during acute admission for SAH.

METHODS
A risk score was developed in 1500 patients from a single tertiary hospital and externally validated in 852 patients. Candidate predictors were identified by systematic review of the literature and were included in a backward stepwise logistic regression model with in-hospital seizure as a dependent variable. The risk score was assessed for discrimination using the area under the receiver operator characteristics curve (AUC) and for calibration using a goodness-of-fit test.

RESULTS
The SAFARI score, based on 4 items (age ≥ 60 yr, seizure occurrence before hospitalization, ruptured aneurysm in the anterior circulation, and hydrocephalus requiring cerebrospinal fluid diversion), had AUC = 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.73-0.82 in the development cohort. The validation cohort had AUC = 0.65, 95% CI 0.56-0.73. A calibrated increase in the risk of seizure was noted with increasing SAFARI score points.

CONCLUSION
The SAFARI score is a simple tool that adequately stratified SAH patients according to their risk for seizure using a few readily derived predictor items. It may contribute to a more individualized management of seizure following SAH.