bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Appropriate targeting of artemisinin‐based combination therapy by community health workers using malaria rapid diagnostic tests: findings from randomized trials in two contrasting areas of high and low malaria transmission in south‐western Uganda
Authors: Ndyomugyenyi Richard , Magnussen Pascal , Lal Sham , Hansen Kristian , Clarke Siân E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the impact of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs), used by community health workers (CHWs), on the proportion of children <5 years of age receiving appropriately targeted treatment with artemisinin‐based combination therapy (ACT), vs. presumptive treatment.MethodsCluster‐randomized trials were conducted in two contrasting areas of moderate‐to‐high and low malaria transmission in rural Uganda. Each trial examined the effectiveness of mRDTs in the management of malaria and targeting of ACTs by CHWs comparing two diagnostic approaches: (i) presumptive clinical diagnosis of malaria [control arm] and (ii) confirmatory diagnosis with mRDTs followed by ACT treatment for positive patients [intervention arm], with village as the unit of randomisation. Treatment decisions by CHWs were validated by microscopy on a reference blood slide collected at the time of consultation, to compare the proportion of children <5 years receiving appropriately targeted ACT treatment, defined as patients with microscopically‐confirmed presence of parasites in a peripheral blood smear receiving artemether‐lumefantrine or rectal artesunate, and patients with no malaria parasites not given ACT.ResultsIn the moderate‐to‐high transmission area, ACT treatment was appropriately targeted in 79.3% (520/656) of children seen by CHWs using mRDTs to diagnose malaria, vs. 30.8% (215/699) of children seen by CHWs using presumptive diagnosis (P < 0.001). In the low transmission area, 90.1% (363/403) children seen by CHWs using mRDTs received appropriately targeted ACT treatment vs. 7.8% (64/817) seen by CHWs using presumptive diagnosis (P < 0.001). Low mRDT sensitivity in children with low‐density parasitaemia (<200 parasites/μl) was identified as a potential concern.ConclusionWhen equipped with mRDTs, ACT treatments delivered by CHWs are more accurately targeted to children with malaria parasites. mRDT use could play an important role in reducing overdiagnosis of malaria and improving fever case management within iCCM, in both moderate‐to‐high and low transmission areas. Nonetheless, missed treatments due to the low sensitivity of current mRDTs in patients with low parasite density are a concern. For community‐based treatment in areas of low transmission and/or non‐immune populations, presumptive treatment of all fevers as malaria may be advisable, until more sensitive diagnostic assays, suitable for routine use by CHWs in remote settings, become available.
Preliminary evaluation of a gel tube agglutination major cross‐match method in dogs
Authors: Villarnovo Dania , Burton Shelley A. , Horney Barbara S. , MacKenzie Allan L. , Vanderstichel Raphaël 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundA major cross‐match gel tube test is available for use in dogs yet has not been clinically evaluated.ObjectivesThis study compared cross‐match results obtained using the gel tube and the standard tube methods for canine samples.MethodsStudy 1 included 107 canine sample donor–recipient pairings cross‐match tested with the RapidVet‐H method gel tube test and compared results with the standard tube method. Additionally, 120 pairings using pooled sera containing anti‐canine erythrocyte antibody at various concentrations were tested with leftover blood from a hospital population to assess sensitivity and specificity of the gel tube method in comparison with the standard method.ResultsThe gel tube method had a good relative specificity of 96.1% in detecting lack of agglutination (compatibility) compared to the standard tube method. Agreement between the 2 methods was moderate. Nine of 107 pairings showed agglutination/incompatibility on either test, too few to allow reliable calculation of relative sensitivity. Fifty percent of the gel tube method results were difficult to interpret due to sample spreading in the reaction and/or negative control tubes.ConclusionsThe RapidVet‐H method agreed with the standard cross‐match method on compatible samples, but detected incompatibility in some sample pairs that were compatible with the standard method. Evaluation using larger numbers of incompatible pairings is needed to assess diagnostic utility. The gel tube method results were difficult to categorize due to sample spreading. Weak agglutination reactions or other factors such as centrifuge model may be responsible.
A NEW MINIMAL PART BREAKUP BODY-IN-WHITE DESIGN APPROACH AND OPTIMIZED MATERIAL MAP STRENGTH ASSESSMENT
Authors: Rajasekaran Mohan , Hari Ram V. , Subramanian M. 
Published: July 2016

Body-in-White (BIW) is the Car Body without additional subsystems. Automakers are trying hard to reduce the mass of the vehicle body. The efficient option is to use multi materials and minimal number of parts in the BIW, in order to meet the stiffness requirements considering different load cases. Bending Analysis and Torsion Stiffness Analysis was performed to understand and assess the structural performance of the BIW. This paper presents the new BIW architecture with minimal number of parts, with an effective load path for the Structural and Crash load cases. Structural bending and torsion stiffness of the BIW were performed to evaluate the stiffness of the BIW to meet the passenger segment car. The methodology of using different materials for upper and under body has been investigated with the alternatives as Aluminium and Magnesium. BIW was analysed with Steel under body and Magnesium or Aluminium upper body. The Torsion stiffness of Steel/Magnesium BIW was found to be better than Steel/Aluminium BIW. The design concept with Steel underbody and Magnesium upper body was giving lighter weight design with better structural stiffness as compared to the Steel/Aluminium body. This approach of modifying the materials for the upper body of the BIW can be considered as lightweight solutions in other Conceptual BIW designs.
SU‐A‐BRC‐02: The Path of a Chief of Medical Physics
Authors: Shepard D. 
Published: July 2016

This year's Annual Student Meeting consists of a panel of professionals who have pursued a traditional education in medical physics and have since pursued a variety of careers. These range from chief medical physicist, small business founder, FDA scientist, industry R&D scientist, and academic researcher. Each panelist will discuss their education, positions that they have held leading to their current one, and factors that influenced them to pursue their careers. Time will be left at the end of the talk to open the floor for questions from students and trainees. Discussion between the presenters and participants is encouraged.

Learning Objectives:
The audience will learn about how to prepare for a career in medical physics.
The audience will be able to consider some of the widely different job opportunities open to medical physicists.
The audience will gain a better understanding of some future challenges facing medical physics graduates.N. Childress, I am the owner of Mobius Medical Systems, LP.
SU‐A‐BRC‐06: The Path of an Academic Physicist
Authors: Howell R. 
Published: July 2016

This year's Annual Student Meeting consists of a panel of professionals who have pursued a traditional education in medical physics and have since pursued a variety of careers. These range from chief medical physicist, small business founder, FDA scientist, industry R&D scientist, and academic researcher. Each panelist will discuss their education, positions that they have held leading to their current one, and factors that influenced them to pursue their careers. Time will be left at the end of the talk to open the floor for questions from students and trainees. Discussion between the presenters and participants is encouraged.

Learning Objectives:
The audience will learn about how to prepare for a career in medical physics.
The audience will be able to consider some of the widely different job opportunities open to medical physicists.
The audience will gain a better understanding of some future challenges facing medical physics graduates.N. Childress, I am the owner of Mobius Medical Systems, LP.
SU‐B‐BRA‐09: Panel Member
Authors: Willcut V. 
Published: July 2016

In the current rapidly changing Healthcare environment, many groups are competing for limited resources. How can medical physicists position themselves to be a relevant stakeholder in the discussion of how those resources are allocated Our value goes beyond what can be shown in a business plan and is heavily involved with safety and quality.Three areas will be explored:
What is our value?
Who needs to receive that message?
How do we communicate that message?To help frame the discussion in terms of how other stakeholders may view the value of medical physicists, a physician and an administrator will present their perspective.Lastly, a multidisciplinary panel will present real life examples of strategies that can be utilized today to establish the value of medical physicists. The presentation of these examples will lead into an interactive question and answer time.V. Willcut, I work for Elekta. There was no research associated with this talk.
SU‐B‐BRA‐04: An Administrators Perspective on the Value of Medical Physics
Authors: McNary D. 
Published: July 2016

In the current rapidly changing Healthcare environment, many groups are competing for limited resources. How can medical physicists position themselves to be a relevant stakeholder in the discussion of how those resources are allocated Our value goes beyond what can be shown in a business plan and is heavily involved with safety and quality.Three areas will be explored:
What is our value?
Who needs to receive that message?
How do we communicate that message?To help frame the discussion in terms of how other stakeholders may view the value of medical physicists, a physician and an administrator will present their perspective.Lastly, a multidisciplinary panel will present real life examples of strategies that can be utilized today to establish the value of medical physicists. The presentation of these examples will lead into an interactive question and answer time.V. Willcut, I work for Elekta. There was no research associated with this talk.
SU‐B‐BRA‐05: Panel Member
Authors: Pavord D. 
Published: July 2016

In the current rapidly changing Healthcare environment, many groups are competing for limited resources. How can medical physicists position themselves to be a relevant stakeholder in the discussion of how those resources are allocated Our value goes beyond what can be shown in a business plan and is heavily involved with safety and quality.Three areas will be explored:
What is our value?
Who needs to receive that message?
How do we communicate that message?To help frame the discussion in terms of how other stakeholders may view the value of medical physicists, a physician and an administrator will present their perspective.Lastly, a multidisciplinary panel will present real life examples of strategies that can be utilized today to establish the value of medical physicists. The presentation of these examples will lead into an interactive question and answer time.V. Willcut, I work for Elekta. There was no research associated with this talk.
SU‐B‐BRA‐07: Panel Member
Authors: Halvorsen P. 
Published: July 2016

In the current rapidly changing Healthcare environment, many groups are competing for limited resources. How can medical physicists position themselves to be a relevant stakeholder in the discussion of how those resources are allocated Our value goes beyond what can be shown in a business plan and is heavily involved with safety and quality.Three areas will be explored:
What is our value?
Who needs to receive that message?
How do we communicate that message?To help frame the discussion in terms of how other stakeholders may view the value of medical physicists, a physician and an administrator will present their perspective.Lastly, a multidisciplinary panel will present real life examples of strategies that can be utilized today to establish the value of medical physicists. The presentation of these examples will lead into an interactive question and answer time.V. Willcut, I work for Elekta. There was no research associated with this talk.
SU‐C‐204‐03: DFT Calculations of the Stability of DOTA‐Based‐Radiopharmaceuticals
Authors: Khabibullin A.R. , Karolak A. , Budzevich M.M. , Woods L.M. , Martinez M.V. , McLaughlin M.L. , Morse D.L. 
Published: July 2016

Purpose:Application of the density function theory (DFT) to investigate the structural stability of complexes applied in cancer therapy consisting of the 1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7,10‐tetraacetic acid (DOTA) chelated to Ac225, Fr221, At217, Bi213, and Gd68 radio‐nuclei.Methods:The possibility to deliver a toxic payload directly to tumor cells is a highly desirable aim in targeted alpha particle therapy. The estimation of bond stability between radioactive atoms and the DOTA chelating agent is the key element in understanding the foundations of this delivery process. Thus, we adapted the Vienna Ab‐initio Simulation Package (VASP) with the projector‐augmented wave method and a plane‐wave basis set in order to study the stability and electronic properties of DOTA ligand chelated to radioactive isotopes. In order to count for the relativistic effect of radioactive isotopes we included Spin‐Orbit Coupling (SOC) in the DFT calculations. Five DOTA complex structures were represented as unit cells, each containing 58 atoms. The energy optimization was performed for all structures prior to calculations of electronic properties. Binding energies, electron localization functions as well as bond lengths between atoms were estimated.Results:Calculated binding energies for DOTA‐radioactive atom systems were −17.792, −5.784, −8.872, −13.305, −18.467 eV for Ac, Fr, At, Bi and Gd complexes respectively. The displacements of isotopes in DOTA cages were estimated from the variations in bond lengths, which were within 2.32–3.75 angstroms. The detailed representation of chemical bonding in all complexes was obtained with the Electron Localization Function (ELF).Conclusion:DOTA‐Gd, DOTA‐Ac and DOTA‐Bi were the most stable structures in the group. Inclusion of SOC had a significant role in the improvement of DFT calculation accuracy for heavy radioactive atoms. Our approach is found to be proper for the investigation of structures with DOTA‐based‐radiopharmaceuticals and will enhance our understanding of processes occurring at subatomic levels.
SU‐C‐204‐04: Irradiation of Human Cell Lines Using Various Ions
Authors: Lin Y , Tessa C , Rusek A , McMahon S , Kaminuma T , Held K 
Published: July 2016

Purpose:The purpose of this study is to investigate and quantify the biological effects of ion radiation using several human cell lines. We aim to answer the question of whether carbon ion the most ideal ion species for heavy ion radiotherapy.Methods:The cells were irradiated at different positions along the pristine Bragg peak of several ions with different atomic number. The biological effectiveness was evaluated using the clonogenic cell survival assay. Irradiation of three human lung cancer cell lines and a fibroblast cell line were undertaken using the charged particle beam at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory at Brookhaven National Lab. Four mono‐energetic ion beams (carbon, oxygen, helium and lithium) were used to irradiate the cells. Water or media‐filled T25 flasks were lined up along the beam line so that the cell‐containing surfaces of the flasks were placed at a specific depth along the pristine Bragg curve. Four depths along the curve, representing entrance point, rising peak, peak and distal fall off, were selected to determine biological effectiveness. Gaf‐chromic films were placed between the flasks to monitor the irradiation as soon as it was finished.Results:For all ion radiations, the maximum cell killing effect occurs at either peak or distal fall off, depending on the cell lines. For instance, for the fibroblast cell line AGO1522, RBEs of 1.4, 1.2, 1.4 and 1.9 were observed at the Bragg peak for Helium, Lithium, Carbon and Oxygen ions. Comparing positions, RBEs of 0.9, 1.2, 1.4 and 1.8 were observed for carbon irradiation of AGO‐1522 cells positions corresponding to entrance, rising peak, peak and distal fall off.Conclusion:RBE values differ with position in the Bragg peak, ion species and cell line. Ions other than carbon may prove more effective in certain irradiation conditions and may contribute to optimized heavy ion therapy.
SU‐C‐201‐01: Core/shell and Multishell Colloidal Quantum Dots Nanodosimeters Behaviour Under Repeated MV and KV Irradiations
Authors: Delage M , Cloutier E , Lecavalier M , Lariviere D , Allen C , Beaulieu L 
Published: July 2016

Purpose:This study intends to characterize the energy dependence of the effect of radiation damage on CdSe multi‐shell (MS) (CdS/CdZnS/ZnS) and CdSe core/shell (CS)(ZnS) cQDs. It also aims to investigate irregularities resulting of pauses between subsequent irradiations.Methods:Radioluminescence (RL) measurements were performed with a CCD camera as dose was cumulated by the cQDs (up to 10 kGy), for beam energies 120 kVp, 220 kVp and 6 MV. Repeated expositions of 1999 MU were cumulated. Pauses between subsequent irradiations were varied from 2 to 50 minutes. cQDs photoluminescence (PL) and RL spectral stability was tracked by quantifying the position and FWHM of the luminescence peak.Results:Both types of cQDs showed a clear energy dependence of the RL signal decrease between the kV and the MV beams. For 1.2 kGy of dose cumulated, MS cQDs had 92% of the initial signal left at 6 MV compared to 98% at 120 kVp. The same was observed for CS cQDs: 87% at 6 MV vs 94% at 120 kVp. MS cQDs were found to have a systematic (though small, ∼1%) RL intensity recovery for pauses of 15 minutes or more, while CS cQDs maintain a stable loss regardless of the pause duration. PL and RL spectral measurements revealed a good stability (< 1% variation of the peak position and FWHM) for both types of cQDs.Conclusion:In all, both MS and CS cQDs have a sufficient resistance to large doses of radiation for standard radiation therapy and imaging. Since this resistance is better for lower energy, the utilization of cQDs could be optimized for low energy applications (e.g. theragnostic applications for small animal studies and others). Finally, the ionizing radiation damage mechanisms for this new type of nano‐scintillator still have to be identified properly.
SU‐C‐BRC‐01: A Monte Carlo Study of Out‐Of‐Field Doses From Cobalt‐60 Teletherapy Units Intended for Historical Correlations of Dose to Normal Tissue
Authors: Petroccia H , Olguin E , Culberson W , Bednarz B , Mendenhall N , Bolch W 
Published: July 2016

Purpose:Innovations in radiotherapy treatments, such as dynamic IMRT, VMAT, and SBRT/SRS, result in larger proportions of low‐dose regions where normal tissues are exposed to low doses levels. Low doses of radiation have been linked to secondary cancers and cardiac toxicities. The AAPM TG Committee No.158 entitled, ‘Measurements and Calculations of Doses outside the Treatment Volume from External‐Beam Radiation Therapy’, has been formed to review the dosimetry of non‐target and out‐of‐field exposures using experimental and computational approaches. Studies on historical patients can provide comprehensive information about secondary effects from out‐of‐field doses when combined with long‐term patient follow‐up, thus providing significant insight into projecting future outcomes of patients undergoing modern‐day treatments.Methods:We present a Monte Carlo model of a Theratron‐1000 cobalt‐60 teletherapy unit, which historically treated patients at the University of Florida, as a means of determining doses located outside the primary beam. Experimental data for a similar Theratron‐1000 was obtained at the University of Wisconsin's ADCL to benchmark the model for out‐of‐field dosimetry. An Exradin A12 ion chamber and TLD100 chips were used to measure doses in an extended water phantom to 60 cm outside the primary field at 5 and 10 cm depths.Results:Comparison between simulated and experimental measurements of PDDs and lateral profiles show good agreement for in‐field and out‐of‐field doses. At 10 cm away from the edge of a 6×6, 10×10, and 20×20 cm2 field, relative out‐of‐field doses were measured in the range of 0.5% to 3% of the dose measured at 5 cm depth along the CAX.Conclusion:Out‐of‐field doses can be as high as 90 to 180 cGy assuming historical prescription doses of 30 to 60 Gy and should be considered when correlating late effects with normal tissue dose.
SU‐C‐BRC‐04: Efficient Dose Calculation Algorithm for FFF IMRT with a Simplified Bivariate Gaussian Source Model
Authors: Li F , Park J , Barraclough B , Lu B , Li J , Liu C , Yan G 
Published: July 2016

Purpose:To develop an efficient and accurate independent dose calculation algorithm with a simplified analytical source model for the quality assurance and safe delivery of Flattening Filter Free (FFF)‐IMRT on an Elekta Versa HD.Methods:The source model consisted of a point source and a 2D bivariate Gaussian source, respectively modeling the primary photons and the combined effect of head scatter, monitor chamber backscatter and collimator exchange effect. The in‐air fluence was firstly calculated by back‐projecting the edges of beam defining devices onto the source plane and integrating the visible source distribution. The effect of the rounded MLC leaf end, tongue‐and‐groove and interleaf transmission was taken into account in the back‐projection. The in‐air fluence was then modified with a fourth degree polynomial modeling the cone‐shaped dose distribution of FFF beams. Planar dose distribution was obtained by convolving the in‐air fluence with a dose deposition kernel (DDK) consisting of the sum of three 2D Gaussian functions. The parameters of the source model and the DDK were commissioned using measured in‐air output factors (Sc) and cross beam profiles, respectively. A novel method was used to eliminate the volume averaging effect of ion chambers in determining the DDK. Planar dose distributions of five head‐and‐neck FFF‐IMRT plans were calculated and compared against measurements performed with a 2D diode array (MapCHECK™) to validate the accuracy of the algorithm.Results:The proposed source model predicted Sc for both 6MV and 10MV with an accuracy better than 0.1%. With a stringent gamma criterion (2%/2mm/local difference), the passing rate of the FFF‐IMRT dose calculation was 97.2±2.6%.Conclusion:The removal of the flattening filter represents a simplification of the head structure which allows the use of a simpler source model for very accurate dose calculation. The proposed algorithm offers an effective way to ensure the safe delivery of FFF‐IMRT.