bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can Teamwork Enhance Safety?
Authors: Salas E. , Iwig C. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Teams today often integrate the unique expertise of members in order to achieve performance and safety goals not possible by individuals alone, while facing challenges of operating in complex, diverse, and dynamic environments. However, simply relying on team member's expertise is not enough to produce effective teams. The science of team effectiveness has much to offer in regards to our understanding of developing and maintaining effective teamwork and safe behaviors, cognitions and attitudes in complex situations. Drawing upon the current state of the science, we provide an organizing heuristic of critical considerations that should be addressed by those involved in the use of expert teams to enable team success. We further offer scientifically driven guidance regarding ways in which teams can enhance safety based on these considerations. Specifically, the 7 C's synthesize the extant literature on effective teams to help guide organizations in diagnosing and developing teams in environments where performance reliability is paramount. The components of teamwork within this framework emphasize the role of six key team processes as well as one influencing condition. Taken together, these six characteristics of effective teamwork and their influencing conditions are used for practical guidance that will improve safety through teamwork. They essentially allow people to act as individuals, each with their own specialty and talent, while simultaneously enticing them to act cohesively to identify and close potential gaps and risky behavior.
Analysis of the Axial Dynamic Behavior During Installation of Surface Casing in Deep Water Well Construction
Authors: Batista L. G. , Miura K. , Ikeda I. , Mendes J. R. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Well construction in increasingly water depths makes harder to design, manufacture and install surface casings to support loads imposed on them. In addition to the static loads, that designers are accustomed, dynamic loads are present in surface casing due to rig movement caused by sea waves. In recent history, there are some cases of unexpected break off or disconnection at the top while running surface casing.
The objective of this work is to model and analyze the axial dynamic behavior and loads generated by the movement of the tubular element system during installation of surface casing in water depths up to 3,000 meters and casings up to 1,500 meters. The idea is to verify if this dynamic behavior compromises the surface casing or the drill pipe used, leading to failure.
To achieve this goal, an analytical model is obtained for the equations of motion governing the tubular element system while running surface casing. From the solution of the equations obtained, several simulations are made in various scenarios to support the conclusions regarding the behavior and the consequences that these movements can cause are predicted.
Although this study uses some equations and modeling already published, the modeling of the boundary condition on the float shoe and the application of models and analysis of surface casing axial dynamic behavior are unprecedented.
Seawater De-Oxygenation: Development of a Compact Technology
Authors: Knox-Holmes Brent , Olmi Claudio , Morse Scott , Caires Luis , Weston Rob 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
To avoid corrosion in water injection tubing, it is necessary to remove oxygen from the source water. Traditional processing equipment has included vacuum and gas-strip de-aeration. Cameron has developed a Compact De-Oxygenation System ("CDX™") technology as a reduced height, light weight alternative. The system injects and dissolves hydrogen into the oxygen rich feed-water before it passes over a catalyst bed, where the hydrogen and oxygen react to produce water and a deoxygenated stream of seawater.
The process has been successfully demonstrated at Galveston, Tx. A 25m3/h demonstration plant was run on high total suspended solids seawater over a period of 6 months. Outlet dissolved oxygen concentrations were in the order of 2.5µg/l (ppb).
The performance of key components of the system is described, including: ultrafiltration membrane pre-treatment under extreme solids loading, the hydrogen generator, mixers and catalytic reactor.
Compared with alternative de-aeration systems, the system offers significant benefits including reduced height, compact packaging, elimination of oxygen without the use of chemicals and pressurized operation.
The paper focuses on the demonstration plant build and testing. Lessons learned throughout the execution of this medium horizon project are presented.
The system is being offered commercially and will be integral to the new designs of water injection system required for future project developments and retrofits.
Modify Methods, Behaviors, and Relationships to Reduce Equipment Costs
Authors: Kendig Bryan , Wodehouse Jim 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This paper describes opportunities to achieve cost savings relative to purchasing oil & gas production equipment and services in the offshore major project sector. Examples are provided from the perspective of an engineering, procurement, construction, installation & operating (EPCIO) contractor within the Floating, Production, Storage, and Offloading vessel industry (FPSO), however, the challenges and the recommendations equally apply to other offshore structures, including Spars, TLPs, and semi-submersible platforms. The examples provided focus on subjects related to vendor relationships, standardization, technology development, quality, and stakeholder communications.
This paper provides practical recommendations, based upon past experience, in order that organizations may maximize cost reductions on future projects. A novel aspect of this paper is the discussion related to relationships and behaviors (interpersonal communications / actions that will enable a desired cost reduction).
Cement Strength Retrogression Issues in Offshore Deep Water Applications - Do We Know Enough for Safe Cementing?
Authors: Reddy B. R. , Zhang Jilin , Ellis Michael 
Published: April 2016

Strength retrogression of set Portland cement at elevated temperatures, for example at temperatures greater than about 230°F, has been known for many years, and is believed to be due to the formation of a variety of crystalline phases at the expense of amorphous calcium silicate hydrate phase. Ground quartz silica is typically added to prevent the strength retrogression. Calcium hydroxide that is generated from cement hydration reacts with silica in pozzolanic reactions to generate amorphous calcium silicate hydrate. It appears from the literature search that there is no consensus as to how much silica is needed to effectively prevent strength retrogression. The amount of silica proposed as sufficient varies from the generally accepted value of 35% by weight of cement to more than 60%. In offshore situations, the problem is more complicated due to the high content of salts present in sea water. The chloride content of seawater has the potential to form crystalline phases, for example Friedel’s salt. The effects of seawater on the required amounts of silica flour for prevention of strength retrogression have not been explored. The objective of this study is to identify the optimized amounts of silica required for a given application temperature in both fresh water and sea water, and search for correlations between macroscopic strength related-properties and molecular level structural features. It is hoped that the information and knowledge will be useful in designing cement slurries for any offshore hot zones.
As part of this study, cement formulations containing different amounts of silica were tested in both fresh and sea water in the 250-400°F range using Ultrasonic Cement Analyzer (UCA). The strength development/retrogression patterns were observed. The cured samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction studies. In these studies, cement to water ratio is maintained constant to ensure similar hydration rates, and the densities were allowed to vary based on the amount of silica added.
The results clearly indicate that the amount of silica needed to prevent strength retrogression depends on temperature. Highly intriguing strength development patterns, dependent on temperature and the amounts of silica, were observed prior to stabilization at ultimate strengths. Implications of such patterns on well construction strategies are discussed, and molecular level clues from X-ray studies for such patterns are pursued.
Integration of Human Factors into Safety and Environmental Management Systems
Authors: Ciavarelli A. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This paper addresses human performance risk mitigation strategies for incorporation into a Safety and Environmental Management System (SEMS). A framework is provided that identifies human factors considerations and evaluation criteria needed for successful integration of Human Factors into a company's SEMS. A methodology is presented for assessing safety culture and the effectiveness of SEMS implementation. Results from employee surveys, taken across various high-risk industries, will be presented. The survey findings illustrate the common difficulties encountered in establishing and maintaining a strong safety culture and the challenges in achieving an effective SEMS.
Successful integration of Human Factors in SEMS for the Oil and Gas Industry can reduce the risks of accidents and manmade disasters, such as the Macondo Well blowout.
Integrating Human Factors into an SEMS might also improve operational efficiency and effectiveness, because Human Factors considers all levels of performance improvement, the individual worker, the work crew (team), and management. Optimum performance by all employees is necessary in order to attain a high level of organizational reliability.
These are some components of Human Factors that contribute to improved safety performance and might help to prevent human error accidents and organizational failures: Clear specification of personnel qualification standards and required knowledge and skill competencies for both workers and supervisors.Utilization of advanced simulation training for individuals and teams.Improved collection, analysis, and display of safety critical well test, and other operational data, with better human – interface technology, improved operational procedures, and continuous technical training.Identifying critical Human Factors hazards and risk mitigation procedures for inclusion in the overall Safety Environment Management Systems.Safety training for line supervisors to include human performance and, communication and risk decision- making limitations and High Reliability Organization – HRO – Culture management principles.Routine assessment of Safety Climate and Culture based on HRO principles – to include valid metrics, benchmarking and desired norms.
These factors are critical components for an effective SEMS - that if missing, or poorly implemented, can serve as the roots of accidents and manmade disasters like Macondo. They are also key areas of assessment that the author has used across industries to evaluate the strength of safety culture and to judge the effectiveness of a successful integration of Human Factors into a company's SEMS. This methodology and lessons learned from the application of these methods can and should be considered for use in the oil and gas industry for achieving a successful implementation of SEMS.
Contribution of Sampling-While-Drilling Technology to Incremental Reserves, Adding Value to Field Knowledge, Avoiding Multiple Drill Stem Tests and Saving Rig Days - A Case Study From the TGT Field, Vietnam
Authors: Phuoc Bui Huu , Hardikar Nikhil , Pragt Jos , Galvan-Sanchez Francisco , Tran Pei-Chea 
Published: April 2016

Sampling-while-drilling technology has quickly evolved into an established service and has been used in varied scenarios with object-oriented applications. This case study presents the application of fluid analysis and sampling while drilling a development well in the Te Giac Trang (TGT) field of Vietnam. The application of this technology contributed to accruing reserves, provided a deeper understanding of the production area, and avoided further drillstem testing, thereby saving numerous rig days.
The principal challenge was to reduce the uncertainty in reservoir fluid type that remained after drillstem testing results from the exploration phase. The objectives included confirming the formation fluid type in two reservoir units, formation pressure regime and determining the pressure communication with the production area. The aim was also to avoid three more planned drillstem tests. Timing was critical, so two runs were planned strategically after the hole section was drilled.
The first run performed was formation pressure testing with fluid identification and sampling from 11 prioritized depth stations. The mobility ranged between 29.3 and 128.1 mD/cP. The cleanup duration and volume ranged between 1 hour 14 minutes with 70.0 litres and 3 hours 7 minutes with 154.7 litres pumped respectively for the high- and low-mobility depth stations. A total of 1009.8 litres were pumped in 23.6 hours. The samples were sent immediately to the PVT laboratory for quick analysis. Despite the high levels of invasion expected during the cleanup and sampling operations, the contamination level was less than 10%; mostly between 4% and 8%; the lowest was 3%. Ten single-phase fluid samples were collected, out of which seven were oil and three were gas. As a result of the fast turnaround of the sampling results from the first run, the subsequent run performed was pressure testing only, with 61 depth stations. With a maximum overbalance of 1,381 psia (9,522 kPa) from both wiper trip runs, the sampling-while-drilling application provided excellent pressure repeatability with 100% sealing efficiency and representative formation pressure, mobility and fluid data.
The planning of sequential runs with sampling to confirm fluid type followed by a run for additional pressure tests enabled the sampling-while-drilling technology to identify incremental reserves and avoid multiple drillstem tests, saving an estimated 35 rig days. The acquired pressure testing data added valuable information to the pressure communication dynamics between reservoir layers of the well and adjacent producing area of the field.
New Grades of High Strength Steel for Offshore Mooring Chains: R5S (1100MPa) and R6 (1200 MPa)
Authors: Albisu Beatriz , Salado Itziar , Arredondo Alberto , Bilbao Daniel , Abrisketa Mikel , Arana Jose Luis , Idoyaga Zuriñe 
Published: April 2016

This paper is focused on the definition of two new grades of high strength steel for offshore mooring chains providing increased strength and reduced weight for a given size.
The new grades are identified as:
R5S, with an ultimate tensile strength of 1100 MPa.
R6, with an ultimate tensile strength of 1200 MPa.

Both grades should be considered as new solutions for those offshore applications in which the mooring has shown to be risky, technologically challenging and capital intensive, such as deepwater exploration and production, wind power or locations where in-service metocean conditions could exceed the design ones.
Recognising these challenges as opportunities to develop an appropriate solution, the grades R5S and R6 have been designed, used for chain manufacturing and characterized with standard mechanical tests, fracture mechanics, fatigue and hydrogen embrittlement, so as to ensure their suitability for those offshore opportunities.
Pipeline Leak and Impact Detection System - PipeLIDS - Monitoring Product Dedicated to Onshore Pipelines
Authors: Mabily Daniel , Lehning Virginie 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Onshore pipelines may be subjected to third party damage (civil works), corrosion leaks, mechanical issues (valve or pumps failures), land movements or (in extreme cases) theft of the product. These threats may lead to leaks or even more dramatic explosions. The impact on human life and the environment can be significant. The pipeline operator's public image can be damaged with non- negligible economic or political consequences.
PipeLIDS has been developed to minimize the consequences of leaks from onshore pipelines. It uses acoustic technology for detection of noise generated by impacts or leaks. This noise propagates in both directions over long distances inside the pipe. Intrusive acoustic sensors are installed regularly on the pipeline (every ten kilometers) to detect this noise. Each sensor is connected to an intelligent beacon with GPS synchronization. By measuring the sound wave's amplitude and phase time shift and analyzing the acoustic signature, PipeLIDS detects the origin and location of the event and raises an alarm.
This paper presents latest technical improvements implemented on the PipeLIDS as installed on the latest SPSE Fos-sur-Mer (France) diesel pipeline for permanent survey. Acoustic sensors have been redesigned for better reliability. Software was reviewed and updated to give more efficient data processing, detecting and locating any accidental events within few minutes while being able to eliminate false alarms. Finally, very good performances of the system is demonstrated as well as its simplicity in terms of installation.
The Impact of Submarine Slides on Pipelines: Outcomes from the COFS-MERIWA JIP
Authors: White D. J. , Randolph M. F. , Gaudin C. , Boylan N. P. , Wang D. , Boukpeti N. , Zhu H. , Sahdi F. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This paper presents key outcomes of a 3-year Joint Industry Project funded by 6 Operators on the impact of submarine slides on pipelines. This JIP developed new techniques to simulate slide runout, and assess the resulting loading and deformation of seabed pipelines. The work was distilled into guidance for practical application, which has found adoption on projects.
The JIP spanned (i) characterization of soils at the solid-fluid transition, (ii) computational modelling of slide runout – via depth-averaged and continuum finite element methods, (iii) physical and numerical modelling of slide runout and pipeline impact, and (iv) analytical studies of pipeline response during slide loading. These elements combine to provide an improved practical basis for quantifying the risk associated with slide-pipeline interaction.
To characterize very soft seabed soils, a new geotechnically-based framework was devised based on extensive measurements of different soils. This framework spans the solid-fluid boundary that is crossed as slides evolve into a debris flow and turbidity current. It is shown that the geotechnical link between water content and shear strength extends continuously – with no phase transformation – far into the fluid domain, allowing a single rheology to be applied throughout.
Computational modelling of slide runout used a hierarchy of methods, from large deformation finite element analysis (LDFE) (with rate effects and softening at soil element level), through depth-averaged runout, to energy-based analytical solutions. In some regimes of behavior the simpler methods suffice, allowing efficient use of Monte Carlo methods to tackle uncertainty. More complex runout modes can be replicated by newly-developed LDFE techniques.
From a runout analysis results, pipeline impact loads can be assessed using new solutions for the bearing capacity and drag forces on pipelines developed from numerical and physical modelling, which again unify concepts from fluid dynamics and geotechnics. Finally, simple analytical methods for assessing the structural response of a pipeline to a known slide loading are provided. These solutions allow rapid assessment of the response of a pipeline to a specified slide loading.
These advances improve the methods available for quantitative assessment of slide runout and slide-pipeline interaction, allowing better determination of the resulting geohazard risk.
Assessment of Seafloor Trench for Suction Pile Moorings: a Field Case
Authors: Alderlieste E. A. , Romp R. H. , Kay S. , Lofterød A. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Seafloor trenching is recognized as potential threat for reduced holding capacity of suction piles for mooring facilities. Trench formation due to chain movements occurring in typical deep water soft soil conditions offshore West Africa has been identified by the industry. Trench heights approaching lug level have been recorded. This paper describes an assessment to account for chain trench development in front of a suction pile for in-place holding capacity.
The paper identifies the change in failure mechanism due to presence of a trench. Consequently, a downwards shift of optimum lug level is recommended to account for possible trench formation. Trench formation may adversely influence reverse end bearing capacity, which is generally relied upon for moored configurations. Reduction of the horizontal capacity is found to range from 20% for "fixed head" conditions, to about 32% for "free head" conditions, depending on the selected lug level and presence of global scour.
Based on finite element analyses and a yield envelope framework, an assessment of trenching effects on suction piles capacity is presented in this paper. Future suction pile designs could be optimized by considering the presented methodology.