bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Police officer integrity: a partial replication and extension
Authors: Lim Hyeyoung , Sloan John J. 
Published: April 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to partially replicate and extend the work of Klockarset al.and others on police integrity by examining how individual, organizational, and ecological factors affect police supervisors’ perceptions of police misconduct and willingness to report fellow officers’ misconduct.Design/methodology/approach– Surveys containing 17 scenarios developed by Klockarset al.(2000, 2004, 2006) were administered to 553 ranking officers attending training at the Bill Blackwood Law Enforcement Management Institute of Texas from June 1, 2009 to March 1, 2010 and employed by municipal police departments, county sheriff’s departments, and constable agencies.Findings– Results suggest that individual and organizational factors affect supervisor willingness to blow the whistle on underling misconduct, although their effects varied by seriousness of the behavior.Originality/value– The current project partially replicates and extends prior studies of factors affecting police integrity by surveying supervisors, measuring their willingness to whistle blow, and including variables in statistical models that prior studies have not included.
Citrus Tachibana Leaf Extract Mitigates Symptoms of Food Allergy by Inhibiting Th2‐Associated Responses
Authors: Chung Min‐Yu , Shin Hee Soon , Choi Dae Woon , Shon Dong‐Hwa 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAlthough the incidence of food allergy continues to rise, there have been no effective therapeutic strategies. Citrus fruits contain a number of bioactive flavonoids with immune‐regulatory functions. The objective of this study was to determine whether Citrus tachibana (fruit body with peel, leaves, and branch) can protect against the development of food allergy and the mechanism behind it, and to identify the active compound(s) responsible. We found that C. tachibana leaf extract (CLE) mitigated ovalbumin (OVA)‐induced food allergy symptoms including increased rectal temperature, diarrhea, and anaphylaxis. This mitigation was likely due to CLE‐mediated decreases in cytokine release from T‐helper 2 cells (Th2 cells) in mesenteric lymph nodes. Moreover, higher levels of CLE attenuated systemic Th2 cell–mediated responses in mouse splenocytes sensitized with OVA+Alum. This was evidenced by CLE‐mediated reductions in Th2 cytokine release, including interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐5, and IL‐13, but not the Th1 cytokines IL‐12 and interferon (IFN)‐γ, which was attributable to decreased gene expression levels. We also identified kaempferol as the most potent compound for reducing Th2‐associated responses in splenocytes. The findings of this study suggest that CLE suppresses Th2‐cell–mediated immune responses, contributing to alleviation of food allergy symptoms, and that kaempferol is a flavonoid with potential antiallergenic activity that targets Th2 cell–induced responses.
Microbial Community Composition Associated with Maotai Liquor Fermentation
Authors: Wang Qiang , Zhang Hongxun , Liu Xiu 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe solid‐state fermentation state of Chinese Maotai liquor involves the interaction of several complex microbial communities leading to the generation of the most complex liquor fermentation system in the world and contributes to the unique flavor and aroma of the liquor. In this study, total DNA was extracted from 3 fermented grain samples (FG1, FG2, and FG3) and 12 environmental samples, including Daqu (DA1, DA2, DA3, and DA4), cellar mud (CS1, CS2, and CS3), soil (SL1 and SL2), air (A1 and A2), and sorghum (SH), and the 16S and 18S rRNA genes were amplified. The distribution of typical microorganisms in the samples was analyzed using nested PCR‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, while quantitative PCR amplification of 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer genes was performed to estimate the microbial abundance present in each sample. The results indicated that Daqu was the primary source of bacteria, followed by the air, soil, and sorghum samples, while the majority of the fungi responsible for Maotai liquor fermentation were from Daqu and sorghum. Highest bacterial concentrations were found in fermented grains, followed by Daqu and sorghum, while the highest fungal concentrations were found in Daqu, followed by sorghum and an air sample from outside the liquor production area. The findings of this study may provide information regarding the mechanisms responsible for flavor development in Maotai liquor, and may be used to further optimize the traditional art of making liquor.
Interplay of dysphoria and anxiety sensitivity in relation to emotion regulatory cognitions of smoking among treatment‐seeking smokers
Authors: Garey Lorra , Bakhshaie Jafar , Brandt Charles P. , Langdon Kirsten J. , Kauffman Brooke Y. , Schmidt Norman B. , Leventhal Adam M. , Zvolensky Michael J. 
Published: April 2016

Background and ObjectivesThere is evidence that anxiety sensitivity (AS) plays a role in the maintenance of smoking, yet there is little understanding of how AS interplays with other affective symptomatology variables that are also related to smoking, such as dysphoria. Therefore, the current cross‐sectional study evaluated the interactive effects of AS and dysphoria on emotion regulatory cognitions, including smoking negative affect reduction expectancies, perceived barriers for cessation, and smoking‐specific experiential avoidance.MethodA total of 448 adult treatment‐seeking daily smokers, who responded to study advertisements, were recruited to participate in a smoking cessation treatment trial (47.8% female; Mage = 37.2, SD = 13.5). The current study utilized self‐report baseline data from trial participants.ResultsAfter accounting for covariates, simple slope analyses revealed that AS was positively related to negative affect reduction expectancies (β = .03, p = .01), perceived barriers to cessation (β = .22, p = .002), and smoking avoidance and inflexibility (β = .07, p = .04), among smokers with lower (vs. higher) levels of dysphoria.ConclusionsThe current findings suggest that higher levels of dysphoria may mitigate the relation between AS and emotion regulatory cognitions of smoking.Scientific SignificanceThe current findings highlight the unique and additive clinical relevance of AS and dysphoria regarding emotion regulatory smoking cognitions that may impede quit success. (Am J Addict 2016;25:267–274)
TRPV4 channels in the human urogenital tract play a role in cell junction formation and epithelial barrier
Authors: Janssen D. A. W. , Jansen C. J. F. , Hafmans T. G. , Verhaegh G. W. , Hoenderop J. G. , Heesakkers J. P. F. A. , Schalken J. A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAimThe molecular interactions between transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 4 channels (TRPV4) and cell junction formation were investigated in the human and mouse urogenital tract.Materials and MethodsA qualitative study was performed to investigate TRPV4 channels, adherence junctions (AJs) and tight junctions (TJs) in kidney, ureter and bladder tissues from humans and wild‐type and transgenic TRPV4 knockout (−/−) mice with immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, immunoprecipitation and reverse trasnscription‐PCR. Cell junction formation in the wild‐type and TRPV4 knockout (−/−) mouse was evaluated with immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscope (TEM) techniques.ResultsTRPV4 channels are predominantly located in membranes of epithelial cells of the bladder, ureter and the collecting ducts of the kidney. There is a molecular interaction between the TRPV4 channel and the AJ. TEM evaluation showed that AJ formation is disrupted in the TRPV4 −/− mouse resulting in deficient intercellular connections and integrity of the epithelium.ConclusionsTRPV4 is believed to be a mechanoreceptor in the bladder. This study demonstrates that TRPV4 is also involved in intercellular connectivity and structural integrity of the epithelium.
Influence of river channelization and the invasive shrub, Ligustrum sinense, on oak (Quercus spp.) growth rates in bottomland hardwood forests
Authors: Foard Meghan , Burnette Dorian J. , Burge David R. L. , Marsico Travis D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractQuestionDo river channelization and a common invasive shrub, Ligustrum sinense Lour. (Chinese privet), affect tree growth rates in forested riverine wetlands?LocationThree sites along the Wolf River, in and near Memphis, Tennessee, USA.MethodsWe cored and analysed 83 oak trees within three study sites. Correlations of river channelization and climatic variables with basal area increments (BAI) and detrended BAI (SFS) were analysed to investigate channelization effects. Significant correlations were removed from BAI chronologies (BAI‐HR) to isolate the effect of L. sinense. We investigated effects of L. sinense on tree growth using a before–after/control–impact (BACI) experimental design with one location impacted by invasion (INV), two control locations that were not invaded (NON and REF) and covariates of tree age and size. We conducted a two‐factor mixed effects ANCOVA to determine if there was a significant interaction (BACI) effect.ResultsChannelization promoted faster canopy oak growth in all sites, spring drought significantly slowed growth in NON, while summer precipitation promoted wood production in NON. Investigation of L. sinense impact on tree growth revealed a significant BACI effect, such that trees in INV grew slower after invasion than trees in the non‐invaded control sites (NON and REF).ConclusionsWe suggest that faster growth after channelization may be a consequence of increased aerobic conditions, by enabling higher oxygen availability to tree roots. However, many of the obligate bottomland tree species struggle to regenerate in drier, post‐channelized conditions. Thus, native drought‐tolerant species may have an advantage in the sub‐canopy and regeneration layers of these altered forests. Instead, L. sinense, an invasive and drought‐tolerant species, has invaded most locations adjacent to the channelized portion of the Wolf River. L. sinense presence reduces the channelization advantage by slowing growth of canopy oaks and possibly contributing to accelerated mortality. These results suggest an emerging shift to a commonly held paradigm with respect to invasive shrub species. Not only do invasive shrubs crowd out other small woody species and herbaceous plants, but they also have the ability to impact the structure of the forest canopy.
Closing the 30 Million Word Gap: Next Steps in Designing Research to Inform Practice
Authors: Hindman Annemarie H. , Wasik Barbara A. , Snell Emily K. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractRecent attention to the word gap has renewed public interest in the striking vocabulary disparities between children in poverty and their higher income peers during the 1st years of life. Children's outcomes—and the nation's well‐being—could be improved by additional research into the mechanisms of vocabulary learning, as well as translational research that produces effective, feasible early‐education practices in homes and schools. In this review, we first explain the nature and extent of the word gap and then briefly describe research on how children learn words during the early years. Next, we summarize limits of available interventions. Finally, we detail pressing questions that demand additional study and suggest research that could provide answers. Ultimately, we call for new research on word‐learning experiences at home and in school that will support reading and academic success for children at risk.
Etiology of molar incisor hypomineralization – A systematic review
Authors: Silva Mihiri J. , Scurrah Katrina J. , Craig Jeffrey M. , Manton David J. , Kilpatrick Nicky 
Published: April 2016

AbstractObjectivesMolar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a common developmental dental defect of permanent teeth, which can increase the risk of dental caries, infection and hospitalization. The etiology is currently unclear although prenatal or early childhood health factors are suspected. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the strength of evidence linking etiological factors withMIH.MethodsA systematic search was conducted using the Medline and Embase electronic databases for studies investigating environmental etiological factors ofMIH. Two reviewers assessed the eligibility of studies. The level of evidence and bias was determined for all eligible studies according to Australian National Health and Medical Research Council guidelines for systematic reviews of etiology and the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale.ResultsFrom a total of 2254 studies identified through electronic and hand searching, 28 were eligible for inclusion. Twenty‐five of these investigatedMIHand three investigated a related condition in primary teeth, hypomineralized second primary molars (HSPM), and these were analysed separately. A limited number of studies reported significant associations betweenMIHand pre‐ and perinatal factors such as maternal illness and medication use in pregnancy, prematurity and birth complications. Early childhood illness was implicated as an etiological factor inMIHin several studies, in particular fever, asthma and pneumonia. The studies investigatingHSPMrevealed an association with maternal alcohol consumption, infantile fever and ethnicity. However, the validity of these findings is impaired by study design, lack of adjustment for confounders, lack of detail and consistency of exposures investigated and poor reporting.ConclusionsChildhood illness is likely to be associated withMIH. Further prospective studies of the etiology ofMIH/HSPMare needed.
Clinical and radiographic evaluation of implants placed by means of inferior alveolar nerve lateralization: a 5‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Martínez‐Rodríguez Natalia , Barona‐Dorado Cristina , Cortés‐Breton Brinkmann Jorge , Martín Ares María , Calvo‐Guirado José Luis , Martínez‐González José María 
Published: April 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate clinical and radiological responses of implants placed in combination with inferior alveolar nerve lateralization, analyzing survival and success rates over 5 years functional loading.Materials and methodsThis prospective, longitudinal, single‐center study recruited 40 patients with mandibular atrophy in the posterior sectors, who underwent lateralization of the inferior alveolar nerve. Three months after surgery and implant placement, the implants were loaded by means of screw‐retained implant‐supported partial prostheses or fixed complete prostheses. Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed immediately after implant placement and at 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60‐month follow‐up visits.ResultsThe 40 patients received a total of 129 implants (Phibo TSA™, Phibo Dental Solutions, Sentmenat, Barcelona, Spain). Two implants were lost in the first month after surgery, generating an implant cumulative survival rate (CSR) of 98.44%. The success rate after 5 years of loading was 98.44%. No intra‐operative or postoperative soft tissue or prosthetic complications occurred during the 5‐year follow‐up.ConclusionsInferior alveolar nerve lateralization performed to allow placement of (Phibo TSA™) implants in patients with mandibular atrophy obtained predictable clinical and radiological results over five years of functional loading.
Outcome measures evaluating hand function in children with bilateral cerebral palsy: a systematic review
Authors: Elvrum Ann‐Kristin G , Sæther Rannei , Riphagen Ingrid I , Vik Torstein 
Published: April 2016

AimTo review outcome measures used to evaluate hand function, with emphasis on manual capacity and performance, in children with bilateral cerebral palsy (CP), to describe the content and measurement properties of such measures, and to investigate the quality of the studies that have examined these properties.MethodEmbase, MEDLINE, PubMed, and CINAHL were searched. The COSMIN‐criteria (COnsensus‐based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments) were used to assess the quality of studies and the Terwee criteria were used to assess the result of the studies.ResultsFive hand function measures were identified from 16 papers. The strongest level of evidence for aspects of validity and reliability was found for the Melbourne Assessment 2, assessing unimanual capacity, and for the questionnaire ABILHAND‐Kids, assessing perceived manual ability in daily activities. However, evidence for the responsiveness of these measures is missing.InterpretationFurther high‐quality studies providing evidence for responsiveness, as well as for additional aspects of validity and reliability of the Melbourne Assessment 2 and the ABILHAND‐Kids, are needed. Furthermore, there is a need to develop appropriate outcome measures evaluating how children with bilateral CP use their hands when handling objects in bimanual tasks.
Insect science – a vulnerable discipline?
Authors: Loxdale Hugh D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractInsects are the most biodiverse terrestrial eukaryotic organisms on earth, representing around 75% of the world's recorded fauna. As such, they are central players in most of the major biomes of the world, notably the tropics where they display an enormous species richness and range of specialisations, although they are largely absent from high polar and marine ecosystems. Because of their abundance and diversity, they often come into direct competition with humans, as pests threatening our crops and stored products, attacking our clothes and paper products, including books, and as vectors transmitting diseases, some deadly, to ourselves, livestock, crops, and to wildlife. Meanwhile, many species are highly beneficial as pollinators and as biological control agents used to protect our crops and products. Others still are of conservation importance. For centuries, pest species have been combatted using a variety of approaches, mainly chemical during the 19th into the 21st centuries, but problems have arisen due to the evolution of insecticide resistance. Resistance has even recently evolved against such novel bio‐pesticides as Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner) toxins. This is perhaps not surprising considering the often short life cycles of many pest insects, their powers of dispersal, and ability to adapt and evolve in the face of novel ecological challenges. Humankind has responded by developing strategies, including the use of natural biological control agents. Mark Jervis was an expert on the deployment of these agents, especially parasitic Hymenoptera, in the control of insect pests, both from a theoretical and applied standpoint. Here, I briefly outline, with special reference to the UK, how cutbacks in research funding threaten the vital entomological research base, while highlighting some of the main ways pest insect populations have been, and are being, studied and controlled. Last, as Mark was a keen, long‐term Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society, I also outline the role of the Society in advancing the understanding and dissemination of insect science to a national and international audience.
National Parliaments and EU Fiscal Integration
Authors: Jančić Davor 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis article analyses the impact of the euro crisis on national parliaments and examines their response to the deepening of EU fiscal integration and the correspondent limitation of their budgetary autonomy. It argues that the sovereign debt crisis has provoked the emergence of new channels of parliamentary involvement in EU economic governance. National parliaments have acquired various rights of approval in the European Semester, strengthened the accountability of national governments, reinforced their scrutiny over budgeting, improved their access to information, and created domestic and supranational avenues for deliberation and political contestation of European integration. In these respects, they have undergone further Europeanisation. While these reforms do not outweigh the centralisation of EU powers, they represent an embryonic step in the parliamentary adaptation to the nascent EU fiscal regime. Yet they are unlikely substantially to influence EMU policy‐making processes, because of the democratic disconnect inherent in the EU's multilevel constitution.
Polyphenolic and phytochemical content of Cucumis sativus seeds and study on mechanism of preservation of nutritional and quality outcomes in enriched mayonnaise
Authors: Azhagu Saravana Babu Packirisamy , Vajiha Aafrin Basheer , Archana Ganesan , Sabina Kalleary , Sudharsan Kasirajan , Radha Krishnan Kesavan , Babuskin Srinivasan , Sivarajan Meenatchisundaram , Sukumar Muthusamy 
Published: April 2016

SummaryOxidative rancidity in food emulsions leads to a reduction in shelf life. Synthetic antioxidants are widely used in food industry to prevent the development of rancidity. The present study was focussed on investigating the antioxidant potential of Cucumis sativus seeds (CSS) and correlates these findings with mayonnaise enrichment and extends its shelf life. CSS exhibited the highest abundance in phenolic compounds (93.5 ± 0.1 mgGAE g−1), flavonoids (57.4 ± 0.1 mgQE g−1), β‐carotene (19.46 ± 0.4 mg carotenoids per 100 g) and high free radical scavenging activity. CSS (200 ppm) and butylated hydroxyanisole (200 ppm) were incorporated in mayonnaise and the oxidative stability was evaluated by peroxide, p‐anisidine and TBARS values during storage at different temperatures. Organoleptic evaluations indicated that CSS enriched sample was recorded the highest overall acceptability. The results from our study will provide scientific basis for CSS as natural preservative against lipid oxidation or food enrichment while developing functional foods.
Effects of Novel Finishing and Polishing Systems on Surface Roughness and Morphology of Nanocomposites
Authors: Aytac Fatma , Karaarslan Emine Sirin , Agaccioglu Merve , Tastan Emine , Buldur Mehmet , Kuyucu Emre 
Published: April 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of different finishing/polishing techniques on the surface roughness of nanocomposites after thermocycling aging.Materials and MethodsFive contemporary resin‐based composites (Clearfil Majesty ES‐2, Filtek Z550, Estelite∑Quick, Zenit, Filtek Z250) were tested. For each resin‐based composite, 50 disc‐shaped specimens were prepared and groups were divided into five subgroups according to the finishing/polishing methods (n = 10): control, finishing/polishing brush, finishing/polishing disc, and two different finishing/polishing wheels. Before and after aging, the surface roughness of specimens was measured. For each treatment method two samples were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. Two‐way analysis of variance and paired samples t‐tests were used to evaluate the data and the means were compared by Bonferroni tests (p ≤ 0.05).ResultsBefore aging, the Filtek Z250 resin with the Mylar strip group showed the lowest surface roughness (Ra) value (0.13 ± 0.03 µm, p < 0.05) and the Clearfil Majesty ES 2 resin with Occlubrush finishing/polishing system showed the highest (0.7 ± 0.13 µm, p < 0.05). After aging, the Clearfil Majesty ES 2 resin with the Mylar strip group showed the highest surface roughness (Ra) value (0.96 ± 0.4 µm) and the Clearfil Majesty ES 2 resin with the Sof‐Lex aluminum oxide disc finishing/polishing system showed the lowest surface roughness (Ra) value (0.25 ± 0.06 µm, p < 0.05).ConclusionsComposite type and finishing/polishing method significantly affected the surface roughness of composites before and after thermocycling aging.Clinical SignificanceThere were significant interactions between finishing/polishing methods and composite types for surface roughness. The results give clinicians some flexibility in choosing appropriate finishing/polishing techniques for each resin composite material. (J Esthet Restor Dent 28:247–261, 2016)