bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeting pancreatic cancer using a combination of gemcitabine with the omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid emulsion, Lipidem™
Authors: Haqq Jonathan , Howells Lynne M. , Garcea Giuseppe , Dennison Ashley R. 
Published: November 2015

ScopePancreatic cancer remains a disease of poor prognosis, with alternate strategies being sought to improve therapeutic efficacy. Omega‐3 fatty acids have shown clinical benefit, and mechanisms of action are under investigation.Methods and resultsProliferation assays, flow cytometry, invasion assays, ELISA and western blotting were used to investigate efficacy of omega‐3 fatty acids alone and in combination with gemcitabine. The docosahexanoic acid (DHA)/eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) combination, Lipidem™, in combination with gemcitabine inhibited growth in pancreatic cancer and pancreatic stellate cell (PSC) lines, with PSCs exhibiting greatest sensitivity to this combination. Invasion of pancreatic cancer cells and PSCs in a 3D spheroid model, was inhibited by combination of gemcitabine with Lipidem™. PSCs were required for cancer cell invasion in an organotypic co‐culture model, with invasive capacity reduced by Lipidem™ alone. Platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) is a key cytokine in pro‐proliferative and invasion signalling, and thus a critical regulator of interactions between pancreatic cancer cells and adjacent stroma. Platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF‐BB) secretion was completely inhibited by the combination of Lipidem™ with gemcitabine in cancer cells and PSCs.ConclusionLipidem™ in combination with gemcitabine, has anti‐proliferative and anti‐invasive efficacy in vitro, with pancreatic stellate cells exhibiting the greatest sensitivity to this combination.
Development and validation of a brief version of the Stigmatizing Situations Inventory
Authors: Vartanian Lenny R. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryObjectiveThe Stigmatizing Situations Inventory (SSI) is one of the most commonly used measures of weight stigma experiences but may be impractical for some researchers because of its length (50 items). The present report describes the development and validation of a brief version of the SSI that could be used as a more efficient tool for assessing experiences with weight stigma.MethodsIn stage 1, data from three existing studies (total n = 257) were used to create two 10‐item versions of the SSI. One version was primarily based on items that showed the highest item‐total correlations, and the second version maintained the content coverage of the original measure by including one item (the one with the highest item‐total correlation) from each of 10 subscales of the SSI. Stage 1 also provided a test of the convergent validity of these brief measures. In stage 2, four new samples (total n = 832) provided an independent test of the reliability and validity of the brief measures.ResultsThe brief SSIs showed good reliability across all samples. Furthermore, the magnitude of the correlations between the brief versions of the SSI and other associated constructs was comparable with the magnitude of the correlations between those constructs and the full SSI.ConclusionsThe brief versions of the SSI are reliable and valid measures of stigmatizing experiences that provide a more efficient means of capturing stigma experiences without sacrificing the reliability and validity of the original measure.
Regulating elastic bandgaps in two‐dimensional lattice grid by periodical cut‐off operations
Authors: Zhang Yan , Han Lin , Li Xiao‐Mei , Jiang Lin‐Hua , Chen Da 
Published: November 2015

From periodically cutting off rods in two‐dimensional lattice grids, we find an easy and feasible way to control elastic bandgaps (BGs) in them. Due to the periodical cut‐off (PCO) operations, the exposed cantilevers lose the static load‐supporting ability; however, their mass distribution and inertia significantly affect the propagation of elastic waves. We first give several PCO types for square and triangular lattice grids. Then a detailed finite‐element method for the calculation of elastic BGs is described. The BGs in the hexagonal‐type PCO triangular lattice grid are studied for example. Localized resonant BGs are found and predicted. Frequency responses of the finite specimen are also analyzed to support our conclusions.Sketches of three kinds of PCO lattice grids: the PCO square lattice grid (left), the hex‐type PCO triangular lattice grid (center), and the Kagomé‐type PCO triangular lattice grid (right).
Community‐based adaptation research in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Ford James D. , Stephenson Ellie , Cunsolo Willox Ashlee , Edge Victoria , Farahbakhsh Khosrow , Furgal Christopher , Harper Sherilee , Chatwood Susan , Mauro Ian , Pearce Tristan , Austin Stephanie , Bunce Anna , Bussalleu Alejandra , Diaz Jahir , Finner Kaitlyn , Gordon Allan , Huet Catherine , Kitching Knut , Lardeau Marie‐Pierre , McDowell Graham , McDonald Ellen , Nakoneczny Lesya , Sherman Mya 
Published: November 2015

Community‐based adaptation (CBA) has emerged over the last decade as an approach to empowering communities to plan for and cope with the impacts of climate change. While such approaches have been widely advocated, few have critically examined the tensions and challenges that CBA brings. Responding to this gap, this article critically examines the use of CBA approaches with Inuit communities in Canada. We suggest that CBA holds significant promise to make adaptation research more democratic and responsive to local needs, providing a basis for developing locally appropriate adaptations based on local/indigenous and Western knowledge. Yet, we argue that CBA is not a panacea, and its common portrayal as such obscures its limitations, nuances, and challenges. Indeed, if uncritically adopted, CBA can potentially lead to maladaptation, may be inappropriate in some instances, can legitimize outside intervention and control, and may further marginalize communities. We identify responsibilities for researchers engaging in CBA work to manage these challenges, emphasizing the centrality of how knowledge is generated, the need for project flexibility and openness to change, and the importance of ensuring partnerships between researchers and communities are transparent. Researchers also need to be realistic about what CBA can achieve, and should not assume that research has a positive role to play in community adaptation just because it utilizes participatory approaches. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:175–191. doi: 10.1002/wcc.376This article is categorized under:

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Learning from Cases and Analogies
Theoretical analysis on caching effects in urban vehicular ad hoc networks
Authors: Bian Chaoyi , Zhao Tong , Li Xiaoming , Du Xiaojiang , Yan Wei 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMost applications in urban vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) rely on information sharing, such as real‐time traffic information queries, and advertisements. However, existing data dissemination techniques cannot guarantee satisfactory performance when amounts of information requests come from all around the network. Because these pieces of information are useful for multiple users located in various positions, it is beneficial to spread the cached copies around. Existing work proposed caching mechanisms and conducted simulations for validation, but there is a lack of theoretical analysis on the explicit caching effects. Because of the complex urban environment and high mobility of vehicles, quantifying the caching effects on the VANET performance is quite challenging. We present the cache coverage ratio as the metric to measure the caching effects, and theoretical analysis is given based on reasonable assumptions for urban VANETs, through which we find the affecting factors include vehicle density, transmission range, and ratio of caching vehicles. We deduce the quantitative relationship among them, which have similar forms as the cumulative density function of an exponential distribution. We also consider the impact of vehicle mobility to predict the future cache effect on surrounding roads of the caching area. We conduct intensive simulations, which verify that the theoretical analysis results match quite well with the simulated reality under different scenarios. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactions that involve tunneling by carbon and the role that calculations have played in their study
Authors: Borden Weston Thatcher 
Published: November 2015

Chemical reactions can proceed either by passage of the reactants over the reaction barrier or by tunneling through the barrier. During the past 40 years, it has become clear that tunneling, not only by hydrogen but also by carbon, can occur, provided that the reaction barrier is narrow and that tunneling occurs at energies that are not too far below the top of the barrier. This review discusses those reactions in which tunneling by carbon has been predicted to occur by calculations and/or been found to occur by experiments. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2016, 6:20–46. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1235This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Molecular Structures
Reconstructing the Lost Beginning of Suetonius’Divus Iulius
Authors: Garrett Phoebe 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIt appears that the beginning of Suetonius’Divus Iuliusis now lost. C.L. Roth, in 1865, argued that the work was acephalous by setting out the four things that were missing from theDivus Iulius:first, the title of the work; second, the dedication to Septicius Clarus, which is known to us only from John Lydus’ sixth-century workDe Magistratibus2.6.4; third, the family tree of the Caesars; fourth, the beginning of theDivus Iuliuswith the details about its Trojan and Alban origins, the origin and name of the Caesars, the omens of future greatness, his education, and his first offices. These were, as Roth saw it, all things Suetonius was in the habit of giving in the extantLives.1These things are indeed absent from the text as we have it. It remains to test whether those things are all really standard inclusions in a Suetonian introduction.This paper approaches the lost beginning of theDivus Iuliusby comparing the constructions of Suetonius’ extant openings, in particular the family trees, with Philemon Holland’s reconstruction of 1606. The comparative study will consider how the lost part of theDivus Iuliusmight reflect what Suetonius includes in other beginnings, and how it might have differed from those others. The study will also set out the elements that Suetonius appears to have considered essential to an introduction, thereby bringing into focus the places where the interests of renaissance authors differed from his own.
Measuring active ageing among older adults in Singapore
Authors: LIM EMILY Z. K. , THOMPSON CLAIRE L. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTActive Ageing is conceptualised to measure the extent to which older people remain actively engaged with life. However, there is no evidence that the concept of Active Ageing is actually associated with the activity levels of older persons. Influences of age, ethnicity and spirituality on Active Ageing are also unexplored. Using the Active Ageing Index (AAI), this study examines whether the level of Active Ageing predicted the actual activity level of 120 Singaporeans of Chinese, Malay and Indians ethnicities, aged 55–64 years old or 65 years and above. Spirituality, measured by the Spirituality Index of Well-Being, was added to the AAI, to see if the predictive power of AAI improved. Hierarchical multiple regression showed that the AAI alone (controlling for age) did not significantly predict the activity level of older persons. The predictive power of the AAI improved significantly with spirituality included. Two-way between-groups Analysis of Variance revealed main effects of age and ethnicity, with higher AAI in those aged 55–64 and in Indian-Singaporeans. These findings suggest that the theoretical construct of Active Ageing needs further examination to identify the domains that distinguish it from chronological age, and support broadening the construct by including spirituality in Active Ageing.
Benchmarking and blame games: Exploring the contestation of the Millennium Development Goals
Authors: CLEGG LIAM 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBenchmarking has long been a central component of the global development industry, with the most prominent recent initiative being the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) framework. However, within existing scholarship, the agent-level interactions surrounding the MDG framework remain under-explored. Here, on the back of an analysis of interactions that took place within and around key MDG review summits, I develop a typology to clarify the intersection of benchmarking and blame games. Overall, I demonstrate that despite the efforts of the MDG architects to insulate the initiative, blame games have permeated policymakers’ engagements with the framework. Moreover, the content of these blame games have been carried over into the recently outlined Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A pattern of strategic clarification has seen the emergence within this follow-on SDG framework of more precise responsibilities on higher-income states to meet aid targets, and on lower-income states to meet governance reform targets. Given the deeply-embedded cleavages that were evident in UN review summits, similar blame games seem likely to follow the periodic evaluations within the SDGs’ lifespan.
Marker Detection in Electron Tomography: A Comparative Study
Authors: Trampert Patrick , Bogachev Sviatoslav , Marniok Nico , Dahmen Tim , Slusallek Philipp 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe conducted a comparative study of three widely used algorithms for the detection of fiducial markers in electron microscopy images. The algorithms were applied to four datasets from different sources. For the purpose of obtaining comparable results, we introduced figures of merit and implemented all three algorithms in a unified code base to exclude software-specific differences. The application of the algorithms revealed that none of the three algorithms is superior to the others in all cases. This leads to the conclusion that the choice of a marker detection algorithm highly depends on the properties of the dataset to be analyzed, even within the narrowed domain of electron tomography.
Mitotic cells contract actomyosin cortex and generate pressure to round against or escape epithelial confinement
Authors: Sorce Barbara , Escobedo Carlos , Toyoda Yusuke , Stewart Martin P. , Cattin Cedric J. , Newton Richard , Banerjee Indranil , Stettler Alexander , Roska Botond , Eaton Suzanne , Hyman Anthony A. , Hierlemann Andreas , Müller Daniel J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractLittle is known about how mitotic cells round against epithelial confinement. Here, we engineer micropillar arrays that subject cells to lateral mechanical confinement similar to that experienced in epithelia. If generating sufficient force to deform the pillars, rounding epithelial (MDCK) cells can create space to divide. However, if mitotic cells cannot create sufficient space, their rounding force, which is generated by actomyosin contraction and hydrostatic pressure, pushes the cell out of confinement. After conducting mitosis in an unperturbed manner, both daughter cells return to the confinement of the pillars. Cells that cannot round against nor escape confinement cannot orient their mitotic spindles and more likely undergo apoptosis. The results highlight how spatially constrained epithelial cells prepare for mitosis: either they are strong enough to round up or they must escape. The ability to escape from confinement and reintegrate after mitosis appears to be a basic property of epithelial cells.
Long range Trp-Trp interaction initiates the folding pathway of a pro-angiogenic β-hairpin peptide
Authors: Diana Donatella , De Rosa Lucia , Palmieri Maddalena , Russomanno Anna , Russo Luigi , La Rosa Carmelo , Milardi Danilo , Colombo Giorgio , D’Andrea Luca D. , Fattorusso Roberto 
Published: November 2015

AbstractHPLW, a designed VEGF (Vascular Endothelium Growth Factor) receptor-binding peptide, assumes a well folded β-hairpin conformation in water and is able to induce angiogenesisin vivo. In this study, we investigated at atomic resolution the thermal folding/unfolding pathway of HPLW by means of an original multi-technique approach combining DSC, NMR, MD and mutagenesis analyses. In particular, careful NMR investigation of the single proton melting temperatures together with DSC analysis accurately delineate the peptide folding mechanism, which is corroborated by computational folding/unfolding simulations. The HPLW folding process consists of two main events, which are successive but do not superimpose. The first folding step initiates at 320 K upon the hydrophobic collapse of the Trp5 and Trp13 side-chains which stabilizes the concurrent β-turn formation, whose COi-HNi + 3 hydrogen bond (Asp10 → Arg7) appears particularly stable. At 316 K, once the β-turn is completely formed, the two β-strands pair, very likely starting by Trp5 and Trp13, which thus play a key role also in the final step of the β-hairpin folding. Overall, here we describe a multi-state hierarchical folding pathway of a highly structured β-hairpin, which can be classified as a broken-zipper mechanism.
Efficient Test and Visualization of Multi-Set Intersections
Authors: Wang Minghui , Zhao Yongzhong , Zhang Bin 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIdentification of sets of objects with shared features is a common operation in all disciplines. Analysis of intersections among multiple sets is fundamental for in-depth understanding of their complex relationships. However, so far no method has been developed to assess statistical significance of intersections among three or more sets. Moreover, the state-of-the-art approaches for visualization of multi-set intersections are not scalable. Here, we first developed a theoretical framework for computing the statistical distributions of multi-set intersections based upon combinatorial theory and then accordingly designed a procedure to efficiently calculate the exact probabilities of multi-set intersections. We further developed multiple efficient and scalable techniques to visualize multi-set intersections and the corresponding intersection statistics. We implemented both the theoretical framework and the visualization techniques in a unified R software package, SuperExactTest. We demonstrated the utility of SuperExactTest through an intensive simulation study and a comprehensive analysis of seven independently curated cancer gene sets as well as six disease or trait associated gene sets identified by genome-wide association studies. We expect SuperExactTest developed by this study will have a broad range of applications in scientific data analysis in many disciplines.
High Performance Heteroatoms Quaternary-doped Carbon Catalysts Derived from Shewanella Bacteria for Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Guo Zhaoyan , Ren Guangyuan , Jiang Congcong , Lu Xianyong , Zhu Ying , Jiang Lei , Dai Liming 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA novel heteroatoms (N, P, S and Fe) quaternary-doped carbon (HQDC-X, X refers to the pyrolysis temperature) can be fabricated by directly pyrolyzing a gram-negative bacteria, S. oneidensis MR-1 as precursors at 800 °C, 900 °C and 1000 °C under argon atmosphere. These HQDC-X catalysts maintain the cylindrical shape of bacteria after pyrolysis under high temperatures, while heteroatoms including N, P, S and Fe distribute homogeneously on the carbon frameworks. As a result, HQDC-X catalysts exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activity for ORR via a dominant four-electron oxygen reduction pathway in alkaline medium, which is comparable with that of commercial Pt/C. More importantly, HQDC-X catalysts show better tolerance for methanol crossover and CO poisoning effects, long-term durability than commercial Pt/C, which could be promising alternatives to costly Pt-based electrocatalysts for ORR. The method may provide a promising avenue to develop cheap ORR catalysts from inexpensive, scalable and biological recursors.
Eigencentrality based on dissimilarity measures reveals central nodes in complex networks
Authors: Alvarez-Socorro A. J. , Herrera-Almarza G. C. , González-Díaz L. A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractOne of the most important problems in complex network’s theory is the location of the entities that are essential or have a main role within the network. For this purpose, the use of dissimilarity measures (specific to theory of classification and data mining) to enrich the centrality measures in complex networks is proposed. The centrality method used is the eigencentrality which is based on the heuristic that the centrality of a node depends on how central are the nodes in the immediate neighbourhood (like rich get richer phenomenon). This can be described by an eigenvalues problem, however the information of the neighbourhood and the connections between neighbours is not taken in account, neglecting their relevance when is one evaluates the centrality/importance/influence of a node. The contribution calculated by the dissimilarity measure is parameter independent, making the proposed method is also parameter independent. Finally, we perform a comparative study of our method versus other methods reported in the literature, obtaining more accurate and less expensive computational results in most cases.
Water and Ethanol Droplet Wetting Transition during Evaporation on Omniphobic Surfaces
Authors: Chen Xuemei , Weibel Justin A. , Garimella Suresh V. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractOmniphobic surfaces with reentrant microstructures have been investigated for a range of applications, but the evaporation of high- and low-surface-tension liquid droplets placed on such surfaces has not been rigorously studied. In this work, we develop a technique to fabricate omniphobic surfaces on copper substrates to allow for a systematic examination of the effects of surface topography on the evaporation dynamics of water and ethanol droplets. Compared to a water droplet, the ethanol droplet not only evaporates faster, but also inhibits Cassie-to-Wenzel wetting transitions on surfaces with certain geometries. We use an interfacial energy-based description of the system, including the transition energy barrier and triple line energy, to explain the underlying transition mechanism and behaviour observed. Suppression of the wetting transition during evaporation of droplets provides an important metric for evaluating the robustness of omniphobic surfaces requiring such functionality.
Cellular cooperation with shift updating and repulsion
Authors: Pavlogiannis Andreas , Chatterjee Krishnendu , Adlam Ben , Nowak Martin A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPopulation structure can facilitate evolution of cooperation. In a structured population, cooperators can form clusters which resist exploitation by defectors. Recently, it was observed that a shift update rule is an extremely strong amplifier of cooperation in a one dimensional spatial model. For the shift update rule, an individual is chosen for reproduction proportional to fecundity; the offspring is placed next to the parent; a random individual dies. Subsequently, the population is rearranged (shifted) until all individual cells are again evenly spaced out. For large population size and a one dimensional population structure, the shift update rule favors cooperation for any benefit-to-cost ratio greater than one. But every attempt to generalize shift updating to higher dimensions while maintaining its strong effect has failed. The reason is that in two dimensions the clusters are fragmented by the movements caused by rearranging the cells. Here we introduce the natural phenomenon of a repulsive force between cells of different types. After a birth and death event, the cells are being rearranged minimizing the overall energy expenditure. If the repulsive force is sufficiently high, shift becomes a strong promoter of cooperation in two dimensions.