bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linking internal and external bacterial community control gives mechanistic framework for pelagic virus‐to‐bacteria ratios
Authors: Våge Selina , Pree Bernadette , Thingstad T. Frede 
Published: May 2016

SummaryFor more than 25 years, virus‐to‐bacteria ratios (VBR) have been measured and interpreted as indicators of the importance of viruses in aquatic ecosystems, yet a generally accepted theory for understanding mechanisms controlling VBR is still lacking. Assuming that the denominator (total bacterial abundance) is primarily predator controlled, while viral lysis compensates for host growth rates exceeding this grazing loss, the numerator (viral abundance) reflects activity differences between prokaryotic hosts. VBR is then a ratio between mechanisms generating structure within the bacterial community and interactions between different plankton functional types controlling bacterial community size. We here show how these arguments can be formalized by combining a recently published model for co‐evolutionary host‐virus interactions, with a previously published “minimum” model for the microbial food web. The result is a framework where viral lysis links bacterial diversity to microbial food web structure and function, creating relationships between different levels of organization that are strongly modified by organism‐level properties such as cost of resistance.
Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin/metformin fixed‐dose combination compared with glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes: A multicenter randomized double‐blind study
Authors: Kim Sang Soo , Kim In Joo , Lee Kwang Jae , Park Jeong Hyun , Kim Young Il , Lee Young Sil , Chung Sung Chang , Lee Sang Jin 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundEarly initiation of combination therapy using antihyperglycemic agents is recommended for treating type 2 diabetes (T2D). The present multicenter double‐blind randomized parallel‐group study examined the efficacy and safety of a sitagliptin and metformin fixed‐dose combination (Sita/Met) compared with glimepiride in T2D patients as initial treatment.MethodsType 2 diabetes patients (aged ≥18 years) were randomized to Sita/Met or glimepiride for 30 weeks after a wash‐off run‐in period. The primary endpoint was change from baseline (CFB) in HbA1c. Secondary endpoints included the proportion of patients achieving target goal (HbA1c < 7.0 % [53 mmol/mol]) and CFB in fasting plasma glucose (FPG). Safety assessments comprised weight gain from baseline and the incidence of adverse events (AEs).ResultsIn total, 292 patients were randomized to Sita/Met (n = 147) or glimepiride (n = 145). After 30 weeks, Sita/Met demonstrated superiority over glimepiride in reducing HbA1c (−1.49 % vs −0.71 %, respectively; between‐group difference − 0.78 %; P < 0.001). A significantly higher proportion of patients achieved the target goal with Sita/Met (81.2 %) than with glimepiride (40.1 %; P < 0.001). Greater reduction in FPG occurred with Sita/Met than with glimepiride (least‐squares mean difference − 23.5 mg/dL; P < 0.001). Both drugs were generally well tolerated. Hypoglycemia events and weight gain were significantly lower in patients with Sita/Met than with glimepiride (5.5 % vs 20.1 % and −0.83 vs +0.90 kg, respectively; both P < 0.001). No serious drug‐related AEs or deaths were reported.ConclusionsCompared with glimepiride, Sita/Met as an initial treatment led to significantly greater improvements in glycemic control and body weight changes, with a lower incidence of hypoglycemia, over 30 weeks.
rotl: an R package to interact with the Open Tree of Life data
Authors: Michonneau François , Brown Joseph W. , Winter David J. 
Published: May 2016

Summary

While phylogenies have been getting easier to build, it has been difficult to reuse, combine and synthesize the information they provide because published trees are often only available as image files, and taxonomic information is not standardized across studies.

The Open Tree of Life (OTL) project addresses these issues by providing a digital tree that encompasses all organisms, built by combining taxonomic information and published phylogenies. The project also provides tools and services to query and download parts of this synthetic tree, as well as the source data used to build it. Here, we present rotl, an R package to search and download data from the Open Tree of Life directly in R.

rotl uses common data structures allowing researchers to take advantage of the rich set of tools and methods that are available in R to manipulate, analyse and visualize phylogenies. Here, and in the vignettes accompanying the package, we demonstrate how rotl can be used with other R packages to analyse biodiversity data.

As phylogenies are being used in a growing number of applications, rotl facilitates access to phylogenetic data and allows their integration with statistical methods and data sources available in R.
Economic valuation of climate‐change‐induced vinery landscape impacts on tourism flows in Tuscany
Authors: Nunes Paulo A.L.D. , Loureiro Maria L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIt is widely acknowledged that landscape features can play a major role in determining tourism demand. The present article assesses the impact of vinery landscape and high‐quality wine production on regional tourism flows in Tuscany, an important tourist region in Italy and renowned for its enchanting countryside. Thus, vinery landscape and high‐quality wine production have been included as explanatory variables in our model for tourism flows. This model has been estimated for both international and domestic markets for the whole region of Tuscany. Estimation results confirm that land areas devoted to the production of these superb Tuscan wines, in the particular case of Siena including the Brunello di Montalcino, play an important role in explaining international tourism flows. In this context, we estimate climate‐change‐induced impacts on vinery landscape and quality wines in the tourism sector. These are estimated to cause a loss in the tourism revenues of nearly 15 and 20 million Euros a year, respectively, for 2020 and 2050, for the Tuscany region. Such losses are quite significant, and reiterate the urgency to identify and implement adequate policy options so as to moderate such land use changes, and respective negative welfare impacts.
Dialysis and Patient Factors Which Determine Convective Volume Exchange in Patients Treated by Postdilution Online Hemodiafiltration
Authors: Davenport Andrew 
Published: May 2016

AbstractRecent reports suggest a survival advantage for dialysis patients treated by postdilutional online hemodiafiltration (OL‐HDF) who achieve higher volume convective exchanges. As such, the factors associated with achieving higher convective volume exchange were determined. The convective exchange volumes during the midweek OL‐HDF session in a cohort of 653 patients with corresponding bio‐impedance measurements of volume status and sessional electronic records were audited. Mean patient age was 64.9 ± 14.9 years, 65.3% male, 47.7% diabetes, with 81.6% dialyzing using fistula access. Sessional substitution volume exchanged was 17.0 ± 3.5 L (83.8 ± 13.9 mL/min), with a filtration fraction of 23.3 ± 4.6%, sessional time of 3.8 ± 0.5 h, and blood flow 321 ± 28 mL/min. As expected, convection exchange volume achieved was associated with sessional time (β 3.24, P < 0.001), blood flow (β 0.03, P < 0.001), dialysate flow (β 0.03, P < 0.001), but also patient factors: postsessional intracellular water (ICW) (β 0.07, P = 0.002), and serum albumin (β 0.71, P = 0.011). In addition convective exchange was lower for diabetics (16.6 ± 3.0 vs. 17.3 ± 3.8 L, P < 0.01), and for patients with higher Davies co‐morbidity grades (16.6 ± 2.8 vs. 17.0 ± 3.6 vs. 17.9 ± 4.0 L), P = 0.01 respectively. As expected the convective volume exchanged with OL‐HDF was associated with sessional time and blood and dialysate flows. However, the convective volume exchange achieved was also associated with patient factors, including ICW, which is related to body cell mass and also co‐morbidity. Although some center practices can be modified to increase convective exchange, patient factors are not so readily remediable. As such, highly comorbid patients may not be able to achieve the higher volume convective exchanges reported to be associated with improved patient survival.
Initial somatic symptoms are associated with prolonged symptom duration following concussion in adolescents
Authors: Howell David R. , O'Brien Michael J. , Beasley Michael A. , Mannix Rebekah C. , Meehan William P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimTo determine which initial postinjury symptom domains are independently associated with symptoms lasting >28 days in youth athletes who sustained sport‐related concussions.MethodsPatients who presented for care at a sport concussion clinic completed the postconcussion symptom scale. They were classified into two groups: those who reported symptom resolution within 28 days of injury and those who did not. Logistic regression models were constructed for children and adolescents to determine the independent association between symptom recovery and potential predictor variables: initial symptom scores in 5 postconcussion symptom scale domains (somatic, vestibular–ocular, cognitive, sleep and emotional), sex, loss of consciousness or amnesia at the time of injury, history of prior concussion, prior treatment for headaches or migraines, or family history of concussion.ResultsSixty‐eight child (8–12 years of age) and 250 adolescent (13–18 years of age) athletes were included. For adolescents, initial somatic symptom severity was independently associated with prolonged symptom duration (adjusted odds ratio = 1.162; 95% CI: 1.060, 1.275) and no other predictor variables were. No potential predictor variables were independently associated with prolonged symptom duration for children.ConclusionAmong adolescent athletes, a high initial somatic symptom burden (e.g. headache, nausea, vomiting, etc.) is associated with increased odds of symptoms beyond 28 days postinjury.
Length of winter coat in horses depending on husbandry conditions
Authors: Bocian Krzysztof , Strzelec Katarzyna , Janczarek Iwona , Jabłecki Zygmunt , Kolstrung Ryszard 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis paper analyzes changes in the length of coat on selected body areas in horses and ponies kept under different husbandry (stable) conditions during the winter‐spring period. The study included 12 Małpolski geldings and 12 geldings of Felin ponies aged 10–15 years. Horses were kept in two stables (six horses and six ponies in each stable). The type of performance, husbandry conditions and feeding of the studied animals were comparable. As of December 1, samples of hair coat from the scapula, sternum, back and abdomen areas of both body sides were collected seven times. The lengths of 20 randomly selected hair fibers were measured. Daily measurements of air temperature in the stables were also taken. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using the following factors: the body part from where the coat was sampled, the subsequent examination and the stable as well as the interaction between these factors. The significance of differences between means was determined with at‐Tukey test. The relations between air temperature in the stable and hair length were calculated using Pearson's correlation. It was found that air temperature in the stable impacts the length of winter coat in horses and ponies. The effect of this factor is more pronounced in ponies; as in the stables with lower temperatures it produces a longer hair coat which is more evenly distributed over the body in comparison with horses. Keeping horses and ponies in stables with a low air temperature accelerates coat shedding by approximately 25 days. Coat shedding begins from the scapula area.
Automatic Portrait Segmentation for Image Stylization
Authors: Shen Xiaoyong , Hertzmann Aaron , Jia Jiaya , Paris Sylvain , Price Brian , Shechtman Eli , Sachs Ian 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPortraiture is a major art form in both photography and painting. In most instances, artists seek to make the subject stand out from its surrounding, for instance, by making it brighter or sharper. In the digital world, similar effects can be achieved by processing a portrait image with photographic or painterly filters that adapt to the semantics of the image. While many successful user‐guided methods exist to delineate the subject, fully automatic techniques are lacking and yield unsatisfactory results. Our paper first addresses this problem by introducing a new automatic segmentation algorithm dedicated to portraits. We then build upon this result and describe several portrait filters that exploit our automatic segmentation algorithm to generate high‐quality portraits.
A Practical Method for High‐Resolution Embedded Liquid Surfaces
Authors: Goldade Ryan , Batty Christopher , Wojtan Chris 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCombining high‐resolution level set surface tracking with lower resolution physics is an inexpensive method for achieving highly detailed liquid animations. Unfortunately, the inherent resolution mismatch introduces several types of disturbing visual artifacts. We identify the primary sources of these artifacts and present simple, efficient, and practical solutions to address them. First, we propose an unconditionally stable filtering method that selectively removes sub‐grid surface artifacts not seen by the fluid physics, while preserving fine detail in dynamic splashing regions. It provides comparable results to recent error‐correction techniques at lower cost, without substepping, and with better scaling behavior. Second, we show how a modified narrow‐band scheme can ensure accurate free surface boundary conditions in the presence of large resolution mismatches. Our scheme preserves the efficiency of the narrow‐band methodology, while eliminating objectionable stairstep artifacts observed in prior work. Third, we demonstrate that the use of linear interpolation of velocity during advection of the high‐resolution level set surface is responsible for visible grid‐aligned kinks; we therefore advocate higher‐order velocity interpolation, and show that it dramatically reduces this artifact. While these three contributions are orthogonal, our results demonstrate that taken together they efficiently address the dominant sources of visual artifacts arising with high‐resolution embedded liquid surfaces; the proposed approach offers improved visual quality, a straightforward implementation, and substantially greater scalability than competing methods.
Multi‐Resolution Meshes for Feature‐Aware Hardware Tessellation
Authors: Lambert Thibaud , Bénard Pierre , Guennebaud Gaël 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHardware tessellation is de facto the preferred mechanism to adaptively control mesh resolution with maximal performances. However, owing to its fixed and uniform pattern, leveraging tessellation for feature‐aware LOD rendering remains a challenging problem. We relax this fundamental constraint by introducing a new spatial and temporal blending mechanism of tessellation levels, which is built on top of a novel hierarchical representation of multi‐resolution meshes. This mechanism allows to finely control topological changes so that vertices can be removed or added at the most appropriate location to preserve geometric features in a continuous and artifact‐free manner. We then show how to extend edge‐collapse based decimation methods to build feature‐aware multi‐resolution meshes that match the tessellation patterns. Our approach is fully compatible with current hardware tessellators and only adds a small overhead on memory consumption and tessellation cost.
A Practical and Controllable Hair and Fur Model for Production Path Tracing
Authors: Chiang Matt Jen‐Yuan , Bitterli Benedikt , Tappan Chuck , Burley Brent 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe present an energy‐conserving fiber shading model for hair and fur that is efficient enough for path tracing. Our model adopts a near‐field formulation to avoid the expensive integral across the fiber, accounts for all high order internal reflection events with a single lobe, and proposes a novel, closed‐form distribution for azimuthal roughness based on the logistic distribution. Additionally, we derive, through simulation, a parameterization that relates intuitive user controls such as multiple‐scattering albedo and isotropic cylinder roughness to the underlying physical parameters.
Anisotropic Diffusion Descriptors
Authors: Boscaini D. , Masci J. , Rodolà E. , Bronstein M. M. , Cremers D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSpectral methods have recently gained popularity in many domains of computer graphics and geometry processing, especially shape processing, computation of shape descriptors, distances, and correspondence. Spectral geometric structures are intrinsic and thus invariant to isometric deformations, are efficiently computed, and can be constructed on shapes in different representations. A notable drawback of these constructions, however, is that they areisotropic, i.e., insensitive to direction. In this paper, we show how to construct direction‐sensitive spectral feature descriptors usinganisotropic diffusionon meshes and point clouds. The core of our construction are directed local kernels acting similarly to steerable filters, which are learned in a task‐specific manner. Remarkably, while being intrinsic, our descriptors allow to disambiguate reflection symmetries. We show the application of anisotropic descriptors for problems of shape correspondence on meshes and point clouds, achieving results significantly better than state‐of‐the‐art methods.
Single Image Weathering via Exemplar Propagation
Authors: Iizuka Satoshi , Endo Yuki , Kanamori Yoshihiro , Mitani Jun 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis paper presents an efficient approach for generating weathering effects with detailed appearance variations in a single image. Previous approaches merely change chroma or reflectance of weathered objects, which is not sufficient for materials with detailed shading and texture variations, such as growing moss and peeling plaster. Our method propagates such detailed features via seamless patch‐based synthesis driven by weathering degree distribution. Unlike previous methods, the weathering degrees are calculated efficiently using Radial Basis Functions even for materials with wide color variations. We use graph cut‐based optimization to identify the most weathered region as a “weathering exemplar”, from which we sample weathering patches. We demonstrate our method enables us to generate various types of detailed weathering effects interactively.
BRDF Representation and Acquisition
Authors: Guarnera D. , Guarnera G.C. , Ghosh A. , Denk C. , Glencross M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPhotorealistic rendering of real world environments is important in a range of different areas; including Visual Special effects, Interior/Exterior Modelling, Architectural Modelling, Cultural Heritage, Computer Games and Automotive Design.Currently, rendering systems are able to produce photorealistic simulations of the appearance of many real‐world materials. In the real world, viewer perception of objects depends on the lighting and object/material/surface characteristics, the way a surface interacts with the light and on how the light is reflected, scattered, absorbed by the surface and the impact these characteristics have on material appearance. In order to re‐produce this, it is necessary to understand how materials interact with light. Thus the representation and acquisition of material models has become such an active research area.This survey of the state‐of‐the‐art of BRDF Representation and Acquisition presents an overview of BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function) models used to represent surface/material reflection characteristics, and describes current acquisition methods for the capture and rendering of photorealistic materials.
Several cases of undesirable effects caused by methacrylate ultraviolet‐curing nail polish for non‐professional use
Authors: Dahlin Jakob , Berne Berit , Dunér Kari , Hosseiny Sara , Matura Mihály , Nyman Gunnar , Tammela Monica , Isaksson Marléne 
Published: May 2016

SummaryBackgroundUltraviolet (UV)‐curing nail polishes based on acrylates or methacrylates are currently also available for non‐professional use. The Swedish Medical Products Agency recently prohibited one brand of UV‐curing polish, because several consumers reported undesirable effects after using it.ObjectivesTo investigate whether consumers with undesirable effects after using the UV‐curing nail polish that was later prohibited were contact allergic to the polish and its individual ingredients.Materials/MethodsEight patients who had reported severe skin reactions after the use of the UV‐curing polish were patch tested with two coatings of the nail polish and its ingredients at five dermatology departments in Sweden.ResultsAll patients tested except one showed contact allergic reactions to one or several of the acrylate‐based or methacrylate‐based ingredients in the nail polish.ConclusionsThe non‐professional use of UV‐curing nail polishes poses a risk of sensitization from acrylates and methacrylates.
Dingo Howls: The Content and Efficacy of a Long‐Range Vocal Signal
Authors: Déaux Eloïse C. , Clarke Jennifer A. , Charrier Isabelle 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSignals are shaped through selective pressures impacting their information content (i.e. ‘what’ is conveyed) and their efficacy (i.e. ‘how’ is it conveyed). In the case of long‐range communication, a signal's structure should both convey information and allow for detection and discrimination despite the effects of environmental variability during propagation. Canid howls are an ideal example of a long‐range communication signal, although research has mostly focused on the relationships between howls’ acoustic characteristics and their potential information content in wolves, Canis lupus spp., and coyotes, Canis latrans. In this study, we quantified these relationships in another canid, the dingo, Canis familiaris dingo, to determine how their howls compare to that of other wild canids. We found that dingoes’ howls are individually distinctive and may convey gender cues. Playback experiments indicate that dingoes can perform class‐level recognition of familiar and unfamiliar individuals on the basis of vocalizations alone. These results mirror findings for other wild canids such as wolves and coyotes. Lastly, propagation experiments demonstrate that this signal's structure can permit long‐distance detectability and discriminability. We discuss our results in relation to the putative functions of canid howls and propose avenues for future research.