bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1.1.7 Cyclopropanation of Alkenes with C-1
Authors: Belderrain T. R. , Nicasio M. C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCyclopropanation of alkenes is a direct route for the synthesis of cyclopropanes. This can be achieved by various methodologies. Specifically, this chapter is intended to provide an overview of the use of one-carbon reagents in cyclopropanation; thus, only synthetic methodologies regarding the use of methylene-transfer reagents are discussed.
1.3.1 Stereoselective (Nucleophilic) Methylation of Ketones and Aldehydes
Authors: Goldfuss B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDirect nucleophilic 1,2-methylations of aldehydes or ketones with polar methylmetal systems (e.g., methyllithium or Grignard reagents) are rarely (enantio)selective, due to fast background reactions. However, procedures with special chiral additives or even catalytic versions based on methylzinc or methyltitanium intermediates enable high and reliable selectivities with many substrates. Most modern are nickel and rhodium catalysts in cooperation with trimethylaluminum, providing catalytic and highly stereoselective methylations of aldehydes and ketones.
2.1.2 Aldol Reactions
Authors: Clapés P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe asymmetric aldol addition reaction is a cornerstone transformation in organic chemistry and one of the most useful methods for C—C bond formation. Aldolases and catalytic antibodies catalyze aldol and retroaldol reactions with high stereoselectivity and catalytic efficiency. Therefore, they constitute very useful tools in chemical research and the production of complex, multifunctional chiral compounds, such as carbohydrates and amino acids, as well as their derivatives and analogues. In addition, carboligating enzymes and antibodies offer a unique tool to perform asymmetric C—C bond formation in a sustainable, environmentally benign fashion. This review describes the different methodologies and procedures used for enzymatic C—C bond formation by aldol reaction. These include the asymmetric catalytic aldol additions of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), 1-hydroxyalkan-2-ones (i.e., dihydroxyacetone, hydroxyacetone, and 1-hydroxybutan-2-one), pyruvate, glycine, acetaldehyde, and glycolaldehyde as the nucleophilic components to a variety of electrophilic aldehyde structures.
2.1.3 Acyloin, Benzoin, and Related Reactions
Authors: Pohl M. , Wechsler C. , Müller M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter gives a broad overview of different thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) dependent enzymes and their applicability in organic synthesis as a practical alternative to traditional cross-coupling reactions. Complementary to known nonenzymatic umpolung reactions, enzymatic versions of the benzoin condensation, the asymmetric cross-benzoin condensation, the resolution of racemic 2-hydroxy ketones via C—C bond cleavage, the synthesis of bis(α-hydroxy ketones), the homocoupling of aliphatic aldehydes, the Stetter reaction, and aldehyde–ketone cross-benzoin reactions have been developed. The broad diversity of the products from enzymatic transformations is nicely complemented by the possible subsequent diversity-oriented chemistry. Starting from simple, commercially available aldehydes, many different chiral building blocks can be selectively obtained in a few steps, thus mimicking the diversity-oriented biosynthesis of natural biosynthetic pathways.
2.1.4 Enzymatic Carboxylation and Decarboxylation
Authors: Lewin R. , Thompson M. L. , Micklefield J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCarboxylation reactions utilizing whole cells or purified carboxylase/decarboxylase enzymes enable the regioselective formation of new C—C bonds under more benign conditions than are typically used in nonenzymatic transformations such as the Kolbe–Schmitt reaction. A wide variety of substrates have been used in enzymatic carboxylation reactions including phenols, styrenes, pyrroles, and indoles.Enzymatic decarboxylation can be used to transform simple achiral carboxylic acid substrates into more valuable homochiral building blocks through stereoselective C—H or C—C bond formation. For example, arylmalonate decarboxylases catalyze the enantioselective decarboxylative protonation of α-aryl- and α-alkenylmalonic acids under mild conditions and with excellent enantioselectivity. In addition, thiamine diphosphate dependent decarboxylases catalyze C—C bond formation with a broad range of α-keto acid and aldehyde substrates to produce homochiral α-hydroxy ketones.
2.3.1 Addition of Hydrogen to C=C Bonds: Alkene Reduction
Authors: Faber K. , Hall M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractEne-reductases are flavoproteins which catalyze the asymmetric reduction of activated alkenes at the expense of a nicotinamide cofactor. The substrate scope is broad and includes α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acid derivatives, and nitro compounds, which upon reduction yield the corresponding saturated products in high enantiopurity.
2.4.1 Amino Acid and Amine Dehydrogenases
Authors: Bommarius A. S. , Au S. K. 
Published: May 2016

Abstractα-Keto acids can be reductively aminated to α-amino acids via amino acid dehydrogenase catalysis, with NAD(P)H as cofactor. Regeneration of the oxidized cofactor NAD(P)+ back to NAD(P)H is required for synthesis and is commonly achieved via formate dehydrogenase catalyzed oxidation of formate to carbon dioxide or glucose dehydrogenase catalyzed oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid. Recently, amine dehydrogenases, which reductively aminate ketones to amines, have been developed via protein engineering. Both amino acid and amine dehydrogenases are exquisitely enantioselective, leading to (S)- or (R)-amino acids or (R)-amines.
2.5.1 Ketone and Aldehyde Reduction
Authors: Moody T. S. , Mix S. , Brown G. , Beecher D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe modern organic chemist increasingly uses biotransformations to solve synthetic problems. In particular, stereoselective reduction of prochiral ketones using enzymes has moved from an academic curiosity to a commercial success. Bioreduction using both whole-cell microbial and recombinant systems has proven to be a robust and reliable alternative to other asymmetric chemical methods, resulting in green, economic, and scalable processes for the chemical industry. This review highlights bioreduction applications available to the modern practical chemist.
2.5.2 Carboxylic Acid Reductase
Authors: Lamm A. S. , Venkitasubramanian P. , Rosazza J. P. N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter highlights the versatility of carboxylic acid reductase and its ability to efficiently catalyze the bioconversion of a wide range of natural and synthetic carboxylic acids into their corresponding aldehydes and alcohols.
1.1.3 Arylation Using a Palladium(II) Catalyst
Authors: Zhang M. , Su W. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the synthesis of biaryl C—C bonds via palladium(II)-catalyzed direct arylation of arenes with aryltin, arylboron, and arylsilicon reagents and aromatic carboxylic acids. Due to the ubiquity of C—H bonds in organic molecules, these methods represent an efficient and straightforward approach to biaryl C—C bonds. The chapter is organized based on the type of arylating reagent used.
1.1.6 Vinylation Using a Rhodium(III) Catalyst
Authors: Satoh T. , Miura M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractRhodium(III)-catalyzed oxidative and non-oxidative couplings of a wide range of arenes possessing a directing group with alkenes and alkynes are summarized in this chapter. The reaction takes place regioselectively at the ortho position to give rise to the corresponding ortho-vinylated arenes or benzannulated products.
Introduction
Authors: Ward Richard 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Capital punishment is a historical universal—it has been practised at some point in the history of virtually all known societies and places. That is not to say, however, that it is a historical constant—the use, form, function and meaning of execution has varied greatly across different historical contexts.1 This is likewise true for an important— although relatively neglected—aspect of capital punishment: the fate of the criminal body after execution. The treatment and understanding of the criminal corpse has differed across time and place, but it has always been a potent force and throughout its history it has been harnessed for the ends of state power, medical science and criminal justice, amongst many other things. By examining execution and the executed body across a wide temporal and geographical span, this collection of essays provides a fresh perspective on the history of capital punishment, and in the process it seeks to add considerable detail to our knowledge of penal practice in early modern Europe, and to allow us to rethink some of the most commonly cited drivers of penal practice and change.
The Gibbet in the Landscape: Locating the Criminal Corpse in Mid-Eighteenth-Century England
Authors: Dyndor Zoe 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In the late 1740s a group of smugglers known as the Hawkhurst gang committed a number of violent crimes that included several brutal murders. At least 75 of the gang were subsequently hung or transported for smuggling, robbery and murder. Of those in receipt of the death sentence, 14 were subjected to the further punishment of hanging in chains (or gibbeting), thereby inflicting further ignominy on the offenders.1 Hanging in chains was usually reserved for murderers, and occasionally mail robbers. However, between 1747 and 1750 members of the Hawkhurst gang were also gibbeted for crimes including smuggling and robbery. Gibbeting was an infrequently used punishment, but the violent circumstances of the Hawkhurst gang’s crimes coupled with the authorities’ desire to punish smugglers on the south coast led to the large number of gibbetings, and consequently a peak in the use of the punishment in the 1740s. These gibbetings reflected the increasingly severe measures taken to eradicate the crime of smuggling. They were temporally and spatially specific, reflecting the nature of the crimes and the circumstances that led to the hanging in chains. This study provides an insight into the extreme use of a particular punishment, showing that judicial penalties were adapted to fit the circumstances of the crimes and reflect how the offences were perceived.
Crowd Spatial Patterns at Bus Stops: Security Implications and Effects of Warning Messages
Authors: Solymosi Réka , Borrion Hervé , Fujiyama Taku 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAs demonstrated throughout this book, the risk of certain types of crime can increase in congested spaces. Contact crimes, crimes which require the offender to make physical contact with the victim, are especially common in more crowded transport networks and can discourage many would-be passengers (Brand and Price, 2000). Pickpocketing makes up a substantial portion of this, accounting for around 50 per cent of all crime on London’s transport network (Transport for London, 2012). Other chapters in this volume have emphasized the link between pickpocketing and bus stops, and this chapter will delve deeper into the mechanics of crowding at bus stops, and implications for pickpocketing and risk.
OPEN Introduction: Address as Social Action Across Cultures and Contexts
Authors: Norrby Catrin , Wide Camilla 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe introduction provides a brief overview of address research, particularly focusing on address practices in Europe. It also serves to contextualize the six chapters of the volume, all of which present up-to-date empirical research of address and social relations in a variety of contexts and languages including Dutch, French, Finnish, German, Italian and Swedish.
Making, Collecting and Reading Music Facsimiles before Photography
Authors: Loughridge Deirdre 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTFacsimiles of musical autographs are typically thought to require photography, and to have a primary purpose of clarifying composers’ intentions. But there was a robust culture of music facsimile prior to photography. Made by transfer lithography, these facsimiles served different purposes and reading habits. The activity of collecting handwriting samples was paramount, as was the idea that handwriting was a mirror of character. This article surveys ways of using and finding meaning in composer autographs in the 1820s to the 1840s, focusing especially on music facsimiles in Paris. Here, composers used facsimiles to help shape their public image, and publishers used them to entice consumers. When facsimiles reproduced documents of friendship, they crossed private and public expression in ways that could be advantageous or problematic, as seen through a look at the publication in facsimile of a Rossini waltz by the Revue et gazette musicale and the ensuing legal battles.
Early experiences of accredited clinical informatics fellowships
Authors: Longhurst Christopher A , Pageler Natalie M , Palma Jonathan P , Finnell John T , Levy Bruce P , Yackel Thomas R , Mohan Vishnu , Hersh William R 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Since the launch of the clinical informatics subspecialty for physicians in 2013, over 1100 physicians have used the practice and education pathways to become board-certified in clinical informatics. Starting in 2018, only physicians who have completed a 2-year clinical informatics fellowship program accredited by the Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education will be eligible to take the board exam. The purpose of this viewpoint piece is to describe the collective experience of the first four programs accredited by the Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education and to share lessons learned in developing new fellowship programs in this novel medical subspecialty.
Accuracy and repeatability of axes for femoral component rotation in total knee arthroplasty: a cadaver study
Authors: Duffy Siobhan A. , Goudie Stuart T. , Deakin Angela H. , Payne Anthony P. , Deep Kamal 
Published: May 2016

Background:This study measured the three bony axes usually used for femoral component rotation in TKA to compare accuracy and repeatability of different measurement techniques.Methods:Fresh cadaver limbs (n=8) were used. Three observers (student/fellowship-trainee/consultant) identified the posterior condylar (PCA), anteroposterior (AP) and the transepicondylar (TEA) axes, using a computer navigation system to record measurements. The AP axis was measured before and after being marked with an ink line. The TEA was measured by palpation of the epicondyles both before and after an incision was made in the medial and lateral gutters at the level of the epicondyles, allowing the index finger to be passed behind the gutters. For all axes and each observer the repeatability coefficient (rc) was calculated. The TEA was then identified after dissection of all the soft tissues and was the reference to compare the accuracy of the other palpated axes.Results:Identification of the PCA was the most repeatable (rc: 1.1°) followed by the AP after drawing the ink line (4.5°), then the AP before the link line (5.7°), and last the TEA (12.3°) with no improvement after incisions (13.0°). The PCA was within 3° of the reference TEA 71% of the time, the AP axis 62%, and TEA less than 50% of the time.Conclusions:This study echoed previous studies in demonstrating that palpating the PCA intraoperatively is highly precise. The line perpendicular to the AP axis most closely paralleled the reference TEA when measured after being identified with an ink line. The palpated TEA was variable irrespective of observer experience.
No-touch, Single-move Technique to Reverse the Needle While Suturing
Authors: Algadiem Emran A. 
Published: May 2016

Summary:
The aim of the study is to promote the “no-touch” surgical technique while suturing and to describe an easy way to reverse the needle while suturing. We have provided a step-by-step description of how to handle a needle while suturing using the no-touch technique. We have also provided figures for each step. The described technique is an easy, single-move, no-touch technique to reverse the needle.
Ten-Year Cleft Surgery in Nepal: Achievements and Lessons Learned for Better Cleft Care Abroad
Authors: Roldán J. Camilo , Pape Hans-Dieter , Koch Heribert , Koller Michael 
Published: May 2016

Background:
Cleft lip and palate surgery abroad is devoid of global consensus regarding standards of therapy, follow-up, and outcome. Cleft surgery in Nepal during a 10-year sustained program provided the opportunity to inform on the need for such standards.

Methods:
Medical records were evaluated from the cleft clinic at Sushma Koirala Memorial Hospital, Sankhu, Kathmandu, Nepal, from 1997 to 2007. Four groups were identified for analysis: total cohort, total surgical cohort (TSC), primary program patients (PPP; patients had not been operated on before), and nonprimary program patients (non-PPP; patients operated on elsewhere before). Patient demographics, diagnostic, primary and secondary surgery (corrective surgery), and follow-up were evaluated.

Results:
One thousand forty-five patients were eligible for surgery. Three hundred twenty-three of 1,045 patients (30.9%) did not seek treatment, although scheduled for surgery. One thousand two hundred one procedures were performed in 722 patients [TSC; 845 PPP (70.4%); 356 non-PPP (29.64%)]. Corrective procedures were performed in 257 of 1,201 [3.5% (30 of 845 procedures in 509 patients) PPP vs 63.7% (227 of 356 procedures in 213 patients) non-PPP]. One hundred six lips were completely reoperated on (1 PPP vs 105 non-PPP), and 42 palates underwent a total revision (5 PPP vs 37 non-PPP). The surgical outcome of the TSC group in terms of complication rate was similar to the one in developed countries.

Conclusions:
The high rate of corrective surgery reveals the need for global regulatory mechanisms and the need for nongovernmental organizations to introduce strategies for delivering sustained cleft care until achieving full rehabilitation. The World Health Organization should establish standards for cleft care delivered in less developed countries.
The Development of Tracheal Intubation Proficiency Outside the Operating Suite During Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Fellowship Training: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using Cumulative Sum Analysis
Authors: Ishizuka Maki , Rangarajan Vijayeta , Sawyer Taylor L. , Napolitano Natalie , Boyer Donald L. , Morrison Wynne E. , Lockman Justin L. , Berg Robert A. , Nadkarni Vinay M. , Nishisaki Akira 
Published: May 2016

Objective:
Tracheal intubation is a core technical skill for pediatric critical care medicine fellows. Limited data exist to describe current pediatric critical care medicine fellow tracheal intubation skill acquisition through the training. We hypothesized that both overall and first-attempt tracheal intubation success rates by pediatric critical care medicine fellows improve over the course of training.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study at a single large academic children’s hospital.

Materials and Methods:
The National Emergency Airway Registry for Children database and local QI database were merged for all tracheal intubations outside the Operating Suite by pediatric critical care medicine fellows from July 2011 to January 2015. Primary outcomes were tracheal intubation overall success (regardless of number of attempts) and first attempt success. Patient-level covariates were adjusted in multivariate analysis. Learning curves for each fellow were constructed by cumulative sum analysis.

Results:
A total of 730 tracheal intubation courses performed by 33 fellows were included in the analysis. The unadjusted overall and first attempt success rates were 87% and 80% during the first 3 months of fellowship, respectively, and 95% and 73%, respectively, during the past 3 months of fellowship. Overall success, but not first attempt success, improved during fellowship training (odds ratio for each 3 months, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01–1.17; p = 0.037) after adjusting for patient-level covariates. Large variance in fellow’s tracheal intubation proficiency outside the operating suite was demonstrated with a median number of tracheal intubation equal to 26 (range, 19–54) to achieve a 90% overall success rate. All fellows who completed 3 years of training during the study period achieved an acceptable 90% overall tracheal intubation success rate.

Conclusions:
Tracheal intubation overall success improved significantly during the course of fellowship; however, the tracheal intubation first attempt success rates did not. Large variance existed in individual tracheal intubation performance over time. Further investigations on a larger scale across different training programs are necessary to clarify intensity and duration of the training to achieve tracheal intubation procedural competency.
Isolation and characterization of electrochemically active subsurface Delftia and Azonexus species
Authors: Jangir Yamini , French Sarah , Momper Lily M. , Moser Duane P. , Amend Jan P. , El-Naggar Mohamed Y. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractContinental subsurface environments can present significant energetic challenges to the resident microorganisms. While these environments are geologically diverse, potentially allowing energy harvesting by microorganisms that catalyze redox reactions, many of the abundant electron donors and acceptors are insoluble and therefore not directly bioavailable. Extracellular electron transfer (EET) is a metabolic strategy that microorganisms can deploy to meet the challenges of interacting with redox-active surfaces. Though mechanistically characterized in a few metal-reducing bacteria, the role, extent, and diversity of EET in subsurface ecosystems remains unclear. Since this process can be mimicked on electrode surfaces, it opens the door to electrochemical techniques to enrich for and quantify the activities of environmental microorganismsin situ. Here, we report the electrochemical enrichment of microorganisms from a deep fractured-rock aquifer in Death Valley, California, USA. In experiments performed in mesocosms containing a synthetic medium based on aquifer chemistry, four working electrodes were poised at different redox potentials (272, 373, 472, 572 mV vs. SHE) to serve as electron acceptors, resulting in anodic currents coupled to the oxidation of acetate during enrichment. The anodes were dominated byBetaproteobacteriafrom the familiesComamonadaceaeandRhodocyclaceae.A representative of each dominant family was subsequently isolated from electrode-associated biomass. The EET abilities of the isolatedDelftiastrain (designated WE1–13) andAzonexusstrain (designated WE2–4) were confirmed in electrochemical reactors using working electrodes poised at 522 mV vs. SHE. The rise in anodic current upon inoculation was correlated with a modest increase in total protein content. Both genera have been previously observed in mixed communities of microbial fuel cell enrichments, but this is the first direct measurement of their electrochemical activity. While alternate metabolisms (e.g. nitrate reduction) by these organisms were previously known, our observations suggest that additional ‘hidden’ interactions with external electron acceptors are also possible. Electrochemical approaches are well positioned to dissect such extracellular interactions that may be prevalent in the subsurface.