bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Silicone Gel for High Temperature Encapsulation in High Voltage WBG Power Modules
Authors: Morgan Adam , Zhao Xin , Rouse Jason , Hopkins Douglas 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
One of the most important advantages of wide-bandgap (WBG) devices is high operating temperature (&gt;200°C). Power modules have been recognized as an enabling technology for many industries, such as automotive, deep-well drilling, and on-engine aircraft controls. These applications are all required to operate under some form of extreme environmental conditions. Silicone gels are the most popular solution for the encapsulation of power modules due to mechanical stress relief enabled by a low Young's modulus, electrical isolation achieved due to high dielectric strength, and a dense material structure that protects encapsulated devices against moisture, chemicals, contaminants, etc. Currently, investigations are focused on development of silicone gels with long-term high-temperature operational capability. The target is to elevate the temperature beyond 200°C to bolster adoption of power modules in the aforementioned applications. WACKER has developed silicone gels with ultra-high purity levels of &lt; 2ppm of total residual ions combined with &gt; 200°C thermal stability. In this work, leakage currents through a group of WACKER Chemie encapsulant silicone gels (A, B, C) are measured and compared for an array of test modules after exposure to a 12kV voltage sweep at room temperature up to 275°C, and thermal aging at 150°C for up to more than 700 hours. High temperature encapsulants capable of producing leakage currents less than 1μA, are deemed acceptable at the given applied blocking voltage and thermal aging soak temperature.
To fully characterize the high temperature encapsulants, silicone gel A, B, and C, an entire high temperature module is used as a common test vehicle. The power module test vehicle includes: 12mil/40mil/12mil Direct Bonded Copper (DBC) substrates, gel under test (GUT), power and Kelvin connected measurement terminals, thermistor thermal sensor to sense real-time temperature, and 12mil Al bonding wires to manage localized high E-Fields around wires. It was ultimately observed that silicone gels B and C were capable of maintaining low leakage current capabilities under 12kV and 275°C conditions, and thus present themselves as strong candidates for high-temperature WBG device power modules and packaging.
Direct copper metallization on TGV (Thru-Glass-Via) for high performance glass substrate
Authors: ONITAKE Shigeo , INOUE Kotoku , TAKAYAMA Masatoshi 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
IoT (Internet of things) society will be coming in the near future, and everything will be connected by the Internet. Consequently, data traffic will be increased, and so will the demand to improve the performance of communication devices. Currently, plastics and ceramics are commonly used as insulating materials for communication components, but they are getting close to the limit in terms of material properties, because the next generation high performance communication devices require signal frequency of 20GHz and beyond. Therefore, further improvements in the properties of the insulating materials as well as in the performance of electronic devices are being demanded.
Copper conformal metallization on glass provides many opportunities for high frequency electronic devices. The most obvious advantage is given by the material properties. The glass substrate was chosen for low conductivity and low dielectric loss for high frequency application, and for its scalability to the larger area panels with low cost. While applications require strong interfacial adhesion between copper film and glass substrate, glass is often inferior as compared to metal-to metal adhesion. Direct copper metallization on glass is conventionally a difficult task, and it usually does not provide enough peeling strength either. Therefore, forming Ni and Ti seed layers by sputtering and precursors deposited by sol-gel method are being studied. However, these processes have been limitedly used or not been used in mass production, because creation of vias and simultaneous formation of seed layers on both sides by sputtering is difficult to undertake. The Sol-gel method does not provide stable peel strength and it takes a long process. This additional process requirement to add a layer to promote the adhesion of Cu to glass burdens the factories in a couple of ways: 1) enlarging the glass substrate is difficult due to the limitation in equipment size, 2) forming the film inside the through holes is also difficult due to high-aspect ratio via requirements, and 3) high cost due to slow processing speed.
In an earlier reports, we presented evidence that we have successfully demonstrated direct copper plating on glass, showing the adhesion strength of 0.42kN/m between glass and copper seed layer. In the present work, we are reporting wet plating process which enables easy and uniform film formation on large glass substrates and inside through holes. This low cost wet plating process enables forming copper film directly on glass without adhesion layer and enhancing the adhesion strength without degrading glass properties and copper conductivity.
Possible Impact of Salivary Influence on Cytokine Analysis in Exhaled Breath Condensate
Authors: Ichikawa T. , Matsunaga K. , Minakata Y. , Yanagisawa S. , Ueshima K. , Akamatsu K. , Hirano T. , Nakanishi M. , Sugiura H. , Yamagata T. , Ichinose M. 
Published: November 2017

Background Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is thought to contain substances of the lower airway epithelial lining fluid (ELF) aerosolized by turbulent flow. However, contamination by saliva may affect the EBC when collected orally. Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the cytokine expression levels in EBC with those in saliva, and to clarify the influence of saliva on cytokine measurements of EBC. Methods EBC and saliva samples were obtained from 10 adult subjects with stable asthma. To estimate differences in the contents of substances between EBC and saliva, the total protein concentration of each sample was measured. Further, we also measured the total protein concentration of ELF obtained from another patient group with suspected lung cancer using a micro sampling probe during bronchoscopic examination and roughly estimated the dilution of EBC by comparing the total protein concentration of EBC and ELF from those two patient groups. The cytokine expression levels of EBC and saliva from asthmatic group were assessed by a cytokine protein array. Results The mean total protein concentrations in EBC, saliva and ELF were 4.6 μg/ml, 2,398 μg/ml and 14,111 μg/ml, respectively. The dilution of EBC could be estimated as 1:3000. Forty cytokines were analyzed by a cytokine protein array and each cytokine expression level of EBC was found to be different from that of saliva. Corrected by the total protein concentration, all cytokine expression levels of EBC were significantly higher than those of saliva. Conclusion These results suggest that the salivary influence on the cytokine assessment in EBC may be negligible.
Canine Plasminogen: Spectral Responses to Changes in 6-Aminohexanoate and Temperature
Authors: Kornblatt Jack A. , Barretto Tanya A. , Chigogidze Ketevan , Chirwa Bahati 
Published: November 2017

We studied the near UV absorption spectrum of canine plasminogen. There are 19 tryptophans, 19 phenylalanines and 34 tyrosines in the protein. 4th derivative spectra optimized for either tryptophan or tyrosine give a measure of the polarity of the environments of these two aromatic amino acids. Plasminogen at temperatures between 0°C and 37°C exists as a mixture of four conformations: closed-relaxed, open-relaxed, closed-compact, and open-compact. The closed to open transition is driven by addition of ligand to a site on the protein. The relaxed to compact transition is driven by increasing temperature from 0°C to above 15-20°C.When the conformation of plasminogen is mainly closed-relaxed, the 4th derivative spectra suggest that the average tryptophan environment is similar to a solution of 20% methanol at the same temperature. Under the same conditions, 4th derivative spectra suggest that the average tyrosine environment is similar to water. These apparent polarities change as the plasminogen is forced to assume the other conformations. We try to rationalize the information based on the known portions of the plasminogen structure.
Root Coverage in Miller Classes I and II associated with Subepithelial Connective Tissue Graft: A comparative Clinical Trial of Two Techniques
Authors: Spada Vitor J , Nassar Patricia O , Cardoso Nahana , Caldato Khadidjia MB , Pandini Jordana H , Randon Deisy M , Nassar Carlos A 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Gingival recession is characterized by apical positioning of the gingival side in relation to the cementoenamel junction. Thus, this study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of two surgical techniques for root coverage in patients with gingival recession of Miller class I or II.

Materials and methods
A total of 13 patients were selected, from the age group of 20 to 50 years, with bilateral gingival recession Miller class I or II, totaling 34 recessions. When the basic periodontal treatment was accomplished, every recession was included in one of both selected groups according to the surgical technique: Control group—Subepithelial connective tissue graft associated with coronally positioned flap technique and test group—Subepithelial connective tissue graft associated with the modified envelope technique. Patients were evaluated for 180 days, and the periodontal parameters were analyzed in 0, 90, and 180 days.

Results
The results showed that both surgeries were effective since they kept probe depths with periodontal health and clinical attachment gain (p < 0.05) in both groups, up from 90 days. The reduction was kept for 180 days, mainly for the control group that showed a clinical attachment gain that was still statistically significant at 180 days (p < 0.05). Regarding the root coverage, the control group showed a 90.2% of coverage while the test group showed 89.5%.

Conclusion
Thus, it can be concluded that both techniques, after 180 days, were effective for the health of periodontal tissues; however, a greater emphasis can be observed on the subepithelial connective tissue graft-associated coronally positioned flap technique because this technique demonstrated a greater significant gain in the clinical attachment level.

Clinical significance
The subepithelial connective tissue graft is used for gaining the clinical attachment level in the root coverage of patients with gingival recession Miller classes I and II.

How to cite this article
Spada VJ, Nassar PO, Cardoso N, Caldato KMB, Pandini JH, Randon DM, Nassar CA. Root Coverage in Miller Classes I and II associated with Subepithelial Connective Tissue Graft: A comparative Clinical Trial of Two Techniques. World J Dent 2017;8(4):248-254.
Effect of Air-powder Polishing on the Surface Topography of Orthodontic Stainless Steel Wires
Authors: Talic Nabeel F 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT

Aim
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of in vivo air-powder polishing on the surface roughness and topography of aged orthodontic stainless steel arch wires.

Materials and methods
A total of 20 stainless steel arch wires were used in this study. Ten wires (experimental) were aged and exposed to air-powder polishing, and 10 wires asreceived from the manufacturer served as the controls. The experimental group of wires was aged in the patient's oral cavity for an average of 5.3 ± 2.7 months. An air-powder polishing system was used to remove external stains and plaque deposits. The powder was sodium bicarbonate. The surface topography measurements were performed using an optical profilometer. Following the profilometer analysis, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to evaluate the experimental and control arch wires.

Results
The average roughness (Sa) of the experimental upper and lower surfaces exposed to air-powder polishing was significantly higher than the control arch wires (p < 0.01). The root mean square of the surface topography (Sq) and the 10-point height of the surface topography (Sz) were significantly higher on the upper and lower surfaces of the experimental arch wires compared with the controls (p < 0.05 and <0.01 respectively). The SEM photomicrographs of the experimental and control arch wires indicated that the experimental arch wires were pitted and filled with surface impurities.

Conclusion
An air-powder polishing system using sodium bicarbonate powder alters the surface topography and increases the surface roughness of aged orthodontic arch wires in vitro.

Clinical significance
The air-powder polishing system used along with scaling alters the surface roughness of orthodontic wire.

How to cite this article
Talic NF. Effect of Air-powder Polishing on the Surface Topography of Orthodontic Stainless Steel Wires. World J Dent 2017;8(4):262-266.
Quantity Differences of Secondary Metabolites (Saponins, Tannins, and Flavonoids) from Binahong Plant Extract (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) treated and untreated with Colchicines that play a Role in Wound Healing
Authors: Hanafiah Olivia A , Hanafiah Diana S , Bayu Eva S , Ilyas Syafrudin , Nainggolan Marline , Syamsudin Endang 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT

Aim
The aim of this study is to compare whether there are differences in the value content of secondary metabolites (saponins, tannins, and flavonoids) between the group treated with Binahong leaves (administration of colchicines) and the group treated with Binahong leaves without the application of colchicines.

Materials and methods
The design of this study is an experimental research laboratory study. This research was done in four different places in which colchicines were applied to improve the quality of Binahong, conducted in the USU Agricultural Faculty's Greenhouse, whereas no application of colchicines was done in the Desa Simpang Pergendangan Kelurahan Tiga Binanga Kabupaten Karo harvesting Binahong plant. The pharmacy faculty of USU was chosen as a place to obtain the extract and the Laboratory of the Research Institute for Spices and Medicinal Plants (Balitro) was where the phytochemical analysis was conducted.

Results
The results showed that there were differences in the descriptive values of secondary metabolites in the Binahong leaf extract, such as saponins, tannins, and flavonoids, wherein the group with colchicines was higher than groups without colchicines, but there was no statistical differences between the groups treated with colchicines and those not treated with colchicines (value p > 0.05).

Conclusion
Administration of colchicines can improve the content of secondary metabolites in Binahong leaf extract and the plant morphology without affecting the content of the plant extract.

Clinical significance
Secondary metabolites in herbal plants, such as saponins, flavonoids, and tannins are able to speed up the healing process. One of the plants that have all three of these active compounds is Binahong (Anredera cordifolia). Binahong leaf extract can stimulate the process of fibroblasts and collagen formation that will accelerate the process of wound healing. Colchicine as a reagent for the mutation is able to affect the number of leaves and morphological characteristics of the Binahong plant.

How to cite this article
Hanafiah OA, Hanafiah DS, Bayu ES, Abidin T, Ilyas S, Nainggolan M, Syamsudin E. Quantity Differences of Secondary Metabolites (Saponins, Tannins, and Flavonoids) from Binahong Plant Extract (Anredera Cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) treated and untreated with Colchicines that play a Role in Wound Healing. World J Dent 2017;8(4):296-299.
Equation between Incisor Inclination Correction and Anteroposterior Movement of Point A to determine the Actual Magnitude of Maxillomandibular Difference
Authors: Krishnamurthy Sathyashree , Mehta Pooja 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT

Aim
To determine the actual position of point A by performing incisor inclination correction in class II division 2 and class III. Also, to determine the relation between the degree of incisor inclination correction and anteroposterior movement of point A by studying pre- and postalignment lateral cephalograms.

Materials and methods
The pre- and postalignment lateral cephalograms of 33 class II division 2 and 33 class III patients treated orthodontically were traced manually and analyzed. The linear anteroposterior measurements of point A and center of rotation in relation to the vertical reference plane and angular measurements of upper incisor to maxillary plane were calculated.

Results
In class II division 2 category, the mean change in inclination from pre- to postalignment was 15.27°, mean change in position of center of rotation was -1.29 mm, and mean change in position of point A from pre- to postalignment was -2.67 mm. In class III category, the mean change in inclination from pre- to postalignment was -5.85°, mean change in position of center of rotation from pre- to postalignment was 1.94 mm, and mean change in position of point A from pre- to postalignment was 1.77 mm.

Conclusion
The results of the study confirmed that for every 10° proclination of the upper incisor in class II division 2, point A moves 0.3 mm palatally and for every 10° retroclination of the upper incisor in class III, point A moves 0.73 mm labially.

Clinical significance
In the clinical scenario of severely retroclined/proclined incisors, point A cannot depict the actual anterior limit of maxilla. Hence, when we use SNA to determine the anteroposterior position of maxilla and ANB to determine maxillomandibular difference, invariably we get altered values. Therefore, it is necessary to find an equation between the degree of incisor inclination correction and anteroposterior movement of point A.

How to cite this article
Shivamurthy PG, Krishnamurthy S, Mehta P, Mathew S. Equation between Incisor Inclination Correction and Anteroposterior Movement of Point A to determine the Actual Magnitude of Maxillomandibular Difference. World J Dent 2017;8(4):300-303.
Patterns of Substance Use in First Year and Final Year Medical Students: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Jaiswal Himanshu , Jain Sonam , Jaiswal Shreyansh 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Aim: The aim of this article is to compare substance use and abuse in medical students of a tertiary care hospital involved in various undergraduate and postgraduate teaching programs.
Materials and methods: Using a structured epidemiological survey questionnaire for psychoactive substance use based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-IV criteria, 50 medical students in the first year and 50 medical students in the final year were compared.
Results: One-fourth of all students reported nonmedical substance use. The substances used were alcohol, tobacco smoking, caffeine, etc. Most frequent substance use was alcohol and tobacco smoking due to easy availability. Their use mostly began after entry into medical college. Also, it was for a longer duration in final year students.
Conclusion: Substance use disorders among medical students should be taken more seriously because they may influence their professional behavior. A well-planned program should be designed and implemented to train the medical students helping them develop coping skills and educating them about social, legal, and ethical impacts of substance use.
Congenital High Airway Obstruction Syndrome: Antenatal Ultrasound Findings
Authors: Thakur Hemant , Vaidya Shirish 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to describe the antenatal ultrasound appearances of congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS), which typically manifests as large echogenic lungs acquiring whole of the thorax and dilatation of the trachea distal to the obstruction and causing intrinsic laryngeal/tracheal obstruction.
Case report: A 30-year-old pregnant female with 24 weeks gestation come for routine absolute neutrophil count (ANC) scan. Ultrasonography (USG) was performed, and large echogenic lungs occupying whole of the thoracic cavity compressing the heart in between and causing inversion of the bilateral domes of the diaphragm were found. There was dilatation of the tracheal distal to the lesion and polyhydramnios.
Conclusion: The described USG finding of CHAOS may be useful in deciding when to include this entity in the differential diagnosis of enlarged echogenic lungs.
Double Retroaortic Left Renal Vein
Authors: Junejo Shoaib , Singh Sandeep , Tuli Sandeep 
Published: November 2017

AbstractDouble left renal vein is a rare venous anomaly. Usually, it remains clinically silent until discovered accidently during an operation or imaging. We present a case of a double retroaortic left renal vein (RLRV). This variation is rare and has been very rarely reported.
Ultrasound and Elastographic Features predicting Axillary Nodal Metastasis in Breast Cancer
Authors: Phatak Suresh , Shinde Raju , Gupta Nipun , Pawar Gaurangi , Phatak Pallavi 
Published: November 2017

AbstractLymph node metastasis is an important prognostic factor in cases of carcinoma breast. In this pictorial essay, various sonographic and elastographic signs of lymph node metastasis are described with classical images.
Do We have an Aimer to put the Tibial and Femoral Tunnels in the Same Line to reduce Mechanical Strain in Reconstructed Anterior Cruciate Ligament?
Authors: Elmajri Khalifa 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe strain between the ACL graft tissue and the osteochondral tissue at the tunnel entrances would lead to postoperative deviation of the femoral and/or tibial insertion of the ACL graft. Postoperative changes of the 3D orientation of the ACL graft affect its physiometry leading to failure of graft tension. A conception of an aimer is suggested to insure straightening of the intraosseous (tibial and femoral) and intra-articular parts of the graft at the tunnel entry point to overcome the postoperative angulation of intraosseous and intra-articular graft parts
Characterization of free amino acids, bacteria and fungi in size-segregated atmospheric aerosols in boreal forest: seasonal patterns, abundances and size distributions
Authors: Helin Aku , Sietiö Outi-Maaria , Heinonsalo Jussi , Bäck Jaana , Riekkola Marja-Liisa , Parshintsev Jevgeni 
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs) are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and constitute ∼ 30 % of atmospheric aerosol particle mass in sizes  > 1 µm. PBAP components, such as bacteria, fungi and pollen, may affect the climate by acting as cloud-active particles, thus having an effect on cloud and precipitation formation processes. In this study, size-segregated aerosol samples (< 1.0, 1–2.5, 2.5–10 and  > 10 µm) were collected in boreal forest (Hyytiälä, Finland) during a 9-month period covering all seasons and analysed for free amino acids (FAAs), DNA concentration and microorganism (bacteria, Pseudomonas and fungi). Measurements were performed using tandem mass spectrometry, spectrophotometry and qPCR, respectively. Meteorological parameters and statistical analysis were used to study their atmospheric implication for results. Distinct annual patterns of PBAP components were observed, late spring and autumn being seasons of dominant occurrence. Elevated abundances of FAAs and bacteria were observed during the local pollen season, whereas fungi were observed at the highest level during autumn. Meteorological parameters such as air and soil temperature, radiation and rainfall were observed to possess a close relationship with PBAP abundances on an annual scale.