bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public challenge and endorsement of sex category ambiguity in online debate: ‘The sooner people stop thinking that gender is a matter of choice the better’
Authors: Sweeting Helen , Maycock Matthew William , Walker Laura , Hunt Kate 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDespite academic feminist debate over several decades, the binary nature of sex as a (perhapsthe) primary social classification is often taken for granted, as is the assumption that individuals can be unproblematically assigned a biological sex at birth. This article presents analysis of online debate on theBBCnews website in November 2013, comprising 864 readers' responses to an article entitled ‘Germany allows ‘indeterminate’ gender at birth’. It explores how discourse reflecting Western essentialist beliefs about people having one sexor‘the other’ is maintained in debates conducted in this online public space. Comments were coded thematically and are presented under five sub‐headings: overall evaluation of the German law; discussing and disputing statistics and ‘facts’; binary categorisations; religion and politics; and ‘conversations’ and threads. Although for many the mapping of binary sex onto gender was unquestionable, this view was strongly disputed by commentators who questioned the meanings of ‘natural’ and ‘normal’, raised the possibility of removing societal binary male‐female distinctions or saw maleness–femaleness as a continuum. While recognising that online commentators are anonymous and can control their self‐presentation, this animated discussion suggests that social classifications as male or female, even if questioned, remain fundamental in public debate in the early 21stcentury.
What is wrong with ‘being a pill‐taker’? The special case of statins
Authors: Polak Louisa 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn an interview study of decision‐making about statins, many participants said they took pills regularly, yet described themselves as ‘not really pill‐takers’. This paper explores this paradox and its implications. The practice of pill‐taking itself can constitute a challenge to the presentation of moral adequacy, beyond the potential for rendering stigmatised illnesses visible. Meeting this challenge involves a complex process of calibrating often‐conflicting moral imperatives: to be concerned, but not too concerned, over one's health; to be informed, but not over‐informed; and deferential but not over‐deferential to medical expertise. This calibration reflects a broader tension between rival tropes: embracing medical progress and resisting medicalisation. Participants who take statins present them as unquestionably necessary; ‘needing’ pills, as opposed to choosing to take them, serves as a defence against the devalued identity of being a pill‐taker. However, needing to take statins offers an additional threat to identity, because taking statins is widely perceived to be an alternative strategy to ‘choosing a healthy lifestyle’. This perception underpins a responsibilising health promotion discourse that shapes and complicates the work participants do to avoid presenting themselves as ‘pill‐takers’. The salience of this discourse should be acknowledged where discussions of medicalisation use statins as an example.
Surface coating of silver nanoparticles on polyethylene for fabrication of antimicrobial milk packaging films
Authors: Bayani Bandpey Niloofar , Aroujalian Abdolreza , Raisi Ahmadreza , Fazel Shahrzad 
Published: November 2016

In this study, antimicrobial packaging films were prepared by coating silver (Ag) nanoparticles onto the surface of low density polyethylene (LDPE) films modified by corona air plasma. The possibility of these films for use in the packaging of milk was studied. The influence of input power of the corona discharge treatment on the surface modification and performance of the fabricated Ag/LDPE nanocomposite films was also investigated. The prepared antimicrobial packaging films showed promising antimicrobial efficiency against micro‐organisms that are present in milk and were able to increase the microbial shelf life of the milk. Packages fabricated at corona input powers of 210, 500 and 800 W reached the maximum limit after 5, 8 and 14 days (respectively).
The impact of motivational interviewing on participation in childbirth preparation classes and having a natural delivery: a randomised trial
Authors: Rasouli M , AtashSokhan G , Keramat A , Khosravi A , Fooladi E , Mousavi SA 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the effectiveness of motivational interviewing on women's participation in childbirth classes and their subsequent natural vaginal delivery.DesignRandomised controlled trial.SettingPrenatal clinic of the Shohada Women's Hospital, Behshahr, Mazandaran, Iran.PopulationThis study was conducted with 230 nulliparous women. Participants were randomised into three groups, including 76 women in the motivational interviewing group, and 77 women in both the lecture and the control groups.MethodsParticipants were assessed at three time points, including at baseline (16–19 weeks of gestation) and then following the intervention (at 21 and 37 weeks of gestation). The motivational interviewing group received two focus interviews and two telephone follow‐up sessions (at 3 and 6 weeks after the last session of motivational interviewing). The lecture group received a speech session. The control group received routine care service.Main outcome measuresFrequency of participation in childbirth preparation classes and mode of delivery.ResultsOver 90% of women in the motivational interviewing group participated in childbirth preparation classes, whereas the rate of participation in the lecture and the control groups was 59.7 and 27.3%, respectively. The probability of maternal participation in childbirth classes in the motivational interviewing and in the lecture groups was 3.3 (95% CI 2.1–4.5) and 2.2 (95% CI 1.4–3.0) times the probability of maternal participation in the control group, respectively. Moreover, the intervention groups had 1.4 (95% CI 1.1–1.8) and 1.1 (95% CI 0.9–1.4) times the probability of natural delivery, compared with the control group. The frequency of natural delivery in motivational interviewing, lecture, and control groups was 68.4, 54.5, and 48.1%, respectively. The results showed a statistically significant difference between the mean scores for the awareness and attitude scores between the three groups in different time periods.ConclusionWe found that motivational interviewing can be a useful tool for encouraging pregnant women to attend childbirth preparation classes.Tweetable abstractMotivational interviewing with nulliparous women is strongly associated with their attendance in childbirth preparation classes.
The Optimized Summed Scored Attributes Method for the Classification of U.S. Blacks and Whites: A Validation Study
Authors: Kenyhercz Michael W. , Klales Alexandra R. , Rainwater Christopher W. , Fredette Sara M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractRecently, Hefner and Ousley (2014) introduced the optimized summed scored attributes (OSSA) method that maximizes between‐group differences in U.S. black and white populations by dichotomizing six cranial morphoscopic trait scores. This study tests OSSA using an independent skeletal sample (Hamann‐Todd, n = 208) and positively identified forensic cases (Mercyhurst University, n = 28, and New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner, n = 38). An evaluation of trait frequencies suggests shifting the heuristically selected sectioning point separating U.S. black and white populations from ≤ 3 to ≤ 4. We found a total correct classification of 73.0% (B = 50.9%, W = 89.2%) using the originally suggested sectioning point of ≤3, while the total correct classification increases to 79.2% (B = 80.2%, W = 78.5%) with a modified sectioning point of ≤4. With the increased total correct classification and reduced classification bias between ancestry groups, we suggest the modified sectioning point of ≤4 be used when assessing ancestry in forensic unknowns.
Bestiality in Forensically Committed Sexual Offenders: A Case Series
Authors: Holoyda Brian 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAlthough bestiality has occurred since prehistoric times, it remains a poorly understood aspect of human sexuality. Prevalence studies in the mid‐20th century suggested that bestiality was a relatively common phenomenon. Since that time, researchers have studied bestiality among specific populations, including self‐identified “zoophiles” and inmates who report a history of bestiality. Findings from inmate research suggest that bestiality may represent a risk factor for future interpersonal violence. This study presents a case series of bestiality among sexual offenders committed under forensic commitment schemes. The case series demonstrates the range of animal partners, sexual acts, and comorbid paraphilic and nonparaphilic diagnoses in individuals who report a history of bestiality. In addition, it helps clarify potential motivations for sex with animals and how such motivations may influence the forensic psychiatric assessment of offenders who have sex with animals.
Determining the Toxicological Significance of Pregabalin in Fatalities
Authors: Elliott Simon P. , Burke Timothy , Smith Christopher 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPregabalin has become more widely prescribed and abused in recent years but is still not always included in laboratory analysis. An LC‐MS‐MS method has been developed and applied to measure pregabalin in 93 postmortem cases, including drug‐related deaths, alternative causes of death, and fatalities where pregabalin was likely to have contributed to death. Other drugs or alcohol was detected, and the most common drug types (in decreasing frequency) were antidepressants, opioids, benzodiazepines, opiates, alcohol, antipsychotics, cocaine, cardiac drugs, amphetamines, cannabis, anticonvulsants, and antihistamines. New psychoactive substances (methoxphenidine and synthetic cannabinoids) were only found in two cases. The results provide further data to assist in evaluating the significance of postmortem pregabalin concentrations and a toxicologically significant concentration of 25 mg/L is proposed. Pregabalin, especially with concomitant use of other CNS depressant drugs, presents a significant toxicological risk and existing laboratory protocols should be reviewed for their suitability to detect pregabalin.
Using Frons Width to Differentiate Blow Fly Species (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Phormia regina (Meigen) and Protophormia terraenovae (Robineau‐Desvoidy)
Authors: Langer Sarah V. , Kyle Christopher J. , Beresford David V. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractProtophormia terraenovae (Robineau‐Desvoidy) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Phormia regina (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are morphologically similar blow fly species commonly used for estimating postmortem intervals. Field collection and storage of adults can result in color changes, in particular on calypters and palps; often collected specimens show damage such as wing fray or fungal growth. We measured the frons width: total head width ratio using photographs (ImageJ version 1.49) to differentiate these two species. Both sexes were distinguishable to species, with the greatest difference between males: 12.34% P. terraenovae versus 1.62% P. regina, less so for females: 40.25% P. terraenovae, versus 33.65% P. regina. Incorporating this feature into future blow fly keys would help with distinguishing field‐caught specimens when other features are obstructed.
Predicting and preventing peripheral intravenous cannula insertion failure in the emergency department: Clinician ‘gestalt’ wins again
Authors: Rippey James CR , Carr Peter J , Cooke Marie , Higgins Niall , Rickard Claire M 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectiveFailed attempts at peripheral i.v. cannula (PIVC) insertion in the ED are common. The psychological, physical and economic impact of these failures is significant. We sought to explore whether clinicians of differing experience levels can predict their own likelihood (clinician ‘gestalt’) of first‐time cannula insertion success on any given patient.MethodsData analyses from a prospective self‐reported study assessing risk factors for first‐time insertion success in a tertiary adult ED. We constructed and compared two simple theoretical clinical decision algorithms in an attempt to improve first‐time PIVC insertion success rates.ResultsThis best algorithm identified a subgroup of 18% of the total PIVC population at higher risk of failure. This 18% comprised 57% of all PIVC failures, and implementation would result in a relative risk reduction of PIVC failure by 31%.ConclusionsWhen applied to our sample population, an algorithm relying on clinician gestalt to identify patients at high risk of PIVC failure had the greatest potential impact. These patients would be referred to expert PIVC inserters prior to, rather than after, failed attempts.
Risk factor analysis and predictive score for pneumonia after major/ultra‐major operations: A single‐centre, retrospective study from the Surgical Outcome Monitoring and Improvement Program database
Authors: Wong Kevin K.F. , Fung James T.K. , Leung Siu‐Kee 
Published: November 2016

AimThe aim of the present study was to identify the significant risk factors predicting the occurrence of postoperative pneumonia after major or ultra‐major operations (OT), and construct a predictive score to identify high‐risk patients for postoperative pneumonia.Patients and MethodsA total of 6237 patients who underwent major/ultra‐major operations in a single institute were recruited to participate in the present study. Data from 1742 patients who underwent major or ultra‐major operations from July 2012 to June 2013 were retrieved from the Surgical Outcome Monitoring and Improvement Program database. Thirty‐eight variables were analysed by univariable analysis method. Significant factors with a P‐value ≤0.05 were further analysed by using the multivariable logistic regression model. A scoring system was then formulated by using these significant risk factors to identify high‐risk patients. The efficacy of this scoring system was examined by applying this to another 4495 patients.ResultsThirty‐eight variables were included in this study (7 patients’ demographic variables, 20 preoperative and 11 operative or disease‐related variables). Five of 38 variables were found to be significant, including (i) Dependence of activity of daily living; (ii) Ascites; (iii) General anaesthesia; (iv) preoperative Dyspnoea; and (v) American Society of Anaesthesiology (ASA
) score ≥3. They formed the basis of the DAGDA score. The maximum DAGDA score was 18, with an area under the ROC curve score of 0.774 (95 per cent confidence interval: 0.711–0.836). The sensitivity and specificity of the DAGDA score with a cut‐off point of 8 were 73.6 and 73.4 per cent, respectively. Validation of the DAGDA score was examined by using another cohort group of 1329 patients (July 2010–June 2011 database), with an area under the ROC curve score of 0.751. Similar results were achieved when the scoring system was applied to the July 2013–June 2014 (1671 patients) and July 2014–June 2015 (1495 patients) database.ConclusionDependence of activity of daily living, ascites, general anaesthesia, preoperative dyspnoea and ASA score ≥3 are significant risk factors associated with postoperative pneumonia after major and ultra‐major operations. The DAGDA score can be used to predict patients at high risk of developing postoperative pneumonia.
Outcome Findings from the HOPE Demonstration Field Experiment
Authors: Lattimore Pamela K. , MacKenzie Doris Layton , Zajac Gary , Dawes Debbie , Arsenault Elaine , Tueller Stephen 
Published: November 2016

Research SummaryMore than 1,500 probationers in four sites were randomly assigned to probation as usual (PAU) or to Honest Opportunity Probation with Enforcement (HOPE), which is modeled on Hawaii's Opportunity Probation with Enforcement (Hawaii HOPE) program that emphasizes close monitoring; frequent drug testing; and swift, certain, and fair (SCF) sanctioning. It also reserves scarce treatment resources for those most in need. The four sites offered heterogeneity in organizational relationships and populations as well as implementation that was rated very good to excellent—thus, providing a robust test of the HOPE supervision model. Recidivism results suggest that HOPE/SCF supervision was not associated with significant reductions in arrests over PAU with the exception of a reduction in drug‐related arrests in one site. There were significant—albeit conflicting—differences in time to revocation, with survival models suggesting shorter times to revocation in two sites and longer times to revocation in one site.Policy ImplicationsHOPE—or the more general SCF approach to community supervision—has been widely praised as an evidence‐based practice that reduces substance use, violations, new arrests, and revocations to prison. Substantial reductions in return to prison have been associated with claims of significant cost savings for HOPE/SCF over PAU despite the need for additional resources for warning and violation hearings, drug testing, and warrant service. Results from this recently completed, four‐site randomized control trial (RCT) showed that recidivism arrest outcomes were largely similar between those on HOPE/SCF probation and those on PAU and are consistent with findings from the Delaware Decide Your Time (DYT) RCT reported in this issue. No differences in arrests between HOPE and PAU probationers suggest that HOPE can be implemented to provide greater adherence to an idealized probation in which violations are met with a swift (but non‐draconian) response without compromising public safety. Nevertheless, the larger numbers of revocations for HOPE probationers in two sites, coupled with the additional expenses for drug testing, warrant service, and so on associated with HOPE, also suggest that overall cost savings may not be realized. Although additional research is needed to determine whether there are groups for whom HOPE may be more effective than PAU, HOPE/SCF seems unlikely to offer better outcomes and lower costs for broad classes of moderate‐to‐high–risk probationers.
Adherence to therapies for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a focus on aspirin
Authors: Packard Kathleen A. , Hilleman Daniel E. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryAimSuboptimal adherence to medications taken chronically for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD, e.g., aspirin) continues to burden the healthcare system despite the well‐established benefits of prevention. We conducted a literature search to examine patient adherence to medications for secondary prevention of CVD—as evaluated by prescription refill data, electronic medication monitors, pill counts, and physiologic markers—to better identify an unmet need for measures to improve patient adherence to these therapies.MethodsEnglish‐language articles were obtained from the PubMed database using the following key words or combinations thereof “adherence,” “compliance,” “secondary prevention,” and “cardiovascular disease.” Publications that provided adherence data only for primary prevention, lacked data on medication adherence (e.g., focus on guideline adherence), emphasized quality‐of‐care outcomes, or focused on outcomes of acute interventions were excluded.ResultsMultiple patient‐, disease‐, and treatment‐related factors may contribute to poor adherence to treatment regimens, and therefore, a multifactorial approach will likely be needed to improve compliance with prescribed treatments for CVD. Although no magic bullet exists to assure full adherence, adherence programs coupled with patient counseling and education (inclusive of over‐the‐counter therapies), along with treatments that are less complex or avoid bothersome adverse effects, are more likely to be associated with successful outcomes.ConclusionGiven the burden of CVD to the community and the healthcare system, nonadherence to CVD‐preventative medications such as aspirin remains a substantial area of unmet need and represents a key opportunity for the development of quality‐of‐care enhancement programs to improve health outcomes in this patient population.
External Validation of the PECARN Head Trauma Prediction Rules in Japan
Authors: Ide Kentaro , Uematsu Satoko , Tetsuhara Kenichi , Yoshimura Satoshi , Kato Takahiro , Kobayashi Tohru 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) head trauma prediction rules are used to assist computed tomography (CT) decision‐making for children with minor head trauma. Although the PECARN rules have been validated in North America and Europe, they have not yet been validated in Asia. In Japan, there are no clinical decision rules for children with minor head trauma. The rate of head CT for children with minor head trauma in Japan is high since CT is widely accessible across the country. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the PECARN rules for identifying clinically important traumatic brain injuries (ciTBI) in children with minor head trauma in Japan.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study at a tertiary care pediatric hospital in Japan (30,000 patients/year). We enrolled all children younger than 18 years with minor head trauma (Glasgow Coma Scale ≥ 14) who presented to the emergency department within 24 hours of their injury between January and December 2013. We retrospectively classified the children into three risk categories according to the PECARN rules. The PECARN rules were considered negative when children were classified into the very‐low‐risk category. The primary outcome was considered positive when a child had ciTBI defined as head injury resulting in death, neurosurgery, intubation for > 24 hours, or hospital admission ≥ 2 nights with evidence of TBI on CT.ResultsAmong 2,208 children included in the study, 24 (1.1%) had ciTBI. Sensitivities and specificities of the PECARN rules to predict ciTBI were 85.7% (12/14; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 57.2 to 98.2) and 73.5% (572/778; 95% CI = 70.3 to 76.6), respectively, for children < 2 years old, and 100% (10/10; 95% CI = 58.7 to 100) and 73.5% (1033/1406; 95% CI = 71.0 to 75.7) for children ≥ 2 years old, respectively. There were 10 cases of physically abused children < 2 years old, and six (60%) of them had ciTBI. Also, two cases of physically abused children with ciTBI were classified as very low risk. If we did not include physically abused children, the sensitivity of the PECARN rule for children < 2 years old improved from 85.7% to 100% (8/8).ConclusionsThe PECARN rules were less sensitive for physically abused children, although the rules showed excellent applicability for the cohort without physical abuse. Thoughtful consideration may be needed for cases of nonaccidental trauma. Further prospective studies are required to verify the applicability of the PECARN rules for children with minor head trauma in Japan.