bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
State-dependent sensorimotor gating in a rhythmic motor system
Authors: White Rachel S. , Spencer Robert M. , Nusbaum Michael P. , Blitz Dawn M. 
Published: August 2017

Sensory feedback influences motor circuits and/or their projection neuron inputs to adjust ongoing motor activity, but its efficacy varies. Currently, less is known about regulation of sensory feedback onto projection neurons that control downstream motor circuits than about sensory regulation of the motor circuit neurons themselves. In this study, we tested whether sensory feedback onto projection neurons is sensitive only to activation of a motor system, or also to the modulatory state underlying that activation, using the crab Cancer borealis stomatogastric nervous system. We examined how proprioceptor neurons (gastropyloric receptors, GPRs) influence the gastric mill (chewing) circuit neurons and the projection neurons (MCN1, CPN2) that drive the gastric mill rhythm. During gastric mill rhythms triggered by the mechanosensory ventral cardiac neurons (VCNs), GPR was shown previously to influence gastric mill circuit neurons, but its excitation of MCN1/CPN2 was absent. In this study, we tested whether GPR effects on MCN1/CPN2 are also absent during gastric mill rhythms triggered by the peptidergic postoesophageal commissure (POC) neurons. The VCN and POC pathways both trigger lasting MCN1/CPN2 activation, but their distinct influence on circuit feedback to these neurons produces different gastric mill motor patterns. We show that GPR excites MCN1 and CPN2 during the POC-gastric mill rhythm, altering their firing rates and activity patterns. This action changes both phases of the POC-gastric mill rhythm, whereas GPR only alters one phase of the VCN-gastric mill rhythm. Thus sensory feedback to projection neurons can be gated as a function of the modulatory state of an active motor system, not simply switched on/off with the onset of motor activity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sensory feedback influences motor systems (i.e., motor circuits and their projection neuron inputs). However, whether regulation of sensory feedback to these projection neurons is consistent across different versions of the same motor pattern driven by the same motor system was not known. We found that gating of sensory feedback to projection neurons is determined by the modulatory state of the motor system, and not simply by whether the system is active or inactive.
Perception of the dynamic visual vertical during sinusoidal linear motion
Authors: Pomante A. , Selen L. P. J. , Medendorp W. P. 
Published: August 2017

The vestibular system provides information for spatial orientation. However, this information is ambiguous: because the otoliths sense the gravitoinertial force, they cannot distinguish gravitational and inertial components. As a consequence, prolonged linear acceleration of the head can be interpreted as tilt, referred to as the somatogravic effect. Previous modeling work suggests that the brain disambiguates the otolith signal according to the rules of Bayesian inference, combining noisy canal cues with the a priori assumption that prolonged linear accelerations are unlikely. Within this modeling framework the noise of the vestibular signals affects the dynamic characteristics of the tilt percept during linear whole-body motion. To test this prediction, we devised a novel paradigm to psychometrically characterize the dynamic visual vertical—as a proxy for the tilt percept—during passive sinusoidal linear motion along the interaural axis (0.33 Hz motion frequency, 1.75 m/s2peak acceleration, 80 cm displacement). While subjects ( n=10) kept fixation on a central body-fixed light, a line was briefly flashed (5 ms) at different phases of the motion, the orientation of which had to be judged relative to gravity. Consistent with the model’s prediction, subjects showed a phase-dependent modulation of the dynamic visual vertical, with a subject-specific phase shift with respect to the imposed acceleration signal. The magnitude of this modulation was smaller than predicted, suggesting a contribution of nonvestibular signals to the dynamic visual vertical. Despite their dampening effect, our findings may point to a link between the noise components in the vestibular system and the characteristics of dynamic visual vertical.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A fundamental question in neuroscience is how the brain processes vestibular signals to infer the orientation of the body and objects in space. We show that, under sinusoidal linear motion, systematic error patterns appear in the disambiguation of linear acceleration and spatial orientation. We discuss the dynamics of these illusory percepts in terms of a dynamic Bayesian model that combines uncertainty in the vestibular signals with priors based on the natural statistics of head motion.
Combined CDK4/6 and mTOR Inhibition Is Synergistic against Glioblastoma via Multiple Mechanisms
Authors: Olmez Inan , Brenneman Breanna , Xiao Aizhen , Serbulea Vlad , Benamar Mouadh , Zhang Ying , Manigat Laryssa , Abbas Tarek , Lee Jeongwu , Nakano Ichiro , Godlewski Jakub , Bronisz Agnieszka , Abounader Roger , Leitinger Norbert , Purow Benjamin 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Purpose: Glioblastoma (GBM) is a deadly brain tumor marked by dysregulated signaling and aberrant cell-cycle control. Molecular analyses have identified that the CDK4/6-Rb-E2F axis is dysregulated in about 80% of GBMs. Single-agent CDK4/6 inhibitors have failed to provide durable responses in GBM, suggesting a need to combine them with other agents. We investigate the efficacy of the combination of CDK4/6 inhibition and mTOR inhibition against GBM.
Experimental Design: Preclinical in vitro and in vivo assays using primary GBM cell lines were performed.
Results: We show that the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib suppresses the activity of downstream mediators of the mTOR pathway, leading to rebound mTOR activation that can be blocked by the mTOR inhibitor everolimus. We further show that mTOR inhibition with everolimus leads to activation of the Ras mediator Erk that is reversible with palbociclib. The combined treatment strongly disrupts GBM metabolism, resulting in significant apoptosis. Further increasing the utility of the combination for brain cancers, everolimus significantly increases the brain concentration of palbociclib.
Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that the combination of CDK4/6 and mTOR inhibition has therapeutic potential against GBM and suggest it should be evaluated in a clinical trial. Clin Cancer Res; 23(22); 6958–68. ©2017 AACR.
Coagulation factor XII regulates inflammatory responses in human lungs
Authors: Hesse Christina , Sewald Katherina , Jonigk Danny , Warnecke Gregor , Fieguth Hans-Gerd , Maat Steven de , Maas Coen , Bonella Francesco , Preissner Klaus , Weiss Benjamin , Schaefer Liliana , Kuebler Wolfgang , Markart Philipp , Hess Rosanna , Wujak Lukasz , Wygrecka Malgorzata 
Published: August 2017

SummaryIncreased procoagulant activity in the alveolar compartment and uncontrolled inflammation are hallmarks of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Here, we investigated whether the contact phase system of coagulation is activated and may regulate inflammatory responses in human lungs. Components of the contact phase system were characterized in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) from 54 ARDS patients and 43 controls, and their impact on cytokine/chemokine expression in human precision cut lung slices (PCLS) was assessed by a PCR array. Activation of the contact system, associated with high levels of coagulation factor XIIa (Hageman factor, FXIIa), plasma kallikrein and bradykinin, occurred rapidly in ARDS lungs after the onset of the disease and virtually normalized within one week from time of diagnosis. FXII levels in BALF were higher in ARDS nonsurvivors than survivors and were positively correlated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentration. FXII induced the production and release of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1β, IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), CXCL5 and TNF-α in human PCLS in a kallikrein-kinin-independent manner. In conclusion, accumulation of FXII in ARDS lungs may contribute to the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and is associated with clinical outcome. FXII inhibition may thus offer a novel and promising therapeutic approach to antagonize overwhelming inflammatory responses in ARDS lungs without interfering with vital haemostasis.Supplementary Material to this article is available online at www.thrombosis-online.com.
The Evolution of Culture as a New Pattern for Comparative Religion
Authors: Willard Aiyana K. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn his new book, Paden argues that evolutionary theory creates new and fertile ground for the comparative study of religion. I suggest that extending Paden’s argument to embrace new theories of cultural evolution will continue to broaden our ability understand the origins of both the similarities and differences in religions across societies. Religions are cultural systems and as such an understanding of our shared biology can only explain a limited amount of what religion is and does. I discuss how new cultural evolutionary theories that examine cultural variation and cultural change based on how humans learn and transmit cultural content and can improve the theoretical foundations of comparative studies of religion. Exploring different mechanisms of cultural learning can help explain why certain features of religion are found across a wide variety of religions while others are only found in specific groups.
The Potential Use of the Linear Depolarization Ratio to Distinguish between Convective and Stratiform Rainfall to Improve Radar Rain-Rate Estimates
Authors: Sandford Caroline , Illingworth Anthony , Thompson Robert 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA major source of errors in radar-derived quantitative precipitation estimates is the inhomogeneous nature of the vertical reflectivity profile (VPR). Operational radars generally scan in azimuth at constant elevation (PPI mode) and provide limited VPR information, so predetermined VPR shapes with limited degrees of freedom are needed to correct for the VPR in real time. Typical stratiform VPRs have a sharp peak below the 0° isotherm, known as the “bright band,” caused by the presence of large melting snowflakes, but this feature is not present in convective cores where the melting ice is in the form of graupel or compact ice. Inappropriate correction assuming a brightband VPR can lead to underestimation of rain rates, with particular impacts in intense convective storms. This paper proposes the use of high values of linear depolarization ratio (LDR) measurements to confirm the presence of large melting snowflakes and lower values for melting graupel or high-density ice as a prerequisite to selecting a suitable profile shape for VPR correction. Using a climatologically representative dataset of short-range, high-resolution C-band vertical profiles, the peak value of the LDR in the melting layer is shown to have robust skill in identifying VPRs without bright band, with the “best” performance at a threshold of −20 dB. Further work is proposed to apply this result to improving corrections for VPR at longer range, where the limited effect of beam broadening on LDR peaks could provide advantages over other available methods.
‘Dead people don’t claim’: A psychopolitical autopsy of UK austerity suicides
Authors: Mills China 
Published: August 2017

One of the symptoms of post financial crisis austerity in the UK has been an increase in the numbers of suicides, especially by people who have experienced welfare reform. This article develops and utilises an analytic framework of psychopolitical autopsy to explore media coverage of ‘austerity suicide’ and to take seriously the psychic life of austerity (internalisation, shame, anxiety), embedding it in a context of social dis-ease. Drawing on three distinct yet interrelated areas of literature (the politics of affect and psychosocial dynamics of welfare, post and anti-colonial psychopolitics, and critical suicidology), the article aims to better understand how austerity ‘kills’. Key findings include understanding austerity suicides as embedded within an affective economy of the anxiety caused by punitive welfare retrenchment, the stigmatisation of being a recipient of benefits, and the internalisation of market logic that assigns value through ‘productivity’ and conceptualises welfare entitlement as economic ‘burden’. The significance of this approach lies in its ability to widen analytic framing of suicide from an individual and psychocentric focus, to illuminate culpability of government reforms while still retaining the complexity of suicide, and thus to provide relevant policy insights about welfare reform.
Measurement of total hemoglobin reduces red cell transfusion in hospitalized patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a retrospective database analysis
Authors: Craver Christopher , Belk Kathy W. , Myers Gerard J. 
Published: August 2017

Introduction: Historically, perioperative hemoglobin monitoring has relied on calculated saturation, using blood gas devices that measure plasma hematocrit (Hct). Co-oximetry, which measures total hemoglobin (tHb), yields a more comprehensive assessment of hemodilution. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of tHb measurement by co-oximetry and Hct, using conductivity with red blood cell (RBC) transfusion, length of stay (LOS) and inpatient costs in patients having major cardiac surgery. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and/or valve replacement (VR) procedures from January 2014 to June 2016, using MedAssets discharge data. The patient population was sub-divided by the measurement modality (tHb and Hct), using detailed billing records and Current Procedural Terminology coding. Cost was calculated using hospital-specific cost-to-charge ratios. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify significant drivers of RBC transfusion and resource utilization. Results: The study population included 18,169 cardiovascular surgery patients. Hct-monitored patients accounted for 66% of the population and were more likely to have dual CABG and VR procedures (10.4% vs 8.9%, p=0.0069). After controlling for patient and hospital characteristics, as well as patient comorbidities, Hct-monitored patients had significantly higher RBC transfusion risk (OR=1.26, CI 1.15-1.38, p<0.0001), longer LOS (IRR=1.08, p<0.0001) and higher costs (IRR=1.15, p<0.0001) than tHb-monitored patients. RBC transfusions were a significant driver of LOS (IRR=1.25, p<0.0001) and cost (IRR=1.22, p<0.0001). Conclusions: tHb monitoring during cardiovascular surgery could offer a significant reduction in RBC transfusion, length of stay and hospital cost compared to Hct monitoring.
The separate and joint effects of the market for corporate control and board effectiveness on R&D valuation
Authors: Chen Shimin , Srinidhi Bin , Su Lixin (Nancy) , Tong Jamie Y 
Published: August 2017

This study finds that stronger market control (measured as fewer anti-takeover provisions) and more effective boards (measured as boards that are more independent and for which independent directors have more outside directorships) are both associated with higher R&D valuation. Furthermore, stronger market control (more effective board governance) is associated with higher R&D valuation only in the presence of weaker board governance (market control). Taken together, the results are consistent with the interpretation that both the market for corporate control and effective boards mitigate agency conflicts arising from R&D investments and improve the market valuation of R&D. Furthermore, the two mechanisms act as substitutes in doing so. JEL Classification: G34, G32, M41
Arthroscopic Harvest of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells From the Infrapatellar Fat Pad
Authors: Dragoo Jason L. , Chang Wenteh 
Published: August 2017

Background: The successful isolation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) from the arthroscopically harvested infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) would provide orthopaedic surgeons with an autologous solution for regenerative procedures. Purpose: To demonstrate the quantity and viability of the mesenchymal stem cell population arthroscopically harvested from the IFP as well as the surrounding synovium. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: The posterior border of the IFP, including the surrounding synovial tissue, was harvested arthroscopically from patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Tissue was then collected in an AquaVage adipose canister, followed by fat fractionization using syringe emulsification and concentration with an AdiPrep device. In the laboratory, the layers of tissue were separated and then digested with 0.3% type I collagenase. The pelleted stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells were then immediately analyzed for viability, mesenchymal cell surface markers by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and clonogenic capacity. After culture expansion, the metabolic activity of the ADSCs was assessed by an AlamarBlue assay, and the multilineage differentiation capability was tested. The transition of surface antigens from the SVF toward expanded ADSCs at passage 2 was further evaluated. Results: SVF cells were successfully harvested with a mean yield of 4.86 ± 2.64 × 105 cells/g of tissue and a mean viability of 69.03% ± 10.75%, with ages ranging from 17 to 52 years (mean, 35.14 ± 13.70 years; n = 7). The cultured ADSCs composed a mean 5.85% ± 5.89% of SVF cells with a mean yield of 0.33 ± 0.42 × 105 cells/g of tissue. The nonhematopoietic cells (CD45−) displayed the following surface antigens as a percentage of the viable population: CD44+ (52.21% ± 4.50%), CD73+CD90+CD105+ (19.20% ± 17.04%), and CD44+CD73+CD90+CD105+ (15.32% ± 15.23%). There was also a significant increase in the expression of ADSC markers CD73 (96.97% ± 1.72%; P < .01), CD10 (84.47% ± 15.46%; P < .05), and CD166 (11.63% ± 7.84%; P < .005) starting at passage 2 compared with freshly harvested SVF cells. The clonogenic efficiency of SVF cells was determined at a mean 3.21% ± 1.52% for layer 1 and 1.51% ± 0.55% for layer 2. Differentiation into cartilage, fat, and bone tissue was demonstrated by tissue-specific staining and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Conclusion: SVF cells from the IFP and adjacent synovial tissue were successfully harvested using an arthroscopic technique and produced ADSCs with surface markers that meet criteria for defined mesenchymal stem cells. Clinical Relevance: An autologous source of stem cells can now be harvested using a simple arthroscopic technique that will allow orthopaedic surgeons easier access to progenitor cells for regenerative procedures.
Prevalence of Mental Disorders among Older Chinese People in Tianjin City
Authors: Xu Guangming , Chen Gong , Zhou Qin , Li Ning , Zheng Xiaoying 
Published: August 2017

Objective: Population aging is accelerating across the world, and older people have a higher risk of mental disorders. Most studies focus on one mental disorder, and only report the current prevalence. Besides, these studies use screening scales for symptoms of mental disorders, which may induce biased results. In this study, we used data for diagnoses based on SCID that had been administered by trained psychiatrists to explore the 1-month and lifetime prevalence of mental disorders among a Chinese aged cohort. Methods: Data for this study was derived from the Tianjin Mental Health Survey. Participants were first screened using a General Health Questionnaire and 9 additional items on other risk factors for mental disorders, and then diagnosed with the Chinese version of Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) Axis I disorders. A total of 3,325 people aged 60 and above had valid information, and 1,486 completed the SCID interview. Results: The weighted 1-month prevalence of mental disorders was 14.27%, whereas the lifetime prevalence of mental disorders was 24.20%. Most of these participants were female, older, currently not married, of lower education level, and with poor family economic status. Organic mental disorders had the highest 1-month prevalence (4.45%), whereas mood disorder was highest for the lifetime prevalence (9.75%). Conclusion: Older Chinese people had a high prevalence of mental disorders. Further research and health services innovations are needed to address the high prevalence in these subgroups among older people.
Electrographic Seizures in Preterm Neonates in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Buraniqi Ersida , Sansevere Arnold J. , Kapur Kush , Bergin Ann M. , Pearl Phillip L. , Loddenkemper Tobias 
Published: August 2017

Objective: Characterize clinical and electroencephalography (EEG) characteristics of preterm neonates undergoing continuous EEG in the neonatal intensive care unit. Methods: Retrospective study of preterm neonates born less than 37 weeks’ gestational age undergoing continuous EEG in the neonatal intensive care unit at Boston Children’s Hospital over a 2-year period. Results: Fifty-two preterms (46% male) had a mean gestational age of 32.8 weeks (standard deviation = 4.17). Seizures were detected in 12/52 (23%), with EEG seizures detected in 4/12 (33%). The median time from EEG to the first seizure was 0.5 hours (interquartile range 0.24-4). Factors associated with seizures were male gender (odds ratio = 4.65 [95% confidence interval = 1.02-21.24], P = .047) and lack of EEG state change (odds ratio = 0.043 [95% confidence interval = 0.005-0.377], P = .04). Conclusion: Twenty-three percent of preterms undergoing continuous EEG had EEG seizures or electrographic seizures with no clear clinical correlate. This confirms recent American Clinical Neurophysiology Society guidelines suggesting that preterm neonates are at high risk for seizures.
From the abstract to the concrete – Implementation of an innovative tool in home care
Authors: Kajamaa Anu , Schulz Klaus-Peter 
Published: August 2017

Background The implementation of innovations in practice is a critical factor for change and development processes in health and home care. We therefore analyze how an innovative tool – a mobility agreement to maintain physical mobility of home care clients – was implemented in Finnish home care. Methods Our study involves ethnographic research of 13 home care visits, two years after the mobility agreement was implemented. We analyze the emergence of contradictions, the motives of the actors and the use of artifacts supporting or inhibiting the implementation. Two in-depth cases illustrate the implementation of the mobility agreement in home care visits. Findings Our findings show that, first, to achieve practice change and development, the innovation implementation requires the overcoming of contradictions in the implementation process. Second, it calls for the emergence of a shared motive between the actors to transform the abstract concept of an innovation into a concrete practice. Third, artifacts, customary to the clients are important in supporting the implementation process. Fourth, the implementation brings about a modification of the innovation and the adopting social system. Conclusions Innovation implementation should be seen as a transformation process of an abstract concept into a concrete practice, enabled by the actors involved. Concept design and implementation should be closely linked. In health/home care innovation management, the implementation of innovations needs to be understood as a complex collective learning process. Results can be far reaching – in our case leading to change of home care workers’ professional understanding and elderly clients’ mobility habits.