bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Physiology of Wings: being an Analysis of the Movements by which Flight is produced in the Insect, Bat, and Bird
Authors: Pettigrew James Bell 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn the present memoir the author enters very fully into the figure-of-8 wave movements, described by the wing in space, to which he first directed attention in March 1867. He has adduced the experiments with natural and artificial wings, on which his description was originally based, and has shown, by the aid of original models and a large number of diagrams and drawings, that artificial wings can be made to approach indefinitely near to natural ones, not only in their structure, but also in their movements.
2. On the Motion of Free Solids through a Liquid
Authors: Thomson William 
Published: June 2016

This paper commences with the following extract from the author's private journal, of date January 6, 1858:—“Let be rectangular components of an impulsive force and an impulsive couple applied to a solid of invariable shape, with or without inertia of its own, in a perfect liquid, and let u, ν, ω, ѽ, ρ, σ, be the components of linear and angular velocity generated.
1. On the Homologies of the Vertebral Skeleton in Osseous Fishes and in Man
Authors: Macdonald  
Published: June 2016

AbstractAfter a brief notice of the seven bi-vertebral segments of the cranium in man:—1. The hypo-cranial, or the axis and atlas vertebræ, which is adopted as a key to the cranial segments;2. Para-cranial, or occipital;3. Wormi-epiotic parietal, or meta-cranial;4. Sphenoidal, or meso-cranial;5. Ethmo-frontal—pro-cranial;6. Nasal, or apo-cranial.7. Rhino-nasal.Professor Macdonald gave a short outline of the osteology of the human cranium, in order to trace the homologous osteology of the osseous fishes, or ichthyia.
4. Mathematical Notes by Professor Tait - 1. On a Property of Self-Conjugate Linear and Vector Functions
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

In the course of an investigation connected with the free rotation of a rigid body I was led to the remark that, if ξ and η be two vectors related to one another so thatwhere φ is a self-conjugate linear and vector function, we have also(so that the relation is reciprocal) provided which implies also the corresponding equation
6. On the Homological Relations of the Cœlenterata
Authors: Allman  
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn this communication an Actinozoon (Actinia) was compared with a Hydrozoon (Hydra), and the various Sub-orders of the Hydrozoa were compared with one another.The author agreed with Agassiz in regarding the radiating chambers of an Actinia as the homologues of the radiating canals of a medusa, but he differed from him as to the true homologies of the differentiated stomach-sac of Actinia; for while Agassiz regards this as represented by the proboscis or hypostome of the Hydra inverted into its body cavity, Professor Allman maintains that it is impossible on this supposition to conceive of the structure of Actinia; and on comparing a Hydra with an Actinia, he imagines the tentacle to become connate for a greater or less extent with the sides of the hypostome and with one another, so that the hypostome of the hydra, while retaining its normal position, will thus become the stomach of the Actinia, and will at the same time become connected with the outer walls by a series of radiating lamellæ—the connate tentacle walls—separated from one another by radiating chambers, the cavities of the tentacles; while such portions of the tentacles of Hydra as still continue free will be represented by a single circle of the tentacles of Actinia.
3. On the Ultramundane Corpuscules of Le Sage
Authors: Thomson W. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractLe Sage, born at Geneva in 1724, devoted the last sixty-three years of a life of eighty to the investigation of a mechanical theory of gravitation. The probable existence of a gravific mechanism is admitted and the importance of the object to which Le Sage devoted his life pointed out, by Newton and Rumford in the following statements:—“It is inconceivable that inanimate brute matter should, without the mediation of something else, which is not material, operate upon, and affect other matter without mutual contact; as it must do, if gravitation, in the sense of Epicurus, be essential and “inherent in it.
2. On the Composition of the Flesh of the Salmon in the “Clean” and “Foul” condition
Authors: Christison Robert 
Published: June 2016

Having had occasion lately to fill up some blanks in a table of the Nutritive Value of different kinds of Food, I was unable to find for the purpose an analysis of the flesh of the Salmon. I have therefore made such an analysis as is necessary; and as the results may be useful to others, I beg to offer them to the Society.I first examined the composition of a very fine “Clean” fish, caught in the estuary of the Tay in May last year, and weighing 20 pounds. I have never seen a finer fish from that far-famed salmon-river.
5. On the Currents produced by Contact of Wires of the same Metal at different Temperatures
Authors: Durham W. 
Published: June 2016

At the suggestion of Professor Tait, I undertook the investigation of the momentary thermo-electric current developed when two conductors or wires of the same metal are brought into contact, the one being at a different temperature from the other.Platinum was chosen as the most suitable metal to experiment with, in the first instance, as it is free from the interfering action of oxidation at high temperatures.
3. On the Principles of the Logical Algebra; with Applications. Part I
Authors: Macfarlane Alexander 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn this memoir I examine the principles of the logical calculus of Boole, as laid down in his celebrated treatise on the “Laws of Thought,” and also the criticisms which have been published concerning these principles. I bring forward a new theory of the operation of the mind, founded upon an analysis of language and the nature of mathematical reasoning, which enables me to correct these principles, to place them on a clear, rational, and generalised basis, and to show that there is a logical algebra which coincides with the ordinary algebra when its symbols are integral, but is a generalised form of the ordinary algebra when its symbols are fractional.
2. On the Measurement of Beknottedness
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn my former papers on the subject of Knots, I have provisionally measured Beknottedness by the smallest number of changes of sign at the crossings, which will render all the crossings nugatory.Though I have not seen occasion to doubt the accuracy of this mode of measurement, there are two objections to it—(I) It is very difficult of application in complex cases; (2) It suggests no direct relation to the electrodynamic method which, except in the case of knots wholly or partially amphicheiral, gives results quite in accordance with it.The object of the present paper is to describe a method which, while at least partially meeting these objections, very considerably simplifies some of the more important processes for the treatment of knots, which I have already given.
On the Principles of the Logical Algebra; with Applications. Part II
Authors: Macfarlane Alexander 
Published: June 2016

The equationx2 = xexpresses the condition that the symbol x be single and positive. The equationx2 = −xexpresses the condition that the symbol x be single and negative. The principle of contradictionx(1−x)=0can be legitimately deduced with the help of the fundamental axioms of the science.
Remarks by the Vice-President, David Milne Home, LL.D., on delivering to Professor Heddle the Keith Prize
Authors: Home David Milne 
Published: June 2016

The Keith Prize for the biennial period 1875–77, which has been awarded to Professor HEDDLE, for his papers on the “Rhombohedral Carbonates,” and on the “Felspars of Scotland,” originally communicated to the Society, and containing important discoveries, was presented by the President (Professor Kelland) with the following remarks:—Professor Heddle,—I am here to-night to exemplify a remark which is often made, that to insure success in an address such as I am about to deliver, the best way is to commit the charge of it to one absolutely ignorant of the subject. No false pride will then stand in the way of the best sources of information, nor will any undue admixture of half knowledge clog and darken the truth. For every particular contained in these remarks, then, I at once unhesitatingly acknowledge myself indebted to Professor Geikie.
3. Exhibition of Specimens of Auriferous Quartz from the Leadhills District
Authors: Dudgeon Patrick 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMr Dudgeon exhibited some specimens of auriferous quartz from Wanlockhead and Leadhills districts.was found in July 1878, by Thomas Tennant in Wingate burn, Leadhills; it is a very rich specimen, and is now placed in the collection of Scotch minerals in the Museum of Science and Art.was found by Eleanor Handcock in April 1878, on the banks of the Wanlock water, Duntercleuch.
1. Professor Geddes's Theory of the “Iliad.”
Authors: Blackie  
Published: June 2016

AbstractProfessor Blackie, after paying a high compliment to the erudition, ingenuity, and fine taste of the Aberdeen Hellenist, proceeded to give reasons why, in his opinion, the theory now broached, to the effect that certain books of the “Iliad” were composed by the author of the “Odyssey,” which author is to be considered as the real Homer, though not destitute of a certain plausibility, is untenable. The reasons were—(1.) The character of the minstrel as distinguished from the literary epos warrants the presumption that any small diversity in certain secondary characteristics of different sections of the poem, as we now have it, is a legitimate proof, not of diversity of authorship, but only of diversity of materials collected from different sources. (2.) The manner in which the minstrel epos was originally circulated, not as a separate literary composition to be read and studied, but as a sequence of easily separable cantos to be handed about and sung separately, rendered it, even when wrought into a finished artistic whole by the genius of a great singer, peculiarly liable to interpolations and variations of various kinds, which form no legitimate ground of induction with regard to the character or attitude of the original composer.
2. Fifth Report of the Boulder Committee
Authors: Home D. Milne 
Published: June 2016

The Committee had submitted to them Notes by the Convener of two visits to the West Highlands (including the Outer Hebrides) which he had made during the summer and autumn of 1878. These Notes, accompanied by diagrams of boulders and striated rocks, afford a large amount of information bearing on the subject of boulder transport, the direction of transport, and the agent of transport.There has also been laid before the Committee a report by William Jolly, of Inverness, one of its members, “On the Transportation of Rocks found on the Shores of the Moray Firth;” as also Notes by Messrs Somervail and Henderson (Edinburgh), “On Boulders and Striated Rocks in the Pentland Hills.”
4. Quaternion Investigations connected with Minding's Theorem
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

AbstractMinding's Theorem deals with what may be called by analogy the “focal lines,” of the system of single resultants of a set of given forces, applied at given points to a rigid body, when these forces are turned about so as to preserve unchanged their inclinations to one another.Having obtained an exceedingly simple proof of the theorem by quaternions, I next tried to find the locus of the foot of the perpendicular let fall on each of these resultants from the “centre of the plane of centres.” The resulting equation is very complex:— but if we extend the data so as to include every position of the central axis (whether there is a couple or no), we arrive at a very simple, and at the same time singular, result.
1. The Pituri Poison of Australia
Authors: Fraser Thomas R. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAn opportunity for examining the Pituri of Australia was afforded to the author by Dr Bancroft of Brisbane, who, in 1877, gave him for that purpose specimens of dry broken leaves of the plant, in the form in which it is used by the natives, and also a small quantity of watery extract.After describing its use by the natives of Australia, the author advanced reasons in support of Von Mueller's opinion, that Pituri is obtained from Duboisia Hopwoodii, and that this plant should be placed in the Solanaceæ.
2. Action of Heat on some Salts of Trimethylsulphine
Authors: Brown Crum , Blaikie J. Adrian 
Published: June 2016

I.The carbonate of trimethylsulphine is obtained by the action of carbonate of silver on the iodide of trimethylsulphine. The solution of the salt may be evaporated to a syrup in the waterbath. On standing for some weeks over sulphuric acid in vacuo it crystallises out in exceedingly hygroscopic prismatic crystals, containing water of crystallisation, and having a strong alkaline reaction.Heated in the air to 100° the salt gives off water, sulphide of methyl, and carbonic acid. Heated in a sealed tube to 100° C. for about eight hours it was almost entirely decomposed, gave off a gas consisting entirely of carbonic acid, and yielded two layers of liquid—the upper, sulphide of methyl; the lower, water and methylic alcohol.
3. Comparison of the Salts of Diethylmethyl-sulphine and Ethylmethylethyl-sulphine
Authors: Brown Crum , Blaikie J. Adrian 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIt seemed to the authors to be desirable to ascertain the mode in which the salts of diethylmethyl-sulphine and ethylmethylethylsulphine respectively decompose when heated.They prepared the iodides by the method described by Krüger, whose observations on the iodides and chloroplatinates they substantially confirm.The benzoates were prepared from the iodides by action of benzoate of silver. They are exceedingly soluble substances, and were only obtained as thick syrups. Heated to between 110° and 120° C. they decompose in exactly the same way, yielding benzoate of methyl without any benzoate of ethyl.
1. Notice of Striated Rocks in East Lothian and in some adjoining Counties
Authors: Home David Milne 
Published: June 2016

I know no more interesting problem in geology than the question, What was the great agency which brought the surface of northern Europe into the condition in which it is now occupied by man? and it seems marvellous that geologists should not yet be agreed as to what that agency was.Our own country of Scotland is strewed with boulders, many of immense size, and which we allow have been somehow transported to their present sites from remote regions. Rocks on our hill-sides have been ground down, smoothed, and striated by ponderous bodies which have come against and rubbed upon them.
2. On Methods in Definite Integrals
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

This paper deals with various formulæ of definite integration which are, in general, put into forms in which they enable us with great ease to sum a number of infinite series. As a simple example of such a formula the following may be given:—From this it is easy to deduce innumerable results, of which the annexed are some of the more immediate.
1. The Solar Spectrum in 1877–8; with some Idea of its Probable Temperature of Origination
Authors: Smyth Piazzi 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis solar spectrum contains measures of about 2000 fixed lines, or fully a third more than are represented in Ångström's worthily celebrated Normal Solar Spectrum Map, which is taken as the standard reference for “place.” The observations were made in Lisbon during the summers of 1877–8, with apparatus prepared by the author; who aimed at including everything visible, from the extreme red to the extreme violet ends of the spectrum, so far as that is amenable to the human eye after transmission through glass.
3. On the Composition of “Reh,” an Efflorescence on the Soil of certain Districts of India
Authors: Gibson J. 
Published: June 2016

The following brief statement concerning “Reh” is chiefly derived from the Report of the Committee on Reh, November 1878:—Large tracts of country in the north-west of India have from time immemorial been covered with a white alkaline efflorescence, which renders them incapable of supporting any form of vegetable life. These tracts are called “usar” plains, and the white efflorescence “reh.”† The appearance of this reh on the surface is owing to the subsoil water, which is impregnated with sodium salts, being sucked up to the surface by capillary attraction and there evaporated by the fierce heat of the Indian summer sun. The reh is often very irregularly distributed,—bald patches occurring in the midst of cultivation, or cultivated patches surrounded by reh,—and this capricious distribution has rendered a right comprehension of its mode of production difficult.
3. The Action of Sulphide of Potassium upon Chloroform
Authors: Nicol W. W. J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe author, after referring to the paper by Pfankuch, who obtained by the action of sulphide of potassium upon chloroform a crystalline substance which he held to be a compound of sulphide of potassium and sulphoform, and to the paper by Bouchardat on sulphoform, gives a detailed account of his own investigation.The products formed when chloroform acts on an alcoholic solution of sulphide of potassium (prepared by dissolving caustic potash in alcohol, saturating one-half with sulphuretted hydrogen and then adding the other half) are sulphydrate of potassium and thioformiate of potassium (HCOSK, analogous in constitution to thiacetate). The action is probably as follows :— HCCI3 + 2K2S = 3KCI + HCSSK, and HCSSK + H2O = HCOSK + H2S, this sulphuretted hydrogen forming sulphydrate with the sulphide of potassium.
5. Preliminary Report on the Tunicata of the “Challenger” Expedition
Authors: Herdman W. A. 
Published: June 2016

The entire collection comprises from 150 to 200 species, the majority of which are new to science.As yet only some of the more abnormal Synascidiœ and about half the Ascidiœ simplices have been carefully examined. The present paper is the preliminary report on the ASCIDIÆ, the first family of the Ascidiœ simplices.
4. On a Thermomagnetic Thermoscope
Authors: Thomson W. 
Published: June 2016

This thermoscope is founded on the change produced in the magnetic moment of a steel magnet by change of temperature. Several different forms suggest themselves: the one which seems best adapted to give good results is to be made as follows:—(1.) Prepare an approximately astatic system of two thin, hardened steel wires, r b, r′ b′, each 1 cm. long, one of them, r, b, hung by a single silk fibre, and the other hung bifilarly from it, by fibres about 3 cms. long, so attached that the projections of the two, on a horizontal plane, shall be inclined at an angle of about ·01 of a radian (or ·57°) to one another.
1. Preliminary Notice of a Method for the Quantitative Determination of Urea in the Blood
Authors: Haycraft John 
Published: June 2016

The subject of these investigations, some of the results of which are before the Society to-night, was suggested to me by Professor Carl Ludwig, and was carried out in his laboratory at Leipzig, where I worked with the help of his assistant, Dr Drechsel, to whose kindness and large knowledge of the subject I was much indebted.In this paper I shall give simply an account of the method of analysis, leaving for the future a record of the facts which it has enabled me to obtain.
4. Sixth Report of the Boulder Committee
Authors: Home David Milne 
Published: June 2016

The materials for this Report have been obtained from the Convener, Professor Forster Heddle of St Andrews University, William Jolly, Esq., H.M. Inspector of Schools, Inverness, and William Wallace, Esq., High School, Inverness.To make the descriptions of the boulders more intelligible, it has been found necessary, as in former Reports, to annex a few diagrams, which will be found at the close of the Report.
1. On the Differential Telephone, and on the application of the Telephone generally to Electrical Measurement
Authors: Chrystal  
Published: June 2016

The plans and calculations in this paper are now more than two years old, but the author has only lately, by the kindness of Professor Tait, found opportunity to carry them out in practice.A discussion is given of the different methods of applying the telephone to accurate measurement, and mention is made of the points which the author thinks have been missed by most of those who have worked in this way hitherto.A common principle runs through all telephonic null methods, viz., that the balance may be dependent on the frequency of the interrupted current or may be independent of it. In the latter case there are in general more than one condition of balance, and in the former case, although one will very often suffice, two may occasionally be necessary. In the former class of cases we get relations between electric quantities of the same dimension, in the latter relations between quantities of different dimensions, e.g., between coefficients of induction and resistances: so that when the frequency is known we can find a coefficient of induction in terms of a resistance, and so on.
3. On a “Navigational” Sounding Machine
Authors: Buchanan J. Y. 
Published: June 2016

The sounding machine of which the annexed figure is a representation, is intended for use at considerable depths while the ship is proceeding on her course. It is therefore necessarily capable of indicating the depths independently of the length of sounding line or wire used. It possesses the further great practical advantage, that when it has served its purpose once it is immediately available for another sounding.It indicates primarily the extent to which a given volume of air at atmospheric pressure has been condensed by the column of water to which it has been subjected. As the law of the compression of air is known, the depth reached by the instrument is at once deduced.
5. Suggestions on the Art of Signalling
Authors: Macfarlane Alexander 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAfter considering the analogy which exists between the arts of writing and of signalling, the author proceeded to discuss what alphabet is the most suitable where the physical agent is not electricity. If we choose for elementary signals two qualities of the agent of communication A and B, which can be produced independently of one another, then the agent can be put into four states, viz., 1st, having the quality A, but not the quality B; 2d, having the quality B, but not the quality A; 3d, having both the qualities A and B; 4th, having neither of the qualities A and B. One of these states is required to separate letter from letter, and word from word; the fourth state where the agent is undifferentiated, is the one naturally adapted for the purpose. From the remaining three states we can get 3 permutations of one signal, 9 permutations of two signals, 27 permutations of three signals.
3. On the Wire Telephone and its Application to the Study of the Properties of strongly Magnetic Metals
Authors: Chrystal  
Published: June 2016

Four distinct sources of sound were noticed in the course of the experiments.1. The variation of the longitudinal tension of the wire, owing to variation in the heating, still appears to be the most likely explanation of the action of the wire telephone, when a very fine wire of ordinary metal is used. Experiments were tried with induction coils of various sizes, the violin and microphone being put into the primary circuit and the fine wire telephone into the secondary. It was found that the sound diminished as the spark-giving power of the coil increased. With Professor Tait's large induction coil no sound at all could be obtained, when the secondary was closed through the most sensitive wire I possess.