bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age‐associated B cells: key mediators of both protective and autoreactive humoral responses
Authors: Naradikian Martin S. , Hao Yi , Cancro Michael P. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA subset of B cells with unique phenotypic and functional features—termed Age‐associated B cells (ABCs)—has recently been identified in both mice and humans. These cells are characterized by a T‐BET driven transcriptional program, robust responsiveness to TLR7 and TLR9 ligands, and a propensity for IgG2a/c production. Beyond their age‐related accumulation, these cells play roles in both normal and pathogenic humoral immune responses regardless of host age. Thus, B cells with the ABC phenotype and transcriptional signature appear during viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections, but also arise during humoral autoimmune disease in both mouse models and humans. These observations suggest that both autoantigens and certain classes of pathogens provide the signals required for ABC differentiation. Herein, we review the discovery and features of ABCs, and propose that they are a memory subset generated by nucleic acid‐containing antigens in the context of a promoting inflammatory cytokine milieu.
Apoptotic cell responses in the splenic marginal zone: a paradigm for immunologic reactions to apoptotic antigens with implications for autoimmunity
Authors: McGaha Tracy L. , Karlsson Mikael C. I. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryApoptotic cells drive innate regulatory responses that result in tolerogenic immunity. This is a critical aspect of cell physiology as apoptotic cells expose potentially dangerous nuclear antigens on the surface in apoptotic blebs, and failure in their recognition, phagocytosis, or destruction can cause dramatic autoimmunity in experimental models and is linked to development and progression of systemic pathology in human. The marginal zone is a specialized splenic environment that serves as a transitional site from circulation to peripheral lymphoid structures. The marginal zone serves a key role in trapping of particulates and initiation of innate responses against systemic microbial pathogens. However in recent years, it has become clear the marginal zone is also important for initiation of immune tolerance to apoptotic cells, driving a coordinated response involving multiple phagocyte and lymphocyte subsets. Recent reports linking defects in splenic macrophage function to systemic lupus erythematosus in a manner analogous to marginal zone macrophages in lupus‐prone mice provide an impetus to better understand the mechanistic basis of the apoptotic cell response in the marginal zone and its general applicability to apoptotic cell‐driven tolerance at other tissue sites. In this review, we discuss immune responses to apoptotic cells in the spleen in general and the marginal zone in particular, the relationship of these responses to autoimmune disease, and comparisons to apoptotic cell immunity in humans.
Design‐based Estimators Calibrated on Estimated Totals from Multiple Surveys
Authors: Guandalini Alessio , Tillé Yves 
Published: December 2015

SummaryThe use of auxiliary variables to improve the efficiency of estimators is a well‐known strategy in survey sampling. Typically, the auxiliary variables used are the totals of appropriate measurement that are exactly known from registers or administrative sources. Increasingly, however, these totals are estimated from surveys and are then used to calibrate estimators and improve their efficiency. We consider different types of survey structures and develop design‐based estimators that are calibrated on known as well as estimated totals of auxiliary variables. The optimality properties of these estimators are studied. These estimators can be viewed as extensions of the Montanari generalised regression estimator adapted to the more complex situations. The paper studies interesting special cases to develop insights and guidelines to properly manage the survey‐estimated auxiliary totals.
Late Cretaceous–Early Eocene origin of yams (Dioscorea, Dioscoreaceae) in the Laurasian Palaearctic and their subsequent Oligocene–Miocene diversification
Authors: Viruel Juan , Segarra‐Moragues José Gabriel , Raz Lauren , Forest Félix , Wilkin Paul , Sanmartín Isabel , Catalán Pilar 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAimDioscorea (Dioscoreaceae) is a predominantly pantropical genus (< 600 species) that includes the third most important tropical tuber crop and species of pharmacological value. Fossil records from both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres were used to test hypotheses about the origin of the genus Dioscorea, and to examine potential macroevolutionary processes that led to its current distribution.LocationPantropical distribution.MethodsDivergence times were estimated using the most comprehensive phylogeny of the group published to date based on plastid sequences and fossil calibrations, applying a relaxed‐clock model approach. Ancestral areas and range shifts were reconstructed using time‐stratified likelihood‐based models, reflecting past continental connectivity and biogeographical models incorporating the spatial range of fossils.ResultsFossil‐informed biogeographical analysis supported colonization of the Nearctic by ancient yam lineages from the western Palaearctic and subsequent migration to the South. Most of the pantropical South American, African and Southeast Asian lineages experienced a relatively recent diversification in the Oligocene–Miocene. Long‐distance dispersals were inferred for the colonizations of the New World, Africa and Madagascar.Main conclusionsDioscorea likely originated between the Late Cretaceous and the Early Eocene in the Laurasian Palaearctic, followed by possible dispersal to South America via the Eocene North Atlantic Land Bridge.
Implicit cognition about self‐injury predicts actual self‐injurious behavior: results from a longitudinal study of adolescents
Authors: Glenn Catherine R. , Kleiman Evan M. , Cha Christine B. , Nock Matthew K. , Prinstein Mitchell J. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundThe implicit association hypothesis of nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) proposes that individuals who engage in self‐injury develop, over time, strong associations between themselves and NSSI, and their identification with this behavior guides their future selection of NSSI to cope. Prior research has established a relationship between implicit NSSI associations (using an Implicit Association Test for Self‐Injury) and engagement in NSSI. However, previous studies have been small and cross‐sectional, and thus underpowered to examine the nature of this association and the extent to which implicit associations predict the persistence of NSSI.MethodsThis study builds on previous research in a prospective, longitudinal examination of implicit self‐identification with NSSI in a large sample of middle school students. NSSI behavior and implicit NSSI associations were assessed annually in school at three time points.ResultsAdolescents who engaged in NSSI exhibited stronger implicit self‐identification with NSSI than adolescents who did not engage in NSSI. Moreover, implicit NSSI identification was stronger among adolescents who engaged in cutting, frequent NSSI, and recent NSSI. A reciprocal association was observed between NSSI frequency and implicit NSSI identification over 1 year. Notably, implicit NSSI identification uniquely and prospectively predicted engagement in NSSI over the subsequent year.ConclusionsImplicit self‐identification with NSSI may track both trait‐ and state‐related changes in the behavior and, importantly, may help predict continued engagement in NSSI.
Evolving technologies for growing, imaging and analyzing 3D root system architecture of crop plants
Authors: Piñeros Miguel A. , Larson Brandon G. , Shaff Jon E. , Schneider David J. , Falcão Alexandre Xavier , Yuan Lixing , Clark Randy T. , Craft Eric J. , Davis Tyler W. , Pradier Pierre‐Luc , Shaw Nathanael M. , Assaranurak Ithipong , McCouch Susan R. , Sturrock Craig , Bennett Malcolm , Kochian Leon V. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA plant's ability to maintain or improve its yield under limiting conditions, such as nutrient deficiency or drought, can be strongly influenced by root system architecture (RSA), the three‐dimensional distribution of the different root types in the soil. The ability to image, track and quantify these root system attributes in a dynamic fashion is a useful tool in assessing desirable genetic and physiological root traits. Recent advances in imaging technology and phenotyping software have resulted in substantive progress in describing and quantifying RSA. We have designed a hydroponic growth system which retains the three‐dimensional RSA of the plant root system, while allowing for aeration, solution replenishment and the imposition of nutrient treatments, as well as high‐quality imaging of the root system. The simplicity and flexibility of the system allows for modifications tailored to the RSA of different crop species and improved throughput. This paper details the recent improvements and innovations in our root growth and imaging system which allows for greater image sensitivity (detection of fine roots and other root details), higher efficiency, and a broad array of growing conditions for plants that more closely mimic those found under field conditions.
Late‐stage α‐synuclein accumulation in TNWT‐61 mouse model of Parkinson's disease detected by diffusion kurtosis imaging
Authors: Khairnar Amit , Ruda‐Kucerova Jana , Drazanova Eva , Szabó Nikoletta , Latta Peter , Arab Anas , Hutter‐Paier Birgit , Havas Daniel , Windisch Manfred , Sulcova Alexandra , Starcuk Zenon , Király András , Rektorova Irena 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDiffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) by measuring non‐Gaussian diffusion allows an accurate estimation of the distribution of water molecule displacement and may correctly characterize microstructural brain changes caused by neurodegeneration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of DKI to detect changes induced by α‐synuclein (α‐syn) accumulation in α‐syn over‐expressing transgenic mice (TNWT‐61) in both gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) using region of interest (ROI) and tract‐based spatial statistics analyses, respectively, and to explore the relationship between α‐syn accumulation and DKI metrics in our regions of interest. Fourteen‐month‐old TNWT‐61 mice and wild‐type (WT) littermates underwent in vivo DKI scanning using the Bruker Avance 9.4 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging system. ROI analysis in the GM regions substantia nigra, striatum, hippocampus, sensorimotor cortex, and thalamus and tract‐based spatial statistics analysis in WM were performed. Immunohistochemistry for α‐syn was performed in TNWT‐61 mice and correlated with DKI findings. We found increased kurtosis and decreased diffusivity values in GM regions such as the thalamus and sensorimotor cortex, and in WM regions such as the external and internal capsule, mamillothalamic tract, anterior commissure, cingulum, and corpus callosum in TNWT‐61 mice as compared to WT mice. Furthermore, we report for the first time that α‐syn accumulation is positively correlated with kurtosis and negatively correlated with diffusivity in the thalamus. The study provides evidence of an association between the amount of α‐syn and the magnitude of DKI metric changes in the ROIs, with the potential of improving the clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease.
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We propose diffusion kurtosis imaging as a sensitive method for detecting human α‐synuclein accumulation‐induced changes in brain tissue, which may be reflective of Parkinson disease stage. Boxplots show the averaged mean kurtosis (orange) and mean diffusivity (blue) under the results of the analysis (*p < 0.05) in brains of wild‐type (WT) and α‐synuclein over‐expressing (TNWT‐61) mice. This approach might represent a novel biomarker for the early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease.Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 1117.
Effect of Reinforcement on the Flexural Properties of Injection‐Molded Thermoplastic Denture Base Resins
Authors: Sasaki Hirono , Hamanaka Ippei , Takahashi Yutaka , Kawaguchi Tomohiro 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the effect of reinforcement on the flexural properties of injection‐molded thermoplastic denture base resins.Materials and MethodsThree injection‐molded thermoplastic denture base resins (polyamide, polyester, polycarbonate) were selected for this study, and a conventional heat‐polymerized denture base resin (PMMA) was used as a control. Continuous unidirectional glass fiber‐reinforced composite (FRC) and metal wire were used for reinforcement. Reinforced bar‐shaped specimens (65 mm long, 10 mm wide, 3.3 mm high) were fabricated (n = 10). The flexural strength at the proportional limit (FS‐PL) and the elastic modulus were measured using a three‐point bending test.ResultsAll the denture base material specimens reinforced with FRC possessed a significantly higher FS‐PL compared to those without reinforcement. The FS‐PL of the polycarbonate specimens reinforced with metal wire was significantly higher than that without reinforcement, and there was no significant difference in the FS‐PL between the polycarbonate specimens reinforced with FRC and those with metal wire. The order of the elastic modulus according to the denture base material, arranged in terms of statistical significance, was as follows: PMMA (3.46 ± 0.53 GPa) > polycarbonate (2.69 ± 0.48 GPa) > polyester (2.00 ± 0.39 GPa) > polyamide (1.14 ± 0.35 GPa). The order of the elastic modulus according to the reinforcement, arranged in terms of statistical significance, was as follows: metal wire (2.74 ± 0.96 GPa) > FRC (2.40 ± 0.89 GPa) > no reinforcement (1.82 ± 0.83 GPa).ConclusionContinuous unidirectional glass fiber‐reinforced composite (FRC) reinforcement had a satisfactory reinforcing effect for the injection‐molded thermoplastic denture base resins.
Effects of Simulated Gastric Juice on CAD/CAM Resin Composites—Morphological and Mechanical Evaluations
Authors: Backer Adriana D. , Münchow Eliseu A. , Eckert George J. , Hara Anderson T. , Platt Jeffrey A. , Bottino Marco C. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the effects of simulated gastric juice on CAD/CAM resin composites by means of morphological and mechanical (i.e., hardness) evaluations.Materials and MethodsFourteen specimens of each resin composite (Lava Ultimate and Paradigm MZ100) were prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions. They were submitted to erosive challenges in a simulated gastric juice (pH = 1.2) solution for 6 and 24 hours. Vickers microhardness and surface roughness (Ra, Rq) evaluations were taken before (baseline) and after acid exposure. Morphological analysis was obtained using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical analysis was performed using two‐way repeated measures ANOVA and Student‐Newman‐Keuls's test (α = 0.05).ResultsParadigm MZ100 demonstrated higher microhardness than Lava Ultimate regardless of the storage time period (p ≤ 0.001), and microhardness was not affected by the acidic challenge (p = 0.58). After 6 hours of acid exposure, a significant decrease in Ra and Rq was seen for Paradigm MZ100 when compared to the baseline (Ra p = 0.032; Rq p = 0.013); however, for Lava Ultimate only Rq decreased (p = 0.021), while Ra remained unchanged (p = 0.38). After 24 hours of acid exposure, while Paradigm MZ100 exhibited no additional changes in surface roughness (p ≥ 0.75), Lava Ultimate became rougher (Ra p = 0.041; Rq p = 0.014), as confirmed by SEM imaging.ConclusionsThe acidic scenario tested in the present study changed the surface roughness of the resin composites but not their Vickers microhardness. Moreover, both resin composites seem suitable for use under acidic scenarios, although Paradigm MZ100 showed enhanced stability compared to Lava Ultimate.
An In Vitro Evaluation of Alumina, Zirconia, and Lithium Disilicate Surface Roughness Caused by Two Scaling Instruments
Authors: Vigolo Paolo , Buzzo Ottavia , Buzzo Maurizio , Mutinelli Sabrina 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPurposePlaque control is crucial for the prevention of inflammatory periodontal disease. Hand scaling instruments have been shown to be efficient for the removal of plaque; however, routine periodontal prophylactic procedures may modify the surface profile of restorative materials. The purpose of this study was to assess in vitro the changes in roughness of alumina, zirconia, and lithium disilicate surfaces treated by two hand scaling instruments.Materials and MethodsForty‐eight alumina specimens, 48 zirconia specimens, and 48 lithium disilicate specimens, were selected. All specimens were divided into three groups of 16 each; one group for each material was considered the control group and no scaling procedures were performed; the second group of each material was exposed to scaling with steel curettes simulating standard clinical conditions; the third group of each material was exposed to scaling with titanium curettes. After scaling, the surface roughness of the specimens was evaluated with a profilometer. First, a statistical test was carried out to evaluate the difference in surface roughness before the scaling procedure of the three materials was effected (Kruskal‐Wallis test). Subsequently, the effect of curette material (steel and titanium) on roughness difference and roughness ratio was analyzed throughout the entire sample and within each material group, and a nonparametric test for dependent values was conducted (Wilcoxon signed‐rank test). Finally, the roughness ratios of the three material groups were compared by means of a Kruskal‐Wallis test and a Wilcoxon signed‐rank test. Upon completion of profilometric evaluation, representative specimens from each group were prepared for SEM evaluation to evaluate the effects of the two scaling systems on the different surfaces qualitatively.ResultsAfter scaling procedure, the roughness profile value increased in all disks. Classifying the full sample according to curette used, the roughness of the disks treated with a steel curette reached a higher median value than that of the titanium group. Zirconia demonstrated the least significant increase in surface roughness. The result was 3.9 times of the initial value as compared to 4.3 times for alumina and 4.6 times for lithium disilicate.ConclusionsComparison of profilometer readings before and after instrumentation, carried out with different hand scaling instruments, highlighted both a statistically and clinically relevant increase in material roughness.
Two‐Colored Dental Surveying Tool as an Alternative for Carbon Marker
Authors: Patil Pravinkumar G. , Nimbalkar‐Patil Smita 
Published: December 2015

AbstractVarious tools are used with a dental surveyor, including analyzing rods, carbon markers, undercut gauges, and protective sheaths for a specific function. A carbon marker is a parallel‐sided carbon rod used to mark the survey line on a cast or a crown on a cast. The carbon marker (with or without protective sheath) cannot differentiate more than one survey line on the cast if needed. The wear of the carbon marker along the parallel walls after repeated use may give an incorrect survey line. We suggest a simple modification in the analyzing rod to prepare a two‐colored surveying tool. An analyzing rod is a parallel‐sided rod used to analyze the relative parallelism of two or more surfaces of a cast and to mark survey lines on wax patterns. With the modified analyzing rod, the survey lines can be marked with two colors, and the problem of breaking of the carbon marker also can be eliminated.
PlasmaHMGB‐1 and Nucleosome Concentrations in Horses with Colic and Healthy Horses
Authors: Bauquier J.R. , Forbes G. , Nath L. , Tudor E. , Bailey S.R. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundAcute gastrointestinal disease occurs commonly in horses. Novel biomarkers might improve the understanding ofSIRSand aid diagnosis and determination of prognosis.HypothesesIncreased plasma concentrations of the biomarkersHMGB‐1 and nucleosomes are associated with severity of gastrointestinal lesions in horses; concentrations of these biomarkers will be greater in horses with lesions more likely to causeSIRS; and will provide additional information compared with standard biomarkers fibrinogen andSAA.AnimalsThirty horses with gastrointestinal disease, 22 healthy horses.MethodsProspective study. Plasma samples taken on admission were used for measurement ofHMGB‐1, nucleosomes, fibrinogen, andSAA. Values were compared between healthy horses and those with gastrointestinal disease, and between horses with gastrointestinal disease grouped by lesion type (inflammatory, strangulating, and nonstrangulating). Correlations between biomarkers were assessed.ResultsPlasma concentrations of all biomarkers were significantly higher in horses with gastrointestinal disease compared to healthy horses (P≤ .001).HMGB‐1 and nucleosomes were significantly higher in inflammatory and strangulating groups compared to healthy horses (3.5‐fold and 5.4‐fold increases, respectively, forHMGB‐1 (P< .05) and 4.8‐fold and 5.6‐fold increases for nucleosomes (P< .05)), but concentrations in the group with nonstrangulating disease did not differ from healthy horses. There was significant correlation betweenHMGB‐1 and nucleosomes (Spearman'sr= 0.623;P< .001), and fibrinogen andSAA(Spearman'sr= 0.801;P< .001) but not between other biomarkers.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceHigh mobility group box‐1 and nucleosomes might have use as biomarkers for horses with gastrointestinal disease. Further studies are required to determine kinetics and prognostic value of serial measurements of these biomarkers in horses.
Dynamic response of a Philippine dipterocarp forest to typhoon disturbance
Authors: Yap Sandra L. , Davies Stuart J. , Condit Richard 
Published: December 2015

AbstractQuestionsNatural hazards can wreak catastrophic damage to forest ecosystems. Here, the effects of typhoon disturbance on forest structure and demography of the 16‐ha Palanan Forest Dynamics Plot in the northeast Philippines were examined by comparing census intervals with (1998–2004) and without (2004–2010) a strong typhoon. Category 4 Typhoon Imbudo, with wind gusts exceeding 210 kph, hit Palanan in July 2003. In this study, we ask: (1) was there an effect of the typhoon on stand structure and biomass; (2) was there an impact on species diversity; (3) did annual mortality, growth and recruitment change significantly between typhoon and non‐typhoon periods; and (4) did the typhoon's impact vary with local topography, from leeward to windward sides of a ridge?LocationLowland mixed dipterocarp forest, Palanan, Isabela, Philippines.MethodsCensus data from 1998, 2004 and 2010 for all trees ≥1 cm DBH in a 16‐ha permanent plot in Palanan, Isabela, were used to assess tree demography. Recorded in the census were species identification and measurements of DBH and tree locations. Biomass was calculated from published allometry.ResultsSpecies diversity and stand structure remained stable, except for an increase in small‐sized trees (1–2 cm) recorded in the census conducted within a year of the typhoon disturbance. Tree mortality was significantly higher during the typhoon interval at 2.27%·yr−1 and more so in windward than leeward habitats. Above‐ground biomass loss in the typhoon interval was minimal (2.64%) and biomass exceeded pre‐typhoon levels after 6 yrs. Recruitment rate during the typhoon interval was almost four times the rate in the non‐typhoon interval that followed, attributed to the rapid growth of seeds and seedlings of pioneer species due to the open, defoliated canopy. Negative population growth was recorded for the early successional species in the non‐typhoon interval. Significantly higher growth rates of trees in the non‐typhoon interval also contributed to biomass gain.ConclusionsMortality, recruitment and growth rates vary across a heterogeneous landscape and are related to typhoon disturbances. The relatively low mortality and fast recovery of the Palanan forest demonstrates the resistance and resilience of the forest to intense episodic typhoon disturbances.