bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genus-level versus species-level extinction rates
Authors: Trammer Jerzy 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The average extinction rates of index species per m. y. are computed by means of a count-of-biozones metric (Trammer 2014). These rates and the average extinction rates of genera belonging to biostratigraphically important groups, calculated according to three different methods, show congruent rises and falls from the Cambrian to the Neogene. The extinction rates of genera are, thus, a relatively good predictor of species extinction rates.
The oldest rocks of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland – biostratigraphy of the Cambrian Czarna Shale Formation in the vicinity of Kotuszów
Authors: Szczepanik Zbigniew , Żylińska Anna 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThree lower Cambrian acritarch assemblages recognized in four outcrops in the vicinity of Kotuszów in the southernmost part of the Palaeozoic inlier of the Holy Cross Mountains span a stratigraphic interval from the uppermost part of the Asteridium tornatum-Comasphaeridium velvetum Assemblage Zone to the Skiagia ornata- Fimbriaglomerella membranacea Assemblage Zone (most probably its lower part). According to current views (Moczydłowska and Yin 2012), this interval corresponds to the upper part of the Fortunian and to Stage 2 of the Terreneuvian Series. The strata yielding the oldest assemblage are thus the oldest precisely documented rocks in the Palaeozoic succession of the Holy Cross Mountains, and the oldest Cambrian rocks exposed on the surface in Poland. The current biostratigraphic scheme for the pre-trilobitic part of the Cambrian System in the Holy Cross Mountains should be modified so that it is based on local acritarch interval subzones.
Electrochemical Characteristics of a Cobalt Alloy with a Protective Passive Layer
Authors: Reimann L. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the quality of the passive layer formed on the surface of a CoCr alloy used on dentures to see the effect on resistance to pitting corrosion and electrochemical parameters. Studies were performed using on potentiodynamic tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The passive layer was formed spontaneously and by electrochemical method on samples after casting and after simulation porcelain firing on metal. Samples of the passivation electrochemical characterized by the improvement in corrosion resistance. Prolonging the passivation time from one to 24 hours and increasing the potential value from 0 to 200 mV improved the quality of the passive layer and all characteristics of electrochemical parameters.
Evaluation of the Cutting Force Components and the Surface Roughness in the Milling Process of Micro- and Nanocrystalline Titanium
Authors: Habrat W. , Motyka M. , Topolski K. , Sieniawski J. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Nanocristalline pure titanium in comparison to microcrystalline titanium is characterized by better mechanical properties which influence its wider usability. The aim of the research was to evaluate whether the grain size of pure titanium (micro- and nanocrystalline) has influence on the cutting force components and the surface roughness in the milling process. Models of cutting force components for both materials were prepared and differences between the results were examined. The feed rate effect on selected parameters of surface roughness after milling of micro- and nanocrystalline pure titanium was determined.
Fundamentals of Manufacturing Technologies for Aircraft Engine Parts Made of TiAl Based Alloys
Authors: Szkliniarz W. , Szkliniarz A. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The study presents fundamentals of manufacturing technologies for aircraft engine construction elements, made of light, intermetallic TiAl based alloy, which is characterized by high relative strength and good creep and oxidation resistance. For smelting of alloy, the vacuum metallurgy methods were used, including application of induction furnace equipped with special crucibles made of isostatic-pressed, high-density graphite. To produce good quality construction element for aircraft engine, such as low-pressure turbine blade, there were methods of gravity casting from a very high temperature to the preheated shell moulds applied.
Contribution of Titanium, Chromium and Carbon Buffer Interlayers to Bio-Tribological Properties of Multilayer Composites
Authors: Major Ł , Janusz M. , Lackner J. M. , Major B. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Research studies on bio-tribological protective coatings of titanium, chromium and carbon based have been performed. Thin films were fabricated by hybrid PLD technique (PLD supported by magnetron sputtering). Coatings consisted of two parts; the inner part (first from the substrate) in each case was formed by titanium or chromium/titanium nitride or chromium nitride (Ti/TiN or Cr/Cr2N). The outer part was formed by pure DLC or multilayer DLC/Ti or Cr. No delamination was found at the interface. Titanium or chromium metallic layer was deposited as a first layer directly on the metallic substrate to avoid delamination. All individual layers were built of columnar nano-crystallites. Mechanisms of the mechanical wear of analyzed systems were presented, focusing on the cracking propagation in ball-on-disc tests using an 1 N and 5 N applied loads for 5 000 cycles. Complex microstructure analysis of presented nano-multilayer coatings, before and after mechanical tests, were performed by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The highest stress concentration during mechanical uploading was moved through the multilayer coating by breaking only one layer at the time. The microstructure characterization revealed that cracking propagating in the outer part of the coating was stopped at the interface. In the case of the inner part of the coating Ti/TiN; Cr/Cr2N, ceramic layers showed brittle cracking, while metallic (Ti or Cr) ones deformed plastically. Fabricated coatings were subjected under the analysis in the biomechanical system optimized to test for the direct contact with a human whole blood. The study considered physiological conditions mainly related to the temperature and humidity and the frequency of cyclic deformation of the artificial vessel into which the tested sample was introduced.
Influence of the Annealing Time After Welding on the Mechanical Properties of Welded Joint of T91 Steel
Authors: Wojsyk K. , Golański G. , Jasak J. , Słania J. , Zieliński A. , Urbańczyk P. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The paper presents the results of research on the influence of the time of annealing after welding at the temperature of 750°C on the mechanical properties of a homogeneous welded joint of T91 steel. The welded joints were annealed at 750°C for 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 hours. The research scope included the basic study, i.e. the measurement of hardness, the test of impact energy, the static tensile test, bending test, as well as the accelerated creep test. The results of the tests of mechanical properties indicate the possibility of using shorter annealing times for thin-walled welded joints, and thus the possibility of savings as a result of flexible heat treatments.
Low Temperature Broad Band Dielectric Spectroscopy of Multiferroic Bi6Fe2Ti3O18 Ceramics
Authors: Lisińska-Czekaj A. , Rerak M. , Czekaj D. , Lubina M. , Garbarz-Glos B. , Bąk W. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn the present research the tool of broadband dielectric spectroscopy was utilized to characterize dielectric behavior of Bi6Fe2Ti3O18(BFTO) Aurivillius-type multiferroic ceramics. Dielectric response of BFTO ceramics was studied in the frequency domain (Δν=0.1Hz – 10MHz) within the temperature range ΔT=-100°C – 200°C. The Kramers-Kronig data validation test was employed to validate the impedance data measurements and it was found that the measured impedance data exhibited good quality justifying further analysis. The residuals were found to be less than 1%, whereas the “chi-square” parameter was within the range χ2~10−7−10−5. Experimental data were analyzed using the circle fit of simple impedance arc plotted in the complex Z”-Z’ plane (Nyquist plot). The total ac conductivity of the grain boundaries was thus revealed and the activation energy of ac conductivity for the grain boundaries was calculated. It was found that activation energy of ac conductivity of grain boundaries changes from EA=0.20eV to EA=0.55eV while temperature rises from T=-100°C up to T=200°C. On the base of maxima of the impedance semicircles (ωmτm=1) the relaxation phenomena were characterized in terms of the temperature dependence of relaxation times and relevant activation energy was calculated (EA=0.55eV).
Sacrificial Paste for Fabrication of Ceramic Materials by Layer-By-Layer Method
Authors: Falkowski P. , Scisel K. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe aim of the work was to develop a sacrificial paste suitable for securing channels during shaping of ceramic materials with internal structures via combination of tape casting and soft lithography. Poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether and polyethylene glycols with different molecular weight were selected as a main components of a sacrificial paste due to their compatibility to UV curable dispersion. The research shows that sacrificial paste should be characterized by proper melting point. This goal was achieved by using a composition of PEG600 with 15wt.%PEG20000 and 10wt.% carbon. The invented sacrificial paste solidify beyond 27°C (melting point). After heating up to 80°C the viscosity of paste is low enough and easily fills the channels with diameter of 150-300μm. What is more, the operational time during free cooling from 80°C to solidification is around 8 minutes what gives enough time for application. Carbon was added as a modifier of rheological properties and as a black dye that helps in visual evaluation of a degree of filling channel. The first test proved that proposed method of preparation of ceramic samples with application of invented sacrificial paste is reliable and can be practically applied.
Fracture Statistics Using Three-Parameter and Two-Parameter Weibull Distributions for Fe-0.4C-1.5Cr-1.5Ni-0.8Mn-0.2Mo Structural Sintered Steel
Authors: Fiał Ch. , Ciaś A. , Czarski A. , Sułowski M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA statistical analysis is presented of tensile and bending strengths of a porous sintered structural steel which exhibits non-linear, quasi-brittle, behaviour. It is the result of existing natural flaws (pores and oxide inclusions) and of the formation of fresh flaws when stress is applied. The analysis is by two- and three-parameter Weibull statistics. Weibull modulus, a measure of reliability, was estimated by the maximum likelihood method for specimen populations < 30. Probability distributions were compared on the basis of goodness to fit using the Anderson-Darling tests. The use of the two-parameter Weibull distribution for strength data of quasi-brittle sintered steels is questioned, because there is sufficient evidence that the 3-parameter distribution fits the data better.
The Effect of Friction Stir Processing (FSP) on the Microstructure and Properties of AM60 Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Iwaszko J. , Kudła K. , Fila K. , Strzelecka M. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The samples of the as-cast AM60 magnesium alloy were subjected to Friction Stir Processing (FSP). The effect of FSP on the microstructure of AM60 magnesium alloy was analyzed using optical microscopy and X-ray analysis. Besides, the investigation of selected properties, i.e. hardness and resistance to abrasion wear, were carried out. The carried out investigations showed that FSP leads to more homogeneous microstructure and significant grain refinement. The average grain size in the stirred zone (SZ) was about 6-9 μm. in the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ), the elongated and deformed grains distributed along flow line were observed. The structural changes caused by FSP lead to an increase in microhardness and wear resistance of AM60 alloy in comparison to their non-treated equivalents. Preliminary results show that friction stir processing is a promising and an effective grain refinement technique.
Identification of Yield Point of Polymer-Based Composite Material in the Conditions of Increased Temperatures
Authors: Arustamian A. , Sołek K. , Kalisz D. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Theoretical and practical research on the influence of temperature on mechanical characteristics of the composite material MM “Steel 1018” has been conducted. Both laboratory equipment used to measure of mechanical properties, the technique of material preparation and the experimental procedure were described. The analysis of the the obtained results revealed that with temperature increase the material yield point goes down.
Processing of Copper by Hydrostatic Extrusion – Studies of Microstructure and Properties
Authors: Leszczyńska-Madej B. , Richert M. W. , Nejman I. , Zawadzka P. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe present study attempts to apply HE to 99.99% pure copper. The microstructure of the samples was investigated by both light microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Additionally, the microhardness was measured, the tensile test was made, and statistical analysis of the grains and subgrains was performed. Based on Kikuchi diffraction patterns, misorientation was determined. The obtained results show that microstructure of copper deformed by hydrostatic extrusion (HE) is rather inhomogeneous. The regions strongly deformed with high dislocation density exist near cells and grains/subgrains free of dislocations. The measurements of the grain size have revealed that the sample with an initial in annealed-state grain size of about 250 μm had this grain size reduced to below 0.35μm when it was deformed by HE to the strain ε=2.91. The microhardness and UTS are stable within the whole investigated range of deformation.
Microstructure and Chemical Composition of Fe-Cr Alloy Tempered in High Temperature and Atmosphere Containing Ar-SO2
Authors: Radziszewska A. , Kranzmann A. , Dörfel I. , Feijoo M. Mosquera , Solecka M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe paper presents the microstructure, chemical and phase composition of thin scale, obtained as a result of high-temperature corrosion of X20Cr13 stainless steel. Samples were exposed to gas atmosphere of the following composition: 0.25 vol.% of SO2and 99.75 vol.% of Ar at 600 °C for 5 h. As a consequence, thin compact scale was formed on steel surface. This scale consisted of three different zones. An amorphous zone was formed close to steel surface. Then, nanocrystalline zone could be observed. Finally, larger grains were formed during the corrosion process. The analysis of the chemical composition revealed higher concentration of chromium near steel surface. In contrast, to chromium, the content of iron, increased near the scale surface. It was found out that the (Cr, Mn, Fe)5O12phase appeared in the thin scale.
Thermomechanical States in Arc Weld Surfaced Steel Elements
Authors: Winczek J. , Skrzypczak T. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe paper presents a model of temperature, phase transformation and stresses fields in a steel element during single-pass Gas Metal Arc Weld (GMAW) surfacing.Kinetics of phase transformations during heating is limited by temperature values at the beginning and at the end of austenitic transformation, while the progress of phase transformations during cooling is determined on the basis of TTT-welding diagram and Johnson-Mehl-Avrami and Kolomogorov law for diffusive transformations and Koistinen-Marburger for martensitic transformation. Stress state of a bar subjected to thermo-mechanical loads is described assuming the plane cross section hypothesis and using integral equations of stress equilibrium of a bar as well as simple Hook’s law. Stresses in the elastic-plastic state are determined by iteration using solutions with a variable elastic modulus of elasticity, conditioned by tensile curves. Dependence of stresses on strains is assumed on the basis of tensile curves of particular structures, taking into account the influence of temperature. There were performed calculations of the temperature field, phase transformations, strains and stresses for GMAW surfacing of a cuboid element made of S235 steel. Authors’ programs, made in Borland Delphi, were used for calculations.
The Effect of Cooling Rate after Homogenization on the Microstructure and Properties of 2017a Alloy Billets for Extrusion with Solution Heat Treatment on the Press
Authors: Woźnicki A. , Leśniak D. , Włoch G. , Pałka P. , Leszczyńska-Madej B. , Wojtyna A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe influence of cooling rate after homogenization on the 2017A alloy microstructure was analysed. The capability of the θ (Al2Cu) particles, precipitated during various homogenization coolings, for rapid dissolution was estimated. For this purpose, the DSC test was used to determine the effect of the cooling rate after homogenization on the course of melting during a rapid heating. Moreover, the samples after solution heat treatment (with short time annealing) and ageing, were subjected to the microstructure investigations and the microhardness of grains interiors measurements. It was found that cooling after homogenization at 160 °C/h is sufficient for precipitation of fine θ phase particles, which dissolve during the subsequent rapid heating. The cooling at 40 °C/h, causes the precipitation of θ phase in the form of large particles, incapable of further fast dissolution.
The Microstructure and Phase Composition of 35CrSiMN5-5-4 Steel After Quenching and Partitioning Heat Treatment
Authors: Skołek E. , Wasiak K. , Świątnicki W.A. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The aim of the study was to characterise the microstructure of 35CrSiMn5-5-4 steel which was subjected to a new heat treatment technology of quenching and partitioning (Q&P). The parameters of the treatment were chosen on the basis of computer simulations and dilatometric studies of phase transformations occurring in steel. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of steel microstructure after the Q&P treatment revealed the presence of martensite as well as significant amount of retained austenite in form of layers between the martensite laths. The rod-like carbides in the ferritic areas were also observed, which indicates the presence of lower bainite in steel. It was found that the retained austenite content measured by means of TEM was about 28% for partitioning at 400°C and 25% for partitioning at 260°C. These results are in good agreement with the phase composition calculated theoretically as well as those determined experimentally by use of dilatometric tests.
Mechanical Modification of Al-6%Si By Semisolid Process
Authors: Sarajan Z. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In this study by semisolid processing of Al-6%Si alloy, it has been found that small additions of Ti-6Al-4V shift the liquidus temperature up and the recalescence decreases. The nucleation event takes place at higher temperatures. Furthermore, the rate at which growth temperature increases is less than that of nucleation temperature and therefore more nuclei form with less potential for growth. In this processing refiner increases the α-Al percentage and reduces globule size. Improvement of mechanical property and microstructure characterization are the main advantages of this study.
Critical analysis of vector-borne infections in dogs: Babesia vogeli, Babesia gibsoni, Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis in Punjab, India
Authors: Singla Lachhman Das , Sumbria Deepak , Mandhotra Ajay , Bal M.S. , Kaur Paramjit 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThere are few published studies on various vector borne diseases of dogs in India and most depict clinical infection in dogs, diagnosed by observation of the haemopathogens in stained blood smears. This study provides the first report regarding molecular confirmation and ancestral relationship analysis of blood smears positive cases of assorted haemopathogens in Punjab province of India. On blood smear examination, haemopathogens were observed in 124 out of 778 (15.95%, 95% CI: 13.53– 18.68) blood smears. Further polymerase chain reactions (PCR) was used on bloods smear positive cases to validate the results. Out of 778 blood samples,
Monocotyle luquei n. sp. (Monogenea: Monocotylidae), from the gills of diamond stingray Dasyatis dipterura (Jordan and Gilbert, 1880) (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae), in the South Pacific
Authors: Chero Jhon D. , Cruces Celso L. , Iannacone José , Sanchez Lidia , Minaya David , Sáez Gloria , Alvariño Lorena 
Published: October 2016

Abstractn. sp. (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) was described from gills of diamond stingray
Linguistic Justice and Endangered Languages
Authors: Salverda Reinier 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis contribution will engage with Van Parijs’s approach to linguistic justice and his working principles for the reduction of unfairness in the language domain (in particular, the need for intervention and his territorial principle), reflecting on a range of cases of multilingual practice and linguistic coexistence – respectively, in the multilingual capital of the world which is London today; in Fryslân, the minority language area in northern Netherlands; and in Europe, through its European Charter of Regional Minority Languages.Overall, my argument, on a theoretical level, is for the further exploration of the relationship between linguistic diversity and human rights in civil society; and, on a practical level, for the development of a World Language Atlas as envisaged by UNESCO, containing vital information on all the world’s languages – an urgently needed basic resource for policy-making, to ensure, especially for the world’s many endangered languages, the linguistic justice and fairness advocated by Van Parijs.
Phenomena of Linguistic Interference in Old Hungarian Texts
Authors: Fazakas Emese 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The analysis of interference is a popular topic in sociolinguistics, and the researchers addressing it investigate the phenomena of interference with a special regard to mother tongue texts of speakers living in a linguistic minority. In order to analyse the phenomenon, one needs to be clear about the identity of the author of the particular text, in addition to the linguistic environment, the circumstances in which the phenomenon appears, etc., and this is particularly difficult in the case of historical texts. The most frequent interference phenomenon in Old Hungarian texts is the occurrence of Latin elements in the utterances of Hungarian mother tongue speakers; nevertheless, we can find other linguistic interferences as within the regions inhabited by Hungarians the speakers came in contact with and learned the language(s) of several communities with other mother tongues. In this study, I analyse Romanian words and phrases that appear in the texts of Hungarian-language testimonies given by Romanians living in Transylvania; these linguistic elements cannot be classified as regional borrowings in the Hungarian lexicon, and if they can, they were used by the Hungarian speakers for a very short period of time. Thus, my paper analyses phenomena of interference that are connected to mother tongue elements appearing in a foreign language text.
Determination of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient by Simple Thermal Analyze
Authors: Popescu Mirela , Bedo Tibor , Varga Bela 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
To know more precise the value of overall heat transfer coefficient is on a special importance to programs (software) that models the solidification process for project casting technology in order to optimize them by dimensioning and appropriate placement both the gating system and the risers for eliminate casting defects, shrinkages. The paper aims to determin the value of overall heat transfer coefficient on the cooling curve recorded in casting-solidification real conditions. The values obtained for the overall heat transfer coefficient (2.34 to 25.41) · 10−4 [cal/s.grad.cm2]) for different casting conditions prove that this parameter can not be considered as a constant of the casting mould material.