bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MiSAR
Authors: Liang Ching-Kai , Prvulovic Milos 
Published: January 2016

While numerous hardware synchronization mechanisms have been proposed, they either no longer function or suffer great performance loss when their hardware resources are exceeded, or they add significant complexity and cost to handle such resource overflows. Additionally, prior hardware synchronization proposals focus on one type (barrier or lock) of synchronization, so several mechanisms are likely to be needed to support real applications, many of which use locks, barriers, and/or condition variables.
This paper proposes MiSAR, a minimalistic synchronization accelerator (MSA) that supports all three commonly used types of synchronization (locks, barriers, and condition variables), and a novel overflow management unit (OMU) that dynamically manages its (very) limited hardware synchronization resources. The OMU allows safe and efficient dynamic transitions between using hardware (MSA) and software synchronization implementations. This allows the MSA's resources to be used only for currently-active synchronization operations, providing significant performance benefits even when the number of synchronization variables used in the program is much larger than the MSA's resources. Because it allows a safe transition between hardware and software synchronization, the OMU also facilitates thread suspend/resume, migration, and other thread-management activities. Finally, the MSA/OMU combination decouples the instruction set support (how the program invokes hardware-supported synchronization) from the actual implementation of the accelerator, allowing different accelerators (or even wholesale removal of the accelerator) in the future without changes to OMU-compatible application or system code. We show that, even with only 2 MSA entries in each tile, the MSA/OMU combination on average performs within 3% of ideal (zero-latency) synchronization, and achieves a speedup of 1.43X over the software (pthreads) implementation.
SLIP
Authors: Das Subhasis , Aamodt Tor M. , Dally William J. 
Published: January 2016

Wire energy has become the major contributor to energy in large lower level caches. While wire energy is related to wire latency its costs are exposed differently in the memory hierarchy. We propose Sub-Level Insertion Policy (SLIP), a cache management policy which improves cache energy consumption by increasing the number of accesses from energy efficient locations while simultaneously decreasing intra-level data movement. In SLIP, each cache level is partitioned into several cache sublevels of differing sizes. Then, the recent reuse distance distribution of a line is used to choose an energy-optimized insertion and movement policy for the line. The policy choice is made by a hardware unit that predicts the number of accesses and inter-level movements.
Using a full-system simulation including OS interactions and hardware overheads, we show that SLIP saves 35% energy at the L2 and 22% energy at the L3 level and performs 0.75% better than a regular cache hierarchy in a single core system. When configured to include a bypassing policy, SLIP reduces traffic to DRAM by 2.2%. This is achieved at the cost of storing 12b metadata per cache line (2.3% overhead), a 6b policy in the PTE, and 32b distribution metadata for each page in the DRAM (a overhead of 0.1%). Using SLIP in a multiprogrammed system saves 47% LLC energy, and reduces traffic to DRAM by 5.5%.
Color Names in "Kreewu-latweeschu-wahzu wardnice" (Eng. "Russian-Latvian-German Dictionary") (1872) by K. Valdemārs
Authors: Roze Anitra 
Published: January 2016

Color Names in Kreewu-latweeschu-wahzu wardnice (Eng. Russian-Latvian-German Dictionary) (1872) by K. Valdemārs The article gives a brief insight in the late 19th century lexicographical situation in Latvia, emphasizing especially the role and place of the first Latvian dictionary that was compiled by a Latvian author – i.e., the Kreewu-latweeschu-wahzu wardnice (Eng. Russian-Latvian-German Dictionary) (1872) created by Krišjānis Valdemārs. This study analyzes one particular lexical group as it is represented in this dictionary – color names. The dictionary presents a rich material for research, especially in the context of the semantics and morphology of color designations. It contains 146 entries describing colors and their shades, which include not only abstract but also a large number of specific color names. Nazwy kolorów w Kreewu-latweeschu-wahzu wardnice (pol. Słownik rosyjsko-łotewsko-niemiecki) (1872) K. Valdemārsa Artykuł daje wgląd w sytuację leksykograficzną Łotwy w końcu XIX w., podkreślając zwłaszcza doniosłą rolę pierwszego słownika języka łotewskiego zestawionego przez Łotysza Krišjānisa Valdemārsa pod tytułem Kreewu-latweeschu-wahzu wardnice (pol. Słownik rosyjsko-łotewsko-niemiecki) z roku 1872. Przedmiotem analizy jest sposób przedstawienia w tym dziele jednej grupy leksykalnej – nazw kolorów. Słownik przedstawia sobą bogaty materiał badawczy, zwłaszcza w zakresie semantyki i morfologii oznaczeń kolorów. Wśród 146 haseł poświęconych kolorom i ich odcieniom znalazły się nie tylko nazwy abstrakcyjne, lecz także liczne konkretne nazwy kolorów.
Litewskie teksty gwarowe z ilustracją dźwiękową
Authors: Sawaniewska-Mochowa Zofia 
Published: January 2016

Jurbarko apylinkių tekstai. Sudarė Vilija Sakalauskienė, kompaktinė plokštelė sudarė Asta Leskauskaitė, programavo Evaldas Ožeraitis, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2013, 188 ss., 2 mapy, bibliografia.ReviewLithuanian dialectal texts with sound illustrationIn 2013 the Institute of the Lithuanian Language published a collection of dialectal texts from the area of Jurbarkas. The collection was edited by V. Sakalauskienė and she wrote the introduction to the volume as well. Carefully prepared for editing and publishing, the volume will be very valuable for both researchers of Lithuanian dialects and enthusiasts of these issues. The book is accompanied by the CD with the recorded statements of interlocutors. RecenzjaLitewskie teksty gwarowe z ilustracją dźwiękowąW 2013 r. został wydany przez Instytut Języka Litewskiego zbiór tekstów gwarowych z okolic Jurborka (lit. Jurbarkas) w opracowaniu i ze wstępem V. Sakalauskienė. Starannie przygotowane pod względem edytorskim i naukowym wydawnictwo zainteresuje zarówno dialektologów, jak i miłośników gwar litewskich. Do książki dołączono płytę CD z nagraniami wypowiedzi rozmówców.
Formy imienne z sufiksem -ko w Kleszczelach na Podlasiu w połowie XVI w.
Authors: Sajewicz Michał 
Published: January 2016

Given-Name Forms with Suffix -ko in Kleszczele, Podlasie Region in the Mid-16th Century In the 16th century there was already an established system of Christian names of the inhabitants of eastern Podlasie. However, the first-name forms used in this territory at that time significantly differed phonetically and morphologically from their canonical equivalents. Christian names in Slavonic culture were transformed to be adapted to the phonetic and morphological structures of the recipient language system. Slavonic suffixal morphemes were added to phonetically transformed and abbreviated Christian names, thereby forming diversified hypocoristic forms.In Podlasie, an important role in the process of morphological adaptation of Christian names was played by the suffix -ko. This suffix is present in more thanr 75% of all first-name forms with the basic -k- used between the 16th and 18th centuries in eastern Podlasie.The popularity of first-name forms containing the suffix -ko (*-ъkо, *-ьkо) in eastern Podlasie in the 16th century is confirmed by the land survey document made by Dziewiałtowski in 1560 in Kleszczele, in which there are 89 different first-name forms formed by the suffix -ko from phonetically and morphologically adjusted Christian names. Formy imienne z sufiksem -ko w Kleszczelach na Podlasiu w połowie XVI w. W XVI w. mamy już do czynienia z zakorzenionym chrześcijańskim systemem imienniczym mieszkańców wschodniej części Podlasia. Używane wówczas na tym terenie formy imienne odbiegały jednak znacznie pod względem fonetycznym i morfologicznym od ich odpowiedników cerkiewnych i kościelnych. Imiona chrześcijańskie na gruncie słowiańskim poddane zostały transformacji dopasowującej je do fonetycznej i morfologicznej struktury przyjmującego systemu językowego. Do przekształconych fonetycznie i skróconych imion chrześcijańskich dodawano słowiańskie formanty sufiksalne, tworząc zróżnicowane formy hipokorystyczne.Na Podlasiu w procesie adaptacji morfologicznej imion chrześcijańskich ważną rolę odgrywał sufiks -ko. Występuje on w ponad 75% ogółu form imiennych z pod­stawowym -k-używanych w XVI–XVIII w. na tym terenie.Popularność form imiennych z sufiksem -ko (*-ъkо, *-ьkо) na wschodnim Podlasiu w XVI w. potwierdza dokument lustracyjny, sporządzony w 1560 r. w Kleszczelach przez Stanisława Dziewiałtowskiego Skoczka, w którym występuje 89 różnych form imiennych utworzonych za pomocą sufiksu -ko od zaadaptowanych fonetycznie i morfologicznie imion chrześcijańskich.
Baltu valodu atlants. Leksika 1: Flora, red. D. Mikulėnienė, A. Stafecka, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, Latvijas universitātes Latviešu valodas institūts, 2013, 568 ss.
Authors: Jankowiak Mirosław 
Published: January 2016

ReviewThis text is a review of the work entitled Baltu valodu atlants. Leksika 1: Flora (Eng. Atlas of the Baltic Languages. Lexis 1: Flora), published in Vilnius in 2013.The publication was prepared by linguists from the Institute of Latvian Language and the Institute of Lithuanian Language. The Atlas presents vocabulary from the second part of the 20th century on the territory of Latvia and Lithuania and partly of Belarus and Poland. The authors prepared 46 maps and descriptions of 26 words (connected with flora), which showed different phonetic variants of derivatives, linguistic parallels between the Latvian and Lithuanian dialects (lexical, semantic, geographical) and common Slavic-Baltic zone of interference. RecenzjaTekst jest recenzją pracy Baltu valodu atlants. Leksika 1: Flora, ktora została wydana w Wilnie w 2013 r. Publikację opracowali litewscy i łotewscy lingwiści z Instytutu Języka Litewskiego Akademii Nauk Litwy i Instytutu Języka Łotewskiego Uniwersytetu Łotewskiego w Rydze. W Atlasie zaprezentowano słownictwo z drugiej połowy XX w., funkcjonujące na obszarze Litwy, Łotwy a także częściowo Białorusi i Polski. Autorzy przedstawili 46 map i zaprezentowali opisy 26 nazw związanych z florą, ukazujących ich różne warianty fonetyczne oraz językowe paralele pomiędzy dialektami litewskimi i łotewskimi (leksykalne, semantyczne, geograficzne) oraz wspólną słowiańsko-bałtycką strefę kontaktów językowych.
Radosław Kaleta, Białorusko-polska homonimia międzyjęzykowa, Warszawa: Slawistyczny Ośrodek Wydawniczy, 2014, 167 ss.
Authors: Duszkin Maksim 
Published: January 2016

Review The text is a presentation of R. Kaleta's book Białorusko-polska homonimia międzyjęzykowa published in 2014 by the Slavic Publishing Centre of the Institute of Slavic Studies PAS. The monograph includes an analysis of source literature and some theoretical reflections on a phenomenon of the so-called interlanguage homonymy. The book also includes a brief vocabulary of selected Belarusian-Polish interlanguage homonyms. Recenzja W recenzji przedstawiono wydaną w 2014 r. w Slawistycznym Ośrodku Wydawniczym Instytutu Slawistyki PAN książkę R. Kalety Białorusko-polska homonimia międzyjęzykowa. Monografia zawiera między innymi opis literatury przedmiotu oraz rozważania teoretyczne, dotyczące zjawiska tzw. hominimii międzyjęzykowej. Znaleźć w niej można również słowniczek wybranych białorusko-polskich hominimów międzyjęzykowych.
The Poleward Motion of Extratropical Cyclones from a Potential Vorticity Tendency Analysis
Authors: Tamarin Talia , Kaspi Yohai 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The poleward propagation of midlatitude storms is studied using a potential vorticity (PV) tendency analysis of cyclone-tracking composites, in an idealized zonally symmetric moist GCM. A detailed PV budget reveals the important role of the upper-level PV and diabatic heating associated with latent heat release. During the growth stage, the classic picture of baroclinic instability emerges, with an upper-level PV to the west of a low-level PV associated with the cyclone. This configuration not only promotes intensification, but also a poleward tendency that results from the nonlinear advection of the low-level anomaly by the upper-level PV. The separate contributions of the upper- and lower-level PV as well as the surface temperature anomaly are analyzed using a piecewise PV inversion, which shows the importance of the upper-level PV anomaly in advecting the cyclone poleward. The PV analysis also emphasizes the crucial role played by latent heat release in the poleward motion of the cyclone. The latent heat release tends to maximize on the northeastern side of cyclones, where the warm and moist air ascends. A positive PV tendency results at lower levels, propagating the anomaly eastward and poleward. It is also shown here that stronger cyclones have stronger latent heat release and poleward advection, hence, larger poleward propagation. Time development of the cyclone composites shows that the poleward propagation increases during the growth stage of the cyclone, as both processes intensify. However, during the decay stage, the vertical alignment of the upper and lower PV anomalies implies that these processes no longer contribute to a poleward tendency.
Low yield of unselected testing in patients with acutely abnormal liver function tests
Authors: Chadwick Andrew , Marks Michael 
Published: January 2016

Objectives To audit the diagnostic yield and cost implications of the use of a ‘liver screen’ for inpatients with abnormal liver function tests. Design We performed a retrospective audit of inpatients with abnormal liver function tests. We analysed all investigations ordered including biochemistry, immunology, virology and radiology. The final diagnosis was ascertained in each case, and the diagnostic yield and cost per positive diagnosis for each investigation were calculated. Setting St Thomas’ NHS Trust. Participants All inpatients investigated for abnormal liver function tests over a 12-month period. Main outcome measures We calculated the percentage of courses due to each diagnosis, the yield of each investigation and the cost per positive diagnosis for each investigation. Results A total of 308 patients were included, and a final diagnosis was made in 224 patients (73%) on the basis of both clinical data and investigations. There was considerable heterogeneity in the tests included in an acute liver screen. History and ultrasound yielded the most diagnoses (40% and 30%, respectively). The yield of autoimmune and metabolic screens was minimal. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the low yield of unselected testing in patients with abnormal liver function tests. A thorough history, ultrasound and testing for blood-borne viruses are the cornerstones of diagnosis. Specialist input should be sought before further testing. Prospective studies to evaluate the yield and cost-effectiveness of different testing strategies are needed.
How I treat acute graft-versus-host disease of the gastrointestinal tract and the liver
Authors: McDonald George B. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTreatment of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) has evolved from a one-size-fits-all approach to a more nuanced strategy based on predicted outcomes. Lower and time-limited doses of immune suppression for patients predicted to have low-risk GVHD are safe and effective. In more severe GVHD, prolonged exposure to immunosuppressive therapies, failure to achieve tolerance, and inadequate clinical responses are the proximate causes of GVHD-related deaths. This article presents acute GVHD-related scenarios representing, respectively, certainty of diagnosis, multiple causes of symptoms, jaundice, an initial therapy algorithm, secondary therapy, and defining futility of treatment.
Common and biased signaling pathways of the chemokine receptor CCR7 elicited by its ligands CCL19 and CCL21 in leukocytes
Authors: Hauser Mark A , Legler Daniel F 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Chemokines are pivotal regulators of cell migration during continuous immune surveillance, inflammation, homeostasis, and development. Chemokine binding to their 7-transmembrane domain, G-protein-coupled receptors causes conformational changes that elicit intracellular signaling pathways to acquire and maintain an asymmetric architectural organization and a polarized distribution of signaling molecules necessary for directional cell migration. Leukocytes rely on the interplay of chemokine-triggered migration modules to promote amoeboid-like locomotion. One of the most important chemokine receptors for adaptive immune cell migration is the CC-chemokine receptor CCR7. CCR7 and its ligands CCL19 and CCL21 control homing of T cells and dendritic cells to areas of the lymph nodes where T cell priming and the initiation of the adaptive immune response occur. Moreover, CCR7 signaling also contributes to T cell development in the thymus and to lymphorganogenesis. Although the CCR7–CCL19/CCL21 axis evolved to benefit the host, inappropriate regulation or use of these proteins can contribute or cause pathobiology of chronic inflammation, tumorigenesis, and metastasis, as well as autoimmune diseases. Therefore, it appears as the CCR7–CCL19/CCL21 axis is tightly regulated at numerous intersections. Here, we discuss the multiple regulatory mechanism of CCR7 signaling and its influence on CCR7 function. In particular, we focus on the functional diversity of the 2 CCR7 ligands, CCL19 and CCL21, as well as on their impact on biased signaling. The understanding of the molecular determinants of biased signaling and the multiple layers of CCR7 regulation holds the promise for potential future therapeutic intervention.
Twelve-Month Estrogen Levels in Premenopausal Women With Hormone Receptor–Positive Breast Cancer Receiving Adjuvant Triptorelin Plus Exemestane or Tamoxifen in the Suppression of Ovarian Function Trial (SOFT): The SOFT-EST Substudy
Authors: Bellet Meritxell , Gray Kathryn P. , Francis Prudence A. , Láng István , Ciruelos Eva , Lluch Ana , Climent Miguel Angel , Catalán Gustavo , Avella Antoni , Bohn Uriel , González-Martin Antonio , Ferrer Roser , Catalán Roberto , Azaro Analía , Rajasekaran Agnita , Morales Josefa , Vázquez Josep , Fleming Gini F. , Price Karen N. , Regan Meredith M. 
Published: January 2016

Purpose To describe estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), and estrone sulfate (E1S) levels during the first year of monthly triptorelin plus exemestane or tamoxifen and to assess possible suboptimal suppression while receiving exemestane plus triptorelin. Patients and Methods Premenopausal patients with early breast cancer on the Suppression of Ovarian Function Trial who selected triptorelin as the ovarian suppression method and were randomly assigned to exemestane plus triptorelin or tamoxifen plus triptorelin were enrolled until the target population of 120 patients was reached. Blood sampling time points were 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 months. Serum estrogens were measured with a highly sensitive and specific assay. This preplanned 12-month analysis evaluated E2, E1, E1S, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone levels in all patients and the proportion of patients with E2 levels greater than 2.72 pg/mL at any time point during treatment with exemestane plus triptorelin. Results One hundred sixteen patients (exemestane, n = 86; tamoxifen, n = 30; median age, 44 years; median E2, 51 pg/mL; 55% prior chemotherapy) started triptorelin and had one or more samples drawn. With exemestane plus triptorelin, median reductions from baseline E2, E1, and E1S levels were consistently ≥ 95%, resulting in significantly lower levels than with tamoxifen plus triptorelin at all time points. Among patients on exemestane plus triptorelin, 25%, 24%, and 17% had an E2 level greater than 2.72 pg/mL at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Baseline factors related to on-treatment E2 level greater than 2.72 pg/mL were no prior chemotherapy (P = .06), higher body mass index (P = .05), and lower follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone (each P < .01). Conclusion During the first year, most patients on exemestane plus triptorelin had E2 levels below the defined threshold of 2.72 pg/mL, consistent with levels reported in postmenopausal patients on aromatase inhibitors, but at each time point, at least 17% of patients had levels greater than the threshold.
MET Exon 14 Mutations in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Are Associated With Advanced Age and Stage-Dependent MET Genomic Amplification and c-Met Overexpression
Authors: Awad Mark M. , Oxnard Geoffrey R. , Jackman David M. , Savukoski Daniel O. , Hall Dimity , Shivdasani Priyanka , Heng Jennifer C. , Dahlberg Suzanne E. , Jänne Pasi A. , Verma Suman , Christensen James , Hammerman Peter S. , Sholl Lynette M. 
Published: January 2016

Purpose Non–small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) harboring mutations in MET exon 14 and its flanking introns may respond to c-Met inhibitors. We sought to describe the clinical, pathologic, and genomic characteristics of patients with cancer with MET exon 14 mutations. Patients and Methods We interrogated next-generation sequencing results from 6,376 cancers to identify those harboring MET exon 14 mutations. Clinical characteristics of MET exon 14 mutated NSCLCs were compared with those of NSCLCs with activating mutations in KRAS and EGFR. Co-occurring genomic mutations and copy number alterations were identified. c-Met immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect exon 14 skipping were performed where sufficient tissue was available. Results MET exon 14 mutations were identified in 28 of 933 nonsquamous NSCLCs (3.0%) and were not seen in other cancer types in this study. Patients with MET exon 14–mutated NSCLC were significantly older (median age, 72.5 years) than patients with EGFR-mutant (median age, 61 years; P < .001) or KRAS-mutant NSCLC (median age, 65 years; P < .001). Among patients with MET exon 14 mutations, 68% were women, and 36% were never-smokers. Stage IV MET exon 14–mutated NSCLCs were significantly more likely to have concurrent MET genomic amplification (mean ratio of MET to chromosome 7, 4.3) and strong c-Met immunohistochemical expression (mean H score, 253) than stage IA to IIIB MET exon 14–mutated NSCLCs (mean ratio of MET to chromosome 7, 1.4; P = .007; mean H score, 155; P = .002) and stage IV MET exon 14–wild-type NSCLCs (mean ratio of MET to chromosome 7, 1.2; P < .001; mean H score, 142; P < .001). A patient whose lung cancer harbored a MET exon 14 mutation with concurrent genomic amplification of the mutated MET allele experienced a major partial response to the c-Met inhibitor crizotinib. Conclusion MET exon 14 mutations represent a clinically unique molecular subtype of NSCLC. Prospective clinical trials with c-Met inhibitors will be necessary to validate MET exon 14 mutations as an important therapeutic target in NSCLC.