bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Four ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter Genes in Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Their Expression in Response to Insecticide Treatment
Authors: Yu Hai-Zhong , Xu Jia-Ping , Wang Xue-Yang , Ma Yan , Yu Dong , Fei Dong-Qiong , Zhang Shang-Zhi , Wang Wan-Ling 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters belong to a superfamily of genes involved in the transport of specific molecules across lipid membranes, as well as insecticide resistance, present in all living organisms. In this study, we combined the Cnaphalocrocis medinals transcriptome database with a bioinformatics approach to identify four C. medinals ABCs (CmABCs), including CmABCG1, CmABCG4, CmABCC2 and CmABCC3. Tissue expression analysis showed that these genes had a tissue-specific expression pattern. CmABCG1 had significantly higher expression in the haemolymph and head compared to the other tissues. The expression of CmABCG4, CmABCC2 and CmABCC3 was highest in the midgut, followed by expression in the fat body. The developmental stage expression analysis showed that CmABCG1, CmABCG4, CmABCC2 and CmABCC3 were mainly expressed in adults. The transcription of CmABCG1, CmABCG4 and CmABCC2 was significantly induced by chlorpyrifos. Taken together, the results of our study provided useful information for understanding of the detoxification system of C. medinalis.
The Advancing Role of Neuromodulation for the Management of Chronic Treatment-Refractory Pain
Authors: Shamji Mohammed F. , De Vos Cecile , Sharan Ashwini 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a common cause of disability and health care utilization. While judicious pharmacotherapy and management of comorbid psychological distress can provide for improved quality of life, some patients with treatment-refractory disease require more invasive therapies. Spinal cord stimulation can provide for improvement in pain and decrease in medication utilization, with level 1 evidence supporting its use across various pain etiologies including persistent postoperative neuropathic pain, complex regional pain syndrome, chronic inoperable limb ischemia, treatment refractory angina, and painful diabetic neuropathy. These procedures can be done with acceptably low morbidity and provide a cost-effective solution for those patients in whom medical therapies have failed. Technological innovation in lead design, implantable pulse generator capability, and stimulation algorithms and parameters may further enhance the success of this therapy. Neuromodulation of distal targets such as dorsal root ganglion may permit greater anatomic specificity of the therapy, whereas subthreshold stimulation with high-frequency or burst energy delivery may eliminate noxious and off-target paresthesiae. Such new technologies should be subject to rigorous evaluation as their mechanisms of action and long-term outcomes remain hitherto undefined.
Recent and Emerging Advances in Spinal Deformity
Authors: Smith Justin S. , Shaffrey Christopher I. , Bess Shay , Shamji Mohammed F. , Brodke Darrel , Lenke Lawrence G. , Fehlings Michael G. , Lafage Virginie , Schwab Frank , Vaccaro Alexander R. , Ames Christopher P. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Over the last several decades, significant advances have occurred in the assessment and management of spinal deformity.

OBJECTIVE: The primary focus of this narrative review is on recent advances in adult thoracic, thoracolumbar, and lumbar deformities, with additional discussions of advances in cervical deformity and pediatric deformity.

METHODS: A review of recent literature was conducted.

RESULTS: Advances in adult thoracic, thoracolumbar, and lumbar deformities reviewed include the growing applications of stereoradiography, development of new radiographic measures and improved understanding of radiographic alignment objectives, increasingly sophisticated tools for radiographic analysis, strategies to reduce the occurrence of common complications, and advances in minimally invasive techniques. In addition, discussion is provided on the rapidly advancing applications of predictive analytics and outcomes assessments that are intended to improve the ability to predict risk and outcomes. Advances in the rapidly evolving field of cervical deformity focus on better understanding of how cervical alignment is impacted by thoracolumbar regional alignment and global alignment and how this can affect surgical planning. Discussion is also provided on initial progress toward development of a comprehensive cervical deformity classification system. Pediatric deformity assessment has been substantially improved with low radiation-based 3-D imaging, and promising clinical outcomes data are beginning to emerge on the use of growth-friendly implants.

CONCLUSION: It is ultimately through the reviewed and other recent and ongoing advances that care for patients with spinal deformity will continue to evolve, enabling better informed treatment decisions, more meaningful patient counseling, reduced complications, and achievement of desired clinical outcomes.
Spine Oncology – Primary Spine Tumors
Authors: Dea Nicolas , Gokaslan Ziya , Choi David , Fisher Charles 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Primary tumors originating from the spine are very complex and challenging entities to treat. Due to their rarity, a multicenter collaborative network is essential to shepherd the best research and contribute to the dissemination of the best evidence possible. Over the last few years, several advances have occurred in many different fields. Surgery is still the cornerstone of treatment in most cases. The occasional suboptimal outcomes and high morbidity of surgical treatment have however encouraged professionals caring for these patients to explore safer treatment options and alternatives or adjuncts to surgical treatment. A number of novel treatment strategies have emerged from the medical, interventional radiology, radiation oncology, and molecular worlds. This has truly positioned primary spine tumors at the forefront of multidisciplinary care. This article discusses these recent advances in detail to equip the oncologic spine surgeon and their team to better counsel and treat these patients. Most of these advances allow for a more tailored, efficient, and, most importantly, less morbid management of primary spine tumors. Some of these advances are still under investigation, however, and evidence-based oncological principles should still be strongly encouraged.
Navigation and Robotics in Spinal Surgery: Where Are We Now?
Authors: Overley Samuel C. , Cho Samuel K. , Mehta Ankit I. , Arnold Paul M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Spine surgery has experienced much technological innovation over the past several decades. The field has seen advancements in operative techniques, implants and biologics, and equipment such as computer-assisted navigation and surgical robotics. With the arrival of real-time image guidance and navigation capabilities along with the computing ability to process and reconstruct these data into an interactive three-dimensional spinal “map”, so too have the applications of surgical robotic technology. While spinal robotics and navigation represent promising potential for improving modern spinal surgery, it remains paramount to demonstrate its superiority as compared to traditional techniques prior to assimilation of its use amongst surgeons.
The applications for intraoperative navigation and image-guided robotics have expanded to surgical resection of spinal column and intradural tumors, revision procedures on arthrodesed spines, and deformity cases with distorted anatomy. Additionally, these platforms may mitigate much of the harmful radiation exposure in minimally invasive surgery to which the patient, surgeon, and ancillary operating room staff are subjected.
Spine surgery relies upon meticulous fine motor skills to manipulate neural elements and a steady hand while doing so, often exploiting small working corridors utilizing exposures that minimize collateral damage. Additionally, the procedures may be long and arduous, predisposing the surgeon to both mental and physical fatigue. In light of these characteristics, spine surgery may actually be an ideal candidate for the integration of navigation and robotic-assisted procedures.
With this paper, we aim to critically evaluate the current literature and explore the options available for intraoperative navigation and robotic-assisted spine surgery.
Intervertebral Disk Degeneration and Repair
Authors: Dowdell James , Erwin Mark , Choma Theodoe , Vaccaro Alexander , Iatridis James , Cho Samuel K 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Intervertebral disk (IVD) degeneration is a natural progression of the aging process. Degenerative disk disease (DDD) is a pathologic condition associated with IVD that has been associated with chronic back pain. There are a variety of different mechanisms of DDD (genetic, mechanical, exposure). Each of these pathways leads to a final common result of unbalancing the anabolic and catabolic environment of the extracellular matrix in favor of catabolism. Attempts have been made to gain an understanding of the process of IVD degeneration with in Vitro studies. These models help our understanding of the disease process, but are limited as they do not come close to replicating the complexities that exist with an in Vivo model. Animal models have been developed to help us gain further understanding of the degenerative cascade of IVD degeneration In Vivo and test experimental treatment modalities to either prevent or reverse the process of DDD. Many modalities for treatment of DDD have been developed including therapeutic protein injections, stem cell injections, gene therapy, and tissue engineering. These interventions have had promising outcomes in animal models. Several of these modalities have been attempted in human trials, with early outcomes having promising results. Further, increasing our understanding of the degenerative process is essential to the development of new therapeutic interventions and the optimization of existing treatment protocols. Despite limited data, biological therapies are a promising treatment modality for DDD that could impact our future management of low back pain.
Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury—Repair and Regeneration
Authors: Ahuja Christopher S. , Nori Satoshi , Tetreault Lindsay , Wilson Jefferson , Kwon Brian , Harrop James , Choi David , Fehlings Michael G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Traumatic spinal cord injuries (SCI) have devastating consequences for the physical, financial, and psychosocial well-being of patients and their caregivers. Expediently delivering interventions during the early postinjury period can have a tremendous impact on long-term functional recovery.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: This is largely due to the unique pathophysiology of SCI where the initial traumatic insult (primary injury) is followed by a progressive secondary injury cascade characterized by ischemia, proapoptotic signaling, and peripheral inflammatory cell infiltration. Over the subsequent hours, release of proinflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic debris (DNA, ATP, reactive oxygen species) cyclically adds to the harsh postinjury microenvironment. As the lesions mature into the chronic phase, regeneration is severely impeded by the development of an astroglial-fibrous scar surrounding coalesced cystic cavities. Addressing these challenges forms the basis of current and upcoming treatments for SCI.

MANAGEMENT: This paper discusses the evidence-based management of a patient with SCI while emphasizing the importance of early definitive care. Key neuroprotective therapies are summarized including surgical decompression, methylprednisolone, and blood pressure augmentation. We then review exciting neuroprotective interventions on the cusp of translation such as Riluzole, Minocycline, magnesium, therapeutic hypothermia, and CSF drainage. We also explore the most promising neuroregenerative strategies in trial today including Cethrin™, anti-NOGO antibody, cell-based approaches, and bioengineered biomaterials. Each section provides a working knowledge of the key preclinical and patient trials relevant to clinicians while highlighting the pathophysiologic rationale for the therapies.

CONCLUSION: We conclude with our perspectives on the future of treatment and research in this rapidly evolving field.
Future Advances in Spine Surgery: The AOSpine North America Perspective
Authors: Fehlings Michael G. , Ahuja Christopher S. , Mroz Thomas , Hsu Wellington , Harrop James 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This focus issue highlights state-of-the-art techniques, equipment, and practices in the modern era of spine surgery while providing a glimpse into the next generation of patient care. A broad range of topics are presented to cover the full spectrum of the field. Degenerative diseases are discussed in a series of 3 articles on (1) pathophysiology, management, and surgical approaches to degenerative cervical myelopathy; (2) novel approaches to degenerative thoracolumbar disease (eg, interspinous process spacers, minimally invasive/endoscopic approaches); and (3) animal models and emerging therapeutics in degenerative disk disease. Also included is a unique study aiming to establish the critically important cost–benefit relationship for spine procedures with perspectives on how value is defined and how to address variability.
Primary and metastatic spine oncology are reviewed with a focus on upcoming targeted biologics, subspecialized radiotherapy (eg, proton-beam, carbon-ion, stereotactic radiosurgery), genetic profiling to stratify risk, and morbidity-reducing surgical approaches (eg, minimally invasive/endoscopic resections, percutaneous instrumentation). Trauma is discussed in 2 high-quality papers on controversies in spinal trauma and neuroprotective/neuroregenerative interventions for traumatic spinal cord injury. A stimulating article on cervical, thoracolumbar, and pediatric deformity highlights the rapid evolution of deformity surgery with a look at innovative tools (eg, high-fidelity 3-dimensional reconstructions, magnetically controlled growing rods) and their impact on quality of life. Additionally, a must-read article on surgical site infections discusses key risk factors and evidence-based preventative techniques to remain aware of. Finally, cutting-edge technologies, including computer-assisted navigation, shared-control robotics, neuromodulation, novel osteobiologics, and biomaterials, are covered in detail in a series of 3 fascinating papers on the next generation of the field.
Each section intends to highlight the salient literature and afford insights from multiple key thought leaders in an effort to minimize bias and provide varied perspectives. Overall, we hope this issue provides high-quality, evidence-based data relevant to trainees and practicing surgeons while also stimulating excitement about the future of spine surgery.
Quality of Life following Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Single and Multiple Brain Metastases
Authors: Miller Jacob A. , Kotecha Rupesh , Barnett Gene H. , Suh John H. , Angelov Lilyana , Murphy Erin S. , Vogelbaum Michael A. , Mohammadi Alireza , Chao Samuel T. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Given the neurological morbidity and poor prognosis associated with brain metastases, it is critical to deliver appropriate therapy while remaining mindful of patient quality of life (QOL). For many patients, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) effectively controls intracranial disease, but QOL outcomes have not been characterized.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of number of brain metastases upon QOL preservation following SRS.

METHODS: The EuroQol 5 Dimensions questionnaire (EQ-5D) and Patient Health Questionnaire 9 instruments were prospectively collected from a cohort of patients undergoing SRS for brain metastasis between 2008 and 2015. These instruments served as measures of overall QOL and depression. QOL deterioration exceeding the minimum clinically important difference was considered failure. Freedom from 12-month EQ-5D index failure was the primary outcome.

RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-two SRS treatments (67 patients, 421 lesions) were eligible for inclusion. Intracranial failure (local or distant) occurred following 61% of treatments. Among 421 lesions, 8% progressed locally. Median follow-up was 12 months.
All subscores of the EQ-5D instrument expectantly worsened at last follow-up; however, the magnitude of this difference (0.079) did not exceed the EQ-5D index minimum clinically important difference (mean 0.752 vs 0.673, P < .01). Twelve-month EQ-5D index QOL preservation was 79%. Patients with more than 3 brain metastases had a greater rate of EQ-5D index deterioration (hazard ratio 4.14, P < .01) than those with a single metastasis.

CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with brain metastasis, QOL preservation must remain paramount as multimodality therapy continues to improve. In the present investigation, 12-month QOL preservation was 79%. However, patients with more than 3 brain metastases were at significantly greater risk for QOL decline.
Mu-ming Poo: China Brain Project and the future of Chinese neuroscience
Authors: Wang Ling 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Among several major frontier science and technology projects soon to be initiated by the Chinese government, China Brain Project (on ‘Brain Science and Brain-like Intelligence Technology’ (CBP)) has attracted much attention. Mu-ming Poo, Director of the Institute of Neuroscience (ION) and Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), is currently also the Executive Associate Editor of NSR. He has played a key role in the strategic discussion and planning for CBP. In a recent interview with NSR, Poo discussed his view on the goals and contents of CBP, as well as recent developments and future prospects of neuroscience in general. Throughout his research career that spanned over four decades, Poo has made seminal contributions to several areas in neuroscience. He reminisced during the interview on his own career path, as well as his experience and thoughts on building the research infrastructure for Chinese neuroscience.
Characteristics and Mortality of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Patients With Cushing’s Syndrome: A Plea for Timely Initiation of Chemoprophylaxis
Authors: van Halem Karlijn , Vrolijk Lucia , Pereira Alberto Martin , de Boer Markus Gerardus Johannes 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In patients with Cushing’s syndrome, development of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is associated with extreme cortisol production levels. In this setting, immune reconstitution after abrogation of cortisol excess appears to induce development of symptomatic PCP. The high mortality rate warrants timely initiation of chemoprophylaxis or even preemptive treatment of PCP.
Prescribing of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Pre-exposure Prophylaxis by HIV Medical Providers in the United States, 2013–2014
Authors: Weiser John , Garg Shikha , Beer Linda , Skarbinski Jacek 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

Background
Clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for reducing HIV acquisition. Understanding how HIV care providers are prescribing PrEP is necessary to ensure success of this prevention strategy.

Methods
During 2013–2014, we surveyed US HIV care providers who also provided care to HIV-negative patients. We estimated percentages who had prescribed PrEP and assessed associations between provider characteristics and PrEP prescribing.

Results
An estimated 26% (95% confidence interval [CI], 20–31) had ever prescribed PrEP. Of these, 74% (95% CI, 61–87) prescribed for men who have sex with men (MSM), 30% (95% CI, 21–39) for women who have sex with men, 23% (95% CI, 9–37) for men who have sex with women, 23% (95% CI, 15–30) for uninfected partners in HIV-discordant couples trying to conceive, and 1% (95% CI, 0–2) for persons who inject drugs. The following provider characteristics were significantly associated with having prescribed PrEP: male vs female (32% vs 16%; adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR], 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0–2.2), lesbian/gay/bisexual vs heterosexual orientation (50% vs 21%; aPR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3–2.9), and HIV caseload (&gt;200, 51–200, and ≤50 patients, 39%, 29%, and 14%, respectively; &gt;200 vs ≤50 patients, aPR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1–5.2, and 51–200 vs ≤50 patients, aPR 2.2, 95% CI 1.2–4.0).

Conclusions
In 2013–2014, one quarter of HIV care providers reported having prescribed PrEP, most commonly for MSM and rarely for persons who inject drugs. Lesbian/gay/bisexual providers and male providers were more likely than others to have prescribed PrEP. Additional efforts may enable more providers to prescribe PrEP to underserved clients needing the service.
White Blood Cell Counts, Alcoholism, and Cirrhosis in Pneumococcal Pneumonia
Authors: Gardner Julianna G. , Bhamidipati Divya R. , Rueda Adriana M. , Nguyen Duc T. M. , Graviss Edward A. , Musher Daniel M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

Background
An elevated white blood cell (WBC) count is a characteristic finding in pneumococcal pneumonia. Very low WBC counts, occurring in some cases, are often associated with overwhelming pneumonia and have been attributed to alcohol-induced suppression of bone marrow. However, a systematic study of neutropenia, leukocytosis, alcohol ingestion, and cirrhosis in pneumococcal pneumonia has not been previously reported.

Methods
Using a database of patients with pneumococcal pneumonia at our medical center, we extracted data on WBC counts at admission, differential counts, alcohol ingestion, and cirrhosis, and we related these to 7-day and 30-day mortality.

Results
White blood cell counts were &lt;6000/mm3 in 49 of 481 patients (10.2%) with pneumococcal pneumonia and &gt;25000/mm3 in 40 (8.3%). Mortality at 7 days was 18.4% and 12.5%, respectively, 5-fold and 3-fold greater in patients with WBC &lt;6000 or &gt;25000 than in those with WBC counts between 6000 and 25000 (P &lt; .001). Increased band forms were not associated with a worse outcome (P = .12). Alcohol use and cirrhosis were not associated with WBC counts &lt;6000 (P = .63 and P = .41, respectively).

Conclusions
In a large series of cases of pneumococcal pneumonia, WBC counts &lt;6000 or &gt;25000 correlated significantly with increased 7-day mortality. More than 10% band forms was not associated with a poor outcome. Alcohol abuse was not associated with low WBC or increased mortality. Our findings suggest that greater consideration be given to more intense care for patients with bacterial pneumonia who have very high or very low WBC counts at the time of hospital admission.