bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colorectal Cancer Screening among American Indians in a Pacific Northwest Tribe: Cowlitz Tribal BRFSS Project, 2009–2010
Authors: Maly Annika G. , Steel Tessa L. , Fu Rongwei , Lieberman David A. , Becker Thomas M. 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening is low among American Indians (AIs). We describe the demographics, health status, prevalence of modifiable CRC risk factors, and use of CRC screening modalities in a Pacific Northwest AI tribe. Methods. We conducted a survey among Cowlitz tribal members using a Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) questionnaire. We analyzed demographic, health status, behavioral risk factor, and CRC screening variables. Using the Washington State 2010 BRFSS, we compared tribal members with non-Hispanic white (NHW) people. We used logistic regression to examine factors associated with CRC screening for tribal members. Results. A greater proportion of tribal members than NHW people reported living below the federal poverty level (12% vs.7%, p=0.013). A greater proportion of tribal members than NHW people aged ≥50 years had poor self-reported health (27% vs. 16%, p=0.006) and were without health insurance (12% vs. 6%, p=0.004). A greater proportion of tribal members than NHW people had a fecal occult blood test within the past year (20% vs. 13%, p=0.006). Being 60–69 years of age (odds ratio [OR] = 2.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4, 4.9), ≥70 years of age (OR=2.2, 95% CI 1.1, 4.5), and having a personal health-care provider (OR=3.7, 95% CI 1.4, 9.6) were associated with increased screening adherence in tribal members. Conclusion. Data from the Cowlitz Tribal BRFSS demonstrate that members are receiving CRC screening in the same proportions as NHW people despite lower sociodemographic and health status indicators among members. Unique characteristics of the tribe likely contribute to this finding.
Effect of endotoxin, dobutamine and dopamine on muscle mitochondrial respiration in vitro
Authors: Porta Francesca , Takala Jukka , Weikert Christian , Kaufmann Priska , Krahenbuhl Stephan , Jakob Stephan M. 
Published: July 2017

Introduction: Mitochondrial respiration is impaired during endotoxemia. While catecholamines are frequently used in sepsis, their effects on mitochondrial function are controversial. We assessed effects of dobutamine and dopamine endotoxin on isolated muscle mitochondria. Materials and Methods : Sternocleidomastoid muscle mitochondria were isolated from six anesthetized pigs. Each sample was divided into six different groups. Three groups were incubated with endotoxin, three with vehicle. After 1 h, dopamine and dobutamine at final concentrations of 100 µM were added to the vehicle and endotoxin groups. After 2 h, state 3 and 4 respiration rates were determined for all mitochondrial complexes. Oxygen consumption was determined with a Clark-type electrode. Results: Endotoxin increased glutamate-dependent state 4 respiration from 9.3 ± 3.6 to 31.9 ± 9.1 ( P = 0.001) without affecting state 3 respiration. This reduced the efficiency of mitochondrial respiration (RCR; state 3/state 4, 9.9 ± 1.9 versus 3.6 ± 0.6; P < 0.001). The other complexes were unaffected. Catecholamine partially restored the endotoxin-induced increase in complex I state 4 respiration rate (31.9 ± 9.1 versus 17.1 ± 6.4 and 20.1 ± 12.2) after dopamine and dobutamine, respectively ( P = 0.007), and enhanced the ADP:O ratio ( P = 0.033). Conclusions: Dopamine and dobutamine enhanced the efficiency of mitochondrial respiration after short-term endotoxin exposure.
Acoustic communication in terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates
Authors: Ladich Friedrich , Winkler Hans 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACTSound propagates much faster and over larger distances in water than in air, mainly because of differences in the density of these media. This raises the question of whether terrestrial (land mammals, birds) and (semi-)aquatic animals (frogs, fishes, cetaceans) differ fundamentally in the way they communicate acoustically. Terrestrial vertebrates primarily produce sounds by vibrating vocal tissue (folds) directly in an airflow. This mechanism has been modified in frogs and cetaceans, whereas fishes generate sounds in quite different ways mainly by utilizing the swimbladder or pectoral fins. On land, vertebrates pick up sounds with light tympana, whereas other mechanisms have had to evolve underwater. Furthermore, fishes differ from all other vertebrates by not having an inner ear end organ devoted exclusively to hearing. Comparing acoustic communication within and between aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates reveals that there is no ‘aquatic way’ of sound communication, as compared with a more uniform terrestrial one. Birds and mammals display rich acoustic communication behaviour, which reflects their highly developed cognitive and social capabilities. In contrast, acoustic signaling seems to be the exception in fishes, and is obviously limited to short distances and to substrate-breeding species, whereas all cetaceans communicate acoustically and, because of their predominantly pelagic lifestyle, exploit the benefits of sound propagation in a dense, obstacle-free medium that provides fast and almost lossless signal transmission.
Light oiling of feathers increases flight energy expenditure in a migratory shorebird
Authors: Maggini Ivan , Kennedy Lisa V. , Macmillan Alexander , Elliott Kyle H. , Dean Karen , Guglielmo Christopher G. 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACTFlying birds depend on their feathers to undertake most activities, and maintain them in peak condition through periodic molt and frequent preening. Even small exposures to crude oil reduce the integrity of feathers, and could impair flight performance. We trained wild western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) to perform endurance flights in a wind tunnel, and used magnetic resonance body composition analysis to measure energy expenditure after birds were exposed to weathered MC252 crude oil from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The cost of transport was 0.26±0.04 kJ km−1 in controls, and increased by 22% when the trailing edges of the wing and tail were oiled (&lt;20% of body surface; considered light oiling). Additional crude oil on breast and back feathers (∼30% total surface; moderate oiling) increased the cost of transport by 45% above controls. Oiling tended to decrease flight control, and only half of moderately oiled birds completed the flight test. We then flew birds at a range of speeds to estimate basic kinematic parameters. At low speeds, light and moderately oiled birds had larger wingbeat amplitudes than controls, while moderately oiled birds showed greater wingbeat frequencies across all speeds, and a shift in optimal flight speed towards higher wind speeds. We suggest these changes reflect poorer lift production and increased drag on the wings and body. Oiling will increase the difficulty and energy costs of locomotion for daily and seasonal activities such as foraging, predator evasion, territory defense, courtship, chick provisioning, commuting and long-distance migration. These sub-lethal effects must be considered in oil spill impact assessments.
Estudio Teórico de la Influencia del Uso de Mezclas de Biodiesel de Aceite de Palma con JET a-1 en Motores a Reacción
Authors: Mónico Muñoz Luisa Fernanda , Sandoval Sotelo Juan José , Rodríguez Chaparro Andrés Felipe 
Published: July 2017

Context: like many others, today the aeronautical industry has been forced to implement methods to mitigate the damage produced to the environment due to the emission of polluting gases and in doing so, confront the problem of global warming. In this context, research on the use of alternative fuels is of paramount importance, in particular the study of engine performance when using blends of Colombian Biodiesel based on palm oil with Jet A1.Method: as a starting point, we made a review of the state of the art so as to select which engine to study and then the alternative fuels to be used. Simultaneously, Colombian biodiesel based on palm oil was selected, as it has been shown to be a fuel with good performance when it is blended in percentages of 10%, 20% and 50%. Each of the blends were tested in the laboratory to obtain their viscosity, density and calorific values. A spreadsheet program was developed to conduct the analysis, which contemplated the physical properties of mixtures and engine parameters, as well as emissions of nitrous oxides (NOx), atomization and combustion produced by the use of mixtures. The results were compared against those of the Gasturbine simulation softwareResults: CFM 56-5B was chosen as the appropriate engine for the study, because it is currently the most used in the Colombian aeronautical industry. On the other hand, none of the alternative fuel blends generates the same engine performance when using Jet A1. The blends E10 and E20 have a similar behavior, with the novelty of generating less amount of NOx emissions and improving the atomization of the fuel.Conclusions: When the engine’s performance with conventional fuel is comparing with Biodiesel mixtures, a decrease of the thrust is produced as the percentage of Biodiesel in the mixture increases. Because the mixtures of alternative fuel have a lower calorific value fuel consumption in these cases is always greater. However, when comparing the NOx levels produced, a decrease of this pollutant is observed when using Biodiesel blends. It is worth noting that it is of great interest for future work to evaluate other pollutant emissions and, in turn, the behavior of other types of Biodiesel in jet engines.Language: Spanish.
Selección de Alternativas para el Suministro de Gas Natural en Colombia empleando el Proceso Analítico Jerárquico
Authors: Becerra Fernández Mauricio , Rodriguez Yee Ricardo 
Published: July 2017

Context: Colombia consumes natural gas in different sectors, especially in the ones that are residential and vehicular transport. Gas consumption serves as backup for power generation in situations of reduced hydroelectric capacity. Nowadays, gas reserve levels have been reduced and it is essential to ensure the uninterrupted supply of the resource. To achieve such objective, there are some alternatives which are difficult to implement at the same time, given the limited financial budget and implementation times that they demanded. In this way, several studies have advanced in the application of models to prioritize alternatives for both supplying power and reducing emissions in the generation, especially regarding the evaluation of energy sources and technology selection for supply.Method: The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) based in the Delphi method to define preferences according to the experts judgment, was applied to evaluate the selection of alternatives supply of natural gas in Colombia, considering technical, environmental and social criteria, which is reliable and policy oriented to guarantee supply of resources in the country.Results: Once the model was applied, we evaluated the criteria and alternatives for infrastructure to support gas supply, finding that reliability is the most relevant criterion as well as alternative of building the ‘Regasification Pacific Plant’ followed by the construction of the ‘Buenaventura-Cali pipeline’ and the ‘Storage Plant in Bogotá'.Conclusions: As the results indicate, in Colombia efforts should be focus on imports of the resource through the construction of regasification plants and pipelines to facilitate transport inland to demand points. The latter may help decision makers facing various alternatives to ensure the supply of this resource, which is relevant to various economic sectors, including generation of electricity in the country.Language: Spanish
The concept of secret in Anatolian Alewism <p>Anadolu Aleviliği’nde sır kavramı
Authors: Yılmaz Hacı 
Published: July 2017

Groups embracing ideas that do not conform to the ideas prevalent in the society, may choose to keep some of their views secret from the rest of the society in order to avoid outside pressure. Alawites in the Islamic world have developed a similar reflex both to protect themselves from outside pressure and to maintain discipline within their own group. This paper tackles the notion of secret based on a passage found in the introduction of a Futuwwat Namah we came across in the Futuwwat Namah collection Number 8602 in the National Library Manuscripts Collection. The passage tells about how the Prophet disclosed to Ali some of the secrets he received during his dialogue with God in the Night of Ascension. Protecting this secret was deemed very important and although the nature of the secret is not to be found in any written or oral source, measures were taken to protect it from non-Alawites and penalties were set for those would reveal it. In this paper, the passage in question is transliterated in Modern Turkish Alphabet and presented to the reader. Also, there is a discussion of the nature of this secret and what this secret could be in the light of written Alawite sources namely Buyruks of Imam Jafar and Sheikh Safi and some modern works.Extended English abstract is in the end of PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetToplumun genel düşüncesi dışında fikirlere sahip olan gruplar dışarıdan gelebilecek baskılara maruz kalmamak için görüşlerinden en azından bazılarını toplumun diğer bireylerinden gizleme yoluna gitmişlerdir. İslam dünyasının içinde yer alan Aleviler hem kendilerini dış baskılardan koruyabilmek hem de kendi grup disiplinlerini sağlayabilmek adına bu yönde refleks geliştirmişlerdir. İşte bu araştırma, Milli Kütüphane Yazmaları arasında 8602 numaralı Fütüvvetname Mecmuası’nda yer alan bir fütüvvetnamenin baş kısmındaki Hz. Peygamber’in Miraç’ta Tanrı ile konuşmalarından bir kısmını Hz. Ali’ye sır olarak verilmesini anlatan bölümden hareketle Alevilikteki sır kavramı üzerinde durmaktadır. Başkalarından gizlenmesine büyük önem verilen sırrın mahiyeti ne sözlü ne de yazılı kaynaklarda yer almamasına rağmen, Alevi olmayanlardan bunların korunması hususunda bazı tedbirler alınmış, hatta sırrı açıklayanlar için bazı cezalar öngörülmüştür. Burada hem bahsedilen kısım Türkçeye aktarılarak okuyucuya sunulmuş hem de Aleviliğin yazılı kaynakları olan İmam Cafer ve Şeyh Safi Buyrukları başta olmak üzere modern çalışmalar ışığında sırrın mahiyeti tartışılmıştır.
The relationship between social network usage and some personality traits
Authors: Bilgin Mehmet , Yılmaz Asena 
Published: July 2017

The aim of the research, is to examine the relationship between adolescents' five-factor personality features by use of Social Media. As for sample, there are 548 girl and 441 boy students and they are between the ages of 11-18. Adolescents’ data participating in the study, are determined by Big Five Factor personality traits Scale. Prepared data on the use of social media called "Personal Information Form" has been obtained by researcher. In the analysis of data, understanding of social media use times whether it differs according to big five personality traits, According to the social media using time, there was no significant difference between the agreeableness and openness subscales. On the other hand, there is a significant differences between conscientiousness, extraversion and neuroticism. In association with five personality traits of social media purpose, it was found that there are significant differences with different personality traits for each purpose.
Is Population Growth Bad for the Environment?
Authors: Liu Xiangbo , Levy Ting , Chao Chi-Chur , Zhang Mengbo 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation has been central to the debate over sustainable growth. This paper uses utility growth as an index of sustainable growth, which is positively related to economic growth and negatively related to environmental degradation. Skilled and unskilled labor are used in this economy and the population is growing over time generating growth without scale effects. The pollution growth rate is higher in a decentralized economy, whereas the sustainable growth rate is higher in an economy with a social planner. An increased rate of population growth is associated with a higher sustainable growth rate in both economies. A higher share of skilled labor is associated with a higher sustainable growth rate in a decentralized economy, while the effect of a higher share of skilled labor is ambiguous in an economy with a social planner.
Finite Time Estimation for Switched Nonlinear Systems: Application to Stirred Tank Bioreactor
Authors: Aguilar-López Ricardo , Neria-González María Isabel , Mata-Machuca Juan Luis 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This work presents the design of a class of finite time observer applied to a nonlinear switched system. The proposed observer is applied to a stirred batch anaerobic bioreactor, described by classic mass balances, where a sulfate-reducing process took place and kinetic regimen alteration is induced by a change in the carbon source. The proposed observer has a simple structure and under an adequate choosing of the observer´s gain the proposed methodology cancels the upper bounds of the system under the different kinetic regimens inducing the required finite time convergence. The performance of the proposed observer is showed via numerical simulations and for comparison purposes a sliding-mode observer is also implemented, both of them are conducted and experimentally corroborated. The convergence of the observer is done with a simple analysis of the estimation error dynamic equations for all the corresponding subspaces and is showed that the convergence of the estimator is reached under the required conditions.
First and second modern language ideologies, cosmopolitan discourses of English and the emergence of new social hierarchies in transnational contexts
Authors: Schneider Britta 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This article scrutinises language discourse in transnational culture and considers theories on reflexive modernity (Beck et al. 2003) for analysis. I introduce symbolic meanings of language in transnational Communities of Practice constituted by salsa dance, where, depending on dance styles and on local, national and transnational discursive configurations, language ideologies differ, to which data from ethnographic observation and interviews give insight. Both first modern (essentialised) categories and second modern (non-naturalised) constructions of categories are shown to be used within these communities. I study the simultaneous presence of different symbolic functions of languages, relating to first and second modern constructions of categories. As discussed in the final section, the different constructions of language and belonging indicate that reproducing social hierarchies in transnational contexts can be linked to the ability to negotiate multilingual identities as non-essentialist, which is, however, not possible for everyone – and potentially implies neo-liberal discourse. English being a central means in constructing cosmopolitan positions, the article ends with a consideration of the role of English in the transnational sphere, where both first and second modern ideologies are co-present and interlocked, demonstrating the difficulty of taking evaluative stances on language ideology in a globally connected world.
A preliminary investigation of anticancer activity of novel benzothiazole derivatives against A549 lung carcinoma cell line
Authors: Yurttaş Leyla , Kaya Çavuşoğlu Betül , Sever Arda , Çiftçi Gülşen Akalin 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Objective(s)
In this study, it was aimed to synthesize new chemotherapeutic agents based on known antiproliferative properties of benzothiazol-2-amine moiety. The antitumor activity of the newly synthesized compounds was determined against A549 lung cancer cell lines.

Methods
Eighteen compounds were obtained by two steps synthetic route. The anticancer potency of the compounds were detected using MTT assay and flow cytometric analysis on A549 cell line. Some physicochemical properties of the compounds were calculated, virtually.

Results
Compounds 15 and 18 showed the highest cytotoxic activity even than cisplatin. Also, it was determined that compound 18 caused 19.1% (early and late) apoptosis whereas cisplatin caused 21.6% (early and late).

Conclusion
Considering the calculated virtual data, eighteen new compounds were found within the boundaries of Lipinski rule of five to be an oral drug. Besides, the most potent compounds 15 and 18 were detected that both have 1-methylbenzimidazole structure, and also methoxy and ethoxy substituents on benzothiazole ring.
Globalisation, the Development of Constitutionalism and the Individual Employee
Authors: Calitz K 
Published: July 2017

To establish which legal system will govern the relationship between parties involved in an international employment contract, the rules of private international law (or conflict of laws) must be applied. Each country has its own rules of private international law and each country’s courts will apply its own rules if the court is seized with a matter that involves foreign elements. There may be conflict between the potentially applicable legal systems of countries in terms of the level of protection afforded to employees who are parties to international employment contracts.

South Africa has constitutionalised the right to fair labour practices and the question is whether this right is applicable to South African employees working in other countries, or to foreigners working in South Africa who originate from countries where this right is not protected. The answer to this question is to be found in the influence of the Constitution on the rules of private international law as applied by South African courts.

It is evident from recent judgments of the Labour Court that the Court will readily assume jurisdiction and will furthermore readily hold that the proper law of the contract is South African law in order to protect the constitutional rights of employees involved in international employment contracts.

Had the Labour Court held that the place of performance was still the decisive connecting factor, (as previously decided in most South African cases on this
aspect) the law of the other countries involved in the international employment relationship could have left employees in a worse position than under South African law. This possibility seems to be one of the important underlying reasons for the Labour Court’s willingness to assume jurisdiction and to hold that the proper law was in fact South African law.

In the globalisation context the Labour Court has contributed to the advancement of constitutionalism by developing South Africa’s common law rules of private international law to afford constitutional protection to employees involved in international employment contracts.