bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Bulk Lorentz Factors of Outflow Material: Lessons Learned from the Extremely Energetic Outburst GRB 160625B
Authors: Wang Yuan-Zhu , Wang Hao , Zhang Shuai , Liang Yun-Feng , Jin Zhi-Ping , He Hao-Ning , Liao Neng-Hui , Fan Yi-Zhong , Wei Da-Ming 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
GRB 160625B is an extremely bright outburst with well-monitored afterglow emission. The geometry-corrected energy is high, up to ∼5.2 × 1052 erg or even ∼8 × 1052 erg, rendering it the most energetic GRB prompt emission recorded so far. We analyzed the time-resolved spectra of the prompt emission and found that in some intervals there were likely thermal-radiation components and the high energy emission was characterized by significant cutoff. The bulk Lorentz factors of the outflow material are estimated accordingly. We found out that the Lorentz factors derived in the thermal-radiation model are consistent with the luminosity-Lorentz factor correlation found in other bursts, as well as in GRB 090902B for the time-resolved thermal-radiation components, while the spectral cutoff model yields much lower Lorentz factors that are in tension with the constraints set by the electron pair Compton scattering process. We then suggest that these spectral cutoffs are more likely related to the particle acceleration process and that one should be careful in estimating the Lorentz factors if the spectrum cuts at a rather low energy (e.g., ∼tens of MeV). The nature of the central engine has also been discussed, and a stellar-mass black hole is favored.
Le Mexique à l’heure des réformes structurelles
Authors: Ehrhart Hélène , Gilliot Magali 
Published: February 2017

En 2013, le Mexique a mis en place un vaste programme de réformes structurelles visant à lever les obstacles qui entravaient la progression de la croissance économique dans des champs aussi variés que l’éducation, les finances publiques, le secteur financier, l’énergie et les télécommunications. Il est ainsi un des rares pays à avoir voté un nombre aussi important de réformes structurelles en si peu de temps et avec un soutien politique large. La réduction des monopoles et organisations oligopolistiques qui généraient des inefficiences, et l’accès favorisé au crédit à un faible coût pour les ménages et entreprises pourraient entraîner une hausse du taux de croissance potentiel de l’économie mexicaine de près d’un point de pourcentage. Si certaines des réformes ont commencé à faire la preuve de leur efficacité, les effets globaux tardent à se manifester. Et cela d’autant plus qu’elles ne se sont pas attelées à l’atténuation de la nature paradoxale d’une économie mexicaine saine, stable, résiliente et très ouverte commercialement, mais faiblement inclusive, informelle et caractérisée par d’importantes inégalités territoriales et de revenus et par une corruption prégnante. Classification JEL : D40, L16, O54.
L’Argentine après le défaut : conditions d’accès aux marchés internationaux de capitaux et choix de politiques économiques « non conventionnelles »
Authors: Carluccio Juan , Ramos-Tallada Julio 
Published: February 2017

Le défaut sur la dette souveraine en 2001 a ouvert pour l’Argentine une période de relations financières complexes avec le reste du monde et riche en changements de politique économique. Raisonnant en termes des déterminants d’offre et de demande de financement externe, cet article montre que l’accès du pays aux marchés internationaux de capitaux a été abordable dans certaines périodes, notamment après la restructuration de la dette en 2005. D’ailleurs certains épisodes de diminution des flux de capitaux entrants nets n’ont pas été dus à des restrictions d’offre mais à une volonté ferme de désendettement des autorités argentines, couplée à la levée de barrières réglementaires. Le renforcement à partir de 2011 de certaines politiques « non conventionnelles », comme la monétisation du déficit et le contrôle des changes, découle certainement de cette pénurie de financement en devises. Or d’autres facteurs plus « structurels » le sous-tendent également : une quête continue d’autonomie dans la politique économique via l’autarcie financière et la « peur » séculaire de dévaluer le peso et de le laisser flotter, de crainte qu’il alimente les anticipations d’inflation. Classification JEL : E58, F30, F32, G01, O54.
Venezuela : l’insoutenabilité du modèle de croissance, source de tous les risques
Authors: Albert Marie , Jude Cristina 
Published: February 2017

Alors que le Venezuela est confronté à une sévère crise de balance des paiements suite à la chute du prix du pétrole, il apparaît essentiel de comprendre les origines de cette situation. Cet article étudie tout d’abord les distorsions et les déséquilibres économiques majeurs sous-jacents à cette économie, dont l’hyperinflation, pour ensuite évaluer la capacité du pays à faire face au risque de défaut de paiement. Nous construisons pour cela deux scénarios de besoin et capacité de financement, fortement dépendants du prix du pétrole et du soutien de la Chine. Ainsi nous montrons que, en l’absence d’un rebond très important du prix du pétrole, le défaut de paiement apparaît inévitable. Enfin nous analysons la montée des tensions sociales et politiques qui accompagnent ce contexte économique dégradé. Classification JEL : E31, F31, H63, O54, Q32.
Fonds de pension au Chili : un système en pleine évolution après un tiers de siècle de vie
Authors: Pardo Carlos , Pardo Jaime 
Published: February 2017

Les fonds de pensions constituent un sujet passionnel par excellence et ceci quel que soit le pays. Le Chili n’est pas une exception. Au point de représenter un véritable paradigme, l’expérience chilienne en matière de réforme du mode de financement des retraites a ceci de singulier que ce pays a été pionnier dans ce domaine, en substituant de manière radicale des fonds de pension à cotisations définies individuelles obligatoires à son ancien système en répartition. Construit sur trois sections, cet article met tout d’abord en évidence les vertus d’une épargne longue, en lien avec l’existence de fonds de pension, générant des externalités positives, qui contribuent, entre autres, au financement et à la modernisation de l’économie. Puis il décrit et analyse de façon spécifique le mode de fonctionnement des fonds de pension chiliens ainsi que leurs performances. Enfin il présente et analyse les principaux projets de réformes actuellement en débat, qui ont l’objectif déclaré de corriger les insuffisances constatées dans le système actuel de financement des retraités. Classification JEL : G00, G23, H55, J26, O16, O54.
La frontière hennuyère à la fin du xiiie siècle comme témoin des changements dans la perception et de la construction du territoire français
Authors: Laforgue Aurélien 
Published: February 2017

L’histoire du Hainaut médiéval est mal connue en France, la faute incombe à deux éléments : le premier étant le voisinage du comté de Flandre, autrement plus riche et plus puissant et surtout au rôle beaucoup plus marqué dans l’histoire de France ; le second étant que le comté de Hainaut n’était pas vassal du royaume mais du Saint Empire romain germanique.Son statut de territoire frontalier et l’importance de ses liens avec le comté flamand en font, si ce n’est un acteur, tout du moins un témoin privilégié de la construction du pays dans sa partie nord. La présente étude s’attache à mettre en avant la pertinence de l’étude du cas du Hainaut dans les recherches sur la construction du royaume de France et de ses frontières.Dans un premier temps, nous nous intéresserons à la place que prend le comté dans les affaires politiques du royaume, d’abord sous Louis IX avec la séparation de la Flandre et du Hainaut au milieu du xiiie siècle ; puis sous Philippe le Bel lorsque celui-ci entreprend une guerre contre la Flandre. Ces évènements mettent en lumière des enjeux cruciaux qui sont directement liés à l’affermissement du pouvoir royal dans des zones de confins ainsi qu’à la construction du territoire.Dans un second temps, nous mettrons en avant un phénomène particulier qui prit une dimension importante dans ces terres frontalières : les enquêtes territoriales. À la fin du xiiie siècle, Philippe le Bel demanda que soient entreprises plusieurs enquêtes pour déterminer l’appartenance (ou non) de certains territoires au royaume de France. Parmi les terres concernées figure le cas de l’Ostrevant, qui se trouve précisément dans le comté de Hainaut mais appartient à la couronne. L’enquête entamée en 1297 pour déterminer pour déterminer les territoires de l’Ostrevant qui relèvent de l’autorité du roi de France se poursuivit durant plusieurs décennies puisqu’elle était toujours en cours en 1337. Elle est suivie d’autres enquêtes qui se penchent sur différentes terres du comté de Hainaut. De fait, l’étude du comté nordiste nous apporte à nouveau des éléments significatifs sur l’évolution de la construction du territoire français.Un virage s’est amorcé de façon très nette sous Philippe le Bel, qui vise à affirmer le pouvoir royal sur l’ensemble des territoires de la couronne ; cet élément a déjà été constaté et commenté à plusieurs reprises dans l’historiographie. Cependant, le lien fait avec la représentation des limites de ce territoire ainsi que l’enjeu lié aux frontières durant le règne de ce même souverain n’a guère été souligné. Le Hainaut, de par sa position et son statut se révèle donc un témoin privilégié de ces changements.
Cutting Edge: Chromatin Accessibility Programs CD8 T Cell Memory
Authors: Scharer Christopher D. , Bally Alexander P. R. , Gandham Bhanu , Boss Jeremy M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
CD8 T cell memory is characterized by rapid recall of effector function, increased proliferation, and reduced activation requirements. Despite the extensive functional characterization, the molecular mechanisms that facilitate these enhanced properties are not well characterized. In this study, the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing was employed to map the cis-regulatory elements in CD8 T cells responding to acute and chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections. Integration of chromatin accessibility profiles with gene expression data identified unique regulatory modules that were enriched for distinct combinations of transcription factor–binding motifs. Memory CD8 T cells displayed a chromatin accessibility structure that was absent from other acute and exhausted cells types and included key effector and proliferative genes. Stimulation of memory cells revealed enhanced transcription of “memory-primed” genes compared with naive cells. Thus, memory CD8 T cells display a preprogrammed chromatin accessibility profile and maintain a molecular history of cis-element usage, thereby reducing the steps necessary to revive effector functions.
Evaluation of various procedures transposing global tilted irradiance to horizontal surface irradiance
Authors: Housmans Caroline , Bertrand Cédric 
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Many transposition models have been proposed in the literature to convert solar irradiance on the horizontal plane to that on a tilted plane. The inverse process, i.e. the conversion from tilted to horizontal is investigated here based upon seven months of in-plane global solar irradiance measurements recorded on the roof of the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium's radiation tower in Uccle (Longitude 4.35° E, Latitude 50.79° N). Up to three pyranometers mounted on inclined planes of different tilts and orientations were involved in the inverse transposition process. Our results indicate that (1) the tilt to horizontal irradiance conversion is improved when measurements from more than one tilted pyranometer are considered (i.e. by using a multi-pyranometer approach) and (2) the improvement from using an isotropic model to anisotropic models in the inverse transposition problem is not significant.
A network-based detection scheme for the jet stream core
Authors: Molnos Sonja , Mamdouh Tarek , Petri Stefan , Nocke Thomas , Weinkauf Tino , Coumou Dim 
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The polar and subtropical jet streams are strong upper-level winds with a crucial influence on weather throughout the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes. In particular, the polar jet is located between cold arctic air to the north and warmer subtropical air to the south. Strongly meandering states therefore often lead to extreme surface weather. Some algorithms exist which can detect the 2-D (latitude and longitude) jets' core around the hemisphere, but all of them use a minimal threshold to determine the subtropical and polar jet stream. This is particularly problematic for the polar jet stream, whose wind velocities can change rapidly from very weak to very high values and vice versa. We develop a network-based scheme using Dijkstra's shortest-path algorithm to detect the polar and subtropical jet stream core. This algorithm not only considers the commonly used wind strength for core detection but also takes wind direction and climatological latitudinal position into account. Furthermore, it distinguishes between polar and subtropical jet, and between separate and merged jet states. The parameter values of the detection scheme are optimized using simulated annealing and a skill function that accounts for the zonal-mean jet stream position (Rikus, 2015). After the successful optimization process, we apply our scheme to reanalysis data covering 1979–2015 and calculate seasonal-mean probabilistic maps and trends in wind strength and position of jet streams. We present longitudinally defined probability distributions of the positions for both jets for all on the Northern Hemisphere seasons. This shows that winter is characterized by two well-separated jets over Europe and Asia (ca. 20° W to 140° E). In contrast, summer normally has a single merged jet over the western hemisphere but can have both merged and separated jet states in the eastern hemisphere. With this algorithm it is possible to investigate the position of the jets' cores around the hemisphere and it is therefore very suitable to analyze jet stream patterns in observations and models, enabling more advanced model-validation.
Subgrid parameterization of snow distribution at a Mediterranean site using terrestrial photography
Authors: Pimentel Rafael , Herrero Javier , Polo María José 
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Subgrid variability introduces non-negligible scale effects on the grid-based representation of snow. This heterogeneity is even more evident in semiarid regions, where the high variability of the climate produces various accumulation melting cycles throughout the year and a large spatial heterogeneity of the snow cover. This variability in a watershed can often be represented by snow accumulation–depletion curves (ADCs). In this study, terrestrial photography (TP) of a cell-sized area (30  ×  30 m) was used to define local snow ADCs at a Mediterranean site. Snow-cover fraction (SCF) and snow-depth (h) values obtained with this technique constituted the two datasets used to define ADCs. A flexible sigmoid function was selected to parameterize snow behaviour on this subgrid scale. It was then fitted to meet five different snow patterns in the control area: one for the accumulation phase and four for the melting phase in a cycle within the snow season. Each pattern was successfully associated with the snow conditions and previous evolution. The resulting ADCs were associated to certain physical features of the snow, which were used to incorporate them in the point snow model formulated by Herrero et al. (2009) by means of a decision tree. The final performance of this model was tested against field observations recorded over four hydrological years (2009–2013). The calibration and validation of this ADC snow model was found to have a high level of accuracy, with global RMSE values of 105.8 mm for the average snow depth and 0.21 m2 m−2 for the snow-cover fraction in the control area. The use of ADCs on the cell scale proposed in this research provided a sound basis for the extension of point snow models to larger areas by means of a gridded distributed calculation.
The Method of Negative Instruction: Herbert S. Langfeld’s and Ludwig R. Geissler’s 1910–1913 Insightful Studies
Authors: Proctor Robert W. , Xiong Aiping 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Herbert S. Langfeld and Ludwig R. Geissler published insightful articles during the period of 1910–1913 using what they called the Method of Negative Instruction, which anticipated much current research on action control and the role of instructions. We review their studies and relate the findings to contemporary research and views concerning task-irrelevant congruency effects and deception, concluding that their work has not received the credit it warrants. We also call for contemporary researchers to revisit prior studies, especially ones conducted before the cognitive revolution in psychology, to enrich their knowledge of the field and improve the quality of their research.
Eating behind Bars: On Punishment, Resistance, Policy, and Applied Folkloristics
Authors: Jones Michael Owen 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis essay examines diet, institutional control, and prisoner resistance and explores ways of improving the treatment of inmates for whom food is often a form of punishment. It addresses four questions: How does food contribute to the “pains of imprisonment”? What traditional strategies do individual prisoners employ in an effort to regain a sense of agency, autonomy, and identity? How can prisons restore their rehabilitative function by involving inmates in the production and preparation of food? How might the field of folkloristics contribute to changing penal policy, practice, and culture? Data are drawn from news articles, legal and historical materials, prisoner memoirs, popular culture, and Internet resources. Although nearly 2.4 million men and women are incarcerated in the United States, few studies have been undertaken of their food and foodways or have examined the customs, narratives, and conventional wisdom of those behind bars. This essay contributes to the topic of prison provisioning and its problems and possible solutions, helping to fill the lacunae in penological research and expanding the realm of public sector advocacy in folklore studies.
Impact on Economic Growth of Technological Progress in the Turkey Economy: Empirical Analysis on Political and Financial Stability Channel
Authors: Yelkikalan Nazan , Aydin Erdal , Kurt Unzule 
Published: February 2017

As an important dynamic of economic growth in the literature, technological progress is addressed in the study in the context of political and financial stability channels. In this context, the aim of the study is to determine the relationship between effects of technological progress on economic growth and political and financial stability concepts. The study for Turkish economy is based on data of 1984-2014 period and technological progress variable is considered as advanced technology export. As a result of the study, the obtained results of causality analysis showed that political and financial stability are important channels in technological progress and economic growth relation.
Biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Nosocomial Infection
Authors: Mahmmudi Z. , Gorzin A. A. 
Published: February 2017

Bacteria in natural, industrial and clinical settings predominantly live in biofilms, i.e., sessile structured microbial communities encased in self-produced extracellular matrix material. One of the most important characteristics of microbial biofilms is that the resident bacteria display a remarkable increased tolerance toward antimicrobial attack. Biofilms formed by opportunistic pathogenic bacteria are involved in devastating persistent medical device-associated infections, and chronic infections in individuals who are immune-compromised or otherwise impaired in the host defense. Because the use of conventional antimicrobial compounds in many cases cannot eradicate biofilms, there is an urgent need to develop alternative measures to combat biofilm infections. The present review is focussed on the important opportunistic pathogen and biofilm model organism Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Initially, biofilm infections where P. aeruginosa plays an important role are described. Subsequently, current insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and the associated antimicrobial tolerance are reviewed. And finally, based on our knowledge about molecular biofilm biology, a number of therapeutic strategies for combat of P. aeruginosa biofilm infections are presented.
Het recht van de legitimaris op informatie over de periode voor het overlijden van de erflater
Authors: Brans F.W. , Raaijmaakers Ph.A.J. 
Published: February 2017

Het recht van de legitimaris op informatie over de periode voor het overlijden van de erflater
In dit artikel onderzoeken de auteurs of en in hoeverre de legitimaris belang heeft bij en recht heeft op inzage in de financiële situatie (waaronder bankafschriften) van de erflater over de periode vóór het overlijden van de erflater. Tevens wordt onderzocht of er daarbij verschil bestaat tussen het belang bij en recht op informatie voor de legitimaris-niet-erfgenaam bij het doen van een beroep op de legitieme portie en de inkorting en dat van de legitimaris-erfgenaam. Ten slotte onderzoeken de auteurs of de wet beschikt over sanctiemiddelen wanneer het recht op informatie van de legitimaris wordt geschonden en in hoeverre de bescherming van de legitimaris-niet-erfgenaam zich verhoudt tot de bescherming van de legitimaris-erfgenaam.
The Effect of a Condylar Repositioning Plate on Condylar Position and Relapse in Two-Jaw Surgery
Authors: Jung Gyu Sik , Kim Taek Kyun , Lee Jeong Woo , Yang Jung Dug , Chung Ho Yun , Cho Byung Chae , Choi Kang Young 
Published: February 2017

Background Numerous condylar repositioning methods have been reported. However, most of them are 2-dimensional or are complex procedures that require a longer operation time and a highly trained surgeon. This study aims to introduce a new technique using a condylar repositioning plate and a centric relation splint to achieve a centric relationship.
Methods We evaluated 387 patients who had undergone surgery for skeletal jaw deformities. During the operation, a centric relation splint, intermediate splint, final centric occlusion splint, and condylar repositioning plate along with an L-type mini-plate for LeFort I osteotomy or a bicortical screw for bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy were utilized for rigid fixation. The evaluation included: a physical examination to detect preoperative and postoperative temporomandibular joint dysfunction, 3-dimensional computed tomography and oblique transcranial temporomandibular joint radiography to measure 3-dimensional condylar head movement, and posteroanterior and lateral cephalometric radiography to measure the preoperative and postoperative movement of the bony segment and relapse rate.
Results A 0.3% relapse rate was observed in the coronal plane, and a 2.8% relapse rate in the sagittal plane, which is indistinguishable from the dental relapse rate in orthodontic treatment. The condylar repositioning plate could not fully prevent movement of the condylar head, but the relapse rate was minimal, implying that the movement of the condylar head was within tolerable limits.
Conclusions Our condylar repositioning method using a centric relation splint and mini-plate in orthognathic surgery was found to be simple and effective for patients suffering from skeletal jaw deformities.