bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaws: A Guide for the General Dental Practitioner
Authors: Barker Kate , Rogers Simon 
Published: August 2017

Bisphosphonates are used most commonly in the management of metastatic malignant disorders to bone and for osteoporosis. The number of patients on treatment is increasing. Although there is clear evidence of medical efficacy, there are increasing numbers of reports concerning bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws. This side-effect poses significant problems and is very difficult to treat. The aim of this article is to outline the proposed pathogenesis, incidence, presenting signs and symptoms, and riskfactors. Also, suggestions are made as to the most appropriate measures for prevention and management of bisphosphonate-associated jaw osteonecrosis.
Tuberculous Cervical Lymphadenitis: An Unusual Case
Authors: Kokosali Kalliopi , Lloyd Richard E 
Published: August 2017

A case is reported of a 52-year-old lady who presented with a swelling of the submental region of unknown aetiology mimicking a dental abscess. Following an excision biopsy of the lesion, the histopathology report revealed a mass of lymph nodes with granulomatous inflammation strongly suggestive of infective aetiology, most probably of mycobacterial (either tuberculosis or non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM)) origin. Cervical lymph node enlargement due to NTM remains a diagnostic challenge because of the inconsistent reliability of clinical and laboratory findings. We discuss the significance of caseating granulomatous inflammation in cervical lymphadenitis and provide a brief overview of tuberculosis and a comparison with NTM.
’Bytes and Bites’ – Using Computerized Clinical Records to Improve Patient Safety in General Dental Practice
Authors: Spicer Richard 
Published: August 2017

Record-keeping is an essential part of clinical dental practice, having a direct relationship to patient safety and patient care. This study assesses the quality of record-keeping of 134 GDPs against 14 Clinical Governance standards. GDPs using computerized record systems showed statistically significantly (P < 0.05) better conformity for 11 of these standards than those using paper record systems. The use of computer records is therefore encouraged. In particular, the recording of medical history, soft tissues assessment, periodontal assessment and radiograph clinical evaluation is shown to be suboptimal and this could have potentially serious adverse effects on patient safety and patient care.
Sports Dentistry – What's it all about?
Authors: Foster Mark , Readman Peter 
Published: August 2017

This paper provides an overview of dental conditions that commonly affect individuals competing in all levels of sport. Athletes represent a group of individuals who possess specific risk factors for various dental diseases and related injuries. These patients are at greater risk of dental caries, dental erosion and traumatic dental injuries. Therefore, a clear understanding of these conditions is vital for those practitioners who are involved in the dental care of these patients.
Three generations of led lights and clinical implications for optimizing their use. 1: from past to present
Authors: Pelissier B , Jacquot B , Palin WM , Shortall AC 
Published: August 2017

In the present era of adhesive dentistry light-curing units are essential pieces of surgery equipment for everyday practice. The success and longevity of light-activated resin sealants, photo-cured restorations and orthodontic treatments are related to the efficacy of the light-curing process. Energy efficient blue LED lights are rapidly replacing their halogen lamp predecessors as the standard light source. Manufacturers are producing materials with different initiators and not all of these materials can be properly polymerized with blue LED lights. Clinical Relevance: Adequate curing in depth is basic to the long-term clinical success of any light-activated restoration. As dentists enter the post-amalgam era they are required to restore increasingly large cavities with direct resin composite. To achieve this goal predictably, an appropriate light source needs to be combined with materials knowledge, requisite clinical skills and attention to detail throughout the entire restoration process.
The use of zirconium, single-retainer, resin-bonded bridges in adolescents
Authors: Williams Sian , Albadri Sondos , Jarad Fadi 
Published: August 2017

This paper presents a series of case reports which demonstrate the replacement of the causes of tooth loss which primarily affect children by the use of all-ceramic resin-bonded bridges. Clinical Relevance: To keep practitioners informed of alternative techniques and materials which can be used to replace missing teeth in adolescents.
Body dysmorphic disorder and aesthetic dentistry
Authors: Scott Suzanne E , Newton J Tim 
Published: August 2017

This paper outlines the features and presentation of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), a psychological syndrome which results in patients seeking treatment for an imagined defect in appearance. The assessment of patients with suspected body dysmorphic disorder is outlined, as well as management strategies. Clinical Relevance: Clinicians working in the field of aesthetic dentistry should be aware that some patients presenting for treatment may have body dysmorphic disorder. Aesthetic dental treatment for such patients is not beneficial and carries some risks. Advice for clinicians on assessment and management is outlined.
Defective dental restorations: to repair or not to repair? part 2: all–ceramics and porcelain fused to metal systems
Authors: Blum Igor R , Jagger Daryll C , Wilson Nairn H F 
Published: August 2017

With the increasing use of ceramics in restorative dentistry, and trends to extend restoration longevity through the use of minimal interventive techniques, dental practitioners should be familiar with the factors that may influence the decision either to repair or replace fractured metal-ceramic and all-ceramic restorations and, also, the materials and techniques available to repair these restorations. This second of two papers addresses the possible modes of failure of ceramic restorations and outlines indications and techniques in this developing aspect of restoration repair in clinical practice. Clinical Relevance: The repair of metal-ceramic and all-ceramic restorations is a reliable low-cost, low-risk technique that may be of value for the management of loss or fracture of porcelain from a crown or bridge in clinical practice.
Maxillary labial fraenectomy: indications and technique
Authors: Mittal Mohit , Murray Alison M , Sandler P Jonathan 
Published: August 2017

A labial fraenectomy is indicated in various clinical situations and is performed to facilitate orthodontic closure of a maxillary midline diastema. In these clinical situations, timing of surgery during the phase of orthodontic treatment is important. Labial fraenectomy can be performed before, during or after the orthodontic closure of the maxillary midline diastema, depending on the individual case. It is important to understand how to perform the procedure efficiently and effectively. Success relies as much on accurate diagnosis of the fleshy, prominent or persistent fraenum as it does on meticulous technique to ensure its complete elimination. This article presents the indications for labial fraenectomy. The appropriate timing of the labial fraenectomy procedure to facilitate orthodontic treatment is discussed. Clinical Relevance: A surgical technique to perform maxillary labial fraenectomy procedure in an effective and efficient manner is a useful addition to the clinician's armamentarium.
Gagging during impression making: techniques for reduction
Authors: Farrier Sarah , Pretty Iain A , Lynch Christopher D , Addy Liam D 
Published: August 2017

In everyday dental practice one encounters patients who either believe themselves, or subsequently prove themselves, to be gaggers. Gagging is most frequently experienced during impression making, but is also reported during the taking of radiographs, in the placement of restorations in posterior teeth and, in some individuals, the insertion of a finger for examination purposes. This paper describes some techniques that can easily be mastered by clinicians that may help both operator and patient avoid this unpleasant occurrence. Techniques such as acupressure, the adaptation of trays, or even the use of alternative impression materials and breathing techniques all have their place, and clinicians may have to try several of these, perhaps in conjunction, in order to assist their patients. Clinical Relevance: A significant number of patients attend for dental treatment that require impressions, and for those with gagging problems it can be a horrendous experience. Being able to make the procedure less of an ordeal is better for all involved.
Conservative management of a case of plexiform ameloblastoma
Authors: Chacko Varghese , Kuriakose Sobha , K Sreejith 
Published: August 2017

Ameloblastomas are locally aggressive, benign odontogenic neoplasms having a wide variety of histologic patterns. It is essential to distinguish between the three clinical types of ameloblastomas – the intra-osseous solid lesion, the unicystic type and the extra-osseous lesion, as they differ in their biological behaviour and rate of recurrence and therefore require different forms of treatment. The case presented here is of a 9-year-old boy who reported to the department with pain and swelling along the right side of the mandible of 3 months' duration. Previous histopathological examination of the lesion, performed at a local hospital, produced a picture consistent with unicystic ameloblastoma. The lesion was managed by enucleation and the patient has been followed up for the past 5 years. Radiographic and clinical examinations reveal signs of healing without recurrence. Clinical Relevance: Conservative management of unicystic ameloblastomas may be justified in children provided that the patient can be followed up at regular intervals.
Lingual orthodontics: an overview
Authors: Singh Parmjit , Cox Shirley 
Published: August 2017

As adults increasingly seek orthodontic treatment, a growth has been witnessed in the demand for aesthetic orthodontics, the ultimate of which are appliances bonded to the lingual surfaces of the teeth. Development has spanned 30 years and many of the initial challenges faced with this approach have now been overcome. An overview is provided on the development of lingual appliances from conception through to the current systems available. Lingual orthodontics is not for every patient seeking treatment and therefore the indications and contra-indications are discussed, together with the advantages and disadvantages of this increasingly popular approach. Clinical Relevance: Patients are increasingly asking dental professional about lingual appliances.
Personal development plans (in primary dental care) – getting started
Authors: Miller Alasdair G 
Published: August 2017

This article reviews how to develop a personal development plan, its benefits and how it may relate to the GDC's proposed revalidation scheme. Clinical Relevance: Revalidation is an essential part of reassuring the public that the profession delivers care to appropriate standards in safe work environments. A personal development plan is a key element in improving performance and quality of care.
Indications for surgical endodontics and findings of an audit into referrals
Authors: Ali Zaid , Keshani Divya 
Published: August 2017

Peri-radicular surgery is a valuable treatment modality allowing thorough treatment of chronic infection of the peri-radicular tissues. It is important that this treatment option is prescribed appropriately and steps are taken to help improve outcomes of surgery. We discuss the indications for peri-radicular surgery, considerations when planning treatment for teeth where orthograde endodontics has failed and present the findings of an audit into the appropriateness of referrals for peri-radicular surgery to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at a District General Hospital. Clinical Relevance: This article highlights the indications and contra-indications for peri-radicular surgery to general dental practitioners.
How well are gic product labels related to current systematic review evidence?
Authors: Mickenautsch Steffen 
Published: August 2017

Systematic reviews have been recommended as providing the best source of evidence to guide clinical decisions in dentistry. They appraise evidence from trials focused on investigating clinical effects of dental material categories, such as conventional glass-ionomer cements (GIC) or resin-modified GIC. In contrast, the general dental practitioner is introduced to these categories of materials in the form of branded or private product labels that are marketed during dental conventions or through advertisements. Difficulties may arise in recognizing material categories that have been subjected to systematic reviews, because of the multitude of product labels on the current market. Thus, the value and relevance of published systematic review evidence concerning the material categories represented by these labels may remain obscure. Based on a systematic literature search, this article identifies glass-ionomer cement product labels used during clinical trials which, in turn, were subsequently reviewed in systematic review articles (published between 15 April 2009 and 14 April 2011). This article further clarifies how these product labels relate to the systematic review conclusions. The results show that the conventional and resin-modified glass-ionomer cements that were used in most trials were marketed by GC and 3M ESPE, respectively. The conventional GICs used in most of the reviewed trials were Fuji III and Fuji IX, while Vitremer was the most commonly used resin-modified GIC. Evidence from the reviewed trials suggests that GIC provides beneficial effects for preventive and restorative dentistry. However, more trials of higher internal validity are needed in order to confirm (or disprove) these findings. Only GIC products of branded labels and none of private labels were identified, suggesting that private label GIC products have little or no research back-up. Clinical Relevance: Dental products, such as glass-ionomers cements (GIC), can only be judged as effective when they are based on sufficient research back-up. Systematic reviews of clinical trials provide such back-up at the highest level. Thus clinicians must be able to identify GIC products for which reliable evidence from systematic reviews of clinical studies is available and know about what such evidence contains.
Designing written patient information in primary dental care: the right tools for the job
Authors: Elledge Ross OC 
Published: August 2017

There is a good evidence base in the literature for the use of written patient information in healthcare settings to enable patients to retain information concerning procedures and treatments following initial consultations. A number of tools exist to help in the design of written patient information. These include checklists such as the Department of Health Toolkit for Producing Patient Information, EQIP and DISCERN tools, readability scores such as the Flesch-Kincaid Formula and Flesch Reading Ease score, as well as cultural sensitivity scores. These tools are presented and their possible role in dental primary care discussed. Clinical Relevance: The tools provided here will enable clinicians to develop a better standard of patient information literature concerning procedures and treatments on offer.
A restorative approach to the clinical and aesthetic management of adult patients with class ii division 2 incisor malocclusions
Authors: Ray-Chaudhuri Arijit , Porter Richard J , Kelleher Martin GD 
Published: August 2017

A Class II division 2 incisor malocclusion may be a cause of aesthetic and/or functional concern for some affected patients. Their particular concerns may include dark spaces around the misaligned teeth or uneven gingival contours. Orthodontic and/or orthognathic treatment can address some of these problems but frequently involves lengthy and expensive treatment in the adult dentition. Sadly, such treatment often produces an unstable result, with significant drawbacks such as the requirement for long-term retention. This article aims to describe alternative strategies for managing patients with this incisor malocclusion. Clinical Relevance: This paper outlines a quicker, pragmatic and minimally destructive restorative treatment alternative to conventional orthodontic treatment and the associated long-term retention.
Removal of gutta-percha and root canal sealer: a literature review and an audit comparing current practice in dental schools
Authors: Good M-L , McCammon A 
Published: August 2017

Endodontic failures often require non-surgical retreatment. The most common root canal obturating material is gutta-percha (GP), used in conjunction with various sealers. GP removal can be undertaken thermally and/or mechanically with or without solvents, however, no published guidelines exist. Following a literature review, an audit was undertaken comparing current endodontic practice in Belfast Dental School with the other dental schools across the UK and Republic of Ireland. From the findings, Belfast Dental School decided to introduce rotary files and chloroform to its Conservation Clinic with restrictions for use of the latter, although solvent use is not recommended in every case.Clinical Relevance: Efficiency in removing both gutta-percha and root canal sealer would maximize the ability to disinfect the root canal system and therefore increase the likelihood of a successful outcome.
Anatomy and clinical applications of the maxillary nerve in dentistry: a literature review
Authors: Somayaji S Krishnaraj , Rao KG Mohandas 
Published: August 2017

Few reports in the literature have addressed the course of the maxillary nerve, its regional branches and their significance in anaesthetic procedures. It was observed that the maxillary nerve varies in its branching pattern and the knowledge of the course and distribution of these branches may be useful for dental surgeons and anaesthetists while working in this region. Keeping these points in view, this review is aimed at presenting information about the course, distribution, possible variations, clinical significance and the anaesthetic applications of the maxillary nerve and its branches in dental procedures. Clinical Relevance: Knowledge of the anatomy of the maxillary nerve is of relevance to the regional anaesthetic technique of this nerve.
Contemporary denture base resins: part 2
Authors: Rickman L J , Padipatvuthikul P , Satterthwaite J D 
Published: August 2017

Provision of partial and complete dentures constructed from resin is commonplace and a satisfactory outcome requires the consideration of the properties of the resin, the oral tissues and prosthodontic principles. This second of a two-part series examines the advantages and disadvantages of flexible nylon denture base resins, which have found popularity for the provision of partial dentures. Adverse effects of denture base resins are examined and the benefits and shortcomings of softliners are explored. Chairside adjustment and polishing, and denture hygiene are also discussed. Clinical Relevance: Knowledge of contemporary denture base resin systems will help to achieve optimal outcomes in removable prosthodontics.
Ionizing radiation regulations and the dental practitioner: 1. the nature of ionizing radiation and its use in dentistry
Authors: Rout John , Brown Jackie 
Published: August 2017

Legislation governing the use of ionizing radiation in the workplace and in medical treatment first became law in 1985 and 1988, being superseded by the Ionizing Radiations Regulations 1999 (IRR99) 1 and the Ionizing Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations 2000, (IR(ME)R 2000), 2 respectively. This legislation ensures a safe environment in which to work and receive treatment and requires that those involved in the radiographic process must be appropriately trained for the type of radiographic practice they perform. A list of the topics required is detailed in Schedule 2 of IR(ME)R 2000 and is paraphrased in Table 1 , with the extent and amount of knowledge required depending on the type of radiographic practice undertaken. Clinical Relevance: Virtually all dental practitioners undertake radiography as part of their clinical practice. Legislation requires that users of radiation, including dentists and members of the dental team, understand the basic principles of radiation physics, hazards and protection, and are able to undertake dental radiography safely with the production of high quality, diagnostic images.
Sectional dentures revisited
Authors: Karir N , Hindocha V , Walmsley AD , Attrill D 
Published: August 2017

Sectional dentures are constructed in separate parts which join together intra-orally to create a single prosthesis. They are used to exploit undercuts around teeth, hard and soft tissues which require more than one path of insertion, and are usually of split pin or locking bolts design. By using two case studies, we aim to illustrate the provision of sectional dentures and to which situations their uses are best suited. A 30-year-old male was referred to the Department of Prosthetics at the Birmingham Dental Hospital for a replacement upper partial cobalt chrome denture of a Kennedy Class IV bounded saddle. The patient had a history of failed upper cobalt chrome removable partial dentures owing to loss of retention and poor stability over the previous 12 months. A 40-year-old female patient was referred by her GDP for restoration of a bounded saddle in the lower right quadrant with a history of intolerance to previous dentures. These two cases demonstrate the successful use of sectional dentures in the aesthetic zone. Although more technically demanding, they lie well within the scope of general practice and offer patients alternative solutions from dental implants and bridgework. These cases highlight the importance of the use of alternative prosthetic techniques which can be simple and achievable for all practitioners. Clinical Relevance: Sectional dentures are a treatment modality for the edentulous space where the presence of one or more undercuts prevents restoration by more conventional techniques. This paper highlights some of the situations in which sectional dentures can be employed and emphasizes their use in general practice.
Posterior composites: a practical guide revisited
Authors: Mackenzie Louis , Burke FJ Trevor , Shortall Adrian CC 
Published: August 2017

Direct placement resin composite is revolutionizing the restoration of posterior teeth. Compared to amalgam, its use not only improves aesthetics but, more importantly, promotes a minimally invasive approach to cavity preparation. Despite the benefits, the use of composite to restore load-bearing surfaces of molar and premolar teeth is not yet universally applied. This may be due to individual practitioner concerns over unpredictability, time and the fact that procedures remain technique sensitive for many, particularly with regard to moisture control, placement and control of polymerization shrinkage stress. New materials, techniques and equipment are available that may help to overcome many of these concerns. This paper describes how such techniques may be employed in the management of a carious lesion on the occlusal surface of an upper molar. Clinical Relevance: Direct posterior composite is the treatment of choice for the conservative restoration of primary carious lesions.