bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Commercial Exceptions to Foreign State Immunity
Authors: Douglas Michael , Carr Claudia 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe Foreign States Immunities Act 1985 (Cth) provides that foreign states are immune to the jurisdiction of Australian courts, and that their property is immune from execution. Those immunities are subject to important ‘commercial exceptions’. First, foreign states are not immune in Australian proceedings insofar as they concern a ‘commercial transaction’. Second, foreign states are not immune from execution in respect of ‘commercial property’. The distinction between the commercial and the non-commercial may be difficult to pin down. With reference to recent case law, including the High Court's decision in Firebird Global Master Fund II Ltd v Republic of Nauru (2015) 258 CLR 31, this article aims to articulate the scope of the commercial exceptions. It is argued that the scope of the commercial transaction exception is uncertain, and depends on courts’ approach to the task of characterisation. It is also argued that the commercial property exception is undesirably narrow, and will present a recurring impediment to the vindication of private rights.
Perbaikan tanah melalui mediasi hayati [Bio-mediated soil improvement]
Authors: GOENADI Didiek H 
Published: November 2017

Soil properties unsuitable to support physical requirements oftenly become problems in utilizing it for agricultural as well as construction purposes. Most common practice to overcome the problems is by applying chemical agent which are not only expensive but also un-enviromentally friendly. Therefore, it is imperative to seek a new, sustainable, and innovative technology to improve mechanical soil properties. Many researches gave opportunity to utilize microbes for this idea. However, the direct application of this technology faces some handicaps in the field, i.e. soil and pore fluid interaction, bio-augmentation verses bio-stimulation of microbial community, controlled distribution of bio-mediated calcite precipitation, and permanence cementation. This article aims at providing a general overview regarding technological development to improve soil mechanical properties suitable for construction by applying microbes.
Long-term Trends in Antidiabetes Drug Usage in the U.S.: Real-world Evidence in Patients Newly Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Montvida Olga , Shaw Jonathan , Atherton John J. , Stringer Frances , Paul Sanjoy K. 
Published: November 2017

OJBECTIVE
To explore temporal trends in antidiabetes drug (ADD) prescribing and intensification patterns, along with glycemic levels and comorbidities, and possible benefits of novel ADDs in delaying the need for insulin initiation in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Patients with type 2 diabetes aged 18–80 years, who initiated any ADD, were selected (n = 1,023,340) from the U.S. Centricity Electronic Medical Records. Those who initiated second-line ADD after first-line metformin were identified (subcohort 1, n = 357,482); the third-line therapy choices were further explored.

RESULTS
From 2005 to 2016, first-line use increased for metformin (60–77%) and decreased for sulfonylureas (20–8%). During a mean follow-up of 3.4 years post metformin, 48% initiated a second ADD at a mean HbA1c of 8.4%. In subcohort 1, although sulfonylurea usage as second-line treatment decreased (60–46%), it remained the most popular second ADD choice. Use increased for insulin (7–17%) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) (0.4–21%). The rates of intensification with insulin and sulfonylureas did not decline over the last 10 years. The restricted mean time to insulin initiation was marginally longer in second-line DPP-4i (7.1 years) and in the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist group (6.6 years) compared with sulfonylurea (6.3 years, P &lt; 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
Most patients initiate second-line therapy at elevated HbA1c levels, with highly heterogeneous clinical characteristics across ADD classes. Despite the introduction of newer therapies, sulfonylureas remained the most popular second-line agent, and the rates of intensification with sulfonylureas and insulin remained consistent over time. The incretin-based therapies were associated with a small delay in the need for therapy intensification compared with sulfonylureas.
Genetic testing in translational ophthalmology
Authors: Abeshi Andi , Precone Vincenza , Beccari Tommaso , Dundar Munis , Falsini Benedetto , Bertelli Matteo 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Inherited eye diseases are a group of conditions with genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Advances in ocular genetic research have provided insights into the genetic basis of many eye diseases. Genetic and technological progress is improving the management and care of patients with inherited eye diseases. Diagnostic laboratories continue to develop strategies with high specificity and sensitivity that reduce the costs and time required for genetic testing. The introduction of next generation sequencing technologies has significantly advanced the identification of new gene candidates and has expanded the scope of genetic testing. Gene therapy offers an important opportunity to target causative genetic mutations. There are clinical trials of treatments involving vector-based eye gene therapies, and a significant number of loci and genes now have a role in the diagnosis and treatment of human eye diseases. Applied genetic technology heralds the development of individualized treatments, ushering ophthalmology into the field of personalized medicine. Many therapeutic strategies have demonstrated efficacy in preclinical studies and have entered the clinical trial phase. In this paper we review the topic of genetic testing in inherited eye diseases. We provide some background information about genetic counseling and genetic testing in ophthalmology and discuss how genetic testing can be helpful to patients and families with inherited eye diseases.
Pharmacologically active fractions of Sideritis spp. and their use in inherited eye diseases
Authors: Abeshi Andi , Precone Vincenza , Beccari Tommaso , Dundar Munis , Falsini Benedetto , Bertelli Matteo 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The main constituents of the genus Sideritis are various terpenoids, sterols, coumarins, flavonoid aglycones and glycosides. Sideritis species have been traditionally used as infusions or flavoring agents and in medicine as anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antispasmodic and analgesic agents. This paper includes the following sections: Introduction, Description and distribution of Sideritis spp, Pharmacological effects, Toxicity tests, Rationale for use of Sideritis spp. in ophthalmology and Conclusions. The aim is to provide a comprehensive overview on the botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of the genus Sideritis, and to establish the scientific basis of its pharmacological use. New approaches to using officinal plants have recently yielded significant results. The paper also reviews this information and provides a critical view on the options for exploiting the potential of Sideritis spp. in ophthalmology.
Genetic testing for Bietti crystalline dystrophy
Authors: Abeshi Andi , Bruson Alice , Beccari Tommaso , Dundar Munis , Ziccardi Lucia , Bertelli Matteo 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
We studied the scientific literature and disease guidelines in order to summarize the clinical utility of the genetic test for Bietti crystalline dystrophy (BCD). The disease has autosomal recessive inheritance, a prevalence of 1 per 67 000, and is caused by mutations in the CYP4V2 gene. Clinical diagnosis is based on clinical findings, ophthalmological examination, electroretinography and optical coherence tomography. The genetic test is useful for confirming diagnosis, and for differential diagnosis, couple risk assessment and access to clinical trials.
Genetic testing for central areolar choroidal dystrophy
Authors: Abeshi Andi , Fanelli Francesca , Beccari Tommaso , Dundar Munis , Falsini Benedetto , Bertelli Matteo 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
We studied the scientific literature and disease guidelines in order to summarize the clinical utility of the genetic test for central areolar choroidal dystrophy (CACD). CACD is mostly inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Transmission is rarely autosomal recessive. Overall prevalence is currently 1-9 per 100 000. CACD is caused by mutations in the PRPH2 and GUCY2D genes. Clinical diagnosis is based on clinical findings, ophthalmological examination, fluorescein angiography, electroretinography (showing cone dystrophy) and stereo fundus photography. The genetic test is useful for confirming diagnosis, and for differential diagnosis, couple risk assessment and access to clinical trials.
Genetic testing for corneal dystrophies and other corneal Mendelian diseases
Authors: Abeshi Andi , Fanelli Francesca , Beccari Tommaso , Dundar Munis , Viola Francesco , Colombo Leonardo , Bertelli Matteo 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
We studied the scientific literature and disease guidelines in order to summarize the clinical utility of the genetic test for corneal dystrophies and other Mendelian corneal diseases (CDs). CDs are mostly inherited in an autosomal dominant manner (autosomal recessive inheritance is rare). The overall prevalence is currently unknown. CDs are caused by mutations in the AGBL1, CHST6, COL8A2, DCN, GSN, KRT12, KRT3, NLRP1, PAX6, PIKFYVE, PRDM5, SLC4A11, TACSTD2, TCF4, TGFBI, UBIAD1, VSX1, ZEB1, and ZNF469 genes. Clinical diagnosis is based on clinical findings, ophthalmological examination, confocal microscopy and slit-lamp biomicroscopy. The genetic test is useful for confirming diagnosis and for differential diagnosis, couple risk assessment and access to clinical trials.
Genetic testing for Doyne honeycomb retinal dystrophy
Authors: Abeshi Andi , Coppola Pamela , Beccari Tommaso , Dundar Munis , Ziccardi Lucia , Bertelli Matteo 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
We studied the scientific literature and disease guidelines in order to summarize the clinical utility of genetic testing for Doyne honeycomb retinal dystrophy (DHRD). The disease has an autosomal dominant inheritance and is caused by variations in the EFEMP1 gene. There is insufficient data to establish the prevalence of DHRD. Clinical diagnosis is based on clinical findings, ophthalmological examination, electroretinography, fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography. The genetic test is useful for confirming diagnosis, and for differential diagnosis, couple risk assessment and access to clinical trials.
Genetic testing for Mendelian myopia
Authors: Abeshi Andi , Coppola Pamela , Beccari Tommaso , Dundar Munis , Colombo Leonardo , Bertelli Matteo 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
We studied the scientific literature and disease guidelines in order to summarize the clinical utility of genetic testing for Mendelian myopia (MM), a large and heterogeneous group of inherited refraction disorders. Variations in the SLC39A5, SCO2 and COL2A1 genes have an autosomal dominant transmission, whereas those in the LRPAP1, P3H2, LRP2 and SLITRK6 genes have autosomal recessive transmission. The prevalence of MM is currently unknown. Clinical diagnosis is based on clinical findings, family history, ophthalmological examination and other tests depending on complications. The genetic test is useful for confirming diagnosis, and for differential diagnosis, couple risk assessment and access to clinical trials.
Genetic testing for ocular albinism and oculocutaneous albinism
Authors: Abeshi Andi , Marinelli Carla , Beccari Tommaso , Dundar Munis , Falsini Benedetto , Bertelli Matteo 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
We studied the scientific literature and disease guidelines in order to summarize the clinical utility of genetic testing for ocular albinism and oculocutaneous albinism. Ocular albinism has X-linked recessive inheritance, with a prevalence that varies from 1/40000 to 1/1000000, and is caused by mutations in the GPR143 and CACNA1F genes. Oculocutaneous albinism has autosomal recessive inheritance, with an overall prevalence of 1/17000, and is caused by mutations in the TYR, OCA2, TYRP1, SLC45A2, SLC24A5 and C10orf11 genes. Clinical diagnosis involves ophthalmological examination, testing of visually evoked potentials (VEP) and electrophysiological testing (ERG). The genetic test is useful for confirming diagnosis, differential diagnosis, for couple risk assessment and access to clinical trials.
Genetic testing for optic atrophy
Authors: Abeshi Andi , Bruson Alice , Beccari Tommaso , Dundar Munis , Falsini Benedetto , Bertelli Matteo 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
We studied the scientific literature and disease guidelines in order to summarize the clinical utility of the genetic test for optic atrophy (OA). OA is mostly inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, rarely in an autosomal recessive manner, with an overall prevalence of 3/100,000 live births. It is caused by mutations in the OPA1, OPA3 and TMEM126A genes. Clinical diagnosis is based on clinical findings, ophthalmological examination, OCT, visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and electroretinography. The genetic test is useful for confirming diagnosis, differential diagnosis, couple risk assessment and access to clinical trials.
Genetic testing for Refsum disease
Authors: Abeshi Andi , Zulian Alessandra , Beccari Tommaso , Dundar Munis , D’Esposito Fabiana , Bertelli Matteo 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
We reviewed the scientific literature and disease guidelines in order to summarize the clinical utility of genetic testing for Refsum disease. The disease has autosomal recessive inheritance, unknown prevalence, and is caused by variations in PEX7 and PHYH genes. Clinical diagnosis is based on clinical findings, ophthalmological examination, electroretinography, optical coherence tomography and phytanic acid assay. The genetic test is useful for confirming diagnosis, for differential diagnosis, couple risk assessment and access to clinical trials.
Genetic testing for non syndromic retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Abeshi Andi , Bruson Alice , Beccari Tommaso , Dundar Munis , D’Esposito Fabiana , Bertelli Matteo 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
We reviewed the scientific literature and disease guidelines in order to summarize the clinical utility of genetic testing for non syndromic retinitis pigmentosa (NSRP). NSRP is determined by variations in the ABCA4, AGBL5, ARL2BP, ARL6, BBS2, BEST1, C2orf71, C8orf37, CA4, CDHR1, CERKL, CLRN1, CNGA1, CNGB1, CRB1, CRX, DHDDS, EYS, FAM161A, FSCN2, GUCA1B, HGSNAT, IDH3B, IFT140, IFT172, IMPDH1, IMPG2, KIZ, KLHL7, LRAT, MAK, MERTK, NEK2, NR2E3, NRL, OFD1, PDE6A, PDE6B, PDE6G, POMGNT1, PRCD, PROM1, PRPF3, PRPF31, PRPF4, PRPF6, PRPF8, PRPH2, RBP3, RDH12, RGR, RHO, RLBP1, ROM1, RP1, RP2, RP9, RPE65, RPGR, SAG, SEMA4A, SLC7A14, SNRNP200, SPATA7, TOPORS, TTC8, TULP1, USH2A, ZNF408 and ZNF513 genes. Its overall prevalence is 1 per 4000. It is mostly inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, fewer genes have autosomal dominant or X-linked recessive transmission. Clinical diagnosis is based on clinical findings, ophthalmological examination, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit lamp biomicroscopy, fundus autofluorescence, electroretinography, color vision testing and optical coherence tomography. The genetic test is useful for confirming diagnosis, and for differential diagnosis, couple risk assessment and access to clinical trials.
Genetic testing for Usher syndrome
Authors: Abeshi Andi , Bruson Alice , Beccari Tommaso , Dundar Munis , Colombo Leonardo , Bertelli Matteo 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
We studied the scientific literature and disease guidelines in order to summarize the clinical utility of genetic testing for Usher syndrome (USH). USH is mostly transmitted in an autosomal recessive manner and is caused by variations in the ADGRV1, CDH23, CIB2, CLRN1, HARS, MYO7A, PCDH15, PDZD7, USH1C, USH1G, USH2A, WHRN genes. Prevalence is estimated to be 1:30,000. Clinical diagnosis is based on audiogram, vestibular tests, visual acuity test, fundus examination, color test, optical coherence tomography and electroretinography. The genetic test is useful for confirming diagnosis, and for differential diagnosis, couple risk assessment and access to clinical trials.
Genetic testing for X-linked juvenile retinoschisis
Authors: Abeshi Andi , Bruson Alice , Beccari Tommaso , Dundar Munis , D’Esposito Fabiana , Bertelli Matteo 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
We studied the scientific literature and disease guidelines in order to summarize the clinical utility of genetic testing for X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (XJR). The disease has X-linked inheritance, a prevalence that varies from one in 5000 to one in 25000 males, and is caused by mutations in the RS1 gene. Clinical diagnosis is based on clinical findings, ophthalmological examination, electroretinography and optical coherence tomography. The genetic test is useful for confirming diagnosis, and for differential diagnosis, couple risk assessment and access to clinical trials.
Prisión preventiva y reforma de la justicia penal. Una exploración sociológica sobre el caso de la Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina
Authors: Sozzo Máximo , Somaglia Maialén 
Published: November 2017

En Argentina la centralidad de la prisión preventiva y su utilización extendida son rasgos fundamentales del funcionamiento de la justicia penal. En los últimos treinta años se han producido una serie de procesos de reforma de la justicia penal, a nivel latinoamericano, que han tratado de cambiar la dinámica de su funcionamiento. En la provincia de Santa Fe, particularmente, estos cambios se han materializado en la sanción de un nuevo Código Procesal Penal en el año 2007. En éste artículo mencionaremos una serie de interpretaciones posibles sobre las modificaciones en el uso de la prisión preventiva en el marco del nuevo proceso penal, partiendo del análisis de una serie de datos estadísticos sobre la población privada de su libertad en establecimientos penitenciarios y policiales en el territorio de la provincia y del análisis de entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a los agentes de de la nueva justicia penal del centro y norte de la Provincia de Santa Fe.
Protección Penal: una lectura posible a las propuestas de baja de la edad de imputabilidad
Authors: Morales José E. 
Published: November 2017

Frente a un “nuevo” debate sobre la Ley Penal Juvenil en nuestro país, es dado observar aquello que se repite:un acontecimiento “extraordinario” que presume la participación de un joven –no cualquier joven-, relevancia en la agenda mediática, repercusión en la opinión pública, interpelación al poder legislativo, la baja de la edad de imputabilidad como variable más significativa en las propuestas de reforma.
Partiendo de un recorrido por los proyectos de Ley Penal Juvenil que en el periodo 2012-2017 se han propuesto reemplazar el Régimen Penal de la Minoridad vigente en nuestro país, el presente artículo presenta una serie de elementos que permiten una lectura posible sobre la persistencia de la baja de la edad de imputabilidad en la gran mayoría de dichos proyectos: la dinámica de individuación que subyace de los modelos de política social en el diseño de programas dirigidos hacia niños, niñas y adolescentes y la conjunción del Estado de su faceta de restitución y protección de derechos con su rol de intervención penal. Para ello tomaremos como referencia el análisis de Silvia Guemureman sobre los modelos de política social en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.
El accionar de los “fondos buitre”: una caracterización a partir del conflicto con la República Argentina
Authors: Val María Emilia 
Published: November 2017

En los últimos años, los llamados "fondos buitre" se han constituido en uno de los principales temas de la agenda política, jurídica, económica y académica internacional. El caso argentino ha mostrado las consecuencias del accionar especulativo de estos actores para los procesos de reestructuración de deuda soberana y revivido la discusión en torno a iniciativas de reforma en la arquitectura financiera internacional. En este escrito, describiremos la estrategia buitre, las condiciones históricas que permitieron la consolidación de la misma y la evolución de los litigios contra países soberanos para finalmente centrarnos en el desarrollo del recientemente concluido conflicto entre la República Argentina y sus acreedores holdouts.
El cambio de la Look East Policy a la Act East Policy en India
Authors: Baroni Paola Andrea , Dussort Maria Noel 
Published: November 2017

La Look East Policy marcó la forma en que la India se ha vinculado con sus vecinos del Sudeste Asiático desde 1991. Inicialmente enfocada en los aspectos comerciales, su objeto se amplió hacia la construcción de vínculos económicos, institucionales y de seguridad y defensa. La administración de Narendra Modi rebautizó este acercamiento como Act East Policy, propiciando una acción mayor.
El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar las principales acciones hacia el Sudeste Asiático en lo económico-comercial, institucional y de seguridad, así como los resultados obtenidos en la última década y los desafíos que se presentan a futuro.
Surface confinement induces the formation of solid-like insulating ionic liquid nanostructures
Authors: Galluzzi Massimiliano , Bovio Simone , Milani Paolo , Podestà Alessandro 
Published: November 2017

We report on the modification of the electric properties of the imidazolium-based [BMIM][NTf2] ionic liquid upon surface confinement in the sub-monolayer regime. Solid-like insulating nanostructures of [BMIM][NTf2] spontaneously form on a variety of insulating substrates, at odd with the liquid and conductive nature of the same substances in the bulk phase. A systematic spatially resolved investigation by atomic force microscopy of the morphological, mechanical and electrical properties of [BMIM][NTf2] nanostructures showed that this liquid substance rearranges into lamellar nanostructures with a high degree of vertical order and enhanced resistance to mechanical compressive stresses and very intense electric fields, denoting a solid-like character. The morphological and structural reorganization has a profound impact on the electric properties of supported [BMIM][NTf2] islands, which behave like insulator layers with a relative dielectric constant between 3 and 5, comparable to those of conventional ionic solids, and significantly smaller than those measured in the bulk ionic liquid. These results suggest that in the solid-like ordered domains confined either at surfaces or inside the pores of the nanoporous electrodes of photo-electrochemical devices, the ionic mobility and the overall electrical properties can be significantly perturbed with respect to the bulk liquid phase, which would likely influence theperformance of the devices.
La enseñanza de la historia reciente y transición política en Colombia: constantes, fracturas y nuevos horizontes
Authors: Dominguez Acevedo Jhon Diego 
Published: November 2017

En este artículo defendemos la hipótesis de que la paz no tendrá sentido sin un cambio importante en el orden educativo. Por ello, exploramos las problemáticas de la enseñanza de la historia del tiempo reciente en contextos educativos y sus procesos de transición en dos apartados: Primero, analizamos las discusiones conceptuales sobre la historia del tiempo presente y reciente (génesis y transformación). En el segundo, presentamos los fines y mecanismos que han contribuido a la consolidación de la enseñanza de la historia reciente en Colombia.