bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Vasopressin in the Regulation of Renal Sodium Excretion: Interaction with Glucagon‐Like Peptide‐1
Authors: Kutina A. V. , Golosova D. V. , Marina A. S. , Shakhmatova E. I. , Natochin Y. V. 
Published: January 2016

The present study aimed to investigate the potential physiological role of vasopressin and the incretin hormone of the gastrointestinal tract (glucagon‐like peptide‐1; GLP‐1) in the regulation of the water–salt balance in a hyperosmolar state as a result of sodium loadings. In rats, the administration of hypertonic NaCl solution resulted in a significant increase in natriuresis, which correlated with the vasopressin excretion rate. Natriuresis following an i.p. NaCl load (23.2 ± 1.4 μmol/min/kg) was enhanced by inhibition of V2 receptors (51.6 ± 3.7 μmol/min/kg, P < 0.05) and was reduced by a V1a antagonist injection (6.3 ± 1.1 μmol/min/kg, P < 0.05). Compared to i.p. salt administration, oral NaCl loading induced a significant increase in the plasma GLP‐1 level within 5 min and resulted in more prominent natriuresis and a smaller increase in blood sodium concentration. It was hypothesised that the basis for the fast elimination of excess sodium following an oral NaCl load could be the involvement of GLP‐1 in osmoregulation combined with vasopressin. It was demonstrated that GLP‐1 mimetic exenatide (1.5 nmol/kg) produced a significant decrease in proximal reabsorption and an increase in fractional sodium excretion (from 0.15 ± 0.04% to 9 ± 1%). It was also shown that vasopressin at doses of 1–10 μg/kg and the selective V1a agonist (1 μg/kg) induced an increase in sodium fractional excretion to 10 ± 2% and 8 ± 2%, respectively. Combined administration of exenatide and V1a agonist revealed their cumulative natriuretic effect, and sodium fractional excretion increased by up to 18 ± 2%. These data suggest that GLP‐1 combined with vasopressin could be involved in the regulation of sodium balance in the hyperosmolar state as a result of NaCl loading. Vasopressin regulates the reabsorption of a significant portion of filtered sodium in the distal segment of the nephron and modulates the natriuretic effect of GLP‐1.
Clinical data, clinicopathologic findings and outcome in dogs with amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia and primary immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia
Authors: Cooper S. A. , Huang A. A. , Raskin R. E. , Weng H.‐Y. , Scott‐Moncrieff J. C. 
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVESThe aim of this study was to identify distinguishing characteristics between dogs diagnosed with amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia and those diagnosed with presumed primary peripheral immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia. Presenting clinical and clinicopathologic data and outcomes were compared between the two groups.METHODSRetrospective study performed on seven client‐owned dogs diagnosed with amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia and 34 client‐owned dogs with primary peripheral immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia.RESULTSAll dogs in the amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia group were anaemic on presentation with a median haematocrit of 23% (range 9·4 to 36), while the primary peripheral immune‐mediated thrombocytopoenia group had a median presenting haematocrit of 35% (range 10 to 53). Dogs with amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia had a median of five (range 4 to 7) clinical signs of bleeding compared to a median of three (range 0 to 6) in the primary peripheral immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia group with 86% (6 of 7) of amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia dogs requiring a blood transfusion compared to 41% (14 of 34) of primary peripheral immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia dogs. Six of the seven amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia dogs did not survive to discharge, while only five of the 34 primary peripheral immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia dogs did not survive to discharge.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThe clinical presentation of dogs with amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia and primary peripheral immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia is similar, but dogs with amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia had a more severe clinical course compared to primary peripheral immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia dogs. The prognosis for dogs with amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia is poor.
Juggling jobs: roles and mechanisms of multifunctional protease inhibitors in plants
Authors: Grosse‐Holz Friederike M. , van der Hoorn Renier A. L. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryMultifunctional protease inhibitors juggle jobs by targeting different enzymes and thereby often controlling more than one biological process. Here, we discuss the biological functions, mechanisms and evolution of three types of multifunctional protease inhibitors in plants. The first type is double‐headed inhibitors, which feature two inhibitory sites targeting proteases with different specificities (e.g. Bowman–Birk inhibitors) or even different hydrolases (e.g. α‐amylase/protease inhibitors preventing both early germination and seed predation). The second type consists of multidomain inhibitors which evolved by intragenic duplication and are released by processing (e.g. multicystatins and potato inhibitor II, implicated in tuber dormancy and defence, respectively). The third type consists of promiscuous inhibitory folds which resemble mouse traps that can inhibit different proteases cleaving the bait they offer (e.g. serpins, regulating cell death, and α‐macroglobulins). Understanding how multifunctional inhibitors juggle biological jobs increases our knowledge of the connections between the networks they regulate. These examples show that multifunctionality evolved independently from a remarkable diversity of molecular mechanisms that can be exploited for crop improvement and provide concepts for protein design.

Contents

Summary
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I.
Introduction
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II.
Three types of multifunctionality
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III.
Significance of multifunctional protease inhibitors in the plant research arena
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Acknowledgements
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References
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Haemorrhage following coronectomy of an impacted third molar associated with a bifid mandibular canal: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Verea Linares C. , Mohindra A. , Evans M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA bifid mandibular canal is a rare anatomical variant believed to result from failure in fusion of multiple embryonic canals. Although the anatomical variations have been well described, clinical sequelae from this anatomical variant have, to our knowledge, never been described before. We describe a case in which a partially erupted third molar closely associated with a bifid mandibular canal was treated with a coronectomy. The patient subsequently attended as an emergency with haemorrhage necessitating exploration under general anaesthesia due to failure of local measures to arrest it. Should such an anatomical variant be suspected, we would recommend cross‐sectional imaging such as cone beam computed tomography be mandatory to adequately plan the third molar extraction. Extraction and not coronectomy may provide greater access to any potential source of bleeding such that direct pressure might be directly applied to the area.
Caregiver reasons for tertiary health‐care seeking for children aged ≤12 years
Authors: Yaprak Seval , Bulut Ulku , Okudan Yunus Emre , Gokdemir Ozden , Colak Muhteber , Yıldırım Ediz , Guldal Dilek 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundIn Turkey, a mandatory referral system is not used. Caregivers, for their children, present directly to health‐care providers at all levels. This allows patients to present directly to university hospitals. In this study, reasons for university hospital‐treatment seeking by caregivers for child health problems is discussed.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional descriptive study at Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey, of 235 caregivers whose children were admitted to the outpatient clinic of the General Pediatrics Department between 4 and 11 April 2013. They completed a questionnaire on demographic data and reasons for presentation to the university hospital. Mann–Whitney U‐test was used to compare group means, and Pearson chi‐squared test for ratios between groups. P <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.ResultsA total of 54.5% of participants lived far from the hospital. The most frequent complaints involved the respiratory tract, among which the most frequent complaint was cough. Time from symptom onset to presentation was ≥7 days in 58.3% of patients, and 48.9% had never presented to another institution. The most common reason for choosing the university hospital was the availability of the necessary tests (88.1%).ConclusionsDespite common use of primary health‐care systems, with regard to tertiary hospital presentation, the most important factors for preferring tertiary hospital presentation were caregiver trust in tertiary hospital resources for diagnosis and treatment.
Refined method to study the posttranslational regulation of alternative oxidases from Arabidopsis thaliana in vitro
Authors: Selinski Jennifer , Hartmann Andreas , Höfler Saskia , Deckers‐Hebestreit Gabriele , Scheibe Renate 
Published: January 2016

In isolated membranes, posttranslational regulation of quinol oxidase activities can only be determined simultaneously for all oxidases – quinol oxidases as well as cytochrome c oxidases – because of their identical localization. In this study, a refined method to determine the specific activity of a single quinol oxidase is exemplarily described for the alternative oxidase (AOX) isoform AOX1A from Arabidopsis thaliana and its corresponding mutants, using the respiratory chain of an Escherichia coli cytochrome bo and bd‐I oxidase double mutant as a source to provide electrons necessary for O2 reduction via quinol oxidases. A highly sensitive and reproducible experimental set‐up with prolonged linear time intervals of up to 60 s is presented, which enables the determination of constant activity rates in E. coli membrane vesicles enriched in the quinol oxidase of interest by heterologous expression, using a Clark‐type oxygen electrode to continuously follow O2 consumption. For the calculation of specific quinol oxidase activity, activity rates were correlated with quantitative signal intensity determinations of AOX1A present in a membrane‐bound state by immunoblot analyses, simultaneously enabling normalization of specific activities between different AOX proteins. In summary, the method presented is a powerful tool to study specific activities of individual quinol oxidases, like the different AOX isoforms, and their corresponding mutants upon modification by addition of effectors/inhibitors, and thus to characterize their individual mode of posttranslational regulation in a membranous environment.
Association of sleep apnoea with chronic kidney disease in a large cohort from Taiwan
Authors: Chu Hsi , Shih Chia‐Jen , Ou Shuo‐Ming , Chou Kun‐Ta , Lo Yuan‐Hao , Chen Yung‐Tai 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackground and objectiveRecent observational studies have shown that sleep apnoea (SA) is associated with increased risk of incident CKD. However, the contribution of SA relative to common traditional CKD risk factors remains unknown. The aims of this study were to investigate the long‐term risk of incident CKD events following SA diagnosis and compare the relative contributions of SA, diabetes and hypertension.MethodsData were retrieved from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database during the period between 2000 and 2010 for this retrospective cohort study. The cohorts are composed of patients (age ≥ 20 years) newly diagnosed with SA and matched subjects without SA. The two cohorts were followed until the occurrence of CKD, death or the end of 2010.ResultsThe sample is composed of 43 434 individuals (8687 patients with SA and 34 747 matched non‐SA subjects). A total of 157 new CKD events in patients with SA and 298 events in the matched non‐SA cohort were recorded during a mean follow‐up period of 3.9 years (incidence rates, 4.5 and 2.2/per 1000 person‐years). The risk of CKD development was greater among patients with SA than in the matched non‐SA cohort (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.58, 95% confidence interval ( CI): 1.29–1.94). The contribution of SA to the CKD hazard was similar to that of hypertension (aHR 1.17, 95% CI: 0.68–2.01, P = 0.56), whereas that of diabetes remained significantly higher (aHR 2.17, 95% CI: 1.21–3.90, P = 0.01).ConclusionSA was associated with an increase in the risk of CKD incidence similar to that of hypertension.See Editorial, page 578
Big is Beautiful when Exporting
Authors: Forslid Rikard , Okubo Toshihiro 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis paper starts out from the observation that the export ratios of firms (export to sales ratios) vary greatly among firms and that they are systematically higher for larger exporters. We relate the difference in export ratios to firm‐level differences in transport costs. In accordance with the data, we assume that freight rates are a function of firm‐level export volumes. We test our model using Japanese manufacturing firm‐level data. We first estimate the elasticity of the freight rate with respect to firm‐level export volumes at the sector level. When feeding these estimates back into the model, it can explain more than 50% of the variation in firm‐level export ratios.
Small Area Estimation with State Space Common Factor Models for Rotating Panels
Authors: Brakel Jan A. , Krieg Sabine 
Published: January 2016

SummaryMacroeconomic indicators about the labour force, published by national statistical institutes, are predominantly based on rotating panels. Sample sizes of most labour force surveys in combination with the design-based or model-assisted mode of inference obstruct the publication of such indicators on a monthly frequency. Previous research proposed a multivariate structural time series model to obtain more precise model-based estimates by taking advantage of sample information observed in previous periods. In the paper this model is extended to use sample information from other domains or strongly correlated auxiliary series. A relatively parsimonious version of these models is currently used by Statistics Netherlands to produce official monthly figures about the labour force.
The neuromuscular fatigue induced by repeated scrums generates instability that can be limited by appropriate recovery
Authors: Morel B. , Hautier C. A. 
Published: January 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the fatigue on the machine scrum pushing sagittal forces during repeated scrums and to determine the origin of the knee extensor fatigue. Twelve elite U23 rugby union front row players performed six 6‐s scrums every 30 s against a dynamic scrum machine with passive or active recovery. The peak, average, and the standard deviation of the force were measured. A neuromuscular testing procedure of the knee extensors was carried out before and immediately after the repeated scrum protocol including maximal voluntary force, evoked force, and voluntary activation. The average and peak forces did not decrease after six scrums with passive recovery. The standard deviation of the force increased by 70.2 ± 42.7% (P < 0.001). Maximal voluntary/evoked force and voluntary activation decreased (respectively 25.1 ± 7.0%, 14.6 ± 5.5%, and 24 ± 9.9%; P < 0.001). The standard deviation of the force did not increase with active recovery and was associated with lower decrease of maximal voluntary/evoked force and voluntary activation (respectively 12.8 ± 7.9%, 4.9 ± 6.5%, and 7.6 ± 4.1%; all P < 0.01). As a conclusion repeated scrummaging induced an increased machine scrum pushing instability associated with central and peripheral fatigue of the knee extensors. Active recovery seems to limit all these manifestations of fatigue.
Effect of Type of Maternal Control onAmerican andChinese Children's Evaluations of Personal Domain Events
Authors: Smetana Judith G. , Ball Courtney , Yau Jenny , Wong Mun 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe examined 261 5‐, 7‐, and 10‐year‐olds’ (147 in Hong Kong, 114 in the USA) evaluations of hypothetical scenarios where mothers sought to control personal domain events by prohibiting, persuading, or shaming the child. The scenarios also varied in their description of personal events as either essential or peripheral to the self. Compliance was endorsed least (and emotions attributed to actors were most positive) when mothers gently persuaded and endorsed most (with emotion attributions most negative) when mothers prohibited personal choices. Evaluations of compliance and associated emotions for shaming fell in‐between. When mothers were described as gently persuading, young children (and Chinese children) gave priority to personal choices more when acts were described as essential rather than peripheral to the self, based on personal reasons. When mothers were described as shaming, noncompliance increased with age, along with pragmatic justifications for choices, particularly when events were essentialized. Positive emotions in response to shaming also increased with age, but differentially for Chinese and American children.
Testing Concrete E‐modulus at Very Early Ages Through Several Techniques: An Inter‐laboratory Comparison
Authors: Delsaute B. , Boulay C. , Granja J. , Carette J. , Azenha M. , Dumoulin C. , Karaiskos G. , Deraemaeker A. , Staquet S. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe design of concrete structures is based on calculation rules, which often do not take into account the very early age behaviour of the material. However, during this period, structural concrete is subjected to strains due to the hydration process of cement. If these strains are restrained by concrete itself or surrounding boundaries, stresses start to build up that can lead to the formation of cracks. Among the parameters involved in the stress build up, the stiffness evolution is of major importance. This paper reports the use of eight different techniques aimed at stiffness evolution assessment, applied on the same concrete mix, in a round robin experimental test within three laboratories. The observations are compared after having expressed the results at the same equivalent age. Both the loading stress rate and amplitude are observed to have an effect of limited importance on the determination of the quasi‐static elastic modulus, which might be explained by very short term creep. Ultrasonic measurements provide values of E‐modulus that are higher than the values provided by the quasi‐static tests at the time of the concrete setting. Similar mechanisms associated to very short term creep could explain the difference between the quasi‐static and high‐frequency elastic modulus.
Anaemia in HIV‐infected pregnant women receiving triple antiretroviral combination therapy for prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission: a secondary analysis of the Kisumu breastfeeding study (KiBS)
Authors: Odhiambo Collins , Zeh Clement , Angira Frank , Opollo Valarie , Akinyi Brenda , Masaba Rose , Williamson John M. , Otieno Juliana , Mills Lisa A. , Lecher Shirley Lee , Thomas Timothy K. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe prevalence of anaemia during pregnancy is estimated to be 35–75% in sub‐Saharan Africa and is associated with an increased risk of maternal mortality. We evaluated the frequency and factors associated with anaemia in HIV‐infected women undergoing antiretroviral (ARV) therapy for prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission (PMTCT) enrolled in The Kisumu Breastfeeding Study 2003–2009.MethodsMaternal haematological parameters were monitored from 32 to 34 weeks of gestation to 2 years post‐delivery among 522 enrolled women. Clinical and laboratory assessments for causes of anaemia were performed, and appropriate management was initiated. Anaemia was graded using the National Institutes of Health Division of AIDS 1994 Adult Toxicity Tables. Data were analysed using SAS software, v 9.2. The Wilcoxon two‐sample rank test was used to compare groups. A logistic regression model was fitted to describe the trend in anaemia over time.ResultsAt enrolment, the prevalence of any grade anaemia (Hb < 9.4 g/dl) was 61.8%, but fell during ARV therapy, reaching a nadir (7.4%) by 6 months post‐partum. A total of 41 women (8%) developed severe anaemia (Hb < 7 g/dl) during follow‐up; 2 (4.9%) were hospitalised for blood transfusion, whereas 3 (7.3%) were transfused while hospitalised (for delivery). The greatest proportion of severe anaemia events occurred around delivery (48.8%; n = 20). Anaemia (Hb ≥ 7 and < 9.4 g/dl) at enrolment was associated with severe anaemia at delivery (OR 5.87; 95% CI: 4.48, 7.68, P < 0.01). Few cases of severe anaemia coincided with clinical malaria (24.4%; n = 10) and helminth (7.3%; n = 3) infections.ConclusionResolution of anaemia among most participants during study follow‐up was likely related to receipt of ARV therapy. Efforts should be geared towards addressing common causes of anaemia in HIV‐infected pregnant women, prioritising initiation of ARV therapy and management of peripartum blood loss.
Characterization of primary pulmonary adenosquamous carcinoma‐associated pleural effusion
Authors: Stewart Jennifer , Holloway Andrew , Rasotto Roberta , Bowlt Kelly 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA 10‐year‐old, female spayed Shih Tzu was presented due to weight loss, increased respiratory effort and lethargy, determined to be secondary to a congenital para‐esophageal diaphragmatic defect with partial herniation of the stomach and spleen. Four days following reduction surgery of the displaced abdominal organs thoracic effusion developed. Thoracic fluid evaluation revealed a cell‐rich, protein‐poor modified transudate with neutrophils, reactive mesothelial cells, and atypical epitheloid cells which occasionally appeared to be keratinizing, consistent with neoplastic exfoliation. Thoracic effusion recurred 2 days later, with similar characteristics as the initial sample. Computed tomography (CT) indicated consolidation and displacement of the right middle and accessory lung lobes. Exploratory thoracic surgery demonstrated a thickened, hyperemic right middle lung lobe, and thickened pericardial diaphragmatic ligament. Histologic evaluation of these tissues identified a primary pulmonary adenosquamous carcinoma with intravascular and pleural invasion. Based on these cytologic, histologic, and clinical findings, we conclude that primary pulmonary carcinomas may involve superficial thoracic structures and exfoliate into a thoracic effusion.