bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extreme Drug Tolerance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Caseum
Authors: Sarathy Jansy P. , Via Laura E. , Weiner Danielle , Blanc Landry , Boshoff Helena , Eugenin Eliseo A. , Barry Clifton E. , Dartois Véronique A. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT

Tuberculosis (TB) recently became the leading infectious cause of death in adults, while attempts to shorten therapy have largely failed. Dormancy, persistence, and drug tolerance are among the factors driving the long therapy duration. Assays to measure
in situ
drug susceptibility of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
bacteria in pulmonary lesions are needed if we are to discover new fast-acting regimens and address the global TB threat. Here we take a first step toward this goal and describe an
ex vivo
assay developed to measure the cidal activity of anti-TB drugs against
M. tuberculosis
bacilli present in cavity caseum obtained from rabbits with active TB. We show that caseum
M. tuberculosis
bacilli are largely nonreplicating, maintain viability over the course of the assay, and exhibit extreme tolerance to many first- and second-line TB drugs. Among the drugs tested, only the rifamycins fully sterilized caseum. A similar trend of phenotypic drug resistance was observed in the hypoxia- and starvation-induced nonreplicating models, but with notable qualitative and quantitative differences: (i) caseum
M. tuberculosis
exhibits higher drug tolerance than nonreplicating
M. tuberculosis
in the Wayne and Loebel models, and (ii) pyrazinamide is cidal in caseum but has no detectable activity in these classic nonreplicating assays. Thus,
ex vivo
caseum constitutes a unique tool to evaluate drug potency against slowly replicating or nonreplicating bacilli in their native caseous environment. Intracaseum cidal concentrations can now be related to the concentrations achieved in the necrotic foci of granulomas and cavities to establish correlations between clinical outcome and lesion-centered pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) parameters.
Proinflammatory Role of Monocyte-Derived CX3CR1
int
Macrophages in Helicobacter hepaticus-Induced Colitis
Authors: Bain Calum C. , Oliphant Christopher J. , Thomson Carolyn A. , Kullberg Marika C. , Mowat Allan M. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT

Cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage play important roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases, but they are also present in the normal healthy intestine, where they are critical for maintaining homeostasis. It has been unclear whether the proinflammatory roles of intestinal macrophages reflect altered behavior of the existing resident cells, or whether they involve recruitment of a distinct cell type. Here, we have explored these ideas using the model of colitis induced by
Helicobacter hepaticus
in the context of neutralization or deletion of interleukin-10 (IL-10). Granulocytes and monocytes made up most of the inflammatory myeloid infiltrates found in the colon of
H. hepaticus
-infected colitic mice, rising to a peak within 2 weeks of
H. hepaticus
inoculation but taking several months to resolve completely. The inflammatory response was dependent on the combined presence of
H. hepaticus
and absence of IL-10 and was accompanied by increased production of inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-23p19 by infiltrating myeloid cells, mostly relatively immature cells of the macrophage lineage that express intermediate levels of CX3CR1. In contrast, the population of mature CX3CR1
hi
macrophages did not expand as markedly during colitis, and these cells made little contribution to inflammatory mediator production. Taking into account their numerical dominance in the myeloid compartment, we conclude that newly recruited monocytes are the main source of proinflammatory mediators in colitis induced in the absence of IL-10 signaling and that altered behavior of mature macrophages is not a major component of this pathology.
Novel Mechanism behind the Immunopathogenesis of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: “Neutrophil Anergy”
Authors: Yano Junko , Peters Brian M. , Noverr Mairi C. , Fidel Paul L. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT

For over 3 decades, investigators have studied the pathogenesis of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and recurrent VVC (RVVC) through clinical studies and animal models. While there was considerable consensus that susceptibility was not associated with any apparent deficiencies in adaptive immunity, protective immune mechanisms and the role of innate immunity remained elusive. It was not until an innovative live-challenge design was conducted in women that a fuller understanding of the natural history of infection/disease was achieved. These studies revealed that symptomatic infection is associated with recruitment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) into the vaginal lumen. Subsequent studies in the established mouse model demonstrated that infiltrating PMNs were incapable of reducing the fungal burden, which supported the hypothesis that VVC/RVVC was an immunopathology, whereby
Candida
and the host response drive symptomatic disease. Further studies in mice revealed the requirement for
C. albicans
hyphae and identified pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and proinflammatory mediators responsible for the PMN response, all of which are critical pieces of the immunopathogenesis. However, a mechanism explaining PMN dysfunction at the vaginal mucosa remained an enigma. Ultimately, by employing mouse strains resistant or susceptible to chronic VVC, it was determined that heparan sulfate (HS) in the vaginal environment of susceptible mice serves as a competitive ligand for Mac-1 on PMNs, which effectively renders the PMNs incapable of binding to
Candida
to initiate killing. Hence, the outcome of symptomatic VVC/RVVC is postulated to be dependent on a PMN-mediated immunopathogenic response involving HS that effectively places the neutrophils in a state of functional anergy.
Characteristics of NPS use in patients admitted to acute psychiatric services in Southeast Scotland: a retrospective cross-sectional analysis following public health interventions
Authors: Bennett Kyle H , Hare Helen M , Waller Robert M , Alderson Helen L , Lawrie Stephen 
Published: December 2017

ObjectivesAssess the impact of selective prohibition and seizure of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) supply on NPS use prevalence within psychiatric admissions and evaluate demographic characteristics of current NPS users.DesignA 6-month retrospective cross-sectional analysis of discharge letters between 1 October 2015 and 31 March 2016.SettingGeneral psychiatry inpatients and intensive home treatment team (IHTT) community patients at a psychiatric hospital in a Scottish city.ParticipantsAll participants were between the ages of 18 and 65 years. After application of exclusion criteria, 473 discharge letters of general psychiatry patients were deemed suitable for analysis and 264 IHTT patient discharge letters were analysed.InterventionsA nationwide temporary class drug order (TCDO) was placed on 10 April 2015 reclassifying methylphenidate-related compounds as class B substances. On 15 October 2015, local forfeiture orders were granted to trading standards permitting the seizure of NPS supplies.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome measure was to determine the prevalence of NPS use in two cohorts. Second, demographic features of patients and details regarding their psychiatric presentation were analysed.ResultsThe prevalence of NPS use in general psychiatry and IHTT patients was 6.6% and 3.4%, respectively. Inpatients using NPS compared with non-users were more likely to be men (OR 2.92, 95% CI 1.28 to 6.66, P=0.009), have a forensic history (OR 5.03, CI 2.39 to 10.59, P<0.001) and be detained under an Emergency Detention Certificate (OR 3.50, CI 1.56 to 7.82, P=0.004). NPS users were also more likely to be diagnosed under International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Version 10, F10–19 (OR 9.97, CI 4.62 to 21.49, P<0.001).ConclusionsCompared with previous work, psychiatric inpatient NPS use has fallen. NPS continue to be used by a demographic previously described resulting in presentations consistent with a drug-induced psychosis and at times requiring detention under the Mental Health Act. Further research is required to evaluate the effectiveness of the recent prohibition of all NPS.
Frequencies and ethnic distribution of ABO and RhD blood groups in China: a population-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Liu Jue , Zhang Shikun , Wang Qiaomei , Shen Haiping , Zhang Yiping , Liu Min 
Published: December 2017

ObjectivesABO and RhD blood groups are key factors affecting blood transfusion safety. The distribution of ABO and RhD blood groups varies globally, but limited data exist for ethnic distributions of these blood groups in Asian populations. We aimed to evaluate the distribution of ABO and RhD blood groups among Chinese ethnic groups.DesignA population-based cross-sectional study.SettingData on ABO groups and ethnicities were obtained from the National Free Preconception Health Examination Project (NFPHEP) with participants from 220 counties of 31 provinces in ChinaParticipantsThere were 3 832 034 participants aged 21–49 years who took part in the NFPHEP from January 2010 to December 2012 and were included in this study.Outcome MeasuresThe proportion of ABO and RhD blood groups among different ethnic groups was calculated.ResultsABO and RhD blood distribution was significantly different among nine ethnic groups (P<0.001). Compared with other ethnic groups, the Yi group had more A phenotypes (34.0%), and the Manchu (33.7%) and Mongolian (33.3%) ethnic groups had more B phenotypes. The Zhuang group had the greatest proportion of O phenotypes (41.8%), followed by the Miao group (37.7%). AB phenotypes were more frequent in the Uygur ethnic group (10.6%) but lower in the Zhuang group (5.5%). Meanwhile, RhD negativity (RhD–) was greater in the Uygur group (3.3%) than in the Mongolian (0.3%) and Manchu ethnic groups (0.4%). O RhD– blood groups were more frequent in the Uygur group (0.8%) than in the other ethnic groups (0.1%–0.4%, P<0.001).ConclusionABO and RhD blood phenotypes vary across different ethnic groups in China. The diversity in the distribution of the ABO and RhD blood groups in different ethnic groups should be considered when developing rational and evidence-based strategies for blood collection and management.
A STUDY OF THE PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE INSECTICIDE ALDRIN (HEXACHLOROHEXAHYDRODIMETHANONAPHTHALENE)
Authors: Gowdey C. W. , Graham A. R. , Seguin J. J. , Stavraky G. W. , Waud R. A. 
Published: December 2017

The effects of Aldrin were studied in acute experiments on cats, dogs, guinea pigs, rabbits, and frogs; in vitro experiments with Aldrin on strips of guinea pig and rabbit intestine and uterus, and on frog sciatic gastrocnemius preparations, were also performed. Aldrin had no effect on isolated tissues, but when injected intravenously, intramuscularly, or intra-arterially it caused bradycardia, vasodepression, and miosis, and potentiated the effect of vagal stimulation on the heart; increased secretory and vasodilator effects of chorda tympani stimulation on the submaxillary salivary gland; and potentiated the effects of acetylcholine. In appropriate quantities it also increased intestinal motility, while in excessive amounts it caused the opposite effect. Both atropine and sodium pentobarbital antagonized some of the effects of Aldrin on the para sympathetic system. Introduced into the lymph sac of frogs and intra-arterially into the spinal cord of spinal or decerebrate cats, Aldrin caused convulsive twitches and in the latter preparation augmented reflex excitability of the spinal cord. It also increased markedly.the excitability of spinal centers to acetylcholine and to metrazol. Aldrin evoked a series of twitches in the denervated striated muscles of the cat, and increased the muscular contractions induced by acetylcholine or by electrical stimulation of the motor nerve. Repeated administration of Aldrin depressed the excitability of the spinal cord and neuromuscular transmission. Although Aldrin is very similar in action to the known anticholinesterases, its toxic effects may be due to some quite different properties.
Norm inequalities for positive semidefinite matrices and a question of Bourin
Authors: Hayajneh Mostafa , Hayajneh Saja , Kittaneh Fuad 
Published: December 2017

Let [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are positive semidefinite. It is shown that [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text] and for every unitarily invariant norm. This gives an affirmative answer to one of the questions posed by Bourin regarding subadditivity inequalities in the case of the trace norm. New norm inequalities related to Bourin's question are also presented.
Um cabra de cor ou um cabra da mãe: dinâmicas de sentido para “cabra” entre os séculos XVI e XIX
Authors: Almeida Mayara Aparecida Ribeiro de , Amorim Amanda Moreira de , Paula Maria Helena De 
Published: December 2017

No presente estudo analisamos as dinâmicas de sentido da lexia “cabra”, largamente utilizada no Brasil entre os séculos XVI e XIX para referenciar alguns índios e negros nascidos na condição de escravos ou livres no país, buscando definir o seu sentido em três tipos de documentos: uma escritura de doação de escravo (fólios 109 verso e 110 recto) presente no Livro de Notas do 2º Tabelliaõ Isaac Lange da Cunha; o Livro de Registros de Batizados da Paróquia Nossa Senhora Mãe de Deus (maio de 1837 a setembro de 1838); e documentos presentes na tese “Dar nome ao novo: uma história lexical da ibero-América, entre os séculos XVI e XVIII (as dinâmicas de mestiçagens e o mundo do trabalho)” de Paiva (2014). Para tanto, baseamo-nos nas lições da lexicologia apresentadas por Biderman (2001). Em sequência, consultamos os dicionários de Ferreira (2010), Bluteau (1728), Houaiss e Villar (2009), Moura (2004) e Moraes Silva ([1789]1813) para verificação e confronto de definições. Fundamentamo-nos, também, nos estudos de Paiva (2014) e Malheiro (1867; 2014) no que se refere a fontes teóricas acerca da história escravocrata, relacionando o acervo lexical dos manuscritos citados anteriormente com a história e a cultura por eles registradas.
A preliminary study in zero anaphora coreference resolution for Polish
Authors: Kaczmarek Adam Jan , Marcińczuk Michał 
Published: December 2017

A preliminary study in zero anaphora coreference resolution for PolishZero anaphora is an element of the coreference resolution task that has not yet been directly addressed in Polish and, in most studies, it has been left as the most challenging aspect for further investigation. This article presents an initial study of this problem. The preparation of a machine learning approach, alongside engineering features based on linguistic study of the KPWr corpus, is discussed. This study utilizes existing tools for Polish coreference resolution as sources of partial coreferential clusters containing pronoun, noun and named entity mentions. They are also used as baseline zero coreference resolution systems for comparison with our system. The evaluation process is focused not only on clustering correctness, without taking into account types of mentions, using standard CoNLL-2012 measures, but also on the informativeness of the resulting relations. According to the annotation approach used for coreference to the KPWr corpus, only named entities are treated as mentions that are informative enough to constitute a link to real world objects. Consequently, we provide an evaluation of informativeness based on found links between zero anaphoras and named entities. For the same reason, we restrict coreference resolution in this study to mention clusters built around named entities. Wstępne studium rozwiązywania problemu koreferencji anafory zerowej w języku polskimKoreferencja zerowa, w języku polskim, jest jednym z zagadnień rozpoznawania koreferencji. Dotychczas nie była ona bezpośrednim przedmiotem badań, gdyż ze względu na jej złożoność była pomijana i odsuwana na dalsze etapy badań. Artykuł prezentuje wstępne studium problemu, jakim jest rozpoznawanie koreferencji zerowej. Przedstawiamy podejście wykorzystujące techniki uczenia maszynowego oraz proces tworzenia cech w oparciu o analizę lingwistyczną korpusu KPWr. W przedstawionej pracy wykorzystujemy istniejące narzędzia do rozpoznawania koreferencji dla pozostałych rodzajów wzmianek (tj. nazwy własne, frazy rzeczownikowe oraz zaimki) jako źródło częściowych zbiorów wzmianek odnoszących się do tego samego obiektu, a także jako punkt odniesienia dla uzyskanych przez nas wyników. Ocena skupia się nie tylko na poprawności uzyskanych zbiorów wzmianek, bez względu na ich typ, co odzwierciedlają wyniki podane dla standardowych metryk CoNLL-2012, ale także na wartości informacji, która zostaje uzyskana w wyniku rozpoznania koreferencji. W nawiązaniu do założeń anotacji korpusu KPWr, jedynie nazwy własne traktowane są jako wzmianki, które zawierają w sobie wystarczająco szczegółową informację, aby można było powiązać je z obiektami rzeczywistymi. W konsekwencji dostarczamy także ocenę opartą na wartości informacji dla podmiotów domyślnych połączonych relacją koreferencji z nazwami własnymi. Z tą samą motywacją rozpatrujemy jedynie zbiory wzmianek koreferencyjnych zbudowane wokół nazw własnych.
Improvements in standardised test scores from a multi-component nutrition and healthy living intervention in a US elementary-school setting
Authors: Kopkin Nolan , Martin Mirinda L , Hollar Danielle 
Published: December 2017

Objective: The Healthier Options for Public Schoolchildren (HOPS) intervention aimed simultaneously to change school policies regarding the nutritional content of school-provided meals, nutrition and healthy lifestyle curricula, and other school-based wellness activities. Researchers examined how HOPS affected students’ academic achievement, attendance and behaviour. Design: Longitudinal study of 23,335 elementary-school students aged 4–16 years enlisted in kindergarten to grade 8 in the 2005–2006 school year and followed through until the 2008–2009 school year. Setting: HOPS was implemented in 11 Buffalo (New York) public elementary schools at the start of 2007–2008 school year and concluded in January 2009; 34 other district elementary schools were chosen for comparison. Method: Administrative records were obtained containing student demographics, mathematics and English test scores, and attendance and disciplinary records. A difference-in-differences approach was used to measure the HOPS intervention’s effect on mathematics and English test scores and the proportion of days present or not suspended. Significance was tested at 1% and 5% levels. Results: Analysis comparing students in intervention and comparison schools revealed an increase in standardised mathematics test scores among all students ( p < .05), with particularly strong impacts on girls ( p < .01), African American and Hispanic students ( p < .01) and economically advantaged students ( p < .01). HOPS had an adverse impact on attendance and disciplinary referrals ( p < .01), although the effects were small. Conclusion: When considering the implementation of a school-based wellness programme, administrators should consider its academic benefits. Research into the effectiveness of programmes such as HOPS at improving cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes of school-aged children is particularly relevant given recent US Department of Agriculture rollback of whole grain, sodium and milk requirements.
Teaching in Silicon
Authors: Hardy C. J. , Hill E. W. , Jones P. L. , Pickard R. M. , Quayle R. S. 
Published: December 2017

Teaching in silicon An integrated laboratory and lecture course for teaching silicon microcircuit design and fabrication to final-year undergraduates is described. A key feature is that student designs are implemented on Ferranti uncommitted logic arrays by direct-write electron-beam lithography, thus providing rapid turnround at low unit cost.
Fast-Turnaround Gate Array Commitment Using E-Beam Generated Masks
Authors: Cottrel R. A. , Hick P. J. , Mckell H. D. 
Published: December 2017

Fast-turnaround gate array commitment using e-beam generated masks Gate arrays have been shown to provide an excellent means of introducing students to the design of circuits on silicon. Using electron beam lithography to produce the single mask required for patterning the metal interconnection layer, a number of different designs can be fabricated on a multi-chip wafer. The paper describes how this technique has been applied to the Ferranti 5C000 Uncommitted Logic Array (U.L.A.).
The Input Impedance of Voltage-Controlled Voltage-Source (VCVS) Active Filters
Authors: Waters A. , Newsome J. P. 
Published: December 2017

The input impedance of voltage-controlled voltage-source (VCVS) active Alters This paper examines the effects of source impedance on the overall frequency response of voltage-controlled voltage-source active filter circuits, whose input impedance varies widely with frequency, a fact which is not always appreciated.
The Electrical Tasks Course in the Special Engineering Programme
Authors: O'connor B. , Ainscough J. , Rakowski R. 
Published: December 2017

The electrical tasks course in the special engineering programme A course is described, where the students learn new material in the area of electronics not through lectures but by a process of problem-solving, experimental work, report writing and oral presentations. Experience of staff and students indicates that the course is highly effective in achieving its educational aims.
Process Control Simulation Package ‘PCS’
Authors: Golten J. W. 
Published: December 2017

Process control simulation package ‘PCS’ ‘PCS’ is a simulation package which will run on the BBC microcomputer. It simulates the behaviour of a simple plant with a three-term controller. Both transient and frequency response plots can be obtained. The effects of varying transport delay, control effort limiting and other practical aspects can be investigated.
My Day at Stuyvesant High
Authors: Gibbon Peter 
Published: December 2017

In preparation for his book, A Call to Heroism: Renewing America's Vision of Greatness (Atlantic Monthly Press, 2002), Peter Gibbon traveled throughout America for over five years, speaking to students about heroes, celebrities, sports stars, leaders, and historic figures. He visited a wide variety of schools, public and private, urban and suburban, charter and parochial. Forums ranged from a thousand students sitting on bleachers in a gymnasium to small groups of students in history and literature classes. Gibbon kept a journal of each school visit, excerpts from which became the chapter “Talking to Students About Heroes.” The entry that follows is from his journal and describes his visit to Stuyvesant High School. Stuyvesant High School is also featured in the book review essay of this journal, as Gibbon reviews Teacher Man, by Frank McCourt, bestselling author of Angela's Ashes; and A Class Apart: Prodigies, Pressure, and Passion: Inside One of America's Best High Schools, by Alec Klein, who was once a student of McCourt's. The Journal of Education is indebted to Gibbon for providing this insider's view of Stuyvesant High School.