bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A response‐surface examination of competition and facilitation between native and invasive juvenile fishes
Authors: Nelson Kirsten A. , Collins Scott F. , Sass Greg G. , Wahl David H. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Ecological theory has long recognised the importance of positive and negative species interactions as drivers of food web structure, yet many studies have only focused on competition. Because competitive and facilitative mechanisms operate simultaneously, but through different food web pathways, the balance of their combined effects can produce complex and variable responses.

We used a response‐surface experimental design to assess the roles of negative (e.g. intra‐, interspecific competition) and positive (e.g. facilitation) interactions between native and invasive juvenile fishes. We tested whether these interactions alter the densities of planktonic and benthic invertebrates to evaluate the magnitude and mechanism(s) influencing the acceptance or resistance of biological invaders. Interactions between bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) or common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were evaluated in mesocosms.

Intraspecific interactions were 1.5–2.4 times stronger than interspecific interactions between carp species. The only instance of interspecific competition resulted in bighead carp reducing the daily growth of bluegill, whereas the reciprocal interaction resulted in facilitation. Facilitation occurred when bluegill increased the daily growth of low density bighead carp treatments, despite increased numbers of fishes. Bighead carp also increased densities of benthic Chironomidae larvae, which were subsequently consumed by bluegill, but did not result in enhanced bluegill growth. These suites of interactions were not observed between common and bighead carp.

Our response‐surface design proved useful for comparing the relative magnitude of intra‐ vs. interspecific competition, identifying facilitation among species, and tracing attendant effects on invertebrate communities. By accounting for the directionality of interactions within our experimental framework and tracking responses of prey at lower trophic levels, we provide a clearer understanding of how competitive effects and stressed consumers alter prey communities and influence facilitation.

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Tree species vary widely in their tolerance for liana infestation: A case study of differential host response to generalist parasites
Authors: Visser Marco D. , Schnitzer Stefan A. , Muller‐Landau Helene C. , Jongejans Eelke , de Kroon Hans , Comita Liza S. , Hubbell Stephen P. , Wright S. Joseph 
Published: June 2017

AbstractLianas are structural parasites of trees and reduce individual host tree growth, survival and fecundity. Thus, liana infestation is expected to affect tree population growth rates, with potentially different effects in different species depending on the frequency of liana infestation and the impact of liana infestation on population growth rates. Previous studies have documented the myriad negative effects of lianas on trees and variation in liana infestation among tree species; however, no study has quantified the impact of liana infestation on individual tree species population growth rates. Lianas are increasing in abundance in multiple Neotropical sites, which may have profound consequences for tree species composition if lianas differentially affect host tree species population growth.Here, we use long‐term data to evaluate the effects of liana infestation on the reproduction, growth, survival and ultimately population growth rates of dozens of tree species from Barro Colorado Island, Panama. We then test whether liana infestation affects tree species differentially with respect to two axes of life‐history variation: adult stature and position along the fast–slow axis, a measure of shade tolerance.Liana infestation decreased tree growth, survival and reproduction, with the strongest effects on survival in fast‐growing, light‐demanding species and on reproduction in large‐statured species. In combination, these effects reduced tree population growth rates such that liana‐infested populations declined by an average of 1.4% annually relative to conspecific liana‐free populations. The reduction in population growth rates was greatest among fast‐growing species and smaller in slow‐growing species.Synthesis. Our results demonstrate that liana infestation has strong negative effects on tree population growth rates, which vary systematically among tree species with tree life history. The finding that liana infestation is more harmful to fast‐growing tree species appears to be at odds with the general expectations in the literature. We propose that this is likely due to survivorship bias, as infestation greatly decreases survival in fast‐growing species such that the observable sample is biased towards those that survived and liana‐free. In combination with data on how tree species vary in liana infestation rates, these results provide a basis for predicting the impacts of changes in liana abundance on tree species composition.
Neighbourhood effects on plant reproduction: An experimental–analytical framework and its application to the invasive Senecio inaequidens
Authors: Lachmuth Susanne , Henrichmann Colette , Horn Juliane , Pagel Jörn , Schurr Frank M. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Density dependence is of fundamental importance for population and range dynamics. Density‐dependent reproduction of plants arises from competitive and facilitative plant–plant interactions that can be pollination independent or pollination mediated. In small and sparse populations, conspecific density dependence often turns from negative to positive and causes Allee effects. Reproduction may also increase with heterospecific density (community‐level Allee effect), but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood and the consequences for community dynamics can be complex. Allee effects have crucial consequences for the conservation of declining species, but also the dynamics of range edge populations. In invasive species, Allee effects may slow or stop range expansion.

Observational studies in natural plant communities cannot distinguish whether reproduction is limited by pollination‐mediated interactions among plants or by other neighbourhood effects (e.g. competition for abiotic resources). Even experimental pollen supply cannot distinguish whether variation in reproduction is caused by direct density effects or by plant traits correlated with density. Finally, it is unknown over which spatial scales pollination‐mediated interactions occur.

To circumvent these problems, we introduce a comprehensive experimental and analytical framework which simultaneously (1) manipulates pollen availability and quality by hand pollination and pollinator exclusion, (2) manipulates neighbourhoods by transplanting target plants, and (3) analyses the effects of con‐ and heterospecific neighbourhoods on reproduction with spatially explicit trait‐based neighbourhood models.

Applying this framework to Senecio inaequidens, one of Europe's fastest plant invaders, we found that the seed set was strongly pollen limited. Reproduction had increased by pollinator‐mediated facilitation by both con‐ and heterospecific neighbours which may lead to (community‐level) Allee effects. Pollination‐independent interactions, such as amelioration of abiotic conditions through neighbours, contributed to additional positive neighbour effects. However, these pollination‐independent interactions were weaker than the pollination‐mediated interactions and they occurred over smaller spatial scales. Finally, the strength and direction of neighbourhood effects depended on neighbour traits and thus changed with the trait composition of the neighbourhood.

Synthesis. By manipulating both pollen availability and target plant locations within neighbourhoods, we can comprehensively analyse spatially explicit density dependence of plant reproduction. This experimental approach enhances our ability to understand the dynamics of sparse populations and of species geographical ranges.
Ageing and memory medication: social rationales and consumption practices
Authors: Lopes Noémia , Pegado Elsa , Zózimo Joana R. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis article focuses on the social rationales underlying the consumption or rejection of medication for memory by the elderly. Our analysis is set within the wider frame of the current use of psychopharmaceuticals for the enhancement of everyday performance, discussing its relationship to new cultures of ageing. Our results, from a recently concluded study, point to different patterns of investment in memory in old age. On the one hand, we found a willingness to consume medication for memory – a heterogeneous disposition split between the imaginary of disease and that of performance enhancement. On the other hand, we found a cultural resistance and scepticism towards the use of psychopharmaceuticals for performance purposes. This suggests that a new frame of psychopharmaceuticalization of old age – represented by memory medication – is prompting different rationales, ranging from consumption to resistance.
Domestic Predation of an Elder: A Fatal Dog Attack Case
Authors: Le Garff Erwan , Mesli Vadim , Delannoy Yann , Pollard Jocelyn , Becart Anne , Hedouin Valéry 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe present the case of a 91‐year‐old woman lived alone at her home with two domestic dogs, that is,, a Labrador Retriever and a Staffordshire Bull Terrier and found dead. The investigation of the scene revealed that the Bull Terrier's jawbone and chest were covered with blood. The autopsy revealed multiple, histologically confirmed, life‐threatening skin and bone lacerations without scavenging marks. The punctures and tearing of each of the wounds on the skin were compatible with bites. A left humeral fracture and multiple fractures of the right facial bones were observed. The death was attributed to external hemorrhages due to several dog bites. A veterinary physical and behavioral examination indicated that the Bull Terrier was involved in the attack. A domestic predation hypothesis was deemed here most likely due to the presence of food supplies at the scene, the dog's previous history of attack, and the breed of the dog.
“Undoing” (or Symbolic Reversal) at Homicide Crime Scenes
Authors: Russell Maria , Schlesinger Louis B. , Leon Maria , Holdren Samantha 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA closed case file review of a nonrandom national sample of 975 homicides disclosed 11 cases (1.13%) of undoing, wherein offenders engaged in crime scene behavior that has been considered an attempt to symbolically reverse the murder. The frequency of the various methods of undoing involved the use of blankets to cover the victim's body (55%), positioning the body (55%), use of a bed or couch (42%), washing the body (36%), using pillows (36%), as well as removing clothing and adding other types of adornments (27%). Ten of the 11 offenders were male, and one was female; all 12 victims were female. Ten of the 12 victims were family members or relationship intimates. These findings are consistent with prior reports which concluded that the motivation for undoing behavior is an attempt to compensate for guilt or remorse for having committed the homicide.
Renal effects of an emergency department chloride‐restrictive intravenous fluid strategy in patients admitted to hospital for more than 48 hours
Authors: Yunos Nor'azim Mohd , Bellomo Rinaldo , Taylor David McD , Judkins Simon , Kerr Fergus , Sutcliffe Harvey , Hegarty Colin , Bailey Michael 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectivePatients commonly receive i.v. fluids in the ED. It is still unclear whether the choice of i.v. fluids in this setting influences renal or patient outcomes. We aimed to assess the effects of restricting i.v. chloride administration in the ED on the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI).MethodsWe conducted a before‐and‐after trial with 5008 consecutive ED‐treated hospital admissions in the control period and 5146 consecutive admissions in the intervention period. During the control period (18 February 2008 to 17 August 2008), patients received standard i.v. fluids. During the intervention period (18 February 2009 to 17 August 2009), we restricted all chloride‐rich fluids. We used the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) staging to define AKI.ResultsStage 3 of KDIGO‐defined AKI decreased from 54 (1.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.8–1.4) to 30 (0.6%; 95% CI 0.4–0.8) (P = 0.006). The rate of renal replacement therapy did not change, from 13 (0.3%; 95% CI 0.2–0.4) to 8 (0.2%; 95% CI 0.1–0.3) (P = 0.25). After adjustment for relevant covariates, liberal chloride therapy remained associated with a greater risk of KDIGO stage 3 (hazard ratio 1.82; 95% CI 1.13–2.95; P = 0.01). On sensitivity assessment after removing repeat admissions, KDIGO stage 3 remained significantly lower in the intervention period compared with the control period (P = 0.01).ConclusionIn a before‐and‐after trial, a chloride‐restrictive strategy in an ED was associated with a significant decrease in the incidence of stage 3 of KDIGO‐defined AKI.
Microencapsulation of Corn Wastewater (Nejayote) Phytochemicals by Spray Drying and Their Release Under Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion
Authors: Villela‐Castrejón Javier , Acosta‐Estrada Beatriz A. , Gutiérrez‐Uribe Janet A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractCorn lime cooking generates a large amount of wastewater known as nejayote that is composed of suspended solids and solubilized phytochemicals. Spray drying can be an alternative to recover bioactive molecules, such as ferulic acid, from nejayote. Besides the yield, the physicochemical properties (solubility, water activity, pH, moisture, hygroscopicity, total phenolic content, and distribution of free and bound hydroxycinnamic acids) of spray‐dried nejayote powders were analyzed. The powders were obtained at 200 °C/100 °C or 150 °C/75 °C (inlet/outlet) air temperatures with the addition of maltodextrin (MD) or 2‐hydroxypropyl‐beta‐cyclodextrin (HBCD) as encapsulating agents. Even when no carrier agent was used, a spray‐dried nejayote powder was produced. The use of MD or HBCD as carrier increased the yield from 60.26% to 68.09% or 71.83%, respectively. As expected, a high inlet temperature (200 °C) allowed a satisfactory yield (>70%) and a low powder moisture (2.5%) desired by the industry. Water activity was reduced from 0.586 to 0.307 when HBCD was used in combination with a drying inlet temperature of 150 °C; and from 0.488 to 0.280 when the inlet temperature was set at 200 °C. Around 100% bioaccessibility of the compounds was observed after in vitro digestion. The addition of HBCD increased the release time (P < 0.05). Under simulated physiological conditions, there was no reduction of total phenolics, suggesting a good stability. This paper showed the feasibility to engage the spray drying technology to the corn industry to minimize their residues and reuse their by‐products.
Descriptive and Temporal Saltiness Perception Properties of Model Solid Lipoproteic Colloid Foods—Implications for Sodium Reduction
Authors: Kuo Wan‐Yuan , Lee Youngsoo 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSolid lipoproteic colloid (SLC) foods that consist of an oil‐in‐water emulsion of lipid and protein such as cheese and sausage contribute a significant amount of sodium to modern diets. This study aimed to correlate the overall saltiness perception to the texture and temporal saltiness perception of SLCs to understand saltiness perception during oral processing. Model SLCs with varying levels of protein and fat were prepared via pressure homogenization of whey protein isolate, anhydrous milk fat, and NaCl, followed by heat‐induced gelation. Descriptive sensory analysis (DSA) and time‐intensity (TI) method were used to characterize the sensory profiles and the temporal saltiness perception properties of the SLCs, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis of the DSA results showed that the samples were grouped based on the formulation and the homogenization pressures. The maximum saltiness intensity in the TI curves increased with decreasing contents of protein and fat and decreasing homogenization pressures. The PCA and cluster analysis of the taste and texture attributes from the DSA and the TI parameters showed that the nonfat samples were clustered together, characterized by the DSA salty taste, syneresis texture, and the TI initial saltiness intensity. When only fat‐containing samples were analyzed, the DSA salty attribute correlated significantly with the texture attributes of fracturable and syneresis. The dependence of saltiness perception on the texture properties of the nonfat and fat‐containing samples discovered in this study provided insights for the future development of reduced‐sodium products.
Exploring the putative role of TRPV1‐dependent CGRP release in remote hind preconditioning‐induced cardioprotection
Authors: Randhawa Puneet Kaur , Jaggi Amteshwar Singh 
Published: June 2017

SummaryBackgroundRemote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is a phenomenon whereby transient nonlethal ischemia and reperfusion episodes confer protection against prolonged ischemia reperfusion‐induced injury. However, the underlying intracellular signaling has not been extensively explored.ObjectiveThis study aimed to inspect the putative involvement of TRPV1‐dependent CGRP release in mediating remote hind limb preconditioning‐induced cardioprotection.MethodsIn this study, remote hind limb preconditioning stimulus was delivered (four consecutive episodes of 5 minutes of ischemia reperfusion) using a blood pressure cuff tied at the inguinal level of the rat. The isolated rat hearts were perfused on the Langendorff's system and were subjected to 30‐minutes global ischemia and 120‐minutes reperfusion. Prolonged ischemia and subsequent reperfusion led to myocardial injury that was evaluated in terms of infarct size, LDH release, CK release, LVDP, +dp/dtmax, −dp/dtmin, and coronary flow rate. The pharmacological agents used in this study included capsaicin as TRPV1 channel activator, sumatriptan and CGRP8‐37 as CGRP blockers.ResultsRemote hind limb and capsaicin preconditioning (10 mg/kg–1) significantly reduced the infarct size, LDH release, CK release and significantly improved LVDP, +dp/dtmax, −dp/dtmin, and coronary flow rate. However, remote hind limb and capsaicin preconditioning‐induced cardioprotective effects were remarkably reduced in the presence of sumatriptan (8 mg/kg–1) and CGRP8‐37 (1 mg/kg–1).ConclusionThis indicates that remote hind limb preconditioning stimulus probably activates TRPV1 channels which subsequently induces CGRP release to produce cardioprotective effects.
r.pi: A grass gis package for semi‐automatic spatial pattern analysis of remotely sensed land cover data
Authors: Wegmann Martin , Leutner Benjamin F. , Metz Markus , Neteler Markus , Dech Stefan , Rocchini Duccio 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Analysing the changing spatial patterns of landscapes due to climate change or anthropogenic impact is important for various disciplines. Land cover change and its resulting modification of spatial patterns in the landscape influence various geographical or ecological parameters. Changing formerly continuous into discontinuous ecosystems due to land cover conversion causes isolated fragments in the landscape. Maintaining the connectivity of a fragmented landscape is relevant for, e.g. in nutrient cycle, water‐runoff or species population persistence.

Satellite imagery derived land cover can be used to analyse continuously the changing spatial arrangement of land cover types. However, analyses are computer intensive and require robust and efficient processing routines.

We developed a patch‐based spatial analysis system (r.pi) integrated natively into a Free and Open Source GIS (grass gis) to be able to analyse large amounts of satellite derived land cover data in a semi‐automatic manner, and to ensure high reproducibility and robustness.

Various established and newly developed indices for spatial pattern analysis are provided in this program, to derive further meaningful information like spatial configuration, patch irreplaceability or connectivity of fragments based on a dispersal model approach.
Nonlesional atopic dermatitis skin shares similar T‐cell clones with lesional tissues
Authors: Brunner P. M. , Emerson R. O. , Tipton C. , Garcet S. , Khattri S. , Coats I. , Krueger J. G. , Guttman‐Yassky E. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBackgroundAtopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by robust immune activation. Various T‐cell subsets, including Th2/Th22 cells, are increased in lesional and nonlesional skin. However, there is conflicting literature on the diversity of the T‐cell receptor (TCR) repertoire in lesional AD, and its relation to nonlesional skin remains unclear.MethodsWe performed high‐throughput deep sequencing of the β‐TCR repertoire in 29 lesional and 19 nonlesional AD biopsies, compared to six healthy control and six cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL) samples from previously published cohorts.ResultsWhile greater T‐cell infiltrates were observed in lesional vs nonlesional AD, TCR repertoire diversity was similar in lesional and nonlesional tissues, and absolute numbers of unique T‐cell clones correlated with respective T‐cell counts. Most (87%) top expanded lesional T‐cell clones were shared with nonlesional tissues, and they were largely maintained after 16 weeks of successful treatment with topical triamcinolone. Nevertheless, both lesional and nonlesional AD showed a highly polyclonal TCR pattern, without evidence of oligoclonal expansion, or a preferred usage of certain V‐β genes in AD skin. Size of the overall T‐cell infiltrate, but not the level of clonality, correlated with mRNA levels of key inflammatory mediators (e.g., IL‐13, CCL17, IL23p19, CXCL10).ConclusionWhile AD harbors a highly polyclonal T‐cell receptor repertoire, and despite the lack of information on TCR antigen specificity, the sharing of top abundant clones between lesional and nonlesional skin, and their persistence after months of therapy, points to the continuous presence of potentially pathogenic skin resident memory T cells well beyond clinically inflamed lesions.