bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Francoprovençal
Authors: Kristol Andres 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
After a brief outline of the principal episodes in the external history, the chapter surveys the principal aspects of phonology, morphology and syntax of Francoprovençal. Linguistic history and geography. The name of the language; Phonetics; The twofold development of Latin stressed a in open syllables; final unstressed vowels; The development of ū; Stress shift Diphthongization of stressed vowels in open syllables; Nasal vowels; Palatalization of velar consonants; Nominal group; Remnants of a two-case system;, maintenance of a functioning two-case system; Noun determiners: maintenance or neutralization of the masculine-feminine opposition in the plural; The partitive article or partitive de; Possessives; pronominal system; Stressed personal pronouns; Subject clitics; Neuter subject and object; neuter demonstrative pronoun; verb syntax and morphology; split of the first conjugation; Present indicative; Imperfect indicative; Periphrastic tenses; ‘Surcomposé’ (double compound) forms; Future; Subjunctive
Derivational morphology
Authors: Rainer Franz 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter surveys some of the principal aspects of Romance derivational morphology. It covers the distribution, morphophonology, semantics, transparency and productivity of the major prefixes, infixes, and derivational suffixes; word formation processes, loanword adaptions; learned forms; particular derivational processes; origin of derivational processes; parysnthesis; the ‘third stem’; non-canonical word-formation; conversion; reduplication; back-formation; clipping; truncation; exaptation; inchoative suffix; fuzzy categories; origins of derivational processes; adverbs; left-headedness; evaluative suffixes; denominal forms; deverbal forms; word games; verlan.
Onomasiological differentiation
Authors: Söhrman Ingmar 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter surveys some of the most salient cases of onomasiological differentiation across the Romance lexicon, investigating the degree of continuity between Latin and Romance and the degree of homogeneity and diversity in the lexical structures attested across Romance today. It covers verbs of motion, verbs and nouns of meteorological activity, body parts, adverbial spatial deixis, designations for human beings, flora and fauna, urbanization, direction expressions.
Diphthongization
Authors: Maiden Martin 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter critically addresses some of the most important issues in Romance spontaneous and conditioned diphthongization. It covers ‘closing’ diphthongizations of vowels (notably /e/ and /o/) as a function of stress and syllable structure; the origins and development of new diphthongs arising through vocalization of syllable-final consonants, or through metathesis; the differential maintenance of the Latin diphthong au and, in particular detail, the controversy surrounding the origins and nature of the ‘opening’ diphthongization of the Romance vowels /ɛ/ and /ɔ/, which are argued to lie in metaphony.
Morphomes
Authors: Maiden Martin 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter addresses some of the most important issues concerning morphomic distributional patterns in Romance. It covers patterns originally due to the effects of stress-related vocalic alternation and palatalization in the verb (‘N-pattern’ and ‘L-pattern’); the remnants of Latin perfective morphology (PYTA); the ‘western Romance’ future and conditional as possible morphome; the ‘past participle’ as morphome; morphomic structures in the inflectional morphology of nouns and adjectives (especially in Romanian); morphomic structures in derivational morphology; the mechanisms by which morphomes emerge historically and the relation between putative morphomes and surviving remnants of their historical semantic or phonological conditioning environment; factors leading to the ‘death’ of morphomes.
Subject clitics: syntax
Authors: Poletto Cecilia , Tortora Christina 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The main goal of this chapter is critically to address from a comparative perspective some of the most important issues regarding the syntax of Romance subject clitics as currently found in northern and southern Gallo-Romance varieties, Francoprovençal, Raeto-Romance, and the dialects of northern Italy and northern Tuscany. Specific topics dealt with include: what counts as a subject clitic language?; person subject clitics; nmber subject clitics; deictic subject clitics; invariable subject clitics; lack of subject clitics in imperatives; enclisis of subject clitics in interrogatives and other non-declarative clauses; subject relative clauses; expletive environments; verb class; subject identification; position of the subject; type of subject; null subject (pro); tonic pronoun; full noun phrase; quantifier phrases; functions unrelated to the identification of a subject; place holders; auxiliary clitics; OCL-for-SCL phenomenon; left-peripheral functions.
Tense and aspect
Authors: Marco Bertinetto Pier , Squartini Mario 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter addresses some of the most striking and interesting problems and questions related to tense and aspect in Romance. It covers the distribution of most widespread temporal and aspectual grammaticalized distinctions, including the expression of perfective past, future and future in the past; auxiliary constructions, and various aspectual categories; relationship and competition between synthetic and periphrastic forms; development of aspectual markers into temporal markers and the relative discreteness of tense and aspect as grammatical categories; distribution and value of doubly-compound forms. Specific topics dealt with include: temporal and aspectual values in present and past ‘simple’ tenses; the present: temporal and aspectual flexibility; perfective and imperfective pasts; simple past and its analytic competitors; compound forms: resultatives, perfects, and perfectives; resultative constructions; ‘aoristic drift’; specialized perfects (inclusive only; experiential only); competing pluperfects and doubly-compound forms; aspectual and phasal periphrases; progressive periphrases; habitual and phasal periphrases; futures (tense interacting with modality; modal uncertainty and prospectivity; futures-in-the-past).
Traffic Games
Authors: Friedman Daniel , Sinervo Barry 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Chapter 11 analyzes congestion effects in road networks and in packet-switched communication networks. It focuses on Wardrop equilibrium, the appropriate version of Nash equilibrium for such networks. The analysis begins with the Braess paradox, where improving a link may actually increase overall congestion for a given set of drivers. The analysis includes results bounding the degree of inefficiency in equilibrium (“the price of anarchy”). One possible remedy is a Pigovian tax that can restore efficiency, even in the presence of a double marginalization-like problem arising from competition amongst profit-maximizing link-owners. The analysis exploits analogies to electrical circuits, particularly simple circuits that are Thevenin equivalent to more complex circuits.
A Comparison of the Nutritional Value of Cow's Milk and Nondairy Beverages
Authors: Singhal Sarita , Baker Robert D. , Baker Susan S. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTObjectives:Nondairy beverages are advertised as a healthy alternative to cow's milk. There is an increased availability and consumption of nondairy beverages and a decrease in consumption of cow's milk. The aim of the present study is to review and compare the contents and nutritional value of nondairy beverages to cow's milk.Methods:Information about the nondairy beverages on the shelves at stores in Buffalo, New York was collected. The Web pages of several manufacturers were assessed for product contents. The nutrient contents including the protein quality of the nondairy beverages and cow's milk were compared. The nutrient contents of nondairy beverages and cow's milk were also compared to recommended dietary allowance or adequate intake for toddlers and young children.Results:Commonly available nondairy beverages are derived from almond, cashew, coconut, hazelnut, hemp, oat, rice, and soy. Cow's milk has higher protein content and quality compared with most of these products. It was noted that most of these beverages are fortified with calcium and vitamin D. The bioavailability of these substances after fortification is, however, not available.Conclusions:Nondairy milk beverages vary in their nutritional profiles. These should not be considered nutritional substitutes for cow's milk until nutrient quality and bioavailability are established.
Pherotype polymorphism inStreptococcus pneumoniaeand its effects on population structure and recombination
Authors: Miller Eric L. , Evans Benjamin A. , Cornejo Omar E. , Roberts Ian S. , Rozen Daniel E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractNatural transformation in the Gram-positive pathogenStreptococcus pneumoniaeoccurs when cells become “competent”, a state that is induced in response to high extracellular concentrations of a secreted peptide signal called CSP (Competence Stimulating Peptide) encoded by thecomClocus. Two main CSP signal types (pherotypes) are known to dominate the pherotype diversity across strains. Using thousands of fully sequenced pneumococcal genomes, we confirm that pneumococcal populations are highly genetically structured and that there is significant variation among diverged populations in pherotype frequencies; most carry only a single pherotype. Moreover, we find that the relative frequencies of the two dominant pherotypes significantly vary within a small range across geographical sites. It has been variously proposed that pherotypes either promote genetic exchange among cells expressing the same pherotype, or conversely that they promote recombination between strains bearing different pherotypes. We distinguish these hypotheses using a bioinformatics approach by estimating recombination frequencies within and between pherotypes across 4,089 full genomes. Despite underlying population structure, we observe extensive recombination between populations; additionally, we found significantly higher rates of genetic exchange between strains expressing different pherotypes than among isolates carrying the same pherotype. Our results indicate that pherotypes do not restrict, and marginally facilitate, recombination between strains. Furthermore, our results suggest that the CSP balanced polymorphism does not causally underlie population differentiation. Therefore, when strains carrying different pherotypes encounter one another during co-colonization, genetic exchange can freely occur.
Large scale genomic analysis shows no evidence for repeated pathogen adaptation during the invasive phase of bacterial meningitis in humans
Authors: Lees John A. , Kremer Philip H.C. , Manso Ana S. , Croucher Nicholas J. , Ferwerda Bart , Serón Mercedes Valls , Oggioni Marco R. , Parkhill Julian , Brouwer Matthjis C. , van der Ende Arie , van de Beek Diederik , Bentley Stephen D. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRecent studies have provided evidence for rapid pathogen genome variation, some of which could potentially affect the course of disease. We have previously detected such variation by comparing isolates infecting the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a single patient during a case of bacterial meningitis.To determine whether the observed variation repeatedly occurs in cases of disease, we performed whole genome sequencing of paired isolates from blood and CSF of 938 meningitis patients. We also applied the same techniques to 54 paired isolates from the nasopharynx and CSF.Using a combination of reference-free variant calling approaches we show that no genetic adaptation occurs in the invasive phase of bacterial meningitis for four major pathogen species:Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes and Haemophilus influenzae. From nasopharynx to CSF, no adaptation was seen inS. pneumoniae, but inN. meningitidismutations potentially mediating adaptation to the invasive niche were occasionally observed in thedcagene.This study therefore shows that the bacteria capable of causing meningitis are already able to do this upon entering the blood, and no further sequence change is necessary to cross the blood-brain barrier. The variation discovered from nasopharyngeal isolates suggest that larger studies comparing carriage and invasion may help determine the likely mechanisms of invasiveness.Author SummaryWe have analysed the entire DNA sequence from bacterial pathogen isolates from cases of meningitis in 938 Dutch adults, focusing on comparing pairs of isolates from the patient’s blood and their cerebrospinal fluid. Previous research has been on only a single patient, but showed possible signs of adaptation to treatment within the host over the course of a single case of disease.By sequencing many more such paired samples, and including four different bacterial species, we were able to determine that adaptation of the pathogen does not occur after bloodstream invasion during bacterial meningitis.We also analysed 54 pairs of isolates from pre- and post-invasive niches from the same patient. InN. meningitidiswe found variation in the sequence of one gene which appears to provide bacteria with an advantage after invasion of the bloodstream.Overall, our findings indicate that evolution after invasion in bacterial meningitis is not a major contribution to disease pathogenesis. Future studies should involve more extensive sampling between the carriage and disease niches, or on variation of the host.
Employing neo-Durkheimian institutional theory in cross-cultural accounting research
Authors: Linsley Philip Mark , Linsley Alexander , Beck Matthias , Mollan Simon 
Published: August 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose Neo-Durkheimian institutional theory, developed by the Durkheimian institutional theory, as developed by anthropologist Mary Douglas, as a suitable theory base for undertaking cross-cultural accounting research. The social theory provides a structure for examining within-country and cross-country actions and behaviours of different groups and communities. It avoids associating nations and cultures, instead contending any nation will comprise four different solidarities engaging in constant dialogues. Further, it is a dynamic theory able to take account of cultural change.Design/methodology/approachThe paper establishes a case for using neo-Durkheimian institutional theory in cross-cultural accounting research by specifying the key components of the theory and addressing common criticisms. To illustrate how the theory might be utilised in the domain of accounting and finance research, a comparative interpretation of the different experiences of financialization in Germany and the UK is provided drawing on Douglas’s grid-group schema.FindingsNeo-Durkheimian institutional theory is deemed sufficiently capable of interpreting the behaviours of different social groups and is not open to the same criticisms as Hofstede’s work. Differences in Douglasian cultural dialogues in the post-1945 history of Germany and the UK provide an explanation of the variations in the comparative experiences of financialization.Originality/valueNeo-Durkheimian institutional theory has been used in a wide range of contexts; however, it has been little used in the context of accounting research. The adoption of the theory in future accounting research can redress a Hofstedian-bias in accounting research.
Disempowerment and empowerment of accounting: an Indigenous accounting context
Authors: Lombardi Luisa 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the disempowering and/or empowering role of accounting in the context of Indigenous Australians.

Design/methodology/approach
A total of 31 interviewees participated in this study, which included 18 self-identified Indigenous Australians and 13 non-Indigenous Australians. A qualitative research methodology, and in particular an oral history method, was chosen because of its ability to support a deeper and richer form of inquiry. Bourdieu’s concepts provide the framework for mobilizing and analyzing the findings of this study.

Findings
The damaging role of accounting in the context of Indigenous peoples has largely stemmed from non-Indigenous peoples providing accounting services for Indigenous peoples. The evidence and analysis provided by this study postulates a constructive way forward of accounting’s role in contributing to the empowerment of Indigenous Australians.

Research limitations/implications
Limitations include being a non-Indigenous researcher conducting research in an Indigenous context, which may have prevented some interviewees from feeling comfortable to openly share their experiences and insights.

Practical implications
As this study’s findings have supported the theory that accounting skills can be used in an empowering way when used “by” Indigenous peoples, Indigenous Australians should be actively supported by the accounting bodies to gain the qualifications needed for membership of the accounting profession.

Originality/value
This study contributes to the expanding accounting literature that locates the role of accounting in the context of Indigenous peoples by proposing accounting as a tool of empowerment.
Consumer approach to insects as food: barriers and potential for consumption in Italy
Authors: Cicatiello Clara , De Rosa Beatrice , Franco Silvio , Lacetera Nicola 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the attitude of Italian consumers towards insect consumption. The use of insects as alternative protein source is claimed to be a solution to the environmental concerns over the production of animal proteins and to food security issues. Studies conducted in other European countries report that consumers are quite resistant to the introduction of insect-based products in their diet, although those who are more concerned about environmental and health show some interest towards insect consumption.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors conducted a survey with a 14-item questionnaire on 201 consumers, selected with a systematic sampling within a shopping mall. The factors influencing respondents’ attitude towards insect consumption were studied by means of a logistic regression.

Findings
Results show that 31 per cent of respondents were willing to try insects as food, while 5 per cent had already tried. Familiarity with foreign food, higher education and gender (male) positively influenced consumer attitude to entomophagy. Instead, the fear of insects and the idea that the taste might be disgusting were the main barriers to the willingness to try entomophagy, although these issues were mainly raised by consumers who had no direct experience with insects eating.

Originality/value
The paper is a first attempt of exploring the topic of entomophagy in the Italian context. Most of the results were consistent with previous research carried out in other countries. However, some barriers to insect consumption seem to be stronger in Italy than elsewhere.
The relation between attitudes toward functional foods and satisfaction with food-related life
Authors: Schnettler Berta , Adasme-Berríos Cristian , Grunert Klaus G. , Márquez María Paulina , Lobos German , Salinas-Oñate Natalia , Orellana Ligia , Sepúlveda José 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to assess the effect of attitudes towards functional foods (AFF) on university students’ satisfaction with food-related life (SWFL) and to distinguish student typologies, considering that the AFF are not homogeneous among consumers.

Design/methodology/approach
A survey was applied to 372 university students (mean age=20.4 years, SD=2.4) in Southern Chile. The questionnaire included the AFF questionnaire and the SWFL scale, questions about consumption and knowledge about functional food (FF) and socio-demographic characteristics.

Findings
Using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modelling, it was found that AFF directly and significantly influence students’ SWFL. A cluster analysis applied to the Z-scores from the factors obtained by the CFA classified three typologies: positive towards FF (36.3 per cent), moderately positive towards FF (43.0 per cent) and negative towards FF (20.7 per cent). The positive towards FF type had a significantly greater SWFL score than the negative towards FF type. The types differ according to consumption and knowledge about FF.

Research limitations/implications
This study was conducted in the context of only one country in South America.

Originality/value
This study is the first that assesses the effect of AFF on SWFL in a sample of university students. Fostering positive attitudes towards FF will allow for a growth in the degree of SWFL of university students with features similar to those of the study sample.
Social network analysis in supply chain management research
Authors: Wichmann Barbara K. , Kaufmann Lutz 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate when and how to best use social network analysis (SNA) in the supply chain management (SCM) discipline. In doing so, the study identifies SCM phenomena that have been examined from a social network perspective (SNA approach) in the SCM literature and highlights additional SCM phenomena that would be worth investigating using social network research. Then, the study critically investigates the application of SNA as a methodology (SNA method), with the goal of assessing and mitigating methodological risks in future studies.

Design/methodology/approach
This study carries out a systematic literature review of articles published in 11 top-tier SCM journals over a 20-year period.

Findings
First, while social network research has gained momentum especially since 2010, scholars are not yet entirely aware of the many possibilities the SNA approach offers to the SCM field. Second, expanded possibilities also hold for the development of SNA as a method.

Originality/value
The paper guides future SCM research by investigating when SNA is the right approach to use and how SNA as a method should be performed. Theoretically richer and practically more relevant research should result.