bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arthroscopic Reduction-Association of the Scapholunate with an Absorbable Screw
Authors: Ferrão Ana , Alves Sandra , Caetano Ruben , Teixeira Frederico , Jorge João 
Published: December 2017

Background The treatment of chronic scapholunate instability is yet a controversial topic. Arthroscopic reduction-association scapholunate technique is a minimally invasive option in which a stable pseudoarthrosis at the scapholunate joint is obtained, allowing some degree of movement while maintaining the normal alignment of the wrist. The purpose of this study was to review the results of arthroscopic reduction-association scapholunate with an absorbable screw.
Methods We retrospectively evaluated patients with dynamic or static, but reducible, chronic scapholunate instability who underwent arthroscopic reduction-association scapholunate between 2012 and 2015. An absorbable headless compression screw was used in the technique.
Results A total of 33 patients (21 males, 12 females) were included. Average follow-up time was 17 months. At final follow-up, the average postoperative Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score was 18 (range, 8–46). The average postoperative grip strength was 30 kg, 73% of the uninjured side. The average extension-palmar flexion arc was 112 degrees, 79% of the uninjured side. The scapholunate angle decreased from 70 degrees preoperatively to 52 degrees postoperatively. In the cases of static lesion, the scapholunate interval decreased from 4.1 mm preoperatively to 2.8 mm at final follow-up. One patient had a breakage of the screw at 4 months, four developed a complex regional pain syndrome, one had a prominence of the screw at the waist of the scaphoid, and four maintained symptoms of instability. From these 10 patients, 5 were submitted to revision surgery.
Conclusion The arthroscopic reduction-association technique is capable of maintaining the reduction of the scapholunate joint and of improving symptoms, while preserving range-of-motion. The use of an absorbable screw is an option in this technique, and may diminish screw-related complications.
Prevalence and Characteristics of Intracranial Hemorrhages in Neonates with Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy
Authors: Bashir Rani , Vayalthrikkovil Sakeer , Espinoza Liza , Irvine Leigh , Scott James , Mohammad Khorshid 
Published: December 2017

Introduction The risk factors of intracranial hemorrhages (ICH) in the context of neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and related interventions are unclear.
Objective This article examines the prevalence and risk factors associated with ICH in neonates with HIE.
Study Design This is a retrospective cohort study of neonates with HIE in Southern Alberta. ICH (subdural [SDH], subarachnoid [SAH], intraventricular [IVH], intraparenchymal [IPH]) were diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Perinatal and neonatal characteristics were examined. Relation of hemorrhages with hypoxic changes on MRI and HIE stages were assessed.
Results Number of HIE patients, n = 157; brain MRI was done in 138 infants; median gestation, 40 weeks; and cooled = 103 (66%). Prevalence of SDH, IPH, IVH, and SAH were 47, 22, 11, and 10 (34.1%, 15.9%, 7.8%, 7.2%), respectively. There was no significant increase in hemorrhage with mode of delivery, seizures, hypo/hypercarbia, severe thrombocytopenia, or deranged coagulation. All hemorrhages increased with higher HIE stage, regardless of the HIE severity in MRI. Adjusting for HIE staging, cooling, and gestation, IPH was observed more in infants who received inotropes (odds ratio [OR], 3.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20, 9.20).
Conclusion SDH followed by IPH were the most common ICH. Thrombocytopenia and deranged coagulation did not increase risk of hemorrhages in HIE. Our study was not powered to determine the impact of inotrope use on the risk of IPH.
Puestow Procedure for the Management of Pediatric Chronic Pancreatitis
Authors: Hodgman Erica , Megison Steve , Murphy Joseph 
Published: December 2017

Objective Recurrent pancreatitis significantly impacts childhood development and quality of life. Our goal was to evaluate the efficacy of the Puestow procedure.
Materials and Methods After obtaining the Institutional Review Board approval, we reviewed the charts of all patients who underwent lateral pancreaticojejunostomy from January 1999 to January 2014. Statistical analysis was performed using paired Student's t-test and Fisher's exact test as appropriate.
Results During the 15-year study period, 13 patients underwent a lateral pancreaticojejunostomy for chronic pancreatitis. The most common causes of pancreatitis were hereditary (n = 5) or obstructive (n = 5); pancreas divisum (n = 2), one iatrogenic stricture, one idiopathic stricture, and one unresectable pancreatic head mass); two patients had idiopathic disease, and one case was drug-induced. Six patients had failed management with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and pancreatic duct stenting. Preoperatively, the median body mass index (BMI) percentile-for-age was 61.0% (range 11.0–99.0%). Median age at operation was 12.8 years (range 7.7–16.7). There were no deaths, four patients developed postoperative ileus, and one patient developed an intra-abdominal abscess, which resolved with antibiotics. Median postoperative length of stay was 7 days (range 5–15).Two patients were lost to follow-up; median follow-up for the remaining 12 patients was 35.5 months (range 4.9–131.2). Four patients were readmitted within 90 days: three due to abdominal pain which were not recurrences of pancreatitis, and one due to complications of chemotherapy. Postoperatively, there was no change in the average BMI percentile-for-age (p = 0.64). Seven patients reported resolution or significant improvement in their abdominal pain symptoms at the time of last follow-up. Patients with obstructive causes of pancreatitis were not more likely to experience relief than those with nonobstructive causes (42.9 vs. 80.0%, p = 0.29).
Conclusion In our experience, lateral pancreaticojejunostomy results in durable improvement or resolution of abdominal pain symptoms in nearly 60% of patients with chronic pancreatitis regardless of etiology.
Single- and double-tunnel endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection for large superficial esophageal squamous cell neoplasms
Authors: Zhang Wengang , Zhai Yaqi , Chai Ningli , Linghu Enqiang , Li Huikai , Feng Xiuxue 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Background and study aim Single-tunnel endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection (ESTD) has shown promising preliminary efficacy for large superficial esophageal squamous cell neoplasms (SESCNs). This study reports the outcomes of both single- and double-tunnel ESTD for large SESCNs, and compares the efficiency of the two techniques for treating circumferential SESCNs.
Patients and methods 46 patients with large SESCNs underwent ESTD at a single hospital between October 2011 and March 2016. Relevant clinical data were retrospectively collected and analyzed.
Results For all patients, the en bloc and R0 resection rates were 95.7 % and 82.6 %, respectively. Perforation and cardiac mucosal laceration were detected in 2.2 % (1/46) and 6.5 % (3/46) of the procedures, respectively. Postoperative stenosis occurred in 12 patients (26.1 %). Of the 18 patients with circumferential lesions, those who received a double-tunnel ESTD procedure (n = 6) underwent dissection faster than those who had a single-tunnel ESTD procedure (n = 12) (0.32 vs. 0.12 cm2/min; P = 0.02).
Conclusion ESTD was effective for large SESCNs. The double-tunnel ESTD appeared to decrease operative time compared with single-tunnel ESTD for circumferential lesions.
Do We Need Plant Food Supplements? A Critical Examination of Quality, Safety, Efficacy, and Necessity for a New Regulatory Framework
Authors: Abdel-Tawab Mona 
Published: December 2017

AbstractGiven the expanding market of plant food supplements (PFSs) not undergoing any pre-marketing authorization, the overall quality, safety and efficacy of PFSs were subjected to a critical examination. Although many high-quality PFSs exist on the legal market, quality concerns are in general justified. Besides economic adulteration, active ingredients dramatically differing from label claims and among products were reported in several studies. In addition, PFSs sold via the Internet may be intentionally adulterated with undeclared prescription drugs. Compared to PFSs with only one single herb, PFSs containing herbal mixtures were more involved in moderate and severe clinical courses. Although prohibited by regulation, misleading labels on PFSs are common. Above all, only vague evidence for the efficacy of PFSs exists. Notwithstanding the unproven efficacy and insufficient safety assessment, PFSs represent a relevant source for consumers to get access to herbal preparations in the United States and meanwhile also in Europe, as launching of licensed/registered European herbal medicinal products (HMPs) has steadily decreased. However, being non-vitamin, non-mineral products, PFSs are neither food nor drugs. In terms of protecting public health and providing the consumer with high-quality, effective, and safe PFSs, possibilities are shown how to deal with the many challenges of PFSs. Last but not least, suggestions are made for assigning PFSs a separate regulatory category being less regulated compared to HMPs but more strictly regulated compared to food laws including implementation of good manufacturing practices and a scientific pre-marketing review process by an expert commission.
32.5.3.2 Enol Ethers (Update 2017)
Authors: Bartels F. , Zimmer R. , Christmann M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn this chapter, recent methods for the preparation and elaboration of enol ethers are summarized. In addition to updates on classical methods, recently developed metal-catalyzed procedures are presented. The relevance of these methods is also demonstrated in the context of natural product synthesis.
40.1.1.5.2.4 The Mannich Reaction (Update 2017)
Authors: Schneider C. , Sickert M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe Mannich reaction, one of the most fundamental C—C bond-forming reactions, is more than 100 years old and yet is still fascinating. This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 40.1.1.5.2) describing methods for the asymmetric synthesis of highly versatile β-amino carbonyl compounds and derivatives via Mannich reaction. This review predominantly focuses on recent developments in catalytic enantioselective and diastereoselective processes of direct, indirect, and vinylogous Mannich reactions using both metal-based catalysts as well as organocatalysts.
1.3.2 Domino Metathesis Reactions Involving Carbonyls
Authors: Renata H. , Engle K. M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis review describes different methods to perform net carbonyl–alkene metathesis. Reactions of this type generally involve domino transformations employing organometallic reagents. Different conditions and procedures are surveyed and strategic applications of carbonyl–alkene metathesis in the synthesis of natural products are highlighted.
1.4.1 Peroxy Radical Additions
Authors: Hu X. , Maimone T. J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn this chapter, radical addition reactions involving peroxy radical intermediates are reviewed. These transformations typically generate a carbon radical intermediate which then reacts with molecular oxygen forming a peroxy radical species. Following peroxy radical cyclization, various endoperoxide rings are constructed. Two major classes of reactions are discussed: (1) radical additions to alkenes and quenching with molecular oxygen, and (2) radical formation from the opening of cyclopropanes and incorporation of molecular oxygen. Various methods for radical initiation that are compatible with the presence of molecular oxygen are described.
1.5.1 Protic Acid/Base Induced Reactions
Authors: Adu-Ampratwum D. , Forsyth C. J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis chapter covers synthetic domino processes that are induced by protic acid or base. They are broadly classified into those that capitalize upon the release of oxirane ring strain under acidic or basic conditions, and carbocyclic ring expansions and contractions under protic acid or basic conditions. The focus here is upon single substrate, monocomponent domino processes, rather than multicomponent variants.
1.6.5 Cobalt and Other Metal Mediated Domino Reactions: The Pauson–Khand Reaction and Its Use in Natural Product Total Synthesis
Authors: Shi L. , Yang Z. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe Pauson–Khand reaction constitutes one of the most formidable additions to the repertoire of synthetically useful reactions. It rapidly affords a cyclopentenone skeleton from an alkene, an alkyne, and carbon monoxide, based on a domino sequence of bond constructions. In this chapter, the prowess of the Pauson–Khand reaction is illustrated by judicious selection of complex target molecules, the total syntheses of which are cleverly orchestrated by the key Pauson–Khand reaction sequence. Emphasis is placed on cobalt-mediated processes to exemplify the applicability of this classical reaction.
3 Metal-Catalyzed Oxidation of Alkanes To Give Esters or Amines
Authors: Caballero A. , Díaz-Requejo M. M. , Pérez P. J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe modification of relatively unreactive alkanes of general formula CnH2n+2, as well as of cycloalkanes CnH2n, by oxidation of C—H bonds in a catalytic manner is reviewed, focusing on their direct conversions into esters or amines upon incorporation of carbene or nitrene fragments, respectively.
5.1 Epoxidation of Alkenes
Authors: Berkessel A. , Engler H. , Leuther T. M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe Sharpless, Jacobsen/Katsuki, and Shi epoxidations are frequently applied in the asymmetric epoxidation of relatively electron-rich alkenes. The development and application of these “classics” has been reviewed numerous times. This chapter covers recent advances in the field, e.g. with regard to the extension of asymmetric epoxidation catalysis to hitherto problematic substrate classes, such as non-conjugated terminal alkenes, or homo- and bis-homoallylic alcohols. At the same time, hydrogen peroxide continues to receive increasing attention as an environmentally friendly and economically attractive terminal oxidant. Examples of efficient organocatalytic epoxidation processes are summarized as well. For electron-poor alkenes, e.g. those carrying carbonyl, nitrile, or sulfone acceptor groups, quite remarkable progress has recently been made both in metal and organocatalysis, and the chapter also includes details of methods and protocols in this area.
5.2 Dioxygenation of Alkenes
Authors: Martínez C. , Muñiz K. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA plethora of natural products exist that contain characteristic vicinal 1,2-diols in their scaffolds. The alkene dihydroxylation methodology developed by Sharpless continues to be the most robust and general method to obtain this important motif. However, the main problem with this transformation is the use of osmium as the catalyst and, since the 1990s, various methods have been developed that employ alternative transition metals. In this chapter, the most important protocols for the racemic and enantioselective dioxygenation of alkenes mediated by metals are summarized, together with recently developed methods that employ chiral nonracemic hypervalent iodine(III) reagents.
6 Sulfinyl- and Sulfonyl-Containing Directing Groups in C—H Oxidation of Arenes
Authors: Gómez-Arrayas R. , Rodríguez N. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAlthough sulfur-containing directing groups, such as sulfoxides or sulfones, have only recently been employed as directing groups in C—H functionalization reactions, they have proved to be powerful tools for assisting metallacycle formation to ensure regiocontrol in a wide variety of transformations. Furthermore, the chemical versatility associated with these groups not only allows for their facile and high-yielding removal, but also provides an additional handle for the diversification of the resulting products.
8.1 Recent Developments in Catalytic Alcohol Oxidation Using Nitroxyl Radicals
Authors: Dornan L. M. , Hughes N. L. , Muldoon M. J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis chapter describes the use of nitroxyl radicals as catalysts for the oxidation of alcohols, with a focus on recent developments in this area. Stable nitroxyl radicals can be used with a variety of different terminal oxidants and the methods discussed have a much greater substrate scope compared to precious-metal catalysts. The methods are readily accessible for small-scale applications as they use commercially available reagents and do not require high pressures or temperatures. This review not only describes the selective oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids, but also reactions where alcohol oxidation is a key step, such as the oxidative synthesis of nitriles, imines, and amides.
1.2 Partial Reduction of Polyenes
Authors: Zaccheria F. , Ravasio N. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe selective hydrogenation of polyenes represents an important transformation in organic synthesis and requires a proper design and choice of the catalyst used for C=C bond hydrogenation, as well as careful tuning of the reaction conditions. This chapter illustrates some selected examples of partial reduction of polyenes via both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, including hydrogenation of terpenes, cyclic dienes, and vegetable oils, to obtain products and intermediates useful for the chemical industry.
1.9 Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Nahra F. , Cazin C. S. J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCarbon dioxide is an economical, safe, and renewable C1 source. This attractive C1 building block is mainly used in the synthesis of organic chemicals, materials, and carbohydrates. As a feedstock to produce chemicals and fuel derivatives, carbon dioxide utilization will most certainly become an important tool in the quest for more sustainable chemistry. The atom-economical hydrogenation of carbon dioxide using dihydrogen offers a unique opportunity to achieve that goal. The main products of carbon dioxide hydrogenation or reduction fall into two categories: fuels and chemicals. The main topics discussed in this chapter are the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to formic acid, methanol, and methane, as well as the reductive methylation of amines and C—H bonds. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic metal systems are reviewed herein.
1.10 Reduction of Peroxo Compounds, Ozonides, and Molozonides
Authors: Poechlauer P. , Zimmermann A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractResearch in the field of heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of peroxo compounds, ozonides, and molozonides has delivered results in a diverse range of fields of organic chemistry. It has revealed details of the reaction mechanisms that take place at the catalyst surface, and has enabled further understanding of the factors governing the chemoselectivity of various catalysts. Apart from enabling yield increases in single transformations, this has also opened up opportunities to apply the introduction and subsequent hydrogenation of peroxo moieties in multistep syntheses of complex molecules. The facile introduction of the peroxide moiety via very different reactions at positions otherwise difficult to access, and its subsequent transformation in the presence of other functional groups, has allowed the design of concise synthetic pathways to complex molecules, including pharmaceuticals and natural products.
The expression of mirativity through aspectual constructions
Authors: De Wit Astrid 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWhile some languages appear to have dedicated mirative constructions, others convey mirative meanings through originally “non-mirative categories which acquire mirative meanings in a given context” (Aikhenvald, 2012, p. 462). Such mirative extensions of existing constructions have been observed and analyzed at length for evidentials, yet this paper demonstrates that mirative meanings can also be conveyed through certain aspectual constructions, specifically those that select event verbs. A detailed discussion of various aspectual constructions in diverging languages shows that progressive, perfect and perfective aspect markers often prompt mirative interpretations of surprise, novelty or incongruity. I claim that these mirative features are a consequence of the intrinsic association of these aspectual constructions with event verbs and the ‘phenomenal’ situations they refer to, i.e., situations that are susceptible to change. Such phenomenal situations lend themselves more naturally to mirative readings, as their occurrence and development at a certain point in time cannot be fully predicted.
Originalidad léxica del español americano
Authors: Cáceres-Lorenzo M. Teresa 
Published: December 2017

AbstractoLa originalidad del localismo dialectal en los diccionarios proporciona información sobre la selección léxica de las distintas comunidades de hispanohablantes. En este estudio se ha diseñado una investigación para medir el grado de originalidad léxica en América, según las marcas diatópicas que aparecen en elDiccionario de Americanismos(DA). Las variables analizadas que inciden sobre la originalidad, son el número total de términos, lexías exclusivas, número de hispanohablantes y esfuerzo recolector. El material seleccionado ha sido la ictionimia vernácula registrada en elDA. Nuestra indagación, de naturaleza cuantitativa, nos ofrece evidentes diferencias entre regiones, como es el alto índice de originalidad de Puerto Rico frente al de Uruguay. Las conclusiones que aportamos quieren ser una contribución a la definición y clasificación del dialectalismo desde el análisis diatópico.
La Suède, un modèle littéraire en voie d’autonomie ?
Authors: Cedegren Mickaëlle , Lindberg Ylva 
Published: December 2017

RésuméThis study offers an in-depth analysis of the reception in the Swedish daily press (2010–2014) of three Francophone authors: Crowther, Taïa, and Thúy. Through a new approach combining concepts like consecrational transfers (Casanova), cultural transfer (Espagne), and ideologic functions (Moura), the analysis reveals Sweden’s efforts to become a consecrating pole. Firstly, while stressing the “difference” as a principal feature of the commented literature, Sweden tries to foreground its own national project to jointly promote diversity, migrancy and cohesion. Secondly, comparing the Francophone literature with its own, Swedish critics manage to consecrate literature from another dominated country. Finally, comparisons with more international references leave space for self-consecration and access to a more dominant position on the market. Thus, the transmitted literature is less at stake than the receiving country’s own image.