bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring storage bottlenecks in Linux-based embedded systems
Authors: Joyce Russell , Audsley Neil 
Published: March 2016

With recent advances in non-volatile memory technologies and embedded hardware, large, high-speed persistent-storage devices can now realistically be used in embedded systems. Traditional models of storage systems, including the implementation in the Linux kernel, assume the performance of storage devices to be far slower than CPU and system memory speeds, encouraging extensive caching and buffering over direct access to storage hardware. In an embedded system, however, processing and memory resources are limited while storage hardware can still operate at full speed, causing this balance to shift, and leading to the observation of performance bottlenecks caused by the operating system rather than the speed of storage devices themselves.
In this paper, we present performance and profiling results from high-speed storage devices attached to a Linux-based embedded system, showing that the kernel's standard file I/O operations are inadequate for such a set-up, and that `direct I/O' may be preferable for certain situations. Examination of the results identifies areas where potential improvements may be made in order to reduce CPU load and increase maximum storage throughput.
Helicobacter pyloriInfection and Childhood Recurrent Abdominal Pain: Lack of Evidence for a Cause and Effect Relationship
Authors: Macarthur Colin 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND: Recurrent abdominal pain is a common complaint among children and adolescents. Apley’s criteria – at least three discrete episodes of abdominal pain of sufficient severity to interrupt normal activities that occur over a period of three or more months - are often used to define this chronic pain syndrome.OBJECTIVE: To summarize the extent and quality of the published evidence for a cause-and-effect relationship betweenHelicobacter pyloriinfection and childhood recurrent abdominal pain.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The MEDLINE bibliographic database (January 1983 to July 1998) was searched to identify pertinent (English language) studies. The search was restricted to prospective, controlled studies reporting empirical data on children up to 18 years of age.RESULTS: Six studies were identified. Five of the six were case-control studies, while the remaining study assessed the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. Only one study was community based, with the remaining studies conducted in the tertiary hospital setting. The evidence for a causal relationship was inconsistent; of the five case-control studies reviewed, the odds ratios ranged from 0.32 to 1.80. Two studies demonstrated statistically significant results; however, the findings were conflicting. The only treatment trial was limited because of methodological flaws.CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence suggests no association betweenH pyloriinfection and recurrent abdominal pain in children. The evidence to date indicates that routine investigation forH pyloriinfection in children who present with the classical symptoms of recurrent abdominal pain based on Apley’s criteria is not warranted.
Clinical Implication of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule‐1 and Very Late Activation Antigen‐4 Interaction, and Matrix Metalloproteinase‐2 Production in Patients with Liver Disease
Authors: Haruta Ikuko , Tokushige Katsutoshi , Komatsu Tatsuji , Ikeda Ikuo , Yamauchi Katsumi , Hayashi Naoaki 
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVES: To clarify the role of adhesion molecule in liver cell injury.PATIENTS AND METHODS: The serum levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (sVCAM‐1), and the expression of VCAM‐1 and its ligand, very late activation antigen‐4 (VLA‐4), were examined in patients with various liver diseases. In addition, the presence of matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) was investigated because the release of MMP‐2 is thought to be mediated by VLA‐4‐positive cells. sVCAM‐1 and MMP‐2 were measured by ELISA assay, and VCAM‐1 and VLA‐4 were studied by immunohistological methods.RESULTS: In acute hepatitis (AH) patients, the serum level of sVCAM‐1 was significantly elevated compared with that in other cohorts. VCAM‐1 was expressed on sinusoidal lining cells but not on hepatocytes. In patients with chronic liver disease, sVCAM‐1 levels rose in concert with the progression of chronic hepatitis (CH), and VCAM‐1 was also expressed. VLA‐4 was detected in both mononuclear cells and Kupffer cells in AH livers, but mainly in Kupffer cells in patients with CH. In AH patients, MMP‐2 levels were similar to those in control subjects, but in CH and liver cirrhosis patients, MMP‐2 level was elevated in association with CH progression.CONCLUSIONS: The immune response through the VCAM‐1 and VLA‐4 pathways is important in hepatocyte injury, especially in AH patients, to attach VLA‐4‐positive mononuclear cells to VCAM‐1‐positive sinusoidal lining cells. The distribution of VLA‐4‐positive cells differs between AH and CH patients. VLA‐4‐positive Kupffer cells in chronic liver diseases might be involved in the progression of CH, perhaps through the mechanism of upregulation of MMP‐2 production.
Intestinal Permeability before and after Ibuprofen in Families of Children with Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Zamora Samuel A , Hilsden Robert J , Meddings Jon B , Butzner J Decker , Scott R Brent , Sutherland Lloyd R 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND: Members of a subset of first-degree relatives of adults with Crohn’s disease have been shown to have an increased baseline intestinal permeability and/or an exaggerated increase in intestinal permeability after the administration of acetylsalicylic acid.PURPOSE: To determine intestinal permeability in unaffected first-degree relatives of children with Crohn’s disease before and after the administration of an ibuprofen challenge.METHODS: Lactulose-mannitol ratios, a measure of intestinal permeability, were determined in 14 healthy control families (41 subjects) and 14 families with a child with Crohn’s disease (36 relatives, 14 probands) before and after ingestion of ibuprofen. An upper reference limit was defined using the control group as mean ± 2 SD.RESULTS: The proportion of healthy, first-degree relatives with an exaggerated response to ibuprofen (20%, 95% CI 7% to 33%) was significantly higher than controls (P=0.003). The exaggerated response was more common among siblings than among parents of pediatric probands.CONCLUSIONS: Members of a subset of first-degree relatives of children with Crohn’s disease have an exaggerated increase in intestinal permeability after ibuprofen ingestion. These findings are compatible with there being a genetic link between abnormalities of intestinal permeability and Crohn’s disease.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use by Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Internet Survey
Authors: Hilsden Robert J , Meddings Jon B , Verhoef Marja J 
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVES: To determine the degree and determinants of the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with the use of the Internet and to compare the results with those found by using a similar survey in patients attending gastroenterology clinics in Calgary, Alberta.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross‐sectional survey of 263 patients with IBD with the use of a World Wide Web‐based, structured questionnaire was conducted.RESULTS: Complementary therapies had been used by 46% of patients in the previous two years. Current use was reported by 34%. Vitamins, herbal products and natural health practices were the most commonly reported therapies. Side effects and lack of effectiveness of standard therapies were the most commonly cited reasons for seeking complementary medicine. However, despite this, respondents who had previously received surgery, or intravenous or oral steroids were less likely to be current CAM users. Important differences between the determinants of and reasons for CAM use in the present study and those of a similar study of IBD patients in a local tertiary care setting were noted.CONCLUSIONS: Complementary medicine use is common in patients with IBD. Differences in the determinants of and reasons for CAM use noted between the present Internet sample and a gastroenterology clinic sample suggest that conclusions from the present study and from previous studies based only on clinic samples provide a limited view of CAM use by people with IBD. More comprehensive assessments are needed.
Heterogeneity of chronic graft-versus-host disease biomarkers: association with CXCL10 and CXCR3+ NK cells
Authors: Kariminia Amina , Holtan Shernan G. , Ivison Sabine , Rozmus Jacob , Hebert Marie-Josée , Martin Paul J. , Lee Stephanie J. , Wolff Daniel , Subrt Peter , Abdossamadi Sayeh , Sung Susanna , Storek Jan , Levings Megan , Aljurf Mahmoud , Arora Mukta , Cutler Corey , Gallagher Geneviève , Kuruvilla John , Lipton Jeff , Nevill Thomas J. , Newell Laura F. , Panzarella Tony , Pidala Joseph , Popradi Gizelle , Szwajcer David , Tay Jason , Toze Cynthia L. , Walker Irwin , Couban Stephen , Storer Barry E. , Schultz Kirk R. 
Published: March 2016

Key Points
There is a high level of heterogeneity in cGVHD plasma biomarkers in a large cGVHD cohort, with CXCL10 being the most reproducible marker. CXCR3+CD56bright natural killer regulatory cells have a strong inverse relationship with plasma CXCL10 in patients with or without cGVHD.
Financing Risk and Innovation
Authors: Nanda Ramana , Rhodes-Kropf Matthew 
Published: March 2016

We provide a model of investment in new ventures that demonstrates why some places, times, and industries should be associated with a greater degree of experimentation by investors. Investors respond to financing risk, a forecast of limited future funding, by modifying their focus to finance less innovative firms. In equilibrium, financing risk disproportionately impacts innovative ventures with the greatest real option value by creating a trade-off between protecting the firm from financing risk and maximizing its real option value. We propose that extremely novel technologies may need “hot” financial markets to get through the initial period of discovery or diffusion. This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance.
Jumps in Equity Index Returns Before and During the Recent Financial Crisis: A Bayesian Analysis
Authors: Kou Steven , Yu Cindy , Zhong Haowen 
Published: March 2016

We attempt to answer two questions in this paper: (i) How did jumps in equity returns change after the 2008–2009 financial crisis—in particular, were there significant changes in jump rates or in jump sizes, or both? (ii) Can the performance of affine jump-diffusion models be improved if jump sizes are larger, i.e., jumps with tails heavier than those of the normal distribution? To answer the second question, we find that a simple affine jump-diffusion model with both stochastic volatility and double-exponential jumps fits both the S&P 500 and the NASDAQ-100 daily returns from 1980 to 2013 well; the model outperforms existing ones (e.g., models with variance-gamma jumps or jumps in volatility) during the crisis and is at least comparable before the crisis. For the first question, on the basis of the model and the data sets, we observe that during the crisis, negative jump rate increased significantly, although there was little change in the average negative jump size.This paper was accepted by Jerome Detemple, finance.
Patient views on antimicrobial dressings in chronic wounds
Authors: Kelly Joanna , Fearns Naomi , Heller-Murphy Stephen 
Published: March 2016

Background: Antimicrobial wound dressings (AWDs) may not consistently be used effectively. The authors aimed to explore what patients want from AWDs and their experiences of them. Methods: Healthcare Improvement Scotland undertook a health technology assessment (HTA) on the use of AWDs in chronic wounds. A focus group (n=8) and six telephone interviews were carried out. The data were analysed thematically. Results: The participants were generally positive about AWDs. Some felt that access to AWDS was unjustifiably restricted because of costs. Participants reported wanting to try anything to heal their wound, or to control the symptoms. There was no one preferred AWD; what worked well for one person did not necessarily work for others. Patients experienced inconsistent access to AWDs, leading to frustration. Conclusion: Clinicians lack clear guidelines on the use of AWDs, which is resulting in inconsistency and increased burden for patients. Recommendations for the use of AWDs are given in the HTA, which is available on Healthcare Improvement Scotland's website.
Asian and native Hawaiian family caregiver satisfaction with palliative care services in nursing homes
Authors: Kataoka-Yahiro Merle R , McFarlane Sandra , Kealoha May , Sy Angela 
Published: March 2016

Aim: The aim of this study was to gauge Asian and native Hawaiian family satisfaction with palliative care services in two nursing homes in Hawaii, US. Methods: This is a mixed-method study using a convergent design. Nine nursing home family caregivers who had received palliative care services took part. They completed a Famcare-2 satisfaction survey and participated in a 1-hour interview. Descriptive analyses and directed content analysis were completed and results were compared. Results: The Famcare-2 results indicated that family caregivers were satisfied with palliative care services. The interviews provided in-depth information on the major areas discussed in the survey—management of patient physical symptoms and comfort, information, family support, and patient psychological care. Conclusions: There is a need to address family caregiver and interdisciplinary nursing home staff communication based on culturally appropriate approaches for palliative as well as end of-life care services among Asians and native Hawaiians.
Implementation of Clinical Decision Support Rules to Reduce Repeat Measurement of Serum Ionized Calcium, Serum Magnesium, and N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Intensive Care Unit Inpatients
Authors: Moyer Ann M , Saenger Amy K , Willrich Maria , Donato Leslie J , Baumann Nikola A , Block Darci R , Botz Chad M , Khan Munawwar A , Jaffe Allan S , Hanson Curtis A , Karon Brad S 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

BACKGROUND
We assessed the impact of clinical decision support (CDS) rules within the electronic health record for ionized calcium (iCa), serum magnesium (Mg), and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in intensive care unit (ICU) inpatients at a large academic center.

METHODS
A repeat order for measurement of iCa or Mg placed within 24 (iCa) or 48 (Mg) h of a previously nonactionable result, or additional orders for NT-proBNP beyond 1 within a single hospitalization, triggered a CDS pop-up alert showing the prior result and offering the opportunity to cancel the order or to place the order after entering an indication for repeat testing. The number of tests performed for each of these analytes and incidence of adverse clinical outcomes potentially associated with hypocalcemia or hypomagnesemia were compared between the 90-day period before CDS implementation and two 90-day periods immediately following.

RESULTS
iCa test volumes decreased by 48%, Mg by 39%, and NT-proBNP by 28% in the 90-day period immediately following implementation and remained decreased by 54%, 49%, and 22%, respectively, during the following 90-day period (all P values &lt;0.0002). Adverse clinical outcomes potentially associated with hypocalcemia or hypomagnesemia did not increase (all P-values &gt;0.17).

CONCLUSIONS
Implementation of CDS dramatically decreased repeat testing of iCa, Mg, and NT-proBNP without adversely impacting clinical outcomes in the ICU. Expansion of the rules from the ICU units to include the entire hospitalized patient population and expansion to additional analytes is expected to lead to further reductions in testing.
The Ulama Perspective toward The Status of Qirâat Sab’ah
Authors: Sumin Syar'i 
Published: March 2016

This article is a preliminary attempt do discuss and trace the status of qirâat sab’ah from the perspective of ulama. The writing of this article is done based on library research. The data, concept and theory for this writing are taken from ideas, concepts and theories written by ulama as stated in the list of references at the end of this article. The result of the analysis in this article indicates two main things related to the status of qirâat sab’ah, there are qirâat sab’ah is recognized as qirâat mutawâtir and as qirâat mutawâtir, it has fulfilled the criteria as proposed by well-known Islamic ulama.DOI: 10.15408/ajis.v15i1.2842
Talîl al-Ahkâm dan Pembaruan Ushul Fikih
Authors: Nashirudin Muhammad 
Published: March 2016

Renewal of Islamic law was necessary to renewal fiqh and ushûl al-fiqh which become the method of determination of Islamic law. Among the classical fiqh issues that can currently be used as the entrance to reform is to perform the renewal talîl al-ahkâm process, namely by making the wisdom and interests as a determinant of the presence and absence of law in a matter.DOI: 10.15408/ajis.v15i1.2844
Sistem Pengangkatan Presiden dalam Fikih Siyasah
Authors: Arake Lukman 
Published: March 2016

The majority of Islamic scholars have argued that the president appoint a (Caliph) is obligatory. That is because human life can not possibly be a good, safe, prosperous and mutual respect between each other except in the presence of a leader. The presence of a leader is crucial understanding of living in a pluralistic community. This article examines the arguments concerning the obligation to appoint a leader, where there is a difference of opinion in terms of the mechanism of selection and appointment of a leader.DOI: 10.15408/ajis.v15i1.2847
The Theory of Syarî‘ah Oriented Public Policy
Authors: Kayadibi Saim 
Published: March 2016

Siyasah syar’iyyah theory oriented in public policies that reflect sharia Islamic government policy.Islam, which covers all aspects of human life, from worship to mu'amalat, from siyasah (good governance) to 'alaqât al-dawliyyah (international relations), has a particular system of government and policy. Therefore, this article analyses the theory, starting from the definition, background, types, and its purpose.DOI: 10.15408/ajis.v15i2.2861
Sertifikasi Halal dan Sertifikasi Non Halal pada Produk Pangan Industri
Authors: Hidayat Asep Syarifuddin , Siradj Mustolih 
Published: March 2016

As a commodity, food has a very large role in improving national food image in the international community and foreign exchange at the same time. However, food safety must be considered seriously. The enactment of Act Halal Product Guarantee (UUJPH) aims to provide comfort, security, safety, and the certainty of availability of halal products for people to consume and use the products; moreover, people get peace in consuming and using those goods. Certification and labelling on food products are a measurement and controlling, so it avoids consumers’ determination and dangers.DOI: 10.15408/ajis.v15i2.2864
Penggunaan Perjanjian Buku dalam Transaksi Bisnis Menurut Hukum Islam
Authors: Munthe Abdul Karim 
Published: March 2016

Contract is the basic point of a transaction, including the transactions in Islamic economic. The rapid development of Islamic economics forcesan adaptation of economic contract in accordance with the development of society. Standard contract is a common form for printing an agreement. It is a contract that has been set unilaterally by the company. Theoretically, standard contract is accepted both in positive law in Indonesia and Islamic law (based on habitual or ‘urf. Standard contract should consider legal protection for both parties, especially consumers. Standard contracts should create justice, equality and prioritize the concept of khiyar.DOI: 10.15408/ajis.v15i2.2865
Penyelesaian Sengketa Perbankan Syariah di Indonesia
Authors: Ichsan Nurul 
Published: March 2016

This article discussed the settlement of disputes that occur within the Islamic economic institutions (LES). Before being taken to the court, the case of the dispute between the customer and Islamic banking can be solved by consensus or reconciliation (ishlah). Other choice is arbitration Indonesia through sharia arbitration institution called as BASYARNAS (National Arbitration Board). This is what made the different between conventional banking and Islamic economic institution in Indonesia. In Indonesia, there is now also a new provision regarding the institution of the Religious Courts. Although it not optimal implementation, It serves adjudicate disputes that occur between the customer and Islamic banks.DOI: 10.15408/ajis.v15i2.2867
Gagasan Menyatukan Umat Islam Indonesia Melalui Kalender Islam
Authors: Azhari Susiknan 
Published: March 2016

This article discussed many kinds of Islamic calendar in Indonesia, including Muhammadiyah, PBNU, Indonesia Taqwim Standard, and Islam PERSIS calendar. The results found each calendar has a different system in the initial launch of lunar month. Data reckoning found for 19 years (2015-2033) that it is differences possibilities for eight times. To resolve this discrepancy, the authors offered mutakamil Hilaltheory as a middle way between wujudul hilal and visibility, so the distinction has to be completed and the Eid can be universally implemented.DOI: 10.15408/ajis.v15i2.2869
Poligami dan Sanksinya Menurut Perundang-undangan Negara-negara Modern.
Authors: Muhibbuthabry Muhibbuthabry 
Published: March 2016

One of the interesting themes of Islamic family law reform is the legal status of polygamy. Almost all Muslim countries make efforts to narrow the space for the practice of polygamy by providing sanctions for the doers, including Tunisia, Pakistan, Egypt, Syria, Malaysia, and Indonesia. This article tries to discuss and analyze this case by making a comparison between the laws of family law in some countries—such as Tunisia, Pakistan, Egypt, Syria, Malaysia, and Indonesia—and the concept of classical fiqh. The study shows that even though each of these countries has the same spirit of renewal, they practice different reform issues related to polygamy. It can be clearly seen in the diversity of forms of sanctions for the doers of polygamy.DOI: 10.15408/ajis.v16i1.2891
Kritik Atas Pemikiran Abdullahi Ahmed An-Naim Tentang Distorsi Syariah terhadap HAM
Authors: Sapiudin Sapiudin 
Published: March 2016

In liberal studies, Sharia and human rights are two issues that are often opposed to distort the role of sharia in solving human right cases. In his writings on sharia and human rights issues, Abdullahi Ahmed an-Naim often applies rational rules as the source of truth and human values as a goal, but he excludes the role of Islamic law and its interpretation. Naim states that the human right problems in the world can not be solved by the sharia but can only be solved by secular laws. For example, the practice of slavery and discrimination against women and non-Muslims ethnic is a subjective conclusion that is counter productive to the role of sharia. Therefore, this conclusion is unacceptable and is necessary to have objective assessment. It is really clear that sharia is glorious and never distorts human rights at all.DOI: 10.15408/ajis.v16i1.2893