bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of light‐induced liposome permeabilization
Authors: Miranda Dyego , Lovell Jonathan F. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractLiposomes have been widely studied for drug delivery applications. The inclusion of photoactive molecules into liposomes opens the possibility of light‐controlled cargo release to enhance drug biodistribution or bioavailability at target sites. Membrane permeabilization induced by light can be an effective strategy for enhancing cargo delivery with spatial and temporal control, which holds potential for chemophototherapy approaches. Several diverse mechanisms have been reported including light‐induced oxidation, photocrosslinking, photoisomerization, photocleavage, and photothermal release. Here, we review selected recent reports of light‐triggered cargo release from liposomes.
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis as an unusual cause of prolonged bicytopenia after chemotherapy
Authors: Schalk Enrico , Fischer Thomas 
Published: September 2016

Key Clinical MessageHemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare cause of cytopenia and is often associated with lymphoma. The occurrence of HLH in the course of lymphoma treatment could be an indicator for refractory disease.
A pregnancy‐associated nonfamilial case of PAPA (pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, acne) syndrome
Authors: Horiuchi Isao , Fukatsu Yuko , Ushijima Junko , Nakamura Eishin , Samajima Koki , Kadowaki Kanako , Takagi Kenjiro 
Published: September 2016

Key Clinical MessageLittle is known about the influence of pregnancy on pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, acne (PAPA) syndrome. We experienced a rare case of pregnancy complicated with PAPA syndrome. The patient had various histories of skin and joint disorders and experienced subarachnoid hemorrhage during pregnancy; however, her skin lesion was unaffected.
[{Pd(μ‐OH)Cl(IPr)}2]—A Highly Efficient Precatalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling also Able To Act under Base‐Free Conditions
Authors: Ostrowska Sylwia , Lorkowski Jan , Kubicki Maciej , Pietraszuk Cezary 
Published: September 2016

Abstract[{Pd(μ‐OH)Cl(IPr)}2] [IPr=N,N‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene] was found to be a highly efficient precatalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling that is able to act under base‐free conditions.
A novel multi–graphics processing unit parallel optimization framework for the sparse matrix‐vector multiplication
Authors: Gao Jiaquan , Wang Yu , Wang Jun 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThe sparse matrix‐vector multiplication (SpMV) is of great importance in scientific computations. Graphics processing unit (GPU)‐accelerated SpMVs for large‐sized problems have attracted considerable attention recently. We observe that on a specific multi‐GPU platform, the SpMV performance can usually be greatly improved when a matrix is partitioned into several blocks according to a predetermined rule and each block is assigned to a GPU with an appropriate storage format. This motivates us to propose a novel multi‐GPU parallel SpMV optimization framework, which involves the following parts: (1) a simple rule is defined to divide any given matrix among multiple GPUs; (2) a performance model, which is independent of the problems and dependent on the resources of devices, is proposed to accurately predict the execution time of SpMV kernels; and (3) a selection algorithm is suggested to automatically select the most appropriate one from the storage formats that are involved in the framework for the matrix block that is assigned to each GPU on the basis of the performance model. The objective of our framework does not construct a new storage format or algorithm but automatically and rapidly generates an optimally parallel SpMV for any sparse matrix on a specific multi‐GPU platform by integrating the existing storage formats and their corresponding kernels. We take 5 popular storage formats, for example, to present the idea of constructing the framework. Theoretically, we validate the correctness of our proposed SpMV performance model. This model is constructed only once for each type of GPU. Moreover, this framework is general and easy to be extensible. For a storage format that is not included in our framework, once the performance model of its corresponding SpMV kernel is successfully constructed, it can be incorporated into our framework. The experiments validate the efficiency of our proposed framework.
Running state of the high energy consuming equipment and energy saving countermeasure for chinese petroleum industry in cloud computing
Authors: Zhao Haihui , Qi Yaoguang , Du Hongwei , Wang Ningning , Zhang Guofu , Liu Wenbao , Lu Hailong 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThe energy consumption of the high energy consuming petroleum equipment in oil field possesses a high proportion in the total energy consumption of oil industry, so these equipment act as an important role in oil field energy saving. This paper analyzes the energy consumption constitutions in different production process. It is based on the study focusing on the running state and energy saving countermeasure of the high energy consuming mechanical equipment. The research is organized by the Chinese Academy of Engineering. The high energy consumption cause is studied by investigating and analyzing the running state of the principle energy consuming equipment in oil field and the design and manufacture level of the key large equipment in cloud computing. This thesis provides concurrent data processing model for shortening the production cycle and the fuzzy weighting subspace clustering algorithm to implement the equipment comparability, applying the big data on the running status statistics and applying cloud computation analysis on the corresponding energy saving countermeasure. The proposed approach is providing the method of eliminating equipment and the advice of the research directions in order to address the energy saving counter measure issues. The findings of this paper can be referenced as the energy saving counter measure in the petroleum industry. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deadline‐constrained coevolutionary genetic algorithm for scientific workflow scheduling in cloud computing
Authors: Liu Li , Zhang Miao , Buyya Rajkumar , Fan Qi 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThe cloud infrastructures provide a suitable environment for the execution of large‐scale scientific workflow application. However, it raises new challenges to efficiently allocate resources for the workflow application and also to meet the user's quality of service requirements. In this paper, we propose an adaptive penalty function for the strict constraints compared with other genetic algorithms. Moreover, the coevolution approach is used to adjust the crossover and mutation probability, which is able to accelerate the convergence and prevent the prematurity. We also compare our algorithm with baselines such as Random, particle swarm optimization, Heterogeneous Earliest Finish Time, and genetic algorithm in a WorkflowSim simulator on 4 representative scientific workflows. The results show that it performs better than the other state‐of‐the‐art algorithms in the criterion of both the deadline‐constraint meeting probability and the total execution cost.
A list scheduling algorithm for heterogeneous systems based on a critical node cost table and pessimistic cost table
Authors: Zhou Naqin , Qi Deyu , Wang Xinyang , Zheng Zhishuo , Lin Weiwei 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThis paper presents a novel list‐based scheduling algorithm called Improved Predict Earliest Finish Time for static task scheduling in a heterogeneous computing environment. The algorithm calculates the task priority with a pessimistic cost table, implements the feature prediction with a critical node cost table, and assigns the best processor for the node that has at least 1 immediate successor as the critical node, thereby effectively reducing the schedule makespan without increasing the algorithm time complexity. Experiments regarding aspects of randomly generated graphs and real‐world application graphs are performed, and comparisons are made based on the scheduling length ratio, robustness, and frequency of the best result. The results demonstrate that the Improved Predict Earliest Finish Time algorithm outperforms the Predict Earliest Finish Time and Heterogeneous Earliest Finish Time algorithms in terms of the schedule length ratio, frequency of the best result, and robustness while maintaining the same time complexity.
High herbivore pressure favors constitutive over induced defense
Authors: Bixenmann Ryan J. , Coley Phyllis D. , Weinhold Alexander , Kursar Thomas A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTheoretical and empirical studies show that, when past or current herbivory is a reliable cue of future attack and defenses are costly, defenses can be induced only when needed and thereby permit investment in other functions such as growth or reproduction. Theory also states that, in environments where herbivory is constantly high, constitutive defenses should be favored. Here, we present data to support the second aspect of the induced resistance hypothesis. We examined herbivore‐induced responses for four species ofInga(Fabaceae), a common canopy tree in Neotropical forests. We quantified chemical defenses of expanding leaves, including phenolic, saponin and toxic amino acids, in experimental field treatments with and without caterpillars. Because young leaves lack fiber and are higher in protein than mature leaves, they typically lose >25% of their leaf area during the few weeks of expansion. We predicted that the high rates of attack would select for investment in constitutive defenses over induction. Our data show that chemical defenses were quite unresponsive to herbivory. We demonstrated that expanding leaves showed no or only small increases in investment in secondary metabolites, and no qualitative changes in the phenolic compound profile in response to herbivory. The proteinogenic amino acid tyrosine, which can be toxic at high concentrations, showed the greatest levels of induction.Synthesis: These results provide some of the first support for theoretical predictions that the evolution of induced vs. constitutive defenses depends on the risk of herbivory. In habitats with constant and high potential losses to herbivores, such as tropical rainforests, high investments in constitutive defenses are favored over induction.
Cyto‐nuclear discordance suggests complex evolutionary history in the cave‐dwelling salamander, Eurycea lucifuga
Authors: Edgington Hilary A. , Ingram Colleen M. , Taylor Douglas R. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractOur understanding of the evolutionary history and ecology of cave‐associated species has been driven historically by studies of morphologically adapted cave‐restricted species. Our understanding of the evolutionary history and ecology of nonrestricted cave species, troglophiles, is limited to a few studies, which present differing accounts of troglophiles’ relationship with the cave habitat, and its impact on population dynamics. Here, we used phylogenetics, demographic statistics, and population genetic methods to study lineage divergence, dates of divergence, and population structure in the Cave Salamander, Eurycea lucifuga, across its range. In order to perform these analyses, we sampled 233 individuals from 49 populations, using sequence data from three gene loci as well as genotyping data from 19 newly designed microsatellite markers. We find, as in many other species studied in a phylogeographic context, discordance between patterns inferred from mitochondrial relationships and those inferred by nuclear markers indicating a complicated evolutionary history in this species. Our results suggest Pleistocene‐based divergence among three main lineages within E. lucifuga corresponding to the western, central, and eastern regions of the range, similar to patterns seen in species separated in multiple refugia during climatic shifts. The conflict between mitochondrial and nuclear patterns is consistent with what we would expect from secondary contact between regional populations following expansion from multiple refugia.
Human‐modified habitats change patterns of population genetic structure and group relatedness in Peter's tent‐roosting bats
Authors: Sagot Maria , Phillips Caleb D. , Baker Robert J. , Stevens Richard D. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAlthough coloniality is widespread among mammals, it is still not clear what factors influence composition of social groups. As animals need to adapt to multiple habitat and environmental conditions throughout their range, variation in group composition should be influenced by adaptive adjustment to different ecological factors. Relevant to anthropogenic disturbance, increased habitat modification by humans can alter species’ presence, density, and population structure. Therefore, it is important to understand the consequences of changes to landscape composition, in particular how habitat modification affects social structure of group‐forming organisms. Here, we combine information on roosting associations with genetic structure of Peter's tent‐roosting bats,Uroderma bilobatumto address how different habitat characteristics at different scales affect structure of social groups. By dividing analyses by age and sex, we determined that genetic structure was greater for adult females than adult males or offspring. Habitat variables explained 80% of the variation in group relatedness (mainly influenced by female relatedness) with roost characteristics contributing the most explained variation. This suggests that females using roosts of specific characteristics exhibit higher relatedness and seem to be philopatric. These females mate with more males than do more labile female groups. Results describe ecological and microevolutionary processes, which affect relatedness and social structure; findings are highly relevant to species distributions in both natural and human‐modified environments.
Linking leaf veins to growth and mortality rates: an example from a subtropical tree community
Authors: Iida Yoshiko , Sun I‐Fang , Price Charles A. , Chen Chien‐Teh , Chen Zueng‐Sang , Chiang Jyh‐Min , Huang Chun‐Lin , Swenson Nathan G. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA fundamental goal in ecology is to link variation in species function to performance, but functional trait–performance investigations have had mixed success. This indicates that less commonly measured functional traits may more clearly elucidate trait–performance relationships. Despite the potential importance of leaf vein traits, which are expected to be related to resource delivery rates and photosynthetic capacity, there are few studies, which examine associations between these traits and demographic performance in communities. Here, we examined the associations between species traits including leaf venation traits and demographic rates (Relative Growth Rate, RGR and mortality) as well as the spatial distributions of traits along soil environment for 54 co‐occurring species in a subtropical forest. Size‐related changes in demographic rates were estimated using a hierarchical Bayesian approach. Next, Kendall's rank correlations were quantified between traits and estimated demographic rates at a given size and between traits and species‐average soil environment. Species with denser venation, smaller areoles, less succulent, or thinner leaves showed higher RGR for a wide range of size classes. Species with leaves of denser veins, larger area, cheaper construction costs or thinner, or low‐density wood were associated with high mortality rates only in small size classes. Lastly, contrary to our expectations, acquisitive traits were not related to resource‐rich edaphic conditions. This study shows that leaf vein traits are weakly, but significantly related to tree demographic performance together with other species traits. Because leaf traits associated with an acquisitive strategy such as denser venation, less succulence, and thinner leaves showed higher growth rate, but similar leaf traits were not associated with mortality, different pathways may shape species growth and survival. This study suggests that we are still not measuring some of key traits related to resource‐use strategies, which dictate the demography and distributions of species.
Early warning signals detect critical impacts of experimental warming
Authors: Jarvis Lauren , McCann Kevin , Tunney Tyler , Gellner Gabriel , Fryxell John M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractEarth's surface temperatures are projected to increase by ~1–4°C over the next century, threatening the future of global biodiversity and ecosystem stability. While this has fueled major progress in the field of physiological trait responses to warming, it is currently unclear whether routine population monitoring data can be used to predict temperature‐induced population collapse. Here, we integrate trait performance theory with that of critical tipping points to test whether early warning signals can be reliably used to anticipate thermally induced extinction events. We find that a model parameterized by experimental growth rates exhibits critical slowing down in the vicinity of an experimentally tested critical threshold, suggesting that dynamical early warning signals may be useful in detecting the potentially precipitous onset of population collapse due to global climate change.
High‐resolution photo‐mosaic time‐series imagery for monitoring human use of an artificial reef
Authors: Wood Georgina , Lynch Tim P. , Devine Carlie , Keller Krystle , Figueira Will 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSuccessful marine management relies on understanding patterns of human use. However, obtaining data can be difficult and expensive given the widespread and variable nature of activities conducted. Remote camera systems are increasingly used to overcome cost limitations of conventional labour‐intensive methods. Still, most systems face trade‐offs between the spatial extent and resolution over which data are obtained, limiting their application. We trialed a novel methodology, CSIRO Ruggedized Autonomous Gigapixel System (CRAGS), for time series of high‐resolution photo‐mosaic (HRPM) imagery to estimate fine‐scale metrics of human activity at an artificial reef located 1.3 km from shore. We compared estimates obtained using the novel system to those produced with a web camera that concurrently monitored the site. We evaluated the effect of day type (weekday/weekend) and time of day on each of the systems and compared to estimates obtained from binocular observations. In general, both systems delivered similar estimates for the number of boats observed and to those obtained by binocular counts; these results were also unaffected by the type of day (weekend vs. weekday). CRAGS was able to determine additional information about the user type and party size that was not possible with the lower resolution webcam system. However, there was an effect of time of day as CRAGS suffered from poor image quality in early morning conditions as a result of fixed camera settings. Our field study provides proof of concept of use of this new cost‐effective monitoring tool for the remote collection of high‐resolution large‐extent data on patterns of human use at high temporal frequency.
Snowbeds are more affected than other subalpine–alpine plant communities by climate change in the Swiss Alps
Authors: Matteodo Magalì , Ammann Klaus , Verrecchia Eric Pascal , Vittoz Pascal 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWhile the upward shift of plant species has been observed on many alpine and nival summits, the reaction of the subalpine and lower alpine plant communities to the current warming and lower snow precipitation has been little investigated so far. To this aim, 63 old, exhaustive plant inventories, distributed along a subalpine–alpine elevation gradient of the Swiss Alps and covering different plant community types (acidic and calcareous grasslands; windy ridges; snowbeds), were revisited after 25–50 years. Old and recent inventories were compared in terms of species diversity with Simpson diversity and Bray–Curtis dissimilarity indices, and in terms of community composition with principal component analysis. Changes in ecological conditions were inferred from the ecological indicator values. The alpha‐diversity increased in every plant community, likely because of the arrival of new species. As observed on mountain summits, the new species led to a homogenization of community compositions. The grasslands were quite stable in terms of species composition, whatever the bedrock type. Indeed, the newly arrived species were part of the typical species pool of the colonized community. In contrast, snowbed communities showed pronounced vegetation changes and a clear shift toward dryer conditions and shorter snow cover, evidenced by their colonization by species from surrounding grasslands. Longer growing seasons allow alpine grassland species, which are taller and hence more competitive, to colonize the snowbeds. This study showed that subalpine–alpine plant communities reacted differently to the ongoing climate changes. Lower snow/rain ratio and longer growing seasons seem to have a higher impact than warming, at least on plant communities dependent on long snow cover. Consequently, they are the most vulnerable to climate change and their persistence in the near future is seriously threatened. Subalpine and alpine grasslands are more stable, and, until now, they do not seem to be affected by a warmer climate.
Long‐term mortality of patients with West syndrome
Authors: Sillanpää Matti , Riikonen Raili , Saarinen Maiju M. , Schmidt Dieter 
Published: September 2016

SummaryObjectiveTo study long‐term survival and mortality among patients with West syndrome.MethodsThe study population included all children born in 1960–1976 and treated for West syndrome in three tertiary care hospitals in Helsinki, Finland. The participants were prospectively followed for five decades for survival. Death data were derived from the National Causes of Death Register of the Population Register Center of Statistics Finland.ResultsDuring follow‐up, 102 (49%) of 207 patients had died at the mean age of 19 years. The mean overall annual mortality rate was 15.3 per 1,000 patient‐years. The rates ranged from 18.2 per 1,000 after 10 years to 17.2 per 1,000 after 20 years and 15.4 per 1,000 patient‐years after 40 years of follow‐up. One fourth (25%) had died by 17.2 (95% CI 11.8–22.7) years and 50% by 48.6 (95% CI 38.5–NA) years of follow‐up. Etiology at onset was symptomatic in 87% patients and cryptogenic in 13%; 6 of the latter 26 patients later turned out to be symptomatic. The mean annual mortality rate was 3.7 per 1,000 for 4 patients with cryptogenic etiology and 17.6 per 1,000 for those with symptomatic etiology. The hazard of death was fivefold in patients with symptomatic etiology versus cryptogenic etiology. The overall autopsy rate was 73%. Pneumonia was the most frequent cause of death (46%). All patients who died of pneumonia had symptomatic etiology. SUDEP occurred in 10 patients and was the most common epilepsy‐related cause of death (10%).SignificanceRisk of excess death of participants with West syndrome is not limited to early age but continues into adulthood, particularly in those with symptomatic etiology, and leads to death in half the cases at around 50 years of age. Measures should be directed to prevent pneumonia, the most common overall cause, and SUDEP, the most frequent seizure‐related cause, of death.