bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen Management Affects Nitrous Oxide Emissions under Varying Cotton Irrigation Systems in the Desert Southwest, USA
Authors: Bronson Kevin F. , Hunsaker Doug J. , Williams Clinton F. , Thorp Kelly R. , Rockholt Sharette M. , Del Grosso Stephen J. , Venterea Rodney T. , Barnes Edward M. 
Published: January 2018

Irrigation of food and fiber crops worldwide continues to increase. Nitrogen (N) from fertilizers is a major source of the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) in irrigated cropping systems. Nitrous oxide emissions data are scarce for crops in the arid western United States. The objective of these studies was to assess the effect of N fertilizer management on N2O emissions from furrow‐irrigated, overhead sprinkler‐irrigated, and subsurface drip‐irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Maricopa, AZ, on Trix and Casa Grande sandy clay loam soils. Soil test‐ and canopy‐reflectance‐based N fertilizer management were compared. In the furrow‐ and overhead sprinkler‐irrigated fields, we also tested the enhanced efficiency N fertilizer additive Agrotain Plus as a N2O mitigation tool. Nitrogen fertilizer rates as liquid urea ammonium nitrate ranged from 0 to 233 kg N ha−1. Two applications of N fertilizer were made with furrow irrigation, three applications under overhead sprinkler irrigation, and 24 fertigations with subsurface drip irrigation. Emissions were measured weekly from May through August with 1‐L vented chambers. N2O emissions were not agronomically significant, but increased as much as 16‐fold following N fertilizer addition compared to zero‐N controls. Emission factors ranged from 0.10 to 0.54% of added N fertilizer emitted as N2O‐N with furrow irrigation, 0.15 to 1.1% with overhead sprinkler irrigation, and <0.1% with subsurface drip irrigation. The reduction of N2O emissions due to addition of Agrotain Plus to urea ammonium nitrate was inconsistent. This study provides unique data on N2O emissions in arid‐land irrigated cotton and illustrates the advantage of subsurface drip irrigation as a low N2O source system.Core Ideas
N2O emissions under overhead sprinkler and furrow irrigation were 0.5 to 1 %.
Subsurface drip irrigation combined with 24 fertigation events had an emission factor of 0–0.1 %.
The use of enhanced efficiency fertilizers NBPT and DCD had inconsistent mitigation effects on N2O emissions.
Reduction in N2O emissions with canopy reflectance‐based N management was inconsistent.
Evaluating Hydraulic Properties of Biochar‐Amended Soil Aggregates by High‐Performance Pore‐Scale Simulations
Authors: Zhou Hongxiang , Yu Xiuling , Chen Cheng , Zeng Lingzao , Lu Shenggao , Wu Laosheng 
Published: January 2018

Core Ideas
SR‐mCT was used to characterize soil pore structures.
Graphics processing unit–enhanced LBM was used to simulate the water flow.
Effects of biochar amendment on soil hydraulic properties were evaluated.
Biochar amendment can change the soil pore architecture and improve soil physical and hydraulic properties. In this study, two clayey soils were selected and treated with or without biochar amendment (four treatments). Synchrotron‐based X‐ray micro‐computed tomography (SR‐mCT) was used to characterize pore structures of the selected aggregates from the treatments. Based on the high‐resolution soil pore structure information, the three‐dimensional lattice Boltzmann (LB) method was used to simulate water flow in pores. The high‐resolution soil pore structures were also used to define the internal boundary conditions in the LB method that was accelerated by graphics processing unit parallel computing. Results showed that biochar amendment increased soil permeability by at least one order of magnitude, reduced tortuosity by 20 to 30%, and resulted in more uniformly distributed pore water velocities, which was attributed to the change in soil pore geometry. This study is the first physically based modeling effort to assess the effect of biochar amendment on hydraulic properties of soil aggregates. The SR‐mCT method and modeling approach developed in the research play an important role in understanding the mechanisms of water and nutrient transport in soil at the pore scale.
Excitation‐Emission‐Matrix Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Soil Water Extracts to Predict Nitrogen Mineralization Rates
Authors: Rinot Oshri , Osterholz William R. , Castellano Michael J. , Linker Raphael , Liebman Matt , Shaviv Avi 
Published: January 2018

Core Ideas
EEM spectroscopy was used to characterize soluble OM pools in agricultural soils.
PARAFAC was used to quantify OM meaningful EEM spectral components.
PARAFAC components were correlated to N mineralization rates in specific sites.
NPLS modeling of EEM data can estimate N mineralization rates in diverse soils.
Rapid, easy, and frequent prediction of gross or potential nitrogen mineralization rates (GNMR and PNMR, respectively) is desirable for improved understanding and quantification of soil N dynamics and for enabling advanced sustainable N management. Our goal was to extend the use of excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy to characterize constituents of soluble organic matter (OM) pools in agricultural soils and to couple these characterizations with advanced chemometric techniques to improve prediction of PNMR and GNMR. To achieve this, EEM‐based predictions must be valid across diverse soils, climates, and management systems. Accordingly, we analyzed soil water extracts spanning a broad range of OM contents from midwest United States (MUS) and Israeli (ISL) agroecosystems under organic‐ and mineral‐based N management strategies. Parallel factors analysis, a multiway data analysis method, was used to quantify meaningful EEM spectral components, which were used to detect changes in labile soil OM pools and to predict N mineralization rates. N‐way partial least squares regression (NPLS) was also applied to EEM data to obtain spectral factors correlated to total organic carbon concentration potential and gross N mineralization rates. This NPLS analysis led to reliable estimation of all three tested properties for ISL and MUS soils.
Energy savings using biofuel in a developing-country water distribution system
Authors: Archer Alexandra , Barkdoll Brian D. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The practical energy minimization algorithm (EMA) is introduced here to determine if a water distribution system (WDS) can be less energy dependent. The EMA is a simple algorithm that can be used by practitioners in the planning and management of WDS. The EMA employs the Jatropha Curcas (JC) tree as a source of oil for fueling water pumps. The EMA is demonstrated on a WDS in Senegal, West Africa, and calculates the level of JC production required to be self-sufficient in fueling the water system to meet drinking, sanitation, and JC irrigation requirements. It was found that the EMA successfully showed that the demonstration WDS can be energy self-sufficient to provide recommended amounts of drinking water for the people and enough irrigation for the JC trees, but only if greywater was used to supplement the irrigation and if a mechanical press was used in lieu of a hand press to extract the oil from the JC leaves. An adequate amount of oil was thus produced to power the required mechanical press as well. Payback periods of significantly less than the life of the required equipment indicate the viability of JC oil as fuel and the feasibility of having an energy independent WDS.
Síntesis de nanotubos de carbono multicapa sobre sustratos metálicos por el método de depósito químico de vapores: no todos los nanotubos son iguales
Authors: Jiménez-Rodríguez José Alfredo , Arana-Sosa Vanesa , Franco Alfred 
Published: January 2018

<p class="p1">En este trabajo se reporta una nueva forma de crecimiento de nanotubos de carbono sobre microcristales. Los microcristales son depositados en sustratos metálicos sujetos a tratamientos termoquímicos y usados como depósito para el crecimiento de nanotubos de carbono, creando nuevas formas estructurales: ensamblados en manojos de doble espiral y nanotubos de carbono ensamblados en forma de flor. Son nuevos diseños morfológicos en nanotubos de carbono multicapa (MWCNT’s, por sus siglas en inglés), sintetizados mediante el método de depósito químico de vapor (CVD, por sus siglas en inglés); los cuales resultan sumamente atractivos para el empleo potencial de los MWCNT’s en diversas aplicaciones tecnológicas. En este artículo se describe de manera clara qué son los nanotubos de carbono, sus métodos de síntesis y los nuevos tipos de MWCNT’s que se crean en el Laboratorio de Nanotecnología de Grupo JUMEX en colaboración con investigadores de distintas instituciones. </p>
YOUTH EXPECTATIONS OF SMART CITY LIVING: AN IMPORTANCE- PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF YOUNG RESIDENTSâ€™ PERSPECTIVES OF CITY GOVERNMENT
Authors: Cohen Jason , Backhouse Judy , Ally Omar 
Published: January 2018

Young people are important to cities, bringing skills and energy and contributing to economic activity. New technologies have led to the idea of a smart city as a framework for city management. Smart cities are developed from the top-down through government programmes, but also from the bottom-up by residents as technologies facilitate participation in developing new forms of city services. Young people are uniquely positioned to contribute to bottom-up smart city projects. Few diagnostic tools exist to guide city authorities on how to prioritise city service provision. A starting point is to understand how the youth value city services. This study surveys young people in Braamfontein, Johannesburg, and conducts an importance-performance analysis to identify which city services are well regarded and where the city should focus efforts and resources. TheÂ results show that Smart city initiatives that would most increase the satisfaction of youths in Braamfontein Â include wireless connectivity, tools to track public transport Â and Â information Â on city events. These Â results Â identify Â city services that are valued by young people, highlighting services that young people could participate in providing. The importance-performance analysis can assist the city to direct effort and scarce resources effectively.
From Rote Learning to Motivation: A Cognitive-linguistic Approach to L2 Acquisition of English Idioms by Chinese EFL Learners
Authors: Jiang Wangmeng 
Published: January 2018

Idioms are non-compositional expressions where the meaning of the whole is different from the literal meaning of their constituent elements (Cooper, 1999). Because of this special nature, idioms can become a serious “bottleneck” for second language acquisition. In the traditional view, idioms can only be learned through blind memorization, since their meaning is considered arbitrary (e.g. Hamblin &amp; Gibbs, 1999). By contrast, in cognitive linguistics (CL), idioms are considered to be motivated (Boers, 2004). It is further argued that such cognitive motivation could facilitate the learning of figurative idioms (Kovecses, 2002) and experimental evidence in this respect is gradually accumulating (Boers 2013, 2015).In this connection, the situation of Chinese learners of English as an L2 has not yet been fully examined. This study aims to fill this research gap through the experimental exploration of the effects of classroom instruction based on cognitive linguistics (CL) on the learning of idioms by Chinese EFL learners. The specific purpose of this study is to verify three hypotheses that involve the short-term and long-term effects of this approach to idiom comprehension and retention and the different effects of metaphor and metonymy. In order to test their validity, an experiment was conducted with fifty Chinese freshmen, including one pre-test, the teaching activity, and two post-tests.The experiment results provided support for CL-based instruction on English idioms. Both of the two classes perform better after teaching activities, but the experimental group has a higher score and actually acquires more knowledge within the same time limit. In the posttest 2, the experimental group memorized the idioms much better than the control group after two weeks and the difference between the two groups widened to a great extent. Comparing the accuracy rates reveals better short-term and long-term learning for metonymy-based than metaphor-based idioms.
R2U2: Tool Overview
Authors: Rozier Kristin Yvonne , Schumann Johann 
Published: January 2018

R2U2 (Realizable, Responsive, Unobtrusive Unit) is an extensible framework for runtime System Health Management (SHM) of cyber-physical systems. R2U2 can be run in hardware (e.g., FPGAs), or software; can monitor hardware, software, or a combination of the two; and can analyze a range of different types of system requirements during runtime. An R2U2 requirement is specified utilizing a hierarchical combination of building blocks: temporal formula runtime observers (in LTL or MTL), Bayesian networks, sensor filters, and Boolean testers. Importantly, the framework is extensible; it is designed to enable definitions of new building blocks in combination with the core structure. Originally deployed on Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), R2U2 is designed to run on a wide range of embedded platforms, from autonomous systems like rovers, satellites, and robots, to human-assistive ground systems and cockpits.R2U2 is named after the requirements it satisfies; while the exact requirements vary by platform and mission, the ability to formally reason about Realizability, Responsiveness, and Unobtrusiveness is necessary for flight certifiability, safety-critical system assurance, and achievement of technology readiness levels for target systems. Realizability ensures that R2U2 is sufficiently expressive to encapsulate meaningful runtime requirements while maintaining adaptability to run on different platforms, transition be- tween different mission stages, and update quickly between missions. Responsiveness entails continuously monitoring the system under test, real-time reasoning, reporting intermediate status, and as-early-as-possible requirements evaluations. Unobtrusiveness ensures compliance with the crucial properties of the target architecture: functionality, certifiability, timing, tolerances, cost, or other constraints.
Study of Retained Stability on Warm Bituminous Mix
Authors: Vahora Shaleha , Mishra Chandravadan B. 
Published: January 2018

WMA refers to the procedure of asphalt creation at temperature lower than hot mix asphalt by the addition of additives. An endeavor is rolled out to assess the improvements in designing properties of the VG30 with and without warm additive. Likewise Marshall Mix configuration is done on VG30 for DBM layer with and without warm blend added substance evothermJ1 in reasonable measurements of 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5% at lower temperature according to the arrangements of codal practice, with no compromise with quality.The impression of tests proposes the capable inclination to go for using warm mix additives into the standard of clearing things so that the temperature is cut down to 120°C with no compromise in quality.
Unification with Abstraction and Theory Instantiation in Saturation-based Reasoning
Authors: Reger Giles , Suda Martin , Voronkov Andrei 
Published: January 2018

This paper explores two new inference rules for reasoning with quantifiers and theories in a saturation-based first-order theorem prover. The focus here is on non-ground clauses, complementing our recent work on AVATAR modulo theories for ground theory reasoning. The current implementation focuses on complete theories, e.g. various versions of arithmetic, but we also sketch how to work with incomplete theories.The first new rule utilises theory constraint solving (an SMT solver) to perform reasoning within a clause to find an instance where we can remove one or more theory literals. This utilises the power of SMT solvers for theory reasoning with non-ground clauses, reasoning which is currently achieved by the addition of prolific theory axioms.The second new rule is unification with abstraction where the notion of unification is extended to introduce constraints where theory terms may not otherwise unify e.g. <i>p(2)</i> may unify with <i>¬p(x+1) ⋁ q(x) to produce 2 ≄ x+1 ⋁ q(x)</i>. This abstraction is performed lazily, as needed, to allow the superposition theorem prover to make as much progress as possible without the search space growing too quickly.Additionally, the first rule can be used to discharge the constraints introduced by the second. These rules were implemented within the Vampire theorem prover and experimental results show that they are useful for solving a considerable number of previously unsolved problems.
Building Corpus-Based Semantic Classifications of Some Tatar Affixes
Authors: Nevzorova Olga , Galieva Alfiia , Suleymanov Dzhavdet 
Published: January 2018

This study is aimed at exploring the semantic properties of Tatar affixes. Turkic languages have complicated morphology and syntax, which is a challenge for language processing.The fundamental principle of inflection and derivation in Tatar, as well as in other Turkic languages, is agglutination, when the stem joins postpositive affixes in a strictly determined order.The Tatar language has affixes of different types:a) derivational affixes expressing only lexical meaning and forming new words;b) inflectional affixes changing the word form (for example, case affixes);c) affixes serving as means of derivation as well as inflection.The current study is devoted to the ambiguous Tatar –lık polyfunctional affix which may be joined to nominal, adjectival and verbal stems and form derivatives of different types depending on contextual environment, the meaning of the stem and the composition of the affixal chain of a derivative. -Lık affix is a productive affix in modern Tatar which builds nominal, adjectival and verbal derivatives.The answer to the question of the number of the types of derivatives and word forms produced with -lık affix is not trivial, and different researchers distinguish different types of derivatives.Based on a thorough analysis of Tatar derivatives containing - lık affix we identified some empirical features of these constructs and then performed their manual and automatic classification. Four classes were distinguished. For our experiments we used data from the Tatar National Corpus “Tugan Tel” (http://corpus.antat.ru).The results obtained may be used for disambiguation in Tatar National Corpus and for analyzing other Tatar ambiguous affixes.
'it is proper ſubſerviently, to inquire into the nature of experimental chemiſtry': Difficulties in Reconciling Discipline-Based Characteristics and Compilation Criteria in the Selection of Samples for CECheT.
Authors: Puente Castelo Luis Miguel , Monaco Leida Maria 
Published: January 2018

This paper discusses the compilation of the beta version of CECheT, the subcorpus devoted to Chemistry in the Coruña Corpus of English Scientific Writing, and reflects on the difficulties faced during this process and how they were overcome. The historical context of science will be examined, particularly that of chemistry, and how this affects the process of compilation.Attention will also be paid to the compilation criteria used in the whole Coruña Corpus, including those regarding the appropriateness of authors and text samples (Moskowich, 2012), and how these criteria have been applied to the compilation of CECheT in order to make it representative of the practices of the discipline at the time.Finally, the corpus will be described briefly, looking at a series of parameters: the topics of the texts, the size of samples, their chronological distribution, as well as the geographical origin and sex of the authors represented.
El lenguaje para fines artísticos: las traducciones de tondo al español
Authors: Carpi Elena 
Published: January 2018

Este trabajo estudia las traducciones españolas de la palabra italiana tondo, que entra en español como préstamo del italiano en el lenguaje de la arquitectura. Sin embargo, en italiano tondo se usa también en el lenguaje de la pintura, como testimonia la famosa obra de Miguel Ángel Tondo Doni.El estudio del término tondo ejemplifica la metodología utilizada en el marco del proyecto interuniversitario Lessico dei Beni Culturali (LBC) del Dipartimento di Lingue, Letterature e Studi Multiculturali de la Universidad de Florencia, cuya finalidad es la creación de diccionarios monolingües y bilingües relacionados entre sí mediante enlaces hipertextuales, que ayuden a los traductores que se enfrentan a un texto de temática artística a comprenderlo y a escoger los términos adecuados en la lengua meta, con relación al contexto en que aparecen y a las variadas tipologías de discurso de las guías turísticas, de las páginas web de museos o de los catálogos de exposiciones. Para cada palabra estudiada se redacta una ficha-fuente en italiano y otra para cada lengua del proyecto (alemán, inglés, chino, español, francés, portugués, ruso) en perspectiva diacrónica y sincrónica, en la base de textos especializados y diccionarios; la dos perspectivas son necesarias para comprender los conceptos subyacentes a las denominaciones en la lengua fuente, generalmente caracterizadas por un alto grado de variación semántica.
ELIMINASI GANGGUAN MATRIKS DALAM ANALISIS MERKURI HG SEBAGAI SENYAWA KOMPLEKS THIO MICHLERÃ¢â¬â¢S KETON SECARA SPEKTROFOTOMETRI
Authors: Sukib Sukib , Mutiah Mutiah 
Published: January 2018

Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang penyusunan metode analisis merkuri melalui pembentukan senyawa kompleks dengan 4,4'-Bis(dimethylamino)thio-benzophenone TMK. Senyawa kompleks tersebut berwarna biru kehijauan yang dapat dideteksi denganÃÂ spektrofoto-meter pada kondisi: lmax 574 nm;ÃÂ pH 3; konsentrasi TMK 0,0002 M, dan waktu tunggu selama 4Ã¢â¬â10 menit. perbandingan volume pereaksi: Hg(II), bufer pH 3, TMK 0,002 M, H2O bebas ion adalah 1:1:1:7. Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode ini telah memenuhi validitas, yaitu: linieritas 0,05Ã¢â¬â2,0 mg/L, limit deteksi 0,008 mg/L, dan % recovery antara 98% Ã¢â¬â 102%. Gangguan matriks akibat adanya ionÃ¢â¬âion Au(III), Ag(I), Pd(II), Cu(II), Co(II), dan Fe(II) dapat dieliminasi dengan metode ekstraksi pelarut dan adisi standar. Metode adisi standar terbukti mampu memberikan data hasil pengukuran yang dapat dipercaya pada a 5%, yaitu untuk sampel buatan sebesar (0,053 ÃÂ± 0,001) mg/L, air sungai (0,034 ÃÂ± 0,004) mg/L, dan sedimen sebesar (4,172 ÃÂ± 0,050) mg/kg. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa metode ekstraksi pelarut dan adisi standar mampu mengeliminasi gangguan matriks pada analisis merkuri sebagai kompleks Hg-TMK secara spektrofotometriKata kunci: Metode analisis merkuri, Thio MichlerÃ¢â¬â¢s keton, eliminasi, gangguan matriks ÃÂ Abstract. A researchÃÂ of analysis method for determination of mercury through formation of complex with 4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)thiobenzophenone TMK has been conducted. The green blue complex compound can be detected with spectrophoto-meter in conditions: lmax 574 nm, buffer acetate pH 3, concentration of TMK 0,0002 M, and the absorbance of complex remains stable for 4Ã¢â¬â10 minutes. The formula of reagents volume for: Hg(II): buffer acetate pH 3: TMK 0,002 M : de-ionized water is 1:1:1:7. This method is valid, with parameters such as linearity 0.05Ã¢â¬â2.00 mg/L, limit of detection 0.008 mg/L, and recovery in the range 98%-102%. Matrix interferences that are caused by Au(III), Ag(I), Pd(II), Cu(II), Co(II), and Fe(III) ions can be eliminated with solvent extraction and standard addition methods. Standard addition method is able to give data of trusty measurement result at a 5%, that is for synthesis sample as (0.053 ÃÂ±ÃÂ 0.001) mg/L, river water (0.034 ÃÂ± 0.004) mg/L, and for sediment (4.172 ÃÂ± 0.050) mg/kg. From the result of this research, it can be concluded that solvent extraction and standard addition methods are able to eliminated matrix interferences in mercury analysis as Hg-TMK complex spectrophotometricallyÃÂ