bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overlap of movement planning and movement execution reduces reaction time
Authors: Orban de Xivry Jean-Jacques , Legrain Valéry , Lefèvre Philippe 
Published: October 2016

Motor planning is the process of preparing the appropriate motor commands in order to achieve a goal. This process has largely been thought to occur before movement onset and traditionally has been associated with reaction time. However, in a virtual line bisection task we observed an overlap between movement planning and execution. In this task performed with a robotic manipulandum, we observed that participants ( n = 30) made straight movements when the line was in front of them (near target) but often made curved movements when the same target was moved sideways (far target, which had the same orientation) in such a way that they crossed the line perpendicular to its orientation. Unexpectedly, movements to the far targets had shorter reaction times than movements to the near targets (mean difference: 32 ms, SE: 5 ms, max: 104 ms). In addition, the curvature of the movement modulated reaction time. A larger increase in movement curvature from the near to the far target was associated with a larger reduction in reaction time. These highly curved movements started with a transport phase during which accuracy demands were not taken into account. We conclude that an accuracy demand imposes a reaction time penalty if processed before movement onset. This penalty is reduced if the start of the movement consists of a transport phase and if the movement plan can be refined with respect to accuracy demands later in the movement, hence demonstrating an overlap between movement planning and execution. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In the planning of a movement, the brain has the opportunity to delay the incorporation of accuracy requirements of the motor plan in order to reduce the reaction time by up to 100 ms (average: 32 ms). Such shortening of reaction time is observed here when the first phase of the movement consists of a transport phase. This forces us to reconsider the hypothesis that motor plans are fully defined before movement onset.
Early Detection of Lung Cancer Using DNA Promoter Hypermethylation in Plasma and Sputum
Authors: Hulbert Alicia , Jusue-Torres Ignacio , Stark Alejandro , Chen Chen , Rodgers Kristen , Lee Beverly , Griffin Candace , Yang Andrew , Huang Peng , Wrangle John , Belinsky Steven A. , Wang Tza-Huei , Yang Stephen C. , Baylin Stephen B. , Brock Malcolm V. , Herman James G. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Purpose: CT screening can reduce death from lung cancer. We sought to improve the diagnostic accuracy of lung cancer screening using ultrasensitive methods and a lung cancer–specific gene panel to detect DNA methylation in sputum and plasma.
Experimental Design: This is a case–control study of subjects with suspicious nodules on CT imaging. Plasma and sputum were obtained preoperatively. Cases (n = 150) had pathologic confirmation of node-negative (stages I and IIA) non–small cell lung cancer. Controls (n = 60) had non-cancer diagnoses. We detected promoter methylation using quantitative methylation-specific real-time PCR and methylation-on-beads for cancer-specific genes (SOX17, TAC1, HOXA7, CDO1, HOXA9, and ZFP42).
Results: DNA methylation was detected in plasma and sputum more frequently in people with cancer compared with controls (P &lt; 0.001) for five of six genes. The sensitivity and specificity for lung cancer diagnosis using the best individual genes was 63% to 86% and 75% to 92% in sputum, respectively, and 65% to 76% and 74% to 84% in plasma, respectively. A three-gene combination of the best individual genes has sensitivity and specificity of 98% and 71% using sputum and 93% and 62% using plasma. Area under the receiver operating curve for this panel was 0.89 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.80–0.98] in sputum and 0.77 (95% CI, 0.68–0.86) in plasma. Independent blinded random forest prediction models combining gene methylation with clinical information correctly predicted lung cancer in 91% of subjects using sputum detection and 85% of subjects using plasma detection.
Conclusions: High diagnostic accuracy for early-stage lung cancer can be obtained using methylated promoter detection in sputum or plasma. Clin Cancer Res; 23(8); 1998–2005. ©2016 AACR.
Studying Dynamic Myofiber Aggregate Reorientation in Dilated Cardiomyopathy Using In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Authors: von Deuster Constantin , Sammut Eva , Asner Liya , Nordsletten David , Lamata Pablo , Stoeck Christian T. , Kozerke Sebastian , Razavi Reza 
Published: October 2016

Background—
The objective of this study is to assess the dynamic alterations of myocardial microstructure and strain between diastole and systole in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy relative to healthy controls using the magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging, myocardial tagging, and biomechanical modeling.

Methods and Results—
Dual heart-phase diffusion tensor imaging was successfully performed in 9 patients and 9 controls. Tagging data were acquired for the diffusion tensor strain correction and cardiac motion analysis. Mean diffusivity, fractional anisotropy, and myocyte aggregate orientations were compared between both cohorts. Cardiac function was assessed by left ventricular ejection fraction, torsion, and strain. Computational modeling was used to study the impact of cardiac shape on fiber reorientation and how fiber orientations affect strain. In patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, a more longitudinal orientation of diastolic myofiber aggregates was measured compared with controls. Although a significant steepening of helix angles (HAs) during contraction was found in the controls, consistent change in HAs during contraction was absent in patients. Left ventricular ejection fraction, cardiac torsion, and strain were significantly lower in the patients compared with controls. Computational modeling revealed that the dilated heart results in reduced HA changes compared with a normal heart. Reduced torsion was found to be exacerbated by steeper HAs.

Conclusions—
Diffusion tensor imaging revealed reduced reorientation of myofiber aggregates during cardiac contraction in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy relative to controls. Left ventricular remodeling seems to be an important factor in the changes to myocyte orientation. Steeper HAs are coupled with a worsening in strain and torsion. Overall, the findings provide new insights into the structural alterations in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.
Calcium Intake From Diet and Supplements and the Risk of Coronary Artery Calcification and its Progression Among Older Adults: 10‐Year Follow‐up of the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
Authors: Anderson John J.B. , Kruszka Bridget , Delaney Joseph A.C. , He Ka , Burke Gregory L. , Alonso Alvaro , Bild Diane E. , Budoff Matthew , Michos Erin D. 
Published: October 2016

Background

Recent randomized data suggest that calcium supplements may be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (
CVD
) events. Using a longitudinal cohort study, we assessed the association between calcium intake, from both foods and supplements, and atherosclerosis, as measured by coronary artery calcification (
CAC
).

Methods and Results

We studied 5448 adults free of clinically diagnosed
CVD
(52% female; aged 45–84 years) from the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Baseline total calcium intake was assessed from diet (using a food frequency questionnaire) and calcium supplements (by a medication inventory) and categorized into quintiles. Baseline
CAC
was measured by computed tomography, and
CAC
measurements were repeated in 2742 participants ≈10 years later. At baseline, mean calcium intakes across quintiles were 313.3, 540.3, 783.0, 1168.9, and 2157.4 mg/day. Women had higher calcium intakes than men. After adjustment for potential confounders, among 1567 participants without baseline
CAC
, the relative risk (
RR
) of developing incident
CAC
over 10 years, by quintile 1 to 5 of calcium intake, were 1 (reference), 0.95 (0.79–1.14), 1.02 (0.85–1.23), 0.86 (0.69–1.05), and 0.73 (0.57–0.93). After accounting for total calcium intake, calcium supplement use was associated with increased risk for incident
CAC
(
RR
=1.22 [1.07–1.39]). No relation was found between baseline calcium intake and 10‐year changes in log‐transformed
CAC
among those participants with baseline
CAC
>0.

Conclusions

High total calcium intake was associated with a decreased risk of incident atherosclerosis over long‐term follow‐up, particularly if achieved without supplement use. However, calcium supplement use may increase the risk for incident
CAC
.
Effects of a Health‐Partner Intervention on Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Al Mheid Ibhar , Kelli Heval Mohamed , Ko Yi‐An , Hammadah Muhammad , Ahmed Hina , Hayek Salim , Vaccarino Viola , Ziegler Thomas R. , Gibson Greg , Lampl Michelle , Alexander R. Wayne , Brigham Ken , Martin Greg S. , Quyyumi Arshed A. 
Published: October 2016

Background
Lifestyle modifications are first‐line measures for cardiovascular disease prevention. Whether lifestyle intervention also preserves cardiovascular health is less clear. Our study examined the role of a Health Partner–administered lifestyle intervention on metrics of ideal cardiovascular health.

Methods and Results

A total of 711 university employees (48±11 years; 66% women, 72% Caucasian/22.5% African Americans) enrolled in a program that promoted healthier lifestyles at Emory University (Atlanta, GA). Anthropometric, laboratory, and physical activity measurements were performed at baseline and at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years of follow‐up. Results were utilized by the Health Partner to generate a personalized plan aimed at meeting ideal health metrics. Compared to baseline, at each of the 6‐month, 1‐year, and 2‐year follow‐up visits, systolic blood pressure was lower by 3.6, 4.6, and 3.3 mm Hg (
P
<0.001), total cholesterol decreased by 5.3, 6.5, and 6.4 mg/dL (
P
<0.001), body mass index declined by 0.33, 0.45, and 0.38 kg/m
2
(
P
<0.001), and the percentage of smokers decreased by 1.3%, 3.5%, and 3.5% (
P
<0.01), respectively. Changes were greater in those with greater abnormalities at baseline. Finally, the American Heart Association “Life's Simple 7” ideal cardiovascular health score increased by 0.28, 0.40, and 0.33 at 6 month, 1 year, and 2 years, respectively, compared to baseline visit.

Conclusions
A personalized, goal‐directed Health Partner intervention significantly improved the cardiometabolic risk profile and metrics of cardiovascular health. These effects were evident at 6 months following enrollment and were sustained for 2 years. Whether the Health Partner intervention improves long‐term morbidity and mortality and is cost‐effective needs further investigation.
Association Between Endogenous Testosterone and Cerebrovascular Disease in the ARIC Study (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities)
Authors: Srinath Reshmi , Gottesman Rebecca F. , Hill Golden Sherita , Carson Kathryn A. , Dobs Adrian 
Published: October 2016

Background and Purpose—
Epidemiological studies in men suggest a relationship between endogenous testosterone and ischemic vascular events. We hypothesized that low testosterone is independently associated with ischemic stroke and ischemic brain changes.

Methods—

In 1558 male participants (mean [SD] age, 63.1 [5.6] years; body mass index, 28.2 [4.3] kg/m
2
) from visit 4 (1996–1998) of the ARIC study (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) without cardiovascular disease, stroke, and previous testosterone therapy, we measured plasma total testosterone by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry using morning samples and divided levels into tertiles (median [25th–75th percentile], 377.6 [288.4–480.1] ng/dL). General linear models, for cross-sectional analyses, and proportional hazards regression, for time-to-event analysis, examined the association of testosterone with participant characteristics and incident stroke through 2011. Linear and logistic regression models examined the association of testosterone with percentage white matter hyperintensities and prevalent infarcts in participants (n=257) who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging at visit 5 (2011–2013). Analyses were adjusted for age, race, and ARIC center, body mass index, waist circumference, smoking status, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein.

Results—
Lower testosterone was significantly associated with higher body mass index, greater waist circumference, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, lower high-density lipoprotein, and never smoking. After adjustment, no association of testosterone with incident stroke was found (hazard ratios [95% confidence intervals] for tertile 1 or 3 versus 2, 1.47 [0.83–2.61], 1.15 [0.62–2.14]; median follow-up, 14.1 years), nor with percentage white matter hyperintensities, cortical infarcts, or subcortical infarcts.

Conclusions—
After controlling for atherosclerotic risk factors, there was no association between endogenous testosterone and incident clinical stroke or ischemic brain changes in community-dwelling men.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Is Positively Associated With Risk of Stroke
Authors: Bell Elizabeth J. , Larson Nicholas B. , Decker Paul A. , Pankow James S. , Tsai Michael Y. , Hanson Naomi Q. , Wassel Christina L. , Longstreth W.T. , Bielinski Suzette J. 
Published: October 2016

Background and Purpose—
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is positively associated with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke risk factors. However, understanding the relation between HGF and stroke is in its infancy. Therefore, we sought to examine the association of circulating HGF with incident stroke using data from the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). We hypothesized that circulating HGF would be positively associated with an increased risk of stroke.

Methods—
Participants aged 45 to 84 years (n=6711) had HGF measured between 2000 and 2002 and were followed for incident stroke through 2013 (n=233). Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for incident stroke. A secondary analysis stratified results by adjudicated stroke type (n=183 ischemic; n=39 hemorrhagic; n=11 other).

Results—
After adjustment for potential confounding variables, risk of stroke was 17% higher with each standard deviation increase in HGF (hazard ratio, 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.34). This association was mainly driven by ischemic stroke and did not change on exclusion of cardioembolic strokes, although the number of excluded cases was small. The few hemorrhagic and other types of stroke were not associated with HGF.

Conclusions—
Circulating HGF was positively associated with the incidence of stroke in a diverse, population-based cohort of men and women from the United States. Our findings support the hypothesis that circulating HGF is a marker of endothelial damage and suggest that HGF may have utility as a prognostic marker of stroke risk.
Takotsubo-Like Myocardial Dysfunction in Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Jung Jin-Man , Kim Jae-Gyum , Kim Jung Bin , Cho Kyung-Hee , Yu Sungwook , Oh Kyungmi , Kim Yong-Hyun , Choi Jeong-Yoon , Seo Woo-Keun 
Published: October 2016

Background and Purpose—
We investigated clinical and radiological characteristics of ischemic stroke patients with Takotsubo-like myocardial dysfunction.

Methods—
From multicenter stroke registry database, ischemic stroke patients who underwent transthoracic echocardiography were found. Among these, patients were classified if they had specific ventricular regional wall motion abnormalities discording with coronary artery distribution, such as apical (typical pattern) or nonapical ballooning (atypical pattern), considered as echocardiographic findings of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Patients with ischemic heart disease history, myocarditis, or pheochromocytoma were excluded. We compared patients with Takotsubo-like myocardial dysfunction with those without and further performed systematic literature review on those with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.

Results—

This study included 23 patients (0.42%). The mean age was 70.7±13.9 years, with predominance of women (73.9%) and typical pattern of Takotsubo-like myocardial dysfunction (91.3%). They were associated with short-term poor functional outcomes, including high mortality, neurological deterioration, and functional status at discharge, compared with those without (39.1% versus 2.4%, 47.8% versus 7.4%; and median [interquartile range], 5 [5–6] versus 3 [2–4]; all
P
<0.001). They had a higher inflammatory marker level and lower triglyceride level. Ischemic lesions were more commonly found in the right anterior circulation with specific dominant regions being the insula and peri-insular areas. In addition, a trend toward a remarkable mortality rate and higher prevalence of insular involvement was observed in the propensity-score matching, subgroup fulfilling the strict Takotsubo cardiomyopath criteria, and was as reported in literature review.

Conclusion—
Stroke patients with Takotsubo-like myocardial dysfunction may differ from those without in clinical outcomes, laboratory findings, and radiological features.
Folic Acid Therapy Reduces the First Stroke Risk Associated With Hypercholesterolemia Among Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Qin Xianhui , Li Jianping , Spence J. David , Zhang Yan , Li Youbao , Wang Xiaobin , Wang Binyan , Sun Ningling , Chen Fang , Guo Jingxuan , Yin Delu , Sun Liming , Tang Genfu , He Mingli , Fu Jia , Cai Yefeng , Shi Xiuli , Ye Ping , Chen Hong , Zhao Shuiping , Chen Mao , Gao Chuanyu , Kong Xiangqing , Hou Fan Fan , Huang Yining , Huo Yong 
Published: October 2016

Background and Purpose—
We sought to determine whether folic acid supplementation can independently reduce the risk of first stroke associated with elevated total cholesterol levels in a subanalysis using data from the CSPPT (China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial), a double-blind, randomized controlled trial.

Methods—
A total of 20 702 hypertensive adults without a history of major cardiovascular disease were randomly assigned to a double-blind daily treatment of an enalapril 10-mg and a folic acid 0.8-mg tablet or an enalapril 10-mg tablet alone. The primary outcome was first stroke.

Results—

The median treatment duration was 4.5 years. For participants not receiving folic acid treatment (enalapril-only group), high total cholesterol (≥200 mg/dL) was an independent predictor of first stroke when compared with low total cholesterol (<200 mg/dL; 4.0% versus 2.6%; hazard ratio, 1.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.18–1.97;
P
=0.001). Folic acid supplementation significantly reduced the risk of first stroke among participants with high total cholesterol (4.0% in the enalapril-only group versus 2.7% in the enalapril–folic acid group; hazard ratio, 0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.56–0.84;
P
<0.001; number needed to treat, 78; 95% confidence interval, 52–158), independent of baseline folate levels and other important covariates. By contrast, among participants with low total cholesterol, the risk of stroke was 2.6% in the enalapril-only group versus 2.5% in the enalapril–folic acid group (hazard ratio, 1.00; 95% confidence interval, 0.75–1.30;
P
=0.982). The effect was greater among participants with elevated total cholesterol (
P
for interaction=0.024).

Conclusions—
Elevated total cholesterol levels may modify the benefits of folic acid therapy on first stroke. Folic acid supplementation reduced the risk of first stroke associated with elevated total cholesterol by 31% among hypertensive adults without a history of major cardiovascular diseases.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00794885.
Neurorestorative Responses to Delayed Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Treatment of Stroke in Type 2 Diabetic Rats
Authors: Yan Tao , Venkat Poornima , Chopp Michael , Zacharek Alex , Ning Ruizhuo , Roberts Cynthia , Zhang Yi , Lu Mei , Chen Jieli 
Published: October 2016

Background and Purpose—
Comorbidity of diabetes mellitus and stroke results in worse functional outcome, poor long-term recovery, and extensive vascular damage. We investigated the neurorestorative effects and mechanisms of stroke treatment with human bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats.

Methods—

Adult male Wistar rats were induced with T2DM, subjected to 2 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) and treated via tail-vein injection with (1) PBS (n=8) and (2) hMSCs (n=10; 5×10
6
) at 3 days after MCAo.

Results—
In T2DM rats, hMSCs administered at 3 days after MCAo significantly improves neurological function without affecting blood glucose, infarct volume, and incidence of brain hemorrhage in comparison to T2DM-MCAo PBS-treated rats. Delayed hMSC treatment of T2DM stroke significantly improves blood–brain barrier integrity, increases vascular and arterial density and cerebral vascular perfusion, and promotes neuroblast cell migration and white matter remodeling as indicated by increased doublecortin, axon, myelin, and neurofilament density, respectively. Delayed hMSC treatment significantly increases platelet-derived growth factor expression in the ischemic brain, decreases proinflammatory M1 macrophage and increases anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage compared to PBS-treated T2DM-MCAo rats. In vitro data show that hMSCs increase subventricular zone explant cell migration and primary cortical neuron neurite outgrowth, whereas inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor decreases hMSC-induced subventricular zone cell migration and axonal outgrowth.

Conclusions—
In T2DM stroke rats, delayed hMSC treatment significantly improves neurological functional outcome and increases neurorestorative effects and M2 macrophage polarization. Increasing brain platelet-derived growth factor expression may contribute to hMSC-induced neurorestoration.
A retrospective study of sedation and analgesic requirements of pediatric patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) from a single-center experience
Authors: Anton-Martin Pilar , Modem Vinai , Taylor Donna , Potter Donald , Darnell-Bowens Cindy 
Published: October 2016

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to describe the sedative and analgesic requirements identifying factors associated with medication escalation in neonates and children supported on ECMO. Method: Observational retrospective cohort study in a tertiary pediatric intensive care unit from June 2009 to June 2013. Results: One hundred and sixty patients were included in the study. Fentanyl and midazolam were the first line agents used while on ECMO. Higher opiate requirements were associated with younger age (p=0.01), thoracic cannulation (p=0.002), the use of dexmedetomidine (p=0.007) and prolonged use of muscle relaxants (p=0.03). Higher benzodiazepine requirements were associated with younger age (p=0.01), respiratory failure (p=0.02) and the use of second line agents (p=0.002). One third of the patients required second line agents as adjuvants for comfort without a decrease in opiate and/or benzodiazepine requirements. Conclusions: Providing comfort to subpopulations of pediatric ECMO patients seems to be more challenging. The use of second line agents did not improve comfort in our cohort. Prospective studies are required to optimize analgesia and sedation management in children on ECMO.