bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
<b>Butterfly diversity (Lepidoptera: Rhophalocera) associated with nectar feeding on <I>Ziziphus mauritiana</I> Lamarck (Rosales: Rhamnaceae) flowers in Chuadanga, Bangladesh</b>
Authors: Shihan Tahsinur Rahman 
Published: April 2017

A study was conducted during the flowering season of Ziziphus mauritiana from September 2015 to October 2015 in Belgachi Railgate Para, Chuadanga, Bangladesh. The study recorded 265 individuals of 39 butterfly species belonging to five families and 32 genera nectar feeding on Z. mauritiana flowers. Amongst the families, Lycaenidae was dominant with 33.33% (n=13). Amongst the species Parnara bada (Moore, 1878) (Hesperiidae) was the most dominant species followed by Ypthima baldus (Fabricius, 1775) (Nymphalidae). Virachola isocrates (Fabricius, 1793) (Lycaenidae) spent the maximum time (60–120 sec) nectar feeding on Z. mauritiana amongst the 39 species sampled.
L'analité et Les Composantes Anales Du Vécu Corporel
Authors: Chasseguet-Smirgel J. 
Published: April 2017

States of depersonalization are linked by the author to a premature development of anal functions, under the stress of early frustrations. Reactivations of the primary trauma in later conflicts mobilize the poorly integrated anal components of the adult personality, which regresses to a pre-anal stage of undifferentiation of the ego. The persistent and unfulfilled need for a pre-ambivalent and conflictless relationship characterized by fusion with the object is thus revealed in the symptoms presented by the patient. Clinical material is reported, with emphasis on the technical implications of these psychogenetic factors and theoretical concepts in the psychoanalytic-treatment of such cases.
Some Effects of Tranylcypromine and Trifluoperazine on Electrocortical Activity (EEG Activation)
Authors: Ling George M. 
Published: April 2017

In the deafferented cat devoid of the complicating effect of extraneous pharmacological agents (anaesthesia, muscle relaxants) the intra-innominate administration of tranylcypromine elicits immediate EEG activation. With high doses (7.5 mg/kg), EEG activation is immediate, intense, and persists for several hours. With lower doses (2.5 mg/kg) this effect is transient (20 seconds), giving way to a long period of deactivation (35–45 minutes), which in turn is followed by a secondary period of activation. The immediate EEG activating response of tranylcypromine appears to be a direct effect, the secondary delayed phase of EEG activation appears to be an indirect action, such as might be expected from the retarded inactivation of central amines. Trifluoperazine (2 mg/kg) elicits EEG deactivation with characteristics similar to those observed following the administration of “equi-deactivating” doses of chlorpromazine (5 mg/kg). When both trifluoperazine (2 mg/kg) and tranylcypromine (7.5 mg/kg) are introduced simultaneously, the activating effects of the latter dominate the earlier phases of the recording. Preliminary experiments in some preparations in which gross unilateral lesions have been made in the mesencephalic tegmentum raises the possibility that this subcortical area may be a possible site for the arousal effect observed following the administration of tranylcypromine.
Health Insurance Prepayment for Psychotherapy in Private Psychiatric Practice
Authors: Richman Alex , Bezeredi Tibor 
Published: April 2017

1. Routine data, available in a prepaid medical insurance plan, may be used to describe the amount and pattern of psychiatric services utilized. 2. Married females were twice as likely as married males to be seen by a psychiatrist. 3. 14% of referrals did not receive subsequent psychotherapy. 4. Psychotherapy is terminable; “new” patients receiving psychotherapy had a median number of seven interviews. 5. There is considerable variation in the patterns of practice of psychotherapy by individual psychiatrists. 6. 377% of employed patients had changed jobs or were unemployed within two years of referral to a psychiatrist. 7. Further case and population studies are recommended. “Within the past fifty years, history has shown us the transition of medical services from a preventive service to one more specifically related to treatment of diseases in individual patients. I have suggested that we are now entering a phase in which psychiatry and its ramifications will play a major role …” “… The problem of providing and paying for these services is a different problem from that which we have faced in the past and calls for the cooperation of the profession, voluntary insurance and Government. “I believe that to meet this problem our voluntary programmes must be more willing to experiment.” (26)
Article
Authors: Déom P. , Roy Abbé R. , Girouard Abbé A. 
Published: April 2017

The introduction states first of all that the purpose of the Doréa Institute is the training of children entrusted to its care. Later, the establishment of a Follow-up Centre was provided to give to young retardates the care which will facilitate their integration into society. Finally, a Social Service was set up to play a very important role with the child, the family and also with the Institution's specialists. The Social Service is also active outside the Institution as the mental retardate, remaining a weak subject in spite of the complete training he has received, needs to feel secure with people he has known while in the Institution and for that reason, a Follow-up Centre was organized in Montreal. The Follow-up Service then organized a “Home and School” Centre where young people may talk about their experiences and their problems. During one year, the last-year students of the Doréa Institute spend some time in a small industry to acquire the real experience in a work environment. Everyone works, under the direction of a psychiatrist towards the orientation of former students. As there is a shortage of professional Social Workers, we have, with the help of resourceful people in society, set up three voluntary services. Such services are: (1) an Employment Committee; (2) a Parents' Committee and (3) an Education and Recreation Committee.
A Study of the Effects of Alcohol on Mental Functions
Authors: Hutchison H. C. , Tuchtie M. , Gray K. G. , Steinberg D. 
Published: April 2017

In the case of a legal defence of drunkenness, it is common practice to call a psychiatrist to examine the accused and to give an opinion of his mental state at the time of the commission of the alleged offence. While clinical experience indicates that impairment may occur at relatively low concentrations of alcohol in the bloodstream, and that mental functions are not uniformly affected, there is surprisingly little experimental work to support this observation. The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of a blood alcohol concentration of approximately 1.0 parts per 1,000 on mental functions. The subjects were eight non-psychotic males of average intelligence referred to the Forensic Services for mental examination. All were volunteers. The amount of alcohol in the bloodstream was measured by the Breathalyzer, and equivalent tests of general orientation and personal history; attention (digit span); abstract thinking (similarities test); learning efficiency (paired verbal associates) were administered before the intake of alcohol and when the blood alcohol concentration had reached 1.0 parts per 1,000. A test of retention was given, consisting of having the subjects identify and repeat the titles of TAT cards 24 hours after having described and titled them in an alcohol-free state and at the 1.0 level of blood alcohol respectively. It was found that the experimental condition, i.e. a mean blood alcohol concentration of 1.0 parts per 1,000, had no effect upon the subjects' accuracy of information relating to personal identity and orientation in time and place. The subjects' performances on the tests of attention, abstract thinking; and learning efficiency were adversely affected by the alcohol condition. Of the two retention measures, recognition and recall, only the latter was affected to a statistically significant degree. A subsequent matching of a complete log of actual events occurring during the alcohol condition, with the subjects' recall of them 24 hours later, revealed vagueness; and of three subjects taken to the 2.0 parts per 1,000 level, two could not recall quite significant events occurring at higher concentration than 1.2 and 1.5 parts per 1,000. One of these subjects related the content of a conversation with the experimentor in a highly confabulatory manner. The findings are taken to support the clinical observation that mental functions are not uniformly affected by alcohol, and that impairment can occur at relatively low concentrations of blood alcohol.
Ontario's Community Mental Health Program
Authors: Henderson H. W. 
Published: April 2017

Future planning and development of psychiatric services in Ontario is based on the concept of community psychiatric centres. The implementation of this program will require: 1) the utilization of general hospitals and mental hospitals to provide a more complete and comprehensive system of community psychiatric services; 2) increasing concern with the standards of care in psychiatric facilities across the Province; 3) continued and increasing involvement of local agencies and services in the community mental health effort; 4) the identification of priorities of need that will assure most effective utilization of the available professional staff. It is to be expected that efforts made to consolidate our gains, will bring issues such as these into sharper focus. As the administrative responsibility for clinical services is shifted from a central to a local authority, psychiatrists will look to their professional association more and more to represent their interests. It is to be hoped that those identified with Government will continue to respect the interest and concern of the organized profession with these problems, which must be resolved in order to further advance the practice of psychiatry in this Province.
The Doctors' vs the Nurses' View of Emotional Disturbance
Authors: Wilson Murray , Meyer Eugene 
Published: April 2017

1) Doctors and nurses selecting emotionally disturbed patients from the same population concurred in only about one-third of cases. 2) Nurses tended to select more seriously ill patients with organically impaired brain function, while the resident physician selected younger, less seriously ill patients. 3) These discrepancies are best understood in terms of how the patient's total pattern of behaviour intrudes itself and provokes uncertainty in the different roles of physician and nurse.
Psychiatric Problems of University Students
Authors: Boyce R.M. , Barnes D.S. 
Published: April 2017

Student patients were investigated by use of the questionnaire method and clinical observation during the years 1962–4. Questionnaire results revealed that patients, significantly more often than a group of controls, had attended one or more universities prior to the University of Western Ontario, had no extra-curricular activity, had not fulfilled their father's wishes in regard to course, smoked, smoked more than 20 cigarettes a day, were not abstainers, had chronic or recurring illness, had changed courses, lived in a room or apartment, were either the first or last child, slept six hours or less, had changed in weight by 10 lb. in the preceding three months, and had no faith preference or affiliation. Depression was most commonly encountered. A relatively high number of students in English and post-graduate students were seen. Two groups of ill students who were friends or intimates to a degree were encountered and the presence of ill teachers or other leading figures as a focus in these groups was described. Increased academic competition served as a stress for some. Disturbed family inter-relationships and current social expectations were among factors which appeared to favour the development of illness.
Assessing the need for Psychiatric Care
Authors: Richman Alex 
Published: April 2017

This paper reviews the methodology employed in assessing the extent and characteristics of persons needing psychiatric care. Surveys of the need for physicians' care for any type of disorder (as well as psychiatric) are characterized by problems associated with: a) Diagnostic process b) Social factors in attending physicians c) The natural history of the disorder d) Definitions of impairment, disability and handicap e) Clinical insignificance of some statistically significant factors. Case-finding in psychiatry has additional problems associated with the use of symptom questionnaires; the criterion of work limitation; and the question of past versus present disability. Determination of the type of psychiatrists' care required is also of paramount importance. One should not equate symptoms with illness; nor symptoms with a need for psychiatrists' care. Community surveys have not yet been able to provide valid estimates of the nature or extent of psychiatrists' care required.
Clinical note on the Possible use of Clomiphene Citrate in Recurrent Psychosis
Authors: Cookson B. A. 
Published: April 2017

Clomiphene citrate is a drug which may induce ovulation in anovulatory women. Its use in women with recurrent psychoses is suggested by the observation that such women frequently display menstrual irregularities such as amenorrhoea or anovulatory cycles during their disturbed phases. The author has investigated the use of this drug in three women with recurrent psychoses who were studied for a minimum of 30 months prior to testing. Each of these women showed menstrual irregularities and had a psychosis with an abrupt onset in the second half of the menstrual cycle. In each case a beneficial behavioural change commenced during the latter half of the first menstrual cycle regulated by clomiphene. Patient B. W., prior to the use of clomiphene, had a well-established periodic catatonia which occurred approximately every 37 days; during the half-year that she received cyclical clomiphene therapy there was a radical alteration in the pattern of her illness followed by a disappearance of its major features. J.W. a schizophrenic, and A.C. a manic-depressive, both emerged from prolonged withdrawn states when menstrual function was restored with clomiphene. The tendency of recurrent psychoses to remit spontaneously makes the author cautious in advancing his claim that clomiphene citrate is an effective therapeutic agent in this type of malady. If the work is confirmed it will have importance not only therapeutically but also theoretically.
Group and Family Therapy Abnormalities in Siblings of Schizophrenic Children
Authors: Havelkova Milada 
Published: April 2017

In 209 families with schizophrenic children, 18 families with more than one abnormal child were found. Among the parents of this group there was a high incidence of marital discord, schizoid personalities and different forms of schizophrenia. Among the siblings mental defect, speech delay, and schizophrenia were found. Because of the high incidence of the children in this group functioning on a mentally defective level, special attention was paid to the problem of the intellectual function of all family members. Twenty-four (40%) of the 60 children in these 18 families studied presented a picture of intellectual defects along with schizophrenic process. In three (5%) mental defect was found without typical symptoms of childhood schizophrenia. None of the parents were found to be mentally defective and only one was found to be of borderline intelligence. Twenty (55%) parents were of normal intelligence and 15 (42%) were bright normal to superior, while the corresponding figures for the children were 22 (36.6%) and six (10%). There were only four children whose intellectual function improved while there were 16 who deteriorated considerably. There was an unexplained finding of an unusually high number of twins among the 18 families. We found five pairs of twins. Two pairs were monozygotic, concordant for schizophrenia. Two pairs were dizygotic, discordant for schizophrenia. One of the fifth pair died early; the second was mentally defective.
Quelques Considerations Sur Le Taux Eleve De Schizophrenie Dans Un Type De Communaute Canadienne — Francaise
Authors: Murphy H. B. M. , Lemieux Marcel 
Published: April 2017

A mental health survey of fourteen rural Quebec and Ontario communities of various cultural backgrounds, revealed that the active prevalence of schizophrenia in the three traditional French-Canadian communities chosen was much higher than in any of the remainder, Careful re-examination of the data indicated that the difference was genuine, not deriving from diagnostic bias or cultural outlook of the investigators, from the age structure or socio-economical level of the communities, or from differences in use of psychiatric services. The excess of cases, however, proved to lie almost wholly in the female half of the population, and further analysis showed that the disorder struck especially at young unmarried women and at middle-aged married ones, the younger married group being relatively free. Sociological investigations suggest that one of the factors contributing to the observed excess of schizophrenia is a discrepancy between the actual and the nominal roles occupied by women in the traditional communities. Other factors may be the greater tolerance of dependency which the latter show, the greater clarity with which they enforce their concept of the sick role, and their greater intolerance of other forms of deviancy.
The Nature of the Psychotic State
Authors: Powles William E. , Burk E. David 
Published: April 2017

We have drawn on a number of sources in discussing the shared nature of various psychotic states, with a debt particularly to the psychoanalytic and cybernetic points of view. Clinical psychiatry does have some problems with its classifications of states of illness. At present there seems to be some disagreement between the point of view which sees all psychiatric illnesses in mutually exclusive syndromes, and the point of view which sees mental health and equilibrium as existing along a continuum. Psychotic states occupy one end of such a continuum or spectrum: they are far enough removed from normality that the two are mutually exclusive, and they differ quantitatively and qualitatively from neurotic states. The concept of psychosis appears to have operational value. We must however disentangle several kinds of definitions or we have semantic chaos. Socially, insanity is defined as behaviour beyond the social norm and carrying with it certain connotations of danger to the social fabric. Clinically, the diagnosis of psychosis implies a serious disorganization of mental health or adaptation with a guarded prognosis and requiring special drastic treatment methods. Psychopathologically how can the psychotic state be defined? We have devoted some space to the discussion of the concept of the cognitive and executive ego, since psychosis is seen primarily as a disordered ego state. The nature of this disorder appears to be that of a rupturing or disarticulating of certain fundamental organizations of memory, which have been welded together into the primordium of the ego. In architectural language we might call these foundations, in computer language programs, in cybernetic language guidance systems, and in everyday language, character. The nature of the bonds and energies which hold such collections of experience together as guidance systems is not understood. We must assume that it has a neurophysiological substrate. Both under conditions of extreme psychic stress and of bra:n-tissue disturbance these fundamental operating patterns are disrupted, resulting in certain characteristic symptoms of hallucinosis, extremely severe affective change, and disorders of thought and logic. This model his some implications for treatment, particularly for psychotherapeutic treatment, including the management of ‘organic’ psychoses. There are, further, certain interesting contradictions between the social, clinical and psychopathological frames of reference which we have touched on only briefly.
Article
Authors: Gauthier Yvon , Drapeau Pierre , Leclaire Françoise , Fortin Claire , Forget Gérard 
Published: April 2017

This study of the diagnosis, ego functions and degree of affective deficiency in the encopretic child shows that although the problem remains complex these children can be subdivided into two main categories: neurotics and those suffering from ego disorders. The neurological and intellectual equipment of the latter group is below that of the neurotic children, and they show a marked tendency to an exaggerated or deficient motor control. Family troubles also contribute to the condition which in the case of these children appears to be due to developmental arrest, evident also in other areas. As to neurotics, the study of their dynamics reveals depressive elements related to separation or threatened separation. The traumatic aspect is often more symbolic than real. Repressed aggressivity appears as an important feature of this category of encopretic children. Ego-disturbed children present significantly higher indications of affective deficiency, especially due to family environment. It seems that this factor of affective deficiency overlaps diagnostic categories and in some cases appears to be related to serious marital problems of the parents. This study does not show why such children have ‘chosen’ to become encopretic. It only gives some indications as to the type of family environment where the symptom develops, and identifies certain precipitating conditions. It also appears that the majority of parents will tolerate such a condition for a long time without seeking advice. This confirms the importance of family environment in the development of the symptom, and indicates that further research should concentrate on the study of original mother-child relationships, inasmuch as they influence sphincter control, and also on the whole family network, which seems to be frequently implicated in the child's symptomatology.
Amplitude-Averaged A-Scan Echoencephalography of a Mental Hospital Population
Authors: White D.N. , Clark J.M. 
Published: April 2017

Two surveys of the population of the local mental hospital were carried out by the Amplitude-Averaging technique for A-scan echoencephalography. A total of twelve cases appeared to have shifted cerebral midline structures. Of these, ten were investigated further and four were thought to be cases of false positive error in patients with marked enlargement of the ventricular system from various causes. The remaining six cases were thought to be correctly diagnosed by echoencephalography though this was proven in only three patients. Of the six patients believed to have displaced midlines, most if not all were due to unilateral atrophic disease rather than to space-occupying lesions. The technique would not seem to be economically valuable for the investigation of resident mental hospital patients.
Le Coupable Est-Il un Malade?
Authors: Chevalier François 
Published: April 2017

This paper reviews both English and Canadian law governing the concept of insanity in relation to criminal offences. The prevailing legal doctrine and jurisprudence show that both our penal system and our present judicial way of thinking are outdated and do not take into account the progress of the science of psychiatry. The contention is that our criminal law should be revised and should recognize that the antisocial behaviour of an individual is, in many instances, the result of an abnormal mental condition which renders him incapable of judging whether or not his actions are criminal, and consequently it is suggested that such behaviour should not be dealt with by sentencing the person to prison but by commitment to a psychiatric institution.