bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metal‐Free, Oxidant‐Free, and Controllable Graphene Oxide Catalyzed Direct Iodination of Arenes and Ketones
Authors: Zhang Jingyu , Li Shiguang , Deng Guo‐Jun , Gong Hang 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA direct, metal‐free, and oxidant‐free method for the graphene oxide (GO)‐catalyzed iodination of arenes and ketones with iodine in a neutral medium was explored. This iodination protocol was performed by using a simple technique to avoid the use of external metal catalysts and oxidants and harsh acidic/basic reaction conditions. In addition, by this method the degree of iodination could be controlled, and the reaction was scalable and compatible with air. This strategy opens a new field for GO‐catalyzed chemistry and provides an avenue for the convenient direct iodination of arenes and ketones.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Cyclodextrin‐Doped Cu‐SiO2 Catalysts for Efficient Hydrogenation of Dimethyl Oxalate to Ethylene Glycol
Authors: Ye Run‐Ping , Lin Ling , Liu Chang‐Qing , Chen Chong‐Chong , Yao Yuan‐Gen 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) was successfully applied to synthesize Cu‐SiO2 catalysts by the sol‐gel method. The first and most important question addressed was increasing the copper loading with higher dispersion in the silica support. Another task was to elucidate the structure–performance relationship. Furthermore, catalysts with various β‐CD doping levels were systematically characterized and employed in the hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate (DMO) to ethylene glycol (EG). The 0.1CD‐Cu‐SiO2 catalyst with 17.39 wt % copper showed 99.9 % DMO conversion and the highest EG selectivity of 95.0 % at 210 °C, as well a lifetime of over 240 h. The reaction results disclosed that the catalytic performance could be tuned facilely by changing the amount of β‐CD doping, which effectively influenced the Cu metallic surface area and dispersion.
Enhanced Carbon Dioxide Oxidative Dehydrogenation of 1‐Butene by Iron‐Doped Ordered Mesoporous Alumina
Authors: Yan Bing , Gao Yue , Wang Bolong , Fan Xingting , Alam Fakhre , Li Jian , Jiang Tao 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIron‐doped ordered mesoporous alumina (meso‐FeAl) was synthesized through a “one‐pot” method and used in the synthesis of 1,3‐butadiene (BD) through the oxidative dehydrogenation of 1‐butene by using CO2 as a soft oxidant. X‐ray diffraction, N2 adsorption, and transmission electron microscopy results confirmed the ordered mesoporous structure of the meso‐FeAl catalyst with a high specific surface area and a large pore volume. The results also revealed that iron species were highly dispersed inside the alumina matrix. Relative to the Fe2O3‐impregnated meso‐Al2O3 catalyst and the conventional Fe2O3/γ‐Al2O3 catalyst, meso‐FeAl showed excellent catalytic activity, good stability, and high selectivity for the synthesis of BD. The structural properties as well as the form of the iron species existing in the meso‐FeAl matrix positively contributed to the performance of the catalyst.
Prediction of pitting corrosion status of EN 1.4404 stainless steel by using a 2‐stage procedure based on support vector machines
Authors: Jiménez‐Come María Jesús , Turias Domínguez Ignacio José , Matres Victora 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe excellent properties of EN 1.4404 have made this material one of the most popular types of austenitic stainless steel used for many applications. However, in aggressive environments, this alloy may suffer corrosion. Electrochemical analyses have been extensively used in order to evaluate pitting corrosion behaviour of stainless steel. These techniques may be followed by microscopic analysis in order to determine the resistance of the passive layer. This step requires the human interpretation, and therefore, subjectivity may be included in the results. This work aims to solve this drawback by the development of an automatic model with the capability to predict pitting corrosion status of this material. A combined model based on support vector machines (SVMs) is presented in this work. With the aim to improve the prediction performance, the model considers the breakdown potential values estimated by itself at a first stage. The performance is evaluated based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The area under the curve (AUC) and accuracy results (0.998 and 0.952, respectively) demonstrate the utility of the proposed model as an efficient and accurate tool to predict pitting behaviour of EN 1.4404 automatically.
Optimization of Rate Capability and Cyclability Performance in Li3VO4 Anode Material through Ca Doping
Authors: Zhou Jiafeng , Zhao Bangchuan , Song Jiyue , Chen Bozhou , Ma Xiaohang , Dai Jianming , Zhu Xuebin , Sun Yuping 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA series of Ca‐doped lithium vanadates Li3−xCaxVO4 (x=0, 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05) are synthesized successfully through a simple sol‐gel method. XRD patterns and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) mappings reveal that the doped Ca2+ ions enter into the lattice successfully and are distributed uniformly throughout the Li3VO4 (LVO) grains. XRD spectra and SEM images show that Ca doping can lead to an enlarged lattice and refined Li3VO4 particles. A small quantity of V ions will transfer from V5+ to V4+ in the Ca‐doped samples, as demonstrated by the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, which leads to an increase of an order of magnitude in the electronic conductivity. Improved rate capability and cycling stability are observed for the Ca‐doped samples, and Li2.97Ca0.03VO4 exhibits the best electrochemical performance among the studied materials. The initial charge/discharge capacities at 0.1 C increase from 480/645 to 527/702 mA h g−1 as x varies from 0 to 0.03. The charge capacity of Li2.97Ca0.03VO4 at 1 C retains 95.3 % of its initial value after 180 cycles, whereas the capacity retention is only 40 % for the pristine sample. Moreover, Li2.97Ca0.03VO4 maintains a high discharge capacity of 301.7 mA h g−1 at a high discharge rate (4 C), whereas the corresponding value is only 95.2 mA h g−1 for the pristine LVO sample. The enhanced cycling and rate performances are ascribed to the increased lithium ion diffusivity and electrical conductivity induced by Ca doping.
Reactive Distillation in a Dividing‐Wall Column: Model Development, Simulation, and Error Analysis
Authors: von Harbou Erik , Ryll Oliver , Schrabback Marc , Bortz Michael , Hasse Hans 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA process model of a reactive dividing wall column process is developed and tested by comparing simulation results to data from pilot‐plant experiments. In general, the experimental data and the model prediction agree well in a simple comparison. By means of a sensitivity and error analysis both the influence of the choice of the model and the influence of uncertainties of the input parameters on the simulation results are studied. It is shown that the insight gained by such an enhanced analysis by far exceeds that from a simple comparison, and that such a simple comparison can easily lead to erroneous conclusions.
Energy and activity monitoring over wireless sensor networks
Authors: Blanchard Frédéric , Fouchal Hacène , Herbin Michel 
Published: August 2017

SummaryWireless sensor networks are one the most challenging fields in computer science and networking in particular with the exposition of Internet of things. The energy management is a crucial issue on wireless sensor network since it has a real influence on then network lifetime. Since such networks are used for many sensitive applications, they need to guarantee some quality of service requirements as continuous connectivity or continuous monitoring or balanced energy consumption over all the network nodes. In this paper, we suggest an algorithm which monitors the energy consumption of all nodes (in relation with their main activity: communication). We present an activity model of the network and evaluate how the remaining energy behaves. Our main objective is to predict (after a learning step) the energy consumption of all the nodes. Then, various techniques could be used to find a cure to such troubles (wake up sleeping neighbor nodes, increasing radio ranges of some neighbor nodes, etc). Simulations have shown interesting results, and large‐scale evaluation has to be undertaken to confirm the early results. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The identification and analytical characterization of 2,2′‐difluorofentanyl
Authors: Liu Cuimei , Li Tao , Han Yu , Hua Zhendong , Jia Wei , Qian Zhenhua 
Published: August 2017

AbstractNew psychoactive substances (NPS) have expanded their distribution and become widely available in the global market in recent years. The illicit use of fentanyl and its analogs has become an important worldwide concern linked to their high potency and risk of fatal overdose. This study describes the analytical characterization of a new fentanyl derivative N‐(1‐(2‐fluorophenethyl)‐4‐piperidinyl)‐N‐(2‐fluorophenyl)propionamide (2,2′‐difluorofentanyl). Identification was based on ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight–mass spectrometry (UHPLC–QTOF–MS), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report on analytical data for this compound. The most abundant fragment ion in the electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrum under collision‐induced dissociation (CID) mode was formed by the cleavage between the piperidine ring and the N‐phenyl‐amide moiety of the protonated molecule. Two diagnostic ions in the electron ionization (EI) mass spectrum were formed by the loss of a tropylium ion (M‐91), and by the degradation of the piperidine ring and dissociate of the COC2H5 moiety altogether, respectively.
Effects of a large wildfire on vegetation structure in a variable fire mosaic
Authors: Foster C. N. , Barton P. S. , Robinson N. M. , MacGregor C. I. , Lindenmayer D. B. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractManagement guidelines for many fire‐prone ecosystems highlight the importance of maintaining a variable mosaic of fire histories for biodiversity conservation. Managers are encouraged to aim for fire mosaics that are temporally and spatially dynamic, include all successional states of vegetation, and also include variation in the underlying “invisible mosaic” of past fire frequencies, severities, and fire return intervals. However, establishing and maintaining variable mosaics in contemporary landscapes is subject to many challenges, one of which is deciding how the fire mosaic should be managed following the occurrence of large, unplanned wildfires. A key consideration for this decision is the extent to which the effects of previous fire history on vegetation and habitats persist after major wildfires, but this topic has rarely been investigated empirically. In this study, we tested to what extent a large wildfire interacted with previous fire history to affect the structure of forest, woodland, and heath vegetation in Booderee National Park in southeastern Australia. In 2003, a summer wildfire burned 49.5% of the park, increasing the extent of recently burned vegetation (<10 yr post‐fire) to more than 72% of the park area. We tracked the recovery of vegetation structure for nine years following the wildfire and found that the strength and persistence of fire effects differed substantially between vegetation types. Vegetation structure was modified by wildfire in forest, woodland, and heath vegetation, but among‐site variability in vegetation structure was reduced only by severe fire in woodland vegetation. There also were persistent legacy effects of the previous fire regime on some attributes of vegetation structure including forest ground and understorey cover, and woodland midstorey and overstorey cover. For example, woodland midstorey cover was greater on sites with higher fire frequency, irrespective of the severity of the 2003 wildfire. Our results show that even after a large, severe wildfire, underlying fire histories can contribute substantially to variation in vegetation structure. This highlights the importance of ensuring that efforts to reinstate variation in vegetation fire age after large wildfires do not inadvertently reduce variation in vegetation structure generated by the underlying invisible mosaic.
Tropical tree species traits drive soil cation dynamics via effects on pH: a proposed conceptual framework
Authors: Russell Ann E. , Hall Steven J. , Raich James W. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractHumid tropical forests are major players in the global carbon cycle, despite evidence that cations (rock‐derived, positively charged ions) can limit or co‐limit net primary productivity (NPP). In mature forests, tight cation cycling, i.e., without leaching losses, could maintain cation stocks on site. That mechanism does not explain how regenerating tropical secondary forest trees start from seeds and accrue large cation stocks in biomass, when growing on soils depleted in available cations. We propose a new mechanism that links tree species’ traits to soil cation availability via impacts on soil pH, a master biogeochemical driver. We tested plot‐level effects of tree species on soil pH, soil extractable cations, and cation accrual in biomass in a unique, 25‐yr‐old, randomized‐complete‐block experiment in which climate, soil, and previous land‐use history were similar across four native tree species grown in mono‐dominant plantations in Costa Rica. Surface‐soil pH in this Oxisol, initially 4.52 ± 0.02 (mean ± SE (standard error)), declined to 4.14 ± 0.02 under Pentaclethra macroloba, a nodulated legume, and increased to 4.71 ± 0.08 under Vochysia guatemalensis, an aluminum (Al) accumulator. The range in pH corresponds to a five‐fold difference in proton concentrations, which is sufficient to alter dispersion of organo‐mineral colloids. Cation stocks in biomass differed across species by 1.7‐, 1.9‐, 2.8‐, 2.9‐, 3.1‐, 3.5‐, and 17.2‐fold for iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), manganese (Mn), strontium (Sr), magnesium (Mg), and Al, respectively. Differential acquisition of available soil cations was an unlikely explanation for measured differences among species because changes in extractable soil cation stocks were unrelated to cation accrual in biomass. Soil pH and biomass cation stocks were highly correlated, however. By our proposed conceptual framework, species traits that strongly increase proton concentrations and decrease pH in soil, e.g., support of N fixation, increase colloid aggregation, reducing cation availability. Traits that reduce soil protons and increase pH, e.g., Al+3 accumulation, disperse colloids, thereby releasing cations occluded during pedogenesis. This highlights a novel biogeochemical role for the Al‐accumulation trait, i.e., liberation of occluded soil cations. Further studies would clarify effects of soil pH on cation supply via colloid dispersion, and its importance for nutrient acquisition in cation‐depleted soils.
Women's attraction to benevolent sexism: Needing relationship security predicts greater attraction to men who endorse benevolent sexism
Authors: Cross Emily J. , Overall Nickola C. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBenevolent sexism prescribes that men should cherish and protect women in intimate relationships. Despite the romantic tone of these attitudes, prior research indicates that benevolent sexism undermines women's competence, ambition, and independence. Ambivalent sexism theory proposes that benevolent sexism is able to incur these costs because the promise of a chivalrous and protective partner offers women security in their intimate relationships. We tested this key proposition by examining whether women who intensely need relationship security—women higher in attachment anxiety—are more attracted to men who endorse benevolent sexism. Highly anxious women (N = 632) rated men described as endorsing benevolent sexism as relatively more attractive, and reported greater preferences for partners to hold benevolently sexist attitudes. These results advance understanding regarding the underlying reasons women find benevolent sexism appealing and identify who will be most vulnerable to the potential costs of benevolent sexism.
Making Levulinic Acid and Ethyl Levulinate Economically Viable: A Worldwide Technoeconomic and Environmental Assessment of Possible Routes
Authors: Leal Silva Jean Felipe , Grekin Rebecca , Mariano Adriano Pinto , Maciel Filho Rubens 
Published: August 2017

AbstractEthyl levulinate is a diesel additive that has received special attention recently due to its potential for production in large quantities from inexpensive feedstocks. Several processes have been developed for the conversion of biomass into levulinic acid and ethyl levulinate, and an economic analysis of these routes would indicate the main hindering factors of their commercialization. This Review focuses on filling this gap in current knowledge by gathering data from scientific papers and patents to create a simulation to analyze processes by focusing on the production of ethyl levulinate in nine countries or regions across the globe. The key indicator to analyze the economic feasibility of ethyl levulinate production is a comparison of its minimum selling price to the local wholesale price of diesel on an energy basis. Processes simulated in Brazil, China, and India presented promising results with feedstocks such as sugarcane bagasse and rice residues. Also, the integration of ethyl levulinate production into existing ethanol plants is a factor that may improve process economics. Overall, this Review specifies key factors in economic and environmental performances of the processes to indicate research topics that could achieve high impact on industrial‐scale processes once matured.
Biotic drivers of river and floodplain geomorphology – New molecular methods for assessing present‐day and past biota
Authors: Larsen Annegret , Alvarez Nadir , Sperisen Christoph , Lane Stuart N. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractGeomorphology has increasingly considered the role of biotic factors as controls upon geomorphic processes across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Where timescales are long (centennial and longer), it has been possible to quantify relationships between geomorphic processes and vegetation using, for example, the pollen record. However, where the biotic agents are fauna, longer term reconstruction of the impacts of biological activity upon geomorphic processes is more challenging. Here, we review the prospect of using environmental DNA as a molecular proxy to decipher the presence and nature of faunal influences on geomorphic processes in both present and ancient deposits. When used appropriately, this method has the potential to improve our understanding of biotic drivers of geomorphic processes, notably fauna, over long timescales and so to reconstruct how such drivers might explain the landscape as we see it today. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The genomic basis of cichlid fish adaptation within the deepwater “twilight zone” of Lake Malawi
Authors: Hahn Christoph , Genner Martin J , Turner George F , Joyce Domino A 
Published: August 2017

AbstractDeepwater environments are characterized by low levels of available light at narrow spectra, great hydrostatic pressure, and low levels of dissolved oxygen—conditions predicted to exert highly specific selection pressures. In Lake Malawi over 800 cichlid species have evolved, and this adaptive radiation extends into the “twilight zone” below 50 m. We use population-level RAD-seq data to investigate whether four endemic deepwater species (Diplotaxodon spp.) have experienced divergent selection within this environment. We identify candidate genes including regulators of photoreceptor function, photopigments, lens morphology, and haemoglobin, many not previously implicated in cichlid adaptive radiations. Colocalization of functionally linked genes suggests coadapted “supergene” complexes. Comparisons of Diplotaxodon to the broader Lake Malawi radiation using genome resequencing data revealed functional substitutions and signatures of positive selection in candidate genes. Our data provide unique insights into genomic adaptation within deepwater habitats, and suggest genome-level specialization for life at depth as an important process in cichlid radiation.
The effect of hormone manipulations on sex ratios varies with environmental conditions in a turtle with temperature‐dependent sex determination
Authors: Warner Daniel A. , Mitchell Timothy S. , Bodensteiner Brooke L. , Janzen Fredric J. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractExogenous application of steroids and related substances to eggs affects offspring sex ratios in species with temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD). Laboratory studies demonstrate that this effect is most pronounced near the constant temperature that produces 1:1 sex ratios (i.e., pivotal temperature). However, the impact of such chemicals on sex determination under natural nest temperatures (which fluctuate daily) is unknown, but could provide insight into the relative contributions of these two factors under natural conditions. We applied estradiol (E2) and an aromatase inhibitor (fadrozole) to eggs of the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta), a species with TSD, and allowed eggs to incubate under natural conditions during two field seasons (in 2012 and 2013). Exogenous E2, fadrozole, and nest temperature contributed to variation in offspring sex ratio, but the relative contributions of these factors differed between years. In 2012, a much hotter than average season, sex ratios were heavily female biased regardless of nest temperature and chemical treatment. However, in 2013, a milder season, both nest temperature and chemical treatment were important. Moreover, a significant interaction between nest temperature and treatment demonstrated that exogenous estradiol induces female development regardless of nest temperature, but aromatase inhibition widens the range of temperatures that produces both sexes.
Dynamic imaging demonstrates that pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) suppress IL‐6 transcription in bovine nucleus pulposus cells
Authors: Tang Xinyan , Alliston Tamara , Coughlin Dezba , Miller Stephanie , Zhang Nianli , Waldorff Erik I. , Ryaby James T. , Lotz Jeffrey C. 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTInflammatory cytokines play a dominant role in the pathogenesis of disc degeneration. Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) are noninvasive biophysical stimulus that has been used extensively in the orthopaedic field for many years. However, the specific cellular responses and mechanisms involved are still unclear. The objective of this study was to assess the time‐dependent PEMF effects on pro‐inflammatory factor IL‐6 expression in disc nucleus pulposus cells using a novel green fluorescence protein (GFP) reporter system. An MS2‐tagged GFP reporter system driven by IL‐6 promoter was constructed to visualize PEMF treatment effect on IL‐6 transcription in single living cells. IL‐6‐MS2 reporter‐labeled cells were treated with IL‐1α to mimic the in situ inflammatory environment of degenerative disc while simultaneously exposed to PEMF continuously for 4 h. Time‐lapse imaging was recorded using a confocal microscope to track dynamic IL‐6 transcription activity that was demonstrated by GFP. Finally, real‐time RT‐PCR was performed to confirm the imaging data. Live cell imaging demonstrated that pro‐inflammatory factor IL‐1α significantly promoted IL‐6 transcription over time as compared with DMEM basal medium condition. Imaging and PCR data demonstrated that the inductive effect of IL‐1α on IL‐6 expression could be significantly inhibited by PEMF treatment in a time‐dependent manner (early as 2 h of stimulus initiation). Our data suggest that PEMF may have a role in the clinical management of patients with chronic low back pain. Furthermore, this study shows that the MS2‐tagged GFP reporter system is a useful tool for visualizing the dynamic events of mechanobiology in musculoskeletal research. © 2017 The Authors.Journal of Orthopaedic Research® Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 35:778–787, 2018.