bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apple, Effects of Various BT Products on Leafroller Management, 1994
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Felland Carl M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots in a completely randomized design consisting of 3 replicates of ‘Delicious’ and 3 replicates of ‘Stayman’. Treated plots were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. The trees were 16 years old and planted at a spacing of 12 × 35 ft. Sprays were applied with a handgun from a John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump. Approximately 3.5 gallons of spray were applied per replicate tree (ca 360 gpa). The dates of application for the treatments were 13 and 21 Jun (1st brood control) and 8, 19 and 31 Aug (2nd brood control). All plots received a regular fungicide maintenance schedule of Benlate 50DF, Dithane 75DF, Nova 40WP and Ziram 76WP. Effectiveness on SA was evaluated by counting the number of aphid-infested leaves/10 side terminals, and the number of aphids/most infested leaf where a rating scale (0-3) was used (see table footnotes for scale). The number of aphid natural enemies was determined by counting the number observed on 10 terminals per tree. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on the ERM and ZM was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/tree, 150 leaves/treatment. Shelters of the various leafrollers were counted in a 5 min examination of each plot tree. All larvae were collected and returned to the laboratory for identification. STLM was evaluated by a 5-min count of mines around the periphery of the trees. A harvest fruit rating was made on 23 Sept.
Apple, Early-Season Insect Experiment, 1994
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with five insecticide treatments and a control replicated four times. Plots consisted of two trees, one tree each of the cultivars ‘Yorking’ and ‘Golden Delicious’. The trees were planted at a spacing of 20 × 20 ft and were 21 years old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa. The Lorsban and Asana treatments were applied at the half inch green stage (15 Apr), the first NTN-33893 treatment was applied at the early pink stage (22 Apr), and the second NTN-33893 and Vydate treatments were applied at the pink stage (25 Apr) of ‘Golden Delicious’ development. A regular fungicide schedule (Dithane 75WP, Captan 50WP, and Nova 40WP) was maintained throughout the season. Post-bloom insecticides (Guthion 50WP) were applied at 1- to 2-week intervals beginning at petal-fall in early May. Effectiveness of the sprays for RAA control was evaluated by counting the total number of RAA injured clusters/tree and total number of damaged apples per tree (both cvs) in a 5-minute sample for each variable. WALH was sampled by counting the number of nymphs present on 25 injured leaves per tree (‘Yorking’). Also, 200 leaves per tree (‘Yorking’) were randomly sampled for evidence of stippling caused by WALH feeding.
Corn Insect Pest Management with Selected Rates of Lorsban, 1994
Authors: Torrey K. D. , Riley T. J. , Leonard B. R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The insecticidal efficacy, effect on plant growth and corn seed yields of selected treatments applied as in-furrow sprays at planting (IFSAP) and in-furrow granules at planting (IFGAP) were compared to that of an untreated control. Native winter vegetation was allowed to cover the test area. An application of Gramoxone X-tra (1.5 pt/acre) was applied 2 wk pre-plant to terminate all vegetation. All plots also received atrazine 4L (3.0 pt/acre) + Roundup D-pack (3.0 pt/acre) at planting. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40 inch centers) × 45 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications. Corn was planted no-till in a Gigger silt loam (pH = 5.9, 1.1% organic matter) on 30 Mar with a John Deere 7300 planter modified to apply treatments through a granular applicator hopper box or as a directed spray into the seed furrow. IFSAP treatments for Lorsban were applied with a CO2-charged system calibrated to deliver 5 gal total spray/acre through 8002E flat fan nozzles (1/row) at 40 psi. Numbers of chinch bugs were recorded on 2 May by sampling 20 plants in each plot. Cutworm damage to plants was determined by recording all damaged plants on the center 2 rows of each plot weekly for 3 wk after plant emergence to obtain a cumulative summary. Plant stand density was measured on 16 May by sampling the entire 2 center rows of each plot. Plant height was determined on 19 May by taking an average of 20 plants/plot. Yields were measured by harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot on 16 Aug. The entire test was furrow irrigated throughout the season and rainfall was not a factor influencing final yields.
Evaluation of Soil Insecticides for Stand Protection of No-Till First Year Corn in Ohio, 1994
Authors: Wilson H. R. , Eisley J. B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Granular soil insecticides were evaluated for stand protection efficacy on no-tillage first year corn planted 11 May into fallow ground having a significant infestation of chickweed at the OARDC Western Branch Station near South Charleston. Six treatments of granular soil insecticides were compared to an untreated check treatment. A RCBD was used with 4 replicates of plots that were 140 ft in length and 4 rows wide at 30 inch row spacing. Planting time granular treatments were applied as a band prior to closure by the press wheel using a custom built 2 row John Deere 7000 planter equipped with Noble granular insecticide application equipment. Stand and plant injury counts of 100 ft of row were conducted on 31 May, 9 and 16 Jun. Plots were machine harvested on 18 Oct and yields were based on the center 2 rows of the 4 row plots.
Evaluation of Biologically-Oriented Alternatives for Control of Early Season Tobacco Budworms on Cotton in Southern North Carolina, 1994
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cotton was planted on 25 Apr in a Marlboro fine sandy loam near Johns, NC. Fertility and weed management programs followed NCSU recommendations with 0.75 lb (AI)/acre Temik 15G applied in furrow at planting. Plot size was 6 rows (38 inch centers) × 50 ft with 8 ft alleys. A RCBD with 5 replicates was used. Treatments were applied with a backpack-type CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gal total volume per acre at 50 psi with a single TX-8 Spraying Systems® nozzle per row. The Design plus Curacron and the Raptor treatments received 2 applications on 14 and 20 Jun, while the Ovasyn plots were treated 4 times—on 10, 17, 24 Jun and 3 Jul. In the square removal treatment, the first 3 fruit positions were removed from every plant just prior to bloom initiation on 6 Jul. The final treatment had 100% of the squares and all terminals removed manually on 20 Jun. On 17 and 27 Jun, 25 terminals and squares were inspected for damage and live TBW. On 26 Jul, all bolls per 15 ft of row were counted per plot (75 plot/treatment). On 28 Oct the number of green and opened bolls per 30 ft of row were counted (150/treatment). Data were subjected to ANOVA and DMRT.
Evaluation of Pyrethroid Alternatives for Control of Early Season Tobacco Budworms on Cotton in Southern North Carolina, 1994
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cotton was planted on 25 Apr in a Marlboro fine sandy loam soil near Johns, NC. Fertility and weed management programs followed NCSU recommendations with 0.75 lb (AI)/acre Temik 15G applied in furrow at planting. Plot size was 6 rows (38 inch centers) × 50 ft with 8 ft alleys. A RCBD with 5 replicates was used. Treatments were applied with a backpack-type CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gpa at 50 psi with a single TX-8 Spraying Systems* nozzle per row. The single application was made on 6 Jun. On 27 Jun, 25 terminals and squares per plot (125 per treatment) were inspected for damage and live TBW. On 1 Aug all bolls were counted on 15 ft of row per plot (75 ft per treatment). Data were subjected to ANOVA and DMRT.
Tobacco Budworm and Bollworm Control Using Bacillus Thur1Ngiensis in Combination with Larvin, 1994
Authors: Klein C. D. , Johnson D. R. , Jordan A. M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cotton was planted on 5 May at the Robert Fratesi farm in Jefferson County. Plots consisted of 6 rows (40 inch centers) × 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied on 30 Jun, 4 Jul, 23 Jul and 11 Aug with a CO2 sprayer mounted on a John Deere 6000 hi-cycle. Total volume was 10.6 gal/acre at 30 psi using Teejet TXVS-8 nozzles on 20 inch spacing. Insect counts were made at 4 DAT by whole plant examination of 10 row ft in the center of each plot.
Evaluation of Pirate 3SC Against Cotton Insect Pests in Louisiana, 1994
Authors: Leonard B. R. , White C. A. , Graves J. B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cotton was planted 2 Jun with plots consisting of 4 rows (40 inch centers) × 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD, replicated 4 times. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gal total spray/acre through Teejet X-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 46 psi. Insecticides were applied on 9, 12, 15, 22 Aug and 1 Sep. Treatments were evaluated by examining 50 squares per plot on 12, 15, 19, 26 Aug for evidence of bollworm-tobacco budworm and boll weevil damage. The data reported for boll weevil are a summary of across sample dates. High numbers of soybean looper and beet armyworm larvae were observed in the plots during Sep and visual defoliation ratings were used to evaluate treatments on 21 Sep. Each plot was scored as follows: 0 (no feeding damage), 1 (feeding damage within the lower Vi of the plant), 2 (feeding damage in the lower Vs and middle % of the plant) or 3 (feeding damage throughout the plant). The plots were mechanically harvested on 25 Oct to determine seedcotton yields. The test area received 0.1, 1.9, 0.6 and 0.2 inches rainfall on 14, 21 Aug, and 2, 7 Sep, respectively. Supplemental moisture was provided by sprinkler irrigation “as needed” during the season, but not within 48 h of treatment applications.
Comparison of Various Spray Schedules to Control Worms in Cotton, Painter, Va
Authors: Speese John 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cotton was planted on 11 May at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of two 25 ft long rows planted on 3 ft spacing, and replicated four times in a randomized, complete block design. Each plot was bordered by an untreated guard row. Sprays were applied using a compressed gas backpack sprayer delivering 10 gal water/acre at 60 psi and equipped with a single nozzle (TX4) boom. Bollworm egg thresholds of 2 eggs/100 bolls and 5 eggs/50 terminals were exceeded on 5 Aug and the first spray applications were made on this date. The 5-day sprays were applied on 10 Aug, and the 10-day sprays on 15 Aug. Plots were then scouted weekly to determine if subsequent sprays were needed by examining 25 bolls per plot for live worms. Although egg threshold was no longer used after 5 Aug in making spray decisions, it was noted that egg threshold was exceeded in the as needed treatments on 9 Aug.
Evaluation of Granular Insecticides, with and Without Vapam, for Control of Tobacco Thrips in Peanut, 1994
Authors: Herbert D. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Efficacy of granular insecticides, with and without fumigation with Vapam, was evaluated against TT injury in Virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted 11 May with 36-inch row spacing. Insecticides were applied into the seed furrow (IF) at planting with a tractormounted Noble granular applicator. Vapam (metam-sodium) at the rate of 10 gal per acre was applied two weeks before planting, 6 to 8 inches below the soil surface with a single chisel shank centered over each in front of a Tilrowvator with Virginia-type bedshapers. Beds were 24 inches wide and 4 inches tall. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Treatments were evaluated by determining plant injury based on a 0-10 scale where 0 = no TT injured leaves and 10 = 100 percent injured leaves. Yield was based on digging, combining, drying and weighing peanuts from the 2 center rows (60 row ft) of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Fipronil as a Seed Treatment, 1994
Authors: Bernhardt J. L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Three rates of fipronil (EXP80415A FS 500) as a seed treatment were compared with carbofuran (Furadan 3G) and an untreated check for control of RWW. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Plot size was 9 rows (7 inch row spacing) × 16 ft. Rice was drill-seeded in a Crowley silt loam at 110 lb/acre 6 May and emerged 13 May. Propanil and thiobencarb at 2 lb (AI)/acre each were applied 23 May. Permanent flood was applied on 13 Jun. Nitrogen was applied in a 3- way split of 120 lb/acre on 13 Jun and 30 lb/acre each on 11 and 21 Jul. Furadan 3G was applied broadcast with a hand shaker on 20 Jun. On 4 and 11 Jul five 4 × 4 inch (diam by depth) soil cores were removed from each plot. Soil was washed from plant roots into 40-mesh screens. Screens were immersed in salt water and RWW immatures were recovered and counted. The center 4 rows × 12 feet of plots were harvested on 27 Sep with a small plot combine. Reported yields were adjusted to 12% moisture.
Control of Stink Bugs and Velvetbean Caterpillars on Georgia Soybeans, 1994
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Lambert Amy L. , Taylor J. Delano 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The efficacy of 14 insecticides for control of velvetbean caterpillars and stink bugs was evaluated at the University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. The insecticides were foliar-applied on 31 Aug on ‘Cook’ soybeans planted on 17 May. Individual plots were 4 rows wide × 50 ft long with alleys 6 ft wide on each end and 2 border rows on each side, arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 4, TX-12 nozzles on a 6 ft boom (2 nozzles per row) at 40 psi that delivered 17.6 gal/acre. Each plot was sampled prior to treatment and on 2, 7, 14 and 21 DAT, by taking a 20-sweep sample (15-inch diam net) from a single row. Soybeans were in the R5 growth stage (pods rilling with seeds) during the testing period. At 28 DAT, the percent defoliation was visually estimated for all plots. The data were subjected to ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test.
Control of Soybean Looper with Experimental Chemistry in Louisiana, 1994
Authors: Wier Alan T. , Boethel David J. , Lingren P. Scott , Leonard B. Roger 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The efficacy of several experimental insecticides that consist of pyrrole or avermectin chemistry, or exhibit insect growth regulator activity were evaluated against the soybean looper (SBL) on soybean in a small plot insecticide screening trial at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, Louisiana. Activity of these materials was compared to that of the standard recommended insecticide Larvin at 0.6 lb (AI)/acre. Plots measured 50 ft by 5 rows (40 inch spacing) and were arranged in a RCB with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 23 Aug (R5, beginning seed stage) with a tractor and compressed air sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gpa at 38 psi through TX8 hollow cone nozzles. Treatments were evaluated using 25 sweeps (15 inch diameter sweep net) per plot at 2, 5, and 7 DAT. No precipitation occurred throughout the duration of this experiment.
Control of Soybean Looper on Soybean with Bacillus Thuringiensis, 1994
Authors: Young S. Y. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Commercial B. thuringiensis products were evaluated against a SL population on soybean in Lafayette Co., Arkansas. Treatments were applied on 9 Sept with a Backpack CO2 sprayer equipped with a two-row boom (1 nozzle per row) using TX-6 nozzles calibrated to deliver 10 gpa. A spreader-sticker, CS-7, was added at the rate of 1.0 ml per gal. Water used for mixing insecticides had a pH of 7.0. A RCB design (with four replicates) was used. Soybeans were planted in late Jun. At application soybeans were primarily in the R-2 developmental stage and were approximately 24 inches in height. Plots were four rows with 20-inch spacing × 100 ft in length. Plots were separated by two-row buffers on their sides and 15 ft buffers on their ends. Treatments were evaluated at 4 and 7 DAT by shaking larvae from plants onto a 1-yd-length cloth spread between the rows. A 6 ft sample was taken from each of 2 rows, and larvae on the cloth were counted. The population contained larvae in all instars. No rainfall occurred during the test. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Small Plot Insecticide Trial Against SCB, 1994
Authors: Rodriguez L. M. , Woolwine A. E. , Ostheimer E. A. , Reagan T. E. , White W. H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Control of the SCB was evaluated in a RCB design (4 replications) of plant cane at the St Gabriel Research Station, St Gabriel, LA. Insecticide treatments were applied over the sugarcane canopy with a CO2 backpack sprayer on 22 Jul, 8, and 26 Aug when the SCB infestation exceeded the economic threshold (5% of the stalks containing live larvae in the leafsheaths). Four 0.004 flat fan spray tips per 6 ft width of row at 32 psi applied 20.1 gal of finished formulation/acre. Prior to the initiation of the experiment, 2 applications of Lorsban 15G were made (15 lb/acre each) to suppress red imported fire ant predation on SCB larvae (10 May and 9 Jun). Due to weather conditions the timing of the first application was delayed 12 days. The three Rohm & Haas (RH-2485, RH-0345 and Confirm) treatments were applied with Triton CS-7 at 0.125% vol/vol, and the Condor treatment was applied with Kinetic, at a rate of 0.125% vol/vol. SCB damage was assessed by counting the bored internodes, exit holes, and total number of internodes from 80 randomly selected stalks of sugarcane (20 stalks/replication) in each treatment (18 Oct). Following ANOVA, separation of means was by LSD.
Apple, Treatment Combinations for Season Long Broad Spectrum Insect Control, 1994
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticides were applied to mature trees in Fennville, MI (Orange Block) at a rate of 125 gpa with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated four times. Applications of materials were made on 9 May (Pink), 25 May (PF), 6 Jun (1C), 22 Jun (2C), 4 Jul (3C), 17 Jul (4C), 29 Jul (5C), 12 Aug (6C), 24 Aug (7C) and 5 Sep (8C) as indicated in the table. Captan, Dithane, Nova and Penncozeb were applied separately to all treatments. Mid-season fruit evaluations were made on 27 Jun by randomly picking 25 apples per replicate (100 apples per treatment) and evaluating the fruit for damage from insect pests. Harvest fruit evaluations were made on 15 Sep by randomly picking 50 apples per rep (200 apples per treatment) and evaluating the fruit for damage from insect pests. Leafhopper evaluations were made on 2 Jun, 8 Jul, 19 Jul, 12 Aug, 19 Aug and 26 Aug by randomly selecting 100 terminals (PLH) or 100 leaves (WALH) per replicate (400 terminals or leaves per treatment) and examining them for presence of WALH or PLH nymphs. Evaluation of phytotoxicity was made on 13 Jul and 18 Aug by randomly picking 50 leaves and 25 fruit per replicate, and then rating for percentage phytotoxicity.
Mole Cricket Control on Golf Course in South Mississippi, 1994
Authors: Harris Joseph P. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was conducted on fairways at the Jackson County Golf Course in Jackson County on the gulf coast. Soil type was sandy clay loam. Experimental design was complete block with 4 replications. Each replication was 10,890 ft2. Treatments were made on 15 Jun. All treatments were applied with a Snyder Polyolefin Agro-Tank tractor mounted hydraulic sprayer. Total spray volume was 50 gal water per acre using 8003 T-jet flat nozzles with 32 psi. Immediately before treatment, Vi inch irrigation water was applied to the Orthene treated plots. Immediately after treatment, Vi inch irrigation water was applied to the Merit treated plots. Rainfall of 6 inches occurred from 23 to 25 Jun. Rainfall of 17 inches occurred from 1 to 26 Jul. Rainfall of 1 inch occurred from 1 to 11 Aug. Mole cricket damage ratings were made using aim 2 frame divided into nine equal, square-shaped sections. The frame was placed on the ground in 20 locations/rep. The presence of mounds and tunnels was determined visually and by touch. Damage ranged from zero (no damage in any of the nine sections) to nine (nine sections contained mounds and/or tunnels). Post-treatment counts were made on 29 Jun, 13 Jul and 11 Aug.
Control of Mole Crickets on Golf Course Fairways in North Carolina, 1994
Authors: Hertl P. T. , Brandenburg R. L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A trial was conducted to determine the efficacy of various rates and formulations of granular turf insecticides for the control of newly hatched mole cricket nymphs. Plots 20 ft × 20 ft were established on a heavily infested fairway at Fox Squirrel Golf and Country Club in Boiling Spring Lakes. Treatments with 3 replicates were randomly assigned to the plots. Insecticides were applied on the afternoon of 27 Jul with the second application of the Merit split application treatment applied on 9 Aug after a light rain. Pre-weighed portions of each granular insecticide were evenly applied to the plots using shaker jars with perforated lids. Soil was moist at both application dates and the entire test was irrigated after each treatment to wet the soil to a depth of one inch. Air temperature was approx. 85°F, and soil temperature (4 inch) was 79°F. Soil type was mineral with 0.8% humic matter and a pH of 5.1. Soapy water sampling indicate the pop is approx. 95% tawny and 5% southern mole crickets. All plots were evaluated on four dates, 9, 18, 25 Aug and 9 Sep (13, 22, 29, and 44 DPT respectively). Evaluations were performed by making 2 random damage grid ratings (0-9) of freshly occurring damage in each plot. Average damage ratings are reported in the table. All data were transformed Vx + 0.5 prior to analysis.
Evaluation of Imidacloprid to Control Green June Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway in Gulph Mills, Pa, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (30%) and creeping bentgrass (70%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCBD, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied using a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (20 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 83°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 82°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 80°F; RH, 83%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; soil type, clay-loam; soil particle size analysis: 21.0% sand, 47.1% silt, 31.9% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 23.7%; organic matter, 4.5%; water pH, 6—7; soil pH, 5.1; and cloudy skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.375 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made on 20 Sep. The total number of new freshly constructed green June beetle burrows were recorded from each replicate (54 ft2).