bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low‐velocity zones in the crust beneath Aso caldera, Kyushu, Japan, derived from receiver function analyses
Authors: Abe Yuki , Ohkura Takahiro , Shibutani Takuo , Hirahara Kazuro , Yoshikawa Shin , Inoue Hiroyuki 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAso volcano, in central Kyushu Island in southwest Japan, has a large caldera (18 × 25 km) that formed by the ejection of more than 600 km3 of deposits 89 thousand years ago. We calculated receiver functions from teleseismic waveform data obtained from densely distributed stations in and around the caldera. We estimated the crustal S wave velocity structure from the receiver functions by using genetic algorithm inversion. We detected a low‐velocity zone (Vs > 2.2 km/s) at a depth of 8–15 km beneath the eastern flank of the central cones. A sill‐like deformation source has been detected at a depth of 15.5 km by analyses of GPS data, and a swarm of low‐frequency earthquakes exists at depths of 15–25 km just beneath this low‐velocity zone. Magma may be newly generated and accumulated in this low‐velocity zone as a result of hot intrusions coming from beneath it. Except for the region beneath the eastern flank of the central cones, a second low‐velocity zone (Vs > 1.9 km/s) extends in and around the caldera at a depth of 15–23 km, although phenomena representing intrusions have not been detected below it. From the estimated velocity structure, these low‐velocity zones are interpreted to contain a maximum of 15% melt or 30% water.
Radiocarbon Dating of Pottery from Bronze Age Sites in eastern European steppes (Russia)
Authors: Kuznetsov P , Mochalov О 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn recent decades, the radiocarbon method has frequently been used for dating organic admixtures in pottery. This method is useful for dating the Late Stone Age cultures in eastern Europe due to the poor availability of other organic materials. On the contrary, Bronze Age sites offer a great variety of organic sources, including remains of wooden structures, charcoal, and human and animal bones. This paper analyzes the 14C dates obtained on bones and pottery from six Bronze Age sites in order to determine the feasibility of 14C pottery dating for this particular period. Bronze Age pottery is made of silty clay containing organic matter, which can comprise older material. Therefore, 14С dates obtained on bones, wood, or charcoal are more representative. This paper analyzes the 14C dates obtained on bones and pottery from six Bronze Age sites. Based on this limited study, the authors conclude that dating of pottery from the Bronze Age is controversial and can result in much older dates. We argue this method is acceptable only if no other organic materials are available.
Septuagint Figura: Assessing the Contribution of Richard B. Hays
Authors: Millay Thomas J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis article offers a brief engagement with Richard B. Hays's 2014 book Reading Backwards, with occasional reference to its 2016 successor, Echoes of Scripture in the Gospels. Beginning with a genealogy of Hays's notion of figural exegesis, the article calls attention to the bold theological claims that cash out his understanding of figural exegesis. It then proceeds to a critical dialogue that questions Hays' identification of his understanding of figural exegesis with that of the church fathers. Irenaeus and John David Dawson are drawn upon to argue for a significant difference between ancient practice and the post-critical hermeneutics evinced throughout Reading Backwards. The two approaches are by no means as easily drawn together as Hays seems to suggest, and the difference has significant implications for understanding the role God might play in how we relate the Old Testament to the New.
Surface mediated cooperative interactions of drugs enhance mechanical forces for antibiotic action
Authors: Ndieyira Joseph W. , Bailey Joe , Patil Samadhan B. , Vögtli Manuel , Cooper Matthew A. , Abell Chris , McKendry Rachel A. , Aeppli Gabriel 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe alarming increase of pathogenic bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics is now recognized as a major health issue fuelling demand for new drugs. Bacterial resistance is often caused by molecular changes at the bacterial surface, which alter the nature of specific drug-target interactions. Here, we identify a novel mechanism by which drug-target interactions in resistant bacteria can be enhanced. We examined the surface forces generated by four antibiotics; vancomycin, ristomycin, chloroeremomycin and oritavancin against drug-susceptible and drug-resistant targets on a cantilever and demonstrated significant differences in mechanical response when drug-resistant targets are challenged with different antibiotics although no significant differences were observed when using susceptible targets. Remarkably, the binding affinity for oritavancin against drug-resistant targets (70 nM) was found to be 11,000 times stronger than for vancomycin (800 μM), a powerful antibiotic used as the last resort treatment for streptococcal and staphylococcal bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Using an exactly solvable model, which takes into account the solvent and membrane effects, we demonstrate that drug-target interactions are strengthened by pronounced polyvalent interactions catalyzed by the surface itself. These findings further enhance our understanding of antibiotic mode of action and will enable development of more effective therapies.
Evolutionary clade affects resistance of Clostridium difficile spores to Cold Atmospheric Plasma
Authors: Connor Mairéad , Flynn Padrig B. , Fairley Derek J. , Marks Nikki , Manesiotis Panagiotis , Graham William G. , Gilmore Brendan F. , McGrath John W. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractClostridium difficile is a spore forming bacterium and the leading cause of colitis and antibiotic associated diarrhoea in the developed world. Spores produced by C. difficile are robust and can remain viable for months, leading to prolonged healthcare-associated outbreaks with high mortality. Exposure of C. difficile spores to a novel, non-thermal atmospheric pressure gas plasma was assessed. Factors affecting sporicidal efficacy, including percentage of oxygen in the helium carrier gas admixture, and the effect on spores from different strains representing the five evolutionary C. difficile clades was investigated. Strains from different clades displayed varying resistance to cold plasma. Strain R20291, representing the globally epidemic ribotype 027 type, was the most resistant. However all tested strains displayed a ~3 log reduction in viable spore counts after plasma treatment for 5 minutes. Inactivation of a ribotype 078 strain, the most prevalent clinical type seen in Northern Ireland, was further assessed with respect to surface decontamination, pH, and hydrogen peroxide concentration. Environmental factors affected plasma activity, with dry spores without the presence of organic matter being most susceptible. This study demonstrates that cold atmospheric plasma can effectively inactivate C. difficile spores, and highlights factors that can affect sporicidal activity.
Mechanisms underlying the cardiac antifibrotic effects of losartan metabolites
Authors: Miguel-Carrasco José Luis , Beaumont Javier , San José Gorka , Moreno María U. , López Begoña , González Arantxa , Zalba Guillermo , Díez Javier , Fortuño Ana , Ravassa Susana 
Published: February 2017

AbstractExcessive myocardial collagen deposition and cross-linking (CCL), a process regulated by lysyl oxidase (LOX), determines left ventricular (LV) stiffness and dysfunction. The angiotensin II antagonist losartan, metabolized to the EXP3179 and EXP3174 metabolites, reduces myocardial fibrosis and LV stiffness in hypertensive patients. Our aim was to investigate the differential influence of losartan metabolites on myocardial LOX and CCL in an experimental model of hypertension with myocardial fibrosis, and whether EXP3179 and EXP3174 modify LOX expression and activity in fibroblasts. In rats treated with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), administration of EXP3179 fully prevented LOX, CCL and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) increase, as well as fibrosis, without normalization of blood pressure (BP). In contrast, administration of EXP3174 normalized BP and attenuated fibrosis but did not modify LOX, CCL and CTGF. In TGF-β1-stimulated fibroblasts, EXP3179 inhibited CTGF and LOX expression and activity with lower IC50 values than EXP3174. Our results indicate that, despite a lower antihypertensive effect, EXP3179 shows higher anti-fibrotic efficacy than EXP3174, likely through its ability to prevent the excess of LOX and CCL. It is suggested that the anti-fibrotic effect of EXP3179 may be partially mediated by the blockade of CTGF-induced LOX in fibroblasts.
The Neuroeconomics of Tobacco Demand: An Initial Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Cigarette Cost-Benefit Decision Making in Male Smokers
Authors: Gray Joshua C. , Amlung Michael T. , Owens Max , Acker John , Brown Courtney L. , Brody Gene H. , Sweet Lawrence H. , MacKillop James 
Published: February 2017

AbstractHow the brain processes cigarette cost-benefit decision making remains largely unknown. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), this study investigated the neural correlates of decisions for cigarettes (0–10 cigarettes) at varying levels of price during a Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT) in male regular smokers (N = 35). Differential neural activity was examined between choices classified as inelastic, elastic, and suppressed demand, operationalized as consumption unaffected by cost, partially suppressed by cost, and entirely suppressed by cost, respectively. Decisions reflecting elastic demand, putatively the most effortful decisions, elicited greater activation in regions associated with inhibition and planning (e.g., middle frontal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus), craving and interoceptive processing (anterior insula), and conflict monitoring (e.g., anterior cingulate cortex). Exploratory examination in a harmonized dataset of both cigarette and alcohol demand (N = 59) suggested common neural activation patterns across commodities, particularly in the anterior insula, caudate, anterior cingulate, medial frontal gyrus, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Collectively, these findings provide initial validation of a CPT fMRI paradigm; reveal the interplay of brain regions associated with executive functioning, incentive salience, and interoceptive processing in cigarette decision making; and add to the literature implicating the insula as a key brain region in addiction.
A pathway of targeted autophagy is induced by DNA damage in budding yeast
Authors: Eapen Vinay V. , Waterman David P. , Bernard Amélie , Schiffmann Nathan , Sayas Enrich , Kamber Roarke , Lemos Brenda , Memisoglu Gonen , Ang Jessie , Mazella Allison , Chuartzman Silvia G. , Loewith Robbie J. , Schuldiner Maya , Denic Vladimir , Klionsky Daniel J. , Haber James E. 
Published: February 2017

Significance
The DNA damage response (DDR) is a well-orchestrated and tightly regulated process. The DDR pathway does not act in isolation; indeed, evidence of cross-talk between the DDR and numerous signaling pathways affecting cytoskeletal integrity, nutrient sensing, and autophagy has been demonstrated. In this paper, we report that the DDR induces a distinct pathway of autophagy: genotoxin-induced targeted autophagy (GTA). GTA requires the action of the checkpoint kinases Mec1/ATR, Tel1/ATM, and Rad53/CHEK2. Rad53 mediates the transcriptional up-regulation of autophagy genes via negative regulation of the repressor Rph1/KDM4. GTA requires components of the selective autophagy machinery and is distinct from canonical autophagy pathways. A genome-wide screen for GTA modulators identifies genes required for genotoxin-induced autophagy and starvation-induced autophagy.
Biosynthesis of cabbage phytoalexins from indole glucosinolate
Authors: Klein Andrew P. , Sattely Elizabeth S. 
Published: February 2017

Significance
Cruciferous vegetables—such as broccoli, mustard greens, and turnip—produce a variety of indole- and sulfur-containing chemicals when attacked by pathogens. These compounds, termed phytoalexins, are thought to serve as an important defense mechanism for the plant. Several phytoalexins have been shown to also have anticancer properties, raising the possibility that dietary exposure may be important to human health. Here, we report a minimal set of enzymes required to make brassinin, the parent cruciferous phytoalexin, from the well-studied glucosinolates. These genes enabled production of brassinin and related phytoalexins in tobacco leaves at levels comparable to those measured in cruciferous vegetables. The complete biosynthetic pathway to brassinin is critical for using metabolic engineering to characterize the biological role of indole–sulfur phytoalexins.
MONITORING FOR CLUSTERS OF DISEASE: APPLICATION TO LEUKEMIA INCIDENCE IN UPSTATE NEW YORK
Authors: TURNBULL BRUCE W. , IWANO ERIC J. , BURNETT WILLIAM S. , HOWE HOLLY L. , CLARK LARRY C. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The authors propose a procedure for the detection of significant clusters of chronic diseases, with particular reference to cancer. The procedure allows for variations in population density and avoids the problem of “post hoc” formation of hypotheses or self-defined populations. This accounts for several of the principal problems of cluster evaluations. The techniques are practical but “computer-intensive.” The procedure, termed the “duster evaluation permutation procedure”, is applied to leukemia incidence data for an Upstate New York region obtained from the New York State Cancer Registry and census files. Comparisons are made with two other recently proposed clustering methods, namely the U-statistic method of WhKtemore et al. (Biometrika 1987;74:631–7) and the “geographical analysis machine” of Openshaw et al. (Lancet 1988; 1:272–3). Routine examination of disease occurrence with the cluster evaluation permutation procedure would allow state health officials to prioritize case investigations and to respond in a timely and efficient manner to inquiries of reported clusters.
TSEE Glow Curve Variation with Incident Beta Radiation Energy Observed in CaF2 and LiF Crystals
Authors: Okabe S. , Aoki M. , Nishikawa T. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The (100), (110) and (111) surfaces of CaF2 and LiF crystals were irradiated with beta radiation from various radionuclides with maximum energies in the range 0.066-2.28 MeV. The shapes of the TSEE glow curves from these surfaces were different, showing two or three peaks. It was found that the efficiency of TSEE (i.e. the ratio of the number of emitted exoelectrons to the number of incident beta particles) of the first peak at a low temperature decreased with increasing beta radiation energy, but was approximately proportional to the stopping power dE/dx of the thin surface layer. The efficiency of the second peak, obtained at a higher temperature, had the same tendency as the first peak, and it increased, compared with the first peak, when the mean beta energy was greater than 0.1 MeV.
Kerma Factors of Oxygen, Aluminium, and Silicon for 15 to 20 MeV Neutrons
Authors: DeLuca Jr. P.M. , Barschall H.H. , Sun Y. , Haight R.C. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The previously reported measurements of the kerma factor of carbon have been extended to O, Al, and Si. Cylindrical proportional counters were constructed with walls of Zr, ZrO, Al, and Si. Charged particles produced in the walls deposited energy in the low pressure filling gas. The resulting microdosimetric spectra yielded kerma values. The kerma for O was obtained from the difference between spectra obtained with the ZrO and Zr counters. A similar counter constructed of A-150 tissue-equivalent plastic and an A-150 walled ionisation chamber served to determine the neutron fluence. 15 MeV neutrons were produced with the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Rotating Target Neutron Source. 17 to 19 MeV neutrons were obtained by bombarding a tritium gas target with deuterons from the University of Wisconsin electrostatic accelerator.
Reduction of Radon from Household Water Supplies
Authors: Shapiro P.S. , Sorg T.J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Groundwater can be a major source of indoor radon in homes that use individual wells or are served by very small community water systems. In the United States, several wells have been found to contain more than 37,000,000 Bq.m-3 of radon dissolved in the water. This radon can be released in the indoor air in the course of using water for normal household activities. A measurement of the radon in the drinking water can be made when an indor radon problem is suspected. While ventilation may reduce indoor radon levels that result from household water usage, the most common control technique presently applied is removing the radon from the water using a granular activated carbon (GAC) treatment system. Aeration methods are also effective and have been proven to be economical for small community water supplies. Some of the issues faced in using GAC are sizing and maintaining the unit and shielding and disposing of the GAC to prevent exposure from gamma radiation.
A Track Structure Model for the Spatial Energy Deposition of Ionising Radiation
Authors: Pruppers M.J.M. , Leenhouts H.P. , Chadwick K.H. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The development of a track structure model for the spatial distribution of energy deposition events is given. The aim of this model is to explain the different effectiveness of various radiation types. It is shown that the track structure of electrons and ions can be approximated by a function of energy in terms of the stopping power, the average energy loss per event and the average radius of the track. By carefully considering the complete slowing down process of a primary particle an approximation to the distribution of locally dissipated energy, which is used to explain the radiation effectiveness, is obtained.
Chromosomal Changes per Cell Nucleus per Charged Particle
Authors: Geard C.R. , Brenner D.J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The pre-eminent role of the lineal energy density of ionising radiations in eliciting biological effects has been recognised for many years. The pre-eminent role of chromosomal changes in the manifestation of human cancers, of mutational and lethal changes has attained equivalent recognition in recent years. Chromosomal alterations can be observed at the single cell level, and in in vitro systems the effects of defined fluences of charged particles can be related to cellular nuclear cross sectional area and hence changes can be assessed on a per particle per cell nucleus basis. This approach transcends reliance on the concept of absorbed dose. Charged particles generated in the Van de Graaff accelerator of the Radiological Research Accelerator Facility (RARAF) have been used to irradiate mammalian cells attached to Mylar substrates. The linear energy transfer (LET) ranged from 10 to 130 keV.µm-1. All classes of chromosomal changes were assessed as a function of fluence and of LET. When the frequency of 'two-break' aberrations per charged particle per cell nucleus is plotted against LET a quadratic relationship results from 10 to 80 keV.µm-1 with indications of saturation at 130 keV.µm-1. Analysis of the frequencies and types of 'two-break' aberrations in conjunction with spatial chromosomal allocation in cell nuclei enables assessment of proximities for lesion interaction and emphasises the dynamism associated with charged particle effects in mammalian cells. Hazards associated with low fluences, i.e. single or low numbers of high LET particle traversals, as might be expected from radon daughter irradiations, will probably not be uniform over the 80-200 keV.µm-1 LET range and will also probably vary based on cell nucleus presentation to incoming particles.
P-I-N Diodes with a Wide Measurement Range of Fast Neutron Doses
Authors: Rosenfeld A.B. , Anokhin I.E. , Barabash L.I. , Zinets O.S. , Litovchenko P.G. , Khivrich V.I. , Belovodskiy L.F. , Dumik A.I. , Forminych V.I. , Petrov V.I. , Sluchenkov G.F. , Koval G.N. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The effect of fast neutron irradiation on the properties of wide-base p-i-n diodes has been investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Dependence of the base voltage on irradiation dose was studied for diodes at intermediate level injection. The change in resistivity of silicon under neutron irradiation should be taken into account as well as change in the carrier lifetime. The main contribution to the I-V curve shift of the wide-base p-i-n diode arises from the resistivity change for doses larger than 20-30 Gy. Such diodes have a high radiation sensitivity (above 5 V.Gy-1 for diodes with base width of 0.5 cm made of silicon with resistivity of 5x104 O.cm). Using p-i-n diodes at intermediate level injection one can significantly widen the measurement range of fast neutron doses.
Precision and Lower Detection Limit of TLD-100 with Glow Curve Analysis
Authors: de Vries W. , Bos A.J.J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A computer program for glow curve analysis in routine dosimetry with LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-100) has been developed. The program is based on advanced knowledge of the physical parameters of the glow peaks 2, 3, 4 and 5 of TLD-100, i.e. the order of kinetics of the peaks, the activation energies E and the escape frequency factors s. For fixed procedures, these parameters are constant for varying doses and radiation energies. Therefore a glow curve can be described by only four parameters: the areas of the four main glow peaks in TLD-100. This method of glow curve analysis was tested for a fixed readout procedure. Precision of dose measurement and lower detection limit were used as test parameters. Using the method of glow curve analysis the precision of dose measurement at a 0.5 mGy level is 1%, compared to 4% by using the method of integrating part of the glow curve. The detection limit decreases from 0.1 mGy with the integration method to 0.05 mGy with glow curve analysis.
Thermoluminescence Characteristics of Various Detectors for X Ray Diagnostic Measurements
Authors: Ranogajec-Komor M. , Muhiy-Ed-Din F. , Milkovic D. , Veckic B. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The photon energy dependence of LiF:Mg,Cu,P (produced in Poland) as compared to LiF:Mg,Ti, TLD-700 and CaF2:Mn was measured using X rays and 60Co and 137Cs gamma ray radiation in two Secondary Standard Dosimetric Laboratories. The reproducibility of the response of all dosimetric systems was also studied at the primary beam of a diagnostic X ray unit. LiF:Mg,Ti and TLD-700 have been used to measure patient doses during chest organ examinations in diagnostic radiology of children to analyse the dose estimations in radiation fields that were not well defined.