bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Confirmation of resting‐state BOLD fluctuations in the human brainstem and spinal cord after identification and removal of physiological noise
Authors: Harita Shreyas , Stroman Patrick W. 
Published: January 2017

PurposeResting‐state functional MRI (rs‐fMRI) has been used to investigate networks within the cortex, but its use in the brainstem (BS) and spinal cord (SC) has been limited. This region presents challenges for fMRI, partly because of sources of physiological noise. This study aims to quantify noise contributions to rs‐fMRI, and to obtain evidence of resting‐state blood oxygenation level–dependent (BOLD) fluctuations.MethodsResting‐state‐fMRI data were obtained from the BS/SC in 16 participants, at 3 Tesla, with T2‐weighted single‐shot fast spin‐echo imaging. The peripheral pulse, respiration, and expired CO2 were recorded continuously. Physiological noise was modeled from these recordings, movement parameters, and white matter regions. Model fits were then subtracted from the data. BOLD contributions were then investigated through connectivity.ResultsBulk motion was the largest contributor to the signal variance (19% of the total), followed by cardiac‐related motion (14%), nonspecific signal variations detected in white matter (10%), respiratory‐related motion (2.6%), and end‐tidal CO2 variations (0.7%). After noise was removed, significant left‐right connectivity was detected in the SC dorsal horns and ventral horns.ConclusionsResting‐state BOLD fluctuations are demonstrated in the SC, as are the dominant noise contributions. These findings are an essential step toward establishing rs‐fMRI in the BS/SC. Magn Reson Med 78:2149–2156, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Determining the roles of the three alcohol dehydrogenases (AdhA, AdhB and AdhE) in Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus during ethanol formation
Authors: Zhou Jilai , Shao Xiongjun , Olson Daniel G , Murphy Sean Jean-Loup , Tian Liang , Lynd Lee R 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus is a promising candidate for biofuel production due to the broad range of substrates it can utilize and its high ethanol yield compared to other thermophilic bacteria, such as Clostridium thermocellum. Three alcohol dehydrogenases, AdhA, AdhB and AdhE, play key roles in ethanol formation. To study their physiological roles during ethanol formation, we deleted them separately and in combination. Previously, it has been thought that both AdhB and AdhE were bifunctional alcohol dehydrogenases. Here we show that AdhE has primarily acetyl-CoA reduction activity (ALDH) and almost no acetaldehyde reduction (ADH) activity, whereas AdhB has no ALDH activity and but high ADH activity. We found that AdhA and AdhB have similar patterns of activity. Interestingly, although deletion of both adhA and adhB reduced ethanol production, a single deletion of either one actually increased ethanol yields by 60–70%.
Large deviation principles for connectable receivers in wireless networks
Authors: Hirsch Christian , Jahnel Benedikt , Keeler Paul , Patterson Robert I. A. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe study large deviation principles for a model of wireless networks consisting of Poisson point processes of transmitters and receivers. To each transmitter we associate a family of connectable receivers whose signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio is larger than a certain connectivity threshold. First, we show a large deviation principle for the empirical measure of connectable receivers associated with transmitters in large boxes. Second, making use of the observation that the receivers connectable to the origin form a Cox point process, we derive a large deviation principle for the rescaled process of these receivers as the connection threshold tends to 0. Finally, we show how these results can be used to develop importance sampling algorithms that substantially reduce the variance for the estimation of probabilities of certain rare events such as users being unable to connect.
Branching processes in generalized autoregressive conditional environments
Authors: Hueter Irene 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBranching processes in random environments have been widely studied and applied to population growth systems to model the spread of epidemics, infectious diseases, cancerous tumor growth, and social network traffic. However, Ebola virus, tuberculosis infections, and avian flu grow or change at rates that vary with time—at peak rates during pandemic time periods, while at low rates when near extinction. The branching processes in generalized autoregressive conditional environments we propose provide a novel approach to branching processes that allows for such time-varying random environments and instances of peak growth and near extinction-type rates. Offspring distributions we consider to illustrate the model include the generalized Poisson, binomial, and negative binomial integer-valued GARCH models. We establish conditions on the environmental process that guarantee stationarity and ergodicity of the mean offspring number and environmental processes and provide equations from which their variances, autocorrelation, and cross-correlation functions can be deduced. Furthermore, we present results on fundamental questions of importance to these processes—the survival-extinction dichotomy, growth behavior, necessary and sufficient conditions for noncertain extinction, characterization of the phase transition between the subcritical and supercritical regimes, and survival behavior in each phase and at criticality.
On long-range dependence of random measures
Authors: Vašata Daniel 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis paper deals with long-range dependence of random measures on ℝd. By examples, it is demonstrated that one must be careful in order to define it consistently. Therefore, we define long-range dependence by a rather specific second-order condition and provide an equivalent formulation involving the asymptotic behaviour of the Bartlett spectrum near the origin. Then it is shown that the defining condition may be formulated less strictly when the additional isotropy assumption holds. Finally, we present an example of a long-range dependent random measure based on the 0-level excursion set of a Gaussian random field for which the corresponding spectral density and its asymptotics are explicitly derived.
The limit distribution of the largest interpoint distance for distributions supported by ad-dimensional ellipsoid and generalizations
Authors: Schrempp Michael 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe study the asymptotic behaviour of the maximum interpoint distance of random points in ad-dimensional ellipsoid with a unique major axis. Instead of investigating only a fixed number ofnpoints asntends to ∞, we consider the much more general setting in which the random points are the supports of appropriately defined Poisson processes. Our main result covers the case of uniformly distributed points.
Do blood parasites infect Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) in the wild? Prospective investigation and climatogeographic considerations
Authors: VANSTREELS RALPH ERIC THIJL , UHART MARCELA , RAGO VIRGINIA , HURTADO RENATA , EPIPHANIO SABRINA , CATÃO-DIAS JOSÉ LUIZ 
Published: January 2017

SUMMARYMagellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) are native to Argentina, Chile and the Falkland Islands. Magellanic penguins are highly susceptible to blood parasites such as the mosquito-bornePlasmodiumspp., which have been documented causing high morbidity and mortality in zoos and rehabilitation centres. However, to date no blood parasites have been detected in wild Magellanic penguins, and it is not clear whether this is reflective of their true absence or is instead related to an insufficiency in sampling effort or a failure of the diagnostic methods. We examined blood smears of 284 Magellanic penguins from the Argentinean coast and tested their blood samples with nested polymerase chain reaction tests targetingHaemoproteus, Plasmodium, LeucocytozoonandBabesia. No blood parasites were detected. Analysing the sampling effort of previous studies and the climatogeography of the region, we found there is strong basis to conclude that haemosporidians do not infect wild Magellanic penguins on the Argentinean coast. However, at present it is not possible to determine whether such parasites occur on the Chilean coast and at the Falkland Islands. Furthermore, it is troubling that the northward distribution expansion of Magellanic penguins and the poleward distribution shift of vectors may lead to novel opportunities for the transmission of blood parasites.
The distribution of echinostome parasites in ponds and implications for larval anuran survival
Authors: MARINO JOHN A. , HOLLAND MANJA P. , WERNER EARL E. 
Published: January 2017

SUMMARYParasites can influence host population dynamics, community composition and evolution. Prediction of these effects, however, requires an understanding of the influence of ecological context on parasite distributions and the consequences of infection for host fitness. We address these issues with an amphibian – trematode (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) host–parasite system. We initially performed a field survey of trematode infection in first (snail) and second (larval green frog, Rana clamitans) intermediate hosts over 5 years across a landscape of 23 ponds in southeastern Michigan. We then combined this study with a tadpole enclosure experiment in eight ponds. We found echinostomes in all ponds during the survey, although infection levels in both snails and amphibians differed across ponds and years. Echinostome prevalence (proportion of hosts infected) in snails also changed seasonally depending on host species, and abundance (parasites per host) in tadpoles depended on host size and prevalence in snails. The enclosure experiment demonstrated that infection varied at sites within ponds, and tadpole survival was lower in enclosures with higher echinostome abundance. The observed effects enhance our ability to predict when and where host–parasite interactions will occur and the potential fitness consequences of infection, with implications for population and community dynamics, evolution and conservation.
The behavioural constellation of deprivation: Causes and consequences
Authors: Pepper Gillian V. , Nettle Daniel 
Published: January 2017

AbstractSocioeconomic differences in behaviour are pervasive and well documented, but their causes are not yet well understood. Here, we make the case that a cluster of behaviours is associated with lower socioeconomic status (SES), which we call “the behavioural constellation of deprivation.” We propose that the relatively limited control associated with lower SES curtails the extent to which people can expect to realise deferred rewards, leading to more present-oriented behaviour in a range of domains. We illustrate this idea using the specific factor of extrinsic mortality risk, an important factor in evolutionary theoretical models. We emphasise the idea that the present-oriented behaviours of the constellation are a contextually appropriate response to structural and ecological factors rather than a pathology or a failure of willpower. We highlight some principles from evolutionary theoretical models that can deepen our understanding of how socioeconomic inequalities can become amplified and embedded. These principles are that (1) small initial disparities can lead to larger eventual inequalities, (2) feedback loops can embed early-life circumstances, (3) constraints can breed further constraints, and (4) feedback loops can operate over generations. We discuss some of the mechanisms by which SES may influence behaviour. We then review how the contextually appropriate response perspective that we have outlined fits with other findings about control and temporal discounting. Finally, we discuss the implications of this interpretation for research and policy.
Tom Beer Receives 2016 International Award
Authors:   AGU
Published: January 2017

Tom Beer received the 2016 International Award at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 14 December 2016 in San Francisco, Calif. The award honors "an individual scientist, group, or a small team for making an outstanding contribution to furthering the Earth and space sciences and using science for the benefit of society in developing nations."
Large fault slip peaking at trench in the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake
Authors: Sun Tianhaozhe , Wang Kelin , Fujiwara Toshiya , Kodaira Shuichi , He Jiangheng 
Published: January 2017

AbstractDuring the 2011 magnitude 9 Tohoku-oki earthquake, very large slip occurred on the shallowest part of the subduction megathrust. Quantitative information on the shallow slip is of critical importance to distinguishing between different rupture mechanics and understanding the generation of the ensuing devastating tsunami. However, the magnitude and distribution of the shallow slip are essentially unknown due primarily to the lack of near-trench constraints, as demonstrated by a compilation of 45 rupture models derived from a large range of data sets. To quantify the shallow slip, here we model high-resolution bathymetry differences before and after the earthquake across the trench axis. The slip is determined to be about 62 m over the most near-trench 40 km of the fault with a gentle increase towards the trench. This slip distribution indicates that dramatic net weakening or strengthening of the shallow fault did not occur during the Tohoku-oki earthquake.
Correlation-driven transport asymmetries through coupled spins in a tunnel junction
Authors: Muenks Matthias , Jacobson Peter , Ternes Markus , Kern Klaus 
Published: January 2017

AbstractSpin–spin correlations can be the driving force that favours certain ground states and are key in numerous models that describe the behaviour of strongly correlated materials. While the sum of collective correlations usually lead to a macroscopically measurable change in properties, a direct quantification of correlations in atomic scale systems is difficult. Here we determine the correlations between a strongly hybridized spin impurity on the tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope and its electron bath by varying the coupling to a second spin impurity weakly hybridized to the sample surface. Electronic transport through these coupled spins reveals an asymmetry in the differential conductance reminiscent of spin-polarized transport in a magnetic field. We show that at zero field, this asymmetry can be controlled by the coupling strength and is related to either ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic spin–spin correlations in the tip.
A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Activity and Selectivity Profile of Ligands for RGD-binding Integrins
Authors: Kapp Tobias G. , Rechenmacher Florian , Neubauer Stefanie , Maltsev Oleg V. , Cavalcanti-Adam Elisabetta A. , Zarka Revital , Reuning Ute , Notni Johannes , Wester Hans-Jürgen , Mas-Moruno Carlos , Spatz Joachim , Geiger Benjamin , Kessler Horst 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIntegrins, a diverse class of heterodimeric cell surface receptors, are key regulators of cell structure and behaviour, affecting cell morphology, proliferation, survival and differentiation. Consequently, mutations in specific integrins, or their deregulated expression, are associated with a variety of diseases. In the last decades, many integrin-specific ligands have been developed and used for modulation of integrin function in medical as well as biophysical studies. The IC50-values reported for these ligands strongly vary and are measured using different cell-based and cell-free systems. A systematic comparison of these values is of high importance for selecting the optimal ligands for given applications. In this study, we evaluate a wide range of ligands for their binding affinity towards the RGD-binding integrins αvβ3, αvβ5, αvβ6, αvβ8, α5β1, αIIbβ3, using homogenous ELISA-like solid phase binding assay.
Bendable solid-state supercapacitors with Au nanoparticle-embedded graphene hydrogel films
Authors: Yang Kyungwhan , Cho Kyoungah , Yoon Dae Sung , Kim Sangsig 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn this study, we fabricate bendable solid-state supercapacitors with Au nanoparticle (NP)-embedded graphene hydrogel (GH) electrodes and investigate the influence of the Au NP embedment on the internal resistance and capacitive performance. Embedding the Au NPs into the GH electrodes results in a decrease of the internal resistance from 35 to 21 Ω, and a threefold reduction of the IR drop at a current density of 5 A/g when compared with GH electrodes without Au NPs. The Au NP-embedded GH supercapacitors (NP-GH SCs) exhibit excellent capacitive performances, with large specific capacitance (135 F/g) and high energy density (15.2 W·h/kg). Moreover, the NP-GH SCs exhibit comparable areal capacitance (168 mF/cm2) and operate under tensile/compressive bending.
Analysis of the FGF gene family provides insights into aquatic adaptation in cetaceans
Authors: Nam Kiwoong , Lee Kyeong Won , Chung Oksung , Yim Hyung-Soon , Cha Sun-Shin , Lee Sae-Won , Jun JeHoon , Cho Yun Sung , Bhak Jong , Magalhães João Pedro de , Lee Jung-Hyun , Jeong Jae-Yeon 
Published: January 2017

AbstractCetacean body structure and physiology exhibit dramatic adaptations to their aquatic environment. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a family of essential factors that regulate animal development and physiology; however, their role in cetacean evolution is not clearly understood. Here, we sequenced the fin whale genome and analysed FGFs from 8 cetaceans. FGF22, a hair follicle-enriched gene, exhibited pseudogenization, indicating that the function of this gene is no longer necessary in cetaceans that have lost most of their body hair. An evolutionary analysis revealed signatures of positive selection for FGF3 and FGF11, genes related to ear and tooth development and hypoxia, respectively. We found a D203G substitution in cetacean FGF9, which was predicted to affect FGF9 homodimerization, suggesting that this gene plays a role in the acquisition of rigid flippers for efficient manoeuvring. Cetaceans utilize low bone density as a buoyancy control mechanism, but the underlying genes are not known. We found that the expression of FGF23, a gene associated with reduced bone density, is greatly increased in the cetacean liver under hypoxic conditions, thus implicating FGF23 in low bone density in cetaceans. Altogether, our results provide novel insights into the roles of FGFs in cetacean adaptation to the aquatic environment.
Metabotyping Patients’ Journeys Reveals Early Predisposition to Lung Injury after Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Maltesen Raluca Georgiana , Rasmussen Bodil Steen , Pedersen Shona , Hanifa Munsoor Ali , Kucheryavskiy Sergey , Kristensen Søren Risom , Wimmer Reinhard 
Published: January 2017

AbstractCardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and patients with severe symptoms undergo cardiac surgery. Even after uncomplicated surgeries, some patients experience postoperative complications such as lung injury. We hypothesized that the procedure elicits metabolic activity that can be related to the disease progression, which is commonly observed two-three days postoperatively. More than 700 blood samples were collected from 50 patients at nine time points pre-, intra-, and postoperatively. Dramatic metabolite shifts were observed during and immediately after the intervention. Prolonged surgical stress was linked to an augmented anaerobic environment. Time series analysis showed shifts in purine-, nicotinic acid-, tyrosine-, hyaluronic acid-, ketone-, fatty acid, and lipid metabolism. A characteristic ‘metabolic biosignature’ was identified correlating with the risk of developing postoperative complications two days before the first clinical signs of lung injury. Hence, this study demonstrates the link between intra- and postoperative time-dependent metabolite changes and later postoperative outcome. In addition, the results indicate that metabotyping patients’ journeys early, during or just after the end of surgery, may have potential impact in hospitals for the early diagnosis of postoperative lung injury, and for the monitoring of therapeutics targeting disease progression.
Hygroscopic motions of fossil conifer cones
Authors: Poppinga Simon , Nestle Nikolaus , Šandor Andrea , Reible Bruno , Masselter Tom , Bruchmann Bernd , Speck Thomas 
Published: January 2017

AbstractConifer cones represent natural, woody compliant structures which move their scales as passive responses to changes in environmental humidity. Here we report on water-driven opening and closing motions in coalified conifer cones from the Eemian Interglacial (approx. 126,000–113,000 years BP) and from the Middle Miocene (approx. 16.5 to 11.5 million years BP). These cones represent by far the oldest documented evidence of plant parts showing full functionality of such passive hydraulically actuated motion. The functional resilience of these structures is far beyond the biological purpose of seed dispersal and protection and is because of a low level of mineralization of the fossils. Our analysis emphasizes the functional-morphological integrity of these biological compliant mechanisms which, in addition to their biological fascination, are potentially also role models for resilient and maintenance-free biomimetic applications (e.g., adaptive and autonomously moving structures including passive hydraulic actuators).
Deployment of check-in nodes in complex networks
Authors: Jiang Zhong-Yuan , Ma Jian-Feng 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn many real complex networks such as the city road networks and highway networks, vehicles often have to pass through some specially functioned nodes to receive check-in like services such as gas supplement at gas stations. Based on existing network structures, to guarantee every shortest path including at least a check-in node, the location selection of all check-in nodes is very essential and important to make vehicles to easily visit these check-in nodes, and it is still remains an open problem in complex network studies. In this work, we aim to find possible solutions for this problem. We first convert it into a set cover problem which is NP-complete and propose to employ the greedy algorithm to achieve an approximate result. Inspired by heuristic information of network structure, we discuss other four check-in node location deployment methods including high betweenness first (HBF), high degree first (HDF), random and low degree first (LDF). Finally, we compose extensive simulations in classical scale-free networks, random networks and real network models, and the results can well confirm the effectiveness of the greedy algorithm. This work has potential applications into many real networks.