bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legislative Term Limits and Government Spending: Theory and Evidence from the United States
Authors: Asako Yasushi , Matsubayashi Tetsuya , Ueda Michiko 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
What are the fiscal consequences of legislative term limits? To answer this question, we first develop a legislative bargaining model that describes negotiations over the allocation of distributive projects among legislators with different levels of seniority. Building on several predictions from the model, we develop two hypotheses for empirical testing. First, the adoption of term limits that results in a larger reduction in the variance of seniority within a legislature increases the amount of government spending. Second, legislatures that adopt stricter term limits increase the amount of government spending, while legislatures that adopt moderate term limits show no change in the amount. We provide evidence for these hypotheses using panel data for 49 US state legislatures between 1980 and 2010.
A multipurpose modular drone with adjustable
arms produced via the FDM additive
manufacturing process
Authors: Brischetto Salvatore , Ciano Alessandro , Ferro Carlo Giovanni 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The present paper shows an innovative multirotor
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) which is able to easily
and quickly change its configuration. In order to satisfy
this feature, the principal structure is made of an universal
plate, combined with a circular ring, to create a rail
guide able to host the arms, in a variable number from 3
to 8, and the legs. The arms are adjustable and contain all
the avionic and motor drivers to connect the main structure
with each electric motor. The unique arm design, defined
as all-in-one, allows classical single rotor configurations,
double rotor configurations and amphibious configurations
including inflatable elements positioned at the
bottom of the arms. The proposed multi-rotor system is
inexpensive because of the few universal pieces needed
to compose the platform which allows the creation of a
kit. This modular kit allows to have a modular drone with
different configurations. Such configurations are distinguished
among them for the number of arms, number of
legs, number of rotors and motors, and landing capability.
Another innovation feature is the introduction of the 3D
printing technology to produce all the structural elements.
In this manner, all the pieces are designed to be produced
via the Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) technology using
desktop 3D printers. Therefore, an universal, dynamic
and economic multi-rotor UAV has been developed.
Cold Stress Tolerance during Early Growth Stages of Naturalized Helianthus petiolaris Populations
Authors: Gutierrez Agustina , Cantamutto Miguel , Poverene Monica 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn the last 10 years the sunflower crop area of Argentina has shifted towards the Southwest as a result of the expansion of soybean cultivation. Early sowings require greater tolerance to low temperatures in order to optimize the use of water resources by the crop, especially in the seedling stage, when cold stress limits growth and productivity.Helianthus petiolarisis a wild genetic resource that has contributed to the production of sunflower cultivars. The goal of this study was to evaluate the tolerance to low temperatures inH. petiolarisplants. Morphological traits (plant height, leaf width and leaf length) and physiological traits (electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll content, and glucose content) were compared in eight accessions having an early germination in the field and one with normal life cycle. Acclimated and non-acclimated plants were subjected to cold stress followed by a recovery period. Physiological traits during early growth stages showed differences in cold tolerance and for acclimation ability between accessions, suggesting the existence of heritable components. Four accessions were the most cold-tolerant among the studied populations, suggesting a natural adaptation related to the geographical site. Results point out thatH. petiolarisis a useful genetic resource to contribute to sunflower breeding in the search of cold tolerant cultivars.
Triathlon wetsuit removal strategy: physiological cost of running with a wetsuit
Authors: Ciulei Mihaela , Prado Aaron , Navalta James , Mercer John A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTriathletes exiting the swim portion of an event have to decide on how and when to take a wetsuit off (if worn). The purpose of this study was to determine the physiological cost of running while not using a wetsuit, carrying a wetsuit, wearing a wetsuit halfway down or wearing a wetsuit fully up. Participants (n = 20, 30.9 ± 8.7 yrs, 1.71 ± 0.08 m, 71.6 ± 9.5 kg) completed four 5 min running conditions: 1) not wearing the wetsuit, 2) wearing the wetsuit fully up, 3) wearing the wetsuit halfway down, and 4) carrying the wetsuit. A rate of oxygen uptake, a heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion and stride frequency were measured and were each influenced by wetsuit condition (p < 0.05). Each variable (i.e., a rate of oxygen uptake, a heart rate, stride frequency) was lower during running while not wearing the wetsuit vs. any other condition (p < 0.05). The rate of oxygen uptake was greatest during wearing the wetsuit halfway down vs. any other condition (p < 0.05). The heart rate was not different between any of the combinations of either wearing the wetsuit fully up or halfway down or carrying the wetsuit (p > 0.05). The rating of perceived exertion was greater during wearing the wetsuit halfway down vs. carrying the wetsuit (p < 0.05). Stride frequency was lower during not wearing the wetsuit vs. wearing the wetsuit halfway down or fully up (p < 0.05). It was concluded that running with the wetsuit halfway down resulted in the greatest rate of oxygen uptake, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion.
Conforming and nonconforming personality and stress coping styles in combat athletes
Authors: Bernacka Ryszarda Ewa , Sawicki Bogusław , Mazurek-Kusiak Anna , Hawlena Joanna 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The main objective of this study was to investigate whether the personality dimension of conformism/nonconformism was a predictor of stress coping styles in athletes training combat sports, and to present the characteristics of this personality dimension in the context of the competitors’ adaptive/innovative sport performance. Scores of 346 males practising combat sports such as kick boxing, MMA, thai boxing, boxing and wrestling were analyzed. The participants completed the Creative Behaviour Questionnaire (KANH III) measuring the conformity/nonconformity personality dimension and the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) measuring stress coping styles. The comparative analyses were conducted only for the groups of conformists and nonconformists. Differences in stress coping styles between conformists and nonconformists training combat sports were found as nonconformists tended to prefer the task-oriented coping style. Conclusively, a higher rate of nonconformity was associated with increasingly frequent occurrence of task-oriented coping and decreasingly frequent emotion-oriented coping.
Determinants of feedback retention in soccer players
Authors: Januário Nuno , Rosado António , Mesquita Isabel , Gallego José , Aguilar-Parra José M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis study analyzed soccer players’ retention of coaches’ feedback during training sessions. We intended to determine if the retention of information was influenced by the athletes’ personal characteristic (age, gender and the sports level), the quantity of information included in coach’s feedback (the number of ideas and redundancy), athletes’ perception of the relevance of the feedback information and athletes’ motivation as well as the attention level. The study that was conducted over the course of 18 sessions of soccer practice, involved 12 coaches (8 males, 4 females) and 342 athletes (246 males, 96 females), aged between 10 and 18 years old. All coach and athlete interventions were transposed to a written protocol and submitted to content analysis. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression were calculated. The results showed that a substantial part of the information was not retained by the athletes; in 65.5% of cases, athletes experienced difficulty in completely reproducing the ideas of the coaches and, on average, the value of feedback retention was 57.0%. Six variables with a statistically significant value were found: gender, the athletes’ sports level, redundancy, the number of transmitted ideas, athletes’ perception of the relevance of the feedback information and the athletes’ motivation level.
Guava Osmotic Dehydration: Description by Two-Dimensional Diffusion Models Considering Shrinkage and Variations in Process Parameters
Authors: de Farias Aires Juarez Everton , da Silva Wilton Pereira , Cavalcante de Almeida Farias Aires Kalina Lígia , Júnior Aluízio Freire da Silva , de Castro Deise Souza , Silva Cleide Maria Diniz Pereira da Silva e 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This article describes the osmotic dehydration of guava dipped in sucrose solutions using two-dimensional numerical solutions of the diffusion equation with boundary condition of the first kind. Two models are used: model 1 disregards the shrinkage of the product and assumes that effective mass diffusivity does not vary during the process; model 2 takes into account shrinkage, considering effective mass diffusivity as variable. Process parameters estimation is obtained by means of an optimizer. Comparative analyzes indicate that the proposed models have similar statistical indicators. However, model 2 is recommended, for it presents much higher physical fitness when describing mass migrations. Comparison between two-dimensional numerical models presented in this research and one-dimensional models found in the literature reveals that one-dimensional models overestimate process parameters. In addition, one-dimensional models present limitations in predicting the distributions of water and sucrose on guava slices.
Multi-granularity Bandwidth Allocation for Large-Scale WDM/TDM PON
Authors: Gao Ziyue , Gan Chaoqin , Ni Cuiping , Shi Qiongling 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWDM (wavelength-division multiplexing)/TDM (time-division multiplexing) PON (passive optical network) is being viewed as a promising solution for delivering multiple services and applications, such as high-definition video, video conference and data traffic. Considering the real-time transmission, QoS (quality of services) requirements and differentiated services model, a multi-granularity dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) in both domains of wavelengths and time for large-scale hybrid WDM/TDM PON is proposed in this paper. The proposed scheme achieves load balance by using the bandwidth prediction. Based on the bandwidth prediction, the wavelength assignment can be realized fairly and effectively to satisfy the different demands of various classes. Specially, the allocation of residual bandwidth further augments the DBA and makes full use of bandwidth resources in the network. To further improve the network performance, two schemes named extending the cycle of one free wavelength (ECoFW) and large bandwidth shrinkage (LBS) are proposed, which can prevent transmission from interruption when the user employs more than one wavelength. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Modelling of 10 Gbps Free Space Optics Communication Link Using Array of Receivers in Moderate and Harsh Weather Conditions
Authors: Gupta Amit , Shaina Nagpal 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntersymbol interference and attenuation of signal are two major parameters affecting the quality of transmission in Free Space Optical (FSO) Communication link. In this paper, the impact of these parameters on FSO communication link is analysed for delivering high-quality data transmission. The performance of the link is investigated under the influence of amplifier in the link. The performance parameters of the link like minimum bit error rate, received signal power and Quality factor are examined by employing erbium-doped fibre amplifier in the link. The effects of amplifier are visualized with the amount of received power. Further, the link is simulated for moderate weather conditions at various attenuation levels on transmitted signal. Finally, the designed link is analysed in adverse weather conditions by using high-power laser source for optimum performance.
Validation of the “Step-by-Step” Approach in the Management of Young Febrile Infants
Authors: Gomez Borja , Mintegi Santiago , Bressan Silvia , Da Dalt Liviana , Gervaix Alain , Lacroix Laurence ,   on behalf of the European Group for Validation of the Step-by-Step Approach
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND:A sequential approach to young febrile infants on the basis of clinical and laboratory parameters, including procalcitonin, was recently described as an accurate tool in identifying patients at risk for invasive bacterial infection (IBI). Our aim was to prospectively validate the Step-by-Step approach and compare it with the Rochester criteria and the Lab-score.METHODS:Prospective study including infants ≤90 days with fever without source presenting in 11 European pediatric emergency departments between September 2012 and August 2014. The accuracy of the Step-by-Step approach, the Rochester criteria, and the Lab-score in identifying patients at low risk of IBI (isolation of a bacterial pathogen in a blood or cerebrospinal fluid culture) was compared.RESULTS:Eighty-seven of 2185 infants (4.0%) were diagnosed with an IBI. The prevalence of IBI was significantly higher in infants classified as high risk or intermediate risk according to the Step by Step than in low risk patients. Sensitivity and negative predictive value for ruling out an IBI were 92.0% and 99.3% for the Step by Step, 81.6% and 98.3% for the Rochester criteria, and 59.8% and 98.1% for the Lab-score. Seven infants with an IBI were misclassified by the Step by Step, 16 by Rochester criteria, and 35 by the Lab-score.CONCLUSIONS:We validated the Step by Step as a valuable tool for the management of infants with fever without source in the emergency department and confirmed its superior accuracy in identifying patients at low risk of IBI, compared with the Rochester criteria and the Lab-score.
La justicia como continuación de las resoluciones sociales por otros medios: fronteras tenues entre sociedad y justicia. Provincia de Colchagua (Chile), década 1820
Authors: Brangier Peñailillo Víctor Mauricio , Morong Reyes Germán Adolfo 
Published: July 2016

El artículo pretende estudiar la posición que ocupaba la judicialización de conflictos interpersonales por propiedad agro-ganadera, dentro de la cadena de resoluciones sociales sostenida informalmente por las partes. Se trata de un análisis de los tiempos y los vínculos que mediaban entre una y otra medida descompresora, en los primeros años de existencia de una provincia en Chile y de su implementación judicial de carácter lego, en la década 1820. La hipótesis apunta a explicar la integración de la justicia local en el seno de las vías resolutivas usadas por los actores sociales, ante tensiones surgidas en un período de disponibilidad decreciente en el uso, tenencia y propiedad de bienes agro-ganaderos. Para ello, se trabajó cualitativa y cuantitativamente una muestra de 83 expedientes criminales, seleccionados entre los tipos jurídicos que traducían disputas interpersonales por esta clase de bienes.
Arborescent Polypeptides for Sustained Drug Delivery
Authors: Alsehli Mosa , Gauthier Mario 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTPolypeptides are receiving increasing attention as building blocks to create nanostructures for biomedical applications. The first goal of this investigation was to explore the influence of the reaction conditions in the synthesis of well-defined dendritic graft (arborescent) polypeptides from amine-terminated poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) (PBG) chains. The optimization was carried out in terms of the reaction temperature, solvent, reaction time, and mole ratio of reactants and coupling agents. Size exclusion chromatography served to evaluate the grafting reaction in terms of grafting yield (fraction of side chains coupled with the substrate) and coupling efficiency (fraction of coupling sites consumed on the substrate). The maximum grafting yield and coupling efficiency achieved were 67% and 74%, respectively. These arborescent PBG substrates were subsequently grafted with poly(ethylene oxide) segments forming a hydrophilic shell, to obtain water-dispersible unimolecular micelles useful as delivery vehicles for doxorubicin.
Synthesis and characterization of new materials with pyrrole units and their semiconductor behavior
Authors: Monroy Olivia , Fomina Lioudmila , Salcedo Roberto 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTNew organic materials with semiconductor behavior were prepared from diphenyldiacetylene and aromatic amines with withdrawing groups by Reisch-Schulte reaction and characterized by IR, RMN spectroscopy. The obtained materials share the property of having electron withdrawing groups joint to the attached aromatic ring, it seems this feature accounts in large fashion to improve the semiconducting behavior of this kind of substances, this topic was studied by means theoretical calculations and the results are also discussed. The calculations were carried out by means the Gaussian09 software and all the involved species were geometrically optimized.
APOPTOSIS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Authors: Somova L. M. , Besednova N. N. , Plekhova N. G. 
Published: July 2016

Apoptosis as immunomodulating form of cell death plays a stabilizing role in maintaining optimal number of cells in an organism. The biological essence of cell death in infectious diseases is poorly reflected, and the concept of negative and positive values of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of diseases is presented ambiguously. The review focuses on the classical caspase-dependent apoptosis of innate and adaptive immunity cells, whose reactivity is associated with the initiation of infectious processes. Some causative agents of bacterial and viral infections can be triggers or inhibitors of apoptosis in a eukaryotic host cell, avoiding the factors of the immune system. In severe infectious diseases that occur with the development of sepsis, a fatal importance has the massive apoptotic loss of lymphocytes expressed lymphocyte apoptosis that leads to immunodeficiency states and the majority of patients corresponds to premortem decrease in circulating lymphocytes. Further studies on the identification of the molecular elements whereby pathogenic agents cause the cell death effort to develop new therapeutic approaches, including inhibition of apoptosis, to prevent the progression of severe courses of infections.
THE CHARACTERIZATION OF PROAPOPTOTIC ACTIVITY OF LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE IN ISOLATED SUBPOPULATIONS OF HUMAN T-LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Filatova E. N. , Anisenkova E. V. , Presnyakova N. B. , Neumoina N. V. , Sycheva T. D. , Utkin O. V. 
Published: July 2016

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is used as activator and inductor of immune cells apoptosis in case of infectious processes modeling. It is not clear if LPS is direct inductor of apoptosis in human T-cells. The subpopulations of effector and naive CD4+ T-helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes of human peripheric blood were isolated and cultivated in presence of LPS. It has been shown that LPS was inductor of apoptosis in studying T-cells populations.
IN VITRO METHOD FOR EXPRESSION OF TOXIN PRODUCTION IN NON-TOXIGENIC CORYNEBACTERIUM SPP. WITH “SILENT” TOX-GENE
Authors: Gabrielyan S. A. 
Published: July 2016

The «in vitro method» for expression of toxin-production by phenotypically non-toxigenic strains of C. diphtheriae containing the “silent” toxin gene has been developed. The method can be characterised as rapid, economical, not demanding use of experimental animals, available to practical and scientific laboratories. Optimal conditions using this method were defined: nutrient mediums, frequency rate of passages, which provided restoration of toxin production. This method allowed to restore toxin-production in 10 out of 18 tested strains of C. diphtheriae with the “silent” toxin gene. Moreover, there was an increase of toxin roduction of by C. ulcerans and C. diphtheriae var. intermedius to the level allowing to detect toxin in the standard tests. The phenotype of a toxin-producing was defined by the Elek-test and ICS (immunechromatography set).
Teacher Satisfaction in High Poverty Schools: Searching for Policy Relevant Interventions in Estonia, Georgia, and Latvia
Authors: Smith William , Persson Anna 
Published: July 2016

Provided the shared post-soviet context and the rapidly declining school age population, this comparative study of teachers in Estonia, Georgia, and Latvia can shed light on alternative approaches to increased teacher satisfaction for countries in similar contexts that are unable to make across the board increases in teacher salary. The focus on high poverty schools is essential in these countries as the changing demographics and present school funding mechanisms disproportionately affect rural schools which are often high poverty. This study addresses two pressing research questions, exploring each independently for Estonia, Georgia, and Latvia: 1) How does teacher satisfaction and other teacher characteristics differ by school poverty level? 2) What policy relevant factors are related to increased satisfaction for teachers in high poverty schools? Data from the 2013 Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) were used in this study. Given the dichotomous measures of the outcome variable (teacher satisfaction), hierarchical generalized linear modeling (HGLM) was the primary method of analysis. Although the policy implementation and internalization process is challenging, this study indicates that simplistic, externally driven policy solutions, such as introducing induction programs or changing the contract status of teachers, are not as effective in increasing teacher satisfaction as investments that contribute to a positive school climate where teachers feel valued and included as professionals.
The Effects of Apprenticeship of Observation on Teachers Attitudes towards Active Learning Instruction
Authors: Kuzhabekova Aliya , Zhaparova Raina 
Published: July 2016

Active learning instruction is promoted by the most recent version of the National Program for the Development of Education in Kazakhstan as it is believed to provide more meaningful learning and deeper understanding compared to traditional instruction. In order to achieve greater utilization of the instructional approach at schools, teachers must be aware of active learning techniques and know how to use them. The paper studies whether ‘apprenticeship of observation’ during a graduate course using active learning techniques had an impact on novice and experienced teachers’ attitudes towards active learning instruction. The study used data from a survey of students taking the course, which was focused on educational issues rather than methodologi cal training. The results of the study confirmed the hypotheses that ‘apprenticeship of observation’ has an influence on teachers not only during pre-service training, but also at later stages of their careers, when they become involved in professional development or continuing education. This influence was especially obvious for teachers with no or little exposure to professional development. Based on these results the paper also suggests some practical implications. Limitations and biases that could affect results are also mentioned.