bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sharing the burden for climate change mitigation in the Canadian federation
Authors: Böhringer Christoph , Rivers Nicholas , Rutherford Thomas , Wigle Randall 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDividing the burden for greenhouse gas abatement among the provinces has proven challenging in Canada and contributes to Canada's failure to limit emissions. This paper uses a computable general equilibrium model to compare a number of rules for sharing the burden of emission reductions among Canadian provinces. Because of the substantial heterogeneity among Canadian provinces, these different rules imply significantly different relative abatement effort among provinces, and also significantly different welfare implications. We compare these archetypal burden sharing rules to existing provincial emission reduction commitments and find that none of the standard burden sharing rules comes close to existing commitments.
CTOD‐R curves of the metal‐clad interface of API X52 pipes cladded with an Inconel 625 alloy by welding overlay
Authors: Araújo A. A. de , Bastian F. L. , Castrodeza E. M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCrack‐tip opening displacement resistance curves (CTOD‐R) of the substrate/cladding interface of an API 5 L X52 steel pipe internally coated with Inconel 625 applied by TIG (GTAW) welding were experimentally evaluated. A small pipe section with 168 mm of outer diameter and 22.5 mm of thickness was internally coated with a 15 mm thick layer of Inconel 625 corrosion resistant alloy. Tension test specimens were obtained from both substrate and cladding, as well as compact tension test specimens (C(T)) for the evaluation of CTOD‐R curves. The fracture testing specimens were notched at the interface in RL orientation. In addition to fracture and tensile testing, microstructural characterization was conducted at the interface using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Qualitative chemical composition scanning and microhardness determination were also performed. The results indicated high fracture toughness for the substrate/cladding interface and the absence of low toughness regions at the interface of the tested samples.
Individual and Social Influences on Students’ Attitudes to Debt: a Cross‐National Path Analysis Using Data from England and New Zealand
Authors: Harrison Neil , Agnew Steve 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis study examines the construction of debt attitudes among 439 first‐year undergraduates in England and New Zealand. It works from a conceptual model that predicts that attitudes will be partly determined by a range of social factors, mediated through personality and ‘financial literacy’. Path analysis is used to explore this model. The proposed model was found to be basically sound, with some notable negative findings. Socio‐economic status was found to have a negligible role in determining debt attitudes, while the role of financial literacy was limited to reducing the likelihood of seeing debt as useful for lifestyle expenditure. Debt anxiety was found to be higher among students with a general predisposition to anxiety and inversely related to viewing student debt as a form of educational investment. It is concluded that student debt attitudes are multidimensional and individualised, challenging simplistic ideas of debt aversion in earlier literature.
Effect of combined microwave‐hot air drying and superheated steam drying on physical and chemical properties of rice
Authors: Horrungsiwat Sawanee , Therdthai Nantawan , Ratphitagsanti Wannasawat 
Published: May 2016

SummaryJasmine rice (Oryza sativa L.) was subjected to two drying operations: combined microwave‐hot air drying (MHA) at initial power intensity of 3, 4 and 6 W g−1 and superheated steam drying (SHS) at 300 °C and 400 °C. During drying, kinetic rate constants of SHS were significantly higher than those of MHA. Both drying operations could decrease enthalpy of starch gelatinisation from 9.28 J g−1 to 1.64–6.17 J g−1, increase gelatinisation extent to 33.51–82.33%, decrease crystallinity from 28.87% to 18.15–21.33%, improve scavenging ability of 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl, increase ferric reducing antioxidant power and increase hardness of cooked rice from 5.66 N to 5.83–6.55 N, depending on microwave power and drying medium temperature. However, taste profiles and liking scores were comparable to the regular brown rice. Therefore, MHA and SHS operations could be potentially used for reducing drying process and promoting antioxidant activity.
Precocious Mexican fruit fly methoprene‐fed males inhibit female receptivity and perform sexually as mature males
Authors: Gomez‐Simuta Y. , Diaz‐Fleisher F. , Arredondo J. , Díaz‐Santiz E. , Pérez‐Staples D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe sterile insect technique (SIT) has been used successfully for the control of fruit flies. The efficiency of this technique can be significantly reduced when sterile released insects are exposed to adverse conditions and predators, as a great number of sterile insects die before reaching sexual maturity and thus fail to mate with wild females. Treatments with juvenile hormone (JH) analogues such as methoprene (M) significantly reduce the time to reach sexual maturity by sterile Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) males. In this study, we compared the sexual performance of non‐treated sexually mature males with young males that had been sexually accelerated with M. Furthermore, we compared the ability of M‐fed males in inhibiting female remating compared with sexually mature males. Results showed that at 5 days M‐fed males had lower mating success than mature males; however, 6‐day‐old (0.1%) M‐fed males had the same amount of matings as mature 13‐day‐old males. Young 5‐ to 10‐day‐old M‐fed males also had similar number of matings as mature non‐treated 12‐ to 17‐day‐old males. There were no differences in copula duration between treatments. Moreover, there were no differences between the fertility, fecundity or refractory period of females mated with either young male fed M or normal sexually mature males. These results indicated that young males that were sexually accelerated with M have the same sexual performance as non‐treated sexually mature males. Implications of using M as a pre‐release treatment for A. ludens controlled through SIT are discussed.
Are Obese Residents More Likely to Be Admitted to Nursing Homes That Have More Deficiencies in Care?
Authors: Zhang Ning , Li Yue , Rodriguez‐Monguio Rosa , Barenberg Andrew , Temkin‐Greener Helena , Gurwitz Jerry 
Published: May 2016

ObjectivesTo determine whether obese older adults who qualify for nursing home (NH) placement are as likely as nonobese adults to be admitted to NHs that provide adequate quality of care.DesignRetrospective study.SettingNHs in New York State.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 65 and older newly admitted to a NH in New York State in 2006–07.MeasurementsTotal and healthcare‐related deficiency citations for each facility were obtained from the Online Survey, Certification, and Reporting file. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to assess the association between obesity (body mass index (BMI) 30.0–39.9 kg/m2) and morbid obesity (BMI ≥ 40.0 kg/m2) separately and admission to facilities with more deficiencies.ResultsNHs that admitted a higher proportion of morbidly obese residents were more likely to have more deficiencies, whether total or healthcare related. These NHs also had greater odds of having severe deficiencies, or falling in the top quartile ranking of total deficiencies. After sequentially controlling for the choice of facilities within the inspection region, resident characteristics, and facility covariates, the association between morbid obesity and admission to higher‐deficiency NHs persisted.ConclusionResidents with morbid obesity were more likely to be admitted to NHs of poorer quality based on deficiency citations. The factors driving these disparities and their impact on the care of obese NH residents require further elucidation.
The Ideal Pair Method, an Alternative to the Ideal Profile Method Based on Pairwise Comparisons: Application to a Panel of Children
Authors: Brard Margot , Lê Sébastien 
Published: May 2016

AbstractStudying consumers’ ideals is an efficient way to improve or develop products. The Ideal Profile Method is a method able to answer that issue by providing a sensory definition of both the ideal and the real products. This definition is based on the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis method that can represent a problem, as it may not be practicable with all kinds of panel. How to proceed if the use of the Ideal Profile Method is inappropriate? We propose a new methodology: the Ideal Pair Method, the notion of pair being used as the second item of two, in relation to the first one. This methodology can be considered as an alternative to the Ideal Profile Method based on pairwise comparisons. We will present the protocol and the statistical analysis of the data. The methodology will be demonstrated through an experiment realized with a panel of children.Practical ApplicationsThe Ideal Pair Method (IPaM) leads to the description of the ideal product of the panel and is applicable to situations where the conventional method (i.e., the Ideal Profile Method) is not suitable as it is not adapted to the nature of the panel. Thus, IPaM can be very useful if we want to reveal the ideal product of children (example in this article), seniors, etc. The methodology can be applied to any kind of products: food, cosmetics, fragrances (example in this article), etc.
HCV encephalopathy – an artefact due to medical care?
Authors: Weissenborn K. , Tillmann H. L. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryAnti‐HCV positive individuals frequently complain about chronic disabling fatigue, mood alterations and deficits in concentration and memory. Several data provide evidence that such alterations are unrelated to hepatitis C virus (HCV) viremia. Thus, merely being exposed to HCV in the past may be sufficient to trigger, but the HCV exposure itself. This commentary reviews the available data upon this topic with special reference to the paper by Lowry and colleagues published in this issue of the Journal of Viral hepatitis. We will carefully discuss scientific reasons, why HCV may be directly involved in the development of neuropsychiatric symptoms independent from ongoing detectable viremia, as suggested by epidemiological data.
Comparative assessment of metrics for monitoring the body condition of polar bears in western Hudson Bay
Authors: Sciullo L. , Thiemann G. W. , Lunn N. J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMany species experience prolonged periods of fasting due to changes in habitat and food availability. Metrics that quantify energy reserves available during these periods allow for a better understanding of the interaction between environmental change and species survival. Body condition of polar bears has been assessed using morphometric and subjective indices, lipid content of adipose tissue, body composition models and, recently, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). We assessed the utility of BIA and examined correlations among condition metrics for 134 free‐ranging polar bears on shore in western Hudson Bay in fall 2012–2013 and spring 2013–2014. We also examined long‐term inter‐annual and seasonal trends from 736 bears handled in 2004–2014. Total body fat, as estimated from BIA, was correlated with adipose tissue lipid content, energy density and fatness index, but not storage energy or skull width. Body condition was higher in adult and subadult females than males, consistent with energetic demands of gestation and lactation. Adult females had higher body fat in the fall than spring, and body fat decreased with increasing number of dependent offspring. Long‐term trends indicated a decline in body condition for all adult and subadult males and females. Although there were similar patterns among BIA and other established metrics, its limitations in the field suggest that BIA may not be the most efficient method of monitoring body composition in polar bears in comparison to other modeled metrics, such as energy density. Declines in polar bear body condition over time may be a reflection of contemporaneous changes in sea ice availability and population demography, and thus have implications for the long‐term conservation of this subpopulation.
Maternal Risk Factors for Preterm Birth in Murmansk County, Russia: A Registry‐Based Study
Authors: Usynina Anna A. , Postoev Vitaly A. , Grjibovski Andrej M. , Krettek Alexandra , Nieboer Evert , Odland Jon Øyvind , Anda Erik Eik 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundGlobally, about 11% of all liveborn infants are preterm. To date, data on prevalence and risk factors of preterm birth (PTB) in Russia are limited. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of PTB in Murmansk County, Northwestern Russia and to investigate associations between PTB and selected maternal factors using the Murmansk County Birth Registry.MethodsWe conducted a registry‐based study of 52 806 births (2006–2011). In total, 51 156 births were included in the prevalence analysis, of which 3546 were PTBs. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals of moderate‐to‐late PTB, very PTB and extremely PTB for a range of maternal characteristics were estimated using multinomial logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsThe overall prevalence of PTB in Murmansk County was 6.9%. Unmarried status, prior PTBs, spontaneous and induced abortions were strongly associated with PTB at any gestational age. Maternal low educational level increased the risk of extremely and moderate‐to‐late PTB. Young (<18 years) or older (≥35 years) mothers, graduates of vocational schools, underweight, overweight/obese mothers, and smokers were at higher risk of moderate‐to‐late PTB. Secondary education, alcohol abuse, diabetes mellitus, or gestational diabetes were strongly associated with moderate‐to‐late and very PTB.ConclusionsThe observed prevalence of PTB (6.9%) in Murmansk County, Russia was comparable with data on live PTB from European countries. Adverse prior pregnancy outcomes, maternal low educational level, unmarried status, alcohol abuse, and diabetes mellitus or gestational diabetes were the most common risk factors for PTB.
Transport Capacity Limit of Urban Street Networks
Authors: Liu Gang , Gao Peichao , Li Yongshu 
Published: May 2016

AbstractNetwork transport is an important aspect of geographical information science, transportation, complex networks, etc. Previous studies have shown that the transport capacity of street networks can be enhanced by improving routing algorithms. However, the upper throughput limit of street networks is unknown in detail. This article studies the transport process of networks and finds that any connected network has a maximum throughput depending on the topological and structural properties of the network. Based on this, the maximum throughput of street networks is obtained. Experiments show that when the street network remains unchanged, the maximum throughput of the street network is limited and is dependent on road capacity and average path length, regardless of adopted routing algorithms. Our findings suggest that the throughput of networks can be improved by increasing node capacity or decreasing average path length, but the maximum transport capacity of the network cannot be greater than the ratio of the sum of all the nodes' capacities to the average path length of the network, no matter what routing strategies are adopted. This study is expected to be a starting point for more sophisticated research in network transport, such as evaluating the inherent throughput of an urban street network.
Two polyketide synthases are necessary for 4‐hydroxy‐5‐methylcoumarin biosynthesis in Gerbera hybrida
Authors: Pietiäinen Milla , Kontturi Juha , Paasela Tanja , Deng Xianbao , Ainasoja Miia , Nyberg Paulina , Hotti Hannu , Teeri Teemu H. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryGerbera (Gerbera hybrida) is an economically important ornamental species and a model plant of the Asteraceae family for flower development and secondary metabolism. Gerberin and parasorboside, two bitter tasting glucosidic lactones, are produced in high amounts in nearly all gerbera tissues. Gerbera and its close relatives also produce a rare coumarin, 4‐hydroxy‐5‐methylcoumarin (HMC). Unlike most coumarins, 5‐methylcoumarins have been suggested to be derived through the acetate‐malonate pathway. All of these polyketide‐derived glucosylated molecules are considered to have a role in defense against herbivores and phytopathogens in gerbera. Gerbera expresses three genes encoding 2‐pyrone synthases (G2PS1–3). The enzymes are chalcone synthase‐like polyketide synthases with altered starter substrate specificity. We have shown previously that G2PS1 is responsible for the synthesis of 4‐hydroxy‐6‐methyl‐2‐pyrone (triacetolactone), a putative precursor of gerberin and parasorboside. Here we show that polyketide synthases G2PS2 and G2PS3 are necessary for the biosynthesis of HMC in gerbera, and that a reductase enzyme is likely required to complete the pathway to HMC. G2PS2 is expressed in the leaf blade and inflorescences of gerbera, while G2PS3 is strictly root specific. Heterologous expression of G2PS2 or G2PS3 in tobacco leads to the formation of 4,7‐dihydroxy‐5‐methylcoumarin, apparently an unreduced precursor of HMC, while ectopic expression in gerbera leads to HMC formation in tissues where nontransgenic tissue does not express the genes and does not accumulate the compound. Using protein modelling and site‐directed mutagenesis we identified the residues I203 and T344 in G2PS2 and G2PS3 to be critical for pentaketide synthase activity.
Prions: Beyond a Single Protein
Authors: Das Alvin S. , Zou Wen-Quan 
Published: May 2016

SUMMARY
Since the term protein was first coined in 1838 and protein was discovered to be the essential component of fibrin and albumin, all cellular proteins were presumed to play beneficial roles in plants and mammals. However, in 1967, Griffith proposed that proteins could be infectious pathogens and postulated their involvement in scrapie, a universally fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in goats and sheep. Nevertheless, this novel hypothesis had not been evidenced until 1982, when Prusiner and coworkers purified infectious particles from scrapie-infected hamster brains and demonstrated that they consisted of a specific protein that he called a “prion.” Unprecedentedly, the infectious prion pathogen is actually derived from its endogenous cellular form in the central nervous system. Unlike other infectious agents, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, prions do not contain genetic materials such as DNA or RNA. The unique traits and genetic information of prions are believed to be encoded within the conformational structure and posttranslational modifications of the proteins. Remarkably, prion-like behavior has been recently observed in other cellular proteins—not only in pathogenic roles but also serving physiological functions. The significance of these fascinating developments in prion biology is far beyond the scope of a single cellular protein and its related disease.
Treatment goal setting for complex patients: protocol for a scoping review
Authors: Grudniewicz Agnes , Nelson Michelle , Kuluski Kerry , Lui Vincci , Cunningham Heather V , X Nie Jason , Colquhoun Heather , Wodchis Walter P , Taylor Susan , Loganathan Mayura , Upshur Ross E 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionAn increasing number of people are living longer with multiple health and social care needs, and may rely heavily on health system resources. When dealing with multiple conditions, patients, caregivers and healthcare providers (HCPs) often experience high treatment burden due to unclear care trajectories, a myriad of treatment decisions and few guidelines on how to manage care needs. By understanding patient and caregiver priorities, and setting treatment goals, HCPs may help improve patient outcomes and experiences. This study aims to examine the extent and nature of the literature on treatment goal setting in complex patients, identify gaps in evidence and areas for further inquiry and guide a research programme to develop definitions, measures and recommendations for treatment goal setting.Methods and analysisThis study protocol outlines a scoping review of the peer reviewed and the grey literature, using established scoping review methodology. Literature will be identified using a multidatabase and grey literature search strategy developed by two librarians. Papers and reports on the topic of goal setting that address complexity or complex patients will be included. Results of the search will be screened independently by two reviewers and included studies will be abstracted and charted in duplicate.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval is not required for this scoping review. Working with the knowledge users on the team, we will prepare educational materials and presentations to disseminate study findings to HCPs, caregivers and patients, and at relevant national and international conferences. Results will also be published in a peer-reviewed journal.
Housing conditions and limitations in physical function among older adults
Authors: García-Esquinas Esther , Pérez-Hernández Bibiana , Guallar-Castillón Pilar , Banegas José R , Ayuso-Mateos José Luis , Rodríguez-Artalejo Fernando 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionHousing conditions are an important social determinant of health. However, to the best of our knowledge, no previous study has systematically assessed the association between housing conditions and physical function limitations in older adults; moreover, whether this association is independent of the socioeconomic status achieved earlier in life is still uncertain.MethodsCross-sectional analysis conducted among 2012 non-institutionalised individuals aged ≥60 years, who participated in the Seniors-ENRICA cohort. Participants reported the following poor housing conditions: living in a walk-up building, lacking heating, or feeling cold frequently. We assessed lower extremity performance with the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), mobility or agility limitations with standardised questions, frailty according to the Fried criteria, and disability in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) with the Lawton and Brody questionnaire.ResultsIn analyses adjusting for demographic, behavioural and comorbidity variables, when compared with those living in homes without poor housing conditions, those with ≥2 poor conditions showed worse scores in the SPPB (β −1.06; 95% CI −1.46 to −0.65) and a higher frequency of agility limitation (OR 1.62; 95% CI 1.00 to 2.61) and frailty (OR 8.78; 95% CI 3.00 to 25.60). These associations held after adjustment for educational and occupational levels. Living in a walk-up building was associated with a higher frequency of frailty, while lacking heating was linked to lower scores in the 3 SPPB tests, as well as with an increased frequency of frailty and 4 of its components (exhaustion, slow walking speed, low physical activity and weakness). Feeling cold was linked to increased exhaustion. No association was found between housing conditions and IADL disability.ConclusionsPoor housing conditions, particularly living in a walk-up building and lacking heating, are independently associated with limitations in physical function in older adults. This entails serious inequalities in functional status, which should be firmly addressed.
Long-term (47 yr) effects of tillage and frequency of summerfallow on soil organic carbon in a Dark Brown Chernozem soil in western Canada
Authors: Smith Elwin G. , Janzen H. Henry , Scherloski Lauren , Larney Francis J. , Ellert Benjamin H. 
Published: May 2016

After 47 yr of no-till and reduced summerfallow at Lethbridge, Alberta, soil organic carbon concentration and stocks increased 2.14 g kg−1 and 2.22 Mg ha−1, respectively, in the surface 7.5 cm layer. These findings confirmed the conservation value of reducing tillage and summerfallow. The annual changes were relatively small.