bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nigerian Stock Exchange and the Private Investor
Authors: Abdullahi Nuruddeen A. , Wakelam Alan 
Published: June 2017

The findings of this research suggests that the Nigerian private investors like their counterparts elsewhere (e.g. the U.S.A. and the U.K.) do like both capital appreciation and dividend income. Furthermore, the majority of the respondents preferred to invest in ordinary shares rather than in any other securities on the Stock Exchange. Indeed it was found that other forms of securities, especially the government development stocks or bonds, were little known to the respondents. The majority of the respondents (57.9%, Table 4) appeared to take investment decisions on their own initiative rather than acting on the advice of stockbrokers or other experts, and that they often rely on company reports for market information. This is perhaps due to lack of clear understanding of the role of the stockbrokers in investment advice. The respondents showed a great reliance on three main sources of market information for investment decisions [company reports (34%), stockbrokers/or experts (27%), and the media (27%)]. However, as other authors have shown the average Nigerian investor may not be financially literate, the great reliance on company reports implies that the private investors take investment decisions by guessing at a company’s financial progress and position. The media has shown its value in providing market information and educating the public on matters of investment but there is also a need for enhanced financial journalism in the country. Taxation does not appear to have any significant effect on personal share ownership in Nigeria. The large majority of the respondents showed their ignorance of tax rate on dividends. This may be partly because the tax on dividends was relatively small at the time of the survey (1992) and did not warrant serious consideration by the private investors whose size of share ownership is normally small. The effects of the background characteristics of the respondents, (education and training, portfolio holdings, number of shareholdings, frequency of contact with stockbrokers, and years of experience of share ownership) did have an effect on people’s understanding of listed companies. With the exception of the size of shareholdings and years of experience of share ownership all the presented variables have a significant influence on the respondents’ understanding of listed companies (see Table 9). Training in business and/or finance has no significant influence on the method of taking investment decisions. Both respondents with significant training and those who had little or no training in business and/or finance appeared to rely on their own initiative when taking investment decisions. It is also clear that, although the majority of the respondents expressed their satisfaction with the services rendered by the Stock Exchange, a great many respondents seem to have reservations on the efficacy of the services of the stock exchange and the market in general.
Instability of Single Layer Doubly Curved Vaults
Authors: Lenza Pietro 
Published: June 2017

The study aims to technically value the limit bearing capacity determined by instability in the elastic field. We analyse separately bifurcation and limitation phenomena that produce both general and local failure. In particular we examine the dynamic effects produced by nodal snap-through that can determine also the overall ruin of the shell. The results of numerical analyses and of experimental tests can give useful directions to designers.
Numerical Analysis of Space Trusses With Flexible Member-End Joints
Authors: El-Sheikh A.L. 
Published: June 2017

The conventional procedure for the analysis of space trusses, lattice domes and similar structures, assumes that member-end joints behave as pure pins or, in some cases, as rigid joints. However, experimental studies have shown that these joints typically exhibit some level of flexural stiffness and are therefore flexible (semi-rigid). It was reported that the characteristics of the space truss jointing system play a major role in truss response (see Refs. 1,2,3). The results of experiments conducted on space trusses with rigid or flexible joints produced less brittle behaviour than that found for assemblies with nominally-pinned joints. A nonlinear beam-column element with end springs has been developed to model the actual rotational stiffness of truss member-node connections, and its stiffness expressions are presented in this paper. Incorporation of this element in the numerical analysis of space trusses has led to better predictions of behaviour and strength when compared to the commonly-used two-noded frictionless truss element. This new element was used successfully in the numerical analysis of two non-composite and one composite double-layer space truss, and the results are presented in this paper.
Argon and helium plasma coagulation of porcine liver tissue
Authors: Glowka Tim R , Standop Jens , Paschenda Pascal , Czaplik Michael , Kalff Jörg C , Tolba René H 
Published: June 2017

Objective Argon plasma coagulation (APC) and helium plasma coagulation (HPC) are electrosurgical techniques that provide noncontact monopolar electrothermal haemostasis. Although these techniques have been widely used clinically during the last three decades, their in vivo effects on liver tissue remain unclear. Methods We investigated the effects of different power levels (10–100 W) of APC and HPC on liver coagulation in 11 Landrace pigs. Capillary blood flow and capillary blood flow velocity were recorded with a combined laser Doppler flowmeter and spectrophotometer. The temperature, clinical biochemical parameters, blood gas parameters, bile duct-sealing effect, and coagulation depth were measured. Results APC and HPC significantly reduced the capillary blood flow and capillary blood flow velocity compared with baseline flow. No significant temperature change was measured on the liver surface immediately after coagulation. The clinical biochemical and blood gas parameters were not different before and after coagulation. The coagulation depth was positively correlated with the device power setting. Conclusions These results prove that APC and HPC provide sufficient superficial haemostasis. No significant systemic effects occurred following coagulation. The depth of the coagulation effect can be controlled through selection of the output power level.
Medium-term effects of Dynesys dynamic stabilization versus posterior lumbar interbody fusion for treatment of multisegmental lumbar degenerative disease
Authors: Wu Haiting , Pang Qingjiang , Jiang Guoqiang 
Published: June 2017

Objective To compare the medium-term clinical and radiographic outcomes of Dynesys dynamic stabilization and posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) for treatment of multisegmental lumbar degenerative disease. Methods Fifty-seven patients with multisegmental lumbar degenerative disease underwent Dynesys stabilization (n = 26) or PLIF (n = 31) from December 2008 to February 2010. The mean follow-up period was 50.3 (range, 46–65) months. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Oswestry disability index (ODI). Radiographic evaluations included disc height and range of motion (ROM) of the operative segments and proximal adjacent segment on lumbar flexion-extension X-rays. The intervertebral disc signal change was defined by magnetic resonance imaging, and disc degeneration was classified by the Pfirrmann grade. Results The clinical outcomes including the VAS score and ODI were significantly improved in both groups at 3 months and the final follow-up, but the difference between the two was not significant. At the final follow-up, the disc height of stabilized segments in both groups was significantly increased; the increase was more notable in the Dynesys than PLIF group. The ROM of stabilized segments at the final follow-up decreased from 6.20° to 2.76° and 6.56° to 0.00° in the Dynesys and PLIF groups, respectively. There was no distinct change in the height of the proximal adjacent segment in the two groups. The ROM of the proximal adjacent segment in both groups increased significantly at the final follow-up; the change was significantly greater in the PLIF than Dynesys group. Only one case of adjacent segment degeneration occurred in the PLIF group, and this patient underwent a second operation. Conclusions Both Dynesys stabilization and PLIF can improve the clinical and radiographic outcomes of multisegmental lumbar degenerative disease. Compared with PLIF, Dynesys stabilization can maintain the mobility of the stabilized segments with less influence on the proximal adjacent segment and may help to prevent the occurrence of adjacent segment degeneration. Dynesys is reliable for the treatment of multisegmental lumbar degenerative disease at the medium-term follow-up.
Clinical characteristics and risk factors of severe infections in hospitalized adult patients with primary nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Li Jie , Zhang Qiankun , Su Bofeng 
Published: June 2017

Objective Infection is a common condition in patients with nephrotic syndrome. The objective of the present study is to investigate the clinical characteristics and risk factors of infections in adult patients with primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS). Methods Medical charts of 138 consecutive patients with PNS and infections who were admitted to hospital from April 2013 to April 2016 were systematically reviewed. Results Patients were divided into three groups according to the degree of infections: mild infection group (n = 45), moderate infection group (n = 60), and severe infection group (n = 33). In the severe infection group, most patients (96.9%) had pulmonary infections with opportunistic pathogens. There were significant differences in cumulative prednisone dose, immunosuppressor use, and CD4+ T cell count among the three groups. A lower CD4+ T cell count (<300 cells/mm3) (odds ratio = 4.25 [95% confidence interval 1.680–10.98]) and higher cumulative dose of prednisone (odds ratio = 1.38 [95% confidence interval 1.05–3.26]) were risk factors for severe infections in adult patients with PNS. Conclusions CD4+ T cell count (<300 cells/mm3) and a higher cumulative dose of prednisone are important risk factors for severe infections in adult patients with PNS.
‘Granular-Cell Myoblastoma’ in the Horse A Report of 4 Cases
Authors: Misdorp W. , Gelder H. L. Nauta-van 
Published: June 2017

Spontaneous granular-cell myoblastoma, peribronchial in origin, is reported in 4 Dutch-bred horses, 2 with multiple tumours and 2 each with a solitary tumour. The reported cases of this tumour in horses are now 6, multiple lesions having been reported twice preveiously. Involvement has been unilateral in all cases, the right lung in each except for 1 with a solitary tumour in the left lung. Our histochemical studies indicate the presence of polysaccharides and lipids in the cytoplasmic granules of tumour cells. The equine and human tumours are similar in tinctorial qualities. The former are generally less anaplastic and do not have syncytial cells and fasciculi, a common finding in man. The bronchial epithelium overlying pulmonary tumors is relatively normal in the horses, frequently metaplastic and hyperplastic in man.
An Electron Microscopic Study of Normal Blood and Bone Marrow in Pigs
Authors: Nafstad Per H. J. , Nafstad Inger 
Published: June 2017

The ultrastructure of blood and bone marrow cells in the normal pig was studied; the process of maturation of the different cell types was found to be essentially in accordance with that in other animal species. The eosinophilic granules had a pattern which differed from that in other mammals, being characterized by specific internal structure in the immature stages. During maturation, however, a homogenous appearance supervened. Moreover, the lymphocytic nuclei were found to have irregular shapes as compared with the light microscopic picture. The results are compared to some reported studies of other animal species.
The impact of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit on sensory and developmental outcomes in infants born preterm: A scoping review
Authors: Philpott-Robinson Kelsey , Lane Shelly J , Korostenski Larissa , Lane Alison E 
Published: June 2017

IntroductionPreterm infants admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit are at higher risk of poor neurodevelopmental and sensory outcomes. There is interest in establishing whether elements of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit sensory environment may influence the sensory and overall development of these infants.MethodThe purpose of this scoping review was to provide a comprehensive overview of relevant research regarding the sensory elements of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and their short- and long-term influence on preterm infants. This scoping review is underpinned by the six-stage framework by Arksey and O’Malley.ResultsThere are few studies that have directly examined the influence of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit environment upon the sensory and developmental outcomes of infants born preterm, in infancy. The findings of the studies included in this review suggest that the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit sensory environment may alter developmental trajectories of preterm infants. However, low-quality evidence exists in this field, with much of the literature being preliminary.ConclusionFurther experimental studies are required that combine multiple methods of assessment to more rigorously understand the sensory characteristics of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and their relationship with developmental outcomes across early childhood.
Medical Leeches for the Salvage of a Nipple Areola Complex
Authors: Spera Carlos 
Published: June 2017

Introduction: A breast lift combined with the insertion of breast implants is a popular surgery in the United States. The volume added by the implant increases the pressure and tension on the breast tissues. Difficulties with venous drainage of the transposed nipple areola complex (NAC) can result in the catastrophic partial or total necrosis of these structures. Draining or removing the stagnating blood from the capillary system will improve the microcirculation and avoid further complications (ie, NAC necrosis). Materials and Methods: A breast lift/reduction with concomitant insertion of breast implants in a 39-year-old female was performed without intraoperative complications. The patient was seen for follow-up the next morning. The left breast NAC showed a remarkable bluish discoloration. The diagnosis of venous congestion was obvious. Medicinal leeches were applied to the left NAC. Treatment with the leeches was repeated every 12 hours for 2 days. Results: The areola became pink and matched the color of the unaffected side. There was no tissue necrosis and healing was exactly the same as for the right breast. No treatment complications developed. Conclusions: NAC necrosis is not uncommon after breast surgery. This problem is undoubtedly a compromise of the venous return. If any doubt arises after this surgery, leech therapy should be performed to decrease the chances of this catastrophic complication.
Bifurcated Inferior Pedicle with a Bucket-Handle Pectoralis Flap to Enhance Superior Pole Fullness in Breast-Reduction Surgery
Authors: Sumpter Kristi , Gershenbaum Sam , Cartwright Mont J. 
Published: June 2017

Introduction: Breast-reduction surgery utilizing the inferior pedicle technique is popular among breast surgeons because of its reliable areolar neurovascular preservation qualities. Although smaller, more elevated breast mounds are achieved, one shortcoming is persistent or recurrent glandular ptosis with loss of superior pole fullness (bottoming-out). A modification of the inferior pedicle technique is presented, which enhances and maintains the aesthetically desired bulk in the superior pole of the breast. Methods: After creating an inferior pedicle with a generous base width, a superior portion of the pedicle is incompletely bifurcated. The superior section of bifurcated inferior pedicle is secured superiorly high on the pectoralis fascia after passing it through a bipedicle (bucket-handle) flap of pectoralis major muscle. Result: The support afforded by the pectoralis flap to the superior section of this bifurcated inferior pedicle helps maintain the position of the superiorly placed breast parenchyma. This provides long-term superior pole fullness. Discussion: The modification is safe, and surgeons who are comfortable with the inferior pedicle technique should master it easily. The technique and surgical results are presented.
Renal tubular epithelial cell-derived BAFF expression mediates kidney damage and correlates with activity of proliferative lupus nephritis in mouse and men
Authors: Schwarting A , Relle M , Meineck M , Föhr B , Triantafyllias K , Weinmann A , Roth W , Weinmann-Menke J 
Published: June 2017

B-cell activating factor of the tumour necrosis factor family (BAFF) is a cytokine, mainly produced by hematopoietic cells (e.g. monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells), indispensable for B-cell maturation. The BLISS studies have demonstrated that blocking BAFF by the human monoclonal antibody belimumab is a valuable therapeutic approach in patients with clinically and serologically active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the defined sources of BAFF, which contributes to SLE, are still unclear. Recent findings show that BAFF expression is not restricted to myeloid cells. Since lupus nephritis is the main cause of morbidity and mortality for SLE patients, the aim of this study was to investigate whether renal tubular epithelial cells (TEC) are an important source of BAFF and thus may contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of SLE. We found BAFF expression both in cultured murine and human TEC. These results could be verified with in situ data from the kidney. Moreover, BAFF expression in the kidneys of lupus-prone MRL- Faslpr mice correlated with disease activity, and BAFF expression on TEC in biopsies of patients with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis showed a correlation with the histopathological activity index. In vitro functional assays revealed an autocrine loop of BAFF with its binding receptors on TEC, resulting in a strong induction of colony stimulating factor-1. Finally, we identified divergent effects of BAFF on TEC depending on the surrounding milieu (‘inflammatory versus non-inflammatory’). Taken together, our findings indicate that renal-derived BAFF may play an important role in the pathophysiology of the systemic autoimmune disease SLE.
A Total Parenteral Nutrition Protocol
Authors: Swenson John P. , Edwards Drew , Chamberlain Marv , Rault Raymond , Ivey Marianne F. 
Published: June 2017

The need for guidelines on the use of concentrated nutritional solutions to achieve effective total parenteral nutrition has become very evident in our hospitals. As these are teaching hospitals, our physicians write TPN orders for short-term surgical patients, long-term patients (home TPN), burn patients, neonatal patients and selected cancer patients. This variance in patients, coupled with the rotation of the interns and resident house staff, has resulted in a need for a TPN protocol. Within the framework of this protocol, each patient can be approached. The pharmacy's approach to this problem was to convene an Ad Hoc Committee for the purpose of developing a protocol and in early 1975 the protocol was submitted to our Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. The Committee approved its acceptance, and it was forwarded to the Medical Staff Advisory Committee and was approved. Since that time, new developments and the inclusion of other pertinent material have necessitated updating our protocol. The update has resulted in the following protocol.
Conversion of Intravenous Ranitidine to Oral Therapy
Authors: Baciewicz Anne M. 
Published: June 2017

A two-phase drug program concentrating on inappropriate use of intravenous ranitidine is described at a 612-bed university teaching hospital. Phase 1 of the study was a retrospective audit of 50 randomly selected adult patients receiving iv ranitidine. The chart was reviewed for indications for therapy, rationale for iv ranitidine, median length of iv therapy, and appropriateness of iv use. Phase 2 consisted of concurrent monitoring of iv ranitidine soley to assess the appropriateness of the iv dosage form at our hospital. Staff pharmacists reviewed the patient's medication profile from the central pharmacy to determine if the patient had standing orders for any oral or nasogastric medications while concomitantly receiving iv ranitidine. An educational memo was placed in the patient's chart if the patient was concurrently receiving oral or nasogastric medications and iv ranitidine. In phase 1, iv ranitidine was inappropriate either partially or totally in 51 percent of the cases. The median length of inappropriate iv therapy was five days. During the second phase, the pharmacy staff reviewed 4301 profiles of patients receiving iv ranitidine over eight months. Educational memos were placed in 451 patient charts (11 percent) where conversion from iv to oral therapy was feasible; a favorable follow-up occurred in 275 cases (61 percent). This would result in an estimated annual cost savings of $4685. Based on our ranitidine use review, extrapolating the median length of inappropriate iv therapy to five days would result in a yearly cost savings of $23425. This project demonstrated that staff pharmacists can impact on physician education and cost savings by routinely screening patient's medication profiles from the central pharmacy. A TWO-PHASE DRUG PROGRAM concentrating on inappropriate use of intravenous ranitidine was undertaken at a 612-bed university teaching hospital to demonstrate how pharmacists can make an impact on drug therapy both financially and clinically. Intravenous ranitidine was selected based on cost, frequent use, and potential for inappropriate use. Parenteral ranitidine offers no therapeutic advantage over oral therapy if the gastrointestinal tract is intact and functioning.1 At our hospital, the cost of daily iv ranitidine (50 mg iv q8h) is $14.50, approximately eight times that of daily oral tablets (150 mg po q12h) which cost $1.75.
Working with parents to promote health
Authors: Williams Yvonne 
Published: June 2017

• A cleft lip, with or without cleft palate, is the most common craniofacial malformation • The issue of whether health can be attained if the person has a physical defect is discussed • Health education can be considered as a means whereby individuals learn to maintain, restore and promote health • Consideration is given to health promotion and the prevention of ill health in relation to infant feeding • Skill teaching, if successfully completed, may be regarded as a fundamental cornerstone to health promotion