bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OMIP contribution to CMIP6: experimental and diagnostic
protocol for the physical component of the Ocean Model
Intercomparison Project
Authors: Griffies Stephen M. , Danabasoglu Gokhan , Durack Paul J. , Adcroft Alistair J. , Balaji V. , Böning Claus W. , Chassignet Eric P. , Curchitser Enrique , Deshayes Julie , Drange Helge , Fox-Kemper Baylor , Gleckler Peter J. , Gregory Jonathan M. , Haak Helmuth , Hallberg Robert W. , Heimbach Patrick , Hewitt Helene T. , Holland David M. , Ilyina Tatiana , Jungclaus Johann H. , Komuro Yoshiki , Krasting John P. , Large William G. , Marsland Simon J. , Masina Simona , McDougall Trevor J. , Nurser A. J. George , Orr James C. , Pirani Anna , Qiao Fangli , Stouffer Ronald J. , Taylor Karl E. , Treguier Anne Marie , Tsujino Hiroyuki , Uotila Petteri , Valdivieso Maria , Wang Qiang , Winton Michael , Yeager Stephen G. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) is an endorsed project in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). OMIP addresses CMIP6 science questions, investigating the origins and consequences of systematic model biases. It does so by providing a framework for evaluating (including assessment of systematic biases), understanding, and improving ocean, sea-ice, tracer, and biogeochemical components of climate and earth system models contributing to CMIP6. Among the WCRP Grand Challenges in climate science (GCs), OMIP primarily contributes to the regional sea level change and near-term (climate/decadal) prediction GCs.OMIP provides (a) an experimental protocol for global ocean/sea-ice models run with a prescribed atmospheric forcing; and (b) a protocol for ocean diagnostics to be saved as part of CMIP6. We focus here on the physical component of OMIP, with a companion paper (Orr et al., 2016) detailing methods for the inert chemistry and interactive biogeochemistry. The physical portion of the OMIP experimental protocol follows the interannual Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (CORE-II). Since 2009, CORE-I (Normal Year Forcing) and CORE-II (Interannual Forcing) have become the standard methods to evaluate global ocean/sea-ice simulations and to examine mechanisms for forced ocean climate variability. The OMIP diagnostic protocol is relevant for any ocean model component of CMIP6, including the DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima experiments), historical simulations, FAFMIP (Flux Anomaly Forced MIP), C4MIP (Coupled Carbon Cycle Climate MIP), DAMIP (Detection and Attribution MIP), DCPP (Decadal Climate Prediction Project), ScenarioMIP, HighResMIP (High Resolution MIP), as well as the ocean/sea-ice OMIP simulations.
Incorporation of globally available datasets into the roving cosmic-ray neutron probe method for estimating field-scale soil water content
Authors: Avery William Alexander , Finkenbiner Catherine , Franz Trenton E. , Wang Tiejun , Nguy-Robertson Anthony L. , Suyker Andrew , Arkebauer Timothy , Muñoz-Arriola Francisco 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The need for accurate, real-time, reliable, and multi-scale soil water content (SWC) monitoring is critical for a multitude of scientific disciplines trying to understand and predict the Earth's terrestrial energy, water, and nutrient cycles. One promising technique to help meet this demand is fixed and roving cosmic-ray neutron probes (CRNPs). However, the relationship between observed low-energy neutrons and SWC is affected by local soil and vegetation calibration parameters. This effect may be accounted for by a calibration equation based on local soil type and the amount of vegetation. However, determining the calibration parameters for this equation is labor- and time-intensive, thus limiting the full potential of the roving CRNP in large surveys and long transects, or its use in novel environments. In this work, our objective is to develop and test the accuracy of globally available datasets (clay weight percent, soil bulk density, and soil organic carbon) to support the operability of the roving CRNP. Here, we develop a 1 km product of soil lattice water over the continental United States (CONUS) using a database of in situ calibration samples and globally available soil taxonomy and soil texture data. We then test the accuracy of the global dataset in the CONUS using comparisons from 61 in situ samples of clay percent (RMSE  =  5.45 wt %, R2  =  0.68), soil bulk density (RMSE  =  0.173 g cm−3, R2  =  0.203), and soil organic carbon (RMSE  =  1.47 wt %, R2  =  0.175). Next, we conduct an uncertainty analysis of the global soil calibration parameters using a Monte Carlo error propagation analysis (maximum RMSE  ∼  0.035 cm3 cm−3 at a SWC  =  0.40 cm3 cm−3). In terms of vegetation, fast-growing crops (i.e., maize and soybeans), grasslands, and forests contribute to the CRNP signal primarily through the water within their biomass and this signal must be accounted for accurate estimation of SWC. We estimated the biomass water signal by using a vegetation index derived from MODIS imagery as a proxy for standing wet biomass (RMSE  <  1 kg m−2). Lastly, we make recommendations on the design and validation of future roving CRNP experiments.
High Road to Hell: Milton, Blake, McCarthy
Authors: Steven Mark 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This article demonstrates that the poetry of William Blake irradiates Cormac McCarthy's 1985 novel, Blood Meridian, where it occupies one side of a dialectical relationship with the work of another poet, John Milton. The essay's argument is that the poetic works of Milton and Blake strain against one another from within McCarthy's prose to determinately shape how we read the novel. It seeks to show how an understanding of why certain literary influences are enunciated will contribute to our knowledge of the book's relationship to its thematic content and historical referents.
Assessment of Tourism Resource Potential at Buriram Province, Thailand
Authors: Nasa Mayuree , Hassan Fatimah Binti 
Published: September 2016

<p>The objective of this paper is to assess the resource potentials for tourism and potential tourist destinations in the province of Buriram, Thailand. Buriram province is located in the North-eastern part of Thailand, about 410 km northeast of Bangkok. Indicators and evaluative standards for resource potential assessment were determined, and altogether the total of 31 sites were assessed by a simple weighted score method, one of the popular methods for evaluating the potential of tourism sites. The total number of indicators used was 45. The results revealed that eight sites were categorized into the natural tourist destination, ten sites were the historical tourist destination, ten sites were the cultural tourist destination, and another three were the sport-recreational tourist destination. These three sport-recreational sites, known as I-Mobile Stadium, Chang International Circuit, and Play La Ploen Boutique Resort and Adventure Camp, were the latest attractions because there were built within the last five years, but consequently have become among the most popular tourist attractions in the area. The site assessment revealed that tourism sites in Buriram province had a potential overall score of 2.23 (moderate level) from the highest score of 3.00. Approximately 39% of the total tourism sites have higher potential. According to the analysis of sites and tourism activities, Buriram is highly suitable for the educational tour in historical and cultural sites, and sports destination.</p><p> </p>
Investigating Factors Influencing Consumer Attitude toward SMS Advertising: An Empirical Study in Bangladesh
Authors: Chowdhury Farjana Parvin , Islam Mohammad Tariqul , Rana Mohammad Ashaduzzaman 
Published: September 2016

<p>This study aims to empirically investigate the significant factors that influence consumer attitude toward SMS advertising in Bangladesh. At present, SMS advertising is being considered as a trendy mobile marketing channel to reach the consumer in an efficient manner. Though, many studies have been conducted to identify factors that impact the consumer perception regarding SMS advertisements, very few of them have considered Bangladeshi consumer. This study has developed and tested a conceptual model with a sample of 375 Bangladeshi students using Structural Equation Modelling. In addition, T-test is used to observe the differences in attitude based on gender. The results indicate that SMS credibility, advertiser credibility and incentive have positive significant influence, whereas irritation and consumer inertia have negative significant influences. Moreover, attitude toward SMS advertising is found similar among male and female consumer. This paper ends with a comparative discussion of relevant studies in SMS advertising context and provides recommendations for advertisers and future SMS advertising research. </p>
Evaluation and inheritance of resistance to Russian
wheat aphid in barley
Authors: ASSAD M. T. , RAVARY Z. , POURHADJI A. , AHMADI A. A. , EMAM Y. 
Published: July 2002

Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia is a serious pest of cereals in various regions of the
world. Seventy-six barley genotypes collected from different areas in Iran were subjected to an initial
mass screening test and six susceptible and 17 apparently resistant genotypes were identified. To
determine resistance mechanisms, antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance tests were conducted and
selected genotypes were ranked according to their plant resistance indices.Four crosses were made between the two most resistant lines (Shz.B-106, and Shz.B-108) and two
most susceptible lines (Shz.B-105 and Shz.B-107). F1, F2 and BCF1 (backcross to the resistant parent)
seedlings were screened for RWA resistance in the greenhouse by artificial infection. Resistance in
Shz.B-106 was apparently controlled by a semi-dominant gene, whereas resistance in Shz.B-108 was
controlled by a dominant one.
Near-wall measurements in a three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer
Authors: COMPTON DEBORA A. , EATON JOHN K. 
Published: July 2002

An experiment was performed to measure near-wall velocity and

Reynolds stress

profiles in a pressure-driven three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer.

An initially

two-dimensional boundary layer (Reθ≈4000)
was

exposed to a strong spanwise

pressure gradient. At the furthest downstream measurement locations there
was also

a fairly strong favourable streamwise pressure gradient.Measurements were made using a specially designed near-wall laser-Doppler

anemometer (LDA), in addition to conventional methods. The LDA used short
focal

length optics, a mirror probe suspended in the flow, and side-scatter collection
to

achieve a measuring volume 35 μm in diameter and approximately 65 μm
long.The data presented include mean velocity measurements and Reynolds stresses,
all

extending well below y+=10, at several profile

locations. Terms of the turbulent

kinetic energy transport equation are presented at two profile locations.
The mean

flow is nearly collateral (i.e. W is proportional to U)

at the wall. Turbulent kinetic

energy is mildly suppressed in the near-wall region and the shear stress
components

are strongly affected by three-dimensionality. As a result, the ratio

of shear stress to

turbulent kinetic energy is suppressed throughout most of the boundary
layer. The

angles of stress and strain are misaligned, except very near the wall

(around y+=10)

where the angles nearly coincide with the mean flow angle. Three-dimensionality

appears to mildly reduce the production of turbulent kinetic energy.
Borders on the Fantastic: Mimesis, Violence, and Landscape at the Temple of Preah Vihear
Authors: Cuasay P. 
Published: July 2002

Peace based on a fallacy is not for the living. The living must and shall demand the truth, for such is the way of nations, and such is the way of man.—Seni Pramoj, speaking at the World Court, March 27, 1962 (Pleadings, 564)On 15 June 1962, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) pronounced judgment on a dispute between Cambodia, formerly a colony of France, and Thailand, formerly called Siam, a neighboring kingdom which had never been formally colonized. The dispute regarded territorial sovereignty over the area of an ancient Brahmanic temple named Preah Vihear (following the Khmer language of Cambodia) or Phra Viharn (following Thai language). The Temple is perched high on a spur of the Dangrek mountain chain which roughly forms the boundary between both countries. North of the Dangrek lies the Khorat Plateau of Northeast Thailand, while to the south the Temple affords a magnificent view of the forested Cambodian plain below. The judgment was peculiar in that it relied upon absence to startling effect. Applying the principle qui tacet consentire videtur si loqui debuisset ac potuisset (Judgment, 23) [He who keeps silent is held to consent if he must and can speak—ibid., 96], ICJ held that Thailand's failure to protest the inaccuracy of a map purporting to reflect the watershed line between the two states, and thus by the Treaty of 1904 the international boundary between them, constituted tacit acceptance of the map line as the line established by treaty.
The Implications of Incommensurability
Authors: Chappell Timothy 
Published: July 2002

Agents have aims. Any aim can be either simple or complex. If an aim is complex, then its different components make irreducibly different demands on the agent. The agent cannot rationally respond to all these demands by promoting all her different component aims at once. She must recognise a distinction between the rational response to any component aim of promoting it, and the rational response of respecting it.If the goods are incommensurable, then rational agents have complex aims.So if the goods are incommensurable, rational agents do not only promote whatever aims they recognise.But consequentialism tells agents only to promote whatever aims they recognise.So if the goods are incommensurable, consequentialism is wrong.I note applications of this argument to the writings of Robert Nozick, Philip Pettit, and John Harris.
Does Beck's Hopelessness Scale really measure several components?
Authors: AISH ANNE-MARIE , WASSERMAN DANUTA 
Published: July 2002

Background. Much of the interest in hopelessness stems from the key role it plays in the prediction of suicidal behaviour. To measure hopelessness, Beck et al.(1974)developed a 20-item scale (BHS), applied exploratory factor analysis and argued that the scale measures three specific components (affective, motivational and cognitive). Subsequent exploratory factor analyses identified two, three or more factors underlying the scale.Method. Several confirmatory factor analyses (LISREL) were run on data on 324 suicide attempters in Sweden in order to test the hypothesized factorial structures and to investigate the psychometric properties of the individual items.Results. Neither three- nor two-factor models fitted the data. A simpler structure was sufficient to account for the observed correlations between most of the items. This led to the development of several variants of a one-factor model, each a combination of affective, motivational and cognitive items. The number of items varied between four and 15.Conclusions. Our findings suggest that most of the items (15) of Beck's Hopelessness Scale measure one factor. They further suggest that the number of items could considerably be reduced. A four-item scale produced an excellent fit. It includes positive and negative items describing the perception of the future in terms of success, darkness, lack of opportunity and faith. It might even be possible to replace the total scale with one item only, ‘my future seems dark to me’.
Interferons, serotonin and neurotoxicity
Authors: MENKES DAVID B. , MacDONALD JAMES A. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Interferons are a class of cytokines profoundly affecting immune function. Several
interferons are now synthesized and used clinically, notably for viral diseases and cancer. In
addition to their desired immune effects, interferons cause a number of toxicities, including
prominent effects on the nervous system.Methods. This literature review focused on the incidence of depression associated with interferon
treatment. Possible neurochemical mechanisms and remedial strategies were also considered.Results. Interferon treatment, particularly with the alpha subtype, is unquestionably linked with
depression, but the strength of association is uncertain because of erratic ascertainment and pre-
treatment co-morbidity. A likely pathogenic mechanism has been described, involving interferon
suppression of serotonin synthesis. Controlled treatment trials of interferon-induced depression are
not yet available.Conclusions. Neurotoxicity substantially limits the use of interferons. At least some of the risk of
depression appears to derive from their anti-serotonergic effects, consistent with the large body of
evidence pointing to a general link between serotonin and affective illness. Vigilant detection and
aggressive treatment of depression is necessary to optimize interferon treatment of many patients.
Dynamic receptor superstructures at the
plasma membrane
Authors: DAMJANOVICH S. , GÁSPÁR, Jr. R. , PIERI C. 
Published: July 2002

1. INTRODUCTION 681.1 Receptor patterns in the plasma membrane 681.2 Different types of receptor patterns 712. METHODS TO INVESTIGATE NON-RANDOM RECEPTOR CLUSTERING 732.1 Fluorescence resonance energy transfer 732.2 Flow cytometric energy transfer measurement 782.3 Fluorescence anisotropy and energy transfer 792.4 Photobleaching energy transfer on single cells 812.5 Two-dimensional mapping of receptor superstructures 822.6 Detecting single receptor molecules 852.7 Chemical identification of receptor clusters 862.8 Electron microscopy 872.9 Scanning force microscopy 883. CONFORMATIONAL STATES OF RECEPTORS 903.1 Multi-subunit receptor structures 903.2 Physical parameters influencing conformational states 913.3 Chemical interactions and receptor conformations 924. ON THE ORIGIN OF NATURALLY OCCURRING RECEPTOR CLUSTERS 934.1 Synthesis of receptors and their localization in the plasma membrane
934.2 Lipid domain structure of the plasma membrane 944.3 The validity of the Singer–Nicolson model 945. CONCLUSIONS 966. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 967. REFERENCES 97
Social Policy Digest NUMBER ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTEEN November 1999 to January 2000
Authors: BENNETT FRAN 
Published: July 2002

Contents1 Social security and income maintenance2 Health (formerly Health care)3 Education4 Housing and environment5 Personal social services6 Law and the treatment of the offender7 Unemployment and the labour market8 Race relations9 The voluntary sector10 Government (formerly Local government)11 Gender12 Demography
Fundholding and the Community Nurse
Authors: TINSLEY ROB , LUCK MIKE 
Published: July 2002

General Practitioner fundholding has been shown to enjoy a number
of
advantages over centralised systems of purchasing: it is more consumer

sensitive, shakes up providers, shifts resources into primary care, enables

expert understanding and skills to inform the purchasing function and
ensures that treatment quality will have priority over cost savings. These

benefits are offset by the very significant drawbacks of extra resources

being needed for administration, limitations on purchaser power and the

danger that the internal market principle will be undermined.This article examines the extent to which these effects are applicable
in
the specific context of purchasing of community nursing services that
took effect from April 1993. It is found that few of the above advantages

are applicable in the community setting and that the disadvantages are

particularly severe. The solution may be to combine formal centralised

contracting with an element of competition at the operational level to

produce a more ‘organic’ system than hitherto visualised.
THE UNION AND THE MILITARY, 1801–c.1830
Authors: Blackstock Allan 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWHEN writing his monumental history of the British army, Sir John Fortescue devoted just two paragraphs to the military implications of the Union. He noted that Union greatly simplified British military affairs in general and that this was an excellent thing for historians, driven to distraction by the confusing archival situation produced by the pre-Union military relationship of the two countries. The Irish military historian, Sir Henry McAnally, was equally succinct, merely remarking that `military matters had not bulked largely in the Union debates'. In ways they were both right. Although none of the eight articles of the Union refer to the army, it was understood that the assimilation principle, which regulated other branches of the public service and the church, would apply to the army. Yet, beneath and perhaps because of the delusive brevity of these bare facts, lies a seriously under-researched subject with wider ramifications, both in the short and longer term. Before these issues can be developed, it is first necessary to set the context by describing the pre-Union military background Ireland and then outlining the formal changes wrought by the Union.
Lexical entries and rules of language: A multidisciplinary study of German inflection
Authors: Clahsen Harald 
Published: July 2002

Following much work in linguistic theory, it is hypothesized that the language faculty has a modular structure and consists of two basic components, a lexicon of (structured) entries and a computational system of combinatorial operations to form larger linguistic expressions from lexical entries. This target article provides evidence for the dual nature of the language faculty by describing recent results of a multidisciplinary investigation of German inflection. We have examined: (1) its linguistic representation, focussing on noun plurals and verb inflection (participles), (2) processes involved in the way adults produce and comprehend inflected words, (3) brain potentials generated during the processing of inflected words, and (4) the way children acquire and use inflection. It will be shown that the evidence from all these sources converges and supports the distinction between lexical entries and combinatorial operations.Our experimental results indicate that adults have access to two distinct processing routes, one accessing (irregularly) inflected entries from the mental lexicon and another involving morphological decomposition of (regularly) inflected words into stem+affix representations. These two processing routes correspond to the dual structure of the linguistic system. Results from event-related potentials confirm this linguistic distinction at the level of brain structures. In children's language, we have also found these two processes to be clearly dissociated; regular and irregular inflection are used under different circumstances, and the constraints under which children apply them are identical to those of the adult linguistic system.Our findings will be explained in terms of a linguistic model that maintains the distinction between the lexicon and the computational system but replaces the traditional view of the lexicon as a simple list of idiosyncrasies with the notion of internally structured lexical representations.