bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ecology and evolution of temperature‐dependent reaction norms for sex determination in reptiles: a mechanistic conceptual model
Authors: Pezaro Nadav , Doody J. Sean , Thompson Michael B. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTSex‐determining mechanisms are broadly categorised as being based on either genetic or environmental factors. Vertebrate sex determination exhibits remarkable diversity but displays distinct phylogenetic patterns. While all eutherian mammals possessXYmale heterogamety and female heterogamety (ZW) is ubiquitous in birds, poikilothermic vertebrates (fish, amphibians and reptiles) exhibit multiple genetic sex‐determination (GSD) systems as well as environmental sex determination (ESD). Temperature is the factor controllingESDin reptiles and temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD) in reptiles has become a focal point in the study of this phenomenon. Current patterns of climate change may cause detrimental skews in the population sex ratios of reptiles exhibitingTSD. Understanding the patterns of variation, both within and among populations and linking such patterns with the selection processes they are associated with, is the central challenge of research aimed at predicting the capacity of populations to adapt to novel conditions. Here we present a conceptual model that innovates by defining an individual reaction norm for sex determination as a range of incubation temperatures. By deconstructing individual reaction norms forTSDand revealing their underlying interacting elements, we offer a conceptual solution that explains how variation among individual reaction norms can be inferred from the pattern of population reaction norms. The model also links environmental variation with the different patterns ofTSDand describes the processes from which they may arise. Specific climate scenarios are singled out as eco‐evolutionary traps that may lead to demographic extinction or a transition to either male or female heterogameticGSD. We describe how the conceptual principles can be applied to interpretTSDdata and to explain the adaptive capacity ofTSDto climate change as well as its limits and the potential applications for conservation and management programs.
The role of semaphorin3A in myogenic regeneration and the formation of functional neuromuscular junctions on new fibres
Authors: Anderson Judy E. , Do Mai‐Khoi Q. , Daneshvar Nasibeh , Suzuki Takahiro , Dort Junio , Mizunoya Wataru , Tatsumi Ryuichi 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTCurrent research on skeletal muscle injury and regeneration highlights the crucial role of nerve–muscle interaction in the restoration of innervation during that process. Activities of muscle satellite or stem cells, recognized as the ‘currency’ of myogenic repair, have a pivotal role in these events, as shown by ongoing research. More recent investigation of myogenic signalling events reveals intriguing roles for semaphorin3A (Sema3A), secreted by activated satellite cells, in the muscle environment during development and regeneration. For example, Sema3A makes important contributions to regulating the formation of blood vessels, balancing bone formation and bone remodelling, and inflammation, and was recently implicated in the establishment of fibre‐type distribution through effects on myosin heavy chain gene expression. This review highlights the active or potential contributions of satellite‐cell‐derived Sema3A to regulation of the processes of motor neurite ingrowth into a regenerating muscle bed. Successful restoration of functional innervation during muscle repair is essential; this review emphasizes the integrative role of satellite‐cell biology in the progressive coordination of adaptive cellular and tissue responses during the injury‐repair process in voluntary muscle.
How International Research on Parenting Advances Understanding of Child Development
Authors: Lansford Jennifer E. , Bornstein Marc H. , Deater‐Deckard Kirby , Dodge Kenneth A. , Al‐Hassan Suha M. , Bacchini Dario , Bombi Anna Silvia , Chang Lei , Chen Bin‐Bin , Di Giunta Laura , Malone Patrick S. , Oburu Paul , Pastorelli Concetta , Skinner Ann T. , Sorbring Emma , Steinberg Laurence , Tapanya Sombat , Alampay Liane P. , Uribe Tirado Liliana M. , Zelli Arnaldo 
Published: June 2016

AbstractInternational research on parenting and child development can advance our understanding of similarities and differences in how parenting is related to children's development across countries. Challenges to conducting international research include operationalizing culture, disentangling effects within and between countries, and balancing emic and etic perspectives. Benefits of international research include testing whether findings regarding parenting and child development replicate across diverse samples, incorporating cultural and contextual diversity to foster more inclusive and representative research samples and investigators than has typically occurred, and understanding how children develop in proximal parenting and family and distal international contexts.
Optic replacement in a novel modular intraocular lens system
Authors: Guan Jia J , Kramer Gregory D , MacLean Kyle , Farukhi Aabid , Li He , Reiter Nicholas E , Werner Liliana , Mamalis Nick 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of the study is to evaluate the stability and ease of replacement of a new modular intraocular lens (IOL) system consisting of a hydrophobic acrylic base unit and a hydrophobic acrylic optic in the rabbit model.MethodsFive New Zealand white rabbits were utilized. Bilateral phacoemulsification was performed; one eye received the test IOL (ClarVista Harmoni Modular IOL System) and the other, a commercially available hydrophobic acrylic control IOL (Alcon AcrySof SA60AT). Slit‐lamp examinations were performed weekly during postoperative weeks 1 to 6. IOL replacement procedures were performed at weeks 2 and 6 using standard instruments. The rabbits were sacrificed at the end of the study (week 6), with all globes analyzed grossly using the Miyake‐Apple technique and sectioned and processed for histopathologic examination.ResultsThe base component and the optic of the Harmoni IOL system remained stable and centred throughout the clinical follow up. Disengagement of the optic component from the base and replacement of the optic were safely and easily accomplished at 2 and 6 weeks postoperatively. Explantation of the control lens required posterior synechiolysis and capsular bag manipulation due to the position of the loops at the periphery of the bag, thus causing zonular stress.ConclusionsReplacement of the Harmoni optic was found to be safe and efficient compared with the control IOL, as manipulation of the capsular bag to remove haptic components is not necessary with the modular design. The base component of the modular system remained stable and centred throughout the study.
Short Implants (5 to 8 mm) Versus Longer Implants (>8 mm) with Sinus Lifting in Atrophic Posterior Maxilla: A Meta‐Analysis of RCTs
Authors: Fan Tengfei , Li Yicun , Deng Wei‐Wei , Wu Tianfu , Zhang Wenfeng 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe specific purposes of this study were (1) to undertake a thorough systematic review and meta‐analysis based only on randomized clinical trials (RCTs) to compare the rates of survival and complications of short implants to those of long implants; (2) to compare the surgical time and cost of short implants to those of long implants.MethodsRCTs were identified from the major electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library) using the keywords “dental implant,” “short implant” and “atrophic maxilla,” and a quantitative meta‐analysis was conducted. The survival rate of implants and complications were the primary outcome measures, and other parameters assessed included costs and surgical time.ResultsSeven RCTs that met the inclusion criteria included 554 implants (265 implants in the short implant group). There was no significant difference in survival rate between two groups (RR: 1.00; 95% CI: [0.97, 1.03]; p = .96; seven trials, 554 participants). Compared with long implant group, the short implant group had a lower complications and the effect measure was significant (RR: 0.58; 95% CI: [0.37, 0.90]; p = .02; seven trials, 554 participants).ConclusionThis systematic review showed that no difference between the survival rates of short implants (5–8 mm) and long implants (>8 mm); complications in short implants are lower than that in long implants. However, further studies are required to substantiate our findings.
Short implants placed with or without grafting into atrophic sinuses: the 5‐year results of a prospective randomized controlled study
Authors: Nedir Rabah , Nurdin Nathalie , Abi Najm Semaan , El Hage Marc , Bischof Mark 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectivesOver 5 years, (i) to evaluate the clinical efficiency of 8‐mm implants placed with osteotome sinus floor elevation (OSFE) in extremely atrophic maxillae and (ii) to compare bone levels around implants placed with and without grafting.Material and methodsTE® SLActive® implants (Institut Straumann AG, Basel, Switzerland) were placed in sites with a residual bone height (RBH) of ≤4 mm. Before surgery, sinuses were randomized to receive anorganic bovine bone (control) or no graft (test). After 10 weeks of healing, implants were functionally loaded with single crowns. Bone levels were measured from standardized peri‐apical radiographs.ResultsThirty‐seven (17 test, 20 control) implants were placed in 12 patients (RBH: 2.4 ± 0.9 mm). Two early and one late failures occurred. The success rate was 91.9% (94.1% test, 90.0% control). All implants gained endo‐sinus bone (3.8 ± 1.0 mm test, 4.8 ± 1.2 mm control; P = 0.004). Mean crestal bone loss (CBL) was 0.6 ± 1.1 mm, without a significant difference between the groups (P = 0.527). Mean bone gain and CBL did not change significantly between 1 and 5 years (P = 0.249 and P = 0.293, respectively).ConclusionsAtrophic posterior maxillae can be predictably rehabilitated using OSFE with a simultaneous implant placement. The new bone formed around implants after 1 year was stable after 5 years, irrespective of the presence or the absence of graft. Grafting was unnecessary to achieve an average bone augmentation of 3.8 mm, but more bone was gained with grafting.
Comparison of cannabinoids in hair with self‐reported cannabis consumption in heavy, light and non‐cannabis users
Authors: Taylor Michelle , Lees Rosie , Henderson Graeme , Lingford‐Hughes Anne , Macleod John , Sullivan John , Hickman Matthew 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIntroductionBiological tests of drug use can be used to inform clinical and legal decisions and hold potential to provide evidence for epidemiological studies where self‐reported behaviour may be unavailable or unreliable. We test whether hair can be considered as a reliable marker of cannabis exposure.MethodsHair samples were collected from 136 subjects who were self‐reported heavy, light or non‐users of cannabis and tested using GC‐MS/MS. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were calculated for five cannabinoids (tetrahydrocannabinol [THC], THC‐OH, THC‐COOH, cannabinol and cannabidiol). Samples also were segmented in 1 cm sections representing 1 month exposure and the correlation between amount of cannabinoid detected and self‐reported cannabis consumption tested.ResultsAll five cannabinoids were detected. Seventy‐seven percent of heavy users, 39% of light users and 0% of non‐users tested positive for THC. The sensitivity of detection of THC was 0.77 (0.56–0.91) comparing heavy cannabis smokers with light and non‐users, whereas the sensitivity of other cannabinoids generally was considerably lower. The positive and negative predictive value of detection of THC were 0.57 (0.39–0.74) and 0.91 (0.82–0.97), respectively. A correlation of 0.52 (P < 0.001) was observed between self‐reported monthly cannabis use and THC.DiscussionHair analysis can be used as a qualitative indicator of heavy (daily or near daily) cannabis consumption within the past 3 months. However, this approach is unable to reliably detect light cannabis consumption or determine the quantity of cannabis used by the individual. [Taylor M, Lees R, Henderson G, Lingford‐Hughes A, Macleod J, Sullivan J, Hickman M. Comparison of cannabinoids in hair with self‐reported cannabis consumption in heavy, light and non‐cannabis users. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:220‐226]
Association of MMP‐8 with obesity, smoking and insulin resistance
Authors: Lauhio Anneli , Färkkilä Esa , Pietiläinen Kirsi H. , Åström Pirjo , Winkelmann Alina , Tervahartiala Taina , Pirilä Emma , Rissanen Aila , Kaprio Jaakko , Sorsa Timo A. , Salo Tuula 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundObesity has been recognized as a state of subclinical inflammation resulting in a loss of insulin receptors and decreased insulin sensitivity. We here studied in vivo the role of circulating matrix metalloproteinase‐8 (MMP‐8) among young healthy twin adults. Also, in vitro analysis of the cleavage of human insulin receptor (INSR) by MMP‐8 was investigated as well its inhibition by doxycycline and other MMP‐8 inhibitor, Ilomastat/GM6001, which are broad‐spectrum MMP inhibitors.Materials and methodsWe analysed serum MMP‐8 levels by a time‐resolved immunofluorometric assay in obese (n = 34), overweight (n = 76) and normal weight (n = 130) twin individuals. The effect of MMP‐8 on INSR and the effects of synthetic MMP‐8 inhibitors, doxycycline and Ilomastat/GM6001, were studied by SDS‐PAGE.ResultsWe found that in obese individuals relative to normal weight individuals, the serum MMP‐8 levels and MMP‐8/TIMP‐1 ratio were significantly increased (P = 0·0031 and P = 0·031, respectively). Among normal weight and obese individuals, also smoking significantly increases serum MMP‐8 and MMP‐8/TIMP‐1 ratio. In vitro, we found that INSR was degraded by MMP‐8 and this was inhibited by doxycycline and Ilomastat/GM6001.ConclusionsObesity associated with elevated circulating MMP‐8 found among young adults may contribute to progression of insulin resistance by cleaving INSR. This INSR cleavage by MMP‐8 can be inhibited by synthetic MMP‐8 inhibitors such as doxycycline. In addition to obesity, also smoking independently explained increased MMP‐8 levels. Our results suggest that MMP‐8 is an essential mediator in systemic subclinical inflammatory response in obesity, and a potential drug target.
Is high‐tech care in a middle‐income country worth it?
Authors: Nigmatulina Dzhamilya , Becker Charles 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHow much does a dramatic increase in technology improve healthcare quality in an upper middle‐income country? Using rich vital statistics on infant health outcomes, this study evaluates the effect of introducing technologically advanced perinatal hospitals in 24 regions of Russia on infant mortality during the period 2009–2013. A 7‐year aggregate panel dataset reveals that opening a perinatal centre corresponds to infant mortality reduction by 3.8 percent from the baseline rate, neonatal (0–28 day) mortality by 7 percent and early neonatal (0–6 day) mortality by 7.3 percent. We find that the perinatal centres help to save 263 additional infant lives annually, ranging from 3 to 25 lives in regions with different birth rates. However, we further find that an average cost per life saved is 52 million rb (or 2.6 million 2014 PPP USD), which is much higher than the cost of similar interventions in the United States.
Floral constraint resulting from intersexual mimicry in a gynodioecious fig tree
Authors: Raja Shazia , Suleman Nazia , Compton Stephen G. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractFig trees (Ficus: Moraceae) are pollinated by female fig wasps (Agaonidae) whose larvae develop inside galled flowers of unusual inflorescences (figs). Most fig trees also support communities of non‐pollinating fig wasps. Figs of different species display great size variation and contain tens to tens of thousands of flowers. Around one‐half the species of fig trees have the gynodioecious breeding system, where female trees have figs that produce seeds and male trees have figs that support development of pollinators. Mutual mimicry between receptive male and female figs ensures that pollinators enter female figs, even though the insects will die without reproducing, but the need to give no sex‐specific cues to the pollinators may constrain differences in size between receptive male and female figs. We compared relationships between inflorescence size and some measures of reproductive success in male and female figs of Ficus montana grown under controlled conditions in the presence of the pollinator Kradibia tentacularis and its main parasitoid Sycoscapter sp. indesc. Female figs that contained more flowers produced more seeds, but male figs did not increase the production of female pollinator K. tentacularis fig wasps in proportion of the flower number. Although more flowers were galled by the pollinators in male figs containing more female flowers, the high larval mortality caused by parasitism and nutritional limitation prevented the increase in the production of adult female offspring. Selection may favor the increase in flower numbers within figs in female plants of F. montana, but contrarily constrain this attribute in male plants.
Highest drought sensitivity and lowest resistance to growth suppression are found in the range core of the treeFagus sylvaticaL. not the equatorial range edge
Authors: Cavin Liam , Jump Alistair S. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBiogeographical and ecological theory suggests that species distributions should be driven to higher altitudes and latitudes as global temperatures rise. Such changes occur as growth improves at the poleward edge of a species distribution and declines at the range edge in the opposite or equatorial direction, mirrored by changes in the establishment of new individuals. A substantial body of evidence demonstrates that such processes are underway for a wide variety of species. Case studies from populations at the equatorial range edge of a variety of woody species have led us to understand that widespread growth decline and distributional shifts are underway. However, in apparent contrast, other studies report high productivity and reproduction in some range edge populations. We sought to assess temporal trends in the growth of the widespread European beech tree (Fagus sylvatica) across its latitudinal range. We explored the stability of populations to major drought events and the implications for predicted widespread growth decline at its equatorial range edge. In contrast to expectations, we found greatest sensitivity and low resistance to drought in the core of the species range, whilst dry range edge populations showed particularly high resistance to drought and little evidence of drought‐linked growth decline. We hypothesize that this high range edge resistance to drought is driven primarily by local environmental factors that allow relict populations to persist despite regionally unfavourable climate. The persistence of such populations demonstrates that range‐edge decline is not ubiquitous and is likely to be driven by declining population density at the landscape scale rather than sudden and widespread range retraction.
Mapping ignorance: 300 years of collecting flowering plants in Africa
Authors: Stropp Juliana , Ladle Richard J. , M. Malhado Ana C. , Hortal Joaquín , Gaffuri Julien , H. Temperley William , Olav Skøien Jon , Mayaux Philippe 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimSpatial and temporal biases in species‐occurrence data can compromise broad‐scale biogeographical research and conservation planning. Although spatial biases have been frequently scrutinized, temporal biases and the overall quality of species‐occurrence data have received far less attention. This study aims to answer three questions: (1) How reliable are species‐occurrence data for flowering plants in Africa? (2) Where and when did botanical sampling occur in the past 300 years? (3) How complete are plant inventories for Africa?LocationAfrica.MethodsBy filtering a publicly available dataset containing 3.5 million records of flowering plants, we obtained 934,676 herbarium specimens with complete information regarding species name, date and location of collection. Based on these specimens, we estimated inventory completeness for sampling units (SUs) of 25 km × 25 km. We then tested whether the spatial distribution of well‐sampled SUs was correlated with temporal parameters of botanical sampling. Finally, we determined whether inventory completeness in individual countries was related to old or recently collected specimens.ResultsThirty‐one per cent of SUs contained at least one specimen, whereas only 2.4% of SUs contained a sufficient number of specimens to reliably estimate inventory completeness. We found that the location of poorly sampled areas remained almost unchanged for half a century. Moreover, there was pronounced temporal bias towards old specimens in South Africa, the country that holds half of the available data for the continent. There, high inventory completeness stems from specimens collected several decades ago.Main conclusionsDespite the increasing availability of species occurrence data for Africa, broad‐scale biogeographical research is still compromised by the uncertain quality and spatial and temporal biases of such data. To avoid erroneous inferences, the quality and biases in species‐occurrence data should be critically evaluated and quantified prior to use. To this end, we propose a quantification method based on inventory completeness using easily accessible species‐occurrence data.
Treatment of calcified root canals in elderly people: a clinical study about the accessibility, the time needed and the outcome with a three‐year follow‐up
Authors: Kiefner Peter , Connert Thomas , ElAyouti Ashraf , Weiger Roland 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveDetermination of accessibility, time needed and outcome of endodontic treatment of teeth with calcified root canals in a sample of elderly participants in a private practice limited to endodontics.BackgroundDue to demographic changes, gerodontology is becoming more and more important, also in the field of endodontology. Elderly patients can show up with severe calcifications of root canals. Root canal treatment, when needed, can be very challenging in these cases. Only few data exist about the treatment of calcified root canals and its outcome, especially in an elderly population.Materials and methodsForty‐one participants (median age: 72 years) needing a root canal treatment were included. The total number of treated teeth was 41 with 114 negotiated root canals. A specialist limited to endodontics performed the treatment in a private practice. Outcome was assessed by applying the periapical index score on the basis of recall radiographs provided by the referring dentists. Likewise, time required to localise the root canals was measured.ResultsAll root canals have been detected using the operating microscope, and full working length could be established in 90% of the cases. Success rate was 80% after an observation time of 3 years. In three of five teeth, root canals could be localised within 15 min.ConclusionCalcified root canals of older people treated in this study were all accessible within a maximum of 60 min. The success rate after a follow‐up of 3 years was 80%.