bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PAQR3 controls autophagy by integrating AMPK signaling to enhance ATG14L‐associated PI3K activity
Authors: Xu Da‐Qian , Wang Zheng , Wang Chen‐Yao , Zhang De‐Yi , Wan Hui‐Da , Zhao Zi‐Long , Gu Jin , Zhang Yong‐Xian , Li Zhi‐Gang , Man Kai‐Yang , Pan Yi , Wang Zhi‐Fei , Ke Zun‐Ji , Liu Zhi‐Xue , Liao Lu‐Jian , Chen Yan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe Beclin1–VPS34 complex is recognized as a central node in regulating autophagy via interacting with diverse molecules such as ATG14L for autophagy initiation and UVRAG for autophagosome maturation. However, the underlying molecular mechanism that coordinates the timely activation of VPS34 complex is poorly understood. Here, we identify that PAQR3 governs the preferential formation and activation of ATG14L‐linked VPS34 complex for autophagy initiation via two levels of regulation. Firstly, PAQR3 functions as a scaffold protein that facilitates the formation of ATG14L‐ but not UVRAG‐linked VPS34 complex, leading to elevated capacity of PI(3)P generation ahead of starvation signals. Secondly, AMPK phosphorylates PAQR3 at threonine 32 and switches on PI(3)P production to initiate autophagosome formation swiftly after glucose starvation. Deletion of PAQR3 leads to reduction of exercise‐induced autophagy in mice, accompanied by a certain degree of disaggregation of ATG14L‐associated VPS34 complex. Together, this study uncovers that PAQR3 can not only enhance the capacity of pro‐autophagy class III PI3K due to its scaffold function, but also integrate AMPK signal to activation of ATG14L‐linked VPS34 complex upon glucose starvation.
Estradiol: micrograms or milligrams
Authors: Kirk Jeremy M W , Wickramasuriya Nalin , Shaw Nicholas J 
Published: February 2016

Summary
Estrogen is used to induce puberty in peripubertal girls with hypogonadism. Although both synthetic and natural forms are available, along with different routes of administration, in the UK oral ethinyl estradiol and the low-dose oral contraceptive pill are commonly used as hormone replacement therapy for practical reasons. We present five peripubertal girls (aged 12.5–14.9 years) with hypogonadism (two with primary hypogonadism due to Turner syndrome and three with central (secondary) hypogonadism as part of multiple pituitary hormone deficiency) who for a variety of reasons have received milligram doses of estradiol (E2) in error for between 6 weeks and 6 months, instead of the expected microgram doses of ethinyl estradiol. Although there are no direct comparisons in peripubertal girls between synthetic and natural estrogens, all girls had vaginal bleeding whilst receiving the milligram doses and have ended up with reduced final heights, below the 9th centile in 1 and below the 2nd centile in 4. Whilst reduction in final height may be part of the underlying condition (especially in Turner syndrome) the two girls with height predictions performed prior to receiving the estrogen overdose have not achieved their predicted height. Estrogen is one of the few drugs which is available in both milligram and microgram formulations. Clinicians need to be alert to the possibility of patients receiving the wrong formulation and dosage in error.

Learning points

Girls with primary and secondary gonadal failure require assistance with pubertal induction.

Although several different formulations and route of administration are available, for practical reasons, the majority of girls in the UK receive oral ethinyl estradiol.

Estrogen preparations are available in both milligram and microgram formulations, with potential for receiving the wrong dose.

Girls receiving milligram rather than microgram preparations all had vaginal bleeding and a short final height.
Somatic RET mutation in a patient with pigmented adrenal pheochromocytoma
Authors: Maison Nicole , Korpershoek Esther , Eisenhofer Graeme , Robledo Mercedes , de Krijger Ronald , Beuschlein Felix 
Published: February 2016

SummaryPheochromocytomas (PCC) and paraganglioma (PGL) are rare neuroendocrine tumors arising from chromaffin cells of the neural crest. Mutations in theRET-proto-oncogene are associated with sporadic pheochromocytoma, familial or sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. In the past, only few cases of pigmented PCCs, PGLs, and one case of pigmented MTC have been reported in the literature. Herein, we present the case of a 77-year old woman with a history of Tako-tsubo-cardiomyopathy and laboratory, as well as radiological, high suspicion of pheochromocytoma, who underwent left-sided adrenalectomy. The 3 cm tumor, which was located on the upper pole of the left adrenal, appeared highly pigmented with dark red to black color. Histologic examinations revealed highly pleomorphic cells with bizarre, huge hyperchromatic nuclei, that immunohistochemically were positive for chromogranin A and synaptophysin, focally positive for HMB45 and negative for melan A. These clinical and pathological features led to the diagnosis of the rare variant of a melanotic ‘black’ pheochromocytoma. In our case a somaticRETmutation in exon 16 (RET c.2753T>C, p.Met918Thy) was detected by targeted next generation sequencing. In summary, this case represents a rare variant of catecholamine-producing tumor with distinct histological features. A potential relationship between the phenotype, the cellular origin and the genetic alterations is discussed.Learning pointsPheochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor.Pigmentation is seen in several types of tumors arising from the neural crest. The macroscopic black aspect can mislead to the diagnosis of a metastasis deriving from a malignant melanoma.RETmutation are seen in catecholamine and non-catecholamine producing tumors of the same cellular origin.
CAXI XANATH. Base de datos de la Colección de Orquídeas del Jardín Botánico Clavijero
Authors: Brewster Philip J. , Peredo Nava Maricruz 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>La importancia de documentar las colecciones de plantas en los jardines botánicos es esencial para realizar estudios sobre ellas. </span></p></div></div></div>
Guarianthe, a generic name for the “Cattleya” skinneri complex
Authors: Dressler Robert L. , Higgins Wesley E. 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Molecular systematics, the comparison of DNA sequences, has brought a continuing revolution to plant taxonomy. In most cases, the results are intu- itively reasonable, even when they demand changing long-known names. </span></p></div></div></div>
Prosthechea: a chemical discontinuity in Laeliinae
Authors: Higgins Wesley E. 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>The chemistry of </span><span>Prosthechea </span><span>differs from other members of the subtribe. Williams (1979) was the first to report the unusual chemical properties of </span><span>Prosthechea</span><span>. </span></p></div></div></div>
Phylogenetics of the Subtribe Pleurothallidinae (Epidendreae: Orchidaceae) based on combined evidence from DNA sequences
Authors: Pridgeon Alec M. , Chase Mark W. 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Subtribe Pleurothallidinae (Epidendreae: Orchida- ceae) comprises an estimated 4000 Neotropical species in about 30 genera (Luer 1986), accounting for 15-20% of the species in the entire family. </span></p></div></div></div>
Análisis fenético de caracteres anatómico-foliares de Trichocentrum y géneros relacionados
Authors: Sandoval Esthela , Terrazas Teresa , Vallejo Alejandro 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>La subtribu Oncidiinae es un grupo de los más diversos en las Orchidaceae en términos de su diver- sidad floral, biología de polinización, número cro- mosómico y morfología vegetativa. La subtribu tiene más de 1700 especies distribuidas en cerca de 75 géneros comúnmente reconocidos </span></p></div></div></div>
Molecular phylogenetics and generic concepts in the Maxillarieae (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Williams Norris H. , Whitten W. Mark 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Tribe Maxillarieae account for approximately 10% (&gt;2800 species) of Orchidaceae and are a major com- ponent of the Neotropical epiphytic flora. Pollination systems include 1) male euglossine-bee fragrance rewards in four subtribes, 2) oil reward systems and mimicry in some groups, 3) nectar rewards in a wide range of taxa, and 4) pseudocopulation in some Maxillariinae and some Oncidiinae. </span></p></div></div></div>
Efecto de remoción y relocalización de Lepanthes eltoroensis Stimson, después de un huracán
Authors: Benítez Joubert Rafael J. , Tremblay Raymond L. 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>La creación de un plan de manejo efectivo es de suma importancia para una especie amenazada de extinción. El huracán Georges (18 de septiembre de 1998) causó grandes cambios en la vegetación de la Sierra de Luquillo, Puerto Rico, a su pasaje por la isla. La orquídea </span><span>Lepanthes eltoroensis </span><span>se encuentra amenazada de extinción y está incluida en la lista fed- eral de especies en peligro de extinción desde el 29 de noviembre de 1991. </span></p></div></div></div>
Evolution of irregular flowering regimes in orchids
Authors: Kindlmann Pavel 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Many orchids are characterised by their so-called irregular flowering regime, which is an irregular sequence of flowering, dormant and sterile stages during the life of one individual (Curtis &amp; Green 1953, Tamm 1956, 1972, 1991, Wells 1967, 1981, 1994, Hutchings 1987, Firmage &amp; Cole 1988, Inghe &amp; Tamm 1988, Wells &amp; Cox 1991, Willems &amp; Bik 1991, Whigham &amp; O’Neill 1991, Jones 1998, Hutchings </span><span>et al. </span><span>1998, Willems &amp; Melser 1998, Kindlmann 1999, Kindlmann &amp; Balounová 1999a, 2001, Kindlmann </span><span>et al. </span><span>2002). Here I would like to review alternative hypotheses that aim to explain this phenomenon. </span></p></div></div></div>
Breeding systems, gene flow and level of genetic differentiation in plant populations
Authors: Rocha Oscar 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Genetic variation and its distribution among plant populations are primarily determined by their breed- ing system and the level of gene flow among them (Bawa </span><span>et al. </span><span>1985, Bawa </span><span>et al. </span><span>1990, Rocha &amp; Aguilar 2001b). It is well known that mating systems influence the amount, as well as the distribution of the genetic variation within and among populations (Wright 1921, Stebbins 1950, 1957, Hamrick </span><span>et al. </span><span>1991). </span></p></div></div></div>
Resupination
Authors: Arditti Joseph 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>In the great majority of orchids buds are positioned with the labella uppermost and the gynostemia below them. However, flowers are borne with gynostemia above the labella which are lowermost. </span></p></div></div></div>
Rhynchostele bictoniensis: cambios en abundancia y éxito de polinización entre 1992 y 2002
Authors: Dix Michael W. , Dix Margaret A. 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>La orquídea </span><span>Rhynchostele bictoniensis </span><span>ha sido estu- diada por más de 25 años en las cercanías de la ciu- dad de Guatemala. Aunque el área se ha protegido, la población de esta especie ha ido progresivamente reduciéndose desde 1992. </span></p></div></div></div>
Why are there so many orchid species?
Authors: Dodson Calaway H. 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>At the present time we have cataloged 3,784 species of orchid naturally occurring in Ecuador, the smallest country in Andean South America. When one considers the size of the country of Ecuador, in comparison with that of Brazil or Colombia, the total numbers seem to express an error on the part of the counter. </span></p></div></div></div>
Conservation through education
Authors: Light Marilyn H. S. 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>The way to conservation is through education. People of all ages everywhere are learning how to make wise use of natural resources to ultimately ben- efit and sustain future generations but clear goals, objectives and analogies are needed to reinforce the message. Conservation education initiatives can be compared to production of a food crop. A crop plant must first be selected to suit the growing environment then the fields prepared for planting. After planting, the growing plants must be cared for. Only after a successful harvest can the profit be realized. </span></p></div></div></div>
Conservación de barrancos en Guatemala: la experiencia de un colegio
Authors: Jiménez de Pinto Raquel 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Desde 1994, los estudiantes del Colegio Ciudad Vieja de Ciudad de Guatemala trabajan en un proyec- to de reforestación, conservación y rescate de orquídeas que crecen en un bosque de encino de aproximadamente 25 hectáreas (Barranco El Maestro) del Campus Central de la Universidad Francisco Marroquín (Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala). El proyecto forma parte esencial del programa de estu- dios de la institución y se realiza los sábados y domingos. </span></p></div></div></div>
Estudio de la pudrición negra de las orquídeas causada por Phytophthora sp. en colecciones del Valle Central de Costa Rica
Authors: Cárdenas Briceño Claudio 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>La pudrición negra de las orquídeas causada por el hongo </span><span>Phytophthora </span><span>spp. se ha diagnosticado en diferentes países del mundo y es considerada una de las enfermedades fungosas más importantes en orquídeas. Cuatro especies de este hongo han sido relacionadas con la enfermedad: </span><span>P. cactorum </span><span>(Lebert &amp; Cohn) J. Schröt., </span><span>P. palmivora </span><span>(E.J.Butler) E.J Butler., </span><span>P. cinnamomi </span><span>Rands. y </span><span>P. nicotianae </span><span>Breda de Haan. </span></p></div></div></div>
Ficus lasiosyce (Moraceae), una nueva especie del subgénero Urostigma en el Neotrópico
Authors: González Ramírez José , Poveda Álvarez Luis 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Se describe e ilustra una nueva especie de </span><span>Ficus </span><span>L. (Moraceae) restringida a la Península de Osa de Costa Rica. </span><span>Ficus lasiosyce </span><span>es distintivo por sus siconos pareados y sésiles, densamente indumentados con tricomas lanados, de color café claro o dorado claro, con dos brácteas basales que cubren casi completa- mente el sicono y que están usualmente divididas en 3-4 lóbulos, y por sus estípulas persistentes que exce- den el largo de los siconos. Esta especie se compara con </span><span>Ficus brevibracteata </span><span>Burger, de Nicaragua a Colombia y Ecuador, que tiene brácteas basales inconspicuas. </span></p></div></div></div></div>
A noteworthy new natural hybrid in the genus Oerstedella Rchb.f. (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae)
Authors: Pupulin Franco 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Se describe e ilustra el híbrido natural </span><span>Oerstedella </span><span>x </span><span>monteverdensis </span><span>(</span><span>O. endresii </span><span>x </span><span>O. exasperata</span><span>) del área de Monteverde, Cordillera de Tilarán, y de la vertiente septentrional de la Cordillera de Tilarán, Costa Rica. Las flores presentan características intermedias entre los parientes putativos. Sépalos y pétalos son de color café claro dorado, el labelo es blanco con una mancha ligera color violeta. El nuevo híbrido natural es similar a </span><span>O. endresii </span><span>en los tallos verrugosos, la superficie de los sépalos abaxialmente glabra y los lóbulos laterales del labelo enteros; es similar a </span><span>O. exasperata </span><span>en la aquitectura vegetativa, así como en el istmo del labelo estrecho y en la quilla prominente del lóbulo medio. </span></p></div></div></div></div>
Epidendrum tolimense Lindl. (Orchidaceae), una especie sudamericana encontrada en Costa Rica
Authors: Hágsater Eric 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>U n a e s p e c i e p r e v i a m e n t e c o n o c i d a d e s u r A m é r i c a h a s i d o e n c o n t r a d a e n l a C o r d i l l e r a d e Talamanca, Costa Rica. </span><span>Epidendrum tolimense </span><span>pertenece al Grupo </span><span>Elleanthoides </span><span>y es la primera especie de este grupo que se encuentra fuera de los Andes. </span></p></div></div></div></div>
Sinopsis del género Gibsoniothamnus (Schlegeliaceae) en Costa Rica, con una nueva especie
Authors: Morales J. Francisco 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Gibsoniothamnus ficticius </span><span>(Schlegeliaceae), una nueva especie de Costa Rica, es descrita e ilustrada y se comentan sus relaciones con especies afines. Se incluye una clave y una breve sinopsis de las especies del género en Costa Rica. </span></p></div></div></div></div>
Validation of four Malaxis species (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Dressler Robert L. 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Se validan los nombres de cuatro especies de </span><span>Malaxis </span><span>descritas como nuevas sin diagnosis latina en Selbyana 24(2), 2003. </span></p></div></div></div></div>
Dental considerations in a patient with haemophilia
Authors: Khyati Chandra , Triveni Mavinakote Gowda , Gopal Rini , Tarunkumar Ab. , Hanagavadi Suresh , Mehta Dhoom Singh 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Haemophilia is a rare blood clotting disorder, characteristic features of which include extemporaneous and post-traumatic subcutaneous bleeding and mucosal haemorrhages. Genetic deficiency of coagulation factor VIII results in haemophilia A, while deficiency of factor IX leads to haemophilia B. The most common treatment for haemophilia A is administration of recombinant or plasma-derived factor VIII concentrate, to raise the levels of the deficient factor VIII. Tranexamic acid is also used as an anti-fibrinolytic agent that inhibits plasminogen activators present in oral secretion and stabilises the clot. Administration of factor IX is required in haemophilia B. Treatment leads to increased longevity and quality of life for patients. Dental conditions and treatments are more complicated and uncertain in patients with haemophilia due to bleeding risk, thus restorative dental care is of paramount importance for those with haemophilia. The fear of bleeding during treatment procedures is the primary cause of lack of proper dental care for people with haemophilia in countries with limited health care resources. This case report highlights the significance of clinical examination and investigation, and the importance of proper interaction between a haematologist and the periodontist for correct multidisciplinary and uneventful management of periodontal health of a patient with haemophilia.
The randomised controlled trial in medical research: using bibliometric methods to identify core journals
Authors: Loy John 
Published: February 2016

A review of:

Tsay, Migh-yueh, and Yen-hsu Yang. “Bibliometric Analysis of the Literature of Randomized Controlled Trials.” Journal of the Medical Library Association 93.4 (October 2005): 450-58.

Objective – To explore the characteristics and distribution of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the medical literature. The study aims to identify the growth patterns of the RCT, key subject matter, country and language of publication, and determine a list of core journals which contain a substantial proportion of the RCT literature.

Design – Retrospective analysis of RCTs.

Setting – Medical journal literature.

Subjects – A total of 160,213 articles published between 1965-2001. Detailed analysis of a subset numbering 114,850 articles published from 1990-2001.

Methods – The study seeks to identify all RCTs in MEDLINE from 1965-2001, and examines the growth rate of the RCT. The authors then do a more detailed analysis on a subset of data from 1990-2001, using Access database and Excel spreadsheet software, and PERL programming language. The references were analyzed by five fields within MEDLINE; publication type, source, language, country of publication, and descriptor (subject index).

Main results – An exponential growth rate for the RCT is demonstrated, suggesting that in the medical literature development has not yet matured and that research using this method continues to grow. A growth rate for the RCT of 11.2% per annum is identified.

The most common form of publication is the journal article, making up approximately 98% of the RCT literature. Approximately 75% of the RCTs are multicentre trials indicating that this is the design of choice adopted by researchers.

The United States proves to be the greatest source of RCT literature, with 39.9% of journals and 50.6% of articles originating there. After the USA, the most productive countries are England (15.8% of journals and 21.7% articles) and Germany (6.5% journals and 6.1% articles). As might be expected, English is the predominant language providing 92.9% of the total publications. Of the remaining 7%, German is the most common language accounting for 2.2%.

The top three areas being researched are:

1.	Drug therapy for hypertension - 2291 citations
2.	Anticancer drug combinations - 2140 citations
3.	Drug therapy and asthma - 1397 citations

Bradford’s law of scattering is successfully applied, identifying four zones of journals which each publish approximately 26,000 articles.

Conclusion – The results indicate that bibliometric methods can be applied to the medical literature, and highlight those disciplines in which RCTs more often occur. A core list of 42 journal titles is presented, providing busy practitioners with invaluable guidance as to which journals are most likely to publish the greater number of RCTs.