bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Congruence of Inherent and Acquired Values Facilitates Reward-Based Decision-Making
Authors: Chien Samson , Wiehler Antonius , Spezio Michael , Gläscher Jan 
Published: May 2016

Most real-life cues exhibit certain inherent values that may interfere with or facilitate the acquisition of new expected values during associative learning. In particular, when inherent and acquired values are congruent, learning may progress more rapidly. Here we investigated such an influence through a 2 × 2 factorial design, using attractiveness (high/low) of the facial picture as a proxy for the inherent value of the cue and its reward probability (high/low) as a surrogate for the acquired value. Each picture was paired with a monetary win or loss either congruently or incongruently. Behavioral results from 32 human participants indicated both faster response time and faster learning rate for value-congruent cue–outcome pairings. Model-based fMRI analysis revealed a fractionation of reinforcement learning (RL) signals in the ventral striatum, including a strong and novel correlation between the cue-specific decaying learning rate and BOLD activity in the ventral caudate. Additionally, we detected a functional link between neural signals of both learning rate and reward prediction error in the ventral striatum, and the signal of expected value in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, showing a novel confirmation of the mathematical RL model via functional connectivity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMost real-world decisions require the integration of inherent value and sensitivity to outcomes to facilitate adaptive learning. Inherent value is drawing increasing interest from decision scientists because it influences decisions in contexts ranging from advertising to investing. This study provides novel insight into how inherent value influences the acquisition of new expected value during associative learning. Specifically, we find that the congruence between the inherent value and the acquired reward influences the neural coding of learning rate. We also show for the first time that neuroimaging signals coding the learning rate, prediction error, and acquired value follow the multiplicative Rescorla–Wagner learning rule, a finding predicted by reinforcement learning theory.
The Light-to-heat Conversion of Gold Nanoshells and Nanorods in Tissues
Authors: Duong Vu Thuy , Thuong Trinh Thi , Lien Nghiem Thi Ha , Hoa Do Quang , Nhung Tran Hong 
Published: May 2016

We perform a set of experiments on photo-heating in tissues containing gold nanoshells (NSs) and nanorods (NRs). The temperature of tissues were measured with different amounts gold NSs and NRs under illumination of a continuous diode laser at 808 nm and power density from 20 to 62 W/cm\(^{2}\). The temperature of the tissues injected gold nanoparticles increased to $66 \pm 4\(^{\circ}\)C for \(2.1 \times 10^{8}\) NSs and \(73\pm 4\) \(^{\circ}\)C for gold \(5.4 \times 10^{9}\) NRs after 10 min exposition at power density 35 W/cm\(^{2}\). The control tissue without gold nanoparticles demonstrated a significantly lower temperature \(40 \pm 4\) \(^{\circ}\)C in the same time of illumination. The temperature can be reached up to around 100\(^{\circ}\)C for tissue with both NSs and NRs at 62 W/cm\(^{2}\) inrradiation for \(7-10\) min.
Strong Electron Correlation in Cu-doped CaO Nanocolloid
Authors: Trang Nguyen Thuy , Nhat Hoang Nam 
Published: May 2016

Theoretical prediction of magnetism induced by defects or doping in non-metallic colloids has gained a renewed interests recently. In this work, we investigated the possible appearance of magnetism in Cu doped CaO nanocolloids activated by SPAN-80 in the framework of density functional theory (DFT). Despite of strong antiferromagnetic superexchange interaction between Cu$^{2 + }$ ions, the local magnetic moment of Cu may arise due to attachment of colloidal agent onto the surface of CaO nanocluster. The ferromagnetism attributes to the degeneration of Cu 3d orbitals in CaO crystal fields, the aspects of electron correlation and quantum spin fluctuation. %PACS number: 42.30.R, 42.40.Ht, 42.30.Kq
Isotropic Robertson-Walker model universe with dynamical cosmological parameter Λ in Brans-Dicke Theory of Gravitation
Authors: Singh Kangujam Priyokumar , Dewri Mukunda 
Published: May 2016

This paper discusses about Robertson-Walker space-time with quadratic equation of state and dynamical cosmological parameter Λ . Some exact solutions of Einstein’s field equations for three cases have been obtained. Physical behaviors of the models are discussed in detail.
Desirable Characteristics of Consulting Cardiologists for Sustained Referrals by Primary Care Physicians
Authors: Ribeiro Phillip , Patel Swetal , Carlos Krystal , Sehgal Sumit , Pai Ramdas , Ribeiro Paulo 
Published: May 2016

<p>Accountable care organization and high quality affordable patient care requires impeccable team work between primary and specialist care physicians. Limited data exists on evaluation of factors that lead to termination of referrals between primary care physicians and cardiologists. Using an 11 point questionnaire of potential factors for cause of termination of referrals to cardiologists, 103 primary care providers were interviewed. Out of 103 primary care providers interviewed in Little Rock, Arkansas and Chicago, Illinois, 84 providers were practicing in the city limits and 19 in the rural areas. The most important factors that result in termination of referrals between primary care physicians and cardiologists include cardiologist's bedside manners as perceived by the patient, poor feedback to the primary care provider from the cardiologist, and the patients not getting their questions fully answered by the cardiologist during the visit.</p>
QualisSUS-Redes e as proposições do Banco Mundial: problematizações críticas
Authors: De Castro e Castro Marina Monteiro 
Published: May 2016

O presente artigo tem por objetivo apresentar problematizações críticas acerca do QualiSUs-Redes - programa do Ministério da Saúde financiado pelo Banco Mundial. Através de uma pesquisa junto aos documentos que subsidiam o programa e às referências teóricas que tratam do mesmo, foi realizada uma apreciação das principais propostas do Programa. O estudo demonstrou que, apesar do QualiSUS-Redes ter em sua composição direcionamentos que buscam avanços na qualificação dos serviços públicos de saúde, é necessário problematizar o alinhamento aos ditames do Banco Mundial, em um contexto de ataque às políticas públicas de saúde, para desmistificar os fundamentos políticos e econômicos dos programas governamentais.
Species introductions and the phylogenetic and functional structure of California's grasses
Authors: Sandel Brody , Tsirogiannis Constantinos 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMany species assemblages represent a nonrandom subset of a larger species pool. When an assemblage tends to contain close evolutionary relatives or species with similar functional traits, it can be described as phylogenetically or functionally clustered. Clustering is often interpreted as evidence for filtering by some combination of environmental and biotic factors. At sufficiently large spatial extents, however, biogeographic barriers can also lead to strong clustering. Here, we suggest that the breakdown of biogeographic barriers associated with human introductions of exotic species can be used as an unintentional experiment to assess their importance in driving phylogenetic and functional structure. An important role of biogeographic barriers would be revealed by a breakdown in clustering, particularly phylogenetic clustering, following species introductions. On the other hand, a role of filtering can be supported by similar patterns of clustering in the native and exotic assemblages along environmental gradients. We test these predictions using the grasses of California, a diverse group including many introduced species. Native grass assemblages in the state are highly clustered with respect to the global grass species pool, both phylogenetically and functionally. Within the state, variation in the strength of clustering is well explained by climatic variables, suggesting an important role for environmental‐biotic filtering. Further, subregions within the state with highly clustered native assemblages also contain highly clustered exotic assemblages. Contrary to expectation, though, the introduction of exotic species led to even more strongly clustered assemblages. We conclude that biogeographic barriers have generally not excluded the major grass lineages (e.g., tribes) from the state and likely act only on finer taxonomic scales (for example, excluding particular genera). Our approach should prove broadly applicable and contribute to improved understanding of broad‐scale patterns of assemblage structure.
Bottom‐up and top‐down human impacts interact to affect a protected coastal Chilean marsh
Authors: Fariña José M. , He Qiang , Silliman Brian R. , Bertness Mark D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMany ecosystems, even in protected areas, experience multiple anthropogenic impacts. While anthropogenic modification of bottom‐up (e.g., eutrophication) and top‐down (e.g., livestock grazing) forcing often co‐occurs, whether these factors counteract or have additive or synergistic effects on ecosystems is poorly understood. In a Chilean bio‐reserve, we examined the interactive impacts of eutrophication and illegal livestock grazing on plant growth with a 4‐yr fertilization by cattle exclusion experiment. Cattle grazing generally decreased plant biomass, but had synergistic, additive, and antagonistic interactions with fertilization in the low, middle, and high marsh zones, respectively. In the low marsh, fertilization increased plant biomass by 112%, cattle grazing decreased it by 96%, and together they decreased plant biomass by 77%. In the middle marsh, fertilization increased plant biomass by 47%, cattle grazing decreased it by 37%, and together they did not affect plant biomass. In the high marsh, fertilization and cattle grazing decreased plant biomass by 81% and 92%, respectively, but together they increased plant biomass by 42%. These interactions were also found to be species specific. Different responses of plants to fertilization and cattle grazing were likely responsible for these variable interactions. Thus, common bottom‐up and top‐down human impacts can interact in different ways to affect communities even within a single ecosystem. Incorporating this knowledge into conservation actions will improve ecosystem management in a time when ecosystems are increasingly challenged by multiple interacting human impacts.
Multi‐trophic consequences of plant genetic variation in sex and growth
Authors: Abdala‐Roberts Luis , Pratt Jessica D. , Pratt Riley , Schreck Tadj K. , Hanna Victoria , Mooney Kailen A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThere is growing evidence for the influence of plant intraspecific variation on associated multi‐trophic communities, but the traits driving such effects are largely unknown. We conducted a field experiment with selected genetic lines of the dioecious shrub Baccharis salicifolia to investigate the effects of plant growth rate (two‐fold variation) and gender (males vs. females of the same growth rate) on above‐ and belowground insect and fungal associates. We documented variation in associate density to test for effects occurring through plant‐based habitat quality (controlling for effects of plant size) as well as variation in associate abundance to test for effects occurring through both habitat quality and abundance (including effects of plant size). Whereas the dietary specialist aphid Uroleucon macolai was unaffected by plant sex and growth rate, the generalist aphid Aphis gossypii and its tending ants (Linepithema humile) had higher abundances and densities on male (vs. female) plants, suggesting males provide greater habitat quality. In contrast, Aphis and ant abundance and density were unaffected by plant growth rate, while Aphis parasitoids were unaffected by either plant sex or growth rate. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi had higher abundance and density (both marginally significant) on females (vs. males), suggesting females provide greater habitat quality, but lower abundances (marginally significant) and higher densities on slow‐ (vs. fast‐) growing genotypes, suggesting slow‐growing genotypes provided lower resource abundance but greater habitat quality. Overall, plant sex and growth rate effects on associates acted independently (i.e., no interactive effects), and these effects were of a greater magnitude than those coming from other axes of plant genetic variation. These findings thus demonstrate that plant genetic effects on associated communities may be driven by a small number of trait‐specific mechanisms.
Hunting, food subsidies, and mesopredator release: the dynamics of crop‐raiding baboons in a managed landscape
Authors: Taylor Rachel A. , Ryan Sadie J. , Brashares Justin S. , Johnson Leah R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe establishment of protected areas or parks has become an important tool for wildlife conservation. However, frequent occurrences of human–wildlife conflict at the edges of these parks can undermine their conservation goals. Many African protected areas have experienced concurrent declines of apex predators alongside increases in both baboon abundance and the density of humans living near the park boundary. Baboons then take excursions outside of the park to raid crops for food, conflicting with the human population. We model the interactions of mesopredators (baboons), apex predators, and shared prey in the park to analyze how four components affect the proportion of time that mesopredators choose to crop‐raid: (1) the presence of apex predators; (2) nutritional quality of the crops; (3) mesopredator “shyness” about leaving the park; and (4) human hunting of mesopredators. We predict that the presence of apex predators in the park is the most effective method for controlling mesopredator abundance, and hence significantly reduces their impact on crops. Human hunting of mesopredators is less effective as it only occurs during crop‐raiding excursions. Furthermore, making crops less attractive, for instance by planting crops further from the park boundary or farming less nutritional crops, can reduce the amount of time mesopredators crop‐raid.
Radial distributions of air plants: a comparison between epiphytes and mistletoes
Authors: Taylor Amanda , Burns Kevin 
Published: May 2016

AbstractVertical gradients of light and humidity within forest canopies are major predictors of air plant distributions. Although this pattern was first recognized over 120 years ago, few studies have considered an additional axis of resource availability, which exists radially around the trunks of trees. Here, we explored the radial distributions of mistletoes and epiphytes in relation to gradients of light and humidity around the trunks of their south‐temperate host trees. Additionally, we correlated microclimate occupancy with plant physiological responses to shifting resource availability. The radial distributions of mistletoes and epiphytes were highly directional, and related to the availability of light and humidity, respectively. Mistletoes oriented northwest, parallel to gradients of higher light intensity, temperature, and lower humidity. Comparatively, epiphytes oriented away from the sun to the southeast. The rate of CO2 assimilation in mistletoes and photochemical efficiency of epiphytes was highest in plants growing in higher light and humidity environments, respectively. However, the photosynthetic parameters of mistletoes suggest that they are also efficient at assimilating CO2 in lower light conditions. Our results bridge a key gap in our understanding of within‐tree distributions of mistletoes and epiphytes, and raise further questions on the drivers of air plant distributions.
Mandibular Class II Furcation Defect Treatment: Effects of the Addition of Platelet Concentrates to Open Flap: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials
Authors: Troiano Giuseppe , Laino Luigi , Dioguardi Mario , Giannatempo Giovanni , Lo Muzio Lorenzo , Lo Russo Lucio 
Published: May 2016

Background: To improve the efficacy and outcomes of regenerative therapy for furcation defects, the use of platelet concentrates (PCs) in addition to open flap debridement (OFD) has been investigated. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate whether mandibular Class II furcation defects treated with the addition of PC to OFD heal with a significant improvement in the following: 1) horizontal clinical attachment level (HCAL); 2) vertical clinical attachment level (VCAL); 3) probing depth (PD); and 4) level of gingival margin (LGM).Methods: Electronic databases (MEDLINE, EBSCO Library, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and SCOPUS) were searched for randomized clinical trials to address the use of PCs in combination with OFD compared with a control group without PCs for the treatment of mandibular Class II furcation defects in humans and to provide data on the above reported outcome measures. The results of selected studies were converted to mean difference and standard error and interpolated using the inverse of variance test. Heterogeneity was investigated using both the Higgins index and the Q test.Results: Of 254 articles screened, only 11 were read in full text, and three of these were included in the meta‐analysis. The addition of PCs to OFD revealed a small improvement in the following: 1) HCAL (mean difference, 1.36 mm; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07 to 1.65); 2) VCAL (mean difference, 1.54 mm; 95% CI = 1.23 to 1.85); and 3) PD (mean difference, 1.83 mm; 95% CI = 1.36 to 2.29). No differences were found for the LGM. Heterogeneity across the studies was high, and all the three included studies were performed in one country.Conclusions: Adding PCs to OFD for the treatment of mandibular Class II furcation defects may lead to slight improvements in clinical parameters. Nonetheless, because of the high heterogeneity of the very small number of reported studies and the small effect size, no definitive conclusion can be achieved about the clinical application of such a treatment option.
De normas y palabras: para pensar la escuela en clave performativa
Authors: Tuillang Yuing Alfaro 
Published: May 2016

<p>El artículo explora una hipótesis según la cual el carácter performativo de la norma ofrece generosos rendimientos para pensar la escuela. Para ello se revisa primeramente el aporte de Canguilhem, atendiendo a la mecánica que tiene lugar en el despliegue normativo, y cómo ello se corresponde con procesos históricosinstitucionales en los que la escuela tiene un lugar protagónico. Además, se apela a las indagaciones de Foucault y Esposito que complementan dicho aporte en el ámbito institucional, mostrando el carácter productivo y performativo de las normas. Finalmente, se analizan algunas de las contribuciones de Rancière en torno al orden explicador y al protagonismo de la palabra del maestro, como fundamentos y sostén de la institución escolar. Más que conclusiones, el cruce de estas ideas permite elaborar sugerencias que liberan perspectivas de análisis para pensar la pedagogía y la escolaridad desde una perspectiva en la que el valor constitutivo de la norma ilumina el cruce de relaciones de saber y poder.</p>
Enseñar y aprender filosofía en la singularidad de las interacciones cotidianas
Authors: Bernal Escobar Isabel 
Published: May 2016

<p>Este escrito describe las posibilidades o limitaciones que se ponen en juego cuando enseñamos filosofía desde lo que entendemos por esta actividad y desde las formas de asumir los patrones de interacción social, configurados por relaciones de discurso, saber, poder y deseo. Su propósito es hacer visibles las prácticas que tienen lugar cuando profesores, estudiantes y filósofos (a través de su producción) se encuentran en los espacios académicos de formación profesional, donde filosofar toma formas y sentidos diferentes en tanto no admite concepciones y discursos hegemónicos ni la ausencia del pensar. Aprender filosofía ocurre en esta trama.</p>
Una didáctica situada de la filosofía: dispositivo para acompañar el extrañamiento docente
Authors: Morales Laura Susana , Belén Bedetti María 
Published: May 2016

<p>La formación de docentes de filosofía, en los marcos de un curriculum deductivo, genera la extrañeza al volver a la escuela en quienes transitan su residencia y sus primeras prácticas laborales. ¿Cómo acompañar este extrañamiento desde una didáctica específica de la filosofía sin negar la tensión entre los planos técnico, práctico y experiencial? Proponemos para ello un dispositivo que hemos denominado didáctica específica situada de la filosofía. Ella tiene a la base, además de la consideración de que la educación está constituida por la tensión de los planos referidos, una concepción de filosofía denominada filosofía filosofante. Esta última considera tanto al sujeto de la actividad filosófica como al objeto disciplinar y se opone al academicismo desde una perspectiva que abreva en el pensamiento situado como categoría filosófica y la experiencia en el sentido de transformación del sujeto. Por esto el dispositivo didáctico mentado rompe con la explicación como eje de la enseñanza universitaria y se apoya en la narración como punto de contacto entre quienes están en la formación de formadores y aquellos que se inician en la enseñanza de la filosofía.</p>
Reflexiones de la enseñanza de las humanidades en la universidad
Authors: Fuentes Mejía Cristina 
Published: May 2016

<p>El texto presenta la reflexión del sentido que tiene la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de las Humanidades en la universidad del siglo XXI. La reflexión parte de la experiencia innovadora del Museo Comunitario<br />como una estrategia interventiva e investigativa, implementada en una universidad privada en la ciudad de Tunja. En primer lugar se realiza una introducción que contextualiza al lector en la idea de problematizar las Humanidades y su crisis desde el campo de la educación. La segunda parte del texto recoge el ejercicio autorreferencial de la enseñanza de las Humanidades en la educación superior. Posteriormente se enfatiza en el surgimiento de la crisis de las Humanidades y cómo dicha crisis debe ser reconocida desde el campo de la educación. Acto seguido el texto muestra, a manera de sistematización de la experiencia, la configuración del Museo Comunitario, como una estrategia didáctica que posibilita un ambiente de construcción social de conocimiento que traspasa los muros del aula. El texto finaliza con algunos resultados y conclusiones de la reflexión en general y de la puesta en escena de la estrategia didáctica.</p><p> </p>
Tratado sobre la convivencia
Authors: Julián MARÍAS 
Published: May 2016

<p>En primera instancia, convivir, según el autor, es más que coexistir; se coexiste con los objetos, y los seres humanos no son objetos, aun cuando entre nosotros una condición de ese tipo se pueda dar; en cambio se puede decir que se convive por la singularidad de lo humano que, entre otras cosas, integra el ser persona, lo cual implica un mundo de subjetividad que nos permite hablar del carácter único e integrado de cada individuo.</p>