bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural and functional changes in organs and cells of the immune system in Solanum glaucophyllum-intoxicated heifers.
Authors: Fontana P. A. , Gimeno E. J. , Laguens G. , Barbeito C. G. , Girolamo W. de , Costa E. F. , Coronato S. , Portiansky E. L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

In this study, heifers were dosed with 25 g/kg powdered S. glaucophyllum (Sg) leaves in water for 15, 30 and 60 days. One group was dosed for 15 days and sacrificed at 60 days (recovery group). Control animals received only tap water and were sacrificed at 0 and 60 days of treatment. Signs of enzootic calcinosis (EC) were evaluated weekly. Peritoneal fluid containing macrophages, spleen, thymus and lymph node samples were also evaluated for changes in morphology and function. It was shown that the phagocytic activity of the peritoneal macrophages progressively decreased with time in the intoxicated animals. The lymph nodes and thymus showed signs of hypertrophy and atrophy in affected cattle, while no particular changes were observed in the spleen. The area of lectin histochemical staining in these organs also decreased with time in intoxicated cattle. The number and size of dendritic cells in the lymph nodes also decreased. These results show the negative effects of EC on the immune system of cattle.
Implications of linking herbivore experience, varied diets, and plant biochemical diversity for affecting ingestion of plants with toxins by herbivores.
Authors: Provenza F. D. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter discusses the relationships between feeding behaviour of herbivores and how they cope with intoxication by poisonous plants by selecting diets that minimize toxicity. The implications of these concepts in livestock grazing management are also described.
Fungal endophytes of locoweed: an overview.
Authors: Creamer R. , McLain-Romero J. , Oldrup E. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter provides an overview of locoweed (such as Astragalus and Oxytropis spp.) fungal endophytes. The production of swainsonine (a polyhydroxy-alkaloid causing locoism symptoms), the genetics of these fungal endophytes (particularly that of Embellisia) and the environmental effects on the endophyte/locoweed system, are briefly discussed.
Effect of fungicide on swainsonine production in white locoweed (Oxytropis sericea).
Authors: Barillas J. R. V. , Child R. D. , Ralphs M. H. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

A study was conducted at the Plant Growth Facilities at the Colorado State University from October 2003 to September 2004 to determine the effects of fungicide on swainsonine production in white locoweed (Oxytropis sericea) plants. One batch of seeds was treated with 1.5 g thiophanate-ethyl [thiophanate]/litre and a second batch remained untreated. Twelve plants grown from fungicide-treated seeds and 12 plants grown from fungicide-untreated seeds received a foliar fungicide application. The other 12 plants grown from fungicide-treated seeds and 12 plants grown from fungicide-untreated seeds remained untreated. Fungicide treatments affected plant growth and reduced, but did not eliminate, the swainsonine content in white locoweed. Leaf biomass differed between treatments. Plants that received seed and seed/foliar fungicide had lower biomass than the control and the foliar-treated plants. The control plants and those treated with foliar fungicide application had greater swainsonine content than the plants that received seed and seed/foliar fungicide application. Plants that received seed fungicide had the lowest concentrations of swainsonine compared to the fungicide-untreated controls.
Locoweed research in Northeastern New Mexico.
Authors: Graham D. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter discusses the advances in locoweed research conducted in northeastern New Mexico, USA. An overview of the findings on this poisonous plant affecting the field of animal raising and management, the biology and control strategies for locoweeds (especially Astragalus mollissimus and Oxytropis sericea), their effects on toxicology, animal health and grazing management, are also provided.
Herbicidal control of locoweed.
Authors: McDaniel K. , Sterling T. , Ivey S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the locoweed problem particularly for livestock producers, by briefly discussing the characteristics of these poisonous plants (which include Astragalus and Oxytropis spp.), and the previous findings on locoweed control in literature. Specific sections on locoweed management by using herbicides, some guidelines for spraying, the longevity of locoweed control with herbicide treatments, and alternative solutions to herbicide spraying (e.g. denying cattle access to locoweed and creating locoweed-free pastures for critical times), are also provided.
The comparative pathology of locoweed poisoning in livestock, wildlife and rodents.
Authors: Stegelmeier B. L. , Lee S. T. , James L. F. , Gardner D. R. , Panter K. E. , Ralphs M. H. , Pfister J. A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The clinical, biochemical and histopathological results of various locoweed (Astragalus and Oxytropis spp.) and swainsonine poisoning studies in rats, hamsters, sheep, cattle, horses and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) are presented and compared to determine the distribution, severity and nature of locoweed poisoning. Based on the results, all the examined species are susceptible to locoweed poisoning. However, there are species-specific differences in sensitivity to poisoning and the distribution and severity of locoweed-induced lesions. Horses appear to be the most sensitive as they are highly susceptible to the effects of locoweed. Cattle and sheep have a similar susceptibility, while rats, hamsters and mule deer are relatively resistant to locoweed poisoning.
Rumen function and the ability of goats to consume redberry juniper (Juniperus pinchottii).
Authors: Dunson W. T. , Scott C. B. , Campbell E. S. , Taylor C. A., Jr. , Carr M. A. , Callaway T. R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Experiments were conducted to quantify differences in the rumen microbial activity between goats fed redberry juniper and goats fed alfalfa alone. In Expt. I, goats rumen cannulated and uncannulated goats were fed juniper for 2 h daily for 14 days. Intake and serum metabolites were monitored regularly. Rumen fluid was collected from the cannulated goats on day 10 to assess changes in rumen microbial populations and toxin degradation. In Expt. II, ∼325 ml of rumen fluid was collected from each cannulated goat and was mixed with rumen fluid from goats fed the same diet. Ten goats in Expt. I which were not fed with juniper were inoculated with rumen fluid from either cannulated goats fed juniper or cannulated goats fed only alfalfa. All 10 goats were then fed redberry juniper for 2 h daily for 10 days, and intake was monitored daily. It was shown that in Expt. I, alfalfa intake was similar between treatments and remained constant. Juniper intake increased daily from day 1 to day 10, declined on day 12; intake on day 13 was similar to that of day 10 and increased on day 14. Alfalfa intake was similar for cannulated and noncannulated goats. Juniper intake was lower for cannulated vs. noncannulated goats fed juniper. Serum metabolite levels of γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatinine were elevated in goats consuming juniper. The levels of these metabolites increased across days of collection, while levels remained constant for goats fed only alfalfa. Although serum metabolites were elevated in goats consuming juniper, none were outside the normal range. In vitro toxin degradation of terpenes was similar between treatments. Disappearance of individual terpenes, with the exception of myrcene, and a combination of myrcene, limonene, terpineol and α-pinene, was similar in fluid from goats consuming juniper and fluid from naive goats. Most volatile fatty acids were unaffected by feeding juniper. However, when all 4 terpenes were added in combination, acetic and isobutyric acid levels decreased in goats fed juniper. Acetic acid levels were also lower in goats fed juniper when myrcene was added alone. Adding terpineol to rumen fluid also resulted in lower levels of acetic, butyric and valeric acids. Ammonia levels were similar in goats fed juniper and those fed alfalfa alone. In Expt. II, dosing with rumen fluid had no effect on subsequent juniper intake. Both goats dosed with rumen fluid from goats fed juniper and from those dosed with rumen fluid from goats fed alfalfa alone consumed juniper at similar levels. These results suggest that rumen microbial adaptation alone does not appear to be the physiological processes enabling goats to consume juniper.
Evaluation of the acute toxicity of the seeds of Xylopia frutescens Aubl. (Annonaceae).
Authors: Sena Filho J. G. , Melo J. G. S. , Araujo E. , Pontual K. A. Q. , Souza I. A. , Xavier H. S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

An experiment was conducted on female Swiss albino mice to determine the acute toxicity of Xylopia frutescens seeds including the highest dose that killed any treated animal as well as the dose capable of killing all animals. A phytochemical screening of the secondary metabolites of the seeds was also conducted to determine the possible constituents that may cause toxicity in mice. At 250 mg/kg, the mice were agitated with an increase in respiration and appeared pale and sleepy. Mice treated with 600 mg extract/kg showed an increase in respiration, pale colour, sleepiness, aggressive behaviour and photophobia. Mice at 900 mg extract/kg were highly agitated with conjunctive irritation and were prostrate. The 1125 mg/kg dose killed all the mice within 24 hours. Monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids and triterpenoids were found in the ethanolic extracts of X. frutescens seeds.
The simultaneous characterization of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides from Echium plantagineum using solid phase extraction and LCMS.
Authors: Colegate S. M. , Edgar J. A. , Knill A. M. , Lee S. T. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The solid phase extraction of the aqueous acid solubles of methanolic extracts of Echium plantagineum provided an alkaloidal fraction that was analysed using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to ion trap, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The SCX SPE capture and HPLC-ion trap ESI-MS of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides provided a method for profiling plant and herbal samples. This approach allowed the direct observation of the N-oxides in contrast to previous studies that implied the presence of N-oxides by observing the difference in pyrrolizidine alkaloid content between unreduced and reduced (zinc/acid) extracts of the plant.
Characterization of a new compound eluting in an ergovaline HPLC assay associated with reproductive problems in dairy cows.
Authors: Duringer J. M. , Estill C. T. , Craig A. M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Festuca arundinacea and Lolium perenne hay and silage samples were collected from 4 dairies in Willamette Valley, Oregon, USA, during July 2003-April 2005 and analysed for their ergovaline content using HPLC and mass spectrometry. The chemical structure and identity of a large peak of an ergot alkaloid are described. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry scan produced a peak with a m/z ratio of 593.5 which was not consistent with the molecular weight of any known ergot alkaloid. There were two peaks at 533.3 and 534.3, respectively. However, it was closely associated with ergovaline, whose molecular weight is 533.63. Further characterization of this compound is ongoing.
A study of the bioequivalence of corynetoxins and tunicamycins: the effect of these toxins on the viability and morphology of rat hepatocytes in tissue culture.
Authors: Allen J. G. , Retallick M. , Kowalski M. , Colegate S. M. , Speijers E. J. , Doran T. , Michalski W. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The effects of corynetoxins (from Lolium rigidum) and tunicamycins on hepatocyte viability and morphology were indistinguishable providing further evidence that these 2 related toxins have equivalent bioactivity and continue to support use of the tunicamycins-based experimental model. In both the cell viability and the cell morphology studies, the treatments fell into 2 distinct groups. The first group included the 2 control treatments and the 5 nM corynetoxins and tunicamycins treatments, and it was not possible to distinguish between the treatments in this group. The second group included all the toxin treatments of 50 nM or greater, and it was in this group that toxic effects of the treatments were very evident. In this group, there was some evidence of a dose rate effect, but corynetoxins treatments could not be distinguished from tunicamycins treatments at each dose rate. There was a good correlation between the results of the 2 studies. Both identified the division of treatments into 2 groups, and in the group in which toxic changes were evident the time sequence of the morphological changes fitted well with the live and dead cell counts. In the morphology study, cell loss commenced at approximately 36 h, was extensive by 76 h and peaked at approximately 96 h.
Access.
Authors: Buckley R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter presents the issues involved in obtaining access to the tour operating area, from the perspective of a commercial outdoor tour operator. It focuses on mobile tour operations, and does not cover the procedures required to obtain development approval for fixed-site tourist accommodation and infrastructure. Aspects discussed include: public and private land tenures; lead time and eco-certification; permit conditions; appropriate activities; user conflicts; legal and commercial issues; invalid political arguments concerning right of access; successful approaches; fee structures; special stipulations; physical access; and client logistics.
Overview of international legal instruments pertaining to stradding fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks.
Authors: Meltzer E. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter discusses the overview of the international legal framework and related instruments pertaining to straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks. Outlines of developments in international fisheries law and international governance for the promotion of sustainable development since the adoption of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) and during the post-UN Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA) period up to May 2006 Review Conference are also highlighted.
Decision-making.
Authors: Meltzer E. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter discusses the aspects of the decision-making process associated with management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks by regional fisheries management organization (RFMOs). Topics in the chapter include the nature of RFMO prescriptive authority; State sovereignty and flag-State responsibility; RFMO practices in decision-making (voting, unanimity, consensus); RFMO opt-out provisions including efforts made to qualify RFMO objection procedures; and decision-making processes adopted by RFMOs. Some of the new principles introduced under UN Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA) that qualify how decisions are made to ensure that fisheries are managed in a sustainable and coherent manner throughout the geographic range of the harvested species are highlighted. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of peaceful settlement of disputes including compulsory and binding dispute resolutions as provided for in the UNFSA and United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC), and how RFMOs have adopted and used these principle settlement mechanisms.
The MCS and enforcing regime.
Authors: Meltzer E. , Rayfuse R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter discusses the monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) and enforcement which are essential components of the international legal framework governing the sustainable management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks. The chapter begins with a discussion of the concepts of MCS and enforcement and the international legal framework supporting them. This is followed by an overview of the comprehensive, practical and innovative measures provided for under UN Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA) to address MSC and enforcement. The chapter examines the practice of regional fisheries management organization (RFMOs) in implementing these measures. Practical MCS and enforcement measures discussed in the chapter include fishing vessel registries; data collection and reporting; trade-related measures; regulation of transshipment; observer programmes; aerial surveillance; satellite-based vessel monitoring systems; vessel detection systems; at-sea boarding and inspection; requirements on the use of force; and port-State measures. Lastly, the objectives of MCS measures to ascertain what and how much is being caught, where, when and by whom, to collect required scientific data, inform management decisions, and determine RFMO management measures are also presented.
Finding and summarizing research literature.
Authors: Vaske J. J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter is concerned with finding and summarizing existing research when starting a new leisure, recreation or tourism research. It discusses the variety of functions of a literature review, and outlines a series of six steps that should be followed when conducting such review. The chapter also provides strategies for summarizing what is learned from a literature review and discusses how to think critically about existing research.
Measurement of variables.
Authors: Ekinci Y. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter introduces how tangible and intangible variables are measured in the context of leisure, recreation and tourism research. It describes the characteristics of four types of measurement scales (nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio) and why and when each of them is used in leisure, recreation and tourism research. Also discussed are: the principles of construct measurement; the goodness of measures and how they are established; and various forms of reliability and validity.
Survey research: sampling and questionnaire design.
Authors: Sirakaya-Turk E. , Uysal M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter covers three major areas of data collection and generation: (i) the underlying logic and principles of survey research; (ii) issues in designing survey instruments; and (iii) means of data collection. It introduces sampling and design of survey research as one of the most important areas of data collection methods in applied leisure, recreation and tourism research. The chapter begins with issues surrounding the logic of sampling and representativeness, sampling process and methods, choosing representative units of analysis, the concept and terminology of sampling, sampling size, sample error (variability) and confidence intervals. The chapter then addresses a number of issues including: questionnaire development, developing questions, constructing a survey instrument, evaluating questionnaires, conducting surveys and secondary analysis of survey data. Furthermore, the chapter briefly covers some of the special issues involved in Internet and panels surveys with some of the advantages and disadvantages of different data collection methods.
Grounded theory methodology in research.
Authors: Dixon H. E. T. , Igo L. B. , McGuire F. A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter introduces the grounded theory methodology of Strauss and Corbin. The example study presented in this chapter used the specific recreation activity of swimming as the activity in question. However, methods described in this chapter may be applied to any leisure, recreation or tourism setting. Grounded research is used to develop theories that may be useful to practitioners in understanding a phenomenon or behaviour. This type of research relies on theoretical sampling, interview data and analytic coding. Member checks are conducted to determine if you understand what study participants are communicating. Research results (the theory) are presented in a flowchart or diagram, narrative or propositional statements. Theoretical results may be used by researchers and practitioners to develop interventions and facilitate a change in behaviour.
Impact of Fire Suit Ensembles on Firefighter PAH Exposures as Assessed by Skin Deposition and Urinary Biomarkers
Authors: Wingfors Håkan , Nyholm Jenny Rattfelt , Magnusson Roger , Wijkmark Cecilia Hammar 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Over the past 10 years, a number of safety measures for reducing firefighters’ exposure to combustion particles have been introduced in Sweden. The most important measure was the reduction in the time firefighters wear suits and handle contaminated equipment after turn-outs involving smoke diving. This study was divided into two parts, those being to investigate the level of protection obtained by multiple garment layers and to assess exposure during a standardized smoke diving exercise. First, realistic work protection factors (WPFs) were calculated by comparing air concentrations of the full suite of gaseous and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) inside and outside structural ensembles, including jacket and thick base layer, during a tough fire extinguishing exercise using wood as the fuel. Second, during a standardized smoke diving exercise, exposure was assessed by measuring PAH skin deposition and levels of eight urinary PAH metabolites in 20 volunteer student firefighters before and after the exercise. The average WPF for the sum of 22 PAHs was 146 ± 33 suggesting a relatively high protective capacity but also indicating a substantial enrichment of contaminants with a risk of prolonged dermal exposure. Accordingly, in the second exercise, the median levels of skin-deposited Σ14-PAHs and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene significantly increased 5-fold (21 to 99 ng/wipe) and 8-fold (0.14 to 1.1 µmol mol−1 creatinine), respectively, post exposure. Among the PAH metabolites investigated, 1-hydroxypyrene proved to be the most useful indicator of exposure, with significantly elevated urinary levels at both 6 h and 20 h after the exercise and with the strongest correlation to dermal exposure. Metabolites from two-ring and three-ring PAHs were eliminated faster while levels of 3-hydroxy-benzo[a]pyrene did not meet the detection criteria. The results from correlation studies indicated that dermal uptake was a major route of exposure in accordance with previous findings. To summarize, this study shows that some of the newly adopted protective measures were correctly implemented, and should continue to be followed and be more widely adopted.
Covalent modification of primers improves PCR amplification specificity and yield
Authors: Schoenbrunner Nancy J , Gupta Amar P , Young Karen K Y , Will Stephen G 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe report a method for covalent modification of primers that enhances the specificity of PCR and increases the yield of specific amplification products at the end of PCR. The introduction of thermally stable covalent modifications, such as alkyl groups to the exocyclic amines of deoxyadenosine or cytosine residues at the 3′-ends of primers results in enhanced specificity of reactions. This higher specificity can result in greater sensitivity of detection by reducing competition with non-productive reactions. The reduction in the amplification of unintended byproducts is most apparent when both primers are modified at their respective 3′-ends. The TMs of such modified primers are only slightly affected by the inclusion of these modifiers. The principal mode of action is believed to be driven by the poor enzyme extension of substrates with closely juxtaposed bulky alkyl groups, such as would result from the replication of primer dimer artifact.