bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wellbore Hydrodynamic Model
Authors: Bizanti M. S. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
Efficient bottomhole cleaning has been shown to significantly contribute to the increase in ROP. A detailed investigation into cutting dislodgment and movement may give insight on how to potentially increase the bottomhole cleaning ability of a well. This cleaning ability can be predicted by the use of a Scouring Model.
The hydrodynamic (scouring) model consists of a progression of mathematical relationships relating the drilling fluid hydrodynamic forces to a well cutting resting on a well bottom. These relationships are made assuming ideal conditions in order to decrease (the complexity of the fluid hydrodynamics of the well bottom. The forces considered that act upon a well cutting are the hydrodynamic drag lift forces, and the submerged weight of the cutting. These forces can be related to the angle of repose which is dependent upon the cutting type (Sandstone, Shale, etc.). These forces can be described as functions of the cutting size and density, fluid density, and fluid velocity. The relationship between the hydrodynamic forces and the angle of repose will thus give an equation predicting the critical incipient velocity. This critical velocity is the velocity required by the fluid to initiate movement of the well cutting and thus inherently predicts the cleaning ability of the well bottom by the drilling fluid.
A Process Engineering Approach to Drilling Fluids Management
Authors: Beasley R. D. , Dear S. F. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
Mud Management is a process engineering approach to the use of drilling fluids in conjunction with the total well plan. It considers the surface and downhole equipment, drilling fluids, and wellbore as a system, and controls the entire system through the use of properly formulated mud dilution. Changes in formulation and dilution rate become the control for the system.
Historically, drilling fluids execution was reactionary and involved treating the mud based on measured changes in mud test properties. Desired changes to these properties were made by altering the alkalinity or by adding chemicals and water directly to the mud system. Usually, no changes were made to the mud properties unless "the hole talked to you".
Mud Management includes planning the mud properties and consumption rate, pre-mixing the mud to the proper formulation for the physical and chemical properties needed, diluting as required to control the formulation and solids content, monitoring the mud to determine any adjustments needed to the formulation and/or the dilution rate, and then adjusting the dilution mud composition and rate of addition.
The objective of Mud Management is to STAY AHEAD of problems and prevent their occurrence. It focuses continually on two areas: one, the present formulation of the mud versus the planned formulation; and two, the present dilution rate versus the planned dilution rate. Mud engineering then requires an explanation of any differences between the actual and the planned. Only then can the assumptions and expectations be properly evaluated.
Implementation of Mud Management in Mobil's worldwide drilling operations has resulted in a significant reduction in trouble time.
International Approach to Applied Technology
Authors: Bosio J. C. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Although oil business itself is truly international, most oil companies keep their Research and Development programs secret, and rarely collaborate to develop some non-proprietary technology.
Past and present practices are analysed, and comments are made on international cooperation conducted within the European Economic Community, and, more specifically, by Elf Aquitaine.
Then some rules are proposed to initiate collaboration among companies and start changing habits and ways of thinking, which are the main obstacles.
Some examples are given, like safety and environment, where a consensus would be easy to find, and suggestions are made on how to implement them.
The Competition for Chromium Between Xanthan Biopolymer and Resident Clays in Sandstones
Authors: Garver F. J. , Sharma M. M. , Pope G. A. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
The competition for chromium between xanthan biopolymer and the resident clays in Berea sandstone cores has been examined. Xanthan requires the Cr3+ ion to form gel while the resident clays remove the chromium from the bulk solution by a cation exchange process. These two competing factors are examined through corefloods and computer simulation to determine the amount of chromium actually available for crosslinking.
Through a series of Berea corefloods, chromium retention was examined without the presence of polymer using a 2 wt% NaCI brine as the aqueous solution. Finally, several polymer-gel floods were conducted using varying concentrations of chromium and xanthan. Chromium and polymer retention and pH as well as the pressure drop due to gel formation were analyzed.
The retention of chromium was found to be high and on the order of the cation exchange capacity of the clays in the sandstone. This causes slow transport of the Cr3+, due to its consumption by the clays, and a decreasing effectiveness of the gel indicated by a decreasing reduction in permeability with length. This study points to the need to conduct experiments with porous media containing clay and to the need for better modelling of the complex phenomena occurring under conditions of interest for field applications.
Field-Derived Comparison of Tertiary Recovery Mechanisms for Miscible CO2 Flooding of Waterdrive and Pressure-Depleted Reservoirs in South Louisiana
Authors: Bou-Mikael S. , Palmer F. S. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This paper describes two distinct tertiary recovery mechanisms that were observed in five CO2 miscible field tests conducted in South Louisiana. A comparison between oil vaporization in water drive reservoirs, and oil banking in depletion drive reservoirs is presented. Other factors affecting the tertiary recovery such as CO2 purity and injection patterns are discussed.
This paper will also define the Minimum Displaceable Oil Saturation (MDOS), a new concept in screening reservoirs for CO2 flooding. The MDOS is the minimum oil saturation that must exist in the pore space in order to successfully form an oil bank economically in a miscible flood.
The presence of gas channels proved beneficial to enhancing oil recovery during cyclic CO2 injection in depletion drive reservoirs. The solvent was able to penetrate deeper into the reservoir prior to any phase change taking place under miscible conditions at higher reservoir pressure.
The recovery mechanisms characterizing the miscible CO2 floods were verified by a comprehensive reservoir monitoring program. Extensive logging and tracer programs were used to analyze the effects of heterogeneity in these layered reservoirs. The compositional changes of the produced fluids were determined from samples taken throughout the various stages of the projects. These analyzes resulted in the better understanding of CO2/reservoir oil phase behavior.
The Push-Pull Flood process, recently patented, is discussed. The process involves initial simultaneous gas injection into all wells in the reservoir. This method utilizes opposing injection forces in the reservoir to increase CO2 penetration and thereby reach additional oil that otherwise may never be contacted. The process is designed to improve vertical and horizontal sweep efficiencies as well as project's response time and cash flow.
An Analysis of Miscible Flooding Chase Fluid Design Practices: Part 2—Strategies Involving Interference
Authors: Walsh M. P. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
This paper and its companion paper1 sets forth the theory of chase fluid design for the miscible slug process. Methods to analyze flood performance for arbitrary injected solvent-water ratios, injected chase gas-water ratios and solvent slug sizes are presented. Among its contributions, Part 2 investigates the loss of oil bank integrity and mobility control caused by inadequate solvent slug sizes. In addition, we examine conditions whereby interference caused by small solvent slug sizes will improve flood performance. We summarize conditions under which interference is expected.
Forecasting: Art or Science
Authors: Campbell J. M. , Campbell J. M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Forecasting always has been a particularly difficult program for the petroleum industry because of the uncontrollable risks that are intrinsic to its operations. From 1950 to 1970 though the price component in this forecast was a very orderly variable and essentially independent of supply. Many of the standard forecasting techniques now in use employ a data base that is dominated by this period. This is a serious (and maybe critical) fault whether one uses simple trend extrapolation or the most sophisticated econometric models. The current market and price instability, as well as a totally different decision environment, require new modeling criteria to analyze and manage petroleum investments.
The Introduction of this paper reviews the problem from a historical perspective and documents (maybe for the first time) how the factors interacted to produce the result obtained. Included are some future price forecasts prior to 1980 that contributed adversely to the financial welfare of the industry.
The middle of the paper identifies and arrays the factors that affect the future. This includes (but is not limited to) prices, market demand, amount and location of inventory, as well as their role in a reasonable econometric model. Created is a basic scenario that may be used to both create and critique a forecast.
The paper concludes by proposing a quantitative procedure for making improved forecasts and a sensitivity analysis of the results obtained when inputting a specific set of parameters. The end result should be optimization of the most desirable course of action. The key to success in unstable times is to position one so that the downside risk is minimal.
Oil and Gas Price Perceptions: The Impact on Reserve Acquisitions
Authors: Hickman T. S. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Investors formulate strategies about their future ownership of oil and gas reserves based on perceptions about future economic conditions, particularly oil and gas prices. If a major change in the economic environment is perceived, then the strategies are rethought.
The basic decision faced by all oil field investors is whether to increase or decrease their reserve position since there is usually no neutral position. Reserves are either being depleted through production or added through drilling, enhancement or acquisition. The data available on finding costs indicate it has usually been cheaper to buy rather than drill for reserves in recent years. This comparison may be distorted since the true finding cost is not known until the discovery is fully developed, which usually takes years. However, it is obvious from Figures 1 and 2 that the current decision is normally to buy, not drill. The drastic drop in rig count continues even though oil prices have strengthened in 1989. In contrast, the number of acquisition transactions tracked quarterly by Strevig & Associates has soared since mid–1986.
Formulating a strategy for the acquisition of reserves involves consideration of (1) the availability, amount and source of capital, (2) minimum economic return, (3) geographic area of interest, (4) ability to operate and (5) minimum size and exposure per transaction. A decrease in reserves can occur automatically through production depletion or by a deliberate decision to sell. A seller must decide (1) what is to be sold, (2) how it will be sold (bid or negotiation), (3) who will sell it (in-house or outside expertise) and (4) selling price. Unlike acquisitions which are made for profit motives, the decision to sell can result from changing business objectives, a deteriorating financial position, legal action or the death or retirement of a principle.
High Island A-343 "A" and "B": A Case History of Offshore Platform Abandonment and Artificial Reef Planning
Authors: Parker M. E. , Henkhaus E. J. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Two obsolete offshore platforms were removed from the sea floor using explosives, towed from Texas OCS waters, and toppled in West Cameron 616, offshore Louisiana, creating an artificial reef and fish habitat to benefit recreational and commercial fishermen. The paper describes the planning, engineering, permitting and operational activities for the first structures donated to the Louisiana Artificial Reef Program from outside one of their reef planning areas and among the first structures abandoned under the limitations of the "Generic Consultation" issued by the National Marine Fisheries Service under the Endangered Species Act.
CONFIRMING THE EXISTENCE OF A QUIESCENT GALAXY POPULATION OUT TO z = 3: A STACKING ANALYSIS OF MID-, FAR-INFRARED, AND RADIO DATA
Authors: Man Allison W. S. , Greve Thomas R. , Toft Sune , Magnelli Benjamin , Karim Alexander , Ilbert Olivier , Salvato Mara , Floc’h Emeric Le , Bertoldi Frank , Casey Caitlin M. , Lee Nicholas , Li Yanxia , Navarrete Felipe , Sheth Kartik , Smolčić Vernesa , Sanders David B. , Schinnerer Eva , Zirm Andrew W. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
We performed a comprehensive stacking analysis on ∼14,200 quiescent galaxy (QG) candidates at z = 0–3 across mid-, far-infrared (MIR and FIR), and radio wavelengths. Identified via their rest-frame NUV − r and r − J colors, the QG candidates (

) have drastically different IR and radio properties depending on their 24 μm emission strength. The fraction of QG candidates with strong 24 μm emission (equivalent to inferred star formation rates SFR

, hereafter “IR-bright”) increases with redshift and peaks at 15%, and their stacked MIPS 24 μm, Herschel (PACS and SPIRE) and VLA emissions are consistent with being star-forming galaxies (SFGs). In contrast, the majority of QG candidates are faint or undetected at 24 μm individually (i.e., SFR24 < 100 M
⊙ yr−1, hereafter “IR-faint”). Their low dust-obscured SFRs derived from Herschel stacking (SFRH ≲ 3, 15, 50 M
⊙ yr−1 out to z ∼ 1, 2, 3) are >2.5–12.5× lower than compared to SFGs. This is consistent with the quiescence, as expected from their low unobscured SFRs, as inferred from modeling their ultraviolet-to-NIR photometry. The discrepancy between the L
IR derived from stacking Herschel and 24 μm indicates that IR-faint QGs have dust SEDs that are different from those of SFGs. For the most massive (

) IR-faint QGs at z < 1.5, the stacked 1.4 GHz emission is in excess of that expected from other SFR indicators, suggesting a widespread presence of low-luminosity active galactic nuclei. Our results reaffirm the existence of a significant population of QGs out to z = 3, thus corroborating the need to quench star formation in galaxies at early epochs.
A FOUR-FLUID MHD MODEL OF THE SOLAR WIND/INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM INTERACTION WITH TURBULENCE TRANSPORT AND PICKUP PROTONS AS SEPARATE FLUID
Authors: Usmanov Arcadi V. , Goldstein Melvyn L. , Matthaeus William H. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
We have developed a four-fluid, three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic model of the solar wind interaction with the local interstellar medium. The unique features of the model are: (a) a three-fluid description for the charged components of the solar wind and interstellar plasmas (thermal protons, electrons, and pickup protons), (b) the built-in turbulence transport equations based on Reynolds decomposition and coupled with the mean-flow Reynolds-averaged equations, and (c) a solar corona/solar wind model that supplies inner boundary conditions at 40 au by computing solar wind and magnetic field parameters outward from the coronal base. The three charged species are described by separate energy equations and are assumed to move with the same velocity. The fourth fluid in the model is the interstellar hydrogen which is treated by separate continuity, momentum, and energy equations and is coupled with the charged components through photoionization and charge exchange. We evaluate the effects of turbulence transport and pickup protons on the global heliospheric structure and compute the distribution of plasma, magnetic field, and turbulence parameters throughout the heliosphere for representative solar minimum and maximum conditions. We compare our results with Voyager 1 observations in the outer heliosheath and show that the relative amplitude of magnetic fluctuations just outside the heliopause is in close agreement with the value inferred from Voyager 1 measurements by Burlaga et al. The simulated profiles of magnetic field parameters in the outer heliosheath are in qualitative agreement with the Voyager 1 observations and with the analytical model of magnetic field draping around the heliopause of Isenberg et al.
L’émotion souveraine
Authors: Boucheron Patrick , Fœssel Michaël , Laurentin Emmanuel 
Published: March 2016

Il y a une histoire politique des émotions : la colère, qui était l’apanage des grands, est dévolue au peuple dans les démocraties modernes. Mais la littérature et les sciences de l’homme se doivent de demander aux colères leurs raisons.
Globalisation et dialogues interreligieux
Authors: Boyer Alain 
Published: March 2016

Face à la globalisation et à l’uniformisation du monde, le XXI e siècle assiste à un fort retour du religieux. Quand elles ne « s’absolutisent » pas, les religions peuvent être un lieu d’échange et de dialogue, à l’instar des grandes rencontres nationales ou internationales à caractère interreligieux. De la même manière, de nombreuses associations œcuméniques ayant pour vocation de développer le « vivre ensemble » voient le jour. Ces diverses actions suscitent notamment l’intérêt de l’entreprise : l’initiative des dialogues interreligieux lui permet de favoriser la paix sociale et le bien-être de chacun en son sein, mais également de pouvoir proposer une formation à la rencontre interculturelle, désormais courante dans ce monde globalisé. Il importe que les pouvoirs publics favorisent ces échanges au niveau national et international.
Quelques enjeux de l’inscription de patrimoines alimentaires à l’Unesco
Authors: Csergo Julia 
Published: March 2016

L’inscription du « Repas gastronomique des Français » ainsi que d’autres éléments de cultures alimentaires sur les listes du patrimoine culturel immatériel de l’Unesco, soulève d’importants enjeux relatifs à l’économie de la culture immatérielle. Ces inscriptions posent en réalité la question de l’impact que pourrait avoir sur les marchés commerciaux internationaux, la reconnaissance officielle et internationale de l’alimentation – et de la gastronomie – comme domaine culturel à part entière, qui pourrait dès lors bénéficier de dérogations aux règles du libre échange, et ce, en vertu des instruments juridiques et contraignants relatifs à la diversité culturelle.
α-NAC–Specific Autoreactive CD8+ T Cells in Atopic Dermatitis Are of an Effector Memory Type and Secrete IL-4 and IFN-γ
Authors: Roesner Lennart M. , Heratizadeh Annice , Wieschowski Susanne , Mittermann Irene , Valenta Rudolf , Eiz-Vesper Britta , Hennig Christian , Hansen Gesine , Falk Christine S. , Werfel Thomas 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAutoreactivity may play a critical role in the chronification of atopic dermatitis (AD). Several studies showed that AD patients produce IgE Abs specific for autoantigens, and we described Th as well as CD8+ T cells specific for the autoallergen Hom s 2, the α-chain of the nascent polypeptide-associated complex (α-NAC). This study aimed to investigate the frequency and inflammatory phenotype of autoallergen-specific CD8+ T cells. CD8+ T cell immunodominant epitopes of α-NAC were mapped by applying prediction softwares, and binding affinity was confirmed by stabilization of empty MHC complexes. MHC class I tetramers were assembled and binding cells were analyzed directly ex vivo by flow cytometry and in terms of single-cell assessment by ChipCytometry. We report significantly elevated numbers of α-NAC–specific peripheral T cells in sensitized patients compared with nonatopic controls. These cells secrete IL-4 and IFN-γ, and surface markers revealed significantly elevated frequencies of circulating terminally differentiated α-NAC–specific CD8+ T cells in patients with AD compared with nonatopic donors. The observed phenotype of α-NAC–specific CD8+ T cells indicates a role in the pathogenesis of AD.
TRIM21 Immune Signaling Is More Sensitive to Antibody Affinity Than Its Neutralization Activity
Authors: Foss Stian , Watkinson Ruth E. , Grevys Algirdas , McAdam Martin B. , Bern Malin , Høydahl Lene Stokken , Dalhus Bjørn , Michaelsen Terje E. , Sandlie Inger , James Leo C. , Andersen Jan Terje 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Ab-coated viruses can be detected in the cytosol by the FcR tripartite motif-containing 21 (TRIM21), which rapidly recruits the proteasomal machinery and triggers induction of immune signaling. As such, TRIM21 plays a key role in intracellular protection by targeting invading viruses for destruction and alerting the immune system. A hallmark of immunity is elicitation of a balanced response that is proportionate to the threat, to avoid unnecessary inflammation. In this article, we show how Ab affinity modulates TRIM21 immune function. We constructed a humanized monoclonal IgG1 against human adenovirus type 5 (AdV5) and a panel of Fc-engineered variants with a wide range of affinities for TRIM21. We found that IgG1-coated viral particles were neutralized via TRIM21, even when affinity was reduced by as much as 100-fold. In contrast, induction of NF-κB signaling was more sensitive to reduced affinity between TRIM21 and the Ab variants. Thus, TRIM21 mediates neutralization under suboptimal conditions, whereas induction of immune signaling is balanced according to the functional affinity for the incoming immune stimuli. Our findings have implications for engineering of antiviral IgG therapeutics with tailored effector functions.
Frequency of Needle Stick Injury among Dental Students and Dentists of Karachi
Authors: Ikram Kashif , Siddiqui Humayun Kaleem , Maqbool Sana , Altaf Maham , Khan Sania 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Objective
To determine the frequency of needle stick injury in dental practice and to evaluate the level of knowledge, attitude and practices of the dental students and dentists regarding needle stick injuries prevention.

Materials and methods
This descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken at eight different institutes of Karachi from July 2014 to March 2015. Data were collected in 800-sample questionnaire forms that comprised of ten questions in English language. Questionnaire was designed to obtain information regarding frequency, awareness and prevention of needle stick injury. Data were entered and analyzed in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 20.

Result
A total of 800 samples were returned with a 100% response rate. About 73% participants gave a history of needle stick injury during practice. Of these 42% were the house officers. It was reported that knowledge regarding vaccination against hepatitis B was prevalent among participants. Most of the participants agreed that they have received guidelines regarding prevention and protection from needle stick injury.

Conclusion
It was concluded from this study that hepatitis B vaccination is necessary to prevent needle stick injury and proper instruments/guidelines should be given to all health related professionals in order to minimize the risk of bloodborne infections through needle stick injury.

How to cite this article
Ikram K, Siddiqui HK, Maqbool S, Altaf M, Khan S. Frequency of Needle Stick Injury among Dental Students and Dentists of Karachi. World J Dent 2015;6(4): 213-216.