bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Misdiagnosis of asthma in schoolchildren
Authors: Yang C.L. , Simons E. , Foty R.G. , Subbarao P. , To T. , Dell S.D. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryBackground: A correct diagnosis of asthma is the cornerstone of asthma management. Few pediatric studies have examined the accuracy of physician‐diagnosed asthma. Objectives: We determined the accuracy of parent reported physician‐diagnosed asthma in children sampled from a community cohort. Methods: Nested case‐control study that recruited 203 children, aged 9–12, from a community‐based sample. Three groups were recruited: asthma cases had a parental report of physician‐diagnosed asthma, symptomatic controls had respiratory symptoms without a diagnosis of asthma, and asymptomatic controls had no respiratory symptoms. All participants were assessed and assigned a clinical diagnosis by one of three study physicians, and then completed spirometry, methacholine challenge, and allergy skin testing. The reference standard of asthma required a study physician's clinical diagnosis of asthma and either reversible bronchoconstriction or a positive methacholine challenge. Diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were calculated for parent‐reported asthma diagnosis compared to the reference standard. Results: One hundred two asthma cases, 52 controls with respiratory symptoms but no asthma diagnosis, and 49 asymptomatic controls were assessed. Physician agreement for the diagnosis of asthma was moderate (kappa 0.46–0.81). Compared to the reference standard, 45% of asthma cases were overdiagnosed and 10% of symptomatic controls were underdiagnosed. Parental report of physician‐diagnosed asthma had 75% sensitivity and 92% specificity for correctly identifying asthma. Conclusions: There is significant misclassification of childhood asthma when the diagnosis relies solely on a clinical history. This study highlights the importance of objective testing to confirm the diagnosis of asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:293–302. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Charged oxygen interstitials in corundum: first principles simulations
Authors: Platonenko Alexander , Gryaznov Denis , Piskunov Sergei , Zhukovskii Yuri F. , Kotomin Eugene A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCombining supercell models and hybrid B3PW exchange‐correlation functionals, ab initio simulations on quasi‐stable configurations of interstitial $O_i^-$ ions in α‐Al2O3 (corundum) crystals and possible migration trajectories have been modelled. We have studied crystalline distortion around migrating $O_i^-$ including interatomic distances and the effective atomic charges, as well as redistributions of the electronic density. Unlike neutral interstitial atom Oi studied by us previously, migrating $O_i^-$ ion does not form dumbbells with the nearest regular $O_{reg}^{q -}$ oxygen ions, due to the strong Coulomb interaction with the nearest $Al_{reg}^{q+}$ cations as well as stronger repulsion between $O_i^-$ and adjacent regular $O_{reg}^{q -}$ ions. We have also estimated the energy barrier for migration between the nearest quasistable configurations of interstitial $O_i^-$ ion. One of these configurations is an octahedron formed by six nearest $O_{reg}^{q -} $ anions in the centre of which $O_i^-$ ion is located, unlike a neutral Oi atom which prefers to migrate directly towards one of adjacent $O_{reg}^{q -} $ anions with the dumbbell formation. As the result, the barrier for $O_i^-$ ion migration in corundum has been found to be by ∼70% smaller than that of Oi atom. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Open‐shell systems investigated with Monte Carlo configuration interaction
Authors: Coe J. P. , Paterson M. J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe investigate the open‐shell systems of the methyl radical, the allyl radical and molecular oxygen using Monte Carlo configuration interaction. We look at whether modifying Monte Carlo configuration interaction to use the increased flexibility of unrestricted Hartree‐Fock orbitals offers any benefits in the description of these systems by the resulting compact wavefunctions. The expectation of the total spin squared when using Slater determinants is calculated to investigate if pure spin states can be evolved by Monte Carlo configuration interaction and how this might be accelerated. We consider the multireference character of these open‐shell systems. To this end we demonstrate how a previously introduced way [J. P. Coe and M. J. Paterson, J. Chem. Theory Comput. 11, 4189 (2015)] of viewing a multireference indicator of P.‐O. Löwdin [P.‐O. Löwdin, Phys. Rev. 97, 1474 (1955)] in terms of the spatial entanglement can be generalized to open‐shell systems.
Refining autonomous agents with declarative beliefs and desires
Authors: Li Qin , Smith Graeme 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
An autonomous agent is one that is not only directed by its environment, but is also driven by internal motivation to achieve certain goals based on beliefs about the environmental behaviour. Design paradigms for autonomous agents such as belief-desire-intention take into account the agent’s “mental” features when presenting its patterns of behaviour. In this paper we present an approach to modelling autonomous agents by introducing mental features to conventional transition system specifications. Mental features such as belief and desire are represented by declarative linear temporal logic formulas. Refinement is then proposed to define the correctness of the agent design and development. It turns out, however, that the introduction of these mental features is not monotonic with respect to refinement. We therefore introduce additional refinement proof obligations to enable the use of simulation rules when checking refinement.
Retrospective Descriptive Study of an Intensive Care Unit at a Ugandan Regional Referral Hospital
Authors: Ttendo Stephen S. , Was Adam , Preston Mark A. , Munyarugero Emmanuel , Kerry Vanessa B. , Firth Paul G. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundWe describe delivery and outcomes of critical care at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, a Ugandan secondary referral hospital serving a large, widely dispersed rural population.MethodsRetrospective observational study of ICU admissions was performed from January 2008 to December 2011.ResultsOf 431 admissions, 239 (55.4 %) were female, and 142 (33.2 %) were children (<18 years). The median length of stay was 2 (IQR 1–4) days, with 365 patients (85 %) staying less than 8 days. Indications for admission were surgical 49.3 % (n = 213), medical/pediatric 27.4 % (n = 118), or obstetrical/gynecological 22.3 % (n = 96). The overall mortality rate was 37.6 % (162/431) [adults 39.3 % (n = 113/287), children 33.5 % (n = 48/143), unspecified age 100 % (n = 1/1)]. Of the 162 deaths, 76 (46.9 %) occurred on the first, 20 (12.3 %) on the second, 23 (14.2 %) on the third, and 43 (26.5 %) on a subsequent day of admission. Mortality rates for common diagnoses were surgical abdomen 31.9 % (n = 29/91), trauma 45.5 % (n = 30/66), head trauma 59.6 % (n = 28/47), and poisoning 28.6 % (n = 10/35). The rate of mechanical ventilation was 49.7 % (n = 214/431). The mortality rate of ventilated patients was 73.5 % (n = 119/224). The multivariate odd ratio estimates of mortality were significant for ventilation [aOR 6.15 (95 % CI 3.83–9.87), p < 0.0001] and for length of stay beyond seven days [aOR 0.37 (95 % CI 0.19–0.70), p = 0.0021], but not significant for decade of age [aOR 1.06 (95 % CI 0.94–1.20), p = 0.33], gender [aOR 0.61(95 % CI 0.38–0.99), p = 0.07], or diagnosis type [medical vs. surgical aOR 1.08 (95 % CI 0. 63–1.84), medical vs. obstetric/gynecology aOR 0.73 (95 % CI 0.37–1.43), p = 0.49].ConclusionsThe ICU predominantly functions as an acute care unit for critically ill young patients, with most deaths occurring within the first 48 h of admission. Expansion of critical care capacity in low‐income countries should be accompanied by measurement of the nature and impact of this intervention.
Distribution and Geochemistry of Selected Trace Elements in the Lignites of Cambay Basin, Gujarat, Western India
Authors: Singh P. K. , Singh Vijay Kumar , Rajak Pramod Kumar , Singh M. P. , Naik A. S. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract:
In the present investigation all the working lignite seams of Cambay basin of Gujarat have been studied to see the distribution and geochemistry of selected major/minor elements like Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg, and Mn and trace elements like Cu, Co, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn. The vertical variation of these elements along the seam profiles has been studied to see the pattern of distribution of these elements and also to know the horizons of their enrichment and the probable cause. Further, these elements have been correlated among themselves and also with organic and inorganic matter of lignite. The correlation study indicates that in Tadkeshwar upper seam Fe has its affinity with huminite while Mg and Na have their affinity with liptinite and in Tadkeshwar lower seam Na has an affinity with liptinite. In Vastan upper seam Mn and Cu are associated with inertinite and Na with huminite while in Vastan lower seam Cu relates to huminite and Cd to liptinite and huminite. In Rajpardi seam Ca and Co are associated with huminite. The study provides information on the mode of occurrence of elements of less studied lignites of western India.
Effect of surface topography with different groove angles on tribological behavior of the wheel/rail contact using alternative machine
Authors: Khalladi A. , Elleuch K. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the surface topography on the tribological behavior of the wheel/rail contact. Four different groove orientations forming the surface topographies—smooth surface, 0°, 45° and 90°—were manufactured by grinding and compared. All friction tests with different surface topographies were conducted using an alternative tribometer simulating the pure sliding process in the wheel-rail contact. The Hertzian pressure was maintained at 1,000 MPa with two levels of sliding velocity (20 mm/s and 80 mm/s). This study resulted in five main findings.
First, the initial surface topographies seemed to have a significant effect on the friction coefficient independently of the speed. Second, the increase of the sliding velocity would decrease the friction coefficient. Third, especially when accompanied with a high sliding velocity, an initial rough surface would have a significant effect on the wear of the wheel. Fourth, the highest wear values were observed at groove orientations of 45° when accompanied with a high sliding velocity. Finally, the break-in duration seemed to depend on the initial surface topographies of the rail and the sliding velocity.
Identification of a Kulshan caldera correlative tephra in the Palouse loess of Washington State, northwest USA
Authors: King Georgina E. , Pearce Nicholas J.G. , Roberts Helen M. , Smith Victoria C. , Westgate John A. , Gaylord David R. , Sweeney Mark R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe Kulshan caldera formed at ∼1.15 Ma on the present-day site of Mt. Baker, Washington State, northwest USA and erupted a compositionally zoned (dacite-rhyolite) magma and a correlative eruptive, the Lake Tapps tephra. This tephra has previously been described, but only from the Puget Lowland of NW Washington. Here an occurrence of a Kulshan caldera correlative tephra is described from the Quaternary Palouse loess at the Washtucna site (WA-3). Site WA-3 is located in east-central Washington, ∼340 km southeast of the Kulshan caldera and ∼300 km east-southeast of the Lake Tapps occurrence in the Puget Lowland. Major- and trace element chemistry and location of the deposit at Washtucna within reversed polarity sediments indicates that it is not correlative with the Mesa Falls, Rockland, Bishop Ash, Lava Creek B or Huckleberry Ridge tephras. Instead the Washtucna deposit is related to the Lake Tapps tephra by fractional crystallisation, but is chemically distinct, a consequence of its eruption from a compositionally zoned magma chamber. The correlation of the Washtucna occurrence to the Kulshan caldera-forming eruption indicates that it had an eruptive volume exceeding 100 km3, and that its tephra could provide a valuable early-Pleistocene chronostratigraphic marker in the Pacific Northwest.
Infant Strangulation from an Amber Teething Necklace
Authors: Cox Catherine , Petrie Neil , Hurley Katrina F. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAmber teething necklaces supposedly provide analgesia for teething infants. Their use is becoming more widespread, despite lack of peer-reviewed evidence and warnings from Health Canada that they pose a strangulation and aspiration risk. To date, there have been no published reports of strangulation secondary to amber teething necklaces. In this report we present a case of non-fatal infant strangulation from the first time use of an amber teething necklace. We will also discuss the role of physicians as advocates in reporting similar cases and educating families. Finally, we will comment on the responsibility of all professionals and professional organizations that work with infants and toddlers to advocate for children by raising concerns and counselling parents.
Surgical Site Infections Following Birmingham Hip Resurfacing
Authors: Bhargava Ashish , Salim Madiha , Banavasi Harsha V. , Neelam Vijay , Wenzel Richmund , Sims Kristin L. , Dhar Sorabh , Kaye Keith S. 
Published: August 2016

The Birmingham Hip Resurfacing procedure (BHR) is metal-on-metal resurfacing procedure for hip arthritis. BHR was associated with low risk of surgical site infection (SSI; 0.6%). In addition to antimicrobials, superficial SSIs were treated with incision and drainage, whereas deep incisional or organ-space SSIs required removal of prosthesis.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;1–4
A PROCESS OF PRIORITIZING TOPICS FOR HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT IN KAZAKHSTAN
Authors: Kosherbayeva Lyazzat , Hailey David , Kurakbaev Kural , Tabarov Adlet , Kumar Ainur , Gutzskaya Gulnara , Stepkina Elena 
Published: August 2016

Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop criteria for the prioritization of topics for health technology assessment (HTA) in the healthcare system of Kazakhstan.Methods: Initial proposals for criteria were suggested through consultation with Ministry of Health (MoH) policy areas. These were refined through a workshop attended by HTA department staff, persons from medical universities and research institutes, and MoH policy makers. The workshop included discussion on methods used in international HTA practice. Opinions of participants on selection of criteria from those specified in a review of prioritization processes were used to define a list for inclusion in an instrument for routine use. A scoring system was established in later discussion.Results: Selected criteria for HTA prioritization were burden of disease, availability of alternative technology, clinical effectiveness, economic efficiency, budget impact, and ethical, legal, and/or psychosocial aspects. For each criterion, a health technology under consideration is given a score from 3 (High) to 1 (Low). The total score determines whether the technology is of high to medium priority or of low priority. Determination of priorities for assessment, using the instrument, should be carried out by an expert group appointed by the MoH. The process was applied in 2014 to a selection of topics, and three health technologies were chosen for full assessments.Conclusions: Criteria for prioritization have evolved with development of the HTA program in Kazakhstan. A method for HTA prioritization has been developed that is easy to apply, requires comparatively few resources, and is compatible with processes required by the MoH.
The relationship between living alone and depressive symptoms among older gay men: the moderating role of sense of belonging with gay friends
Authors: McLaren Suzanne 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTBackground:Living alone is a risk factor for depressive symptoms among older adults, although it is unclear if it is a risk factor for older gay men. A sense of belonging to the gay community is protective and might compensate for living alone. This research investigated whether a sense of belonging with gay friends weakened the relationship between living alone and depressive symptoms among older gay men.Methods:A community sample of 160 Australian gay men aged 65–92 years completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and two visual analogue scales assessing a sense of belonging with gay friends.Results:Results supported the moderation model, with increasing levels of belonging with gay friends weakening the relationship between living alone and depressive symptoms.Conclusion:Results imply that enhancing a sense of belonging with gay friends among older gay men who live alone is likely to be a protective factor in relation to depressive symptoms.
Terrorism in Japan
Authors: Asai Yasufumi , L. Arnold Jeffrey 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Although the 1995 Tokyo subway sarin attack probably was the most widely
reported terrorist event in Japan to date (5,500 injured, 12 dead), the
country has suffered numerous other large terrorism-related events in recent
decades, including bombings of the headquarters of Mitsubishi Heavy
Industries in Tokyo in 1974 (207 injured, 8 dead), the Hokkaido Prefectural
Government office building in Sapporo in 1976 (80 injured, 2 dead), and the
Yosakoi-Soran Festival in Sapporo in 2000 (10 injured, none dead). Japan
also has experienced two other mass-casualty terrorist events involving
chemical releases, including the 1994 Matsumoto sarin attack (600 injured, 7
dead) and the 1998 Wakayama arsenic incident (67 injured, 4 dead).
Until 1995, emergency management in Japan focused on planning and
preparedness at the local level for the frequent disasters caused by natural
events. Since that time, substantial progress has been made in advancing
emergency planning and preparedness for terrorism-related events, including
the designation of disaster centers in each prefecture, the implementation
of several education and training programs for nuclear, biological, and
chemical terrorism, and the establishment of a national Antiterrorism Office
within the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare.
Disasters, Women's Health, and Conservative Society: Working in Pakistan with the Turkish Red Crescent following the South Asian Earthquake
Authors: Miller Andrew C. , Arquilla Bonnie 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn recent years, numerous catastrophic disasters caused by natural hazards directed worldwide attention to medical relief efforts. These events included the: (1) 2003 earthquake in Bam, Iran; (2) 2004 earthquake and tsunami in Southeast Asia; (3) Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in the southern United States in 2005;(4) 2005 south Asian earthquake; and (5) 2006 Indonesian volcanic eruption and earthquakes. Health disparities experienced by women during relief operations were a component of each of these events. This article focuses on the response of the Turkish Red Crescent Society's field hospital in northern Pakistan following the South Asian Earthquake of October 2005, and discusses how the international community has struggled to address women's health issues during international relief efforts. Furthermore, since many recent disasters occurred in culturally conservative South Asia and the local geologic activity indicates similar disaster-producing events are likely to continue, special emphasis is placed on response efforts. Lessons learned in Pakistan demonstrate how simple adjustments in community outreach, camp geography, staff distribution, and supplies can enhance the quality, delivery, and effectiveness of the care provided to women during international relief efforts.
Facing the Challenges in Human Resources for Humanitarian Health
Authors: Mowafi Hani , Nowak Kristin , Hein Karen ,   Human Resources Working Group
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe human resources crisis in humanitarian health care parallels that seen in the broader area of health care. This crisis is exacerbated by the lack of resources in areas in which humanitarian action is needed—difficult environments that often are remote and insecure—and the requirement of specific skill sets is not routinely gained during traditional medical training. While there is ample data to suggest that health outcomes improve when worker density is increased, this remains an area of critical under-investment in humanitarian health care. In addition to under-investment, other factors limit the availability of human resources for health (HRH) in humanitarian work including: (1) over-reliance on degrees as surrogates for specific competencies; (2) under-development and under-utilization of national staff and beneficiaries as humanitarian health workers; (3) lack of standardized training modules to ensure adequate preparation for work in complex emergencies; (4) and the draining of limited available HRH from countries with low prevalence and high need to wealthier, developed nations also facing HRH shortages.A working group of humanitarian health experts from implementing agencies, United Nations agencies, private and governmental financiers, and members of academia gathered at Hanover, New Hampshire for a conference to discuss elements of the HRH problem in humanitarian health care and how to solve them. Several key elements of successful solutions were highlighted, including: (1) the need to develop a set of standards of what would constitute “adequate training” for humanitarian health work; (2) increasing the utilization and professional development of national staff; (3) “training with a purpose” specific to humanitarian health work (not simply relying on professional degrees as surrogates); (4) and developing specific health taskbased competencies thereby increasing the pool of potential workers.Such steps would accomplish several key goals, such as: (1) more confidently ensuring that individuals hired for a given post would have the capacity to function at a commonly understood level of training; (2) greatly increasing the potential number and types of workers available for humanitarian work;(3) increasing the efficiency of human resources utilization in humanitarian projects; and (4) recognition that humanitarian work is a multi-disciplinary endeavor: these goals will contribute to ensuring that humanitarian health workers have a minimum training in broader humanitarian action, making them more effective team members in the field.Efforts were made to highlight some promising pilot programs for human resource development in humanitarian work, to identify a future vision for humanitarian health as a profession, and to develop a human resources strategy for achieving that vision.