bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theories of Deviant Sexual Fantasy
Authors: Bartels Ross M. , Beech Anthony R. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractFirst, three of the main theoretical accounts addressing the conceptualization and development of deviant sexual fantasies are evaluated in terms of their strengths and weaknesses. We then outline relevant research and theory from other areas of cognitive psychology that are deemed useful in understanding the cognitive aspects associated with deviant sexual fantasizing (e.g., mental imagery, working memory). Finally, we integrate the existing research and theory with these relevant cognitive concepts and findings to construct a new theoretical model. According to this model, associative processes are involved in the generation of intrusive sexual thoughts, whereas controlled processes are responsible for the deliberate act of sexual fantasizing. This model has the potential to account for aspects of deviant sexual thoughts and fantasies that have until now been unaddressed. It also has the ability to inspire novel research hypotheses and treatment strategies.
The Cognitive Distortions of Child Sexual Abusers
Authors: Ciardha Caoilte Ó , Gannon Theresa A. , Ward Tony 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The concept of cognitive distortions in relation to sexual offending has been extremely influential in shaping sexual offender theory, research, and treatment. However, evidence for coherently distorted cognitive structures is scant when researchers delve beyond offender responses on questionnaires or post‐offence statements. This chapter critically examines the current state of the art in theory and research on cognitive distortions, and also examines criticisms levelled at the cognitive distortion literature. In doing so, we attempt to synthesize and reconcile these strands of enquiry. We comment on the treatment implications that have arisen out of this discourse and suggest a research agenda to strengthen the discipline's grasp on the slippery construct of distorted cognition in sexual offending.
The Sociology of Sex Offending
Authors: Cossins Annie 
Published: November 2016

AbstractEvidence for the characteristics and experiences said to explain sex offending behaviour is considered to be weak while all such characteristics are as true for women as they are for men – girls are just as likely as boys to grow up in abusive family environments and experience lack of nurturance, social rejection, loneliness, and negative peer relationships. This information together with fact that most sex offenders are male invites an interrogation of the ‘man question’. This question ought to be central to theories of sex offending since explanations of sex offending are likely to be found in an analysis of men's relationship to crime rather than being attributed to concepts of ‘deviant’ sexuality which are loaded cultural terms.
Therapeutic Processes in Sex Offender Treatment
Authors: Craissati Jackie 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis chapter considers the role that therapeutic processes may play in the delivery of sex offender treatment. Therapeutic processes matter because of the role they play in increasing engagement, in maximizing the likelihood of treatment completion, and in improving the treatment effect of programmes. The impact of motivational interviewing and therapist features in the psychological therapies generally, and in sex offender treatment specifically, is examined and the impact of group cohesion on outcomes is explored. Drawing on the personality disorder literature, treatment models that focus on the therapist–client–group relationship are described. The importance of supervision to help therapists deal with both therapy‐interfering and therapy‐mediating behaviours is emphasized.
Theories of Desistance from Sexual Offending
Authors: Harris Danielle Arlanda 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe dynamic nature of a sexual offender's criminal career over the life span is not understood fully and we know comparatively little about how sexual offending careers end or de‐escalate. This neglect is due to an enduring but largely inaccurate assumption of recidivism that has permeated many current crime control policies that exclusively target known sex offenders. In reality, most sex offenders (like most general criminals) eventually stop engaging in criminal behaviour. This chapter examines the extant criminological theories that explain desistance from general, non‐sexual offending and discusses the extent to which these theories can explain desistance from sexual offending. The three main theoretical models that are examined include natural desistance (or ‘ageing out’), the attainment of informal social controls (such as marriage and a job), and cognitive transformation.
Exploring the Theories Explaining Male Adolescent Perpetration of Sexual Crimes
Authors: Burton David , Miner Michael 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Interest in understanding juvenile sexual offending has been guided by a perceived need to develop interventions. As such, there has been little conceptual or theoretical consideration of the causes and aetiology of sexual offending behaviour in adolescent males. The research aimed at explaining this behaviour has drawn either from the literature on adult sexual offending or, more recently, from literature explaining the causes of general juvenile delinquency. This chapter explores the available literature, including its shortcomings, and a transtheoretical perspective is proposed that acknowledges the heterogeneity in the population of adolescent males who commit sexual crimes, considers multiple developmental pathways, draws on the research and theories of juvenile delinquency, and provides an interpersonal context for understanding the perpetration of sexual abuse and sexual aggression in adolescent males.
Overview and Structure of the Book
Authors: Craig Leam A. , Rettenberger Martin 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The contents of each of the 29 chapters in this volume, divided into seven sections, are summarized. The accurate assessment of treatment need and recidivism risk is the cornerstone of effective practice in treating and managing sexual offenders. Over the last 30 years, sexual offender assessment and treatment protocols have developed beyond recognition. Thanks to advanced meta‐analytical research techniques and theories of offending behaviour, more is known of offender characteristics, criminogenic factors, assessment and understanding of the aetiology of sexual deviance, treatment needs, and the assessment of risk of future sexual offence recidivism.
Case Formulation
Authors: Thakker Jo 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The chapter begins with a general discussion about case formulation that includes sections on the meaning of the term and the methods that may be used in developing a formulation. There is then a brief section on case formulation in the field of forensic psychology, which examines the idea that a formulation is essentially a theory. The remainder of the chapter looks at case formulation in the sexual offending field, including theories of sexual offending, the formulation of risk, the formulation of protective factors, and the issue of formulation‐based versus manual‐based treatment. The approach taken is inclusive; each topic is discussed briefly, usually with a concise overview and one or two examples. The chapter concludes with a brief summary and suggestions for further research.
Neurobiological Implications in Assessing Treatment Need in Sexual Offenders
Authors: Mokros Andreas , Habermeyer Benedikt , Habermeyer Elmar 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Several alterations of brain functioning may increase the risk for committing sexual offences. Similarly, physiological abnormality may limit the amenability of sexual offenders to treatment interventions aimed at reducing the risk of reoffending. Based on an overview of research on cerebral responses associated with sexual interest and arousal, this chapter pulls together findings from case studies, electrophysiology, and brain imaging. Both structural and functional brain‐imaging studies are reviewed, with a focus on paedophilia and sexual offences against children, as most studies available to date concerned this area. In a more applied sense, findings on general cognitive ability and neuropsychological functioning are highlighted that may prove helpful to structure the psychological assessment of sexual offenders. Finally, genetic, connatal, and hormonal peculiarities are described that can be associated with a greater risk of sexual offending. In conclusion, a thorough examination of possible somatic risk factors is recommended. This assessment should comprise both neurological/psychiatric and psychological assessment. Such an assessment should be dependent on the indication in a given case, however, and not be applied indiscriminately.
Assessing Treatment Change in Sexual Offenders
Authors: Olver Mark E. , Wong Stephen C. P. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter provides a discussion and review of the assessment of change in sexual offenders, in research and practice. We begin by situating the assessment of change within the context of the risk–need–responsivity framework. We then provide an overview of some important conceptual, methodological, and statistical considerations in the evaluation of treatment change, including assessing psychologically meaningful risk factors, utilizing credible change agents, applying sensitive statistical procedures, and employing clinically coherent operationalizations of change. We proceed to review international sex offender treatment change research employing (i) psychometric batteries and (ii) structured clinical evaluations of change, with a commentary provided on each approach. We conclude with a discussion regarding the applications of sex offender treatment change information and, more specifically, how this may be incorporated into risk appraisals.
The Use of Phallometric Testing in the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Risk Management of Male Adults Who Have Sexually Offended
Authors: Wilson Robin J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPhallometric evaluation of persons who have sexually offended has a complicated history. Also known as the penile plethysmograph (or PPG), the technology was refined and adapted to forensic use by Kurt Freund in the 1950s and has been employed in sexual psychodiagnostics and forensic sexological research for more than 50 years. At present, it is perhaps the only objective measure of differential sexual arousal available to researchers and practitioners concerned with paraphilic interests and preferences. However, although the method has been the subject of many peer‐reviewed investigations, questions remain regarding its reliability and validity as a component of comprehensive risk appraisal and risk management with this client population. Some practitioners regard the PPG as a crucial part of the evaluative process with sexual offenders, whereas others have expressed concerns in a variety of domains, including psychometric defensibility, relative utility in different contexts (assessment versus treatment outcome), and, interestingly, morality.
The Assessment of Paraphilic and Non‐Paraphilic Rapists
Authors: Kingston Drew A. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The assessment of individuals who rape is a fundamental component of risk management and effective rehabilitation. Rapists are an extremely heterogeneous offender group and important differences between rapists and other sexual offenders have been noted. Such diversity underscores the importance of assessment but also poses a significant challenge to evaluators who work with this type of sexual offender. There are a number of different areas that are relevant when assessing rapists in addition to several different methodologies for gathering relevant information. This chapter reviews the methodological issues associated with common assessment methods used with rapists, including nosological diagnoses, risk to reoffend, and the identification of treatment need.
The Assessment of Female Sexual Offenders
Authors: Cortoni Franca , Gannon Theresa A. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
As female sexual offenders increasingly come to the attention of the criminal justice system, a better understanding of the issues related to their assessment and management is required. To that aim, this chapter provides a review of the latest theoretical and empirical knowledge required to conduct the assessment of risk of recidivism and treatment needs of female sexual offenders. The recidivism rates of female sexual offenders and the associated risk factors are examined, the assessment of factors related to sexually offending behaviour among women is discussed, a contrast with those of male sexual offenders is presented, and the implications for their assessment are considered. Throughout the chapter, the importance of understanding the gender‐specific nature of female sexual offending is highlighted. Within this context, suggestions are made for gender‐informed assessment practices.
Offence‐Related Issues, Quality of Life, and Risk in Sex Offenders with Intellectual Disability
Authors: Lindsay William R. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Assessment for sex offenders with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) has progressed significantly over the last 15 years. Developments have included assessment of cognitions that support offending, assessment of victim awareness, emotion including anger, anxiety, and depression, behaviour, quality of life, and relationships. There have been major developments in risk assessment with research on both static measures of risk and structured clinical judgements. Perhaps the most important progress has been made in the understanding of dynamic or immediate risk with factors emerging that have strong relationships with offending. These factors are more amenable to treatment and management. There has also been significant progress in the understanding of pathways to offending, developmental factors in offending, and self‐regulation. Developmental factors and quality of life emerge as significant factors in the establishment of offending careers. All of these developments are reviewed and evaluated in this chapter.
Assessment of Sexual Homicide Offenders
Authors: Kerr Kevin J. , Beech Anthony R. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractRelative to other areas of forensic psychological research, sexual homicide remains a poorly understood phenomenon. There is currently no universally recognized definition of the offence and formulations of motive are often very complex and require multiple sources of evidence. This chapter explores key areas relevant to the assessment of sexual homicide offenders. These include: psychosocial development, psychopathology, anger, cognition, neurology, and genetics. It also explores the literature on classification, which can be useful in terms of providing a framework to assessment. Throughout, the authors offer advice and guidance from their own clinical experience of working with such offenders in secure psychiatric services.
Rights and Risk Assessment in Sex Offenders
Authors: Ward Tony , Birgden Astrid 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

In this chapter we explore a number of ethical problems and dilemmas that frequently arise in the context of sex offender risk assessment and risk management. First, we discuss the concepts of moral and human rights and their relevance for sex offender risk assessment outlined. Second, we address ethical issues that
directly
arise from the concept of dynamic risk factors and risk assessment and management. Third, we examine ethical problems that are
indirectly
linked to risk assessment and management. Finally, we conclude by considering a number of research and practice implications of our examination of ethical problems posed by risk assessment of sex offenders.
The Treatment of Adult Male Sex Offenders
Authors: Marshall William L. , Marshall Liam E. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe begin by briefly describing the history of cognitive–behavioural treatment (CBT) for sex offenders up to the late 1990s. This is followed by an account of recent developments, which begins with an outline of Andrews and Bonta'sPrinciples of Effective Offender Treatment. These Risk–Needs–Responsivity principles are described in terms of their relevance to sex offender treatment. The utility of Ward's Good Lives Model (GLM) is noted for a strength‐based approach. We then consider the current status of treatment, noting that effective interventions need to address known criminogenic factors by employing soundly based procedures and by delivering treatment according to established therapeutic principles. We note that despite the widespread popularity of CBT, the evidence indicates that not all CBT programmes are effective, although clearly some are. We point to the evidence on effectiveness and the features of effective approaches. Finally we encourage treatment providers to adopt an approach that integrates the RNR, the GLM, and Motivational Interviewing. With the present state of knowledge, this appears most likely to result in reduced reoffending.
Treatment of Female Sex Offenders
Authors: Cortoni Franca 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Female sexual offenders are a diverse group of individuals with differing motivational and offending patterns. As such, they require treatment services that are appropriate to their needs. While the factors related to sexually offending behaviour in women appear similar to those of male sexual offenders, research indicates that they manifest themselves in gender‐specific ways. This chapter reviews issues related to the treatment of female sexual offenders. It includes a review of the principles of effective interventions with female offenders and the treatment approaches generally recommended for them. It also reviews the specific treatment needs of female sexual offenders. Where relevant, a contrast and comparison with male‐based information are provided to help situate gender‐neutral and gender‐specific treatment issues among female sexual offenders.
The Rise and Fall of Relapse Prevention
Authors: Laws D. Richard 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe original relapse prevention model was a natural outgrowth of the behaviourist movement and the introduction of the cognitive–behavioural model of treatment for sex offenders. The application to sex offenders was an extremely promising development, so well accepted that the fact that it was not suited to many offenders was ignored. It was not until the 1990s that an alternative based on varied styles of offending emerged. This alternative has since morphed into an outline for a more comprehensive rehabilitation approach. This rehabilitation model today actively competes with another approach that is focused primarily on risk reduction and community protection. In either case, we again run the risk of overacceptance and the reader is cautioned to take notice of and incorporate other models and ways of thinking in order to broaden the overall treatment approach and improve clinical service provision.
Sexual Functioning in the Treatment of Sex Offenders
Authors: Marshall William L. , Hall Kathryn S. K. , Woo Chin‐pang 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter addresses a range of factors that interfere with normative sexual functioning and that have been shown to characterize sex offenders. First, descriptions of features that are involved in healthy sexuality are described. These features are discussed as normative and include effective communication, mutual focus during sex, mutual self‐disclosure regarding sexual needs, mutual and solitary masturbation, and, most importantly, information about activities during sex that facilitate mutual sexual pleasure. A description is provided of the normative male and female sexual arousal patterns and desire for sex, and also behaviours that facilitate mental satisfaction. Homosexual relations are presented as normative and as involving issues similar to heterosexual activities (e.g., expressions of love and affection, mutual respect and concern, communication). Sexual preoccupation is outlined and strategies for managing these excessive desires are noted. Finally deviant sexual interests are noted and strategies for changing these interests are described.
Treating Cognitive Components of Sexual Offending
Authors: Mann Ruth E. , Barnett Georgia D. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In this chapter, we examine the evidence for the harmful cognitive components of sequences that lead to sexual offending. We assess the evidence to see which of the potential cognitive components have robust research support and which may have been falsely associated with sexual recidivism risk. The chapter sets out what we consider to be the most evidence‐based treatment targets for the cognitive component of cognitive–behavioural treatment. We then consider evidence‐based ways of changing or modifying offence‐relevant cognitions. It is our conclusion that certain cognitive phenomena, such as attitudes supportive of sexual offending and hostile world beliefs, should be addressed in sex offender treatment programmes, but that many programmes may spend too much time on unnecessary cognitive targets such as ‘taking responsibility for offending’ and developing victim empathy. Research on the effectiveness of different methodologies is limited and some approaches, such as schema therapy, can only be considered promising rather than proven. Other approaches, such as cognitive restructuring, have a stronger evidence base but there are also indications that the method may be misused in some programmes.
The Ties That Bind
Authors: Rich Phil 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe role played by the formation of attachments and social relationships, and psychosocial functioning in general, has been an increasing source of interest in the general literature of mental health and psychology for the past decade, and seems to be of not only persistent, but also increasing, interest. This chapter reviews and discusses the relevance of attachment theory to our understanding of links between early developmental pathways and sexual offending behaviour among adults and juveniles, and discusses the nature, approach, and scope of an attachment‐informed model of treatment for sexually abusive behaviour. Although there is no direct link between early and persistent attachment experiences and the development of sexually abusive behaviour, the chapter highlights the value of an attachment‐informed approach to both understanding and treating the behaviour, including the nature of the treatment relationship and environment.
Ethical Sex Offender Treatment
Authors: Birgden Astrid , Ward Tony 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSexual offenders are subjected to treatment that is intrusive and coerced, delivered by a range of disciplines and agencies, within criminal justice and civil settings. Principles of sentencing in Western systems simultaneously deliver punishment, deterrence, retribution, community protection, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. As one of a number of competing sentencing principles, the role and scope of sexual offender treatment are somewhat restricted. Treatment is often delivered as treatment‐as‐management, an approach that brings with it particular ethical concerns. This chapter provides a normative framework for ethical sex offender treatment. We believe that this framework is best achieved by providing treatment‐as‐support, which simultaneously balances sexual offender and community interests.