bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NEPALESE HISTORY IN A EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE: A CASE STUDY IN TRANSCULTURAL HISTORIOGRAPHY
Authors: MICHAELS AXEL , BAJRACHARYA MANIK , GUTSCHOW NIELS , HERREN MADELEINE , SCHNEIDMÜLLER BERND , SCHWEDLER GERALD , ZOTTER ASTRID 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTIn March 2013, a group of German, Nepalese, and Swiss historians, Indologists, and an architectural historian gathered for a workshop in Nepal to develop a new approach to the understanding of South Asian historiography, especially the Nepalese chronicles from the nineteenth century. The outcome is the present collaboratively written article. It is argued that, in the past, the analysis of South Asian historiography has been preoccupied by arguments based on an understanding of history that highlights facts and events. A transcultural and multidisciplinary approach, however, would overcome the common dichotomies of factuality and fictionality, history and myth, or evidence and truth. Recognizing the specificity of South Asian historiography, the article develops an approach to bridge asymmetries and entanglements in the academic use of the past in a way that also opens up a new perspective on Western historiography. By analyzing the religious, spatial, literary, and historical, and contemporary or context‐related aspects of a nineteenth‐century chronicle and by using “fieldwork” as a methodological tool for studying historiography, it is proposed to understand the framing of time and the making of sequences and historical periods as an open process that results in the constant and synchronic creation of chronological spaces.
CONTEXTS OF COLONIALISM
Authors: Smith Woodruff D. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThe contributions to the collection under review offer a wide range of treatments of ways in which German colonialism intersected with aspects of domestic German culture and politics, with particular attention to the larger global setting in which the German colonial empire existed between 1884 and 1918—or was remembered up to 1945. The review situates and critiques the contributions in interpretive contexts based on general suggestions by one of the editors, Geoff Eley. These include a context in which “colonialism” and “imperialism” are recognized as specific discursive constructions of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, another in which the causal focus in interpreting colonial phenomena is placed on exchanges that constituted an accelerating globality with which available conceptual modes (including colonialism and imperialism) could not keep pace, a third that complicates the categorical distinctions usually made between types of imperial program, and a fourth that aims at replicating on a much broader and more flexible basis something like the concept of “social imperialism” that forty years ago dominated interpretations of German imperialism. The essay ends with a view of how such an interpretive framework might be constructed.
Getting clearer on overdiagnosis
Authors: Rogers Wendy A. , Mintzker Yishai 
Published: May 2016

AbstractOverdiagnosis refers to diagnosis that does not benefit patients because the diagnosed condition is not a harmful disease in those individuals. Overdiagnosis has been identified as a problem in cancer screening, diseases such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes, and a range of mental illnesses including depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In this paper, we describe overdiagnosis, investigate reasons why it occurs, and propose two different types. Misclassification overdiagnosis arises because the diagnostic threshold for the disease in question has been set at a level where many people without harmful disease are nonetheless diagnosed. We illustrate misclassification overdiagnosis using the example of chronic kidney disease. Misclassification occurs in diseases diagnosed using biomarkers or based on patient reported phenomena. Maldetection overdiagnosis arises because, at the time the diagnosis is made and despite the presence of a ‘gold standard’ diagnostic test, it is not possible to discriminate between harmful and non‐harmful cases of the index disease. We illustrate maldetection overdiagnosis using the example of thyroid cancer. While there is some overlap between misclassification and maldetection overdiagnosis, this conceptual analysis helps to clarify the phenomenon of overdiagnosis and is a necessary first step in developing strategies to address the problem.
Susceptibility of isogeneic ginbuna Carassius auratus langsdorfii Temminck et Schlegel to cyprinid herpesvirus‐2 (CyHV‐2) as a model species
Authors: Nanjo A , Shibata T , Saito M , Yoshii K , Tanaka M , Nakanishi T , Fukuda H , Sakamoto T , Kato G , Sano M 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHerpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (HVHN), caused by cyprinid herpesvirus‐2 (CyHV‐2), has affected the commercial production of the goldfish Carassius auratus and gibelio carp Carassius auratus gibelio. High water temperature treatments are reported to reduce the mortality rate of infected goldfish and elicit immunity in the survivors. To define the mechanism by which this intervention induces resistance, clonal ginbuna Carassius auratus langsdorfii, which is closely related to both species and has been used in fish immunology, may represent a promising model species. In this study, we investigated the susceptibility of clonal ginbuna strains to CyHV‐2 and the effect of high water temperature treatment on infected ginbuna and goldfish. Experimental intraperitoneal infection with CyHV‐2 at 25 °C caused 100% mortality in ginbuna strains, which was accompanied by histopathological changes typical of HVHN. Both infected ginbuna S3n strain and goldfish, exposed to high temperature for 6 days [shifting from 25 °C (permissive) to 34 °C (non‐permissive)], showed reduced mortalities after the 1st inoculation, and subsequent 2nd virus challenge to 0%, indicating induction of immunity. It was concluded that ginbuna showed a similar susceptibility and disease development in CyHV‐2 infection compared to goldfish, suggesting that ginbuna can be a useful fish model for the study of CyHV‐2 infection and immunity.
The dentist's care‐taking perspective of dental fear patients – a continuous and changing challenge
Authors: Gyllensvärd K. , Qvarnström M. , Wolf E. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThe aim was to analyse the care taking of dental fear patients from the perspective of the dentist, using a qualitative methodology. In total, 11 dentists from both the private and public dental service were selected through a purposive sampling according to their experience of treating dental fear patients, their gender, age, service affiliation and location of undergraduate education. Data were obtained using one semi‐structured interview with each informant. The interviews were taped and verbatim transcribed. The text was analysed using qualitative content analysis. The theme, ‘The transforming autodidactic process of care taking’, covering the interpretative level of data content was identified. The first main category covering the descriptive level of data was ‘The continuous and changing challenge’, with the subcategories ‘The emotional demand’ and ‘The financial stress’. The second main category identified was ‘The repeated collection of experience’, with the subcategories ‘The development of resources’ and ‘The emotional change’. The dentists′ experience of treating dental fear patients was considered a challenging self‐taught process under continuous transformation. The competence and routine platform expanded over time, parallel to a change of connected emotions from frustration towards safety, although challenges remained.
Effects of Toceranib Phosphate on Systolic Blood Pressure and Proteinuria in Dogs
Authors: Tjostheim S.S. , Stepien R.L. , Markovic L.E. , Stein T.J. 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundSystemic hypertension and proteinuria are established adverse effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment in people.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to investigate changes in systolic blood pressure and the incidence of proteinuria secondary to treatment with toceranib phosphate in dogs with cancer.AnimalsTwenty‐six control dogs and 30 dogs with cancer were evaluated for the first part of the study (baseline characteristics). For the second part (effect of toceranib phosphate treatment), 48 client‐owned dogs were evaluated, including 20 control dogs and 28 dogs with various types of neoplasia.MethodsProspective cohort study. Client‐owned healthy control dogs and dogs with cancer were enrolled. Blood pressure and urine protein:creatinine ratios were measured before treatment and 2 weeks after initiation of toceranib phosphate treatment.ResultsSystolic blood pressure was significantly (P= 0.0013) higher in previously normotensive treatment dogs after initiation of treatment with toceranib phosphate (152 mmHg ± 19) compared to baseline (136 mmHg ± 14). 37% of treated dogs developed SBP ≥ 160 mmHg. The prevalence of systemic hypertension (37%) and proteinuria (21%) at baseline in treatment dogs did not differ from that of age‐matched healthy controls (15% [P= 0.13] and 0% [P= 0.069], respectively).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceToceranib phosphate treatment might result in increased systolic blood pressures in dogs. Systemic hypertension should be considered a potential adverse effect of this drug in dogs. Systemic hypertension and proteinuria were detected at clinically relevant frequencies in the dogs with cancer before antineoplastic therapies suggesting that monitoring of these variables might be warranted in this population.
Therapeutic hypothermia in patients following traumatic brain injury: a systematic review
Authors: Dunkley Steven , McLeod Anne 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe efficacy of therapeutic hypothermia in adult patients with traumatic brain injury is not fully understood. The historical use of therapeutic hypothermia at extreme temperatures was associated with severe complications and led to it being discredited. Positive results from animal studies using milder temperatures led to renewed interest. However, recent studies have not convincingly demonstrated the beneficial effects of therapeutic hypothermia in practice.AimThis review aims to answer the question: in adults with a severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), does the use of therapeutic hypothermia compared with normothermia affect neurological outcome?DesignSystematic review.MethodFour major electronic databases were searched, and a hand search was undertaken using selected key search terms. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. The studies were appraised using a systematic approach, and four themes addressing the research question were identified and
critically evaluated.ResultsA total of eight peer‐reviewed studies were found, and the results show there is some evidence that therapeutic hypothermia may be effective in improving neurological outcome in adult patients with traumatic brain injury. However, the majority of the trials report conflicting results. Therapeutic hypothermia is reported to be effective at lowering intracranial pressure; however, its efficacy in improving neurological outcome is not fully demonstrated. This review suggests that therapeutic hypothermia had increased benefits in patients with haematoma‐type injuries as opposed to those with diffuse injury and contusions. It also suggests that cooling should recommence if rebound intracranial hypertension is observed.ConclusionAlthough the data indicates a trend towards better neurological outcome and reduced mortality rates, higher quality multi‐centred randomized controlled trials are required before therapeutic hypothermia is implemented as a standard adjuvant therapy for treating traumatic brain injury.Relevance to clinical practiceTherapeutic hypothermia can have a positive impact on patient outcome, but more research is required.
Impact of laparoscopic antireflux surgery on belching in pediatric GERD patients
Authors: Rinsma N. F. , Mauritz F. A. , van Heurn L. W. E. , Sloots C. E. J. , Siersema P. D. , Houwen R. H. J. , van der Zee D. C. , Masclee A. A. M. , Conchillo J. M. , Van Herwaarden‐Lindeboom M. Y. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundLaparoscopic antireflux surgery (LARS) is a well‐established treatment option for children with proton pomp inhibitor (PPI)‐resistant gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Besides preventing reflux of gastric fluid and solid content, LARS may also impair the ability of the stomach to vent intragastric air (i.e. gastric belching) and induce gas‐related complications, such as bloating and/or hyperflatulence. Furthermore, it was previously hypothesized that LARS induces a behavioral type of belching, not originating from the stomach, called supragastric belching. The aim of this study was to objectively evaluate the impact of LARS on gastric (GB) and supragastric belching (SGB) in children with GERD.MethodsWe performed a prospective, Dutch multicenter cohort study including 25 patients (12 males, median age 6 (range 2–18) years) with PPI‐resistant GERD who were scheduled for LARS. Twenty‐four‐hour multichannel intraluminal impedance pH monitoring (MII‐pH monitoring) was performed before and 3 months after fundoplication. Impedance pH tracings were analyzed for reflux episodes and GBs and SGBs.Key ResultsLARS reduced acid exposure time from 8.5% (6.0–16.2%) to 0.8% (0.2–2.8%), p < 0.001. The number of GBs also significantly decreased after LARS (59 [43–77] VS 5 [2–12], p < 0.001). The number of air swallows remained unchanged after LARS. SGBs were infrequent before LARS with no change in the number of SGB observed after the procedure. Postoperative belching symptoms were associated with GBs, not with SGBs.Conclusion & InferencesLARS significantly reduces the number of GBs in children with GERD, whereas the number of air swallows remains unchanged. Postoperative symptomatic belching is associated with GBs, but not with SGBs. These findings suggest that LARS does not induce the occurrence of SGBs in children, but longer follow‐up is required.
Modulation of the immune response by infection with Cryptosporidium spp. in children with allergic diseases
Authors: Guangorena‐Gómez J. O. , Maravilla‐Domínguez A. , García‐Arenas G. , Cervantes‐Flores M. , Meza‐Velázquez R. , Rivera‐Guillén M. , Acosta‐Saavedra L. C. , Goytia‐Acevedo R. C. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryIt has been demonstrated that the allergic response can be ameliorated by the administration of pathogen derivatives that activate Toll‐like receptors and induce a Th1‐type immune response (IR). Cryptosporidium is a parasite that promotes an IR via Toll‐like receptors and elicits the production of Th1‐type cytokines, which limit cryptosporidiosis. The aim of this study was to investigate allergy‐related immune markers in children naturally infected with Cryptosporidium. In a cross‐sectional study, 49 children with or without clinical diagnosis of allergies, oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. in the faeces were screened microscopically. We microscopically screened for leucocytes, examined T and B cells for allergy‐related activation markers using flow cytometry and evaluated serum for total IgE using chemiluminescence. Children with allergies and Cryptosporidium in the faeces had significantly lower levels of total IgE, B cells, CD19+CD23+ and CD19+CD124+ cells as well as a greater percentage of interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ+) and IL‐4+ CD4+ cells than children with allergies without Cryptosporidium. This is the first description of the modulation of the IR in children with allergic diseases in the setting of natural Cryptosporidium infection. Our findings suggest the involvement of CD4+ cells producing IL‐4 and IFN‐γ in the IR to Cryptosporidium in naturally infected children.
GROUNDHOG ORACLES AND THEIR FOREBEARS
Authors: Capper Daniel 
Published: May 2016

AbstractGroundhog Day animal weather forecasting ceremonies continue to proliferate around the United States despite a lack of public confidence in the oracles. This essay probes religio‐historical and original ethnographic perspectives to offer a psychological argument for why these ceremonies exist. Employing Paul Shepard's notion of a felt loss of sacred, intimate relationships with nonhuman nature, as well as Peter Homans's concept of the monument that enables mourning, this essay argues that groundhog oracles serve as monuments that allow humans experientially to attempt to heal lost sacred relationships with animals like weather forecasting bears, hedgehogs, and badgers.
ALONE IN THE UNIVERSE
Authors: Smith Howard 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe are probably alone in the universe—a conclusion based on observations of over 4,000 exoplanets and fundamental physical constraints. This article updates earlier arguments with the latest astrophysical results. Since the discovery of exoplanets, theologians have asked with renewed urgency what the presence of extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) says about salvation and human purpose, but this is the wrong question. The more urgent question is what their absence says. The “Misanthropic Principle” is the observation that, in a universe fine‐tuned for life (“Anthropic Principle”), the circumstances necessary for intelligence are rare.Rabbis for 2,000 years discussed the existence of ETI using scriptural passages. We examine the traditional Jewish approaches to ETI, including insights on how ETI affects our perception of God, self, free‐will, and responsibility. We explore the implications of our probable solitude, and offer a Jewish response to the ethical lessons to be drawn from the absence of ETI.
Central leptin and resistin combined elicit enhanced central effects on renal sympathetic nerve activity
Authors: Habeeballah Hamza , Alsuhaymi Naif , Stebbing Martin J. , Jenkins Trisha A. , Badoer Emilio 
Published: May 2016

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Leptin and resistin act centrally to increase renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). We investigated whether a combination of resistin and leptin could induce a greater response than either alone. We also used Fos protein to quantify the number of activated neurons in the brain.

What is the main finding and its importance?
A combination of leptin and resistin induced a greater increase in RSNA than either hormone alone. This was correlated with a greater number of activated neurons in the arcuate nucleus than with either hormone alone.

Leptin and resistin act centrally to increase renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). We investigated whether a combination of resistin and leptin could induce a greater response than either alone. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate and RSNA were recorded before and for 3 h after intracerebroventricular saline (control; n = 5), leptin (7 μg; n = 5), resistin (7 μg; n = 4) and leptin administered 15 min after resistin (n = 6). Leptin alone and resistin alone significantly increased RSNA (74 ± 17 and 50 ± 14%, respectively; P < 0.0001 compared with saline). When leptin and resistin were combined, there was a significantly greater increase in RSNA (163 ± 23%) compared with either hormone alone (P < 0.0001). Maximal responses of mean arterial pressure and heart rate were not significantly different between groups. We also used Fos protein to quantify the number of activated neurons in the brain. Compared with controls, there were significant increases in numbers of Fos‐positive neurons in the arcuate and hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei when leptin or resistin was administered alone or when they were combined, and in the lamina terminalis when leptin and resistin were combined. Only in the arcuate nucleus was the increase significantly greater compared with either hormone alone. The findings show that a combination of leptin and resistin induces a greater RSNA increase and a greater number of activated neurons in the arcuate nucleus than with either hormone alone. Given that leptin makes an important contribution to the elevated RSNA observed in obese and overweight conditions, the increased concentrations of leptin and resistin may mean that the contribution of leptin to the elevated RSNA in those conditions is enhanced.
O-Specific Polysaccharide-Specific Memory B Cell Responses in Young Children, Older Children, and Adults Infected with Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa in Bangladesh
Authors: Aktar Amena , Rahman M. Arifur , Afrin Sadia , Faruk M. Omar , Uddin Taher , Akter Aklima , Sami M. Israk Nur , Yasmin Tahirah , Chowdhury Fahima , Khan Ashraful I. , Leung Daniel T. , LaRocque Regina C. , Charles Richelle C. , Bhuiyan Taufiqur Rahman , Mandlik Anjali , Kelly Meagan , Kováč Pavol , Xu Peng , Calderwood Stephen B. , Harris Jason B. , Qadri Firdausi , Ryan Edward T. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Cholera caused by
Vibrio cholerae
O1 confers at least 3 to 10 years of protection against subsequent disease regardless of age, despite a relatively rapid fall in antibody levels in peripheral blood, suggesting that memory B cell responses may play an important role in protection. The
V. cholerae
O1-specific polysaccharide (OSP) component of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is responsible for serogroup specificity, and it is unclear if young children are capable of developing memory B cell responses against OSP, a T cell-independent antigen, following cholera. To address this, we assessed OSP-specific memory B cell responses in young children (2 to 5 years,
n
= 11), older children (6 to 17 years,
n
= 21), and adults (18 to 55 years,
n
= 28) with cholera caused by
V. cholerae
O1 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. We also assessed memory B cell responses against LPS and vibriocidal responses, and plasma antibody responses against OSP, LPS, and cholera toxin B subunit (CtxB; a T cell-dependent antigen) on days 2 and 7, as well as days 30, 90, and 180 after convalescence. In all age cohorts, vibriocidal responses and plasma OSP, LPS, and CtxB-specific responses peaked on day 7 and fell toward baseline over the follow-up period. In comparison, we were able to detect OSP memory B cell responses in all age cohorts of patients with detectable responses over baseline for 90 to 180 days. Our results suggest that OSP-specific memory B cell responses can occur following cholera, even in the youngest children, and may explain in part the age-independent induction of long-term immunity following naturally acquired disease.
Complete Genome Sequences of Seven Helicoverpa armigera SNPV-AC53-Derived Strains
Authors: Noune Christopher , Hauxwell Caroline 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Wild-type baculovirus isolates typically consist of multiple strains. We report the full genome sequences of seven alphabaculovirus strains derived by passage through tissue culture from
Helicoverpa armigera
SNPV-AC53 (KJ909666).
Genome Sequence of Marichromatium gracile YL-28, a Purple Sulfur Bacterium with Bioremediation Potential
Authors: Zhang Xiaobo , Zhao Chungui , Hong Xuan , Chen Shicheng , Yang Suping 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

The draft genome sequence of
Marichromatium gracile
YL-28 contains 3,840,251 bp, with a G+C content of 68.84%. The annotated genome sequence provides the genetic basis for revealing its role as a purple sulfur bacterium in the harvesting of energy and the development of bioremediation applications.
Draft Genome Sequences of 37 Salmonella enterica Strains Isolated from Poultry Sources in Nigeria
Authors: Useh Nicodemus M. , Ngbede Emmanuel O. , Akange Nguavese , Thomas Milton , Foley Andrew , Keena Mitchel Chan , Nelson Eric , Christopher-Hennings Jane , Tomita Masaru , Suzuki Haruo , Scaria Joy 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Here, we report the availability of draft genomes of several
Salmonella
serotypes, isolated from poultry sources from Nigeria. These genomes will help to further understand the biological diversity of
S. enterica
and will serve as references in microbial trace-back studies to improve food safety.