bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large Scale Dispersant Stockpiles – Product Selection Considerations and Inventory Management
Authors: Miller Jessica , Varghese Geeva , Holland Rob , Coolbaugh Tom 
Published: December 2017

Dispersant use can be a critical component of an effective response to larger offshore oil spills. When used appropriately, dispersants can reduce the potential for long term environmental damage by preventing oil slicks from entering sensitive near shore environments or stranding on shorelines. Preparedness is essential for successful dispersant application – product selection and inventory management are critical elements for ensuring global dispersant stockpiles are response ready.
Product Selection: A number of factors need to be carefully considered while selecting specific dispersants, especially in the case of large scale response-related inventories. These include:
Breadth of Approvals: The existing global landscape of dispersant approvals is varied and needs to be understood in order to support international response readiness.
Availability/Diversity of data demonstrating effectiveness: It is important to have credible data relating to effectiveness on a wide diversity of oils (light to heavy, crudes to refined products) and how performance may be affected as oils weather. Performance data should be available that show how well products work at different temperatures and different dispersant to oil ratios. In general, it is important to ensure that selected products have the broadest applicability for the variety of circumstances that may arise.
Availability/Diversity of data on responder safety and potential toxicity to marine life: It is important to have as much credible data as possible with respect to any health concerns for response personnel and/or toxicity concerns regarding marine life. Availability of this information from reliable sources, e.g., peer reviewed journals and publications, is needed for regulatory approval and support of dispersant use decisions.
Stockpile Maintenance: A robust maintenance program is required to ensure the structural integrity and chemical quality/effectiveness of dispersant stockpiles.
Visual Inspection: Aligned with routine equipment maintenance programs, visual inspection focuses on storage conditions, identification labeling, container defects/damage, leaks and changes to colour and clarity over time.
Effectiveness Testing: A simple and repeatable sampling and chemical analysis protocol for dispersant effectiveness is necessary.
Two global Oil Spill Response Organizations (OSROs) with large scale dispersant stockpiles (i.e. Tier III Inventories) have collaboratively developed a large scale dispersant inventory management regime in consultation with the Oil and Gas Industry. This paper will describe the development and implementation of the regime and highlight some of the challenges including dispersant shelf-life, validity of testing data and regulatory approval.
Biodegradation of hydrocarbon by marine-derived fungi isolated from oil-contaminated beach and mangrove soil in Western Visayas, Philippines
Authors: Sadaba Resurreccion B. , Niego Allen Grace T. 
Published: December 2017

Napocor Power Barge 103 was dislodged from its moorings and then slammed onto the rocky shoreline of Barangay Botongon when Typhoon Yolanda made a landfall in northern Iloilo on November 8, 2013. The oil spilled contaminated about a kilometre of Estancia's coastline and partly that of neighbouring town of Batad in Northern Iloilo, Western Visayas, Philippines. The present study aimed to isolate and evaluate hydrocarbon-degrading (singly or in combination) abillities of indigenous fungal flora from oil contaminated beach and mangrove soils in these areas.
Results showed a total of twenty genera of marine-derived fungi were isolated. These genera included Acremonium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Monilia, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Verticillium and Yeast. Among the species, Aspergillus fumigatus obtained the highest frequency of occurrence (43.06%). Penicillium sp1 (EB331) got the highest value for individual category on TPH (64.70%) and PAH (43.42%) degradation. The consortium of Aspergillus fumigatus and Paecilomyces sp1, A+D obtained the highest values of 69.38% and 66.59% on the degradation of TPH and PAH with the increased efficacy of 13.61% and 42.41% on two species consortia. Moreover, the consortium composed of Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus cf. repens and Paecilomyces sp1, A+B+D also were the best degraders of TPH and PAH with the values of 67.87% and 66.95% and increased efficacy of . 13.33% and 47.10%, respectively.Aspergillus cf. repens (BB231) got the highest value (81.98%) on the degradation of alkanes. The consortium of Aspergillus fumigatus and A. niger, A+C were the best alkane degraders at 77.93%with increased efficacy of 8.0%. Finally, the consortium of Aspergillus niger, Paeclomyces sp1 and Penicillium sp1, C+D+E recorded the highest value at 76.99% on the degradation of total alkanes with increased efficacy of 2.20%. This study has demonstrated the hydrocarbon-biodegradtion potential of tropical fungi isolated from oil contaminated habitats useful for future bioremediation activities.
LONG TERM ICE EXPOSURE STUDIES FOR ENHANCING ARCTIC NEBA SCIENCE BASE
Authors:   Arctic Oil Spill Response Technology JIP
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT #2017-097
The Arctic Oil Spill Response Technology - Joint Industry Programme has the goal to advance arctic oil spill response strategies and equipment as well as to increase understanding of potential impacts of oil on the Arctic marine environment. In 2013 a comprehensive review of investigations into environmental consequences of spilled oil and oil spill response technologies in the Arctic marine environment was performed by a multi-disciplinary team of experts. This review indicated that there is a significant science base for oil spill response decision-making in the Arctic already available and also listed recommendations for studies to enhance the science-base for Arctic Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA). To follow up on the reviews’ recommendations a unique long-term mesocosm experiment was executed to improve the scientific knowledge of the fate and biodegradation of oil and oil spill response residues in ice, as well as the environmental effects to ice associated ecology. Eight mesocosms were installed in the sea ice of the Van Mijenfjorden in Svea, Svalbard, Norway in February 2015 and remained in place until July 2015.
The study was designed to monitor the long term fate, behaviour, persistence and biodegradation of the oil in ice together with the impact on the microbial communities, following different response scenarios. Additionally, under-ice phyto- and zooplankton communities were sampled and monitored for effects. The same exposures were replicated in the laboratory to measure the sensitivity and resilience of the polar cod. Over the five month period that the mesocosm experiment lasted, the following parameters were studied within the water column, through the ice layer and within the water-ice interface:Chemical composition of the oilBacterial populations and oil degrading microorganismsMicrobial activity and biodegradation activityZooplankton - survival, feeding and reproduction (under ice)Ice algae primary production
Results from the studies and additional modelling activities have improved our understanding of what happens to oil once frozen into ice, how microbiology is reacting to oil in ice and what the exposure potential is of the ecology associated with the ice. This information enhances the NEBA science base and helps the response community in selecting a combination of response strategies that minimises the effects to people and the environment.
International Ice Services’ Planning for an Arctic Oil Spill Response
Authors: McGrath CDR Gabrielle G. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT 2017-382
Formed in 1999, the International Ice Charting Working Group (IICWG) is a consortium of the ice services from all over the world. The operational ice services representing nations from both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, including all eight Arctic Council nations, come together with a common goal of promoting cooperation between the world’s ice centers on all matters concerning sea ice and icebergs. In 2013, the IICWG began to focus on how the ice services can support an emergency response in ice-laden waters. This focus was on providing current and forecasted information on sea ice and iceberg conditions in the area of the incident as well as for the shipping routes approaching the area. With rapidly changing sea ice, ice information would be critical to planning an effective response. The IICWG formed a partnership with the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Limited (ITOPF) and Oil Spill Response Limited (OSRL) in 2015 to expand the awareness of the ice services and their capabilities to the oil companies and oil spill removal organizations. In 2016, the IICWG conducted an unannounced emergency notification exercise to validate the contact information for each of the ice services. In an effort to ensure responders would be able to access the most accurate contact information, IICWG published this ice services’ contact list worldwide in classification society periodicals. The preparations of these nations culminated in a Tabletop Exercise at the group’s annual meeting in October 2016 in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The exercise scenario involved a major oil spill response in ice-infested waters with participants from the ice services, maritime users, satellite data providers, and OSRL. The lessons learned from this exercise will prepare all of the ice services for a coordinated oil spill response. The IICWG also collaborated with the Arctic Council Emergency Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Working Group for future exercises and planning.
A Comprehensive System for Simulating Oil Spill Trajectory and Behaviour in Subsurface and Surface Water Environments
Authors: Li Pu , Niu Haibo , Li Shihan , Fernandes Rodrigo , Neves Ramiro 
Published: December 2017

Abstract 2017-184:
Accidental release of pollutants such as offshore oil spills can cause significant negative impacts on the environment and socio-economy, and constitutes a direct hazard to marine life and human health. Particularly, deepwater blowout released spills are more challenging to study because the trajectory and behaviour of oil are difficult to be comprehensively simulated. Although there are many integrated or coupled models available, there still lacks open source deepwater oil spill models to predict not only the trajectory but also the mass balance of oil. It is the objective of this study to fill this gap by coupling the Texas A&M Oilspill Calculator (TAMOC) for nearfield simulation and the advanced oil spill module in the Modelo Hidrodinâmico (MOHID) 3D Water modeling system. In addition, the Weber number scaling approach is also integrated in both the near- and far-field simulation for oil droplet size prediction. The applicability of the proposed comprehensive system is tested by a case study of simulation of oil spills released from a depth of 3,500 m in the Scotian Shelf, Canada. The results demonstrate a high feasibility of the proposed system. By providing comprehensive simulation for oil spills, the developed system should provide significant support to the response to offshore oil spill, especially from deepwater blowout.
Results of Testing of Oil Skimmers with Diesel and Hybrid Fuel Oils in Cold Seawater
Authors: Holt Hanne Solem , Frost Bjørn Ronny 
Published: December 2017

SUMMARY
Determining the ability of currently available skimmers to collect new types of diesel, including low sulphur marine gas oil, wide range diesel oil and hybrid fuel oils, is of great importance for preparedness against acute pollution. To be able to make operational assessments of which oil skimmers are best suited to a given situation, we must know how the skimmers work on these diesel and hybrid fuel oils. We have tested various oil skimmers in different oil types. Four different diesel and hybrid fuel oils have been tested: a marine gas oil, a wide range diesel oil and two hybrid fuel oils. Three oil skimmer types were tested. The types are with discs, brushes and adhesion belts. The tests are performed with natural seawater at water temperatures corresponding to winter temperature (0–2°C).
Capacity tests have been performed on MGO, HDME 50, ULSFO and WRG to find out how the oil skimmers work in these types of oil. The skimmers were first tested in a restricted basin with a thick layer of more than 20 cm of oil, so that pure oil and only small quantities of water were taken up. The skimmers and oils were then placed in a boom in the basin. A current was applied in the water, which caused a thickness of oil to build up around the skimmer. During our testing the operator ran the skimmers at optimum performance, so that maximum collection and efficiency were achieved.
The results gave us the answer that the selected skimmers work in MGO, HDME 50 and WRG. Which skimmer are chosen will vary depending on what is wanted. It is possible to increase the capacity of the skimmers, but this would have a negative effect on efficiency, since the total quantity taken up will be higher.
None of the skimmers worked well in ULSFO. This oil has a high point of solidification, which meant that the skimmers did not have a sufficient inflow of oil to work with.
Benefits of Arctic Planning and Response International Coordination: 2015 Engagement by Norwegian Coastal Administration (NCA) and U.S.C.G. Office of Marine Environmental Response Policy (MER)
Authors: Andersen Helge Munkås , Gunter Tim 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT: #2017-026
The objective of this paper is to highlight Arctic planning and response collaboration initiative between the Norwegian Coastal Administration (NCA) and United States Coast Guard (USCG) Office of Marine Environmental Response (MER) Policy on numerous spill preparedness and response topics. The paper focuses on engagement efforts between NCA and USCG MER on IOSC’s 2017 overarching themes of Prevent, Prepare, Respond, and Restore. The NCA and USCG MER signed a Letter of Intent to Cooperate in 2014 on spill preparedness and response topics. These collaboration efforts include sharing of exercise lessons learned during joint workshops, training opportunities, and response equipment testing. As a result of these collaboration efforts, USCG MER representatives attended the 2015 Norwegian Clean Seas Association (NOFO)/NCA annual test of new spill technologies and procedures. The exercise was hosted by NOFO/NCA and was held offshore in the North Sea approximately 140 miles northwest of Stavanger, Norway. The exercise was held June 9–11, 2015, at the abandoned Frigg Oilfield and included verification of the Marine Oil Spill (MOS) Sweeper I, Desmi Forlense, MOS Sweeper II, NorLense Oiltrawl, Current Buster 6, and NASA remote sensing equipment. Another result of this collaboration is that NCA will evaluate its present Incident Command System (ELS). As part of this evaluation, NCA sent two senior staff members to Yorktown in September 2015 to participate in two USCG courses: 1) OSC Crises Management, and 2) ICS-410 Advanced Incident Command.
Advances from Arctic Oil Spill Response Research
Authors: Mullin Joseph V. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract 2017-161
Over the past four decades, the oil and gas industry has made significant advances in being able to detect, contain and clean up spills and mitigate the residual consequences in Arctic environments. Many of these advances were achieved through collaborative research programs involving industry, academic and government partners. The Arctic Oil Spill Response Technology - Joint Industry Programme (JIP), was launched in 2012 and completed in early 2017 with the objectives of building on an already extensive knowledge base to further improve Arctic spill response capabilities and better understand the environmental issues involved in selecting and implementing the most effective response strategies.
The JIP was a collaboration of nine oil and gas companies (BP, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, Eni, ExxonMobil, North Caspian Operating Company, Shell, Statoil, and Total) and focused on six key areas of oil spill response: dispersants; environmental effects; trajectory modeling; remote sensing; mechanical recovery and in-situ burning. The JIP provided a vehicle for sharing knowledge among the participants and international research institutions and disseminating information to regulators, the public and stakeholders. The network of engaged scientists and government agencies increased opportunities to develop and test oil spill response technologies while raising awareness of industry efforts to advance the existing capabilities in Arctic oil spill response.
The JIP consisted of two phases, the first included technical assessments and state of knowledge reviews resulting in a library of sixteen documents available on the JIP website. The majority of the JIP efforts focused on Phase 2, actual experiments, and included laboratory, small and medium scale tank tests, and field research experiments. Three large-scale field tests were conducted in the winter and spring months of 2014–2016 including recent participation of the JIP in the 2016 NOFO oil on water exercise off Norway.
The JIP was the largest pan-industry programme dedicated to oil spill response in the Arctic, ever carried out. Twenty seven research projects were successfully and safely conducted by the world’s foremost experts on oil spill response from across industry, academia, and independent scientific institutions in ten countries. The overarching goal of the research was to address the differing aspects involved in oil spill response, including the methods used, and their applicability to the Arctic’s unique conditions. All research projects were conducted using established protocols and proven scientific technologies, some of which were especially adjusted for ice conditions. This paper describes the scope of the research conducted, results, and key findings. The JIP is committed to full transparency in disseminating the results through peer reviewed journal articles, and all JIP research reports are available free of charge at www.arcticresponsetechnology.org.
Impact and Implications of an International Oiled Wildlife Response Preparedness Project
Authors: Kelway Paul , Chilvers B. Louise , Grogan Adam , Hebert Charlie , Nijkamp Hugo , Ziccardi Michael 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT 2017-133
December 2016 marked the conclusion of a two-year global oiled wildlife response preparedness project, funded by the International Association of Oil & Gas Producers/IPIECA Oil Spill Response-Joint Industry Project (IOGP/IPIECA OSR-JIP). This project brought together leading oiled wildlife response organizations from seven countries to design a preparedness and response system that would support the mobilization and integration of tier 3 (international) wildlife response resources if activated by the oil industry or other stakeholders.
The project outcomes include written standards and procedures that represent a further step towards integration of oiled wildlife preparedness and response as an oil industry standard worldwide, and allow for the foundations of a global approach to be built upon good practice as defined by the international oiled wildlife response community. 2017 sees the system entering a second (beta) phase with a further funding commitment being provided by the oil industry via Oil Spill Response Limited (OSRL).
Building on the introduction and overview to this project as presented at the International Oil Spill Conference in 2014 (Kelway et al., 2014), this paper will explore key outcomes and assess the project’s impact and implications, particularly in relation to the present and future role of multi-stakeholder collaboration in the advancement of global oiled wildlife response preparedness.
Environmental Unit During Transboundary Spill Response: A Model for Training ICS Implementation During International Spills
Authors: Parker Heather A. , Pilkey-Jarvis Linda , Sego D’Arcy , Knox Graham 
Published: December 2017

#396 ABSTRACT
The Environmental Unit (EU) is an important central function in the Incident Command System (ICS) within which key decisions are made and timing of certain critical response decisions is driven or influenced. Examples include such issues as managing waste, determining divisions, sharing data on resources at risk, establishing a shoreline assessment program, setting response treatment priorities, and determining treatment endpoints which in most cases sets the timing for when an active response is considered complete. Additionally, the EU serves as a central hub or nexus for many of the key sections and units within ICS, as many of the issues and work done within the EU are cross-cutting and involve components from the Operations Section, Planning Section, Logistics, Command Staff (Liaison and Safety Officers), etc. The unique nature of the EU provides a prime opportunity to train ICS concepts and good practices of implementation by focusing training on the EU and how it functions. The primary structural elements of ICS, including the Planning P cycle, the development of an Incident Action Plan, management by Objectives, development of Strategies and Tactics from those Command Objectives, making recommendations based on command priorities, and many more can be illustrated through targeted EU training. In the Salish Sea region of North America, there is close interaction between the key response agencies at the Federal and State/Provincial levels to prepare for transboundary responses by aligning response methods and practices. This coordination focuses to a great degree on cross-training on ICS: its structure and functions and more importantly its implementation. To that end, several Canadian and U.S. agencies have been coordinating for a number of years on providing joint, international ICS EU training for its responders on both sides of the border, with the goal of aligning ICS implementation. This joint international EU training program started in 2011 and has progressed since. This paper will examine other examples of this training program and identify some of its benefits, such as helping drive policy development on both sides of the border; and will highlight some case studies of responses where this training facilitated EU functions. This paper will also identify some challenges remaining in the differences between how ICS is implemented between these two nations, in particular the concept of the Science Table in the Canadian ICS implementation, and some suggestions for improvements moving forward.
Options for Minimizing Environmental Impacts of Inland Spill Response: New Guide From the American Petroleum Institute
Authors: Michel Jacqueline , Ploen Mark 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT 2017-054
The 2016 American Petroleum Institute inland guide incorporates lessons learned from spill responses that can minimize the environmental impacts of inland oil spills. In addition, it provides new information on the changing risk profiles of inland spills in North America. such as the increase in oil transportation by rail, the added risks of fire and air quality concerns from spills of very light crude oils from light tight shale production areas, behavior of diluted bitumen products when spilled to fresh water, and special considerations for inland spill response. Best practices for inland oil spill response are organized by Oil Groups 1–4 and Group 5 submerged oil (oil that is suspended in the water column or moving along the bottom). It provided guidance on selecting appropriate cleanup endpoints for inland spills. Finally, it provides response guidelines for issues of special concern for inland spills, including: protection of water intakes, response to spills of ethanol-blended fuels, air quality monitoring and levels of concern, oil field produced waters, treatment of oiled debris, and fast-water booming strategies.