bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeted fascicular biopsy of the brachial plexus: rationale and operative technique
Authors: Laumonerie Pierre , Capek Stepan , Amrami Kimberly K. , Dyck P. James B. , Spinner Robert J. 
Published: March 2017

OBJECTIVE
Nerve biopsy is useful in the management of neuromuscular disorders and is commonly performed in distal, noncritical cutaneous nerves. In general, these procedures are diagnostic in only 20%–50%. In selected cases in which preoperative evaluation points toward a more localized process, targeted biopsy would likely improve diagnostic yield. The authors report their experience with targeted fascicular biopsy of the brachial plexus and provide a description of the operative technique.

METHODS
All cases of targeted biopsy of the brachial plexus biopsy performed between 2003 and 2015 were reviewed. Targeted nerve biopsy was performed using a supraclavicular, infraclavicular, or proximal medial arm approach. Demographic data and clinical presentation as well as the details of the procedure, adverse events (temporary or permanent), and final pathological findings were recorded.

RESULTS
Brachial plexus biopsy was performed in 74 patients (47 women and 27 men). The patients' mean age was 57.7 years. All patients had abnormal findings on physical examination, electrodiagnostic studies, and MRI. The overall diagnostic yield of biopsy was 74.3% (n = 55). The most common diagnoses included inflammatory demyelination (19), breast carcinoma (17), neurolymphomatosis (8), and perineurioma (7). There was a 19% complication rate; most of the complications were minor or transient, but 4 patients (5.4%) had increased numbness and 3 (4.0%) had additional weakness following biopsy.

CONCLUSIONS
Targeted fascicular biopsy of the brachial plexus is an effective diagnostic procedure, and in highly selected cases should be considered as the initial procedure over nontargeted, distal cutaneous nerve biopsy. Using MRI to guide the location of a fascicular biopsy, the authors found this technique to produce a higher diagnostic yield than historical norms as well as providing justification for definitive treatment.
Optimizing decellularization techniques to create a new nerve allograft: an in vitro study using rodent nerve segments
Authors: Hundepool Caroline A. , Nijhuis Tim H. J. , Kotsougiani Dimitra , Friedrich Patricia F. , Bishop Allen T. , Shin Alexander Y. 
Published: March 2017

OBJECTIVE
Commercially available processed nerve allografts have been shown to be inferior to autografts in previous animal studies. The authors hypothesized that combining different processing and storage techniques will result in improved nerve ultrastructure preservation, lower immunogenicity, and minimized cellular debris. Different processing protocols were evaluated using chemical detergents, enzymes, and irradiation, with the addition the of enzyme elastase, were used. Additionally, the difference between cold and frozen storage was investigated. The goal of this study was to create an optimized nerve allograft.

METHODS
Fifty rat nerves were decellularized with modifications of previous protocols and the addition of elastase. Subsequently, the nerve segments were stored at either 4°C or −80°C. Both processed and fresh control nerves were analyzed with confocal microscopy using immunohistochemical staining on the basal lamina (laminin γ-1), Schwann cells (S100 protein), and immunogenicity using major histocompatibility complex–I (MHCI) staining. Morphology of the ultrastructure and amount of cellular debris were analyzed on cross-sections of the nerves stained with toluidine blue and H & E, and by using electron microscopy.

RESULTS
Nerve ultrastructure was preserved with all decellularization protocols. Storage at −80°C severely altered nerve ultrastructure after any decellularization method. Elastase was found to significantly reduce the immunogenicity and amount of Schwann cells, while maintaining good structural properties.

CONCLUSIONS
Reduced immunogenicity, diminished cellular debris, and the elimination of Schwann cells was observed when elastase was added to the nerve processing while maintaining ultrastructure. Storage at −80°C after the decellularization process heavily damaged the nerve ultrastructure as compared with cold storage. Further in vivo studies are needed to prove the nerve regenerative capacity of these optimized allografts.
Exposure of undergraduates to authentic GP teaching and subsequent entry to GP training: a quantitative study of UK medical schools
Authors: Alberti Hugh , Randles Hannah L , Harding Alex , McKinley Robert K 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundIt has been suggested that the quantity of exposure to general practice teaching at medical school is associated with future choice of a career as a GP.Aim To examine the relationship between general practice exposure at medical school and the percentage of each school’s graduates appointed to a general practice training programme after foundation training (postgraduate years 1 and 2).Design and setting A quantitative study of 29 UK medical schools.MethodThe UK Foundation Programme Office (UKFPO) destination surveys of 2014 and 2015 were used to determine the percentage of graduates of each UK medical school who were appointed to a GP training programme after foundation year 2. The Spearman rank correlation was used to examine the correlation between these data and the number of sessions spent in placements in general practice at each medical school.ResultsA statistically significant association was demonstrated between the quantity of authentic general practice teaching at each medical school and the percentage of its graduates who entered GP training after foundation programme year 2 in both 2014 (correlation coefficient [r] 0.41, P = 0.027) and 2015 (r 0.3, P = 0.044). Authentic general practice teaching here is described as teaching in a practice with patient contact, in contrast to non-clinical sessions such as group tutorials in the medical school.DiscussionThe authors have demonstrated, for the first time in the UK, an association between the quantity of clinical GP teaching at medical school and entry to general practice training. This study suggests that an increased use of, and investment in, undergraduate general practice placements would help to ensure that the UK meets its target of 50% of medical graduates entering general practice.
Suppression of Hydrogen Emission in an X-class White-light Solar Flare
Authors: Procházka Ondřej , Milligan Ryan O. , Allred Joel C. , Kowalski Adam F. , Kotrč Pavel , Mathioudakis Mihalis 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
We present unique NUV observations of a well-observed X-class flare from NOAA 12087 obtained at the Ondřejov Observatory. The flare shows a strong white-light continuum but no detectable emission in the higher Balmer and Lyman lines. Reuven Ramaty High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager and Fermi observations indicate an extremely hard X-ray spectrum and γ-ray emission. We use the RADYN radiative hydrodynamic code to perform two types of simulations: one where an energy of 3 × 1011 erg cm−2 s−1 is deposited by an electron beam with a spectral index of ≈3, and a second where the same energy is applied directly to the photosphere. The combination of observations and simulations allows us to conclude that the white-light emission and the suppression or complete lack of hydrogen emission lines is best explained by a model where the dominant energy deposition layer is located in the lower layers of the solar atmosphere, rather than the chromosphere.
Energetics and Birth Rates of Supernova Remnants in the Large Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Leahy D. A. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Published X-ray emission properties for a sample of 50 supernova remnants (SNRs) in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) are used as input for SNR evolution modeling calculations. The forward shock emission is modeled to obtain the initial explosion energy, age, and circumstellar medium density for each SNR in the sample. The resulting age distribution yields a SNR birthrate of 1/(500 yr) for the LMC. The explosion energy distribution is well fit by a log-normal distribution, with a most-probable explosion energy of

erg, with a 1σ dispersion by a factor of 3 in energy. The circumstellar medium density distribution is broader than the explosion energy distribution, with a most-probable density of ∼0.1 cm−3. The shape of the density distribution can be fit with a log-normal distribution, with incompleteness at high density caused by the shorter evolution times of SNRs.
Galaxies Grow Their Bulges and Black Holes in Diverse Ways
Authors: Bell Eric F. , Monachesi Antonela , Harmsen Benjamin , Jong Roelof S. de , Bailin Jeremy , Radburn-Smith David J. , D’Souza Richard , Holwerda Benne W. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Galaxies with Milky Way–like stellar masses have a wide range of bulge and black hole masses; in turn, these correlate with other properties such as star formation history. While many processes may drive bulge formation, major and minor mergers are expected to play a crucial role. Stellar halos offer a novel and robust measurement of galactic merger history; cosmologically motivated models predict that mergers with larger satellites produce more massive, higher-metallicity stellar halos, reproducing the recently observed stellar halo metallicity–mass relation. We quantify the relationship between stellar halo mass and bulge or black hole prominence using a sample of 18 Milky Way-mass galaxies with newly available measurements of (or limits on) stellar halo properties. There is an order of magnitude range in bulge mass, and two orders of magnitude in black hole mass, at a given stellar halo mass (or, equivalently, merger history). Galaxies with low-mass bulges show a wide range of quiet merger histories, implying formation mechanisms that do not require intense merging activity. Galaxies with massive “classical” bulges and central black holes also show a wide range of merger histories. While three of these galaxies have massive stellar halos consistent with a merger origin, two do not—merging appears to have had little impact on making these two massive “classical” bulges. Such galaxies may be ideal laboratories to study massive bulge formation through pathways such as early gas-rich accretion, violent disk instabilities, or misaligned infall of gas throughout cosmic time.
Safety of Biologic and Nonbiologic Disease-modifying Antirheumatic Drug Therapy in Veterans with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Authors: Burton Mary Jane , Curtis Jeffrey R. , Yang Shuo , Chen Lang , Singh Jasvinder A. , Mikuls Ted R. , Winthrop Kevin L. , Baddley John W. 
Published: March 2017

Objective.To examine the effect of disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy on hepatotoxicity among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.Methods.We identified biologic and nonbiologic treatment episodes of patients with RA using the 1997–2011 national data from the US Veterans Health Administration. Eligible episodes had HCV infection (defined by detectable HCV RNA) and subsequently initiated a new biologic or nonbiologic DMARD. Cohort entry required a baseline alanine aminotransferase (ALT) < 66 IU/l and quantifiable HCV RNA within 90 days prior to starting biologic/DMARD therapy. The primary outcome of interest was hepatotoxicity, defined as ALT elevation ≥ 100 IU/l or increase in HCV RNA of 1 log or more, and was examined within the first year of biologic/DMARD use. Results were reported as the cumulative incidence of treatment episodes achieving predefined hepatotoxicity at 3, 6, and 12 months after biologic/DMARD initiation.Results.RA patients with HCV (n = 748) were identified and contributed 1097 biologic/DMARD treatment episodes. Overall, ALT elevations were uncommon, with 37 (3.4%) hepatotoxicity events occurring within 12 months. Treatment episodes with biologic DMARD demonstrated more frequency of hepatotoxicity than did nonbiologic DMARD (4.8% vs 2.3%, p = 0.03). Among treatment episodes involving hepatotoxicity events, the majority occurred within 6 months of DMARD initiation (29/37, 78%).Conclusion.In US veterans with HCV and RA receiving biologic and nonbiologic DMARD, the frequency of hepatotoxicity (ALT ≥ 100 IU/l) was low, with a higher frequency observed in treatment episodes with current biologic use.
Créativité : une liberté sous contrainte ?
Authors: Goldsztaub Liliane 
Published: March 2017

Créativité sous contrainte est un article qui interroge l’origine de la créativité. Est-elle nécessité structurale ou dépassement de contraintes internes ou externes ? Sont passés en revue quelques aspects structuraux qui pourraient pousser à la créativité et éviter ainsi une pathologisation de la structure psychique. Quelques exemples tirés de la peinture, du cinéma de la vie de H. Poincaré servent de support à étayer le propos.
Sartre et la dramaturgie du désir
Authors: Libis Jean 
Published: March 2017

L’œuvre de Sartre est immense et problématique : elle semble scindée par une rupture médiane tant la seconde orientation, qui se situe après la deuxième guerre mondiale, semble contrarier, voire contredire la première. C’est pourtant au cœur de cette dernière qu’a surgi le monument philosophique intitulé L’Être et le Néant . Les pages que l’auteur y consacre à l’analyse du désir sexuel y sont parmi les plus considérables qu’il ait produites. Se posant en critique de la psychanalyse freudienne, il apparaît néanmoins fasciné par celle-ci tout en lui opposant ce qu’il nomme la psychanalyse existentielle. La liberté en laquelle ne cesse de se projeter la conscience vient buter sur le phénomène du désir qui la saisit comme un mécanisme destinal. Le désir exige le désir, et la liberté rêve de s’engluer dans ce processus par lequel le corps fait naître la chair en une tentative d’évanouissement. En ce sens, la liberté caresse sa propre mort virtuelle. Ainsi le philosophe peut-il parler d’une aporie du désir et, plus crûment, d’un échec.
« Demain, un jour nouveau ? » Un renversement électoral confisqué au Gabon
Authors: Aterianus-Owanga Alice , Debain Mathilde 
Published: March 2017

Sous la forme d’une chronique, cet article décrit la manière dont différents enjeux ont conduit, durant l’élection présidentielle gabonaise d’août 2016, à une mobilisation électorale en faveur de l’alternance, puis à sa confiscation. S’attachant à comprendre en quoi l’élection de 2016 s’est distinguée des précédentes, il insiste sur l’érosion des mécanismes de la fabrique du consentement et sur la formation d’une mobilisation contestataire multiforme, contrastant avec la logique de consentement passif qui était auparavant considérée comme l’un des traits des rapports de pouvoir au Gabon. Il démontre que si les possibilités de renversement réel du régime au pouvoir se sont avérées limitées, les élans portés par la société civile, par une opposition structurée et par une nouvelle génération de Gabonais ont permis, durant quelques mois, d’imaginer la possibilité d’un « jour nouveau », et d’inventer des espaces de protestation politique.
Les hommes face aux animaux à Rouen au XIX e siècle
Authors: Percheron Bénédicte 
Published: March 2017

Au début du XIX e siècle, les spectacles animaliers se multiplient à Rouen, plus spécifiquement à partir des années 1820. L’animal, auparavant simple denrée alimentaire, est désormais également apprécié pour sa fonction esthétique, ses capacités de dressage ou encore pour sa rareté. Parallèlement, les études zoologiques se développent dans la cité, ainsi que les collections d’histoire naturelle qui bénéficient de la présence des nombreuses ménageries de passage dans la ville. À partir des années 1870 et 1880 , le statut de l’animal évolue avec l’émergence d’une société protectrice des animaux (groupe rouennais), mais aussi avec la création des comités d’hygiène. Quant à la question de l’acclimatation des espèces, elle est abordée discrètement à la fin du siècle. Il faut cependant attendre le début du XX e siècle pour voir la création d’un parc zoologique dans la région de Rouen.
Corporéité et race : l’histoire abrégée d’une construction et de ses fonctions usuelles
Authors: Diop El Hadji Ibrahima 
Published: March 2017

Cet article condense l’histoire de la construction de la race à travers le corps de l’autre ; il étudie les fonctions qui lui ont été attribuées telles que l’animalisation, l’esthétisation et la fonctionnalisation économique de la race à partir du corps d’autrui et des réponses que cela a entraîné.
Transfiguration socioculturelle à l’École normale William Ponty, prélude du panafricanisme
Authors: Niane Boubacar 
Published: March 2017

Le système colonial français en Afrique noire a initié un processus de sélection/cooptation d’une élite indigène du savoir par domestication. Ledit processus s’est largement appuyé sur un système scolaire où l’École (fédérale) normale William Ponty a occupé, notamment durant la période 1913-1957, une place centrale dans la formation d’instituteurs, de « médecins africains », de commis d’administration. Le texte montre comment les « Pontins » qui faisaient partie d’un système de totalisation au sens où l’entend Erving Goffman, ont pu, in fine , échapper à l’enfermement par « déconstruction ». Autrement dit, comment et pourquoi des agents « formatés » en vue de perdre leur identité culturelle et/ou sociale, ont-ils pu devenir des anti-modèles, des « surhommes » nietzschéens ? À travers notamment leurs « cahiers » et leur « théâtre » conçus par les initiateurs comme des instruments de domestication, de contrôle d’une identité, les élèves de Ponty apparaissent à bien des égards comme sujets et acteurs d’un processus de décentrement culturel suivi d’un réarmement intellectuel et culturel, avant une transfiguration socioculturelle et politique en Afrique de l’ouest notamment. Cette déconstruction demeure une sorte de mise à mort symbolique d’une tentative d’« hybridation culturelle » initiée par la puissance coloniale.
Les jeunes des quartiers populaires : affirmer « être musulman », en réaction à la stigmatisation, dans un contexte de mondialisation
Authors: Bordet Joëlle 
Published: March 2017

Cet article partie prenante du numéro de Topique intitulé « Race, identité nationale et mondialisation » propose une réflexion concernant l’évolution des dynamiques identitaires des jeunes des quartiers populaires en France dans le rapport à la mondialisation et en réaction à la stigmatisation. Lors des entretiens collectifs, menés auprès de trois cents jeunes entre seize et vingt-cinq ans sur leur façon « de naître au monde », j’ai été interpellée par l’affirmation très courante « d’être musulman » et de la fierté que cela génère. Je vise dans cet article à identifier les différentes significations de cette affirmation et son rôle dans les dynamiques identitaires et d’appartenance de ces jeunes. À l’heure où le débat national porte sur ces rapports entre les affirmations identitaires, l’Islam et la République, l’écoute de ces jeunes et l’analyse de leurs représentations permet de questionner et d’enrichir la réflexion collective actuelle.
Naturalisation de la différence en tant que race et quelques symptômes du racisme à la lumière de la psychanalyse
Authors: Bafica Coelho Marcelo , Arreguy Marília Etienne 
Published: March 2017

Le racisme est un thème complexe. À travers l’histoire, beaucoup d’actions considérées aujourd’hui comme néfastes ont été réalisées pour mettre en évidence l’infériorité de certaines parties de l’humanité. Un problème de classification – et sa conséquente hiérarchisation – lié à l’impulsion de domination et de cruauté humaines est devenu la base de quelques épisodes les plus malheureux de la biographie de notre civilisation, un registre d’équivoques perverses adressées à l’autre, au différent. Dans ce présent travail, notre intention est de contribuer à l’entendement d’une partie de cette problématique, notamment au moyen d’éléments du référentiel psychanalytique freudien. En outre, cet article est traversé par des considérations de teneur philosophique, notamment en ce qui concerne le versant argumentatif et critique.
Image-guided Percutaneous Transhepatic Removal of Fish Bone from Liver Abscess
Authors: Lau Chin Wah , Wong Kang Min , Gogna Apoorva 
Published: March 2017

We present a case of a woman who was diagnosed with a hepatic abscess secondary to a migrated fish bone. As the patient did not improve after percutaneous drainage of the abscess, image-guided percutaneous transhepatic removal of the fish bone was performed. Fish bones in hepatic abscesses are typically removed surgically, with the fish bone left in situ in a number of cases. There has been only another reported case of percutaneous transhepatic fish bone removal. We conclude that in the rare case of a hepatic abscess complicating fish bone migration, image-guided percutaneous transhepatic removal of the offending foreign body is a feasible alternative to surgery, especially in high surgical risk patients.
Cortrak-Assisted Feeding Tube Insertion: A Comprehensive Review of Adverse Events in the MAUDE Database
Authors: Bourgault Annette M. , Aguirre Lillian , Ibrahim Joseph 
Published: March 2017

Background
Electromagnetic devices to guide feeding tube placement such as the CORTRAK Enteral Access System have shown promising results; however, researchers in recent studies have expressed concern that a higher level of user expertise may be required for safe use.

Objectives
To review adverse events related to CORTRAK-assisted feeding tube insertion reported in the Food and Drug Administration’s Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database.

Methods
A retrospective, secondary analysis of the MAUDE database was performed to evaluate adverse events (ie, injury or death of patient) related to CORTRAK.

Results
Fifty-four adverse events between January 1, 2006 and February 29, 2016 were identified and reviewed. Most events (98%) involved feeding tube placement in the lungs (37%, left lung; 46%, right lung; 15%, not specified). Lung complications included pneumothorax (77%) and pneumonitis (21%). Death occurred in 17% of lung placements. Clinicians failed to recognize placement in 89% of CORTRAK insertion tracings reviewed.

Conclusions
Lung placement is not unique to CORTRAK and is an inherent risk of all feeding tube insertions. In known or suspected lung placement, feeding tubes should be removed and radiography performed to assess for pneumothorax. Clinicians must observe closely for lung placement and discriminate lung from gastric placement on insertion tracings. Clinicians require specialized training and experience to develop competency in using the CORTRAK device, although the exact amount of experience needed is unknown.
Gamifying elderly care: Feasibility of a digital gaming solution for active aging
Authors: Ascolese Antonio , Kiat Jin , Pannese Lucia , Morganti Luca 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT

Background and Objectives:
Aging society is a social health issue that digital gaming solutions can address by enabling both infrastructures as advanced environments for care and patients as active people in their aging. Cost-effective patient management may be emphasized thanks to the communication protocols that allow remote monitoring and intervention by medical professionals. Services for elderly depend on their behavior and lifestyle toward personal health management. Digital games could increase seniors' engagement and motivation. However, a few studies have looked at the acceptance of digital games by the elderly. The study here presented aims to evaluate the feasibility of a gaming rehabilitation platform.

Materials and Methods:
In Singapore, fifty elderly practiced 30-min sessions and evaluated their experience with a new tool based on game scenarios for rehabilitation.

Results:
Results are discussed in the light of Davis' Technology Acceptance Model, highlighting mainly a good perceived usefulness of the service.

Conclusions:
This preliminary study is encouraging the spread of digital medical games for old patients.