bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology in Europe: History, Current Trends and Challenges
Authors: Márquez‐Grant N. , Webster H. , Truesdell J. , Fibiger L. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper provides an overview of the development and current practice of physical anthropology as relating to the treatment of archaeological skeletal remains in Europe. The evolution of physical anthropology as a discipline is covered in detail from the 18th century onwards, and current trends in education and research are also discussed. Additional topics include a synthesis of the legislative framework for studying human skeletal remains in over 40 European countries while also addressing challenges, future trends and emerging ethical questions. This overview is the product of an extensive review of the literature partnered with information received via questionnaires completed by colleagues working in nearly 50 European countries. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly transparent flexible polydimethylsiloxane films – a promising candidate for optoelectronic devices
Authors: Shanmuga sundar Dhanapalan , Sivanantha Raja Avaninathan , Sanjeeviraja Chinnappanadar , Jeyakumar Duraisamy 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn the present work, a siloxane based flexible substrate for optoelectronic applications with improved flexibility and high temperature withstanding capacity has been fabricated and the details are reported. The structural and optical properties of the substrate were characterized and the optical transparency is found to be about 90% − 95% in the visible region. The substrate withstands temperatures up to 300 °C without significant degradation and has a low thermal coefficient of expansion. Fourier transform infrared spectral data show the materials in the prepared substrate and SEM studies show the surface and cross‐sectional characteristics of the substrate. It has good mechanical strength, can withstand a high breaking load of 7 N, has a average tensile strength of 48.86 MPa and high average tensile modulus of 127.32 and also possesses excellent surface smoothness and resistance to both chemical and moisture with better rigidity; it will be a long lasting alternative for flexible plastic substrates. The optical characteristics such as refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (k) are also reported. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Visualizing the performance loss of solar cells by IR thermography — an evaluation study on CIGS with artificially induced defects
Authors: Vetter Andreas , Babbe Finn S. , Hofbeck Bernhard , Kubis Peter , Richter Michael , Heise Stephan J. , Ohland Jörg , Riedel Ingo , Brabec Christoph J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractLocal electric defects may result in considerable performance losses in solar cells. Infrared (IR) thermography is one important tool to detect these defects on photovoltaic modules. Qualitative interpretation of IR images has been carried out successfully, but quantitative interpretation has been hampered by the lack of “calibration” defects. The aims of this study are to (i) establish methods to induce well‐defined electric defects in thin‐film solar cells serving as “calibration” defects and to (ii) assess the accuracy of IR imaging methods by using these artificially induced defects. This approach paves the way for improving quality control methods based on imaging in photovoltaic. We created ohmic defects (“shunts”) by using a focused ion beam and weak diodes (“interface shunts”) by applying a femto‐second laser at rather low power on copper indium gallium selenide cells. The defects can be induced precisely and reproducibly, and the severity of the defects on the electrical performance can be well adjusted by focused ion beam/laser parameters. The successive assessment of the IR measurement (ILIT‐Voc) revealed that this method can predict the losses in Pmpp (maximal power extractable) with a mean error of below 10%. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human herpesvirus 8 establishes a latent infection in prostates of Tobago men resulting in increased macrophage infiltration
Authors: Henning Jill D. , Bunker Clareann H. , Patrick Alan L. , Jenkins Frank J. 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundThe Caribbean island of Tobago, which is 97% African ancestry, has one of the highest rates of prostate cancer in the world. We have previously reported that human herpesvirus 8 (HHV‐8) infection is significantly associated with prostate cancer in Tobago. In this study, we extend those results testing the hypothesis that HHV‐8 seropositive Tobagonian men have a chronic HHV‐8 infection in their prostates that is associated with increased inflammation.MethodsProstate sections were screened by immunohistochemistry for the expression of HHV‐8 proteins K8.1 and LANA‐1 and for presence of B cells (CD20) and macrophages (CD68).ResultsHHV‐8 antigen expression representing lytic and latent infections was seen in 73.9% of prostates from HHV‐8 seropositive subjects. Latent infections were seen predominantly in glandular epithelia whereas lytic gene expression was seen mainly in macrophages in prostate stroma. Macrophage infiltrates were significantly increased in sections expressing HHV‐8 proteins.ConclusionHHV‐8 establishes a chronic latent infection in the prostate, which is associated with an increased macrophage infiltrate. Prostate 76:735–743, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficient and robust user authentication scheme that achieve user anonymity with a Markov chain
Authors: Kang Dongwoo , Jung Jaewook , Mun Jongho , Lee Donghoon , Choi Younsung , Won Dongho 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBecause of the evolution of mobile devices and networks, users can now access a network at any moment, in whatever place with a smart card. User authentication using smart card is a technique in which server checks the legality of a user between insecure channel, which avoid the peril of eavesdropping. Today, the user authentication schemes are proposed several ways. As schemes are proposed and analyzed for several years, way to authentication is also diversifying such as chaotic map and elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem. Recently, new authentication scheme is proposed which uses Markov Chain. The proposed scheme is explained that can resist several hazard of security such as reflection attack, forgery attack, parallel‐session attack. However, we refer that existing scheme is still insecure to protect some several security attack such as user impersonation attack, off‐line password guessing attack, and so on, so the existing scheme is unsuitable for real implementation. To fix these security flaws, we recommend an efficient and robust authentication scheme, which protects all the identified flaws of existent scheme. Furthermore, our propose scheme is more efficient and covers the identified vulnerability of existing scheme; therefore, our proposed scheme is more suitable to apply real‐life application. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A secure authentication scheme with provable correctness for pay‐TV systems
Authors: Wu Hsiao‐Ling , Chang Chin‐Chen , Sun Chin‐Yu 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn traditional television (TV) systems, users have to pay for all of the channels provided by the TV service server. However, usually, users are not interested in all of the channels, so they waste money by paying for all of the channels. For this reason, the concept of “pay‐TV” has been developed. A pay‐TV system allows the subscribers to pay for the specific channels they want to watch. If we consider that m users subscribe to n channels in traditional schemes for pay‐TV, the time complexity will be O(mn). It is lower efficiency for user on the pay‐TV system. But, in this paper, we proposed a novel authentication scheme for pay‐TV systems based on Chebyshev chaotic maps, and the time complexity only needs O(m). The purpose of our scheme is focus on efficiency and security. The security and performance analyses showed that our proposed scheme satisfies the essential functionality requirements, withstands potential attacks, and is suitable for real‐world practical implementation. Furthermore, the Burrows–Abadi–Needham logic model was used to prove the correctness of our proposed scheme for the mutual authentication between users and the server. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental study and associated numerical simulation of horizontally connected precast shear wall assembly
Authors: Sun Jian , Qiu Hongxing , Lu Yong 
Published: February 2016

SummaryThis paper is concerned about precast reinforced concrete shear walls and the methods of assembling shear wall panels to form a reliable load transfer system. An assembling method is proposed using dry connection through a horizontal steel connector (H‐connector) and high‐strength bolts. To investigate the effectiveness and the design of such a connection method, three wall‐connector assembly specimens with different connection details have been constructed and tested under monotonic loading while subjected to a constant vertical compression. The test results provided comprehensive data regarding the progressive transition of the load transfer mechanisms and showed that the performance of the shear wall assembly was generally satisfactory in terms of ensuring the full development of the shear wall strength and ductility. To assist in the interpretation of the experimental results and enable further parametric analysis, a detailed finite element model has been developed with incorporation of the main load transfer mechanisms, in addition to the description of the nonlinear behavior of the shear wall. The finite element model has been verified to represent well the actual behavior of the shear wall assembly, and it has provided further insight into the occurrence of slippage at the connection, the development of the bearing resistance of the bolts and the compression load transfer through contact in the later stage of the response. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Challenges in preclinical to clinical translation for anticancer carrier‐mediated agents
Authors: Lucas Andrew T. , Madden Andrew J. , Zamboni William C. 
Published: February 2016

Major advances in carrier‐mediated agents (CMAs), which include nanoparticles and conjugates, have revolutionized drug delivery capabilities over the past decade. While providing numerous advantages over their small‐molecule counterparts, there is substantial variability in how individual CMA formulations and patient characteristics affect the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) (efficacy and toxicity) of these agents. Development or selection of animal models is used to predict the effects within a particular human disease. A breadth of studies have begun to emphasize the importance of preclinical animal models in understanding and evaluating the interaction between CMAs and the immune system and tumor matrix, which ultimately influences CMA PK (clearance and distribution) and PD (efficacy and toxicity). It is fundamental to study representative preclinical tumor models that recapitulate patients with diseases (e.g., cancer) and evaluate the interplay between CMAs and the immune system, including the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), chemokines, hormones, and other immune modulators. Furthermore, standard allometric scaling using body weight does not accurately predict drug clearance in humans. Future studies are warranted to better understand the complex pharmacology and interaction of CMA carriers within individual preclinical models and their biological systems, such as the MPS and tumor microenvironment, and their application to allometric scaling across species. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:642–653. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1394This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials
Which stocks drive the size, value, and momentum anomalies and for how long? Evidence from a statistical leverage analysis
Authors: Aretz Kevin , Aretz Marc 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
A large number of neoclassical, behavioral, and bias-based theories try to explain the tendency of small, value, and winner stocks to outperform big, growth, and loser stocks, three well-known characteristic anomalies. Because the theories often predict similar relationships between a stock’s propensity to contribute to the anomalies and a set of correlated firm characteristics, existing studies focusing on single theories do not tell us which theory is most successful in explaining the anomalies. To fill this gap, we use a new non-parametric methodology to run a horse race between the theories. In the first step, we use statistical leverage analysis to find out which stocks are ultimately responsible for the anomalies. In the second, we use the firm characteristics suggested by the theories to forecast the identity of the anomaly drivers, with the purpose of determining which theory is most supported by the data. We find that behavioral theories are most convincing in explaining the size and book-to-market anomalies, while no theory is convincing in explaining the momentum anomaly.
Supersonic transport aircraft longitudinal flight control law design
Authors: Steer A. J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractModern civil transport aircraft utilise increasingly complex command and stability augmentation systems to restore stability, optimise aerodynamic performance and provide the pilot with the optimum handling qualities. Provided it has sufficient control power a second generation fly-by-wire supersonic transport aircraft should be capable of exhibiting similarly desirable low-speed handling qualities. However, successful flight control law design requires identification of the ideal command response type for a particular phase of flight, a set of valid handling quality design criteria and piloted simulation evaluation tasks and metrics. A non-linear mathematical model of the European supersonic transport aircraft has been synthesized on the final approach to land. Specific handling quality design criteria have been proposed to enable the non-linear dynamic inversion flight control laws to be designed, with piloted simulation used for validation. A pitch rate command system, with dynamics matched to the aircraft’s flight path response, will consistently provide Level 1 handling qualities. Nevertheless, pre-filtering the pilot’s input to provide a second order pitch rate response, using the author’s suggested revised constraints on the control anticipation parameter will generate the best handling qualities during the terminal phase of flight. The resulting pre-filter can be easily applied to non-linear dynamic inversion inner loop controllers and has simple and flight proven sensor requirements.
Aeroelastically adaptive propeller using blades’ root flexibility
Authors: Sandak Y. , Rosen A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractUsually a fixed pitch propeller is designed to be optimal at cruise speeds. Thus the efficiency is quite low at takeoff or low speeds, as well as during other flight regimes. The present paper shows that by introducing a flexible element into the blade root, the propeller efficiency can be improved over a wide range of velocities. The flexible element reacts to root flap or torsion moments by changing the blade pitch at the root. The root flexibility and the pitch angles at the root at zero loads are chosen such that efficiency will increase during problematic regimes without decreasing the propeller thrust. In the case of straight blades the torsional moment at the root is too small to be used. In the case of swept blades this moment component is significantly increased and can contribute to the design of an optimal aeroelastically adaptive propeller.
Vortex breakdown location over 65° delta wings empiricism and experiment
Authors: Jobe C. E. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThirty-eight data sets from static tests of various 65° delta wings in many water and wind tunnels are compared with four empirical vortex breakdown location prediction methods and the results of two Navier-Stokes computations to assess their range of validity in pitch. Vortex breakdown is the sudden expansion and subsequent chaotic evolution of the otherwise orderly, spiraling, leading-edge vortex flow over the upper surface. Large fluctuations occur in vortex breakdown location at static test conditions making accurate experimental determination difficult.The prediction methods do not account for the seemingly minor geometric details that vary between the models such as thickness, leading-edge bevel angle and radius, trailing-edge bevel angle, sting mounting, instrument housings, etc. These geometric variations significantly affect the position of vortex breakdown and degrade the accuracy of the predictions. The large changes in the flow produced by small geometric changes indicate that an efficient flow control strategy may be possible. Many of the data sets are not corrected for tunnel wall effects, which may account for some of the differences. Data presented herein are as published by the original authors, without additional corrections.
Application of generic algorithms in aerodynamic optimisation design procedures
Authors: Clayton R. P. , Martinez-Botas R. F. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDirect optimisation techniques using different methods are presented and compared for the solution of two common flows: a two dimensional diffuser and a drag minimisation problem of a fixed area body. The methods studied are a truncated Newton algorithm (gradient method), a simplex approach (direct search method) and a genetic algorithm (stochastic method). The diffuser problem has a known solution supported by experimental data, it has one design performance measure (the pressure coefficient) and two design variables. The fixed area body also has one performance measure (the drag coefficient), but this time there are four design variables; no experimental data is available, this computation is performed to assess the speed/progression of solution.In all cases the direct search approach (simplex method) required significantly smaller number of evaluations than the generic algorithm method. The simplest approach, the gradient method (Newton) performed equally to the simplex approach for the diffuser problem but it was unable to provide a solution to the four-variable problem of a fixed area body drag minimisation. The level of robustness obtained by the use of generic algorithm is in principle superior to the other methods, but a large price in terms of evaluations has to be paid.
Polynomial series expansion for optimisation of wing plane structures in idealised critical flutter conditions
Authors: Tizzi S. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA numerical procedure, which utilises polynomial power series expansions for the optimisation of multipanel wing structures in idealised critical flutter conditions, is introduced and developed. It arises from the Rayleigh-Ritz method and employes trial polynomial describing functions both for the flexural displacement and for the thickness variation over the multipanel surface. An idealised structural plate model, according to the Kirchhoff’s theory, together with a linearised supersonic aerodynamic approach, are supposed. The classical Euler-Lagrange optimality criterion, based on variational principles, has been utilised for the optimisation operations, where by imposing the stationary conditions of the Lagrangian functional expression, a nonlinear algebraic equations system is obtained, whose solution is found by an appropriate algorithm. By utilising an iterative process it is possible to reach the reference structure critical conditions, with an optimised thickness distribution throughout the multipanel surface. The final part of the work consists in searching the minimum weight of the multipanel planform wing structure with optimised thickness profilevsthe flutter frequency, considered as a variable imput parameter, for fixed flutter speed and equal to the critical one of the reference uniform structure.
Evaluation of CFD methods for transport aircraft high lift systems
Authors: Rudnik R. , Eliasson P. , Perraud J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMajor results and findings of the numerical work package of the European high lift programme EUROLIFT are outlined. The main objective of these studies is to validate and test numerical methods for the prediction of high lift flows for transport aircraft configurations. The activities comprise the assessment of current CFD methods for 3D flows, evaluation of means for code improvement, and transition prediction. All aspects are especially devoted to high lift flow problems. A general capability to predict maximum lift on a simplified wing/fuselage high lift configuration is demonstrated by a variety of different numerical approaches. In general, major shortcomings are the reliability and the accurate simulation of large separation areas and the turn-around time to compute 3D lift polars. Advanced turbulence modelling and numerical solver features, such as the preconditioning technique, show a potential to overcome these deficiencies. Promising results with respect to transition prediction were obtained on a swept high lift wing using a database method. The results obtained in the numerical activities represent major ingredients on the way to a consistent numerical approach for the simulation of transport aircraft high lift configurations including all maximum lift determining effects.
Experimental investigation of the effect of nozzle shape and test section perforation on the stationary and non-stationary characteristics of flow field in the large transonic TsAGI T-128 Wind tunnel
Authors: Biryukov V. I. , Glazkov S. A. , Gorbushin A. R. , Ivanov A. I. , Semenov A. V. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe results are presented for a cycle of experimental investigations of flow field characteristics (static pressure distribution, static pressure fluctuations, upwash, boundary-layer parameters) in the perforated test section of the transonic TsAGI T-128 Wind Tunnel. The investigations concern the effect of nozzle shape, wall open-area ratio, Mach and Reynolds numbers on the above-outlined flow characteristics. During the tests, the main Wind-tunnel drive power is measured. Optimal parameters of the nozzle shape and test section perforation are obtained to minimise acoustic perturbations in the test section and their non-uniformity in frequency, static pressure field non-uniformity, nozzle and test section drag and, accordingly, required main Wind-tunnel drive power.
Dye visualisation of inclined and skewed synthetic jets in a cross flow
Authors: Zhong S. , Garcillan L. , Wood N. J 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDye visualisation of both inclined synthetic jets and skewed synthetic jets was undertaken in a cross-flow experiment and the results were compared with those of normal synthetic jets. The process of vortex roll-up near the orifice exit and how the structure develops and interacts with the cross-flow as it propagates downstream was investigated so as to obtain an understanding of the effect of orifice orientation on the behaviour of synthetic jets. The effects of varying Reynolds number, velocity ratio and Strouhal number due to changes in diaphragm displacements and freestream velocities on the characteristics of synthetic jets were also examined. It is observed that in comparison to the normal jets vortical structures produced by both inclined and skewed jets tend to stay closer to the near wall region where maximum flow control effect is required. In both cases, at a relatively low Reynolds number and velocity ratio the active structures produced by the synthetic jet appear to be hairpin vortices which turn into vortex rings that migrate away from the wall as the Reynolds number and velocity ratio increase. These hairpin vortices are persistent in the near wall region hence are believed to be desirable structures for delaying flow separation.