bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feminist Metaphysics and Philosophical Methodology
Authors: Mikkola Mari 
Published: November 2016

AbstractOver the past few decades, feminist philosophy has become recognised as a philosophical sub‐discipline in its own right. Among the ‘core’ areas of philosophy, metaphysics has nonetheless until relatively recently remained largely dismissive of it. Metaphysics typically investigates the basic structure of reality and its nature. It examines reality's putative building blocks and inherent structure supposedly ‘out there’ with the view to uncovering and elucidating that structure. For this task, feminist insights appear simply irrelevant. Moreover, the value‐neutrality of metaphysics seemsprima facieincompatible with feminism's explicitly normative stance in that feminist philosophy involves advocacy: speaking on behalf of some group on political grounds. The prospects of feminist metaphysics thus look grim.Nonetheless, feminist philosophers have in recent years increasingly taken up explicitly metaphysical investigations. The basic ideas behind such investigations can be summed up as follows: feminist metaphysics is about negotiating the natural and going beyond the fundamental. In so doing, feminist investigations have expanded thescopeof metaphysics. Further, feminist philosophers typically bring newmethodologicalinsights to bear on traditional ways of doing philosophy. With this in mind, the article considers the following questions: when thinking about philosophical methodology, how does feminist metaphysics fare relative to ‘mainstream’ metaphysics? More specifically, is feminism's political advocacy inconsistent with apparent objectivity that some prominent contemporary versions of metaphysics are committed to?
Materialism and the Activity of Matter in Seventeenth‐Century European Philosophy
Authors: Duncan Stewart 
Published: November 2016

AbstractEarly modern debates about the nature of matter interacted with debates about whether matter could think. In particular, some philosophers (e.g. Cudworth and Leibniz) objected to materialism about the human mind on the grounds that matter is passive, thinking things are active, and one cannot make an active thing out of passive material. This paper begins by looking at two 17‐century materialist views (Hobbes's, and one suggested but not endorsed by Locke) before considering that objection (which I call here the Activity Argument). In discussion, I note that several philosophers of the time believed that matter was active. That view opens up a possible response to the Activity Argument. The paper concludes by looking at the views of two materialists of the time who also believed that matter was active, Toland and Cavendish.
Optimization and Degradation Mechanism of Photocatalytic Removal of Bisphenol A Using Zn0.9Fe0.1S Synthesized by Microwave‐assisted Method
Authors: Su Rongjun , Xue Yanei , Zhang Guangshan , Wang Qiao , Hu Limin , Wang Peng 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe sulfide photocatalyst of Zn0.9Fe0.1S was successfully synthesized by a facile microwave‐assisted method, and Zn0.9Fe0.1S photocatalysts were characterized using SEM, EDX, XRD and BET. The specific surface area of synthesized Zn0.9Fe0.1S is 78.1 m2 g−1, and total pore volume is 0.4 cm3 g−1. With bisphenol A (BPA) as a target pollutant, photocatalytic system of UV + Zn0.9Fe0.1S + H2O2 was set up. Some influencing parameters, including H2O2 dosage, initial pH value, initial concentration of BPA and Zn0.9Fe0.1S dosage, were investigated, and the stability of the Zn0.9Fe0.1S was also studied during the photocatalysis. The optimum values of operating parameters were found at an initial pH value of 5.0, a H2O2 dosage of 0.15 mmol L−1 and a Zn0.9Fe0.1S dosage of 0.08 g when the initial concentration of BPA was 10 mg L−1. Under the optimal conditions, the highest removal rate of BPA achieved 95%. After seven consecutive reaction cycles, the degradation efficiency of BPA could still reach 85% and there was only a little dissolution of Zn2+ and Fe2+. Compared with the traditional photo‐Fenton system, the UV + Zn0.9Fe0.1S + H2O2 system can not only improve the degradation efficiency of BPA, but also reduce the dosage of H2O2 and thus reduce the processing cost.
On the Estimation of the Density of a Directional Data Stream
Authors: Amiri Aboubacar , Thiam Baba , Verdebout Thomas 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMany directional data such as wind directions can be collected extremely easily so that experiments typically yield a huge number of data points that are sequentially collected. To deal with such big data, the traditional nonparametric techniques rapidly require a lot of time to be computed and therefore become useless in practice if real time or online forecasts are expected. In this paper, we propose a recursive kernel density estimator for directional data which (i) can be updated extremely easily when a new set of observations is available and (ii) keeps asymptotically the nice features of the traditional kernel density estimator. Our methodology is based on Robbins–Monro stochastic approximations ideas. We show that our estimator outperforms the traditional techniques in terms of computational time while being extremely competitive in terms of efficiency with respect to its competitors in the sequential context considered here. We obtain expressions for its asymptotic bias and variance together with an almost sure convergence rate and an asymptotic normality result. Our technique is illustrated on a wind dataset collected in Spain. A Monte‐Carlo study confirms the nice properties of our recursive estimator with respect to its non‐recursive counterpart.
The Framing of Sustainability in Sustainability Assessment Frameworks for Agriculture
Authors: Slätmo Elin , Fischer Klara , Röös Elin 
Published: November 2016

AbstractVarious frameworks for assessing sustainability in agriculture have emerged in recent years. We analysed how sustainability is framed as a governing concept for agriculture within three such frameworks. The results suggest that in all three frameworks sustainability is perceived as a fixed, definable end goal, rather than a process, and its assumed that if all stake holders understand each other and are informed about the negative impacts of agriculture, sustainability will be achieved. The characteristics of the assessment frameworks, which are primarily developed by and based on expert knowledge, provide limited possibilities for farmers to influence how sustainable agriculture is framed and acted upon, limiting the utility of the frameworks. A number of challenges that need to be solved for successful implementation were uncovered, including how assessment frameworks should be used in practice and identification of conflicts between different goals in relation to assessment results.
Investigation of oxidative stress parameters in different lifespan erythrocyte fractions in young untrained men after acute exercise
Authors: Gwozdzinski Krzysztof , Pieniazek Anna , Tabaczar Sabina , Jegier Anna , Brzeszczynska Joanna 
Published: November 2016

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
What is the influence of a single bout of exercise on the properties of erythrocyte fractions at different ages?

What is the main finding and its importance?
A single bout of exercise in untrained men induced oxidative stress in erythrocytes and had an influence on antioxidant defense in these cells. Old erythrocytes were more sensitive to oxidative damage than young and middle‐aged cells. Higher levels of glutathione in old erythrocyte fractions did not protect them against oxidative stress. It seems that exercise may promote the removal of old erythrocytes from the circulation.

The objective of this study was to establish the role of exercise‐induced oxidative stress in the erythrocyte fractions [young (YF), middle‐aged (MAF) and old (OF)] of young untrained men after acute exercise. Blood samples were collected before exercise, immediately after and 1 h after exercise. The maximal power generated was 292 ± 27 W, and exercise duration was 8.73 ± 0.9 min. Different optical properties and oxidative stress parameters were found in each erythrocyte fraction. Total thiols in YF and MAF after exercise and after 1 h rest were similar to values before exercise; however, in OF {32.7 ± 9.8 nmol [mg haemoglobin (Hb)]−1} the concentration was lower in comparison to YF [55.5 ± 3.2 nmol (mg Hb)−1] and MAF [56.8 ± 7.7 nmol (mg Hb)−1] and increased 1 h later (P < 0.0002). The glutathione concentration was higher in OF [8.4 ± 0.4 nmol (mg Hb)−1] than in YF [4.5 ± 0.6 nmol (mg Hb)−1] and MAF [4.8 ± 0.5 nmol (mg Hb)−1; P < 0.0002] and did not change after exercise or 1 h later. In OF, the peroxide level was higher after exercise [1.2 ± 0.2 nmol (mg Hb)−1] and 1 h later [1.1 ± 0.2 nmol (mg Hb)−1], when compared with samples before exercise [0.9 ± 0.1 nmol (mg Hb)−1; P < 0.05]. Similar results were observed in YF and MAF. The level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was ∼2.5‐fold higher in OF [0.19 ± 0.04 nmol (mg Hb)−1] when compared with YF [0.07 ± 0.01 nmol (mg Hb)−1] and MAF [0.08 ± 0.02 nmol (mg Hb)−1; P < 0.0002] and was increased after exercise, remaining unchanged 1 h later. In YF and MAF, no difference in the level of TBARS was detected after exercise or 1 h later. No difference in membrane fluidity was observed in all fractions. The erythrocyte OF appeared to be more sensitive to cellular oxidative damage.
Single Edge Notched Tension (SENT) Testing at Low Temperatures
Authors: Moore Philippa L. , Crintea Andreea M. 
Published: November 2016

Much of the established data from SENT tests has been generated on ductile materials in the form of tearing resistance curves (R-curves) in terms of J. The testing of SENT specimens is now standardised in BS 8571 [1] and there is potential to use SENTs for high and low temperature tests, but there is little recently published data showing SENT behaviour at low temperature. This paper presents a comparison of fracture toughness data for equivalent SENT and SENB specimens in three different steels as ductile-to-brittle transition curves over a range of temperatures. SENT specimens in comparison to SENBs show higher fracture toughness on the upper shelf, lower transition temperature, but also a much steeper transition from ductile to brittle behaviour. It is therefore important to characterise SENT behaviour at the lowest anticipated service temperatures to ensure that this sudden change in fracture behaviour will be avoided in service.
This paper also describes methods for carrying out SENT tests at very low temperatures, including the use of threaded ends to allow testing inside a temperature controlled test chamber, while preventing the specimen from yielding at locations away from the intended notch tip.
An Experimental Study to Evaluate the Performance of Competing Filler Materials Used With Type B and Stand-Off Steel Sleeves
Authors: Alexander Chris , Beckett Alan 
Published: November 2016

An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the performance of various filler materials used in Type B tight-fit and stand-off steel sleeve designs. Full-scale testing was performed to examine the performance of three filler materials and two sleeve types reinforcing four separate dents subjected to cyclic internal pressure. All filler materials were installed with the test pipe at 55°F and allowed to cure for 7 days. The metric for comparing filler material performance was stress concentration factors (SCFs) measured in the dents in the unrepaired and repaired configurations. The filler materials included a two-component epoxy, an epoxy-based grout, and a cement-based grout. The average SCF for the unreinforced dents was 5.64, while after reinforcement the average SCF was 1.2 (an average reduction of 79%).
The results of this study generated two important findings. First, the stand-off sleeve design was able to provide reinforcement similar to what was measured for the tight-fit sleeve. Second, the study determined that the cement-based grout actually slightly outperformed the epoxy-based grout, the latter being the filler material of choice prior to this study. This paper provides readers with practical information and data on the performance of competing filler material types, while also presenting a systematic method for evaluating different methods of reinforcement.
Review of Phase II for the Comprehensive Study to Understand Longitudinal ERW Seam Failures
Authors: Young Bruce A. , O’Brian Jennifer M. , Nanney Steve 
Published: November 2016

In response to the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Recommendation P-09-1, the Department of Transportation (DOT) Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety Administration (PHMSA) initiated a comprehensive study to identify actions that could be implemented by pipeline operators to significantly reduce longitudinal seam failures in electric resistance weld (ERW) pipe. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of Phase II of the project with focus on the study objectives and results.
Phase II of the project consisted of five tasks with the following objectives relevant to the ERW and flash weld (FW) process: 1) develop and optimize viable hydrotest protocols for ERW/FW seam defects 2) improve the sensors, interpretive algorithms, and tool platforms in regard to In-Line-Inspection (ILI) and In-the-Ditch-Methods (ITDM) to better ensure structural integrity by developing and optimizing concepts to address problems in detecting and sizing, 3) bridge gaps in defect characterization in regard to types, sizes, geometries, and idealizations, to increase pipeline safety through improvements needed to implement both ILI and hydrotesting, 4) validate existing failure prediction models and, where gaps preclude validation, refine or develop these models needed to assess and quantify defect severity for cold welds, hook cracks, and selective seam weld corrosion (SSWC) (the primary ERW/FW seam threats) for failure subject to loadings that develop both during hydrotests and in service, and 5) develop software to support integrity management of seam welds with enough flexibility to benefit from the experience gained during this project.
The reports generated during the course of the project are publically available and are located on following PHMSA website:
http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/matrix/PrjHome.rdm?prj=390.
Anisotropic Material Characterization and its Effect on Structural Integrity
Authors: Hilgert Oliver , Kalwa Christoph 
Published: November 2016

In recent years anisotropic pipe material properties have gained more interest due to offshore; strain based design and fracture arrest topics.
The effect of anisotropic UOE pipe material characteristic is analyzed in this contribution. Both, anisotropic strain dependent values (Lankford) and anisotropic strength dependent factors (Hill) are compared, and their impact on load bearing and plastic strain capacity is investigated.
Several common load cases as internal and external pressure as well as bending are investigated. An analysis of the structural behavior concerning burst pressure and transverse strain capacity, collapse pressure, maximum bending moment and critical buckling strain is performed depending on yield strength variation. Therefore the above load and strain capacities are investigated based on present material anisotropy as well as numerical parametric studies.
For the internal pressure as dominating load case, it was found that a higher yield strength in the longitudinal direction decreases burst pressure and increases transverse strain capacity. An increase of radial yield strength increases burst pressure as well as transverse strain capacity.
For collapse applications, higher radial and transverse yield strength is beneficial as well as a lower longitudinal yield strength.
Increasing longitudinal and radial yield strength leads to beneficial structural responses in terms of bending. Increase of transversal yield strength is thus not recommended as the maximum bending moment is not affected and critical buckling strain is decreased.
Further it becomes clear from the above various parametric studies that the structural behavior is prone to differ for every set of distinct anisotropic parameters and the load cases. On the other hand selection of distinct anisotropic material can promote the desired structural behavior.
Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) Integrity Management Plans for Onshore Liquid and Gas Pipelines: Saudi Aramco Comprehensive Study
Authors: Tehsin Nauman , Al-Otaibi Nader , Al-Usaimi Waleed A. , Polasik Steven J. , Bubenik Thomas A. 
Published: November 2016

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) on buried pipelines results from simultaneous presence of tensile stress, a corrosive environment, and a material that is susceptible to SCC. ASME B31.8S provides a basic framework for determining the SCC susceptible segments of buried pipelines. In-line inspection (ILI) has been effective in the industry for locating and sizing SCC on pipelines. There are some inherent limitations in ILI tools that should be recognized in the development of a comprehensive SCC Integrity Management Plan.
Saudi Aramco operates a combined pipeline network of approximately 22,000 kilometers in length. A significant number of Saudi Aramco pipelines were built prior to 1980 with tape coating, thereby increasing the susceptibility to SCC. ILI results from 26 pipelines showed presence of SCC out of 93 pipelines inspected using electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) and ultrasonic crack detection (UTCD) technologies. These cracks were later verified through direct examination. Besides the basic framework provided in ASME B31.8S, there were no existing criteria to prioritize the susceptible pipeline segments for the SCC threat.
Therefore, Saudi Aramco conducted a comprehensive three-phase study to establish a robust integrity management plan for pipelines with SCC. This paper covers details of the third phase of the study, which is about SCC integrity management planning. Companion papers address Phases 1 and 2.
The third phase of the study developed SCC integrity management plans (SCC IMPs) for pipelines with SCC based on the work completed on the first and second phases. The SCC IMPs covered SCC susceptibility profiling along pipeline segments, engineering assessment of SCC features, growth analysis, and a process to respond to the SCC threat. The SCC response strategy included further ILI plans, excavations plans, hydrotest benefit assessments and other mitigation measures, such as pipeline partial replacement and recoating. The approach of the SCC IMP will be deployed on all Saudi Aramco pipelines in the future, to prioritize SCC susceptible segments and their mitigation plans.
Under Pressure Welding on CO2 Pipelines: The Effect of Thermal Decay on Mechanical Properties
Authors: Slater Simon , Barnett Julian , Boothby Peter , Andrews Robert 
Published: November 2016

Whilst there is extensive industry experience of under pressure welding onto operational natural gas and liquid pipelines, there is limited experience for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) pipelines, either in the gaseous or dense phase. National Grid has performed a detailed research program to investigate if existing natural gas industry under pressure welding procedures are applicable to CO2 pipelines, or if new specific guidance is required.
At IPC 2014 a paper was presented (IPC2014-33223) that dealt with the results from one part of a comprehensive trial program, which defined the cooling time from 250 °C to 150 °C (T250-150) in CO2 pipelines and compared them to the typical decay times for natural gas pipelines. The results from this part of the work identified that maintaining the pre-heat using the established guidance in T/SP/P/9 during under pressure welding on dense phase CO2 pipelines would be very difficult, leading to potential operational issues.
The previous paper gave a brief summary of the effect that cooling time had on the mechanical properties. The aim of this paper is to present the findings of the T800-500 weld decay trials in more detail including the full testing programme, detailing the affect that variables such as CO2 phase, CO2 flow velocity and the welding parameters had on the weld and heat affected zone (HAZ) hardness.
The main finding is that although there is an indication that a higher cooling rate measured in the weld pool (characterized by the cooling time from 800 °C to 500 °C) leads to increased hardness in the HAZ region, there are no clear correlations. No hardness values were recorded that were considered unacceptable, even for the dense phase CO2 case which delivered the fastest cooling time. A significant finding was the requirement for controlling the buttering run procedure. A discussion of the critical aspects, including the link between weld cooling time and hardness, is presented with guidance on how this essential variables need to be controlled.
The paper is aimed at technical, safety and operational staff with CO2 pipeline operators. Read in conjunction, this paper and the previous IPC paper form a comprehensive review of this critical work that is contributing to the development of dense phase CO2 transportation pipelines and will facilitate the implementation of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)1 projects which is a critical part of the transition to a low carbon economy.
Continuous Depth Sizing of ILI Ultrasonic Crack Detection
Authors: Atto Abdullahi , Grigat Marius , Voss Jens 
Published: November 2016

Since the market launch of Ultrasonic crack detection tools, the conventional crack depth sizing is based on four depth classes or buckets. A more differentiated, continuous depth sizing is becoming increasingly relevant for the pipeline operators and especially for pipelines with large populations of planar anomalies (SCC colonies, lack-of-fusion in ERW seam-welds, etc.). The ILI industry is introducing a continuous crack depth sizing. Next to the better differentiation and the linearity of the depth reporting, the main advantage of the continuous depth sizing is the direct comparability to the results of the field verifications. The continuous depth sizing improves the ability to assess the performance validation of the depth sizing and thus, contributes to a general improvement of the crack depth sizing. This paper describes the development and implementation of a continuous crack depth sizing approach and shows its advantages in comparison to the conventional depth classes. A sizing model is introduced, making use of an empirically derived function, that relates the amplitude measurement to the defect depth. The continuous depth sizing applies to crack-like defects with depths ranging from 1mm to 4mm. The parameters of the model are derived from performance tests based on artificial flaws. In addition, the model is validated by means of field verification results. The depth sizing accuracy and confidence levels are obtained from the performance test data in accordance to API 1163 [1] and POF 2009 [2].
In addition, the paper discusses the extraction of the crack depth profiles from inspection data, making use of the newly developed continuous depth sizing model. In comparison to standard reporting of maximum depth and length, crack depth profiles deliver more accurate and more valuable input to the integrity assessment for pipeline operators. Examples of a direct comparison of these crack depth profiles to field verification data are included.