bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of the diagnostic radiological index of protection to procedural factors in fluoroscopy
Authors: Jones A. Kyle , Pasciak Alexander S. , Wagner Louis K. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose:To evaluate the sensitivity of the diagnostic radiological index of protection (DRIP), used to quantify the protective value of radioprotective garments, to procedural factors in fluoroscopy in an effort to determine an appropriate set of scatter‐mimicking primary beams to be used in measuring the DRIP.Methods:Monte Carlo simulations were performed to determine the shape of the scattered x‐ray spectra incident on the operator in different clinical fluoroscopy scenarios, including interventional radiology and interventional cardiology (IC). Two clinical simulations studied the sensitivity of the scattered spectrum to gantry angle and patient size, while technical factors were varied according to measured automatic dose rate control (ADRC) data. Factorial simulations studied the sensitivity of the scattered spectrum to gantry angle, field of view, patient size, and beam quality for constant technical factors. Average energy (Eavg) was the figure of merit used to condense fluence in each energy bin to a single numerical index.Results:Beam quality had the strongest influence on the scattered spectrum in fluoroscopy. Many procedural factors affect the scattered spectrum indirectly through their effect on primary beam quality through ADRC, e.g., gantry angle and patient size. Lateral C‐arm rotation, common in IC, increased the energy of the scattered spectrum, regardless of the direction of rotation. The effect of patient size on scattered radiation depended on ADRC characteristics, patient size, and procedure type.Conclusions:The scattered spectrum striking the operator in fluoroscopy is most strongly influenced by primary beam quality, particularly kV. Use cases for protective garments should be classified by typical procedural primary beam qualities, which are governed by the ADRC according to the impacts of patient size, anatomical location, and gantry angle.
Concurrent Training in Rugby Sevens: Effects of High-Intensity Interval Exercises
Authors: Robineau Julien , Lacome Mathieu , Piscione Julien , Bigard Xavier , Babault Nicolas 
Published: June 2016

Purpose:To assess the impact of 2 high-intensity interval-training (HIT) programs (short interval vs sprint interval training) on muscle strength and aerobic performances in a concurrent training program in amateur rugby sevens players.Methods:Thirty-six amateur rugby sevens players were randomly assigned to strength and short interval training (INT), strength and sprint interval training (SIT), or a strength-only training group (CON) during an 8-wk period. Maximal strength and power tests, aerobic measurements (peak oxygen uptake [VO2peak] and maximal aerobic velocity), and a specific repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test were conducted before and immediately after the overall training period.Results:From magnitude-based inference and effect size (ES ± 90% confidence limit) analyses, the current study revealed substantial gains in maximal strength and jump-height performance in all groups. The difference in change of slow concentric torque production was greater in CON than in SIT (0.65 ± 0.72, moderate). VO2peak and, consequently, mean performance in the RSA test were improved in the SIT group only (0.64 ± 0.29, moderate; –0.54 ± 0.35, moderate).Conclusions:The study did not emphasize interference on strength development after INT but showed a slight impairment of slow concentric torque production gains after SIT. Compared with INT, SIT would appear to be more effective to develop VO2peak and RSA but could induce lower muscle-strength gains, especially at low velocity.
Shooting Performance and Fly Time in Highly Trained Wing Handball Players: Not Everything Is as It Seems
Authors: Karcher Claude , Buchheit Martin 
Published: June 2016

Purpose:To (1) assess the usefulness of countermovement jump (CMJ) testing to predict handball-specific jumping ability and (2) examine the acute effect of transiently modified jumping ability (ie, flight time) on shooting efficiency in wing players.Methods:Eleven young highly trained wing players performed 3 CMJs and 10 typical wing jump shots with 3 different modalities: without any constraint (CONTROL), while stepping on a 14-cm step (STEP), and wearing a weighted vest (VEST, 5% of body mass). Flight time and the associated scoring efficiency during the jump shots were recorded.Results:There was no clear correlation between jump shot and CMJ flight time, irrespective of the condition (r = .04–.18). During jump shots, flight time was most likely longer (effect size [ES] = 1.42–1.97) with VEST (635.4 ± 31 ms) and STEP (615.3 ± 32.9 ms) than CONTROL (566 ± 30.5 ms) and very likely longer with VEST than with STEP (ES = 0.6). The correlation between scoring efficiency and jump-shot flight time was not substantial either in each modality or for all shots pooled. The difference in scoring efficiency between the 3 jumps with the longest vs shortest flight times was either small (VEST, 48% vs 42%) or nonsubstantial (2 other conditions).Conclusions:The use of CMJ as a predictor of handball-specific jumping ability is questioned given the dissociation between CMJ and jump-shot flying time. These results also show that transiently affected flight time may not affect scoring efficiency, which questions the importance of jumping ability for success in wing players.
Reference Values of Standing Long Jump in Preschool Children: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Latorre-Román Pedro Ángel , García-Pinillos Felipe , Mora-López David 
Published: June 2016

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to examine age and sex differences in standing long jump (SLJ) and to determine norm-referenced values for Spanish preschool children.Method:A total of 3555 children, aged 3–6 years, participated in this study (1746 girls and 1809 boys). To measure explosive leg power, the SLJ was used.Results:In the analysis of reliability using test-retest with 86 children (48% boys, age = 56.22 ± 10.34 months), the following descriptive results were obtained (mean, SD): at pretest = 76.53 ± 20.20 cm, at retest = 74.56 ± 21.12 cm (p = .124), and an intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.913 (95% confidence interval = 0.866–0.943). Boys exhibited a greater performance than girls at 3- to 5-years old, but no significant differences were found at 6 years old. In whole group, the SLJ performance was higher with increased age. However, no significant differences were found between boys aged 5 and 6 years.Conclusion:This study provides references values for muscle strength assessment through SLJ test carried out on a large sample of Spanish preschoolers.
Lack of an association or an inverse association between low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and mortality in the elderly: a systematic review
Authors: Ravnskov Uffe , Diamond David M , Hama Rokura , Hamazaki Tomohito , Hammarskjöld Björn , Hynes Niamh , Kendrick Malcolm , Langsjoen Peter H , Malhotra Aseem , Mascitelli Luca , McCully Kilmer S , Ogushi Yoichi , Okuyama Harumi , Rosch Paul J , Schersten Tore , Sultan Sherif , Sundberg Ralf 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveIt is well known that total cholesterol becomes less of a risk factor or not at all for all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality with increasing age, but as little is known as to whether low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), one component of total cholesterol, is associated with mortality in the elderly, we decided to investigate this issue.Setting, participants and outcome measuresWe sought PubMed for cohort studies, where LDL-C had been investigated as a risk factor for all-cause and/or CV mortality in individuals ≥60 years from the general population.ResultsWe identified 19 cohort studies including 30 cohorts with a total of 68 094 elderly people, where all-cause mortality was recorded in 28 cohorts and CV mortality in 9 cohorts. Inverse association between all-cause mortality and LDL-C was seen in 16 cohorts (in 14 with statistical significance) representing 92% of the number of participants, where this association was recorded. In the rest, no association was found. In two cohorts, CV mortality was highest in the lowest LDL-C quartile and with statistical significance; in seven cohorts, no association was found.ConclusionsHigh LDL-C is inversely associated with mortality in most people over 60 years. This finding is inconsistent with the cholesterol hypothesis (ie, that cholesterol, particularly LDL-C, is inherently atherogenic). Since elderly people with high LDL-C live as long or longer than those with low LDL-C, our analysis provides reason to question the validity of the cholesterol hypothesis. Moreover, our study provides the rationale for a re-evaluation of guidelines recommending pharmacological reduction of LDL-C in the elderly as a component of cardiovascular disease prevention strategies.
Stationary Wave Reflection as a Mechanism for Zonalizing the Atlantic Winter Jet at the LGM
Authors: Löfverström Marcus , Caballero Rodrigo , Nilsson Johan , Messori Gabriele 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Current estimates of the height of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) range from around 3000 to 4500 m. Modeling studies of the LGM, using low-end estimates of the LIS height, show a relatively weak and northeastward-tilted winter jet in the North Atlantic, similar to the modern jet, while simulations with high-end LIS elevations show a much more intense and zonally oriented jet. Here, an explanation for this response of the Atlantic circulation is sought using a sequence of LGM simulations spanning a broad range of LIS elevations. It is found that increasing LIS height favors planetary wave breaking and nonlinear reflection in the subtropical North Atlantic. For high LIS elevations, planetary wave reflection becomes sufficiently prevalent that a poleward-directed flux of wave activity appears in the climatology over the midlatitude North Atlantic. This entails a zonalization of the stationary wave phase lines and thus of the midlatitude jet.
An Observationally Based Global Band-by-Band Surface Emissivity Dataset for Climate and Weather Simulations
Authors: Huang Xianglei , Chen Xiuhong , Zhou Daniel K. , Liu Xu 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
While current atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) still treat the surface as a blackbody in their longwave radiation scheme, recent studies suggest the need for taking realistic surface spectral emissivity into account. There have been few measurements available for the surface emissivity in the far IR (&lt;650 cm−1). Based on first-principle calculation, the authors compute the spectral emissivity over the entire longwave spectrum for a variety of surface types. MODIS-retrieved mid-IR surface emissivity at 0.05° × 0.05° spatial resolution is then regressed against the calculated spectral emissivity to determine the surface type for each grid. The derived spectral emissivity data are then spatially averaged onto 0.5° × 0.5° grids and spectrally integrated onto the bandwidths used by the RRTMG_LW—a longwave radiation scheme widely used in current climate and numerical weather models. The band-by-band surface emissivity dataset is then compared with retrieved surface spectral emissivities from Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) measurements. The comparison shows favorable agreement between two datasets in all the bands covered by the IASI measurements. The authors further use the dataset in conjunction with ERA-Interim to evaluate its impact on the top-of-atmosphere radiation budget. Depending on the blackbody surface assumptions used in the original calculation, the globally averaged difference caused by the inclusion of realistic surface emissivity ranges from −1.2 to −1.5 W m−2 for clear-sky OLR and from −0.67 to −0.94 W m−2 for all-sky OLR. Moreover, the difference is not spatially uniform and has a distinct spatial pattern.
Heat, Salt, and Freshwater Budgets for a Glacial Fjord in Greenland
Authors: Jackson Rebecca H. , Straneo Fiammetta 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn Greenland’s glacial fjords, heat and freshwater are exchanged between glaciers and the ocean. Submarine melting of glaciers has been implicated as a potential trigger for recent glacier acceleration, and observations of ocean heat transport are increasingly being used to infer the submarine melt rates. The complete heat, salt, and mass budgets that underlie such methods, however, have been largely neglected. Here, a new framework for exploring glacial fjord budgets is developed. Building on estuarine studies of salt budgets, the heat, salt, and mass transports through the fjord are decomposed, and new equations for calculating freshwater fluxes from submarine meltwater and runoff are presented. This method is applied to moored records from Sermilik Fjord, near the terminus of Helheim Glacier, to evaluate the dominant balances in the fjord budgets and to estimate freshwater fluxes. Throughout the year, two different regimes are found. In the nonsummer months, advective transports are balanced by changes in heat/salt storage within their ability to measure; freshwater fluxes cannot be inferred as a residual. In the summer, a mean exchange flow emerges, consisting of inflowing Atlantic water and outflowing glacially modified water. This exchange transports heat toward the glacier and is primarily balanced by changes in storage and latent heat for melting ice. The total freshwater flux increases over the summer, reaching 1200 ± 700 m3 s−1 of runoff and 1500 ± 500 m3 s−1 of submarine meltwater from glaciers and icebergs in August. The methods and results highlight important components of fjord budgets, particularly the storage and barotropic terms, that have been not been appropriately considered in previous estimates of submarine melting.
High-content screening identifies kinase inhibitors that overcome venetoclax resistance in activated CLL cells
Authors: Oppermann Sina , Ylanko Jarkko , Shi Yonghong , Hariharan Santosh , Oakes Christopher C. , Brauer Patrick M. , Zúñiga-Pflücker Juan C. , Leber Brian , Spaner David E. , Andrews David W. 
Published: June 2016

Key Points
Patient-specific pathways of resistance to venetoclax can be identified by high-content screening of clinical samples with a KI library. Sunitinib may overcome resistance to venetoclax for many patients by downregulating the expression of Bcl-xl, Mcl-1, and A1 in CLL cells.
The Doctor as Businessman: The Changing Politics of a Cultural Icon
Authors: Stone Deborah A. 
Published: June 2016

From just after the Civil War, when medicine began to professionalize, until the late 1970s, doctors and policy makers believed that clinical judgment should not be influenced by the financial interests of doctors. Physicians were highly entrepreneurial, and organized medicine fought to preserve their entrepreneurial interests, but the moral norm that justified their autonomy from state regulation was a strict separation of clinical judgment and pecuniary interests.Under managed care, the old norm is reversed. A good doctor takes financial considerations into account in making clinical decisions. Theoretically, doctors should consider measures of cost to society, but in practice, the payment systems of managed care plans induce doctors to consider the impact of each clinical decision on their own income. Because doctors share the risks of insuring patients with managed care plans, they have the same incentives as insurers to avoid patients who are expensively sick. The new cultural image of doctors as entrepreneurs masks their considerable loss of clinical autonomy under managed care. It also serves to persuade doctors to accept managed care arrangements and to persuade insurance consumers and patients to accept reduced benefits from employers and the government.
Ligand Effect on the Formation of Gold Nanoparticles via Sputtering Deposition over a Liquid Matrix
Authors: Akita Ikumi , Ishida Yohei , Yonezawa Tetsu 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Sputtering deposition of gold over a liquid matrix containing different ligands with thiolate, amine, or carboxy groups resulted in the formation of spherical gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in the range of 2.1 to 6.7 nm, and the diameters gradually decreased as the affinity of the ligands for Au increases.
Ανισότητα και ϕτώχεια στην εποχή της κρίσης, 2008-2013
Authors: Καπλάνογλου Γεωργία 
Published: June 2016

<p class="p1"><span class="s1">Μ</span>εταξύ όλων των αναπτυγμένων χωρών η Ελλάδα είναι εκείνη που αντιμετώπισε τη μεγαλύτερη ύϕεση εξαιτίας της κρίσης και των πολιτικών δημοσιονομικής προσαρμογής, με τη μείωση του <span class="s2">ΑΕΠ </span>της να ϕτάνει αθροιστικά το <span class="s2">30% </span>από το <span class="s2">2008</span>. Τα ελληνικά νοικοκυριά μείωσαν την καταναλωτική δαπάνη τους κατά ανάλογο ποσοστό, το οποίο σε πραγματικούς όρους προσεγγίζει και αυτό το 30%. η μελέτη αυτή αξιοποιεί τα στοιχεία των Ερευνών οικογενειακών προϋπολογισμών (<span class="s2">Εοπ</span>) για να τεκμηριώσει τις επιπτώσεις της κρίσης και των πολιτικών λιτότητας στην εξέλιξη της ανισότητας και ϕτώχειας στην Ελλάδα από την αρχή της κρίσης μέχρι το <span class="s2">2013</span>, το έτος δηλαδή για το οποίο υπάρχουν τα πιο πρόσϕατα διαθέσιμα στοιχεία. Σε αντίθεση με τις περισσότερες υπάρχουσες εργασίες, οι οποίες μελετούν την εισοδηματική ανισότητα και ϕτώχεια, η μελέτη αυτή εξετάζει την καταναλωτική δαπάνη των νοικοκυριών ενσωματώνοντας με αυτόν τον τρόπο την επίπτωση της κρίσης και της λιτότητας στο πραγματικό επίπεδο διαβίωσης. Επιπλέον αναλύουμε την ανισότητα και τη ϕτώχεια όχι με βάση προσομοιώσεις των πρόσϕατων πολιτικών σε παλαιότερες βάσεις δεδομένων, αλλά με βάση τα πιο πρόσϕατα στατιστικά μικρο-δεδομένα που συλλέχθηκαν από την <span class="s1">ΕλΣΤΑΤ </span>το <span class="s2">2013 </span>και ανακοινώθηκαν τον Νοέμβριο του <span class="s2">2014</span>. Αυτό έχει μεγάλη σημασία, καθώς το <span class="s2">2013 </span>είναι το έτος με την ισχυρότερη συσσωρευμένη ύϕεση από την αρχή της κρίσης και υπ’ αυτή την έννοια αντανακλά το πλήρες εύρος των συνεπειών των πολιτικών λιτότητας στα ελληνικά νοικοκυριά.</p>
Students’ perceptions about interactive white board used in physics class<p>Fizik dersinde öğrencilerin akıllı tahta kullanımı ile ilgili algıları
Authors: Gürel Cem , Olgun Hakan , Arslan Ahmet 
Published: June 2016

The purpose of this study is to reveal high school students’ perceptions about interactive white board (IWB) usage in physics class. In this study perceptions of students from a high school in Zonguldak city of Turkey about usage of IWB in instruction of topics from physics taken as an elective course. Action research carried out in two classes alternately one with traditional plane White board-projection system and in the other IWB used. Process applied with ABAB design and data collected with qualitative methods and tools. Research sample consists of 16 girls 13 boys from two classes. Data collected from journals and surveys written by the students. Questions given in the journals and surveys takes three categories; (1) Benefits, (2) Limitations and, (3) Advices for future uses. According to the results of the study, it appears that multimedia uses and attractive features of IWB makes it interesting for students. Moreover some advices were given by students in the usage of IWB. By the results of the data collected in this research educators will find useful information and future users will get practical preferences in using IWB. ÖzetBu çalışmanın amacı ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin fizik dersinde akıllı tahtanın kullanımı ile ilgili algılarını ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmada Türkiye’nin Zonguldak ilindeki bir lisede Seçmeli Fizik dersini alan öğrencilerin bu derslerdeki akıllı tahta kullanımıyla ilgili algıları incelenmiştir. Çalıma, iki sınıfta akıllı tahta ile beyaz tahta-projeksiyon sistemlerinin kullanımlarının dönüşümlü olarak uygulanması şeklinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Süreç ABAB modeli ile uygulanmış ve veriler nitel yöntem ve araçlar ile toplanmıştır. Çalışmada 16 kız ve 13 erkek olmak üzere toplam 29 öğrenciye uygulanan anketler ve derslerde tutulan günlükler ile elde edilen veriler kullanılmıştır. Günlük ve anketlerdeki sorular üç alanı ele almaktadır: (1) Faydalar, (2) Sınırlılıklar ve (3) Gelecek için tavsiyeler. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, akıllı tahtanın çoklu ortam kullanımı ve çekici yönü ile öğrenciler tarafından ilgi uyarıcı bulunduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca, akıllı tahtanın gelecekteki kullanımları için tavsiyelerde de bulunulmuştur. Bu çalışmanın ortaya koyduğu verilerle eğitimciler akıllı tahtanın sınıflarda kullanımı ile ilgili bilgi edinebilecekler ve gelecekteki kullanıcılar akıllı tahta ile ilgili faydalı ipuçları bulabileceklerdir.
Religion und Politik. Plädoyer für offenen Religionsunterricht
Authors: Zilleßen Dietrich 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
A religious-pedagogical openness is rooted in a non-fundamentalist understanding of religion and politics-that is, in a modest religion and in a properly political approach to politics. The departure from “totalism”-in terms of a Trinitarian image of God as well as a political ethos-corresponds to the differentiation of “the political” (as the principle of democratic exchange) from politics (as a strategy of societal engagement). Religion neither elevates nor instantiates secular action, because it remains fundamentally open and finds itself entangled in unbelief beyond the reach of absolutist belief. “Political politics” is thus grounded in a non-normative ethic, and ultimately in an ethic of self-alienation (Oliver Marchart) that takes into account human failings. In every (political) justification there remains a plausible, unavailable remainder. Theological discourse about a groundless justification corresponds to a politics of forgiveness (Hannah Arendt).
Bibel als Medium der Identitätsbildung
Authors: Gennerich Carsten 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In a first step the paper describes four motives of identity construction (purpose, self-worth, control, coherence). Applying these motives to the biblical story of the prodigal son the possible contribution of the bible to identity formation is illustrated. In a second step four basic processes of identity construction were defined (expectancies, argumentation, commitment, environmental influences). To each process theoretical assumptions and empirical finding related to the bible were reviewed and analyzed. Based on the described assumptions and finding the conclusion proposes practical ways to support a biblical identity development.
Religionslehrerausbildung an der Universität Göttingen – aufs Neue betrachtet
Authors: Schröder Bernd , Fuchs Monika E. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The authors describe recent changes within syllabuses for the formation of RE teachers at Goettingen University. Comparing the data given here with those given by a former report from 2007, readers will be able to reconstruct major changes in the course of study due to the so-called Bologna reform. Like seven years before, the article additionally offers some deepening insights into an opinion poll amongst students regarding their own academic years. Finally, some critical remarks regarding the impact of “Bologna” can be found.
Staatsexamen beim modularisierten Lehramt – konstruktive Hybridbildung oder Fremdkörper im System?
Authors: Kumlehn Martina , Schweitzer Friedrich 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This article examines the situation of the training of religion teachers in two German Länder (states) that have not introduced the BA-/MA-model (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Baden-Württemberg). While the traditional state exam at the end of the training still is in use there, the training has nevertheless been modularized. The authors describe the respective situation in the two Länder, offering preliminary evaluations based on their teaching experience and students’ views.