bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Musical Parameters and Children's Images of motion
Authors: Tubul Zohar Eitan Nurit 
Published: November 2015

Eitan & Granot (2006) investigated, using a visuokinetic imagery task, how adult listeners associate changes in musical parameters with bodily motion in physical space. Their results indicate that musical parameters significantly affect several dimensions of motion imagery. For instance, pitch contour affected imagined motion along all three spatial axes (not only verticality), as well as velocity and “energy.” In addition, surprising directional asymmetries were found, as a musical change in one direction often evoked a significantly stronger spatial analogy than its opposite (e.g., the association of pitch direction and verticality applies mostly to pitch falls, rather than rises). This study examines whether Eitan & Granot's findings also apply to children, replicating their experiment with sixty 6 and 11 years old participants. As in the earlier study, participants were asked to associate melodic stimuli with imagined motions of a human character, and to specify the type, directions, energy level and pace change of these motions. The musical stimuli, selected from those in Eitan and Granot, consisted of pairs of brief musical figures, one member of a pair presenting an “intensification” in a specific musical parameter, the other an “abatement” (e.g., crescendo vs. diminuendo, accelerando vs. ritardando). Musical parameters manipulated included dynamics (loudness), pitch contour, and attack rate (IOI). Comparison of results with those of non-musician adults in Eitan and Granot suggests that several music-motion associations (expectedly, dynamics and distance, pitch and verticality, IOI and speed) were shared by adults and children. In addition, some of the asymmetries reported for adults were also found for children. However, unlike adults, children of both age groups relate sound and motion primarily through changes in loudness. Loudness is associated not only with distance, but with verticality, speed, and energy. In contrast, pitch contour and IOI evoke fewer and weaker spatio-kinetic associations in children, as compared to adults.
Concurrent Interdigital Neuroma and MTP Joint Instability: Long-term Results of Treatment
Authors: Coughlin Michael J. , Schenck Robert C. , Shurnas Paul J. , Bloome David M. 
Published: November 2015

Introduction: An interdigital neuroma is a common source of forefoot pain, and while second metatarsophalangeal joint instability is a less common entity, it can be a concomitant source of pain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term clinical course and surgical outcomes of the treatment of these concomitant problems. Methods: 121 consecutive patients (131 feet and 136 neuromas) were evaluated and treated for a symptomatic interdigital neuroma from 1981 to 1997. Of these, 24 patients (20%) had a concurrent interdigital neuroma (IDN) and second metatarsophalangeal (MTP) capsular instability that underwent surgical treatment. At the final follow-up examination, 20 patients (21 feet) were evaluated by an independent orthopaedic surgeon with a standardized clinical and radiographic examination, patient self-assessment and outcome measures. Results: Overall, there were 18 females and two males (21 feet) treated with an average age of 54 years at the time of surgery that returned for examination and follow-up at an average of 80 months (48 to 108 months) following surgery. Seventeen patients (85%) rated their result as good or excellent and three as fair. Six patients had mild continued symptoms referable to the second toe and none to the neuroma. Simultaneous neuroma excision and second MTP stabilization was performed in 15 cases and in six cases a staged repair was performed. The mean visual analog pain score was 1.4 (0 = no pain, 10 = severe pain) and mean MHAQ score was 1.13 (1–1.625) with activity modification stemming from hip, back and knee complaints. Conclusion: With careful patient selection and preoperative assessment, resection of an interdigital neuroma and stabilization of second metatarsophalangeal joint instability resulted in a high percentage of successful results at greater than four years following the procedure. Objective results were comparable to previous reports on the surgical treatment of isolated interdigital neuroma and crossover second toe reconstruction. Subjective patient satisfaction was high but both subjective and objective results were lower in patients with persistent symptoms of MTP instability.
Those Worried, Hopeful, Gifted Children of the World
Authors: Presbury Jack H. , Henderson Morgan W. , Torrance E. Paul 
Published: November 2015

Many teachers of gifted and talented children have been astonished and concerned that such children have a very pessimistic image of the future. During his lifetime, the eminent futurist Herman Kahn vented his wrath upon fellow futurists for their “gloom and doom” outlooks (Kahn & Bruce – Briggs, 1972). His “last vision” was to help educate the children of the world to develop a more optimistic image of the future. Much of his energy during the last year of his life was devoted to the development of pilot programs to attain this vision. This effort is described in the September, 1983 issue of Omni magazine. After reading over 5,000 scenarios written by children throughout the world, the authors have concluded that gifted children throughout the world are hopeful, but they are also worried – worried about what we are doing to their tomorrow – worried that irreparable damage will be done before they have their chance at leadership.
The Washington Governor's School for Citizen Leadership
Authors: Stephens Anne 
Published: November 2015

We're great at thinking up ideas. We generate lots of ideas, but we need people to help us carry them out. We tend to get impatient and can be disorganized. We keep the group on task. We're organized and focused. We're great at carrying things out, but sometimes we get pushy if it's late. We need help in taking care of the group. We're good listeners. We pay attention to how the group is getting along, who's not contributing, who's feeling left out. We try to make the group work well for everyone.
Some Economic Implications of John Rawls' Theory of Justice
Authors: Phillips Samuel T. 
Published: November 2015

The difference principle of John Rawls is viewed as a modest reconstitution of the Pareto test for maximization of total welfare. The author illustrates through use of utility analysis that the difference principle for redressing inequities requires the least redistribution of the several options available to persons in Rawls' initial position. Furthermore, the Rawlsian framework is placed in a broader notion of equity which calls into question whether Rawls' theory adequately addresses the problem of absolute as opposed to relative advantages to the least advantaged. Democratic institutions awaken and flatter the passion for equality without ever being able to satisfy it entirely. This complete equality is always slipping through the people's fingers at the moment when they think to grasp it, fleeing as Pascal says, in an eternal flight; the people grow heated in search of this blessing, all the more precious because it is near enough to be seen but too far off to be tasted.
Globalisation: An Old Phenomenon That Needs to Be Rediscovered for Tourism?
Authors: Reiser Dirk 
Published: November 2015

Globalisation is a common concept in the social sciences; its meaning, however, is contested. Therefore in the first part the paper provides a framework of the term ‘globalisation’ as well as a definition. This definition is then connected with another contested term: ‘tourism’. In the second part, the research methods used to research globalisation and tourism in a case study area, the Otago Peninsula in Dunedin, New Zealand, are outlined. The research methods are linked with specific historical developments in the case study area in the past, the present and the future. The third part gives some preliminary results of the ongoing research project. Of particular interest is the model that links the history of the Otago Peninsula and its environments, tourism and globalisation.
The Relative Luminosity Curve for the Human Eye and the Standard Photometric Observer
Authors: Preston J. S. 
Published: November 2015

This paper first outlines the problems encountered in the photometry of coloured light sources, in particular as they are associated with the colour-characteristics of the eye. The optimum conditions for such work are shortly discussed. In the light of these findings the various experimental determinations of the mean relative luminosity function are examined seriatim under two headings—first, the investigations forming the basis of the agreed Standard Curve, and, second, more recent measurements differing somewhat from the older ones. Possible reasons or the observed differences are enumerated and examined. The author concludes that there are at present no certain grounds for disputing the acceptability of the Standard Curve, and supports this conclusion with evidence derived from general photometric experience. A final section of the paper deals with the peculiar difficulties encountered in heterochromatic photometry at low brightness-levels, where the colour sensitivity of the eye varies greatly with the level used.
The Lighting of Architecture
Authors: Baines G. Grenfell 
Published: November 2015

The time is now opportune for a better appreciation of the work of lighting engineers and architects in view of the importance of recent lighting developments. The paper deals with the essential characteristics of, and differences between, architecture before and since the advent of modern artificial light sources. A warning is given against attempting to attain by means of artificial lighting the effects produced by sunlight, and the paper considers the uses of various methods of illumination. Consideration is also given to the question of lighting and decoration and the proper use of lighting fittings in order to give pleasing effects. The paper concludes with some views on future possibilities, and stresses the need for co-operation between the architect and the lighting engineer.
Department Store Lighting
Authors: Jervis Alan W. 
Published: November 2015

The lighting of large stores has not always in the past received the detailed attention, which is so necessary for its particular requirements. These requirements vary with almost each and every store and are bound up with the economics of store operation together with the atmosphere that has grown up with the development of each particular store. The cost of electricity plays an important role in deciding whether or not a store can afford to have the best lighting, whilst the interior structural layout affects the actual design. Intensity of the lighting must be viewed in regard to the effect on coloured merchandise, and the choice of hard or soft illumination will depend on the class of store.
Discomfort Glare and the Lighting of Buildings
Authors: Petherbridge P. , Hopkinson R. G. 
Published: November 2015

Bright light sources can cause glaring effects which may impair visual efficiency. This may be brought about by a directly disabling effect, or it may result indirectly from irritation and discomfort. The purpose of the work described in the paper was to obtain more detailed knowledge of the effects of glaring light sources on comfortable vision. A technique of subjective appraisal was used, the basis of which was the control by the observer of a relevant physical variable to give in turn each of a series of precisely defined criteria of discomfort glare. It has been found that discomfort glare is primarily a function of the balance between the brightness and intensity of the glare source on the one hand, and the brightness of the surroundings on the other, the higher the brightness of the surroundings, the less discomfort will be caused by a given glare source. Due to the limited power of adaptation of the eye, the discomfort caused by large sources of high brightness may not, however, be capable of reduction by increasing the brightness of the surroundings. It has also been shown that small reductions in the brightness of large glare sources, such as windows, can result in a useful decrease in discomfort. The effect of the displacement of a glare source from the general direction of viewing, the effect of a change of brightness of the immediate surround to the source and the glare effect of a number of sources have been studied. The relationship between the various physical factors is complex, but the application of the results to problems of lighting design is readily made and is briefly discussed.
The Development of Street Lighting in Great Britain
Authors: Waldram J. M. 
Published: November 2015

The development of street lighting in Britain is traced from the twenties, when it was treated as an illumination problem, to the present day. A series of milestones marks the progress made, beginning with the British Standard Specification of 1927, and the Sheffield experiments and the I.C.I. meeting in America of 1928. The most important was the coming of electric discharge lamps in 1932; they resulted in new studies and a fresh approach to the whole problem beginning in 1934. Another very important event was the issue of the Ministry of Transport Departmental Committee's Report in 1937; 1939 marked not progress but regress, for public lighting in Britain ceased for ten years. In the post-war period there has been some technical progress and the coming of tubular fluorescent lamps, and improved lanterns. The present notions of the theory of four systems of lighting—non-cutoff, semi-cutoff, cutoff, and unidirectional systems—are described and a brief review of modern lanterns is given. The outstanding problems of street lighting are stated.
Lighting for Textile Production
Authors: Hewitt H. 
Published: November 2015

Visual conditions in the group of industries concerned with textile manufacture have been influenced considerably by developments in lamps, lighting equipment and lighting methods in post-war years. An attempt is made to assess the value of these changes to both management and workers. Particular reference is made to the technical and economic factors involved in the use of fluorescent lighting, and an examination is made of the equipment available to meet the conditions found in the textile industries. Re-equipment and new building have created opportunities for the adoption of new lighting techniques and some installations involving novel methods of lay-out and control are reviewed. Reference is also made to the latest applications of light sources for inspection and quality control.
A Comparison of Some Common Headlight Beams for Vehicles Meeting on a Straight Road
Authors: Jehu V. J. 
Published: November 2015

A method of evaluating direct seeing distances, when two vehicles meet on a straight road, has been applied to examples of the two common headlighting systems in current use: one representing British and American practice, and the other representing European practice. It is shown that the British beam gives better seeing along the nearside road verge, the European beam gives better seeing along the centre of the road, and that straight ahead of the vehicle seeing is about the same with both types of beam. The sharper cut-off European beam is more affected by vertical misaim than the British beam and, when facing one another, seeing with the British beam is improved at the expense of seeing with the European beam. A comparison of the double-lamp British system with a system in which the meeting beam comes only from the nearside lamp, tilted upward so that its forward horizontal intensity is the same as that from the two lamps, shows that throughout most of the meeting seeing distances are very nearly the same, even when the single lamp faces the double-lamp system. During the later stages of the straight-road meeting, however, recovery from the minimum seeing condition is more rapid when facing the single lamp.
Lighting in Buildings—Training and Practice
Authors: Phillips Derek 
Published: November 2015

The author examines the training and practice of those chiefly concerned with providing lighting in buildings (the architect and the lighting engineer), to try to identify the weaknesses which may be responsible for any lack of co-operation between them, caused by mutual misunderstanding of each other's approach. The R.I.B.A. examinations are shown virtually to ignore lighting, whilst those of the City and Guilds might be said to consist of theoretical and applied physics insufficiently related to the practical and aesthetic aspects of architecture. The author suggests additions to the syllabuses to restore a balance which it is thought would assist in reaching a common understanding, and finally ensure closer co-operation. He outlines the educational methods which might be employed. It is the author's belief that the criteria for lighting design should be under constant review, and that both architects and lighting engineers have a valuable contribution to make towards this. The paper concludes with a brief analysis of existing lighting practice, pointing out limitations and suggesting that the answer lies in an improved relationship between the architect and the lighting engineer, revised educational requirements, valid criteria related to man's total needs, and an increased professional status for the lighting engineer, whose first obligations should be similar to those of the architect.
A Note on the Use of Indices of Glare Discomfort for a Code of Lighting
Authors: Hopkinson R. G. 
Published: November 2015

Freedom from discomfort caused by glare is one criterion of lighting quality. In present codes of lighting practice, tables of permissible brightness of lighting units are the usual method of limiting glare. Such an indirect method effectively bans the use of bright luminaires which when used appropriately may be quite suitable for certain environments. It is now suggested that a better method of controlling glare is to limit the permissible level of glare directly, in term of levels of a Glare Index, based on recent researches. Provided the value of the Glare Index appropriate to the environment is not exceeded, no limit is put on the luminance of the sources used. Greater freedom in lighting design is consequently permitted.
Lighting for Hazards without Flameproof Equipment
Authors: Fothergill A. E. , Smyth J. S. 
Published: November 2015

Examination of the terminology and definitions in use to describe protective enclosures reveals confusion among users and manufacturers of electrical equipment. The importance of agreement in the use of these terms is emphasised, particularly in relation to situations made hazardous by danger of explosion. Recent developments have led to the possibility of ensuring safety in some hazardous situations without recourse to flameproof equipment. The techniques described are: (1) protection by pressurisation of lighting equipment, (2) protection in atmospheres containing explosive dust by complete exclusion of dust from lighting equipment, (3) the provision of lighting equipment for areas where the presence of hazardous gas or vapour is possible but only under abnormal conditions (Division 2 areas). The problems of design, testing and installation of non-flameproof equipment suitable for these situations are discussed in some detail.
Promoting Diversity in India
Authors: Wang Jia , McLean Gary N. 
Published: November 2015

The Problem The diversity challenges facing India are illuminated in the collection of articles in this issue as a reminder that India still has a long way to go to provide all members of society with their fair share. A reality check may help enhance our awareness, but it is not enough to change the status quo. To move forward from this point calls for deliberate actions by multiple stakeholders. The Solution This article offers a wide range of recommendations for India in terms of what the country can and needs to do to improve organizational diversity. The Stakeholders The stakeholders are policymakers, governments, practitioners, managers, and scholars who are interested in improving diversity, primarily in India and around the world.
Ultrafast Frequencies: A New Challenge for Electroencephalography, with Remarks on Ultraslow Frequencies
Authors: Niedermeyer E. , Sherman David L. 
Published: November 2015

EEG frequencies are not limited to the usual 0.5–70/sec (or 0.3–100/sec) range. In recent years, ultrafast activities between 100 and 1000/sec have been the topic of various studies with regard to physiological and paroxysmal conditions. Personal work on ultrafast frequencies in deep structures (elicited with pentylenetetrazol in rats) is mentioned in passing and will be the object of a special study. Other work focusing on the sensorimotor cortex and thalamocortical connections has proved to be seminal for ultrafast EEG research in conjunction with evoked responses (N20 response, SSEP) and experimental neurophysiological studies of afferent volleys, including those causing paroxysmal cortical responses. The well known decremental seizures with initially flat tracings require clarification with ultrafast recordings. In the physiological-neurocognitive domain, Pfurtscheller's event-related desynchronization might also benefit from the use of ultrafast recording. A plea for additional ultraslow recording (DC recording) is also being made, since paroxysmal flattening (electrodecrement) may be associated with an ultraslow negative baseline deflection. The combination of ultrafast (facilitated by digital technique) and ultraslow (technically difficult in patients, easier in experimental animals) would finally denote the frequency-wise complete EEG.
Assessing Acute Middle Cerebral Artery Ischemic Stroke by Quantitative Electric Tomography
Authors: Machado Calixto , Cuspineda Elena , Valdés Pedro , Virues Trinidad , Liopis Francis , Bosch Jorge , Aubert Eduardo , Hernández Eraida , Pando Alejandro , Álvarez Miguel A. , Barroso Esperanza , Galán Lídice , Avila Yoel 
Published: November 2015

This paper focuses on the application of quantitative electric tomography (qEEGT) to map changes in EEG generators for detection of early signs of ischemia in patients with acute middle cerebral artery stroke. Thirty-two patients were studied with the diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke of the left middle cerebral artery territory, within the first 24 hours of their clinical evolution. Variable Resolution Electrical Tomography was used for estimating EEG source generators. High resolution source Z-spectra and 3- dimensional images of Z values for all the sources at each frequency were obtained for all cases. To estimate statistically significant increments and decrements of brain electric activity within the frequency spectra, the t-Student vs. Zero test was performed. A significant increment of delta activity was observed on the affected vascular territory, and a more extensive increment of theta activity was detected. A significant alpha decrement was found in the parieto-occipital region of the affected cerebral hemisphere (left), and in the medial and posterior region of the right hemisphere. These findings suggest that qEEGT Z delta images are probably related to the main ischemic core within the affected arterial territory; penumbra, diaschisis, edema, might explain those observed theta and alpha abnormalities. It was concluded that qEEGT is useful for the detection of early signs of ischemia in acute ischemic stroke.