bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Audio Music Monitoring: Analyzing Current Techniques for Song Recognition and Identification
Authors: Senevirathna E.D. Nishan W. , Jayaratne Lakshman 
Published: November 2015

Abstractwhen people are attaching or interesting in something, usually they are trying to interact with it frequently. Music is attached to people since the day of they were born. When music repository grows, people faced lots of challenges such as finding a song quickly, categorizing, organizing and even listening again when they want etc. Because of this, people tend to find electronic solutions. To index music, most of the researchers use content based information retrieval mechanism since content based classification doesn’t need any additional information rather than audio features embedded to it. As well as it is the most suitable way to search music, when user don’t know the meta data attached to it, like author of the song. The most valuable application of this audio recognition is copyright infringement detection. Throughout this survey we will present approaches which were proposed by various researchers to detect, recognize music using content base mechanisms. And finally we will conclude this by analyzing the current status of this era.
TLR4 Asp299Gly (rs4986790) polymorphism and coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis
Authors: Chen Rui , Gu Ning , Gao Ying , Cen Wei 
Published: November 2015

Background.Previous studies have shown conflicting results on the association between toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) Asp299Gly (rs4986790) polymorphism and coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of TLR4 Asp299Gly polymorphism on CAD risk, CRP level and the number of stenotic coronary arteries, as well as to investigate whether G allele carriers would benefit more from statin treatment.Methods.PubMed, EMBASE, and CNKI databases were searched until May 2015. All the statistical tests were performed using R version 3.1.2. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to assess the association between TLR4 Asp299Gly polymorphism and CAD risk, the number of stenotic vessels, and the incidence of cardiovascular events according to statin-treated patients. Weighted mean difference (WMD) was calculated for the association between Asp299Gly and CRP level.Results.Overall, 12 case-control studies with 10,258 cases and 5,891 controls were included, and no association of TLR4Asp299Gly polymorphism with CAD was found (G allele vs. A allele: OR = 0.97, 95% CI [0.81–1.17],P= 0.75; AA vs. GG + AG: OR = 0.97, 95% CI [0.80–1.18],P= 0.76; GG vs. AG + AA: OR = 1.08, 95% CI [0.57–2.02],P= 0.82; AG vs. AA + GG: OR = 1.03, 95% CI [0.85–1.25],P= 0.74). Also, no association was noted between Asp299Gly and CRP level (WMD = −0.10, 95% CI [−0.62, 0.41],P= 0.69). Furthermore, no synergistic effect of statin and 299Gly was reported (Statin_AA vs. Statin_AG/GG: OR = 1.12, 95% CI [0.41–3.09],P= 0.82).Discussion.This meta-analysis suggests no association of TLR4 Asp299Gly polymorphism with CAD and CRP level. It is further indicated that the G allele carriers may not benefit more from statin treatment. Further studies should include large sample size and high-quality literature to understand this issue in depth.
Evidence for an increase in the ozone photochemical lifetime in the eastern United States using a regional air quality model
Authors: Goldberg Daniel L. , Vinciguerra Timothy P. , Hosley Kyle M. , Loughner Christopher P. , Canty Timothy P. , Salawitch Ross J. , Dickerson Russell R. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMeasures to control surface ozone rely on quantifying production attributable to local versus regional (upwind) emissions. Here we simulate the relative contribution of local (i.e., within a particular state) and regional sources of surface ozone in the eastern United States (66–94°W longitude) for July 2002, 2011, and 2018 using the Comprehensive Air‐quality Model with Extensions (CAMx). To determine how emissions and chemistry within the domain affect the production, loss, lifetime, and transport of trace gases, we initialize our model with identical boundary conditions in each simulation. We find that the photochemical lifetime of ozone has increased as emissions have decreased. The contribution of ozone from outside the domain (boundary condition ozone, BCO3) to local surface mixing ratios increases in an absolute sense by 1–2 ppbv between 2002 and 2018 due to the longer lifetime of ozone. The photochemical lifetime of ozone lengthens because the two primary gas phase sinks for odd oxygen (Ox ≈ NO2 + O3)—attack by hydroperoxyl radicals (HO2) on ozone and formation of nitrate—weaken with decreasing pollutant emissions. The relative role of BCO3 will also increase. For example, BCO3 represents 34.5%, 38.8%, and 43.6% of surface ozone in the Baltimore, MD, region during July 2002, 2011, and 2018 means, respectively. This unintended consequence of air quality regulation impacts attainment of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for surface ozone because the spatial and temporal scales of photochemical smog increase; the influence of pollutants transported between states and into the eastern U.S. will likely play a greater role in the future.
From nuclear power to coal power: Aerosol‐induced health and radiative effects
Authors: Mielonen Tero , Laakso Anton , Karhunen Anni , Kokkola Harri , Partanen Antti‐Ilari , Korhonen Hannele , Romakkaniemi Sami , Lehtinen Kari E. J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe have investigated what would be the climate and PM‐induced air quality consequences if all nuclear reactors worldwide were closed down and replaced by coal combustion. In a way, this presents a “worst‐case scenario” since less polluting energy sources are available. We studied simultaneously the radiative and health effects of coal power emissions using a global 3‐D aerosol‐climate model (ECHAM‐HAMMOZ). This approach allowed us to estimate the effects of a major global energy production change from low carbon source to a high carbon one using detailed spatially resolved population density information. We included the radiative effects of both CO2 and PM2.5 but limited the study of health effects to PM2.5 only. Our results show that the replacement of nuclear power with coal power would have globally caused an average of 150,000 premature deaths per year during the period 2005–2009 with two thirds of them in Europe. For 37 years the aerosol emissions from the additional coal power plants would cool the climate but after that the accumulating CO2 emissions would accelerate the warming of the climate.
Comparative analysis of mamushi (Gloydius blomhoffii) bite patients indicates that creatinine kinase levels/white blood cell count trends reflect severity
Authors: Okamoto Osamu , Sato Seiichi , Sakai Takashi , Uehara Miyuki , Takenaka Ryuichi , Ito Akiko , Shono Tomoko , Takeo Naoko , Ishikawa Kazushi , Shimizu Fumiaki , Shimada Hiromitsu , Hatano Yutaka , Fujiwara Sakuhei , Hashimoto Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2015

AimThere has been no indicator that allows an early quantitative evaluation of the severity of a mamushi snake (Gloydius blomhoffii) bite. Because the number of severe mamushi bite cases is much fewer than non‐severe cases, a formal case–control study is difficult. Therefore, we tried to generate a preliminary quantitative, real‐time index for its severity by referring to published reports of severe mamushi bite cases.MethodsWe enrolled patients who presented with a mamushi bite and visited our outpatient clinic. Severe cases were collected from published works. Creatinine kinase levels and white blood cell counts of non‐severe and severe cases were compared and analyzed.ResultsThere was a lag time of 10 h before the creatinine kinase level began to rise. The speed of the increase was higher in severe cases than in non‐severe cases, and severe cases were recognized as those showing speeds of above 250 IU/L/h. White blood cell counts increased earlier than creatinine kinase levels without any lag time. Severe cases were recognized as those with the counts of over 1,000 × (h) + 6,000 [/μL] before 5 h and 300 × (h) + 10,000 [/μL] after 5 h.ConclusionWe herein present the creatinine kinase level and white blood cell count trends and demonstrate preliminary cut‐off equations. The trends for both parameters serve as quantitative indicators of the severity of a mamushi bite until a large scale case–control study is achieved.
Activation of Electron‐Deficient Quinones through Hydrogen‐Bond‐Donor‐Coupled Electron Transfer
Authors: Turek Amanda K. , Hardee David J. , Ullman Andrew M. , Nocera Daniel G. , Jacobsen Eric N. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractQuinones are important organic oxidants in a variety of synthetic and biological contexts, and they are susceptible to activation towards electron transfer through hydrogen bonding. Whereas this effect of hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) has been observed for Lewis basic, weakly oxidizing quinones, comparable activation is not readily achieved when more reactive and synthetically useful electron‐deficient quinones are used. We have successfully employed HBD‐coupled electron transfer as a strategy to activate electron‐deficient quinones. A systematic investigation of HBDs has led to the discovery that certain dicationic HBDs have an exceptionally large effect on the rate and thermodynamics of electron transfer. We further demonstrate that these HBDs can be used as catalysts in a quinone‐mediated model synthetic transformation.
Stabilization and Transfer of the Transient [Mes*P4]− Butterfly Anion Using BPh3
Authors: Borger Jaap E. , Ehlers Andreas W. , Lutz Martin , Slootweg J. Chris , Lammertsma Koop 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe transient bicyclo[1.1.0]tetraphosphabutane anion, generated from white phosphorus (P4) and Mes*Li (Mes*=2,4,6‐tBu3C6H2), can be trapped by BPh3 in THF. This Lewis acid stabilized anion can be used as an [RP4]− transfer agent, reacting cleanly with neutral Lewis acids (B(C6F5)3, BH3, and W(CO)5) to afford unique singly and doubly coordinated butterfly anions, and with the trityl cation to form a neutral, nonsymmetrical, all‐carbon‐substituted P4 derivative. This reaction path enables a simple, stepwise functionalization of white phosphorus.
Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Interrupted Click Reaction: Synthesis of Diverse 5‐Hetero‐Functionalized Triazoles
Authors: Wang Weiguo , Peng Xianglong , Wei Fang , Tung Chen‐Ho , Xu Zhenghu 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe 5‐heterofunctionalized triazoles are important scaffolds in bioactive compounds, but current click reactions (CuAAC) cannot produce these core structures. A copper(I)‐catalyzed interrupted click reaction to access diverse 5‐functionalized triazoles is reported. Various 5‐amino‐, thio‐, and selenotriazoles were readily assembled in one step in high yields. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions with complete regioselectivity. It also features a broad substrate scope and good functional group compatibility.
High Reactivity of Strained Seven‐Membered‐Ring trans‐Alkenes
Authors: Sanzone Jillian R. , Woerpel K. A. 
Published: November 2015

Abstracttrans‐Oxasilacycloheptenes are highly reactive strained alkenes. Competition reactions showed that these seven‐membered ring trans‐alkenes underwent [4+2] cycloaddition reactions faster than a trans‐cyclooctene. They also reacted with quinones and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate to form adducts with high diastereoselectivity. Kinetic studies showed that ring strain increases nucleophilicity by approximately 109.
Dual‐Targeting Nanovesicles for In Situ Intracellular Imaging of and Discrimination between Wild‐type and Mutant p53
Authors: Qian Ruocan , Cao Yue , Long Yi‐Tao 
Published: November 2015

Abstractp53 is a tumor‐suppressor protein related to the cell cycle and programmed cell apoptosis. Herein, dual‐targeting nanovesicles are designed for in situ imaging of intracellular wild‐type p53 (WTp53) and mutant p53 (MUp53). Nanovesicle‐encapsulated plasmonic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were functionalized with consensus DNA duplexes, and a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐marked anti‐MUp53 antibody was conjugated to the nanovesicle surface. After entering the cytoplasm, the released AuNPs aggregated through recognition of WTp53 and the double‐stranded DNA. The color changes of AuNPs were observed using dark‐field microscopy, which showed the intracellular WTp53 distribution. The MUp53 location was detected though the immunological recognition between FITC‐labeled anti‐MUp53 and MUp53. Thus, a one‐step incubation method for the in situ imaging of intracellular WTp53 and MUp53 was obtained; this was used to monitor the p53 level under a drug treatment.
Biological Investigations of (+)‐Danicalipin A Enabled Through Synthesis
Authors: Bailey Adrian M. , Wolfrum Susanne , Carreira Erick M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA total synthesis of the chlorosulfolipid (+)‐danicalipin A has been accomplished in 12 steps and 4.4 % overall yield. The efficient and scalable synthesis enabled in‐depth investigations of the lipid’s biological properties, in particular cytotoxicity towards various mammalian cell lines. Furthermore, the ability of (+)‐danicalipin A to increase the uptake of fluorophores into bacteria and mammalian cells was demonstrated, indicating it may enhance membrane permeability. By comparing (+)‐danicalipin A with racemic 1,14‐docosane disulfate, and the diol precursor of (+)‐danicalipin A, we have shown that both chlorine and sulfate functionalities are necessary for biological activity.
Cr2O3 Nanoparticles on Ba5Ta4O15 as a Noble‐Metal‐Free Oxygen Evolution Co‐Catalyst for Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Soldat Julia , Busser G. Wilma , Muhler Martin , Wark Michael 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe (1 1 1)‐layered perovskite material Ba5Ta4O15 represents a suitable photoabsorber with remarkable photocatalytic activity in overall water splitting. We are the first to demonstrate overall water splitting without the presence of a noble‐metal‐based co‐catalyst over this catalyst. The photocatalytic activity of Ba5Ta4O15 was investigated by overall water splitting after reductive photodeposition of amorphous Cr2O3. The formation of Cr2O3 nanoparticles for water splitting was evidenced by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The reductive photodeposition of very low amounts of Cr2O3 on Ba5Ta4O15 induces stable rates in overall water splitting up to 465 μmol h−1 H2 and 228 μmol h−1 O2.
Filter Media Pore Space Analysis Based on Geometrical Characteristics
Authors: Bälz Gloria , Feuchter Claus , Handel Rainer , Renz Birgit 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe efficiency of filter media can be improved by applying nanofibers to the surface of the microstructure. In order to gain a deeper insight into the influence of the nanofiber geometry on filtration efficiency in terms of pressure loss, separation efficiency, and dust holding capacity, the microstructure is analyzed by geometrical pore space characteristics such as the degree of vertices function, the spherical contact distribution function, and the pore size distribution function. The pore space characteristics are investigated by using a distance transform and a 3D pore space graph generated by the Ma‐Sonka‐Algorithm with the P‐simple‐points extension.
Oxygen Reduction at Carbon‐Supported Lanthanides: The Role of the B‐Site
Authors: Celorrio Verónica , Dann Ellie , Calvillo Laura , Morgan David J. , Hall Simon R. , Fermin David J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at carbon‐supported transition‐metal oxides in alkaline solutions is systematically investigated as a function of the nature of the B‐site. The study is focused on LaBO3 (B=Cr, Co, Fe, Mn and Ni) nanoparticles synthesized by using an ionic‐liquid route, offering fine control over phase purity and composition. Activity towards the ORR was compared with the commercial Pt/Etek catalyst. Detailed electrochemical analysis employing a rotating ring‐disk electrode provides conclusive evidence that the carbon support plays an important contribution in the faradaic responses. Decoupling the contribution of the carbon support uncovers that the reactivity of LaMnO3 towards the four‐electron ORR pathway is orders of magnitude higher than that for the other lanthanides. We rationalize these observations in terms of changes in the redox state at the B‐site close to the formal oxygen reduction potential.
Mechanistic Insights into the Mode of Action of Bifunctional Pyrrolidine‐Squaramide‐Derived Organocatalysts
Authors: Roca‐López David , Uria Uxue , Reyes Efraim , Carrillo Luisa , Jørgensen Karl Anker , Vicario Jose L. , Merino Pedro 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe catalytic modes of action of three squaramide‐derived bifunctional organocatalysts have been investigated using DFT methods. The [5+2] cycloaddition between oxidopyrylium ylides and enals was used as the model reaction. Two primary modes were possible for the different catalysts studied. The preference for one mode over the other was due to the possibility of additional favorable π–π interactions between the hydrogen‐bond activated pyrylium ylide and an electron‐deficient aromatic ring bonded to the squaramide NH group. The model can be extended to other reactions catalyzed by the same catalysts, such as formal [2+2] cycloadditions between nitroalkenes and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes. The computational results were in excellent concurrence with the available experimental reports on the observed total enantioselectivity and differences in diastereoselectivity depending on the substrate and the reaction.
Seeking Extremes in Molecular Design: To What Extent May Two “Non‐Bonded” Hydrogen Atoms be Squeezed in a Hydrocarbon?
Authors: Firouzi Rohoullah , Shahbazian Shant 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA series of novel and possibly synthetically accessible rigid hydrocarbon structures is computationally introduced, maintaining ultrashort non‐bonded hydrogen–hydrogen (H⋅⋅⋅H) contacts smaller than 1.2 Å. These are the shortest non‐bonded H⋅⋅⋅H contacts reported to date, bypassing previous world records of both experimentally observed, 1.56 Å, and computationally derived, 1.4 Å, H⋅⋅⋅H contacts in any stable molecular structure.
Similar physical characteristics but distinguishable sn‐2 palmitic acid content and reduced solid fat content of chemically interesterified palm olein compared with native palm olein by dry fractionation: A lab‐scale study
Authors: Mo Shuen‐Yeing , Teng Kim‐Tiu , Nesaretnam Kalanithi , Lai Oi‐Ming 
Published: November 2015

The presence of solid fat content (SFC) of vegetable fats at human body temperature (37°C) has been linked to altered fat digestibility and metabolism. In this study, the possibility of reducing the SFC in chemically interesterified palm olein (CIEPO) while maintaining physical properties similar to native palm olein was explored by dry fractionation. Crystallization at 37°C for 155 min produced a CIEPO olein fraction with total fatty acid composition (FAC) broadly resembling that of native palm olein while the high proportion of sn‐2 palmitic acid content was maintained at 39.1%. The CIEPO olein fraction has a reduced SFC at 37°C from 8.6 to 4.2%, overall decreased SFC, slip melting point (SMP) at 33°C, a reduced palmitoyl‐palmitoyl‐palmitoyl (PPP) from 6.0 to 3.7 mol% and lower heating peaks in thermal profile compared with the untreated CIEPO. Both CIEPO olein fraction and palm olein have broadly similar total FAC and SMP below 37°C but very distinguishable sn‐2 palmitic acid content. CIEPO olein fraction and native palm olein can be used as effective comparison in human studies because the differences of both fats in PPP content and SFC at 37°C were narrowed.Practical applications: Previous human studies investigating the effects of positional distribution of fatty acids on postprandial lipaemia (abnormally high lipid levels in blood after meal) have yielded contradictory findings. Most of these studies require the use of interesterified fats to distinguish the difference in the sn‐2 fatty acid composition when compared with the untreated form of the fats. The inconsistent findings on lipaemic response from these studies have raised the issue on the importance of using groups of test fats with different positional composition but similar physical characteristics in order to differentiate the effects of positional composition from the physical characteristics of test fats. This study serves as a potential solution to the pairing of test fats with distinguishable sn‐2 profile by creating a CIEPO fraction from dry fractionation with lowered SFC at 37°C while maintaining the physical characteristics of its untreated form that is suitable to be used in future human clinical studies.Human lipid nutrition studies comparing natural dietary fats with interesterified fats require pairs of test fats possessing similar physical properties but distinguishable sn‐2 specific fatty acids content. In the current study, CIEPO was fractionated into olein and stearin at 37°C. Both native palm olein and the CIEPO olein fraction have similar total C16:0 content and SMP below 37°C but distinguishable sn‐2 C16:0 content, whilst the differences of both fats in tripalmitin and SFC at 37°C were narrowed.
Einfluss der Überkonsolidation auf das Sekundärsetzungsverhalten von Klei bei Wiederbelastung
Authors: Tinat Christopher , Rosenberg Matthias 
Published: November 2015

AbstractDas Sekundärsetzungsverhalten von weichen bindigen Böden stellt eine große Herausforderung für die moderne Baupraxis dar. Das Ziel von Vorbelastungsmaßnahmen ist neben der Vorwegnahme der Lastsetzungen des Bauwerks die bestmögliche Reduzierung der langfristig andauernden Sekundärsetzungen. Auf Grundlage der durchgeführten eindimensionalen Kompressionsversuche an Klei wurde der Einfluss einer Vorbelastung auf das Sekundärsetzungsverhalten bei Wiederbelastung belegt. Die Sekundärsetzungen eines Bodens können durch Überkonsolidation maßgeblich verringert werden. Dabei ist nicht nur das Überkonsolidationsverhältnis, sondern vielmehr das Differenzmaß der auf die Entlastung folgenden Wiederbelastungsspannung eine entscheidende Größe. Im Gegensatz zur Erstbelastung ist der Sekundärsetzungsbeiwert des Bodens bei einer Wiederbelastung spannungs‐ und zeitabhängig. Die Ergebnisse konnten anhand des Cα/Cc‐Konzepts von Mesri unter Berücksichtigung des Prinzips der äquivalenten Spannung belegt werden.Influence of the overconsolidation on the secondary settlement behavior in the recompression range of organic clay. The secondary settlement behavior of soft cohesive soils is a particular challenge for the modern civil engineering. Apart from anticipating the load ratios of the building the aim of preloading the soil is to reduce at its best the postconstruction secondary settlements to acceptable limits. Based on the one‐dimensional compression tests on clay, the influence of preloading on the secondary settlement could be proved. The secondary settlement of soils can be significantly reduced by overconsolidation. Not only the overconsolidation ratio, but rather the difference between discharge and reloading is a decisive factor. In contrast to the initial loading the secondary compression index of the soil depends on stress and time when reloaded. The results could be retraced on the bases of the Cα /Cc concept of compressibility developed by Mesri by taking the equivalent stress into account.