bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nicotine Enhances the Hypnotic and Hypothermic Effects of Alcohol in the Mouse
Authors: Slater Cassandra A. , Jackson Asti , Muldoon Pretal P. , Dawson Anton , O'Brien Megan , Soll Lindsey G. , Abdullah Rehab , Carroll F. Ivy , Tapper Andrew R. , Miles Michael F. , Banks Matthew L. , Bettinger Jill C. , Damaj Imad M. 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundEthanol (EtOH) and nicotine abuse are 2 leading causes of preventable mortality in the world, but little is known about the pharmacological mechanisms mediating co‐abuse. Few studies have examined the interaction of the acute effects of EtOH and nicotine. Here, we examine the effects of nicotine administration on the duration of EtOH‐induced loss of righting reflex (LORR) and characterize the nature of their pharmacological interactions in C57BL/6J mice.MethodsWe assessed the effects of EtOH and nicotine and the nature of their interaction in the LORR test using isobolographic analysis after acute injection in C57BL/6J male mice. Next, we examined the importance of receptor efficacy using nicotinic partial agonists varenicline and sazetidine. We evaluated the involvement of major nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes using nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine and nicotinic α4‐ and α7‐knockout mice. The selectivity of nicotine's actions on EtOH‐induced LORR was examined by testing nicotine's effects on the hypnotic properties of ketamine and pentobarbital. We also assessed the development of tolerance after repeated nicotine exposure. Last, we assessed whether the effects of nicotine on EtOH‐induced LORR extend to hypothermia and EtOH intake in the drinking in the dark (DID) paradigm.ResultsWe found that acute nicotine injection enhances EtOH's hypnotic effects in a synergistic manner and that receptor efficacy plays an important role in this interaction. Furthermore, tolerance developed to the enhancement of EtOH's hypnotic effects by nicotine after repeated exposure of the drug. α4* and α7 nAChRs seem to play an important role in nicotine–EtOH interaction in the LORR test. In addition, the magnitude of EtOH‐induced LORR enhancement by nicotine was more pronounced in C57BL/6J than DBA/2J mice. Furthermore, acute nicotine enhanced ketamine and pentobarbital hypnotic effects in the mouse. Finally, nicotine enhanced EtOH‐induced hypothermia but decreased EtOH intake in the DID test.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that nicotine synergistically enhances EtOH‐induced LORR in the mouse.
Collation of data on applicants, offers, acceptances, students and graduates in veterinary science in Australia 2001–2013
Authors: Smyth GB 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveTo collate data on the numbers of applications, offers, acceptances, students and graduates at Australian veterinary schools between 2001 and 2013.MethodData were obtained from the Australian Department of Education, the Australian Bureau of Statistics, Graduate Careers Australia and the Australian Veterinary Association Ltd.ResultsThe number of eligible applicants for veterinary science courses increased from 1540 in 2001 to 2243 in 2013 (46% increase). Offers for places ranged from 400 in 2001 to 643 in 2013 (61% increase) and acceptances ranged from 254 in 2001 to 457 in 2013 (80% increase).The total number of students enrolled ranged from 1641 in 2001 to 3036 in 2013 (85% increase). Female students increased from 1195 in 2001 to 2340 in 2013 (96% increase) and male students increased from 446 to 696 (56%) over this time period. Domestic students numbered 1411 in 2001 and 2391 in 2013 (69% increase). International students increased from 230 in 2001 to 643 in 2013 (180% increase). Students entering veterinary courses numbered 389 in 2001 and increased to 688 in 2013 (77% increase). Graduates increased from 312 in 2001 to 561 in 2013 (80% increase). Percent of recent veterinary graduates seeking full‐time employment was 7.6% in 2001 and increased to 21.2% in 2013. Median starting salaries for veterinary graduates in Australia were A$34,000 in 2001 and A$46,000 in 2013 (35% increase).ConclusionsThese data provide additional information about the ongoing increase in the numbers of domestic and international students studying veterinary science at Australian universities. Between 2001 and 2013 the numbers of Australian veterinary students and graduates increased at a greater rate than the Australian population.
The transitional semi‐evergreen bushland in Ethiopia: characterization and mapping of its distribution using predictive modelling
Authors: van Breugel Paulo , Friis Ib , Demissew Sebsebe 
Published: January 2016

AbstractQuestionEvergreen bushlands in Ethiopia have been inadequately studied and mapped. We address the question whether there is a transitional semi‐evergreen bushland on the eastern escarpment of the Ethiopian Highlands, with unique floristic characteristics that distinguish it from the evergreen bushlands in other parts of Ethiopia and eastern Africa.MethodsBased on a review of the recent descriptions of evergreen bushlands in Ethiopia, we hypothesize that there is a distinct zone of natural semi‐evergreen bushland, which is restricted to the eastern and southeastern escarpment of the Ethiopian Highlands. In contrast, evergreen bushlands in other parts of Ethiopia are considered to be of a secondary nature. To test this hypothesis, we carried out qualitative vegetation surveys in 354 locations across Ethiopia and classified the vegetation in these locations based on the occurrences of indicator species. Based on this data, we created predictive distribution models of the semi‐evergreen bushland in Ethiopia using various environmental distribution models. We furthermore compared the occurrences of characteristic evergreen bushland species in Ethiopia with the occurrence of these species within the evergreen bushlands in Kenya and Uganda.ResultsThe vegetation surveys confirmed the existence of a distinct type of evergreen bushland vegetation. The transitional semi‐evergreen bushland forms a transitional zone between the Acacia–Commiphora woodland and bushland and the Afromontane forest on the eastern and southeastern escarpments of Ethiopia, but is also characterized by a number of species that, within Ethiopia, are unique to this zone. Most of the characteristic species of the transitional semi‐evergreen bushland are not found or only in lower densities in western Ethiopia. There is, furthermore, a limited overlap in characteristic species of the evergreen bushlands of Kenya and Uganda.ConclusionsOur results provide important information on the hitherto inadequately studied semi‐evergreen bushland of Ethiopia. It highlights the unique character of this part of the evergreen bushlands in Ethiopia, which we argue should be taken into account for future conservation planning.
How well are the optimal serum 25OHD concentrations reached in high‐dose intermittent vitamin D therapy? a placebo‐controlled study on comparison between 100 000 IU and 200 000 IU of oral D3 every 3 months in elderly women
Authors: Välimäki Ville‐Valtteri , Löyttyniemi Eliisa , Pekkarinen Tuula , Välimäki Matti J. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryObjectiveIntermittent dosing may improve adherence to vitamin D therapy. Dosing regimen should maintain optimal serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels over all the year. We compared two dosing regimens, the primary outcome being the percentage of 25OHD measurements reaching the targets of 75 nmol/l or 50 nmol/l after baseline.DesignRandomized, placebo‐controlled parallel group comparison.PatientsSixty women aged 75·0 ± 2·9 years.Interventions100 000 IU (group 1D) or 200 000 IU (2D) of vitamin D3 or placebo orally every 3 months plus calcium 1 g daily for 1 year.MeasurementsSerum 25OHD, 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D, PTH, sclerostin, ionized calcium, urinary calcium, renal function, bone turnover markers.ResultsSerum 25OHD increased, but the difference between two doses was of borderline significance (P = 0·0554; area under curve analysis). Immediate postadministrative increases were higher in the 2D vs 1D group (P < 0·05) after 3 and 6 months’ dosing. In the 1D and 2D groups, 51·2% and 57·7% of all on‐treatment measurements reached the target of 75 nmol/l. PTH levels differed marginally (P = 0·0759) due to tendency to lowering immediately after vitamin D boluses. Urinary calcium differed between the groups (P = 0·0193) due to increases 1 week after vitamin D dosing.ConclusionsThe doses of 100 000 or 200 000 IU of oral cholecalciferol every 3 months were not capable of stabilizing 25OHD levels over the target of 75 nmol/l over the year. To improve the efficacy of high‐dose vitamin D therapy, the interval between boluses has to be shortened instead of increasing their size.
Healing of BoneCeramic™ at buccal dehiscence defects at implants installed immediately into extraction sockets. An experimental study in dogs
Authors: De Santis Enzo , Lang Niklaus P. , Salata Luiz A. , Pereira Flávia P. , Favero Vittorio , Botticelli Daniele 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the healing outcomes at buccal dehiscence defects after 4 months following implant placement immediately into extraction sockets (IPIES) and filled with a mixture of synthetic hydroxyl apatite (HA) 60% and β‐tri‐calcium phosphate (β‐TCP) 40% in comparison with leaving a blood clot.Material and methodsEight Labrador dogs were used, and an implant was placed immediately following tooth extraction into the distal alveolus of the third premolars, bilaterally. Standardized buccal defects, 8 mm in depth and 4 mm in width at the coronal and 2 mm in width at the apical outlines were created. A mixture of synthetic HA 60% and β‐TCP 40% was used to fill the defects at the test sites, while the control sites were left unfilled. Collagen membranes were used to cover the defects at both sides, and a non‐submerged healing was allowed. After 4 months of healing, biopsies were obtained and processed for morphometric analysis.ResultsA vertical gain in the extent of the bony crest and of osseointegration levels of 4.2 ± 2.4 and 3.3 ± 2.1 mm at the test sites and of 5.0 ± 0.8 and 4.6 ± 1.0 mm at the control sites, respectively, were observed. BIC% within the buccal defects reached similar levels (37–42%) both at test and control sites. None of the means of the variables differed significantly between the two groups. New bone formation within the defects was higher, and the percentage of the connective tissue was lower at the control (65.7 ± 11.7% and 2.5 ± 3.3%, respectively) compared to the test sites (16.8 ± 11.3% and 48.9 ± 29.5%, respectively). These differences were statistically significant.ConclusionsThe use of a mixture of synthetic HA 60% and β‐TCP 40% to fill surgically created buccal dehiscence defects at IPIES sites covered with a collagen membrane did not improve osseointegration in the defect area.
The urban–rural divide
Authors: Binelli Chiara , Loveless Matthew 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA vast literature has related perceptions of income inequality to individuals' income: the higher the level of income, the less inequality is perceived. Here, examining the perceptions of income and social inequality, we argue that rural or urban residence affects both inequality perceptions and the impact of income on these perceptions. We test the theory using survey data from 12 Central and Eastern European countries and we find that income negatively affects inequality perceptions but only in urban areas. These findings confirm the importance of accounting for urbanity to understand what drives individuals' perceptions of inequality.
Population variability complicates the accurate detection of climate change responses
Authors: McCain Christy , Szewczyk Tim , Bracy Knight Kevin 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe rush to assess species’ responses to anthropogenic climate change (CC) has underestimated the importance of interannual population variability (PV). Researchers assume sampling rigor alone will lead to an accurate detection of response regardless of the underlying population fluctuations of the species under consideration. Using population simulations across a realistic, empirically based gradient in PV, we show that moderate to high PV can lead to opposite and biased conclusions about CC responses. Between pre‐ and post‐CC sampling bouts of modeled populations as in resurvey studies, there is: (i) A 50% probability of erroneously detecting the opposite trend in population abundance change and nearly zero probability of detecting no change. (ii) Across multiple years of sampling, it is nearly impossible to accurately detect any directional shift in population sizes with even moderate PV. (iii) There is up to 50% probability of detecting a population extirpation when the species is present, but in very low natural abundances. (iv) Under scenarios of moderate to high PV across a species’ range or at the range edges, there is a bias toward erroneous detection of range shifts or contractions. Essentially, the frequency and magnitude of population peaks and troughs greatly impact the accuracy of our CC response measurements. Species with moderate to high PV (many small vertebrates, invertebrates, and annual plants) may be inaccurate ‘canaries in the coal mine’ for CC without pertinent demographic analyses and additional repeat sampling. Variation in PV may explain some idiosyncrasies in CC responses detected so far and urgently needs more careful consideration in design and analysis of CC responses.
Carbon balance of rewetted and drained peat soils used for biomass production: a mesocosm study
Authors: Karki Sandhya , Elsgaard Lars , Kandel Tanka P. , Lærke Poul Erik 
Published: January 2016

AbstractRewetting of drained peatlands has been recommended to reduce CO2 emissions and to restore the carbon sink function of peatlands. Recently, the combination of rewetting and biomass production (paludiculture) has gained interest as a possible land use option in peatlands for obtaining such benefits of lower CO2 emissions without losing agricultural land. This study quantified the carbon balance (CO2, CH4 and harvested biomass C) of rewetted and drained peat soils under intensively managed reed canary grass (RCG) cultivation. Mesocosms were maintained at five different groundwater levels (GWLs), that is 0, 10, 20 cm below the soil surface, representing rewetted peat soils, and 30 and 40 cm below the soil surface, representing drained peat soils. Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 and CH4 emissions was measured during the growing period of RCG (May to September) using transparent and opaque closed chamber methods. The average dry biomass yield was significantly lower from rewetted peat soils (12 Mg ha−1) than drained peat soils (15 Mg ha−1). Also, CO2 fluxes of gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) from rewetted peat soils were significantly lower than from drained peat soils, but net uptake of CO2 was higher from rewetted peat soils. Cumulative CH4 emissions were negligible (0.01 g CH4 m−2) from drained peat soils but were significantly higher (4.9 g CH4 m−2) from rewetted peat soils during measurement period (01 May–15 September 2013). The extrapolated annual C balance was 0.03 and 0.68 kg C m−2 from rewetted and drained peat soils, respectively, indicating that rewetting and paludiculture can reduce the loss of carbon from peatlands.
Re‐evaluation of hepatocyte replacement by recipient‐derived cells after allogenic liver transplantation: Discrepancy between clinical observations and a rat model
Authors: Maeda Hiromichi , Okamoto Ken , Namikawa Tsutomu , Tsuda Masayuki , Uemura Sunao , Shiga Mai , Hanazaki Kazuhiro , Kobayashi Michiya 
Published: January 2016

AimReports suggest that hepatocyte replacement by recipient‐derived cells is an active phenomenon after allogenic liver transplantation in rats. However, this phenomenon is rarely observed in humans, and further evaluation is necessary to bridge the gap between clinical practice and animal experiment.MethodsFifty percent volume of the liver from green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic Lewis rats were transplanted into wild‐type Dark Agouti (DA) rats, in which GFP negative hepatocytes were considered as host (DA rat)‐derived cells. The transplanted liver was observed on whole imaging system and fluorescent microscope 7–10 days after transplantation. As a different method from previous reports, hepatocytes isolated from transplanted livers were cultured, and the expression of GFP was examined.ResultsThe sliced liver (2 mm) after allogenic transplantation demonstrated decreased intensity of GFP signals compared with the positive control. The hematoxylin–eosin staining of the section revealed abundant infiltration of inflammatory cells, suggesting an immunological rejection reaction. Large polygonal cells with significantly decreased or negative GFP signals were also demonstrated, which was consistent with the results of previous studies. However, cell culturing demonstrated that none of the examined albumin positive large polygonal cells were host‐derived cells. The same results were obtained irrespective of reconstruction of hepatic artery.ConclusionOur result implies that rejection reaction does not promote parenchymal replacement by recipient‐derived cells, in contrast to previous reports. If so, the phenomena occurring in rats are consistent with clinical observation of liver transplantation in humans.
How a moderated online discussion forum facilitates support for young people with eating disorders
Authors: Kendal Sarah , Kirk Sue , Elvey Rebecca , Catchpole Roger , Pryjmachuk Steven 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIntroductionYoung people with eating disorders are at risk of harm to their social, emotional and physical development and life chances. Although they can be reluctant to seek help, they may access social media for information, advice or support. The relationship between social media and youth well‐being is an emotive subject, but not clearly understood. This qualitative study aimed to explore how young people used a youth‐orientated, moderated, online, eating disorders discussion forum, run by an eating disorders charity.MethodsWe applied a netnographic approach involving downloading and thematically analysing over 400 messages posted August–November 2012.ResultsData analysis generated five themes: Taking on the role of mentor; the online discussion forum as a safe space; Friendship within the online forum; Flexible help; and Peer support for recovery and relapse prevention. Forum moderation may have influenced the forum culture.DiscussionOur findings are consistent with literature about youth preferences for mental health self‐care support. A young person's decision to use this discussion forum can be construed as pro‐active self‐care. A moderated online discussion forum can make a positive contribution to support for youth with eating disorders, countering negative media perceptions of online groups.ConclusionThis study adds to knowledge about how young people access support via social media. Online discussion forums can be safe and acceptable spaces for youth to access help. Further research could provide insights into the impact of forum moderation.
Translocation of microbes and changes of immunocytes in the gut of rapid‐ and slow‐progressor Chinese rhesus macaques infected with SIVmac239
Authors: Zhang Lin‐Tao , Tian Ren‐Rong , Zheng Hong‐Yi , Pan Guo‐Qing , Tuo Xiao‐Yu , Xia Hou‐Jun , Xia Xue‐Shan , Pang Wei , Zheng Yong‐Tang 
Published: January 2016

SummaryHuman/simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV/SIV) infection can cause severe depletion of CD4+ T cells in both plasma and mucosa; it also results in damage to the gut mucosa barrier, which makes the condition more conducive to microbial translocation. In this study, we used SIV‐infected Chinese rhesus macaques to quantify the extent of microbial translocation and the function of immune cells in the entire gastrointestinal tract and to compare their differences between rapid and slow progressors. The results showed that in the slow progressors, microbial products translocated considerably and deeply into the lamina propria of the gut; the tissue macrophages had no significant differences compared with the rapid progressors, but there was a slightly higher percentage of mucosal CD8+ T cells and a large amount of extracellular microbial products in the lamina propria of the intestinal mucosa of the slow progressors. The data suggested that although microbial translocation increased markedly, the mucosal macrophages and CD8+ T cells were insufficient to clear the infiltrated microbes in the slow progressors. Also, therapies aimed at suppressing the translocation of microbial products in the mucosa could help to delay the progression of SIV disease.
Renationalization in Argentina, 2005–2013
Authors: Manzetti Luigi 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSince 2002, government nationalizations and contractual breaches in general around the world have surged. South America has witnessed a wave of nationalizations of private enterprises, mostly foreign. Some analysts contend that this trend is shaped by the left-wing ideological orientation of the governments, whereas others argue that a more robust explanation is the combination of economic pressure and constraint factors. This article contributes to the debate by using a nuanced institutional analytical framework based on the concept of company versus government opportunism, applied to the recent nationalization of previously privatized companies. It examines Argentina, a country that in the last two decades has seen radical policy reversals, from sweeping privatization of state-owned enterprises in the 1990s to a renationalization effort with some of the same companies in the early 2000s.
Combining trade data and niche modelling improves predictions of the origin and distribution of non‐native European populations of a globally invasive species
Authors: Cardador Laura , Carrete Martina , Gallardo Belinda , Tella José L. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimAlthough propagule pressure and environmental constraints are among the most important factors determining invasion success, studies considering both factors simultaneously are scarce. Moreover, while recent evidence suggests that the environmental requirements of individuals from different geographical ranges may be different, the role of propagule origin in invasions has been largely overlooked. Our aim was to disentangle the relative role of niche requirements, propagule origin and propagule pressure on the distribution of an invasive bird species.LocationEurope, Asia and Africa.MethodsWe used species distribution models, niche and deviance partitioning analyses to investigate the relative roles of propagule pressure (international trade), origin of individuals (Asian or African), and environmental constraints in determining the distribution of invasive ring‐necked parakeets across 25 European countries.ResultsDifferences between niches of native Asian and African parakeets were found, with the Asian niche matching the European niche more closely. In the invasive European range, distribution of parakeets was mainly explained by the pure effect of year of first importation (as a proxy of time since first introduction), the pure effect of geographical origin of propagules and the joint effect of environmental suitability and year of first importation, but not by overall propagule pressure. Only when taking into account the fraction of individuals whose native niche fitted better the European conditions – Asian parakeets – was the role of propagule pressure highlighted by models.Main conclusionsWhile environmental‐based predictions calibrated on native ranges can constitute a useful first‐screening tool, incorporating information about propagule pressure and especially about the variability in its geographical origin may result in a much more thorough assessment of invasion risk. Trade data reveal as a valuable proxy of propagule origin and pressure that can be combined with niche modelling for predicting the fate of trade‐mediated invasions in a variety of organisms.