bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polish-Jewish Relations: As Reflected in the Pages of the Republika-Górnik, 1926–1930
Authors: Kubow Magdalena 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The press has always served as a historical document of tremendous value, reflecting the concerns, opinions, and interpretations of the times. In some current university lectures on the Holocaust, students are taught that there are few reliable ways to gauge the German public’s opinion on what was happening within their country. The main source, outside of private materials, is Gestapo reports, which in and of themselves are biased, purposefully tampered with, and unreliable. The same cannot be said when attempting to understand how the Polish population, both inside and outside of Poland, felt regarding what was happening inside Nazi Germany, and eventually in occupied Poland. Unlike major English-language newspapers in North America, such as the New York Times, the Polish-language press did not bury or ignore news from Europe concerning the rise of Nazism and subsequent persecutions, but focused directly on them demonstrating that the news being communicated—and reactions to that news— was very real and not incomprehensible or implausible. The Republika-Górnik was one of America’s largest Polish-language weeklies, and one that reported extensively on the European situation regarding fascism and Hitler well before 1933. This article specifically examines how Polish-Jewish relations and the looming war were reflected in this press from 1926–1930.
Alcoholgebruik bij jongeren in Nederland
Authors: De Looze M. , Koning I. 
Published: March 2017

Alcohol use among adolescents in the Netherlands: From soaking to complying
Alcohol use and adolescents: they are inevitably connected. At least, this was the case up until the early 2000s in the Netherlands. After a peak in the prevalence of alcohol use in 2003, the percentage of adolescents in the Netherlands who drank alcohol decreased enormously. This decline co-occurs with a dramatic shift in sociocultural norms on adolescent alcohol use among parents. Since the peak in 2003, a variety of national and local prevention and intervention programs have been implemented, aiming to stimulate parents to adopt stricter parenting practices related to the alcohol use of their child. In other Western countries, however, similar decreases in adolescent alcohol use have been observed. On the basis of recent societal developments, the authors describe potential explanations for the observed declines. Moreover, they discuss how youngsters actively create peer contexts in which behaviors like alcohol use take place.
Vijf jaar Aanpak Top600: waar staan we nu?
Authors: van Grinsven S. , Verwest A. 
Published: March 2017

The Amsterdam Top600 Project five years later: Where do we stand now?
More than forty organizations in security, healthcare and social services work together in the ‘Top600 Project’, aimed at those committing ‘high-impact crimes’. The goal is to improve safety in and around Amsterdam by achieving a permanent change in the behavior of these perpetrators. This includes both a reduction in recidivism of high-impact crimes and an increase in their self-reliance in order to decrease their reliance on crime. To achieve this, special case managers strive to get a clear perspective on the (often complex) lives of these Top600 persons. These managers (‘regisseurs’) can connect to all the organizations concerned and ensure that their efforts are coordinated, aligned and mutually strengthening. The project includes preventing the Top600 persons’ (younger) brothers and sisters from following their siblings on a path of crime. It works through a collective focus and a tailor-made approach for each person, by exercising control on three levels (administrative, civil, and case level), by central monitoring of the results and - from there - by resolving structural flaws in the system.
Por qué fracasa la deliberación y cómo podemos remediarlo. Una alternativa ética al enfoque neurocientífico.
Authors: Pérez Zafrilla Pedro Jesús 
Published: March 2017

<p>La democracia deliberativa establece el acuerdo racional como el fin de los procesos deliberativos. Sin embargo, estudios actuales muestran que en ciertas ocasiones la deliberación, lejos de producir el acuerdo, genera procesos de polarización. Una aproximación a este problema de la polarización de los procesos deliberativos ha sido desarrollada desde la neuroética por autores como Lakoff, Haidt o Hugo Mercier. Así, en este artículo pretendo, en primer lugar, abordar el enfoque de estos autores sobre la polarización. Esto permitirá extraer los errores que pueda haber en sus planteamientos. Finalmente, desarrollaré una propuesta para corregir la polarización de los procesos deliberativos.</p>
Redes personales de aprendizaje (RPA) y competencia digital de estudiantes en educación obligatoria
Authors: Dorado Gómez Sandra , Gewerc Barujel Adriana 
Published: March 2017

<p style="text-indent: 0.75cm; margin-bottom: 0.21cm; line-height: 100%;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">El presente artículo tiene como objetivo estudiar el estado del arte acerca de la influencia de las Redes Personales de Aprendizaje en el desarrollo de la competencia digital de los/as niños/as y jóvenes de educación obligatoria -entre 12 y 16 años-. Las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC) han adquirido gran relevancia en el contexto de la educación contemporánea provocando modificaciones en todos los aspectos del proceso educativo de los sujetos. Es por ello que la competencia digital se convierte en un elemento primordial de cara a emplear de manera crítica y segura las TIC en los distintos ámbitos de la vida. Una de las maneras de desarrollar dicha competencia es por medio de las Redes Personales de Aprendizaje o Personal Learning Network (PLN). </span></span></p><p style="text-indent: 0.75cm; margin-bottom: 0.21cm; line-height: 100%;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Para llevar a cabo dicho estudio se ha realizado una investigación documental buscando en las principales bases de datos educativas y analizando el contenido de aquellos documentos de relevancia mediante el software de análisis cualitativo Atlas.ti. Los resultados obtenidos proyectan un campo de estudio poco desarrollado. La faceta educativa de las Redes Personales de Aprendizaje en general, y su influencia en la competencia digital en particular, está escasamente abordada por las investigaciones. Existen algunas experiencias documentadas de este ámbito, aunque el número de las mismas es limitado.</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0.21cm; line-height: 100%;" align="justify"> </p>
Anthropogenic warming impacts on California snowpack during drought
Authors: Berg Neil , Hall Alex 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSierra Nevada climate and snowpack is simulated during the period of extreme drought from 2011 to 2015 and compared to an identical simulation except for the removal of the twentieth century anthropogenic warming. Anthropogenic warming reduced average snowpack levels by 25%, with middle‐to‐low elevations experiencing reductions between 26 and 43%. In terms of event frequency, return periods associated with anomalies in 4 year 1 April snow water equivalent are estimated to have doubled, and possibly quadrupled, due to past warming. We also estimate effects of future anthropogenic warmth on snowpack during a drought similar to that of 2011–2015. Further snowpack declines of 60–85% are expected, depending on emissions scenario. The return periods associated with future snowpack levels are estimated to range from millennia to much longer. Therefore, past human emissions of greenhouse gases are already negatively impacting statewide water resources during drought, and much more severe impacts are likely to be inevitable.
The MAVEN EUVM model of solar spectral irradiance variability at Mars: Algorithms and results
Authors: Thiemann Edward M. B. , Chamberlin Phillip C. , Eparvier Francis G. , Templeman Brian , Woods Thomas N. , Bougher Stephen W. , Jakosky Bruce M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSolar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation is a primary energy input to the Mars atmosphere, causing ionization and driving photochemical processes above approximately 100 km. Because solar EUV radiation varies with wavelength and time, measurements must be spectrally resolved to accurately quantify its impact on the Mars atmosphere. The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) EUV Monitor (EUVM) measures solar EUV irradiance incident on the Mars atmosphere in three bands. These three bands drive a spectral irradiance variability model called the Flare Irradiance Spectral Model (FISM)‐Mars (FISM‐M) which is an iteration of the FISM model by Chamberlin et al. (2007, 2008) for spectral irradiance at Earth. In this paper, we report the algorithms used to derive FISM‐M and its associated uncertainties, focusing on differences from the original FISM. FISM‐M spectrally resolves the solar EUV irradiance at Mars from 0.5 to 189.5 nm at 1min cadence, and 0.1 nm resolution in the 6–106 nm range or 1 nm resolution otherwise. FISM‐M is suitable for both daily average and flaring spectral irradiance estimates and is based on the linear association of the broadband EUVM measurements with spectral irradiance measurements, including recent high time cadence 0.1 nm resolution measurements from the EUV Variability Experiment (EVE) on the Space Dynamics Observatory (SDO) between 6 and 106 nm. In addition, we present examples of model outputs for EUV irradiance variability due to solar flares, solar rotations, Mars orbit eccentricity, and the solar cycle, between October 2015 and November 2016.
MMS observation of inverse energy dispersion in shock drift accelerated ions
Authors: Lee S. H. , Sibeck D. G. , Hwang K.‐J. , Wang Y. , Silveira M. V. D. , Chu C. , Mauk B. H. , Cohen I. J. , Ho G. C. , Mason G. M. , Gold R. E. , Burch J. L. , Giles B. L. , Torbert R. B. , Russell C. T. , Wei H. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe four Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft observed a ∼1 min burst of energetic ions (50–1000 keV) in the region upstream from the subsolar quasi‐perpendicular bow shock on 6 December 2015. The composition, flux levels, and spectral indices of these energetic protons, helium, and oxygen ions greatly resemble those seen in the outer magnetosphere earlier while MMS crossed the magnetopause and differ significantly from those simultaneously observed far upstream by Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE). However, the event cannot be explained solely in terms of leakage from the magnetosphere. The strongly southward orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) lines at the time of the event precludes any connection to the magnetosphere. This point is confirmed by the presence of energetic electrons, known to occur on magnetic field lines that graze the bow shock rather than connect to the magnetosphere. We suggest that the ions gradient drifted out of the nearby quasi‐parallel foreshock and into the quasi‐perpendicular bow shock. Each of the ion species exhibited an inverse energy dispersion. As predicted by models for shock drift acceleration, the energies of the ions increased as θBn, the angle between the IMF and the shock normal, increased. Finally, we note that a similar event was observed a few minutes later in the subsolar magnetosheath, indicating that such events can be swept downstream of the bow shock.
Local time dependence of turbulent magnetic fields in Saturn's magnetodisc
Authors: Kaminker V. , Delamere P. A. , Ng C. S. , Dennis T. , Otto A. , Ma X. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractNet plasma transport in magnetodiscs around giant planets is outward. Observations of plasma temperature have shown that the expanding plasma is heating nonadiabatically during this process. Turbulence has been suggested as a source of heating. However, the mechanism and distribution of magnetic fluctuations in giant magnetospheres are poorly understood. In this study we attempt to quantify the radial and local time dependence of fluctuating magnetic field signatures that are suggestive of turbulence, quantifying the fluctuations in terms of a plasma heating rate density. In addition, the inferred heating rate density is correlated with magnetic field configurations that include azimuthal bend forward/back and magnitude of the equatorial normal component of magnetic field relative to the dipole. We find a significant local time dependence in magnetic fluctuations that is consistent with flux transport triggered in the subsolar and dusk sectors due to magnetodisc reconnection.
Simulating estimation of California fossil fuel and biosphere carbon dioxide exchanges combining in situ tower and satellite column observations
Authors: Fischer Marc L. , Parazoo Nicholas , Brophy Kieran , Cui Xinguang , Jeong Seongeun , Liu Junjie , Keeling Ralph , Taylor Thomas E. , Gurney Kevin , Oda Tomohiro , Graven Heather 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe report simulation experiments estimating the uncertainties in California regional fossil fuel and biosphere CO2 exchanges that might be obtained by using an atmospheric inverse modeling system driven by the combination of ground‐based observations of radiocarbon and total CO2, together with column‐mean CO2 observations from NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO‐2). The work includes an initial examination of statistical uncertainties in prior models for CO2 exchange, in radiocarbon‐based fossil fuel CO2 measurements, in OCO‐2 measurements, and in a regional atmospheric transport modeling system. Using these nominal assumptions for measurement and model uncertainties, we find that flask measurements of radiocarbon and total CO2 at 10 towers can be used to distinguish between different fossil fuel emission data products for major urban regions of California. We then show that the combination of flask and OCO‐2 observations yields posterior uncertainties in monthly‐mean fossil fuel emissions of ~5–10%, levels likely useful for policy relevant evaluation of bottom‐up fossil fuel emission estimates. Similarly, we find that inversions yield uncertainties in monthly biosphere CO2 exchange of ~6%–12%, depending on season, providing useful information on net carbon uptake in California's forests and agricultural lands. Finally, initial sensitivity analysis suggests that obtaining the above results requires control of systematic biases below approximately 0.5 ppm, placing requirements on accuracy of the atmospheric measurements, background subtraction, and atmospheric transport modeling.
Evaluation of ground‐based black carbon measurements by filter‐based photometers at two Arctic sites
Authors: Sinha P. R. , Kondo Y. , Koike M. , Ogren J. A. , Jefferson A. , Barrett T. E. , Sheesley R. J. , Ohata S. , Moteki N. , Coe H. , Liu D. , Irwin M. , Tunved P. , Quinn P. K. , Zhao Y. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractLong‐term measurements of the light absorption coefficient (babs) obtained with a particle soot absorption photometer (PSAP), babs (PSAP), have been previously reported for Barrow, Alaska, and Ny‐Ålesund, Spitsbergen, in the Arctic. However, the effects on babs of other aerosol chemical species coexisting with black carbon (BC) have not been critically evaluated. Furthermore, different mass absorption cross section (MAC) values have been used to convert babs to BC mass concentration (MBC = babs/MAC). We used a continuous soot monitoring system (COSMOS), which uses a heated inlet to remove volatile aerosol compounds, to measure babs (babs (COSMOS)) at these sites during 2012–2015. Field measurements and laboratory experiments have suggested that babs (COSMOS) is affected by about 9% on average by sea‐salt aerosols. MBC values derived by COSMOS (MBC (COSMOS)) using a MAC value obtained by our previous studies agreed to within 9% with elemental carbon concentrations at Barrow measured over 11 months. babs (PSAP) was higher than babs (COSMOS), by 22% at Barrow (PM1) and by 43% at Ny‐Ålesund (PM10), presumably due to the contribution of volatile aerosol species to babs (PSAP). Using babs (COSMOS) as a reference, we derived MBC (PSAP) from babs (PSAP) measured since 1998. We also established the seasonal variations of MBC at these sites. Seasonally averaged MBC (PSAP) decreased at a rate of about 0.55 ± 0.30 ng m−3 yr−1. We also compared MBC (COSMOS) and scaled MBC (PSAP) values with previously reported data and evaluated the degree of inconsistency in the previous data.
Impacts of land use changes on net ecosystem production in the Taihu Lake Basin of China from 1985 to 2010
Authors: Xu Xibao , Yang Guishan , Tan Yan , Tang Xuguang , Jiang Hong , Sun Xiaoxiang , Zhuang Qianlai , Li Hengpeng 
Published: March 2017

AbstractLand use changes play a major role in determining sources and sinks of carbon at regional and global scales. This study employs a modified Global biome model‐biogeochemical cycle model to examine the changes in the spatiotemporal pattern of net ecosystem production (NEP) in the Taihu Lake Basin of China during 1985–2010 and the extent to which land use change impacted NEP. The model is calibrated with observed NEP at three flux sites for three dominant land use types in the basin including cropland, evergreen needleleaf forest, and mixed forest. Two simulations are conducted to distinguish the net effects of land use change and increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and nitrogen deposition on NEP. The study estimates that NEP in the basin decreased by 9.8% (1.57 Tg C) from 1985 to 2010, showing an overall downward trend. The NEP distribution exhibits an apparent spatial heterogeneity at the municipal level. Land use changes during 1985–2010 reduced the regional NEP (3.21 Tg C in year 2010) by 19.9% compared to its 1985 level, while the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations and nitrogen deposition compensated for a half of the total carbon loss. Critical measures for regulating rapid urban expansion and population growth and reinforcing environment protection programs are recommended to increase the regional carbon sink.
Phosphorus availability and turnover in the Chesapeake Bay: Insights from nutrient stoichiometry and phosphate oxygen isotope ratios
Authors: Li Jiying , Bai Yuge , Bear Kristi , Joshi Sunendra , Jaisi Deb 
Published: March 2017

AbstractUnderstanding phosphorus (P) availability and its control on eutrophication in the Chesapeake Bay is complicated by variable sources and biogeochemical reactions transforming P forms. We investigated seasonal and spatial variability in P limitation and biological utilization in the Bay using nutrient stoichiometry (of both dissolved and particulate forms), phosphate oxygen isotope ratios, and alkaline phosphatase activity at three sites along the salinity gradient. We demonstrate that particulate nutrient ratios can be used as indicators of nutrient limitation in the Bay and suggest strong seasonal and spatial variability in P availability: the surface water is P limiting in spring, but this condition is alleviated in summer and in the deeper waters. Variability in P limitation is well reflected in the trends of phosphate oxygen isotope composition (δ18OP), with values approaching isotopic equilibrium under P limiting conditions, suggesting rapid biological P turnover. Furthermore δ18OP values suggest multiple phosphate sources including remobilization of terrestrial inorganic P phases and remineralization of organic P and P from both sources is sufficiently cycled by microorganisms, suggested by the extensive equilibrium oxygen isotope exchange. Our results further suggest high P utilization in the deeper euphotic zone where nutrients are abundant, raising caution on studying nutrient availability and limitation only in the surface water.
The aurorae of Uranus past equinox
Authors: Lamy L. , Prangé R. , Hansen K. C. , Tao C. , Cowley S. W. H. , Stallard T. S. , Melin H. , Achilleos N. , Guio P. , Badman S. V. , Kim T. , Pogorelov N. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe aurorae of Uranus were recently detected in the far ultraviolet with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) providing a new, so far unique, means to remotely study the asymmetric Uranian magnetosphere from Earth. We analyze here two new HST Uranus campaigns executed in September 2012 and November 2014 with different temporal coverage and under variable solar wind conditions numerically predicted by three different MHD codes. Overall, the HST images taken with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph reveal auroral emissions in three pairs of successive images (one pair acquired in 2012 and two in 2014), hence 6 additional auroral detections in total, including the most intense Uranian aurorae ever seen with HST. The detected emissions occur close the expected arrival of interplanetary shocks. They appear as extended spots at southern latitudes, rotating with the planet. They radiate 5–24 kR and 1.3‐8.8 GW of ultraviolet emission from H2, last for tens of minutes and vary on timescales down to a few seconds. Fitting the 2014 observations with model auroral ovals constrains the longitude of the southern (northern) magnetic pole to 104 ± 26° (284 ± 26°) in the Uranian Longitude System. We suggest that the Uranian near‐equinoctial aurorae are pulsed cusp emissions possibly triggered by large‐scale magnetospheric compressions.
Proficiency tests, Evaluating
Authors: Cofino Wim P. , Molenaar Jaap , Torfs Paul 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMarine monitoring programs provide data that are essential for marine management. The reliability of such data is underpinned by proficiency tests. In the context of Quasimeme, a proficiency testing program for the marine environment, a statistical model has been developed in 2000 to evaluate data sets. The mathematical basis of this model has been reformulated in 2016. In this article, the new mathematical basis is concisely explained. The main results of a comparative study using five statistical procedures on about 2400 data sets are described. Examples of the application of the five techniques on two data sets with complicated distributions are given. It is concluded that the NDA implementation of our model offers the highest robustness and that a thorough evaluation should invoke graphical representations of the data sets and consider robust skewness and results from different statistical methods.
Detection Limits
Authors: Walshaw David 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

In analytical chemistry, the
detection limit
is the lowest level of an analyte that can reliably be detected by a well‐defined operating procedure. It is often confused with the
decision limit
, which is a threshold of measurement used to determine whether or not the analyte is present in a particular study. We discuss the history and confusion relating to the definition in a univariate context. We consider the detection limit as a function of the sources of variation within an operating procedure. Estimation of the detection limit assuming constant variance in one‐level designs and calibration designs is described, as well as a brief treatment of the assumption of nonconstant variance. We outline modifications for multiple future detection decisions. We consider recent advances in theory and practice, and we pay particular attention to the statistics literature concerning detection limits. Finally, we consider approaches to multivariate detection, when decisions are based on more than one quantitative signal.