bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cell cycle RNA regulons coordinating early lymphocyte development
Authors: Galloway Alison , Turner Martin 
Published: February 2017

Lymphocytes undergo dynamic changes in gene expression as they develop from progenitor cells lacking antigen receptors, to mature cells that are prepared to mount immune responses. While transcription factors have established roles in lymphocyte development, they act in concert with post‐transcriptional and post‐translational regulators to determine the proteome. Furthermore, the post‐transcriptional regulation of RNA regulons consisting of mRNAs whose protein products act cooperatively allows RNA binding proteins to exert their effects at multiple points in a pathway. Here, we review recent evidence demonstrating the importance of RNA binding proteins that control the cell cycle in lymphocyte development and discuss the implications for tumorigenesis. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1419. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1419This article is categorized under:

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development
Dissociation and Neurobiological Consequences of Traumatic Stress
Authors: Bob Petr 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
According to recent evidence traumatic stress is an important etiological factor in pathogenesis of psychiatric diseases. Typical psychological manifestation of the traumatic stress represents dissociative states. Dissociated states present pathological conditions where psychological trauma may emerge in a variety of forms such as psychic dissociative symptoms or on the other hand as somatoform symptoms including seizures. At this time there is evidence that temporal lobe seizure activity may produce dissociative syndrome and this activity likely may exist independently of neurological focal lesion. This conceptualization of dissociative phenomena is in accordance with findings that originate from the study of the relationship between epilepsy and mental illness and known as antagonism between epilepsy and psychosis or the so-called forced normalization. From this point of view the relationship between dissociation, epileptic activity and kindling phenomena represent useful concepts for understanding of neurobiological consequences of the traumatic stress and dissociation with respect to pathogenesis of stress-related mental diseases.
The Emergence of Emotions
Authors: Sieb Richard 
Published: February 2017

AbstractEmotion is conscious experience. It is the affective aspect of consciousness. Emotion arises from sensory stimulation and is typically accompanied by physiological and behavioral changes in the body. Hence an emotion is a complex reaction pattern consisting of three components: a physiological component, a behavioral component, and an experiential (conscious) component. The reactions making up an emotion determine what the emotion will be recognized as. Three processes are involved in generating an emotion: (1) identification of the emotional significance of a sensory stimulus, (2) production of an affective state (emotion), and (3) regulation of the affective state. Two opposing systems in the brain (the reward and punishment systems) establish an affective value or valence (stimulus-reinforcement association) for sensory stimulation. This is process (1), the first step in the generation of an emotion. Development of stimulus-reinforcement associations (affective valence) serves as the basis for emotion expression (process 2), conditioned emotion learning acquisition and expression, memory consolidation, reinforcement-expectations, decision-making, coping responses, and social behavior. The amygdala is critical for the representation of stimulus-reinforcement associations (both reward and punishment-based) for these functions. Three distinct and separate architectural and functional areas of the prefrontal cortex (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex) are involved in the regulation of emotion (process 3). The regulation of emotion by the prefrontal cortex consists of a positive feedback interaction between the prefrontal cortex and the inferior parietal cortex resulting in the nonlinear emergence of emotion. This positive feedback and nonlinear emergence represents a type of working memory (focal attention) by which perception is reorganized and rerepresented, becoming explicit, functional, and conscious. The explicit emotion states arising may be involved in the production of voluntary new or novel intentional (adaptive) behavior, especially social behavior.
Mechanisms of Stress in Humans
Authors: Shih Christina 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The purpose of this literature review is to summarize stress-related research to better understand the mechanisms of stress. The connections between stress and environmental, physiological, as well as neurological factors were examined. Research has shown that stress exposure was related to cognitive dysfunctions, altered attention strategies, reduced capacity to experience pleasure, and higher risktaking tendency in achieving gains. A high level of stress was associated with greater hippocampal volume loss and was found to hinder memory retrieval while enhancing memory consolidation process. Physiologically, high stress levels were linked to shortened telomeres, elevated levels of circulating inflammatory markers, as well as hypoactivation of electrodermal activity and diurnal cortisol in response to stressors. Moreover, prenatal stress exposure was found to be a risk factor that can make an individual vulnerable to develop later stress-related physical and psychological problems. Researchers have also identified protective factors that can buffer individuals from the negative impact of stress.
Androgens Contribute to the Process of Neuronal Development: Implications in Explanation of Autism Pathogenesis
Authors: Kelemenova S. , Ostatnikova D. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Fetal testosterone significantly influences the brain development. It affects number of neurons and conformation of dendritic spines within the sexual dimorphic preoptic area in the hypothalamus. Excessive testosterone levels in utero possibly contribute to the masculinization of the brain. Evidences of these facts are plausible in the anatomic field as well as behavioral effects both in rat models and in humans. Rats exposed to excessive testosterone doses in utero show masculinized brain anatomy and behavior, such as better spatial visualization performance typical for males. In humans, congenital adrenal hyperplasia that causes elevated androgen level possibly results in masculinized behavior observed in these individuals. There are reasons for the theory of the connection existence between testosterone influence on the brain functions and the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders. In this review, pathogenesis of autism, the most genetic neurodevelopmental disease is discussed. Autism is a disease with broad genetic heterogeneity and polygenic inheritance. Autism associated genes are localized throughout the genome, with the chromosome 7q most frequently involved. One of these genes encodes reelin protein that is crucial for neuronal migration in the developing brain. The connection between androgens, neuronal migration and neurodevelopmental disorder pathophysiology is also discussed.
Search Activity Concept: Relationship between Behavior, Health and Brain Functions
Authors: Rotenberg Vadim S. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractSearch activity concept provides a new classification of the behavior which distinguishes search activity (activity in the uncertain situation with the constant feedback between behavior and its outcome), stereotyped behavior with a definite probability forecast, panic (activity without feedback between activity and its outcome) and renunciation of search. Only search activity which includes fight, flight, orienting behavior and creativity raises the body’s resistance to stress, to natural and experimentally induced pathology whereas renunciation of search which display itself in freezing, helplessness and depression forms a nonspecific predisposition to somatic disturbances (e.g. psychosomatic diseases). Dreams in REM sleep are regarded as a specific form of search activity aimed at compensating for the lack of search in waking. REM sleep deprivation on a small as well as on rotating platform raises the requirement in REM sleep by frustrating search activity. It is suggested that in wakefulness characterized by the prominent search activity the inhibitory alpha-2- adrenoreceptors became less sensitive to stimulation and consequently in this state the activity of the brain monoamine neurons is less limited by the level of brain monoamines. During renunciation of search brain monoamine synthesis is not stimulated by monoamine exhaustion. In REM sleep the critical level of brain monoamines for search activity to start is lower than in wakefulness and alpha-2-adrenoreceptors are less sensitive than in the state of renunciation of search although more sensitive than during search behavior in waking. REM sleep indirectly contributes to memory consolidation by carrying out its main function — restoration of search activity. A functionally sufficient REM sleep contains search activity in dreams (subject is active in his/her own dream scenario) while in functionally insufficient REM sleep dreams are characterized by subject’s passive position and feeling of helplessness. REM sleep insufficiency is an obligate condition for mental and somatic disorders to appear. The difference between normal (adaptive) and pathological (maladaptive) emotional tension is determined by the presence or absence of search activity in the structure of emotional tension. Repression of the unacceptable motive causing neurotic anxiety is a human variant of renunciation of search. Hypochondriac symptoms are in negative relationships with psychosomatic disorders and they, as well as positive symptoms in schizophrenia and anorectic behavior in anorexia nervosa, represent a pathological misdirected search activity.
On the Inherent Incompleteness of Scientific Theories
Authors: Mathen Jolly 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
We examine the question of whether scientific theories can be complete. For two closely related reasons, we argue that they cannot. The first reason is the inability to determine what are “valid observations”, a result that is based on a self-reference Gödel/Tarski-like argument. The second reason is the existence of “meta-empirical” evidence of the inherent incompleteness of observations. These reasons, along with theoretical incompleteness, are intimately connected to the notion of belief and to theses within the philosophy of science: the Quine-Duhem (and underdetermination) theses and the observational/theoretical distinction failure. Some puzzling aspects of the philosophical theses become clearer in light of these connections. It also follows that there is no absolute measure of the information content of empirical data nor of the entropy of physical systems, and that no complete computer simulation of the natural world is possible. The connections with the mathematical theorems of Gödel and Tarski reveal the existence of other possible connections between scientific and mathematical incompleteness: computational irreducibility, complexity, infinity, arbitrariness, and self-reference. Finally, suggestions are offered of where a more rigorous (or formal) “proof” of scientific incompleteness may be found.
The Theory of Brain-Sign: A Physical Alternative to Consciousness
Authors: Clapson Philip 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Consciousness and the mind are prescientific concepts that begin with Greek theorizing. They suppose human rationality and reasoning placed in the human head by (in Christian terms) God, who structured the universe he created with the same kind of underlying characteristics. Descartes’ development of the model included scientific objectivity by placing the mind outside the physical universe. In its failure under evidential scrutiny and without physical explanation, this model is destined for terminal decline. Instead, a genuine biological and physical function for the brain phenomenon can be developed. This is the theory of brain-sign. It accepts the causality of the brain as its physical characteristics, already under scientific scrutiny. What is needed is a new neurophysiological mapping language that specifies the relation of the structure and operation of the brain to organismic action in the world. Still what is lacking is an account of how neurophysiologies in different organisms communicate on dynamic, i.e. unpredictable, tasks. It is this evolved capacity that has emerged as brain-sign. Thus rather than mentality being an inner epistemological parallel world suddenly appearing in the head, brain-sign, as the neural sign of the causal status of the brain, facilitates the communicative medium of otherwise isolated organisms. The biogenesis of the phenomenon emerges directly from the account of the physical brain, and functions as a monistic feature of organisms in the physical world. This new paradigm offers disciplinary compatibility, and genuine development in behavioral and brain sciences.
Use of Multimodality Imaging and Neuropsychological Measures for the Assessment and Treatment of Auditory Verbal Hallucinations: A Brain to Behavior Approach
Authors: Zimmerman Elizabeth M. , Golla Megan A. , Paciora Renata A. , Epstein Philip S. , Konopka Lukasz M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Patients suffering from auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) may utilize unique coping strategies in order to reduce distraction caused by the perception of internal speech. Behavioral strategies may include externalizing speech through self-talk. This paper examines the benefits of a multimodality brain to behavior approach applied to the outpatient psychiatric assessment of a 55-year-old Caucasian female presenting with auditory verbal hallucinations and challenges in attention, concentration, and emotional regulation, who employed self-talk as a coping strategy to focus her attention.
Consensus‐based recommendations for the management of rapid cognitive decline due to Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Jia Jianping , Gauthier Serge , Pallotta Sarah , Ji Yong , Wei Wenshi , Xiao Shifu , Peng Dantao , Guo Qihao , Wu Liyong , Chen Shengdi , Kuang Weihong , Zhang Junjian , Wei Cuibai , Tang Yi 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIntroductionRapid cognitive decline (RCD) occurs in dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD).MethodsLiterature review, consensus meetings, and a retrospective chart review of patients with probable AD were conducted.ResultsLiterature review showed that RCD definitions varied. Mini‐Mental State Examination scores <20 at treatment onset, vascular risk factors, age <70 years at symptom onset, higher education levels, and early appearance of hallucinations, psychosis, or extrapyramidal symptoms are recognized RCD risk factors. Chart review showed that RCD (Mini‐Mental State Examination score decline ≥3 points/year) is more common in moderate (43.2%) than in mild patients (20.1%; P < .001). Rapid and slow decliners had similar age, gender, and education levels at baseline.DiscussionRCD is sufficiently common to interfere with randomized clinical trials. We propose a 6‐month prerandomization determination of the decline rate or use of an RCD risk score to ensure balanced allocation among treatment groups.
Dysregulation of lipids in Alzheimer's disease and their role as potential biomarkers
Authors: Wong Matthew W. , Braidy Nady , Poljak Anne , Pickford Russell , Thambisetty Madhav , Sachdev Perminder S. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe brain is highly enriched in lipids, and an intensive study of these lipids may be informative, not only of normal brain function but also of changes with age and in disease. In recent years, the development of highly sensitive mass spectrometry platforms and other high‐throughput technologies has enabled the discovery of complex changes in the entire lipidome. This lipidomics approach promises to be a particularly useful tool for identifying diagnostic biomarkers for early detection of age‐related neurodegenerative disease, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), which has till recently been limited to protein‐ and gene‐centric approaches. This review highlights known lipid changes affecting the AD brain and presents an update on the progress of lipid biomarker research in AD. Important considerations for designing large‐scale lipidomics experiments are discussed to help standardize findings across different laboratories, as well as challenges associated with moving toward clinical application.
Using education and support strategies to improve the way nurses assess regular and transient pain – A quality improvement study of three hospitals
Authors: Peterson Anna , Carlfjord Siw , Schaller Anne , Gerdle Björn , Larsson Britt 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

Background and aims
Systematic and regular pain assessment has been shown to improve pain management. Well-functioning pain assessments require using strategies informed by well-established theory. This study evaluates documented pain assessments reported in medical records and by patients, including reassessment using a Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) after patients receive rescue medication.

Methods
Documentation surveys (DS) and patient surveys (PS) were performed at baseline (BL), after six months, and after 12 months in 44 in-patient wards at the three hospitals in Östergötland County, Sweden. Nurses and nurse assistants received training on pain assessment and support. The Knowledge to Action Framework guided the implementation of new routines.

Results
According to DS pain assessment using NRS, pain assessment increased significantly: from 7% at baseline to 36% at 12 months (p < 0.001). For PS, corresponding numbers were 33% and 50% (p < 0.001). According to the PS, the proportion of patients who received rescue medication and who had been reassessed increased from 73% to 86% (p = 0.003). The use of NRS to document pain assessment after patients received rescue medication increased significantly (4% vs. 17%; p < 0.001).

Conclusions
After implementing education and support strategies, systematic pain assessment increased, an encouraging finding considering the complex contexts of in-patient facilities. However, the achieved assessment levels and especially reassessments related to rescue medication were clinically unsatisfactory. Future studies should include nursing staff and physicians and increase interactivity such as providing online education support. A discrepancy between documented and reported reassessment in association with given rescue medication might indicate that nurses need better ways to provide pain relief.

Implications
The fairly low level of patient-reported pain via NRS and documented use of NRS before and 12 months after the educational programme stresses the need for education on pain management in nursing education. Implementations differing from traditional educational attempts such as interactive implementations might complement educational programmes given at the work place. Standardized routines for pain management that include the possibility for nurses to deliver pain medication within well-defined margins might improve pain management and increase the use of pain assessments. Further research is needed that examines the large discrepancy between patient-reported pain management and documentation in the medical recording system of transient pain.
Targeting butyrylcholinesterase for preclinical single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: DeBay Drew R. , Reid George A. , Pottie Ian R. , Martin Earl , Bowen Chris V. , Darvesh Sultan 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIntroductionDiagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in vivo, by molecular imaging of amyloid or tau, is constrained because similar changes can be found in brains of cognitively normal individuals. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), which becomes associated with these structures in AD, could elevate the accuracy of AD diagnosis by focusing on BChE pathology in the cerebral cortex, a region of scant BChE activity in healthy brain.MethodsN‐methylpiperidin‐4‐yl 4‐[123I]iodobenzoate, a BChE radiotracer, was injected intravenously into B6SJL‐Tg(APPSwFlLon, PSEN1∗M146 L∗L286 V) 6799Vas/Mmjax (5XFAD) mice and their wild‐type (WT) counterparts for comparative single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies. SPECT, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enabled comparison of whole brain and regional retention of the BChE radiotracer in both mouse strains.ResultsRetention of the BChE radiotracer was consistently higher in the 5XFAD mouse than in WT, and differences were particularly evident in the cerebral cortex.DiscussionCerebral cortical BChE imaging with SPECT can distinguish 5XFAD mouse model from the WT counterpart.
How to blow infinitely large soap bubbles with a fixed boundary
Authors: Ye Rugang 
Published: February 2017

Consider (area minimizing) soap bubbles (
i. e
. surfaces of constant mean curvature) spanning a Jordan curve

Γ

in

ℝ^3

. We show that they converge to infinitely large minimal surfaces spanning

Γ

as their volumes approach infinity.

Résumé

On considère des bulles de savon (
i.e
. des surfaces de courbure moyenne constante) à bord d’une courbe Jordan

Γ ⊂ ℝ^3

. Nous démontrons qu’ils convergent vers des surfaces minimales infiniment larges à bord

Γ

si leur volume tend vers l’infini.
Prolongation of classical solutions and singularities of generalized solutions
Authors: Tsuji Mikio 
Published: February 2017

We consider the Cauchy problem for general partial differential equations of first order. It is well known that it admits locally a smooth solution. When we extend a solution of class

C^1

, what kinds of phenomena may appear? The aim of this paper is to see what may happen in this extension. Our method depends principally on the analysis of characteristic curves.

Résumé

Nous considérons le problème de Cauchy pour les équations aux dérivées partielles du premier ordre. Nous savons bien qu’il admet localement une solution régulière. Qu’est ce qui se passe quand on prolonge la solution de classe

C^1

? Le but de cet article est d’étudier les phénomènes qui apparaissent dans cette extension. Notre méthode dépend principalement de l’analyse des courbes caractéristiques.
Espaces de Krein et index des systèmes hamiltoniens
Authors: Brousseau V. 
Published: February 2017

Some concepts and some results of the Krein-Spaces theory are introduced. We define the concept of “Krein trace”. This is then applied to a new, general definition of the index of a linear periodic hamiltonian system, which is shown to generalize the one of Morse–Ekeland and the one of Conley and Zehnder, which are then equivalent.

Résumé
On présente quelques notions et résultats de la théorie des espaces de Krein, qui généralisent à la fois les espaces de Hilbert et de Minkowski. On introduit en particulier la « trace de Krein » de certains opérateurs. Ce travail est ensuite appliqué à une définition de l’index d’un système hamiltonien linéaire périodique, dont on montre qu’elle généralise celles de Morse–Ekeland et de Conley et Zehnder, qui sont donc équivalentes.
Long-time behavior for a regularized scalar conservation law in the absence of genuine nonlinearity
Authors: Weinberger H.F. 
Published: February 2017

It is shown that as time approaches infinity, the solution of the initial value problem for a regularized one-dimensional scalar conservation law converges along rays to the solution of a certain Riemann problem for the hyperbolic conservation law, even when this conservation law is not genuinely nonlinear.

Résumé
On démontre que quand le temps devient très grand, la solution du problème de Cauchy pour une loi de conservation scalaire régularisée à une dimensión converge le long des rayons vers la solution d’un problème de Riemann pour la loi de conservation hyperbolique, même quand cette loi n’est pas véritablement non linéaire.