bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinicopathologic and Microbiologic Findings Associated with Emphysematous Cystitis in 27 Dogs
Authors: Merkel Lindsay Kate , Lulich Jody , Polzin David , Ober Christopher , Westropp Jodi , Sykes Jane 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTThis is a retrospective case series of 27 dogs with emphysematous cystitis. Medical records from two veterinary teaching hospitals from 1992 to 2014 were reviewed. The aims of the study were to determine imaging findings, common underlying disease processes, and prevalent bacterial species and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in dogs with emphysematous cystitis. The most common lower urinary tract sign was hematuria. Gas was detected in the wall and lumen of the urinary bladder in 14 of 27 dogs (51.9%), in only the wall of the bladder in 9 of 27 dogs (33%), and in only the lumen of the bladder in 4 of 27 dogs (14.8%). Comorbid diseases were identified in all but one case. The most common comorbid disease processes were diabetes mellitus in 33% of dogs, neurologic disease in 26% of dogs, and adrenal disease in 19% of dogs. Bacterial isolates included Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus spp., and Actinomyces spp. Enterococcus spp. were always isolated in mixed infections with gas-producing bacterial species. During the period of study, most isolates were predicted to be susceptible to beta-lactam drugs, but updated veterinary breakpoints suggest that fluoroquinolones or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole would be more appropriate choices for empiric therapy.
"Życzę Ci wszystkiego... najgorszego" - rola schadenfreude w kreowaniu destruktywnego środowiska pracy
Authors: Turek Dariusz 
Published: September 2017

Pracownicy nie zawsze życzą swoim współpracownikom sukcesów i powodzenia w realizacji zadań zawodowych. W pewnych sytuacjach oczekują raczej ich niepowodzeń czy porażek i gdy stają się one faktem, pojawia się emocja określana mianem <i>schadenfreude</i>. Emocja ta, wyrażająca radość z cudzego nieszczęścia, jest jednym z kluczowych elementów (tzw. zmienną pośredniczącą) pozwalających zrozumieć mechanizmy pojawiania się destruktywnego klimatu organizacyjnego. Celem artykułu jest prezentacja tego, w jakich sytuacjach życia organizacyjnego pojawia się <i>schadenfreude</i>, a także w jaki sposób emocja ta może determinować patologiczne – dla środowiska zawodowego – zachowania pracowników.
Konstruktywne i kontrproduktywne oblicza przywiązania do organizacji
Authors: Macko Maciej , Sušanj Zoran , Jakopec Ana 
Published: September 2017

Artykuł prezentuje wyniki dwu badań empirycznych dokumentujących złożone zależności pomiędzy zmiennymi ważnymi dla określenia stopnia dobroci dopasowania pomiędzy człowiekiem i organizacją, dla której pracuje. Pierwsze badanie ma na celu odnalezienie zmiennych pośredniczących pomiędzy preferowanym w organizacji stylem kierowania a siłą przywiązania do organizacji pracodawcy. Omówiono tu, jak istotną rolę w budowaniu przywiązania organizacyjnego pełni sprawiedliwość organizacyjna i zadowolenie z pracy. Drugie badanie koncentruje się na negatywnych zjawiskach wyjaśniających brak zaangażowania pracowników i ma na celu odnalezienie typowego wzoru przywiązania u pracowników cynicznych. Takich, którzy nie są zadowoleni z pracy i których cechuje poczucie niesprawiedliwości. Wspólnie, wyniki pokazują, jak korzystnie przyjęcie przez przełożonych aktywnego stylu kierowania zwiększa siłę przywiązania pracowników, lecz przede wszystkim, jak istotny udział w postrzeganiu zjawisk zachodzących w organizacji ma poczucie uczestniczenia w sprawiedliwym środowisku pracy. Analiza wyników badań, poza wartościami poznawczymi, może pomóc w tworzeniu strategii personalnych służących rozwijaniu kompetencji menedżerskich i budowaniu konstruktywnego zaangażowania w pracę.
Longitudinal Stability of Cognition in Early-Phase Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Barbu Roxana M. , Berard Jason A. , Gresham Louise M. , Walker Lisa A.S. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Background:
Up to 70% of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience cognitive impairment. Some remain cognitively intact despite advanced disease. Cognitive reserve (CR) theory postulates that individuals with higher levels of intellectual enrichment can tolerate more pathology than others before exhibiting cognitive impairment.

Methods:
Thirty-two individuals with early-phase relapsing-remitting MS with mild physical disability and disease duration less than 10 years and 32 controls were recruited. At baseline and after 3 years, participants completed neuropsychological tests evaluating several cognitive domains. The CR was assessed via a cognitive reserve index (CRI) using educational levels and North American Adult Reading Test scores. Change in cognition was assessed using a reliable change index.

Results:
At baseline, people with MS performed worse than controls on visual memory. There were no significant group differences on information processing speed, learning, language, and executive functions. Most cognitive domains showed no change over time, and CRI was not a significant predictor in the regression model.

Conclusions:
People with MS performed worse on memory tasks at baseline compared with controls. Cognitive change differed between people with MS and controls in executive functions. Although people with MS and controls improved over time, beyond practice effects, people with MS improved less than controls. Overall, no cognitive deterioration was noted over time, and CR did not predict change in cognition. Sample homogeneity in terms of disease stage and CR may explain these findings.
Validation of the 2-Minute Walk Test with the 6-Minute Walk Test and Other Functional Measures in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Scalzitti David A. , Harwood Kenneth J. , Maring Joyce R. , Leach Susan J. , Ruckert Elizabeth A. , Costello Ellen 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Background:
Persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) commonly have difficulty walking. The 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) assesses functional capacity but may be considered burdensome for persons with MS, especially those with higher disability levels. The 2-Minute Walk Test (2MWT) may be an alternative measure to the 6MWT. The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of the 2MWT in persons with MS.

Methods:
Twenty-eight ambulatory persons with MS aged 18 to 64 years participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants completed five measures of walking performance (2MWT, 6MWT, usual and fast gait speed, and Timed Up and Go test) and two functional measures (Berg Balance Scale and five-times sit-to-stand test) during a testing session. Participants were classified into two subgroups based on Disease Steps scale classification.

Results:
The 2MWT was significantly correlated with the 6MWT (r = 0.947), usual gait speed (r = 0.920), fast gait speed (r = 0.942), the Timed Up and Go test (r = −0.911), and other functional measures. The 2MWT explained 89% of the variance seen during the 6MWT. The distances completed on the 2MWT and 6MWT accurately distinguished the subgroups.

Conclusions:
This study demonstrated good construct and discriminant validity of the 2MWT in persons with MS, providing an efficient and practical alternative to the 6MWT. Validation of the 2MWT with other functional measures further supports these findings.
Genomic and functional analysis ofRomboutsia ilealisCRIBTreveals adaptation to the small intestine
Authors: Gerritsen Jacoline , Hornung Bastian , Renckens Bernadette , van Hijum Sacha A.F.T. , Martins dos Santos Vitor A.P. , Rijkers Ger T. , Schaap Peter J. , de Vos Willem M. , Smidt Hauke 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundThe microbiota in the small intestine relies on their capacity to rapidly import and ferment available carbohydrates to survive in a complex and highly competitive ecosystem. Understanding how these communities function requires elucidating the role of its key players, the interactions among them and with their environment/host.MethodsThe genome of the gut bacteriumRomboutsia ilealisCRIBTwas sequenced with multiple technologies (Illumina paired-end, mate-pair and PacBio). The transcriptome was sequenced (Illumina HiSeq) after growth on three different carbohydrate sources, and short chain fatty acids were measured via HPLC.ResultsWe present the complete genome ofRomboutsia ilealisCRIBT, a natural inhabitant and key player of the small intestine of rats.R. ilealisCRIBTpossesses a circular chromosome of 2,581,778 bp and a plasmid of 6,145 bp, carrying 2,351 and eight predicted protein coding sequences, respectively. Analysis of the genome revealed limited capacity to synthesize amino acids and vitamins, whereas multiple and partially redundant pathways for the utilization of different relatively simple carbohydrates are present. Transcriptome analysis allowed identification of the key components in the degradation of glucose, L-fucose and fructo-oligosaccharides.DiscussionThis revealed thatR. ilealisCRIBTis adapted to a nutrient-rich environment where carbohydrates, amino acids and vitamins are abundantly available.
Exploring the Links in Monthly to Decadal Variability of the Atmospheric Water Balance Over the Wettest Regions in ERA‐20C
Authors: Nogueira M. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMonthly‐to‐decadal variability of the regional precipitation over Intertropical Convergence Zone and north‐Atlantic and north‐Pacific storm tracks was investigated using ERA‐20C reanalysis. Satellite‐based precipitation (P) and evaporation (E) climatological patterns were well reproduced by ERA‐20C. Regional P and E monthly time series displayed ~20% differences, but these decreased rapidly with time scale (~10% at yearly time scales). Spectral analysis showed good scale‐by‐scale statistical agreement between ERA‐20C and observations. Using ERA‐Interim showed no improvement despite the much wider range of information assimilated (including satellites). Remarkably high Detrended Cross‐Correlation Analysis coefficients (ρDCCA > 0.7 and often ρDCCA > 0.9) revealed tight links between the nonperiodic variability of P, moisture divergence (DIV), and pressure velocity (ω) at monthly‐to‐decadal time scales over all the wet regions. In contrast, ρDCCA was essentially nonsignificant between nonperiodic P and E or sea surface temperature (SST). Thus, the nonperiodic monthly‐to‐decadal variability of precipitation in these regions is almost fully controlled by dynamics and not by local E or SST (suggested by Clausius‐Clapeyron relation). Analysis of regional nonperiodic standard deviations and power spectra (and respective spectral exponents, β) provided further robustness to this conclusion. Finally, clear transitions in β for P, DIV, and ω between tropical and storm track regions were found. The latter is dominated by transient storms, with energy accumulation at synoptic scales and β < 0.1 at monthly‐to‐decadal time scales, implying that variability and information creation decrease rapidly with time scale. Larger β values (0.2 to 0.4) were found in the tropics, implying longer‐range autocorrelations and slower decreasing variability and information creation with time scale, consistent with the important forcing from internal modes of variability (e.g., El Niño–Southern Oscillation).
Ammonium Production and Removal in the Sediments of Shanghai River Networks: Spatiotemporal Variations, Controlling Factors, and Environmental Implications
Authors: Lin Xianbiao , Li Xiaofei , Gao Dengzhou , Liu Min , Cheng Lv 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAmmonium (NH4+) pollution and associated processes causing environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems have attracted much attention. However, the microbial pathways of NH4+ production and removal and associated influencing factors in the sediments of urban rivers remain unclear. In this study, microbial pathways of NH4+ production and removal were quantified to examine the NH4+ balance in the sediments of Shanghai river networks. The results indicated that potential rates of gross nitrogen mineralization, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium, and nitrogen fixation ranged from 0.25 to 25.83 μg N g−1 d−1, from undetectable to 3.47 μg N g−1 d−1, and from 0.07 to 3.05 μg N g−1 d−1, respectively. The potential rates of gross NH4+ immobilization, anammox, and nitrification, as the NH4+ removal processes, ranged from 0.24 to 26.27 μg N g−1 d−1, from 0.01 to 7.97 μg N g−1 d−1, and from 0 to 9.62 μg N g−1 d−1, respectively. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, NO3−, NH4+, and total organic carbon had great influences on these NH4+ production and removal processes. In addition, the total amounts of NH4+ production and removal through microbial pathways in sediments of Shanghai river networks were estimated at approximately 2.6 × 105 t N yr−1 and 3.9 × 105 t N yr−1, respectively. Thus, the net sink of NH4+ was 1.3 × 105 t N yr−1, which accounts for 22% of total inputs of nitrogen in the river networks. These results indicate that microbial processes of removal in sediments can eliminate significant parts of NH4+ generated from microbial pathways and/or inputs from anthropogenic activities in urban rivers. Overall, these results improve understanding of NH4+ production and removal and associated influencing environmental factors and highlight the environmental importance of these processes in regulating the NH4+ budget in highly urbanized riverine ecosystems.
Theory for Geosynchronous Spacecraft Charging Index
Authors: Huang Jianguo , Liu Guoqing , Jiang Lixiang , Yang Yong 
Published: September 2017

AbstractGeosynchronous spacecraft are likely to be charged to several or even tens of thousands of kilovolts due to the high‐energy plasma during substorms (tens of keV), leading to detrimental electronic system anomalies. Recently, a debate on what is the best index for geosynchronous spacecraft charging is opened. Ferguson, D. C. et al. presented that the total thermal electron flux above a certain minimum energy that is well above the second crossover point in secondary electron emission is the best index for spacecraft charging and verified the charging index by comparing Nascap‐2k results with charging and flux measurements on some geosynchronous satellites. In this paper, such a charging index is verified theoretically. Meanwhile, the best minimum energy and the electron flux above it are obtained for both single and double Maxwellian plasmas based on charging threshold theory. The theoretical estimations agree well with Ferguson's results. Such a charging index is important, which will probably make prediction of geosynchronous spacecraft charging simple and convenient in the future.
Sensing, Signalling, and Control of Phosphate Starvation in Plants: Molecular Players and Applications
Authors: Scheible Wolf‐Rüdiger , Rojas‐Triana Monica 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

The availability of phosphorus (P) often limits plant growth and development. Whilst large amounts of P‐fertilizers are thus used in agricultural production systems, they are a considerable cost factor, and the runoff of excessive P causes environmental damage. Moreover, global P‐reserves may last for only several more generations. Cutting down on the use of P‐fertilizers therefore is important, and to ultimately do so it is crucial to understand how plants sense, signal, respond to and cope with P‐limitation, to determine the genes and molecular mechanisms involved, and to apply the knowledge to improve P‐acquisition and P‐use efficiency (
PAE
,
PUE
) of crop plant species. This chapter provides an overview of the players involved in plant P‐status signalling/sensing, and outlines the approaches used to increase
PAE
/
PUE
on the basis of understanding the plant P‐starvation response and the underlying signalling pathways and networks.
Addiction and Exposure
Authors: Griffiths Mark 
Published: September 2017

For many people the concept of addiction involves the ingestion of a drug. However, there is now a growing movement that views a number of behaviors as potentially addictive, including some that do not involve the ingestion of a drug, such as gambling, sex, and exercise (Orford 2001; Griffiths 2005). Increasing research into behavioral addictions has also concentrated on a particular sub‐group that has been termed “technological addictions.” Technological addictions are nonchemical (behavioral) addictions that involve excessive human–machine interaction. They can either be passive (e.g., watching television) or active (e.g., playing video games), and usually contain inducing and reinforcing features, which may contribute to the promotion of addictive tendencies. Possible activities that could be included under this category are such activities as television addiction, computer addiction (e.g., hacking, programming), video game addiction, mobile phone addiction, and Internet addiction (→ Exposure to Communication Content).
Fetishization
Authors: Schroeder Jonathan E. 
Published: September 2017

Fetishization refers to a process of imbuing an object or idea with power. A fetish object is often associated with sexual gratification, desire, and worship. Fetishization marks a cultural, psychological, and social technique of fetishizing things by making them appear larger than life, animate, or sexually desirable (→ Sexualization in the Media). It is argued that this process has profoundly influenced contemporary consumer culture (Fernbach 2002; Jhally 1987; Schroeder 2002).
Interpersonal Communication, Sex and Gender Differences in
Authors: Canary Daniel J. , Babin‐Gallagher Beth 
Published: September 2017

Few topics interest lay people and scholars more than how men and women might differ from each other.
Sex differences
refer to behavioral variations between men and women based on biological differences;
gender differences
refer to behavioral variations between people due to cultural, sociological, and/or psychological differences. This entry focuses on the manner in which
sex differences
affect interpersonal communication behavior (→ Gender and Discourse).
Tailored Approaches in Drug Development and Diagnostics: From Molecular Design to Biological Model Systems
Authors: Sahlgren Cecilia , Meinander Annika , Zhang Hongbo , Cheng Fang , Preis Maren , Xu Chunlin , Salminen Tiina A. , Toivola Diana , Abankwa Daniel , Rosling Ari , Karaman Didem Şen , Salo‐Ahen Outi M. H. , Österbacka Ronald , Eriksson John E. , Willför Stefan , Petre Ion , Peltonen Jouko , Leino Reko , Johnson Mark , Rosenholm Jessica , Sandler Niklas 
Published: September 2017

AbstractApproaches to increase the efficiency in developing drugs and diagnostics tools, including new drug delivery and diagnostic technologies, are needed for improved diagnosis and treatment of major diseases and health problems such as cancer, inflammatory diseases, chronic wounds, and antibiotic resistance. Development within several areas of research ranging from computational sciences, material sciences, bioengineering to biomedical sciences and bioimaging is needed to realize innovative drug development and diagnostic (DDD) approaches. Here, an overview of recent progresses within key areas that can provide customizable solutions to improve processes and the approaches taken within DDD is provided. Due to the broadness of the area, unfortunately all relevant aspects such as pharmacokinetics of bioactive molecules and delivery systems cannot be covered. Tailored approaches within (i) bioinformatics and computer‐aided drug design, (ii) nanotechnology, (iii) novel materials and technologies for drug delivery and diagnostic systems, and (iv) disease models to predict safety and efficacy of medicines under development are focused on. Current developments and challenges ahead are discussed. The broad scope reflects the multidisciplinary nature of the field of DDD and aims to highlight the convergence of biological, pharmaceutical, and medical disciplines needed to meet the societal challenges of the 21st century.
Biomimetic Artificial Basilar Membranes for Next‐Generation Cochlear Implants
Authors: Jang Jongmoon , Jang Jeong Hun , Choi Hongsoo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPatients with sensorineural hearing loss can recover their hearing using a cochlear implant (CI). However, there is a need to develop next‐generation CIs to overcome the limitations of conventional CIs caused by extracorporeal devices. Recently, artificial basilar membranes (ABMs) are actively studied for next‐generation CIs. The ABM is an acoustic transducer that mimics the mechanical frequency selectivity of the BM and acoustic‐to‐electrical energy conversion of hair cells. This paper presents recent progress in biomimetic ABMs. First, the characteristics of frequency selectivity of the ABMs by the trapezoidal membrane and beam array are addressed. Second, to reflect the latest research of energy conversion technologies, ABMs using various piezoelectric materials and triboelectric‐based ABMs are discussed. Third, in vivo evaluations of the ABMs in animal models are discussed according to the target position for implantation. Finally, future perspectives of ABM studies for the development of practical hearing devices are discussed.
Shorter Exciton Lifetimes via an External Heavy‐Atom Effect: Alleviating the Effects of Bimolecular Processes in Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Einzinger Markus , Zhu Tianyu , de Silva Piotr , Belger Christian , Swager Timothy M. , Van Voorhis Troy , Baldo Marc A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMultiexcited‐state phenomena are believed to be the root cause of two exigent challenges in organic light‐emitting diodes; namely, efficiency roll‐off and degradation. The development of novel strategies to reduce exciton densities under heavy load is therefore highly desirable. Here, it is shown that triplet exciton lifetimes of thermally activated delayed‐fluorescence‐emitter molecules can be manipulated in the solid state by exploiting intermolecular interactions. The external heavy‐atom effect of brominated host molecules leads to increased spin–orbit coupling, which in turn enhances intersystem crossing rates in the guest molecule. Wave function overlap between the host and the guest is confirmed by combined molecular dynamics and density functional theory calculations. Shorter triplet exciton lifetimes are observed, while high photoluminescence quantum yields and essentially unaltered emission spectra are maintained. A change in the intersystem crossing rate ratio due to increased dielectric constants leads to almost 50% lower triplet exciton densities in the emissive layer in the steady state and results in an improved onset of the photoluminescence quantum yield roll‐off at high excitation densities. Efficient organic light‐emitting diodes with better roll‐off behavior based on these novel hosts are fabricated, demonstrating the suitability of this concept for real‐world applications.
Roll‐to‐Roll Production of Transparent Silver‐Nanofiber‐Network Electrodes for Flexible Electrochromic Smart Windows
Authors: Lin Sen , Bai Xiaopeng , Wang Haiyang , Wang Haolun , Song Jianan , Huang Kai , Wang Chang , Wang Ning , Li Bo , Lei Ming , Wu Hui 
Published: September 2017

AbstractElectrochromic smart windows (ECSWs) are considered as the most promising alternative to traditional dimming devices. However, the electrode technology in ECSWs remains stagnant, wherein inflexible indium tin oxide and fluorine‐doped tin oxide are the main materials being used. Although various complicated production methods, such as high‐temperature calcination and sputtering, have been reported, the mass production of flexible and transparent electrodes remains challenging. Here, a nonheated roll‐to‐roll process is developed for the continuous production of flexible, extralarge, and transparent silver nanofiber (AgNF) network electrodes. The optical and mechanical properties, as well as the electrical conductivity of these products (i.e., 12 Ω sq−1 at 95% transmittance) are comparable with those AgNF networks produced via high‐temperature sintering. Moreover, the as‐prepared AgNF network is successfully assembled into an A4‐sized ECSW with short switching time, good coloration efficiency, and flexibility.