bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anaysis of interleaved memory systems using blockage buffers
Authors: Burnett G. J. , Coffman E. G. 
Published: July 2002

A model of interleaved memory systems is presented, and the analysis of the model by Monte Carlo simulation is discussed. The simulations investigate the performance of various system structures, i.e. schemes for sending instruction and data requests to the memory system. Performance is measured by determining the distribution of the number of memory modules in operation during a memory cycle.
An important observation from these investigations is that separately grouping instruction and data requests for memory can substantially increase the average number of memory modules in operation during a memory cycle. Results of the simulations and an analytical study are displayed for various system structures.
Asymmetric memory hierarchies
Authors: Williams John G. 
Published: July 2002

A study is presented of some of the system implications of memory hierarchies in which the backing or secondary store has a very small read time, relative to both the time required for writing and to the read time of conventional backing storage devices. Several analytic models are introduced, and it is shown that such hierarchies may operate in ways which differ from those of more conventional hierarchies. In particular, it is shown that it may not be necessary to multiprogram in such a situation.
In the past, backing storage devices have been roughly symmetric with respect to their read and write times. This situation may not continue, as several devices are currently under development which may have a very small read-time/write-time ratio. This study places particular emphasis on one such system—the RCA read/write holographic optical memory.
Variable length tree structures having minimum average search time
Authors: Patt Yale N. 
Published: July 2002

Sussenguth suggests in a paper (1963) that a file should be organized as a doubly-chained tree structure if it is necessary both to search and to update frequently. Such a structure provides a compromise between the fast search/slow update characteristics of binary searching and the slow search/fast update characteristics of serial searching. His method, however, contains the limiting restriction that all terminal nodes lie on the same level of the tree. This paper considers the effect of relaxing this restriction.
First, trees which have the property that a priori the filial set of each node is well defined are studied. It is proved that coding the nodes within each filial set with respect to the number of terminal nodes reachable from each is necessary and sufficient to guarantee minimum average search time.
Then the more general case (that is, where the entire structure of the tree is changeable) is treated. A procedure is developed for constructing a tree with a minimum average search time. A simple closed expression for this minimum average search time is obtained as a function of the number of terminal nodes. The storage capacity required to implement the doubly-chained tree structure on a digital computer is also determined. Finally, the total cost of the structure, using Sussenguth's cost criterion, is computed. It is shown that significant improvements in both the average search time and the total cost can be obtained by relaxing Sussenguth's restriction that all terminal nodes lie on the same level of the tree.
Cerebral Specialization for Speech and Non-Speech Stimuli in Infants
Authors: Dehaene-Lambertz G. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Early cerebral specialization and lateralization for auditory processing in 4-month-old infants was studied by recording high-density evoked potentials to acoustical and phonetic changes in a series of repeated stimuli (either tones or syllables). Mismatch responses to these stimuli exhibit a distinct topography suggesting that different neural networks within the temporal lobe are involved in the perception and representation of the different features of an auditory stimulus. These data confirm that specialized modules are present within the auditory cortex very early in development. However, both for syllables and continuous tones, higher voltages were recorded over the left hemisphere than over the right with no significant interaction of hemisphere by type of stimuli. This suggests that there is no greater left hemisphere involvement in phonetic processing than in acoustic processing during the first months of life.
Perceptual and Semantic Components of Memory for Objects and Faces: A PET Study
Authors: Simons Jon S. , Graham Kim S. , Owen Adrian M. , Patterson Karalyn , Hodges John R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Previous studies have suggested differences in the neural substrates of recognition memory when the contributions of perceptual and semantic information are manipulated. In a within-subjects design PET study, we investigated the neural correlates of the following factors: material type (objects or faces), semantic knowledge (familiar or unfamiliar items), and perceptual similarity at study and test (identical or different pictures). There was consistent material-specific lateralization in frontal and temporal lobe regions when the retrieval of different types of nonverbal stimuli was compared, with objects activating bilateral areas and faces preferentially activating the right hemisphere. Retrieval of memories for nameable, familiar items was associated with increased activation in the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, while memory for unfamiliar items involved occipital regions. Recognition memory for different pictures of the same item at study and test produced blood flow increase in left inferior temporal cortex. These results have implications for our understanding of the neural correlates of perceptual and semantic contributions to recognition memory.
TAANACH UND MEGIDDO: ÜBERLEGUNGEN ZUR STRUKTURELL-HISTORISCHEN SITUATION ZWISCHEN SAUL UND SALOMO
Authors: Niemann Hermann Michael 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe article proposes a connection between Jdg. v 19 and 1 Kings iv 12 in time, situation, and behavioral pattern. If the core of the song of Deborah including Jdg. v 19 stems from the time of Saul and Eshbaal, one might identify the same behavioral pattern which I found behind 1 Kings iv 8-17 also in Jdg. v 19, viz. a carefully planned first stage of exercising influence to the northern tribal areas primarily controlled by these rulers. Using this modus operandi Solomon and later the Omrides and the Nimsides? followed previously established patterns of power and control from the times of Saul and Eshbaal.
TWO NEW SPECIES AND A NEW RECORD OF SPIDER CRABS WITH A NOTE ON STILBOGNATHUS CURVICORNIS (HERBST, 1803) FROM PAKISTAN WATERS OF THE NORTHERN ARABIAN SEA
Authors: Tirmizi Nasima , Kazmi Quddusi 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTirmizi & Kazmi (1988) reported sixteen majid crabs from Pakistan, later two more species were added (Kazmi & Tirmizi, 1995). In the present paper one species, Menaethiops nodulosus (Nobili), is being recorded for the first time from Pakistan and two species, Menaethiops gadaniensis and Pseudomicippe griffini, are being described as new. Pseudomicippe here presents the first record of the genus for this region. A note is also added on live specimens of Stilbognathus curvicornis (Herbst) previously reported from Pakistan from a dry piece of carapace only. Tirmizi & Kazmi (1988) ont signale du Pakistan seize especes de crabes Majidae, auxquelles se sont ajoutees deux especes supplementaires (Kazmi & Tirmizi, 1995). Dans le present article une espece, Menaethiops nodulosus (Nobili), est signalee pour la premiere fois de Pakistan et deux especes, Menaethiops gadaniensis et Pseudomicippe griffini, sont decrites comme nouvelles. C'est la premiere mention du genre Pseudomicippe dans la region. Une note est aussi ajoutee sur des specimens vivants de Stilbognathus curvicornis (Herbst), espece qui avait ete precedemment signalee de Pakistan seulement d'apres un fragment sec de carapace.
Root-knot nematode perineal pattern development: a reconsideration
Authors: Karssen Gerrit , Van Aelst Adriaan 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe perineal pattern, a unique and complex structure located at the female posterior body region, comprises the vulva-anus area, tail terminus, phasmids, lateral lines and surrounding cuticular striae. Little is known about the development of this important but variable character complex. Published information together with scanning electron and light microscopical observations on female development and perineal patterns were used to explain in detail the perineal pattern. The basic pattern, with fine striae, is formed just after the last moult when the vulva is induced above the anus at the posterior ventral body side. This process is likely to be influenced by the previous feeding stage. The vulva-anus region moves posteriorly, while the female is still enclosed by the old cuticle layers. After resuming feeding, the female diameter increases rapidly and pattern striae become folded and coarser. The role of the expanding rectal glands and perineal pattern structures as lateral lines, anus, tail terminus and punctations are discussed in detail. Major origins for pattern variation are developmental and aging factors in both feeding stages, a vulva-anus shift and the observation of patterns of different age, in combination with variable interpretation and description.
Influence of clay minerals and exchangeable cations on the formation of humic-like substances (melanoidins) from D-glucose and L-tyrosine
Authors: Arfaioli P. , Pantani O. L. , Bosetto M. , Ristori G. G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe ability to produce humic-like polymeric compounds, with D-glucose and L-tyrosine as starting materials, was evaluated in different mineral systems: (1) Ca-, Al- and Cu(II)-saturated montmorillonite; (2) Ca-, Al- and Cu(II)-saturated kaolinite; (3) quartz in the presence of two different amounts of the same cations (according to the cation exchange capacity of the clays); and (4) untreated quartz (as control). All systems proved to be effective in the formation of humic-like compounds, particularly quartz, in the presence of cations. The effectiveness in promoting humification reactions was strictly related to the amounts of added cations. In the reaction conditions considered, the humification appears to be due more to the cations than to the type of clay minerals. The clayey systems synthesized more complex (aromatic) substances than the quartz ones.
Mn-Mg disordering in cummingtonite: a high-temperature neutron powder diffraction study
Authors: Reece J. J. , Redfern S. A. T. , Welch M. D. , Henderson C. M. B. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe crystal structure of a manganoan cummingtonite, composition [M4](Na0.13Ca0.41Mg0.46Mn1.00) [M1,2,3](Mg4.87Mn0.13)(Si8O22)(OH)2, (Z = 2), a = 9.5539(2) Å, b = 18.0293(3) Å, c = 5.2999(1) Å, β = 102.614(2)° from Talcville, New York, has been refined at high temperature using in situ neutron powder diffraction. The P21/m to C2/m phase transition, observed as spontaneous strains +ε1 = −ε2, occurs at ˜107°C. Long-range disordering between Mg2+ and Mn2+ on the M(4) and M(2) sites occurs above 550°C. Mn2+ occupies the M(4) and M(2) sites preferring M(4) with a site-preference energy of 24.6±1.5 kJ mol−1. Disordering induces an increase in XMnM2 and decrease in XMnM4 at elevated temperatures. Upon cooling, the ordered states of cation occupancy are ‘frozen in’ and strains in lattice parameters are maintained, suggesting that re-equilibration during cooling has not taken place.
Understanding the Role of Organic Hole Transport Layers on Pinhole Blocking and Performance Improvement in Sb2Se3 Solar Cells
Authors: Shalvey Thomas P. , Don Christopher H. , Bowen Leon , Veal Tim D. , Major Jonathan D. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractSb2Se3 is an emerging semiconductor which has shown promise for low‐cost photovoltaic applications. After successive record‐efficiencies using a range of device structures, spiro‐OMeTAD has emerged as the default hole transport material (HTM), however, the function of HTM layers remains poorly understood. Here, thin‐film Sb2Se3 solar cells are fabricated with which three organic HTM layers ‐ namely P3HT, PCDTBT, and spiro‐OMeTAD are investigated. By comparing these against one another, and to a reference device, their role in the device stack are clarified. These organic HTM layers are found to serve a dual purpose, increasing both the average and peak efficiency by simultaneously blocking pinholes and improving the band alignment at the back contact, with marginal differences in performance between the different HTMs. This produced a champion device of 7.44% using P3HT, resulting from an improvement in all performance parameters. A more complex processing route, run‐to‐run variability, and lower overall device performance compared to the other organics challenge the assumption that spiro‐OMeTAD is the optimal HTM for Sb2Se3 devices. A Schottky barrier at the Au‐Sb2Se3 contact despite the deep work function of gold implies Fermi level pinning due to a defective interface, which each of the organic HTMs are equally capable of alleviating.
Optimal scheduling of boiler electrification for process decarbonization
Authors: Lee Jui‐Yuan , Foo Dominic C. Y. , Chen Cheng‐Liang , Tan Raymond R. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractProcess heat electrification offers the prospect of deep decarbonization of the chemical and allied industries. Replacing fossil fuel‐fired boilers with electric units can reduce carbon emissions if the power mix has a large share of renewables. For multinational firms with plants in multiple locations, the electrification decisions should be scheduled based on grid carbon intensity projections and should also be coordinated among these subsidiaries. In addition, carbon credits can be traded among the multiple sites to allow lagging plants to reduce their carbon footprints. A novel mathematical model has been developed to optimize process heat electrification plans in multinational corporations. The model determines the optimal timing of electrification at each location, and also the necessary level of carbon trading among subsidiaries. An illustrative case study demonstrates how the model can be used to generate electrification plans that are superior to those based on simple heuristics.
Weighing the risks and benefits of flowering early in the spring for the woody perennial Prunus pumila
Authors: Lake Diver Danielle A. , Savage Jessica A. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractPremiseThere are advantages to flowering early in the spring, including greater pollinator fidelity and longer fruit maturation time. But plant phenology has advanced in recent years, making many plants vulnerable to freezing damage from late frosts.MethodsTo determine the costs and benefits of flowering early in the growing season, we exposed Prunus pumila plants to two freezing treatments and a delayed flowering treatment in subsequent years. Data were collected on ovary swelling, fruit production, and pollinator visitation on hand‐ and open‐pollinated plants in all treatments. We also measured tissue damage after freeze events.ResultsOur results suggest that flowering time and temperature affect reproductive success, with fewer fruits produced after hard freezes. The same was not true for light freezes, which had minimal impact on reproduction. Freezing damage to plants after a hard freeze did affect the number of dipteran pollinators but not the overall pollinator visitation rate. Despite the clear impact of freezing temperatures on plant reproduction, flowering early provided an advantage in that reproductive output decreased with delayed flowering.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that Prunus pumila will retain the ability to attract pollinators and produce viable seeds if exposed to false spring conditions that involve a light freeze, but hard freezes may reduce yield by an order of magnitude. Although the advantages to flowering early may outweigh the risk of freezing damage under current conditions, it is possible that flower viability may be constrained under continued climate warming.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenation Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Hydrosilanes: Facile Synthesis of Silanols and Silyl Ethers
Authors: Zhang Lianji , Wu Yujuan , Wang Cuiping , Zhao Yuhui , Wei Wanguo , Zhang Zhiqiang 
Published: October 2024

AbstractA palladium‐catalyzed dehydrogenative cross‐coupling reactions between silanes and oxygen‐containing functional groups (water, alcohols, phenols) to generate the corresponding silanols, monosilane ethers, and disilane ethers directly in moderate to high yields. This strategy does not rely on any additional oxidizing agents or proton reductants. The possible mechanisms for this transformation are also proposed.
Fighting Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis by Protecting the Liver? A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Zhu Luyi , Li Yaojia , Yu Xinyue , Chen Yinuo , Zhang Junwei , Pang Chunyang , Xie Jiali , Gao Lingfei , Du Lihuai , Cao Wen , Fan Dongsheng , Cui Can , Yu Huan , Deng Binbin 
Published: October 2024

BackgroundPrevious studies have observed liver abnormalities in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. This study aimed to investigate whether early signs of liver disease, measured by magnetic resonance imaging‐derived iron‐corrected T1‐mapping (cT1), are risk factors for developing ALS.MethodscT1 and proton density fat fraction were measured and automatically analyzed using LiverMultiScan® software. The Fibrosis‐4 index was calculated using an established formula based on age and blood markers. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the relationship between liver disease, liver biomarkers, and incident ALS.ResultsIn a cohort of 533,707 individuals from UK Biobank, 24 ALS cases were identified among 28,328 participants with liver disease during the follow‐up period. Among a total of 33,959 individuals with complete liver imaging data, 15 incident ALS cases were observed during a median follow‐up period of 5.6 years. Individuals with liver disease had a higher risk of developing ALS, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 7.35 (95% CI 4.47–12.09; p < 0.001). An increase in cT1 was also associated with a higher risk of ALS. After adjusting for age, sex, Townsend deprivation index, smoking status, alcohol intake frequency, body mass index, proton density fat fraction, Fibrosis‐4, and metabolic syndrome, an increase in cT1 remained significantly associated with a higher risk of ALS, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 3.15 (95% CI 1.79–5.55) per 1‐SD increase. Sensitivity analyses confirmed these robust results.InterpretationLiver disease activity, indicated by cT1, increases the risk of developing ALS, independent of metabolic syndrome, liver fat, or fibrosis. ANN NEUROL 2025;97:270–280
Activation and Deactivation of Chirality Transfer in the Superbundles of Sequence‐defined Stereoisomers
Authors: Yu Zhihong , Tan Rui , Cheng Xiaoxiao , Zhang Wei , Wang Yong , Zhang Jiandong , Zhou Nianchen , Zhang Zhengbiao , Zhu Xiulin 
Published: October 2024

AbstractDiscrete oligomers can be used to precisely evaluate the structure–property relationship and enable unique chiroptical activities, however, the role of stereochemical sequences on chirality transfer is still unclear. Herein, we report the successful synthesis of a series of sequence‐defined chiral azobenzene (Azo) oligomers via iterative stepwise chain growth strategy. Sequence‐defined stereoisomers with one single chiral (L or D) stereocenter at the α‐position, ω‐position and middle‐ (m−) position have completely different self‐assembly dynamics. ω‐positional stereocenter can effectively command all Azo building blocks to adopt a tilted π–π stacking along the helical superbundles, exhibiting the activation of chirality transfer. However, discrete oligomers with the stereocenter at other positions can only self‐assemble into non‐helical nanowires, accompanied by the deactivation of chirality transfer.Cooperative supramolecular interactions, including the π–π interaction between Azo units, the intermolecular hydrogen bonding and steric hindrance, are intrinsic driving forces for these differentiations.
The effect of rubber and plastic mass ratio on the compatibilized ethylene propylene diene monomer/polypropylene TPV with shape memory behavior
Authors: Xu Mengmeng , Chen Liheng , Zong Chengzhong 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) with shape memory performance showed great application potential in various fields. In this work, the effect of the mass ratio of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and polypropylene (PP) on the performance of TPV with sea island microstructure compatibilized by magnesium maleate (MgMA) and maleic anhydride (MAH) was studied. The compatibilized TPV 70/30 and TPV 60/40 obtained good shape memory property with the shape fixity ratio (Rf) and shape recovery ratio (Rr) of 87.3%, 96.7% and 91%, 86.6% respectively. Rf increased with more PP content and decreased with more EPDM content, however Rr decreased with more PP content and increased with more EPDM content. The maximum Rf of 95.4% and the maximum Rr of 100% of TPV were obtained at the EPDM/PP mass ratio of 20/80 and 80/20 respectively. The tensile strength and elongation at break of TPV increased with more PP content in the blend. The result of DMA, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and SEM demonstrated the compatibility effect of MgMA and MAH on EPDM and PP interface.
Improving the tensile properties of hemicellulose/polylactic acid (PLA) blends prepared by solvent casting
Authors: Fialho Michaella Socorro Bruce , de Medeiros Souza Kataoka Lays Furtado , Ribeiro Bruno Ramos , da Luz Sandra Maria 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe development of new biopolymers has been explored as an alternative to improve the biodegradability of conventional synthetic plastics, such as those used in the packaging industry. Hemicelluloses are biodegradable polymers extracted from plants that, when combined with other biodegradable polymers, such as polylactic acid (PLA), can be easily processed and satisfy the mechanical requirements for commercial application. Thus, this work seeks a biodegradable blend that combines hemicellulose and PLA properties using solvent casting. The influence of hemicellulose content (5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%) on the thermal and mechanical properties was studied. For that purpose, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were applied to determine the thermal stability and crystallinity of the materials. Additionally, water uptake and mechanical tests provided information regarding the mechanical and hygroscopic behavior of the blends due to hemicellulose addition. As a result, the blends presented intermediate thermal stabilities between those of hemicellulose and PLA and increased crystallinities with hemicellulose content. The blends are more flexible and hygroscopic than PLA and more resistant than pure hemicellulose. Given the biodegradable nature of PLA and hemicellulose, these blends have the potential for application in sustainable packaging.