bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autonomní a heteronomní hodnocení jako jedna z determinant účinnosti učitelských praxí
Authors: Kratochvílová Jana , Horká Hana 
Published: July 2016

Cílem předkládané studie je poukázat na možnosti utváření profesního sebepojetí studentů v afektivní složce, jež se projevuje v sebehodnocení. Koncept profesního Já v dimenzi hodnoticí (self-esteem) se stal inspirací pro aplikaci autonomního a heteronomního hodnocení v reflektivním modelu profesní přípravy učitelů. V první části se autorky vyjadřují k pojetí rozvoje profesních kompetencí a profesního sebepojetí v kontextu reflektivního modelu učitelské přípravy. Druhá část je věnována charakteristice praktické přípravy studentů učitelství prvního stupně ZŠ na PdF MU na souvislé pedagogické praxi. Následuje pojednání o výzkumném šetření, jehož cílem bylo zjistit, jak se vyvíjí profesní sebepojetí studentů v průběhu dvou etap souvislé pedagogické praxe z pohledu studentů a cvičných učitelů. Výzkumný soubor tvořilo 71 studentů 4. ročníku studijního oboru učitelství prvního stupně ZŠ prezenční formy studia. Ke zjišťování sebepojetí byl použit hodnoticí arch vlastní konstrukce, který vyplňovali cviční učitelé a studenti. Výsledky výzkumu potvrzují potřebu vést studenty i jejich vzdělavatele k pochopení hodnoty reflexe i procesu její facilitace. V závěru studie jsou uvedena doporučení pro zkvalitnění způsobu práce s (auto)evaluačním nástrojem všemi zainteresovanými účastníky.
Impact of Feeding Strategies on the Scalable Expansion of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in Single-Use Stirred Tank Bioreactors
Authors: Kropp Christina , Kempf Henning , Halloin Caroline , Robles-Diaz Diana , Franke Annika , Scheper Thomas , Kinast Katharina , Knorpp Thomas , Joos Thomas O. , Haverich Axel , Martin Ulrich , Zweigerdt Robert , Olmer Ruth 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

The routine application of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and their derivatives in biomedicine and drug discovery will require the constant supply of high-quality cells by defined processes. Culturing hPSCs as cell-only aggregates in (three-dimensional [3D]) suspension has the potential to overcome numerous limitations of conventional surface-adherent (two-dimensional [2D]) cultivation. Utilizing single-use instrumented stirred-tank bioreactors, we showed that perfusion resulted in a more homogeneous culture environment and enabled superior cell densities of 2.85 × 106 cells per milliliter and 47% higher cell yields compared with conventional repeated batch cultures. Flow cytometry, quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and global gene expression analysis revealed a high similarity across 3D suspension and 2D precultures, underscoring that matrix-free hPSC culture efficiently supports maintenance of pluripotency. Interestingly, physiological data and gene expression assessment indicated distinct changes of the cells' energy metabolism, suggesting a culture-induced switch from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation in the absence of hPSC differentiation. Our data highlight the plasticity of hPSCs' energy metabolism and provide clear physiological and molecular targets for process monitoring and further development. This study paves the way toward more efficient GMP-compliant cell production and underscores the enormous process development potential of hPSCs in suspension culture.

Significance
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are a unique source for the, in principle, unlimited production of functional human cell types in vitro, which are of high value for therapeutic and industrial applications. This study applied single-use, clinically compliant bioreactor technology to develop advanced, matrix-free, and more efficient culture conditions for the mass production of hPSCs in scalable suspension culture. Using extensive analytical tools to compare established conditions with this novel culture strategy, unexpected physiological features of hPSCs were discovered. These data allow a more rational process development, providing significant progress in the field of translational stem cell research and medicine.
A Novel Protocol for Directed Differentiation of C9orf72-Associated Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Into Contractile Skeletal Myotubes
Authors: Swartz Elliot W. , Baek Jaeyun , Pribadi Mochtar , Wojta Kevin J. , Almeida Sandra , Karydas Anna , Gao Fen-Biao , Miller Bruce L. , Coppola Giovanni 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer an unlimited resource of cells to be used for the study of underlying molecular biology of disease, therapeutic drug screening, and transplant-based regenerative medicine. However, methods for the directed differentiation of skeletal muscle for these purposes remain scarce and incomplete. Here, we present a novel, small molecule-based protocol for the generation of multinucleated skeletal myotubes using eight independent iPSC lines. Through combinatorial inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) with addition of bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), we report up to 64% conversion of iPSCs into the myogenic program by day 36 as indicated by MYOG+ cell populations. These cells began to exhibit spontaneous contractions as early as 34 days in vitro in the presence of a serum-free medium formulation. We used this protocol to obtain iPSC-derived muscle cells from frontotemporal dementia (FTD) patients harboring C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansions (rGGGGCC), sporadic FTD, and unaffected controls. iPSCs derived from rGGGGCC carriers contained RNA foci but did not vary in differentiation efficiency when compared to unaffected controls nor display mislocalized TDP-43 after as many as 120 days in vitro. This study presents a rapid, efficient, and transgene-free method for generating multinucleated skeletal myotubes from iPSCs and a resource for further modeling the role of skeletal muscle in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other motor neuron diseases.

Significance
Protocols to produce skeletal myotubes for disease modeling or therapy are scarce and incomplete. The present study efficiently generates functional skeletal myotubes from human induced pluripotent stem cells using a small molecule-based approach. Using this strategy, terminal myogenic induction of up to 64% in 36 days and spontaneously contractile myotubes within 34 days were achieved. Myotubes derived from patients carrying the C9orf72 repeat expansion show no change in differentiation efficiency and normal TDP-43 localization after as many as 120 days in vitro when compared to unaffected controls. This study provides an efficient, novel protocol for the generation of skeletal myotubes from human induced pluripotent stem cells that may serve as a valuable tool in drug discovery and modeling of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular diseases.
Impact of a youth‐friendly HIV clinic: 10 years of adolescent outcomes in Port‐au‐Prince, Haiti
Authors: Reif Lindsey K , Bertrand Rachel , Benedict Charles , Lamb Matthew R , Rouzier Vanessa , Verdier Rose , Johnson Warren D , Pape Jean W , Fitzgerald Daniel W , Kuhn Louise , McNairy Margaret L 
Published: July 2016

IntroductionAdolescents account for over 40% of new HIV infections in Haiti. This analysis compares outcomes among HIV‐positive adolescents before and after implementation of an adolescent HIV clinic in Port‐au‐Prince, Haiti.MethodsWe conducted a cohort study using programmatic data among HIV‐positive adolescents aged 13 to 19. Data from 41,218 adolescents who were HIV tested from January 2003 to December 2012 were included. Outcomes across the HIV care cascade were assessed before and after implementation of an adolescent clinic (2009), including HIV testing, enrolment in care, assessment for antiretroviral therapy (ART) eligibility, ART initiation and 12‐month retention. Pre‐ART outcomes were assessed 12 months after HIV testing. Factors associated with pre‐ART and ART attrition were identified through multivariable competing risk and Cox proportional hazards regression modelling.ResultsCumulatively, 1672 (4.1%) adolescents tested HIV positive (80% female, median age 16 years). Retention by cascade step comparing pre‐ and post‐clinic included the following: 86% versus 87% of patients enrolled in care, 61% versus 79% were assessed for ART eligibility, 85% versus 92% initiated ART and 68% versus 66% were retained 12 months after ART initiation. Pre‐ART attrition decreased from 61% pre‐clinic to 50% post‐clinic (p<0.001). Pre‐ART attrition was associated with being female (sub‐distributional hazard ratio (sHR): 1.59; CI: 1.31–1.93), syphilis diagnosis (sHR: 1.47; CI: 1.16–1.85) and slum residence (sHR: 0.84; CI: 0.72–0.97). ART attrition was associated with syphilis diagnosis (hazard ratio (HR): 2.23; CI: 1.35–3.68) and CD4 <50 cells/µL (HR: 1.88; CI: 1.15–3.06).ConclusionsImplementation of a youth‐friendly adolescent clinic improved retention in HIV care among adolescents, particularly in the assessment of ART eligibility and ART initiation. Additional interventions are needed to improve retention among pre‐ART patients and support long‐term retention among ART patients.
Subcutaneous Angioleiomyoma
Authors: Zhang Ji-Zhen , Zhou Juan , Zhang Zhi-Chang 
Published: July 2016

ObjectivesTo investigate clinical and sonographic features of subcutaneous angioleiomyoma with histopathologic correlation.MethodsClinical features of 141 cases and sonographic appearances of 33 cases of histopathologically proven subcutaneous angioleiomyoma were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical information included patient age, sex, tumor location, and symptoms. Sonographic features included tumor size, location, contour, margin, component, echogenicity, calcifications, and vascularity. Sonograms were analyzed with histopathologic correlation by a single radiologist and a single pathologist.ResultsClinical features of the 141 cases of angioleiomyoma included the following: 78.0% of the cases (110 of 141) were on the lower leg or ankle; 55.3% of the patients (78 of 141) had pain at the tumor location; the female‐to‐male ratio was 1.61:1.00, and most cases occurred in patients in the third through sixth decades. Sonographic features of the 33 cases of angioleiomyoma included the following: 85.0% of the cases (28 of 33) were smaller than 20 mm; 94.0% to 97.0% were solid, oval, parallel to the skin, well defined, and homogeneously hypoechoic and without calcifications; 75.8% (25 of 33) were superficially located, close to or in contact with the dermis; and 39.4% (13 of 33) showed low or moderate internal vascularity.ConclusionsTypical clinical and sonographic features of angioleiomyoma may include a female patient with a painful lower leg or ankle subcutaneous mass, a superficial location, especially in contact with the dermis, a small size (<20 mm), an oval shape, a parallel orientation to the skin, well‐defined margins, complete solid components, homogeneous hypoechogenicity, low or moderate vascular density, and absence of calcifications.
Elastic Characteristics of the Normal Achilles Tendon Assessed by Virtual Touch Imaging Quantification Shear Wave Elastography
Authors: Fu Shuai , Cui Ligang , He Xiaoxi , Sun Yang 
Published: July 2016

ObjectivesTo assess the elastic properties of the normal Achilles tendon in different age groups by Virtual Touch imaging quantification (VTIQ; Siemens Medical Solutions, Malvern, PA) shear wave elastography.MethodsA total of 326 healthy volunteers older than 18 years were divided into different groups by sex and age. The thickness, shear wave velocity (SWV) in sagittal and axial sections, and anisotropic coefficient of the Achilles tendon in a state of relaxation were obtained by conventional sonography and Virtual Touch imaging quantification elastography. These parameters were compared in different age and sex groups, and their correlations with age were evaluated.ResultsThe thickness of the Achilles tendon in men and women increased gradually with age, and it was larger in men than in women in each age group (P < .05). The SWV of the tendon in the sagittal section decreased slightly with age, but the sagittal and axial SWVs and anisotropic coefficient had no significant differences among different age groups (P > .05), and they also had no significant differences between men and women within any group (P > .05). The SWVs in the sagittal and axial sections and anisotropic coefficient had no correlation with age. Intraclass correlation coefficients for sagittal and axial SWVs obtained by 2 independent observers were 0.923 and 0.870, respectively.ConclusionsThe thickness of the Achilles tendon increased gradually with age. We confirmed that tendinous elastographic anisotropy and the stiffness of the tendon had no significant correlation with age.
Observational evidence linking precipitation and mesoscale cloud fraction in the southeast Pacific
Authors: Rapp Anita D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPrecipitation has been hypothesized to play an important role in the transition of low clouds from closed to open cell cumulus in regions of large‐scale subsidence. A synthesis of A‐Train satellite measurements is used to examine the relationship between precipitation and mesoscale cloud fraction across a transition region in the southeastern Pacific. Low cloud pixels are identified in 4 years of CloudSat/CALIPSO observations and along‐track mean cloud fraction within 2.5–500 km surrounding the clouds calculated. Results show that cloud fraction decreases more rapidly in areas surrounding precipitating clouds than around nonprecipitating clouds. The closed to open cell transition region appears especially sensitive, with the surrounding mesoscale cloud fraction decreasing 30% faster in the presence of precipitation compared to nonprecipitating clouds. There is also dependence on precipitation rate and cloud liquid water path (LWP), with higher rain rates or lower LWP showing larger decreases in surrounding cloud fraction.
Global images of trapped ring current ions during main phase of 17 March 2015 geomagnetic storm as observed by TWINS
Authors: Perez J. D. , Goldstein J. , McComas D. J. , Valek P. , Fok M.‐C. , Hwang Kyoung‐Joo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA unique view of the trapped particles in the inner magnetosphere provided by energetic neutral atom (ENA) imaging is used to observe the dynamics of the spatial structure and the pitch angle anisotropy on a global scale during the last 6 h of the main phase of a large geomagnetic storm (minimum SYM‐H = −230 nT) that began on 17 March 2015. Ion flux and pressure anisotropy obtained from Two Wide‐angle Imaging Neutral‐atom Spectrometers (TWINS) ENA images are shown. The ion flux shows two peaks, an inner one at approximately radii = 3–4 RE in the dusk‐to‐midnight sector and an outer peak at radii = 8–9 RE prior to midnight. The inner peak is relatively stationary during the entire period with some intensification during the final steep decline in SYM‐H to its minimum. The outer peak shows the significant temporal variation brightening and dimming and finally disappearing at the end of the main phase. The pressure anisotropy shows the expected perpendicular pitch angles inside of L = 6 but shows parallel pitch angles at greater L values. This is interpreted as consistent with pitch angle‐dependent drift as modeled in the Tsy05 magnetic field and Comprehensive Inner Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere simulations. The TWINS results are compared directly with Radiation Belt Storm Probes Ion Composition Experiment (RBSPICE)‐A measurements. Using 15 min snapshots of flux and pressure anisotropy from TWINS along the path of RBSPICE‐A during the 6 h focused upon in this study, the essential features displayed in the TWINS global images are supported.
Shrinking equatorial plasma bubbles
Authors: Narayanan V. L. , Gurubaran S. , Shiokawa K. , Emperumal K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe formation of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) associated with spread F irregularities are fairly common phenomenon in the postsunset equatorial ionosphere. These bubbles grow as a result of eastward polarization electric field resulting in upward E × B drift over the dip equator. As they grow they are also mapped to low latitudes along magnetic field lines. The EPBs are often observed as airglow depletions in the images of OI 630 nm emission. On occasions the growth of the features over the dip equator is observed as poleward extensions of the depletions in all‐sky images obtained from low latitudes. Herein, we present interesting observations of decrease in the latitudinal extent of the EPBs corresponding to a reduction in their apex altitudes over the dip equator. Such observations indicate that these bubbles not only grow but also shrink on occasions. These are the first observations of shrinking EPBs. The observations discussed in this work are based on all‐sky airglow imaging observations of OI 630.0 nm emission made from Panhala (11.1°N dip latitude). In addition, ionosonde observations made from dip equatorial site Tirunelveli (1.1°N dip latitude) are used to understand the phenomenon better. The analysis indicates that the speed of shrinking occurring in the topside is different from the bottomside vertical drifts. When the EPBs shrink, they might decay before sunrise hours.
Imaging thermal plasma mass and velocity analyzer
Authors: Yau Andrew W. , Howarth Andrew 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe present the design and principle of operation of the imaging ion mass and velocity analyzer on the Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe (e‐POP), which measures low‐energy (1–90 eV/e) ion mass composition (1–40 AMU/e) and velocity distributions using a hemispherical electrostatic analyzer (HEA), a time‐of‐flight (TOF) gate, and a pair of toroidal electrostatic deflectors (TED). The HEA and TOF gate measure the energy‐per‐charge and azimuth of each detected ion and the ion transit time inside the analyzer, respectively, providing the 2‐D velocity distribution of each major ionospheric ion species and resolving the minor ion species under favorable conditions. The TED are in front of the TOF gate and optionally sample ions at different elevation angles up to ±60°, for measurement of 3‐D velocity distribution. We present examples of observation data to illustrate the measurement capability of the analyzer, and show the occurrence of enhanced densities of heavy “minor” O++, N+, and molecular ions and intermittent, high‐velocity (a few km/s) upward and downward flowing H+ ions in localized regions of the quiet time topside high‐latitude ionosphere.
Mesospheric optical signatures of possible lightning on Venus
Authors: Pérez‐Invernón F. J. , Luque A. , Gordillo‐Vázquez F. J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA self‐consistent two‐dimensional model is proposed to account for the transient mesospheric nighttime optical emissions associated to possible intracloud (IC) lightning occurring in the Venusian troposphere. The model calculates the mesospheric (between 75 km and 120 km in altitude) quasi‐elestrostatic electric field and electron density produced in response to IC lightning activity located between 40 km and 65 km in the Venusian cloud layer. The optical signatures and the densities of perturbed excited atomic and molecular neutral and ionic species in the mesosphere of Venus are also calculated using a basic kinetic scheme. The calculations were performed for different IC lightning discharge properties. We found that the calculated electric fields in the mesosphere of Venus are above breakdown values and that, consequently, visible transient glows (similar to terrestrial Halos produced by lightning) right above the parent IC lightning are predicted. The transient optical emissions result from radiative deexcitation of excited electronic states of N2 (in the ultraviolet, visible and near‐infrared ranges) and of O(1S) and of O(1D) in, respectively, the green (557 nm) and red (630 nm) wavelengths. The predicted transient lightning‐induced glows from O(1S) can reach an intensity higher than 167 R and, consequently, be above the detection threshold of the Lightning and Airglow Camera instrument aboard the Japanese Akatsuki probe orbiting Venus since December 2015. However, according to our model, successful observations of transient lightning‐induced optical glows could only be possible for sufficiently close (300 km or maximum 1000 km) distances.
Linkages between Arctic summer circulation regimes and regional sea ice anomalies
Authors: Lynch Amanda H. , Serreze Mark C. , Cassano Elizabeth N. , Crawford Alex D. , Stroeve Julienne 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe downward trend in overall Arctic summer sea ice extent has been substantial, particularly in the last few decades. Departures in ice extent from year to year can be very large, however, in part due to the high variability in summer atmospheric circulation patterns. Anomalies in the Pacific sector ice cover can be partially compensated by anomalies of opposite sign in the Atlantic sector. An assessment of linkages between summer atmospheric patterns and sectoral anomalies in the area of maximum open water north of 70°N demonstrates that there is asymmetry in the mechanisms. Years with low ice extent and high open water fraction are uniformly associated with positive temperature anomalies and southerly flow in both the Atlantic and Pacific sectors. However, years with high extent and low open water fraction in both sectors reveal two dominant mechanisms. Some years with anomalously low maximum open water fraction are associated with negative temperature anomalies and southerly transport—a cool summer pattern that allows ice to persist over larger areas. However, other low open water years are characterized by an “ice factory” mechanism, whereby—even when melting—ice cover is continually replenished by advection from the north.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5: a target for migraine therapy
Authors: Waung Maggie W. , Akerman Simon , Wakefield Mark , Keywood Charlotte , Goadsby Peter J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroductionMany patients suffering from migraine gain little relief from existing treatments partly because many existing acute and preventive therapies used in migraine have been adopted from other neurologic conditions such as depression or epilepsy. Here, we present data supporting a new migraine‐specific target, the mGlu5 receptor.MethodsWe studied the effect of mGlu5 blockade using ADX10059, on neuronal firing in the trigeminocervical complex (TCC) and durovascular effects of nociceptive trigeminovascular activation in the anesthetized rat. The clinical potential of the mGlu5 mechanism was tested with ADX10059 orally in a double‐blind placebo‐controlled, parallel group, clinical trial.ResultsThe negative allosteric mGlu5 modulator ADX10059 attenuated dural vasodilator responses to meningeal stimulation in a dose‐dependent manner, comparable to naratriptan, while the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor blocker MK‐801 had no effect. ADX10059 reduced responses of trigeminocervical neurons to dural stimulation, most strikingly affecting their spontaneous firing rate. Immunostaining identified mGlu5 and not mGlu1a receptors in the TCC. The primary efficacy endpoint for the clinical trial, 2 h pain free, demonstrated a significant effect of ADX10059 375 mg, 17%, versus placebo, 5%. No serious adverse events were reported at the primary dose, with transient dizziness being the most common treatment‐emergent event at 48%.InterpretationOur findings provide preclinical and clinical proof of concept establishing mGlu5 as a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of migraine. Although ADX10059 is unsuitable as a therapeutic candidate, because of hepatoxicity detected in a subsequent study, the data open a new direction for migraine research and therapy.