bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
William Smith (1769–1839): His struggles as a consultant, in both geology and engineering, to simultaneously earn a living and finance his scientific projects, to 1820.
Authors: Torrens Hugh 
Published: April 2016

This paper deals with Smith's, highly complex, early ‘career paths’ to 1820. His first employment was as (1) a land surveyor. Then in 1793 he became both (2) canal surveyor, and (3) engineer, to the Somerset Coal Canal Company (SCCC). These now guaranteed him a regular income. But all suddenly changed, when he was successively dismissed, first as surveyor, then as engineer, in 1799. He had now to find other means of supporting himself, and publicising the important geological discoveries, he had made in Somerset. From the mid 1790s, Smith had there done (4) land drainage and irrigation work, for the chairman of the SCCC, and immediately after these dismissals. Smith was able to generate an adequate living from such West Country work, during a period of very high rainfall. This took him to Tytherton in Wiltshire. Here he first encountered a new rock unit (the Kellaways Rock) and here the Norfolk agriculturalist Thomas Coke was able to study Smith's new skills with water. News of his competence quickly passed throughout an agricultural community, then desperate to increase food production, during a long wartime period of crisis. Smith's methods of water drainage and irrigation work were now widely taken up, first by the Dukes of Manchester and Bedford, in Bedfordshire, and then by Coke and his relatives, both in Staffordshire and Norfolk, and then by Coke's many tenants in Norfolk. On top of this, Smith's skills as an engineer meant he was soon in high demand also as (5) a Sea Breach Engineer, in attempts to keep the German Ocean (now North Sea) out of The Broads. But Napoleonic war time conditions were harsh, and bills often not swiftly paid (or paid at all). So Smith tried new careers either as (6) a failed author, whether on Irrigation, or Norfolk or as (7) a consultant mineral surveyor—the field he had pioneered.
Throughout much of this period, Smith's obsessive attempts to publish his geological discoveries, which needed considerable support for such a novel publication, were thwarted, by the bankruptcies of others, and proved futile, until 1815. This paper tries to survey, for a first time, Smith's complex, and fluctuating, financial situations, over the period 1793 to 1819 (when he entered a debtors' prison). His ‘knight in shining armour’ was undoubtedly the cartographer John Cary (1755–1835) who, in 1812, agreed to publish Smith's great ‘geological’ map. Thus only by “the enterprise of [this] private tradesman…, [what] had been in vain expected from princely patronage, and the sanction of national boards” was accomplished.
The Present and Future of Genomics in Adult Reconstructive Orthopaedic Surgery
Authors: Elbuluk Ameer , Deshmukh Ajit , Inneh Ifeoma , Iorio Richard 
Published: April 2016

➢ As of 2015, members of the “baby boomer generation” comprise 75 million people in the growing United States population. Many of these individuals will be facing the need for total hip or knee replacement. Currently, the age of onset of osteoarthritis continues to decrease and the need for total joint replacements continues to increase.➢ In current practice, nearly all patients undergoing joint replacement receive similar preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative management strategies. However, wide variability in outcomes and satisfaction with total joint replacement still remain. The key to understanding the cause for such varied outcomes may lie in our understanding of the genetic basis of degenerative joint disease.➢ The future of “orthogenomic” research should be centered on clinical application focusing on early preoperative identification of at-risk patients. The goal is to establish twenty-first-century patient-specific strategies for optimizing results and expectations after adult reconstructive surgery.
CRIMINAL PENALTIES FOR CONTRAVENTIONS OF PART IV OF THE TRADE PRACTICES ACT
Authors: CLARKE JULIE 
Published: April 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>[</span><span>In 2003 the Dawson Committee, commissioned by the Government, recom- mended that criminal penalties should be introduced for cartel conduct. The Government accepted this recommendation in principle and set up a work- ing party to consider the implementation difficulties that had been identified in the Dawson Report. Nothing further was heard from the Government un- til February 2005 when the Government announced that it would introduce criminal penalties for serious cartel conduct. This paper evaluates the Gov- ernment proposals and makes suggestions for their implementation.</span><span>] </span></p></div></div></div>
Demulsifier in Injected Water for Improved Recovery of Crudes That Form Water/Oil Emulsions
Authors: Sun M.. , Mogensen K.. , Bennetzen M.. , Firoozabadi A.. 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Waterflooding for oil displacement becomes a challenge when water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion forms upon contact of injected water with oil in the porous media. We have recently reported very-high pressure drops and high pressure fluctuations for a number of crudes in waterflooding. In this work, we address the challenge by adding a small amount of a demulsifier in the injected water. The stability of W/O emulsion is affected by many factors, including oil chemistry, brine chemistry, and temperature. We find that the W/O emulsion formation may correlate closely to the low total acid number (TAN). In this work, we report the effectiveness of a demulsifier in significant reduction of pressure drop and elimination of pressure-drop fluctuations. The demulsifier can be dispersed in brine or water, and can be carried by injection fluid as an additive for improved oil recovery. Both micromodel observations and coreflooding results show that W/O-emulsion formation is avoided when 100 ppm demulsifier is injected in the carrier brine. Results also show that there is an increase in oil recovery.
Development of an Ad5H3 Chimera Using the “Antigen Capsid-Incorporation” Strategy for an Alternative Vaccination Approach
Authors: Gu Linlin , Icyuz Mert , Krendelchtchikova Valentina , Krendelchtchikov Alexandre , Johnston Alison E. , Matthews Qiana L. 
Published: April 2016

Background:Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) achieved success as a conventional transgene vaccine vector in preclinical trials, however; achieved poor efficiency in some of the clinical trials, due to the major hurdle associated with Ad5 pre-existing immunity (PEI) in the majority of the human population.Objective:We sought to generate Ad5-based chimeras to assess their capabilities to bypass this bottleneck and to induce antigen-specific humoral immune response.Methods:A His6tag was incorporated into the hypervariable region 2 (HVR2) of hexon3 (H3) capsid protein using the “Antigen Capsid-Incorporation” strategy. This lead to the construction of a viral chimera, Ad5H3-HVR2-His. Ad5H3 was generated previously by substituting the hexon of Ad5 (hexon5) with the hexon from adenovirus type 3 (Ad3).Results:His6was presented on the viral capsid surface and recognized by a His6antibody. Anin vitroneutralization assay with Ad5 sera indicated the ability of Ad5 chimeras to partially escape Ad5 immunity. Immunization with Ad5H3-HVR2-His generated significant humoral response to the incorporated tagged peptide, when compared to the immunizations with controls.Conclusion:Based on ourin vitrostudies the data suggested that Ad5H3 as a novel chimeric vaccine platform yields the possibility to escape Ad5 neutralization, and the potential to generate robust humoral immunity against incorporated antigens using the “Antigen Capsid-Incorporation” strategy.
Effect of Worm Predation on Changes in Waste Activated Sludge Properties
Authors: Zhu Xuefeng , Yuan Wenyi , Wang Zhiwei , Zhou Mingyuan , Guan Jie 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT: This study explored the effects of worm predation on changes in waste activated sludge properties. Results showed that the rate by which worm predation reduced mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) was approximately 23.7% ± 3.1%. Particle size distribution and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analyses indicated that the reduction of fine particles and EPS content in sludge predated by worms mainly increased dewaterability and reduced the ratio of MLVSS/mixed liquor suspended solids. Moreover, both mean particle size and protein/carbohydrate ratio increased. The results of three‐dimensional excitation–emission matrix and gel filtration chromatogram analyses demonstrated the varied properties of soluble microbial products and EPS were attributed to the worms' selective predation of low molecular‐weight organic matter, which facilitated the hydrolysis of macromolecular organic matter.
Bench‐scale Analysis of Surrogates for Anaerobic Digestion Processes
Authors: Carroll Zachary S. , Long Sharon C. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT: Frequent monitoring of anaerobic digestion processes for pathogen destruction is both cost and time prohibitive. The use of surrogates to supplement regulatory monitoring may be one solution. To evaluate surrogates, a semi‐batch bench‐scale anaerobic digester design was tested. Bench‐scale reactors were operated under mesophilic (36 °C) and thermophilic (53–55 °C) conditions, with a 15 day solids retention time. Biosolids from different facilities and during different seasons were examined. USEPA regulated pathogens and surrogate organisms were enumerated at different times throughout each experiment. The surrogate organisms included fecal coliforms, E. coli, enterococci, male‐specific and somatic coliphages, Clostridium perfringens, and bacterial spores. Male‐specific coliphages tested well as a potential surrogate organism for virus inactivation. None of the tested surrogate organisms correlated well with helminth inactivation under the conditions studied. There were statistically significant differences in the inactivation rates between the facilities in this study, but not between seasons.
The Relevance of Geriatric Impairments in Patients Starting Dialysis: A Systematic Review
Authors: van Loon Ismay N. , Wouters Tom R. , Boereboom Franciscus T.J. , Bots Michiel L. , Verhaar Marianne C. , Hamaker Marije E. 
Published: April 2016

Background and objectives
With aging of the general population, patients who enter dialysis therapy will more frequently have geriatric impairments and a considerable comorbidity burden. The most vulnerable among these patients might benefit from conservative therapy. Whether assessment of geriatric impairments would contribute to the decision-making process of dialysis initiation is unknown.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
A systematic Medline and Embase search was performed on December 1, 2015 to identify studies assessing the association between risk of mortality or hospitalization and one or more geriatric impairments at the start of dialysis therapy, including impairment of cognitive function, mood, performance status or (instrumental) activities of daily living, mobility (including falls), social environment, or nutritional status.

Results
Twenty-seven studies were identified that assessed one or more geriatric impairments with respect to prognosis. The quality of most studies was moderate. Only seven studies carried out an analysis of elderly patients (≥70 years old). Malnutrition and frailty were systematically assessed, and their relation with mortality was clear. In addition, cognitive impairment and functional outcomes at the initiation of dialysis were related to an increased mortality in most studies. However, not all studies applied systematic assessment tools, thereby potentially missing relevant impairment. None of the studies applied a geriatric assessment across multiple domains.

Conclusions
Geriatric impairment across multiple domains at dialysis initiation is related to poor outcome. However, information in the elderly is sparse, and a systematic approach of multiple domains with respect to poor outcome has not been performed. Because a geriatric assessment has proved useful in predicting outcome in other medical fields, its potential role in the ESRD population should be the subject of future research.
HLA-A*24Carrier Status and Autoantibody Surges Posttransplantation Associate With Poor Functional Outcome in Recipients of an Islet Allograft
Authors: Demeester Simke , Balke Else M. , Van der Auwera Bart J. , Gillard Pieter , Hilbrands Robert , Lee DaHae , Van de Velde Ursule , Ling Zhidong , Roep Bart O. , Pipeleers Daniel G. , Gorus Frans K. , Keymeulen Bart 
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVEWe investigated whether changes in islet autoantibody profile and presence of HLA risk markers, reported to predict rapid β-cell loss in pre–type 1 diabetes, associate with poor functional outcome in islet allograft recipients.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSForty-one patients received ≥2.3 million β-cells/kg body wt in one to two intraportal implantations. Outcome after 6–18 months was assessed by C-peptide (random and stimulated), insulin dose, and HbA1c.RESULTSPatients carrying HLA-A*24-positive or experiencing a significant autoantibody surge within 6 months after the first transplantation (n = 19) had lower C-peptide levels (P ≤ 0.003) and higher insulin needs (P &lt; 0.001) despite higher HbA1c levels (P ≤ 0.018). They became less often insulin independent (16% vs. 68%, P = 0.002) and remained less often C-peptide positive (47% vs. 100%, P &lt; 0.001) than recipients lacking both risk factors. HLA-A*24 positivity or an autoantibody surge predicted insulin dependence (P = 0.007).CONCLUSIONSHLA-A*24 and early autoantibody surge after islet implantation associate with poor functional graft outcome.
Maternal Serum Prolactin and Prediction of Postpartum β-Cell Function and Risk of Prediabetes/Diabetes
Authors: Retnakaran Ravi , Ye Chang , Kramer Caroline K. , Connelly Philip W. , Hanley Anthony J. , Sermer Mathew , Zinman Bernard 
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVE
The insulin resistance of mid- to late pregnancy poses a physiologic stress test for the pancreatic β-cells, which must respond by markedly increasing their secretion of insulin. This response is achieved through an expansion of β-cell mass induced by the hormones prolactin and human placental lactogen (HPL). Conversely, the furan fatty acid metabolite 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF) has recently emerged as a negative regulator of β-cell function in pregnancy. Given their respective roles in the β-cell response to the stress test of gestation, we hypothesized that antepartum prolactin, HPL, and CMPF may relate to a woman’s underlying glucoregulatory physiology and hence to her metabolic status after pregnancy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Three hundred and sixty-seven women underwent measurement of fasting serum prolactin, HPL, and CMPF in the late-2nd/early-3rd trimester, followed by an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 3 months postpartum that enabled assessment of glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity/resistance, and β-cell function (Insulin Secretion-Sensitivity Index-2 [ISSI-2]).

RESULTS
The postpartum OGTT identified 301 women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and 66 with prediabetes or diabetes. Serum prolactin in pregnancy was higher in women with postpartum NGT compared with those with postpartum prediabetes/diabetes (mean 98.2 vs. 80.2 ng/mL, P = 0.0003), whereas HPL and CMPF did not differ between the groups. On multiple linear regression analyses, antepartum prolactin was an independent determinant of postpartum ISSI-2 (β = 0.0016, t = 2.96, P = 0.003). Furthermore, higher serum prolactin in pregnancy independently predicted a lower risk of postpartum prediabetes/diabetes (odds ratio 0.50, 95% CI 0.35–0.72, P = 0.0002).

CONCLUSIONS
Serum prolactin in pregnancy predicts postpartum β-cell function and risk of prediabetes/diabetes.
The 5- or 10-km Marikenloop Run: A Prospective Study of the Etiology of Running-Related Injuries in Women
Authors: van der Worp Maarten P. , de Wijer Anton , van Cingel Robert , Verbeek André L.M. , Nijhuis-van der Sanden Maria W.G. , Staal J. Bart 
Published: April 2016

Study Design Prospective cohort. Background The popularity of running events is still growing, particularly among women; however, little is known about the risk factors for running-related injuries in female runners. Objectives The aims of this study were to determine the incidence and characteristics (site and recurrence) of running-related injuries and to identify specific risk factors for running-related injuries among female runners training for a 5- or 10-km race. Methods Four hundred thirty-five women registered for the Marikenloop run of 5 or 10 km were recruited. Follow-up data were collected over 12 weeks using questionnaires, starting 8 weeks before the event and ending 4 weeks after the event. Two orthopaedic tests (navicular drop test and extension of the first metatarsophalangeal joint) were performed in the 8 weeks before the event. Running-related injuries, defined as running-related pain of the lower back and/or the lower extremity that restricted running for at least 1 day, were assessed at 1-, 2-, and 3-month follow-ups. Results Of 417 female runners with follow-up data (96%), 93 runners (22.3%) reported 109 running-related injuries, mainly of the hip/groin, knee, and lower leg. Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that a weekly training distance of more than 30 km (hazard ratio = 3.28; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23, 8.75) and a previous running injury longer than 12 months prior (hazard ratio = 1.88; 95% CI: 1.03, 3.45) were associated with the occurrence of running-related injuries. Conclusion Hip/groin, knee, and lower-leg injuries were common among female runners. Only weekly training distance (greater than 30 km) and previous running injury (greater than 12 months prior) were associated with running-related injuries in female runners training for a 5- or 10-km event. Level of Evidence Etiology, 2b. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(6):462–470. Epub 26 Apr 2016. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6402
Does Physical Activity Increase After Total Hip or Knee Arthroplasty for Osteoarthritis? A Systematic Review
Authors: Arnold John B. , Walters Julie L. , Ferrar Katia E. 
Published: April 2016

Study Design Systematic review. Background Despite improvements in self-reported symptoms and perceived functional ability after total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA), it is unclear whether changes in objectively measured physical activity (PA) occur after surgery. Objective To determine if objectively measured PA increases after THA and TKA in adults with osteoarthritis. Methods Five electronic databases were searched from inception to March 3, 2015. All study designs objectively measuring PA before and after THA or TKA were eligible, including randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies. Two reviewers independently screened abstracts and full texts and extracted study demographic, PA, and clinical outcome data. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for accelerometer- and pedometer-derived estimates of PA. Risk of methodological bias was assessed with Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklists. Results Eight studies with a total of 373 participants (238 TKA, 135 THA) were included. Findings were mixed regarding improvement in objectively measured PA at 6 months after THA (SMDs, −0.20 to 1.80) and TKA (SMDs, −0.36 to 0.63). Larger improvements from 2 studies at 1 year postsurgery were generally observed after THA (SMDs, 0.39 to 0.79) and TKA (SMDs, 0.10 to 0.85). However, at 1 year, PA levels were still considerably lower than those of healthy controls (THA SMDs, −0.25 to −0.77; TKA SMDs, −1.46 to −1.80). Risk-of-bias scores ranged from 3 to 9 out of 11 (27%–82%) for cohort studies, and from 3 to 8 out of 10 (30%–80%) for case-control studies. Conclusion The best available evidence indicates negligible changes in PA at 6 months after THA or TKA, with limited evidence for larger changes at 1 year after surgery. In the 4 studies that reported control-group data, postoperative PA levels were still considerably less than those of healthy controls. Improved perioperative strategies to instill behavioral change are required to narrow the gap between patient-perceived functional improvement and the actual amount of PA undertaken after THA and TKA. Registered with PROSPERO (registration number CRD42014010155). Level of Evidence Therapy, level 2a. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(6):431–442. Epub 26 Apr 2016. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6449
RADIO SYNCHROTRON FLUCTUATION STATISTICS AS A PROBE OF MAGNETIZED INTERSTELLAR TURBULENCE
Authors: Herron C. A. , Burkhart Blakesley , Lazarian A. , Gaensler B. M. , McClure-Griffiths N. M. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
We investigate how observations of synchrotron intensity fluctuations can be used to probe the sonic and Alfvénic Mach numbers of interstellar turbulence, based on mock observations performed on simulations of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. We find that the structure function slope and a diagnostic of anisotropy that we call the integrated quadrupole ratio modulus both depend on the Alfvénic Mach number. However, these statistics also depend on the orientation of the mean magnetic field in the synchrotron emitting region relative to our line of sight, and this creates a degeneracy that cannot be broken by observations of synchrotron intensity alone. We conclude that the polarization of synchrotron emission could be analyzed to break this degeneracy, and suggest that this will be possible with the Square Kilometre Array.
SUPERNOVAE FROM DIRECT COLLISIONS OF WHITE DWARFS AND THE ROLE OF HELIUM SHELL IGNITION
Authors: Papish Oded , Perets Hagai Binyamin 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
Models for supernovae (SNe) arising from thermonuclear explosions of white dwarfs (WDs) have been studied extensively over the past few decades, mostly focusing on the single-degenerate (accretion of material by a WD) and double-degenerate (WD–WD merger) scenarios. In recent years it was suggested that direct WD–WD collisions provide an additional channel for such explosions. Here we extend the studies of such explosions and explore the role of helium shells in affecting the thermonuclear explosions. We study the impact of both low-mass (∼0.01 M
⊙) and high-mass (≥0.1 M
⊙) helium shells. We find that detonation of the massive helium layers precedes the detonation of the WD carbon–oxygen (CO) bulk during the collision and can change the evolution of the explosion and the outcomes for the cases of high-mass He shells. In particular, the He shell detonation propagates on the WD surface and inefficiently burns material prior to the CO detonation that later follows in the central parts of the WD. Such evolution leads to greater production of intermediate elements, producing larger yields of 44Ti and 48Cr relative to the pure CO–CO WD collisions. Collisions of WDs with a low-mass He shell do not give rise to helium detonation, but helium burning does precede the CO bulk detonation. Such collisions eject at high velocity a low mass of burned material enriched with intermediate elements and produce smaller changes in the overall explosion outcomes. The various effects arising from the contribution of low-/high-mass He layers change the kinematics and the morphological structure of collision-induced SNe and may thereby provide unique observational signatures for such SNe and play a role in the chemical enrichment of galaxies and the production of intermediate elements and positrons from their longer-term decay.