bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synchrony in Intercultural Communication
Authors: Kim Young Yun 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Research findings unambiguously indicate that a synchronic state of nonverbal configurations and rhythms in face‐to‐face interactions engenders cohesion, cooperation, and resonance between communicators. Mutually engaged interactants form symmetric synchrony when they concurrently mirror each other's nonverbal behaviors. Synchronic forms also can be asymmetric when they complement or reciprocate each other's nonverbal behaviors. Synchrony is a universal phenomenon rooted in both biopsychological and sociocultural forces of entrainment, with each culture providing a unique macro‐level synchronic system. In intercultural encounters, the interactants are likely to experience at least some degree of stress‐inducing dyssynchrony due to differences in their internalized cultural synchronic systems. Such dyssynchrony, in turn, presents opportunities for intercultural communicators to initiate and facilitate synchrony by practicing individuating and consonant communication behaviors and by orienting themselves inclusively toward culturally dissimilar others as partners in communication and with a sense of self that is secure and at ease.
Intercultural Communication Study in India
Authors: Dutta Uttaran 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Intercultural communication studies as an academic discipline is relatively unknown in the Indian academy, although a few academic institutions teach topics on culture and communication (and related subdomains). While acknowledging this disciplinary gap, this entry illustrates how historically Indian academia has fostered and valued cross‐culture and cross‐cultural exchange processes. The entry then discusses the relevance and scope of potential intercultural communication studies (emphasizing some of its major aspects, such as identity, migration, conflict, competence, language, social media, and co‐cultural issues) in the context of contemporary India.
Interviews, Standardized
Authors: Möhring Wiebke , Schlütz Daniela M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Quantitative interviewing is one of the major data collecting methods and thus has great importance in intercultural communication research. Under certain circumstances, quantitative surveys can produce representative results. As the questionnaire is central to ensure the quality of the whole interview, it is crucial to consider the cognitive answering process and the effects and errors that may go along with it. In intercultural communication research, questions of equivalence and comparability have to be considered. Interviews can be administered personally (face‐to‐face interview), via telephone, or as a self‐administered questionnaire. All modes might be supported by use of a computer, for instance as a CATI interview or a Web survey.
Speech Codes Theory
Authors: Hart Tabitha 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Rooted in the ethnography of communication and based on empirical research, speech codes theory is a theoretical/methodological tool for studying situated communication practices. Two important applications of speech codes theory are to reveal local cultures and to examine the ways in which people make use of communication to accomplish important goals pertaining to communal life. Speech codes theory offers researchers a systematic approach to describing, interpreting, analyzing, and comparing local communicative practices and the cultures which they instantiate.
Communication Modes,
A
ustralian
Authors: Peeters Bert 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This entry focuses on communication modes in standard Australian English. It explicitly excludes modes of communication that prevail in idiolects heavily influenced by another community language (of which there are many). The communication modes that stand out are not necessarily absent from other varieties of English, but may be less prominent in the latter. Only rarely are they actively discouraged in the other varieties. They may be grouped into three broad categories that overlap to some extent. One is related to the perceived directness of Australians, another one to the pervasive use of various forms of humor (even when it appears to be totally uncalled for), the third to the many faces of so‐called Australian egalitarianism.
Communication Modes,Chinese
Authors: Chen Guo‐Ming 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe understanding of Chinese communication is approached from three aspects. First, paradigmatic assumptions reveal that Chinese culture orients to a holistic view of the universe with harmony as its cardinal value, which is sustained by interconnected relationships and an intuitive thinking pattern. Second, harmony,guanxi,mianzi, and authority form the wheel of Chinese communication, and the intertwining of the four concepts of the wheel is regulated by the ethical principles of self‐restraint, reciprocity, and respect. Third, the dynamic aspect of Chinese communication can only be observed when the ethical principles are violated, which leads to the jeopardy of harmony, especially reflected in three behavioral deviations, includingxian li hou bing, revenge, and strategy.
Communication Modes,Greek
Authors: Broome Benjamin J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractGreek communication modes are multilayered and difficult to capture, partly due to a long and complex history and Greece's geographical location at the crossroads of East and West. Underlying Greek communication are two fundamental concepts:ingroup–outgroupdistinctions and the role ofphilotimo, a core self‐concept for Greeks that cannot be translated easily into English. Interpersonal relationships are characterized by struggle and conflict, and the communication style of Greeks is usually perceived by Westerners as combative and argumentative.Kouvenda, or conversation, permeates everyday social life to a larger extent than in most Western countries, contributing to a rich oral tradition. In general, both communication and interpersonal relationships tend to be characterized by tension, which many writers believe is the essence of Greek identity.
Communication Modes,
I
talian
Authors: Capone Alessandro 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This entry examines a number of modes of communication typical of Italian culture. What is common to all such modes is their theatrical nature: Italians speak as if they were acting—gesticulating and making use of iconic signs. The entry also addresses the issue of shouting and its symbolic and expressive potentialities; it examines a mode of communication (“vandiari”) that exploits both shouting and poetic language. The main idea is that communication tends to be an act of public performance and this performance therefore requires an audience for its enactment.
Communication Modes,
W
estern
Authors: Baldwin John R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Western modes of communication include face‐to‐face and mediated modes of communication. Over the years, scholars at times have compared Western to Eastern and other non‐Western cultures by saying that Western communication is more direct, more focused on the exact meaning of the words (low context), more individualistic, and more pragmatic. In terms of mediated communication, high use of media, including Internet and social media, characterizes Western nations. However, all such claims merit caution: There are vast differences among values and communication styles among so‐called Western cultures, even using standard approaches such as Hofstede's dimensions of cultural difference, and there is much media usage and development among non‐Western cultures. This entry considers both the summary claims and the disclaimers, finding some consistency in underlying logic of Western cultures and their ideological treatment of non‐Western cultures.
Identity, Ethnolinguistic
Authors: Noels Kimberly A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractEthnolinguistic identity refers to a subjective feeling of belonging or affiliation with a social group that is defined in terms of a common ethnic ancestry and a common language variety. Ethnolinguistic identity theory posits that people use communication accommodation strategies, including verbal and nonverbal convergence to or divergence from their communication partner in order to emphasize affiliation or disaffiliation, respectively. These microlevel intergroup interactions have implications for large‐scale, macrolevel language maintenance and shift. Related models emphasize the role of ethnolinguistic identity in the acquisition of communicative competence in new languages and the process of acculturation of ethnolinguistic groups. Recent conceptualizations of bicultural and situated identities suggest future directions for research by drawing on developmental, sociocognitive, and cultural psychology, as well as the psychology of language learning.
Intercultural and Multicultural Education
Authors: Mahon Jennifer A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis entry provides a comprehensive account of the historical and intellectual contexts of the topics of intercultural and multicultural education. The entry details their foundational differences, examines the bridges between them, and traces their development to present‐day use. The entry establishes their commonalities and distinctions as well as their relationship to other disciplines such as intercultural communication, intercultural education and training, cross‐cultural psychology, intergroup education, and multicultural and intercultural competence.
Intercultural Training in the United States Military
Authors: Mackenzie Lauren , Miller John W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Although it is widely acknowledged that the military represents a crucial population for which intercultural competence is directly applicable, the forms of such training are as varied as the definition of culture itself. The wide range of missions across the military, the hierarchical rank structure, and the variety of military occupation specialties mandate a broad, multidimensional approach to intercultural training. These differences are often reflected in the features of intercultural training such as topics, modes of delivery, and duration. The major components and outcomes of this training in the US military are highlighted along with the historical context from which the current state emerged.
Asiacentricity
Authors: Miike Yoshitaka 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis entry discusses the conceptual significance of Asiacentricity for the theory and practice of intercultural communication. It first expounds on the idea of Asiacentricity at the paradigmatic and pragmatic levels and elaborates on its four key concepts, namely, culture, agency, ethics, and centering. It then debunks the myths of Asiacentricity by differentiating its conceptual underpinnings from ethnocentrism, cultural essentialism, antihybridity, and separatism. Finally, the entry briefly addresses the future of the Asiacentric project for culture and communication research.
Complicity Theory
Authors: McPhail Mark Lawrence 
Published: December 2017

AbstractComplicity theory offers an approach to the critical consideration of difference and identity that highlights the ways in which agents are implicated in social and symbolic systems of oppression and domination. Originally conceived of as a “theory of negative difference,” it has evolved to consider how the adaptive impulses of power and privilege limit the transformative potential of discourse. The theory continues to offer a unique and provocative lens through which to analyze and understand difference, identity, and domination.
Eurocentrism
Authors: Amisi Bertha K. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This entry presents an overview of Eurocentrism and intercultural communication. It introduces the idea of Eurocentrism and its use in intercultural communication through a brief survey of the main issues and debates. The survey also highlights the key perspectives informing these debates and the specific areas in the field where the use of the idea is most evident. Also provided is a selection of important literature that has contributed to the advancement of the notion in intercultural communication studies. The main theme of the piece is the significance of this idea for understanding intercultural communication.
Transient performance improvement of model reference adaptive control: LMI‐based resetting
Authors: Davanipour M. , Khayatian A. , Dehghani M. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryIn this paper, a resetting mechanism is proposed to enhance the transient performance of model reference adaptive control. While the suggested method has a simple structure, it is capable of taking into account both the desired steady‐state behavior and the transient response, simultaneously. Whenever the transient specification is not satisfying, there is a jump in the controller parameters. This jump is determined by designing an optimal reset law. At the reset times, the after‐reset values of parameters are calculated based on a minimization problem. The considered cost function is a mixed H2/H∞ criterion, which minimizes the tracking error. The optimization problem is converted to an LMI formulation, and the reset law is designed by solving this LMI at certain reset times. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach, simulation results are presented.
Correlation of Disorder and Charge Transport in a Range of Indacenodithiophene‐Based Semiconducting Polymers
Authors: Nikolka Mark , Hurhangee Michael , Sadhanala Aditya , Chen Hu , McCulloch Iain , Sirringhaus Henning 
Published: December 2017

AbstractOver the past 25 years, various design motifs have emerged for the development of organic semiconductors for demanding applications in flexible organic light emitting diode display backplanes or even printed organic logic. Due to their large area uniformity paired with high charge carrier mobilities, conjugated polymers have attracted increasing attention in this respect. However, the performances delivered by current generation conjugated polymers still fall short of many industrial requirements demanding devices with ideal transistor characteristics and higher mobilities. The discovery of conjugated polymers with low energetic disorder, such as the indacenodithiophene‐based polymer indacenodithiophene‐co‐benzothiadiazole, represent an exciting opportunity to breach this chasm if these materials can be further optimized while maintaining their low disorder. Here, it is shown how both the charge transport properties as well as the energetic disorder are affected by tuning the molecular structure of a large range of indacenodithiophene‐based semiconducting polymer derivatives. This study allows to understand better the interplay between molecular design and structure of the polymer backbone and the degree of energetic disorder that governs the charge transport properties in thin polymer films.
Dichotomy of Manganese Catalysis via Organometallic or Radical Mechanism: Stereodivergent Hydrosilylation of Alkynes
Authors: Yang Xiaoxu , Wang Congyang 
Published: December 2017

AbstractHerein, we disclose the first manganese‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of alkynes featuring diverse selectivities. The highly selective formation of E‐products was achieved by using mononuclear MnBr(CO)5 with the arsenic ligand, AsPh3. Whereas using the dinuclear catalyst Mn2(CO)10 and LPO (dilauroyl peroxide) enabled the reversed generation of Z‐products in good to excellent stereo‐ and regioselectivity. Such a way of controlling the reaction stereoselectivity is unprecedented. Mechanistic experiments revealed the dichotomy of manganese catalysis via organometallic and radical pathways operating in the E‐ and Z‐selective routes, respectively.
Enzymatic characterization of two epsilon‐class glutathione S‐transferases of Spodoptera litura
Authors: Hirowatari Aiko , Chen Zhiwei , Mita Kazuei , Yamamoto Kohji 
Published: December 2017

AbstractTwo cDNAs encoding glutathione S‐transferase (GST) of the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura, were cloned by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. The deduced amino acid sequences of the resulting clones revealed 32–51% identities to the epsilon‐class GSTs from other organisms. The recombinant proteins were functionally overexpressed in Escherichia coli cells in soluble form and were purified to homogeneity. The enzymes were capable of catalyzing the bioconjugation of glutathione with 1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene, 1,2‐epoxy‐3‐(4‐nitrophenoxy)‐propane, and ethacrynic acid. A competition assay revealed that the GST activity was inhibited by insecticides, suggesting that it could be conducive to insecticide tolerance in the tobacco cutworm.
Brückenhebung im Kalten Krieg
Authors: Braun Michael 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIm Südwesten Berlins bildet seit über 100 Jahren eine sehr schöne Brücke über die Havel die Stadt‐ und die Landesgrenze zu Brandenburg, genauer gesagt zu deren Landeshauptstadt Potsdam. Selten ist wohl über eine Brücke so viel und so einseitig berichtet worden.
Study of the controlled assembly of DNA gated PEI/Chitosan/SiO2 fluorescent sensor
Authors: Chang Zheng , Mi Yinghao , Zheng Xingwang 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn this paper, polyethylenimine (PEI) and Chitosan were simultaneously one‐step doped into silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles to synthesize PEI/Chitosan/SiO2 composite nanoparticles. The polymer PEI contained a large amount of amino groups, which can realize the amino functionalized SiO2 nanoparticles. And, the good pore forming effect of Chitosan was introduced into SiO2 nanoparticles, and the resulting composite nanoparticles also had a porous structure. In pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution (PBS), the amino groups of PEI had positive charges, and therefore the fluorescein sodium dye molecule can be loaded into the channels of PEI/Chitosan/SiO2 composite nanoparticles by electrostatic adsorption. Furthermore, utilizing the diversity of DNA molecular conformation, we designed a high sensitive controllable assembly of DNA gated fluorescent sensor based on PEI/Chitosan/SiO2 composite nanoparticles as loading materials. The factors affecting the sensing performance of the sensor were investigated, and the sensing mechanism was also further studied.
Anionic Hosts for the Incorporation of Cationic Guests
Authors: Peresypkina Eugenia , Heindl Claudia , Virovets Alexander , Brake Helena , Mädl Eric , Scheer Manfred 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPentaphosphaferrocene [Cp*Fe(η5‐P5)] (1 a) represents an excellent building block for the template‐directed synthesis of spherical supramolecules. Here, the self‐assembly of 1 a with CuI and CuII halides in the presence of the template complexes [FeCp2][PF6], [CoCp2][PF6] and [CoCp2] is reported, testifying to the redox behavior of the formed supramolecules. The oxidation or reduction capacity of these reactive complexes does not inhibit their template impact and, for the first time, the cationic metallocene [CoCp2]+ is enclosed in unprecedented anionic organometallic hosts. Furthermore, the large variety of structural motifs, as icosahedral, trigonal antiprismatic, cuboidal and tetragonal antiprismatic arrangements of 1 a units are realized in the supramolecules [FeCp2]@[{1 a}12(CuBr)17.3] (3), [CoCp2]+3{[CoCp2]+@[{1 a}8Cu24.25Br28.25(CH3CN)6]4−} (4), {[Cp2Co]+@[{1 a}8(CuI)28 (CH3CN)9.8]}{[Cp2Co]+@[{1 a)}8Cu24.4I26.4(CH3CN)8]2−} (5), and [{1 a}3{(1 a)2NH}3Cu16I10(CH3CN)7] (6), respectively.
Infrastructure features outperform environmental variables explaining rabbit abundance around motorways
Authors: Planillo Aimara , Malo Juan E. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractHuman disturbance is widespread across landscapes in the form of roads that alter wildlife populations. Knowing which road features are responsible for the species response and their relevance in comparison with environmental variables will provide useful information for effective conservation measures. We sampled relative abundance of European rabbits, a very widespread species, in motorway verges at regional scale, in an area with large variability in environmental and infrastructure conditions. Environmental variables included vegetation structure, plant productivity, distance to water sources, and altitude. Infrastructure characteristics were the type of vegetation in verges, verge width, traffic volume, and the presence of embankments. We performed a variance partitioning analysis to determine the relative importance of two sets of variables on rabbit abundance. Additionally, we identified the most important variables and their effects model averaging after model selection by AICc on hypothesis‐based models. As a group, infrastructure features explained four times more variability in rabbit abundance than environmental variables, being the effects of the former critical in motorway stretches located in altered landscapes with no available habitat for rabbits, such as agricultural fields. Model selection and Akaike weights showed that verge width and traffic volume are the most important variables explaining rabbit abundance index, with positive and negative effects, respectively. In the light of these results, the response of species to the infrastructure can be modulated through the modification of motorway features, being some of them manageable in the design phase. The identification of such features leads to suggestions for improvement through low‐cost corrective measures and conservation plans. As a general indication, keeping motorway verges less than 10 m wide will prevent high densities of rabbits and avoid the unwanted effects that rabbit populations can generate in some areas.
Sexually dimorphic swallows have higher extinction risk
Authors: Hasegawa Masaru , Arai Emi 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe effect of sexual selection on extinction risk remains unclear. In theory, sexual selection can lead to both increase and decrease extinction probability depending on the ecology of the study system. Thus, combining different groups might obscure patterns that can be found in groups that share similar ecological features. Using phylogenetic comparative analysis, we studied sexual plumage dimorphism in relation to the perceived risk of extinction in hirundines (subfamily: Hirundininae), in which all species are socially monogamous aerial foragers. Among the 72 species studied, five species are facing a perceived threat of extinction. Species with sexually dimorphic plumage had a higher risk of extinction than did species with sexually monomorphic plumage. Likewise, when focusing solely on tail ornamentation, species that exhibit a sexual dimorphism in tail length had a higher risk of extinction than did other species. In Hirundininae, which are affected a great deal by severe weather, sexual selection and the resultant sexual dimorphism would increase extinction risk.