bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revisiting the ‘Violence We Have Lost’: Homicide in Seventeenth-Century Cheshire
Authors: Sharpe J.A. , Dickinson J.R. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
It is now generally accepted that there was a fall in the number of homicide prosecutions in early modern England, perhaps signifying broader shifts in violent behaviour. So far, however, apart from J.S. Cockburn’s 1991 study of long-term developments in homicide prosecutions in Kent, there has been little in-depth analysis of this transition. This article provides a detailed study of homicide prosecutions in Cheshire over the seventeenth century, focusing on the records of the county’s Court of Great Sessions, the local equivalent of the assizes. Cheshire is the only northern county where the surviving records permit this type of analysis over the seventeenth century, and hence constitutes an important point of comparison with research completed on homicide in the south during the early modern period. Cheshire homicide cases, and especially cases categorised as manslaughter, were running at a much higher level in the first half of the century, with a peak in the 1620s. Throughout the century, homicide in the county was an overwhelmingly male activity, with men of all classes being involved. It is suggested that, in the first half of the century at least, Cheshire was a weapon-carrying culture. The decline in homicide in the second half of the century is ascribed to a set of interrelated factors including the relative social stability of the period, and the greater integration of the county into the national political system, especially after 1688, and into the national economy. These and other forces worked together to create a major transition in the culture and social psychology of the early modern English population, in which the decline of homicide was an important element.
Rapid Progression in Lobar Cerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Cerebral hemorrhage sometimes requires neurosurgical evacuation. Mostly, surgery becomes an option when a patient has deteriorated. Deteriorating patients with spontaneous lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) might benefit from surgery, especially non-comatose patients with good rehabilitation potential and superficial hematomas without associated intraventricular hemorrhage. The indications for intervention, and particularly the timing of craniotomy, are discussed in this chapter. Surgery is indicated in patients with large cerebellar hematomas and considerable mass effect or obstructive hydrocephalus. Surgery is also indicated when ICH is due to underlying vascular anomalies or tumors. This chapter also reviews the available evidence from clinical surgical trials.
A Psychotic Break and Seizures
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Autoimmune encephalitis has been recognized more often and classified into subtypes, although clinical characteristics overlap. Some distinguishing features are a psychotic break, autonomic dysfunction, seizures, depressed level of consciousness, or a new movement disorder. Patients with seizures due to autoimmune encephalitis are typically resistant to antiepileptic drugs, requiring multiple agents to abort the seizures. Early initiation of immunotherapy is directly related to outcomes in autoimmune encephalitis and perhaps even to control of refractory seizures. A practical approach is presented. Early treatment speeds recovery, reduces disability, and decreases relapses.
When to Retrieve a Clot in Acute Stroke
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Major hemispheric stroke from large intracranial vessel occlusion may not respond to intravenous thrombolysis and may require a more aggressive endovascular approach. Clinical trials have validated the use of these devices. This chapter discusses currently used mechanical clot disruption devices and what they can achieve. For instance, embolectomy (in combination with intravenous thrombolysis) is highly beneficial for patients with severe stroke from large intracranial vessel occlusion and limited infarcted core. Retrievable stents are the preferred tools to treat the occluded vessel. Endovascular reperfusion should be offered to the right patient: if a patient was doing poorly before a large stroke, a benefit cannot be anticipated even if successful reperfusion is achieved.
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis Not Responding to Anticoagulation
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis can present deceptively normal. Many patients are not critically ill, but all are at risk for deterioration from venous infarction, intracerebral hemorrhage, cerebral edema, and seizures. These complications, in an often young patient, may be devastating if they are not recognized and followed by immediate treatment and possible endovascular intervention. This chapter addresses the related complications and treatment. Endovascular therapy should be strongly considered in a patient deteriorating from clot propagation despite adequate intravenous heparinization or use of low-molecular-weight heparin. Evacuation of a hematoma or decompressive craniectomy may be needed in a patient deteriorating from brainstem compression.
The First Week After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage patients who present stuporous, comatose, or with focal neurological deficits demand immediate attention. This chapter addresses what causes neurological decline as well as early care. The causes of neurological decline in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage relate to the time from aneurysm rupture. Early care includes the management of acute hydrocephalus, ventriculostomy placement, aneurysm repair, and management of systemic complications. Induced hypertension is the most useful medical treatment to reverse ischemic symptoms. Endovascular therapy is necessary when symptoms are refractory or the patient has poor cardiopulmonary reserve and cannot tolerate hemodynamic augmentation. Despite major setbacks for some, many of these critically ill patients can achieve reasonable clinical outcomes.
More on Delayed Cerebral Ischemia and Neurointervention After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Endovascular procedures for treating delayed cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage are widely used. Endovascular therapy should be attempted in patients with symptomatic vasospasm refractory to hemodynamic augmentation. This chapter reviews the indications for transluminal balloon angioplasty and intra-arterial administration of calcium channel blockers along with periprocedural medical management of these tenuous situations. Intra-arterial infusion of calcium channel antagonists is effective to improve vasospasm in most patients but has a short-lived effect. Balloon angioplasty is the most effective treatment for proximal large artery vasospasm and has a more durable effect but cannot treat vasospasm of the distal circulation.
Hemorrhage into a Pituitary Tumor
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Hemorrhage into a pituitary tumor is a rare potential medical emergency. Pituitary apoplexy should be suspected in a patient with sudden headache, oculomotor palsy, and sellar mass. This chapter presents the approach to stabilizing the patient and interpreting laboratory and imaging abnormalities. MRI is twice as sensitive as CT to detect hemorrhage in pituitary tumors and is the neuroimaging modality of choice. Acute medical care consists of stabilizing physiology with corticosteroid replacement and management of electrolyte and fluid derangements. The indications for urgent neurosurgical management are also presented. Transsphenoidal resection is the mainstay of definitive treatment and should be urgently performed for patients with a depressed level of consciousness or acute neuroophthalmic deficits.
Brain Edema and Hypertensive Urgency
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is encountered in a variety of clinical situations but most commonly in patients who are in a hypertensive crisis. Diagnosis of PRES should be considered in patients presenting with acute onset of headache, encephalopathy, seizure, or focal neurological deficits in the setting of blood pressure fluctuations, renal failure, cytotoxic drug use, autoimmune disorders, or eclampsia. Lowering the blood pressure gradually is often all that is needed. Complications involving seizures, hemorrhagic or ischemic strokes, and rarely hydrocephalus may require specific treatment. Without treatment or removal of the inciting trigger patients may progress to coma and status epilepticus.
Awake and Then Not Awake After Brain Surgery
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
An unusual clinical course is no complications after extirpation of a tumor, but then no awakening of the patient. Evaluation of the patient, interpretation of neuroimaging findings, and potential causes are discussed in this chapter. Neurological worsening after craniotomy for tumor surgery can be due to cerebral vasospasm. The cerebral vasospasm can be diffuse and not only in the surgical field and may only be documented by cerebral angiogram. Worsening can also occur because of hemorrhage in the surgical bed, remote hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or ischemic stroke from sacrifice of a large vein or artery. Postoperative seizures may present with focal seizures, which may evolve into partial or generalized status epilepticus.
When a Single EEG Is Not Enough
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG) is an important diagnostic tool for specific indications. Detection of seizures is greater than when using a spot electroencephalogram. Indications for electroencephalography and validity of monitoring are discussed in this chapter. Continuous EEG monitoring will increase the yield of detection of seizures but also nonspecific transients. Nonconvulsive seizures may occur in 20–30% of critically ill neurological patients and half are detected within the first 30 minutes of monitoring. EEG monitoring should be continued until the clinical question is answered and either a) the patient has recovered to neurological baseline or b) no seizures have occurred for 2 hours in patients without epileptiform abnormalities or for 12–24 hours in patients with epileptiform abnormalities.
When to Place an Intracranial Pressure Monitor
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure is fundamental to the care of acutely brain-injured patients with altered consciousness. Improving technology should benefit the physician, but it is not known for sure if it benefits the patient. Indications for placement of a monitoring device are discussed. An ICP monitor should be placed in comatose traumatic brain-injured patients with abnormal head computed tomography (CT) or with normal CT and two of the following: age over 40 years, posturing, or hypotension. ICP monitors may be needed in patients with poor-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, fulminant hepatic failure, and acute bacterial meningitis.
Wild and Agitated After Acute Abdominal Surgery
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Delirium in a patient in the intensive acre unit (ICU) is a common complication of medical and surgical critical illness and it is associated with worse short-term and long-term clinical outcomes. Altered level and content of consciousness is never acceptable in a patient in the intensive care unit. If present, it deserves attention. This chapter discusses the recognition and treatment of ICU delirium. Standardized tools, such as the CAM-ICU score, should be used for the timely recognition of ICU delirium. Acute delirium is perhaps one of the most difficult disease states to handle well. Treating acute agitation may be time consuming for the nursing staff and the physician. Inadequate use of medication, such as sedatives and opiates, may lead to further complications and their use should be minimized as much as possible.
Goals of Care in an Elderly Person with Catastrophic Brain Injury
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Discussion of do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders and interpretation of advance directives with family members is a major part of neurocritical care practice. DNR orders may be warranted in catastrophic neurological injuries. The appropriateness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (full code) depends on the probability of good outcome and absence of life-shortening comorbidity. How to go about de-escalation of care and withdrawing of support and how to provide best palliation is discussed in this chapter. Repeated conversations with family members are extremely important, and time should be reserved to do so in an appropriate way. End-of-life care should include discussions with surrogates using a shared decision model. Decisions should include a broad picture of validated predictors of outcome, previous functional status, coexistent illnesses, and patient’s preferences.
Not Yet Brain Dead
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Approximately 5–10 % of patients with severe brain injury become clinically brain dead. Brain death determination is time consuming and involves multiple tests. Most of the time should be spent in finding possible confounding factors. The clinical examination is comprehensive and there is a potential for errors. This chapter focuses on how to avoid them. The diagnosis is based on a clinical neurological examination and not on cerebral blood flow or an electrodiagnostic study. Two examinations by two separate physicians are needed for infants and children. In most of the United States, one examination is sufficient for adults (18 years of age and older), but hospital protocols may be different. In six U.S. states, two physicians are required to examine the patient and document their findings.
When to Mention Organ Donation
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Physicians have the obligation to approach an organ procurement agency after brain death in a patient or after withdrawal of life support. Patients who do not fulfill brain death criteria may still be candidates for a donation after a cardiac death protocol. The two main procedures for organ donation—donation after brain death and donation after cardiac death—are discussed in this chapter. Some patients in a donation after a cardiac death protocol become brain dead. It therefore remains important to repeatedly examine the patient’s neurological status until the time comes to go to the operating room to remove the organs. If respiratory and circulatory arrest does not occur after extubation in the operating room, the patient needs to be returned to the intensive care unit for palliative care.
Detection of cyclotron resonance scattering feature in high-mass X-ray binary pulsar SMC X-2
Authors: Jaisawal Gaurava K. , Naik Sachindra 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe report broad-band spectral properties of the high-mass X-ray binary pulsar SMC X-2 by using three simultaneous Nuclear Spectroscopy Telescope Array and Swift/XRT observations during its 2015 outburst. The pulsar was significantly bright, reaching a luminosity up to as high as ∼5.5 × 1038 erg s−1 in 1–70 keV range. Spin period of the pulsar was estimated to be 2.37 s. Pulse profiles were found to be strongly luminosity dependent. The 1–70 keV energy spectrum of the pulsar was well described with three different continuum models such as (i) negative and positive power law with exponential cutoff, (ii) Fermi-Dirac cutoff power law and (iii) cutoff power-law models. Apart from the presence of an iron line at ∼6.4 keV, a model independent absorption like feature at ∼27 keV was detected in the pulsar spectrum. This feature was identified as a cyclotron absorption line and detected for the first time in this pulsar. Corresponding magnetic field of the neutron star was estimated to be ∼2.3 × 1012 G. The cyclotron line energy showed a marginal negative dependence on the luminosity. The cyclotron line parameters were found to be variable with pulse phase and interpreted as due to the effect of emission geometry or complicated structure of the pulsar magnetic field.
BAP18 coactivates androgen receptor action and promotes prostate cancer progression
Authors: Sun Shiying , Zhong Xinping , Wang Chunyu , Sun Hongmiao , Wang Shengli , Zhou Tingting , Zou Renlong , Lin Lin , Sun Ning , Sun Ge , Wu Yi , Wang Botao , Song Xiaoyu , Cao Liu , Zhao Yue 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
BPTF associated protein of 18 kDa (BAP18) has been reported as a component of MLL1-WDR5 complex. However, BAP18 is an uncharacterized protein. The detailed biological functions of BAP18 and underlying mechanisms have not been defined. Androgen receptor (AR), a member of transcription factor, plays an essential role in prostate cancer (PCa) and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) progression. Here, we demonstrate that BAP18 is identified as a coactivator of AR in Drosophilar experimental system and mammalian cells. BAP18 facilitates the recruitment of MLL1 subcomplex and AR to androgen-response element (ARE) of AR target genes, subsequently increasing histone H3K4 trimethylation and H4K16 acetylation. Knockdown of BAP18 attenuates cell growth and proliferation of PCa cells. Moreover, BAP18 depletion results in inhibition of xenograft tumor growth in mice even under androgen-depletion conditions. In addition, our data show that BAP18 expression in clinical PCa samples is higher than that in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Our data suggest that BAP18 as an epigenetic modifier regulates AR-induced transactivation and the function of BAP18 might be targeted in human PCa to promote tumor growth and progression to castration-resistance.
Infectious Diseases Physician Compensation: An Improved Perspective
Authors: Ritter Jethro Trees , Lynch John B. , MacIntyre Ann T. , Trotman Robin 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Negotiating physician compensation can be complicated because many factors now influence the ways in which physicians can be compensated. Infectious diseases (ID) specialists typically provide a wide array of services, ranging from patient care to administrative leadership. Compensation surveys from national organizations have produced results based on small samples and often are not congruent with ID physicians’ perceptions. In July of 2015, the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) conducted a compensation survey to assess current compensation earned by the diverse ID specialists within its membership. Members of IDSA's Clinical Affairs Committee report the results from the 2015 IDSA Physician Compensation survey, with a particular focus on the findings from respondents who indicate “patient care” as their primary responsibility and present a discussion that compares and contrasts results against other survey data.
The Subaru FMOS galaxy redshift survey (FastSound). II. The emission line catalog and properties of emission line galaxies
Authors: Okada Hiroyuki , Totani Tomonori , Tonegawa Motonari , Akiyama Masayuki , Dalton Gavin , Glazebrook Karl , Iwamuro Fumihide , Ohta Kouji , Takato Naruhisa , Tamura Naoyuki , Yabe Kiyoto , Bunker Andrew J. , Goto Tomotsugu , Hikage Chiaki , Ishikawa Takashi , Okumura Teppei , Shimizu Ikkoh 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
We present basic properties of ∼3300 emission line galaxies detected by the FastSound survey, which are mostly Hα emitters at z ∼ 1.2–1.5 in the total area of about 20 deg2, with the Hα flux sensitivity limit of ∼1.6 × 10−16 erg cm−2 s−1 at 4.5 σ. This paper presents the catalog of the FastSound emission lines and galaxies, which is open to the public. We also present basic properties of typical FastSound Hα emitters, which have Hα luminosities of 1041.8–1043.3 erg s−1, star formation rates (SFRs) of 20–500 M⊙ yr−1, and stellar masses of 1010.0–1011.3 M⊙. The 3D distribution maps for the four fields of Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey (CFHTLS) W1–4 are presented, clearly showing large scale clustering of galaxies at the scale of ∼100–600 comoving Mpc. Based on 1105 galaxies with detections of multiple emission lines, we estimate that the contamination of non-Hα lines is about 4% in the single-line emission galaxies, which is mostly [O iii]λ5007. This contamination fraction is also confirmed by the stacked spectrum of all the FastSound spectra, in which Hα, [N ii]λλ6548,6583, [S ii]λλ6717,6731, and [O i]λλ6300,6364 are seen.
Continuous Wave Potassium Titanyl Phosphate Laser Treatment is Safe and Effective for Xanthelasma Palpebrarum
Authors: Greijmans Ellen , Luiting-Welkenhuyzen Hedwig , Luijks Harriet , Bovenschen H. Jorn 
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND
Although not an accepted standard treatment, the 532-nm continuous wave potassium titanyl phosphate (CW-KTP) laser might be a powerful device to treat xanthelasma palpebrarum (XP).

OBJECTIVE
To determine the safety and efficacy of CW-KTP laser treatment for XP.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Between January 2013 and January 2015, 30 consecutive patients with XP were treated with a 532-nm CW-KTP laser (spot size: 0.9 mm, power: 5.0 W, fluence: 36–38 J/cm2, pulse width: 46 milliseconds, frequency: 2.0 Hz, passes per session: 3). In a retrospective study design, safety and efficacy data were collected and analyzed.

RESULTS
Overall, 29/30 (97%) of patients had an excellent cosmetical result. Downtime was 1 week with crusted lesions. Although slight hypopigmentation was common, only 1/30 (3%) patients had hypopigmentation that was more than expected. Recurrences (13/30; 43%) were frequent, so that yearly maintenance therapy was warranted. No major side effects were noticed.

CONCLUSION
Continuous wave KTP laser therapy is safe and highly effective for XP, although regular follow-up treatments are often necessary to maintain the achieved cosmetic results.