bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 1‐year, prospective, observational study of Japanese outpatients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes switching from insulin glargine or detemir to insulin degludec in basal–bolus insulin therapy (Kumamoto Insulin Degludec Observational study)
Authors: Shimoda Seiya , Sato Miki , Sekigami Taiji , Motoshima Hiroyuki , Yoshimura Ryohei , Fukuda Kazuki , Matsuo Yasuto , Noda Hideyuki , Okubo Mina , Ichimori Shinji , Fujisawa Kazuo , Fukunaga Makiko , Araki Eiichi ,   The Kumamoto Insulin Degludec Observational (KIDUNA) Study Group
Published: February 2016

AbstractAims/IntroductionThe aim of the present prospective observational study was to assess long‐term efficacy and safety of insulin degludec as a part of a basal–bolus therapy for Japanese patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in routine clinical practice.Materials and MethodsIn the present study, 93 type 1 diabetes patients and 135 type 2 diabetes patients treated with insulin glargine or detemir were switched from their basal insulin to insulin degludec. The primary end‐points were the changes in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) from baseline at 3, 6 and 12 months. The secondary end‐points were changes in body mass index, insulin dose, frequency of hypoglycemia and adverse events.ResultsHbA1c levels from baseline were significantly reduced at 3, 6, and 12 months by 0.4, 0.4 and 0.3% in type 1 diabetes patients, respectively, and by 0.5, 0.5 and 0.3% in type 2 diabetes patients, respectively. Body mass index in type 1 diabetes patients increased significantly (P < 0.05), whereas that in type 2 diabetes patients did not change. Basal insulin dose decreased significantly at 3 months after switching (P < 0.05), and returned baseline dose at 12 months in type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes patients. The frequency of both total and nocturnal hypoglycemia decreased significantly in type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes patients (P < 0.05). The result of multiple regression analysis showed that baseline HbA1c was a significant independent variable of the percentage change in HbA1c with switching.ConclusionIn both type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes patients, switching from insulin glargine or insulin detemir to insulin degludec led to improvement of glycemic control with a significant reduction of hypoglycemia.
Participation and health care provision of statutory skin cancer screening in Germany – a secondary data analysis
Authors: Anastasiadou Z. , Schäfer I. , Siebert J. , Günther W. , Reusch M. , Augustin M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundIn Germany, skin cancer screening was introduced nationwide in July 2008. From the age of 35 years, members of the statutory health insurance are eligible for screening every 2 years.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to calculate the participation rates and the proportions of health care providers of statutory skin cancer screening in Germany on a population‐based level.MethodsData were provided by a nationwide German statutory health insurance, approximately 6.1 million members, covering the years 2008/2009. Participation rates were calculated per yearly quarter and were adjusted for age, gender and federal state.ResultsApproximately 920 000 insurants were screened from the third quarter of 2008 until the last quarter of 2009. Mean participation rate of skin cancer screening was 30.8%. Women had higher participation rates (31.9%) than men (29.7%). After adjusting for gender and federal state, high rates for pensioners at the age of 65–74 were confirmed at 39.4% on average for all yearly quarters. One of the highest gender‐ and age‐adjusted rates was observed in the state of Schleswig‐Holstein, where a population based pilot project had been implemented before the start of the nationwide screening programme. In general, without taking into account Berlin, former East Germany had a much lower gender‐ and age‐adjusted participation rate (23.9%) than West Germany (33.3%). At the first quarter after implementation of screening, 58.5% of the screenings were provided by dermatologists and 41.5% by general practitioners.ConclusionParticipation rates and health care providers of skin cancer screening can be calculated from secondary data and contribute to identify group‐ and region‐specific participation patterns in order to improve early detection of skin cancer.
Evolution of behavioural and cellular defences against parasitoid wasps in the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup
Authors: Lynch Z. R. , Schlenke T. A. , de Roode J. C. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIt may be intuitive to predict that host immune systems will evolve to counter a broad range of potential challenges through simultaneous investment in multiple defences. However, this would require diversion of resources from other traits, such as growth, survival and fecundity. Therefore, ecological immunology theory predicts that hosts will specialize in only a subset of possible defences. We tested this hypothesis through a comparative study of a cellular immune response and a putative behavioural defence used by eight fruit fly species against two parasitoid wasp species (one generalist and one specialist). Fly larvae can survive infection by melanotically encapsulating wasp eggs, and female flies can potentially reduce infection rates in their offspring by laying fewer eggs when wasps are present. The strengths of both defences varied significantly but were not negatively correlated across our chosen host species; thus, we found no evidence for a trade‐off between behavioural and cellular immunity. Instead, cellular defences were significantly weaker against the generalist wasp, whereas behavioural defences were similar in strength against both wasps and positively correlated between wasps. We investigated the adaptive significance of wasp‐induced oviposition reduction behaviour by testing whether wasp‐exposed parents produce offspring with stronger cellular defences, but we found no support for this hypothesis. We further investigated the sensory basis of this behaviour by testing mutants deficient in either vision or olfaction, both of which failed to reduce their oviposition rates in the presence of wasps, suggesting that both senses are necessary for detecting and responding to wasps.
Preparation of Salad Dressing Emulsions Using Lentil, Chickpea and Pea Protein Isolates: A Response Surface Methodology Study
Authors: Ma Zhen , Boye Joyce I. , Simpson Benjamin K. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe effect of pulse protein, egg yolk and oil contents on the physical properties (i.e., static and dynamic rheological behavior, texture) of lentil‐, pea‐ and chickpea‐supplemented salad dressings was studied using a three‐factor central composite design (CCD). Multiple regression equations were developed to describe the effects of the independent variables on several response variables. In general, an increase in oil and emulsifier (pulse protein or egg yolk) contents modified the rheological and textural properties and led to either a linear or a nonlinear increase in several parameters, including
, m, ηap, σ0, Q(t)% and firmness. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the salad dressing formulations based on selected response variables, which were either maximized or minimized, or targeted using average values of parameters for several commercial salad dressings. The validation test confirmed the overall adequacy of the response surface models in predicting specific properties of the set formulations.Practical ApplicationsThe use of egg yolk as an emulsifier in the formulation of salad dressings may be a concern for those with high cholesterol. Proteins prepared from pulses may be promising value‐added replacements for such reduced egg‐yolk emulsion‐type food products. We have demonstrated the feasibility of making pulse protein‐supplemented salad dressings with physical properties similar to those of commercial dressings by varying levels of pulse protein, egg yolk and oil in salad dressing emulsion systems.
Retention of solute and particle markers in the digestive tract of chinchillas (Chinchilla laniger)
Authors: Hagen K. B. , Dittmann M. T. , Ortmann S. , Kreuzer M. , Hatt J.‐M. , Clauss M. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryThe chinchilla (Chinchilla laniger) is a herbivorous hystricomorph South American rodent for which no mean digesta retention times have been reported so far. Six animals (mean body mass ± standard deviation: 513 ± 99 g) on a diet of grass hay and lucerne‐based pellets were given a pulse dose of a solute (cobalt‐EDTA) and a particle (chromium‐mordanted fibre, <2 mm) marker with subsequent frequent faecal collection. Dry matter intake was 45.2 ± 8.0 g/kg0.75/day. Mean retention times were 22.2 ± 5.3 h for solutes and 25.4 ± 5.2 h for particles, with the difference being not significant within individuals. This indicates the presence of a ‘mucus‐trap’ colonic separation mechanism, which is in accord with morphological descriptions of the typical colonic furrow in chinchillas. Corresponding to a strategy of colonic digesta separation and caecotroph formation, secondary marker excretion peaks indicated coprophagic events that were spaced approximately 12 h apart. Given that these retention times appear longer than measures reported for rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) or guinea pigs (Cavia procellus), it would be interesting to compare the digestive efficiency of chinchillas on high levels of dietary fibre to other species.
Good Friendships among Children: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation
Authors: Walker David Ian , Curren Randall , Jones Chantel 
Published: February 2016

AbstractEthical dimensions of friendship have rarely been explicitly addressed as aspects of friendship quality in studies of children's peer relationships. This study identifies aspects of moral virtue significant for friendship, as a basis for empirically investigating the role of ethical qualities in children's friendship assessments and aspirations. We introduce a eudaimonic conception of friendship quality, identify aspects of moral virtue foundational to such quality, review and contest some grounds on which children have been regarded as not mature enough to have friendships that require virtue, and report a qualitative study of the friendship assessments and aspirations of children aged nine and ten (n = 83). In focus group sessions conducted in ten schools across Great Britain, moral qualities figured prominently in children's assessments of friendship quality. The findings provide evidence of children having friendships exhibiting mutual respect, support, and valuing of each other's good character.
Influence of Rapeseed and Sesame Oil on Crystallization and Rheological Properties of Cocoa Cream Fat Phase and Quality of Final Product
Authors: Lončarević Ivana , Pajin Biljana , Sakač Marijana , Zarić Danica , Rakin Marica , Petrović Jovana , Torbica Aleksandra 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis research examined spreadable cocoa cream in which fat phase has been modified and analyzed regarding its crystallization and rheological properties and further influence on final product quality. Vegetable fat and refined sunflower oil, as fat phase of spreadable cocoa cream, have been partially substituted with rapeseed and sesame oil, having nutritional and sensory benefits in mind.Substitution of sunflower oil with rapeseed or sesame oil had no influence on cream fat phase viscosity but increased cream viscosity up to 1.7 times and decreased its yield stress up to 2.7 times. Substitution of 70 wt % and total amount of sunflower oil with rapeseed or sesame oil resulted in lower crystallization rate in cream fat phase and the highest sensory scores of final products. Rapeseed and sesame oil have changed and improved the taste of spreadable cocoa cream making it sustainable for use in new products, but with shorter shelf life.Practical ApplicationsSpreadable cocoa cream is a confectionery product having a high amount of sugar and fat. In recent decades, confectionary industry in Serbia has used hydrogenated fats in spreadable cocoa cream production and also refined sunflower oil, to improve spreadability of the final product. Today, the development of functional foods imposes the use of edible fats with no undesirable trans fatty acids, instead of those obtained by common hydrogenation process. As manufacture of cream product in the ball mill does not require high temperatures during its production, refined sunflower oil can also be substituted with less resistant unrefined oils with different distinctive flavor and health benefits, such as rapeseed and sesame oil.
Early Modern Intertextuality: Post Structuralism, Narrative Systems, andA Midsummer Night's Dream
Authors: Carter Sarah 
Published: February 2016

AbstractCentral to both early modern critical study and the theory of intertextuality are concepts such as the plurality of discourse, the mutually informing relationship between cultural ideologies and texts, and the instability of texts. Following revised critical approaches, this essay argues that there is potential in the direct application and exploration of the theory of intertextuality in early modern literature, particularly in the sense of engagement with and the extensive refiguring of elements from available narrative systems including classical mythology, folklore, and contemporary continental writing through allegory, allusion, and translation. Critical consideration of reading, creative imitation, and interpretative variety are central to both fields. This essay argues that these central aspects of early modern creative writing constitute a valid application of intertextual theory, which can be used to generate detailed and multilayered critical readings. It outlines an understanding of intertextuality, demonstrates how the theory is illustrated both in the period and in inherited classical textual theory, and offers a brief applied case study, reading Shakespeare'sA Midsummer Night's Dream(1595) as an overtly intertextual text.
Transcriptome‐wide patterns of divergence during allopatric evolution
Authors: Pereira Ricardo J. , Barreto Felipe S. , Pierce N. Tessa , Carneiro Miguel , Burton Ronald S. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractRecent studies have revealed repeated patterns of genomic divergence associated with species formation. Such patterns suggest that natural selection tends to target a set of available genes, but is also indicative that closely related taxa share evolutionary constraints that limit genetic variability. Studying patterns of genomic divergence among populations within the same species may shed light on the underlying evolutionary processes. Here, we examine transcriptome‐wide divergence and polymorphism in the marine copepodTigriopus californicus, a species where allopatric evolution has led to replicate sets of populations with varying degrees of divergence and hybrid incompatibility. Our analyses suggest that relatively small effective population sizes have resulted in an exponential decline of shared polymorphisms during population divergence and also facilitated the fixation of slightly deleterious mutations within allopatric populations. Five interpopulation comparisons at three different stages of divergence show that nonsynonymous mutations tend to accumulate in a specific set of proteins. These include proteins with central roles in cellular metabolism, such as those encoded in mtDNA, but also include an additional set of proteins that repeatedly show signatures of positive selection during allopatric divergence. Although our results are consistent with a contribution of nonadaptive processes, such as genetic drift and gene expression levels, generating repeatable patterns of genomic divergence in closely related taxa, they also indicate that adaptive evolution targeting a specific set of genes contributes to this pattern. Our results yield insights into the predictability of evolution at the gene level.
Historical DNA documents long‐distance natal homing in marine fish
Authors: Bonanomi Sara , Overgaard Therkildsen Nina , Retzel Anja , Berg Hedeholm Rasmus , Pedersen Martin Wæver , Meldrup Dorte , Pampoulie Christophe , Hemmer‐Hansen Jakob , Grønkjær Peter , Nielsen Einar Eg 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe occurrence of natal homing in marine fish remains a fundamental question in fish ecology as its unequivocal demonstration requires tracking of individuals from fertilization to reproduction. Here, we provide evidence of long‐distance natal homing (>1000 km) over more than 60 years in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), through genetic analysis of archived samples from marked and recaptured individuals. Using a high differentiation single‐nucleotide polymorphism assay, we demonstrate that the vast majority of cod tagged in West Greenland and recaptured on Icelandic spawning grounds belonged to the Iceland offshore population, strongly supporting a hypothesis of homing. The high degree of natal fidelity observed provides the evolutionary settings for development of locally adapted populations in marine fish and emphasize the need to consider portfolio effects in marine fisheries management strategies.
New view of population genetics of zooplankton: RAD‐seq analysis reveals population structure of the North Atlantic planktonic copepod Centropages typicus
Authors: Blanco‐Bercial L. , Bucklin A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDetection of population genetic structure of zooplankton at medium‐to‐small spatial scales in the absence of physical barriers has remained challenging and controversial. The large population sizes and high rates of gene flow characteristic of zooplankton have made resolution of geographical differentiation very difficult, especially when using few genetic markers and assuming equilibrium conditions. Next‐generation sequencing now allows simultaneous sampling of hundreds to thousands of genetic markers; new analytical approaches allow studies under nonequilibrium conditions and directional migration. Samples of the North Atlantic Ocean planktonic copepod, Centropages typicus, were analysed using restriction site‐associated DNA (RAD) sequencing on a PROTON platform. Although prior studies revealed no genetic differentiation of populations across the geographical range of the species, analysis of RAD tags showed significant structure across the North Atlantic Ocean. We also compared the likelihood for models of connectivity among NW Atlantic populations under various directional flow scenarios that replicate oceanographic conditions of the sampled domain. High‐density marker sampling with RAD sequencing markedly outperformed other technical and analytical approaches in detection of population genetic structure and characterization of connectivity of this high geneflow zooplankton species.
The phosphocarrier protein HPr of Neisseria meningitidis interacts with the transcription regulator CrgA and its deletion affects capsule production, cell adhesion, and virulence
Authors: Derkaoui Meriem , Antunes Ana , Poncet Sandrine , Nait Abdallah Jamila , Joyet Philippe , Mazé Alain , Henry Céline , Taha Muhamed‐Kheir , Deutscher Josef , Deghmane Ala‐Eddine 
Published: February 2016

SummaryThe bacterial phosphotransferase system (PTS) transports and phosphorylates sugars, but also carries out numerous regulatory functions. The β‐proteobacterium Neisseria meningitidis possesses an incomplete PTS unable to transport carbon sources because it lacks a membrane component. Nevertheless, the residual phosphorylation cascade is functional and the meningococcal PTS was therefore expected to carry out regulatory roles. Interestingly, a ΔptsH mutant (lacks the PTS protein HPr) exhibited reduced virulence in mice and after intraperitoneal challenge it was rapidly cleared from the bloodstream of BALB/c mice. The rapid clearance correlates with lower capsular polysaccharide production by the ΔptsH mutant, which is probably also responsible for its increased adhesion to Hec‐1‐B epithelial cells. In addition, compared to the wild‐type strain more apoptotic cells were detected when Hec‐1‐B cells were infected with the ΔptsH strain. Coimmunoprecipitation revealed an interaction of HPr and P‐Ser‐HPr with the LysR type transcription regulator CrgA, which among others controls its own expression. Moreover, ptsH deletion caused increased expression of a ΦcrgA‐lacZ fusion. Finally, the presence of HPr or phospho‐HPr's during electrophoretic mobility shift assays enhanced the affinity of CrgA for its target sites preceding crgA and pilE, but HPr did not promote CrgA binding to the sia and pilC1 promoter regions.
The fungal‐specific transcription factor Vdpf influences conidia production, melanized microsclerotia formation and pathogenicity in Verticillium dahliae
Authors: Luo Xiumei , Mao Hongqiang , Wei Yunming , Cai Jie , Xie Chengjian , Sui Anping , Yang Xingyong , Dong Jinyan 
Published: February 2016

SummaryVerticillium dahliae is a soil‐borne, hemibiotrophic phytopathogenic fungus that causes wilting in crop plants. Here, we constructed a random insertional mutant library using Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated transformation to study the pathogenicity and regulatory mechanisms of V. dahliae. The fungal‐specific transcription factor‐encoding gene Vdpf was shown to be associated with vegetative growth and virulence, with the highest transcript expression occurring during conidia formation in the V991 strain. The deletion mutants (ΔVdpf) and insertion mutants (IMΔVdpf) produced fewer conidia than did the wild‐type (WT) fungi, which contributed to the reduced virulence. Unlike the WT, the complemented strains and IMΔVdpf, ΔVdpf formed swollen, thick‐walled and hyaline mycelium rather than melanized microsclerotia. The ΔVdpf mutants were melanin deficient, with undetectable expression of melanin biosynthesis‐related genes (Brn1, Brn2 and Scd1). The melanin deficiency was related to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and the G‐protein‐coupled signalling pathways in this study. Similar to the WT and complemented strains, the ΔVdpf and IMΔVdpf mutants could also successfully penetrate into cotton and tobacco roots, but displayed reduced virulence because of lower biomass in the plant roots and significantly reduced expression of pathogenicity‐related genes in V. dahliae. In conclusion, these results provide insights into the role of Vdpf in melanized microsclerotia formation, conidia production and pathogenicity.