bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epigallocatechin gallate induces an up‐regulation of LDL receptor accompanied by a reduction of PCSK9 via the annexin A2‐independent pathway in HepG2 cells
Authors: Kitamura Kohei , Okada Yudai , Okada Kenji , Kawaguchi Yuya , Nagaoka Satoshi 
Published: February 2017

ScopeIn animal studies, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the dominant catechin in green tea, has been shown to improve cholesterol metabolism. However, the molecular mechanisms of EGCG underlying these functions have not been fully understood. In this study, we aimed to clarify the molecular mechanisms of the effect of EGCG on cholesterol metabolism mainly in HepG2 cells.Methods and resultsWe found that EGCG induced a reduction of the extracellular proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) level accompanied by an up‐regulation of the LDL receptor (LDLR) in HepG2 cells. The EGCG‐induced up‐regulation of LDLR occurred via the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. Moreover, we showed that EGCG induced a significant early reduction of the extracellular PCSK9 protein level. However, there were no significant changes in the PCSK9 mRNA and the intracellular PCSK9 protein levels induced by EGCG. Annexin A2 knockdown affected the basal LDLR expression and did not affect the EGCG‐induced reduction of the extracellular PCSK9 protein level or the up‐regulation of LDLR.ConclusionAnnexin A2 possesses an essential function for the basal LDLR expression in HepG2 cells. But, EGCG induces the suppression of PCSK9 accompanied by an up‐regulation of LDLR in an annexin A2‐independent manner. EGCG attenuates the statin‐induced an increase in PCSK9 level.
Analysis of a linearization scheme for an interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin method for two‐phase flow in porous media with dynamic capillarity effects
Authors: Karpinski Stefan , Pop Iuliu Sorin , Radu Florin Adrian 
Published: February 2017

SummaryWe present a linearization scheme for an interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin method for two‐phase porous media flow model, which includes dynamic effects on the capillary pressure. The fluids are assumed immiscible and incompressible, and the solid matrix non‐deformable. The physical laws are approximated in their original form, without using the global or complementary pressures. The linearization scheme does not require any regularization step. Furthermore, in contrast with Newton or Picard methods, there is no computation of derivatives involved. We prove rigourously that the scheme is robust and linearly convergent. We make an extensive parameter study to compare the behaviour of the L‐scheme with the Newton method. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphology development and mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester resin containing nanodiamonds
Authors: Hashemi Mohammadjafar , Shojaei Akbar 
Published: February 2017

AbstractUnsaturated polyester/styrene (UP) resin was filled with nanodiamonds (NDs) containing carboxyl and methacrylate functionalities using mechanical mixing. Field emission SEM exhibited a uniform dispersion of tightly bound aggregates of nanosized spherical NDs with good interfacial interaction. Rheological measurements exhibited a step increment in the shear viscosity of a UP/ND suspension at 0.6 wt% ND resembling a percolation state at this loading. Shear viscosity data supported by dynamic mechanical analysis results suggested the development of effective ND particles in which ND aggregates were covered by only polyester macromolecules. Accordingly, the morphology of UP/ND composites approached a quasi‐percolation state at 0.6 wt% in which effective ND particles were connected thoroughly, instead of direct ND−ND contact, forming a co‐continuous polyester phase covering the ND particles. Based on such morphology, DSC and Fourier transform infrared analysis suggested the development of heterogeneous microgels in cured UP resin containing NDs which in turn governed the overall mechanical properties of the composites. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Soybean oil based thermoset networks via photoinduced CuAAC click chemistry
Authors: Uysal Naci , Acik Gokhan , Tasdelen Mehmet Atilla 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA simple method based on photochemically induced copper(I)‐catalyzed azide − alkyne cycloaddition click reaction (CuAAC) is developed for the preparation of thermoset networks from soybean oils as renewable resources. The incorporation of clickable azide and alkyne functionalities into epoxidized soybean oils is done by simultaneous ring‐opening reactions between the epoxide group of soybean oils and sodium azide and propargyl alcohol, respectively. The obtained azide‐ and alkyne‐functionalized soybean oils are easily transformed crosslinked networks via the photoinduced CuAAC reaction in ambient conditions. The introduction of additional multifunctional monomers in the formulation not only increases the crosslinking density but also improves the mechanical properties of the thermoset material obtained. In a comparison of the two formulations, the sample containing additional multifunctional monomers has a higher glass transition temperature, storage modulus and damping properties. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
The Effect of a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor (AR‐42) on Canine Prostate Cancer Growth and Metastasis
Authors: Elshafae Said M. , Kohart Nicole A. , Altstadt Lucas A. , Dirksen Wessel P. , Rosol Thomas. J. 
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUNDCanine prostate cancer (PCa) is an excellent preclinical model for human PCa. AR‐42 is a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) developed at The Ohio State University that inhibits the proliferation of several cancers, including multiple myeloma, lung, and hepatocellular cancer. In this study, we investigated whether AR‐42 would prevent or decrease. The growth and metastasis of a canine PCa (Ace‐1 cells) to bone in vitro and in vivo.METHODSProliferation, cell viability, invasion, and metastasis of a canine prostate cancer cell line (Ace‐1) were measured following treatment with AR‐42. Expression of anoikis resistance, epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), and stem cell‐related markers were also evaluated. To assess the efficacy of AR‐42 on prevention of PCa metastasis to bone, Ace‐1 cells were injected in the left cardiac ventricle of nude mice, mice were treated with AR‐42, and the incidence and growth of bone metastasis were measured. Bioluminescence was performed to monitor the bone metastases in nude mice.RESULTSAR‐42 inhibited the in vitro proliferation of Ace‐1 cells in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. The IC50 concentration of AR‐42 for Ace‐1 cells was 0.42 μM after 24 hr of treatment. AR‐42 induced apoptosis, decreased cell migration, and increased the stem cell properties of Ace‐1 cells in vitro. AR‐42 downregulated E‐cadherin, N‐cadherin, TWIST, MYOF, anoikis resistance, and osteomimicry genes, while it upregulated SNAIL, PTEN, FAK, and ZEB1 gene expression in Ace‐1 cells. Importantly, AR‐42 decreased the bioluminescence and incidence of bone metastasis in nude mice. In addition, AR‐42 induced apoptosis and altered the tumor cell morphology to an irregular cell phenotype with condensed chromatin in the bone metastases.CONCLUSIONAR‐42 decreased PCa growth and bone metastasis, induced apoptosis, and downregulated osteomimicry genes in PCa cells in the bone microenvironment. Prostate 77:776–793, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of Estrogen Receptor β Stimulation in a Rat Model of Non‐Bacterial Prostatic Inflammation
Authors: Mizoguchi Shinsuke , Mori Kenichi , Wang Zhou , Liu Teresa , Funahashi Yasuhito , Sato Fuminori , DeFranco Donald B. , Yoshimura Naoki , Mimata Hiromitsu 
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUNDThere is increasing evidence showing that chronic non‐bacterial prostatic inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). It has also been reported that estrogen receptor β (ERβ) could have an immunoprotective role in prostatic tissue. Therefore, we investigated the effect of ERβ‐activation on not only prostatic inflammation, but also bladder overactive conditions in a rat model with nonbacterial prostatic inflammation.METHODSMale Sprague‐Dawley rats (8 weeks, n = 15) were divided into three groups: sham‐saline group (n = 5), formalin‐vehicle group (n = 5), and formalin‐treatment group (n = 5). The sham‐saline group had sham operation and 50 μl normal saline injected into each ventral lobe of the prostate. The formalin‐vehicle group had 50 μl 5% formalin injection into bilateral ventral lobes of the prostate. The formalin‐treatment group was treated with 3α‐Adiol (a selective ERβ agonist precursor) at a dose of 3 mg/kg daily from 2 days before induction of prostatic inflammation, whereas formalin‐vehicle rats received vehicle (olive oil). In each group, conscious cystometry was performed on day 28 after intraprostatic formalin injection or sham treatment. After cystometry, the bladder and prostate were harvested for evaluation of mRNA expression and histological analysis.RESULTSIn cystometric investigation, the mean number of non‐voiding contractions was significantly greater and voiding intervals were significantly shorter in formalin‐vehicle rats than those in sham‐saline rats (P < 0.05). In RT‐qPCR analysis, mRNA expression of NGF, P2X2, and TRPA1 receptors was significantly increased in the bladder mucosa, and mRNA expression of TNF‐α, iNOS and COX2 in the ventral lobes of prostate was significantly increased in formalin‐vehicle rats compared with sham‐saline rats (P < 0.05). In addition, relative mRNA expression ratio of ERβ to ERα (ERβ/ERα) in the ventral lobes of prostate was significantly decreased in formalin‐vehicle rats compared with sham‐saline rats (P < 0.05). These changes were ameliorated by 3α‐Adiol administration in formalin‐treatment rats.CONCLUSIONSThese results indicate that ERβ activation by 3α‐Adiol administration, which normalized the ERβ/ERα expression ratio in the prostate, can improve not only prostatic inflammation, but also bladder overactivity. Therefore, ERβ agonists might be useful for treating irritative bladder symptoms in patients with symptomatic BPH associated with prostatic inflammation. Prostate 77:803–811, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
AH4S: an algorithm of text in text steganography using the structure of omega network
Authors: Hamdan Abdullah M. , Hamarsheh Ala 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis article introduces a new technique to hide text‐in‐text messages. The proposed mechanism uses the structure of omega network to hide and extract secret messages. The generation of secret message is made as follows, take every letter from the original message, use the omega network to generate two related letters from the selected letter, and finally search the dictionary for a suitable English cover word to hide the generated two letters. In order to increase the chance of find a suitable words, the generated two letters need not to be adjacent in the cover word. As a result, the white‐space steganography is used in order to hide the position of the two letters in the selected cover word. The experiments show that the proposed mechanism gives a better execution time and better cover words than the current similar mechanisms especially when we are trying to hide long text messages. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Counter Anion Controlled Reactivity Switch in Transfer Hydrogenation: A Case Study between Ketones and Nitroarenes
Authors: Shee Sujan , Paul Bhaskar , Kundu Sabuj 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA series of phenanthroline based NHC and pyridine containing NNC and NNN pincer Ru(II) complexes were synthesized and fully characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. Comparative studies revealed that Ru(II)‐NHC complexes were much more active than the Ru(II)‐NNN complexes in both transfer hydrogenation (TH) of ketones and nitroarenes. Wingtip groups and counter anions modulated the impact of NHC complexes in both the reactions. The complexes with PF6‐ counter anion were found to be more active in TH of ketones while complexes with Cl‐ counter anion were superior towards the nitroarenes reduction. To the best of our knowledge this is the first example of counter anion controlled reactivity alteration between TH of ketones and nitroarenes.
An Efficient Synthetic Strategy for sp3(C)‐N Amination on 4‐thiazolidinone with Primary Heteroaryl Amines
Authors: Mudaliar Sulochana S. , Shaikh Mohammedumar M. , Chikhalia Kishor H. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAn efficient sp3(C)‐N amination reaction between 4‐thiazolidinone and primary heteroaryl amine has been developed under C−H functionalization. Cross‐coupling reaction between non‐prefunctionalized slightly more acidic sp3 C−H bond of 4‐thiazolidinone and different heteroaryl amines involving one‐pot synthetic strategy, single step reaction as well as aerial oxidation make this amination more effective than existing methods for the construction of sp3(C)‐N bond.
Total Synthesis of Metagenetriindole A and Deoxytopsentin
Authors: Pon Sathieshkumar P. , Nagarajan Rajagopal 
Published: February 2017

AbstractMetagenetriindole A and deoxytopsentin are the fascinating bisindole alkaloids due to their potential biological activities viz; cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, MRSA PK inhibition etc. and they were isolated from deep‐sea sediment metagenomic clone derived Escherichia coli fermentation broth and Mediterranean sponge Topsentia genitrix respectively. The unavailability of large quantity of these alkaloids could restrict their further biological findings. So a short and efficient method to produce these biologically active alkaloids is important. Environmentally benign and metal free syntheses of these alkaloids is reported. The total synthesis involves bisindole formation and self‐condensation‐cyclization strategy without using any protecting group.
Biomechanical Forces Promote Immune Regulatory Function of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
Authors: Diaz Miguel F. , Vaidya Abishek B. , Evans Siobahn M. , Lee Hyun J. , Aertker Benjamin M. , Alexander Alexander J. , Price Katherine M. , Ozuna Joyce A. , Liao George P. , Aroom Kevin R. , Xue Hasen , Gu Liang , Omichi Rui , Bedi Supinder , Olson Scott D. , Cox Charles S. , Wenzel Pamela L. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractMesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are believed to mobilize from the bone marrow in response to inflammation and injury, yet the effects of egress into the vasculature on MSC function are largely unknown. Here we show that wall shear stress (WSS) typical of fluid frictional forces present on the vascular lumen stimulates antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mediators, as well as chemokines capable of immune cell recruitment. WSS specifically promotes signaling through NFκB-COX2-prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to suppress tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production by activated immune cells. Ex vivo conditioning of MSCs by WSS improved therapeutic efficacy in a rat model of traumatic brain injury, as evidenced by decreased apoptotic and M1-type activated microglia in the hippocampus. These results demonstrate that force provides critical cues to MSCs residing at the vascular interface which influence immunomodulatory and paracrine activity, and suggest the potential therapeutic use of force for MSC functional enhancement.
Postembryonic Fish Brain Proliferation Zones Exhibit Neuroepithelial-Type Gene Expression Profile
Authors: Dambroise Emilie , Simion Matthieu , Bourquard Thomas , Bouffard Stéphanie , Rizzi Barbara , Jaszczyszyn Yan , Bourge Mickaël , Affaticati Pierre , Heuzé Aurélie , Jouralet Julia , Edouard Joanne , Brown Spencer , Thermes Claude , Poupon Anne , Reiter Eric , Sohm Frédéric , Bourrat Franck , Joly Jean-Stéphane 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In mammals, neuroepithelial cells play an essential role in embryonic neurogenesis, whereas glial stem cells are the principal source of neurons at postembryonic stages. By contrast, neuroepithelial-like stem/progenitor (NE) cells have been shown to be present throughout life in teleosts. We used three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of cleared transgenic wdr12:GFP medaka brains to demonstrate that this cell type is widespread in juvenile and to identify new regions containing NE cells. We established the gene expression profile of optic tectum (OT) NE cells by cell sorting followed by RNA-seq. Our results demonstrate that most OT NE cells are indeed active stem cells and that some of them exhibit long G2 phases. We identified several novel pathways (e.g., DNA repair pathways) potentially involved in NE cell homeostasis. In situ hybridization studies showed that all NE populations in the postembryonic medaka brain have a similar molecular signature. Our findings highlight the importance of NE progenitors in medaka and improve our understanding of NE-cell biology. These cells are potentially useful not only for neural stem cell studies but also for improving the characterization of neurodevelopmental diseases, such as microcephaly.
Effects of silver nanoparticles on the interactions of neuron‐ and glia‐like cells: Toxicity, uptake mechanisms, and lysosomal tracking
Authors: Hsiao I‐Lun , Hsieh Yi‐Kong , Chuang Chun‐Yu , Wang Chu‐Fang , Huang Yuh‐Jeen 
Published: February 2017

AbstractSilver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are commonly used nanomaterials in consumer products. Previous studies focused on its effects on neurons; however, little is known about their effects and uptake mechanisms on glial cells under normal or activated states. Here, ALT astrocyte‐like, BV‐2 microglia and differentiated N2a neuroblastoma cells were directly or indirectly exposed to 10 nm AgNPs using mono‐ and co‐culture system. A lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was pretreated to activate glial cells before AgNP treatment for mimicking NP exposure under brain inflammation. From mono‐culture, ALT took up the most AgNPs and had the lowest cell viability within three cells. Moreover, AgNPs induced H2O2 and NO from ALT/activated ALT and BV‐2, respectively. However, AgNPs did not induce cytokines release (IL‐6, TNF‐α, MCP‐1). LPS‐activated BV‐2 took up more AgNPs than normal BV‐2, while the induction of ROS and cytokines from activated cells were diminished. Ca2+‐regulated clathrin‐ and caveolae‐independent endocytosis and phagocytosis were involved in the AgNP uptake in ALT, which caused more rapid NP translocation to lysosome than in macropinocytosis and clathrin‐dependent endocytosis‐involved BV‐2. AgNPs directly caused apoptosis and necrosis in N2a cells, while by indirect NP exposure to bottom chamber ALT or BV‐2 in Transwell, more apoptotic upper chamber N2a cells were observed. Cell viability of BV‐2 also decreased in an ALT–BV‐2 co‐culturing study. The damaged cells correlated to NP‐mediated H2O2 release from ALT or NO from BV‐2, which indicates that toxic response of AgNPs to neurons is not direct, but indirectly arises from AgNP‐induced soluble factors from other glial cells.
Tris (1,3‐dichloro‐2‐propyl) phosphate induces toxicity by stimulating CaMK2 in PC12 cells
Authors: Li Chaonan , Li Li , Lin Bencheng , Fang Yanjun , Yang Honglian , Liu Huanliang , Xi Zhuge 
Published: February 2017

AbstractTris (1,3‐dichloro‐2‐propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) is one of the widely used organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), which are regarded as suitable substitutes for brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Previously, we have validated the toxicity of TDCIPP in PC12 cells owing to the induced alterations in GAP43, NF‐H, CaMK2a/2b, and tubulin α/β proteins; however, limited information is currently available on the toxicity and mechanism of TDCIPP. In the present study, cytotoxicity effects were evaluated by exposing PC12 cells to different concentrations of TDCIPP (0–50 μM) for 4 days. To explore the possible mechanisms through which cytotoxicity is induced, changes in intracellular [Ca2+]i levels and the activation of calmodulin dependent protein kinase 2 (CaMK2), c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2), and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathways were evaluated. Furthermore, PC12 cells were pretreated with CaMK2 inhibitor KN93 to investigate the relationship between TDCIPP‐induced phosphorylation of CaMK2 and activation of JNK, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK pathways. Our results indicate that TDCIPP‐induced toxicity might be associated with the overload of [Ca2+]i levels, increased phosphorylation of CaMK2, and activation of the JNK, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK pathways, the lattermost of which was further demonstrated to be partially elicited by the CaMK2 phosphorylation.
Public perceptions of hydraulic fracturing for shale gas and oil in the United States and Canada
Authors: Thomas Merryn , Pidgeon Nick , Evensen Darrick , Partridge Tristan , Hasell Ariel , Enders Catherine , Herr Harthorn Barbara , Bradshaw Michael 
Published: February 2017

The United States and Canada have been at the forefront of shale oil and gas development via hydraulic fracturing. Understanding public perceptions is important given the role that they may play in future policy decisions in both North America and other parts of the world where shale development is at a much earlier stage. We review 58 articles pertaining to perceptions, published between 2009 and 2015. Studies report mixed levels of awareness of shale operations, tending toward higher awareness in areas with existing development. While individuals tend to have negative associations with the term ‘fracking,’ views on shale development are mixed as to whether benefits outweigh risks or vice versa: perceived benefits tend to be economic (e.g., job creation and boosts to local economies) and risks more commonly environmental and/or social (e.g., impacts on water and increased traffic). Some papers point to ethical issues (e.g., inequitable risk/benefit distribution and procedural justice) and widespread distrust of responsible parties, stemming from perceived unfairness, heavy‐handed corporate tactics, and lack of transparency. These findings point to the contested, political character of much of the debate about hydraulic fracturing, and raise questions of what constitutes ‘acceptable’ risk in this context. We compare these results with research emerging in the UK over the same period. Future research should focus on nuanced inquiry, a range of methodologies and explore perceptions in varied social and geographical contexts. Both this and future research hold the potential to enhance public debates and decisions about shale gas and oil development. WIREs Clim Change 2017, 8:e450. doi: 10.1002/wcc.450This article is categorized under:

Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Perceptions of Climate Change
The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Policies, Instruments, Lifestyles, Behavior