bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contribution of Contrast‐Enhanced Sonography With Perfluorobutane Microbubbles for Diagnosis of Recurrent Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Shagdarsuren Buyanjargal , Tamai Hideyuki , Shingaki Naoki , Mori Yoshiyuki , Maeshima Shuya , Nuta Junya , Maeda Yoshimasa , Moribata Kosaku , Niwa Toru , Deguchi Hisanobu , Inoue Izumi , Maekita Takao , Iguchi Mikitaka , Kato Jun , Ichinose Masao 
Published: May 2016

ObjectivesThe role of contrast‐enhanced sonography in the diagnosis of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma is still unclear. This study aimed to clarify the usefulness and limitations of contrast‐enhanced sonography with a perfluorobutane microbubble contrast agent (Sonazoid; Daiichi‐Sankyo, Tokyo, Japan) after contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CT) for diagnosis of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma and to establish its optimal use.MethodsA total of 514 patients, who were suspected to have recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma on contrast‐enhanced CT, underwent contrast‐enhanced sonography. Of 514 suspicious lesions, 484 were diagnosed as recurrent hepatocellular carcinomas, including 142 recurrent hepatocellular carcinomas measuring 1 cm or smaller in diameter. The largest lesion was evaluated in each patient. A final diagnosis of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after contrast‐enhanced CT was reached on the basis of the typical hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma on any of the other contrast imaging modalities or by resected tissue or tumor enlargement during follow‐up.ResultsThe sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of contrast‐enhanced CT were 68%, 93%, 99%, 15%, and 70%, respectively, and the values of contrast‐enhanced sonography were 91%, 100%, 100%, 31%, and 91%, excluding 60 unassessable lesions on contrast‐enhanced sonography. The diagnostic rate for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma on contrast‐enhanced sonography for lesions with an atypical enhancement pattern on contrast‐enhanced CT was 71%. On multivariate analysis of factors contributing to the unassessability of contrast‐enhanced sonography, lesion size, location, and abdominal wall thickness were independent factors.ConclusionsAlthough the assessability of contrast‐enhanced sonography depends on lesion size, location, and abdominal wall thickness, contrast‐enhanced sonography after contrast‐enhanced CT is useful for confirmative diagnosis of small recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma with an atypical enhancement pattern on contrast‐enhanced CT, even for lesions measuring 1 cm or smaller in diameter.
Characterization of the in situ magnetic architecture of oceanic crust (Hess Deep) using near‐source vector magnetic data
Authors: Tominaga Masako , Tivey Maurice A. , MacLeod Christopher J. , Morris Antony , Lissenberg C. Johan , Shillington Donna J. , Ferrini Vicki 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMarine magnetic anomalies are a powerful tool for detecting geomagnetic polarity reversals, lithological boundaries, topographic contrasts, and alteration fronts in the oceanic lithosphere. Our aim here is to detect lithological contacts in fast‐spreading lower crust and shallow mantle by characterizing magnetic anomalies and investigating their origins. We conducted a high‐resolution, near‐bottom, vector magnetic survey of crust exposed in the Hess Deep “tectonic window” using the remotely operated vehicle (ROV) Isis during RRS James Cook cruise JC21 in 2008. Hess Deep is located at the western tip of the propagating rift of the Cocos‐Nazca plate boundary near the East Pacific Rise (EPR) (2°15′N, 101°30′W). ROV Isis collected high‐resolution bathymetry and near‐bottom magnetic data as well as seafloor samples to determine the in situ lithostratigraphy and internal structure of a section of EPR lower crust and mantle exposed on the steep (~20°dipping) south facing slope just north of the Hess Deep nadir. Ten magnetic profiles were collected up the slope using a three‐axis fluxgate magnetometer mounted on ROV Isis. We develop and extend the vertical magnetic profile (VMP) approach of Tivey (1996) by incorporating, for the first time, a three‐dimensional vector analysis, leading to what we here termed as “vector vertical magnetic profiling” approach. We calculate the source magnetization distribution, the deviation from two dimensionality, and the strike of magnetic boundaries using both the total field Fourier‐transform inversion approach and a modified differential vector magnetic analysis. Overall, coherent, long‐wavelength total field anomalies are present with a strong magnetization contrast between the upper and lower parts of the slope. The total field anomalies indicate a coherently magnetized source at depth. The upper part of the slope is weakly magnetized and magnetic structure follows the underlying slope morphology, including a “bench” and lobe‐shaped steps, imaged by microbathymetry. The lower part of the slope is strongly magnetized, with a gradual reduction in amplitude from east to west across the slope. Surface morphology and recent drilling results indicate that the slope has been affected by mass wasting, but the observation of internally coherent magnetization distributions within the upper and lower slopes suggest that the disturbance is surficial. We attribute the spatial differences in magnetization distribution to the combination of changes in in situ lithology and depth to the source. These survey lines document the first magnetic profiles that capture the gabbro‐ultramafic and possibly dike‐gabbro boundaries in fast‐spreading lower crust.
A coupling modulation model of capillary waves from gravity waves: Theoretical analysis and experimental validation
Authors: Chen Pengzhen , Wang Xiaoqing , Liu Li , Chong Jinsong 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAccording to Bragg theory, capillary waves are the predominant scatterers of high‐frequency band (such as Ka‐band) microwave radiation from the surface of the ocean. Therefore, understanding the modulation mechanism of capillary waves is an important foundation for interpreting high‐frequency microwave remote sensing images of the surface of the sea. In our experiments, we discovered that modulations of capillary waves are significantly larger than the values predicted by the classical theory. Further, analysis shows that the difference in restoring force results in an inflection point while the phase velocity changes from gravity waves region to capillary waves region, and this results in the capillary waves being able to resonate with gravity waves when the phase velocity of the gravity waves is equal to the group velocity of the capillary waves. Consequently, we propose a coupling modulation model in which the current modulates the capillary wave indirectly by modulating the resonant gravity waves, and the modulation of the former is approximated by that of the latter. This model very effectively explains the results discovered in our experiments. Further, based on Bragg scattering theory and this coupling modulation model, we simulate the modulation of normalized radar cross section (
) of typical internal waves and show that the high‐frequency bands are superior to the low‐frequency bands because of their greater modulation of
and better radiometric resolution. This result provides new support for choice of radar band for observation of wave‐current modulation oceanic phenomena such as internal waves, fronts, and shears.
Imaging lightning intracloud initial stepped leaders by low‐frequency interferometric lightning mapping array
Authors: Lyu Fanchao , Cummer Steven A. , Lu Gaopeng , Zhou Xuan , Weinert Joel 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBy comparing the source position of pulses during initial leaders and the paths of subsequent dart leaders from typical bilevel intracloud (IC) flashes, we demonstrate a new method to image the detailed three‐dimensional (3‐D) structure and stepping dynamics of IC initial leaders. Using this approach, we show that nearly half of the initial breakdown pulses are not involved in the main channel extension but instead originate in nonpropagating branches. The primary upward but significantly tilted initial leader channels propagated with measured mean/median 3‐D step length of 295/265 m and mean/median step interval of 1.05/0.6 ms. The structure and dynamics of IC initial upward negative leaders are distinct from those of highly branched cloud‐to‐ground downward negative leaders. We suggest that the tilted initial leader channel and electric field could affect the observation on leader‐associated high‐energy radiation phenomena, such as the position‐dependent observation of terrestrial gamma ray flashes from space‐based detectors.
Postcaldera volcanism and hydrothermal activity revealed by autonomous underwater vehicle surveys in Myojin Knoll caldera, Izu‐Ogasawara arc
Authors: Honsho Chie , Ura Tamaki , Kim Kangsoo , Asada Akira 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMyojin Knoll caldera, one of the submarine silicic calderas lying on the volcanic front of the northern Izu‐Ogasawara arc, has attracted increasing attention since the discovery of a large hydrothermal field called the Sunrise deposit. Although numerous submersible surveys have been conducted in Myojin Knoll caldera, they have not sufficiently explored areas to produce a complete picture of the caldera and understand the origin of the Sunrise deposit. We conducted comprehensive deep‐sea surveys using an autonomous underwater vehicle and obtained high‐resolution bathymetric and magnetic data and sonar images from ~70% of the caldera. The detailed bathymetric map revealed that faulting and magma eruptions, possibly associated with an inflation‐deflation cycle of the magma reservoir during postcaldera volcanism, had generally occurred in the caldera wall. The main dome of the central cone was covered with lava flows and exhibits exogenous growth, which is unusual for rhyolitic domes. The magnetization distribution in the central cone indicates preferential magma intrusion along a NW‐SE direction. It is presumed that magma migrated along this direction and formed a rhyolite dome at the foot of the southeastern caldera wall, where the Sunrise deposit occurs. The Sunrise deposit is composed mainly of three ridges extending in slope directions and covers ~400 × ~400 m. Magnetization reduction in the deposit area is small, indicating that the alteration zone beneath the Sunrise deposit is slanting rather than vertical. It is presumed that several slanting and near‐vertical volcanic vents serve as pathways of hydrothermal fluid in Myojin Knoll caldera.
Positive streamer initiation from raindrops in thundercloud fields
Authors: Babich L. P. , Bochkov E. I. , Kutsyk I. M. , Neubert T. , Chanrion O. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe threshold field for the electric gas discharge in air is ≈26 kVcm−1atm−1, yet the maximum field measured (from balloons) is ≈3 kVcm−1atm−1. The question of how lightning is stimulated is therefore one of the outstanding problems in atmospheric electricity. According to the popular idea first suggested by Loeb and developed further by Phelps, lightning can be initiated from streamers developed in the enhanced electric field around hydrometeors. In our paper, we prove by numerical simulations that positive streamers are initiated, specifically, around charged water drops. The simulation model includes the kinetics of free electrons, and positive and negative ions, the electron impact ionization and photon ionization of the neutral atmospheric constituents, and the formation of space charge electric fields. Simulations were conducted at air pressure 0.4 atm, typical at thundercloud altitudes, and at different background electric fields, drop sizes, and charges. We show that the avalanche‐to‐streamer transition is possible near drops carrying 63–485 pC in thundercloud fields with intensity of 10 kVcm−1atm−1 and 15 kVcm−1atm−1 for drops sizes of 1 mm and 0.5 mm, respectively. Thus, the electric field required for the streamer formation is larger than the measured thunderstorm fields. Therefore, the results of simulations suggest that second mechanisms must operate to amplify the local field. Such mechanisms could be electric field space variations via collective effects of many hydrometeors or runaway breakdown.
Hierarchically Mesoporous o‐Hydroxyazobenzene Polymers: Synthesis and Their Applications in CO2 Capture and Conversion
Authors: Ji Guipeng , Yang Zhenzhen , Zhang Hongye , Zhao Yanfei , Yu Bo , Ma Zhishuang , Liu Zhimin 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe synthesis of hierarchically mesoporous polymers with multiple functionalities is challenging. Herein we reported a template‐free strategy for synthesis of phenolic azo‐polymers with hierarchical porous structures based on diazo‐coupling reaction in aqueous solution under mild conditions. The resultant polymers have surface areas up to 593 m2 g−1 with the mesopore ratio of >80 %, and a good ability to complex with metal ions, such as Cu2+, Zn2+,Ni2+, achieving a metal loading up to 26.24 wt %. Moreover, the polymers complexed with Zn showed excellent performance for catalyzing the reaction of CO2 with epoxide, affording a TOF of 2570 h−1 in the presence of tetrabutyl ammonium bromide (7.2 mol %). The polymer complexed with Cu could catalyze the oxidation of alcohol with high efficiency.
Low‐Temperature Cationic Rearrangement in a Bulk Metal Oxide
Authors: Li Man‐Rong , Retuerto Maria , Stephens Peter W. , Croft Mark , Sheptyakov Denis , Pomjakushin Vladimir , Deng Zheng , Akamatsu Hirofumi , Gopalan Venkatraman , Sánchez‐Benítez Javier , Saouma Felix O. , Jang Joon I. , Walker David , Greenblatt Martha 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCationic rearrangement is a compelling strategy for producing desirable physical properties by atomic‐scale manipulation. However, activating ionic diffusion typically requires high temperature, and in some cases also high pressure in bulk oxide materials. Herein, we present the cationic rearrangement in bulk Mn2FeMoO6at unparalleled low temperatures of 150–300 oC. The irreversible ionic motion at ambient pressure, as evidenced by real‐time powder synchrotron X‐ray and neutron diffraction, and second harmonic generation, leads to a transition from a Ni3TeO6–type to an ordered‐ilmenite structure, and dramatic changes of the electrical and magnetic properties. This work demonstrates a remarkable cationic rearrangement, with corresponding large changes in the physical properties in a bulk oxide at unprecedented low temperatures.
Rapid Construction of a Benzo‐Fused Indoxamycin Core Enabled by Site‐Selective C−H Functionalizations
Authors: Bedell T. Aaron , Hone Graham A. B. , Valette Damien , Yu Jin‐Quan , Davies Huw M. L. , Sorensen Erik J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMethods for functionalizing carbon–hydrogen bonds are featured in a new synthesis of the tricyclic core architecture that characterizes the indoxamycin family of secondary metabolites. A unique collaboration between three laboratories has engendered a design for synthesis featuring two sequential C−H functionalization reactions, namely a diastereoselective dirhodium carbene insertion followed by an ester‐directed oxidative Heck cyclization, to rapidly assemble the congested tricyclic core of the indoxamycins. This project exemplifies how multi‐laboratory collaborations can foster conceptually novel approaches to challenging problems in chemical synthesis.
Preparation and properties of emulsifier/N‐methylpyrrolidone‐free crosslinkable waterborne polyurethane–acrylate emulsions for footwear adhesives. I. Effect of the acrylic monomer content
Authors: Lee Seul‐Gi , Cheon Jung‐Mi , Chun Jae‐Hwan , Lee Young‐Hee , Rahman Mohammad‐Mizanur , Kim Han‐Do 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTStable emulsions of emulsifier/N‐methylpyrrolidone‐free crosslinkable waterborne polyurethane–acrylates (C‐WBPUAs) with various acrylic monomer contents (0, 10, 20, and 30 wt %) for footwear adhesive materials were successfully prepared in this study. The effects of the acrylic monomer content on the shelf stability, mean particle size, and viscosity of the C‐WBPUA emulsions; the tensile properties and dynamic mechanical thermal properties of the C‐WBPUA film samples; and the adhesive strengths between the upper (synthetic leather) and the sole (ethylene vinyl acetate rubber) in both the dry and wet states of the formulated adhesives (C‐WBPUA emulsion–thickener–hardener) were examined. The adhesive strengths of the formulated adhesives for footwear (leather–sole) in both the dry and wet states increased with increasing acrylic monomer content up to 20 wt %; after this, they almost levelled off. Thus, C‐WBPUA20 and C‐WBPUA30, where the number indicates the acrylic monomer content, can be recommended as high‐performance adhesive materials for footwear. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43758.
Metastatic basal cell carcinoma caused by carcinoma misdiagnosed as acne – case report and literature review
Authors: Aydin Dogu , Hölmich Lisbet Rosenkrantz , Jakobsen Linda P. 
Published: May 2016

Key Clinical MessageBasal cell carcinoma can be misdiagnosed as acne; thus, carcinoma should be considered in treatment‐resistant acne. Although rare, neglected basal cell carcinoma increases the risk of metastasis.
Real‐time Analysis of a Working Triethylaluminium‐Modified Cr/Ti/SiO2 Ethylene Polymerization Catalyst with In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Cicmil Dimitrije , Meeuwissen Jurjen , Vantomme Aurélien , Weckhuysen Bert M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier‐transform (DRIFT) study has been conducted at 373 K and 1 bar on an industrial Cr/Ti/SiO2 Phillips‐type catalyst modified with, and without, triethylaluminium (TEAl) as co‐catalyst. The reaction rate of the polymerization of ethylene, as monitored by the increase in the methylene stretching band of the growing polyethylene (PE), has been investigated as a function of the titanium content. After an initial period of mixed kinetics, with the reaction rate significantly higher for the TEAl‐modified catalysts compared with the non‐modified catalysts, the polymerization proceeded as a pseudo‐zero‐order reaction with a reaction rate that increased as a function of titanium loading. Furthermore, it was found that the higher Ti loading caused the appearance of more acidic hydroxyl groups and modified the Cr sites by making them more Lewis acidic, ultimately shortening the induction time and increasing the initial polymerization rate.
Catalytic Decomposition of N2O over Co–Ti Oxide Catalysts: Interaction between Co and Ti Oxide
Authors: Zhang Chi , Zhang Zhiping , Sui Chao , Yuan Fulong , Niu Xiaoyu , Zhu Yujun 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA series of CoxTi catalysts with different Co/Ti molar ratios (x=0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8) were prepared by the sol‐gel method and used for N2O decomposition. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), TEM, temperature‐programmed reduction with H2, temperature‐programmed desorption of O2, diffuse reflectance UV/Vis, Raman spectra, and N2 adsorption–desorption measurements. The results indicate that the CoxTi catalysts possess high Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, more surface Co3+, and even better structural stability than Co3O4 as a result of the strong interactions between Co and Ti oxide. Deactivation occurred over time for the Co3O4 catalyst, however, Co0.6Ti maintains nearly 100 % N2O conversion for at least 30 h. Moreover, the Co0.6Ti catalyst showed much stronger resistance against 1.5 vol. % O2, 2.4 vol. % H2O, or 1.6 vol. % NO in the feed compared with the Co3O4 catalyst. The excellent activity of the Co0.6Ti catalyst can be attributed to the higher amount of surface Co3+ derived from the interaction of the Co and Ti oxide in the CoxTi catalysts.
Serotonin‐containing neurons in basal insects: In search of ground patterns among tetraconata
Authors: Stemme Torben , Stern Michael , Bicker Gerd 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThe ventral nerve cord of Tetraconata contains a comparably low number of serotonin‐immunoreactive neurons, facilitating individual identification of cells and their characteristic neurite morphology. This offers the rather unique possibility of establishing homologies at the single cell level. Because phylogenetic relationships within Tetraconata are still discussed controversially, comparisons of individually identifiable neurons can help to unravel these issues. Serotonin immunoreactivity has been investigated in numerous tetraconate taxa, leading to reconstructions of hypothetical ground patterns for major lineages. However, detailed descriptions of basal insects are still missing, but are crucial for meaningful evolutionary considerations. We investigated the morphology of individually identifiable serotonin‐immunoreactive neurons in the ventral nerve cord of Zygentoma (Thermobia domestica, Lepisma saccharina, Atelura formicaria) and Archaeognatha (Machilis germanica, Dilta hibernica). To improve immunocytochemical resolution, we also performed preincubation experiments with 5‐hydroxy‐L‐tryptophan and serotonin. Additionally, we checked for immunolabeling of tryptophan hydroxylase, an enzyme associated with the synthesis of serotonin. Besides the generally identified groups of anterolateral, medial, and posterolateral neurons within each ganglion of the ventral nerve cord, we identified several other immunoreactive cells, which seem to have no correspondence in other tetraconates. Furthermore, we show that not all immunoreactive neurons produce serotonin, but have the capability for serotonin uptake. Comparisons with the patterns of serotonin‐containing neurons in major tetraconate taxa suggest a close phylogenetic relationship of Remipedia, Cephalocarida, and Hexapoda, supporting the Miracrustacea hypothesis. J. Comp. Neurol., 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:79–115, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A robust affine projection sign algorithm against the high power of measurement noises
Authors: Yoo JinWoo , Shin JaeWook , Song Insun , Park P. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThis paper proposes a novel robust affine projection sign algorithm (R‐APSA) through a modified criterion that consists of the Euclidean norm of the sum of the difference between the present weight vector and the previous weight vectors. Because the filter update equation of the proposed R‐APSA is obtained from the modified criterion, it has robustness against the high power of measurement noises. Moreover, due to the characteristic inherent in the original APSA, the proposed R‐APSA performs well even though impulsive noises occur. Simulation results verify that the proposed R‐APSA attains smaller steady‐state errors than the existing released algorithms. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.