bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of insulin therapy in people with Type 2 diabetes in the Hoorn Diabetes Care System
Authors: Mast M. R. , Walraven I. , Hoekstra T. , Jansen A. P. D. , van der Heijden A. A. W. A. , Elders P. J. M. , Heine R. J. , Dekker J. M. , Nijpels G. , Hugtenburg J. G. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAimsTo identify HbA1c trajectories after the start of insulin treatment and to identify clinically applicable predictors of the response to insulin therapy.MethodsThe study population comprised 1203 people with Type 2 diabetes included in the Hoorn Diabetes Care System (n = 9849). Inclusion criteria were: age ≥ 40 years; initiation of insulin during follow‐up after failure to reach HbA1c levels ≤ 53 mmol/mol (7%) with oral glucose‐lowering agents; and a follow up ≥ 2 years after initiating insulin. Latent class growth modelling was used to identify trajectories of HbA1c. Subjects considered to be ‘off target’ had HbA1c levels ≥ 53 mmol/mol (7.0%) during one‐third or more of the follow‐up time, and those considered to be ‘on target’ had HbA1c levels ≥ 53 mmol/mol (7.0%) during less than one‐third of the follow‐up time.ResultsFour HbA1c trajectories were identified. Most people (88.7%) were classified as having a stable HbA1c trajectory of ~57 mmol/mol (7.4%). Only 24.4% of the people were on target in response to insulin; this was associated with lower HbA1c levels and a higher age at the start of insulin treatment.ConclusionsUsing latent class growth modelling, four HbA1c trajectories were identified. A quarter of the people starting insulin were on target. Low HbA1c levels and advanced age at the start of insulin therapy were associated with better response to insulin therapy. Initiating insulin earlier improves the likelihood of achieving and sustaining glycaemic control.
Comparative morphometric analysis of microglia in the spinal cord of SOD1G93A transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Ohgomori Tomohiro , Yamada Jun , Takeuchi Hideyuki , Kadomatsu Kenji , Jinno Shozo 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIt has long been recognized that reactive microglia undergo a series of phenotypic changes accompanying morphological transformation. However, the morphological classification of microglia has not yet been achieved. To address this issue, here we morphometrically analysed three‐dimensionally reconstructed ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1‐immunoreactive (Iba1+) microglia in the ventral horn of the lumbar spinal cord of SOD1G93A transgenic mice, a model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that microglia were objectively divided into four groups: type S (named after surveillant microglia) and types R1, R2 and R3 (named after reactive microglia). For the purpose of comparative morphometry, we also analysed two pharmacological disease models using wild‐type mice: 3,3′‐iminodipropionitrile (IDPN)‐induced axonopathy and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced neuroinflammation. Type S microglia showed a typical ramified morphology of surveillant microglia, and were mostly observed in wild‐type controls. Type R1 microglia were seen at the early stage of disease in SOD1G93A mice, and also frequently occurred in IDPN‐treated mice. They exhibited small cell bodies with shorter and simple processes. Type R2 microglia were morphologically similar to type R1 microglia, but only transiently occurred in the middle stage of disease in SOD1G93A mice and in IDPN‐treated mice. Type R3 microglia exhibited a bushy shape, and were observed in the end stage of disease in SOD1G93A mice and in LPS‐treated mice. These findings indicate that microglia of SOD1G93A mice can be classified into four types, and also suggest that the phenotypic changes may be induced by the events related to axonopathy and neuroinflammation.
Prolonged sleep increases the risk of intracerebral haemorrhage: a nationwide case−control study
Authors: Kim T. J. , Kim C. K. , Kim Y. , Jung S. , Jeong H.‐G. , An S. J. , Ko S.‐B. , Yoon B.‐W. 
Published: March 2016

Background and purposeAlthough abnormal sleep duration is positively associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality, the specific impact on intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) risk remains unclear. The relationship between sleep duration and the risk of ICH was investigated in our study.MethodsA nationwide, multicentre matched case−control study was performed to investigate the risk factors for haemorrhagic stroke, using patients from 33 hospitals in Korea. In all, 490 patients with ICH and 980 age‐ and sex‐matched controls were enrolled. Detailed information regarding sleep, sociodemographic factors, lifestyle and medical history before ICH onset was obtained using qualified structured questionnaires. Sleep duration was categorized and the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using a conditional logistic regression with 7 h as the reference duration.ResultsThe number of subjects with long sleep duration, more than 8 h, was significantly greater in the ICH group than in the control group (≥8 h, 30.4% vs. 22.6%, P = 0.002). After controlling for relevant confounding factors, longer sleep duration was found to be independently associated with the risk of ICH in a dose−response manner (8 h, OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.00–2.47; ≥9 h, OR 5.00, 95% CI 2.18–11.47).ConclusionsOur study suggested that long sleep duration is positively associated with an increased ICH risk in a dose‐dependent manner. Further studies on the relationship linking long sleep duration with increased risk of ICH are required.
Modelling climate change impacts on marine fish populations: process‐based integration of ocean warming, acidification and other environmental drivers
Authors: Koenigstein Stefan , Mark Felix C , Gößling‐Reisemann Stefan , Reuter Hauke , Poertner Hans‐Otto 
Published: March 2016

AbstractGlobal climate change affects marine fish through drivers such as ocean warming, acidification and oxygen depletion, causing changes in marine ecosystems and socioeconomic impacts. While experimental and observational results can inform about anticipated effects of different drivers, linking between these results and ecosystem‐level changes requires quantitative integration of physiological and ecological processes into models to advance research and inform management. We give an overview of important physiological and ecological processes affected by environmental drivers. We then provide a review of available modelling approaches for marine fish, analysing their capacities for process‐based integration of environmental drivers. Building on this, we propose approaches to advance important research questions. Examples of integration of environmental drivers exist for each model class. Recent extensions of modelling frameworks increase the potential for including detailed mechanisms and improving model projections. Experimental results on energy allocation, behaviour and physiological limitations will advance the understanding of organism‐level trade‐offs and thresholds in response to multiple drivers. More explicit representation of life cycles and biological traits can improve description of population dynamics and adaptation, and data on food web topology and feeding interactions help to detail the conditions for possible regime shifts. Identification of relevant processes will also benefit the coupling of different models to investigate spatial–temporal changes in stock productivity and integrated responses of social–ecological systems. Thus, a more process‐informed foundation for models will promote the integration of experimental and observational results and increase the potential for model‐based extrapolations into a future under changing environmental conditions.
Facial swelling: an atypical presentation of cutaneous lymphoma
Authors: Lee Woo Jin , Moon Ik Jun , Won Chong Hyun , Chang Sung Eun , Choi Jee Ho , Moon Kee Chan , Lee Mi Woo 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundCutaneous lymphomas (primary and secondary lymphomas involving the skin) are a heterogeneous group with various clinical manifestations, histological features, and prognoses.MethodsWe describe eight cases of cutaneous lymphoma presenting with facial swelling.ResultsOur case series included three cases of primary cutaneous extranodal natural killer/T‐cell lymphoma, one case of secondary cutaneous extranodal natural killer/T‐cell lymphoma, one case of subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma, one case of cutaneous CD4+ small/medium pleomorphic T‐cell lymphoma, and two cases of peripheral T‐cell lymphoma (unspecified).ConclusionsThis collection of cases and literature review emphasizes the need for clinical suspicion of cutaneous lymphoma in the differential diagnosis of patients with refractory facial swelling.
Estimating the burden of influenza‐associated hospitalizations and deaths in Central America
Authors: Descalzo Miguel A. , Clara Wilfrido , Guzmán Guiselle , Mena Ricardo , Armero Julio , Lara Bredy , Saenz Carlos , Aragón Anabela , Chacón Rafael , El‐Omeiri Nathalie , Méndez‐Rico Jairo , Cerpa Mauricio , Palekar Rakhee , Jara Jorge , Azziz‐Baumgartner Eduardo 
Published: March 2016

ObjectivesOur objective was to estimate the incidence of influenza‐associated hospitalizations and in‐hospital deaths in Central American Region.Design and settingWe used hospital discharge records, influenza surveillance virology data, and population projections collected from Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua to estimate influenza‐associated hospitalizations and in‐hospital deaths. We performed a meta‐analysis of influenza‐associated hospitalizations and in‐hospital deaths.Main outcome measuresThe highest annual incidence was observed among children aged <5 years (136 influenza‐associated hospitalizations per 100 000 persons).ResultsAnnually, 7 625–11 289 influenza‐associated hospitalizations and 352–594 deaths occurred in the subregion.ConclusionsOur results suggest that a substantive number of persons are annually hospitalized because of influenza. Health officials should estimate how many illnesses could be averted through increased influenza vaccination.
Oxidized low‐density lipoprotein antibodies/high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is linked to advanced non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease lean patients
Authors: Ampuero Javier , Ranchal Isidora , Gallego‐Durán Rocío , Pareja María Jesús , del Campo Jose Antonio , Pastor‐Ramírez Helena , Rico María Carmen , Picón Rocío , Pastor Luis , García‐Monzón Carmelo , Andrade Raúl , Romero‐Gómez Manuel 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackground and AimA small but significant proportion of patients with normal body mass index show non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) is a powerful immunogenic molecule, which causes oxidative stress and produces antibodies (oxLDL‐ab). We aimed to analyze the role of oxLDL‐ab on histological features in lean‐NAFLD patients.MethodsSeventy‐two biopsy‐proven NAFLD patients were included. Lean patients showed body index mass of <30 kg/m2. Liver biopsies were assessed by one pathologist blinded to clinical data. Histological features were non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), steatosis, hepatocellular ballooning, and liver fibrosis. Metabolic and hepatic profiles were analyzed, and lipid‐lowering medication was recorded. OxLDL‐ab levels were measured by ELISA. OxLDL‐ab‐based lipid indexes analyzed: oxLDL‐ab/total cholesterol ratio; oxLDL‐ab/LDL‐c ratio; oxLDL‐ab/high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐c) ratio; and oxLDL‐ab/oxLDL ratio.ResultsLean‐NAFLD patients presented 26.5% (9/34) of NASH. OxLDL‐ab/HDL‐c ratio (r = 0.570; n = 34; P = 0.001) correlated with NAS score and was the only variable associated with NASH in the multivariate analysis [odds ratio, OR, 1.10 (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.01–1.21); P = 0.039]. Severe steatosis was present in 41.2% (14/34) of lean‐NAFLD patients. OxLDL‐ab/HDL‐c ratio was higher in patients with grade‐III steatosis (54.9 (37.3–124.6)) than those with grade II (37.1 (20.2–71.1)) and grade I (17.7 (13.1‐22.8)) (P = 0.018). Hepatocellular ballooning was present in 20.6% (7/34) of lean‐NAFLD patients, and OxLDL‐ab/HDL‐c ratio (OR 1.03 [95% CI: 1.01–1.05]; P = 0.050) was independently associated with histological features. OxLDL‐ab/HDL‐c ratio was higher in patients with advanced fibrosis (39.8 (22.9–121.6) vs 17.7 (13.9–30.9); P = 0.025), increasing gradually with the fibrosis stage (P = 0.042) and remained in the final multivariate model [OR 1.05 (95% CI: 1.00–1.11); P = 0.05]. However, in obese‐NAFLD patients, oxLDL/HDL‐c ratio was not associated with histological features.ConclusionsOxidized low‐density lipoprotein antibodies/high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio could represent an interesting biomarker associated with NASH, hepatocellular ballooning, and liver fibrosis, in lean patients. OxLDL‐ab/HDL‐c could play an important role for distinguishing patients with and without NAFLD complications.
Universal parent support groups for parents of adolescents: Which parents participate and why?
Authors: Alfredsson Elin K. , Broberg Anders G. 
Published: March 2016

Leader‐led parent support groups, offered universally to parents of adolescents, are increasingly common, yet little is known of the parents who use this support. The study presented here explored the characteristics of parents of 10‐ to 17‐year‐olds (N = 192) who had enlisted in universal support groups and their reasons for enrollment. Sociodemographic factors (parents’ country of origin, educational level, long‐term sick‐leave or unemployment, and marital status) were compared to the general population (Statistics Sweden, ) and parents’ psychological health and children's psychiatric symptoms were compared to a control group (the BITA study). Results showed that support group parents reported more psychosocial difficulties, such as higher frequency of long‐term sick‐leave or unemployment, more symptoms of anxiety and depression and more psychiatric symptoms in their children than parents in general. While about a fifth of the parents had problem‐oriented (targeted) reasons for enrollment, most parents had general (universal) reasons. Thus, the universal approach does seem to reach its intended recipients.
Can migraine aura be provoked experimentally? A systematic review of potential methods for the provocation of migraine aura
Authors: Lindblad Marianne , Hougaard Anders , Amin Faisal Mohammad , Ashina Messoud 
Published: March 2016

Background The nature of the migraine aura and its role in migraine pathophysiology is incompletely understood. In particular, the mechanisms underlying aura initiation and the causal relation between aura and headache are unknown. The scientific investigation of aura in patients is only possible if aura can be triggered. This paper reviews potential methods for the experimental provocation of migraine aura. Methods We systematically searched PubMed for studies of experimental migraine provocation, including case reports of patients with aura and reports of the occurrence of aura following exposure to any kind of suspected trigger. Results We identified 21 provocation studies, using 13 different prospective provocation methods, and 34 case reports. In the prospective studies, aura were reported following the administration of intravenous and sublingual glyceryl trinitrate, visual stimulation, physical activity, calcitonin gene-related peptide infusion, chocolate ingestion, and the intravenous injection of insulin. In addition, carotid artery puncture has consistently been reported as a trigger of aura. Conclusions No safe and efficient method for aura provocation exists at present, but several approaches could prove useful for this purpose.
Mechanistic contribution of electroconductive hydroxyapatite–titanium disilicide composite on the alignment and proliferation of cells
Authors: Kumar A , Nune KC , Basu B , Misra RDK 
Published: March 2016

We elucidate here the mechanistic contribution of a novel electroconductive hydroxyapatite-20 wt.% titanium disilicide (HA–TiSi2) composite system in favorably modulating osteoblast functions in relation to the monolithic HA. The higher electrical conductivity of HA–TiSi2 (σDC ∼ 67.117 ± 3.57 S/m) in comparison to glass sample effectively guided the electroactive myoblast, leading to their significant alignment and proliferation. This favorable behavior is attributed to the formation of small electrochemical cells between HA and TiSi2 phase, which produce a small electric field, directing the electroactive myoblast to migrate and grow in a particular direction. In contrast, no impact of TiSi2 on osteoblast function was observed because of their inability to respond to small electric field. However, the in vitro bioactivity in simulated body fluid indicated the nucleation and growth of apatite crystals. Moreover, in the context of load-bearing capability, the presence of 20 wt.% TiSi2 in HA led to increase in the fracture toughness by ∼100%. This study underscores the effectiveness of HA–TiSi2 in favorably modulating the cellular activity, myoblast in particular.
Defining and measuring adherence to cancer screening
Authors: Chubak Jessica , Hubbard Rebecca 
Published: March 2016

Background The importance of cancer screening is well-recognized, yet there is great variation in how adherence is defined and measured. This manuscript identifies measures of screening adherence and discusses how to estimate them. Discussion We begin by describing why screening adherence is of interest: to anticipate long-term outcomes, to understand differences in outcomes across settings, and to identify areas for improvement. We outline questions of interest related to adherence, including questions about uptake, currency or being up-to-date, and longitudinal adherence, and then identify which measures are most appropriate for each question. Our discussion of how to select measures focuses on study inclusion criteria and outcome definitions. Finally, we describe how to estimate different measures using data from two common data sources: survey studies and surveillance studies. Estimation requires consideration of data sources, inclusion criteria, and outcome definitions. Censoring often will be present and must be accounted for. Conclusion We conclude that consistent definitions and estimation of adherence to cancer screening guidelines will facilitate comparison across studies, tests, and settings, and help to elucidate areas for future research and intervention.
PROCESS OF GOVERNANCE IN ADVERTISEMENT REGULATION IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Authors: Saji Beena Salim , John Reshma Das , Nair Malini , Houjeir Roudaina 
Published: March 2016

United Arab Emirates has grown in great leaps as a country which can claim very high achievements in different sectors of economy such as real estate, education, banking, retail, trading, telecommunications, airline and tourism, as well as in many other spheres. Complementing these developments, is a large of advertisement activities which are aimed at attracting and retaining customers who are very diverse in nature. The advertisement industry hence is booming as the competition between companies is getting more and more aggressive. It is safe to conclude that with so many advertisements, competing for the attention of the young Emirati population as well as the working expat community, there is significant pressure on advertisement agencies to make their advertisements more captivating. This may be leading to an exaggeration of values that the organization can give through their products and services, and may use language that may become just more memorable than accurate (Al Tamimi, 2013). As in the other countries, there is self-regulation for advertising in UAE, but there is also complex set of regulations that incorporate different laws. This paper is an attempt to explore the methods and processes adopted by advertising agencies or organizations that create advertisements, to ensure compliance with these laws. The study used interviews with officials of advertising agency and government organisations which control advertisements, such as the ministry of information and municipality sections dealing with advertisements, to understand the processes and methods of ensuring governance in advertising. The study adds value to the existing knowledge of advertisement governance and gives insights into the UAE perspective.
Image and identity: Media literacy for young adult Instagram users
Authors: Newman Melissa J. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This article focuses on the importance of developing young adult media literacy skills in relation to Instagram use. Millions of young adults use image-based communication to connect with others on social networking sites. This form of ubiquitous connection has consequences for young adults' online, offline and parasocial relationships. Social media literacy results from understanding Instagram’s utility, the downfalls of social comparisons made between online relationships and how to better define genuine belongingness as it relates to mediated communication.
Amyloid precursor protein in peripheral granulocytes as a potential biomarker for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Wang Xiaonan , Li Xihai , Yang Jie , Yu Ming , Wu Jinmei 
Published: March 2016

The aim of this study was to assess the potential of amyloid precursor protein in peripheral granulocytes as a diagnostic biomarker for early detection of Alzheimer's disease. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry were used to evaluate amyloid precursor protein expression levels and subcellular localization in Alzheimer's disease. Much higher amyloid precursor protein expression was observed in some leukocytes from Alzheimer's disease patients, compared with samples from non-Alzheimer's disease controls. In addition, flow cytometry data indicated significantly higher amyloid precursor protein expression in granulocytes from Alzheimer's disease patients compared with control values. No statistically significant differences in amyloid precursor protein expression were obtained in lymphocytes or monocytes between the patient groups. In conclusion, amyloid precursor protein expression level in peripheral blood granulocyte is a potential biomarker for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
Coupled ocean‐atmosphere loss of marine refractory dissolved organic carbon
Authors: Kieber David J. , Keene William C. , Frossard Amanda A. , Long Michael S. , Maben John R. , Russell Lynn M. , Kinsey Joanna D. , Tyssebotn Inger Marie B. , Quinn Patricia K. , Bates Timothy S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe oceans hold a massive quantity of organic carbon, nearly all of which is dissolved and more than 95% is refractory, cycling through the oceans several times before complete removal. The vast reservoir of refractory dissolved organic carbon (RDOC) is a critical component of the global carbon cycle that is relevant to our understanding of fundamental marine biogeochemical processes and the role of the oceans in climate change with respect to long‐term storage and sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Here we show that RDOC includes surface‐active organic matter that can be incorporated into primary marine aerosol produced by bursting bubbles at the sea surface. We propose that this process will deliver RDOC from the sea surface to the atmosphere wherein its photochemical oxidation corresponds to a potentially important and hitherto unknown removal mechanism for marine RDOC.