bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of mycotoxins in commercial aquafeeds in Asia and Europe: a real risk to aquaculture?
Authors: Gonçalves Rui A. , Naehrer Karin , Santos Gonçalo A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThere is increasing awareness of the negative effects of mycotoxins in aquatic species, which is highlighted in recent publications. Partly due to climate change associated with an overall increase of mycotoxins contamination in plant ingredients, and also due to the tendency to replace expensive animal‐derived proteins, such as fish meal, by more economical plant proteins sources, which increases the probability of mycotoxin contamination in aquaculture feeds (Hooftet al.). Over a 1‐year period, 41 samples of finished aquaculture feed, both shrimp and fish, were analysed within the scope of BIOMIN mycotoxin survey programme. The samples were tested for aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins and ochratoxin A. Samples were sourced in Asia (31 samples) and Europe (10 samples) from fish/shrimp farms or feed producers. The values detected pose a risk for several important aquaculture species, assuming single mycotoxin contamination, that is excluding possible additive and synergetic effects between mycotoxins. Co‐occurrence of mycotoxins in feeds may induce synergistic effects and increase the negative impact of mycotoxins in aquatic‐farmed species at lower levels than when present in single contamination. This review gives an overview of the different mycotoxins and revises the effects of mycotoxins in aquatic species. Additionally, it reports the levels of mycotoxins in aquafeeds in 2014 and compares detected levels with possible negative effects in fish and shrimp. As it is highlighted by the results of the survey, the risk of co‐occurrence is high and the knowledge on the effects of multimycotoxins contamination in aquatic species is basically none.
Association between hepatitis B co‐infection and elevated liver stiffness among HIV‐infected adults in Lusaka, Zambia
Authors: Vinikoor Michael J. , Mulenga Lloyd , Siyunda Alice , Musukuma Kalo , Chilengi Roma , Moore Carolyn Bolton , Chi Benjamin H. , Davies Mary‐Ann , Egger Matthias , Wandeler Gilles ,   International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS in Southern Africa (IeDEA‐SA)
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo describe liver disease epidemiology among HIV‐infected individuals in Zambia.MethodsWe recruited HIV‐infected adults (≥18 years) at antiretroviral therapy initiation at two facilities in Lusaka. Using vibration controlled transient elastography, we assessed liver stiffness, a surrogate for fibrosis/cirrhosis, and analysed liver stiffness measurements (LSM) according to established thresholds (>7.0 kPa for significant fibrosis and >11.0 kPa for cirrhosis). All participants underwent standardised screening for potential causes of liver disease including chronic hepatitis B (HBV) and C virus co‐infection, herbal medicine, and alcohol use. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with elevated liver stiffness.ResultsAmong 798 HIV‐infected patients, 651 had a valid LSM (median age, 34 years; 53% female). HBV co‐infection (12%) and alcohol use disorders (41%) were common and hepatitis C virus co‐infection (<1%) was rare. According to LSM, 75 (12%) had significant fibrosis and 13 (2%) had cirrhosis. In multivariable analysis, HBV co‐infection as well as male sex, increased age and WHO clinical stage 3 or 4 were independently associated with LSM >7.0 kPa (all P < 0.05). HBV co‐infection was the only independent risk factor for LSM >11.0 kPa. Among HIV–HBV patients, those with elevated ALT and HBV viral load were more likely to have significant liver fibrosis than patients with normal markers of HBV activity.ConclusionsHBV co‐infection was the most important risk factor for liver fibrosis and cirrhosis and should be diagnosed early in HIV care to optimise treatment outcomes.
Histone acetyltransferase general control non‐repressed protein 5 (GCN5) affects the fatty acid composition of Arabidopsis thaliana seeds by acetylating fatty acid desaturase3 (FAD3)
Authors: Wang Tianya , Xing Jiewen , Liu Xinye , Liu Zhenshan , Yao Yingyin , Hu Zhaorong , Peng Huiru , Xin Mingming , Zhou Dao‐Xiu , Zhang Yirong , Ni Zhongfu 
Published: August 2016

SummarySeed oils are important natural resources used in the processing and preparation of food. Histone modifications represent key epigenetic mechanisms that regulate gene expression, plant growth and development. However, histone modification events during fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis are not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that a mutation of the histone acetyltransferase GCN5 can decrease the ratio of α‐linolenic acid (ALA) to linoleic acid (LA) in seed oil. Using RNA‐Seq and ChIP assays, we identified FAD3, LACS2, LPP3 and PLAIIIβ as the targets of GCN5. Notably, the GCN5‐dependent H3K9/14 acetylation of FAD3 determined the expression levels of FAD3 in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds, and the ratio of ALA/LA in the gcn5 mutant was rescued to the wild‐type levels through the overexpression of FAD3. The results of this study indicated that GCN5 modulated FA biosynthesis by affecting the acetylation levels of FAD3. We provide evidence that histone acetylation is involved in FA biosynthesis in Arabidopsis seeds and might contribute to the optimization of the nutritional structure of edible oils through epigenetic engineering.
Prospective pilot study to detect dogs with non food‐induced canine atopic dermatitis using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Bruet Vincent , Dumon Henri , Bourdeau Patrick , Desfontis Jean‐Claude , Martin Lucile 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundThe diagnosis of canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) remains challenging due to the lack of a simple biomarker or metabolic profile. In human medicine, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is an analytical technique used for several diseases. It requires a small amount of sample and allows the identification of structural moieties of biomolecules on the basis of their infrared absorption, with limited sample pretreatment.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of FTIR.AnimalsThree groups were tested: 21 dogs with non food‐induced CAD (NFICAD), 16 dogs with inflammatory conditions of various origins but without allergic dermatoses (OD) and 10 healthy dogs (H).MethodsPeripheral blood was collected and spectra were acquired with a FTIR spectrophotometer. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the full wavenumber spectra (4000–600/cm), followed by a Fisher discriminant analysis (DA) to assess the differences between the three groups.ResultsThe PCA followed by the DA of whole spectra showed significant differences between the three groups. These results suggest that by using the FTIR method, dogs with NFICAD can be differentiated from healthy dogs and dogs with nonallergic inflammation. There was no overlap between the spectral data of the three groups indicating that NFICAD dogs were correctly segregated from the H and OD groups.ConclusionsA study on a larger cohort including common pruritic skin diseases is necessary to confirm these initial results and the relevance of this diagnostic technique.
Evaluation of the Impact of Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Biofilm Formation on Antimicrobial Susceptibility
Authors: Walker Meagan , Singh Ameet , Nazarali Alim , Gibson Thomas W. G. , Rousseau Joyce , Weese J. Scott 
Published: August 2016

ObjectiveTo compare the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of four antimicrobials in planktonic vs. biofilm‐associated Staphylococcus pseudintermedius.Study DesignIn vitro study.Sample Population78 isolates from dogs colonized or infected with methicillin‐resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP, n=39) or methicillin‐susceptible S. pseudintermedius (MSSP, n=39).MethodsAgar dilution was used to determine the MIC of amikacin, cefazolin, enrofloxacin, and gentamicin for planktonic bacteria. A modified broth microdilution assay was used to assess the MIC of biofilm‐associated bacteria.ResultsMIC were significantly higher in biofilm‐associated vs. planktonic bacteria for all antimicrobials; amikacin (median MIC: biofilm >2,000 μg/mL vs. planktonic 3 μg/mL, P<.0001), cefazolin (>1,000 vs. 0.5 μg/mL, P<.0001), enrofloxacin (>1,000 vs. 0.25 μg/mL, P<.0001), and gentamicin (>1,000 vs. 0.3 μg/mL, P<.001). For all antimicrobials, there were significant differences in planktonic MIC for MRSP and MSSP (all P<.0001) but no differences between biofilm MIC for MRSP and MSSP (P=.08–1.0).ConclusionThe MIC for biofilm‐associated S. pseudintermedius are significantly higher than for planktonic bacteria. Standard methods for determining MIC are not appropriate for biofilm‐associated infections. This must be considered when determining treatment regimens for infections that potentially involve biofilms, and further study of methods to control biofilm‐associated infections is needed.
Differential α‐adrenergic modulation of rapid onset vasodilatation along resistance networks of skeletal muscle in old versus young mice
Authors: Sinkler Shenghua Y. , Fernando Charmain A. , Segal Steven S. 
Published: August 2016

Key points
Rapid onset vasodilatation (ROV) initiates functional hyperaemia upon skeletal muscle contraction and is attenuated during ageing via α‐adrenoreceptor (αAR) stimulation, but it is unknown where this effect predominates in resistance networks.
In gluteus maximus muscles of young (4 months) and old (24 months) male C57BL/6 mice, tetanic contraction while observing feed arteries and arterioles initiated ROV, which increased with contraction duration, peaked later in upstream versus downstream vessel branches and was attenuated throughout networks with advanced age.
With no effect on muscle force production, inhibiting αARs improved ROV in old mice while activating αARs attenuated ROV in young mice.
Modulating ROV through αARs was greater in upstream feed arteries and arterioles compared to downstream arterioles, with α2ARs more effective than α1ARs.
ROV is coordinated along resistance networks and modulated differentially between young and old mice via αARs; with advanced age, attenuated dilatation of upstream branches will restrict muscle blood flow.
AbstractRapid onset vasodilatation (ROV) in skeletal muscle is attenuated during advanced age via α‐adrenoreceptor (αAR) activation, but it is unknown where such effects predominate in the resistance vasculature. Studying the gluteus maximus muscle (GM) of anaesthetized young (4 months) and old (24 months) male C57BL/6 mice, we tested the hypothesis that attenuation of ROV during advanced age is most effective in proximal branches of microvascular resistance networks. Diameters of a feed artery (FA) and first‐ (1A), second‐ (2A) and third‐ (3A) order arterioles were studied in response to single tetanic contractions (100 Hz, 100–1000 ms). ROV began within 1 s and peaked sooner in 2A and 3A (∼3 s) than in 1A or FA (∼4 s). Relative amplitudes of dilatation increased with contraction duration and with vessel branch order (FA<1A<2A<3A). In old mice, attenuation of ROV was greater in FA and 1A compared to 2A and 3A. With no effect on muscle force production, inhibiting αARs (phentolamine; 10−6 m) improved ROV in FA and 1A of old mice while subthreshold stimulation of αARs in young mice (noradrenaline; 10−9 m) depressed ROV most effectively in FA and 1A. In young mice, stimulating α1ARs (phenylephrine; 10−7 m) and α2ARs (UK 14304; 10−7 m) attenuated ROV primarily in FA. In old mice, inhibiting α2ARs (rauwolscine; 10−7 m) restored ROV more effectively in FA and 1A than did inhibiting α1ARs (prazosin; 10−8 m). We conclude that, with temporal and spatial coordination along resistance networks, attenuation of ROV with advanced age is most effective in proximal branches via constitutive activation of α2ARs.
Finite length spectra of random surfaces and their dependence on genus
Authors: Petri Bram 
Published: August 2016

The main goal of this paper is to understand how the length spectrum of a random surface depends on its genus. Here a random surface means a surface obtained by randomly gluing together an even number of triangles carrying a fixed metric. Given suitable restrictions on the genus of the surface, we consider the number of appearances of fixed finite sets of combinatorial types of curves. Of any such set we determine the asymptotics of the probability distribution. It turns out that these distributions are independent of the genus in an appropriate sense. As an application of our results we study the probability distribution of the systole of random surfaces in a hyperbolic and a more general Riemannian setting. In the hyperbolic setting we are able to determine the limit of the probability distribution for the number of triangles tending to infinity and in the Riemannian setting we derive bounds.
Idealized Large-Eddy and Convection-Resolving Simulations of Moist Convection over Mountainous Terrain
Authors: Panosetti Davide , Böing Steven , Schlemmer Linda , Schmidli Jürg 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
On summertime fair-weather days, thermally driven wind systems play an important role in determining the initiation of convection and the occurrence of localized precipitation episodes over mountainous terrain. This study compares the mechanisms of convection initiation and precipitation development within a thermally driven flow over an idealized double-ridge system in large-eddy (LESs) and convection-resolving (CRM) simulations. First, LES at a horizontal grid spacing of 200 m is employed to analyze the developing circulations and associated clouds and precipitation. Second, CRM simulations at horizontal grid length of 1 km are conducted to evaluate the performance of a kilometer-scale model in reproducing the discussed mechanisms.
Mass convergence and a weaker inhibition over the two ridges flanking the valley combine with water vapor advection by upslope winds to initiate deep convection. In the CRM simulations, the spatial distribution of clouds and precipitation is generally well captured. However, if the mountains are high enough to force the thermally driven flow into an elevated mixed layer, the transition to deep convection occurs faster, precipitation is generated earlier, and surface rainfall rates are higher compared to the LES. Vertical turbulent fluxes remain largely unresolved in the CRM simulations and are underestimated by the model, leading to stronger upslope winds and increased horizontal moisture advection toward the mountain summits. The choice of the turbulence scheme and the employment of a shallow convection parameterization in the CRM simulations change the strength of the upslope winds, thereby influencing the simulated timing and intensity of convective precipitation.
The Resolution Dependence of Contiguous U.S. Precipitation Extremes in Response to CO2 Forcing
Authors: van der Wiel Karin , Kapnick Sarah B. , Vecchi Gabriel A. , Cooke William F , Delworth Thomas L. , Jia Liwei , Murakami Hiroyuki , Underwood Seth , Zeng Fanrong 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Precipitation extremes have a widespread impact on societies and ecosystems; it is therefore important to understand current and future patterns of extreme precipitation. Here, a set of new global coupled climate models with varying atmospheric resolution has been used to investigate the ability of these models to reproduce observed patterns of precipitation extremes and to investigate changes in these extremes in response to increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The atmospheric resolution was increased from 2° × 2° grid cells (typical resolution in the CMIP5 archive) to 0.25° × 0.25° (tropical cyclone permitting). Analysis has been confined to the contiguous United States (CONUS). It is shown that, for these models, integrating at higher atmospheric resolution improves all aspects of simulated extreme precipitation: spatial patterns, intensities, and seasonal timing. In response to 2 × CO2 concentrations, all models show a mean intensification of precipitation rates during extreme events of approximately 3%–4% K−1. However, projected regional patterns of changes in extremes are dependent on model resolution. For example, the highest-resolution models show increased precipitation rates during extreme events in the hurricane season in the U.S. Southeast; this increase is not found in the low-resolution model. These results emphasize that, for the study of extreme precipitation there is a minimum model resolution that is needed to capture the weather phenomena generating the extremes. Finally, the observed record and historical model experiments were used to investigate changes in the recent past. In part because of large intrinsic variability, no evidence was found for changes in extreme precipitation attributable to climate change in the available observed record.
Enhanced Turbulence Associated with the Diurnal Jet in the Ocean Surface Boundary Layer
Authors: Sutherland Graig , Marié Louis , Reverdin Gilles , Christensen Kai H. , Broström Göran , Ward Brian 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDetailed observations of the diurnal jet, a surface intensification of the wind-driven current associated with the diurnal cycle of sea surface temperature (SST), were obtained during August and September 2012 in the subtropical Atlantic. A diurnal increase in SST of 0.2° to 0.5°C was observed, which corresponded to a diurnal jet of 0.15 m s−1. The increase in near-surface stratification limits the vertical diffusion of the wind stress, which in turn increases the near-surface shear. While the stratification decreased the turbulent dissipation rate ε below the depth of the diurnal jet, there was an observed increase in ε within the diurnal jet. The diurnal jet was observed to increase the near-surface shear by a factor of 5, which coincided with enhanced values of ε. The diurnal evolution of the Richardson number, which is an indicator of shear instability, is less than 1, suggesting that shear instability may contribute to near-surface turbulence. While the increased stratification due to the diurnal heating limits the depth of the momentum flux due to the wind, shear instability provides an additional source of turbulence that interacts with the enhanced shear of the diurnal jet to increase ε within this shallow layer.
Partial Loss of Function of the GHRH Receptor Leads to Mild Growth Hormone Deficiency
Authors: Gregory Louise Cheryl , Alatzoglou Kyriaki Sandy , McCabe Mark James , Hindmarsh Peter Christopher , Saldanha Jose William , Romano Nicola , Le Tissier Paul , Dattani Mehul Tulsidas 
Published: August 2016

Objective:
Recessive mutations in GHRHR are associated with severe isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD), with a final height in untreated patients of 130 cm ± 10 cm (−7.2 ± 1.6 SDS; males) and 114 ± 0.7 cm (−8.3 ± 0.1 SDS; females).

Design:
We hypothesized that a consanguineous Pakistani family with IGHD in three siblings (two males, one female) would have mutations in GH1 or GHRHR.

Results:
Two novel homozygous missense variants [c.11G&gt;A (p.R4Q), c.236C&gt;T (p.P79L)] at conserved residues were identified in all three siblings. Both were absent from control databases, aside from pR4Q appearing once in heterozygous form in the Exome Aggregation Consortium Browser. The brothers were diagnosed with GH deficiency at 9.8 and 6.0 years (height SDS: −2.24 and −1.23, respectively), with a peak GH of 2.9 μg/liter with low IGF-1/IGF binding protein 3. Their sister presented at 16 years with classic GH deficiency (peak GH &lt;0.1 μg/liter, IGF-1 &lt;3.3 mmol/liter) and attained an untreated near-adult height of 144 cm (−3.0 SDS); the tallest untreated patient with GHRHR mutations reported. An unrelated Pakistani female IGHD patient was also compound homozygous. All patients had a small anterior pituitary on magnetic resonance imaging. Functional analysis revealed a 50% reduction in maximal cAMP response to stimulation with GHRH by the p.R4Q/p.P79L double mutant receptor, with a 100-fold increase in EC50.

Conclusion:
We report the first coexistence of two novel compound homozygous GHRHR variants in two unrelated pedigrees associated with a partial loss of function. Surprisingly, the patients have a relatively mild IGHD phenotype. Analysis revealed that the pP79L mutation is associated with the compromise in function, with the residual partial activity explaining the mild phenotype.
Development of Value Paradigm in Management
Authors: Серебрякова  , Syeryebryakova Galina 
Published: August 2016

The article describes the need of formation and use of the organizational and economic mechanisms
promoting strengthening of spiritual and moral components in the administrative environment. Besides, the
special attention is paid to a question of interaction in the company which lays the foundation of valuable
management of social and economic systems. Article is written on the basis of materials, received from the
research work within the framework of the state task of the Ministry of education and science of the Russian
Federation.
The Emphasis of the Development of the Scientific School of Management Theory
Authors: Мусаелян  , Musaelyan I. 
Published: August 2016

The article analyzes current trends in the development of the scientific school of management theory. The
author has tried to highlight the most important problem areas in the field of modern management. Focusing
on the problems of cultural contents, functional management and processes of development, adoption and
implementation of managerial decisions, the author examines the state and comes to the conclusion that
modern management is need to be systematized, and sometimes to re-examine views.
School Management
Authors: Зотов  , Zotov V. 
Published: August 2016

Planning, preparation, defending doctorate thesis, not accidentally for the majority of onlookers seems to
be an extremely complex, time-consuming, lengthy task, the formulation and the solution of which is not
available for every researcher, the more serious the busy practice manager. The media, including foreign
ones, traditionally prevailing public opinion steadily form an idea of what scientific degree of heads of large
state or business organizations do not always result from the activities of their authors. A specific story
about how, in the framework of the scientific school of management theory at the department of theory
of organization and management of the State University of Management was prepared and defended the
dissertation of doctor of economic sciences, acting prefect of the southeastern administrative district of
Moscow, Zotov Vladimir Borisovich gives an exhaustive answer to this question.
Madame “Paradigm”
Authors: Алешникова  , Aleshnikova V. 
Published: August 2016

The article analyzes the role of the doctor of economic sciences, Professor of Department of theory of
management, honored worker of science of the Russian Federation Z.P. Rumyantsev in the development
of the theory and practice of the Russian school of management; contribution to the training of the teaching
staff. The article provides a wide range of real-world examples, professional characteristics, individual
assessment of his joint work with the aspirate and students in the framework of formation and development
of the scientific school of management theory. The authors share personal observations and impressions
formed in the course of preparation and protection of dissertations on competition of a scientific degree of
candidate of economic Sciences under the direct scientific leadership of Zinaida Petrovna Rumyantseva.