bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transfusion of Blood Products in Children Receiving Chemotherapy for Childhood Cancers in a Nigerian Tertiary Healthcare Centre
Authors: EU Bassey, , IS Akpan , C Nnoli , O. Oghenedoro 
Published: September 2024

Background: Transfusion of blood remains an integral component in the supportive care of children with cancers. It is generally safe, and should be used liberally when necessary and available. In resource-poor settings however, the availability and use of blood and its products is generally limited. This study is aimed at reviewing the use of the various blood components amongst children receiving care in a paediatric cancer unit of a tertiary hospital, in Southern Nigeria.
Methods: A retrospective study on blood and blood product usage, in hospitalized paediatric cancer patients younger than 18 years old, over a two-year period, spanning from January 2022 to December 2023. Data were retrieved, entered into an excel sheet and analyzed. Results are presented using tables and figures.
Results: Of the 32 children treated for various cancers, 29 (90.63%), received at least one unit of blood transfusion before, during or in-between cycles of treatment. Nephroblastoma was the most frequent cancer treated. Patients less than 5 years of age were the most transfused group. Fresh whole blood was the most transfused component. Leucopenia, was the commonest indication for transfusion in these patients.
Conclusion: Most of the children admitted for cancers received blood transfusion at least once before, or in-between cycles of chemotherapy and/or surgery. The most common indications for transfusion of blood in order of decreasing frequency were leucopenia, anaemia and thromocytopenia respectively.
A method for automated snow avalanche debris detection through use of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging
Authors: Vickers H. , Eckerstorfer M. , Malnes E. , Larsen Y. , Hindberg H. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAvalanches are a natural hazard that occur in mountainous regions of Troms County in northern Norway during winter and can cause loss of human life and damage to infrastructure. Knowledge of when and where they occur especially in remote, high mountain areas is often lacking due to difficult access. However, complete, spatiotemporal avalanche activity data sets are important for accurate avalanche forecasting, as well as for deeper understanding of the link between avalanche occurrences and the triggering snowpack and meteorological factors. It is therefore desirable to develop a technique that enables active mapping and monitoring of avalanches over an entire winter. Avalanche debris can be observed remotely over large spatial areas, under all weather and light conditions by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellites. The recently launched Sentinel‐1A satellite acquires SAR images covering the entire Troms County with frequent updates. By focusing on a case study from New Year 2015 we use Sentinel‐1A images to develop an automated avalanche debris detection algorithm that utilizes change detection and unsupervised object classification methods. We compare our results with manually identified avalanche debris and field‐based images to quantify the algorithm accuracy. Our results indicate that a correct detection rate of over 60% can be achieved, which is sensitive to several algorithm parameters that may need revising. With further development and refinement of the algorithm, we believe that this method could play an effective role in future operational monitoring of avalanches within Troms and has potential application in avalanche forecasting areas worldwide.
Influence of microscale weak zones on bulk strength
Authors: Gerbi Christopher , Johnson Scott E. , Shulman Deborah , Klepeis Keith 
Published: September 2016

AbstractShear zones have different rheological properties than the surrounding rocks, indicating that the bulk strength of regions containing shear zone networks cannot be determined by considering the host rock rheology alone. We demonstrate the value of this concept at the microscale. We first consider the phase arrangements in naturally deformed rocks and document that weak phases exhibit little interconnection within a microstructure. Rather, three‐dimensional weak zones, analogous to viscous shear zones, can interconnect or bridge weak phases. These zones typically form at high stress sites, comprise multiple minerals, and deform by mechanisms independent of those in the surrounding minerals. The presence of weak zones strongly affects the bulk strength of the rock, disproportionate to the mode of the weak zones. For example, the development of 1% mode of a weak zone at a high stress site can reduce the bulk strength of the rock nearly an order of magnitude. Calculation of the bulk strength of the rock by some averaging algorithm of the deformation mechanisms operating outside the weak zones will overestimate strength. Instead, accurate calculations and predictions of bulk strength require accounting for the presence and geometry of weak zones. For this reason, we advocate use of the scale‐independent conceptual rheological model of interconnected weak zones or layers rather than that of interconnected weak phases. More generally, the way forward in improving quantification of the mechanical properties of the lithosphere requires recognizing and explicitly accounting for the spatial and temporal distribution of deformation mechanisms operating throughout a rock.
Assimilation of surface velocities acquired between 1996 and 2010 to constrain the form of the basal friction law under Pine Island Glacier
Authors: Gillet‐Chaulet F. , Durand G. , Gagliardini O. , Mosbeux C. , Mouginot J. , Rémy F. , Ritz C. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn ice‐sheet models, slip conditions at the base between the ice and the bed are parameterized by a friction law. The most common relation has two poorly constrained parameters, C and m. The basal slipperiness coefficient, C, depends on local unobserved quantities and is routinely inferred using inverse methods. While model results have shown that transient responses to external forcing are highly sensitive to the stress exponent m, no consensus value has emerged, with values commonly used ranging from 1 to
depending on the slip processes. By assimilation of Pine Island Glacier surface velocities from 1996 to 2010, we show that observed accelerations are best reproduced with m≥5. We conclude that basal motion, in much of the fast flowing region, is governed by plastic deformation of the underlying sediments. This implies that the glacier bed in this area cannot deliver resistive stresses higher than today, making the drainage basin potentially more sensitive to dynamical perturbations than predicted with models using standard values m = 1 or 3.
Impact of the natural variability in snowflake diameter, aspect ratio, and orientation on modeled snowfall radar reflectivity
Authors: Gergely Mathias , Garrett Timothy J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSignificant progress has been made in approximating snowflakes with increasingly realistic shape models and then simulating their microwave scattering properties for snowfall remote sensing. This study aims to complement prior findings by analyzing the natural variability within snowstorms. The approach consists of (i) deriving the variability of snowflake diameters, aspect ratios, and orientation angles from automated snowflake observations during individual snowstorms, (ii) calculating the corresponding variability of snowflake backscatter cross sections at 24, 35, 94, and 183 GHz, and (iii) evaluating the impact of the analyzed snowflake variability on modeled snowfall equivalent radar reflectivity factors (Ze). For seven snowstorms, the observed natural variability in snowflake diameter, aspect ratio, and orientation leads to distributions of snowflake backscatter cross sections that span up to 6 orders of magnitude. The impact on modeled radar reflectivity is smaller with distributions of Ze values spanning less than 1 order of magnitude and with median absolute deviations and standard deviations of up to 25%, depending on the analyzed frequency and the applied snowflake parameterization. An assessment of different characterizations of snowflake aspect ratio and orientation indicates that a simplistic description of aspect ratios and orientation angles through constant values which do not correspond with the observed snowflake distributions for the analyzed snowstorm can lead to relative differences in modeled Ze of |ΔZe|≥60%. These differences in Ze are generally smaller than uncertainties in Ze associated with the parameterization of snowflake mass but still translate into significant uncertainties for the retrieval of snowfall rates from radar reflectivity measurements.
Global climate impacts of stochastic deep convection parameterization in the NCARCAM5
Authors: Wang Yong , Zhang Guang J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this study, the stochastic deep convection parameterization of Plant and Craig (PC) is implemented in the Community Atmospheric Model version 5 (CAM5) to incorporate the stochastic processes of convection into the Zhang‐McFarlane (ZM) deterministic deep convective scheme. Its impacts on deep convection, shallow convection, large‐scale precipitation and associated dynamic and thermodynamic fields are investigated. Results show that with the introduction of the PC stochastic parameterization, deep convection is decreased while shallow convection is enhanced. The decrease in deep convection is mainly caused by the stochastic process and the spatial averaging of input quantities for the PC scheme. More detrained liquid water associated with more shallow convection leads to significant increase in liquid water and ice water paths, which increases large‐scale precipitation in tropical regions. Specific humidity, relative humidity, zonal wind in the tropics, and precipitable water are all improved. The simulation of shortwave cloud forcing (SWCF) is also improved. The PC stochastic parameterization decreases the global mean SWCF from −52.25 W/m2 in the standard CAM5 to −48.86 W/m2, close to −47.16 W/m2 in observations. The improvement in SWCF over the tropics is due to decreased low cloud fraction simulated by the stochastic scheme. Sensitivity tests of tuning parameters are also performed to investigate the sensitivity of simulated climatology to uncertain parameters in the stochastic deep convection scheme.
Architectural Discourse in Rome: Academies, Ruins, and Books
Authors: Minor Heather Hyde 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Rome was a capital of the arts in the eighteenth century. While the Academy of St. Luke seems lackluster in comparison to the Academy of Architecture in Paris, it was not at the center of architectural discourse in Rome. For the architects who came to the city to study, their experiences of ruins, Renaissance buildings, and contemporary architecture were much richer than the offerings at the Accademia. The wide range of books about architecture printed in Rome exerted a great force on European‐wide discourse. These were the Eternal City's great contributions to architecture in eighteenth‐century Europe.
Iterative learning control for non‐repetitive trajectory tracking of robot manipulators with joint position constraints and actuator faults
Authors: Jin Xu 
Published: September 2016

SummaryIn this work, we present a novel iterative learning control (ILC) scheme for a class of joint position constrained robot manipulator systems with both multiplicative and additive actuator faults. Unlike most ILC literature that requires identical reference trajectory from trail to trail, in this work the reference trajectory can be non‐repetitive over the iteration domain without assuming the identical initial condition. A tan‐type Barrier Lyapunov Function is proposed to deal with the constraint requirements which can be both time and iteration varying, with ILC update laws adopted to learn the iteration‐invariant system uncertainties, and robust methods used to compensate the iteration and time varying actuator faults and disturbances. We show that under the proposed ILC scheme, uniform convergence of the full state tracking error beyond a small time interval in each iteration can be guaranteed over the iteration domain, while the constraint requirements on the joint position vector will not be violated during operation. An illustrative example on a two degree‐of‐freedom robotic manipulator is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of an Aromatic Fluoro‐Diol and Polycaprolactone on the Properties of the Resultant Polyurethanes
Authors: Su Shuenn‐Kung , Gu Jia‐Hao , Lee Hsun‐Tsing , Yu Shu‐Huei , Wu Cheng‐Lung , Suen Maw‐Cherng 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this study, we used 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), polycaprolactone diol (PCL), and 4‐(1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoro‐2‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)propan‐2‐yl)phenol (HFP) to synthesize novel biodegradable F‐containing polyurethanes (HFP/PUs). Among which PCL is a biodegradable soft segment and HFP is a fluoro chain extender. According to FT‐IR and XPS spectroscopies, there is a strong hydrogen bonding interaction between F‐ (in CF3) and –NH groups in the HFP/PUs. For the HFP/PUs, the initial decomposition temperature, glass transition temperature (Tg), dynamic Tg, tensile strength, Young's modulus, and chemical resistance increase with the content of HFP unit or hard segment. This behavior is due to the increase of rigid hard segment and the interaction between CF3 and ‐NH groups in the HFP/PUs. On the contrary, HFP/PU containing more HFP has lower value of elongation at break. In addition, the AFM images show that the HFP/PU containing higher HFP content exhibits more humpy protrusions and is more rugged. The results of in vitro erythrocyte adhesion tests indicate that the average quantity of erythrocytes adhered on HFP/PU surface decreases with increasing HFP or fluorine content. So fluorine element with low surface free energy is helpful for HFP/PUs to be used as biomedical materials.
Synthesis Of Biologically Active Bis(Indolyl)Methane Derivatives by Bisindole Alkylation of Tetrahydroisoquinolines with Visible‐Light Induced Ring‐Opening Fragmentation.
Authors: Chen Chia‐Chueng , Hong Bor‐Cherng , Li Wen‐Shan , Chang Tzu‐Ting , Lee Gene‐Hsiang 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA visible‐light photoredox catalyzed ring‐opening functionalization of tetrahydroisoquinolines with bisindole alkylation has been developed, which expedites a new vista for the synthesis of bis(indolyl)methane derivatives. The transformation comprises a series of cascade reactions, photoredox catalysis, amine oxidation, fragmentation and Friedel–Craft alkylation. Five of the prepared bis(indolyl)methane derivatives containing the para substitution group on the side chain of benzene suppressed cancer cell growth in human breast adenocarcinoma MDA‐MB‐231 cells, and one candidate demonstrated a significant effect on cell migration.
Cyclometallierte AuIII‐Komplexe: Synthese, Reaktivität und physikalisch‐chemische Eigenschaften
Authors: Kumar Roopender , Nevado Cristina 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDieser Aufsatz befasst sich mit der Fähigkeit zwei‐ und dreifach koordinierender Liganden, Gold in hohen Oxidationszuständen durch Bildung mono‐ und biscyclometallierter Gold(III)‐Komplexe zu stabilisieren. Es wurden umfassende Studien zur Synthese, zur intrinsischen Reaktivität, zur katalytischen Relevanz und zu den photophysikalischen Eigenschaften stabilisierter Gold(III)‐Spezies durchgeführt. Diese Studien werden eine Grundlage für hochinteressante Entwicklungen auf verschiedenen Forschungsgebieten wie der Katalyse, der anorganischen und bioanorganischen Chemie, dem Ligandendesign und den Materialwissenschaften bilden.
Cyclometalated Gold(III) Complexes: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Physicochemical Properties
Authors: Kumar Roopender , Nevado Cristina 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis Review showcases the ability of bi‐ and tridentate ligands to stabilize gold in high oxidation states through the formation of mono‐ and biscyclometalated gold(III) complexes. In‐depth studies on the synthesis, intrinsic reactivity, catalytic relevance, and photophysical properties of stabilized gold(III) species have been carried out, setting the stage for exciting developments in various research areas, such as catalysis, inorganic and bioinorganic chemistry, ligand design, and materials science.
Fish conservation in freshwater and marine realms: status, threats and management
Authors: Arthington Angela H. , Dulvy Nicholas K. , Gladstone William , Winfield Ian J. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Despite the disparities in size and volume of marine and freshwater realms, a strikingly similar number of species is found in each – with 15 150 Actinopterygian fishes in fresh water and 14 740 in the marine realm. Their ecological and societal values are widely recognized yet many marine and freshwater fishes increasingly risk local, regional or global extinction.
The prevailing threats in aquatic systems are habitat loss and degradation, invasive species, pollution, over‐exploitation and climate change. Unpredictable synergies with climate change greatly complicate the impacts of other stressors that threaten many marine and freshwater fishes.
Isolated and fragmented habitats typically present the most challenging environments for small, specialized freshwater and marine fishes, whereas overfishing is by far the greatest threat to larger marine and freshwater species. Species that migrate within or between freshwater and marine realms may face high catchability in predictable migration bottlenecks, and degradation of breeding habitat, feeding habitat or the intervening migration corridors.
Conservation reserves are vital to protect species‐rich habitats, important radiations, and threatened endemic species. Integration of processes that connect terrestrial, freshwater and marine protected areas promises more effective conservation outcomes than disconnected reserves. Diadromous species in particular require more attention in aquatic restoration and conservation planning across disparate government agencies.
Human activities and stressors that increasingly threaten freshwater and marine fishes must be curbed to avoid a wave of extinctions. Freshwater recovery programmes range from plans for individual species to recovery of entire basin faunas. Reducing risks to threatened marine species in coastal habitats also requires conservation actions at multiple scales. Most of the world's larger economically important fisheries are relatively well‐monitored and well‐managed but there are urgent needs to curb fishing mortality and minimize catch of the most endangered species in both realms.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Charge‐Transfer‐Induced Self‐Healing Supramolecular Hydrogel
Authors: Gao Lei , Gao Yuxia , Lin Yuan , Ju Yong , Yang Song , Hu Jun 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this study, a dual‐component charge‐transfer (CT)‐induced supramolecular hydrogel was fabricated using pyrene‐tailored pyridinium (PYP) and 2,4,7‐trinitrofluorenone (TNF) as the electron donor and acceptor, respectively. Its thermal stability and mechanical property have been modulated effectively by altering the concentration or molar ratio of PYP and TNF. Moreover, this CT hydrogel exhibited a distinct injectable self‐healing property that could be utilized to create desired patterns on substrates. Such property holds potential for this CT hydrogel in fields like three‐dimensional printing and surface coating.
Photoreduction of Shewanella oneidensis Extracellular Cytochromes by Organic Chromophores and Dye‐Sensitized TiO2
Authors: Ainsworth Emma V. , Lockwood Colin W. J. , White Gaye F. , Hwang Ee Taek , Sakai Tsubasa , Gross Manuela A. , Richardson David J. , Clarke Thomas A. , Jeuken Lars J. C. , Reisner Erwin , Butt Julea N. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe transfer of photoenergized electrons from extracellular photosensitizers across a bacterial cell envelope to drive intracellular chemical transformations represents an attractive way to harness nature's catalytic machinery for solar‐assisted chemical synthesis. In Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 (MR‐1), trans‐outer‐membrane electron transfer is performed by the extracellular cytochromes MtrC and OmcA acting together with the outer‐membrane‐spanning porin⋅cytochrome complex (MtrAB). Here we demonstrate photoreduction of solutions of MtrC, OmcA, and the MtrCAB complex by soluble photosensitizers: namely, eosin Y, fluorescein, proflavine, flavin, and adenine dinucleotide, as well as by riboflavin and flavin mononucleotide, two compounds secreted by MR‐1. We show photoreduction of MtrC and OmcA adsorbed on RuII‐dye‐sensitized TiO2 nanoparticles and that these protein‐coated particles perform photocatalytic reduction of solutions of MtrC, OmcA, and MtrCAB. These findings provide a framework for informed development of strategies for using the outer‐membrane‐associated cytochromes of MR‐1 for solar‐driven microbial synthesis in natural and engineered bacteria.
Expression and Purification of EPHA2 Tyrosine Kinase Domain for Crystallographic and NMR Studies
Authors: Gande Santosh L. , Saxena Krishna , Sreeramulu Sridhar , Linhard Verena , Kudlinzki Denis , Heinzlmeir Stephanie , Reichert Andreas J. , Skerra Arne , Kuster Bernhard , Schwalbe Harald 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe receptor tyrosine kinase EPHA2 is overexpressed in several cancers (breast, head and neck, non‐small‐cell lung cancer). Small‐molecule‐based inhibition of the EPHA2 kinase domain (KD) is seen as an important strategy for therapeutic intervention. However, obtaining structural information by crystallography or NMR spectroscopy for drug discovery is severely hampered by the lack of pure, homogeneous protein. Here, different fragments of the EPHA2 KD were expressed and purified from both bacterial (Escherichia coli, BL21(DE3) cells) and insect cells (Spodoptera frugiperda, Sf9 cells).1H,15N HSQC was used to determine the proper folding and homogeneity of all the constructs. Protein from E. coli was well‐folded but unstable, and it did not crystallize. However, a construct (D596–G900) produced in Sf9 cells yielded homogenous, well‐folded protein that crystallized readily, thereby resulting in eleven new EPHA2–ligand crystal structures. We have also established a strategy for selective and uniform 15N‐amino acid labeling of EPHA2 KD in Sf9 cells for investigating dynamics and EPHA2–drug interactions by NMR.
Effect of Co‐catalyst on the Selective Electrooxidation of Glycerol over Ruthenium‐based Nanomaterials
Authors: Palma Livia M. , Almeida Thiago S. , Morais Claudia , Napporn Teko W. , Kokoh K. Boniface , de Andrade Adalgisa R. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractRuthenium‐based Pd and Pt nanoparticles were prepared by mild microwave‐assisted heating and were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The activities of these catalysts during the oxidation of glycerol in alkaline media were studied by electrochemical, analytical, and in situ spectroscopy techniques. Changing the noble metal (Pd or Pt) allowed the selectivity of the catalysts to be tailored during the electrooxidation of glycerol. This introduces the possibility of utilizing the catalysts in cogeneration processes for renewable energy sources and also of employing the catalysts to produce value‐added molecules selectively. High‐performance liquid chromatography evidenced that the PtRu material had excellent catalytic activity in the selective oxidation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone, whereas the PdRu anode favored the production of glycerate.