bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
18. Graphic Identification, Semantic Interpretation and Phonological Implications in the Oracle Writing of Shang
Authors: Serruys Paul L-M. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTAll translations or interpretations of the Shang oracular texts are ultimately founded on the way in which one understands the system of the early Chinese writing and its underlying principles. This writing system cannot be fully understood unless the study of the graphic structure of each writing unit is combined with that of all other factors that can be observed from the point of view of semantic content and phonology. A short discussion of these three aspects or factors in the writing system is intended to show that any graphic analysis from the very beginning needs to consider the word that is represented by the graphic unit and to determine it in meaning(s) and pronunciation(s), grammatical function(s), and its relationship with other words, whether cognates, synonyms or homonyms, liable to be used as loan units ( ). The graphic analysis must not only explain the pictographic aspects of the graphs, but also determine the possible phonetic, semantic, or etymonic roles played by any of its constituent parts. In this respect, processes like polyphony, polysemy, graphic convergence and confusions, and loan graph substitutions all require vigorous scrutiny from the point of view of the phonology of the Shang language. Besides using information from later bronze texts, classics, and early dictionaries, it is important to let the Shang data speak for themselves.
21. An Epigraphic Interpretation of Historical Stages in Ancient Chinese History
Authors: Chin-Hsiung Hsü , Hsu James C. H. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTSince the end of the Warring States period (221 B.C.), the traditional history of China has always been said to have begun with the “Three August Sovereigns” and the “Five Emperors.” The stages in Chinese civilization were thus personified and ancient society was conceived of as having been ruled by an uninterrupted line of emperors. This early period of Chinese history may be divided into three periods, each of which may be typified by one oracle-graph.The first period is the era of the legendary personages. This is before the period of the Yellow Emperor and may be represented by the oracle-bone graph for “sage.” The second period is the era of the emperors who created social institutions, an era which may be represented by the oracle-bone graph for “jade pendant.” The final period is the era of authentic dynastic history, covering the Hsia, Shang, and Chou dynasties. This period may be represented by the oracle-bone graph for “king.”The oracle-bone character for “sage” is a pictograph of a man with extremely keen hearing. This implies exceptional physical or mental capabilities which would enable that person to bring great benefits to the community. This period of the sage saw the invention and development of a series of technological skills and tools which improved the standard of living of the community, but the stage had still not been reached when the social system necessary for political organization could come into being; that is to say, society had not yet reached the stage of true civilization.
23. Pre-Chou Chronology: History VS. Numerology in Hsia, Shang, and Chou
Authors: Nivison David S. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT(Ed. Note: This paper was an adaptation of Section X of my article “The Dates of Western Chou,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 43.2[1983]:482–580. In the article, this section is titled “Numerological Postscript,” and occupies pp. 556–566.)As now revised, this section (with related earlier sections of the article) represents my arguments that pre-Conquest dates in the present Bamboo Annals ([Chin-pen] Chu-shu chi-nien) that are relevant to the beginning of Chou are partly historical and partly numerological. I argue that most of the dates that have historical validity have been distorted in two independent revisions of the original chronicle that were later combined. The first, in the 8th century B.C., moved Chou family dates back 12 years, and indirectly generated the Conquest date 1050, The second, in the late 6th century B.C., moved Shang dates (after Wu Ting) back 6 years, so that in this revision the Conquest was redated from 1045 to 1051. Both dates appear, in different places, in the present Bamboo Annals. This analysis results from my research in October of 1982, dating the Brundage rhinoceros tsun inscription, and thereby proving that the Bamboo Annals' date 1111 for Ti Yi is exactly 6 years early.
27. The Cemetery System of the Shang Dynasty
Authors: Xizhang Yang 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThe Shang kingdom was a patriarchal (zongfa) slave society; political and clan authority were fused into one. The Shang king was the supreme ruler of the state; he was also the grand clan head of all the nobles, large and small, within the state. Local feudal lords (zhu hou) were the supreme rulers and clan heads of the nobles within the territory under his command. Within the clan the clan head combined political and familial authority in his one person. The commoners and slaves were ruled.The Shang cemetery system reflected the relations of class, rank, and blood ties within the patriarchal slave society of the Shang kingdom.The Shang king, being the supreme ruler of the state, had his separate burial site in the Xibeigang area of the Yin Ruins, as well as his own particular style of tomb and of burial rites. There was a separate burial area for the king's consorts. All others within the area of direct control of the Shang king, regardless of rank, status, or wealth, were buried in their clan cemeteries. However nobles had their own family burial area within the clan cemetery; the style of their tombs, of grave goods, and of burial rites all differed from those of commoners and of other family members. Local feudal lords also had their own separate burial areas within their own territories, while all others were buried in their clan cemeteries. Slaves were buried in ash pits or layers of ash close to residential areas.
In Search of Danyang I: Historical Geography and Archaeological Sites
Authors: Blakeley Barry B. 
Published: August 2016

The location of the early Chu capital, Danyang, has never been definitively determined. Since Han times, several hypotheses have been offered. That advocating a southwest Hubei location (Zigui or Zhijiang xian), the standard opinion, has generally governed analyses of early Chu historical and cultural development, particularly of the archaeological data uncovered in the past few decades. Another hypothesis, that advocating a southwest Henan (Xichuan) site for Danyang, however, has recently gained popularity.The Danyang problem can be approached from a number of angles. This paper attempts first to assess the relative probabilities of all of the hypotheses on the basis of a rather strict evaluation of the evidence provided by historical geography and then to judge the quality of the presently available archaeological evidence given in support of each. From the above perspectives, the author concludes that the relative probabilities favor the southwest Henan hypothesis.
Some Problems Concerning China's Early Copper and Bronze Artifacts
Authors: Murray Julia K. , Zhimin An 
Published: August 2016

(Translator's Note: This article originally appeared in Kaogu Xuebao 1981.3: 269-284, and is translated with the author's permission.)I. The appearance of metal is a very important event in human history, marking the start of an age. From the patriarchal clan communes of the late Neolithic period to the slave society of the Bronze Age, there was a great change in the relationship between social development and production. As a result, the origin and development of metal-working is one of the important issues in archaeological research (p. 269).Early in the Shang dynasty, China had already advanced into slave society, and its brilliant bronze culture is an outstanding phenomenon in the history of the ancient world. Shang civilization evolved from Longshan foundations, and there is ample archaeological proof of the close relationship between the two. But from what origins did Shang bronze arise? Before the Shang, was there an aeneolithic period in which copper was used? These questions have not yet been satisfactorily answered. Since 1949 the new discoveries of copper objects and of bronze objects belonging to an early period have contributed important clues to the solution of these problems.
The Spirit Lord of Baishi Mountain: Feeding the Deities or Heeding theYinyang
Authors: Brashier K.E. 
Published: August 2016

Overseen by hungry gods on the one hand or structured by impersonal cyclic forces on the other, the Eastern Han cosmos eluded a single consistent model accepted by everyone. Yet these cosmological perspectives were not competing arguments held by different people; they were inconsistent genres of discourse found within the same people and sometimes even within the same texts. Late Eastern Han mountain inscriptions may ritually appease sacrifice-eating gods with their hymns of praise, but they simultaneously describe the cosmos as a single pervasive system ofqi-vapors,yinyang, and the five phases. How could these two models coexist?Dated to 183 C.E., the “Stele to the Spirit Lord of Baishi Mountain” (baishi shenjun bei白石神君碑) demonstrates how certain compromise positions existed between a universe overseen by external agencies and that consisting of resonating cycles. The inscription explains why this mountain deity merited sacrifice, describes the official process in which permission to sacrifice was secured, and identifies this hungry deity as one component within ritualized systems within spatial lineages and geographic bureaucracies and so he is not recognized as an entirely free agent. In addition, the inscription systematizes him by obligating him to participate in mechanical rituals of recompense and by reducing him to a ritualized Classicist stereotype, further diminishing his independence and individuality. The stele inscription s focus on ritual demonstrates how ritual lessens any perceived inconsistency between cosmic agencies and cosmic system.This article first surveys the Han history of mountain sacrifices and mountain stelae, thereby placing the Spirit Lord of Baishi Mountain into historical context. The translation of the inscription dedicated to him follows, which for the purpose of analysis I divide into eight sections that address themes such as rituals of recompense, the generation of rain, and the transformation of the god into a Classicist hero. The conclusion summarizes how human structures such as lineage and bureaucracy fill in the gaps between these inconsistent genres of discourse human structures that result in impersonal qi-vapors becoming more human and personalized mountain deities becoming more structured.
Specific Aspects of the Transition from Primary School to High School
Authors: Garton Alison F 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTIn considering specific aspects of the transition from primary school to high school, children's expectations were sought prior to their making the transition. This paper examines the expectations 335 students had of five aspects of high school, elicited by means of a questionnaire. The five aspects were: (a) the high school building; (b) the rules and discipline at high school; (c) the work; (d) the teachers; and (e) the other, older, students. The attitudes and expectations were found to reflect the degree of contact the students had had with the high school, itself dependent on the policy of the high school with respect to induction programs for in-coming students. A call is made for greater liaison between educational institutions, in the form of greater continuity and sequencing of curricula and transition programs in order to allay the expressed anxieties and to dispel any misconceptions.
The Quality of School Life in the Senior Years
Authors: Manning Eric J. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThe feelings of 305 senior high school students about the quality of their school life were measured by giving them the Quality of School Life inventory at spaced intervals as they progressed through Years 11 and 12. Their self-estimates of school work ability and their reasons for continuing at school were also assessed. A decline was found in the initially positive feelings that were associated with the content of their studies and with their success as students. Separately analysed for comparison were the responses of students who subsequently left school without completing Year 12. Implications are discussed in terms of the drive to improve the retention rate in the post-compulsory years of secondary education, and students' expectations of the demands of the senior curriculum.
The Origin and Founding of the Ecclesiastical Law Society
Authors: Edwards Quentin 
Published: August 2016

There was an ecclesiastical law shaped hole in the Church of England from the dissolution of Doctors' Commons in 1857 until 1987 when it was filled by the formation of the Ecclesiastical Law Society. In 1947, forty years earlier, the Archbishops' Canon Law Commission had suggested how the hole might be filled. The Commission was appointed in 1939 and published its report under the title The Canon Law of the Church of England (SPCK, 1947). The Report consisted of a learned and authoritative review of the sources of English canon law and made recommendations for its reform, in particular by appending to the Report a body of suggested revised canons. Included in the Report was the following paragraph expressing the hope that a society might be formed for the study of canon law:‘The success of a new code of canons will to a great extent depend on a wider knowledge than at present exists among the clergy of the law of the Church of England, its nature, history, development, and particular characteristics; and it is hoped that the previous chapters of this Report will provide an elementary introduction to the subject. We recommend therefore that those who are responsible for the training of ordination candidates and for the post-ordination training of the clergy should be asked to consider what steps can be taken to give both ordinands and clergy a more professional knowledge of the Church's law and constitution. In giving evidence before the Ecclesiastical Courts Commission in 1883 the late Sir Lewis Dibdin pointed out that since the disappearance of Doctors' Commons in 1857 there had really been no method of teaching or preserving a knowledge of the Ecclesiastical Law. It is impossible at this stage to revive anything like Doctors' Commons, but we would suggest that a society, consisting of clergy, professional historians, and lawyers, be formed for the purpose of studying the Ecclesiastical Law and of suggesting ways in which that law either needs alteration or can be developed to meet new needs. As a rule there is far too little contact and interchange of ideas and points of view between the clergy and ecclesiastical lawyers, and such a society would give opportunities for this. Such a society would train up a number of people competent to advise and help the clergy in the particular problems of Ecclesiastical Law with which from time to time they are confronted.’
Prescribing Conventional Antipsychotics at Two Veterans Administration Hospitals: Are There Geographical Differences?
Authors: Masand Prakash S. , Arora Monica , Schwartz Thomas L. , Sharma Anil , Wang Xiaohong , Bhatia Subhash , Manjooran Jacob , Hardoby William , Virk Subhdeep , Kuhles Daniel J. , Agharkar Bhushan , Gupta Sanjay 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe medical records of 110 patients receiving conventional antipsychotics at two geographically distinct Veterans Administration hospitals (Syracuse, New York and Omaha, Nebraska) were reviewed. The most common reasons for continuation of conventional antipsychotics were good response and patient or physician choice. Frequently, physicians did not discuss the reasons for continuing conventional antipsychotics or the availability of alternative therapies with their patients. Geographic differences in physicians' prescribing practices of conventional antipsychotics were apparent.
Pharmacologic Treatment of Schizophrenia: What the Future Holds
Authors: Tandon Rajiv , Jibson Michael D. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe advent of the newer “atypical” antipsychotics has revolutionized pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia (SZ) and other psychotic disorders. In contrast to the first-generation conventional neuroleptics, these second-generation antipsychotic agents possess a broader spectrum of efficacy and cause fewer motor side effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms and tardive dyskinesia. Despite their substantial advantages, however, these second-generation agents also have significant limitations in terms of both efficacy and adverse effects. Several strategies to address these shortcomings are currently under study and some of these are likely to become part of our therapeutic armamentarium in the future. Current shortcomings in the pharmacologic treatment of SZ and strategies under investigation to address each of these deficiencies are reviewed. New formulations of existing medications and new antipsychotics under development are discussed. Developing adjunctive treatment strategies to address each of the major psychopathologic domains in SZ are summarized. The potential application of genetic information to treatment-matching in SZ is reviewed and likely refinements in the practice of evidence-based medicine in the pharmacotherapy of SZ are considered.
Overcoming Our Limits
Authors: Gorman Jack M. 
Published: August 2016

There is an old joke that applies to the past–and only the past–of psychopharmacology: One dark night, a police officer notices a man furiously searching for something beneath a street lamp. “What are you looking for?“ he asks. The man replies, “My car keys. If I don't find them, I'll never get home.” “Well,” asks the police officer, “did you lose them here?” “No,” the man replies. “But this is the only place on the block that has any light.”For example, once it was discovered that tricyclic antide pressants antagonize the presynaptic neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine (NE), the idea was put forth that the problem in depression is some abnormality in noradrenergic function. Some of the tricyclics, like desipramine and nortriptyline, are actually selective NE reuptake inhibitors. However, once it became apparent that selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are also effective in treating depression, consideration of the noradrenergic system suddenly disappeared from the literature, replaced by a new hypothesis that depression is caused by deficient serotonergic neurotransmission.
Adrenergic Pharmacology: Focus on the Central Nervous System
Authors: Pupo Andre S. , Minneman Kenneth P. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTNorepinephrine and epinephrine are involved in the control of several important functions of the central nervous system (CNS), including sleep, arousal, mood, appetite, and autonomic outflow. Catecholamines control these functions through activation of a family of adrenergic receptors (ARs). The ARs are divided into three subfamilies (α1, α2, and β) based on their pharmacologic properties, signaling mechanisms, and structure. ARs in the CNS are targets for several therapeutic agents used in the treatment of depression, obesity, hypertension, and other diseases. Not much is known, however, about the role of specific AR sub-types in the actions of these drugs. In this paper, we provide an overview of adrenergic pharmacology in the CNS, focusing on the pharmacologic properties of subtype-selective AR agonists and antagonists, the accessibility of these drugs to the CNS, and the distribution of ARs in different areas of the brain.
Efficacy of Noradrenergic-Selective Agents in the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Diseases
Authors: Kasper Siegfried F. , Resinger Eva 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTIn recent years, a number of antidepressants with varying degrees of selectivity for the noradrenergic neurotransmitter system have become available. However, these agents represent a pharmacologically heterogeneous group and differ in terms of their precise side-effect profile and, possibly, their clinical efficacy. Bupropion, which is thought to act on both the dopamine and norepinephrine (NE) systems, has not been widely used as an antidepressant and has more recently been licensed as adjunctive therapy for smoking cessation. The serotonin-NE reuptake inhibitors venlafaxine and nefazodone, the noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antide-pressant mirtazapine, and the selective NE reuptake inhibitor reboxetine (the only truly NE-selective agent available) have all demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of depressive disorders. Evidence is now emerging for their use in the treatment of anxiety and panic disorders. There is some suggestion of a role for noradrenergic agents in other disorders, including attention-deficit/hyper-activity disorder and social phobia. The full range of disorders for which noradrenergic agents can be used remains to be seen and further research in this area is necessary.
Seizure Types, Epilepsy Syndromes, Etiology, and Diagnosis
Authors: Edwards Jonathan C. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThe clinical manifestation of epileptic seizures may vary widely from patient to patient, depending on the region of the brain involved. Over the centuries, many seizure classific systems have been used, and the current most widely used classification system is that of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). The ILAE system divides seizures into those of partial onset and those of generalized onset, depending on whether the initial clinical manifestations indicate that one cortical region or both hemispheres are involved at the onset of the seizure. Partial seizures are then divided into simple partial seizures, in which a fully conscious state is retained, or complex partial seizures, in which consciousness is impaired. A more recent classification system based purely on symptom features and signs has been proposed, and this system may provide advantages for localization, and especially for surgical evaluation. Epilepsy is a condition characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Epilepsy may be idiopathic, cryptogenic, or symptomatic. Idiopathic epilepsies are generally genetic, and while man such syndromes have been described, advances in molecular genetics will undoubtedly reveal many more syndromes in near future. Cryptogenic epilepsies are those in which an underlying cause is suspected, but the etiology remains undetected. Epilepsies for which there is an underlying structural cause or major metabolic derangement are considered symptomatic. Common causes and diagnostic evaluation are described in this article.