bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides in honey and pollen.
Authors: Beales K. , Betteridge K. , Boppré M. , Cao Y. , Colegate S. M. , Edgar J. A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The pyrrolizidine alkaloids of 68 Australian honey samples as well as extracts of Australian and New Zealand pollen samples collected from anthers, and pollen baskets harvested from honeybees, were identified and quantified using HPLC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-MS. HPLC-electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS was applied for simultaneous quantitation of the alkaloids and their N-oxides. The highest level of pyrrolizidine alkaloid content, in excess of 2500 µg equivalents of echimidine per kg of honey (ppb), was observed with an Echium plantagineum-derived sample. Honeys attributed to E. plantagineum, Heliotropium europaeum and H. amplexicaule were determined by the presence of echimidine, heliotrine and indicine respectively as the major alkaloid observed, as identified by HPLC-APCI-MS. Use of the silica-based SCX SPE columns on the honey and pollen samples tentatively identified a new suite of alkaloids/N-oxides characteristic of E. vulgare. The highest level determined was approximately 5000 ppb. Four samples returned levels of between 1200 and 2850 ppb and four were between 550 and 950 ppb. The level of pyrrolizidine alkaloids/N-oxides in the pure pollen was considerably higher compared to the honey at about 11 000 ± 3000 ppm (mg/kg) whereas levels in the pollen baskets from honeybees returned lower levels of alkaloids, with a range of 925 to 4000 ppm and a mean (from 4 samples) of 2125 ppm. The combination of silica-based SCX SPE and HPLC-ESI-MS analysis has confirmed the natural predominance of N-oxides over the parent, tertiary-base pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the honey and pollen samples.
An overview of pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity in livestock: microbial and metabolic perspectives.
Authors: Craig A. M. , Duringer J. M. , Blythe L. L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

A review on the toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) a toxin found in poisonous plants such as Senecio and Crotalaria in livestock animals with emphasis on cattle and sheep was presented. Highlight of the review focused on the mechanism of resistance to PA toxicity in sheep versus cattle as well as the role of rumen microorganisms in the detoxification and hepatic metabolism of both livestock animals.
Acute bovine liver disease: hepatocytotoxicity of Cynosurus echinatus-related Drechslera biseptata.
Authors: Aslani M. R. , Pascoe I. , Kowalski M. , Michalewicz A. , Retallick M. A. S. , Colegate S. M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

To find out the toxic effect of Cynosurus echinatus related Drechslera biseptata on cattle, cultures of D. biseptata isolated from outbreaks of acute bovine liver disease (ABLD) were preserved and tested on cultured rat hepatocytes. Results showed that extracts of agar cultures of D. biseptata isolated from outbreaks of acute bovine liver disease were shown to be cytotoxic to cultured rat hepatocytes in the same way that extracts of C. echinatus collected from toxic pastures were also hepatocytotoxic.
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) toxicity in rodents, sheep, goats and horses.
Authors: Stegelmeier B. L. , Elmore S. A. , Lee S. T. , James L. F. , Gardner D. R. , Panter K. E. , Ralphs M. H. , Pfister J. A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The aim of this study is to evaluate Switchgrass P. virgatum toxicity in rodents, goats, sheep and horses. Six Syrian hamsters, six gerbils and six guineapigs were randomly divided into two groups and fed with switchgrass pellets or control pellets for 45 days. An additional four groups of three hamsters each were orally dosed with concentrated diosgenin and yamogenin from fenugreek seed to obtain doses of 0, 100, 300, and 900 mg saponins per day. Six horses, six sheep and six goats were also divide into two equal groups and were fed with switchgrass for 90 days. Results after the feeding period showed that most of the animals fed with switchgrass hay loss weight and exhibited poor body condition, none of the horses or sheep nor the rodents fed with switchgrass hay developed serum biochemical changes suggestive of hepatic or renal disease. However, some goats fed with switchgrass hay developed skin lesions consistent with phylloerythrin associated photosensitivity. This findings suggest that switchgrass can be toxic under certain conditions and that young goats are found to be more susceptible to poisoning.
Antifertility activity of Carica papaya in male rats.
Authors: Gunawardana V. K. , Tokhi S. G. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

A study was undertaken to verify whether the seeds of C. papaya (CP) have adverse effects on male reproduction. The bioassays for antifertility activity were carried out in rats using finely ground seeds since the rural farmers use the seeds as an anthelmintic in this form. Two trials were conducted. In trial 1, the control group had 10 animals while in trial 2, the control group had 5 animals. In trial 1, the treated rats received a dose of 0.67 g of the powder kg body weight-1 day-1 for a period of 20 days. In trial 2, the rats were treated for 44 days with a higher dose of 1.34 g/kg body weight. Five days before the end of dosing, each male was paired with a pro-oestrus female. In both trials, the weight gain was very poor compared to the controls. The weight of the testis and epididymis expressed as a percentage of the body weight did not show a significant difference between the treatment and control groups in both trials. All epididymal parameters were affected by treatment with CP. The most drastically affected parameter was the motility of cauda epididymal spermatozoa. In trial 1, two treated animals had immotile spermatozoa and in the others motility was confined to slow vibration of the tail with no forward progression. In trial 2, four treated animals had immotile spermatozoa while the other 2 had spermatozoa showing weak tail movements. A reduction in the epididymal sperm reserve and an increase in sperm abnormality were also observed. Although the highest percentage abnormality was in the head region for all groups, the tail abnormality in the treated group was 5.6 times higher than in the control in trial 1 and it was 4 times higher in trial 2. In the treated group, the mean number of implantation sites was reduced by 35.43% compared to the control in Trial 1. In this trial, of the 7 animals that were pregnant, 2 had all fetuses resorbed. As a result, the number of normal fetuses was less than the number of implantation sites. At higher dose, only 2 animals were able to impregnate receptive females. Of the 2 pregnant animals, one had only one implantation site and the other had 3. In these implantation sites, the fetuses were resorbed.
Fetotoxic effects of locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) in pregnant goats.
Authors: Furlan S. , Panter K. E. , Pfister J. A. , Stegelmeier B. L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The aim of this study was to find out the clinical and ultrasonographic effects of locoweed A. lentiginosus in pregnant goats. Five pregnant does were given a dose of finely ground A. lentiginosus on the 30th day of gestation while four other does were given an equivalent amount of ground lucerne hay as negative controls. Blood samples were then collected from the experimental and control animals and results showed that locoweed poisoned goats developed mild proprioceptive deficits within 9 to 10 days of treatment. The clinical signs became more severe with the poisoned animals becoming weak, hesitant to move, prominent intention tremors and proprioceptive deficits. The result suggests that Spanish goats are very sensitive to the negative effects of locoweed as shown on its reproductive performance. The early reduction in fetal movement and fetal death is indicative of this sensitivity.
Pregnancy loss in mares associated with exposure to caterpillars in Kentucky and Australia.
Authors: Perkins N. R. , Sebastian M. M. , Todhunter K. H. , Wylie R. M. , Begg A. P. , Muscatello G. , Gilkerson J. R. , Racklyeft D. J. , Chicken C. , Wilson M. C. , Cawdell-Smith A. J. , Bryden W. L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

A report on two cases of pregnancy losses in mares which were associated to exposure with caterpillars in Kentucky, USA and the other one in Australia was presented. Highlight of the report focused on the clinical aspects and on the aetiology of two reproductive disorders namely: mare reproductive loss syndrome (MRLS) and equine amnionitis and fetal loss (EAFL).
Clinical signs and treatment of cattle grazing high molybdenum forage.
Authors: Majak W. , Steinke D. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The Highland Valley Copper mine (HVC), near Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada, is in the process of restoring the rangeland disturbed by over 20 years of mining. Of primary concerns are the tailings ponds that can contain elevated levels of molybdenum (Mo), a residue from the copper (Cu) and Mo extraction process. This paper present the results of two studies conducted at Highmont in 1999-2001 and 2002-2004 on the effect of forages with high Mo levels on grazing cattle and whether cattle grazing is a viable option for the reclamation plan of the area. The second study was conducted to test the efficacy of Cu supplementation on the prevention of the onset of clinical signs. In summary, the trials from 1999 to 2001 showed that cattle suffered from lameness as a result of grazing forage with high molybdenum content. However, lameness was resolved in all animals by the end of trial without treatment. Results from the second grazing trials in 2002-2004 showed that with the aid of 2.5% CuSO4.5H2O supplement in loose salt, cattle could graze the site without major problems. Clinical signs were not completely eliminated in the supplemented group, probably because the supplement was free-choice. The overall results showed that 29% of the control cows exhibited primary signs of lameness whereas only 4% of the supplemented cows were affected, usually with attenuated signs. Secondary signs of diarrhoea and hair coat depigmentation were also reduced in the supplemented group. Calves were much less susceptible as only seven of the 230 calves showed clinical signs of lameness during the 6-year period. Cattle grazing might be included in the land use plan for Highmont if CuSO4.5H2O supplement is provided or if previously exposed animals that have developed a tolerance to molybdenum are used.
New applications of Yucca and Quillaja products in animal nutrition.
Authors: Cheeke P. R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Yucca and quillaja have traditionally been regarded primarily as sources of saponins. Saponins have diverse biological effects, some of which are mediated by their ability to form complexes with cholesterol in cell membranes. Recent research indicates that the membrane effects of saponins result in anti-protozoal and anti-nematode activity, and modification in rumen microbe populations. Yucca is also a good source of polyphenolic compounds, including resveratrol and the yuccaols. These compounds function as anti-inflammatory agents and as antioxidants. Anti-inflammatory activity may account for some of the favourable effects of yucca products on animal performance. Finally, yucca and quillaja supplements fed to sows in late gestation reduce the incidence of stillbirths in swine and may enhance the immune function of weanling piglets.
Cutting for silage may not prevent annual ryegrass toxicity.
Authors: Allen J. G. , Masters A. M. , Doncon G. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT) results from the consumption of ryegrass infected with the toxigenic bacterium Rathayibacter toxicus. The bacterium is introduced into the ryegrass by the nematode Anguina funesta that reproduces in galls formed within the seedhead of the ryegrass. If the bacterium is introduced into the nematode gall, it may multiply to kill the nematodes and form a toxic bacterial gall. The toxins produced by R. toxicus are called corynetoxins. This paper reports a case of ARGT in Western Australia affecting several sheep, two bulls, four cows and one horse (February 2002). The animals were fed silage harvested from the Cunderdin area of the wheatbelt in Western Australia the previous year, around the time when ryegrass starts flowering in the area. Analysis of samples collected from silage bales using ELISA for R. toxicus revealed high concentration of bacterial galls and corynetoxins consistent with ARGT.
Poisonous plants affecting the central nervous system (CNS) of cattle in Brazil.
Authors: Rech R. R. , Rodrigues A. , Rissi D. R. , Riet-Correa F. , Barros C. S. L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

With the growing importance of surveillance for bovine spongiform encephalopathy, pursuing and accurately diagnosing central nervous system disease in cattle has increased substantially. In Brazil, there are many plants that will induce CNS disease in cattle, including those plants causing lysosomal storage disease (Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa, Phalaris angusta, Sida carpinifolia and Solanum fastigiatum var. fastigiatum), primary neuronal degeneration (Ipomoea asarifolia, Prosopis juliflora) and plants causing spongy degeneration of the CNS white matter (Ateleia glazioviana, Tetrapterys spp. and Senecio spp.). In addition, recently Marsdenia sp. was described causing CNS disease in cattle but no morphological changes could be associated with the disease. This paper reviews these poisonous plants affecting the central nervous system of cattle.
Comparative study of bovine cerebellar cortical degenerations caused by different South American Solanum spp.
Authors: Verdes J. M. , Moraña A. , Gutiérrez F. , Guerrero F. , Goicoa A. , Fidalgo L. E. , Riet-Correa F. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This paper reviews the epidemiology, clinical signs, lesions, ultrastructural changes and lectin- and immunohistochemical patterns of natural and experimental cerebellar cortical degenerations in cattle caused by different South American Solanum spp. The identification of other susceptible species and the active fractions in Solanum species are also reviewed.
Poisoning by cyanogenic plants in ruminants in the state of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil.
Authors: Amorim S. L. de , Medeiros R. M. T. , Tokarnia C. H. , Riet-Correa F. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This paper reviews the cyanogenic plants of northeastern Brazil, with emphasis on those occurring in the state of Paraiba, like Manihot esculenta, Manihot glaziovii, Anadenanthera macrocarpa and Piptadenia viridiflora. The results of experiments on the effects of M. galziovii in goats and M. glaziovii and A. macrocarpa in cattle are also presented.
A toxicoproteomic approach to understanding annual ryegrass toxicity.
Authors: Retallick M. A. S. , Colegate S. M. , Michalski W. P. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Previous in vivo studies have shown that acute exposure to tunicamycins (TMs) produces a syndrome that is indistinguishable from Annual Ryegrass Toxicity (ARGT) when compared on the basis of clinical and pathological observations. To validate the experimental model at a molecular level, a toxicoproteomic approach, which involved a comparative study of the proteins secreted by an in vitro rat hepatocyte cell line in response to toxin-exposure, was used to evaluate the bioequivalence of corynetoxins (CTs) and TMs. The study showed that exposure to cultured hepatocytes to doses of TMs and CTs>5 and <5000 nM resulted in proteomic changes that were not always identical between the two toxins. This finding highlights the importance of applying molecular techniques to comparative toxicology. Identifying molecular indicators of non-equivalence of tunicaminyluracil toxin-exposure in vitro has important implications for in vivo studies of ARGT that have been modelled with TMs rather than CTs, particularly in the field of biomarker discovery. Candidate protein biomarkers of clinical and subclinical disease may be investigated using TMs-exposed animals, but their capacities to act as diagnostic indicators of ARGT must be confirmed by experimental animal trials involving CTs-exposure.
An assessment of spatial learning and memory in sheep chronically exposed to tunicamycins.
Authors: Lee C. , Fisher A. D. , Michalewicz A. , Colegate S. M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

As part of neurological assessment, the spatial learning ability and memory of male and female Merino sheep that had been exposed to various low levels of dietary tunicamycins for 42-48 weeks was investigated. For this purpose, a maze was specifically designed and modified to allow a relatively rapid assessment of the ability of individual sheep to learn and remember the best route through the maze. The capacity for the maze to provide a useful assessment of the spatial learning and memory of sheep was also validated by comparing the performance of control sheep with those that had been administered scopolamine, which is a CNS muscarinic receptor antagonist and a known cognition-impairing substance. Sheep (control, scopolamine-treated and tunicamycins-treated) were assessed in the maize on each of 3 successive days (Days 1, 2 and 3) and this was repeated, for the tunicamycins group, 6 weeks later (Days 42, 43 and 44). The performance of each sheep was a factor of the total time for the subject to complete the maze and the error time (sum of time spent in zones A and B). Exposure of male and female sheep to levels of 40.5, 13.5, 4.5, 1.5 and 0.5 µg tunicamycins/kg body weight/day in their diet for 42-48 weeks did not have any discernible impact on the ability of the exposed sheep to negotiate and remember the maze. This is despite the top dose sheep cumulatively receiving approximately 10 times the oral lethal dose of tunicamycins (approximately 1 mg/kg body weight). The lack of any adverse effect of the tunicamycins as assessed by the maze does not obviate the possibility of other adverse effects that may be used to define the no observed effect level study investigating clinical, biochemical, pathological and behavioural parameters in rats and sheep. The maze test, by virtue of measuring high level biological function, may have applications in other areas, such as intensive management practices and including plant-associated intoxications other than annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT), where the health and welfare of animals may be compromised.
Dose-related, differential gene expression in cultured rat hepatocytes exposed to tunicamycins: a model for annual ryegrass toxicity.
Authors: Kowalski M. , Doran T. , Cahill D. , Colegate S. M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

To further investigate the effects of tunicamycins (TMs) at the molecular level, a toxicogenomic approach was developed to examine the differential gene expression between cultured rat hepatocytes exposed to TMs at low levels and untreated cultured hepatocytes. It was found that exposure of in vitro cultured rat hepatocytes to 0.05 and 50 µM TMs resulted in 38 and 34 genes expressed at significantly different levels, respectively, compared to untreated hepatocyte controls. Statistical analysis of the 51 genes (including housekeeping genes) presented on the DualChip® rat hepato revealed that 24 genes (47%) were upregulated, 14 genes (27%) were downregulated and 13 genes (39%) remained stable following treatment with TMs at 0.05 µM. Dosed at a TMs concentration of 50 µM, 26 genes (50%) were upregulated, eight genes (16%) were downregulated and 17 genes (34%) remained stable. The most highly induced genes consistent within both treatments were: FN, ecoa, MnSOD, mt_Co1 and Osteon, Their functions, including oxidative metabolism and detoxification of radicals which are toxic to biological systems, drug metabolism, lyase activity/β-oxidation and maintaining the integrity of the extracellular matrix, are consistent with expected upregulation following a toxic insult. This toxicogenomic approach to defining the effect of exposure of in vitro cultured rat hepatocytes to tunicamycins will complement previous works that have focused primarily on toxicology, pathology and pathogenesis associated with acute exposure to TMs.
Lectin binding pattern in the small intestine of rabbits intoxicated with Solanum glaucophyllum.
Authors: Zanuzzi C. N. , Barbeito C. G. , Fontana P. A. , Portiansky E. L. , Gimeno E. J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This study was conducted to analyse the intestinal carbohydrate expression under the effect of hypervitaminosis D induced by S. glaucophyllum (Sg). Five male 3-month-old New Zealand White rabbits were orally intoxicated with Sg at 125 mg/kg/day twice a week for 1 month. Four animals were used as controls. Samples of duodenum, jejunum and ileum were taken from both groups, sectioned and incubated with seven biotinylated lectins with different carbohydrate specificities for 2 h. There were differences in the lectin pattern between groups. In the duodenum, a reduction in the intensity of lectin DBA labelling was observed in the apical granular cytoplasm of the intoxicated group. Incubation with the lectin PNA in the duodenum and jejunum revealed a heterogeneous pattern in the control rabbits, whereas most of the intoxicated rabbits showed a strong staining of the glycocalix of the whole crypts and in some cells at the bottom of the jejunal crypts. The ileum of the intoxicated group also showed intense labelling with lectins PNA and RCA-1 in the apical glycocalix of the whole crypt. Individual cells at the base of some crypts were strongly labelled with lectin UEA-1 in both groups, mostly in the jejunum and ileum. In conclusion, Sg intoxication could lead to abnormal carbohydrate expression, which could in turn alter enzymatic digestion of food by peptidases of the glycocalix and the absorptive functions and lubrication of the digestive tract in rabbits.
Cutleaf nightshade (Solanum triflorum Nutt.) toxicity in horses and hamsters.
Authors: Stegelmeier B. L. , Lee S. T. , James L. F. , Gardner D. R. , Panter K. E. , Ralphs M. H. , Pfister J. A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Ground cutleaf nightshade at 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg in 2 ml of water was fed to 30 Syrian hamsters divided into 5 groups as an animal model for cutleaf nightshade poisoning in horses. The treatments were repeated 4 times a day for 7 days, during which changes in neurologic signs and pupil diameter were monitored. The hamsters were euthanized at the end of the study and blood and tissue samples were collected and analysed. It was shown that none of the treated animals developed cholinergic clinical signs and there were no significant differences in pupil diameter between groups. However, several of the hamsters in the high dose groups developed diarrhoea and small labial ulcerations after several days of treatment. These animals also had sporadic biochemical changes consistent with electrolyte loss and lipid mobilization. At necropsy, hamsters treated with 150 and 200 mg concentrations had segmental dilation of the intestine and stomach. Affected bowels were dilated with gas and mucoid exudates. The mucosa of some animals was red and oedematous, with focally extensive haemorrhagic and necrotizing gastroenteritis which was most severe in the ileum, but also involved the entire small intestine and glandular portion of the stomach. No other significant histologic lesions were found. These findings suggest that cutleaf nightshade toxicity in rodents is due to the direct toxic effects of the glycoalkaloids in the plant. The clinical signs of S. triflorum poisoning in horses are also briefly described.