bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PA‐seq for Global Identification of RNA Polyadenylation Sites of Kaposi's Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus Transcripts
Authors: Ni Ting , Majerciak Vladimir , Zheng Zhi‐Ming , Zhu Jun 
Published: May 2016

AbstractKaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a human oncovirus linked to the development of several malignancies in immunocompromised patients. Like other herpesviruses, KSHV has a large DNA genome encoding more than 100 distinct gene products. Despite being transcribed and processed by cellular machinery, the structure and organization of KSHV genes in the virus genome differ from what is observed in cellular genes from the human genome. A typical feature of KSHV expression is the production of polycistronic transcripts initiated from different promoters but sharing the same polyadenylation site (pA site). This represents a challenge in determination of the 3′ end of individual viral transcripts. Such information is critical for generation of a virus transcriptional map for genetic studies. Here we present PA‐seq, a high‐throughput method for genome‐wide analysis of pA sites of KSHV transcripts in B lymphocytes with latent or lytic KSHV infection. Besides identification of all viral pA sites, PA‐seq also provides quantitative information about the levels of viral transcripts associated with each pA site, making it possible to determine the relative expression levels of viral genes at various stages of infection. Due to the indiscriminate nature of PA‐seq, the pA sites of host transcripts are also concurrently mapped in the testing samples. Therefore, this technology can simultaneously estimate the expression changes of host genes and RNA polyadenylation upon KSHV infection. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cryptic diversity in Black rats Rattus rattus of the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
Authors: Willows‐Munro Sandi , Dowler Robert C. , Jarcho Michael R. , Phillips Reese B. , Snell Howard L. , Wilbert Tammy R. , Edwards Cody W. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHuman activity has facilitated the introduction of a number of alien mammal species to the Galápagos Archipelago. Understanding the phylogeographic history and population genetics of invasive species on the Archipelago is an important step in predicting future spread and designing effective management strategies. In this study, we describe the invasion pathway of Rattus rattus across the Galápagos using microsatellite data, coupled with historical knowledge. Microsatellite genotypes were generated for 581 R. rattus sampled from 15 islands in the archipelago. The genetic data suggest that there are at least three genetic lineages of R. rattus present on the Galápagos Islands. The spatial distributions of these lineages correspond to the main centers of human settlement in the archipelago. There was limited admixture among these three lineages, and these finding coupled with low rates of gene flow among island populations suggests that interisland movement of R. rattus is rare. The low migration among islands recorded for the species will have a positive impact on future eradication efforts.
Rapid tree water transport and residence times in a Pennsylvania catchment
Authors: Gaines Katie P. , Meinzer Frederick C. , Duffy Christopher J. , Thomas Evan M. , Eissenstat David M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTrees are responsible for the majority of precipitation recycling over land and can affect soil water storage, stream flow, and ground water recharge. Historically, water has not often been limiting in eastern U.S. forests. As a result, little work has been done to understand the timing of water use by vegetation in these systems. We used deuterium tracer, sap flux, and anatomical techniques to study tree water transport on a forested ridge top in central Pennsylvania. Three trees of each of the dominant ring‐porous species, Carya tomentosa (mockernut hickory), Quercus prinus (chestnut oak), and Quercus rubra (red oak), and the diffuse‐porous Acer saccharum (sugar maple), were studied. We hypothesized that tracer velocity would be higher in the ring‐porous species because of their greater vessel diameters and water transport efficiency, but that tracer residence time would be largely dependent on tree size. The tracer travelled at velocities of 1 to 18 m d−1 with maximum deuterium concentration in the crowns of the study trees being reached between 1 and 12 days after injection. Tracer residence time ranged from about 5 to 22 days with no evidence of longer residence times in larger trees. There was also no evidence of a relationship between tracer velocity and calculated xylem specific conductivity, which varied by nearly an order of magnitude between species. However, the soil‐to‐leaf driving force for water transport may be a strong determinant of tracer velocity across species, and shows promise as a proxy for sap velocity in hydrologic modelling applications. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nutritional quality and sensory acceptability of complementary food blended from maize (Zea mays), roasted pea (Pisum sativum), and malted barley (Hordium vulgare)
Authors: Fikiru Obse , Bultosa Geremew , Fikreyesus Forsido Sirawdink , Temesgen Mathewos 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of blending ratio of malted barley, maize, and roasted pea flour on complementary food quality and sensory acceptability. D‐ Optimal mixture design was used to generate 14 formulations. Each ingredient had 55–90% maize, 20–35% pea and 4–12% malted barley. Pretreatments like debranning of maize, roasting of pea and dehusking of malted barley were done. The three component‐constrained mixture design was conducted using Design‐Expert® 6 (Stat‐Ease). Ash, protein, fat, fiber, moisture, and carbohydrate contents were found in between range of 1.5–2.5%, 13.0–18.5%, 1.8–2.5%, 3.06–4.45%, 5.0–6.5%, and 68.9–74.1%, respectively. Significant difference (P < 0.05) among the treatments was observed for protein, moisture, odor, flavor and sensory overall acceptability. Lack‐of‐fit was significantly different only for fat (R2 = 0.90). Thus, the model generated can predict all attributes except for fat. The optimum values of high nutrient content and sensory acceptability were observed in the range of 55.0–68.5%, 27.5–35.0%, and 4.0–10.0% for maize, pea, and malted barley respectively.
The Binomial CEV Model and the Greeks
Authors: Cruz Aricson , Dias José Carlos 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis article compares alternative binomial approximation schemes for computing the option hedge ratios studied by Chung and Shackleton (2002), Chung, Hung, Lee, and Shih (2011), and Pelsser and Vorst (1994) under the lognormal assumption, but now considering the constant elasticity of variance (CEV) process proposed by Cox (1975) and using the continuous‐time analytical Greeks recently offered by Larguinho, Dias, and Braumann (2013) as the benchmarks. Among all the binomial models considered in this study, we conclude that an extended tree binomial CEV model with the smooth and monotonic convergence property is the most efficient method for computing Greeks under the CEV diffusion process because one can apply the two‐point extrapolation formula suggested by Chung et al. (2011). © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 37:90–104, 2017
Dispelling Stem‐Cell Ideology
Authors: Shrader‐Frechette Kristin 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWeek‐old embryos are considered the richest source of stem cells usable in medical treatments. Because the embryos are destroyed when the stem cells are removed, the debate over the embryo's legal, moral, political, and scientific status has exploded. In this debate, Sheldon Krimsky's Stem Cell Dialogues: A Philosophical and Scientific Inquiry into Medical Frontiers (Columbia UP, 2015) is the single best book. Evenhanded, eminently readable, up to date, educational, scientifically precise, powerfully researched, and very entertaining, Krimsky's slim volume is one that no scientist, policy‐maker, ethicist, or intelligent reader should miss.
Minding and Caring about Ethics in Brain Injury
Authors: Gillett Grant 
Published: May 2016

AbstractJoseph Fins's book Rights Come to Mind: Brain Injury, Ethics, and the Struggle for Consciousness (Cambridge UP, 2015) is a considerable addition to the literature on disorders of consciousness and the murky area of minimally conscious states. Fins brings to this fraught area of clinical practice and neuroethical analysis a series of stories and reflections resulting in a pressing and sustained ethical challenge both to clinicians and to health care systems. The challenge is multifaceted, with diagnostic and therapeutic demands to be met by clinicians and a mix of moral, scientific‐economic, and political resonances for health care analysts. Everything in the book resonates with my own clinical experience and the often messy and emotionally wrenching business of providing ongoing care for patients with severe brain injuries and disorders, people who frequently resist the categorizations that well‐organized health care systems prefer and that can dictate terms of patient management.
The effect of differences between rainfall measurement techniques on groundwater and discharge simulations in a lowland catchment
Authors: Brauer Claudia C. , Overeem Aart , Leijnse Hidde , Uijlenhoet Remko 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSeveral rainfall measurement techniques are available for hydrological applications, each with its own spatial and temporal resolution and errors. When using these rainfall datasets as input for hydrological models, their errors and uncertainties propagate through the hydrological system. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of differences between rainfall measurement techniques on groundwater and discharge simulations in a lowland catchment, the 6.5‐km2 Hupsel Brook experimental catchment.We used five distinct rainfall data sources: two automatic raingauges (one in the catchment and another one 30 km away), operational (real‐time and unadjusted) and gauge‐adjusted ground‐based C‐band weather radar datasets and finally a novel source of rainfall information for hydrological purposes, namely, microwave link data from a cellular telecommunication network. We used these data as input for the, a recently developed rainfall‐runoff model for lowland catchments, and intercompared the five simulated discharges time series and groundwater time series for a heavy rainfall event and a full year.Three types of rainfall errors were found to play an important role in the hydrological simulations, namely: (1) Biases, found in the unadjusted radar dataset, are amplified when propagated through the hydrological system; (2) Timing errors, found in the nearest automatic raingauge outside the catchment, are attenuated when propagated through the hydrological system; (3) Seasonally varying errors, found in the microwave link data, affect the dynamics of the simulated catchment water balance. We conclude that the hydrological potential of novel rainfall observation techniques should be assessed over a long period, preferably a full year or longer, rather than on an event basis, as is often done. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Hydrological Processes. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
In situ spray deposition of cell‐loaded, thermally and chemically gelling hydrogel coatings for tissue regeneration
Authors: Pehlivaner Kara Meryem O. , Ekenseair Adam K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn this study, the efficacy of creating cellular hydrogel coatings on warm tissue surfaces through the minimally invasive, sprayable delivery of thermoresponsive liquid solutions was investigated. Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐based (pNiPAAm) thermogelling macromers with or without addition of crosslinking polyamidoamine (PAMAM) macromers were synthesized and used to produce in situ forming thermally and chemically gelling hydrogel systems. The effect of solution and process parameters on hydrogel physical properties and morphology was evaluated and compared to poly(ethylene glycol) and injection controls. Smooth, fast, and conformal hydrogel coatings were obtained when pNiPAAm thermogelling macromers were sprayed with high PAMAM concentration at low pressure. Cellular hydrogel coatings were further fabricated by different spraying techniques: single‐stream, layer‐by‐layer, and dual stream methods. The impact of spray technique, solution formulation, pressure, and spray solution viscosity on the viability of fibroblast and osteoblast cells encapsulated in hydrogels was elucidated. In particular, the early formation of chemically crosslinked micronetworks during bulk liquid flow was shown to significantly affect cell viability under turbulent conditions compared to injectable controls. The results demonstrated that sprayable, in situ forming hydrogels capable of delivering cell populations in a homogeneous therapeutic coating on diseased tissue surfaces offer promise as novel therapies for applications in regenerative medicine. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2383–2393, 2016.
Thermodynamic Studies of Insulin Loading into a Glucose Responsive Hydrogel Based on Chitosan‐polyacrylamide‐polyethylene Glycol
Authors: Farahani Bahman Vasheghani , Ghasemzadeh Hossein , Afraz Shiravan 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe insulin therapy constitutes the preferred treatment for Diabetes Mellitus (DM). The traditional insulin therapy, which consists of daily subcutaneous insulin injections to control blood glucose level, is not able to regulate the blood glucose level precisely. In this research, to facilitate the diabetic patient life, an intelligent drug delivery system based on a biodegrable biopolymer to control the insulin release, was designed. In this system, chitosan‐polyethylene glycol hydrogel and glucose oxidize play the role of drug carrier and glucose biosensor, respectively. To increase the hydrogel drug loading capacity, hydrogels with different PEG content were synthesized and insulin was loaded by swelling‐diffusion method into them. The loaded hydrogels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Finally, the thermodynamic study for insulin loading process was performed to investigate the stability of the drug in the system.
Conversion of 1,3‐Dimethyl‐5‐(Arylazo)‐6‐Amino‐Uracils to 1,3‐Dimethyl‐5‐(Arylazo)‐Barbituric Acids: Spectroscopic Characterization, Photophysical Property and Determination of pKa of the Products
Authors: Debnath Diptanu , Purkayastha Atanu , Choudhury Rupasree , Misra Tarun Kumar 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe study of inter‐conversion between molecules, especially biologically and pharmaceutically important molecules, is extremely important. This study reports the inter‐conversion between two azo‐derivtives: azo‐6‐aminouracils to azo‐barbituric acids. We successfully converted the 1,3‐dimethyl‐5‐(arylazo)‐6‐aminouracils (Uazo‐1 to Uazo‐4) to 1,3‐dimethyl‐5‐(arylazo)‐barbituric acids (BAazo‐1 to BAazo‐4) (where aryl⇒C6H5‐(1); p‐MeC6H4‐(2), p‐ClC6H4‐(3), and p‐NO2C6H4‐(4)) following an acid‐hydrolysis path. The products were characterized using spectroscopic tools like UV‐vis, IR, and NMR spectroscopy. UV‐vis spectra of the as‐prepared dyes reveal that in contrast to the azo‐6‐aminouracils they are hardly responsive towards solvatochromism. IR spectra exhibit three characteristic >CO frequencies for as‐prepared azobarbituric acids instead of two for mother azo‐6‐aminouracils. 1H NMR spectra which reflect the existence of solution species evidence the absence of >CNH group (characteristic imido‐H at the 6‐position of hydrazone species of azo‐6‐aminouracils) and consequence presence of >CO group at the same position in as‐prepared azobarbituric acids. They exhibit structural emissions in the range of 400–440 nm upon excitation at 360 nm. The determined acid dissociation constant (pKa) values of BAazos increase according to the following sequence: BAazo‐2>1>3>4.
Theoretical Study of the Reductive Decomposition of Vinylethylene Sulfite as an Additive in Lithium Ion Battery
Authors: Leggesse Ermias Girma , Wei Ting‐Yi , Nachimuthu Santhanamoorthi , Jiang J. C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractLithium ion batteries (LIBs) have been used as power sources for advanced portable devices owing to their high energy density and availability in a wide temperature. In a typical LIB system, a protective film called solid electrolyte interface (SEI) usually will be formed on the negative electrode surface. The understanding of the formation mechanism and components of this film is mandatory as it dictates the overall battery performance. Although the amount of additive in an electrolyte composition is not much, it substantially plays an important role and could affect the efficiency and stability of the lithium ion battery. In this study, we have investigated the reductive decomposition mechanism and film forming ability of vinylethylene sulfite (VES), which is a derivative of ethylene sulfite. Based on our DFT calculations, VES, with lower LUMO, tends to undergoes reduction prior to EC or PC. With respect to the reductive decomposition of VES, (VES‐)Li+(EC) and (VES‐)Li+(EC)2, the final primary products which could form the protective SEI film were found to be Li2SO3, (C2H3OSO2Li)2, CH3CH(OSO2Li)CH2OCO2Li.
Theoretical Characterizations on Charge Transfer Excitations in Solution by Time‐Dependent Density Functional Theory A Case Study
Authors: Huang Tzu‐Ting , Chou Tsao‐Pei , Li Elise Y. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIt is a well‐known issue that the application of time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) on charge transfer excitations often leads to a severe underestimation if the non‐local exchange energy is not properly included. Here we perform a careful first‐principles investigation on a specific molecular system that is known to exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) phenomenon, using three different functions, B3LYP, CAM‐B3LYP, and M06‐2X. We find that even in functionals with more adequately described or fitted long‐range exchange part, the triplet excitation energy levels may still show a large variation, indicating that the performance of a specific functional cannot solely be based on the comparison with the absorption or emission spectra. An inclusion of the solvent effect adds to further complexity. Since the efficiency of TADF is directly related to the energy gaps between low‐lying singlet and triplet excited states, the proposed underlying mechanism to illustrate photophysical processes would be intimately associated to the chosen functional and the treatment of the polar medium.
Hadamard Matrices Modulo p and Small Modular Hadamard Matrices
Authors: Kuperberg Vivian 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe use modular symmetric designs to study the existence of Hadamard matrices modulo certain primes. We solve the 7‐modular and 11‐modular versions of the Hadamard conjecture for all but a finite number of cases. In doing so, we state a conjectural sufficient condition for the existence of a p‐modular Hadamard matrix for all but finitely many cases. When 2 is a primitive root of a prime p, we conditionally solve this conjecture and therefore the p‐modular version of the Hadamard conjecture for all but finitely many cases when , and prove a weaker result for . Finally, we look at constraints on the existence of m‐modular Hadamard matrices when the size of the matrix is small compared to m.
Assessing the importance of spatio‐temporal RCM resolution when estimating sub‐daily extreme precipitation under current and future climate conditions
Authors: Sunyer M. A. , Luchner J. , Onof C. , Madsen H. , Arnbjerg‐Nielsen K. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThe increase in extreme precipitation is likely to be one of the most significant impacts of climate change in cities due to increased pluvial flood risk. Hence, reliable information on changes in sub‐daily extreme precipitation is needed for robust adaptation strategies. This study explores extreme precipitation over Denmark generated by the regional climate model (RCM) HIRHAM‐ECEARTH at different spatial resolutions (8, 12, 25 and 50 km), three RCM from the RiskChange project at 8 km resolution and three RCMs from ENSEMBLES at 25 km resolution at temporal aggregations from 1 to 48 h. The performance of the RCM simulations in current climate as well as projected changes for 2081–2100 is evaluated for non‐central moments of order 1–3 and for the 2‐ and 10‐year events. The comparison of the RCM simulations and observations shows that the higher spatial resolution simulations (8 and 12 km) are more consistent across all temporal aggregations in the representation of high‐order moments and extreme precipitation. The biases in the spatial pattern of extreme precipitation change across temporal and spatial resolution. The hourly extreme value distributions of the HIRHAM‐ECEARTH simulations are more skewed than the observational dataset, which leads to an overestimation by the higher spatial resolution simulations. Nevertheless, in general, under current conditions RCM simulations at high spatial resolution represent extreme events and high‐order moments better. The changes projected by the RCM simulations depend on the global climate model (GCM)–RCM combination, spatial resolution and temporal aggregation. The simulations disagree on the magnitude and spatial pattern of the changes. However, there is an agreement on higher changes for lower temporal aggregation and higher spatial resolution. Overall, the results from this study show the influence of the spatial resolution on the precipitation outputs from RCMs. The biases of the RCM simulations increase, and the projected changes decrease for decreasing spatial resolution of the simulations. This points towards the need for high spatial and temporal resolution RCMs to obtain reliable information on changes in sub‐daily extreme precipitation.
Injection Molding Micro‐ and Nanostructures in Thermoplastic Elastomers
Authors: Stormonth‐Darling John M. , Saeed Anwer , Reynolds Paul M. , Gadegaard Nikolaj 
Published: May 2016

Flexible polymers such as poly dimethyl siloxane (PDMS) can be patterned at the micro‐ and nanoscale by casting, for a variety of applications. This replication‐based fabrication process is relatively cheap and fast, yet injection molding offers an even faster and cheaper alternative to PDMS casting, provided thermoplastic polymers with similar mechanical properties can be used. In this paper, a thermoplastic polyurethane is evaluated for its patterning ability with an aim to forming the type of flexible structures used to measure and modulate the contractile forces of cells in tissue engineering experiments. The successful replication of grating structures is demonstrated with feature sizes as low as 100 nm and an analysis of certain processing conditions that facilitate and enhance the accuracy of this replication is presented. The results are benchmarked against an optical storage media grade polycarbonate.
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