bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Felsenstein’s “one-allele model” of speciation: The role of philopatry in the initial stages of host plant mediated reproductive isolation in Enchenopa binotata
Authors: Stearns Frank W. , Tilmon Kelley J. , Wood Thomas K. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The study of speciation genetics is primarily concerned with identifying the genetic traits that allow divergent selection to overcome the homogenizing effects of gene flow. Felsenstein reviewed this race between gene flow and selection, concluding that speciation with gene flow was unlikely under a “two-allele model” (where two traits were necessary for reproductive isolation) but that divergence could occur quite easily under a “one-allele model.” Despite this finding, much of the sympatric speciation research involving phytophagous insects has relied on a two-trait model, where insects evolve both preferences for and increased performance on novel host plants. Philopatry (a tendency to remain where one was born) is known to occur in phytophagous insects and is a single trait isolation mechanism. However, it is traditionally invoked as simply augmenting reproductive isolation. Species in the Enchenopa binotata complex are believed to have speciated in sympatry. They exhibit host plant preferences, host specific performance advantages and strong philopatry. We experimentally shifted E. binotata to evolutionarily novel host plants. Previous research has demonstrated that the experimental population of insects possesses genetic variation in preference and performance to the novel host. The degree of philopatry at mating and egg-laying was assayed for the first four years under full choice conditions. Host plant preference and performance was assayed after eight years. Philopatry was an immediate and strong isolating mechanism, while preference for and performance on the novel host lagged. We therefore suggest that philopatry may be a more important mechanism in the early stages of a host shift than previously believed.
Invasive Carassius carp in Georgia: Current state of knowledge and future perspectives
Authors: Japoshvili Bella , Mumladze Levan , Küçük Fahrettin 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
In Georgia, crucian carp Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758) was known from only one locality after Kessler’s record (1877–1878) with no new findings until 1985. Since then C. carassius rapidly and simultaneously invaded almost all water bodies of Georgia. In 2004, it was for the first time noted that this invasive Carassius sp. could not be a C. Carassius, but was a form of Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1792). However no further data is available about this invasive species in Georgia. The aim of the present study was to investigate taxonomic status of Carassius sp. in Georgia using mtDNA phylogenetic analyses and mor-phometric study of truss network system. Genetic analysis revealed that invasive Carassius sp. is closely related to the C. gibelio from Turkey and other countries. In contrast, morphometrically Carassius sp. from Georgia can be easily differentiated from those of Turkey indicating high intraspecific variability. This is the first time discussion on the current knowledge of the present distribution of invasive carp in Georgia with identifying current problems and future research directions needed.
Habitat-dependent diversification and parallel molecular evolution: Water scavenger beetles as a case study
Authors: Song Ke-Qing , Xue Huai-Jun , Beutel Rolf G. , Bai Ming , Bian Dong-Ju , Liu Jie , Ruan Yong-Ying , Li Wen-Zhu , Jia Feng-Long , Yang Xing-Ke 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Habitat shift is a key innovation that has contributed to the extreme diversification of insects. Most groups are well-adapted to more or less specific environments and shifts usually only happen between similar habitats. To colonize a profoundly different habitat type does not only present ecological opportunities but also great challenges. We used Hydrophiloidea (water scavenger beetles) as a system to study transitions between terrestrial and aquatic environments. We estimated the diversification rate of different clades using phylogenetic trees based on a representative taxon sampling and six genes. We also investigated possible evolutionary changes in candidate genes following habitat shifts. Our results suggest that the diversification rate is relatively slow (0.039?0.050 sp/My) in the aquatic lineage, whereas it is distinctly increased in the secondarily terrestrial clade (0.055?0.075 sp/My). Our results also show that aquatic species have a G (Glycine) or S (Serine) amino acid at a given site of COI, while terrestrial species share an A (Alanine) amino acid with terrestrial outgroups. This indicates that habitat factors may create selection pressure on the evolution of functional genes and cause homoplasy in molecular evolution.
Neurochemistry as a bridge between morphology and behavior: Perspectives on aggression in insects
Authors: Bubak Andrew N. , Grace Jaime L. , Watt Michael J. , Renner Kenneth J. , Swallow John G. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Aggression is a common behavioral trait shared in many animals, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. However, the type and intensity of agonistic encounters and displays can vary widely both across and within species, resulting in complicated or subjective interpretations that create difficulties in developing theoretical models that can be widely applied. The need to easily and objectively identify quantifiable behaviors and their associated morphologies becomes especially important when attempting to decipher the neurological mechanisms underlying this complex behavior. Monoamines, neuropeptides, and pheromones have been implicated as important neuromodulators for agonistic displays in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Additionally, recent breakthroughs in insect research have revealed exciting proximate mechanisms important in aggression that may be broadly relevant, due to the relatively high conservation of these neurochemical systems across animal taxa. In this review, we present the latest research demonstrating the importance of monoamines, neuropeptides, and pheromones as neuromodulators for aggression across a variety of insect species. Additionally, we describe the stalk-eyed fly as a model system for studying aggression, which integrates physiological, morphological, and neurochemical approaches in exploring detailed mechanisms responsible for this common yet complex behavior. We conclude with our perspective on the most promising lines of future research aimed at understanding the proximate and ultimate mechanisms underlying aggressive behaviors.
Interactions between background matching and disruptive colouration: Experiments using human predators and virtual crabs
Authors: Todd Peter A. , Phua Huijia , Toh Kok Ben 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Interactions between disruptive colouration and the match between prey and background spot size were manipulated in two experiments that used time taken by human ‘predators’ to find artificial prey (virtual crab morphs) against heterogeneous backgrounds as a measure of the their camouflage. Experiment 1, in which the spots and their placement imitated the arrangement on the crab Carcinus maenas, tested whether high and low contrast spots touching the body outline (disruptive ‘edge’ morphs) made the artificial prey more difficult to detect than when the spots did not touch the outline (non-disruptive ‘inner’ morphs) against three different backgrounds: ‘small’, ‘middle’ and ‘large’ spot size. In Experiment 2, the range of spot sizes and their positions (‘edge’ and ‘inner’) on the crab morphs were varied to determine the most effective combination against the ‘middle’ background. Altogether, 640 volunteers participated in these computer trials, representing a high degree of independent replication. All patterned morphs were significantly harder to detect than plain morphs, indicating that possessing at least some degree of background matching can provide camouflage. Both experiments demonstrated that various morphs, though not having the same spot sizes as the background, had similar or better survivorship as those with matching spot sizes—indicating that optimal camouflage did not come from background matching alone. In Experiment 2, edge-disrupted morphs consistently took longer to find than their non-disruptive counterparts. The relative effects of edge disruption, contrast, and background/prey spot size are clearly context-dependent, highlighting the complexity of prey concealment.
Genetic diversification in the East Himalayas as revealed by comparative phylogeography of the black-throated bushtit and Elliot’s laughing thrush
Authors: Quan Qing , Qu Yanhua , Lei Fumin 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The Southwest Mountainous region of the eastern Himalayas is a hotspot with extraordinarily high biodiversity and endemism, but the processes that have driven this unique diversity are largely unknown. We evaluated processes that have contributed to the current observed high genetic diversity in this region by integrating comparative phylogeography with ecological niche modeling in a study of two representative birds of the Southwest Mountains: the black-throated bushtit Aegithalos concinnus and the Elliot’s laughing thrush Garrulax elliotii. Mitochondrial DNA analyses revealed multiple divergent genetic lineages, which are roughly congruent with the north, south and east eco-subregion division of the Southwest Mountains. This strong geographical structure in these two species suggests that lineage diversification has proceeded in situ between the eco-subregions of the Southwest Mountains. During Pleistocene glaciations, the two species responded differently to climatic fluctuations. A. con-cinnus maintained rather stable habitats, mostly evergreen forests, during glacial cycles and thus kept a stable population size and further accumulated genetic diversity. In contrast, G. elliotii, which is mostly active in shrublands, has shifted its suitable habitats with glacial cycles. This species dispersed to low elevation areas during glacial periods, which provided multiple opportunities for gene admixture. The admixture causes the mixing of previously isolated genetic lineages and thus obscures the pattern of genetic variation.
Fruit fly courtship: The female perspective
Authors: Dukas Reuven , Scott Andrew 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Research on fruit fly courtship has mostly focused on males’ behavioral repertoire whereas females have been assumed to respond by either rejecting or accepting males. In many fruit fly species including Drosophila melanogaster, however, mating typically follows an extended period of courtship, which provides ample opportunities for females to inform males about their likelihood of mating. Our experiments indeed revealed that sexually immature females in both D. melanogasterand D. simulans showed responses to conspecific males that were distinct from those of sexually mature females. Furthermore, females’ responses to conspecific males were different from their responses to heterospecific males. Our data indicate that females’ behavioral repertoire early in courtship can inform males about their probability of mating if they persist in courting. We hypothesize (i) that males can rely on behavioral feedback from females for optimally allocating their courtship efforts towards distinct female classes, (ii) that males may learn to modulate their courtship behavior based on specific feedback from females, and (iii) that females may learn to alter their behavior towards distinct types of males in order to elicit the desired male response. Overall, we suggest that, although little explored, female behavior determines the dynamics of courtship and mating and can thus influence sexual selection and incipient speciation.
The effect of learning on the evolution of new courtship behavior: A simulation model
Authors: Morier-Genoud Rémy , Kawecki Tadeusz J. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The fact that individuals learn can change the relationship between genotype and phenotype in the population, and thus affect the evolutionary response to selection. Here we ask how male ability to learn from female response affects the evolution of a novel male behavioral courtship trait under pre-existing female preference (sensory drive). We assume a courtship trait which has both a genetic and a learned component, and a two-level female response to males. With individual-based simulations we show that, under this scenario, learning generally increases the strength of selection on the genetic component of the courtship trait, at least when the population genetic mean is still low. As a consequence, learning not only accelerates the evolution of the courtship trait, but also enables it when the trait is costly, which in the absence of learning results in an adaptive valley. Furthermore, learning can enable the evolution of the novel trait in the face of gene flow mediated by immigration of males that show superior attractiveness to females based on another, non-heritable trait. However, rather than increasing monotonically with the speed of learning, the effect of learning on evolution is maximized at intermediate learning rates. This model shows that, at least under some scenarios, the ability to learn can drive the evolution of mating behaviors through a process equivalent to Waddington’s genetic assimilation.
Short-term Outcomes for Medicare Beneficiaries After Low-acuity Visits to Emergency Departments and Clinics
Authors: Niedzwiecki Matthew , Baicker Katherine , Wilson Michael , Cutler David M. , Obermeyer Ziad 
Published: February 2016

Background:
There is substantial interest in identifying low-acuity visits to emergency departments (EDs) that could be treated more appropriately in other settings. Systematic differences in illness severity between ED patients and comparable patients elsewhere could make such strategies unsafe, but little evidence exists to guide policy makers.

Objective:
To compare illness severity between patients visiting EDs and outpatient clinics, by comparing short-term mortality and hospitalization, controlling for patient demographics, comorbidity, and visit acuity.

Research Design:
Cross-sectional study of outcomes after medical encounters.

Subjects:
Nationally representative 20% sample of Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries discharged home from ED or clinic visit in 2011, and enrolled continuously for 1 year before the visit.

Measures:
All-cause mortality and hospitalization in the 8, 15, and 30 days after discharge home from ED or clinic visits.

Results:
After risk-adjusting for patient demographic, comorbidity, disability, and dual-eligibility status, as well as visit acuity as measured by a commonly used algorithm, we found that ED patients were more likely to die (risk-adjusted odds ratio=2.75; 95% confidence interval, 2.56–2.96) or be hospitalized (odds ratio=1.97; 95% confidence interval, 1.95–2.00) after discharge than clinic patients. Differences in short-term outcomes were observed even when comparing patients with the same discharge diagnoses after risk adjustment.

Conclusions:
Patients presenting to EDs have worse risk-adjusted short-term outcomes than those presenting to outpatient clinics, even after controlling for acuity level of visit or discharge diagnosis. Existing measures of acuity using administrative data may not adequately capture severity of illness, making judgments of the appropriate setting for care difficult.
Privacy-preserving, user-centric VoIP CAPTCHA challenges
Authors: Tasidou Aimilia , Efraimidis Pavlos S. , Soupionis Yannis , Mitrou Lilian , Katos Vasilios 
Published: February 2016

Purpose
– This work aims to argue that it is possible to address discrimination issues that naturally arise in contemporary audio CAPTCHA challenges and potentially enhance the effectiveness of audio CAPTCHA systems by adapting the challenges to the user characteristics.

Design/methodology/approach
– A prototype has been designed, called PrivCAPTCHA, to offer privacy-preserving, user-centric CAPTCHA challenges. Anonymous credential proofs are integrated into the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) protocol and the approach is evaluated in a real-world Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) environment.

Findings
– The results of this work indicate that it is possible to create VoIP CAPTCHA services offering privacy-preserving, user-centric challenges while maintaining sufficient efficiency.

Research limitations/implications
– The proposed approach was evaluated through an experimental implementation to demonstrate its feasibility. Additional features, such as appropriate user interfaces and efficiency optimisations, would be useful for a commercial product. Security measures to protect the system from attacks against the SIP protocol would be useful to counteract the effects of the introduced overhead. Future research could investigate the use of this approach on non-audio CAPTCHA services.

Practical implications
– PrivCAPTCHA is expected to achieve fairer, non-discriminating CAPTCHA services while protecting the user’s privacy. Adoption success relies upon the general need for employment of privacy-preserving practices in electronic interactions.

Social implications
– This approach is expected to enhance the quality of life of users, who will now receive CAPTCHA challenges closer to their characteristics. This applies especially to users with disabilities. Additionally, as a privacy-preserving service, this approach is expected to increase trust during the use of services that use it.

Originality/value
– To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the first comprehensive proposal for privacy-preserving CAPTCHA challenge adaptation. The proposed system aims at providing an improved CAPTCHA service that is more appropriate for and trusted by human users.
An integrated model of corporate brand experience and customer value co-creation behaviour
Authors: Shamim Amjad , Ghazali Zulkipli , Albinsson Pia A. 
Published: February 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of corporate brand experience (CBE) on customer value co-creation attitude and behaviour (CVCCA and CVCCB). By integrating congruity theory with the theory of reasoned action, the study proposes an integrated model for developing CVCCB in a retailing context.Design/methodology/approach– Structural Equation Modelling, using AMOS software was conducted using a sample of 711 respondents from four hypermarkets located in five Malaysian states.Findings– The research findings indicate that CBE plays a significant role for developing customer attitude and behaviour of value co-creation activities. Results show that CBE has a strong positive influence on CVCCA and subjective norms (SN) which further lead to CVCCB. SN were found to be a partial mediator between CBE and CVCCA. CVCCA was found to be a partial mediator between SN and CVCCB. Full mediation of CVCCA and SN between CBE and CVCCB is confirmed.Originality/value– The research contributes to value co-creation literature by proposing an integrated model for developing CVCCB in retailing. This research opens avenues for future research to consider the importance of brand experiences in value co-creation practices.
Linking retailing experiences with life satisfaction
Authors: Grzeskowiak Stephan , Sirgy M. Joseph , Foscht Thomas , Swoboda Bernhard 
Published: February 2016

Purpose
– A common assumption holds that retailers generally contribute to customer life satisfaction – retailers offer products and services that solve consumer problems – large and small. However, some retail experiences have been found to generate dissatisfaction, stress and unhappiness for some customers but not for others. Research is needed to not only demonstrate how retail experiences impact customer life satisfaction. The purpose of this paper is to address the question: why does satisfaction with various store types impact customer life satisfaction differently?

Design/methodology/approach
– The research context of this study is grocery retailers (neighbourhood convenience stores, super markets, and grocery discounters) in Austria. Using stratified random sampling across store types, a total of 379 personal interviews with grocery store customers were conducted. OLS regression analysis was conducted to test the research model.

Findings
– The study results suggest that satisfaction with a store type impacts customer life satisfaction depending on store-type congruity with shoppers’ identity. That is, satisfaction with a store type (e.g. neighbourhood convenience stores, super markets, and grocery discounters) is found to influence life satisfaction if the store type is congruent with the shoppers’ self-image and lifestyle.

Practical implications
– An emphasis on store-type congruity with shopper’s identity allows retailers to shift their attention towards creating more meaningful shopping experiences. Such a shift in focus may not only benefit retailers due to increase in customer loyalty for that store format. It also benefits shoppers themselves – the shopping experience contributes to shoppers’ life satisfaction.

Originality/value
– This research introduces store-type congruity with shopper’s identity as a key concept that connects shopping experiences to customer life satisfaction. This contributes towards building the hierarchical theory of shopping motivation. It demonstrates under what conditions shopping experiences impact consumer life satisfaction – a research topic that has received little attention in the retailing literature to date.
Helicobacter pylori Activates IL‐6‐STAT3 Signaling in Human Gastric Cancer Cells: Potential Roles for Reactive Oxygen Species
Authors: Piao Juan‐Yu , Lee Hee Geum , Kim Su‐Jung , Kim Do‐Hee , Han Hyeong‐jun , Ngo Hoang‐Kieu‐Chi , Park Sin‐Aye , Woo Jeong‐Hwa , Lee Jeong‐Sang , Na Hye‐Kyung , Cha Young‐Nam , Surh Young‐Joon 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundRecent studies have shown that Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) activates signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) that plays an important role in gastric carcinogenesis. However, the molecular mechanism underlying H. pylori‐mediated STAT3 activation is still not fully understood. In this study, we investigated H. pylori‐induced activation of STAT3 signaling in AGS human gastric cancer cells and the underlying mechanism.Materials and MethodsAGS cells were cocultured with H. pylori, and STAT3 activation was assessed by Western blot analysis, electrophoretic mobility shift assay and immunocytochemistry. To demonstrate the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in H. pylori‐activated STAT3 signaling, the antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine was utilized. The expression and production of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) were measured by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The interaction between IL‐6 and IL‐6 receptor (IL‐6R) was determined by the immunoprecipitation assay.ResultsH. pylori activates STAT3 as evidenced by increases in phosphorylation on Tyr705, nuclear localization, DNA binding and transcriptional activity of this transcription factor. The nuclear translocation of STAT3 was also observed in H. pylori‐inoculated mouse stomach. In the subsequent study, we found that H. pylori‐induced STAT3 phosphorylation was dependent on IL‐6. Notably, the increased IL‐6 expression and the IL‐6 and IL‐6R binding were mediated by ROS produced as a consequence of H. pylori infection.ConclusionsH. pylori‐induced STAT3 activation is mediated, at least in part, through ROS‐induced upregulation of IL‐6 expression. These findings provide a novel molecular mechanism responsible for H. pylori‐induced gastritis and gastric carcinogenesis.