bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intergenerational transmission of post‐traumatic stress disorder in Australian Vietnam veterans’ families
Authors: O'Toole B. I. , Burton M. J. , Rothwell A. , Outram S. , Dadds M. , Catts S. V. 
Published: December 2016

ObjectiveTo assess the association between parental post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and offspring PTSD and its specificity for other disorders in a non‐clinical epidemiological cohort of Australian Vietnam veterans, their partners and their sons and daughters.MethodVeterans were interviewed twice, in 1992–1994 and 2005–2006; partners were interviewed in 2006–2007, and their offspring in 2012–2014. A total of 125 sons and 168 daughters were interviewed from 197 families, 137 of which also included partners who were the mothers of the children. Statistical analysis used multi‐level modelling to compute odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals while controlling for clustering effects within families. Parent PTSD diagnoses were examined for associations with offspring trauma exposure, PTSD and other psychiatric diagnoses.ResultsVeteran PTSD increased the risk of PTSD and no other disorder in both sons and daughters; partner PTSD did not. Veteran depression was also a risk factor for sons’ PTSD, and alcohol disorder was linked to alcohol dependence in sons and PTSD in daughters, but not when controlling for veteran PTSD.ConclusionWe conclude that PTSD in a Vietnam veteran father increases the risk specifically for PTSD in his sons and daughters.
Local factors mediate the response of biodiversity to land use on two African mountains
Authors: Jung M. , Hill S. L. L. , Platts P. J. , Marchant R. , Siebert S. , Fournier A. , Munyekenye F. B. , Purvis A. , Burgess N. D. , Newbold T. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractLand‐use change is the single biggest driver of biodiversity loss in the tropics. Biodiversity models can be useful tools to inform policymakers and conservationists of the likely response of species to anthropogenic pressures, including land‐use change. However, such models generalize biodiversity responses across wide areas and many taxa, potentially missing important characteristics of particular sites or clades. Comparisons of biodiversity models with independently collected field data can help us understand the local factors that mediate broad‐scale responses. We collected independent bird occurrence and abundance data along two elevational transects in Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania and the Taita Hills, Kenya. We estimated the local response to land use and compared our estimates with modelled local responses based on a large database of many different taxa across Africa. To identify the local factors mediating responses to land use, we compared environmental and species assemblage information between sites in the independent and African‐wide datasets. Bird species richness and abundance responses to land use in the independent data followed similar trends as suggested by the African‐wide biodiversity model, however the land‐use classification was too coarse to capture fully the variability introduced by local agricultural management practices. A comparison of assemblage characteristics showed that the sites on Kilimanjaro and the Taita Hills had higher proportions of forest specialists in croplands compared to the Africa‐wide average. Local human population density, forest cover and vegetation greenness also differed significantly between the independent and Africa‐wide datasets. Biodiversity models including those variables performed better, particularly in croplands, but still could not accurately predict the magnitude of local species responses to most land uses, probably because local features of the land management are still missed. Overall, our study demonstrates that local factors mediate biodiversity responses to land use and cautions against applying biodiversity models to local contexts without prior knowledge of which factors are locally relevant.
CYP2A6 metabolism in the development of smoking behaviors in young adults
Authors: Olfson Emily , Bloom Joseph , Bertelsen Sarah , Budde John P , Breslau Naomi , Brooks Andrew , Culverhouse Robert , Chan Grace , Chen Li‐Shiun , Chorlian David , Dick Danielle M , Edenberg Howard J , Hartz Sarah , Hatsukami Dorothy , Hesselbrock Victor M , Johnson Eric O , Kramer John R , Kuperman Samuel , Meyers Jacquelyn L , Nurnberger John , Porjesz Bernice , Saccone Nancy L , Schuckit Marc A , Stitzel Jerry , Tischfield Jay A , Rice John P , Goate Alison , Bierut Laura J 
Published: December 2016

AbstractCytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) encodes the enzyme responsible for the majority of nicotine metabolism. Previous studies support that slow metabolizers smoke fewer cigarettes once nicotine dependent but provide conflicting results on the role of CYP2A6 in the development of dependence. By focusing on the critical period of young adulthood, this study examines the relationship of CYP2A6 variation and smoking milestones. A total of 1209 European American young adults enrolled in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism were genotyped for CYP2A6 variants to calculate a previously well‐validated metric that estimates nicotine metabolism. This metric was not associated with the transition from never smoking to smoking initiation nor with the transition from initiation to daily smoking (P > 0.4). But among young adults who had become daily smokers (n = 506), decreased metabolism was associated with increased risk of nicotine dependence (P = 0.03) (defined as Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence score ≥4). This finding was replicated in the Collaborative Genetic Study of Nicotine Dependence with 335 young adult daily smokers (P = 0.02). Secondary meta‐analysis indicated that slow metabolizers had a 53 percent increased odds (OR = 1.53, 95 percent CI 1.11–2.11, P = 0.009) of developing nicotine dependence compared with normal metabolizers. Furthermore, secondary analyses examining four‐level response of time to first cigarette after waking (>60, 31–60, 6–30, ≤5 minutes) demonstrated a robust effect of the metabolism metric in Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (P = 0.03) and Collaborative Genetic Study of Nicotine Dependence (P = 0.004), illustrating the important role of this measure of dependence. These findings highlight the complex role of CYP2A6 variation across different developmental stages of smoking behaviors.
Modeling farmers’ decisions on tea varieties in Vietnam: a multinomial logit analysis
Authors: Nguyen‐Van Phu , Poiraud Cyrielle , To‐The Nguyen 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis article analyzes households’ choice on tea varieties in Vietnam by using a multinomial logit model. The modeling takes into account the issue of unobserved individual heterogeneity and the endogeneity of some explanatory variables (use of chemical and organic fertilizers). The results show that important factors influencing the decision to adopt one type of tea varieties include income, age, household size, farming contract, and use of organic fertilizers, but also membership of professional associations such as the Tea Association and the Farmers Union.
The effect of intellectual property rights on agricultural productivity
Authors: Campi Mercedes 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis article explores how the strengthening of intellectual property (IP) protection affects agricultural productivity in a panel of countries for the period 1961–2011. Using an index of IP protection for plant varieties, we study the effect of stronger intellectual property rights (IPRs) on cereal yields and two different types of cereals: Open‐pollinated (wheat) and hybrid (maize). We found that the strengthening of IPRs has a positive effect on productivity of cereals for high‐ and low‐income countries. However, we found no significant effect for middle‐income countries. In addition, we found that becoming a member of the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights negatively affects cereal yields. Finally, we found evidence of the existence of nonlinearities in the effect of IPRs on agricultural yields, which confirms a threshold effect of IPRs that also varies for countries of different income level. The findings support the hypothesis that country specificities are important in determining the effect of IPRs and imply that there is no unique system that fits all.
Custom‐hired tractor services and returns to scale in smallholder agriculture: a production function approach
Authors: Takeshima Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2016

AbstractHistorically, agricultural transformation has often accompanied the increase in the returns to scale. Little direct evidence exists, however, on what actually causes such increase, despite the knowledge of many factors that are associated with this increase. We fill this knowledge gap by testing whether hiring in tractor services has raised returns to scale in agriculture at the household level in Nepal Terai that has undergone rapid growth in the tractor use through custom‐hiring services. Using Switching Regression and Inverse‐Probability‐Weighted Generalized Method of Moments, we address two sources of endogeneity involved with the estimation of returns to scale; (1) farmers’ self‐selection on whether to hire in tractor services and (2) use of inputs in the production function. For both Cobb‐Douglas and Translog production function specifications, we find that hiring in tractor services significantly increased the returns to scale in agricultural production by about 0.2 ∼ 0.3 among farm households not owning tractors, for which suitable control groups are found. Findings are robust under various alternative specifications.
Convergence and impoverishment of fen communities in a eutrophicated agricultural landscape of the Czech Republic
Authors: Navrátilová Jana , Hájek Michal , Navrátil Josef , Hájková Petra , Frazier Ryan J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractQuestionsOn‐going rapid loss of fen biodiversity in Central Europe is well known, but rigorous testing of this is complicated. We compared historical and present‐day vegetation plot records from a cultural landscape rich in fishponds, where recent eutrophication and water table manipulations threaten the unique fen diversity. We assess species composition change over the last 50 yr.LocationTřeboň Basin, Czech Republic.MethodsFirst, we revisited historical vegetation plots to collect present‐day data and then identified the most similar present‐day record (the present‐day counterpart) because no permanent plots were available. Second, we inferred water level, pH and conductivity (a proxy of mineral richness) using a training set of present‐day field measurements, and calculated Ellenberg indicator values. Then we applied modified TWINSPAN classification, CCA, PERMANOVA, PERMDISP and RMANOVA in order to test changes in the species composition, β‐diversity and environmental conditions between the historical records and their present‐day counterparts.ResultsFen vegetation has persisted on half of the sites. Out of four vegetation types, poor fens and especially flooded fens were over‐represented in the present‐day subset, while rich fens and quaking fens were under‐represented. Overall species composition differed between historical plots and their present‐day counterparts, even within individual vegetation types. Historical rich fens showed significantly higher β‐diversity than their present‐day counterparts, which predominantly represent flooded fens. Inferred water level and its fluctuation, Ellenberg moisture and nutrient values have increased, while inferred pH, conductivity and Ellenberg light value have decreased.ConclusionsThe historically wide array of fen vegetation has turned into a homogeneous and floristically depauperate set of acidic yet productive flooded fens with a high water level. Rich and quaking fens that were both low in nutrient availability and had a stable water level near the moss layer experienced a large and substantial reduction and have become rare in the landscape. Eutrophication combined with a lack of management has resulted in fen species persisting only in flooded fens. However, fluctuating water levels and high nutrient availability in flooded fens favour productive Sphagnum fens over the other vegetation types, and, importantly, do not support some endangered fen species.
Magnolol Attenuates Concanavalin A‐induced Hepatic Fibrosis, Inhibits CD4+ T Helper 17 (Th17) Cell Differentiation and Suppresses Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation: Blockade of Smad3/Smad4 Signalling
Authors: Zhang Hongjun , Ju Baoling , Zhang Xiaoli , Zhu Yanfei , Nie Ying , Xu Yuanhong , Lei Qiuxia 
Published: December 2016

AbstractMagnolol is a pharmacological biphenolic compound extracted from Chinese herb Magnolia officinalis, which displays anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects. This study was aimed at exploring the potential effect of magnolol on immune‐related liver fibrosis. Herein, BALB/c mice were injected with concanavalin A (ConA, 8 mg/kg/week) up to 6 weeks to establish hepatic fibrosis, and magnolol (10, 20, 30 mg/kg/day) was given to these mice orally throughout the whole experiment. We found that magnolol preserved liver function and attenuated liver fibrotic injury in vivo. In response to ConA stimulation, the CD4+ T cells preferred to polarizing towards CD4+ T helper 17 (Th17) cells in liver. Magnolol was observed to inhibit Th17 cell differentiation in ConA‐treated liver in addition to suppressing interleukin (IL)‐17A generation. Hepatic stellate cells were activated in fibrotic liver as demonstrated by increased alpha smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) and desmin. More transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 and activin A were secreted into the serum. Magnolol suppressed this abnormal HSC activation. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of Smad3 in its linker area (Thr179, Ser 204/208/213) was inhibited by magnolol. In vitro, the recombinant IL‐17A plus TGF‐β1 or activin A induced activation of human LX2 HSCs and promoted their collagen production. Smad3/Smad4 signalling pathway was activated in LX2 cells exposed to the fibrotic stimuli, as illustrated by the up‐regulated phospho‐Smad3 and the enhanced interaction between Smad3 and Smad4. These alterations were suppressed by magnolol. Collectively, our study reveals a novel antifibrotic effect of magnolol on Th17 cell‐mediated fibrosis.
Permanence can be Defended
Authors: McGee Andrew , Gardiner Dale 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn donation after the circulatory‐respiratory determination of death (DCDD), the dead donor rule requires that the donor be dead before organ procurement can proceed. Under the relevant limb of the Uniform Determination of Death Act 1981 (USA), a person is dead when the cessation of circulatory‐respiratory function is ‘irreversible’. Critics of current practice in DCDD have argued that the donor is not dead at the time organs are procured, and so the procurement of organs from these donors violates the dead donor rule. We offer a new argument here in defence of current DCDD practice, and, in particular, of the interpretation of the requirement of ‘irreversibility’ as permanence.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of N‐acylated tyramine sulfamates containing C–F bonds as steroid sulfatase inhibitors
Authors: Daśko Mateusz , Rachon Janusz , Masłyk Maciej , Kubiński Konrad , Demkowicz Sebastian 
Published: December 2016

Steroid sulfatase (STS) is responsible for the hydrolysis of biologically inactive sulfated steroids into their active un‐sulfated forms and promotes the growth of various hormone‐dependent cancers (e.g., breast cancer). Therefore, the STS enzyme is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of steroid‐sensitive cancers. Herein, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of sulfamate analogs as potential STS inhibitors based on N‐acylated tyramines that contain C–F bonds. The inhibitory effects of the analogs were tested using STS isolated from human placenta. Of the analogs tested, 4‐(2‐perfluoroundecanoylaminoethyl)‐phenyl sulfamate, 5r, demonstrated the greatest inhibitory effect, with an IC50 value of 2.18 μm (IC50 value of 2.13 μm for coumarin‐7‐O‐sulfamate was used as a reference). These findings were supported by the results our computational analyses performed using molecular docking techniques.
Practitioners' perceptions and decision‐making regarding child sexual exploitation – a qualitative vignette study
Authors: Reisel Alma 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThere has been intense controversy about the appropriate response to child sexual exploitation, with debates in the UK particularly hinging on the meaning of consent and coercion. For professionals with a duty to safeguard young people from child sexual exploitation, a key site of tension is how to avoid limiting young people's experience of agency without placing them at risk. Drawing on new qualitative research findings from a vignette study designed to trace professional perception and decision‐making, this paper argues that practitioners' perceptions regarding what counts as consent are refracted through conceptions of age and choice. However, many initial perceptions of agency and its links to age were modified through the interview process. This has implications for how supervision should operate. These topics raise issues of the need for practitioners to have nuanced conceptions of consent in the context of manipulation.
The Specificity of Sound Symbolic Correspondences in Spoken Language
Authors: Tzeng Christina Y. , Nygaard Lynne C. , Namy Laura L. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAlthough language has long been regarded as a primarily arbitrary system, sound symbolism, or non‐arbitrary correspondences between the sound of a word and its meaning, also exists in natural language. Previous research suggests that listeners are sensitive to sound symbolism. However, little is known about the specificity of these mappings. This study investigated whether sound symbolic properties correspond to specific meanings, or whether these properties generalize across semantic dimensions. In three experiments, native English‐speaking adults heard sound symbolic foreign words for dimensional adjective pairs (big/small, round/pointy, fast/slow, moving/still) and for each foreign word, selected a translation among English antonyms that either matched or mismatched with the correct meaning dimension. Listeners agreed more reliably on the English translation for matched relative to mismatched dimensions, though reliable cross‐dimensional mappings did occur. These findings suggest that although sound symbolic properties generalize to meanings that may share overlapping semantic features, sound symbolic mappings offer semantic specificity.
Top‐down control of species distributions: feral cats driving the regional extinction of a threatened rodent in northern Australia
Authors: Davies Hugh F. , McCarthy Michael A. , Firth Ronald S. C. , Woinarski John C. Z. , Gillespie Graeme R. , Andersen Alan N. , Geyle Hayley M. , Nicholson Emily , Murphy Brett P. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimTo investigate whether feral cats influence the distribution of Australia's largest remnant population of the threatened brush‐tailed rabbit‐rat Conilurus penicillatus and examine whether they influenced the extinction probability of C. penicillatus over a 15‐year period (2000–2015).LocationMelville Island, northern Australia.MethodsIn 2015, small mammal surveys were conducted at 88 sites across Melville Island, 86 of which had previously been surveyed in 2000–2002. We used single‐season occupancy models to investigate correlates of the current distribution of C. penicillatus and dynamic occupancy models to investigate correlates of C. penicillatus local extinction.ResultsOur results show that C. penicillatus, which once occurred more widely across the island, is now restricted to parts of the island where feral cats are rarely detected and shrub density is high. Our results suggest that feral cats are driving C. penicillatus towards extinction on Melville Island, and hence have likely been a significant driver in the decline of this species in northern Australia more broadly. The impact of feral cats appears to be mitigated by vegetation structure.Main conclusionsThe ongoing development and implementation of methods to effectively reduce feral cat densities, coupled with the management of landscape processes to maintain shrub density, through fire management and the removal of large exotic herbivores, will contribute substantially to conserving this threatened species. This study demonstrates that the distribution of species can be strongly influenced by top‐down factors such as predation, thereby highlighting the importance of including biotic interactions when investigating the distribution of predation‐susceptible species.
“Do as I Do and Not as I Say”: Exploring Price‐Oriented Maverick Buying During Supplier Selection
Authors: Scott Marc A. , Burke Gerard , Szmerekovsky Joseph 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThis article empirically examines the occurrence of price‐oriented maverick buying (MB) during supplier selection, in a direct purchasing process context. Drawing on agency theory, maverick buying, and total cost of ownership (TCO) literature, the statistically significant existence of price‐oriented MB is investigated and the purchasing manager (PM)‐related factors that influence such noncompliant behavior are determined. A discrete choice experiment is designed to simulate a TCO‐based supplier selection process in which an established purchasing framework agreement stipulates PMs not necessarily be price‐oriented (i.e., select suppliers primarily based on lowest price), and then models PM choice behavior in the supplier selection process (SSP), utilizing a conditional logit model (CLM) to determine PM compliance to the established purchasing framework agreement and identify if price‐oriented MB exists. Statistical tests utilizing comprehensive primary and secondary data are then conducted to determine if correlational relationships exist between PM‐related factors and PM price‐orientation. Results indicate that three PM‐related factors bear a significant correlational relationship to PM price‐orientation.
Taxing behavioral control diminishes sharing and costly punishment in childhood
Authors: Steinbeis Nikolaus 
Published: December 2016

AbstractInstances of altruism in children are well documented. However, the underlying mechanisms of such altruistic behavior are still under considerable debate. While some claim that altruistic acts occur automatically and spontaneously, others argue that they require behavioral control. This study focuses on the mechanisms that give rise to prosocial decisions such as sharing and costly punishment. In two studies it is shown in 124 children aged 6–9 years that behavioral control plays a critical role for both prosocial decisions and costly punishment. Specifically, the studies assess the influence of taxing aspects of self‐regulation, such as behavioral control (Study 1) and emotion regulation (Study 2) on subsequent decisions in a Dictator and an Ultimatum Game. Further, children's perception of fairness norms and emotional experience were measured. Taxing children's behavioral control prior to making their decisions reduced sharing and costly punishment of unfair offers, without changing perception of fairness norms or the emotional experience. Conversely, taxing children's emotion regulation prior to making their decisions only led to increased experience of anger at seeing unfair offers, but left sharing, costly punishment and the perception of fairness norms unchanged. These findings stress the critical role of behavioral control in prosocial giving and costly punishment in childhood.