bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emla®-cream as pain relief during pneumococcal vaccination
Authors: Duse B. Olsson , Sporrong Y. , Skoglund K. , Bartocci M. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Background
Pneumococcal vaccination for children was introduced in Sweden in 2009. For more than two decades, previous studies have shown that anesthetic cream Emla® has good effect in reducing vaccine-related pain. Even today health care workers claim “children forget quickly, and it (the pain) goes away”, this ignorance causes pain in children not treated or treated in one for the child and his guardians satisfactorily way.

Purpose
The purpose of this intervention study was to compare the effect of Emla® cream for pain relief or no pain relief in connection with the first pneumococcal vaccination at three months of age in child healthcare.

Method
The study included 72 children who, at three months of age received their first pneumococcal vaccine (Prevenar 13®). The children were randomized, 36 children received pneumococcal vaccination with placebo cream and the other 36 children received the intervention, Emla®-cream.

Result
The result shows that anesthetic cream Emla® significantly reduces pain when FLACC is used as a pain assessment tool and the children begin to cry significantly later than children who received placebo cream. An interesting secondary finding of the study was that the younger the child was the stronger was the reaction to pain.

Conclusion
The infant needs to be treated as an autonomous individual with full integrity. We recommend Emla® to be used and applied in vaccination when the children are three-, five- and twelve months.
Biomarkers for neuropathic pain – Is the old alpha-1-antitrypsin any good?
Authors: Bäckryd E. , Gerdle B. , Ghafouri B. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Aims
In a previous comparative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis study [1], we described seven cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins highly discriminating between neuropathic pain patients and healthy controls. The aims of the present follow-up work were to examine the multivariate inter-correlations between all identified isoforms of these seven proteins. The focus was not on discriminant analysis but rather on the internal correlation structure between these proteins in healthy controls vs neuropathic pain patients. Our hypothesis was that neuropathic pain is associated with a disrupted correlation structure between these protein isoforms. Moreover, focusing on the patients, we wanted to regress clinical pain parameters (pain intensity and pain duration), using all the proteomic data (260 proteins) of our previous study [1] as predictor variables, thereby testing the hypothesis that the abovementioned seven discriminating proteins and/or their isoforms would be among the proteins having the highest predictive power for clinical parameters.

Methods
Biochemical identification of isoforms of the above mentioned seven proteins. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to describe and compare the correlation structures of patients vs. healthy controls, and orthogonal partial least square (OPLS) analysis was used to regress clinical parameters [2,3].

Results
We identified 5 isoforms of angiotensinogen, 18 isoforms or fragments of alpha-1-antitrypsin, 5 isoforms of haptoglobin, and 5 isoforms of pigment epithelium derived factor. In patients and using PCA, a down-regulated fragment of alpha-1-antitrypsin correlated to another up-regulated fragment of alpha-1-antitrypsin, indicating a possible physiological relationship. The OPLS regression of clinical parameters in patients also seems to yield interesting results (work in progress).

Conclusions
Some of the seven proteins that were the main results of our previous study [1] reappear in different ways in the results of the present study. This strengthens our interest in characterizing the nature of their post-translational modifications.
Acute bilateral experimental neck pain: Reorganise axioscapular and trunk muscle activity during slow resisted arm movements
Authors: Christensen S.W. , Hirata R.P. , Graven-Nielsen T. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Aims
Neck pain is frequent and many develop on-going neck pain after the initial onset. Studies on clinical neck pain suggested that altered axioscapular muscle activity may be an important factor in on-going neck pain. This study investigates the effect of bilateral experimental neck pain on axioscapular muscle activity during standardised resisted arm movements.

Methods
25 healthy participants were recruited for this single blinded cross-over study. Experimental pain was induced by bilateral injection of hypertonic saline into the splenius capitis muscle. Isotonic saline was used as a control. Pain intensity was recorded using an electronic visual analogue scale (VAS; 0-10 cm). Participants performed standardised arm movements, from a seated position, while wearing 1 kg wrist weights. Six arm abduction movements (30° to frontal plane, 3 per side) were performed to an angle of 140°. Each movement consisted of two 3 s phases (up/down) and was separated by a 6 s break, before moving the opposite arm. Surface electromyography (EMG) was recoded from 8 bilateral muscles. Recordings were done before, immediately after, and 5 min after the experimental pain. Root-mean-square (RMS) of the EMG signals were extracted for each muscle and averaged for the 3 trials. Data was compared between sides and no differences were identified after which data was pooled for further analysis.

Results
During the painful condition for the slow upward movement, a reduced RMS-EMG activity was found for the ipsilateral upper trapezius (P< 0.01). In addition, increased RMS-EMG was found bilaterally for the erector spinae muscle (P< 0.01).

Conclusion
Bilateral experimental neck reorganise axioscapular and trunk muscle activity during resisted, slow upward movement. The results of this supports previous studies on neck pain patients suggesting neck pain is linked to axioscapular function and underpins the necessity to include the shoulder girdle in assessment and rehabilitation of neck pain patients.
Mast cell proteases protect against histaminergic itch and attenuate tissue injury pain responses
Authors: Magnúsdóttir E.I. , Grujic M. , Pejler G. , Lagerström M.C. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Aims
Mast cell proteases comprise up to 25% of the total protein content within mast cells and have various functions that are still poorly understood but can be either protective or pro-inflammatory.Three ofthose proteases in mice have been identified as the closest functional homologues to human mast cell proteases, and in this currently ongoing study we are investigating if they play a role in itch and tissue injury pain, and if they do, what the possible mechanism behind that could be.

Methods
Knock-out mice were generated, lacking either one or multiple proteases. To evaluate itch, the animals (n = 8–10) were injected intradermally with histaminergic (histamine, compound 48/80) and non-histaminergic (protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) agonist, chloroquine) pruritic substances and their itch behavior over 1 h scored. Formalin injection (n = 20) in the hind paw was used as a model for tissue injury pain, where the mice were monitored for pain behavior for 1 h following the injection. Age and gender matched C57BL/6 mice were used as controls.

Results
Mice lacking three of the proteases had twice as many scratching episodes in response to histamine (P =0.016) and compound 48/80 (P =0.034) than controls. The non-histaminergic substances chloroqine and PAR2 are more potent pruritogens but difference was not seen in itch levels between genotypes. Furthermore, the protease-deficient mice exhibited a more pronounced pain response during the inflammatory stage (10–60 min after formalin injection, P = 0.025) of the tissue injury test.

Conclusions
The mouse mast cell proteases have a protective role against histaminergic itch and in acute inflammation following a tissue injury. The exact mechanism remains unclear at present as the proteases cleave a variety of different pro-inflammatory substrates and can act in complimentary fashion by cleaving the same substrates but at different sites.
Reversal of thermal and mechanical allodynia with pregabalin in a mouse model of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Magnúsdóttir R. , Fisher A. , Chenu C. , Upton N. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Aims
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a dose limiting side effect in the use of the platinum-based antineoplastic drug oxaliplatin as a treatment for colorectal cancer. Currently there is no treatment available to reverse the neurotoxicity which presents as pain, sensory loss and cold allodynia in up to 80% of patients. The aim of this study is to investigate if pregabalin can reverse the allodynia caused by oxaliplatin in CIPN.

Methods
CIPN was induced in 10 male C57BL/6 mice (6 weeks-old) with a single intraperitoneal injection of oxaliplatin (15 mg/kg i.p.). Signs of thermal and mechanical allodynia were assessed from baseline to 20 days after injection by Cold/Hot plate (Bioseb, France) at 20 °C and hand-held von Frey (vF) hairs of gradually increasing weights. Pregabalin (3 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg p.o.) was administered to treat CIPN.

Results
Mechanical and thermal allodynia were established 3 days post-oxaliplatin injection and remained stable for 14 days. At day 15, pregabalin (3 mg/kg p.o.) reversed mechanical allodynia to baseline scores at 2 h (H) post-dosing and thermal allodynia at 1 and 2H post-dosing. Following a 2-day wash out where scores returned to neuropathic baseline, pregabalin (10 mg/kg p.o.) reverted scores for mechanical and thermal allodynia to baseline scores at both 1 and 2H. Thermal testing was performed either immediately after vF or alone and our results were similar, showing no iatrogenic effects of vF on thermal sensitivity. Correlation analysis of the responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli showed no significant trend, indicating that oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy affects the mechanical and thermal modalities in different ways.

Conclusion
Oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy as measured by thermal and mechanical allodynia is reversible by a single dose of pregabalin.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 642720. RM is funded by a Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 642720 doing a joint PhD with the Royal Veterinary Collage and Transpharmation Ltd. AF and NU are employees of Transpharmation Ltd.
Transoral robotic surgery frontiers
Authors: Bekeny James R. , Ozer Enver 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTransoral robotic surgery is a exciting field that continues to develop and push the boundaries of current procedural ability and challenges historical treatment paradigms. With the first use of a surgical robot in 1985, to the first clinical use of the robot transorally in 2005, there was some lag in adoption of robotic techniques in the head and neck region. However, since 2005 transoral robotic surgery has rapidly gained momentum amongst head and neck surgeons. With FDA approval of the da Vinci robot in 2009, transoral robotic surgery is currently offered as a treatment modality for malignant and nonmalignant disease of the head and neck region. This new technology is being used to reconsider historical treatment paradigms for malignancies of the upper aerodigestive tract due to the fact that minimally invasive surgical access to the oropharynx and larynx has been improved. Along with this enhanced access have come innovative procedures and uses of the technology for multiple facets of head and neck disease. Technology continues to improve and innovation in surgical robotics is expected to continue as more companies attempt to capture this market. This article aims to provide a view at the landscape of transoral robotic surgery and explore the future frontiers.
A Description of the Imperial College Arc-Heated Wind Tunnel
Authors: Harvey J. K. , Simpkins P. G. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThis paper describes the plasma jet which has recently been put into operation in tha Department of Aeronautics. A brief outline of the apparatus and its equipment is given, and methods are described for obtaining data from the high temperature gas stream. Finally some results of a recent test programme are outlined.
A Further Note on the Production of Peaked Velocity Profiles
Authors: Saunders A. , Morgan P. G. 
Published: July 2016

In many internal flow problems, the velocity profile of the flow in a duct is of major importance. A recent survey has shown that the study of the effect of different velocity profiles on the performance of various components has been hampered because no general means of generating profiles was available.Livesey, Parker and Jones have described a baffle specially developed in connection with gas turbine combustion chamber work, with which velocity profiles can be generated, having Vmax/Vmean ratios of up to 1·42, for an inlet profile of Vmax/Vmean = 1.15.
MAMLUKS IN OTTOMAN TUNISIA: A CATEGORY CONNECTING STATE AND SOCIAL FORCES
Authors: Oualdi M'hamed 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis essay examines how administrative documents categorized the mamluks who served Ottoman governors of Tunis from the early 18th to the mid-19th century. The categorization of these state slaves-cum-servants illuminates three issues, namely, the relationships between Islamic states and societies, interactions between the Ottoman Empire and its provinces, and forms of military slavery around the globe. Seeing registers, letters, and historical chronicles as spaces of interaction allows us to break free from an a priori definition of mamluks. By exploring how slaves and servants contributed to defining themselves in administrative documents, I not only argue for a new understanding of the mamluk category, but also show that mamluks did not separate state and society. On the contrary, in the Tunisian case, mamluks connected the state to various imperial and provincial social forces.
JUSTICE FOR JEWS FROM ARAB COUNTRIES AND THE REBRANDING OF THE JEWISH REFUGEE
Authors: Zamkanei Shayna 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSince its founding in 2002, the group Justice for Jews from Arab Countries (JJAC) has appealed to governments, international organizations, and Jewish communities worldwide to recognize post-1948 Jewish emigrants from Arab countries as refugees. Yet prominent scholars, Israeli government officials, and Jewish political activists in Israel and the United States have traditionally opposed this designation. Why, then, have JJAC's efforts met with success? This article draws on the experiences of JJAC and its predecessor, the World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries, as well as the claims of their critics, to argue that JJAC's accomplishments are due to the organization's ability to extricate the term “refugee” from a Zionist discursive context and to apply it within the framework of international law and human rights.
THE FUNDAMENTALIST DILEMMA: LESSONS FROM THE ISRAELI HAREDI CASE
Authors: Fisher Netanel 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article explores the “fundamentalist dilemma,” or how fundamentalist movements participate in secular political systems, especially when they gain prominent political positions that allow them to impose their extreme ideology on the entire society. After analyzing prevailing responses to this dilemma, ranging from political integration to aggressive takeover, the article turns to the case of Israeli Haredim. It explores three models of political integration through which Haredim have applied religious practices in the public sphere: protest, consolidation, and takeover. The study's main finding is that, opposite to a commonly accepted assumption that fundamentalists’ integration into secular politics causes them to moderate, the more political power that fundamentalists accrue the stronger is their tendency to promote their religious agenda. Yet the Israeli Haredi case also reveals the limitations of this tendency: fundamentalists often restrain their expansionist instinct when having to take nonfundamentalist reactions into consideration.
Five Decades of the Aero Engine
Authors: Banks F. R. 
Published: July 2016

I am very happy to give this lecture and since it is in the nature of an historical review I make no apologies for requoting something I wrote on another occasion: —
“The late Henry Ford is alleged to have said, ‘History is bunk’; which does not, of course, accord with the general view. Well-written and authenticated history is of great value to those willing to learn from it, but one should not lean upon the achievements of the past to progress towards the future.“I will, later in this lecture, show a film on the turbojet engine, which is a good example of this modern method of putting across educational and instructional matter on products and processes.
FADE TO BLACK
Authors: Jiménez Tomás R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIncreasingly, African Americans find themselves living side-by-side with immigrant newcomers from Latin America, the largest source of today’s immigrant population. Research on “Black/Brown” relations tends to a priori define groupness in ethnoracial terms and gloss over potential nuance in inter-group relations. Taking an inductive approach to understanding how African Americans interpret the boundaries that result from immigration-driven change, this paper draws on fieldwork among African Americans in East Palo Alto, California, a Black-majority-turned-Latino-majority city, to examine how African Americans construct multiple symbolic boundaries in the context of a Latino-immigrant settlement. Blacks’ rendering of these boundaries at the communal level invokesethnoracialboundaries as a source of significant division. They see Latinos as having overwhelmed Black material and symbolic prowess. However, accounts of inter-personal interactions evince symbolic boundaries defined bylanguageandneighborhood tenurethat render ethnoracial boundaries porous. Respondents note intra-group differences among Latinos, pointing out how the ability to speak English and long-time residence in the neighborhood are important factors facilitating ties and cooperation across ethnoracial boundaries. The findings point to the importance ofintra-ethnoracial-group differences forinter-ethnoracial-group attitudes and relations. Adopting ethnographic and survey research practices that treat boundaries as multiplex will better capture how growingintra-ethnoracial-group diversity shapes inter-ethnoracial-group relations.
IMMIGRANT RIGHTS IN A DEEP SOUTH CITY
Authors: Williams Kim M. , Hannon Lonnie 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn 2010, the Alabama GOP took control of the state legislature for the first time since Reconstruction. The next year, in a sharply partisan vote, the legislature passed, and Governor Robert Bentley (R) signed into law, the Beason-Hammon Alabama Taxpayer and Citizen Protection Act, also known as House Bill 56, the harshest immigration law in the country. This punitive state law was the impetus for Black elites in Birmingham to frame the immigration debate as a matter of civil rights and thus to see the issue in a new light. When Alabama Republicans moved to the Right on immigration, Black leaders in Birmingham moved Left. In this study, backed up by an event analysis of local newspapers, an analysis of interviews with members of the Black elite in Birmingham in 2013, who were previously interviewed in 2007, helps to substantiate this claim. In the summer of 2007, against the backdrop of an immigration debate in Washington, our Black elite study participants largely told us they had no stake in immigration. By 2013, many were willing to fight for immigrant rights at the highest level.
MBTPS2 mutations cause defective regulated intramembrane proteolysis in X-linked osteogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Lindert Uschi , Cabral Wayne A. , Ausavarat Surasawadee , Tongkobpetch Siraprapa , Ludin Katja , Barnes Aileen M. , Yeetong Patra , Weis Maryann , Krabichler Birgit , Srichomthong Chalurmpon , Makareeva Elena N. , Janecke Andreas R. , Leikin Sergey , Röthlisberger Benno , Rohrbach Marianne , Kennerknecht Ingo , Eyre David R. , Suphapeetiporn Kanya , Giunta Cecilia , Marini Joan C. , Shotelersuk Vorasuk 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOsteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a collagen-related bone dysplasia. We identified an X-linked recessive form of OI caused by defects in MBTPS2, which encodes site-2 metalloprotease (S2P). MBTPS2 missense mutations in two independent kindreds with moderate/severe OI cause substitutions at highly conserved S2P residues. Mutant S2P has normal stability, but impaired functioning in regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) of OASIS, ATF6 and SREBP transcription factors, consistent with decreased proband secretion of type I collagen. Further, hydroxylation of the collagen lysine residue (K87) critical for crosslinking is reduced in proband bone tissue, consistent with decreased lysyl hydroxylase 1 in proband osteoblasts. Reduced collagen crosslinks presumptively undermine bone strength. Also, proband osteoblasts have broadly defective differentiation. These mutations provide evidence that RIP plays a fundamental role in normal bone development.
A combined cryo-EM and molecular dynamics approach reveals the mechanism of ErmBL-mediated translation arrest
Authors: Arenz Stefan , Bock Lars V. , Graf Michael , Innis C. Axel , Beckmann Roland , Grubmüller Helmut , Vaiana Andrea C. , Wilson Daniel N. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractNascent polypeptides can induce ribosome stalling, regulating downstream genes. Stalling of ErmBL peptide translation in the presence of the macrolide antibiotic erythromycin leads to resistance in Streptococcus sanguis. To reveal this stalling mechanism we obtained 3.6-Å-resolution cryo-EM structures of ErmBL-stalled ribosomes with erythromycin. The nascent peptide adopts an unusual conformation with the C-terminal Asp10 side chain in a previously unseen rotated position. Together with molecular dynamics simulations, the structures indicate that peptide-bond formation is inhibited by displacement of the peptidyl-tRNA A76 ribose from its canonical position, and by non-productive interactions of the A-tRNA Lys11 side chain with the A-site crevice. These two effects combine to perturb peptide-bond formation by increasing the distance between the attacking Lys11 amine and the Asp10 carbonyl carbon. The interplay between drug, peptide and ribosome uncovered here also provides insight into the fundamental mechanism of peptide-bond formation.
Action potential broadening in a presynaptic channelopathy
Authors: Begum Rahima , Bakiri Yamina , Volynski Kirill E. , Kullmann Dimitri M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBrain development and interictal function are unaffected in many paroxysmal neurological channelopathies, possibly explained by homoeostatic plasticity of synaptic transmission. Episodic ataxia type 1 is caused by missense mutations of the potassium channel Kv1.1, which is abundantly expressed in the terminals of cerebellar basket cells. Presynaptic action potentials of small inhibitory terminals have not been characterized, and it is not known whether developmental plasticity compensates for the effects of Kv1.1 dysfunction. Here we use visually targeted patch-clamp recordings from basket cell terminals of mice harbouring an ataxia-associated mutation and their wild-type littermates. Presynaptic spikes are followed by a pronounced afterdepolarization, and are broadened by pharmacological blockade of Kv1.1 or by a dominant ataxia-associated mutation. Somatic recordings fail to detect such changes. Spike broadening leads to increased Ca2+ influx and GABA release, and decreased spontaneous Purkinje cell firing. We find no evidence for developmental compensation for inherited Kv1.1 dysfunction.