bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visceral Pleural Invasion Is a Significant Prognostic Factor in Patients with Partly Solid Lung Adenocarcinoma Sized 30 mm or Smaller
Authors: Seok Yangki , Lee Eungbae 
Published: August 2016

Background This study analyzed the impact of visceral pleural invasion (VPI) on the disease-free survival (DFS) of patients with partly solid pulmonary adenocarcinoma sized 30 mm or smaller.
Method This is a retrospective study of 147 patients with surgically resected pathologic N0 pulmonary adenocarcinoma that had a partly solid appearance on preoperative computed tomography. All patients presented with tumors of size 30 mm or smaller. The DFS rate was estimated using Kaplan–Meier method. A multivariate analysis for prognostic factors was performed using the Cox proportional hazards regression model.
Results VPI was found in 36 patients. The 5-year DFS in 111 patients without VPI (97.6%) was significantly higher than that in 36 patients with VPI (63%) (p < 0.0001). Univariate analysis revealed three significant poor prognostic predictors: the presence of VPI, the presence of lymphovascular invasion, and the size of the solid component on computed tomography (>20, ≤30 mm). According to the multivariate analysis, VPI was found to be a significant poor prognostic predictor (hazard ratio for DFS = 7.31, 95% confidence interval = 1.444–37.014, p = 0.016).
Conclusion VPI is a significant predictor of poor prognosis for small-sized (≤30 mm) partly solid lung adenocarcinoma. Therefore, upstaging of the T factor from T1 to T2 on the basis of VPI as described by the TNM staging system is mandatory regardless of ground-glass opacity in small lung adenocarcinoma.
Reticular lamina and basilar membrane vibrations in living mouse cochleae
Authors: Ren Tianying , He Wenxuan , Kemp David 
Published: August 2016

Significance
The remarkable sensitivity of mammalian hearing depends on auditory sensory outer hair cells, yet how these cells enhance the hearing sensitivity remains unclear. By measuring subnanometer vibrations directly from motile outer hair cells in living inner ear, we demonstrate that outer hair cells do not directly amplify the basilar membrane vibration by local feedback as commonly expected; instead, they actively vibrate the reticular lamina over a broad frequency range. The outer hair cell-driven reticular lamina vibration interacts with the basilar membrane traveling wave through the cochlear fluid, resulting in maximal vibrations at the best-frequency location, consequently enhancing hearing sensitivity. This finding advances our knowledge of mammalian hearing and may lead to strategies for restoring hearing in patients.
Cuba's Agricultural Transition and Food Security in a Global Perspective
Authors: Riera Olivia , Swinnen Johan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis paper reviews the situation in the agricultural sector and food security in Cuba, and particularly the transformations that have (not) taken place since 1990. We compare the Cuban transition with transitions in other “transition countries” and show that Cuba does not easily fit into one of the transition patterns, and, in a way, has characteristics of “a bit of everything”. To conclude, we discuss the (potential) effects of the recent policy changes and the new economic reforms that were announced.
Continental versus oceanic subduction zones
Authors: Zheng Yong-Fei , Chen Yi-Xiang 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Subduction zones are tectonic expressions of convergent plate margins, where crustal rocks descend into and interact with the overlying mantle wedge. They are the geodynamic system that produces mafic arc volcanics above oceanic subduction zones but high- to ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks in continental subduction zones. While the metamorphic rocks provide petrological records of orogenic processes when descending crustal rocks undergo dehydration and anataxis at forearc to subarc depths beneath the mantle wedge, the arc volcanics provide geochemical records of the mass transfer from the subducting slab to the mantle wedge in this period though the mantle wedge becomes partially melted at a later time. Whereas the mantle wedge overlying the subducting oceanic slab is of asthenospheric origin, that overlying the descending continental slab is of lithospheric origin, being ancient beneath cratons but juvenile beneath marginal arcs. In either case, the mantle wedge base is cooled down during the slab–wedge coupled subduction. Metamorphic dehydration is prominent during subduction of crustal rocks, giving rise to aqueous solutions that are enriched in fluid-mobile incompatible elements. Once the subducting slab is decoupled from the mantle wedge, the slab–mantle interface is heated by lateral incursion of the asthenospheric mantle to allow dehydration melting of rocks in the descending slab surface and the metasomatized mantle wedge base, respectively. Therefore, the tectonic regime of subduction zones changes in both time and space with respect to their structures, inputs, processes and products. Ophiolites record the tectonic conversion from seafloor spreading to oceanic subduction beneath continental margin, whereas ultrahigh-temperature metamorphic events mark the tectonic conversion from compression to extension in orogens.
Climate change, air pollution, and allergic respiratory diseases: an update
Authors: D’Amato Gennaro , Vitale Carolina , Lanza Maurizia , Molino Antonio , D’Amato Maria 
Published: August 2016

Purpose of review
The rising trend in prevalence of allergic respiratory disease and bronchial asthma, observed over the last decades, can be explained by changes occurring in the environment, with increasing presence of biologic, such as allergens, and chemical atmospheric trigger factors able to stimulate the sensitization and symptoms of these diseases.

Recent findings
Many studies have shown changes in production, dispersion, and allergen content of pollen and spores because of climate change with an increasing effect of aeroallergens on allergic patients.

Summary
Over the last 50 years, global earth's temperature has markedly risen likely because of growing emission of anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations. Major changes involving the atmosphere and the climate, including global warming induced by human activity, have a major impact on the biosphere and human environment.
Urbanization and high levels of vehicle emissions are correlated to an increase in the frequency of pollen-induced respiratory allergy prevalent in people who live in urban areas compared with those who live in rural areas. Measures of mitigation need to be applied for reducing future impacts of climate change on our planet, but until global emissions continue to rise, adaptation to the impacts of future climate variability will also be required.
The Difference Between Random and Postaccident Urine Drug Test Concentrations Among Southern Indiana, Western Kentucky, and Eastern Illinois Workers
Authors: Price James W. 
Published: August 2016

Introduction:
If employee drug use plays a significant part in the incidence of workplace accidents, one would anticipate the positivity rates of postaccident drug tests to be higher than the positivity rates for random tests. Past studies examined the difference of a dichotomous outcome between 2 groups. Dichotomous (positive or negative) categorization may have been a source of systemic error, which minimized the difference between random and postaccident groups.

Methods:
This is a study exploring the difference of urine drug concentrations between random and postaccident groups. The population consists of employees from various industries in Southern Indiana, Western Kentucky, and Eastern Illinois. Normalization of drug excretion to urinary creatinine concentration was carried out. Preliminary assumption testing was done. Logarithmic transformation was completed. One-way between-groups analysis of variance was performed to investigate random and postaccident drug test differences in urine drug concentrations.

Results:
There was a statistically significant difference between test groups on the combined dependent variables. The only dependent variables to reach statistical significance, to an alpha level of 0.025, were urine opiate and urine amphetamine concentrations. Higher mean concentration of both drugs was found in the postaccident group. However, the proportion of variances explained by the reason for testing was quite small.

Conclusions:
The results of this study are consistent with studies using dichotomous dependent variables, which demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence for positive postaccident urine opiate tests. The study also identified a similar result for postaccident urine amphetamine tests which was not previously known.
Contribution of Opiate Analgesics to the Development of Infections in Advanced Cancer Patients
Authors: Shao Yue-juan , Liu Wei-shuai , Guan Bing-qing , Hao Jian-lei , Ji Kai , Cheng Xian-jiang , Wang Kun 
Published: August 2016

Objectives:
Literature is limited on the relationship between opiate analgesics and the development of infections in cancer patients. This study aimed to determine whether opiate analgesics contribute to the advancement of infections and how infection rates differ among the various opiates used for cancer management.

Materials and Methods:
From January 2013 to October 2014, we analyzed retrospectively 642 consecutive advanced cancer patients who received single types of opiates, including morphine, oxycodone, or fentanyl, or a combination of these drugs, continuously for >14 days. Binominal logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the factors that may promote the development of infections.

Results:
A total of 303 patients were included in the final analysis. Of these patients, 85, 41, and 68 patients received only morphine, oxycodone, and fentanyl, respectively. Altogether, 87 (28.7%) patients developed infections; 20 (23.5%), 10 (24.4%), and 14 (20.6%) patients developed infections in the groups that received only morphine, oxycodone, and fentanyl, respectively (P>0.05). Logistic regression analysis found that the daily oral morphine equivalent (OME) is the an independent factor that influences the development of infection in the single-opiate group (odds ratio=1.002, P<0.01). The risk for developing infection increased by 2% per 10 mg increase in the daily OME.

Conclusions:
Our clinical results did not display any difference among the single-opiate groups in the development of infections. However, the increase in daily OME may serve as a risk factor for the development of infections in advanced cancer patients using one opiate type for pain management.
What's new in the world of postmenopausal sex?
Authors: Iglesia Cheryl B. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose of review
The purpose of this review is to describe new terminology for vulvovaginal atrophy and female sexual dysfunction and to highlight recent findings related to vaginal moisturizers, lubricants and prescription estrogen preparations.

Recent findings
Sexual health is a marker for overall health. A minority (40%) of healthcare providers routinely ask about sexual problems and its impact on quality of life. New terminology by the American Psychiatric Association divides female sexual disorders into three categories: arousal/interest disorder, orgasmic disorder and genital pain and penetration disorder. First-line therapy for genitourinary syndrome of menopause includes over-the-counter vaginal lubricants and moisturizers, followed by topical estrogen formulations. Progesterones are generally not needed when topical low-dose estrogen is prescribed. A systemic selective estrogen receptor modulator, designed specifically for genitourinary menopausal symptoms, is an option for patients who do not tolerate local estrogen.

Summary
Female sexual dysfunction is prevalent and causes distress, particularly among women at midlife. Although hypoactive sexual desire disorder may be the most prevalent dysfunction, dyspareunia and pain, particularly related to genitourinary and vulvovaginal atrophy, are also very common. Over-the-counter lubricants and prescription strength estrogen formulations are generally effective and well tolerated.
Multiple Delayed Scalp Reconstruction for Complicated Cranial Defects
Authors: Sakamoto Yoshiaki , Arnaud Eric 
Published: August 2016

Summary:
In cases of skull trauma, emergency surgery for cranial decompression typically involves the shortest approach, with the incision lying directly on or immediately near the bony defect. Subsequent reconstructive plastic surgery for the skull is difficult in such cases because incisions taken on the previous scar overlying the bony defect are prone to dehiscence and infection. Herein, we describe a technique for creating a well-vascularized delayed skin flap via multistaged operation before the actual skull reconstruction. Four patients (age range, 10–25 y) were prepared for skull reconstruction using this technique. Flap elevation was performed in 3 stages, with adequate time intervals (4 wk between each stage) to allow for adequate delay. Dissection under the galea aponeurotica was performed only after initial flap elevation allowing for adequate vascularization. Skull reconstruction was then performed using custom-made implants. The patients were followed up for 6 to 12 months. No complications, including infections, exposure of the artificial bone, or flap necrosis, were observed. All the patients were satisfied with the cosmetic results. Despite the multiple stages required, we consider that our technique of using a delayed, well-vascularized bipedicled skin flap can be successfully used in the skull reconstruction of patients in whom the initial scar lies close to the bone defect. We recommend scalp incision be shifted outside of the foreseen bony flap to limit infectious risks during primary or subsequent cranial reconstruction.
Raising the Minimum Effective Dose of Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Antidepressants
Authors: Safer Daniel J. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This review focuses on the dose-response of serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) antidepressants for efficacy and for adverse drug events (ADEs). Dose-response is identified by placebo-controlled, double-blind, fixed-dose clinical trials comparing various doses for efficacy and for ADEs. Reports from the great majority of clinical trials have consistently found that the minimum SRI effective dose is usually optimal for efficacy in the treatment of depression disorders, even though most American medical practitioners raise the dose when early antidepressant treatment results are negative or partial. To better understand this issue, the medical literature was comprehensively reviewed to ascertain the degree to which SRI medications resulted in a flat dose response for efficacy and then to identify specific ADEs that are dose-dependent. Strong evidence from fixed-dose trial data for the efficacy of nonascendant, minimum effective doses of SRIs was found for the treatment of both major depression and anxiety disorders. Particularly important was the finding that most SRI ADEs have an ascending dose-response curve. These ADEs include sexual dysfunction, hypertension, cardiac conduction risks, hyperglycemia, decreased bone density, sweating, withdrawal symptoms, and agitation. Thus, routinely raising the SRI dose above the minimum effective dose for efficacy can be counter-productive.
New apheresis indications in hematological disorders
Authors: Pham Huy P. , Schwartz Joseph 
Published: August 2016

Purpose of review
Therapeutic apheresis can be used to treat many diseases. The American Society for Apheresis (ASFA) publishes Guidelines on the use of therapeutic apheresis every 3 years with the goal of providing the best available evidence for apheresis practice as well as clinical expertise. The 2016 (7th ed.) ASFA Guidelines contain 87 diseases (up from 78 in the 6th ed.) and 179 indications. This review outlines three new therapeutic apheresis indications for hematological disorders.

Recent findings
The three new nonmalignant and nontransplant-related hematological disorders discussed are therapeutic plasma exchange procedures for hemophagocytic syndrome, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome, and red blood cell exchange to prevent alloimmunization after exposure to rhesus (D)-positive red blood cells. All three indications are ASFA category III indications (i.e., optimal role of apheresis therapy is not established) with Grade 2C recommendation (weak recommendation, low-quality evidence).

Summary
Although the three new therapeutic apheresis indications related to hematological disorders are ASFA category III with Grade 2C recommendations, along with other ASFA category III with Grade 2C recommendations, they may form the list of diseases for which basic, translational, and clinical research is needed to provide better evidence for clinical practice.
Spectrum of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features in Unilateral Optic Tract Dysfunction
Authors: Kowal Kristopher M. , Rivas Rodriguez Francisco F. , Srinivasan Ashok , Trobe Jonathan D. 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Optic tract dysfunction may be the predominant or only clinical manifestation of an intracranial disorder including mass legion, ischemic infarct, inflammatory disease, and trauma. Documentation of the neuroimaging features of these lesions is limited to reports mostly published before the availability of MRI. This study was undertaken to document the spectrum of MRI features in patients presenting with optic tract dysfunction.

Methods:
A retrospective study from 2004 to 2015 at a single tertiary care neuro-ophthalmology service of 24 patients who had unilateral optic tract dysfunction defined by a homonymous hemianopia and a relative afferent pupil defect that could not be attributed to optic neuropathy or retinopathy. Two institutional neuroradiologists, who were privy to the presence of optic tract dysfunction but not to its side or cause, independently documented the MRI abnormalities on a standard data collection form and then convened for a consensus review of the imaging abnormalities with the 2 clinician authors.

Results:
The clinical diagnoses were 6 ischemic strokes, 5 malignant brain tumors, 5 postoperative neurosurgical cases, 4 intracranial hemorrhages, 2 traumatic brain injuries, 1 midbrain/optic tract primary demyelination, and 1 temporal lobe herpes simplex encephalitis. In their independent review, both neuroradiologists identified MRI abnormalities in 20 (83%) cases that were extrinsic to the optic tract in the neighboring temporal lobe, midbrain, thalamus, basal ganglia, or suprasellar space. In 5 of those cases, the extrinsic abnormality included features suggesting compression of the optic tract, but these compressive features were not appreciated by either neuroradiologist until the consensus conference. In 15 cases, MRI abnormalities intrinsic to the optic tract itself were eventually identified, including T2 or fluid-attenuated inversion recovery image (FLAIR) hyperintensity (9 cases) or hypointensity (1 case), thinning (6 cases), thickening (2 cases), and contrast enhancement (1 case). However, none of these intrinsic MRI abnormalities was identified during the independent review, being detected only in the consensus conference.

Conclusions:
Neuroradiologists aware of unilateral optic tract dysfunction but not of its side detected extrinsic (neighborhood) MRI abnormalities in most cases but did not appreciate that these extrinsic features sometimes included compression of the optic tract. MRI abnormalities intrinsic to the optic tract were entirely overlooked during independent review, being recognized only in a consensus conference with clinician authors. Neuroradiologists are more likely to detect MRI abnormalities pertinent to optic tract dysfunction once they have more complete clinical information and with higher resolution imaging, especially T1 postcontrast axial and coronal sequences and T2 or FLAIR coronal scans.
Whole genome sequencing ofPlasmodium falciparumfrom dried blood spots using selective whole genome amplification
Authors: Oyola Samuel O. , Ariani Cristina V. , Hamilton William L. , Kekre Mihir , Amenga-Etego Lucas N. , Ghansah Anita , Rutledge Gavin G. , Redmond Seth , Manske Magnus , Jyothi Dushyanth , Jacob Chris G. , Otto Thomas D. , Rockett Kirk , Newbold Chris I. , Berriman Matthew , Kwiatkowski Dominic P. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTTranslating genomic technologies into healthcare applications for the malaria parasitePlasmodium falciparumhas been limited by the technical and logistical difficulties of obtaining high quality clinical samples from the field. Sampling by dried blood spot (DBS) finger-pricks can be performed safely and efficiently with minimal resource and storage requirements compared with venous blood (VB). Here, we evaluate the use of selective whole genome amplification (sWGA) to sequence theP. falciparumgenome from clinical DBS samples, and compare the results to current methods using leucodepleted VB. Parasite DNA with high (> 95%) human DNA contamination was selectively amplified by Phi29 polymerase using short oligonucleotide probes of 8-12 mers as primers. These primers were selected on the basis of their differential frequency of binding the desired (P. falciparumDNA) and contaminating (human) genomes. Using sWGA method, we sequenced clinical samples from 156 malaria patients, including 120 paired samples for head-to-head comparison of DBS and leucodepleted VB. Greater than 18-fold enrichment ofP. falciparumDNA was achieved from DBS extracts. The parasitaemia threshold to achieve >5x coverage for 50% of the genome was 0.03% (40 parasites per 200 white blood cells). Over 99% SNP concordance between VB and DBS samples was achieved after excluding missing calls. The sWGA methods described here provide a reliable and scalable way of generatingP. falciparumgenome sequence data from DBS samples. Our data indicate that it will be possible to get good quality sequence data on most if not all drug resistance loci from the majority of symptomatic malaria patients. This technique overcomes a major limiting factor inP. falciparumgenome sequencing from field samples, and paves the way for large-scale epidemiological applications.