bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of entrepreneurship education and training on creation of the knowledge economy
Authors: Gangi Yagoub Ali 
Published: August 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the experience of Qatar with entrepreneurship education and training, and its contribution in creating a knowledge-based economy. By doing so, the paper will contribute towards raising awareness about the state of entrepreneurship education, training and the knowledge economy in Qatar.

Design/methodology/approach
The research design for this paper is a descriptive and interpretive case study that is analysed through qualitative methods. Secondary information is analysed through descriptive statistics.

Findings
The main finding of this paper is that although Qatar has launched many initiatives of entrepreneurship education and training to help diversify its economy by creating knowledge-based economy, the data show that there is some improvement in Qatar’s ranking in the Knowledge Economy Index.

Research limitations/implications
The main limitation of this study is the unavailability of secondary data for a long period of time.

Social implications
The main policy implication that can be derived from the findings of this paper is that entrepreneurship education and training alone cannot create a diversified and knowledge-based economy in a short period of time. In fact building a knowledge economy requires more than introduction of entrepreneurship education and training. In addition to entrepreneurship education it requires improvement in the national innovation system, large investment in information and communication technology and a good macroeconomic performance. Moreover, the success of entrepreneurship education and training in fulfilling its objective requires a comprehensive strategy to be implemented over a long period of time.

Originality/value
The paper represents an original work that links entrepreneurship education and training with the knowledge economy. This is the first paper that handles this issue in the context of Gulf countries.
The United Kingdom's Domestic Policy for Agriculture after Brexit
Authors: Hill Berkeley 
Published: August 2017

SummaryThe decision in June 2016 by the UK to leave the EU found government departments responsible for domestic agriculture without detailed plans for a post‐Brexit national agricultural policy. In February 2017, the Secretary of State indicated five broad ‘priorities’ that largely continue the direction of previous domestic policy. While agricultural trade issues must remain unsettled for some years, consideration can be given now to the shape of UK post‐Brexit domestic agricultural policy in each of the devolved administrations (England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland). This article considers from first principles the interventions that could justify public funding. Market failure lies behind the rationale for a range of actions that broadly correspond with current Rural Development Programmes, though not all elements are likely to survive scrutiny. Basic Payments are not seen as having any supporting rationale and should be withdrawn; the issue is how best to exit from them. The end result should be a policy that results in a British agriculture more attuned to the nation's environmental objectives, more internationally competitive, more innovative, and capable of achieving these aims at a lower public cost, thereby freeing up resources for other pressing national purposes.
Clinical investigation of 38 cases of oral mucosal melanoma: A multicentre retrospective analysis in Japan
Authors: Yamada Shin‐ichi , Kurita Hiroshi , Kamata Takahiro , Kirita Tadaaki , Ueda Michihiro , Yamashita Tetsuro , Ota Yoshihide , Otsuru Mitsunobu , Yamakawa Nobuhiro , Okura Masaya , Aikawa Tomonao , Yanamoto Souichi , Umeda Masahiro 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to investigate treatment modalities and outcomes in oral mucosal melanoma.MethodsThe clinical and pathological data of 38 consecutive patients with oral mucosal melanoma were retrospectively analyzed. Patients' characteristics were analyzed and overall survival (OS) rates were calculated.ResultsSixteen patients had stage III (42%), 19 IVA (50%), and three had stage IVC (8%) disease. Among the therapeutic approaches used, 31 patients (82%) received radical therapy (surgery +/− chemotherapy). The 5‐year OS rate was 40%. Five‐year OS rates according to the clinical stage were 71% for stage III, 24% for stage IVA, and 0% for stage IVC. Five‐year OS rates according to therapeutic approaches were 52% in the radical therapy group and 0% in the palliative therapy and best supportive care groups.ConclusionsThe results of this multicentre retrospective analysis of patients with oral mucosal melanoma suggest that radical therapy based on surgical treatments with complete surgical excision with clear margins leads to a better prognosis.
Juvenile melanomas: Western Australian Melanoma Advisory Service experience
Authors: Xu Jie Xin , Koek Sharnice , Lee Samantha , Hanikeri Mark , Lee Mark , Beer Trevor , Saunders Christobel 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesJuvenile melanoma (before 20 years of age) is a rare condition with poorly defined risk factors. We describe features of juvenile melanoma in Western Australia over the last two decades.MethodA retrospective review of juvenile melanomas was conducted from prospectively maintained databases, reviewed for patients’ characteristics, clinical information, histology, treatment, recurrence and survival data.ResultsAltogether 95 cases of juvenile melanoma were reported to the Western Australian Cancer Registry between 2000 and 2013. Of these, 27 patients were referred to the Western Australian Melanoma Advisory Service. Over 72% were aged between 13 and 19 years. The most common site for primary melanoma was the head and neck (31.8%). Eight patients (36.4%) had a pre‐existing naevus, 13.6% reported 1–5 blistering sunburns in the past and 59.1% had a Fitzpatrick skin grade of 3 or less. Most (88%) were diagnosed with a primary invasive lesion at presentation. Superficial spreading melanomas predominated (27.3%). All but one patient had localised disease at presentation, with six patients undergoing further treatment, including chemotherapy and neck dissection for metastases. At the time of review, two patients had died, due to stroke and metastatic disease.ConclusionsJuvenile melanoma remains a rarity in Western Australia despite a very high incidence of adult melanoma. Unlike in adults, no definitive risk factors have been established. A significant proportion of this cohort had a pre‐existing naevus and while most melanomas occurred in sun‐exposed areas in light‐skinned individuals the association between sunburn and melanoma was not strong.
Who, where, what and where to now? A snapshot of publishing patterns in Australian orthopaedic surgery
Authors: Croker Nicholas , Lobo Abhirup , Croker Anne , Balogh Zsolt J. , Dewar David 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundDevelopment of core research competency is a principle of orthopaedic surgical training in Australia. This paper aims to provide an objective snapshot of publications by Australian orthopaedic trainees and surgeons, to contribute to the discussion on how to identify and build on research capability in the Australian Orthopaedic Association (AOA).MethodsBy analysing journals with a journal impact factor >1 from 2009 to 2015, data were gathered to explore scientific journal publications by Australian orthopaedic surgeons and trainees in relation to who are the authors, what they are reporting and where they are publishing.ResultsOne thousand five hundred and thirty‐nine articles were identified with 134 orthopaedic trainees and 519 surgeons as authors. The publication rate for both trainees and surgeons was just over two in five. The majority of studies were of level three or four evidence (Oxford's Centre for Evidence‐Based Medicine guidelines). Only 5% of trainee papers were published without surgeons’ co‐authorship. Eighty‐six percent of papers published by surgeons did not involve a trainee. The rates of trainees publishing with other trainees were low.ConclusionOnly 5% of trainee papers were published without surgeons' co‐authorship, highlighting the importance of surgeon mentorship in developing trainee research capability. The 86% of papers published by surgeons without trainee co‐authorship raises the question of missed mentoring opportunities. Low rates of trainee co‐authorship highlight potential for trainees to work together to support each other's research efforts. There is scope for more studies involving higher levels of evidence. This paper raises discussion points and areas for further exploration in relation to AOA trainee research capability.
Impact of miR‐26b on cardiomyocyte differentiation in P19 cells through regulating canonical/non‐canonical Wnt signalling
Authors: Wang Duo , Liu Chang , Wang Yumei , Wang Wenjing , Wang Kang , Wu Xiujuan , Li Zhigang , Zhao Cuimei , Li Li , Peng Luying 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackground and objectivesThe control of cardiomyocyte differentiation is tightly linked to microRNAs (miRNAs), which have been emerging as important players in heart development. However, the regulation mechanisms mediated by miRNAs in early heart development remains speculative. Here, we evaluated the impact of miR‐26b during the progression of cardiomyocyte differentiation from the P19 cell line.Materials and methodsThe overexpression of miR‐26b in P19 cells was performed by transduction with lentivirus vector. The levels of cardiac‐related genes during P19 cell differentiation were detected using quantitative real‐time PCR for mRNA abundance and Western blots for protein expression. ICG‐001 was applied to elucidate the role of β‐catenin on P19 cells differentiation. The Cell Counting kit‐8 (CCK‐8) was used to monitor the cell proliferation. The target genes of miR‐26b were validated using the dual luciferase reporter system.ResultsOverexpression of miR‐26b upregulates the expression level of cardiomyocyte‐related genes such as Gata4, cTNT, α‐MHC and α‐Actinin that comprehensively represent cardiomyocyte differentiation by effecting Wnt5a signalling and Gsk3β activity. However, ICG‐001 blocks the differentiation along with inhibition of the cell proliferation. In addition, miR‐26b also regulates CyclinD1 to promote P19 cell proliferation, thereby, demonstrating the rapid aggregation and differentiation programming of these cells into cardiomyocytic types.ConclusionsOur results indicated that miR‐26b exerts a role on promoting cardiomyocyte differentiation of P19 cells by controlling the canonical and non‐canonical Wnt signalling.
Behavioural acclimation to cameras and observers in coral reef fishes
Authors: Nanninga Gerrit B. , Côté Isabelle M. , Beldade Ricardo , Mills Suzanne C. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObserver presence can bias behavioural studies of animals in both the wild and the laboratory. Despite existing evidence for significant observer effects across several taxa, little is known about the minimum periods of acclimation that should precede behavioural observations. To date, most studies either do not report any acclimation periods or include a non‐specific period without empirically quantifying its appropriateness. Here, we conducted in situ behavioural observations of two species of demersal coral reef fishes using cameras and/or observers to examine the biases associated with either approach. For both treatments, we generated 25 min time series of a number of vigilance‐associated behaviours (i.e., distance from shelter and mate, time out of shelter, swimming activity) and estimated the point of acclimation using changepoint analysis. In the camera trials, acclimation in both species appeared to occur between 2 and 7 min for different behaviours. When an observer was present, however, no apparent acclimation occurred until the observer left the area. Overall, our findings demonstrate that (i) behavioural studies of wild fishes conducted by an observer may be biased due to permanent observer effects, and (ii) when using video equipment, a species‐ and behaviour‐specific acclimation period should precede behavioural scoring.
The role of biotic and abiotic cues in stimulating aggregation by larval cane toads (Rhinella marina)
Authors: Raven Camilla , Shine Richard , Greenlees Matthew , Schaerf Timothy M. , Ward Ashley J. W. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractTadpoles of the cane toad (Rhinella marina) form dense aggregations in the field, but the proximate cues eliciting this behavior are not well understood. We sampled water‐bodies in the Northern Territory of Australia, finding that the density of cane toad tadpoles increased with increasing temperature. Furthermore, we conducted laboratory experiments to explore the roles of biotic factors (attraction to conspecifics; chemical cues from an injured conspecific; food) and spatially heterogeneous abiotic factors (light levels, water depth, physical structure) to identify the cues that induce tadpole aggregation. Annulus and binary choice trials demonstrated weak but significant attraction between conspecifics. Tadpoles decreased swimming speeds, but did not increase grouping in response to cues from an injured conspecific. Larvae aggregated in response to abiotic cues (high levels of illumination and proximity to physical structures) and were strongly attracted to feeding conspecifics. Overall, aggregation by cane toad tadpoles is likely driven by weak social attraction coupled with a shared preference for specific abiotic features, creating loose aggregations that are then reinforced by movement toward feeding conspecifics.
Wanting, liking and welfare: The role of affective states in proximate control of behaviour in vertebrates
Authors: Gygax Lorenz 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAnimals choose a course of action countless times each day. To do so, they need to prioritise their behaviour within a set of alternative actions and decide which of these actions to perform at any one time and for how long, that is, determine when the behaviour has reached its desired effect. This process has classically been called the proximate behavioural control mechanism. Several aspects contribute to this process: internal and external stimuli, the emotions that they elicit, motivation (wants), behavioural goals, valuation, decision‐making and its modulation by mood, and the assessment of behavioural outcomes (liking). I will address all these aspects in the form of an integrated conceptual model. In the process of behavioural control, options need to be valued, and I will refer to evidence showing that an affective hedonic process in respect to (future) reward and punishment heavily affects this value. Moreover, I view motivation, the force that finally drives a specific behavioural output, as being primarily influenced by affective states or even corresponding fully to them. Given the feedback in behavioural control by (dis‐)liking outcomes of behaviour, I reason that in respect to welfare it is more important for animals to reach proximate goals than to avoid negative stimuli. All behavioural choices are modulated, and I show how mood, a long‐term affective state, can cause such modulation. Proximate control of behaviour takes place in the brain, and I will briefly discuss how current and future brain research may elucidate how the brain computes these processes. Furthermore, the inclusion of affective states in the conceptual model raises the question of the subjective experience of animals, and I will address some of the important open questions in this area of research. I will conclude that neural studies cannot currently provide a detailed and general theory on the algorithms of proximate behavioural control. In parallel to further developing these approaches, I propose to strengthen a refined ethological approach with a focus on the states of “wanting” and “liking” in ecologically meaningful circumstances and with a strong ontogenetic (within species) and comparative (between species) component. I consider this ethological approach to be a highly promising step in understanding proximate behavioural control.
Groundwater Development Stress: Global‐Scale Indices Compared to Regional Modeling
Authors: Alley William M. , Clark Brian R. , Ely David M. , Faunt Claudia C. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe increased availability of global datasets and technologies such as global hydrologic models and the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites have resulted in a growing number of global‐scale assessments of water availability using simple indices of water stress. Developed initially for surface water, such indices are increasingly used to evaluate global groundwater resources. We compare indices of groundwater development stress for three major agricultural areas of the United States to information available from regional water budgets developed from detailed groundwater modeling. These comparisons illustrate the potential value of regional‐scale analyses to supplement global hydrological models and GRACE analyses of groundwater depletion. Regional‐scale analyses allow assessments of water stress that better account for scale effects, the dynamics of groundwater flow systems, the complexities of irrigated agricultural systems, and the laws, regulations, engineering, and socioeconomic factors that govern groundwater use. Strategic use of regional‐scale models with global‐scale analyses would greatly enhance knowledge of the global groundwater depletion problem.
Pneumatosis intestinalis in an SIV‐infected rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Johnson A.L. , Van Rompay K. , Reader J.R. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPneumatosis intestinalis (PI) has been described as an incidental finding in domestic animals and humans where it is associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection among other comorbidities. This report describes emphysematous changes consistent with PI in a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)‐infected rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta).
The role of polyphenols in modern nutrition
Authors: Williamson G. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPolyphenols are found in plant‐based foods and beverages, notably apples, berries, citrus fruit, plums, broccoli, cocoa, tea and coffee and many others. There is substantial epidemiological evidence that a diet high in polyphenol‐rich fruit, vegetables, cocoa and beverages protects against developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The absorption and metabolism of these compounds have been well described and, for many, the gut microbiota play a critical role in absorption; taking into consideration the parent compound and the metabolites from colon bacteria catabolism, more than 80% of a dose can be absorbed and ultimately excreted in the urine. Common polyphenols in the diet are flavanols (cocoa, tea, apples, broad beans), flavanones (hesperidin in citrus fruit), hydroxycinnamates (coffee, many fruits), flavonols (quercetin in onions, apples and tea) and anthocyanins (berries). Many intervention studies, mechanistic in vitro data and epidemiological studies support a role for polyphenols against the development of chronic diseases. For example, flavanols decrease endothelial dysfunction, lower blood pressure and cholesterol, and modulate energy metabolism. Coffee and tea both reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, through action of their constituent polyphenols. Despite extensive research, the exact mechanisms of action of polyphenols in the human body have not been decisively proven, but there is strong evidence that some targets such as nitric oxide metabolism, carbohydrate digestion and oxidative enzymes are important for health benefits. Consumption of polyphenols as healthy dietary components is consistent with the advice to eat five or more portions of fruit and vegetables per day, but it is currently difficult to recommend what ‘doses’ of specific polyphenols should be consumed to derive maximum benefit.
Serum low‐density lipoprotein as a dietary responsive biomarker of cardiovascular disease risk: Consensus and confusion
Authors: Griffin B. A. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe replacement of saturated fatty acids (SFA) has been the mainstay of our dietary guidelines to help prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD) for over 30 years. However, the underlying evidence to support this guideline is now held in contentious disrepute on the grounds of an apparent lack of evidence, largely from meta‐analyses, for a direct relationship between saturated fat and CVD mortality. This can be explained by the fact that the relationship between dietary SFA and CVD is not direct, but indirect and mediated through the low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) raising effects of certain SFA, in certain foods. There is over 100 years of evidence to link raised serum cholesterol with CVD and to support the current consensus that serum LDL is causally related to CVD morbidity and mortality. Nevertheless, the role of LDL as a biomarker of CVD risk, as measured by its cholesterol content (LDL‐C), is often confused with its contribution to cardio‐metabolic risk by its conversion into small and dense LDL particles with increased potential to cause CVD. The clinical utility of serum LDL is outstanding as a biomarker for CVD, albeit through an increase in its cholesterol mass (LDL‐C), its small particle size or over‐abundance of these particles. What is of overriding importance is to identify and modify these characteristics in LDL at the earliest stage of their development and to reduce the associated CVD risk through appropriate and sustained changes in diet and lifestyle.
Platelet transfusion to reverse antiplatelet therapy before decompressive surgery in patients with intracranial haemorrhage
Authors: Baschin M. , Selleng S. , Zeden J.‐P. , Westphal A. , Kohlmann T. , Schroeder H. W. , Greinacher A. , Thiele T. 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundPlatelet concentrates (PC) are transfused to improve primary haemostasis before urgent neurosurgery in patients with intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) receiving antiplatelet therapy (APT). It is unresolved, whether PCs increase the risk for major cardio‐ and cerebrovascular adverse events. We evaluated a standardized transfusion regimen to reverse APT in patients with ICH who required decompressive neurosurgery.MethodsAnalysed were consecutive patients between 2012 and 2014. The primary outcome was the frequency of new arterial thrombotic complications. The secondary outcome was the frequency of recurrent ICH.ResultsOf 72 patients, 14 received acetylsalicylic acid and a P2Y12 inhibitor, 53 received acetylsalicylic acid and five clopidogrel. No acute coronary syndrome (95% CI: 0–5·07) and one ischaemic stroke occurred (1·4%; 95% CI: 0·25–7·46). In contrast, 26·4% of patients developed recurrent ICH (95% CI: 17·59–37·58). The risk of bleeding was significantly higher compared to the risk of arterial thrombosis (P < 0·00001) and was increased for patients with chronic ICH (OR: 4·78; 95% CI: 1·57–14·55) and those receiving clopidogrel (OR: 2·78; 95% CI: 0·90–8·57).ConclusionPlatelet concentrate transfusion before cranial decompressive surgery in patients with ICH complicating APT showed a low risk for cardio‐cerebral thrombotic complications. However, the risk of rebleeding remains high, especially in patients with chronic ICH and those pretreated with clopidogrel.