bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Celluclast 1.5L pretreatment enhanced aroma of palm kernels and oil after kernel roasting
Authors: Zhang Wencan , Zhao Fangju , Yang Tiankui , Zhao Feifei , Liu Shaoquan 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe aroma of palm kernel oil (PKO) affects its applications. Little information is available on how enzymatic modification of palm kernels (PK) affects PK and PKO aroma after kernel roasting.RESULTSCelluclast (cellulase) pretreatment of PK resulted in a 2.4‐fold increment in the concentration of soluble sugars, with glucose being increased by 6.0‐fold. Higher levels of 1.7‐, 1.8‐ and 1.9‐fold of O‐heterocyclic volatile compounds were found in the treated PK after roasting at 180 °C for 8, 14 and 20 min respectively relative to the corresponding control, with furfural, 5‐methyl‐2‐furancarboxaldehyde, 2‐furanmethanol and maltol in particularly higher amounts. Volatile differences between PKOs from control and treated PK were also found, though less obvious owing to the aqueous extraction process. Principal component analysis based on aroma‐active compounds revealed that upon the proceeding of roasting, the differentiation between control and treated PK was enlarged while that of corresponding PKOs was less clear‐cut. Celluclast pretreatment enabled the medium roasted PK to impart more nutty, roasty and caramelic odor and the corresponding PKO to impart more caramelic but less roasty and burnt notes.CONCLUSIONCelluclast pretreatment of PK followed by roasting may be a promising new way of improving PKO aroma. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Nutrient retention values and cooking yield factors for three South African lamb and mutton cuts
Authors: van Heerden Salomina M , Strydom Phillip E 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDNutrient content of raw and cooked foods is important for formulation of healthy diets. The retention of nutrients during cooking can be influenced by various factors, including animal age, carcass characteristics and cooking method, and these factors are often unique to specific countries. Here the effects of animal age (lamb and mutton) and carcass cut (shoulder, loin and leg) combined with cooking method (moist heat and dry heat) on yield and nutrient retention of selected nutrients of South African sheep carcasses were studied.RESULTSCooking yields and moisture retention were lower for lamb loin but higher for lamb leg. Energy and fat retention were higher for all cuts of mutton compared with lamb, while higher retention values for cholesterol were recorded for lamb. Mutton retained more iron (P = 0.10) and zinc and also more vitamin B2, B6 and B12 than lamb. Shoulder cooked according to moist heat cooking method retained more magnesium, potassium and sodium.CONCLUSIONIncorporating these retention and yield values into the South African Medical Research Council's Food Composition Tables provides a reliable reference to all concerned with nutrient content of food. It will also guide practitioners and primary industry to adjust animal production aimed at optimum nutrient content to specific diets. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Rapid detection of six phosphodiesterase type 5 enzyme inhibitors in healthcare products using thin‐layer chromatography and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with BP neural network
Authors: Hu Xiaopeng , Fang Guozhen , Han Ailing , Fu Yunpeng , Tong Rui , Wang Shuo 
Published: April 2017

A novel facile method for the detection of the phosphodiesterase type 5 enzyme inhibitors added illegally into health products was established using thin‐layer chromatography and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with BP neural network. When the detection conditions were optimized in detail, a repetitive adding procedure of silver colloids with the total amount keeping constant was used to improve the enhancement effect of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. According to the main Raman peaks and the retention factor of analyte, the data predictive model was established. Under the optimized experimental conditions, this method was successful to apply to detect the artificially produced model samples, and the limit of detection less than 5 mg/kg was obtained. Based on the excellent sensitivity of this method, the real samples have been detected accurately and the detection results were confirmed by high‐performance liquid chromatography. In addition, the developed method was suitable for the detection of other adulterants, especially those that have similar chromatographic or spectroscopic behaviors.
Early Diagnosis of Bladder Exstrophy: Quantitative Assessment of a Low‐Inserted Umbilical Cord
Authors: Fishel‐Bartal Michal , Perlman Sharon , Messing Baruch , Bardin Ron , Kivilevitch Zvi , Achiron Reuven , Gilboa Yinon 
Published: April 2017

ObjectivesBladder exstrophy is a rare severe congenital malformation. Early prenatal diagnosis is scarcely described in the literature. Low insertion of the umbilical cord is a constant anatomic feature of bladder exstrophy. The aim of our study was to assess whether early measurements of the umbilical cord insertion–to–genital tubercle length may serve as quantitative measurements for a low‐inserted umbilical cord in cases of bladder exstrophy.MethodsThe umbilical cord insertion–to–genital tubercle length was prospectively measured in all cases referred for a nonvisualized urinary bladder before 18 weeks' gestation. Final diagnoses were compared with prenatal measurements.ResultsFifteen fetuses were evaluated for a nonvisualized bladder at a mean gestational age of 15.7 weeks (range, 14–17 weeks). Of them, 6 cases were diagnosed with bladder exstrophy, and 9 cases had a normal urinary bladder. All cases with bladder exstrophy had an umbilical cord insertion–to–genital tubercle length below the fifth percentile for gestational age, whereas cases with a normal bladder had a normal measurement.ConclusionsFetuses with bladder exstrophy have an umbilical cord insertion–to–genital tubercle length below the fifth percentile of the general population. This measurement may serve as a complementary objective sonographic parameter in the prenatal assessment and counseling of cases suspected of having bladder exstrophy during early pregnancy.
Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for production of 2‐Phenylethylacetate from L‐phenylalanine
Authors: Guo Daoyi , Zhang Lihua , Pan Hong , Li Xun 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIn order to meet the need of consumer preferences for natural flavor compounds, microbial synthesis method has become a very attractive alternative to the chemical production. The 2‐phenylethanol (2‐PE) and its ester 2‐phenylethylacetate (2‐PEAc) are two extremely important flavor compounds with a rose‐like odor. In recent years, Escherichia coli and yeast have been metabolically engineered to produce 2‐PE. However, a metabolic engineering approach for 2‐PEAc production is rare. Here, we designed and expressed a 2‐PEAc biosynthetic pathway in E. coli. This pathway comprised four steps: aminotransferase (ARO8) for transamination of L‐phenylalanine to phenylpyruvate, 2‐keto acid decarboxylase KDC for the decarboxylation of the phenylpyruvate to phenylacetaldehyde, aldehyde reductase YjgB for the reduction of phenylacetaldehyde to 2‐PE, alcohol acetyltransferase ATF1 for the esterification of 2‐PE to 2‐PEAc. Using the engineered E. coli strain for shake flasks cultivation with 1 g/L L‐phenylalanine, we achieved co‐production of 268 mg/L 2‐PEAc and 277 mg/L 2‐PE. Our results suggest that approximately 65% of L‐phenylalanine was utilized toward 2‐PEAc and 2‐PE biosynthesis and thus demonstrate potential industrial applicability of this microbial platform.
Dietary lactalbumin and lactoferrin interact with inulin to modulate energy balance in obese rats
Authors: Singh Arashdeep , Zapata Rizaldy C. , Pezeshki Adel , Chelikani Prasanth K. 
Published: April 2017

ObjectiveTo determine whether diets enriched with the whey protein components lactalbumin and lactoferrin interact additively with inulin to improve energy balance by decreasing food intake and body weight (BW).MethodsIn four experiments, diet‐induced obese rats were randomized to diets containing either lactalbumin or lactoferrin at low (20% kcal) or high (40% kcal) doses, and inulin at low (7.5% w/w) or high (15% w/w) doses, alone or in combination. Energy intake (EI), energy expenditure (EE), respiratory quotient (RQ), BW, body composition, plasma insulin, and leptin concentrations were measured.ResultsLactalbumin and inulin at low doses were ineffective, whereas high doses additively decreased EI and RQ. Low doses of lactoferrin and inulin additively decreased EI, BW, fat and lean mass, and RQ. High doses of lactoferrin and inulin additively decreased EI, supra‐additively decreased BW, fat, and lean mass, and also decreased RQ and plasma leptin concentrations.ConclusionsHigh doses of lactalbumin and inulin additively decreased EI. Importantly, lactoferrin and inulin at both low and high dose combinations, additively or supra‐additively, decreased EI, BW, and adiposity.
Chronic intestinal electrical stimulation improves glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in diet‐induced obesity rats
Authors: Li Shiying , Zhu Weijian , Zhang Sujuan , Chen Jiande D.Z. 
Published: April 2017

ObjectiveObesity is a contributing factor to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to study the therapeutic potential of intestinal electrical stimulation (IES) for obesity and associated glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in diet‐induced obesity (DIO) rats.MethodsDIO rats were divided into two groups to receive sham or IES for 8 weeks. Oral glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests were performed. Gastric emptying and small bowel transit tests were performed. Blood samples were collected for the analysis of insulin and free fatty acid (FFA).ResultsChronic IES reduced food intake and body weight and decreased the adiposity index in DIO rats. Compared with chow‐fed rats, DIO rats had an elevated fasting plasma glucose level, impaired glucose tolerance, and impaired insulin sensitivity, which were improved after chronic IES. FFA was elevated in DIO rats and suppressed with IES. Chronic IES delayed gastric emptying but accelerated small bowel transit.ConclusionsIES reduces food intake and body weight and improves glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in DIO rats. The ameliorating effect on glycemic control may be due to the weight loss and suppression of plasma FFA. Other mechanisms such as the modulation of gastrointestinal transit may also be involved.
Visual complaints in intracranial germinomas
Authors: Frappaz Didier , Pedone Claire , Thiesse Philippe , Szathmari Alexandru , Conter Cécile Faure , Mottolese Carmine , Carrie Christian 
Published: April 2017

AbstractObjectivePatients with brain tumors often report having visual complaints. This may be due to increased intracranial pressure, compression/invasion of the optic pathway or diplopia. We assessed the incidence and the etiology of visual symptoms in patients with intracranial germinoma tumors (ICGTs).Methods and MaterialsWe performed a blinded retrospective review of the clinical charts and the initial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of 28 patients with ICGT. Thirteen tumors were pineal, five suprasellar, seven bifocal, and further three involved either the optic nerve, the corpus callosum, or the brainstem.ResultsTwelve patients reported visual disturbances, seven of whom mainly experienced a decrease in vision. Two of those were initially managed as “retrobulbar neuritis” when endocrinologic symptoms prompted assessment by MRI. Involvement of the optic pathway was underestimated, and both relapsed. Field deficits were definitive sequelae, whereas visual acuity was sometimes regressive in the absence of optic atrophy.ConclusionsCompression or invasion of the optic pathway by germinomas is not a rare occurrence, and this possibility should not be overlooked when thickening or contrast enhancement is detected. Radiotherapy fields should be extended accordingly.
Protecting Internet users from becoming victimized attackers of click‐fraud
Authors: Iqbal Md Shahrear , Zulkernine Mohammad , Jaafar Fehmi , Gu Yuan 
Published: April 2017

AbstractInternet users are often victimized by malicious attackers. Some attackers infect and use innocent users' machines to launch large‐scale attacks without the users' knowledge. One of such attacks is the click‐fraud attack. Click‐fraud happens in pay‐per‐click ad networks where the ad network charges advertisers for every click on their ads. Click‐fraud has been proved to be a serious problem for the online advertisement industry. In a click‐fraud attack, a user or an automated software clicks on an ad with a malicious intent and advertisers need to pay for those valueless clicks. Among many forms of click‐fraud, botnets with the automated clickers are the most severe ones. In this study, we present a method for detecting automated clickers from the user side. The proposed method to fight click‐fraud, FCFraud, can be integrated into the desktop and smart device operating systems. Since most modern operating systems already provide some kind of antimalware service, our proposed method can be implemented as a part of the service. We believe that an effective protection at the operating system level can save billions of dollars of the advertisers. Experiments show that FCFraud is 99.6% (98.2% in mobile ad library–generated traffic) accurate in classifying ad requests from all user processes and it is 100% successful in detecting clickbots in both desktop and mobile devices. We implement a cloud backend for the FCFraud service to save battery power in mobile devices. The overhead of executing FCFraud is also analyzed and we show that it is reasonable for both the platforms.
Chronic hypertension and adverse pregnancy outcome: a cohort study
Authors: Panaitescu A. M. , Syngelaki A. , Prodan N. , Akolekar R. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo examine the association between chronic hypertension (CH) and a wide range of adverse pregnancy outcomes after adjustment for confounding factors in obstetric history and maternal characteristics.MethodsThis was a prospective screening study for adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with singleton pregnancy attending their first routine hospital visit at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation. Data on maternal characteristics, medical and obstetric history and pregnancy outcome were collected. Regression analysis was performed to examine the association between CH and adverse pregnancy outcomes, including late miscarriage, stillbirth, pre‐eclampsia (PE), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), spontaneous and iatrogenic preterm birth (PTB), small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) neonate, large‐for‐gestational‐age (LGA) neonate and elective and emergency Cesarean section (CS).ResultsThe study population of 109 932 pregnancies included 1417 (1.3%) women with CH. After adjusting for potential confounding variables from maternal characteristics, medical and obstetric history, CH was associated with increased risk of stillbirth (odds ratio (OR), 2.38 (95% CI, 1.51–3.75)), PE (OR, 5.76 (95% CI, 4.93–6.73)), SGA (OR, 2.06 (95% CI, 1.79–2.39)), GDM (OR, 1.61 (95% CI, 1.27–2.05)), iatrogenic PTB < 37 weeks (OR, 3.73 (95% CI, 3.07–4.53)) and elective CS (OR, 1.79 (95% CI, 1.52–2.11)), decreased risk of LGA (OR, 0.65 (95% CI, 0.53–0.78)) and had no significant effect on late miscarriage, spontaneous PTB or emergency CS.ConclusionCH should be combined with other maternal characteristics and medical and obstetric history when calculating an individualized adjusted risk for adverse pregnancy complications. CH increases the risk of stillbirth, PE, SGA, GDM, iatrogenic PTB and elective CS and reduces the risk for LGA. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Placental histopathology associated with pre‐eclampsia: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Falco M. L. , Sivanathan J. , Laoreti A. , Thilaganathan B. , Khalil A. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjectivePre‐eclampsia (PE) is associated with impaired trophoblastic invasion and typical villous and vascular placental lesions. The primary aim of this study was to quantify the prevalence of placental histopathological lesions in pregnancies complicated by PE.MethodsMEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL were searched electronically, and relevant articles reporting on placental histopathological lesions were assessed according to the following criteria: study design, number of pregnancies included, severity of PE and whether the pathologist was blinded to the clinical information. Prospective and retrospective case–control studies including ≥ 100 pregnancies were included in the systematic review. The incidence of each type of histological lesion according to the Perinatal Section of the Society for Pediatric Pathology classification in pre‐eclamptic and normal pregnancies was identified, and lesions were categorized into two main groups: villous lesions and vascular lesions. Random‐effects meta‐analysis of proportions was used for analysis. Between‐study heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic.ResultsThe search yielded 717 citations, and a total of eight studies (four blinded and four non‐blinded) were included in the review. In unblinded studies, the pooled prevalence of villous lesions was 11.6% and 48.2% in normal and pre‐eclamptic pregnancies, respectively, giving a pooled odds ratio (OR) of 7.59. In blinded studies, the pooled prevalence of villous lesions was 18.5% and 42.0% in normal and pre‐eclamptic pregnancies, respectively, giving a pooled OR of 4.28. In unblinded studies, the pooled prevalence of vascular lesions was 8.1% and 37.3% in normal and pre‐eclamptic pregnancies, respectively, giving a pooled OR of 20.34. In blinded studies, the pooled prevalence of vascular lesions was 9.8% and 38.9%, in normal and pre‐eclamptic pregnancies, respectively, giving a pooled OR of 7.08.ConclusionsIn blinded studies, the incidence of both placental villous and vascular histopathological lesions is four‐ to seven‐fold higher in pre‐eclamptic than in normal pregnancies. Greater differences are reported in unblinded studies. Despite the higher probability (point prevalence) of finding abnormal placental pathology in pregnancies with PE, placental lesions are not specific to the diagnosis of PE. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Perinatal loss at term: role of uteroplacental and fetal Doppler assessment
Authors: Monaghan C. , Binder J. , Thilaganathan B. , Morales‐Roselló J. , Khalil A. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo examine the associations of uterine artery (UtA) Doppler indices and cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) with perinatal outcome at term.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study conducted at a tertiary referral center that included all singleton pregnancies undergoing ultrasound assessment in the third trimester that subsequently delivered at term. Fetal biometry and Doppler assessment, including that of the umbilical artery (UA), fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) and UtA, were recorded. Data were corrected for gestational age, and CPR was calculated as the ratio of MCA pulsatility index (PI) to UA‐PI. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine for independent predictors of adverse perinatal outcome.ResultsThe study included 7013 pregnancies, 12 of which were complicated by perinatal death. When compared with pregnancies resulting in perinatal survival, pregnancies complicated by perinatal death had a significantly higher proportion of small‐for‐gestational‐age infants (25.0% vs 5%; P = 0.001) and a higher incidence of low (< 5th centile) CPR (16.7% vs 4.5%; P = 0.041). A subgroup analysis comparing 1527 low‐risk pregnancies that resulted in fetal survival with pregnancies complicated by perinatal death demonstrated that UtA‐PI multiples of the median (MoM), CPR < 5th centile and estimated fetal weight (EFW) centile were all associated significantly with the risk of perinatal death at term (all P < 0.05). After adjusting for confounding variables, only EFW centile (odds ratio (OR) 0.96 (95% CI, 0.93–0.99); P = 0.003) and UtA‐PI MoM (OR 13.10 (95%CI, 1.95–87.89); P = 0.008) remained independent predictors of perinatal death in the low‐risk cohort.ConclusionHigh UtA‐PI at term is associated independently with an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcome, regardless of fetal size. These results suggest that perinatal mortality at term is related not only to EFW and fetal redistribution (CPR), but also to indices of uterine perfusion. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Sleep and Dreaming
Authors: Empson Jacob 
Published: April 2017

Everyone sleeps and everyone dreams. Yet we are almost entirely unconscious of what is happening to us when we sleep and we forget almost all of our dreams. This third edition of a classic introduction to the subject provides a fascinating insight into this most universal of subjects, critically analysing recent research by psychologists and neuroscientists (much of which has been published in the last ten years) and reviewing historical and cultural beliefs about dreams. Sleep and Dreaming is a comprehensive and rigorous text for undergraduate students, offering a rewarding and engaging introduction to the field.
New to this Edition:
- Contains much new material, particularly on the physiology of sleep
- A new chapter by Professor Michael Wang on the psychological treatment of insomnia
The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire
Authors: Pearson Raymond 
Published: April 2017

The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire describes and explains the creation, maintenance and eventual demise of the Soviet regime across post-1945 Eastern Europe. Balancing internal factors such as resilient nationalism against external factors such as America’s acceleration of the arms race, Raymond Pearson sets the so-called ‘Soviet Empire’ within the broader context of global imperialism and decolonisation. Full coverage is also given to the dramatic episodes of Eastern Europe dissent and the chequered career of the ostensibly monolithic ‘Soviet Empire’.
This revised and updated second edition features an expanded final chapter on the ‘Last Empire’, assessing not only its patent strengths and hidden weaknesses, but also its much publicised vices and rarely acknowledged virtues. New documentation that has only become available in the last five years has been incorporated to provide a fuller retrospective historical judgement on the Soviet regime across Eastern Europe.
Staging Masculinities
Authors: Mangan Michael 
Published: April 2017

One man in his time plays many parts/His acts being seven ages', asserts Shakespeare's Jacques, in a speech which foreshadows what has become a commonplace of contemporary gender theory: that masculinity, far from being a secure, unproblematic gender identity, is a site of crisis and contradictions.
Staging Masculinities engages with the complex and paradoxical history of masculinities by exploring the ways in which changing concepts of what it means 'to be a man' have been represented, celebrated, examined and critiqued on mainstream Western - and particularly English - stages. Mapping a history of masculinities onto a history of theatre, Michael Mangan analyses a wide range of plays and performances, from Henry V to Peter Pan, and from medieval liturgical drama to contemporary West-End hits. In the process Mangan offers new and gendered readings of several familiar plays, and traces an intricate relationship between theatrical performance and gender performance.