bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lack of Involvement of Fenton Chemistry in Death of Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Sensitive Strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Destruction of Their Genomes on Wet or Dry Copper Alloy Surfaces
Authors: Warnes Sarah L. , Keevil C. William 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT

The pandemic of hospital-acquired infections caused by methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) has declined, but the evolution of strains with enhanced virulence and toxins and the increase of community-associated infections are still a threat. In previous studies, 10
7
MRSA bacteria applied as simulated droplet contamination were killed on copper and brass surfaces within 90 min. However, contamination of surfaces is often via finger tips and dries rapidly, and it may be overlooked by cleaning regimes (unlike visible droplets). In this new study, a 5-log reduction of a hardy epidemic strain of MRSA (epidemic methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
16 [EMRSA-16]) was observed following 10 min of contact with copper, and a 4-log reduction was observed on copper nickel and cartridge brass alloys in 15 min. A methicillin-sensitive
S. aureus
(MSSA) strain from an osteomyelitis patient was killed on copper surfaces in 15 min, and 4-log and 3-log reductions occurred within 20 min of contact with copper nickel and cartridge brass, respectively. Bacterial respiration was compromised on copper surfaces, and superoxide was generated as part of the killing mechanism. In addition, destruction of genomic DNA occurs on copper and brass surfaces, allaying concerns about horizontal gene transfer and copper resistance. Incorporation of copper alloy biocidal surfaces may help to reduce the spread of this dangerous pathogen.
Skills retention in Sudanese village midwives 1 year following Helping Babies Breathe training
Authors: ME Arabi Ali , Ibrahim Salah A , Ahmed Sami E , MacGinnea Finn , Hawkes Gavin , Dempsey Eugene , Anthony Ryan C 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundOver 80% of deliveries in Sudan occur in isolated villages, attended by village midwives (VMWs). Upgrading newborn resuscitation skills with the Helping Babies Breathe (HBB) programme could improve newborn survival rates.ObjectiveTo describe the competencies in newborn resuscitation of selected VMWs pre-HBB and post-HBB training.MethodsIn a prospective intervention study, the VMWs’ performances in the HBB Objective Structured Clinical Examination B simulated scenario (manikin requiring face-mask ventilation (FMV)) were digitally recorded and analysed prior to and 3 and 12 months following HBB training. Regular manikin-based practice was encouraged following training.ResultsPre-HBB training, 42% of 71 VMWs (of whom 61% were functionally illiterate) stimulated the non-breathing manikin by holding it by the legs and either stimulated/slapped (30.4%) or shook (12.7%) it, while 25% (18/71) provided manikin mouth-to-mouth ventilation. The low scorings on the ‘preparation for birth’ (0% and 3.1% at 3 and 12 months, respectively) were mainly due to failure to demonstrate the subitem of ‘cleans hands’. The percentage of VMWs providing manikin FMV within the Golden Minute increased from 37.3% (25/67) to 72.3% (47/65) (p<0.005), but there were no significant differences in the number of VMWs producing at least five FMVs at 3 months (73%, 49/67) and 12 months (58%, 38/65), respectively.ConclusionsVMWs, despite a high illiteracy rate, absorbed and sustained HBB skills for at least a year. Regular, low intensity, manikin-based skills training with peers may have helped sustain FMV, but not hand-cleansing skills.
Trends in market share of leading cigarette brands in the USA: national survey on drug use and health 2002–2013
Authors: Sharma Anushree , Fix Brian V , Delnevo Cristine , Cummings K Michael , O'Connor Richard J 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesThe main objective of this study is to examine trends in market share for leading cigarette brands, both before (2002–2008) and after (2009–2013) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation of tobacco products.Design Data come from the annual National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002 through 2013. Descriptive statistics, cross tabulations, and logistic regression were employed. Data were weighted to the US population and adjusted for cigarette consumption. Our analysis is restricted to 164 343 current cigarette smokers who were at least 12 years of age or older, had smoked at least one cigarette in the 30 days prior to the survey, and reported a usual cigarette brand at the time of the survey.ResultsOver 12 years, 14 brands comprised over 77% of the cigarette market. Marlboro consistently held over 38% of the market. Newport held the second highest market share, and increased from 7.2% in 2002 to 10.9% by 2013. Market share of Pall Mall grew by over 400% (1.7% in 2002 vs 8.9% in 2013), likely aided by the 2009 Federal excise tax increase. No clear associations of changes in market share with the implementation of FDA's regulatory authority over tobacco in 2009 were noted.ConclusionsTracking market share trends offers clues about brand marketing changing preferences of consumers. Rapidly growing cigarette brands should be monitored to determine if specific marketing practices or design changes are drivers, as these could represent public health concerns. Monitoring trends in cigarette market share could inform regulatory decision-making efforts related to marketing and advertising.
Association of restaurant smoking ban and the incidence of acute myocardial infarction in Finland
Authors: Sipilä Jussi Olli Tapani , Gunn Jarmo Mikael , Kauko Tommi , Rautava Päivi , Kytö Ville 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveTo describe the changes in nationwide acute myocardial infarction (AMI) incidence following the implementation of a law banning smoking indoors in restaurants on 1 June 2007.MethodsRetrospective registry study of all hospitalisations for AMI in Finland. All 34 887 hospitalisations for AMI between 1 June 2005 and 31 May 2009 were identified from the Care Register for Health Care (CRHC) and statistics for tobacco consumption were obtained from the National Institute for Health and Welfare. Comorbidities for individual hospitalisations were searched from the CRHC.ResultsThe incidence rate of AMI was reduced by 6.3% (95% CI 4.1% to 8.6%; p<0.0001) in the latter half of the study period following the smoking ban when adjusted for age, gender and overall population prevalence of smoking. Short-term incidence of AMI (6-month prior vs 6 months after the smoking ban) was also reduced (4.5%, 95% CI 0.2% to 9.0%; p=0.0399) and was largest in the working middle-aged group (40–50 years) but observed also in the oldest age group (>70 years). The incidence rates declined similarly for men and women.ConclusionsBanning indoor tobacco smoking in restaurants was associated with a mild additional reduction in AMI incidence on a nationwide level in Finland.
Qualitative evaluation of the Safety and Improvement in Primary Care (SIPC) pilot collaborative in Scotland: perceptions and experiences of participating care teams
Authors: Bowie Paul , Halley Lyn , Blamey Avril , Gillies Jill , Houston Neil 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesTo explore general practitioner (GP) team perceptions and experiences of participating in a large-scale safety and improvement pilot programme to develop and test a range of interventions that were largely new to this setting.DesignQualitative study using semistructured interviews. Data were analysed thematically.Subjects and settingPurposive sample of multiprofessional study participants from 11 GP teams based in 3 Scottish National Health Service (NHS) Boards.Results27 participants were interviewed. 3 themes were generated: (1) programme experiences and benefits, for example, a majority of participants referred to gaining new theoretical and experiential safety knowledge (such as how unreliable evidence-based care can be) and skills (such as how to search electronic records for undetected risks) related to the programme interventions; (2) improvements to patient care systems, for example, improvements in care systems reliability using care bundles were reported by many, but this was an evolving process strongly dependent on closer working arrangements between clinical and administrative staff; (3) the utility of the programme improvement interventions, for example, mixed views and experiences of participating in the safety climate survey and meeting to reflect on the feedback report provided were apparent. Initial theories on the utilisation and potential impact of some interventions were refined based on evidence.ConclusionsThe pilot was positively received with many practices reporting improvements in safety systems, team working and communications with colleagues and patients. Barriers and facilitators were identified related to how interventions were used as the programme evolved, while other challenges around spreading implementation beyond this pilot were highlighted.
How do doctors and nurses manage delirium in intensive care units? A qualitative study using focus groups
Authors: Palacios-Ceña Domingo , Cachón-Pérez José Miguel , Martínez-Piedrola Rosa , Gueita-Rodriguez Javier , Perez-de-Heredia Marta , Fernández-de-las-Peñas Cesar 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to explore the experiences of doctors and nurses caring for patients with delirium in the intensive care unit (ICU) and to describe the process of delirium management.SettingThis study was performed in 5 ICUs located within 4 hospitals in Madrid (Spain).ParticipantsPurposeful sampling was performed which included (1) doctors and nurses working in ICUs, (2) with >1 year experience in the ICU and (3) clinical experience with delirium. 38 professionals participated (19 doctors, 19 nurses), including 22 women and 16 men. The total mean age was 39 years.DesignA qualitative study using focus groups.Methods7 focus groups were held to collect data: 3 nurse focus groups, 3 doctor focus groups and 1 mixed focus group. Each group comprised 6–10 participants. A semistructured questions guide was used. Thematic analysis methods were used to analyse the data.Results3 themes were identified: (1) the professional perspective on delirium; (2) implementing pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment for delirium and (3) work organisation in the ICU. The professionals regarded patients with delirium with uncertainty, and felt they were often underdiagnosed and poorly managed. Doctors displayed discrepancies regarding pharmacological prescriptions and decision-making. The choice of medication was determined by experience. Nurses felt that, for many doctors, delirium was not considered a matter of urgency in the ICU. Nurses encountered difficulties when applying verbal restraint, managing sleep disorders and providing early mobilisation. The lack of a delirium protocol generates conflicts regarding what type of care management to apply, especially during the night shift. A degree of group pressure exists which, in turn, influences the decision-making process and patient care.ConclusionsPatients with delirium represent complex cases, requiring the implementation of specific protocols. These results serve to improve the process of care in patients with delirium.
Improving the governance of patient safety in emergency care: a systematic review of interventions
Authors: Hesselink Gijs , Berben Sivera , Beune Thimpe , Schoonhoven Lisette 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesTo systematically review interventions that aim to improve the governance of patient safety within emergency care on effectiveness, reliability, validity and feasibility.DesignA systematic review of the literature.MethodsPubMed, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and PsychInfo were searched for studies published between January 1990 and July 2014. We included studies evaluating interventions relevant for higher management to oversee and manage patient safety, in prehospital emergency medical service (EMS) organisations and hospital-based emergency departments (EDs). Two reviewers independently selected candidate studies, extracted data and assessed study quality. Studies were categorised according to study quality, setting, sample, intervention characteristics and findings.ResultsOf the 18 included studies, 13 (72%) were non-experimental. Nine studies (50%) reported data on the reliability and/or validity of the intervention. Eight studies (44%) reported on the feasibility of the intervention. Only 4 studies (22%) reported statistically significant effects. The use of a simulation-based training programme and well-designed incident reporting systems led to a statistically significant improvement of safety knowledge and attitudes by ED staff and an increase of incident reports within EDs, respectively.ConclusionsCharacteristics of the interventions included in this review (eg, anonymous incident reporting and validation of incident reports by an independent party) could provide useful input for the design of an effective tool to govern patient safety in EMS organisations and EDs. However, executives cannot rely on a robust set of evidence-based and feasible tools to govern patient safety within their emergency care organisation and in the chain of emergency care. Established strategies from other high-risk sectors need to be evaluated in emergency care settings, using an experimental design with valid outcome measures to strengthen the evidence base.
Disease severity of Shiga toxin-producingE. coliO157 and factors influencing the development of typical haemolytic uraemic syndrome: a retrospective cohort study, 2009–2012
Authors: Launders N , Byrne L , Jenkins C , Harker K , Charlett A , Adak G K 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesAssess the disease severity of Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) O157 infection and factors influencing the development of typical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (tHUS).DesignA retrospective cohort study using data collected through routine surveillance questionnaires between 2009 and 2012.Participants3323 symptomatic cases of STEC O157.Main outcome measuresIncidence of human STEC O157 and tHUS, proportion of cases reporting bloody diarrhoea, hospitalisation, tHUS and death. Odds of progression to tHUS and predicted percentage chance of developing tHUS based on case demographics, STEC O157 strain characteristics and clinical symptoms.ResultsFrom 2009 to 2012, 3323 cases of symptomatic STEC O157 with completed questionnaires were reported, of which 172 developed tHUS (5.18%). Being aged 1–4 years (OR 8.65, 95% CI 5.01 to 14.94, p=0.004) or female (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.30, p=0.009), being infected with phage type (PT) 21/28 (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.25 to 3.42, p=0.005) or PT 2 (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.06 to 4.50, p=0.034), receiving β-lactam antibiotics (OR 4.08, 95% CI 1.43 to 11.68, p=0.009) and presenting with vomiting (OR 3.16, 95% CI 2.16 to 4.62, p<0.001) or bloody diarrhoea (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.38 to 3.20, p=0.001) were found to be significant risk factors for progression to tHUS. The predicted percentage chance of developing tHUS varied from under 1% to 50% if all risk factors were present.ConclusionsThe data from this study indicate the use of β-lactam antibiotics should be avoided in suspected cases of STEC infection in all age groups, particularly in those under the age of 5.
Is bias in the eye of the beholder? A vignette study to assess recognition of cognitive biases in clinical case workups
Authors: Zwaan Laura , Monteiro Sandra , Sherbino Jonathan , Ilgen Jonathan , Howey Betty , Norman Geoffrey 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundMany authors have implicated cognitive biases as a primary cause of diagnostic error. If this is so, then physicians already familiar with common cognitive biases should consistently identify biases present in a clinical workup. The aim of this paper is to determine whether physicians agree on the presence or absence of particular biases in a clinical case workup and how case outcome knowledge affects bias identification.MethodsWe conducted a web survey of 37 physicians. Each participant read eight cases and listed which biases were present from a list provided. In half the cases the outcome implied a correct diagnosis; in the other half, it implied an incorrect diagnosis. We compared the number of biases identified when the outcome implied a correct or incorrect primary diagnosis. Additionally, the agreement among participants about presence or absence of specific biases was assessed.ResultsWhen the case outcome implied a correct diagnosis, an average of 1.75 cognitive biases were reported; when incorrect, 3.45 biases (F=71.3, p<0.00001). Individual biases were reported from 73% to 125% more often when an incorrect diagnosis was implied. There was no agreement on presence or absence of individual biases, with κ ranging from 0.000 to 0.044.InterpretationIndividual physicians are unable to agree on the presence or absence of individual cognitive biases. Their judgements are heavily influenced by hindsight bias; when the outcome implies a diagnostic error, twice as many biases are identified. The results present challenges for current error reduction strategies based on identification of cognitive biases.
The short-term cost of falls, poisonings and scalds occurring at home in children under 5 years old in England: multicentre longitudinal study
Authors: Cooper N J , Kendrick D , Timblin C , Hayes M , Majsak-Newman G , Meteyard K , Hawkins A , Kay B 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundChildhood falls, poisonings and scalds, occurring predominantly in the home, are an important public health problem, yet there is limited evidence on the costs of these injuries to individuals and society.ObjectivesTo estimate National Health Service (NHS) and child and family costs of falls, poisonings and scalds.MethodsWe undertook a multicentre longitudinal study of falls, poisonings and scalds in children under 5 years old, set in acute NHS Trusts across four UK study centres. Data from parental self-reported questionnaires on health service resource use, family costs and expenditure were combined with unit cost data from published sources to calculate average cost for participants and injury mechanism.Results344 parents completed resource use questionnaires until their child recovered from their injury or until 12 months, whichever came soonest. Most injuries were minor, with >95% recovering within 2 weeks, and 99% within 1 month of the injury. 61% emergency department (ED) attendees were not admitted, 35% admitted for ≤1 day and 4% admitted for ≥2 days. The typical healthcare cost of an admission for ≥2 days was estimated at £2000–3000, for an admission for ≤1 day was £700–1000 and for an ED attendance without admission was £100–180. Family costs were considerable and varied across injury mechanisms. Of all injuries, scalds accrued highest healthcare and family costs.ConclusionsFalls, poisonings and scalds incur considerable short-term healthcare and family costs. These data can inform injury prevention policy and commissioning of preventive services.
RASSF1A Directly Antagonizes RhoA Activity through the Assembly of a Smurf1-Mediated Destruction Complex to Suppress Tumorigenesis
Authors: Lee Min-Goo , Jeong Seong-In , Ko Kyung-Phil , Park Soon-Ki , Ryu Byung-Kyu , Kim Ick-Young , Kim Jeong-Kook , Chi Sung-Gil 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
RASSF1A is a tumor suppressor implicated in many tumorigenic processes; however, the basis for its tumor suppressor functions are not fully understood. Here we show that RASSF1A is a novel antagonist of protumorigenic RhoA activity. Direct interaction between the C-terminal amino acids (256–277) of RASSF1A and active GTP-RhoA was critical for this antagonism. In addition, interaction between the N-terminal amino acids (69-82) of RASSF1A and the ubiquitin E3 ligase Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 1 (Smurf1) disrupted GTPase activity by facilitating Smurf1-mediated ubiquitination of GTP-RhoA. We noted that the RhoA-binding domain of RASSF1A displayed high sequence homology with Rho-binding motifs in other RhoA effectors, such as Rhotekin. As predicted on this basis, RASSF1A competed with Rhotekin to bind RhoA and to block its activation. RASSF1A mutants unable to bind RhoA or Smurf1 failed to suppress RhoA-induced tumor cell proliferation, drug resistance, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Clinically, expression levels of RASSF1A and RhoA were inversely correlated in many types of primary and metastatic tumors and tumor cell lines. Collectively, our findings showed how RASSF1A may suppress tumorigenesis by intrinsically inhibiting the tumor-promoting activity of RhoA, thereby illuminating the potential mechanistic consequences of RASSF1A inactivation in many cancers. Cancer Res; 76(7); 1847–59. ©2016 AACR.
EGF816 Exerts Anticancer Effects in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer by Irreversibly and Selectively Targeting Primary and Acquired Activating Mutations in the EGF Receptor
Authors: Jia Yong , Juarez Jose , Li Jie , Manuia Mari , Niederst Matthew J. , Tompkins Celin , Timple Noelito , Vaillancourt Mei-Ting , Pferdekamper AnneMarie Culazzo , Lockerman Elizabeth L. , Li Chun , Anderson Jennifer , Costa Carlotta , Liao Debbie , Murphy Eric , DiDonato Michael , Bursulaya Badry , Lelais Gerald , Barretina Jordi , McNeill Matthew , Epple Robert , Marsilje Thomas H. , Pathan Nuzhat , Engelman Jeffrey A. , Michellys Pierre-Yves , McNamara Peter , Harris Jennifer , Bender Steven , Kasibhatla Shailaja 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Non–small cell lung cancer patients carrying oncogenic EGFR mutations initially respond to EGFR-targeted therapy, but later elicit minimal response due to dose-limiting toxicities and acquired resistance. EGF816 is a novel, irreversible mutant-selective EGFR inhibitor that specifically targets EGFR-activating mutations arising de novo and upon resistance acquisition, while sparing wild-type (WT) EGFR. EGF816 potently inhibited the most common EGFR mutations L858R, Ex19del, and T790M in vitro, which translated into strong tumor regressions in vivo in several patient-derived xenograft models. Notably, EGF816 also demonstrated antitumor activity in an exon 20 insertion mutant model. At levels above efficacious doses, EGF816 treatment led to minimal inhibition of WT EGFR and was well tolerated. In single-dose studies, EGF816 provided sustained inhibition of EGFR phosphorylation, consistent with its ability for irreversible binding. Furthermore, combined treatment with EGF816 and INC280, a cMET inhibitor, resulted in durable antitumor efficacy in a xenograft model that initially developed resistance to first-generation EGFR inhibitors via cMET activation. Thus, we report the first preclinical characterization of EGF816 and provide the groundwork for its current evaluation in phase I/II clinical trials in patients harboring EGFR mutations, including T790M. Cancer Res; 76(6); 1591–602. ©2016 AACR.