bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The mating system of the true fruit flyBactrocera tryoniand its sister species,Bactrocera neohumeralis
Authors: Ekanayake Wasala M. T. D. , Jayasundara Mudalige S. H. , Peek Thelma , Clarke Anthony R. , Schutze Mark K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe frugivorous “true” fruit fly,Bactrocera tryoni(Queensland fruit fly), is presumed to have a nonresourced‐based lek mating system. This is largely untested, and contrary data exists to suggestBactrocera tryonimay have a resource‐based mating system focused on fruiting host plants. We tested the mating system ofBactrocera tryoni, and its close siblingBactrocera neohumeralis, in large field cages using laboratory reared flies. We used observational experiments that allowed us to determine if: (i) mating pairs were aggregated or nonaggregated; (ii) mating system was resource or nonresource based; (iii) flies utilized possible landmarks (tall trees over short) as mate‐rendezvous sites; and (iv) males called females from male‐dominated leks. We recorded nearly 250Bactrocera tryonimating pairs across all experiments, revealing that: (i) mating pairs were aggregated; (ii) mating nearly always occurred in tall trees over short; (iii) mating was nonresource based; and (iv) that males and females arrived at the mate‐rendezvous site together with no evidence that males preceded females.Bactrocera neohumeraliscopulations were much more infrequent (only 30 mating pairs in total), but for those pairs there was a similar preference for tall trees and no evidence of a resource‐based mating system. Some aspects ofBactrocera tryonimating behavior align with theoretical expectations of a lekking system, but others do not. Until evidence for unequivocal female choice can be provided (as predicted under a true lek), the mating system ofBactrocera tryoniis best described as a nonresource based, aggregation system for which we also have evidence that land‐marking may be involved.
Association Between Thrombophilic Gene Mutations and the Risk of Vascular Access Thrombosis in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Fekih‐Mrissa Najiba , Sayeh Aycha , Baffoun Anis , Beji Maher , Mrad Meriem , Hmida Jalel , Nsiri Brahim 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe cause of thrombosis in hemodialysis vascular access is considered to be of a multifactorial nature, including stenosis of the venous or arterial connection. Therefore, identification of relevant thrombotic risk factors could lead to an improved antithrombotic therapy. This case control study was performed to evaluate the relationship between Factor V (G1691A and A4070G) and Factor II polymorphisms and vascular access thrombosis in hemodialysis patients. One hundred and twenty‐one patients undergoing dialysis were selected as subjects. This sample was divided into two groups; a case group of 60 patients who had sustained one or more thrombotic events that resulted in vascular access failure and a control group of 61 patients, who never had a thrombotic occlusion of a functioning permanent dialysis access. Our data demonstrated a significantly increased risk of vascular access thrombosis in carriers of the mutant FV (G1691A and A4070G) polymorphisms (P < 0.05).Further studies on a large‐scale population and other genetic variants will be needed to find candidate genes for vascular access thrombosis in hemodialysis patients.
Preterm cranial ultrasound scanning is both feasible and effective in a middle‐income country
Authors: Mazmanyan Pavel A. , Nikoghosyan Knarik V. , Kerobyan Varsenik V. , Mellor Kathy J. , Diez‐Sebastian Jesus , Martinez‐Biarge Miriam , Cowan Frances M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAimCranial ultrasound is seldom used in middle‐income countries, and the burden of preterm brain injury and its relationship to perinatal data is unknown. We assessed cranial ultrasound abnormalities in very low‐birthweight (VLBW) infants and correlated the findings with perinatal data.MethodsVLBW Armenian infants receiving neonatal intensive care in 2012 were scanned from birth to term‐equivalent age (TEA). Clinical data were collected prospectively.ResultsWe studied 100 VLBW infants with a median gestation of 30 weeks. Periventricular white matter echogenicity (PVE) lasting more than two weeks was seen in 34 infants, grade III intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) in 10, haemorrhagic parenchymal infarction (HPI) in seven and cystic periventricular leukomalacia in two. Caudothalamic notch echogenicity appeared in 36 infants after two to three weeks, with cystic transformation in 22. At TEA, 17 infants had persisting PVEs and 55 had increased basal ganglia/thalamic (BGT) echogenicity. Lack of antenatal steroids was significantly associated with IVH and HPI and intubation at birth with IVH. Late BGT echogenicity was generally seen in infants without perinatal problems.ConclusionOur study demonstrated that cranial ultrasound can be used effectively in a middle‐income country to identify high‐risk infants and monitor quality of care.
Low socio‐economic status associated with unhealthy weight in six‐year‐old Swedish children despite higher levels of physical activity
Authors: Beckvid Henriksson Gabriella , Franzén Sofie , Elinder Liselotte Schäfer , Nyberg Gisela 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAimSocio‐economic status is an important determinant of physical activity, sedentary behaviour and body mass index, but these associations are contradictory in younger children. We investigated the associations between parental socio‐economic status, physical activity, sedentary behaviour and body mass index in six‐year‐old children, to identify possible differences in physical activity between socio‐economic groups.MethodsThe study comprised 621 children from Stockholm suburbs, recruited from, A healthy school start, a cluster‐randomised controlled intervention study. A cross‐sectional study was performed using baseline data. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour were assessed by accelerometry, body weight and height were measured, and body mass index was calculated. Sedentary behaviour was also assessed using a questionnaire.ResultsWe found that 12% of the study population were overweight and 9% were obese. Children from families with low socio‐economic status were more physically active and slightly less sedentary, but were almost twice as likely to be overweight or obese than children from high socio‐economic status, irrespective of the child's sex.ConclusionLow socio‐economic status was associated with higher physical activity, lower sedentary behaviour and an unhealthier weight status compared to high socio‐economic status, suggesting a role of diet as a cause of the higher overweight and obesity prevalence.
Fenethylline (Captagon) Abuse – Local Problems from an Old Drug Become Universal
Authors: Katselou Maria , Papoutsis Ioannis , Nikolaou Panagiota , Qammaz Samir , Spiliopoulou Chara , Athanaselis Sotiris 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFenethylline is a theophylline derivative of amphetamine having stimulant effects similar to those of other amphetamine‐type derivatives. Fenethylline was used as medicament for hyperactivity disorders in children, narcolepsy and depression, but it has also been used as a drug of abuse under the common name of ‘captagon’. Unlike other drugs of abuse, the clandestine synthesis of fenethylline is simple, using inexpensive laboratory instrumentation and raw materials legal to obtain. A review of all the existing knowledge of fenethylline is reported, concerning its chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology and toxicology, legislation, its prevalence and use as drug of abuse, as well as its analysis in biological or seized samples. Published or reported captagon‐related cases and seizures are also presented. All the reviewed information was gathered through a detailed search of PubMed and the Internet. The primary drug market for fenethylline (as captagon) has traditionally been countries located on the Arabian Peninsula but also North Africa since 2013. In Arab countries, millions of captagon tablets are seized every year which represents one‐third of global amphetamines seizures within a year. Furthermore, three of four patients treated for drug problems in Saudi Arabia are addicted to amphetamines, almost exclusively in the form of captagon. Significant information on fenethylline is provided for pharmacologists, toxicologists and forensic pathologists. Fenethylline, although old, has recently been introduced to the drug market, especially in Arab countries. Continuous community alertness is needed to tackle this current growing phenomenon.
The Lithium Battery: assessing the neurocognitive profile of lithium in bipolar disorder
Authors: Malhi Gin S , McAulay Claire , Gershon Samuel , Gessler Danielle , Fritz Kristina , Das Pritha , Outhred Tim 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to characterize the neurocognitive effects of lithium in bipolar disorder to inform clinical and research approaches for further investigation.MethodsKey words pertaining to neurocognition in bipolar disorder and lithium treatment were used to search recognized databases to identify relevant literature. The authors also retrieved gray literature (e.g., book chapters) known to them and examined pertinent articles from bibliographies.ResultsA limited number of studies have examined the effects of lithium on neurocognition in bipolar disorder and, although in some domains a consistent picture emerges, in many domains the findings are mixed. Lithium administration appears to reshape key components of neurocognition – in particular, psychomotor speed, verbal memory, and verbal fluency. Notably, it has a sophisticated neurocognitive profile, such that while lithium impairs neurocognition across some domains, it seemingly preserves others – possibly those vulnerable to the effects of bipolar disorder. Furthermore, its effects are likely to be direct and indirect (via mood, for example) and cumulative with duration of treatment. Disentangling the components of neurocognition modulated by lithium in the context of a fluctuating and complex illness such as bipolar disorder is a significant challenge but one that therefore demands a stratified and systematic approach, such as that provided by the Lithium Battery.ConclusionsIn order to delineate the effects of lithium therapy on neurocognition in bipolar disorder within both research and clinical practice, a greater understanding and measurement of the relatively stable neurocognitive components is needed to examine those that indeed change with lithium treatment. In order to achieve this, we propose a Lithium Battery–Clinical and a Lithium Battery–Research that can be applied to these respective settings.
Caregiver burden as a predictor of depression among family and friends who provide care for persons with bipolar disorder
Authors: Perlick Deborah A , Berk Lesley , Kaczynski Richard , Gonzalez Jodi , Link Bruce , Dixon Lisa , Grier Savannah , Miklowitz David J 
Published: March 2016

ObjectivesOver one‐third of caregivers of people with bipolar disorder report clinically significant levels of depressive symptoms. This study examined the causal relationship between depression and caregiver burden in a large sample of caregivers of adult patients with bipolar disorder.MethodsParticipants were 500 primary caregivers of persons with bipolar disorder enrolled in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP‐BD).This study evaluates the strength and direction of the associations between caregiver burden and depressive symptoms at baseline and at six‐ and 12‐month follow‐up using cross‐lagged panel analyses, controlling for the clinical status of patients and sociodemographic variables.ResultsHigher levels of overall caregiver burden at baseline were associated with increased levels of depressive symptoms among caregivers at follow‐up (F = 8.70, df = 1,290, p < 0.001), after controlling for baseline caregiver depression, gender, race, age, social support, and patients’ clinical status. By contrast, caregiver depression at baseline was not significantly associated with caregiver burden at follow‐up (F = 1.65, p = 0.20).ConclusionsCaregiver burden is a stronger predictor of caregiver depressive symptoms over time than the reverse. Interventions that help alleviate caregiver burden may decrease depressive symptoms.
Trait‐ and state‐dependent cortical inhibitory deficits in bipolar disorder
Authors: Ruiz‐Veguilla Miguel , Martín‐Rodríguez Juan Francisco , Palomar Francisco J , Porcacchia Paolo , Álvarez de Toledo Paloma , Perona‐Garcelán Salvador , Rodríguez‐Testal Juan Francisco , Huertas‐Fernández Ismael , Mir Pablo 
Published: March 2016

ObjectivesEuthymic patients with bipolar disorder (BD) have deficits in cortical inhibition. However, whether cortical inhibitory deficits are trait‐ or state‐dependent impairments is not yet known and their relationship with psychiatric symptoms is not yet understood. In the present study, we examined trait‐ and state‐dependent cortical inhibitory deficits and evaluated the potential clinical significance of these deficits.MethodsNineteen patients with bipolar I disorder were evaluated using the paired‐pulse transcranial stimulation protocol, which assessed cortical inhibition during an acute manic episode. Cortical inhibition measures were compared with those obtained in 28 demographically matched healthy controls. A follow‐up assessment was performed in 15 of these patients three months later, when there was remission from their mood and psychotic symptoms. The association between cortical inhibitory measures and severity of psychiatric symptoms was also studied.ResultsDuring mania, patients showed decreased short‐interval intracortical and transcallosal inhibition, as well as a normal cortical silent period and long‐interval cortical inhibition. These findings were the same during euthymia. Symptoms associated with motor hyperactivity were correlated negatively with the degree of cortical inhibition. These correlations were not significant when a Bonferroni correction was applied.ConclusionsThe present longitudinal study showed cortical inhibitory deficits in patients with BD, and supports the hypothesis that cortical inhibitory deficits in BD are trait dependent. Further research is necessary to confirm the clinical significance of these deficits.
Alterations in pharmacological and behavioural responses in recombinant mouse line with an increased predisposition to catalepsy: role of the 5‐HT1A receptor
Authors: Kulikova E A , Bazovkina D V , Akulov A E , Tsybko A S , Fursenko D V , Kulikov A V , Naumenko V S , Ponimaskin E , Kondaurova E M 
Published: March 2016

Background and PurposeOne important syndrome of psychiatric disorders in humans is catalepsy. Here, we created mice with different predispositions to catalepsy and analysed their pharmacological and behavioural properties.Experimental ApproachTwo mouse lines, B6‐M76C and B6‐M76B, were created by transfer of the main locus of catalepsy containing the 5‐HT1A receptor gene to the C57BL/6 genetic background. Behaviour, brain morphology, expression of key components of the serotoninergic system, and pharmacological responses to acute and chronic stimulation of the 5‐HT1A receptor were compared.Key ResultsB6‐M76B mice were not cataleptic, whereas 14% of B6‐M76C mice demonstrated catalepsy and decreased depressive‐like behaviour. Acute administration of the 5‐HT1A receptor agonist 8‐OH‐DPAT resulted in dose‐dependent hypothermia and in decreased locomotion in both lines. Chronic 8‐OH‐DPAT administration abolished the 5‐HT1A receptor‐mediated hypothermic response in B6‐M76C mice and increased locomotor activity in B6‐M76B mice. In addition, 5‐HT metabolism was significantly reduced in the hippocampus of B6‐M76C mice, and this effect was accompanied by an increased expression of the 5‐HT1A receptor.Conclusions and ImplicationsOur findings indicate that transfer of the main locus of hereditary catalepsy containing the 5‐HT1A receptor from CBA mice to the C57BL/6 genetic background led to increased postsynaptic and decreased presynaptic functional responses of the 5‐HT1A receptor. This characteristic establishes the B6‐M76C line as an attractive model for the pharmacological screening of 5‐HT1A receptor‐related drugs specifically acting on either pre‐ or postsynaptic receptors.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Updating Neuropathology and Neuropharmacology of Monoaminergic Systems. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v173.13/issuetoc
Apelin‐13 administration protects against ischaemia/reperfusion‐mediated apoptosis through the FoxO1 pathway in high‐fat diet‐induced obesity
Authors: Boal Frederic , Timotin Andrei , Roumegoux Jessica , Alfarano Chiara , Calise Denis , Anesia Rodica , Parini Angelo , Valet Philippe , Tronchere Helene , Kunduzova Oksana 
Published: March 2016

Background and PurposeApelin‐13, an endogenous ligand for the apelin (APJ) receptor, behaves as a potent modulator of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Here, we examined the effects of apelin‐13 on myocardial injury in a mouse model combining ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) and obesity and explored their underlying mechanisms.Experimental ApproachAdult male C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal diet (ND) or high‐fat diet (HFD) for 6 months and then subjected to cardiac I/R. The effects of apelin‐13 post‐treatment on myocardial injury were evaluated in HFD‐fed mice after 24 h I/R. Changes in protein abundance, phosphorylation, subcellular localization and mRNA expression were determined in cardiomyoblast cell line H9C2, primary cardiomyocytes and cardiac tissue from ND‐ and HFD‐fed mice. Apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL staining and caspase‐3 activity. Mitochondrial ultrastructure was analysed by electron microscopy.Key ResultsIn HFD‐fed mice subjected to cardiac I/R, i.v. administration of apelin‐13 significantly reduced infarct size, myocardial apoptosis and mitochondrial damage compared with vehicle‐treated animals. In H9C2 cells and primary cardiomyocytes, apelin‐13 induced FoxO1 phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion. FoxO1 silencing by siRNA abolished the protective effects of apelin‐13 against hypoxia‐induced apoptosis and mitochondrial ROS generation. Finally, apelin deficiency in mice fed a HFD resulted in reduced myocardial FoxO1 expression and impaired FoxO1 distribution.Conclusions and ImplicationsThese data reveal apelin as a novel regulator of FoxO1 in cardiac cells and provide evidence for the potential of apelin‐13 in prevention of apoptosis and mitochondrial damage in conditions combining I/R injury and obesity.
Molluscan shell colour
Authors: Williams Suzanne T. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThe phylum Mollusca is highly speciose, and is the largest phylum in the marine realm. The great majority of molluscs are shelled, including nearly all bivalves, most gastropods and some cephalopods. The fabulous and diverse colours and patterns of molluscan shells are widely recognised and have been appreciated for hundreds of years by collectors and scientists alike. They serve taxonomists as characters that can be used to recognise and distinguish species, however their function for the animal is sometimes less clear and has been the focus of many ecological and evolutionary studies. Despite these studies, almost nothing is known about the evolution of colour in molluscan shells. This review summarises for the first time major findings of disparate studies relevant to the evolution of shell colour in Mollusca and discusses the importance of colour, including the effects of visual and non‐visual selection, diet and abiotic factors. I also summarise the evidence for the heritability of shell colour in some taxa and recent efforts to understand the molecular mechanisms underpinning synthesis of shell colours. I describe some of the main shell pigments found in Mollusca (carotenoids, melanin and tetrapyrroles, including porphyrins and bile pigments), and their durability in the fossil record. Finally I suggest that pigments appear to be distributed in a phylogenetically relevant manner and that the synthesis of colour is likely to be energetically costly.
Intellectual property rights, product complexity and the organization of multinational firms
Authors: Naghavi Alireza , Spies Julia , Toubal Farid 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis paper studies how the intellectual property right (IPR) regime in destination countries influences the decision of firms between procurement from related parties and from independent suppliers while the latter may involve technology sharing or not. Using firm‐level data on the mode choice for each transaction and a new product complexity measure, results confirm that firms are generally reluctant to source complex goods from outside firm boundaries. However, when technology is shared, IPRs promote outsourcing of more complex goods whereas without technology sharing, IPRs promote outsourcing of less complex products that are prone to reverse engineering and simpler to imitate.
Using distance functions to understand interest taxation
Authors: Burbidge John 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOne of Terence Gorman's insights was that if one wants to derive rules about optimal commodity tax rates (or prices) one should treat quantities consumed as the instruments. This paper builds on Angus Deaton's development of this idea using distance functions. I identify necessary and sufficient conditions for uniform commodity taxation in a static model and the efficiency of various tax structures in a life‐cycle model. One implication is that the optimal interest tax rate may be higher when ordinary or compensated labour supply elasticities are lower.
Rogue aid? An empirical analysis of China's aid allocation
Authors: Dreher Axel , Fuchs Andreas 
Published: March 2016

AbstractForeign aid from China is often characterized as “rogue aid” that is guided by selfish interests alone. We collect data on Chinese project aid, food aid, medical staff and total aid money to developing countries, covering the 1956–2006 period, to empirically test to what extent self‐interests shape China's aid allocation. While political considerations shape China's allocation of aid, China does not pay substantially more attention to politics compared to Western donors. What is more, China's aid allocation seems to be widely independent of recipients' endowment with natural resources and institutional characteristics. Overall, denoting Chinese aid as “rogue aid” seems unjustified.
Skill‐biased heterogeneous firms, trade liberalization and the skill premium
Authors: Harrigan James , Reshef Ariell 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe propose a theory that rising globalization and rising wage inequality are related because trade liberalization raises the demand facing highly competitive skill‐intensive firms. In our model, only the lowest‐cost firms participate in the global economy exactly along the lines of Melitz. In addition to differing in their productivity, firms differ in their skill intensity. We model skill‐biased technology as a correlation between skill intensity and technological acumen, and we estimate this correlation to be large using firm‐level data from Chile in 1995. A fall in trade costs leads to both greater trade volumes and an increase in the relative demand for skill, as the lowest‐cost/most‐skilled firms expand to serve the export market while less skill‐intensive non‐exporters retrench in the face of increased import competition. This mechanism works regardless of factor endowment differences, so we provide an explanation for why globalization and wage inequality move together in both skill‐abundant and skill‐scarce countries. In our model countries are net exporters of the services of their abundant factor, but there are no Stolper‐Samuelson effects because import competition affects all domestic firms equally.