bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic and Magneto-Optical Properties of Interfaces and Superlattices
Authors: Engel Brad N. , Falco Charles M. 
Published: August 2016

The ability to study, and to some extent control, the magnetic properties of surfaces and interfaces is an extremely interesting development in the field of magnetism. Along with experimental advances in techniques to accurately prepare magnetic structures by such methods as sputtering and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) have been theoretical and computational advances in the ability to calculate properties of realistic model systems. At the same time, increasingly sophisticated characterization techniques have become available (e.g., intense synchrotron sources, pulsed sources for magnetic neutron scattering, polarized electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, etc.), which enable sample characterization at a level not before possible.In recent years, the study of magnetism near surfaces and interfaces has been driven by the observation of significant differences from bulk behavior.1 An understanding of these phenomena is fundamentally important to the field of magnetism and provides the potential for technological applications.2 Although the real situation is more complicated, for the purposes of the discussion here, it is convenient to think about the causes of the observed physical effects at interfaces and in superlattices as falling into two categories: “dimensionality effects,” due to the reduced coordination of the magnetic atoms; and “substrate effects,” due to interactions between the differing materials at an interface. An ultrathin film on an insulator, or the free surface of a bulk crystal, are examples of the first category. However, the magnetic atoms at an interface between two different materials are affected both by the reduced number of similar neighboring atoms (i.e., the dimensionality) and by the crystal and electronic structure of the neighboring layer (i.e., the substrate).
Silver Halides in Photography
Authors: Tan Yen T. 
Published: August 2016

Since their first use about 150 years ago, silver halides have remained the primary photosensing materials in an image capturing process known as photography. Silver halides have retained their pre-eminent role despite numerous attempts to replace them with other materials. Even in the present era of electronics, conventional photography remains the most popular format for recording still images. When compared with electronic imaging, silver halide photography retains an edge in resolution, latitude, and convenience.The current superiority and popularity of conventional photography stem from an unusual confluence of properties found in the silver halides. The ensuing articles will discuss the properties that make silver halides particularly well suited for photography. The article by L.M. Slifkin discusses the improbability of any one material having the characteristics of the silver halides. F.C. Brown describes the special electronic properties, and P.W.M. Jacobs covers ionic characteristics. C.R.A. Catlow gives us some insight into the nature of the silver halides based on their interatomic potentials. This introductory article presents an overview of the photographic process.The theory of the photographic process has its roots in the Gurney-Mott model of latent image formation. Since it was first proposed over 50 years ago, this model has formed the basis of mechanistic thinking about photography.
Crystal Growth of High Temperature Superconductors
Authors: Scheel H.J. , Licci F. 
Published: August 2016

The discovery of high temperature superconductivity (HTSC) in oxide compounds has confronted materials scientists with many challenging problems. These include the preparation of ceramic samples with critical current density of about 106 A/cm2 at 77 K and sufficient mechanical strength for large-scale electrotechnical and magnetic applications and the preparation of epitaxial thin films of high structural perfection for electronic devices.The main interest in the growth of single crystals is for the study of physical phenomena, which will help achieve a theoretical understanding of HTSC. Theorists still do not agree on the fundamental mechanisms of HTSC, and there is a need for good data on relatively defect-free materials in order to test the many models. In addition, the study of the role of defects like twins, grain boundaries, and dislocations in single crystals is important for understanding such parameters as the critical current density. The study of HTSC with single crystals is also expected to be helpful for finding optimum materials for the various applications and hopefully achieving higher values of the superconducting transition temperature Tc than the current maximum of about 125 K. It seems unlikely at present that single crystals will be used in commercial devices, but this possibility cannot be ruled out as crystal size and quality improve.
High Resolution Imaging of Magnetization
Authors: Pierce D.T. , Unguris J. , Celotta R.J. 
Published: August 2016

In 1907 Weiss postulated that a ferro-magnet has many small regions or domains that are spontaneously magnetized below the Curie temperature. In an unmagnetized ferromagnetic specimen the domains form so as to minimize the free energy, which includes contributions from the exchange energy, crystal and shape anisotropy energy, magnetostrictive energy, and so on. The actual size and shape of domains can only be calculated for the simplest geometries and for idealized materials. To investigate magnetic microstructure and how it determines macroscopic magnetic properties, we want to be able to see domain configurations and understand how the magnetic microstructure is changed by external influences and varying material properties. The observation of microscopic domain configurations can aid in engineering magnetic materials with desired magnetic properties.Domains were first observed using the Bitter method in which fine magnetic particles collect on the surface of a specimen in the field gradients at domain walls. Domains can also be observed by electron microscopy, with scanning electron microscopy, or at higher resolution with transmission electron microscopy. Specimens must be thinned to about 100 nm for use in the TEM. This, in turn, changes their magnetic properties. The magneto-optic Kerr effect has the advantage that the signal is directly related to the magnetization of the specimen and not just to the leakage fields or internal magnetic fields as in the methods mentioned above. This technique has the disadvantage of being limited to an optical resolution of typically 1μm.
Characterization of Thin Organic and Polymeric Films by Spectroscopic Methods
Authors: Rabolt J.F. 
Published: August 2016

Much of the anisotropic mechanical and thermal behavior exhibited by materials can be attributed to anisotropic orientation at the molecular level. In self-supporting thin films (5–10 microns) and those (0.01–1.0 microns) deposited on solid substrates, the role of molecular orientation is even more important since it will critically determine their two-dimensional behavior and their structural integrity as well. These two aspects are extremely important because if thin organic and polymeric films are to be competitive with existing materials for such diverse applications1 as chemical sensors and integrated optics, they must be mechanically robust and, ideally, defect free. These stringent constraints dictate that sophisticated characterization techniques, which can interrogate at the molecular level, be developed or refined so as to have the sensitivity to address these critical issues.The development of nondestructive techniques for studying thin organic films has certainly lagged behind those developed for metallic and semiconductor films. Unfortunately, many of these same techniques cannot be simply applied to organic films because they are “invasive” and often alter the structure of the system they were designed to probe. This is especially so in organic and polymer films, and this awareness within the materials science community has led to the adaptation of many photon intensive techniques to the study of thin films. A number of these will be discussed in later sections with their relative merit put in perspective.Certainly the origins of anisotropic structure in bulk materials are manyfold, but the spatial constraints in 2-D can lead to even more complex causes of orientation. In thin films on substrates the role of the surface is important in determining the ordering and orientation of the individual molecular segments which come into intimate contact with it. The extent of this orientation and order is still somewhat controversial but there is general agreement that it probably differs depending on the nature of the substrate.
New Directions in Auger Microanalysis
Authors: Browning R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractScanning Auger microscopy is a developing field which has by no means reached its limits either in instrumentation or methodology. Two areas of progress in the microanalysis of materials are the quantification of micro-area spectra and the collection and analysis of Auger images. For microanalysis, some strategies for the quantification of spectra depend on determining the shape of the secondary electron background. Developments in the method of linearized secondary-electron cascades give promise to achieving this. Analyses of materials by multispectral Auger imaging show that it is possible to give a meaningful and quantifiable representation of the inhomogeneities across a surface in the form of color-coded statistically significant images.
Molecular-Scale Mlcroporous Superlattices
Authors: Deckman H.W. , Abeles B. , Dunsmuir J.H. , Roxlo C.B. , Moustakas T.D. 
Published: August 2016

We have been interested in fabricating structures which can have dimensions on the scale of molecules (˜10 Å). By producing lithographic structures on the molecular-scale length, we obtain a new class of materials with unusual chemical properties. The materials contain pores which have been shown to restrict the mobility and adsorption of molecules. This restriction is the basis of size- and shape-selective chemistry which is used in many modern separation and catalytic processes.Features in our materials are significantly smaller than the smallest nano-structures produced with electron beam lithography. To date 20–50 Å features have been produced with electron beam lithography which uses ionization from beam-solid interactions to drive radiation chemistry in a resist layer. These dimensions are near fundamental limits which come from beam-solid interactions and the response of the resist system. Further limitations occur when the nanostructural pattern must be transferred from the resist layer into a useful metal or semiconductor structure. Methods have not been devised to fully exploit the accuracy with which resist patterns can be defined, and the smallest useful transferred structures have dimensions of ˜80–100 Å.To produce the smallest of all lithographic structures, we use a new method for pattern generation. Instead of using radiation chemistry to define a pattern, we use the organization of layers in deposited superlattices.
Assessing the relationship between brain tissue oxygenation and neurological dysfunction in critically ill patients: study protocol
Authors: Wood Michael D. , Maslove David , Muscedere John , Scott Stephen H. , Day Andrew , Boyd J. Gordon 
Published: August 2016

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Acute and chronic neurological complications amongst survivors of critical illness is common, however, the underlying etiology of this neurological dysfunction is unknown. This is the first study to use near-infrared spectroscopy to non-invasively measure brain tissue oxygenation, as a surrogate marker of cerebral perfusion, and correlate these values with subsequent neurological dysfunction. We will test the hypothesis that poor cerebral oxygenation during the first 24 hours of critical illness is correlated with acute and chronic neurological complications.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This single-centre prospective observational study will be performed in a 33-bed medical/surgical intensive care unit (ICU). Adult patients are eligible for enrolment if they are admitted to the ICU within 24 hours, require mechanical ventilation, and/or vasopressor support. For 24 hours, cerebral oxygenation levels will be measured with the FORESIGHT oximeter; vital signs and tissue oxygenation will be captured with data monitoring software. Participants will be screened daily for delirium with the confusion assessment method-ICU. Long-term neurological function will be assessed with the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status and the kinesiological instrument for normal and altered reaching movements (KINARM) robot.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> This study will provide novel information regarding the determinants of cerebral oxygenation during the acute phase (i.e. 24 hours) of critical illness, and its potential relationship with subsequent neurological complications. Should a relationship exist between cerebral oxygenation and neurological complications, future studies will be aimed at using brain tissue oxygenation as a therapeutic target to prevent acute and chronic neurological dysfunction.</p><p class="abstract"> </p><p>Clinical Trial Registration:<strong> </strong>This trial is registered on clinicaltrials.gov (Identifier: NCT02344043), retrospectively registered January 8, 2015.</p>
Results of a nine month home-based physical activity intervention for people living with HIV
Authors: Jaggers Jason R. , Sneed Joanna M. , Lobelo R.L. Felipe , Hand Gregory A. , Dudgeon Wesley D. , Prasad Vivek K. , Burgess Stephanie , Blair Steven N. 
Published: August 2016

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The purpose of this investigation was to test the feasibility of a home-based moderate-intensity physical activity (MPA) program for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) currently taking antiretroviral therapy (ART).</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> 68 participants recruited for a 9-month home-based PA intervention aimed to reduce risk factors of cardiovascular disease for PLWHA taking ART. All participants received an educational weight loss workbook and a pedometer for self-monitoring of physical activity. The intervention group received elastic Therabands® for strength training in addition to telephone based behavioural coaching. Clinical assessments were conducted at baseline and each follow-up which also included psychometric questionnaires and PA levels via the SenseWear® armband accelerometer.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Of the 57 completing the study, 29 of those were in the intervention group and 28 were in the standard care group. Results show that the home-based PA intervention was not successful in increasing the total amount of MPA for PLWHA. However there was a trend (p=0.08) of decreasing sedentary time. In a secondary analysis those who increased PA by &gt;10% observed decreases in waist circumference and improved functioning at 18 weeks. None of the changes observed were significant after controlling for all potential confounders. </p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> A home-based exercise approach with telephone-based coaching may not be a feasible method for increasing MPA among PLWHA. Slight decreases in sedentary time indicate some positive changes in activity habits. A possible strategy to improve studies similar to this is to incorporate a group based social interaction each week similar to that of a support group.
Bioclinical stress of Rogor pesticide in the fish Amphipnous cuchia
Authors: Mishra Brijendra Pratap , Kanojia Mohan Lal , Verma Sajjan Lal , Lingidi Jhansi Lakshmi 
Published: August 2016

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The impact of acute and sub lethal toxicity of synthetic Rogor on some biochemical and hematological parameters of a fish <em>Amphipnous cuchia</em> was estimated aquatic environment by various pollutants like pesticides, detergents, discharge of effluents and heavy metals induce changes in the biochemical, hematological and behavioral aspects of inhabitants. These pollutants cause serious effects on growth, biochemistry, physiology, neurochemistry and survival rate of the aquatic organism<span lang="EN-IN">. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The present research work is one such attempt to investigate the effect of organophosphorous pesticide Rogor on biochemical and hematological parameters of fish <em>Amphipnous cuchia</em>. The main objective of this study was to investigate the level of AST, ALT, hematocrit and TLC in fish <em>Amphipnous cuchia</em> exposed 24 to 96 hours to four different concentrations of Rogor pesticide<span lang="EN-IN">.</span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Rogor toxicity resulted in a significant maximum increase (89.15%) in level of aspartate amino transferase (7.87±0.14<strong>/</strong>18.31±0.09) and alanine amino transferase (76.65%, 5.28±0.11<strong>/</strong>3.03±0.14) enzyme. Regarding to hematological parameter, significant maximum increase (77.12%) in total leukocyte count (27,400±298<strong>/</strong>15,470±286) and maximum decrease (66.07%) in hematocrit (6.20±0.04 <strong>/</strong>18.31±0.09) level was observed<span lang="EN-IN">. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> In this study<strong> </strong>it is concluded that exposure to sublethal/lethal concentration of Rogor results in a significant alterations in different biochemical and hematological parameters and this kind of biochemical and physiological changes may directly affect the survivability of these fishes in these natural habitat.</p>
Lessons learnt from Tirisano training programme
Authors: Sehularo Leepile Alfred 
Published: August 2016

<p><span lang="EN-IN">Tirisano means “working together” in Setswana. The Tirisano training programme (TTP) is a collaborative training programme between University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and the South African Research Consortium, comprised of faculty from the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), North-West University (NWU) and the University of Cape Town (UCT). The goal of TTP is to increase the number of researchers in South Africa (SA) by training scholars who are at different points in their academic career paths such as post-baccalaureate, masters, and pre-doctoral-level scholars.</span></p>
Can Psychiatric Rehabilitation Be Core to CORE?
Authors: Olney Marjorie F. , Gill Kenneth J. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose: In this article, we seek to determine whether psychiatric rehabilitation principles and practices have been more fully incorporated into the Council on Rehabilitation Education (CORE) standards, the extent to which they are covered in four rehabilitation counseling “foundations” textbooks, and how they are reflected in the contents of three key journals in rehabilitation counseling.Methods: We conducted a detailed review of literature that has surveyed coordinators of graduate programs accredited by the CORE as well as research that investigates the preparedness of graduates of CORE-accredited rehabilitation counseling programs to deliver services to people with psychiatric disabilities.Results: This review found that psychiatric rehabilitation is only touched upon in the CORE standards, is modestly alluded to in the most commonly used foundational textbooks, and has very few articles about it published annually in rehabilitation journals.Conclusion: Recommendations on methods for increasing psychiatric rehabilitation content in CORE-accredited programs are provided. Specific suggestions are made for resources and activities that can be added to rehabilitation counseling curricula to include psychiatric rehabilitation.
Psychiatric Rehabilitation of Persons With Co-Occurring Disorders and Corrections Involvement
Authors: Bernacchio Charles , Burker Eileen J. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose: Today, the criminal justice system is annually placing more than 300,000 people with severe mental illness (SMI) in prisons and jails which are neither equipped nor staffed to respond to the unique challenges of this population. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the literature that focuses on treating inmates with psychiatric disabilities who have co-occurring substance use (CODx) histories.Method: Based on a critical analysis of the literature and theoretical integration, this article focuses on reasons for the high prevalence of SMI and CODx in corrections facilities.Results: This article highlights that research has shown that effective treatment can be provided both as an in-jail service as well as through jail diversion within the community using integrated CODx treatment (Draine, Blank, Kottsieper, & Solomon, 2005). Some models focused on moving individuals with psychiatric disabilities and CODx from prison to release have shown improved recidivism rates and increased eligibility and use of postrelease treatment services (Buck, Brown, & Hickey, 2011; Wenzlow, Ireys, Mann, Irvin, & Teich, 2011).Conclusion: National alternative and innovative models, integrated treatment of CODx treatment within corrections through jail diversion and community-based services, and reentry rehabilitation challenges and approaches are discussed.
Postsecondary Integration and Persistence: A Comparison of Students With Psychiatric Disabilities to Students With Learning Disabilities/Attention Deficit Disorders
Authors: Koch Lynn C. , Mamiseishvili Ketevan , Wilkins Melissa J. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:The enrollment of students with psychiatric disabilities in U.S. postsecondary institutions is on the rise. However, research is lacking in terms of how these students fare in comparison to other students with hidden disabilities (e.g., learning disabilities [LDs], attention deficit disorders [ADDs]) whose enrollment in postsecondary institutions is also on the rise. The objective of this study is to compare demographic characteristics, academic and social integration, and persistence of these two groups.Method:Using the Beginning Postsecondary Longitudinal Study (BPS:04/09) data set, we develop and compare persistence profiles of students with psychiatric disabilities to those of students with LD/ADD. This comparison enabled us to identify characteristics and postsecondary support needs that are shared by both groups as well as those that are unique to students with psychiatric disabilities.Results:Although the demographic characteristics, academic and social integration, and persistence of both groups reveal similar patterns, chi-square analyses reveal that students with psychiatric disabilities are significantly more likely to be male and significantly less likely to use disability-related services.Conclusions:The implications of these findings for vocational rehabilitation counselors, transition service specialists, accommodation service specialists in offices of students with disabilities, and campus mental health service providers are discussed, and future research directions for supporting students with psychiatric disabilities to persist in postsecondary settings are recommended.