bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcriptional polymorphism of piRNA regulatory genes underlies the mariner activity in Drosophila simulans testes
Authors: Saint‐Leandre Bastien , Clavereau Isabelle , Hua‐Van Aurelie , Capy Pierre 
Published: April 2017

AbstractDuring colonization of new areas, natural populations have to deal with changing environments, and transposable elements (TEs) can be useful “tools” in the adaptation process as they are major contributor to the structural and functional evolution of genomes. In this general context, the activity (copy number, transcriptional and excision rate) of the mariner mos1 element was estimated in 19 natural populations of D. simulans. It is shown (i) that mos1 expression is always higher and more variable in testes than in ovaries; (ii) that mos1 activity is higher in colonizing populations compared to the sub‐Saharan African ones (ancestral populations); (iii) that mos1 variations in transcript levels and copy number are negatively correlated with transcriptional variations of piRNA genes, aubergine and argonaute3. Furthermore, mos1 levels of expression in testes highly contrast with the low expression patterns of ago3. These results strongly suggest that the expression polymorphism of piRNA genes could be responsible for the mos1 variations, first between male and female germlines and second, according to the status of natural populations (colonizing or not). These results provide new perspectives about TEs and piRNA genes co‐evolution in Drosophila germlines.
Explanation and Manipulation1
Authors: Prescott‐Couch Alexander 
Published: April 2017

AbstractI argue that manipulationist theories of causation fail as accounts of causal structure, and thereby as theories of “actual causation” and causal explanation. I focus on two kinds of problem cases, which I call “Perceived Abnormality Cases” and “Ontological Dependence Cases.” The cases illustrate that basic facts about social systems—that individuals are sensitive to perceived abnormal conditions and that certain actions metaphysically depend on institutional rules—pose a challenge for manipulationist theories and for counterfactual theories more generally. I then show how law‐based accounts of causal structure can answer such challenges. The moral of the story is that the basic manipulationist idea that our interest in causal structure is driven by our interest in manipulating our environment faces decisive problems in a central domain of application, the social sciences.
Effectiveness of interventions to promote physical activity and/or decrease sedentary behaviour among rural adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Cleland V. , Squibb K. , Stephens L. , Dalby J. , Timperio A. , Winzenberg T. , Ball K. , Dollman J. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryPhysical inactivity and overweight and obesity are more prevalent among rural than urban populations. This study aimed to review published evidence of the effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity (PA) and/or decrease sedentary behaviour (SB) among rural adults and to identify factors associated with effectiveness. Seven electronic databases were searched for controlled trials of a PA or SB intervention. Meta‐analysis was conducted using random effects models and meta‐regression. Thirteen studies were included in the qualitative synthesis (n = 4,848 participants) and 12 in the meta‐analysis (n = 4,820). All studies were interventions to increase PA. Overall, there was no effect on PA (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.11; 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.04, 0.25) or SB (SMD 0.07; 95% CI −0.33, 0.20). In PA subgroup analyses, studies employing objective outcome measures demonstrated effects in favour of the intervention (SMD 0.65, 95% CI 0.30, 1.00), while those using self‐reported measures did not (SMD 0.00; 95% CI −0.11, 0.10). This review highlights significant gaps in our understanding of how best to promote PA and reduce SB among rural adults. Future studies should use objective measures of PA as study outcomes. The absence of interventions to decrease SB is of concern, with immediate action required to address this large knowledge gap.
TNF as marker of oral candidiasis, HSV infection, and mucositis onset during chemotherapy in leukemia patients
Authors: Ramírez‐Amador V , Zambrano JG , Anaya‐Saavedra G , Zentella‐Dehesa A , Irigoyen‐Camacho E , Meráz‐Cruz N , Ponce de León‐Rosales S 
Published: April 2017

ObjectiveTo assess changes in the salivary expression of IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐17, and TNF in acute leukemia (AL) patients before and during chemotherapy, and its association with HSV infection, oral candidiasis (OC), and oral mucositis (OM) onset.MethodsCohort study in AL patients >15 years starting induction chemotherapy at a Mexican oncological center (2013–2014). Onset of oral lesions (OLs) was assessed during follow‐up, and saliva was obtained at baseline, at visit 2 (days 4–12), and at visit 3 (days 13–21) after chemotherapy, treated with a protease inhibitor and stored at −70°C. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was performed. Cox proportional hazards regression models were constructed to estimate hazard ratios and its 95% CI (HR, 95% CI) for OL development.ResultsForty‐one patients were followed up, and 17 (41.5%) developed OLs. OL patients had higher baseline salivary IL‐1α than those without lesions (p = 0.040). During visit 2, OL patients had higher levels of IL‐1α (p = 0.033), IL‐1β (p = 0.016), IL‐6 (p = 0.035), and TNF (p = 0.019) than those who did not develop OLs. Patients with HSV infection, OC, and OM showed higher salivary TNF levels during follow‐up (HR: 3.52, 95% CI: 1.35‐9.14, p = 0.010).ConclusionAL patients undergoing chemotherapy with high salivary TNF levels were more likely to develop HSV infection, OC, and OM.
Resolution of liver disease in transient abnormal myelopoiesis with fish oil emulsion
Authors: Watanabe Toshihiko , Amari Shoichiro , Tsukamoto Keiko , Ito Yushi , Tomizawa Daisuke , Yoshioka Takako , Kanamori Yutaka 
Published: April 2017

AbstractNeonates with Down syndrome are at risk of developing transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM), which is characterized by transient clonal myeloproliferation of the blast cells. TAM can resolve spontaneously, but some patients die at an early age due to organ failure. Liver fibrosis in TAM is a life‐threatening condition, but treatment options have not yet been established. Here, we report on the case of an infant with TAM complicated by liver disease, whose hyperbilirubinemia was successfully ameliorated with omega‐3 fatty acid (ω3FA) lipid emulsion. Timely ω3FA lipid emulsion may be a feasible treatment for liver disease in TAM before serious liver damage develops.
Virus myocarditis in a 1‐month‐old boy presenting as two types of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
Authors: Fujita Shuhei , Futatani Takeshi , Kubo Tatsuya , Itamochi Masae , Yachi Yusuke , Iwasaki Hidenori , Shimao Ayako , Ina Shihomi , Higashiyama Hiroyuki , Igarashi Noboru , Hatasaki Kiyoshi 
Published: April 2017

AbstractHerein we describe the case of a 1‐month‐old boy with acute viral myocarditis, who presented with two kinds of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, and who was cured after medical treatment. He was brought to the emergency room with poor feeding due to fever. On the third day of hospitalization, a narrow QRS tachycardia (180–200 beats/min) was detected. Echocardiography showed a high echoic area at the atrial septum around the atrioventricular node. The patient was clinically diagnosed with acute myocarditis. The narrow QRS tachycardia was diagnosed as incessant junctional ectopic tachycardia. The patient was treated with propranolol and landiolol. The frequency of the tachycardia decreased, but a different narrow QRS tachycardia was detected on the 15th day of hospitalization on electrocardiogram (220 beats/min), which was ascribed to atrioventricular nodal re‐entrant tachycardia. Atenolol was effective for the tachycardia. At 2 years follow up, cardiac function was normal and tachycardia had not recurred.
Cyclic electron flow, NPQ and photorespiration are crucial for the establishment of young plants of Ricinus communis and Jatropha curcas exposed to drought
Authors: Lima Neto M. C. , Cerqueira J. V. A. , da Cunha J. R. , Ribeiro R. V. , Silveira J. A. G. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Although plant physiological responses to drought have been widely studied, the interaction between photoprotection, photorespiration and antioxidant metabolism in water‐stressed plants is scarcely addressed.
This study aimed to evaluate the physiological adjustments preserving photosynthesis and growth in two plant species with different tolerance to drought: Jatropha curcas and Ricinus communis. We measured stress indicators, gas exchange, photochemistry of PSII and PSI, antioxidant enzymes, cyclic electron flow and photorespiration.
Physiological stress indicators associated with reduction in growth confirmed R. communis as sensitive and J. curcas as tolerant to drought. Drought induced loss of photosynthesis in R. communis, whereas J. curcas maintained higher leaf gas exchange and photochemistry under drought. In addition, J. curcas showed higher dissipation of excess energy and presented higher cyclic electron flow when exposed to drought. Although none of these mechanisms have been triggered in R. communis, this species showed increases in photorespiration. R. communis displayed loss of Rubisco content while the Rubisco relative abundance did not change in J. curcas under drought. Accordingly, the in vivo maximum Rubisco carboxylation rate (Vcmax) and the maximum photosynthetic electron transport rate driving RuBP regeneration (Jmax) were less affected in J. curcas. Both species displayed an efficient antioxidant mechanism by increasing activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD).

Overall, we suggest that the modulation of different photoprotective mechanisms is crucial to mitigate the effects caused by excess energy, maintaining photosynthetic apparatus efficiency and promoting the establishment of young plants of these two species under drought.
The Rise of Pan‐Islamic Terrorism in Africa: A Global Security Challenge
Authors: Antwi‐Boateng Osman 
Published: April 2017

Although the vast majority of Africans are peaceful moderates, radical Islamic ideology that fuels pan‐Islamic terrorism is on the rise in the continent because of factors that can be categorized under push and pull forces. The push forces are conditions that drive people to embrace the ideology of violent jihad. These involve: local backlash against Americanization/globalization; authoritarian/oppressive political systems; lack of basic human rights; youth bulge/high unemployment; corruption/lack of meritocracy, state collapse; and porous borders. The pull factors are the advantages terrorist/jihadi movements have that attract people to their cause. These include: radical Islamic ideology; humanitarian networks; media propaganda; provision of a “purpose and mission”; the lure of martyrdom and influences of Madrassas. I argue these factors create global security challenges: an existential threat to the Westphalian state system; the creation of terror‐safe havens; displacement and mass global migration; massive global civilian casualties; and a conflict resolution conundrum.Related Articles

Antwi‐Boateng, Osman. 2015. “.” Politics & Policy 43 (): 754‐784. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12129/abstract

Collins, Stephen D. 2014. “.” Politics & Policy 42 (): 131‐159. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12061/abstract

Kim, Hae S. 2009. “.” Politics & Policy 37 (): 395‐414. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2009.00177.x/abstract
Related Media
. “Terrorism on African Soil.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v = eXzyLh3vfU8

2013. “Does the Rise of Terrorist Activity in North Africa Pose a Threat to the West?” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v = 0WAJ-IQOkCU

2015. “Terrorism in Africa.” http://www.cnbcafrica.com/video/?bctid = 4629001472001
Let Me Tell You a Little Bit about Myself: Biographical Appeals in Congressional General Election Campaign Advertising
Authors: Arbour Brian , McGowen Ernest B. 
Published: April 2017

Political campaigns discuss the personal dimensions of their candidates with great frequency, but scholars of campaign message strategy have not addressed why and how campaigns do so. This project focuses on the use of biographical appeals in campaign advertisements. Employing a dataset of candidate‐sponsored campaign advertisements in the 2004 House and Senate general election, we argue that campaigns use these appeals in an effort to develop and enhance the credibility and likeability of their candidate in the face of voter skepticism about politicians and political messages. We find that campaigns employ more appeals on biography than on any substantive issue and highlight certain aspects of their biographies, like family values, more than others. We also find that challenging campaigns are more likely to discuss their candidate's biography, but, surprisingly, that open seat campaigns are not. Our results demonstrate the importance of personal‐based appeals to campaign strategy and that campaigns balance these personal and substantive concerns in developing their appeals to voters.Related Articles

McKenzie, Mark J.,
Cynthia R. Rugeley, and
Michael A. Unger. 2015. “” Politics & Policy 43 (): 562‐585. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12123/abstract

Craig, Stephen C., and
Paulina S. Rippere. 2014. “.” Politics & Policy 42 (): 693‐743. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12091/abstract

Kaid, Lynda Lee, and
Gary Noggle. 1998. “.” Politics & Policy 26 (): 889‐906. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.1998.tb00514.x/abstract
Related Media
Rollcall.com. 2016. “Best Congressional Campaign Ads of 2016.” http://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/best-congressional-campaign-ads-2016

2007. “Beshear/Mongiardo for Kentucky – Fast.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v = DCH_bJcAorg
Why Tax Policy Is Not Politics in China: Public Finance and China's Changing State‐Society Relations
Authors: Wang Yingyao 
Published: April 2017

Public finance is at the heart of politics. In China, public finance has remained marginal to political contestations. This is puzzling because public revenue as a percentage of gross domestic policy has risen rapidly in the past two decades, indicating enhanced extractive efforts by the state. By examining two components of China's public financial system—tax and nontax revenues—this article considers the specific sources of China's public revenues and the state‐society relationship implicated in the processes of collecting them. I argue that there has been an institutional design by the Chinese central state to depoliticize public finance in the reform era, with both intended and unintended consequences. First, China's evolving tax structure played the role of fending off the formation of politically active social groups that could develop out of a progressive tax profile. Second, fiscal centralization attempted by the central state since the 1990s has severed the fiscal contracts established previously between grassroots governments and local communities. It has turned local governments into upwardly oriented applicants for central fiscal transfers and economic entrepreneurs on the capital market.Related Articles

Gatchair, Sonia D. 2015. “.” Politics & Policy 43 (): 887‐913. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12139/full

Wise, Carol, and
Cintia Quiliconi. 2007. “.” Politics & Policy 35 (): 410‐438. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00067.x/full

Hu, Shaohua. 2007. “.” Politics & Policy 35 (): 136‐153. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00051.x/full
Mouse models of severe asthma: Understanding the mechanisms of steroid resistance, tissue remodelling and disease exacerbation
Authors: Maltby Steven , Tay Hock L. , Yang Ming , Foster Paul S. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTSevere asthma has significant disease burden and results in high healthcare costs. While existing therapies are effective for the majority of asthma patients, treatments for individuals with severe asthma are often ineffective. Mouse models are useful to identify mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis and for the preclinical assessment of new therapies. In fact, existing mouse models have contributed significantly to our understanding of allergic/eosinophilic phenotypes of asthma and facilitated the development of novel targeted therapies (e.g. anti‐IL‐5 and anti‐IgE). These therapies are effective in relevant subsets of severe asthma patients. Unfortunately, non‐allergic/non‐eosinophilic asthma, steroid resistance and disease exacerbation remain areas of unmet clinical need. No mouse model encompasses all features of severe asthma. However, mouse models can provide insight into pathogenic pathways that are relevant to severe asthma. In this review, as examples, we highlight models relevant to understanding steroid resistance, chronic tissue remodelling and disease exacerbation. Although these models highlight the complexity of the immune pathways that may underlie severe asthma, they also provide insight into new potential therapeutic approaches.
How to Design Rating Schemes of Risk Matrices: A Sequential Updating Approach
Authors: Li Jianping , Bao Chunbing , Wu Dengsheng 
Published: April 2017

AbstractRisk matrices have been widely used as a risk evaluation tool in many fields due to their simplicity and intuitive nature. Designing a rating scheme, i.e., determining the number of ratings used in a risk matrix and assigning different ratings to different cells, is an essential part of risk matrix construction. However, most of the related literature has focused on applying a risk matrix to various fields, instead of researching how to design risk matrices. Based on the analysis of several current rules, we propose a new approach, namely, the sequential updating approach (SUA), to design the rating scheme of a risk matrix in a reliable way. In this article, we propose three principles and a rating algorithm based on these principles. The three principles, namely, adjusted weak consistency, consistent internality, and continuous screening, characterize a good rating scheme. The resulting rating scheme has been proven to be unique. A global rating algorithm is then proposed to create the design that satisfies the three principles. We then explore the performance of the SUA. An illustrative application is first given to explain the feasibility of our approach. The sensitivity analysis shows that our method captures a resolution‐reliability tradeoff for decisionmakers in choosing an appropriate rating scheme for a risk matrix. Finally, we compare the designs based on the SUA and Cox's axioms, highlighting the advantages of the SUA.
The Precautionary Principle Has Not Been Shown to Be Incoherent: A Reply to Peterson
Authors: Boyer‐Kassem Thomas 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIn this journal, I have objected to Peterson's 2006 claim that the precautionary principle is an incoherent decision rule. I defend my objections to Peterson's recent replies, and I still claim that the precautionary principle has not been shown to be incoherent.
Does Financial Development Promote Innovation in Developing Economies? An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Aristizabal‐Ramirez Maria , Botero‐Franco Maria Camila , Canavire‐Bacarreza Gustavo 
Published: April 2017

AbstractUsing firm‐level data from 2006 to 2013 for a set of developing countries, we examine the effects of financial development on innovation. Financial development boosts innovation by improving resource allocation and investment in strategic sectors as well as facilitating technology to promote growth. Using binary response models and instrumental variable techniques to correct for endogeneity, we find robust but puzzling results. Contrary to most of the existing literature, financial development has a negative effect on the probability of a firm to innovate in developing countries. This effect is conditional on firm size, and only larger firms benefit from financial development. These results are robust to different measures of financial development and econometric specifications. We argue that this is a result of the design of the financial system in regard to the lack of capital and institutional system. Consequently, developing countries should first generate appropriate institutional conditions if they want financial development to spur growth through innovation.
Land Tenure Legacies, Household Life Cycles, and Livelihood Strategies in Upland China
Authors: Zinda John , Zhang Zhiming 
Published: April 2017

AbstractLand tenure regimes shape how households use labor and other resources to construct livelihoods. Within a given tenure regime, shifting land‐labor relationships over the household life cycle present households with changing trade‐offs. In China, alongside growing market exchange of labor and produce, the legacies of land distribution following decollectivization—in particular, secure access to land and constraints on land transfers—create distinct patterns connecting livelihood strategies to household life cycles. Drawing on a household survey conducted in upland southwest China, we use latent class analysis to identify clusters of households with differing livelihood strategies. With multinomial logistic regression analyses, we evaluate the effects of household demographic composition, household resources, and community human ecological attributes on cluster membership. Households that had recently been established at the time of decollectivization have not divided their holdings. Their large labor and land endowments support diversifying strategies that include relatively large scale farming. Among other households, partitioning has yielded middle‐sized households with diversifying strategies and small households that specialize in on‐farm production or deactivate from agriculture. These clusters vary in labor exchange practices and agricultural input use. Rather than a cyclical pattern, this configuration reflects time‐bound relationships among national tenure institutions, local markets, and household processes.
Case method strategies for teaching sexual ethics to relativists and skeptics
Authors: Vacek Edward 
Published: April 2017

AbstractMany undergraduates are culturally shaped to avoid making ethical judgments. They spontaneously adopt relativist and skeptical strategies such as “It all depends,” or “Whose morality?” or “Who's to say?” as ways of fending off the challenge of making moral decisions. The current tsunami that is washing away traditional sexual norms is both a result and a cause of this cultural shift. Case studies can mitigate this decline and help students to grow in both confidence and ability to make good ethical judgments. The case method, used with a Socratic pedagogy, engages imagination and counters the deficits in empathy found in many contemporary students. It moves students toward understanding morality itself. Against skepticism, it assists students in exercising practical reason, culminating in decision. Five cases invite students to overcome extreme relativism, to look for and evaluate relevant differences, and to enter into ethical discussion with other students on the sexual issues they face in their college years.