bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving Estimation of Submarine Groundwater Discharge Using Radium and Radon Tracers: Application in Jiaozhou Bay, China
Authors: Zhang Yan , Li Hailong , Xiao Kai , Wang Xuejing , Lu Xiaoting , Zhang Meng , An An , Qu Wenjing , Wan Li , Zheng Chunmiao , Wang Xusheng , Jiang Xiaowei 
Published: September 2017

AbstractRadium and radon mass balance models have been widely used to quantify submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in the coastal areas. However, the losses of radium or radon in seawater caused by recirculated saline groundwater discharge (RSGD) are ignored in most of the previous studies for tracer‐based models and this can lead to an underestimation of SGD. Here we present an improved method which considers the losses of tracers caused by RSGD to enhance accuracy in estimating SGD and SGD‐associated material loadings. Theoretical analysis indicates that neglecting the losses of tracers induced by RSGD would underestimate the SGD by a percentage approximately equaling the tracer activity ratio of nearshore seawater to groundwater. The data analysis of previous typical case studies shows that the existing old models underestimated the SGD by 1.9–93%, with an average of 32.2%. The method is applied in Jiaozhou Bay (JZB), North China, which is experiencing significant environmental pollution. The SGD flux into JZB estimated by the improved method is ∼1.44 and 1.34 times of that estimated by the old method for 226Ra mass balance model and 228Ra mass balance model, respectively. Both SGD and RSGD fluxes are significantly higher than the discharge rate of Dagu River (the largest one running into JZB). The fluxes of nutrients and metals through SGD are comparable to or even higher than those from local rivers, which indicates that SGD is an important source of chemicals into JZB and has important impact on marine ecological system.
Occurrence and Turnover of Biogenic Sulfur in the Bering Sea During Summer
Authors: Li Cheng‐Xuan , Wang Bao‐Dong , Yang Gui‐Peng , Wang Zi‐Cheng , Chen Jian‐Fang , Lyu Yang 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe horizontal/geographical variations in dissolved dimethylsulfide (DMS), its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSPd and DMSPp), and chlorophyll a (Chl a), as well as the oceanographic parameters influencing the concentrations of dimethylated sulfur compounds, were investigated in the Bering Sea from July to August 2012. Similar to Chl a, the surface DMS and DMSPp levels, as well as DMS(P) production and consumption rates, exhibited a declining gradient from the central basin to the continental shelf, with high‐value areas appearing in the central basin, the slope regions, and Anadyr Strait but a low‐value area occurring on the outer‐middle continental shelf. Considerably high values of DMS and DMSP were measured in the saline Bering Sea Basin Deep Water (>2,000 m) located at the southwest of the Bering Basin because of the release of resuspension in 2,000 m depth and the DMSP production from endogenous benthic bacteria and cyanobacteria population. Chl a was positively correlated with DMSPp and DMS in the surface waters and the upper water of the basin, whereas significant negative correlations were found between DMS and nutrients (dissolved inorganic nitrogen [DIN], phosphorus, and silicate) in the inner shelf of the Bering Sea. DMS microbial consumption was approximately 6.26 times faster than the DMS sea‐air exchange, demonstrating that the major loss of DMS in the surface water occurred through biological consumption relative to evasion into the atmosphere. Average sea‐to‐air DMS fluxes were estimated to be 4.66 μmol/(m2·d), and consequently oceanic biogenic DMS emission had a dominant contribution to the sulfur budget over the observational area.
Using Observations and Source‐Specific Model Tracers to Characterize Pollutant Transport During FRAPPÉ and DISCOVER‐AQ
Authors: Pfister G. G. , Reddy P. J. , Barth M. C. , Flocke F. F. , Fried A. , Herndon S. C. , Sive B. C. , Sullivan J. T. , Thompson A. M. , Yacovitch T. I. , Weinheimer A. J. , Wisthaler A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractTransport is a key parameter in air quality research and plays a dominant role in the Colorado Northern Front Range Metropolitan Area (NFRMA), where terrain‐induced flows and recirculation patterns can lead to vigorous mixing of different emission sources. To assess different transport processes and their connection to air quality in the NFRMA during the FRAPPÉ and DISCOVER‐AQ campaigns in summer 2014, we use the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with inert tracers. Overall, the model represents well the measured winds, and the inert tracers are in good agreement with observations of comparable trace gas concentrations. The model tracers support the analysis of surface wind and ozone measurements and allow for the analysis of transport patterns and interactions of emissions. A main focus of this study is on characterizing pollution transport from the NFRMA to the mountains by mountain‐valley flows and the potential for recirculating pollution back into the NFRMA. One such event on 12 August 2014 was well captured by the aircraft and is studied in more detail. The model represents the flow conditions and demonstrates that during upslope events, frequently, there is a separation of air masses that are heavily influenced by oil and gas emissions to the north and dominated by urban emissions to the south. This case study provides evidence that NFRMA pollution not only can impact the nearby foothills and mountain areas to the east of the Continental Divide but that pollution can “spillover” into the valleys to the west of the Continental Divide.
Stratocumulus to Cumulus Transition by Drizzle
Authors: Yamaguchi Takanobu , Feingold Graham , Kazil Jan 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe stratocumulus to cumulus transition (SCT) is typically considered to be a slow, multiday process, caused primarily by dry air entrainment associated with overshooting cumulus, with minor influence of drizzle. This study revisits the role of drizzle in the SCT with large eddy simulations coupled with a two‐moment bulk microphysics scheme that includes a budget on aerosol (Na) and cloud droplet number concentrations (Nc). We show a strong precipitation‐induced modulation of the SCT by drizzle initiated in penetrative cumulus under stratocumulus. Lagrangian SCT simulations are initiated with various, moderate Na (100–250 cm−3), which produce little to no drizzle from the stratocumulus. As expected, drizzle formation in cumuli is regulated by cloud depth and Nc, with stronger dependence on cloud depth, so that, for the current case, drizzle is generated in all simulations once cumulus clouds become sufficiently deep. The drizzle generated in the cumuli washes out stratocumulus cloud water and much of the aerosol, and a cumulus state appears for approximately 10 h. With additional simulations with a fixed Nc (100 cm−3), we show that prediction of Nc is necessary for this fast SCT since it is a result of a positive feedback of collision‐coalescence‐induced aerosol depletion that enhances drizzle formation. A fixed Nc does not permit this feedback, and thus results in weak influence of drizzle on the SCT. Simulations with fixed droplet concentrations that bracket the time varying aerosol/drop concentrations are therefore not representative of the role of drizzle in the SCT.
Association of High Mobility Group Box Chromosomal Protein 1 and Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products Serum Concentrations With Extraglandular Involvement and Disease Activity in Sjögren's Syndrome
Authors: Kanne Anna‐Maria , Jülich Maike , Mahmutovic Amira , Tröster Isabella , Sehnert Bettina , Urbonaviciute Vilma , Voll Reinhard E. , Kollert Florian 
Published: September 2017

ObjectiveTo assess serum levels of high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB‐1) and the soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) in patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and explore correlations with disease activity.MethodsThirty‐nine patients with SS and 21 healthy controls were included in this cross‐sectional study. Clinical and laboratory values were obtained from all patients. Disease activity was assessed using the European League Against Rheumatism SS Disease Activity Index (ESSDAI). Serum samples were collected and HMGB‐1 and sRAGE levels were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and HMGB‐1 concentrations were semiquantified by Western blotting.ResultsIn ELISA, HMGB‐1 serum levels did not differ between healthy controls and patients with SS (P = 0.783). When measured by semiquantitative Western blotting, HMGB‐1 levels were increased in patients with SS compared to healthy controls (P = 0.012). HMGB‐1 serum levels detected by Western blotting were higher in patients with extraglandular manifestations (P = 0.003) and were correlated with ESSDAI disease activity (r = 0.544, P < 0.0001). Furthermore, sRAGE was elevated in the sera of patients with SS (P = 0.003) compared to healthy controls and was also correlated with the ESSDAI (r = 0.545, P = 0.002).ConclusionSerum levels of total HMGB‐1 and sRAGE were elevated in patients with SS compared to healthy controls and correlated with disease activity as measured by the ESSDAI. Patients with extraglandular involvement had high serum levels of HMGB‐1.
Coordination‐Accelerated “Iron Extraction” Enables Fast Biodegradation of Mesoporous Silica‐Based Hollow Nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Liying , Huo Minfeng , Chen Yu , Shi Jianlin 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBiodegradation behavior of inorganic silica‐based nanoplatforms is of critical importance in their clinical translations, but still remains a great challenge in achieving this goal by composition regulation of biocompatible silica framework. In the present work, a chemical coordination‐accelerated biodegradation strategy to endow hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HMSNs) with unique coordination‐responsive biodegradability, on‐demand coordination‐responsive drug releasing behavior, and significantly enhanced chemotherapeutic efficacy by directly doping iron (Fe) ions into the framework of mesoporous silica is reported. A simple but versatile dissolution‐regrowth strategy has been developed to enable the framework Fe doping via chemical bonding. The deferiprone‐mediated biodegradation of Fe‐doped HMSNs (Fe‐HMSNs) has been comprehensively evaluated both in simulated body fluid and intracellular level, which have exhibited a specific coordination‐accelerated biodegradation behavior. In addition to high biocompatibility of Fe‐HMSNs, the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX)‐loaded Fe‐HMSNs show enhanced tumor‐suppressing effect on 4T1 mammary cancer xenograft. This work paves a new way for tuning the biodegradation performance of mesoporous silica‐based nanoplatforms simply by biocompatible Fe‐ion doping into silica framework based on the specific coordination property between introduced metal Fe ions with Fe‐coordination proteins.
Food‐Based Edible and Nutritive Electronics
Authors: Xu Wenwen , Yang Haokai , Zeng Wei , Houghton Todd , Wang Xu , Murthy Raghavendra , Kim Hoejin , Lin Yirong , Mignolet Marc , Duan Huigao , Yu Hongbin , Slepian Marvin , Jiang Hanqing 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA new class of electronic materials derived predominantly from natural foods and foodstuffs, with minimal levels of inorganic materials, is developed and studied to build edible electronic components and devices compatible with the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. A “toolkit” of food‐based electronic materials, fabrication schemes, basic device components, and functional devices with integrated sensing and wireless signal transmission is reported. These new materials establish the possibility to extend GI electronic devices beyond the ingested nondegradable systems to edible and nutritive systems, in which the described materials may be ingested and assimilated as metabolized nutrients. This study represents a new era of edible electronics with the potential to revolutionize modern biomedical technologies and devices.
Racemic Effect on the Performance of Organic Multilevel Memory: Beyond Molecular Design
Authors: Cheng Xue‐Feng , Xia Shu‐Gang , Hou Xiang , Xiao Xin , He Jing‐Hui , Ren Zhi‐Gang , Xu Qing‐Feng , Li Hua , Li Na‐Jun , Chen Dong‐Yun , Lu Jian‐Mei 
Published: September 2017

AbstractImproving organic devices via molecular design is challenging and difficult to rationalize because individual molecular properties always convolute with intermolecular interaction and crystallinity to contribute the device performance. In this work, it is demonstrated for the first time that racemic effect can be utilized to effectively improve memory device performance. A pair of enantiomers and their mixture are used to prepare organic multilevel resistive random access memory (RRAM) devices. The RRAM devices fabricated from the equimolar mixture of enantiomers are of the lowest onset voltages and highest ternary device yield, independent of the preparation methods. Structural analysis of the powder, film, and single crystal of the equimolar mixture reveals formation of a real racemic compound, where π–π stacking in contrast to the only C–H–π interaction in the film of pure enantiomers appears. Since individual enantiomer has identical electronic properties, the discrepancy in device performance is attributed to the different intermolecular interactions.
3D Fluorescence‐Based Security Features by 3D Laser Lithography
Authors: Mayer Frederik , Richter Stefan , Hübner Philipp , Jabbour Toufic , Wegener Martin 
Published: September 2017

Abstract3D optical security features manufactured by multistep 3D optical laser lithography are presented. These microstructures are composed of a nonfluorescent 3D cross‐grid scaffold and fluorescent markers, realized by an acrylate‐based resist containing CdSSe‐based core–shell semiconductor quantum dots, arranged onto this scaffold at will. The readout of these 3D microstructures can be (exclusively) achieved by optical sectioning methods, for example, 3D confocal fluorescence laser scanning microscopy. As examples, structures with five different layers of markers and one emission color and two different colors, respectively, are shown. This class of deterministic 3D microstructures can be embedded into thin polymer films, can be individualized, and allows for plenty of future variations and extensions. It therefore represents an interesting avenue beyond established 2D holographic or 2D fluorescent optical security features.
Robust Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Microcubes for Frequency Upconversion Lasing
Authors: Hu Zhiping , Liu Zhengzheng , Bian Yao , Liu Dongjue , Tang Xiaosheng , Hu Wei , Zang Zhigang , Zhou Miao , Sun Lidong , Tang Jianxin , Li Yanqing , Du Juan , Leng Yuxin 
Published: September 2017

AbstractHalide perovskite nanomaterials have recently attracted a lot of attention in the nanoscale laser research field, especially two‐photon pumped lasing in halide perovskite nanomaterials has been considered as an ideal alternative strategy to achieve frequency upconversion. However, the poor stability of current organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite materials hinder their further practical applications. Herein, facile solution‐processed cesium lead halide perovskite CsPbX3 (X = Br, I, or Cl) microcubes with low‐threshold lasing, high quality, enhanced stability, and excellent wavelength tunability are reported. These as‐prepared CsPbX3 microcubes display excellent structure stability under ambient conditions for several months and they are found to be more robust than their organic–inorganic counterparts. The smooth end facets and wavelength‐comparable dimensions make these microcubes promising for high‐quality laser cavities in three dimensions. Fabry–Perot lasing is demonstrated in CsPbX3 microcubes, the process of which is investigated by dynamic emission. In addition, tunable amplified spontaneous emission is achieved with low threshold under both one‐ and two‐photon excitation, which can maintain a stable emission for over 10 hours under continuous intense laser shots in ambient atmosphere. The findings suggest that solution‐processed all‐inorganic perovskite microcubes can be used as excellent gain medium for frequency upconversion lasers, which would offer a new platform for nonlinear photoelectric devices.
Large‐Area Ultrabroadband Absorber for Solar Thermophotovoltaics Based on 3D Titanium Nitride Nanopillars
Authors: Chirumamilla Manohar , Chirumamilla Anisha , Yang Yuanqing , Roberts Alexander S. , Kristensen Peter Kjær , Chaudhuri Krishnakali , Boltasseva Alexandra , Sutherland Duncan S. , Bozhevolnyi Sergey I. , Pedersen Kjeld 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBroadband absorbers, with the simultaneous advantages of thermal stability, insensitivity to light polarization and angle, robustness against harsh environmental conditions, and large area fabrication by scalable methods, are essential elements in (solar) thermophotovoltaics. Compared to the noble metal and multilayered broadband absorbers, high‐temperature refractory metal‐based nanostructures with low‐Q resonators are reported less. In this work, 3D titanium nitride (TiN) nanopillars are investigated for ultrabroadband absorption in the visible and near‐infrared spectral regions with average absorptivities of 0.94, over a wide range of oblique angles between 0° and 75°. The effect of geometrical parameters of the TiN nanopillars on broadband absorption is investigated. By combining the flexibility of nanopillar design and lossy TiN films, ultrabroadband absorption in the visible and near‐infrared is obtained. A thin layer of hafnium oxide is deposited to enhance the thermal stability of TiN nanopillars. Finally, the thermal/spectral stability of the TiN nanopillars is demonstrated after annealing at 1473 K for 24 h while retaining their structural features. Thus, the TiN nanopillars can provide excellent opportunities for high‐temperature applications, especially solar thermophotovoltaics.
Steering Photoelectrons Excited in Carbon Dots into Platinum Cluster Catalyst for Solar‐Driven Hydrogen Production
Authors: Xu Xiaoyong , Tang Wenshuai , Zhou Yiting , Bao Zhijia , Su Yuanchang , Hu Jingguo , Zeng Haibo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn composite photosynthetic systems, one most primary promise is to pursue the effect coupling among light harvesting, charge transfer, and catalytic kinetics. Herein, this study designs the reduced carbon dots (r‐CDs) as both photon harvesters and photoelectron donors in combination with the platinum (Pt) clusters and fabricated the function‐integrated r‐CD/Pt photocatalyst through a photochemical route to control the anchoring of Pt clusters on r‐CDs' surface for solar‐driven hydrogen (H2) generation. In the obtained r‐CD/Pt composite, the r‐CDs absorb solar photons and transform them into energetic electrons, which transfer to the Pt clusters with favorable charge separation for H2 evolution reaction (HER). As a result, the efficient coupling of respective natures from r‐CDs in photon harvesting and Pt in proton reduction is achieved through well‐steered photoelectron transfer in the r‐CD/Pt system to cultivate a remarkable and stable photocatalytic H2 evolution activity with an average rate of 681 µmol g−1 h−1. This work integrates two functional components into an effective HER photocatalyst and gains deep insights into the regulation of the function coupling in composite photosynthetic systems.
Carbon‐Enriched Amorphous Hydrogenated Boron Carbide Films for Very‐Low‐k Interlayer Dielectrics
Authors: Nordell Bradley J. , Nguyen Thuong D. , Caruso Anthony N. , Purohit Sudhaunshu S. , Oyler Nathan A. , Lanford William A. , Gidley David W. , Gaskins John T. , Hopkins Patrick E. , Henry Patrick , King Sean W. , Paquette Michelle M. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA longstanding challenge in ultralarge‐scale integration has been the continued improvement in low‐dielectric‐constant (low‐k) interlayer dielectric materials and other specialized layers in back‐end‐of‐the‐line interconnect fabrication. Modeled after the success of carbon‐containing organosilicate materials, carbon‐enriched amorphous hydrogenated boron carbide (a‐BxC:Hy) films are grown by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition from ortho‐carborane and methane. These films contain more extraicosahedral sp3 hydrocarbon groups than nonenriched a‐BxC:Hy films, as revealed by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy, and also exhibit lower dielectric constants than their nonenriched counterparts, notably due to low densities combined with a low distortion and orientation contribution to the total polarizability. Films with dielectric constant as low as 2.5 are reported with excellent electrical stability (leakage current of 10−9 A cm−2 at 2 MV cm−1 and breakdown voltage of >6 MV cm−1), good thermal conductivity of 0.31 ± 0.03 W m−1 K−1, and high projected Young's modulus of 12 ± 3 GPa. These properties rival those of leading SiOC:H materials, and position a‐BxC:Hy as an important complement to traditional Si‐based materials to meet the complex needs of next‐generation interconnect fabrication.
Assembly of π‐Conjugated Nanosystems for Electronic Sensing Devices
Authors: Zhang Congcong , Wang Yu , Cheng Shanshan , Zhang Xiaotao , Fu Beibei , Hu Wenping 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSensors have attracted particular attention as analytical devices because of their importance in health and security. The ability to obtain unique functions using molecular design have rapidly advanced the use of organic optoelectronic materials of π‐conjugated compounds in electronic sensing devices. A brief introduction to sensors, focusing on organic micro‐ or nanoassemblies created using state‐of‐the‐art protocols for assembly and their recent development for high‐performance electronic sensing devices, is presented.
High‐Efficiency Photovoltaic Conversion at Selective Electron Tunneling Heterointerfaces
Authors: Jia Chuancheng , Ma Wei , Guan Jianxin , Gu Chunhui , Li Xinxi , Meng Linan , Gong Yao , Meng Sheng , Guo Xuefeng 
Published: September 2017

AbstractEffectively controlling photoinduced charge transport at the heterointerface is of crucial importance for improving the performance of photovoltaic devices. On the basis of an ipsilateral selective electron tunneling (ISET) mechanism, here this study investigates photoinduced charge transport and photovoltaic conversion at a simplified dye/single‐layer graphene (SLG)/TiO2 ternary interface. With an amphiphilic Z907 molecule as the model dye, the photoexcited electrons in the dye can directly tunnel across SLG and be collected by the TiO2 layer with an efficiency of 96.23%, which guarantees a high‐efficiency photoelectric conversion at the ISET‐based heterointerface. More importantly, the intrinsic Schottky barrier and fast hole collection rate at the heterointerface lead to a high photovoltage, a large fill factor, and the good intense‐light performance for photovoltaic conversion. Such an ISET‐based heterointerface may offer a platform of designing and developing a novel class of photovoltaic devices with high efficiency.