bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Sirt1 in Epileptogenesis
Authors: Hall Alicia M. , Brennan Gary P. , Nguyen Tiffany M. , Singh-Taylor Akanksha , Mun Hyun-Seung , Sargious Mary J. , Baram Tallie Z. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe mechanisms by which brain insults lead to subsequent epilepsy remain unclear. Insults, including trauma, stroke, tumors, infections, and long seizures [status epilepticus (SE)], create a neuronal state of increased metabolic demand or decreased energy supply. Neurons express molecules that monitor their metabolic state, including sirtuins (Sirts). Sirtuins deacetylate cytoplasmic proteins and nuclear histones, and their epigenetic modulation of the chromatin governs the expression of many genes, influencing neuronal properties. Thus, sirtuins are poised to enduringly modulate neuronal properties following SE, potentially contributing to epileptogenesis, a hypothesis supported by the epilepsy-attenuating effects of blocking a downstream target of Sirt1, Neuron-Restrictive Silencer Factor (NRSF) also know as REST (RE1-Silencing Transcription factor). Here we used an adult male rat model of epileptogenesis provoked by kainic acid–induced SE (KA-SE). We assessed KA-SE-provoked Sirt1 activity, infused a Sirt1 inhibitor (EX-527) after KA-SE, and examined for epileptogenesis using continuous digital video–EEG. Sirt1 activity, measured using chromatin immunoprecipitation for Sirt1 binding at a target gene, increased rapidly after SE.Post hocinfusion of the Sirt1 inhibitor prevented Sirt1-mediated repression of a target gene. Blocking Sirt1 activity transiently after KA-SE did not significantly influence the time- course and all of the parameters of epilepsy development. Specifically, latency to first seizure and seizure number, duration, and severity (using the Racine scale and EEG measures) as well as the frequency and duration of interictal spike series, were all unchanged. KA-SE provoked a robust inflammatory response and modest cell loss, yet neither was altered by blocking Sirt1. In conclusion, blocking Sirt1 activity after KA-SE does not abrogate epilepsy development, suggesting that the mechanisms of such acquired epileptogenesis are independent of Sirt1 function.
Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation Attenuates Neuronal Adaptation
Authors: Kar Kohitij , Duijnhouwer Jacob , Krekelberg Bart 
Published: January 2017

We previously showed that brief application of 2 mA (peak-to-peak) transcranial currents alternating at 10 Hz significantly reduces motion adaptation in humans. This is but one of many behavioral studies showing that weak currents applied to the scalp modulate neural processing. Transcranial stimulation has been shown to improve perception, learning, and a range of clinical symptoms. Few studies, however, have measured the neural consequences of transcranial current stimulation. We capitalized on the strong link between motion perception and neural activity in the middle temporal (MT) area of the macaque monkey to study the neural mechanisms that underlie the behavioral consequences of transcranial alternating current stimulation. First, we observed that 2 mA currents generated substantial intracranial fields, which were much stronger in the stimulated hemisphere (0.12 V/m) than on the opposite side of the brain (0.03 V/m). Second, we found that brief application of transcranial alternating current stimulation at 10 Hz reduced spike-frequency adaptation of MT neurons and led to a broadband increase in the power spectrum of local field potentials. Together, these findings provide a direct demonstration that weak electric fields applied to the scalp significantly affect neural processing in the primate brain and that this includes a hitherto unknown mechanism that attenuates sensory adaptation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTranscranial stimulation has been claimed to improve perception, learning, and a range of clinical symptoms. Little is known, however, how transcranial current stimulation generates such effects, and the search for better stimulation protocols proceeds largely by trial and error. We investigated, for the first time, the neural consequences of stimulation in the monkey brain. We found that even brief application of alternating current stimulation reduced the effects of adaptation on single-neuron firing rates and local field potentials; this mechanistic insight explains previous behavioral findings and suggests a novel way to modulate neural information processing using transcranial currents. In addition, by developing an animal model to help understand transcranial stimulation, this study will aid the rational design of stimulation protocols for the treatment of mental illnesses, and the improvement of perception and learning.
Cerebellar–M1 Connectivity Changes Associated with Motor Learning Are Somatotopic Specific
Authors: Spampinato Danny A. , Block Hannah J. , Celnik Pablo A. 
Published: January 2017

One of the functions of the cerebellum in motor learning is to predict and account for systematic changes to the body or environment. This form of adaptive learning is mediated by plastic changes occurring within the cerebellar cortex. The strength of cerebellar-to-cerebral pathways for a given muscle may reflect aspects of cerebellum-dependent motor adaptation. These connections with motor cortex (M1) can be estimated as cerebellar inhibition (CBI): a conditioning pulse of transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the cerebellum before a test pulse over motor cortex. Previously, we have demonstrated that changes in CBI for a given muscle representation correlate with learning a motor adaptation task with the involved limb. However, the specificity of these effects is unknown. Here, we investigated whether CBI changes in humans are somatotopy specific and how they relate to motor adaptation. We found that learning a visuomotor rotation task with the right hand changed CBI, not only for the involved first dorsal interosseous of the right hand, but also for an uninvolved right leg muscle, the tibialis anterior, likely related to inter-effector transfer of learning. In two follow-up experiments, we investigated whether the preparation of a simple hand or leg movement would produce a somatotopy-specific modulation of CBI. We found that CBI changes only for the effector involved in the movement. These results indicate that learning-related changes in cerebellar–M1 connectivity reflect a somatotopy-specific interaction. Modulation of this pathway is also present in the context of interlimb transfer of learning.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTConnectivity between the cerebellum and motor cortex is a critical pathway for the integrity of everyday movements and understanding the somatotopic specificity of this pathway in the context of motor learning is critical to advancing the efficacy of neurorehabilitation. We found that adaptive learning with the hand affects cerebellar–motor cortex connectivity, not only for the trained hand, but also for an untrained leg muscle, an effect likely related to intereffector transfer of learning. Furthermore, we introduce a novel method to measure cerebellar–motor cortex connectivity during movement preparation. With this technique, we show that, outside the context of learning, modulation of cerebellar–motor cortex connectivity is somatotopically specific to the effector being moved.
An Ultrastructural Study of the Thalamic Input to Layer 4 of Primary Motor and Primary Somatosensory Cortex in the Mouse
Authors: Bopp Rita , Holler-Rickauer Simone , Martin Kevan A.C. , Schuhknecht Gregor F.P. 
Published: January 2017

The traditional classification of primary motor cortex (M1) as an agranular area has been challenged recently when a functional layer 4 (L4) was reported in M1. L4 is the principal target for thalamic input in sensory areas, which raises the question of how thalamocortical synapses formed in M1 in the mouse compare with those in neighboring sensory cortex (S1). We identified thalamic boutons by their immunoreactivity for the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGluT2) and performed unbiased disector counts from electron micrographs. We discovered that the thalamus contributed proportionately only half as many synapses to the local circuitry of L4 in M1 compared with S1. Furthermore, thalamic boutons in M1 targeted spiny dendrites exclusively, whereas ∼9% of synapses were formed with dendrites of smooth neurons in S1. VGluT2+boutons in M1 were smaller and formed fewer synapses per bouton on average (1.3 vs 2.1) than those in S1, but VGluT2+synapses in M1 were larger than in S1 (median postsynaptic density areas of 0.064 μm2vs 0.042 μm2). In M1 and S1, thalamic synapses formed only a small fraction (12.1% and 17.2%, respectively) of all of the asymmetric synapses in L4. The functional role of the thalamic input to L4 in M1 has largely been neglected, but our data suggest that, as in S1, the thalamic input is amplified by the recurrent excitatory connections of the L4 circuits. The lack of direct thalamic input to inhibitory neurons in M1 may indicate temporal differences in the inhibitory gating in L4 of M1 versus S1.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTClassical interpretations of the function of primary motor cortex (M1) emphasize its lack of the granular layer 4 (L4) typical of sensory cortices. However, we show here that, like sensory cortex (S1), mouse M1 also has the canonical circuit motif of a core thalamic input to the middle cortical layer and that thalamocortical synapses form a small fraction (M1: 12%; S1: 17%) of all asymmetric synapses in L4 of both areas. Amplification of thalamic input by recurrent local circuits is thus likely to be a significant mechanism in both areas. Unlike M1, where thalamocortical boutons typically form a single synapse, thalamocortical boutons in S1 usually formed multiple synapses, which means they can be identified with high probability in the electron microscope without specific labeling.
A living vector field reveals constraints on galactose network induction in yeast
Authors: Stockwell Sarah R , Rifkin Scott A 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWhen a cell encounters a new environment, its transcriptional response can be constrained by its history. For example, yeast cells in galactose induceGALgenes with a speed and unanimity that depends on previous nutrient conditions. Cellular memory of long‐term glucose exposure delaysGALinduction and makes it highly variable with in a cell population, while other nutrient histories lead to rapid, uniform responses. To investigate how cell‐level gene expression dynamics produce population‐level phenotypes, we built living vector fields from thousands of single‐cell time courses of the proteins Gal3p and Gal1p as cells switched to galactose from various nutrient histories. We show that, after sustained glucose exposure, the lack of theseGALtransducers leads to induction delays that are long but also variable; that cellular resources constrain induction; and that bimodally distributed expression levels arise from lineage selection—a subpopulation of cells induces more quickly and outcompetes the rest. Our results illuminate cellular memory in this important model system and illustrate how resources and randomness interact to shape the response of a population to a new environment.
Growth in Prepubertal Children With Cystic Fibrosis Treated With Ivacaftor
Authors: Stalvey Michael S. , Pace Jesse , Niknian Minoo , Higgins Mark N. , Tarn Valerie , Davis Joy , Heltshe Sonya L. , Rowe Steven M. 
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is known for its impact on the lung and pancreas of individuals; however, impaired growth is also a common complication. We hypothesized that targeting the biological defect in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein may affect growth outcomes.

METHODS:
In this post hoc analysis, we assessed linear growth and weight in 83 children (aged 6–11 years) enrolled in 2 clinical trials, the longitudinal-observation GOAL study and the placebo-controlled ENVISION study, to evaluate the effects of ivacaftor, a CFTR potentiator. We calculated height and weight z scores and height and weight growth velocities (GVs).

RESULTS:
In ivacaftor-treated children in GOAL, height and weight z scores increased significantly from baseline to 6 months (increases of 0.1 [P &lt; .05] and 0.26 [P &lt; .0001], respectively); height GV increased significantly from 3 to 6 months (2.10-cm/year increase; P &lt; .01). In ivacaftor-treated children in ENVISION, height and weight z scores increased significantly from baseline to 48 weeks (increases of 0.17 [P &lt; .001] and 0.35 [P &lt; .001], respectively). Height and weight GVs from baseline to 48 weeks were also significantly higher with ivacaftor than with placebo (differences of 1.08 cm/year [P &lt; .05] and 3.11 kg/year [P &lt; .001], respectively).

CONCLUSIONS:
Ivacaftor treatment in prepubescent children may help to address short stature and altered GV in children with CF; results from these analyses support the existence of an intrinsic defect in the growth of children with CF that may be ameliorated by CFTR modulation.
Magnetically Soft Co-C Granular-like Amorphous Thin Films With High Resistivity and High Saturation Flux Density
Authors: Wang H. , Wong S.P. , Chiah M.F. , Li W.Q. , Poon C.Y. , Cheung W.Y. , Ke N. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractGranular-like amorphous CoxC1-x nanocomposite thin films, with x in the range of 60-75% in atomic percentage, have been prepared by pulsed filtered vacuum arc deposition. The structures of the films were characterized by non-Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The in-plane magnetic hysteresis loops were measured by a superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer at room temperature. The electrical transport properties were measured by the four-probe technique at various temperatures ranging from 20 to 300 K. The films were found to be magnetically soft with coercivities in the range of 2 to 12 Oe, resistivities in the range of 130 to 300 μΩcm, and magnetic saturation flux densities in the range of 6 to 13 kG. The films also showed good thermal stability in their structural, electrical and magnetic properties upon annealing up to 200°C in a vacuum furnace.
Magnetic Film Analysis by RBS, PIXE, HFS and NRA
Authors: Wei Luncun 
Published: January 2017

AbstractCharacterization of thin magnetic coating layer is always challenging, different analytical methods are required to characterize layer structure and composition. In the present paper, Rutherford backscattering (RBS)[1], particle induced x-ray emission (PIXE)[2], hydrogen forward scattering (HFS)[3] and nuclear reaction analysis (NRA)[4] are used to measure three typical magnetic film structures and coating layer. Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen contents are measured by deuteron NRA and hydrogen content by HFS. Magnetic layers beneath diamond-like carbon (DLC) layer are characterized by RBS and PIXE: PIXE for relative ratios of Cr, Fe, Co and Ni, and RBS for thickness and depth profiles. The analytical results of one test example shown in this paper demonstrate that the combination of these four methods can give complete and precise layer structure and composition.
Kompatibilitas Jamur Entomopatogenik Paecilomyces fumosoroseus dengan Beberapa Bahan Aktif Pestisida Secara In Vitro
Authors: Fauziah Fani , Rohdiana Dadan 
Published: January 2017

Untuk mengurangi penggunaan pestisida di perkebunan teh, maka salah satu upaya pengendalian hama yang dapat dilakukan adalah mengkombinasikan aplikasi pestisida dengan jamur entomopatogenik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kompatibilitas antara jamur P. fumosoroseus dengan beberapa bahan aktif pestisida di laboratorium. Perlakuan dirancang dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) terdiri dari 5 jenis bahan aktif yaitu metomil, bifentrin, imidakloprid, tembaga oksida dan metidation pada taraf konsentrasi sesuai rekomendasi lapang (RL), 0,5x RL dan 2x RL. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa diantara kelima jenis bahan aktif pestisida yang diuji, metidation memiliki tingkat toksisitas yang paling tinggi. Persentase produksi spora tertinggi sebesar 13,77% ditunjukkan oleh perlakuan bifentrin 2x RL. Combining application of pesticides and entomopathogenic fungi is an alternative way for controlling pest in order to reduce pesticides application in the tea field. This research was aimed toexamine the compatibility of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus tosome active agents of pesticide in laboratory. Completely Randomized Block Designed (CRBD) with 5 active agents: methomyl, bifenthrin, imidacloprid, copper oxide and metidation in three different concentration was employed in this study, which was based on the existing field recommendation (FR): 0,5x FR and 2x FR. The results showed that among the five tested pesticides, metidation appeared to be the most toxic agentto P. fumosoroseus. Meanwhile, the highest percentage of spore production was counted in bifenthrin 2x RL (13,77%.)
Speech in Adults Treated for Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: Long-Term Follow-Up after One- or Two-Stage Palate Repair
Authors: Morén Staffan , Mani Maria , Lilian Stålhammar , Lindestad Per Åke , Holmström Mats 
Published: January 2017

Objective To evaluate speech in adults treated for unilateral cleft lip and palate with one-stage or two-stage palate closure and compare the speech of the patients with that of a noncleft control group. Design Cross-sectional study with long-term follow-up. Participants/Setting All unilateral cleft lip and palate patients born from 1960 to 1987 and treated at Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden, were invited (n = 109). Participation rate was 67% (n = 73) at a mean of 35 years after primary surgery. Forty-seven had been treated according to one-stage palate closure and 26 according to two-stage palate closure. Pharyngeal flap surgery had been performed in 11 of the 73 patients (15%). The noncleft control group consisted of 63 age-matched volunteers. Main Outcome Measure(s) Speech-language pathologists rated perceptual speech characteristics from blinded audio recordings. Results Among patients, seven (10%) presented with hypernasality, 12 (16%) had audible nasal emission and/or nasal turbulence, five (7%) had consonant production errors, one (2%) had glottal reinforcements/substitutions, and one (2%) had reduced intelligibility. Controls had no audible signs of velopharyngeal insufficiency and no quantifiable problems with the other speech production variables. No significant differences were identified between patients treated with one-stage and two-stage palate closure for any of the variables. Conclusions The prevalence of speech outcome indicative of velopharyngeal insufficiency among adult patients treated for unilateral cleft lip and palate was low but higher compared with individuals without cleft. Whether palatal closure is performed in one or two stages does not seem to affect the speech outcome at a mean age of 35 years.
Analisis Kerentanan Pulau-Pulau Kecil di Kecamatan Togean Kabupaten Tojo Una Una Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah (Studi Kasus P. Kukumbi, P. Enam, P. Mogo, P. Kadidiri, P. Pagempa, P. Tongkabo)
Authors: Akbar Mohamad 
Published: January 2017

This research was conducted in small islands area to Togean District, TojoUna-Una Regency Central Celebes by ecological and sosio-economic approach. Methods those used in this research were vulnerability index, MCDM (multi criteria dimension making) and Geographycal information system (SIG) approach. Data was collected bt participative and explorative approach. Data analysed parameters using vulnerability, assessment method involved vulnerability variable parameters i.e. area characteristic, area degradation, sea level rise, human impact, economic exposure, economic remoteness. The results shows the range ofcomposit vulnerability index for ecological (CVI-Ek) is 0.00-0.77, economic (CVI-En) is 0.00-0.75, and composite vulnerability ecological-economic (CVI-EE) is 0.00-0.76. Enam island (0.76)and tongkabo island (0.66) is rated to high vulnerable (0.67), Mogo Island (0.14), Kukumbi Island (0.12), Pagempa Island (0.09) and Kadidiri Island (0.07), is considerednon vulnerable. MCDM analysis result that is used to determine small island management model in Togean District, shows ecological criteria is most important compared with economy criteria and social criteria. Analysis of SMART technique shows the type small islands sustainability management scenario in Togean District, those are scenario A (adaptation, 0.94) and scenario B ( without adaptation, 0.55).Keywords : small island, composite vulnerability index, sustainability, togean district.
Analisis Kandungan Zat Pengawet Boraks Pada Sampel Jajanan Bakso di Desa Jatipurno Kabupaten Wonogiri
Authors: Swastike Winny , Emawati Shanti , Sari Ayu Intan 
Published: January 2017

<p class="Default">Wonogiri an area that is well known as an area where people are dominated by traders meatballs. Type meatballs offered vary from meatballs served with noodles in the form of soup or meatballs are sold singly or known as grilled meatballs. Things are very concerned about is the use of borax in meatballs often functioned as chewing of food. Borax poisoning can occur through food, one of which is meatballs as one type of food that is very familiar. This study aimed to analyze the content of borax in food, especially meatballs in Jatipurno village, Wonogiri. This type of research is descriptive laboratory with laboratory tests are qualitative and quantitative methods of flame with acid-base titration method. The population is all hawker meatballs in Jatipurno village, Wonogiri. Sample was taken by purposive sampling of each meatball sellers. The experimental results on samples compound identification borax meatballs with flame method, note that of the 50 samples tested meatballs did not produce a green flame which means not detected borax content in the samples. The final conclusion is that the meatballs were analyzed by flame proving that the sample was circulated in Jatipurno village, Wonogiri is not identified free of borax and borax content. Not to do quantitative research to determine levels of borax meatballs snacks for the qualitative research produces a negative value (does not contain borax).</p><p> </p><p>Keywords: Food Additives, meatball snacks, borax</p>