bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES IN ORGANOMETALLIC REARRANGEMENTS PART 2, KINETICS OF THE THERMAL ISOMERIZATION OF SUBSTITUTED SILYL INDENES
Authors: RAKITA P. E. , TAYLOR G. A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie reversilble thermische Isomerisierung der stellungsisomeren Silylindene (I)‐(III) wird untersucht: Geschwindigkeitskonstanten, Gleichgewichtskonstanten und Aktivierungsparameter werden mitgeteilt.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOSILICON HETEROCYCLES FROM RING EXPANSION REACTIONS
Authors: FRANCIS E. A. , COREY J. Y. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Di‐Grignard‐ bzw. Dilithioderivate (I) setzen sich mit Chlormethyl‐methyldiclnloF silan (II) zu den tricyclischen Produkten (III) um.
ChemInform Abstract: SELENOXANTHYLIUM SALTS PART 2, CHEMICAL REACTIVITY OF 9‐PHENYLSELENOXANTHYLIUM PERCHLORATE
Authors: HORI M. , KATAOKA T. , HSUE C. F. , ASAHI Y. , MIZUTA E. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract9‐Phenylselenoxanthyliumperchlorat (II) reagiert mit verdünnter Natronlauge in Methylenchlorid in guter Ausbeute zu 9‐Phenylse1enoxanthenol (Ia) und mit Natriummethylat in Methanol zu 9‐Methoxy‐9‐phenylselenoxanthen (Ib).
ChemInform Abstract: OXYMETALLATION PART 6, HALOGENODEMERCURATION OF PEROXYMERCURIALS DERIVED FROM ALPHA,BETA‐UNSATURATED ESTERS AND KETONES
Authors: BLOODWORTH A. J. , GRIFFIN I. M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Halogenolyse der β‐ und α‐Carbonyl‐β‐mercurioperoxide (II) und (V), die durch Peroxymercurierung der ungesättigten Ester und Ketone (I) bzw. (IV) dargestellt werden, führt zu den β‐Halogenperoxiden (III) bzw. (VI), die NMR‐spektroskopisch charakterisiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW COMPLEXES OF ORGANOALUMINIUM COMPOUNDS WITH ESTERS
Authors: STAROWIEYSKI K. B. , PASYNKIEWICZ S. , SPORZYNSKI A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBenzoesäuremethylester (I) und Dimethylaluminiumchlorid (II) bilden in aromatischen Lösungsmitteln zwei Komplexe im Molverhältnis 1:1 und 1:2.
ChemInform Abstract: INVESTIGATIONS ON ORGANOGERMANIUM COMPOUNDS PART 14, NON‐CATALYZED REDISTRIBUTION REACTIONS OF ALKYLMONO‐ AND ‐POLYGERMANES WITH GERMANIUM AND TIN TETRACHLORIDE
Authors: BULTEN E. J. , DRENTH W. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Reaktion der Alkylmonogerrnane und Polygermane (I) mit den Chloriden (II) liefert in hohen Ausbeuten die Alkylmono‐ und ‐polygermane (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS AND (19)F NMR SPECTRA OF SOME DERIVATIVES OF (4‐FLUOROPHENYL)DIMETHYLTIN
Authors: KRAVTSOV D. N. , KVASOV B. A. , KHAZANOVA T. S. , FEDIN E. I. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Darstellung der (4‐Fluorphenyl)‐dimethylzinn‐Derivate (III) oder (VI) erfolgt aus (I) durch Umsetzung mit den Halogenen bzw. Kaliumhydroxid (II) bzw. durch Substituentenaustausch an (III) mit den Verbindungen (IV) oder Grignard‐Reagentien (V).
ChemInform Abstract: CHARACTERISATION AND OXIDATION OF PENTAKIS(ISOCYANIDE)NITROSYLCHROMIUM(0) COMPLEXES
Authors: LLOYD M. K. , MCCLEVERTY J. A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Denitrosylierung des Acetonitril‐Chrom‐Komplexes (I) durch die Isonitrile (II) in Acetonitril liefert die diamagnetischen Komplexe (III).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF METAL CARBONYLS WITH OXYGEN
Authors: FIELDHOUSE STEPHEN A. , FULLAM BRIAN W. , NEILSON GEORGE W. , SYMONS MARTYN C. R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAnhand ESR‐spektroskopischer Untersuchungen wird das bei der Sublimation von Dekacarbonyldimangan in Gegenwart von Sauerstoff gebildete, früher als Pentacarbonyl‐Mn‐Radikal angenommene Radikal als Peroxopentacarbonyl‐Mn‐Radikal identi‐ fiziert.
ChemInform Abstract: THE EFFECT OF DONOR LIGANDS ON THE REACTIVITY OF PI‐AROMATIC LIGANDS IN MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM COMPLEXES
Authors: SETKINA V. N. , BARANETSKAYA N. K. , GINZBURG A. G. , ZDANOVICH V. I. , NEFEDOVA M. N. , KURSANOV D. N. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDer Einfluß der Liganden L in den π‐Komplexen (I) und (II) auf den Wasserstoff‐ Isotopenaustausch mit Säuren wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: UEBER DIE REAKTION VON DIEISENENNEACARBONYL MIT N‐TRIMETHYLSILYL‐BENZOPHENONIMIN
Authors: SCHMID G. , PEBLER J. , WEBER L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Umsetzung von Dieisenenneacarbonyl (I) mit N‐Trimethylsilyl‐benzophenonimin (II) in n‐Pentan bei Raumtemperatur liefert den roten, diamagnetischen Eisenkomplex (III), dessen Struktur anhand der IR‐, NMR‐, Massen‐ und Mößbauerspektren aufgeklärt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: A NOVEL REACTION OF (FERROCENYLMETHYL)TRIMETHYLAMMONIUM IODIDE, ONE STEP SYNTHESIS OF 3‐FERROCENYL‐5‐ALKYL‐1,2,4‐OXADIAZOLES
Authors: KONDO T. , YAMAMOTO K. , DANDA H. , KUMADA M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Reaktion von Natriumnitrit mit den Nitrilen (III) und Ferrocenylmethyl‐trimethylammoniumjodid (I) führt nach 48‐stündigem Kochen zu den Ferrocenyl‐oxadiazol‐Derivaten (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐EXO‐ AND 1‐ENDO‐(TRIMETHYLSILYL)‐2,3‐FERROCENOINDENE, PREPARATION AND METHANOLYSIS IN THE PRESENCE OF FERRIC CHLORIDE
Authors: KONDO T. , YAMAMOTO K. , KUMADA M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Umsetzung von 1‐endo‐Methoxy‐2,3‐ferrocenoinden (I) mit Lithium (II) in THF und die nachfolgende Reaktion mit Trimethylchlorsilan (III) liefern das 1‐exo‐(Trimethylsilyl)‐2,3‐ferrocenoinden (IV), das mit überschüssigem n‐Butyllithium (V) in THF/Hexan bei nachfolgender Hydrolyse zum endo‐Isomeren (VI) isomerisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF A PRODUCT OF THE REACTION OF BICYCLO(6,2,0)DECA‐2,4,6‐TRIENE WITH DIIRON NONACARBONYL
Authors: COTTON F. A. , FRENZ B. A. , TROUP J. M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Umsetzung von Bicyclo[6.2.0]deca‐2,4,6‐trien (I) mit Dieisennonacarbonyl (II) führt zu vier Produkten (III)‐(VI).
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOCOBALT CLUSTER COMPLEXES PART 15, A NEW ROUTE TO ORGANOFUNCTIONAL ORGANOCOBALT CLUSTER COMPLEXES BASED ON THE TRICOBALTCARBON DECACARBONYL CATION
Authors: SEYFERTH DIETMAR , HALLGREN JOHN E. , ESCHBACH C. SCOTT 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCarboxymethylidentrikobaltnonacarbonyl (Ia) sowie seine Ester wie (Ib) bilden in konz. Schwefelsäure ein Acylium‐Ion, das als Hexafluorophosphat (II) isolierbar ist.
ChemInform Abstract: FORMATION AND DECOMPOSITION OF ALKYL‐GOLD(I) COMPLEXES
Authors: TAMAKI A. , KOCHI J. K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Alkyl‐(triphenylphosphin)‐gold‐Komplexe (III) können aus Chlor‐(triphenylphos phin)‐gold(I) (I) und den Grignard‐Reagentien (II) dargestellt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF BILENES‐B, SOME SIDE REACTIONS
Authors: CONLON J. MICHAEL , ELIX JOHN A. , FEUTRILL GEOFFREY I. , JOHNSON ALAN W. , ROOMI MD W. , WHELAN JOHN 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie KondensationderDipyrromethane (I) mit den Formyldipyrromethanen (II) in Gegenwart von HBr in Methanol liefert nicht die erwünschten Bilen‐b‐hydrobromide sondern die Tripyrrodimethane (III).
ChemInform Abstract: (‐)‐(1R,2R,5S)‐TRANS‐PINAN‐1,10‐DIOL UND (+)‐(1R,2S,5S)‐TRANS‐PINAN‐1‐OL, ZWEI PINANDERIVATE MIT FUNKTIONELLER GRUPPE AM BRUECKENKOPF
Authors: BENN HORST , BRANDT JOSEF , WILKE GUENTHER 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDurch Umsetzung von (‐)‐β‐Pinen (I) mit dem Reagenz (II) wird die Al‐Verbindung (III) erhalten, die durch sukzessive Oxidation und Hydrolyse in (‐)‐trans‐Myrtanol (IVa) und das Nebenprodukt (IVb) übergeht.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSELECTIVE TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF (+‐)‐LONGIPINENES
Authors: MIYASHITA MASAAKI , YOSHIKOSHI AKIRA 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDas aus dem Epoxid (I) zugängliche Dekalin‐Derivat (II) wird in das Cyclodecenol (III) übergeführt, aus dem das Olefin (IV) erhältlich ist.Durch sensibilisierte Photoreaktion von (IV) wird das Cycloaddukt (V) gebildet, das sukzessiv zu den Verbindungen (VIa)‐(VIe) umgesetzt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: NEUE METHODE ZUR SUBSTITUTION PHENOLISCHER HYDROXYLGRUPPEN DURCH WASSERSTOFF, REDUZIERENDE SPALTUNG VON OESTROGENALKYLAETHERN MIT LITHIUM IN AETHERN
Authors: CHERKASOV A. N. , GOLUBOVSKAYA L. E. , PIVNITSKII K. K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Östrogentetrahydropyranyläther (I), ebenso die entsprechenden 3‐Methoxymethyläther, gehen unter der Einwirkung von Li in Dimethoxyäthan bei 85°C glatt in die Desoxyöstrogene (II) über.
ChemInform Abstract: MARINE STEROLS PART 3, SYNTHESIS OF ASTEROSTEROL, A NOVEL C26 STEROL FROM ASTEROIDS
Authors: KOBAYASHI M. , TODO K. , MITSUHASHI H. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Umsetzung des Aldehyds (I) mit Isobutyltriphenylphosphoniumbromid/Butyllithium in Hexan bei 30°C ergibt in 60%iger Ausbeute ein l:l‐Gemisch aus den trans und cis‐Isomeren (IIa) und (IIIa), die sich chromatographisch trennen lassen.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF GAMMA‐GLUTAMYL DIPEPTIDES OF SULPHUR‐CONTAINING AMINO‐ACIDS
Authors: CARSON JOHN F. , WONG FRANCIS F. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Titelverbindungen (IV) werden durch Kondensation des Dicyclohexylammoniumsalzes des Glutamats (I) mit den Hydrochloriden der Aminosäureester (II) und Hydrolyse der intermediären N‐Trifluoracetyl(TFA)‐dipeptidester (III) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF LYCORINE‐TYPE ALKALOIDS PART 1, 1‐DESOXY‐LYCORIN‐7‐ONE
Authors: TORSSELL K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSorbinsäureester (I) wird durch Lithium‐diisopropylamid zum nicht‐konjugierten Dien (II) umgelagert, aus dem mit dem β‐Nitrostyrol (III) das Diels‐Alder‐Addukt (IV)erhaltenwird.Mit Zink/Schwefesäure erfolgt die Reduktion zu einer Hydroxamsäure (V), die durch Lithiumalanat zum Hydroxylamin (VI) weiter reduziert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: STEROID‐ALKALOIDE 168. MITT. RINGERWEITERUNG DURCH EINWIRKUNG VON LITHIUMALANAT AUF EIN ALPHA‐TRIHALOGENO‐IMIN
Authors: PICOT A. , LUSINCHI X. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAus dem cyclischen Imin (I) erhält man über die Trichlormethylverbindung (II) mit Lithiumalanat über diskutierte Zwischenstufen das Ringerweiterungsprodukt (III).
ChemInform Abstract: PROSTAGLANDINS PART 3, SYNTHESIS OF (+‐)‐11‐DEOXY‐PGE1
Authors: CATON M. P. L. , COFFEE E. C. J. , WATKINS G. L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAus dem Cyclopentenon (I) erhält man durch Addition von Blausäure über Acetoncyanhydrin das Nitril (II), dessen Ketal (IIIa) in den Aldehyd (IIIb) umgewandelt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHETIC STUDIES ON ANTHRACYCLINONES PART 13, CONVERSION OF BISANHYDRO‐GAMMA‐RHODOMYCINONE INTO BISANHYDRODAUNOMYCINONE
Authors: HORII Z. , OZAKI Y. , YAMAMURA S. , NISHIKADO T. , HANAOKA M. , MOMOSE T. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Synthese von Bisanhydrodaunomycinon (VII), ausgehend von Bisanhydroq‐rhodomycinon (I), wird beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: THE DETECTION OF HYDROGEN CYANIDE PRESENT AS AN IMPURITY IN N,N‐DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE
Authors: TRISLER J. C. , FREASIER B. F. , WU S.‐M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn Dimethylformamid sind im allgemeinen geringe Anteile an HCN (1O′5 bis 10‐3 Mol/Ltr.) als Verunreinigung auch nach intensiver Reinigung enthalten, die teilweise die Reaktionen in diesem Medium speziell nach Kontakt mit Basen bedingen bzw. katalysieren.
ChemInform Abstract: THE EXTRACTION AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF VANADIUM(IV) WITH TIRON
Authors: WAKAMATSU YOSHINOBU , OTOMO MAKOTO 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie spektrophotometrische Bestimmung von V(IV) wird beschrieben, das als V(IV)‐Tiron‐Chelat in ein Lösungsmittelgemisch von Isopentylalkohol‐Chloroform (1:4) in Gegenwart eines 1,3‐Diphenylguanidiniumsa1zes extrahiert wird.
Population attributable fractions of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States
Authors: Makarova‐Rusher Oxana V. , Altekruse Sean F. , McNeel Tim S. , Ulahannan Susanna , Duffy Austin G. , Graubard Barry I. , Greten Tim F. , McGlynn Katherine A. 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUNDHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence has been increasing in the United States for several decades; and, as the incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection declines and the prevalence of metabolic disorders rises, the proportion of HCC attributable to various risk factors may be changing.METHODSData from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results‐Medicare linkage were used to calculate population attributable fractions (PAFs) for each risk factor over time. Patients with HCC (n = 10,708) who were diagnosed during the years 2000 through 2011 were compared with a 5% random sample of cancer‐free controls (n = 332,107) residing in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results areas. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and PAFs were calculated for HCV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), metabolic disorders, alcohol‐related disorders, smoking, and genetic disorders.RESULTSOverall, the PAF was greatest for metabolic disorders (32%), followed by HCV (20.5%), alcohol (13.4%), smoking (9%), HBV (4.3%), and genetic disorders (1.5%). The PAF for all factors combined was 59.5%. PAFs differed by race/ethnicity and sex. Metabolic disorders had the largest PAF among Hispanics (PAF, 39.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 31.9%‐46.7%) and whites (PAF, 34.8%; 95% CI, 33.1%‐36.5%), whereas HCV had the largest PAF among blacks (PAF, 36.1%; 95% CI, 31.8%‐40.4%) and Asians (PAF, 29.7%; 95% CI, 25.9%‐33.4%). Between 2000 and 2011, the PAF of metabolic disorders increased from 25.8% (95% CI, 22.8%‐28.9%) to 36% (95% CI, 33.6%‐38.5%). In contrast, the PAFs of alcohol‐related disorders and HCV remained stable.CONCLUSIONSAmong US Medicare recipients, metabolic disorders contribute more to the burden of HCC than any other risk factor, and the fraction of HCC caused by metabolic disorders has increased in the last decade. Cancer 2016;122:1757‐65. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the
public domain in the USA..
Chondroblastic osteosarcoma: Cytomorphologic characteristics and differential diagnosis on FNA
Authors: VandenBussche Christopher J. , Sathiyamoorthy Srividya , Wakely Paul E. , Ali Syed Z. 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUNDChondroblastic osteosarcoma (COS) is a uniformly fatal bone malignancy if not diagnosed and treated appropriately in a timely manner. Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) of osseous lesions is routinely performed in major medical centers. Appropriate characterization of the tumor will significantly influence patient management and outcomes.METHODSA retrospective review of the cytopathology archives of 2 large tertiary care centers for a 15‐year period (2001‐2015) revealed 17 cases of COS (9 primary, 6 recurrent, and 2 metastatic cases) in 16 patients. Clinical outcome and histopathologic follow‐up were reviewed and correlated.RESULTSThere were 9 male and 7 female patients (male‐to‐female ratio of approximately 1:1), ranging in age from 12 to 70 years (mean age, 29.2 years). The classic locations for osteosarcoma were commonly involved, such as the long bones around the region of the knee in 4 cases and the proximal humerus in 1 case. However, other “nonclassic” sites also were noted to be commonly involved, including the distal tibia or fibula (4 cases), sacroiliac region (4 cases), mandible (3 cases), and skull (1 case). Cytomorphologic characteristics were high cellularity; predominantly discohesive, single cells; small tissue fragments; background osteoid and chondroid matrix; spindled cells and plasmacytoid cells with moderate to abundant basophilic vacuolated cytoplasm and occasional multiple cytoplasmic processes; round to oval nuclei with anisonucleosis; and small to prominent nucleoli. There were scattered binucleated and multinucleated osteoclast‐like giant cells. Cases with high‐grade morphology demonstrated marked pleomorphism and abundant mitoses.CONCLUSIONSThe differential diagnosis of COS includes chondroblastoma, chondrosarcoma, and chondroid chordoma. A definitive diagnosis can be made with clinical and radiological correlation. Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:493–500. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
A model for estimating the out‐degree of nodes in associated semantic network from semantic feature view
Authors: Zhang Shunxiang , Wang Yin , Liu Weidong , Yin Xiaobo 
Published: March 2016

SummaryAssociation Link Network (ALN) can organize massive news data to support many intelligent Web applications. The degree estimating of nodes in ALN, including out‐degree and in‐degree, is an important and significant research. It can provide effective support for some applications such as the control of network structure, the rapid positioning of Web resources in ALN. This paper proposes a model for estimating the out‐degree of any one node in ALN from semantic feature view, which can greatly reduce the searching scope for the rapid positioning of Web resources stored in large‐scale database. First, we explore the main factors of forming the out‐degree of any one node from semantic feature view by qualitative analysis. Then, based on the result of qualitative analysis, we propose the model for estimating the out‐degree of any one node in ALN, including the model framework, the first estimating theory and its further optimization method. Experimental results show that the proposed estimating model as well as the optimization method have a high precision. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cloud Crawler: a declarative performance evaluation environment for infrastructure‐as‐a‐service clouds
Authors: Cunha M. , Mendonça N. C. , Sampaio A. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryAs the number of infrastructure‐as‐a‐service (IaaS) cloud offers in the market increases, selecting an appropriate configuration of cloud resources for a given application becomes a non‐trivial task even for experienced developers. Because cloud resources are relatively cheap, usually charged by the hour, developers could systematically evaluate the performance of their application using different resource types from different cloud providers, thus allowing them to accurately identify the best providers and resource types for their application. However, conducting systematic performance tests in multiple IaaS clouds may require a significant amount of planning and configuration effort from application developers. This paper presents Cloud Crawler, a declarative environment for specifying and conducting application performance tests in IaaS clouds. The environment includes a novel declarative domain‐specific language, Crawl, by means of which cloud users can describe, at a high abstraction level, a large variety of performance evaluation scenarios for a given application, and a scenario execution engine, Crawler, which automatically configures, executes, and collects the results of the scenarios described in Crawl. The paper also reports on how Cloud Crawler has been successfully used to systematically test the performance of two open‐source web applications in public IaaS clouds. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water in Ionic Liquids: Correlation between Anion Hydrophilicity and Near‐Infrared Fingerprints
Authors: TomŠík Elena , Gospodinova Natalia 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe show that fingerprints of the different states of water association can be clearly distinguished in the range of the first overtone of water′s symmetric O‐H stretching in the spectra of water‐saturated [EMIm]+‐based ionic liquids with anions of substantially different hydrophilicity, such as hydrophobic [(CF3SO2)2N]−, moderately hydrophilic [CF3SO3]−, and highly hydrophilic [HSO4]−.
Flow cytometry and single nucleus sorting for Cre‐based analysis of changes in transcriptional states
Authors: Samadder Partha , Weng Ning , Doetschman Thomas , Heimark Ronald L. , Galbraith David W. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe organs of eukaryotic organisms comprise complex interspersions of cell types, whose different molecular activities, and corresponding cellular states, cooperate during development to produce the final, functional organ. Dysfunction of organs in disease, particularly oncogenesis, initiates with changes of state of a minor subset of cells. It therefore is hard to detect early molecular indicators of disease within an overwhelming background of normal cells. Flow cytometry and sorting provides a convenient way to purify minority subpopulations, if a specific fluorophore can be unambiguously and exclusively associated with this subpopulation. We have generated a number of transgenic mouse lines expressing a nuclear‐localized version of the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), within which the production of a chimeric histone 2B‐GFP protein occurs under the control of a constitutively‐active, actin‐derived promoter, separated by a Floxed‐STOP sequence. In the presence of Cre recombinase, within F1 progeny of these mouse lines, excision of the STOP sequence activates transcription which results in the emergence of cells containing green fluorescent nuclei. We describe the characterization of these lines using a combination of microscopic imaging, flow cytometry and sorting, and Reverse‐Transcription polymerase chain reaction of transcripts within single sorted nuclei isolated from tissue homogenates. These lines should be particularly useful for analysis of transcriptional changes in oncogenesis. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Stabilization of pre‐optimized multicolor antibody cocktails for flow cytometry applications
Authors: Chan Ray Chun‐Fai , Kotner Joshua S. , Chuang Christine Ming‐Hui , Gaur Amitabh 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundFlow cytometry has a multitude of applications in nearly all fields of biology. Newly described biological markers enable the creation of novel reagents which then aid in the elucidation of unique subsets of cells and their potential role in health and disease. In order to enable the simultaneous detection of an even greater number of parameters, the future progress of flow cytometry relies on advances in instrument engineering and the parallel development of new fluorophores.MethodsIn order to address the issues of reagent reliability, reproducibility, and work‐flow optimization, we have used the freeze‐dry technique to stabilize pre‐mixed, pre‐optimized, multicolor ‘cocktails’ of antibodies within 12 × 75 mm flow cytometry tubes (Lyotube). In this study we describe several lyophilized stabilized reagent combinations that are functional for extended periods of time (18 months and beyond), and can be stored at ambient temperature, eliminating cold‐chain requirements during transportation and storage. This improves precision and reduces the redundant labor and error‐potential associated with mixing antibodies to create “home‐brew” cocktails.ResultsWe have stained different types of samples including normal and leukemic whole blood, bone marrow, and PBMCs, as well as cell lines, directly with BD Lyotube reagents: The data show comparable and consistent performance of multiple batches of dehydrated, stabilized mixtures of antibodies and their liquid counterparts.ConclusionsThe approach we describe here, the Lyotube, facilitates the improvement and implementation of standardization measures in clinical settings and in multi‐site studies, a useful tool which can also be applied to determining the efficacy and safety of candidate therapeutics and vaccines. © 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society