bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Completing Europe’s Economic and Monetary Union”. Any support from the citizens?
Authors: Farina Francesco , Tamborini Roberto 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The ‘Five Presidents Report’ cited in the title acknowledges that an important driver of the European economic crisis has been the faulty original design of the Monetary Union, and that substantial steps are urgently needed towards the creation of truly supranational institutions. Yet, economists tend to neglect that however compelling economic analyses may be, the stumbling block on the way of the reform of the Monetary Union is political will, and that in democracies the ultimate source of political will comes from electors. In this paper, first of all the authors wish to bring to the economists’ attention some recent analyses of citizens’ attitudes towards Europe from political science. Then, by cross-referencing the results of the 2014 elections of the European Parliament with Eurobarometer opinion polls eliciting judgements for the EU vis-à-vis home countries and an indicator of economic pain, the authors show the presence of a geo-economicpolitical cleavage across four groups of countries. This is more complex, and perhaps worse, than the simplistic divide between ‘North’ and ‘South’ or ‘Core’ and ‘Periphery’. The main implication is that the EU experiences a stalemate between ‘more Europe vs. less Europe’ at the level of peoples, which seriously undermines support for further integration ‘from below’.
Global impact of mineral dust on cloud droplet number concentration
Authors: Karydis Vlassis A. , Tsimpidi Alexandra P. , Bacer Sara , Pozzer Andrea , Nenes Athanasios , Lelieveld Jos 
Published: May 2017

Abstract. The importance of wind-blown mineral dust for cloud droplet formation is studied by considering (i) the adsorption of water on the surface of insoluble particles, (ii) particle coating by soluble material (atmospheric aging) which augments cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity, and (iii) the effect of dust on inorganic aerosol concentrations through thermodynamic interactions with mineral cations. The ECHAM5/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model is used to simulate the composition of global atmospheric aerosol, while the ISORROPIA-II thermodynamic equilibrium model treats the interactions of K+-Ca2+-Mg2+-NH4+-Na+-SO42−-NO3−-Cl−-H2O aerosol with gas-phase inorganic constituents. Dust is considered a mixture of inert material with reactive minerals and its emissions are calculated online by taking into account the soil particle size distribution and chemical composition of different deserts worldwide. The impact of dust on droplet formation is treated through the unified dust activation parameterization that considers the inherent hydrophilicity from adsorption and acquired hygroscopicity from soluble salts during aging. Our simulations suggest that the presence of dust increases cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) over major deserts (e.g., up to 20 % over the Sahara and the Taklimakan desert) and decreases CDNC over polluted areas (e.g., up to 10 % over southern Europe and 20 % over northeastern Asia). This leads to a global net decrease in CDNC by 11 %. The adsorption activation of insoluble aerosols and the mineral dust chemistry are shown to be equally important for the cloud droplet formation over the main deserts; for example, these effects increase CDNC by 20 % over the Sahara. Remote from deserts the application of adsorption theory is critically important since the increased water uptake by the large aged dust particles (i.e., due to the added hydrophilicity by the soluble coating) reduce the maximum supersaturation and thus cloud droplet formation from the relatively smaller anthropogenic particles (e.g., CDNC decreases by 10 % over southern Europe and 20 % over northeastern Asia by applying adsorption theory). The global average CDNC decreases by 10 % by considering adsorption activation, while changes are negligible when accounting for the mineral dust chemistry. Sensitivity simulations indicate that CDNC is also sensitive to the mineral dust mass and inherent hydrophilicity, and not to the chemical composition of the emitted dust.
Trajectory encounter volume as a diagnostic of mixing potential in fluid flows
Authors: Rypina Irina I. , Pratt Lawrence J. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Fluid parcels can exchange water properties when coming into contact with each other, leading to mixing. The trajectory encounter mass and a related simplified quantity, the encounter volume, are introduced as a measure of the mixing potential of a flow. The encounter volume quantifies the volume of fluid that passes close to a reference trajectory over a finite time interval. Regions characterized by a low encounter volume, such as the cores of coherent eddies, have a low mixing potential, whereas turbulent or chaotic regions characterized by a large encounter volume have a high mixing potential. The encounter volume diagnostic is used to characterize the mixing potential in three flows of increasing complexity: the Duffing oscillator, the Bickley jet and the altimetry-based velocity in the Gulf Stream extension region. An additional example is presented in which the encounter volume is combined with the u∗ approach of Pratt et al. (2016) to characterize the mixing potential for a specific tracer distribution in the Bickley jet flow. Analytical relationships are derived that connect the encounter volume to the shear and strain rates for linear shear and linear strain flows, respectively. It is shown that in both flows the encounter volume is proportional to time.
Wave spectral shapes in the coastal waters based on measured data off Karwar on the western coast of India
Authors: Nair M. Anjali , Kumar V. Sanil 
Published: May 2017

Abstract. An understanding of the wave spectral shapes is of primary importance for the design of marine facilities. In this paper, the wave spectra collected from January 2011 to December 2015 in the coastal waters of the eastern Arabian Sea using the moored directional waverider buoy are examined to determine the temporal variations in the wave spectral shape. Over an annual cycle for 31.15 % of the time, the peak frequency is between 0.08 and 0.10 Hz; the significant wave height is also relatively high (∼ 1.55 m) for waves in this class. The slope of the high-frequency tail of the monthly average wave spectra is high during the Indian summer monsoon period (June–September) compared to other months, and it increases with an increase in significant wave height. There is not much interannual variation in the slope for swell-dominated spectra during the monsoon, while in the non-monsoon period when wind-seas have a high level of influence, the slope varies significantly. Since the exponent of the high-frequency part of the wave spectrum is within the range of −4 to −3 during the monsoon period, the Donelan spectrum shows a better fit for the high-frequency part of the wave spectra in monsoon months compared to other months.
The Future of Knowing and Values: Information Technologies and Plato's Critique of Rhetoric
Authors: Levin Susan B. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTTranshumanism that is centered on artificial intelligence shares core features with large-scale data collection and surveillance that commercial and governmental entities pursue: the idea that knowledge is informational in nature, that technologies are value neutral, and that ethical challenges can be framed in technical-procedural terms. In this article, I am mainly concerned with the latter, society-wide, manifestations of these features. Here, criticisms leading to technical-procedural changes in data practices are of limited use because they foster an illusion of foundational headway while leaving questionable assumptions about knowledge and values intact. Because what is closest is hardest to glean, we may more readily discern these assumptions if we see them operating in a milieu that is at once quite different and strikingly familiar. Ancient rhetoric manifests versions of our three factors. Plato's critique of rhetoric, along with aspects of his philosophical methodology, helps us see why we should contest increasingly prevalent views of knowledge and values—and do so before other constructions become unfathomable.
Evaluation of the Afirma Gene Expression Classifier in Repeat Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules
Authors: Harrison Grant , Sosa Julie Ann , Jiang Xiaoyin 
Published: May 2017

Context.—
Molecular testing in indeterminate thyroid nodules is a rapidly evolving field with variable reported outcomes.

Objective.—
To report our experience at a tertiary thyroid referral center with the Afirma Gene Expression Classifier (Veracyte, San Francisco, California) in repeat fine-needle aspirations of thyroid nodules with a previous indeterminate cytologic result.

Design.—
Results of cytopathology and the Afirma test were collected from August 2013 to March 2015, as were diagnoses from surgical resection when performed.

Results.—
One hundred and fifteen thyroid nodules were evaluated by Afirma. The fine-needle aspiration diagnostic categories for these nodules were 100 (87%) Bethesda III, 10 (9%) Bethesda IV, 3 (2%) Bethesda II, 1 (1%) Bethesda V, and 1 (1%) Bethesda I. Afirma results for 52 of the nodules (45%) were benign, 57 (50%) were suspicious, and 6 (5%) specimens yielded no result because of low messenger RNA content. Three of the benign nodules (6%) were treated surgically, and all were benign on final surgical pathology. Forty-six (81%) of the suspicious nodules were treated surgically; final surgical pathology revealed 30 (65%) were benign and 16 (35%) malignant, yielding a positive predictive value of 35%.

Conclusions.—
In our experience, 50% of the indeterminate nodules were classified as suspicious by Afirma, with a 35% rate of malignancy in these nodules at surgical resection, in comparison with a historical rate of malignancy at our institution of 11% for Bethesda III nodules and 23% for Bethesda IV. Our use of Afirma is consistent with prior reports in that it has a low positive predictive value in indeterminate thyroid nodules.
La ruta atlántica (siglos XIII-XIV): análisis de la formación de una ruta comercial
Authors: Rozas Español Ángel 
Published: May 2017

El artículo trata sobre la apertura del estrecho de Gibraltar y el establecimiento de una nueva vía de comercio entre el Mediterráneo y el Canal de la Mancha. Es una revisión historiográfica sobre el comercio marítimo en las costas occidentales de Europa entre los siglos XIII y XIV a través de un análisis articulado en torno a medios de transporte, mercados y mercancías. Además, estudia el papel de los operadores en el desarrollo de esta ruta comercial y el impacto de la misma sobre el declive de las Ferias de Champaña y las navegaciones oceánicas. The article discusses the opening of the Straights of Gibraltar and the establishment of a new trade route between the Mediterranean and the English Channel. This article re-examines the scholarship on the maritime trade along the Western European coastlines in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries based on an analysis of the means of transportation, markets and goods. Furthermore, this study examines the role of merchants in the development of the trade route and its effects on the decline of the Champagne fairs and oceanic navigation.
La perception d’enseignantes du primaire quant à l’intégration en classe ordinaire d’élèves présentant un trouble du spectre de l’autisme (TSA)
Authors: Ruel Marie-Pier , Poirier Nathalie , Japel Christa 
Published: May 2017

Depuis les 30 dernières années, la tendance est de privilégier l’intégration scolaire d’élèves présentant un trouble du spectre de l’autisme (TSA) en classe ordinaire. Ainsi, un nombre de plus en plus important de cette catégorie d’élèves se retrouve actuellement dans ces classes au Québec, ce qui est susceptible de transformer la réalité de nombreux enseignants. Cette étude décrit la perception d’enseignants de maternelle, du premier et du deuxième cycle du primaire concernant leur expérience d’intégration d’un élève présentant un TSA dans leur classe. Pour ce faire, des entrevues ont été conduites auprès de quatorze enseignantes qui travaillent en contexte d’intégration. Des déterminants du succès de l’intégration des élèves présentant un TSA en ressortent et s’inscrivent à l’intérieur de cinq cibles d’intervention. Ces cibles sont : a) l’adaptation et la diversification de l’enseignement, b) la collaboration entre les membres de l’équipe de travail et avec les parents, c) l’ajout de ressources professionnelles, d) la formation reçue par les enseignants et e) l’implantation de programmes d’aide.
Confrontation au handicap et évolution de la représentation sociale de l’altérité des collégiens
Authors: Harma Kahina 
Published: May 2017

Les frontières entre scolarité classique et spécialisée tendent à s’effacer depuis que la scolarisation des élèves handicapés dans le circuit scolaire ordinaire est posée comme une priorité nationale. Côtoyant quotidiennement des élèves handicapés, les élèves des classes ordinaires sont confrontés à cette forme d’altérité. Ainsi, cette recherche a pour objectif d’étudier la représentation sociale de l’altérité des élèves issus de collèges scolarisant des élèves handicapés et de repérer la place occupée par le handicap. L’évolution de cette représentation en cours d’une année scolaire et l’effet du contact (appartenir à une classe qui scolarise ou non un élève handicapé) ont été particulièrement étudiés. Cinq cent quarante-neuf (549) élèves de 6° et de 5° (10-14 ans) ont répondu au même questionnaire en début et fin d’année scolaire (représentation sociale initiale c. finale). Les résultats montrent que la représentation de l’altérité renvoie à trois grandes catégories : les traits de personnalité ou attributs physiques (46%), les normes sociales (28%) et le handicap (15%). Seul le handicap est un élément central de la représentation en début d’année. Cependant, celui-ci s’accompagne d’autres termes relatifs aux normes sociales en fin d’année (être pauvre et langue parlée). Plus encore, cette évolution dépend du type de contact entretenu avec le handicap (direct ou indirect). Au total, malgré une scolarisation commune des élèves handicapés et non handicapés, il semblerait que le handicap soit toujours considéré comme une caractéristique de l’altérité.
Population genetics data help to guide the conservation of palm species with small population sizes and fragmented habitats in Madagascar
Authors: Gardiner Lauren M. , Rakotoarinivo Mijoro , Rajaovelona Landy R. , Clubbe Colin 
Published: May 2017

BackgroundThe need to incorporate genetic data into conservation management decisions is increasingly recognised. However, many published studies represent a ‘gold standard’ of sampling, techniques, and analyses. Such rigour is often not possible with limited funding and resourcing available for developing plans for the increasing number of threatened species requiring conservation management. Two endemic palm species of the Itremo Massif in central Madagascar,Dypsis ambositraeandD. decipiens, are known to be threatened with extinction and conservation management for these species is a priority for the newly created protected area in the region.MethodsThe genetic diversity of these two species was studied using the relatively low-cost and rapid AFLP technique. DNA fragments generated using three primer combinations were analysed for 20 and 50 individuals of the two species, respectively, from across their ranges.ResultsGenetic diversity was relatively low for both species. The two sites where the highly restrictedD. ambositraegrows were found to be genetically distinct (although overall heterozygosity was low). Despite having a much wider distribution and relatively large population,D. decipiensdid not show clear geographical nor genetic groupings and had similarly low genetic heterozygosity toD. ambositrae.Discussion and RecommendationsWith so few individuals remaining in the wild and two genetically distinct subpopulations, it is recommended that both sites ofD. ambositraeare conserved and that seed are collected from both forex situconservation and potential future reintroduction. It may be less important to focus resources on conserving or collectingex situmaterial from all sites whereD. decipiensis found, as the genetic diversity represented by each subpopulation is limited and increasing sampling may not protect significantly higher levels of genetic diversity. This study provides data that inform and support conservation decisions taken for both species within this region, and in the management of the newly designated Itremo Massif Protected Area, which covers most of the sites where these two species remain in the wild.
Evaluation of the convection‐resolving climate modeling approach on continental scales
Authors: Leutwyler David , Lüthi Daniel , Ban Nikolina , Fuhrer Oliver , Schär Christoph 
Published: May 2017

AbstractConvection‐resolving models allow to explicitly resolve deep convection at horizontal grid spacings of O(1 km). On current supercomputers, refining the grid spacing to the kilometer scale is computationally still extremely demanding, and therefore, climate simulations at this resolution have so far largely been limited to subcontinental computational domains. However, new supercomputers that mix conventional multicore CPUs and accelerators possess properties beneficial for climate codes. Exploiting these capabilities allows expansion of the size of the computational domains to continental scales. Here we present such a convection‐resolving climate simulation, using a version of the COSMO model, capable of exploiting GPU accelerators. The simulation has a grid spacing of 2.2 km, 1536 × 1536 × 60 grid points, covers the period 1999–2008, and is driven by the ERA‐Interim reanalysis. An assessment of the 10‐year‐long simulation is conducted using a wide range of data sets, including several rain gauge networks, energy balance stations, and a remotely sensed lightning data set. Substantial improvements are found for the 2 km simulation in terms of the diurnal cycles of precipitation. This confirms results found in studies using smaller computational domains. However, the continental‐scale simulations also reveal deficiencies such as substantial performance differences between regions with and without strong orographic forcing. Analysis of the statistical distribution of updrafts and downdrafts shows an increase of the amplitude in seasons with convection and a pronounced asymmetry between updrafts and downdrafts. Furthermore, the analysis of lightning data shows that the convection‐resolving simulation is able to reproduce important features of the annual cycle of deep convection in Europe.
Sublethal oligodendrocyte injury: A reversible condition in multiple sclerosis?
Authors: Cui Qiao‐Ling , Khan Damla , Rone Malena , T.S. Rao Vijayaraghava , Johnson Radia Marie , Lin Yun Hsuan , Bilodeau Philippe‐Antoine , Hall Jeffery A. , Rodriguez Moses , Kennedy Timothy E. , Ludwin Samuel K. , Antel Jack P. 
Published: May 2017

ObjectiveDegeneration of oligodendroglial distal processes has been identified as an early event in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesion development. Our objective was to further define the development of the “dying‐back” oligodendrocyte lesion in situ and to model the development and potential reversibility of such responses using dissociated cultures of adult human brain‐derived oligodendrocytes.MethodsIn situ analyses were performed on glutaraldehyde‐fixed thin sections of clinically acute and pathologically active cases of MS. In vitro studies were conducted using adult human brain‐derived oligodendrocytes challenged by metabolic stress conditions (low nutrient/glucose).ResultsIn situ analyses indicated a spectrum of myelin changes in the presence of morphologically intact oligodendrocytes; these included degeneration of the inner cytoplasmic tongue with increasing sizes of intramyelinic bleb formation that could result in radial fractures of the myelin sheath. Macrophages with ingested myelin fragments were identified only once the fragmentation was established. In vitro studies indicated that oligodendrocyte process retraction, which was linked to reduced glycolytic respiratory activity, is reversible until a critical time point. Subsequent cell death was not linked to caspase‐3–dependent programs. Gene expression studies conducted at the latest reversible time point revealed reduced expression of pathways associated with cell process outgrowth and myelination, as well as with metabolic activity.InterpretationOur findings reveal the potential to protect and possibly restore myelin elaborated by existent oligodendrocytes in early and evolving MS lesions, and suggest the necessity of ongoing studies of the mechanisms underlying subsequent adult human oligodendrocyte cell death. Ann Neurol 2017;81:811–824
Activatable Singlet Oxygen Generation from Lipid Hydroperoxide Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Zhou Zijian , Song Jibin , Tian Rui , Yang Zhen , Yu Guocan , Lin Lisen , Zhang Guofeng , Fan Wenpei , Zhang Fuwu , Niu Gang , Nie Liming , Chen Xiaoyuan 
Published: May 2017

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS)‐induced apoptosis is a widely practiced strategy for cancer therapy. Although photodynamic therapy (PDT) takes advantage of the spatial–temporal control of ROS generation, the meticulous participation of light, photosensitizer, and oxygen greatly hinders the broad application of PDT as a first‐line cancer treatment option. An activatable system has been developed that enables tumor‐specific singlet oxygen (1O2) generation for cancer therapy, based on a Fenton‐like reaction between linoleic acid hydroperoxide (LAHP) tethered on iron oxide nanoparticles (IO NPs) and the released iron(II) ions from IO NPs under acidic‐pH condition. The IO‐LAHP NPs are able to induce efficient apoptotic cancer cell death both in vitro and in vivo through tumor‐specific 1O2 generation and subsequent ROS mediated mechanism. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of modulating biochemical reactions as a ROS source to exert cancer death.
Dumbbell‐Shaped Bi‐component Mesoporous Janus Solid Nanoparticles for Biphasic Interface Catalysis
Authors: Yang Tianyu , Wei Lijuan , Jing Lingyan , Liang Jifen , Zhang Xiaoming , Tang Min , Monteiro Michael J. , Chen Ying (Ian) , Wang Yong , Gu Sai , Zhao Dongyuan , Yang Hengquan , Liu Jian , Lu G. Q. Max 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThere is a strong desire to design and synthesize catalysts that assemble at the oil–water interface to improve the efficiency of biphasic reactions. Anisotropic dumbbell‐shaped bi‐component mesoporous carbon–organosilica Janus particles with asymmetric wettability are synthesized through a one‐step compartmentalized growth of a mesoporous organosilica sphere attached to a mesoporous resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) sphere. A library was prepared of tunable Janus particles possessing diverse hollow structures with various functionalities. As a proof of concept, the Janus particle‐derived catalyst can assemble at the oil–water interface to stabilize Pickering emulsions. Owing to the increased reaction interface area, the Janus catalyst exhibits a more than three‐fold increase in catalytic efficiency compared to the Pt loaded carbon sphere catalyst in aqueous hydrogenation reactions.