bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Embedding Evidence‐based Practice Education into a Post‐graduate Physiotherapy Program: Eight Years of pre‐Post Course Evaluations
Authors: Perraton L. , Machotka Z. , Grimmer K. , Gibbs C. , Mahar C. , Kennedy K. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackground and PurposeLittle has been published about the effectiveness of training postgraduate physiotherapy coursework students in research methods and evidence‐based practice (EBP) theory. Graduate qualities in most universities include lifelong learning. Inclusion of EBP in post‐graduate coursework students' training is one way for students to develop the knowledge and skills needed to implement current best evidence in their clinical practice after graduation, thereby facilitating lifelong learning. This paper reports on change in confidence and anxiety in knowledge of statistical terminology and concepts related to research design and EBP in eight consecutive years of post‐graduate physiotherapy students at one Australian university.MethodsPre‐survey/post‐survey instruments were administered to students in an intensive 3‐week post‐graduate course, which taught health research methods, biostatistics and EBP. This course was embedded into a post‐graduate physiotherapy programme from 2007 to 2014. The organization and delivery of the course was based on best pedagogical evidence for effectively teaching adult physiotherapists. The course was first delivered each year in the programme, and no other course was delivered concurrently.ResultsThere were significant improvements in confidence, significantly decreased anxiety and improvements in knowledge of statistical terminology and concepts related to research design and EBP, at course completion. Age, gender and country of origin were not confounders on learning outcomes, although there was a (non‐significant) trend that years of practice negatively impacted on learning outcomes (p = 0.09). There was a greater improvement in confidence in statistical terminology than in concepts related to research design and EBP.ConclusionAn intensive teaching programme in health research methods and biostatistics and EBP, based on best practice adult physiotherapy learning principles, is effective immediately post‐course, in decreasing anxiety and increasing confidence in the terminology used in research methods and EBP. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
JS‐SAN: defense mechanism for HTML5‐based web applications against javascript code injection vulnerabilities
Authors: Gupta Shashank , Gupta B. B. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper presents an injection and clustering‐based sanitization framework, i.e. JS‐SAN (JavaScript SANitizer) for the mitigation of JS code injection vulnerabilities. It generates an attack vector template by performing the clustering on the extracted JS attack vector payloads corresponding to their level of similarity. As a result, it then sanitizes the extracted JS attack vector template by an automated technique of placement of sanitizers in the source code of generated templates of web applications. We have also performed the deepest possible crawling of web pages for finding the possible user‐injection points and injected the latest HTML5‐based XSS attack vectors for testing the mitigation capability of our framework. The implementation of our design was done on the browser‐side JavaScript library and tested as an extension on the Google Chrome. The attack mitigation capability of JS‐SAN was evaluated by incorporating the support from a tested suite of open source web applications that are vulnerable to JS code injection vulnerabilities. The proposed framework validates its novelty by producing a less rate of false negatives and tolerable runtime overhead as compared to existing sanitization‐based approaches. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclodextrin – ferrocene host – guest complexes on silicon oxide surfaces
Authors: Nietzold C. , Dietrich P. M. , Lippitz A. , Panne U. , Unger W. E. S. 
Published: February 2016

Research on carbohydrate‐based interactions with proteins, nucleic acids, or antibodies has gained increased interest in the last years especially in clinical diagnosis or drug development. The efficiency of diagnostic interfaces depends upon the number of probe molecules, e.g., carbohydrates. The control of surface parameters as density and distribution of immobilized carbohydrates is essential for a reliable interaction with protein analytes. A controlled production of biomolecular interfaces can be reached by a stepwise quality control during buildup of these biointerfaces.Here, ß‐amino‐cyclodextrin molecules were attached to amine‐reactive silicon oxide surfaces via click chemistry to construct a model biosensor surface. The amount of surface bound carbohydrates was determined indirectly after chemical derivatization with 4‐(trifluoromethyl)‐benzylamine (TFMBA). Moreover, these surfaces were used to form host–guest complexes of ferrocene (guest) and β‐cyclodextrin (host) moieties to mimic the target binding (sensing) of the model biosensor. Surface chemical analysis of all steps during biosensor construction was performed using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Our approach widens the possibilities to generate switchable surfaces based on ß‐cyclodextrin surfaces for biosensor applications. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Epistemology of Enterprises
Authors: Pennock Michael J. , Rouse William B. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTEnterprises are essential to the sustainment of our modern society. However, they rarely receive the level of attention and rigor that technical systems do. Treating enterprises as systems is a promising approach, but enterprises depend on a substantial social component. The inherent complexity of social systems introduces epistemic limitations that inhibit our ability to model social systems and predict their behavior. Consequently, traditional engineering approaches that rely on prediction and control can be ineffective or misleading when applied to enterprises. In this paper we explore the implications of these epistemic limitations on the engineering of enterprises. We conclude that it is necessary to apply dynamic strategies to mitigate these limitations and adapt enterprise modeling efforts accordingly. The goal with enterprises, in contrast to traditional technical systems, is to influence rather than control. We outline an interdisciplinary research agenda to progress toward this goal.
Protective effect of wogonin on endotoxin‐induced acute lung injury via reduction of p38 MAPK and JNK phosphorylation
Authors: Wei Cheng‐Yu , Sun Hai‐Lun , Yang Ming‐Ling , Yang Ching‐Ping , Chen Li‐You , Li Yi‐Ching , Lee Chien‐Ying , Kuan Yu‐Hsiang 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTAcute lung injury (ALI) is a serious inflammatory disorder which remains the primary cause of incidence and mortality in patients with acute pulmonary inflammation. However, there is still no effective medical strategy available clinically for the improvement of ALI. Wogonin, isolated from roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, is a common medicinal herb which presents biological and pharmacological effects, including antioxidation, anti‐inflammation, and anticancer. Preadministration of wogonin inhibited not only lung edema but also protein leakage into the alveolar space in murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced ALI. Moreover, wogonin not only reduced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)−2 but also inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) induced by LPS. We further found wogonin inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and JNK at a concentration lower than ERK. In addition, inhibition of lung edema, protein leakage, expression of iNOS and COX‐2, and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and JNK were all observed in a parallel concentration‐dependent manner. These results suggest that wogonin possesses potential protective effect against LPS‐induced ALI via downregulation of iNOS and COX‐2 expression by blocking phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and JNK. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 397–403, 2017.
Gene expression profile changes induced by acute toxicity of [C16mim]Cl in loach (Paramisgurnus dabryanus)
Authors: Nan Ping , Yan Shuaiguo , Wang Yaxing , Du Qiyan , Chang Zhongjie 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTIonic liquids (ILs) are widely used as reaction media in various commercial applications. Many reports have indicated that most ILs are poorly decomposed by microorganisms and are toxic to aquatic organisms. In this study, differential gene expression profiling was conducted using a suppression subtraction hybridization cDNA library from hepatic tissue of the loach (Paramisgurnus dabryanus) after exposure to 1‐hexadecyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ([C16mim]Cl), a representative IL. Two hundred and fifty‐nine differentially expressed candidate genes, whose expression was altered by >2.0‐fold by the [C16mim]Cl treatment, were identified, including 127 upregulated genes and 132 downregulated genes. A gene ontology analysis of the known genes isolated in this study showed that [C16mim]Cl‐responsive genes were involved in cell cycle, stimulus response, defense response, DNA damage response, oxidative stress responses, and other biological responses. To identify candidate genes that may be involved in [C16mim]Cl‐induced toxicity, 259 clones were examined by Southern blot macroarray hybridization, and 20 genes were further characterized using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Finally, six candidate genes were selected, including three DNA damage response genes, two toxic substance metabolic genes, and one stress protein gene. Our results indicate that these changes in gene expression are associated with [C16mim]Cl‐induced toxicity, and that these six candidate genes can be promising biomarkers for detecting [C16mim]Cl‐induced toxicity. Therefore, this study demonstrates the use of a powerful assay to identify genes potentially involved in [C16mim]Cl toxicity, and it provides a foundation for the further study of related genes and the molecular mechanism of [C16mim]Cl toxicity. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 404–416, 2017.
Computing optical properties of ultra‐thin crystals
Authors: Sahin H. , Torun E. , Bacaksiz C. , Horzum S. , Kang J. , Senger R. T. , Peeters F. M. 
Published: February 2016

An overview is given of recent advances in experimental and theoretical understanding of optical properties of ultra‐thin crystal structures (graphene, phosphorene, silicene, MoS2, MoSe2, WS2, WSe2, h‐AlN, h‐BN, fluorographene, and graphane). Ultra‐thin crystals are atomically thick‐layered crystals that have unique properties which differ from their 3D counterpart. Because of the difficulties in the synthesis of few‐atom‐thick crystal structures, which are thought to be the main building blocks of future nanotechnology, reliable theoretical predictions of their electronic, vibrational, and optical properties are of great importance. Recent studies revealed the reliable predictive power of existing theoretical approaches based on density functional theory. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2016, 6:351–368. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1252This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science
Electronic Structure Theory > Ab Initio Electronic Structure Methods
Electronic Structure Theory > Density Functional Theory
New methods to image transcription in living fly embryos: the insights so far, and the prospects
Authors: Ferraro Teresa , Lucas Tanguy , Clémot Marie , De Las Heras Chanes Jose , Desponds Jonathan , Coppey Mathieu , Walczak Aleksandra M. , Dostatni Nathalie 
Published: February 2016

The regulation of transcription is a fundamental process underlying the determination of cell identity and its maintenance during development. In the last decades, most of the transcription factors, which have to be expressed at the right place and at the right time for the proper development of the fly embryo, have been identified. However, mostly because of the lack of methods to visualize transcription as the embryo develops, their coordinated spatiotemporal dynamics remains largely unexplored. Efforts have been made to decipher the transcription process with single molecule resolution at the single cell level. Recently, the fluorescent labeling of nascent RNA in developing fly embryos allowed the direct visualization of ongoing transcription at single loci within each nucleus. Together with powerful imaging and quantitative data analysis, these new methods provide unprecedented insights into the temporal dynamics of the transcription process and its intrinsic noise. Focusing on the Drosophila embryo, we discuss how the detection of single RNA molecules enhanced our comprehension of the transcription process and we outline the potential next steps made possible by these new imaging tools. In combination with genetics and theoretical analysis, these new imaging methods will aid the search for the mechanisms responsible for the robustness of development. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:296–310. doi: 10.1002/wdev.221This article is categorized under:

Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Regulatory Mechanisms
Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Quantitative Methods and Models
Community detection in social networks
Authors: Bedi Punam , Sharma Chhavi 
Published: February 2016

The expansion of the web and emergence of a large number of social networking sites (SNS) have empowered users to easily interconnect on a shared platform. A social network can be represented by a graph consisting of a set of nodes and edges connecting these nodes. The nodes represent the individuals/entities, and the edges correspond to the interactions among them. The tendency of people with similar tastes, choices, and preferences to get associated in a social network leads to the formation of virtual clusters or communities. Detection of these communities can be beneficial for numerous applications such as finding a common research area in collaboration networks, finding a set of likeminded users for marketing and recommendations, and finding protein interaction networks in biological networks. A large number of community‐detection algorithms have been proposed and applied to several domains in the literature. This paper presents a survey of the existing algorithms and approaches for the detection of communities in social networks. We also discuss some of the applications of community detection. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2016, 6:115–135. doi: 10.1002/widm.1178This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Structure Discovery
Preventive Measures for Postoperative Bile Leakage After Central Hepatectomy: A Multicenter, Prospective, Observational Study of 101 Patients
Authors: Ishii Takamichi , Hatano Etsuro , Furuyama Hiroaki , Manaka Dai , Terajima Hiroaki , Uemoto Shinji 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundThere are no conclusive measures for preventing postoperative bile leakage (POBL).MethodsFirst, 310 patients who underwent hepatectomy were analyzed retrospectively to clarify risk factors for POBL. Then, focusing on operations at high risk of POBL, patients who underwent central hepatectomy were recruited prospectively among 18 institutions, to evaluate various preventive measures for avoiding POBL. The primary endpoint was the frequency of POBL.ResultsThe retrospective analysis revealed central hepatectomy and repeated hepatectomy to be independent risk factors for POBL. One hundred and one patients undergoing central hepatectomy were enrolled in the prospective study. POBL developed in 13 patients (12.9 %). Intraoperative bile leakage was recognized in 42 of the 101 patients (41.6 %), and 10 of the 42 patients developed POBL (23.8 %). Primary closure of the site of bile leakage and/or biliary drainage tube placement was preferable for preventing POBL in the patients with intraoperative bile leakage. Although 59 patients (58.4 %) did not show intraoperative bile leakage, three patients (5.1 %) developed POBL. In the group without intraoperative bile leakage, treatment with fibrin glue with a polyglycolic acid (PGA) sheet or collagen sheet coated with a fibrinogen and thrombin layer (CSFT) had good results.ConclusionsPrimary closure of the site of bile leakage and/or placement of biliary drainage tubes may be recommended in cases involving intraoperative bile leakage. Treatment with fibrin glue with a PGA sheet and/or CSFT might have preventive effects in patients without intraoperative bile leakage.
Further Defining the Role of the Laboratory Genetic Counselor
Authors: Waltman Lindsey , Runke Cassandra , Balcom Jessica , Riley Jacquelyn D. , Lilley Margaret , Christian Susan , Zetzsche Lindsay , Goodenberger McKinsey L. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractLaboratory genetic counseling is becoming increasingly common as a result of increased laboratory services and genetic testing menus, as well as growing job responsibilities. Christian et al. (2012) provided the first quantitative data regarding the roles of the laboratory‐based genetic counselor (LBGC) finding that two of the most prevalent roles are as customer liaisons and communicators of test results. The goal of the present study was to further delineate the role of the LBGC by addressing specific tasks that LBGCs are involved with on a day‐to‐day basis. A survey was designed to expand upon themes identified in the Christian et al. (2012) study by querying specific tasks performed in several categories of potential LBGC job duties. An invitation for LBGCs to participate was distributed via email to the membership of the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC) and the Canadian Association of Genetic Counsellors (CAGC). We identified 121 genetic counselors who primarily work in the laboratory setting or whose job role includes a laboratory component. Almost all respondents performed customer liaison/case coordination (95 %), and interpretation and result reporting (88 %). The most frequently performed tasks within these categories involved addressing questions from clients, making phone calls with genetic testing results, obtaining clinical or family history information for results interpretation, and composing case‐specific interpretations for unique results and/or obtaining literature references to support interpretations. The study results also point to trends of expanding roles in sales and marketing, variant interpretation and management responsibilities. Results of this study may be useful to further define the full scope of practice of LBGCs, aid in the development of new LBGC positions and expand current positions to include roles related to test development, research, and student supervision. It may also aid in curriculum updates for training programs to increase exposure to LBGC roles.
Normal Femorotibial Rotational Alignment and Implications for Total Knee Arthroplasty: An MRI Analysis
Authors: Wernecke Gregory C. , Harrris Ian A. , Seeto Bradley G. , Chen Darren B. , MacDessi Samuel J. 
Published: February 2016

Background Rotational alignment of prosthetic components in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is important to successful outcomes. Component malrotation is a known cause of revision and understanding normal rotational alignment may help recreate normal joint kinematics. To date, no large MRI study assessing femorotibial rotational alignment in nonarthritic knees has been undertaken. Questions/Purposes Is Insall's tibial axis a reliable rotational landmark against common femoral rotational axes in the nonarthritic patient population? Methods We reviewed 544 knee MRI scans performed for suspected soft tissue pathology and identified Insall's tibial rotational axis as well as the femoral clinical trans-epicondylar axis (TEAc), femoral surgical trans-epicondylar axis (TEAs), posterior condylar articular axis (PCA), and a modified Eckhoff's cylindrical axis. The perpendiculars of these axes were superimposed on Insall's tibial axis, and the angular differences were measured. Results Insall's axis was internally rotated to the TEAc by 1.4°, externally rotated to Eckhoff's cylindrical axis by 1.8°, externally rotated to the TEAs by 2.7°, and externally rotated to the PCA by 3.5°. The mean deviation from 0° (optimal alignment for each femoral axis) was significantly greater for the PCA relative to all other femoral axis. Conclusion Insall's axis is a reliable landmark for rotational positioning of the tibial component and may optimize femorotibial kinematics in fixed-bearing TKA.
Enteric Distribution of Oral Contrast in Emergency Department Patients Undergoing Abdominal-Pelvic Computed Tomography
Authors: Hanna Tarek N. , Streicher Drew A. , Razavi Seyed Amirhossein , Khosa Faisal , Johnson Jamlik-Omari , Applegate Kimberly E. 
Published: February 2016

Purpose The study sought to assess the gastrointestinal (GI) distribution of oral contrast (OC) among emergency department (ED) patients and determine if contrast reaches the terminal ileum or site of pathology to assist in diagnosis. Methods Retrospectively, adults undergoing abdominal-pelvic computed tomography (APCT) in the ED at 2 hospitals were identified over a 3-month period. APCTs were reviewed for location of OC. Presence, site, type of bowel pathology, and prior gastrointestinal surgery were documented. When applicable, the site of bowel pathology was evaluated for the presence or absence of OC. Results There were 1349 exams with mean age 50.5 years (range 18–97 years), 41% male, with 530 (39%) receiving OC. In 271 of 530 (51%), OC reached the terminal ileum (TI). Bowel pathology was present in 31% of cases (165 of 530). When bowel pathology was present, 47% (77 of 165) had OC present at the pathology site. The GI tract was divided into 4 anatomic segments: OC most frequently reached pathology in stomach and duodenum (84%), but was present less frequently at sites of pathology from jejunum to TI (35%), proximal colon (57%), and distal colon (28%). In only 84 of 530 OC cases (16%) did contrast extend from the stomach to distal colon. OC administration contributed to longer mean APCT order to final report of 0.5 hours and longer mean ED length of stay of 0.8 hours compared with all patients who received APCT. Conclusions Optimal OC distribution is not achieved in more than half of ED patients, raising questions about the continued use of OC in the ED.
Visibility of Different Intraorbital Foreign Bodies Using Plain Radiography, Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography: An in Vitro Study
Authors: Javadrashid Reza , Golamian Masoud , Shahrzad Maryam , Hajalioghli Parisa , Shahmorady Zahra , Fouladi Daniel F. , Sadrarhami Shohreh , Akhoundzadeh Leila 
Published: February 2016

Purpose The study sought to compare the usefulness of 4 imaging modalities in visualizing various intraorbital foreign bodies (IOFBs) in different sizes. Methods Six different materials including metal, wood, plastic, stone, glass. and graphite were cut in cylindrical shapes in 4 sizes (dimensions: 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mm) and placed intraorbitally in the extraocular space of fresh sheep's head. Four skilled radiologists rated the visibility of the objects individually using plain radiography, spiral computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in accordance with a previously described grading system. Results Excluding wood, all embedded foreign bodies were best visualized in CT and CBCT images with almost equal accuracies. Wood could only be detected using MRI, and then only when fragments were more than 2 mm in size. There were 3 false-positive MRI reports, suggesting air bubbles as wood IOFBs. Conclusions Because of lower cost and using less radiation in comparison with conventional CT, CBCT can be used as the initial imaging technique in cases with suspected IOFBs. Optimal imaging technique for wood IOFBs is yet to be defined.