bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Updates in the biology and therapy for infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Guest Erin M. , Stam Ronald W. 
Published: November 2016

Purpose of review
The prognosis for infants less than 12 months of age who are diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remains poor despite overall advances in the treatment of childhood ALL. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of infant ALL and discuss opportunities for translating these findings into clinical trials.

Recent findings
Infant ALL can be divided into two major disease types, defined by the presence or absence of KMT2A (MLL) rearrangement (KMT2A-R). Recent molecular profiling studies have found that infant ALL with KMT2A-R is an epigenomic disease that lacks other somatic driver mutations. Strategies to intensify therapy have not improved survival for infants with KMT2A-R ALL. In contrast, infant ALL without KMT2A-R is more similar to ALL of older children and survival has improved modestly with intensification of chemotherapy. Discovery of clonal molecular markers that predict chemoresistance will allow further risk classification and development of novel treatment strategies. Modern clinical trials are integrating molecularly targeted therapies into the treatment of infant ALL.

Summary
Advances in molecular profiling and integration of targeted therapy have the potential to reduce toxicity and improve survival for infants with ALL.
Physical exam of the adolescent shoulder: tips for evaluating and diagnosing common shoulder disorders in the adolescent athlete
Authors: Lazaro Lionel E. , Cordasco Frank A. 
Published: November 2016

Purpose of review
In the young athlete, the shoulder is one of the most frequently injured joints during sports activities. The injuries are either from an acute traumatic event or overuse. Shoulder examination can present some challenges; given the multiple joints involved, the difficulty palpating the underlying structures, and the potential to have both intra- and/or extra-articular problems.

Recent findings
Many of the shoulder examination tests can be positive in multiple problems. They usually have high sensitivity but low specificity and therefore low predictive value. The medical history coupled with a detailed physical exam can usually provide the information necessary to obtain an accurate diagnosis. A proficient shoulder examination and the development of an adequate differential diagnosis are important before considering advanced imaging.

Summary
The shoulder complex relies upon the integrity of multiple structures for normal function. A detailed history is of paramount importance when evaluating young athletes with shoulder problems. A systematic physical examination is extremely important to guiding an accurate diagnosis. The patient's age and activity level are very important when considering the differential diagnosis. Findings obtain through history and physical examination should dictate the decision to obtain advanced imaging of the shoulder.
Lipid Supplements and Clinical Aspects of Tear Film in Habitual Lens Wearers
Authors: Rohit Athira , Willcox Mark D. P. , Stapleton Fiona 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To establish the effect of lipid supplements on the tear lipid layer and their influence on lens wear comfort in habitual lens wearers.

Methods
Forty habitual soft contact lens wearers were recruited to a double-masked, randomized crossover trial. An emulsion drop containing phosphatidylglycerine (Systane Balance; Alcon) and a saline drop as a placebo or a liposomal spray containing phosphatidylcholine (Tears again; BioRevive) and a saline spray as a placebo were used three times a day for 2 weeks with 48 hours washout between each intervention. Ocular comfort, lipid layer grade, and stability of the tear film using a Tearscope and tear evaporation rate using a modified VapoMeter were assessed after 6 hours of lens wear with lenses in situ.

Results
Neither of the lipid supplements improved lens wear comfort compared to baseline. The noninvasive surface drying time significantly reduced with the placebo spray at day 1 (P = .002) and day 14 (P = .01) whereas the lipid spray had no effect. With the lipid drop and placebo, noninvasive surface drying time was unchanged compared to baseline (P > .05) on day 1, but by day 14, noninvasive surface drying time was reduced with the lipid drop (P = .02) and placebo (P < .001). Symptomatic wearers showed shorter noninvasive surface drying time compared to asymptomatic wearers with the spray treatment on both days (P = .03) but not with the lipid drop (P = .64). The placebo drop significantly changed the lipid layer distribution (P = .03) with a higher percentage of thinner patterns compared to the baseline distribution at day 14. A weak but significant correlation was shown between ocular comfort and noninvasive surface drying time (r = −0.21, P = .003) and tear evaporation rate (r = 0.19, P = .008). Ocular comfort was not associated with lipid layer patterns (r = 0.13, P = .06).

Conclusions
Ocular comfort during contact lens wear improved with increased tear film stability and a reduced tear evaporation rate. However, the lipid supplements did not improve ocular comfort from baseline.
Early rehabilitation after stroke
Authors: Bernhardt Julie , Godecke Erin , Johnson Liam , Langhorne Peter 
Published: November 2016

Purpose of review
Early rehabilitation is recommended in many guidelines, with limited evidence to guide practice. Brain neurobiology suggests that early training, at the right dose, will aid recovery. In this review, we highlight recent trials of early mobilization, aphasia, dysphagia and upper limb treatment in which intervention is commenced within 7 days of stroke and discuss future research directions.

Recent findings
Trials in this early time window are few. Although the seminal AVERT trial suggests that a cautious approach is necessary immediately (<24 h) after stroke, early mobility training and mobilization appear well tolerated, with few reasons to delay initiating some rehabilitation within the first week. The results of large clinical trials of early aphasia therapy are on the horizon, and examples of targeted upper limb treatments with better patient selection are emerging.

Summary
Early rehabilitation trials are complex, particularly those that intervene across acute and rehabilitation care settings, but these trials are important if we are to optimize recovery potential in the critical window for repair. Concerted efforts to standardize ‘early’ recruitment, appropriately stratify participants and implement longer term follow-up is needed. Trial standards are improving. New recommendations from a recent Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Roundtable will help drive new research.
“Together We Can”: Redefining Work in Nairobi's Urban Transportation Sector
Authors: Ference Meghan 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWorkers in Kenya's informal transportation sector are employed in what anthropologists, sociologists, psychologists, and organizational scholars call “dirty work,” or occupations that are tainted morally, socially, or physically. Although the operators of matatu, minibus taxis, carry a large portion of the Kenya population daily, they face stigmatization and discrimination, which can result in a decrease in lifechances and in some cases even death. In this article, I focus on the outcomes of the occupational stigma that matatu workers experience, and I argue that although the informal transportation workers of Nairobi's matatu sector are stigmatized symbolically and institutionally, they are also increasingly able to contest these perceptions of their work in ways that are having a powerful impact on the workers personally and collectively. The way that workers are reframing the meaning of their labor using a worker‐run union is having an impact on worker identity and sociability leading to an inclusiveness, characteristic of what theorists describe as cosmopolitanism. This process is important for anthropologists to understand as more people are finding work in undesirable and/or informal employment sectors due to the global economic crisis.
The Ties that Bind: Mexicana Caretakers and Aging Americans Construct Kinship
Authors: Ibarra María 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn this paper, I examine how close care relations, sometimes resulting in kinship, are made between Mexican immigrant women employed as private care providers by aging Anglo‐Americans. This study is based on ethnographic fieldwork in Santa Barbara, California, between 2009 and 2011 and focuses on the informal care market. I discuss three case studies, applying insights from the new kinship literature, and I focus on one extended case to show how it reflects and challenges traditional notions of family in the United States. At a time when questions about what constitutes appropriate intimacy in paid care are rife, studies such as this are crucial to better understand the contexts in which other forms of kin relations may be created and solidified.
A multicellular organism with embedded cell clusters from the Ediacaran Weng'an biota (Doushantuo Formation, South China)
Authors: Cunningham John A. , Vargas Kelly , Marone Federica , Bengtson Stefan , Donoghue Philip C. J. 
Published: November 2016

SUMMARYThree‐dimensional analyses of the early Ediacaran microfossils from the Weng'an biota (Doushantuo Formation) have focused predominantly on multicellular forms that have been interpreted as embryos, and yet they have defied phylogenetic interpretation principally because of absence of evidence from other stages in their life cycle. It is therefore unfortunate that the affinities of the various other Doushantuo microfossils have been neglected. A new conical fossil that is preserved at a cellular level is described here. The fossil contains distinct cell clusters that are characterized and analysed in three dimensions. These clusters are often exposed at the specimen surface, and the fossil preserves many hemispherical craters that are interpreted as positions where clusters have left the organism. The cell clusters may be either reproductive propagules or infesting organisms. Similar clusters are found in a variety of Doushantuo organisms including putative animal embryos and algae.
Experimental Investigation of Evaporation Heat Transfer Inside Horizontal Micro-Fin Tubes
Authors: Chen Xu , Mi Pengfei , Childs Peter R. N. , Sokolova Ekaterina , Li Wei , Yan Yuying 
Published: November 2016

Tubes with their features optimized to enhance heat transfer are routinely used in industry. A series of experimental investigations of evaporation heat transfer of widely used refrigerants inside a horizontal micro-fin cooper tube have been conducted and are reported here. The micro-fin tubes have different geometric parameters with inner diameter ranging from 4.98mm to 7.14mm. The helix angle of the tested tubes ranges from 18.858° to 35°. The apex angle of the tested tubes ranges from 11° to 40°. In addition, other geometric parameters of the tubes vary, such as the fin height, fin pitch and starts.
Evaporation heat transfer experiments were conducted with the tubes and the working fluids include R22, R32 and R410A. The evaporation experiments were taken at a constant temperature of 6 °C for R22 and R410A, but 10 °C for R32. Moreover, the working conditions of the experiments varied with the mass flux ranging from 100 kg/(m2.s) to 400 kg/(m2.s). For the evaporation experiments, the inlet vapor quality is set as 0.1, while the outlet vapor quality is set as 0.9.
The experimental data reveals that tubes with different geometric parameters have different heat transfer performance. The heat transfer coefficients, the reduced pressure and the changing trend of the heat transfer coefficients vary among these tubes. The experimental data has been compared with available models in the literature and an analysis of the effect of geometric parameters on the performance of the tubes undertaken. The influence of each geometric parameter on the heat transfer performance of the micro-fin tube has been analyzed and is reported.
Metrics for Quantifying Surface Wetting Effects on Vaporization Processes at Nanostructured Hydrophilic Surfaces
Authors: Kunkle Claire M. , Carey Van P. 
Published: November 2016

A static contact angle is most often used as a means of quantifying the wetting characteristics of the liquid phase in vaporization processes at a solid surface. This metric is often convenient to measure and intuitive in its interpretation, but when a surface is superhydrophilic, the resulting low contact angles are difficult to measure accurately from photographs of sessile droplet profiles or contact line regions. For droplets at ultra low contact angles, small changes of contact angle can produce very large changes in wetted surface area, which makes small uncertainties in contact angle result in large uncertainties in wetted area. For hydrophilic nanostructured surfaces, another disadvantage is that the relationship of the macroscopic (apparent) contact angle to the nanoscale interaction of the liquid and vapor contact line with the nanostructured surface is not always clear. In this study, a new wetting metric based on spreading characteristics of sessile droplets is proposed that can be easily measured for hydrophilic surfaces. This metric also has the advantage that it is a more direct and sensitive indicator of how a droplet spreads on the surface. The spread area directly impacts heat transfer interactions between the droplet and the surface, therefore affecting evaporation time. Consequently, a metric that more directly illustrates the spread area provides an indication of how the wetting will affect these mechanisms.
Use of the proposed new metric is explored in the context of evaporation and boiling applications with superhydrophilic surfaces. Characteristics of this metric are also compared to static contact angle and other choices of wetting metrics suggested in earlier studies, such as dynamic advancing and receding contact angles, and spreading coefficients. The effects of nanoscale structure and/or roughness on the proposed wetting metric are analyzed in detail. A model is developed that predicts the dependence of the proposed wetting parameter on intrinsic material wettability for rough, nano-structured surfaces. The model results demonstrate that the proposed metric is a more sensitive indicator of macroscopic wetting behavior than apparent contact angle when the surface is superhydrophilic. This characteristic of the proposed new metric is shown to have advantages over other wetting metrics in the specific case of superhydrophilic nanostructured surfaces. Application of the proposed wetting metric is demonstrated for some example nanostructured surfaces. The results of our study indicate that this proposed new metric can be particularly useful for characterizing the effects of variable wetting on vaporization processes on highly wetted nanostructured surfaces.
Numerical Evaluation of Multiple Phase Change Materials for Pulsed Electronics Applications
Authors: Gonzalez-Nino David , Boteler Lauren M. , Ibitayo Dimeji , Jankowski Nicholas R. , Quintero Pedro O. 
Published: November 2016

A simple and easy to implement 1-D heat transfer modeling approach is presented in order to investigate the performance of various phase change materials (PCMs) under fast transient thermal loads. Three metallic (gallium, indium, and Bi/Pb/Sn/In alloy) and two organic (erythritol and n-octadecane) PCMs were used for comparison.
A finite-difference method was used to model the transient heat transfer through the system while a heat integration or post-iterative method was used to model the phase change. To improve accuracy, the material properties were adjusted at each iteration depending on the state of matter of the PCM. The model assumed that the PCM was in direct contact with the heat source, located on the top of the chip, without the presence of a thermal conductivity enhancement.
Results show that the three metallic PCMs outperform organic PCMs during fast transient pulses in spite of the fact that two of the metallic PCMs (i.e. indium and Bi/Pb/Sn/In) have considerably lower volumetric heats of fusion than erythritol. This is due to the significantly higher thermal conductivity values of metals which allow faster absorption of the heat energy by the PCM, a critical need in high-energy short pulses. The most outstanding case studied in this paper, Bi/Pb/Sn/In having only 52% of erythritol’s heat of fusion, showed a maximum temperature 20°C lower than erythritol during a 32 J and 0.02 second pulse. This study has shown thermal buffering benefits by using a metallic PCM directly in contact with the heat source during short transient heat loads.
Sweating-Boosted Air Cooling With Water Dripping
Authors: Wang Pengtao , Dawas Raikan , Alwazzan Mohammad , Stefik Morgan , Khan Jamil , Li Chen 
Published: November 2016

In power plants, the condenser section plays an important role in total thermal efficiency. Extensive considerations by researchers are put toward increasing the heat dissipation efficiency while maintaining low cost and water consumption. One way to archive such situation is to consider replacing the water cooled condenser (WCC) with an air cooled condenser (ACC), but resulting in a significant increase in the condenser size due to the relatively low heat transfer coefficient (HTC = 20–50 W/m2K) of the air compared to that of the water. Inspired by the phase change heat transfer of water during the perspiration of mammals, a sweating boosted air cooling approach is proposed herein to dramatically increasing the HTC and minimizing the water consumption. In this experimental study, a wind tunnel and distilled water dripping system were used to examine the thermal performance of copper samples with a tested surface area of 2 in by 2 in. Two surface enhancement approaches were adapted herein. In the first approach, the testing samples were integrated with microchannels, copper woven meshes (200 meshes/in) that were sintered on top of the surface, and finally nanostructures that was synthesized by a hot alkaline oxidation process. In the second approach, the tested samples were coated with TiO2 via an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process.
This method allows for rapidly spreading of the dripping water droplets over the whole tested surface. This rapid spreading behavior is due to two main reasons, first the low resistance flow of microchannel which delivered the water globally; second the high capillary pressure generated by the micro-/nano-structures which delivered the water locally. Three different flat-surface samples were developed in this study, as flat surface with sintered copper meshes (design A), grooved surface with sintered copper meshes (design B); and grooved surface with sintered copper meshes coated with ALD TiO2 film (design C).
The performance of the surfaces of this approach was quantitatively characterized with the wick testing. The heat transfer performances for all samples were also examined. The experimental results showed that the convection heat transfer plays a limited role in the heat dissipation. In addition, HTC was enhanced by increasing the dripping water rate consumption until the surface reached the flooding condition. The results showed that the evaporation rate of water was augmented with the increase of Reynolds number. The maximum HTC was 182.45 W/m2K with a water dripping rate of 12 ml/h, resulting in an enhancement approximately 214.07% compared to the case without water dripping. Further research on a higher HTC requires an optimized combination of Reynolds number and water consumption.
Examining credentialing criteria and poor performance indicators for IROC Houston's anthropomorphic head and neck phantom
Authors: Carson Mallory E. , Molineu Andrea , Taylor Paige A. , Followill David S. , Stingo Francesco C. , Kry Stephen F. 
Published: November 2016

Purpose:To analyze the most recent results of the Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core Houston Quality Assurance Center's (IROC‐H) anthropomorphic head and neck (H&N) phantom to determine the nature of failing irradiations and the feasibility of altering credentialing criteria.Methods:IROC‐H's H&N phantom, used for intensity‐modulated radiation therapy credentialing for National Cancer Institute–sponsored clinical trials, requires that an institution's treatment plan agrees within ±7% of measured thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) doses; it also requires that ≥85% of pixels pass ±4 mm distance to agreement (7%/4 mm gamma analysis for film). The authors re‐evaluated 156 phantom irradiations (November 1, 2014–October 31, 2015) according to the following tighter criteria: (1) 5% TLD and 5%/4 mm, (2) 5% TLD and 5%/3 mm, (3) 4% TLD and 4%/4 mm, and (4) 3% TLD and 3%/3 mm. Failure rates were evaluated with respect to individual film and TLD performance by location in the phantom. Overall poor phantom results were characterized qualitatively as systematic errors (correct shape and position but wrong magnitude of dose), setup errors/positional shifts, global but nonsystematic errors, and errors affecting only a local region.Results:The pass rate for these phantoms using current criteria was 90%. Substituting criteria 1–4 reduced the overall pass rate to 77%, 70%, 63%, and 37%, respectively. Statistical analyses indicated that the probability of noise‐induced TLD failure, even at the 5% criterion, was <0.5%. Phantom failures were generally identified by TLD (≥66% failed TLD, whereas ≥55% failed film), with most failures occurring in the primary planning target volume (≥77% of cases). Results failing current criteria or criteria 1 were primarily diagnosed as systematic >58% of the time (11/16 and 21/36 cases, respectively), with a greater extent due to underdosing. Setup/positioning errors were seen in 11%–13% of all failing cases (2/16 and 4/36 cases, respectively). Local errors (8/36 cases) could only be demonstrated at criteria 1. Only three cases of global errors were identified in these analyses. For current criteria and criteria 1, irradiations that failed from film only were overwhelmingly associated with phantom shifts/setup errors (≥80% of cases).Conclusions:This study highlighted that the majority of phantom failures are the result of systematic dosimetric discrepancies between the treatment planning system and the delivered dose. Further work is necessary to diagnose and resolve such dosimetric inaccuracy. In addition, the authors found that 5% TLD and 5%/4 mm gamma criteria may be both practically and theoretically achievable as an alternative to current criteria.