bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An assessment of the accuracy of a novel weight estimation device for children
Authors: Jung Jae Yun , Kwak Young Ho , Kim Do Kyun , Suh Dongbum , Chang Ikwan , Yoon Chiyul , Lee Jung Chan , Kim Hee Chan , Choi Jae Yeon , Ahn HeeJeong 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundWe sought to validate the accuracy and assess the efficacy of a newly developed electronic weight estimation device (ie, the rolling tape) for paediatric weight estimation.MethodsWe enrolled a convenience sample of children aged <17 years presenting to our emergency department who volunteered to participate in the study. The children's heights and weights were measured, and three researchers estimated these values using the rolling tape and Broselow tape at 5 min intervals. The weight estimates of researcher 1, researcher 2 and the Broselow tape were compared with measured values, and mean percentage error (MPE), root mean square error (RMSE) and percentage of estimates within 10% of the actual measured values were calculated. For 30 randomly selected subjects, we compared the time interval from the start of the measurement to the time that orders for epinephrine, defibrillation dose and instrument size could be given in a simulated arrest scenario.ResultsWe enrolled 906 children (median age 4.0 years). For researcher 1, researcher 2 and the Broselow tape, MPE values were 0.11% (RMSE 2.61 kg), 1.41% (RMSE, 2.61 kg) and 1.72% (RMSE 5.41 kg), respectively, and the percentages of children with predictions within 10% of their actual weight were 75.1%, 75.7% and 60.6%, respectively. In the 30 simulated cases, the mean time for measurement to ordering was significantly shorter (25.8 s vs 35.5 s, p<0.001) for the rolling tape compared with the Broselow tape method.ConclusionsThe rolling tape is a good weight estimation tool for children compared with other methods. The rolling tape method significantly decreased the time from weight estimation to orders for essential drug dose, instrument size and defibrillation dose for resuscitation.
The effect of timing of antibiotic delivery on infection rates related to open limb fractures: a systematic review
Authors: Whitehouse Michael R , McDaid Catriona , Kelly Michael B , Moran Christopher G , Costa Matthew L 
Published: September 2016

ObjectiveTo examine whether the timing of delivery of intravenous antibiotics following open limb fractures has an effect on deep infection rates and other outcomes.DesignWe published an a priori study protocol in PROSPERO. Our search strategy combined terms for antibiotics, timing of administration and fractures. Two independent reviewers screened, selected, assessed quality and extracted data from identified studies.Data sourcesWe searched five electronic databases with no limits and performed grey literature searches.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesRandomised and non-randomised controlled studies, prospective and retrospective observational studies in which the effect of the timing of delivery of antibiotics on the outcome of deep infection in open fractures was considered were included.ResultsEight studies were included according to the above criteria. There were no randomised or non-randomised controlled trials. None of the included studies provided data on patient reported or health-related quality of life. The overall deep infection rate ranged from 5% to 17.5%. All of the studies were at substantial risk of bias. One study reported a reduced infection rate with the delivery of antibiotics within 66 min of injury and seven studies reporting no effect.ConclusionsSufficiently robust evidence is not available currently to determine whether the timing of delivery of intravenous antibiotics has an effect on the risk of deep infection or other outcomes following open limb fractures. There is therefore a need for a randomised controlled trial in this area before policy changes should be instigated.Trial registration numberPROSPERO (CRD42015016729).
Comparison of venous sinus manometry gradients obtained while awake and under general anesthesia before venous sinus stenting
Authors: Fargen Kyle M , Spiotta Alejandro M , Hyer Madison , Lena Jonathan , Turner Raymond D , Turk Aquilla S , Chaudry Imran 
Published: September 2016

IntroductionVenous sinus stenting is a popular treatment strategy for patients with high venous sinus pressure gradients across a site of outflow obstruction. Little is known about the effect of anesthesia on venous sinus pressure measurements.ObjectiveTo compare venous manometry performed in patients under general anesthesia and while awake.MethodsA prospective database was accessed to retrospectively identify patients who had undergone venous sinus stenting. Pressure gradients were compared between those patients who underwent manometry while awake and before stenting under general anesthesia.ResultsThirty patients with both general anesthesia and awake pressure recordings were identified. Pressure measurements were highly variable but overall were higher under general anesthesia by an average of 5.8 mm Hg (1.7; p=0.002). A significant difference between awake and general anesthesia pressure measurements was detected in the sigmoid sinus (5.8 mm Hg (2.0); p=0.005) and the jugular vein (8.1 mm Hg (3.9); p=0.040). Only 11/30 (36.7%) pressure gradients remained within 5 mm Hg of the original awake gradient when repeated under general anesthesia; 9/30 (30%) patients had gradients that were at least 10 mm Hg different across procedures.ConclusionsCalculated pressure gradients were markedly affected by anesthesia. These findings suggest that candidacy for stenting should be determined with venous manometry while patients are awake owing to the unpredictable and highly variable effect of general anesthesia on pressure measurements and an apparent tendency to underestimate the degree of venous outflow obstruction.
The Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer (PLCO) Screening Trial Pathology Tissue Resource
Authors: Zhu Claire S. , Huang Wen-Yi , Pinsky Paul F. , Berg Christine D. , Sherman Mark , Yu Kelly J. , Carrick Danielle M. , Black Amanda , Hoover Robert , Lenz Petra , Williams Craig , Hawkins Laura , Chaloux Matthew , Yurgalevitch Susan , Mathew Sunitha , Miller Amy , Olivo Vanessa , Khan Asia , Pretzel Shannon M. , Multerer Deborah , Beckmann Patricia , Broski Karen G. , Freedman Neal D. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Background: Pathology tissue specimens with associated epidemiologic and clinical data are valuable for cancer research. The Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial undertook a large-scale effort to create a public resource of pathology tissues from PLCO participants who developed a cancer during the trial.
Methods: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were obtained from pathology laboratories on a loan basis for central processing of tissue microarrays, with additional free-standing tissue cores collected for nucleic acid extraction.
Results: Pathology tissue specimens were obtained for prostate cancer (n = 1,052), lung cancer (n = 434), colorectal cancer (n = 675) and adenoma (n = 658), ovarian cancer and borderline tumors (n = 212), breast cancer (n = 870), and bladder cancer (n= 204). The process of creating this resource was complex, involving multidisciplinary teams with expertise in pathology, epidemiology, information technology, project management, and specialized laboratories.
Conclusions: Creating the PLCO tissue resource required a multistep process, including obtaining medical records and contacting pathology departments where pathology materials were stored after obtaining necessary patient consent and authorization. The potential to link tissue biomarkers to prospectively collected epidemiologic information, screening and clinical data, and matched blood or buccal samples offers valuable opportunities to study etiologic heterogeneity, mechanisms of carcinogenesis, and biomarkers for early detection and prognosis.
Impact: The methods and protocols developed for this effort, and the detailed description of this resource provided here, will be useful for those seeking to use PLCO pathology tissue specimens for their research and may also inform future tissue collection efforts in other settings. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(12); 1635–42. ©2016 AACR.
Intermedin
1−
53
Attenuates Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress
Authors: Lu Wei-Wei , Jia Li-Xin , Ni Xian-Qiang , Zhao Lei , Chang Jin-Rui , Zhang Jin-Sheng , Hou Yue-Long , Zhu Yi , Guan You-Fei , Yu Yan-Rong , Du Jie , Tang Chao-Shu , Qi Yong-Fen 
Published: September 2016

Objective—
Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the development of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Intermedin (IMD) is a regulator of oxidative stress. Here, we investigated whether IMD reduces AAA by inhibiting oxidative stress.

Approach and Results—

In angiotensin II–induced ApoE
−
/−
mouse and CaCl
2
-induced C57BL/6J mouse model of AAA, IMD
1−
53
significantly reduced the incidence of AAA and maximal aortic diameter. Ultrasonography, hematoxylin, and eosin staining and Verhoeff–van Gieson staining showed that IMD
1−
53
significantly decreased the enlarged aortas and elastic lamina degradation induced by angiotensin II or CaCl
2
. Mechanistically, IMD
1−
53
attenuated oxidative stress, inflammation, vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis, and matrix metalloproteinase activation. IMD
1−
53
inhibited the activation of redox-sensitive signaling pathways, decreased the mRNA and protein expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase subunits, and reduced the activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase in AAA mice. Expression of Nox4 was upregulated in human AAA segments and in angiotensin II–treated mouse aortas and was markedly decreased by IMD
1−
53
. In vitro, vascular smooth muscle cells with small-interfering RNA knockdown of IMD showed significantly increased angiotensin II–induced reactive oxygen species, and small-interfering RNA knockdown of Nox4 markedly inhibited the reactive oxygen species. IMD knockdown further increased the apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells and inflammation, which was reversed by Nox4 knockdown. Preincubation with IMD
17−
47
and protein kinase A inhibitor H89 inhibited the effect of IMD
1–53
, reducing Nox4 protein levels.

Conclusions—

IMD
1−
53
could have a protective effect on AAA by inhibiting oxidative stress.
Metabolites of Glutamate Metabolism Are Associated With Incident Cardiovascular Events in the PREDIMED PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) Trial
Authors: Zheng Yan , Hu Frank B. , Ruiz‐Canela Miguel , Clish Clary B. , Dennis Courtney , Salas‐Salvado Jordi , Hruby Adela , Liang Liming , Toledo Estefania , Corella Dolores , Ros Emilio , Fitó Montserrat , Gómez‐Gracia Enrique , Arós Fernando , Fiol Miquel , Lapetra José , Serra‐Majem Lluis , Estruch Ramón , Martínez‐González Miguel A. 
Published: September 2016

Background

Glutamate metabolism may play a role in the pathophysiology of cardiometabolic disorders. However, there is limited evidence of an association between glutamate‐related metabolites and, moreover, changes in these metabolites, and risk of cardiovascular disease (
CVD
).

Methods and Results

Plasma levels of glutamate and glutamine were measured at baseline and 1‐year follow‐up in a case‐cohort study including 980 participants (mean age 68 years; 46% male) from the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) randomized trial, which assessed a Mediterranean diet intervention in the primary prevention of
CVD
. During median 4.8 years of follow‐up, there were 229 incident
CVD
events (nonfatal stroke, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or
CVD
death). In fully adjusted models, per 1‐
SD
, baseline glutamate was associated with 43% (95%
CI
: 16% to 76%) and 81% (39% to 137%) increased risk of composite
CVD
and stroke alone, respectively, and baseline glutamine‐to‐glutamate ratio with 25% (6% to 40%) and 44% (25% to 58%) decreased risk of composite
CVD
and stroke alone, respectively. Associations appeared linear for stroke (both
P
linear trend
≤0.005). Among participants with high baseline glutamate, the interventions lowered
CVD
risk by 37% compared to the control diet; the intervention effects were not significant when baseline glutamate was low (
P
interaction
=0.02). No significant effect of the intervention on year‐1 changes in metabolites was observed, and no effect of changes themselves on
CVD
risk was apparent.

Conclusions

Baseline glutamate was associated with increased
CVD
risk, particularly stroke, and glutamine‐to‐glutamate ratio was associated with decreased risk. Participants with high glutamate levels may obtain greater benefits from the Mediterranean diet than those with low levels.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
www.controlled-trials.com
. Unique identifier:
ISRCTN
35739639.
Ensemble Averaging and Mean Squared Error
Authors: Rougier Jonathan 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
In fields such as climate science, it is common to compile an ensemble of different simulators for the same underlying process. It is a striking observation that the ensemble mean often outperforms at least half of the ensemble members in mean squared error (measured with respect to observations). In fact, as demonstrated in the most recent IPCC report, the ensemble mean often outperforms all or almost all of the ensemble members across a range of climate variables. This paper shows that these could be mathematical results based on convexity and averaging but with implications for the properties of the current generation of climate simulators.
Climate Change in Coastal Waters: Time Series Properties Affecting Trend Estimation
Authors: Schlegel Robert W. , Smit Albertus J. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
In South Africa, 129 in situ temperature time series of up to 43 years are used for investigations of the thermal characteristics of coastal seawater. They are collected with handheld thermometers or underwater temperature recorders (UTRs) and are recorded at precisions from 0.5° to 0.001°C. Using the natural range of seasonal signals and variability for 84 of these time series, their length, decadal trend, and data precision were systematically varied before fitting generalized least squares (GLS) models to study the effect these variables have on trend detection. The variables that contributed most to accurate trend detection, in decreasing order, were time series length, decadal trend, variance, percentage of missing data (% NA), and measurement precision. Time series greater than 30 years in length are preferred and although larger decadal trends are modeled more accurately, modeled significance (p value) is largely affected by the variance present. The risk of committing both type-1 and type-2 errors increases when ≥5% NA is present. There is no appreciable effect on model accuracy between measurement precision of 0.1°–0.001°C. Measurement precisions of 0.5°C require longer time series to give equally accurate model results. The implication is that the thermometer time series in this dataset, and others around the world, must be at least two years longer than their UTR counterparts to be useful for decadal-scale climate change studies. Furthermore, adding older lower-precision UTR data to newer higher-precision UTR data within the same time series will increase their usefulness for this purpose.
Understanding the Varied Influence of Midlatitude Jet Position on Clouds and Cloud Radiative Effects in Observations and Global Climate Models
Authors: Grise Kevin M. , Medeiros Brian 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This study examines the dynamical mechanisms responsible for changes in midlatitude clouds and cloud radiative effects (CRE) that occur in conjunction with meridional shifts in the jet streams over the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Southern Oceans. When the midlatitude jet shifts poleward, extratropical cyclones and their associated upward vertical velocity anomalies closely follow. As a result, a poleward jet shift contributes to a poleward shift in high-topped storm-track clouds and their associated longwave CRE. However, when the jet shifts poleward, downward vertical velocity anomalies increase equatorward of the jet, contributing to an enhancement of the boundary layer estimated inversion strength (EIS) and an increase in low cloud amount there. Because shortwave CRE depends on the reflection of solar radiation by clouds in all layers, the shortwave cooling effects of midlatitude clouds increase with both upward vertical velocity anomalies and positive EIS anomalies. Over midlatitude oceans where a poleward jet shift contributes to positive EIS anomalies but downward vertical velocity anomalies, the two effects cancel, and net observed changes in shortwave CRE are small.
Global climate models generally capture the observed anomalies associated with midlatitude jet shifts. However, there is large intermodel spread in the shortwave CRE anomalies, with a subset of models showing a large shortwave cloud radiative warming over midlatitude oceans with a poleward jet shift. In these models, midlatitude shortwave CRE is sensitive to vertical velocity perturbations, but the observed sensitivity to EIS perturbations is underestimated. Consequently, these models might incorrectly estimate future midlatitude cloud feedbacks in regions where appreciable changes in both vertical velocity and EIS are projected.
Performance Evaluation of an Integrated Open-Path Eddy Covariance System in a Cold Desert Environment
Authors: Wang Wei , Xu Jiaping , Gao Yunqiu , Bogoev Ivan , Cui Jian , Deng Lichen , Hu Cheng , Liu Cheng , Liu Shoudong , Shen Jing , Sun Xiaomin , Xiao Wei , Yuan Guofu , Lee Xuhui 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPerformance evaluation of an integrated eddy covariance (EC) instrument called the IRGASON, with a separated EC for reference, was conducted in a desert riparian Populus euphratica stand in the lower Tarim River basin in northwestern China. The separated EC consisted of an open-path gas analyzer and a sonic anemometer separated by 20 cm. The IRGASON integrates an open-path gas analyzer and a sonic anemometer into the same sensing volume, thus eliminating sensor separation in comparison to the traditional open-path EC setup. Integrating the infrared gas analyzer’s sensing head into the sensing volume of the sonic anemometer had negligible effects on wind speed and friction velocity observations of the IRGASON. Physiologically unreasonable daytime CO2 uptake was observed by both systems during the cold winter season (mean air temperature of −6.7°C), when the trees were dormant without any photosynthetic activities. The mean midday CO2 flux was −1.65 and −1.61 μmol m−2 s−1 for the IRGASON and the separated EC setup, respectively. No evidence was found for sensor self-heating as the cause of the apparent uptake CO2 flux. Instead, the uptake CO2 flux appeared to be an artifact of the spectroscopic effect of the IRGASON’s gas analyzer. After adjusting for this spectroscopic effect using a relationship with the sensible heat flux, the wintertime IRGASON CO2 flux became physiologically reasonable (mean value of −0.04 μmol m−2 s−1).
Signal Stations: Newly Digitized Historical Climate Data of the German Bight and the Southern Baltic Sea Coast
Authors: Wagner Dörte , Tinz Birger , von Storch Hans 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAt the German Meteorological Service in Hamburg, handwritten journals of meteorological observation data of 164 signal stations exist that were digitized. These data contain long-term time series of up to 125 years for the period 1877–1999 and allow for studies of regional meteorological conditions with greatly improved spatial resolution. Wind and air pressure data of selected signal stations along the German Bight and the southern Baltic Sea coast show a spatial data homogeneity that allows for an improved description of two historical storms, in 1906 and 1913. This is the first presentation of signal station data.
Cigarette Smoking and Sociodemographic, Military, and Health Characteristics of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans
Authors: Cypel Yasmin S. , Hamlett-Berry Kim , Barth Shannon K. , Christofferson Dana E. , Davey Victoria J. , Eber Stephanie , Schneiderman Aaron I. , Bossarte Robert M. 
Published: September 2016

Objective: We examined the sociodemographic, military, and health characteristics of current cigarette smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers among Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) / Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) veterans and estimated smoking prevalence to better understand cigarette use in this population. Methods: We analyzed data from the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) 2009-2011 National Health Study for a New Generation of US Veterans. On the basis of a stratified random sample of 60 000 OEF/OIF veterans, we sought responses to a 72-item questionnaire via mail, telephone, or Internet. Cigarette smoking status was based on self-reported cigarette use in the past year. We used multinomial logistic regression to evaluate associations between smoking status and sociodemographic, military, and health characteristics. Results: Among 19 911 veterans who provided information on cigarette smoking, 5581 were current smokers (weighted percentage: 32.5%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 31.7-33.2). Current smokers were more likely than nonsmokers or former smokers to be younger, to have less education or income, to be separated/divorced or never married/single, and to have served on active duty or in the army. Comparing current smokers and nonsmokers, some significant associations from adjusted analyses included the following: having a Mental Component Summary score (a measure of overall mental health) above the mean of the US population relative to below the mean (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.73-0.90); having physician-diagnosed depression (aOR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.33-1.74), respiratory conditions (aOR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.04-1.30), or repeated seizures/blackouts/convulsions (aOR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.22-2.67); heavy alcohol use vs never use (aOR = 5.49, 95% CI: 4.57-6.59); a poor vs excellent perception of overall health (aOR = 3.79, 95% CI: 2.60-5.52); and being deployed vs nondeployed (aOR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.78-0.96). Using health care services from the VA protected against current smoking. Conclusion: Mental and physical health, substance use, and military service characteristics shape cigarette-smoking patterns in OEF/OIF veterans.