bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marcadores moleculares en el diagnóstico y pronóstico de sepsis, sepsis grave y choque séptico
Authors: Prado-Díaz Alfredo , Castillo Andrés , Rojas Diana Marcela , Chávez-Vivas Mónica 
Published: June 2017

Introducción. A pesar de los importantes avances en el entendimiento de la patofisiología de la sepsis, la mortalidad que genera sigue siendo alta.Objetivo. Describir el estado del arte de los biomarcadores moleculares propuestos hasta el momento como potenciales marcadores para el diagnóstico y pronóstico de sepsis, sepsis grave y choque séptico.Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron los registros de los últimos 14 años que se encontraban en PubMed, en The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) y en Illinois Automatic Computer (ILLIAC) con los términos sepsis, genetic polymorphisms, genetic variation y molecular marker. Se clasificaron los artículos por año de publicación y solo se tuvieron en cuenta los publicados durante los últimos 10 años.Resultados. La búsqueda arrojó 3 370 referencias que cubren más de 30 genes con polimorfismos genéticos que pueden ser empleados como potenciales marcadores de polimorfismos. Estos fueron evaluados para su uso en las diferentes manifestaciones de sepsis, su diagnóstico y progresión. Se describen 20 genes marcadores: cuatro asociados con bacteremia (TLR-1, TLR-2, Proteína C y Selectina-E), nueve con sepsis (IL-1B, IL-1A, IL-6, TNF-α, TLR-1, MBL-1, Hsp70, PAI-1 y MIF-1), siete con sepsis grave (IL-1RN, IL-10, TNF-α, CD14, TREM-1, Caspasa 12 y DEFB-1), cinco con choque séptico (TNF-B, TLR-4, Hsp70, MBL-1 y CD14 ) y tres con disfunción multiorgánica (TLR-1, PAI-1 y Proteína C).Conclusión. Los polimorfismos genéticos, en su mayoría, han sido probados clínicamente como marcadores de diagnóstico y pronóstico en la sepsis con resultados prometedores por la alta especificidad y sensibilidad en la práctica clínica.
El terapeuta ocupacional en el ámbito penitenciario colombiano
Authors: Garzón-Sarmiento Angélica María , Pérez-Miranda Cindy Camila , Torres-Zaque Yuly Alexandra , Tunaroza-Chilito Yulieth Paola , Peñas-Felizzola Olga Luz 
Published: June 2017

Introducción. Aunque el sector justicia es un importante campo de actuación de la terapia ocupacional, son pocos los trabajos que documentan los alcances y las experiencias profesionales en Colombia.Objetivo. Aportar información para comprender el desarrollo de la terapia ocupacional colombiana en el ámbito penitenciario.Materiales y métodos. Investigación cualitativa con revisión sistemática de literatura y aplicación de encuestas a siete expertos.Resultados. Priman acciones de formación e inclusión productiva y social, fortalecimiento del autocuidado y tiempo libre con población reclusa, siendo los talleres para formación en oficios la estrategia más utilizada. Son frecuentes los modelos de la ocupación humana y canadiense del desempeño ocupacional. La academia, las problemáticas sociales y el desarrollo legislativo figuran como referentes que marcan el transcurrir profesional en el sector. Se deben fortalecer las acciones con familia y redes y cambiar la percepción de debilidad en la experiencia profesional que manifiestan los terapeutas ocupacionales frente a su quehacer en penitenciarías.Conclusiones. Se debe fortalecer la terapia ocupacional en el sector justicia y reconocer la ocupación como eje fundamental en procesos resocializadores. Los derroteros sectoriales y los contenidos normativos afines visibilizan la ocupación como estrategia e indicador de cambios en una población que, habiendo transgredido las normas jurídicas, puede aportar a la sociedad con su potencial ocupacional y productivo.
Aspectos relacionados con el número de citas odontológicas a las que asisten las mujeres embarazadas en Santander
Authors: Almario-Barrera Andrea Johanna , Villarreal-Neira Camila , Concha-Sánchez Sonia Constanza 
Published: June 2017

Introducción. La salud bucal es más que recibir atención odontológica. Por eso, si la mujer embarazada registra patologías bucales, es fundamental atenderlas estas condiciones para evitar complicaciones en la mujer y su bebé.Objetivo. Describir el número de citas odontológicas a las que asisten las mujeres embarazadas en Santander según factores sociales, demográficos y patologías orales.Materiales y métodos. Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal que involucró a 8 695 mujeres embarazadas. Se estableció una relación entre el número de consultas odontológicas a las que estas mujeres asistieron y variables demográficas, patologías orales, municipio, zona de residencia y vinculación al sistema atención en salud. Para ello, se aplicó prueba t de Student, test Rangos de Wilcoxón, ANOVA y test de Kruskal-Wallis dependiendo de la distribución de los datos y considerando un nivel de significancia de α≤0.01.Resultados. Se registraron bajos promedios de asistencia a la consulta odontológica en las embarazadas menores de 20 años y las mayores de 40, las que residen en municipios de bajo nivel económico, en zona rural y las atendidas en el régimen subsidiado o vinculadas.Conclusión. El número de citas odontológicas a las que asisten las mujeres embarazadas puede estar influido por las patologías que afectan a las mujeres y por factores sociales y demográficos.
The role of local government in evictions
Authors: Van Wyk Jeannie 
Published: June 2017

Local government occupies a unique place in the South African system of government. This is circumscribed by the Constitution which contains directives. enjoining municipalities inter alia to provide democratic and accountable government for local communities and to promote social and economic development (section 152) as well as to undertake developmentally-oriented planning (section 153). In addition local government has a specific role to play regarding access to adequate housing and, in that context, evictions.
In terms of sections 25 and 26 of the Constitution as well as legislation enacted in terms of these provisions new and different procedures have been put in place to demarcate the role of municipalities in evictions. The interpretation, by the courts, of these legislative provisions, has created a framework within which municipalities must react to and deal with evictions. In terms of that framework a number of duties and responsibilities are placed on municipalities, which include that they do the following: have policies, actions and programmes in place, draw up proper housing plans, be notified of evictions, mediate and engage with all stakeholders and provide temporary - and suitable alternative - accommodation of a specific standard, all of which must be consistent with principles of human dignity and be reasonable.
Against this background this paper will interrogate the role of local government in evictions, concentrating on the constitutional directives for municipalities, the different eviction procedures and the duties and responsibilities of municipalities.
Foreword
Authors: Böhler Werner 
Published: June 2017

The seminar hosted Potchefstroom in April 2010, entitled 'Good Governance in Land Tenure', followed in the tradition of cooperation between the Faculty of Law of the North West University and Konrad Adenauer Stiftung in South Africa.

We started our cooperation fourteen years ago with a joint series of seminars under the title 'Constitution and Law'. In 2008 we started our joint project on good governance in Southern Africa with the focus on the impact of globalisation on good governance in Southern Africa, and in 2009 we discussed the topic 'good governance as a mechanism to promote sustainable development in Southern Africa'.
Response to Prof Thilo Marauhn's Opening Address on ’Land Tenure and Good Governance from the Perspective of International Law
Authors: Ferreira Gerrit 
Published: June 2017

In an earlier judgment[1] on the right to education delivered by the South African Constitutional Court (the Constitutional Court), the principal focus was on the restriction of access to education through the implementation of the language policy of the school. Language, however, is only one barrier preventing access to education in South Africa. Learners countrywide are denied the right to basic education because of the levying of school fees and other educational charges.[2] This practice is prevalent in spite of the international obligation imposed on the South African government to provide free primary education. This article examines the exact nature of this obligation by exploring the concept of "free" basic education.

* Lorette Arendse, Lecturer, Department of Legal History, Coparative Law and Legal Philosophy University of Pretoria. E-mail: Lorette.arendse@up.ac.za
[1] Head of Department: Mpumalanga Department of Education v Hoërskool Ermelo 2010 2 SA 415 (CC).

[2] Centre for Applied Legal Studies and Social Surveys Africa National Survey.
The Southern African Development Community Trade Legal Instruments Compliance with Certain Criteria of GATT Article XXIV
Authors: Saurombe A 
Published: June 2017

Article XXIV of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) lays down the legal principles with which regional trade agreements have to conform. Based on these principles, WTO members have the mandate to determine the legality of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) under the GATT. Article XXIV permits both regional and bilateral preferential trade agreements leading to the formation of customs unions and free trade areas, and seeks to integrate them in the multilateral trading system envisioned for the world. SADC is an RTA created under this Article. Notwithstanding the controversies surrounding the provisions and interpretation of Article XXIV, this paper seeks to establish the extent to which the SADC Protocol on Trade and free trade area comply with WTO rules. An analysis of selected Article XXIV provisions and the SADC Trade Protocol provisions will be undertaken in trying to establish this compliance.
The Value Added Tax Implications of Illegal Transactions
Authors: Van Zyl SP 
Published: June 2017

In the case of MP Finance Group CC (In Liquidation) v CSARS the High Court of Appeal ruled that income "received by" a taxpayer from illegal gains will be taxable in the hands of the taxpayer. This article explores whether or not the decision in the MP Finance-case (and preceding cases on the taxation of illegal receipts) can be applied to determine if illegal transactions are subject to VAT and moreover if a trader in illegal goods and services should register as a VAT vendor. Although strictly speaking no analogy can be drawn between the charging provisions for income tax and VAT, it is clear that in the determination of the taxability of illegal income, the courts applied the principle of tax neutrality. In terms of the principle of tax neutrality, taxes are not concerned with the legality or illegality of a transaction, but rather with whether the transaction complies with the requirements for it to be taxed or not. That said, the European Court of Justice has a different approach in applying this principle. According to the European Court of Justice where the intrinsic nature of the goods excludes it from the commercial arena (like narcotic drugs) it should not be subject to VAT, but where the goods compete with a legal market it must be subject to VAT. Charging VAT on illegal transactions might give the impression that government benefits from criminal activities. However, if illegal transactions are not subject to VAT the trader in illegal goods will benefit as his products will be 14% cheaper than his rival’s. Is this necessarily a moral dilemma? In conclusion three arguments can be deduced on the question if illegal transactions should be subject to VAT:
1. Illegal transactions should not be taxed at all. Illegal goods or services fall outside the sphere of the application of the charging provision in section 7(1) of the VAT Act. Moreover, taxing illegal transactions lends a quasi-validity to the contract and gives the impression that government benefits from crime.
2. The intrinsic nature of the goods concerned should determine the VAT-ability thereof. Where the nature of the goods excludes it from the commercial sphere, like narcotics, it should not be subject to VAT. Where the illegal goods compete with a legal market the goods should be subject to VAT to eliminate unjust competition.
3. The principle of tax neutrality makes it clear that the illegality of a transaction has no influence on its taxability. The charging provision in terms of section 7(1) of the VAT act is not concerned with the legality of the transaction. If the transaction complies with the requirements for it to be taxed, it should be subject to VAT.
Editorial
Authors: Venter Francois 
Published: June 2017

This edition, one of the most voluminous to date, opens with an oratio by IT Cohen Professor of International Law and Human Rights, Emory University School of Law, Johan van der Vyver. The paper was delivered in the HL Swanepoel series of lectures on 26 May in Potchefstroom. In a well documented paper covering historical perspectives on the right to self-determination, the definition thereof and limitations thereupon, Van der Vyver concludes that the "[d]rafters of the South African Constitution rejected segregation of rival ethnic, religious and linguistic communities, as well as the promotion of cultural, religious or linguistic homogeneity within our nation, as a means of counteracting group-related tensions in the country's social construct. . . . The new constitutional dispensation accordingly seeks to promote pride in one's group identities." He also points out that "[p]luralism, tolerance and broadmindedness have been singled out by the European Court of Human Rights as indispensable components of a democratic society." A link to video material of the lecture is also included.
The Right to Self-Determination of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities in South Africa
Authors: Van der Vyver JD 
Published: June 2017

The South African nation comprises perhaps the most diverse plural composition in the entire world and is furthermore known for the polarization of factions of the population.[1] This raises the question how to bring about and to maintain the peaceful co-existence of the cultural, religious and linguistic varieties within its fold. Several models to cope with group-related tensions within a political community have been put to the test in different countries of our troublesome times. Nepal is a most recent case in point.* JD van der Vyver. BComm, LLB, Honns BA (PU for CHE) LLD (Pret). IT Cohen Professor of International Law and Human Rights, Emory University School of Law; Extraordinary Professor in the Department of Private Law, University of Pretoria (JVAND02@emory.edu).[1] See S v Makwanyane 1995 3 SA 391 (CC) para 308 (Mokgoro J referring to South Africans having "a history of deep division characterised by strife and conflict"); Du Toit v Minister for Safety and Security 2009 6 SA 128 (CC) para 17 (Lange CJ stating: "The South African nation was for decades a deeply divided society characterised by gross violations of fundamental human rights").
Delictual Liability of the School Sports Coach - A Security Matter
Authors: Rossouw JP , Keet Wilna 
Published: June 2017

Sports law can be regarded as one of the latest developments in law. As applied to the school setting, and with special reference to sport coaching, this article deals with the five fundamental elements of the law of delict that influence and inform the execution of the duty of care of the educator-coach. This article pays special attention to the legal aspects related to the security, on the one hand, of the learners as participants, but also the educator-coach in his or her respective roles as coach, organiser of sport events, referee and sport official on the other.

The basic research question is: To what extent can educator-coaches increase their own security by ensuring safer participation of learners? How can these educators prevent or minimise the occurrence of serious injuries during practices (as coaches) and during meetings, contests or matches (as officials, such as being referees)? A certain amount of risk is typical of and inherent to most types of sports, especially those that involve physical contact or in which potentially dangerous implements are used. In contrast, many learners are coached by educators that do not necessarily have enough experience, skills or knowledge regarding the more advanced techniques of the specific sports code. This contrast between the inherent risks and the lack of expertise of many educator-coaches creates an amount of insecurity for both the participants and the coaches.

This article includes a discussion of the application of the five fundamental elements of the South African law of delict to school sports coaching. To illustrate the ways in which courts consider sports law issues, examples from court cases related to different types of sports are analysed, and, where applicable, cases from other countries and from outside the sphere of education are also included. This discussion is followed by an overview of those legal provisions that impact on sports participation at school.

The legal duty of care of all educators stems from the special relationship between an educator and a learner. Not acting to ensure the safety of a participant constitutes wrongfulness on the side of the educator-coach, which may lead to being held liable for damage to the participant. This article specifically considers the higher standard of care expected from the educator-coach, as compared to the normal reasonable person, based on the former's specific training in working with learners. The acts or omissions of higher qualified and more experienced educator-coaches will also be measured against a higher standard.

This article concludes with the recommendation that educator-coaches should not be overly reassured by section 60 of the South African Schools Act. Ensuring the safety and security of learners should still be the main priority for all educators. Educator-coaches should remember that, true to their calling as educators, and consistent with section 28(2) of the Constitution, a child's best interests are of paramount importance in every matter concerning the child.
Religious and Cultural Dress at School: A Comparative Perspective
Authors: De Waal Elda 
Published: June 2017

This article investigates and compares the different approaches towards the dress code of learners[1] in South Africa and the United States of America (US), as the US mainly base litigation concerning school dress code on their freedom of speech/expression clause, while similar South African court cases focus more on religious and cultural freedom.

In South Africa, school principals and School Governing Bodies are in dire need of clear guidelines on how to respect and honour the constitutionally entrenched right to all of the different religions and cultures. The crisis of values in education arises from the disparity between the value system espoused by the school and the community, and that expressed in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, which guarantees learners' fundamental rights, including those of freedom of religion, culture, expression and human dignity. On the one hand, the South African Schools Act requires of School Governing Bodies to develop and implement a Code of Conduct for learners, and on the other, that they strictly adhere to the Constitution of the country when drawing up their dress codes. The right of a religious group to practise its religion or of a cultural group to respect and sustain its culture must be consistent with the provisions of the Bill of Rights (which is entrenched in the Constitution) and this implies that other rights may not infringe on the right to freedom of religion and culture.

In the US, although there is no legislation that protects learners' freedom of religion and culture at schools, their First Amendment guides the way. Their Supreme Court respects the religious values of all citizens provided that they are manifested off public school premises. While we acknowledge the existence of religious and cultural diversity at South African schools, this paper focuses on the tension among and on the existence of different approaches towards the human rights of learners from different religious and cultural backgrounds in respect of dress codes.
The terms learner/s and student/s are used interchangeably in the article, since South Africa uses the one and the US uses the other to indicate school-going persons.
The Obligation to Provide Free Basic Education in South Africa: An International Law Perspective
Authors: Arendse Lorette 
Published: June 2017

In South Africa many learners are denied the right to basic education because of the levying of school fees and other educational charges, in spite of the international obligation imposed on government to provide free primary education. This article examines the exact nature and extent of this obligation by exploring the concept of "free" basic education. The applicable international instruments and their interpretation as well as the significance of the right to education as a central, facilitative right are examined in order to establish the content of the right to basic education and the legal obligations that ensue. Against this background, the implications of the South African Constitutional Court's approach to the realisation of socio-economic rights and the possibility of the establishment of a core minimum obligation are analysed. It is argued that learners in South Africa may come from different socio-economic backgrounds but as learners in the same public school domain and as equal bearers of their constitutional right to basic education all of them are entitled to the same type and quality of free basic education.
African Indigenous Land Rights in a Private Ownership Paradigm
Authors: Du Plessis Elmien 
Published: June 2017

It is often stated that indigenous law confers no property rights in land. Okoth-Ogenda reconceptualised indigenous land rights by debunking the myth that indigenous land rights systems are necessarily "communal" in nature, that "ownership" is collective and that the community as an entity makes collective decisions about the access and use of land.[1] He offers a different understanding of indigenous land rights systems by looking at the social order of communities that create "reciprocal rights and obligations that this binds together, and vests power in the community members over land". To determine who will be granted access to or exercise control over land and the resources, one needs to look at these rights and obligations and the performances that arise from them. This will leave only two distinct questions: who may have access to the land (and what type of access)[2] and who may control and manage the land resources on behalf of those who have access to it?[3] There is a link with this reconceptualisation and the discourse of the commons. Ostrom's classification of goods leads to a definition of the commons (or common pool of resources) as "a class of resources for which exclusion is difficult and joint use involves subtractablity".[4] The questions this article wishes to answer are: would it firstly be possible to classify the indigenous land rights system as a commons, and secondly would it provide a useful analytical framework in which to solve the problem of securing land tenure in South Africa?