bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PHYLOMETRICS: an R package for detecting macroevolutionary patterns, using phylogenetic metrics and backward tree simulation
Authors: Hua Xia , Bromham Lindell 
Published: December 2015

Summary

Patterns of trait distribution on phylogenies bear the imprint of the macroevolutionary mechanisms that have shaped them. Phylogenetic metrics can be used to summarize these patterns and potentially could be used to uncover the macroevolutionary mechanisms. However, their utility has been limited by the difficulty in constructing proper null distributions of phylogenetic metrics.

Here, we present an efficient algorithm to construct the null distributions by generating phylogenies under a trait state‐dependent speciation and extinction model, with a fixed number of extant taxa with a given trait state and a fixed sampling fraction of taxa with each trait state.

We also provide a pipeline for estimating the false‐positive rate and the statistical power of tests on phylogenetic metrics. These are implemented into an r package called phylometrics.

phylometrics also provides a tractable means of assessing model inadequacy in model‐fitting approaches that have been widely used to test hypotheses about trait state‐dependent diversification processes.
Organic mulches in highbush blueberries alter beetle (Coleoptera) community composition and improve functional group abundance and diversity
Authors: Renkema Justin M. , Cutler G. Christopher , Lynch Derek H. , MacKenzie Kenna , Walde Sandra J. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Horticultural practices may impact invertebrates in agroecosystems, particularly natural enemies. Impacts can be better understood by grouping organisms functionally or using morphological traits in addition to taxonomic determinations.
We compared the effects of mulch type (compost, pine needles, unmulched) and weeding strategy (weeded, unweeded) on beetle (Coleoptera) communities in highbush blueberries, focusing on early‐season captures that reflected overwintering habitat.
Beetle diversity was similar between plot types, although functional grouping revealed differences as a result of mulching but not weeding. Predatory and granivorous Carabidae were most abundant in unmulched plots, mycetophages were most abundant in pine needles, and saprophages were most abundant in compost. Predatory Staphylinidae were most diverse in compost plots, and the diversity of granivores was greatest in unmulched plots.
Carabid biomass was greater in unmulched than compost mulched plots partly as a result of larger beetle size.
Beetle communities in unmulched and pine needles mulched plots were more similar than those in compost mulched plots.
A combination of compost mulched and unmulched areas should benefit all predatory taxa, although mulch use for pest control will need to be evaluated within the context of other production goals.
Experimental Study of Micro‐Scale Taylor Vortices Within a Co‐Axial Mixed‐Flow Blood Pump
Authors: Shu Fangjun , Tian Ruijun , Vandenberghe Stijn , Antaki James F. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTaylor vortices in a miniature mixed‐flow rotodynamic blood pump were investigated using micro‐scale particle image velocimetry (μ‐PIV) and a tracer particle visualization technique. The pump featured a cylindrical rotor (14.9 mm diameter) within a cylindrical bore, having a radial clearance of 500 μm and operated at rotational speeds varying from 1000 to 12 000 rpm. Corresponding Taylor numbers were 700–101 800, respectively. The critical Taylor number was observed to be highly dependent on the ratio of axial to circumferential velocity, increasing from 1200 to 18 000 corresponding to Rossby numbers from 0 to 0.175. This demonstrated a dramatic stabilizing effect of the axial flow. The size of Taylor vortices was also found to be inversely related to Rossby number. It is concluded that Taylor vortices can enhance the mixing in the annular gap and decrease the dwell time of blood cells in the high‐shear‐rate region, which has the potential to decrease hemolysis and platelet activation within the blood pump.
In Vitro Assessment of Electric Currents Increasing the Effectiveness of Vancomycin Against Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms
Authors: Haddad Peter A. , Mah Thien‐Fah , Mussivand Tofy 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBiofilms are communities of bacteria that can cause infections which are resistant to the immune system and antimicrobial treatments, posing a significant threat for patients with implantable and indwelling medical devices. The purpose of our research was to determine if utilizing specific parameters for electric currents in conjunction with antibiotics could effectively treat a highly resistant biofilm. Our study evaluated the impact of 16 μg/mL of vancomycin with or without 22 or 333 μA of direct electric current (DC) generated by stainless steel electrodes against 24‐, 48‐, and 72‐h‐old Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms formed on titanium coupons. An increase in effectiveness of vancomycin was observed with the combination of 333 μA of electric current against 48‐h‐old biofilms (P value = 0.01) as well as in combination with 22 μA of electric current against 72‐h‐old biofilms (P value = 0.04); 333 μA of electric current showed the most significant impact on the effectiveness of vancomycin against S. epidermidis biofilms demonstrating a bioelectric effect previously not observed against this strain of bacteria.
Age, Action Orientation, and Self‐Regulation during the Pursuit of a Dieting Goal
Authors: Hennecke Marie , Freund Alexandra M. 
Published: December 2015

Two studies tested the hypotheses that (1) action orientation (vs. state orientation) is positively correlated with age across adulthood and (2) action orientation aids the self‐regulation of one's feelings, thoughts, and behavior during the pursuit of a dieting goal. Hypotheses were partly confirmed. In Study 1,N = 126 overweight women (age: 19–77 years) intended to lose weight by means of a low‐calorie diet. In Study 2,N = 322 adults (age: 18–82 years) reported on their action orientation to replicate the association of age and action orientation found in Study 1. Study 2 corroborated only the expected positive association of age and decision‐related action orientation. In Study 1, decision‐related action orientation predicted higher affective well‐being during the diet as well as less self‐reported deviations from the diet; failure‐related action orientation predicted lower levels of rumination in response to dieting failures. Action orientation partially mediated the negative effects of age on deviations and rumination (see Hennecke & Freund,). Weight loss was not predicted by action orientation. We discuss action orientation as one factor of increased motivational competence in older adulthood.
Effects of water‐misting sprays with forced ventilation on post mortem glycolysis, AMP‐activated protein kinase and meat quality of broilers after transport during summer
Authors: Jiang Nannan , Xing Tong , Han Minyi , Deng Shaolin , Xu Xinglian 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEffects of water‐misting sprays with forced ventilation on post mortem glycolysis, adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) and meat quality of broilers after transport during summer were investigated in the present paper. A total of 105 mixed‐sex Arbor Acres broilers were divided into three treatment groups: (i) 45 min transport without rest (T); (ii) 45 min transport with 1 h rest (TR); and (iii) 45 min transport with 15 min water‐misting sprays with forced ventilation and 45 min rest (TWFR). Each treatment consisted of five replicates with seven birds each. The results indicated that the water‐misting sprays with forced ventilation could mitigate the stress caused by transport under high temperature conditions during summer, which reduced the energy depletion in post mortem Pectoralis major (PM) muscle. This resulted in a higher energy status compared to the T group, which would decrease the expression of phosphorylation of AMPK (p‐AMPK). Furthermore, decreased the expression of p‐AMPK then slowed down the rate of glycolysis in post mortem PM muscle during the early post mortem period, which in turn lessened the negative effects caused by transport on meat quality. In conclusion, water‐misting sprays with forced ventilation may be a better method to control the incidence of the pale, soft and exudative meat in broilers.
Review of commonly used age‐based weight estimates for paediatric drug dosing in relation to the pharmacokinetic properties of resuscitation drugs
Authors: Carasco Clare Francesca , Fletcher Penny , Maconochie Ian 
Published: December 2015

AIM:To study which weight estimate calculation used in paediatric resuscitation results in optimal drug dosing; Advanced Paediatric and Life Support (APLS) or theUKResuscitation Council age‐based formula.MethodCommonly used drugs used in paediatric resuscitation were selected and a literature search conducted for each drug's pharmacokinetic properties, concentrating on the volume of distribution (Vd).Hydrophobic drugs have a higher Vd than hydrophilic drugs as they distribute preferentially to fat mass (FM). The larger the Vd, the higher the initial dose required to achieve therapeutic plasma concentrations.Actual body weight (ABW) estimates are a good indicator of Vd for hydrophobic drugs as they correlate well with FM. Ideal body weight (IBW) estimates may be a better indicator of Vd for hydrophilic drugs, as they correlate better with lean body mass. This highlights potential variation between ABW and IBW, which may result in toxic or sub‐therapeutic dosing.ResultsThe new APLS formulae give higher estimates of expected weight for a wider age range. This may be a more accurate reflection of ABW due to increasing prevalence of obesity in children. TheUKResuscitation Council's formula appears to result in a lower estimate of weight, which may relate more closely to IBW.ConclusionThe main drugs used in paediatric resuscitation are hydrophilic, thus the APLS formulae may result in too much being given. Therefore theUKResuscitation Council's single formula may be preferred. In addition, a single formula may minimize error in the context of a child of unknown weight requiring administration of emergency resuscitation drugs.
VILLAGE—Virtual Immersive Language Learning and Gaming Environment: Immersion and presence
Authors: Wang Yi Fei , Petrina Stephen , Feng Francis 
Published: December 2015

Abstract3D virtual worlds are promising for immersive learning in English as a Foreign Language (EFL). Unlike English as a Second Language (ESL), EFL typically takes place in the learners’ home countries, and the potential of the language is limited by geography. Although learning contexts where English is spoken is important, in most EFL courses at the college level, EFL is taught by acquiring vocabularies, grammar and pragmatic features without contextual immersion. In this study, an immersive English learning environment in a 3D virtual world, OpenSimulator, was developed with two key learning artifacts, chatbot and time machine. A single‐factor, independent measures design was used to examines learners’ presence under four learning conditions: virtual learning environment without digital learning artifacts (VE), virtual learning environment with chatbot (VEC), virtual learning environment with time machine (VETM) and virtual learning environment with chatbot and time machine (VECTM). Three research questions emerging from the four learning conditions form the backbone of this study: (1) Does chatbot increase language learners’ presence in the immersive virtual English learning environment? (2) Does time machine increase language learners’ presence in the immersive virtual English learning environment? (3) Does the combined use of chatbot and time machine increase presence more than either learning artifact alone? The experimental results indicate that the chatbot and time machine increase the learners’ sense of immersion and presence. Best design practices should address how immersion and presence can be integrated into affordances of virtual worlds.
Interkinetic nuclear migration in the mouse embryonic ureteric epithelium: Possible implication for congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract
Authors: Motoya Tomoyuki , Ogawa Noriko , Nitta Tetsuya , Rafiq Ashiq Mahmood , Jahan Esrat , Furuya Motohide , Matsumoto Akihiro , Udagawa Jun , Otani Hiroki 
Published: December 2015

AbstractInterkinetic nuclear migration (INM) is a phenomenon in which progenitor cell nuclei migrate along the apico‐basal axis of the pseudostratified epithelium, which is characterized by the presence of apical primary cilia, in synchrony with the cell cycle in a manner of apical mitosis. INM is suggested to regulate not only stem/progenitor cell proliferation/differentiation but also organ size and shape. INM has been reported in epithelia of both ectoderm and endoderm origin. We examined whether INM exists in the mesoderm‐derived ureteric epithelium. At embryonic day (E) 11.5, E12.5 and E13.5, C57BL/6J mouse dams were injected with 5‐bromo‐2’‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) and embryos were killed 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h later. We immunostained transverse sections of the ureter for BrdU, and measured the position of BrdU (+) nuclei in the ureteric epithelia along the apico‐basal axis at each time point. We analyzed the distribution patterns of BrdU (+) nuclei in histograms using the multidimensional scaling. Changes in the nucleus distribution patterns suggested nucleus movement characteristic of INM in the ureteric epithelia, and the mode of INM varied throughout the ureter development. While apical primary cilia are related with INM by providing a centrosome for the apical mitosis, congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) include syndromes linked to primary ciliary dysfunction affecting epithelial tubular organs such as kidney, ureter, and brain. The present study showed that INM exists in the ureteric epithelium and suggests that INM may be related with the CAKUT etiology via primary ciliary protein function.
Chronic head‐down‐tilt sleeping as physiological regulator of bone remodelling during diminished muscular activity in humans
Authors: Kakuris Kostas K. , Yaroshenko Yuri N. , Charapakhin Kirill P. , Neofitov Nikolay H. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryObjectivesHead‐down‐tilt (HDT) sleeping with periodic fluid redistribution (PFR) assumes a significant importance by the possibility of regulating bone remodelling. We hypothesized that HDT sleeping with chronic PFR which expands fluid volume would contribute to and/or increase bone formation. Therefore, we studied the potential benefits of osteogenesis with HDT sleeping of chronic PFR during diminished muscular activity (hypokinesia; HK).MethodsStudies were conducted on 40 male healthy volunteers. They were divided into four groups: head‐down‐tilt sleeping control subjects (HDTSCS), head‐down‐tilt sleeping hypokinetic subjects (HDTSHS), active control subjects (ACS) and hypokinetic subjects (HKS). The iliac crest cancellous bone and trabecular bone volume and cortical thickness were measured during pre‐experimental period of 390 days and experimental period of 360 days.ResultsIliac crest cancellous bone and trabecular bone volume and cortical thickness were increased (P<0·05) in the HDTSHS group compared to the HKS group. Iliac crest cancellous bone volume, cortical thickness and trabecular bone volume were reduced (P<0·05) in the HKS group compared to their pre‐experimental values and the level in the other groups. In the HDTSCS group, iliac crest cancellous bone volume, cortical thickness and trabecular bone volume were increased much less than in the HDTSHS group. Bone mineral density was not affected in the ACS group compared to their pre‐experimental values.ConclusionThe current study shows the impact of chronic HDT sleeping with PFR on increases formation of bone demonstrating osteogenesis of bone during diminished muscular activity.
Prevalence and correlates of alcohol use among adolescents attending school in Kerala, India
Authors: Jaisoorya T.S. , Beena K.V. , Beena M. , Ellangovan K. , Jose Dalia C. , Thennarasu K. , Benegal Vivek 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIntroduction and AimsConcern around potentially increasing alcohol use among young people has been growing in public discourse in India. However, there are few published studies on this issue. We studied the prevalence, patterns and correlates of alcohol use among adolescents in Ernakulam, Kerala State, India.Design and MethodsA total of 7560 students in the age group 12–19 years from 73 schools completed a self‐administered questionnaire incorporating standardised instruments to assess alcohol use.ResultsThe overall prevalence of lifetime alcohol among adolescents use was 15% (23.2% among boys and 6.5% among girls) with prevalence increasing with age, and 25.3% of drinkers reported hazardous alcohol use. The mean age at onset of alcohol use was 13.6 years. Initiation of alcohol use typically preceded use of tobacco and illicit drugs. Most students reported initiation into alcohol use by family members in the context of family celebrations. The prevalence of alcohol use was higher among students from urban areas and those with a part‐time job. Lower use was seen among Muslims. Lifetime alcohol use was associated with significantly higher tobacco and illicit drug use, suicidal thoughts, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptom‐scores, history of non‐contact sexual abuse and with poor academic performance.Discussion and ConclusionsAlcohol use among adolescents in India deserves greater attention than it has previously received, marked as it is by an early onset and associated with a range of negative mental health problems. [ Jaisoorya T S, Beena K V, Beena M, Ellangovan K, Jose D C, Thennarasu K, Benegal V. Prevalence and correlates of alcohol use among adolescents attending school in Kerala, India. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:523–529]
Verzögerte Soforttyp‐Allergie gegen rotes Fleisch und Innereien: aktueller Wissensstand zu einem neuen Krankheitsbild
Authors: Fischer Jörg , Biedermann Tilo 
Published: December 2015

ZusammenfassungIn der In‐vitro‐Allergiediagnostik hat die Entwicklung hin zu Einzelkomponenten statt die Verwendung von Gesamtextrakten in den letzten Jahren große Fortschritte gebracht. Besonders eindrücklich ist die Identifizierung von neuen Krankheitsentitäten, die mit dem Nachweis von IgE‐Antikörpern gegen bestimmte Einzelkomponenten einhergehen. Eine besondere Bedeutung kommt der verzögerten Soforttypallergie gegen rotes Fleisch und Innereien zu. Dieses Krankheitsbild ist im deutschsprachigen Raum häufiger als zunächst angenommen und wird wahrscheinlich immer noch unterdiagnostiziert. Betroffene Patienten reagieren verzögert mit Typ‐I‐Reaktionen auf rotes Fleisch oder, etwas früher, nach Verzehr von Innereien. Bei allen Patienten können IgE‐Antikörper gegen das Oligosaccharid Galaktose‐α‐1,3‐Galaktose, kurz α‐Gal, nachgewiesen werden. Betroffene müssen auch α‐Gal‐haltige Medikamente wie Cetuximab oder Gelatine‐haltige Volumenersatzmittel meiden. Das Krankheitsbild, das auch α‐Gal‐Syndrom genannt wird, ist insofern neuartig als es sich um eine Soforttypallergie gegen einen Zucker und nicht gegen ein Protein handelt. Da viele Patienten eine Krankengeschichte mit wiederholten Schüben einer akuten Urtikaria oder von Angioödemen aufweisen, sollte das α‐Gal‐Syndrom Dermatologen geläufig sein.
Investigation of factors associated with health‐related quality of life and psychological distress in vitiligo
Authors: Bonotis Konstantinos , Pantelis Konstantinos , Karaoulanis Sokratis , Katsimaglis Chrysanthos , Papaliaga Maria , Zafiriou Efterpi , Tsogas Panagiotis 
Published: December 2015

SummaryBackground and objectivesSkin diseases distort the body image with possible negative effects on the quality of life and psychosocial health of patients. While vitiligo does not affect the physical well‐being, it may be psychologically distressing. The present study was based on the hypothesis that particular factors might be critical regarding the adjustment to the disease.Patients and MethodsWe investigated the vitiligo‐related quality of life and psychological distress of 216 patients diagnosed with the disease in relation to demographic factors, disease components, and personality traits. For this purpose, we administered the self‐completed questionnaires Dermatological Quality of Life Index, General Health Questionnaire, Eysenck Personality Inventory, and Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale.ResultsStatistical analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between patients’ distress and health‐related quality of life. Moreover, the impact of vitiligo on the quality of life was significantly associated with disease variables as well as personality traits and gender. On the other hand, psychological distress was significantly associated with personality traits and gender, but not with disease components.ConclusionsOur results indicate that the psychosocial adjustment to the disease is mainly influenced by subjective factors. This observation could imply the need for targeted support interventions in the treatment of vitiligo.
Delayed immediate‐type hypersensitivity to red meat and innards: current insights into a novel disease entity
Authors: Fischer Jörg , Biedermann Tilo 
Published: December 2015

SummaryThe development of component‐resolved diagnostics instead of whole extracts has brought about major advances in recent years. Particularly remarkable has been the identification of new disease entities based on the detection of IgE antibodies against specific individual components. In this context, delayed immediate‐type hypersensitivity to red meat and innards plays a key role. This disorder is more common in German‐speaking countries and likely still underdiagnosed. Affected individuals exhibit delayed type I reactions following the consumption of red meat or innards (responses to the latter are more rapid). All patients have IgE antibodies against the oligosaccharide galactose‐α‐1,3‐galactose – alpha‐gal. Those affected also have to avoid alpha‐gal‐containing drugs such as cetuximab or gelatin‐containing colloidal solutions. Also referred to as alpha‐gal syndrome, this condition is unique in that it is characterized by type I hypersensitivity to a sugar instead of a protein. Given that many patients have a history of recurrent episodes of acute urticaria or angioedema, dermatologists should be familiar with the alpha‐gal syndrome.
S2k guideline on diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis – short version
Authors: Werfel Thomas , Heratizadeh Annice , Aberer Werner , Ahrens Frank , Augustin Matthias , Biedermann Tilo , Diepgen Thomas , Fölster‐Holst Regina , Gieler Uwe , Kahle Julia , Kapp Alexander , Nast Alexander , Nemat Katja , Ott Hagen , Przybilla Bernhard , Roecken Martin , Schlaeger Martin , Schmid‐Grendelmeier Peter , Schmitt Jochen , Schwennesen Thomas , Staab Doris , Worm Margitta 
Published: December 2015

SummaryAtopic dermatitis (AD) represents a pruritic, non‐contagious, chronic or chronically relapsing, inflammatory skin disease. The course of the disease may be complicated by bacterial or viral superinfections. The first manifestation of the disease and further flare‐ups are due to genetic predisposition and also to a variety of further trigger factors. The therapy regimen should be adapted to disease symptoms that are actually present and consider individual features of the disease as reported by the patients or their parents.This short version of the German guideline on AD provides an overview of evidence‐based diagnostic and treatment options. All recommendations made here are the result of a consensus of the scientific medical societies, working groups and support groups based on scientific data published to date. Abstracts and details of the studies cited are provided in the long version of this guideline (see: www.awmf.org).