bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applying pollen DNA metabarcoding to the study of plant–pollinator interactions
Authors: Bell Karen L. , Fowler Julie , Burgess Kevin S. , Dobbs Emily K. , Gruenewald David , Lawley Brice , Morozumi Connor , Brosi Berry J. 
Published: June 2017

Premise of the study:To study pollination networks in a changing environment, we need accurate, high‐throughput methods. Previous studies have shown that more highly resolved networks can be constructed by studying pollen loads taken from bees, relative to field observations. DNA metabarcoding potentially allows for faster and finer‐scale taxonomic resolution of pollen compared to traditional approaches (e.g., light microscopy), but has not been applied to pollination networks.Methods:We sampled pollen from 38 bee species collected in Florida from sites differing in forest management. We isolated DNA from pollen mixtures and sequenced rbcL and ITS2 gene regions from all mixtures in a single run on the Illumina MiSeq platform. We identified species from sequence data using comprehensive rbcL and ITS2 databases.Results:We successfully built a proof‐of‐concept quantitative pollination network using pollen metabarcoding.Discussion:Our work underscores that pollen metabarcoding is not quantitative but that quantitative networks can be constructed based on the number of interacting individuals. Due to the frequency of contamination and false positive reads, isolation and PCR negative controls should be used in every reaction. DNA metabarcoding has advantages in efficiency and resolution over microscopic identification of pollen, and we expect that it will have broad utility for future studies of plant–pollinator interactions.
On the Origin of Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs)
Authors: Waxman Eli 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
We derive stringent constraints on the persistent source associated with FRB 121102: size

, age

year, energy

erg, characteristic electron energy

the radiating plasma is confined by a cold plasma of mass

these properties are inconsistent with typical “magnetar wind nebulae” model predictions. The fact that

suggests that the hot plasma was created by the ejection of a mildly relativistic,

shell, which propagated into an extended ambient medium or collided with a pre-ejected shell. Independent of the persistent source model, we suggest a physical mechanism for the generation of fast radio bursts (FRBs): the ejection from an underlying compact object,

cm, of highly relativistic shells with energy

erg and Lorentz factor

, into a surrounding e − p plasma with density

(consistent with that inferred for the persistent source). For E

s
similar to observed FRB energies, plasma conditions appropriate for strong synchrotron maser emission at

are formed. A significant fraction of the deposited energy is converted to an FRB with duration

, accompanied by ∼10 MeV gamma-rays carrying less energy than the FRB. The inferred energy and mass associated with the source suggest some type of a “weak stellar explosion,” where a neutron star is formed with relatively low mass and energy ejection. However, the current upper limit on R does not allow one to rule out

, or the ejection of a larger mass well before the ejection of the confining shell.
First Detection of Prominence Material Embedded within a 2 × 106 K CME Front Streaming away at 100–1500 km s−1 in the Solar Corona
Authors: Ding Adalbert , Habbal Shadia Rifai 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are the largest and most dynamic explosions detected in the million degree solar corona, with speeds reaching up to 3000 km s−1 at Earth’s orbit. Triggered by the eruption of prominences, in most cases, one of the outstanding questions pertaining to the dynamic CME-prominence system is the fate of the cool

ejected filaments. We present spectroscopic observations acquired during the 2015 March 20 total solar eclipse, which captured a plethora of redshifted plasmoids from Fe xiv emission at

. Approximately 10% of these plasmoids enshrouded the same neutral and singly ionized plasma below

, observed in prominences anchored at the Sun at that time. This discovery was enabled by the novel design of a dual-channel spectrometer and the exceptionally clear sky conditions on the island of Svalbard during totality. The Doppler redshifts corresponded to speeds ranging from under 100 to over 1500 km s−1. These are the first comprehensive spectroscopic observations to unambiguously detect a

filamentary CME front with inclusions of cool prominence material. The CME front covered a projected area of

starting from the solar surface. These observations imply that cool prominence inclusions within a CME front maintain their ionic composition during expansion away from the Sun.
Le cadavre du conspirateur : peur, colère et défense de la communauté à l’époque de la Saint-Barthélemy
Authors: de Waele Michel 
Published: June 2017

Dagué, défenestré, brûlé, noyé, châtré, décapité, mutilé et pendu. Tel fut le sort réservé au cadavre de l’amiral de Coligny lors de la Saint-Barthélemy. Ce destin attendait également le corps de nombreux protestants à l’époque des troubles de religion. Les historiens ont interprété ces outrages comme une manifestation de la ferveur religieuse qui anime les catholiques du temps, désireux de purger leur communauté de la pollution générée par l’hérésie. Cet article se demande si les assauts contre les cadavres des huguenots ne relèvent pas également d’une autre dimension, qui trouve des échos dans une histoire large de l’outrage au cadavre. Les peurs vécues par les catholiques du temps n’étaient pas que religieuses. Elles étaient aussi sociales et politiques. Les attaques contre les cadavres traduisent ainsi un double état d’esprit : d’une part les peurs, tant spirituelle que temporelle, des catholiques, de voir les hérétiques s’emparer du royaume ou du moins, de leur communauté et, d’autre part, la colère, voire la haine, devant les moyens qu’ils auraient pris pour parvenir à leurs fins, c’est-à-dire la ruse et le complot.
Radiographic Screening of Patients in a Dental School using the Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index
Authors: Shaik Sharaz , Alamodi Eman , Alshahrani Ghaliah , Alfaifi Khalid H 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Organization of the findings associated with various diagnostic aids plays a key role in formulating the treatment plan of the patients undergoing dental and medical treatment. Enhanced consistency in diagnosing and classifying prosthodontic patients is the basic purpose of various classification systems. Hence, we planned this study to classify partially edentulous patients and completely dentate patients at the undergraduate clinics using the prosthodontic diagnostic index (PDI).

Materials and methods
This study included classification of 13,599 edentulous patients who attended the clinics of undergraduate students of all the levels. Screening of all the patients was done radiographically with a digital orthopantomograph (OPG), and the data were saved in the computer system. The intraoral periapical radiographs (IOPA) taken for all the affected areas were also saved in the system. Based on the OPG and IOPA, the patients were classified into various classes. All the data of the patients were recorded and analyzed.

Results
Total number of patients screened was 17,220, out of which 3,621 were under 18 years of age and were excluded from the study. Most of the patients belonged to the age group of 31 to 45 years: 5,360 (39.4%) patients (3,817 [43.0%] males and 1,543 [32.5%] females) were class I; 2,730 (20.0%) patients (1,729 [19.5%] males and 1,001 [21.1%] females) were class II; 4,576 (33.7%) patients (2,835 [32.0%] males and 1,741 [36.8%] females) were class III; and 933 (6.9%) patients (483 [5.5%] males and 450 [9.5%] females) were class IV.

Conclusion
There is a need to introduce PDI as a screening tool during the initial examination of the patient and to achieve a proper distribution of the patients among various levels of students, interns, and postgraduates.

Clinical significance
Introduction of PDI will improve the treatment planning and prognosis of edentulous patients.

How to cite this article
Shaik S, Alamodi E, Alshahrani G, Alfaifi KH. Radiographic Screening of Patients in a Dental School using the Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(6):501-505.
Thin ice clouds in the Arctic: cloud optical depth and particle size retrieved from ground-based thermal infrared radiometry
Authors: Blanchard Yann , Royer Alain , O'Neill Norman T. , Turner David D. , Eloranta Edwin W. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Multiband downwelling thermal measurements of zenith sky radiance, along with cloud boundary heights, were used in a retrieval algorithm to estimate cloud optical depth and effective particle diameter of thin ice clouds in the Canadian High Arctic. Ground-based thermal infrared (IR) radiances for 150 semitransparent ice clouds cases were acquired at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL) in Eureka, Nunavut, Canada (80° N, 86° W). We analyzed and quantified the sensitivity of downwelling thermal radiance to several cloud parameters including optical depth, effective particle diameter and shape, water vapor content, cloud geometric thickness and cloud base altitude. A lookup table retrieval method was used to successfully extract, through an optimal estimation method, cloud optical depth up to a maximum value of 2.6 and to separate thin ice clouds into two classes: (1) TIC1 clouds characterized by small crystals (effective particle diameter  ≤  30 µm), and (2) TIC2 clouds characterized by large ice crystals (effective particle diameter  >  30 µm). The retrieval technique was validated using data from the Arctic High Spectral Resolution Lidar (AHSRL) and Millimeter Wave Cloud Radar (MMCR). Inversions were performed over three polar winters and results showed a significant correlation (R2 =  0.95) for cloud optical depth retrievals and an overall accuracy of 83 % for the classification of TIC1 and TIC2 clouds. A partial validation relative to an algorithm based on high spectral resolution downwelling IR radiance measurements between 8 and 21 µm was also performed. It confirms the robustness of the optical depth retrieval and the fact that the broadband thermal radiometer retrieval was sensitive to small particle (TIC1) sizes.
AirCore-HR: a high-resolution column sampling to enhance the vertical description of CH4 and CO2
Authors: Membrive Olivier , Crevoisier Cyril , Sweeney Colm , Danis François , Hertzog Albert , Engel Andreas , Bönisch Harald , Picon Laurence 
Published: June 2017

Abstract. An original and innovative sampling system called AirCore was presented by NOAA in 2010 Karion et al.(2010). It consists of a long ( >  100 m) and narrow ( <  1 cm) stainless steel tube that can retain a profile of atmospheric air. The captured air sample has then to be analyzed with a gas analyzer for trace mole fraction. In this study, we introduce a new AirCore aiming to improve resolution along the vertical with the objectives to (i) better capture the vertical distribution of CO2 and CH4, (ii) provide a tool to compare AirCores and validate the estimated vertical resolution achieved by AirCores. This (high-resolution) AirCore-HR consists of a 300 m tube, combining 200 m of 0.125 in. (3.175 mm) tube and a 100 m of 0.25 in. (6.35 mm) tube. This new configuration allows us to achieve a vertical resolution of 300 m up to 15 km and better than 500 m up to 22 km (if analysis of the retained sample is performed within 3 h). The AirCore-HR was flown for the first time during the annual StratoScience campaign from CNES in August 2014 from Timmins (Ontario, Canada). High-resolution vertical profiles of CO2 and CH4 up to 25 km were successfully retrieved. These profiles revealed well-defined transport structures in the troposphere (also seen in CAMS-ECMWF high-resolution forecasts of CO2 and CH4 profiles) and captured the decrease of CO2 and CH4 in the stratosphere. The multi-instrument gondola also carried two other low-resolution AirCore-GUF that allowed us to perform direct comparisons and study the underlying processing method used to convert the sample of air to greenhouse gases vertical profiles. In particular, degrading the AirCore-HR derived profiles to the low resolution of AirCore-GUF yields an excellent match between both sets of CH4 profiles and shows a good consistency in terms of vertical structures. This fully validates the theoretical vertical resolution achievable by AirCores. Concerning CO2 although a good agreement is found in terms of vertical structure, the comparison between the various AirCores yields a large and variable bias (up to almost 3 ppm in some parts of the profiles). The reasons of this bias, possibly related to the drying agent used to dry the air, are still being investigated. Finally, the uncertainties associated with the measurements are assessed, yielding an average uncertainty below 3 ppb for CH4 and 0.25 ppm for CO2 with the major source of uncertainty coming from the potential loss of air sample on the ground and the choice of the starting and ending point of the collected air sample inside the tube. In an ideal case where the sample would be fully retained, it would be possible to know precisely the pressure at which air was sampled last and thus to improve the overall uncertainty to about 0.1 ppm for CO2 and 2 ppb for CH4.
Atmospheric loss from the dayside open polar region and its dependence on geomagnetic activity: implications for atmospheric escape on evolutionary timescales
Authors: Slapak Rikard , Schillings Audrey , Nilsson Hans , Yamauchi Masatoshi , Westerberg Lars-Göran , Dandouras Iannis 
Published: June 2017

Abstract. We have investigated the total O+ escape rate from the dayside open polar region and its dependence on geomagnetic activity, specifically Kp. Two different escape routes of magnetospheric plasma into the solar wind, the plasma mantle, and the high-latitude dayside magnetosheath have been investigated separately. The flux of O+ in the plasma mantle is sufficiently fast to subsequently escape further down the magnetotail passing the neutral point, and it is nearly 3 times larger than that in the dayside magnetosheath. The contribution from the plasma mantle route is estimated as  ∼ 3. 9 × 1024exp(0. 45 Kp) [s−1] with a 1 to 2 order of magnitude range for a given geomagnetic activity condition. The extrapolation of this result, including escape via the dayside magnetosheath, indicates an average O+ escape of 3 × 1026 s−1 for the most extreme geomagnetic storms. Assuming that the range is mainly caused by the solar EUV level, which was also larger in the past, the average O+ escape could have reached 1027–28 s−1 a few billion years ago. Integration over time suggests a total oxygen escape from ancient times until the present roughly equal to the atmospheric oxygen content today.
A non-stationary stochastic ensemble generator for radar rainfall fields based on the short-space Fourier transform
Authors: Nerini Daniele , Besic Nikola , Sideris Ioannis , Germann Urs , Foresti Loris 
Published: June 2017

Abstract. In this paper we present a non-stationary stochastic generator for radar rainfall fields based on the short-space Fourier transform (SSFT). The statistical properties of rainfall fields often exhibit significant spatial heterogeneity due to variability in the involved physical processes and influence of orographic forcing. The traditional approach to simulate stochastic rainfall fields based on the Fourier filtering of white noise is only able to reproduce the global power spectrum and spatial autocorrelation of the precipitation fields. Conceptually similar to wavelet analysis, the SSFT is a simple and effective extension of the Fourier transform developed for space–frequency localisation, which allows for using windows to better capture the local statistical structure of rainfall. The SSFT is used to generate stochastic noise and precipitation fields that replicate the local spatial correlation structure, i.e. anisotropy and correlation range, of the observed radar rainfall fields. The potential of the stochastic generator is demonstrated using four precipitation cases observed by the fourth generation of Swiss weather radars that display significant non-stationarity due to the coexistence of stratiform and convective precipitation, differential rotation of the weather system and locally varying anisotropy. The generator is verified in its ability to reproduce both the global and the local Fourier power spectra of the precipitation field. The SSFT-based stochastic generator can be applied and extended to improve the probabilistic nowcasting of precipitation, design storm simulation, stochastic numerical weather prediction (NWP) downscaling, and also for other geophysical applications involving the simulation of complex non-stationary fields.
Unravelling abiotic and biotic controls on the seasonal water balance using data-driven dimensionless diagnostics
Authors: Seibert Simon Paul , Jackisch Conrad , Ehret Uwe , Pfister Laurent , Zehe Erwin 
Published: June 2017

Abstract. The baffling diversity of runoff generation processes, alongside our sketchy understanding of how physiographic characteristics control fundamental hydrological functions of water collection, storage, and release, continue to pose major research challenges in catchment hydrology. Here, we propose innovative data-driven diagnostic signatures for overcoming the prevailing status quo in catchment inter-comparison. More specifically, we present dimensionless double mass curves (dDMC) which allow inference of information on runoff generation and the water balance at the seasonal and annual timescales. By separating the vegetation and winter periods, dDMC furthermore provide information on the role of biotic and abiotic controls in seasonal runoff formation. A key aspect we address in this paper is the derivation of dimensionless expressions of fluxes which ensure the comparability of the signatures in space and time. We achieve this by using the limiting factors of a hydrological process as a scaling reference. We show that different references result in different diagnostics. As such we define two kinds of dDMC which allow us to derive seasonal runoff coefficients and to characterize dimensionless streamflow release as a function of the potential renewal rate of the soil storage. We expect these signatures for storage controlled seasonal runoff formation to remain invariant, as long as the ratios of release over supply and supply over storage capacity develop similarly in different catchments. We test the proposed methods by applying them to an operational data set comprising 22 catchments (12–166 km2) from different environments in southern Germany and hydrometeorological data from 4 hydrological years. The diagnostics are used to compare the sites and to reveal the dominant controls on runoff formation. The key findings are that dDMC are meaningful signatures for catchment runoff formation at the seasonal to annual scale and that the type of scaling strongly influences the diagnostic potential of the dDMC. Adding discrimination between growing season and winter period was of fundamental importance and easy to implement by means of a temperature-index model. More specifically, temperature aggregates explain over 70 % of the variability of the seasonal summer runoff coefficients. The results also show that the soil topographic index, i.e. the product of topographic gradient and saturated hydraulic conductivity, is significantly correlated with winter runoff coefficients, whereas the topographic gradient and the hydraulic conductivity alone are not. We conclude that proxies for gradients and resistances should be interpreted as a pair. Lastly, the dDMC concept reveals memory effects between summer and winter runoff regimes that are not relevant in spring between the transition from winter to summer.
Global evaluation of runoff from 10 state-of-the-art hydrological models
Authors: Beck Hylke E. , van Dijk Albert I. J. M. , de Roo Ad , Dutra Emanuel , Fink Gabriel , Orth Rene , Schellekens Jaap 
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Observed streamflow data from 966 medium sized catchments (1000–5000 km2) around the globe were used to comprehensively evaluate the daily runoff estimates (1979–2012) of six global hydrological models (GHMs) and four land surface models (LSMs) produced as part of tier-1 of the eartH2Observe project. The models were all driven by the WATCH Forcing Data ERA-Interim (WFDEI) meteorological dataset, but used different datasets for non-meteorologic inputs and were run at various spatial and temporal resolutions, although all data were re-sampled to a common 0. 5° spatial and daily temporal resolution. For the evaluation, we used a broad range of performance metrics related to important aspects of the hydrograph. We found pronounced inter-model performance differences, underscoring the importance of hydrological model uncertainty in addition to climate input uncertainty, for example in studies assessing the hydrological impacts of climate change. The uncalibrated GHMs were found to perform, on average, better than the uncalibrated LSMs in snow-dominated regions, while the ensemble mean was found to perform only slightly worse than the best (calibrated) model. The inclusion of less-accurate models did not appreciably degrade the ensemble performance. Overall, we argue that more effort should be devoted on calibrating and regionalizing the parameters of macro-scale models. We further found that, despite adjustments using gauge observations, the WFDEI precipitation data still contain substantial biases that propagate into the simulated runoff. The early bias in the spring snowmelt peak exhibited by most models is probably primarily due to the widespread precipitation underestimation at high northern latitudes.
A simple kinematic model for the Lagrangian description of relevant nonlinear processes in the stratospheric polar vortex
Authors: García-Garrido Víctor José , Curbelo Jezabel , Mechoso Carlos Roberto , Mancho Ana María , Wiggins Stephen 
Published: June 2017

Abstract. In this work, we study the Lagrangian footprint of the planetary waves present in the Southern Hemisphere stratosphere during the exceptional sudden Stratospheric warming event that took place during September 2002. Our focus is on constructing a simple kinematic model that retains the fundamental mechanisms responsible for complex fluid parcel evolution, during the polar vortex breakdown and its previous stages. The construction of the kinematic model is guided by the Fourier decomposition of the geopotential field. The study of Lagrangian transport phenomena in the ERA-Interim reanalysis data highlights hyperbolic trajectories, and these trajectories are Lagrangian objects that are the kinematic mechanism for the observed filamentation phenomena. Our analysis shows that the breaking and splitting of the polar vortex is justified in our model by the sudden growth of a planetary wave and the decay of the axisymmetric flow.
AUTONOMIA EM TEMPOS DE CAPITALISMO FLEXÍVEL: UMA ABORDAGEM A PARTIR DE PAULO FREIRE
Authors: José Lisboa Baptista Anderson 
Published: June 2017

O artigo reflete sobre a categoria Autonomia em Paulo Freire, sua relevância e aplicabilidade no atual estágio da sociedade capitalista. É uma abordagem teórica que no primeiro momento discute o conceito de “corrosão do caráter” (Sennet, 2014), no contexto do capitalismo flexível. Em seguida apresenta a concepção de “autonomia” em Freire (2008, 2014a e 2014b) fundamentada em outros postulados de sua teoria. No final são apontados contrapontos entre a lógica da sociedade do capitalismo flexível, da corrosão do caráter e a concepção freireana de autonomia. Entre os resultados destaca-se a autonomia em Freire como uma proposta humanizante, que resgata o sentido de autoria e se contrapõe ao processo desumano que rege a sociedade capitalista atual.