bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of iron content in selected indigenous green leafy vegetables in Baraton, Kenya.
Authors: T* Anthoney Swamy , Kerubo Nyabwari Loice , Obey Jackie K. , Hillary Magut 
Published: June 2016

A study was done to determine the level of iron in selected indigenous vegetables using UV-vis spectrophotometric method. The four indigenous vegetables that was frequently consumed by Baraton families were; amaranths, pumpkin leaves, spider plant, and bacella alba, were selected for the study. Absorbance measurement was done on the ash samples of cooked and uncooked vegetables using UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 458 nm. The results showed among the uncooked vegetables, the iron concentration ranged from 0.081 to 0.23 ppm with pumpkin leaves and baccela alba recording the lowest and highest level respectively. The cooked vegetables had Fe levels ranging for 0.041 ppm to 0.43 ppm with pumpkin leaves and amaranths having lowest and highest Fe levels respectively. One sample t-test analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the Fe levels in the cooked and uncooked vegetables P>0.05. The findings showed that the sampled vegetables are a source of iron in diet.
Silent Cerebral Microbleeds and Longitudinal Risk of Renal and Cardiovascular Events in Patients with CKD
Authors: Shima Hideaki , Mori Tatsuhiko , Ooi Masayuki , Sonoda Mika , Shoji Tetsuo , Ishimura Eiji , Okamura Mikio , Ishizaka Nobukazu , Inaba Masaaki 
Published: June 2016

Background and objectives
In the general population, the presence of cerebral microbleeds on T2*–weighted magnetic resonance imaging has been reported to be a predictor of future stroke. Patients with CKD have a high prevalence of microbleeds and are at higher risk of ESRD as well as cardiovascular disease, including stroke. Because endothelial dysfunction is the common pathophysiology among microbleeds, CKD, and cardiovascular disease, we hypothesized that the presence of microbleeds would be an important predictor of composite outcome, including both cardiovascular disease and renal events, in those with CKD.

Design, settings, participants, & measurements
This was a prospective cohort study of 404 patients with CKD who underwent T2*–weighted magnetic resonance imaging for this study between January of 2008 and January of 2011. The primary outcome was composite of cardiovascular and renal outcomes. Cardiovascular outcomes included cardiovascular death, the new onset of myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, stroke, and amputation/revascularization because of peripheral artery disease. Renal outcomes included doubling of the serum creatinine level and development of ESRD requiring dialysis or transplantation.

Results
At baseline, microbleeds were present in 83 (20.5%) patients. During the follow-up median period of 2.3 years, 124 of the 404 patients experienced the composite outcome. The presence of microbleeds was associated with higher risk for the composite outcome in an unadjusted Cox model, and it remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, diabetes, and systolic BP (hazard ratio [HR], 2.58; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.68 to 3.46 for composite outcome; hazard ratio, 2.41; 95% CI, 1.55 to 3.77 for renal outcome; hazard ratio, 3.46; 95% CI, 1.62 to 7.43 for cardiovascular disease outcome).

Conclusions
In patients with CKD, the presence of microbleeds is a novel and independent predictor of both renal and cardiovascular disease end points.
Poverty in the Gwai Forest Reserve, Zimbabwe: 1880-1953
Authors: Kwashirai Vimbai Chaumba 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Nelson Mandela observed that, like slavery and apartheid, poverty is not natural. It is man-made and it can be overcome and eradicated by the actions of human beings. This study examines the role of colonial foresters in introducing new socio-economic arrangements that resulted in increased poverty among the Tonga, Shona and Ndebele communities in the Gwai Forest Reserve (GFR) of North-Western Matabeleland, Zimbabwe. Countrywide, Europeans appropriated land and exacted tax and labour from indigenous peoples. Africans were assigned forty infertile reserves that served as labour reservoirs for European mining, agriculture and manufacturing. Officials undermined the African institutions of extended family and traditional agriculture that had provided for the welfare of poor people in pre-Rhodes Zimbabwe. The commercial forest sector in the GFR replicated in microcosm the overall colonial economic structure. Forest officials viewed Africans resident on gazetted state forests as sources of labour for forestry work. Government forest policy retained small numbers of African families in each of the eight state forests of North-Western Matabeleland for labour requirements. The eight state forest reserves had a combined total area of 1.6 million acres, half of which was in the GFR. Imperative labour demands forced the government to retain the Ndebele, Kalanga and Tonga as forest tenants whose rights to land, livestock, pasture and forest were severely restricted by forest rules and regulations. African forest dwellers were given permits and thus acquired the status of tenant farmers with an obligation to work for the Forestry Service and commercial timber millers. In the period under discussion, 1880-1953, landlessness and appalling working conditions turned forest tenants into the poorest people in colonial Zimbabwe. Their poverty was exacerbated by inordinate regulations denying them access to facilities such as boreholes, schools and stores for fear of fire hazard to forests.
The Impact of River Engineering Works on the Dyje River floodplain in the Czech Republic
Authors: Skokanova Hana 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The article deals with changes to the lower part of the Dyje River floodplain, Czech Republic, caused by river engineering works. It investigates channel changes as well as changes in the number of cut-off meanders (cut-offs), oxbow lakes (oxbows), and pools, focusing on the impact of river engineering works on land use and specific natural conditions of the floodplain. The author begins with a history of river engineering works in the study area and their impact from the perspective of natural conditions and human activities. She then divides the study area into five sections, according to the period when the works were carried out, and examines each one using graphical methods and old maps to determine their morphometric characteristics at different periods. Her research shows a significant shortening of the Dyje, a decrease in its sinuosity, and fluctuations in its surface area and in the number of cut-offs, oxbows, and pools. As regards the natural environment, the engineering works determined a lowering of the water table and some changes in plant species. From the perspective of human activities, in the form of land use changes, the study indicates that there was a significant reduction of meadow and pastureland, an increase in recreational areas, and a decrease in forestland during the period under investigation. Some of these changes – notably the increase of the overall water surface and the decrease of forestland – are a direct result of river engineering works, while others – the ploughing of the floodplain and the spread of recreational areas around reservoirs – are an indirect consequence thereof.
The Creation and Management of Protected Areas in Monteverde Costa Rica
Authors: Davis Jason 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
At present, nature conservation depends heavily on protected areas to limit the destruction caused by human activities such as land clearing, logging, and urban development. Yet despite their importance and widespread use, the general public and policy makers frequently maintain a simplistic and static conception of protected areas. Often, the mental model of protected areas consists of a “one-size-fits-all” park – a fenced off area of land designed to protect “nature” from humans. In reality, however, protected areas are multifaceted, fluid entities that result from a confluence of people’s ideas about what these areas are expected to accomplish and for whom they serve. Although protected areas sometimes do take the “fenced-off” approach, they take many other forms reflecting societal trends in conservation practice. History belies the idea of one standard type of protected area for all places and all times.
The area around Monteverde, Costa Rica, offers a distinctive case study of the development of protected-area conservation. Beginning in the 1950s with the arrival of American Quaker settlers, residents have created a protected area network that has grown and expanded to reflect the changing constituencies of the region: agriculturalists, biologists, international conservation groups, and tourists. The protected areas now safeguard local watersheds, protect endangered species and biodiversity, and provide the framework for a dynamic tourism-based economy.
Many scholars look at Monteverde’s protected-area experience, particularly the development of nature-based tourism, as evidence of the area’s success in conserving its natural resources and improving standards of living. However, it is problematic to use Monteverde as a direct model for successful conservation and development. The protected-area network grew out of a half-century of conservation initiatives driven by various local and international constituencies. Monteverde residents themselves have painted a balanced picture of the area’s challenges, including successful conservation and a rise in living standards as well as rapid and unplanned tourism development, socioeconomic imbalances, and threats to the ecological integrity of the region. The Monteverde experience underscores the possibilities and challenges inherent in achieving multiple conservation and development goals through protected areas.
Reconstructing the History of Forestry in Northwestern China, 1949-1998
Authors: Liu Jinlong 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This paper reconstructs the history of forestry and changing patterns of forest tenure rights through the case study of Hui county, in the northwestern province of Gansu in 1949-1998. It focuses on the environmental impact and social effects of constantly changing forest policies, and examines conflicts between different stakeholders, including private owners, collectives, and the state at different administrative levels. The research draws on accounts of historical events available in unpublished official documents, as well as the recollections of a number of elderly informants from the northwestern region, to look for patterns of social and economic change. The author maps out shifts in forest policy during the periods of the collectivization of agricultural production and household responsibility system. These policies led to China’s “opening up” in the 1980s and 1990s, when changing relations between the state and an expanding market economy began to impact the country. A series of cases are used to illustrate the types of conflict and forms of negotiation that occurred at particular junctures.
Blaming It on the Weather: The Role of “Inclement” Rainfall in Society-Nature Relations in Liberal Costa Rica (1860-1940
Authors: McDermott Anthony Goebel , Viales Hurtado Ronny J. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This article seeks to shed light on some of the many possible interactions between changes in rainfall regime, one of the climatic factors with the greatest bearing on the history of human society, and the economic and socio-environmental dynamics of Costa Rica. While Costa Rica was developing into a Nation-State and defining its role as an agricultural exporter in the global market, new liaisons with the biophysical environment were being developed, guided by the irresistible ideology of “progress”. Significantly, this time period largely coincides with of current process of institutionalization of science in Costa Rica, and the State’s urgent need to understand the specific features of the country’s rainfall regime in connection with its efforts of expansion and diversification of commercial farming, given the indisputable impact of precipitations on the agricultural sector and infrastructure development, both pivotal elements of the liberal economic project. Parting from this contextual base, the article seeks to analyze the operative capacity of this “modern”, “scientific”, and “macroeconomic” vision of rainfall and its effects, the unequal and socially differentiated character of institutional response in the face of floods and other “disasters”, as well as the concomitant “culpability” discourse placing the blame for these disasters on Nature as a means to justify the priority given to “national” infrastructure over the needs and wishes of many citizens. We will also briefly look at promising themes for future research, such as the relationship between climate and property value, as well as the impact of rainfall on the performance of the agro-export model, the economic basis of liberal Costa Rica.
Private Investment in Biodiversity Conservation. A Growing Trend in the Western World?
Authors: Bourke Max 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The paper examines the increasing trend of philanthropic bodies and private individuals to invest in the conservation of Australia’s biodiversity. This is seen as part of a more general Western trend in which Australian organizations are linked to bodies such as the large US-based Nature Conservancy. It is part of a response to the need to integrate conservation measures on public land with those on private land. The paper reviews two cases of private conservation reserves being created in the 1930s and 1940s. Private conservation through covenants on relatively small parcels of land was facilitated by the Victorian State Government in the 1970s. In the 1990s, the Australian Wildlife Conservancy and the Bush Heritage Trust were formed as charitable trusts which now own and manage 2.6 million ha of land in 55 reserves. The case study of the Thomas Foundation and its relationship with the Nature Conservancy is presented. The Nature Conservancy’s model of corporate fund-raising use was found to be successful in Australia for purchasing land and conserving it to preserve biodiversity. By 2010, private philanthropy and corporate sponsorship had almost 4 million ha of land under protection and managed for conservation. Th e paper ends by considering four issues that may influence the future of private investment in Australian conservation. One concerns the effect of the Global Financial Crisis on the flow of investment funds for conservation. A particular concern is whether governments might transfer their funding for conservation as private support increases. Private support depends on favorable tax treatment for charitable giving. It is hoped that the greater transparency now being required will maintain community support for tax arrangements. A fourth concern which is now starting to be addressed is the relations between the bodies managing private conservation reserves and the traditional Aboriginal owners of the land.
Environmental Experiences of Chinese People in the Mid-Nineteenth Century Australian Gold Rushes
Authors: Sheng Fei 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The migration of Chinese people to Australia was part of a global migration that occurred around 1850, stimulated by gold discoveries around the Pacific Rim. The research analyzes the deep ecological factors in China that spurred the migration at a time when the discovery of gold as a natural resource in Australia made the country an ideal migration destination. The author shows how the Chinese migrants applied their native environmental experience in a white settler colony. Through unique mining methods and market gardening, the Chinese transformed the indigenous landscape and shaped their “New Gold Mountain” in Australia. Although the Chinese environmental experience benefited both themselves and other migrants, there were also negative effects. Environmental cooperation was eclipsed by environmental conflicts between Chinese and white miners. Both cultural and natural factors limited the spread of Chinese environmental experiences in the Australian gold rushes. The Chinese environmental experience in the Australian context was also a result of existing racist policies. Within a broader perspective, the paper demonstrates how different migrants interacted with the indigenous environment and with each other
Stress Restricts Reduplication
Authors: Zukoff Sam 
Published: June 2016

This paper considers the typology of reduplicant shape, and argues that a system with freely-rankable templatic constraints on reduplicant size/shape over-generates. A survey of Australian languages with quantity insensitive left-to-right alternating cyclic stress systems finds that monosyllabic prefixal reduplicants are not attested; all prefixal partial reduplication patterns in such languages are disyllabic. The disyllabic pattern allows for complete satisfaction of all otherwise undominated stress constraints, whereas any monosyllabic reduplicant would induce violation of one of these constraints. The typological absence of the monosyllabic pattern in these languages thus follows only if templatic constraints ("Reduplicant Size") must be subordinated to otherwise undominated stress constraints ("Stress Requirements"). This is captured through a meta-ranking condition on the phonological grammar: StressReq >> RedSize (S>>R). The paper further explores how this meta-ranking is compatible with prosodically variable yet predictable reduplicant shape in Ponapean, and an apparently problematic case of monosyllabic reduplication in Ngan’gityemerri which turns out to be the exception that proves the rule.
Fauna Europaea – Orthopteroid orders
Authors: Heller Klaus-Gerhard , Bohn Horst , Haas Fabian , Willemse Fer , de Jong Yde 
Published: June 2016

Fauna Europaea provides a public web-service with an index of scientific names (including important synonyms) of all extant European terrestrial and freshwater animals, their geographical distribution at the level of countries and major islands (west of the Urals and excluding the Caucasus region), and some additional information. The Fauna Europaea project comprises about 230,000 taxonomic names, including 130,000 accepted species and 14,000 accepted subspecies, which is much more than the originally projected number of 100,000 species. Fauna Europaea represents a huge effort by more than 400 contributing specialists throughout Europe and is a unique (standard) reference suitable for many users in science, government, industry, nature conservation and education.
The “Orthopteroid orders“ is one of the 58 Fauna Europaea major taxonomic groups. It contains series of mostly well-known insect orders: Embiodea (webspinners), Dermaptera (earwigs), Phasmatodea (walking sticks), Orthoptera s.s. (grasshoppers, crickets, bush-crickets) and Dictyoptera with the suborders Mantodea (mantids), Blattaria (cockroaches) and Isoptera (termites).
For the Orthopteroid orders, data from 35 families containing 1,371 species are included in this paper.
The Diabetic Health of African American Grandmothers Raising their Grandchildren
Authors: Carthron Dana L. , Busam Maria Rivera 
Published: June 2016

Purpose The purpose of this study is to compare the health of primary caregiving African American grandmothers with diabetes with African American women with diabetes who were not primary caregivers. Design Using a comparative, descriptive, cross-sectional design, 34 African American primary caregiving grandmothers were compared with 34 non-caregiving women with diabetes mellitus; women aged 55–75 years were recruited for this study throughout the central Arkansas. Methods To measure the overall health, data on blood pressure, body mass index measurements, HbA1c levels, total cholesterol, and urine protein and creatinine levels were collected from all the participants. Results Statistically significant differences between the caregivers and non-caregivers groups in systolic pressure ( t = −3.42, P = 0.001) and diastolic pressure ( t = −3.790, P = 0.000) and urine protein ( W = 294.00, P = 0.000) were noted. Additionally, a clinically significant difference in HbA1c was noted between groups. Conclusion Differences in systolic and diastolic pressures, urine protein, and clinically significant differences in HbA1c suggest that African American primary caregiving grandmothers with diabetes mellitus may have more difficulty in maintaining their diabetic health than non-caregiving African American women.
Feasibility of population health analytics and data visualization for decision support in the infectious diseases domain
Authors: Del Fiol Guilherme , Butler Jorie , Livnat Yarden , Mayer Jeanmarie , Samore Matthew , Jones Makoto , Weir Charlene , Roosan Don 
Published: June 2016

SummaryBig data or population-based information has the potential to reduce uncertainty in medicine by informing clinicians about individual patient care. The objectives of this study were: 1) to explore the feasibility of extracting and displaying population-based information from an actual clinical population’s database records, 2) to explore specific design features for improving population display, 3) to explore perceptions of population information displays, and 4) to explore the impact of population information display on cognitive outcomes.We used the Veteran’s Affairs (VA) database to identify similar complex patients based on a similar complex patient case. Study outcomes measures were 1) preferences for population information display 2) time looking at the population display, 3) time to read the chart, and 4) appropriateness of plans with pre-and post-presentation of population data. Finally, we redesigned the population information display based on our findings from this study.The qualitative data analysis for preferences of population information display resulted in four themes: 1) trusting the big/population data can be an issue, 2) embedded analytics is necessary to explore patient similarities, 3) need for tools to control the view (overview, zoom and filter), and 4) different presentations of the population display can be beneficial to improve the display. We found that appropriateness of plans was at 60% for both groups (t9=-1.9; p=0.08), and overall time looking at the population information display was 2.3 minutes versus 3.6 minutes with experts processing information faster than non-experts (t8= -2.3, p=0.04).A population database has great potential for reducing complexity and uncertainty in medicine to improve clinical care. The preferences identified for the population information display will guide future health information technology system designers for better and more intuitive display.