bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Coat Protein and NIa Protease of Two Potyviridae Family Members Independently Confer Superinfection Exclusion
Authors: Tatineni Satyanarayana , French Roy 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

Superinfection exclusion (SIE) is an antagonistic virus-virus interaction whereby initial infection by one virus prevents subsequent infection by closely related viruses. Although SIE has been described in diverse viruses infecting plants, humans, and animals, its mechanisms, including involvement of specific viral determinants, are just beginning to be elucidated. In this study, SIE determinants encoded by two economically important wheat viruses,
Wheat streak mosaic virus
(WSMV; genus
Tritimovirus
, family
Potyviridae
) and
Triticum mosaic virus
(TriMV; genus
Poacevirus
, family
Potyviridae
), were identified in gain-of-function experiments that used heterologous viruses to express individual virus-encoded proteins in wheat. Wheat plants infected with TriMV expressing WSMV P1, HC-Pro, P3, 6K1, CI, 6K2, NIa-VPg, or NIb cistrons permitted efficient superinfection by WSMV expressing green fluorescent protein (WSMV-GFP). In contrast, wheat infected with TriMV expressing WSMV NIa-Pro or coat protein (CP) substantially excluded superinfection by WSMV-GFP, suggesting that both of these cistrons are SIE effectors encoded by WSMV. Importantly, SIE is due to functional WSMV NIa-Pro or CP rather than their encoding RNAs, as altering the coded protein products by minimally changing RNA sequences led to abolishment of SIE. Deletion mutagenesis further revealed that elicitation of SIE by NIa-Pro requires the entire protein while CP requires only a 200-amino-acid (aa) middle fragment (aa 101 to 300) of the 349 aa. Strikingly, reciprocal experiments with WSMV-mediated expression of TriMV proteins showed that TriMV CP, and TriMV NIa-Pro to a lesser extent, likewise excluded superinfection by TriMV-GFP. Collectively, these data demonstrate that WSMV- and TriMV-encoded CP and NIa-Pro proteins are effectors of SIE and that these two proteins trigger SIE independently of each other.

IMPORTANCE
Superinfection exclusion (SIE) is an antagonistic virus-virus interaction that prevents secondary invasions by identical or closely related viruses in the same host cells. Although known to occur in diverse viruses, SIE remains an enigma in terms of key molecular determinants and action mechanisms. In this study, we found that
Wheat streak mosaic virus
(WSMV) and
Triticum mosaic virus
(TriMV) encode two independently functioning cistrons that serve as effectors of SIE at the protein but not the RNA level. The coat protein and NIa-Pro encoded by these two viruses, when expressed from a heterologous virus, exerted SIE to the cognate viruses. The identification of virus-encoded effectors of SIE and their transgenic expression could potentially facilitate the development of virus-resistant crop plants. Additionally, functional conservation of SIE in diverse virus groups suggests that a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of SIE could facilitate the development of novel antiviral therapies against viral diseases.
Reovirus μ1 Protein Affects Infectivity by Altering Virus-Receptor Interactions
Authors: Thete Deepti , Snyder Anthony J. , Mainou Bernardo A. , Danthi Pranav 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTProteins that form the reovirus outer capsid play an active role in the entry of reovirus into host cells. Among these, the σ1 protein mediates attachment of reovirus particles to host cells via interaction with cell surface glycans or the proteinaceous receptor junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM-A). The μ1 protein functions to penetrate the host cell membrane to allow delivery of the genome-containing viral core particle into the cytoplasm to initiate viral replication. We demonstrate that a reassortant virus that expresses the M2 gene-encoded μ1 protein derived from prototype strain T3D in an otherwise prototype T1L background (T1L/T3DM2) infects cells more efficiently than parental T1L. Unexpectedly, the enhancement in infectivity of T1L/T3DM2 is due to its capacity to attach to cells more efficiently. We present genetic data implicating the central region of μ1 in altering the cell attachment property of reovirus. Our data indicate that the T3D μ1-mediated enhancement in infectivity of T1L is dependent on the function of σ1 and requires the expression of JAM-A. We also demonstrate that T1L/T3DM2 utilizes JAM-A more efficiently than T1L. These studies revealed a previously unknown relationship between two nonadjacent reovirus outer capsid proteins, σ1 and μ1.IMPORTANCEHow reovirus attaches to host cells has been extensively characterized. Attachment of reovirus to host cells is mediated by the σ1 protein, and properties of σ1 influence the capacity of reovirus to target specific host tissues and produce disease. Here, we present new evidence indicating that the cell attachment properties of σ1 are influenced by the nature of μ1, a capsid protein that does not physically interact with σ1. These studies could explain the previously described role for μ1 in influencing reovirus pathogenesis. These studies are also of broader significance because they highlight an example of how genetic reassortment between virus strains could produce phenotypes that are distinct from those of either parent.
Physicochemical equivalence of generic antihypertensive medicines (EQUIMEDS): protocol for a quality of medicines assessment
Authors: Redfern Julie , Adedoyin Rufus Adesoji , Ofori Sandra , Anchala Raghupathy , Ajay Vamadevan S , De Andrade Luciano , Zelaya Jose , Kaur Harparkash , Balabanova Dina , Sani Mahmoud U 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundPrevention and optimal management of hypertension in the general population is paramount to the achievement of the World Heart Federation (WHF) goal of reducing premature cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality by 25% by the year 2025 and widespread access to good quality antihypertensive medicines is a critical component for achieving the goal. Despite research and evidence relating to other medicines such as antimalarials and antibiotics, there is very little known about the quality of generic antihypertensive medicines in low-income and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to determine the physicochemical equivalence (percentage of active pharmaceutical ingredient, API) of generic antihypertensive medicines available in the retail market of a developing country.MethodsAn observational design will be adopted, which includes literature search, landscape assessment, collection and analysis of medicine samples. To determine physicochemical equivalence, a multistage sampling process will be used, including (1) identification of the 2 most commonly prescribed classes of antihypertensive medicines prescribed in Nigeria; (2) identification of a random sample of 10 generics from within each of the 2 most commonly prescribed classes; (3) a geographical representative sampling process to identify a random sample of 24 retail outlets in Nigeria; (4) representative sample purchasing, processing to assess the quality of medicines, storage and transport; and (5) assessment of the physical and chemical equivalence of the collected samples compared to the API in the relevant class. In total, 20 samples from each of 24 pharmacies will be tested (total of 480 samples).DiscussionAvailability of and access to quality antihypertensive medicines globally is therefore a vital strategy needed to achieve the WHF 25×25 targets. However, there is currently a scarcity of knowledge about the quality of antihypertensive medicines available in developing countries. Such information is important for enforcing and for ensuring the quality of antihypertensive medicines.
The National Early Warning Score (NEWS) for outcome prediction in emergency department patients with community-acquired pneumonia: results from a 6-year prospective cohort study
Authors: Sbiti-Rohr Diana , Kutz Alexander , Christ-Crain Mirjam , Thomann Robert , Zimmerli Werner , Hoess Claus , Henzen Christoph , Mueller Beat , Schuetz Philipp 
Published: September 2016

ObjectiveTo investigate the accuracy of the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) to predict mortality and adverse clinical outcomes for patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) compared to standard risk scores such as the pneumonia severity index (PSI) and CURB-65.DesignSecondary analysis of patients included in a previous randomised-controlled trial with a median follow-up of 6.1 years.SettingsPatients with CAP included on admission to the emergency departments (ED) of 6 tertiary care hospitals in Switzerland.ParticipantsA total of 925 patients with confirmed CAP were included. NEWS, PSI and CURB-65 scores were calculated on admission to the ED based on admission data.Main outcome measureOur primary outcome was all-cause mortality within 6 years of follow-up. Secondary outcomes were adverse clinical outcome defined as intensive care unit (ICU) admission, empyema and unplanned hospital readmission all occurring within 30 days after admission. We used regression models to study associations of baseline risk scores and outcomes with the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) as a measure of discrimination.Results6-year overall mortality was 45.1% (n=417) with a stepwise increase with higher NEWS categories. For 30 day and 6-year mortality prediction, NEWS showed only low discrimination (AUC 0.65 and 0.60) inferior compared to PSI and CURB-65. For prediction of ICU admission, NEWS showed moderate discrimination (AUC 0.73) and improved the prognostic accuracy of a regression model, including PSI (AUC from 0.66 to 0.74, p=0.001) and CURB-65 (AUC from 0.64 to 0.73, p=0.015). NEWS was also superior to PSI and CURB-65 for prediction of empyema, but did not well predict rehospitalisation.ConclusionsNEWS provides additional prognostic information with regard to risk of ICU admission and complications and thereby improves traditional clinical-risk scores in the management of patients with CAP in the ED setting.Trial registration numberISRCTN95122877; Post-results.
Herbal medicine (Gyejibongneyong-hwan) for treating primary dysmenorrhoea: a protocol for a systematic review of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Lee Ju Ah , Park Sunju , Jung Jeeyoun , Jun Ji Hee , Choi Jiae , Lee Myeong Soo 
Published: September 2016

IntroductionGyejibongneyong-hwan (GBH), also known as Guizhi Fuling formula, and is widely used for uterine fibroids in East Asian countries. Many clinical trials assessing the efficacy and safety of GBH formula for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea have been reported. This review will assess the clinical evidence for and against the use of GBH formula as a treatment for dysmenorrhoea. It will also discuss the proposed mechanism(s) that could link herbal medicine to improvements in dysmenorrhoea.Methods and analysisFourteen databases will be searched until September 2016. We will include randomised controlled trials (RCTs) examining GBH decoctions for any type of dysmenorrhoea. All RCTs of decoctions or modified decoctions will be included. The methodological qualities of the RCTs will be assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration tool for assessing risk of bias.Ethics and disseminationThis systematic review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. The review will also be disseminated electronically and in print. It will be updated to inform and guide healthcare practices.Trial registration numberCRD42015023419.
Effects of universally offered parenting interventions for parents with infants: a systematic review
Authors: Pontoppidan Maiken , Klest Sihu K , Patras Joshua , Rayce Signe Boe 
Published: September 2016

ObjectivesFrom a developmental perspective, infancy is a critical stage of life. Early childhood interventions aim to support caretakers, but the effects of universal interventions for parents with infants are unknown. The objective is to determine the effects of universal parenting interventions offered to parents with infants 0–12 months on measures of child development and parent–child relationship.DesignA systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis. We extracted publications from 10 databases in June 2013, January 2015 and June 2016 and supplemented with grey and hand search. Risk of bias was assessed, and effect sizes were calculated.ParticipantsInclusion criteria are: (1) randomised controlled trials of structured, psychosocial interventions offered to a universal population of parents with infants 0–12 months old in western OECD countries, (2) interventions that include a minimum of 3 sessions with at least half of the sessions delivered postnatally and (3) programme outcomes reported for child development or parent–child relationship.Results14 papers representing 7 studies are included. There were no statistically significant effects of the intervention for the majority of the primary outcomes across the studies.ConclusionsThe findings of this review are mixed. No clear conclusions can be drawn regarding the effects of universally offered parenting interventions on child development and parent–child relationship for this age group.
Decisional support for young people who self-harm: protocol for a feasibility trial
Authors: Rowe Sarah L , French Rebecca S , Henderson Claire , Ougrin Dennis , Slade Mike , Moran Paul 
Published: September 2016

IntroductionSelf-harm is common in adolescents, and it is the strongest predictor of suicide. Young people who self-harm are often unsure of how and where to get help. Decision aids (DAs) have been shown to help with decisional conflict where there is uncertainty around different options. We have developed an online DA to support young people in help-seeking for self-harm. A feasibility trial will examine the acceptability of the online intervention and the ability to recruit and follow-up participants within a school setting.Methods and analysisIn this parallel arm, single-blind feasibility trial, 60 participants aged 12–18 years who have self-harmed in the past 12 months, will be randomised to either (1) a group receiving the online DA or (2) a control group receiving general information about feelings and emotions. Both groups will complete measures assessing decision-making and help-seeking behaviour. The school counsellor will be notified of any participants who have been randomised to ensure safeguarding for the young person. Participants in both groups will be followed up at 4 weeks, and the measures will be repeated. Qualitative interviews will be conducted with a subset of participants to explore their views and experiences of the DA and of participation in the study.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was granted by King's College London (KCL) College Research Ethics Committee. Results of this study will help to clarify if we can recruit and administer an online decisional support intervention within a school setting for young people who self-harm. The study will inform the design and implementation of a larger randomised controlled trial to test the effectiveness of the DA. Dissemination of the study findings will target publication in peer-reviewed journals of general and special interest. The funder will be sent a report outlining the major findings of the study.Trial registration numberISRCTN11230559.
Adherence to the Tobacco Control Act, 2007: presence of a workplace policy on tobacco use in bars and restaurants in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Karimi K J , Ayah R , Olewe T 
Published: September 2016

IntroductionDespite extensive knowledge about effective tobacco control interventions, the prevalence of tobacco use in many middle- and low-income countries continues to rise. In these countries, public appreciation of levels of protection provided by laws and regulations on tobacco use and exposure to tobacco smoke is limited. After ratification of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, Kenya enacted the Tobacco Control Act, 2007, banning smoking in public places except in designated smoking areas.ObjectiveTo assess adherence to the Tobacco Control Act, 2007 by determining the presence of a workplace policy on tobacco use in bars and restaurants.MethodsA survey of 176 liquor licensed bars and restaurants in Nairobi County was carried out. Their managers were asked about the presence of a workplace policy governing smoking of tobacco, and observations made on provisions that determine adherence to the Tobacco Control Act, 2007.ResultsSmoking took place in almost all bars and restaurants (150 (85%)). Half the establishments (86 (49%)) had a workplace policy governing tobacco use among employees, although a difference between bars (11 (23%)) and restaurants (75 (58%)) was recorded (p<0.001). Establishments at which managers had lower levels of education were less likely to have a workplace policy (p<0.001) and less likely to have ‘no smoking’ signs and designated smoking areas (p<0.005).Conclusions and recommendationsKenya's implementation of the Tobacco Control Act, 2007 does not provide sufficient protection of patrons and workers in bars and restaurants. It is important to sensitise hospitality workers to the dangers of tobacco smoke. Bar and restaurants managers should have a minimum post-secondary education level. The Tobacco Control Act, 2007 requires strengthening to ensure that bars and restaurants have a smoke-free environment.
Impacts of the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident on emergency medical service times in Soma District, Japan: a retrospective observational study
Authors: Morita Tomohiro , Tsubokura Masaharu , Furutani Tomoyuki , Nomura Shuhei , Ochi Sae , Leppold Claire , Takahara Kazuhiro , Shimada Yuki , Fujioka Sho , Kami Masahiro , Kato Shigeaki , Oikawa Tomoyoshi 
Published: September 2016

ObjectiveTo assess the influence of the 3.11 triple disaster (earthquake, tsunami and nuclear accident) on the emergency medical service (EMS) system in Fukushima.MethodsTotal EMS time (from EMS call to arrival at a hospital) was assessed in the EMS system of Soma district, located 10–40 km north of the nuclear plant, from 11 March to 31 December 2011. We defined the affected period as when total EMS time was significantly extended after the disasters compared with the historical control data from 1 January 2009 to 10 March 2011. To identify risk factors associated with the extension of total EMS time after the disasters, we investigated trends in 3 time segments of total EMS time; response time, defined as time from an EMS call to arrival at the location, on-scene time, defined as time from arrival at the location to departure, and transport time, defined as time from departure from the location to arrival at a hospital.ResultsFor the affected period from week 0 to week 11, the median total EMS time was 36 (IQR 27–52) minutes, while that in the predisaster control period was 31 (IQR 24–40) min. The percentage of transports exceeding 60 min in total EMS time increased from 8.2% (584/7087) in the control period to 22.2% (151/679) in the affected period. Among the 3 time segments, there was the most change in transport time (standardised mean difference: 0.41 vs 0.13–0.17).ConclusionsEMS transport was significantly delayed for ∼3 months, from week 1 to 11 after the 3.11 triple disaster. This delay may be attributed to malfunctioning emergency hospitals after the triple disaster.
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit rounding improvements
Authors: Beck Kirsten , Albert Elaine , Johnsen Andrew , Newhouse Courtney , McGuire John 
Published: September 2016

Medical rounds in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) took about four hours each day to complete. The length of rounds was affecting the advancement of care of the patients, the engagement of sub-specialty providers who needed to be present on other rounds, and the engagement of the PICU faculty and staff due to overburdening waste created by the long duration of rounds.Specific interventions were identified aimed at reducing the duration of rounds each day, increasing engagement of the rounding team and satisfying the needs of the patients and families. Post-improvement results were that rounding times were reduced to two hours each day and were pre-scheduled for families, the burden of excess work was lifted for attending physicians, and the presentation expectations during rounds were specified by role. Quality and safety were improved through standard work and auditing.
A request for euthanasia: advising a colleague
Authors: Knight Andrew 
Published: September 2016

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved.In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, ‘A request for euthanasia: advising a colleague’, was submitted and is discussed by Andrew Knight. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘Too hot to handle?’, which was published in the September issue of In Practice, appears on page 470.The series is being coordinated by Steven McCulloch, a practising vet with a PhD in the ethics of veterinary policy. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practitioners find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Adherence to recommended UK sampling protocols for detecting mast cell mediator release in perioperative anaphylaxis
Authors: Egner William 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundSheffield National Adverse Reactions Consultancy Service (NARCOS) investigates and triages suspected perioperative anaesthetic reactions to allergy clinics, using serial tryptase samples, urinary methylhistamine and clinical information on a pro forma request.ObjectiveTo determine if current UK guidelines on serial tryptase samples are achieved and describe the patterns of tryptase release.MethodA retrospective review of 3455 NARCOS cases. Tryptase and clinical details were analysed. 1746 had sufficient clinical information to grade the reactions according to the Ring and Messmer scale.Results98% provided two or more acute samples, but only 60% supplied clinical information. 308 patients never dropped within the reference range over three samples.ConclusionsGood compliance with UK guidelines for tryptase measurements is achievable in this long-term cohort, but obtaining clinical details at referral remains a challenge. Sample sequence labelling and apparent timing may be misleading. Baseline tryptase may frequently need to be rechecked in allergy clinics to estimate true peak-to-trough changes.