bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of balanced trichromatic white phosphors for solid‐state white lighting
Authors: Al‐Waisawy Sara , George Anthony F. , Jadwisienczak Wojciech M. , Rahman Faiz 
Published: December 2016

AbstractHigh quality white light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) employ multi‐component phosphor mixtures to generate light of a high color rendering index (CRI). The number of distinct components in a typical phosphor mix usually ranges from two to four. Here we describe a systematic experimental technique for starting with phosphors of known chromatic properties and arriving at their respective proportions for creating a blended phosphor to produce light of the desired chromaticity. This method is applicable to both LED pumped and laser diode (LD) pumped white light sources. In this approach, the radiometric power in the down‐converted luminescence of each phosphor is determined and that information is used to estimate the CIE chromaticity coordinate of light generated from the mixed phosphor. A suitable method for mixing multi‐component phosphors is also described. This paper also examines the effect of light scattering particles in phosphors and their use for altering the spectral characteristics of LD‐ and LED‐generated light. This is the only approach available for making high efficiency phosphor‐converted single‐color LEDs that emit light of wide spectral width.
Quality of reporting in surgical randomized clinical trials
Authors: Yu J , Li X , Li Y , Sun X 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Background
RCTs testing surgical interventions can change clinical practice. The adequate reporting of surgical trials is an important issue.

Methods
A cross-sectional survey was undertaken by searching PubMed for two-arm parallel randomized trials assessing surgical interventions published in 2003 or 2013. Quality of reporting was evaluated against the CONSORT checklist containing 29 items (standard CONSORT plus CONSORT Extension for Trials Assessing Non-Pharmacological Treatments). Univariable and multivariable linear regression was undertaken to explore factors associated with quality of reporting measured with CONSORT scores.

Results
Some 120 trials were identified and included. The mean(s.d.) CONSORT score was 12·7(4·0). Trials published in 2013 achieved a higher CONSORT score than those published in 2003 (mean 14·5(3·8) versus 10·8(3·4) respectively; P &lt; 0·001). The extent to which these trials met the requirement for CONSORT reporting differed substantially across items: four of 29 items were reported adequately across trials, and seven were reported adequately in less than 20 per cent of trials. Less than 40 per cent of the trials described the additional items related to surgical interventions and care providers (such as nursing care and anaesthetic management). In multivariable regression analysis, trials published in 2013 (coefficient 3·05, 95 per cent c.i. 1·89 to 4·20) and multicentre studies (coefficient 2·08, 0·79 to 3·37) were associated with statistically higher quality of reporting.

Conclusion
The quality of reporting in surgical trials has improved in the past decade. Overall quality, however, remains suboptimal, particularly in relation to details regarding surgical interventions and management.
Asymmetric Epoxidation of Olefins with H2O2 Catalyzed by a Bioinspired Aminopyridine N4 Iron Complex
Authors: Wang Wenfang , Sun Qiangsheng , Xu Daqian , Xia Chungu , Sun Wei 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAn iron complex with a chiral aminopyridine N4 ligand bearing strong electron‐donating and bulky morpholine groups on the ligand is synthesized and characterized. The iron complex serves to efficiently catalyze the asymmetric epoxidation of various olefins by employing aqueous hydrogen peroxide as the green oxidant, providing the corresponding epoxides in good to excellent yields and enantioselectivities (up to 93 % yield and 99.9 % ee). Owing to the introduction of morpholine functional groups on the ligand, the Fe‐catalyzed reaction can proceed with a catalytic amount of the carboxylic acid partner (3 mol %).
Hierarchical Gadolinium Oxide Microspheres for Enzymeless Electro‐biosensors in Hydrogen Peroxide Dynamic Detection
Authors: Yan Yibo , Zhao Jun , Luo Jianqiang , Lee Jong‐Min 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA porous gadolinium oxide spherically hierarchical structure (Gd2O3‐ms) has been developed by using a hydrothermal method to perform enzymeless dynamic detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), based on its high sensitivity in electrocatalytic reduction of H2O2. X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy have assisted in shedding light on the morphology, material formation process, structure, and properties of the porous gadolinium oxide microspheres. The linear range from 1 to 450 μM (linear correlation coefficient 0.991), sensitivity of 13.9 μA mM−1, and fine detection limit with a prompt current response attaining stable value were achieved by this enzymeless sensor, which was also employed to implement the dynamic tracing of H2O2‐releasing processes.
Highly Enantioselective α‐Cyanation with 4‐Acetylphenyl Cyanate
Authors: Qiu Jia‐Shen , Wang Yao‐Feng , Qi Gui‐Rong , Karmaker Pran G. , Yin Hong‐Quan , Chen Fu‐Xue 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA highly effective asymmetric version of α‐cyanation of β‐keto esters and amides was developed with a Lewis‐acid catalyst. Thus, by using 10 mol % of a tridentate bisoxazoline–zinc(II) complex as the catalyst, a series of chiral nitriles containing a quaternary carbon center were obtained in excellent enantioselectivities (up to 97 % enantiomeric excess) and up to 95 % yield in the presence of 4 Å molar sieve at room temperature. For the first time, mild and active 4‐acetylphenyl cyanate was used instead of cyano‐hyperiodinate as the cationic cyano source for catalytic asymmetric α‐cyanation.
Magnetic Bistability in Macrocycle‐Based FeII Spin‐Crossover Complexes: Counter Ion and Solvent Effects
Authors: Milin Eric , Benaicha Bouabdellah , El Hajj Fatima , Patinec Véronique , Triki Smail , Marchivie Mathieu , Gómez‐García Carlos J. , Pillet Sébastien 
Published: December 2016

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Smail Triki from Université de Brest, France. The cover image shows the crucial effect of the counter ions and solvent molecules on the spin‐crossover behavior of macrocycle‐based FeII complexes.
CO2 Footprint and Life‐Cycle Costs of Electrochemical Energy Storage for Stationary Grid Applications
Authors: Baumann M. , Peters J. F. , Weil M. , Grunwald A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBatteries are considered as one of the key flexibility options for future energy storage systems. However, their production is cost‐ and greenhouse‐gas intensive and efforts are made to decrease their price and carbon footprint. We combine life‐cycle assessment, Monte‐Carlo simulation, and size optimization to determine life‐cycle costs and carbon emissions of different battery technologies in stationary applications, which are then compared by calculating a single score. Cycle life is determined as a key factor for cost and CO2 emissions. This is not only due to the required battery replacements but also due to oversizing needed for battery types with low cycle lives to reduce degradation effects. Most Li‐ion but also the NaNiCl batteries show a good performance in all assessed applications whereas lead‐acid batteries fall behind due to low cycle life and low internal efficiency. For redox‐flow batteries, a high dependence on the desired application field is pointed out.
Threat‐Detection and Attentional Bias to Threat in Women Recovered from Anorexia Nervosa: Neural Alterations in Extrastriate and Medial Prefrontal Cortices
Authors: Bang Lasse , Rø Øyvind , Endestad Tor 
Published: December 2016

AbstractObjectiveBehavioral studies have shown that anorexia nervosa (AN) is associated with attentional bias to general threat cues. The neurobiological underpinnings of attentional bias to threat in AN are unknown. This study investigated the neural responses associated with threat‐detection and attentional bias to threat in AN.MethodsWe measured neural responses to a dot‐probe task, involving pairs of angry and neutral face stimuli, in 22 adult women recovered from AN and 21 comparison women.ResultsRecovered AN women did not exhibit a behavioral attentional bias to threat. In response to angry faces, recovered women showed significant hypoactivation in the extrastriate cortex. During attentional bias to angry faces, recovered women showed significant hyperactivation in the medial prefrontal cortex. This was because of significant deactivation in comparison women, which was absent in recovered AN women.ConclusionsWomen recovered from AN are characterized by altered neural responses to threat cues. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Production of organic flavor compounds by dominant lactic acid bacteria and yeasts from Obushera, a traditional sorghum malt fermented beverage
Authors: Mukisa Ivan M. , Byaruhanga Yusuf B. , Muyanja Charles M. B. K. , Langsrud Thor , Narvhus Judith A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSingle and mixed starter cultures of lactic acid bacteria (LAB): Weissella confusa MNC20, Lactobacillus plantarum MNC21, Lactococcus lactis MNC24 and Lactobacillus fermentum MNC34 and yeasts: Issatchenkia orientalis MNC20Y and Saccharomyces cerevisiae MNC21Y were used to produce Obushera, a fermented sorghum beverage. Microbial counts, pH, sugars, organic acids, and volatile compounds in starter culture and spontaneous fermentations were monitored during 48 hrs. Maximum counts of LAB (8.4–9.4 log cfu g−1) and yeasts (7.5 ± 0.1 cfu g−1) starter cultures were attained in 6–48 hrs. Weissella confusa, Lc. lactis, and Lb. fermentum showed possible acid sensitivity while I. orientalis produced surface films. LAB starter cultures and their combinations with S. cerevisiae lowered pH from 5.83 to <4.5 (3.50–4.13) in a shorter time (12 hrs) than spontaneous fermentations (24 hrs). Lactococcus lactis and W. confusa metabolized glucose the fastest (p < .05) during the first 6 hrs. Lactobacillus fermentum, Lb. plantarum, and S. cerevisiae utilized glucose and maltose concurrently. Lactobacillus plantarum and S. cerevisiae additionally utilized fructose. S. cerevisiae metabolized sugars the fastest (p < .05) during the first 12–24 hrs. Lactobacillus plantarum and W. confusa produced the highest (p < .05) amounts of lactate (5.43 g kg−1) and diacetyl (9.5 mg kg−1), respectively. LAB also produced acetate, ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, and acetoin. Coculturing LAB with S. cerevisiae reduced (p < .05) lactate and diacetyl yield. Yeasts produced high amounts of acetaldehyde and methyl alcohols. Issatchenkia orientalis produced higher (p < .05) amounts of 2‐methy‐1‐propanol and 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol than S. cerevisiae. Combinations of LAB with S. cerevisiae produced a profile flavor compounds close to that of spontaneously fermented Obushera. These combinations can be adopted for controlled fermentation of Obushera and related fermented cereal products.
BIM as a process in tunnelling / BIM als Prozess im Tunnelbau
Authors: Mayer Peter‐Michael , Frodl Stephan , Hegemann Felix 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn this article, digitally supported processes for project development in tunnelling are described, supported on the one hand by a digital structure model from the design phase and on the other hand by an interactive process platform during the construction phase. Pricing and material quantity data from tendering and construction are part of the process chain. The connectivity of different BIM models and the associated interfaces represent an important but also challenging part of the closed solution. A BIM viewer is used as a bridge solution for data exchange between the IT systems used. Examples and solution approaches for 3D modelling in tunnelling and their networking with the information system IRIS are described. This article describes a multi‐unit process system, which is being continuously developed and contains all relevant building blocks of the BIM process in the field of infrastructure.Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden digital gestützte Prozesse zur Projektabwicklung im Tunnelbau erläutert, die sich einerseits auf ein digitales Bauwerksmodell aus der Planung und andererseits auf eine interaktive Prozessplattform im Rahmen der Ausführung abstützen. Kalkulationsdaten aus der Angebotslegung und Bauausführung sind Bestandteil der Prozesskette. Die Vernetzung unterschiedlicher BIM‐Modelle und die damit verbundenen Schnittstellen stellen einen wichtigen aber auch anspruchsvollen Teil einer geschlossenen Lösung dar. Als Brückenlösung zum Datenaustausch der eingesetzten IT‐Systeme kommt ein BIM‐Viewer zum Einsatz. Es werden Beispiele und Lösungsansätze zur 3D‐Modellierung im Tunnelbau und deren Vernetzung mit dem Informationssystem IRIS aufgezeigt. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt ein mehrgliedriges Prozesssystem, das kontinuierlich ausgebaut wird und alle relevanten Bausteine des BIM‐Prozesses im Infrastrukturbereich enthält.
Value Engineering – Presentation of the new bulletin of the FSV / Value Engineering – Vorstellung des neuen Merkblatts der Forschungsgesellschaft Straße und Verkehr (FSV)
Authors: Herdina Johann 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe term “Value Engineeering” was introduced into Austrian construction contracts in 2006 with the issue of the standard ÖNORM B 2118. The first attempts to implement value engineering proposals in practice met with considerable difficulties and led to long discussions on various sites. Representatives of client organisations and contractors together with representatives of universities and expert lawyers already tried to produce a generally acceptable regulation in 2009. This first attempt failed and only the present FSV bulletin has succeeded in laying down a common viewpoint.The process presented in this report for the implementation of a value engineering proposal can only be an aid for practical project development. The implementation of a value engineering proposal requires agreement between contractor and client, which can only be reached through reciprocal estimation and trust.Im Jahr 2006 wurde mit der Veröffentlichung der ÖNORM B 2118 der Begriff “Value Engineering” in die österreichische Bauvertragsabwicklung eingeführt. Die ersten Versuche, Value Engineering‐Vorschläge in der Praxis umzusetzen, stießen auf erhebliche Schwierigkeiten und führten zu langen Diskussionen auf diversen Baustellen. Bereits im Jahr 2009 versuchten Vertreter von Bauherren und Bauausführenden gemeinsam mit Vertretern von Universitäten und Fachjuristen eine allgemein akzeptierte Regelung zu erarbeiten. Diese ersten Versuche scheiterten, und erst mit dem jetzt vorliegenden FSV‐Merkblatt ist es gelungen, eine gemeinsame Sichtweise festzuschreiben.Der in diesem Bericht vorgestellte Prozess zur Abwicklung eines Value Engineering‐Vorschlags kann nur ein Hilfsmittel für die praktische Abwicklung sein. Die Umsetzung eines Value‐Engineering‐Vorschlags bedarf das Einvernehmen zwischen Auftragnehmer und Auftraggeber, das nur durch gegenseitige Wertschätzung und Vertrauen erzielt werden kann.
Tunnelling in Crete – A challenging task from a variety of aspects
Authors: Gütter Wolfgang , Rudigier Günther 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn 2012 the Greek State awarded Intrakat the Aposelemis Tunnel, an approx. 3.5 km long, tunnel inclined at 15% accommodating a 1.8 m diameter steel pipe to convey water from the Lassithi Plateau to the reservoir impounded by the Aposelemis dam about 600 m below for the drinking water supply of Heraklion and Agios Nikolaos in Crete. The project is regarded as an environmental project and as such is being financed from the Cohesion Fund of the European Commission. Unexpectedly, this relatively small tunnel project has offered a wide spectrum of tunnelling problems and turns out to be a challenging task from a variety of aspects: the tender and the contractual situation, technical and the meanwhile encountered geological challenges. On top of these, the economic crisis in Greece doesn't make such a project easy. Since October 2013, Jäger Bau GmbH has mastered these challenges together with Intrakat on the basis of a service contract. The TBM excavation works commenced in March 2015 and were expected to be completed within 11 months at the latest, but due to various unforeseen adverse geological occurrences, only two‐thirds of the tunnel length had been excavated by August 2016.
Logistic challenges and special geotechnical features in inner‐city tunnelling through the example of Crossrail Contract C510 in London / Logistische Herausforderungen und geotechnische Besonderheiten im innerstädtischen Tunnelbau am Beispiel des Bauloses Crossrail C510 in London
Authors: Stärk Alfred , Falkner Leo , Hill Nigel 
Published: December 2016

AbstractUsing the example of Crossrail contract C510, the logistic challenges of inner‐city tunnelling are considered in the first part of the article. Noise and dust protection measures and restricted working times have to be observed out of consideration for the local inhabitants. Supply to the site is subject to strict rules. The routes to and from the site are precisely specified, and the number of trucks underway at the same time is limited. The road safety equipment of the trucks, without which these cannot be used, is precisely specified.The second part of the article is concerned with long‐term settlement as a result of tunnelling. Due to the long project duration, meanwhile 5 ½ years, the settlement behaviour of some existing buildings could now been observed for up to 2 ½ years after the completion of tunnelling. The results are partially astonishing since they contradict expert opinion until now about long‐term settlement in London clay. Long‐term settlement approximately doubles the settlement that is directly due to tunnelling. The measurements demonstrate that inclinations and deflections to buildings are growing and long‐term damage cannot be ruled out. This example is used to explain the effects of long‐term settlement, what duration has to be expected and what the causes could be.Am Beispiel des Bauloses Crossrail C510 werden im ersten Teil des Beitrags die logistischen Herausforderungen beim innerstädtischen Tunnelbau betrachtet. Mit Rücksicht auf die Anrainer sind Lärm‐ und Staubschutzmaßnahmen und eingeschränkte Arbeitszeiten einzuhalten. Die Andienung der Baustelle unterliegt strikten Regeln. Die Routen zur und von den Baustellen sind genau festgelegt, die Anzahl der Lkw, die gleichzeitig unterwegs sein dürfen, ist begrenzt. Die Ausstattung der Lkw in Bezug auf Verkehrssicherheit, ohne die sie nicht eingesetzt werden dürfen, ist genau vorgeschrieben. Der zweite Teil des Beitrags befasst sich mit Langzeitsetzungen infolge der Vortriebsarbeiten. Durch die lange Projektdauer von mittlerweile 5 ½ Jahren konnte das Setzungsverhalten bei manchen Bestandsbauwerken bis zu 2 ½ Jahre nach Vortriebsende beobachtet werden. Die Ergebnisse sind teilweise erstaunlich, da sie im Gegensatz zur bisherigen Lehrmeinung über Langzeitsetzungen im Londoner Ton stehen. Langzeitsetzungen verdoppeln in etwa die direkten vortriebsbedingten Setzungen. Die Messungen belegen, dass Neigung und Durchbiegung an den Gebäuden größer werden und langfristig Schäden nicht auszuschließen sind. Anhand eines Beispiels wird erläutert, wie sich die Langzeitsetzungen auswirken, mit welcher Dauer zu rechnen ist und welche Ursachen dahinter stehen können.
Durability of double shell tunnels focusing on sheet membranes / Dauerhaftigkeit von zweischaligen Tunnelbauwerken mit dem Fokus auf die Kunststoffabdichtung
Authors: Lorenz Stefan 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTests were performed on lining materials, which enable conclusions about the long‐term stability of tunnels. For this purpose, laboratory tests were carried out on lining elements, which had been in use in existing tunnels for 20 to 40 years. To examine the effective forces and load transfer between tunnel lining layers, experiments were performed with sheet membranes in combination with shotcrete and in‐situ concrete. The investigations show the influence of the surface roughness of sprayed concrete on the sheet membrane and the shear behaviour of the waterproofing system. The sheet membrane shows various types of damage, like indentations and scratches to the surface. The tests reveal that the requirements of the valid guideline are sufficient for uniaxial loading, but combination with shear stresses could lead to damage to the sheet membrane. The results provide information about the bonding behaviour of double‐layer tunnel constructions. Durch Untersuchungen an Ausbaumaterialien können Rückschlüsse auf die Langzeitstabilität von Tunnelbauwerken gezogen werden. Im Rahmen eines Forschungsvorhabens wurden Laborversuche an Stützmitteln durchgeführt, die in bestehenden Tunnelbauwerken ca. 20 bis 40 Jahre im Einsatz waren. Um die wirkenden Kräfte zwischen den Tunnelschalen zu untersuchen, wurden Experimente mit Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen im Verbund mit Spritzbeton‐ und Ortbeton durchgeführt. Die durchgeführten Versuche zeigen den Einfluss der Oberflächenrauigkeit von Spritzbeton auf die mechanische Beständigkeit und auf das Scherverhalten des Abdichtungssystems. Die Dichtungsbahnen weisen in Abhängigkeit von der einwirkenden Belastung unterschiedliche Schadensbilder in Form von Eindrücken und Kratzern an der Oberfläche auf. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die Anforderungen laut gültiger Richtlinie bei rein axialer Belastung ausreichend sind, dass es bei zusätzlicher Scherbeanspruchung aber zu Schädigungen in der Abdichtung kommen kann. Die dargestellten Erkenntnisse geben Auskunft über das Verbundverhalten von zweischaligen Tunnelausbauten.
Five short screening tests in the detection of prevalent delirium: diagnostic accuracy and performance in different neurocognitive subgroups
Authors: O'Regan N.A. , Maughan K. , Liddy N. , Fitzgerald J. , Adamis D. , Molloy D.W. , Meagher D. , Timmons S. 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundDelirium is prevalent and serious, yet remains under‐recognised. Systematic screening could improve detection; however, consensus is lacking as to the best approach. Our aim was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of five simple cognitive tests in delirium screening: six‐item cognitive impairment test (6‐CIT), clock‐drawing test, spatial span forwards, months of the year backwards (MOTYB) and intersecting pentagons (IPT).MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted. Within 36 h of admission, older medical patients were assessed for delirium using the Revised Delirium Rating Scale. They also underwent testing using the five cognitive tests outlined above. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV; NPV) were calculated for each method. Where appropriate, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was also calculated.ResultsFour hundred seventy patients were included, and 184 had delirium. Of the tests scored on a scale, the 6‐CIT had the highest AUC (0.876), the optimum cut‐off for delirium screening being 8/9 (sensitivity 89.9%, specificity 62.7%, NPV 91.2%, PPV 59.2%). The MOTYB, scored in a binary fashion, also performed well (sensitivity 84.6%, specificity 58.4%, NPV 87.4%, PPV 52.8). On discriminant analysis, 6‐CIT was the only test to discriminate between patients with delirium and those with dementia (without delirium), Wilks' Lambda = 0.748, p < 0.001.ConclusionThe 6‐CIT measures attention, temporal orientation and short‐term memory and shows promise as a delirium screening test. This study suggests that it may also have potential in distinguishing the cognitive impairment of delirium from that of dementia in older patients. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.