bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An exploration of the influence of diagonal dissociation and moderate changes in speed on locomotor parameters in trotting horses
Authors: Hobbs Sarah Jane , Bertram John E.A. , Clayton Hilary M. 
Published: June 2016

Background.Although the trot is described as a diagonal gait, contacts of the diagonal pairs of hooves are not usually perfectly synchronized. Although subtle, the timing dissociation between contacts of each diagonal pair could have consequences on gait dynamics and provide insight into the functional strategies employed. This study explores the mechanical effects of different diagonal dissociation patterns when speed was matched between individuals and how these effects link to moderate, natural changes in trotting speed. We anticipate that hind-first diagonal dissociation at contact increases with speed, diagonal dissociation at contact can reduce collision-based energy losses and predominant dissociation patterns will be evident within individuals.Methods.The study was performed in two parts: in the first 17 horses performed speed-matched trotting trials and in the second, five horses each performed 10 trotting trials that represented a range of individually preferred speeds. Standard motion capture provided kinematic data that were synchronized with ground reaction force (GRF) data from a series of force plates. The data were analyzed further to determine temporal, speed, GRF, postural, mass distribution, moment, and collision dynamics parameters.Results.Fore-first, synchronous, and hind-first dissociations were found in horses trotting at (3.3 m/s ± 10%). In these speed-matched trials, mean centre of pressure (COP) cranio-caudal location differed significantly between the three dissociation categories. The COP moved systematically and significantly (P= .001) from being more caudally located in hind-first dissociation (mean location = 0.41 ± 0.04) through synchronous (0.36 ± 0.02) to a more cranial location in fore-first dissociation (0.32 ± 0.02). Dissociation patterns were found to influence function, posture, and balance parameters. Over a moderate speed range, peak vertical forelimb GRF had a strong relationship with dissociation time (R= .594;P< .01) and speed (R= .789;P< .01), but peak vertical hindlimb GRF did not have a significant relationship with dissociation time (R= .085;P> 0.05) or speed (R= .223;P= .023).Discussion.The results indicate that at moderate speeds individual horses use dissociation patterns that allow them to maintain trunk pitch stability through management of the cranio-caudal location of the COP. During the hoof-ground collisions, reduced mechanical energy losses were found in hind-first dissociations compared to fully synchronous contacts. As speed increased, only forelimb vertical peak force increased so dissociations tended towards hind-first, which shifted the net COP caudally and balanced trunk pitching moments.
Space weather forecasting with a Multimodel Ensemble Prediction System (MEPS)
Authors: Schunk R. W. , Scherliess L. , Eccles V. , Gardner L. C. , Sojka J. J. , Zhu L. , Pi X. , Mannucci A. J. , Butala M. , Wilson B. D. , Komjathy A. , Wang C. , Rosen G. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe goal of the Multimodel Ensemble Prediction System (MEPS) program is to improve space weather specification and forecasting with ensemble modeling. Space weather can have detrimental effects on a variety of civilian and military systems and operations, and many of the applications pertain to the ionosphere and upper atmosphere. Space weather can affect over‐the‐horizon radars, HF communications, surveying and navigation systems, surveillance, spacecraft charging, power grids, pipelines, and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA's) Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS). Because of its importance, numerous space weather forecasting approaches are being pursued, including those involving empirical, physics‐based, and data assimilation models. Clearly, if there are sufficient data, the data assimilation modeling approach is expected to be the most reliable, but different data assimilation models can produce different results. Therefore, like the meteorology community, we created a Multimodel Ensemble Prediction System (MEPS) for the Ionosphere‐Thermosphere‐Electrodynamics (ITE) system that is based on different data assimilation models. The MEPS ensemble is composed of seven physics‐based data assimilation models for the ionosphere, ionosphere‐plasmasphere, thermosphere, high‐latitude ionosphere‐electrodynamics, and middle to low latitude ionosphere‐electrodynamics. Hence, multiple data assimilation models can be used to describe each region. A selected storm event that was reconstructed with four different data assimilation models covering the middle and low latitude ionosphere is presented and discussed. In addition, the effect of different data types on the reconstructions is shown.
Three‐dimensional modeling of high‐latitude scintillation observations
Authors: Chartier Alex , Forte Biagio , Deshpande Kshitija , Bust Gary , Mitchell Cathryn 
Published: June 2016

AbstractGlobal Navigation Satellite System signals exhibit rapid fluctuations at high and low latitudes as a consequence of propagation through drifting ionospheric irregularities. We focus on the high‐latitude scintillation problem, taking advantage of a conjunction of European Incoherent Scatter Radar (EISCAT) observations and a GPS scintillation monitor viewing the same line of sight. Just after 20:00 UT on 17 October 2013, an auroral E region ionization enhancement occurred with associated phase scintillations. This investigation uses the scintillation observations to estimate the ionospheric electron density distribution beyond the spatial resolution of EISCAT (5–15 km along the line of sight in this case). Following the approach of Deshpande et al. (2014), signal propagation is modeled through a specified density distribution. A multiple phase screen propagation algorithm is applied to irregularities conforming to the description of Costa and Kelley (1977) and constrained to match the macroscopic conditions observed by EISCAT. A 50‐member ensemble of modeled outputs is approximately consistent with the observations according to the standard deviation of the phase (σp). The observations have σp = 0.23 rad, while the ensemble of modeled realizations has σp = 0.23 + 0.04–0.04. By comparison of the model output with the scintillation observations, we show that the density fluctuations cannot be a constant fraction of the mean density. The model indicates that E region density fluctuations whose standard deviation varies temporally between 5 and 25% of the mean (EISCAT‐observed) density are required to explain the observed phase scintillations.
A computationally efficient spectral method for modeling core dynamics
Authors: Marti P. , Calkins M. A. , Julien K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn efficient, spectral numerical method is presented for solving problems in a spherical shell geometry that employs spherical harmonics in the angular dimensions and Chebyshev polynomials in the radial direction. We exploit the three‐term recurrence relation for Chebyshev polynomials that renders all matrices sparse in spectral space. This approach is significantly more efficient than the collocation approach and is generalizable to both the Galerkin and tau methodologies for enforcing boundary conditions. The sparsity of the matrices reduces the computational complexity of the linear solution of implicit‐explicit time stepping schemes to O(N) operations, compared to
operations for a collocation method. The method is illustrated by considering several example problems of important dynamical processes in the Earth's liquid outer core. Results are presented from both fully nonlinear, time‐dependent numerical simulations and eigenvalue problems arising from the investigation of the onset of convection and the inertial wave spectrum. We compare the explicit and implicit temporal discretization of the Coriolis force; the latter becomes computationally feasible given the sparsity of the differential operators. We find that implicit treatment of the Coriolis force allows for significantly larger time step sizes compared to explicit algorithms; for hydrodynamic and dynamo problems at an Ekman number of
, time step sizes can be increased by a factor of 3 to 16 times that of the explicit algorithm, depending on the order of the time stepping scheme. The implementation with explicit Coriolis force scales well to at least 2048 cores, while the implicit implementation scales to 512 cores.
Occurrence of the dayside three‐peak density structure in the F2 and the topside ionosphere
Authors: Astafyeva Elvira , Zakharenkova Irina , Pineau Yann 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn this work, we discuss the occurrence of the dayside three‐peak electron density structure in the ionosphere. We first use a set of ground‐based and satellite‐borne instruments to demonstrate the development of a large‐amplitude electron density perturbation at the recovery phase of a moderate storm of 11 October 2008. The perturbation developed in the F2 and low topside ionospheric regions over the American sector; it was concentrated on the north from the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) but was clearly separated from it. At the F2 region height, the amplitude of the observed perturbation was comparable or even exceeded that of the EIA. Further analysis of the observational data together with the Coupled Thermosphere Ionosphere Plasmasphere Electrodynamics model simulation results showed that a particular local combination of the thermospheric wind surges provided favorable conditions for the generation of the three‐peak EIA structure. We further proceed with a statistical study of occurrence of the three‐peak density structure in the ionosphere in general. Based on the analysis of 7 years of the in situ data from CHAMP satellite, we found that such three‐peak density structure occurs sufficiently often during geomagnetically quiet time. The third ionization peak develops in the afternoon hours in the summer hemisphere at solstice periods. Based on analysis of several quiet time events, we conclude that during geomagnetically quiet time, the prevailing summer‐to‐winter thermospheric circulation acts in similar manner as the storm‐time enhanced thermospheric winds, playing the decisive role in generation of the third ionization peak in the daytime ionosphere.
Small meanders of the Kuroshio Extension and associated northward spreading of warm water: Three‐vessel simultaneous observations and an eddy‐resolving ocean model simulation
Authors: Kobashi Fumiaki , Onikata Yukino , Iwasaka Naoto , Kawai Yoshimi , Oka Eitarou , Uehara Kazuyuki , Ito Shin‐ichi , Odamaki Minoru , Sasaki Hideharu 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSmall meanders of the Kuroshio Extension (KE) were examined in the three vessel simultaneous observations carried out across the KE along 143°E between 2 and 7 July 2012 and the hindcast simulation by a high‐resolution ocean model for the Earth Simulator (OFES). The observations captured the crest of the small meander that passed 143°E. Behind the meander crest, the meander showed the northward separation of the front from the meandering jet. It was suggested that the meander spread the low‐density KE water to the north above the main pycnocline there. The OFES showed similar characteristics of small meanders. We focused on three major small meanders. In the upstream KE region west of 143°E, these meanders were subject to northeastward ageostrophic advection, by which the low‐density KE water was carried to the north and their fronts moved away from the KE jet above the main pycnocline. This resulted in the KE water and the front extending to the west behind the crest of the downstream‐propagating meanders. This feature was particularly obvious for the two cases of the meander and was consistent with the observations. The displaced front formed a shallow geostrophic jet to the north of the main KE jet, which induced geostrophic advection along the jet and advected the front further northward and downstream near the crest of the meandering front. The KE water spread by the small meanders then mostly evolved into warm core rings or warm streamers.
Aesthetic Uses of Botulinum Toxins
Authors: Lowe Nicholas J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBotulinum neurotoxins have proven efficacy for a variety of clinical applications involving neuromuscular hyperactivity and other conditions caused by acetylcholine release. Initial observations that botulinum toxin type A (BTX‐A) reduced muscle‐induced forehead lines was reported in 1992. Evidence‐based studies confirmed the efficacy of BTX‐A for the reduction of dynamic facial lines. BTX‐A for use in aesthetic treatments was developed in the USA as Botox™, now designated onabotulinumtoxinA (BTX‐A Ona). In the UK, an alternative BTX‐A known as Dysport™, now designated abobotulinumtoxinA (BTX‐A Abo), was developed for similar indications. A third variant of BTX‐A is incobotulinumtoxinA (BTX‐A Inco). Other approved indications for BTX‐A Ona include the treatment of severe axillary sweating. Type B neurotoxin, rimabotulinumtoxinB (BTX‐B Rima), has different pharmacological mechanisms but similar clinical indications.
Auf neuen Pfaden – per Anhalter durch die Berylliumchemie
Authors: Naglav Dominik , Buchner Magnus R. , Bendt Georg , Kraus Florian , Schulz Stephan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDieser Kurzaufsatz soll eine Einführung für alle weniger Erfahrenen auf dem Gebiet der Berylliumchemie darstellen. Aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse über die Giftigkeit des Elements und seiner Verbindungen werden rezensiert und diverse grundlegende und nötige Orientierungshilfen für die sichere und richtige Handhabung in modernen chemischen Forschungslaboren vorgestellt. Phänomenologische Beobachtungen bezüglich der Einzigartigkeit des Elements und seiner Chemie werden mitgeteilt und in den historischen Kontext gestellt. Wir fassen viele Beiträge und Erfahrungen von auf diesem Gebiet leidenschaftlich tätigen Wissenschaftlern zusammen. Es ist uns ein Herzensanliegen, dass unsere Kommilitonen die über Generationen aufgebauten Vorbehalte gegenüber Beryllium und seinen Verbindungen kritisch hinterfragen und überdenken und so eine neue Ära intensiver Forschung zu diesem verschmähten Element eingeleitet wird. Wer in aller Welt soll denn das Beryllium und seine Verbindungen sicherer und fachkundiger handhaben können als wir Chemiker?
[2](1,3)Adamantano[2](2,7)pyrenophane: A Hydrocarbon with a Large Dipole Moment
Authors: Kahl Paul , Wagner J. Philipp , Balestrieri Ciro , Becker Jonathan , Hausmann Heike , Bodwell Graham J. , Schreiner Peter R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe fusion of the sp3‐hybridized parent diamondoid adamantane with the sp2‐hybridized pyrene results in a hybrid structure with a very large dipole moment which arises from bending the pyrene moiety. Presented herein is the synthesis, study of the electronic and optical properties, as well as the dynamic behavior of this new hydrocarbon.
Sequence‐Defined Oligomers from Hydroxyproline Building Blocks for Parallel Synthesis Applications
Authors: Kanasty Rosemary L. , Vegas Arturo J. , Ceo Luke M. , Maier Martin , Charisse Klaus , Nair Jayaprakash K. , Langer Robert , Anderson Daniel G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe functionality of natural biopolymers has inspired significant effort to develop sequence‐defined synthetic polymers for applications including molecular recognition, self‐assembly, and catalysis. Conjugation of synthetic materials to biomacromolecules has played an increasingly important role in drug delivery and biomaterials. We developed a controlled synthesis of novel oligomers from hydroxyproline‐based building blocks and conjugated these materials to siRNA. Hydroxyproline‐based monomers enable the incorporation of broad structural diversity into defined polymer chains. Using a perfluorocarbon purification handle, we were able to purify diverse oligomers through a single solid‐phase extraction method. The efficiency of synthesis was demonstrated by building 14 unique trimers and 4 hexamers from 6 diverse building blocks. We then adapted this method to the parallel synthesis of hundreds of materials in 96‐well plates. This strategy provides a platform for the screening of libraries of modified biomolecules.
Aufzugsnachrüstung Österreichischer Platz
Authors: Novák Balthasar , Boros Vazul , Hauck Claus‐Dieter , Herrmann Hansjörg , Koster Gerhard 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn den letzten Jahren hat das Bauen im Bestand, bzw. der Umbau der bestehenden Infrastruktur, immer mehr an Bedeutung gewonnen. Dies stellt nicht nur erhöhte Anforderungen an die Beteiligten am Bau, sondern erfordert auch einen fachlichen Austausch zwischen Planer, wissenschaftlichem Berater, Bauherr und ausführendem Unternehmen. Am Beispiel der Aufzugsnachrüstung am Österreichischen Platz in Stuttgart soll diese komplexe Wechselwirkung verdeutlicht werden. Für den barrierefreien Umbau dieser Stadtbahnhaltestelle musste eine vorgespannte Fertigteildecke im Verankerungsbereich der Spannglieder unter fließendem Kfz‐Verkehr zurückgebaut werden. Hierzu waren die glatten Spannglieder neu zu verankern und die Vorspannkräfte an das veränderte statische System anzupassen. Die Maßnahme wurde durch die Montage von Dehnungsmessstreifen messtechnisch überwacht und es wurde bestätigt, dass durch die eingebauten Verankerungselemente die Vorspannkraft an den geplanten neuen Verankerungsstellen zielsicher wieder eingeleitet werden kann. Weitere wichtige baupraktische Herausforderungen waren zu bewältigen, wie z. B. die Herstellung der erforderlichen Oberflächenrauigkeit zwischen Alt‐ und Neubeton, die Betonage von Aufbetonschichten auf der Bauteilunterseite und das gezielte stellenweise Ausschalten der Vorspannung.Installation of elevators for the subway station Österreichischer PlatzRecently upgrading and redevelopment of buildings and infrastructure has gained an increasing importance. The involved parties, such as the planner, scientific adviser, investor and the contractor have to face new challenges and therefore close consultation among them is essential. The installation of elevators for the subway station Österreichischer Platz provides an excellent example to demonstrate the importance of close interaction between the participants. The newly built elevator shaft required the trimming of several prestressed precast beams. Thus, the smooth prestressing cables had to be reanchored, while maintaining the traffic on the beams throughout the entire time of the construction. The process was monitored by strain gauges and as a result it could be confirmed, that the developed anchorage devices effectively transmitted the prestressing forces at the new anchorage zones. Finally some important challenges throughout the construction project are addressed, such as the preparation of the interface roughness between concrete layers, the technical features of concreting overhead elements and the targeted deactivation of redundant prestressing cables.
Brücke Wolken
Authors: Alex Jörg , Berlin Manfred 
Published: July 2016

AbstractEine 1847 errichtete Eisenbahnbrücke, ein technisches Denkmal, das zuletzt als landwirtschaftliche Wege‐ und Radwegbrücke genutzt wurde, musste mit einer Zustandsnote 4,0 gesperrt werden. Die Planung einer additiven Lösung für das historische Bauwerk ermöglicht eine grundhafte Instandsetzung, die sowohl die Anforderungen des Denkmalschutzes und die heutigen technischen Vorschriften erfüllt.Bridge in the town of Wolken – Renovation of a 165‐year‐old former railway bridge as part of the international cycle route Berlin‐CopenhagenA railway bridge built in 1847, which has been classified as an historic technical monument and until recently been used as an agricultural road and cycle route bridge, had to be closed due to its 4.0 condition rating (i.e. very poor). The planning of an additive solution for the historic structure will allow for a basic renovation that will both fulfil monument protection requirements and today's technical regulations.
Integrated fabrication‐conjugation methods for polymeric and hybrid microparticles for programmable drug delivery and biosensing applications
Authors: Jung Sukwon , Choi Chang‐Hyung , Lee Chang‐Soo , Yi Hyunmin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFunctionalized polymeric microparticles possess significant potential for controlled drug delivery and biosensing applications, yet current fabrication techniques face challenges in simple and scalable fabrication and biofunctionalization. For programmable manufacture of biofunctional microparticles in a simple manner, we have developed robust micromolding methods combined with biopolymeric conjugation handles and bioorthogonal click reactions. In this focused minireview, we present detailed methods for our integrated approaches for fabrication of microparticles with controlled 2D and 3D shapes and dimensions toward controlled release, and for biomacromolecular conjugation via strain promoted alkyne‐azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) and tetrazine‐trans‐cyclooctene (Tz‐TCO) ligation reactions utilizing a potent aminopolysaccharide chitosan as an efficient conjugation handle. We believe that the fabrication‐conjugation methods reported here from a range of our recent reports illustrate the simple, robust and readily reproducible nature of our approaches to creating multifaceted microparticles in a programmable, cost‐efficient and scalable manner toward a wide range of medical and biotechnological application areas.
The use and misuse of student samples: An empirical investigation of European marketing research
Authors: Ashraf Rohail , Merunka Dwight 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn spite of the five decade old debate on the merits of student samples, to date, no systematic review of the practice is undertaken. The need for such a review is warranted considering the impasse in the debate and inconsistencies among scholars in their approach to student sample usage. This paper thus presents a systematic review of student sample usage in European Marketing Research (EJM, IJRM and IMR during 2005–2014, inclusive) to highlight existing reporting practices, identify sub‐domains of marketing where the usage is more prevalent and to report best practices. Results demonstrate that 99 (19.96 per cent) papers making generalization claims used student samples exclusively, had inconsistent reporting practices (e.g. demographic profile, limitations) and demonstrated trivial concern (e.g. bias estimation treatment, identification of moderators) for the implications of student sample usage on their study findings. In addition, 11 clusters representing sub‐domains of marketing research and where the practice is prevalent are identified. These clusters provide novel direction to the debate on student sample usage by framing it away from the broader discipline of marketing and bringing it closer to the interests of scholars, i.e. linking it to sub‐domains of marketing research. Finally, best practices related to student samples usage are reported to help academicians enhance the validity of their findings. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dual‐chamber implantable cardioverter–defibrillator. Is it useful in patient with permanent atrial fibrillation?
Authors: Porres‐Aracama José M. , Cerezuela José Luis , García‐Urra Francisco , Luque‐Lezcano Oscar , Herrero Vicente 
Published: June 2016

Key Clinical MessageIn patients with permanent atrial fibrillation (AF) and implantable cardioverter–defibrillator (ICD) implant indication, a single‐chamber device is the choice because AF does not provide interesting information for the treatment. It is very unusual to find patients with permanent AF that coexist with atrial tachycardia with various degree of Atrioventricular block.