bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2015 Revised Utstein-Style Recommended Guidelines for Uniform Reporting of Data From Drowning-Related Resuscitation: An ILCOR Advisory Statement
Authors: Idris Ahamed H. , Bierens Joost J.L.M. , Perkins Gavin D. , Wenzel Volker , Nadkarni Vinay , Morley Peter , Warner David S. , Topjian Alexis , Venema Allart M. , Branche Christine M. , Szpilman David , Morizot-Leite Luiz , Nitta Masahiko , Løfgren Bo , Webber Jonathon , Gräsner Jan-Thorsten , Beerman Stephen B. , Youn Chun Song , Jost Ulrich , Quan Linda , Dezfulian Cameron , Handley Anthony J. , Hazinski Mary Fran 
Published: July 2017

Background—
Utstein-style guidelines use an established consensus process, endorsed by the international resuscitation community, to facilitate and structure resuscitation research and publication. The first “Guidelines for Uniform Reporting of Data From Drowning” were published over a decade ago. During the intervening years, resuscitation science has advanced considerably, thus making revision of the guidelines timely. In particular, measurement of cardiopulmonary resuscitation elements and neurological outcomes reporting have advanced substantially. The purpose of this report is to provide updated guidelines for reporting data from studies of resuscitation from drowning.

Methods—
An international group with scientific expertise in the fields of drowning research, resuscitation research, emergency medical services, public health, and development of guidelines met in Potsdam, Germany, to determine the data that should be reported in scientific articles on the subject of resuscitation from drowning. At the Utstein-style meeting, participants discussed data elements in detail, defined the data, determined data priority, and decided how data should be reported, including scoring methods and category details.

Results—
The template for reporting data from drowning research was revised extensively, with new emphasis on measurement of quality of resuscitation, neurological outcomes, and deletion of data that have proved to be less relevant or difficult to capture.

Conclusions—
The report describes the consensus process, rationale for selecting data elements to be reported, definitions and priority of data, and scoring methods. These guidelines are intended to improve the clarity of scientific communication and the comparability of scientific investigations.
Diabetes Mellitus, Microalbuminuria, and Subclinical Cardiac Disease: Identification and Monitoring of Individuals at Risk of Heart Failure
Authors: Swoboda Peter P. , McDiarmid Adam K. , Erhayiem Bara , Ripley David P. , Dobson Laura E. , Garg Pankaj , Musa Tarique A. , Witte Klaus K. , Kearney Mark T. , Barth Julian H. , Ajjan Ramzi , Greenwood John P. , Plein Sven 
Published: July 2017

Background

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and elevated urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (
ACR
) have increased risk of heart failure. We hypothesized this was because of cardiac tissue changes rather than silent coronary artery disease.

Methods and Results

In a case‐controlled observational study 130 subjects including 50
ACR
+ve diabetes mellitus patients with persistent microalbuminuria (
ACR
>2.5 mg/mol in males and >3.5 mg/mol in females, ≥2 measurements, no previous renin–angiotensin–aldosterone therapy, 50
ACR
−ve diabetes mellitus patients and 30 controls underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance for investigation of myocardial fibrosis, ischemia and infarction, and echocardiography. Thirty
ACR
+ve patients underwent further testing after 1‐year treatment with renin–angiotensin–aldosterone blockade. Cardiac extracellular volume fraction, a measure of diffuse fibrosis, was higher in diabetes mellitus patients than controls (26.1±3.4% and 23.3±3.0%
P
=0.0002) and in
ACR
+ve than
ACR
−ve diabetes mellitus patients (27.2±4.1% versus 25.1±2.9%,
P
=0.004).
ACR
+ve patients also had lower E′ measured by echocardiography (8.2±1.9 cm/s versus 8.9±1.9 cm/s,
P
=0.04) and elevated high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T 18% versus 4% ≥14 ng/L (
P
=0.05). Rate of silent myocardial ischemia or infarction were not influenced by
ACR
status. Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone blockade was associated with increased left ventricular ejection fraction (59.3±7.8 to 61.5±8.7%,
P
=0.03) and decreased extracellular volume fraction (26.5±3.6 to 25.2±3.1,
P
=0.01) but no changes in diastolic function or high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T levels.

Conclusions
Asymptomatic diabetes mellitus patients with persistent microalbuminuria have markers of diffuse cardiac fibrosis including elevated extracellular volume fraction, high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T, and diastolic dysfunction, which may in part be reversible by renin–angiotensin–aldosterone blockade. Increased risk in these patients may be mediated by subclinical changes in tissue structure and function.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
01970319.
Aerosol–Cloud Interaction in Deep Convective Clouds over the Indian Peninsula Using Spectral (Bin) Microphysics
Authors: Gayatri K. , Patade S. , Prabha T. V. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model coupled with a spectral bin microphysics (SBM) scheme is used to investigate aerosol effects on cloud microphysics and precipitation over the Indian peninsular region. The main emphasis of the study is in comparing simulated cloud microphysical structure with in situ aircraft observations from the Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX). Aerosol–cloud interaction over the rain-shadow region is investigated with observed and simulated size distribution spectra of cloud droplets and ice particles in monsoon clouds. It is shown that size distributions as well as other microphysical characteristics obtained from simulations such as liquid water content, cloud droplet effective radius, cloud droplet number concentration, and thermodynamic parameters are in good agreement with the observations. It is seen that in clouds with high cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations, snow and graupel size distribution spectra were broader compared to clouds with low concentrations of CCN, mainly because of enhanced riming in the presence of a large number of droplets with a diameter of 10–30 μm. The Hallett–Mossop ice multiplication process is illustrated to have an impact on snow and graupel mass. The changes in CCN concentrations have a strong effect on cloud properties over the domain, amounts of cloud water, and the glaciation of the clouds, but the effects on surface precipitation are small when averaged over a large area. Overall enhancement of cold-phase cloud processes in the high-CCN case contributed to slight enhancement (5%) in domain-averaged surface precipitation.
Role of Micro-organisms in Caries Etiology
Authors: van Houte J. 
Published: July 2017

The microbial etiology of dental caries is discussed in terms of the dynamic relationship among the dental plaque microbiota, dietary carbohydrate, saliva, and the pH-lowering and cariogenic potential of dental plaque. The evidence supports a concept of caries as a dietary carbohydrate-modified bacterial infectious disease. Its key feature is a dietary carbohydrate-induced enrichment of the plaque microbiota with organisms such as the mutans streptococci and lactobacilli which causes an increase of plaque's pH-lowering and cariogenic potential. The shift in the plaque proportions of these organisms appears to be related to their relatively high acid tolerance. A large body of evidence also supports a major effect of saliva on caries development. Integration of salivary effects with the concept of caries as a dietary carbohydrate-modified bacterial infectious disease suggests a broader concept whichincludes a major role of saliva in the regulation of the exposure of tooth surfaces to carbohydrate and of plaque acidity and, hence, the microbial composition and the pH-lowering and cariogenic potential of dental plaque. It is proposed that caries occurs preferentially in dentition sites characterized by a relatively high exposure to carbohydrate and diminished salivary effects. Some implications of this concept are discussed.
Research governance impediments to clinical trials: a retrospective survey
Authors: Salman Rustam Al-Shahi , Brock Timothy M , Dennis Martin S , Sandercock Peter A G , White Philip M , Warlow Charles 
Published: July 2017

Objective We sought to evaluate the delays, between-centre variations in practice, and opportunity costs attributable to delays in research governance approval of clinical trials in the United Kingdom. Design Retrospective survey. Setting Research and Development (R&D) departments at 50 UK National Health Service hospital trusts governing 57 hospital sites. Participants R&D departments participating in four randomized multicentre clinical trials coordinated by our Neurosciences Trials Unit. Interventions None. Main outcome measures Median delay between application and research governance approval. Results Only half of the R&D departments used the UK online R&D form. Only a single copy of the application was required by 96% of R&D departments. The median delay between application and research governance approval was 44 working days (interquartile range 23–80). A delay of >20 working days was incurred by 43 applications (75%), of which 24 (56%) were not explicable and 11 (20%) were attributable to local funding negotiations. Based on the trial randomization rates at each centre, 108 patients (17% of all patients randomized) could have been randomized during the delay, at a crude cost to funding agencies of £53,743; if a four week delay was deemed acceptable, 75 patients (12% of all patients randomized) could have been randomized during unacceptable delays, at a crude cost to funding agencies of £37,700. Conclusions The UK research governance system incurs unacceptably long and costly delays for clinical trials. Urgent reform is needed, including rapid design and uniform implementation of the ‘bureaucracy busting’ measures in Best Research for Best Health
Adverse effects of spinal manipulation: a systematic review
Authors: Ernst E 
Published: July 2017

Objective To identify adverse effects of spinal manipulation. Design Systematic review of papers published since 2001. Setting Six electronic databases. Main outcome measures Reports of adverse effects published between January 2001 and June 2006. There were no restrictions according to language of publication or research design of the reports. Results The searches identified 32 case reports, four case series, two prospective series, three case-control studies and three surveys. In case reports or case series, more than 200 patients were suspected to have been seriously harmed. The most common serious adverse effects were due to vertebral artery dissections. The two prospective reports suggested that relatively mild adverse effects occur in 30% to 61 % of all patients. The case-control studies suggested a causal relationship between spinal manipulation and the adverse effect. The survey data indicated that even serious adverse effects are rarely reported in the medical literature. Conclusions Spinal manipulation, particularly when performed on the upper spine, is frequently associated with mild to moderate adverse effects. It can also result in serious complications such as vertebral artery dissection followed by stroke. Currently, the incidence of such events is not known. In the interest of patient safety we should reconsider our policy towards the routine use of spinal manipulation.
Computer‐Aided Three‐Dimensional Reconstruction and Measurement of the round Window and its Membrane
Authors: Takahashi Haruo , Takagi Akira , Sando Isamu 
Published: July 2017

This study was performed to clarify the complex three‐dimensional shape of the round window and its membrane, and to measure these structures by using the computer‐aided three‐dimensional reconstruction method we developed. The equipment used included a personal computer, a high‐resolution, 14‐Inch color monitor, and a digitizer. Materials consisted of five normal temporal bones obtained from five individuals with negative otologic histories who had been 5 months and 14, 15, 18, and 59 years old at death. Round window membranes were found to be convex to the middle ear side when viewed in the coronal plane, but to be concave when viewed in the sagittal plane; thus the membrane in most cases seemed to be shaped like a saddle, tapered toward the vestibular end. The average maximal diameter, sagittal length, horizontal width, and surface area of the round window were 2.32 ± 0.19 mm, 2.08 ± 0.22 mm, 1.76 ± 0.10 mm, and 2.70 ± 0.43 mm2, respectively. The average surface area of the round window membrane was 2.98 ± 0.43 mm2.
An Artificial Myotatic Reflex: A Potential Avenue to Fine Motor Control
Authors: Grundfest‐Broniatowski Sharon , Broniatowski Michael , Davies Charles R. , Jacobs Gordon B. , Kasick Jerald C. , Chou Samuel S. , Nosé Yukihiko , Hermann Robert E. , Tucker Harvey M. 
Published: July 2017

When a striated muscle becomes paralyzed, not only its motor function, but its sensory innervation may be Impaired. Methods of rehabilitation have previously focused only on motor innervation, although striated muscles are submitted to self‐regulation of length and tension. Indeed, reinnervated muscle may not contract appropriately unless sensory information is available, nor is it known whether sensory receptors are included in the reinnervation process. We hypothesized that the myotatic reflex (MR) would be absent in the event these sensory organs are not reinnervated, and that an artificial myotatic reflex (AMR) would be useful in reestablishing fine motor control. The strap muscles were exposed in six anesthetized rabbits. The MR was verified by stretching an intact sternohyoid muscle. Next, loss of the reflex was documented after the ipsllateral ansa hypoglossl was divided, and a crossover nerve‐muscle pedicle (NMP) was brought In from the opposite sternothyroid. After 3 months, the MR was still absent; however, stretch of the contralateral sternohyoid produced a reflex response on the reinnervated side. A strain gauge sutured to the reinnervated muscle was linked to an electronic modulator so that stretch induced electric stimulation of the NMP and contraction (the AMR). We conclude that (1) proprioception is not reestablished in the reinnervated muscle; (2) by contrast, sensory Information from the muscle of origin of the NMP Is conveyed to the reinnervated side; and (3) the AMR offers promise toward more sophisticated control of paralyzed (I.e., facial, laryngeal) musculature.
Surgical Treatment of Achilles Tendinitis by Decompression of the Retrocalcaneal Bursa and the Superior Calcaneal Tuberosity
Authors: Yodlowski Marilyn L. , Scheller Arnold D. , Minos Lampros 
Published: July 2017

Background Initial nonoperative treatment of pain at the Achilles tendon, often referred to as “tendinitis,” is not always successful. Hypothesis Surgical treatment is effective for patients with insertional tendinitis unrelieved by nonoperative measures. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods Thirty-five patients (41 feet) who had painful Achilles tendon syndrome unrelieved by 6 months of nonoperative measures were treated surgically. The technique consisted of a single incision along the lateral border of the Achilles tendon. The dissection exposed the retrocalcaneal bursa and fat pad, which were completely excised along with any scarred and thickened paratenon. A partial calcaneal exostectomy of the tubercle was performed. Results At a minimum follow-up of 20 months (average, 39), the patients’ pain scores (rated from 0 to 6) improved from 4.7 (SD, 1.1) preoperatively to 1.5 (SD, 1.3); 90% had complete or significant relief of symptoms, 10% felt improved, and none felt unchanged or worse. Conclusions Surgical treatment of chronic Achilles tendon pain with resection of the prominent tuberosity, complete debridement of the bursa, excision of thickened, scarred paratenon, and removal of accessible calcific deposits within the tendon is an effective treatment.
Anteroposterior Centering of the Humeral Head on the Glenoid in Vivo
Authors: Schiffern Shadley C. , Rozencwaig Richard , Antoniou John , Richardson Michael L. , Matsen Frederick A. 
Published: July 2017

Background The capsule and ligaments are generally viewed as the primary stabilizers of the glenohumeral joint, but many important activities are performed in midrange positions in which these structures are lax. Hypothesis In vivo, the humeral head can be centered in the glenoid, even when the shoulder is in positions in which the capsule is lax and even when the shoulder is passively positioned. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods We documented the centering of the humeral head in the relaxed shoulders of six subjects using open-magnet magnetic resonance imaging scans. Results While these shoulders were passively placed in midrange positions (those not at the extremes of motion), the humeral head center was never more than 2.2 mm from the glenoid center (mean + 0.1 ± 1.2 mm). Conclusions The results suggest that mechanisms other than ligamentous restraint, such as the compressive effect of resting muscle tone into the conforming concavity of the glenoid, may be sufficient to maintain centering of the glenohumeral joint. Further exploration of these mechanisms may lead to methods other than ligament tightening or capsular shrinkage for restoration of stability to joints that are unstable in the midrange of motion. Clinical Relevance In that many patients with unstable shoulders demonstrate instability in midrange positions, it is hoped that further study of living shoulders will lead to a more effective understanding of the nonligament mechanisms of shoulder stability and the ways in which these stabilizing mechanisms can be restored.
A Biomechanical Analysis of Meniscal Repair Techniques
Authors: Rankin Christopher C. , Lintner David M. , Noble Philip C. , Paravic Vibor , Greer Erin 
Published: July 2017

Background Various methods are available for repair of meniscal tears: a biodegradable meniscal implant without sutures (Biofix meniscus arrow), a suture anchor device (T-fix), and horizontal and vertical mattress sutures. Hypothesis There is no difference in repair strength or mode of failure among the techniques compared. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Reproducible tears were created in bovine menisci and repaired with each of the techniques. Residual displacement of the tear immediately after repair and the resistance to displacement under load applied perpendicular to the tear were measured and compared. Results The residual displacement after repair was highest in the Biofix arrow group (0.70 mm) and lowest in the vertical mattress suture group (0.21 mm). The ultimate strength of repair was strongest for the vertical sutures (202 ± 7 N) and lowest for the arrow and T-fix (95.9 ± 8 N and 99.4 ± 8 N, respectively). The force required to generate 2 mm of tear displacement was greatest for the vertical sutures (143 N) and least for the arrow (43.6 N). Conclusions Suture techniques were stronger at all levels of testing. Clinical Relevance Knowledge of biomechanical characteristics aids the surgeon in choosing the appropriate technique for each situation.
Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Grafts for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Honl Matthias , Carrero Volker , Hille Ekkehard , Schneider Erich , Morlock Michael M. 
Published: July 2017

Background Secure fixation is an important factor in the success of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Hypothesis There is no difference in the mechanical behavior of reconstructions from method of fixation or method of testing. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions were performed with bone-patellar tendon-bone grafts in 48 human cadaveric knees. Three different fixation methods (Endobutton, interference screw, suture-post fixation) were compared under failure tensile loading and cyclic submaximal tensile loading. Results No difference was observed in ultimate load among the three techniques. Stiffness of the grafts was significantly lower for the suture technique than for the interference screw technique. Cyclic loading revealed significantly different failure rates: 0% of the Endobutton, 38% of the interference screw, and 100% of the suture-post groups. The relative movement of the femoral bone plug and the migration of the bone plug out of the femoral canal were lowest in the interference screw group. Conclusions The suture-post fixation is not recommended. The interference screw technique showed the best results, but results were age-dependent, suggesting its best use is in younger patients. The Endobutton technique is recommended for older patients. Clinical Relevance Results of testing are useful to the surgeon in making a choice of reconstruction technique.
Quantitative Review of Operative and Nonoperative Management of Achilles Tendon Ruptures
Authors: Wong Jason , Barrass Victoria , Maffulli Nicola 
Published: July 2017

Background There is no consensus on the best method for management of acute Achilles tendon ruptures. Individual preferences, drawn from experience and study, determine whether treatment is operative or nonoperative. Purpose Our goal was to review the literature to try to determine what management method was the most popular and effective. We wanted to ascertain the best results in terms of complication rates and patient outcomes. Study Design Retrospective review of retrospectively and prospectively collected data. Methods We analyzed 125 articles in peer-reviewed journals for year of publication, patient numbers, sex, management method, follow-up complications, and patient satisfaction. Each article was graded using a validated methods score. Methods, patient satisfaction, and complication rates were correlated with the year each article was published. Results Skin-healing complications were lowest in conservatively managed patients (3 of 578, 0.5%) and highest in open repair and immobilized patients (543 of 3718, 14.6%). General complication rates were lowest in open repair and early-mobilization groups (16 of 238, 6.7%) and highest in percutaneous and early-mobilization groups (19 of 122, 15.6%). Rerupture rates were highest in immobilized conservative management groups (62 of 578, 10.7%) and lowest in groups with external fixation (0%). Conclusions In general, the number of publications reporting Achilles tendon ruptures is increasing, the quality of articles is increasing, and the trend for the number of reported complications is decreasing. The published articles had a low methods score (mean, 50.9; range, 25 to 77) and showed a trend toward earlier mobilization. Open repair and early mobilization give the best functional recovery and an acceptable complication rate.