bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Added value of a high‐resolution regional climate model in simulation of intraseasonal variability of the South Asian summer monsoon
Authors: Karmacharya J. , New M. , Jones R. , Levine R. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThe South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) exhibits large variability in the intraseasonal scale, and active and break cycles of monsoon constitute dominant mode of this variability. This has been subject of many model‐based studies as improved simulation of intraseasonal features also leads to better representation of the seasonal mean characteristics. We evaluate a recent Hadley centre regional climate model's performance, at low and high resolutions and forced by a reanalysis, in simulating various characteristics associated with intraseasonal variability of SASM. In particular, we compare the spatial patterns of precipitation and upper level circulation composites for active and break spells and, timing, frequency and duration of those spells. We found improvements in simulation of active and break composite precipitation in the high‐resolution simulation. These improvements probably come from improved position of the monsoon trough particularly over west India for active composite and improved low‐level flow particularly south of the Himalaya for break composite. Moreover, enhanced capacity of the model at high resolution to resolve atmospheric motions and interaction of moisture laden low‐level flow with the steep Himalayan orography is likely to contribute in reduction of excess precipitation over Indo‐Gangetic plain. Similarly, improvements over east Nepal for break spells are likely to come from model's ability to effectively capture precipitation enhancements that arise from orographic‐forced and mid‐tropospheric ascending motions. However, mixed results are obtained for temporal statistics associated with occurrence of active and break events. We also compare the model performance in simulating precipitation extremes over Nepal. The timing of extreme precipitation occurrence in relation to peak monsoon months and break spells, and contribution of the extreme cumulative precipitation to the seasonal total are improved in the high‐resolution simulation.
Effects of cobalt and chromium ions on lymphocyte migration
Authors: Baskey Stephen J. , Lehoux Eric A. , Catelas Isabelle 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTA T cell‐mediated hypersensitivity reaction has been reported in some patients with CoCrMo‐based implants. However, the role of cobalt and chromium ions in this reaction remains unclear. The objective of the present study was to analyze the effects of Co2+ and Cr3+ in culture medium, as well as the effects of culture supernatants of macrophages exposed to Co2+ or Cr3+, on the migration of lymphocytes. The release of cytokines/chemokines by macrophages exposed to Co2+ and Cr3+ was also analyzed. The migration of murine lymphocytes was quantified using the Boyden chamber assay and flow cytometry, while cytokine/chemokine release by J774A.1 macrophages was measured by ELISA. Results showed an ion concentration‐dependent increase in TNF‐α and MIP‐1α release and a decrease in MCP‐1 and RANTES release. Migration analysis showed that the presence of Co2+ (8 ppm) and Cr3+ (100 ppm) in culture medium increased the migration of T lymphocytes, while it had little or no effect on the migration of B lymphocytes, suggesting that Co2+ and Cr3+ can stimulate the migration of T but not B lymphocytes. Levels of T lymphocyte migration in culture medium containing Co2+ or Cr3+ were not statistically different from those in culture supernatants of macrophages exposed to Co2+ or Cr3+, suggesting that the effects of the ions and chemokines were not additive, possibly because of ion interference with the chemokines and/or their cognate receptors. Overall, results suggest that Co2+ and Cr3+ are capable of stimulating the migration of T (but not B) lymphocytes in the absence of cytokines/chemokines, and could thereby contribute to the accumulation of more T than B lymphocytes in periprosthetic tissues of some patients with CoCrMo‐based implants. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:916–924, 2017.
Recent Breakthroughs in Solid‐State Mid‐IR Laser Technology
Authors: Vasilyev Sergey , Moskalev Igor , Mirov Mike , Smolsky Viktor , Mirov Sergey , Gapontsev Valentin 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAvailability of compact and cost‐efficient mid‐infrared (MIR) laser sources with a broad range of parameters is of great interest for a number of current and emerging applications. For instance, femtosecond (fs) MIR sources with high average power and broad spectral span enable high dynamic range spectroscopy, sensing, and imaging in the molecular fingerprint region. On the other hand, few‐optical‐cycle MIR pulses with high energy are of particular importance for the development of EUV and X‐ray sources based on strong field nonlinear optics, e.g. high harmonic generation. Furthermore, high‐power mid‐IR lasers are of interest for processing polymers, glasses and composites, surgical, dental and cosmetology procedures, as well as numerous defense‐related applications.
Phosphorus‐Containing Gradient (Block) Copolymers via RAFT Polymerization and Postpolymerization Modification
Authors: Sykes Kyle J. , Harrisson Simon , Keddie Daniel J. 
Published: June 2016

Reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) copolymerization of styrene (St) and 4‐(diphenylphosphino)styrene (DPPS) is explored to establish the statistical distribution of the phosphine‐functional monomer within the copolymer. RAFT copolymerization of St and DPPS at a variety of feed ratios provides phosphine‐functional copolymers of low dispersity at moderate monomer conversion (Ð < 1.2 at conv. >60%). In all cases, the fraction of DPPS in the resulting polymers is greater than that in the monomer feed. Estimation of copolymerization reactivity ratios indicates DPPS has a strong tendency to homopolymerize while St preferentially copolymerizes with DPPS (rDPPS = 4.4; rSt = 0.31). The utility of the copolymers as macro‐RAFT agents in block copolymer synthesis is demonstrated via chain extension with hydrophilic acrylamide (N,N‐dimethylacrylamide (DMAm)) and acrylate (poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (mPEGA), and di(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether acrylate (EDEGA)) monomers. Finally, access to polymers containing phosphine oxide and phosphonium salt functionalities is shown through postpolymerization modification of the phosphine‐containing copolymers.
image
Engineering of a Stable Collagen Nanofibrous Scaffold with Tunable Fiber Diameter, Alignment, and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Castilla‐Casadiego David A. , Ramos‐Avilez Heleine V. , Herrera‐Posada Stephany , Calcagno Barbara , Loyo Luis , Shipmon Jacoby , Acevedo Aldo , Quintana Anibal , Almodovar Jorge 
Published: June 2016

The effect of varying electrospinning parameters is reported for the production of collagen nanofibers from acetic acid with controlled fiber diameter, orientation, and mechanical properties. Nanofibers with a range of diameters of 175–400 nm are obtained by varying either the voltage or the flow rate. An increase in nanofiber alignment is observed by increasing injection flow rate. Mechanical testing of these fibers reveals that the elasticity modulus can be tuned in the range of 2.7–4.1 MPa by the selection of the crosslinking method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy reveals that the secondary structure of collagen is preserved after electrospinning and crosslinking. Lastly, in vitro testing reveals that a high number of fibroblasts attach to the collagen matrices indicating, that they are suitable for mammalian cell culture.
image
Thieno[3,4‐c]Pyrrole‐4,6‐Dione and Dithiophene‐Based Conjugated Polymer for Organic Field Effect Transistors: High Mobility Induced by Synergic Effect of H‐Bond and Vinyl Linkage
Authors: Qing Wanmei , Gong Xiaodi , Liang Xianfeng , Wang Yuancheng , Yang Sifen , Tan Luxi , Ma Yanping , Liu Zitong , Li Jing 
Published: June 2016

Here, a conjugated polymer VTTPD based on thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione (TPD) and dithiophene with vinyl as linker is synthesized and characterized. Electrochemical and optical studies indicate the LUMO and HOMO energies of the polymer are −3.70 and −5.39 eV. Theoretical calculation with density functional theory suggests that H‐bonds are formed between the TPD carbonyl (O) and its neighboring vinyl (H) which benefit the planarity and π‐conjugation of the polymer backbone. Bottom contact bottom gate organic field effect transistor devices based on VTTPD are fabricated and examined in air. After annealing at 160 °C, the devices exhibit excellent performance of μh = 0.4 cm2 V−1 s−1, Ion/off = 106, Vth within −10 V to −5 V. Thin film morphologies before and after the annealing process are also investigated with XRD and AFM.
image
Deviations in Monthly Staffing and Injurious Assaults Against Staff and Patients on Psychiatric Units
Authors: Staggs Vincent S. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIt is widely thought that low staffing levels are associated with higher risk of psychiatric inpatient violence. The purpose of this study was to determine whether odds of an injurious assault are higher in months in which unit staffing levels are higher or lower relative to unit average, using a design allowing each unit to serve as its own control. Using 2011–2013 National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators data from 480 adult and 90 geriatric units in 361 US hospitals, monthly assault odds were modeled as functions of unit staffing. Monthly RN and non‐RN staffing (hours per patient day) were categorized as very low, low, average, high, or very high, based on deviation from the unit's average staffing across study months. Endpoints were binary indicators for one or more injurious assaults against staff during the month and for one or more injurious assaults against patients during the month. Despite large sample sizes, neither RN nor non‐RN staffing was a statistically significant predictor of odds of assault, nor was there a consistent trend of odds of assault being higher at below‐ or above‐average staffing levels. There was little evidence that monthly deviation in unit staffing is associated with the odds of an injurious assault on a unit. This suggests that staffing‐assault rate associations in previous studies of monthly data are largely attributable to between‐unit rather than within‐unit staffing differences. Hospitals may need to look beyond below‐ or above‐average nurse staffing as a cause of assaults. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Teamwork in Acute Care: Perceptions of Essential but Unheard Assistive Personnel and the Counterpoint of Perceptions of Registered Nurses
Authors: Bellury Lanell , Hodges Helen , Camp Amanda , Aduddell Kathie 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTeams of unlicensed personnel and registered nurses have provided hospital‐based nursing care for decades. Although ineffective teamwork has been associated with poor patient outcomes, little is known of the perspectives of nursing assistive personnel (NAP). The purpose of this study was to gain insights into the perceptions of NAP and professional registered nurses (RNs) on teamwork in acute care. In a qualitative descriptive approach in a metropolitan hospital in the southeastern United States, 33 NAP participated in audio‐recorded focus group sessions, and 18 RNs provided responses to open‐ended electronic survey questions. Findings were examined in relation to previously identified coordinating mechanisms of teamwork: shared mental models, closed‐loop communication, and mutual trust. None of the mechanisms was strongly represented in these data. In contrast to RNs’ mental models, NAP perceptions of teamwork included the centrality of holistic caring to the NAP role, functional teams as NAP‐only teams, NAPs and RNs working in parallel spheres rather than together, and team coordination in silos. Closed‐loop communication was less common than one‐way requests. Mutual trust was desired, but RNs’ delegation of tasks conveyed to NAP a lack of value and respect for the NAP role, while RNs perceived a professional obligation to delegate care to ensure quality of care amid changing patient priorities. Further empirical research into NAP practice is needed to enhance understanding of teamwork issues and direct effective interventions to improve work environments and ultimately patient outcomes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surveillance imaging and radiation exposure in the detection of relapsed neuroblastoma
Authors: Owens Cormac , Li Bryan K. , Thomas Karen E. , Irwin Meredith S. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundMore than half of children with high‐risk neuroblastoma (NB) will experience recurrence. Radiologic imaging is used for initial staging and during therapy to assess response. However, the role of surveillance imaging in the detection of relapse has not been well studied. Surveillance potentially results in high cumulative exposure to ionizing radiation, which may be associated with an increased risk of developing second malignancies.ProcedureWe reviewed NB cases at our institution between 2000 and 2011. We calculated radiation exposure due to imaging (during diagnosis, treatment, and posttherapy surveillance) using cumulative effective dose (CED) estimates and determined whether cross‐sectional imaging identified recurrences.ResultsFifty of 183 patients with NB experienced a recurrence. The median time from diagnosis to relapse was 1.20 years (range: 0.18–6.66 years). Most patients had evidence of metastases and only 4 of 50 patients presented with isolated primary tumor site recurrences. The mean CED prior to relapse was 125.2 mSv (range: 24.5–259.7), 64% of which was from computed tomography (CT) scans. Thirty‐seven of 50 patients had clinically evident or measurable disease detected by X‐ray (XR), ultrasound (US), or urinary catecholamines (UCats), and the addition of metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scans identified eight additional recurrences. Thus, cross‐sectional imaging (CT/MRI, where MRI is magnetic resonance imaging) was only required to identify 10% (5/50) of cases.ConclusionRelapsed disease was detected in most patients by symptoms/exam, MIBG scan, UCats, and/or XR/US, supporting reduced use of CT imaging in posttherapy surveillance, thereby decreasing cumulative radiation dose. Refinement of surveillance imaging may be further guided by risk stratification, disease sites, and potentially biomolecular markers.
Diamond on aluminum nitride as a platform for integrated photonic circuits
Authors: Gruhler Nico , Yoshikawa Taro , Rath Patrik , Lewes‐Malandrakis Georgia , Schmidhammer Edgar , Nebel Christoph , Pernice Wolfram H. P. 
Published: June 2016

Diamond offers superior material properties for realizing advanced integrated optical components. Particularly attractive is its wide transparency window which covers visible and infrared wavelengths. To take advantage of the potential for broadband waveguiding, diamond needs to be surrounded by broadband transparent cladding materials. Here we use diamond deposited onto aluminum nitride as a platform for integrated optics. We demonstrate essential photonic circuitry for coupling light into on‐chip waveguides and show transmission both in the near‐infrared and visible wavelength range. Our approach holds promise for functional diamond devices that cover spectral regions up to the mid‐infrared.Left: Scanning electron micrograph of a diamond waveguide with an overlay of the mode profile. Right: material stack consisting of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) on aluminum nitride (AlN) on silicon (Si) (not to scale).
Spontaneous Electroless Deposition of Ultrafine Pd Nanoparticles on Poly(phenylene butadiynylene)s for the Hydroxycarbonylation of Aryl Iodides
Authors: Hu Yuchen , Liu Yang , Wang Zhifang , Zhang Bin 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSpontaneous electroless deposition of ultrafine metal nanoparticles (NPs) supported on covalent organic frameworks (COFs) for catalytic organic transformation is rarely reported. Herein, poly(phenylene butadiynylene)s (PPBs), a easily prepared two‐dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) consisting of sp‐ and sp2‐hybridized carbon atoms, can be applied as the reducing agent and substrate for spontaneous electroless deposition of sub‐3 nm ultrafine palladium nanoparticles owing to its low reduction potential and highly conjugated electronic structure. The as‐formed Pd/PPBs heterogeneous catalyst exhibits excellent recyclability and superior catalytic activity towards hydroxycarbonylation of aryl iodides in the presence of carbon monoxide and water.
Fluorescence Probing of Fluctuating Microtubule using a Covalent Fluorescent Probe: Effect of Taxol
Authors: Ghosh Catherine , Bhunia Debmalya , Ghosh Shirsendu , Jana Batakrishna , Ghosh Surajit , Bhattacharyya Kankan 
Published: June 2016

AbstractFluctuation in the local microenvironment of a dynamic microtubule, undergoing continuous growth and shrinkage, is monitored by time resolved confocal microscopy. For this, we have attached a fluorescent probe (CPM, 7‐diethylamino‐3‐(4‐maleimidophenyl)‐4‐methylcoumarin), covalently to tubulin dimers. In this experiment, the laser is focused on a small microtubule seed immobilized on a glass slide by neutravidin and biotin interaction. Tubulin monomers and other agents present in the solution cause growth and shrinkage. We have monitored emission maximum and solvation dynamics of the probe, CPM. Emission maximum (
) of CPM labeled tubulin dimer indicates a highly exposed medium similar to that in human serum albumin, HSA denatured by 6 M Guanidinium Hydrochloride (GdnHCl). However, solvation dynamics of CPM in tubulin dimer is more than 10 times slower than that in denatured HSA.

and solvation dynamics of CPM in tubulin dimer is similar to those in fluctuating microtubules and taxol (paclitaxel) stabilized microtubules. The fluorescence intensity of CPM exhibits intermittent oscillation in 1–2 seconds time scale in dynamic microtubules. No such fluctuation is observed in the case of unpolymerized tubulin dimer or when microtubules are stabilized by taxol. This strategy offers a new physicochemical approach of monitoring polymerization (growth) and depolymerization (shrinkage) of tubulin.
What are the Limitations of Enzymes in Synthetic Organic Chemistry?
Authors: Reetz Manfred T. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractEnzymes have been used in organic chemistry and biotechnology for 100 years, but their widespread application has been prevented by a number of limitations, including the often‐observed limited thermostability, narrow substrate scope, and low or wrong stereo‐ and/or regioselectivity. Directed evolution provides a means to address and generally solve these problems, especially since recent methodology development has made this protein engineering method faster, more efficient, and more reliable than in the past. This Darwinian approach to asymmetric catalysis has led to a number of industrial applications. Metabolic‐pathway engineering, mutasynthesis, and fermentation are likewise enzyme‐based techniques that enrich chemistry. This account outlines the scope, and particularly, the limitations, of biocatalysis. The complementary nature of enzymes and man‐made catalysts is emphasized.
image
Assessment of the sensitivity and specificity of serological (IFAT) and molecular (direct‐PCR) techniques for diagnosis of leishmaniasis in lagomorphs using a Bayesian approach
Authors: de la Cruz María Luisa , Pérez Andres , Domínguez Mercedes , Moreno Inmaculada , García Nerea , Martínez Irene , Navarro Alejandro , Domínguez Lucas , Álvarez Julio 
Published: June 2016

AbstractLeishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania infantum, is a vector‐borne zoonotic disease that is endemic to the Mediterranean basin. The potential of rabbits and hares to serve as competent reservoirs for the disease has recently been demonstrated, although assessment of the importance of their role on disease dynamics is hampered by the absence of quantitative knowledge on the accuracy of diagnostic techniques in these species. A Bayesian latent‐class model was used here to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of the Immuno‐fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) in serum and a Leishmania‐nested PCR (Ln‐PCR) in skin for samples collected from 217 rabbits and 70 hares from two different populations in the region of Madrid, Spain. A two‐population model, assuming conditional independence between test results and incorporating prior information on the performance of the tests in other animal species obtained from the literature, was used. Two alternative cut‐off values were assumed for the interpretation of the IFAT results: 1/50 for conservative and 1/25 for sensitive interpretation. Results suggest that sensitivity and specificity of the IFAT were around 70–80%, whereas the Ln‐PCR was highly specific (96%) but had a limited sensitivity (28.9% applying the conservative interpretation and 21.3% with the sensitive one). Prevalence was higher in the rabbit population (50.5% and 72.6%, for the conservative and sensitive interpretation, respectively) than in hares (6.7% and 13.2%). Our results demonstrate that the IFAT may be a useful screening tool for diagnosis of leishmaniasis in rabbits and hares. These results will help to design and implement surveillance programmes in wild species, with the ultimate objective of early detecting and preventing incursions of the disease into domestic and human populations.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Arylazoaminopyrazoles as Disperse Dyes for Textile Printing
Authors: Khattab Tawfik A. , Haggag Karima M. , Elnagdi Mohamed H. , Abdelrahman Amal A. , Abdelmoez Aly Sherif 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe synthesis of heterocyclic azo‐dyes via conventional heating and microwave (MW) heating was investigated. From a sequence of reactions starting from cyanoacetic acid, 4‐arylazo‐2H‐pyrazol‐3‐ylamines and 4‐arylazo‐2‐phenyl‐2H‐pyrazol‐3‐ylamines were obtained. The structures these compounds were obtained by inspection of spectroscopic and analytical techniques including 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The fastness properties and UV/Vis absorption spectroscopic data of these disperse dyes in printing polyester fabrics were investigated.
Structural Variety of Defect Perovskite Variants M3E2X9 (M = Rb, Tl, E = Bi, Sb, X = Br, I)
Authors: Chang Jen‐Hui , Doert Thomas , Ruck Michael 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe compounds Rb3Sb2Br9, Rb3Sb2I9, Rb3Bi2Br9, Rb3Bi2I9, and Tl3Bi2Br9 were synthesized and their crystal structures determined from single crystal X‐ray diffraction data. The compounds Rb3Sb2Br9, Rb3Sb2I9, and Rb3Bi2I9 crystallize in the Tl3Bi2I9 type of structure (space group P21/n, no. 14). Rb3Bi2Br9 and Tl3Bi2Br9 crystallize in a new but closely related type of structure (space group P21/a, no. 14). Both structure types feature characteristic double layers comprising corner‐sharing EX6 octahedra. The space groups are set in a way that the stacking direction of the layers is the [001] direction. The group‐subgroup relations to cubic perovskite ABO3 are discussed. Differences between M3E2X9 types are attributed to distortions of the underlying MX3 close packing. Depending on the atomic size ratio, the distortions are quantified by an order parameter.