bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of mGFR of the Remaining Kidney Divided by Its Volume before Donation with Functional Gain in mGFR among Living Kidney Donors
Authors: Courbebaisse Marie , Gaillard François , Tissier Anne-Marie , Fournier Catherine , Le Nestour Alexis , Corréas Jean-Michel , Slimani-Thevenet Hind , Martinez Frank , Léon Carine , Eladari Dominique , Timsit Marc-Olivier , Otal Philippe , Hignette Chantal , Friedlander Gérard , Méjean Arnaud , Houillier Pascal , Kamar Nassim , Legendre Christophe 
Published: May 2016

Background and objectives
The predictors of long–term renal function in living kidney donors are currently discussed. Our objectives were to describe the predictors of functional gain of the remaining kidney after kidney donation. We hypothesized that GFR of the remaining kidney divided by volume of this kidney (rk-GFR/vol) would reflect the density of functional nephrons and be inversely associated with functional gain of the remaining kidney.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
We conducted a prospective monocentric study including 63 living donors (26 men; 50.3±11.8 years old) who had been evaluated for 51Cr-EDTA and measured GFR, split renal function by scintigraphy before donation (between 2004 and 2009), and measured GFR at 5.7±0.5 years after donation. For 52 donors, volume of the remaining kidney (measured and estimated with the ellipsoid formula using renal computed tomography scannography) was determined before donation. We tested our hypothesis in an external validation cohort of 39 living donors (13 men; 51.0±9.4 years old) from another single center during the same time period.

Results
For the main cohort, the mean measured GFR was 97.6±13.0 ml/min per 1.73 m2 before donation and 63.8±9.4 ml/min per 1.73 m2 at 5 years. Functional gain averaged 16.2±7.2 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (+35.3%±16.7%). Multivariate analysis showed that age, body mass index, and rk-GFR/vol at donation were negatively correlated with functional gain and had strong predictive power of the 5-year functional gain (adjusted 5-year functional gain for age: −0.4 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), −0.5 to −0.1]; body mass index: −0.3 [95% CI, −0.6 to −0.1]; rk-GFR/vol: −55.1 [95% CI, −92.3 to −17.9]). We tested this model in the external validation cohort (adjusted 5-year functional gain for age: −0.1 [95% CI, −0.5 to 0.3]; body mass index: −0.9 [95% CI, −1.8 to −0.1]; rk-GFR/vol: −97.6 [95% CI, −137.5 to −57.6]) and confirmed that rk-GFR/vol was inversely associated with 5-year functional gain.

Conclusions
For given age and body mass index, the long–term functional gain of the remaining kidney is inversely associated with the new variable rk-GFR/vol at donation.
Influencer l’attention des décideurs
Authors: Mayer Julie C. 
Published: May 2016

Dans un environnement complexe et surchargé d’information, gérer l’attention des décideurs constitue un défi pour les entreprises. Cet article étudie l’« issue-selling », c’est-à-dire la façon dont un acteur peut influencer l’attention décisionnelle en s’appuyant sur différents canaux. L’analyse des pratiques desrisk managers, en tant que coordinateurs de la gestion des risques, met en avant quatre postures d’issue-selling(pédagogue, superviseur, challenger, impulseur). Ces résultats affinent le concept d’issue-sellinget éclairent sur les rôles durisk manager.
Apples and Experts: Evolving Notions of Sustainable Agriculture
Authors: Ivey Linda L. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Current advocates of sustainable agriculture in the US posit that our food industry needs to recover from the deliberate missteps of the pioneers of chemical dependency and market-driven cultivation techniques that ushered in an age of industrial agriculture at the turn of the 20th century. A careful look at early 20th century agriculture in California, the theoretical ground zero of environmentally abusive cultivation techniques, reveals that this food industry history is more complex than it seems. Using the Central Coast of California as a case study, this article argues that a nexus of ambitious growers and a growing state agricultural bureaucracy worked to create a “brand name” and teach cultivation approaches that would buoy their local industry with increased production and expanded markets. But these same actors also embraced these changes with all due caution, keeping the long-term health of the industry and the community in mind. Whereas traditionally this juncture in California agricultural history is described as the moment where farmers sold out their traditional stewardship of the land for higher profits and chose non-sustainable agricultural practices, many growers actively pursued sustainable agriculture, at least as understood by them. In navigating market demands and technological changes, they made choices based on both economic grounds, and a modified agrarian ethic, shaped by concerns for environmental and social stability similar to the modern sustainability movement. Using examples ranging from state-sponsored erosion programs to local immigration policy, this article reveals a community that consciously made economic choices to keep up with larger competitors, but also monitored the impact of monoculture on their land and balanced an agrarian ideal with an increasingly ethnically diverse populace and a burgeoning class division. Their concern for social, economic and environmental stability reveal that there were more than market-driven missteps behind the emergence of our current system.
Scheduler vulnerabilities and coordinated attacks in cloud computing
Authors: Zhou Fangfei , Goel Manish , Desnoyers Peter , Sundaram Ravi 
Published: May 2016

In hardware virtualization a hypervisor provides multiple Virtual Machines (VMs) on a single physical system, each executing a separate operating system instance. The hypervisor schedules execution of these VMs much as the scheduler in an operating system does, balancing factors such as fairness and I/O performance. As in an operating system, the scheduler may be vulnerable to malicious behavior on the part of users seeking to deny service to others or maximize their own resource usage. Recently, publically available cloud computing services such as Amazon EC2 have used virtualization to provide customers with virtual machines running on the provider's hardware, typically charging by wall clock time rather than resources consumed. Under this business model, manipulation of the scheduler may allow theft of service at the expense of other customers, rather than merely re-allocating resources within the same administrative domain. We describe a flaw in the Xen scheduler allowing virtual machines to consume almost all CPU time, in preference to other users, and demonstrate kernel-based and user-space versions of the attack. We show results demonstrating the vulnerability in the lab, consuming as much as 98% of CPU time regardless of fair share, as well as on Amazon EC2, where Xen modifications protect other users but still allow theft of service (following the responsible disclosure model, we have reported this vulnerability to Amazon; they have since implemented a fix that we have tested and verified). We provide a novel analysis of the necessary conditions for such attacks, and describe scheduler modifications to eliminate the vulnerability. We present experimental results demonstrating the effectiveness of these defenses while imposing negligible overhead. Also, cloud providers such as Amazon's EC2 do not explicitly reveal the mapping of virtual machines to physical hosts [in: ACM CCS, 2009]. Our attack itself provides a mechanism for detecting the co-placement of VMs, which in conjunction with appropriate algorithms can be utilized to reveal this mapping. Other cloud computing attacks may use this mapping algorithm to detect the placement of victims.
Folklore, practice and theory of robust combiners
Authors: Herzberg Amir 
Published: May 2016

Cryptographic schemes are often designed as a combination of multiple component cryptographic modules. Such a combiner design is robust for a (security) specification if it meets the specification, provided that a sufficient subset of the components meet their specifications. A folklore combiner for encryption is cascade, i.e. [Formula: see text]. We show that cascade is a robust combiner for cryptosystems, under three important indistinguishability specifications: chosen plaintext attack (IND-CPA), non-adaptive chosen ciphertext attack (IND-CCA1), and replayable chosen ciphertext attack (IND-rCCA). We also show that cascade is not robust for the important specifications adaptive CCA (IND-CCA2) and generalized CCA (IND-gCCA). The IND-rCCA and IND-gCCA specifications are closely related, and this is an interesting difference between them. All specifications are defined within. We also analyze few other basic and folklore combiners. In particular, we show that the following are robust combiners: the parallel combiner [Formula: see text] for one-way functions, the XOR-input combiner [Formula: see text] for cryptosystems, and the copy combiner [Formula: see text] for integrity tasks such as Message Authentication Codes (MAC) and signature schemes. Cascade is also robust for the hiding property of commitment schemes, and the copy combiner is robust for the binding property, but neither is a robust combiner for both properties. We present (new) robust combiners for commitment schemes; these new combiners can be viewed as a composition of the cascade and the copy combiners. Our combiners are simple, efficient and practical.
Towards cost-sensitive assessment of intrusion response selection
Authors: Stakhanova Natalia , Strasburg Chris , Basu Samik , Wong Johnny S. 
Published: May 2016

In recent years, cost-sensitive intrusion response has gained significant interest mainly due to its emphasis on the balance between potential damage incurred by the intrusion and cost of the response. However, one of the challenges in applying this approach is defining consistent and adaptable measurements of these cost factors on the basis of requirements and policy of the system being protected against intrusions. In this paper we present a framework for the cost-sensitive selection of intrusion response. Specifically, we introduce a set of measurements that characterize potential costs associated with the intrusion handling process and propose evaluation method of intrusion response with respect to the risk of potential intrusion damage, effectiveness of response action and response cost for a system. We provide an implementation of the proposed solution as a plugin tool for Snort IDS and demonstrate its advantages on DARPA data set and real network traffic.
Spread Identity: A new dynamic address remapping mechanism for anonymity and DDoS defense
Authors: Phatak Dhananjay , Sherman Alan T. , Joshi Nikhil , Sonawane Bhushan , Relan Vivek G. , Dawalbhakta Amol 
Published: May 2016

We present and experimentally evaluate Spread Identity (SI) – a new dynamic network address remapping mechanism that provides anonymity and DDoS defense capabilities for Internet communications. For each session between a source and destination host, the trusted source gateway dynamically and randomly assigns an IP address for the source host from the pool of all routable IP addresses allocated to the source organization. Similarly, in response to a name resolution query from the source gateway, the trusted authoritative DNS server for the destination organization dynamically assigns an IP address for the destination host from the pool of all routable IP addresses allocated to the destination organization. These assignments depend upon the state of the server (including load, residual capacity, time of day) and policy. Different hosts can share the same IP address when communicating with distinct peers. Each gateway creates a NAT entry, valid for the communication session, based on the dynamic assignment by its organization. An eavesdropper listening to packets flowing through the Internet between the source and destination gateways learns only the source and destination domains; the eavesdropper cannot see the actual complete IP addresses of the source and destination hosts. In addition, SI enhances DDoS defense capabilities by enabling packet filtering based on destination addresses. With multiple IP addresses for the same destination, filtering based on destination addresses can block attackers without necessarily blocking legitimate users. Deploying SI requires changes to organizational gateways and, possibly, to the edge-routers that interface with organizational gateways; but network mechanisms farther upstream, including the core routers in the Internet, remain unchanged. Likewise, the installed base of operating systems running individual hosts in the internal network, together with the end-user application suites they support, remain untouched. SI mechanisms are backward compatible, incrementally deployable, and robustly scalable. A naïve implementation of SI can increase the DNS traffic; however, when SI is implemented at both the source and the destination ends, it is possible for SI to reduce DNS traffic. Ns-2 simulations and experiments on the DeterLab test bed corroborate the main hypotheses and demonstrate advantages of the SI paradigm. Ns-2 simulations demonstrate that file transfer success rates for our SI DDoS protection mechanism are similar to those of filter- and capability-based approaches, with lower file transfer times than for filter-based approaches. DeterLab trials demonstrate that SI consumes similar resources (connection establishment time, network address translation table size, packet forwarding rate and memory) to those of a typical single NAT system, though with higher name resolution times.
Digging for known genetic mutations underlying inherited bone and cartilage characteristics and disorders in the dog and cat
Authors: Haase Bianca , Mazrier Hamutal , Wade Claire 
Published: May 2016

SummaryGene mapping projects for many traits in both dogs and cats have yielded new knowledge. Both researchers and the public alike have been fascinated by the inheritance of breed characteristic phenotypes and sporadic disorders. It has been proposed that selective breeding practices have on occasion generated alterations in structure that might be harmful. In this review, simply inherited disorders and characteristics affecting bone and cartilage for which a putative mutation is known are collected. A better understanding of the known inherited basis of skeletal conditions and disorders will assist veterinarians to improve their diagnoses and increase their effectiveness on advising clients on the prevention, management, prognosis and possible treatment of the conditions.
HIGH STAR FORMATION RATES IN TURBULENT ATOMIC-DOMINATED GAS IN THE INTERACTING GALAXIES IC 2163 AND NGC 2207
Authors: Elmegreen Bruce G. , Kaufman Michele , Bournaud Frédéric , Elmegreen Debra Meloy , Struck Curtis , Brinks Elias , Juneau Stéphanie 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
CO observations of the interacting galaxies IC 2163 and NGC 2207 are combined with HI, Hα, and 24 μm observations to study the star formation rate (SFR) surface density as a function of the gas surface density. More than half of the high-SFR regions are HI dominated. When compared to other galaxies, these HI-dominated regions have excess SFRs relative to their molecular gas surface densities but normal SFRs relative to their total gas surface densities. The HI-dominated regions are mostly located in the outer part of NGC 2207 where the HI velocity dispersion is high, 40–50 km s−1. We suggest that the star-forming clouds in these regions have envelopes at lower densities than normal, making them predominantly atomic, and cores at higher densities than normal because of the high turbulent Mach numbers. This is consistent with theoretical predictions of a flattening in the density probability distribution function for compressive, high Mach number turbulence.
Association between androgen receptor gene polymorphisms and testicular germ cell tumor
Authors: Qin Jiaxuan , Cui Ni , Hou Ruida , Liu Tie , Sun Hongyan , Liu Yi , Wang Lei , Ni Jinsong , Gu Xinquan 
Published: May 2016

Objective:
To estimate association between androgen receptor (AR) gene polymorphisms and testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) susceptibility.

Materials and Methods:
Systematic search of studies on the association between AR gene polymorphisms and TGCT susceptibility was conducted. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were used to pool effect size.

Results:
For CAG repeat, no evidence was found for association between (>25 vs. ≤25), (>25 vs. 21–25), (<21 vs. 21–25), (others vs. 21–25), (>23 vs. ≤23), (<21 vs. ≥21), (<21 vs. ≥21)'s some subgroups and TGCT susceptibility, which showed stability. In (>24 vs. ≤24), (>24 vs. 21–24), (<21 vs. 21–24), and (others vs. 21–24) and almost all of their subgroups, increased TGCT risk was found without sensitivity analysis. For GGN, no statistical change of TGCT risk was found in (<23 vs. ≥23), (<23 vs. 23), which showed stability. For single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs6152 G > A, rs1204038 G > A and rs2361634 A > G, no statistical change was found without sensitivity analysis.

Conclusions:
GGN repeat number <23 may not be associated with TGCTs susceptibility. However, there was insufficient data to fully confirm association in GGN repeat number >23, CAG repeat number, SNP rs6152, rs1204038, and rs2361634.
Estimating fast and slow reacting components in surface water and groundwater using a two-reactant model
Authors: Jamwal Priyanka , Naveen M. N. , Javeed Yusuf 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Maintaining residual chlorine levels in a water distribution network is a challenging task, especially in the context of developing countries where water is usually supplied intermittently. To model chlorine decay in water distribution networks, it is very important to understand chlorine kinetics in bulk water. Recent studies have suggested that chlorine decay rate depends on initial chlorine levels and the type of organic and inorganic matter present in water, indicating that a first-order decay model is unable to accurately predict chlorine decay in bulk water. In this study, we employed the two-reactant (2R) model to estimate the fast and slow reacting components in surface water and groundwater. We carried out a bench-scale test for surface water and groundwater at initial chlorine levels of 1, 2, and 5 mg L−1. We used decay data sets to estimate optimal parameter values for both surface water and groundwater. After calibration, the 2R model was validated with two decay data sets with varying initial chlorine concentrations (ICCs). This study arrived at three important findings. (a) We found that the ratio of slow to fast reacting components in groundwater was 30 times greater than that of the surface water. This observation supports the existing literature which indicates the presence of high levels of slow reacting fractions (manganese and aromatic hydrocarbons) in groundwater. (b) Both for surface water and groundwater, we obtained good model prediction, explaining 97 % of the variance in data for all cases. The mean square error obtained for the decay data sets was close to the instrument error, indicating the feasibility of the 2R model for chlorine prediction in both types of water. (c) In the case of deep groundwater, for high ICC levels (> 2 mg L−1), the first-order model can accurately predict chlorine decay in bulk water.
Seismic imaging in the eastern Scandinavian Caledonides: siting the 2.5 km deep COSC-2 borehole, central Sweden
Authors: Juhlin Christopher , Hedin Peter , Gee David G. , Lorenz Henning , Kalscheuer Thomas , Yan Ping 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides (COSC) project, a contribution to the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP), aims to provide a deeper understanding of mountain belt dynamics. Scientific investigations include a range of topics, from subduction-related tectonics to the present-day hydrological cycle. COSC investigations and drilling activities are focused in central Scandinavia, where rocks from the middle to lower crust of the orogen are exposed near the Swedish–Norwegian border. Here, rock units of particular interest occur in the Seve Nappe Complex (SNC) of the so-called Middle Allochthon and include granulite facies migmatites (locally with evidence of ultra-high pressures) and amphibolite facies gneisses and mafic rocks. This complex overlies greenschist facies metasedimentary rocks of the dolerite-intruded Särv Nappes and underlying, lower grade Jämtlandian Nappes (Lower Allochthon). Reflection seismic profiles have been an important component in the activities to image the subsurface structure in the area. Subhorizontal reflections in the upper 1–2 km are underlain and interlayered with strong west- to northwest-dipping reflections, suggesting significant east-vergent thrusting. Two 2.5 km deep fully cored boreholes are a major component of the project, which will improve our understanding of the subsurface structure and tectonic history of the area. Borehole COSC-1 (IGSN: http://hdl.handle.net/10273/ICDP5054EEW1001), drilled in the summer of 2014, targeted the subduction-related Seve Nappe Complex and the contact with the underlying allochthon. The COSC-2 borehole will be located further east and will investigate the lower grade, mainly Cambro-Silurian rocks of the Lower Allochthon, the Jämtlandian décollement, and penetrate into the crystalline basement rocks to identify the source of some of the northwest-dipping reflections. A series of high-resolution seismic profiles have been acquired along a composite ca. 55 km long profile to help locate the COSC drill holes. We present here the results from this COSC-related composite seismic profile (CSP), including new interpretations based on previously unpublished data acquired between 2011 and 2014. These seismic data, along with shallow drill holes in the Caledonian thrust front and previously acquired seismic, magnetotelluric, and magnetic data, are used to identify two potential drill sites for the COSC-2 borehole.
Observation of surface reduction of NiO to Ni by surface-sensitive total reflection X-ray spectroscopy using Kramers–Kronig relations
Authors: Abe Hitoshi , Nakayama Takeshi , Niwa Yasuhiro , Nitani Hiroaki , Kondoh Hiroshi , Nomura Masaharu 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
We have developed a promising surface-sensitive X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurement method. This method is based on total reflection detection and Kramers–Kronig relations, and has been named the KK-XAFS method. Total reflection spectra are transformed via Kramers–Kronig relations to obtain XAFS spectra. KK-XAFS experiments give us surface-sensitive structural parameters, while usual EXAFS analyses yield bulk structural parameters. The total reflection spectra themselves are useful for observing and discussing time evolutions of chemical reactions at surfaces by quick scanning measurements. Chemical species are analyzed to estimate their fractions during reactions. The whole method would be named total reflection X-ray spectroscopy (TREXS). A reduction of the NiO layer at the surface of Ni (30 nm)/Si was observed in a laboratory-built TREXS in situ cell. The method would be applicable to observe chemical reactions starting at surfaces and to study their kinetics and mechanisms.