bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Massive Submucosal Ganglia in Colonic Inertia
Authors: Naemi Kaveh , Stamos Michael J. , Wu Mark Li-cheng 
Published: October 2017

Context.—
Colonic inertia is a debilitating form of primary chronic constipation with unknown etiology and diagnostic criteria, often requiring pancolectomy. We have occasionally observed massively enlarged submucosal ganglia containing at least 20 perikarya, in addition to previously described giant ganglia with greater than 8 perikarya, in cases of colonic inertia. These massively enlarged ganglia have yet to be formally recognized.

Objective.—
To determine whether such “massive submucosal ganglia,” defined as ganglia harboring at least 20 perikarya, characterize colonic inertia.

Design.—
We retrospectively reviewed specimens from colectomies of patients with colonic inertia and compared the prevalence of massive submucosal ganglia occurring in this setting to the prevalence of massive submucosal ganglia occurring in a set of control specimens from patients lacking chronic constipation.

Results.—
Seven of 8 specimens affected by colonic inertia harbored 1 to 4 massive ganglia, for a total of 11 massive ganglia. One specimen lacked massive ganglia but had limited sampling and nearly massive ganglia. Massive ganglia occupied both superficial and deep submucosal plexus. The patient with 4 massive ganglia also had 1 mitotically active giant ganglion. Only 1 massive ganglion occupied the entire set of 10 specimens from patients lacking chronic constipation.

Conclusions.—
We performed the first, albeit distinctly small, study of massive submucosal ganglia and showed that massive ganglia may be linked to colonic inertia. Further, larger studies are necessary to determine whether massive ganglia are pathogenetic or secondary phenomena, and whether massive ganglia or mitotically active ganglia distinguish colonic inertia from other types of chronic constipation.
Un “sujet qui fâche”. L’évaluation des enseignants en France, entre défense statutaire, injonction au professionnalisme et autonomie professionnelle
Authors: Buisson-Fenet Hélène , Pons Xavier 
Published: October 2017

Cet article analyse les projets de réforme de l’évaluation des enseignants en France depuis la fin des années 1990 ainsi que les réactions, notamment syndicales, qu’ils ont suscitées. Cette évaluation est considérée comme un analyseur privilégié pour étudier les réactions des enseignants au développement de nouvelles politiques de reddition de comptes.A partir de méthodes qualitatives (entretiens, analyse de dépêches de presse et de corpus de documents), il étudie plus spécifiquement les systèmes de négociation des différents projets de réforme d’une évaluation régulièrement contestée mais jamais réformée au moment où nous terminons cet article.Adoptant une perspective de sociologie de l’action publique, il envisage les échecs de ces différents projets non pas comme le résultat d’une culture de contestation particulièrement prononcée parmi les syndicats d’enseignants dans un système certes encore fortement régulé de manière corporatiste ; mais comme la conséquence de la mise en œuvre de différents répertoires d’action publique par les acteurs de ce dossier. Selon leur mise en adéquation plus ou moins grande avec la configuration d’action publique d’ensemble dans laquelle ils sont déployés, ces répertoires produisent des mouvements de politisation ou de dépolitisation plus ou moins propices au changement.Après avoir décrit le système d’évaluation actuellement en vigueur en France, ainsi que les problèmes qu’ils posent et qui ont été identifiés à maintes reprises, nous analysons quatre séquences d’action publique (deux statuquo et deux projets de réforme) et mettons en évidence le déploiement de trois répertoires d’action publique différents : statutaire-conservateur (1997-2009), managérial-réactif (2009-2012) et professionnaliste-coopératif (2012-2016).
Time to Tell
Authors: Knight Dennis Ray 
Published: October 2017

If he is known for anything other than his writings, James Baldwin is best known for his
work as a civil rights activist. What is often overlooked is Baldwin’s work toward uniting
two under-represented and oppressed groups: African Americans and homosexuals. With his
first novel, Go Tell It on the Mountain, Baldwin began a career of speaking about and for
homosexuals and their relationship with the institutions of African-American communities.
Through its focus on a sensitive, church-going teenager, Go Tell It on the Mountain
dramatizes the strain imposed upon homosexual members of African-American communities
within the Pentecostal Church through its religious beliefs.
ThePlasmodium bergheiRC strain is highly diverged and harbors putatively novel drug resistance variants
Authors: Songsungthong Warangkhana , Kulawonganunchai Supasak , Wilantho Alisa , Tongsima Sissades , Koonyosying Pongpisid , Uthaipibull Chairat , Kamchonwongpaisan Sumalee , Shaw Philip J. 
Published: October 2017

BackgroundThe current first line drugs for treating uncomplicated malaria are artemisinin (ART) combination therapies. However,Plasmodium falciparumparasites resistant to ART and partner drugs are spreading, which threatens malaria control efforts. Rodent malaria species are useful models for understanding antimalarial resistance, in particular genetic variants responsible for cross resistance to different compounds.MethodsThePlasmodium bergheiRC strain (PbRC) is described as resistant to different antimalarials, including chloroquine (CQ) and ART. In an attempt to identify the genetic basis for the antimalarial resistance trait inPbRC, its genome was sequenced and compared with five other previously sequencedP. bergheistrains.ResultsWe found thatPbRC is eight-fold less sensitive to the ART derivative artesunate than the reference strainPbANKA. The genome ofPbRC is markedly different from other strains, and 6,974 single nucleotide variants private toPbRC were identified. Among thesePbRC private variants, non-synonymous changes were identified in genes known to modulate antimalarial sensitivity in rodent malaria species, including notably the ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 1 gene. However, no variants were found in some genes with strong evidence of association with ART resistance inP. falciparumsuch as K13 propeller protein.DiscussionThe variants identified inPbRC provide insight intoP. bergheigenome diversity and genetic factors that could modulate CQ and ART resistance inPlasmodiumspp.
Integration of lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA reveals novel insights into oviposition regulation in honey bees
Authors: Chen Xiao , Ma Ce , Chen Chao , Lu Qian , Shi Wei , Liu Zhiguang , Wang Huihua , Guo Haikun 
Published: October 2017

Background
The honey bee (Apis mellifera) is a highly diverse species commonly used for honey production and pollination services. The oviposition of the honey bee queen affects the development and overall performance of the colony. To investigate the ovary activation and oviposition processes on a molecular level, a genome-wide analysis of lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNA expression in the ovaries of the queens was performed to screen for differentially expressed coding and noncoding RNAs. Further analysis identified relevant candidate genes or RNAs.

Results
The analysis of the RNA profiles in different oviposition phase of the queens revealed that 740 lncRNAs, 81 miRNAs and 5,481 mRNAs were differently expressed during the ovary activation; 88 lncRNAs, 13 miRNAs and 338 mRNAs were differently expressed during the oviposition inhibition process; and finally, 100 lncRNAs, four miRNAs and 497 mRNAs were differently expressed during the oviposition recovery process. In addition, functional annotation of differentially expressed RNAs revealed several pathways that are closely related to oviposition, including hippo, MAPK, notch, Wnt, mTOR, TGF-beta and FoxO signaling pathways. Furthermore, in the QTL region for ovary size, 73 differentially expressed genes and 14 differentially expressed lncRNAs were located, which are considered as candidate genes affecting ovary size and oviposition. Moreover, a core set of genes served as bridges among different miRNAs were identified through the integrated analysis of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network.

Conclusion
The observed dramatic expression changes of coding and noncoding RNAs suggest that they may play a critical role in honey bee queens’ oviposition. The identified candidate genes for oviposition activation and regulation could serve as a resource for further studies of genetic markers of oviposition in honey bees.
Anisotropic Poroelasticity in a Rock With Cracks
Authors: Wong Teng‐Fong 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDeformation of a saturated rock in the field and laboratory may occur in a broad range of conditions, ranging from undrained to drained. The poromechanical response is often anisotropic, and in a brittle rock, closely related to preexisting and stress‐induced cracks. This can be modeled as a rock matrix embedded with an anisotropic system of cracks. Assuming microisotropy, expressions for three of the poroelastic coefficients of a transversely isotropic rock were derived in terms of the crack density tensor. Together with published results for the five effective elastic moduli, this provides a complete micromechanical description of the eight independent poroelastic coefficients of such a cracked rock. Relatively simple expressions were obtained for the Skempton pore pressure tensor, which allow one to infer the crack density tensor from undrained measurement in the laboratory, and also to infer the Biot‐Willis effective stress coefficients. The model assumes a dilute concentration of noninteractive penny‐shaped cracks, and it shows good agreement with experimental data for Berea sandstone, with crack density values up to 0.6. Whereas predictions on the storage coefficient and normal components of the elastic stiffness tensor also seem reasonable, significant discrepancy between model and measurement was observed regarding the off‐diagonal and shear components of the stiffness. A plausible model had been proposed for development of very strong anisotropy in the undrained response of a fault zone, and the model here placed geometric constraints on the associated fracture system.
Temperature Control of the Variability of Tropical Tropopause Layer Cirrus Clouds
Authors: Tseng Hsiu‐Hui , Fu Qiang 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis study examines the temperature control of variability of tropical tropopause layer (TTL) cirrus clouds (i.e., clouds with bases higher than 14.5 km) by using 8 years (2006–2014) of observations from the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) and Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC). It is found that the temporal variability of vertical structure of TTL cirrus cloud fraction averaged between 15°N and 15°S can be well explained by the vertical temperature gradient below ~17.5 km but by the local temperature above for both seasonal and interannual time scales. It is also found that the TTL cirrus cloud fraction at a given altitude is best correlated with the temperature at a higher altitude and this vertical displacement increases with a decrease of the cirrus altitude. It is shown that the TTL cirrus cloud fractions at all altitudes are significantly correlated with tropical cold point tropopause (CPT) temperature. The plausible mechanisms that might be responsible for the observed relations between TTL cirrus fraction and temperature‐based variables are discussed, which include ice particle sediments, cooling associated with wave propagations, change of atmospheric stability, and vertical gradient of water vapor mixing ratio. We further examine the spatial covariability of TTL total cirrus cloud fraction and CPT temperature for the interannual time scale. It is found that the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and quasi‐biennial oscillation are the leading factors in controlling the spatial variability of the TTL cirrus clouds and temperatures.
Multiregional Clinical Trials
Authors: Binkowitz Bruce , Chen Joshua , Quan Hui 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWith the globalization of clinical trials comes a myriad of unique statistical, operational, clinical, regulatory, ethical, epidemiological, and even political issues. Just as the idea of a single center clinical trial cannot be simply lifted and extended to a multicenter trial without accounting for the addition of more than one center, the design of a multicenter clinical trial conducted within a single region cannot simply be lifted and extended to conducting and interpreting a trial across multiple regions. While there are definite advantages to conducting a multiregional clinical trial regarding speed of development, outreach to more patients in need, and generalizability of the results, there is also the downside of additional complications. However, these do not outweigh the advantages to conducting, when feasible, a multiregional clinical trial. Such complications require more upfront planning and consideration of the issues. This article will raise awareness to the most critical aspects that need attention and open the door to how multiregional clinical trials become an advantage to investigating the scientific hypotheses and not a complication. We hope that this article piques the reader's interest enough to pursue further reading, and perhaps research, of this important and interesting subject.
Nonrandomized Trials: Designs and Methodology
Authors: Sedgwick Philip M. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The randomized controlled trial is the study design of choice in order to assess the effectiveness of an intervention. Sometimes, the nonrandomized trial study design is used, whereby participants are allocated to treatment groups using nonrandom methods. The design has the potential for confounding with the consequence that internal validity may be compromised. Nonetheless, some nonrandom methods have benefits. In preference trials, patients can choose their treatment, minimizing the effects of treatment preference that can threaten than can threaten the internal validity and the external validity. Although not a trial by definition, the before‐and‐after study can demonstrate the effectiveness of an intervention in a similar way to a nonrandomized trial. The application and methodological implications of the nonrandomized trial, preference trial, and before‐and‐after study designs are outlined. Approaches to treatment group allocation, along with the benefits and disadvantages, are discussed.
Multiscale and Stabilized Methods
Authors: Hughes Thomas J. R. , Scovazzi Guglielmo , Franca Leopoldo P. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis chapter presents an introduction to multiscale and stabilized methods, which represent unified approaches to modeling and numerical solution of fluid dynamic phenomena. Finite‐element applications are emphasized but the ideas are general and apply to other numerical methods as well. (They have been used in the development of finite difference, finite volume, and spectral methods, in addition to finite‐element methods.) The analytical ideas are first illustrated for time‐harmonic wave‐propagation problems in unbounded fluid domains governed by the Helmholtz equation. This leads to the well‐known Dirichlet‐to‐Neumann formulation. A general treatment of the variational multiscale method in the context of an abstract Dirichlet problem is then presented, which is applicable to advective–diffusive processes and other processes of physical interest. It is shown how the exact theory represents a paradigm for subgrid‐scale models anda posteriorierror estimation. Hierarchicalp‐methods and bubble function methods are examined in order to understand and ultimately approximate the “fine‐scale Green's function” that appears in the theory. Relationships among the so‐called residual‐free bubbles, element Green's functions, and stabilized methods are exhibited. These ideas are then generalized to a class of nonsymmetric, linear evolution operators formulated in space–time. The variational multiscale method also provides guidelines and inspiration for the development of stabilized methods [e.g., SUPG (streamline upwind Petrov–Galerkin) and GLS (Galerkin least squares)) that have attracted considerable interest and have been extensively utilized in engineering and the physical sciences. An overview of stabilized methods for advective–diffusive equations is presented. A variational multiscale treatment of incompressible viscous flows, including turbulence, is also described. This represents an alternative formulation of large‐eddy simulation, which provides a simplified theoretical framework of LES with potential for improved modeling.
The Circadian Clock inCAMPlants
Authors: Hartwell James 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionThe Daily Cycle of Metabolism inCAMPlantsPhase Responses ofCAM CO2RhythmsThe Biochemical Basis for the Circadian Rhythm ofCO2FixationMultiple Points of Clock Control within theCAMPathway?The Molecular Identity of the Central Oscillator inCAMSpecies?Future Perspectives and Unanswered QuestionsAcknowledgements
Control of Starch Biosynthesis in Vascular Plants and Algae
Authors: Morell Matthew K. , Li Zhongyi , Regina Ahmed , Rahman Sadiq , d'Hulst Christophe , Ball Steven G. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionSynthesis of Bacterial GlycogenSynthesis of Starch in Vascular PlantsStarch Synthesis and Breakdown in Leaves and TubersControl of Starch Biosynthesis in Monocotyledonous SpeciesStarch Synthesis in Green AlgaeStarch Synthesis in Other SystemsControl of Starch BiosynthesisOpportunities for the Manipulation of Starch Synthesis and StructureConclusions
Control of Sulfur Uptake, Assimilation and Metabolism
Authors: Hawkesford Malcolm J. , Howarth Jonathan R. , Buchner Peter 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionSulfate Uptake and DistributionThe Assimilatory Pathway – Activation and ReductionControl of Flux through the Assimilatory Pathway – Cysteine SynthesisControl of Flux to the Various Sinks after Cysteine BiosynthesisSummaryAcknowledgements
The Fine Structure of the Plant Cuticle
Authors: Jeffree Christopher E. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionThe Structure of the Cuticle ProperCuticle PolymersCuticle Structural TypesSummary of the Cuticle TypesThe Epicuticular WaxCuticular Pores and Permeability of theCMCrystallisation Studies onEWCrystal Orientation and Spatial PatterningDegradation ofEWSummary of Cuticle OntogenyAcknowledgements
The Cutin Biopolymer Matrix
Authors: Stark Ruth E. , Tian Shiying 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction: Protective Plant Polymers

Biosynthesis

Monomer Composition

Polymeric Structure of Intact Cutin

Molecular Structure of Cutin Fragments

Mechanical Properties

Thermodynamic Properties

Summary and Prospectus

Acknowledgements
Optical Properties of Plant Surfaces
Authors: Pfündel Erhard E. , Agati Giovanni , Cerovic Zoran G. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionMethods to Determine Optical Properties of Plant SurfacesElectronic Absorption of RadiationNon‐Absorptive Optical PropertiesConcluding RemarksAcknowledgements
The Cuticle and Cellular Interactions
Authors: Tanaka Hirokazu , Machida Yasunori 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionEssential Roles of the Cuticle in Post‐Embryonic DevelopmentFunctions of the Cuticle in Plant Reproduction and EmbryogenesisRegulators of Epidermal Differentiation and Cuticle FormationConcluding Remarks
Commissioning of a PTW 34070 large‐area plane‐parallel ionization chamber for small field megavoltage photon dosimetry
Authors: Kupfer Tom , Lehmann Joerg , Butler Duncan J. , Ramanathan Ganesan , Bailey Tracy E. , Franich Rick D. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractPurposeThis study investigates a large‐area plane‐parallel ionization chamber (LAC) for measurements of dose‐area product in water (DAPw) in megavoltage (MV) photon fields.MethodsUniformity of electrode separation of the LAC (PTW34070 Bragg Peak Chamber, sensitive volume diameter: 8.16 cm) was measured using high‐resolution microCT. Signal dependence on angle α of beam incidence for square 6 MV fields of side length s = 20 cm and 1 cm was measured in air. Polarity and recombination effects were characterized in 6, 10, and 18 MV photons fields. To assess the lateral setup tolerance, scanned LAC profiles of a 1 × 1 cm2 field were acquired. A 6 MV calibration coefficient, ND,w,LAC, was determined in a field collimated by a 5 cm diameter stereotactic cone with known DAPw. Additional calibrations in 10 × 10 cm2 fields at 6, 10, and 18 MV were performed.ResultsElectrode separation is uniform and agrees with specifications. Volume‐averaging leads to a signal increase proportional to ~1/cos(α) in small fields. Correction factors for polarity and recombination range between 0.9986 to 0.9996 and 1.0007 to 1.0024, respectively. Off‐axis displacement by up to 0.5 cm did not change the measured signal in a 1 × 1 cm2 field. ND,w,LAC was 163.7 mGy cm−2 nC−1 and differs by +3.0% from the coefficient derived in the 10 × 10 cm2 6 MV field. Response in 10 and 18 MV fields increased by 1.0% and 2.7% compared to 6 MV.ConclusionsThe LAC requires only small correction factors for DAPw measurements and shows little energy dependence. Lateral setup errors of 0.5 cm are tolerated in 1 × 1 cm2 fields, but beam incidence must be kept as close to normal as possible. Calibration in 10 × 10 fields is not recommended because of the LAC's over‐response. The accuracy of relative point‐dose measurements in the field's periphery is an important limiting factor for the accuracy of DAPw measurements.
Laser‐Induced In‐Fiber Fluid Dynamical Instabilities for Precise and Scalable Fabrication of Spherical Particles
Authors: Zhang Jing , Li Kaiwei , Zhang Ting , Buenconsejo Pio John S. , Chen Ming , Wang Zhe , Zhang Mengying , Wang Zhixun , Wei Lei 
Published: October 2017

AbstractScalable fabrication of spherical particles at both the micro‐ and nanoscales is of significant importance for applications spanning optical devices, electronics, targeted drug delivery, biodevices, sensors, and cosmetics. However, current top‐down and bottom‐up fabrication methods are unable to provide the full spectrum of uniformly sized, well‐ordered, and high‐quality spheres due to their inherent restrictions. Here, a generic, scalable, and precisely controllable fabrication method is demonstrated for generating spherical particles in a full range of diameters from microscale to nanoscale. This method begins with a macroscopic composite multimaterial solid‐state preform drawn into a fiber that defines precisely the initial conditions for the process. It is then followed by CO2 laser heating to enable the transformation from a continuous fiber core into a series of homogeneous spheres via Plateau–Rayleigh capillary instability inside the fiber. This physical breakup method applies to a wide range of functional materials with different melting temperatures from 400 to 2400 K and 10 orders of difference in fiber core/cladding viscosity ratio. Furthermore, an ordered array of silicon‐based whispering‐gallery mode resonators with the Q factor as high as 7.1 × 105 is achieved, owing to the process induced ultrasmooth surface and highly crystalline nature.