bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scale dependence of Hortonian rainfall‐runoff processes in a semiarid environment
Authors: Chen L. , Sela S. , Svoray T. , Assouline S. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractScale dependence of Hortonian rainfall‐runoff processes has received much attention in the literature but has not been fully resolved. To further explore this issue, a recently developed model was applied to simulate rainfall‐infiltration‐runoff processes at multiple spatial scales. The model consists of the coupling between a two‐dimensional runoff routing module and a two‐layer infiltration module, thus accounting for spatial variability in soil properties, soil surface sealing, topography, and partial vegetation cover. A 76 m2 semiarid experimental plot with sparse cover of vegetation patches and a sealed soil surface in inter‐patch bare areas was used as a representative elementary area (REA). A series of four larger artificial plots of different areas was created based on this REA to examine the scale dependence of rainfall‐runoff relationships in the case of stationary heterogeneity. Results show that runoff depth (or runoff coefficient) decreases with increasing scale. This trend is more prominent at scales less than 10 times the REA length. Power law relationships can quantitatively describe the scaling law. The major mechanism of the scale effect is run‐on infiltration. However, rainfall intensity and soil properties can both affect the scaling trend through their interaction with run‐on. Higher intensity and less temporal variability of rainfall can both reduce the scale effect. Temporally intermittent rainfall may produce spatially oscillating infiltration rates at large scales. Vegetation patterns are another factor that may affect the scaling. Random‐vegetation patterns, compared with regular patterns with similar statistical properties, change the spatial distributions, but do not significantly change either the total amount and statistical properties of infiltration and runoff or the scale dependence of the rainfall‐runoff process.
Role of meteorological controls on interannual variations in wet‐period characteristics of wetlands
Authors: Liu Yanlan , Kumar Mukesh 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMany ecological functions of wetlands are influenced by wet‐periods, i.e., the time interval when groundwater table (GWT) is continuously near the land surface. Hence, there is a crucial need to understand the controls on interannual variations of wet‐periods. Given the scarcity of long‐term measurements of GWT in wetlands, understanding variations in wet‐periods using a measurement approach alone is challenging. Here we used a physically based, fully distributed hydrologic model, in synergy with publicly available hydrologic data, to simulate long‐term wet‐period variations in 10 inland forested wetlands in a southeastern US watershed. A Bayesian regression and variable selection framework was then implemented to (a) evaluate the extent to which the simulated wet‐periods can be estimated and predicted by precipitation (Ppt) and potential evapotranspiration (PET) and (b) infer the relative roles of seasonal Ppt and PET. Our results indicate that wet‐period start date and duration could vary by more than 6 months during the 32 year simulation period. Remarkably, 60–90% of these variations could be captured using regressions based on seasonal Ppt and PET in most wetlands. Effects of seasonal meteorological conditions on wet‐period variations were found to be nonuniform, which indicate that the annual variables may not explain interannual variations in wet‐periods. The Bayesian framework was able to predict wet‐period variations with errors smaller than 1 month at a 90% confidence level. The presented framework provides a minimalistic approach for estimating and predicting wet‐period variations in wetlands and may be used to understand the future responses of associated ecological functions in wetlands.
Relevance of dissolved organic nutrients for the Arctic Ocean nutrient budget
Authors: Torres‐Valdés Sinhué , Tsubouchi Takamasa , Davey Emily , Yashayaev Igor , Bacon Sheldon 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe ask whether dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and phosphorus (DOP) could account for previously identified Arctic Ocean (AO) inorganic nutrient budget imbalances. We assess transports to/from the AO by calculating indicative budgets. Marked DON:DOP ratio differences between the Amerasian and Eurasian AO reflect different physical and biogeochemical pathways. DON and DOP are exported to the North Atlantic via Davis Strait potentially being enhanced in transit from Bering Strait. Fram Strait transports are balanced. Barents Sea Opening transports may provide an additional nutrient source to the Barents Sea or may be locked within the wider AO Atlantic Water circulation. Gaps in our knowledge are identified and discussed.
The plasma structure of coronal hole solar wind: Origins and evolution
Authors: Borovsky Joseph E. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWhereas slow solar wind is known to be highly structured, the fast (coronal hole origin) wind is usually considered to be homogeneous. Using measurements from Helios 1 + 2, ACE, Wind, and Ulysses, structure in the coronal hole origin solar wind is examined from 0.3 AU to 2.3 AU. Care is taken to collect and analyze intervals of “unperturbed coronal hole plasma.” In these intervals, solar wind structure is seen in the proton number density, proton temperature, proton specific entropy, magnetic field strength, magnetic field to density ratio, electron heat flux, helium abundance, heavy‐ion charge‐state ratios, and Alfvenicity. Typical structure amplitudes are factors of 2, far from homogeneous. Variations are also seen in the solar wind radial velocity. Using estimates of the motion of the solar wind origin footpoint on the Sun for the various spacecraft, the satellite time series measurements are converted to distance along the photosphere. Typical variation scale lengths for the solar wind structure are several variations per supergranule. The structure amplitude and structure scale sizes do not evolve with distance from the Sun from 0.3 to 2.3 AU. An argument is quantified that these variations are the scale expected for solar wind production in open magnetic flux funnels in coronal holes. Additionally, a population of magnetic field foldings (switchbacks, reversals) in the coronal hole plasma is examined: this population evolves with distance from the Sun such that the magnetic field is mostly Parker spiral aligned at 0.3 AU and becomes more misaligned with distance outward.
Sensitivity of volcanic aerosol dispersion to meteorological conditions: A Pinatubo case study
Authors: Jones Anthony C. , Haywood James M. , Jones Andy , Aquila Valentina 
Published: June 2016

AbstractUsing a global climate model (Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 2‐Carbon Cycle Stratosphere ) with a well‐resolved stratosphere, we test the sensitivity of volcanic aerosol plume dispersion to meteorological conditions by simulating 1 day Mount Pinatubo‐like eruptions on 10 consecutive days. The dispersion of the volcanic aerosol is found to be highly sensitive to the ambient meteorology for low‐altitude eruptions (16–18 km), with this variability related to anomalous anticyclonic activity along the subtropical jet, which affects the permeability of the tropical pipe and controls the amount of aerosol that is retained by the tropical reservoir. Conversely, a high‐altitude eruption scenario (19–29 km) exhibits low meteorological variability. Overcoming day‐to‐day meteorological variability by spreading the emission over 10 days is shown to produce insufficient radiative heating to loft the aerosol into the stratospheric tropical aerosol reservoir for the low eruption scenario. This results in limited penetration of aerosol into the southern hemisphere (SH) in contrast to the SH transport observed after the Pinatubo eruption. Our results have direct implications for the accurate simulation of past/future volcanic eruptions and volcanically forced climate changes, such as Intertropical Convergence Zone displacement.
The Predictive Utility of a Working Memory Span Task Depends on Processing Demand and the Cognitive Task
Authors: Kanerva Kaisa , Kalakoski Virpi 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe relationship between performance in working memory (WM) span tasks, scholastic skills and fluid intelligence was investigated to determine how WM span is related to higher order cognition. The predictive utility of two WM span tasks differing in the demand of the processing task was studied with controlled presentation times and a broad set of academic criterion tasks. Sixty‐eight adolescents (mean age 16 years) completed two WM span tasks, Raven's Progressive Matrices and several scholastic performance measures. The results showed that the more demanding WM span task predicted fluid intelligence, but did not contribute uniquely in explaining scholastic performance. In contrast, the less demanding WM task predicted scholastic performance. The results suggest that the strength of the relation between WM performance and higher order cognition varies in conjunction with both the demand of the WM span task and the type of higher order cognition measure.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalytic Asymmetric Chlorinative Dearomatization Reaction of Benzofurans
Authors: Liang Xiao‐Wei , Zheng Chao , You Shu‐Li 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA catalytic asymmetric chlorinative dearomatization reaction of benzofuran derivatives was achieved by using hydroquinidine 1,4‐phthalazinediyl diether [(DHQD)2PHAL] as the catalyst and N‐chlorophthalimide (NCP) as the chlorinating reagent. A series of chlorinated spiro[benzofuran‐2,5′‐oxazole]s bearing two contiguous stereogenic centers was obtained in high yields (up to 99%) with excellent enantioselectivity (up to 99% ee).magnified image
Copper‐Catalyzed CNH2 Arylation of 2‐Aminobenzimidazoles and Related C‐Amino‐NH‐azoles
Authors: Rao Desaboini Nageswar , Rasheed Sk. , Kumar Karampoori Anil , Reddy Annem Siva , Das Parthasarathi 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA copper(II)‐catalyzed selective CNH2 arylation of 2‐aminobenzimidazoles and related C‐amino‐NH‐azoles was achieved in presence of 2,2′‐bipyridine and cesium carbonate at 60 °C under open air conditions and this is first method for the copper‐catalyzed selective CNH2 arylation in the presence of other reactive nucleophilic sites. Previously unexplored heteroaromatics possessing multiple nucleophilic sites that are selectively arylated at the CNH2 position are obtained, providing an exceptional tool for rapid delivery of a diverse array of medicinally important CNH(aryl) derivatives of aminoazoles without any protection/deprotection of ring NH bonds. It is first example for the selective CNH2 arylation of 5‐aminoindazole, 4‐aminopyrazole, 5‐aminopyrazole, 9H‐purine‐6‐amine, and 1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐amine derivatives.magnified image
Electron‐Poor, Fluoro‐Containing Arylboronic Acids as Efficient Coupling Partners for Bis(1,5‐cyclooctadiene)nickel(0)/Tricyclohexylphosphine‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Aryl Arenesulfonates
Authors: Chen Wen‐Bo , Xing Chun‐Hui , Dong Jie , Hu Qiao‐Sheng 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe use of electron‐poor, fluoro‐containing arylboronic acids as general coupling partners for nickel(0)/tricyclohexylphosphine‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of aryl arenesulfonates is described. Electron‐poor fluoro‐containing arylboronic acids were found to react faster than electron‐rich/neutral arylboronic acids, with (4‐methoxyphenyl)(4‐methylbenzenesulfonato‐κO)bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)nickel. Bis(1,5‐cyclooctadiene)nickel(0)/tricyclohexylphosphine, (4‐methoxyphenyl)(4‐methylbenzenesulfonato‐κO)bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)nickel and bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)nickel(II) bromide were all found to be efficient catalysts/catalyst precursors.magnified image
Vanadyl Acetylacetonate Catalyzed Methylenation of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines by Using Dimethylacetamide as a Methylene Source: Direct Access to Bis(imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridin‐3‐yl)methanes
Authors: Kaswan Pinku , Nandwana Nitesh Kumar , DeBoef Brenton , Kumar Anil 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAn efficient protocol has been developed for the methylenation of imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines using dimethylacetamide (DMA) as methylene source in the presence of vanadyl acetylacetonate [VO(acac)2] as the catalyst and iodobenzene diacetate as the oxidant. The reaction involves coupling of sp3‐ and sp2‐hybridized carbons and proceeds through the formation of an iminium ion. A wide variety of imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines were converted to bis(imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridin‐3‐yl)methanes in good to excellent yields. A gram‐scale reaction demonstrated the potential for the scale‐up processes.magnified image
The Reactivity of Difluorocarbene with Hydroxylamines: Synthesis of Carbamoyl Fluorides
Authors: Baars Hannah , Engel Julien , Mertens Lucas , Meister Daniela , Bolm Carsten 
Published: June 2016

AbstractCarbamoyl fluorides are formed in reactions of hydroxylamines with difluorocarbene generated from sodium bromodifluoroacetate as readily available and non‐toxic carbene precursor. The process shows a high functional group tolerance, and the reaction path has been rationalized by computational calculations.magnified image
Effect of Molecular Structure Parameters on Crystallinity and Environmental Stress Cracking Resistance of High‐Density Polyethylene/TiO2 Nanocomposites
Authors: Shirkavand Mohammad Javad , Azizi Hamed , Ghasemi Ismaeil , Karabi Mohammad 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe correlation between molecular microstructure with crystallization behavior and environmental stress cracking resistance (ESCR) for three commercial grades of high‐density polyethylene and their nanocomposites has been investigated. Molecular architecture was characterized using high‐temperature gel permeation chromatography (GPC) test. Qualitative comparison of crystallinity and side chain branches of neat high‐density polyethylenes (HDPEs) has been performed using FTIR test and results were in good accordance with GPC results. Investigation of crystallinity and effect of side chain branches on the crystallite's dimensions has been carried out by DSC and XRD tests. Moreover, it was found that addition of nano‐TiO2 to HDPE causes an increase in crystal content and a decrease in crystal size, simultaneously. It was concluded from ESCR characterization that molecular weight and side chain branches are the most important structural parameters affecting ESCR properties of HDPE. The significance of side chain branches is higher compared to molecular weight.
Intracemetery biological variation at the fort ancient sunwatch village
Authors: Sciulli Paul W. , Cook Robert A. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesWe investigate intracemetery biological variation at the Fort Ancient SunWatch village (800–500 BP.) to test the hypothesis that the SunWatch population consisted of spatially structured biologically differentiated kin groups consisting of distinct local Late Woodland and non‐local Mississippian biological populations.Material and MethodsThe SunWatch sample contains 166 individuals: 63 adults and 103 subadults. We analyze intracemetery biological variation using two feature sets: the buccolingual diameters of the polar teeth in the permanent (n = 37) and deciduous (n = 26) dentitions. We apply matrix correlation models to biodistance and grave distance matrices in both data sets, evaluate burial outliers and individuals exhibiting a rare dental feature with interindividual biological distances, and evaluate potential cultural subgroups with Mahalanobis' distance.ResultsMatrix correlation analyses for both feature sets as well as interindividual and subgroup distances indicate the SunWatch village cemetery was kin structured, contained a single primary biological population, and also contained a small number of non‐local individuals most of whom were from closely related populations. We thus reject the hypothesis that the SunWatch population consisted of biologically distinct Late Woodland and Mississippian biological populations.DiscussionAlthough SunWatch village exhibited cultural attributes characteristic of both local Late Woodland and non‐local Mississippian groups, biologically the village was composed of one primary population. The lack of evidence for marked biological differentiation in the SunWatch village area at about 800–500 BP. suggests diffusion and acculturation may account for Mississippian cultural characteristics in southwestern Ohio Fort Ancient villages. If gene flow or migrations from biologically distinct Mississippian populations into southwestern Ohio occurred, either or both likely occurred well before 800 BP. This would have allowed the process of admixture time to produce a relatively homogeneous, nondifferentiated population. The latter alternative is consistent with the appearance in southwestern Ohio of non‐local individuals at one site linked to surrounding Mississippian regions at about 950 BP. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:719–728, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prospective, open‐label safety study of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in wake‐up stroke
Authors: Barreto Andrew D. , Fanale Christopher V. , Alexandrov Andrei V. , Gaffney Kevin C. , Vahidy Farhaan S. , Nguyen Claude B. , Sarraj Amrou , Rahbar Mohammad , Grotta James C. , Savitz Sean I. ,   for the Wake‐Up Stroke Investigators
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveIt is estimated that one of four ischemic strokes are noticed upon awakening and are not candidates for intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) because their symptoms are >3 hours from last seen normal (LSN). We tested the safety of rtPA in a multicenter, single‐arm, prospective, open‐label study (NCT01183533) in patients with wake‐up stroke (WUS).MethodsWe aimed to enroll 40 WUS patients with disabling deficits. Patients were 18 to 80 years of age, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) ≤25, and selected only on the appearance of noncontrast computed tomography (ie, over one‐third middle cerebral artery territory hypodensity). Standard‐dose (0.9mg/kg) intravenous rtPA had to be started ≤3 hours of patient awakening. The primary safety outcome was symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) with preplanned stopping rules and data safety board oversight. Other endpoints included: asymptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage; clinical improvement in NIHSS; and 90‐day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score.ResultsBetween October 2010 and October 2013, all 40 preplanned patients were enrolled (50% men) at five stroke centers. Four patients (10%) were subsequently determined to be mimics. Patients had a mean age of 60.8, median NIHSS of 6.5 (range, 2–24), and received thrombolysis at a mean time of 10.3 ± 2.6 LSN and 2.6 ± 0.6 hours from awakening with deficits. No sICH or parenchymal hematomas occurred. At 3 months, 20 of 38 (52.6%) patients achieved excellent recovery with mRS scores of 0 or 1 (2 patients were lost to follow‐up).InterpretationIntravenous thrombolysis was safe in this prospective WUS study of patients selected by noncontrast CT. A randomized effectiveness trial appears feasible using a similar, pragmatic design. Ann Neurol 2016;80:211–218
Self‐Assembly of Measles Virus Nucleocapsid‐like Particles: Kinetics and RNA Sequence Dependence
Authors: Milles Sigrid , Jensen Malene Ringkjøbing , Communie Guillaume , Maurin Damien , Schoehn Guy , Ruigrok Rob W. H. , Blackledge Martin 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMeasles virus RNA genomes are packaged into helical nucleocapsids (NCs), comprising thousands of nucleo‐proteins (N) that bind the entire genome. N‐RNA provides the template for replication and transcription by the viral polymerase and is a promising target for viral inhibition. Elucidation of mechanisms regulating this process has been severely hampered by the inability to controllably assemble NCs. Here, we demonstrate self‐organization of N into NC‐like particles in vitro upon addition of RNA, providing a simple and versatile tool for investigating assembly. Real‐time NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy reveals biphasic assembly kinetics. Remarkably, assembly depends strongly on the RNA‐sequence, with the genomic 5′ end and poly‐Adenine sequences assembling efficiently, while sequences such as poly‐Uracil are incompetent for NC formation. This observation has important consequences for understanding the assembly process.
Formation of a Double Diamond Cubic Phase by Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Self‐Assembly of Bundled Bolaamphiphiles
Authors: Zeng Xiangbing , Prehm Marko , Ungar Goran , Tschierske Carsten , Liu Feng 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA quaternary amphiphile with swallow‐tail side groups displays a new bicontinuous thermotropic cubic phase with symmetry Pn
m and formed by two interpenetrating networks where cylindrical segments are linked by H bonds at tetrahedral junctions. Each network segment contains two bundles, each containing 12 rod‐like mesogens, lying along the segment axis. This assembly leads to the first thermotropic structure of the “double diamond” type. A quantitative geometric model is proposed to explain the occurrence of this rare phase.
Practical and Broadly Applicable Catalytic Enantioselective Additions of Allyl‐B(pin) Compounds to Ketones and α‐Ketoesters
Authors: Robbins Daniel W. , Lee KyungA , Silverio Daniel L. , Volkov Alexey , Torker Sebastian , Hoveyda Amir H. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA set of broadly applicable methods for efficient catalytic additions of easy‐to‐handle allyl‐B(pin) (pin=pinacolato) compounds to ketones and acyclic α‐ketoesters was developed. Accordingly, a large array of tertiary alcohols can be obtained in 60 to >98 % yield and up to 99:1 enantiomeric ratio. At the heart of this development is rational alteration of the structures of the small‐molecule aminophenol‐based catalysts. Notably, with ketones, increasing the size of a catalyst moiety (tBu to SiPh3) results in much higher enantioselectivity. With α‐ketoesters, on the other hand, not only does the opposite hold true, since Me substitution leads to substantially higher enantioselectivity, but the sense of the selectivity is reversed as well.
Cross‐Platform DNA Encoding for Single‐Cell Imaging of Gene Expression
Authors: Zrazhevskiy Pavel , Akilesh Shreeram , Tai Wanyi , Queitsch Konstantin , True Lawrence D. , Fromm Jonathan , Wu David , Nelson Peter , Stamatoyannopoulos John A. , Gao Xiaohu 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIntegration of imaging data across different molecular target types can provide in‐depth insight into cell physiology and pathology, but remains challenging owing to poor compatibility between target‐type‐specific labeling methods. We show that cross‐platform imaging analysis can be readily achieved through DNA encoding of molecular targets, which translates the molecular identity of various target types into a uniform in situ array of ssDNA tags for subsequent labeling with complementary imaging probes. The concept was demonstrated through multiplexed imaging of mRNAs and their corresponding proteins with multicolor quantum dots. The results reveal heterogeneity of cell transfection with siRNA and outline disparity in RNA interference (RNAi) kinetics at the level of both the mRNA and the encoded protein.