bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of marker choice and thermal cycling protocol on zooplankton DNA metabarcoding studies
Authors: Clarke Laurence J. , Beard Jason M. , Swadling Kerrie M. , Deagle Bruce E. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractDNA metabarcoding is a promising approach for rapidly surveying biodiversity and is likely to become an important tool for measuring ecosystem responses to environmental change. Metabarcoding markers need sufficient taxonomic coverage to detect groups of interest, sufficient sequence divergence to resolve species, and will ideally indicate relative abundance of taxa present. We characterized zooplankton assemblages with three different metabarcoding markers (nuclear 18S rDNA, mitochondrial COI, and mitochondrial 16S rDNA) to compare their performance in terms of taxonomic coverage, taxonomic resolution, and correspondence between morphology‐ and DNA‐based identification. COI amplicons sequenced on separate runs showed that operational taxonomic units representing >0.1% of reads per sample were highly reproducible, although slightly more taxa were detected using a lower annealing temperature. Mitochondrial COI and nuclear 18S showed similar taxonomic coverage across zooplankton phyla. However, mitochondrial COI resolved up to threefold more taxa to species compared to 18S. All markers revealed similar patterns of beta‐diversity, although different taxa were identified as the greatest contributors to these patterns for 18S. For calanoid copepod families, all markers displayed a positive relationship between biomass and sequence reads, although the relationship was typically strongest for 18S. The use of COI for metabarcoding has been questioned due to lack of conserved primer‐binding sites. However, our results show the taxonomic coverage and resolution provided by degenerate COI primers, combined with a comparatively well‐developed reference sequence database, make them valuable metabarcoding markers for biodiversity assessment.
Increased juvenile predation is not associated with evolved differences in adult brain size in Trinidadian killifish (Rivulus hartii)
Authors: Beston Shannon M. , Broyles Whitnee , Walsh Matthew R. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractVertebrates exhibit extensive variation in brain size. The long‐standing assumption is that this variation is driven by ecologically mediated selection. Recent work has shown that an increase in predator‐induced mortality is associated with evolved increases and decreases in brain size. Thus, the manner in which predators induce shifts in brain size remains unclear. Increased predation early in life is a key driver of many adult traits, including life‐history and behavioral traits. Such results foreshadow a connection between age‐specific mortality and selection on adult brain size. Trinidadian killifish, Rivulus hartii, are found in sites with and without guppies, Poecilia reticulata. The densities of Rivulus drop dramatically in sites with guppies because guppies prey upon juvenile Rivulus. Previous work has shown that guppy predation is associated with the evolution of adult life‐history traits in Rivulus. In this study, we compared second‐generation laboratory‐born Rivulus from sites with and without guppies for differences in brain size and associated trade‐offs between brain size and other components of fitness. Despite the large amount of existing research on the importance of early‐life events on the evolution of adult traits, and the role of predation on both behavior and brain size, we did not find an association between the presence of guppies and evolutionary shifts in Rivulus brain size. Such results argue that increased rates of juvenile mortality may not alter selection on adult brain size.
Regioselectivity and fatty acid specificity of crude lipase extracts from Pseudozyma tsukubaensis, Geotrichum candidum, and Candida rugosa
Authors: Laguerre Mickaël , Nlandu Mputu Madeleine , Brïys Benoît , Lopez Michel , Villeneuve Pierre , Dubreucq Eric 
Published: January 2017

Microbial lipases are of particular interest for biotechnological applications because of their high specificity and their ability to perform reactions at room temperature. Here are characterized extracellular and cell‐bound crude lipase extracts from the yeasts Pseudozyma tsukubaensis CBS 422.96, Candida rugosa CBS 5213, and Geotrichum candidum NRRL Y‐552. Enzyme preparations were optimally active at neutral pH and ambient temperature, and displayed different substrate specificities. Unlike P. tsukubaensis and C. rugosa extracts, crude lipases from G. candidum were unable to hydrolyze ethyl esters of saturated fatty acids (C8:0–C18:0). The activity of extracts from P. tsukubaensis was maximal for the octyl chain and then decreases as the acyl chain was lengthened, while cell‐bound lipases from C. rugosa hydrolyzed any saturated fatty acid ethyl esters from C8:0 to C18:0. Preparations from C. rugosa and P. tsukubaensis displayed a sn‐1,3‐regioselectivity on triolein, while cell‐bound lipases from G. candidum were non‐regioselective. The extracellular crude lipases from G. candidum exhibited a small preference for the internal position both on triolein and on six edible oils, releasing a high proportion of DAG‐1,3 (∼50%) compared to DAG‐1,2(2,3). To the contrary, extracts from P. tsukubaensis and C. rugosa catalyzed the formation of almost 100% DAG‐1,2(2,3) from oils.Practical applications: Oils with a high DAG‐1,3 content have attracted considerable attention as healthful foods capable of lowering plasmatic level of TAG. Our results suggest that the crude enzymatic extracts from the wild‐type, non‐genetically modified G. candidum strain might be particularly well adapted for partial hydrolysis of oils to produce such nutraceutical diacylglycerols. In non‐optimized conditions, about 50/50% of DAG‐1,2(2,3)/DAG‐1,3 was already obtained, especially for rapeseed oil.This lab‐scale study shows the potential and substrate specificities of various microbial crude lipase extracts for hydrolysis of edible oils
Microwave radiation and conventional roasting in conjunction with hulling on the oxidative state and physicochemical properties of rapeseed oil
Authors: Rękas Agnieszka , Wroniak Małgorzata , Ścibisz Iwona 
Published: January 2017

The purpose of the present study was to extend knowledge concerning the effect of rapeseeds pre‐processing methods on the changes in oxidative state, alterations within fatty acids contents, and color of oil. Thermal pre‐treatment of non‐hulled and hulled rapeseeds by microwave radiation (2–10 min, 800 W, 2450 MHz) was studied in comparison with conventional roasting (20–100 min, 165°C). As rapeseeds were thermally pre‐treated, with longer time a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the amounts of total carotenoids, chlorophylls, and phenolics in the oils pressed from microwaved and roasted seeds was found. Oils pressed from hulled seeds (HRO) were characterized by significantly lighter yellow hue than non‐hulled (NHRO) ones; however, the microwaving and roasting time significantly affected color change of both types of oils. Although induction period increased with longer seeds microwaving and roasting, oils pressed from thermally pre‐treated seeds exhibited higher level of primary and secondary oxidation. Additionally, prolonged seeds heating resulted in unsaturated fatty acids degradation as detected by GC‐FID. Based on the results obtained by applying principal component analysis (PCA), it can be concluded that within much shorter rapeseed exposition to microwaves similar compositional changes and degree of oxidation of oils was achieved as during conventional roasting.Practical applications:Color of edible oil is an important commercial parameter, whereas oxidative stability need to be monitored to ensure high quality of the finished product. Thermal pre‐treatment is currently being used in oilseeds pre‐processing, but very little researches studied its effect on color change and oxidative state of oil. Although rapeseed thermal pre‐treatment can cause a number of positive quality changes, such as an increase of bioactive compounds, the results should be interpreted with caution since application of too harsh heating conditions may result in unsaturated fatty acids degradation, lipid oxidation, or undesirable color change.Thermal pre‐treatment is currently being used in oilseeds pre‐processing, but very little researches studied its effect on color change and oxidative state of oil. Although rapeseed thermal pre‐treatment can cause a number of positive quality changes, such as an increase of bioactive compounds, the results should be interpreted with caution since application of too harsh heating conditions may result in unsaturated fatty acids degradation, lipid oxidation, or undesirable color change.
Specifying a State Guaranteed Health Benefits package for Kazakhstan: lessons for emerging economies and middle‐income countries
Authors: Jones Michael , Chanturidze Tata , Franzen Sam , Manu Alex , Naylor Mike 
Published: January 2017

SummaryThe Government of Kazakhstan is engaged in a “root and branch” modernisation of the health care sector. One aspect of the raft of modernisation programmes was to revisit the State Guaranteed Health Benefits Package, with the aim to review citizen entitlements to healthcare. This paper reviews the ongoing evolution of the planning of the health benefits package in Kazakhstan, with the main challenges encountered, and critical lessons learned, to be considered for similar attempts elsewhere. The main conclusions are that: the design process requires a blend of technical and socio‐political analysis, because it attracts public interest, and therefore political risks; the scale and burden of analysis need to be kept to manageable proportions; and the relationship between the benefits package and funding modalities needs to be carefully managed by the State, to ensure access to declared entitlements to all members, including the most vulnerable, while keeping the package financially feasible. © 2017 The Authors. International Journal of Health Planning and Management published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bridging the gap between green behavioral intentions and employee green behavior: The role of green psychological climate
Authors: Norton Thomas A. , Zacher Hannes , Parker Stacey L. , Ashkanasy Neal M. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryHow do employees' perceptions and interpretations of organizational policies, practices, and procedures affect the enactment of their behavioral intentions? In a daily diary study, we examined the between‐persons relationship of corporate environmental strategy and pro‐environmental or “green” psychological climate; and whether green psychological climate moderates the within‐person relationship of employees' daily green behavioral intentions and their green behavior on the following day. To test our hypotheses, we collected survey data from 74 employees across 10 workdays. Results showed that corporate environmental strategy is positively related to green psychological climate that, in turn, moderates the relationship between green behavioral intentions and next‐day employee green behavior. Specifically, we found the relationship to be positive only when employees perceive a positive green psychological climate. We discuss implications of our findings for future research on employee green behavior and for organizations interested in encouraging employee green behavior. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The prevalence, penetrance, and expressivity of etiologicIRF6variants in orofacial clefts patients from sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Gowans Lord Jephthah Joojo , Busch Tamara D. , Mossey Peter A. , Eshete Mekonen A. , Adeyemo Wasiu L. , Aregbesola Babatunde , Donkor Peter , Arthur Fareed K. N. , Agbenorku Pius , Olutayo James , Twumasi Peter , Braimah Rahman , Oti Alexander A. , Plange‐Rhule Gyikua , Obiri‐Yeboah Solomon , Abate Fikre , Hoyte‐Williams Paa E. , Hailu Taye , Murray Jeffrey C. , Butali Azeez 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackgroundOrofacial clefts are congenital malformations of the orofacial region, with a global incidence of one per 700 live births. Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 (IRF6) (OMIM:607199) gene has been associated with the etiology of both syndromic and nonsyndromic orofacial clefts. The aim of this study was to show evidence of potentially pathogenic variants inIRF6in orofacial clefts cohorts from Africa.MethodsWe carried out Sanger Sequencing onDNAfrom 184 patients with nonsyndromic orofacial clefts and 80 individuals with multiple congenital anomalies that presented with orofacial clefts. We sequenced all the nine exons ofIRF6as well as the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions. In our analyses pipeline, we used various bioinformatics tools to detect and describe the potentially etiologic variants.ResultsWe observed that potentially etiologic exonic and splice site variants were nonrandomly distributed among the nine exons ofIRF6, with 92% of these variants occurring in exons 4 and 7. Novel variants were also observed in both nonsyndromic orofacial clefts (p.Glu69Lys, p.Asn185Thr, c.175‐2A>C and c.1060+26C>T) and multiple congenital anomalies (p.Gly65Val, p.Lys320Asn and c.379+1G>T) patients. Our data also show evidence of compound heterozygotes that may modify phenotypes that emanate fromIRF6variants.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that exons 4 and 7 ofIRF6are mutational ‘hotspots’ in our cohort and thatIRF6mutants‐induced orofacial clefts may be prevalent in the Africa population, however, with variable penetrance and expressivity. These observations are relevant for detection of high‐risk families as well as genetic counseling. In conclusion, we have shown that there may be a need to combine both molecular and clinical evidence in the grouping of orofacial clefts into syndromic and nonsyndromic forms.
Optimal R&D investment with learning‐by‐doing: Multiple steady states and thresholds
Authors: Greiner Alfred , Bondarev Anton 
Published: January 2017

SummaryIn this paper, we present an intertemporal optimization problem of a representative R&D firm that simultaneously invests in horizontal and vertical innovations. We posit that learning‐by‐doing makes the process of quality improvements a positive function of the number of existing technologies with the function displaying a convex‐concave form. We show that multiple steady states can arise with 2 being saddle point stable and 1 unstable with complex conjugate eigenvalues. Thus, a threshold with respect to the variety of technologies exists that separates the 2 basins of attractions. From an economic point of view, this implies that a lock‐in effect can occur such that it is optimal for the firm to produce only few technologies at a low quality when the initial number of technologies falls short of the threshold. Hence, history matters as concerns the state of development implying that past investments and innovations determine whether the firm produces a large or a small variety of high‐ or low‐quality technologies, respectively.
Poly(ether urethane)s from aromatic diisocyanates based on lignin‐derived phenolic acids
Authors: Kuhire Sachin S , Nagane Samadhan S , Wadgaonkar Prakash P 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA series of new bio‐based aromatic diisocyanates, namely bis(4‐isocyanato‐2‐methoxyphenoxy)alkane and bis(4‐isocyanato‐2,6‐dimethoxyphenoxy)alkane, were synthesized starting from lignin‐derived phenolic acids, namely vanillic acid and syringic acid, via the Curtius rearrangement. The diisocyanates were employed to synthesize poly(ether urethane)s by reacting them with potentially bio‐based aliphatic diols, namely 1,10‐decanediol and 1,12‐dodecanediol. The chemical structures of diisocyanates and poly(ether urethane)s were confirmed using Fourier transform infrared, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Inherent viscosities and number‐average molecular weights of the poly(ether urethane)s were in the ranges 0.58–0.68 dL g−1 and 32 100–58 500 g mol−1, respectively, indicating the formation of reasonably high molecular weight polymers. The poly(ether urethane)s exhibited 10% weight loss in the temperature range 304–308 °C. The glass transition temperatures of the poly(ether urethane)s were in the range 49–74 °C and were dependent both on the number of methylene units in the diols and on the number of methoxy substituents on the aromatic rings of the diisocyanate component. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Employee Mobility and Interfirm Relationship Transfer: Evidence from the Mobility and Client Attachments of United States Federal Lobbyists, 1998–2014
Authors: Raffiee Joseph 
Published: January 2017

Research summary: Employee mobility can erode competitive advantage by facilitating interfirm knowledge and relationship transfer. This study investigates the latter and identifies factors that influence the likelihood of its occurrence. Using a novel database that tracks the employment and client attachments of U.S. federal lobbyists, I show that repeated exchange with employees (firms) increases (decreases) the likelihood clients follow employees who switch firms. Structurally, multiplexity reduces the likelihood of client transfer and weakens the effect of employee–client repeated exchange, with the multiplexity effect strongest when team members have specialized expertise. By examining the main and interactive effects of repeated exchange, multiplexity, and specialized human capital, this study extends prior work by demonstrating how individual, organizational, and structural relationship characteristics affect client transfer and retention ex‐post employee mobility.Managerial summary: When do clients follow employees who switch firms? What can firms do to guard against it? These questions are important in service‐based industries where clients may become loyal to individual employees within the firm rather than to the firm itself. This study provides evidence that helps practicing managers: (a) identify which clients are most at risk of defecting if employees exit, and (b) structure relationships in ways that mitigate the likelihood that employee exit results in client loss. Findings suggest that a client is more likely to defect when she has extensive history working with the exiting employee, particularly if the employee was the sole link between the client and firm. Managers, however, can reduce the risk of client loss following employee exit by structuring relationships so that clients work with teams of employees rather than exclusively with an individual and by increasing the degree of specialization within these teams. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behavioral models of climate change adaptation and mitigation in land‐based sectors
Authors: Brown Calum , Alexander Peter , Holzhauer Sascha , Rounsevell Mark D. A. 
Published: January 2017

Models of the land system are essential to our understanding of the magnitude and impacts of climate change. These models are required to represent a large number of processes in different sectors, but face particular challenges in describing the individual and social behaviors that underpin climate change mitigation and adaptation. We assess descriptions of these behaviors in existing models, their commonalities and differences, and the uses to which they have been put. We find that behavioral models have a distinct and important role to play in climate research, but that they currently suffer from being strongly sectoral in nature, with agricultural models being the most common and behaviorally rich. There are also clear convergences, with economic‐based decision‐making remaining dominant and behaviors such as diffusion, interaction, anticipation, or learning remaining relatively neglected. Active climate change is also rarely modeled, with adaptation and mitigation generally represented as responses to economic drivers under static climatic conditions. Furthermore, dynamic behaviors, objectives, or decision‐making processes are almost entirely absent, despite their clear relevance to climate change responses. We conclude that models have been more successful in the identification of important processes than in their implementation and that, while some behavioral processes may remain impossible to model, behavioral models of adaptation and mitigation in land‐based sectors have substantial unexplored potential. We suggest that greater attention be paid to the cumulative coverage of models in this field, and that improvements in the representation of certain key behaviors be prioritized. WIREs Clim Change 2017, 8:e448. doi: 10.1002/wcc.448This article is categorized under:

Assessing Impacts of Climate Change > Representing Uncertainty
Lacosamide as monotherapy in focal seizure: Literature review
Authors: Sonkusare Kishore , Barkate Hanmant 
Published: January 2017

AbstractLacosamide is a newer approved antiepileptic drug (AED) characterized by its novel pharmacodynamic profile. It is now approved by United States Food and Drug Administration for use as monotherapy in adults (aged>17 years) with focal seizures based on historical controlled trial by Wechsler RT et al in 2014. Randomized controlled trials on lacosamide monotherapy have demonstrated significant reduction in median seizure frequency. In addition, 50% responder rates for lacosamide was noted in half of the patients, with retention rate in two third of patients in 1 year follow up period. Adverse events reported in clinical trials were mostly mild to moderate in intensity. The most common adverse events were dizziness, headache, convulsion, nausea and fatigue while convulsion and dizziness were commonly responsible for drug discontinuation. Overall, lacosamide monotherapy can be a good treatment option in patients with focal seizure.