bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3D printing of generative art using the assembly and deformation of direction-specified parts
Authors: Kanada Yaususi 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
A methodology for designing and printing three-dimensional (3D) objects with specified printing-direction using fused deposition modeling (FDM), which was proposed by a previous paper, enables the expression of natural directions, such as hair, fabric or other directed textures, in modeled objects. This paper aims to enhance this methodology for creating various shapes of generative visual objects with several specialized attributes.

Design/methodology/approach
The proposed enhancement consists of two new methods and a new technique. The first is a method for “deformation”. It enables deforming simple 3D models to create varieties of shapes much more easily in generative design processes. The second is the spiral/helical printing method. The print direction (filament direction) of each part of a printed object is made consistent by this method, and it also enables seamless printing results and enables low-angle overhang. The third, i.e. the light-reflection control technique, controls the properties of filament while printing with transparent polylactic acid. It enables the printed objects to reflect light brilliantly.

Findings
The proposed methods and technique were implemented in a Python library and evaluated by printing various shapes, and it is confirmed that they work well, and objects with attractive attributes, such as the brilliance, can be created.

Research limitations/implications
The methods and technique proposed in this paper are not well-suited to industrial prototyping or manufacturing that require strength or intensity.

Practical implications
The techniques proposed in this paper are suited for generatively producing various a small number of products with artistic or visual properties.

Originality/value
This paper proposes a completely different methodology for 3D printing than the conventional computer-aided design (CAD)-based methodology and enables products that cannot be created by conventional methods.
State of the art automated chasing and repoussé through utilization of magnetic hammering
Authors: Riahi Mohammad , Sedighi Mohammad , Rahmanian Hassan 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
The paper aims to design a process to mechanize traditional chasing and repoussé which is the art of creating an artistic pattern on a sheet metal by making high and low points through utilization of hammer and chisel. In scientific literature, it is a kind of incremental sheet metal forming.

Design/methodology/approach
In the designed process, a magnetic actuator is used as a hammer which converts electric energy into kinetic reciprocal impact energy, and hammering sequence is completely controlled via the designed software. The sheet is bound not to move easily. Then, a hammering mechanism is connected to the numerical control machine. As the magnetic hammer is moved gradually along the defined path, the sheet is chased gradually by controlling the consecutive impacts. Different methods of test sheet entanglement are also discussed to reduce noise and undesired deformations of sheet, and indents are also clarified.

Findings
The designed mechanism enables the user to form desired art patterns faster with more precision via the automated process. The hammering sequence is controlled via computer successfully. The designed magnetic actuator could be commercialized easily. Experiments show that the pitch under sheet is the best. Typical art patterns are chased successfully.

Originality/value
In incremental sheet metal punching, there was no control on hammering sequence before. In this process, the designed magnetic hammer is quite controllable. Also, it is easily attached to the computerized numerical control (CNC) and is suitable for commercial use. Furthermore, the stuff under sheet was not taken into consideration before.
Study on the selective laser sintering of a low-isotacticity polypropylene powder
Authors: Zhu Wei , Yan Chunze , Shi Yunsong , Wen Shifeng , Han Changjun , Cai Chao , Liu Jie , Shi Yusheng 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
Semi-crystalline polymers such as polyamide-12 can be used for selective laser sintering (SLS) to make near-fully dense plastic parts. At present, however, the types of semi-crystalline polymers suitable for SLS are critically limited. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the processibility of a new kind of semi-crystalline polypropylene (PP) with low isotacticity for SLS process.

Design/methodology/approach
The SLS processibility of the PP powder, including particle size and shape, sintering window, degree of crystallinity and degradation temperature, was evaluated. Effects of the applied laser energy density on the surface micromorphology, density, tensile strength and thermal properties of SLS-built PP specimens were studied.

Findings
The results show that the PP powder has a nearly spherical shape, smooth surfaces, an appropriate average particle size of 63.6 μm, a broad sintering window of 21 oC and low crystalline degree of 30.4 per cent comparable to that of polyamide-12, a high degradation temperature of 381.8°C and low part bed temperature of 105°C, indicating a very good SLS processibility. The density and the tensile strength first increase with increasing laser energy density until they reach the maximum values of 0.831 g/cm3 and 19.9 MPa, respectively, at the laser energy density of 0.0458 J/mm2, and then decrease when the applied laser energy density continue to increase owing to the degradation of PP powders. The complex PP components have been manufactured by SLS using the optimum parameters, which are strong enough to be directly used as functional parts.

Originality/value
This paper provides a new knowledge for this field that low-isotacticity PPs exhibit good SLS processibility, therefore increasing material types and broadening the application of SLS technology.
Study of the complementary usages of selective laser sintering during the high volume production of plastic parts
Authors: Brajlih Tomaz , Paulic Matej , Irgolic Tomaz , Kadivnik Ziga , Balic Joze , Drstvensek Igor 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to present a comparison between selective laser sintering and injection moulding technology for the production of small batches of plastic products.

Design/methodology/approach
The comparison is based on analysing the time–cost efficiencies of each manufacturing process regarding the size of the series for the selected product sample. Both technologies are described and the times and costs of those individual processes needed to create a final product are assessed when using each of the manufacturing processes.

Findings
The study shows that the time-cost efficiency of the selected laser sintering technology increases according to the complexity of the product and decreases with increasing series size and product volume.

Research limitations/implications
The study and absolute values of the presented results are limited to a selected plastic product, but the series size-focused efficiency analysis could be expanded to general cases.

Originality/value
The presented analysis could be used as a general guideline for a decision-making process regarding the more efficient manufacturing method. In addition, the results show the viability of using selective laser sintering during the early stages of production when fast product availability is required, regardless of the series size. Also, some complementary effects of using both technologies in the serial production of the same part are discussed.
Investigation of forged-like microstructure produced by a hybrid manufacturing process
Authors: Francis Romy , Newkirk Joseph , Liou Frank 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to summarize the microstructure characterization of parts that were produced using a hybrid manufacturing process consisting of laser metal deposition (LMD) and friction stir processing (FSP). This research was conducted to investigate the evolution of the microstructure following FSP and LMD and to study the possibility of producing or repairing parts with a forged-like microstructure using this hybrid technique.

Design/methodology/approach
The microstructure of the nugget regions obtained in the substrate weld, stir over deposit and deposit over stir experiments was investigated.

Findings
Highly refined grain size in the order of 1-2 μm was observed where FSP was performed over laser-deposited Ti–6Al–4V. Large equiaxed grains were observed in the experiment where subsequent deposition was carried over the stir. A decreasing grain size was also observed in the dilution zone (DZ) inside the nugget from the stir surface to the bottom of the DZ.

Practical implications
A highly refined microstructure formed from FSP is able to increase the fatigue life by delaying the fatigue crack initiation. Peters et al. (1980) reported that reducing the grain size from 12-15 μm to 1-2 μm in an equiaxed Ti–6Al–4V alloy corresponded with about 25 per cent increase in fatigue strengths at 10,000,000 cycles.

Originality/value
This proposed technical approach is a novel and effective method to produce forged-like parts using a metal additive manufacturing process.
Template-guided visual try-in evaluation for nasal prosthesis modeling
Authors: Sun Jin 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to describe a visual try-in evaluation framework for the template-guided modelling of a nasal prosthesis.

Design/methodology/approach
For patients with nasal defects, there is no self-information that can be used for the fabrication of the nasal prosthesis. Based on model retrieval from a database, the template-guided model construction method can ensure successful building of the nasal prosthesis. The deviation measurement between the two mid-planes of pre-operative and visual post-operative patient’s face allowed a virtual try-in approach in the symmetry evaluation of the prosthetic rehabilitation. The test of fit between the prosthesis model and the surrounding tissue data also provided an evaluation of whether the nasal prosthesis fit the patient’s appearance well before operation.

Findings
A case study confirmed that this visual try-in evaluation framework has potential to design the desired nasal prosthesis for daily clinical practice.

Practical implications
This technique facilitates modelling of nasal prostheses while helping to predict the effect before the prosthesis is manufactured.

Originality/value
This visual try-in evaluation framework has great potential for use in clinical applications because of its advantages on the aesthetic evaluation of the prosthetic rehabilitation.
Labelling additively manufactured parts by microstructural gradation – advanced copy-proof design
Authors: Niendorf Thomas , Brenne Florian , Schaper Mirko , Riemer Andre , Leuders Stefan , Reimche Wilfried , Schwarze Dieter , Maier Hans J. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
As additive manufacturing techniques, such as selective laser melting, allow for straightforward production of parts on basis of simple computer-aided design files only, unauthorized replication can be facilitated. Thus, identification and tracking of individual parts are increasingly vital in light of globalized competition. This paper aims to overcome the susceptibility of additive manufacturing techniques for product piracy by establishing a method for introducing and reading out product identification markers not visible by naked-eye inspection.

Design/methodology/approach
Lasers of different nominal power were used for altering the solidification mechanisms during processing in distinct areas of the samples. The resulting local microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties, respectively, were determined by scanning electron microscopy and hardness measurements. The applicability of an advanced eddy current technique for reading out local differences in electro-magnetic properties was examined.

Findings
The findings show that distinct microstructural features are obtained in dependence of the locally applied laser power. These features manifest themselves not only in terms of grain morphology, texture and hardness but also induce changes in the local electro-magnetic properties. The inscribed pattern can be non-destructively visualized by using an advanced eddy current technique.

Originality/value
Conventional copy protection basically consists in supplementary labelling or surface modification. In the present study, a new method is proposed for additively manufactured parts, overcoming the drawbacks of the former methods through process-induced microstructure manipulation. Slight alterations in the electro-magnetic material properties can be detected by advanced eddy current method allowing for identification of arbitrary and inimitable component information in additively manufactured parts.
The dominant detritus‐feeding invertebrate in Arctic peat soils derives its essential amino acids from gut symbionts
Authors: Larsen Thomas , Ventura Marc , Maraldo Kristine , Triadó‐Margarit Xavier , Casamayor Emilio O. , Wang Yiming V. , Andersen Nils , O'Brien Diane M. 
Published: June 2016

SummarySupplementation of nutrients by symbionts enables consumers to thrive on resources that might otherwise be insufficient to meet nutritional demands. Such nutritional subsidies by intracellular symbionts have been well studied; however, supplementation of de novo synthesized nutrients to hosts by extracellular gut symbionts is poorly documented, especially for generalists with relatively undifferentiated intestinal tracts.Although gut symbionts facilitate degradation of resources that would otherwise remain inaccessible to the host, such digestive actions alone cannot make up for dietary insufficiencies of macronutrients such as essential amino acids (EAA). Documenting whether gut symbionts also function as partners for symbioticEAAsupplementation is important because the question of how some detritivores are able to subsist on nutritionally insufficient diets has remained unresolved.To answer this poorly understood nutritional aspect of symbiont–host interactions, we studied the enchytraeid worm, a bulk soil feeder that thrives in Arctic peatlands. In a combined field and laboratory study, we employed stable isotope fingerprinting of amino acids to identify the biosynthetic origins of amino acids to bacteria, fungi and plants in enchytraeids.Enchytraeids collected from Arctic peatlands derived more than 80% of theirEAAfrom bacteria. In a controlled feeding study with the enchytraeidEnchytraeus crypticus,EAAderived almost exclusively from gut bacteria when the worms fed on higher fibre diets, whereas most of the enchytraeids’EAAderived from dietary sources when fed on lower fibre diets. Our gene sequencing results of gut microbiota showed that the worms harbour several taxa in their gut lumen absent from their diets and substrates. Almost all gut taxa are candidates forEAAsupplementation because almost all belong to clades capable of biosynthesizingEAA.Our study provides the first evidence of extensive symbiotic supplementation ofEAAby microbial gut symbionts and demonstrates that symbiotic bacteria in the gut lumen appear to function as partners both for symbioticEAAsupplementation and for digestion of insoluble plant fibres.
Influence of the sunflower oil content, cooking temperature and cooking time on the physical and sensory properties of spreadable cheese analogues based on UF white‐brined cheese
Authors: Shabani Jahanbakhsh , Sarfarazi Messiah , Mirzaei Habibollah , Jafari Seid Mahdi 
Published: June 2016

In this study, a cheese analogue was produced based on UF white‐brined cheese by replacing the dairy fat with sunflower oil and cooking at different temperatures and times. Hardness, adhesiveness, meltability and oiling‐off were used to evaluate the suitability of the final product. Partial replacement of dairy cream with sunflower oil led to an increase in the adhesiveness, oiling‐off and spreadability while decreasing the hardness of the cheese. Optimum operating conditions were found to be 85 °C for the cooking temperature, 14.12 min for the cooking time and 27.14% w/w for the sunflower oil content.
Viability of encapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA‐5) in UF cheese and its survival under in vitro simulated gastrointestinal conditions
Authors: Nejati Roghayeh , Gheisari Hamid Reza , Hosseinzadeh Saeid , Behbod Mehdi 
Published: June 2016

In this study, the survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA‐5) was monitored during storage for 60 days at (4 ± 1) °C and also under an in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) model. A significant increase in the number of LA‐5 was found subsequent to 30 days of storage but numbers were reduced following 60 days. While the survival of micro‐encapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA‐5) was enhanced during the storage and in vitro gastrointestinal simulation, the addition of inulin did not improve the viability of this micro‐organism. During the storage time, survival of L. acidophilus (LA‐5) remained up to 6 log (cfu/g) in the UF white cheese.
Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling in HIV‐infected pregnant women: a multicentre case series
Authors: Floridia M , Masuelli G , Meloni A , Cetin I , Tamburrini E , Cavaliere AF , Dalzero S , Sansone M , Alberico S , Guerra B , Spinillo A , Chiadò Fiorio Tin M , Ravizza M ,   on behalf of The Italian Group on Surveillance on Antiretroviral Treatment in Pregnancy
Published: June 2016

ObjectivesTo assess in pregnant women with HIV the rates of amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS), and the outcomes associated with such procedures.DesignObservational study. Data from the Italian National Program on Surveillance on Antiretroviral Treatment in Pregnancy were used.SettingUniversity and hospital clinics.PopulationPregnant women with HIV.MethodsTemporal trends were analysed by analysis of variance and by the Chi‐square test for trend. Quantitative variables were compared by Student's t‐test and categorical data by the Chi‐square test, with odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals calculated.Main outcome measuresRate of invasive testing, intrauterine death, HIV transmission.ResultsBetween 2001 and 2015, among 2065 pregnancies in women with HIV, 113 (5.5%) had invasive tests performed. The procedures were conducted under antiretroviral treatment in 99 cases (87.6%), with a significant increase over time in the proportion of tests performed under highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (100% in 2011–2015). Three intrauterine deaths were observed (2.6%), and 14 pregnancies were terminated because of fetal anomalies. Among 96 live newborns, eight had no information available on HIV status. Among the remaining 88 cases with either amniocentesis (n = 75), CVS (n = 12), or both (n = 1), two HIV transmissions occurred (2.3%). No HIV transmission occurred among the women who were on HAART at the time of invasive testing, and none after 2005.ConclusionsThe findings reinforce the assumption that invasive prenatal testing does not increase the risk of HIV vertical transmission among pregnant women under suppressive antiretroviral treatment.Tweetable abstractNo HIV transmission occurred among women who underwent amniocentesis or CVS under effective anti‐HIV regimens.
A Reappraisal of Developing Permanent Tooth Length as an Estimate of Age in Human Immature Skeletal Remains
Authors: Cardoso Hugo F.V. , Spake Laure , Liversidge Helen M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis study expands on existing juvenile age prediction models from tooth length by increasing sample size and using classical calibration. A sample of 178 individuals from two European known sex and age skeletal samples was used to calculate prediction formulae for each tooth for each sex separately and combined. Prediction errors, residuals, and percentage of individuals whose real age fell within the 95% prediction interval were calculated. An ANCOVA was used to test sex and sample differences. Tooth length for age does not differ between the samples except for the canine and second premolar, and no statistically significant sex differences were detected. The least prediction error was found in the incisors and the first molar, and the highest prediction error was found in the third molar. Age prediction formulae provided here can be easily used in a variety of contexts where tooth length is measured from any isolated tooth.
Skeletal Indicators of Stress: A Component of the Biocultural Profile of Undocumented Migrants in Southern Arizona,
Authors: Beatrice Jared S. , Soler Angela 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe ability of forensic anthropologists in the United States to distinguish the remains of foreign nationals from those of American citizens may be crucial to the identification process. This study adds new criteria for identifying Hispanic foreign nationals in southern Arizona to those previously outlined by Birkby et al. (J Forensic Sci 53, 2008, 29) in the “cultural profile.” Skeletal indicators of nonspecific stress were evaluated in undocumented border crossers (UBCs) at the Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner and in documented American samples. Odds ratios show significant associations betweenUBCstatus and the presence of porotic hyperostosis and enamel hypoplasias, which are, respectively, 7.9 and 3 times more prevalent amongUBCs. These findings are consistent with disparities in access to adequate nutrition and health care during childhood. In conjunction with context and other biocultural factors, the presence of these conditions should prompt practitioners to consider that unidentified remains may represent foreign nationals.
Stepping strategy used to recover balance during an induced fall is associated with impaired function and strength in people with knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Levinger Pazit , Downie Calum , Nagano Hanatsu , Petersen Aaron , Hayes Alan , Sanders Kerrie M. , Cicuttini Flavia , Begg Rezaul 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimWe investigated differences in function, strength and pain in those with knee osteoarthritis (OA) who responded with a single step compared to multiple steps during balance recovery during an induced forward fall.MethodThe stepping response of 24 participants with knee OA (50% female, age 68.6 ± 6.2 years) as they recovered balance from an induced forward fall was recorded. Participants were grouped based on their stepping response as single‐stepper and multi‐stepper. Comparison was made between the groups for functional and strength tests and self‐reported pain, function, quality of life, fear of falls and physical activity.ResultsFourteen of the participants (58%) responded with a multiple step response. Multiple steppers demonstrated greater time for the up and go (P = 0.01), the stair climb tests (P = 0.05), as well as reduced distance during the 2 min walk test (P = 0.001) and reduced isokinetic knee extension strength (P = 0.02).ConclusionThose who demonstrated multiple step response had impaired function, reduced strength and were less physically active. Given the high prevalence of falls in people with knee OA, further studies are required to better understand the ability of people with knee OA to respond and avoid falls.