bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactive Modeling of Mechanical Objects
Authors: Ureta Francisca Gil , Tymms Chelsea , Zorin Denis 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjects with various types of mechanical joints are among the most commonly built. Joints implement a vocabulary of simple constrained motions (kinematic pairs) that can be used to build more complex behaviors. Defining physically correct joint geometry is crucial both for realistic appearance of models during motion, as these are typically the only parts of geometry that stay in contact, and for fabrication. Direct design of joint geometry often requires more effort than the design of the rest of the object geometry, as it requires design of components that stay in precise contact, are aligned with other parts, and allow the desired range of motion. We present an interactive system for creating physically realizable joints with user‐controlled appearance. Our system minimizes or, in most cases, completely eliminates the need for the user to manipulate low‐level geometry of joints. This is achieved by automatically inferring a small number of plausible combinations of joint dimensions, placement and orientation from part geometry, with the user making the final high‐level selection based on object semantic. Through user studies, we demonstrate that functional results with a satisfying appearance can be obtained quickly by users with minimal modeling experience, offering a significant improvement in the time required for joint construction, compared to standard modeling approaches.
Construction of Topologically Correct and Manifold Isosurfaces
Authors: Grosso Roberto 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe present a simple method to describe the geometry and topologically classify the intersection of level sets of trilinear interpolants with a reference unit cell. The solutions of three quadratic equations are used to correctly triangulate the level set within the cell satisfying the conditions imposed by the asymptotic decider. This way the triangulation of isosurfaces across cells borders is manifold and topologically correct. The algorithm presented is intuitive and easy to implement.
Symmetry and Orbit Detection via Lie‐Algebra Voting
Authors: Shi Zeyun , Alliez Pierre , Desbrun Mathieu , Bao Hujun , Huang Jin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we formulate an automatic approach to the detection of partial, local, and global symmetries and orbits in arbitrary 3D datasets. We improve upon existing voting‐based symmetry detection techniques by leveraging the Lie group structure of geometric transformations. In particular, we introduce a logarithmic mapping that ensures that orbits are mapped to linear subspaces, hence unifying and extending many existing mappings in a single Lie‐algebra voting formulation. Compared to previous work, our resulting method offers significantly improved robustness as it guarantees that our symmetry detection of an input model is frame, scale, and reflection invariant. As a consequence, we demonstrate that our approach efficiently and reliably discovers symmetries and orbits of geometric datasets without requiring heavy parameter tuning.
Imaging population dynamics of surround suppression in the superior colliculus
Authors: Kasai Masatoshi , Isa Tadashi 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe superior colliculus (SC) plays a key role in controlling spatial attention. It is hypothesized that some forms of spatial attention, such as the detection of a single salient object arise from lateral competitive interactions between different locations within the spatial map in the SC. This hypothesis is supported by a recent in vitro study showing that a ‘Mexican hat’‐like pattern of synaptic connectivity is implemented in the intrinsic circuit of the superficial layer of the SC (sSC). However, the neuronal population mechanisms responsible for this pattern still remain unclear. Here, we examined how spatial response modulations, for example lateral interactions and surround suppression, are represented at the neuronal population level using in vivo two‐photon calcium imaging in the mouse sSC. Observation of neuronal population responses with single‐cell resolution enabled us to identify a small subset of neurons that were activated by relatively small visual stimuli (< 1° diameter), and thus allowed us to detect the exact location of the ‘response center’ in the sSC to a visual stimulus presented at a given location. We demonstrated that presenting two‐point stimuli or one large stimulus modulated the spatial response pattern of the neuronal population, i.e. centre facilitation and surround suppression. Furthermore, we found that both GABAergic and non‐GABAergic neurons showed a similar population response pattern of surround suppression. The population dynamics suggest the circuit mechanism underlying lateral inhibition and surround suppression may be supported by long‐range inhibitory neurons in the sSC.
Genetic diversity and connectivity within Mytilus spp. in the subarctic and Arctic
Authors: Mathiesen Sofie Smedegaard , Thyrring Jakob , Hemmer‐Hansen Jakob , Berge Jørgen , Sukhotin Alexey , Leopold Peter , Bekaert Michaël , Sejr Mikael Kristian , Nielsen Einar Eg 
Published: August 2016

AbstractClimate changes in the Arctic are predicted to alter distributions of marine species. However, such changes are difficult to quantify because information on present species distribution and the genetic variation within species is lacking or poorly examined. Blue mussels, Mytilus spp., are ecosystem engineers in the coastal zone globally. To improve knowledge of distribution and genetic structure of the Mytilus edulis complex in the Arctic, we analyzed 81 SNPs in 534 Mytilus spp. individuals sampled at 13 sites to provide baseline data for distribution and genetic variation of Mytilus mussels in the European Arctic. Mytilus edulis was the most abundant species found with a clear genetic split between populations in Greenland and the Eastern Atlantic. Surprisingly, analyses revealed the presence of Mytilus trossulus in high Arctic NW Greenland (77°N) and Mytilus galloprovincialis or their hybrids in SW Greenland, Svalbard, and the Pechora Sea. Furthermore, a high degree of hybridization and introgression between species was observed. Our study highlights the importance of distinguishing between congener species, which can display local adaptation and suggests that information on dispersal routes and barriers is essential for accurate predictions of regional susceptibility to range expansions or invasions of boreal species in the Arctic.
The continued use of sunscreen prevents the development of actinic keratosis in aged Japanese subjects
Authors: Kunimoto Kayo , Furukawa Fukumi , Uede Mikiko , Mizuno Makoto , Yamamoto Yuki 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIt is well known that the trigger for actinic keratosis (AK) mainly depends on UV exposure. We evaluated the effects of long‐term use of sunscreen on the histopathological and dermoscopic changes of AK in aged patients. Eighteen months use of sunscreen produced no change in the number of actinic keratoses or the advancement of histological grade. Although a significant decrease was not observed in the number of positive cells of p53, Ki‐67 and COX‐2 of the subjects who used sunscreen for 18 months, the downward tendencies of these proteins were observed. The continued use of sunscreen decreased the number of CD31‐positive vessels significantly using the Chalkley method, and a significant improvement in scaling and vessel dots was found by dermoscopic study. Moreover, a relationship was found in the amount of sunscreen use and the number of actinic keratoses. Considering these results, it was thought that application of sunscreen reduces the risk of advancement of AK to higher grade AK and squamous cell carcinoma.
Characterization and mechanisms of photoageing‐related changes in skin. Damages of basement membrane and dermal structures
Authors: Amano Satoshi 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSun‐exposed skin is characterized by superficial changes such as wrinkles, sagging and pigmentary changes, and also many internal changes in the structure and function of epidermis, basement membrane (BM) and dermis. These changes (so‐called photoageing) are predominantly induced by the ultraviolet (UV) component of sunlight. Epidermis of UV‐irradiated skin produced several enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), urinary plasminogen activator (uPA)/plasmin and heparanase, which degrade dermal collagen fibres and elastic fibres in the dermis, and components of epidermal BM. The BM at the dermal–epidermal junction (DEJ) controls dermal–epidermal signalling and plays an important role in the maintenance of a healthy epidermis and dermis. BM is repetitively damaged in sun‐exposed skin compared with unexposed skin, leading to epidermal and dermal deterioration and accelerated skin ageing. UV exposure also induces an increase in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an angiogenic factor, while thrombospondin‐1 (TSP‐1), an anti‐angiogenic factor, is decreased; these changes induce angiogenesis in papillary dermis with increased migration of elastase‐positive leucocytes, leading to dermal elastic fibre damage. Elastic fibres, such as oxytalan fibres in papillary dermis, are associated with not only skin resilience, but also skin surface texture, and elastic fibre formation by fibroblasts is facilitated by increased expression of fibulin‐5. Thus, induction of fibulin‐5 expression is a damage‐repair mechanism, and fibulin‐5 is an early marker of photoaged skin. UV‐induced skin damage is cumulative and leads to premature ageing of skin. However, appropriate daily skincare may ameliorate photoageing by inhibiting processes causing damage and enhancing repair processes.
A polymethoxyflavone mixture, extracted from orange peels, suppresses the UVB‐induced expression of MMP‐1
Authors: Yoshizaki Norihiro , Fujii Takahiro , Hashizume Ron , Masaki Hitoshi 
Published: August 2016

AbstractUltraviolet (UV) B is the main cause of skin photoageing, which has characteristic features such as deep wrinkles. UVB increases the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the skin and can cause wrinkles by disrupting components of the extracellular matrix, such as collagen fibres. We now report that a polymethoxyflavone (PMF) mixture, extracted from orange peels, suppresses the UVB‐induced expression of MMP‐1 that involves the inhibition of c‐jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) activity. Furthermore, the PMF mixture also inhibits the UVB‐induced phosphorylation of JNK. Therefore, the results suggest that the PMF mixture suppresses the UVB‐induced expression of MMP‐1 through the inhibition of JNK phosphorylation and should be useful as an antiphotoageing agent.
Plant adaptation or acclimation to rising CO2? Insight from first multigenerational RNA‐Seq transcriptome
Authors: Watson‐Lazowski Alexander , Lin Yunan , Miglietta Franco , Edwards Richard J. , Chapman Mark A. , Taylor Gail 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAtmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) directly determines the rate of plant photosynthesis and indirectly effects plant productivity and fitness and may therefore act as a selective pressure driving evolution, but evidence to support this contention is sparse. Using Plantago lanceolata L. seed collected from a naturally high CO2 spring and adjacent ambient CO2 control site, we investigated multigenerational response to future, elevated atmospheric CO2. Plants were grown in either ambient or elevated CO2 (700 μmol mol−1), enabling for the first time, characterization of the functional and population genomics of plant acclimation and adaptation to elevated CO2. This revealed that spring and control plants differed significantly in phenotypic plasticity for traits underpinning fitness including above‐ground biomass, leaf size, epidermal cell size and number and stomatal density and index. Gene expression responses to elevated CO2 (acclimation) were modest [33–131 genes differentially expressed (DE)], whilst those between control and spring plants (adaptation) were considerably larger (689–853 DE genes). In contrast, population genomic analysis showed that genetic differentiation between spring and control plants was close to zero, with no fixed differences, suggesting that plants are adapted to their native CO2 environment at the level of gene expression. An unusual phenotype of increased stomatal index in spring but not control plants in elevated CO2 correlated with altered expression of stomatal patterning genes between spring and control plants for three loci (YODA, CDKB1;1 and SCRM2) and between ambient and elevated CO2 for four loci (ER, YODA, MYB88 and BCA1). We propose that the two positive regulators of stomatal number (SCRM2) and CDKB1;1 when upregulated act as key controllers of stomatal adaptation to elevated CO2. Combined with significant transcriptome reprogramming of photosynthetic and dark respiration and enhanced growth in spring plants, we have identified the potential basis of plant adaptation to high CO2 likely to occur over coming decades.
The impact of education and cooking methods on serum phosphate levels in patients on hemodialysis: 1‐year study
Authors: Vrdoljak Ivica , Panjkota Krbavčić Ines , Bituh Martina , Leko Ninoslav , Pavlović Draško , Vrdoljak Margeta Tea 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIntroduction: Control of serum phosphate is important for patients on hemodialysis. The aim of the study was to determine if education based on phosphorus‐reducing techniques in food preparation and thermal processing, and accordingly prepared and applied diets, will lead to better outcomes than a standard education program to improve phosphate control in patients on hemodialysis.Methods: Forty‐seven patients on hemodialysis were divided between an intervention and a control group. All subjects received training about nutrition for hemodialysis patients by trained dietitian. In addition, subjects in the intervention group received additional training in phosphorus‐reducing techniques in food preparation and received two hospital meals prepared using suggested cooking methods to reduce the phosphate content of food during dialysis treatment. Serum phosphate, serum albumin, and anthropometric parameters were measured, while nPCR was calculated, at the baseline and during the 1‐year study.Findings: No differences in serum phosphate levels were observed between intervention (1.68 mmol/L [1.48–2.03]) and control group (1.88 mmol/L [1.57–2.2]) at baseline (P = 0.130). Although not statistically significant between groups the mean reduction was more apparent in the intervention group (−0.3 mmol/L (−0.4 to 0.1) vs. −0.2 (−0.5 to 0.1)), and lead to significantly reduction of phosphate binder therapy. During the study, the nPCR and anthropometric status of the patients did not change significantly.Discussion: Providing additional education to hemodialysis patients on the specific cooking methods and accordingly prepared meals may decrease serum phosphate levels without significantly affecting nutritional status which may be useful in helping to prevent and treat hyperphosphatemia.
The European Parliament's Role: Towards New Copenhagen Criteria for Existing Member States?
Authors: Sargentini Judith , Dimitrovs Aleksejs 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe new own‐initiative report the European Parliament is preparing has three aims: to provide a formal evaluation of the recent initiatives by the Commission and the Council; to present a viable alternative; and to do so in the form of a legislative report, so as to obtain a formal reaction from the Commission. The institutions have proposed several possible solutions to the crisis of the Rule of Law in the EU. It is time to put them into a coherent system. The report will focus on five issues: the body for a permanent country‐by‐country monitoring of democracy, the Rule of Law and fundamental rights in the EU; the role of the Agency for Fundamental Rights; whether and how infringement procedures should be revisited in this context; what a proper pre‐Article 7 Treaty on European Union (TEU) procedure should look like; and what a valid legal basis for the proposed changes should be.
Bridging the boundaries between scientists and clinicians—mechanistic hypotheses and patient stories in risk assessment of drugs
Authors: Rocca Elena 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe cultural divide between scientists and clinicians has been described as undermining the advance of medical science, by hindering the production of practice‐relevant research and of research‐informed clinical decisions. Here, I consider the field of post‐marketing risk assessment of drugs as an example of strict interdependence between basic biomedical research, clinical research, and clinical evaluation and show how it would benefit from a closer collaboration between scientists and clinicians. The risk assessment of drugs after their marketing relies on spontaneous adverse effect reports to drug agencies and on peer‐reviewed case reports. I emphasize the importance of qualitative analysis of such reports for the improvement of mechanistic understanding of harmful effects of drugs. I argue that mechanistic explanations of drug effects are at least as important as determination of their frequency, in order to establish causation. An ideal risk assessment, then, verifies not only the frequency of undesired effects but also why and how the harm happens. For this purpose, the frequency or novelty of the unintended outcome, although contextually indicative, should not determine the epistemic value of a report. Details about the context that generated an unexpected outcome, instead, can offer the chance of improving causal understanding about how the intervention works. This is illustrated through examples from medical research. Mechanistic understanding is a domain of joint collaboration among (1) clinicians, in charge of detailed, qualitative reporting of patient stories about side effects, (2) qualitative clinical researchers, in charge of analyzing clinical contexts or harmful effects and formulating explanatory hypotheses, and (3) basic biomedical researchers, in charge of verifying such hypotheses. In addition, direct information flow can on one side focus clinicians' attention on knowledge gaps about drugs/effects where more research is needed, while on the other side create a more contextualized concept of mechanism among scientists.
Kinetics of gluconic acid production and cell growth in a batch bioreactor by Aspergillus niger using breadfruit hydrolysate
Authors: Ajala E. O. , Ajala M. A. , Ogunniyi D. S. , Sunmonu M. O. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe kinetics of gluconic acid production by Aspergillus niger (A. niger) using breadfruit hydrolysate was studied in a batch bioreactor. A simple model of Luedeking–Piret, logistic, and Luedeking–Piret‐like equations were proposed for gluconic acid production, cell growth, and breadfruit hydrolysate consumption respectively. The maximum gluconic acid concentration (Pt) of 109.95 g/L with 0.967 g/g process yield (88.70%) was obtained for the medium containing 120 g/l breadfruit hydrolysate at 2 vvm aeration rate. For the same conditions, the biomass concentration and maximum specific growth were obtained as 24.3 g/L and 0.018 hr−1 respectively. The models proposed for the gluconic acid production was sufficiently satisfactory, since the theoretical values of Pt (100.94 g/L) and biomass concentration (23.43 g/L) obtained from the models were almost the same with the experimental values. The model for the breadfruit hydrolysate utilization gave R2 and Adj. R2 of above 0.840 and 0.660 respectively; an indication that the model is suitable for the production of gluconic acid. Therefore, the concentration of initial breadfruit hydrolysate as substrate and aeration rate have shown significant effect on gluconic acid production and A. niger accumulation. The evaluation of the models showed that the gluconic acid production was growth‐associated.Practical applicationsBreadfruits, a perishable fruit has been abundantly found in Ile‐Ife, Nigeria where 50% of it perishes due to its short shelf‐life. This study therefore provides alternative use for breadfruit, in order to reduce its wastage. Furthermore, the growing demand of gluconic acid can be met through the use of this cheap and available breadfruit. The findings in this study can be employed to develop a bioreactor for fermentation of breadfruit hydrolysate to produce gluconic acid.
Kinetics of hot air roasting of cocoa nibs and product quality
Authors: Hii Ching Lik , Menon Abhay S. , Chiang Choon Lai , Sharif Suzannah 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCocoa beans are widely used in the manufacturing of various food and beverage products such as chocolates, powdered drink, cookies, confectioneries, and others. Processing plays a vital role in governing the final flavor profile of cocoa beans especially during roasting. The current studies aimed to determine the transport properties of cocoa nibs during roasting and also to investigate the quality of roasted cocoa nibs. Cocoa nibs were roasted at temperatures of 120, 130, and 140 °C inside a hot air convective oven. Kinetics analyses showed that overall rates of sensible heating (from T = 27 to 100 °C) were in the range of 5.1–9.5 °C/min as compared to overall rates of effective roasting (from T = 100 °C onwards) in the range of 0.9–1.4 °C/min. The observed moisture content profiles followed the typical exponential decay as commonly explained by the Fick's second law of diffusion. The dependency of thermal and moisture diffusivities with temperatures could be described using quadratic and Arrhenius models, respectively. It was determined that the average order of magnitude for moisture diffusivity was 10−10 m2/s as compared to 10−9 m2/s for thermal diffusivity. High roasting temperature had a negative impact on cocoa polyphenols where greater degradation was observed. Sensory evaluation showed that cocoa liquor produced from the higher temperature treatment (T = 140 °C) had the highest cocoa flavor.Practical applicationsInformation on the roasting kinetics and moisture/thermal diffusivities are important design parameters for cocoa roaster. Changes in flavor quality during roasting are important in governing the development of flavor in the finished chocolate products. Therefore, the current studies contribute knowledge to the cocoa industry for both equipment and chocolate manufacturers.
Developing the Chinese Environmentally Extended Input‐Output (CEEIO) Database
Authors: Liang Sai , Feng Tiantian , Qu Shen , Chiu Anthony S.F. , Jia Xiaoping , Xu Ming 
Published: August 2016

SummaryEnvironmentally extended input‐output (EEIO) databases are increasingly used to examine environmental footprints of economic activities. Studies focusing on China have independently, repeatedly developed EEIO databases for China. These databases are usually not publicly available, leading to repeated efforts, inconsistent with one another using different approaches, of limited environmental accounts, and lacking transparency, preventing continuous updating. We developed a transparent, comprehensive, and consistent Chinese EEIO database covering a wide period of time (currently 1992, 1997, 2002, and 2007 for which benchmark input‐output tables [IOTs] are available), sector classifications (original sector classifications in benchmark IOTs, a 45‐sector classification commonly used in China's environmental and energy statistics, and a 91‐sector classification with maximized sector resolution ensuring temporal consistence), and environmental satellite accounts for 256 types of resources and 30 types of pollutants in this study. Moreover, the environmental satellite accounts cover households in addition to sectors, allowing developing closed models. We make this database publicly available with open access for broader dissemination (www.ceeio.com). We demonstrate the database by evaluating environmental pressures of Chinese products in 2007. Comparisons of our database with previous studies validate its rationality and reliability.