bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lignin extraction from oil palm Ttrunk by microwave-alkali technique
Authors: Wee Lai Long , Idris Ani , Mohd Yusof Noordin 
Published: October 2017

The Klason’s lignin content in oil palm tree (Elaeis guineensis) particularly, oil palm trunk (OPT) was intensively investigated in this study. The Microwave-Alkali (Mw-A) pretreatment experiment was designed using Design Expert 7.0 software. The design of experiment (DOE) for this research was established and conducted based on the two-level factorial design with total of eleven runs which included three centre points. All the experimental runs were randomly performed. The independent variables or factors studied were as microwave power, temperature and heating duration and these were coded by high level (+1) and low level (-1) and their corresponding natural variable range were 500-900 watt, 80-100°C and 40-80 min, respectively. The dependent variable or response investigated was the amount of lignin, YL. Prior to Mw-A treatment, the OPT biomass with less than 1.0 mm (mesh size < No.18) were first presoaked in 2.5 mol.L-1 sodium hydroxide solution in the ratio of 1:10 (solid: liquid). The amount of lignin present in the washed and dried filtrate samples was subsequently determined. In this case, the total content of lignin determined for untreated and microwave-alkali treated were 17.87 and 13.87 (g/100g biomass), respectively. The analysis of variance performed indicated that temperature (A) and temperature*time (AB) interaction were statistically significant. For the complete model, the F-value for the model is 20.35 whilst the oefficient of determination, R2 = 0.9862 and adjusted coefficient of determination, RAdj 2 = 0.9377. A reduced model, involving only the significant terms and term supporting the hierarchy, was subsequently developed. This simply show that the lignin content of OPT under Mw-A pretreatment can be modelled and as much as 22.38% reduction of lignin was attained when the microwave experiment was set at 900 watt, 100°C and 80 min, respectively.________________________________________GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Pitfalls of ascertainment biases in genome annotations—computing comparable protein domain distributions in eukarya
Authors: A. Parikesit Arli , Steiner Lydia , F. Stadler Peter , J. Prohaska Sonja 
Published: October 2017

Most investigations into the large-scale patterns of protein evolution are based on gene annotations that have been compiled in reference databases. The use of these resources for quantitative comparisons, however, is complicated by sometimes vast differences in coverage. More importantly, however, we also observe substantial ascertainment biases that cannot be removed by simple normalization procedures. A striking example is provided by the correlations between protein domains. We observe that statistics derived from different computational gene annotation procedure show dramatic discrepancies, and even qualitative changes from negative to positive correlation, when compared to statistics obtained from annotation databases.________________________________________GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
The influence of NaCl and Na2SO4 as supporting electrolyte on analysis of lead (II) in seawater by stripping voltammetry using hanging mercury drop electrode
Authors: Khasanah Miratul , Darmokusumo Handoko , Rochmawati . 
Published: October 2017

The influence of NaCl and Na2SO4 as supporting electrolyte on lead (II) analysis in seawater by stripping voltammetry was studied. The instrumental parameters obtained in this recent study were deposition potential -1000 mV, deposition time 150 s, and stirring rate 2000 rpm. The concentration of supporting electrolyte used was 300 µg/L NaCl and 1800 µg/L Na2SO4. The detection limit and sensitivity of the method using NaCl as supporting electrolyte were 0.1483 µg/L and 29.207 nA L/µg, respectively. The precision in the range of 1-5 µg/L of lead (II) was 1.01-6.37%. Lead (II) analysis voltammetrically using Na2SO4 as supporting electrolyte resulted in the analytical performance as follow: detection limit of 0.5498 µg/L, sensitivity of 8.037 nA L/µg, precision of 0.34-5.9 %. Analysis of lead (II) by stripping voltammetry using NaCl and Na2SO4 as supporting electrolyte resulted in recovery of 99.90 % (n=3) and 104.2 % (n=3), respectively. The presence of both NaCl and Na2SO4 slightly amplified the lead (II) current signal. ________________________________________GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Application of composite membrane from chitosan-cellulose diacetate-TiO2 for waste detergent treatment
Authors: Wafiroh Siti , Setyawati Harsasi , Lestari Puji 
Published: October 2017

The synthesis of composite membrane from chitosan, cellulose diacetate and TiO2 as well as its application for waste detergent treatment were described here. Chitosan was synthesized from small crab shell using a chemical process involving deproteination, demineralization, depigmentation and deacetylation steps. Cellulose diacetate was synthesized from banana kepok using pulping, bleaching and acetylating steps. The production of composite membrane using inversion phase method by varying the concentration of cellulose diacetate 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. The optimum mechanical properties of composite membranes were carried out with concentration variation of TiO2 0.1% 0.15%, 0.20%, 0.25% and 0.30%. The produced composite membranes of chitosan - cellulose diacetate - TiO2 were characterized by its thickness, performance, mechanical, morphology and were applied to waste detergent treatment. The results showed that the increasing of the concentration of cellulose diacetate made the composite membrane were more porous so the flux increases and the greater concentration of TiO2, the greater mechanical properties of the composite membranes. The optimum composite membrane was obtained with the concentration of chitosan 3%, cellulose diacetate 4% and TiO2 0.3%, thickness of 0.01 mm, flux of 1099.95 L/m2.day, rejection of 97.70%, stress at 0.0225 kN/mm2, strain at 0.3906, Modulus Young of 0.0576 kN/mm2 and can be applied to waste detergent treatment process with flux 832.93 L/m2.day and rejection of 95.39%.________________________________________GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Classification of perfume products using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and pattern recognition
Authors: Tengku Ab Ghani Tengku Fazarina , Maarof Hasmerya , Hassan Mohamed Noor 
Published: October 2017

Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils and aroma compounds, fixatives, and solvents used to give human body, objects, and living spaces a pleasant odour. Perfume compositions are mixture of natural and synthetic sources which consist of 100 or more components. The difference in composition of perfume is the main characteristics which can classify the perfume into several groups such as animal and plant sources. Therefore, correct identification of each perfume product composition is crucial in order to do the classification. The perfume products have been analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry and chemometric technique. There are 34 samples of perfume products used in this article which is taken from different brand available around Skudai. Chemometric technique was applied in this research to simplify data obtained by allowing them to form classes to their respective groups. Two unsupervised pattern recognition technique namely principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were used. The perfume product samples investigated in this research can be classified into two main groups namely animal and plant sources. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were successfully used in classifying the perfume product according to their respective groups based on the compositional information from the chromatogram of each samples.________________________________________GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Determination of anionic profiling of improvised explosive devices from different types of low explosive material
Authors: Mohamed Huri Mohamad Afiq , Ahmad Umi Kalthom , Omar Mustafa 
Published: October 2017

Improvised explosive devices or also known as homemade explosive devices are frequently abused for public terrorism. This types of explosive devices are well fabricated and made in improvised manner by incorporating military or commercially sourced explosive. It is often used for terrorism as the material of the devices are readily available at low cost and can be obtain legally without any suspicion from the sellers. Chemical composition of explosives holds a lot of useful information in establishing a link between a perpetrator and a bombing case. Analysis of post-blast explosive and pre-blast explosive is equally important since the chemical reaction during explosion will change the product of the composition. Different types of explosive material are also expected to give different composition profiling. In this study, four types of pyrotechnics explosives packed in pipe bombs were utilized via sampling exercise. Cotton swabbing technique was employed as method extraction as it is easy to perform, rapid, less solvent use and lab time are reduced.The determination of anionic inorganic constituents of improvised explosives were performed using ion chromatography. Post blast residues were analyzed to compare the changes of inorganic ions to its origin from pre blast samples. Inorganic ions were separated using Metrosep A SUPP 5 column and an eluent consisting of 1.0 mmol/L of NaHCO3 with 3.2 mmol/L Na2CO3. Anions of interest including NO2-, NO32-, PO42-, SO42-, SCN-, and ClO4- have been successfully separated within 60 minutes. Types and amount of anion detected are different from different materials of explosive devices.________________________________________GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Bench-scale study of acid mine drainage treatment using local neutralisation agents
Authors: Mustaffa Kamal Norinsafrina , Sulaiman Shamsul Kamal 
Published: October 2017

Bench-scale experiments were conducted to evaluate the treatment performance of alternative alkaline media; serpentinite and concrete waste compared to conventional treatment with common neutralisation agents namely hydrated lime and limestone in terms of reducing acidity and metals concentrations in acid mine drainage (AMD) samples taken from effluent of an abandoned copper mine located in Mamut, Sabah. Parameters tested in these experiments include particle size and mass of the materials. The tests were performed using a jar tester with the particle size varies at 45 µm, 75 µm and 150 µm and the mass was put to 1-10 grams with incremental dosing of 0.5 grams for every 20 minutes. Results of the study showed that hydrated lime, limestone and concrete waste with different sizes and mass were capable in achieving pH targets required for neutralisation of the AMD. Overall, metal concentrations of Fe, Al and Cu followed a certain reduction trends whilst Mn has shown a poor reduction.________________________________________GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Enhancement of stripping technique for Copper(II) detection in water sample using N,N’-bis(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone)ethylenediamine (BME)
Authors: Azhari Syaza , Ahamad Rahmalan , Ahmad Farediah 
Published: October 2017

A highly sensitive, rapid, simple and selective stripping assay for the determination of trace copper(II) is proposed. The selectivity and sensitivity of the electroanalytical process on a glassy carbon (GC) electrode were enhanced using the newly synthesized Schiff base N,N’-bis(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone)ethylenediamine (BME). The methodology is based on the accumulation of copper(II)–BME complex onto the GC electrode, followed by electrochemical oxidation of the adsorbed species. The effect of experimental parameters such as pH, BME concentration, scan rate, accumulation time and accumulation potential on the sensitivity of copper(II) detection were investigated. Under the optimal conditions, BME has successfully enhanced the copper(II) detection using the GC electrode by nearly 95% with detection limit (LOD) of 2.6 ngL−1. The effects of interfering ions such as Cd(II), Zn(II), Fe(II), Cr(III) and Pb(II) were also investigated. The applicability of this technique was illustrated by the determination of copper(II) ion in tap water.________________________________________GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Petrographic study and its implication to the uniaxial strength of weathered volcanic rocks from tawau, sabah
Authors: W. Soehady Erfen Hennie Fitria , Musta Baba 
Published: October 2017

This paper discussed the petrographic study and its effect to the uniaxial strength of weathered volcanic rocks from Tawau, Sabah, Malaysia. The volcanic rock consists of associated dacite, andesite and basalt rocks with the age of Pliocene to Quaternary. In this study the Murphy (1985) classification were used determine the weathering grade of volcanic rocks. The uniaxial strength value were used the Point Load Test and Uniaxial Compressive Strength test. The microstructures and identification of altered minerals were analysed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and polarized microscope, respectively. The result of analysis indicated that the uniaxial strength of volcanic rocks decreased with the degree of weathering grades where the uniaxial strength decreased from 122.2 to 15.8 MPa for dacite, 143.4 to 10.1 MPa for basalt and 181.2 to 26.8 MPa for andesite. This result is due to the different percentages of quartz and feldspar minerals in the rock samples as well as formation of secondary minerals in weathered rocks. Microstructures study showed the appearance of micro fractures with narrow apertures in the minerals also influenced the uniaxial strength of the rocks.________________________________________GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Determine of copper metal in cooking oil by saponification method with atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS)
Authors: Handajani Usreg Sri , Harsini Muji , Wicaksono Zaldy 
Published: October 2017

A research on the analysis of copper metal in the cooking oil saponification by AAS method. This study aimed to validate analytical methods, including precision and accuracy in the determination of copper metal in cooking oils through saponification and knowing destructed Cu content in cooking oils on the market. This research was done by creating a simulation of cooking oils and then added with a solution with various concentrations of Cu2+, reacted with KOH for saponification, then destructed dried, and absorbance was measured using an atomic absorption spectrometer. Results of accuracy (recovery) be obtained average of 96.88, 97.35, and 97.36% and precision values of 0.8233, 0.3154, and 0.4803%. It can be concluded that this method is very well used to determine the concentration of copper metal contained in cooking oils, and Cu content in cooking oils on the market for bulk cooking oil 1 at 11.5 mg/kg, bulk cooking oil 2 at 10.9 mg/kg, and for branded cooking oil at 7.4 mg/kg.________________________________________GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Chromium oxide zirconia solid acid catalyst for n-pentane isomerization
Authors: Rozali Annuar Nur Hazirah , Abdul Jalil Aishah , Triwahyono Sugeng 
Published: October 2017

New catalyst based on zirconia (ZrO2) supported by chromium oxide (CrO3) for isomerization of n-pentane was studied. CrO3-ZrO2 was prepared with chromium nitrate by the titration and sol-gel technique. The physical properties of the catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET surface area analyzer, and TEM. The acidity and structure of catalysts were determined by pyridine and lutidine preadsorbed FTIR spectroscopy. The isomerization of n-pentane was carried out at 523 K under hydrogen stream. CrO3-ZrO2 shows the differences in terms of physical properties where the introduction CrO3 partially eliminated the monoclinic phase of ZrO2 and developed new peaks assigned to tetragonal phase of ZrO2. CrO3-ZrO2 also shows a higher specific surface area where it increases in the pore volume of the catalyst compare to its parent zirconia. The IR results indicated that CrO3-ZrO2 catalyst have strong Lewis and weak Brønsted acid sites. The conversion of n-pentane for CrO3-ZrO2 was 32% respectively, while the selectivity to iso-pentane was 100%. ________________________________________GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Weighted Simple and Semi-Simple Splicing Systems
Authors: Yee Siang Gan , Fong Wan Heng , Sarmin Nor Haniza , Turaev Sherzod 
Published: October 2017

The modelling of splicing system has been introduced theoretically by Head in 1987. As time goes on, various splicing systems have been developed, such as one-sided, simple and semi-simple splicing systems. However, in the investigation on the generative power of splicing system, there are limitations on the generative power of splicing system with finite components. In order to overcome the limitation of the usual splicing system, one variant of splicing system has been introduced recently, called the weighted splicing system. In this paper, we associate weights from selected weighting spaces to the axioms of simple and semi-simple splicing systems, thus introducing weighted simple splicing system and weighted semi-simple splicing system. Some examples are presented for weighted simple and semi-simple splicing systems to illustrate their generative power. Lastly, relation of the languages generated by weighted simple and semi-simple splicing systems in the Chomsky hierarchy are also investigated.
Quantitative determination of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin antibacterials by Spectrophotometeric and high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Akram Muhammad , Anwar Jamil , Alshemarya Ammar Z. , Goh Yi-Fan , Sher Awan Ahmed , Farooqi Qamar H. 
Published: October 2017

A simple, rapid and sensitive Spectrophotometeric method for the determination of fluoroquinolones; ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin have been performed in pure form and pharmaceutical tablets. Both drugs gave reddish complexes when treated with iron (III) chloride at pH 4.0. The drugs showed maximum absorption at 530 and 545 nm. In both cases linear calibration was obtained up to 0.9 mg/10 mL of the drug. Effect of different parameters like pH, temperature and time was also studied on the stability of the complexes. The percentage recoveries found by described method was in the range of 98.2---100.01 %. Standards were prepared from the pure compounds obtained from sigma-Aldrich Pharm. The method was successfully employed for the Assay of drugs in commercial formulations. Finally determination of the drugs was carried out through HPLC method which showed that there is no appreciable difference between the results of both the methods. Results revealed that proposed method is practically suitable for routine applications in quality control laboratories for the analysis of fluoroquinolones drugs.________________________________________GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Intuitionistic fuzzy in spline curve/surface
Authors: Wahab Abd Fatah , Zulkifly Mohammad Izat Emir 
Published: October 2017

The uncertainty data problem with intuitionistic information is difficult to deal with through the methodology or approach available. This is because the existing fuzzy geometric modeling can only solve the fuzzy data problem that is intuitionistic and fuzzy complex in nature as the data have information that is incomplete boundary value (less clear and ambiguous), have meaning and truth value of the range, a lot of value logic values as well as having vague distribution and indistinct. Furthermore, the operation is characteristically minimum or maximum and image together with the range are obscure and complex. To solve this problem, a new model with a redefinition of the control points which characterized by three important components of intuitionistic fuzzy is developed. These control points will be blended with the basic functions of spline to generate several models in the form of intuitionistic fuzzy spline curve / surface and can be easily understood. With the intuitionistic concept and its relations, then the relevant data can be translated through the production of these models.
Synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline nickel - cobalt ferrites by co-precipitation Method
Authors: A. Ati Ali , Othaman Zulkafli , Dabagh Shadab , Rosnan R. M. , Zare Samad 
Published: October 2017

Nano crystalline powders of Co-Ni ferrite compounds having the chemical formula Co(x)Ni(1-x) Fe2O4( x = 0.0, 0.2 and 1.0) have been successfully synthesized by co-precipitation technique. These synthesized compounds are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scan electron microscopy (FESEM), fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectrum, energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDX) and TGA-DTA. The XRD analyses of the samples sintered at 600 °C clearly show the formation of single cubic spinel structure. XRD patterns are further analyzed to calculate the lattice constant and jump length of charge carriers. Average crystalline sizes for ferrite powders are determined from XRD line using Debye-Scherrer's formula is found to be in the range of 16 to 19 nm with narrow size distribution. The Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectrum characterization of the spinel ferrite structure sintered at 600 °C shows two fundamental strong band in the range 385-600 cm-1, which is attributed to different main metal-oxygen bands.
Interactive graph dynamics for fuzzy autocatalytic set of fuzzy graph of type-3 for combustion process in a circulating fluidized bed boiler
Authors: Hashim Hazwani , Abu Bakar Sumarni 
Published: October 2017

Dynamical changes of chemical reactions which occurred during combustion process in Circulating Fluidized Bed boiler (CFB) has been modelled using adjacency matrix of Fuzzy Autocatalytic Set (FACS) of fuzzy graph type-3. Analysis of sequence of changes in the reactions at time t through Perron-Frobenious eigenvector (PFE) of the matrix in the Graph Dynamic Algorithm (GDA) shows that end-product of the combustion process in the CFB namely Water and Hydrogen is not really potrayed the real process. Therefore, in this study, transition matrix of FACS is utilized to analyse the dynamical changes of the reactions and the GDA is modified and improvised and known as Interactive Graph Dynamics (IGD) is subsequently use to facilitate the analysis. The result shows that by using the transition matrix of FACS, the end-product of the combustion process in CFB is in accordance to the real process. Whilst the IGD is able to reduced computer running time as compared to the existing GDA. This paper describes the development of IGD and the analysis of sequence of changes of chemical reactions during combustion process in CFB by using transition matrix with the helped of MATLAB.
Synthesis and characterization of nitrogen-doped titania nanomaterials of homogeneous particle size
Authors: Zainal Nurul Diyana , Nur Hadi , Siew Ling Lee 
Published: October 2017

Modification of sol-gel method was used to synthesize homogeneous particle size nitrogen-doped titania (N-TiO2) nanomaterials using tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide (TEAOH) as N source. XRD analysis showed that these N-TiO2 (1-5 % N concentration) crystallined in anatase structure. The crystallinity of the samples decreased with increasing of N content. The calculation using Scherrer equation showed that the particle size of the synthesized N-TiO2 ranged 15.02 - 26.85 nm, strongly suggesting attainment of nanomaterials. DR UV-Vis results indicated that the band gap energy of 5% N doped TiO2 was only 2.58 eV, implying the sample could be a potential photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. Homogeneous particle size of the synthesized nanomaterials was evidenced through FESEM images. Meanwhile, the EDX analysis confirmed the homogenous distribution of elements Ti, N and O in 5% N doped titania sample.