bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smoking Status and Substance Use Treatment Outcomes Among Spanish Speakers Enrolled in Substance Abuse Treatment
Authors: de Dios Marcel A. , Cano Miguel Ángel , Childress Sarah , Vaughan Ellen , Cerna Yohanna , Niaura Raymond 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveSmoking is highly prevalent among individuals with drug and alcohol disorders. Concurrent tobacco dependence treatment during substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is supported, yet the association between SUD treatment outcomes and smoking status has been understudied in minorities, including Latinos.MethodParticipants were 322 Spanish‐speaking Latinos enrolled in a SUD treatment study in 5 U.S. cities. Logistic regression examined associations between baseline smoking status and treatment outcomes for nontobacco substance use at follow‐up. Covariates included age, gender, level of education, marital status, treatment group, and mandated treatment status.ResultsResults indicated smokers had a reduced likelihood of abstinence for all nontobacco substances (p = .001) and their primary drug of use (p = .007).ConclusionsFindings contribute to the growing literature indicating a possible beneficial effect of smoking cessation services on SUD treatment, specifically among Latinos. Further research is needed to identify ideal smoking cessation treatments for Latinos.
No Way Out: Entrapment as a Moderator of Suicide Ideation Among Military Personnel
Authors: Shelef Leah , Levi‐Belz Yossi , Fruchter Eyal , Santo Yoav , Dahan Eyal 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveSuicide is a leading and growing cause of death in the military during peacetime. This study sought to examine the psychological mechanisms relating to entrapment, stress, and psychological protective factors facilitating suicide ideation among military personnel.MethodThe study population comprised 168 soldiers (aged 18–21) divided into 3 groups: suicide attempters (n = 58), those receiving treatment by a mental health professional, reporting no suicidal behavior (n = 58), and controls (n = 50).ResultsIn general, the suicidal group scored higher than the 2 other groups in stress levels and entrapment but lower than the other 2 groups in perceived problem‐solving abilities and perceived social support. Moreover, the interaction of stress and entrapment predict suicide ideation beyond stress, protective factors, and entrapment alone.ConclusionEntrapment is an important predictor of suicide ideation and can serve as a moderator, in that its presence may exacerbate the harsh situation of subjective stress within the military context and intensify it into a suicide risk.
Motor and nonmotor heterogeneity of LRRK2‐related and idiopathic Parkinson's disease
Authors: Marras Connie , Alcalay Roy N. , Caspell‐Garcia Chelsea , Coffey Christopher , Chan Piu , Duda John E. , Facheris Maurizio F. , Fernández‐Santiago Rubén , Ruíz‐Martínez Javier , Mestre Tiago , Saunders‐Pullman Rachel , Pont‐Sunyer Claustre , Tolosa Eduardo , Waro Bjorg ,   the LRRK2 Cohort Consortium
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTBackgroundParkinson's disease (PD) associated with LRRK2 mutations has been described as similar to idiopathic PD with minor clinical differences. No study has compared the clinical features of LRRK2‐associated PD due to different mutations. The objective of this study was to compare LRRK2‐associated PD due to G2019S and G2385R mutations and to compare each to idiopathic PD.MethodsSites within the international LRRK2 Cohort Consortium undertook family‐based, community‐based, or clinic‐based studies to gather clinical data on manifesting carriers and patients with idiopathic PD.ResultsFive hundred sixteen PD patients with the G2019S mutation, 199 with the G2385R mutation, and 790 patients with idiopathic PD were included in the data set. Adjusted for age, sex, disease duration, and levodopa‐equivalent daily dose, mean MDS‐UPDRS part II or III scores and the frequency of motor fluctuations were higher in the G2385R mutation carriers than in either the G2019S mutation carriers or idiopathic PD patients. G2019S mutation carriers had significantly lower UPDRS part III scores than idiopathic PD patients. Both G2019S and G2385R mutation carriers had a higher proportion of the postural instability gait disorder phenotype compared with idiopathic PD patients. LRRK2 G2019S PD patients had better UPSIT scores and lower Geriatric Depression Scale scores than idiopathic PD patients in adjusted analyses.ConclusionsG2385R and G2019S PD appear to have motor differences that may be explained by contrasting local treatment or measurement practices or differences in the biology of the disease. Longitudinal studies should evaluate whether progression is faster in G2385R mutation carriers compared with G2019S PD or idiopathic PD. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
LIDAR observation and numerical simulation of vortex/wave shedding at the Eastern Runway Corridor of the Hong Kong International Airport
Authors: Li Lei , Chan Pak Wai 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTVortex/wave shedding is sometimes observed in the Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) region by such sophisticated instruments as Doppler LIght Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) systems. During the past three years several vortex/wave shedding cases have been documented, often to the west of HKIA, downwind of the mountains which can block and disturb the prevailing airflow from the southeast. These shedding movements might trigger turbulence and wind shear, threatening aircraft landing from the west. This paper documents, for the first time, that such shedding can also occur at the runway corridor to the east of the airport's south runway, caused by mountains on the eastern side of Lantau Island. It calculates the shedding period and Froude number of the events, comparing these data with results reported in the literature. It also discusses, for the first time, the use of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to simulate these events, based on homogeneous initialization only and using the upper air ascent data closest in time to the events. The simulations were shown to successfully reproduce the main features of the shedding, pointing to the possibility of applying this kind of simulation method in real‐time forecasts to provide early warning services for aircraft taking off from HKIA.
Explanations for water whitening in secondary dispersion and emulsion polymer films
Authors: Liu Yang , Gajewicz Agata M. , Rodin Victor , Soer Willem‐Jan , Scheerder Jurgen , Satgurunathan Guru , McDonald Peter J. , Keddie Joseph L. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTThe loss of optical transparency when polymer films are immersed in water, which is called “water whitening,” severely limits their use as clear barrier coatings. It is found that this problem is particularly acute in films deposited from polymers synthesized via emulsion polymerization using surfactants. Water whitening is less severe in secondary dispersion (SD) polymers, which are made by dispersing solution polymers in water without the use of surfactants. NMR relaxometry in combination with optical transmission analysis and electron microscopy reveal that some of the water sorbed in emulsion polymer films is contained within nanosized “pockets” or bubbles that scatter light. In contrast, the water in SD polymer films is mainly confined at particle interfaces, where it scatters light less strongly and its molecular mobility is reduced. The addition of surfactant to a SD creates a periodic structure that displays a stop band in the optical transmission. The total amount of sorbed water is not a good indicator of polymers prone to water whitening. Instead, the particular locations of the water within the film must be considered. Both the amount of water and the size of the local water regions (as are probed by NMR relaxometry) are found to determine water whitening. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 1658–1674
Mechanism of allosteric propagation across a β‐sheet structure investigated by molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Interlandi Gianluca , Thomas Wendy E. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTThe bacterial adhesin FimH consists of an allosterically regulated mannose‐binding lectin domain and a covalently linked inhibitory pilin domain. Under normal conditions, the two domains are bound to each other, and FimH interacts weakly with mannose. However, under tensile force, the domains separate and the lectin domain undergoes conformational changes that strengthen its bond with mannose. Comparison of the crystallographic structures of the low and the high affinity state of the lectin domain reveals conformational changes mainly in the regulatory inter‐domain region, the mannose binding site and a large β sheet that connects the two distally located regions. Here, molecular dynamics simulations investigated how conformational changes are propagated within and between different regions of the lectin domain. It was found that the inter‐domain region moves towards the high affinity conformation as it becomes more compact and buries exposed hydrophobic surface after separation of the pilin domain. The mannose binding site was more rigid in the high affinity state, which prevented water penetration into the pocket. The large central β sheet demonstrated a soft spring‐like twisting. Its twisting motion was moderately correlated to fluctuations in both the regulatory and the binding region, whereas a weak correlation was seen in a direct comparison of these two distal sites. The results suggest a so called “population shift” model whereby binding of the lectin domain to either the pilin domain or mannose locks the β sheet in a rather twisted or flat conformation, stabilizing the low or the high affinity state, respectively. Proteins 2016; 84:990–1008. © 2016 The Authors. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional Interference in the Bone Marrow Microenvironment by Disseminated Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Dhawan Abhishek , von Bonin Malte , Bray Laura J. , Freudenberg Uwe , Pishali Bejestani Elham , Werner Carsten , Hofbauer Lorenz C. , Wobus Manja , Bornhäuser Martin 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Skeletal metastasis of breast cancer is associated with a poor prognosis and significant morbidity. Investigations in other solid tumors have revealed an impairment in hematopoietic function upon bone marrow invasion. However, the interaction between disseminated breast cancer cells and the bone marrow microenvironment which harbors them has not been addressed comprehensively. Employing advanced co-culture assays, proteomic studies, organotypic models as well as in vivo xenotransplant models, we define the consequences of this interaction on the stromal compartment of bone marrow, affected molecular pathways and subsequent effects on the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). The results showed a basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-mediated, synergistic increase in proliferation of breast cancer cells and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in co-culture. The stromal induction was associated with elevated phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) signaling in the stroma, which coupled with elevated bFGF levels resulted in increased migration of breast cancer cells towards the MSCs. The perturbed cytokine profile in the stroma led to reduction in the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs via downregulation of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB). Long term co-cultures of breast cancer cells, HSPCs, MSCs and in vivo studies in NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice showed a reduced support for HSPCs in the altered niche. The resultant non-conducive phenotype of the niche for HSPC support emphasizes the importance of the affected molecular pathways in the stroma as clinical targets. These findings can be a platform for further development of therapeutic strategies aiming at the blockade of bone marrow support to disseminated breast cancer cells.
The Long‐Term Prognosis of Voice Pitch Change in Female Patients After Thyroid Surgery
Authors: Park Jun‐Ook , Bae Ja‐Sung , Lee So‐Hee , Shim Mi‐Ran , Hwang Yeon‐Shin , Joo Young‐Hoon , Park Young Hak , Sun Dong‐Il 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundRelatively large numbers of patients complain of lower‐pitched voices after thyroidectomy. However, little is known about the risk factors for, prognosis of, or progression over time of, such changes, in female patients.MethodsWe analyzed the data of 217 patients who underwent thyroid surgery and postoperative (2 weeks, and 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery) voice work‐ups. To identify patients with lower‐pitched voices, speaking fundamental frequencies (SFFs) were compared before and after surgery. The change was calculated for all patients (postoperative change in SFF, ΔSFF).ResultsThe mean ΔSFF was 8.35 ± 17.06 Hz and significant changes in voice pitch (ΔSFF ≥12 Hz) were evident in 93 (42.85 %) patients after surgery, mostly within 6 months, and only 18.4 % of patients had lower‐pitched voices 1 year after surgery. On multivariate analysis, age (≥52 vs. <52 years) and extent of surgery remained significant predictors of lower‐pitched voice after surgery. The ΔSFFs of older patients (≥52) were significantly greater than those of younger patients (<52) at the 2‐week follow‐up, but not at the 3‐, 6‐, or 12‐month follow‐ups. The ΔSFFs of patients who underwent total thyroidectomy were significantly higher than those who underwent lobectomy at the postoperative 2‐week follow‐up, but did not differ at the 3‐, 6‐, and 12‐month follow‐ups.ConclusionsPatients frequently experience a lower‐pitched voice after thyroid surgery. Such problems develop more frequently in the early postoperative period, in aged patients, and in those who had undergone total thyroidectomy. However, over time, the changes usually decrease to levels similar to those of patients without these risk factors.
Elucidation of Softening Mechanism in Rinse‐Cycle Fabric Softeners. Part 2: Uneven Adsorption—The Key Phenomenon to the Effect of Fabric Softeners
Authors: Igarashi Takako , Nakamura Koichi , Hoshi Masato , Hara Teruyuki , Kojima Hironori , Itou Masatsugu , Ikeda Reiko , Okamoto Yoshimasa 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe investigated the actual factor determining the softening effect of a fabric softener. The adsorption area of the softener on model cotton cloths and yarns was identified using bromophenol blue. There was almost no softener at the cross‐points of the yarns in the cloth samples or in the inner part of the yarns. The softening performance was better when there was less softener at the cross‐points of the yarns than when the yarns were evenly covered by the softener. Thus we conclude that the presence of softener at the cross‐points of yarns is not a vital factor in the softening effect. In addition, more softener was found on the outer part of the yarn than the inner part, indicating gradation in the adsorption pattern of the softener. Thus, we propose that more softener is adsorbed on the exposed part of the yarn in a cloth, and the formation of a hydrogen‐bonding network containing bound water is inhibited, thus softening the outer part of the yarn. However, the presence of a small amount of softener in the inner part of the yarn preserves the hydrogen‐bonding network. Favorable elasticity, or bounce, of the yarns and cloth is realized when an appropriate amount of softener is used. Excess softener would reach the inner part of the yarn, reducing the diameter of the core part of the yarn, making the cloth appear wilted.
Normal stress differences, their origin and constitutive relations for a sheared granular fluid
Authors: Saha Saikat , Alam Meheboob 
Published: April 2016

The rheology of the steady uniform shear flow of smooth inelastic spheres is analysed by choosing the anisotropic/triaxial Gaussian as the single-particle distribution function. An exact solution of the balance equation for the second-moment tensor of velocity fluctuations, truncated at the ‘Burnett order’ (second order in the shear rate), is derived, leading to analytical expressions for the first and second ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D615}_{1}$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D615}_{2}$) normal stress differences and other transport coefficients as functions of density (i.e. the volume fraction of particles), restitution coefficient and other control parameters. Moreover, the perturbation solution at fourth order in the shear rate is obtained which helped to assess the range of validity of Burnett-order constitutive relations. Theoretical expressions for both $\unicode[STIX]{x1D615}_{1}$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D615}_{2}$ and those for pressure and shear viscosity agree well with particle simulation data for the uniform shear flow of inelastic hard spheres for a large range of volume fractions spanning from the dilute regime to close to the freezing-point density (${\it\nu}\sim 0.5$). While the first normal stress difference $\unicode[STIX]{x1D615}_{1}$ is found to be positive in the dilute limit and decreases monotonically to zero in the dense limit, the second normal stress difference $\unicode[STIX]{x1D615}_{2}$ is negative and positive in the dilute and dense limits, respectively, and undergoes a sign change at a finite density due to the sign change of its kinetic component. It is shown that the origin of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D615}_{1}$ is tied to the non-coaxiality (${\it\phi}\neq 0$) between the eigendirections of the second-moment tensor $\unicode[STIX]{x1D648}$ and those of the shear tensor $\unicode[STIX]{x1D63F}$. In contrast, the origin of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D615}_{2}$ in the dilute limit is tied to the ‘excess’ temperature ($T_{z}^{ex}=T-T_{z}$, where $T_{z}$ and $T$ are the $z$-component and the average of the granular temperature, respectively) along the mean vorticity ($z$) direction, whereas its origin in the dense limit is tied to the imposed shear field.
LIVIA: SACERDOS OR FLAMINICA?
Authors: Fishwick Duncan 
Published: April 2016

Dio reports that, at the time Augustus was declared Divus, Livia, who was already called Julia and Augusta, was appointed his priestess (Cassius Dio 56.46.1). The term Dio uses is hiereia, which occurs in the same passage as his account of the priests and sacred rites (en tais hierourgiais) that were assigned to Augustus on his deification. As Livia was also permitted to employ a lictor, an honour that Tiberius apparently restricted to her function as priestess, everything suggests that Livia played a part in the state cult. In contrast, the festival Livia established in honour of her deceased husband was certainly a private gathering: three days of scenic games to which were invited only persons of the highest station. To distinguish between the two is crucial to the precise title of Livia's office. Just as Mark Antony had been made flamen of Divus Iulius—to all appearances for life (Cassius Dio 44.6.4)—so Germanicus was appointed life-long flamen Augustalis (Tac. Ann. 2.83.2)—a distinctive term of office compared with the single year accorded provincial flamines in the Latin West. The office of Livia ought correspondingly to have been that of flaminica, even if it was unprecedented for a woman to serve a god who in the light of his will was technically her father. A precise parallel to all this, it is important to note, exists in the case of Divus Claudius, whose cult Agrippina was appointed to tend and who in her capacity as priestess of Divus Claudius was granted in addition two lictors. Fortunately in this case the exact terminology of her office is given by Tacitus in his account of the honours bestowed by the Senate on Agrippina, who evidently was named flaminica (Ann. 13.2.6):
… decreti et a senatu duo lictores, flamonium Claudiale, simul Claudio censorium funus et mox consecratio.
Introduction: The Global E.P. Thompson
Authors: Winant Gabriel , Gordon Andrew , Beckert Sven , Batzell Rudi 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis article introduces the present Special Theme on the global reception and appropriation of E.P. Thompson’sThe Making of the English Working Class(1963). It aims to interrogate Thompson’s legacy and potential vitality at a moment of renewed social and intellectual upheavals. It emphasizes the need for an interdisciplinary and global reflection on Thompson’s work and impact for understanding how class, nation, and “the people” as subjects of historical inquiry have been repeatedly recast since the 1960s. Examining the course of Thompson’s ideas in Japan and West Germany, South Africa and Argentina, as well as Czechoslovakia and Poland, each of the following five articles in the Special Theme is situated in specific and different locations in the global historiographical matrix. Read as a whole, they show how national historiographies have been products of local processes of state and class formation on the one hand, and transnational transfers of intellectual and historiographical ideas, on the other. They highlight the remarkable ability of Thompsonian social history to inspire new lives in varying national contexts shaped by different formations of race, class, and state.
PARTIALLY CONSTRAINED SEX ALLOCATION AND THE INDIRECT EFFECTS OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES ON THE HUMAN SEX RATIO
Authors: Hardy Ian C. W. , Maalouf Walid E. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryInfertility affects around 15% of human couples and in many countries approximately 1–4% of babies are born following Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART). Several ART techniques are used and these differentially affect the sex ratio of offspring successfully produced. These direct effects on sex ratio also have the potential to influence, indirectly, the sex ratios of offspring born to untreated couples. This is of concern because human sex ratio bias may adversely affect public health. Here the extent of indirect effects of ART that could operate, via Fisherian frequency-dependent natural selection, on the progeny sex ratio of unassisted members of a population is heuristically modelled. Given the degrees to which ART techniques bias sex ratios directly, it is predicted that well over 20% of couples would have to reproduce via ART for there to be any discernible effect on the sex ratios produced, in response, by the remainder of the population. This value is greater than the estimated prevalence of infertility problems among human couples. It is concluded that providing ART to couples with fertility problems does not currently generate significant ethical issues or public health concern in terms of indirect effects on the offspring sex ratios of untreated couples.
E-cigarettes in ENT: what do we need to know?
Authors: Stobbs N , Lillis A , Kumar N 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackground:E-cigarette use in the UK is increasing and we are commonly encountering patients in the ENT clinic who are e-cigarette smokers. Currently, there is no regulatory body or licensing for e-cigarettes. This means that the contents, and therefore potential carcinogenic and toxic risks, can vary greatly from product to product. Patients are starting to ask about the risks of e-cigarettes and their use in smoking cessation.Objectives:This review aimed to examine the regulations, trends, and carcinogenic and health risks of e-cigarettes, and summarise the evidence for their use in smoking cessation. It also aimed to provide a general awareness regarding the advice and information that can be safely given to patients.