bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le microfilm dans les archives départementales : trente-cinq années d'expérience
Authors: Weill Georges 
Published: March 2017

Microfilm in the «Archives départementales " : thirty years of experience.
After a short history of the development of microfilm in the French " Archives départementales " (provincial archives), the author gives some statistical data on the number of laboratoires, the personnel employed in them, and the length of microfilms produced. A study on the working field of microfilm follows, with the conclusions of the article : in keeping abreast with the evolution of technology, obtaining a better financial basis, solving the legal problems, the French Archives will avoid increasing the backwardness which the author regrets.
Les archives du ministère des Relations extérieures : structures et organisation
Authors: Courcelles Dominique de , Pozzo di Borgo Cécile 
Published: March 2017

Das Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes ; Aufbau und Organisation.
Die Direction des Archives et de la Documentation des Aussenministeriums untersteht nicht der Direction des Archives de France. Das Archiv übernimmt die Akten der Zentral-verwaltung des Ministeriums und von Zeit zu Zeit die Akten der Botschaften und Konsulate. Dabei folgt es in seiner Arbeit dem Ordnungssystem der Abteilungsregistraturen (bureaux d'ordre), um die Integrität der Dokumente innerhalb der Dossiers zu erhalten. Die Gesamtheit des Systems stellt ein einmaliges Beispiel dar für den nahtlosen Ubergang der Akten von ihrer Entstehung bis zur Einordnung als historische Quelle, die fur die Öffentlichkeit zugänglich sind.
Fédéralisme, centralisation et décentralisation dans les Archives en République fédérale d'Allemagne
Authors: Franz Eckhart G 
Published: March 2017

Centralization and Décentralisation in the Archives of the FRG.
The archival system of the Federal Republic of Germany, created after 1945 (upon bases which sometimes go back to the 19th century), combines federalism at the national level with centralisation at the " Lànder " level. There is no centralized authority for all the archives of the Republic (though, of course, there is a Federal Archives, with four repositories at Coblentz, Frankfurt, Freiburg and Sankt Augustin near Bonn). In each " Land ", the State Archives, which often are heirs of the archives of the German States of the 19th century, are independent from the archives of other " Länder " an from Federal Archives, but they are centralized within the " Land ", under the authority of the competent Minister. Nonetheless, there are examples of decentralization in some " Länder ", where the districts (" Landkreise ") have created their own archives, that can also receive state records of the local administration and advise municipal archives in the district. The lack of national centralization is luckily corrected by some important factors of coordination : uniform professional training in only two schools (Marburg and Munich), and a few Régulations valid in the whole FRG, elaborated under the impulse of the Permanent Conférence of People in Charge of State Archives (protection of ADP data, security microfilming). These are the result of the action of the Society of German Archivists (Verein Deutscher Archivare), which, through its conférences, sectional meetings and journal Der Archivar, promotes a basic policy of interchanges in professional experience and permanent training of archivists.
Centralisation et décentralisation des Archives en Angleterre et au pays de Galles
Authors: Nicol Alexandra 
Published: March 2017

Centralization and décentralisation of archives in England and Wales.
The paper traces the different archive service provided by the Public Record Office, the local record offices and the «specialised repositories ». For the public records the once scattered storage is now quite centralized as is the archive service for the records of Central Government regulated by the Public Records Act 1958. There is no obligation on local authorities to provide an archive service and the services offered vary widely. The " specialised repositories " house the records of the organisations which they service and are most often private to those organisations. The links between these different services are provided by public records deposited outside the Public Record Office, by the Historical Manuscripts Commission and by various professional associations. Discussion on a National Archives Policy continues : there is not one at the moment.
Les séries closes des Archives départementales : état des classements
Authors: Joly Bertrand 
Published: March 2017

The arrangement of " closed groups " in Departmental Archives.
The author makes a survey of " closed groups " in Departmental (— provincial) Archives, i.e. documents prior to 1940, and their state of arrangement, after the Etat des inventaires published in October 1984. Only " séries " A, B, C, D, G, H, I and are taken into account ; the other " séries " are left aside, either because they are still considered as " open " (E, F, J), or incomplète (U), or because there are unsolved problems of delimitation with " série " W (documents after 1940). The groups which have been more frequently arranged and described are ecclesiastical archives prior to 1790 (G and H), followed by archives of civil administration prior to 1800 (C and L). Judicial archives before 1790 (B) seem to attract much attention. Such a survey can, according to each reader's temperament, provoke an optimistic reaction (much work has already been done) or a pessimistic one (much remains to do). Two conclusions are drawn by the author : first, the work of arranging and describing historical archives cannot proceed quicker than a certain speed, considering the many tasks which are required from the archivist ; secondly, the fact that older archives are more and more neglected by the researchers for the benefit of modem archives raises the question whether it is still worth-while to process them, and for whom.
Index thématiques, tableaux méthodiques et thésaurus : luxe ou nécessité ?
Authors: Vallée Aline 
Published: March 2017

Thematical indexes, methodical tables, and thésaurus : are they a luxury or a necessity ?
The author raises some questions about the new methods of archival arrangement, in the light of ADP and the new needs its creates. Any archival arrangement, whether of modem or historical documents, implies really a work of intellectual synthesis : an effort of thought especially significant at the level of language, for the choice of terms in the thematical index, which has to be done before writing the finding aid, not after. The author emphasizes the difficulty of creating a documentary language, taking as examples four well-known inventories of the Archives nationales. She then describes the successive phases of the elaboration of a thesaurus, the techniques of cross-indexing, and the subsequent creation of a vocabulary that is supple, open, and with self-evident internal relations. The obstacles to these new archival are still many in our profession : refusal of documentary techniques, mistrust for ADP, fear to call in question traditional attitudes of mind and working practices. However, some individual initiatives have been taken and should be pursued, especially in the field of modem records in departmental (= provincial) archives : for instance, the methodical tables proposed by F.-J. Himly for the Archives of Bas-Rhin. At least one thing is evident : the necessity not to confine ourselves to the traditional field of archives, but to interest ourselves in the experiences of libraries, universities, and scientific research.
La préservation des photographies. Notes sur un colloque récent
Authors: Cartier Bresson Anne , Quétin Michel 
Published: March 2017

The preservation of photographs.
This article is the account of a symposium held in Paris on 17 and 18 November 1984, on the initiative of the Municipality of Paris, on preservation and restoration of photographs. On the first day, dedicated to technology and structure of photographie pictures, Mr. Grant Romer (USA) reported on the history and making of daguerreotypes ; Mr. James Reilly (USA) on a method of identification of old prints ; Mr. Jacques Pouradier (France) on the processing of manufacture and stability of pictures ; Mme Flieder (France, CNRS) on the effects of environment on the conservation of photographie materials. On the second day, dedicated to repair of damaged materials, Miss Anne Cartier-Bresson (France) reported on the methods and work of the recently created restoration workshop for photographs of the Town of Paris ; Mr. Siegfried Rempel (USA) on the results in analysis and restoration obtained by the Research Centre of the University of Texas, Austin ; Mr. Lavédrine (France, CNRS) on the work of the French Research Centre on the Conservation of Graphie Documents ; and Mrs. Sudre (France) on an experience in reproduction of original prints. Several round tables, after each session, dealt with the main public collections of photographs and laboratories, and fruitful debates followed.
La conservation des archives présidentielles aux États-Unis
Authors: Canavaggio Perrine 
Published: March 2017

The preservation of presidential papers in the United States.
After having been private property for 180 years, the American Presidential papers are presumed to belong to the nation since the 1978 Act. This change in their status did not affect the principle of their préservation in the presidential libraries, built with private funds but maintained by the National Archives and Records Service. From their creation in the White House, the records of the President and his staff are managed within the prospect of their final transfer into a presidential library. The 1978 Act introduced both precise and liberal rules of public access to presidential papers.
L'instruction du 31 décembre 1979 sur le traitement des documents des archives départementales postérieurs à 1940
Authors: Cleyet-Michaud Rosine 
Published: March 2017

Rosine Cleyet-Michaud, Der Erlass vom 31. Dezember 1979 bezüglich der Behandlung von Dokumenten der Departementalarchive nach 1940.
Das Volumen der behordlichen Abgaben und die verkürzten Sperrfristen fur Dokumente, gemäss dem Gesetz vom 3. Januar 1979, haben durch den Erlass vom 31. Dezember 1979 zur Abschaffung der Klassifikation von 1841 fur Abgaben nach 1940 gefûhrt. An deren Stelle trat eine fortlaufende Verzeichnung mit drei Elementen (Abgabenummer, der Buchstabe «W », Ordnungsnummer der Akte) sowie die Einfiïhrung neuer und schnellerer Behandlungsmethoden (Suchinstrumente auf der Basis von normalisierten und indizierten Abgabelisten, mit oder ohne Ruckgriff auf EDV).
La place de l'informatique aux Archives
Authors: Ducrot Marie-Odile 
Published: March 2017

Informatik im Archiv.
Die Informatik eröffnet den Archivaren neue Perspektiven, namentlich im Bereich der Dokumentation. Eine echte Intégration in die Archivistik dieser in fortlaufender Entwicklung begriffenen Techniken stellt jedoch verschiedenartige Problème grundsätzlicher Natur (Marie-Odile Ducrot, Die Rolle der Informatik im Archiv ). Gemeinsame Uberlegungen haben es Odile Ducrot, Die Rolle der Informatik im Archiv), Gemeinsame Uberlegungen haben es ermöglicht, bei der Behandlung neueren Registraturguts Fortschritte zu erzielen, insbesondere fur Datenerfassungs-Formulare sowie Indexierungs-Vokabular (Ariette Playoust, Die Informa-tisierung neueren Registraturguts : Bilanz gewonnener Erfahrungen, Empfehlungen). Spürbare Fortschritte wurden auch bei der Verzeichnung alter Bestände erreicht, insbesondere bei den Indices (Aline Vallée, Die Informatik im Dienst geschlossener Bestànde : Uberlegungen zu den im Nationalarchiv gemachten Erfahrungen). Das Centre d'accueil et de recherche des Archives nationales (Caran) schliesslich bedient sich einer originellen Mikro-Netzwerk-Architektur (Gérard Ermisse, Die Informatik im «Caran »). Ein kurzes Verzeichnis des vorhandenen Materials und der Programme in den Departementalarchiven beschliesst dieses Kapitel.
Les archives d'architecture et d'urbanisme
Authors: Babelon Jean-Pierre 
Published: March 2017

Jean-Pierre Babelon, Architektur-und Städteplanungsarchivgut.
Die Aufbewahrung des Architektur, Bauwesen und Städteplanung betreffenden Archivguts stellt gegenwärtig ein besonders wichtiges Problem dar. Das im allgemeinen fur moderne Architektur bezeugte Interesse und die Entdeckung gewisser in Vergessenheit geratener Werte einerseits, die ständig zunehmende Verwendung von Bildern seitens der Geschichtsschreiber andererseits sind für diejenigen, denen öffentliche Sammlungen anvertraut sind, ein Ansporn, Mittel zu finden, um nicht nur die von Behorden, denen Bauwesen und Gebietsplanung obliegen, stammenden Bestände zu erkunden, käuflich zu erstehen und zu behandeln, sondern auch das Archivgut der Architektenbüros. Die immer höheren Preise fur Architektenzeichnungen auf dem Weltmarkt erschweren ein solches Eingreifen, aber man muss versuchen, nicht wiedergutzumachende Versprengungen in alle Welt zu vermeiden. Das gemeinsame Wirken mit eigens zu diesem Behuf im Kreise der Architekten und Architekturschulen geschaffenen und bisweilen von den Gemeindeverwaltungen geförderten Vereinigungen scheint einer der zur Gewährleistung dieser Sicherstellung gangbaren Wege zu sein. Mit dem kurzlich von der Archivdirektion mit dem französischen Architekturinstitut unterzeichneten Abkommen wird diese Absicherungspolitik am greifbarsten in die Tat umgesetzt.
Les Archives nationales d'Haïti : près de deux siècles d'histoire, un nouveau départ
Authors: Bertrand Jean-Wilfrid 
Published: March 2017

The National Archives of Haiti.
The dilapidation of archives, the absence of any specific archival legislation before 1860, insufficient régulations after that date, incessant changes in the ministerial organization, and finally the réduction of the Archives nationales to the mere role of a civil register office : such are the setbacks which the National Archives of Haiti have met with until 1983. Since then, a drastic reorganization and the appointment of a new directorship have led to the rénovation and partial reequipment of the building, the enactment of a new archivai law (1984), an increase of 75 % of the budget, an improvement of the professional level of the personnel, the création of a repair workshop (1987), the beginning of the arrangement and microfiching of the archives, and the launching of a policy of sensitization both on the national and international scale. Among the projects for next years are the extension of the building, the création of a micrography workshop, a programme for the training of archivists, an extension outside the capital, and a campaign of salvage of private records.
Deux archivistes au pays des Soviets. Paris-Moscou-Aschkhabad, 24 août-6 septembre 1987
Authors: Ermisse Gérard , René-Bazin Paule 
Published: March 2017

Two archivists in the country of the Soviets : Paris-Moscow-Aschkabad, 24 August-6 September 1987.
At the end of a two-week archivai mission in the Soviet Union, organized according to the convention of 1976 between the Direction des Archives de France and the General Directorate of State Archives of the USSR, endorsed by the Joint Franco-Sovietic Commission of 1987, the authors describe the Sovietic archivai system. The " Unique Fonds " which is constitued by the whole of the public archives in the Union is deconcentrated in seven catégories of archivai repositories (central repositories, territorial repositories — from " republican " to municipal — , "autonomous" repositories, intermediate repositories), but they are actually administered in a very centralized fashion. For instance, the standards which are enacted by the Fédéral Institute on Archivai Research (VNIIDAD) are compulsory for ail the administrative bodies since the création of the documents. The staff of the archives are numerous and have an intensive professional training, the archives are carefully preserved, but the equipment does not seem to be very modem, except the ADP equipment. Public access to the documents is strictly controlled.
Le projet « Thalie » ou l'informatique au service de l'histoire
Authors: KRAKOVITCH Odile , Roussel Anne 
Published: March 2017

Odile Krakovitch and Anne Roussel, The programme Thalie : ADP at the service of history.
The manuscripts of the plays which were submitted to censorship between 1800 and 1906 are preserved in the Archives nationales, a bulk of about 26,000 plays (anonymous) of all kinds, half of which were never published or acted. Only the inventory of the first 2,500 items of the fonds has been published, covering the years 1800-1830. In order to hasten the publication of the inventory of the remaining part, a special ADP programme has been prepared for the arrangement and indexing of the existing card index. The authors explain the method which was adopted for the choice of the various elements in the data preparation, and the solutions which were given to the problems encountered in the creation of the indexes.
Les archives communales ont célébré le bicentenaire de la Révolution française
Authors: de Peretti Pierre 
Published: March 2017

Pierre de Peretti, How municipal archives commemorated the Bicentenary of the French Revolution.
The " Municipal Archives " Section of the Association des Archivistes français made a survey among some 200 municipal archivists (of big and smaller towns) in order to summarize their various achievements on the occasion of the Bicentenary of the French Revolution. The survey revealed an obvious lack of interest for the commemoration, especially in the South-West and the East : only 1/3 replied to the questionnaire, few have participated in more than one realization (even, paradoxically, in the bigger cities), only half of them have disposed of a specific budget for the occasion, and the most frequent actions were of a traditional kind, such as exhibitions or documentary publications. Only a very few answers alluded to realizations of an innovating character (two street feasts, two symposia, three theatre plays). This shows how little is the place which the cultural action so far has in the preoccupations and mental picture of municipal archivists in France.
L'archiviste d'entreprise : portrait d'un homme nouveau
Authors: Dessolin Baumann Sylvie 
Published: March 2017

Sylvie Dessolin-Baumann, The business archivist : a portrait of a «new man».
The care for the preservation of business archives is in France a recent phenomenon, at least within the enterprises themselves. Since about twenty years, many enterprises have created archive services with professional archivists, so that a new category of «archivists of the third type» has emerged, different from those colleagues who work for the State or the local authorities. The contrast between the situation of public archives and business archives explains this difference : in business archives there have been years of neglect, resulting in many errors in the arrangement and physical preservation ; frequent changes in the structure of the enterprises (internal organization, mergings) have made it difficult to identify the provenance of the documents ; and few normative texts exist which could ground a professional practice. However, a good management of the «memory» of the enterprises is more and more recognised as a necessity for the good functioning of business activities, though in many cases the archivist still has to play a role of public relations in order to justify his/her own existence in the enterprise. He/she has to integrate the archives in the global information system of the enterprise in order to prove that his/her capacities are not limited to the management of the enterprise's memory in its traditional form. The business archivist, as a homo novus, must have specific qualities, such as a taste for innovation and a talent for training and information. He/she also must master quite a number of tools which are necessary for the life of the enterprise, such as accounting, management techniques, and documentary automation.
La section de documentation contemporaine des Archives d'Ille-et-Vilaine
Authors: Robert Marie-José 
Published: March 2017

Marie-José Robert, The " Section of Modem Documentation " in the Departemental Archives of Ille-et-Vilaine.
The " Section of Modem Documentation " is part of the Departemental (i. e. Provincial) Archives of Ille-et-Vilaine (Brittany). Its aim is to illustrate all the aspects of everyday life in Brittany since 1940. The arrangement schedule, which intends to be complete, comprises documentary files (composed of press cuttings) and a library (composed of brochures, pamphlets, articles, etc.), with cross-references from one to the other. A third part of the Section comprises the periodicals and the official publications, with an automated system of indexation which multiplies the trails for research. Such a Section is a useful supplement to the archives proper, thanks to its accessibility. It is also a means of access to the archives, and in some cases it can replace non-existent archives. It is likely that that kind of institution will become a current feature of archive services in the future.
Informatique et Archives municipales : l'exemple de Grenoble, Lyon et Saint-Étienne
Authors: Ollion Michel 
Published: March 2017

Michel Ollion, Automation in Municipal Archives : the example of Grenoble, Lyon and
Saint-Étienne.
The author summarizes the basic data (personnel, length of shelving, ADP equipment) on the municipal archives of these three big towns of South-East France. He compares the steps which were taken in each case to start the automation, laying stress on the obstacles that had to be avoided. He deals with the problems of the vocabulary used for the automation of transfers, and of the relations with ADP professionals. He tries to define the respective role of archivists and ADP professionals in the future extension of automated systems, which are necessarily evolutive.
Le programme Arkheia aux Archives départementales de la Haute-Loire
Authors: Colombani Louis , Framond Martin de 
Published: March 2017

Louis Colombani and Martin de Framond, The system Arkheia in the Départemental Archives of Haute-Loire.
The system Arkheia, in its present form, deals only with the management of the reading room and the reception of transfers. It is a «light» system, which privileges the functions of space management and of the production of archives to their users, more than the documentary information retrieval. A global programme for all the archival functions, which would have needed a general indexation of the whole holdings, was not adopted, because it was considered to be too «heavy» and expensive, and therefore more convenient for larger archives services.
Les archives d'après les Lieux de mémoire : passage obligé de l'Histoire à la Mémoire
Authors: Krakovitch Odile 
Published: March 2017

Archives according to Les lieux de mémoire : moving from history to memory.
The last volumes of Les lieux de mémoire appeared at the beginning of 1993. In this critical examination of places, men, ideas, events and institutions upon which French national memory is built, a spécial chapter deals with archives and proves that they belong to history and to memory at the same time. To history, as documents telling of visible facts, thus making the work of historians possible ; to memory, as monuments testifying to that which is not (or no longer) visible, making it possible to remember. The present paper analyses this distinction from the point of view of our profession, revealing implicit criticism of the «positivist» frame of mind in which archivists go about their duties. Consequently, the latter should take up the challenge and seize this opportunity to reflect on their responsibility in the making of our archivai héritage and its communication to the public.