bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gravitational Focusing and the Star Cluster Initial Mass Function
Authors: Kuznetsova Aleksandra , Hartmann Lee , Burkert Andreas 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
We discuss the possibility that gravitational focusing is responsible for the power-law mass function of star clusters

. This power law can be produced asymptotically when the mass accretion rate of an object depends upon the mass of the accreting body, as

. Although Bondi–Hoyle–Lyttleton accretion formally produces this dependence on mass in a uniform medium, realistic environments are much more complicated. However, numerical simulations in SPH that allow for sink formation yield such an asymptotic power-law mass function. We perform pure N-body simulations to isolate the effects of gravity from those of gas physics and to show that clusters naturally result with the power-law mass distribution. We also consider the physical conditions necessary to produce clusters on appropriate timescales. Our results help support the idea that gravitationally dominated accretion is the most likely mechanism for producing the cluster mass function.
Ecoantibio : premier plan de réduction des risques d’antibiorésistance en médecine vétérinaire (2012-2016)
Authors: Debaere Olivier 
Published: February 2017

Ecoantibio : first plan for the reduction of the risks of antibiotic resistance in veterinary medicine (2012-2016).
The Ecoantibio plan is the French plan for the reduction of the risks of antibiotic resistance in veterinary medicine. It aims to reduce by 25% in five years (2012 to 2016 inclusive) the exposure of animals to antibiotics and to change the practices of prescribing and of use of antibiotics. With a drop of 20% in four years (2012-2015 inclusive), the quantified objective of the plan is about to be reached. These first good results, which can be qualified according to the families of antibiotics and animal sectors, are primarly related to the commitment and mobilization of veterinarians with farmers. However, it must be followed by a second plan to record the first good results in duration.
Alimentation des vaches laitières et composition en acides gras du lait
Authors: Enjalbert Francis , Meynadier Annabelle 
Published: February 2017

Dairy cow’s diet and milk fatty acids profile.
Milk fatty acids profile is important for consumers, since milk and milk products provide a large part of fat in human diets and since dietary fatty acids profile influences human health. Milk fatty acids originate in part from the diet, and ruminal digestion strongly affects fatty acids profile. These physiological specificities must be taken into account to modulate milk fatty acids profile by modifying dairy cow’s diet. The main diet characteristics that can affect milk fatty acids profile are the choice of forage (pasture or stored forage) and fat supplementation, usually as oilseeds. This article underlines dietary choices that allow the control of unsaturated, n-3 or trans fatty acids.
Maximal testosterone suppression in the management of recurrent and metastatic prostate cancer
Authors: Klotz Laurence , Breau Rodney H. , Collins Loretta L. , Gleave Martin E. , Pickles Tom , Pouliot Frederic , Saad Fred 
Published: February 2017

Introduction: Testosterone suppression, or androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT), is an established treatment for recurrent and metastatic prostate cancer (PCa). Based on the accuracy and sensitivityof early assays (c. 1960–1970), the castrate testosterone level was set at ≤1.7 nmol/l. Improved sensitivity of testosterone assays shows that both surgical and medical castration can achieve levels <0.7 nmol/l. However, the clinical implications and importance of maximum testosterone suppression remains a subject of controversy. This evidence-based review assesses prospective and retrospectiveclinical data, linking maximum suppression of testosterone with improved outcomes from ADT.Methods: PubMed and conference proceedings were searched for studies assessing the impact of low testosterone on clinical outcomes from ADT. The key search terms included combinations of prostate cancer and testosterone, predictive/prognostic, and androgen deprivation. Results were limited to studies investigating the relationship between testosterone levels and clinical outcomes.Results: Both prospective and retrospective data support a relationship between testosterone levels below the historical standard of 1.7 nmol/l and improved outcomes. Eight studies showed significantimprovements in survival-related outcomes, with the majority of data supporting a testosterone level cutoff of ≤0.7 nmol/l.Conclusions: Tracking both testosterone and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels has significant clinical benefits, and the serum testosterone threshold of ≤0.7 nmol/l is a practical goal. The relativelevels of testosterone and PSA may indicate continued hormone responsiveness or progression toward castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and should, therefore, inform treatment strategy. Standardization of assay methods and clinical coordination to facilitate widespread access to state-of the art laboratory equipment is necessary to ensure accurate decision-making.
Sur la « nature » du tirage au sort en politique : dialogue entre hasard et élection
Authors: Bonin Hugo 
Published: February 2017

Le débat contemporain entourant l’utilisation du sort en politique tend parfois à oublier que celui-ci s’inscrit dans un contexte institutionnel précis. En effet, la discussion tente généralement de révéler une nature immanente au tirage au sort. Parmi les auteurs ayant abordé cette question, deux pôles peuvent être dégagés : ceux qui mettent l’accent sur le caractère neutralisateur du hasard en politique et ceux qui insistent sur sa dimension égalitaire. Or, de telles positions obscurcissent le fait que c’est en fonction de certains arrangements institutionnels spécifiques que les potentiels neutralisateurs ou égalitaires du tirage au sort sont mis de l’avant. Adoptant à la fois une perspective philosophique, historique et sociologique, cet article analyse le tirage au sort en politique selon l’angle de son essence et de ses effets. Un survol de différentes expériences historiques aide à illustrer le fait que le potentiel du tirage au sort en politique dépend principalement de la pratique politique dans laquelle il s’inscrit. Par la suite, une comparaison de l’élection et du tirage permet de démontrer le caractère problématique de l’idée d’une essence de ces processus et de démontrer l’importance d’une réflexion en termes de potentialité et non de nature.
Intersexual differences of heat shock response between two amphipods (Eulimnogammarus verrucosusandEulimnogammarus cyaneus) in Lake Baikal
Authors: Bedulina Daria , Meyer Michael F. , Gurkov Anton , Kondratjeva Ekaterina , Baduev Boris , Gusdorf Roman , Timofeyev Maxim A. 
Published: February 2017

Acute temperature fluctuations are common in surface waters, and aquatic organisms may manifest physiological responses to punctuated temperature spikes long before behavioral responses. Ectotherms, especially cryophilic stenotherms such as those endemic to Lake Baikal (Siberia), may demonstrate specialized physiological responses to acute temperature increases because their proteomes have evolved to function most efficiently at lower temperatures (e.g., <10 °C). Therefore, our study questioned the nature and degree of variation in physiological response to acute thermal stress in two congenerous, endemic Baikal amphipod species,Eulimnogammarus verrucosusandEulimnogammarus cyaneus. We hypothesized that because interspecific and intersexual thermosensitivity varies significantly among ectotherms, there would be divergent intersexual and interspecific strategies to withstand acute thermal stress, manifested in different protein compositions and concentrations. We exposed individuals to the species’ respective LT50 for one hour followed by a three-hour recovery period. We then performed 1D-PAGE, Western blotting, 2D-PAGE, and Mass Spectrometry techniques and assessed relative intersexual and interspecific changes in proteomic composition and heat shock protein 70 level. Our results demonstrate that females tend to be more sensitive to an acute thermal stimulus than males, most likely because females allocate significant energy to reproduction and less to heat shock response, evidenced by females’ significantly lower LT50time. Lower level of Hsp70 was found in females of the thermosensitiveE. verrucosuscompared to males of this species. No intersexual differences were found in Hsp70 level in thermotolerantE. cyaneus. Higher levels of hemocyanin subunits and arginine kinase were found inE. cyaneusfemales after heat shock and recovery compared to males, which was not found forE. verrucosus, suggesting interspecific mechanisms forE. cyaneus’s higher thermotolerance. These differing responses between species and sexes of Baikal amphipods may reflect more general strategies for maintaining homeostatic conditions during acute thermal stress. As mean surface water temperatures increase worldwide, the net efficiency and efficacy of these strategies could give rise to long term changes in physiology, behavior, and interactions with other species, potentially precipitating population and community level alterations.
Bax-inhibitor-1knockdown phenotypes are suppressed byBuffyand exacerbate degeneration in aDrosophilamodel of Parkinson disease
Authors: M’Angale P. Githure , Staveley Brian E. 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundBax inhibitor-1 (BI-1) is an evolutionarily conserved cytoprotective transmembrane protein that acts as a suppressor ofBax-induced apoptosis by regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell death. We knocked downBI-1in the sensitivedopa decarboxylase(Ddc) expressing neurons ofDrosophila melanogasterto investigate its neuroprotective functions. We additionally sought to rescue theBI-1-induced phenotypes by co-expression with the pro-survivalBuffyand determined the effect ofBI-1knockdown on the neurodegenerative α-synuclein-induced Parkinson disease (PD) model.MethodsWe used organismal assays to assess longevity of the flies to determine the effect of the altered expression ofBI-1in theDdc-Gal4-expressing neurons by employing two RNAi transgenic fly lines. We measured the locomotor ability of these RNAi lines by computing the climbing indices of the climbing ability and compared them to a control line that expresses thelacZtransgene. Finally, we performed biometric analysis of the developing eye, where we counted the number of ommatidia and calculated the area of ommatidial disruption.ResultsThe knockdown ofBI-1in these neurons was achieved under the direction of theDdc-Gal4transgene and resulted in shortened lifespan and precocious loss of locomotor ability. The co-expression ofBuffy, the Drosophila anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 homologue, withBI-1-RNAiresulted in suppression of the reduced lifespan and impaired climbing ability. Expression of human α-synucleinin Drosophila dopaminergic neurons results in neuronal degeneration, accompanied by the age-dependent loss in climbing ability. We exploited this neurotoxic system to investigate possible BI-1 neuroprotective function. The co-expression of α-synucleinwithBI-1-RNAiresults in a slight decrease in lifespan coupled with an impairment in climbing ability. In supportive experiments, we employed the neuron-rich Drosophila compound eye to investigate subtle phenotypes that result from altered gene expression. The knockdown ofBI-1in the Drosophila developing eye under the direction of theGMR-Gal4transgene results in reduced ommatidia number and increased disruption of the ommatidial array. Similarly, the co-expression ofBI-1-RNAiwithBuffyresults in the suppression of the eye phenotypes. The expression of α-synucleinalong with the knockdown ofBI-1resulted in reduction of ommatidia number and more disruption of the ommatidial array.ConclusionKnockdown ofBI-1in the dopaminergic neurons of Drosophila results in a shortened lifespan and premature loss in climbing ability, phenotypes that appear to be strongly associated with models of PD in Drosophila, and which are suppressed upon overexpression ofBuffyand worsened by co-expression with α-synuclein. This suggests thatBI-1is neuroprotective and its knockdown can be counteracted by the overexpression of the pro-survivalBcl-2homologue.
Patient satisfaction with doctor-patient interaction and its association with modifiable cardiovascular risk factors among moderately-high risk patients in primary healthcare
Authors: Norhayati Mohd Noor , Masseni Abd Aziz , Azlina Ishak 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundThe outcomes of the physician-patient discussion intervene in the satisfaction of cardiovascular disease risk patients. Adherence to treatment, provision of continuous care, clinical management of the illness and patients’ adjustment are influenced by satisfaction with physician-patient interaction. This study aims to determine the patient satisfaction with doctor-patient interaction and over six months after following prevention counselling, its associations with modifiable cardiovascular risk factors amongst moderately-high risk patients in a primary healthcare clinic in Kelantan, Malaysia.MethodsA prospective survey was conducted amongst patients with moderately-high cardiovascular risk. A total of 104 moderately-high risk patients were recruited and underwent structured prevention counselling based on the World Health Organization guideline, and their satisfaction with the doctor-patient interaction was assessed using ‘Skala Kepuasan Interaksi Perubatan-11,’ the Malay version of the Medical Interview Satisfaction Scale-21. Systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured at baseline and at a follow-up visit at six months. Descriptive analysis, pairedttest and linear regression analyses were performed.ResultsA total of 102 patients responded, giving a response rate of 98.1%. At baseline, 76.5% of the respondents were satisfied with the relation with their doctor, with the favourable domain of distress relief (85.3%) and rapport/confidence (91.2%). The unfavourable domain was interaction outcome, with satisfaction in only 67.6% of the respondents. Between the two visits, changes had occurred in total cholesterol (P = 0.022) and in systolic blood pressure (P < 0.001). Six months after the initial visits, no relationship existed between patient satisfaction scores and changes in modifiable cardiovascular risks.DiscussionThe ‘Skala Kepuasan Interaksi Perubatan-11’ which represents a component of the interpersonal doctor-patient relationship can be used to assess improvements of the medical skills and in medical training to enhance the quality of therapeutic communication.
40Ar/39Ar geochronology reveals rapid change from plume‐assisted to stress‐dependent volcanism in the Newer Volcanic Province, SE Australia
Authors: Oostingh K. F. , Jourdan F. , Matchan E. L. , Phillips D. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractHere we present 40Ar/39Ar ages of volcanic features in the Cenozoic intraplate Newer Volcanic Province in southeast Australia. The <5 Ma volcanic products in the Newer Volcanic Province can be subdivided into tholeiitic, valley‐filling Newer Plains basalts, and alkaline scoria cones, lava shields, and maars of the Newer Cones series. Plateau ages range from 3.76 ± 0.01 to 4.32 ± 0.03 Ma (2σ; all sources of uncertainties included) for the Newer Plains series, with production rates of volcanism decreasing post 4 Ma. We suggest that magmatism is related to the complex interplay of magma upwelling due to edge‐driven convection and the Cosgrove track mantle plume located in the northeast of the province at 6.5–5 Ma. Plateau ages range from 1290 ± 20 to 41.1 ± 2.2 ka (2σ) for the Newer Cones series, with a diffuse age progression in the onset of volcanism for these features from east to west. Analyses of the distribution and geomorphology of these volcanic features indicates a strong control of basement faults on volcanism, reflected in alignment of volcanic features along Paleozoic north‐south oriented basement faults in the east and Cretaceous northwest‐southeast oriented extensional features in the west. This age progression can be explained by a westerly migration of stress derived from the left‐lateral strike‐slip Tasman Fracture Zone. This suggests that the general mechanism of volcanism changed from upwelling due to plume‐assisted edge‐driven convection prior to ∼4 Ma to stress‐dependent upwelling at around 1.3 Ma.
Diffusive scattering of electrons by electron holes around injection fronts
Authors: Vasko I. Y. , Agapitov O. V. , Mozer F. S. , Artemyev A. V. , Krasnoselskikh V. V. , Bonnell J. W. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractVan Allen Probes have detected nonlinear electrostatic spikes around injection fronts in the outer radiation belt. These spikes include electron holes (EH), double layers, and more complicated solitary waves. We show that EHs can efficiently scatter electrons due to their substantial transverse electric fields. Although the electron scattering driven by EHs is diffusive, it cannot be evaluated via the standard quasi‐linear theory. We derive analytical formulas describing local electron scattering by a single EH and verify them via test particle simulations. We show that the most efficiently scattered are gyroresonant electrons (crossing EH on a time scale comparable to the local electron gyroperiod). We compute bounce‐averaged diffusion coefficients and demonstrate their dependence on the EH spatial distribution (latitudinal extent and spatial filling factor) and individual EH parameters (amplitude of electrostatic potential, velocity, and spatial scales). We show that EHs can drive pitch angle scattering of
5 keV electrons at rates 10−2−10−4 s−1 and, hence, can contribute to electron losses and conjugated diffuse aurora brightenings. The momentum and pitch angle scattering rates can be comparable, so that EHs can also provide efficient electron heating. The scattering rates driven by EHs at L shells L ∼ 5–8 are comparable to those due to chorus waves and may exceed those due to electron cyclotron harmonics.
A comparison of small‐scale magnetic fluctuations in the Region 1 and 2 field‐aligned current systems
Authors: Wu J. , Bryant M. S. , Ridley C. G. , Shen Y. , Yang L. , Clausen L. B. N. , McWilliams K. A. , Murphy K. R. , Mann I. R. , Ozeke L. G. , Korth H. , Anderson B. J. , Waters C. L. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBy determining the location and size of the Region 1 (R1) and Region 2 (R2) large‐scale field‐aligned currents (FACs) from Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment data, we are able to study the small‐scale magnetic fluctuations observed by the Swarm satellites embedded within the large‐scale FACs. A statistical comparison of R1 and R2 high‐frequency fluctuations is presented in terms of different solar wind conditions and geomagnetic activities. We find that (1) the amplitude of high‐frequency fluctuations in both R1 and R2 increases as the large‐scale R1 and R2 FACs intensify; (2) high‐frequency fluctuations in R1 peak near dayside dawn and dusk, while those in R2 peak around noon; (3) the location of the largest high‐frequency fluctuations in R1 shifts in local time in response to IMF By, indicating a connection between the R1 fluctuation and the driving solar wind most likely explained by magnetic reconnection; and (4) high‐frequency fluctuations in R2 are enhanced in a small region near local noon and respond clearly to nightside drivers, as characterized by the auroral electrojet index. Our analysis shows that the intensity of R1 and R2 high‐frequency magnetic fluctuations is directly connected to the intensity of FACs, which implies that the magnetic fluctuations are closely related to the magnetospheric processes that drive them.
Statistical study of the alteration of the magnetic structure of magnetic clouds in the Earth's magnetosheath
Authors: Turc L. , Fontaine D. , Escoubet C. P. , Kilpua E. K. J. , Dimmock A. P. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe magnetosheath plays a central role in the solar wind‐magnetospheric coupling. Yet the effects of its crossing on solar wind structures such as magnetic clouds (MCs) are generally overlooked when assessing their geoeffectivity. Using 82 MCs observed simultaneously in the solar wind and the magnetosheath, we carry out the first statistical study of the alteration of their magnetic structure in the magnetosheath. For each event, the bow shock properties are obtained from a magnetosheath model. The comparison between the model results and observations shows that in 80% of cases, the MHD‐based model captures well the magnetosheath transition; the other events are discussed separately. We find that just downstream of the bow shock the variation of the magnetic field direction shows a very good anticorrelation (r =− 0.91) with the angle between the upstream magnetic field and the shock normal. We then focus on the magnetic field north‐south component Bz because of its importance for geoeffectivity. Although the sign of Bz is generally preserved in the magnetosheath, we also find evidence of long‐lasting intervals of opposite Bz signs in the solar wind and the magnetosheath during some events, with a |Bz| reversal >10 nT at the magnetopause. We find that these reversals are due to the draping of the field lines and are associated with predominant upstream By. In those cases, the estimated position of the regions of antiparallel fields along the magnetopause is independent of the sign of the upstream Bz. This may have strong implications in terms of reconnection.
Evaluating an impact origin for Mercury's high‐magnesium region
Authors: Frank Elizabeth A. , Potter Ross W. K. , Abramov Oleg , James Peter B. , Klima Rachel L. , Mojzsis Stephen J. , Nittler Larry R. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDuring its four years in orbit around Mercury, the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft's X‐ray Spectrometer revealed a large geochemical terrane in the northern hemisphere that hosts the highest Mg/Si, S/Si, Ca/Si, and Fe/Si and lowest Al/Si ratios on the planet. Correlations with low topography, thin crust, and a sharp northern topographic boundary led to the proposal that this high‐Mg region is the remnant of an ancient, highly degraded impact basin. Here we use a numerical modeling approach to explore the feasibility of this hypothesis and evaluate the results against multiple mission‐wide data sets and resulting maps from MESSENGER. We find that an ~3000 km diameter impact basin easily exhumes Mg‐rich mantle material but that the amount of subsequent modification required to hide basin structure is incompatible with the strength of the geochemical anomaly, which is also present in maps of Gamma Ray and Neutron Spectrometer data. Consequently, the high‐Mg region is more likely to be the product of high‐temperature volcanism sourced from a chemically heterogeneous mantle than the remains of a large impact event.