bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Closer Look: Examining Teachers' Language Around UDL, Inclusive Classrooms, and Intellectual Disability
Authors: Lowrey K. Alisa , Hollingshead Aleksandra , Howery Kathy 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the language teachers used to discuss inclusion, Universal Design for Learning (UDL), and learners with intellectual disability (ID) in an effort to better understand how teachers describe the relationship between those three. Utilizing a secondary analysis procedure, interview transcripts from seven general education teachers were reanalyzed to identify language used by teachers to refer to inclusive educational settings, the implementation of UDL, and learners with intellectual disability. The identified themes were then juxtaposed against the UDL framework (principles, guidelines, and checkpoints) and the current literature related to UDL and inclusive education. We end with recommendations for future practice and research involving inclusive classrooms, UDL, and learners with ID.
Endogenous Leadership in Tax Competition: A Combination of the Effects of Market Power and Strategic Interaction
Authors: Pi Jiancai , Chen Xuyang 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This paper extends Kempf and Rota-Graziosi (2010, “Endogenizing Leadership in Tax Competition.” Journal of Public Economics 94 (9):768–776) and Hindriks and Nishimura (2015, “A Note on Equilibrium Leadership in Tax Competition Models.” Journal of Public Economics 121:66–68) by jointly considering the effects of market power and strategic interaction in tax competition. We depict the regional asymmetry as different slopes and different vertical intercepts of the inverse demand for capital. In our setup, the risk-dominant equilibrium in which the large region leads is regained. Moreover, dissimilar to Kempf and Rota-Graziosi (2010, “Endogenizing Leadership in Tax Competition.” Journal of Public Economics 94 (9):768–776) and Hindriks and Nishimura (2015, “A Note on Equilibrium Leadership in Tax Competition Models.” Journal of Public Economics 121:66–68), we show that with a large market demand and a low capital endowment, the leadership by the large region can still be Pareto-dominant even if the asymmetry is very small.
Structure and function of Aspergillus niger laccase McoG
Authors: Ferraroni Marta , Westphal Adrie H. , Borsari Marco , Tamayo-Ramos Juan Antonio , Briganti Fabrizio , Graaff Leo H. de , Berkel Willem J. H. van 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe ascomycete Aspergillus niger produces several multicopper oxidases, but their biocatalytic properties remain largely unknown. Elucidation of the crystal structure of A. niger laccase McoG at 1.7 Å resolution revealed that the C-terminal tail of this glycoprotein blocks the T3 solvent channel and that a peroxide ion bridges the two T3 copper atoms. Remarkably, McoG contains a histidine (His253) instead of the common aspartate or glutamate expected to be involved in catalytic proton transfer with phenolic compounds. The crystal structure of H253D at 1.5 Å resolution resembles the wild type structure. McoG and the H253D, H253A and H253N variants have similar activities with 2,2’-azino-bis(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid or N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine sulphate. However, the activities of H253A and H253N with 2-amino-4-methylphenol and 2-amino-4-methoxyphenol are strongly reduced compared to that of wild type. The redox potentials and electron transfer rates (k
Strongly not relatives Kähler manifolds
Authors: Zedda Michela 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In this paper we study Kähler manifolds that are strongly not relative to any projective Kähler manifold, i.e. those Kähler manifolds that do not share a Kähler submanifold with any projective Kähler manifold even when their metric is rescaled by the multiplication by a positive constant. We prove two results which highlight some relations between this property and the existence of a full Kähler immersion into the infinite dimensional complex projective space. As application we get that the 1-parameter families of Bergman-Hartogs and Fock-Bargmann-Hartogs domains are strongly not relative to projective Kähler manifolds.
Suppression of coherent scattering by coherent population trapping on molecular vibrational levels
Authors: Singh Pooja 
Published: February 2017

AbstractRaman scattering has been studied in molecular media. The role of rotational levels has been investigated. It is shown that the molecular vibrational coherence strongly depends on the effect of coherent population trapping for rotational levels. The obtained results are important for application of Raman spectroscopy to molecular detection for engineering, chemical, and biological applications.
Changing the rules mid-game. Legislative interference in specific pending cases: separation of powers and fair trial
Authors: Jasiak Anna 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Legislatures sometimes interfere in judicial proceedings when they expect the outcome to be politically undesirable. The resulting ad hoc laws are applicable in cases known in advance, although they may appear to be neutral, general and prospective. Such laws force the courts to decide the case in favor of the State, making continued litigation pointless for the other party. Legislation of this kind may seriously threaten the rule of law, fundamental rights, including the right to a fair trial and the separation of powers. In this article, recent examples will be presented, explaining and comparing the position of the European Court of Human Rights and the U.S. Supreme Court.
The European Court of Justice and Citizenship of the European Union: New Developments Towards a Truly Fundamental Status
Authors: Hailbronner Michaela , Sánchez Sara Iglesias 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In two recent, revolutionary decisions, - Janko Rottmann C-135/08 and Ruiz Zambrano C-34/09 - the European Court of Justice has firmly emancipated the status of citizenship of the Union from the “cross-border” requirement and has inaugurated a new area for the protection of rights closely linked to the core of sovereignty of States, - nationality and residence. This Article examines these two judgments and argues that they take the construction of citizenship towards a federal status. The “genuine enjoyment of the substance of citizenship rights” has emerged as a new legal category that is capable of providing a uniform and general protection and entails the affirmation of a core of rights of a supranational nature. This new development raises questions as to whether the ECJ's expansionist reading of citizenship constitutes a legitimate exercise of judicial power and as to what will be the relationship between citizenship and EU fundamental rights. We conclude by exploring the potential of the judgments analyzed in terms of placing Union citizenship at the center of the emergence of a constitutional patriotism in Europe.
Freedom of Communication in the US and Europe
Authors: Tenorio Pedro 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This paper compares the freedom of communication in the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of the United States and the European Court of Human Rights, departing from the judgments of the Supreme Court of the United States. It is noted that there are differences, as specified herein. Regulatory texts invite to speak of two distinct models, though this may be a far-fetched statement. This paper makes the following concluding remarks: 1) There are many concepts of freedom of expression that are compatible with democracy; the one derived from the Sullivan Judgment in the US (and in Europe from the Lingens Judgment) is not the only one, although it is currently considered the most consist­ent with democracy. This point is not discussed here. 2) Major changes sometimes occur through seemingly small details. In this sense, the shift of the burden of proof in defama­tion cases (Sullivan) has created an earthquake in the legal regime governing the press. The Sullivan doctrine can be summarized as follows: first, errors are inevitable, as freedom of speech requires ‘breathing room’; second, the malice of those accused of defamation must be proven; third, it is necessary to prove the lack of veracity of the slanderer. This doctrine allows the press to play its role as the watchdog of freedom. 3) In Spain, the press also appears to play this role, thus requiring us to ask whether there is, or ever was, a Sullivan Judgment in Spanish jurisprudence. We tend to attribute the privileged position of the press in Spain to the fact that the Constitutional Court has given preferential consid­eration to freedom of speech when it is in conflict with honor, intimacy and self-image privacy. This preference is justified by its connection to democracy. Since the judgment of the Spanish Constitutional Court (STC hereafter) 6/1981 of 16 March, the Spanish Consti­tutional Court has stressed the importance of freedom of information for democracy, and since the STC 159/1986 of 16 December, the Constitutional Court has suggested the pref­erential position of freedom of expression. However, the incorporation of the Sullivan doc­trine into the Spanish system occurred through STC 6/1988 of 21 January, almost ten years after the passage of the Constitution into law.
The Anatomy of China’s Human Rights Regime: A Behaviourally Underpinned Analytical and Evaluative Account
Authors: Mushkat Roda 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The Chinese politico-legal system, including the human rights component there­of, has long been the subject of intense academic and policy interest, despite its increas­ingly ‘soft’ features. A multiyear economic expansion and active participation in globaliza­tion processes have been accompanied by some loosening of governmental control mecha­nisms but, by Western standards, this has been a distinctly slow journey. The acquisition of power by this rapidly rising international player has also given rise to concerns about the broader implications of a combination of substantial State capabilities and an ambivalent posture towards human rights, as widely conceived. In addition to traditional perspectives, the issue has been addressed by resorting to social science-type methodological tools and employing them in order to gain a better understanding of the workings of a rule-based regime that straddles domestic and global territory. Considerable progress has been made, yet the task has not been approached exhaustively and accumulation of knowledge has been an intermittent affair. An elaborate and structured literature review is undertaken here for the purpose of identifying gaps on this specific front and concrete strategies to narrow them materially.
Foreign Law and Constitutional Rights in the US Courts of Appeals: Findings and Implications
Authors: Simon Stephen A. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Judicial reliance on foreign law has been hotly debated since the early 2000s, with commentators staking out competing positions on the role of foreign sources in con­stitutional interpretation. While the literature has been normative in focus, authors fre­quently incorporate empirical assumptions about how judges have used foreign law in practice. Yet scholars have done little empirical work to ground the debate and have fo­cused so predominantly on the Supreme Court that the US Courts of Appeals have been largely ignored. This study analyzes findings from a newly created database containing Courts of Appeals decisions relying on foreign law in deciding constitutional rights issues from the earliest cases to the present day. The surprising results include the low number of overall cases, the dearth of cases using foreign law to challenge accepted principles, and the absence of cases engaging the reasoning behind foreign judicial determinations. The findings serve as a jumping off point for the examination of normative concerns, including the risk of arbitrariness in judges’ decisions to rely on foreign law in particular cases.
Contemporary United States Law Regarding Online Social Media Libel Standards on the 50th Year Anniversary of Times v Sullivan and 40th Year Anniversary of Gertz v Welch
Authors: Azriel Joshua , Mayo Charles 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
2014 marks the 50th anniversary of the US Supreme Court decisions in Times v Sullivan and 40th anniversary of Gertz v Welch. These two decisions by the US Supreme Court had an important legal impact in the United States on federal law pertaining to libel, specifically proving actual malice and who is defined as a public figure or public official. This article analyzes both Supreme Court decisions within the context of present day online social media libel controversies. It also analyzes three recent federal court rulings where judges had to issue decisions based on Sullivan and Gertz’s actual malice and public figure legal principles. The article concludes that both Sullivan and Gertz are still relevant to how other federal, American courts decide issues related to defamation published in social media.
Erosion of Constitutional Rights in EU Law: A Call for ‘Substantive Co-operative Constitutionalism’
Authors: Albi Anneli 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This two-part paper seeks to invite discussion on a deeply embedded narrative in the European scholarly and public discourse that reduces the protection of national consti­tutions to Eurosceptic, old-fashioned reluctance to relinquish sovereignty. The paper ar­gues that because of the simplistic ‘Eurosceptic’-‘Euro-friendly’ looking glass, the discourse has broadly been oblivious of, and given scholarly legitimacy to, the erosion of a range of classic constitutional rights and rule of law safeguards in EU law. Part 1 of the paper, docu­menting comparative case law in seven areas, posits an emergence at the EU level of the adoption of measures which, if attempted at national level without the constraints of EU law, would in a significant number of national legal orders prompt constitutional courts to voice serious concerns about core European constitutional values. The case studies start with some past criticisms regarding rights protection in the single market, moving then to EU measures that have affected core constitutional values, such as secret anti-terrorist measures, the Data Retention Directive, the European Arrest Warrant system with its nu­merous Kafkaesque elements, the broader move towards imposition of criminal and ad­ministrative sanctions on the basis of teleological interpretation and without a law, and the ESM Treaty. The paper also queries the reduced access to courts, the changing role of courts and an emerging gap in constitutional review. Against this background, Part 2 of the paper calls for recalibrating the discourse towards ‘substantive co-operative constitutional­ism’. The aim is to explore how to better uphold the standards of protection developed by national constitutional and supreme courts for classic, substantive constitutional values, in a context where EU constitutional law has brought about a shift towards a thin, weak, procedural version of constitutionalism, the rule of law and judicial review, with priority given to effectiveness, uniformity, trust and, after Melloni, supremacy over constitutional rights.
The WTO’s Impact on China: A Battle of Administrative Review Settings between Internal and External Regulatory Frameworks
Authors: Tang Nga Kit Christy 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
As a WTO member and one of the largest trading countries, China is subject to a series of rule-of-law related international obligations. Yet, China emphasizes ‘Chinese characteristics’, ‘rule by law’, and recently, ‘socialist ethics’. What is the impact of WTO law on China? This paper examines the WTO and Chinese regulatory frameworks in terms of administrative review settings. Through reviewing the roles of self, law, and government under Confucianism and Chinese Legalism, this study finds that China generally adopts a Confucian internal regulatory framework based on self-regulation, which negates external control. The WTO law, however, assumes a Chinese Legalist like external regulatory framework based on control by rules in the form of checks and balances. The impact of WTO law on China, therefore, is about a battle between these internal and external frameworks at the opposite regulatory directions. On this battlefield, China seems not to be affected by the WTO yet.
Antioxidant Activity Improvement and Evaluation of Structure Changes of SHECN Treated by Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) Technology
Authors: Lin Songyi , Liang Rong , Xing Jie , Li Xingfang , Yu Yali , Wang Jia 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the relationship between antioxidant activity improvement and structure changes of peptide (Ser-His-Glu-Cys-Asn (SHECN) isolated from soybean treated by pulsed electric field (PEF). The two-factor-at-a–time (TFAT) was performed to investigate interaction of electric field intensity (5, 10, 15 and 20 kV/cm) and pulse frequency (1,800 and 2,400 Hz) on antioxidant activity improvement and structure changes. Compared with untreated peptide, DPPH radical inhibition of SHECN was significantly increased to 95.54 ± 0.16 % at optimal conditions (electric field intensity 15 kV/cm, pulse frequency 1,800 Hz and a retention time of 2 h). Results showed that the primary structure of SHECN had not been changed based on the nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. However, the secondary structure of peptide, especially α-helix can be changed. These results suggested that mechanism of antioxidant activity improvement is related to secondary structure changes.
Effect of Drying Methods on the Rheological Properties of Sugar Beet Pulp Pectin
Authors: Huang Xin , Li Dong , Wang Li-jun , Adhikari Benu , Chen Xiao Dong 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The effect of drying methods on the rheological properties (apparent viscosity, storage (G′) and loss (G″) moduli, creep behavior) of sugar beet pulp pectin (SBPP) was investigated using steady shear, frequency sweep, activation energy and creep-recovery tests. SBPP was extracted from sugar beet and dried using freeze (FD), hot air (HD), vacuum (VD) and spray (SD) drying methods. The HD sample showed highest apparent viscosity and the VD sample had the highest activation energy. The 1 % (w/v) samples had higher activation energy than 2 % (w/v) samples. The G′ and G″ versus angular frequency data followed the Power Law model reasonably well (R
2 > 0.915). The FD sample deformed the most during the creep test.
Comparison of Drying and Quality Characteristics of Pear (Pyrus Communis L.) Using Mid-Infrared-Freeze Drying and Single Stage of Freeze Drying
Authors: Antal Tamás , Tarek-Tilistyák Judit , Cziáky Zoltán , Sinka László 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This article provides results of an experimental investigation of hybrid- (MIR-FD), mid-infrared- (MIR) and freeze drying (FD) on the drying characteristics, energy consumption and quality parameters of pear. Rehydration ratio, color, texture, water activity, phenolic content and antioxidant activity were measured to evaluate the quality of dried pear products. Mid-infrared-freeze drying (MIR-FD) had the higher drying rate, which reduced the drying time by 14.3–42.9 % compared with FD method. Two empirical models were chosen to fit the drying curves and the models had the suitable R
2 and RMSE values. Temperature characteristics of MIR and MIR-FD dried pear were determined in terms of interior temperature variation. The MIR-FD pear had darker color, better rehydration capacity, similar water activity, lower hardness (except of MIR-FD70°C) and highest content of chemical composition than single stage of FD products. Above all, the MIR50-60°C-FD was suggested as the best drying method for pear in this study.
Does Size Really Matter? The Role of Tonotopic Map Area Dynamics for Sound Learning in Mouse Auditory Cortex
Authors: Brünner Hans Sperup , Rasmussen Rune 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis commentary centers on the novel findings by Shepard et al. (2016) published ineNeuro. The authors interrogated tonotopic map dynamics in auditory cortex (ACtx) by employing a natural sound-learning paradigm, where mothers learn the importance of pup ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), allowing Shepard et al. to probe the role of map area expansion for auditory learning. They demonstrate that auditory learning in this paradigm does not rely on map expansion but is facilitated by increased inhibition of neurons tuned to low-frequency sounds. Here, we discuss the findings in light of the emerging enthusiasm for cortical inhibitory interneurons for circuit function and hypothesize how a particular interneuron type might be causally involved for the intriguing results obtained by Shepard et al.
Individual Differences in Resting Corticospinal Excitability Are Correlated with Reaction Time and GABA Content in Motor Cortex
Authors: Greenhouse Ian , King Maedbh , Noah Sean , Maddock Richard J. , Ivry Richard B. 
Published: February 2017

Individuals differ in the intrinsic excitability of their corticospinal pathways and, perhaps more generally, their entire nervous system. At present, we have little understanding of the mechanisms underlying these differences and how variation in intrinsic excitability relates to behavior. Here, we examined the relationship between individual differences in intrinsic corticospinal excitability, local cortical GABA levels, and reaction time (RT) in a group of 20 healthy human adults. We measured corticospinal excitability at rest with transcranial magnetic stimulation, local concentrations of basal GABA with magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and RT with a behavioral task. All measurements were repeated in two separate sessions, and tests of reliability confirmed the presence of stable individual differences. There was a negative correlation between corticospinal excitability and RT, such that larger motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) measured at rest were associated with faster RTs. Interestingly, larger MEPs were associated with higher levels of GABA in M1, but not in three other cortical regions. Together, these results suggest that individuals with more excitable corticospinal pathways are faster to initiate planned responses and have higher levels of GABA within M1, possibly to compensate for a more excitable motor system.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThis study brings together physiological, behavioral, and neurochemical evidence to examine variability in the excitability of the human motor system. Previous work has focused on state-based factors (e.g., preparedness, uncertainty), with little attention given to the influence of inherent stable characteristics. Here, we examined how the excitability of the motor system relates to reaction time and the regional content of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Importantly, motor pathway excitability and GABA concentrations were measured at rest, outside a task context, providing assays of intrinsic properties of the individuals. Individuals with more excitable motor pathways had faster reaction times and, paradoxically, higher concentrations of GABA. We propose that greater GABA capacity in the motor cortex counteracts an intrinsically more excitable motor system.