bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect Of Diet Composition On Weight Gain in Obese, Type 2 Diabetes Patients Receiving Intensive Insulin Therapy
Authors: Villareal Roland 
Published: February 2016

This study was conducted to contribute to the limiting existing body of literature about diet and prevention of weight gain when administering intensive insulin therapy. The effects of a high- monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) diet compared with a conventional diabetic diet have not been studied in insulin treated patients. A growing body of evidence assessed that diets rich in high-MUFA foods had similar glycemic results, as do low-fat, high carbohydrate diets. However, a high-MUFA diet did not raise triglycerides as suspected. Ros (2003) stated that high-MUFA energy controlled diets do not promote weight gain and are more acceptable for weight loss and/or maintenance. A MUFA diet can be used as an alternate to the conventional American Diabetic Association (ADA) diet when managing obese type 2 diabetes patients treated with intensive insulin therapy. Dietary restriction to 1600 calories in diabetes patients on intensive insulin therapy decreased the A1C value by 1.3 points in the ADA group and 1.5 points in the MUFA group without weight gain and without additional insulin required. In conclusion the total calorie count was more important for preventing weight gain and reducing the A1C in patients on intensive insulin therapy than was dietary composition.
An Enhanced Model for the Design of Tapered Sucker-Rod Strings
Authors: Takacs Gabor , Gajda Mihály 
Published: February 2016

Summary
A properly designed sucker-rod string should provide failure-free pumping operations for an extended period. Improper design of rod tapers can lead to early mechanical failures (rod breaks) with a complete termination of pumping action and an inevitable loss of production. Because of its prime importance in sucker-rod pumping technology, several rod-string-design procedures that are based on different assumptions were developed in the past. Because most sucker-rod breaks are fatigue failures, the mechanical design of a sucker-rod string must consider the cyclic nature of rod loading and the appropriate fatigue-endurance limit of the rod material. This is why most string designs use the modified Goodman diagram for calculating the lengths of rod tapers.
Available sucker-rod-string design models calculate rod-taper lengths that ensure proper operation without premature fatigue failures. Their common design problems are (a) defining the principle of taper-length determination and (b) calculating the true mechanical stresses along the string. The universally accepted principle of taper-length calculations is to provide the same level of safety against fatigue failures in each taper section. Mechanical loads and stresses, on the other hand, are usually found in most of the design procedures from approximate formulas. These loads, therefore, can greatly deviate from the true mechanical loads that would be measured in the rod string run in the well. This paper details the main features of available rod-string designs and discusses their main characteristics; it provides a thorough comparison of designs involving the calculation of loads and stresses predicted from the solution of the damped-wave equation. By use of a predictive analysis program, rod stresses are calculated that (plotted on the modified Goodman diagram) provide a proper comparison of the merits of the different rod-string-design methods.
Rod strings designed by available design procedures do not usually have identical safety included in the different tapers. This is because of the improper calculation of rod-string loads that form the basis of calculating rod-taper percentages. On the basis of the evaluation of the different available rod-string designs, the paper introduces a novel procedure that evaluates rod loads from the predictive solution of the damped-wave equation during the design process. Because loads calculated in this manner simulate actual loads with high accuracy, the most-important limitation of previous rod-string-design procedures is eliminated. Strings designed by use of the proposed model, therefore, will have identical safeties against fatigue failures in each taper; the new design model provides a much greater safety over previous designs.
Continuous Measurement-While-Drilling Surveying System Utilizing Low-Cost SINS
Authors: Chao Daihong , El-Sheimy Naser 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
In the oil and gas drilling process, measurement-while-drilling (MWD) systems are usually used to provide real-time monitoring for the position and orientation of the bottom hole assembly (BHA). The current MWD systems can be categorized into magnetometer-based systems and gyroscope-based systems, which both compute the wellbore trajectory based on stationary surveys at the desired station using a mathematical model with certain assumptions. This current technology neglects the actual trajectory between surveying stations. This research proposed a system using low-cost strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) to avoid the limits of traditional methods.
Demands have been rising for a continuous survey that captures the actual trajectory between the stationary surveying stations, especially in case of directional drilling process. Based on this technology, "dogleg" along the trajectory can be estimated more accurately. Therefore, a low-cost SINS consisting of three MEMS accelerometers and three MEMS gyroscopes is proposed to estimate the trajectory and satisfy the cost demand of commercial companies. This MWD surveying system could eliminate the size constraint of conventional inertial sensors and thus can be used in small well drilling. The core algorithms in the system are SINS mechanization and unscented Kalman filtering (UKF).
Due to the large noise in MEMS sensors especially under large shocks and high vibrations, this wellbore survey system will exhibit an unlimited growth of position, inclination, tool face angle and azimuth errors if there are no external observations to update the surveying system. The following external aiding information can be used as updates for the MEMS-based INS in the drilling procedure: the length and velocity information of the total pipelines, the zero velocity information during periodic stop intervals and azimuth information from the magnetometers. Performances the following different solutions: (1) MEMS sensors; (2) MEMS sensors + length/velocity update; (3) MEMS sensors + length/velocity update + ZUPT; and (4) MEMS sensors + length/velocity update + ZUPT + mag-based heading were analyzed. The proposed method was validated by 4 different simulation cases with respect to a typical wellbore trajectory: build, hold and drop wellbore profile. Situations of external aiding information being temporarily unavailable were considered in the simulation. The performance and feasibility of the presented continuous borehole surveying method had been demonstrated in this paper.
The proposed low cost SINS-based MWD method can eliminate the costly nonmagnetic drill collars for the magnetometers, overcome the size limitation of gyroscope-based MWD systems for small wells drilling, survey the borehole continuously without interrupting the drilling process, and improve the overall accuracy by utilizing UKF technique.
Overcoming Challenges in the West Qurna-2 Drilling Campaign
Authors: Vedernikova Anastasia , Parrillo Monica , Akel Sami , Mardanov Denis 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This paper describes the improvements in drilling operations in the West Qurna-2 field, as evidenced in a reduction of well days and non-productive time, as activity increased from two to six rigs over a fourteen month period. The West Qurna-2 field, one of the largest oil fields in Iraq and the second largest undeveloped field in the world in terms of its hydrocarbon reserves, was awarded to Russian Lukoil Oil Company (operator) in 2009. Drilling operations were managed under an integrated contract with US oilfield services company, Baker Hughes (contractor), providing all services and consumables required for drilling1,2. Challenges included the rapid ramp-up of operations, security, logistics concerns, communications issues, personnel competency, lack of offset data, and downhole problems.
Non-productive time was significantly decreased from 2012 to 2015, even as well complexity increased with higher inclination wells. In the same time frame the average number of meters drilled per day doubled. This was achieved not only by engineering and operational improvements, but by implementing project-specific processes, procedures and protocols (a formal communications protocol using translators on the locations as well as coaches on the rigs).
This paper presents the lessons learned and best practices established to deal with drilling challenges in the West Qurna-2 field such as Tanuma shale instability, loss of circulation and high vibration. It provides technical and operational recommendations for performing within a large integrated contract that includes logistics and communication difficulties.
NDC Rig Walking System: Pioneering Initiative Enabling Safer Rig Move in the Middle East
Authors: Ali Osama Abd , Kyaw H. , AlRemeithi A. , Elrefai M. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Drilling contractors used to move onshore drilling rigs between two well sites (from the old location to the new location) using standard desert moving system with hydraulic jacks for lifting, gooseneck and dollies/wheels the rig pulled by Kenworth and sometimes pushed by dozer D8 as shown in fig 1 and fig 2. Figure 1Onshore rigs used to move using Kenworth, dollies and tiresFigure 2Onshore rigs used to move using Kenworth, dollies and tires
Number of required Kenworth for pulling and/or Dozer to push is depending on the rig weight, the mast and substructure height and the type of the sand dunes on the desert. The rig center of gravity location and maximum allowable inclination angle during rig move is another constrain which used to be mentioned on the rig operation manual during the mast up rig move operation. Number of available Kenworth, especially when more than one rig is moving on the same time represents challenges to the rig move operation.
Moving of other rig components such as mud tanks, generator sets, and VFD, houses etc needs more cranes and more civil equipment.
Due to long distance between old and new locations rig move operation sometimes involved disassembling and reassembling the drilling rig at new location. This operation includes disconnect and reconnect electrical cables and piping. mast up rig move is preferable only in case of short distance rig move depending on the rig design, mast up rig move saving time as it avoids rig disassembly and reassembly however the constrains to conduct the mast up rig move is considerable (such as having power cables on the moving path), the rig crew has to lay down the drill pipes from setback in order to prepare the rig for mast up rig move, lay down the drill pipe is reducing the moving weight on moving dollies and increase the rig maximum allowable inclination angle during the rig move. Operation of lay down the drill pipe at old location and handle it again to rig floor in the new location, in addition to moving the drill pipes as a separate load to the new location represents revenue and time loss.
After arriving the new location, the rig crew has to position and adjust levels of the rig components to achieve the rig lay out as per rig layout drawings. Maneuvering of the huge loads on desert to achieve the accurate positioning is hard task and it depends on personal skills and experience. If any relative distance between the components is not matching the approved rig lay out drawings, the drilling crew will face challenge to disconnect then reposition then reconnect electrical cables and piping.
Effect of intraoperative constant rate infusion of lidocaine on short-term survival of dogs with septic peritonitis: 75 cases (2007–2011)
Authors: Bellini Luca , Seymour Christopher J. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether intraoperative administration of a lidocaine infusion to dogs with septic peritonitis was associated with short-term (48 hours) survival after surgery.
DESIGN Retrospective case series.
ANIMALS 75 dogs with septic peritonitis.
PROCEDURES Medical records of dogs with septic peritonitis that underwent laparotomy between January 2007 and December 2011 at the Royal Veterinary College were reviewed. Select variables during the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative periods and short-term survival after surgery were compared between dogs that received an opioid only (group O; n = 33) and dogs that received lidocaine (50 μg/kg/min [22.7 μg/kg/min], IV; group L; 42) in addition to an opioid during surgery.
RESULTS The proportion of dogs that survived for 48 hours after surgery was significantly greater for group L (35/42) than for group O (20/33). Intraoperative infusion of lidocaine increased the odds of short-term survival (OR, 8.77; 95% CI, 1.94 to 39.57). No significant differences were observed between the 2 treatment groups for variables assessed during the preoperative and postoperative periods. During the intraoperative period, more dogs in group L received an IV bolus of a synthetic colloid than did dogs in group O, but the number of IV boluses administered was not associated with short-term survival.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that IV infusion of lidocaine might improve the short-term survival of dogs with septic peritonitis. Prospective clinical trials are necessary to determine the efficacy of lidocaine as a supportive treatment for dogs with septic peritonitis.
Fear-Avoidance Beliefs and Chronic Pain
Authors: Gatchel Robert J. , Neblett Randy , Kishino Nancy , Ray Christopher T. 
Published: February 2016

Fear-avoidance (FA) beliefs are significantly associated with the experience of pain, especially when the pain becomes chronic in nature. The anticipated threat of intense pain will often result in the constant vigilance and monitoring of pain sensations, which, in turn, can cause even low-intensity sensations of pain to become unbearable for the person. Just the anticipation of increased pain or reinjury can further stimulate avoidance behaviors. A vicious cycle may develop, in which fears of increased pain or reinjury contribute to the avoidance of many activities, leading to inactivity and, ultimately, to greater disability. Anyone who assesses and treats pain-related disability should also be prepared to assess and treat pain-related FA. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(2):38–43. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.0601
A Laboratory Study Investigating Methods for Improving Oil Recovery in Carbonates
Authors: Webb Kevin John , Black Clifford James J. , Tjetland Gunnar 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Previous studies have shown that waterflood recovery is dependent on the composition of injection brine in clastic reservoirs.
Some researchers have also shown that oil recovery from carbonates is dependent on the ionic composition of the injection water. These studies have however been generated at laboratory conditions which are not representative of the reservoir, and therefore it is uncertain whether these IOR benefits are applicable to actual reservoir waterflood oil recovery.
A reservoir condition coreflood study was therefore performed on core from a North Sea carbonate field (Valhall) to determine whether the recovery benefits seen in reduced condition experiments, were also obtained from full reservoir condition tests, using live crude oil and brine. In these reservoir condition tests, two reservoir core plugs were selected from the same reservoir layer and were similar in reservoir properties so that comparisons could be drawn between the experiments. Samples were prepared to give initial water saturations which were uniformly distributed and volumetrically matched to the height above the oil water contact of the samples in the reservoirs. The initial water saturation composition was based upon the simulated formation brine composition of the field. The plugs were then aged in live crude oil to restore wettability. Imbibition capillary pressure tests were then performed at full reservoir conditions, with live oil and brine, using the semi dynamic method. The first experiment utilised a simulated formation water and the second test utilised a simulated sea water, respectively, as the displacing water.
The resultant data showed that the sea water used in the capillary pressure test modified the wettability of the carbonate system, changing the wettability of the rock to a more water wet state. This was indicated by comparing the saturation change in the spontaneous imbibition phase of the test between simulated formation and sea waters.
Global Attraction and Local Development of the E&P Professional
Authors: Wilson D. 
Published: February 2016

This reference is for an abstract only. A full paper was not submitted for this conference.

Abstract
The global Oil and Gas industry that not so long ago had the pick of the best graduates from the best Universities now finds itself struggling to convince young people that it is the place to be in the 21st century. Coupled with a demand from the existing workforce to have more influence over their development and career direction, this led Shell EP International to detail its offering in the People in EP (eXp) Framework.
eXp is more than an employee value proposition, it is a transparent set of linked global processes that clearly define the role of both company and individual in the development process. It specifies people commitments, standards, processes and products. The design was the outcome of several years work aimed at understanding the needs of today's professional, it is accessible at the Desktop at anytime in any time zone and is used for staff engagement.
To review all the processes in the time available would not be possible. This proposal will focus, therefore, on recruitment, skill pool management and professional learning.
A subject such as this is best served visually. It would therefore be our preference, should the Programme Committee agree, to make a Power Point presentation of the eXp framework to the Conference.
Key elements of that presentation would be:An overview and explanation of the FrameworkGlobal RecruitmentDrive to recruit from non-traditional areasGraduate Assessment CentresRecruitment of experienced professionalsSkill Pool ManagementSkill Pool structure and ownershipManaged Open ResourcingCompetence Based DevelopmentJob Experience NavigatorLeadership Talent PipelineProfessional LearningShell Open University, a single learning portalLearning deliveryBlended LearningWork Place Learning
Shell works in partnership with Governments and National Oil and Gas Companies in many parts of the world, no more so than in the Middle Eastregion. The tools and processes described are available to our joint venture companies to ensure that regional staff are developed to the highest professional standards including work assignments in many of our ventures worldwide.
Catastrophic Failure Elimination by Implementing Predictive Maintenance Technologies at Sumatra Light North Operations
Authors: Said D. , Darmawan T. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Predictive Maintenance (PdM) assesses the equipment's health through diagnostics testings and / or on line monitoring. The machine's condition may be inspected and monitored using continuous or intermittent parameter measurement intervals. PdM techniques can detect trend changes in running conditions that could lead to catastrophic failures. They are used to identify or predict the early indication of failures, which in turn can provide greater lead-time for developing suitable action plans prior to the failure, resulting in reduced unscheduled down time and prevent any possible catastrophic failures.
There are many known technologies for PdM. The types of Techniques that have been implemented at Sumatra Light North Operations (SLN) - Indonesia are: Vibration Analysis;Thermography Inspection;Reciprocating Tools Analysis;Lubricant Analysis;Ultra-Sonic Flow Rate Testing.
This paper will share five case studies of PdM in SLN operations. By implementing PdM technologies as demonstrated by these examples, the opportunity of having the risk of catastrophic failure will be minimized. This can be achieved by taking actions in advanced based on the information of equipment conditions discovered through data collection and analysis.

Introduction
The function of maintenance is to sustain the integrity of physical assets of the company over their planned life by repairing, modifying or replacing them as necessary within the agreed budget for supporting the attainment of the company goals that are to optimize the oil and gas productions. In doing so the life cycle costs (LCC) and its influencing factors should be the basis for decision making in putting any maintenance strategy in place. Those LCC factors include acquisition costs, running (operation, maintenance and energy) costs, and abandonment costs. Focusing on maintenance costs themselves, it involves cost factors such as: labor, materials, spare part ordering and holding costs, tools and equipment, engineering support costs, contractors and other overhead costs. With the above factors, several maintenance strategies can be selected based on the production targets, asset criticality assessment, risk based, or others that can be different from company to company depending on company goal.
Challenges in Seismic Data Acquisition and Processing - The Petronas Experience
Authors: Low C.F. , Ghosh D.P. 
Published: February 2016

This reference is for an abstract only. A full paper was not submitted for this conference.

Abstract
PETRONAS has been actively acquiring large volumes of seismic data in varied and difficult terrain to support its worldwide exploration, development and production activities. In the Malay Basin of Malaysia, the challenge begins with imaging complex stratigraphic reservoirs that are often below conventional seismic resolution. The Malay Basin being a fairly matured exploration & production province also poses another challenge, i.e. acquiring high quality seismic data around platforms and other obstructions.
In Vietnam, our team was tasked with imaging complex fractured basement reservoirs under an overburden of clastic and volcanic rocks while in Indonesia, obtaining high quality, contiguous data over a land-marine interface required four different acquisition techniques and special processing workflows. In offshore Mozambique, East Africa where strong currents prevail in a N-S direction, binning and stacking methodology was used to ensure a thorough reflection of the subsurface. The high elevation changes in the mountainous region of Yemen called for a special array design, dual elevation and hybridstatic routines, while under the dunes of Algeria, the low relief structures needed proper accounting of static variation through modeling.
This paper outlines the various technical challenges faced in the above regions and the solutions that were designed for them. While specific solutions are required in special circumstances, PETRONAS underlying objective is to acquire optimal data that will last the life cycle of a field where the surveys form the base cases for eventual reservoir monitoring through 4D seismics. Imaging through gas clouds, detection of fractures and improving resolution of thin pay sands and seals are some of our continuing challenges. With strong focus on proactive resolution of technical issues, the operational challenge of striking the right balance between quality, cost and efficiency is managed. Health and safety and preservation of the environment during seismic operations remain as an underlying principle of PETRONAS.