bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of risk factors and their interactions in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross‐sectional survey in Guilin, China
Authors: Zou Disha , Ye Yao , Zou Nina , Yu Jian 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAims/IntroductionType 2 diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by insulin resistance, and is associated with the effects of genetic and environmental factors. The present study aimed to not only analyze the influence of a single factor for type 2 diabetes, but also to investigate the interaction effects between risk factors.Materials and MethodsA total of 6,660 individuals selected by the method of cluster random sampling accepted a cross‐sectional survey (questionnaire investigation, physical measurement, laboratory examination and liver ultrasound examination). The classification tree was used to analyze the risk factors and their interactions in type 2 diabetes. The clinical and metabolic characteristics were compared between type 2 diabetes patients and controls, and the non‐conditional logistic regression model was used to quantitatively analyze the interactions.ResultsA total of 338 participants were classified as type 2 diabetes (217 men and 121 women), the classification tree model showed three variables with close associations with type 2 diabetes: age, triglycerides (TG) and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Type 2 diabetes patients had higher age and incidences of high TG, NAFLD, hypertension, high body mass index, high uric acid, high total cholesterol, high low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the following factors had interactions in type2 diabetes: high TG × advanced age (odds ratio 2.499, 95% confidence interval 1.868–3.344, P = 0.000), NAFLD × advanced age (odds ratio 1.250, 95% confidence interval 1.048–1.491, P = 0.013) and NAFLD × high TG (odds ratio 1.349, 95% confidence interval 1.144–1.590, P = 0.000).ConclusionsThe present study showed that type 2 diabetes resulted from the interactions of many factors; the interactions among age, TG and NAFLD are important risk factors for type 2 diabetes.
Climate‐mediated adaptation after mainland colonization of an ancestrally subtropical island lizard, Anolis carolinensis
Authors: Campbell‐Staton S. C. , Edwards S. V. , Losos J. B. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractClimate‐mediated evolution plays an integral role in species migration and range expansion. Gaining a clearer understanding of how climate affects demographic history and adaptation provides fundamental insight into the generation of intra‐ and interspecific diversity. In this study, we used the natural colonization of the green anole (Anolis carolinensis) from the island of Cuba to mainland North America to investigate the role of evolution at the niche, phenotypic and genetic levels after long‐term establishment in a novel environment. The North American green anole occupies a broader range of thermal habitats than its Cuban sister species. We documented niche expansion in the mainland green anole, mediated primarily through adaptation to winter temperatures. Common garden experiments strongly suggest a genetic component to differences in thermal performance found between populations in different temperature regimes. Analysis of geographic variation in population structure based on 53 486 single nucleotide variants from RAD loci revealed increased genetic isolation between populations in different vs. similar thermal environments. Selection scans for environment‐allele correlations reveal 19 genomic loci of known function that may have played a role in the physiological adaptation of A. carolinensis to temperate environments on the mainland.
Discovery of a fluorinated 4‐oxo‐quinoline derivative as a potential positron emission tomography radiotracer for imaging cannabinoid receptor type 2
Authors: Slavik Roger , Müller Herde Adrienne , Haider Achi , Krämer Stefanie D. , Weber Markus , Schibli Roger , Ametamey Simon M. , Mu Linjing 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) is part of the endocannabinoid system and has gained growing attention in recent years because of its important role in neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, we reported on a carbon‐11 labeled 4‐oxo‐quinoline derivative, designated RS‐016, as a promising radiotracer for imaging CB2 using PET. In this study, three novel fluorinated analogs of RS‐016 were designed, synthesized, and pharmacologically evaluated. The results of our efforts led to the identification of N‐(1‐adamantyl)‐1‐(2‐(2‐fluoroethoxy)ethyl)‐8‐methoxy‐4‐oxo‐1,4‐dihydroquinoline‐3‐carboxamide (RS‐126) as the most potent candidate for evaluation as a CB2 PET ligand. [18F]RS‐126 was obtained in ≥ 99% radiochemical purity with an average specific radioactivity of 98 GBq/μmol at the end of the radiosynthesis. [18F]RS‐126 showed a logD7.4 value of 1.99 and is stable in vitro in rat and human plasma over 120 min, whereas 55% intact parent compound was found in vivo in rat blood plasma at 10 min post injection. In vitro autoradiographic studies with CB2‐positive rat spleen tissue revealed high and blockable binding which was confirmed in in vivo displacement experiments with rats by dynamic PET imaging. Ex vivo biodistribution studies confirmed accumulation of [18F]RS‐126 in rat spleen with a specificity of 79% under blocking conditions. The moderate elevated CB2 levels in LPS‐treated mice brain did not permit the detection of CB2 by [18F]RS‐126 using PET imaging. In summary, [18F]RS‐126 demonstrated high specificity toward CB2 receptor in vitro and in vivo and is a promising radioligand for imaging CB2 receptor expression.
image
Cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) is an interesting target for PET imaging. Specific binding of [18F]RS‐126 in CB2‐positive spleen tissue (white arrow head) was confirmed in in vivo displacement experiments with rats. Time activity curve of [18F]RS‐126 in the spleen after the addition of GW405833 (CB2 specific ligand, green) demonstrates faster radiotracer elimination (blue) compared to the tracer only (red).
Effects of systematic nursing instruction on a low‐phosphorus diet, serum phosphorus level and pruritus of patients on haemodialysis
Authors: Cheng Ting‐Yin , Tarng Der‐Cherng , Liao Yuan‐Mei , Lin Pi‐Chu 
Published: July 2016

Aims and objectivesTo investigate the effectiveness of systematic nursing instruction on a low‐phosphorus diet, serum phosphorus level and pruritus of haemodialysis patients.BackgroundA high number of end‐stage renal disease patients on haemodialysis are bothered by pruritus. Hyperphosphataemia was reported to be related to pruritus.DesignAn experimental design was applied.MethodsNinety‐four patients who received haemodialysis between September 2013 and December 2013 at a medical centre in Taipei, Taiwan, were recruited. An experimental group received individual systematic nursing instruction by the investigator through a nursing instruction pamphlet and reminder card for taking medication. A control group received traditional nursing instruction. The pruritus, blood phosphorus level and five‐day diet records were evaluated before and after intervention.ResultsThe experimental group had a low‐phosphorus diet intake compared with the control group (p < 0·001). A significant difference in serum phosphorus level was observed between the experimental and control groups (p = 0·002). Incidence of pruritus was lower in the experimental group than in the control group (p < 0·001).ConclusionA systematic nursing instruction included using a pamphlet, pictures and reminder cards, the patients' blood phosphorus levels decreased, the patients consumed more low‐phosphorus food, and pruritus decreased.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study recommends that clinical nursing staff include systematic nursing instruction as a routine practice for dialysis patients.
Comparative Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Three Immersion Chemical Disinfectants on Clinically Derived Poly(Vinyl Siloxane) Impressions
Authors: Jeyapalan Vidhya , Krishnan Chitra Shankar , Ramasubramanian Hariharan , Sampathkumar Jayakrishnakumar , Azhagarasan N. S. , Krishnan Madhusudan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPurposeTo comparatively evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of freshly prepared electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) with that of 2.4% glutaraldehyde (GA) and 1% sodium hypochlorite (SH) on clinically derived poly vinyl siloxane (PVS) impressions.Materials and MethodsFour clinically derived PVS impressions each were obtained from 10 subjects. One impression from each subject was randomly kept as control (group I), without disinfection. The remaining three impressions were randomly disinfected by immersion in either 2.4% GA (group II), 1% SH (group III), or freshly prepared EOW (group IV). The samples were subjected to microbial culture individually on brain heart infusion (BHI) agar medium. The organisms isolated were confirmed by visual examination and gram staining. Mean colony forming units (CFU) were counted, log10 reduction obtained and compared. Data were statistically analyzed using one‐way ANOVA, followed by multiple comparisons using Tukey‐HSD post hoc tests (p < 0.05).ResultsStreptococci, Staphylococci, Pseudomonas, Candida, Proteus, Klebsiella, and E. coli were isolated from all impressions including the controls, except those disinfected by EOW. All three disinfectants showed significant reduction in CFU and log10 reduction values as compared to the controls. EOW showed significantly higher reduction in log10 values compared to GA and SH, whereas GA and SH showed similar reductions. EOW, GA, and SH showed kill rates of 100%, 99.60%, and 99.82%, respectively.ConclusionEOW showed significant antimicrobial efficacy as evidenced by reduction in log10 values when used as an immersion disinfectant for PVS impressions when compared with the results obtained using GA and SH. These results need further investigation.Clinical implicationsEOW shows high antimicrobial efficacy when used as an immersion disinfectant as compared to GA and SH for clinically derived PVS impressions.
Implementing a Hospitalist Program in a Critical Access Hospital
Authors: Dougan Brian M. , Montori Victor M. , Carlson Kurt W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPurposeThe hospitalist model of inpatient care has rapidly expanded, but little is known about hospitalist care in critical access hospitals (CAHs). We aimed to determine the impact of a hospitalist model of care on staff satisfaction, patient volumes, patient satisfaction, length of stay, and care quality in a CAH.MethodsWe initiated a hybrid rotating hospitalist program in September 2008 at Winneshiek Medical Center (Decorah, Iowa), a 25‐bed rural CAH. We reviewed patient volumes, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services core quality measures, acute length of stay, and staff satisfaction for primary care—hospitalist physicians and inpatient and clinic nurses. Patient volume and length of stay were compared with CAH data reported by the Iowa Hospital Association.FindingsPatient volumes (acute, skilled, and observation) increased by 15% compared with a 17% decrease for statewide CAHs. Length of stay decreased from 2.88 to 2.75 days and remained lower than the average stay for Iowa CAHs (3.05 days). In the year after implementation, we observed no deterioration in core quality measures (range, 93%‐100%) or patient satisfaction (86th percentile). Inpatient nurse satisfaction and primary care‐hospitalist satisfaction improved. Early clinic nurse skepticism showed improved satisfaction at the 5‐year review.ConclusionsHospitalist care contributed to ongoing delivery of high‐quality care and satisfactory patient experiences while supporting the mission of a CAH in rural Iowa. Implementation required careful consideration of its effects on the outpatient practice. Broader implementation of this model in CAHs may be warranted.
Effect of Hybrid Abalone, Haliotis discus hannai × Haliotis discus discus, Cultivation on the Carbon Cycle: Carbon Source/Sink
Authors: Wang Haiqing , Ge Changzi , Mao Yuze , Huang Yao , Sui Haidong 
Published: July 2016

AbstractRespiration, calcification, and bio‐deposition of hybrid abalone, Haliotis discus hannai × Haliotis discus discus, fed on different foodstuffs have been measured to evaluate the effect of hybrid abalone culture on carbon source/sink in coastal areas. Fed with Laminaria japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, U. pinnatifida, and Ulva pertusa, alternated mutually, the carbon bio‐deposition rate of hybrid abalone was 24.29 ± 6.39, 65.40 ± 10.55, 21.48 ± 5.99, and 29.28 ± 6.47 µg/g/h, respectively. Hybrid abalone fed on U. pinnatifida had a higher carbon bio‐deposition rate compared to that fed on other foodstuff (P < 5%). Rate of CO2 released by respiration of hybrid abalone fed on the experimental foodstuff was 24.53 ± 8.57, 32.73 ± 7.99, 29.31 ± 6.39, and 33.67 ± 12.37 µg/g/h, respectively. Results indicated that calcification presented less relationship with body weight type of the foodstuff. The rate of CO2 released by calcification into seawater and atmosphere was 2.77 ± 1.89 and 6.53 ± 3.36 µg/g/h, respectively. The total rate of CO2 released because of bio‐deposition, respiration, and calcification processes was 16.19 ± 4.67 µg/g/h, while the total rate of carbon sequestered in shells and tissues was 8.94 ± 2.07 µg/g/h. The study revealed that hybrid abalone culture is a source of CO2.
The curious case of loners: Social isolation and juvenile incarceration
Authors: Reid Shannon E. 
Published: July 2016

PurposeThe current study examines a subset of youth incarcerated within California's Division of Juvenile Justice who stated they had no close friends during their current period of confinement. As social isolation and peer rejection can have behavioural and developmental issues associated with it, this study examines this concept among an understudied population, incarcerated male youth.MethodUtilizing official and interview data from 213 male youth who responded to an egocentric friendship prompt, this study analyses the correlates of self‐identifying as a ‘loner’ during periods of incarceration. The final logistic regression model uses a multiple imputation model to account for missing data.ResultsFindings from this study indicate that loner status is influenced by a youth's vulnerable commitment status and commitment offence. Youth sentenced through the adult court and older youth were more likely to state they had no close friends in the institution, while those with a sex offence and those who reported involvement with gang violence were more likely to state they had at least one close friend.ConclusionThe self‐reporting incarcerated loner offers a unique area of study as it examines social isolation among a highly delinquent group of juveniles. This study has important implications for correctional psychologists, staff, and researchers as a youth's removal from the larger social network may be at odds with the rehabilitative goals of the institution.
Unstable tandem gene amplification generates heteroresistance (variation in resistance within a population) to colistin in Salmonella enterica
Authors: Hjort Karin , Nicoloff Hervé , Andersson Dan I 
Published: July 2016

SummaryHeteroresistance, a phenomenon where subpopulations of a bacterial isolate exhibit different susceptibilities to an antibiotic, is a growing clinical problem where the underlying genetic mechanisms in most cases remain unknown. We isolated colistin resistant mutants in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium at different concentrations of colistin. Genetic analysis showed that genetically stable pmrAB point mutations were responsible for colistin resistance during selection at high drug concentrations for both species and at low concentrations for E. coli. In contrast, for S. Typhimurium mutants selected at low colistin concentrations, amplification of different large chromosomal regions conferred a heteroresistant phenotype. All amplifications included the pmrD gene, which encodes a positive regulator that up‐regulates proteins that modify lipid A, and as a result increase colistin resistance. Inactivation and over‐expression of the pmrD gene prevented and conferred resistance, respectively, demonstrating that the PmrD protein is required and sufficient to confer resistance. The heteroresistance phenotype is explained by the variable gene dosage of pmrD in a population, where sub‐populations with different copy number of the pmrD gene show different levels of colistin resistance. We propose that variability in gene copy number of resistance genes can explain the heteroresistance observed in clinically isolated pathogenic bacteria.
Jacques Maritain's Ethics of Art
Authors: Haynes Anthony Richard 
Published: July 2016

AbstractI examine Jacques Maritain's views on the relationship between art and ethics or what is today called the ‘ethical criticism of art’, and examine what Maritain's thought can contribute to debates in contemporary aesthetics and wider society. In part I of the article, I approach Maritain's attempted reconciliation of artistic freedom and the demands of morality in three steps, first recalling Maritain's definition of art, second looking at Maritain's analysis of the extra‐artistic concerns of the artist, and third offering a critique of Maritain's views on why art is valued by the community and what justifiable moral claims of the community upon the artist might be—particularly regarding the method of production of artworks. Comparing Maritain's theories to those of contemporary writers in part II, I argue that Maritain's ethics of art can be used to complement Jacques Rancière's notions of the ‘distribution of the sensible’ and ‘artistic regimes’, and that, in the terminology of the ethical criticism of art, Maritain affirms a position which is a composite of ‘moderate moralism’ and ‘ethicism’—a position which is both explanatorily powerful in ascertaining how and why we recognise and value art, and flexible in accommodating changing artistic forms and practices.
Divine Goodness, Predestination, and the Hypostatic Union: St. Thomas on the Temporal Realization of the Father's Eternal Plan in the Incarnate Son
Authors: Nutt Roger W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article considers Aquinas' doctrine of predestination as an eternal reality in God in light of its temporal realization in time by the incarnation of the eternal Son. In particular, Aquinas' repeated recourse to the ratio of the divine goodness as the motive of predestination is documented in conjunction with his teaching on the fittingness of the incarnation. In this light, the relation of the natural sonship of Christ to the grace of adoption is developed by Aquinas as the temporal realization of the eternal reality of predestination in God.
In vivo transplantation of fetal human gut‐derived enteric neural crest cells
Authors: Cooper J. E. , Natarajan D. , McCann C. J. , Choudhury S. , Godwin H. , Burns A. J. , Thapar N. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe prospect of using neural cell replacement for the treatment of severe enteric neuropathies has seen significant progress in the last decade. The ability to harvest and transplant enteric neural crest cells (ENCCs) that functionally integrate within recipient intestine has recently been confirmed by in vivo murine studies. Although similar cells can be harvested from human fetal and postnatal gut, no studies have as yet verified their functional viability upon in vivo transplantation. We sought to determine whether ENCCs harvested from human fetal bowel are capable of engraftment and functional integration within recipient intestine following in vivo transplantation into postnatal murine colon. Enteric neural crest cells selected and harvested from fetal human gut using the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR were lentivirally labeled with either GFP or calcium‐sensitive GCaMP and transplanted into the hindgut of Rag2−/γc−/C5−‐immunodeficient mice at postnatal day 21. Transplanted intestines were assessed immunohistochemically for engraftment and differentiation of donor cells. Functional viability and integration with host neuromusculature was assessed using calcium imaging. Transplanted human fetal gut‐derived ENCC showed engraftment within the recipient postnatal colon in 8/15 mice (53.3%). At 4 weeks posttransplantation, donor cells had spread from the site of transplantation and extended projections over distances of 1.2 ± 0.6 mm (n = 5), and differentiated into enteric nervous system (ENS) appropriate neurons and glia. These cells formed branching networks located with the myenteric plexus. Calcium transients (change in intensity F/F0 = 1.25 ± 0.03; 15 cells) were recorded in transplanted cells upon stimulation of the recipient endogenous ENS demonstrating their viability and establishment of functional connections.
Pancreatic polypeptide stimulates mouse gastric motor activity through peripheral neural mechanisms
Authors: Amato A. , Baldassano S. , Caldara G. F. , Mulè F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundPancreatic polypeptide (PP) is supposed to be one of the major endogenous agonists of the neuropeptide Y4 receptor. Pancreatic polypeptide can influence gastrointestinal motility, acting mainly through vagal mechanisms, but whether PP acts directly on the stomach has not been explored yet. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of PP on mouse gastric emptying, on spontaneous tone of whole stomach in vitro and to examine the mechanism of action.MethodsGastric emptying was measured by red phenol method after i.p. PP administration (1–3 nmol per mouse). Responses induced by PP (1–300 mmol L−1) on gastric endoluminal pressure were analyzed in vitro in the presence of different drugs. Gastric genic expression of Y4 receptor was verified by RT‐PCR.Key ResultsPancreatic polypeptide dose‐dependently increased non‐nutrient liquid gastric emptying rate. In vitro, PP produced a concentration‐dependent contraction that was abolished by tetrodotoxin, a neural blocker of Na+ voltage‐dependent channels. The contractile response was significantly reduced by atropine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist, and by SR48968, an NK2 receptor antagonist, while it was potentiated by neostigmine, an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. The joint application of atropine and SR48968 fully abolished PP contractile effect. Reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed the presence of Y4 receptor mRNA in mouse stomach with a greater expression in antrum than in fundus.Conclusions & InferencesThe present findings demonstrate that exogenous PP stimulates mouse gastric motor activity, by acting directly on the stomach. This effect appears due to the activation of enteric excitatory neurons releasing acetylcholine and tachykinins.