bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Near-field optics for nanoprocessing
Authors: Terakawa Mitsuhiro , Nedyalkov Nikolay N. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The recent progress in laser processing reaches a level where a precise fabrication that overcomes the diffraction limit of the far-field optics can be achieved. Laser processing mediated by enhanced near field is one of the attractive methods to provide highly precise structuring with a simple apparatus. In this review, we describe the fundamentals of the electromagnetic near field in the vicinity of small structures and the application of its specific properties for nanomodification. Theoretical and experimental results on nanoablation based on electromagnetic field enhancement due to plasmon polariton excitation and Mie scattering are discussed. High-throughput nanohole fabrication mediated by arrayed nanospheres is discussed, as the coupling effect of near field is also considered. In addition, recent fabrication techniques and their potential applications in nanopatterning, nanoscale deformation, and biophotonics are discussed.
Quantitative nucleic acid amplification by digital PCR for clinical viral diagnostics
Authors: Zhang Kuo , Lin Guigao , Li Jinming 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn the past few years, interest in the development of digital PCR (dPCR) as a direct nucleic acid amplification technique for clinical viral diagnostics has grown. The main advantages of dPCR over qPCR include: quantification of nucleic acid concentrations without a calibration curve, comparable sensitivity, superior quantitative precision, greater resistance to perturbations by inhibitors, and increased robustness to the variability of the target sequence. In this review, we address the application of dPCR to viral nucleic acid quantification in clinical applications and for nucleic acid quantification standardization. Further development is required to overcome the current limitations of dPCR in order to realize its widespread use for viral load measurements in clinical diagnostic applications.
Characterization of vanadia catalysts on structured micro-fibrous glass supports for selective oxidation of hydrogen sulfide
Authors: Larina Tatyana V. , Cherepanova Svetlana V. , Rudina Nina A. , Kolesov Boris A. , Zagoruiko Andrey N. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis work is focused on the characterization
of a novel vanadium pentoxide catalysts on a glass-fiber
support. The catalyst support consists of a non-porous
glass-fiber fabric covered with an additional external
surface layer of porous secondary support of SiO2. The
vanadia active component is synthesized from vanadyl
oxalate precursor by means of an impulse surface
thermo-synthesis method. Such catalysts demonstrate
high activity and appropriate selectivity in the reaction
of H2S oxidation by oxygen into sulfur in the practically
important temperature range below 200°C. According to
the characterization data, the freshly prepared vanadia
catalyst partially consists of mostly the amorphous
and badly ordered vanadia with some part of the wellcrystallized
V2O5 phase. Under the reaction conditions
the main part of vanadia in the catalyst remains in the
amorphous V2O5 form, while the less part becomes reduces
into of VO2 and other vanadium oxides (such as VO, V2O3
V3O7 and V4O9). Most probably, the crystallized V2O5 in
course of reaction is responsible for the deep oxidation of hydrogen sulphide into SO2, while the lower vanadium
oxides promote the selective H2S oxidation into elemental
sulfur.
Emissions of Toxic Carbonyls in an Electronic Cigarette
Authors: Guthery William 
Published: February 2016

Summary
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) provide a smoke-free alternative for inhalation of nicotine without the vast array of toxic and carcinogenic combustion products produced by tobacco smoke. Elevated levels of toxic carbonyls may be generated during vaporisation; however, it is unclear whether that is indicative of a fault with the device or is due to the applied conditions of the test. A device, designed and built at this facility, was tested to determine the levels of selected toxic carbonyls. The reservoir was filled with approximately 960 mg of an e-liquid formulation containing 1.8% (w/v) nicotine. Devices were puffed 200 times in blocks of 40 using a standardised regime consisting of a 55 mL puff volume; 3 s puff duration; 30 s puff interval; square wave puff profile. Confirmatory testing for nicotine and total aerosol delivery resulted in mean (n = 8) values of 10 mg (RSD 12.3%) and 716 mg (RSD 11.2%), respectively. Emissions of toxic carbonyls were highly variable yet were between < 0.1% and 22.9% of expected levels from a Kentucky Reference Cigarette (K3R4F) puffed 200 times under Health Canada Intense smoking conditions. It has been shown that a device built to a high specification with relatively consistent nicotine and aerosol delivery emits inconsistent levels of carbonyls. The exposure is greatly reduced when compared with lit tobacco products. However, it was observed that as the reservoirs neared depletion then emission levels were significantly higher
Chemical stability of novel melt spinning FEP fibers
Authors: Jiang Zhaohui , Guo Zengge , Jia Zhao , Xiao Changfa , An Shulin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractFluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) are both perfluorinated polymer, thus endowing FEP fibers excellent chemical stability. Compared with the difficult processing of PTFE, FEP fibers can be fabricated by melt spinning. The FEP fibers were treated by H2SO4 and NaOH. After treatment, FEP fibers have a slight swelling observed by optical microscope (OM). Meanwhile, the strength of treated FEP fibers decreases slightly, while tensile modulus and elongation at break increases because of the infiltration of H2SO4 and NaOH. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) results show that the crystallinity of FEP fibers decreases, due to the regularity of macromolecules destroyed by H2SO4 and NaOH, which enter into crystalline region. This is consistent with WAXD results, indicating crystal size and crystal plane space decreases, owing to the infiltration of H2SO4 and NaOH. However, chemical bonds of FEP fibers are unaffected, which is confirmed by FTIR spectra. Therefore, FEP fibers possess excellent chemical stability.
Christian Resistance to Gay-Proselytism in a Secular Nigeria: Anathema or Social Heroism?
Authors: Endong Floribert , Calvain Patrick 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The criminalization of homosexuality in Nigeria has partially been inspired and acclaimed by a number of religious schools of thought, including Christian opinion leaders. Such an influence of religion on politics has been seriously questioned. Using observations and literary sources, this paper underlines the unconstitutionality of Christian antigay proselytism at the political sphere of the Nigerian State, anchoring its claim on the constitutional provision stipulating the secular character of Nigeria. It however interprets such a move (the “influential” Christian anti-gay proselytism) as an inevitable expression of the religious character of Nigeria’s social and cultural spheres. Furthermore, the paper argues that the Nigerian Federation is “fully secular” only on paper and not in practice. Secularity is partially observed at the political sphere of the State. Religion and populism continue to shape major socio-political schemes (as seen in the criminalization of homosexuality in Nigeria). With such a socio-political influence of religion, legislative projects such as the Same-Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act and political strategies such as the Nigerian Government’s resistance against western gay-proselytism can only be massively celebrated. In line with this, (Christian) anti-gay proselytism at the Nigeria’s political sphere is logically viewed less as an anathema, and more as socio-political heroism.
Review of Andrés Solimano, International Migration in the Age of Crisis and Globalisation. Historical and Recent Experiences, Cambridge University Press, 2010. 223 Pp.
Authors: Dirina Claudiu – Ciprian 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
“International Migration in the Age of Crisis and Globalization. Historical and Recent Experiences” represents a work of major interest in the field of migration and globalization. Apparently two concepts that relate one to another, on a background of major population dynamics, the two notions are the two important pillars in what might perfectly be described as a complex analysis of migration, starting from the elements that have initiated it, and culminating with a fine comparison of positive and negative aspects of this phenomenon.
In the present paper, we acknowledge the vast “semantic” bound implied by the concept of migration. Apart from inherent aspects such as the importance of remittances, the unravelling of families or the frequently discussed brain-drain, we are presented an image of Latin America, a region dominated by contradictions, since it may well be considered as both destination region and net immigration labour force.
Cellular localisation of the kinin B1R in the pancreas of streptozotocin-treated rat and the anti-diabetic effect of the antagonist SSR240612
Authors: Tidjane Nejla , Gaboury Louis , Couture Réjean 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The mechanism by which kinin B1 receptor (B1R) contributes to type 1 diabetes is addressed by determining the impact of its inhibition on diabetes and on its pancreatic expression and cellular localisation on immunocompetent cells and primary sensory C-fibres. Rats were made diabetic with streptozotocin (STZ). On day 4, they were treated daily for 7 days with a B1R antagonist (SSR240612, 10 mg/kg) or its vehicle. The surviving β-cells were measured by immunostaining. The expression of B1R, iNOS, TNF-α, macrophages, TCD4+, CGRP and TRPV1 was measured by Western blotting, qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence. Macrophages and TCD4+ lymphocytes were absent in control, but distributed abundantly in the pancreas of STZ-diabetic rats. B1R was upregulated on these immune cells infiltrating the diabetic rat pancreas while it was not expressed on primary sensory C-fibres even if the expression of TRPV1 and CGRP was enhanced. SSR240612 prevented the infiltration of macrophages and TCD4+ lymphocytes and the upregulation of B1R, iNOS, TNF-α and TRPV1. SSR240612 corrected hyperglycaemia and hypoinsulinaemia by improving the Langerhans islets survival or regeneration. It is concluded that kinin B1R antagonism exerts anti-diabetic action by preventing the infiltration of immune cells in the pancreas and by preserving the integrity of Langerhans islets β-cells.
Sovereign Debt Restructuring: A Model-Law Approach
Authors: Schwarcz Steven L. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractUnlike individuals and corporations, countries indebted beyond their ability to pay cannot use bankruptcy laws to restructure unsustainable debt. The United Nations and the International Monetary Fund have attempted to propose treaties to enable that debt restructuring, but the political difficulties of reaching a worldwide consensus have stymied their efforts. This article argues that a model-law approach to restructuring unsustainable sovereign debt should be feasible and effective because the vast majority of sovereign debt contracts are governed by the laws of either the debtor-state or two other jurisdictions. Those jurisdictions individually could enact a model law to give struggling nations a real prospect of equitably restructuring their debt to sustainable levels. By enabling such debt restructuring, that enactment would also help to foster the norms required to facilitate the development of international treaties.
Johannes Climacus on Coming into Existence: The Problem of Modality in Kierkegaard’s Fragments and Postscript
Authors: Manis R. Zachary 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIf we take the Interlude of Philosophical Fragments seriously, we find Johannes Climacus commits himself to some puzzling and problematic metaphysical theses. At least two interpretations of Climacus’ view of modality-a possibilist reading and a Platonist reading-find reasonable textual support, though the latter is preferable in being less philosophically problematic. Even this reading faces difficulties, however, that go beyond the discussion in the Interlude and threaten to undermine the plausibility of the central Kierkegaardian theme of becoming a self. I suggest a way this theme can be reinterpreted in contemporary metaphysical terms to be rendered more philosophically tenable.
The Abyss of Demonic Boredom: An Analysis of the Dialectic of Freedom and Facticity in Kierkegaard’s Early Works
Authors: Liva Laura 
Published: February 2016

AbstractOne of the central challenges facing every modern subject-the difficulty of negotiating the tension between freedom and necessity-comes powerfully into view in Kierkegaard’s figure of the aesthete. In this paper, I focus on this tension as it is expressed in the aesthete’s experience of boredom, and I argue that his demonic reaction is best viewed as an attempt to bring about the divorce of freedom from the immediate embedded context, or spirit from factical reality. I investigate the origin of demonic boredom, its meaning, and the various ways to master it by examining aesthete A’s reflections in Either/Or as well as Vigilius Haufniensis’ discussion of the demonic in The Concept of Anxiety.
Love as a Relation to Truth: Envisioning the Person in Works of Love
Authors: Furtak Rick Anthony 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAccording to Kierkegaard, love plays a foundational role in human existence. In Works of Love, he identifies love as “the deepest ground” of existence and as “the source of everything,” a “passion of the emotions” that exerts its influence like a “hidden spring,” flowing from a single source “along many paths” and “forming the heart” of each human being. In this paper, I explain how love can provide grounding and orientation in the ways that Kierkegaard claims it can. Love is manifested in different forms, all of which are subject to the imperative of loving thy neighbor as thyself: it permits us to realize our own individuality and to appreciate the distinct existence of other persons, thus enabling us to inhabit a meaningful world. Thus, at the same time, love enables us to be and also to know.
Kierkegaard and Nietzsche on Living by a Guiding Passion
Authors: Miles Thomas 
Published: February 2016

AbstractContrary to the longstanding philosophical prejudice against the passions, Kierkegaard and Nietzsche both offer an ideal way of life that is guided by a central passion. Both offer an account of how this passion can provide stability, guidance, and direction to one’s life as a whole. This paper explores what Kierkegaard means by passion, how a passion can be guiding for life, and why this is so important. It addresses Nietzsche’s thoughts on passion as a way of furthering this goal by means of a comparison and contrast.
Von der Kulturkritik der „Menge“ zur existenzialen Analytik des „Man“
Authors: Thonhauser Gerhard 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The article examines the influence of Kierkegaard’s understanding of “the crowd” (Mængden) on Heidegger’s conception of “the one” (das Man). Even though a detailed analysis reveals striking similarities in their phenomenological descriptions, a fundamental difference between the two accounts can hardly be overlooked. Whereas Kierkegaard considers “the crowd” a contingent condition of his own authorship, Heidegger takes “the one” to be a necessary component of the structure of Dasein as such. This not only leads to divergent understandings of the relation between authentic and inauthentic existence, but it also and ultimately points to a fundamental difference in terms of the basic anthropological premises underlying and guiding Kierkegaard’s and Heidegger’s work as a whole. In order to historically contextualize the present study, the crucial intermediary role of the translator, critic and author Theodor Haecker will also be specified
Crystal structure of 4-nitro-thiophene-2-carboxylic acid, a structure with a Z′ = 4, C5H3NO4S
Authors: Zhang Tian , Jia Yuan-Yuan , Sun Xiao-Ling 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
C5H3NO4S, monoclinic, P21/c, a = 11.7169(18) Å, b = 8.2671(12) Å, c = 28.478(4) Å, β = 93.396(2)°, Z = 16, F(000) = 1408, V = 2753.6(7) Å3, R
gt
(F) = 0.039, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.107, T = 296 K.
Cognition and Transfer of Contagious
Substance in Hindu Himalayan Pilgrim
Journeys
Authors: Nordin Andreas 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Ideas and practices about the transfer of substances believed to be charged with positive or
negative properties are significant features of pilgrimages. Oftenneglected features of pilgrimages can be
addressed by adopting concepts from the Cognitive Science of Religion. Religious pilgrimages are popular
phenomena that are based on ritual interaction with culturally-postulated counterintuitive supernatural
agents. This article partly refers to and analyses ethnographic data gathered during fieldwork among
Hindu pilgrims in Nepal and Tibet. The pilgrims received items to take home from the pilgrimage site
but they also left other items there. This constituted a transfer of contagious substances that carried
blessings and supernatural agency/power and it enabled the discharging of defilement, sin or evil. The
aim of this article is to show how the beliefs about substance transfer are shaped by cultural institutions
and by cognitive selection pressures related to psychological essentialism and concepts of agency and
contagion relating to counterintuitive agents.
What Does Theology Have to Do With Religion?
Authors: Vainio Olli-Pekka 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
In the cognitive science of religion (CSR), it is often claimed that religion is a product of information
processing system that is nonconscious, automatic and irrational. This view rests on a theoretical basis
provided by dual-process accounts (DPA) of reasoning. In this paper, I will provide some examples how
DPAs are employed in contemporary theorizing in CSR and point out some problems, which reveal an
oversight that may impede the progress of the scientific study of religion. The topic touches on the wider
debate on evolutionary debunking arguments but my point concerns CSR theorizing and how it might not
be able to understand religion properly.
Bleaching in Paper Conservation
Authors: Anthony W. Smith 
Published: February 2016

AbstractChemical bleaches are powerful chemical agents that destroy colour by breaking and reforming covalent bonds within organic colouring matter. They are, consequently, the most potentially damaging chemicals used in paper conservation treatments and their use should only be considered when all other means of removing discolouration have been fully explored. The colour of organic compounds depends upon the presence of a number of multiple bonds linked together in a conjugated system known as a chromophore. Rupture of the conjugated system renders it colourless. This is the process that occurs in bleaching. Chemical bleaches may be either oxidising or reducing agents. The tendency of paper to yellow with age is know as brightness reversion. Lignin is an important source of colour, especially in regard to the yellowing of paper based on mechanical wood pulps. In non ligneous papers, yellowing is commonly associated with the oxidation of cellulose and associated materials, such as hemicelluloses, resulting in the formation of carbonyl groups. The most powerful oxidising bleaches are based on the hypochlorite ion, OClˉ, and include bleaching powder, sodium hypochlorite , calcium hypochlorite and chloramine-T. The preparation, chemical properties and use of these agents are discussed in detail. Attention is draw to the importance of keeping the pH above 9 during treatment. This is in order to minimise the formation of carbonyl groups. After bleaching with these agents, thorough washing and deacidification is recommended. The oxidising agent chlorine dioxide has certain advantages. However, in a conservation context, its use is highly questionable due to serious health and safety issues. Hydrogen peroxide is a moderate bleaching agent and its preparation, chemical properties and use are discussed in detail. Stabilising agents are recommended when using this bleach. Sodium borohydride is the only reducing agent commonly used in paper conservation. Not only is it an effective bleaching agent it also has the benefit of increasing paper stability by re-ducing the carbonyl groups present in oxidised cellulose. Its preparation, chemical properties and use are discussed in detail.
Light Bleaching with HID Lamps
Authors: Schopfer Janice Mae 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper reviews the development of the application of high intensity discharge (HID) lamps for light bleaching works of art on paper. It describes the construction of a light bleaching unit using HID lamps, specifying key functionalities of the system. In addition, selected methods of bleaching are discussed for their principal working parameters, namely immersion bleaching, bleaching on the slant washing board, and on a moist blotter. An appendix lists terms important to know when working with HID light bleaching systems.
Light Bleaching with Metal Halide Lamps: Effects on Naturally Aged Paper
Authors: Verborg Marion 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe paper describes the effects of light bleaching with metal halide lamps on selected chemical and mechanical properties of six different naturally aged 18th-21st century papers. Treatments included: pre-washing under ambient light, prolonged immersion in a dilute calcium hydroxide solution while kept in the dark, exposure to high-intensity light in dry condition, and immersion in a dilute calcium hydroxide solution while exposed to high-intensity light (light bleaching treatment). The effects of the treatments on the papers were evaluated by the Yellowness Index (YI), pH, tensile strength (0-span tensile test) and the degree of polymerization. All these measurements and tests were repeated after artificial thermal ageing to evaluate the treatment effects over the long term. Light bleaching proved effective in reducing the yellowing in the rag paper after treatment and after ageing, although some colour reversion was observed after ageing. Light bleaching treatment brightened the chemical woodpulp paper, but the effect was nullified after ageing due to a high degree of colour reversion. Light bleaching showed only limited brightening effects on woodpulp paper after treatment; woodpulp paper samples darkened more during ageing than the rag paper and chemical woodpulp paper. Immersion in the alkaline bath increased the pH of all papers tested in this study and exposure to light in dry condition turned out to be detrimental for the pH both after exposure and after ageing. Exposure to light in dry condition and aqueous light bleaching both caused a decrease in the tensile strength of paper samples in the short-term. Light bleaching treatment caused a decrease in the degree of polymerisation of cellulose after treatment and after ageing.