bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Comparative Study of Public Economies
Authors: Ostrom Elinor 
Published: March 2016

Editor’s Introduction Originally published in Volume 42, Number 1, Spring 1998, pages 3-17. Eleven years before she was recognized with the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Elinor Ostrom (1933-2012) published this paper in The American Economist. Originally trained in political science, Professor Ostrom’s life work centered on understanding how the collective action of groups organized and managed common pool resources. The various ways that human societies solve the “problem of the commons” was a central theme of much of Professor Ostrom’s research in public economics. In this paper, Professor Ostrom examines the study of institutions developed to provide for the collective consumption of public goods. She uses the example of providing policing functions within metropolitan areas. The questions raised about optimal size, scope, and institutional organization remain topical for the twenty-first century. To date, Professor Ostrom remains the only woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in economics.
Smith vs. Marx on Business Morality and the Social Interest
Authors: Baumol William J. 
Published: March 2016

Editor’s Introduction Originally published in Volume 20, Number 2, Fall 1976, pages 1-6. William Baumol (born 1922) is not only one of the most influential living economists but is also one of the profession’s most prolific writers. During his career, Professor Baumol has written or edited more than eighty books and authored several hundred academic journal articles across an impressive range of topics including; entrepreneurship, portfolio theory, industrial organization, public policy, and the history of economic thought. He is perhaps most well known as one of the originators of the Baumol-Tobin model of the transactions demand for money. Along with long-time collaborator, Alan Blinder, Professor Baumol is also the author of a series of college textbooks that are extensively adopted throughout the United States and the world. He currently holds the Harold Price Professor of Entrepreneurship at New York University, where he has taught for the past thirty-seven years, and is a Professor Emeritus and Senior Research Economist at Princeton University. In this article, Professor Baumol shares his insights on two competing schools of thought as he compares and contrasts the views of Adam Smith and Karl Marx on the role of capitalists, the market mechanism, and the public good.
An Analysis of Secondary Child Care Arrangements
Authors: Steen Todd P. 
Published: March 2016

This paper analyzes the secondary child care arrangements used by working mothers. All of the previous work examining child care has concentrated on just the principal or primary mode of child care that the family uses. For many families, however, there are additional arrangements which are made for child care, and little is known about the extent of these arrangements and their economic and demographic determinants. An important question is whether this secondary care is used primarily to enhance the quality of care that the child receives, or is required because of the lack of adequate primary sources of child care. In order to fully examine the use of secondary child care, this paper analyzes a variety of different data sources: the National Longitudinal Survey Youth Cohort (1986 and 1988), the June 1982 Current Population Survey, and the 1984–85 Survey of Income and Program Participation. The paper concludes that economic factors such as the mother's wage and her hours worked, along with marital status and the age of the child, are the major factors in determining whether a mother will use a supplementary arrangement for child care, factors which are similar to those important in the choice of the primary mode of care to be used. The paper also finds that the use of secondary care does not seem to be a mechanism to cope with the lack of supply of adequate and flexible child care, but may be a choice that a family makes to better tailor the care used in order to benefit both the parents and the child.
Does the use of a template board imply new normative data for the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test?
Authors: Harte Daniel , Hamill Philip , Wilson Lynn 
Published: March 2016

Introduction Recent research reports the necessity of a template board to ensure accuracy when administering the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test. However, the original studies that collected normative data did not use a template board. This study collected a sample of data for one female age group of the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test using a template board. Methods Thirty female participants with no history of hand trauma or a condition affecting the hand were recruited. Each participant carried out subtests 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 of the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test, which was compared to the normative data available for this test. Results Results show a significant difference in the mean performance for subtest 2 (non-dominant) and subtest 3 (dominant and non-dominant) with p-values < 0.05 for a difference in means t-test. The remaining subtests 5, 6 and 7 were not statistically significant. Conclusions The findings reported in this study add to the empirical evidence investigating the normative data for the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test. The statistically significant difference in mean times for two subtests suggests that new normative data may need to be established if clinicians intend to use a template board when administering the test. Resolving this issue is a natural avenue for further research in this area.
The First Study of Cartilage by Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Xia Yang , Stilbs Peter 
Published: March 2016

Objective To recap the historical journey leading to the first cartilage research article using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), published in 1955 by 2 Swedish researchers, Erik Odeblad and Gunnar Lindström. Design Extensive Internet search utilizing both English and Swedish websites, and reading the dissertations available at the Royal Institute of Technology (Stockholm, Sweden) and via interlibrary loans at Oakland University (Michigan, USA). Results Using a primitive NMR instrument that Lindström built for his graduate research at the Nobel Institute for Physics (Stockholm, Sweden), Odeblad and Lindström studied the characteristics of the NMR signal in calf cartilage. The authors wrote, “In cartilage and fibrous tissue, in which the proton signals probably arise from highly viscous water with short spin-lattice relaxation time, the signals were also larger than would correspond to the water content.” The authors speculated the signal differences between water and biological tissues could be attributed to the absorption and organization of the water molecules to the proteins in the tissue, which was remarkably accurate. Conclusions It is quite certain that Odeblad and Lindström published the first biomedical study using NMR in 1955. In this article, cartilage and a number of other biological tissues were examined for the first time using NMR.
The Incidence of Surgery in Osteochondritis Dissecans in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Weiss Jennifer M. , Nikizad Hooman , Shea Kevin G. , Gyurdzhyan Samvel , Jacobs John C. , Cannamela Peter C. , Kessler Jeffrey I. 
Published: March 2016

Background: The frequency of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD), a disorder of the subchondral bone and articular cartilage, is not well described. Purpose: To assess the frequency of pediatric OCD lesions that progress to surgery based on sex, joint involvement, and age. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: A retrospective chart review (2007-2011) was performed on OCD. Inclusion criteria included OCD of any joint and patients aged 2 to 19 years. Exclusion criteria included traumatic osteochondral fractures or coexistence of non-OCD intra-articular lesions. Differences in progression toward surgery were compared between age groups, sex, and joint location. Logistical regression analysis was performed by sex, age, and ethnicity. Results: Overall, 317 patients with a total of 334 OCD lesions were found. The majority of lesions (61.7%) were in the knee, with ankle, elbow, shoulder, and foot lesions representing 25.4%, 12.0%, 0.6%, and 0.3% of all lesions, respectively. The majority of joints needing surgery were in the knee (58.5%), with ankle and elbow lesions representing 22.9% and 18.6% of surgeries performed, respectively. The percentage of all OCD lesions progressing to surgery was 35.3%; surgical progression for knee, ankle, and elbow joints was 33.5%, 31.8%, and 55.0%, respectively. Logistic regression analysis found no statistically significant different risk of progressing to surgery for OCD of the knee, elbow, and ankle between sexes. Patients aged 12 to 19 years had a 7.4-times greater risk of progression to surgery for knee OCD lesions than 6- to 11-year-olds. Patients aged 12 to 19 years were 8.2 times more likely to progress to surgery for all OCD lesions than patients aged 6 to 11 years. Progression to surgery of ankle OCD did not significantly differ based on location. Three of 4 trochlear lesions progressed to surgery, along with 1 of 1 tibial, 1 of 3 patellar, 40.3% of lateral femoral condylar, and 28.2% of medial femoral condylar lesions. Conclusion: In this large cohort study of pediatric OCD patients, 35% progressed to surgery. Progression to surgery did not differ significantly between sexes with OCD of any joint. Progression to surgery for OCD of the knee, elbow, and ankle strongly correlated with patient age at the time of diagnosis. Clinical Relevance: The knowledge of likelihood of progression to surgery of OCD by location, sex, and age is useful in counseling patients and in planning treatment. This study confirms a worse prognosis in the nonoperative treatment of older patients with OCD.
Structural anomalies in tobelite-2M2 explained by high resolution and analytical electron microscopy
Authors: Capitani G. C. , Schingaro E. , Lacalamita M. , Mesto E. , Scordari F. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigation was undertaken in order to elucidate the nature of the structural disorder in a tobelite specimen from the sedimentary rocks of the Armorican sandstones (western France). This structural disorder may be the origin of residual electron-density maxima in difference-Fourier maps reported previously in single-crystal XRD studies of tobelite. The TEM investigation of tobelite confirmed that it is the 2M2 polytype in subfamily-B, but the ordered sequence is interrupted by numerous stacking faults parallel to (001), for which the stacking vectors belong to both subfamilies-A and -B of mica polytypes, with a prevalence of the latter. Chemical heterogeneity depending on the Si/Al ratio and Na and Mg concentration was observed at the nanoscale among different mica lamellae in a single crystal. The observed variations are consistent with a change in mica chemistry leading to interlayer vacancies which may cause shortening of the interlayer separation, as revealed by the single-crystal structure refinements.
A review of the potential for rare-earth element resources from European red muds: examples from Seydişehir, Turkey and Parnassus-Giona, Greece
Authors: Deady Éimear A. , Mouchos Evangelos , Goodenough Kathryn , Williamson Ben J. , Wall Frances 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRare-earth elements (REE) are viewed as 'critical metals' due to a complex array of production and political issues, most notably a near monopoly in supply from China. Red mud, the waste product of the Bayer process that produces alumina from bauxite, represents a potential secondary resource ofREE. Karst bauxite deposits represent the ideal source material forREE-enriched red mud as the conditions during formation of the bauxite allow for the retention ofREE. TheREEpass through the Bayer Process and are concentrated in the waste material. Millions of tonnes of red mud are currently stockpiled in onshore storage facilities across Europe, representing a potentialREEresource. Red mud from two case study sites, one in Greece and the other in Turkey, has been found to contain an average of ∼1000 ppm totalREE, with an enrichment of light over heavyREE. Although this is relatively low grade when compared with typical primaryREEdeposits (Mountain Pass and Mount Weld up to 80,000 ppm), it is of interest because of the large volumes available, the cost benefits of reprocessing waste, and the low proportion of contained radioactive elements. This work shows that ∼12,000 tonnes ofREEexist in red mud at the two case study areas alone, with much larger resources existing across Europe as a whole.
Peptidoglycan from the gut microbiota governs the lifespan of circulating phagocytes at homeostasis
Authors: Hergott Christopher B. , Roche Aoife M. , Tamashiro Edwin , Clarke Thomas B. , Bailey Aubrey G. , Laughlin Alice , Bushman Frederic D. , Weiser Jeffrey N. 
Published: March 2016

Key Points
The intestinal microbiota regulates the steady-state survival and turnover kinetics of circulating neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes. The cytoplasmic peptido-glycan sensor Nod1 relays microbial signals into IL-17A–dependent stimulation of myeloid cell persistence.
RAS isoforms and mutations in cancer at a glance
Authors: Hobbs G. Aaron , Der Channing J. , Rossman Kent L. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
RAS proteins (KRAS4A, KRAS4B, NRAS and HRAS) function as GDP–GTP-regulated binary on-off switches, which regulate cytoplasmic signaling networks that control diverse normal cellular processes. Gain-of-function missense mutations in RAS genes are found in ∼25% of human cancers, prompting interest in identifying anti-RAS therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. However, despite more than three decades of intense effort, no anti-RAS therapies have reached clinical application. Contributing to this failure has been an underestimation of the complexities of RAS. First, there is now appreciation that the four human RAS proteins are not functionally identical. Second, with &gt;130 different missense mutations found in cancer, there is an emerging view that there are mutation-specific consequences on RAS structure, biochemistry and biology, and mutation-selective therapeutic strategies are needed. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we provide a snapshot of the differences between RAS isoforms and mutations, as well as the current status of anti-RAS drug-discovery efforts.
The New Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Oral Fluid Cutoffs for Cocaine and Heroin-Related Analytes Applied to an Addiction Medicine Setting: Important, Unanticipated Findings with LC-MS/MS
Authors: Flood James G , Khaliq Tahira , Bishop Kenneth A , Griggs David A 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

BACKGROUND
We implemented oral fluid (OF) as an alternative specimen type to urine for detection of cocaine (COC) and opiate abuse in outpatient addiction medicine clinics.

METHODS
We implemented a 2-μg/L limit of quantification OF LC-MS/MS assay and compiled and reviewed all findings from a 22-month collection period for COC, benzoylecgonine (BZE), codeine (COD), 6-acetylmorphine (MAM), and morphine (MOR). We also compared the results of our clinical samples at different OF cutoffs and analytes specified in the new 2015 SAMHSA OF guidelines.

RESULTS
Of 3608 OF samples, COC and BZE were positive in 593 and 508, respectively. COC or BZE was positive in 662 samples. Importantly and unexpectedly, 154 samples were COC positive and BZE negative, with 125 having COC 2.0–7.9 μg/L. A simulation with the new guideline cutoffs confirmed 65% (430 of 662) of all COC- or BZE-positive data set samples. Similarly, the new guidelines confirmed 44% (263 of 603) of data set samples positive for MOR or COD. Simulation found that the new, lower MAM guideline cutoffs detected 89% of the 382 MAM-positive samples in the data set, 104 of which the new guidelines had identified as negative for MOR and COD.

CONCLUSIONS
COC (not BZE) is the dominant low-concentration OF analyte in an addiction medicine setting. This information will aid OF test interpretation. It also illustrates the importance of the 2015 guideline's new immunoassay cross-reactivity requirements and the likely improvement in detection of heroin use stemming from the new, lower MAM cutoffs.
La sociedad cooperativa como estructura jurídica de empresa. una reflexión a propósito del anteproyecto del Código Mercantil
Authors: Díaz de la Rosa Angélica 
Published: March 2016

La sociedad cooperativa posee una serie de características propias que la hacen merecedora de un impulso constitucional a través de diversas actuaciones políticas y que se concretan en un conjunto de valores y principios que posibilita una participación democrática de los cooperativistas en la empresa cooperativa. A partir de este punto, lo que procede es que la regulación de este tipo societario sea tal que, sin menoscabo o perjuicio de los valores y principios mencionados, permita una óptima actuación en el mercado, en concurrencia con otras sociedades del mismo o de diverso tipo, y —en general— con cualquier operador económico.Pues bien, la sociedad cooperativa permite, tal y como aparece recogido en el art. 1 de la LC, el desarrollo de cualquier actividad empresarial; es, pues, una forma adecuada para el desarrollo de una actividad económica organizada en términos de empresa. Pero no solo eso: el hecho de que la sociedad cooperativa tenga una estructura compleja, dotada de órganos, que estos órganos desempeñan funciones propias, nos conduce a la idea de racionalización, de organización compleja... que evoca a la propia empresa, de igual manera que sucede en las sociedades de capitales, podemos afirmar que nos encontramos ante una estructura que no solo es idónea para el desarrollo de una actividad empresarial, sino que ella misma es una auténtica estructura de empresa.
Aprendiendo a investigar en el grado de Relaciones Laborales y Recursos Humanos
Authors: Jabbaz Marcela , Samper Teresa , Colectivo Autor 
Published: March 2016

Esta ponencia es producto de una experiencia por la cual el aula universitaria se transforma en un laboratorio de investigación. En el curso de Técnicas de investigación cuantitativa (6 créditos), del primer semestre del 2.º curso del Grado de Relaciones Laborales y Recursos Humanos de la Universidad de Valencia, el alumnado —tutorizado/guiado por sus profesoras— ha realizado un estudio sobre la precarización de jóvenes y mujeres que trabajan como dependientes en el comercio al por menor. Al mismo tiempo que se aprendía a investigar, se producía conocimiento sobre una temática relevante en su carrera, incorporando la perspectiva de género.Junto al alumnado, se transitaron todas las etapas de la investigación cuantitativa, desde la revisión de la teoría, pasando por su operacionalización, la construcción de la encuesta, el trabajo de campo, hasta el informe final. La difusión de los resultados, en su doble vertiente, como experiencia de aprendizaje y como nuevo conocimiento producido, es lo que se pretende al presentar esta ponencia.El objetivo del estudio ha sido caracterizar la precarización laboral actual en los dependientes de las tiendas, para lo cual se recogieron 420 entrevistas válidas. En este trabajo presentamos solo los resultados relacionados con las siguientes hipótesis: Los contratos temporales son más frecuentes en los jóvenes respecto de las personas adultas; las mujeres aceptarán peores condiciones de trabajo que los hombres; y las personas con un nivel bajo de estudios aceptarán peores condiciones de trabajo que los de nivel alto. De este modo, se trata de explicar la influencia de las edades y el género en las condiciones laborales. Estas últimas, se trabajaron a partir de tres indicadores: tipo de contrato según temporalidad, tipo de jornada y salario. Respecto a los resultados, se ha visto que las mujeres tienen más contratos a jornada parcial que los hombres, que los jóvenes acumulan los contratos temporales y las personas con mayor nivel de estudios no tienen mejores condiciones de trabajo. Estos resultados, a la luz de las lecturas teóricas, permitieron plantear cuestiones relacionadas con la jornada parcial «no elegida» por las mujeres (Ortiz, 2014), quienes desearían trabajar más, tratándose, entonces, de una flexibilidad relacionada con la precariedad laboral. También se llegó a la conclusión acerca de que una titulación superior no representa un seguro para una mejor empleabilidad en un sector como el del comercio al por menor.La didáctica colaborativa, con perspectiva de género, permitió un aprendizaje basado en un buen acoplamiento entre teoría metodológica y sustantiva (sobre género y precarización), experiencia y datos cuantitativos, con interesantes resultados de investigación.
Resultados de la experiencia en la asignatura Trabajo Fin de Grado en el título de Relaciones Laborales y Recursos Humanos
Authors: Manzanares Martínez Domingo A. , Díaz Delfa María Teresa 
Published: March 2016

La implantación del título de Grado en Relaciones Laborales y Recursos Humanos en la Universidad de Murcia se hizo en el curso académico 2009-10. En ese mismo año ofertamos un curso de adaptación al Grado a los diplomados que titularon con el plan de estudios anterior. Esta decisión supuso que tuviésemos que organizar, planificar y gestionar la asignatura de Trabajo Fin de Grado (TFG) al tiempo que implantábamos los nuevos estudios. Así, en los últimos cinco cursos académicos, hemos acumulado una valiosa experiencia sobre la materia referida.El TFG es una asignatura más del plan de estudios, pero con características especiales, tales como que no tiene docencia, está tutorizada por un docente a lo largo de un número determinado de sesiones, se defiende una vez cursadas y superadas todas las asignaturas que conforman el plan de estudios, etc. Nuestra comunicación presenta, para su discusión, la experiencia llevada a cabo en la Facultad de Ciencias del Trabajo de la Universidad de Murcia sobre el TFG, desde el punto de vista de la organización, gestión y evaluación de la asignatura y los resultados académicos obtenidos por los alumnos.
Análisis de un modelo de tutorización de TFG en el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior: una aplicación en el Grado de Relaciones Laborales y Recursos Humanos
Authors: Ingellis Anna Giulia , Picazo Lahiguera Carmen 
Published: March 2016

El objetivo de esta comunicación es presentar un modelo de tutorización del Trabajo de Fin de grado (TFG) llevado a cabo en el Grado de Relaciones Laborales y Recursos Humanos de la Universidad de Valencia, en relación al proceso de reforma de la universidad.En consecuencia, se analizará la congruencia del proceso de acompañamiento al estudiante por parte del profesor junto con las principales innovaciones introducidas en la enseñanza universitaria por el proceso de convergencia del denominado «Plan Bolonia».En el nuevo escenario educativo planteado, se recoge el cambio en el rol del profesor por un lado y, por otro, su relación con el estudiante. Además, se refleja los pilares en el los que se fundamenta el modelo que son la actitud pro-activa del estudiante con respecto al proceso de aprendizaje, el enfoque orientado al desarrollo de competencias y el uso de las nuevas tecnologías.En este sentido, la planificación de todo el recorrido, la preparación de un material de apoyo en cada fase junto con un compromiso formativo claro, concreto y compartido entre profesor y el estudiante caracterizan positivamente el modelo de trabajo e intervención que se propone.