bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transitional Justice in Chechnya: NGO Political Advocacy for Implementing Chechen Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: van der Vet Freek 
Published: March 2016

This article asserts that Russian nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) contribute to processes of transitional justice in Chechnya through their litigation in front at the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Having delivered more than 200 judgments on atrocities which occurred during the two recent conflicts in Chechnya, the ECtHR has repeatedly ruled that the state should pay financial compensation to the victims. While the Russian Federation has been following through on such payments, human-rights monitors allege that domestic authorities have failed to take active measures to address the atrocities themselves.Through a qualitative interview study with Russian lawyers and NGO representatives, this article seeks to scrutinize how NGOs have been using the ECtHR’s mechanisms and judgments by way of leverage to initiate processes of transitional justice in post-conflict Chechnya. It appears that the ECtHR is not an end-station for human-rights claims and individual grievances but, rather, the start of a series of further claims. NGOs: (a) engage in political advocacy in implementing the judgments; and (b) create leverage for the criminal prosecution of perpetrators.
Solidago ×snarskisii nothosp. nov. (Asteraceae) from Lithuania and its position in the infrageneric classification of the genus
Authors: GUDŽINSKAS ZIGMANTAS , ŽALNERAVIČIUS EGIDIJUS 
Published: March 2016

A natural hybrid between the native Solidago virgaurea and the alien invasive S. gigantea, recorded in South Lithuania, is described as S. ×snarskisii nothosp. nov. A new nothosubsection, Solidago sect. Solidago nothosubsect. Triplidago nothosubsect. nov., is proposed to accommodate this hybrid and S. ×niederederi.
A Meta-Analysis of Factors Influencing the Development of Trust in Automation
Authors: Schaefer Kristin E. , Chen Jessie Y. C. , Szalma James L. , Hancock P. A. 
Published: March 2016

Objective: We used meta-analysis to assess research concerning human trust in automation to understand the foundation upon which future autonomous systems can be built. Background: Trust is increasingly important in the growing need for synergistic human–machine teaming. Thus, we expand on our previous meta-analytic foundation in the field of human–robot interaction to include all of automation interaction. Method: We used meta-analysis to assess trust in automation. Thirty studies provided 164 pairwise effect sizes, and 16 studies provided 63 correlational effect sizes. Results: The overall effect size of all factors on trust development was ḡ = +0.48, and the correlational effect was [Formula: see text]  = +0.34, each of which represented medium effects. Moderator effects were observed for the human-related ( ḡ  = +0.49; [Formula: see text] = +0.16) and automation-related ( ḡ = +0.53; [Formula: see text] = +0.41) factors. Moderator effects specific to environmental factors proved insufficient in number to calculate at this time. Conclusion: Findings provide a quantitative representation of factors influencing the development of trust in automation as well as identify additional areas of needed empirical research. Application: This work has important implications to the enhancement of current and future human–automation interaction, especially in high-risk or extreme performance environments.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Presbylarynx
Authors: Gonçalves Tatiana Maria , dos Santos Daniela Carvalho , Pessin Adriana Bueno Benito , Martins Regina Helena Garcia 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveTo describe the findings on the presbylarynx under scanning electron microscopy.Study DesignCadaver study.SettingUniversidade Estadual Paulista (Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil).Subjects and MethodsSixteen vocal folds were removed during necropsies and distributed into 2 age groups: control (n = 8; aged 30‐50 years) and elderly (n = 8; aged 75‐92 years). The right vocal fold was dissected, fixed in glutaraldehyde 2.5%, and prepared for scanning electron microscopy. The thickness of the epithelium was measured using a scandium morphometric digital program.ResultsIn the control group, the epithelium had 5 to 7 overlapped cell layers, rare desquamation cells, and little undulation with protruding intercellular junctions. The lamina propria showed a uniform network of collagen and elastic fibers in the superficial layer. A dense network of collagen was identified in the deeper layer. In the elderly group, the epithelium was atrophic (2‐3 cells), with more desquamation cells and intercellular junctions delimited by deep sulci. The epithelial thickness was lower in elderly than in controls (mean [SD], 221.64 [145.90] µm vs 41.79 [21.40] µm, respectively). The lamina propria had a dense and irregular distribution of collagen and elastic fibers in the superficial layer. In the deep layers, the collagen fibers formed a true fibrotic and rigid skeleton.ConclusionScanning electron microscopy identified several changes in the elderly larynx, differentiating it from the controls. These alterations are probably related to the aging process of the vocal folds. However, the exact interpretation of these findings requires additional studies, even to the molecular level, having the fibroblasts as targets.
Effects of dual-task balance training on postural performance in patients with Multiple Sclerosis: a double-blind, randomized controlled pilot trial
Authors: Monjezi Saeideh , Negahban Hossein , Tajali Shirin , Yadollahpour Nava , Majdinasab Nastaran 
Published: March 2016

Objective: To investigate the effects of dual-task balance training on postural performance in patients with multiple sclerosis as compared with single-task balance training. Design: Double-blind, pretest-posttest, randomized controlled pilot trial. Setting: Local Multiple Sclerosis Society. Subjects: A total of 47 patients were randomly assigned to two equal groups labeled as single-task training and dual-task training groups. Interventions: All patients received supervised balance training sessions, 3 times per week for 4 weeks. The patients in the single-task group performed balance activities, alone. However, patients in dual-task group practiced balance activities while simultaneously performing cognitive tasks. Main measures: The 10-Meter Walk Test and Timed Up-and-Go under single-task and dual-task conditions, in addition to Activities-specific Balance Confidence, Berg Balance Scale, and Functional Gait Assessment were assessed pre-, and post intervention and also 6-weeks after the end of intervention. Results: Only 38 patients completed the treatment plan. There was no difference in the amount of improvement seen between the two study groups. In both groups there was a significant effect of time for dual-10 Meter Walk Test (F1, 36=11.33, p=0.002) and dual-Timed Up-and-Go (F1, 36=14.27, p=0.001) but not for their single-tasks. Moreover, there was a significant effect of time for Activities-specific Balance Confidence, Berg Balance Scale, and Functional Gait Assessment ( P<0.01). Conclusions: This pilot study did not show more benefits from undertaking dual-task training than single-task training. A power analysis showed 71 patients per group would be needed to determine whether there was a clinically relevant difference for dual-task gait speed between the groups.
Comparing episodes of antidepressants use with intermittent episodes of no use: A higher relative risk of suicide attempts but not of suicide at young age
Authors: Termorshuizen Fabian , Smeets Hugo M , Boks Marco PM , Heerdink Eibert R 
Published: March 2016

The Food and Drug Administration has issued a number of advisories regarding a possible causal link between antidepressants and suicide behaviour among young persons. We investigated the age dependency of (fatal) suicide attempts associated with antidepressants ( N=232,561). By linking insurance claims with the death register of Statistics Netherlands (2002–2011), rates of (fatal) suicide attempts were estimated during antidepressant use and intermittent episodes without use. The age dependency of the relative risk of attempts and of suicide during episodes with compared with episodes without antidepressants was investigated by testing the {age × episode} interaction. The attempt rate during antidepressant use decreased with increasing age, concurrently with a decrease of the relative risk from 3.62 to 1.86 ( p for interaction <0.001). This age dependency was found both at the early (<0.5 year) and at later stages after the first prescription (>5 years). No suicides were found among those aged <18 years, and no age dependency for the relative risk of suicide at ages ⩾ 18 was established ( p>0.46). The association between antidepressants and suicide attempts at a young age does not necessarily point to a causal relationship, and, most importantly, did not translate to a similar age dependency for suicide.
Moral courage in nursing: A concept analysis
Authors: Numminen Olivia , Repo Hanna , Leino-Kilpi Helena 
Published: March 2016

Background: Nursing as an ethical practice requires courage to be moral, taking tough stands for what is right, and living by one’s moral values. Nurses need moral courage in all areas and at all levels of nursing. Along with new interest in virtue ethics in healthcare, interest in moral courage as a virtue and a valued element of human morality has increased. Nevertheless, what the concept of moral courage means in nursing contexts remains ambiguous. Objective: This article is an analysis of the concept of moral courage in nursing. Design: Rodgers’ evolutionary method of concept analysis provided the framework to conduct the analysis. Data sources: The literature search was carried out in September 2015 in six databases: PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and The Philosopher’s Index. The following key words were used: “moral” OR “ethical” AND “courage” OR “strength” AND “nurs*” with no time limit. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 31 studies were included in the final analysis. Ethical considerations: This study was conducted according to good scientific guidelines. Results: Seven core attributes of moral courage were identified: true presence, moral integrity, responsibility, honesty, advocacy, commitment and perseverance, and personal risk. Antecedents were ethical sensitivity, conscience, and experience. Consequences included personal and professional development and empowerment. Discussion and conclusion: This preliminary clarification warrants further exploring through theoretical and philosophical literature, expert opinions, and empirical research to gain validity and reliability for its application in nursing practice.
Demand for Price Insurance among Farmers in India: A Choice Experiment-based Approach
Authors: Ranganathan Thiagu , Gaurav Sarthak , Singh Ashish 
Published: March 2016

Using choice experiments, we estimate the willingness to pay for price insurance among cotton and paddy farmers in the Indian state of Gujarat. We also identify the interactions between the demand for price insurance and existing informal and formal risk management mechanisms. Our results indicate that cotton farmers value price insurance more than paddy farmers. Also, most of the existing informal risk management strategies seem to have a positive effect on the demand for price insurance, suggesting potential complementarities. Important policy implications on the design and bundling of innovative financial products follow from our findings. JEL Classification: D81, D01, G13
The EDSS-Plus, an improved endpoint for disability progression in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
Authors: Cadavid Diego , Cohen Jeffrey A , Freedman Mark S , Goldman Myla D , Hartung Hans-Peter , Havrdova Eva , Jeffery Douglas , Kapoor Raj , Miller Aaron , Sellebjerg Finn , Kinch Deborah , Lee Sophia , Shang Shulian , Mikol Daniel 
Published: March 2016

Background: The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) has wide scientific and regulatory precedent but limited ability to detect clinically relevant disability progression in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) patients, partly due to a lack of meaningful measurement of short-distance ambulatory and upper-extremity function. Objective: To present a rationale for a composite endpoint adding the timed 25-foot walk (T25FW) and 9-Hole Peg Test (9HPT) to EDSS for SPMS disability progression assessment. Methods: Using the International Multiple Sclerosis Secondary Progressive Avonex Clinical Trial (IMPACT) placebo arm ( n = 215) data, we analyzed disability progression using a novel progression endpoint, “EDSS-Plus,” defined as progression on ⩾1 of 3 components (EDSS, T25FW, and/or 9HPT) confirmed ⩾24 weeks apart and with a ⩾20% minimum threshold change for T25FW and 9HPT. Results: Over 2 years, subjects classified as T25FW, 9HPT (dominant hand), or 9HPT (non-dominant hand) progressors worsened on average by 103.4%, 69.0%, and 59.2%, respectively, while non-progressors’ times remained largely unchanged. Using EDSS-Plus, 59.5% of the patients had 24-week confirmed disability progression versus 24.7% (EDSS), 41.9% (T25FW), and 34.4% (9HPT (either hand)) on each component alone. Conclusion: The 24-week confirmed minimum worsening of ⩾20% for T25FW and 9HPT clearly separates SPMS progressors from non-progressors. We propose that EDSS-Plus may represent an improved endpoint to identify SPMS disability progression.
Did death certificates and a death review process agree on lung cancer cause of death in the National Lung Screening Trial?
Authors: Marcus Pamela M , Doria-Rose Vincent Paul , Gareen Ilana F , Brewer Brenda , Clingan Kathy , Keating Kristen , Rosenbaum Jennifer , Rozjabek Heather M , Rathmell Joshua , Sicks JoRean , Miller Anthony B 
Published: March 2016

Background/aims: Randomized controlled trials frequently use death review committees to assign a cause of death rather than relying on cause of death information from death certificates. The National Lung Screening Trial, a randomized controlled trial of lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography versus chest X-ray for heavy and/or long-term smokers ages 55–74 years at enrollment, used a committee blinded to arm assignment for a subset of deaths to determine whether cause of death was due to lung cancer. Methods: Deaths were selected for review using a pre-determined computerized algorithm. The algorithm, which considered cancers diagnosed during the trial, causes and significant conditions listed on the death certificate, and the underlying cause of death derived from death certificate information by trained nosologists, selected deaths that were most likely to represent a death due to lung cancer (either directly or indirectly) and deaths that might have been erroneously assigned lung cancer as the cause of death. The algorithm also selected deaths that might be due to adverse events of diagnostic evaluation for lung cancer. Using the review cause of death as the gold standard and lung cancer cause of death as the outcome of interest (dichotomized as lung cancer versus not lung cancer), we calculated performance measures of the death certificate cause of death. We also recalculated the trial primary endpoint using the death certificate cause of death. Results: In all, 1642 deaths were reviewed and assigned a cause of death (42% of the 3877 National Lung Screening Trial deaths). Sensitivity of death certificate cause of death was 91%; specificity, 97%; positive predictive value, 98%; and negative predictive value, 89%. About 40% of the deaths reclassified to lung cancer cause of death had a death certificate cause of death of a neoplasm other than lung. Using the death certificate cause of death, the lung cancer mortality reduction was 18% (95% confidence interval: 4.2–25.0), as compared with the published finding of 20% (95% confidence interval: 6.7–26.7). Conclusion: Death review may not be necessary for primary-outcome analyses in lung cancer screening trials. If deemed necessary, researchers should strive to streamline the death review process as much as possible.
Determinants of patient satisfaction: a systematic review
Authors: Batbaatar Enkhjargal , Dorjdagva Javkhlanbayar , Luvsannyam Ariunbat , Savino Matteo Mario , Amenta Pietro 
Published: March 2016

Aim: A large number of studies have addressed the detection of patient satisfaction determinants, and the results are still inconclusive. Furthermore, it is known that contradicting evidence exists across patient satisfaction studies. This article is the second part of a two-part series of research with a goal to review a current conceptual framework of patient satisfaction for further operationalisation procedures. The aim of this work was to systematically identify and review evidence regarding determinants of patient satisfaction between 1980 and 2014, and to seek the reasons for contradicting results in relationships between determinants and patient satisfaction in the literature to design a further robust measurement system for patient satisfaction. Method: This systematic review followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. The search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus in October 2014. Studies published in full in peer reviewed journals between January 1980 and August 2014 and in the English language were included. We included 109 articles for the synthesis. Results: We found several number of determinants of patient satisfaction investigated in a wide diversity of studies. However, study results were varied due to no globally accepted formulation of patient satisfaction and measurement system. Conclusions: Health care service quality indicators were the most influential determinants of patient satisfaction across the studies. Among them, health providers’ interpersonal care quality was the essential determinant of patient satisfaction. Sociodemographic characteristics were the most varied in the review. The strength and directions of associations with patient satisfaction were found inconsistent. Therefore, person-related characteristics should be considered to be the potential determinants and confounders simultaneously. The selected studies were not able to show all potential characteristics which may have had effects on satisfaction. There is a need for more studies on how cultural, behavioural, and socio-demographic differences affect patient satisfaction, using a standardised questionnaire.
Insights into the single cell draft genome of “Candidatus Achromatium palustre”
Authors: Salman Verena , Berben Tom , Bowers Robert M. , Woyke Tanja , Teske Andreas , Angert Esther R. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract“Candidatus Achromatium palustre” was recently described as the first marine representative of the Achromatium spp. in the Thiotrichaceae - a sister lineage to the Chromatiaceae in the Gammaproteobacteria. Achromatium spp. belong to the group of large sulfur bacteria as they can grow to nearly 100 μm in size and store elemental sulfur (S0) intracellularly. As a unique feature, Achromatium spp. can accumulate colloidal calcite (CaCO3) inclusions in great amounts. Currently, both process and function of calcite accumulation in bacteria is unknown, and all Achromatium spp. are uncultured. Recently, three single-cell draft genomes of Achromatium spp. from a brackish mineral spring were published, and here we present the first draft genome of a single “Candidatus Achromatium palustre” cell collected in the sediments of the Sippewissett Salt Marsh, Cape Cod, MA. Our draft dataset consists of 3.6 Mbp, has a G + C content of 38.1 % and is nearly complete (83 %). The next closest relative to the Achromatium spp. genomes is Thiorhodovibrio sp. 907 of the family Chromatiaceae, containing phototrophic sulfide-oxidizing bacteria.
Protein Restriction During the Last Third of Pregnancy Malprograms the Neuroendocrine Axes to Induce Metabolic Syndrome in Adult Male Rat Offspring
Authors: de Oliveira Júlio Cezar , Gomes Rodrigo Mello , Miranda Rosiane Aparecida , Barella Luiz Felipe , Malta Ananda , Martins Isabela Peixoto , Franco Claudinéia Conationi da Silva , Pavanello Audrei , Torrezan Rosana , Natali Maria Raquel Marçal , Lisboa Patrícia Cristina , Mathias Paulo Cezar de Freitas , de Moura Egberto Gaspar 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Metabolic malprogramming has been associated with low birth weight; however, the interplay between insulin secretion disruption and adrenal function upon lipid metabolism is unclear in adult offspring from protein-malnourished mothers during the last third of gestation. Thus, we aimed to study the effects of a maternal low-protein diet during the last third of pregnancy on adult offspring metabolism, including pancreatic islet function and morphophysiological aspects of the liver, adrenal gland, white adipose tissue, and pancreas. Virgin female Wistar rats (age 70 d) were mated and fed a protein-restricted diet (4%, intrauterine protein restricted [IUPR]) from day 14 of pregnancy until delivery, whereas control dams were fed a 20.5% protein diet. At age 91 d, their body composition, glucose-insulin homeostasis, ACTH, corticosterone, leptin, adiponectin, lipid profile, pancreatic islet function and liver, adrenal gland, and pancreas morphology were assessed. The birth weights of the IUPR rats were 20% lower than the control rats (P &lt; .001). Adult IUPR rats were heavier, hyperphagic, hyperglycemic, hyperinsulinemic, hyperleptinemic, and hypercorticosteronemic (P &lt; .05) with higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, adiponectin, ACTH, and insulin sensitivity index levels (P &lt; .01). The insulinotropic action of glucose and acetylcholine as well as muscarinic and adrenergic receptor function were impaired in the IUPR rats (P &lt; .05). Maternal undernutrition during the last third of gestation disrupts the pancreatic islet insulinotropic response and induces obesity-associated complications. Such alterations lead to a high risk of metabolic syndrome, characterized by insulin resistance, visceral obesity, and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Evidence for Osteocalcin Binding and Activation of GPRC6A in β-Cells
Authors: Pi Min , Kapoor Karan , Ye Ruisong , Nishimoto Satoru Kenneth , Smith Jeremy C. , Baudry Jerome , Quarles Leigh Darryl 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe possibility that G protein-coupled receptor family C member A (GPRC6A) is the osteocalcin (Ocn)-sensing G protein-coupled receptor that directly regulates pancreatic β-cell functions is controversial. In the current study, we found that Ocn and an Ocn-derived C-terminal hexapeptide directly activate GPRC6A-dependent ERK signaling in vitro. Computational models probe the structural basis of Ocn binding to GPRC6A and predict that the C-terminal hexapeptide docks to the extracellular side of the transmembrane domain of GPRC6A. Consistent with the modeling, mutations in the computationally identified binding pocket of GPRC6A reduced Ocn and C-terminal hexapeptide activation of this receptor. In addition, selective deletion of Gprc6a in β-cells (Gprc6aβ-cell-cko) by crossing Gprc6aflox/flox mice with Ins2-Cre mice resulted in reduced pancreatic weight, islet number, insulin protein content, and insulin message expression. Both islet size and β-cell proliferation were reduced in Gprc6aβ-cell-cko compared with control mice. Gprc6aβ-cell-cko exhibited abnormal glucose tolerance, but normal insulin sensitivity. Islets isolated from Gprc6aβ-cell-cko mice showed reduced insulin simulation index in response to Ocn. These data establish the structural basis for Ocn direct activation of GPRC6A and confirm a role for GPRC6A in regulating β-cell proliferation and insulin secretion.