bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why Intentions?
Authors: Mulder Jesse M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThere is an influential conception of intentional agency in terms of just beliefs and desires. And there is an equally influential conception that adds intentions as separate ingredients. It remains disputed whether (1) adding intentions is really necessary, and (2) what difference that addition exactly makes. I argue that (1) adding intentions is required, but only because and insofar as (2) it makes room for a distinctively practical kind of reasoning. I critically consider Bratman's main considerations in support of adding intentions, viz., conduct‐control, inertia, and input for practical reasoning, and argue that a desire‐belief theorist can easily accommodate those. I then reconsider all three Bratmanian considerations in order to establish a more fundamental difference in terms of a robust notion of practical reasoning. Such a difference can be found if we place Bratman's considerations in the light of Sebastian Rödl's idea of a measure or order of practical reasoning.
The influence of benign prostatic hyperplasia on sperm morphological features and sperm DNA integrity in dogs
Authors: Flores RB , Angrimani DSR , Rui BR , Brito MM , Abreu RA , Vannucchi CI 
Published: October 2016

ContentsBenign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) has a high incidence in older intact dogs. Due to the increased prostatic oxidative stress and hormonal imbalance of BPH, sperm damage can arise, such as sperm morphological alterations and DNA fragmentation. This study aimed to compare the reproductive potential of healthy dogs and those affected by benign prostatic hyperplasia. Ten dogs were assigned to two experimental groups: dogs without BPH (control; n = 5) and dogs diagnosed with BPH (n = 5), based on clinical signs and ultrasonographic findings. Three semen collections were performed from each dog within one month and analysed using computer‐assisted sperm analysis (CASA) and functional tests. Control group showed higher percentage of sperm DNA integrity (95 ± 1.8%) compared to the BPH group (79.2 ± 6.4%). On the other hand, the percentage of minor sperm defects, amplitude of lateral sperm head displacement of the spermatozoa and medium sperm mitochondrial activity were higher in the BPH group. In conclusion, BPH decreases sperm DNA integrity, increases mitochondrial activity, as well as modifies sperm movement pattern. Therefore, a careful sperm analysis of aged dogs with BPH is required before a reproductive programme can be established for such patients.
Transplantation of amniotic membrane‐derived multipotent cells ameliorates and delays the progression of chronic kidney disease in cats
Authors: Vidane AS , Pinheiro AO , Casals JB , Passarelli D , Hage MCFNS , Bueno RS , Martins DS , Ambrósio CE 
Published: October 2016

ContentsChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common clinical condition in domestic cats, characterized by tubulointerstitial, vascular and glomerular inflammation and severe fibrosis. Studies in rodent model of induced CKD have shown a decrease and stabilization of the clinical condition. In this study was evaluated the safety and effect of intrarenal and intravenous infusion of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) derived from feline amniotic membrane in cats with naturally occurring CKD. Cat AMSCs were harvested after mechanical and enzymatic digestion of amnion. A healthy cat received intrarenal injection of AMSCs guided by ultrasound in both kidneys (5 × 105 cells/kidney). Nine cats with CDK received repeated intravenous infusions of AMSCs (2 × 106 cells × 2 treatments). The clinical parameters of healthy cat did not change, but sedation and general anaesthesia was required. The number of interventions stressed the animal, and he developed transient haematuria after AMSC injection. Cats with CDK registered a significant improvement of renal function (decrease in serum creatinine and urine protein concentrations and increase in urine specific gravity). The kidney architecture and morphology did not change following the treatment. The feline AMSCs have a renoprotective effect and improve renal function in cats with naturally occurring CKD, stabilizing the clinical condition and disease progression. Thus, intravenous injection of AMSCs may be an important tool to provide welfare in cats with chronic kidney disease.
Rapid diagnostic test for G6PD deficiency in Plasmodium vivax‐infected men: a budget impact analysis based in Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Peixoto Henry Maia , Brito Marcelo Augusto Mota , Romero Gustavo Adolfo Sierra , Monteiro Wuelton Marcelo , de Lacerda Marcus Vinícius Guimarães , de Oliveira Maria Regina Fernandes 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to estimate the incremental budget impact (IBI) of a rapid diagnostic test to detect G6PDd in male patients infected with Plasmodium vivax in the Brazilian Amazon, as compared with the routine protocol recommended in Brazil which does not include G6PDd testing.MethodsThe budget impact analysis was performed from the perspective of the Brazilian health system, in the Brazilian Amazon for the years 2013, 2014 and 2015. The analysis used a decision model to compare two scenarios: the first consisting of the routine recommended in Brazil which does not include prior diagnosis of dG6PD, and the second based on the use of RDT CareStart™ G6PD (CS‐G6PD) in all male subjects diagnosed with vivax malaria. The expected implementation of the diagnostic test was 30% in the first year, 70% the second year and 100% in the third year.ResultsThe analysis identified negative IBIs which were progressively smaller in the 3 years evaluated. The sensitivity analysis showed that the uncertainties associated with the analytical model did not significantly affect the results.ConclusionA strategy based on the use of CS‐G6PD would result in better use of public resources in the Brazilian Amazon.
Implementation of output prediction models for a passively double‐scattered proton therapy system
Authors: Ferguson Sven , Ahmad Salahuddin , Jin Hosang 
Published: October 2016

PurposeTwo output (cGy/MU) prediction models (one existing and one newly developed) for a passively double‐scattered proton therapy system are implemented and investigated for clinical use. Variations of each model are tested for accuracy in order to determine the most viable prediction model.MethodsThe first output prediction model [model (1)] is a semianalytical model proposed by Kooy et al. [Phys. Med. Biol. 50, 5847–5856 (2005)], which employs three main factors. The first factor (basic output prediction) uses a unique combined parameter [r = (R − M)/M] of range (R) and modulation [M; spread‐out Bragg peak (SOBP) width] along with option specific fitting parameters. The second factor takes into account minor source shifts using a linear fit due to varying beamline configurations for different options. The final factor accounts for a condition where the point of measurement is not at the isocenter or away from the middle of the SOBP based on an inverse‐square correction. The second model [model (2)] is a novel quartic polynomial fit of the basic output prediction whose idea was inspired by the first model. Different variations in the definition of R and M at distal (D) and proximal (P) ends resulted in the exploration of three variations of r for both models: r1 = (RD90 − MD90−P95)/MD90−P95, r2 = [(RD90 + ΔR1) − m × (MD90−P95 + ΔR1)]/[m × (MD90−P95 + ΔR1)], where ΔR1 is an offset between RD80 and RD90 and m is a ratio between MD90−P95 and theoretical , and r3 = [(RD90 − 0.305) − 0.801 × MD90−P95]/(0.801 × MD90−P95), where 0.305 (ΔR2) is an offset between RD90 and RD100 and 0.801 is a ratio between MD90−P95 and measured MD100−P100. Output measurements for 177 sets of R and M from all 24 options are compared to outputs predicted by both the models of three variations of r.ResultsThe mean differences between measurements and predictions ([predicted − measured]/measured × 100%) were −0.41% ± 1.78% (r1), 0.03% ± 1.53% (r2), and 0.05% ± 1.20% (r3) for model (1), and 0.27% ± 1.36% (r1), 0.71% ± 1.51% (r2), and −0.05% ± 1.20% (r3) for model (2). For a passing prediction rate with a difference threshold of ±3%, model (1) showed slightly worse results than model (2) using r1 (91.5% vs 94.4%). In general, small (M < 4 g/cm2) and close‐to‐full modulations produced larger discrepancies. However, 100% output predictions using r3 were confined within ±3% of measurements for both models and the difference between the models was not substantial (mean difference: 0.05% vs −0.05%).ConclusionsThe first existing model has proven to be a successful predictor of output for our compact double‐scattering proton therapy system. The new model performed comparably to the first model and showed better performance in some options due to a great degree of flexibility of a polynomial fit. Both models performed well using r3. Either model with r3 thus can serve well as an output prediction calculator.
Levels and Patterns of Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Time in 4-Year-Old Swedish Children
Authors: Berglind Daniel , Hansson Lena , Tynelius Per , Rasmussen Finn 
Published: October 2016

Background:Levels of physical activity (PA) affect health already at 4 years of age. The aims of this study were to describe levels and patterns of PA and sedentary time (ST) in a sample of 4-year-old Swedish children and to assess the number of children achieving PA guidelines throughout the week.Methods:Data from 540 4-year-old children enrolled in the population-based PRIMROSE trial was used. PA was measured for a period of 1 week by the Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometer. Average PA, time spent in light PA, moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and ST were assessed.Results:On average children spent 6.7% of the day in MVPA and 45% of the day being sedentary and 33% (n = 178) of the children met the PA guidelines of 60 minutes of MVPA per day. Boys spent 56.8 (SD 21.8) minutes/day in MVPA, while girls spent 43.0 (SD 18.1) minutes/day in MVPA (P < .001).Conclusions:Four-year-old children spent almost half of the day being sedentary and only one-third meet the recommended PA guidelines. This finding is alarming as higher levels of PA, already at 4 years of age, seem to reduce the risk of childhood obesity and provides long-term health benefits.
Park Use and Physical Activity Among Mostly Low-to-Middle Income, Minority Parents and Their Children
Authors: Greer Anna E. , Castrogivanni Brianna , Marcello Richard 
Published: October 2016

Background:Limited research has examined park use and physical activity among economically and ethnically diverse families. This study fills that gap.Methods:Parents (n = 326) completed a questionnaire about their park use (yes/no, parks visited, reasons for nonuse) and physical activity (Godin Leisure Time questionnaire). Geographical Information Systems was used to calculate the distance from respondents’ home address to their nearest park. The number of activity features (eg, playgrounds) in parks was determined objectively using the Community Park Audit Tool.Results:Half of respondents were sufficiently active; 87.6% reported park use in the prior 6 months. Among sufficiently active respondents, 92.4% reported park use (P = .011). We found no difference in park proximity between respondents who did and did not report distance as a park use barrier. An objective assessment confirmed fewer activity features in parks near the homes of respondents reporting few activity features as a barrier to park use. The most often visited parks were significantly larger than the less-often visited parks.Conclusion:Parks might best support physical activity for families when activity features are carefully planned and equitably distributed across parks. Efforts to promote families’ awareness of park locations might be warranted to reduce perceived proximity barriers.
How Self-Objectification Impacts Physical Activity Among Adolescent Girls in Costa Rica
Authors: Monge-Rojas Rafael , Fuster-Baraona Tamara , Garita-Arce Carlos , Sánchez-López Marta , Colon-Ramos Uriyoán , Smith-Castro Vanessa 
Published: October 2016

Background:In Latin America, more than 80% of adolescent girls are physically inactive. Inactivity may be reinforced by female stereotypes and objectification in the Latin American sociocultural context.Methods:We examined the influence of objectification on the adoption of an active lifestyle among 192 adolescents (14 and 17 years old) from urban and rural areas in Costa Rica. Analyses of 48 focus-groups sessions were grounded in Objectification Theory.Results:Vigorous exercises were gender-typed as masculine while girls had to maintain an aesthetic appearance at all times. Adolescents described how girls were anxious around the prospect of being shamed and sexually objectified during exercises. This contributed to a decrease in girls’ desire to engage in physical activities. Among males, there is also a budding tolerance of female participation in vigorous sports, as long as girls maintained a feminine stereotype outside their participation.Conclusion:Self-objectification influenced Costa Rican adolescent girls’ decisions to participate in physical activities. Interventions may include: procuring safe environments for physical activity where girls are protected from fear of ridicule and objectification; sensitizing boys about girl objectification and fostering the adoption of a modern positive masculine and female identities to encourage girls’ participation in sports.
The Influence of the Host Plant Is the Major Ecological Determinant of the Presence of Nitrogen-Fixing Root Nodule Symbiont Cluster II Frankia Species in Soil
Authors: Battenberg Kai , Wren Jannah A. , Hillman Janell , Edwards Joseph , Huang Liujing , Berry Alison M. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

The actinobacterial genus
Frankia
establishes nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbioses with specific hosts within the nitrogen-fixing plant clade. Of four genetically distinct subgroups of
Frankia
, cluster I, II, and III strains are capable of forming effective nitrogen-fixing symbiotic associations, while cluster IV strains generally do not. Cluster II
Frankia
strains have rarely been detected in soil devoid of host plants, unlike cluster I or III strains, suggesting a stronger association with their host. To investigate the degree of host influence, we characterized the cluster II
Frankia
strain distribution in rhizosphere soil in three locations in northern California. The presence/absence of cluster II
Frankia
strains at a given site correlated significantly with the presence/absence of host plants on the site, as determined by glutamine synthetase (
glnA
) gene sequence analysis, and by microbiome analysis (16S rRNA gene) of a subset of host/nonhost rhizosphere soils. However, the distribution of cluster II
Frankia
strains was not significantly affected by other potential determinants such as host-plant species, geographical location, climate, soil pH, or soil type. Rhizosphere soil microbiome analysis showed that cluster II
Frankia
strains occupied only a minute fraction of the microbiome even in the host-plant-present site and further revealed no statistically significant difference in the α-diversity or in the microbiome composition between the host-plant-present or -absent sites. Taken together, these data suggest that host plants provide a factor that is specific for cluster II
Frankia
strains, not a general growth-promoting factor. Further, the factor accumulates or is transported at the site level, i.e., beyond the host rhizosphere.

IMPORTANCE
Biological nitrogen fixation is a bacterial process that accounts for a major fraction of net new nitrogen input in terrestrial ecosystems. Transfer of fixed nitrogen to plant biomass is especially efficient via root nodule symbioses, which represent evolutionarily and ecologically specialized mutualistic associations.
Frankia
spp. (
Actinobacteria
), especially cluster II
Frankia
spp., have an extremely broad host range, yet comparatively little is known about the soil ecology of these organisms in relation to the host plants and their rhizosphere microbiomes. This study reveals a strong influence of the host plant on soil distribution of cluster II
Frankia
spp.
Gamma Interferon-Regulated Chemokines in Leishmania donovani Infection in the Liver
Authors: Murray Henry W. , Luster Andrew D. , Zheng Hua , Ma Xiaojing 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTIn the livers of C57BL/6 mice, gamma interferon (IFN-γ) controls intracellularLeishmania donovaniinfection and the efficacy of antimony (Sb) chemotherapy. Since both responses usually correlate with granulomatous inflammation, we tested six prominently expressed, IFN-γ-regulated chemokines—CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL13, CXCL16, CCL2, and CCL5—for their roles in (i) mononuclear cell recruitment and granuloma assembly and maturation, (ii) initial control of infection and self-cure, and (iii) responsiveness to Sb treatment. Together, the results for theL. donovani-infected livers of chemokine-deficient mice (CXCR6−/−mice were used as CXCL16-deficient surrogates) indicated that individual IFN-γ-induced chemokines have diverse affects and (i) may be entirely dispensable (CXCL13, CXCL16), (ii) may promote (CXCL10, CCL2, CCL5) or downregulate (CXCL9) initial granuloma assembly, (iii) may enhance (CCL2, CCL5) or hinder (CXCL10) early parasite control, (iv) may promote granuloma maturation (CCL2, CCL5), (v) may exert a granuloma-independent action that enables self-cure (CCL5), and (vi) may have no role in responsiveness to chemotherapy. Despite the near absence of tissue inflammation in early-stage infection, parasite replication could be controlled (in CXCL10−/−mice) and Sb was fully active (in CXCL10−/−, CCL2−/−, and CCL5−/−mice). These results characterize chemokine action in the response toL. donovaniand also reemphasize that (i) recruited mononuclear cells and granulomas are not required to control infection or respond to Sb chemotherapy, (ii) granuloma assembly, control of infection, and Sb's efficacy are not invariably linked expressions of the same T cell-dependent, cytokine-mediated antileishmanial mechanism, and (iii) granulomas are not necessarily hallmarks of protective antileishmanial immunity.
Association between VEGF-A and VEGFR-2 polymorphisms and response to treatment of neovascular AMD with anti-VEGF agents: a meta-analysis
Authors: Wu Mingxing , Xiong Haibo , Xu Yan , Xiong Xiaojing , Zou Hongmi , Zheng Minming , Wang Xiuqing , Zhou Xiyuan 
Published: October 2016

AimsThe purpose of this study is to investigate whether gene polymorphisms of the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and its receptor (VEGFR-2) have a pharmacogenetics effect on the anti-VEGF treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).MethodsWe carried out a meta-analysis focusing on the relationship between VEGF-related gene polymorphisms and treatment response of nAMD.ResultsFor the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) withinVEGF-AandVEGFR-2, anti-VEGF treatment was much more effective in patients with nAMD having rs833061 (CC vs TT:OR=2.222, 95% CI 1.252 to 3.944, p=0.006; CT vs TT: OR=2.537,95% CI 1.478 to 4.356, p=0.001 and CC vs CT+TT: OR=2.362, 95% CI 1.414 to 3.946, p=0.001), particularly for Asians (CC vs TT: OR=2.903, 95% CI 1.150 to 7.330, p=0.024; CT vs TT: OR=3.849, 95% CI 1.522 to 9.733, p=0.004 and CC vs CT+TT: OR=3.339, 95% CI 1.369 to 8.145, p=0.008, respectively). In subgroup analysis, rs833061 was more likely to be a predictor of response to anti-VEGF therapy specifically when ranibizumab (RBZ) only regime was adopted or visual acuity (VA) was taken as the standardised assessment of outcome. No association with response to anti-VEGF treatment was detected for the other eight polymorphisms.ConclusionsPharmacogenetics ofVEGF-Apolymorphism rs833061 may play a positive role in response to anti-VEGF therapy for nAMD.
World Hip Trauma Evaluation (WHiTE): framework for embedded comprehensive cohort studies
Authors: Costa Matthew L , Griffin Xavier L , Achten Juul , Metcalfe David , Judge Andrew , Pinedo-Villanueva Rafael , Parsons Nicholas 
Published: October 2016

IntroductionOsteoporotic hip fractures present a significant global challenge to patients, clinicians and healthcare systems. It is estimated that hip fracture accounts for 1.4% of total social and healthcare costs in the established market economies.Methods and analysisThe World Hip Trauma Evaluation (WHiTE) was set up to measure outcome in a comprehensive cohort of UK patients with hip fracture. All patients in the cohort are treated under a single comprehensive treatment pathway. A core outcome set, including health-related quality of life, is collected on all the patients. This protocol describes the current multicentre project that will be used as a vehicle to deliver a series of embedded observational studies.Ethics and disseminationResearch Ethics Committee approval was granted (Rec reference 11/LO/0927, approved 18/8/2011) and each hospital trust provided National Health Service (NHS) approvals.Trial registration numberThe study is registered with National Institute of Health Research Portfolio (UKCRN ID 12351) and the ISRCTN registry (ISRCTN63982700).
Stepped-wedge cluster randomised controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of an electronic medication management system to reduce medication errors, adverse drug events and average length of stay at two paediatric hospitals: a study protocol
Authors: Westbrook J I , Li L , Raban M Z , Baysari M T , Mumford V , Prgomet M , Georgiou A , Kim T , Lake R , McCullagh C , Dalla-Pozza L , Karnon J , O'Brien T A , Ambler G , Day R , Cowell C T , Gazarian M , Worthington R , Lehmann C U , White L , Barbaric D , Gardo A , Kelly M , Kennedy P 
Published: October 2016

IntroductionMedication errors are the most frequent cause of preventable harm in hospitals. Medication management in paediatric patients is particularly complex and consequently potential for harms are greater than in adults. Electronic medication management (eMM) systems are heralded as a highly effective intervention to reduce adverse drug events (ADEs), yet internationally evidence of their effectiveness in paediatric populations is limited. This study will assess the effectiveness of an eMM system to reduce medication errors, ADEs and length of stay (LOS). The study will also investigate system impact on clinical work processes.Methods and analysisA stepped-wedge cluster randomised controlled trial (SWCRCT) will measure changes pre-eMM and post-eMM system implementation in prescribing and medication administration error (MAE) rates, potential and actual ADEs, and average LOS. In stage 1, 8 wards within the first paediatric hospital will be randomised to receive the eMM system 1 week apart. In stage 2, the second paediatric hospital will randomise implementation of a modified eMM and outcomes will be assessed. Prescribing errors will be identified through record reviews, and MAEs through direct observation of nurses and record reviews. Actual and potential severity will be assigned. Outcomes will be assessed at the patient-level using mixed models, taking into account correlation of admissions within wards and multiple admissions for the same patient, with adjustment for potential confounders. Interviews and direct observation of clinicians will investigate the effects of the system on workflow. Data from site 1 will be used to develop improvements in the eMM and implemented at site 2, where the SWCRCT design will be repeated (stage 2).Ethics and disseminationThe research has been approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Sydney Children's Hospitals Network and Macquarie University. Results will be reported through academic journals and seminar and conference presentations.Trial registration numberAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) 370325.