bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analyses of changes on skin by aging
Authors: Kazanci A. , Kurus M. , Atasever A. 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the histological changes occurring in rat skin with increasing age, starting from the intrauterine period.MethodsThirty‐two healthy female Sprague–Dawley rats were evaluated in four groups: group 1 – intrauterine day 19, group 2 – postpartum day 21, group 3 – postpartum day 60, and group 4 – postpartum month 19. Skin samples from the back, abdomen, head, and upper and lower limbs were obtained from each subject under anesthesia. Tissue specimens were evaluated statistically and morphologically for the thicknesses of the epidermis, dermis, and basement membrane; the number, height, and width of dermal papillae; and the mast cell and pilosebaceous counts per group. The changes in collagen/elastic fibers and glycosaminoglycans were also assessed.ResultsEpidermal thickness was the highest in the intrauterine group; it decreased in the postpartum period and increased again in the aged group. Basal membrane thickness increased steadily with age. The number, height, and width of dermal papillae and dermal thickness increased up to day 60 after birth although these decreased in the aged group. Mast cell count also reached the maximum in the intrauterine group and gradually decreased with age. Pilosebaceous units of the dermis were fewer in intrauterine specimens; they showed an increase during the postpartum period and a decrease in the aged group.ConclusionSkin specimens obtained from rats showed striking differences between the intrauterine and postpartum groups. Moreover, the postpartum group showed considerable intra‐group differences.
Dynamic Deformation of Clamped Circular Plates Subjected to Confined Blast Loading
Authors: Chen P. W. , Liu H. , Ding Y. S. , Guo B. Q. , Chen J. J. , Liu H. B. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn this paper, the dynamic deformation of thin metal circular plates subjected to confined blast loading was studied using high‐speed three‐dimensional Digital Image Correlation (3D DIC). A small‐scale confined cylinder vessel was designed for applying blast loading, in which an explosive charge was ignited to generate blast loading acting on a thin metal circular plate clamped on the end of the vessel by a cover flange. The images of the metal plates during the dynamic response were recorded by two high‐speed cameras. The 3D transient displacement fields, velocity fields, strain fields and residual deformation profiles were calculated by using 3D DIC. Some feature deformation parameters including maximum out‐of‐plane displacement, final deflection, maximum principal strain and residual principal strain were extracted, and the result was in good agreement with that simulated by AUTODYN. A dimensionless displacement was introduced to analyse the effects of plate thickness, material types and charge mass on the deflection of metal plates. DIC is also proven to be a powerful technique to measure dynamic deformation under blast loading.
Molecular phylogeny of the Byrrhoidea–Buprestoidea complex (Coleoptera, Elateriformia)
Authors: Kundrata Robin , Jäch Manfred A. , Bocak Ladislav 
Published: June 2016

The superfamilies of Elateriformia have been in a state of flux since their establishment. The recent classifications recognize Dascilloidea, Buprestoidea, Byrrhoidea and Elateroidea. The most problematic part of the elateriform phylogeny is the monophyly of Byrrhoidea and the relationships of its families. To investigate these issues, we merged more than 500 newly produced sequences of 18SrRNA, 28SrRNA,rrnLmtDNAandcox1mtDNAfor 140 elateriform taxa with data from GenBank. We assembled an all‐taxa (488 terminals) and a pruned data set, which included taxa with full fragment representation (251 terminals); both were aligned in various programs and analysed using maximum‐likelihood criterion and Bayesian inference. Most analyses recovered monophyletic superfamilies and broadly similar relationships; however, we obtained limited statistical support for the backbone of trees. Dascilloidea were sister to the remaining Elateriformia, and Elateroidea were sister to the clade of byrrhoid lineages including Buprestoidea. This clade mostly consisted of four major lineages, that is (i) Byrrhidae, (ii) Dryopidae + Lutrochidae, (iii) Buprestoidea (Schizopodidae sister to Buprestidae) and (iv) a clade formed by the remaining byrrhoid families. Buprestoidea and byrrhoid lineages, with the exception of Byrrhidae and Dryopidae + Lutrochidae, were usually merged into a single clade. Most byrrhoid families were recovered as monophyletic. Callirhipidae and Eulichadidae formed independent terminal lineages within the Byrrhoidea–Buprestoidea clade. Paraphyletic Limnichidae were found in a clade with Heteroceridae and often also with Chelonariidae. Psephenidae, represented by Eubriinae and Eubrianacinae, never formed a monophylum. Ptilodactylidae were monophyletic only whenParalichas(Cladotominae) was excluded. Elmidae regularly formed a clade with a bulk of Ptilodactylidae; however, elmid subfamilies (Elminae and Larainae) were not recovered. Despite the densest sampling of Byrrhoidea diversity up to date, the results are not statistically supported and resolved only a limited number of relationships. Furthermore, questions arose which should be considered in the future studies on byrrhoid phylogeny.
Opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy: a seven - to twelve-year study
Authors: Pipino Gennaro , Indelli Pier , Tigani Domenico , Maffei Giuseppe , Vaccarisi Davide 
Published: June 2016

Purpose: medial opening-wedge osteotomy is a widely performed procedure used to treat moderate isolated medial knee osteoarthritis. Historically, the literature has contained reports showing satisfactory midterm results when accurate patient selection and precise surgical techniques were applied. This study was conducted to investigate the clinical and radiographic seven- to twelve-year results of opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy in a consecutive series of patients affected by varus knee malalignment with isolated medial compartment degenerative joint disease.
Methods: we reviewed a case series of 147 medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomies at an average follow-up of 9.5 years. Endpoints for evaluation included the reporting of adverse effects, radiographic evidence of bone union, radiographic changes in the correction angle during union, and clinical and functional final outcomes.
Results: good or excellent results were obtained in 94% of the cases: the patients reported no major complications related to the opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy surgical technique, bone graft resorption, implant choice or postoperative rehabilitation protocol. At final follow-up, the average hip-knee angle was 4° of valgus without major loss of correction during the healing process. A statistically significant change in the patellar height was detected postoperatively, with a trend towards patella infera.
Conclusions: medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy is still a reliable method for correcting varus deformity while producing stable fixation, thus allowing satisfactory stability, adequate bone healing and satisfactory mid- to long-term results.
Level of evidence: Level IV, therapeutic cases series.
Platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of acute hamstring injuries in professional football players
Authors: Zanon Giacomo , Combi Franco , Combi Alberto , Perticarini Loris , Sammarchi Luigi , Benazzo Francesco 
Published: June 2016

Purpose: muscle injuries have a high incidence in professional football and are responsible for the largest number of days lost from competition. Several in vitro studies have confirmed the positive role of plateletrich plasma (PRP) in accelerating recovery and in promoting muscle regeneration, and not fibrosis, in the healing process. This study examines the results of intralesional administration of PRP in the treatment of primary hamstring injuries sustained by players belonging to a major league football club.
Methods: twenty-five hamstring injuries (grade 2 according to MRI classification) sustained by professional football players during a 31-months observation period were treated with PRP and analyzed. sport participation absence (SPA), in days, was considered to correspond to the healing time, and we also considered the re-injury rate, and tissue healing on MRI. The mean follow-up was 36.6 months (range 22-42).
Results: there were no adverse events. The mean SPA for the treated muscle injuries was 36.76±19.02 days. The re-injury rate was 12%. Tissue healing, evaluated on MRI, was characterized by the presence of excellent repair tissue and a small scar.
Conclusions: this study confirmed the safety of PRP in treating hamstring lesions in a large series of professional football players. PRP-treated lesions did not heal more quickly than untreated lesions described in the literature, but they showed a smaller scar and excellent repair tissue.
Level of evidence: Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Failed vascularized fibular graft in treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. A histopathological analysis
Authors: Meloni Maria , Hoedemaeker W. , Fornasier Victor 
Published: June 2016

Purpose: vascularized fibular grafting has been used to treat osteonecrosis of the femoral head in younger patients. Although the results described in the literature are promising, the failure rate is still significant, especially in steroid users. This study was undertaken to learn more, on a histopathological level, about the mechanism of vascularized fibular graft failure.
Methods: fifteen femoral heads removed at conversion to total hip arthroplasty were analyzed. The case load comprised 10 men and 5 women. They ranged in age from 28 to 39 years and had a median age of 35 years. The interval between the vascularized fibular implant procedure and the conversion to total hip arthroplasty ranged from 22 months to 30 months; the median interval was 26 months. All the patients were steroid users. The heads were sectioned and axial and coronal sections were taken and stained using the WHO method (hematoxylin, phloxine, saffron and Alcian green). A quantitative and qualitative analysis of graft-host interaction at the head (zone 1), neck (zone 2) and epiphysis (zone 3) was performed.
Results: all the specimens showed recognizable collapse of the articular surface over the area of necrosis. Thirteen femoral heads showed the presence of an osteochondral flap attached only at the margins of the area of avascular necrosis, and 10 of these 13 femoral heads also showed loss of the articulating surface with an ulcer crater corresponding to the exposed area of avascular necrosis.
Conclusions: vascularized fibular graft failure seems to be related to a negative effect of creeping substitution: the revascularization becomes a negative force as it supports unbalanced bone resorption, which, as is well known, is enhanced by corticosteroids.
Clinical relevance: creeping substitution is an undermining force in the repair and revascularization of the necrotic area in the femoral head.
An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems
Authors: Grassi Alberto , Quaglia Alberto , Canata Gian , Zaffagnini Stefano 
Published: June 2016

Muscle injuries are recognized to be among the most frequent injuries occurring in the sporting and athletic population, and they account for more than 30% of all injuries in professional soccer players. Despite their considerable frequency and impact, there is still a lack of uniformity in the categorization, description and grading of muscle injuries.Dozens of systems based on clinical signs, ultrasound imaging (US) appearance or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings have been proposed over the years. Most of them are three-grade systems that take into account pain, ROM limitation, swelling and hematoma, hypoechoic or hyperintense areas on US or MRI, and muscle gap or tendon involvement; however, they still lack evidence-based prognostic value. Recently, new comprehensive classification systems have been proposed, with the aim of developing uniform muscle injury terminology and giving each severity grade prognostic value.The systems that combine detailed MRI and US features with the clinical presentation, such as the Munich Muscle Injury Classification, the ISMuLT classification, and the British Athletic Classification, if used extensively, could improve the diagnosis, prognosis and management of muscle injuries.
Outcome evaluation after Achilles tendon ruptures. A review of the literature
Authors: Spennacchio Pietro , Vascellari Alberto , Cucchi Davide , Canata Gian , Randelli Pietro 
Published: June 2016

The optimal treatment and the best rehabilitation protocol after an acute Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) remain a matter of controversy in orthopaedic and sports medicine. The use of validated injury-specific outcome instruments is the only way to clarify these issues, in order to ensure that patients receive the best possible treatment.This article describes the most commonly reported outcome measures used to assess patients treated for ATR. On the basis of the available evidence, the Achilles tendon Total Rupture Score (ATRS) is the most appropriate outcome measure for evaluating the management of acute ATR.
A mathematical framework for virtual IMRT QA using machine learning
Authors: Valdes G. , Scheuermann R. , Hung C. Y. , Olszanski A. , Bellerive M. , Solberg T. D. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose:It is common practice to perform patient‐specific pretreatment verifications to the clinical delivery of IMRT. This process can be time‐consuming and not altogether instructive due to the myriad sources that may produce a failing result. The purpose of this study was to develop an algorithm capable of predicting IMRT QA passing rates a priori.Methods:From all treatment, 498 IMRT plans sites were planned in eclipse version 11 and delivered using a dynamic sliding window technique on Clinac iX or TrueBeam Linacs. 3%/3 mm local dose/distance‐to‐agreement (DTA) was recorded using a commercial 2D diode array. Each plan was characterized by 78 metrics that describe different aspects of their complexity that could lead to disagreements between the calculated and measured dose. A Poisson regression with Lasso regularization was trained to learn the relation between the plan characteristics and each passing rate.Results:Passing rates 3%/3 mm local dose/DTA can be predicted with an error smaller than 3% for all plans analyzed. The most important metrics to describe the passing rates were determined to be the MU factor (MU per Gy), small aperture score, irregularity factor, and fraction of the plan delivered at the corners of a 40 × 40 cm field. The higher the value of these metrics, the worse the passing rates.Conclusions:The Virtual QA process predicts IMRT passing rates with a high likelihood, allows the detection of failures due to setup errors, and it is sensitive enough to detect small differences between matched Linacs.
Persistent constipation and abdominal adverse events with newer treatments for constipation
Authors: Sonu Irene , Triadafilopoulos George , Gardner Jerry D 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundClinical trials of several new treatments for opioid-induced constipation (OIC), chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) and constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C) have focused on differences between subjects relieved of constipation with placebo and active treatment. Patients and clinicians however, are more interested in the probability these treatments provide actual relief of constipation and its associated symptoms.MethodsWe searched the medical literature using MEDLINE and Cochrane central register of controlled trials. Randomised, placebo-controlled trials that examined the use of methylnaltrexone, naloxegol, lubiprostone, prucalopride or linaclotide in adults with OIC, CIC and IBS-C were eligible for inclusion. The primary efficacy measure was relief of constipation. Adverse event data for abdominal symptoms were also analysed.Key results and findings25 publications were included in our analyses. The proportion of constipated individuals with active treatment was significantly lower than the proportion with placebo; however, in 15 of these 20 trials analysed, a majority of patients remained constipated with active treatment. Analyses of adverse event data revealed that the percentage of participants who experienced abdominal pain, diarrhoea and flatulence with active treatment was higher than that with placebo in the majority of trials analysed.ConclusionsNewer pharmacological treatments for constipation are superior to placebo in relieving constipation, but many patients receiving active treatment may remain constipated. In addition, all 5 of the treatments studied are accompanied by no change or a possible increase in the prevalence of abdominal symptoms, such as abdominal pain, diarrhoea and flatulence.
Nature of the X(5568) — A critical Laplace sum rule analysis at N2LO
Authors: Albuquerque R. , Narison S. , Rabemananjara A. , Rabetiarivony D. 
Published: June 2016

We scrutinize recent QCD spectral sum rules (QSSR) results to lowest order (LO) predicting the masses of the [Formula: see text] molecule and [Formula: see text] four-quark states. We improve these results by adding NLO and N2LO corrections to the PT contributions giving a more precise meaning on the [Formula: see text]-quark mass definition used in the analysis. We extract our optimal predictions using Laplace sum rule (LSR) within the standard stability criteria versus the changes of the external free parameters ([Formula: see text]-sum rule variable, [Formula: see text] continuum threshold and subtraction constant [Formula: see text]). The smallness of the higher order PT corrections justifies (a posteriori) the LO order results ⊕ the uses of the ambiguous heavy quark mass to that order. However, our predicted spectra in the range [Formula: see text] MeV, summarized in Table 7, for exotic hadrons built with four different flavors [Formula: see text], do not support some previous interpretations of the D0 candidate,1 [Formula: see text], as a pure molecule or a four-quark state. If experimentally confirmed, it could result from their mixing with an angle: [Formula: see text]. One can also scan the region [Formula: see text] MeV (where the [Formula: see text] might be a good candidate) and the one [Formula: see text] MeV for detecting these [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] unmixed exotic hadrons (if any) via, eventually, their radiative or [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]+[Formula: see text]hadrons decays.
Scale-free networks of the earth’s surface
Authors: Liu Gang , He Jing , Luo Kaitian , Gao Peichao , Ma Lei 
Published: June 2016

Studying the structure of real complex systems is of paramount importance in science and engineering. Despite our understanding of lots of real systems, we hardly cognize our unique living environment — the earth. The structural complexity of the earth’s surface is, however, still unknown in detail. Here, we define the modeling of graph topology for the earth’s surface, using the satellite images of the earth’s surface under different spatial resolutions derived from Google Earth. We find that the graph topologies of the earth’s surface are scale-free networks regardless of the spatial resolutions. For different spatial resolutions, the exponents of power-law distributions and the modularity are both quite different; however, the average clustering coefficient is approximately equal to a constant. We explore the morphology study of the earth’s surface, which enables a comprehensive understanding of the morphological feature of the earth’s surface.
Dynamics of entanglement among the environment oscillators of a many-body system
Authors: de Paula A. L. , Freitas Dagoberto S. 
Published: June 2016

In this work, we extend the discussion that began in Ref. 16 [A. L. de Paula, Jr., J. G. G. de Oliveira, Jr., J. G. P. de Faria, D. S. Freitas and M. C. Nemes, Phys. Rev. A 89 (2014) 022303] to deal with the dynamics of the concurrence of a many-body system. In that previous paper, the discussion was focused on the residual entanglement between the partitions of the system. The purpose of the present contribution is to shed some light on the dynamical properties of entanglement among the environment oscillators. We consider a system consisting of a harmonic oscillator linearly coupled to N others and solve the corresponding dynamical problem analytically. We divide the environment into two arbitrary partitions and the entanglement dynamics between any of these partitions is quantified and it shows that in the case when excitations in each partition are equal, the concurrence reaches the value 1 and the two partitions of the environment are maximally entangled. For long times, the excitations of the main oscillator are completely transferred to environment and the environment oscillators are found entangled.
On the Defensibility and Believability of Moral Error Theory
Authors: Olson Jonas 
Published: June 2016

This article is a response to critical articles by Daan Evers, Bart Streumer, and Teemu Toppinen on my book Moral Error Theory: History, Critique, Defence (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014). I will be concerned with four main topics. I shall first try to illuminate the claim that moral facts are queer, and its role in the argument for moral error theory. In section 2, I discuss the relative merits of moral error theory and moral contextualism. In section 3, I explain why I still find the queerness argument concerning supervenience an unpromising argument against non-naturalistic moral realism. In section 4, finally, I reconsider the question whether I, or anyone, can believe the error theory.
An Assessment of Multimodel Simulations for the Variability of Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclones and Its Association with ENSO
Authors: Han Rongqing , Wang Hui , Hu Zeng-Zhen , Kumar Arun , Li Weijing , Long Lindsey N. , Schemm Jae-Kyung E. , Peng Peitao , Wang Wanqiu , Si Dong , Jia Xiaolong , Zhao Ming , Vecchi Gabriel A. , LaRow Timothy E. , Lim Young-Kwon , Schubert Siegfried D. , Camargo Suzana J. , Henderson Naomi , Jonas Jeffrey A. , Walsh Kevin J. E. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAn assessment of simulations of the interannual variability of tropical cyclones (TCs) over the western North Pacific (WNP) and its association with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), as well as a subsequent diagnosis for possible causes of model biases generated from simulated large-scale climate conditions, are documented in the paper. The model experiments are carried out by the Hurricane Work Group under the U.S. Climate Variability and Predictability Research Program (CLIVAR) using five global climate models (GCMs) with a total of 16 ensemble members forced by the observed sea surface temperature and spanning the 28-yr period from 1982 to 2009. The results show GISS and GFDL model ensemble means best simulate the interannual variability of TCs, and the multimodel ensemble mean (MME) follows. Also, the MME has the closest climate mean annual number of WNP TCs and the smallest root-mean-square error to the observation.Most GCMs can simulate the interannual variability of WNP TCs well, with stronger TC activities during two types of El Niño—namely, eastern Pacific (EP) and central Pacific (CP) El Niño—and weaker activity during La Niña. However, none of the models capture the differences in TC activity between EP and CP El Niño as are shown in observations. The inability of models to distinguish the differences in TC activities between the two types of El Niño events may be due to the bias of the models in response to the shift of tropical heating associated with CP El Niño.