bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feature-selective Attention in Frontoparietal Cortex: Multivoxel Codes Adjust to Prioritize Task-relevant Information
Authors: Jackson Jade , Rich Anina N. , Williams Mark A. , Woolgar Alexandra 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Human cognition is characterized by astounding flexibility, enabling us to select appropriate information according to the objectives of our current task. A circuit of frontal and parietal brain regions, often referred to as the frontoparietal attention network or multiple-demand (MD) regions, are believed to play a fundamental role in this flexibility. There is evidence that these regions dynamically adjust their responses to selectively process information that is currently relevant for behavior, as proposed by the “adaptive coding hypothesis” [Duncan, J. An adaptive coding model of neural function in prefrontal cortex. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, 820–829, 2001]. Could this provide a neural mechanism for feature-selective attention, the process by which we preferentially process one feature of a stimulus over another? We used multivariate pattern analysis of fMRI data during a perceptually challenging categorization task to investigate whether the representation of visual object features in the MD regions flexibly adjusts according to task relevance. Participants were trained to categorize visually similar novel objects along two orthogonal stimulus dimensions (length/orientation) and performed short alternating blocks in which only one of these dimensions was relevant. We found that multivoxel patterns of activation in the MD regions encoded the task-relevant distinctions more strongly than the task-irrelevant distinctions: The MD regions discriminated between stimuli of different lengths when length was relevant and between the same objects according to orientation when orientation was relevant. The data suggest a flexible neural system that adjusts its representation of visual objects to preferentially encode stimulus features that are currently relevant for behavior, providing a neural mechanism for feature-selective attention.
Finding Positive Meaning in Negative Experiences Engages Ventral Striatal and Ventromedial Prefrontal Regions Associated with Reward Valuation
Authors: Doré Bruce P. , Boccagno Chelsea , Burr Daisy , Hubbard Alexa , Long Kan , Weber Jochen , Stern Yaakov , Ochsner Kevin N. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Neuroimaging research has identified systems that facilitate minimizing negative emotion, but how the brain is able to transform the valence of an emotional response from negative to positive is unclear. Behavioral and psychophysiological studies suggest a distinction between minimizing reappraisal, which entails diminishing the arousal elicited by negative stimuli, and positive reappraisal, which instead changes the emotional valence of arousal from negative to positive. Here we show that successful minimizing reappraisal tracked with decreased activity in the amygdala, but successful positive reappraisal tracked with increased activity in regions involved in computing reward value, including the ventral striatum and ventromedial pFC (vmPFC). Moreover, positive reappraisal enhanced positive connectivity between vmPFC and amygdala, and individual differences in positive connectivity between vmPFC and amygdala, ventral striatum, dorsomedial pFC, and dorsolateral pFC predicted greater positive reappraisal success. These data broaden models of emotion regulation as quantitative dampening of negative emotion and identify activity in a network of brain valuation, arousal, and control regions as a neural basis for the ability to create positive meaning from negative experiences.
Intraspecific variation in opportunistic use of trophic resources by the lizard Ameiva corax (Squamata: Teiidae)
Authors: Garrison Grace , Phillips Mia , Eifler Maria , Eifler Douglas 
Published: September 2016

Ameiva coraxis restricted to a small island (<2 ha), off the coast Anguilla. We present information on intraspecific variation in its diet, based on observations of 190 marked individuals. Larger individual were more likely to attempt to enter active seabird nests and only large males were observed to successfully enter a nest and break open an egg. Flower eating was commonly observed and its occurrence was not related to lizard size or sex. More than half the population was observed visiting areas where fisherman mixed their bait, a foraging strategy also unrelated to lizard size or sex.Ameiva coraxis known to socially feed at large food items such as seabird eggs. The individuals that can initially access these food items may occupy key roles in the social network.
The Role of Eddy Diffusivity on a Poleward Jet Shift
Authors: Wang Lei , Lee Sukyoung 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The authors use a quasigeostrophic (QG) two-layer model to examine how eddies modify the meridional asymmetry of a zonal jet. The initial asymmetry is introduced in the model’s “radiative equilibrium state” and is intended to mimic a radiatively forced poleward jet shift simulated by climate models. The calculations show that the initial “poleward” jet shift in the two-layer model is amplified by eddy potential vorticity fluxes. This eddy-accentuation effect is greater as the baroclinicity of the equilibrium state is reduced, suggesting that seasonal variations in baroclinicity may help explain observed and modeled jet-shift sensitivity to season. The eddy-accentuated jet shift from the corresponding radiative equilibrium state is more clearly visible in the slowly varying, eddy-free reference state of Nakamura and Zhu. This reference state formally responds only to nonadvective, nonconservative processes, but ultimately arises from the advective eddy fluxes. The implication is that fast eddies are capable of driving a slowly varying jet shift, which may be balanced by nonconservative processes such as radiative heating/cooling.
The Stratospheric Pathway of La Niña
Authors: Iza Maddalen , Calvo Natalia , Manzini Elisa 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
A Northern Hemisphere (NH) polar stratospheric pathway for La Niña events is established during wintertime based on reanalysis data for the 1958–2012 period. A robust polar stratospheric response is observed in the NH during strong La Niña events, characterized by a significantly stronger and cooler polar vortex. Significant wind anomalies reach the surface, and a robust impact on the North Atlantic–European (NAE) region is observed. A dynamical analysis reveals that the stronger polar stratospheric winds during La Niña winters are due to reduced upward planetary wave activity into the stratosphere. This finding is the result of destructive interference between the climatological and the anomalous La Niña tropospheric stationary eddies over the Pacific–North American region.
In addition, the lack of a robust stratospheric signature during La Niña winters reported in previous studies is investigated. It is found that this is related to the lower threshold used to detect the events, which signature is consequently more prone to be obscured by the influence of other sources of variability. In particular, the occurrence of stratospheric sudden warmings (SSWs), partly linked to the phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation, modulates the observed stratospheric signal. In the case of La Niña winters defined by a lower threshold, a robust stratospheric cooling is found only in the absence of SSWs. Therefore, these results highlight the importance of using a relatively restrictive threshold to define La Niña events in order to obtain a robust surface response in the NAE region through the stratosphere.
Large-Scale Influences on Summertime Extreme Precipitation in the Northeastern United States
Authors: Marquardt Collow Allison B. , Bosilovich Michael G. , Koster Randal D. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Observations indicate that over the last few decades there has been a statistically significant increase in precipitation in the northeastern United States and that this can be attributed to an increase in precipitation associated with extreme precipitation events. Here a state-of-the-art atmospheric reanalysis is used to examine such events in detail. Daily extreme precipitation events defined at the 75th and 95th percentile from gridded gauge observations are identified for a selected region within the Northeast. Atmospheric variables from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2), are then composited during these events to illustrate the time evolution of associated synoptic structures, with a focus on vertically integrated water vapor fluxes, sea level pressure, and 500-hPa heights. Anomalies of these fields move into the region from the northwest, with stronger anomalies present in the 95th percentile case. Although previous studies show tropical cyclones are responsible for the most intense extreme precipitation events, only 10% of the events in this study are caused by tropical cyclones. On the other hand, extreme events resulting from cutoff low pressure systems have increased. The time period of the study was divided in half to determine how the mean composite has changed over time. An arc of lower sea level pressure along the East Coast and a change in the vertical profile of equivalent potential temperature suggest a possible increase in the frequency or intensity of synoptic-scale baroclinic disturbances.
Enhancing classroom participation of students with intellectual and developmental disabilities
Authors: Selanikyo Efrat , Yalon-Chamovitz Shira , Weintraub Naomi 
Published: September 2016

Background. Students with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) have been found to participate less in school-based activities. Purpose. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a combined in-service and collaborative consultation intervention model for enhancing classroom participation of students with IDD. Method. The Collaborative Consultation for Participation of Students With IDD (Co-PID) program involved a multidisciplinary team (an occupational therapist and 17 teachers) as well as 35 students and was compared to an in-service program (20 teachers and 34 students). Students were 8 to 20 years old. The programs aimed to enhance three classroom participation components: communicating, choosing, and initiating. Findings. The Co-PID was found to significantly improve students’ participation in all areas, whereas the participation of the students in the in-service group decreased. Implications. A school-based multidisciplinary intervention program for students with IDD, combining in-service and collaborative consultation (e.g., Co-PID), may assist in enhancing classroom participation among students with IDD.
Factors Influencing Head and Neck Surgical Oncologists’ Transition from Curative to Palliative Treatment Goals
Authors: Liao Kershena , Blumenthal‐Barby Jennifer , Sikora Andrew G. 
Published: September 2016

ObjectiveThe factors influencing head and neck surgical oncologists’ goals of care and decisions to initiate conversations about transitioning to palliative‐intent treatment for patients with limited curative treatment options are incompletely understood. Lack of guidance for physicians on this topic can lead to inconsistent utilization of palliative services, as well as confusing, upsetting experiences for patients and families. We review the literature investigating the clinical factors, inter‐ and intrapersonal factors, and financial and health care system considerations that head and neck cancer physicians weigh during this decision‐making process.Data SourcesPubMed.Review MethodsSelected literature on head and neck surgical oncologists’ decision making in end‐of‐life care and palliative therapy was reviewed and analyzed thematically.ConclusionsPhysicians taking into account patients’ clinical trajectories often overestimate the negative impact of head and neck cancer symptoms on their quality of life, suggesting that patients’ expectations of quality of life should be discussed early, before communication barriers arise. How head and neck clinicians perceive and are influenced by patients’ desired degree of autonomy, which varies greatly depending on the severity of illness, is still unclear. Patients’ financial and insurance status affects decision making about hospice care. Finally, physician demographics (eg, age, subspecialization, practice setting), emotions, and philosophical background may exert unconscious biases that have not been fully determined for head and neck surgical oncologists.Implications for PracticeA more comprehensive understanding of the head and neck surgical oncologist’s approach toward considering a transition to therapy with palliative intent may help guide advancements in this complex counseling process, leading to improvements in patient care, quality of life, and outcomes.
Played Into Collaborating
Authors: Hannula Otso , Irrmann Olivier 
Published: September 2016

Background. Design games have been widely used in service co-design to structure the design dialogues between stakeholder groups and service designers in probing, imagining and prototyping services. However, we propose that the type and phase of the design dialogues scaffolded by design games can be expanded to include early phases of service co-design. Method. To illustrate this approach, we studied ATLAS, a design game for service co-design project planning through a video-based microethnography. In ATLAS, service designers and other project stakeholders collaboratively explore their early understanding of the project goals, participants and methods. We studied the interaction between an interorganizational group of players based on a video recording of a game of ATLAS. Results. Our analysis produced four categories of interaction displayed by both the players and the facilitator: co-creating the plan, thinking with the material, playing the game and following the rules. Based on these themes of interaction, we characterize the structure provided by ATLAS as a co-creation scaffold that supports planning and an interaction scaffold that maintains the game activity. Conclusions. Based on our study, we describe the ability of design games to structure dialogues as scaffolding. Through our study, we expand the role of design games to include the earliest phases of service co-design projects.
Modification of Distal Tibiofibular Relationship After a Mild Syndesmotic Injury
Authors: Nault Marie-Lyne , Gascon Laurence , Hébert-Davies Jonah , Leduc Stéphane , Laflamme G. Yves , Kramer Dennis 
Published: September 2016

Background. The hypothesis of this study is that a sprain or tear of 1 or more of the 3 syndesmotic ligaments will result in a significant change in the osseous anatomy relationship when comparing injured to uninjured syndesmosis. Our secondary objective was to determine whether injuries to the syndesmosis as diagnosed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could be found using static imaging. Methods. This is a descriptive radiological study of ankle MRI reports over a 12-year period, from 2 different institutions, and divided in two groups: normal and injured syndesmotic ligaments. A series of 6 lengths and 2 angles were measured on MRI axial views that describe the rotation, lateral, and anteroposterior translational relation between the distal tibia and fibula. Parameters from injured and uninjured ankles were compared using Student’s t-test. Results. Fifty uninjured syndesmosis were compared to 64 injured syndesmoses. The majority of syndesmosis injuries concerned either an anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament sprain or tear. There was a significant difference in the anatomic position of the tibia and the fibula between injured and uninjured syndesmosis. Conclusions. The anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament is the most commonly injured ligament in the syndesmosis in sports injury and results in subtle variations in the syndesmotic anatomy, which plain radiographs cannot assess. Because of the previously validated computed tomography scan measurement, this study demonstrates a potential to identify syndesmotic injury on other more accessible imaging modalities, such as computed tomography scan, by using a well-defined measurement system. Levels of Evidence: Diagnostic, Level III : Retrospective, Radiologic Study
Survey on consenting practice and discussion of post-operative erectile dysfunction following rectal cancer surgery
Authors: Phan Yih Chyn , Sebastian Joseph , Harilingam Mohan , Tsavellas George 
Published: September 2016

Introduction: Sexual dysfunction is a recognized complication of rectal cancer surgery, due to the close proximity of the pelvic autonomic nerves to the normal plane of dissection. The consenting process should therefore always include the risk of sexual and urinary dysfunction arising after such surgery. This survey was undertaken to assess the consenting practice, and to evaluate the frequency of use of phosphodiesterase Type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors to treat erectile dysfunction (ED) following rectal cancer surgery. Methods: All listed Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland (ACPGBI) members were invited to participate in the electronic survey, which comprised six questions. By 8 weeks, 119 responses had been received. Results: There were 112 respondents (94.1%) who routinely discussed the risk of ED during the process of gaining consent for rectal cancer surgery. There were 104 respondents (87.3%) who documented ED on their consent form. There were 24 respondents (20.2%) who indicated that there was no stated percentage risk for ED; and there were 69 (58.0%) and 26 (21.9%) respondents who quoted there was a 0–25% and 26–50% risk of ED during the consent process, respectively. None were quoting > 50% risk of ED. There were 68 respondents (57.1%) who routinely enquired about ED during follow-up. There were 30 respondents (25.2%) who stated that they had experience in prescribing PDE5 inhibitors for their patients who suffer from ED: We had 25 of them who felt that patients benefited from using PDE5 inhibitors. Conclusions: The majority of colorectal surgeons routinely discuss and document the risk of ED when consenting for rectal surgery; however, most surgeons have no experience in prescribing PDE5 inhibitors. This is an area that requires further study and education.
Late acute graft-versus-host disease: a prospective analysis of clinical outcomes and circulating angiogenic factors
Authors: Holtan Shernan G. , Khera Nandita , Levine John E. , Chai Xiaoyu , Storer Barry , Liu Hien D. , Inamoto Yoshihiro , Chen George L. , Mayer Sebastian , Arora Mukta , Palmer Jeanne , Flowers Mary E. D. , Cutler Corey S. , Lukez Alexander , Arai Sally , Lazaryan Aleksandr , Newell Laura F. , Krupski Christa , Jagasia Madan H. , Pusic Iskra , Wood William , Renteria Anne S. , Yanik Gregory , Hogan William J. , Hexner Elizabeth , Ayuk Francis , Holler Ernst , Watanaboonyongcharoen Phandee , Efebera Yvonne A. , Ferrara James L. M. , Panoskaltsis-Mortari Angela , Weisdorf Daniel , Lee Stephanie J. , Pidala Joseph 
Published: September 2016

Key Points
Under current treatment approaches, patients with LA GVHD have poor overall and failure-free survival. Levels of AREG are elevated in LA GVHD, and the AREG/EGF ratio is predictive of overall survival and nonrelapse mortality in LA GVHD.
A trial of unrelated donor marrow transplantation for children with severe sickle cell disease
Authors: Shenoy Shalini , Eapen Mary , Panepinto Julie A. , Logan Brent R. , Wu Juan , Abraham Allistair , Brochstein Joel , Chaudhury Sonali , Godder Kamar , Haight Ann E. , Kasow Kimberly A. , Leung Kathryn , Andreansky Martin , Bhatia Monica , Dalal Jignesh , Haines Hilary , Jaroscak Jennifer , Lazarus Hillard M. , Levine John E. , Krishnamurti Lakshmanan , Margolis David , Megason Gail C. , Yu Lolie C. , Pulsipher Michael A. , Gersten Iris , DiFronzo Nancy , Horowitz Mary M. , Walters Mark C. , Kamani Naynesh 
Published: September 2016

Key Points
Children with sickle cell disease engrafted unrelated donor marrow after reduced intensity conditioning. A high incidence of GVHD and associated mortality compromised safety of the trial.
Vertical error correction of eye trackers in nonrestrictive reading condition
Authors: Lima Sanches Charles , Augereau Olivier , Kise Koichi 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The eye tracking technology is used for four decades for studying reading behavior. The applications are various: estimating the reader comprehension, identifying the reader, summarizing a read document, creating a reading-life log, etc. The gaze data used in such applications has to be accurate enough to perform the analysis. In order to improve the accuracy, most of the experiments are set up with restrictive conditions such as using a head fixation and a professional eye tracker. It implies that the results are valid only in restrictive laboratory settings and an unrealistic small error is produced by the experiment. However, the use of affordable eye trackers in realistic conditions of reading leads to large errors in the recordings. We propose a new algorithm to correct the vertical error and to align the gazes with the text. The proposed algorithm is robust to rereading and skipping some parts of text, contrary to all the other algorithms of the state of the art. We show that up to 69 % of the gazes are aligned with the correct text lines.
“Winging It”: How Older Breast Cancer Survivors Persist With Aromatase Inhibitor Treatment
Authors: Brauer Eden R. , Ganz Patricia A. , Pieters Huibrie C. 
Published: September 2016

Purpose: Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are an important and effective hormonal adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer. Up to 50% of women stop AIs prematurely, missing a valuable therapeutic intervention. Patients and Methods: We used grounded theory methodology to conduct in-depth, semistructured interviews and analyze data among patients with breast cancer diagnosed at age 65 years or older who were receiving an AI. The goal of the interviews was to understand decision making regarding persisting with AIs. Interview transcripts were systematically analyzed to identify emergent categories and relationships. Results: Interviews were conducted with 27 women. After completion of primary treatment, women in our sample found themselves “winging it” as they faced substantial struggles with infrequent support during this new phase of the cancer trajectory. Self-management of AI adverse effects occurred in the contexts of older age and early survivorship. “Bearing it” emerged as another important management process regarding the impact of AIs on quality of everyday life. The complex decision to persist with the AI involved weighing the possibility of a cancer-free future against the burden of adverse effects. Women relied on informal networks for support, rather than oncology providers, highlighting the need for practical self-management strategies. The notion of a tipping point in persistence revealed their susceptibility to early discontinuation. Conclusion: This study provides insight into potential decisional pathways leading to early discontinuation of AIs among older women with breast cancer. Better support is needed for these women.
Estimating the Impacts of Preservative Ports on Bridge Tie Strength
Authors: Taylor Adam , Bennett Richard , Harper David Paul , Lloyd Jeff 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Scale models of wooden bridge timbers were broken in bending to assess the impact of holes drilled along their length to permit the addition of wood preservatives. The results indicate that the holes have minimal impact. However, the common practice of cutting “daps” on the underside of the beams to accommodate the supporting beams appears to have substantial strength-reducing effects. Railroads could consider using borate ports to improve the life of their bridge timbers and reducing the depth of, or eliminating, daps.