bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kapitał uwagi jako skutek powstania mediów społecznościowych
Authors: Maliński Jędrzej 
Published: December 2017

Attention capital as a result of the emergence of the social mediaIn this paper a theoretical model based on Pierre Bourdieu’s forms of capital is presented. It is applied to an analysis of cultural content production, distribution and consumption mechanisms. It assumes that on the cultural market there is always a social entity mediating between a sender and a receiver – on the one hand as a medium, on the other as institution granting salary to the author. After sketching a historical background, a new type of capital – attention capital – is presented. It has been emerging as a result of the technical development of the mass media and its functioning is profoundly transformed by the social media. Though attention capital (measured, e.g., by the number of likes or comments) is often translatable to other forms of capital, it remains rather autonomous. However, the development of the Internet allows us to broader our choice of content, consistent with our preferences, but the gratification, in form of views, is gained not so much by the author of content, but rather by a person who has shared it. This process is even more noticable in the case of memes, whose authorship often cannot even be established. As a result of the changes on the Internet, the emergence of new form of a sociocultural economy can be noticed. Kapitał uwagi jako skutek powstania mediów społecznościowychW niniejszym artykule przedstawiony zostaje model teoretyczny oparty na formach kapitału Pierre’a Bourdieu. Zostaje on zaaplikowany do analizy mechanizmów produkcji, dystrybucji i konsumpcji treści kulturowych. Obserwując rynek kultury, należy bowiem zauważyć, że pomiędzy nadawcą a odbiorcą każdorazowo istnieje byt społeczny zapośredniczający odbiór treści kulturowych – z jednej strony jako medium, z drugiej strony jako instytucja wynagradzająca autora. Po krótkim rysie historycznym następuje prezentacja, w jaki sposób poprzez powstanie technicznych mediów masowych wyłania się nowy typ kapitału – kapitał uwagi. Jego funkcjonowanie zostaje w jeszcze większym stopniu przekształcone przez powstanie mediów społecznościowych. Choć kapitał uwagi (mierzony w wymiernej liczbie wyświetleń, odwiedzin strony, lajków itd.) jest często przekładalny na inne formy kapitału, to sam w sobie jest autonomiczny. Wprawdzie rozwój internetu pozwala nam na szerszy wybór treści, zgodny z naszymi preferencjami, ale nagrody w postaci wyświetleń (czy komentarzy lub ocen) trafiają nie tyle do autora materiału, co do osoby, która go udostępniła. Proces ten jest jeszcze wyraźniejszy w przypadku memów, których autorstwa często nawet nie sposób ustalić. Obserwując wyłaniające się w internecie zjawiska, możemy w rezultacie mówić o nowej formie społecznej ekonomii kulturowej.
Media masowe wobec biedy w Polsce
Authors: Kanasz Tatiana 
Published: December 2017

The mass media on poverty in PolandThe main goal of this article is to present how poverty is depicted by the Polish mass media (in the press, television, radio, film) and what empowering ways there are of illuminating problems of people living in poverty. The perspectives of journalists and the researchers of poverty and the mass media are all taken into consideration. Media masowe wobec biedy w Polsce Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie, jak jest pokazywana bieda w różnych środkach masowego przekazu (w prasie, telewizji, radiu, filmie) w Polsce oraz jakie są sposoby upodmiotawiającego opisu problemów ludzi żyjących w ubóstwie. Artykuł ma charakter przeglądowy i uwzględnia zarówno perspektywę dziennikarzy, jak i badaczy ubóstwa oraz mediów.
Oblicza wojny w kontekście teorii mediów Marshalla McLuhana
Authors: Kukiełko-Rogozińska Kalina , Tomanek Krzysztof 
Published: December 2017

Faces of war in the context of Marshall McLuhan's media theoryThe article shows how Marshall McLuhan’s media theory is used to analyze photographs taken with an iPhone. The reflections were inspired by the blog of the Canadian photographer Rita Leistner, who participated in the media project aimed at familiarizing American soldiers’ families and friends with everyday life of the military contingent in Afghanistan. Leistner, for the first time in her career, used a smartphone instead of professional photographic equipment. Her decision was motivated by the need to edit photographs easily and publish them quickly on the Internet. The result of her work was a blog, titled Looking for Marshall McLuhan in Afghanistan. To describe her photographs, Leistner uses selected concepts defined by McLuhan in the second half of the 20th century: probe, extension of man or figure-background dichotomy. In consequence, the technological face of war can be better understood by the viewers of the materials she prepared. Oblicza wojny w kontekście teorii mediów Marshalla McLuhanaW artykule przedstawiono sposób wykorzystania teorii mediów Marshalla McLuhana do analizy zdjęć wykonanych iPhone’em. Inspiracją do tych rozważań jest blog kanadyjskiej fotografki Rity Leistner, uczestniczki projektu medialnego, którego celem było zapoznanie rodzin i przyjaciół amerykańskich żołnierzy z codziennym życiem wojskowego kontyngentu w Afganistanie. Leistner, po raz pierwszy w karierze, używała smartfonu zamiast profesjonalnego sprzętu fotograficznego. Wynikało to z konieczności łatwego edytowania zdjęć i ich szybkiego umieszczania w internecie. Efektem tej pracy jest blog zatytułowany Looking for Marshall McLuhan in Afghanistan. Aby opisać swoje fotografie, Leistner użyła bowiem wybranych koncepcji sformułowanych przez kanadyjskiego myśliciela w drugiej połowie XX wieku: sondy, przedłużenia człowieka czy dychotomii figura/tło. Dzięki temu zabiegowi odbiorcy jej fotografii mogą lepiej zrozumieć technologiczny i medialny wymiar wojny.
Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest – nowe perspektywy badawcze
Authors: Czarkowska Maria , Gumkowska Anna 
Published: December 2017

Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest – new research perspectivesThe goal of this paper is to present the vast array of content that is emerging within social media platforms: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and Pinterest and analyze the ways in which they can be classified. This is a review of the available interdisciplinary methods and factors that should be taken into consideration when researching the genelogy of the texts that arise in the network. The Internet has changed the face of social communication. It has highlighted processes that were much less visible before. The challenge for researchers is to analyze the enormous amount of content and incorporate it into a classification system. Above all, statements made on social media platforms, such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and Pinterest, require analysis. Previous attempts to systematize them did not correspond to the reality of the network. Research on the Internet genres and communication forms requires the use of relevant analytical tools and interdisciplinary approaches. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest – nowe perspektywy badawczeCelem publikacji jest zaprezentowanie ogromnej liczby różnorodnych treści, które powstają w ramach platform społecznościowych: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram i Pinterest, oraz analiza dostępnych sposobów ich klasyfikacji. Chodzi zatem o przegląd dostępnych interdyscyplinarnych metod i czynników, które warto brać pod uwagę przy badaniach genologicznych tekstów, które powstają w sieci. Internet zmienił oblicze społecznej komunikacji. Uwypuklił procesy, które do tej pory nie były tak widoczne. Wyzwaniem dla badaczy jest analiza ogromnej ilości treści i ujęcie ich w system klasyfikacji. Analizy wymagają przede wszystkim komunikaty powstające w ramach mediów społecznościowych, takich jak Facebook, Twitter, Instagram i Pinterest. Dotychczasowe próby systematyzacji nie odpowiadały realiom sieci. Badania form gatunkowo-komunikacyjnych internetu wymagają wykorzystywania przynależnych sieci narzędzi analitycznych oraz podejścia interdyscyplinarnego.
Violin Forum: Intonation and Speed
Authors: Podnos Theodor H. 
Published: December 2017

Theodor Podnos has authored four articles and two books on the subject of intonation. He has twenty-five compositions to his credit and has lectured in Ireland and at Columbia University. Mr. Podnos received his formal education at Peabody and Curtis Institutes, Boston University, and with Richard Burgin, long-time concertmaster of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. He has played as concertmaster under Serge Koussevitzky at Tanglewood and Paul Whiteman in New York. In 1984 he retired as a member of the first violin section of the New York Philharmonic, with which he was associated for nineteen years.
Modulation of salience network intranetwork resting state functional connectivity in women with chronic migraine
Authors: Androulakis X Michelle , Rorden Chris , Peterlin B Lee , Krebs Kaitlin 
Published: December 2017

Objective To investigate the intranetwork resting state fMRI connectivity within the Salience Network of chronic migraine with and without medication overuse headache. Methods We compared 351 pairs of intranetwork connectivity in chronic migraine (n = 13) and chronic migraine with medication overuse headache (n = 16) compared to matched controls, and between each chronic migraine subgroup. Results Compared to controls, 17 pairs of intranetwork connections in chronic migraine and 27 pairs in chronic migraine with medication overuse headache were decreased. When comparing chronic migraine with medication overuse headache versus chronic migraine, connectivity between bilateral extended amygdala, and between paracingulate to right ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra were decreased in chronic migraine (chronic migraine < chronic migraine with medication overuse headache). Connectivity between left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to bilateral ventral striatum/pallidum, to bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; left anterior prefrontal cortex to contralateral orbitofrontal insula; and left ventral striatum/pallidum to ipsilateral supplementary motor area (SMA)/preSMA were decreased in chronic migraine with medication overuse headache (chronic migraine with medication overuse headache < chronic migraine). Conclusion Both chronic migraine subgroups had shared intranetwork connectivity abnormality, however, each subgroup had unique pattern of disruption within the salience network. The results suggest that the aberrant assignment of salience to external and internal stimuli plays an important role in chronic migraine and chronic migraine with medication overuse headache interictally, mostly involving mesolimbic pathways (especially bilateral extended amygdala) in chronic migraine, and prefrontal-subcortical limbic pathways in chronic migraine with medication overuse headache.
Swim bladder morphology changes with female reproductive state in the mouth-brooding African cichlid Astatotilapia burtoni
Authors: Butler Julie M. , Whitlow Sarah M. , Gwan Anwei P. , Chakrabarty Prosanta , Maruska Karen P. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT
Mouth brooding is an extreme form of parental care in which the brooding parent carries the developing young in their buccal cavity for the duration of development. Brooding fish need to compensate for the brood weight on the anterior portion of their body. For fishes with a compartmentalized swim bladder, gas distribution between the chambers may aid in regulating buoyancy during brooding. To test this hypothesis, we took radiographs of Astatotilapia burtoni to compare the swim bladder morphology of gravid, mouth-brooding and recovering females. Following spawning, females carry developing fish in their buccal cavity for ∼2 weeks, resulting in a larger and rounder anterior swim bladder compartment. Comparatively, the swim bladder of gravid females is long and cylindrical. Using small beads to mimic brood weight and its effects on female buoyancy, swim bladder changes were induced that resembled those observed during brooding. Immediately after releasing their fry, brooding females swim at a positive angle of attack but correct their swimming posture to normal within 5 min, suggesting a rapid change in swim bladder gas distribution. These data provide new insights into how swim bladder morphology and swimming behavior change during mouth brooding, and suggest a compartmentalized swim bladder may be a morphological adaptation for mouth brooding.
Interrupção voluntária da carreira em prol da maternidade
Authors: Ceribeli Harrison Bachion , Da Silva Edlane Regis 
Published: December 2017

Ao mesmo tempo em que as mulheres passaram a ter mais abertura no mercado de trabalho, muitas também se depararam com dificuldades diversas para se manterem nele depois de assumirem o papel de mães. Neste contexto, definiu-se como objetivo de pesquisa analisar a motivação das mulheres que decidiram abdicar da carreira para se dedicarem integralmente à maternidade, assim como a percepção delas a respeito da experiência que vivenciaram a partir dessa decisão e suas perspectivas futuras. Realizou-se uma pesquisa exploratória de cunho qualitativo. A coleta de dados efetuou-se por meio de entrevistas em profundidade com 14 mães que abdicaram da carreira. Os dados foram analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados evidenciaram que as políticas empresariais e governamentais que são voltadas para as profissionais que possuem filhos ainda são insuficientes para lhes garantirem condições adequadas para permanecerem no mercado sem terem que escolher entre a carreira e a maternidade.
Hoarseness in children
Authors: Sood Salil , Street Ian , Donne Adam 
Published: December 2017

Hoarseness or dysphonia are terms used to describe a change in the quality of the voice. The voice quality can be raspy, breathy, strained, fatigued, rough, tremulous or weak. There may be a change in pitch, restriction of range, voice breaks, decreased projection, or abnormal resonance. It is important to remember that a voice disorder is not a disease in itself but rather a presentation of an underlying pathology. Clinicians' knowledge of paediatric hoarseness is limited as it can be difficult to examine children using fibreoptic laryngoscopy and the child may not comprehend the need for detailed examination. However, paediatric flexible naso-laryngoscopy provides a dynamic view of the laryngeal anatomy and function. Recent advances in diagnostic equipment, pharmacology and therapeutics mean that this problem can be managed more successfully but it still remains a challenge. This article discusses the presentation, aetiology and management of hoarseness in children.
A Theory of Inefficient College Entry and Excessive Student Debt
Authors: Fedaseyeu Viktar , Strohush Vitaliy 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
When workers are myopic and the amount of financing provided by the government is sufficiently large, some workers acquire education even if they are better off without it. We show that government-provided loans generate a propagation mechanism that exacerbates inefficient college entry. Further, the extent of this inefficiency depends on the speed at which loans are provided, and not just on their amount. The extent of inefficient college entry also depends on the distribution of myopic workers in the population, and inefficiencies can arise even if not all workers are myopic. We extend the model to study the impact of the dropout rate and heterogeneous expectations as well the dynamic implications of inefficient college entry.
On a New Approach to the Analysis of Variance for Experiments with Orthogonal Block Structure.
Authors: Calinski Tadeusz , Siatkowski Idzi 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Summary The main estimation and hypothesis testing results are presented for experiments conducted in proper block designs. It is shown that, under appropriate randomization, these experiments have the convenient orthogonal block structure. Because of this, the analysis of experimental data can be performed in a comparatively simple way. Certain simplifying procedures are introduced. The main advantage of the presented methodology concerns the analysis of variance and related hypothesis testing procedures. Under the adopted approach one can perform them directly, not by combining results from intra-block and inter-block analyses. Application of the theory is illustrated by three examples of real experiments in proper block designs. This is the first of a projected series of papers concerning the analysis of experiments with orthogonal block structure.
Testimonien, epistemische Gemeinschaften und praktische Risiken
Authors: Bräuer Felix 
Published: December 2017

AbstractUnder what conditions are we justified in believing what people tell us? Traditionally, the answer has either been reductionist or anti-reductionist. Either our justification reduces to non-testimonial reasons, or we have a presumptive, though defeasible, right to believe what we are told. However, some philosophers have argued that we need to look beyond this dichotomy. Following this line of thought, this paper examines and criticizes a recent proposal by John Greco. According to Greco, testimony has two functions: (1) passing on information within an epistemic community; (2) receiving information from an outside source. (1) calls for anti-reductionism, while (2) requires reductive reasons. In response to Greco, several cases are presented, showing that his position leads to counterintuitive consequences. In the light of this result, an alternative, risk-dependent, account is put forward. It is argued that the practical risks connected to receiving false information determine which epistemic treatment is appropriate.
Die zeitliche Dimension der Gerechtigkeit und ihre Bedeutung für die Ethik
Authors: Schmücker Reinold 
Published: December 2017

AbstractHitherto, ethics has barely addressed the normative significance of time and timeliness themselves. This contribution first distinguishes between four elementary respects in which time is normatively significant. This is followed by an investigation into the temporal dimension of distributive, restitutive, and retributive justice. It is shown that aspects of temporal duration and intervals are every bit as relevant for a theory of justice as are the finiteness of human life and of interpersonal relations.
Ideen und Sprache
Authors: Becker Alexander 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPlato’s „Theory of Ideas“ is usually taken to be based upon the claim that ideas exist. In this paper, a different reading is suggested, namely, that the theory of ideas is centered around a distinction between two ways of speaking about ideas. One kind of statement corresponds to the singular predications of contemporary logic, the other kind is aimed at definitions expressing an identity. Since these two kinds of statements employ different kinds of predicative tie, no „reification“ of ideas is involved, which causes most of the problems around the „theory of ideas“. In order to argue for such a reading, two texts by Plato are examined more closely. TheLachesserves as an example of how the two kinds of statements are introduced and distinguished in Platonic dialogues. The final argument for the immortality of the soul in thePhaedo(99d–107d) is famous for its claim that ideas are causes. An interpretation is suggested which shows that this claim, too, is best understood if seen as depending on a particular way of speaking about ideas.
Spatial pattern of ASG-EUPOS sites
Authors: Calka Beata , Bielecka Elzbieta , Figurski Mariusz 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe article presents the spatial pattern analysis of the ASG-EUPOS permanent GNSS stations in Poland. Using different methods and tools (nearest neighbour, Riplay’s K-function, morphology of Thiessen polygons) we proved that the station distribution model changes within scales. At short distances up to 65 km, which are typical lengths in the network, stations are irregularly dispersed. Increasing this distance to 130 km and over could result in a clustered pattern.The Thiessen polygon area in 72% depends on the level of urbanization, especially coverage of forested and built-up areas as well as the density of the transportation network. The smallest density of the ASG-EUPOS sites is one station over 10,000 sq. km, which is two times more than is stated in the national regulations. The mean distance from ASG-EUPOS location to the nearest station is about 41.5 km.
Elastic and Viscoelastic Stresses of Nonlinear Rotating Functionally Graded Solid and Annular Disks with Gradually Varying Thickness
Authors: Allam M. N. M. , Tantawy R. , Yousof A. , Zenkour A. M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Analytical and numerical nonlinear solutions for rotating variable-thickness functionally graded solid and annular disks with viscoelastic orthotropic material properties are presented by using the method of successive approximations.Variable material properties such as Young’s moduli, density and thickness of the disk, are first introduced to obtain the governing equation. As a second step, the method of successive approximations is proposed to get the nonlinear solution of the problem. In the third step, the method of effective moduli is deduced to reduce the problem to the corresponding one of a homogeneous but anisotropic material. The results of viscoelastic stresses and radial displacement are obtained for annular and solid disks of different profiles and graphically illustrated. The calculated results are compared and the effects due to many parameters are discussed.
Calculation of Stress Intensity Factor for an Internal Circumferential Crack in a Rotating Functionally Graded Thick-Walled Hollow Circular Cylinder under Thermal Shock
Authors: Ghafoor Elahi Mohammad Reza , Rokhi Masoud Mahdizadeh 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
In this article, the fracture behavior of functionally graded thick-walled cylinder under thermo-mechanical shock is investigated. For this purpose, classical coupled thermoelastic equations are used in calculations. First, these equations are discretized with extended finite element method (XFEM) in the space domain and then they are solved by the Newmark method in the time domain. The most general form of interaction integral is extracted for axially symmetric circumferential crack in a cylinder under thermal and mechanical loads in functionally graded materials and is used to calculate dynamic stress intensity factors (SIFs). The problem solution has been implemented in MATLAB software.
Thermoelastic Interactions in a Rotating Infinite Orthotropic Elastic Body with a Cylindrical Hole and Variable Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Mashat D. S. , Zenkour A. M. , Abouelregal A. E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
In the present article, we introduced a new model of the equations of generalized thermoelasticity for unbounded orthotropic body containing a cylindrical cavity. We applied this model in the context of generalized thermoelasticity with phase-lags under the effect of rotation. In this case, the thermal conductivity of the material is considered to be variable. In addition, the cylinder surface is traction free and subjected to a uniform unit step temperature. Using the Laplace transform technique, the distributions of the temperature, displacement, radial stress and hoop stress are determined. A detailed analysis of the effects of rotation, phase-lags and the variability thermal conductivity parameters on the studied fields is discussed. Numerical results for the studied fields are illustrated graphically in the presence and absence of rotation.