bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2 and Its Relationship With Other Typical Soccer Field Tests in Female Collegiate Soccer Players
Authors: Lockie Robert G. , Jalilvand Farzad , Moreno Matthew R. , Orjalo Ashley J. , Risso Fabrice G. , Nimphius Sophia 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Lockie, RG, Jalilvand, F, Moreno, MR, Orjalo, AJ, Risso, FG, and Nimphius, S. Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 2 and its relationship with other typical soccer field tests in female collegiate soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 31(10): 2667–2677, 2017—The ability to complete high-intensity running is essential for soccer. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2 (YYIRT2) can measure this capacity, but there is limited information regarding this assessment in collegiate female soccer players. This study investigated the YYIRT2 as a measure of high-intensity running in this population, and its relationship to other soccer field tests. Twenty-one players from a Division I team were recruited. In addition to the YYIRT2, subjects completed linear (0–5, 0–10, and 0–30 m sprint intervals) and change-of-direction (pro-agility and 60-yard shuttle) speed tests, as well as the YYIRT Level 1 (YYIRT1), to assess relationships with YYIRT2 by correlations (p ≤ 0.05). The correlation of YYIRT1 with the speed tests was also assessed. The YYIRT1 and YYIRT2 were standardized using z-scores for comparison with elite benchmarks to investigate relative performance on each test. The YYIRT2 and YYIRT1 distances did not significantly correlate with those of the speed tests (r = −0.251 to 0.274). There was a large relationship between YYIRT2 and YYIRT1 distances (r = 0.582), although the explained variance was low (33.87%). Mean YYIRT2 z-scores (−4.29 ± 1.66) indicated a performance further from elite benchmarks than those of the YYIRT1 (−1.92 ± 1.61), and 90.5% (19 of 21) subjects performed relatively better in the YYIRT1 than YYIRT2. The YYIRT2 provided a more specific measure of high-intensity running to that of the YYIRT1 in collegiate female soccer players. Coaches may consider using the YYIRT2 to gauge and track progress of high-intensity running capabilities and create training programs to improve this ability in female players.
Fat-Free Mass Index in NCAA Division I and II Collegiate American Football Players
Authors: Trexler Eric T. , Smith-Ryan Abbie E. , Blue Malia N.M. , Schumacher Richard M. , Mayhew Jerry L. , Mann J. Bryan , Ivey Pat A. , Hirsch Katie R. , Mock Meredith G. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Trexler, ET, Smith-Ryan, AE, Blue, MNM, Schumacher, RM, Mayhew, JL, Mann, JB, Ivey, PA, Hirsch, KR, and Mock, MG. Fat-free mass index in NCAA Division I and II collegiate American football players. J Strength Cond Res 31(10): 2719–2727, 2017—Fat-free mass index (FFMI) is a height-adjusted assessment of fat-free mass (FFM), with previous research suggesting a natural upper limit of 25 kg·m−2 in resistance trained male athletes. The current study evaluated upper limits for FFMI in collegiate American football players (n = 235) and evaluated differences between positions, divisions, and age groups. The sample consisted of 2 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I teams (n = 78, n = 69) and 1 Division II team (n = 88). Body composition was assessed via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and used to calculate FFMI; linear regression was used to normalize values to a height of 180 cm. Sixty-two participants (26.4%) had height-adjusted FFMI values above 25 kg·m−2 (mean = 23.7 ± 2.1 kg·m−2; 97.5th percentile = 28.1 kg·m−2). Differences were observed among position groups (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.25), with highest values observed in offensive linemen (OL) and defensive linemen (DL) and lowest values observed in offensive and defensive backs. Fat-free mass index was higher in Division I teams than Division II team (24.3 ± 1.8 kg·m−2 vs. 23.4 ± 1.8 kg·m−2; p < 0.001; d = 0.49). Fat-free mass index did not differ between age groups. Upper limit estimations for FFMI seem to vary by position; although the 97.5th percentile (28.1 kg·m−2) may represent a more suitable upper limit for the college football population as a whole, this value was exceeded by 6 linemen (3 OL and 3 DL), with a maximal observed value of 31.7 kg·m−2. Football practitioners may use FFMI to evaluate an individual's capacity for additional FFM accretion, suitability for a specific position, potential for switching positions, and overall recruiting assessment.
Whole-Body Vibration Improves Early Rate of Torque Development in Individuals With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Pamukoff Derek N. , Pietrosimone Brian , Ryan Eric D. , Lee Dustin R. , Brown Lee E. , Blackburn J. Troy 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Pamukoff, DN, Pietrosimone, B, Ryan, ED, Lee, DR, Brown, LE, and Blackburn, JT. Whole body vibration improves early rate of torque development in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Strength Cond Res 31(11): 2992–3000, 2017—The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of whole-body vibration (WBV) and local muscle vibration (LMV) on early and late quadriceps rate of torque development (RTD), and electromechanical delay (EMD) in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Twenty individuals with ACLR were recruited for this study. Participants performed isometric squats while being exposed to WBV, LMV, or no vibration (control) in a randomized order during separate visits. Early and late quadriceps RTD and EMD were assessed during a maximal voluntary isometric knee extension before and immediately after WBV, LMV, or control. There was a significant condition by time interaction for early RTD (p = 0.045) but not for late RTD (p = 0.11) or EMD of the vastus medialis (p = 0.15), vastus lateralis (p = 0.17), or rectus femoris (p = 0.39). Post hoc analyses indicated a significant increase in early RTD after WBV (+5.59 N·m·s−1·kg−1; 95% confidence interval, 1.47–12.72; p = 0.007). No differences were observed in the LMV or control conditions, and no difference was observed between conditions at posttest. The ability to rapidly produce knee extension torque is essential to physical function, and WBV may be appropriate to aid in the restoration of RTD after ACLR.
Quantifying the Effect of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing on Exercise Performance
Authors: Peart Daniel J. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Peart, DJ. Quantifying the effect of carbohydrate mouth rinsing on exercise performance. J Strength Cond Res 31(6): 1737–1743, 2017—The purpose of this study was to review the existing literature investigating carbohydrate mouth rinsing as an ergogenic aid using the effect sizes (ES) and percentage change in performance of the respective studies as outcome measures. A trivial-small average overall ES was present for the 25 studies included in the review (0.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.10–0.27). Effect sizes for the subgroups were ≥25 minutes (0.25, 95% CI = 0.14–0.36), ≤180 seconds (0.06, 95% CI = −0.03 to 0.15), resistance exercise (−0.09, 95% CI = −0.20 to 0.03) but the ES is still small. A subanalysis of ∼1-h cycling time trial performance resulted in an overall ES of 0.20 (95% CI = 0.02–0.38), and ES for performance time and power output of 0.31 (95% CI = −0.02 to 0.64) and 0.19 (95% CI = −0.09 to 0.46), respectively. Although ES were small, the average percentage change in performance in ∼1-hour trials was 2.48%, which may have implications for elite performers as this is greater than the 1.30% smallest worthwhile change recommended in the past research.
Mosaic Organization of Body Pattern Control in the Optic Lobe of Squids
Authors: Liu Tsung-Han , Chiao Chuan-Chin 
Published: December 2016

Cephalopods in nature undergo highly dynamic skin coloration changes that allow rapid camouflage and intraspecies communication. The optic lobe is thought to play a key role in controlling the expansion of the chromatophores that generate these diverse body patterns. However, the functional organization of the optic lobe and neural control of the various body patterns by the optic lobe are largely unknown. We applied electrical stimulation within the optic lobe to investigate the neural basis of body patterning in the oval squid,Sepioteuthis lessoniana. Most areas in the optic lobe mediated predominately ipsilateral expansion of chromatophores present on the mantle, but not on the head and arms; furthermore, the expanded areas after electrical stimulation were positively correlated with an increase in stimulating voltage and stimulation depth. These results suggest a unilaterally dominant and vertically converged organization of the optic lobe. Furthermore, analyzing 14 of the elicited body pattern components and their corresponding stimulation sites revealed that the same components can be elicited by stimulating different parts of the optic lobe and that various subsets of these components can be coactivated by stimulating the same area. These findings suggest that many body pattern components may have multiple motor units in the optic lobe and that these are organized in a mosaic manner. The multiplicity associated with the nature of the neural controls of these components in the cephalopod brain thus reflects the versatility of the individual components during the generation of diverse body patterns.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNeural control of the dynamic body patterning of cephalopods for camouflage and intraspecies communication is a fascinating research topic. Previous studies have shown that the optic lobe is the motor command center for dynamic body patterning. However, little is known about its neural organization and the mechanisms underlying its control of body pattern generation. By electrically stimulating the optic lobe of the oval squids and observing their body pattern changes, surprisingly, we found that there is no somatotopic organization of motor units. Instead, many of these components have multiple motor units within the optic lobe and are organized in a mosaic manner. The present work reveals a novel neural control of dynamic body patterning for communication in cephalopods.
Sustitutos de maíz utilizados en la alimentación animal en Costa Rica
Authors: Campos-Granados Carlos Mario , Arce-Vega Javier 
Published: December 2016

El amplio uso del maíz en la formulación de dietas para animales es razonable, considerando que, proporciona la más alta tasa de conversión a carne, leche y huevos comparado con otros granos que se usan con el mismo propósito. La composición y el aporte de nutrientes del grano de maíz destinado a la alimentación animal lo hace una materia prima de alto valor energético (el mayor entre los cereales), gracias a su alto contenido en almidón y grasa. El maíz representa una buena fuente de ácido linoleico (1,8% del total de extracto etéreo), ácido graso esencial en el metabolismo animal, especialmente en el aviar. Posee bajos niveles de fibra, la cual se encuentra concentrada en el salvado e incluye principalmente celulosa y pentosanas; su grado de lignificación es bajo y como consecuencia la digestibilidad de la fibra es superior a la de otros cereales, especialmente en monogástricos. Debido a su alto valor nutritivo, su utilización en la formulación de dietas para animales es muy extendida y popular alrededor del mundo. Sin embargo, el aumento en el precio de los granos y la menor disponibilidad para consumo animal (competencia para consumo humano o para producción de biocombustibles) en los últimos 10-15 años, ha producido que se intensifique la búsqueda de alternativas alimenticias para la disminución en el uso del maíz, entre ellas: subproductos del trigo, pulpa de cítricos, semolina de arroz, harina de coquito de palma africana, cascarilla de soya, melaza de caña de azúcar, subproductos agroindustriales y hasta la caña de azúcar como tal. Los aportes nutricionales del posible sustituto del maíz utilizado en la alimentación de animales en producción, dependerá principalmente de la especie, fisiología y etapa productiva de cada animal. El uso de estos sustitutos debe ser acorde a la región geográfica y poder adquisitivo del productor, pues si no se hace la escogencia adecuada puede encarecer la producción y disminuir la rentabilidad de la explotación.
The conceptual and empirical relationship between gambling, investing, and speculation
Authors: Arthur Jennifer N. , Williams Robert J. , Delfabbro Paul H. 
Published: December 2016

Background and aims
To review the conceptual and empirical relationship between gambling, investing, and speculation.

Methods
An analysis of the attributes differentiating these constructs as well as identification of all articles speaking to their empirical relationship.

Results
Gambling differs from investment on many different attributes and should be seen as conceptually distinct. On the other hand, speculation is conceptually intermediate between gambling and investment, with a few of its attributes being investment-like, some of its attributes being gambling-like, and several of its attributes being neither clearly gambling or investment-like. Empirically, gamblers, investors, and speculators have similar cognitive, motivational, and personality attributes, with this relationship being particularly strong for gambling and speculation. Population levels of gambling activity also tend to be correlated with population level of financial speculation. At an individual level, speculation has a particularly strong empirical relationship to gambling, as speculators appear to be heavily involved in traditional forms of gambling and problematic speculation is strongly correlated with problematic gambling.

Discussion and conclusions
Investment is distinct from gambling, but speculation and gambling have conceptual overlap and a strong empirical relationship. It is recommended that financial speculation be routinely included when assessing gambling involvement, and there needs to be greater recognition and study of financial speculation as both a contributor to problem gambling as well as an additional form of behavioral addiction in its own right.
Genital herpes and HIV status: a clinical study
Authors: Dhumale Shashikant Balkrishna , Sharma Shimpa R. , Bohara Raghvendra A. 
Published: December 2016

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Genital herpes (GH) is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) increases risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Some risk factors like age, sex, previous genital ulcerative disease (GUD), number of sex partners and clinical presentations like number and size of erosions, number of episodes, inter-episode duration, healing period with acyclovir &amp; co-STDs are studied with reference to HIV status<span lang="EN-IN">.</span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This is a longitudinal, observational study comparing 25 patients each in HIV positive and negative groups of GH between 15-60 years of age in both genders. Chi square test (or Fisher’s exact test) for nominal data and ‘t’ test for continuous data was used in case of association. Mann Whitney U test was used for comparison of mean ranks and median.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Adolescents were 18%. HIV positivity was significantly associated with age group above 45 years, multiple sex partners, average number of episodes &amp; the duration between them and number of erosions (p &lt;0.05). Healing period with acyclovir in HIV positive patients was significantly longer than in HIV negative patients. Secondary syphilis a co-STD had significant association with HIV positivity. Though previous GUD alone was not associated with HIV positivity significantly; however GUD in patients with multiple sexual partners showed significant association with HIV<span lang="EN-IN">. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> High proportion of adolescents amongst GH patients is notable. Adolescents &amp; older patients above 45 years should not be neglected in STD &amp; HIV awareness. Risk factors must be interviewed with patients. Clinical parameters &amp; risk factors, differs with HIV status<span lang="EN-IN">.</span></p><p> </p>
Preliminary assessment of knowledge management in education. Study of knowledge creation
Authors: Contreras-Medina David Israel , Mendoza-García Patricia Del Carmen , Carmona-García Nelida , Uribe-Plaza María Guadalupe 
Published: December 2016

The purpose of this study was to analyze, the development of the society through an educational Institution in Mexico considering Nonaka’s Knowledge Creation in ontological dimension on developing ideas phase to get an explicit knowledge. Become to tacit knowledge through applying in the context and return to explicitly measure their impact. The research was conducted from 2012 to 2014 considering 1106 young people from 10 cities within the state of Guanajuato. The results showed, the Knowledge Creation has allowed an increment of 51.40% students, inclusion and the creation of three new programs concluding the usefulness of Knowledge Management in Institutions of Mexico. The study shows a model to help another institutions to increase their competitivity.
From the Editor
Authors: Rahimi Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ali 
Published: December 2016

Message from Editor Dear Readers,It is a great honor for us to publish the sixth issue of Global Journal of Foreign Language Teaching (GJFLT).Please follow the link below:http://sproc.org/ojs/index.php/GJFLTGlobal Journal of Foreign Language Teaching welcomes original empirical investigations and comprehensive literature review articles focusing on foreign language teaching and topics related to linguistics. GJFLT is an international journal published quarterly and it is a platform for presenting and discussing the emerging developments in foreign language teaching in an international arena.The scope of the journal includes, but is not limited to; the following major topics: Cultural studies, Curriculum Development and Syllabus Design, Discourse Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), General Linguistics, Globalization Studies and world English’s, Independent/Autonomous Learning, Information and Computer Technology in TEFL, Innovation in language, Teaching and learning, Intercultural Education, Language acquisition and learning, Language curriculum development, Language education, Language program evaluation, Language Testing and Assessment, Literacy and language learning, Literature, Mobile Language Learning, Pragmatics, Second Language, Second Language Acquisition, Second Language Acquisition Theory, Digital Literacy Skills, Second Language Learners, Second Language Learning, Second language Pedagogy, Second Language Proficiency, Second Language Speech, Second Language Teaching, Second Language Training, Second Language Tutor, Second language Vocabulary Learning, Teaching English as a Foreign/ Second Language, Teaching Language Skills, Translation Studies, Applied linguistics, Cognitive linguistics.Linguistic clichés, teaching English as a foreign language, corpus-based language teaching, TESOL, language acquisition and elementary literacy teaching topics have been included in this issue. The topics of the next issue will be different. You can make sure that we will be trying to serve you with our journal with a rich knowledge through which different kinds of topics are discussed in 2016 Volume.We present many thanks to all the contributors who helped us to publish this issue. Best regards,Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ali Rahimi,Editor – in Chief, Bangkok University
Analyzing the Effects of Leverage and Hedging on the Equity Valuation of Oil and Gas Producers in the Current Commodity-Price Cycle
Authors: Devashish Manoj K. 
Published: December 2016

Summary
Although a severe drop in commodity prices was expected to adversely affect a financially leveraged producer, the variability of this effect across the universe of exploration and production (E&P) companies during the current downturn, which began in Autumn 2014, surprised industry participants. What factors caused the effect to be magnified for certain companies and muted for others? In examining 71 public E&P companies, we found a moderate correlation between a company's financial leverage and the loss of its equity value. Our study confirms that leveraged producers are exposed to the risk of debt-induced value loss in a downturn. Two other factors were studied for their influence on equity performance: the economics of a company's resource portfolio and the extent of its commodity-price hedging.
To examine the effect of resource economics, we analyzed the finding-and-development (F&D) cost of producers and noticed statistically significant differences by hydrocarbon-producing regions. When controlled for the regional effect, the correlation between a company's financial leverage and the loss of its equity value substantially improved. The offsetting effect of a superior resource economics on the debt-induced value loss was evident. For example, the producers operating in the Permian Basin outperformed their similarly leveraged peers operating in the Williston Basin, a less-profitable region.
A subset of financially leveraged companies significantly outperformed their similarly leveraged peers. These outperformers, termed here as “Leaders,” showcase a strong alignment between their financing and hedging activities. We observed evidence of the use of a continuous-hedging program through the price cycle by the Leaders. They responded soon to changes in their hedge positions, such as hedge roll-offs, rather than hedging when it is advantageous to do so. A key benefit of such a continuous-hedging program is the dollar-cost averaging of hedged prices, which appears to be an implicit goal of the Leaders.
We contend that a leveraged producer must coordinate its hedging and financing policies to maintain an alignment between the hedged volume and the debt load. Endogeneity arises in the relationship between debt and hedges, with each influencing the other. An alignment can be achieved through the implementation of a continuous-hedging program factoring in annual production, operating cashflows, financial leverage, and hedged volumes. This paper takes the hedging debate for a leveraged producer beyond the realm of “to hedge or not to hedge” and addresses the question of “how much to hedge.”
Soil Air Permeability Modeling and Its Use for Predicting Unsaturated Soil Hydraulic Conductivity
Authors: Rahmati Mehdi , Neyshaboury Mohammad Reza 
Published: December 2016

Core Ideas
Ka(θ) was modeled by considering a similar phenomenon between water and air flows in soil medium.
Kw(θ) and Ka(θ) were theoretically linked by considering a similar intrinsic permeabilities for both water and air.
The proposed models were tested with laboratory‐measured data showing reasonable accuracy.
Since the direct measurement of soil hydraulic conductivity [Kw(θ)] is time consuming and difficult, several methods have been suggested for its prediction. However, their application still requires some kind of direct or experimental measurement, even after calibration. Considering much easier measurement of the air permeability [Ka(θ)] and the water and air flows in the soil medium, several attempts have been made to link Kw(θ) and Ka(θ), most of which have used Ka(θ) to predict the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks). The current research was aimed to model the air permeability and evaluate its application for Kw(θ) prediction. In this regard, laboratory measurements were conducted for Kw(θ) and Ka(θ) at different soil moisture contents (θ). Then, we introduced a semitheoretical model and evaluated it using measured data. Results showed that the proposed model can predict Kw(θ), with an average evaluation error of 3.69% and average R2 of 0.88. Regarding the fast and nondestructive measurement of Ka(θ) compared with Kw(θ), the proposed model seems to be more practical to characterize unsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity and can improve the accuracy and efficiency of Kw(θ) estimation.