bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do antioxidant supplements interfere with skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise training?
Authors: Merry Troy L. , Ristow Michael 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA popular belief is that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) produced during exercise by the mitochondria and other subcellular compartments ubiquitously cause skeletal muscle damage, fatigue and impair recovery. However, the importance of ROS and RNS as signals in the cellular adaptation process to stress is now evident. In an effort to combat the perceived deleterious effects of ROS and RNS it has become common practice for active individuals to ingest supplements with antioxidant properties, but interfering with ROS/RNS signalling in skeletal muscle during acute exercise may blunt favourable adaptation. There is building evidence that antioxidant supplementation can attenuate endurance training‐induced and ROS/RNS‐mediated enhancements in antioxidant capacity, mitochondrial biogenesis, cellular defence mechanisms and insulin sensitivity. However, this is not a universal finding, potentially indicating that there is redundancy in the mechanisms controlling skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise, meaning that in some circumstances the negative impact of antioxidants on acute exercise response can be overcome by training. Antioxidant supplementation has been more consistently reported to have deleterious effects on the response to overload stress and high‐intensity training, suggesting that remodelling of skeletal muscle following resistance and high‐intensity exercise is more dependent on ROS/RNS signalling. Importantly there is no convincing evidence to suggest that antioxidant supplementation enhances exercise‐training adaptions. Overall, ROS/RNS are likely to exhibit a non‐linear (hormetic) pattern on exercise adaptations, where physiological doses are beneficial and high exposure (which would seldom be achieved during normal exercise training) may be detrimental.
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Research agenda for the built environment in Latin America
Authors: Murray Claudia Beatriz , Abiko Alex , Monetti Eliane , Peinado Ponton Javier 
Published: December 2015

Este artículo divulga los resultados de una serie de seminarios interdisciplinares y multisectoriales de investigación que se enfocaron en los problemas actuales de una región en rápido crecimiento urbano. Se recogió información cualitativa sobre varias de las mayores economías de América Latina, se hicieron mesas redondas y talleres que incluían profesionales en ejercicio y funcionarios estatales. Los autores agruparon estas discusiones por temas y los enmarcaron en debates académicos contemporáneos. Tras estimar la aptitud de la teoría para responder en la práctica, el artículo concluye planteando cuatro áreas clave para seguir investigando, con el propósito final de incrementar el análisis académico capaz de informar mejor sobre las políticas de desarrollo de las economías emergentes.
Prospectiva estratégica para fortalecer un convenio docenciaservicio de enfermería
Authors: Montoya Restrepo Ivan , Montoya Luz Alexandra , Sánchez Herrera Beatriz 
Published: December 2015

<p><em>Objetivo:</em> Implementar y evaluar la utilidad de la metodología prospectiva estratégica para respaldar el desarrollo de un convenio docencia-servicio entre el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INC) ESE y la Facultad de Enfermería de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. <em>Método:</em> Ejercicio prospectivo estratégico con seguimiento de un año desarrollado como parte de un programa más amplio y que se desarrolló en tres fases: 1) análisis sobre la situación de enfermería en el INC; 2) desarrollo de un<br />taller para determinar el papel del Departamento de Enfermería dentro del INC, y 3) seguimiento de los resultados del taller por un año (24 de septiembre de 2012 a 24 de septiembre de 2013) para evaluar la utilidad de la metodología prospectiva estratégica como elemento de trabajo conjunto en el marco del convenio docencia-servicio. <em>Resultados:</em> Enfermería quiere un cambio que fortalezca su capacidad de cuidado<br />dentro del INC. La prospectiva facilitó la identificación de siete elementos estratégicos que incluyen el cuidado, la educación, la investigación, la sistematización, el modelo de gestión, el desarrollo del talento humano y la proyección social que, en conjunto, permitieron determinar el papel del Departamento de Enfermería dentro del INC, como se puede evidenciar en el seguimiento del convenio docente asistencial durante un año. <em>Conclusiones</em>: La metodología de prospectiva estratégica demostró ser un mecanismo útil, novedoso e importante para respaldar el convenio docencia-servicio. La revisión de logros y limitaciones permite avanzar en un trabajo conjunto con una visión compartida que fortalece a las partes interactuantes.</p>
Utilización de Métodos Anticonceptivos en estudiantes de Enfermería
Authors: Covarrubias Esmeralda , Ramírez Villegas Raquel , Ramírez Villegas Raquel , Verde Flota Elsy Elizabeth de Jesús , Verde Flota Elsy Elizabeth de Jesús , Rivas Espinosa Juan Gabriel , Rivas Espinosa Juan Gabriel , Rivero Rodríguez Luis Fernando , Rivero Rodríguez Luis Fernando 
Published: December 2015

<p><em>Objetivo</em>: Identificar el uso de métodos anticonceptivos como medida de prevención de infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) y embarazos no planeados, en estudiantes de la Licenciatura en Enfermería de una universidad pública de la Ciudad de México. <em>Método</em>: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal. Se realizó en una población total de 364 estudiantes, con una muestra de 71 universitarios, mayores de 18 años, de ambos sexos e inscritos en alguno de los últimos nueve módulos de la Licenciatura en Enfermería. Se utilizó un diseño de muestreo aleatorio por conglomerados y un instrumento cerrado para la obtención de datos. Se realizaron medidas de tendencia central para el análisis de datos. <em>Resultados</em>: Participó una mayor proporción de mujeres en comparación con los hombres (62 % y 38 %, respectivamente). La edad promedio fue de 22 años. El 80 % de los estudiantes declaró haber iniciado vida sexual, de los cuales el 82 % mencionó haber utilizado algún método anticonceptivo. El 56 % de los estudiantes que mencionó tener una vida sexual activa utilizó la anticoncepción de emergencia en el último año. <em>Conclusiones:</em> A pesar de estar involucrados en una carrera de la salud, los estudiantes no toman las medidas efectivas para evitar un embarazo no planeado y tampoco para prevenir una ITS. La adquisición de medidas de autocuidado requiere la elaboración de programas y estrategias que apoyen y combinen la sensibilidad, la educación y la consejería oportuna que permitan el conocimiento y la apropiación del cuerpo como espacio de cuidado.</p>
Validez de dos instrumentos para medir la relación interpersonal de la enfermera con el paciente y su familia en la unidad de cuidado intensivo
Authors: Parrado lozano Yaneth Mercedes , Sáenz Montoya Ximena , Soto Lesmes Virginia Inés , Guáqueta Parada Sandra Rocío , Amaya Rey Pilar , Caro Castillo Clara Virginia , Parra Vargas Myriam , Triana Restrepo Martha Cecilia 
Published: December 2015

<p><em>Objetivo</em>: Construir, refinar, validar facialmente y de contenido dos instrumentos para medir la relación interpersonal enfermera-familia y enfermera-paciente adulto en la unidad de cuidado intensivo (UCI). <em>Método</em>: Estudio metodológico de abordaje cuantitativo, realizado por fases, para el diseño, validación facial, de contenido y refinamiento<br />de dos instrumentos. Se consideraron los criterios de redacción, gramática, cohesión y coherencia en la validez facial, y la pertinencia y concordancia de cada ítem en la validez de contenido. <em>Resultados</em>: Dos instrumentos; valoración de la relación interpersonal enfermera-paciente en la UCI (VRIEP-UCI) y valoración de la relación interpersonal enfermera-familia o acompañante del paciente en la UCI (VRIEF-UCI),<br />instrumentos a los cuales se les realizó validación facial mediante el juicio de 7 expertas, y de contenido mediante el coeficiente de concordancia de Kappa, superior a 0,50 con una fuerza de concordancia moderada según Landis y koch. Esto permitió ajuste en su diseño y refinamiento con mejor seguridad y exactitud. <em>Conclusión</em>: Esta investigación aporta dos instrumentos diseñados, validados y estructurados para la práctica del cuidado de enfermería en la UCI con población colombiana adulta, que<br />permiten crear evidencia al valorar en el cuidado la relación interpersonal entre la enfermera y el paciente, y entre la enfermera y la familia del paciente.</p>
High Prevalence of SXT/R391-Related Integrative and Conjugative Elements Carrying
bla
CMY-2
in Proteus mirabilis Isolates from Gulls in the South of France
Authors: Aberkane Salim , Compain Fabrice , Decré Dominique , Dupont Chloé , Laurens Chrislène , Vittecoq Marion , Pantel Alix , Solassol Jérôme , Carrière Christian , Renaud François , Brieu Nathalie , Lavigne Jean-Philippe , Bouzinbi Nicolas , Ouédraogo Abdoul-Salam , Jean-Pierre Hélène , Godreuil Sylvain 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT

The genetic structures involved in the dissemination of
bla
CMY-2
carried by
Proteus mirabilis
isolates recovered from different gull species in the South of France were characterized and compared to clinical isolates.
bla
CMY-2
was identified in
P. mirabilis
isolates from 27/93 yellow-legged gulls and from 37/65 slender-billed gulls. It was carried by a conjugative SXT/R391-like integrative and conjugative element (ICE) in all avian strains and in 3/7 human strains. Two clinical isolates had the same genetic background as six avian isolates.
Bacteriophage Combinations Significantly Reduce Clostridium difficile Growth
In Vitro
and Proliferation
In Vivo
Authors: Nale Janet Y. , Spencer Janice , Hargreaves Katherine R. , Buckley Anthony M. , Trzepiński Przemysław , Douce Gillian R. , Clokie Martha R. J. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT

The microbiome dysbiosis caused by antibiotic treatment has been associated with both susceptibility to and relapse of
Clostridium difficile
infection (CDI). Bacteriophage (phage) therapy offers target specificity and dose amplification
in situ
, but few studies have focused on its use in CDI treatment. This mainly reflects the lack of strictly virulent phages that target this pathogen. While it is widely accepted that temperate phages are unsuitable for therapeutic purposes due to their transduction potential, analysis of seven
C. difficile
phages confirmed that this impact could be curtailed by the application of multiple phage types. Here, host range analysis of six myoviruses and one siphovirus was conducted on 80 strains representing 21 major epidemic and clinically severe ribotypes. The phages had complementary coverage, lysing 18 and 62 of the ribotypes and strains tested, respectively. Single-phage treatments of ribotype 076, 014/020, and 027 strains showed an initial reduction in the bacterial load followed by the emergence of phage-resistant colonies. However, these colonies remained susceptible to infection with an unrelated phage. In contrast, specific phage combinations caused the complete lysis of
C. difficile
in vitro
and prevented the appearance of resistant/lysogenic clones. Using a hamster model, the oral delivery of optimized phage combinations resulted in reduced
C. difficile
colonization at 36 h postinfection. Interestingly, free phages were recovered from the bowel at this time. In a challenge model of the disease, phage treatment delayed the onset of symptoms by 33 h compared to the time of onset of symptoms in untreated animals. These data demonstrate the therapeutic potential of phage combinations to treat CDI.
Towards Rational Dosing Algorithms for Vancomycin in Neonates and Infants Based on Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling
Authors: Janssen Esther J. H. , Välitalo Pyry A. J. , Allegaert Karel , de Cock Roosmarijn F. W. , Simons Sinno H. P. , Sherwin Catherine M. T. , Mouton Johan W. , van den Anker Johannes N. , Knibbe Catherijne A. J. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT

Because of the recent awareness that vancomycin doses should aim to meet a target area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) instead of trough concentrations, more aggressive dosing regimens are warranted also in the pediatric population. In this study, both neonatal and pediatric pharmacokinetic models for vancomycin were externally evaluated and subsequently used to derive model-based dosing algorithms for neonates, infants, and children. For the external validation, predictions from previously published pharmacokinetic models were compared to new data. Simulations were performed in order to evaluate current dosing regimens and to propose a model-based dosing algorithm. The AUC/MIC over 24 h (AUC
24
/MIC) was evaluated for all investigated dosing schedules (target of >400), without any concentration exceeding 40 mg/liter. Both the neonatal and pediatric models of vancomycin performed well in the external data sets, resulting in concentrations that were predicted correctly and without bias. For neonates, a dosing algorithm based on body weight at birth and postnatal age is proposed, with daily doses divided over three to four doses. For infants aged <1 year, doses between 32 and 60 mg/kg/day over four doses are proposed, while above 1 year of age, 60 mg/kg/day seems appropriate. As the time to reach steady-state concentrations varies from 155 h in preterm infants to 36 h in children aged >1 year, an initial loading dose is proposed. Based on the externally validated neonatal and pediatric vancomycin models, novel dosing algorithms are proposed for neonates and children aged <1 year. For children aged 1 year and older, the currently advised maintenance dose of 60 mg/kg/day seems appropriate.
The Cholestanol-Conjugated Sulfated Oligosaccharide PG545 Disrupts the Lipid Envelope of Herpes Simplex Virus Particles
Authors: Said Joanna S. , Trybala Edward , Görander Staffan , Ekblad Maria , Liljeqvist Jan-Åke , Jennische Eva , Lange Stefan , Bergström Tomas 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and many other viruses, including HIV, initiate infection of host cells by binding to glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains of cell surface proteoglycans. Although GAG mimetics, such as sulfated oligo- and polysaccharides, exhibit potent antiviral activities in cultured cells, the prophylactic application of these inhibitors as vaginal microbicides failed to protect women upon their exposure to HIV. A possible explanation for this failure is that sulfated oligo- and polysaccharides exhibit no typical virucidal activity, as their interaction with viral particles is largely electrostatic and reversible and thereby vulnerable to competition with GAG-binding proteins of the genital tract. Here we report that the cholestanol-conjugated sulfated oligosaccharide PG545, but not several other sulfated oligosaccharides lacking this modification, exhibited virucidal activity manifested as disruption of the lipid envelope of HSV-2 particles. The significance of the virus particle-disrupting activity of PG545 was also demonstrated in experimental animals, as this compound, in contrast to unmodified sulfated oligosaccharide, protected mice against genital infection with HSV-2. Thus, PG545 offers a novel prophylaxis option against infections caused by GAG-binding viruses.
Amikacin Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics in a Novel Hollow-Fiber Mycobacterium abscessus Disease Model
Authors: Ferro Beatriz E. , Srivastava Shashikant , Deshpande Devyani , Sherman Carleton M. , Pasipanodya Jotam G. , van Soolingen Dick , Mouton Johan W. , van Ingen Jakko , Gumbo Tawanda 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT

The treatment of pulmonary
Mycobacterium abscessus
disease is associated with very high failure rates and easily acquired drug resistance. Amikacin is the key drug in treatment regimens, but the optimal doses are unknown. No good preclinical model exists to perform formal pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics experiments to determine these optimal doses. We developed a hollow-fiber system model of
M. abscessus
disease and studied amikacin exposure effects and dose scheduling. We mimicked amikacin human pulmonary pharmacokinetics. Both amikacin microbial kill and acquired drug resistance were linked to the peak concentration-to-MIC ratios; the peak/MIC ratio associated with 80% of maximal kill (EC
80
) was 3.20. However, on the day of the most extensive microbial kill, the bacillary burden did not fall below the starting inoculum. We performed Monte Carlo simulations of 10,000 patients with pulmonary
M. abscessus
infection and examined the probability that patients treated with one of 6 doses from 750 mg to 4,000 mg would achieve or exceed the EC
80
. We also examined these doses for the ability to achieve a cumulative area under the concentration-time curve of 82,232 mg · h/liter × days, which is associated with ototoxicity. The standard amikacin doses of 750 to 1,500 mg a day achieved the EC
80
in ≤21% of the patients, while a dose of 4 g/day achieved this in 70% of the patients but at the cost of high rates of ototoxicity within a month or two. The susceptibility breakpoint was an MIC of 8 to 16 mg/liter. Thus, amikacin, as currently dosed, has limited efficacy against
M. abscessus
. It is urgent that different antibiotics be tested using our preclinical model and new regimens developed.
Multiyear, Multinational Survey of the Incidence and Global Distribution of Metallo-β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Kazmierczak Krystyna M. , Rabine Sharon , Hackel Meredith , McLaughlin Robert E. , Biedenbach Douglas J. , Bouchillon Samuel K. , Sahm Daniel F. , Bradford Patricia A. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT

Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) hydrolyze all classes of β-lactams except monobactams and are not inhibited by classic serine β-lactamase inhibitors. Gram-negative pathogens isolated from patient infections were collected from 202 medical centers in 40 countries as part of a global surveillance study from 2012 to 2014. Carbapenem-nonsusceptible
Enterobacteriaceae
and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
were characterized for
bla
genes encoding VIM, IMP, NDM, SPM, and GIM variants using PCR and sequencing. A total of 471 MBL-positive isolates included the following species (numbers of isolates are in parentheses):
P. aeruginosa
(308),
Klebsiella
spp. (85),
Enterobacter
spp. (39),
Proteeae
(16),
Citrobacter freundii
(12),
Escherichia coli
(6), and
Serratia marcescens
(5) and were submitted by sites from 34 countries. Of these, 69.6% were collected in 9 countries (numbers of isolates are in parentheses): Russia (72), Greece (61), Philippines (54), Venezuela (29), and Kuwait, Nigeria, Romania, South Africa, and Thailand (20 to 25 isolates each). Thirty-two different MBL variants were detected (14 VIM, 14 IMP, and 4 NDM enzymes). Seven novel MBL variants were encountered in the study, each differing from a previously reported variant by one amino acid substitution: VIM-42 (VIM-1 [V223I]), VIM-43 (VIM-4 [A24V]), VIM-44 (VIM-2 [K257N]), VIM-45 (VIM-2 [T35I]), IMP-48 (IMP-14 [I69T]), IMP-49 (IMP-18 [V49F]), and NDM-16 (NDM-1 [R264H]). The
in vitro
activities of all tested antibiotics against MBL-positive
Enterobacteriaceae
were significantly reduced with the exception of that of aztreonam-avibactam (MIC
90
, 0.5 to 1 μg/ml), whereas colistin was the most effective agent against MBL-positive
P. aeruginosa
isolates (>97% susceptible). Although the global percentage of isolates encoding MBLs remains relatively low, their detection in 12 species, 34 countries, and all regions participating in this surveillance study is concerning.
Sterilizing Activity of Pyrazinamide in Combination with First-Line Drugs in a C3HeB/FeJ Mouse Model of Tuberculosis
Authors: Lanoix Jean-Philippe , Betoudji Fabrice , Nuermberger Eric 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT
Pyrazinamide (PZA) is a key sterilizing drug in first-line tuberculosis (TB) regimens and exerts its activity entirely during the first 2 months in human infections. We recently described the reduced activity of PZA in C3HeB/FeJ mice with large caseous tubercles due to neutral pH. Here, we aimed to determine the contribution of PZA to the sterilizing activity of the first-line TB regimen in C3HeB/FeJ and BALB/c mice. Three regimens were compared (in combinations: R, rifampin; H, isoniazid; E, ethambutol; Z, pyrazinamide; with numbers indicating the treatment duration, in months): 2RHEZ/4RH, 2RHE/4RH, and 2RHEZ/4RHZ. Lung CFU counts were assessed after 0 and 2 months of treatment, and relapse rates were assessed 3 months after 3, 4.5, and 6 months of treatment. The relapse rates after 3 months of treatment were 53% and 95% in C3HeB/FeJ mice receiving 2RHEZ/1RH and 2RHE/1RH, respectively, and 67%, 100%, and 80% in BALB/c receiving 2RHEZ/1RH, 2RHE/1RH, and 2RHEZ/1RHZ, respectively. The relapse rates after 4.5 months of treatment were 32%, 20%, and 0% in C3HeB/FeJ mice receiving 2RHEZ/2.5RH, 2RHE/2.5RH, and 2RHEZ/2.5RHZ, respectively, and 0% and 67% in BALB/c receiving 2RHEZ/2.5RH and 2RHE/2.5RH, respectively. The month-6 relapse rates were 0%, 13%, and 0% in C3HeB/FeJ mice given 2RHEZ/4RH, 2RHE/4RH, and 2RHEZ/4RHZ, respectively, and 7% in BALB/c mice receiving 2RHE/4RH. The addition of PZA shortens the duration of treatment needed to prevent relapse in both mouse strains. However, while its contribution is limited to the first 2 months of treatment in BALB/c mice, continuing PZA beyond the first 2 months is beneficial in C3HeB/FeJ mice by preventing relapse among those with the highest disease burden.
IncI1 Plasmids Carrying Various
bla
CTX-M
Genes Contribute to Ceftriaxone Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis in China
Authors: Wong Marcus Ho-yin , Kan Biao , Chan Edward Wai-chi , Yan Meiying , Chen Sheng 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT

Resistance to extended-spectrum β-lactams in
Salmonella
, in particular, in serotypes such as
Salmonella enterica
serovar Enteritidis that are frequently associated with clinical infections, is a serious public health concern. In this study, phenotypic characterization of 433 clinical
S
. Enteritidis strains obtained from a nationwide collection of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention during the period from 2005 to 2010 depicted a trend of increasing resistance to ceftriaxone from 2008 onwards. Seventeen (4%) of the strains were found to be resistant to ceftriaxone, 7% were found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin, and 0.7% were found to be resistant to both ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Most of the ceftriaxone-resistant
S
. Enteritidis strains (15/17) were genetically unrelated and originated from Henan Province. The complete sequence of an IncI1 plasmid, pSE115, which belonged to a novel sequence type, was obtained. This 87,255-bp IncI1 plasmid was found to harbor a
bla
CTX-M-14
gene in a novel multidrug resistance region (MRR) within the
tra
locus. Although the majority of strains were also found to contain conjugative IncI1 plasmids with a size similar to that of pSE115 (∼90 kb) and harbor a variety of
bla
CTX-M
group 1 and group 9 elements, the novel MRR site at the
tra
locus in pSE115 was not detectable in the other IncI1 plasmids. The findings from this study show that cephalosporin resistance in
S
. Enteritidis strains collected in China was mainly due to the dissemination of IncI1 plasmids carrying
bla
CTX-M
, resembling the situation in which IncI1 plasmids serve as major vectors of
bla
CTX-M
variants in other members of the
Enterobacteriaceae
.