bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mesoporous Nanosheet Networked Hybrids of Cobalt Oxide and Cobalt Phosphate for Efficient Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Liu Bin , Peng Hui‐Qing , Ho Cheuk‐Nam , Xue Hongtao , Wu Shuilin , Ng Tsz‐Wai , Lee Chun‐Sing , Zhang Wenjun 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA novel mesoporous nanosheet networked hybrid comprising Co3O4 and Co3(PO4)2 is successfully synthesized using a facile and scalable method through calcinating the carbon, cobalt hydroxy carbonate, and cobalt phosphate composite precursor. Electron transfer from Co3O4 to Co3(PO4)2, together with the special networked structure and the porous nature of the nanosheets enable the Co3(PO4)2‐Co3O4 hybrid to have a high oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity and outstanding stability in alkaline electrolyte, e.g., an overpotential of 270 mV at current density of 10 mA cm−2, and a Tafel slope of 39 mV dec−1, which are superior to most non‐noble metal‐based OER electrocatalysts reported thus far and as well the commercial RuO2 electrocatalyst. Furthermore, Co3(PO4)2‐Co3O4 hybrid is demonstrated to be used as an efficient cocatalyst to enhance the photoelectrochemical OER performance of BiVO4 photoanode. A significantly increased photocurrent density of 3.0 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V (vs reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE), and a potential reduction of 530 mV with respect to that of bare BiVO4 at the photocurrent density of 0.5 mA cm−2 are achieved. The electron transfer‐induced enhancement of OER by a hybrid structure may pave the new routes for the design and synthesis of low‐cost catalysts for electrochemical and photoelectrochemical oxygen evolution.
The Events in 1991
Authors: Gunneriusson Håkan 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This chapter deals with the final blows against Yugoslavia as the state it once was and its eventual reduction to an extension of Serbian politics. From the point of legitimacy, one can see this as the height of Milošević political career, even if his power would be strong well beyond this year. Serbian forces attack eastern Croatia and sack the city of Vukovar as the first major hostilities between the two parts of the former Yugoslavia.
Integrating isotopic, microbial, and modeling approaches to understand methane dynamics in a frequently disturbed deep reservoir in Taiwan
Authors: Itoh Masayuki , Kojima Hisaya , Ho Pei‐Chi , Chang Chun‐Wei , Chen Tzong‐Yueh , Hsiao Silver Sung‐Yun , Kobayashi Yuki , Fujibayashi Megumu , Kao Shuh‐Ji , Hsieh Chih‐hao , Fukui Manabu , Okuda Noboru , Miki Takeshi , Shiah Fuh‐Kwo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIt has been estimated that more than 48% of global methane emissions from lakes and reservoirs occur at low latitudes (<24°). To improve this estimate, knowledge regarding underexplored ecosystems, particularly deep lakes and reservoirs in Asian monsoon regions, is needed because the magnitude of methane emissions is influenced by lake bathymetry and climatic conditions. We conducted long‐term studies beginning in 2004 at Feitsui Reservoir (FTR) in Taiwan, a subtropical monomictic system with a maximum depth of 120 m to monitor seasonal and interannual variations of three key characteristics and to understand the mechanisms underlying these variations. Key characteristics investigated were as follows: (1) the balance of primary production and heterotrophic respiration as a determinant of vertical oxygen distribution, (2) methane production at the bottom of the reservoir, oxidation in the water column, and emissions from the lake surface, and (3) the contribution of methane‐originated carbon to the pelagic food web through methane‐oxidizing bacteria (MOB). This review highlights major achievements from FTR studies integrating isotopic, microbial, and modeling approaches. Based on our findings, we proposed two conceptual models: (1) a model of methane dynamics, which addresses the differences in methane emission mechanisms between deep and shallow lakes, and (2) a spatially explicit model linking benthic methane production to the pelagic food web, which addresses the diversity of MOB metabolisms and their dependence on oxygen availability. Finally, we address why long‐term studies of subtropical lakes and reservoirs are important for better understanding the effects of climate on low‐ to mid‐latitude ecosystems.
Non-linear model calibration for off-design performance prediction of gas turbines with experimental data
Authors: Tsoutsanis Elias , Li Yi-Guang , Pilidis Pericles , Newby Mike 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTOne of the key challenges of the gas turbine community is to empower the condition based maintenance with simulation, diagnostic and prognostic tools which improve the reliability and availability of the engines. Within this context, the inverse adaptive modelling methods have generated much attention for their capability to tune engine models for matching experimental test data and/or simulation data. In this study, an integrated performance adaptation system for estimating the steady-state off-design performance of gas turbines is presented. In the system, a novel method for compressor map generation and a genetic algorithm-based method for engine off-design performance adaptation are introduced. The methods are integrated into PYTHIA gas turbine simulation software, developed at Cranfield University and tested with experimental data of an aero derivative gas turbine. The results demonstrate the promising capabilities of the proposed system for accurate prediction of the gas turbine performance. This is achieved by matching simultaneously a set of multiple off-design operating points. It is proven that the proposed methods and the system have the capability to progressively update and refine gas turbine performance models with improved accuracy, which is crucial for model-based gas path diagnostics and prognostics.
The Leadership Ethics of Machiavelli’sPrince
Authors: Cosans Christopher E. , Reina Christopher S. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT:This article examines the place of Machiavelli’sPrincein the history of ethics and the history of leadership philosophy. Close scrutiny indicates that Machiavelli advances an ethical system for leadership that involves uprooting corruption and establishing rule of law. He draws on history and current affairs in order to obtain a realistic understanding of human behavior that forms a basis for a consequentialist ethics. While he claims a good leader might do bad things, this is in situations where necessity constrains a prince to choosing the “least bad” course of action. Furthermore, Machiavelli advocates winning the goodwill of followers through leadership as a source of power. Machiavelli’s leadership ethics has a sophistication not fully enjoyed by his reputation in management scholarship. He would not score as especially “Machiavellian” on the Mach IV. Many of his ideas contain seeds for theories that are now considered important for leadership today.
Wave Propagation in Piezoelectric Medium with the Flexoelectric Effect Considered
Authors: Jiao F. Y. , Wei P. J. , Li Y. Q. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWith the consideration of the flexoelectric effect, the dispersion feature of plane waves propagating in infinite piezoelectric medium and the reflection amplitude ratio at a mechanically traction-free and dielectrically charge-free surface of semi-infinite piezoelectric half-space are studied in this paper. The flexoelectric effect is essentially the microstructure effect of heterogeneous piezoelectric medium. Besides, the strain gradient effect and the micro-inertial effect are also introduced to reflect the influences of the microstructure. Different from the classical piezoelectric medium, there are five kinds of coupled elastic waves in the microstructured piezoelectric medium. The influences of the flexoelectric effect, the strain gradient effect and the micro-inertial effect upon the dispersion feature of the coupled elastic waves and the reflection amplitude ratio are studied numerically. The numerical results are shown graphically and are validated by the energy conservation law. It is found that these microstructure effects have obvious influences upon the dispersion feature of the coupled elastic waves and therefore also affect the reflection energy partition at the mechanically free surface. Especially, the micro-inertial effect has fundamental influences on the dispersion properties of the coupled elastic waves.
Dating Prehistoric Fortified Coastal Sites in the Balearic Islands
Authors: Anglada Montserrat , Ferrer Antoni , Ramis Damià , Salas Magdalena , Van Strydonck Mark , José León Maria , Plantalamor Lluís 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA special type of coastal settlement, promontory forts defended by inland-facing walls, appeared in the Balearic Islands in an imprecise time during the Bronze Age. A research project was initiated in 2011 to study one of these sites on each of the two major islands of the archipelago. The first one, Es Coll de Cala Morell (north Menorca), is a walled promontory with a relatively large plateau, with 13 horseshoe-shaped houses (navetes). The second, Sa Ferradura (east Mallorca), is a smaller coastal cape, with a different spatial planning, with only two large built-up areas, both attached to the enclosure wall. Two of the navetes have been excavated at Es Coll de Cala Morell, showing a domestic space with a central hearth in both cases. The occupation has been dated to around 1600–1200 cal BC. At Sa Ferradura seven hearths have been recorded in a large, open-air area. Their chronology falls within the interval of approximately 1200/1100–900 cal BC. From a chronological point of view, fortified settlements in coastal promontories are not, as was expected, a unitary phenomenon in Menorca and Mallorca and have to be related to different cultural periods.
Making Sense of Self-Deception: Distinguishing Self-Deception from Delusion, Moral Licensing, Cognitive Dissonance and Other Self-Distortions
Authors: Khalil Elias L. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThere has been no systematic study in the literature of how self-deception differs from other kinds of self-distortion. For example, the term ‘cognitive dissonance’ has been used in some cases as a rag-bag term for all kinds of self-distortion. To address this, a narrow definition is given: self-deception involves injecting a given set of facts with an erroneous fact to make anex antesuboptimal decision seem as if it wereex anteoptimal. Given this narrow definition, this paper delineates self-deception from deception as well as from other kinds of self-distortions such as delusion, moral licensing, cognitive dissonance, manipulation, and introspective illusion.
Quality of life in bipolar disorder: towards a dynamic understanding
Authors: Morton E. , Murray G. , Michalak E. E. , Lam R. W. , Beaulieu S. , Sharma V. , Cervantes P. , Parikh S. V. , Yatham L. N. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackgroundAlthough quality of life (QoL) is receiving increasing attention in bipolar disorder (BD) research and practice, little is known about its naturalistic trajectory. The dual aims of this study were to prospectively investigate: (a) the trajectory of QoL under guideline-driven treatment and (b) the dynamic relationship between mood symptoms and QoL.MethodsIn total, 362 patients with BD receiving guideline-driven treatment were prospectively followed at 3-month intervals for up to 5 years. Mental (Mental Component Score – MCS) and physical (Physical Component Score – PCS) QoL were measured using the self-report SF-36. Clinician-rated symptom data were recorded for mania and depression. Multilevel modelling was used to analyse MCS and PCS over time, QoL trajectories predicted by time-lagged symptoms, and symptom trajectories predicted by time-lagged QoL.ResultsMCS exhibited a positive trajectory, while PCS worsened over time. Investigation of temporal relationships between QoL and symptoms suggested bidirectional effects: earlier depressive symptoms were negatively associated with mental QoL, and earlier manic symptoms were negatively associated with physical QoL. Importantly, earlier MCS and PCS were both negatively associated with downstream symptoms of mania and depression.ConclusionsThe present investigation illustrates real-world outcomes for QoL under guideline-driven BD treatment: improvements in mental QoL and decrements in physical QoL were observed. The data permitted investigation of dynamic interactions between QoL and symptoms, generating novel evidence for bidirectional effects and encouraging further research into this important interplay. Investigation of relevant time-varying covariates (e.g. medications) was beyond scope. Future research should investigate possible determinants of QoL and the interplay between symptoms and wellbeing/satisfaction-centric measures of QoL.
Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) landing in windy conditions with MAP-Elites
Authors: Adibi Sierra A. , Forer Scott , Fries Jeremy , Yliniemi Logan 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWith the recent increase in the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) comes a surge of inexperienced aviators who may not have the requisite skills to react appropriately if weather conditions quickly change while their aircraft are in flight. This creates a dangerous situation, in which the pilot cannot safely land the vehicle. In this work we examine the use of the MAP-Elites algorithm to search for sets of weights for use in an artificial neural network. This neural network directly controls the thrust and pitching torque of a simulated 3-degree of freedom (2 linear, 1 rotational) fixed-wing UAV, with the goal of obtaining a smooth landing profile. We then examine the use of the same algorithm in high-wind conditions, with gusts up to 30 knots.Our results show that MAP-Elites is an effective method for searching for control policies, and by evolving two separate controllers and switching which controller is active when the UAV is near-ground level, we can produce a wider variety of phenotypic behaviors. The best controllers achieved landing at a vertical speed of <1 m s−1 and at an angle of approach of <1° degree.
Incidence and risk factors for Dengue virus (DENV) infection in the first 2 years of life in a Brazilian prospective birth cohort
Authors: CASTANHA P. M. S. , MONTARROYOS U. R. , SILVEIRA S. M. M. , ALBUQUERQUE G. D. M. , MELLO M. J. G. , LOPES K. G. S. , CORDEIRO M. T. , MARQUES E. T. A. , MARTELLI C. M. T. , BRAGA C. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYThis study assessed the incidence and risk factors for dengue virus (DENV) infection among children in a prospective birth cohort conducted in the city of Recife, a hyperendemic dengue area in Northeast Brazil. Healthy pregnant women (n = 415) residing in Recife who agreed to have their children followed were enrolled. Children were followed during their first 24 months of age (May/2011–June/2014), before the 2015 Zika virus outbreak. DENV infection was detected by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and/or serology (anti-DENV IgM/IgG). The incidence rates per 1000 person-years (py) and its association with risk factors by age bands (0–12, >12–30 months) were estimated through Poisson regression models. Forty-nine dengue infections were detected; none progressed to severe forms. The incidence rates were 107·6/1000py (95% CI 76·8–150·6) and 93·3/1000py (95% CI 56·1–154·4) in the first and second years of age, respectively. Male children (risk ratios (RR) = 2·33; 95% CI 1·09–4·98) and those born to DENV-naïve mothers (RR = 2·42; 95% CI 1·01–5·80) were at greater risk of infection in the first year of age. In the second year, children born to Caucasian/Asian descent skin colour mothers had a threefold higher risk of infection (RR = 3·34; 95% CI: 1·08–10·33). These data show the high exposure of children to DENV infection in our setting and highlight the role of biological factors in this population's susceptibility to infection.
Effects of a school readiness intervention on hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis functioning and school adjustment for children in foster care
Authors: Graham Alice M. , Pears Katherine C. , Kim Hyoun K. , Bruce Jacqueline , Fisher Philip A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMaltreated children in foster care are at high risk for dysregulated hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis functioning and educational difficulties. The present study examined the effects of a short-term school readiness intervention on HPA axis functioning in response to the start of kindergarten, a critical transition marking entry to formal schooling, and whether altered HPA axis functioning influenced children's school adjustment. Compared to a foster care comparison group, children in the intervention group showed a steeper diurnal cortisol slope on the first day of school, a pattern previously observed among nonmaltreated children. A steeper first day of school diurnal cortisol slope predicted teacher ratings of better school adjustment (i.e., academic performance, appropriate classroom behaviors, and engagement in learning) in the fall of kindergarten. Furthermore, the children's HPA axis response to the start of school mediated the effect of the intervention on school adjustment. These findings support the potential for ameliorative effects of interventions targeting critical transitional periods, such as the transition of formal schooling. This school readiness intervention appears to influence stress neurobiology, which in turn facilitates positive engagement with the school environment and better school adjustment in children who have experienced significant early adversity.
Fossil trees, tree moulds and tree casts in the Palaeocene Mull Lava Field, NW Scotland: context, formation and implications for lava emplacement
Authors: Bell Brian R. , Williamson Ian T. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTMegafossils and macrofossils of terrestrial plants (trees, leaves, fruiting bodies, etc.) are found in sedimentary and pyroclastic units interbedded with lavas in many ancient lava fields worldwide, attesting to subaerial environments of eruption and the establishment of viable plant communities during periods of volcanic quiescence. Preservation within lava is relatively rare and generally confined to the more robust woody tissues of trees, which are then revealed in the form of charcoal, mineralised tissue or as trace fossil moulds (tree moulds) and casts of igneous rock (tree casts, s.s.).In this contribution, we document several such fossil trees (s.l.), and the lavas with which they are associated, from the Palaeocene Mull Lava Field (MLF) on the Isle of Mull, NW Scotland. We present the first detailed geological account of a unique site within the Mull Plateau Lava Formation (MPLF) at Quinish in the north of the island and provide an appraisal of the famous upright fossil tree – MacCulloch's Tree – remotely located on the Ardmeanach Peninsula on the west coast of the island, and another large upright tree (the Carsaig Tree) near Malcolm's Point in the district of Brolass, SW Mull; both occurring within the earlier Staffa Lava Formation (SLF). The taphonomy of these megafossils, along with palynological and lithofacies assessments of associated strata, allows speculation of likely taxonomic affinity and the duration of hiatuses supporting the establishment of forest/woodland communities. The Ardmeanach and Carsaig specimens, because of their size and preservation as upright (?in situ) casts enveloped by spectacularly columnar-jointed basaltic lava, appear to be unique. The aspect of these trees, the thickness of the enveloping lavas and the arrangement of cooling joints adjacent to the trees, implies rapid emplacement, ponding and slow, static cooling of voluminous and highly fluid basaltic magma. The specimens from Quinish include two prostrate casts and several prostrate moulds that collectively have a preferred orientation, aligning approximately perpendicular to that of the regional Mull Dyke Swarm, the putative fissure source of the lavas, suggesting local palaeo-flow was directed towards the WSW. The Quinish Lava is an excellent example of a classic pāhoehoe (compound-braided) type, preserving some of the best examples of surface and internal features so far noted from the Hebridean Igneous Province (HIP) lava fields.These Mull megafossils are some of the oldest recorded examples, remarkably well preserved, and form a significant feature of the island's geotourism industry.
Nationalism and Social Sanctioning Across Ethnic Lines: Experimental Evidence from the Kenya–Tanzania Border
Authors: Jeon Sangick , Johnson Tim , Robinson Amanda Lea 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPast research shows that ethnic diversity reduces the ability to sanction norm violators, ultimately undermining cooperation. We test this directly by experimentally varying the ethnic composition of groups playing a dictator game with third-party punishment among two ethnic groups along the Kenya–Tanzania border. We also implement a structurally identical game where the endowment division is randomly determined in order to isolate a punishment motivation from the motivation to rectify income inequality. While costly income adjustment in both games is driven primarily by norm violations and inequality aversion, the ethnic composition of groups also influences sharing and sanctioning behavior in Kenya but not Tanzania, consistent with documented differences in the strength of nationalism across the two countries. However, the way in which shared ethnicity affects sanctioning in Kenya—namely, increased punishment of out-group violations against in-group members—is at odds with theories that anticipate that costly sanctioning will primarily target coethnics.
Cortical Up states induce the selective weakening of subthreshold synaptic inputs
Authors: Bartram Julian , Kahn Martin C. , Tuohy Simon , Paulsen Ole , Wilson Tony , Mann Edward O. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSlow-wave sleep is thought to be important for retuning cortical synapses, but the cellular mechanisms remain unresolved. During slow-wave activity, cortical neurons display synchronized transitions between depolarized Up states and hyperpolarized Down states. Here, using recordings from LIII pyramidal neurons from acute slices of mouse medial entorhinal cortex, we find that subthreshold inputs arriving during the Up state undergo synaptic weakening. This does not reflect a process of global synaptic downscaling, as it is dependent on presynaptic spiking, with network state encoded in the synaptically evoked spine Ca2+ responses. Our data indicate that the induction of synaptic weakening is under postsynaptic control, as it can be prevented by correlated postsynaptic spiking activity, and depends on postsynaptic NMDA receptors and GSK3β activity. This provides a mechanism by which slow-wave activity might bias synapses towards weakening, while preserving the synaptic connections within active neuronal assemblies.