bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
About structural changes of lignin during kraft cooking and the kinetics of delignification
Authors: Mattsson Cecilia , Hasani Merima , Dang Binh , Mayzel Maxim , Theliander Hans 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Wood meal was submitted to kraft cooking in a small-scale flow-through reactor and the structural changes of lignin have been investigated. The rate determining steps in kraft cooking were in focus. Based on two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR) measurements on lignin fractions extracted at different cooking times from the black liquor, it was observed that the main lignin reactions occur within 10–20 min and thus the kinetics of the chemical reaction cannot be the rate-determining step. On the other hand, the molecular weight (MW) of lignin is shifted towards larger fragments in the course of cooking time but the MW decreases with increasing ionic strength. Obviously, the kinetics of the delignification are strongly dependent on solubility and/or mass transport at the cell wall level. At chip size level, the mass transport of cooking chemicals into the wood chip may influence the overall kinetics in the initial part of the cooking. At longer cooking times the concentration of chemicals becomes sufficiently high in the wood chips, and the delignification is progressively governed by solubility and/or mass transport of lignin molecules occurring at the cell wall level.
Design Optimization of Autoswitch Hydrogen Absorption and Desorption Device Using Metal Hydrides
Authors: He Ceng , Wang Yuqi , Song Jing , Li Shanshan , Yang Fusheng , Wu Zhen , Zheng Lan , Zhang Zaoxiao , Kim Kwang 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Metal hydride is an influential and promising material for hydrogen utilization. Researchers have carried out a large number of studies on hydrogen storage apparatus, and developed a few new devices for its promotion. Unfortunately, for most metal hydride reactors, the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation are two independent processes owing to the different required conditions, which could cause many inconveniences and safety problems to the H2 absorption & desorption cycle with high frequency and intensity. Hence we proposed a new type of autoswitch H2 absorption & desorption device based on the structure improvement, which consists of rotation disc, fixed disc and the reactor. The numerical simulation for H2 absorption/desorption using LaNi5 was accomplished, and the optimizations on both structure and operation conditions were achieved within a certain period of cycle time. Simulation results show when the single cycle time is set to 1600 s, the absorption temperature has to be lower than 45 °C (3 MPa) and pressure higher than 1.28 MPa (20 °C), and the desorption temperature should be higher than 41 °C (0.1 MPa) and pressure lower than 0.48 MPa (80 °C) under the same cycle time. Meanwhile, the effects of reaction finish time, operating temperature and H2 pressure during absorption/desorption process was investigated and simulation data were also fitted to develop the structural optimization. Under the hydrogenation/dehydrogenation conditions of 3 MPa (20 °C)/0.1 MPa (80 °C), the simulation results indicate the optimal initial reacted fraction and total cycle time are 0.07 and 1287 s, respectively. Moreover, both structures of autoswitch device with 4 and 6 openings have been optimized to satisfy the requirement of each stage. The autoswitch H2 absorption & desorption device can realize the automatic switch between hydrogenation and dehydrogenation orderly and controllably, which would provide convenience for the occasions with this demand and show its remarkable value during popularization and application.
The Study of Adsorption Process of Pb Ions Using Well-Aligned Arrays of ZnO Nanotubes as a Sorbent
Authors: Krasovska M. , Gerbreders V. , Tamanis E. , Gerbreders S. , Bulanovs A. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Well-structured ZnO nanotubes are obtained by a self-selective etching method with lowering temperatures of growth during the hydrothermal process.
The structural and optical properties of the obtained nanostructures are investigated by various conventional methods.
The goal of the research is to compare the efficiency of ZnO nanotubes to that of ZnO nanorods during lead adsorption process from aqueous solution and demonstrate that hollow nanostructures are more effective than solid nanostructures of the same morphology due to their larger effective surface.
Both nanotubes and nanorods are obtained under similar growth conditions: neither growth solution composition, nor concentration is changed. ZnO morphology is switched only by changing temperature during the growth process.
The measurements are carried out to assess the efficiency of the adsorption per unit weight of ZnO nanorod and nanotube capacity of static adsorption.
Unser hungriges Gehirn: Welche Rolle spielen Gliazellen bei der Energieversorgung?
Authors: Deitmer Joachim W. , Theparambil Shefeeq M. , Ruminot Iván , Becker Holger M. 
Published: March 2017

Zusammenfassung:Unser Gehirn, das etwa 2 % unseres Körpergewichts ausmacht, beansprucht bis zu 20 % unseres Energiebedarfs. Die Versorgung aller Gehirnzellen, die besonders beim Menschen sehr dicht gepackt sind, mit ausreichend Energiesubstraten ist eine große logistische Herausforderung. Das wichtigste Energiesubstrat für unser Gehirn ist Glukose, die über den Blutkreislauf ins Gehirn gelangt. Glukose wird dabei nicht nur direkt von den Nervenzellen genutzt, sondern vor allem auch von Gliazellen aufgenommen, die es dann zum erheblichen Teil als Energiereserve in Form von Glykogen speichern oder als Milchsäuresalz (Laktat) an die Nervenzellen weitergeben können. Laktat seinerseits kann dann in Nervenzellen in Pyruvat umgewandelt und mithilfe von Sauerstoff effizient für die Bildung von chemischer Energie in Form von ATP genutzt werden. Das metabolische Zwischenprodukt Laktat spielt somit eine wichtige Rolle als energiereiches Substrat, das zwischen den Zellen sowohl unter aeroben wie anaeroben Bedingungen ausgetauscht wird. Der Transport von Laktat über die Zellmembran geschieht im Kotransport mit Protonen (H
Issues in Action Formation: Requests and the Problem with x
Authors: Fox Barbara A. , Heinemann Trine 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn previous interactional studies of formats for utterances doing requests, attention has been given to the initial verb (such as can/could or wonder) and possibly the subject (especially I vs you). The current study examines the main types of grammatical variation found in what we call the “x component,” that is the segment after the initial verb and subject. We examine two types of requests: those with can you x and those with wonder x, and we find that variations in the x component in these requests are associated with variations in the unfolding development of the request sequences. We thus suggest that the x component is crucial to the interactional work accomplished by the requesting utterance.
Chitosan nanoparticles based nanovaccines for cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Chen Pu-Guang , Huang Zhi-Hua , Sun Zhan-Yi , Gao Yue , Liu Yan-Fang , Shi Lei , Chen Yong-Xiang , Zhao Yu-Fen , Li Yan-Mei 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy based on tumor vaccine is very promising and intriguing for carcinoma treatment. Herein, antitumor nanovaccines consisting of self-assembled chitosan (CS) nanoparticles and two-component mucin1 (MUC1) glycopeptide antigens were reported. Two different kinds of polyanionic electrolyte [sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) and γ-poly-L-glutamic acid (γ-PGA)] were combined with chitosan polymers to fabricate the diameter of nearly 400–500 nm CS nanoparticles by electrostatic interactions. The nanovaccines were constructed by physically mixing MUC1 glycopeptide antigens with CS nanoparticles, which reduced vaccine constructing complexity compared with traditional chemical total synthetic vaccines. Immunological studies revealed that the CS/γ-PGA nanoparticle could dramatically enhance the immunogenicity of peptide epitope and produce significantly high titers of IgG antibody which was even better than Freund’s adjuvant-containing vaccines.
Carbon dioxide and methane adsorption over metal modified mesoporous SBA-15 silica
Authors: Zeleňák Vladimír , Magura Jozef , Zeleňáková Adriána , Smolková Romana 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
In the present study, mesoporous silica materials doped with metal ions (Al3+, Ti4+, Zr4+) were synthesized and characterized by a combination of various techniques, such as small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), nitrogen adsorption/desorption at 77 K, elemental analysis, transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was shown that the metal ion doped samples retained their porous structure, which was similar to that of parent SBA-15. The synthesized M-SBA-15 samples (M=Al3+, Ti4+, Zr4+) were evaluated in terms of adsorption of carbon dioxide and methane at 303 K. It was observed, that metal doping enhances carbon dioxide adsorption in comparison with purely siliceous sample, while low effect of metal doping on methane adsorption was observed.
Case report: minimal invasive approach in a case of cervical schwannoma
Authors: Kumar Raghuvendra , Dhal Amar C , Kumar Abhishek 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of our case report is to present our experience with minimal invasive approach in a case of cervical schwannoma.
Method: The data of patient treated for cervical schwannoma like site, size and extension of the lesion were obtained by neuroimaging and preoperative neurological status obtained by clinical examination. The postoperative neurological status and radiological image were available. The clinical course was documented by Karnofsky score (KPS).
Result: We approached the tumour through interlaminar fenestration in cervical (C1-C2) region. Postoperative neuroimaging revealed complete removal of the lesion and no sign of spinal instability. At discharge improvement of KPS score and neurological improvement was observed.
Conclusion: Minimal access procedures are increasingly gaining popularity in spine surgery. The aim of the surgical procedure is minimizing the invasiveness and maximizing the efficacy. Modern neuroimaging allows adequate preoperative planning and microsurgical techniques provide adequate execution of the surgical act.
The Directional Spectrum of Pedagogical Action in the Context of Foreign Scholars’ Views
Authors: Mozgovyi Victor 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe article deals with the study of crucial features and functions of the direction of pedagogical action in educational practices of Ukraine and the Russian Federation. Using the descriptional characteristics presented by scientists and pedagogues-scholars from the mentioned countries we have defined common and distinct features of the phenomenon under study, compared its structure and components. The analyzed definitions suggest that the direction of pedagogical action is based on the synthesis of theatrical and pedagogical art. The direction of pedagogical action is oriented toward methodical provision of modern trends in the development of humanistic education and creates relevant emotional field for the comprehensive development of personality. As a result, we have found out that the direction of pedagogical action in the Russian Federation is practice-oriented and is used as a method of emotional influence on pupil while solving educational tasks of a comprehensive secondary school. More common is the spectrum of using the direction of pedagogical action in the national systems of secondary and higher education where this phenomenon is mostly associated with the development of teacher professionalism, their pedagogical mastery that contributes to the organization of the educational process at a new level – a creative function that is oriented toward the establishment of efficient pedagogical interaction. Based on the results of the comparative analysis, we have concluded that comprehending the efficiency of using the direction of pedagogical action in the systems of secondary and higher education in Ukraine and the Russian Federation will contribute to a new level of organization of free pedagogical interaction where the author’s position of teachers may surely help to meet personal educational needs of their pupils and students.
Providing Retraining and Advancement Training for Primary/Elementary School Teachers at the State Level in Great Britain and the USA
Authors: Chychuk Antonina 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn Great Britain and the USA the normative basis of primary/elementary school teachers’ qualification advancement is being actively developed, i. e. this issue is considered at the state level. For a long time the development of retraining and advancement training system for primary/elementary school teachers has been grounded on conceptual foundations of pedagogy that ensures the functionality of the mentioned system. The research results on conceptual foundations for forming an education system of teacher qualification advancement in Great Britain and the USA prove that their nature depends on the development of these countries’ history. In particular, there is a trend towards integrating course- and school-based forms of qualification advancement on the ground of teachers’ collaboration with lectures; raising the question of making the education process of primary/elementary school teachers’ qualification advancement more democratic; creating a participatory style of learning that is carried out collectively (teachers actively develop the programme content and propose to include such issues that are necessary for their solving during these courses).
Forming Professional Competency of Education Managers in Central European Countries
Authors: Tovkanets Oksana 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The article deals with the problem of forming education managers’ professional competency in the context of European integration educational processes. The peculiarities of education managers’ competences as well as directions of their professional training in motivational, cognitive and metacognitive spheres have been theoretically justified. The performed analysis of curricula in higher education institutions of Central European countries has proved their use of the complex approach to forming professional competences of education managers. The author has revealed the peculiarities of education managers’ professional training while mastering accredited specialized courses in School Management in the Centre for Lifelong Education at Faculty of Education at Palacký University in Olomouc, the Czech Republic; a Bachelor’s degree in Education Specialization (School Management) at Charles University in Prague, the Czech Republic; in the context of the project launched by the European Social Fund (EFS) called “The Development of Education Managers’ Competences in Schools and Educational Institutions in the Hradec Králové Region – the Model of Professional Education”, the Czech Republic. It has been concluded that higher education institutions of Central European countries focus on the development of pedagogical and managerial competencies. It has been highlighted that the complication of training content and the modernization of disciplines will allow to form thinking and actions of education managers as comprehensively educated specialists able to successfully deal with professional tasks using their educational and intellectual potential.
Heterogenität von Mitgliederstrukturen als Herausforderung für Genossenschaften im Agribusiness
Authors: Höhler Julia 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The literature mostly considers the heterogeneity of cooperatives‘ member structure to be a drawback or risk of this organizational form. Structural change in agriculture, diversification and cooperatives‘ growth inevitably result in a more heterogeneous member structure of cooperatives in agribusiness. By the application of Lazear’s (1999) model to the heterogeneous composition of teams on cooperatives in agribusiness, this paper shows under which conditions a cooperative benefits from the heterogeneity of its members.
Stacking changes of KLi[Sb2(C4H2O6)2] homochiral layers mediated by interlayer solvent molecules
Authors: Wang Xiqu , Makarenko Tatyana , Jacobson Allan J. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
A new compound KLi[Sb2(C4H2O6)2]·4H2O, 1, was synthesized in single crystal form by slowly evaporating an aqueous solution of potassium antimony tartrate and lithium nitrate. The structure of 1 consists of homochiral layers of antimony tartrate dimers linked by LiO4 tetrahedra. The interlayer water molecules can be reversibly driven out by heating or exchanged by small alcohol molecules under ambient conditions, occurring via single-crystal to single-crystal transformations. To accommodate different interlayer molecules, the interlayer space is changed by adjusting the relative lateral shift of neighboring layers. A similar adjustment in the layer stacking also occurs in a structural phase transition caused by order-disorder transformation of the arrangement of interlayer methanol molecules at low temperature.
Congenital hyperinsulinism and Poland syndrome in association with 10p13–14 duplication
Authors: Giri Dinesh , Patil Prashant , Hart Rachel , Didi Mohammed , Senniappan Senthil 
Published: March 2017

Summary
Poland syndrome (PS) is a rare congenital condition, affecting 1 in 30 000 live births worldwide, characterised by a unilateral absence of the sternal head of the pectoralis major and ipsilateral symbrachydactyly occasionally associated with abnormalities of musculoskeletal structures. A baby girl, born at 40 weeks’ gestation with birth weight of 3.33 kg (−0.55 SDS) had typical phenotypical features of PS. She had recurrent hypoglycaemic episodes early in life requiring high concentration of glucose and glucagon infusion. The diagnosis of congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) was biochemically confirmed by inappropriately high plasma concentrations of insulin and C-peptide and low plasma free fatty acids and β-hydroxyl butyrate concentrations during hypoglycaemia. Sequencing of ABCC8, KCNJ11 and HNF4A did not show any pathogenic mutation. Microarray analysis revealed a novel duplication in the short arm of chromosome 10 at 10p13–14 region. This is the first reported case of CHI in association with PS and 10p duplication. We hypothesise that the HK1 located on the chromosome 10 encoding hexokinase-1 is possibly linked to the pathophysiology of CHI.

Learning points:

Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is known to be associated with various syndromes.

This is the first reported association of CHI and Poland syndrome (PS) with duplication in 10p13–14.

A potential underlying genetic link between 10p13–14 duplication, PS and CHI is a possibility.
Assessment of pesticide application quality with a manual sprayer in spinach
Authors: Sesquile Juan David , Castillo Bernardo 
Published: March 2017

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of three hollow cone nozzles (TeeJet® TX 800050 VK, TeeJet® TXA 8004 VK and TX-Royal Condor®) and one flat fan nozzle (TeeJet® XR 8004 VS) with two manual application techniques on a crop of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). In order to assess the quality ofthe application of pesticides, WSP (water sensitive paper) collectors and fluorescent tracer Tinopal® CBS-X were used. In one ofthe trials, percentage of tracer retained by the leaf surfaces was also determined. In this study, and based on the methodology of collectors, it was observed that the technique of applying two passes with the TX-Royal Condor® nozzle could be recommended for the application of pesticides with a hand-operated sprayer in the spinach crop. However, this was not corroborated by the fluorescent tracer technique.
The acute muscular response to two distinct blood flow restriction protocols
Authors: Dankel SJ , Buckner SL , Counts BR , Jessee MB , Mouser JG , Mattocks KT , Laurentino GC , Abe T , Loenneke JP 
Published: March 2017

The purpose of this study was to determine acute physiological and perceptual responses to two commonly implemented blood flow restriction protocols. Using a within-subject design, 15 participants (age ∼25) performed four sets of unilateral elbow flexion with each arm. One arm exercised using a 3-cm elastic cuff inflated to 160 mmHg, whereas the other arm exercised using a 5-cm nylon cuff inflated to 40% of the individual’s arterial occlusion pressure. While both protocols elicited increases in acute muscle thickness [pre: 4.5 (0.2) cm, post: 5.0 (0.2) cm; p < 0.001] and electromyography amplitude [first 3 reps: 55 (5) %MVC; last 3 reps: 87 (10) %MVC], there were no differences between conditions. Both protocols produced decreases in post-exercise strength (pre: 70 Nm, post: 51 Nm; p < 0.001) with no difference between conditions. The nylon protocol resulted in more repetitions during sets 2 [13 (2) vs. 9 (4); p = 0.001] and 3 [10 (2) vs. 7 (4); p = 0.05], while producing lower levels of discomfort following each set (average 3 vs. 4; p < 0.05). In conclusion, both protocols produced similar acute responses thought to be important for promoting muscle growth. However, the use of arbitrary pressures may place some individuals under complete arterial occlusion which may increase the potential risk of an adverse event.
Argumentos dos atores processuais nas causas jurídicas sobre saúde no Estado da Bahia, Brasil.
Authors: Barbosa Ramos Edith Maria 
Published: March 2017

Objetivos: trata o artigo da análise dos argumentos fáticos, principiológicos, econômicos, de gestão pública e processuais nas causas judicias sobre saúde no Estado da Bahia com o objetivo de conhecer os discursos proferidos nas causas sobre saúde do autor, do réu e do juiz. Método: levantamento das decisões judiciais no Tribunal de Justiça da Bahia e leitura das peças processuais correspondentes aos atores processuais selecionados: petição inicial, contestação e sentença nos anos de 2012 e 2013. Resultados: foram encontrados 6.339 processuais em 2012 e 1.149 petições iniciais em 2013. Foram validados 64 processos, com 8 demandas iniciadas e sentenciadas no ano de 2012 e 56 demandas iniciadas e sentenciadas no ano de 2013. Das 64 demandas validadas 62 não obtiveram apoio de qualquer tipo de associação e apenas 2 demandantes receberam apoio de associação. As principais prestações de saúde solicitadas foram: 11 aquisição de medicamentos; 11 exames e 10 vagas em leito de UTI , seguidas de 5 cirurgias; 5 aquisição de produtos de saúde e 5 tratamento de saúde. O argumento mais proeminente foi por questões de gestão. Conclusão: os argumentos mais frequentes foi o da má-gestão da política pública.