bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A in Aesthetics: Key Clinical Postulates
Authors: Nestor Mark S. , Kleinfelder Raymond E. , Pickett Andy 
Published: November 2017

BACKGROUND
The most common aesthetic procedure performed worldwide is the injection of botulinum neurotoxin Type A (BoNT-A). Aesthetic providers must fully comprehend the objective scientific data, theoretical mechanisms of action, and differences between brands of BoNT-A.

OBJECTIVE
To determine and review the relevant clinical postulates for the use of botulinum toxin in aesthetics.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The BoNT-A clinical postulates presented here discuss how each brand of BoNT-A acts identically, how the molecular potency may vary between the different products, how patient age, gender, genetics, and muscle mass cause variation in toxin receptor number and density, and how both practitioner and patient can affect toxin distribution.

RESULTS
A total of 8 clinical postulates have been identified that are key to understanding the use of botulinum toxin in aesthetics and to obtaining the best clinical results.

CONCLUSION
All of these factors affect the potential efficacy of the injected toxin and hence the aesthetic results obtained.
Non-BRCA1/2 Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes: A New Frontier with Clinical Consequences for Plastic Surgeons
Authors: Frey Jordan D. , Salibian Ara A. , Schnabel Freya R. , Choi Mihye , Karp Nolan S. 
Published: November 2017

Summary:
Twenty percent of breast cancer cases may be related to a genetic mutation conferring an increased risk of malignancy. The most common and prominent breast cancer susceptibility genes are BRCA1 and BRCA2, found in nearly 40% of such cases. However, continued interest and investigation of cancer genetics has led to the identification of a myriad of different breast cancer susceptibility genes. Additional genes, each with unique significance and associated characteristics, continue to be recognized. Concurrently, advanced genetic testing, while still controversial, has become more accessible and cost-effective. As oncologic and reconstructive advances continue to be made in prophylactic breast reconstructive surgery, patients may present to plastic surgeons with an increasingly more diverse array of genetic diagnoses to discuss breast reconstruction. It is therefore imperative that plastic surgeons be familiar with these breast cancer susceptibility genes and their clinical implications. We, therefore, aim to review the most common non-BRCA1/2 breast cancer susceptibility genetic mutations in an effort to assist plastic surgeons in counseling and managing this unique patient population. Included in this review are syndromic breast cancer susceptibility genes such as TP53, PTEN, CDH1, and STK11, among others. Nonsyndromic breast cancer susceptibility genes herein reviewed include PALB2, CHEK2, and ataxia telangiectasia mutated gene. With this knowledge, plastic surgeons can play a central role in the diagnosis and comprehensive treatment, including successful breast reconstruction, of all patients carrying genetic mutations conferring increased risk for breast malignancies.
The Boomerang-shaped Pectoralis Major Musculocutaneous Flap for Reconstruction of Circular Defect of Cervical Skin
Authors: Azuma Shuchi , Arikawa Masaki , Miyamoto Shimpei 
Published: November 2017

Summary:
We report on a patient with a recurrence of oral cancer involving a cervical lymph node. The patient’s postexcision cervical skin defect was nearly circular in shape, and the size was about 12 cm in diameter. The defect was successfully reconstructed with a boomerang-shaped pectoralis major musculocutaneous flap whose skin paddle included multiple intercostal perforators of the internal mammary vessels. This flap design is effective for reconstructing an extensive neck skin defect and enables primary closure of the donor site with minimal deformity.
PARACENTRAL ACUTE MIDDLE MACULOPATHY IN PRIMARY CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA
Authors: Aribas Yavuz K. , Aktas Zeynep , Bayrakceken Kemal , Atalay Tuba , Ozdek Sengul 
Published: November 2017

Purpose:
To report a case of primary congenital glaucoma associated with paracentral acute middle maculopathy.

Methods:
A case report.

Results:
A 14-year-old girl with undiagnosed primary congenital glaucoma was referred for the evaluation of sudden vision loss a week after the initial symptoms. Visual acuity was counting fingers at 2 m in the right eye. Examination of her right eye revealed corneal stromal scar like Haab striae, splinter hemorrhage at the temporal border of the optic disk, perivenular hemorrhage, and fern-like white area at the macula. On optical coherence tomography of the right eye, hyperreflective plaques at the level of the inner nuclear layer/outer plexiform layer were present, corresponding to the opaque areas in fundoscopy. On optical coherence tomography angiography of the right eye, ischemic areas in deep capillary plexuses were present. These findings in optical coherence tomography angiography and optical coherence tomography were consistent with paracentral acute middle maculopathy.

Conclusion:
This is the first case of primary congenital glaucoma associated with paracentral acute middle maculopathy in the literature, and primary congenital glaucoma might be a predisposing factor.
CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS PANOPHTHALMITIS AFTER INTRAVITREAL ANTI–VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR INJECTION
Authors: Kancherla Swarupa , Ross Ahmara , Stefko Susan T. , Martel Joseph N. 
Published: November 2017

Purpose:
This report describes a fulminant infection with Clostridium perfringens after an intravitreal anti–vascular endothelial growth factor injection.

Methods:
This is a retrospective case review.

Results:
Our patient's rapid infection eventually led to enucleation, despite broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy.

Conclusion:
Reporting rare causes and common clinical findings of C. perfringens ocular infection may lead to earlier detection and intervention.
BULL'S EYE MACULOPATHY WITH MUTATIONS IN RDS/PRPH2 AND ROM-1
Authors: Essilfie Juliet O. , Sanfilippo Christian J. , Sarraf David 
Published: November 2017

Purpose:
To report a case of bull's eye maculopathy associated with mutations in RDS/PRPH2 and ROM-1 genes.

Methods:
We present a case report of a patient with a characteristic maculopathy and describe the multimodal retinal imaging findings including spectral domain optical coherence tomography and fundus autofluorescence and full-field electrophysiology. The results of genetic testing are also reported.

Results:
A 60-year-old woman presented with decreased vision and a remarkable bull's eye maculopathy with retinal examination. Fundus autofluorescence illustrated a striking pattern of speckled hyperautofluorescence and hypoautofluorescence that highlighted the bull's eye maculopathy in each eye and guided genetic testing, which confirmed a mutation of the RDS/PRPH2 gene and a novel mutation of the ROM-1 gene.

Conclusion:
Multimodal imaging including fundus autofluorescence may guide genetic testing in patients with a characteristic maculopathy. RDS/PRPH2 genetic mutation can be associated with a bull's eye maculopathy with a signature fundus autofluorescence presentation.
Can early oral prolonged-release oxycodone with or without naloxone reduce the duration of epidural analgesia after cystectomy? A 3-arm, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Schneider Marc P. , Löffel Lukas M. , Furrer Marc A. , Burkhard Fiona C. , Kleeb Bettina , Curatolo Michele , Wuethrich Patrick Y. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) enhances recovery after bowel surgery. Early postoperative prolonged-release oral formulation of oxycodone or oxycodone/naloxone is potentially useful as a second analgesic step to reduce the duration of TEA. We hypothesized that oxycodone would decrease the duration of TEA and combined with naloxone preserve gastrointestinal function. Ninety patients undergoing open cystectomy and urinary diversion were enrolled in this randomized double-blind, three-arm, parallel-group, placebo-controlled single-center trial between September 2015 and February 2017. Exclusion criteria were known allergy to oxycodone/naloxone, pulmonary diseases, hepatopathy, and analgesics nonnaïve patients. From postoperative day 3, patients received batches with oxycodone, oxycodone/naloxone, or placebo every 12 hours (n = 30 in each arm). Reduction of the epidural drug infusion rate was attempted with the goal to maintain a pain intensity <3 at rest and <5 (numeric rating score) at mobilization during 6 hours. Primary endpoint was duration of TEA and secondary endpoint return of gastrointestinal function. The median duration of TEA did not differ between patients treated with oxycodone/naloxone (6.7 [range 3.1-10.3] days), oxycodone (7.0 [3.0-9.1]), or placebo (6.4 [3.1-8.4]); P = 0.88. Time to the first defecation was prolonged in the oxycodone group compared to the placebo group (difference 22.48 hours ±8.95; P = 0.037). In the oxycodone group, we found 8/30 patients with ileus (27%) compared to 2/28 (7%) in the oxycodone/naloxone group and to 2/30 (7%) in the placebo group; (P = 0.031). Oxycodone, with or without naloxone, did not reduce the duration of TEA. Oxycodone alone led to a delayed return of bowel function, whereas the combination was not different from placebo.
Hypoglycemia and Sudden Death During Treatment With Methadone for Opiate Detoxification
Authors: Plescia Christopher J. , Manu Peter 
Published: November 2017

Clinical Features:
We present a case of a middle-aged man admitted to an inpatient detoxification facility for withdrawal of intranasal heroin, alprazolam, and ethanol. The patient was placed on methadone and chlordiazepoxide tapers. Ondansetron and trazodone were prescribed as needed for symptom control. On the third hospital day, the patient was found unresponsive with blood glucose of 40 mg/dL. He had no history of glucose dysregulation. The patient was pronounced dead shortly thereafter. Methadone overdose was ruled the cause of death.

Therapeutic Challenges:
There have been studies linking methadone with glucose dysregulation. Hypoglycemia can induce changes in the electrical system in the heart, including lengthening QT interval, lengthening repolarization, and causing ST wave changes. In addition, there have been studies linking methadone treatment to QT interval prolongation and torsade de pointes. Ondansetron and trazodone have both been associated with cardiac conduction abnormalities.

Solution:
We recommend initial blood glucose and cardiac monitoring in patients taking methadone 40 mg daily or higher.
Cutaneous Metastases of the Glioma
Authors: Chang Hao , Ding Yasuo , Wang Peng , Wang Qing , Lin Yuchang , Li Bing 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Low grade glioma (LGG) is a very common primary brain neoplasm with a very good prognosis and the median survival of patients is approximately 8 years. With the development of current treatments such as surgery resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the recurrence rate and the distant metastasis rate of LGGs are largely decreased. Extracranial metastases are seldom happened. However, the authors present a pathologically proven patient with scalp metastasis, which was metastasized from LGG occurring site to the surgical scar 8 months following initial craniotomy and chemotherapy. The histopathologic examination of the primary site and the recurrent under the scalp are exactly similar. This grade of glioma was increased along with cutaneous metastases. A discussion of a series of the extracranial metastases of the glioma, especially for the surgical considerations, is also provided advice for the cutaneous metastases of the glioma.
Decrease of Sphincter Preserving Length Lowers the Postoperative Genital Function for Patients With Rectal Cancer
Authors: Liu Zhihua , Kang Liang , Huang Meijin , Li Chao , Tong Chao , Zhang Xingwei , Luo Yanxin , Wang Lei , Wu Xiaojian , Lan Ping , Cui Ji , Wang Jianping 
Published: November 2017

Background and Objective:
With the increase in sphincter preserving rate of rectal cancer (RC) cancer, postoperative quality-of-life, such as genital dysfunction, has become a major issue in the patient management. In this study, we proposed a measurement, namely, the sphincter preserving length (SPL), and investigated the relationship between SPL and postoperative genital function and survival in RC patients.

Methods:
A total of 536 male patients who had a diagnosis of RC and underwent sphincter preserving rectal resection in the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University and the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University between October 1997 and December 2013 were included in our study. SPL was defined as the distance between the lowest edge of the tumor to dentate line. Postoperative genital function was evaluated by erection function and ejaculation function. Five-year survival status was extracted from the hospital database.

Results:
Larger SPL was significantly associated with poorer postoperative erection and ejaculation function. For a SPL of 7.25 cm, the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of erection dysfunction was 68.6% and 68.8%, respectively. The corresponding sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of ejaculation dysfunction was 70.9% and 75.7%, respectively. SPL was also negatively associated with survival rate. Compared with lower anterior resection, patients with lower RC who underwent local resection or draw-out colon-anal anastomosis had better postoperative genital function.

Conclusions:
SPL might be a useful measurement to assess the risk of postoperative genital dysfunction and survival status and an indicator for initiation of early preventative treatment in patients with RC.
Mapping neurons and brain regions underlying sensorimotor decisions and sequences inDrosophila
Authors: Jovanic Tihana , Masson Jean-Baptiste , Truman James William , Zlatic Marta 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTNervous systems across the animal kingdom have the ability to select appropriate actions and sequences of actions in response to sensory cues. The circuit mechanisms by which nervous systems achieve choice, stability and transitions between behaviors are still incompletely understood. To identify neurons and brain areas involved in controlling these processes, we developed an approach where we combined a large-scale neuronal inactivation screen with an automated action detection of sensorimotor decisions and sequences in response to a sensory cue inDrosophilalarva. We analyzed behaviors from 2.9×105larvae and identified 51 candidate lines for sensory processing and 24 candidate lines for competitive interactions between actions during sensorimotor decisions. We also detected phenotype categories for sequence transitions consistent with a model of sequence generation where transitions and reversals are independently controlled. These findings provide the basis for understanding how sensorimotor decisions and sequence transition are controlled by the nervous system
Genome-wide polygenic score to identify a monogenic risk-equivalent for coronary disease
Authors: Khera Amit V. , Chaffin Mark , Aragam Krishna G. , Emdin Connor A. , Klarin Derek , Haas Mary E. , Roselli Carolina , Natarajan Pradeep , Kathiresan Sekar 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIdentification of individuals at increased genetic risk for a complex disorder such as coronary disease can facilitate treatments or enhanced screening strategies. A rare monogenic mutation associated with increased cholesterol is present in ~1:250 carriers and confers an up to 4-fold increase in coronary risk when compared with non-carriers. Although individual common polymorphisms have modest predictive capacity, their cumulative impact can be aggregated into a polygenic score. Here, we develop a new, genome-wide polygenic score that aggregates information from 6.6 million common polymorphisms and show that this score can similarly identify individuals with a 4-fold increased risk for coronary disease. In >400,000 participants from UK Biobank, the score conforms to a normal distribution and those in the top 2.5% of the distribution are at 4-fold increased risk compared to the remaining 97.5%. Similar patterns are observed with genome-wide polygenic scores for two additional diseases – breast cancer and severe obesity.One Sentence SummaryA genome-wide polygenic score identifies 2.5% of the population born with a 4-fold increased risk for coronary artery disease.
Current CRISPR gene drive systems are likely to be highly invasive in wild populations
Authors: Noble Charleston , Adlam Ben , Church George M. , Esvelt Kevin M. , Nowak Martin A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractRecent reports have suggested that CRISPR-based gene drives are unlikely to invade wild populations due to drive-resistant alleles that prevent cutting. Here we develop mathematical models based on existing empirical data to explicitly test this assumption. We show that although resistance prevents drive systems from spreading to fixation in large populations, even the least effective systems reported to date are highly invasive. Releasing a small number of organisms often causes invasion of the local population, followed by invasion of additional populations connected by very low gene flow rates. Examining the effects of mitigating factors including standing variation, inbreeding, and family size revealed that none of these prevent invasion in realistic scenarios. Highly effective drive systems are predicted to be even more invasive. Contrary to the National Academies report on gene drive, our results suggest that standard drive systems should not be developed nor field-tested in regions harboring the host organism.
Quantitative imaging of chromatin decompaction in living cells
Authors: Dultz Elisa , Mancini Roberta , Polles Guido , Vallotton Pascal , Alber Frank , Weis Karsten 
Published: November 2017

AbstractChromatin organization is highly dynamic and regulates transcription. Upon transcriptional activation, chromatin is remodeled and referred to as “open”, but quantitative and dynamic data of this decompaction process are lacking. Here, we have developed a quantitative high-resolution microscopy assay in living yeast cells to visualize and quantify chromatin dynamics using the GAL7-10-1 locus as a model system. Upon transcriptional activation of these three clustered genes, we detect an increase of the mean distance across this locus by >100 nm. This decompaction is linked to active transcription but is not sensitive to the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A or to deletion of the histone acetyl transferase Gcn5. By contrast, the deletion of SNF2 (encoding the ATPase of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex) or the deactivation of the histone chaperone complex FACT lead to a strongly reduced decompaction without significant effects on transcriptional induction. Our findings are consistent with nucleosome remodeling and eviction activities being major contributors to chromatin reorganization during transcription but also suggest that transcription can occur in the absence of detectable decompaction.
Method to estimate the approximate samples size that yield a certain number of significant GWAS signals in polygenic traits
Authors: Bacanu Silviu-Alin , Kendler Kenneth S. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractTo argue for increased sample collection for disorders without significant findings, researchers retorted to plotting, for multiple traits, the number of significant findings as a function of the sample size. However, for polygenic traits, the prevalence of the disorder confounds the relationship between the number of significant findings and the sample size. To adjust the number of significant findings for prevalence, we develop a method that uses the expected noncentrality of the contrast between liabilities of cases and controls. We empirically find that, when compared to the sample size, this measure is a better predictor of number of significant findings. Even more, we show that the sample size effect on the number of signals is explained by the noncetrality measure. Finally, we provide an R script to estimate the required sample size (non-centrality) needed to yield a pre-specified number of significant findings.
Metaproteomics of colonic microbiota unveils discrete protein functions among colitic mice and control groups
Authors: Moon Clara , Stupp Gregory S. , Su Andrew I. , Wolan Dennis W. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMetaproteomics can greatly assist established high-throughput sequencing methodologies to provide systems biological insights into the alterations of microbial protein functionalities correlated with disease-associated dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota. Here, we utilized the well-characterized murine T cell transfer model of colitis to find specific changes within the intestinal luminal proteome associated with inflammation. MS proteomic analysis of colonic samples permitted the identification of ∽10,000-12,000 unique peptides that corresponded to 5,610 protein clusters identified across three groups, including the coliticRag1-/-T cell recipients, isogenicRag1-/-controls, and wild-type mice. We demonstrate that the colitic mice exhibited a significant increase inProteobacteriaandVerrucomicrobiaand show that such alterations in the microbial communities contributed to the enrichment of specific proteins with transcription and translation gene ontology terms. In combination with 16S sequencing, our metaproteomics-based microbiome studies provide a foundation for assessing alterations in intestinal luminal protein functionalities in a robust and well-characterized mouse model of colitis, and set the stage for future studies to further explore the functional mechanisms of altered protein functionalities associated with dysbiosis and inflammation.Statement of significance of the studyThe commensal gut microbiota is essential to maintaining health and has a primary role in digestion/metabolism, homeostasis, and protection from pathogenic bacteria. High-throughput sequencing has establishedBacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria,andActinobacteriaas the four major bacterial phyla that comprise the ecological makeup of the intestinal microbiota. However, the tremendous inter-/intra-variability in microbial composition across individuals, as well as along the length of the intestinal tract has made it difficult to definitively ascertain specific bacterial species associated with health or as drivers of disease states, including inflammatory bowel disease. In this study, we expanded upon the current metaproteomics techniques and use the robust and highly reproducible murine T cell transfer model of colitis as well as a comprehensive database of mouse, human, plant, and all microbial genomes sequenced to date to elucidate alterations in both host and gut microbial proteins associated with intestinal inflammation. Our results show that host genetics, gut microbiota, and inflammation have tremendous influences on the intestinal luminal proteomic landscape.