bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of basement faults on thermal convection and implications for the formation of unconformity‐related uranium deposits in the Athabasca Basin, Canada
Authors: Li Z. , Chi G. , Bethune K. M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe formation of the world‐class, high‐grade unconformity‐related uranium deposits in the Athabasca Basin (Canada) requires circulation of large amounts of fluids, the mechanisms for which are still not well understood. Recent studies advocate thermal convection as a possible driving force for the fluid flow related to uranium mineralization; however, little is known regarding how basement faults, which are spatially associated with most unconformity‐related uranium deposits, influence fluid convection and how this may affect the localization of mineralization. This study addresses these questions through simulations of thermal convection with various configurations of basement faults using the FLAC3D software. Modelling results indicate that the location, spacing, orientation and thermal conductivities of basement faults influence the size and location of thermally driven fluid convection. In a model with a single isolated fault, the fault coincides with an upwelling plume and the dip angle of the fault does not affect the fluid flow pattern; when the fault is moved laterally, the upwelling plume shifts accordingly. In the case of two vertical faults, the faults may either coincide with upwelling flow between two convection cells or be located below individual convection cells, depending on fault spacing. In the latter case, fluid may flow into and out of individual fault zones. Similar results were also obtained for models with two nonvertical (i.e. dipping) faults. Convective flow can penetrate the uppermost basement when the permeability is less than two orders of magnitude lower than that of the overlying sandstone. In this case, the basement faults not only can control the location of ascending flow, but also can passively act as fluid conduits of either flow from the basin into the basement (ingress), or flow from the basement into the basin (egress), depending on their thermal conductivities and relative locations in the models.
Evaluation of Major to Ultra Trace Element Bulk Rock Chemical Analysis of Nanoparticulate Pressed Powder Pellets by LA‐ICP‐MS
Authors: Peters Daniel , Pettke Thomas 
Published: June 2016

An efficient, clean procedure for the measurement of element mass fractions in bulk rock nanoparticulate pressed powder pellets (PPPs) by 193 nm laser ablation ICP‐MS is presented. Samples were pulverised by wet milling and pelletised with microcrystalline cellulose as a binder, allowing non‐cohesive materials such as quartz or ceramics to be processed. The LA‐ICP‐MS PPP analytical procedure was optimised and evaluated using six different geological reference materials (JP‐1, UB‐N, BCR‐2, GSP‐2, OKUM and MUH‐1), with rigorous procedural blank quantification employing synthetic quartz. Measurement trueness of the procedure was equivalent to that achieved by solution ICP‐MS and LA‐ICP‐MS analysis of glass. The measurement repeatability was as low as 0.5–2% (1s, n = 6) and, accordingly, PPP homogeneity could be demonstrated. Calibration based on the reference glasses NIST SRM 610, NIST SRM 612, BCR‐2G and GSD‐1G revealed matrix effects for glass and PPP measurement with NIST SRM 61×; using basalt glasses eliminated this problem. Most significantly, trace elements not commonly measured (flux elements Li, B; chalcophile elements As, Sb, Tl, In, Bi) could be quantified. The PPP‐LA‐ICP‐MS method overcomes common problems and limitations in analytical geochemistry and thus represents an efficient and accurate alternative for bulk rock analysis.
3‐O‐Laurylglyceryl ascorbate reinforces skin barrier function through not only the reduction of oxidative stress but also the activation of ceramide synthesis
Authors: Katsuyama Y. , Taira N. , Tsuboi T. , Yoshioka M. , Masaki H. , Muraoka O. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectiveA higher trans‐epidermal water loss (TEWL) occurs in rough skin, in elder skin and also in atopic dermatitis. An impaired skin barrier function is considered to be caused by an incomplete construction of the intercellular lamellar structure due to the quantitative reduction of ceramides. Since these symptoms coexist with oxidative stress, we hypothesized that impairment of the skin barrier function is accelerated by oxidative stress. Thus, the purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of oxidative stress on ceramide synthesis and to characterize whether antioxidants can improve skin barrier function. 3‐O‐Laurylglyceryl ascorbate (VC‐3LG), which is a newly amphipathic derivative of ascorbic acid, was evaluated as a candidate antioxidant.MethodsWe characterized the mRNA expression levels of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) treated with H2O2 using real‐time PCR analysis. In order to evaluate the effect of VC‐3LG on skin barrier function, we used several assays with reconstructed human epidermis equivalents (RHEEs).ResultsCeramide synthesis was down‐regulated in NHEKs by oxidative stress. Treatment with VC‐3LG abrogated the down‐regulation of SPT mRNA in NHEKs caused by oxidative stress, and stimulated SPT mRNA expression levels. In experiments characterizing the antioxidative properties of VC‐3LG, VC‐3LG reduced oxidative stress in NHEKs by up‐regulating catalase mRNA expression. In addition, VC‐3LG stimulated the skin barrier function in RHEEs, which had lower TEWL values compared with untreated RHEEs. Furthermore, VC‐3LG increased the quantity of ceramide in RHEEs.ConclusionTaken together, we conclude that VC‐3LG reinforces the skin barrier function due to its reduction of oxidative stress and its promotion of ceramide synthesis.
Dermatology consultations significantly contribute quality to care of hospitalized patients: a prospective study of dermatology inpatient consults at a tertiary care center
Authors: Galimberti Fabrizio , Guren Lauren , Fernandez Anthony P. , Sood Apra 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundCutaneous abnormalities are common in hospitalized patients but are frequently missed or misdiagnosed by admitting teams. Inpatient dermatology consultations provide important information to help diagnose and manage these patients. However, few studies have analyzed dermatology inpatient consultations and their effect.MethodsWe prospectively collected information for 691 consecutive dermatology consultations from November 2013 to November 2014.ResultsPatients ranged in age from newborns to 97 years old. The internal medicine service requested the most consultations (45%). Only 6.5% of consultations were requested within 24 hours of appearance of cutaneous findings. Before consultation, 70.3% of patients did not receive treatment for or based on their cutaneous findings. Dermatology consultation resulted in treatment change in 81.9% of patients. The most common diagnoses were drug rash and contact dermatitis. Biopsies confirmed 71.7% of the initial bedside diagnoses by the dermatology consultation team.ConclusionsCommon skin diseases were responsible for the majority of dermatology consultations. Most patients were not treated for their cutaneous conditions before the dermatology consultation. Dermatology consultations resulted in treatment changes in the majority of cases.
CCL2, but not its receptor, is essential to restrict immune privileged central nervous system‐invasion of Japanese encephalitis virus via regulating accumulation of CD11b+ Ly‐6Chi monocytes
Authors: Kim Jin Hyoung , Patil Ajit Mahadev , Choi Jin Young , Kim Seong Bum , Uyangaa Erdenebileg , Hossain Ferdaus Mohd Altaf , Park Sang‐Youel , Lee John Hwa , Kim Koanhoi , Eo Seong Kug 
Published: June 2016

SummaryJapanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a re‐emerging zoonotic flavivirus that poses an increasing threat to global health and welfare due to rapid changes in climate and demography. Although the CCR2–CCL2 axis plays an important role in trafficking CD11b+ Ly‐6Chi monocytes to regulate immunopathological diseases, little is known about their role in monocyte trafficking during viral encephalitis caused by JEV infection. Here, we explored the role of CCR2 and its ligand CCL2 in JE caused by JEV infection using CCR2‐ and CCL2‐ablated murine models. Somewhat surprisingly, the ablation of CCR2 and CCL2 resulted in starkly contrasting susceptibility to JE. CCR2 ablation induced enhanced resistance to JE, whereas CCL2 ablation highly increased susceptibility to JE. This contrasting regulation of JE progression by CCR2 and CCL2 was coupled to central nervous system (CNS) infiltration of Ly‐6Chi monocytes and Ly‐6Ghi granulocytes. There was also enhanced expression of CC and CXC chemokines in the CNS of CCL2‐ablated mice, which appeared to induce CNS infiltration of these cell populations. However, our data revealed that contrasting regulation of JE in CCR2‐ and CCL2‐ablated mice was unlikely to be mediated by innate natural killer and adaptive T‐cell responses. Furthermore, CCL2 produced by haematopoietic stem cell‐derived leucocytes played a dominant role in CNS accumulation of Ly‐6Chi monocytes in infected bone marrow chimeric models, thereby exacerbating JE progression. Collectively, our data indicate that CCL2 plays an essential role in conferring protection against JE caused by JEV infection. In addition, blockage of CCR2, but not CCL2, will aid in the development of strategies for prophylactics and therapeutics of JE.
Retracted:Tusk shells in trouble? Physiology and behavior in response to changing temperature in a scaphopod (Mollusca: Scaphopoda: Dentaliida)
Authors: Sigwart Julia D. , Carey Nicholas , Sumner‐Rooney Lauren H. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractScaphopods (tusk shells) are infaunal marine predators that occur at locally high densities in coastal and deep‐sea mud habitats, and as consumers of foraminifera they are important in carbon cycling. We investigated oxygen metabolism and burying behavior of the scaphopodRhabdus rectiusand its responses to altered temperatures. These are the first measurements of oxygen uptake rates for any member of this taxonomic class. In response to elevated temperatures, oxygen uptake rates increased, but the ability of animals to bury themselves in sediment was compromised. Female scaphopods were significantly larger than males and, when corrected for body mass, oxygen uptake rates were consistently higher for female individuals than for males. This is consistent with previous anecdotal observations of females in other scaphopod species being larger and potentially more active. In conditions of declining oxygen availability, individuals ofRhabdus rectiusshowed strong oxyregulatory ability by maintaining the same oxygen uptake rate displayed in normoxic conditions. The ability to maintain normal metabolic functioning even in conditions of oxygen limitation would benefit a species living in a benthic environment that may be prone to temporary or transient anoxic events. Yet the decrease in normal escape response in moderately elevated temperatures indicates these animals may be at risk from rising sea temperatures.
Multiple cryptic species of sympatric generalists within the avian blood parasiteHaemoproteus majoris
Authors: Nilsson E. , Taubert H. , Hellgren O. , Huang X. , Palinauskas V. , Markovets M. Y. , Valkiūnas G. , Bensch S. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe avian haemosporidian parasiteHaemoproteus majorishas been reported to infect a wide range of passerine birds throughout the Holarctic ecozone. Five cytochromeb(cytb) lineages have been described as belonging to the morphological speciesH. majoris, and these form a tight phylogenetic cluster together with 13 undescribed lineages that differ from each other by < 1.2% in sequence divergence. Records in a database (MalAvi) that contains global findings of haemosporidian lineages generated by universal primers suggest that these lineages vary substantially in host distribution. We confirm this pattern in a data set collected at Lake Kvismaren, Sweden, where three of the generalist lineages have local transmission. However, whether these lineages represent intraspecific mitochondrial diversity or clusters of cryptic species has previously not been examined. In this study, we developed novel molecular markers to amplify the partial segments of four nuclear genes to determine the level of genetic diversity and gene phylogenies among the five morphologically described cytblineages ofH. majoris. All five cytblineages were strongly associated with unique nuclear alleles at all four nuclear loci, indicating that each mitochondrial lineage represents a distinct biological species. Within lineages, there was no apparent association between nuclear alleles and host species, indicating that they form genetically unstructured populations across multiple host species.
The context dependence of assortative mating: a demonstration with conspecific salmonid populations
Authors: Gauthey Z. , Hendry A. P. , Elosegi A. , Tentelier C. , Labonne J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAssortative mating is thought to play a key role in reproductive isolation. However, most experimental studies of assortative mating do not take place in multiple natural environments, and hence, they ignore its potential context dependence. We implemented an experiment in which two populations of brown trout (Salmo trutta) with different natural flow regimes were placed into semi‐natural stream channels under two different artificial flow regimes. Natural reproduction was allowed, and reproductive isolation was measured by means of parentage assignment to compare within‐population vs. between‐population male–female mating and relative offspring production. For both metrics, reproductive isolation was highly context dependent: no isolation was evident under one flow regime, but strong isolation was evident under the other flow regime. These patterns were fully driven by variance in the mating success of males from one of the two populations. Our results highlight how reproductive isolation through assortative mating can be strongly context dependent, which could have dramatic consequences for patterns of gene flow and speciation under environmental change.
Development of different diagnostic techniques for Endolimax piscium (archamoebae) and their applicability in Solea senegalensis clinical samples
Authors: Constenla M , Padrós F , del Pozo R , Palenzuela O 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSystemic amoebiasis of sole is caused by Endolimax piscium, a cryptic parasitic archamoeba whose epidemiology and pathogeny are yet unknown. To establish reliable detection methods for this parasite, a battery of molecular diagnostic tools (ISH, PCR and qPCR) were developed and evaluated with a panel of clinical samples from symptomatic diseased fish and from apparently normal animals of different stocks. As there is neither enough background information on the epidemiology of the disease nor a validated reference method, comparison of tests used a composite reference method approach. The ISH technique was the most specific and sensitive in intestine samples and particularly useful as a reference confirmatory method, while the best method in muscle samples was qPCR. Application of the tests to asymptomatic fish demonstrated presence of parasites in a large proportion (>25%) of their intestines, suggesting that this is the point of entry of the amoebae and the initial stage in the development of the disease. The triggering factors that facilitate the breaching of the intestinal barrier by E. piscium, causing granulomatous lesions in other organs and systemic spreading, are not completely understood but our results point to the connective tissue as a preferential target for parasite development and migration.
Case studies of spinal deformities in ornamental koi, Cyprinus carpio L.
Authors: Chin H N , Loh R , Hong Y C , Gibson‐Kueh S 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis is a study of vertebral deformities in ornamental koi based on computed radiography and skeletons cleaned by dermestid beetles (Dermestes maculatus). All koi developed gradual onset of swimming abnormalities as adults. Extensive intervertebral osteophyte formation correlated with age of fish and was associated with hindquarter paresis in one koi. Vertebral compression and fusion were the most common spinal deformities occurring at multiple sites, similar to findings in other farmed fish. Site‐specific spinal deformities were thought to develop due to differences in swimming behaviour and rates of vertebral growth. One koi had offspring with spinal deformities. Spinal deformities are significant problems in both European and Australian food fish hatcheries. The heritability of vertebral deformities in farmed fish is reportedly low unless there is concurrent poor husbandry or nutritional deficiencies. The specific aetiologies for vertebral deformities in koi in this study could not be ascertained. Current knowledge on spinal deformities in the better studied European food fish species suggests multifactorial aetiologies. Future research should include prospective longitudinal studies of larger numbers of koi from hatch and consideration of all potential risk factors such as husbandry, nutrition, temperature, photoperiod and genetics.
Molecular characterization and confocal laser scanning microscopic study of Pygidiopsis macrostomum (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) parasites of guppies Poecilia vivipara
Authors: Borges J N , Costa V S , Mantovani C , Barros E , Santos E G N , Mafra C L , Santos C P 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPygidiopsis macrostomum and Ascocotyle (Phagicola) pindoramensis (Digenea: Heterophyidae) parasitize guppies as intermediate hosts and, respectively, fish‐eating mammals or birds as definitive hosts. Heterophyids have zoonotic potential, and molecular studies associated with morphological and ecological aspects have helped to clarify their taxonomy and phylogeny. Poecilia vivipara naturally parasitized by metacercariae of both species (100% prevalence) exhibit no external signs of parasitism. In this work, four new sequences of P. macrostomum (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA and ITS2 rDNA) and one new sequence of A. (P.) pindoramensis (mtDNA cox‐1) are presented. Phylogeny reconstructions linked P. macrostomum to other heterophyids, but the separation of the Heterophyidae and Opisthorchiidae remains unclear. Additionally, we used indirect immunocytochemistry and the phalloidin‐fluorescence techniques allied with confocal laser scanning microscopy to describe muscular and neuronal structures of P. macrostomum. A complex arrangement of muscular fibres is associated with the tegument, suckers, gut and reproductive system. Radial fibres around the ventral sucker are thick, branched and extend to the body wall. High‐resolution confocal imaging revealed a typical digenean muscular arrangement and important heterophyid morphological traits. These data will support future control measures to reduce the parasitism in guppies reared in fish farming systems, especially for aquarium and experimental purposes.
Chronic hepatitis B in children: Therapeutic challenges and perspectives
Authors: Defresne Florence , Sokal Etienne 
Published: June 2016

AbstractChronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and HBV‐related hepatitis in children remains an unmet medical need, as current treatments are only partially effective, and only in a limited number of affected children. So‐called “immunotolerant” children have not shown increased serological responses to available treatments. In cases involving more active disease, serological response has only been obtained in approximately one‐third of patients when using interferon, while other cases exhibited virological response solely under continuous treatment with nucleoside analogs. Guidelines have recently been established to aid pediatricians in effectively managing this condition. With the available medications, no treatment is so far indicated for immunotolerant children, but only for cases presenting increased alanine aminotransferase levels to over 1.5–2 times the upper limit of normal for over 6 months, and without spontaneous HB envelope antigen to antibody seroconversion. The therapeutic arsenal approved by the Food and Drugs Administration and European Medicines Agency for children remains limited because of the lack of large‐scale clinical trials validating treatments already approved for the adult population. Yet, the recent discovery of a specific HBV‐cell surface receptor, NTCP, allows for new treatment perspectives regarding the future.
Sigma receptor type 1 knockout mice show a mild deficit in plasticity but no significant change in synaptic transmission in the CA1 region of the hippocampus
Authors: Snyder Melissa A. , McCann Kieran , Lalande Maryline J. , Thivierge Jean‐Philipe , Bergeron Richard 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe sigma‐1 receptor (σ‐1R) is a chaperone protein located at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) mitochondrial interface with roles in neuroprotection and cognition. Increasing evidence suggests that loss of σ‐1R function could contribute to neurological disease states making it a target for therapeutic intervention. Our objective was to elucidate the consequences to synaptic transmission and plasticity when σ‐1R is absent. We utilized a knockout mouse in which the gene encoding for σ‐1R was deleted (σ‐1R‐KO mouse). Using whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings from CA1 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus, we examined neuronal excitability and glutamatergic synaptic function. Surprisingly, we detected no significant change in action potential firing and basic cellular characteristics. Furthermore, we found no significant change to pre‐synaptic function as indicated by a similar paired‐pulse ratio and miniature excitatory post‐synaptic current frequency in σ‐1R‐KO compared to wild‐type (WT) mice. Similarly, the glutamate gated AMPA receptor and NMDA receptors were unaffected with no significant difference in AMPA/NMDA ratio or decay kinetics in σ‐1R‐KO compared to WT mice. We further examined long‐term potentiation in extracellular field recordings in CA1 stratum radiatum following Schaffer collateral stimulation. Interestingly, we found a small but significant reduction in the magnitude of long‐term potentiation in mutant compared to WT mice. The results of this investigation suggest that basic cellular physiology is unaffected by σ‐1R loss, however the neuronal network is partially compromised.image
The sigma‐1 receptor (σ‐1R) is a chaperone protein with roles in neuroprotection and cognition. We determined the consequences to synaptic transmission and plasticity when σ‐1R was absent. Utilizing the σ‐1R knockout mouse and electrophysiological recordings, we found no change in neuronal excitability and glutamatergic synaptic function. However, we found a significant reduction in long‐term potentiation.