bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of fine‐scale species distribution models to locational uncertainty in occurrence data across multiple sample sizes
Authors: Mitchell Peter J. , Monk Jacquomo , Laurenson Laurie 
Published: August 2016

Summary

To generate realistic predictions, species distribution models require the accurate coregistration of occurrence data with environmental variables. There is a common assumption that species occurrence data are accurately georeferenced; however, this is often not the case. This study investigates whether locational uncertainty and sample size affect the performance and interpretation of fine‐scale species distribution models.

This study evaluated the effects of locational uncertainty across multiple sample sizes by subsampling and spatially degrading occurrence data. Distribution models were constructed for kelp (Ecklonia radiata), across a large study site (680 km2) off the coast of southeastern Australia. Generalized additive models were used to predict distributions based on fine‐resolution (2·5 m cell size) seafloor variables, generated from multibeam echosounder data sets, and occurrence data from underwater towed video. The effects of different levels of locational uncertainty in combination with sample size were evaluated by comparing model performance and predicted distributions.

While locational uncertainty was observed to influence some measures of model performance, in general this was small and varied based on the accuracy metric used. However, simulated locational uncertainty caused changes in variable importance and predicted distributions at fine scales, potentially influencing model interpretation. This was most evident with small sample sizes.

Results suggested that seemingly high‐performing, fine‐scale models can be generated from data containing locational uncertainty, although interpreting their predictions can be misleading if the predictions are interpreted at scales similar to the spatial errors. This study demonstrated the need to consider predictions across geographic space rather than performance alone. The findings are important for conservation managers as they highlight the inherent variation in predictions between equally performing distribution models, and the subsequent restrictions on ecological interpretations.
Minimally invasive collection of adipose tissue facilitates the study of eco‐physiology in small‐bodied mammals
Authors: Clerc Jeff , Weller Theodore J. , Schineller Jeffrey B. , Szewczak Joseph M. 
Published: August 2016

Summary

Adipose tissue is the primary fuel storage for vertebrates and is an important component of energy budgets during periods of peak energetic demands. Investigating the composition of adipose tissue can provide information about energetics, migration, reproduction and other life‐history traits. Until now, most field methods for sampling adipose tissue of small‐bodied vertebrates have been destructive. Therefore, investigations of adipose tissue in small‐bodied vertebrates have been limited in their broadscale application.

We developed a field‐ready micro‐adipose biopsy method for sampling adipose tissue of small‐bodied vertebrates, by adopting fine‐needle adipose aspiration. We applied the method to silver‐haired bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans) and then quantified the resulting fatty acid signatures of a summer group and an autumn group to demonstrate one possible application of the method.

We successfully obtained interpretable fatty acid signatures from 74·5% of micro‐adipose biopsy attempts, with success positively correlated with body mass index. Summer and autumn groups of bats had different fatty acid signatures likely representing varied available dietary compositions at resident sites (the habitat where adipose deposits are accumulated prior to migration). The fatty acid profile of autumn silver‐haired bats was largely characterized by 16:0, 18:1 and 14:0, and the summer group was characterized by 16:0, 16:1 and 18:0. Our results suggest that fatty acid signatures have the potential to characterize the origins of migrating individuals, or the number of unique subpopulations being supported by a migration route.

This field‐ready fine‐needle adipose aspiration method can be used on small‐bodied mammals and modified for application to other small‐bodied vertebrates. This non‐destructive approach to sampling adipose tissue has great value because it allows for robust sample sizes, longitudinal studies of the same individuals across space and time, and sampling of rare, threatened and endangered species.
A graphical framework for model selection criteria and significance tests: refutation, confirmation and ecology
Authors: Aho Ken , Derryberry Dewayne , Peterson Teri 
Published: August 2016

SummaryIn this study, we use a novel graphical heuristic to compare the way four methods: significance testing, two popular information‐theoretic approaches (AICandBIC) and Good's Bayes/non‐Bayes compromise (an underutilized hypothesis testing approach whose demarcation criterion adjusts forn), evaluate the merit of competing hypotheses, for example H0andHA.A primary goal of our work is to clarify the concept of strong consistency in model selection. Explicit considerations of this principle (including the strong consistency ofBIC) are currently limited to technical derivations, inaccessible to most ecologists. We use our graphical framework to demonstrate, in simple terms, the strong consistency of bothBICand Good's compromise.Our framework also locates the evaluated metrics (andICs in general) along a conceptual continuum of hypothesis refutation/confirmation that considersn, parameter number and effect size. Along this continuum, significance testing and particularlyAICare refutative for H0, whereas Good's compromise and particularlyBICare confirmatory for the true hypothesis.Our work graphically demonstrates the well‐known asymptotic bias of significance tests forHA, and the incorrectness of using statistically non‐consistent methods for point hypothesis testing. To address these issues, we recommend: (i) dedicated confirmatory methods with strong consistency likeBICfor use in point hypothesis testing and confirmatory model selection; (ii) significance tests for use in exploratory/refutative hypothesis testing, particularly when conjoined with rational approaches (e.g. Good's compromise, power analyses) to account for the effect ofnonP‐values; and (iii) asymptotically efficient methods likeAICfor exploratory model selection.
Heightened Impulsivity: Associated with Family History of Alcohol Misuse, and a Consequence of Alcohol Intake
Authors: Sanchez‐Roige Sandra , Stephens David N. , Duka Theodora 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundYouths with family history (FH) of alcoholism are at greater risk of developing alcohol use disorder (AUD); heightened impulsive behavior may underlie such increased vulnerability. Here, we studied waiting impulsivity (previously suggested to predispose to alcohol drinking) in young moderate‐to‐heavy social drinkers (18 to 33 years old) characterized as family history positive (FHP) and negative (FHN) following an alcoholic or nonalcoholic (placebo) drink.MethodsTwo groups of young male and female social drinkers (n = 64) were administered an acute dose of alcohol (0.8 g/kg) or placebo. One group (FHP; n = 24) had first‐degree relatives with problems of alcohol misuse; the other group (FHN) did not. Participants completed 4 variants of the Sx‐5CSRTT, a task measuring waiting impulsivity. In addition, other types of impulsive behavior were tested (by means of the stop‐signal task [SST]; information sampling task [IST]; Delay Discounting Questionnaire; 2‐choice impulsivity paradigm; and time estimation task).ResultsYoung FHP adults showed more premature responding than FHN when evaluated under increased attentional load (high waiting impulsivity), while, in contrast, they presented a more conservative strategy on the IST (less impulsive behavior), compared to FHN. Acute alcohol impaired inhibitory control on the SST in all participants, and induced a marginal increase of premature responses, but did not affect other measures of impulsivity.ConclusionsAssessing for exaggerated waiting impulsivity may provide a potential endophenotype associated with risk for the development of alcohol addiction (i.e., offspring of alcoholics).
MicroRNA expression profiles in testicular biopsies of patients with impaired spermatogenesis
Authors: Noveski P. , Popovska‐Jankovic K. , Kubelka‐Sabit K. , Filipovski V. , Lazarevski S. , Plaseski T. , Plaseska‐Karanfilska D. 
Published: August 2016

SummarySpermatogenesis is a complex process that involves thousands of genes whose expression during different stages is strictly regulated. Small non‐coding microRNAs play an important role in the posttranscriptional regulation of mRNA processing during spermatogenesis. Using Agilent SurePrint v16 microRNA 8 × 60 K microarray kit, we investigated the microRNA expression profiles of 24 formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded testicular biopsies from patients with hypospermatogenesis (n = 10), hypospermatogenesis and azoospermia factor c region on the Y chromosome (AZFc) deletion (n = 3), Sertoli cell‐only syndrome (n = 3) and maturation arrest (n = 2), in comparison with subjects with normal spermatogenesis (n = 6). After adjusting for multiple testing, six deregulated miRNAs were detected in the patients with AZFc deletion, 30 in maturation arrest group, 52 in Sertoli cell‐only syndrome group of patients, and none in the group of patients with hypospermatogenesis. Some of the deregulated microRNAs were shared between groups, resulting in 58 unique differentially expressed microRNAs. The expression of five microRNAs (hsa‐miR‐34b, hsa‐miR‐449b, hsa‐miR‐517c, hsa‐miR‐181c, and hsa‐miR‐605) was validated by qRT‐PCR in a total of 74 samples. Using mRNA expression profiles of subjects with matching histopathological patterns of impaired spermatogenesis from publically available Gene Expression Omnibus data sets, we have performed integrated mRNA–microRNA regulatory network analysis. Pathway analysis revealed significantly enriched set of genes for tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand signaling pathway, previously shown to be involved in regulation of apoptosis in normal functioning testis. Our results should be considered as preliminary as we have analyzed only a small number of patients in each studied group. Further studies with larger number of patients with impaired spermatogenesis as well as more targeted approaches with parallel microRNA and mRNA expression profiling in isolated subpopulations of somatic or germ cells from different stages of spermatogenesis are needed to clarify the role of the microRNAs in the process of spermatogenesis.
Subjective and objective outcome measures after total knee replacement: is there a correlation?
Authors: Graff Christy , Hohmann Erik , Bryant Adam L. , Tetsworth Kevin 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundAlthough various methods for quantifying outcomes following total knee replacement (TKR) are used, there are few studies of the relationships between patient reported scores and functional tests. This paper aims to assess the relationships between commonly used outcome scores after TKR through a prospective cohort study.MethodsTwenty‐four patients who had undergone unilateral TKR were assessed using four patient‐reported outcome scores as well as objective measurements of knee laxity, quadriceps muscle strength and the Timed Up and Go Test. All scores and measures were correlated using the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient using the lower one‐sided 95% confidence interval. A level of significance of P < 0.05 was selected.ResultsThe Timed Up and Go Test was the only objective measure to demonstrate a statistically significant correlation (r = −0.557 to −0.770, P = 0.0001–0.005) with patient‐reported scores.ConclusionA comprehensive assessment of outcomes after TKR requires both subjective and objective assessments. Walking ability and speed are important to the TKR patient and are representative of their pain and function.
Small bowel obstruction in the virgin abdomen: time to challenge surgical dogma with evidence
Authors: Ng Yvonne Ying‐Ru , Ngu James Chi‐Yong , Wong Andrew Siang‐Yih 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundAlthough adhesions account for more than 70% of small bowel obstruction (SBO), they are thought to be less likely aetiologies in patients without previous abdominal surgery. Expedient surgery has historically been advocated as prudent management in these patients. Emerging evidence appears to challenge such a dogmatic approach.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed in all SBO patients with a virgin abdomen admitted between January 2012 and August 2014. Patients with obstruction secondary to abdominal wall hernias were excluded. Patient demographics, clinical presentation, management strategy and pathology involved were reviewed.ResultsA total of 72 patients were included in the study. The majority of patients were males (66.7%), with a median age of 58 years (range: 23–101). Abdominal pain (97%) and vomiting (86%) were the most common presentations while abdominal distention (60%) and constipation (25%) were reported less frequently. Adhesions accounted for the underlying cause in 44 (62%) patients. Other aetiologies included gallstone ileus (n = 5), phytobezoar (n = 5), intussusception (n = 4), internal herniation (n = 4), newly diagnosed small bowel tumour (n = 3), mesenteric volvulus (n = 3), stricture (n = 3) and Meckel's diverticulum (n = 1). Twenty‐nine (40%) patients were successfully managed conservatively while the remaining 43 (60%) underwent surgery. The intraoperative findings were in concordance with the preoperative computed tomography scan in 76% of cases.ConclusionAdhesions remain prevalent despite the absence of previous abdominal surgery. Non‐operative management is feasible for SBO in a virgin abdomen. Computed tomography scan can be a useful adjunct in discerning patients who may be treated non‐operatively by elucidating the underlying cause of obstruction.
Randomised control trial showed that delayed cord clamping and milking resulted in no significant differences in iron stores and physical growth parameters at one year of age
Authors: Agarwal Shivam , Jaiswal Vijay , Singh Dharamveer , Jaiswal Prateek , Garg Amit , Upadhyay Amit 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAimPlacental redistribution has been shown to improve haematological outcomes in the immediate neonatal period and early infancy. This study compared the effects of delayed cord clamping (DCC) and umbilical cord milking (UCM) on haematological and growth parameters at 12 months of age.MethodsThis was a follow‐up study of a randomised control trial, conducted in a tertiary care paediatric centre from August 2013 to August 2014. We studied 200 apparently healthy Indian infants randomised at birth to receive DCC for 60–90 seconds or UCM. The outcome measures were iron status and physical growth parameters at 12 months.ResultsOf the 200 babies, 161 completed the follow‐up and baseline characteristics were comparable in both groups. The mean haemoglobin in the DCC group (102.2 (17.2) g/L and serum ferritin 16.44 (2.77) μg/L) showed no significant differences to the UCM group (98.6 (17.1) g/L and 18.2 (2.8) μg/L) at one year. In addition, there were no significant differences in weight, height and mid‐upper arm circumference in the two groups.ConclusionTerm‐born Indian infants who had DCC at 60–90 seconds or UCM showed no significant differences in ferritin and haemoglobin levels and growth parameters at 12 months of age.
Body ownership and a new proprioceptive role for muscle spindles
Authors: Butler A. A. , Héroux M. E. , Gandevia S. C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractKnowledge of which body parts belong to us is referred to as the sense of body ownership. There is increasing evidence that this important aspect of human proprioception is highly malleable. Research into ownership of individual body parts was stimulated by Botvinick and Cohen's rubber‐hand illusion (Nature 391,1998, 756), which demonstrated that an artificial body part can be incorporated in one's body representation and can cause real body parts to be sensed erroneously. Here, we review key studies that have advanced our understanding of the sense of body ownership, including the important role played by multisensory integration and spatiotemporal congruence of sensory signals. We also discuss our recent discovery that body ownership can be induced in response to movement stimuli by signals from a single class of sensory receptor, namely muscle spindles.
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: prevalent vs. incident oesophageal adenocarcinoma and high‐grade dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus
Authors: Visrodia K. , Singh S. , Krishnamoorthi R. , Ahlquist D. A. , Wang K. K. , Iyer P. G. , Katzka D. A. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryBackgroundThe proportion of oesophageal adenocarcinoma that is detected concurrently with initial Barrett's oesophagus diagnosis is not well studied.AimTo compare the proportion of prevalent adenocarcinoma vs. incident adenocarcinoma found during surveillance of Barrett's.MethodsWe performed a systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science (from their inception to 31 May 2015) for cohort studies in adults with Barrett's (nondysplastic Barrett's ± Barrett's with low‐grade dysplasia) with minimum average follow‐up of 3 years, and providing numbers of prevalent adenocarcinoma detected (concurrently with Barrett's diagnosis and up to 1 year afterwards) vs. incident adenocarcinoma detected (greater than 1 year after Barrett's diagnosis). Pooled weighted proportions of prevalent and incident adenocarcinoma were calculated, using a random effects model.ResultsOn meta‐analysis of 13 studies reporting on 603 adenocarcinomas in 9657 Barrett's patients, 85.1% of adenocarcinomas were classified as prevalent [95% confidence interval (CI), 78.1–90.2%) and 14.9% as incident (95% CI, 9.8–21.9%), with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 66%). Among nine studies reporting on 787 high‐grade dysplasia and oesophageal adenocarcinomas in 8098 Barrett's patients, the proportion of prevalent high‐grade dysplasia‐oesophageal adenocarcinoma was similar at 80.5% (95% CI, 68.1–88.8%, I2 = 87%). These results remained stable across multiple subgroup analyses including study quality, setting, duration of follow‐up and presence of baseline dysplasia.ConclusionsIn our meta‐analysis, four of five patients diagnosed with adenocarcinoma or high‐grade dysplasia at index endoscopy or within 1 year of Barrett's follow‐up were considered to be prevalent cases. Continued efforts are needed to identify patients with Barrett's before the development of adenocarcinoma.
The prevalence and burden of bipolar disorder: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
Authors: Ferrari Alize J , Stockings Emily , Khoo Jon‐Paul , Erskine Holly E , Degenhardt Louisa , Vos Theo , Whiteford Harvey A 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesWe present the global burden of bipolar disorder based on findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013).MethodsData on the epidemiology of bipolar disorder were obtained from a systematic literature review and assembled using Bayesian meta‐regression modelling to produce prevalence by country, age, sex and year. Years lived with disability (YLDs) were estimated by multiplying prevalence by disability weights quantifying the severity of the health loss associated with bipolar disorder. As there were no years of life lost (YLLs) attributed to bipolar disorder, YLDs equated to disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) as a measure of total burden.ResultsThere were 32.7 million cases of bipolar disorder globally in 1990 and 48.8 million in 2013; equivalent to a 49.1% increase in prevalent cases, all accounted for by population increase and ageing. Bipolar disorder accounted for 9.9 million DALYs in 2013, explaining 0.4% of total DALYs and 1.3% of total YLDs. There were 5.5 million DALYs recorded for female individuals and 4.4 million for male individuals. DALYs were evident from age 10 years, peaked in the 20s, and decreased thereafter. DALYs were relatively constant geographically.ConclusionsDespite being relatively rare, bipolar disorder is a disabling illness due to its early onset, severity and chronicity. Population growth and aging are leading to an increase in the burden of bipolar disorder over time. It is important that resources be directed towards improving the coverage of evidence‐based intervention strategies for bipolar disorder and establishing strategies to prevent new cases of the disorder.
Pharmacologic study (JP28927) of alectinib in Japanese patients with ALK+ non‐small‐cell lung cancer with or without prior crizotinib therapy
Authors: Hida Toyoaki , Nakagawa Kazuhiko , Seto Takashi , Satouchi Miyako , Nishio Makoto , Hotta Katsuyuki , Takahashi Toshiaki , Ohe Yuichiro , Takeda Koji , Tatsuno Masahiro , Asakawa Takashi , Shimada Tadashi , Tanaka Tomohiro , Tamura Tomohide 
Published: August 2016

We report pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety data for a new 150‐mg alectinib capsule in ALK+ non‐small‐cell lung cancer in a multicenter, open‐label pharmacologic study (JP28927). Eligible patients (≥20 years, locally advanced/metastatic ALK+ disease, ALK inhibitor‐naïve and ‐pretreated [including crizotinib refractory]) were randomized 1:1 to receive one of two sequences of alectinib 300 mg twice daily (comprising different schedules of 20/40‐mg and 150‐mg capsules) until investigator‐determined lack of clinical benefit. Co‐primary endpoints were: bioequivalence of alectinib 20/40 mg vs 150 mg; food effect with 150 mg; and safety. Thirty‐five patients were enrolled; median treatment duration was 13.1 months (range 1.1−15.0). Under fasting conditions, exposure of the two formulations was similar; mean AUClast ± standard deviation 3230 ± 914 h·ng/mL vs 3710 ± 1040 h·ng/mL, respectively, for 150‐mg vs 20/40‐mg capsules. Food effect with 150 mg alectinib was negligible. Treatment‐related adverse events in >20% of patients were constipation (31.4%), dysgeusia (25.7%), and decreased white blood cell and neutrophil count (22.9% each). No treatment‐related grade 4/5 events occurred. Median time to response was 1.2 months (95% CI 1.1−2.1). For the full analysis set (n = 35) and crizotinib‐failure subpopulations (n = 23), the overall response rate was 70.0% (95% CI 50.6−85.3) and 65.0% (95% CI 40.8−84.6), and median progression‐free survival was 13.9 months (95% CI 11.1−not reached) and 12.9 months (95% CI 3.9−not reached), respectively. The 150‐mg capsule had a similar exposure profile to 20/40‐mg capsules. Alectinib demonstrated promising efficacy and was well tolerated.