bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic field angle dependence of out-of-plane precession in spin torque oscillators having an in-plane magnetized free layer and a perpendicularly magnetized reference layer
Authors: Hiramatsu Ryo , Kubota Hitoshi , Tsunegi Sumito , Tamaru Shingo , Yakushiji Kay , Fukushima Akio , Matsumoto Rie , Imamura Hiroshi , Yuasa Shinji 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Out-of-plane (OP) precession in spin torque oscillators having an in-plane (IP) magnetized free layer and a perpendicularly magnetized reference layer was studied. The bias voltage (V
B) and magnetic field angle (θ) dependence of the OP precession were investigated. The absolute values of the critical magnetic fields (

and

) between which OP precession is excited increased as V
B increased and as θ changed from the IP to the OP direction. The IP components of

converged to a constant value regardless of θ. This result indicates that excitation of OP precession is suppressed entirely by the IP component of the magnetic field, and the contribution of the OP component can be ignored. The experimentally observed precession behavior was successfully modeled by macrospin simulations.
Shot noise effect on noise source and noise parameter of 10-nm-scale quasi-ballistic n-/p-type MOS devices
Authors: Jeon Jongwook , Kang Myounggon 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
In this work, we investigated the noise source and noise parameters of a quasi-ballistic MOSFET at the high-frequency regime. We presented the shot noise properties in the measured drain current noise and its impact on the induced gate noise and the noise parameters of 10-nm-scale n-/p-type MOS (N/PMOS) devices for the first time. The measured noise sources and noise parameters were carefully analyzed with the shot and thermal noise models in all operation regions. On the basis of the results, new noise parameter models are proposed and the noise performance improvement in the quasi-ballistic regime is shown.
Direct correlations of structural and optical properties of three-dimensional GaN/InGaN core/shell micro-light emitting diodes
Authors: Mohajerani Matin Sadat , Müller Marcus , Hartmann Jana , Zhou Hao , Wehmann Hergo-H. , Veit Peter , Bertram Frank , Christen Jürgen , Waag Andreas 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) InGaN/GaN quantum-well (QW) core–shell light emitting diodes (LEDs) are a promising candidate for the future solid state lighting. In this contribution, we study direct correlations of structural and optical properties of the core–shell LEDs using highly spatially-resolved cathodoluminescence spectroscopy (CL) in combination with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Temperature-dependent resonant photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy has been performed to understand recombination mechanisms and to estimate the internal quantum efficiency (IQE).
Técnica de Incidentes Críticos: Aplicabilidade nas Pesquisas de Enfermagem Critical incident technique: applicability in nursing research
Authors: Da Silva Gustavo Dias , Silvino Zenith Rosa , Dos Santos Márcia Farias de Oliveira , Dias Pollyanna Silva Cunha , Dela Coleta Marília Ferreira , Matos Priscila Borges de Carvalho 
Published: April 2016

Objetivo: Descrever a técnica de incidentes críticos (TIC) e sua aplicabilidade nas pesquisas de enfermagem. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa sobre as produções encontradas através dos sites PubMed, Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações (BDTD), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior (CAPES) e Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS), incluindo neste as seguintes bases de dados: Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MedLine), Scintific Library Online (SciELO) e Bases de Dados em Enfermagem (BDENF). Resultados: Foram analisados e discutidos 19 trabalhos após o levantamento digital. Conclusão: A partir deste estudo conclui-se que a TIC ainda é pouco utilizada e difundida entre os pesquisadores. Esta revisão apresenta um panorama geral e permite o conhecimento da técnica, consolidando-a como uma metodologia inovadora, caracterizada em especial por sua plurivalência e facilidade de aplicação.
A critical evaluation of the Miller and Miller similar media theory for application to natural soils
Authors: Sadeghi Morteza , Ghahraman Bijan , Warrick Arthur W. , Tuller Markus , Jones Scott B. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe Miller‐Miller similar media theory is widely applied to characterize the spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties. For a group of soils, a distinct scaling factor is commonly assigned to each individual soil to coalesce the soil water characteristic and hydraulic conductivity functions to single curves. It is generally assumed that the Miller‐Miller theory is valid as long as soils are “similar” either with regard to their microscopic pore space geometry or the closely related macroscopic soil hydraulic functions. In this paper, it is illustrated that similarity is not the sole required condition for validity of the Miller‐Miller theory. In addition, the interrelation between the soil water characteristic and the hydraulic conductivity functions considered for scaling need to be comparable. The interrelation is dependent not only on the pore space geometry, but also on solid‐liquid interactions. Hence similar interrelation cannot be concluded from similarity of microscopic pore space geometry. A dimensionless parameter termed the “joint scaling factor” was defined and applied to evaluate the soundness of the interrelation condition for 26 soils from the UNSODA database that were grouped into six classes of similar soils. Obtained results clearly reveal the crucial importance of the interrelation condition for the Miller‐Miller scaling theory, which has been hidden behind the “similarity” requirement, and contradict the general belief that Miller‐Miller scaling is valid as long as soils are “similar.”
Vertical redistribution of zooplankton in an oligotrophic lake associated with reduction in ultraviolet radiation by wildfire smoke
Authors: Urmy Samuel S. , Williamson Craig E. , Leach Taylor H. , Schladow S. Geoffrey , Overholt Erin P. , Warren Joseph D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe used a natural experiment to test whether wildfire smoke induced changes in the vertical distribution of zooplankton in Lake Tahoe by decreasing incident ultraviolet radiation (UV). Fires have a variety of effects on aquatic ecosystems, but these impacts are poorly understood and have rarely been observed directly. UV is an important driver of zooplankton vertical migration, and wildfires may alter it over large spatial scales. We measured UV irradiance and the distribution of zooplankton on two successive days. On one day, smoke haze from a nearby wildfire reduced incident UV radiation by up to 9%, but not irradiance in the visible spectrum. Zooplankton responded by positioning themselves, on average, 4.1 m shallower in the lake. While a limited data set such as this requires cautious interpretation, our results suggest that smoke from wildfires can change the UV environment and distribution of zooplankton. This process may be important in drought‐prone regions with increasingly frequent wildfires, and globally due to widespread biomass burning.
Germ Cell Fate Determination in

C. e

legans
Authors: Voronina Ekaterina , Greenstein David 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Germ cell development is essential for the sexual reproduction of animals. Germ cells are immortal in that they contribute to successive generations, whereas somatic cells perish with the individual. The nematode
Caenorhabditis elegans
is a leading system for elucidating the developmental mechanisms controlling the germ cell fate determination because this organism is amenable to molecular genetic and mechanistic analysis. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms specifying the fate of germ cells from their journey in the embryo to fertilization.

Key Concepts

Germ cell development is essential for the sexual reproduction of animals.

Primordial germ cells are formed early in embryogenesis.

Germ cell specification happens in the absence of transcription.

Germ cell proliferation in the adult is regulated by the somatic niche.

Oocyte meiotic maturation is under hormonal control.

Gene expression in germline is regulated by a combination of epigenetic and posttranscriptional mechanisms.
Regulatory
T
Cells
Authors: Galustian Christine , Dasgupta Prokar 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

The study of these cells has been ongoing for over two decades, and publications about these cells have risen to over 39 000 in Pubmed alone. Regulatory T cells, which comprise mostly CD4 lymphocytes, can, as their name suggests, regulate or control immune responses elicited by a number of immune cell types. The overall goal of this regulation is the maintenance of immune self‐tolerance and the attenuation of immunological responses elicited towards a number of different stimuli, such as bacteria, viruses and foreign or neoantigens which may be encountered against either transplanted or cancerous tissue and cells.

Key Concepts

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of T cells that participate in the downregulation of immune responses.

Tregs can develop in the thymus or in the periphery.

Their main role is to control autoimmune reactions and to regulate immune responses to foreign antigens.

The majority of Tregs are derived from CD4+ T cells.

They can suppress effector immune cells through direct contact, release of soluble factors and competition for IL‐2.

They can suppress effector immune cells in an antigen‐specific or independent manner.
Sucrose Metabolism
Authors: Lunn John E 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Sucrose is one of the main products of photosynthesis in plants, and the most common form of carbohydrate transported from source to sink organs. It also functions as a storage reserve, compatible solute and signal metabolite in plants. Sucrose is synthesised via the phosphorylated intermediate sucrose‐6′‐phosphate, by sucrose‐phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose‐phosphatase (SPP). In sink organs, sucrose is broken down by invertase or sucrose synthase to provide carbon and energy for growth and accumulation of storage reserves, such as starch, oil and fructans. Sucrose and trehalose are the only common nonreducing disaccharides found in nature, and their metabolism is inextricably linked in plants. Trehalose‐6‐phosphate, the intermediate of trehalose synthesis, is a signal of sucrose availability in plant cells, regulating photoassimilate partitioning in leaves and the utilisation of sucrose in sink organs.

Key Concepts

Sucrose is one of the main products of photosynthesis and the most common transport sugar in plants.

Sucrose is a nonreducing disaccharide and is synthesised in the cytosol via the phosphorylated intermediate, sucrose‐6′‐phosphate.

In leaves, the rate of sucrose synthesis is tightly coordinated with the rates of photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation and starch synthesis in the chloroplasts.

Sucrose is transported from leaves via the phloem, to provide the rest of the plant with carbon and energy for growth and storage product synthesis.

Sucrose is unloaded from the phloem in sink organs. It can be hydrolysed by cell wall invertases and imported into the cells as hexose sugars, or taken up intact and metabolised by intracellular invertases or sucrose synthase.

Fructans are soluble polymers of fructose found in about 15% of all flowering plants. Dicotyledonous plants generally make inulin‐type fructans, whereas monocotyledonous plants also make levan, inulin neoseries, levan neoseries and mixed levan (graminan)‐type fructans.

Fructans are synthesised from sucrose via trisaccharide intermediates – 1‐kestose, 6‐kestose or 6G‐kestose – by various fructosyltransferases in the vacuole.

Trehalose is a nonreducing disaccharide found in many bacteria, archaea, invertebrates and fungi, and is often used as a stress protectant, compatible solute, storage reserve or transport sugar.

Trehalose metabolism is ubiquitous in plants, and essential for their normal growth and development, but most flowering plants accumulate only trace amounts of trehalose.

Trehalose‐6‐phosphate, the intermediate of trehalose synthesis, is a signal of sucrose availability in plants, regulating photoassimilate partitioning in leaves and the utilisation of sucrose in sink organs.
Combination Therapy in Cancer
Authors: Liu Wai M , Scott Katherine A , Dalgleish Angus G 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

There has been a dramatic increase in the number of treatment approaches that can be used to manage patients with cancer. They range from those that are conventionally cytotoxic in nature to those that have been specifically designed with a particular target in mind. Although these ‘intelligent’ drugs successfully perform their intended function, their action can be more diverse than first anticipated. This is often the case with more conventional chemotherapies, where secondary effects are overlooked as the focus is rightly on the principal effect. For example, in addition to its more classic cytotoxic effect, gemcitabine is capable of increasing the antigenicity of tumours, causing them to become more visible to the immune system. It is this continued search for novel ways to exploit drugs that are already available that will increase the pool of treatment options available to patients.

Key Concepts

Pairing up treatment modalities can enhance the overall effect of each drug.

Certain immune therapies support chemotherapy.

Targeting multiple signalling pathways in cancer cells can improve overall activity.

Altering the tumour phenotype to restore visibility to the immune system can be achieved through the use of certain chemotherapy.

The sequence that drugs are given can affect overall drug combination efficacy.
Genetics of Human Zinc Deficiencies
Authors: Hogstrand Christer , Maret Wolfgang 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

The numerous mutations in two families of human zinc transporters (SLC30, 10 ZNT proteins and SLC39, 14 ZIP proteins) indicate that the inherited diseases established for ZIP4 (acrodermatitis enteropathica), ZIP13 (spondylocheirodysplastic Ehlers–Danlos syndrome), ZNT2 (transient neonatal zinc deficiency) and ZNT10 (manganism) signify an emerging field that is important for a wide variety of diseases. Discoveries also impact nutrition and toxicology as differences in requirements for zinc and sensitivities towards an excess of zinc are genetically determined. The spectrum of mutations leads to phenotypes of different severity and risk factors for diseases. Some mutations are rare but others such as the ones in ZNT2 and ZNT8 (the latter associated with diabetes risk) are important for the health of majorities in populations. Inherited diseases of zinc metabolism are also due to mutations in other genes. As metal ions interact and their concentrations are balanced, mutations affect the metabolism of metals ions other than zinc as already shown for manganese, iron and toxic metal ions such as cadmium.

Key Concepts

Zinc is involved in virtually all biological processes.

Zinc transporters, metallothioneins and other proteins are involved in inherited diseases of zinc metabolism with a large spectrum of phenotypes.

Two members of the human zinc transporter family ZNT (SLC30) have mutations that lead to inherited diseases: ZNT2 (transient neonatal zinc deficiency) and ZNT10 (manganism) – the list is likely to grow.

Two members of the human zinc transporter family ZIP (SLC39) have mutations that lead to inherited diseases: ZIP4 (acrodermatitis enteropathica) and ZIP13 (spondylocheirodysplastic Ehlers–Danlos syndrome) – the list is likely to grow.

Genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) reveal relationships between zinc transporters and a wide range of diseases.

Some associations between zinc transporters and diseases affect large fractions of populations.

Mutations in bona fide zinc transporters affect the metabolism of other metal ions and possibly other trace elements, for example, selenium.
Epigenetic Mechanisms in Lynch Syndrome
Authors: Nieminen Taina T , Niskakoski Anni , Peltomäki Päivi 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Lynch syndrome (LS) has been known for a century. The syndrome was originally recognised as a dominant predisposition to cancers of multiple organs, including those of the gastrointestinal tract and female reproductive organs. In 1993–1995, LS was linked to germline mutations in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) mismatch repair (MMR) genes
MLH1
,
MSH2
,
MSH6
and
PMS2
. Soon thereafter, promoter methylation as an alternative mechanism of DNA MMR gene inactivation was discovered. Such ‘epigenetic mutations’ (epimutations) may be somatic (e.g. biallelic methylation of
MLH1
in sporadic microsatellite‐unstable cancers) or constitutional (monoallelic methylation of
MLH1
or
MSH2
in normal tissue, involving cells derived from all three germ layers and causing predisposition to LS cancers). To date, epigenetic mechanisms are known to operate at all stages of LS tumourigenesis, from constitutional predisposition to cancer initiation and progression, and involve DNA MMR genes as well as multiple other growth‐regulatory genes. This review discusses the role of epigenetic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of LS and more broadly, LS as a model of epigenetic mechanisms underlying common human cancers.

Key Concepts

Lynch syndrome (LS) is caused by mutations in one of the DNA mismatch repair genes;
MLH1
,
MSH2
,
MSH6
or
PMS2
.

DNA methylation, miRNAs and histone modifications are involved in epigenetic regulation of MMR genes.

Epigenetic regulation has been linked to constitutional predisposition, cancer initiation and progression in LS.

MLH1
gene may be constitutionally affected by primary epimutation (has no known genetic basis and is usually not inherited) or secondary epimutation (associated with genetic
cis
‐ or
trans
‐acting alteration, which can be transmitted to offspring).

EPCAM
deletions may induce secondary epimutations of the
MSH2
gene.

MMR genes typically, but not always, require two hit inactivation for tumour initiation.

LS spectrum tumours have epigenetic profiles characteristic of tumour type.

Environmental factors interact with genetic and epigenetic factors, influencing LS phenotype.
Cancer Evolution
Authors: Wu Joseph H 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Cancer is an evolutionary process of somatic cellular selection. Genetic and epigenetic alterations in tumour cell populations generate the heritable variation on which natural selection can act. The multistep process of carcinogenesis can be rationalised as the acquisition of functional traits that enable incipient cancer cells to achieve replicative success and, eventually, immortality in a tumour microenvironment. Evolution explains why cancer exists, as it is a natural consequence of selection at the cellular level, despite being harmful at the organismic level. Evolution also explains why cancer therapy fails. Therapeutic intervention may eradicate many cancer cells, but this also inadvertently clears the ecological niche and positively selects for the expansion of resistant cells. New applications of evolutionary biology, ecological theory and multilevel selection theory are deepening our understanding of cancer progression. An evolutionary perspective of cancer also offers novel prevention and treatment strategies for cancer.

Key Concepts

Cancer is a process of somatic selection in which variant cells acquire fitness advantages in a tumour microenvironment.

The hallmark capabilities of cancer cells can be understood as functional adaptations that confer a reproductive advantage over normal cells.

Tumours are heterogeneous populations of cells. A high amount of cancer heterogeneity is associated with an increased rate of cancer progression and a negative prognostic factor for treatment.

The tumour microenvironment plays a key role in cancer suppression.

The availability of resources in a tumour microenvironment can influence cancer development, invasion and metastasis.

Cancer is an example of natural selection acting in opposing directions at different levels of the biological hierarchy – an increased fitness of the cancer cell is correlated with a decreased fitness of the host organism.

Evolutionary medicine offers reasons for why our bodies remain vulnerable to cancer despite years of evolving powerful mechanisms for suppressing the development of cancer.

The application of evolutionary thinking to cancer biology is offering fresh insights on new therapeutic strategies.
Reading Without Words: Eye Movements in the Comprehension of Comic Strips
Authors: Foulsham Tom , Wybrow Dean , Cohn Neil 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThe study of attention in pictures is mostly limited to individual images. When we ‘read’ a visual narrative (e.g., a comic strip), the pictures have a coherent sequence, but it is not known how this affects attention. In two experiments, we eyetracked participants in order to investigate how disrupting the visual sequence of a comic strip would affect attention. Both when panels were presented one at a time (Experiment 1) and when a sequence was presented all together (Experiment 2), pictures were understood more quickly and with fewer fixations when in their original order. When order was randomised, the same pictures required more attention and additional ‘regressions’. Fixation distributions also differed when the narrative was intact, showing that context affects where we look. This reveals the role of top‐down structures when we attend to pictorial information, as well as providing a springboard for applied research into attention within image sequences.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetry Price Transmission in the Deregulated Rice Markets in Bangladesh: Asymmetric Error Correction Model
Authors: Alam Mohammad Jahangir , McKenzie Andrew M. , Begum Ismat Ara , Buysse Jeroen , Wailes Eric J. , Van Huylenbroeck Guido 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTThere is a widely held belief among public consumers that rice prices are manipulated in Bangladesh. This manipulation may have led to price asymmetry in the vertical chain of Bangladesh rice markets. This paper is an attempt to investigate the existence of asymmetry between wholesale and retail rice prices in Bangladesh. Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) based cointegration test was applied to determine long‐run equilibrium relationship. We examine whether the wholesale market dominates the retail market—in terms of price discovery and price leadership—or vice versa. Finally, we analyze whether the wholesale‐retail price relationship is asymmetric with respect to price increases and price decreases. To test the asymmetric price transmission we used the asymmetric error correction‐EG approach. Our results show that wholesale and retail prices are cointegrated, and wholesale market plays a leadership role in determining retail prices, which is in line with industrial organization theory. Our results confirm the fear and concerns of consumers about the existence of price asymmetry. [JEL Classification: Q110; Q113].