bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of the ARCADIA Method on a Bulk Carrier Vessel Equipped with a Wind‐assistance Device
Authors: Dreier Mathias , Bajzek Matthias , Hick Hannes , Michels Nico , Burchardt Carsten , Aoyama Kazuhiro 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe maritime industry is undergoing a major transformation to achieve reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Many new options, such as alternative propulsion systems and fuels, optimized routes, or auxiliary propulsion systems, including wind‐assistance devices, need to be integrated and aligned within a wide network of different stakeholders. New ways are necessary to work with and manage the increasing complexity in the maritime industry. Model‐based systems engineering approaches are a promising strategy to gain a better understanding of the as‐is situation and to develop advanced solutions. This paper shows the application of the ARCADIA method for the maritime industry, with the target of integrating wind‐assistance devices to vessels, using the ARCADIA modeling language and the Capella tool.
Conceptual Modeling for Early‐Phase Decision‐Making in the Maritime Industry: A Case Study of Power Generation System Concept Selection
Authors: Grønningsæter Magnus Sjøholt , Engen Siv 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThis study examines the use of conceptual modeling to aid in selecting a power generation system concept in the maritime industry. The research objective is to understand how conceptual modeling can enhance decision‐making during the early phases of concept evaluation. The study was conducted at a world‐leading maritime technology company to address the need for more formal processes to support decision‐making in complex development projects. The study applied a conceptual modeling approach in an industry case to facilitate decision‐making in the early phases of a development project. The study shows that conceptual modeling is effective in supporting early‐phase decision‐making in the development project. Conceptual models effectively manage complexity, enhance understanding, and enable effective communication among team members. By combining conceptual modeling with a Pugh matrix, informed decision‐making is facilitated, aligning with stakeholders' objectives. Overall, conceptual modeling provides a structured representation of the problem domain, guiding early‐phase decision‐making.
Early Validation of SysML Architectures by Extending MBSE with Co‐Simulation using FMI and SSP
Authors: Cederbladh Johan , Krems Daniel 
Published: September 2024

AbstractDue to complexity increases in modern systems and the digitalization paradigm shift, industrial development requires the integration of new technologies and methods to keep product quality high while reducing time to market. One emerging paradigm in the Systems Engineering (SE) discipline is ModelBased methods and technologies, and correspondingly Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is seeing increased adoption. With mature MBSE application, several benefits can be expected from the availability of models, even from the very early stages of development, enabling increased communication clarity, cross‐domain collaboration, traceability, and analysis. Notably, MBSE enables (Co‐)simulation even at the early stage of architecture/design by leveraging model‐based capabilities. Co‐simulation specifically enables a smooth and seamless integration of different models defined across layers of abstraction, for example, system logical architecture and system physical architecture. However, while MBSE is assisting with many aspects of development it is still a predominantly isolated set of activities throughout the development, especially on the left‐hand side of the traditional V‐model. In this work we discuss the status of Co‐simulation in industrial MBSE and list several existing challenges, then we propose a novel framework for implementing Co‐simulation and exemplify using a real scenario how we might address the observed challenges. The framework hinges on the newly proposed SSP standard and extends the currently industrially adopted FMI (version 3) standard through embedding the FMI file format using various scripts, demonstrated in the Python language for this paper. Finally, we propose a set of recommendations for future investigations to strengthen Co‐simulation in industrial MBSE.
Contemporary Systems Engineering for the UN SDGs and NAE Grand Challenges
Authors: Bhada Shamsnaz Virani , Palmer Erika , Haskins Cecilia 
Published: September 2024

Abstract: Systems engineering programs at US universities have been focusing more on sustainability, but systems approaches to sustainability are found in programs outside of a systems engineering context. Transdisciplinary collaboration has been emphasized to make progress toward the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), requiring new approaches to collaborative understanding on the student and faculty levels in academic environments. This paper provides a qualitative network analysis of systems approaches to sustainability across disciplines using a US university as a case study. The analysis mapped systems approaches at Worchester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) within and outside of WPI's Systems Engineering Program. We specifically focused on thematic areas regarding systems in social science domains pertaining to the SDGs, which need to be brought into a systems engineering context. This paper aims to identify potential areas of collaboration to accelerate progress toward the SDGs using systems approaches.
EXTENDING SYSTEMS ENGINEERING FOR SAFETY‐CRITICAL DEFENCE APPLICATIONS
Authors: Katia POTIRON , James INGE 
Published: September 2024

AbstractDefence sector applications are often characterised by a high level of complexity: in the technical systems involved, in their management and supply chain arrangements, and in the dynamic nature of the risks involved. ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 is well established as a standard that provides a common set of life cycle processes and terminology for engineering complex systems. However, it takes a generic approach that does not directly address the needs of systems with a safety impact. In contrast, safety‐specific standards like IEC 61508 provide a well‐known framework for the functional safety of electrical, electronic, and programmable electronic safety‐related systems, but do not address the complexity commonly found in systems in the defence sector.In IEC 63187‐1, the International Electrotechnical Commission is drafting a new standard to provide a safety framework for defence applications. It uses modern systems engineering principles that build on ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288, extending it with requirements to make it appropriate for critical systems in the defence sector. This paper discusses how IEC 63187‐1 uses ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 to achieve the goals of system safety, why this approach was adopted, the expected benefits and some of the impacts of designing the new safety framework this way.
Concept Design Failure Modes and Effects Analysis Using System Level Assessment
Authors: Genter David , Bauer Stephanie , Baldeosingh Shamil 
Published: September 2024

AbstractDesign Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (DFMEA) is a process to identify and mitigate risks of failure of a product to perform the intended function(s) for the customer. DFMEAs can be performed at all stages of design from product concept to system to component. Several issues with concept level design FMEAs have been identified by Henshall, et al in 2014: large documents, focus on components with poorly defined connections, focus on hardware rather than integrated electro‐mechanical systems. As a result of these challenges, improvements to the system‐level product concept are unlikely. In 2023 Genter and Bauer described a novel approach to eliciting design considerations representing the needs of both the customer and business using System Level Assessment. These design considerations form the basis for a concept level design FMEA. This approach was applied to a design concept for a technology that had not been previously developed. When compared to a concept DFMEA approach as part of Inclusive Customer Driven Conceptual Design defined by Hari and Weiss, the System Level Assessment based approach took 4.5 hours for the Critical System compared to 8 hours per concept for Inclusive Customer Driven Conceptual Design. When compared to a traditional Concept FMEA yielding 67% prevention tasks, the System Level Assessment Concept FMEA yielded 95% prevention tasks.
Developing an Integrated Mission Simulation to Evaluate Technology Impact on Military Scenarios
Authors: Sarathi Tara , Council Chad , Londner Edward , Shatz Michael 
Published: September 2024

AbstractOver the past decade, technology has experienced a rapid and widespread evolution, resulting in new capabilities across the defense sector. While these capabilities often bring about beneficial changes, they can also beget unforeseen consequences. As a result, it is becoming increasingly important for the military to understand how this changing technological landscape can impact its missions. To address this issue, we have developed an Integrated Mission Simulation (IMS) to assess the potential impact that different technologies may have on a given mission. The Integrated Mission Simulation combines a mission context model with several technology performance models, which enables users to assess the results of different ‘what‐if’ scenarios on key performance parameters for a given mission. To illustrate its utility, we present two publicly available scenarios and simulate how known technological advances could have altered the outcomes of those scenarios.
Modeling swarm mission with COTS characterization: a series of return on experience
Authors: Brisacier‐Porchon Lorraine , Hammami Omar 
Published: September 2024

AbstractSystem design in defense systems is a competitive field, in which economical viability relies on a sequence of architectural decisions, aiming at quality, resource and time (Q,R,T) compromises. We observe that low‐cost unmanned ground vehicles (UGV) and drones appear as new threats on current battlefield. To face these new threats, Direction Générale de l'Armement (DGA) have organized challenges around robotization of battlefield, to design future employment doctrines and help technologies to reach maturity in a reasonable time. This article exposes a NATO Architecture Framework (NAF) 3.1‐based workflow that includes return of experience form the field over yearly iterations of such challenges. The capabilities depicted are requirements to match, constituent systems are based on Components‐Off‐The‐Shelf (COTS) answering to both edition of the challenge. This article details how manually re‐injecting feedback from field back to the system model failed to ensure the next iterations of the challenge. Our works propose conclusions on formulation of the “engineering leakage problem” and how resolution of this problem is NP‐Hard and should be addressed using optimization.
IT/OT Integration by Design
Authors: Schäfer Georg , Waclawek Hannes , Riedmann Sarah , Binder Christoph , Neureiter Christian , Huber Stefan 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe four Industry 4.0 design principles information transparency, technical assistance, interconnection and decentralized decisions pose challenges in integrating Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT) solutions in industrial systems. These different solutions have conflicting requirements, making interfaces between them problematic for both systems and organizations. An Industrial Business Process Twin (IBPT) entity, acting as an intermediary between the realms of IT and OT, has been proposed in a previous work, to effectively reduce the amount of required IT/OT interfaces in an attempt of overcoming this situation. In this work, we investigate the effects of this approach during the design phase. We argue that, by eliminating potentially conflicting direct interfaces between IT and OT stakeholders within the organizational structure, this approach effectively eliminates conflicting communication channels within the system design. To verify our argument, we develop a model of our IBPT concept according to the Reference Architecture Model Industrie 4.0 (RAMI4.0) using an Industry 4.0 scenario addressing the four essential Industry 4.0 design principles. Results show that the IBPT approach indeed eliminates potentially conflicting IT/OT interfaces during the system design phase.
Extending SysML Model Federation to Support Systems of Systems Multilevel Security Development
Authors: Swickline Chris 
Published: September 2024

AbstractPractitioners of modern systems engineering within the defense industry and intelligence community often find themselves being pulled in diametrically opposed directions. On the one hand, systems engineering is quickly evolving into a digital practice, strategically connecting heterogeneous sets of models to form digital threads and digital twins capable of providing insights more valuable than the sum of their parts. On the other hand, the inherent nature of working within the national security space necessitates information be held a multiple levels of classification, safeguarded from release, and compartmentalized. This paper focuses on Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) development to introduce methods and tools to aid in overcoming these challenges. The work presented here builds on previously published works in SysML Model Federation for Systems of Systems (SoS) Architecting, the experience of applying this methodology on real world programs. Furthermore, it leverages freely available MBSE tools, processes, and methods in the construction of System Architecture Models (SAMs). This paper culminates in a call to action for additional published research and development to address residual challenges and gaps with respect to executing MBSE for Multilevel Security (MLS) development.
Evaluation of Visual ConOps in Early Solution Validation in a Small and Medium‐sized Enterprise
Authors: Hadadpour Mahsa , Kjørstad Marianne , Muller Gerrit 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThis paper focuses on the design, implementation, and assessment of the visual Concept of Operations (ConOps) as an informal visualization technique employed for early solution validation in Small and Medium‐sized Enterprises (SMEs). SMEs face significant challenges in early solution validation due to the complex nature of modern systems and the constantly changing market demands. These challenges may be further intensified by immature leadership and ineffective communication within the organization. By applying an industry‐as‐laboratory approach in an SME industry case, this study aims to reduce the negative impacts of miscommunication between internal and external stakeholders and contribute to needs elicitation and system validation process. The results show that visual ConOps can effectively support the need elicitation process, which is crucial for early validation, however, it may not independently serve as a comprehensive communication tool between the developer team and stakeholders. It is essential to supplement visual ConOps with complementary tools to effectively convey stakeholder input to the developer team.
Systems‐Theoretic Concept Design: An Intent Model for Early Concept Generation
Authors: Hillman Alexander P. , Leveson Nancy , Young William 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe complexity of engineered systems has grown leaps and bounds over the last forty years. One of the main challenges in modern engineering is managing this complexity, particularly as the pace of technological change continues to accelerate across industries. While most systems professionals agree, a viable early design concept is crucial to meeting stakeholders' needs and successfully scoping a development program, traditional early concept generation approaches focus on a design‐first approach, often glossing over an analysis of system intent and a synthesis of system goals and objectives. This tendency leads to an early focus on low‐level, highly‐granular design activities that focus on advanced technologies as design components instead of on the high‐level policy or desired emergence that the new system is being designed to achieve. To combat these shortcomings, this paper introduces a new framework for conceptualizing an early design for novel, complex systems in aerospace and defense that are employed as part of a portfolio‐of‐systems in an attempt to achieve a high‐level policy or portfolio‐level capability. It outlines an intent model for framing a new system's contribution to a portfolio‐level capability, and it posits a framework for delivering a new model for early design concepts while providing a foundation to extend system‐theoretic hazard and security analysis techniques to systematically analyze safety and security engineering challenges for the designs in the earliest possible phase of their lifecycle.
Systems Engineering roles to handle emergent properties and behaviors in complex technical systems
Authors: Graessler Iris , Pfeifer Jan , Hintz Florian , Meyrl Nicolas 
Published: September 2024

AbstractEngineering projects for complex technical systems such as automobiles demand extensive requirement specifications and corresponding hierarchy levels in system architectures. Especially when considering emergent phenomena, such as total weight or aerodynamics, a closely networked collaboration of discipline‐specific and cross‐disciplinary roles is required. Further, in large organizations with a group structure, resulting functional and non‐functional contents need to be managed by distinct Systems Engineering roles. For example, the role “property manager” takes care of achieving overarching product properties, such as weight or aerodynamics, which cannot be directly fixed, but result from many specifications. This paper proposes new Systems Engineering roles and their application in a German Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM). For validation, the roles have already been applied in everyday engineering projects at the OEM. The concept proved to be indispensable and transferable to other Systems Engineering projects.
Sustainability Mindshift: Incorporating the Systems Perspective
Authors: Keating Charles B. , Katina Polinpapilinho F. , Pyne James C. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe pursuit of sustainability is a noble undertaking and unarguably ‘a good thing’. The concept can hardly be denied as something good for future societal well‐being. However, beyond a superficial acknowledgment of the inherent ‘goodness’ of sustainability, there is much to be gained through reframing sustainability as an engineered byproduct, subject to trade‐offs, from an underlying system as opposed to a ‘development goal.’ A Mindshift is a change in assumptions, beliefs, and ways of thinking about something. In pursuit of a sustainability Mindshift, following an introduction and discussion of the sustainability landscape, three challenges for sustainable systems development are explored. The first Mindshift challenge examines sustainability as a byproduct of an underlying system. Thus, the focus is shifted from sustainability as a goal to sustainability as a purposefully designed outcome from an engineered system. The second Mindshift challenge explores sustainability through the lens of Systems Theory. Systems Theory is a set of axioms (taken‐for‐granted ‘truths’) and propositions (system concepts, laws, and principles) that govern systems’ behavior, structure, and performance. The implications of Systems Theory have profound implications for how we view sustainability. The third Mindshift challenge suggests that sustainability can be enhanced through the purposeful identification, assessment, and resolution of violations of system propositions (pathologies) spanning system design, execution, and development. Thus, sustainability is a ‘systems‐engineered byproduct’ resulting from an underlying system and developed by addressing systems‐based disparities (pathologies) in the system. The paper closes with a capsule of Mindshift challenges for sustainability and their implications for supporting the INCOSE SE Vision 2035.
SYSTEM REVISITED – AGAIN
Authors: Quayle Anthony J 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThis paper reviews the revised foundational definitions of system and systems engineering in the recently published (2023) fifth edition of the INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook. The new INCOSE definitions derive from an earlier INCOSE Fellows' Initiative on System and Systems Engineering Definitions that began in 2016 and finally reported in 2019. After introducing the concept of system and reviewing the new definition, the paper concludes that the concept, not rooted in a single science or exemplar domain, is so pervasive as be a meta‐concept that does not have a dominant scientific definition. It proposes further work towards a more scientific definition of an engineered or artificial system – the primary interest of INCOSE – at a lower level of abstraction.While the authors define systems engineering functionally as a process or approach, we see the essence of systems engineering as abstraction. Using the more accepted metaphysical distinction between the real, virtual, and abstract, we define the output of systems engineering as an abstract (simplified symbolic) representation or model that is the basis for defining the real; firstly, the virtual representation of something not (yet) existing physically but made to appear so and, finally, the physical. Thus, we position systems engineering as the abstract phase within a three‐phase abstract‐virtual‐physical engineering design and realization process.
Enterprise: Exploration of Concepts, Perspectives and Implications for Systems Engineering
Authors: Keating Charles B. , Katina Polinpapilinho F. , Bradley Joseph M. , Hodge Richard , Martin James N. , Caskey Sue A. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of ‘enterprise’ in the context of Systems Engineering (SE). The term ‘enterprise’ has been used extensively to generally describe large complex entities that have an extensive scope of operations. However, a deeper examination of ‘enterprise’ significance for SE can provide insights as our challenges continue with increasingly complex, uncertain, ambiguous, and integrated entities struggling to thrive in the future. The paper explores three central topics. First, the concept of enterprise is introduced as a central aspect of the future focus for SE, as recognized in the INCOSE SE Vision 2035. Second, a more detailed examination of the enterprise concept is developed in relationship to SE. The thrust of this examination is to understand the nature and role of ‘enterprise’ across a broad spectrum of literature and knowledge, ultimately providing a more informed perspective of enterprise for SE. As part of this exploration, a bibliometric analysis of the term ‘enterprise’ is performed. This exploration extracts key themes (clusters) in the ‘enterprise’ literature. Third, challenges for further development and inculcation of ‘enterprise’ within the SE discipline and support for realization of the SE 2035 Vision are suggested. These challenges point out the need to ‘think differently’ about ‘enterprise’ within the SE context. ‘Enterprise’ is proposed as a central, albeit different, perspective for the SE discipline. The paper closes with a first‐generation perspective for ‘enterprise’ in pursuit of the SE Vision 2035.